,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,art ,,by ,,dr4 ,,franz ,,von ,,reb] ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,bav>ian ,,royal ,,& ,,/ate ,,gall]ies ,,( ,,pa9t+s ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,& ,,polyte*nic ,,( ,,muni* ,revis$ by ! ,au?or ,,translat$ ,,& ,,augm5t$ ,,by ,,joseph ,,?a*] ,,cl>ke ,,) #caj ,,illu/rations ,,& ,a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,new ,,york ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,frankl9 ,,squ>e ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhb1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,! application ( ! hi/oric me?od to ! /udy ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 begun ) imp]fect means by ,w9ckelmann "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ago1 has be5 productive ( ! be/ results 9 our own days4 ,x has introduc$ ord] into a subject previ\sly confus$1 disclos+ ! natural progress ( ! arts1 & ! relations ( ! arts ( ! diff]5t races by :om !y h be5 successively practis$4 ,x has also _h ! m important result ( secur+ to ! f9e arts _! due place 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d z ! *ief record ( v>i\s /ages ( civilization1 & z ! mo/ tru/wor?y expression ( ! fai?1 ! s5tim5ts1 & ! emotions ( pa/ ages1 & (t5 ev5 ( _! in/itutions & modes ( life4 ,! recognition ( ! significance ( ! f9e arts 9 ^! respects is1 inde$1 z yet b p>tial1 & ! hi/orical /udy ( art does n hold ! place 9 ! s*eme ( lib]al education :i* x is c]ta9 be=e long to atta94 ,"o reason ( ?is fact lies 9 ! circum/ance t few ( ! g5]al hi/orical treatises on ! f9e arts t h be5 produc$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s h be5 works ( suffici5t le>n+ or judgm5t to give !m au?ority z satisfactory s\rces ( in/ruction4 ,errors ( /atem5t & vague speculations h ab\nd$ 9 !m4 ,! subject1 moreov]1 has be5 confus$1 especially 9 ,g]many1 by ! intrusion ( metaphysics into its doma91 9 ! guise ( a pr(ess$ b spuri\s sci5ce ( /hetics4 ,"u ^! conditions1 a hi/ory ( ! f9e arts t %\ld /ate correctly :at is kn[n conc]n+ _! works1 & %\ld treat _! v>i\s manife/ations ) intellig5ce & 9 j proportion1 w\ld be ( great value to ! /ud5t4 ,su*1 )9 its limits z a manual & = ! p]iod :i* x cov]s1 is ,dr4 ,reb]'s ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is no comp5d ( in=mation on ! subject 9 any language s tru/wor?y & s judici\s z ?is4 ,x s]ves equally well z an introduction to ! /udy & z a treatise to :i* ! advanc$ /ud5t may ref] ) advantage to refre% 8 k ( ! outl9es ( any "p ( ! field4 ,! "w 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahga2 b s rapid has be5 ! progress ( discov]y dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s t1 9 ord] to br+ ! book up to ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t "t1 a ?or\gh revision ( x 0 ne$$1 toge!r ) ! addition ( mu* new matt] & _m new illu/rations4 ,?is labor ( revision & addition has be5 jo9tly p]=m$ by ! au?or & ! translator1 ! latt] hav+ _h ! advantage ( do+ ! great] "p ( 8 "w ) ! imm$iate assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,reb] himself1 & ( br++ to x fre% res\rces ( 8 own1 ! result ( orig9al /udy & inve/igation4 ,! translator hav+ be5 abs5t f ! c\ntry1 engag$ 9 ar*ological rese>*1 dur+ ! pr9t+ ( ! volume1 ! la/ revision & ! correction ( ! text h be5 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,william ,r4 ,w>e1 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es ( ,columbia ,college4 ,,*>les ,,eliot ,,norton4 ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,may1 #ahhb4 ,9 view ( ! great confusion :i* results f an irregul> or?ography ( ,greek prop] names1 a return to ! orig9al spell+ ( words n fully ,angliciz$ may ne$ an explanation1 b no apology3 x is only adopt+ a sy/em already foll[$ by s*ol>s ( ! highe/ /&+4 ,! ,romans1 until ! adv5t ( t second classical revival 9 :i* ! pres5t c5tury is /ill engag$1 s]v$ z m$iums = all acqua9tance ) ,hell5ic civilization4 ,!y employ$ ,greek names1 ) c]ta9 alt]ations agreeable to ! ,lat9 tongue1 blunt+ & co>s5+ ! delicate s\nds ( ,greek spee*1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z !y debas$ ! arti/ic =ms ( ,greek ar*itecture by a me*anical sy/em ( design4 ,! cle> became um1 0 *ang$ to u1 to e or i1 etc4 ,?is ,lat9iz$ nom5clature1 l ! ,roman triglyph & ,tuscan capital1 0 exclusively adopt$ by ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 until1 ) ! increas+ k ( ,greek l&s & works ( art1 names 7 introduc$ :i* d n happ5 to occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,roman au?ors4 ,^! 7 ei!r *ang$ 9 accordance ) ! m or less v>iable /&>d 9 use dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 or 7 adopt$ 9 _! ,greek =m )\t *ange1 ! latt] me?od be+ m & m g5]ally employ$4 ,?is has gradually l$ to a p>tial revision ( ,greek names & _! spell+4 ,zeus & ,h]mes1 ,artemis & ,a!ne1 h resum$1 z ,greek deities1 _! orig9al titles2--,sunium & ,assu h be5 *ang$ to ,sunion & ,assos2 :ile o!r names h only be5 re=m$ 9 "p1 z 9 ! case ( ! un=tunate ,polycleitos1 :o at times appe>s z ,polycletos1 & at times z ,polycleitus4 ,confusion & misund]/&+ _c b result f ?is unreasonable triple sy/em ( ,lat9iz$1 ,angliciz$1 & ,greek or?ography4 ,peiri?oos may be s\ght 9 alphabetically classifi$ works ( ref]5ce "u ,p] & ,pir z well z "u ,peir4 1 ,p]gamon1 is writt5 ,p]gamum1 ,p]gamus1 & ,p]gamos1 9 ! two latt] =ms be+ naturally confus$ ) ! ,cretan 1 ,p]gamos1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is ,lat9iz$ to ,p]gamus4 ,9 ! pres5t book ! ,greek spell+ ( ,greek names has be5 adopt$ 9 all ^? cases :]e ! ^w has n be5 fully ,angliciz$2 t is to say1 *ang$ 9 pronunciation1 :5 x w\ld s\nd p$antic to employ its orig9al =m1 z1 = in/ance1 to speak ( ! well-kn[n ,p/um & ,lucian z ,poseidonia & ,l\kianos4 ,! ,engli% alphabet provides1 h[ev]1 two lett]s = ! ,greek 1 & ! m famili> c has be5 employ$1 z 9 ,cor9?1 acropolis1 etc41 except 9 cases :]e ! true s\nd is n !reby convey$1--namely1 be=e e1 i1 & y1--:5 ! k is sub/itut$4 ,moreov]1 ! f9al is trans=m$ to 1 accord+ to ! univ]sal usage ( our tongue4 ,,joseph ,,?a*] ,,cl>ke4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,egypt4 ,,page ,! ,delta4 ,! ,olde/ ,monum5ts1 if n ! mo/ ,anci5t ,civilization ( ! ,_w #a1 #b ,*angeless ,cont9uity ( ,life & ,art #b ,,ar*itecture4 ,! ,age1 ,purpose1 & ,ar*itectural ,significance ( ! ,pyramids #c-e ,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh #e-g ,v>iety ( ,pyramidal ,=ms #h1 #i ,! ,pyramids ( ,sacc>a1 ,meyd\n1 ,da%\r1 ,ab\s]e1 & ,illah\n #i-ab ,table ( ,dim5sions #ab ,! ,y\ng] ,pyramids ( ,nubia4 ,truncat$ ,pyramids #ab ,rock-cut ,tombs #ac ,developm5t ( ,column f ,pi] #ad ,! ,tombs at ,b5i-hassan #ad1 #ae ,developm5t ( ! ,lotos-column #af1 #ag ,! ,invasion ( ! ,hycsos4 ,re/riction ( ! ,prismatic ,%aft4 ,ext5d$ ,application ( ! ,floral ,column 9 ! ,new ,!ban ,empire #ah1 #ai ,! ,calyx ,capital #bj1 #ba ,pi]s ) ,figures ( ,osiris & ,typhon4 ,entablature #ba ,cav]n ,sepul*res #bb ,temple ,plan1 ,obelisks #bc ,p]i/yle ,c\rt #be ,hypo/yle ,hall #bf1 #bg ,! ,dwell+s ( ,k+s & ,prie/s #bh ,p]ipt]al ,temples #bi ,rock-cut ,temples #cj ,! ,monum5ts at ,ab\-,simbel #ca1 #cb ,palatial & ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture #cc ,int]iors #cd ,! ,labyr9? #ce ,unimportant ,"* ( ,secul> ,ar*itecture #cf ,,sculpture4 ,fundam5tal & ,*angeless ,peculi>ities #cf ,conv5tional ,types #cg ,! ,=mation ( ! ,head #ch ,head-dresses4 ,conjunction ( ,human ,trunks & ,animal ,heads #ci ,! ,body4 ,lack ( ,progressiv5ess & ( ,hi/ory #dj ,animal ,=ms #da ,mat]ials #db ,reliefs #dc ,coilanaglyphics #dd ,! ,v>iety & ,int]e/ ( ! ,subjects ,illu/rat$ #de ,,pa9t+4 ,intimate ,relation to ,sculpture4 ,hi]oglyphics #df ,pa9t+ z an ,ar*itectural ,decoration4 ,retrospect #dg ,,*ald,a1 ,,babylonia1 ,,& ,,assyria4 ,! ,traditional ,age4 ,! ,l& & ,p #dh ,build+ ,mat]ials4 ,clay & ,bitum5 #di ,p]i%able ,"* ( ! ,monum5ts4 ,hills ( ,rubbi% ,recogniz$ z ,cities #ej ,,ar*itecture4 ,*alda4 ,! ,ru9s ( ,mugheir1 or ,ur #ej ,w>ka & ,ab\-,%>e9 #ea ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,ar* #eb ,political ,hi/ory #ec ,babylon4 ,! ,fabul\s ,acc\nt ( ,h]odotos #ed ,! ,temple ,pyramid at ,borsippa #ef ,palace ,/ructures4 ,! ,hang+ ,g>d5s ( ,semiramis #eg ,private ,dwell+s4 ,works ( ,eng9e]+ #eh ,assyria4 ,n9eveh #ei ,! ,discov]ies ( ,lay>d & ,botta #fj ,! ,hills ( ,coyundjic & ,nebbi-,jonas #fa ,royal ,dwell+s #fb ,! ,palace at ,kisr-,s>gon #fc-fe ,t]race ,pyramids #ff ,light+ & ,ro(+ #ff1 #fg ,! ,re/riction ( ,column> ,ar*itecture #fh ,! ,=ms ( ,small ,columns #fi-ga ,vault$ ,con/ruction #ga ,! ,po9t$ ,ar* #gb ,! ,g5]al ,appe>ance ( ! ,palaces #gc ,sacr$ ,ar*itecture #gd ,t]race ,pyramids #ge ,! ,cella #gf ,! ,dwell+s ( ! ,prie/s #gg ,alt>s & ,obelisks #gh ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture #gi1 #hj ,,sculpture4 ,little ,repres5t$ 9 ,*alda #ha ,babylonian ,seals & ,gems #hb ,enamell$ ,tiles #hc ,/atues #he ,conv5tional ,types #he1 #hf ,*]ubims #hg ,mural ,reliefs #hg-hi ,v>iance f ,egyptian ,sculpture #ij ,hi/orical ,reliefs #ia-ic ,religi\s ,repres5tations #id ,=mal ,l&scapes4 ,bronzes #ie1 #if ,,pa9t+4 ,^u ,tiles & ,/ucco #if ,colors #ig ,! ,g5]al ,appe>ance ( ,assyrian ,ar*itecture1 z ,decorat$ by ,reliefs & ,pa9t+s #ih ,,p]sia4 ,hi/orical ,consid]ations #ii ,! ,arti/ic ,pov]ty ( ! ,m$es4 ,! ,a*m5id4 ,_! ,*ief ,cities #ajj ,,ar*itecture4 ,p]sepolis #aja1 #ajb ,! ,*>act]i/ic ,diff]5ces ( ,p]sian & ,mesopotamian ,build+ #ajb ,! ,introduction ( ,columns #ajc ,column> ,=ms #ajc1 #ajd ,capitals #aje-ajg ,! ,entablature #ajh ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius #aji-aac ,its ,/ate ( ,pres]vation #aaj ,illum9ation #aaj1 #aaa ,upp] ,/ories #aaa-aac ,! ,palace & ,hall ( ,x]xes #aad ,! ,propyla #aae ,! ,h>em #aaf1 #aag ,! ,disposition ( ! ,t]race #aag ,fire ,alt>s #aah ,fun]al ,monum5ts #aai-aba ,tomb ( ,cyrus #aai ,tombs ( ! ,lat] ,a*m5id #abj ,tombs ( ,subjects #aba ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture #aba ,,sculpture4 ,its ,dep5d5ce ^u ! ,art ( ,assyria #aba ,egyptian & ,hell5ic ,influ5ces #abb ,my?ological & ,c]emonial ,repres5tations #abc-abe ,! ,sculptur$ ,decoration ( ,palaces & ,t]races #abf1 #abg ,r>ity ( ,hi/orical ,sc5es #abh ,,pa9t+4 ,*iefly ,ornam5tal #abh ,g5]al ,h>mony ( ! ,?ree ,arts #abi ,,ph,,nicia1 ,,pale/9e1 ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,ext5sive ,arti/ic ,influ5ce ( ,mesopotamia 9 ,po9t ( ,di/ance z well z ( ,"t #acj ,! ,seleucid4 ,! ,sassanid #aca1 #acb ,phnicia4 ,explorations 9 ,rec5t ,times #acb1 #acc ,! ,*ief ,cities #acc ,,ar*itecture4 ,ru9s at ,amri? #acd1 #ace ,! ,monum5ts kn[n z ,el-,meghazil #ace-acg ,! ,grotto ,tombs ( ,c5tral ,phnicia4 ,s>cophagi at ,jebeil #acg1 #ach ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture #ach ,,sculpture4 ,"w ( ,driv5 ,metal 7,sphyrelaton7 #aci ,bronzes #aci1 #adj ,inlaid ,"w4 ,ivory ,c>v+s4 ,glass #adj ,influ5ce ( ! ,sphyrelaton ^u ,sculptural ,/yle #ada ,/one-cutt+ #adb ,! ,decisive ,influ5ce ( bo? ,egypt & ,mesopotamia #adc ,pale/9e4 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,jews 9 ,arti/ic respects ^u ,egypt #adc ,! ,tab]nacle #adc-adg ,its ,disposition #add1 #ade ,its ,columns4 ,! ,horns ( ! ,alt>4 ,! ,sev5-arm$ ,c&le/ick #ade1 #adf ,! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,*]ubim #adf1 #adg ,solomon's ,temple #adg-aef ,untru/wor?9ess ( ,biblical ,acc\nts #adg ,con/ruction ( ! ,build+4 ,its ,site #adh ,! ,braz5 ,lav] #adi 8,ja*9 & ,boaz0 #adi-aea ,! ,t[] #aea1 #aeb ,int]ior4 ,upp] ,/ory #aec1 #aed ,mat]ials #aed ,decoration4 ,! ,molt5 ,sea4 ,! ,m]cy-seat & ,*]ubim #aee ,! ,de/ruction & ,rebuild+ ( ?is ,temple #aef ,its ,ar*itectural ,"* #aeg ,rock-cut ,tombs #aeg1 #aeh ,cyprus & ,c>?age4 ,! ,rock-cut ,tombs at ,paphos #afj ,! ,temple ( ,aphrodite at ,golgoi4 ,cesnola's ,discov]ies #afa1 #afb ,! ,ru9s ( ,c>?age #afc ,malta1 ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 ,s>d9ia #afc ,asia ,m9or4 ,an ,indep5d5t ,art ,f\nd only 9 ,lycia1 ,phrygia1 & ,lydia #afd ,! ,rock-cut ,tombs ( ,lycia4 ,! ,timb]$ ,dwell+ ,c>v$ 9 ,/one #afe1 #aff ,! ,monum5t ( ! ,h>pies at ,xan?os #afg ,lycian ,s>cophagi #afh ,temple ,faades ,imitat$ ^u ,cliffs #afi ,! ,rock-cut ,tombs ( ,phrygia #aga1 #agb ,! ,tumuli ( ,lydia #agc1 #agd ,,hellas4 ,! gean ,sea ! ,c5tre ( ,greek ,civilization #age ,! ,dorians & ! ,ionians #agf ,! ,developm5t ( ,poetry ,e>li] ?an t ( ,art #agg ,,ar*itecture4 ,! ,?olos ( ,atreus #agi-ahc ,! ,phnician ,"* ( its ,decoration #ahc ,! ,grave at ,m5idi #ahc ,! ,treasure-h\ses ( ! ,pelopid #ahd ,tumuli #ahe ,! ,common ,modes ( ,burial #ahf ,pyramids #ahf1 #ahg ,primitive ,=tifications4 ,tiryns #ahg ,myk5 #ahh ,gateways & ,portals #ahi-aic ,! ,agora ( ,myk5 #aib ,primitive ,temple ,cellas )\t ,columns #aib1 #aic ,! ,/ructure ^u ,mt4 ,o*a4 ,timb]$ ,ro(s & ,ceil+s4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,doric ,entablature #aie-aig ,! ,decorative ,pa9t+ ( ,woodwork #aig ,! ,doric ,column #aig-aii ,its ,egyptian ,prototype #aih ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,temple-plan #aii-bjb ,! ,temple 9 ,antis #aii ,pro/ylos #bjj ,amphipro/ylos4 ,p]ipt]os #bja ,/one ,con/ruction #bjb ,! ,entasis #bjc ,! ,capital #bjd ,! ,incl9ation ( ! ,columns #bje ,! ,details ( ! ,entablature #bjf-bji ,poly*romy #baj ,curvatures #baa1 #bab ,! ,pt]oma & ,ceil+ #bac ,illum9ation #bad ,ar*aic ,doric ,temples #bae ,! ,progress ( ?is ,/yle4 ,sel9\s #baf ,cor9? #bag ,acragas #bai ,olympia4 g9a #bbb ,! ,supremacy ( ,a!ns #bbc ,! ,!seion #bbd ,! ,p>!non #bbe ,! ,propyla #bbf ,phigalia #bbg ,eleusis #bbh ,! ,ionic ,/yle4 ,its ,intimate ,relation to ,ori5tal ,ar*itecture #bbi1 #bcj ,! ,capital #bca-bcc ,! ,entablature #bcd ,its ,want ( ,hi/orical ,developm5t #bce ,phigalia #bcf ,! ,ionic ,monum5ts ( ,asia ,m9or #bcg-bdj ,! ,ionic ,monum5ts ( ,attica #bdj-bde ,! ,temple ^u ! ,ilissos #bda ,! ,propyla #bdb ,! ,ere*!ion #bdc-bde ,c>yatides #bde ,! ,cor9?ian ,capital #bdf-bdi ,! ,temple ( ,olympian ,zeus 9 ,a!ns #bdi ,monum5tal ,tombs #bej ,! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos #bea1 #beb ,! ,monum5t ( ! ,n]eides at ,xan?os #beb ,! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates #bec ,! s-call$ ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns #bec ,! ,/oa #bec-bee ,! ,pal/ra #bee ,! ,gymnasion #bef ,! ,/adion & ,hippodrome #beg ,! ,!atre & ,odeion #beh-bfj ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture4 ,palaces #bfj1 #bfa ,! ,b\ndless ,luxury ( ! ,diado*i #bfa ,,sculpture4 ,! ,unrivall$ ,p]fection ( ! ,art4 ,its ,fundam5tal ,deviation f ! ,pr9ciples ( ,egyptian ,sculpture #bfd1 #bfe ,its ,dep5d5ce ^u ,we/]n ,asia #bff ,empai/ic ,"w4 ,xoana #bfg ,ddalos #bfh ,! ,hom]ic ,%ield ( ,a*illes4 ,its ,workman%ip & ,arti/ic ,importance #bfi-bga ,pseudo-,hesiodic ,%ield ( ,h]acles #bgb ,! ,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk5 #bgc1 #bgd ,s*liemann's ,excavations ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,myk5 #bgd1 #bge ,! ,*e/ ( ,kypselos4 ,! ,?rone ( ,apollo at ,amycl #bgf-bgh ,! ,introduction ( ,bronze ,ca/+4 ,m>ble-cutt+ & ,*ryselephant9e ,"w #bgh-bha ,! ,pott] ,b\tades #bgh ,glaucos4 ,rhoicos & ,!odores #bgi ,b\palos & ,a!nis #bhj ,dipo9os & ,skyllis #bha1 #bhb ,! ,fir/ ,metopes at ,sel9\s #bhc1 #bhd ,ar*aic ,/atues at ,miletos #bhe ,reliefs at ,assos4 ,! ,apollo ( ,!ra #bhf ,! ,/ele ( ,ari/ion #bhg1 #bhh ,! ,second ,metopes at ,sel9\s #bij ,ar*ai/ic ,works #bia1 #bib ,! ,gable ,sculptures ( ! ,temple ( g9a #bic-bif ,! ,s*ool ( g9a3 ,callon & ,onatas #bif1 #big ,! ,s*ool ( ,attica3 ,hegias1 ,critios1 & ,nesiotes #big ,cana*os #bih ,agelades #bii ,calamis #cjj ,py?agoras #cja ,myron #cjb1 #cjc ,! ,progress ( ,a!ns aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s #cjc ,pheidias #cjd-cae ,! ,a!ne ,p>!nos #caj-cac ,! ,pana!naic ,frieze #cac-cae ,! ,metopes #caf ,! ,s*ol>s ( ,pheidias4 ,agoracritos #caf1 #cag ,! ,gable ,sculptures ( ! ,temple ( ,olympia #cag1 #cah ,! ,victory ( ,paionios #cai ,! ,s*ol>s ( ,myron #cbj ,! ,phigalian ,frieze #cba ,callima*os & ,demetrios #cbb ,polycleitos #cbb-cbf ,! ,?ird ,metopes at ,sel9\s #cbg1 #cbh ,! ,ext5t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,attica & ,argos4 ,kephisodotos #cbi ,scopas #ccj-ccc ,! ,niobids #cca1 #ccb ,praxiteles #ccc ,! ,s*ol>s ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! ,sculptures ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos #ccd ,! ,h]mes ( ,olympia #cce1 #ccf ,! ,v5us ( ,melos #cch1 #cci ,silanion & ,euphranor #cdj ,lysippos #cdj-cdd ,! ,s*ool ( ,lysippos #cdd1 #cde ,! ,sculpture ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod #cdf1 #cdg ,! ,alt> at ,p]gamon #cdg1 #cdh ,! s-call$ ,dy+ ,gladiator #cdh1 #cdi ,! ,s*ool ( ,p]gamon #cdi1 #cej ,! ,s*ool ( ,rhodes4 ,! ,laocoon #cea-cec ,! ,f>nese ,bull #cec-cee ,! ,apollo ,belv$]e #cef-ceh ,! ,introduction ( ,greek ,sculpture into ,rome #ceh-cfj ,! ,borghese ,gladiator #cfa ,! ,belv$]e ,torso #cfb ,! ,hell5ic ,r5aissance 9 ,rome #cfc-cff ,,pa9t+4 ,lack ( all ,rema9s #cff ,its ,e>ly ,developm5t ,fictiti\sly ,relat$ by ,pl9y4 ,eum>os4 ,kimon #cfg ,polygnotos #cfh1 #cfi ,! ,sc5ography ( ,aga?>*os4 ,( ,apollodoros #cgj ,zeuxis #cga1 #cgb ,p>rhasios #cgc1 #cgd ,timan!s #cgd ,! ,s*ool ( ,sikyon3 ,eupompos1 ,pamphilos #cge ,melan?ios4 ,pausias #cgf ,! ,s*ool ( ,!bes & ,a!ns3 ,nicoma*os1 ,ari/ides1 ,euphranor #cgg1 #cgh ,nikias #cgh ,apelles #cgi-chb ,protog5es #chc ,antiphilos4 tion4 ,asclepiodoros4 ,!on #chd ,hell5i/ic ,pa9t+4 ,timoma*os #che ,trivial & ,obsc5e ,subjects4 ,mosaic4 ,sosos #chf ,,etruria4 ,relation%ip to ! ,arts ( ,greece #chg ,,ar*itecture4 ,! s-call$ ,cyclopean ,walls4 ,ar*$ ,gates #chh ,vault$ ,canals #chi ,cemet]ies4 ,tumuli4 ,! ,tomb ( ,pors5a #cij ,imitations ( ,dwell+s ^u ,tombs #cia1 #cib ,grotto ,sepul*res #cib ,imitations ( ,temple ,faades ^u ,cliffs #cic1 #cid ,nor*ia #cid1 #cie ,! ,etruscan ,temple #cif1 #cig ,! ,dwell+-h\se #cig ,its ,c\rt #cih1 #cii ,lack ( ,progressive ,ar*itectural ,hi/ory #cii1 #djj ,,sculpture4 ,museums4 ,! ,olde/ or ,decorative ,p]iod4 ,phnician ,importations #djj ,! ,influ5ce ( ,we/]n ,asia ,sup]s$$ by t ( ,greece #dja1 #djb ,! ,s>cophagus ( ,cre #djb ,realism4 ,sculpture 9 ,m>ble #djc ,! ,bronze ,*>iot f ,p]ugia #djd ,! ,capitol9e ,wolf4 ,engrav$ ,mirrors #dje ,height ( ,etruscan ,art4 ,hell5i/ic ,influ5ces #djf ,sculptur$ ,s>cophagi #djf1 #djg ,t]ra-cottas & ,bronzes #djh ,! ,simil>ity ( late ,etruscan to ,roman ,sculpture #djh1 #dji ,,pa9t+4 ,its ,developm5t ,simil> to t ( ,sculpture4 ,! ,ornam5tal & ,dep5d5t ,p]iod #dji ,reali/ic ,*>act]i/ics #dji1 #daj ,! ,wall-pa9t+s ( ,cre & ,corneto #dji1 #daj ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greece #daa ,arti/ic ,manufactures #daa1 #dab ,sgraffiti4 ,! ,importance ( ,etruscan ,art #dab ,,rome4 ,! ,conditions ( ,civilization ,simil> to ^? ( ,etruria #dac ,,ar*itecture4 ,primitive ,walls #dad1 #dae ,gates4 ,vault$ ,canals #daf ,temples3 _! ,tuscan ,"*4 ,! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us #dag ,hell5ic ,influ5ces #dah ,pro/ylos & ,pseudo-p]ipt]os #dai1 #dbj ,! ,tuscan ,ord] #dbj ,! ,doric ,ord] #dbj1 #dba ,! ,ionic ,ord] #dba1 #dbb ,! ,cor9?ian ,ord] #dbc1 #dbd ,! ,composite ,capital #dbd ,con/ructive ,advances4 ,ar*+ & ,vault+ #dbe ,aqu$ucts & ,sew]s #dbe1 #dbf ,ba?s #dbf-dbi ,! ,ba?s ( ,agrippa4 ,! ,pan!on #dbg ,! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla & ( ,diocletian #dbh1 #dbi ,! ,circus1 ,!atre1 & ,amphi!atre #dcj-dcf ,! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus #dcc ,! ,flavian ,amphi!atre 7,colosseum7 #dcf ,fun]al ,monum5ts #dcf1 #dcg ,commemorative ,columns #dcg ,triumphal ,ar*es #dch-ddj ,public ,build+s4 ,basilicas #dda-ddc ,dwell+s #ddd ,private ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice ! ,prototypes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,basilica #dde-ddg ,,sculpture4 ,lack ( ,/atues dur+ ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod4 ,decorative ,"w #ddg1 #ddh ,! ,influ5ce ( ,etruria #ddh ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greece #ddi ,rise ( ,sculpture aft] ! ,samnite ,w> #ddi1 #dej ,importations ( ,/atues f ,greece #dea ,coponius #deb ,portrait ,sculpture #dec-dee ,iconic ,/atues #dec ,! ,horses ( ,/4 ,m>k's #ded ,%ortcom+s ( ,roman ,reliefs #def1 #deg ,hi/orical ,repres5tations #deg-dei ,trajan's ,column #deh ,! ,ar* ( ,titus #dei ,! ,monum5t ( ,anton9us ,pius #dfj ,! ,deg5]ation ( ,sculpture #dfa ,portraiture #dfa1 #dfb ,! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e #dfc ,,pa9t+4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,pa9t+s by ,greek ,arti/s4 ,! ,temple ( ,c]es #dfd ,fabius ,pictor #dfd1 #dfe ,pacuvius & ,metrodoros #dfe ,battle-sc5es #dfe1 #dff ,panel-pa9t+4 ,collections #dff ,wall ,decorations aft] ! ,alex&rian ,fa%ion #dff-dgj ,! ,gold5 ,h\se ( ,n]o #dfg ,l&scapes4 ,ar*itectural ,ornam5tation #dfh1 #dfi ,mosaics #dgj1 #dga ,f ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii #dga ,conclusion #dga1 #dgb ,! ,*ri/ian ,pa9t+s ( ! ,catacombs #dgb ,,gloss>y #dgc ,,index #dgi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,egypt4 ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh #a #b4 ,! ,great ,pyramid ( ,gizeh4 ,section ,n4 & ,s41 look+ ,we/ #f #c4 ,section ( ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,sacc>a #i #d4 ,! ,pyramid ( ,meyd\n #aj #e4 ,s\!rn ,/one ,pyramid ( ,da%\r #aa #f4 ,section ( ! ,middle ,pyramid ( ,ab\s]e #ac #g4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,transport ( a ,colossus #ad #h4 ,section & ,plan ( ! ,nor!rnmo/ ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,b5i-hassan #ae #i4 ,second ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,b5i-hassan #af #aj4 ,pi] ,decoration f ! ,tombs ( ,sauiet-el-,meyt9 #ag #aa4 ,lotos-column ( ,b5i-hassan #ah #ab4 ,column f ,s$+a #ai #ac4 ,lotos-columns f ,!bes #bj #ad4 ,calyx ,capital f ,c>nac #ba #ae4 ,capitals f ,edf\ #bb #af4 ,osiris ,pi] #bc #ag4 ,royal ,grave ne> ,!bes #bd #ah4 ,s\!rn ,temple ( ,c>nac #be #ai4 ,temple ( ,edf\ #bf #bj4 ,great ,temple ( ,c>nac #bg #ba4 ,section ( ! ,hypo/yle ,hall1 ,great ,temple ( ,c>nac #bh #bb4 ,*apel ^u ! ,plat=m ( ! ,temple ( ,d5d]a #bi #bc4 ,temple ( ,phil #cj #bd4 ,faade ( ! ,rock-cut ,temple ( ,ab\-,simbel #ca #be4 ,hall ( ! ,rock-cut ,temple ( ,ab\-,simbel #cb #bf4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,int]ior ( a ,h\se #cc #bg4 ,labyr9? ( ! ,fay\m #ce #bh4 ,egyptian ,pr(ile4 ,greek ,pr(ile #ch #bi4 ,husb& & ,wife4 7,muni* ,glypto!k47 #ci #cj4 ,! ,s*oolma/] ( ,b\lac #dj #ca4 ,lion ( ,r$di% ,granite4 7,briti% ,museum47 #da #cb4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,sculptural ,"w #dc #cc4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,lance-mak] #dd #cd4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,prison]s ( ,diff]5t ,nationalities #de ,,*ald,a1 ,,babylonia1 ,,& ,,assyria4 #ce4 ,relief f ,corsabad4 ,assyrian ,%r9es #dh #cf4 ,temple at ,mugheir 7,ur7 #di #cg4 ,ru9s ( ,w>ka #ea #ch4 ,patt]n$ ,wall4 ,w>ka #ea #ci4 ,tomb at ,mugheir #eb #dj4 ,bors-,nimrud4 ,temple-t]race at ,borsippa #ed #da4 ,plan & ,elevation ( ! ,temple at ,borsippa #ef #db4 ,plan ( ,babylon #ei #dc4 ,plan ( ,n9eveh #fa #dd4 ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,kisr-,s>gon1 ,corsabad #fc #de4 ,ornam5t$ ,pavem5t f ! ,nor!rn ,palace ( ,coyundjic #fd #df4 ,cornice ( ! ,temple ,sub/ructure at ,corsabad #ff #dg4 ,plan ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,palace ( ,nimrud #fg #dh4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #fh #di4 ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,es>haddon at ,nimrud #fi #ej4 ,v>i\s ,capitals & ,bases1 f ,assyrian ,reliefs #gj #ea4 ,table1 f an ,assyrian ,relief #ga #eb4 ,m\? ( a ,tunnel "u ! ,n4 ,e4 ,palace1 ,nimrud #gb #ec4 ,tunnel "u ! ,s4 ,e4 ,palace1 ,nimrud #gb #ed4 ,view ( an ,assyrian ,palace1 ,re/oration #gc #ee4 ,t]rac$ ,pyramid1 f a ,relief1 ,coyundjic #gd #ef4 ,plan & ,section ( ! ,t]rac$ ,pyramid1 ,nimrud #ge #eg4 ,relief f ! ,nor!rn ,palace1 ,coyundjic #gf #eh4 ,entrance to ,"o ( ! ,s-call$ ,temples1 ,nimrud #gg #ei4 ,obelisk f ,nimrud #gh #fj4 ,assyrian ,dwell+s4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #gi #fa4 ,t5t-l ,dwell+4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #hj #fb4 ,susa4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #ha #fc4 ,babylonian ,seal1 & its ,impression #hb #fd4 ,wall ,decoration ( ,enamell$ ,tiles #hc #fe4 ,/atue ( a ,k+1 f ,nimrud #hd #ff4 ,w+$ ,lion1 0 0 #he #fg4 ,w+$ ,bull1 0 0 #he #fh4 ,lion1 0 0 #hf #fi4 ,k+ & ,w>rior4 ,relief f ,corsabad #hh #gj4 ,heads4 ,reliefs f ,nimrud #hi #ga4 ,temple4 ,relief f ,corsabad #ij #gb4 ,a ,besieg$ ,city4 ,relief f ,nimrud #ia #gc4 ,w\nd$ ,lioness4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #ib #gd4 ,transportation ( ,/one4 ,relief f ,coyundjic #ic #ge4 ,transport ( a ,*]ubim #id #gf4 ,glaz$ ,t]ra-cotta1 f ,nimrud #ig ,,p]sia4 #gg4 ,re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 ,p]sepolis #ii #gh4 ,plan ( ,p]sepolis #aja #gi4 ,fragm5t ( a ,base f ,pas>gad #ajc #hj4 ,p]sian ,columns ) ,bull ,capitals #ajd #ha4 ,spiral ,ornam5ts ^u ,*airs #aje #hb4 ,columns f ! ,ea/]n ,portico ( ! ,hall ( ,x]xes #ajf #hc4 ,rock-cut ,tomb ( ,d>ius #ajg #hd4 ,entablature ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius #aji #he4 ,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis #aaj #hf4 ,p]sian ,door-cas+ #aab #hg4 ,relief f ! ,portal ( ! ,hall ( a ,hundr$ ,columns #aac #hh4 ,propyla ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis #aae #hi4 ,alt> ,p$e/als at ,pas>gad #aah #ij4 ,! ,tomb ( ,cyrus #aai #ia4 ,relief f a ,portal1 ,p]sepolis #abd #ib4 ,relief f ! ,/airs ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius #abg ,,ph,,nicia1 ,,pale/9e1 ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or4 #ic4 ,rock-cut ,tombs at ,myra #acj #id4 ,temple ,cella 7,el-,maab$7 at ,amri? #acd #ie4 ,! ,monum5ts ,el-,meghazil at ,amri? #acf #if4 ,faade ( a ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,jebeil #ach #ig4 ,f a ,relief at ,saida #ada #ih4 ,f ! monum5t ,el-,meghazil at ,amri? #ada #ii4 ,f ,rock-cut ,relief at ,ma%naka #adb #ajj4 ,! ,mosaic ,tab]nacle #adc #aja4 ,relief at ,?ab>ieh #adf #ajb4 ,vase ,discov]$ 9 ,cyprus #aej #ajc4 ,hypo!tical ,plan & ,section ( ,solomon's ,temple #aea #ajd4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,siloam #aeh #aje4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,h9nom #aeh #ajf4 ,tomb at ,paphos 9 ,cyprus #afj #ajg4 ,cyprian ,pila/] ,capitals #afa #ajh4 ,votive ,figure f ,cyprus #afb #aji4 ,cyprian ,head #afc #aaj4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,antiphellos #afd #aaa4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,antiphellos #afe #aab4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,myra #aff #aac4 ,! s-call$ ,monum5t ( ! ,h>pies at ,xan?os #afg #aad4 ,s>cophagus at ,antiphellos #afh #aae4 ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,telmissos #afi #aaf4 ,details ( ,columns f ,telmissos1 ,myra1 & ,antiphellos #agj #aag4 ,! s-call$ ,tomb ( ,midas #aga #aah4 ,phrygian ,rock-cut ,tomb ne> ,doganlu #agb #aai4 ,! s-call$ ,grave ( ,tantalos #agd ,,greece4 #abj4 ,view ( ! ,a!nian ,propyla4 ,re/oration #age #aba4 ,plan & ,section ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus #agi #abb4 ,re/oration ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,portal #ahj #abc4 ,fragm5ts ( an ,engag$ ,column f ! same #aha #abd4 ,! ,pyramid ( ,k5cre #ahf #abe4 ,plan ( ! ,acropolis ( ,tiryns #ahh #abf4 ,! ,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk5 #ahi #abg4 ,! ,small] ,gate at ,myk5 #ahi #abh4 ,portal f ,samos #aij #abi4 ,gateway ( ,phigalia #aij #acj4 ,portal ^u ,delos #aia #aca4 ,gate ( ,missolonghi #aib #acb4 ,gate ( ,mess5e #aib #acc4 ,gate ( ,?oricos #aic #acd4 ,gate ( ,ephesos #aic #ace4 ,int]ior ( a ,/ructure ^u ,m\nt ,o*a1 ,euba #aid #acf4 ,elevation ( ! ,corn] ( ! ,middle ,temple1 ,sel9\s #bjc #acg4 ,entablature ( ! ,p>!non #bjf #ach4 ,s*eme ( ! ,doric ,entablature #bjg #aci4 ,plan & ,elevation ( ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,!seus #bjh #adj4 ,pa9t+ ov] ! ,pt]oma ( ! same #bji #ada4 ,c(f]$ ,pt]oma ,ceil+1 ,sel9\s #baa #adb4 ,c(f]$ ,ceil+s f ! ,p>!non #bab #adc4 ,plan ( ! ,middle ,temple1 ,sel9\s #bac #add4 ,capital f ! ,nor!rn ,temple1 ,sel9\s #baf #ade4 ,capital f ! ,middle ,temple1 ,sel9\s #baf #adf4 ,capital f ! ,temple at ,assos #baf #adg4 ,capital f ! ,ea/]n ,plateau1 ,sel9\s #bag #adh4 ,capital f ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,sel9\s #bag #adi4 ,capital f ! ,temple ( ,h]acles1 ,acragas #bag #aej4 ,capital f ! ,temple ( ,!seus1 ,a!ns #bah #aea4 ,capital f ! ,portico ( ,philip1 ,delos #bah #aeb4 ,capital f ! ,temple ( ,demet]1 ,p/um #bah #aec4 ,plan ( ! ,great ,temple at ,p/um #bai #aed4 ,plan1 ,section1 & ,elevation ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,acragas #bbj #aee4 ,entablatures ( ! ,old] & ( ! ,pres5t ,p>!non #bba #aef4 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia #bbb #aeg4 ,plan ( ! ,p>!non #bbe #aeh4 ,plan & ,view ( ! ,propyla1 ,a!ns #bbf #aei4 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo1 ,bass #bbg #afj4 ,plan ( ! ,tem5os at ,eleusis #bbh #afa4 ,ionic ,ord] ( ! ,mausoleum at ,halic>nassos #bcb #afb4 ,plan ( ! ,normal ,ionic ,capital #bcc #afc4 ,plan ( ! ,corn] ,ionic ,capital #bcc #afd4 ,ceil+ ( ! ,p]ipt]os ( ! ,mausoleum4 ,re/or$ #bce #afe4 ,base & ,capital f ,bass #bcf #aff4 ,base f ! ,h]aion at ,samos #bcg #afg4 ,base f ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymos1 ,miletos #bcg #afh4 ,base f ! ,temple ( ,a!ne1 ,pri5e #bcg #afi4 ,base f ! ,propyla1 ,cnidos #bcg #agj4 0 0 ,temple ( ,w+less ,victory1 ,a!ns #bcg #aga4 ,ru9s ( ! ,temple at ,aphrodisias #bci #agb4 ,! ,temple ^u ! ,ilissos #bda #agc4 ,plan ( ! ,ere*!ion #bdb #agd4 ,nor?we/]n ,view ( ! ,ere*!ion #bdc #age4 ,ord] ( ! ,ea/]n ,portico ( ! ,ere*!ion #bdd #agf4 ,cor9?ian ,capital f ,bass #bdh #agg4 0 0 f ! ,temple ( ,apollo1 ,miletos #bdh #agh4 ,cor9?ian ,capital f ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ,a!ns #bdh #agi4 ,tomb at ,mylassa #bea #ahj4 ,! ,mausoleum at ,halic>nassos4 ,re/oration #beb #aha4 ,! ,monum5t ( ! ,n]eides at ,xan?os #bec #ahb4 ,plan ( ! ,/oa ,diple at ,?oricos #bed #ahc4 ,plan ( ! ,/adion at ,mess5e #bef #ahd4 ,plan ( ! ,hippodrome at ,olympia #beg #ahe4 ,plan ( ! ,greek ,!atre1 accord+ to ,vitruvius #beh #ahf4 ,! ,!atre at ,sege/a4 ,re/or$ #bei #ahg4 ,! ,cov] ( ,dodwell's ,vase4 7,muni*47 #bga #ahh4 ,! ,relief ov] ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 ,myk5 #bgc #ahi4 ,/eles f ! ,acropolis ( ,myk5 #bge #aij4 ,gold5 ,mask f ,myk5 #bgf #aia4 ,figures f ! ,vase ( ,clitias & ,ergotimos #bgg #aib4 ,metope ,relief f ,sel9\s #bhd #aic4 ,/atues f ,miletos #bhe #aid4 ,! ,apollo ( ,!ra #bhf #aie4 ,ar*aic ,relief f ,sp>ta #bhg #aif4 ,! ,/ele ( ,ari/ion #bhh #aig4 ,a ,/ele f\nd at ,or*om5os #bij #aih4 ,head ( a ,w>rior1 ,sel9\s #bia #aii4 ,ar*ai/ic ,artemis1 f ,pompeii #bib #bjj4 ,c5tral ,figures f ! ,we/]n ,gable1 g9a #bid #bja4 ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton #big #bjb4 ,apollo1 aft] ,cana*os #bih #bjc4 ,! ,discos-?r[] #cjb #bjd4 ,/atuette ( ! ,a!ne ,p>!nos #cje #bje4 ,fragm5t ,imitat$ f ! ,%ield ( ,a!ne ,p>!nos #cjf #bjf4 ,co9s ( ,elis #cjg #bjg4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 f ! ,p>!non #caa #bjh4 ,aphrodite & ,pei?o1 f ! ,p>!non #cab #bji4 ,fragm5t f ! ,frieze ( ! ,cella ( ! ,p>!non #cad #baj4 ,figure f ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia #caf #baa4 ,figure f ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia #cag #bab4 ,head ( ,apollo1 f ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia #cah #bac4 ,metope f ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia #cai #bad4 ,! ,victory ( ,paionios1 ,olympia #cbj #bae4 ,f ! ,frieze ( ! ,temple at ,phigalia #cba #baf4 ,copy ( ! ,doryphoros1 ,naples #cbc #bag4 ,amazon1 aft] ,polycleitos #cbe #bah4 ,head ( ,h]a1 ,naples #cbf #bai4 ,! ,ludovisi ,juno1 ,rome #cbf #bbj4 ,metope f ! ,ea/]n ,plateau1 ,sel9\s #cbh #bba4 ,eir5e & ,pl\tos1 aft] ,kephisodotos #cbi #bbb4 ,! ,apollo ,ki?>oidos #ccj #bbc4 ,niobids4 7,flor5ce47 #cca #bbd4 ,head ( ,niobe #ccb #bbe4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,frieze at ,halic>nassos #ccd #bbf4 ,head ( ,eros4 7,vatican47 #cce #bbg4 ,! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles #ccf #bbh4 ,! ,head ( ! ,h]mes #ccg #bbi4 ,! ,v5us ( ,melos #cch #bcj4 ,copy ( ! ,apoxyom5os ( ,lysippos #cda #bca4 ,! ,f>nese ,h]cules #cdc #bcb4 ,! ,zeus ( ,otricoli #cdd #bcc4 ,boreas1 f ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds #cdf #bcd4 ,notos1 f ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds #cdf #bce4 ,co9s ( ! ,diado*i #cdg #bcf4 ,! ,dy+ ,gladiator #cdh #bcg4 ,! ,laocoon #ceb #bch4 ,! ,f>nese ,bull #ced #bci4 ,! ,wre/l]s #cef #bdj4 ,! ,apollo ,belv$]e #ceg #bda4 ,! ,artemis ( ,v]sailles #cei #bdb4 ,! ,borghese ,gladiator #cfa #bdc4 ,! ,belv$]e ,torso #cfb #bdd4 ,gr\p f ! ,villa ,ludovisi #cfd #bde4 ,! ,capitol9e ,c5taur #cfe ,,etruria4 #bdf4 ,! ,campana ,tomb at ,veii #chg #bdg4 ,! ,gate ( ,fal]ii #chh #bdh4 ,canal ( ! ,m>ta #chi #bdi4 ,re/or$ ,plan & ,elevation ( ! ,tomb ( ,pors5a #cia #bej4 ,ceil+ ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri #cib #bea4 ,plan & ,section ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri #cic #beb4 ,int]ior ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri #cid #bec4 ,temple ,tomb at ,nor*ia #cie #bed4 ,elevation ( ! ,etruscan ,temple1 accord+ to ,vitruvius #cig #bee4 ,tomb at ,corneto #cih #bef4 ,etruscan ,s>cophagus #cii #beg4 ,bu/ f ! ,grotto dell' ,iside 9 ,vulci #djb #beh4 ,s>cophagus ( ,t]ra-cotta f ,cre #djc #bei4 ,etruscan ,relief #djd #bfj4 ,! ,capitol9e ,wolf #dje #bfa4 ,etruscan ,/one ,s>cophagus #djg #bfb4 ,pa9t+ f ,cre #daj ,,rome4 #bfc4 ,! ,janus ,quadrifrons 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium #dac #bfd4 ,gateway 9 ! ,walls ( ,norba #dad #bfe4 ,rema9s ( ! ,s]vian ,wall #dae #bff4 ,! ,cloaca ,maxima #dag #bfg4 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis #dai #bfh4 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a #dai #bfi4 ,tuscan ,column f ! ,coliseum #dbj #bgj4 ,! ,temple at ,cori #dba #ba4 ,view ( ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis #dbb #bgb4 ,cor9?ian ,capital f ! ,pan!on #dbd #bgc4 ,composite ,capital #dbd #bgd4 ,section ( ! ,aqua ,m>cia ,tepula & ,julia #dbf #bge4 ,section ( ! ,pan!on1 9 its ,pres5t ,condition #dbg #bgf4 ,section ( ! ,pan!on4 ,re/oration by ,adl] #dbh #bgg4 ,plan ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla #dbi #bgh4 ,*ief ,hall ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla #dcj #bgi4 ,plan ( ! ,circus ( ,romulus #dca #bhj4 ,s*eme ( ! ,roman ,!atre1 accord+ to ,vitruvius #dcb #bha4 ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 ,rome #dcc #bhb4 ,plan ( ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre #dcd #bhc4 ,section ( ! ,auditorium ( ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre #dce #bhd4 ,faade & ,section ( a ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,petra #dch #bhe4 ,triumphal ,ar* ( ,titus #dci #bhf4 0 0 ,septimius ,sev]us #ddj #bhg4 ,section ( ! ,primitive ,roman ,basilica #ddb #bhh4 ,plan ( ! ,primitive ,roman ,basilica #ddb #bhi4 ,plan ( ! ,basilica ( ,max5tius #ddc #bij4 ,section ( ! ,h\se ( ,pansa 9 ,pompeii #ddd #bia4 ,plan ( ! ,h\se ( ,pansa 9 ,pompeii #ddd #bib4 ,! ,flavian ,palace #dde #bic4 ,c\rt ( ! ,palace ( ,diocletian at ,spalatro #ddf #bid4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,ci/a ,prne/9a #ddg #bie4 ,janus ,bifrons ^u an ,anci5t ,roman ,co9 #ddh #bif4 ,/atue ( ,isis4 7,museum ( ,naples47 #dej #big4 ,relief ( ,mi?ras4 7,9 ! ,l\vre47 #dea #bih4 ,v]tumnus 7,silvanus74 7,9 ,b]l947 #deb #bii4 ,relief ( ,bonus ,ev5tus4 7,briti% ,museum47 #dec #cjj4 ,/atue ( ,augu/us4 7,9 ! ,vatican47 #ded #cja4 ,eque/rian ,/atue ( ,nonius ,balbus1 ,jun4 #dee #cjb4 ,relief f ! ,ar* ( ,titus 9 ,rome4 #deh #cjc4 ,relief ( ,trajan1 f ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e 9 ,rome4 #dej #cjd4 ,relief ^u ! ,p$e/al ( ! ,column ( ,anton9us ,pius #dfj #cje4 ,victory1 f ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e #dfc #cjf4 ,wall-pa9t+ f ! ,aurea ,domus ( ,n]o #dff #cjg4 ,c]es4 ,pompeian ,wall-pa9t+ #dfg #cjh4 ,wall-pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum #dfh #cji4 ,l&scape-pa9t+ f ,pompeii #dfi #caj4 ,wall-pa9t+ ( ,decorative ,ar*itecture1 ,pompeii #dgj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4--,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh4 ,,egypt4 ,x is a curi\s *ance t ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( human civilization %\ld /& ^u a l& :i* is "o ( ! y\nge/ geological =mations ( our e>?4 ,! sc5e ( t arti/ic activity made kn[n to u by ! olde/ ar*itectural rema9s ( ,africa & ( ! _w 0 n ,upp] ,egypt1 :]e /eep primeval cliffs n>r[ ! valley ( ! ,nile1 b ! alluvion ( ! riv]'s delta4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide :e!r ! impulse ( monum5tal creativ5ess 7 "h fir/ felt1 or :e!r ! m]e fact ( ! pres]vation ( ^! ,egyptian works1 secur$ by ! inde/ructibility ( _! con/ruction z well z by ! un*angeabl5ess ( ,egyptian art1 be suffici5t to expla9 ?is priority to o!r nations ( antiquity--notably to ,mesopotamia4 ,al?\gh no ru9s h be5 f\nd 9 ,*alda ( e>li] date ?an ! tw5ty-?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 x is n at all impossible t rema9s ( great] antiquity may yet come to light 9 a c\ntry :i* is by no means ?or\ghly explor$4 ,nor %\ld we deem ! olde/ /ructures n[ pres]v$ to be necess>ily ^? fir/ erect$4 ,! p]i%able mat]ials ( ! build+s :i* /ood 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 g5]ally sun-dri$ bricks ) asphalt cem5t1 7 n calculat$ to insure long duration1 or to prev5t _! ov]?r[ & oblit]ation by ! cont9ual *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ^! riv]s1 ?r\gh ! silt+ & swamp+ ( _! valleys4 ,yet1 ?\gh tradition w\ld incl9e u to assume t ,*aldan civilization & art 7 ! m anci5t1 ! olde/ monum5ts kn[n exi/ ^u ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! *angeless blue ( ! ,egyptian sky1 ! /rictly regul> return ( all ! natural ph5om5a connect$ ) ! ,nile1 t wond]ful /ream ( ! l&'s life1 are entirely 9 accord ) ! fix$ness ( ,egyptian civilization 9 all its bran*es4 ,?\gh ! high /ate ( advance :i* we fir/ f9d 9 ,egyptian art1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 mu/ necess>ily h be5 prec$$ by less p]fect$ degrees1 x is :olly impossible to p]ceive su* /ages ( developm5t 9 any ( ! monum5ts kn[n4 ,aft] ,egypt _h atta9$ a c]ta9 height ( civilization1 its hi/ory1 dur+ ! ?\s&s ( ye>s kn[n to u1 %[s none ( ^? phases ( advance or decl9e1 ( developm5t 9 %ort1 to be obs]v$ 9 ,europe dur+ e c5tury1 if n dur+ e decade4 ,! ,egyptian complet$ build+s & /atues begun by 8 remote ance/ors )\t ! slighte/ /riv+ = individual peculi>ity4 ,he comm5c$ new works 9 ! same _s1 leav+ !m = simil> execution by 8 great-gr&*ildr54 ,numb]less g5]ations ?us dragg$ on )\t bequea?+ a trace ( any peculi> "* & ability4 ,x is only by ! c>t\*es ( ! k+s 9 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions t x is possible to sep>ate ! dyna/ies1 & to gr\p into p]iods ( a ?\s& ye>s or m1 works ( art :i* seem f _! /yle to belong to "o & ! same age4 ,:at gigantic revolutions h affect$ ! civilization ( ,europe dur+ ! f\rte5 c5turies elaps$ s9ce ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & h[ slight are ! appreciable *anges dur+ ! ne>ly equal numb] ( ye>s ( ! anci5t dyna/ies ( ,memphis--! p]iod ( ! pyramids1 or aga9 ( ! ,!ban k+dom--f ! sev5te5? dyna/y to ! rule ( ! ,ptolemies6 ,! true age ( ! monum5ts ( ,l[] ,egypt has n long be5 kn[n4 ,:5 ,napoleon ,i4 fir$ ! spirits ( 8 troops be=e ! ,battle ( ! ,pyramids by ! well-kn[n words 8,=ty c5turies look d[n ^u y f ! heights ( ^! pyramids10 he mu/ h be5 aw>e t1 accord+ to ! conceptions ( ! ar*ological sci5ce ( ! "t1 he 0 exagg]at+4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 he 0 f> beh9d ! tru?4 ,! pyramids ( ,ab\s]e1 possibly also ^? ( ,da%\r1 are ( ! ?ird dyna/y 7#ccch to #cabd ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,lepsius71 ^? ( ,gizeh ( ! f\r? dyna/y ( ,mane?o 7#cabd to #bhdj ,b4,c474 ,^! are /ructures :i* h /ood = five ?\s& ye>s4 ,! pyramids ( ,co*ome1 ref]r$ to z ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,mane?o1 are /ill old]1 dat+ f a "t ne>ly co9cid5t1 accord+ to ,biblical au?ority1 ) ! creation ( ! _w itself 7#cgfa ,b4,c474 ,x is true we are /ill s f> f *ronological c]ta9ty t dates (t5 diff] a/oni%+ly4 ,osburn1 = in/ance1 places ! f\r? & fif? dyna/ies z late z ! p]iod betwe5 #bbbh & #bajh ,b4,c41 & notably ! two k+s ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 ,%(o & ,nu-,%(o1 ab\t #bagj ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ twelve dyna/ies ( ,memphis1 dat$ by ,lepsius ab\t #chib to #bafg1 & by ,osburn z late z #aiei ,b4,c41 are n[ kn[n pr9cipally by _! monum5tal tombs4 ,among ^!1 ! sepul*res ( ! k+s are prom95t 9 l mann] z ! rul] 9 an absolute & !ocratic mon>*y is elevat$ above 8 subjects4 ,! enslav$ p labor$ ^u ! monum5ts ( _! ma/]s1 (t5 dur+ ! entire lifetime ( ^! latt]4 ,x may be se5 f contempor>y wall-pa9t+s t ! discipl9e ma9ta9$ dur+ ! "w ( con/ruction 0 n lack+ 9 /rictness1 b x 0 c]ta9ly n t excessive oppression g5]ally imag9$4 ,a body ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& workm5 sorely oppress$ might1 ev5 9 ,egypt1 h be5 difficult to manage by a hat$ despot4 ,x 0 pr9cipally dur+ ! annual inundations ( ! ,nile t ! k+s employ$ & f$ ! poor] classes1 at t "t1 p]haps1 unable o!rwise to subsi/4 ,dur+ o!r seasons ! rul]s c\ld n h tak5 ! till]s ( ! soil f fields & flocks )\t great injury to _! own int]e/s4 ,x is no m>k ( a selfi% despotism1 :i* builds )\t ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( l& & subjects1 t ! k+s remov$ _! enorm\s sepul*ral piles f ! vic9ity ( _! resid5ces--f ! valuable alluvion ( ! ,nile to ! b>r5 edge ( ! des]t4 ,!y ?us1 z ,plato recomm5ds1 occupi$ no place ) dwell+s ( ! dead :]e x w\ld be possible = ! liv+ to f9d n\ri%m5t4 ,! f]tile gr\nd ( ! valley 0 n encumb]$ by ! colossal pyramids1 :i* 7 s num]\s 9 anci5t ,egypt t ,lepsius f\nd ! rema9s ( sixty-sev5 9 ! =ty-eight kilomet]s alone betwe5 ,cairo & ! ,fay\m1 on ! we/]n bank ( ! riv]4 ,suppos+ only five score su* pyramids1 ) an av]age area ( "o hundr$ ares ea*1 two elev5?s ( t ( ! great pyramid ( ,gizeh1 to h /ood 9 ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile1 :at an enorm\s loss 9 ! gra9 production ( t mo/ f]tile b limit$ l& w\ld s great a r$uction ( arable surface h caus$ dur+ ! pa/ five ?\s& ye>s6 ,! fundam5tal motive ( ! pyramid is ! fun]al m\nd4 ,a small upheaval above ! natural level ( ! gr\nd results ( itself f ! e>? displac$ by ! bulk ( ! buri$ body4 ,our pres5t practice ( int]m5t cle>ly illu/rates ?is4 ,increas$ dim5sions elevate ! m\nd to an indep5d5t monum5t4 ,_m nations1 "s ( a high degree ( civilization1 h cont5t$ !mselves ) su* impos+ hills ( e>? ov] ! grave1--tumuli1 :i*1 f ! mann] ( _! con/ruction1 assum$ a conical =m4 ,o!rs plac$ ! m\nd ^u a l[ cyl9d]1 ?us bett] m>k+ its di/9ction f accid5tal natural elevations4 ,! ,egyptians & ! ,mesopotamians reject$ ! cone entirely1 & =m$1 ) plane surfaces ^u a squ>e plan1 ! highly monum5tal pyramid4 ,peculi> to ! =m] p are ! incl9$ sides :i* give to ! pyramid its absolute geometrical =m1 z oppos$ to ! t]rac$ /ructures ( ,*alda4 ,! s& ( ! des]t ebb$ & fl[$ fifty c5turies ago z con/antly z 9 our "t1 :5 ! sph9x1 aft] be+ uncov]$ to its base1 has be5 quickly hidd5 aga9 to ! neck4 ,rul]s1 unwill+ t _! gigantic tombs %\ld be ?us subm]g$1 7 oblig$ to secure to !m great height1 ) incl9$ & unbrok5 sides1 ^u :i* ! s& c\ld n lodge4 ,! typical pyramid ( ,gizeh1 ne> ,cairo--! monum5t ( ,*eops 7,%(o1 ,suphis71 ! fir/ or second k+ ( ! f\r? dyna/y--rises above ! broad necropolis ( ,memphis1 by f> ! l>ge/ & "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s works ( mank9d4 7,fig4 #a47 ,) a gr\nd-l9e mean ( #bcb4ef m41 ! great pyramid atta9$ an altitude ( #adh4ba m41 ( :i* ! entire apex is n[ ov]?r[n1 leav+ a height ( ab\t #ach m4,a ,! orig9al int5tion ( ! build]s 0 d\btless an absolutely squ>e plan4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! gr\nd-l9es ( ! base is #j4de m4 ,! angle ( ! upw>d incl9ation ( ! sides has be5 f\nd1 by measurem5ts at v>i\s po9ts1 to av]age #ea #ea #dc4 ,! entire pyramid is solidly built ( massive blocks1 pi]c$ by a few n>r[ passages :i* lead to small *amb]s4 7,fig4 #b47 ,l mo/ ( ^! monum5ts1 ! entrance is situat$ some:at above ! gr\nd2 x op5s to a passage :i* desc5ds ) a g5tle incl9ation4 ,! %aft is cov]$ ) /ones lean+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 s z to pres5t ! great resi/ance ( a gable to ! sup]impos$ mass4 ,9 pass+ out ( ! masonry x is cont9u$ into ! natural rock "u ! same angle1 #bf #bg4 ,ne> ! po9t ( sep>ation x meets ) ano!r passage1 :i* asc5ds ) an incl9ation ( #bf #f to ! c5tre ( ! /ructure1 s5d+ (f a ne>ly horizontal bran* at half-way4 ,all ?ree %afts lead to grave-*amb]s1 ! highe/ be+ ! mo/ important4 ,z ! asc5t cont9ues above ! horizontal bran*1 its importance is emphasiz$ by ! passage be+ increas$ f #a4b or #a4e m4 high to a corridor #h4e m4 9 height1 ro($ by gradually project+ blocks1 & hav+ ^u its floor a slide to facilitate ! transport ( ! s>cophagus4 ,!reupon foll[s a horizontal ve/ibule1 clos$ mo/ securely by f\r blocks ( granite :i* fell l portcullises4 ,only ?ree ( ^! _h be5 let d[n2 ! f\r? rema9$ 9 its orig9al position1 ! l[] grooves nev] hav+ be5 cut to all[ its desc5t4 ,! upp] *amb]1 ( poli%$ granite1 b o!rwise n ornam5t$1 is #aj4dh m4 long1 #e4bd m4 broad1 & #e4hd m4 high4,b ,x is ceil$ horizontally ) n9e colossal l9tels ( granite1 a detail :i* seem$ at fir/ surpris+1 z o!r voids ( f> less wid? 7 m firmly cov]$1 ei!r by project+ & gradually approa*+ /ones1 z 9 ! asc5d+ corridor2 or ) blocks lean$ toge!r s z to =m a gable1 z 9 ! o!r passages1 & 9 ! middle *amb]1 call$ t ( ! ,que54 ,yet x 0 = ! security ( ?is upp] *amb] t ! greate/ c>e prov$ to h be5 tak54 ,! weight ( ! half-height ( ! pyramid rema9+ above x 0 by no means all[$ to re/ ^u its horizontal l9tels4 ,!re are above !m five l[ reliev+ spaces sep>at$ by f\r /one ceil+s simil> to ! fir/2 mighty blocks are incl9$ ov] all ^! to a gable triangle4 ,9 case ( rupture ! horizontal beams w\ld ( !mselves h =m$ new triangles & prev5t$ direct d[nw>d pressure4 ,*eops c]ta9ly did n ne$ to fe> ! ceil+ ( 8 *amb] fall+ 9 ^u him4 ,v5tilation 0 provid$ = ! room by two n>r[ air-*annels1 :i*1 incl9+ upw>ds1 took ! %orte/ c\rse to ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! ,great ,pyramid ( ,gizeh4 ,section ,nor? & ,s\?1 look+ ,we/4 ,! p]fectly geometrical =m ( ! pyramids ( ,gizeh has f e>ly times l$ to speculations ^u _! hav+ be5 erect$ 9 con=mity ) ma!matical or a/ronomical calculations2 & endless attempts h be5 made to discov] ! fix$ proportions :i* !y are suppos$ to embody1 & to det]m9e _! symbolical or metrical significance4 ,too mu* is (t5 assum$ ^u ! /r5g? ( accid5tal co9cid5ces1 g5]ally only approximate2 b if su* proportions inde$ exi/$1 :atev] may h be5 _! int5tion1 !y are evid5tly beyond ! true prov9ce ( art4 ,! second great pyramid1 built by ! successor ( ,*eops1 ,*ephr5 7,sophris71 seems n to h be5 s regul> 9 its int]ior arrangem5t4 ,! ?ird1 t ( ,*ephr5's successor1 ,myk]9os 7,m5k]a71 is ( ! mo/ beautiful execution4 ,! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd 0 s consid]able t a sub/ructure ( masonry 0 "h necess>y4 ,! entire k]nel is ( rectangul> c\rses ( /one1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ext]ior cas+1 is built 9 ! =m ( /eps4 ,?is mann] ( con/ruction 0 employ$ 9 mo/ ( ! pyramids1 b is "h p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,! cas+ ( granite1 highly poli%$1 is /ill p>tly intact2 ! jo9ts ( its /ones are sc>cely p]ceptible1 & are n wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,! me*anical excell5ce ( all ^! pyramids is inde$ wond]ful2 !y rema9 z a m>vell\s pro( ( ! con/ructive ability ( man 9 ages f> ant]ior to kn[n p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,nor are !y m]e piles ( masonry :i* c\ld h be5 erect$ by an enslav$ p )\t ! guidance ( skill$ & ?\ghtful design]s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! passages1 ( ! *amb]s & _! portcullises1 ( ! qu>ri$ /one & poli%$ revetm5t1 0 admirably adapt$ to ! requir$ ends4 ,9 ! ?ird pyramid two corridors h be5 f\nd1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! upp]1 op5+ )9 f ! fir/ *amb]1 at "s height above ! floor1 does n rea* ! ext]ior surface1 b ends sudd5ly aga9/ ! unpi]c$ outside cas+s4 ,?is peculi>ity is expla9$ by1 & 9 turn gives weight to1 ! /atem5t t ?is pyramid1 z orig9ally built by ,myk]9os1 0 consid]ably small] ?an x is at pres5t1 measur+1 accord+ to ! end ( ! unf9i%$ upp] corridor1 #ed4hf m4 on ! side ( ! plan1 & #db4bj m4 9 v]tical height4 ,nitocris1 ! la/ que5 ( ! six? dyna/y1 prep>$ ! pyramid to s]ve also z h] own monum5t by add+ c\rses ( /one :i* increas$ ^! dim5sions to #aag4bi & #ff4ge m4 respectively4 ,b z ! orig9al entrance1 by ! prolongation ( its incl9$ l9e outw>d1 w\ld !reby h op5$ mu* too high above ! gr\nd1 a new corridor b5ea? ! fir/ 0 r5d]$ necess>y4 ,! second *amb]1 :i* probably once conta9$ ! s>cophagus ( ! que51 0 f\nd entirely plund]$4 ,! ?ird & l[e/1 bett] protect$1 _h be5 op5$2 b 9 x !re /ill rema9$ 9 position a magnific5t c(f] ( basalt4 ,! ext]ior ( ?is s>cophagus 0 sculptur$ ) lattice-"w 9 imitation ( a palace-l /ructure ) portals4 ,fragm5ts ( ! wood5 c(f91 ) c>v$ hi]oglyphics1 once )9 x1 & ( ! mummy itself1 7 flung ab\t ! room4 ,! s>cophagus1 ( ! greate/ value z illu/rat+ ! ar*itectural =ms ( its "t1 sank 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! %ip :i* 0 c>ry+ x away to ,engl&4 ,! mummy & ! lid ( ! c(f9 are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,hi]oglyphics ^u ! latt] designate ! v5]able rema9s z ^? ( ,k+ ,m5k]a1 ! same ,myk]9os :om ,h]odotos1 foll[+ traditions ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 m5tions z "o ( ! be/ rul]s ( ! l&4 ,! /one ceil+ ( ! ,myk]9os *amb] 0 at fir/ ?\ght to be vault$1 x hav+ ! =m ( a l[ po9t$ ar*4 ,?is peculi>ity prov$1 h[ev]1 to be due to a holl[+-out ( ! incl9$ gable blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,section ( ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,sacc>a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,! ,pyramid ( ,meyd\n4 ,pr9ces & pr9cesses ( ^! e>ly dyna/ies appe> to h be5 buri$ 9 small] pyramids1 l ^? :i* /& 9 gr\ps ( ?ree ne> ! fir/ & ?ird great pyramids ( ,gizeh4 ,prom95t subjects 7 all[$ to take a place 9 ! royal necropolis2 b _! pyramids 7 always truncat$1 9 =m resembl+ ! ,egyptian foot/ool--! pyramidal po9t rema9$ ! peculi> privilege ( ! k+s4 ,x appe>s to h be5 cu/om>y to comm5ce all ^! /ructures ) a few l>ge t]races ( masonry1 :i* 7 n fully develop$ into ! p]fectly pyramidal /ructure until ! la/ /ones1 ! revetm5ts1 7 put 9 place4 ,^! t]races g5]ally _h v]tical sides4 ,occasionally ?is con/ruction 0 v>i$ by be+ =m$ ) slop+ sides1 :i* repeat$ ! obtuse asc5d+ angle ( ! foot/ool1 s t ! sep>ate /eps1 else:]e ) a v]tical rise1 7 "h some:at incl9$4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! absolute pyramidal =m 0 always int5d$ to be c>ri$ out ^u ! completion ( ^! latt] monum5ts4 ,! examples ( ! incl9$ t]races :i* h be5 pres]v$ r seem to %[ t v>i\s attempts 7 made to develop ar*itecturally ^u ! ext]ior ! peculi>ity ( its inn] con/ruction4 ,! arrangem5t & l9e ( ! k]nel 7 m or less /rictly adh]$ to1 s t ! la/ c\rse ( fac+-/ones %[$ ! orig9al angle ( ! int]ior masonry4 ,! increas+ ( ! t]races by successive c\rses--coats1 z x 7--seems to h be5 g5]ally cont9u$ z long z ! reign ( a ,ph>aoh w\ld p]mit4 ,! lay]s1 :5 incl9$1 7 mo/ num]\s at ! foot ( ! pyramid1 decreas+ 9 numb] z !y asc5d1 t ! mass might n take ! proportions ( a t[]4 ,?is mann] ( build+ is display$ by ! section ( ! fir/ pyramid ( ,sacc>a 7,fig4 #c471 :i*1 if ! c\rses _h be5 cont9u$ 9 equal numb]1 w\ld h rea*$ a height ( at lea/ "o hundr$ & fifty met]s1 in/ead ( ! #eg4ia m4 effect$ by its t]race-l contractions4 ,! pyramid ( ,meyd\n %[s t ?is contraction did n necess>ily take place 9 regul> & equal /eps4 7,fig4 #d47 ,!re ! lay]s 7 add$1 )\t decreas+ 9 numb]1 to a consid]able height1 :5 ! /ructure 0 quickly complet$ by broad & l[ t]races4 ,simil> to ?is mu/ h be5 ^? pyramids :i* end$ 9 a plat=m & s]v$ z ! mighty p$e/als ( colossal figures1 describ$ by ,h]odotos z exi/+ 9 ,lake ,mo]is4 ,a rem>kable v>iation f ^! =ms is f9ally to be notic$ 9 ! /one pyramid ( ,da%\r4 7,fig4 #e47 ,ris+ at fir/ ) /eep incl9ation1 #ed #ad1 x *anges its slant at half-height to rea*1 ) a small] angle1 #db #ei1 a m rapid conclusion4 ,?is arti/ically un=tunate =m seems to h be5 ow+ to a *ange ( plan dur+ ! execution ( ! "w2 x 0 d\btless orig9ally design$ to h be5 f9i%$ l ! pyramid ( ,meyd\n4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to seek ! orig9 ( ! d\ble angle 9 ! analog\s obtuse t]m9ation ( ,egyptian obelisks4 ,?is pyramid ( ,da%\r is fur!r rem>kable on acc\nt ( its magnific5t revetm5t ( poli%$ ,mocattam lime/one1 :i* is almo/ entirely pres]v$4 ,!re is z great a diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ial z 9 ! =m ( ! pyramids4 ,z e>ly z ! ?ird dyna/y ,k+ ,asy*is 7,asu*ra7 built a pyramid ( :at ,h]odotos t]ms ,nile mud2 t is to say1 ( sun-dri$ bricks4 ,x is n improbable t ! great pyramid ( ,da%\r may be id5tifi$ ) ?is4 ,besides ?is peculi>ity ( mat]ial1 x is ( unusual con/ruction1 n hav+ be5 imm$iately built ^u ! natural gr\nd1 b /&+ on a ?ick lay] ( s&1 :i*1 enclos$ by reta9+-walls1 =ms an excell5t f\ndation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,s\!rn ,/one ,pyramid ( ,da%\r4 ,"o ( ! gr\p ( pyramids at ,ab\s]e is built ( rubble-/ones1 qu>ri$ f ! high plateau ( ! des]t itself1 & r\ghly cem5t$ ) ,nile mud4 ,! build] ( ?is irregul> masonry held x ! m necess>y to insure ! ceil+ ( 8 grave-*amb] ) ! greate/ c>e1 & ?ree gables ( /ones1 #aj4ij m4 long & #c4ff m4 ?ick1 provide a resi/ance z suffici5t aga9/ ! impos$ mass z does ! sixfold ro(+ ( ! ,k+'s ,*amb] at ,gizeh4 7,fig4 #f47 ,! ext]ior lay]s 7 c>efully con/ruct$ ( blocks f ! qu>ries ( ,t\rah4 ,imm5se dikes1 =]unn]s ( our mod]n causeways1 l$ f ^! qu>ries to ! build+s at ,ab\s]e4 ,al?\gh int5d$ only = ! conveyance ( mat]ials1 !y 7 yet s firmly built t !y exi/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,egyptian wall-pa9t+s %[ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ! transportation ( colossal monoli?ic /atues along ^! ways ^u sl$ges1 ei!r mov$ ^u roll]s or dragg$ ov] an oil$ slide1 z 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! pyramid ( ,illah\n1 l ! nor!rn pyramid ( ,da%\r & o!rs1 is built ( brick2 its masonry 0 additionally /r5g!n$ by walls ( /one1 ! ?icke/ be+ ^u ! diagonals ( ! plan4 ,! pyramid ( ,meyd\n is built ( alt]nate horizontal c\rses ( v>i\sly qu>ri$ /one4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important pyramids /ill /&+1 ) _! dim5sions 9 met]s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"n ( ,pyramid4 ,orig9al ,pres5t ,height4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 ,great pyramid ( ,gizeh #adh4ba #acg4cd #b4 ,second pyramid ( ,gizeh #aci4ci #acf4cg #c4 ,nor!rn /one pyramid ( ,da%\r #ajd4ci #ii4di #d4 ,s\!rn /one pyramid ( ,da%\r #ajc4bi #ig4bh #e4 ,pyramid ( ,illah\n ---- #ci4fb #f4 ,pyramid ( ,meyd\n ---- #fh4dj #g4 ,nor!rn ,pyramid ( ,li%t ---- #bj4he #h4 ,pyramid ( ,hov>a ---- #cb4ca #i4 ,nor!rn pyramid ( ,li%t ---- #bg4ca #aj4 ,s\!rn brick pyramid ( ,da%\r #ha4df #dg4ee #aa4 ,great pyramid ( ,ab\s]e #fi4ci #di4ii #ab4 ,?ird pyramid ( ,gizeh #ff4hc #fa4hg #ac4 ,nor!rn brick pyramid ( ,da%\r #fe4be #bg4dc #ad4 ,great pyramid ( ,sacc>a #fa4jf #eg4ia #ae4 ,pyramid ( ,ab\-,roa% ---- ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,"n ( ,pyramid4 ,side ( ,plan4 ,angle ( ,asc5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a4 ,great pyramid ( ,gizeh #bcb4ef #ea #eb #b4 ,second pyramid ( ,gizeh #bae4ji #eb #ba #c4 ,nor!rn /one pyramid ( ,da%\r #bai4bh #dc #cf #d4 ,s\!rn /one pyramid ( ,da%\r #ahg4ic above #ed #ad bel[ #db #ei #e4 ,pyramid ( ,illah\n n[1 #agj4fi ---- #f4 ,pyramid ( ,meyd\n n[1 #afa4ed #gd #aj #g4 ,nor!rn ,pyramid ( ,li%t n[1 #acg4af ---- #h4 ,pyramid ( ,hov>a #aaf4ib ---- #i4 ,nor!rn pyramid ( ,li%t n[1 #aji4gc ---- #aj4 ,s\!rn brick pyramid ( ,da%\r #ajd4ci #eg #bj #aa4 ,great pyramid ( ,ab\s]e #aji4fj #ea #db #ab4 ,?ird pyramid ( ,gizeh #gg4jd #ea #aj #ac4 ,nor!rn brick pyramid ( ,da%\r #ajd4cd #ea #bj #ad4 ,great pyramid ( ,sacc>a ,e4 ,w4 #abj4jb #gc #cj ,n4 ,s4 #ajg4ja #ae4 ,pyramid ( ,ab\-,roa% #ajd4ci ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! ,nubian pyramids on ,m\nt ,b>kal & 9 ,m]oe1 f> m num]\s ?an ^? ( ,l[] ,egypt1 h lo/ mu* ( _! int]e/ s9ce inve/igations h %[n t ! civilization ( ,egypt & ! prototypes ( monum5tal art did n desc5d f ,nubia1 z 0 at fir/ suppos$1 b arose 9 ! delta & advanc$ up ! /ream4 ,inscriptions prove ^! pyramids to be "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s y\ng] ?an ^? ( ,memphis1 dat+ !m at z rec5t an epo* z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y are g5]ally gr\p$ 9 an ext5d$ necropolis1 & diff] f ^? ( ! anci5t k+dom by a /eep] angle ( elevation1 by a r\ndel-m\ld+ ^u ! angles1 &1 above all1 by mu* small] dim5sions4 ,?\gh ! truncat$ pyramidal =m1 z has be5 se5 9 a numb] ( tombs at ,gizeh1 0 n exclud$ f ! fun]al ar*itecture ( ,egyptian subjects1 x 0 nev] g5]al4 ,rock-cut tombs 7 mu* m cu/om>y4 ,! upright cliffs :i* bord] ! banks ( ! ,nile l$ naturally to su* a =mation1 & 9 _! sides are excavat$ cav]ns ( v diff]5t dim5sions1 f ! preval5t small1 squ>e *amb]s1 ) a n>r[ entrance high above ! level ( ! valley1 to ! mo/ ext5d$ s]ies ( rooms4 ,^! tombs 7 commonly decorat$ by mural pa9t+s alone1 b occasionally by c>v$ ar*itectural details1 :i* always repres5t a wood5 %ea?+ ( slats or lattice-"w4 ,! l>g] *amb]s1 ev5 ( ! mo/ primitive p]iod1 h ! ro( support$ by squ>e pi]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,section ( ! ,middle ,pyramid ( ,ab\s]e4 ,x is f ^! pi]s t ! ,egyptian columns seem to h orig9at$1 divid+ f ! outset into two classes & develop+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,"o class ( columns arose f *amf]+ ! corn]s ( ! squ>e pi]1 ?is support be+ ?us trans=m$ into an eight-sid$1 &1 :5 ! proce$+ 0 repeat$1 to a sixte5-sid$1 %aft4 ,! fir/ phase ( *ange1 ) its octagonal plan1 0 simple & advantage\s--a pr$om9ance ( v]tical l9e 0 secur$ to ! support1 z well z great] room & ease ( passage to ! *amb]4 ,! second1 ! sixte5-sid$ figure1 (f]$ b few new advantages2 on ! contr>y1 ! play ( light & %ade betwe5 ! sixte5 sides & angles 0 lo/ 9 proportion z ! edges became m obtuse & less visible4 ,z ! sleek rotundity ( an absolutely cyl9drical %aft 0 n desirable1 ! blunt angles ( ! sixte5-sid$ prism1 ( r co>se /one1 7 emphasiz$ to avoid ! disagreeable unc]ta9ty :i* is felt :5 ! plan is undecid$ betwe5 a polygon & a circle4 ,?is 0 effect$ by *annell+ ! sides1 mak+ ! arris m prom95t & giv+ a m lively v>iation ( v]tical light & %ade4 ,! pi] ?us ma9ta9$1 9 "s degree1 its prismatic "* :ile approa*+ ! cyl9d]1 & ! *annell$ column arose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,transport ( a ,colossus4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,section & ,plan ( ! ,nor!rnmo/ ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,b5i-hassan4 ,rock-cut tombs ( ! twelf? dyna/y 7#bchj-bafg ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,lepsius7 situat$ at ,b5i-hassan1 & "p ( ! necropolis ( ! anci5t ,nus1 a city e>ly de/roy$1 %[ ! polygonal pi] 9 ! two phases ( eight & sixte5 sid$ plan4 ,! mo/ nor!rn ( ^! has ! octagonal un*annell$ pi] 9 ! ve/ibule1 & ! sixte5-sid$ *annell$ column )94 ,only fifte5 *annels are execut$ on ! latt]1 ! sixte5? side be+ left plane = ! reception ( a pa9t$ r[ ( hi]oglyphics4 ,bo? ext]ior & int]ior %afts h a base l a l>ge flat mill/one1 :i* projects f> beyond ! l[] diamet] ( ! column1 its edge be+ bevell$ inw>d4 ,a squ>e abacus pl9? is ! only m$ium betwe5 %aft & ceil+1 ! two columns ( ! ve/ibule lack+ ev5 ?is4 ,a full entablature did n exi/ 9 ! int]ior1 z a repres5tative ( ! out] edge ( ro( & ceil+ !re w\ld naturally h be5 out ( place4 ,! nor!rnmo/ tomb has no di/9ct entablature c>v$ ^u ! ext]ior2 b its neighbor 7,fig4 #i47 %[s1 cut f ! solid rock1 a massive horizontal epi/yle above ! columns1 & ^u ?is ! project+ edge ( ! ceil+1 :i* appe>s to consi/ ( squ>ely hewn joi/s4 ,lattice-"w 0 f\nd repres5t$ ^u ! /one s>cophagus ( ,myk]9os4 ,"h ! model ( a wood5 ceil+ is tru?fully imitat$ ^u ! rock4 ,z1 9 ! flat cov]+s ( ra9less ,egypt1 ro( & ceil+ appe> "o & ! same1 ?is entablature has b two memb]s--epi/yle & cornice2 :ile ! frieze1 9 ,greek ar*itecture ! repres5tative ( a horizontal ceil+ b5ea? ! incl9$ ro(1 does n "h exi/4 ,?is ord] ( ar*itecture1 call$1 because ( ! simil>ity ( ! %aft1 ! ,proto-,doric1 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! anci5t k+dom4 ,b at lea/ z e>ly z ! twelf? dyna/y ano!r class ( columns 0 9 use :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,! ,proto-,doric columns orig9at$ f ! ma!matical duplication ( ! prismatic sides & angles ( ! squ>e pi]2 ^! second made ! same pi] _! model1 b foll[$ its pa9t$ ornam5t1 n its ar*itectural =m4 ,! primitive design] enri*$ 8 "w ) fl[]s1 /riv+ to pres]ve ! quickly fad+ natural decoration by an imp]i%able imitation4 ,_m ( ! b&s ( ornam5t cu/om>y 9 antiquity may be consid]$ z r[s or wrea?s ( leaves & fl[]s1 al?\gh (t5 !y d n betray _! d]ivation at fir/ sight1 because ( ! orig9al imp]fect repres5tation ( nature1 ! subsequ5t /rict conv5tionalization1 & f9al deg5]acy into =malism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,second ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,b5i-hassan4 ,9 ,egypt1 ornam5tal adaptations ( ! lotos-fl[]s ( ! ,nile appe> at fir/ 9 long1 frieze-l r[s1 ! blossoms be+ b\nd toge!r by ! /ems 9 mu* ! same arrangem5t z simil> decorations 9 ,assyria1 or ! bett] conv5tionaliz$ an!mion friezes 9 ,greece4 ,:5 ?is horizontal ornam5t 0 transf]r$ to ! n>r[ v]tical sides ( a pi]1 x 0 necess>y to place ! fl[]s closely toge!r1 to l5g!n ! curl$ /ems & b9d !m2 9 %ort1 to =m ( ! wrea?s1 :i* _h answ]$ = ! n>r[ b&1 a b\quet bett] correspond+ to ! tall1 upright space to be fill$4 ,su* a bun* ( long-/emm$ lotos-buds is %[n ^u ! pill>s ( ! tombs ne> ,sauiet-el-,meyt9 7,fig4 #aj471 :i*1 c]ta9ly ( ! anci5t k+dom1 7 probably ( ! six? dyna/y4 ,?is b\quet may h be5 z cu/om>y an ornam5t = ! pi] z ! g>l&s ( lotos-fl[]s 7 = ! frieze4 ,! hi/ory ( ar*itectural decoration %[s t ! /one-cutt]'s *isel ev]y:]e foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( color4 ,! f\r sides ( ! pi] bore ! same pa9t$ fl[]s2 if ^! 7 to be sculptur$1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an to c>ry !m f f\r-sid$ relief into ! full r\nd1 :]e !y (f]$ ! same face to all po9ts ( view1 & trans=m$ ! pa9t$ pi] into a column =m$ l a bun* ( lotos-blossoms4 ,?is developm5t mu/ h tak5 place e>ly 9 ! anci5t k+dom1 = we f9d ! floral column 9 ! same tombs ( ! twelf? dyna/y at ,b5i-hassan :i* %[ ! s-call$ ,proto-,doric %aft 9 its v>i\s phases4 ,=m & color s "w toge!r 9 ! floral column z to leave no d\bt ( ! fundam5tal idea hav+ be5 ! bun* ( lotos-buds pa9t$ ^u ! sides ( ! pi]4 ,f\r /ems ( r\nd$ pr(ile are engag$1 ris+ f a flat base simil> to t ( ! polygonal column4 ,!y are ti$ toge!r "u ! buds by fivefold ribbons ( diff]5t colors4 ,above ^! ! lotos-fl[]s spread f ! /ems1 %[+ betwe5 _! gre5 leaves ! op5+ buds 9 n>r[ slits ( :ite4 ,! fl[]s ( ! pa9t$ b\quet 7,fig4 #aj47 are spread ap>t2 b 9 ! sculptur$ column !y are necess>ily unit$1 =m+ ! capital4 ,ev5 ! little blossoms ) %ort /ems1 repres5t$ ^u ! pa9t+ ( ,sauiet-el-,meyt91 are n neglect$1 al?\gh ! calyx itself has become mu* small]1 ow+ to te*nical reasons ( ! execution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pi] ,decoration f ! ,tombs ( ,sauiet-el-,meyt94 ,b5i-hassan proves t ! two ord]s1 ! *annell$ polygonal %aft & ! lotos-column 7,fig4 #aa471 _h be5 develop$ z e>ly z ! twelf? dyna/y2 b z column> ar*itecture 0 n g5]al 9 ! anci5t k+dom1 ! examples pres]v$ are isolat$4 ,! little temple ( t age discov]$ by ,m>iette ,bey ne> ! great sph9x ( ,gizeh %[s no trace ( columns1 _! place be+ suppli$ by monoli?ic pi]s4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! tw5ty-second & ! sixte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 dur+ :i* ! ,nile-l& 0 occupi$ by ! nomadic ,hycsos1 ! %eph]d k+s1 enemies to all civilization1 0 n favorable to ! fur!r application & developm5t ( ar*itectural g5ius4 ,! columns d n aga9 appe> until ! adv5t ( ! new ,!ban k+dom ) ! eighte5? dyna/y 7#aeia ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,lepsius71 :5 !y 7 ext5sively employ$1 especially 9 temples4 ,x 0 !n t ! typical =ms ( ! ord]s 7 det]m9$4 ,! ,proto-,doric1 ! *annell$ polygonal column ( ! tombs at ,b5i-hassan1 fell into disuse4 ,its simplicity suit$ nei!r ! desire = ri*ness ( =m1 peculi> to ! lat] ,egyptians1 nor ! delight 9 poly*romatic ornam5t1 :i* f\nd only "o un*annell$ /rip at its disposal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,lotos-column ( ,b5i-hassan4 ,! polygonal %aft receiv$1 9 c]ta9 measure1 a new lease ( life by ! inv5tion ( a necess>y "p1 a capital 9 place ( ! meagre abacus pl9? :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! insuffici5t m$ium ( transition betwe5 ! upright support & ! horizontal entablature4 ,! vegetable prototype 0 des]t$1 & a female head1 or r a f\rfold mask ab\t a cubical k]nel1 cr[n$ ! %aft1 be+ surm\nt$ by an ornam5t some:at resembl+ a *apel4 ,! column !reby became simil> to a ,h]mes1 or to a c>yatid figure ( ,janus ,quadrifrons1 z x 74 7,fig4 #ab47 ,b ! repres5tation ( ! deity ,a?or _h only a limit$ application1 & seems to h prev5t$ ! column f be+ g5]ally employ$4 ,a f> wid] field 0 op5$ to ! floral column1 :i* 9 its ar*itectural & ornam5tal developm5t 0 remov$ fur!r & fur!r f its orig9al model4 ,! *anges 7 br\ght ab\t 9 two ways1 ! mo/ direct alt]ations be+ effect$ by ! sculptor4 ,! f\r buds & /ems ( ! lotos-columns ( ,b5i-hassan 7 increas$ to eight2 ! latt] *ang$ _! r\nd cyl9d]s to angul> prisms1 ?us giv+ up mu* ( ! vegetable "*4 ,! =m] /raight & /iff %aft1 ris+ directly f ! base1 0 curv$ ne> ! bottom by a %ort swell+1 :i* sudd5ly increas$ ! diamet]4 ,?is entasis 0 surr\nd$ by a r[ ( leaves1 aga9 *>act]iz+ ! asc5d+ bundle z /ems4 ,leaves 7 also add$ at ! foot ( ! buds1 ^! be+ out ( place & impair+ ! consequ5tial developm5t express$ 9 ! column ( ,b5i-hassan1 ?\gh correspond+ well en\gh ) ! treatm5t adopt$ = ! simil> enl>gem5t at ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,! f\r little fl[]s1 :i* 7 ti$ 9 by ! b&s ( ! ,b5i-hassan column1 naturally became eight 9 numb] ) ! duplication ( ! /ems & blossoms4 ,!y 7 be=e mu* dim9i%$ 9 size1 b "h became an entirely unorganic1 rectangul> ornam5t4 ,! b9d+ ribbons ( ! neck reta9$ _! orig9al v>iegat$ colors2 b ! pa9t+ ( ! capital itself put aside e lik5ess to ! natural colors ( ! fl[]4 7,fig4 #ac a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,column f ,s$+a4 ,an entirely picturesque trans=mation also affect$ ! lotos-column1 & l$ to ! second phase ( its developm5t4 ,! /one %aft 0 cut cyl9drically1 ! memb]+s be+ omitt$ & all rem9isc5ces ( /em & bud be+ ab&on$4 ,! wrea?s ( leaves rema9$ at ! l[] end ( ! %aft & ( ! capital1 z did also ! b9d+ ribbons ) ! little fl[]s1 :i* 7 /ill m broad5$ & di/ort$4 ,! re/ ( ! column gave space = pa9t$1 or r coilanaglyphic1 repres5tations ( devotional acts1 = ! c>t\*es ( ! k+s & = hi]oglyphic inscriptions 7,fig4 #ac b47 ,! capital1 :i* _h be=e consi/$ ( f\r & ( eight buds1 became consolidat$ to a s+le "o2 ! b9d+ ribbon ( ! neck 0 reta9$ )\t a function4 ,x 0 ! m natural to op5 ! s+le bud to ! calyx ( a fl[]1 a graceful & satisfactory solution ( ! problem :i* reta9$ its sway h5ce=? 9 ,egypt mu* z ! ,cor9?ian capital1 s ne>ly relat$ 9 =m to ?is ,egyptian calyx1 pr$om9at$ ov] o!r ,roman v>ieties4 ,! %aft & ! ribbons rema9$1 z 9 ! pa9t$ column ( ! ,memnonium4 7,fig4 #ac b47 ,s also did ! r[ ( leaves at ! base ( ! capital2 ! little fl[]s 7 entirely omitt$1 & ! upp] "p ( ! calyx 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) royal seals pa9t$ betwe5 upright ornam5ts1 s small t _! l9e does n affect ! composition ( ! :ole4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,a discord result$ f ! ret5tion ( ! abacus pl9? ( ! =m] bud capital 9 its orig9al proportions1 a defect :i* 9 "s degree defeat$ ! /hetic advantages ( ! boldly project+ calyx z a m$ium betwe5 ! v]tical support & ! horizontal mass above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,lotos-columns f ,!bes4 a4 ,sculptur$ ,column f ! ,great ,temple at ,c>nac4 b4 ,pa9t$ ,column f ! ,memnonium ( ,ramses ,,ii4 ,! calyx capital atta9$ no typical & e/abli%$ =m 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture1 ev5 z ! ,cor9?ian capital receiv$ no =mal developm5t 9 ! ,hell5ic art :i* orig9at$ x4 ,! decoration ( ! calyx cont9u$ to (f] a wide field = ! inv5tive tal5t ( ! ,egyptian ar*itect1 :i* 0 "h employ$ ) mo/ =tunate results4 ,! ru9$ build+s1 especially ( lat] p]iods1 %[ hundr$s ( diff]5t capitals1 f ! simple/ upright =ms ( ! papyrus to elaborately turn$ & roll$ leaves2 ^! floral ornam5ts be+ almo/ always compos$ & conv5tionaliz$ ) admirable ta/e4 ,a decid$ advance 0 made by sep>at+ ! upp] edge ( ! calyx1 ) not*es1 into f\r l>ge petals1 al?\gh ! decoration did n h suffici5t influ5ce to affect ! column z a :ole4 ,! mo/ satisfactory among ! v>ieties ( ! floral column1 & t mo/ ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 0 c]ta9ly ! palm2 ! capital ( :i* 0 *>act]iz$ z a cr[n ( leaves1 & ! %aft1 by an imitation ( ! b>k1 z a palm-/em4 ,! tall leaves r5d]$ a great] height ( ! palm capital necess>y2 ?us increas$1 x mo/ closely approa*$ ! ,cor9?ian 9 beauty ( outl9e4 ,! division ( ! great calyx into eight lobes 0 ano!r result ( ?is decoration4 ,z ! palm capital 0 frequ5tly plac$ among o!rs1 especially by ! ,egyptians ( lat] p]iods1 x naturally _h ! effect ^u ! v>ieties to be br\ght into h>mony ) x ( l[]+ ! neck+ ( _! %afts 9 ! same measure z _h be5 necess>y = itself4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,! sl5d] proportions preval5t dur+ ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies caus$ ! abacus pl9? ^u ! calyx to be height5$ to a cube1 & ev5 increas$ to twice ! height ( ! capital itself1 9 :i* case x 0 ornam5t$ by ! heads ( ,a?or & ,typhon1 or by ! entire dw>f$ figure ( ! latt]4 ,9 r>e cases1 pi]s take ! place ( columns 9 ! temple c\rts1 & are mask$ by /atues ( ,osiris or ( ,typhon4 7,fig4 #af47 ,^! figures h ( !mselves no con/ructive function z supports1 & are n to be class$ ) ! c>yatides & telamones ( ,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,calyx ,capital f ,c>nac4 ,! great v>iety ( =m 9 ! column & capital is n %>$ by ! entablature4 ,?is consi/s1 z se5 at ! tombs ( ,b5i-hassan1 ( two memb]s4 ,! l[] /ret*es f pi] to pi]1 or f column to column1 z a connect+ epi/yle4 ,! upp]1 repres5t+ ! horizontal ceil+1 reposes !reupon1 & is cr[n$ by ! univ]sal cornice-m\ld+--a boldly project+ ,egyptian scotia4 ,betwe5 ^! two memb]s !re is a cont9u\s r\ndlet1 (t5 *>act]iz$1 by its ornam5t ( an encircl+ ribbon1 z a bundle ( re$s4 ,! cornice is sometimes m>k$ by r[s ( re$-leaves b5t =w>d at ! top1 ! epi/yle cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,9 lat] times1 ! decoration ( ! entablature became m florid1 repetitions ( ! uros s]p5t appe>+ z a cornice ornam5t4 ,! columns ( ! new k+dom _h1 mean:ile1 be5 giv5 up 9 ! rock-cut tombs1 :]e !y fir/ occurr$4 ,yet ! cav]n sepul*res !mselves rema9$ s mu* 9 vogue t !y ev5 s]v$ ! k+s ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies 9 place ( pyramids4 ,_! t5d5cy 0 r to burr[ deeply into ! cliff ?an to create l>ge sepul*ral *amb]s1 :]e ! support ( columns w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,! pr9cipal int5tion ( ! excavators--to make ! royal burial-place z inaccessible z possible--0 adv]se to any monum5tal developm5t ( ! int]ior4 ,! decoration 0 re/rict$ to pa9t+s ^u ! long & repeat$ly clos$ corridors1 & suffic$ only to rank ^! above ! b>e *annels ( ! pyramids4 ,! =mation ( ! e>? on ! bord] ( ! des]t (f]$ no gr\nd = ! ext]ior ar*itectural treatm5t ( ^! graves1 & a simple portal is g5]ally all t designates ! entrance to ! %afts :i* 7 ! sepul*res ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies4 ,! plan ( t at ,biban-el-,moluc is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,capitals f ,edf\4 ,! temples ( ! new k+dom ) _! num]\s halls & c\rts (f]$1 on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ample scope = ! application ( column> ar*itecture4 ,^! ext5d$ s]ies ( /rangely enclos$ rooms & c\rts1 ?\gh ri*ly decorat$ ) pa9t+s1 w\ld h seem$ b>e )9 & )\t if ! column _h n ent]$ into _! composition1 & if ! build+ _h n be5 exp&$ & ornam5t$ by its help4 ,) ! floral ord]s1 ! temple int]ior became an ar*itectural organism truly des]v+ ( /udy & admiration4 ,) exception ( t portion ( ! /ructure :i* /ood be=e ! *ief portal1 & _c be consid]$ z an integral "p ( ! build+1 e ,egyptian temple 0 divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 conta9$ )9 an oblong enclosure3 namely1 ! c\rt1 ! hall ( columns1 & ! holy ( holies--a s]ies ( cellas4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,long r[s ( sph9xes g5]ally /& fac+ ! av5ue :i* leads to ! entrance ( ! temple1 & prep>e = ! sacr$ sil5ce )94 ,! doorway is flank$ by two enorm\s t[]s1 s-call$ pylons1 =m$ l /eep truncat$ pyramids4 ,! walls ( ^! masses ( masonry1 ornam5t$ ) coilanaglyphic pa9t+s1 %[ slots ^u ! front = ! reception ( ! high flag-poles :i* are repres5t$ ^u contempor>y wall-decorations4 ,! t[]s are cr[n$ ) ! scotia cornice1 ! r\ndlet ( :i* is cont9u$ d[n ! angles4 ,)9 !y are pi]c$ by /airways & small *amb]s1 scantily light$ by n>r[ slits 9 ! wall4 ,x is probable t ! summits ( ^! pylons1 )\t d\bt ! highe/ /&po9ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 s]v$ z obs]vatories = ! ,egyptian a/ronom]s & a/rolog]s2 a practical use 0 ?us add$ to ! orig9al purpose ( monum5tal decorative gate-ways4 ,two or f\r colossal sitt+ figures 7 g5]ally plac$ be=e ! pylons1 & sometimes also two obelisks1 be>+ ! d$icatory inscriptions ( ! temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,osiris ,pi]4 ,! obelisks are among ! mo/ curi\s & *>act]i/ic /ructures ( ,egypt4 ,!y are v comp>able to ! pyramids1 & p]haps may ev5 be reg>d$ z small pyramids plac$ z an apex ^u a tall %aft4 ,few deviate f ?is type2 "o ( ! obelisks ( ,c>nac1 cr[n$ by a pr(ile l a po9t$ ar*1 & ! obelisk ( ,m$9et-el-,fay\m ) r\nd$ end1 are exceptions4 ,! obelisks are monoli?ic4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! difficulty ( procur+ s l>ge a block f ! granite qu>ries1 ( transport+ its enorm\s weight & erect+ its tall mass1 ?is peculi>ity add$ greatly to ! impos+ effect ( ! monum5t4 ,! delight ( ! lat] ,roman emp]ors 9 ! possession ( obelisks caus$ _m ( ^! to be transport$ to ,rome1 :]e !y /ill =m prom95t ornam5ts ( ! city4 ,mo/ ( ^? rema9+ 9 ,egypt lie ov]?r[n1 & (t5 deeply buri$ "u ! accumulat+ e>? ( c5turies4 ,! two be=e ! ,temple ( ,luxor 7 bo? erect until #ahca1 9 :i* ye> "o ( !m 0 remov$ to ! ,place de la ,concorde 9 ,p>is4 ,! removal dur+ #ahgg-gh ( an obelisk1 & its erection 9 ,london1 %[ :at difficulties mu/ h att5d$ ! qu>ry+1 c>v+1 transport1 & elevation ( ^! gigantic monum5ts 9 primitive times4,c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,royal ,grave ne> ,!bes4 ,! *ief portal ( ! temple1 flank$ by ! two pylons1 op5s ^u ! great p]i/yle c\rt4 ,! colonnades are ^u two or ?ree ( its sides1 seldom t[>ds ! entrance4 ,9 ! mo/ elaborate in/ances1 z ! ,temple ( ,luxor1 ! c\rt is bord]$ ) d\ble r[s ( supports--columns alt]nat+ ) pi]s--be=e :i* /& ! above-m5tion$ figures ( ,osiris4 ,sometimes ?is p]i/yle c\rt is duplicat$1 z 9 ! great ,memnonium ( ,ramses ,,ii4 & ! temples ( ,m$9et-,ab\ & ,luxor1 ! two spaces be+ sep>at$ ei!r by small] second pylons 7,m$9et-,ab\71 by a simple wall pi]c$ by a gate 7,memnonium71 or by a n>r[ colonnade betwe5 !m 7,luxor74 ,9 su* cases ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! c\rts diff]s1 ! second usually be+ m ri*ly provid$ ) columns & pi]s ?an ! fir/4 ,small] temples are (t5 s built aga9/ ^! c\rts t !y c be ent]$ only f )9 !m 7,fig4 #bj471 :ile !y project1 ) ! great] "p ( _! plan1 beyond ! *ief enclosure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,s\!rn ,temple ( ,c>nac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,temple ( ,edf\4 ,! second *ief division ( ! build+--! hall ( columns1 ! hypo/yle--is ent]$ f ! c\rt1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh new pylons4 ,?is space1 g5]ally n s deep z ! out] p]i/yle1 is entirely cov]$1 ! /one ceil+ be+ upheld by close-/&+ columns1 ! numb] ( :i* v>ies greatly accord+ to ! dim5sions ( ! build+4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,temple ( ,c>nac1 ! plan ( :i* 7,fig4 #ah47 may be reg>d$ z typical ( ! usual ,egyptian arrangem5t1 eight columns are suffici5t1 :ile ! dim5sions ( ! hypo/yle hall ( ,m$9et-,ab\ r5d] tw5ty-f\r necess>y--a numb] increas$ to ?irty-two 9 ,luxor1 =ty-eight 9 ! ,memnonium ( ,ramses ,,ii41 & to a maximum ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r 9 ! ,great ,temple ( ,c>nac4 ,small] halls may h receiv$ _! light ?r\gh ! portal4 ,! upp] half ( ! int]columniations ( ! c\rt colonnades 0 also occasionally left op51 z %[n by ,fig4 #ai42 b1 ) ! enorm\s dim5sions ( ! hypo/yle & ! close ranges ( %afts s frequ5t1 a m p]fect sy/em ( illum9ation 0 necess>y4 ,! light ( day 0 procur$ = ! hall by an em95tly satisfactory arrangem5t1 :i* gives ! key to ! true mann] ( light+ any enclos$ space f above--! cl]e/ory--s effectively develop$ 9 lat] ages4 ,! two r[s ( columns ne>e/ ! longitud9al axis 7 made half z high aga9 z _! neighbors1 ?us lift+ _! entablature & ceil+ well above t ( ! rema9+ space4 ,^! two ceil+s on diff]5t levels 7 connect$ by pi]s plac$ ^u ! next range ( %ort] columns1 :i* support$ ! edge ( ! high] cov]+4 ,! light ent]$ betwe5 ^! pi]s1 _! op5+s be+ b little imp$$ by /one trac]y4 ,! c5tral aisle 0 ?us brilliantly light$1 &1 "u ! cl\dless sky1 rays & reflections c\ld f9d _! way into ! mo/ remote corn]s ( ! =e/ ( columns4 ,z %[n by ,fig4 #ba41 ! l>g] c5tral columns 7 di/+ui%$ by ! broad-spread+ calyx capital f ! o!rs1 :i* reta9$ ! simpl] =ms ( ! fold$ bud4 ,! effect ( su* a hall1 especially ( ! great hypo/yle ( ,c>nac1 mu/ h be5 magnific5tly ri* & impos+4 ,! dim5sions ( ! *ief columns 7 9 ?is in/ance gigantic4 ,!y 7 #bb4hf m4 high4 ,_! calyx capitals 7 #f4aj m4 9 diamet]1 ! epi/yle beams #f4gj by #a4hc by #a4bb m4 ,! entire hall 0 #ia4dd m4 9 l5g?4 ,walls & columns 7 ?ickly cov]$ ) c>v$ & pa9t$ decorations1 :i* 7 kept well subord9at$ to ! gr& =ms ( ! ar*itecture1 & 7 s bl5d$ by ! v>y+ light & %ade t a ri* & sob] effect 0 produc$ by ! some:at gaudy colors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,great ,temple ( ,c>nac4 ,"o example1 ! ,temple ( ,soleb1 %[s ?is second division ( ! build+ also repeat$3 t su* a duplication 0 less common ?an t ( ! c\rts is expla9$ by ! f> great] requirem5ts ( its con/ruction4 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree *ief temple divisions 0 rea*$ f ! hypo/yle hall1 ei!r by a simple gateway or by a ?ird pylon portal4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s p]=m$ _! my/ic rites & gu>d$ ! sacr$ animals 9 a s]ies ( *amb]s1 ! inn]mo/ ( :i*--! real temple cella--0 exce$+ly small 9 proportion to ! entire build+1 be+ sometimes ev5 cut f a s+le /one4 ,z ! temple s]v$ ! prie/hood = a dwell+1 a cloi/]-l arrangem5t ( ?is ?ird space 0 necess>y4 ,! long-accept$ supposition t ev5 ! royal palaces 7 includ$ 9 ! temple enclosure has rec5tly be5 que/ion$1 al?\gh ! hi]atic "* ( ! mon>*y1 & ! /rict religi\s ritual by :i* ! life ( ! k+ 9 8 function ( high-prie/ 0 gov]n$1 ev5 to ! smalle/ p>ticul>s1 w\ld r5d] ?is ( itself n improbable4 ,! plan ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,c>nac %[s ! dwell+ ( ! prie/s1 ) its halls & small] rooms1 sep>at$ by a c\rt f ! places ( wor%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,section ( ! ,hypo/yle ,hall1 ,great ,temple ( ,c>nac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,*apel ^u ! ,plat=m ( ! ,temple ( ,d5d]a4 ,magnific5tly z ! temple ar*itecture ( ! ,egyptians _h develop$ s9ce ! eighte5? dyna/y1 its advance _h ma9ly affect$ ! int]ior4 ,! temples ( e o!r p 7 built ) m or less ref]5ce to an impos+ ext]ior effect1 b ^? ( ,egypt g5]ally rema9$ ! =tress-l enclosures :i* _h become typical 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! l&'s hi/ory4 ,! p]ipt]al plan1 inde$1 occurs 9 sev]al small cellas ( ! anci5t k+dom1 b x 0 exceptional1 & did n arrive at any sy/ematic developm5t4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,egyptian ar*itecture1 ?\gh x *anc$ ^u ! *annell$ %aft ( ! ,proto-,doric column1 0 app>5tly unable to utilize ?is motive1 ! great importance ( :i* 0 n recogniz$ 9 ! l& ( ! ,nile4 ,! p]ipt]al temple plan is a simil> advance1 :i*1 n fitt$ = ! requirem5ts & t5d5cies ( ,egyptian ar*itecture1 lay dormant = c5turies4 ,! unbrok5 =tress-l walls ( ! temple 7 n pi]c$ & resolv$ into ! surr\nd+ pt]oma until ! sceptre ( ,egypt _h be5 sway$ dur+ ?ree c5turies by ! semi-,hell5ic ,ptolemies4 ,^! rul]s1 w>n$ by ! example ( ,cambyses1 7 wise en\gh n to int]f]e ) _! ,egyptian subjects 9 _! mo/ s5sitive po9t ( religi\s conceptions1 r5d]$ sacr$ by ! traditions ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b !y did n hesitate to re9troduce into ! l& ! ext]ior spl5dor ( ! p]ipt]al plan1 by t "t s fully develop$ 9 ,greece4 ,! free & *e]ful religi\s rites ( ! ,greeks1 p]=m$ be=e ! temple1 & n )9 x1 agre$1 z did ! natural "* ( ! p1 ) ! p]ipt]al temple1 :i* 0 op5$ outw>dly by its pt]oma4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! my/]i\s & sombre precision ( ! ,egyptian ritual1 :i* dem&$ absolute seclusion4 ,?\gh ! p]ipt]al temple plan 0 9 "s measure br\ght into vogue by ! ,ptolemies1 x 01 9 ,egypt1 depriv$ ( its *ief *>act]i/ic--! freely op5$ int]columniation4 ,! ,romans1 9 _! desire simil>ly to comb9e column> ar*itecture ) entire enclosure1 m]ely decorat$ ext]ior walls ) engag$ %afts & pila/]s1 giv+ up ! columns z support+ memb]s ( indep5d5t function1 & us+ !m only z a sugge/ive ornam5t4 ,?is m]ely decorative treatm5t1 r>e 9 ,greece1 0 n adopt$ 9 ,egypt until ! late/ times4 ,! ,egyptian pref]r$ to place a scre5-l wall1 half ! height ( ! columns1 9 ea* op5+2 ?is hid all ! int]ior f view1 ev5 :5 ! build+ 0 ( small dim5sions1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb41 & p]mitt$ ! access ( light & air ?r\gh ! upp] half ( ! int]columniation4 ,! "o us$ z an entrance 0 also clos$ by a door-frame ( great] height ?an ! side scre5s4 ,^u ! corn]s ( ! p]ipt]al build+ incl9$ pi]s 7 (t5 reta9$1 z a rem9isc5ce ( ! orig9al enclosure wall z well z = great] con/ructional security4 ,?is is %[n by ! ,temple ( ,phil4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,t ! arrangem5t ( out/&+ columns did n entirely supplant ! clos$ surr\nd+ walls is evid5t f ! same plan1 :]e bo? me?ods occur side by side 9 a gr\p ( build+s ( ! same date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,temple ( ,phil4 ,!re 7 p>ts ( ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile :]e ! cliffs ( ! des]t s advanc$ ^u ! riv] z to leave absolutely no room = ! erection ( temples occupy+ s mu* gr\nd4 ,! inhabitants "h _h rec\rse to grotto temples2 t is to say1 !y transf]r$ ! pr9cipal rooms ( ! sanctu>y to an excavation 9 ! cliff4 ,:5 ! space betwe5 rock & /ream p]mitt$ x1 ! c\rts & pylons 7 built1 & only ! hypo/yle hall & ! holy ( holies1 r$uc$ to ! m9imum necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ! rites1 7 cut f ! rock4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,el-,cab1 ,r$esie1 ,silsilis1 & ,gir%eh4 ,! la/ ( ^!1 ! l>ge/1 _h a c\rt ) ,osiris pi]s ^u ! sides & ) f\r columns ^u ! front1 :i* seems nev] to h be5 flank$ by pylons4 ,its l>ge/ excavat$ space1 app>5tly correspond+ to a second c\rt1 is also decorat$ ^u ! long] sides ) ,osiris pi]s4 ,!reupon foll[s a n>r[ hall1 :i* b inadequately repres5ts ! hypo/yle2 &1 f9ally1 z ! holy ( holies1 a small *amb] ) an alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,faade ( ! ,rock-cut ,temple ( ,ab\-,simbel4 ,f> m important ?an ^! are ! grotto temples ( ,ab\-,simbel1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! second cat>act1 :]e ! portals are also cut :olly f ! rock4 ,! l>g] ( ! two ev5 attempts to approa*1 z well z is possible1 ! enorm\s pylons ( ! great ,!ban temples4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,to ?is end ! g5tle incl9ation ( ! cliff 0 cut away to ! talus angle ( ! ,egyptian walls & pylons1 & ! cornice above1 ( r\ndlet & scotia1 0 work$ f ! rock4 ,f\r su* colossal sitt+ figures1 z are (t5 plac$ be=e ! pylons1 7 also cut f ! cliff--an effective ornam5t & an economy ( labor ?us be+ secur$4 ,! repres5tation ( ! portal betwe5 two pylons 0 giv5 up2 ! :ole front =m$ "o wall 9 :i* ! entrance-door 0 cut )\t fur!r decoration4 ,! empty space above ! op5+ 0 fill$ by a high-relief1 c>v$ )9 an oblong ni*e4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,! entrance1 :i* has n[ be5 cle>$ ( ! s&1 leads 9 natural ord] to a space correspond+ to ! c\rt ( ! free-/&+ temples2 x is some:at simil> to t ( ,gir%eh1 :i* 0 also erect$ by ,ramses ,,ii41 ?\gh m impos+ & ( bett] proportions4 7,fig4 #be47 ,a foll[+ room1 ! ceil+ ( :i* is support$ by f\r pi]s1 sugge/s ! temple hypo/yle1 "h mu* dw9dl$ 9 ext5t f ! difficulty ( its excavation z well z f ! g5]al re/riction ( ?is space 9 ,nubian monum5ts comp>$ ) ^? ( ,c5tral ,egypt4 ,! inn]mo/ *amb]s ( ! holy ( holies are n only z small z ^? ( ! free-/&+ temples1 b are r$uc$ 9 numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,hall ( ! ,rock-cut ,temple ( ,ab\-,simbel4 ,! second rock-cut temple ( ,ab\-,simbel1 situat$ ne> ! "o describ$1 is ( small] dim5sions4 ,x has upright colossal /atues ^u ! front1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ cut 9 ! r\nd1 h m ! effect ( reliefs f ! fact t !y /& 9 ni*es1 a diff]5ce aris+ f ! great] /eepness ( ! cliff at ?is po9t4 ,! treatm5t appe>s rational 9 consid]ation ( ! small] am\nt ( mat]ial !reby remov$1 ?\gh ! unmonum5tal effect ( ! reliefs1 :i* lean ) ! incl9ation ( ! wall1 is an un=tunate result ( ?is economy4 ,! fir/ hall1 analog\s to ! temple c\rt1 has its ceil+ support$ by six pi]s1 :i* are decorat$ ^u ! side t[>ds ! c5tral aisle by ,a?or masks4 ,?ree entrances lead f ?is hall into a n>r[ space1 "h entirely at v>iance ) ! "* ( a hypo/yle1 & ?r\gh ?is into ! holy ( holies4 ,not)/&+ ! contraction ( ! two inn] dep>tm5ts1 ! ?ree pr9cipal divisions ( ! free-/&+ build+s c be recogniz$ 9 all rock-cut temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,int]ior ( a ,h\se4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,! exi/+ ru9s all[ a comp>atively cle> und]/&+ ( ! religi\s ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 9 :i* class ! monum5tal tombs mu/ be reckon$ z well z ! v>i\s =ms ( temples2 b we are left almo/ entirely un9/ruct$ z to ! nature ( ! private dwell+s4 ,! plan ( ! cloi/]s )9 ! great temple ( ,c>nac 7comp>e ,fig4 #bj47 is inde$ cle>1 ?\gh1 be+ only a portion ( a l>g] s*eme1 x _h no individual or ext]ior expression4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! spaces 7 ro($ & light$ is n evid5t4 ,! s-call$ royal pavilion ( ,m$9et-,ab\ is a complete puzzle 9 its developm5t ( plan & assum$ connection ) o!r /ructures2 x c only be held to prove t "s private build+s 7 ( sev]al /ories4 ,o!r peculi>ities "h noticeable are w9d[s fram$ by l9tels & jambs ( enorm\s blocks1 & r\nd$ battlem5ts above a project+ cornice4 ,egyptian sculptures & wall-pa9t+s (t5 repres5t ! int]iors ( well-to-d private h\ses & ( palaces2 !y %[ ! plans ( dwell+s & adjo9+ vegetable-g>d5s s well t ! v products ( ! latt] c be di/+ui%$2 b1 ?\gh ^! plans designate ! sep>ate rooms & _! entrances1 x is /ill impossible to compreh5d ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a normal h\se1 or its ext]ior appe>ance4 ,! views ( ! int]iors1 ) _! slim columns & n>r[ entablatures1 ) a sy/em ( p]spective :i* %[s ?+s above "o ano!r in/ead ( beh9d "o ano!r1 ) _! evid5t misrepres5tations & con/ructive impossibilities1 mu/ h /ood 9 v mu* ! same relation to ! ,egyptian reality z ! fictiti\s ar*itecture ( ! ,pompeian wall-decorations does to ! build+s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ar*itectural details introduc$ by ! pa9t] s]v$ only z a frame = ! figures or = ! cont5ts ( ! /ore-rooms :i* he repres5t$4 ,x may be conclud$ t1 :5 private dwell+s 7 m pret5ti\s ?an ! s+le room necess>y to provide ! mo/ imp]ative %elt]1 columns 7 n exclud$ f !m2 &1 f ! abs5ce ( any rema9s ( ^! supports1 x is probable !y 7 ( wood4 ,! ru9s & rubbi% ( sun-dri$ bricks1 :i* compose ! ov]?r[n cities hi!rto excavat$1 %[ t ! great majority ( dwell+s 7 no m ?an l[ hovels4 ,ev5 palaces seldom w5t beyond a s]ies ( small *amb]s1 & ?us did n pres5t an important ar*itectural problem4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! gigantic labyr9?1 fam$ 9 s _m fables ( antiquity1 & some:at kn[n by ! excavations ( ,lepsius 9 ! ,fay\m4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,a great numb] ( small *amb]s are "h gr\p$ 9 ?ree rectangul> w+s ar\nd an oblong space1 :i* 0 probably divid$ into sev]al c\rts4 ,! walls rema9+ d n %[ t geometrical regul>ity ( arrangem5t describ$ by ,h]odotos1 ,/rabo1 ,diodoros1 & ,pl9y1 b a really labyr9?ic aggregate ( small *amb]s1 ! de/9ation ( :i* is n cle>4 ,! pyramid :i* closes ! f\r? side ( ! squ>e is alone ( monum5tal importance4 ,x seems possible t1 in/ead ( "o or m palaces1 we h "h ! rema9s ( "s city4 ,x is c]ta9ly wrong to connect ! "w ) ! ,dodec>*ia 7tw5ty-six? dyna/y1 #fhe to #ebe ,b4,c473 ! twelve pret5d]s w\ld h>dly h unit$ to erect a common monum5t4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,mane?o1 ,am5ophis ,,iii41 ! six? k+ ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 is m5tion$ z ! f\nd]1 a notice corroborat$ by inscriptions discov]$ on ! site4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,labyr9? ( ! ,fay\m4 ,t ! private build+s 7 s unimportant 9 comp>ison ) ! religi\s ar*itecture ( ,egypt is expla9$ by ! excessive subjugation ( ! p to a mona/ic ritual1 & by ! favorable "* ( ! ,egyptian climate4 ,x is necessity t prompts inv5tion1 & ,egypt1 ) its ev]-cl\dless sky & con/ant temp]ature1 requir$ no protection aga9/ ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r2 ! climate did n =ce man to sp5d 8 days )9 doors1 nor did x de/roy ! lighte/ %elt]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ra91 ! mo/ primitive horizontal ceil+ 0 suffici5t4 ,accord+ to ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,egyptian1 x 0 m important = him to prep>e a p]man5t h\se = 8 dea?-sleep--he _h m at he>t ! protection ( 8 corpse ?an ( 8 liv+ body4 ,?us ?\s&s ( graves h be5 pres]v$1 :ile sci5ce _c f9d a s+le dwell+ rema9+ to betray ev5 ! g5]al "* ( ,egyptian dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,to ^! consid]ations x mu/ be add$ t ! dwell+s /ood 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & h be5 subject$ to annual inundations :i* h =m$ a consid]able alluvial deposit1 :ile ! graves 7 almo/ )\t exception situat$ ^u ! *angeless cliffs t bord] on ! des]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ar*itecture ( ,egypt 0 practis$ 9 a mann] to %[ almo/ no hi/orical developm5t--) ! sculpture ?is is ! case 9 /ill great] degree4 ,! mo/ anci5t c>v$ rema9s1 :i* ) reasonable security may be assign$ to ! fif? dyna/y1 %[ ! =mal sy/em1 reta9$ dur+ ! subsequ5t tw5ty c5turies1 z already p]fect$4 ,ev5 at t e>ly date ! network ( l9es1 :i* ! ,egyptian sculptors 7m z me*anics ?an z arti/s7 foll[$ d[n to ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies1 0 already calculat$ & introduc$ z a canon4 ,besides figures ( ! gods1 ! sculpture ( ,egypt is ri* 9 ! images ( k+s1 que5s1 & prom95t subjects2 & 9 su* portraits ! obs]vation ( ! liv+ model1 ( ! peculi>ities ( "* :i* lead to ! diff]5ces ( ext]ior appe>ance1 w\ld seem to be a natural consequ5ce4 ,b z ! individual disappe>$ 9 ! mass ( ! ,egyptian p1 s ! appreciation ( individuality 0 almo/ :olly lack+ 9 ! ,egyptian arti/4 ,sculptors & pa9t]s work$ )\t ! lea/ desire = pre-em95ce 9 ability & di/9ction1 )\t ?\ght ( p]petuat+ _! names1 & ! "w !y produc$ express$ ^! faults4 ,z ,brunn truly rem>ks1 we c look ^u :ole r[s ( ,egyptian sculptures )\t a "q ev] aris+ 9 our m9ds z to ! au?or%ip ( ?is or t "w1 )\t obs]v+ t "o is sup]ior to ! o!rs1 or t any 7 mu* above manufactures4 ,! "w became :at ! arti/ felt himself p]sonally to be--a m]e l9k 9 a monoton\s *a94 ,! result ( ?is is t ! /atues g5]ally repres5t an entirely ab/ract human be+--n an absolute ideal1 = t c h>dly be said to exi/ 9 any art1 b a type ( ! ,egyptian race1 well und]/ood & unalt]ably repeat$4 ,z soon z ! art _h to a c]ta9 degree ma/]$ ! normal appe>ance ( ! human body1 x cont5t$ itself !re) & came to a /&/ill4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ! liv+ model or 9 ! attribut$ *>act]s ( ! deities 7 r>ely consid]$ by ! arti/1 :o only di/+ui%$ by attributes :at %\ld be o!rwise express$2 he did n attempt to %[ ! effect ( ! m9d ^u ! out] be+1 & ?us to give to sculpture its true importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,pr(ile4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,greek ,pr(ile4 ,! description ( s+le ,egyptian works is consequ5tly almo/ ! same z ! consid]ation ( ! entire sculpture & pa9t+ ( ! l&--! m s z ! arti/ n only employ$ g5]ally "o & ! same conv5tional figure1 b 9 position & movem5t ma9ly alt]nat$ betwe5 two types4 ,! /atues are1 ) a few exceptions1 ei!r sitt+ or 9 an act betwe5 /&+ & /epp+1 :i* does n appe> to be an advance1 because ! feet are too ne> toge!r2 bo? soles be+ flat ^u ! gr\nd1 ! c5tre ( gravity falls betwe5 ! two legs1 almo/ m ^u ! "o beh9d ?an ^u ! "o be=e4 ,a figure seems to move only :5 ! body1 advanc$ be=e ! c5tre ( its two supports1 ?r[s ! greate/ "p ( its weight ^u ! =w>d leg1 & ?us relieves ! h9d] foot1 :i*1 ) uplift$ heel1 t\*es ! gr\nd ) ! toes1 9 read9ess to be remov$4 ,bo? sitt+ & /&+ /atues h ! arms press$ closely to ! body--! =m] ) b5t elb[s & h&s re/+ flat ^u ! knees1 ! latt] ) arms hang+ /raightly & /iffly1 ! h&s hold+ ! s-call$ ,nile key2 or fold$ ^u ! brea/1 ! h&s grasp+ attributes1 crook & pl\gh or :ip4 ,individual action is 9 e case exclud$4 ,if ! =mation ( ! body be m closely exam9$1 ! foll[+ peculi>ities are rem>kable3 ,! head1 z ! comp>ison ( x ) a ,greek type at ,fig4 #bh4 %[s1 deviates s greatly f ! normal oval t x c\ld almo/ be drawn )9 a squ>e1 ! pr9cipal l9e ( ! face be+ ab\t p>allel to ! back ( ! head1 z is ! flat outl9e ( ! top ( ! skull to ! l9e f ! *9 to ! neck4 ,! g5]al directions ( ! eye1 ! m\?1 & ! e> are n p]p5dicul> to ! sides ( ! p>allelogram1 incl9+ too m>k$ly upw>d2 ! comp>atively l>ge e> is plac$ half z high aga9 f ! ?roat z x %\ld be4 ,^! deviations are 9 "s measure expla9$ by ! peculi>ities ( race *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ori5tals1 & especially ( ! ,egyptians--by ! diff]5t =mation ( ! skull & position ( ! eye4 ,! =ehead is almo/ /raight1 be+ on a l9e ) ! upp] lip2 &1 z x rec$es f ! nose1 does n project at all4 ,x is r5d]$ /ill m unimportant by ! curv$ ridge ( ! br[s lack+ decision1 & ! eye itself want+ 9 dep?4 ,! eye has rema9$ 9 ! r\gh condition ( a primitive imitation ( nature--?ick /rips surr\nd x 9 place ( lids1 & cont9ue1 ! upp] ov]lapp+ ! "u1 beyond its ext]ior angle t[>ds ! e>4 ,! g5tly curv$1 r\nd1 broad nose projects b little ov] ! upp] lip1 :i*1 in/ead ( prep>+ ! close ( ! oval t[>ds ! *91 is pu%$ =w>d l ! l[] lip1 upw>d & outw>d4 ,! clos$1 s5sually broad lips are %>ply outl9$4 ,! corn]s ( ! m\?1 slightly drawn upw>d1 give1 ) ! simil> incl9ation ( ! angles ( ! eyes1 a c]ta9 expression ( smil+ s>casm n int5d$ by ! design]1 & consequ5tly cold & /iff4 ,! *9 is flat & po9t$ 9 pr(ile1 ! l9e f x to ! %ort & ?9 neck almo/ /raight4 ,su* is ! type t 0 reta9$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s un*angeably t ev5 ! sexes are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ by ! heads4 ,male figures (t5 h a k9d ( *9 be>d1 cut at "r angles1 & b\nd on ) ribbons :i* c sometimes be di/9ctly trac$4 ,! heads1 & ?r\gh !m ! :ole figures1 are *>act]iz$ by head-dresses1 ref]able to "o fundam5tal =m--! p%5t1 a high cap l a ti>a2 b !y h be5 s modifi$ f _! prototype t ! ,description de l'gypte1 pl4 #aae1 %[s ?irty di/9ct v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,husb& & ,wife4 7,muni* ,glypto!k47 ,! deities are frequ5tly recognizable by ! heads ( animals--( a lion1 ram1 c[1 ape1 jackal1 crocodile1 hawk1 or ibis1 z ! case may be4 ,! wor%ip ( nature1 peculi> to ,egypt1 f\nd a bett] expression 9 ^! symbols ?an 9 ! monoton\s repres5tations ( man1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! incorporation ( ,hell5ic my?s1 :]e1 9 ! mon/r\s conjunction ( human & animal =ms1 ! human head 0 r>ely giv5 up1 x be+ m g5]ally plac$ ^u ! body ( an animal4 ,! figure1 z accept$ by ! ,egyptian design]1 01 to ! smalle/ details1 drawn accord+ to a network ( l9es4 ,diodorus /ates x to h _h #ba units 9 height1 ! unit be+ probably ! l5g? ( ! nose4 ,! %\ld]s are drawn upw>d1 &1 l ! flat brea/1 are broad2 ! hips1 on ! contr>y1 are n>r[ & weakly modell$3 !y are gird$ ) a clo? :i* appe>s c>efully fold$ & adju/$1 b1 ) all its tightness1 does n fit ! =ms ( ! body4 ,:5 ^u sitt+ figures1 ?is clo? (t5 /&s out z /iffly & /raightly z if c>v$ ( wood1 giv+ no indication ( ! true nature ( its mat]ial4 ,! lean arms are muscul>1 dry1 & h>d2 ! h&s are r5d]$ clumsy by ! equally ?ick & almo/ equally long f+]s4 ,! legs are n p[]ful1 & r slim1 indicat+ great ela/icity1 &1 l all o!r p>ts ( ! body1 ! ability to endure great ex]tion4 ,! knees are %>p & drawn ) anatomical und]/&+2 ! feet are n>r[ & long1 z are also ! toes1 :i*1 ly+ 9 _! entire l5g? ^u ! gr\nd1 d n greatly diff] 9 dim5sions & =m4 ,9 female figures ! brea/s are fully develop$1 ! nipples be+ =m$ l a rosette2 a closely fitt+ g[n rea*es f ! broad neck-ornam5t1 common ) bo? sexes1 to ! ankles1 b1 be+ repres5t$ )\t ref]5ce to ! mat]ial & )\t ! mo/ necess>y folds1 appe>s s ela/ic t its exi/5ce is only surely to be p]ceiv$ at ! bord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,! ,s*oolma/] ( ,b\lac4 ,! mo/ anci5t sculptures & ! lat] works ( ,nubia are some:at heavy & full1 ^? ( ! be/ p]iod 7! "t ( ,ramses7 m slim & ela/ic4 ,aft] ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! figures become bett] modell$1 & a c]ta9 influ5ce ( ,greek sculpture is betray$4 ,b ! anci5t type rema9$ 9 ! *ief *>act]i/ics un*ang$ until ! end ( ! ,ptolemaic dyna/ies1 & ev5 to ! lat] ages ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,^? works ( ,greek & ,roman sculptors1 s popul> dur+ ! age ( ,hadrian1 :i* borr[$ ! co/ume & position ( ,egyptian /atues :ile hav+ no?+ else 9 common ) ,egyptian art 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! num]\s figures ( ,ant9\s to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! l>g] museums71 mu/ n be class$ ) ! truly national works execut$ 9 ,egypt & = t c\ntry4 ,! monotony ( ,egyptian sculpture 0 n )\t "s exceptions4 ,less pret5ti\s works1 :]e ! necessity ( canonic idealization seems n to h be5 s imp]ative--z 9 ! well-f$ =m ( ! s-call$ s*oolma/] 9 ! museum ( ,b\lac 7,fig4 #cj471 :i* %[s n only 9 ! head1 b 9 ! entire body1 an und5iable portrait--make x que/ionable :e!r ! conv5tionaliz$ repres5tations may n be m ow+ to ! re/ra9t ( religi\s au?ority & tradition1 to ! hi]atic laws :i* ex]cis$ s complete a sway ov] ! life ( ! c\ntry 9 e respect1 ?an to any absolute incapability ( ! ,egyptian arti/ = individual *>act]ization4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,lion ( ,r$di% ,granite4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,egyptian sculpture1 ?us "u ! ban ( religi\s cons]vatism1 always dealt m successfully ) ! =ms ( animals ?an ) human be+s & deities4 ,9 hunt+ sc5es !re is wond]ful _s & "* 9 ! draw+ ( ! dogs1 & ( ! animals :i* !y attack4 ,! arti/ atta9$ an ela/ic & life-l =ce 9 ! repres5tation ( all animal =ms1 ev5 :5 ^! 7 compell$ into mon/r\s comb9ations ) human memb]s4 ,! mo/ common ( ! latt] are ! &rosph9xes1 :i* diff] f ! ,greek sph9x 9 be+ male--hav+ ! head & brea/ ( a man & ! body ( a cr\*+ lion4 ,at times ! human head is supplant$ by t ( a ram or hawk4 ,rams 7 also treat$ z sph9xes1 especially be=e ! temples ( ,ammon & ,kneph4 ,! mo/ important &rosph9x is ! well-kn[n colossus ( ,gizeh ) ! head ( ,?o?mes ,,iv4 ,! heads ( ! sph9xes seem usually to h be5 portraits ( k+s4 ,?is gigantic gu>dian ( ! necropolis ( ,memphis1 ! mo/ enorm\s monum5tal figure ( ! _w1 ) space betwe5 ! out/ret*$ front legs = a *apel !re built1 is n[ aga9 buri$ to ! neck by ! %ift+ s& ( ! pyramid plateau aft] hav+ be5 excavat$ ) great labor4 ,its face alone is #ab4b m4 long4 ,b x is 9 cases :]e ! entire lion is repres5t$ )\t de=mation t ,egyptian sculpture atta9s its greate/ p]fection4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,a great majority ( ! ,egyptian works ( sculpture 7 cut ) m>vell\s pati5ce 9 ! h>de/ mat]ials1 9 v>i\sly color$ granite1 diorite1 sy5ite1 & basalt4 ,lime/one & alaba/] 7 r>ely employ$ = colossal or life-size /atues1 b 7 us$ m frequ5tly = works ( small] dim5sions2 ^! 7 also burn$ 9 clay ) a surface ( blue or gre5 glaz+1 or 7 cut 9 m valuable /ones1 su* z agate1 jasp]1 c>nelian1 & lapis-lazuli4 ,enamell$ clay idols 7 manufactur$ 9 great numb]s2 mod]n museums conta9 hundr$s ( ^! little figures ( p]fectly simil> =m4 ,! s-call$ sc>abu is also v common--beetle-%ap$ bodies ( clay1 or ( ! above-nam$ /ones--) incis$ figures or hi]oglyphics ^u _! l[] surface4 ,su* amulets 7 p]=at$ & worn z beads1 & 7 plac$ loosely 9 ! c(f9s ) ! mummies4 ,! arti/ic manufacture ( color$ glass 0 ext5sive4 ,f9e metal-"w 0 less common1 al?\gh ornam5ts ( enamell$ gold1 silv]1 & copp] ( high arti/ic value h occasionally be5 f\nd4 ,wood-c>v+ 0 practis$ ^u ! mummy-c(f9s4 ,al?\gh ! valley ( ! ,nile did n produce l>ge pieces ( a satisfactory mat]ial1 ?is lack 0 suppli$ by glu+ toge!r lay]s ( palm or sycamore wood1 & hid+ ! defects ( ?is process by a pa9t$ prim+ ( /ucco4 ,! c(f9s !mselves are 9 s f> works ( sculpture z !y repres5t ^u ! cov] ! =m ( ! swa!d body plac$ )9 !m1 & ev5 %[ ! face z expos$4 ,! sculpture ( reliefs 0 less develop$ & less correct ?an ( ! r\nd4 ,z ! relief 0 always v l[1 & c\ld n express ! great] projections1 ! arti/'s desire to repres5t ! human body cle>ly & completely l$ to an un=tunate conflict betwe5 ! pr(ile & front view ( ! figure4 ,:ile mo/ly drawn 9 pr(ile1 & %[+ p>ticul>ly ! head & legs 9 side view1 :i* is ! m favorable = repres5tation 9 l[-relief1 ! %\ld]s & brea/ are develop$ 9 ! o!r direction1 & are se5 z f 9 front4 ,x is only 9 ?is position t bo? arms are visible--an important consid]ation to ! arti/1 ^: object 0 solely to repres5t "s action or attributes4 ,x 0 also felt z a difficulty t 9 a relief ( ! side view ! visible %\ld] %\ld project f>!r ?an any o!r "p ( ! body1 ! bread? ( ! brea/ & arms be+ m ?an d\ble t ( ! head4 ,! primitive design]1 to avoid ^! objections1 resort$ to a =c$ & clumsy torsion ( ! body1 :i* may be notic$ 9 ! *ildhood ( almo/ e art--9 ! ,assyrian z well z 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,greek4 ,! head1 ) exception ( ! eye1 :i* 0 repres5t$ z 9 front1 0 tak5 9 pr(ile2 %\ld]s & brea/ f 9 front1 b arms & h&s1 z well z hips1 legs1 & feet1 9 pr(ile aga94 ,! l[] ! relief1 ! less c\ld ! surface be modell$1 & ?is l$ to a %>p dem>cation ( ! outl9e1 :i* exagg]at$ ! peculi> leanness ( ! ,egyptian race to a h>d angul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,sculptural ,"w4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,! relief is a transitional /age betwe5 sculpture & pa9t+2 x works ^u a m or less flat surface1 seeks its *ief effect 9 outl9e1 & l5ds itself readily to ! height5+ ( color4 ,! mo/ common ,egyptian relief1 :i* has be5 t]m$ coilanaglyphic1 be+ holl[$ out1 /&s ev5 ne>] to pa9t+ ?an to sculpture4 ,9 real reliefs ! surface is s cut away z to leave ! figures emboss$2 b "h ! =ms d n rise above ! backgr\nd1 & ! orig9al plane rema9s unt\*$3 ! sculptor cont5t$ himself ) firmly incis+ ! outl9es1 & slightly r\nd+ ! =ms ( ! body )9 !m4 ,?is incis$ outl9e is cle>ly se5 only by %>p side light1 b x has ! advantage ( protect+ ! bord]s ( ! figures & ?us secur+ ! inde/ructibility ( ! repres5tation4 ,9 o!r respects ! coilanaglyphics are no?+ else ?an pa9t+s1 ! space )9 ! c>v$ outl9es be+ color$ 9 ! same mann] z are all ,egyptian wall decorations4 ,! limits ( ! latt] art 7 ?us greatly ext5d$1 = all temples 7 cov]$ ) su* color$ coilanaglyphics1 :ile ! /ucco$ sides ( rock-cut tombs & ( brick masonry 7 ri*ly ornam5t$ by pa9t+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,lance-mak]4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,! numb] ( anci5t pa9t$ decorations :i* h be5 pres]v$ is v great1 not)/&+ _! age & ! p]i%able nature ( all pigm5ts expos$ to air & light4 ,! subjects repres5t$ & (t5 repeat$ are1 = ! great] "p1 religi\s sc5es1 :i* %>e ! monotony ( ! /rict ,egyptian ritual1 ?\gh (t5 all[+ an int]e/+ insight into ! cu/oms ( int]m5t1 ! transport ( mummies by ! processional boat1 ! sacr$ dances & sacrifices4 ,repres5tations ( pr(ane sc5es are m v>i$ & are exce$+ly int]e/+2 ! te*nicalities ( ,egyptian art are %[n by ! cutt+ ( a monoli?ic palm-column1 ! poli%+ ( a granite *apel1 ! pa9t+ ( walls1 ! writ+ ( hi]oglyphics ^u tablets & papyrus1 ! c>v+ & pa9t+ ( sph9xes & /atues 7,fig4 #cb471 ! transport ( a colossal figure ^u a sl$ge 7,fig4 #g471 ! mak+ ( bricks & wall+ ( brick masonry1 ! int]ior ( h\ses 7,fig4 #bf471 ev5 ! plans ( dwell+s & g>d5s4 ,besides num]\s tools & ! products ( manufactur+ trades1 !re may be recogniz$ ^u ^! pa9t+s weav]s1 rope-mak]s1 ! prep>]s ( pap] & ( l95 clo?1 %ip-build]s1 c>p5t]s ) h&-saw & aug]1 & ! cutt]s ( b[s & lances 7,fig4 #cc471 :o employ adzes q simil> to ^? /ill 9 use4 ,comm]ce on l& & sea is repres5t$ by w>es1 unpack$ or 9 bales1 by scales1 v>i\s k9ds ( wagons & trad+ vessels1 etc41 all %[n 9 ! cle>e/ mann] possible4 ,pl\ghs1 s[+ & h>ve/+1 ! ga!r+ ( figs & grapes1 ! press+ ( oil & w9e1 illu/rate ! condition ( agriculture2 :ile ! especial ability ( ! ,egyptians = animal repres5tations is ex]cis$ 9 ! hunt+ sc5es ( lions1 tig]s1 buffaloes1 jackals1 & gazelles2 by ! sn>+ ( birds & fi%es 9 nets1 z well z by ! admirably *>act]iz$ figures ( apes1 porcup9es1 etc4 ,!re are also hi/orical pa9t+s1 great battle sc5es1 ! /orm+ ( cities1 & ! triumph ( ! return+ victors1 :o br+ ) !m booty & prison]s1 ! nationality ( :om is (t5 readily di/+ui%able by peculi>ities ( physiognomy & co/ume4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,! ,egyptian k+s appe> ( sup]human size1 ei!r fight+ f spl5did w>-*>iots1 or /rid+ =w>d to sacrifice _! kneel+ enemies1 a doz5 ( :om1 seiz$ at once by ! hair1 are decapitat$ at a bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,prison]s ( ,diff]5t ,nationalities4 ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,ext5d$ & v>i$ z ^! ,egyptian repres5tations 71 & in/ructive z t :i* ?r\gh _! ag5cy has be5 pres]v$ n[ is1 x yet mu/ be confess$ t ! pa9t+ 0 m a conv5tional picture-writ+ ?an an art4 ,! sev5 colors us$--r$1 blue1 br[n1 yell[1 gre51 black1 & :ite--are1 z a rule1 appli$ simply1 )\t mixture or v>iation1 & )\t mu* ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( nature4 ,at lea/1 x is v r>ely t any /riv+ aft] natural effect is to be notic$2 t1 = in/ance1 ! sk9 ( a negress appe>s blui%-gray ?r\gh a p>tially transp>5t :ite drap]y1 or t ! typical r$-br[n complexion ( an ,egyptian1 "u simil> conditions1 is ( a brok5 yell[4 ,)9 ! %>ply drawn outl9es ! colors are flat & )\t any modification by light & %ade1 ^u ! *ang+ effects ( :i* all pictorial illusion is bas$4 ,?is illusion is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( pa9t+1 ! aim ( :i* is to r5d] ! appe>ance ( objects4 ,x be+ "h entirely lack+1 we _c prop]ly speak ( an art ( pa9t+ 9 ,egypt1 or1 inde$1 9 antiquity at all1 be=e ! "t ( ,polygnotos4 ,egyptian pa9t+s are entirely ( ! nature ( ornam5t2 ! repres5tation ( human be+s is conv5tionaliz$ 9 ! same mann] z are floral ornam5ts1--:ile imitat$ to a c]ta9 degree f nature1 x is simplifi$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( decorative laws4 ,! actions %[n are all )\t tru? & life4 ,! beauty ( decoration dem&s a c]ta9 h>mony 9 ! *oice ( colors1 :i* is !re unfett]$2 9 ,egyptian pa9t+s ?is is s\ght & atta9$ at ! co/ ( tru? to nature4 ,x 0 n di/a/eful to ! ,egyptian to see ! same figure repeat$ a doz5 times 9 absolute simil>ity1 = an ornam5t c always be> repetition4 ,to ^! consid]ations mu/ be add$ a m>k$ peculi>ity ( ,egyptian pa9t+4 ,al?\gh ! art _h be5 re/rict$ to ! portrayal ( m]ely ext]ior actions1 ev5 ?is end c\ld h>dly h be5 atta9$ )\t ! complem5t ( a writt5 explanation1 :i* 0 "h s adjo9$ z to h>monize ) ! figures 9 composition & ev5 9 color4 ,?is conjunction is f> m intimate ?an is t ( picture & text 9 an illu/rat$ *ronicle3 ! hi]oglyphic writ+ & ! pa9t+ are closely alli$ 9 "*4 ,x 0 only a /ep f ! "o to ! o!r1 & _! limits are sometimes h>dly di/+ui%able1 especially 9 ! /ucco pa9t+s ( ! mummy-c(f9s & ! p5 & bru% draw+s ^u papyrus manuscripts1 :]e ! c>elessness ( ! execution increases ! simil>ity4 ,! hi]oglyphic inscriptions might ev5 be consid]$ z ! extreme consequ5ce ( ! hi]atically conv5tionaliz$ pictures4 ,! pa9t+ ( ,egypt exi/$ un*ang$ = a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ) a /ability unequall$ 9 ! o!r civilizations ( ! _w4 ,x 0 p]haps n q s ext5sively employ$ 9 ! anci5t k+dom z 9 lat] times3 pa9t+s c be dat$ z f> back z ! ?ird dyna/y 7#ccch to #cabd ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,lepsius71 b !y 7 re/rict$ to int]ior decoration4 ,! walls ( ! pyramids 7 unadorn$ by color4 ,aft] ! practice ( art _h be5 greatly limit$ by ! invasion ( ! ,hycsos 7f ! ?irte5? to ! sev5te5? dyna/y1 #bacf to #aeia ,b4,c471 x arose ) new vigor at ! adv5t ( ! mod]n k+dom1 especially dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies1 :5 ! ar*itecture :i* fl\ri%$ at ,!bes (f]$ a wide field = pa9t$ decorations4 ,f t "t ! walls lo/ _! b>5ess1 & ri*ly color$ ornam5ts 7 employ$ ev5 ^u ! ext]ior1 enliv5+ ! dead & heavy "* ( ,egyptian build+ & some:at supply+ ! defici5cy ( its ext]ior developm5t4 ,! art ( ,egypt atta9$ its greate/ elaboration--n1 inde$1 )\t "s loss ( national "*--9 ! "t ( ,alex&] & ! ,ptolemies 7#ccb to #cj ,b4,c471 :5 ,hell5ic influ5ce broke ?r\gh ! sombre massiv5ess ( ! unmemb]$ walls & appli$ ! brilliant decoration ( color$ columns to ! ext]ior4 ,b1 delightful z ! isl& ( ,phil appe>s because ( ^! *anges1 x yet m>ks ! comm5c+ decl9e ( ,egyptian art1 ) ! negation ( ! s]i\s & my/ical peculi>ities ( ! l&4 ,! excell5ce ( ,egyptian te*nical processes c\ld only delay ! utt] exhau/ion & ext9ction ( _! art until ! "t ( ! lat] ,roman empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,assyrian ,%r9es4 ,relief f ,corsabad4 ,,*ald,a1 ,,babylonia1 ,,& ,,assyria4 ,! traditional culture ( ! l& ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris is n y\ng] ?an t ( ! ,nile4 ,?\gh ! ?ird dyna/y 7comm5c+1 accord+ to ,b]osos1 ) ! tw5ty-?ird c5tury ,b4,c47 is ! fir/ ( :i* we h monum5tal rema9s1 x _c be d5i$ t long be=e t "t an important p _h inhabit$ ! c\ntry1 a nation v diff]5t f ! nomadic hordes :i* !n1 z to-day1 rov$ ?r\gh ! neighbor+ des]ts4 ,sev]al races ( antiquity 7 consci\s t ! mo/ primitive p ( civilization _h liv$ 9 ! l& ( ! two /reams4 ,! ,jews consid]$ t to h be5 _! orig9al home4 ,! ,patri>* ,abraham _h emigrat$ f ,*aldan ,ur to ,canaan4 ,! ,greek leg5d ( ,deucalion po9ts to ! hi/ory ( ,mesopotamia 9 ! same mann] z does ! ,jewi% my? ( ! ,deluge2 ! olde/ ,greek k ( a/ronomy1 a/rology1 & ! calculation ( "t seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,! tale ( ! division ( ! nations 9 ,babel1 & _! spread+ ov] ! face ( ! e>? f t po9t1 is c]ta9ly bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( a mo/ anci5t c5tre ( civilization ^u ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,temple ( ,mugheir 7,ur74 ,! l& (f]$ no mat]ials = monum5ts :i*1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 c\ld /& un9jur$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile is enclos$ by ! cliffs ( ! des]t bord]1 :i* seem$ directly to enc\rage1 by ! excell5ce ( ! build+-/one !re procur$1 ! erection ( imm5se & inde/ructible works4 ,! pla9 ( ,mesopotamia1 on ! o!r h&1 spread f> beyond ! c\rses ( ! two /reams1 los+ itself 9 des]ts )\t any l9e ( em95ces z a dem>cation4 ,! remote m\nta9s (f]$ no qu>ries at all comp>able to ^? ( ,egypt4 ,! soil 0 ( good clay = ! manufacture ( bricks1 b fuel 0 lack+ ) :i* to burn & h>d5 !m4 ,! inhabitants ( ! l& 7 g5]ally oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) dry+ ! clay 9 ! sun1 mak+ up by ! great ?ickness ( ! masonry = ! firmness lack+ to ! mat]ial4 ,!y fur!r /r5g!n$ ! massive walls ) a fac+1 or ) buttress-l pi]s ( burnt brick1 or solidifi$ ! int]ior ) alt]nate c\rses ( ?is h>d] sub/ance4 ,! bitum5 :i* /ill fl[s at ,hit1 on ! ,euphrates1 nor? ( ,bagdad at ! s\!rn bord] ( ! high] alluvial t]race ( ,assyria1 0 an excell5t sub/ance = cem5t+ ! bricks2 9 m important works x 0 us$ alt]nately ) lime-mort>3 9 common build+s1 or 9 ! int]ior ( ! ?icke/ walls1 clay knead$ ) /raw answ]$ ! purpose ( a cem5t4 ,x is natural t little %\ld n[ rema9 ( su* /ructures4 ,!y c\ld only survive ! ?\s&s ( ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce _! build+1 :5 an imm5se ?ickness secur$ at lea/ ! k]nel ( ! wall1 or :5 ! ru9s ( o!r build+s e>ly cov]$ & protect$ !m4 ,! rema9s ( anci5t ,*alda are g5]ally no?+ m ?an =mless heaps ( rubbi%1 _m ( :i* h n yet be5 op5$4 ,taylor1 ,l(tus1 & _! pr$ecessors1 ,a9swor?1 ,*esney1 & ,lay>d1 discov]$ ! ru9s ( ov] ?irty cities 9 ! l[] half ( ! ,mesopotamian pla94 ,( ^!1 ,mugheir 7! anci5t ,ur71 ,w>ka 7,ere*71 ,niff] 7,nipur71 & ,ab\-,%>e9 (f]$ ! mo/ important rema9s ( great age2 :ile ! ru9s ( ,sura1 ,tel ,sifr1 ,calvadha1 & ,ack]cuf are ma9ly ( ! lat] ,*aldan p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,ru9s ( ,w>ka4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,patt]n$ ,wall4 ,w>ka4 ,recognizable among ! rubbi%-hills ( ,mugheir are ! rema9s ( a t]race :i* consi/$ ( two oblong /eps1 ! l[e/ measur+ #fj4ce by #dj4ed m4 9 l5g? & bread?1 & ab\t #ab m4 9 height1 /&+ ^u a plat=m rais$ #f m4 above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! great] "p ( ?is is ov]?r[n & buri$ b5ea? its own mat]ial4 ,! k]nel ( ! solid /ructure is ( sun-dri$ bricks2 ! fac+1 :i* is divid$ by buttresses1 be+ ( burnt brick cem5t$ ) bitum54 ,! :ole is p]=at$ by num]\s small air-*annels4 ,! second /ep is only ab\t half pres]v$1 & t :i* x mu/ once h support$ has entirely disappe>$4 ,a rem>kable inscription1 repeat$ ^u ! f\r corn]s ( ! upp] t]race1 expla9$ ! purpose ( ! /ructure & ! "t ( its erection4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son's int]pretation ( ! cunei=m leg5d1 ?is 0 d$icat$ to ! deity ,s9 7,hurki7 z a temple1 & 0 fir/ f\nd$ by ,k+ ,urukh 7ab\t #bbcj ,b4,c474 ,! "n ( ! spot is giv5 z ,ur1 a city kn[n f ,biblical tradition4 ,! inscriptions 7 n1 h[ev]1 contemporane\s ) ! f\ndation ( ! build+1 =1 aft] giv+ a long l9e ( k+s1 !y at la/ "n ,nabonetos1 ! la/ ,k+ ( ,babylon1 z ! re/or] ( ! temple--a fact :i* is fur!r atte/$ by ! bricks !mselves1 ^? ( ! l[] t]race hav+ ! "n ( ,urukh1 ^? ( ! upp] ( ,nabonetos4 ,! temple rema9s ( ,w>ka & ( ,ab\-,%>e9 unite ) ^! ru9s ( ,mugheir to %[ t ! ,*aldan temple consi/$ ( a simple & massive t]race ( few /eps1 cr[n$1 )\t d\bt1 by a *apel1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ ri*ly decorat$ ) colors & gold ornam5ts f ! fragm5ts ( agate1 alaba/]1 & f9e m>bles1 ( gold-plat+ & gild$ nails1 f\nd 9 ,ab\-,%>e91 & f ! blue enamell$ clay tiles ( ,mugheir4 ,! sides ( ! great /eps 7 ei!r pla9ly buttress$ or treat$ ) projections1 z is ! case ) ! t]race wall ( a palace at ,w>ka1 %[n by ,fig4 #cg4 ,!re 0 "h a complicat$ sy/em ( re$$ projections & /epp$ incisions--cyl9d]s & prisms :i* _c be call$ pila/]s1 z !y 7 )\t capitals1 & probably also )\t base-m\ld+s4 ,ano!r ru9 ( ,w>ka 7,fig4 #ch7 has a color$ wall-fac+1 made by driv+ conical pegs ( t]ra-cotta ab\t #j4a m4 long into ! clay1 s t ! r$1 black1 & :iti% base surfaces =m diff]5t patt]ns4 ,?is ru9 is fur!r int]e/+ z giv+ "s insight into ! private ar*itecture ( ! ,*aldans4 ,rooms 7 !re f\nd sep>at$ f "o ano!r by walls fully z ?ick z ! enclos$ spaces !mselves 7 broad--a clumsy heav9ess :i* %[s :at massive masonry ! poor crumbl+ mat]ial necessitat$4 ,! exi/+ rema9s sugge/ s /rongly ! arrangem5t ( ! lat] ,assyrian palaces t !re c be b little d\bt t !y1 9 "s degree1 s]v$ z a model = ^! latt]2 al?\gh ! palace wall1 ) its revetm5t ( alaba/]1 might be erect$ ) less ?ickness4 ,no trace ( w9d[-l op5+s c be obs]v$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,w>ka or 9 ^? ( ,ab\-,%>e94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,tomb ( ,mugheir4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 ?\gh n ext5sively employ$1 0 well und]/ood & occasionally introduc$ 9 ,assyria4 ,f a small grave-*amb] discov]$ at ,mugheir1 we may conclude t x 0 n kn[n 9 ! anci5t ,*aldan p]iod4 ,! ro(+ 0 !n effect$ by a gradual projection ( ! horizontal c\rses ( bricks until ! opposite sides ne>ly t\*$ ea* o!r at ! top ( ! gable ?us =m$4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,x may p]haps be assum$ t ?is mann] ( cov]+ by ! s-call$ false ar* & vault 0 only employ$ = v n>r[ spaces1 :ile l>g] rooms 7 m naturally ceil$ by wood5 beams4 ,! ru9s ( ,w>ka1 ?\gh !y d n give a v cle> und]/&+ ( ! =tifications ( anci5t ,*alda1 at lea/ %[ t ! city walls 7 n necess>ily squ>e1 z _h be5 conclud$ f ! te/imony ( anci5t writ]s1 b1 z 9 ?is case1 foll[$ ! irregul> outl9e ( ! city4 ,! political hi/ory ( ,*alda 0 f ! e>lie/ times greatly di/urb$ by int]nal divisions4 ,at fir/ ! city ,nipur1 celebrat$ = its wor%ip ( ,bel1 appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ important place1 at lea/ ( ,s\!rn ,*alda4 ,to ?is foll[$ ,ur or ,hur1 ! city wor%ipp+ ,hurki or ,s91 !n ,nis9 or ,c>rac1 &1 f9ally1 ,l>sa1 ! pres5t ,s5k]eh4 ,upp] ,*aldan ,babylon1 orig9ally ,ca-dimirra1 does n seem to h become ! only capital until ! age ( ,k+ ,cammurabi1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia1 ,assyria1 began to ga9 pr$om9ance1 & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,babylon 0 conqu]$ 7= ! fir/ "t87 by ,tigla?i-,n91 a son ( ,k+ ,salmanes] ( ,assyria4 ,*alda soon rega9$ its indep5d5ce1 b only to fall aga9 into ! p[] ( ! conqu]or ,tigla?-,piles]1 & to rema9 = five c5turies subjugat$ to ,n9eveh4 ,! attempts to ?r[ (f ?is yoke ( ,assyrian au?ority 7 9 va92 ev5 ! upris+ "u ! bold ,m]oda*-,baladan1 #gca ,b4,c41 0 n ( long duration1 & f9ally l$ to ! depopulation & total de/ruction ( ! prom95t ,*aldan cities by ,s5na*]ib4 ,! ,assyrian ,es>-haddon rebuilt ,babylon2 b x did n recov] its anci5t importance until ! ,satrap ,nabopolass> revolt$ f 8 allegiance1 &1 ) ! help ( ! ,m$es1 made an end ( ! k+dom ( ,n9eveh2 & until 8 son ,nebu*adnezz>1 aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehg ,b4,c41 r$uc$ ev5 di/ant ,egypt to vassalage1 ?us tak+ into possession ! full h]itage ( ! ,assyrian empire 9 bo? s\? & we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,bors-,nimrud4 ,temple-t]race ( ,borsippa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,plan & ,elevation ( ! ,temple at ,borsippa4 7,f ,opp]t's ,measurem5ts47 ,?\gh ! subjugation ( ! l& by ,assyria _h n be5 )\t effect ^u ! civilization ( ,*alda1 ! g5]al "* ( ,babylonian art rema9$ mu* ! same ?r\gh all ^! political *anges4 ,! la/ k+1 ,nabonetos1 c\ld complete ! temple ( ,ur1 :i* ,urukh _h f\nd$ sev5te5 c5turies be=e1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 no int]ruption 9 ! "w4 ,! t]rac$ ru9s %[ t !re 0 no great diff]5ce 9 ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ages s remov$4 ,o!r city ru9s %[ su* an int]mixture ( anci5t ,*aldan & ,babylonian walls t _! date c be det]m9$ only by inscriptions or by /amps ^u ! bricks4 ,! e>li] rema9s are pr$om9ant 9 ,mugheir1 ,w>ka1 & ,ab\-,%>e92 b ! lat] capital ( ! c\ntry1 ,babylon1 ! city ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 is kn[n almo/ exclusively by ! impos+ /ructures ( ! mod]n k+dom4 ,greek antiquity1 up to ! "t ( ,alex&]1 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is city ( wond]s only by fables4 ,ev5 ! explicit description ( ,h]odotos is 9 great degree my?ical1 especially 8 a/oni%+ acc\nt ( ! city walls3 #dhj /adia 7#if4eeg m47 9 l5g?1 #bjj ells 7#ajj m47 high1 & #ej ells 7#be m47 broad4 ,! ru9s h also prov$ ! acc\nt ( ! fam$ hundr$ gates ( ! city walls1 & ! squ>e network ( /raight /reets :i* ran f ^!1 to be hyp]bolical4 ,su* imm5se masses ( masonry w\ld1 z ,lay>d has ma9ta9$1 c]ta9ly h left heaps ( rubbi%2 &1 9 fact1 ! ru9s ( a mu* small] city enclosure h be5 trac$4 ,! irregul> ori5tation ( ! palace plan is also incompatible ) ! conception t ! city 0 divid$ up into squ>es ) ! regul>ity ( a *ess-bo>d4 ,! traditional acc\nt t ! enorm\s t]rac$ temple ( ,bel 0 built on ! bord]s ( ! /ream opposite ! palace /ructures is c]ta9ly incorrect2 =1 :ile ^! latt] are /ill repres5t$ by ext5sive brick ru9s1 !re is n a trace ^u ! o!r bank1 ! suppos$ site1 ( massive t]races :i* c\ld n possibly h s entirely disappe>$4 ,nor c\ld ! /ream h swept away s colossal a build+2 = a little nor? ( ,hillah1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! spot :]e ,h]odotos describes ! temple ( ,bel1 !re h be5 f\nd ! rema9s ( a small ,mylitta temple1 :i* w\ld h (f]$ almo/ no resi/ance to an inundation4 ,yet ,h]odotos und\bt$ly relat$1 besides 8 fables1 mu* t 0 correct ab\t ,babylon4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! temple ( ,bel seems only que/ionable 9 s f> z ! site is conc]n$2 ! re/ ( 8 description agrees p]fectly ) ru9s :i* h be5 f\nd ab\t elev5 kilomet]s we/w>d1 & are kn[n by ! "n ,bors-,nimrud4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,! temple ?us c\ld n h belong$ to ! city prop] ( ,babylon2 & inscriptions m5tion ! place z ,borsippa1 spok5 ( by ,greek writ]s z a sep>ate t[n1 :i* c\ld at be/ be reg>d$ z a di/ant suburb ( ! ext5d$ ,babylon4 ,! imm5se hill ( rubbi% /&+ entirely isolat$ 9 ! des]t has a l[] circumf]5ce ( #fhe m4 ,?is dim5sion agrees tol]ably well ) ! six /adia giv5 by ,h]odotos z ! measure ( ! fir/ /ep ( ! t]rac$ pyramid4 ,! regul>ly dim9i%$ sev5 /eps1 ! 8t[]s0 ( ,h]odotos1 #g4e m4 high1 rea*+ altoge!r a total altitude ( #ge m41 rose f a squ>e sub/ructure ) a side ( two /adia 7#ahj m47 & a height ( #bb4e m4 ,! diagonals ( ^! diff]5t t]races 7 n directly above "o ano!r1 ! /eps be+ #i m4 broad 9 front & only #c4i m4 broad beh9d1 :ile ! sides 7 equal--#f4c m4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! ru9 agrees ) ! flights ( /airs describ$ by ,h]odotos1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! analogy ( ! palace temple ( ,kisr-,s>gon1 may "h naturally be suppos$ to h be5 ^u ! front1 :]e ! t]races 7 suffici5tly broad = ?is purpose4 ,fig4 #da is an attempt to re/ore ! *ief l9es ( ! /ructure by means ( ! dim5sions giv5 by ,opp]t4 ,^u ! summit ( ?is t]rac$ pyramid /ood ! necess>ily small temple1 :i*1 accord+ to ,h]odotos1 conta9$ a spaci\s c\* & a gold5 table1 b no /atue ( ! deity4 ,! sides ( ! t]races are direct$ to ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 z 0 ! case also ) ! anci5t ,*aldan temple ( ,ur2 &1 z at ,ur1 inscrib$ cyl9d]s 7 "h wall$ 9 at ! angles4 ,^! relate t ,nebu*adnezz> _h magnific5tly complet$ ! /ructure--8! temple-pyramid ( ! sev5 sph]es1 ! wond] ( ,borsippa10 begun by a =m] k+4 ,rawl9son & ,opp]t h conclud$1 f ! rema9s ( glaz$ bricks ( diff]5t colors1 t ea* ( ! sev5 t]races 0 d$icat$ to "o ( ! sev5 planets ( ! anci5ts1 & 0 *>act]iz$ by its color--! upp]1 gold2 ! second1 silv]2 ! next1 r$1 blue1 yell[1 :ite2 & ! l[e/1 black--accord+ to ! hues assign$ to ! sun1 ! moon1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ,saturn4 ,! l[e/ t]race has a panell$ ar*itectural treatm5t simil> to t notic$ 9 ! ru9s at ,w>ka & ! palace temple at ,kisr-,s>gon4 ,x is probable t ^! high t]races 9 ! flat pla9s ( ,mesopotamia 7 elevations :i* s]v$ ! ,*aldan a/ronom]s = _! celebrat$ obs]vatories1 z ! pylons ( temples ^u ! banks ( ! ,nile 7 simil>ly us$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,z ,/rabo speaks especially ( an a/ronomical s*ool at ,borsippa1 !re c be little d\bt t x 0 9 "s way connect$ ) ! t]rac$ pyramid ( ! sev5 sph]es4 ,! ru9s ( ,hillah1 ,casr1 ,mudjelibeh1 & ,jumjuma give ev5 less in=mation conc]n+ ! palace build+s ?an ! hill ( ,bors-,nimrud does conc]n+ ! =m ( ! ,*aldan temple4 ,^! masses ( masonry h = c5turies s]v$ z qu>ries1 &1 z f> di/ant z ,bagdad1 bricks1 be>+ ! /amp ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 betray t ! mat]ial has be5 transport$ f ! ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,?\gh ! supply is by no means exhau/$1 ?is excavation has r5d]$ mu* unrecognizable1 & has s greatly increas$ ! de/ruction t ,lay>d held x impossible to discov] a clew to ! plan ( ! palace /ructure 9 ! confusion ( its ov]?r[n & rifl$ rubbi%4 ,opp]t assumes ! hill ( ,jumjuma1 or ,amran-ibn-,ali1 z x is call$ f ! ,mohamm$an *apel n[ /&+ ^u x1 to be ! rema9s ( ! celebrat$ ,hang+ ,g>d5s kn[n z ^? ( ,semiramis1 ! wond] ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b1 plausible z 8 supposition is1 x w h>dly be possible to prove by exi/+ rema9s ! correctness ( ! description giv5 by ,diodoros ( ! ,hang+ ,g>d5s1 9 itself m probable ?an ! report foll[$ by ,/rabo4 ,diodoros speaks ( ! ,g>d5s z a t]rac$ /ructure1 ! side ( ! squ>e plan be+ ab\t #abj m4 9 l5g?1 ) sep>ate /eps :i* asc5d$ f ! l& side1 :ile ^u ! banks ( ! riv] a /eep wall =m$ ! back ( ! highe/ t]race1 measur+ #ae m4 v]tically1 & clos+ ! g>d5s t[>ds ! wat]4 ,! /eps 7 con/ruct$ by ! help ( ?irte5 ?ick p>allel walls1 ea* be+ high] ?an ! "o next bel[ x4 ,!y left betwe5 !m twelve n>r[ corridors1 ! ceil+s ( :i*1 l ^? ov] ,assyrian canals1 7 probably vault$1 & 7 !n cov]$ ) ru%es & bitum51 burnt brick pavem5ts & lead %ea?+1 s z to be> ! /airways :i* connect$ ! diff]5t t]races1 ! res]voirs = cascades & f\nta9s1 & ! impos$ g>d5--e>? ) l>ge trees1 etc4 ,pump+ works 9 ! highe/ ( ^! cov]$ corridors suppli$ ! g>d5 ) ! necess>y wat] f ! ,euphrates4 ,! ru9$ t]races ( ,mudjelibeh 7,babil71 avoid$ by ! ,arabs z ! sc5e ( ! puni%m5t ( ! fall5 angels1 are s completely ov]?r[n t x is n possible to det]m9e :e!r ! rema9s are ^? ( a temple or ( a palace4 ,x is probable t !y _h "s connection ) ! great pyramidal tomb ( ,belus1 a /ructure :i* may be assum$ to h be5 mu* l ! /epp$ pyramid ( ,nimrud to be describ$ bel[4 ,! monum5t ( ,mudjelibeh 0 de/roy$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,x]xes ,,ii4 ,x has s9ce s]v$ z a qu>ry = ! neighbor+ cities ,seleucia & ,ctesiphon1 & has be5 demoli%$ to ! l[e/ t]race4 ,! enorm\s riv] embankm5ts & dikes :i* protect$ ,l[] ,mesopotamia f flood & dr\ght1 ?\gh n[ only to be trac$ by inconsid]able rema9s1 are ( ! greate/ importance & int]e/4 ,! neglect ( ^! invaluable works1 & ( ! sluices & irrigat+ canals 9 connection ) !m1 has r$uc$ to a des]t$ & pe/il5tial swamp t mo/ f]tile l& kn[n to ,h]odotos--:]e once a h>ve/ ( two & ?ree hundr$fold 0 return$ to ! till] ( ! soil4 ,?\gh !re are ve/iges ( "s anci5t bridges 9 ! l&1 x is n possible to decide :e!r ! acc\nt giv5 by ,diodoros ( ! great tunnel con/ruct$ by ,semiramis be true or fabul\s4 ,!re seems to h be5 no reason = ! erection ( su* tall edifices 9 ! va/ly ext5d$ ,babylon z ! ?ree & f\r /ori$ h\ses describ$ by ,h]odotos1 & no analogy to su* a peculi>ity exi/s 9 ! great mod]n cities ( ! ,ori5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t ! crumbl+ bricks to :i* ! ,mesopotamians 7 re/rict$ w\ld1 9 su* high build+s1 h dem&$ clumsily massive sub/ructures & l[]-/ory walls4 ,?\gh ! ru9s ( ,babylon h only rec5tly be5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 _! exi/5ce has long be5 kn[n4 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela speaks ( ,bors-,nimrud z ! ,biblical ,t[] ( ,babel1 & ?is local tradition has be5 h&$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! palace ru9s ( ! great city h always be5 readily recognizable1 & ! "o has be5 call$ ,babel1 ! o!r ,casr 7palace71 f "t immemorial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,plan ( ,babylon4 7,accord+ to ,ri*47 ,x is o!rwise ) ! second great c5tre ( ,mesopotamia--,n9eveh1 ! fam$ capital ( ! k+dom ( ,assyria1 9 ! upp] l& ( ! great /reams4 ,z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,c>/5 ,niebuhr express$ ! conviction t ! rema9s ( ! ov]?r[n city 7 to be s\ght among ! hills ( rubbi% :i* lie opposite ! pres5t ,mosul1 beyond ! ,tigris2 b ! en]getic ,ri*1 :o devot$ s mu* "t & labor to ! b>r5 ru9s ( ,babylon1 paid no att5tion to ! site4 ,n9eveh _h entirely disappe>$1 & 0 only traditionally kn[n f ! ,book ( ,jonah & f ! leg5d ( ,s>danapalos4 ,x 0 dur+ two visits to ,mosul1 9 ! ye>s #ahdj & #ahdb1 t ! em95t ,engli% travell] & /atesman ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d conceiv$ ! plan ( und]tak+ inve/igations 9 ! vic9ity4 ,he express$ 8 convictions at ! "t to ! ,fr5* consul1 ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 ,botta1 & 9 #ahdc t g5tleman comm5c$ ! excavation ( ! hill ,coyundjic1 :i* lay next to ,mosul4 ,! natives1 becom+ aw>e ( ! nature ( ! se>*1 direct$ 8 att5tion to ! hill ( ,corsabad1 situat$ at a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five kilomet]s f ,mosul2 ! excavations 7 remov$ ?i!r1 & c>ri$ on ) mo/ gratify+ results4 ,a few days' digg+ laid b>e a numb] ( walls revet$ ) huge slabs ( alaba/]4 ,! wond]ful sculptures 9 relief ^u ^! excit$ r$\bl$ activity1 & soon entire *amb]s ( ! palace /ructure 7 fre$ f ! ov]?r[n rubbi% :i* _h cov]$ x = well-nigh ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t pur*as$ ! entire village ( ,corsabad3 9 ,m4 ,v4 ,place 0 provid$ a wor?y successor to ,m4 ,botta4 ,! inscriptions discov]$ h prov$ ! ru9s to be ^? ( a palace f\nd$ by ,s>gon ab\t #gaj ,b4,c4 9 ! city ,kisr-,s>gon or ,dur-,s>g9a4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde1 ,lay>d obta9$1 ?r\gh ,sir ,/rat=d ,cann+1 !n ambassador to ,turkey1 ! necess>y means = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to take "p 9 ! promis+ und]tak+4 ,he at fir/ direct$ 8 att5tion to ,nimrud1 a hill ( ru9s ab\t a day's j\rney s\? ( ,mosul1 ! great size ( :i* promis$ ! exi/5ce ( important rema9s4 ,an imm5se t]race plat=m 0 !re f\nd to h support$ a numb] ( palaces1 sev]al ( :i* 7 excavat$1 ! m valuable sculptures & o!r objects ( int]e/ be+ transport$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,at ,nimrud 7 discov]$ ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ mod]n ( ,assyrian build+s kn[n--namely1 ! nor?we/]n palace1 temple1 & t[] built by ,assur-nazi-pal %ortly aft] #hhe ,b4,c41 z well z ! ,temple ( ,assur-ebil-ili1 presumably ! la/ ,assyrian k+1 dat+ to ab\t #faj ,b4,c4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 ! s\!a/]n & c5tral palaces built by ,%almanes] ,,ii4 aft] #hfj1 ! latt] hav+ be5 re/or$ by ,tigla?-piles] ,,ii41 f #gde to #gbg1 z ,s>gon rebuilt ! nor?we/]n palace aft] #gbb2 &1 f9ally1 !re 0 ! s\?we/]n palace ( ,es>-haddon1 f #fha to #ffh ,b4,c4 ,! city itself 7,calah7 correspond$ 9 gr&eur & ext5t ) ! palace t]race4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,%almanes]1 & long rivall$ ,n9eveh1 especially aft] its recon/ruction by ,assur-nazi-pal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,plan ( ,n9eveh4 ,x is n[ beyond a d\bt t ! *ief capital ( ! c\ntry is buri$ b5ea? ! hills ( ,coyundjic & ,nebbi-,jonas1 ! latt] s call$ f a ,mohamm$an *apel to ! prophet ,jonah :i* traditionally m>ks ! site ( ,n9eveh4 ,bo? ^! m\nds ( ru9s 7 exam9$ by ,lay>d4 ,9 ! s\?we/]n palace ( ,coyundjic1 built by ,assur-bani-pal1 f #ffh to #fbf ,b4,c41 0 discov]$ ! mo/ ext5sive among ^! dwell+s ( ,ori5tal despots4 ,! mo/ elaborate ( ,assyrian palaces 0 ! nor!rn "o ( ?is site1 built by ,assur-bani-pal ab\t #fdj ,b4,c41 a mon>* :o devot$ c]ta9 *amb]s ( ! s\?we/]n palace1 orig9ally erect$ by 8 gr&fa!r1 to ! reception ( inscrib$ clay tablets--an inexhau/ible weal? = ! /udy ( ,assyrian hi/ory1 ( :i* h>dly a ?ird "p seems to h be5 recov]$ intact4 ,9 ,nebbi-,jonas 7 f\nd traces ( ! palaces ( ,vulnir>i ,,iii41 f #hab to #ghc2 ( ,s5na*]ib1 f #gje to #fha2 & ( ,es>-haddon1 f #fha to #ffh ,b4,c4 ,! l9e ( ! city walls1 /ill recognizable among ! hills ( rubbi%1 is %[n by ! plan at ,fig4 #dc4 ,^! =tifications c\ld h>dly h enclos$ ! entire city1 & x is probable t only ! inn] t[n1 ) ! palaces & public build+s1 0 ?us protect$1 & t ! dwell+-h\ses ( ! _m inhabitants =m$ suburbs :i* ext5d$ f> ar\nd ! enclos$ c5tre1 gradually los+ !mselves 9 g>d5s & groves ( date-trees1 z is ! case ) mod]n capitals ( ! ,ea/4 ,! comp>atively small walls ( ,babylon1 at v>iance ) ! report giv5 by ,h]odotos1 lead to ! same conclusion 9 reg>d to t city4 ,! ru9s ( ,calah-,%]gat1 situat$ ab\t #ajj kilomet]s d[n ! /ream f ,n9eveh1 are id5tifi$ ) ,assur1 ! olde/ capital ( ! l&1 :i* ma9ta9$ its pre-em95ce until ,n9eveh1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 became ! great c5tre ( p[]4 ,reson is ?\ght to be recogniz$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,selamiyeh1 ly+ betwe5 ,nimrud & ,n9eveh1 & ,erbil 9 ,arbola4 ,^! sites h n be5 suffici5tly exam9$ to be ( direct importance 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,palace ( ,kisr-,s>gon1 ,corsabad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,ornam5t$ ,pavem5t f ! ,nor!rn ,palace ( ,coyundjic4 ,x is pla9 f ! ru9s already m5tion$ t ! dwell+s ( ! k+s took ! mo/ prom95t place among ! creations ( ,assyrian ar*itecture4 ,! despotic elem5t _h 9 ,mesopotamia ! same sup]iority z ! hi]>*y 9 ,egypt3 9 ! =m] c\ntry ! palace 0 z mu* 9 ! =egr\nd z 0 ! temple 9 ! latt]4 ,9 anci5t ,*alda ! two elem5ts1 & consequ5tly ! two classes ( monum5ts1 7 m equally repres5t$4 ,/ill1 9 mo/ po9ts ( view1 ! relation ( ,*aldan & ,assyrian ar*itecture is v close1 & ! diff]5ces arose *iefly f ! sup]ior mat]ial at ! build]s' disposal 9 ,upp] ,mesopotamia4 ,! t]races ( ,assyria1 l ^? ( ,*alda1 7 solidly con/ruct$ ( sun-dri$ bricks & /amp$ e>?1 b ! neighbor+ m\nta9s provid$ /one = ! complete revetm5t ( ^! masses ) qu>ri$ blocks4 ,c>efully hewn slabs exi/$ ^u ! t]race plat=m ( ,s>gon's palace1 & ^u ! sub/ructure ( ! pyramid ( ,nimrud1 :ile !re 0 r\gh ,cyclopean /one-"w employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! city walls at ,kisr-,s>gon4 ,! fac+ ( brightly glaz$ tiles & /ucco-pa9t+s1 univ]sal 9 ,*alda1 is re/rict$ ^u ,assyrian masonry ( ! same brick mat]ials to ! upp] "p ( ! wall1 ! l[] half be+ %ea!d & protect$ by sculptur$ slabs ( alaba/]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :ole ga9$ greatly by ?is *ange1 ! revetm5t ( reliefs 9 place ( ! pa9t$ figures giv+ a m impos+ & durable "* to ! walls4 ,! palace ar*itecture ( ,assyria is be/ exemplifi$ by ! plan ( ! royal dwell+ ( ,kisr-,s>gon 7,fig4 #dd71 ! isolat$ position & cle> disposition ( :i* are adapt$ to %[ ! g5]al "* ( ^! /ructures4 ,! plat=m t]race consi/$ ( two divisions1 ! broad] 7,p7 be+ inside ! limits ( ! city =tifications1 :ile ! rema9d] 7,t7 project$ beyond !m4 ,a d\ble flight ( /eps 7,a7 l$ to ! *ief portal 7,b71 ornam5t$ by gigantic w+$ human-head$ bulls1 :i* "h n only /ood on ! sides ( ! passage itself1 z at all pr9cipal entrances1 b lat]ally ^u ! front walls1 )9 & )\t4 ,^! figures are among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic creations ( ,assyrian art2 !y w be treat$ m 9 detail 9 ! foll[+ consid]ation ( ! sculpture ( ! c\ntry4 ,! triple gateway op5$ into ! fir/ & l>ge/ enclos$ c\rt 7,c74 ,^u ! left ( ?is1 "o n>r[ passage l$ to ! *amb]s ( ! h>em1 :i* 7 rang$ ar\nd six small] c\rts 7,d to ,h74 ,^u ! "r ( ! fir/ enclosure 7 ! h\sehold (fices 7,j71 ) eight c\rts & num]\s halls1 magaz9es1 kit*5s1 cell>s1 /ables1 etc4 ,! side opposite ! *ief entrance 0 =m$ by ! private ap>tm5ts ( ! mon>* 7,m7 & by ! great hall ( ! palace--a gr\p ( *amb]s n pres5t+ its *ief front to ! fir/ c\rt 7,c71 ) :i* x 0 connect$ only by subord9ate entrances--b to a second enclosure ( almo/ equal ext5t 7,k71 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! *ief op5 space ( ! royal dwell+4 ,an incl9$ asc5t 7,r7 l$ to ! "r w+ ( ! inn] t]race1 by :i* ! k+1 approa*+ 9 a *>iot or borne by att5dants 9 a s$an-*air1 c\ld ent] 8 s]aglio )\t pass+ ! fir/ c\rt 7,c7 or ! entrance to ! h\sehold (fices 7,j74 ,! encroa*+ l9e ( ! city wall 7,p7 made x impossible = ! portal to ! second c\rt 7,s7 to be arrang$ 9 ! c5tral axis ( t enclosure2 b /rict symmetry ( plan 0 n adopt$ ev5 :5 !re 7 no su* ob/acles4 ,! inn] ap>tm5ts ( ! k+ 7 ent]$ by a magnific5t triple gateway 7,l7 f ! c\rt ( ! s]aglio2 ^! 71 9 c]ta9 measure1 regul>ly plann$1 be+ s gr\p$ ar\nd a small] c\rt 7,m7 t oblong halls1 z long z ?is 0 squ>e1 7 ^u ?ree ( its sides4 ,! hall ^u ! s\? op5s into a numb] ( intricate *amb]s1 probably us$ z ba?s1 sleep+-ap>tm5ts1 & rooms = ! imm$iate body-gu>ds ( ! k+ & = ! tempor>y families ( ! h>em4 ,^u ! nor? a w+ 0 add$ to ! build+1 project+ almo/ to ! out] bord] ( ! t]race1 & divid+ ?is 7,t7 into a nor!rn & a we/]n c\rt4 ,! addition 0 ! mo/ ri*ly ornam5t$ portion ( ! entire palace2 x 0 probably "h t ! halls ( reception 7 plac$4 ,! walls ( o!r p>ts ( ! s]aglio 7 revet$ ^u _! l[] "p ) sculptur$ slabs ( alaba/]2 b ?is treatm5t 0 n else:]e s freely appli$1 nor 0 x z ri*ly decorat$ z 9 ?is nor?we/]n w+4 ,9 ! fir/ hall1 :i* is #ce m4 long & #aj m4 broad1 ! walls are ornam5t$ ) cont9u\s sc5es repres5t+1 z 9 a procession1 ! homage & puni%m5t ( prison]s-(-w>4 ,9 o!r rooms & 9 small] c\rts ^! reliefs1 divid$ by a b& ( cunei=m inscriptions1 are ( small] dim5sions & less pret5ti\s execution1 ?\gh ( m>k$ int]e/ z =m+1 ) _! copi\s inscriptions1 *ronicles ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,! spaci\s t]race at ! we/ has 9 its c5tre an oblong hall 7,n71 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! temple or *apel ( ! palace1 b :i* may ) m probability be consid]$ z a hall ( /ate4 ,! scanty rema9s ( ?is /ructure make a sure det]m9ation ( its purpose impossible4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( ! f\ndations ( solid unburnt brick masonry1 fac$ ) slabs ( black basalt4 ,! cornice ( ?is sub/ructure is ( gray lime/one1 9 =m mu* resembl+ ! *>act]i/ic scotia ( ,egyptian ar*itecture4 7,fig4 #df47 ,a small t]rac$ pyramid 7,o7 at ! s\?we/ is a m rem>kable /ructure4 ,f\r ( its /eps1 ) _! fac+ ( :ite1 black1 orange1 & blue enamell$ tiles1 are /ill rema9+4 ,^! lead1 f analogy ) ! pyramid ( ,borsippa1 to ! assumption ( ?ree fur!r /eps1 til$ ) ! r$1 silv]1 & gold assign$ to ! rema9+ planets4 ,! v]tical panell+ ( ! sides is some:at simil> to t ( ! rema9s at ,w>ka2 x is n "h re/rict$ to ! walls ( ! l[] t]race1 l t ^u ! ru9s ( ,mugheir & ,borsippa4 ,! squ>e plat=m at ! top ( ! t]races1 ! side ( :i* c\ld h measur$ little m ?an #aj m41 receiv$ ei!r an alt> or a small cella1 n long] ?an #f m4 ,asc5t to ! top ( ! pyramid 0 provid$ by an incl9$ plane1 :i* w\nd f /ep to /ep 9 a rectangul> spiral4 ,! de/9ation ( ! pyramid z ! palace *apel seems reasonably c]ta91 f its simil>ity to o!r t]rac$ temples ( ,assyria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,cornice ( ! ,temple ,sub/ructure at ,corsabad4 ,! palaces hi!rto discov]$ %[ ! greate/ fre$om ( detail$ arrangem5t4 ,! v>iations among ! plans may be illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( ^? ( ! nor?we/]n palace ( ,nimrud 7,fig4 #dg71 ! palace ( ,es>haddon 7,fig4 #di71 & ( t ( ,s5na*]ib at ,coyundjic4 ,! me?ods ( con/ruction adopt$ = _! erection are m simil>4 ,all h walls built ( burnt or unburnt brick & ( /amp$ clay2 ^? ( ! l>g] *amb]s are revet$ 9 _! l[] half ) slabs ( alaba/] or ) brightly enamell$ tiles1 & ornam5t$ by pa9t+s ^u /ucco above4 ,all ! pr9cipal halls are s n>r[ 9 proportion to _! l5g? z to resemble corridors--a peculi>ity aris+ f te*nical difficulties ( ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,plan ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,palace ( ,nimrud4 ,! mann] ( light+ & ro(+ adopt$ 9 ,assyrian palaces is n directly evid5t f ! exi/+ rema9s2 none ( ! walls1 ! highe/ ( :i* rea*es #i m4 above ! gr\nd1 %[+ traces ( any w9d[-l op5+s4 ,"s au?orities assume t all ! light ( ! int]ior 0 admitt$ ?r\gh ! doors4 ,t ?is may1 9 "s in/ances1 h be5 b>ely possible is evid5t f ! plan ( ,s>gon's palace at ,corsabad 7,fig4 #dd71 :]e ! pr9cipal *amb]s 7 ent]$ directly f ! op5 c\rts1 or1 9 exceptional in/ances1 7 prec$$ by n>r[ ante-rooms :i* c\ld n greatly h int]f]$ ) ! light4 ,b x is pla9 f ! plan ( ! nor?we/]n ,palace ( ,nimrud 7,fig4 #dg7 t twelve *amb]s 9 su* unfavorable positions z ^? %[n ^u its ea/]n side c\ld n h receiv$ ! slighte/ light ?r\gh ! two n>r[ passages lead+ f ! conf9$ c\rt4 ,x is futile to d5y ! necessity ( light & air = ! dwell+s ( man2 & !ories :i* suppose ^! enorm\s spaces left 9 d>kness1 or unv5tilat$ & light$ artificially1 are c]ta9ly unt5able4 ,o!r s*ol>s are ( ! op9ion t light & air 7 procur$ ?r\gh horizontal op5+s 9 ! ceil+ & ro(2 b ?is imp]fect & unpractical arrangem5t is p>ticul>ly ill adapt$ = inhabit$ rooms1 & is r5d]$ extremely improbable by ! fact t ^u ! pavem5ts !re did n exi/ ! slighte/ arrangem5t = lead+ (f ! wat] :i* mu/ h fall5 ^u !m _h ! ro( be5 an ineffici5t %elt]4 ,! floors 7 r>ely ( /one slabs1 l ! c>v$ fragm5ts %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 & 9 o!r places ! sun-dri$ bricks w\ld h be5 rapidly r$uc$ to mud by ! furi\s ra9-/orms ( ,mesopotamia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,! pres5t condition ( ! ru9s1 ! walls ( :i* n[h]e rise to ! full height ( ! *amb]s1 does n1 h[ev]1 exclude ! possibility ( op5+s = light hav+ exi/$ j b5ea? ! ceil+4 ,! =m ( su* orifices _c surely be det]m9$2 high w9d[s c\ld n h exi/$1 & !re mu/ h be5 l[ op5+s 9 ! top ( ! wall1 sep>at$ by pi]s1 betwe5 :i* /ood small columns1 z is evid5t f a relief ( ,coyundjic1 giv5 9 ,fig4 #dh to s]ve z an argum5t = ?is mann] ( illum9ation4 ,light & air c\ld ?us h be5 freely admitt$1 )\t inconv5i5ce to ! dwell]s )94 ,! high position ( ! ap]tures1 imm$iately "u ! some:at project+ ro(1 prev5t$ ! entrance ( ra91 & %ut (f ! int]ior f ! view ( ^? )\t1 j z ?is same mann] ( light+ to-day protects ! h>ems ( ! ,ea/4 ,! small %afts1 :i* 7 introduc$ z supports betwe5 ^! w9d[s1 appe> to h be5 ! only repres5tatives ( column> ar*itecture 9 ! ,assyrian palace4 ,if columns _h be5 us$1 9 _! cu/om>y function1 z uphold]s ( ! ro(1--z memb]s :i* bore an important entablature1--"s traces ( ^! w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 pres]v$2 _! mat]ial c\ld h>dly h be5 m p]i%able ?an ! sun-dri$ brick ( ! walls4 ,! entire arrangem5t ( plan %[s t _! assi/ance 0 n reli$ ^u4 ,! *amb]s 7 disproportionately n>r[1 pla9ly to r5d] x possible to cov] !m )\t ! introduction ( int]m$iate supports4 ,! beauty & fitness ( ! corridor-l spaces 7 s sacrific$ to ?is n>r[ness t its univ]sal appe>ance c be reg>d$ only z a con/ructive necessity4 ,x is well illu/rat$ by ! cramp$ pr9cipal hall ( ! palace ( ,es>-haddon at ,nimrud 7,fig4 #di71 :]e a great] wid? ?an t p]mitt$ by ! span ( ceil+ timb]s 0 only to be obta9$ by ! erection ( a division wall to provide a subsidi>y support = ! beams4 ,s helpless a make-%ift1 de/roy+ ! unity & gr&eur ( ! hall1 c\ld h be5 adopt$ only 9 entire ignorance ( ! op5+ & support+ elem5t ( ! column1 app>5tly nev] recogniz$ 9 ,assyria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,es>-haddon at ,nimrud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,capitals & ,bases1 f ,assyrian ,reliefs4 ,! =m ( ! small columns1 :i* /ood 9 ! op5+s all[$ = light 9 ! upp] walls1 c be approximately det]m9$ f ! repres5tations ^u reliefs4 ,! %afts 7 cyl9drical1 & probably )\t flut+s2 !y _h a r\ndlet1 or at lea/ a project+ fillet1 at ei!r end4 ,! base consi/$ solely ( a high tore1 sometimes not*$ ^u ! top1 or plac$ ^u ! back ( a /rid+ lion4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,! mo/ common =m ( ! capitals 0 a peculi> conjunction ( two spiral scrolls1 simil> to a d\bl$ ,ionic capital1 ) an e*9os-l r\ndlet b5ea? & a /epp$ abacus above4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t ?is 0 ! prototype ( ! ,ionic capital1 al?\gh x _c be det]m9$ f ! reliefs :e!r a lat]al roll correspond$ to ! volute ( ! front1 or :e!r ! helix 0 repeat$ ^u all f\r sides1 z is ! case ) ! capitals ( ,p]sian columns4 ,! small scale ( ! repres5tations ^u reliefs1 & _! c>eless execution1 d n p]mit a sure und]/&+ ( any "p ( ! capitals4 ,a table 7,fig4 #ea7 ^u a relief ( ,coyundjic bett] det]m9es ! =m ( ! volutes2 x has di/9ct spirals 9 place ( ! rosettes1 wrongly %[n by ,lay>d's draw+4,d ,!re is reason to suppose t ! d\ble helix 0 n ! primitive & normal =m ( ! ,assyrian capital1 b 0 r an abbreviation ( ! leav$ calyx s frequ5tly met ) 9 ,phnicia1 ,pale/9e1 & ,cyprus1 & t ! roll$ ends ( ! leaves1 %[n by two ( ! examples 9 ,fig4 #ej1 orig9ally sugge/$ ! volutes ( ! capital & ! v>i\s spiral =ms occurr+ ^u c>v$ ,assyrian furniture1 z 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! "q w be consid]$ m at l5g? 9 ! section ^u ,syrian ar*itecture4 ,! columns ( ,assyria 7 employ$ only 9 ?is subord9ate position1 & ! dim5sions & %ape ( l>g] enclos$ spaces 7 dep5d5t ^u ! limit$ span ( ! wood5 ceil+ beams4 ,assyrian palaces 71 9 ^! respects1 unable to fulfil ! dem&s ( a monum5tal ar*itecture4 ,x c only be surmis$ h[ ro( & ceil+ 7 con/ruct$ 9 detail4 ,! beams 7 naturally s plac$ z to require ! lea/ possible l5g? to span ! cle> wid?2 ! s9k+ 9 ! middle1 to :i* ! ela/ic trunks ( palm-trees s mu* incl9$1 & ! accumulation ( wat] 9 ! holl[ !reby =m$1 7 ?us avoid$ z well z might be4 ,! con/ructive details ( ! ro(-plat=m are n surely kn[n2 x is probable t a lay] ( clay & e>? 0 plac$ ^u ! beams1 be+ roll$ d[n compactly aft] e ra94 ,! ext]ior repres5tation ( ro( & ceil+1 ! wall entablature1 may h consi/$ ( a pa9t$ wood5 %ea?+1 be>+ ornam5ts ( ! "* display$ by ! pavem5t4 7,fig4 #de47 ,x 0 divid$1 l ! ,egyptian entablature1 into two p>ts2 9 nei!r case 0 !re a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ro( & ceil+4 ,! imitations ( build+-fronts ^u reliefs make x probable t /epp$ battlem5ts rose above ! ma9 cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,table ^u an ,assyrian ,relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,m\? ( a ,*annel "u ! ,nor?we/]n ,palace1 ,nimrud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,*annel "u ! ,s\!a/]n ,palace1 ,nimrud4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( vault$ con/ruction1 z ( column> ar*itecture1 7 kn[n 9 ,assyria1 b nei!r ! column nor ! ar* 0 wor?ily recogniz$ & develop$ into an important feature capable ( ex]cis+ an influ5ce ^u ! ext5t or =m ( ! enclos$ spaces4 ,! palace t]races 7 pi]c$ by n>r[ vault$ *annels1 /ill to be trac$ among ! ru9s4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! mo/ anci5t /ructure ( ,assyria1 ! nor?we/]n palace ( ,nimrud4 7,fig4 #eb47 ,?\gh x _c be prov$ t ! ,assyrians 7 ! orig9al inv5tors ( ! ar* ( w$ge-%ap$ /ones1 !re are c]ta9ly no e>li] in/ances ( ?is mann] ( build+ kn[n ?an ^? ( t c\ntry4 ,r\nd ar* b>rel-vaults 7 n exclusively us$ = su* *annels2 an ogive appe>s ^u ! same t]race ( ,nimrud1 9 ! some:at lat] s\!a/]n palace4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,?\gh ! key-/one ( ! latt] is undevelop$1 ! vault is yet built ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ,go?ic po9t$ ar*4 ,x is n impossible t ?is =m may h desc5d$ 9 un9t]rupt$ tradition f ,mesopotamia to ! ,arabs1 be+ br\ght by !m to ,europe1 :]e1 effect+ a *ange 9 ! r\nd ,romanesque ar*1 x ex]cis$ a decisive influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( m$ival mann]s ( build+4 ,! bricks ( ^! vault$ ,assyrian *annels are c>efully m\ld$ to ! m or less m>k$ w$ge-=m det]m9$ by ! size ( ! ar*--a great] ref9em5t ?an is practis$ by mod]n masons1 :o use only rectangul> bricks1 effect+ ! curve by ! w$ge-%ape ( ! mort>-jo9t4 ,yet1 p]fect$ z vault$ con/ruction appe>s 9 ^! *annels1 its application seems to h be5 almo/ re/rict$ to !m2 ,assyrian build]s hesitat$ to apply vault$ ceil+s to spaces ( mu* great] span ?an gates & w9d[ ap]tures4 ,reliefs %[ ar*$ portals alt]nat+ ) horizontally cov]$ op5+s2 & 9 ! =tification walls ( ,kisr-,s>gon1 ! city adjo9+ ! palace-ru9s ( ,corsabad1 traces ( a b>rel-vault$ entrance h be5 discov]$ :]e ! ar*1 ( #d4e m4 cle>1 re/$ ^u ! backs ( ! w+$ mon/]s ref]r$ to z ! gu>dians ( all important gateways4 ,a vault$ corridor1 consid]ably less 9 span1 w be notic$ at ! temple pyramid ( ,nimrud4 ,among ! num]\s palace *amb]s rema9+1 only a few n>r[ cells %[ traces ( vaults2 ! op9ion ( "s rec5t inve/igators1 t ! cu/om>y horizontal ceil+s ( small] rooms 7 surm\nt$ by cupolas ( beat5 e>?1 does n appe> plausible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,re/oration ( an ,assyrian ,palace4 ,f ! *ief po9ts ga9$ by ?is consid]ation1 x is evid5t t ! re/oration giv5 9 ,fig4 #ed1 a v>iation ( ! recon/ruction by ,lay>d & ,f]gusson1 _c greatly misrepres5t ! once exi/+ /ructures4 ,! ,assyrian palace 01 ^u ! :ole1 a m satisfactory build+ ?an ! ,egyptian temple4 ,! outl9es & masses ( its composition 7 gr&2 x 0 ri*ly ornam5t$1 p]haps ev5 ov]lad51 ) sculptur$ & color$ decoration4 ,! massive & unpi]c$ walls ( ! l[] half bore a k9d ( op5 loggia1 consi/+ ( light columns betwe5 p[]ful pi]s :i* 7 fully capable ( uphold+ ! ceil+4 ,! entire edifice be+ elevat$ ^u a t]race1 upp] /ories 7 n necess>y to secure an impos+ height4 ,! exi/5ce ( "o l[] /ory alone is indicat$ by ! ru9s2 no l>ge /aircases1 or o!r means ( asc5t to an upp] floor1 7 provid$4 ,! app>5t duplication ( ! /ories ( h\ses ^u reliefs is ow+ to a fault ( p]spective common to ! primitive repres5tations ( all nations3 ?+s are %[n z above & ^u1 in/ead ( beh9d & beyond1 "o ano!r4 ,! gr\nd-*amb]s1 ( :i* sixty-eight h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! ,palace ( ,s5na*]ib at ,coyundjic1 & ov] two hundr$ 9 ! ,palace ( ,s>gon1 7 surely ample 9 numb] & ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,t]rac$ ,pyramid4 ,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,plan & ,section ( ! ,t]rac$ ,pyramid ( ,nimrud4 #a4 ,vault$ ,corridor4 #b4 ,mod]n ,%afts4 #c4 ,revetm5t ,wall ( ,cut ,/one4 #e4 ,solid ,brick ,masonry4 #f4 ,great ,palace ,t]race4 #g4 ,temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,relief f ! ,nor!rn ,palace ( ,coyundjic4 ,?\gh ! royal dwell+s ( ,assyria *iefly attract att5tion 9 consid]+ ! ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry1 !re are also _m rema9s ( sacr$ build+s 9 ! l&s ( ! ,upp] ,tigris4 ,b we are acqua9t$ only ) ^? places ( wor%ip :i* /ood 9 imm$iate connection ) ! palaces1 no traces ( edifices = g5]al & popul> wor%ip hav+ be5 discov]$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,ev5 7 we )\t k ( ! ru9s1 x w\ld be natural to suppose ! temples ( ,assyria simil> to ^? ( ,mesopotamia2 t is to say1 pyramidal t]races1 ) high l[] /ories4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #da47 ,a relief f ,coyundjic1 ! upp] portion ( :i* is un=tunately de/roy$1 confirms ?is view1 %[+ a t]rac$ /ructure ( ?ree or f\r /eps situat$ ^u a natural elevation4 ,! l[] t]race is decorat$1 l ,*aldan works ( ! k9d1 ) pila/]s 9 l[-relief2 be=e x are pylon t[]s4 7,fig4 #ee47 ,?is specifically ,mesopotamian type is to be recogniz$ 9 ! mo/ prom95t ru9s ( ,assyrian sacr$ ar*itecture--namely1 9 ! t]rac$ pyramid :i* occupi$ "o corn] ( ! great palace plat=m ( ,nimrud4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ 9 ! m fragm5t>y rema9s at ,kileh-,%]gat1 :i* "t has buri$ b5ea? %apeless hills ( rubbi%1 )\t entirely oblit]at+ ! orig9al disposition4 ,! ru9s at ?is site h n be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$2 ^? at ,nimrud %[$ ! l[] "p ( ! pyramid at lea/ to h be5 solidly built ( bricks1 revet$ ) a wall ( qu>ri$ /ones4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,9 ! height ( ! ma9 palace t]race 0 a %aft1 ! purpose ( :i* is unc]ta91 z x 0 )\t entrance1 & empty2 x is int]e/+ 9 ar*itectural respects f ! admirably execut$ b>rel-vault ( brick masonry :i* =m$ its ceil+4 ,! ru91 = ! great] "p de/roy$1 (f]$ beyond ?is corridor b few peculi>ities4 ,! /one revetm5t has be5 almo/ entirely c>ri$ away1 & e trace ( ! temple cella :i* mu/ h surm\nt$ ^! t]races1 z x did ^? ( ,*alda1 has disappe>$4 ,! bett]-pres]v$ b mu* small] t]rac$ temple ( ! palace at ,kisr-,s>gon has already be5 m5tion$4 ,two int]e/+ reliefs %[ ! g5]al =m ( su* cellas1 ?\gh 9 ^! in/ances ! /ructures repres5t$ are n rais$ ^u artificial elevations4 7,figs4 #ce & #eg47 ,!y are small temples 9 antis1 rectangul> build+s1 ?ree sides ( :i* are =m$ by walls2 :ile1 9 ! op5 f\r?1 two columns support ! entablature & ro(4 ,9 "o case ! ends ( ! walls ^u ea* side ( ! columns are undecorat$2 9 ! o!r ! pila/]s1 ?\gh )\t a base1 are cr[n$ ) a memb] simil> to ! capitals ( ! columns4 ,! simple entablature projects 9 an oblique l9e2 x is t]m9at$ by /epp$ battlem5ts1 9 :i* ! ,mesopotamian type ( ! t]rac$ pyramid is repeat$ 9 outl9e & adopt$ z a m]ely decorative detail4 ,su* temple cellas 7 erect$ n alone ^u ext5sive t]races1 b 9 ! pla92 p]haps1 also1 l ! simil> /ructures ( ,phnicia1 9 ! mid/ ( sacr$ lakes4 ,! reliefs giv5 9 ! cuts %[ ! *apels to h /ood at ! foot ( natural elevations1 z well z ^u !m4 ,ano!r =m ( sanctu>y1 ) gabl$ ro( & lanceolate acrot]ia1 is repres5t$ ^u a relief ( ,corsabad4 7,fig4 #ga47 ,! build+ remotely resembles a ,hell5ic p]ipt]os4 ,its con/ructive peculi>ities _c well be und]/ood f ! relief1 z ^! consid]ations 7 probably n cle> to ! sculptor himself4 ,x is possible t ! ar*itectural =m 0 "o =eign to ! c\ntry1--p]haps ! imitation ( a temple 9 ,s\!rn ,asia ,m9or4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ^! palace *apels appe>s ^u ! t]race ( ,nimrud1 ! =ms !re diff]+ b slightly f ^? ( ! dwell+-*amb]s2 ! sacr$ cellas are di/+ui%$ only by ! exclusively my?ological "* ( ! reliefs1 & by ! alt>s & (f]+s plac$ at ! entrance4 7,fig4 #eh47 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ^! spaces 7 us$ z ! dwell+s ( prie/s r ?an z sanctu>ies1 especially z ! two examples kn[n are situat$ ne> ! base ( ! great temple ( ,nimrud1 be+ 9 ?is respect admirably adapt$ to ! uses ( ! sac]dotal (fic]s 9 ! royal h\sehold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,entrance to "o ( ! s-call$ ,temples1 ,nimrud4 ,! =ms ( ,assyrian alt>s are illu/rat$ by reliefs4 7,figs4 #ce & #eg47 ,! rectangul> %aft1 at times furr[$1 re/s ^u a pl9?1 & be>s a project+ slab1 bord]$ by /epp$ battlem5ts4 ,a tripod 0 f\nd be=e ! entrance to ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,nimrud 7,fig4 #eh72 & ^u reliefs are repres5t$ fire-alt>s1 uphold+ by a s+le support a bas9 = burnt sacrifices4 ,^! alt>s & ! bronze tables = (f]+s 7 n treat$ z ar*itectural details1 b m resembl$ ! *airs & ?rones v>i\sly repres5t$ ^u reliefs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,obelisk f ,nimrud4 ,! ,assyrian obelisks 7 ( great] importance2 ?\gh !y _c be comp>$ to ! gigantic wond]s ( ,egyptian me*anical skill1 !y yet repres5t ! typical =ms ( ,assyrian art z *>act]i/ically z d ! ,egyptian %afts ! ar*itecture ( t l&4 ,a small specim5 c>v$ 9 black basalt1 #b4a m4 high & #j4f m4 broad at base1 0 discov]$ 9 ,nimrud & has be5 transport$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 7,fig4 #ei47 ,! g5tly dim9i%$ pi] is cr[n$ ) a t]rac$ pyramid1 ?us giv+ ! pr9cipal monum5tal =m ( ,mesopotamia1 on a small scale1 z di/9ctly z ! t]m9ation ( ,egyptian obelisks does ! m /rictly geometrical pyramid ( ! ,nile l&4 ,! /eps & "p ( ! %aft are c>v$ ) cunei=m inscriptions1 & ) reliefs :i* repres5t an act ( homage--! pres5tation to ! k+ ( v>i\s gifts1 animals1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,assyrian ,dwell+s4 ,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,ri* z are ! results ( sci5tific inve/igations 9 reg>d to ! palaces ( ,assyria1 !y are defici5t 9 ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! cities1 :i* c\ld h be5 b mean & insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! royal dwell+s4 ,only scanty traces ( ! =tification walls ar\nd ,coyundjic1 ,corsabad1 & ,nimrud h be5 pres]v$4 ,f reliefs ^! appe> to h be5 provid$ ) project+ gall]ies = def5ce1 ) squ>e or circul> loop-holes1 & ) battlem5ts ( rectangul> or oblique outl9e4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 !re h be5 pres]v$ at ,kisr-,s>gon 7,corsabad7 ! rema9s ( a r\nd-ar*$ city gate1 flank$ ) w+$ lions4 7,a skilful re/oration ( ?is is giv5 by ,viollet-le-,duc 9 8 ,entreti5s47 ,! small hills ( rubbi% )9 ! city did n tempt ! clos] inve/igation ( excavators1 :o f\nd su* inexhau/ible rew>ds = _! labors at ! palace t]races4 ,private dwell+s1 :i* 7 n1 l ! *amb]s ( ! k+s1 con/ruct$ ) hewn & sculptur$ /ones z a revetm5t ( ! weak masonry ( unburnt bricks1 are n[ 9 s complete a /ate ( de/ruction t an und]/&+ ( _! orig9al =m is h>dly possible4 ,! kn[n reliefs are n adequate to convey satisfactory in=mation 9 reg>d to !m4 ,among ! cle>e/ ( ^! is a relief ( ,coyundjic 7,fig4 #fj71 :i* %[s build+s ) hemisph]ical & oval cupolas1 mu* l ^? /ill cu/om>y 9 "s p>ts ( ,syria4 ,! op5+s = light & air are di/9ctly indicat$ 9 ! summit ( ! vaults4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dwell+s l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa1 :i* (t5 occur 9 great numb]s )9 ! enclosure ( =tification walls1 are ( mo/ p]plex+ con/ruction1 unless assum$ to be t5ts4 ,"s int]ior views indicate ?is "*1 & ! surr\nd+ walls might accord+ly be consid]$ ! =tifications ( an encampm5t4 ,! plan-l illu/rations ( wall$ t[ns1 :]e ! h\ses are repeat$ 9 conv5tionaliz$ =ms1 give no def9ite in=mation conc]n+ ! peculi>ities ( ,assyrian dome/ic ar*itecture4 7,fig4 #fb47 ,!y rem9d u r ( ! topographical usage preval5t dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ( our era1 :51 9 simil> mann]1 approximate repres5tations ( h\ses & cottages 7 typically employ$ to designate a village1 a t[n1 or a city1 ^u maps f :i* no conception ( ! nature ( ! /ructures c\ld be obta9$4 ,b x may be conclud$ f ^! views t a majority ( ! dwell+s consi/$ ( a high] & a l[] division1 ea* be+ provid$ ) an indep5d5t plat=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,t5t-l ,dwell+4 ,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,susa4 ,assyrian ,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,! "* ( ,egyptian ar*itecture 0 ess5tially influ5c$ by ! ri* color$ ornam5tation :i* cov]$ & enliv5$ s mu* ( ! wall-surface ) ! coilanaglyphic pa9t+s peculi> to t c\ntry4 ,^u ! palace build+s ( ,mesopotamia pa9t+ & sculpture 7 some?+ m ?an m]e decorative adjuncts to ! ar*itectural con/ruction4 ,!y may ev5 be said to h pr$om9at$4 ,! brick walls ( ,n9eveh1 in/ead ( be>+ ornam5tal slabs1 7 !mselves upheld by ! ri*ly sculptur$ revetm5t4 ,! works ( ! sculptor & ! pa9t] take a m important place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,assyrian art ?an d ^? ( ! ar*itect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*aldan empire1 = monum5ts l ! ,temple ( ! ,moon at ,ur 7,mugheir71 & l ! rema9s at ,w>ka1 appe> to h be5 almo/ de/itute ( c>v$1 if n ( pa9t$1 ornam5tation4 ,! simple treatm5t ( wall-surfaces ) glaz$ & color$ tiles1 ev5 :5 laid 9 ! v>iegat$ patt]ns ( ! ,*aldan build+s1 c h>dly be spok5 ( z pa9t+2 & 9 t c\ntry no surely atte/$ rema9s ( sculpture h be5 discov]$4 ,nor c\ld ! c>v+ ( /one fl\ri% 9 ! lat] ,babylonian p]iod4 ,! remot5ess f m\nta9s & qu>ries ( ! great cities1 & especially ( ! capital itself1 :i* /ood 9 ! mid/ ( an ext5d$ alluvion1 0 too great to all[ /one mat]ial to be readily procur$ ev5 = ! revetm5t ( walls4 ,only "o fragm5t ( a l>g] relief 0 f\nd by ,lay>d among ! ru9s ( ,babylon1,e & ?is 0 s entirely simil> to ! ,assyrian sculptures t x w\ld1 )\t fur!r "q1 h be5 reg>d$ z ! "w ( ,n9eveh _h n ! ,babylonian "* ( ! cunei=m inscriptions indicat$ its orig94 ,a colossal /atue ( black basalt1 repres5t+ a lion /&+ ^u a human be+1 a "w kn[n to travell]s = ov] a c5tury1 /ill lies 9 position1 half buri$ 9 ! e>?2 x might convey an adequate idea ( ! sculpture ( ,babylon 7 x n s wea!r$ & imp]fect z n to be consid]$ wor? removal4 ,! mo/ num]\s examples ( ! /one-c>v+ ( ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia--t is to say1 ( ,babylonia--are giv5 by ! cyl9drical seals ( sy5ite1 basalt1 agate1 c>nelian1 etc4 ,^! /ones g5]ally measure ab\t #j4jc m4 9 l5g? & #j4ja m4 9 diamet]2 !y are p]=at$ 9 ! l9e ( _! axis1 to all[ ( _! be+ /rung ^u a cord or fix$ ^u a metal wire1 by :i*1 if held z a h&le1 ! seal c\ld be roll$ ov] "s s(t sub/ance1 su* z wax1 ?us leav+ ! impression ( ! figures engrav$ ^u x4 7,fig4 #fc47 ,! great v>iance betwe5 ! /yle ( ^! cyl9d]s & t ( ,mesopotamian reliefs is ma9ly due to ! totally diff]5t te*nical peculi>ities ( intaglio & relief-cutt+4 ,! seals ( ,babylonia & ,assyria are usually s mu* alike t !y are to be di/+ui%$ only by ! "* ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 by ! my?ological subjects repres5t$4 ,! orig9 ( _m ( ! c>v$ cyl9d]s :i* lack su* indications _c be det]m9$1 ! place ( _! discov]y be+ ( slight importance 9 ! case ( objects s easily transportable4 ,numb]s ( ^! seals exi/ 9 all l>ge ,european museums1 be+ pick$ up by ! inhabitants ( ,hillah aft] torr5ts ( ra9 h furr[$ ! e>? 9 :i* !y lie conceal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,babylonian ,seal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & its ,impression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,wall ,decoration ( ,enamell$ ,tiles4 ,! ,babylonians made up = ?is national lack ( monum5tal works ( sculpture1 due1 z has be5 se51 to ! difficulty ( obta9+ suitable mat]ial1 by ! developm5t ( ano!r bran* ( decorative art4 ,favor$ by ! clayey e>? ( ! ,*aldan alluvion1 !y did n cont5t !mselves ) ! manufacture ( admirable bricks1 or ) exact & durable masonry ( ?is mat]ial1 b develop$ a glaz$ decoration ( _! out] surfaces4 ,! walls ( *amb]s seem g5]ally to h be5 prep>$ ) a coat+ ( pla/] & !n pa9t$4 ,naturally1 no traces ( ?is process exi/1 b passages 9 ! books ( ! ,biblical prophets indicate x to h be5 cu/om>y4 ,ext]ior walls1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( climatic influ5ces1 c\ld n ?us be treat$1 7 ornam5t$ ) enamell$ & v>i\sly color$ tiles4 ,^u ! /eps ( temple t]races ?is 0 effect$ by glaz+ ! out] sides ( all ! bricks ) a s+le color1 b = palace walls entire compositions 7 s =m$ t ea* sep>ate tile 0 drawn & color$ 9 ref]5ce to ! entire repres5tation4 7,fig4 #fd47 ,rema9s %[ ! glaz+ to h be5 q ?ick2 ! colors1 *iefly bright blue1 r$1 d>k yell[1 :ite1 & black1 h be5 p]fectly pres]v$4 ,a ,fr5* travell] ( ! la/ c5tury relates t a *amb] ) walls ( color$ tiles1 repres5t+1 among o!r objects1 ! sun1 moon1 & a c[1 0 une>!d f ! hill ( ,mudjelibeh1 "o ( ! m\nds ( ru9s =m$ by ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,babylonian palaces4 ,an acc\nt giv5 by ,diodoros1 :o describes a great hunt+ sc5e ^u ! inn]mo/ city wall1 %[s h[ ext5d$ ?is enamel pa9t+ mu/ h be54 ,among _m figures ! que51 ,semiramis1 took a prom95t "p 9 ! action1 ?r[+ a spe> at a pan!r f h] position on horseback1 :ile ! lance ( ! k+ transfix$ a lion4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! composition c be und]/ood f ! analogy ( simil> sc5es repres5t$ ^u reliefs f ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,/atue ( a ,k+1 f ,nimrud4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! palace decorations naturally develop$ 9 an entirely diff]5t mann] 9 ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia--,assyria4 ,! spurs ( neighbor+ m\nta9s advanc$ f all sides close ^u ,n9eveh1 & good build+-/ones1 notably ! mo/ beautiful alaba/]1 are f\nd 9 ! pla91 "u ! %all[ /rata ( alluvial e>?4 ,! flat color$ decoration ( ! walls ) glaz$ bricks 0 sup]s$$ by a c>v$ revetm5t ( lavi% ri*ness1 :i* s g5]ally cov]$ ! l[] half ( l>g] palace *amb]s ) reliefs t an almo/ inexhau/ible mat]ial is pres5t$ = elucidation ( ! /yle by ! fragm5ts discov]$ dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,w+$ ,lion f ,nimrud4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,w+$ ,bull f ,nimrud4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,lion f ,nimrud4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,sculpture s conc5trat$ itself ^u ?is decorative field ( revetm5t reliefs t x appe>s r>ely to h v5tur$ ! execution ( indep5d5t works4 ,/atues 9 ! full r\nd are extremely r>e1 & ! few kn[n are ne>ly z simil> to ea* o!r z are ^? ( ,egypt4 ,! be/-pres]v$ figure 0 f\nd 9 ! s-call$ temple at ! foot ( ! t]rac$ pyramid ( ,nimrud1 & has be5 c>ri$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 7,fig4 #fe47 ,x is ab\t #a m4 9 height1 hewn f a h>d lime/one1 & repres5ts a k+ 9 ! g>b ( a prie/4 ,! r\nd head is cov]$ ) long ?ick hair1 :i*1 fall+ some:at ov] ! =ehead1 is n p>t$1 b divid$ into wavy horizontal r[s2 x ends ^u ! %\ld]s 9 a /raight section ( closely & regul>ly arrang$ spiral curls4 ,! impos+ be>d is /ill m conv5tionaliz$2 beg9n+ 9 ?ick curls1 x is arrang$ 9 alt]nate c\rses ( rope-l twi/s & r[s ( small coils4 ,! ends ( ! mu/a*e curl into m>k$ spirals4 ,! l>ge eyes1 ( r oblique position1 are situat$ too l[1 & are consequ5tly )\t expression4 ,_! /rap-l lids d n suffici5tly protrude1 :ile ! ?ick eyebr[s1 excessively curv$ upw>d & meet+ above ! bridge ( ! nose1 s int]f]e ) ! natural =m ( ! =ehead z to give to ! face a gloomy & almo/ be/ial expression4 ,! curv$ ,semitic nose is broad & fle%y1 z are all ! features1 :i*1 ?\gh n appe>+ puffy1 h a decid$ t5d5cy to fatness4 ,! well-=m$ e> is plac$ l[] ?an is t ( ,egyptian /atues1 & is ornam5t$ ) l>ge r+s4 ,! ?ick & %ort neck disappe>s beh9d "u ! full locks ( hair2 ! r\nd %\ld]s make ! back appe> broad] ?an ! brea/1 b are m correctly modell$ ?an ^? ( ,egyptian figures4 ,! long prie/ly g>m5t1 ?ickly fr+$1 cov]s "o ( ! fle%y arms up to ! wri/1 & falls )\t folds or indication ( ! l[] body b5ea? x1 be+ gird$ ar\nd ! /\t wai/ by a twi/$ sa%2 x leaves only ! toes visible4 ,! "r h& holds an in/rum5t =m$ l an augur's crook1 probably ( "s sacr$ significance2 ! left grasps ! sceptre4 ,arms & h&s h broad muscles1 blunt1 r\nd$ outl9es1 & ! %ort & ?ick proportions peculi> to ! entire body4 ,) ! exception ( ! face1 ! sculptor made few absolute misrepres5tations ( nature1 ?\gh evid5tly m skill$ 9 relief-c>v+1 & pay+ b little att5tion to ! side view4 ,an inscription ^u ! brea/ designates ! /atue z t ( ,k+ ,a%urakbal1 ! build] ( ! nor?we/]n palace & ( ! s-call$ temple ( ,nimrud1 8! conqu]or ( ! upp] valley ( ! ,tigris to ,lebanon & ! great sea1 :o br\ght "u 8 p[] all ! l&s1 f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,relief f ,corsabad4 7,l\vre47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,fragm5ts ( ,reliefs f ,nimrud4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! mon/]s m5tion$ above =m a peculi> transitional /ep betwe5 ! full r\nd & relief sculpture4 7,figs4 #ff & #fg47 ,w+$ bulls1 or1 m r>ely1 lions1 ) human heads & animal e>s1 flank$ ! l>g] portals z sacr$ gu>dians ( ! entrance4 ,on ! sides ( ! passage !y 7 execut$ 9 relief up to ! heads1 :i* 7 work$ almo/ entirely free1 & project1 ) ! royal or div9e ti>a1 f ! ma9 block4 ,9 ! front view1 ! brea/ & =e legs1 z well z ! head1 appe> 9 ! r\nd4 ,?is comb9ation ( r\nd & relief c>v+ result$ 9 two abnormities4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! animals h five legs1 z ! side 0 all[$ f\r1 :ile ! front1 besides ! support :i* x _h 9 common ) ! side1 dem&$ ano!r1 t x might n appe> "o-legg$4 ,fur!r1 ! mon/]s seem1 9 ! relief1 to be /rid+ & advanc+1 b 9 ! front view to be firmly /&+4 ,^! *]ubims--= ?us ! comm5tators ( ! ,bible call su* 8=ms hav+ a human head1 ! body ( a lion or bull1 & ! w+s ( an eagle0--are among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic works ( ,mesopotamian sculpture4 ,!y 7 impos+ symbols ( gu>dian deities2 ! hair ( ! head & be>d curl$ tightly1 z did t ( brea/1 abdom51 & ! end ( ! tail2 ! fea!rs ( ! p[]ful w+s 7 almo/ /raight1 ! legs h>d & muscul>1 ! expression ( ! face sev]e & maje/ic4 ,lions ( normal =mation1 exceptionally occurr+ 9 ! place ( ^! *]ubims1 %[ s ma/]ly an und]/&+ ( nature & su* wise conv5tionalization t1 ) ! sph9x-l lions ( ,egypt 7comp>e ,fig4 #ca71 !y rank among ! mo/ successful repres5tations ( animals 9 any p]iod ( sculpture4 ,prom95t among ! subjects %[n by ! reliefs1 s]v+ ! purposes ( mural decoration1 is ! s-call$ tree ( life1 a symbol n adequately expla9$1 a plant =m wov5 9 ribbons & an!mions to an ornam5tal play ( l9es1 be=e :i* /& sacrific+ figures or w+$ g5ii ) eagle-heads1 hold+ 9 ! "o h& a basket1 9 ! o!r a species ( p9e-cone1 or 9 ! "o a lotos-fl[] or a sc\rge1 & 9 ! o!r a gazelle or a small lion4 ,^u ?is foll[ ! long processions advanc+ 9 homage be=e ! k+1 :i* s fitt+ly cov]$ ! walls ( ! c\rts4 ,! mon>* /&s to receive 8 vizi]1 :o is foll[$ by sev]al w>riors4 7,fig4 #fi47 ,beh9d /& eunu*s--"o hold+ a sun-%ade1 ano!r a fan = flies1 a ?ird a h&k]*ief1 a f\r? dr9k+-vessels1 a fif? jugs ) bottoms =m$ l ! jaws ( a lion 7us$ to dip out w9e f ! l>ge cool+-vessels71 a six? a w9e-sk92 ! two foll[+ h a l>ge platt] ) food & ! /& belong+ !reto2 ano!r comes ) two models ( cities1 p]haps to be expla9$ z di%es2 !n two ) a ?rone1 ! next ) a table1 ^? foll[+ ) a b5*2 o!rs1 aga91 ) a magnific5t *>iot1 ! tongue ( :i* is c>v$ z a horse's head & ! cross-pieces z ! heads ( gazelles1 :ile ! ri* back ( ! seat is support$ by human figures2 two helmet$ w>riors foll[ ?is1 ) a less elaborate w>-*>iot1 & o!rs lead f\r horses to ! sc5e4 ,a simil> repres5tation %[s subjects br++ gifts to ! k+4 ,"s lead horses2 numb]s ( o!rs pres5t fl[]s & fruits1 among :i* apples1 pomegranates1 grapes1 p9eapples1 figs1 etc41 may be di/+ui%$2 ^? foll[+ (f] cakes1 locu/s /rung ^u /icks1 h>es1 birds1 & ! l4 ,! figures ^u ^! c]emonial reliefs1 g5]ally ov] life-size1 are c>efully execut$ to ! smalle/ detail4 ,little c be said conc]n+ _! peculi>ities ( feature beyond t /at$ above1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! /atue ( ,k+ ,a%urakbal4 ,9 opposition to ! wiry t\ghness ( ! ,egyptian type1 ! voluptu\s & vigor\s fulness ( ! ,assyrian appe>s di/9ctly 9 ! full *eeks1 ! ?ick eyelids & br[s1 ! widely op5$ eyes ) curv$ & project+ balls1 ! en]getic aquil9e nose1 ! p\t+ lips1 & ! impos+ gr[? ( hair & be>d1 s neglect$ 9 ,egyptian sculptures4 ,eunu*s are *>act]iz$ by a lack ( be>d2 ! usual fulness deg5]ates into m]e obesity 9 all ! features1 b especially 9 ! heavy & hang+ "u-jaw1 & ! weak1 fle%y arms1 ! only p>ts ( ! body n hidd5 by ! g>m5ts4 ,! fragm5ts illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #gj1 :5 comp>$ ) ,egyptian heads f reliefs 7,fig4 #bh71 w convey an idea ( ! entire diff]5ce ( race & arti/ic /yle 9 ! l&s ( ! ,tigris & ( ! ,nile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,temple4 ,relief f ,corsabad4 ,9 ! works ( ,assyria1 z 9 ^? ( ,egypt1 ! brea/ is usually pres5t$ 9 front view1 = ! reasons already set =?1 b ! attempt to %[ ?is "p ( ! body 9 true pr(ile is m common 9 ! =m] c\ntry2 an in/ance may be obs]v$ 9 ! vizi] ( ,fig4 #fi4 ,! wri/s1 l ! arms1 are muscul> & /\t2 ! h&s broad1 co>se1 & awkw>dly /iff4 ,bracelets1 clos+ firmly by means ( a spiral spr+1 are plac$ ^u ! wri/s & above ! elb[s4 ,! magnific5ce ( ^! & simil> ornam5ts1 :i* h frequ5tly be5 copi$ by mod]n jewell]s1 & also ! dignity ( ! swords & o!r acc\trem5ts1 /rictly dep5d ^u ! rank ( ! we>]1 be+ grad$ f ! k+ & vizi] to ! w>rior & eunu*4 ,! mo/ cu/om>y g>m5t 9 "t ( peace rea*$ f ! neck to ! ankles1 & 0 (t5 edg$ ) a fr+e ( tassels & a d\ble or f\rfold bord] ( pe>ls4 ,! und]dress is smoo? & :ite1 t ( ! k+ alone be+ ri*ly patt]n$4 ,! ov]g>m5t seems to h consi/$ almo/ :olly ( fr+es1 leav+ ! "r arm free4 ,! royal mantle 0 also 9 ?is respect an exception1 hav+ two sleeves & cov]+ ! %\ld]s1 besides be+ ornam5t$ ) rosettes or embroid]$ ) my?ological repres5tations4 ,! feet 9 ,assyrian reliefs are long & p[]ful1 m supple & true to nature ?an ! h&s1 ?\gh ! toes lie too closely ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! mon>* & 8 escort h r+s ^u ! great toe ( ea* foot2 !y we> a k9d ( s&al :i* cov]s only ! heel1 9 wise recognition ( ! fact t a complete sole di/urbs 9 "s measure ! natural ela/ic action ( ! ball ( ! foot & ! toes4 ,:5 ! und]dress is %ort1 z is ! case 9 hunt+ & w>like co/umes1 ! leg bel[ ! knee is correctly b r /iffly modell$2 ! muscles protrude l h>d b&s1 )\t giv+ to ! limb ! vigor\s =ce peculi> to ,egyptian works4 ,yet ! :ole composition1 z well z e detail ( ,assyrian sculpture1 displays m direct /udy ( nature ?an 0 to be f\nd 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! figures 7 creat$ ^u an ab/ract model1--a canon f\nd$ m ^u conv5tion ?an ^u obs]vation ( life4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ beh9d reality1 z did ! ,egyptian1 ! ,assyrian sculptor w5t beyond natural tru?1 exagg]at+ & co>s5+4 ,!re ! figures 7 )\t fle% & blood1 gho/-l1 z if _! slim trunks & extremities 7 n fitt$ = e>?ly n\ri%m5t2 "h ! mat]ial exi/5ce 0 express$ 9 ! mo/ positive mann]4 ,a voluptu\s fulness 0 *os5 z a type ( ! luxuri\s & contemplative ,mesopotamian1 9 ! same way z ! ela/ic leanness ( ! ,egyptian figure *>act]iz$ ! s9ewy ,fellah1 emaciat$ f scanty n\ri%m5t & fatigu+ ex]tion 9 8 dry climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,relief f ,nimrud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,w\nd$ ,lioness1 f ,coyundjic4 ,m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( ! hi/orical reliefs are w>like sc5es1 mo/ly on a small scale1 ) figures less ?an half a met] high4 ,cities are surr\nd$1 set on fire1 & plund]$2 :5 ! =tress is situat$ ^u a height1 ! besieg]s build ramp>ts ( fasc9es1 &1 %elt]$ by ^!1 attack ! walls ) batt]+-rams simil> to ^? us$ by ! ,romans4 ,! def5d]s attempt to burn ^! (f5sive ma*9es ) tor*es & to cripple !m ) *a9s1 ! latt] be+ w>d$ (f f bel[ ) hooks & poles4 ,x is also %[n h[ w>f>e 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 field1 ^u wood$ m\nta9s1 9 swamps1 & on ! m>%y banks ( riv]s1 ) ! aid ( lances1 sl+s1 & b[s4 ,! ar*]s are sometimes protect$ by a k9d ( *a9 mail4 ,x is repres5t$ ) great cle>ness & fulness h[ ! defeat$ enemies seek to save !mselves by flight to a swamp1 h[ fri5ds & foes swim riv]s support$ ^u inflat$ sk9s1 :ile ! k+ is transport$ 9 8 *>iot ^u a f]ry-boat4 ,"s battle-fields are cov]$ ) ! sla91 ^: sev]$ heads are pil$ up to =m a trophy ( victory truly ,ori5tal4 ,at times ! male prison]s ( w> are %[n suff]+ dea? by torture2 !y are /ripp$ to ! sk9 & beat5 ) clubs1 or are impal$ & flay$ alive 9 great numb]s4 ,! tongues & e>s ( o!rs are cut (f2 :ile prison]s ( high] rank are dragg$ by r+s ?r\gh ! "u-lip be=e ! victori\s k+1 :o languidly deigns to bl9d !m ) a lance4 ,at ! same "t1 ! mon>* receives homage f kneel+ subjects2 play]s ( /r+$ in/rum5ts celebrate 8 victory1 :ile eunu*s record ! am\nt ( booty br\ght be=e him4 ,! spoil is %[n ) great circum/antiality2 female captives1 hold+ *ildr5 by ! h& & infants at ! brea/1 advance on foot or are borne ^u c>ts1 & all mann] ( ut5sils & provisions are c>ri$ ^u bea/s ( burd5 & drays4 ,! captur$ h]ds--beeves1 %eep1 & camels--are giv5 ) wond]ful tru? to nature2 l ! animal types occurr+ 9 ! act ( homage ^u ! obelisk ( ,nimrud already m5tion$1 !y are ( ma/]ly *>act]ization--! peculi>ities ( ! lion1 antelope1 buffalo1 rh9oc]os1 elephant1 & ape be+ c>efully obs]v$ & admirably r5d]$4 ,! same und]/&+ ( animal =ms is %[n 9 ! (t5-repeat$ hunt+ sc5es3 ! conception ( ! w\nd$ bea/s is truly wond]ful4 7,fig4 #gc47 ,besides ! capture ( gigantic lions & buffaloes1 ! sn>+ ( small game1 h>es & birds1 is %[n4 ,ev5 ! v>i\s species ( fi% c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! reliefs1 :i* %[ net & rod fi%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,transport ( ,/one4 ,relief f ,coyundjic4 ,_m indu/rial occupations are also repres5t$4 ,trees are fell$1 ! trunks ( :i* are float$ ^u ! riv] z rafts1 or are dragg$ beh9d boats1 = ! build+ ( a royal palace2 t]rac$ m\nds are heap$ up by enslav$ labor]s ) baskets ( e>?4 ,l>g] masses ( build+-/one1 & ! *]ubims already describ$1 are br\ght d[n /ream f ! qu>ries by means ( rafts1 ! buoyancy ( :i* is increas$ by inflat$ sk9s b\nd b5ea? !m4 7,fig4 #gd47 ,! /atues are c>ri$ to ! t]race plat=ms by incl9$ planes1 up :i* !y are drawn by ho/s ( workm51 :o pull ^u ! cordage atta*$ to ! sl$ge1 :i* slides ov] roll]s1 & are driv5 =w>d by bl[s f ! ov]-se]s4 7,fig4 #ge47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,transport ( a ,*]ubim4 ,religi\s repres5tations are mu* r>] ?an 9 !ocratic ,egypt4 ,! k+s ( despotic ,mesopotamia arrogat$ to !mselves ! supremacy all[$ 9 ,egypt to ! gods1 :o 9 ! latt] c\ntry _h be5 plac$ by ! prie/s 9 relation ) e human action1 & ^: c]emonial sc5es 7 s pr$om9ant4 ,! typical w+$ figure describ$ above occurs cont9ually 9 small reliefs1 & ev5 9 dim9utive ornam5ts4 ,9 r>e in/ances a griff9 or a k9d ( ,pegasos is employ$ 9 its place ^u purely decorative works4 ,! sacr$ symbol ( ! tree ( life1 or t ( ! great god ,a%ur--! w+$ & encircl$ figure already m5tion$--is wor%ipp$ by /&+ or kneel+ human be+s & by inf]ior deities4 ,processions are repres5t$ be>+ images ^u ?rones1 & ! sacrifice ( lambs is %[n1 ! animals be+ slaught]$ & burn$ piecemeal4 ,^! purely c]emonial reliefs diff] fundam5tally f ! hi/orical sc5es4 ,9 ! =m] ! figures are ov] life-size2 !y are c>v$ ) great att5tion to detail1 & are nev] gr\p$1 b plac$ at regul> di/ances3 9 ! latt] ! human be+s d n receive ! att5tion devot$ to ! inanimate objects occurr+ 9 ! pictur$ /ory1 & especially to ! indications ( its locality4 ,! =tifications ( besieg$ t[ns are mapp$ out ) scrupul\s exactness1 & are easily und]/ood :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ! effect ( di/ance1 f ! lack ( p]spective 9 ?is primitive art1 is express$ by pil+ ?+s ^u "o ano!r :i* 7 9 reality beh9d "o ano!r4 ,build+s are %[n by reliefs l ^? giv5 9 ,figs4 #ce & #eg1 ) a m or less successful attempt to cle>ly illu/rate con/ructive details4 ,! l&scape is conv5tionaliz$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,fields ( gra9 ^u regul>ly roll+ hills are designat$ by wavy l9es2 ! trees are usually sugge/ive ( ! c>v$ toys accompany+ ! well-kn[n ,noah's ark ( our *ildr5--?is impression be+ height5$ by ! trunks radially div]g+ f ! hill1 t !y may be ! m closely gr\p$ toge!r4 ,! *ildlike art ( ! ,assyrians "h express$ a common error ( *ildhood--t m trees c gr[ ^u ! increas$ surface ( a hill ?an ^u a pla9 ) an area equal to ! base ( ! hill-cone4 ,at times1 :5 necess>y = ! *>act]ization ( a locality1 palms1 grape-v9es1 figs1 & o!r plants are indicat$ by a detail$ imitation ( leaves & fruit4 ,lakes1 riv]s 7,fig4 #gd71 & swamps are c>efully drawn 9 wavy p>allel l9es ) spirally conv5tionaliz$ ripples2 !y are bord]$ ) re$s & s$ges1 & inhabit$ by aquatic animals easily recogniz$ by ! naturali/4 ,! ev5ts are repres5t$ 9 a simple & /raight=w>d mann]2 unimportant figures are dim9utive & less c>efully c>v$1 :ile ! *ief actors 9 a sc5e n only t[] above _! fell[-be+s1 b ev5 above trees & =tifications4 ,z ! only int5tion ( ! arti/ 0 to repres5t a locality & an occurr5ce1 he did n hesitate to give a city su* proportions t ! def5d]s ^u its battlem5ts c\ld nev] h pass$ ?r\gh its gates1 &1 /&+ ^u ! gr\nd1 w\ld h ov]topp$ ! t[]s4 ,^! conv5tionaliz$ types d n appe> 9 ! bronzes1 %ea?+s ( ?9 wood-"w1 b[ls1 & o!r vessels1 or 9 ! r>] rema9s ( ivory c>v+s4 ,a numb] ( objects ( ?is k9d1 discov]$ dur+ ! excavations ( ,n9eveh1 are deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! bett] pres]v$ & m easily recognizable among ! ivory c>v+s are ( ,egyptian /yle1 & ev5 9 "s in/ances repres5t ,egyptian religi\s c]emonies4 ,?is is also1 9 a measure1 ! case ) ! bronzes1 :i* are compos$ ( t5 p>ts ( copp] & "o ( t92 ?\gh a majority ( ^! %[ ?ick] & heavi] =ms1 especially 9 ! animals1 & /rik+ly rem9d "o ( simil> ut5sils discov]$ 9 ,phnicia & ,cyprus4 ,^! articles mu/ be consid]$ ei!r to h be5 directly import$1 or s slavi%ly copi$ f =eign orig9als t !y are at pres5t n surely di/+ui%able4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! native place ( ! bronze vessels 0 ,phnicia1 & n ,egypt4 ,! =m] c\ntry1 z prov$ by ! repeat$ allusions ( ,hom] & o!r e>ly au?ors1 0 fam$ 9 ! pre-hi/oric ages ( ,greece = ! manufacture ( metal ut5sils1 & especially = an ext5d$ employm5t ( ! bronze suppli$ by ! copp]-m9es ( ,cyprus & ! t9 trade ) ,engl&4 ,:5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! well-kn[n ext5t ( ,phnician comm]ce1 ?is d]ivation ( ! metal rema9s f\nd at ,n9eveh is r5d]$ m ?an probable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,glaz$ ,t]ra-cotta1 f ,nimrud4 ,r$4 ,br[n4 ,gre54 ,black4 ,! few & unimportant ve/iges ( ,assyrian pa9t+ add little mat]ial to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! palace walls 7 cov]$ ) a color$ fac+1 %[n by fragm5ts f\nd among ! ru9s to h be5 ( pa9t$ /ucco & glaz$ tiles4 ,x consi/$ ( b&s ( ornam5t1 r[s ( rosettes & an!mions1 wov5 /rap-"w1 conv5tionaliz$ my?ical animals1 & o!r =ms arrang$ 9 set regul>ity4 ,?is treatm5t 0 adopt$ especially = ! ext]ior & = ! c\rts1 :]e impos+ c]emonial reliefs ) colossal figures cov]$ ! l[] surface ( ! wall4 ,animals ! size ( life are giv5 9 yell[ ^u a blue gr\nd1 su* mosaic mural decorations be+ =m$ ( tiles drawn & color$ ) ref]5ce to _! ultimate position4 7,fig4 #fd47 ,!re are also pa9t+s correspond+ to ! reliefs ( alaba/] common ^u ! l[] half ( important walls4 ,) figures some:at ov] #j4b m4 high1 !y repres5t sc5es :i* appe> to h /ood 9 "s relation to ! c>v$ ornam5ts ( int]ior *amb]s4 ,! mo/ important ( ! fragm5ts pres]v$ %[s a k+1 :o1 return+ f battle or ! hunt1 is ab\t to place to 8 lips a b[l h&$ him by a s]vant4 7,fig4 #gf47 ,! b[ :i* he holds 9 8 left h& re/s ^u ! e>?2 a sword hangs by 8 side4 ,a eunu* ) b[1 quiv]1 & sword1 & a w>rior 9 %ort dress1 ) lance & po9t$ helmet1 foll[ him4 ,! g>m5ts are outl9$ by a broad b& ( yell[ color1 some:at simil> 9 effect to ! heavy lead+ ( m$ival /a9$ glass-"w1 :i* increases ! impression ( flat /iffness peculi> to ! ,assyrian co/umes ( baggy clo? )\t folds4 ,! head1 arms1 & legs are drawn 9 simple l9es4 ,a d>k-yell[ bord] sep>ates ! gre5 dress f ! r$ backgr\nd1 & ! br[ni% color ( ! expos$ fle%4 ,:ite is int]m+l$ ) yell[ 9 ! rosettes1 fr+es1 swords1 etc42 ! hair1 be>d1 s&als1 & ! pupils ( ! eyes are black4 ,o!r fragm5ts illu/rat$ by ,lay>d h a gre5 backgr\nd1 yell[ fle%1 blue g>m5ts1 horses1 fi%es1 etc41 all drawn ) a heavy :ite1 or1 9 r>e in/ances1 br[n1 outl9e4 ,x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e :e!r ^! pigm5ts h pres]v$ _! orig9al color1 & :e!r1 inde$1 "s t9ts are n entirely lo/4 ,*emical analysis has demon/rat$ t sev]al metallic prep>ations 7 kn[n to ! ,assyrians4 ,! yell[ is t prep>ation ( antimony & lead :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,naples yell[1 has be5 suppos$ a mod]n inv5tion2 ! blue is a comb9ation ( copp] & lead1 also prais$ z a device ( rec5t date 9 its application z a flux = glaz+4 ,! :ite is an enamel ( oxidiz$ t91 commonly held to h be5 fir/ employ$ by ! ,arabs ( ,nor!rn ,africa 9 ! eigh? or n9? ,*ri/ian c5tury2 ! r$ is a suboxide ( copp]4 ,9 reg>d to ! /yle ( ^! pa9t+s1 little c be add$ to t already /at$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ,assyrian sculpture4 ,! figures are some:at m sl5d]1 & seem at times to betray a slight ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,z 9 t c\ntry1 ! tones ( color )9 ! firm outl9es are )\t modulation1 diff]+ only 9 ! hues ( ! sub/ances !y repres5t4 ,! composition is1 p]haps1 m picturesque1 ! figures frequ5tly cov]+ ea* o!r ) v>i$ position & action4 ,! c>v$ slabs :i* s]v$ z a revetm5t ( ! l[] wall-surfaces 7 br\ght into h>mony ) ! pa9t+s above !m by ! addition ( color to ! reliefs4 ,! hair1 be>d1 & ! pupils ( ! eyes 7 black2 "s p>ts ( ! dress1 z ! ribbons ( ! ti>a1 ! s&als1 etc41 r$4 ,!re is no d\bt t o!r t9ts1 n n[ recognizable1 7 add$ to ! sculptures2 b x mu/ n be held t ?is pa9t+ 0 s brilliant & decid$ z "s re/orations repres5t4 ,if ! uni=m effect ( a completely pa9t$ wall-surface _h be5 desir$1 ! c>v+ w\ld l>gely h be5 giv5 up4 ,! be/ ornam5tal treatm5t ( ! ar*itecturally b>e surface 0 giv5 by ! m>k$ division ( its height4 ,if ! light op5+s ( columns & pila/]s1 j "u ! ceil+1 be assum$ to h exi/$ above ! high & unpi]c$ wall1 z a di/9ct horizontal memb] cr[n+ ! enclos+ mass1 we c b admire ?is comb9ation1 9 ! ,assyrian palace1 ( sup]pos$ c\rses ( sculptur$1 pa9t$1 & ar*itectural works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 ,p]sepolis4 ,,p]sia4 ,! fall ( ,n9eveh1 in/ead ( be+ despicable--accord+ to ! common leg5d--f ! weakness ( ,s>danapalus1 ! la/ ,assyrian k+1 des]ves r1 f ! h]oic ru9 ( ! mon>* ) 8 city1 to be comp>$ to ! fall ( ,c>?age or ( ,j]usalem4 ,x remov$ = "s "t ! c5tre ( ,we/]n ,asiatic p[] f>!r to ! ea/1 beyond ! ,mesopotamian /reams3 fir/ to m\nta9\s ,m$ia1 ^: inhabitants1 ?r\gh want ( culture1 7 bett] fitt$ to de/roy ?an to build1 & :o1 !re=e1 play almo/ no "p 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,z ! %ort reign ( ,m$ian greatness pass$ away1 political p[] t5d$ to ! s\!a/1 to ,p]sia1 :i* rais$ its _w-r5[n$ k+dom ^u ! ru9s ( ! ,m$ian1 & /ret*$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! new empire f> beyond any =m] compass ( ,we/]n ,asiatic sov]eignty4 ,cyrus1 ! fir/ hi/orical mon>* ( ,p]sia1 n only conqu]$ all resi/ance1 notably t ( ,nebu*adnezz> & 8 ,babylonian dom9ion1 & ( ! ,lydian k+ ,crsus 7by no means rem>kable solely on acc\nt ( 8 great ri*es71 b c>ri$ 8 victori\s arms ev5 to ! gean ,sea2 s t ,asia1 9 s f> z x 0 kn[n to ,europe1 0 synonym\s ) ,p]sia4 ,cambyses1 successor to ,cyrus1 cru%$ ! olde/ p[] ( ! _w1 t ( ! ,ph>aohs2 & ! ?ird ,p]sian k+ cross$ ! ,bosporos1 t he might embody 9 ! colossal ,p]sian empire ! ea/]n l&s ( ,europe & ! bord]s ( ! ,pontos4 ,p]sia1 by ! p]sonal greatness ( "s ( its rul]s1 by ! heal?y =ce ( its orig9al inhabitants1 z well z by m>k$ good-=tune1 ?us atta9$ a position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w hi!rto equall$ by no o!r c\ntry2 & x 0 by no means want+ 9 a correspond+ monum5tal expression ( ?is advance4 ,! *ief cities ( ! l&--,susa1 ,pas>gad1 & ,p]sepolis1 = :i* latt]1 a "n kn[n ?r\gh ,greek hi/orians1 we might sub/itute ,new ,metropolis ( ! ,p]sians--/rove1 at lea/ 9 _! royal palaces1 to surpass ! cities ( ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians4 ,diodoros speaks ( ,p]sepolis z 8! _w-r5[n$ royal =tress10 impos+ ev5 to ! ,greeks4 ,! ?\s&s ( ye>s t h pass$ h yet left rema9s suffici5t = an ideal recon/ruction ( ! :ole1 & a conception ( ! arti/ic ability ( ! ,p]sians may !re be obta9$4 ,?is is less ! case ) ,susa1 m de/roy$1 & 9 no wise ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,its site1 kn[n by ! "n ,%u%1 :i* /ill cl+s to ! ru9s1 is rev]$ by ,mohamm$an pilgrims z t ( ! tomb ( ,daniel1 9 l mann] z ! location ( ,n9eveh f\nd traditional confirmation among !m 9 ! ,mohamm$an *apel ( ,jonas4 ,! rema9s ( ,pas>gad1 ne> ,murgab1 are some:at bett] pres]v$ ?an are ^? ( ,susa4 ,beside its palace t]races1 among its o!r tombs1 alt>s1 etc41 !re rises1 ne>ly intact1 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful monum5ts ( ! _w--! tomb ( ! great ,cyrus4 ,mo/ important1 h[ev]1 & wor?y ( *ief consid]ation1 is ,new ,pas>gad1 or ,p]sepolis1 :]e ! massive palace ru9s ne> ,i/akr1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,*ehil-,m9> 7=ty columns7 or ,takt-i-,jem%id 7?rone ( ,jem%id71 h = c5turies be5 ! wond] ( travell]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,plan ( ,p]sepolis4 ,a4 ,gr& ,/airway4 ,b4 ,propyla ( ,x]xes4 ,c4 ,ci/]ns4 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,great ,hall ( ,x]xes4 ,h4 ,portal betwe5 ! ,palaces & ,h>em4 ,k4 ,palace ( ,d>ius4 ,l1 ,m1 ,n4 ,palace ( ,x]xes4 ,o4 ,unrecogniz$ ,ru9s4 ,p4 ,h>em4 ,q4 ,portal to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,h>em4 ,! ,p]sians1 ( lat] developm5t ?an ! ,mesopotamians1 naturally bas$ _! art ^u ! old] culture ( ! p conqu]$ by !m4 ,! palaces 7 simil>ly plac$ ^u ext5sive t]races1 :i*1 l ^? 9 ,nimrud1 seem to h be5 aft]w>ds enl>g$ to make room = sev]al royal dwell+s4 ,! palace t]race ( ,p]sepolis 7,fig4 #gh7 is1 z an exception1 n isolat$1 b s plac$ z to employ a rocky plateau1 :i*1 levell$ p>tly by excavation1 p>tly by fill+1 acquir$ ar*itectural "* by ! v]tical revetm5t ( its bord]s3 x abutt$ ) "o ( its oblong sides ^u a cliff1 ?is =m+ a backgr\nd ( ri*ly c>v$ tomb-faades4 ,! cas+ ( ! plat=m b5ea? ! ,palace ( ,kisr-,s>gon 7,corsabad7 consi/$ ( a masonry =m$ ( q regul>ly hewn /ones4 ,at ,p]sepolis1 on ! o!r h&1 is employ$1 9 a simil> position1 a k9d ( ,cyclopean masonry ) pr$om9ant horizontal l9es--a pro( t ?is wall does n necess>ily indicate a great] age ?an does a fac+ ( hewn /one4 ,9 spite ( ! close relation%ip ( ! ar*itecture ( ,p]sia to t ( ,assyria1 ! ru9s /ill %[ 9 _m po9ts su* a fundam5tal diff]5ce t ,mr4 ,f]gusson's ne>ly absolute id5tification ( ! art ( ! two nations _c be accept$1 & a high] grade ( indep5d5t position1 at lea/ 9 ar*itecture1 mu/ be grant$ to ! ,p]sians4 ,! ,assyrian ru9s %[$ walls & no columns2 9 ,p]sia1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d columns & no walls4 ,9 view ( ?is1 x is a d>+ hypo!sis to assume t *ance has pres]v$ "h only ! "o1 !re only ! o!r1 con/ructional memb]--t ! ,p]sian ru9s exhibit ! skeleton1 z x 71 ! ,assyrian ! fle%1 ( "o & ! same ar*itectural body1 ! totality ( :i* is only to be und]/ood & expla9$ by ! mutual complem5t1 ! comb9ation ( ! two4 ,= su* is ,mr4 ,f]gusson's view4 ,! inadmissibility ( transf]r+ ,p]sian columns to ,assyrian palaces has already be5 made evid5t4 ,! peculi> =mation ( plan recogniz$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 ! n>r[ & corridor-l *amb]s1 requir$ no int]ior supports4 ,! clumsy disproportion ( ! long & cramp$ ,assyrian rooms seems r to h be5 decid$ by ! lack ( su* con/ructive assi/ance2 ) x1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,p]sian palace 0 enabl$ to develop freely4 ,! subord9ate %afts 9 ! w9d[s ( ! palaces at ,n9eveh did n p>take ( ! true nature ( a column1 !y did n s]ve to enl>ge an enclos$ space1 b 7 m]ely decorative sub/itutes = ! pi]s :i* else:]e sep>at$ ! op5+s4 ,x is n possible to transf] ! *>act]i/ic ,p]sian details ei!r to ^! or to ! columns 9 antis ( ! ,assyrian temple cellas4 ,! sculptur$ reliefs m5tion$ above1 f :i* alone ! columns ( ,assyria are kn[n1 pres5t an entirely diff]5t class ( =ms4 ,! ,p]sians recogniz$ ! full importance ( column> con/ruction 9 op5+ & enl>g+ enclos$ spaces z no o!r nation has done except ! ,egyptians4 ,x is 9 ?is t ! arti/ic advance ( ! =m] beyond _! ,*aldan & ,babylonian pr$ecessors consi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,fragm5t ( a ,base f ,pas>gad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,p]sian ,columns ) ,bull ,capitals4 ,! columns ( ,p]sia 7 develop$ ) a *>act]i/ic conv5tionalization :i*1 ?\gh n entirely )\t =eign prec$5ts1 0 ^u ! :ole orig9al1 &1 at lea/ 9 ! m simple v>ieties1 decid$ly arti/ic2 ! capital 0 peculi>ly adapt$ to its functions4 ,b "o small fragm5t has be5 f\nd ( ! anci5t rema9s ( ,pas>gad1 dat+1 accord+ to inscriptions1 to ! epo* ( ,cyrus4 ,x is a base1 & is =tunately *>act]i/ic & int]e/+4 7,fig4 #gi47 ,! tore is simil>1 ^u ! "o h&1 to ! pl9?-m\ld+s ( ,assyrian columns2 ^u ! o!r1 9 its detail1 to ! m rec5t creation ( ! ,ionic column1 :i* 0 n )\t connection ) ! art ( ,mesopotamia4 ,! ornam5tation consi/s ( %all[ horizontal *annell+s1 ) %>p arrises l ^? ( ! s-call$ ,proto-,doric %afts ( ,egypt1 & is closely alli$ to ! bases ( ! mo/ anci5t examples ( ! ,ionic /yle4 ,! t]race ( ,p]sepolis1 ) its monum5ts1 built dur+ or aft] ! "t ( ,d>ius1 displays ^! bases only 9 ! palaces built by t k+4 ,! tore !re occurr+ 0 plac$ ^u two squ>e pl9?s4 ,! lat] monum5ts ( ,p]sepolis1 :i*1 = ! great] "p1 7 built by ,x]xes1 %[ ! base to h kept pace ) ! fur!r advance ( ! %aft1 & to h consi/$ ( multipli$ & embelli%$ memb]s4 ,! squ>e pl9? is supplant$ by a beautifully curv$ calyx1 turn$ d[nw>d & ornam5t$ by two r[s ( leaves--! upp] r\nd$ & he>t-%ap$1 ! l[] lanceolate4 ,to ?is is sometimes add$ a wrea? ( an!mions1 :i* appe>s to h be5 tak5 f ,syrian or ,phnician models4 ,! project+ m\ld+ ( ^! m elaborate examples is dim9i%$ 9 size1 & has lo/ ! horizontal grooves4 ,! %aft1 ) ?irty-six %all[ *annels1 sep>at$ by %>p arrises l ^? ( ! primitive base1 rises ^u ! comb9$ tore & pl9? to a height ( n9e times its l[] diamet]4 ,x is n inconsid]ably dim9i%$4 ,! junction betwe5 %aft & base is effect$1 z 9 ! ,ionic /yle1 by a g5tle curve1 ornam5t$ by a small r\ndlet4 ,! capital %[s1 in/ead ( ! floral =m usual 9 o!r c\ntries1 an animal comb9ation1 :i*1 f ! analogy ( c]ta9 gold co9s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 appe>s to h be5 a widely kn[n symbol4 ,x consi/s ( two bull's heads & %\ld]s1 gr[n toge!r back to back1 ) ! front legs b5t "u !m 9 a recumb5t position4 ,! head is drawn upw>d1 ! elegantly curv$ neck be+ ornam5t$ by a ri* *aplet4 ,^u ! common back ( ! two animals lies ! *ief transv]se beam ( ! ceil+4 ,a description ( ! peculi> /yle ( c>v+ w be giv5 9 ! section ^u ,p]sian sculpture4 ,x may only be "h premis$ t ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! animals is q simil> to t notic$ 9 ,assyria4 ,! capital is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to receive & support two ceil+ timb]s cross+ above x at "r angles2 ! l[] ( ^! %[s its section ^u ! front ( ! build+1 & re/s ^u ! back ( ! bulls2 :ile ! epi/yle beam ^u x1 :i* jo9s ! columns & is se5 9 its :ole l5g? ^u ! front1 is support$ by ! heads & by ! ma9 timb] betwe5 !m4 ,?is me?od ( lay+ ! ceil+ beams 0 ! rev]se ( t foll[$ by ! ar*itects ( o!r nations4 ,! timb]s ( ! ceil+1 :i* run at "r angles1 are usually plac$ ^u1 & n b5ea?1 ! connect+ epi/yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,spiral ,ornam5ts ^u ,*airs4 a4 ,f an ,assyrian ,relief4 b4 ,f ! ,vic9ity ( ,miletos4 c4 ,f ,xan?os4 d1 e1 f4 ,f ,pa9t+s ^u ,greek ,vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,columns f ! ,ea/]n ,portico ( ! ,hall ( ,x]xes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,rock-cut ,tomb ( ,d>ius4 ,9 ! "t ( ,x]xes1 ^! simple bull capitals appe> n to h satisfi$ ! increas+ dem&s ( luxuri\s elegance4 ,?ree new memb]s 7 !re=e plac$ bel[ !m1 & ! entire capital became almo/ z high z ! rema9d] ( ! %aft1 :i* 0 naturally mu* curtail$ by ?is innovation4 7,fig4 #hj47 ,! two l[] ( ^! new memb]s may p]haps be c\nt$ z "o--! wrea? ( fall+ leaves be+ reg>d$ z "p ( ! calyx above x4 ,^! leaves are v simply treat$2 !y d n curve1 & are t]m9at$ by a semicircle3 betwe5 !m & ! calyx !re is a small egg-&-d>t m\ld+2 t is to say1 a wrea? ( small leaves entirely b5t ov]4 ,z ! d]ivation ( ?is *>act]i/ic memb] _c be trac$ to ,syria1 ! supposition is natural t x 0 d]iv$ f ! ,hell5ic ar*itecture ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* _h be5 fully develop$ 9 its pr9cipal aspects s9ce ! "t ( ,d>ius4 ,! g5]al =m1 z well z ! detail$ decoration ( ! upright calyx by n>r[ bundles ( lotos-fl[]s1 po9ts s di/9ctly to an ,egyptian model t x mu/1 )\t fur!r "q1 be ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( t l&1 :i* _h be5 subjugat$ by ! ,p]sian ,cambyses4 ,aft] a repetition ( ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+1 !re foll[s above ! calyx a rem>kable memb] ( sixte5 spiral rolls1 z simil> to ! =ms ( ,assyrian z to ^? ( ,ionic capitals4 ,! spirals are s plac$ ar\nd ! oblong k]nel ( ! %aft t two t\* ^u ea* ( its angles--?us /&+ v]tically1 & n horizontally4 ,! d]ivation ( ! =m appe>s to be ow+ m to ,assyrian-,mesopotamian rem9isc5ces ?an to any influ5ce ( ! ,greek ,ionic /yle4 ,! rem>kable v]tical position ( ! volutes is bett] expla9$ by subord9ate ornam5ts ( ! =m] ?an by ar*itectural memb]s ( ! latt] l&4 ,! decorations ^u ! legs ( ?rones & o!r p>ts ( furniture1 %[n by reliefs1 prove ! helix to h be5 m frequ5tly us$ by ! ,assyrians z ! v]tical ornam5t ( a %aft ?an z a horizontal coronation--a capital4 7,fig4 #ha47 ,t ! =m] usage 0 ext5sive is %[n by ! simil> occurr5ce ( ! =m ^u ,greek examples f ,asia ,m9or4 ,! spiral1 ) concave or convex flut+1 ) ribb$ & *annell$ rolls1 0 orig9ally d\ble2 9 ,p]sia x 0 transf]r$ to a f\r-sid$ %aft1 to s]ve1 n z a coronation1 b z a v]tical ornam5t1 z "o ( ! ?ree or f\r di/9ct memb]s ( ! complicat$ capital4 ,! d\ble-head$ animals 7 plac$ ^u x z ! t]m9ation ( ! column4 ,9 ! my?ological sculptures ( ,mesopotamian l&s1 lions & bulls %>$ equally ! honors ( frequ5t repres5tation2 & ^u ! capitals ( ,p]sepolis a horn$ & d\ble-head$ lion 0 sub/itut$ = ! d\ble-head$ bull4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 an important position1 & ! *ange is kn[n by only a s+le example--! ea/]n portico ( ! ,great ,hall ( ,x]xes4 7,fig4 #hb47 ,! isolat$ attempt 0 ! m successful because no o!r animal =ms _h be5 s well conceiv$ & *>act]iz$ by ! ,ori5tals z ! lion2 t k+ ( bea/s1 ) op5 m\? & p[]ful paws1 0 ! favorite subject = decorative treatm5t d[n to ! late/ times ( ,hell5ic art4 ,z ! comp>atively %ort =e legs ( ! lion c\ld n be b5t und]nea? ! body1 b 7 necess>ily ext5d$ f ! %\ld]1 ! g5]al outl9e ( ! capital 0 impair$ by a long & /raight horizontal l9e j at its junction ) ! %aft2 & on ?is acc\nt ! lions1 not)/&+ _! m maje/ic heads1 c\ld n displace ! traditional bulls4 ,z ! entablature 0 9 all probability entirely con/ruct$ ( wood1 & has disappe>$ )\t a trace1 ! re/oration ( ?is "p ( ! build+ is difficult4 ,b ! normal =ms may yet be det]m9$ ) great] correctness ?an is pres5t$ 9 ,co/e's re/oration 7,fig4 #hb71 :i* is a ta/eful comb9ation ( ! scotia & r\ndlet cornice common to bo? ,egyptian & ,assyrian ar*itecture1 ) d5tils & ! leav$ ornam5ts f\nd above all ! doors & w9d[s ( ,p]sian rema9s1 & ) ! decorations ^u ! bord]s ( /aircase buttresses4 ,a numb] ( rock-cut tombs app]ta9+ to ! e>ly ,p]sian k+s1 ! ,a*em5id1 & dat+ f ! "t ( ,d>ius1 repres5t ! faades ( royal palaces1 & give important in=mation conc]n+ ! ext]ior appe>ance ( su* /ructures4 ,! olde/ & be/-pres]v$ ( ^! is designat$ by cunei=m inscriptions z ! tomb ( ,d>ius4 7,fig4 #hc47 ,x is especially int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! =mation ( ! entablature4 ,an epi/yle1 triply /epp$1 l t ( ! ,ionic /yle1 s t ea* face slightly projects beyond ! "o b5ea? x1 is plac$ above ! transv]se beam1 :i* lies ^u ! backs ( ! d\ble-head$ animals =m+ ! capitals ( ! columns4 ,! multiplication ( ! faces ( ! epi/yle is expla9$ by ! weakness ( ! timb] produc$ by ,mesopotamia & ,p]sia1 :i*1 9 opposition to ! s+le & massive ,doric l9tel-block1 requir$ ! employm5t ( sev]al beams to obta9 ! desir$ capability ( support4 ,^u x foll[$ ! ornam5ts kn[n z d5tils1 repres5tatives ( ! small & closely ly+ joi/s ( ! horizontal1 slightly project+ ro(4 ,!y are q simil> to ! d5tils ^u ! tombs ( ,b5i-hassan1 & to ^? ( ! /ill m nave imitations ( wood5 h\ses f\nd 9 ,lycia1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! proportions ( ! d5tils & ( ! di/ances betwe5 !m are /ill *>act]i/ic ( ! orig9al timb]$ con/ruction--a tru?fulness ( imitation :i* 0 lo/ z e>ly z ! developm5t ( ! ,ionic /yle4 ,! nature ( ! b& foll[+ above is n cle>2 x might be natural to suppose 9 x a repres5tative ( su* a holl[ cornice ) leaves z ,co/e has introduc$ ^u 8 entablature1 7 x n t a frieze-relief ) ornam5tal lions is visible ^u ?is memb] 9 ano!r tomb1 & t a rem>kable block ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis be>s fur!r te/imony aga9/ x4 ,"o ( ! corn] pi]s ( ! front portico ( t build+ has be5 pres]v$ to su* a height t ! side be>+ ( ! l9tel c be obs]v$4 ,?is r5d]s ! projection & outl9e ( ! entablature c]ta94 ,x 0 six times /epp$1 & may be/ be recon/ruct$1 z 9 ,fig4 #hd1 by a s]ies ( n>r[ b&s1 :i* repres5t 9 "s measure ! lay]s ( ! horizontal ceil+ & ro(4 ,f a comp>ison ) ! rock-cut tomb1 x is pla9 t a fur!r cornice1 l t ov] ! door & w9d[-frames1 0 "h n possible4 ,if a p>apet _h be5 desir$ = ! accessible plat=m ( ! ro(1 x mu/ h tak5 ! =m ( a light balu/rade1 n t ( a heavy scotia cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,entablature ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius4 ,recon/ruct$ f ! ,be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,plan ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis4 ,! olde/ &1 because be/-pres]v$1 ! mo/ intelligible ( ! royal dwell+s ^u ! t]race ( ,p]sepolis is t %[n by inscriptions to h be5 built by ,d>ius4 7,fig4 #he2 & ,k ^u ! topographical plan ( ,p]sepolis1 ,fig4 #gh47 ,x exhibits a regul> & well-consid]$ plan1 ! oblong =m & g5]al disposition ( :i* are some:at simil> to ! simpl] ,greek h\ses4 ,a flight ( /eps l$ f ea* side to ! n>r[ s\!a/]n front--a d\ble tetra/yle loggia4 ,?is 0 flank$ by two mod]ately l>ge rooms1 :i*1 z !y c\ld be ent]$ only f ! portico & _h no connection ) ! int]ior1 7 probably int5d$ = gu>ds or s]vants4 ,a door1 betwe5 f\r w9d[s1 op5$ into ! squ>e hall1 ! ceil+ ( :i* 0 support$ by sixte5 columns1 /&+ 9 l9e ) ^? ( ! loggia4 ,?is space correspond$ to ! atrium ( ,greek & ,roman h\ses4 ,?ree ( its sides1 t ( ! front be+ except$1 _h access to inn] rooms--^? ^u ! "r & left be+ small1 :ile1 opposite ! entrance1 !y 7 m spaci\s1 & sep>at$ f ! hall by a corridor4 ,! walls 7 enri*$ by ni*es z well z by door & w9d[ op5+s4 ,?r\gh "o ( ! *amb]s ^u ! left 0 a lat]al entrance1 rea*$ by a d\ble flight ( /eps ^u ! s\?we/4 ,not)/&+ ! pres]vation ( ! special f\ndation t]race1 ( ! /eps1 ( ! door1 w9d[1 & ni*e frames1 z well z ( "s corn] pi]s1 ! ru9 did n at fir/ glance make evid5t ! disposition "h describ$4 ,all ! columns ( ! palace h disappe>$4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ?is is because ! supports ( ! less pret5ti\s /ructure 7 ( wood1 or :e!r /one %afts1 ( ! mod]ate dim5sions :i* mu/ be assign$ to !m1 7 c>ri$ away dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s 9 :i* ! ru9s ( ! palace t]race h s]v$ z a qu>ry = neighbor+ t[ns4 ,! squ>e pl9?s ^u :i* ! columns /ood h1 h[ev]1 rema9$ 9 _! orig9al position1 s t ! numb] & site ( ! supports may be easily & surely det]m9$4 ,! great] portion ( ! walls has also disappe>$4 ,"s corn] pi]s & ! m>ble frames ( doors1 w9d[s1 & ni*es1 cut f imm5se monoli?ic blocks1 alone /& erect2 b _! p]fect /ate ( pres]vation & well-m>k$ position p]mit ! nature ( ! wall betwe5 !m to be det]m9$ )\t difficulty4 ,x seems t ?is 0 ( small qu>ri$ /ones1 or ev5 ( brick1 ?us be+ easily remov$1 or1 9 ! latt] case1 r$uc$ to du/ by atmosph]ic influ5ces2 :ile ! massive door & w9d[ cas+s 7 secure f removal by man & f ! injuries ( "t4 ,_! /epp$ jambs are decorat$ ^u ! inn] side ) reliefs2 ! heavy l9tels h a scotia cornice1 c>v$ ) a triple r[ ( leaves & bord]$ bel[ by an a/ragal4 ,( ! op5+s = provid+ light to ! great hall no traces rema94 ,if1 z is usually suppos$1 ! w9d[s n[ recognizable 7 all t ev] exi/$1 ! *amb]s ( ! palace w\ld h be5 mo/ gloomy1 ) ! exception ( ! hall ( columns1 :i* _h f\r op5+s ^u ! loggia1 besides ! door4 ,! light ( ! hall itself mu/ h be5 dim1 = x c\ld n ent] directly1 ! w9d[s & doors be+ b5ea? ! %ade ( ! deep portico1 ) its d\ble range ( columns2 & :5 /ill m imp$$ by ! close-/&+ %afts ( ! hypo/yle1 x w\ld h be5 :olly insuffici5t = ! *amb]s4 ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$ t sev]al ( ! inn] rooms h no direct communication ) ! hall1 :ile if !y _h dep5d$ on x = light !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 provid$ ) w9d[-op5+s 9 place ( ! bl9d ni*es4 ,x is evid5t f ! exi/5ce ( a second /ory1 pres5tly to be discuss$1 t horizontal ap]tures 9 ! ro( & ceil+ c\ld n h exi/$2 ?is w\ld be ev5 m inadmissible "h ?an 9 ! palace build+s ( ,n9eveh4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to assume o!r op5+s = illum9ation & v5tilation ?an ^? n[ to be obs]v$ 9 ! ru9s1 & w9d[s 7 mo/ probably arrang$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,ori5tals /ill secure _! dwell+s f ! view ( ! out] _w :ile admitt+ light & air--! mann] cu/om>y ) ! ,assyrians1 z well z ) ! m anci5t ,greeks4 ,! ap]tures 7 probably ^u ! ext]ior walls1 j "u ! ceil+1 high above ! gr\nd4 ,all traces ( ar*itectural memb]s 9 su* a position mu/ necess>ily h disappe>$ :5 ! mass ( masonry :i* support$ !m 0 ov]?r[n4 ,x is possible t _! =m 0 entirely pla91 l t giv5 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius at ! head ( ?is section 7,fig4 #gg71 & (f]$ no c>v$ details to aid 9 _! recognition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,p]sian ,door-cas+4 ,a comp>ison ( ! rock-cut faade ^u ! tomb ( ,d>ius ) ! palace ( t k+ w aid 9 ! consid]ation ( ! upp] /ory4 ,z ! tomb repres5ts ! palace ) b slight v>iations1 ev5 agree+ tol]ably well ) its proportions1 x may be suppos$ t ! mon>* copi$ 8 dwell+ ^u ! front ( 8 grave1 t he might1 z x 71 inhabit x ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,?is is n an isolat$ in/ance ( su* a proce$+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,! second /ory1 di/9ctly recognizable ^u ! tomb1 _c be reg>d$ z an insignificant decoration1 especially z ! ,palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis seems1 f its plan1 to h be5 ?us arrang$4 ,! limit$ area cov]$1 exce$$ by _m a mod]n private h\se1 r5d]s an enl>gem5t by a second /ory natural2 & ?is is also made probable by ! hypo/yle1 :i* occupies a place :]e an op5 c\rt1 ) full upp] light1 w\ld o!rwise h be5 m suitable4 ,space = ! /aircases 0 provid$ by ! two n>r[ corridors next ! re> *amb]s4 ,! second /ory 0 n1 h[ev]1 ext5d$ ov] ! entire gr\nd-plan1 b seems to h left ! flat ro( ( ! side *amb]s z an elevat$ v]&a1 p]haps %elt]$ f ! sun by canopies1 z ! tal>1 a simil> ?\gh small] upp] /ructure1 /&s z a pavilion ^u ! mod]n h\ses ( ,p]sia4 ,! walls ( ! second /ory c\ld sc>cely h be5 plac$ else:]e ?an ^u ! o!rwise unreasonably ?ick p>tition-enclosure ( ! hypo/yle hall4 ,!y c\ld n h /ood ov] an int]columniation1 z ^u ! faade ( ! rock-cut tomb--= ?is w\ld h be5 difficult1 if n impossible ( con/ruction--b 9 o!r respects ! upp] "p ( ! palace may h be5 l t repres5tation4 ,its corn] supports1 :i* are a /range comb9ation ( scotias & r\ndlets1 end+ bel[ 9 lion's paws & above 9 a "o-sid$ lion capital1 h1 at lea/1 e appe>ance ( be+ copi$ f an ar*itectural model1 & are simil> 9 _! l[] half to ! legs ( ! ?rone giv5 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,! /&+ figures1 :i*1 9 d\ble r[1 support ! ceil+1 may h be5 c>v$ 9 relief or simply pa9t$4 ,t ?is 0 a common ornam5t is evid5t f its repetition ^u ! reliefs ( gateways1 :]e su* typical figures are admirably *>act]iz$ z repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s nations subjugat$ by ! ,p]sian p[]1 !y lit]ally support+ ! ?rone4 ,! entrance & ! second-/ory w9d[s may be suppos$ to h be5 ^u ! side opposite ! front1 :]e ! v]&a 0 broade/ & ! /aircases l$ f ! l[] floor1 z o!rwise ! imitation ( ! faade ^u ! rock-cut tomb w\ld h %[n w9d[s & doors z well z a /aircase1 :i* probably l$ 9 d\ble flight to ! upp]mo/ ro(4 ,t ?is h\se-top 0 flat & accessible is evid5t f ! reliefs consid]$ 9 ?is connection 7,figs4 #hc & #hg71 "o ( :i* repres5ts ! royal ?rone %ad$ by a canopy1 ! o!r "o ( ^? fire-alt>s :i*1 accord+ to ,p]sian cu/om1 0 plac$ ^u ! highe/ level ( ! h\se4 ,?is alt> ^u ! summit ( a royal palace is m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 :5 ,hezekiah1 ov]?r[+ ! ,saban wor%ip ( ! sun1 de/roy$ 8! alt> :i* is ^u ! top ( ! upp] rooms ( ,ahaz40 ,9 ! re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius 7,fig4 #gg71 ! introduction ( ! alt> ) ! royal canopy may be consid]$ z m ?an a m]e decoration ( ! design4 ,?is simple/ & be/-pres]v$ ru9 ^u ! t]race ( ,p]sepolis p]mits a comp>atively tru/wor?y und]/&+ ( ! elem5ts ( ,p]sian palace ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,relief f ! ,portal ( ! ,hall ( ,hundr$ ,columns4 ,! ru9 ,o ( ! topographical plan 7,fig4 #gh7 %[s ! rema9s ( a simil> /ructure ( ab\t ! same dim5sions1 lat]1 & !re=e ( less int]e/1 ?an ! ,palace ( ,d>ius4 ,! ,palace ( ,x]xes 7,l1 ,m1 ,n7 0 ne>ly d\ble ?is size1 be+ provid$ ) a spaci\s t]race be=e its gates1 & ) a colonnade ^u "o side1 ! nature ( :i* _c readily be expla9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h no l>ge *amb]s beh9d ! hypo/yle1 z ! rooms ^u ! "r & left seem1 by _! m spaci\s proportions1 to h r5d]$ ^! unnecess>y4 ,! portico 0 hexa/yle1 & ! squ>e hall beh9d x consequ5tly provid$ ) ?irty-six columns4 ,two ( ! side *amb]s 7 s l>ge t _! ceil+s requir$ ! support ( f\r columns4 ,( /ill great] dim5sions1 m ?an eight times ! area ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 0 ! ,palace ,hall ( ,x]xes 7,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g7 :i* 0 prec$$ by a magnific5t d\ble flight ( /eps4 ,! ceil+ ( ! impos+ hypo/yle 0 upheld by ?irty-six columns ( gigantic size4 ,!re are no traces ( *amb]s hav+ be5 connect$ ) x2 ?ree ( its sides 7 provid$ ) hexa/yle porticos1 :i* mask$ & arti/ically enliv5$ ! dead enclos+-walls4 ,! masonry has disappe>$1 ) ! exception ( unimportant rema9s ( ! portal 7,g71 :i* ,co/e has re/or$ z ! f\ndations ( p$e/als4 ,al?\gh a simil> ru9 at ,susa1 exam9$ by ,l(tus1 0 also )\t walls1 x is impossible to agree ) ,co/e t ^! 7 orig9ally altoge!r lack+1 & t ! columns ( ! c5tral space 7 un5clos$--t ! ?ree portals1 provid$ ) sep>ate ro(s1 7 gr\p$ ar\nd ?is )\t any connection4 ,:ile we agree ) ,f]gusson 9 z f> z reg>ds ! completion ( ! wall l9e & ! unity ( ! :ole "u a common ro(1 we mu/ yet discr$it 8 fur!r assumption t ?is build+ 0 provid$1 l ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 ) an upp] /ory2 all ! requisite conditions = ?is 7 lack+4 ,! ru9 is rem>kable f ! rema9s ( ! colossal columns be+ 9 ! comp>atively be/ /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y repres5t ! ?ree ord]s describ$ above3 ^? ( ! we/]n portico hav+ ! d\ble-head$ bull2 ^? ( ! ea/]n ! d\ble-head$ lion1 & ! o!rs ! =m ( %aft coronation comb9$ ( ?ree or f\r memb]s4 ,! de/9ation ( ?is build+ 0 n t ( a dwell+1 b1 )\t d\bt1 t ( a fe/ive hall = ! audi5ces & c]emonies ( ! va9e/ & mo/ magnific5t ( despotic mon>*s4 ,to ?is end x 0 fitt+ly plac$ next to ! entrance-gate ( ! palace t]race4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ enorm\s build+s ( ! _w2 ! area cov]$ by its plan1 ab\t #aj1ejj sq4 m41 ne>ly equals t ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,milan1 & surpasses t ( ! ,cologne ca!dral by ab\t #bcej sq4 m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,propyla ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis4 ,! impos+ portal next to x1 ,b1 prov$ by inscriptions to h also be5 erect$ by ,x]xes1 rema9s upright 9 ! gr& masses %[n by ,fig4 #hh4 ,an adequate explanation ( its nature is n possible4 ,x is only cle> t its pr9cipal disposition1 l t ( ! simil> portal1 ,h1 ( ! t]race1 0 det]m9$ by ! int]section ( passages1 ! cross+ be+ m>k$ by f\r columns1 :ile ! p>allel walls 7 ( sculptur$ m>ble blocks4 ,9 a =m] "w ^u ! hi/ory ( anci5t ar*itecture1,f ! au?or has express$ ! supposition t side walls 7 built 9 ! directions m>k$ by dott$ l9es ^u ! topographical plan 7,fig4 #gh71 connect+ ! portal ) ! asc5d+ /aircase4 ,! gate w\ld ?us receive ! "* ( a =tification1 a t]m9ation ( ! palace t]race1 in/ead ( be+ ! useless /ructure1 easily to be circumv5t$1 :i* x is commonly consid]$4 ,x is probable t ^! side walls exi/$ also at ! *ief portals ( ! ,assyrian palaces1 z o!rwise ! entrances1 especially t ( ! h>em1 w\ld h be5 too mu* expos$4 ,^! masses ( masonry h disappe>$ f ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 because ( ! crumbl+ ( ! t]race bord]s1 & 9 ,p]sepolis1 :]e all walls h be5 ov]?r[n & c>ri$ away1 _! ext5t is n m>k$ by ! m durable door & w9d[ frames1 :i* alone rema9 ( ! palace enclosures4 ,! assumption ( simil> communicat+ walls 9 connection ) ! o!r portal /ructures ( ! palace t]race 7,h & ,q7 n only r5d]s to ^! _! full importance1 b ?r[s light ^u a build+ ( enorm\s ext5t 7,c71 ! de/9ation ( :i* has hi!rto be5 problematical4 ,?is edifice has be5 call$1 9 lack ( a bett] "n1 ! ,hall ( a ,hundr$ ,columns4 ,x is an ext5d$ enclosure ( squ>e plan1 )9 :i* /ood columns1 traceable by ! rema9s ( six ( _! numb]4 ,^u ! front 0 a portico1 n deca/yle1 l ! int]ior1 b octa/yle2 two bases rema9+ 9 situ det]m9e its arrangem5t & dim5sions4 ,! columns may be calculat$1 f _! l[] diamet]1 to h be5 ab\t #g m4 high4 ,! enclosure ( ! hall1 det]m9$ 9 ext5t by ! rema9s ( all ! portals & ni*es1 measur$ #fh m4 ^u ea* side4 ,accord+ to g5]al acceptance1 ! build+ 0 re/rict$ to ! area n[ cov]$ by its ru9s1 & s]v$ z a second great hall = c]emonies4 ,f]gusson t]ms x a coronation hall4 ,b1 ap>t f ! fact t ! ,hall ( ,x]xes mu/ h be5 f> bett] fitt$ by its impos+ proportions = su* a purpose ?an ?is l[ & broad space1 :]e ! =e/ ( columns w\ld h imp$$ ! view1 x is h>dly possible t two su* ext5sive build+s w\ld h be5 provid$ ^u ! t]race = ! same use4 ,b "s adequate space is yet to be assign$ to t important necessity ( ,ori5tal cu/om1 ! h>em1 :i* tradition p>ticul>ly ass]ts to h exi/$ among ! ,p]sian palaces4 ,if ! ru9 is exam9$ 9 its relation to ! o!r palace /ructures ( ,p]sepolis1 x becomes pla9 t x c be no?+ else ?an ! c5tral hall ( a simil>1 b m ext5d$1 s]ies ( *amb]s1 ( :i*1 z is also ! case ) ! ru9$ rema9s at ,o1 hypo/yle & portico h alone be5 pres]v$1 :ile ! walls ( all ! out] rooms h disappe>$4 ,only ! doors & w9d[s ( any wall ^u ! t]race n[ exi/2 & z ! entrances 7 naturally small & ! op5+s = light high above ! gr\nd1 9 ! enclosure ( ! h>em1 x is n surpris+ t ?is masonry has disappe>$ 9 almo/ its entire ext5t4 ,two pr9cipal portals1 p]haps ! only ones ( ! out]mo/ walls1 h be5 pres]v$1 h[ev]1 & m>k ! outl9e ( ! build+4 ,^! are ! gateways ,h & ,q ( ! topographical plan3 ! fir/ ( ^! ev5 %[s "s trace ( ! enclos+ wall2 x is ! entrance f ! palaces ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 & ,o2 ! second probably l$ to an op5 c\rt1 to :i* access mu/ h be5 all[$ ! fair prison]s4 ,! space betwe5 ! hypo/yle & ! ext]ior wall1 indicat$ ^u ! plan by dott$ l9es1 mu/ h be5 occupi$ by ! num]\s small rooms :i* provid$ dwell+s = ! ?ree hundr$ girls ( ! h>em4 ,! l[ & broad c5tral hall s]v$ z a place ( assemblage2 ! great numb] ( its columns & ! excessive l[ness ( ! ceil+ exclude ! idea ( its hav+ be5 us$ = public c]emonies1 b r5d] x p>ticul>ly fitt$ = ?is purpose1 ! _m %afts sep>at+ ! gr\ps ( intimate conv]s]s4 ,! dim twilight ( ! room 01 at ^! ev5+ assemblies1 enliv5$ by ! _m-color$ lamps ( ! ,ea/4 ,! h>em ^u ! t]race ?us receiv$ a developm5t analog\s to t ( ! royal dwell+s1 & its necess>ily great ext5t 0 provid$ = 9 a becom+ place4 ,by ! assumption t ! rema9s at ,p are ^? ( ! h>em1 an integral "p ( ! ,ori5tal palace is recogniz$1 & a l>ge tract ( ! t]race area is occupi$1 ! use ( :i* c\ld n o!rwise be designat$ ^u ! topographical plan4 ,! disposition ( ! t]race "u ,d>ius appe>s to h diff]$ consid]ably f t "u 8 successors4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r its ext5t has s9ce be5 increas$2 to e/abli% ?is po9t1 ext5sive excavations w\ld be requir$4 ,x is probable t ! nor?we/]n side ( ! plateau has be5 built out by add+ e>? to ! natural rock2 ! build+s ^u ! s\!rn half appe> ! m primitive3 x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! position ( ! asc5t 0 *ang$ dur+ ! great recon/ruction complet$ by ,x]xes1 & possibly comm5c$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,d>ius4 ,! ori5tation ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 :i*1 ( all ! build+s at ,p]sepolis1 alone faces ! s\?1 %[s ! great /aircase to h be5 orig9ally ^u ! s\!rn end ( ! t]race4 ,enorm\s d[ell$ blocks ( /one assur$ ! /ability & pres]vation ( ! new] p>ts ( ! sub/ructure4 ,! broad & g5tly ris+ flights ( /eps rema9 9 s good a condition t x is ev5 to-day possible to asc5d !m ^u horseback4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,alt> ,p$e/als at ,pas>gad4 ,among ! rema9+ monum5ts ( ,p]sian ar*itecture !re are no temples2 x w\ld be va9 to seek su* /ructures2 ! wor%ip ( ! l& did n dem& clos$ rooms1 requir+ only sacrifice & pray] ^u ! summits ( m\nta9s or artificial elevations4 ,h]odotos relates t ! ,p]sians n only scorn$ temples1 b did n erect images ( _! deities1 nor ev5 alt>s4 ,?is la/ po9t is c]ta9ly incorrect2 ! wor%ip ( fire p>ticul>ly call$ = alt>s1 & ^! are repres5t$ ^u ! ornam5t$ faades ( ! rock-cut tombs4 7,fig4 #hc47 ,x is probable t two p$e/als1 /&+ ne> ea* o!r ^u ! palace t]race ( ,pas>gad1 are anci5t ,p]sian4 ,!y are cubes1 ea* ab\t #c m4 high2 "o is t]m9at$ by /eps1 & has ^u "o side a /raight l9e ( asc5d+ /airs2 ! plat=m at ! summit 0 suffici5tly l>ge to receive an alt>1 or may p]haps itself h be5 us$ z a receptacle = fire & sacrifices4 ,!y are simil> to ! alt> ^u ! upp] /ory ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 us$ = religi\s devotion4 ,! supposition may be v5tur$ t ^! two alt>s1 9 su* vic9ity1 po9t to ! dualism ( ! ,p]sian wor%ip ( ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,o!r l>ge monum5ts ( ! l& may h _h some?+ to d ) religi\s obs]vances2 b z !y lack any *>act]i/ic =m1 ?is _c be prov$4 ,su* is ! case ) ! cone ( ,d>abg]d1 kn[n z ,kella ,d>ab1 app>5tly an imitation ( a natural m\nd4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a circul> wall1 p]=at$ 9 eight equidi/ant places1 & rises1 9 two r+s ( masonry1 to a height ( #dh m4 ,a simil> /ructure is ! massive t[] ( ,firuz-,abad1 a rectangul> obelisk #bg m4 high1 measur+ #h4e m4 ^u ea* side ( its base4 ,ne> x is an enorm\s plat=m1 ) broad buttresses ^u ! f\r sides1 :i* are direct$ to ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass2 ! f\ndation ( ! mass measures #fa by #gh m4 ,! masonry is ( c>efully hewn /one1 ( a workman%ip n f\nd 9 ! c\ntry aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 ! swall[-tail d[ell+ ( ! blocks is simil> to t ^u ! pavem5t ( ! t]race at ,p]sepolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,tomb ( ,cyrus4 ,to ! consid]ation ( ^! /ructures mu/ be add$ t ( ! semi-sacr$ tombs4 ,?\gh few o!r monum5ts c be trac$ back to ! age ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian sov]eignty1 ! h]oic ,cyrus1 =tune appe>s to h pres]v$ 8 tomb almo/ entirely intact 9 ar*itectural respects4 ,! description ( x by ,arrian is n precise1 b 8 acc\nt may /ill be id5tifi$ ) an int]e/+ & evid5tly anci5t ,p]sian monum5t1 n[ kn[n z ,m$%$ ,mad]-i-,suleiman1 ! tomb ( ! "m ( ,solomon4 ,its situation is 9 ,murgab1 n di/ant f ! ru9s ( ,pas>gad1 :i* conta9 inscriptions ) ! "n ( ,cyrus1 & reliefs commemorat+ 8 exploits4 ,! monum5t consi/s ( a t]race sev5 times /epp$1 cov]+ a gr\nd surface ( #ab4e by #ac4e m42 x is built ( enorm\s blocks c>efully jo9$1 & be>s a cella ) gabl$ ro(4 ,! simple & g5tly curv$ m\ld+s ( ! cornice & base ( ! cella d n betray ,greek influ5ce1 b x is possible t ! =m ( ! ro(1 r>e 9 ! ,ori5t1 may be attribut$ to rem9isc5ces ( ,hell5ic con/ruction obs]v$ dur+ ! campaigns ( ,cyrus 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! entrance1 describ$ by ,arrian z v small1 is #j4i m4 broad & #a4b m4 high2 ! ext]ior ( ! cella is #e4b m4 broad & #f4c m4 long2 ! *amb] itself only #c m4 long & #b4a m4 broad & high4 ,!re is naturally no long] any trace ( ! objects once )9 ! int]ior--! table1 c(f91 & bi] ( solid gold2 ! g>m5ts ( royal purple4 ,! inscriptions h1 un=tunately1 also disappe>$4 ,! blocks ( ! *amb] floor are swall[-tail$ into ea* o!r ) great exactness2 to :i* circum/ance1 & to ! exact jo9t+ ( all ! massive masonry1 ?is exceptionally f9e /ate ( ! build+'s pres]vation is to be ascrib$4 ,! :ole /ructure gives ! impression ( a t]rac$ ,*aldan temple4 ,x is n improbable t ! ,tomb ( ,cyrus receiv$ ?is sacr$ =m because ! "* ( a h]o ( ,we/]n ,asia 0 attribut$ to ! k+ soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,a colonnade appe>s to h enclos$ ! sombre pile2 sev]al drums ( its columns /ill project above ! gr\nd4 ,! acc\nts ( ,greek au?ors ref] to build+s erect$ = ! prie/s to ^: c>e ! monum5t 0 intru/$2 ^! are believ$ to h be5 recogniz$ 9 ! rema9s ( a neighbor+ c>avans>y4 ,! tombs ( lat] ,p]sian k+s1 :i*1 dur+ ! entire dyna/y ( ! ,a*m5id1 7 almo/ alike1 are ( a totally diff]5t nature f t ( ,cyrus1 be+ cut 9 & ^u ! face ( ! rock4 ,^u ! /eep cliff ( ,nak%-i-,ru/am & ,p]sepolis !re are sev5 ( ^! facades1 :i* =m an impos+ feature ( ! l&scape1 :e!r view$ 9 ! vic9ity or f af>4 ,all foll[ ! type ( ! ,tomb ( ,d>ius describ$ above1 giv+ a repres5tation ( ! royal dwell+ ^u ! wall be=e ! grave-*amb]4 7,fig4 #hc47 ,only ! l[] half ( ! door is us$ z an entrance1 ! upp] "p be+ clos$ by an imitation ( slat-"w4 ,x leads to a corridor runn+ p>allel to ! face ( ! cliff2 9 ! ,tomb ( ,d>ius ?is ext5ds to ! left1 beyond ! bread? ( ! faade1 to ?ree *amb]s1 ea* ( :i* is arrang$ = ?ree c(f9s4 ,all ^! graves _h be5 plund]$ :5 inve/igat$ by ,co/e & ,fl&94 ,a rock-cut tomb at ,s]pul-,zohab is ( /ill simpl] disposition2 orig9ally x _h two columns ^u ! front1 b 0 n fur!r decorat$2 ! int]ior consi/$ ( a small *amb]1 provid+ only suffici5t space = two s>cophagi4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r o!r monum5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nak%-i-,ru/am & ( ,pas>gad %\ld be reg>d$ z tombs4 ,!y resemble t[]s2 _! corn]s are /r5g!n$ by pila/]s1 & !y h oblong ni*es ^u ea* side1 ! frames ( :i* are triply /epp$4 ,( ! tombs ( ,p]sian subjects no?+ :atev] is kn[n2 x may be possible t ! p ( t nation 7 accu/om$ =m]ly1 z at pres5t1 to c>ry d[n _! dead f ! highl&s to ! ,necropolis ( ,*alda1 :]e millions ( graves /ill await sci5tific inve/igation4 ,z little is kn[n ( ,p]sian dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,no ve/iges ( private h\ses h be5 f\nd :i* belong to an hi/orical p]iod e>li] ?an t ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,! habitations ( subjects 7 n to be comp>$ ) ! magnific5t palaces ( _! despotic rul]s1 & mu/ h be5 built ( ! mo/ de/ructible mat]ials4 ,we may imag9e ! ,p]sian h\se some:at to h resembl$1 9 disposition ( plan1 ! royal dwell+s1 ?\gh ( c\rse greatly simplifi$ by ! sub/itution ( an op5 c\rt = ! hypo/yle hall1 by ! omission ( t]races1 columns1 & c>v+s1 & by ! r$uction ( all spaces & dim5sions to a m9imum4 ,! ,p]sians develop$ f> less indep5d5ce 9 sculpture ?an 9 ar*itecture4 ,!y %[$ !mselves1 9 _! c>v+s1 to be b meanly end[$ s*ol>s ( ! ,assyrians1 & ga9$ little by subject+ !mselves to ! influ5ce ( o!r nations1 ! _s ( :i* !y did n compreh5d or employ t[>ds any possible improvem5t ( ,assyrian traditions4 ,! ,mesopotamians 71 9 _! arti/ic developm5t1 ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces2 !y !re=e look$ e>ne/ly to ! f\nta9-head ( nature z ! model ( _! sculptur$ "w2 b ! ,p]sians1 9 ! wid] ext5t ( _! k+dom1 in/ead ( pr(it+ by ! /udy ( nature1 s requisite to true progress1 dep5d$ ^u =ms & me?ods inh]it$ f ! ,assyrians1 ^u :i* !y engraft$ c]ta9 peculi>ities borr[$ f ! ,egyptians1 & also1 9 /ill great] measure1 f ! high] art practis$ among ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! "t ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes4 ,9 ?is adoption ( =eign prop]ties1 9 ?is m+l+ ( ,mesopotamian1 ,egyptian1 & ,hell5ic mann]s ( expression1 !y utt]ly sacrific$ orig9ality & simplicity ( /yle1 & made ( _! sculpture a repulsive hybrid ( inh>moni\s elem5ts4 ,x may well be conceiv$ t ) ?is lifeless imitation ! creative impulse langui%$1 & art became m & m limit$1 until x %rank at la/ into m]e ornam5tal h&iwork4 ,! ,p]sians c\ld ! m easily =ego ! revetm5t ( _! walls ) c>v$ slabs1 aft] ! ,assyrian fa%ion1 z _! ar*itecture itself1 f> m ?an t ( ,mesopotamia1 fulfill$ its own aim1--accompli%$ ) its own means :at 0 else:]e effect$ by sculpture & pa9t+4 ,) ,p]sian /atues 9 ! full r\nd we h no acqua9tance4 ,sev]al examples rema9 ( colossal mon/]s 9 ! half r\nd1 l ^? met ) 9 ,assyrian sculpture4 ,9 conception & 9 detail1 9 proportion & 9 situation1 !y sc>cely diff] f ^? ( ,assyria3 !y are only some:at /iff]2 _! /rap-l s9ews & ve9s1 _! muscles & hair1 are conv5tionaliz$ almo/ to pure ornam5t2 !y h entirely lo/ ! life-l natural tru? ( ! works ( ,n9eveh4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds decoration is well express$ 9 ! w+s ( ^! mon/]s4 ,! rectil9e> fea!rs ( ! models ^u ! ,tigris 7 9 ,p]sia trans=m$ into ! graceful b unnatural curves se5 also 9 ! griff9s ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,?is ,colossus is f\nd 9 ! be/ /ate ( pres]vation at ! ,propyla ( ,x]xes ne> ! asc5t ( ! t]race ( ,p]sepolis4 ,on ! front are p]fect bulls1 ) proportionately small heads2 on ! back are ! *]ubim already m5tion$1 ) long-be>d$1 ti>a-cr[n$ human heads4 ,^! purely ,assyrian mon/]s ( ! gateway may p]haps be reg>d$ z trophies f ,mesopotamia1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 _h become naturaliz$ into ! ,p]sian practice ( palace ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,relief = a ,portal ( ,p]sepolis4 7,see ,fig4 #hf47 ,if ! masonry1 probably ( brick1 _h receiv$ a ri*ly sculptur$ /one revetm5t1 l t :i* cov]$ ! ,assyrian walls1 "s rema9s ( ?is w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 f\nd4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! wall surfaces 7 ornam5t$ only ) pa9t+s4 ,9 proportion z c>v$ decoration 0 dim9i%$1 ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! enclos+ masses 0 increas$1 by doors1 w9d[s1 & ni*es1 & by ! repeat$ly /epp$ epi/yle beams & its cr[n+ scotia1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) leaves ov] ! l9tels4 ,only ! inn] surfaces ( ! door-jambs 7 us$ = repres5tations 9 relief1 ! subjects be+ p>tly my?ological1 p>tly c]emonial4 ,! ru9s ( ,pas>gad %[ su* a my?ological figure1 9 long1 close-ly+ g>m5ts )\t folds1 accord+ to ! ,assyrian tradition1 ?\gh ( some:at light] proportion4 ,x has a less pron\nc$ ,semitic pr(ile1 ,egyptianiz$ by long twi/$ ram's horns ^u ! head1 & ) ! irrelevant ornam5ts ( ! ,nile situla1 disks1 & uros-s]p5ts2 ! great] "p ( x is s de/roy$ t only ! outl9e is recognizable4 ,^u ! t]race ( ,p]sepolis !re is repeat$ a k+ly or div9e be+ lift+ a lion into ! air :ile /rangl+ x1 su* z appe>s 9 m vigor\s design ^u ! reliefs ( ,n9eveh2 or ?is figure pi]ces ) a %ort sword a bull1 lion1 or griff9 /&+ upright ^u its h9d] legs4 ,"o ( ^! peculi> my?ological repres5tations is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! head ( ! male figure1 ornam5t$ ) a diadem1 is di/+ui%$ f ! ,assyrian type only by a long] & less protrud+ nose1 & by "s dim9ution ( ! luxuriant hair & be>d4 ,! expos$ limbs1 ! arms & legs1 h m sl5d] proportions2 ) a s(t] & some:at ,hell5iz$ sw+ ( ! outl9es1 !re is less modell+ ?an 0 f\nd ^u ! ,tigris4 ,! expression ( great muscul> p[]1 ( /rik+ & heal?y en]gy ( action1 peculi> to ! ,assyrians1 is lo/ 9 ,p]sia4 ,! g>m5ts are n sack-l & close-fitt+2 ) ! ri*ly patt]n$ treatm5t ( surfaces1 !re is an attempt1 n altoge!r =tunate1 to indicate ! folds ( drap]y & ! free fl[ ( clo?4 ,x is possible to recognize 9 ?is respect ! influ5ce ( ,asiatic ,hellas1 fall+1 inde$1 ^u r /]ile gr\nd1 & receiv$ ) little und]/&+4 ,! /rapp$ %oes take f ! cramp$ foot its true =m1 be+ curv$ 9 ! sole ev5 m ?an is ! case ) ! nak$ in/ep4 ,! p[]1 long s9ce acquir$ by ! ,greeks1 ( s rais+ ! h9d] foot ( a mov+ figure t only ! toes t\* ! gr\nd1 0 z f> f be+ possess$ by ! ,p]sians z 0 ! p[] ( caus+ ! :ole body to take "p 9 an action--c>ry+ =w>d ! mom5t>y position4 ,! human be+ is app>5tly able nei!r to turn ! animal away f himself1 nor1 by additional ex]tion1 to give ! dea?-bl[4 ,! oppos+ griff9 is simil>ly petrifi$2 x "h appe>s ) eagle's head & fea!r$ tail1 occurr+ 9 o!r repres5tations ) lion's head & scorpion's tail4 ,bo? paws ( ! =e feet1 & "o ( ! eagle's claws ( ! h9d feet1 are 9 ! position ( attack2 "o paw grasps ! "r arm1 z x rea*es t[>ds ! head ( ! mon/]2 ! o!r is laid ^u ! left1 :i* pi]ces its body ) a broad & po9t$ dagg]4 ,at ! same "t1 "o ( ! bird-l h9d] legs t\*es ! front knee ( ! human figure4 ,b n[h]e is !re ! en]getic movem5t ( seiz+ or pressure f\nd ^u ,assyrian sculptures2 !re is a po/ure1 b no action2 & ?us ! lion-eagle mon/] has no frightful p[]--only some?+ hatefully comical 9 figure & be>+4 ,nor has ! bull or lion1 :i* occasionally takes ! place ( ! griff91 any?+ ( ! ,assyrian =ce2 ! sc5e might be consid]$ z a h>mless play ( ! man ) ! animal1 7 x n = ! sword half buri$ 9 ! body4 ,! mo/ accessible subjects = su* an art 7 naturally m]e c]emonial repres5tations1 :]e ! action1 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 0 naturally nei!r mom5t>y nor en]getic4 ,!re are ! prom5ades ( ! k+1 ) /aff & lotos-fl[] 9 8 h&s1 foll[$ by eunu*s1 "o ?ird ( 8 size1 :o c>ry 8 h&k]*ief & sun%ade1 & cool him ) a fan ( peacock's fea!rs4 ,x is wor?y ( curi\s notice t1 ^u a door at ! back ( ! palace1 ! sun%ade is omitt$ f ! relief1 z be+ ( use only 9 go+ out4 ,a casual obs]vation ( ,p]sian sculpture may be deceptive1 & we may seem to recognize quiet dignity 9 :at is m]e want ( all expression4 ,x is ?us ) ! frequ5tly repeat$ c]emonial sc5es1 ! ar*itectural employm5t ( :i* has be5 m5tion$ above4 7,fig4 #hg47 ,! canopi$ ?rone appe>s rais$ ^u an elevation2 ! k+ sits ) 8 feet re/+ ^u a foot/ool1 8 ret9ue be=e him ) c5s]s4 ,?ree sup]pos$ r[s ( m5 /& z support]s ( ! ?rone1 ) out/ret*$ arms be>+ ! plat=m4 ,! figures are plac$ 9 su* regul> position t ! effect is purely ornam5tal2 b are individually int]e/+1 9 s f> z !y are int5d$ to repres5t1 9 feature & co/ume1 ! diff]5t nationalities ( ! ,p]sian empire4 ,not)/&+ ! celebrat$ description ( ! review ( ! ,p]sian army ^u ! banks ( ! ,hellespont giv5 by ,h]odotos1 x w\ld be hopeless to attempt to recognize among ! figures ! types ( kn[n tribes4 ,( a simil> k9d are ! upp] p>ts ( ! rock-cut reliefs ^u ! tombs ( ! ,a*m5id1 ! ar*itectural peculi>ities ( :i* h already be5 m5tion$4 ,because ( ! sacr$ "* ( ^! graves1 ! k+s are n repres5t$ en?ron$1 b /&+ ^u a /epp$ plat=m be=e an alt>1 ov] :i* floats ! w+$ & encircl$ deity1 ne> ! disk ( ! sun or moon4 ,a consid]ation ( ! ext]ior treatm5t ( ! upp] /ory ( ! palaces w\ld "h be 9 place if x c\ld be %[n t ! ornam5tation 0 inde$ c>v$4 ,p]sian sculpture receiv$ its mo/ ext5sive application ^u ! buttresses ( ! /eps plac$ be=e e palace4 ,"h are f\nd ! c]emonial sc5es ( ! ,assyrian c\rts 9 a feeble r5d]+1 f> remov$ f ! %>p & c>eful cutt+ ( ! details1 & ! naturali/ic modell+ ( ! bodies1 peculi> to ! works ( ,mesopotamia4 ,long processions ( m5 repres5t diff]5t nationalities1 *>act]iz$ by _! co/umes & by ! treatm5t ( hair & be>d2 by _! v>i\s fea!r-caps1 hoods1 capu*9s1 po9t$ hats2 %ort skirts1 ) wide pantaloons2 long g>m5ts1 ) great fulness at ! bottom1 & sleeves fall+ 9 multipli$ folds2 by ! sk9s ( animals worn z mantles2 by girdles1 sword-belts & swords1 b[s & quiv]s2 by peculi> s&als1 %oes1 boots1 & ! l4 ,^! subjects br+ to ! mon>* mo/ manifold gifts--horses1 drom$>ies1 musk-ox51 rams1 goats1 a wagon1 elephants' tusks1 /uffs1 g>m5ts 7among :i* v>i\s k9ds ( /ock+s are ev5 di/+ui%able71 swords1 d\ble-head$ hamm]s1 bracelets = ! arms2 c5s]s1 ) vessels = inc5se2 salve1 9 little b[ls1 borne ^u trays :i* hang l scales2 w9e-sk9s1 goblets1 globul> & flat cake-l loaves ( food1 c>ri$ 9 ! palm ( ! h&2 c>v$ cups & sauc]s2 little bags1 etc4 ,o!rs be> only lotos-fl[]s & pomegranates4 ,!y are slim1 n>r[-*e/$ figures2 ! %ort upp] body is giv5 9 pr(ile1 )\t anatomical tru? 9 g5]al =m or detail2 n only )\t motion1 b app>5tly incapable ( x4 ,at times ! position ( ! arms %[s1 n1 inde$1 a ge/ure1 b "s attempt ( v>i$ position2 ! h&s lie ^u "o ano!r1 or t\* ! m\?1 ! end ( ! be>d1 ! hilt ( ! sword hang+ at ! side1 or ! quiv]1 or are ext5d$ s z to re/ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! prec$+ figure 9 ! procession4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,relief f ! ,/airs ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius4 ,lifeless z ^! appe>1 !y are /ill sup]ior to ! gu>ds1 arm$ ) a lance1 :o m>* t[>ds ea* o!r f opposite sides1 9 long processions4 7,fig4 #ib47 ,! heads diff] f ! ,assyrian type only 9 ! po9t$ *9-be>d2 ! bodies alt]nate betwe5 uni=ms ( two fix$ patt]ns4 ,"o ( ^! is )\t a %ield1 9 a closely fitt+ lea!rn g>m5t1 ) awkw>d pantaloons b\nd at ! ankles1 & a globul> cap ( surpass+ clums9ess4 ,! o!r1 di/+ui%$ by %ield & plumes1 ) a long robe drawn up at ! hips1 & ) wide sleeves hang+ 9 folds1 is m tol]able4 ,! elliptical %ields1 l ^? ( ,botia1 h a r\nd cut ^u bo? sides1 9 :i* ! lance 0 probably plac$2 !y are /r5g!n$ by a circul> plate rivet$ to ! c5tre4 ,^u ! t]race /airs1 9 ! triangles =m$ by ! asc5d+ /eps1 are gr\ps ( animals--lions seiz+ bulls f beh9d4 ,?\gh ! =ms are r5d]$ ) b little und]/&+ ( detail1 ! entire composition is well fitt$ to ! triangul> space all[$ x1 & ?us has a c]ta9 decorative & ar*itectural value4 ,! p>apet ( ! /aircase t]race is decorat$ ) r[s ( highly conv5tionaliz$ lotos-fl[]s ^u leafy /ems2 9 its c5tre is ! w+$ div9ity ( ! disk betwe5 cr\*+ lions4 ,^! c>v+s ^u ! /aircase buttress1 ?\gh monoton\s1 7 /ill s ri* t !y gave to ?is memb] mu* ! same di/9ction z t ( ! gable 9 ,greek ar*itecture1 to :i* x is some:at simil> 9 outl9e1 ! asc5t f ea* side =m+ a triangle4 ,! repres5tations ^u x are1 9 _! subjects1 suit$ to ! palace fronts1 :]e gu>ds 7 9 place1 z well z gift-be>+ deputies f tribut>y nations4 ,?\gh ! division ( ! surface into sev]al horizontal /ripes by r[s ( figures1 "o ov] ano!r1 is n arti/ically beautiful1 x /ill has ! advantage t ! /&>d ( proportion is n infr+$ ^u1 z is s (t5 ! case :5 colossal /atues are plac$ be=e build+s2 ! disadvantage may p]haps be less :5 life-siz$ figures1 l ^!1 are dw>f$ by be+ br\ght into comp>ison ) enorm\s edifices4 ,only "o important hi/orical sc5e is kn[n--! rock-cut relief ( ,bi-,sueton4 ,a k+1 foll[$ by gu>dsm51 sets 8 foot & b[ ^u a victim ly+ backw>ds on ! gr\nd1 :o /ret*es up 8 h&s 9 a besee*+ mann]1 :ile a procession ( n9e prison]s approa*es1 _! h&s ti$ beh9d !m1 & b\nd "o to ! o!r4 ,above is ! w+$ deity4 ,! pr\d be>+ ( ! k+1 & ! /oop+ ( ! helpless enemies1 %[ a slightly sup]ior arti/ic ability4 ,?\gh ,p]sian sculpture 0 successful 9 "s r>e in/ances1 ! conviction mu/ /ill rema9 t1 9 comp>ison ) ! art ( ,assyria1 x 0 n only a dep5d5t imitation1 b fail$ to atta9 any ( ! sup]iorities ( its model4 ,t :i* 0 borr[$ f o!r l&s ?an ,mesopotamia 0 sup]ficially c>ri$ into execution 9 unimportant details4 ,/rictly speak+1 we c h>dly ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ! art ( sculpture 9 ,p]sia1 z x 0 )\t ei!r indep5d5t f\ndation or any progress ( its own4 ,( ,p]sian pa9t+ !re are no rema9s or in=mation4 ,! walls 7 )\t d\bt pla/]$ & color$4 ,if !re _h be5 a revetm5t ( glaz$ tiles1 accord+ to ! ,mesopotamian practice1 "s fragm5ts ( ?is almo/ inde/ructible mat]ial w\ld surely h be5 f\nd4 ,f analogy ( ! c>v+s1 x is probable t pa9t+s ^u ! walls 7 *iefly ornam5tal & ( subord9ate importance4 ,^u ! pr9cipal front ( ! build+s !re rema9$ b little space :]e pa9t$ decorations c\ld be employ$2 ! faade ( ! ,tomb ( ,d>ius 0 l>gely cov]$ ) inscriptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius1 at ! head ( ?is *apt] 7,fig4 #gg71 %[s t ! aid ( color 0 p>ticul>ly ne$$ ^u ! o!r sides1 :i* w\ld h be5 b>e & monoton\s )\t pa9t$ ornam5ts4 ,we may suppose t ! ,p]sians felt ?is ne$1 & t decorative pa9t+ 0 ext5sively employ$2 !y 7 l$ to x by famili>ity ) ! me?ods ( ,assyrian art1 & ) ! color$ mural decorations univ]sal 9 ,egypt1 bo? :i* l&s !y consid]$ _! tribut>y prov9ces4 ,?\gh we _c speak ( monum5tal indep5d5ce 9 ,p]sian sculpture & pa9t+--( :i*1 inde$1 no anci5t ,ori5tals _h any conception--! art ( ! l& _h at lea/ ! sup]iority t its ?ree bran*es1 9 _! application1 /ood 9 true relations to ea* o!r1 inasmu* z ar*itecture employ$ & br\ght =w>d ! si/] arts z second>y1 decorative aid2 pa9t+ & sculpture did n pr$om9ate 9 ! excessive degree *>act]i/ic ( ! old] nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,egyptians1 ^: ar*itecture1 o!rwise s ri*ly develop$1 0 *iefly re/rict$ to ! int]ior1 made excessive use ( pa9t+ & coilanaglyphics to enliv5 ! dead masses ( ext]ior walls4 ,! ,assyrians ne$$ sculptur$ revetm5t & pa9t$ /ucco to support & hide ! weakness ( _! masonry1 & its incapacity = ar*itectural treatm5t1 )9 & )\t4 ,m]ely decorative art ?us ga9$ an undue supremacy 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,among ! ,p]sians1 on ! o!r h&1 ar*itecture atta9$ its full rights by important & h>moni\s advances1 :ile decorative sculpture & pa9t+ )drew to _! prop] subord9ate positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,rock-cut ,tombs ( ,myra4 ,,ph,,nicia1 ,,pale/9e1 ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,! primitive tradition :i* makes ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris ! c5tre ( ! mo/ advanc$ culture ( ! e>? is illu/rat$ by ! extraord9>y expanse ( ,mesopotamian influ5ce 9 bo? "t & space4 ,ext5d+ ea/w>ds ev5 to ! ,ganges1 9 a we/]ly direction pass+ beyond ! ,adriatic1 b\nd$ on ! nor? only by inhospitable ,scy?ia 7,sib]ia71 & on ! s\? by ! ,indian ,ocean1 its roots1 long aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 s5t =? fre% %oots into ,we/]n ,asia1 recognizable 9 ! monum5ts ( ! ,sassanid & 9 ! works ( ! _w-conqu]+ ,arabians4 ,! spr+ ( native civilization 0 n entirely exhau/$1 al?\gh1 aft] ! fall ( ! ,p]sian empire & ! f\ndation ( a ,greek ,asiatic mon>*y by ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,hell5ism _h exp&$ itself ov] ,we/]n ,asia = five c5turies1--fir/ among ! luxuri\s ,seleucid1 :o _h atta*$ to !mselves ! ,asiatic half ( ! ,mac$onian empire1 & 9 lat] times "u ! /rict milit>y p[] ( ! imp]ial ,roman p]iod4 ,nor c\ld ! b>b>ism ( ! ,p>?ians :olly oblit]ate f ! l& ! rem9isc5ces ( anci5t ,p]sian & ,mesopotamian culture4 ,^! influ5ces appe> aga9 :5 ! ,p]sian ,ard%ir--boa/+ a direct desc5t f ! ,a*m5id1 & !re=e call$ ,artax]xes by ! ,byzant9e ,greeks--%ook (f ! yoke ( ! b>b>ic ,p>?ians 9 ! ye> #bbf aft] ,*ri/1 z 8 =efa!r ,cyrus1 eight c5turies previ\sly1 _h f\nd$ 8 empire ^u t ( ! ,m$es4 ,ard%ir 0 ! fir/ rul] ( a new national ,p]sian dyna/y1 nam$ aft] 8 fa!r1 ,sassan1--a race "u ^: sway ! l& ea/ ( ! ,tigris 0 rais$ to a glory & importance :i* made itself felt ev5 9 di/ant & p[]ful ,rome4 ,"o ,roman emp]or1 ! unhappy ,val]ian1 0 ev5 =c$ to langui% dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life 9 a ,p]sian prison1 ! ,romans n v5tur+ to free him f ! despicable slav]y ( ! ,sassanian ,%ahpur ,i41 :o mean:ile took c>e to h& d[n to po/]ity t _w-r5[n$ result ( ,p]sian brav]y & cunn+ by num]\s monum5ts & rock-c>v$ reliefs1 :i* te/ify1 z a leaf ( au!ntic hi/ory1 to an ev5t s humiliat+ to ,rome4 ,! ,palace ( ,ctesiphon1--! ,sassanian repres5tative ( ! ,hell5ic ,seleucia ^u ! ,tigris1 a city ( ! ,diado*i :i* _h itself tak5 ! place ( ! ,*aldan ,babylon on ! ,euphrates1--! dwell+s ( ,s>bi/an & ,firuz-,abad1 ) _m o!r build+s & monum5ts sculptur$ ^u ! face ( cliffs1 give evid5ce ( ! arti/ic ability ( ! new ,p]sian k+dom1 :i* cont9u$ to fl\ri% until ! f\ndation ( ! ,mohamm$an p[] 9 ,mesopotamia1 #fda ,a4,d4 ,mu* 0 c]ta9ly lo/1 & ! arti/ic ornam5tation ( ar*itecture1 z illu/rat$ by ! columns & pila/]s ( ,s>bi/an1 :i* are )\t capital or base1 sank aga9 to ! rud5ess ( ! anci5t monum5ts ( ,*alda2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! con/ructive ga9 0 n inconsid]able1 notably 9 ! great] developm5t ( gateways1 w9d[s1 & ni*es1 z well z 9 ! appe>ance ( imm5se ar*es1 cyl9drical vaults1 & cupolas1 :i* receiv$ peculi> =ms ( p>abolic l9es1 ?\gh n exclud+ ! r\nd ar*4 ,! lat] ,p]sians _h m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! conqu]+ ,arabs1 :o1 ) few native traditions1 7 readily receptive3 ?is is illu/rat$ by ! horse-%oe ar*1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,moori% ar*itecture1 :i* may be trac$ 9 ! works ( ! ,sassanid f ! ,palace ( ,ctesiphon to ! ,monum5t ( ,tak-i-,g]o4 ,*ronological consid]ations & ! increas+ influ5ce ( ,greek & ,roman elem5ts seem1 h[ev]1 to =bid ! treatm5t ( ,sassanian ar*itecture 9 ?is sequ5ce4 ,indian art is omitt$ *iefly ^u ! gr\nd t ! be/ "w ( ! ,f>!r ,ea/ does n app]ta9 to a hi/ory ( antiquity at all2 ! rema9s ant$at+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 su* z ! columns ( ,asoka1 are too undevelop$ & want+ 9 indep5d5ce to des]ve sep>ate consid]ation4 ,?is w\ld be ev5 less ! place = a review ( ,sassanian sculpture1 because 9 ?is1 9 spite ( ! recurr5ce ( anci5t ,mesopotamian figures & details1 & not)/&+ ! national peculi>ities obs]vable 9 ! modell+ ( muscles & drap]ies1 ! ,hell5ic & ,roman influ5ces are too great to all[ ( a prop] treatm5t ( ! subject ap>t f ! arti/ic developm5t ( ,greece & ,italy4 ,sassanian & ,indian art1 ?\gh /&+ 9 a c]ta9 relation to ! civilization ( antiquity1 may receive a m j hi/orical treatm5t if consid]$ imm$iately be=e ! adv5t ( ,mohamm$an me?ods ( build+1--^u ! ?re%old ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! *ief curr5ts ( culture & intellectual developm5t h ev] fl[$ /eadily t[>ds ! ,we/3 su* 0 ! c\rse ( ! wide-spread+ arti/ic influ5ce ( ,mesopotamia4 ,! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris is divid$ f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean by des]t tracts :i* did n all[ ,assyrian traditions1 ?\gh direct$ & fur!r$ by ! important trade-roads1 to take imm$iate & undisput$ possession ( ! /rip ( ,phnician coa/4 ,egypt lay too ne> = ?is2 its influ5ce c\ld n rema9 unfelt by ! seaf>+ inhabitants ( ! ,syrian l&s4 ,indef9ite !ories h be5 preval5t = "s "t conc]n+ ! meet+ & bl5d+ ( ! peculi> civilizations ( ! l&s ( ! ,nile & ! ,tigris1 b until rec5tly ,phnicia 0 ! lea/-kn[n c\ntry ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! ,syrian exp$ition ( ! ,fr5* "u ! auspices ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 l ! ,egyptian "u ,napoleon ,i41 pres5t$ ! possibility ( a ?or\gh & sy/ematic exploration ( ,phnician rema9s4 ,! difficulties ( prosecut+ ! inve/igations 7 n less ?an !y _h be5 9 ,*alda4 8,! l&10 says ,r5an1 :o 0 commission$ to conduct ! explorations1 8is n[ completely des]t$4 ,! de/ruction ( ! =e/s has ev]y:]e done its evil "w2 ! soil1 ye> aft] ye> c>ri$ (f by ! inhabitants ( ! villages or wa%$ away by ! torr5ts ( w9t] ra91 has disappe>$ f ! native rock2 ! fl[ ( wat] f ! spr+s1 m & m exhau/$1 has become too weak to f9d its way to ! sea aga9/ ! _m h9d]ances2 hemm$ 9 by dunes & alluvial =mations1 x fills ! pla9 ) ! poison\s exhalations ( swamps1 s t ! once bloom+ & popul\s l& has become a pe/il5t des]t1 :]e = miles !re is sc>cely a hut to be se540 ,! rema9+ monum5ts are *iefly gr\p$ ar\nd ! five pr9cipal trad+ t[ns ( ! coa/1--,ruad 7,aradus71 ,amri? 7,m>a?us71 ,jebeil 7,byblus71 ,saida 7,sidon71 & ,sur 7,tyre71--:i* foll[ "o ano!r f nor? to s\? 9 ! giv5 succession4 ,/ill f>!r to ! s\? are isolat$ ru9s ne> ,gabr-,hiram & ,um-el-,auamid4 ,beyr\t1 n[ ! mo/ important city ( all ! orig9al ,phnician t]ritory1 has ! fewe/ rema9s ( antiquity2 ! great] numb] are at ! totally des]t$ site ( ,m>a?us1 :]e ! neighbor+ brook1 ,nahr-el-,amri?1 alone reta9s a trace ( ! city's anci5tly celebrat$ "n4 ,! city ,aradus1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,mosaic ,scriptures1 f\nd$ ,m>a?us1 its mo/ important colony1 z well z ,paltus1 ,balaneia1 ,c>nek1 & ,enhydra4 ,( ,aradus itself little exi/s beyond a few enorm\s blocks ( hewn /one2 ! fanaticism ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,ruad prev5t$ an adequate exam9ation ( ! site4 ,all ^! cities lo/ _! importance 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 ) ! asc5d5cy ( ,ant>adus1 ! m$ival ,tortosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,temple ,cella 7,el-,maab$7 ( ,amri?4 ,! rema9s at ,amri? are b>ely suffici5t to give a conception ( ! temple build+s & monum5tal tombs ( ! ,phnicians4 ,"o fane1 9 an exceptionally good /ate ( pres]vation1 is /ill call$ by ! inhabitants ,el-,maab$ 7! temple74 ,x consi/s ( a rectangul> area1 ! tem5os1 #dh m4 broad & #ee m4 long1 sunk into ! native rock1 s t ?ree ( its sides are =m$ by ! p]p5dicul> cut1 & rea* ! height ( #e m4 ,^u ! nor?1 ! entrance1 ! enclosure 0 complet$ by a wall1 :i* 0 also cont9u$ ar\nd ! o!r ?ree sides1 & !re height5$ ! b\nd>y4 ,two pi]s1 9 ! s\!a/]n & s\?we/]n corn]s1 /&+ #c4e m4 f ! edge ( ! rock1 & num]\s sockets = ! ends ( ! beams1 pla9ly visible 9 ! walls1 lead to ! supposition t a gall]y 0 c>ri$ p>tially or entirely ar\nd ! space4 ,! :ole sunk5 area =m$ ! c\rt ( a temple1 p]haps a sacr$ lake1 z _m traces ( pav$ spr+s 9 ! int]ior seem to indicate4 ,! small cella1 :i* rises exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! quadrangle1 ?us became an unapproa*able sanctu>y4 7,fig4 #id47 ,x is =m$ ( only five /ones4 ,! socle is hewn f ! solid rock1 #c m4 high & #e4e m4 squ>e1 ) traces ( a /airway ^u ! "r side4 ,! ?ree-wall$ cella1 op5 to ! nor?1 is #e m4 high2 its ceil+ is monoli?ic1 :ile ! walls consi/ ( ?ree sup]pos$ blocks cut to ! plan ( ! *amb]4 ,! ro(1 *isell$ )9 to ! =m ( a flat-ar*$ vault1 juts =w>d ov] ! op5+2 its projection may h be5 support$ by light columns ( metal1 ! probable =m ( :i* w be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! rock-cut reliefs ( ,ma%naka4 ,^u ! side-walls1 :i* /& #b4cd m4 ap>t1 !re are two l[ b5*es1 leav+ a gr\nd-space ( only #j4h m4 betwe5 !m4 ,! ar*itectural decoration ( ?is %r9e is limit$ to a cornice ( scotia & r\ndlet2 ?\gh ?is appe>s also 9 ,assyria & ,p]sia1 x /ill gives an ,egyptian "* to ! cella ext]ior1 :i* 9 plan & g5]al disposition is v simil> to ! ,mesopotamian *apels repres5t$ ^u ,assyrian reliefs 7,figs4 #ce & #eg71 & to su* /ructures z appe> to h exi/$ ^u ! t]rac$ pyramids ( ,*alda4 ,9 ?is cella we possess ! olde/ & ! only ,semitic temple kn[n1 /ill 9 admirable pres]vation1 al?\gh ! d[nfall ( ! crumbl+ mass is pr$ict$ by ! au?orities :o accompani$ ! ,phnician exp$ition4 ,( two simil> /ructures1 :i* /ood ne> ! city ( ,m>a?us1 ,r5an c\ld discov] only ov]?r[n blocks buri$ 9 ! swamp ( ,a9-el-,hayat 7f\nta9 ( ! s]p5ts7 & hidd5 by ole&]-bu%es4 ,!y /ood at a di/ance ( #aj m41 _! op5 sides turn$ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! rema9s ( ! bett]-pres]v$ cella %[ x to h be5 entirely monoli?ic4 ,x /ood ^u a d\ble sub/ructure1 ( :i*1 /range to say1 ! l[] "p is consid]ably small] ?an ! upp]4 ,x betrays /ill clos] relation%ip ) ,egyptian works ( ! k9d by r[s ( uros-s]p5ts ov] ! cornice scotia & ! w+$ disk ^u ! inn] ceil+4 ,f _! plan1 !y appe> to h _h no column> supports1 & resemble1 9 ! c>eful re/oration made by ,mr4 ,?obois1 ! monoli?ic cellas ( ,phil pres]v$ 9 ,leyd5 & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,traces ( ?ree o!r sanctu>ies1 or at lea/ ( _! tem5os enclosure1 :i* is p>tly cut 9 ! rock & p>tly built1 exi/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,/adion ( ,amri?1 n[ kn[n z ,el-,meklaa 7! qu>ry71 & designat$ by ,r5an1 ^u insuffici5t gr\nds1 z itself anci5t ,phnician4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,! ,monum5ts ,el-,meghazil ( ,amri?4 ,! monum5tal tombs ( ,amri? are n less important ?an ^! places ( wor%ip2 ! ru9s kn[n "u ! "n ,el-,auamid-el-,meghazil 7! sp9dle-columns7 are truly maje/ic4 7,fig4 #ie47 ,! fir/ rises 9 ?ree cyl9drical /eps ^u a squ>e plat=m little elevat$ above ! gr\nd4 ,! l[] "p1 #b4e m4 9 height & #e4ae m4 9 diamet]1 built ( two /ones1 is ornam5t$ ov] ! corn]s ( ! plat=m ) engag$ lions1 :i* are among ! mo/ prom95t works ( ,phnician sculpture kn[n1 & w be consid]$ at great] l5g? bel[4 ,^u ?is fir/ cyl9drical /ep re/s a block #g m4 high1 ornam5t$ at ! base ) delicately curv$ m\ld+1 & at ! summit ) d5tils & battlem5ts4 ,^! latt] are f\nd also ^u fragm5ts f ,jebeil 9 conjunction ) squ>es & rosettes & a p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic frieze ( /raight-l9$ laurel bran*es2 !y %[ great simil>ity to ,mesopotamian rema9s4 ,9 ! circul> plan ( ! /ructure !re is no rem9isc5ce ( ,egyptian me?ods ( art2 an hemisph]ical t]m9ation l5ds to ! :ole s m>k$ an individuality t1 al?\gh its =m seems n to h be5 univ]sal1 or ev5 ! mo/ common1 ^u ! ,syrian coa/s1 !re yet may be recogniz$ 9 ?is monum5t a truly orig9al ,phnician type4 ,9 ! developm5t ( memorial /ones a cultur$ p g5]ally expresses its fundam5tal arti/ic conceptions1 z is ! case ) ! pyramidal t]m9ation ( ,egyptian obelisks1 & ) ! ,assyrian pi]s t]m9at$ by a /epp$ t]race1 9 bo? ( :i* are embodi$ ! l9es pr$om9ant 9 ! ar*itecture ( ^? nations4 ,a /airway hewn 9 ! rock leads to ! subt]ranean burial *amb]s2 its entrance is at "s little di/ance f ! monum5t1 z %[n 9 ! section ,fig4 #ie4 ,only #f m4 remov$ f ?is rises a second pile1 :i*1 f a c]ta9 p>allelism ( position1 seems to belong ) x4 ,x is simpl] ?an ! fir/1 consi/+ ( a cube measur+ #c m4 ^u ! side1 s r\ghly hewn t x appe>s a block tak5 j z x 0 qu>ri$2 ^u x is a monoli?ic cyl9d] #d m4 high & #c4g m4 9 diamet]1 t]m9at$ by a five-sid$ pyramid ( /eep incl9ation4 ,some:at remov$ f ^! are two simil> monum5ts1 ( :i* ! bett] pres]v$ /&s ^u /eps & rises 9 two cubes1 sep>at$ by a cornice ( wavy outl9e1 ! upp] block t]m9at+ 9 a f\r-sid$ pyramid1 n[ almo/ entirely ov]?r[n4 ,x is rem>kable = ! monoli?ic horizontal cov]+ ( ! entrance to ! grave *amb]s1 :i* is aga9 a little di/ant f ! base4 ,( ! pyramidal t]m9ation ( its neighbor1 only traces rema94 ,all ^! monum5ts 7 9 "p cut f ! native rock & 9 "p compos$ ( enorm\s monoli?s2 a fif?1 ( consid]ably great] dim5sions1 0 built ( qu>ri$ /ones4 ,( ?is latt]1 ! comm&+ mausoleum kn[n "u ! "n ( ,burdj-el-,bezzak 7,t[] ( ! ,snails71 little rema9s beyond ! plat=m1 :i* measures #aa m4 9 height & #i m4 9 ! squ>e plan4 ,! f\r-sid$ pyramid1 ( obtuse incl9ation1 plac$ ^u ?is elevation1 is n[ entirely ov]?r[n4 ,! blocks1 #e m4 long1 are hewn only ^u ! jo9ts1 & left ) a r\gh face4 ,a cornice ( curv$ pr(ile ran ar\nd ! plat=m2 )9 x are two *amb]s1 ea* light$ by a small w9d[1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* r5d]$ ! o!rwise cu/om>y grotto b5ea? ! pile sup]flu\s4 ,grotto tombs1 ) a decorat$ entrance cut ^u ! rock wall1 seem to h be5 mo/ g5]ally employ$ 9 ,c5tral ,phnicia4 ,!y are exemplifi$ by ! num]\s rema9s ( ?is k9d at ,saida 7,sidon7 & ,jebeil 7,byblus74 ,a tomb at ! latt] place %[s a simple b int]e/+ faade2 its ornam5tation1 by ! heavy gable & r+-=m$ acrot]ium1 is /rik+ly simil> to =ms occurr+ 9 ,c5tral ,asia ,m9or 7,phrygia74 7,fig4 #if47 ,its flat bord] & pla9 five-leav$ rosette 9 ! tympanon triangle give no evid5ce ( ,hell5ic influ5ce4 ,! int]ior ( ^! tombs is g5]ally a l>ge room1 ) curv$ ceil+ & ni*es ^u ?ree ( its sides1 sunk into ! rock1 "o above ano!r1 l ^? ( ! ,catacombs1 to hold ! r[s ( c(f9s4 ,! f9e/ ( ! s>cophagi ( ,jebeil is decorat$ ) fe/oons1 wrea?s1 s+le leaves & bran*es1 9 a nave /yle ( ornam5t betray+ no k ( ,greek sculpture4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,phnicia a monum5tal developm5t ( ! s>cophagus seems to h be5 *iefly favor$4 ,! tomb kn[n z t ( ,hiram 7,gabr-hiram71 s\? ( ,sur 7,tyre71 is an imm5se c(f]1 #c m4 high1 ) a heavy ar*$ cov]1 rais$ ^u a pl9? built ( hewn blocks #d4bd m4 long1 #b4fd m4 broad1 & #c m4 high1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is =m$ by a monoli?ic slab almo/ "o met] 9 ?ickness4 ,n f> f ?is site1 at ,um-el-,auamid1 is a l>ge s>cophagus1 #b4dj m4 long & #a4bd m4 broad1 ) a gable-%ap$ lid decorat$ by clumsy corn] acrot]ias4 ,aga9/ "o ( its sides /&s a small alt>1 rem>kable = ! corn]s ( its battlem5t$ t]m9ation1 :i* mu/ be simil> to ! horns ( ! alt> :i* /ood 9 ! tab]nacle ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,faade ( a ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,jebeil4 ,( ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ,phnicia c be m5tion$ only an entirely unornam5t$ h\se1 hewn f ! rock1 9 ,amri?1 & a portal at ,um-el-,auamid1 :]e ! middle block ( ! triple l9tel is decorat$ ) ! ,egyptian disk & uros-s]p5ts ^u ei!r side4 ,! mat]ials employ$ by ! ,phnician ar*itects seem g5]ally to h be5 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon & ! v>i\s metals ( transm>9e comm]ce2 x is on ?is acc\nt t ! pres]v$ monum5ts are s few1 & _! rema9s s b>e ( c>v$ decoration4 ,?is expla9s also ! lack ( examples illu/rat+ ! sculpture & ext5d$ indu/rial art ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,hom]ic epics con/antly po9t to ! ,syrian coa/ z ! home ( all contempor>y skill 9 metal-"w1 pott]y1 & weav+4 ,/one /atues 7 r>e2 metal 0 ! favorite mat]ial ( ,phnician sculpture1 al?\gh x 0 b seldom1 z 9 ! columns be=e ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem1 employ$ = ca/+4 ,! usual proce$+ ( ! artific] 0 to make a core ( wood = ! "w1 :e!r ?is 7 to be 9 relief or 9 ! full r\nd2 ^u x %eets ( metal 7 secur$1 & ^! f9ally beat5 ) ! hamm] to ! modell+ ( ! c>v$ wood b5ea?1 ?us =m+ a s-call$ sphyrelaton4 ,! sculptures ( ,solomon's ,temple illu/rate ?is process1 &1 accord+ to ! ,biblical acc\nt1 may unhesitat+ly be ascrib$ to ,phnician arti/s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! beat5 metal 0 gold1 ?is be+ ! case ) ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem & ) a small temple at ,c>?age1 :i* conta9$ an image simil>ly ov]laid4 ,silv] 0 m r>ely ?us employ$1 ?\gh x is kn[n t f ! e>lie/ times ! ,spani% silv]-m9es 7 work$ by ! ,phnicians4 ,! metal 0 p]haps m frequ5tly devot$ to ut5sils l ! twelve silv] vessels discov]$ ^u ,cyprus1 ( :i* ^? n[ 9 ! ,l\vre %[ a workman%ip ne>ly ak9 to t ( ! be=e-m5tion$ ,assyrian bronzes4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! section ^u ,assyria t ?is /yle 0 nei!r purely ,mesopotamian nor ,egyptian1 b r a mixture ( bo?1 ! latt] pr$om9at+4 ,?is po9ts to ! ,phnician orig9 ( su* works1 & ^! silv] vessels ( ,cyprus l5d a /rik+ confirmation to ! supposition4 ,! beat5 metal 0 usually a bronze1 ! copp] 9 its composition be+ d]iv$ f ! ,phnician isl& ,cyprus1 ! t9 an article ( comm]ce br\ght f ,engl&4 ,x is natural t ! ,phnicians1 to :om alone ^! metals 7 accessible1 %\ld be reg>d$ z ! inv5tors ( t amalgamation ( t5 p>ts ( copp] ) "o ( t9 kn[n z bronze1 ( s great importance 9 ca/+4 ,hom]'s m5tion ( vessels & ut5sils f ,sidon1 & ! discov]y ( ,phnician bronzes 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 prove a mo/ anci5t & ext5d$ trade 9 objects =m$ ( t metal4 ,! c>v$ wood5 =m cov]$ ) %eets ( metal1 ! sphyrelaton1 is a peculi>ly ,phnician product4 ,su* beat5 reliefs 7 g5]ally ( copp]1 pure1 or ) a small p]c5tage ( t92 gold1 silv]1 & ev5 t9 71 h[ev]1 simil>ly employ$1 9 conjunction ) mosaics ( preci\s /ones1 ivory1 & notably ) amb]1 a sub/ance greatly priz$ 9 e>ly antiquity1 & br\ght by ! ent]pris+ ,phnicians f ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,a c]ta9 effect ( color 0 ?us obta9$4 ,9 ! decoration ( weapons1 a gr\nd ( metal s]v$ in/ead ( ! wood z a f\ndation4 ,?is inlaid "w 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,x /ood 9 ! same relation to primitive monum5tal pa9t+ z ! mosaic ( ! ,byzant9es did to ! decl9e ( ! art1 its greate/ height ( developm5t be+ rea*$ by ! s-call$ *ryselephant9e sculpture1 :]e a comb9ation ( c>v+ & inlay+ 0 effect$ ) gold & ivory ^u a wood5 k]nel4 ,! ?rone ( ,solomon 0 an example ( ?is1 ! lions c>v$ ^u its arms r5d]+ x ! "w r ( a sculptor ?an ( an artisan4 ,c>v+s entirely ( ivory are m5tion$ by ,hezekiah z frequ5tly exi/+ 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,tyre1 & 9 ,n9eveh !re h be5 f\nd _m fragm5ts1 app>5tly ,egyptian1 :i* may1 )\t d\bt1 be attribut$ to ! ,phnicians4 ,! ,biblical prophets speak ( great works 9 ,tyre compos$ ( preci\s /ones1 & ,!ophra/os m5tions an entire obelisk ( em]ald z exi/+ 9 ! ,temple ( ,melk>? ( t city1 :i* is expla9$ to h be5 ( a color$ glass 7plasma di sm]aldo74 ,glass itself1 assum$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,phnicians1 b common 9 ,egypt be=e ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 appe>s to h be5 made only 9 color$1 & g5]ally opaque1 masses4 ,! mo/ anci5t piece ( :ite transp>5t glass kn[n is describ$ by ,lay>d z a cup :]eupon is cut ! "n ( ,k+ ,s>gon 9 cunei=m *>act]s--consequ5tly an ,assyrian "w f ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,f a ,relief ( ,saida4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,f ! ,monum5t ,el-,meghazil ( ,amri?4 ,phnician sculpture is almo/ exclusively repres5t$ by metal-"w1 &1 z ?is 0 mo/ly beat51 x is natural t x %\ld assume t peculi> /yle ( conv5tionalization :i*1 ev5 9 works ( /one1 rem9ds u ( empai/ic prototypes1--t is to say1 ( ! *>act]i/ic =ms & modes ( conception orig9ally decid$ by ! prop]ties ( beat5 metal4 ,?is /yle is %[n by ! ,phnician leav$ ornam5ts ^u ar*itectural details1 & is especially /rik+ 9 ! repres5tations ( animal =ms4 ,^u a frieze at ,saida 7,fig4 #ig71 = example1 is a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! ,phnician sphyrelaton1 :i* enables u to und]/& ! =m ( ! bulls ^u ! braz5 lav] 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,! half-lions ^u ! monum5t ( ,amri?1 also1 al?\gh c>elessly c>v$ & mu* wea!r$1 are /ill m int]e/+ 9 ?is reg>d4 7,figs4 #ie & #ih47 ,besides _! peculi>ities z imitations ( empai/ic "w1 especially recognizable 9 ! primitive legs1 !y %[ "s rem9isc5ces ( ,egyptian granite =ms & ( a ,mesopotamian conception ( animal nature1 m>k$ also ^u ! bull's-head by ! /rap-l =mation ( ! s9ews4 ,less direct insight c be ga9$ f o!r ,phnician sculptures because ( _! m advanc$ /ate ( de/ruction4 ,! rock-cut reliefs ( ,g9eh & ( ,ma%naka1 h[ev]1 well des]ve to be m5tion$4 ,! fir/ %[s ^u "o side an animal1 app>5tly a be>1 leap+ ^u a man1 :ile at ! "r1 9 a sunk5 rectangul> frame1 is an en?ron$ figure1 & 9 ano!r a man 9 front view1 ) two dogs1 :i* are sc>cely recognizable4 ,en\gh is /ill pres]v$ to %[ t ! "w is n ( ,egyptian orig91 b may m ju/ly be comp>$ to ,assyrian sculptures1 ?\gh )\t ! /iff "* ( c\rtly c]emonial peculi> to ! works ( ,n9eveh4 ,! two rock-cut reliefs ( a m\nta9-pass ne> ,ma%naka 7,fig4 #ii7 are m important to ! hi/ory ( ! ar*itecture ?an to t ( ! sculpture ( ,we/]n ,asia1 because ( ! rem>kable =ms ( ! capitals repres5t$ ^u !m2 !y w be consid]$ 9 connection ) ,solomon's ,temple4 ,! small]1 movable sculptures f\nd 9 ,phnicia1 :i* 7 possibly n ! "w ( ! c\ntry1 are ( less int]e/2 !y usually exhibit decid$ ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,num]\s m>ble s>cophagi f\nd 9 ,saida are *>act]iz$ by ! confusion ( /yle peculi> to ,phnicia4 ,! cov]s are imitat$ f ! swa!d human =ms repres5t$ ^u ! lids ( ,egyptian mummy-c(f9s2 ! heads betray 9 "s measure ! influ5ce ( ,greece1 & r5d] x probable t !y 7 execut$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,seleucid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,rock-cut ,relief ( ,ma%naka4 ,z might be expect$ f ! position ( ! c\ntry1 ly+ betwe5 ,egypt & ,*alda1 & f ! national comm]ce & manufactures1 :i* attract$ ! products ( bo? c\ntries1 ! arti/ic /yle ( ,phnicia 0 a mixture ( ,egyptian & ,mesopotamian elem5ts4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 also ! case ) t ( ! ,jews1 :o1 9 _! ar*itecture & sculpture1 7 z dep5d5t ^u ! ,phnicians z 7 ! primitive ,romans ^u ! ,etruscans4 ,! influ5ce ( ,egypt 0 felt 9 ,pale/9e 9 a great] degree ?an 9 ,phnicia1 because ! ,israelites _h gr[n to a p ^u ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & )\t d\bt transplant$ _m arti/ic conceptions1 z well z me?ods & details1 to ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,?is is noticeable 9 ! tab]nacle & 9 ! temple1 ! latt]1 z is well kn[n1 receiv+ its g5]al disposition f its relation to t =m] encampm5t4 ,! tab]nacle 7,fig4 #ajj7 is 9 fundam5tal "* a repetition 9 movable t5ts ( ! triple ,egyptian temple sy/em ( c\rt1 hall1 & cella4 ,at ! "t ( ! emigration ( ! ,jews f _! long soj\rn 9 ,go%51 !y c\ld h be5 famili> only ) ,egyptian =ms2 we _c mi/ake if we suppose !m1 be=e _! int]c\rse ) ! ,phnicians1 to h suppli$ all _! arti/ic ne$s f ,egyptian prec$5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,! ,mosaic ,tab]nacle4 ,! simple enclosure ( ! tab]nacle =m$ a c\rt1 ) a front ( fifty cubits1 & twice z long z x 0 broad4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-"o columns1 l t5t-poles1 ^u ! sides1 & elev5 ^u ! front2 ^? ( ! corn]s be+ c\nt$ twice4 ,^! supports 7 five cubits high1 ornam5t$ ) silv] capitals1 & /&+ 9 sockets ( bronze2 !y mu/ h be5 entirely simil> to ! %afts repres5t$ ^u ,egyptian wall-pa9t+s4 ,!y appe> n to h be5 jo9$ by cross-b>s4 ,:ite immovable hang+s 7 fa/5$ betwe5 !m1 b5ea? _! capitals1 ) ! exception ( ! f\r c5tral int]columniations ( ! ea/]n front1 :]e hung movable curta9s ( blue1 purple1 & sc>let l954 ,! tab]nacle itself1 b1 did n /& 9 ! c5tre ( ?is enclosure1 b ne>] ! we/]n end1 probably s t a squ>e ( fifty cubits 0 left be=e its entrance1 9 :i* space !re /ood ! alt>1 c1 ( e>? & wood5 %ea?+ = burnt-(f]+s1 five cubits squ>e & ?ree cubits high1 & ! lav] ( brass1 d4 ,!re ?us rema9$ ^u ! ?ree o!r sides a space ( tw5ty cubits betwe5 ! tab]nacle & ! enclosure4 ,?is disposition is n expressly affirm$1 b may naturally be assum$ f ! indications pres5t$ by ! dim5sions ( ! tab]nacle1 :i* 0 ?irty cubits long & t5 broad4 ,except 9 ! front1 e1 :]e 7 five columns1 x 0 =m$ ( =ty-eight bo>ds ov]laid ) %eet-gold4 ,^! bo>ds1 l ! poles ( ! enclosure1 7 n ramm$ into ! e>?1 b /ood ^u d\ble sockets ( silv]2 !y 7 fa/5$ toge!r by t5ons & by b>s1 :i* 7 pu%$ ?r\gh project+ gold5 r+s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! five columns ( ! front1 also ov]laid ) gold1 is n c]ta94 ,x is h>dly possible t !y 7 plac$ 9 antis2 =1 al?\gh ! %afts 7 b ?9 poles1 ! six int]columniations ?us =m$ w\ld h _h a wid? ( only "o & a half cubits ea*--too n>r[ = passage4 ,! two out]mo/ columns may1 f ?is consid]ation1 be assum$ to h /ood be=e ! ends ( ! bo>d$ wall1 9 pro/yle arrangem5t1 or close ^u ?is1 z indicat$ 9 ! plan at e2 a me?od ( avoid+ ! n>r[+ ( ! space by ! two ext]ior int]columniations :i* 0 adopt$ 9 mu* lat] times ^u ! s-call$ tombs ( ,absalom & ,za*>iah1 to be consid]$ bel[1 :]e ! =ms may h be5 9 "s measure decid$ by rem9isc5ces ( ^! primitive con/ructions4 ,if ! t5 cubits ( ! tab]nacle front 7 divid$ into f\r p>ts in/ead ( six1 passage w\ld h be5 easy4 ,!re is no in=mation conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( ^! %afts4 ,_! sockets ( bronze may h be5 simil> to ! high bases ( ,moori% columns1 & to ^? :i* support ! canopy-poles ( our *ur*es4 ,if ! %afts 7 nei!r connect$ by cross-braces nor ramm$ into ! e>?1 !y mu/ h be5 provid$ ) a foot+ ev5 broad] ?an t ( ei!r ( ! in/ances m5tion$1 & h resembl$ ! wide-spread+ pl9?s ( ,egyptian lotos columns4 ,t ! columns 7 disproportionately slim is evid5t f ! consid]ation t five %afts ( normal ,egyptian1 or ,greek ,doric1 proportions1 t5 cubits high1 w\ld h entirely occupi$ ! n>r[ front ( ! tab]nacle1 & h left no space = ! int]columniations4 ,m]e t5t-poles w\ld h be5 suffici5t1 z ! build+ 0 provid$ ) no fix$ ro(1 b 0 cov]$1 l ! t5ts ( ,b$\9s1 ) color$ l951 clo?s ( goat-hair1 & ! sk9s ( rams & seals4 ,z ?is cov]+ receiv$ its *ief support f ! side walls1 a light epi/yle ( wood 0 suffici5t to unite ! summits ( ! front columns4 ,x _c be said t !re 0 any entablature1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! proportions ( ! tab]nacle1 ?ree times z long z x 0 broad1 7 l ^? ( ! ,egyptian temple4 ,x 0 divid$ into two unequal comp>tm5ts1 ! front1 f1 be+ twice ! dep? ( ! inn]mo/ holy ( holies1 g4 ,! alt> = inc5se1 h1 "o cubit squ>e 9 plan & two cubits high1 probably /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! fir/ space2 x 0 ( acacia-wood1 cov]$ ) beat5 gold4 ,l ! alt> = burnt-sacrifices1 its corn]s 7 ornam5t$ ) 8horns10 ! nature ( :i* has be5 v>i\sly expla9$1 b :i* c\ld h be5 no?+ else ?an corn] acrot]ia1 l ^? ^u ! monum5ts1 s>cophagi1 etc41 ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ^? ( ! small alt> f\nd at ,um-el-,auamid1 9 ,phnicia4 ,su* acrot]ia--:i* d1 inde$1 some:at resemble upright horns--7 n m]ely = ornam5t1 b s]v$ to hold ! gold5 lattice-"w 7z]7 surr\nd+ ! top ( ! alt>1 to prev5t ! scatt]+ ( coals4 ,next to ! nor!rn side-wall /ood ! table = %ew-bread1 i2 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! space ! sev5-arm$ c&le/ick1 k1 0 s obliquely plac$ t1 to a p]son ent]+1 its flames 7 9 a l9e4 ,! =m ( ! c&le/ick is kn[n f ! repres5tation ^u ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 :i*1 ?\gh possibly n copi$ f ! orig9al--z ,josephus relates t only an imitation 0 p>ad$ dur+ ! triumph ( ,titus--yet agrees ) ! ma9 po9ts ( ! ,biblical description4 ,! sev5 arms consi/$ ( ?ree conc5trical semicircles & a v]tical /aff1 all ( :i* end$ at ! same height4 ,! base 0 polygonal1 & ornam5t$ ) sculptures1 ! support decorat$ ) leaves1 ! arms repres5t$ bran*es ) buds & blossoms1 end+ 9 ! op5 calyxes ( ! fl[]s :i* bore ! lamps4 ,its importance1 z 0 ! case ) all ! appurt5ances ( ,jewi% wor%ip1 0 consid]ably great] 9 mat]ial ?an 9 arti/ic respects2 ! c&le/ick 0 )\t d\bt solid1 & 0 made ( a tal5t ( gold--wor? m ?an f\r hundr$ p\nds /]l+4 ,a relief ( ,?ab>ieh1 probably old] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era1 %[s its g5]al =m2 x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aja z fur!r illu/rative ( ! peculi> metallic /yle ( ! ,phnician-,israelitic art ( /one-cutt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,relief ( ,?ab>ieh4 ,! holy ( holies1 a cubical space ( t5 cubits on ! side1 0 sep>at$ f ! l>g] ante*amb] by f\r columns1 l1 :i* 7 also cov]$ ) gold1 & /ood ^u silv] sockets2 !y bore a second curta9 ( f\r colors4 ,?is cella conta9$ ! palladium ( ! p1 ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 m1 a c(f] ( acacia-wood1 two cubits & a half long & a cubit & a half high1 borne ^u poles fix$ 9 gold5 r+s4 ,^u ! lid1 ! s-call$ m]cy-seat1 7 ! figures ( two *]ubim1 mon/r\s comb9ations ( bulls1 lions1 eagles1 & human bodies2 or1 at lea/1 ( ?ree ( ^!--! body ( ei!r ! lion or ! bull be+ adopt$4 ,?\gh ,de ,saulcy & ,lay>d d n d\bt t ^! *]ubim 7 p]fectly simil> to ! symbolical mon/]s be=e ! portals ( ! palaces ( ,n9eveh1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,jews 71 at ?is p]iod ( _! w&]+s1 s completely influ5c$ by ,egyptian conceptions ( art t peculi>ly ,assyrian =ms c\ld n h exi/$ 9 ! tab]nacle4 ,! *]ubim mu/ r h be5 ,egyptian--entirely simil> to ! sph9xes1 :i*1 z has be5 se51 frequ5tly pres5t$ ?is same comb9ation ( human head & brea/1 ) ! body ( a lion4 ,neumann consid]s ! *]ubim to resemble ! animals ^u an ,assyrian ornam5t1 ) sunk5 head & b5t =e-legs2 b x is m probable t !y 7 cr\*$ l a sph9x1 or 71 p]haps1 sitt+ ^u _! h9d] qu>t]s1 l ! figures ( a ,phnician ?rone ( r lat] p]iod publi%$ by ,r5an4 ,!y 7 c>v$ 9 wood & ov]laid ) ?9 %eets ( gold1 z 0 also ! gold5 calf ) :i* ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t s\ght to imitate ! ,egyptian idolatry ( animals4 ,?is is all t c be said ( ! ,jewi% sculpture ( ! p]iod2 ! ,second ,comm&m5t entirely prev5t$ any indep5d5t developm5t ( art4 ,! =m & arrangem5t ( ! tab]nacle are 9 ! ma9 cle>4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! monum5tal temple :i* ,solomon1 accord+ to ! plan ( 8 great pr$ecessor1 erect$ to take its place1 aft] ,k+ ,david _h recov]$1 & br\ght to ! plateau ( ,moriah 7at pres5t kn[n z ,h>am-el-,%]if7 ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 :i* _h = "s "t be5 held z booty 9 ! h&s ( enemies4 ,! ,biblical acc\nts enl>ge1 aft] ! well-kn[n mann] ( ! ,jews1 pr9cipally ^u ! great co/ ( ! mat]ials1 & are ?us r ar*ological notices ?an arti/ic descriptions4 ,z might be expect$ f writ]s ignorant ( art1 ! /atem5ts are1 = ! great] "p1 vague & confus$4 ,! conditions ( ,jewi% ar*itecture & sculpture appe> radically *ang$ s9ce ! "t ( ,moses4 ,imm$iately aft] ! exodus1 ,egyptian conceptions & mann]s ( "w 7 dom9ant2 b1 z "t advanc$ )\t fur!r direct communication betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 ^! became m & m outgr[n1 & at la/ completely *ang$ to a dep5d5cy ^u ! civilization & art ( ,phnicia4 ,! ,egyptian elem5t1 h[ev]1 by no means disappe>s1 =1 z has be5 se51 x exi/$ 9 ,phnicia itself1 z might be expect$ f its geographical position betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ,egypt3 ,! ,jews 7 n s f> develop$ f a nomadic p z to be able !mselves to create impos+ ar*itectural works4 ,^! call = c5turies ( practice 9 ! art ( build+4 ,! con/ruction ( _! temple 0 giv5 ov] to _! nor!rn neighbors1 ! m readily z ,solomon 0 9 fri5dly alliance ) ,hiram1 ,k+ ( ,tyre4 ,! ,tyrian ar*itect ,hiram 0 s5t ) a great numb] ( assi/ants to ,j]usalem4 ,/one-cutt]s ( ,byblos work$1 ) ! aid ( ,jews1 9 ! qu>ries ( ,j]usalem2 ! necess>y timb] 0 hewn 9 ! ,phnician =e/s ( ,lebanon2 & ^u ! ,jordan1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,scy?opolis1 a metal-f\ndry = ! temple ornam5ts 0 built "u ,phnician direction4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! activity among ^! artisans dur+ ! "t ( build+ may be obta9$ f a consid]ation ( ! numb] ( workm5 employ$3 eighty ?\s& /one-cutt]s 7 assi/$ by sev5ty ?\s& be>]s ( burd5s4 ,?is multitude ( labor]s w\ld n h ne$$ "o ye> to complete ! temple1 f> less ! sev5 ye>s actually employ$ 7#ajad to #ajjg ,b4,c471 _h x n be5 = ! impos+ sub/ructure ( ! rocky plateau1--a mass ( masonry :i* may almo/ be comp>$ to ! ,egyptian pyramids2 surpass+ ! rema9s at ,ruad1 if n 9 ! colossal size ( ! blocks1 at lea/ 9 ! exactitude ( _! workman%ip4 ,f ! numb]s said to h labor$ 9 ,j]usalem at "o "t1 x appe>s probable t by f> ! great] "p ( ! imm5se f\ndations 0 built "u ,solomon1 ?\gh ! support+ vaults ( ! s\!a/]n corn] are kn[n to date f ! "t ( ,h]od1 if n ev5 lat]4 ,! erection ( enorm\s t]rac$ f\ndations plays a prom95t1 & at times ev5 ! mo/ important1 "p 9 ! ar*itecture ( all ! p ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! temple itself occupi$ b a v small "p ( ! oblong area1 m ?an #aejj m4 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* 0 ga9$ by ?is artificial ext5sion ( ! rocky plateau4 ,?is space 0 provid$ ) gates ^u all f\r sides1 to "s ( :i* access 0 _h by ar*$ bridges2 x 0 surr\nd$ by ?ick walls & d\ble ranges ( columns1 ass]t$ by ,josephus to h be5 monoli?ic4 ,?is out] c\rt1 accessible to all1 conta9$ a small] int]ior enclosure =m$ by o!r colonnades1 & probably also by sev]al l>ge halls2 f\r gateways ) gild$ bronze doors l$ to ! int]ior1 to :i* e wor?y ,jew _h access4 ,infidels 7 deb>r$ f f>!r advance by a grat+ almo/ #a4e m4 high1 :i* enclos$ ! space correspond+ to ! out] c\rt ( ! ,mosaic tab]nacle4 ,! alt> = burnt-(f]+s _h be5 increas$ 9 plan to a squ>e ( tw5ty cubits1 & to a height ( t5 cubits2 an incl9$ asc5t ( consid]able size 0 necess>y to rea* ! summit4 ,x is believ$ t ! k]nel ( ?is alt> is ! holy rock 9 ! pres5t ,mosque ( ,om>4 ,! braz5 lav] 7! kijor7 _h develop$ into ! s-call$ molt5 sea1--a bas9 ( t5 cubits 9 diamet]1 ca/ 9 bronze1 & support$ at a height ( five cubits ^u ! backs ( twelve bronze ox54 ,x may be conceiv$ z v simil> to ! f\nta9 ( ! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions 9 ! ,alhambra4 ,! ox5 7 s divid$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree t !y fac$ ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 8& all _! h9d] p>ts 7 inw>d40 ,^! figures1 s purely ,phnician1 mu/ h be5 f> m simil> to ! productions ( ,assyria ?an c\ld h be5 ! case ) ! ,mosaic *]ubim4 ,_! heads probably resembl$ t %[n above 7,fig4 #ig7 ^u ! relief ( ,saida1 _! legs ^? ( ! primitive animals ^u ! monum5t ( ,amri? 7,fig4 #ih71 or ( ! lions 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,alhambra4 ,! alt> & ! molt5 sea 7 situat$ be=e ! front ( ! temple1 ! axis ( :i* 0 turn$ ea/ & we/1 at "r angles to ! g5]al direction ( ! out] c\rt1 :i* ran nor? & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,vase ,discov]$ 9 ,cyprus4 ,! entrance to ! temple 0 ornam5t$ by two bronze columns1 kn[n z ,ja*9 & ,boaz2 _! height is giv5 9 diff]5t passages z #ah & #ce cubits1 & "h beg9s ! confusion caus$ by ! ,biblical contradictions :i* make x s difficult to obta9 a reliable und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,solomon's build+4 ,x _c ev5 be decid$ :e!r ^! columns 7 9 ! entrance1 z ar*itectural supports1 or /ood be=e ! gates1 )\t a function1--!y be+ spok5 ( z 91 ^u1 & be=e ! portico4 ,if !y /ood 9 ! entrance itself1 z supports ( its l9tel 7z assum$ by ,baehr71 x is probable t !y did n divide its wid? into ?ree equal int]columniations4 ,! diamet] ( ! %afts 0 f\r cubits1 & su* an arrangem5t w\ld s h occupi$ ! total op5+ ( ! portal1 only f\rte5 cubits1 t b two cubits w\ld h rema9$ = ea* ( ! ?ree passages4 ,x is m probable t !y 7 plac$ next to ! jambs 9 ! mann] assum$ = ! front ( ! tab]nacle4 ,if ! columns be suppos$ to h /ood be=e ! portico1 )\t any function ( support1 l obelisks1 all difficulty is avoid$4 ,9 ei!r case x w\ld be important1 = an und]/&+ ( ! /yle ( ,solomon's ,temple & ( ,phnician workman%ip1 to compreh5d ! long description giv5 ( _! capitals4 ,x is only cle> t ^! 7 f\r or five cubits high1 & _h ! g5]al =m ( lilies1 probably t ( a calyx1 z if d]iv$ f ! floral capitals ( ,egypt4 ,a column discov]$ 9 ! f\ndation vaults ( ! temple exhibits a peculi>ly heavy capital ( ?is k9d1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh evid5tly ( primitive outl9e & proportions1 *>act]iz$ by ! acan?us-l c>v+ z a "w influ5c$ by ! lat] art ( ,greece4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! normal ,egyptian-bell calyx1 )\t additions1 c\ld n be spok5 ( z hav+ ! =m ( a lily1 by :i* "n ! curl$ ends ( leaves 7 usually designat$ 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! volutes ?us especially ref]r$ to mu/ h be5 simil> to ^? ^u ! ,assyrian capital1 & notably to ^? ( ! rock-cut relief 9 ! ,pass ( ,ma%naka 7,fig4 #ii71 :i*1 situat$ ^u ,phnician t]ritory1 (f] ! mo/ /rik+ analogy4 ,an illu/ration ( ! ext5sive ornam5tal employm5t ( ! helix t]m9ation is (f]$ by ! decoration ( a vase rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,cyprus 7,fig4 #ajb71 & by pila/] capitals 9 ! ,cesnola collection4 7,fig4 #ajg47 ,x is an ana*ronism to br+ ! columns1 because ( _! *annell$ %afts & "s m9or peculi>ities1 into connection ) ! =ms ( ,p]sian ar*itecture1 :i* c\ld n h be5 develop$ s long be=e ! "t ( ,cyrus4 ,! additions--wrea?s ( *a9s1 nets ( *eck]-"w1 hang+ pomegranates1 etc4--( :i* ! ,scriptures r5d] a *aotic acc\nt1 _c1 9 detail1 be und]/ood or expla9$4 ,if ! %afts are suppos$ to h be5 unit$ by a lattice-"w ( metal1 x is m natural to seek a p>allel 9 ! free-/&+ columns ( an ,assyrian relief ?an 9 ! canopies ( ,p]sian ?rones sugge/$ by ,julius ,braun4 ,t ! *a9s1 net-"w1 & ! pomegranates did n hang ^u ! capitals !mselves has be5 argu$ by ,vogu1 f ! analogy ( an anci5t capital ( ! ,mosque ( ,h>am1 & is made evid5t by ,braun's "q1 h[1 inde$1 x w\ld be possible to c\nt two hundr$ pomegranates /rung ar\nd a capital at su* a height above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--;,hypo!tical ,plan & ,section ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,an important portal /ood be=e ! halls ( ! temple4 ,) a plan ( #aj cubits deep & #bj cubits broad1 ! a/oni%+ height ( #abj cubits is attribut$ to ?is t[]1 a numb] appe>+ 9 ! ,*ronicles1 & repeat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t & by ,josephus1 s t x _c be reg>d$ z ! mi/ake ( a transcrib]4 ,b ev5 if ! fir/ measures are arbitr>ily assum$ to ref] only to a small int]ior space enclos$ by walls ( enorm\s ?ickness1 ! con/ructive impracticability ( erect+ a t[] ( su* height is evid5t2 x appe>s impossible t ! temple c\ld h be5 prec$$ by a pile twice z high z ! pr9cipal build+ 0 long1 & six times z high z ?is 0 broad6 ,we w\ld n v5ture to pres5t a re/oration ) su* proportions1 & mu/ agree ) ,hirt1 ,/reb]1 ,de ,saulcy1 ,de ,vogu1 & o!rs1 t ! acc\nt is a ,scriptural exagg]ation1 pass$ on f h& to h&4 ,x is h>dly to be expla9$ by ! sugge/ions ( ,de ,saulcy & ,/reb]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! au?orities wi%es to r$uce ! elevation by ! supposition t "o half ( ! entire height exi/$ "u ! e>? z a f\ndation1 s t only #fj cubits rema9$ visible above4 ,?is is ludicr\s2 ! solid rock b5ea? ! temple r5d]$ su* rem>kable f\ndations useless & impossible to execute4 ,/reb]1 also seek+ to uphold ! ,biblical au?ority1 w\ld h x t ! #abj cubits 0 obta9$ by add+ toge!r ! heights ( two pylons4 ,b ?is is no less inadmissible1 ap>t f ! extreme improbability ( heights hav+ be5 giv5 9 s unwont$ a mann]2 ! portal appe>s1 f its n>r[ wid?1 to h be5 a s+le t[]1 & n divid$1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 into two sep>ate pylons4 ,x is at lea/ probable1 h[ev]1 t ! /ructure rose above ! ma9 build+2 l ! pylons ( ,egypt1 x mu/ h _h a m>k$ talus1 & )\t d\bt a cornice ( scotia & r\ndlet1 z ^! =ms appe> ^u ! monum5tal tombs ( ,siloam 7,fig4 #ajd7--! olde/ ( ,pale/9e--& z ?is cornice 0 common 9 ,phnicia1 & appe>s also 9 ,assyria1 ^u ! temple t]race ( ,kisr ,s>gon1 & 9 ,p]sia1 ov] door & w9d[ op5+s4 ,! entrance1 #ad cubits broad1 0 probably dim9i%$ z its walls asc5d$1 slop+ l ! out] angle ( ! elevation1 s t ! con/ruction ( ! l9tel pres5ts little difficulty1 especially :5 we consid] ! enorm\s /ones employ$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! build+ by ,h]od1 "s ( :i* ,josephus relates to h be5 #e & #f cubits broad & ?ick1 & #de 767 cubits long4 ,above ! l9tel ! same pr9ciple ( a reliev+ triangle seems to h be5 practis$1 z may be obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,egypt & 9 ,myk53 ! blocks ov] ! door did n lie directly ^u ! l9tel1 b gradually approa*$ f bo? sides above ! jambs1 leav+ betwe5 !m a gable-%ap$ op5+1 :i* 0 clos$1 9 ord] to sp>e ! beam b5ea?1 by only a slab ( m>ble1 z at ,myk51 or by light1 ?9 masonry4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction is indicat$ by ! m5tion t a gold5 c&le/ick1 d$icat$ by ,que5 ,hel5a1 0 s plac$ ov] ! temple entrance z to be %one ^u by ! sun2 & especially by ! ref]5ce to a triangle exi/+ ov] ! door :i* op5$ into ! holy ( holies4 ,! fir/ gate _h jambs ( olive-wood & movable doors ( cypress1 bo? ov]laid ) gold4 ,x l$ to ! l>g] hall1 #bj cubits broad1 #dj cubits long1 & #cj cubits high2 to :i* adjo9$ ! holy ( holies1 a cubical space ( #bj cubits side4 ,! access to ?is1 p]mitt$ 9 r>e in/ances1 0 ?r\gh a ri*ly c>v$ door1 ov]laid ) gold & drap$ ) a magnific5t curta94 ,! sep>at+ wall 0 ( gild$ c$>4 ,^! two halls 7 surr\nd$ ^u all sides1 ) ! exception ( ! front1 by a l>ge numb] ( small *amb]s1 9 ?ree /ories1 light$ f )\t by ?ree r[s ( w9d[s4 ,^! second>y sacri/ies 7 ea* #e cubits 9 height )91 &1 ) _! ceil+s1 mu/ h atta9$ an altitude ( #bj cubits4 ,! holy ( holies 0 consequ5tly entirely surr\nd$1 & mu/ h be5 )\t w9d[s1 & d>k4 ,! l>g] space /ill rose #aj cubits above ?is side /ructure1 & 9 ?is cl]e/ory its w9d[s1 :i* are especially m5tion$1 mu/ h f\nd place4 ,! flat ro(1 or1 r1 ! t]races ^u diff]5t heights ( :i* x 0 compos$1 m\nt$ f ! holy ( holies to ! portal t[] 9 /eps some:at m ?an #bj1 #cj1 & p]haps #fj cubits high4 ,accord+ to ,eupolemo 7,eusebius71 ! cov]+ 0 ( copp] %ea?+4 ,! temple bore an upp] /ory1 explicitly describ$ by ,josephus1 z x appe>$ aft] ,h]od's recon/ruction ( ! build+1 b :i* is only once m5tion$ be=e 8 "t1 ) ! rem>k t ^! upp] *amb]s 7 ov]laid ) gold 7#b ,*ron4 iii4 #i74 ,! height ( ?is second /ory is evid5t f ,josephus1 :o gives #fj cubits z ! total elevation ( ! build+1 :ile ! space b5ea? x _h b #cj cubits 9 ?is dim5sion4 ,9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( its plan1 x mu/ be assum$ t x 0 n built above ! lat]al *amb]s or ! holy ( holies1 z ! height ( ! pr9cipal hall 0 f> great] ?an t ( ! *amb]s2 ?is w\ld h made ! upp] /ory on entirely diff]5t levels1 & h requir$ /aircases l>ge en\gh to occupy ! :ole ( ! space above ! #bj squ>e cubits ( ! holy ( holies2 & ! height ( ?is *amb] w\ld1 ^u ! ext]ior1 h become ?rice t ( its l5g? & bread?--namely1 #fj cubits4 ,su* de=mities1 impracticable ( execution1 )\t purpose1 & (f5d+ all s5se ( fitness & beauty1 may be reject$ :5 ! au?orities = !m are indef9ite & contradictory1 or1 z is ! case ) ,maimonides 7#aaij ,a4,d471 are assur$ly unau!ntic4 ,x is probable t ! upp] /ory 0 built only ^u ! ceil+ ( ! l>g] hall2 & t x 0 n =m$ ( ! massive mat]ials employ$ = ! walls ( ! l[] temple1 b1 z is indicat$ by ! /atem5t t ^! upp] *amb]s 7 ov]laid ) gold1 0 built lightly ( wood4 ,su* a mann] ( con/ruction w\ld h p]mitt$ a passage to be left ar\nd x 9 ! wid? ( ! hall ceil+1 ?us unit+ ! suitability & ! /hetic advantages ( a t]rac$ =m1 & agree+ ) ,mesopotamian & ,p]sian analogies4 ,! sugge/ion may ev5 be v5tur$ t x 0 by a misund]/&+ connect$ ) ^! upp] *amb]s t ! fabul\s height ( #abj cubits 0 orig9ally assign$ to ! portal t[]1 :i*1 p]haps1 0 reg>d$ z twice ! height ( ! pr9cipal hall2 if ! elevation ( ! l[] hall & ! upp]-/ory _h be5 tak5 toge!r1 if #fj cubits _h be5 d\bl$ 9 ! place ( #cj1 ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! #abj cubits tak+ ! place ( ! m probable #fj4 ,! l[] walls ( ! temple 7 built ( hewn blocks ( :ite m>ble4 ,! rem>kable /atem5t t a lay] ( cypress or c$> beams always foll[$ ^u "o ( /one _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an z a ref]5ce to ! int]ior revetm5t ( ! masonry ) wood4 ,! wall ( ! c\rt1 :]e ! beams are said to h foll[$ ?ree c\rses ( /one1 mu/ be consid]$ z ( triple ?ickness1 its qu>ri$ blocks be+ hidd5 by a %ea?+1 l t ( ! temple4 ,! /atem5t t ! ceil+ joi/s ( ! small] surr\nd+ *amb]s 7 n sunk into ! /one wall itself1 b 7 borne ^u ! beams1 n[ becomes intelligible2 !y re/$ ^u ! /udd+ ( ! wood5 revetm5t4 ,! entire int]ior ( ! temple1 exclusive ( ! passage ?r\gh ! portico1 is p>ticul>ly ass]t$ to h be5 provid$ ) ?is %ea?+4 ,! p>tition betwe5 ! holy ( holies & ! pr9cipal hall 0 probably altoge!r ( wood1 z "h only ! two revetm5ts 7 visible4 ,^u ^! walls 7 sculptur$ ornam5ts ov]laid ) beat5 gold4 ,?is wood-c>v+1 ) its surface ( %eet-metal1 "h took ! place ( ! sculptur$ & pa9t$ decoration ^u ! walls ( ,n9eveh2 x is 9 ?is po9t t ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! mural treatm5t ( ,upp] ,mesopotamia & ,phnicia appe>s to h consi/$4 ,qu>ries ( alaba/] 7 common 9 ,assyria2 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 on ! o!r h&1 provid$ ! mo/ beautiful wood = c>v+1 & ,phnician comm]ce procur$ ! metals = ! *>act]i/ic beat5 "w--! sphyrelaton4 ,! few notices pres]v$ conc]n+ ! decorations ( ,solomon's ,temple prove !m to h be5 simil>1 9 bo? subject & design1 to ^? ( ,n9eveh2 !y repres5t$ *]ubim1 palms 7! s-call$ tree ( life71 & floral wrea?s4 ,x 0 only 9 ! *]ubim & 9 ! ox5 be>+ ! molt5 sea t ! ex]cise ( sculpture 9 ! full r\nd 0 at all p]mitt$1 & ^! subjects did n greatly enc\rage ! arti/ic /udy ( nature4 ,! *]ubim /ood 9 ! holy ( holies z gu>dians ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant4 ,!y 7 indep5d5t colossal figures1 c>v$ ( olive-wood & ov]laid ) beat5 gold4 ,!y 7 no long]1 z 9 ! ,mosaic tab]nacle1 ^u ! lid ( ! ark--! m]cy-seat--9 a recumb5t or sitt+ position1 b /ood at ei!r side ( ! holy c(f]1 & 7 )\t d\bt greatly diff]5t 9 /yle f _! pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! *]ubim ( ! tab]nacle1 ! simil>ity ( ^! works to ,assyrian p>allels 0 d5i$1 = ! ,israelites1 imm$iately aft] ! exodus1 7 naturally acqua9t$ alone ) ! arti/ic traditions ( ,egypt2 b ?is 0 by no means ! case 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 :5 we h to deal ) ,phnician /yles1--t is to say1 ) a comb9ation ( v>i\s mann]s ( arti/ic conception & expression4 ,! *]ubim ( ,solomon may fairly be assum$ to h 9 ! ma9 resembl$ ! mon/r\s gu>dians ( ,assyrian palaces2 ! *ief deviation f ! *]ubim ( ,n9eveh 0 t _! w+s 7 n fold$ closely1 b 7 out/ret*$ z if = flight1 s t ! tips ( _! fea!rs t\*$ toge!r ov] ! ark ( ! sanctu>y1 & ext5d$ to ! side walls ( ! holy ( holies1 measur+ t5 cubits 9 entire span4 ,! ark ( ! cov5ant itself & ! o!r vessels ( ! temple 7 ei!r ov]laid ) gold or 7 ( ! solid metal4 ,! alt> ( inc5se1 ! %ew-bread table1 & ! sev5-arm$ c&le/ick rema9$ z !y _h be5 9 ! tab]nacle2 to !m 7 add$1 besides _m less important ut5sils1 t5 fur!r lamp-hold]s ( gold4 ,z ! beat5 metal n only ext5d$ ov] all ! c>v$ walls ( wood5 %ea?+1 b ev5 cov]$ ! horizontal ceil+1 ! eye saw no?+ b gold--a decoration :i* ! _m-flam$ c&le/icks mu/ h r5d]$ p>ticul>ly brilliant1 b :i* 0 em95tly b>b>ic1 z ! metal 0 probably n enliv5$ by color$ enamels4 ,x is 9 que/ionable ta/e1 ev5 9 ! mo/ prom95t memb]s ( an ar*itectural composition1 to outbid ! arti/ic expression ( a "w by employ+ = x a mat]ial ( too /rik+ intr9sic value2 b x is :olly condemnable to p>alyze ! conc5trat+ effect1 :i* is always atta9$ by ! mod]ate use ( a v bright & valuable mat]ial1 by its univ]sal employm5t1 & ?us to lose ! preci\s "* ( ! c5tre ?r\gh ! attempt$ magnific5ce ( ! :ole4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,solomon's ,temple 0 de/roy$ at ! comm& ( ! ,babylonian ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 #ehg ,b4,c4 ,! attempt to rebuild x 0 n entirely successful until ,cyrus end$ ! ,babylonian exile1 & n only p]mitt$ ! build+ to proce$1 b ev5 return$ ! sacr$ ut5sils1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ (f z booty1 & kept 9 ! ,temple ( ,bel4 ,?is recon/ruction1 nam$1 aft] ! rul]1 ,z]ubbabel1 0 n complet$ until aft] =ty-six ye>s1 :51 "u ,d>ius1 all ! difficulties 9 ! way ( its prosecution 7 ov]come4 ,!re is reason = suppos+ t ! influ5ce ( ,p]sia made itself felt ^u ! /yle ( ! new "w1 b no?+ ( importance to ! hi/ory ( art is directly kn[n conc]n+ x4 ,! magnific5t re/oration ( ,h]od1 comm5c$ 9 #af or #ae ,b4,c41 0 execut$ 9 t5 ye>s1 to be de/roy$ )9 a c5tury by ,titus1 s t1 lit]ally1 n "o /one rema9$ ^u ! o!r4 ,! remodell$ temple is n important to ! hi/ory ( ,phnician-,israelitic art2 ?\gh ! orig9al plan & arrangem5t 7 9 ! ma9 pres]v$1 its /yle became a debasem5t ( ! ,greek & ,roman ord]s4 ,! gigantic plat=m1 ! site ( ! build+ ) :i* s _m rem>kable ev5ts are connect$1 w always cont9ue to be ( peculi> int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w's developm5t4 ,! description ( ,solomon's palace giv5 by ! ,scriptures is too vague to convey any adequate conception ( x4 ,x 0 a build+ ext5d$ by columns & provid$ ) an upp] /ory3 ! %afts 7 ( c$>-wood2 _! =m is n m5tion$4 ,! walls 7 ( /one1 hewn rectangul>ly1 z might be expect$ f ! simil> masonry ( ! temple4 ,! c$> beams ( ! ceil+ mu/ be suppos$1 agreeably to ,solomon's pref]5ce = co/ly mat]ials1 to h be5 ov]laid ) gold4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! descriptions to sugge/ ,p]sian arrangem5t or details1 :i* did n develop f ,assyrian me?ods ( build+ until f\r c5turies lat]4 ,z ! ,phnician ar*itecture ( ?is epo* c be comp>$ to t ( no y\ng] l& ?an ,mesopotamia1 & z ! plans ( ! kn[n ,assyrian palaces are provid$ ) no halls ( columns1 x is natural to seek = ! orig9 ( ! hypo/yle disposition 9 ,egyptian elem5ts1 :i*1 9 o!r respects1 take s important a place 9 ! developm5t ( ,israelitic art4 ,build+s ( wood ov]laid ) metal are1 on ! o!r h&1 peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,syrian coa/4 ,all ?is magnific5ce has totally disappe>$1 & x w\ld be natural to expect t1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ! rock-cut tombs 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem1 pres]v$ by _! inde/ructibility1 w\ld give ! mo/ direct & tru/wor?y in=mation conc]n+ ! ,phnician-,israelitic /yle4 ,b ! m anci5t ( ^! monum5ts--^? erect$ be=e ! "t ( ! ,seleucid--are ( su* extreme simplicity t1 f lack ( detail1 !y convey no und]/&+ ( ,phnician columns & entablatures1 nor1 inde$1 ( any *>act]i/ic ar*itectural =ms4 ,a simple /airway leads to ! small] grotto graves1 :i*1 excavat$ 9 ! cliff1 7 once clos$ by slabs ( /ones4 ,_! plan is g5]ally squ>e1 ! ceil+ cut to ! =m ( a flat b>rel-vault4 ,9 ! l>g] family sepul*res ! burial-*amb]s are gr\p$ ar\nd an ante*amb]1 ! bodies 9 !m be+ plac$ ^u /one b5*es or pu%$ into c(f9-l ni*es4 ,:5 ! entrance is at all ar*itecturally *>act]iz$ ^u ! ext]ior1 :i* is ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 x displays ! heavy ,egyptian scotia & r\ndlet 7,fig4 #ajd71 or a simple fram+ ) a gable & a ridge acrot]ium ( d\ble volutes1 l ! rock-cut tombs ( ,phrygia4 7,fig4 #aje47 ,:]e !re is c>v$ foliage 9 ! gables & friezes1 z ^u ! s-call$ tombs ( ! judges & k+s1 ^! are ! conv5tional traces ( a lat] p]iod1 ?\gh ^! ornam5ts frequ5tly reta9 9 design & execution ! peculi> dry angul>ity *>act]i/ic ( ! imitation ( beat5 metal :i* is s univ]sal 9 ,phnicia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,rock-cut ,tomb ( ,siloam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,rock-cut ,tomb ( ,h9nom4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greece & ,rome is di/9ctly betray$ 9 ! s-call$ ,tomb ( ,jacob1 ! pret5d$ sepul*res ( ! k+s1 & ! tombs attribut$1 )\t reason1 to ,absalom & ,za*>iah4 ,^! monum5ts1 "s ( :i* h be5 cut entirely f ! native rock1 are ornam5t$ by ,doric friezes ) ,roman disks 9 ! metopes1 & by ,doric & ,ionic columns & engag$ %afts1 :i* reproduc$ ! debas$ =ms :i* *>act]ize ! treatm5t ( ,greek ar*itecture "u ! ,romans4 ,yet 9 all ?is !re are /ill traces ( national peculi>ities4 ,at times vegetable ornam5ts1 grapes & grape-leaves1 pomegranates1 ivy1 laurel1 & acorns fill ! tympanon & ! frieze1 int]rupt$ by ! triglyphs4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! two la/-nam$ tombs is peculi>4 ,t ( ,za*>iah is a cube ( a little ov] #e m4 on ! side2 t ( ,absalom ( almo/ #g m4 ,!y are ornam5t$ by pila/]s & debas$ ,ionic engag$ %afts1 & h heavy cornices ( ! ,egyptian r\ndlet & scotia1 to :i* is add$1 ^u ! ,tomb ( ,absalom1 a late ,doric frieze4 ,! =m] is conclud$ by a pyramid1 #c4f m4 high1 cut also f ! native rock1 a t]m9ation :i* gives to ! g5]al =m a c]ta9 simil>ity to ! ,tomb ( ,amri? kn[n z ! ,snail-t[]4 ,! latt] supports ^u ! cube a small] & mu* l[] mass ( masonry1 built ( qu>ri$ /ones1 & be>+ ^u a d\bly /epp$ cyl9drical base a cone ( concave outl9e1 :i* t]m9ates1 at a height ( #ac4e m4 above ! gr\nd1 9 a clumsy1 tulip-l fl[]4 ,! entrance to ! burial-*amb] cut 9 ! rock sub/ructure ( ,absalom's tomb has be5 brok5 9 above ! scotia cornice2 ! traces ( nails ^u ! walls ( ! small space po9t to ! cu/om>y %ea?+ ( metal4 ,not)/&+ su* isolat$ rem9isc5ces ( indig5\s--t is to say1 ,phnician--mann]s ( build+1 x is impossible to agree ) sev]al not$ au?orities 9 recogniz+1 9 ! ,doric & ,ionic details :i* appe> comb9$ ) !m1 pr$ecessors & models ( ! ,hell5ic developm5t ( ^! /yles4 ,su* prototypes %\ld lea/ be s\ght among a p :o1 possess+ no art ( _! own1 did b borr[ f _! neighbors4 ,&1 moreov]1 ^! =ms appe> by no means to be primitive attempts1 b cle>ly exhibit ! lifelessness & debasem5t ( ! late/ p]iod ( ,greek ar*itectural hi/ory4 ,^! monum5ts may safely be ascrib$ to ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,al?\gh ! ,cor9?ian ord] almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! old] /yles 9 ,italy dur+ ! "t ( ! ,cs>s1 ^! prov9cial ,doric & ,ionic =ms may /ill be assum$ to date r f ! lat] ?an f ! e>li] half ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,tomb at ,paphos 9 ,cyprus4 ,pale/9e1 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 may be reg>d$ z a doma9 ( ,phnicia1 & ! same ?+ may be said ( ,cyprus & ( ,c>?age4 ,all ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ly+ z x did betwe5 ! great p[]s ( civilization 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile & ! pla9 ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 seem$ de/9$ by nature1 z we h se51 to comb9e ! arti/ic peculi>ities ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,cyprus1 9 a some:at simil> position1 %>$ ! ,phnician civilization & 0 also expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,greeks1 especially to t ( ! ,dorians1 :o _h f\nd$ colonies ^u ! s\!rn isl&s ( ! gean1 & :o e>ly possess$ a /ronghold 9 ,crete4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ^u ! rock-cut tombs ( ,cyprus ! ,doric /yle ( ar*itecture 0 n re/rict$ to ! late & debas$ =ms f\nd ^u ! tombs ne> ,j]usalem1 b may occasionally be met ) 9 a v primitive /ate ( developm5t4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is (f]$ by a tomb ne> ,paphos4 7,fig4 #ajf47 ,9 g5]al1 ! position ( ! isl& expos$ x m to ! influ5ce ( ,egypt ?an ( ,mesopotamia2 x is n evid5t 9 h[ m>k$ a degree ?is 0 felt4 ,( ! *ief ,phnician sanctu>y ^u ,cyprus--! ,temple ( ,a/>te at ,paphos--!re exi/ only insuffici5t repres5tations ^u co9s & ^u an engrav$ gem ( ! ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o4 ,^! prove no m ?an t1 )9 a circul> enclosure ( lattice-"w1 !re /ood a tall /ructure t[]+ above l[ side-build+s1 :i* 7 support$1 l porticos1 ^u columns4 ,two ,egyptian %afts appe> to h be5 plac$ be=e ! entrance1 )\t function z supports1 &1 l ,ja*9 & ,boaz1 )\t /rictly ar*itectural purpose4 ,/ill less is kn[n ( ! temples ( ,ama?us & ,golgoi4 ,x is h>dly probable t ! rema9s ( a build+ discov]$ by ,g5]al ,cesnola 9 ! village ( ,ati5u1 ne> ! pres5t port ( ,l>naka 7! ,biblical ,*itim & ,greek ,kition7 are ^? ( ! _w-fam$ ,temple ( ,aphrodite at ,golgoi4 ,! /ructure seems r to h be5 a treasure-h\se1 9 "s way connect$ ) ! great temple1 :i* once conta9$1 ) ! votive /atues !re discov]$1 o!r objects belong+ to ! tem5os4 ,! oblong plan ) irregul> entrances1 ! b>5ess ( its walls1 & especially ! c>elessly arrang$ p$e/als :i* fill$ ! space )91 seem to po9t to its orig9al de/9ation z t ( a magaz9e4 ,! only objects ( ar*itectural int]e/ discov]$ 9 ^! rema9s are ! columns :i* flank ! doors1 9 a position correspond+ to t ( ! columns ( ! ,mosaic tab]nacle4 ,! bases1 f\nd 9 position1 are *annell$ l ^? ( ,p]sia4 ,! %afts & capitals are n pres]v$4 ,! =m ( ! latt] may p]haps be surmis$ f a comp>ison ( fragm5ts 9 ! ,cesnola collection 7,fig4 #ajg71 analog\s to ! capitals ( ,ma%naka1 to ! d\ble spirals ( ,assyrian ar*itecture1 & to ! descriptions giv5 ( ! lily-capitals ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,cyprian ,pila/] ,capitals4 ,cesnola's discov]ies ^u ,cyprus are m important 9 sculptural ?an 9 ar*itectural respects1 & are wor?y to rank ) ^? ( ,botta1 ,lay>d1 & ,s*liemann4 ,! *ief works are lime/one /atues ( v>i\s sizes4 ,to ^! are add$1 f ! inve/igations ( o!r ru9s1 d\btless ( tombs1 a great numb] ( m9or articles3 t]ra-cotta figures1 vases & lamps1 & v>i\s objects ( glass1 metal1 etc4 ,^! works are easily divid$ into two great gr\ps1 ea* ( peculi> /yle1 ) :i* ! inscriptions t h be5 discov]$ agree 9 g5]al "* & 9 relative numb]4 ,among ! eighty-five inscriptions f\nd up to #ahgj1 ?irty-?ree are ,greek1 tw5ty ,phnician1 & ?irty-two ,cyprian4 ,! /yles ( ,phnician & ,cyprian sculpture resemble ea* o!r f> m closely ?an did ! languages ( ^? c\ntries1 s t 9 ! comp>ative r>ity ( examples x is difficult to di/+ui% ! orig9 ( ^! works4 ,!y %[ a k9d ( compromise betwe5 ,egyptian1 ,syrian 7,assyrian71 & e>ly ,greek me?ods--a comb9ation agree+ ) ! geographical position ( ! isl&1 & ) ! desc5t & hi/ory ( its inhabitants4 ,all ,cyprian sculpture %[s1 9 s f> z x is n influ5c$ by a reflection ( ! lat] ,greek & ,roman =ms1 ! ,phnician /yle :i* has be5 describ$ z develop$ f beat5 metal-"w2 ?is is evid5t ev5 9 ! /one c>v+s4 7,figs4 #ajh & #aji47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,votive ,figure f ,cyprus ,! de/ruction ( ,c>?age is z fam\s = its complet5ess z t ( ,j]usalem1 :i*1 inde$1 x resembl$ 9 o!r respects1 & x is natural t b few traces ( ?is magnific5t ,que5 ( ! ,sea %\ld h be5 pres]v$4 ,rec5t ,fr5* & ,engli% inve/igations "u ,b5te & ,davis describe ! consid]able rema9s ( ! =tification walls ( ! ,byrsa1 built ( colossal blocks ( tufa4 ,_! great ?ickness1 #aj m41 p]mitt$ ! =mation ( semicircul> *amb]s 9 ?ree sup]pos$ /ories1 :i*1 be+ accessible f )91 s]v$ z casemates & magaz9es4 ,! num]\s rock-cut tombs are1 z 9 ,phnicia1 provid$ ) /eps f above1 & =m an oblong crypt1 ab\t :i* ! deep ni*es = ! reception ( bodies are gr\p$4 ,! rema9s ( b>b>ic temples ^u ,malta & ! neighbor+ isl&s are ( subord9ate importance1 if inde$ !y are to be m5tion$ at all1 9 ! consid]ation ( ,phnician art4 ,! d\ble temple ^u ,gozo is ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,x consi/s ( two adjo9+ spaces1 ea* conclud$ by a semicircul> apse1 hav+ ^u bo? sides simil> ni*es1 s t ! entire enclosure appe>s z a comb9ation ( apses ar\nd an oblong4 ,! pavem5t is p>tly ( rectangul> blocks1 s /epp$ z to %[ an int]ior division2 b ! ,cyclopean masonry ( ! walls is s r\gh t1 9 its entire lack ( ornam5tal treatm5t1 ! /ructure has b little int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( art1 & p]mits no conclusions conc]n+ ,phnician ar*itecture1 :i* else:]e produc$ su* incomp>able masonry ( hewn /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,cyprian ,head4 ,! fun]al monum5ts ( ! rema9+ ,punic l&s1 ( ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 & notably ( ,s>d9ia1 ?\gh ( great] arti/ic value1 are fully z unc]ta9 9 _! orig94 ,_! =m is at times l t ( ! monum5ts ( ,amri?2 yet !y may v possibly be ( ,etruscan d]ivation1 =1 ap>t f _! resemblance to ! tombs ( ,etruria1 !y are almo/ exclusively ^u ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s>d9ia1 ! side turn$ t[>ds ,italy1 :ile ! ,phnicians w\ld m naturally h come 9 contact ) ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,rock-cut ,tomb at ,antiphellos4 ,! mo/ advanc$ outpo/ ( ! ext5d$ civilization ( ,phnicia 0 ,asia ,m9or4 ,"u ! dom9ion ( ! ,seleucid & ( ! ,romans1 ! influ5ce ( ,greek art 0 s felt ^u ! ,syrian coa/1 & ev5 z f> z ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 t purely national works ( ar*itecture & sculpture are comp>atively r>e4 ,b ?is influ5ce 0 d\bly great 9 ! l& ( :i*1 f ! e>lie/ times1 ! ,ionians _h possess$ ! seabo>d1 & :]e !y _h f\nd$ a numb] ( fl\ri%+ cities :i* _h atta9$ to a degree ( prosp]ity & culture n less ?an t ( _! relatives ^u ! p59sula ( ! ,peloponnesos4 ,yet1 al?\gh ,ionian art bore "s ( its f9e/ fruit ^u ,asiatic soil1 & f roots :i* may p>tly be trac$ back to ,mesopotamia1 ?is c be hi/orically treat$ only 9 connection ) ! civilization ( ,greece & its common orig9 & developm5t4 ,hell5ic ,asia ,m9or & ! c\ntries "u its influ5ce--t is to say1 ! coa/s & isl&s ( ! gean1 ,propontis & ,pontus--_c be sep>ately consid]$4 ,all ! sculpture ( ^! regions mu/ !re=e be res]v$ = a lat] page2 b !re are a few ar*itectural monum5ts ( ! s\!rn coa/ & ( ! int]ior :i* require our pres5t att5tion z be+ peculi>ly national4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! t]ritories1 divid$ accord+ to _! anci5t population into ,lycia1 ,phrygia1 & ,lydia1 all ! monum5tal ar*itecture 0 greatly affect$ by ! long ,asiatic sway ( ! ,diado*i1 & by ! milit>y p[] ( ,rome4 ,! temples & public edifices gave up _! national peculi>ities = mann]s ( build+ *>act]i/ic ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x 0 only 9 ! tombs t orig9al conceptions reta9$ a /ubborn hold4 ,^!1 :5 cut 9 ! rock1 became imitations ( ! dwell+s ( ! c\ntry4 ,types ( h\se con/ruction 7 repres5t$ :i* _h be5 det]m9$ by ! climatic necessities & by diff]5t build+ mat]ials ( ea* prov9ce4 ,by _! massive simplicity & by ! popul> consid]ation t a *angeless dwell+ be/ suit$ ! quiet repose ( ! dead1 ! rock-cut tombs reta9$ _! primitive peculi>ities )\t s5sible alt]ation1 be+ expos$ only to unimportant modifications4 ,little ref]5ce 0 made 9 !m to ! advance ( arti/ic or con/ructional me?ods f age to age4 ,?\gh we h to deal exclusively ) ! tombs ( ! c\ntry1 !y all[ u to draw conclusions conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( o!r build+s1 :e!r temples or dwell+s1 :i* !y _h tak5 z _! models4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,rock-cut ,tomb at ,antiphellos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,rock-cut ,tomb at ,myra4 ,next to ! ,phnician coa/1 & opposite ,phnician ,cyprus1 lies ,lycia1 embrac+ ! great] "p ( ! s\!rn sea-l9e ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x calls = *ief consid]ation because ( its almo/ numb]less tombs1 "s ( :i* are admirably pres]v$1 & because ( _! in/ructive v>iety4 ,entire cliffs1 l ! ,necropolis ( ,myra1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic at ! head ( ?is section1 are lit]ally cov]$ ) su* monum5tal faades1 picturesquely gr\p$ accord+ to ! natural configuration ( ! rock4 ,! great] numb] are excavat$ grottoes1 ! fronts ( :i* are c>eful imitations ( timb]$ h\ses4 ,!y might be call$ log-h\se tombs if o!r ?an ! ro( beams 7 ( unsqu>$ trunks4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 ! fram+1 :5 n rema9+ op5 z an entrance1 are clos$ by panels4 ,! individuality ( ^! monum5ts is z m>k$ z c\ld h be5 possible among ! dwell+s ( ,lycian m\nta9e]s1 ^: weal? 0 n great1 & ^: ar*itectural dem&s did n mu* v>y4 ,an exact imitation ( ! +5i\s c>p5try is cut 9 ! rock d[n to ! smalle/ detail3 ! /iles ( ! panell+1 ! r\nd unhewn timb]s ( ! ro(1 ! clamp+ & dovetail+ ( ! beams1 & ! primitive tree-nails ) :i* ^! are secur$ are %[n ) ! greate/ di/9ctness4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :ole1 :5 intact1 mu/ h resembl$ a petrifi$ village4 ,^! gr\ps ( tombs are among ! mo/ curi\s & /rik+ rema9s ( antiquity4 ,! attempt 0 made by sev]al races ( e>ly civilization to prep>e a fun]al-*amb] :i* %\ld resemble z closely z possible ! dwell+s inhabit$ dur+ life2 b ?is int5tion 0 n else:]e s ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 & nev] result$ 9 s piquant a contradiction to ! mat]ial 9 :i* x 0 execut$4 ,! native rock 0 made completely to d5y its nature1 & to pres5t ! image ( a di/9ctively wood5 con/ruction4 ,^u abrupt cliffs ?is 0 usually re/rict$ to a faade1 :i* at times 0 v simple1 b q *>act]i/ic1 z 9 a tomb at ,antiphellos 7,fig4 #aaj71 :]e ! wood5 fram+ und]nea? ! flat project+ ro( =ms two w9d[s1 left op5 z entrances to ! cav]n4 ,a some:at m complicat$ example is %[n by ano!r tomb ( ?is site 7,fig4 #aaa71 :i* is especially rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! c>efully imitat$ cop+ ( ! cross-beams4 ,9 ?is case only "o ( ! door & w9d[ panels is op51 & a gabl$ ro( appe>s1 :i* seems to h be5 cu/om>y 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & to "s degree 9 ,phnicia4 ,! fram+ ( an int]ior or ( side walls is also %[n by ! /one imitation1 z 9 ! case ( a f9e example at ,myra 7,fig4 #aab71 :i* seems to illu/rate ! utmo/ limit ( ! /yle4 ,b "h ! contradiction betwe5 ! =m & ! mat]ial is s gl>+ t ! curi\s elegance ( ! result does n r$eem x4 ,! repeat+ ( wood5 con/ructions 9 /one )\t any modification--:i* is at fir/ sight1 & 9 less ext5t1 pleas+ & piquant--has "h become disagreeably obtrusive4 ,?is is /ill m /rik+ ^u ! r>] monum5tal s>cophagi at ,phellos & ,myra1 :]e ! block-h\se is c>v$ 9 ! full r\nd f ! native rock4 ,^! works repres5t ! wood5 model ^u all f\r sides1 s completely & consci5ti\sly t x w\ld be possible1 by _! aid1 to recon/ruct ! dwell+-h\se ( a ,lycian m\nta9e] 9 wood--to repeat f su* a petrifi$ copy ! orig9al1 ?\gh its frail mat]ials p]i%$ m ?an tw5ty c5turies ago4 ,x is curi\s h[ greatly ! pres5t huts ( ! c\ntry resemble _! antique pr$ecessors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,s-call$ ,monum5t ( ! ,h>pies at ,xan?os4 ,ne> ^! tombs1 9 "s in/ances ev5 connect$ ) !m1 ?\gh usually indep5d5t1 /& upright monum5ts ( ! nature ( obelisks1 b ) an upp] memb] *>act]i/ic ( ,lycia4 ,9 place ( ! pyramidal po9t ( ,egypt1 or ( ! hemisph]ical or /epp$ t]m9ation ( ,phnicia & ,assyria1 !re is "h a cornice ( project+ slabs1 ^u :i* re/s a small b comp>atively high block4 ,! mo/ important example is t kn[n z ! ,monum5t ( ! ,h>pies 7,fig4 #aac71 n[ 9 consid]able "p transport$ to ! ,lycian ,hall ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x consi/$ ( a gigantic monoli? be>+ a small burial-*amb]1 ! enclos+ slabs ( :i* 7 ornam5t$ by ! fam\s reliefs1 s important 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( ,lycian sepul*ral monum5ts1 ! small] s>cophagi1 is ! mo/ num]\s1 =m+ at times an ext5d$ necropolis4 ,?\gh ! majority are n free f ,hell5ic influ5ces1 !y yet g5]ally ma9ta9 ! peculi> national *>act]i/ics1 be+ imitations ( wood5 con/ructions some:at simil> to ! rock-cut tombs4 ,! lid 9 "s in/ances appe>s to be ( slat-"w1 &1 in/ead ( ! semicircul> gable common 9 ,phnicia1 pres5ts a po9t$ ar*4 ,! cornice d5tils di/9ctly betray _! d]ivation f ! project+ ceil+ beams1 :i*1 ^u ! block-h\se tombs1 _h /ill pres]v$ ! r\nd =m ( unhewn timb]s4 ,a tomb at ,antiphellos 7,fig4 #aad7 has a *annel cut ^u ! summit ( ! lid1 probably to s]ve z a socket = ! ridge-cre/+s4 ,! heads ( lions & o!r project+ ornam5ts ^u ! sides enri* ! ar*itectural treatm5t4 ,! monum5t _c be spok5 ( z a s>cophagus1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 = its lid 0 n movable1 ! body be+ introduc$ f ! front1 :]e w9d[-l op5+s 7 provid$ = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,s>cophagus at ,antiphellos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,rock-cut ,tomb at ,telmissos4 ,a f\r? class ( ,lycian rock-cut tombs1 ^? ) a faade resembl+ a small temple-front1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,_m among ^! display ! influ5ce ( a late ,hell5ic p]iod1 yet "s pres]ve su* primitive =ms z to make x c]ta9 t ,lycia took a prom95t "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,ionic /yle--t ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or 0 an important /ation1 m>k+ ! advance ( arti/ic culture f ,mesopotamia to ! gean ,sea4 ,^! tombs g5]ally repres5t ! front ( a temple 9 antis--t is to say1 ( a portico ) two columns betwe5 ! advanc$ side walls4 ,! pr$om9ant ,ionic =ms are s+ul>ly primitive 9 ! capital & entablature1 ! great] numb] ( ! examples %[+ no trace ( ! decl9e ( ! /yle1 or ( ! ,roman type1 s easily recognizable by ! =mal "* ( ! details4 ,^! diff] greatly1 & seem to %[ ! exp]im5ts ( an e>ly p]iod ( developm5t1 :i* may /ill h be5 contemporane\s ) a f> high] advance ( ! /yle ^u ! m nor!rn coa/s ( ! gean ,sea & ,sporades1 be+ influ5c$ 9 a diff]5t degree by ! same ,we/]n ,asiatic motives4 ,! important comb9ation :i* *>act]izes ! p]fection ( ,ionic ar*itecture--! conjunction ( ! volute ) ! ,doric e*9os b5ea? x--does n appe> ^u ^! capitals2 ! spiral has n a graceful curve1 & ! contraction ( ! side rolls ( ! volute is lack+2 ! abacus is badly pr(il$1 & ! %afts are (t5 jo9$ )\t a curve to ! clumsy bases4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #aaf47 ,z 0 always ! case among ! ,ori5tals1 :o knew ( no indep5d5t gable & ro( =mation above ! ceil+1 ! entablature consi/$ ( only two memb]s1--! epi/yle1 unit+ ! columns1 & ! t]m9at+ cornice4 ,! triple division ( ! entablature1 ( s m>k$ importance 9 ! p]fect$ /yle1 0 n kn[n2 ev5 ! two memb]s "h occurr+ 7 n %>ply def9$1 & ! d5tils ( ! cornice 7 fully develop$ at a "t :5 _! orig9al con/ructive significance _h n yet be5 =gott5 9 _! decorative application4 ,! gable acrot]ia are clumsy knops1 simil> to ! circul> ridge ornam5ts & ! horn-l corn] pieces ( ,phnician monum5ts4 ,9 %ort1 we may trace 9 ! rock-cut tombs ( ,lycia1 if n a ,proto-,ionic /yle1 yet a di/9ct p>allel developm5t ( ! mo/ primitive ,ionic =ms4 ,^! did n exclude ! influ5ce ( ,greece1 aft] ! full p]fection ( ! /yle _h be5 atta9$1 b r prep>$ its way4 ,an example ( su* lat] semi-,hell5ic "w may be obs]v$ 9 ! magnific5t monum5t ( ,xan?os1 built 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 z a trophy aft] ! capture ( ,telmissos by ! ,xan?ians4 ,?is also has be5 9 "p transport$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is /ructure 0 n cut f ! solid rock1 b 0 built ( qu>ri$ /ones4 ,x %[s ! full developm5t ( ,ionic =ms4 ,^u a comp>atively high sub/ructure !re /ood a cella surr\nd$ by columns--( a p]ipt]al arrangem5t r>e 9 ,lycia1 :]e all ! tombs :i* repres5t temples seem to %[ t ! national places ( wor%ip1 l ^? ( ,assyria & ,phnicia1 7 re/rict$ to a portico 9 antis1 ! evolution ( ! p]ipt]os be+ an improvem5t ( ! ,greeks4 ,! nave orig9ality obs]vable 9 ! ,ionic does n exi/ 9 ! m isolat$ ,doric =ms1 al?\gh a few v ar*aic monum5ts ( ! latt] /yle are kn[n4 ,_! exi/5ce is expla9$ by ! vic9ity ( ,crete1 t s\!rn outpo/ ( e>ly ,doric culture1 z well z by ! neighbor+ ,doric colonies :i* fl\ri%$ ^u ! s\?we/]n extremity ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,details ( ,columns f ,telmissos1 ,myra1 & ,antiphellos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,s-call$ ,tomb ( ,midas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,phrygian ,rock-cut ,tomb ne> ,doganlu4 ,lycia appe>s to h _h b little influ5ce ^u ! o!r c\ntries ( ! seabo>d1 :i* 7 almo/ entirely ,hell5iz$2 nor did its influ5ce p5etrate z f> into ! int]ior c\ntry z ,phrygia1 :]e ! civilization ( ! ,greeks 0 introduc$ only by way ( ! gean & ,pontic coa/s4 ,!re 7 nei!r frequ5t$ ports nor navigable /reams to op5 ! way4 ,! tracklessness ( wood$ m\nta9s re/rict$ ! comm]cial & intellectual horizon ( ! ,phrygians1 :o1 z a nomadic p1 7 cont5t$ ) ! slighte/ arti/ic ex]tion4 ,9 ! same way z ! ,lycian c>v$ 8 wood5 hut ^u ! face ( ! cliff1 t he might reta9 aft] 8 dea? ! belov$ dwell+ ( 8 life1 ! ,phrygian ornam5t$ ! front ( 8 grotto graves by a repres5tation ( 8 movable h\se1 ! nomadic t5t4 ,only ! clo? ( ! t5t1 ) its wov5 patt]n1 0 %[n2 its con/ructive ribs1 n visible ^u ! ext]ior ( ! orig9al1 7 omitt$ f ! imitation4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! tomb frontispieces1 betwe5 ,kiutahija & ,sivrihiss> ^u ! ,saqu>ia1 :i* are attribut$ to ,phrygian k+s1 is call$ by ! ,turks ,yasili-,kaia 7! inscrib$ /one74 7,fig4 #aag47 ,x is kn[n z ! ,tomb ( ,midas f ! "o legible ^w1 ,midai1 occurr+ 9 an un9telligible inscription4 ,^u ! face ( ! cliff !re is cut a squ>e surface1 #aa m4 broad & ab\t #i m4 high1 t]m9at$ above by a l[ gable1 :i*1 ) ! acrot]ium1 adds #c m4 to ! height ( ! :ole4 ,! triangle is fram$ by a light lattice-"w 9 l[ relief1 & cr[n$ ) two volutes1 simil> to ! circul> ridge decorations ( ,phnician tombs4 ,! tympanon is n c>v$1 b probably1 ) ! entire front1 0 pa9t$4 ,! ext5sive rectangul> surface b5ea? is cov]$ ) a complicat$ me&] ornam5t 9 relief--a play ( l9es evid5tly tak5 f a wov5 patt]n & resembl+ ! decorations ( ,moori% walls1 :]e ! fundam5tal motive 0 also ! t5t-clo?4 ,! bord] ( ?is surface repres5ts1 )\t conv5tionalization1 an edg+ set ) preci\s /ones1 su* z may h be5 cu/om>y ^u co/ly ,syrian /uffs4 ,! small int]ior *amb] 0 only l>ge en\gh = ! reception ( a s>cophagus4 ,! entrance to x 0 n m>k$ by any ar*itectural features--ev5 z ! t5t itself 0 n provid$ ) a door--b ! passage 0 orig9ally clos$ by a slab1 ^u ! face ( :i* ! wov5 patt]n 0 )\t d\bt cont9u$4 ,a second tomb ( ! vic9ity1 also m>k$ by an undeciph]able inscription1 is ( simil> "*4 7,fig4 #aah47 ,! gable repres5ts a wood5 con/ruction1 some:at l ! fram+ ( ,lycian s>cophagi2 its d\ble acrot]ium is decorat$ ) ?ree rosettes4 ,! pr9cipal surface1 ! squ>e bel[1 is )\t c>v+1 & _h probably a pa9t$ patt]n4 ,a ?ird frontispiece ( ?is type %[s a floral frieze ( alt]nate palmettoes & buds1 resembl+ an ,assyrian motive1 b inv]t$1 p]haps because its direct model 0 ! bord] ( a c>pet4 ,x recalls ! hang+ r[s ( pomegranates ^u ! columns ,ja*9 & ,boaz ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,! cliffs ( ,phrygia are honey-comb$ by su* rock-cut tombs4 ,especially 9 ! di/rict nor? ( ,seid-el-,ar are !re numb]less small grottoes1 ! entrances to :i* are ei!r p]fectly pla9 or provid$ only ) a simple triangul> gable--all giv+ pro( ( ! r>ity ( arti/ic ef=t among ^! idyllic m\nta9s4 ,! influ5ce ( ,assyrian & ,p]sian me?ods is evid5t ev5 to ! we/ ( ! riv] ,halys1 ! bord] ( ! ,mesopotamian dom9ion be=e ,cyrus2 b ^u its f>!r banks1 9 ,ea/]n ,phrygia1 ,ori5tal art is univ]sally preval5t4 ,at ,eyuk !re are rema9s1 suppos$ to be ^? ( a temple1 ) a portal flank$ by mon/]s l ! *]ubim ( ,n9eveh & ,p]sepolis4 ,at ,boghaz-,kieui1 besides rock-cut reliefs entirely simil> to ^? ( ,p]sia1 !re are ! f\ndations ( a t]race ) ! ru9s ( a palace1 built ^u ! plan ( ! royal dwell+s ( ,p]sepolis4 ,lydia1 ! la/ ( ! ?ree indep5d5t c\ntries ( ,asia ,m9or1 0 s ne> to ! ,ionic cities ( ! coa/1 & s expos$ to ! influ5ce ( _! civilization1 t b few national peculi>ities 7 pres]v$ 9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! tumulus 0 !re1 z 9 e>ly ,greece1 ! cu/om>y =m ( ! monum5tal tomb4 ,9 ,lydia1 z 9 ,etruria1 numb]s ( ^! m\nds /ood 9 an ext5d$ necropolis4 ,! conical tumulus is z *>act]i/ic a =m = ! extreme we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 = ! ,troad1 z ! /rictly geometrical pyramid is = ,egypt1 or its t]rac$ v>iation = ,mesopotamia4 ,! m\nd ( e>? 0 at times revet$ ) a masonry ( l>ge polygonal blocks1 or plac$ ^u a l[ cyl9drical drum ( su* ,cyclopean walls2 ! only ar*itectural ornam5ts 7 simple base & cornice m\ld+s4 ,! be/-pres]v$1 ?\gh n ! mo/ important1 monum5t ( ?is k9d is ! s-call$ ,grave ( ,tantalos ^u ,m\nt ,sipylos1 ne> ,smyrna1 "o ( a gr\p ( twelve4 7,fig4 #aai47 ,! rectangul> *amb] 9 its c5tre1 #c4e m4 long & almo/ #c m4 high1 is ro($ by a false vault1 ! horizontal1 gradually project+ /ones be+ cut )9 to ! outl9e ( a po9t$ ar*4 ,! entrance to ?is tumulus1 l ! %afts ( ! ,egyptian pyramids1 0 hidd5 by ! cas+ ( ext]ior masonry4 ,! fragm5ts ( a /one pi] ne> by1 some:at l ! ,meghazil monum5t ( ,amri?1 probably belong$ to ! ornam5t ^u ! summit ( ! cone1 :i*1 ) a diamet] ( plan equal to #cc4f m41 atta9$ a height ( #bg4f m4 ,( great] gr&eur1 ?\gh 9 an entire /ate ( de/ruction1 are ! royal graves ( ! ,lydian capital4 ,! _w-r5[n$ "n ( ,s>dis has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! appellation ( ! squalid village ,s>abat n[ /&+ ^u its site4 ,9 its vic9ity are ! rema9s ( m ?an "o hundr$ tumuli4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 ) a cyl9drical drum #beg m4 9 diamet] & #ah4e m4 high1 /ill rises to an elevation ( #fa4e m4 ,x is ) "s probability id5tifi$ ) t monum5t ( ,alyattes describ$ by ,h]odotos1 :o exagg]ates its dim5sions to a diamet] ( #djj m4 ,! cone ( ramm$ e>? 0 app>5tly n revet$ ) /one4 ,^u its apex !re 0 a pi] ( five blocks1 :i* bore a hemisph]ical t]m9ation2 ( ?is v>i\s fragm5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,! ,s-call$ ,grave ( ,tantalos4 ,^! tumuli approa* 9 dim5sions closely to ! pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,! elevation ( ! cone ^u a cyl9drical base 0 a c]ta9 advance1 b its execution 0 su* z to all[ ( no comp>ison betwe5 ! monum5ts ( ! two c\ntries4 ,! pyramids ( ,egypt 7 built2 ! tumuli ( ,lydia 7 m]ely heap$ up ( e>?4 ,! =m] dem&$ great te*nical ability & ! assi/ance ( a comm&+ & calculat+ m9d2 ! latt] 7 ! works ( an enslav$ p alone4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,lydian cones m closely resembl$ ! natural =m ( a fun]al m\nd ?an did ! pyramids ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia1 & on ?is acc\nt 7 capable ( great] developm5t4 ,su* tumuli are to be met ) f ,asia to ,etruria1 & 7 adopt$ ev5 by ! great ar*itects ( ,greece3 ! highe/ arti/ic civilization always gives pref]5ce to ! simple/ solution ( a problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,view ( ! ,a!nian ,propyla4 ,re/oration4 ,,hellas4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 0 ! he>t ( ! ,old ,_w2 ! important l&s ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( civilization 7 gr\p$ ab\t its ri*ly ind5t$ %ores1 g5]ally decreas+ 9 respect ( culture z !y rec$$ f x4 ,! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 because ( its _m isl&s1 hav+ an ev5 great] proportionate coa/-l9e1 0 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntries ennobl$ by ,hell5ic civilization4 ,sep>at+ & unit+ at once1 l all ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 ! gean ,sea =m$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two *ief races ( ,greek intellectual life--! ,dorians & ! ,ionians2 :ile x 01 at ! same "t1 ! favor+ m$ium ( ex*ange = ! productions ( _! g5ius4 ,european ,greece1 ) its pr$om9at+ ,doric population1 & ! almo/ exclusively ,ionic coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 equally look$ ^u ?is sea z _! own1 trav]s+ x ) ?\s&s ( %ips1 & ga9+ m f ! trackless wat]s be=e !m ?an f ! int]ior l&s ( ! imm5se cont95ts ^: seabo>d alone !y 7 cont5t to occupy4 ,9 ,asia ! ,greeks 7 re/rict$ to ! c\ntries ^u its utt]mo/ we/]n bord]2 9 ,european ,greece ! developm5t 0 *iefly direct$ t[>ds ! ea/]n coa/1 pay+ ev5 less att5tion to _! own %ores on ! ,adriatic ?an to ! e>ly coloniz$ ports ( ,magna-,grcia & ,sicily4 ,! ,ar*ipelago itself provid$ conv5i5t /rongholds & outpo/s 9 e direction4 ,! num]\s h>bors & an*or+-places ( its _m isl&s (f]$ protection aga9/ ! notori\s trea*]y ( ! gean ma9--a protection imp]atively necess>y = ! primitive seaf>]s ( antiquity4 ,b1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( all civilization1 ! curr5ts ( ,greek intellectual & arti/ic progress mov$ di/9ctly f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,european 7,doric7 culture 0 9 itself less calculat$ to influ5ce ,asia ?an ! ,asiatic 7,ionic7 to affect ! y\ng] cont95t4 ,x 01 z decid$ by nature1 ^u ,european soil1 ^u ,attica--! mo/ advanc$ promontory ( ,european ,greece--t ! two bran*es ( ! ,greek race unit$1 & bore 9 ,a!ns t d\ble fruit at :i* we m>vel4 ,! ,dorians1 displac$1 9 "s measure1 by ! rapid gr[? ( ,ionic ,asia & ,europe1 turn$ /ill f>!r we/w>d1 & settl$ ^u ! %ores ( ,sicily & ! ,gulf ( ,t>5tion1 :]e impos+ monum5ts /ill atte/ ! ext5t ( _! p[]4 ,! leg5ds ( ! w&]+s ( ,hell5ic tribes1 & especially ( ! s-call$ ,doric migration1 7 bas$ ^u ! busy curr5ts ( int]c\rse betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 ov] seas & /raits1 & betwe5 ! ,european cont95t & ! ,morea1 ! ,isl& ( ,pelops4 ,! relations & ! qu>rels ( ,hell5ic & semi-b>b>ic peoples ^u ea* side ( ! gean are illu/rat$ by ! tales ( ! ,argonauts & _! voyage1 & ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 bo? ( :i* be> ! /amp ( a c]ta9 piratical rivalry4 ,! fatal lack ( unity1 result+ f ! sep>ate developm5t ( neighbor+ di/ricts1 c\ld n be m di/9ctly *>act]iz$ ?an by ! fact t ! ,greek races1 al?\gh !y felt !mselves divid$ f o!r nations--f b>b>ians--by an impassable gulf1 & 7 aw>e ( _! own absolute intellectual sup]iority1 yet lack$ any compreh5sive designation = !mselves3 ! "n ,greeks1 or ,hell5es1 is ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,! ,hom]ic epics prove t ! intellectual developm5t ( ! p to :om ! immortal poet belong$ /ood1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 at a height to :i* nations ( su* primitive civilization z ! ,egyptians & ,*aldans _h nev] atta9$4 ,ph5om5al z ! appe>ance ( ^? poems may h be51 !y /ill c\ld n h /ood s high above _! "t--:i* !y evid5tly repres5t ) a c]ta9 transfiguration--t contempor>ies 7 n able to compreh5d & enjoy !m4 ,! creative arts /ood1 at ?is epo*1 9 /range contra/ to s great an intellectual height2 !y 7 f> surpass$ by ! advance ( poetry4 ,?\gh c]ta9 textile & c]amic manufactures 7! mak+ ( wood5 & bronze ut5sils1 wov5 /uffs1 & pott]y7 mu/ h be5 practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,greece prop]1 ! bett] arti/ic productions are cont9ually ref]r$ to z import$ f ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,asia4 ,l>g] objects1 & notably build+s1 7 ei!r exce$+ly primitive1 or1 9 ! lack ( tra9$ native ability1 7 erect$ & ornam5t$ 9 =eign /yles4 ,! ,hom]ic epics "k no?+ ( a column> temple1 no?+ ( arti/ic images ( ! gods1 no?+ ev5 ( dwell+s correspond+ to ! importance ( _! pr9cely h]oes4 ,ev5 at a mu* lat] "t a ,sp>tan1 accu/om$ to erect 8 own h\se ) saw & axe alone1 might be a/oni%$ at ! squ>ely hewn beams ( a ceil+1 :i* he previ\sly _h se5 =m$ only ( r\nd trunks1 l ^? imitat$ ^u ! ,lycian block-h\se tombs4 ,x is ( ?is exce$+ simplicity t we mu/ picture to ourselves ! palaces ( ! k+s1 "o ( :i* is s attractively describ$ by ! s+] ( ! ,odyssey1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! royal dwell+ at ,i?aca4 ,! entire e/abli%m5t mu/ h be5 simil> to a grange--a wall enclos+ a numb] ( build+s ) ! c\rt be=e !m4 ,! ru/ic p>allel is cle>ly br\ght to m9d by ! description ( ?is f>m-y>d1 :]e ! compo/-heap1 surr\nd$ by sw9e & geese1 0 ! b$ ( ! old wat*-dog1 :o1 9 ,hom]'s truly idyllic acc\nt1 alone recognizes 8 ma/]1 &1 dy+1 wags 8 tail 9 greet+4 ,f ?is y>d a gate l$ to an inn] c\rt1 comp>able to ! p]i/yle ( lat] build+s1 b )\t ! ornam5t ( columns1 & 9 all respects extremely primitive4 ,goats & beeves 7 driv5 9 "h )\t fur!r ado to be slaught]$4 ,?is adjo9$ ^u "o side ! *amb]s ( ! m51 ^u ! o!r ^? ( ! wom51 s sep>at$ t ! tumultu\s massacre ( ! suitors 9 ! pr9cipal hall did n di/urb ! slumb] ( ,p5elope1 & only rea*$ ! e>s ( ! maids l di/ant moan+4 ,^u ! ?ird side1 probably opposite ! entrance1 0 ! hall ( ! m51 a ceil$ space1 :i* mu/ h be5 ( consid]able ext5t1 z ! hundr$ & eight unwelcome gue/s c\ld "h unite 9 ! banquet & o!r amusem5ts4 ,its ceil+1 l t ( ! armory & t ( ! royal sleep+-*amb]1 0 support$ by upright beams ( wood4 ,we may imag9e ^! simil> to ! %afts 9 ! ,palace ( ,o9omaos at ,elis1 "o ( :i*1 b\nd toge!r ) iron hoops1 0 pres]v$ z a relic 9 ! "t ( ,pausanias4 ,! ceil+ beams ( ! hall 7 smok$ & black5$ by op5 fires & tor*-lights z 9 ru/ic dwell+s4 ,( ! walls !re is no m5tion1 ?\gh ! supposition is n improbable t ! bright metal %ea?+ ( ! palaces ( ,m5elaos & ,alk9os exi/$ "h also4 ,x w\ld be expla9$ by ! ,phnician ov]lay+ ( wood-"w ) beat5 bronze1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ) copp]4 ,! space c\ld n h be5 )\t op5+s = light & air4 ,^! are n directly m5tion$ by ! poet1 b may be assum$1 f ! analogies (f]$ by o!r civiliz$ nations ( e>ly antiquity1 to h exi/$ 9 ! wall1 imm$iately "u ! ceil+4 ,"h ! int]/ices betwe5 ! imm5se horizontal beams1 :i* re/$ ^u ! walls1 7 left op51 & ! motive ( ! subsequ5t ,doric metope result$ ( itself4 ,t ! timb]s ov]head 7 n %ea!d ) bo>ds is evid5t f a ,hom]ic simile3 ,a!ne rose to ! ceil+1 & !re sat1 8l unto ! re/+ swall[20 t is to say1 ^u ! cross-beams ( ! op5 triangle =m$ by ! ro(-fram+4 ,fur!r evid5ce is (f]$ by ! acc\nt ( ! hang+ ( ,epica/e ^u a ceil+ beam1 :i* mu/ h be5 expos$ f all sides4 ,! ?olos ( ! palace at ,i?aca 0 an isolat$ circul> /ructure1 be=e ! c\rt1 & may p]haps be id5tifi$ ) ! high ?alamos to :i* ,telema*os desc5d$4 ,9 ?is also lay gold & metal 9 heaps2 :ile %r9es conta9+ g>m5ts1 & amphoras fill$ ) oil & w9e1 etc41 /ood ar\nd4 ,its d\ble door1 ( c>eful workman%ip1 agrees ) ! "* ( a treasury4 ,if ?is id5tification ( ! ?olos & ?alamos be accept$1 no d\bt c rema9 t we h "h to deal ) a space simil> to _m yet rema9+ 9 ,greece1 g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n ( treasure-h\ses4 ,examples exi/ at ,or*om5os1 ne> ,ph>salos1 ,amycl1 ,m5idi1 & 9 ,myk54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,plan & ,section ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,re/oration ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,portal4 7,cl>ke47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--;,fragm5ts ( an ,engag$ ,column f ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,"o ( ! five 9 ,myk51 kn[n z ! ,treasury1 or ! ,?olos1 ( ,atreus1 rema9s 9 an admirable /ate ( pres]vation1 especially z reg>ds ! int]ior4 ,?is consi/s ( a space ( circul> plan1 #ae m4 9 diamet]1 & ( ! same height1 =m$ l a po9t$ vault4 7,fig4 #aba47 ,its walls beg9 to curve f ! floor1 :i* is ( /amp$ clay pis4 ,^u ?is ! fir/ circul> c\rse ( masonry imm$iately reposes4 ,! walls !n rise1 9 p>abolic outl9e1 to a po9t$ apex4 ,!y are n con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( a vault--t is to say1 ) w$ge-%ap$ /ones1 & ) ! direction ( jo9ts to a common c5tre--b are laid 9 horizontal b$s1 ea* c\rse s project+ ov] ! "o b5ea? x t1 by ?is dim9ution ( ! conc5tric circles1 !y f9ally unite at ! summit4 ,!y 7 smoo?ly cut ^u ! jo9t+ surfaces1 :ile ! face 0 n *isell$ until aft] ! completion ( ! masonry4 ,! blocks 7 rectangul>1 & ! jo9ts1 :i* consequ5tly increas$ radially 9 plan1 7 fill$ ) ! same pis us$ = ! floor2 ! int]/ice betwe5 ! wall door & ! rock-cut inn] *amb] ^u "o side be+ also cem5t$ ) ?is sub/ance4 ,an entrance-passage1 ! dromos1 l$ f ! valley to ! ?olos 9 a g5tly incl9$ asc5t4 ,x 0 bord]$ by walls ( cut /one1 b n[h]e ceil$4 ,its floor1 #f4bj m4 broad & #cf m4 long1 0 pav$ ) pis4 ,?is5trance-passage 0 t]m9at$ )\t by a t]rac$ reta9+-wall1 & )9 by an elaborate portal faade4 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( ,/amatakis & ,?i]s* h giv5 suffici5t in=mation conc]n+ ! composition & details ( ?is front to p]mit a re/oration ( its *ief masses4 7,fig4 #abb47 ,! l[] "p 0 con/ruct$ ( long /ones1 c>efully cut & jo9t$4 ,! /epp$ jambs ( ! op5+1 peculi> to all antique doors1 7 probably cut aft] ! blocks 7 9 position4 ,^u ei!r side 7 decorative engag$ columns1 :i* are s entirely simil> to ! "o repres5t$ ^u ! ,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk5 t x is possible completely to und]/& _! nature by t g5]al guide2 by ! help ( fragm5ts :i* /ill exi/1 & o!rs drawn 9 =m] publications1 ?\gh n[ lo/2 by traces ^u ! wall1 & especially by ! sockets cut = ! swall[tail clamp+s ( ! bases & capitals4 ,! %aft1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$1 increases z x asc5ds1 z does also ! column ^u ! relief ov] ! ,gate ( ! ,lions4 ,its base1 f ?is analogy1 & f ! n>r[ space left = x by ! clamp+s1 seems to h consi/$ ( a simple tore4 ,! abacus & p>ts ( ! m\ld+s b5ea? x /ill exi/2 ! coronation 0 =m$ by two r\ndlets1 sep>at$ by a scotia1 ! l[] be+ consid]ably small] 9 height & diamet] ?an ! upp]4 7,fig4 #abc47 ,)\t ! l[] memb]1 !re is a c]ta9 simil>ity ( ! capital to a ,doric e*9os1 :i* is increas$ by ! proportions ( ! boldly project+ abacus2 b ! :ole is s simil> to an ,asiatic 7,ionic7 base t x 0 n natural to believe x a capital1 & ! fragm5t publi%$ by ,donaldson has hi!rto be5 believ$ to be ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,! columns 7 entirely cov]$ ) an ornam5tation 9 relief ( zigzag l9es alt]nat+ ) ! well-kn[n spiral wave2 !y /ood ^u rectangul> p$e/als1 ( :i* ! triply /epp$ pl9?s h be5 pres]v$4 ,! exi/5ce ( bronze ornam5ts ^u ! l9tel ( ! door is evid5t f ! traces ( nails2 five lion-heads c be di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,an epi/yle ext5d$ f capital to capital across ! entire front ( ! portal2 x project$ f> beyond ! l9tel1 ^u :i* x p>tly repos$4 ,above ?is entablature 0 a surface1 l an attica1 :i* mask$ ! triangle =m$ by ! reliev+ blocks ov] ! l9tel4 ,! upp] walls 7 n orig9ally visible1 hav+ be5 revet$ by ?9 slabs ( /one1 secur$ 9 position by d[els4 ,fragm5ts f ,myk5 deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! ,muni* ,antiqu>ium1 & 9 ,a!ns app]ta9$ to ?is upp] faade2 !y all %[ spiral ornam5ts betwe5 horizontal grooves1 & are simil> to _m o!r decorations ( ! same age4 ,! bord]s ( ! cas+ ov] ! reliev+ triangle & its extreme upp] corn] 7 patt]n$ 9 l mann]1 z is pla9 f ! mitre-jo9t ( "s ( ! slabs1 & f a small fragm5t exactly fitt+ ! upp] angle ( ! op5+4 ,! entire triangle 0 probably clos$ by "s light /one c>v+1 s9ce x c\ld h _h no function z a passage = light4 ,! door1 z may be se5 f traces ( pivots ^u ! sill & l9tel1 _h two w+s1 :i*1 f _! bolt-holes1 appe> to h be5 s l>ge t1 :5 clos$1 !y consid]ably ov]lapp$4 ,^u ! ext]ior jambs a broad /rip ( metal 0 affix$1 /ill to be trac$ by two v]tical r[s ( nail-holes1 9 :i* fragm5ts ( bronze occasionally rema94 ,?is "w leads to ! supposition t ! w+s ( ! door 7 !mselves ov]lay$ ) metal1 &1 ) ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ! decoration ^u ! monum5t1 po9ts to ! peculi>ities ( ,asiatic art4 ,x is natural to attribute ?is to ! influ5ce ( ,phnicia2 inde$1 ! effect ( ! civilization ( t c\ntry ^u e>ly ,greece c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,a broad1 horizontal /rip ( metal %ea?+ exi/$ also ^u ! ext]ior1 & small fragm5ts ( x are repeat$ly met ) 9 ! rubbi% fill+ ! ?olos2 simil> ve/iges are f\nd 9 a second monum5t ( ! k9d ne> by4 ,?is ov]lay+ ( walls ) %eet copp] 0 by no means uncommon 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! subt]ranean bronze *amb] ( ,danae may be expla9$ z a tomb %ea!d ) metal4 ,9 my?ical ages1 9 ! sanctu>y at ,delphi1 z well z 9 lat] times1 9 ! ,*alkioicos ( ,a!ne at ,sp>ta1 ?is wall-treatm5t appe>s employ$ = temples1 ev5 z ,hom] describ$ x 9 palaces at ,sp>ta & ! ,isl& ( ! ,phacians4 ,! ,?olos ( ,atreus 0 itself subt]ranean2 ! ext]ior ( ! conical mass ( masonry 0 cov]$ ) a hill ( e>?4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! almo/ p]fect pres]vation ( ! int]ior1 x is evid5t t "s rema9s ( a /rictly ar*itectural ext]ior w\ld h be5 recognizable1 _h x exi/$4 ,a tumulus cov]$ & protect$ ! /ructure2 ?\gh its e>? is n[1 = ! great] "p1 wa%$ away1 to x mu/ /ill be ascrib$ ! good condition 9 :i* ! k]nel has rema9$4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ grave at ,m5idi1 9 ,attica 7,loll+71 is a p>allel con/ruction4 ,z reg>ds beauty ( execution & ri*ness ( ornam5t1 x is f> inf]ior to ! ,?olos ( ,atreus2 x is also mu* small]1 hav+ an av]age diamet] ( #h4ce m4 & #i m4 orig9al height4 ,its only peculi>ity is t ! reliev+ blocks ov] ! l9tel1 in/ead ( project+ "o ov] ! o!r s z to =m a triangle1 are s plac$ z to leave f\r voids betwe5 z _m horizontal beams1 9 a mann] simil> to ! arrangem5t = reliev+ ! ceil+ ( ! pr9cipal *amb] ( ! great pyramid ( ,gizeh4 ,! ,?olos ( ,atreus (f]s a welcome comm5t>y ^u ! !sauros ( ! royal palace at ,i?aca1 b only 9 respect to its con/ruction4 ,! purpose ( ! circul> build+s /ill exi/+ 9 ,greece seems to h be5 entirely diff]5t f t ( ! treasure-h\se describ$ 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,x is true t em95t au?orities d5y ?is diff]5ce--& ! analogies ( ! r\nd ,hom]ic build+1 ( ! treasure-vaults at ,myk5 m5tion$ by ,pausanias1 & ( ! treasury ( ,m9yas 9 ,or*om5os1 l5d _! argum5ts "s weight1 &1 at lea/1 a great] probability ?an ! suppositions t ! /ructures ( ?olos =m 7 int5d$ = spr+-h\ses 7,=*hamm]7 or places ( wor%ip 7,pyl74 ,b !re are reasons aga9/ all ^! assumptions4 ,! treasure-h\ses ( ! ,pelopid mu/ h be5 ^u ! acropolis1 inside ! =tification walls1 n at v>i\s di/ances outside _! limits1 z is ! case ) ^? ( ,myk54 ,/ill less c\ld su* vaults = ho>d$ valuables h be5 z di/ant f ! city z 0 ! ,?olos ( ,baphio f ! anci5t ,amycl1 :i* /ood entirely isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( an op5 pla91 )\t ! possibility ( communication ) any royal resid5ce4 ,! tumuli ( e>? above ! crypts w\ld h b ill suit$ !m to =m a "p ( ! palace build+2 :ile = a cell :i* 0 only to receive preci\s goods--= a magaz9e ( deposit--! ri* ov]lay+ ( ! int]ior walls ) %eet metal1 & especially ! elaborate c>v+ ( ! portal front1 seem out ( place4 ,^! peculi>ities1 n to m5tion "s ( less importance1 po9t to ano!r purpose1 = :i* !y are1 "o & all1 fitt$--namely1 ! de/9ation ( ! /ructures z tombs4 ,_! position1 be=e ! acropolis & )\t ! city walls2 ! cov]+ ( ! *amb] ) e>? 9 a tumulus =m2 ! impossibility ( _! hav+ _h any communication ) o!r build+s2 ! elaborate decoration ( ! entrance1 & ! pr9cely weal? ( metals 9 ! int]ior--all support1 ) ! /rik+ analogies beyond ! gean1 ?is conception ( ! ?olos build+s advocat$ by ,welck] & ,mure4 ,x is possible t x is to ^! /ructures t ,pausanias ref]s z ! treasure-h\ses ( ! ,atrid2 b ,pausanias1 l u1 knew ,myk5 only by its ru9s4 ,t patron ( all cic]oni ^u classic gr\nd 0 n exact+ = pro(s ( _! leg5ds4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,pyl may 9 s f> be correct t ! ?olos itself did n s]ve z ! place ( sepul*re1 :i* 0 provid$ by ! small side *amb]1 b 0 a *apel = ! fun]al wor%ip naturally to be assum$ 9 connection ) an h]oic dyna/y4 ,x is n possible to assign ^! tombs to individuals1 l ^? ( ! e>ly ,p]sian mon>*s1 or ev5 to dyna/ies3 ! que/ionable id5tification ( ! graves discov]$ 9 ! agora ( ! acropolis1 v5tur$ by ,s*liemann1 w\ld "h be inadmissible4 ,x is reasonably c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! be/-pres]v$ ?olos1 t kn[n by ! "n ( ,atreus1 is ab\t contemporane\s ) ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 & dates f ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! h]oic age--be=e ! d[nfall ( ! ,atrid ^u ! return ( ,agamemnon4 ,a small *amb]1 only ( suffici5t size to receive ! c9]>y urn1 9 ! c5tre ( an upheaval ( e>?1 0 suffici5t = ! graves ( ! h]oes :o fell be=e ,troy4 ,sev]al ( ^! tumuli exi/4 ,! l>g] ( !m1 ^? ( ,hector & ( ,a*illes1 _h a consid]able elevation1 &1 /&+ ^u a l[ promontory1 7 visible f> at sea4 ,!y 7 )\t ar*itectural features or decoration1 m]e cones ( e>? & /ones2 t]m9at$1 z ,hom] relates conc]n+ ^? ( ,ilos1 ,s>p$on1 & ,elp5or1 by a monum5t l a column1 :i* mu/ h resembl$ ! pi]s ^u ,lydian tumuli4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! trees :i* grew 9 lat] times ^u ! m\nds ( ,protesilaos be=e ,troy1 & ( ,alcmon 9 ,arcadia1 7 orig9ally & int5tionally !re plac$1 & are to be deem$ *>act]i/ic ( su* works4 ,^? plant$ ^u ! tumulus ( ,augu/us 9 ,rome may c]ta9ly be ref]r$ to 8 individual desire4 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,pausanias ( ! tumulus ( pytos at ,ph5eos1 9 ,arcadia2 f f\ndations rema9+ ^u ! isl& ( ,syme1 & f lat] ru9s at ,kyr5e--n to m5tion a well-pres]v$ tumulus ( v consid]able dim5sions1 revet$ ) /one1 :i*1 f its situation 9 ,alg]ian t]ritory1 might p]haps be ascrib$ to ! ,c>?ag9ians1 or ev5 to ! ,romans--f all ^! examples1 x is evid5t t su* m\nds1 l ! tumuli ( ,lydia & ,etruria1 71 = ! great] "p1 elevat$ ^u cyl9drical f\ndations4 ,b :e!r ! int]ior 7 *amb]$ or solid1 :e!r ! cone ( e>? rose directly f ! e>? or f a drum sub/ructure1 ! tumulus appe>s to h be51 9 primitive times1 ! mo/ cu/om>y =m ( monum5tal tomb = p]sons ( high rank4 ,! common man 0 probably buri$ 9 pits1 z at ! pres5t day1 ! grave be+ m>k$ by an upright /one1 ) or )\t "s slight ornam5t4 ,s*liemann's discov]ies 9 ! agora ( ,myk5 %[ t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ?is proc$ure 0 adopt$ ev5 = pr9ces4 ,! k+ly importance ( ^! sepul*res is assur$ by _! position1 & by ! imm5se quantity ( gold & valuables f\nd )9 !m4 ,! decorative /yle ( ^! objects dates !m conclusively to ! h]oic age2 b ! assignm5t ( ! diff]5t graves to ,agamemnon & 8 associates is a m]e hypo!sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,pyramid ( ,k5*re4 ,a pyramidal =m 0 only 9 isolat$ in/ances sub/itut$ = ! tumulus4 ,( a pyramid1 describ$ by ,pausanias z exi/+ betwe5 ,argos & ,epidauros1 !re n[ rema9s a mass ( masonry measur+ #ab m4 9 ! l9e ( ! diagonal4 ,a second1 ne> ,k5*re1 betwe5 ,argos & ,tegea1 is bett] pres]v$4 7,fig4 #abd47 ,its plan is oblong1 #ad4e m4 long & ne>ly #ab m4 broad2 ! two *amb]s ( ! int]ior are at pres5t unro($4 ,! /ructure appe>s to h s]v$ z a common place ( sepul*re = ! fall51 &1 at ! same "t1 z a memorial ( victory4 ,?is de/9ation is also evid5t 9 two fur!r pyramidal rema9s1 9 ,laconia & ne> ,lessa1 :i* are describ$ by ,curtius & by ,ross4 ,! ,greeks adopt$ bo? ,asiatic & ,egyptian =ms = _! fun]al monum5ts2 b 9 ! con/ruction ( bo? tumulus & pyramid !y introduc$ comp>atively l>ge *amb]s1 e>ly /riv+ = ends =eign to ^? despotic l&s3--a wise economy ( mat]ial & labor & a ga9 ( space4 ,mausoleums & sepul*res are always among ! fir/ traces ( civilization1 & ! mo/ anci5t examples ( ar*itectural art4 ,9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 !re are contemporane\s rema9s significant ( o!r purposes4 ,*ief among ^! are ! =tifications ( t[ns1 al?\gh 9 g5]al ^! works enclos$ only ! acropolis1 :i* conta9$ ! resid5ces ( ! rul]s & ! sanctu>ies ( ! p4 ,! true age ( ^! def5ces c by no means be surely det]m9$4 ,n all ,cyclopean masonry is to be attribut$ to ! e>lie/ ages ( ,hell5ic antiquity1 = ?is mann] ( polygonal jo9t+ rema9$ 9 use long aft] a "t :5 cut & squ>$ /ones 7 g5]ally employ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 imm5se rectangul> blocks1 laid 9 horizontal c\rses1 frequ5tly occur 9 city walls :i* are kn[n to be ( ! greate/ antiquity & ev5 to h be5 totally ru9$ 9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 su* monoli?s be+ regul>ly us$ ^u corn]s1 ! jambs ( gates1 etc41 :]e especial /r5g? & indep5d5t firmness 7 call$ =4 ,:5 ! surface ( ,cyclopean walls is p]fectly smoo? & exactly jo9t$1 ^! may confid5tly be reg>d$ z n ( primitive antiquity2 ! erection ( su* masonry is a subtlety ( great] difficulty ?an t ( squ>e blocks & horizontal b$s4 ,b walls built ( enorm\s b\ld]s1 unhewn1 & r\ghly pil$ up )\t calculation1 ! l>g] int]/ices be+ fill$ ) small] /ones1 are ( extreme age4 ,su* masonry appe>$ to lat] g5]ations to be ! "w ( giants1 ( ,cyclops1 & h5ce a "n :i* might m fitt+ly be *ang$ to ,pelasgic ?an to ,poseidonic1 z sugge/$ by ,glad/one4 ,! walls ( ,tiryns 7,fig4 #abe7 are ( su* gigantic blocks--bulw>ks m5tion$ by ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & admir$ 9 _! ru9s by ,pausanias4 ,!y are built ^u a ridge ( rock1 :i* is ov] #aij m4 long1 only #gj m4 broad1 & elevat$ #aj m4 above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,! masonry is f #g to #ae m4 ?ick2 ( its orig9al height1 e/imat$ z #ah m41 !re rema9s f #aj to #ab m4 ,! enorm\s /ones v>y f #b to #c m4 9 l5g? & #j4i to #ab4 m4 9 ?ickness4 ,9 its greate/ bread? ! wall is provid$ ) gall]ies1 ro($ by project+ /ones laid 9 horizontal b$s & cut to ! outl9e ( a po9t$ ar*4 ,su* spaces are provid$ ) loopholes ^u ! ext]ior1 &1 )\t d\bt1 s]v$ z magaz9es & casemates4 ,)9 ^! =tifications mu/ h /ood ! royal resid5ce1 fam$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ,h]acles & ,eury/heus2 ( x no recognizable traces rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,plan ( ! ,acropolis ( ,tiryns4 ,! walls ( ,myk5 are n ( equally gigantic masonry1 b are fully z old1 & are especially int]e/+ because ( ! city hav+ be5 a complete ru9 9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical times4 ,besides casemate gall]ies 9 ! walls1 !re are 9 ,myk5 a numb] ( highly important gateways & portals2 ^? ( ! =tifications at ,tiryns 7 entirely de/roy$1 an incl9$ plane lead+ to ! ea/]n side ( ! acropolis is !re alone to be recogniz$ z an approa*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,small] ,gate ( ,myk54 ,! doors 7 naturally ( great] te*nical p]fection ?an ! long l9e ( bulw>ks2 hav+ be5 creat$ = bo? admittance & def5ce1 !y requir$ a c]ta9 con/ructive calculation1 & p]mitt$ ! employm5t ( m ext]ior ornam5t4 ,! simple/ possible =m ( a gateway is ! comb9ation ( ?ree /ones--! two jambs & ! l9tel--obs]vable 9 two examples at ,myk54 7,figs4 #abf & #abg47 ,su* a con/ruction _h ! disadvantage t ! upright blocks c\ld n be jo9$ to ! wall1 & t ! l9tel1 :i* necess>ily lay cle> = a consid]able l5g?1 c\ld n imm$iately receive ! massive cont9uation ( ! masonry above x4 ,not)/&+ ! conv]g5ce ( ! jambs ^u ! great gate ( ,myk51 ! beam has a l5g? ( #d4f m41 ) a span ( #c4je m42 ! bottom ( ! door be+ #c4b m4 wide1 & its height #c4be m4 ,a reliev+ gable 0 consequ5tly con/ruct$1 simil> to t common 9 ,egypt dur+ ! age ( ! ,pyramids1 & to t describ$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,a triangul> op5+ rema9$ above ! l9tel1 by :i* ! efficacy ( ! wall z a =tification 0 consid]ably impair$4 ,! orifice 0 clos$ by "o or two slabs1 :i* did n press heavily ^u ! l9tel2 b !y c\ld n h be5 suffici5t to escape fracture by heavy missiles1 or to resi/ ! bl[s ( a batt]+-ram4 ,! attack 0 !re=e div]t$ f ?is vuln]able po9t by moral means4 ,! panel receiv$ a c]ta9 consecration by "s protect+ sacr$ symbol be+ c>v$ ^u x--su*1 = in/ance1 z a ,gorgon's head--a rec\rse :i* 0 effective 9 times :5 ! slighte/ desecration ( a div9e emblem 0 deem$ m impi\s ?an ! bloodie/ de$ ( human viol5ce4 ,su* a c>v+ has be5 pres]v$ ov] ! gateway ( ,myk51 :i* has receiv$ its "n f ! lions repres5t$ ^u x4 ,z a "w ( sculpture1 x w be consid]$ bel[4 ,! column betwe5 ! animals has1 h[ev]1 a be>+ ^u ! ar*itectural =ms ( ! epo*4 ,x is ! same %aft1 dim9i%+ f summit to base1 :i* has be5 notic$ ^u ! portal front ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus4 ,a second gate ( ,myk5 resembl$ ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 b 0 small] & simpl]4 7,fig4 #abg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,portal ^u ,samos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,gate ( ,phigalia4 ,! =m ( ?ree blocks appe>s to h be5 soon *ang$1 ! wall itself s]v+ 9 place ( an especial jamb4 ,! span ( ! l9tel 0 decreas$ by two or f\r boldly project+ blocks z brackets4 ,examples ( ?is developm5t are (f]$ by portals ( ,samos & ,phigalia4 7,figs4 #abh & #abi47 ,b 9 ! same measure z ! dang] f ! great span ( ! l9tel 0 dim9i%$1 t ( ! brackets be+ press$ d[nw>d & disjo9t$ 0 increas$4 ,a ?ird mann] ( cov]+ ! op5+1 by /ones lean$ aga9/ ea* o!r at an angle1 0 a /ill fur!r advance4 7,fig4 #acj47 ,:5 ! side ?ru/ c\ld be well borne--& = ?is ! walls 7 always suffici5t--su* a gable c\ld support any pressure t c\ld possibly be impos$1 :ile all[+ a great bread? ( passage4 ,f9ally1 a triangul> con/ruction c\ld be obta9$ by a gradual projection ( horizontal /ones1 laid z !y _h be5 9 s _m in/ances = ! relief ( a l9tel b5ea? !m4 ,?is con/ruction occurs 9 two v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh n 9 pr9ciple3 ! projection ( ! horizontal c\rses ( /one ei!r began directly f ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #acj71 z has be5 notic$ 9 ! ,?olos ( ,atreus 7,fig4 #abb71 or comm5c$ at "s height1 ! jambs be+ c>ri$ up v]tically4 7,fig4 #acb47 ,9 bo? ^! v>ieties ! l9e ( ! gable frequ5tly appe>s concavely curv$1 z 9 ! p>abolic walls ( ! ?olos1 & ! outl9e ( a po9t$ ar* 0 ?us obta9$4 7,figs4 #acc & #acd47 ,9 spite ( _! e>ly famili>ity ) ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj1 ! ,greeks refus$ to adopt ! true ar*1 ) its w$ge-%ap$ /ones1 ev5 9 late hi/orical ages1 :5 !y assur$ly 7 acqua9t$ ) its con/ruction4 ,an illu/ration ( _! feel+ 9 ?is respect is giv5 by ! aqu$uct adjo9+ ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds 9 ,a!ns1 :]e ! semicircles are cut f monoli?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,portal ^u ,delos4 ,! influ5ce ( ! gateways ^u ! masonry is evid5t f ! m frequ5t adoption ( ! rectangul> blocks1 :i* _h at fir/ only be5 employ$ to give ! portals an indep5d5t /r5g?1 bo? = ! ramp>ts & = ! out-works & protect+ t[]s :i* ^! op5+s necessitat$4 ,su* a =tification1 erect$ = ! def5ce ( a gate1 /ill /&s 9 ,tiryns--! city to :i* succe$+ ages ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( t[]-build+ 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ef72 x rea*es a height ( #ac m4 ,!t[] :i* def5d$ ! gate ( ,myk5 0 ev5 l>g]4 ,hom] m5tions su* /ructures at ,troy1 ,!bes1 & ,calydon1 & is also famili> ) casemates & battlem5ts4 ,! latt] are %[n by pa9t+s ^u ar*aic vases to h be5 ( ! normal rectangul> %ape4 ,s*liemann's excavations 9 ,myk5 h prov$ t 9 ?is city ! agora 0 situat$ j )9 ! pr9cipal gate4 ,"s ( ! /one b5*es encircl+ ! agora 7 f\nd 9 almo/ p]fect pres]vation2 !y 7 con/ruct$ ( slabs /&+ erect 9 conc5tric r[s to receive ! horizontal seats4 ,!y l5d a new confirmation ( ,hom]'s tru?ful *>act]ization ( locality1 illu/rat+ a passage :i* occurs 9 ! description ( ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 :i* describes ! judgm5t sc5e ^u ! m>ketplace3 8,on poli%'d *airs1 9 solemn circle1 sat ,! rev'r5d eld]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,gate ( ,missolonghi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,gate ( ,mess5e4 ,?\gh ! rema9s ( ^! prehi/oric ages %[ 9 "s degree ! =m ( an anci5t ,greek acropolis1 ) its royal dwell+ ( c\rts & halls1 & ! sepul*ral monum5ts be=e its gates1 !y are yet insuffici5t to complete ev5 ! ma9 outl9es ( ! picture by giv+ any und]/&+ ( ! temple--t /ructure de/9$ to become ! ideal ( ,hell5ic ar*itecture4 ,:ile ! life & cu/oms contempor>y ) ! ,hom]ic poems are1 9 o!r respects1 repres5t$ ) incomp>able tru? & di/9ctness1 ! epics are entirely sil5t ^u ?is subject4 ,x appe>s t ! temples 7 nei!r ( great size nor ( arti/ic importance2 among ! ru9s ( ,tiryns & ,myk5 !re are no ve/iges ( columns or entablatures4 ,! symbolical images ( ! deities 7 plac$ ^u cliffs1 9 cav]ns1 among ! bran*es ( sacr$ trees1 or 9 ! holl[s ( _! trunks1 & simple alt>s 7 erect$ be=e !m4 ,frequ5tly ! wor%ip ( a deity 0 m]ely connect$ ) a grove1 or ) "s o!r locality fitt$ by nature = ?is purpose1 & 0 !re p]=m$ )\t an image or o!r dead symbol4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! mo/ primitive god ( ,greek my?ology1 ,zeus ( ,dodona4 ,:5 a build+ 0 provid$ at all1 x 01 9 ! h]oic ages1 re/rict$ to ! cella1 a ceil$ *apel ( oblong plan1 :i* /ood 9 ! c5tre ( a consecrat$ area1 ! tem5os4 ,?is orig9al =m--! :ole ( ! primitive %r9e--is recognizable ev5 9 ! develop$ p]ipt]os1 z ! k]nel )9 ! out/&+ columns4 ,x does n appe> /range t we %\ld be acqua9t$ ) s few ( ^! *apels :5 x is consid]$ t h>dly great] traces rema9 ( ! entire ar*itecture ( ! ,teutonic races dur+ ! fir/ sev5 ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,x is natural1 9 ! developm5t ( civilization1 t sanctu>ies exemplify+ diff]5t phases ( advancem5t %\ld seldom /& next to ea* o!r2 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! old1 ! new arises 9 its place1 ^u its consecrat$ site4 ,examples ( su* orig9al cellas are n1 h[ev]1 entirely want+4 ,sev]al rema9s publi%$ by ,dodwell & ,/ackelb]g are to be expla9$ z *apels4 ,a /ructure ^u ,delos1 designat$ by ,?i]s* z a tomb1 is q comp>able to a columnless temple cella4 ,!re is less probability t ! ru9s ^u ,m\nt ,o*a & ne> ! village ,/\ra1 ^u ,euba1 7 temples4 ,!y are *amb]s %elt]$ f above by slabs ( /one1 incl9$ l a gable4 7,fig4 #ace47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,gate ( ,?oricos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--;,gate ( ,ephesos4 ,?is me?od ( ro(+ c\ld n h be5 g5]ally practis$ 9 e>ly times1 :5 simple & natural con/ructions utiliz$ ! mat]ials at h& be/ adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,! build]s1 among ! bald m\nta9s ( ,euba1 7 =c$ to su* a mann] ( cov]+ _! *amb] by lack ( wood4 ,! s\? ( ! isl& produces no trees :i* c\ld provide ! timb] = ro(-beams2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 op5 qu>ries 9 ! neighborhood furni%$ a k9d ( slate-/one :i* is easily split into l>ge slabs l joi/s & bo>ds4 ,s clumsy a ceil+ con/ruction z t ^u ,m\nt ,o*a 0 n natural 9 c\ntries ( d5se =e/s1 su* z 0 ! orig9al home ( ! ,dorians4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,hellas ?an ! rocky & /]ile isl&s ( ! gean1 ! *apels mu/ h be5 ro($ ) wood4 ,! mo/ obvi\s consid]ations make x evid5t t ceil+ & ro( ( ! primitive cella 7 orig9ally ( wood4 ,9 ! lat] m>ble ar*itecture ( ,greece ?is assumption is confirm$ by num]\s rem9isc5ces ( timb]$ con/ruction1 suffici5t ev5 to expla9 ! me?ods & =m ( ! orig9al c>p5try4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,int]ior ( a ,/ructure ^u ,m\nt ,o*a1 ,euba4 ,a pit*$ & gabl$ ro( seems to h be5 g5]ally employ$ = ^! e>ly /ructures4 ,! horizontal ceil+ might be suffici5t = ! *angeless blue sky ( ,egypt1 b c\ld n suffice 9 ,greece1 :]e1 9 c]ta9 seasons1 heavy ra9s 7 frequ5t1 & ev5 hail-/orms n unkn[n4 ,/ill no l& ^u ! ,m$it]ranean 0 famili> ) ! great /eepness ( ro( made necess>y by ! endur+ sn[ & ice ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 cold] climates ! pit* ( ! cov]+ 0 n only greatly increas$1 b all horizontal projections 7 avoid$1 & ! upp] surfaces ( small] memb]s & m\ld+s incl9$4 ,! raft]s requir$ ceil+ beams b5ea? !m2 because ( ! necess>y support & jo9t+1 !y c\ld n be plac$ directly ^u ! /one walls1 & x 0 fur!r desirable to support ! summit ( ! triangle by a k+-po/4 ,! ceil+ ?us provid$ /ood 9 su* relation to ! ro( t a beam ti$ toge!r ea* pair ( raft]s1 & 01 consequ5tly1 s laid across ! oblong enclosure t ! ends repos$ ^u ! side walls4 ,^u ^! horizontal timb]s planks 7 plac$ :i* conceal$ ! incl9$ ro(4 ,by ?is an indep5d5t ceil+ 0 creat$2 &1 z ! bo>d+ 0 laid ^u ! beams & n fa/5$ to _! l[] side1 ?is gave rise to ! =mation ( lacun or long c(f]s4 ,! ends bo? ( ! horizontal ceil+ beams & ( ! ro( raft]s 7 visible ^u ! ext]ior3 ! latt]1 =m+ ! eaves1 project$ beyond ! wall1 to fur!r ! %$d+ ( wat] & to protect ! sides ( ! build+4 ,z ! upp] surface ( ! ro( _h be5 s clos$ z to be wat]-tight1 x is natural t ?is %ea?+ %\ld h be5 c>ri$ ar\nd ^u all sides ( ! project+ raft] ends4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! spaces betwe5 ! beams1 :i*1 be+ protect$ by ! eaves1 7 n cov]$ & mask$ by bo>ds4 ,! arti/ic in/9ct ( ! ,greek w\ld n p]mit him ?us to conceal con/ructive =ms :5 ?is 0 n r5d]$ necess>y by practical consid]ations4 ,!y receiv$1 on ! contr>y1 an especial emphasis1 t !y might express _! peculi> function ) full =ce4 ,moreov]1 ! clos+ ( ! ap]ture betwe5 ! ends ( ! beams w\ld h requir$ ! provision ( o!r op5+s = light1 z !re 7 no w9d[s 9 ! walls ( masonry4 ,?is mann] ( ro( & ceil+ con/ruction 0 g5]ally employ$ 9 ,european ,greece1 be+ cu/om>y = palaces & dwell+s z well z = ! primitive temples4 ,op5 int]/ices betwe5 ! horizontal beams exi/$ 9 ! hall ( ! royal dwell+ at ,i?aca4 ,!re c be no fur!r d\bt z to ! developm5t & orig9al function ( ! metopes ( ! ,doric entablature :5 x is consid]$ t ! ,greeks1 z late z ! "t ( ,euripides 7,iphig4 9 ,taur4 #aac71 7 famili> ) ! idea t x 0 possible to ent] a primitive /ructure ?r\gh ^! op5+s betwe5 ! ends ( ! beams4 ,! mask+ ( ! metopes w\ld ?us h be5 n only purposeless1 b ev5 detrim5tal2 x 0 reasonable1 h[ev]1 to %ea! ! ends ( ! beams !mselves by small bo>ds1 :i* %\ld at once protect & ornam5t !m4 ,! hewn extremities ( su* great timb]s 7 r\gh & ugly2 )\t cov]+1 !y w\ld h be5 expos$ to rapid decay4 ,! simple decoration ( ?ree n>r[ /rips ( wood affix$ to ! ends ( ! beams 0 s cu/om>y 9 primitive c>p5try t x became a typical motive 9 ! lat] ar*itecture ( ,greece4 ,! *amf]+ ( %>p edges ( bo>ds has be5 practis$ by ! wood-work]s ( all nations4 ,:5 two corn]s ?us treat$ are plac$ toge!r1 !re results a prismatic groove1 :i* di/9ctly m>ks ! edges ( ! sep>ate pieces4 ,?us orig9at$ ! primitive =m ( ! triglyph1 z ! mo/ natural & practical decoration ( ! r\gh-hewn ends ( ! ceil+ beams by %ea?+4 ,! upp] edges ( ! ?ree /rips 7 hidd5 aga9/ a plate b5ea? ! raft]s2 ! l[] 7 cov]$ by a cont9u\s bo>d1 :i* unit$ ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! frieze1 & conceal$ any inexact jo9t+ betwe5 ! beams & ! top ( ! wall4 ,by plac+ ! *amf]$ bo>ds upright1 an /hetic advantage 0 obta9$3 a v]tical l9e 0 repeat$ j be=e ! conclusion ( ! entablature by ! cornice1 be+ ?us emphasiz$ 9 ! mid/ ( horizontal memb]s4 ,o!r ornam5tal details 7 add$1 bas$1 likewise1 ^u motives ( ! orig9al wood5 con/ruction4 ,! cont9u\s /rip affix$ to ! l[] edges ( ! triglyphs 0 securely & visibly fa/5$4 ,?is 0 effect$ by sev]al ?ick trunnels1 s driv5 9 f bel[ t ! heads 7 left protrud+4 ,"u ! end ( ea* beam ! /rip 0 d\bl$1 to give additional /r5g? :]e ! wood 0 mo/ weak5$ by p]=ation4 ,! ends ( ! raft]s 7 also %ea!d1 & br\ght into h>mony ) ! frieze4 ,! incl9$ eaves 7 cov]$ ) bo>ds1 & z ^! did n /& erect1 l ^? be=e ! ceil+ beams1 b hung f ! l[] sides ( ! raft]s1 !re 0 p>ticul> ne$ = an increas$ & di/9ctly secure atta*m5t4 ,! %ea?+ 0 consequ5tly p9n$ by m num]\s trunnels2 & z e triglyph _h be5 provid$ ) a second /rip1 "h a second bo>d 0 plac$ "u ! end ( ea* raft]4 ,! project+ heads ( ^! nails 7 call$ gutt by ! lat] ,romans1 b ?is _c conv9ce u t ! peculi> =m 0 int5d$ z an ornam5tal petrifaction ( hang+ ra9-drops3 su* a glorification ( bad wea!r w\ld h be5 =eign to ! ,greeks1 accu/om$ to ! cle>e/ skies2 &1 = s primitive a con/ruction1 ?is explanation appe>s f>-fet*$4 ,! imitation ( ra9-drops c\ld n[h]e h be5 m out ( place ?an ^u ! incl9$ l[] side ( ! eaves2 drops might1 p]haps1 hang f ! front edge ( ! cornice1 b nev] ^u its "u slope1 :i* ra9 c\ld n ev5 wet4 ,! con/ruction ( an orig9al "w ( c>p5try ?us provid$ ! motives ( ! ,doric entablature--navely express+ ! advance f ! r\ghe/ practical necessity to high ar*itectural p]fection4 ,9 ! ap]tures betwe5 ! beam-ends1 or metopes1 & 9 ! op5 triangle ( ! gable1 7 plac$ votive (f]+s1 :i* !re f\nd a secure & %elt]$ /&1 height5+ ! ext]ior importance ( ! "w4 ,9 small *apels ?is int]f]5ce ) ! op5+s = light c\ld h be5 ( no disadvantage4 ,! gable 0 clos$ by a bo>d+1 :i* hid f view ! r\gh inn] con/ruction ( ! ro(4 ,?is veil1 ! tympanon1 0 plac$ beh9d ! triangle =m$ by ! out] cross-beam & raft]s1 z ! ceil+ _h be5 laid above ! o!r horizontal timb]s4 ,! l[ gable ?us naturally develop$ ^u ! front2 & 9 lat] times1 :5 ! votive (f]+s _h be5 ex*ang$ = sculptur$ figures1 =m$ a mo/ *>act]i/ic & impos+ feature4 ,! effect 0 height5$ by ! p>tly protective1 p>tly decorative1 pa9t+ ( all ! wood5 surfaces4 ,r$ & blue appe> orig9ally to h be5 ! *ief colors2 ! =m]1 9 a d>k %ade1 be+ us$ = ! %ea?+ ( ! tympanon1 ! latt] = ! triglyphs & o!r memb]s4 ,^u ! b&s 7 figur$ ornam5ts1 mo/ ( :i* _h develop$ f ,asiatic prototypes2 !y consi/$ ( ! me&]1 an!mions1 & ! wov5 ribbons1 etc41 obs]vable ^u ,assyrian sculptures & ^u ! ar*aic bronzes & vases ( ,greece & ,c5tral ,italy4 ,! ext5d$ poly*romatic treatm5t ( ! m>ble temple is d\btless a rem9isc5ce ( ?is pa9t$ wood4 ,)\t su* traditions1 x w\ld h develop$ diff]5tly3 ^u a /ructure ( /one x w\ld h be5 less re/rict$ to ! frieze & cornice4 ,! entablature _h ?us f> advanc$ )\t connection ) t mo/ noble "w ( ar*itecture--! ,doric column4 ,! %aft & entablature ( ! /yle 7 n creat$ 9 connection or simultane\sly2 ! =ms ( triglyph & mutule are n a gr[? f ! column> root1 b r prove ! ,doric frieze & cornice to h be5 ! primitive ,hell5ic expression ( ro( & ceil+1 :i* prec$$ ! column1 ev5 z ! pla9e/ con/ructive necessities prec$e ornam5t4 ,! peculi> wood5 "* ( ! entablature c\ld ex]cise no important influ5ce ^u ! %aft4 ,if ! exi/5ce1 9 h]oic times1 ( ! p]ipt]os1 ! temple ) out/&+ columns1 be d5i$--& ( su* /ructures !re is n a ve/ige--x _c be suppos$ t columns exi/$ at all4 ,int]ior supports ( wood are1 inde$1 m5tion$ by ,hom]1 & engag$ %afts =m$ "p ( ! faade ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus1 & 7 repres5t$ ^u ! relief ov] ! ,gate ( ! ,lions 9 ,myk52 b betwe5 ^! & ! ,doric column !re is a di/ance only to be expla9$ by ! assumption t ,asiatic influ5ce 0 p>am\nt1 if n exclusive1 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! h]oic ages ( ,greece4 ,?\gh x is possible t rudim5ts ( ! ,doric e*9os may be recogniz$ 9 ! upp] tore & scotia ( ! engag$ columns ( ,myk51 x is yet evid5t t ! turn$-"w ( ^! memb]s result$ f a wood5 prototype1 & t ! ov]lad5 decoration ( ! %aft1 9 its /yle1 is due to famili>ity ) a %eet+ ( beat5 metal--i4e41 to ,phnician arti/ic traditions4 ,t ! =ms ( ! entablature 7 n creat$ = ! p]ipt]os appe>s f ! circum/ance t ! metopes lose _! value z w9d[s by ! *ange ( plan1 & leave ! cella )\t op5+s = light & air :5 surr\nd$ by columns4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ! p]ipt]al temple1 ! ,doric entablature1 :i* ^u ! oblong *apel _h be5 ! natural expression ^u ! ext]ior ( ro( & ceil+ con/ruction1 became a functionless ornam5t1 ne$+1 z w be se51 _m *anges to br+ x into h>mony ) ! out/&+ colonnade4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,doric column is n p]fectly cle>2 x is m ?an probable t x 0 n :olly auto*?onic & primitive ,greek1 l ! entablature ( ! /yle4 ,its pr9cipal "p1 ! %aft1 0 c]ta9ly import$4 ,no prom95t ar*itectural feature c be deem$ newly inv5t$ t has be5 9 common usage 9 a neighbor+ & accessible c\ntry = c5turies4 ,! ,doric %aft1 ) its *>act]i/ic dim9ution & *annell+s1 0 kn[n 9 ,egypt m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e its introduction into ,greece1 z prov$ by ! monum5ts ( ,b5i-,hassan4 ,comm]cial int]c\rse _h exi/$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries = c5turies1 & x _c be assum$ t ! ,greeks _h n se5 ,egyptian works ( ar*itecture2 !y c\ld n h arriv$ at precisely ! same results by indep5d5t inv5tion4 ,x w\ld r be difficult to conceive h[ ! receptive ,greeks c\ld h refus$ all in/ruction f ! neighbor+ p1 s f> 9 advance ( !m = c5turies aft] ! ,trojan w>4 ,eight-sid$ drums h be5 f\nd at ,bolymnos1 & an octangul> %aft at ,trz52 b ^! isolat$ in/ances (f] no pro( t ! developm5t ( ! *annell$ %aft f ! squ>e pi] 0 effect$ 9 ,greece 9 ! same mann] z _h be5 done fifte5 c5turies or m previ\sly 9 ,egypt4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 always %[$ its indep5d5ce :5 ! arti/ic p]ception ( ! neighbor+ nations _h be5 at fault or defective4 ,x 0 impossible = !m to re/ cont5t ) ! t]m9ation ( ! s-call$ ,proto-,doric columns ( ,b5i-,hassan4 ,a simple pl9? ^u ! upp] end ( ! %aft 0 insuffici5t2 x left )\t m$iation ! contra/ betwe5 ! =cible upright l9e ( ! *annels & ! long level ( ! epi/yle4 ,"s int]position 0 necess>y betwe5 ! v]tical & ! horizontal memb]s1 & a m\ld+ ( incl9$ outl9e 0 be/ fitt$ to fulfil ?is natural requirem5t1 :i* almo/ appe>s to be an /hetic law4 ,! abacus pl9? 0 reta9$ z ! transition f ! circul> drums ( ! %aft to ! broad] oblong ( ! l9tel4 ,! oblique & project+ memb] betwe5 ! two1 ! e*9os1 0 a l9k connect+ ! plans1 z well z ! directions1 ( column & entablature4 ,! p]fectly /raight outl9e ( an inv]t$ cone 0 r>ely employ$ 9 ,greece = ! e*9os2 a /ele ( ,artemis ,brauronia ^u ! ,a!nian acropolis1 %[n by inscriptions to be ( great age1 is an isolat$ in/ance4 ,?is rigid l9e 0 e>ly ex*ang$ = a curve1 :i*1 9 its advanc+ /ages ( ref9em5t1 became "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ,doric ar*itecture4 ,! m\ld+ seems1 at times1 to h be5 ornam5t$ ) pa9t$ leaves1 :i*1 9 ! ,ionic e*9os b5ea? ! roll1 0 *ang$1 9 ! mann] peculi> to t ord]1 f ! color$ indication to c>v+4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is floral decoration 0 g5]ally adopt$1 or exi/$ only 9 ! isolat$ in/ance by :i* x is kn[n--! s-call$ ,temple ( ,!seus4 ,^u ! translation ( ! wood5 con/ruction to a /one entablature1 :i* result$ 9 a n>r[ int]columniation1 ! base 0 giv5 up1 & ! upp] /ep ( ! /ylobate 0 reg>d$ z a common pl9?4 ,x appe>s t ! employm5t ( columns connect$ ) temples comm5c$1 9 ,greece1 9 ! mann] obs]v$ ^u ! rock-cut tomb faades ( ,egypt & ,lycia1 & ! *apels ( ,mesopotamia & ,phnicia3 two columns 7 plac$ )9 ! op5 front1 betwe5 ! project+ side walls2 t is to say1 ! temple 0 9 antis4 ,! next /ep 0 ! removal ( ^! side walls1 or p>a/ad1 columns tak+ _! place 9 ! corn]s be=e !m1 & ! pro/yle temple 0 ?us obta9$4 ,^! *anges r5d]$ sev]al important alt]ations necess>y4 ,!y caus$ a new wall to be erect$ be=e ! int]ior ( ! cella1 ! naos1 ! colonnade ( ! front ?us acquir+ ! nature ( a portico1 ! pronaos4 ,! jambs ( ! door 9 ?is wall 7 s incl9$ z to dim9i% ! span ( ! l9tel1 ! frame receiv+ ^u its upp] corn]s ! /epp$ e>s1 or p>otides1 cu/om>y 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,a new memb] ( ! entablature 0 ne$$ to replace ! omitt$ wall & provide a be>+ = ! ceil+ cross-beams--namely1 ! epi/yle4 ,x is possible t ?is memb]1 di/9ctly sep>at$1 exi/$ be=e ! *ange1 b x c]ta9ly 0 n necess>y4 ,! division ( ! cella into naos & pronaos f9ally alt]$ ! position ( ! front ceil+-beams2 9 ! naos !y lay1 z be=e1 re/+ ^u ! side walls1 b 9 ! pronaos !y 7 plac$ l5g?wise--f ! columns to ! newly erect$ division wall4 ,besides improv+ ! con/ruction ( ! portico ceil+1 ?is greatly add$ to ! beauty ( ! front entablature3 epi/yle & ceil+-beams w\ld o!rwise h la9 ^u ea* o!r1 9 ! same direction1 b f ?is *ange result$ ! frieze ( triglyphs & metopes ^u ! front1 z ^u ! sides4 ,! ga9 0 n effect$ )\t a difficulty aris+ 9 ! frieze above ! end ( ! side wall & ! corn] column1 ! out] ceil+-beam ( ! pronaos ?us ly+ 9 its l5g? ^u ! epi/yle )\t ! =mation ( a metope4 ,& "h ! con/ructive tru? 0 fir/ sacrific$ 9 favor ( ! ext]ior appe>ance3 a cube1 /&+ above ! corn] column1 took ! place ( ! out] beam1 & ! cont9u\s alt]nation ( triglyphs & metopes 0 c>ri$ out4 ,hav+ s f> deviat$ f logical con/ruction1 ! desire = an h>moni\s treatm5t ( ! ext]ior l$ to o!r & great] *anges4 ,! dead-wall ( ! re> _h _h no "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! frieze1 & appe>$ intol]ably b>e4 ,?is defici5cy c\ld h>dly be ov]come o!rwise ?an by a repetition ( a portico ^u ! back1 creat+ ! ep9aos1 & c>ry+ ! entablature ( triglyphs & metopes ar\nd ! entire build+1 ?us p]fect+ ! amphipro/yle temple4 ,! m ^! alt]ations 7 made 9 favor ( ! ext]ior appe>ance1 ! m 0 ! orig9al /ructure dismemb]$4 ,! extreme b\nd>y ( possible concessions 0 atta9$1 &1 at ! next /ep1 ! entablature1 translat$ into /one1 sep>at$ itself entirely f ! con/ruction & became an appli$ ornam5t4 ,9 "o /ride ! ultimate type ( ! ,hell5ic temple 0 det]m9$1 by c>ry+ out/&+ columns entirely ar\nd ! cella1--! build+ became a p]ipt]os4 ,x is probable t ^! ext5sive alt]ations took place almo/ simultane\sly1 & 7 adopt$ at once = ! mo/ prom95t %r9es1 :ile ! prec$+ v>ieties--! temple 9 antis & ! pro/yle & amphipro/yle temples--?\gh _! entablatures 7 also execut$ 9 /one1 7 only employ$ 9 subord9ate positions4 ,) ! height5$ importance ( ! decorative ext]ior ! monum5tal significance ( ! temple rose above ! m]e necessities ( a *amb] = ! sacr$ image4 ,! /ructure acquir$ equal solidity 9 e "p expos$ to view4 ,x 0 built ( a homog5e\s mat]ial4 ,! timb]+ ( ro( & ceil+ 0 hidd5 by ! /one symbols plac$ be=e ! ends ( ! raft]s & beams2 ! entablature 0 all[$ an indep5d5t fre$om ( developm5t & proportion4 ,! heav9ess ( ! mat]ial made x necess>y to dim9i% ! voids & increase ! solids ( ! supports z mu* z 0 feasible4 ,! /one %afts 7 all[$ a great] diamet] & plac$ m ne>ly toge!r ?an :51 z 0 ! case 9 ,etruria at a mu* lat] p]iod1 _! burd5 _h be5 ( timb]4 ,! /one cornice1 :i* 0 n z high z ! epi/yle1 c\ld n span ! same cle> wid?1 & call$ = a second support ov] ! int]columniations1--a fur!r triglyph4 ,?is 0 ! m acceptable1 z ! appe>ance ( ! frieze 0 improv$ by its adoption2 ! bread? ( triglyph & metope became ne>ly equal & bett] proportion$1 _! alt]nat+ rhy?m m pleas+4 ,! metopes1 hav+ ^u ! p]ipt]os no importance z w9d[s1 7 clos$ by ?9 slabs1 :i* add$ to ! unity & impos+ =ce ( ! edifice4 ,x is surpris+ h[ fai?fully ! traditional =ms 7 /ill reta9$1 ev5 to ! smalle/ details1 :ile !y yet receiv$ a truly arti/ic conv5tionalization & ^? proportions :i* make ! ,doric temple ! gr&e/ & mo/ p]fect monum5t ( ar*itectural hi/ory4 ,x is probable t ! complet$ p]ipt]os exi/$ z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ /eps ( advance 7 rapidly made1 & may1 p]haps1 be ref]r$ to ! ages imm$iately prec$+4 ,x w\ld inde$ be int]e/+ to "k :51 :]e1 & by :om ! incomp>able design 0 p]fect$ :i* gave to ! _w its pr\de/ edifice2 b x mu/ suffice to und]/& ! int5tions ( :i* ! ,doric temple 0 ! f9al result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,corn] ,elevation ( ! ,middle ,temple ( ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,re/oration4 ,semp] has sugge/$ t a canopy-l ro(1 support$ by columns1 0 plac$ above & ar\nd ! small temple cella to increase its ext5t1 &1 at ! same "t1 to express its p[] & sacr$ness by t olde/ symbol ( t]re/rial & cele/ial au?ority4 ,?is attractive assumption does n int]f]e ) ! !ory ( ! previ\s developm5t ( ! temple 9 antis & ! pro/ylos1 or ) ! hi/orical consid]ations bas$ ^u ! appe>ance ( an imp]fect p]ipt]os c5turies be=e 9 ,egypt4 ,! cella & out/&+ columns rose f a /epp$ f\ndation1 ! crepidoma1 ! k]nel ( :i*1 ! /]eobate1 0 =m$ ( massive walls1 or1 :5 possible1 ( ! native rock4 ,! blocks 7 too high = human /eps1 & are n to be conceiv$ z /airs4 ,su* an asc5t entirely surr\nd+ ! temple w\ld h be5 purposeless1 & contr>y to ! isolat+ "* ( ! crepidoma4 ,!y =m$ a base1 su* z is display$ 9 an exagg]at$ mann] by ! ,mesopotamian sanctu>ies1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! *apels elevat$ ^u ! gigantic t]races 7 small 9 proportion to ! sub/ructure4 ,9 build+s ( great] dim5sions1 ! few & massive /eps s]v+ z ! base ( ! ,greek temple 7 increas$1 n 9 numb]1 b 9 size4 ,!y 7 ?us always proportional & fitt$ to _! function z a f\ndation4 ,accessible /airs f all sides w\ld h giv5 a pyramidal effect to ! l[] "p ( ! composition2 :ile1 at ! foot ( ! upright supports1 ! horizontal l9e %\ld r be emphatically pron\nc$4 ,small] int]m$iate blocks 7 provid$ = ! asc5t to ! temple1 ?us made possible only ^u ! front4 ,! upp] /ep1 ! /ylobate1 01 z has be5 said1 ! common pl9?1 ! columns be+ )\t base-m\ld+1 &1 consequ5tly1 )\t individual functions or isolat$ indep5d5ce4 ,! comp>atively n>r[ int]columniations 7 ! bett] passages f ?is abs5ce ( projections at ! foot ( ! columns4 ,! p[]ful %afts 7 d\bly modifi$ by ! dim9ution & by ! entasis4 ,! fir/ ref9em5t f\nd its model 9 ! natural contraction ( all asc5d+ bodies2 a great] /r5g? is ne$$ bel[ because ( ! increas+ weight4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ an optical motive3 e dim9ution modifies ! p]spective effect1 increas+ ! app>5t height or di/ance ( bodies ?us bord]$ by l9es slightly conv]g+1 ?\gh app>5tly p>allel4 ,! entasis 0 entirely decid$ by su* optical consid]ations4 ,x ov]came a deception1 result+ f ! dim9ution1 :i* makes a /raight-l9$ cone ( v /eep sides appe> ( slightly concave outl9e4 ,! %afts usually _h tw5ty1 9 a few in/ances sixte51 *annels1 ( ne>ly elliptical pr(ile1 sep>at$ by %>p arrises4 ,z may be se5 9 unf9i%$ temples1 ^! grooves 7 n execut$ until ! la/ /one ( ! build+ 0 9 place1 t ! *ipp+ ( ! delicate edges by ! imposition ( ! drums or blocks next to !m1 & by o!r accid5ts dur+ ! process ( build+1 might be avoid$4 ,x 0 only ^u ! capital t ! *annels 7 cut 9 advance1 z a guide4 ,to avoid ! *ipp+ ( ?is /one1 x 0 necess>y to prev5t its %>p l[] edges f re/+ directly ^u ! top ( ! drum b5ea? x4 ,to ?is end a dim9utive /ep1 a scamillus ( small] diamet]1 0 turn$ ^u ! bottom ( ! capital block1 or ! same effect 0 atta9$ by slightly slant+ (f & increas+ ! "r angle ( its l[] edge4 ,x 0 contr>y to ! arti/ic feel+ ( ! ,greek ar*itect = con/ructive tru? to mask ev5 ?is slight necessity by prim+ & pa9t+4 ,x 01 r1 made m di/9ct by increas$ size & a *>act]i/ic pr(ile1 9 "s in/ances ev5 by a repetition ( ! incision4 ,! upp] end ( ! %aft 0 ?us di/9ctly sep>at$1 not)/&+ ! cont9u\s *annell+s1 & 0 relat$ to ! capital z ! m$iat+ neck ( ! column1 ! hypotra*elion4 ,! e*9os began its projection ) sev]al annulets1 :i* /ill m def9itely m>k$ ! junction ( ! capital ) ! %aft4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide :e!r ^! m\ld+s 7 rem9isc5ces ( ! b9d+-ribbons ^u ! neck+ ( ,egyptian floral columns4 ,!y 7 n plac$ b5ea? ! e*9os1 b ^u x1 & consequ5tly foll[ ! curv$ pr(ile1 enl>g+ conc5trically ) its projection4 ,! ,doric capital1 among all capitals t we "k1 atta9s ! highe/ /hetic p]fection by its fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( a transitional memb]3 by ! proportion ( its projection1 & especially by its expressive & *>act]i/ic curve1 :i* rises f a firm & almo/ /raight l9e to ! decid$ turn b5ea? ! abacus4 ,! outl9e is m ela/ic ?an a simple oblique angle1 m vigor\s & capable ( resi/ance ?an ! concave curve4 ,! e*9os provides ! requisite projection2 ! abacus ^u x =ms ! second transition f ! circul> plan ( ! %aft to ! rectangle ( ! entablature4 ,9 ! ,doric /yle ?is upp] half is ab\t ! same height z ! e*9os b5ea? x1 :ile 9 ! capitals ( o!r ord]s ! curv$ memb]s ( circul> plan h be5 develop$ at ! exp5se ( ?is pl9?1 :i* is dw>f$ to a ?9 plate4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ by ,cock]ell 9 #ahbi t ! axes ( ! columns surr\nd+ ! cella are n v]tical1 b lean inw>d4 ,?is peculi>ity 0 *iefly adopt$ to c\nt]act an optical deception1 result+1 l ! deviation :i* l$ to ! entasis1 f ! dim9ution ( ! %afts1 mak+ ^!1 :5 p]fectly upright1 appe> incl9$ away f ! neighbor+ wall & f ea* o!r4 ,! deception is p>ticul>ly felt ^u ! corn] %afts2 ^! 7 correct$ to lean 9 ! direction ( ! diagonal1 & decid$ ! incl9ation ( ! columns ( ! front & side4 ,! absolute deviation f ! v]tical is v slight1 ab\t #a-aej? ( ! height1 & by no means makes ! inn] sides ( ! dim9i%$ columns p>allel to ! wall4 ,! incl9ation 0 effect$ by ! irregul> cutt+ ( ! fir/ block1 :i* 0 l[] )9 ?an )\t1 be+ s =m$ t ! surface ( its base 0 n circul>1 b slightly elliptical4 ,all ! succe$+ drums _h p]fectly r\nd b$s1 & consequ5tly slant$ 9 ! mann] decid$ by ! fir/4 ,! contact ( ^! /ones ( ! %aft 0 re/rict$ to a n>r[ rim ^u ! ext]ior ( _! plan4 ,9 _! c5tre !y 7 /eadi$ by an encas$ d[el ( wood1 ! =m ( :i* is kn[n f ! rema9s ( ! ,p>!non2 ?is s]v$ z a pivot = ! gr9d+ ( "o block ^u ! o!r4 ,! /one beams ( ! epi/yle lay f axis to axis ( ! columns4 ,9 build+s ( great dim5sions sev]al slabs 7 laid side by side z l9tels1 ea* hav+ ! entire height ( ?is memb]1 :i*1 z =m+ ! conjunction ( ! columns1 may be conceiv$ z a repres5tative ( ! wall4 ,! out] surface ( ! epi/yle block 0 c>v$ ^u its upp] edge ) ! ta9ia & trunnels1 describ$ z secur+ ! triglyphs ( ! orig9al timb]$ entablature4 ,! =ms ( ^! details %[ ! great rev]5ce ) :i* ! primitive wood5 prototypes 7 imitat$1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y 7 fitt$ to be cut 9 /one 9 a f> m arti/ic mann] ?an 7 ! direct copies ( c>p5try obs]v$ 9 ,lycia4 ,! slits ( ! triglyph t]m9at$ at fir/ 9 elliptical l9es1 :i* became1 9 ! decl9e ( ! /yle1 /raight & horizontal4 ,! triglyphs !mselves 7 s di/ribut$ t "o 0 plac$ ov] ea* column & "o ov] ! c5tre ( ea* int]columniation4 ,an exception 0 made at ! corn]1 :]e ! triglyph c\ld n be plac$ 9 ! axis ( ! %aft1 be+ ne$$ = ! support ( ! angle4 ,x w\ld be contr>y to ! op5 & non-su/a9+ "* ( ! metope = ?is to be assign$ to a position s con/ructively important4 ,vitruvius1 reg>dless ( ?is consid]ation1 recomm5ds t ! corn] triglyph be plac$ 9 ! axis ( ! column b5ea? x1 l all ! o!rs2 b only "o debas$ in/ance is kn[n :]e ?is occurs--! s-call$ ,temple ( ,demet] at ,p/um4 ,! di/urbance ( symmetry :i* result$ to ! frieze by ! removal ( ! corn] triglyph f ! axis 0 c\nt]balanc$ by ! metopes be+ made slightly l>g]1 & especially by ! out] int]columniations be+ greatly dim9i%$ 9 wid?4 ,?is la/ /ep 0 also desirable f o!r consid]ations1 notably because ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! cella caus$ ! op5+s betwe5 ! inn] %afts to appe> n>r[] ?an ! free & light space betwe5 ^? ( ! ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,entablature ( ! ,p>!non4 ,all ^! *anges 7 prim>ily caus$ by ! ,doric entablature n hav+ be5 creat$ = ! p]ipt]os2 x 0 necess>y ?us to fit x = decorative employm5t4 ,! metopes 7 orig9ally op5 int]/ices betwe5 ! beams2 int]trabies1 z !y might be call$1 ) ref]5ce to ! int]columniations2 hav+1 ^u ! p]ipt]os1 be5 clos$ )9 & )\t by light slabs1 ! votive (f]+s1 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! ap]tures1 7 n[ sup]s$$ by sculptures 9 relief ^u ^! /ones1 :i* gave to ! entire entablature--or1 :5 ! c>v+ 0 re/rict$1 to t ( ! fronts--an impos+ decoration4 ,a cont9u\s b&1 l t b5ea? ! triglyphs1 t]m9at$ ! frieze2 b ! individuality ( triglyph & metope 0 ev5 "h ma9ta9$1 ! sup]pos$ memb] be+ brok5 ar\nd !m1 z a sep>ate coronation = ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,s*eme ( ! ,doric ,entablature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,plan & ,elevation ( ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,!seus1 ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,pa9t+ ^u ! ,pt]oma ( ! ,temple ( ,!seus4 ,! cornice %[$ rem9isc5ces ( ! project+ eaves by its corona be+ cut ) a d[nw>d slant1 su* z w\ld nev] h be5 inv5t$ = ! treatm5t ( /one4 ,t ?is incl9ation 0 n precisely ! same z ! pit* ( ! ro( raft]s _c be adduc$ z an argum5t aga9/ its fundam5tal idea2 9 ! m>ble /ructure !re 0 no?+ to call = s exact a resemblance4 ,! decoration ( ! l[] surface ( ! corona %[s ! orig9al motive ( its wood5 con/ruction z di/9ctly express$ z 0 ! =mation ( ! triglyph 9 ! frieze4 ,! position ( ! ends ( ! raft]s1 b5ea? ! %ea?+1 is m>k$ by bo>ds1 ea* be+ p9n$ ^u x ) eighte5 wood5 pegs4 ,f ! duplication ( ! triglyphs 9 ! /one build+ !re result$ an equal numb] ( mutules1 & ^! 7 /ill fur!r multipli$ by be+ plac$ ov] ea* metope--?is latt] increase hav+ be5 at fir/ attempt$ ) memb]s ( half ! normal wid?1 z at ,fig4 #acf4 ,! :ole composition 0 ?us ! m ri*ly divid$ ! high] ! build+ asc5d$2 ^u "o column re/$ two triglyphs & f\r mutules4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t1 to make ! decoration h>moni\s ^u all sides ( ! edifice1 ^! mutules 7 also introduc$ ^u ! front & re> entablatures2 ?is repetition1 ) ! incl9ation ( ! corona ^u ! fronts1 naturally )\t a gutt]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a fur!r concession1 made1 contr>y to ! g5etic signification ( memb]s1 9 favor ( ! monum5tal appe>ance ( ! entire ext]ior4 ,! corona is bord]$ by ! s-call$ ,doric cyma1 or beak-m\ld+1 di/antly resembl+ ! scotia ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4 ,! conclud+ gutt] is ( a beautifully curv$ outl9e4 ,:5 x occurs ^u ! sides ( ! build+1 :]e x is frequ5tly re/rict$ to ! corn]s1 x is provid$ ) lions' heads1 :i*1 arrang$ ov] ! columns z g>goyles1 ?r[ f _! op5 jaws ! ra9-wat] ( ! ro( beyond ! /eps ( ! crepidoma4 ,an isolat$ in/ance--! ,h]aion ( ,olympia1 :i* seems nev] to h be5 provid$ ) a /one entablature--%[s t ! timb]$ ro( & ceil+ 7 plac$ at times ) a wood5 epi/yle directly ^u ! /one columns ( a p]ipt]os4 ,! cov]+ ( ! ro( 0 =m$1 9 ! be/ p]iod1 by flat m>ble tiles1 ! jo9ts ( :i* 7 cov]$ by small] curv$ blocks1 runn+ f ridge to eaves1 & t]m9at$ ov] ! cornice by antefixes4 ,! apex & corn]s ( ! gable 7 provid$ ) acrot]ia1 /&+ ^u special bases4 ,!y are rem9isc5ces ( an anci5t usage ( ,we/]n ,asia3 ^? ( ! corn]s f\nd _! orig9 9 ! ornam5ts ( primitive alt>s & s>cophagi1 kn[n 9 ,biblical acc\nts z horns4 ,!y 7 sometimes supplant$ by votive (f]+s suit$ to ! position1 su* z tripods1 or by griff9s & o!r symbolical figures4 ,! po9t$ acrot]ium ( ! apex 0 usually ! :ole ( ! two half-an!mions repres5t$ ^u ^? ( ! corn]s2 9 l>g] monum5ts x 0 (t5 replac$ by /atues1 j z ext5d$ compositions ( figures 7 creat$ = ! tympanon b5ea?1 z a sub/itute = ! d$icat$ objects :i* appe> to h orig9ally fill$ ! gable4 ,! poly*romy ( ! ,doric temple 0 "o ( ! mo/ important features ( its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,x is probable t ! great] "p ( its m>ble surface1 possibly ! :ole1 0 color$4 ,our ,nor!rn conceptions c ) difficulty compreh5d ! full value ( ?is treatm5t 9 ! g5]al composition2 9 our gray l&scape1 a build+ ?us pa9t$ might appe> h>% & v>iegat$4 ,! color ( ! l[] support+ memb]s 0 re/rict$ to a light t9t1 ! s-call$ baphe1 :i* _h fir/ be5 appli$ to ! /ucco prim+ necess>y = ! co>se & por\s /one ( old] temples1 & 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ f ?is to ! m>ble ( lat] monum5ts4 ,x /a9$ ! surface ) a light gold5-br[n t9t1 mod]at+ ! h>% *alky :ite ( lime /ucco1 or ( m>ble1 & inve/+ ! newly erect$ build+ ) ! pat9a by :i* age always modulates ! color ( /one4 ,?is baphe 0 employ$ = ! m>ble temple on acc\nt ( ! traditional pa9t+ ( ! /ucco prim+1 because ( ! too dazzl+ :ite natural to ! fre%ly hewn mat]ial1 &1 f9ally1 9 ord] to h>monize ! columns & /ylobate ) ! int5sely ri* colors ( ! entablature4 ,d>k & positive pigm5ts 7 re/rict$ to ! frieze & cornice1 hav+1 )\t d\bt1 be5 fir/ employ$ to pres]ve ! orig9al wood5 mat]ial4 ,! beams & slat-"w1 l ! triglyphs ) _! regulas & ! mutules1 7 designat$ by blue2 ! trunnels 7 r$ or gild$4 ,t :i* _h at fir/ be5 op5 0 treat$ z a d>k-r$ backgr\nd2 ! metopes & tympanon ?us cle>ly outl9+ ! reliefs & gr\ps ( /atues :i* ornam5t$ !m4 ,! cont9u\s memb]s 7 treat$ ) p>ticul> ri*ness2 ! n>r[] /rips 7 pa9t$ ) ! me&] & o!r wov5 =ms2 ! gutt] ) an!mions2 :ile ! ,doric cyma 0 decorat$ ) leaves ( v>i\s colors1 s arti/ically conv5tionaliz$ z b little to resemble nature4 ,! inn] side ( ! entablature 0 /ill m ri*ly color$4 7,fig4 #adj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,c(f]$ ,pt]oma ,ceil+ ( ! ,s\!rn ,temple ^u ! ,ea/]n ,plateau ( ,sel9\s4 ,re/oration4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ref9em5ts ( ,greek ar*itecture 0 ! att5tion paid to optical deceptions1 & ! correction ( ^! by ! curvature ( all /raight & horizontal l9es4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t ! p]ipt]al columns did n /& ma!matically upright1 all ! axes be+ incl9$ inw>ds2 ! discov]y ( ?is fact 0 foll[$ by a publication1 made by ! ar*itect ,h(f] 9 #ahch1 :i* ma9ta9$ t no p]fectly level l9e exi/$ ^u ! entire temple1 ! horizontals be+ curv$ slightly upw>ds4 ,h(f]'s ass]tions 7 v]ifi$ by ! micrometrical /udies made by ,p5rose1 9 #ahdf1 ^u ! ,p>!non1 ! s-call$ ,!seion1 ! ,propyla1 ,ere*!ion1 & ! ,temple ( ,olympian ,zeus 9 ,a!ns1 & aft]w>ds ^u ! temples ( ,nemea & ,sege/a4 ,8 measurem5ts make evid5t a curvature ( #j4jfi m4 9 #cj4hgf m4 ^u ! front ( ! ,p>!non1 & ( #j4ajh m4 9 #fi4ebe m4 ^u its sides4 ,?\gh s v slight a deviation is n readily app>5t1 !re are no ma!matically rectangul> =ms ^u ! entire build+2 ! corn] metopes are1 = in/ance1 trapezoidal4 ,:e!r ^! curves1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is n to be d5i$1 7 really int5tional1 0 que/ion$ by ,boetti*]1 b x has be5 prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! fur!r inve/igations ( ,zill]4 ,! motive = ! adoption ( ref9em5ts1 s extraord9>ily delicate & difficult ( execution1 0 ! same desire to correct displeas+ optical deceptions :i* prompt$ ! entasis ( ! columns & ! incl9ation ( _! axes f ! v]tical4 ,! app>5t deviation ( ! l9es1 sagg+ f ! horizontal1 0 mo/ disagreeably app>5t ^u ! front entablature--! base ( ! gable triangle1 :i*1 :5 /raight1 inv>iably appe>s concave1 :ile a corona1 9 reality curv$ upw>ds1 pres5ts itself to ! eye z p]fectly level4 ,by a deviation f ! absolutely horizontal1 ! appe>ance ( great] correctness 0 atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,fragm5ts ( ,c(f]$ ,ceil+s f ! ,p>!non4 ,a4 ,f ! ,side ,pt]oma4 ,b4 ,f ! ,ep9aos4 ,! p]ipt]al columns ( ! ,doric /yle wor?ily express ! peculi> "* ( ! ,dorians by _! simple dignity4 ,by !m a passage 0 =m$ ar\nd ! cella1 ! pt]oma1 ! ceil+ ( :i* 0 mo/ ri*ly decorat$ ) c(f]+s4 7,fig4 #ada47 ,s %ort a span 0 "h requir$ ( ! horizontal beams t x 0 possible to translate !m into /one simultane\sly ) ! out] entablature2 ?is seems to h be5 univ]sal 9 ! l>g] p]ipt]al temples1 t ( ,zeus 9 ,olympia possibly be+ an exception4 ,! ceil+ did n rema9 9 its orig9al position1 re/+ ^u ! epi/yle1 b1 ) ! increas$ dim5sions ( ! /one frieze1 0 consid]ably elevat$4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! l9tels 7 clos$ by slabs ( /one :i* reta9$ ! =m ( ! orig9al wood5 c(f]+s1 be+ holl[$ by /epp$ lacun1 dim9i%+ 9 size4 ,a transitional m\ld+ 0 plac$ 9 ea* angle =m$ by a v]tical & horizontal surface4 ,^u ! c(f]$ ceil+s ( ,attic monum5ts 7,fig4 #adb7 ?is memb] is ! ,lesbian cyma1 supplem5t$ by an a/ragal1 ^! signs ( an ,ionic influ5ce be+ fur!r noticeable 9 o!r p>ts ( ^! build+s4 ,! wall ( ! cella1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by ! pt]oma1 /ill be>s traces ( ! entablature1 :i*1 z %[n above1 prec$$ ! out/&+ columns2 ! triglyphs & metopes are repeat$1 or 9 _! place is a frieze ( sculptur$ reliefs1 9 :i* ! isolat$ c>v+s ( ! metope become cont9u\s & connect$4 ,at times !re rema9 b5ea? ! latt] ! tnia1 regulas1 & trunnels--only to be expla9$ & ju/ifi$ z ! rem9isc5ces ( portions ( an orig9ally well-f\nd$ decoration :i* _h1 9 "p1 be5 gradually supplant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,plan ( ! ,middle ,temple ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,! cella itself1 )9 ! pt]oma1 appe>s 9 plan ei!r )\t columns1 z a temple 9 antis1 z a pro/ylos1 or z an amphipro/ylos1 ?us support+ ! assumption t ^! 7 ! orig9al =ms ( its developm5t4 ,! cella 0 (t5 greatly increas$ 9 l5g?2 ?is made its transv]se division desirable1 & !re result$ ! front portico1 or pronaos1 ! pr9cipal hall ( ! temple1 or naos1 & ! space p>tition$ (f at ! re>1 call$1 analogically1 ! ep9aos4 ,an especial *amb] ( ! build+ 0 at times isolat$ to s]ve z a treasury2 ?is 0 kn[n z ! opi/hodomos4 7,fig4 #adc47 ,! pronaos1 :e!r ) or )\t columns1 0 clos$1 if at all1 only by a light bronze grat+2 f x a wide portal1 occupy+ almo/ ! entire division wall1 op5$ into ! naos4 ,its upp] "p 0 fix$1 b entrance 0 af=d$ ?r\gh its l[] "p by fold+ w+s4 ,! grooves worn by ! doors are /ill visible ^u ! ,p>!non floor4 ,! int]ior 0 disproportionately n>r[1 a result ( ! p]ipt]al enclosure & ( ! limitations impos$ by ! gable1 :i* w\ld h become too high & heavy if ! front _h be5 greatly wid5$ 9 favor ( ! int]ior bread?2 moreov]1 ! horizontal ceil+ 0 unfavorable to wid?1 :i* 0 limit$ to ! natural span ( ! beams4 ,! possibility ( admitt+ mu* light _h be5 giv5 up ) ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! entablature & metopes4 ,not)/&+ ! size ( ! door1 suffici5t daylight c\ld n ent] ?r\gh ?is2 x 0 itself 9 ! %ad[ ( ! pt]oma1 & g5]ally1 also1 ( a pronaos4 ,b little illum9ation 0 requir$ = ! small *apel :5 ?is s]v$ solely z a receptacle = ! sacr$ image4 ,a dim & my/ical twilight 0 easily obta9$ by ! use ( "o or m p]petually burn+ lamps1 :i* c\ld only h be5 favorable to ! arti/ically unpret5ti\s int]ior4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! l>g] & m important temples1 op5$ = fe/ive assemblages4 ,_! int]iors 7 divid$ by ar*itectural memb]s1 & conta9$ manifold works ( art & objects ( value--a v>i$ ri*ness1 :i* call$ = an increas$ spl5dor ( light1 possible only by artificial illum9ation4,g ,9 ! desire to increase ! available space ( ! temple int]ior1 ! enclos+ walls 7 advanc$ m closely to ! columns ( ! p]ipt]os1 ?us decreas+ ! wid? ( ! pt]oma2 :ile ! hall 0 divid$ by two r[s ( inn] %afts into ?ree aisles1 ! out] two ( :i*1 consid]ably n>r[] ?an ! middle1 7 p>tition$ into two /ories by ! introduction ( gall]ies1 accessible by /aircases at ei!r side ( ! *ief portal4 ,we n[ turn f ?is g5]al consid]ation ( ! ,doric /yle to a review ( ! pr9cipal monum5ts rema9+1 divid+ !m1 z well z possible1 into gr\ps repres5tative ( c]ta9 ages & p]iods ( developm5t4 ,! olde/ p]ipt]al temples kn[n are n situat$ 9 ,greece prop]1 b 9 ! e>ly colonies ^u ! coa/s ( ,magna ,grcia & ,sicily4 ,!y are di/+ui%able f lat] build+s by a nave fre$om ( =m & ! lack ( any /rictly sy/ematical developm5t--any canonical type4 ,! c>v+ ( details is z c>eful z ! co>se & por\s lime/one p]mits4 ,! columns /& s f> ap>t t ! l[ & heavy proportion ( ! :ole is n alt]$ by ! comp>atively high /ylobate4 ,! great di/ance ( ! %afts f ! wall r$uces ! naos to a corridor-l n>r[ness1 ! m noticeable z ! :ole temple plan is v long4 7,fig4 #adc47 ,! columns !mselves are l[1 nev] hav+ a height great] ?an five l[] diamet]s4 ,! monoli?ic %aft is mu* dim9i%$1 & has an excessive entasis2 x is provid$ ) tw5ty1 or 9 r>e in/ances sixte51 *annels ( segm5tal outl9e4 ,! incisions b5ea? ! capital block1 bord]+ ! hypotra*elion1 are g5]ally multipli$1 (t5 be+ ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! neck+ ^u ! columns ( ,sicilian temples is n m]ely ! /raight comm5cem5t ( ! *annell+s1 b (t5 =ms1 "u ! r+s1 a slight scotia--! apophyge--:i* weakly deta*es ! e*9os f ! %aft by int]rupt+ its organic connection4 ,! e*9os has too great a projection2 its outl9e is s(t1 & ! small r+s are plac$ too high4 ,! entire capital appe>s p[]less & flat3 on ?is acc\nt ! ?ickness ( ! entablature has n be5 increas$2 ! out] & inn] surfaces ( ! epi/yle d n project beyond ! upp] diamet] ( ! %aft4 ,! memb]s ( ! entablature are exce$+ly high & heavy1 z are ! details1 d[n to ! trunnels & cyma4 ,! frieze alone is l[1 & ! metopes consequ5tly small1 be+ fram$ by massive triglyphs1 ! *amf]+s ( :i* h circul> or lanceolate end+s4 ,! mutules above ! triglyphs h ! same great bread?2 9 "o in/ance !re rema9s above ! metope only space = half a mutule4 7,fig4 #acf47 ,! poly*romy is1 9 g5]al1 sombre--yell[-br[n & black1 ) little r$1 be+ ! colors *iefly employ$2 ! patt]ns ( ! ornam5ts are di/9ctly ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,nor!rn ,temple ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,middle ,temple ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,temple ( ,assos4 ,! mo/ prom95t monum5ts ( ?is class are at ,sel9\s1 ^u ! we/]n extremity ( ,sicily4 ,t city 0 f\nd$ 9 #fbh ,b4,c43 its acropolis appe>s to h be5 e>ly occupi$ by temples2 at lea/ ! nor!rnmo/ ( ^! build+s1 ) ! wide/ int]columniations1 ( two & two ?irds l[] diamet]1 & ! mo/ spaci\s pt]oma1 dates f ! comm5cem5t ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! middle temple ( ! acropolis appe>s sc>cely fifty ye>s y\ng]2 x is celebrat$ = ! primitive reliefs ( its metopes1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! section ^u ,greek sculpture4 ,a corn] ( ! build+ is giv5 above1 ,fig4 #acf2 its capital is ,fig4 #ade4 ,a ?ird example ( ?is e>lie/ p]iod ( developm5t--:i* is designat$ by ,semp] z ! laxly ar*aic /yle--is kn[n "u ! "n ,tavola dei ,pallad9i1 & /&s among ! ru9s ( ! ,elian colony1 ,metapontion1 a city f\nd$ z e>ly z #gfh ,b4,c41 b entirely rebuilt 9 #ehf ,b4,c41 aft] its de/ruction by ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,l[] ,italy4 ,! fifte5 columns at pres5t upright probably date f ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! int]columniations are wide1 ! %afts excessively dim9i%$1 & ! curve ( ! e*9os too pron\nc$4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r to ?is class may belong ! rema9s ( ! temple at ,cadac*io ^u ,corfu 7,corkyra71 & ( t built ( lava at ,assos1 9 ! ,troad4 7,fig4 #adf47 ,! =m] has be5 greatly disfigur$ by a late re/oration1 & x is n at pres5t possible to det]m9e ! date ( ! latt]1 kn[n only by insuffici5t publications4 ,! next advances ( temple ar*itecture consi/ 9 plac+ ! high] columns m ne>ly toge!r & 9 height5+ & n>r[+ ! triglyphs4 ,! elegance ( proportion & detail 0 ?us consid]ably increas$4 ,ionic elem5ts 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ?is p]iod1 greatly to ! advantage ( ! /yle1 :i* is designat$ z ! ar*aic4 ,an example is ! middle temple ^u ! ea/]n plateau ( ,sel9\s1 :]e ! columns are cut ) ,ionic flutes4 ,x is also important 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture f ! rema9s ( metopes c>v$ ) sc5es ( ! gigantoma*ia4 7,fig4 #adg47 ,( simil> "* is ! great uncomplet$ ,temple ( ,zeus ^u ! same plateau1 #aaj m4 long & #ej m4 broad1 ) ?ree aisles & gall]ies 9 ! int]ior 7,fig4 #adh72 & also ! s-call$ ,*iesa di ,sansone at ,metapontion1 ( :i* small temple !re are only few & scatt]$ rema9s4 ,a ?ird ,doric temple ( ?is site1 discov]$ dur+ ! la/ few mon?s1 is z yet in$it$4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,temple ( ,artemis ^u ! isl& ( ,syracuse 7,ortygia7 %\ld be reckon$ ) ?is gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,middle ,temple ^u ! ,ea/]n ,plateau ( ,sel9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,temple ( ,zeus ^u ! ,ea/]n ,plateau ( ,sel9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,s-call$ ,temple ( ,h]acles1 ,acragas4 ,"o example ( ! epo* exi/s 9 ,greece prop]--! ,temple ( ,cor9?4 ,its columns 7 once heavily prim$ ) /ucco1 & are n[ s wea!r$ t x is impossible to draw any def9ite conclusions f !m4 ,! outl9e ( ! capital is primitive1 ?\gh n 9 ! degree =m]ly suppos$1 :5 ?is ru9 0 ?\ght to be ! olde/ monum5t ( ! ,doric /yle4 ,! two la/-m5tion$ rema9s & ! ,temple ( ,a!ne ^u ! isl& ,ortygia h ! heavie/ & l[e/ proportions1 ! l[] diamet] ( ! columns comp>+ to ! height z #a to #d4bg 7,a!ne71 #a to #d4bi 7,artemis71 & #a to #d4cb 7,cor9?74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,s-call$ ,temple ( ,!seus1 ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,porticus ( ,philip1 ,delos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,s-call$ ,temple ( ,demet]1 ,p/um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,plan ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,p/um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,plan1 ,section1 & ,elevation ( ! ,temple ( ,olympian ,zeus at ,acragas4 ,! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,sel9\s 0 ! fir/ ( a numb] ( colossal /ructures1 9 :i* ! ar*itectural ability ( ! ,greeks1 by t "t ?or\ghly s*ool$1 s\ght also to develop itself 9 enorm\s size4 ,! hexa/yle front 0 increas$ to ! octa/yle1 ?us p]mitt+ wid] dim5sions ( ! cella1 :i* /ill1 h[ev]1 did n atta9 ! greate/ possible ext5t1 ! ar*itect be+ unwill+ to r$uce ! bread? ( ! pt]oma4 ,! columns became ev5 %ort] & ?ick]2 !y 7 less dim9i%$ & _h a m delicately adju/$ entasis2 ! int]columniations 7 increas$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! capital f ! %aft by an apophyge 0 ab&on$2 ! entasis 0 made /eep] & ( a m vigor\s outl9e4 ,! disproportionately high & weak triglyphs are especially *>act]i/ic ( ?is /age ( developm5t2 ) ! exception ( ^!1 ! entablature /ill rema9$ l[ & heavy4 ,m>ble came m & m into use z a build+-/one2 ! execution ( details 9 /ucco 0 r>]4 ,! new mat]ial did n limit ! use ( color1 :i*1 9 place ( ! =m] tones1 became bright]--r$1 blue1 & yell[ prevail+4 ,! mo/ impos+1 because ! be/-pres]v$1 ( ^! colossal works is ! magnific5t ,temple ( ,p/um1 ) its two /ories ( inn] columns p>tly intact4 7,fig4 #aec47 ,! triglyphs h n z yet disappe>$ f ! walls ( ! cella1 b o!rwise ! con/ruction %[s no primitive traits1 be+ fully fitt$ = its execution 9 /one4 ,resembl+ ?is 9 _m po9ts is ! ,temple ( ,acragas1 or ,agrig5tum1 t]m$ t ( ,h]acles4 7,fig4 #adi47 ,! great ,temple ( ,zeus ( ! same city 0 ( ! mo/ gigantic dim5sions ev] attempt$ 9 ! sacr$ ar*itecture ( ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 also1 un=tunately1 ev5 great] ?an 0 really practicable = a trabeat$ con/ruction 9 su* a build+-mat]ial1 & consequ5tly became a mon/rosity4 ,! temple 0 hepta/yle1 t is1 _h sev5 columns ^u ! front1 :i* r5d]$ impossible ! normal entrance 9 ! middle4 ,x diff]$ /ill m decid$ly f o!r ,greek temples 9 t ! cella 0 n surr\nd$ by an op5 pt]oma1 ! out/&+ columns be+ supplant$ by a wall decorat$ ) engag$ %afts4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide :e!r ?is peculi> pseudo-p]ipt]os ow$ its con=mation to ! build+-/one at disposal1 only to be qu>ri$ 9 blocks too %ort = ! l9tels ( ! pt]oma1 or :e!r o!r consid]ations l$ to ?is abnormal negation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( column> ar*itecture1 :i* "h has no relation to ! bett]-f\nd$ practices ( ,roman build]s 9 ! application ( engag$ %afts4 ,! trans=mation ( ! pt]oma made an entire *ange 9 ! g5]al disposition ( plan2 b too little ( ! build+ n[ rema9s above gr\nd to r5d] its arrangem5t c]ta94 ,if door-op5+s be assum$ at bo? sides ( ! middle column1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 ?is w\ld h be5 possible only ^u ! we/1 ! middle column ( ! ea/--! cu/om>y entrance-front--be+ prov$ by ! rema9s to h be5 engag$4 ,x is n probable t w9d[s exi/$ 9 ! wall betwe5 ! columns2 ! supposition is m natural t "s ( ! side metopes 7 unclos$1 & provid$ ! pt]oma ) suffici5t daylight4 ,?is w\ld h be5 no innovation1 b r1 9 ?is case1 :]e x 0 impossible to execute ! op5 p]ipt]os1 a return to ! orig9al me?od ( illum9ation ?r\gh ! int]/ices betwe5 ! beams ^u ! top ( ! cella wall4 ,! be=e-m5tion$ ,temple ( ,a!ne ^u ! isl& ( ,ortygia is ano!r ,sicilian example belong+ to ?is ar*aic p]iod ( gigantic dim5sions4 ,! two colossal monum5ts ( ,a!ns1 built dur+ ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1 are m important1 al?\gh ! old] ,p>!non ^u ! acropolis1 if1 inde$1 ev] complet$1 c\ld n h /ood long] ?an half a c5tury1 & ! ,doric temple ( ,olympian ,zeus 0 discont9u$ be=e its con/ruction _h f> advanc$4 ,a comp>ison ( a fragm5t ( ! e>li] build+ ) ! entablature ( ! pres5t ,p>!non %[s h[ disproportionately high 7 ! triglyphs & h[ heavy & broad ! tnia & regulas ( ! ar*aic p]iod4 7,fig4 #aee47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--;,entablatures ( ! ,old] & ,pres5t ,p>!non4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia4 ,! ex]cise ( ! design]'s individual ability 9 ^! works1 & ! hi]atic ret5tion ( e con/ructive & /hetic ga9 ?us obta9$1 prep>$ = ! fulle/ p]fection ( ! ,doric /yle4 ,! advance 0 effect$ by a slight att5uation ( ! too massive columns1 a fur!r r$uction ( ! height ( ! entablature1 & an increase 9 ! projection ( ! small] decorative memb]s4 ,! temples built dur+1 or %ortly aft]1 ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s %[ ! gradual introduction ( ^! *anges4 ,among ! ,sicilian rema9s ( ?is p]iod are ! uncomplet$ ,temple ( ,sege/a1 ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,concordia at ,acragas1 & ! six p]ipt]al temples ^u ! acropolis & ea/]n plateau ( ,sel9\s n previ\sly m5tion$4 ,among ^? ( ,greece prop]1 ! ,temple ( ,a!ne ^u g9a & ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia 7,fig4 #aef7 are mo/ prom95t4 ,! frieze ( triglyphs 0 omitt$ f ! cella walls ( ! ,temple ( g9a1 b ! regulas & trunnels 7 reta9$ ) curi\s effect3 x is z ?\gh ! design] 7 only sl[ly & ) difficulty l$ to give up1 "o by "o1 ! traditions ( a primitive wood5 con/ruction4 ,! date ( ! build+ ( ! ,olympian temple is unc]ta91 b ! "n ( its ar*itect1 ,libon1 ( ,elis1 has be5 h&$ d[n1 ) "o exception ! e>lie/ connect$ ) ,greek ar*itecture4 ,! rec5t excavations h entirely expos$ ! ov]?r[n ru9s4 ,!y %[ t ! =ms ( ! edifice are m primitive ?an w\ld h be5 expect$ f ! age 9 :i* ,pheidias complet$ ! celebrat$ *ryselephant9e /atue ( ! temple deity4 ,x is possible t ! advance ( ! build+ 0 sl[1 or t !re 7 long int]ruptions ( ! "w be=e its f9al completion4 ,an especially important result ( ! inve/igations is ! evid5ce t an enclos$ dicula = ! /atue ( ,zeus1 hi!rto advocat$ by re/or]s because ( ! suppos$ op5+ 9 ! ro( & ceil+ = light1 did n exi/1 ! int]ior hav+ be5 divid$ into ?ree aisles l ! great ,temple ( ,p/um4 ,! proportions ( ! p]ipt]os 7 ( great vigor & beauty4 ,x 0 built ( poros1 ) ! exception ( ! metope reliefs ^u ! fronts ( ! cella1 & ! c>v$ gutt] & ro( tiles1 :i* 7 ( m>ble4 ,?is s-call$ poros1 a /one almo/ exclusively employ$ = ! e>li] build+s ( ! ,greeks1 is a r\gh %ell conglom]ate1 usually br\ght to a surface by a heavy prim+ ( /ucco4 ,! floor ( ! pt]oma ( ! great temple at ,olympia 0 ( a pebble cem5t1 ! small inn] /aircases ( wood4 ,:ile ! ar*itecture ( ! ,peloponnesos /ill reta9$ traces ( ! ar*aic /yle1 ! highe/ p]fection ( ,doric =ms 0 atta9$ 9 ,attica1 rea*+ its fulfilm5t at a "t1 aft] ! ,p]sian w>s1 :5 ! political supremacy ( ,a!ns 0 f> great] ?an t ev] enjoy$ by any /ate ( ! _w s re/rict$ 9 t]ritory4 ,! des]v$ sov]eignty ( ,a!ns ov] ,greece1 its naval p[]1 impos+ ev5 to ! ,ori5tals ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 &1 f9ally1 ! necessity & opportunity ( rebuild+ ! ,attic capital aft] its de/ruction by ! ,p]sians1 be=e ! decisive battle ( ,salamis1 caus$ a monum5tal rebir? ( ! noble city1 :i* n only became ! classic model 9 ^? ages ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ,greece & its colonies ^u di/ant %ores1 b ! highe/ ideal ( ar*itecture to ! pres5t day & = ! entire future ( ! human race4 ,attica 0 fitt$ to cultivate equally ! arti/ic peculi>ities ( ! two bran*es ( ! ,hell5ic /ock1 its ,ionic population be+ int]m+l$1 9 a m>k$ degree1 ) ,doric elem5ts4 ,x _h atta9$ ! highe/ developm5t ( civilization1 & 0 ! home ( ! mo/ fam$ arti/s4 ,by ! taxes levi$ ^u ! ea/]n ma9l& & ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 ,a!ns _h almo/ unlimit$ means at its disposal4 ,to ?is nature add$ ! incomp>able m>ble build+-mat]ial1 qu>ri$ almo/ be=e ! gates ( ! city1 :i* inde$ possess$ all ! conditions requisite = ! fir/ monum5tal capital ( ,greece & ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,famili>ity ) ! ,ionic /yle did n p]mit t heav9ess & clums9ess ( ar*itectural memb]s obs]vable ^u ! contemporane\s temples ( ! ,peloponnesos4 ,! columns ( ! ,temple ( g9a _h be5 all[$ a height z great z #e4c times _! l[] diamet]4 ,9 ! ,doric build+s ( ,a!ns ?is 0 /ill fur!r increas$1 ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,!seus hav+ ! proportion ( #e4fb to #a1 ! ,p>!non z #e4dg to #a4 ,! dim9ution & entasis ( ! %aft 7 r$uc$ to j relations2 ! delicate curve ( ! latt]1 z dem&$ by ! optical deception x 0 to correct1 0 greate/ bel[ ! half height ( ! column4 ,! *annell+s no long] rema9$ segm5tal arcs1 b receiv$ an indep5d5tly design$1 elliptical pr(ile4 ,! e*9os became /eep]1 ris+ 9 an almo/ /raight l9e to ! firm & %>p turn b5ea? ! abacus4 ,! triglyphs1 return+ slightly to =m] proportions1 became broad] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod2 small] memb]s 7 dim9i%$ 9 height1 b 7 made m project+4 ,! colors ( ! entablature became /ill m int5se2 blue & r$ pr$om9at$2 gre5 0 also employ$1 & gild+ appe>$ ^u ! trunnels & 9 ! beautifully compos$ surface patt]ns4 ,ionic elem5ts1 almo/ entirely disus$ dur+ ! latt] ages1 reappe>$ 9 v g5]al employm5t1 especially 9 ! deep c(f]+s ( ! pt]oma ceil+ & ^u ! capitals ( ! pila/]s4 ,! typical monum5ts ( ?is ,attic ,doric /yle are ! s-call$ ,!seion1 & ! ,p>!non & ,propyla ( ! ,a!nian acropolis4 ,! fir/ ( ^! build+s 7,fig4 #aci7 0 c]ta9ly n sacr$ to ,!seus2 its d$ication is n surely kn[n4 ,x prec$$ ! highe/ p]fection1 /ill betray+ "s slight ar*aic influ5ces4 ,! triglyphs are too high1 ! small] memb]s1 notably ! regulas & trunnels1 too heavy4 ,ionic elem5ts are freely introduc$4 ,besides ! c(f]+ ( ! pt]oma ceil+ & ! be=e-m5tion$ pila/] capitals1 !re 0 an ,ionic zophoros1 or cont9u\s frieze ( figures1 bord]$ above & bel[ by leav$ cyma-m\ld+s & a/ragals1 9 place ( ! ,doric entablature usually employ$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ^u ! walls ( ! cella4 ,! ornam5tal pa9t+ 0 ext5d$ to ! capitals ( ! pt]oma columns 7,fig4 #aej71 :i* bore a s]ies ( leaves1 & to ! walls1 ! int]ior ( ! naos hav+ be5 prep>$ = ! reception ( pigm5ts4 ,! p]fect pres]vation ( ! build+ is ow+ to its e>ly trans=mation into a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,plan ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! ,p>!non f> surpass$ ! ,!seion 9 arti/ic p]fection2 x 01 inde$1 wor?y ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ,pheidias4 ,its ar*itect1 ,ict9os1 conceiv$ 8 "w to /& s high above contempor>y build+s t he celebrat$ x 9 an especial monograph1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius1 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 n consult$ by him4 ,! dim5sions ( ! octa/yle temple 7 impos+2 ! edge ( ! /ylobate measur$ ab\t #cj by #fh m42 elevat$ ^u ! /eep acropolis1 x c\ld be se5 f a great di/ance4 ,?\gh its site 0 n limit$1 ! economy ( space 0 c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,! int]columniations are n>r[1 especially ^? ( ! front2 ! pt]oma 0 ?us r$uc$ 9 bread? to less ?an "o & "o half times ! l[] diamet] ( ! columns4 7,fig4 #aeg47 ,! pronaos & ep9aos _h no side walls1 ! cella be+ amphipro/yle1 enclos$ by high grilles4 ,! dep? ( ^! ve/ibules 0 less ?an "o qu>t] ( _! bread?4 ,! rema9+ int]ior 0 p>tition$ into two *amb]s ( unequal size3 ! naos & ! opi/hodomos1 ! latt] ( :i* s]v$ z a treasury4 ,! naos 0 divid$ by ranges ( columns into ?ree *ief aisles1 & ! gall]y ov] ! sides 0 c>ri$ across ! nave1 next to ! re> wall4 ,! _w-r5[n$ *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!ne1 #ab m4 high1 /ood be=e ! transv]se columns1 betwe5 :i* & ! p>tition !re 0 all[$ a passage1 ne>ly equal 9 bread? to ! side aisles4 ,! /airs to ! gall]y may1 f ! analogies ( ! great temples ( ,olympia & ,p/um1 be assum$ to h exi/$ at ei!r side ( ! entrance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,plan & ,view ( ! ,propyla1 ,a!ns4 ,! ,propyla ( ! ,a!nian acropolis1 by :i* ! ar*itect ,mnesicles made 8 "n immortal1 7 n less p]fect ?an ! ,p>!non4 ,"w ^u !m 0 begun %ortly be=e ! completion ( ! latt] build+1 9 #dch ,b4,c41 & occupi$ five ye>s4 ,ionic memb]s _h frequ5tly be5 employ$ ^u ,doric /ructures1 b ! ,propyla (f] ! fir/ in/ance ( a comb9ation ( ! /yles 9 almo/ equal proportions3 ! int]ior ( ^! gates 0 entirely ,ionic1 ! ext]ior entirely ,doric4 7,figs4 #abj & #aeh47 ,six ,ionic columns bore ! fam$ m>ble ceil+ ( great span1 :ile two ,doric porticos =m$ ! fronts4 ,! /one-cutt+ ( all ! monum5ts ^u ! ,a!nian acropolis 0 incomp>ably exact & beautiful1 z 0 ! h>mony ( _! proportions & =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass4 ,! ,temple ( ,phigalia1 or ,bass1 9 ,arcadia1 ?\gh /at$ to h be5 built by ! ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non1 %[s t ! p]fection ( ! monum5ts la/ consid]$ 0 possible only ^u ,attic gr\nd4 ,! sanctu>y ( ,arcadia 0 d$icat$ to ,apollo ,epic\rios 9 gratitude = ! deliv]ance ( ! di/rict f ! plague ( #dca ,b4,c4 ,its plan 7,fig4 #aei7 0 excessively long1 hav+ fifte5 side columns1 ) a hexa/yle front4 ,! elevation (f]s a rem>kable comb9ation ( ar*aic traditional =ms & ( exagg]at$ novelties4 ,?\gh ! ?ree incisions ( ! capital neck+ are peculi>ly primitive1 ! e*9os has become ev5 /eep] ?an x 0 ^u ! ,p>!non4 ,ionic sculptur$ ornam5ts beg9 to appe> ^u ! entablature4 ,! inw>d incl9ation ( ! axes ( ! columns & ! curvature ( ! horizontals h be5 neglect$ 9 ,bass1 z if ! ar*itect _h n consid]$ x wor? :ile to display su* ref9em5ts to ! uncultivat$ ,arcadians4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! temple ,ionic columns are engag$ ^u %ort transv]se walls1 :i* project f ! sides4 ,^! are s rem>kably ar*aic 9 =m 7,fig4 #afe7 t x is difficult to expla9 h[ ,a!nian ar*itects1 :o mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! int]ior columns ( ! ,propyla & ^? ( ! ,ere*!ion1 !n 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 c\ld h prep>$ ! designs4 ,an extremely anci5t & undevelop$ ,cor9?ian capital 7,fig4 #agf7 has be5 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,bass2 x w be ref]r$ to bel[4 ,_m ( ! anomalies ( ! temple w\ld be expla9$ by ! assumption t ! build+ occupi$ ! site ( a =m] *apel1 ! entrance to :i* _h naturally be5 ^u ! ea/1 & t ! lack ( available gr\nd prev5t$ ! ret5tion ( ! orig9al & usual ori5tation1 mak+ ! p]ipt]os1 z ! enl>gem5t ( a =m] fane1 op5 ! inn] *amb] ( ! naos ^u "o ( ! long sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,plan ( ! ,tem5os ( ,eleusis4 ,o!r ,attic rema9s1 "s ( :i* date f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 also %[ traces ( ! det]ioration ( ! art4 ,*ief among ^! are ! ,propyla ( ,eleusis & ! h\se ( assemblage = ^? initiat$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 kn[n z ! ,tele/]ion1 a squ>e hypo/yle hall1 front$ by a portico ( twelve columns1 app>5tly )\t a gable4 7,fig4 #afj47 ,x is n kn[n h[ soon aft] ! ,p]sian w>s ! temples ( ,rhamn\s & ,sunion 7 rebuilt2 !y may h slightly prec$$ ! age ( decl9e4 ,! increas+ love ( magnific5ce & luxury felt among ! ,greeks 0 n satisfi$ ) ! simple maje/y ( ! ,doric /yle2 ! ,ionic 0 m & m frequ5tly sub/itut$ 9 pref]5ce4 ,! latt] _h be5 employ$ = ! ,propyla ( ! ,a!nian acropolis1 & _h appe>$ indep5d5tly 9 small] temples1 &1 f9ally1 9 ! national %r9e ( ,attica1 ! ,ere*!ion4 ,! ,doric became re/rict$ to porticos & p]i/yles1 &1 9 d\ble-/ori$ int]iors1 to ! l[] ord]1 = :i* important con/ructional functions x 0 fitt$ by ! great solidity ( ! column4 ,b ! desire to simplify ! execution ( ,doric memb]s1 & r$uce ! exp5se :i* mu/ h be5 att5dant ^u ! delicate ref9em5ts ( curvatures1 introduc$ dry & h>d geometrical =ms1 & ! /hetic value ( ! /yle 01 = ! great] "p1 lo/4 ,an example ( ?is debasem5t is (f]$ by ! portico ( ,philip ^u ,delos1 :]e ! e*9os projects 9 an absolutely /raight l9e4 7,fig4 #aea47 ,9 ! colonies1 ^u ! o!r h&1 ev5 z late z ! ,roman p]iod1 ! /yle 0 ar*ai/ically treat$1 ) a prov9cial lack ( good ta/e1 illu/rat$ by ! weak e*9os & apophyge ( ! capital ( ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,demet] at ,p/um4 7,fig4 #aeb47 ,an entirely diff]5t mann] ( build+ _h e>ly appe>$ by ! side ( ! ,doric /yle1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ ( q equal bir? ) t elde/ male (fspr+ ( ,hell5ic civilization1 b1 to c>ry out ! simile1 %\ld r be consid]$ z a /ep-si/]4 ,! developm5t ( ! p]ipt]al plan1 ! e*9os coronation ( ! *annell$ %afts1 & ! entablature ( triglyphs1 metopes1 & mutules1 appe> auto*?onic & purely ,greek2 :ile ! ,ionic /yle1 ?\gh adopt+ ! plan & g5]al disposition ( ! =m]1 01 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic details1 an importation f ,asia4 ,x is n meant by ?is t ! p]fect$ /yle 0 n *>act]i/ically ,hell5ic4 ,! ,greeks accept$ none ( ! products ( _! neighbors )\t a *ange--a trans=mation ( disposition & detail by _! peculi> g5ius4 ,b ! fundam5tal motives1 ! elem5ts ( ! /yle1 9 z f> z ^! are n id5tifi$ ) ! ,doric1 _h be5 tak5 f neighbor+ ,ea/]n l&s ( primitive civilization3 f ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or & ,syria4 ,! ,ionic column betrays ?is relation%ip 9 bo? base & capital4 ,! =m] consi/s fundam5tally ( a tore elevat$ ^u a drum1 usually holl[$ by a scotia4 ,?is tore 0 employ$ z a foot+ = ! columns ( ,n9eveh1 & is famili> ?r\gh "o example & ?r\gh repres5tations ^u reliefs4 ,f !nce x 0 transplant$ to ,p]sia1 :]e1 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 x appe>s ) ! horizontal *annell+ f\nd ^u ! m primitive ,ionic monum5ts4 7,fig4 #gi47 ,! concave pr(ile ( ! "u pl9? is new & ,hell5ic4 ,! delicate p]ception ( ! ,greek design] recogniz$ ! advantage ( ?is scotia ov] ! clumsy heav9ess :i* _h result$ f ! tore be+ plac$ imm$iately ^u ! gr\nd or ^u a rectangul> slab1 & ! l[] memb] 0 made to h>monize ) ! *annell$ m\ld+ above x by ! emphasis ( horizontal l9es4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! sl5d] proportions ( ! ,ionic %aft1 s m>k$ 9 comp>ison ) ! /r5g? ( ! ,doric /yle1 is to be attribut$ to ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,x agre$ z well ) ! light ,ionic entablature & ceil+ z did ! p[]ful ,doric column ) ! great weight impos$ ^u x2 & x may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ar*itectural con/ruction t ! /r5g? ( ! support has ev] be5 orig9ally det]m9$ by ! weight ( ! ceil+ & sup]/ructure3 ! column has be5 adapt$ to ! entablature1 n ! height ( epi/yle1 frieze & cornice to ! diamet] ( ! %aft4 ,) ?is consid]ation agre$ ! desire to atta9 great elegance & lightness ( proportion1 peculi> to ! ,ionic race4 ,! ,ionic column1 ?us made ( great] proportional height1 _h dim9ution & entasis l ! ,doric4 ,x diff]$ rem>kably 9 ! flut+4 ,a v]tical groov+ _c be trac$ ^u ! columns ( ,assyria2 ^u ^? ( ,p]sia x is simil> to ! ,doric *annels1 ) %>p arrises4 ,! developm5t ( ! flute itself may p]haps be deem$ peculi>ly ,greek4 ,z pa9t$ ornam5ts 7 gradually giv5 up1 !y 7 replac$ by ar*itectural c>v+s2 su* sculptur$ decorations 7 h>moni\sly introduc$ ^u ! %aft1 & ! *annels 7 deep5$ to a semicircul> pr(ile4 ,?is r5d]$ a *ange ( ! arrises necess>y1 = if ! ends ( ! arcs 7 to h abutt$1 z ^u ! ,doric column1 ! deep flute1 ) its extremely %>p edge1 c\ld only h be5 execut$ ^u a plane4 ,^u a convexly curv$ surface1 l t ( ! cyl9drical drums1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to cut semicircul> grooves imm$iately adjo9+1 z _! outl9es w\ld h int]sect$4 ,! %>p arrises 7 !re=e rel9qui%$1 & a broad v]tical b&1 ! surface ( ! orig9al cyl9d]1 0 left 9 its place1 ! play ( light & %ade :i* enliv5$ ! body ( ! %aft be+ increas$ by ^! flut+s1 b ! evid5ce ( ! d]ivation ( ! *annell$ column f ! polygonal pi] 0 entirely sacrific$1 ! cyl9drical =m be+ *>act]iz$ z orig9al by ! rema9+ fillets4 ,! c>v+ ( ! %aft 0 r5d]$ m difficult f ! slight projections left at ! top & bottom z transitional memb]s to ! base & to ! capital4 ,?is horizontal fillet 0 a fur!r ga9 to ! outl9e ( ! column1 concave & convex surfaces ?us alt]nat+ f floor to ceil+4 ,! flut+s 7 t]m9at$ above & bel[1 be=e rea*+ ?is transv]se memb]1 by a semicircle1 :i* agre$ ) _! sectional outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--;,ionic ,ord] f ! ,p]ipt]os ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,plan ( ! ,normal ,ionic ,capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,plan ( ! ,corn] ,ionic ,capital4 ,! capital consi/$1 9 "p1 ( an e*9os1 simil> to t ( ! ,doric /yle1 ! leaves1 :i*1 at lea/ 9 "o in/ance1 _h be5 pa9t$ ^u x1 be+ "h c>v$1 & an a/ragal tak+ ! place ( ! neck+ r+s4 ,?is e*9os is almo/ entirely cov]$ by a spiral roll1 :i* gives to ! /yle its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,) ! discov]y ( ! helix ^u ! capitals ( ,assyrian reliefs1 all ! labor$ explanations ( ! significance & d]ivation ( ?is memb] h fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,x is impossible to believe1 ) ,vitruvius1 t ! ,ionic column 0 consid]$ z ! repres5tative ( ! fair sex3 t ! locks ( hair 7 indicat$ by ! spiral l9e ( ! capital1 ! folds ( ! wide g>m5ts & drap]ies by ! flutes & fillets1 & ! s&als by ! base4 ,nor are ! !ories m satisfactory :i* seek = su* natural motives z spiral %ells or twi/$ ram's horns1 assum$ to h be5 primitive ornam5ts ( ! sanctu>ies4 ,& x is /ill worse to reg>d ! peculi> =m ( ! capital z decid$ by ! conception ( an ela/ic cu%ion1 :i*1 displac$ by ! weight ( ! entablature1 curls aga9 at ei!r side ( ! e*9os4 ,! ,ionic helix 0 a =m ( capital import$ f ! ,ea/1 :]e x _h be5 us$ by b>b>ic design]s z a m]e ornam5t ^u upright legs ( furniture 7,fig4 #ha71 or ^u ,p]sian columns 7,fig4 #hj7--;a =m develop$ by ! ,greeks into an ar*itectural memb] ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! ,assyrians1 by d\bl+ ! volutes1 _h =m$ ) ?is motive a capital n p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to ! functions ( a transitional memb] betwe5 v]tical support & horizontal burd54 ,! ,hell5ic ar*itect p]ceiv$ t a m decid$ projection 0 necess>y1 & !re=e plac$ an e*9os b5ea? ! volute1 leav+ ! roll z ! m$ium betwe5 ! circul> %aft & oblong entablature1 :i*1 9 ! ,doric /yle1 _h be5 =m$ by ! abacus4 ,! horizontal l9es ( ! abacus1 ?us supplant$1 7 repres5t$ ^u ! ,ionic column only by a n>r[ m\ld+1 curv$ to ! pr(ile ( a cyma & sculptur$ ) a leav$ ornam5t4 ,9 ! ,greek capital ! spirals became an elegantly curv$ roll1 ( great] l5g? ?an bread?1 ) tightly curl$ ends1 :i* 7 b\nd toge!r1 ^u ei!r side ( ! e*9os1 by a b&4 ,! capital ?us %[s its true pr(ile1 ! helices ^u front & back1 & ^u ! subord9ate sides rolls ( _! ?ickness4 7,fig4 #afa47 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 face & side result$ 9 "o great difficulty ^u ! corn]s1 :i*1 l ! irregul>ity ( ! division ( ! ,doric frieze ( triglyphs & metopes 9 ! same place1 proves t ! ,ionic /yle also did n orig9ate ^u ! p]ipt]al plan1 b 0 adapt$ to x f a temple 9 antis4 ,x 0 natural t ! m ornam5tal side ( ! column %\ld face ! entrance front1 & ?us ! capitals ^u ! long] sides ( ! build+ 7 =c$ to %[ _! rolls1 ! p>tie honteuse1 unless ! corn] capital assum$ an unnatural de=mation to pres5t ! helices ^u two adjo9+1 in/ead ( two opposite1 faces4 7,figs4 #afb & #afc47 ,! corn] capital ?us became a mis]able hybrid1 :i*1 because ( ! impossibility ( its execution 9 a natural mann]1 f ! int]section ( ! out] volutes :5 ^! proce$$ 9 a /raight l9e p>allel to ! epi/yle1 lo/ n only all con/ructive significance & h>mony ) ^? next to x1 b also its individual beauty4 ,!re 0 no o!r exp$i5t ?an to b5d ! faces ( ! corn] volutes outw>d 9 ! l9e ( ! diagonal--a mal=mation visible at e /&po9t4 ,a fur!r difficulty 0 pres5t$ by ! corn]s ( ! spirals ov] ! e*9os1 :i* requir$ to be mask$ by floral decorations4 ,^u ! n>r[ abacus m\ld+ re/$ ! entablature1 rem>kable = ! ,ori5tal "* ( ! details1 & notably = rem9isc5ces ( primitive wood5 con/ruction1 :i* are almo/ z evid5t 9 ! ,ionic z 9 ! ,doric /yle4 ,! epi/yle1 =m$ 9 ! latt] by a s+le plane block1 0 "h triply /epp$ to agree ) ! multipli$ beams requir$ by ! nature ( ,ori5tal timb]--g5]ally provid$ by ! v>i\s species ( palms4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,vitruvius1 ! motive 0 also employ$ = ! wood5 epi/yle beams ( ,etruscan temples4 ,ea* face project$ slightly beyond ! "o b5ea? x1 z previ\sly cu/om>y 9 ,asia1 & %[n by ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,d>ius 7,fig4 #hd7 & ! rock-cut faade ( t mon>*'s tomb 7,fig4 #hc74 ,! epi/yle is t]m9at$ by a ,lesbian cyma & an a/ragal1 ! latt] be+1 9 "s in/ances1 repeat$ ^u e light /ep f beam to beam b5ea?4 ,! frieze1 kn[n 9 ?is /yle z ! zophoros1 ! be>] ( figures1 is an orig9al ,hell5ic creation1 ! ,ori5tal entablature consi/+ ( only two memb]s z repres5tative ( only two con/ructive features3 ! epi/yle t connect$ ! columns1 & ! ceil+ & ro(1 :i*1 9 ! ra9less c\ntries ( ! ,ea/1 appe> z "o & ! same memb]4 ,9 ,greece ! incl9$ ro( 0 sep>at$ fundam5tally f ! horizontal ceil+1 & ! entablature consequ5tly express$ a triple "*4 ,! nave & tru?ful mann] ( ?is expression1 peculi> to ! ,doric /yle1 0 n foll[$ by ! ,ionic4 ,! second memb] ( ! entablature1 ! frieze1 %\ld repres5t ! ceil+1 b ! symbols ( t con/ructive feature1 ! d5tils1 7 cr[d$ up among ! details ( ! cornice1 :ile ! zophoros itself1 p]haps z a result ( ! relief sculpture employ$ ^u ! ,doric metopes1 became a cont9u\s decoration ( c>v+4 ,! d5tils1 z significant ( ! ends ( ! small ceil+-beams1 7 9 _! prop] place1 t\*+ ! epi/yle1 ^u ! monum5ts ( ,p]sia 7,fig4 #hc71 & also ^u ! tombs ( ,lycia 7,figs4 #aaj & #aaa71 s closely alli$ to ! ,mesopotamian tradition2 !y 7 !re ( f> great] size ?an 9 ! ,greek ,ionic1 :]e _! position & dim9utive dim5sions r$uc$ !m to a m]e ornam5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! cornice /& 9 no su* relation to ! int]ior con/ruction ( beams & raft]s z did ! mutules & trunnels ( ! ,doric temples4 ,! curv$ gutt]1 h[ev]1 is ornam5t$ ) lion's-heads & an!mions1 :i* seem 9 bo? /yles to h be5 d]iv$ f we/]n ,asia4 ,! /one beams ( ! pt]oma ceil+ re/ directly ^u ! epi/yle1 & are consequ5tly z f> bel[ _! ext]ior repres5tatives1 ! cornice d5tils1 z1 9 ! ,doric1 !y 7 above ! triglyphs4 ,betwe5 !m are ! ri* c(f]+s1 n ) small lacun1 calculat$ to produce an effect ma9ly by color1 b 9 broad surfaces1 frequ5tly /epp$1 ) c>v$ cyma-m\ld+s 9 ! angles4 7,fig4 #afd47 ,! plan ( ! cella diff]$ b slightly f t ( ,doric temples4 ,! doors are usually provid$ ) p>otides1 ! d\bly-spiral brackets :i* h rema9$ a popul> ornam5t b5ea? ! coronations ( door & w9d[ op5+s until ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,ceil+ f ! ,p]ipt]os ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos4 ,re/oration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,base & ,capital f ,bass4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,ionic temple is n illu/rat$ by z _m examples z 0 t ( ! ,doric /yle1 &1 inde$1 !re 0 no su* m>k$ & regul> advance z t obs]vable 9 ! temples ( ,sel9\s1 ,olympia1 & ,a!ns4 ,a great numb] ( ,ionic monum5ts /& 9 a di/rict n z yet ?or\ghly exam9$3 ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,t[>ds ! bord] ( ,lycia traces ( an ar*aic or proto-,ionic /yle h be5 obs]v$1 m closely alli$ to ,ea/]n motives ?an 7 ! develop$ temples ( ,greece4 ,! capitals ( ,lycian tombs 7,fig4 #aaj7 h no e*9os1 by ! addition ( :i* s great an advance 0 subsequ5tly made2 ! =mation ( ! rolls ^u ! sides 0 also primitive1 !y be+ at times p]fectly /raight1 at times disproportionately curv$4 ,! difficult transition f ! end ( ! %aft to ! volutes 0 evad$1 & mask$ by an!mions or o!r ornam5ts4 ,! only example ( su* an imp]fect =mation 9 ,european ,greece exi/$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass 7,fig4 #aei72 ! date ( its erection1 h[ev]1 %[s ?is example n to h be5 ar*aic1 b r ar*ai/ic1--t is to say1 int5tionally & affect$ly imitat$ f primitive peculi>ities ( =m4 7,fig4 #afe47 ,! columns1 engag$ to transv]se walls1 h bases ( excessive projection1 ! ?9 & feeble tore be+ out ( proportion to ! high memb] b5ea? x4 ,! l[] end ( ! %aft itself =ms a second projection1 :i* greatly exce$s ! usual cong & fillet ( ! bottom drum4 ,! %all[ flut+s are cont9u$ up to ! v top ( ! %aft1 !re be+ conclud$ by an almo/ /raight l9e4 ,! capital itself is mo/ /rik+ly ar*ai/ic1 pres5t+ ! helices ^u ea* ( its ?ree expos$ faces2 x is an appli$ decoration :i* has giv5 up all semblance ( con/ructive unity or function1 leav+ ! prismatic k]nel1 )\t an abacus m\ld+1 to project above ! curves & support ! impos$ entablature4 ,! n>r[ space rema9+ betwe5 ! two l>ge spirals ( ea* side is almo/ entirely fill$ by a decoration ( an!mions1 & ! introduction ( an e*9os is ?us r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,! sculptur$ zophoros ( ! int]ior entablature1 n[ "o ( ! *ief treasures ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 betrays 9 its figures ! greate/ fre$om f conv5tion1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! affect$ly antique "* ( ! ar*itectural =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,f ! ,h]aion ^u ,samos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,f ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymos1 ,miletos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,f ! ,temple ( ,a!ne at ,pri5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,f ! ,propyla ( ,cnidos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,f ! ,temple ( ,w+less ,victory1 ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,temple ,ru9 at ,aphrodisias4 ,! nor!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 z f> z x is at pres5t kn[n1 (f]s few ,ionic rema9s ( ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,! orig9al ,temple ( ,artemis1 at ,ephesos1 accord+ to ,pl9y ! mo/ anci5t p]ipt]os ( ! /yle1 has be5 totally oblit]at$ by frequ5t recon/ructions & ! fam$ conflagration ( ,h]o/ratos4 ,a second fane ( national importance1 ! ,temple ( ,h]a1 at ,samos1 is at pres5t kn[n only by "o unflut$ column1 #a4f m4 9 l[] diamet]1 & by horizontally flut$ tores & pl9?s4 ,^! two build+s 7 ( su* int]e/ t _! ar*itects saw fit to celebrate _! con/ructive peculi>ities 9 monographs1 z _h be5 done = ! ,doric ,p>!non4 ,! writ+s ( ,*]siphron & ( ! ,cretan ,metag5es ^u ! ,artemision at ,ephesos1 & ( ,!odoros1 ! son ( ! ,samian ,illecles1 ^u ! ,h]aion ( t isl&1 are m5tion$ z late z ! "t ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,^! p]ipt]al temples1 built ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 7 ( v consid]able dim5sions1 b 7 f> surpass$ 9 size by a ?ird national %r9e ( ! ,ionians1 ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymos1 rebuilt by ,paionios ( ,ephesos & ,daphnis ( ,miletos almo/ a c5tury lat] ?an ! =m] monum5ts1 #dgj ,b4,c41 ^u ! site ( an anci5t /ructure de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians4 ,! temple 0 a dipt]os deca/ylos1 t is1 _h a d\ble r[ ( out/&+ columns ar\nd ! cella1 ) t5 ^u ! front2 x measur$ #ia m4 9 l5g? & #di m4 9 bread?4 ,! columns 7 proportionately tall1 #ai m4 9 height1 :i* equals n9e & a half l[] diamet]s1 & 7 plac$ closely toge!r1 ! int]columniations be+ only "o & a half diamet]s wide4 ,! scotia ( ! base 0 divid$ by a project+ m\ld+ & elevat$ ^u a squ>e pl9?2 ! tore _h no horizontal flut+s4 7,fig4 #afg47 ,! capital _h a /raight connection betwe5 ! spirals1 & ! epi/yle 0 /epp$ b twice4 ,! int]ior ( ! temple 0 provid$ ) pila/]s1 ! capitals ( :i* are ( an ,ori5tal "*1 ri*ly decorat$ ) floral motives4 ,a ,cor9?ian capital also occurs ^u ! build+ 7,fig4 #agg71 :i* w be ref]r$ to bel[4 ,! enorm\s temple ( :i* !re are fragm5t>y rema9s at ,s>dis1 suppos$ to be t ( ,cybele1 appe>s to h be5 erect$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 & resembles ! %r9e ( ,apollo ,didymos at ,miletos4 ,! ,temple ( ,a!ne ,polias at ,pri5e1 ! "w ( ! ar*itect ,py?ios1 :o celebrat$ its completion 9 a monograph1 dates f ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 z x 0 d$icat$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,x 0 a hexa/yle p]ipt]os1 ( normal dim5sions1 #ce m4 long & #ai m4 broad4 ,! plans ( ,ionic temples diff]$ 9 proportion f ^? ( ! ,doric /yle1 _! l5g? be+ less ?an twice _! wid?4 ,! base ( ! temple at ,pri5e 7,fig4 #afh7 is peculi>1 9 t ! horizontal flut+s ( ! tore1 entirely lack+ 9 ! ,didymaion1 7 re/rict$ to its l[] half2 ?is c h>dly be tak5 to prove t ! build+ 0 nev] complet$1 b is r expla9$ by ! consid]ation t no escape 0 possible = ! ra9-wat] :i* dripp$ into ! upp] grooves4 ,! connection betwe5 ! spirals ( ! capital face is curv$ d[nw>d2 ! ornam5ts ( ! entablature are m florid1 & ! gutt] is almo/ ov]lad5 ) floral motives4 ,! tetra/yle ,ionic ,propyla ( ! same place appe> to be ( m rec5t date2 ! capitals ( ! inn] pila/]s are decorat$ simil>ly to ^? )9 ! ,didymaion4 ,ano!r /ructure ( ?is k9d at ,cnidos is ( m beautiful detail1 ! base 7,fig4 #afi7 be+ p>ticul>ly graceful 9 outl9e & proportions2 ! increas$ curve ( its tore obviat$ ! tr\ble ( wat] /&+ 9 ! horizontal flut+s4 ,!re are b few rema9s ( ! temples ( ,artemis ,leucophryne at ,magnesia1 & ( ,dionysos at ,teos1 built t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & celebrat$ 9 monographs by ! ar*itect ,h]mog5es4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 01 accord+ to ,/rabo1 ! ?ird l>ge/ fane ( ,asia ,m9or1 measur+ #fd m4 9 l5g? & #bi m4 9 bread?4 ,! influ5ce ( ,attic ar*itecture is evid5t 9 ! bases & 9 ! ri* decoration ( ! capital rolls4 ,! build+ is ?\ght to be ! fir/ example ( a pseudodipt]os1 t is1 ( a p]ipt]os hav+ a pt]oma equal to ! bread? ( t ^u a temple ) two ranges ( out/&+ columns1 a dipt]os4 ,resembl+ ?is1 ?\gh small]1 0 ! hexa/yle p]ipt]os ( ,teos1 at fir/ int5d$ to h be5 ( ! ,doric /yle1 ! plan be+ alt]$ to ,ionic aft] all ! mat]ial _h be5 provid$4 ,traces ( decl9e 9 ! art prove ! octa/yle p]ipt]os ( ,apollo at ,cl>os1 ne> ,colophon1 & ! temple at ,pess9us1 9 ,galatia1 to h be5 m rec5t4 ,! ,temple ( ,panhell5ic ,zeus & ! ,sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,aphrodisias 7,fig4 #aga7 are ref]r$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! excessive att5uation ( ! columns ( ! latt]1 :i* h a height equal to t5 l[] diamet]s1 ! ext5sion ( ! floral ornam5ts ev5 to ! *annels ( ! %aft & ! connection ( ! capital spirals1 ! s-call$ egg-&-d>t m\ld+ 9 ! cyma1 ! dim9utive d5tils & ! introduction ( consoles above !m1 all betray ! ta/eless magnific5ce ( ! ,roman imp]ial p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--,temple ^u ! ,ilissos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,plan ( ! ,ere*!ion4 7,boetti*]47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,nor?we/]n ,view ( ! ,ere*!ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,f ! ,ea/]n ,pronaos ( ! ,ere*!ion4 ,! ,ionic /yle 9 ,attica develop$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 be+ !re sup]ior1 bo? z reg>ds bread? ( =m & beauty ( detail1 to ! works ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,doric _h be5 p]fect$ 9 ,a!ns1 & ! mo/ noble ,ionic monum5t1 ! ,ere*!ion1 /ood beside ! ,p>!non2 ! ,a!nian acropolis pres5t$ ! noble/ examples 9 bo? me?ods ( build+1 /&+ unrivall$ at ! head ( ! ,hell5ic _w 9 ar*itectural1 z 9 political & intellectual respects4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ! ,attic ,ionic are ! s-call$ ,attic base & ! entablature )\t d5tils4 ,! =m] consi/s ( a second tore b5ea? ! concave pl9? ( ! usual base2 by ?is addition its symmetry 0 increas$1 & a rhy?mical pr(ile ( great beauty 0 ga9$3 two convex & two concave memb]s ( h>moni\s proportion alt]nat+ f ! upp] slip to ! comm5cem5t ( ! flut+4 ,! ,attic ar*itect evid5tly did n accept ! significance ( ! d5tils z repres5tatives ( ! ceil+-joi/s1 & pref]r$ to cut a decid$ drip ^u ! l[] surface ( ! corona1 :i* _h s m>k$ a slant 9 ! m famili> ,doric cornice4 ,9 ! place ( ! d5tils1 a transition 0 provid$ by a cyma & a/ragal1 :i* m\ld+s receiv$ 9 ,a!ns _! typical p]fection4 ,! few ,ionic ru9s ( ,european ,greece d n illu/rate ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,attic ,ionic /yle4 ,! int]ior columns ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass 7,figs4 #aei & #afe7 _c be consid]$ 9 ?is connection2 _! ar*ai/ic details by no means express ! influ5ce ( ,a!ns1 not)/&+ t ! "w is attribut$ to ! ar*itect ,ict9os4 ,! peculi>ities ( ,attic ,ionic ar*itecture are well exemplifi$ by ! small amphipro/yle temple ^u ! ,ilissos1 ne> ,a!ns1 :i*1 ?\gh n[ entirely de/roy$1 0 9 exi/5ce up to ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 0 measur$ & drawn by ,/u>t & ,revett4 7,fig4 #agb47 ,! l[] tore ( ! base is "h small & weak1 z if a hesitat+ attempt to improve ! usual outl9e4 ,! %aft 0 %ort1 p]haps f ! influ5ce ( ! ,doric examples2 ! epi/yle1 f ! same consid]ation1 0 )\t ! *>act]i/ic /eps4 ,simil> to ?is is ano!r tetra/yle amphipro/ylos1 ! ,temple ( ,w+less ,victory be=e ! ,propyla ( ! acropolis1 :i*1 z if to comp5sate = ! loss ( ! temple ^u ! ,ilissos1 0 rebuilt 9 #ahce1 ) ov]?r[n fragm5ts rescu$ f a ,turki% ba/ion1 & has become "o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! asc5t4 7,fig4 #aeh47 ,! entire crepidoma is s small--#h m4 long & #e4e broad--t ! cella1 aft] ! d$uction ( ! front & re> porticos1 is ev5 broad] ?an x is deep4 ,! ar*itectural details are ( exce$+ delicacy & p]fection 7,fig4 #agj72 ! sculptures ( ! zophoros & ( ! balu/rade w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,! inn] columns ( ! ,a!nian ,propyla %[ ! l[] tore fully develop$1 & ! base-m\ld+s isolat$ by a pl9? ( slightly concave pr(ile1 else:]e adopt$ only at ,eleusis1 9 imitation ( ?is build+4 ,! highe/ p]fection ( ! ,ionic /yle 01 z be=e said1 atta9$ 9 ! second national sanctu>y ( ! ,a!nians--! _w-r5[n$ ,temple ( ,a!ne ,polias ^u ! acropolis1 ! ,ere*!ion4 ,! con/ruction ( ! edifice seems to h be5 und]tak5 imm$iately aft] ! burn+ ( ! anci5t build+ by ! ,p]sians1 9 #dhj ,b4,c41 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mis]ies ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 its completion 0 delay$ until eighty ye>s aft] t date4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( sev]al %r9es :i*1 necess>ily con/ruct$ ^u diff]5t levels1 r5d]$ a p]fect symmetry ( plan impossible4 ,o!r d\ble temples1 l ^? ( ,leto & ,asclepios1 & ( ,aphrodite & ,ares at ,mant9ea1 or ( ,apollo ,c>neios & ( ,hypnos at ,sikyon1 7 n1 ^u ! ext]ior1 di/+ui%able f ! common type1 z1 ) an equal division ( ! cella1 entrances c\ld be all[$ ^u ei!r front4 ,9 ! ,ere*!ion ?is simple arrangem5t 0 n practicable1 because ( ! complicat$ nature ( ! comb9$ sanctu>ies & ! irregul>ity ( ! gr\nd2 yet ?is did n prove a disadvantage3 to ! ar*itectural p]fection ( ! monum5t 0 ?us add$ a *>m ( picturesque composition usually =eign to ! temple build+s ( ,greek antiquity4 ,! plan giv5 7,fig4 #agc7 is accord+ to ,boetti*]'s re/oration1 b ! moot$ "q ( ! int]ior division ( ! build+ is /ill f> f be+ decid$4 ,^u ! pr9cipal ea/]n front 0 a hexa/yle portico1 a1 ?r\gh :i* entrance 0 giv5 to ! naos ( ,a!ne ,polias1 b1 occupy+ ne>ly "o half ( ! cella4 ,access to ! o!r division 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ! tetra/yle hall1 c1 ^u ! nor?we/]n corn]1 op5+ directly into ! n>r[ sanctu>y ( ,p&rosos1 d1 f :i* f\r portals l$ to z _m *amb]s3 ! fir/1 g1 to ! ,*apel ( ,b\tes2 ! second1 h1 by means ( a %ort /aircase1 to ! ,crypt ( ,poseidon1 e2 f ! ?ird1 i1 0 a desc5t to a corridor lead+ to a space "u ! ,naos ( ,a!ne ,polias2 :ile ! la/1 opposite ! hall1 l$ to ! ,por* ( ! ,c>yatides1 f4 ,?is complicat$ disposition 01 z has be5 said1 dep5d5t ^u ! peculi> natural position ( ! anci5t national %r9es3 ! tomb ( ,cecrops & ! memorials ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,poseidon & ,a!ne = ! possession ( ,a!ns1--! impression ( ! trid5t ) :i* ,poseidon smote ! cliff1 leav+ a spr+ ( salt wat]1 & ! olive-tree :i*1 at ! comm& ( ,a!ne1 sprang f ! same rock4 ,( ! int]ior ( ! build+ !re are almo/ no ve/iges2 b ! =m ( ! ext]ior is1 9 ! ma91 cle>4 7,fig4 #agd47 ,! capitals ^u ! columns ( ! ea/]n portico 7,fig4 #age71 & ^u ! pila/]s ( ! we/]n wall1 :i* 0 pi]c$ by w9d[s1 are ( almo/ excessive magnific5ce4 ,! outl9es ( ! spirals are d\bl$1 ! side-rolls are groov$1 & ornam5t$ ) a/ragals2 !re is a b& c>v$ ) a wov5 ornam5t above ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+ ( ! e*9os1 & an entirely new feature has be5 add$ to ! capital--a broad & ri* neck+ ( c>v$ an!mions4 ,! effect ( ?is b& 0 p>ticul>ly favorable because ! decoration ^u x c\ld be repeat$ b5ea? ! capitals ( ! pila/]s1 & a great] h>mony ( ! correspond+ memb]s ?us secur$4 ,! columns ( ! nor?we/]n por* are l>g] & ev5 ri*] 9 detail1 especially ! bases1 ! upp] tore be+ ornam5t$ ) a wov5 motive 9 place ( ! cu/om>y horizontal groov+4 ,! entablature1 f :i* ! d5tils are miss+1 is ( ! utmo/ elegance ( proportion1 ! c>v+ ( its cyma-m\ld+s be+ ! mo/ delicate "w ( ar*itectural c>v+ kn[n4 ,! reliefs ^u ! zophoros 7 n cut f its sub/ance1 b 7 m]ely atta*$ to its plane surface2 few fragm5ts h1 consequ5tly1 be5 pres]v$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful features ( ! build+ is ! ,por* ( ! ,c>yatides 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] 7,f74 ,9 place ( columns1 ! figures ( virg9s support ! horizontal m>ble ceil+1 :i* is ( no great weight4 ,! model = ^! 0 d\btless tak5 f ! basket-be>+ maid5s ( ! ,pana!naic procession1 ! ,canephor4 ,! orig9 ( ! t]m c>yatides is n kn[n4 ,bo? geographical & hi/orical pro(s are want+ to make probable ! acc\nt giv5 by ,vitruvius1--t ! motive = ^! figures 0 d]iv$ f ! wom5 ( ! ,peloponnesian t[n ,c>ya1 :o 7 condemn$ to slav]y = trea*]y dur+ ! ,p]sian w>4 ,f ! baskets ( ! ,canephor has be5 develop$ a capital memb]1 l an e*9os1 decorat$ ) ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+ & an a/ragal1 & provid$ ) an abacus4 ,! frieze is lack+ f ! entablature1 9 recognition ( ! fact t ro( & ceil+ are "h "o & ! same memb]4 ,! d5tils appe> 9 ! cornice1 x be+ possible = !m to take _! true position ^u ! epi/yle4 ,! faultless beauty ( ! decorative c>v+ is p>ticul>ly evid5t ^u ! cas+s ( ! portals4 ,monum5ts ( ! ,ionic /yle1 n num]\s 9 ,attica1 are r>e 9 ! ,peloponnesos1 & exceptional f>!r we/1 :]e ! ,doric elem5t ( ! population pr$om9at$4 ,:5 ,ionic ru9s are f\nd 9 ! latt] di/ricts1 !y g5]ally betray ! influ5ce ( ! ,attic s*ool1 :i* is p]ceptible ev5 9 ! ,ionic ord] ( ,rome4 ,x is n /range t1 aft] ! acqua9tance ( ! ,romans ) ,hell5ic l&s1 ?is me?od ( build+ %\ld1 9 _! univ]sal eclecticism1 h be5 frequ5tly adopt$4 ,x w be se5 9 ! foll[+ section h[ ,italy1 ! heir ( ! decay+ civilization ( ! ,ea/1 r$uc$ ! =ms ( ,ionic ar*itecture to a facile & commonplace s*eme4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,f ,bass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,f ! ,temple ( ,apollo1 ne> ,miletos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,f ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ,a!ns4 ,dur+ ! age ( ,p]icles a =eign gr[?1 ! ,cor9?ian capital1 _h be5 engraft$ ^u ! ,ionic /yle1 :i* *ang$ ! "* ( ! :ole1 ! m decid$ly because introduc$ ^u ! mo/ prom95t feature4 ,?is 8,cor9?ian0 innovation affect$ ! capital alone1 & _c be consid]$ z an ord]1 /ill less z a /yle1 :5 comp>$ to ! ,doric & ,ionic4 ,x 0 a m]e v>iety ( ! latt]1 :i*1 9 all o!r respects ?an ! capital1 rema9$ unalt]$4 ,! new =m is m5tion$ z an innovation ( ,callima*os1 a sculptor celebrat$ = ! magnific5t gold5 lamp & funnel made by him = ! ,ere*!ion4 ,! "n ( t artific] may h giv5 au?ority to ! fir/ introduction ( ! ,cor9?ian capital into ,greek l&s2 b ! detail$ acc\nt ( ,vitruvius 9 reg>d to its orig9 c h>dly be deem$ m ?an a fable4 ,he relates t a lov+ nurse _h plac$ a basket ( toys1 cov]$ ) a tile1 ^u ! grave ( a ,cor9?ian girl1 & t 9 ! spr+-"t an acan?os-plant1 ^u :i* x /ood1 s5t =? %oots cov]+ ! basket & curl+ b5ea? ! tile1 ?us provid+ a model directly imitat$ by ,callima*os4 ,! calyx capitals ( ,egypt _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,9 transf]r+ ?is floral motive across ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! decorative foliage ( papyrus & lotus _h be5 giv5 up1 ^? unkn[n plants n be+ adapt$ to ,hell5ic conv5tionalization4 ,national art ev] seeks ! subjects = floral ornam5t f ! gr[?s ( its native soil4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t oak-leaves1 ?i/les1 grape-leaves1 & ivy 7 employ$ 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture2 &1 9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,greek c\ld make no m =tunate *oice ?an ! ,hell5ic ?i/le1 ! acan?os1 ! =ms ( :i* ev5 surpass 9 beauty ! s]rat$ outl9e ( ! grape-leaf4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital suit$ well ! preval5t t5d5cy to att5uate ! %aft1 &1 at ! same "t1 x fur!r$ an h>moni\s agreem5t betwe5 ! capitals ( columns & ( pila/]s4 ,its =ms pres5t$ a bett] solution ( ! problem ( ! capital1 & 7 m p]fect 9 an ab/ract1 if n 9 an arti/ic1 po9t ( view ?an any ( ! prec$+ v>ieties4 ,! two functions ( ! transitional memb]--! projection1 ! oblique l9e betwe5 ! v]tical & ! horizontal1 & ! *ange f a circul> to a rectangul> plan--_h1 9 ! ,doric & ,ionic capitals1 be5 effect$ by two sep>ate bodies2 9 ! ,cor9?ian !y 7 accompli%$ by "o alone4 ,! k]nel gave ! projection1 consid]ably /eep]1 accord+ to its height1 ?an ! ,doric or ,ionic e*9os4 ,! oblique l9e1 convex 9 ! =m] /yle1 is "h slightly concave1 al?\gh /ill suffici5tly vigor\s 9 "* to be> ! light entablature4 ,! surr\nd+ floral decoration effects ! transition f ! circle to ! rectangle2 ! upp] leaves project t[>ds ! corn]s ( ! ?9 abacus1 "u :i* !y curl1 giv+ to ! capital1 at "s little di/ance bel[ its pl9?1 a section ne>ly squ>e4 ,a canonical =m ( ! ,cor9?ian capital did n exi/ 9 progressive ,hell5ic art4 ,?is does n appe> until ! ord] 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em by ! ?\ght-sav+ & practical ,romans4 ,! complet$ type1 s famili> 9 ! monum5ts ( ,italy1 & us$ = c5turies s9ce 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 does n occur 9 ,greece1 ! creation ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 z su*1 be+ emphatically a "w ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital 01 9 ,hell5ic ar*itecture1 m]ely a fanciful & ev]-v>i$ decoration ( foliage ar\nd a concave calyx4 ,! be=e-m5tion$ example f ! ,temple ( ,apollo 9 ,bass %[s h[ imp]fect ! arrangem5t 0 at fir/4 7,fig4 #agf47 ,! s+le r[ ( leaves at its base does n suffici5tly ornam5t ! k]nel2 ! spirals ^u ! f\r corn]s & ! an!mions betwe5 !m leave too mu* ( its surface uncov]$4 ,! ?9 abacus is nei!r provid$ ) a pr(ile m\ld+1 nor at all c>v$2 ^u its edge is pa9t$ a ,doric me&]2 its sides are curv$ 9 plan1 advanc+ above ! corn] spirals s t ^! might project f>!r f ! calyx4 ,a decid$ advance is %[n by ! capital ( an engag$ column employ$ )9 ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymaios at ,miletos 7,fig4 #agg71 :i* appe>s to be ( m rec5t date4 ,a d\ble wrea? ( acan?os-leaves surr\nds ! calyx1 ^? ^u ! corn]s be+ made suffici5tly tall to support ! spirals2 betwe5 !m are an!mions4 ,fragm5ts br\ght f ! ru9s ( ,knidos to ! ,briti% ,museum are ( simil> =m4 ,^! rema9s all resemble1 9 a m or less m>k$ degree1 ! ultimate typical developm5t ( ! ,cor9?ian capital4 ,o!rs1 & among !m "s ( a lat] p]iod1 lack important con/itu5t p>ts4 ,a second v>iety1 discov]$ 9 ! ,didymaion1 _h only "o wrea? ( leaves1 & no connection ) ! squ>e abacus by corn] spirals4 ,! capitals ( ! s-call$ ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds 9 ,a!ns 7,fig4 #agh7 resemble !m4 ,beh9d ! acan?os-leaves rises a simple r[ ( lanceolate re$s1 :i* foll[s ! outl9e ( ! calyx4 ,! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 built m ?an a c5tury previ\s1 9 #ccd ,b4,c41 pres5ts a beautiful in/ance ( a fanciful ,cor9?ian capital4 ,betwe5 ! %aft & ! calyx !re is a prep>atory neck+ ( small leaves1 simil> to ^? :i* exi/$ ^u ! example )9 ! temple at ,bass4 ,above ! l[ acan?os wrea? rises a ri* g>l& ( foliage & fl[]s1 ) a c5tral an!mion ris+ to ! top ( ! abacus4 ,! heavy corn] volutes _c comp5sate = ! excessive contraction ( ! calyx1 :i* takes away f ! unity & =ce ( ! ma9 transitional curve4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital appe>s to h atta9$ ! =m "u :i* x is n[ kn[n 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,temple ( ,olympian ,zeus 9 ,a!ns receiv$ its p]ipt]os ( ,cor9?ian columns "u ,antio*os ,epiphanes1 #agf-afd ,b4,c42 ?\gh its crepidoma1 probably int5d$ = an edifice ( ! ,doric /yle1 _h be5 prep>$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,peisi/ratos4 ,! ar*itectural direction ( ! build+ _h be5 intru/$ to a ,roman1 ,cossutius1 & x 01 9 fact1 de/9$ to provide mat]ial = ,rome itself1 z1 soon aft] its completion1 ! columns 7 c>ri$ away by ,sulla & employ$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! temple ^u ! ,roman ,capitol1 %ortly be=e de/roy$ by fire4 ,! capitals ?us remov$ appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z models1 & to h ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 z cultivat$1 almo/ exclusively1 by ! ,romans4 ,! calyx decorat$ ) acan?os foliage correspond$ to ! ta/e ( ! imp]ial epo* = ar*itectural magnific5ce1 & its employm5t 0 n emb>rass$ by ! difficulties ^u ! corn]s ( p]ipt]al temples :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! ,doric frieze & ! ,ionic capital4 ,! floral decoration soon ext5d$ to ! entablature1 increas+ ! numb] & dim5sions ( its m9or memb]s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ result 0 ! trans=mation ( ! d5tils into ! ri*ly c>v$ consoles ( d\bly spiral pr(ile1 :i* 7 imitat$ f ! p>otides ( ! ,ionic portal coronation1 b 7 plac$ horizontally in/ead ( v]tically4 ,! use ( bo? d5tils & consoles is a b>b>ic duplication1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ta/eless ar*itectural magnific5ce ( ! ,roman decl9e4 ,! s-call$ ,cor9?ian base is no real *>act]i/ic ( ! ord]1 be+ only a comb9ation ( ,ionic & ,attic =ms1 ) a d\ble scotia betwe5 ! two tores4 ,hell5ic ar*itecture has ?us f> be5 consid]$ exclusively 9 its relations to sacr$ edifices1 because ! art ( build+1 among nations ^: civilization has be5 influ5c$ by religi\s conceptions1 is always be/ exemplifi$ by temples4 ,b x 0 natural t ,doric & ,ionic =ms %\ld be employ$1 ?\gh 9 a less conv5tional mann]1 = all ! build+s ( ,greece1 be+ ri*ly elaborat$ 9 monum5tal works1 & m or less simplifi$ & adapt$ 9 /ructures int5d$ = private or public usefulness1 z economy & civic de/9ation alike =c$ re/rictions ^u ! disposition & decoration ( ! design4 ,! sacr$ nature ( monum5tal tombs alli$ !m mo/ ne>ly to ! temples4 ,! conical tumulus _h prec$$ ! ,hell5ic p]ipt]os1 & :5 t helpless =m 0 entirely giv5 up1 aft] ! p]fection ( ! column> temple1 ! c9]>y urn rema9$ z a lead+ motive1 :i* exclud$ ! l5g!n$ plan ( ! p]ipt]al temple & r t5d$ to increase ! height ( ! monum5t--o!rwise a subord9ate dim5sion4 ,graves ( less importance 7 m>k$ by columns1 upright blocks ( /one ) an ornam5tal cap1 or by /eles1 ! angul> t]m9ation ( :i* (t5 betray$ ! influ5ce ( ! temple gable1 :ile ! %aft reta9$ ! nature ( ! pi]4 ,m prom95t sepul*res consi/$ ( ranges ( columns ^u a cube1 :i*1 conta9+ a s>cophagus1 took ! place ( ! cyl9d] b5ea? ! conical tumulus4 ,z ! columns _h1 9 g5]al1 only a decorative importance1 x 0 n necess>y to con/ruct a cella 9 connection ) !m4 ,?is 0 only add$ :5 a *apel 0 requir$ = fun]al wor%ip1 or :51 z 9 mausoleums ( great dim5sions1 inn] walls 7 ne$$ to provide a be>+ = ! ceil+ beams4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^! /ructures 0 *>act]i/ic4 ,! sacr$ gable 0 g5]ally avoid$1 9 j appreciation ( its significance1 & ! =m ( ! tumulus 0 reta9$1 s f> z ! rectangul> plan w\ld p]mit1 a pyramidal sup]/ructure tak+ ! place ( ! cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,tomb at ,mylassa4 ,t ?is pyramid 0 con/ruct$ 9 /eps is evid5t f a small tomb )\t a cella at ,mylassa 7,fig4 #agi71 & f t magnific5t monum5t1 ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos1 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! antique _w4 7,fig4 #ahj47 ,! latt] 0 erect$ by ,artemisia1 ! wid[ & successor ( ,k+ ,mausolos1 :o call$ to h] assi/ance ! mo/ celebrat$ ar*itects ( ! "t1 ,satyros & ,py?ios2 z well z ! greate/ sculptors1 ,scopas1 ,bryaxis1 ,leo*>es1 & ,timo!os4 ,x is kn[n by ! ext5sive ,engli% excavations ( #ahef & #aheg4 ,al?\gh ! op9ions ( prom95t au?orities diff] greatly z to its design1 x is yet c]ta9 t ^u ! massive oblong f\ndation1 #cj m4 long1 #bd m4 broad1 & ov] #ae m4 high1 :i* conta9$ ! small sepul*ral *amb]1 !re /ood a cella surr\nd$ by ?irty-six ,ionic columns1 & t]m9at$ by a /epp$ pyramid1 ! truncat$ apex ( :i* bore a colossal m>ble quadriga1 ) ! /atues ( ! que5 & ( a female *>iote]1 ! :ole atta9+ a height ( #db m4 ,! works ( sculpture--! figures :i* /ood 9 ! int]columniations & ! reliefs ^u ! wall ( ! cella1 & p]haps also ^u ! sub/ructure--w be consid]$ 9 ! next section4 ,x is possible t ! de/9ation ( ! edifice 0 n t usually attribut$ to x1 ,urli*s hav+ argu$ t x 0 a h]on1 & a memorial ( victory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos4 ,! ,monum5t ( ! ,n]eides at ,xan?os 7,fig4 #aha7 resembl$ ! ,mausoleum 9 _m respects4 ,x 0 a p]i/yle ( sixte5 ,ionic columns elevat$ ^u a massive f\ndation4 ,/atues /ood 9 its int]columniations1 :ile ! zophoros & sub/ructure 7 c>v$ ) reliefs4 ,a gabl$ ro( seems1 h[ev]1 to h indicat$ ! sacr$ "* ( ! edifice4 ,! cella & ! surr\nd+ columns ( ?is class ( build+s 7 unit$ 9 v>i\s mann]s1 a rem>kable example ( a pseudo-p]ipt]os be+ (f]$ by ! s-call$ ,tomb ( ,!ron 9 ,acragas 9 ,sicily4 ,9 o!r in/ances ?ree /ories result$ f a duplication ( ! f\ndations b5ea? ! p]ipt]os1 z 9 ! alleg$ ,tomb ( ,mikipsas at ,con/ant9a1 ! anci5t ,cirta 9 ,numidia4 ,?is multiplication 0 p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! tomb ( ?is nature at ,sa9t-,remi1 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 ! anci5t ,glanum1 built dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ru9s kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--,monum5t ( ! ,n]eides at ,xan?os4 ,among ! *oragic monum5ts ( ,greece1 ! mo/ int]e/+ is t erect$ by ,lysicrates 9 commemoration ( ! victory ga9$ by a *orus ( boys ( ! ,phyle ,acamantis l$ by him4 ,x s]v$ z a p$e/al = ! prize be/[$1 a tripod1 & 0 a pseudo-monopt]os ( small dim5sions & beautiful details4 ,engag$ columns ) ,cor9?ian capitals support$ a monoli?ic ceil+1 ! floral t]m9ation ( :i* orig9ally s]v$ z a base = ! tripod4 ,! s-call$ ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds 0 a clepsydra1 built by ,&ronicos ,kyrrhe/es1 & 0 also furni%$ outside ) dials & a wea!rcock4 ,x is especially int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! peculi> =ms ( its ,cor9?ian capitals4 7,fig4 #agh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,/oa ,diple at ,?oricos4 ,! mo/ ext5sive employm5t ( columns 9 civic ar*itecture 0 9 ! porticos1 ! /oas1 :i* surr\nd$ ! m>ket-places & ext5d$ ?r\gh _m /reets1 be+ connect$ ) ba?s1 gymnasions1 palae/ras1 /adia1 & hippodromes1 & ev5 appe>+ z indep5d5t build+s4 ,! m>ket-place1 ! agora1 01 9 anci5t cities1 commonly ( an irregul> =m2 :5 possible x 0 surr\nd$ by colonnades4 ,9 m rec5t settlem5ts c>e 0 tak5 to provide a rectangul> space = ! purpose1 9 :i* d\ble porticos ( consid]able ext5t 7 built = %elt] 9 bad wea!r4 ,9 view ( ! effem9acy ( ! ,ionians1 x is easy to cr$it ! acc\nt t ?is race fir/ provid$ ! *ief places 9 t[ns ) ! protection ( /oas1 introduc+ ?is cu/om 9 ,greece1 :]e x soon became g5]al4 ,ext5d$ colonnades 7 frequ5tly connect$ ) !m1 trav]s+ ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,! indep5d5t /oas1 :i* 7 arrang$ 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( comb9ations1 are ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,! ,/oa ,poikile 7! _m-color$71 ^u ! m>ket-place ( ,a!ns1 0 built by ,peisianax1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,cimon1 ?is latt] caus+ ! walls to be decorat$ by ,polygnotos & 8 assi/ants--^u "o w+ ) sc5es f ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 ^u ! o!r f t ( ,o9oe1 :ile ! long backgr\nd ( ! pr9cipal hall 0 simil>ly treat$4 ,^u ! m>ket-places ! porticos 7 (t5 increas$ 9 wid? by a second r[ ( columns1 & 9 lat] times a divid+-wall 0 frequ5tly plac$ betwe5 ^! ranges z a sp9a4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 ?is 0 ! case ) ! s-call$ ,k]kyraion ,hall ( ,elis4 ,! =m ( a /oa diple1 or d\ble colonnade1 0 m cu/om>y2 9 x ! c5tral wall 0 replac$ by a ?ird range ( columns1 z ! case appe>s to h be5 at ,?oricos 7,fig4 #ahb71 :]e ! entrance 0 provid$ 9 ! middle ( ! long] sides by wid] int]columniations4 ,! enl>gem5t 0 c>ri$ /ill f>!r by mak+ ! colonnade ( ?ree aisles1 ) two inn] ranges ( columns1 z 9 ! ,/oa ( ! ,hellanodik3 cov]$ spaces ( great bread?1 op5 ^u all sides1 & admirably adapt$ to _! purpose1 7 ?us provid$4 ,x is natural to assume t ! great gra9 m>ket ( ! ,piraios 0 su* an ext5d$ /oa1 z 0 likewise ! s-call$ ,basilica ( ,p/um1 a /ructure ( ?ree aisles1 lack+ ext]ior enclosure4 ,! latt] build+ is assur$ly misnam$1 ! nature ( a basilica be+ dep5d5t ^u out] walls4 ,! prototype ( ! ,roman & ,*ri/ian basilicas is r to be s\ght 9 ! law c\rts ( ! ,ar*on ,basileus 9 ,a!ns1 a comb9ation ( enclos$ halls & *amb]s1 :i*1 by _! future developm5t1 receiv$ an hi/orical & practical importance exce$+ t ( any o!r "w ( ,hell5ic ar*itecture1 n except+ ! temples1 :i* became useless ) ! ext9ction ( ,hell5ic religi\s conceptions4 ,! columns ( /oas 7 multipli$ above1 z well z beside1 "o ano!r1 analog\s to ! gall]ies ov] ! side aisles ( ! l>g] temples4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! case ^u ! s-call$ ,p]sian ,hall at ,sp>ta1 :]e1 in/ead ( upp] %afts1 !re 7 pi]s decorat$ ) ! /atues ( ,p]sians1 comp>able to ! correspond+ ar*itectural memb]s ( ! ,incantada at ,!ssalonica1 ?\gh ! figures ( gods & h]oes 71 9 ! latt] in/ance1 atta*$ to ! supports 9 ?ree-qu>t] relief1 :ile ! /atues at ,sp>ta appe> to h be5 9 ! full r\nd4 ,x is evid5t f ! ,roman basilicas1 to be consid]$ 9 ano!r section1 t ! employm5t ( gall]ies 0 g5]al 9 ! enclos$ /oas ( ,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,/adion at ,mess5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--;,hippodrome at ,olympia4 ,*ief among ! public build+s ( ,hellas1 aft] ! agoras & /oas1 7 ! arrangem5ts = ! fe/ive games4 ,^! 7 divid$ into two classes3 bodily ex]cises & sc5ic repres5tations4 ,! =m] 7 ! m important1 =m+ a prom95t "p 9 ! education ( e ,greek citiz54 ,palai/ras & gymnasia 7 provid$ = ! manuvres1 /adia & hippodromes = ! public conte/s & races4 ,9 primitive times ! palai/ras _h no ar*itectural "*2 a mead[ & a s&y rea*1 g5]ally ^u ! bank ( a brook & %ad$ by trees1 suffic$ z a tra9+-gr\nd4 ,! private palai/ras seem nev] to h exce$$ ?is simplicity2 b ! great importance ( drill = ! milit>y p[] ( ! ,/ate e>ly dem&$ ! erection ( suitable /ructures1 & !re result$ ! gymnasion1 a comb9ation ( cov]$ *amb]s & halls ) op5 c\rts1 :i* provid$ sep>ate & fitt+ spaces = ! diff]5t gymna/ic ex]cises & = ! ba?s1 z well z = ! high] intellectual ent]ta9m5ts ( ! philosoph]s1 rhetoricians1 & poets4 ,^! /ructures 7 probably v>i$ 9 "* until ! mo/ suitable arrangem5t 0 decid$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x seems e>ly to h become cu/om>y to surr\nd a rectangul> space by colonnades1 to :i* 7 add$ ext5sive w+s1 semicircul> ex$ras1 & ! l1 = sci5tific & /hetic in/ruction4 ,^u "o side 7 gr\p$ a numb] ( *amb]s kn[n z ! ,ephebeion1 ,apodyt]ion1 ,elaio!sion1 ,coni/]ion1 ,corykeion1 ,laconicon1 ,lutron1 etc41 s]v+ ! y\?s z places ( assemblage1 rooms = dress+ & ano9t+1 hot & cold ba?s1 etc4 ,opposite to !m ext5d$ ! /adion1 :ile1 )9 ! enclosure1 prom5ades betwe5 gr\ps ( trees & b$s ( fl[]s alt]nat$ ) gr\nds = %ort] races1 quoit-?r[+1 wre/l+1 & o!r conte/s4 ,"s examples1 l ^? ( ,ephesos1 ,hi]apolis1 & ,alex&ria1 /ill display 9 _! ru9s ! *ief features ( ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh m or less influ5c$ by ! cu/oms ( imp]ial ,rome1 :]e ! ba?s _h be5 9 great measure sep>at$ f ! gymnasia4 ,! _s ( emulation 0 excit$ by ! publicity ( ^! in/itutions1 & increas$ by ! p]iodical fe/ive competitions to a height f> exce$+ our mod]n conceptions4 ,a wrea? ( laurel or olive leaves1 a small quantity ( oil1 a tripod1 or o!r simil> rew>ds ( victory1 su* z 7 giv5 z prizes 9 ! games ( ,olympia1 ,delphi1 ,nemea1 ,cor9?1 & ,a!ns1 conf]r$ almo/ div9e honor1 ev5 ! ye>s be+ kn[n by ! "n ( ! tempor>y h]o ( ,olympia4 ,! five *ief divisions ( ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 ! p5ta?lon--runn+1 jump+1 wre/l+1 box+1 & ! ?r[+ ( ! discos--7 practis$ 9 ! /adion1 a space f #ahj m4 to #cjj m4 long1 usually *os5 close to ! side ( a hill1 :i*1 m or less prep>$ by t]rac+ & grad+1 provid$ seats = spectators4 ,if a n>r[ valley 7 ne> at h&1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,a!nian /adion ( ! suburb ,agrae1 ! opposite slopes 7 ?us occupi$4 ,! seats ne> ! goal 7 naturally ! m desirable1 & x 0 "h t ! ar*itectural features 7 conc5trat$1 t]races be+ c>ri$ 9 a semicircle ar\nd ?is c5tre4 ,examples are n want+1 z 9 ,aphrodisias 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e bo? ends 7 ?us t]m9at$1 & ! space = spectators c>ri$ ar\nd ! entire race-c\rse1 ?us po9t+ ! way to a build+ ( ?is =m1 ! amphi!atre1 :i* 0 to become ! delight ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! /adion ( ,mess5e 7,fig4 #ahc7 %[s h[ natural incl9ations 7 foll[$ & utiliz$1 ?\gh at ! exp5se ( a symmetrical disposition2 yet ?is example dates f ! lat] extravagant p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 & is f> remov$ f ! patri>*al simplicity ( primitive times4 ,! /adion did n suffice = ! races ( horses & *>iots :i* _h be5 favorites ) ! ,greeks s9ce ! ,trojan w>4 ,9 su* e>ly ages1 any goal *os5 9 ! pla9 0 suffici5t1 l ! oak-trunk m5tion$ by ,hom]2 b x c\ld n h be5 long be=e ! ne$ 0 manife/ ( a slop+ /& = ! spectators & an enclosure = ! conte/ants1 & ?us ! hippodrome1 ! race-c\rse1 0 develop$ simil>ly to ! small] /adion4 ,! mo/ celebrat$1 & p]haps ! olde/1 hippodrome ( ,greece1 t ( ,olympia1 is describ$ by ,pausanias4 ,! "r side1 ! long]1 consi/$ ( an artificial embankm5t ( e>?1 :ile ! slope ( a hill 0 employ$ = ! left2 at ! entrance 0 a colonnade devot$ to ! prep>ations ( ! *>iote]s4 ,! />t+-po9t1 ! aphesis1 _h1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,pausanias1 a =m l ! pr[ ( a vessel--t is1 advanc$ 9 a po9t$ =m--to facilitate ! />t4 ,! plan "h giv51 ,fig4 #ahd1 is alt]$ f ,visconti's re/oration by ^! gates be+ op5$ t[>ds ! fir/ turn+-po9t1 ! t>axippos1 or t]ror ( ! horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,s*eme ( ! ,greek ,!atre1 accord+ to ,vitruvius4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,re/or$ ,view ( ! ,!atre ( ,sege/a4 ,! !atres1 z enclosures = musical & sc5ic repres5tations1 (f]$ great] scope = ar*itectural developm5t4 ,:5 possible1 ! auditorium 0 9 a situation :]e a natural semicircul> incl9ation s]v$ in/ead ( ! imm5se f\ndations :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 necess>y = ! elevat$ seats2 ! /age & surr\nd+ build+s 71 h[ev]1 free-/&+ works ( ar*itecture4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,greek !atre is describ$ by ,vitruvius3 ?ree squ>es 7 inscrib$ 9 a circle1 ?us =m+ a twelve-po9t$ /> 7,fig4 #ahe72 "o ( ! sides1 a b1 s]v$ z ! l9e ( ! front f\ndation ( ! /age4 ,?is plat=m1 ! logeion1 0 clos$ at ! re> by a wall1 treat$ l a faade1 & =m+ a backgr\nd1 ! sk5e2 its position be+ decid$ by ! tang5t c d1 p>allel to ! front side4 ,! rema9d] ( ! circle1 ! or*e/ra1 0 res]v$ = ! evolutions ( ! *orus & = ! /& ( ! musicians1 ! ?ymele2 x 0 n until ! developm5t ( ! ,roman !atre t spectators 7 admitt$ to ?is enclosure4 ,its ext5t 0 slightly increas$ by draw+ ! outl9e f ! diamet]1 e f1 to ! /age ) a d\bl$ radius4 ,ar\nd sev5 twelf?s ( ! orig9al circle 0 con/ruct$ ! conc5trical auditorium ( asc5d+ seats1 divid$ by a plat=m at half-height1 ! diazoma1 into two p>ts1 & accessible by radial passages4 ,! /atem5t ( ,vitruvius1 :o1 z usual1 sub/itutes a ?\ght-sav+ canon = ! liv+ individuality ( ,hell5ic art1 is n borne out by ! num]\s rema9s ( ,greek !atres4 ,! or*e/ra & auditorium exce$ ! semicircle 9 e in/ance :]e local con=mations h n r5d]$ ?is impossible2 b !y ei!r d ?is by elongat+ ! arc ) tang5ts1 z 9 ! !atres ( ,sege/a 7,fig4 #ahf71 ,syracuse1 ,tynd>is1 & ,taurom5ion1 or by cont9u+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! orig9al circle )\t deviation1 z 9 ^? ( ,a!ns1 ,epidauros1 ,megalopolis1 ,delos1 ,melos1 ,cnidos1 ,laodikeia1 ,side1 ,myra1 ,telmissos1 ,pat>a1 ,aizanis1 etc4 ,among all kn[n ,greek !atres only two1 ^? at ,mant9ea & ,alab&a1 are situat$ 9 ! pla9 & entirely built ( masonry2 ! o!rs1 contr>y to ,roman cu/om1 utilize natural incl9ations1 z be=e expla9$4 ,! seats 7 ei!r cut 9 ! native rock1 or 7 wall$ & revet$ ) slabs ( m>ble2 :5 ! slope 0 ( e>?1 important f\ndations 7 und]tak54 ,! arrangem5ts ( odeions1 or p>tially cov]$ !atres = fe/ive musical repres5tations1 appe> to h prec$$1 & 9 "s degree influ5c$1 ! ar*itecture ( ! !atres4 ,! olde/ kn[n example ( ^! /ructures is ! ,skias 9 ,sp>ta1 a circul> build+ provid$ ) a pit*$ ro(1 :i* 0 probably built 9 accordance ) =ms cu/om>y 9 ,asia ,m9or1 z a ,samian ar*itect 7,!odoros1 ! son ( ,telecles7 0 call$ f ,samos to sup]9t5d its erection4 ,! odeion ^u ! ,ilissos ne> ,a!ns appe>s to h be5 ( simil> disposition1 &1 l ! =m]1 con/ruct$ *iefly ( wood4 ,! private dwell+s ( ,greece /ood 9 no relation to ! monum5tal public build+s4 ,t we are acqua9t$ ) no ,greek h\se is a pro( t ^! 7 ( ! same subord9ate importance z 0 ! family 9 ! ,hell5ic /ate4 ,! h\se 0 no?+ m ?an ! sc5e ( ! family labors1 & turn$ mode/ly inw>d1 conf9$ & simple *amb]s be+ gr\p$ ar\nd a c5tral c\rt4 ,! life ( ! ,greeks 01 = ! mo/ "p1 sp5t away f home1 ^u ! m>ket-places & 9 ! gymnasia & /oas2 x 0 only at meal-times & = repose t he s\ght ! retirem5t ( 8 h\se4 ,?is 0 completely sep>at$ f ! out] _w1 ! dwell+-*amb]s hav+ no w9d[s ^u ! /reet & ! faade be+ unimportant4 ,! rooms1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! d9+-hall1 7 b little develop$1 be+ g5]ally light$ ?r\gh ! door alone4 ,_! w9d[less walls pres5t$ no opportunity = ar*itectural treatm5t1 ?is be+ re/rict$ to ! c\rt1 a space ( consid]able size1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,= c5turies !re 0 no?+ to lead to any increase ( ?is simple dwell+1 or to ! developm5t ( a palace ar*itecture2 9 ! ages ( ! h]oes & tyrants ! con/ructive ability 0 insuffici5t1 & lat] republican equality 0 inimical to all individual o/5tation4 ,x 0 n until royal p[] _h1 9 ! ,mac$onian epo*1 tak5 ! place ( democracy t private ar*itecture made a decid$ advance1--less1 h[ev]1 9 monum5tal importance ?an 9 luxury & display4 ,! *amb]s 7 multipli$ by a repetition ( ! c\rts1 ! rooms /ill rema9+ small2 :ile a ref9$ extravagance1 borr[+ its decoration f ! si/] arts1 took ! place ( ar*itectural inv5tion4 ,not)/&+ ! ,greek t]ms appli$ to v>i\s =ms ( rooms by ,vitruvius1 !y appe> to h be5 comp>atively re/rict$ 9 size4 ,! s-call$ ,cor9?ian hall1 cov]$ ) a b>rel-vault1 is specifically a ,roman creation2 ! ,egyptian hall1 ) a cl]e/ory ov] ! c5tral aisle1 may h be5 built 9 remembrance ( ,alex&rian models1 :ile t ( ,kyzicos is illu/rative ( me?ods cu/om>y 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & especially 9 ,p]gamon4 ,! ?ree *ief cities ( ! ,diado*i mu/ h pres5t$ impos+ monum5ts ( private & palatial ar*itecture3 ,alex&ria1 ! ,egyptian resid5ce ( ! ,ptolemies1 _h be5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] himself1 & 9 great "p design$ by 8 ar*itect1 ,de9ocrates2 ,antio*1 ^u ! ,orontes 9 ,syria1 0 built by ,seleucos ,nicator1 ) ! aid ( ! ar*itect ,x5aios1 & rapid increase soon quadrupl$ its orig9al ext5t2 ,p]gamon _h be5 re/or$ & enl>g$ by ,eum5es4 ,! wond]ful works ( t "t %[ ar*itecture to h lo/ all e>ne/ness & tru?fulness ?r\gh ! extravagant dem&s creat$ by ! luxuri\s c\rts ( ! ,ptolemies1 ,seleucid1 & ,attalid2 _! %am !atrical pomp 0 surpass$ only by ! ,ori5tal co/l9ess & spl5dor ( ! mat]ials4 ,! monum5ts 7 expressive ( ! weakness & sup]ficiality into :i* ! ,ea/]n ,hell5ic _w _h fall51 & = :i* ! =ms ( ,greek art 7 employ$ only z a transp>5t v>ni%4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h himself l$ ! way to ?is pr(usion ( monum5tal & private build+s4 ,x 0 he1 = in/ance1 :o _h caus$ ,de9ocrates to erect a pyramidal pyre = ! burn+ ( ! body ( 8 favorite ,hephai/eion1 :i* 0 a m>vel ( ta/elessness & extravagance3 ! squ>e sub/ructure ( brick masonry1 ) sides "o /adion long1 ea* ornam5t$ ) two hundr$ & =ty gold5 pr[s ( vessels & n9e hundr$ & sixty /atues1 bore a second t]race decorat$ ) gold5 wrea!d tor*es2 ! ?ird & f\r? /ages 7 revet$ ) reliefs ( gold repres5t+ hunt+ sc5es & ! battles ( ! c5taurs2 ! fif? ) gold5 lions & bulls1 ^u :i* foll[$ ,mac$onian arms & trophies tak5 f ! b>b>ians4 ,! :ole 0 t]m9at$ by gold5 figures ( sir5s1 ! holl[ bodies ( :i* accommodat$ ! s+]s ( ! fun]al *ant4 ,a simil> piece ( display 0 ! magnific5t wagon = ! fun]al procession ( ,alex&]4 ,o!r works 7 ! gigantic t5t = ! ,dionysian procession ( ,ptolemy ,,ii41 ,philadelphos1 ) its supports =m$ l palms & ?yrses1 ) its cupola-%ap$ ro(1 secret grottoes1 etc42 & ! ,?alamegos1 or colossal ,nile b>k1 a float+ palace built by ,ptolemy ,,iv41 ,philopator1 ) its ,temple ( ,aphrodite & _m halls1 "o ( :i* _h *ryselephant9e ,cor9?ian columns1 & 0 decorat$ by a frieze ( reliefs execut$ 9 ivory & affix$ to a gold5 gr\nd4 ,a d9+-saloon 0 built 9 ! ,egyptian mann]1 z a hypo/yle1 & ! hall ( ,dionysos 0 provid$ ) an apse =m$ l a grotto4 ,at ! same "t1 wond]s ( te*nical & me*anical skill divid$ att5tion ) ^! works ( b>b>\s luxury4 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hi]o ,,ii4 ( ,syracuse1 ,ar*im$es & ,ar*ias built a mon/r\s %ip1 int5d$ = ! transportation ( gra91 :i* is said to h compris$ an entire city1 ) a gymnasion1 a public p>k1 t[]s1 reception-rooms1 d9+-halls1 etc4 ,x _h ?ree decks1 & 0 propell$ by tw5ty r[s ( o>sm54 ,ev5 ?is 0 surpass$ by ,ptolemy ,,iv41 :o built a vessel ) =ty r[s ( o>s4 ,9 %ort1 gigantic dim5sions & ta/eless magnific5ce1 favor$ by ! insane competition among ! foll[]s ( ,alex&]1 ext+ui%$ true art1 ! m rapidly z works ( ^! lat] ages 7 n execut$ ) ! solidity :i* pres]v$ ,roman ar*itecture f simil> decl9e1 ev5 ?\gh x accept$ _m uns\nd arti/ic influ5ces f ^! ,hell5ic & b>b>ian despots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sculpture des]ves ev5 m unlimit$ admiration ?an ! ar*itecture ( ,greece4 ,hell5ic build+ %[s monum5tal ideals su* z ! creative p[] ( no o!r p has atta9$2 yet ! problems :i* pres5t$ !mselves = solution 7 ( a limit$ nature4 ,9 sculpture1 on ! o!r h&1 a height 0 rea*$ :i* ! arti/s ( all lat] times h sc>cely be5 able to compreh5d1 f> less to equal4 ,= c5turies cultivat$ nations h drawn f ?is inexhau/ible f\nta91 9 unconditional admiration1--le>n+ f ,greek /atues1 & ackn[l$g+ _! mat*less p]fection4 ,al?\gh x may ju/ly be conclud$ t a direct recon/ruction ( ! ar*itectural rema9s1 z a :ole1 7 x possible1 is n to be recomm5d$1 /ill no "o c hesitate to reg>d ! be/ examples ( ,hell5ic sculpture z a model wor?y ( direct emulation1 ! controll+ influ5ce ( :i* ^u ! pres5t age is only to be desir$4 ,& ?\gh ! ,go?ic ca!dral may appe> to "s a high] arti/ic conception ?an ! ,doric p]ipt]os1 no "o w\ld give pref]5ce to ! sculptures ( ! anci5t ,ori5tals1 ( ! ,m$ival ,*ri/ians1 or ev5 ( ! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ov] ! m>ble treasures ga!r$ 9 any ( ! l>g] collections ( antiques4 ,z1 among all ! works ( antiquity1 x is to ,hell5ic sculpture t ! undisput$ palm ( prec$5ce is giv51 x is befitt+ t p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be devot$ to x--t x %\ld be treat$ z ! c5tral po9t1 ! focus1 ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t art4 ,?is is made possible by ! acc\nts ( classic au?ors h&$ d[n conc]n+ x1 & by ! multitud9\s rema9s pres]v$ & accessible 9 ! museums ( all great cities2 x is r5d]$ easy by ! circum/ance t ! att5tion & indu/ry ( ! ar*ological explor] & ( ! /ud5t ( art h be5 direct$ to no o!r field ( antique life ) equal zeal & ) equally important results4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ,hell5ic sculpture ?us lies1 9 its ma9 features1 m cle>ly be=e u ?an does t ( any o!r anci5t art4 ,al?\gh diff]5t views /ill exi/ 9 reg>d to _m p>ticul>s1 ! argum5ts advanc$ 9 _! support only s]ve = great] g5]al enlight5m5t4 ,! lively discussion :i* ! "q ( ! beg9n+s ( ,greek sculpture has call$ =? may be consid]$ z t]m9at$1 s9ce ! ,egyptian orig91 advocat$ by ,?i]s*1 ,ross1 ,feurba*1 ,julius ,braun1 ,/ahr1 & o!rs1 has be5 refut$1 or at lea/ r$uc$ to ! second>y & lat] influ5ce assum$ by ,fri$ri*s4 ,inde$1 ! olde/ ,grecian sculptures1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,egypt1 display a complete contra/1 & prove t su* a connection1 if x exi/$ at all1 0 by no means intimate4 ,egyptian art work$ ^u purely me*anical pr9ciples1 accord+ to a typical network ( l9es4 ,sculpture 0 drawn into ! prov9ce ( ar*itecture1 & slavi%ly subord9at$ to x2 c>v$ figures became little else ?an ar*itectural memb]s ?r\gh uni=mity1 symmetrical regul>ity1 & multiplicity ( repetition4 ,pi]s mask$ by ! =m ( ,osiris 7 ?us sub/itut$ = columns1 & long r[s ( sph9xes or colossal /atues 7 set1 l ! obelisks1 to decorate ! av5ues lead+ to ! temples4 ,! fix$ /&>d aft] :i* ! heads ( su* figures 7 patt]n$--m l ! capitals ( columns ?an imitations ( life--& ! memb]s1 )\t action1 & con/ruct$ accord+ to an e/abli%$ height or bread?1 l ! %afts ( pill>s1 & simil>ly regulat$ 9 proportions by _! diamet]--took away all indep5d5ce z works ( sculpture1 & caus$ ! /atues r to appe> z p>ts ( an ar*itectural composition4 ,! ord9>y ,egyptian /one-cutt] knew ( only two positions1 well e/abli%$ by cu/om2 he r5\nc$ fundam5tally ! c\ntless diff]5t appe>ances ( life1 &1 ) ?is1 all repres5tation ( action & ( individuality4 ,primitive ,greek sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 arose f a s\nd naturalism1 :i* direct$ ! eye ( ! arti/ to real & peculi> appe>ances f ! outset1 (t5 neglect+ ! proportions ( ! :ole 9 ! desire *>act]i/ically to express important details4 ,! fir/ ,hell5ic figures are want+ 9 t :i* 0 s prom95t 9 ! ,egyptian3 a correct1 or at lea/ a s*ool$1 outl9e & modell+2 :ile ! pleas+ imitation ( life 9 detail1 utt]ly =eign to ,egyptian sculptures1 is mo/ =cibly pres5t$4 ,?is naturali/ic t5d5cy prev5t$ ,hell5ic sculpture f deg5]at+ into an ,egyptian =malism2 ! ,greek arti/ did n bl9dly atta* himself to a hi]atic model1 b /udi$ organic life1 ?us keep+ 8 works free f t ossifi$ conv5tionalism common to all ,ea/]n civilization4 ,! v fir/ c>v+s ( ,greece _h a p[] ( developm5t :i* 0 want+ 9 all ! o!r nations ( t p]iod4 ,to ^! diff]5ces ( arti/ic pr9ciple mu/ be add$ diff]5ces 9 *>act]i/ic =ms1 dep5d5t p>tly ^u race & p>tly ^u ! diff]5t conceptions ( ! two nations--diff]5ces s m>k$ z to enable u to di/+ui% _! works )\t hesitation4 ,! ,egyptian head diff]s decid$ly f ! ,greek head 9 ! high position ( ! e>1 ! long1 n>r[1 & some:at obliquely plac$ eyes1 ! wide flat nose1 & ! ?ick lips4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,! ,egyptian figure is slim1 ! primitive ,greek almo/ /unt$2 9 ! =m] ! %\ld]s are high & broad1 9 ! latt] slop+ & n>r[2 !re ! hips are small1 "h l>ge4 ,! g>m5ts ( ,egyptian works are ei!r ela/ic1 )\t natural folds1 cl++ s closely to ! body z (t5 to be recognizable only at ! bord]s1 or are heavily press$ toge!r 9 broad & angul> masses4 ,! scanty clo?+ introduc$ into anci5t ,hell5ic sculptures %[s ?r\gh\t a close obs]vation ( nature2 & ! drap]y is pleas+ ev5 9 unsuccessful imitations1 because x betrays ! lov+ c>e ( ! arti/4 ,9 ! olde/ productions ( ,greece we p]ceive a slumb]+ g5ius & capacity = developm5t :i* 7 :olly lack+ 9 ! tra9$ h&iwork ( ,egyptian art1--z ! faulty free-h& draw+ ( an intellig5t boy1 :o tries to %[ :at he has se51 awak5s great] int]e/ & hope ?an d ! labor$ copies & trac+s ( an illit]ate me*anic4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ^! weighty reasons aga9/ ! dep5d5ce ( primitive ,grecian sculpture ^u t ( ,egypt1 ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 favor ( ! supposition seem insuffici5t4 ,*ief among ^! is ! op9ion ( sev]al anci5t writ]s :o vaguely imply t ! olde/ sculpture ( ! ,greeks 0 relat$ to t ( ! ,egyptians1 & d]iv$ f x z a lat] production4 ,b x is well kn[n t ,pausanias & ,diodoros 7 n exact+ z to pro(s ( _! op9ions 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 !y 7 delud$ by ! same outw>d resemblance :i* has be5 s deceptive 9 mod]n times1--a simil>ity dep5d5t ^u t /iffness ( ar*aic /atues common to e primitive art1 & to ! att5uation & union ( ! extremities1 :i* result$ f ! economy ( mat]ial & labor natural to bo? c\ntries4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,greek sculpture1 c]ta9 difficulties ( execution 7 avoid$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,egypt1 & ! mat]ial ( ! c>v$ figures1 :e!r wood or /one1 0 met$ out z scantily z possible1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 directly dep5d5t ^u ! ,egyptian works :i* 7 influ5c$ by l consid]ations4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! relations betwe5 ,we/]n ,asiatic art & ! e>ly sculpture ( ,greece4 ,! prec$+ section has made x evid5t t ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ionic /yle 7 develop$ f ?is root1 & ! influ5ce ( ,asiatic motives 0 z m>k$ 9 reg>d to ! sculpture z to ! ar*itecture ( ,hellas4 ,! fully p]fect$ fl[]1 h[ev]1 b little betrays an ,ori5tal d]ivation 9 ei!r prov9ce4 ,! art ( ,asia ,m9or & ( ,syria _h tak5 an ess5tially diff]5t />t+-po9t f t ( ,egypt--"o m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,greek po9t ( view4 ,in/ead ( =mulat+ ! human figure by a fix$ canon aft] ! mann] ( ! ,egyptians1 x look$ to nature itself1 ) a decid$ reali/ic t5d5cy4 ,b 9 its lat] developm5t1 z already %[n1 ,mesopotamian art w5t z mu* too f> beyond reality z t ( ,egypt _h rema9$ beh9d x2 & ! self-suffici5cy ( ! ,ea/]n despotisms result$ 9 t utt] /&/ill :i* *eck$ ! life ( art 9 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 & ,phnicia4 ,! acquir$ =ms1 z ^u ! ,nile1 /iff5$ into conv5tional types1 ) ! diff]5ce t ^? ( ,egypt took m ! "* ( a writt5 *ronicle1 ^? ( ,mesopotamia & its dep5d5cies m t ( ornam5t4 ,hell5ic g5ius c\ld only rema9 ^u su* a l[ level dur+ its immaturity2 !re are1 !re=e1 almo/ no traces ( direct ,asiatic influ5ce evid5t 9 ! sculptures ( ,greece aft] ! mo/ primitive p]iod1 al?\gh 9 ?is x is unmi/akable4 ,we may call ?is p]iod ( developm5t ! h]oic age1 & und]/& by x ! epo* f ! e>lie/ times to ! fir/ ,olympiad1 #ggf ,b4,c4 ,ev5 ! native leg5ds conc]n+ ! beg9n+ ( ,greek art po9t t[>ds ! ,ea/4 ,! my?ical f\nd]s ( monum5tal build+s1 ! ,cyclops1 to :om 7 ascrib$ ! olde/ /one sculptures1 l ^? ^u ! ,lions' ,gate ( ,myk51 came f ,lycia4 ,! ,dactyl appe> 9 gr\ps ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,phrygia & ,crete (t5 be>+ names *>act]i/ic ( _! significance z cunn+ artisans--,kelmis1 ,damnam5eus1 & ,acmon 7hamm]1 tongs1 & anvil72 :ile ! ,tel*9--,*ryson1 ,argyron1 & ,*alkon 7work]s 9 gold1 silv]1 & copp]7--inhabit$ ,rhodes4 ,! p]sonification ( v>i\s metal-work]s 9 ^! my?ical guilds is unequivocal1 & ! attribut$ locality ( _! dwell+s has a correspond+ mean+1 po9t+ to ! coa/s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e ! process ( ov]lay+ wood5 c>v+s ) beat5 metal 0 pr$om9ant1 z 9 ,phnicia & ! int]m$iate isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,?is empai/ic "w1 ( plates %ap$ ^u a model by hamm] & pun*1 presupposes ! c>v+ ( ! model itself1 )\t :i* ! creation ( ! sphyrelaton 0 obvi\sly impossible4 ,! gold ov]lay+ ( ,solomon's ,temple 0 =m$ ^u reliefs c>v$ 9 c$>-wood1 & 01 p]haps1 beat5 ov] !m3 be=e ! discov]y ( bronze-ca/+1 we may conclude ?is also to h be5 ! case ) works ( /atu>y 9 ! r\nd4 ,! art ( sculpture 9 wood seems to h be5 native among ! e>ly ,greeks2 c>v$ idols1 xoana1 soon appe>+ z sub/itutes = ^? /ones & trunks ( trees 7,paus4 vii4 #bb71 :i*1 provid$ at times ) ! attributes ( trid5t1 caduceus1 lance1 or sceptre1 7 at fir/ wor%ipp$ z div9e symbols4 ,^! 7 frequ5tly s old t no acc\nt c\ld be giv5 ( _! orig91 & !y 7 consequ5tly said to h fall5 f ! skies4 ,x is difficult adequately to conceive ! rud5ess ( ^! mo/ anci5t xoana4 ,! arms 7 n at all sep>at$ f ! body1 & 7 indicat$ only 9 z f> z 0 necess>y to atta* to !m *>act]i/ic attributes1 l ! g>m5t & sp9dle 9 "o h&1 & ! lance 9 ! o!r1 ( ! ,trojan ,a!ne describ$ by ,hom]4 ,! sacr$ figure 0 frequ5tly q cov]$ ) real doll-l clo?+1 z is ! ,virg9 or ! ,bamb9o 9 _m mod]n places ( pilgrimage provid$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! difficulty ( repres5t+ ! hair ( ^! puppets appe>s1 f ! lat] treatm5t ( ! heads 9 m>ble1 z se5 9 ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 to h be5 evad$ by ! use ( a woolly cov]+ l a wig4 ,! want ( def9ition 9 ! faces is evid5t f ! /atem5t t "s xoana _h clos$ eyes4 ,?is is n to be expla9$ by ! pi\s leg5ds ( antiquity t ! image _h refus$ to look ^u "s de$ ( sacrilege1--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! rape ( ,cass&ra1--b by ! fact t ! eye 0 indicat$ only by a horizontal pa9t$ l9e4 ,x 0 f su* rude figures t ,daidalos advanc$4 ,x 0 n only said t he 0 ! inv5tor ( v>i\s in/rum5ts = wood-work+1 su* z ! axe1 saw1 aug]1 & plummet2 b c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! %ap+ ( ! /atues 7 also ascrib$ to him1 su* z ! op5+--t is to say1 ! =mation--( ! eye1 & ! sep>at+ ( feet1 z if 9 ! act ( /epp+4 ,! progress _c1 9 fact1 h be5 great4 ,! traditional acc\nt t ! images _h to be b\nd aft] ! free+ ( _! legs1 to prev5t _! runn+ away1 mu/ n lead u to imag9e an ideal p]fection1 or1 inde$1 any /rik+ resemblance to life4 ,! classical au?orities :o knew ! works attribut$ to ,daidalos say1 inde$1 t !y 7 8wond]ful to look ^u10 & t 8! ma/] w\ld h made himself ridicul\s by su* works 9 our day40 ,! p]sonality ( ,daidalos is h>dly bett] assur$ ?an t ( ! my?ical work]s 9 metal1 ! ,dactyl & ,tel*92 ! "n itself1 signify+ ! cunn+ workman1 is no?+ else ?an a p]sonification ( arti/ic skill1 a collective t]m = all primitive skill & activity 9 wood-c>v+4 ,z ?is _h develop$ f h&iwork1 ! leg5d calls ! fa!r ( ,daidalos1 ,palamaon1 ! contriv]1 or ,eupalamos1 ! skilful artisan4 ,! travels :i* ,daidalos is said to h made f ,a!ns to ,crete1 ,sicily1 ,!bes1 ,pisa1 ,egypt1 etc41 m]ely result f ! appe>ance ( s-call$ ,daidalian works 9 ^? places4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 ^! images 7 already reg>d$ z ( great age2 s t ! p]iod ( ! beg9n+ ( ,greek sculpture mu/ be at lea/ z remote z ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "o /atue directly m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad1 ! sitt+ ,a!ne at ,troy1 ^u ^: knees ! ,trojan wom5 laid a g>m5t1 appe>$ to ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic epics to be a "w 9 ! mann] ( ,daidalos4 ,if ano!r passage 7,iliad1 i4 #ad7 may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to an image ( ,apollo1 ?is mu/1 l ! ,a!ne1 h be5 at lea/ p>tially cov]$ ) real clo?+4 ,su* figures 7 also ov]laid ) metal2 x is n to be d\bt$ t ! gold & silv] dogs1 & ! y\?ful tor*-be>]s ( gold1 9 ! ,palace ( ,alk9oos 7 c>v$ models ( wood cov]$ ) beat5 plate4 ,! empai/ic process1 native to ,phncian c\ntries1 0 e>ly imitat$ 9 h]oic ,greece4 ,?\gh ! isl& ( ! ,phacians 0 idealiz$ by ! fancy ( ! poet1 he yet _c be suppos$ to h inv5t$ new te*nical processes 9 an acc\nt :i* 0 to be g5]ally intelligible4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t sculptural art _h no great range dur+ ! h]oic ages2 p]haps ! works ov]laid ) beat5 metal1 :i* 7 kn[n to ,hom]1 may h be5 ! results ( an accid5tal & sup]ficial k ga9$ by int]c\rse ) ! ,ori5tal peoples inhabit+ ! coa/s ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--;,cov] ( ,dodwell's ,vase1 9 ,muni*4 ,full size4 ,! manufacture ( furniture & small] decorative objects 0 probably m important4 ,hom] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! la!2 :ile relief-c>v+ 9 wood1 & inlay+ ( metal1 ivory1 & amb]1 7 e>ly practis$4 ,! latt] process c also be ref]r$ to ,phnician influ5ce1 9 consid]ation bo? ( ! mat]ials employ$ & ( hi/orical analogy4 ,ev5 k+s busi$ !mselves ) su* h&iwork1 z ! build+ ( 8 nuptial c\* by ,odysseus proves2 & royal ladies1 su* z ,p5elope1 ,&roma*e1 & ,hel51 embroid]$ & wove elaborate textures4 ,pr(essional workm5 are also m5tion$3 ,icmalios 0 ! mak] ( ,p5elope's seat2 & "s productions ( ?is nature1 l ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 7 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/orical ages ( ,greece4 ,sculptur$ ut5sils ( metal1 vessels1 tripods1 & weapons1 are p>ticul>ly & di/9ctly describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic epics4 ,! j>s & vases describ$ z 8emboss$ ) fl[]s0 may be imag9$ z decorat$ ) wrea?s1 l ^? f\nd 9 ,assyria & on ,cyprus1 & z simil> to ! e>ly ,italian bronzes4 ,cups ) knobs 7,iliad1 xi4 #fcc7 7 discov]$ 9 ! excavations at ,n9eveh2 conv5tionaliz$ animals1 s]p5ts & birds 7,iliad1 xi4 #ag & #fcd2 ,odyssey1 xi4 #faj1 & xix4 #bbg71 are to be f\nd ^u _m primitive vases1 & may be suppos$ to h exi/$ z h&les to vessels z well z ^u clasps1 sword-belts1 & armor4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,asiatic d]ivation ( ! bronze-works kn[n 9 prehi/oric ,greece are giv5 by ,hom]1 :o m5tions crat]s f ,sidon & a ,cyprian coat ( mail4 ,! %ields 7 especially ri*1 be+ =m$ by sev]al ?9 plates ( metal secur$ "o ov] ! o!r2 e disk 0 ( great] circumf]5ce ?an t above x1 only a n>r[ conc5tric rim ( ea* ?us rema9+ visible4 ,! inn] circle alone ^u ! comp>atively simple %ield ( ,agamemnon 7,iliad1 xi4 #cb7 0 ornam5t$ ) sculpture1 9 ?is case a ,gorgoneion1 ! out] edges be+ provid$ ) t5 knobs ( t92 ^u ! h&le 0 a ?ree-head$ dragon4 ,! %ield ( ,a*illes 7,iliad1 xviii4 #dfh7 0 wond]fully elaborate1 &1 z ! "w ( ,hephai/os1 probably exce$$ by f> ! ord9>y ornam5tation ( h]oic arms2 b x does n1 on ?is acc\nt1 give less reliable in=mation conc]n+ ! g5]al =m & nature ( prehi/oric armor4 ,five lay]s ( metal 7 sup]impos$1--two ( bronze1 two ( t91 p]haps alt]nat+1 t 9 ! c5tre be+ ( gold2 f\r r+s 7 ?us =m$ ar\nd ! inn] circle1 ea* cov]$ ) ri* sculptural decoration4 ,symbols ( e>?1 sea1 & sky1 ) ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 7 )9 ! gold5 disk4 ,^u "o side ( ! fir/ conc5tric b& 0 %[n a city 9 "t ( peace1 ) a w$d+ procession & a c\rt ( ju/ice2 ^u ! o!r a besieg$ city1 ) a sally ( ! def5d]s & a g5]al engagem5t4 ,^u ! second r+ 7 ! f\r seasons1 indicat$ by pl\gh+1 h>ve/+1 ! v9tage1 & by a h]d ( peacefully graz+ cattle attack$ by lions4 ,a h>ve/ dance ( y\?s & maid5s1 be=e :om 0 a s+] ) a h>p1 decorat$ ! ?ird r+2 :ile ! f\r? & out]mo/1 probably n>r[] ?an ! o!rs1 0 ornam5t$ by waves repres5t+ ! sea1 :i*1 accord+ to ! conception ( ! anci5ts1 surr\nd$ ! circul> l& ( ! e>?4 ,! figures 7 cut f ?9 %eets ( diff]5t metals1 & 7 rivet$ to ! gr\nd2 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ^! 7 fir/ beat5 to a relief1 or 7 left flat1 giv+ ! effect ( a silh\ette4 ,! metals 7 naturally *os5 ( colors diff]5t f t ( ! b& to :i* !y 7 affix$1 & ! treatm5t1 9 pr9ciple1 ?us some:at approa*$ ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! gr\nd & ! v9ey>ds1 9 ! pictures ( ! seasons1 7 ( gold1 yet 8! grapes %one blacki%20 ! poles appe> to h be5 ( silv]1 ! tr5*es ( iron1 & ! h$ges ( t91 :ile ^u ! danc]s 8hung gold5 dagg]s ^u silv] /raps40 ,su* empai/ic "w mu/ h be5 m closely relat$ to surfaces ( inlaid metal ^u wood5 =ms ?an to ! /atuesque ,phnician sphyrelaton4 ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ! %ield ( ,a*illes %\ld be consid]$ n f a te*nical1 b f an arti/ic1 po9t ( view4 ,! vivid description is1 ( c\rse1 due altoge!r to poetical lic5se2 b we may well believe t subjects l ! h>ve/ dances1 fe/ive processions1 w>like sc5es1 symbols ( ! seasons1 etc41 may h be5 attempt$ ^u ut5sils & weapons1 ?\gh 9 a m simple & decorative mann]1 _! object n be+ an arti/ic sett+-=? ( details1 b an intelligible indication ( ! :ole4 ,) :at limit$ means ?is is possible is prov$ by ,egyptian coilanaglyphics1 ,assyrian reliefs1 & ! pa9t+s ^u ,greek vases ( ! mo/ primitive /yle4 7,fig4 #ahg47 ,! arti/ ( ! h]oic age cut 8 figures f ?9 %eets ( metal1 j z *ildr5 snip pap]1 & set !m toge!r ^u ! backgr\nd1 fill+ up ! int]v5+ spaces z be/ he might ) ornam5ts & names4 ,direct ,ori5tal models 7 h>dly ne$$ = ?is2 b x is probable t1 z 9 ! sphyrelaton1 ! influ5ce ( ,asia ,m9or 0 felt3 ! conv5tional "* ( ! types pa9t$ ^u ! olde/ ,greek vases be>s di/9ct evid5ce ( a ,phnician impulse4 ,!re 0 little t 0 arti/ic 9 ! details ( su* e>ly decorations1 b all ! m 9 ! conception z a :ole3 ! mann] ( expression 0 weak1 b ! ?\ght 0 admirable4 ,figures appe> ^u ,assyrian sculptures1 s simil> to ^? describ$ by ! poet t by _! help "o might almo/ recon/ruct ! ,hom]ic %ield2 9 ,mesopotamia1 h[ev]1 ! repres5tations lack$ unity 9 ! fundam5tal conception1 !y 7 n well gr\p$ 9 ! giv5 space1 & appe>1 z ,brunn says1 l a *ronicle writt5 9 figures :5 comp>$ ) su* a poem z ! arti/ic compositions1 made up1 p]haps1 ( ! same elem5ts1 describ$ by ,hom]4 ,! pseudo-,hesiodic %ield ( ,h]acles resembl$ t ( ,a*illes1 ! *ief diff]5ce 9 outw>d =m be+ t ! ?ree inn] ( ! five circul> lay]s 7 bord]$ ^u ! out] edges by n>r[ r+s ( /eel4 ,! middle plate 0 decorat$ ) ! head ( ,phoibos1 encircl$ by twelve s]p5ts l a ,gorgon4 ,! next b& display$ a w>like sc5e & "o ( peace3 ! combat ( ! ,lapi? & ,c5taurs 9 "o half1 & ,apollo among ! ,muses 9 ! o!r4 ,! ?ird _h a l contra/ betwe5 a besieg$ & a peaceful city1 simil> 9 composition to ^? ^u ! %ield ( ,a*illes2 :ile ! f\r? 0 also a repres5tation ( ! seasons1 *iefly di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,hom] by ! sub/itution ( a h>e-hunt z ! symbol ( w9t]4 ,! reliefs ^u ! f\r n>r[ /eel r+s mu/ h diff]$ 9 action f ! l>g] gr\ps2 9 ! latt] ! radial l9es ( ! upright figures prevail$1 9 ! =m] a contr>y movem5t 0 pr$om9ant4 ,on ! inn]mo/ /eel r+ bo>s & lions mov$ conc5trically ar\nd ! %ield2 ^u ! next foll[+ 0 an arm ( ! sea1 ov] :i* flew ,p]seus1 pursu$ by ! ,gorgons4 ,! ?ird 0 a *>iot-race at full spe$2 & ^u ! out] rim 7 conv5tionaliz$ waves1 ) fi%es & swans1 =m+ an ornam5tal b& simil> to ! bord] ( ! ,hom]ic %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,relief f ! ,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk54 ,our k ( ! sculptural activity ( ,greece 9 ! h]oic ages has1 up to ! mo/ rec5t times1 be5 d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! poets1 ^: idealiz$ descriptions are support$1 9 reg>d to =m1 only by ! analogy ( ,assyrian reliefs & ! pa9t+s ^u ar*aic vases4 ,works ( a primitive p]iod h1 inde$1 n be5 entirely want+2 b x be+ impossible to date !m1 !y l5d no aid to an hi/orical consid]ation4 ,! d]ivation & age ( only two are assur$1 & ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( "o ( ^!--! ,niobe ^u ,mt4 ,sipylos1 ne> ,magnesia1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad1 xxiv4 #fac--;are entirely oblit]at$4 ,x is s rudely execut$1 or s wea!r-beat51 t ev5 9 antiquity x appe>$ to ,pausanias1 ev5 :5 se5 f ! imm$iate vic9ity1 z b a %apeless rock1 9 :i* ! human figure 0 sc>cely to be recogniz$1 :ile1 at a di/ance1 x resembl$ a woman b[$ d[n ) grief & weep+4 ,! acc\nt has be5 v]ifi$ 9 rec5t times by ! discov]y ( a rock-cut relief ( ?ree times ! size ( life1 s dis9tegrat$ t satisfactory draw+s ( its human =ms c\ld n be made4 ,?is r5d]s ! o!r pre-,hom]ic monum5t1 ! mo/ anci5t kn[n sculpture ( ,greece & ( ,europe1 all ! m important--namely1 ! relief ov] ! gate ( ,myk51 call$ by ! poet t ( ! ,lions--! *ief portal ( ! =tress ( ! ,atrid1 ! witness ( ! dep>ture ( ,agamemnon = ! ,trojan w>1 & ( ! d[nfall ( 8 h\se on 8 return4 7,figs4 #ahh & #abf47 ,! /ructure has be5 already describ$ f an ar*itectural po9t ( view4 ,! relief ^u ! slab :i* closes ! triangle above ! l9tel repres5ts two lions /&+ upright ^u ei!r side ( a column2 _! heads1 turn$ outw>d1 7 sep>ate pieces1 fa/5$ ) d[els to ! backgr\nd1 & h disappe>$4 ,! designation ( ^! animals ne$ n be deem$ errone\s because !y h no manes4 ,pausanias speaks ( !m z lions 7?\gh ?is 9 itself may n be ( great weight71 & 9 ! ,phnician examples ( beat5 metal-"w1 z 9 ! ar*aic pa9t+s ^u ,greek vases1 ! indication ( hair is always want+4 ,! ,asiatic influ5ce :i*1 9 ar*itectural respects1 _h made itself felt ^u ! ,?olos ( ,atreus1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ "h also2 ?us alone is x possible to acc\nt = a peculi> modell+ ( ! =ms1 entirely =eign to sculpture 9 /one4 ,! resemblance ( ^! lions to ! animal figures ( ,assyria is readily recognizable2 x is ! same resemblance z t :i* ! art indu/ry ( ! ,syrian coa/s %[$ to t ( ,mesopotamia4 ,! ,phnician tradespeople1 !mselves skill$ 9 _m novel te*nical processes1 =m$ ! m$ium betwe5 ! cultur$ c\ntries ^u ! ,tigris & ! gean ,sea4 ,! ,lycian ,cyclops _h also borr[$ f ^! neighbors1 & to !m 0 traditionally attribut$ ?is wond]ful /one c>v+ at ,myk51 a "w :i*1 f all appe>ance1 0 an isolat$ attempt4 ,su* sculptures c\ld n become national & native s long z ! requirem5ts ( ! h]oic ,greeks 7 satisfi$ ) ! m]e decoration ( useful objects4 ,! impulse t[>ds monum5tal art seems fir/ to h be5 awak5$ ) ! introduction ( ! column> temple4 ,s*liemann's excavations ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,myk5 9 #ahgf h br\ght to light "s few works ( sculpture :i* des]ve to be consid]$4 ,prom95t among !m are ! memorial /ones1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,!y are rem>kable = a nave primitiv5ess ( conception & ! desire to display ! subject *os5 z di/9ctly z possible4 ,a vigor\s action & a c]ta9 obs]vation ( nature are n lack+1 ?\gh ! =ms are incorrect1 bo? 9 g5]al effect & 9 detail4 ,! simil>ity ( ^! works to ,asiatic sculptures is m>k$2 b no trace ( ,egyptian influ5ce is to be recogniz$ 9 ! att5uat$ figures4 ,! same d]ivation is evid5t 9 ! spiral ornam5ts1 :i* closely resemble ^? ^u ! faade ( ! ,?olos ( ,atreus1 & ^u ,phnician & ,cyprian rema9s4 ,all ! reliefs imply models ( beat5 metal1 & l5d fur!r support to ! hypo!sis :i* connects ! h]oic age ( ,greece ) ! civilization ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,phnician trad]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--,/eles f ! ,acropolis ( ,myk54 ,! gold5 masks f\nd 9 ! graves are n less int]e/+1 :e!r ! assignm5t ( ^! to ! ,hom]ic wor?ies--,agamemnon1 ,eurym$on1 etc4--be accept$ or n4 7,fig4 #aij47 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t !y are memorials ( ! h]oic age1 & ! great quantities ( gold f\nd 9 ! sepul*res make x probable t !y app]ta9$ to a royal race1 & 7 buri$ at a "t :5 ! prosp]ity ( ,myk5 0 great & its p[] ext5sive4 ,! masks1 l ! grave-/ones1 are =m$ ) ! helpless realism peculi> to ! art ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & entirely =eign to t ( ,egypt4 ,x is easy to believe t !y 7 import$ directly f ,phnicia4 ,?is mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 ! case ) ! beautifully execut$ ornam5ts ( gold--disks1 diadems1 />s1 etc4--! beat5 workman%ip ( :i* is ( a p]fection only possible to tra9$ & practis$ manufactur]s4 ,! spirals & o!r l9e> designs are execut$ ) exce$+ accuracy1 by peculi> in/rum5ts4 ,_! motives are tak5 f ! animal & vegetable _w1 f cuttle-fi%es1 butt]flies1 & v>i\s =ms ( leaves & fl[]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! p]=at$ cyl9d]s1 cut1 l gems1 9 intaglio1 ) sc5es ( w> & hunt+1 7 introduc$ directly f ,asia2 !y are /rik+ly simil> to ! roll+ seals ( c>nelian & agate f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,a small model ( a temple is peculi>ly ,phnician1 l t repeat$ ^u ,paphian co9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,gold5 ,mask f ,myk54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,f ! ,vase ( ,clitias & ,ergotimos4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two hi/orical c5turies1 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( reckon+ "t by ,olympiads1 ! direction ( activity 9 art appe>s to h *ang$ b little4 ,sculpture1 repres5t$ by guilds1 or families1 ( h&icraftsm5 9 ,a!ns1 ,argos1 & ,sikyon1 rema9$ little else ?an decoration1 ?\gh1 at lea/ 9 ! selection ( subjects1 x op5$ = itself new fields4 ,9 ! h]oic ages ! sc5es 7 limit$ to ! mo/ imm$iate realities2 b1 aft] ! ,hom]ic epics _h become ! prop]ty ( ! nation1 ! picturesque treasures ( _m leg5ds became available4 ,arct9os ( ,miletos1 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 &1 some:at lat]1 ,les*es ( ,lesbos1 cont9u+ ! ,iliad1 sang ( ! d[nfall ( ,troy4 ,/asimos ( ,cyprus *ose prec$+ ev5ts z 8 !me2 :ile ! my?s ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 ( ! ,titanoma*ia1 & ( ! exploits ( ,h]acles & ,!seus f\nd simil> epic illu/ration4 ,^! poems n only provid$ ! subjects = sculpture1 b describ$ !m ) pla/ic vividness4 ,?is is %[n by ! two *ief works ( ?is p]iod1--! ,*e/ ( ,kypselos & ! ,?rone ( ,apollo at ,amycl4 ,! fir/ 0 an oblong %r9e ( c$>-wood1 :i* ,kypselos1 tyrant ( ,cor9?1 consecrat$ 9 ! ,h]aion ( ,olympia1 9 memory ( 8 pres]vation z a *ild1 :51 hidd5 9 a fruit-box1 he _h escap$ f ! p]secution ( ! ,bac*iad4 ,?is *e/1 ei!r ^u ?ree sides--! f\r? /&+ aga9/ ! wall--or ^u ! long front side alone1 0 ornam5t$ ) c>v+s1 9 five b&s1 "o ov] ! o!r1 probably ( unequal height4 ,! reliefs1 p>tly inlaid ) ivory & gold1 mu/ h be5 ( a workman%ip simil> to t cu/om>y 9 ! h]oic ages4 ,! uncommonly ri* & v>i$ repres5tations1 almo/ exclusively my?ological & h]oic1 7 tak5 f ! be=e-m5tion$ cyclic poems 7,pausanias1 v4 #ag to #ai74 ,! figures appe> to h some:at resembl$ 9 /yle ^? ^u ! ,vase ( ,clitias & ,ergotimos 9 ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #aia71 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its b&$ arrangem5t & ! simil>ity ( its my?ical subject1 des]ves1 r ?an ! cov] ( ,dodwell's vase giv5 above 7,fig4 #ahg71 to be comp>$ to ! ,*e/ ( ,kypselos4 ,! ,?rone ( ,apollo at ,amycl1 ne> ,sp>ta1 has be5 connect$ ) ! "n ( "o ( ! olde/ arti/s kn[n1 ,ba?ycles ( ,magnesia1 :o liv$ half a c5tury lat] ?an ! mak] ( ! ,*e/ ( ,kypselos4 ,?is ?rone also has be5 m9utely describ$ by ,pausanias 7iii4 #ah to #ai74 ,9 reg>d to its sculptur$ decoration1 8 acc\nt ( its con/ruction is un9telligible2 x is only cle> t ! framework 0 colossal1 & t ! anci5t doll-l image /ood )9 x1 )\t any seat4 ,n less ?an =ty-"o sc5es1 besides ! l>g] compositions ^u ! p$e/al ( ! /atue1 cov]$ ! out] & inn] sides ( ! ?rone ) c>v+s 9 l[-relief1 simil> 9 /yle to ^? ( ! ,*e/ ( ,kypselos4 ,^u ! legs 9 full1 or at lea/ 9 ?ree-qu>t]1 relief 7 figures ( ! ,graces1 ! ,h\rs1 ,tritons1 etc42 ^u ! back 7 portraits ( ! ma/] & ( 8 ,magnesian assi/ants1 besides sph9xes1 pan!rs1 & lions4 ,^! works 7 /ill *iefly ( a decorative "*4 ,monum5tal sculpture _h n yet fre$ itself f ! trammels ( inadequately develop$ te*nical processes4 ,s long z ! artisan _h no *oice o!r ?an ! sphyrelaton & ! xoanon1 a mat]ial f\ndation 0 want+ = ! developm5t ( an indep5d5tly arti/ic sculpture4 ,ev5 :5 isolat$ works ( a high] ord] 7 attempt$1 z 9 ! colossal ,zeus1 ( beat5 gold-plate ov] a wood5 =m1 d$icat$ 9 ,olympia by ,kypselos or 8 son ,p]i&]1 !y c be consid]$1 l ! o!r sphyrelata ( ?is & ( ! h]oic age1 only z figures ( great mat]ial value b ( little arti/ic importance4 ,want ( skill 9 execution favor$ t cl++ to old honor$ types ( devotional figures inh]5t 9 ! nature ( all religions4 ,^! influ5ces /ood 9 su* close1 int]*angeable relations t x is impossible to say :e!r1 9 ! prov9ce ( sculptur$ images1 ! sl[ness ( progress %\ld be plac$ m to ! acc\nt ( religi\s prejudices & ! difficulties ?r[n 9 ! way ( all *ange by hi]atic in/itutions1 or ( ! te*nical limitations ( doll-l xoana & sphyrelata4 ,new me*anical acquirem5ts 7 ne$$ = ! fur!rance ( ! art4 ,?ree great discov]ies1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ! ext5d$ application ( kn[n processes1 date f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c43 ! ca/+ ( bronze1 ! sculpture ( m>ble1 & *ryselephant9e "w 7! inlay+ ( gold & ivory ^u a wood5 k]nel74 ,ea* ( ^! _h its gradual developm5t1 at lea/ ! fir/ & ! la/ be+ fur!r$ by auxili>y inv5tions4 ,x 0 indisp5sable = ! ca/+ ( bronze t modell+ 9 clay %\ld h atta9$ a c]ta9 p]fection4 ,! "n ( ! ,sikyonian pott] ,b\tades is connect$ ) ! introduction ( ?is bran* ( art2 x appe>s to h be5 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 t he ornam5t$ ! acrot]ia & antefixes ( ! temple ro(1 fir/ ) l[-relief 7pro/ypon7 & !n ) high-relief 7ectypon74 ,he also left a portrait panel 9 t]ra-cotta1 %[n 9 ! ,nymphaion ( ,cor9? until ! de/ruction ( t city z ! fir/ "w ( its k9d4 ,9 connection ) x 0 told ! pleas+ anecdote t ! daught] ( ,b\tades1 9 tak+ leave ( h] lov]1 sket*$ 8 %ad[ ^u ! wall ) *>coal1 ! fa!r aft]w>ds fill+ out ! outl9e ) clay & burn+ ! relief ?us produc$4 ,nei!r ( ^! acc\nts are ( great direct value1 b t a pott] c\ld a*ieve a la/+ reputation z an arti/ may p]haps %[ t modell+ 9 clay _h already made ess5tial progress1 & ?us prep>$ ! way = brass-f\nd+1 :i* requires an orig9al & m\ld ( ?is m pla/ic mat]ial4 ,! discov]y ( sold]+ 0 also n )\t significance2 x =m$1 9 metal "w1 a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! rivet+ ( ! sphyrelaton & ca/+1 ev5 indisp5sable to l>g] /atues ( ! latt] process1 :i*1 at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+1 7 execut$ 9 pieces4 ,sold]+ seems fir/ to h be5 employ$ ^u iron4 ,glaucos ( ,*ios atta9$ great results by ?is means1 & attract$ g5]al att5tion to x 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,8 iron crat]-/&1 d$icat$ at ,delphi by ,alyattes1 0 an elaborate "w1 ornam5t$ ^u ! legs & clasps ) sculptur$ animals & plants4 ,! way 0 ?us prep>$ = monum5tal bronze-f\nd+1 :i* 0 n1 inde$1 discov]$ by ! ,samians ,rhoicos & ,!odoros1 ! sons ( ,phileas & ,telecles1 to :om x 0 attribut$ by antiquity1--=1 z has be5 se51 x 0 practis$ by ! ,phnicians1--b 0 by !m fir/ introduc$ into ,greek art4 ,! dates assign$ to _! epo* v>y f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c42 b x is ! m reasonable to place !m1 ) ,brunn1 at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 )\t suppos+ t !re 7 two ma/]s by ! "n ( ,!odoros1 a fa!r & a son4 ,! innovation probably began ) ! solid ca/+ ( small] works1 b :e!r ,rhoicos & ,!odoros 7 limit$ to ?is is at lea/ d\btful4 ,economy ( mat]ial & ! less5+ ( weight 9 figures ( great dim5sions mu/ soon h l$ to holl[ ca/+ ^u a fire-pro( k]nel2 x is possible t x 0 ?is v progress t made ! two arti/s celebrat$ z discov]]s4 ,! developm5t ( _! te*nical improvem5ts seems at fir/ to h impair$ ! arti/ic aspects ( ! works2 ,pausanias says ( a female /atue by ,rhoicos1 probably 9 ! ,temple ( ,artemis at ,ephesos1 t x 0 ev5 m ar*aic & rude ?an a figure ( ,a!ne 9 ,amphissa :i* 0 !re held to be ,trojan4 ,t ! two ,samians also practis$ 9 beat5 metal "w is cle> f ! colossal silv] mix+-vessel1 conta9+ six hundr$ amphoras 7ab\t #bjj1jjj litres71 execut$ by ,!odoros & d$icat$ at ,delphi by ,crsus1 f a gold5 v9e ) grapes ( m\nt$ jewels1 & a gold5 plane-tree 9 ! possession ( ! ,p]sian k+s2 ! latt] works rem9d u ( examples ( simil> workman%ip 9 ! ,assyrian palaces1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* has be5 prov$ by ! fragm5ts ( palms 9 gold-plate1 lately f\nd by ,place ^u a portal 9 ! palace ( ,s>gon1 at ,corsabad4 ,if ,!odoros work$ ?us ext5sively 9 ! preci\s metals1 x is n surpris+ t he produc$ su* small toreutic objects z ^? indicat$ by ! leg5d ( ! r+ ( ,polycrates1 ascrib$ to him1 & ! fabul\s portrait /atue ( a man1 ) a quadriga 9 8 h& :i* a fly might h cov]$ ) its w+s4 ,a /ill m brilliant future 0 op5 to ! second innovation1 t ( sculpture 9 m>ble4 ,*ios 0 ! bir?place ( ,hell5ic m>ble /atu>y1 z ,samos _h be5 ( bronze-ca/+4 ,co>se /one _h be5 employ$ f ! e>lie/ times1 9 isolat$ in/ances l ! relief ov] ! ,gate ( ! ,lions at ,myk51 = figures & = small images2 & ! introduction ( m>ble /atu>y 0 old] ?an bronze-f\nd+1 = ,melas1 ance/or ( a long race ( sculptors 9 ,*ios1 liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,( ,melas himself & 8 son ,mickiades little except ! names are kn[n2 an arti/ ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 ,a*]mos1 c\ld v5ture to repres5t a w+$ ,victory1 yet ev5 he 0 surpass$ by 8 sons ,b\palos & ,a!nis4 ,x is evid5t1 f sev]al notices1 t m>ble sculpture fl\ri%$ greatly "u ^! latt]1 :o1 liv+ ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 _h become v p>ticul> 9 ! *oice ( mat]ial--us+ only ! f9e-gra9$ & transluc5t ,p>ian ly*nites4 ,no "o v5tur+ to dispute _! prec$5ce1 !y c\ld place ^u _! sculptures1 exhibit$ 9 ,delos1 ! self-consci\s inscription3 8,*ios is celebrat$1 n alone = its v9ey>ds1 b = ! works ( ! sons ( ,a*]mos40 ,num]\s works by !m are m5tion$ by anci5t visitors1 be+ collect$ 9 lat] times by pr9cely dilettanti4 ,augu/us employ$ su* sculptures ^u ! ext]ior ( _m ( 8 build+s1 notably 9 ! gable ( ! ,palat9e temple ( ,apollo2 he _h an especial &1 z x appe>s1 a n ill-f\nd$ lik+ = !m1 & ^! works c\ld n h be5 a disfigurem5t1 ev5 to ! univ]sal magnific5ce ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,an explanation ( ?is m>k$ advance at s e>ly a date is giv5 by ?is v fancy ( ,augu/us3 ! works ?us ar*itecturally utiliz$ c\ld n h be5 devotional images ( ! deities2 !y mu/ h be5 decorative sculptures4 ,! =m] class1 f reasons already t\*$ ^u1 7 h9d]$ 9 arti/ic progress2 ! latt] be+ beyond ! jurisdiction ( hi]atic in/itutions1 develop$ untrammell$4 ,x 0 only 9 ornam5tal figures t ! assidu\s & tal5t$ sculptors ( e>ly times f\nd free scope1 & x 0 =tunate t ! dem& = ^! ar*itectural & decorative works mu/ naturally h be5 great] ?an = ! m r>e devotional images1 :i* 7 pi\sly transf]r$ f ! old] sanctu>ies to ! new build+s :i* took _! place4 ,! gable gr\ps ( g9a %[ h[ unequally art advanc$ 9 ^! diff]5t & di/9ct fields4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ,b\palos & ,a!nis1 art began to fl\ri% 9 o!r places ?an ,*ios4 ,fir/ 9 ,sikyon1 ) ! two ,cretans ,dipo9os & ,skyllis1 :o may h be5 ev5 old] ?an ! la/ ,*ian ma/]s4 ,!y 7 call$1 x seems1 to ,sikyon1 & !re *iefly employ$ _! en]gies 9 f\nd+ a s*ool1 *ang+ at times ! site ( _! labors to ,argos1 ,cleon1 & ,ambrakia4 ,l ! ma/]s ( ,*ios1 !y *iefly employ$ ! m>ble ( ,p>os1 & x appe>s1 f ! acc\nts ( a gr\p repres5t+ ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,a!ne1 & ,h]acles1 t !y too s\ght _! fame less 9 devotional images = ! int]ior ( temples ?an 9 monum5tal compositions = ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,al?\gh ^! ,cretan sculptors1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 acquir$ great celebrity 9 m>ble work+1 !y are m important z ! f\nd]s ( ! ?ird among ! /atuesque arts above m5tion$--t process ( gold & ivory ov]lay+ :i* culm9at$ 9 ! greate/ ma/]pieces ( ,pheidias4 ,x seems to h orig9at$ f ! native xoana ( e>ly times1 by transf]r+ ! inlaid decoration obs]v$ ^u ! furniture ( ! h]oic ages to sculpture 9 ! r\nd4 ,x develop$ 9 pla9ly di/+ui%able /ages4 ,dipo9os & ,skyllis /ill only 9 "p cov]$ ! c>v$ core ( wood1 & re/rict$ ?is ov]lay+ to ivory4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! acc\nts ( a gr\p ( ! m\nt$ ,dioscuri1 ) _! mi/resses ,hilasia & ,phbe1 & _! sons ,anaxis & ,mnas9os1 9 ! ,temple ( ! ,isius at ,argos1 :i* 0 cut out ( common wood & ebony1 ! =m] be+ cov]$ ) ivory4 ,/atues 7 made by ,hegylos & 8 son ,!ocles1 s*ol>s ( ,dipo9os & ,skyllis1 = ! treasure-h\se ( ! ,epidamnians 9 ,olympia1 :i* repres5t$ ,h]acles ) ! ,nymphs ( ! ,hesp]ides1 & ,atlas be>+ ! heav5ly globe2 ,pausanias describes ?is "w z cut f c$>-wood1 & ! s]p5t & ! tree ) ! gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides mu/ c]ta9ly h requir$ ! inlay+ ( gold1 if n ( ivory4 ,! au?or p>ticul>ly m5tions ! employm5t ( gold ^u ano!r gr\p3 ! /ruggle ( ,h]acles ) ,a*eloos = ,deianeira1 ! "w ( ,donycleidas & ,dontas ( ,lac$monia1 also s*ol>s ( ! ,cretan ma/]s4 ,! p]fection ( ! *ryselephant9e process seems e>ly to h be5 obta9$1 ! wood1 be=e 9 great "p visible1 0 by ! latt] arti/s us$ only z a k]nel1 be+ completely cov]$ ) ivory & gold4 ,?is 01 at lea/1 ! case ) ! ,!mis ( ,donycleidas 9 ! ,temple ( ,h]a at ,olympia4 ,t ,pausanias consid]s ^! /atues extremely ar*aic mu/ be und]/ood z a relative judgm5t2 x is to be borne 9 m9d t works by :i* a new process is introduc$ are always ( a primitive & imp]fect appe>ance1 if n arti/ically backw>d4 ,a sphyrelaton ( beat5 copp]-plates rivet$ toge!r 0 /ill possible to ?is s*ool1 = a figure ( ,a!ne ,*alkioicos at ,sp>ta 0 ! "w ( ,cle>*os ( ,rhegion1 a memb] ( ?is guild4 ,! sphyrelaton 01 inde$1 ne>ly relat$ to *ryselephant9e "w :i* 0 virtually a comb9ation ( ! sphyrelaton ) ! anci5t xoanon4 ,! g9etan ,smilis1 ( ?is gr\p ( s*ol>s1 0 celebrat$ z ! fir/ great arti/ ( 8 isl&4 ,8 connection ) ! ,cretans is m c]ta9 ?an ) ! lat] sculptors ( g9a2 if he %\ld prove to be old] ?an ! native ,sikyonian ma/]s1 z has rec5tly be5 ass]t$1 ?is w\ld add ano!r site to ! primitive s*ools ( ,greek art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,metope ,relief f ! ,middle ,temple ( ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,! hi/ory ( sculpture1 drawn f ! rem>ks ( anci5t writ]s1 w\ld be> only ^u ! developm5t ( ^! te*nical processes1 & w\ld give b little in=mation conc]n+ ! /yle ( ?is p]iod1 if x 7 n possible to comp>e _! acc\nts ) sev]al anci5t monum5ts :i* by great good-=tune h be5 pres]v$ to our own "t4 ,b x is necess>y "h n to ov]look "o po9t :i* is frequ5tly lo/ sight ( altoge!r--namely1 ! local diff]5ces betray$ by works ( "o or ! same epo*4 ,examples ( ar*aic /one sculpture are pres5t$ by ,european ,greece1 by ! ,hell5ic colonies ( ! ,ea/ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & by ^? ( ! ,we/ 9 ,sicily1 :i* %[ ! two latt] prov9ces to h foll[$ a some:at diff]5t c\rse ( arti/ic developm5t1 & ev5 ! works ( ! ,peloponnesos e>ly to h betray$ consid]able v>iations1 9 conception & 9 pr9ciple1 f ^? ( ! m nor!rn tracts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,among ! prov9cial monum5ts1 ! fir/ to be not$1 because ! olde/ kn[n1 are ! metope reliefs ^u ! middle temple ( ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s 9 ,sicily4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ ab\t #fbh ,b4,c41 &1 ?\gh ?is temple may n h be5 ! fir/ built 9 ! new colony1 x mu/ be consid]$ z dat+ at lea/ f ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury4 ,among num]\s fragm5ts ( ! metope sculptures two tablets h be5 pres]v$ almo/ un9jur$ :i* are ( ! greate/ value f ! pla9ness ) :i* !y express bo? ! arti/ic advance & ! imp]fections ( ?is e>ly age4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to see 9 !m repres5tatives ( ! sculptural /yle ( ,greece prop]1 = !y betray 9 _m respects ! peculi> influ5ces ( ,sicilian ,doric4 ,9 z f> z ! arti/ic und]/&+ ( ! works p]mitt$1 !y ev9ce a fre% & s\nd naturalism1 & a c>eful obs]vation ( ! liv+ model4 ,b ?is did n ext5d beyond ! m indep5d5t memb]s2 :ile arms & legs1 h&s & feet1 are relatively excell5t1 ! body & head are disagreeably heavy1 rude1 & ill-proportion$4 ,?is contra/ is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 t ( ! two reliefs :i* repres5t ,h]acles c>ry+ ^u 8 b[ ! two ,k]copes4 ,! m successful modell+ ( ! details ( ! limbs %[s x to h be5 ! "w ( an abl] arti/ ?an ! o!r 7,fig4 #aib71 :]e ,p]seus1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a!ne1 cuts (f ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! deity1 ) nave helplessness1 turns h] "r foot sideways1 ?\gh o!rwise fac+ entirely t[>ds ! front2 ! insuffici5t dep? r5d]$ x impossible o!rwise to give ! foot its full l5g?1 & ! arti/ 0 p]haps )held f a m correct =m by an unconsci\s dep5d5ce ^u ! m famili> /yle ( l[ relief4 ,! left leg ( ! ,m$usa appe>s1 on acc\nt ( ! conf9+ frame1 too %ort by half1 & ! little ,pegasos /&s ^u long1 kang>oo-l h9d] legs1 9 ord] t ! body may come )9 rea* ( ! arm ( ,m$usa4 ,yet ! weakness ( ! transition f ! front view ( ! upp] body to ! pr(ile ( ! legs is less /rik+ ?an 9 ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian sculptures1 & bo? ,p]seus & ,h]acles are :olly free f t typical petrifaction :i* *>act]iz$ ! art ( ! ,nile & ( ! ,tigris4 ,9 spite ( ! fir/ impression made by ! mon/r\s & disproportion$ figures1 ^! works h1 ) all _! imp]fections1 ! peculi> *>m ( e>ne/ ef=t1 :i* is ! gu>antee ( ultimate success4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,/atues f ,miletos4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,hell5ic sculptures ( ,asia ,m9or d n %[ ! same self-reliance & direct /udy ( nature4 ,!re ! influ5ce ( ,mesopotamia1 ,phnicia1 ,cyprus1 & ev5 ( ,egypt 0 s /rongly felt t art c\ld n rema9 :olly free f canonical t5d5cies1 & did n develop simply & directly f natural models4 ,! sitt+ colossal /atues :i* flank$ ! sacr$ way f ! port ( ,panormos to ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymaios ne> ,miletos1 &1 accord+ to ! *>act]s ( ! inscriptions1 date f ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 %[ ! naturali/ic elem5ts ( ,greek "w 9 ! treatm5t ( ! bodies1 & especially 9 ! g>m5ts1 ) _! scanty b correct folds2 ?\gh x is n to be d5i$ t ! arrangem5t 9 r[s l ! av5ues ( sph9xes1 & ! en?ron$1 ,memnon-l position ( ! prie/s & prie/esses betray rem9isc5ces ( ,egyptian conceptions1--:ile ! fulness ( ! bodies & ! te*nical details ( ! seats are m simil> to ! traditional =ms ( ,assyria & ,phnicia4 ,! ,asiatic influ5ce is /ill m evid5t 9 ! epi/yle & metope reliefs ( ! rem>kable ,doric temple at ,assos1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre2 ?\gh ! rud5ess ( _! =ms may be 9 "p ow+ to ! loss ( ! /ucco coat+ ) :i* ! co>se & excessively h>d /one 0 d\btless ov]lay$ & 9 :i* _m ( ! f9] details may h be5 execut$4 ,a simil>ity to ! beat5 "w ( metal plate peculi> to ,phnicia is easily recognizable1 & reliefs analog\s 9 /yle1 & ev5 9 subject1 to ! sculptures ( ,assos are (f]$ by ! ,etruscan bronze-"w ( a *>iot f\nd 9 ,p]ugia1 n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,glypto!k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,apollo ( ,!ra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,ar*aic ,relief f ,sp>ta4 ,a numb] ( sculptures f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,european ,greece are :olly diff]5t f ^! prov9cial works4 ,*ief among !m are entirely nude y\?ful figures /&+ 9 a /iff position1 ! arms hang+ close to ! body1 & ! legs sep>at$--! left be+ g5]ally a little advanc$2 ! head1 ) rec$+ br[1 is slightly incl9$1 & looks directly =w>d2 ! eyes are l>ge & protrud+2 ! smil+ m\? drawn outw>d at ! corn]s2 :ile ! wig-l hair falls l[ ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,!y are commonly designat$ z /atues ( ,apollo1 al?\gh ! want ( all attributes1 su* z 7 s univ]sally employ$ by primitive art = ! figures ( deities1 & :i* 7 s necess>y = _! *>act]ization1 makes ?is m ?an unc]ta94 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 a ,delian /atue ( ,apollo1 ! "w ( ,tectaios & ,angelion1 tea*]s ( ! g9etan ,callon1 & consequ5tly ( ?is p]iod1 %[$ ! god ) out/ret*$ h&s2 a position :i* 0 typical 9 e>ly antiquity1 & seems long to h be5 reta9$1 z 9 ! ,milesian ,apollo ( ,cana*os1 & ! small bronze figure 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! supposition appe>s plausible t ^! figures are ^? ( victors 9 ! national games ( ,greece2 su* votive (f]+s are kn[n to h be5 c>v$ ( wood 9 ! e>lie/ times1 b1 aft] #efj ,b4,c41 !y appe> to h be5 ( /one1 l t ( ,arrha*ion 9 ,phigalia1 describ$ by ,pausanias 7viii4 #dj74 ,! ,apollo ( ,!ra1 n[ 9 ,a!ns 7,fig4 #aid71 is "o ( ! m anci5t ( ^! works2 ! s(t & yet n voluptu\s =ms ( ! body1 ! beauty ( outl9e1 unit$ ) an evid5t unc]ta9ty1 d n d5ote a lat] phase ( arti/ic developm5t ?an ! h>d %>pness & /rict conv5tionalism ( ! great] numb] ( ar*aic /atues4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is discipl9e is %[n by ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 n[ at ,muni*1 9 :i* !re is b little grace & arti/ic beauty1 b all ! m an e>ne/ /riv+ aft] close correctness ( modell+1 :i* is m successfully atta9$ 9 ! limbs ?an 9 ! trunk4 ,( ?is epo*1 & simil> 9 /yle1 ?\gh approa*+ m ne>ly to ! ,apollo ( ,!ra1 are ! m>ble /atues ( ,or*om5os1 pres]v$ only to ! knees1 & ! torsos ( ,meg>a & ,naxos1 n[ 9 ,a!ns4 ,! m anci5t sculptures f\nd 9 ,greece prop] are less antique 9 /yle ?an ! sculptures & reliefs already m5tion$1 ) ! exception ( "s m>ble /eles f ,sp>ta1 ! mo/ important ( :i* repres5ts ^u ! "o side ! meet+ ( ,ore/es & ,iphig5ia1 ^u ! o!r ! murd] ( ,clytaimne/ra 7,fig4 #aie74 ,! rude1 %ort figures are some:at simil> to ^? 9 ! metopes ( ! middle temple ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,sel9\s4 ,?is excessive heav9ess & awkw>dness appe>s almo/ entirely ov]come 9 ! /ele ( ,ari/ion1 f\nd 9 nor!rn ,attica1 & n[ 9 ,a!ns4 ,! l[ relief 7,fig4 #aif71 designat$ z ! "w ( ,ari/ocles1 repres5ts a man arm$ z a hoplite1 & is simil>1 9 _m important respects1 to ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 ?\gh a decid$ advance beyond t "w4 ,! ,attic relief ( a woman m\nt+ a *>iot1 not)/&+ a primitive h>%ness ( =m1 %[s1 9 ! graceful drap]y1 ! incl9ation ( ! head & ! position ( ! arms1 z well z 9 ! great] c]ta9ty ( ! draw+1 qualities :i* _c be ascrib$ exclusively to ! sup]ior p]ception ( ! inhabitants ( ,attica1 b mu/ be due1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to a lat] & m advanc$ /age ( developm5t4 ,) ^! works may be comp>$ ! s-call$ ,leuco!a relief 9 ! ,villa ,albani1 :i* does n1 inde$1 equal !m 9 composition1 b is sup]ior 9 grace ( be>+ & beauty ( detail4 ,ano!r sculpture repres5ts ! br++ ( a *ild to a female figure seat$ ^u a ?rone1 p]haps ! dead "m1 & is simil> 9 subject to ! celebrat$ reliefs ( ! ,monum5t ( ! ,h>pies at ,xan?os1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! ,h>pies be> *ildr5 or s\ls to ! deities ( ! l[] _w4 ,! =m]1 by great] fulness & s(tness1 z also by less cle>ness & und]/&+ 9 ! g5]al treatm5t1 seems to prec$e ! latt] 9 po9t ( "t1 dat+ f ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,milesian colossal figures & ! ,attic reliefs describ$1 t is to say1 f #ebj to #ejj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--,/ele ( ,ari/ion1 by ,ari/ocles4 ,! old] metopes ( ,sel9\s1 ! /atues ( ,miletos1 ! reliefs ( ,assos1 & ev5 ! s-call$ figures ( ,apollo f ,!ra1 ,naxos1 ,or*om5os1 & ,t5ea1 betray great loos5ess & unc]ta9ty ( =m2 l ! productions ( e p]iod ( exp]im5t1 !y give no evid5ce ( sy/ematical & accept$ pr9ciples--! canonical e/abli%m5t ( a c]ta9 degree ( p]fection4 ,9 ! subsequ5t p]iod !re 01 9 v>i\s cities1 an e>ne/ endeavor to make an end to ?is want ( tra9+ by ?or\gh & academic discipl9e4 ,^! ef=ts c\ld n1 9 ,greece1 result 9 t typical lifelessness1 t faulty execution & mann]ism1 univ]sal 9 ,egypt & ! despotic l&s ( ! ,ea/1 :i* op]at$ aga9/ all direct /udy ( nature2 b1 by ! comb9ation ( individual obs]vations & improvem5ts1 !y increas$ & purifi$ ! arti/ic appreciation1 no long] re/rict+ x to details1 to ! p>tial1 b direct+ x to ! complete4 ,a!ns 0 mo/ active 9 ?is advance1 z is evid5t f sev]al anci5t works closely relat$ to t ( ! woman m\nt+ ! *>iot4 ,! progress is illu/rat$ by ! /atue ( ,a!ne f\nd ^u ! nor!rn side ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,a /rict treatm5t ( details1 l ! aigis1 ! folds ( ! g>m5ts1 ! hair1 etc41 is unit$ to a consid]able und]/&+ ( ! =ms ( ! body & ! functions ( ! limbs1 :i* are %>ply & p]haps a little h>dly modell$2 :ile ! "w has 9 great measure fre$ itself f ! exactions ( conv5tional symmetry1 s m>k$ly exemplifi$ by ! sitt+ /atues ( ,miletos & ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea4 ,! figure ( ,h]mes be>+ a calf1 f\nd 9 ,a!ns1 is a some:at simil> "w2 its head & hair are h>d ev5 to ugl9ess1 b decid$ ability is %[n 9 ! =mation ( ! back & hams1 & 9 ! tru? to nature ( ! calf1 held by ! legs & press$ close to ! neck4 ,! progress is n less pla9 9 ! bronze /atuette ( ,apollo 9 ! ,l\vre1 ne>ly "o met] high1 ) ! ,greek inscription 8to ,a!ne f ! ti!s20 provid$1 inde$1 t ! p]iod ( its orig9 is c]ta91 & ! "w does n belong to ! ext5sive gr\p ( ar*ai/ic imitations4 ,! reliefs f ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury are simil> 9 "*4 ,t ^u a m>ble f\nta9-drum f ,cor9? repres5ts ! meet+ ( ,h]acles & ,hebe2 x /ill pres]ves ! silh\ette-l outl9e1 ! small p>allel folds & g5]al ornam5tal /yle ( ! drap]y1 & ! /epp+ ( bo? feet flatly ^u ! soles2 :ile ! uns*ool$ endeavor & evid5t emb>rassm5t ( ! arti/ does n give an unpleas+ expression ( awkw>dness to ! figures1 :i* h a c]ta9 dignity & grace1 especially rem>kable 9 ! g>m5ts & 9 ! action ( ! extremities4 ,"h is atta9$ at la/ t /rict & complet$ /yle :i* has ca/ (f all loose unc]ta9ty1 & has adopt$ a conv5tional =m = accessories 9 ord] to secure ! h>moni\s execution ( ! :ole4 ,?is is also noticeable ^u a relief discov]$ 9 ,?asos1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) ! be=e-m5tion$ ,cor9?ian relief1 & ) ! monum5t ( ! ,h>pies1 displays ! influ5ce ( ! neighbor+ coa/s ( nor!rn ,asia ,m9or1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 picturesqu5ess ( conception peculi> to nor!rn ,greece4 ,a beautiful /ele1 f\nd 9 ,or*om5os1 ! "w ( ,alx5or1 an arti/ f ,naxos1 in/ead ( giv+ to ! portrait figure ! /iff position ( p>ade1 =m]ly univ]sal1 repres5ts x ) cross$ legs1 lazily lean+ ^u a gn>l$ /ick4 ,! ar*aic meagr5ess is1 h[ev]1 /ill to be se5 9 ! =m ( ! h&1 & 9 ! folds ( ! cloak 7,fig4 #aig74 ,! /ele f ! ,borgia collection1 at pres5t 9 ,naples1 resembles x 9 g5]al /yle4 ,all ! m]its & defects ( ! p]iod are to be se5 also 9 a numb] ( t]ra-cotta reliefs f ,melos1 n to m5tion "s small figures 9 clay & bronze1 = ! mo/ "p sup]ficially execut$1 ! clums9ess ( :i* may be ascrib$ to ! mak]'s individual want ( ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,/ele by ,alx5or1 f\nd 9 ,or*om5os4 ,! gr[? ( art 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,sicily1 & ,l[] ,italy1 9 s f> z ^! l&s 7 ,hell5ic1 does n appe> to h kept equal pace ) t ( ,greece prop]2 yet ! int]c\rse1 dur+ ! la/ decades ( ! six? c5tury1 0 s active t !y c\ld n rema9 f> beh9d4 ,! mo/ rem>kable examples ( ! sculptures ( ?is class1 p]haps ( a little lat] date ?an ! ,attic works describ$1 are ! metope reliefs f ! ,middle ,temple ( ! ,ea/]n ,plateau at ,sel9\s1 repres5t+ ! gigantoma*ia1 z pres]v$ 9 scanty fragm5ts4 ,al?\gh ! crud5ess ( outl9e & modell+ 9 ! bodies ( ! fall5 giants 9 _m respects recalls ! old] metopes ( ! correspond+ temple ( ! acropolis1 ! drap]ies ( ! goddesses1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ a skill exce$+ 9 tru? & beauty _m ( ! ar*aic works ( ,greece itself4 ,! "o rema9+ head ( a giant1 w\nd$ & out/ret*$ 9 dea? 7,fig4 #aih71 %[s1 9 spite ( ! antique h>dness 9 ! =m ( ! face & treatm5t ( ! hair1 an expression :i* c\ld h result$ only f ! intellig5t /udy ( nature4 ,a relief f ,aricia1 n[ 9 ,palma1 ^u ! isl& ( ,mallorca1 repres5t+ ! murd] ( gi/hos by ,ore/es1 is kn[n only ?r\gh insuffici5t repres5tations2 x %[s weakness 9 composition & inequality 9 r5d]+1 ! g>m5ts be+ s5sibly inf]ior to ! treatm5t ( ! nude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--;,head f a ,metope ( ! ,middle ,temple ^u ! ,ea/]n ,plateau ( ,sel9\s4 ,be=e m5tion+ by "n ^? arti/s :o c>ri$ art beyond ?is /age ( developm5t1 ano!r class ( monum5ts1 num]ically v important1 %\ld be consid]$4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 all ages antiquity has _h a c]ta9 *>m1 ei!r z appe>+ /range & int]e/+ 9 comp>ison ) exi/+ circum/ances1 or f religi\s associations4 ,:5 a devotional figure1 ) :i* _m leg5ds h become associat$1 z is ! case to-day ) ! alt>-pieces ( our *ur*es1 0 p>ticul>ly rev]5c$ on acc\nt ( its antiquity1 !re 0 a desire to pres]ve its primitive type1 ev5 f recogniz$ improvem5ts4 ,h5ce arose an imitation ( ! orig9al "w1 call$ ar*ai/ic 9 contradi/9ction f ! ar*aic1 or really old4 ,?is imitative /yle became fa%ionable 9 lat] times2 :ile an amateur ) ! means ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us 0 able to acquire an orig9al ,b\palos or ,a!nis1 o!r lov]s ( ! antique 7 oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) copies1 or ) works conv5tionaliz$ aft] ! mann] ( ! e>ly ma/]s4 ,^! products are n always to be di/+ui%$ f ! truly ar*aic1 z is also ! case ) "s mod]n imitations2 b usually "s conv5tional1 te*nical1 or circum/antial ov]sight or ana*ronism furni%es an easy crit]ion4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 = example1 conc]n+ ! age ( a "w ( sculpture 9 :i* a ,roman ,cor9?ian temple /&s 9 ! backgr\nd1 z ^u a well-kn[n relief repres5t+ ,victory fill+ a cup = ,apollo ,ki?>oidos1 :o is foll[$ by ,artemis & ,leto4 ,9 o!r cases ! head1 h&s1 or feet1--! expression or ge/ure1--or ! /ep1 :i* 9 anci5t works *>act]i/ically re/s ^u bo? soles1--betray a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! h>d or regul> folds ( ! drap]y1 z is ! case ) ! ,artemis at ,naples4 7,fig4 #aii47 ,sometimes ! accessories are ( a lat] /yle1 z 9 ! t5 sc5es f ! ,gigantoma*ia ^u ! bord] ( ! g>m5t ( ,a!ne 9 ,dresd52 or1 f9ally1 ! drap]y ^u "o figure ( a gr\p is /rictly antique1 :ile t ( ! o!rs is free1 z ^u a tripod ( ! same museum1--n to m5tion o!r less important inconsi/5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,ar*ai/ic ,artemis f ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,c5tral ,figures ( ! ,we/]n ,gable1 ,temple ( ,a!ne ^u g9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton4 7,copies 9 ,naples47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,apollo aft] ,cana*os4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,an e/abli%$ conv5tionalism1--t cont5tm5t ) ! m]e h&iwork ( acquir$ =ms :i* exi/$ = c5turies 9 ! l&s ( ! ,nile & ,tigris1--0 n possible 9 ! e>ly art ( progressive ,greece4 ,^u ! f\ndation ( ! arti/ic ability already atta9$ at ?is p]iod1 v>i\s local s*ools & individual sculptors rose to a high] level1 & effect$ an advance1 p>tly by op5+ new *annels = ! arti/ic indu/ry ( all ,hellas1 p>tly by pursu+ pa?s :i* rema9$ peculi> to !mselves4 ,a!ns & g9a are especially prom95t 9 ?is activity2 b1 not)/&+ _m s*ol>ly rese>*es1 ! hi/ory ( art is n able to di/+ui% ) c]ta9ty betwe5 ! works ( ! two cities1 an ,attic example analog\s to ! *ief "w ( ! isl& be+ want+ = in/ructive comp>ison4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two may h be5 t ! =m] s*ool _h a less /rict & tra9$ execution ?an ! latt]1 ) m grace ( =m & nobility ( be>+4 ,callon & ,onatas 7 prom95t arti/s ( g9a1 ! latt] seem+ to h be5 ! m celebrat$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! h>dness ( _! "w1 bo? 7 consid]$ inf]ior to ,calamis4 ,onatas is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ f our k ( two ( 8 *ief sculptures--ext5sive d$icatory (f]+s to ,olympia & ,delphi1 "o ( :i* repres5t$ ! ,greeks be=e ,troy1 ca/+ lots to det]m9e ^u an oppon5t = ,hector1 & ! o!r ! combat ov] ! fall5 ,k+ ( ! ,tapygians1 ,opis4 ,! subjects ( ^! works1 especially ! latt]1 & ! peculi>ity emphasiz$ by ,pausanias t ! h]oes be=e ,troy 7 repres5t$ arm$ only ) helmet1 spe>1 & %ield1 probably to give scope = ! display ( ! arti/'s skill 9 ! treatm5t ( ! nude1 rem9d u ( ! two well-pres]v$ gr\ps f ! gables ( ! ,temple ( ,a!ne at g9a1 :i*1 9 po9t ( /yle1 mu/ h be5 closely alli$ to ^? ( ,onatas4 ,^! priceless m>bles 7 discov]$ 9 #ahaa1 & ! next ye>1 by a *a9 ( =tunate circum/ances1 came into ! possession ( ,l\is ,i41 !n ,cr[n-pr9ce ( ,bav>ia4 ,t5 ( ! rema9+ /atues belong to ! we/]n gable1 & five to ! ea/]n2 ! great] "p ( ! =m] gr\p is ?us pres]v$1 &1 z ! sc5es 9 bo? gables are almo/ entirely alike1 _! g5]al arrangem5t may be re/or$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,t ov] ! *ief front repres5ts ! /ruggle = a fall5 h]o1 probably ,oicles 9 ! conte/ ( ,h]acles & ! g9etan ,telamon ) ,laom$on ( ,troy4 ,9 ! re> tympanon ! sc5e is ! recov]y ( ! body ( ,a*illes or ( ,patroclos4 ,subjects s closely alli$ c\ld lead to no great diff]5ce ( composition1 at mo/ to su* slight v>iations z ! *>act]ization ( ,h]acles 9 ! fir/ gr\p or ( ,p>is 9 ! second1 if ?is latt] be consid]$ an episode 9 :i* t h]o took "p4 ,9 bo? gables ! fall5 w>rior lay at ! feet ( ! protect+ ,a!ne 7,fig4 #bjj71 :ile on ea* side1 symmetrically dispos$1 a combatant ( ei!r p>ty endeavors to seize ! body & drag x =? f ! fray4 ,above ^! /oop+ figures w>riors ?reat5 ea* o!r ) lances2 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r !re 7 two or f\r ( ^! actively engag$4 ,! latt] numb] has be5 rec5tly assum$ f num]\s fragm5t>y rema9s1 :i*1 if app]ta9+ to ! gr\p at all1 x is impossible o!rwise to locate2 ! refutation ( ?is !ory ( ,lange1 :i* has be5 attempt$ by ,julius1 does n t]m9ate ! vex$ "q4 ,^! w>riors 7 foll[$1 accord+ to ,brunn's arrangem5t1 by two kneel+ lance-be>]s1 p]haps protect+ ! two ar*]s 9 simil> position ) _! %ields4 ,"o ( ! ar*]s is %[n by a lea!rn cuirass & ! s-call$ ,phrygian cap to be an ,ori5tal1 p]haps ,p>is4 ,) ! exception ( ,h]acles 9 ! ea/]n gable1 :o is *>act]iz$ by 8 lion's sk91 none ( ! o!r combatants are p]sonally di/+ui%able4 ,! corn]s ( ! triangle are fill$ by two fall5 w>riors4 ,! :ole gr\p is ?us compos$ ) /rict ref]5ce to symmetrical correspond5ce1 & to ! conditions impos$ by ! gable2 all attempt to atta9 relative action & realism is ab&on$1 & ! impression ( a pantomime is inevitable4 ,! outl9es ( ! bodies1 _! position & action1 are correct ev5 to ! m9ute/ details1 & %[ a c]ta9ty ( =m & a te*nical p]fection1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( all support = ! bodies1 or = ! extreme ?9ness ( ! %ields1 is truly a/oni%+4 ,! figures ( ! ea/]n gable appe> p>ticul>ly p]fect1 & are app>5tly ! works ( lat] sculptors1 less limit$1 9 po9t ( /yle & arti/ic ability1 ?an ! ma/]1 or ma/]s1 ( ! we/]n gr\p4 ,if 9 ! latt]1 z be=e rem>k$1 x is natural to ?9k ( ,onatas1 ! =m] is correspond+ly attributable to ,calliteles1 ! son1 s*ol>1 & assi/ant ( ,onatas1 :o work$ 9 great measure l 8 fa!r1 b also "u ! progressive influ5ce ( a y\ng] g5]ation4 ,9 rem>kable contra/ to ! excell5t &1 9 =mal *>act]ization1 almo/ faultless1 anatomical treatm5t ( ! bodies1 two ?+s appe> p>ticul>ly important z indicat+ ! limits ( ! arti/ic ability ( ! "t--namely1 all ! heads & ! two /atues ( ! deity ,a!ne4 ,! =m] are )\t ideal beauty or expression1 = :i* ! sculptor evid5tly felt himself incapable4 ,he !re=e c>v$ ! features accord+ to a c]ta9 =mula1 & ! app>5t smile1 result+ f ! m\? be+ drawn outw>d & ! corn]s ( ! eyelids ext5d$1 is to be reg>d$ z a mean+less rem9isc5ce ( ! old] /yle4 ,! eyes are too protrud+ & ! *9 too po9t$ & small1 defects ( ! e>li] practice1 n z yet entirely ov]come4 ,! ,a!ne %[s h[ ob/9ately ! devotional images 7 d5i$ ! advances made 9 o!r sculptures1 s t ! traditional & hall[$ type might be pres]v$1 z mu* z possible1 f *ange4 ,:ile = ! o!r /atues ! arti/ _h be=e 8 eyes ! liv+ combatants ( ! palai/ra1 8 model = ?is 0 ! sacr$ image /&+ )9 ! temple4 ,! evid5t contra/ betwe5 ! /iff be>+ & ar*aic g>m5ts ( ! ,a!ne & ! re/ ( ! gr\p is ?us m naturally expla9$ ?an by ! view t1 9 ! arti/'s conception1 ! goddess did n ne$ any real action1 t a slight lift+ ( ! %ield1 z a div9e 8?us f> & no f>!r10 0 suffici5t to %[ h] sup]natural p[] & to protect ! fall54 ,! awkw>d turn ( ! feet1 :i* 0 ow+ less to ! limitations ( space ?an to ! rem9isc5ce ( an antique devotional image1 might ! m safely be v5tur$1 because x c\ld n be se5 at all f bel[4 ,t ! sculptor1 h[ev]1 9 8 lov+ devotion to 8 "w1 took small advantage ( ?is la/ consid]ation1 is cle> f ! fact t ! bodies are z c>efully f9i%$ ^u ! back z ^u ! front1 al?\gh "o half ( ?is labor c\ld nev] h be5 appreciat$ f ! fir/ in/allation ( ! figures until _! discov]y among ! ov]?r[n ru9s & _! reception 9 ! ,muni* ,glypto!k4 ,! effect ( ! :ole 0 ess5tially height5$ by ! bronze accessories1 su* z lances1 belts ) swords1 b[s1 arr[s1 a ,gorgoneion & s]p5ts ^u ! aigis ( ,a!ne1 etc42 & ev5 m by ! int5se r$1 blue1 & o!r colors ^u ! helmets & wav+ cre/s1 %ields1 & bord]s ( ! g>m5ts1 s&als1 & lea!r-"w1 z well z by ! t9t+ ( ! hair1 eyes1 & lips--all :i* pa9t+ 0 probably 9 /rict h>mony ) ! neighbor+ ar*itectural memb]s1 :i* 7 d\btless treat$ ) simil> pigm5ts4 ,( o!r /atues ( ar*aic /amp only "o has prov$ to be contemporane\s )1 & ( ! same s*ool z1 ! gable sculptures ( g9a--namely1 ! s-call$ ,/rang=d y\? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! "w is m closely alli$ to ! /atues ( ! we/]n ?an to ^? ( ! lat] ea/]n gable ( ! temple2 b1 not)/&+ a m>k$ simil>ity 9 ! treatm5t ( ! torso1 ! =mation ( ! features diff]s s di/9ctly t ! figure c h>dly be ascrib$ to ! same ma/]4 ,:5 ,pausanias says ( ,onatas t1 al?\gh belong+ to g9a1 he /ill does n rank him bel[ any contemporane\s sculptor ( ,attica1 ?is summ>y praise speaks less directly = ! individuality ( ,onatas ?an = ! decid$ relative position ( ! two s*ools4 ,x %[s t 9 g5]al ! /yle ( g9a 0 e/eem$ inf]ior4 ,x may be conclud$ t !re 7 at lea/ ?ree ,a!nian sculptors ( ?is "t :o surpass$ ! arti/s ( ! gable gr\ps ( ! temple ^u g9a1 namely1 ,hegias 7,hegesias71 ,critios1 & ,nesiotes1 n to m5tion ! some:at old] ,endoios1 ,ant5or1 & ,amphicrates4 ,lit]>y notices ( _! works d n convey any valuable in=mation2 b ,fri$ri*s has discov]$ 9 ! sculptures ( ! ,museum ( ,naples :i* hi!rto _h pass$ "u ! "n ( ! ,gladiators1 copies f "o ( ! be/ works ( ,critios & ,nesiotes4 7,fig4 #bja47 ,!y repres5t ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton1 ! assass9s ( ! tyrant ,hipp>*os1--a gr\p recogniz$ by an ,attic tetradra*m1 by ! relief ornam5t+ a m>ble seat at ,a!ns1 & by a weak] reproduction n[ 9 ! ,gi>d9o ,boboli at ,flor5ce4 ,z copies ( ?is k9d d n all[ def9ite conclusions conc]n+ ! /yle ( celebrat$ monum5ts1 we mu/ reg>d 9 !m only ! g5]al composition4 ,!y suffice1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! figures1 :i* are ( a free & bold action1 _c be ref]r$ to ! ,monum5t ( ,ant5or1 built z e>ly z #eji ,b4,c4 ,besides ! s*ools ( g9a & ,a!ns1 !re 7 at ?is p]iod sculptural work%ops ( good repute 9 ,sikyon1 ,argos1 ,cor9?1 & ,!bes4 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ! ,cretan ,daidalid ,dipo9os & ,skyllis1 ,sikyon 0 "o ( ! *ief cities ( arti/ic indu/ry2 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury two celebrat$ bro!rs1 ,cana*os & ,ari/ocles1 /ood at ! head ( a local s*ool :i* la/$ = sev5 g5]ations4 ,! *ief "w ( ,cana*os1 ! colossal ,apollo ( ! ,bran*id sanctu>y 9 ,miletos1 hold+ a movable1 probably automatic1 /ag 9 ! out/ret*$ "r h&1 is kn[n only by repres5tations ^u co9s1 & by a bronze /atuette 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #bjb72 ! latt] %[s t ! ma/] 0 b little remov$ f ! ar*aic h>dness ( e>li] times1 ?\gh endeavor+ to atta9 great] p[] & nobility ( =m1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! head & features4 ,ano!r colossal ,apollo by ,cana*os 9 ,!bes diff]$ f ! figure 9 ,miletos 9 be+ made ( wood4 ,! *ryselephant9e ,aphrodite 9 ,sikyon1 repres5t$ ) ! polos ^u ! head & ) poppy fl[] & apples 9 ! h&s1 mu/ h be5 p>ticul>ly ar*aic 9 conception4 ,two o!r works1 m remov$ f hi]atic influ5ces & limitations1 7 probably ( a less re/rict$ /yle2 namely1 ! ,muse ) ! ,syr9x1 execut$ ) two o!rs by ! ma/]'s bro!r1 ,ari/ocles1 & ! ,"y ,rac]s4 ,! s*ool ( ,argos is celebrat$ by "o great "n1 imm$iately connect$ ) ! highe/ developm5t ( art1 ,ageladas1 ! contempor>y ( ! ma/]s ( g9a1 ,a!ns1 & ,sikyon previ\sly m5tion$4 ,f ! sil5ce ( anci5t au?ors 9 reg>d to ?is ma/]'s /yle1 little in=mation c be giv5 conc]n+ x2 x is only kn[n t ! ,muse ) ! ,b>biton1 8 _m figures ( ,zeus & ,h]acles1 v>i\s /atues ( victors1 quadrigas1 & gr\ps ( votive (f]+s 9 ,delphi1 7 ( bronze4 ,ageladas 0 ! tea*] ( ?ree ( ! greate/ sculptors ( ,greece--,myron1 ,polycleitos1 & ,pheidias2 & he mu/1 if on ?is acc\nt alone1 be rank$ above 8 contempor>ies4 ,! hi/ory ( art w\ld receive b little fur!rance by a detail$ consid]ation ( ! o!r ,argive sculptors1 ,ari/om$on1 ,glaucos1 & ,dionysios2 ( ! ,cor9?ians1 ,diyllos1 ,amyclaios1 & ,*ionis2 ( ! ,!bans1 ,ari/om$os1 ,socrates1 & o!rs2 ( ,callon ( ,elis2 or ( ! ,sp>tan ,gitiades4 ,prom95t z ^! mu/ h be51 !y appe> r to h demon/rat$ ! vigor ( _! s*ools1 & ! influ5ce ( ^? ( g9a & ,a!ns1 ?an by individual gifts to h rais$ !mselves above ! academic art ( _! "t4 ,z ma/]s ( p]sonal importance1 9 :om ! progress made by _! own g5ius f> exce$$ _! e>ly tra9+1 may be m5tion$ ?ree y\ng] sculptors3 ,calamis1 probably ( ,a!ns2 ,py?agoras ( ,rhegion1 9 ,magna ,grcia2 & ,myron ( ,eleu!r1 on ! bord]s ( ,botia4 ,calamis work$ *iefly 9 devotional figures1 & 9 ^! c\ld n entirely ?r[ (f ! hi]atic limitations 9 reg>d to position & treatm5t ( details4 ,he 0 acc\nt$ some:at less h>d 9 /yle ?an ,cana*os or ,callon1 b inf]ior to ,myron 9 tru?fulness to nature4 ,?is ma/] seems to h made little advance 9 ! modell+ ( ! body z a :ole1 ?\gh ,lucian praises ! rhy?mical position ( ! feet & ! beauty ( ! jo9ts ( 8 ,sos&ra2 b 9 ! repres5tation ( ! head he succe$$ 9 mak+ decid$ progress :5 comp>$ ) ! arti/s ( ! gable gr\ps ( g9a4 ,9 ?is respect 8 ,alcm5e mu/ h be5 highly important2 b *ief among ! works ( ,calamis 0 ! ,sos&ra1 probably an ,aphrodite1 :i* became prov]bial on acc\nt ( its grace & beauty4 ,lucian1 :5 comp>+ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ examples among all ! works ( art to illu/rate p]fect beauty1 did ?is ) ! significant words1 8,calamis may ornam5t our ideal ) *a/e mode/y1 & its smile may be honorable & unconsci\s z t ( ,sos&ra40 ,9 view ( ?is judgm5t1 x is pla9 t ! /iff1 ugly heads ( ! g9etan m>bles are n to be imput$ to ! works ( ,calamis2 t ! graceful & beautiful =mation ( ! features 0 "o ( ! *ief improvem5ts effect$ by him4 ,! limitations ( 8 art are indicat$ by ano!r notice4 ,pl9y relates t ,calamis 0 unsurpass$ 9 8 repres5tations ( horses2 b ,praxiteles remov$ a *>iote] f "o ( ! old] quadrigas1 & creat$ ano!r 9 its place1 8t ! m5 ( ,calamis might n appe> inf]ior to 8 animals40 ,8 *>iote] mu/ consequ5tly h contra/$ unfavorably ) ! horses & di/urb$ ! h>mony ( ! :ole2 ?is ne$ by no means be consid]$ z contradictory to ! acc\nts ( ! beauty ( 8 devotional images1 = ! *>m+ grace :i* di/+ui%$ ! quiet figures ( deities & h]oes 0 to be ex*ang$ 9 ! *>iote] = an a?letic life1 correspond+1 9 position & action1 to ! excit+ situation1 & su* repres5tations evid5tly 7 beyond ! p[]s ( ! o!rwise able ma/]4 ,examples au!ntically ref]able to ,calamis d n exi/1 ?\gh ! /atue ( ,apollo ^u ! ,omphalos1 f\nd 9 ,a!ns1 %[s at once ! ar*aic limitations & ! advanc+ ma/]y :i* may be ascrib$ to ?is p]iod ( ,greek sculpture2 :ile ! s-call$ ,ve/a1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,torlonia1 may h pres]v$ rem9isc5ces ( ! ,sos&ra4 ,bo? ^! works are evid5tly ! products ( arti/s :o did n conceive ! gods z m]ely graceful & pleas+1 b z /rict & s]i\s be+s4 ,/atues ( ,apollo by ,calamis are kn[n to h be5 br\ght f ! ,k]ameicos 9 ,a!ns1 & f a city ^u ! %ores ( ! ,pontos1 to ! ,roman capitol2 b ?is c h>dly be adduc$ z an argum5t 9 favor ( ! au!nticity ( ! figure ^u ! ,omphalos4 ,to ^? v po9ts 9 :i* ,calamis fail$1 ! two o!r arti/s nam$ devot$ !mselves ) signal success4 ,! works ( ,py?agoras ( ,rhegion1 :o limit$ himself to bronze z a mat]ial1 :ile ,calamis work$ 9 m>ble1 gold1 & ivory1 betray no connection ) ^? ( ! latt] 9 reg>d to subjects1 = ! great] numb] 7 /atues ( victors & repres5tations ( h]oes 9 some:at g5re-l conception4 ,( ! =m]1 ,pausanias & ,pl9y praise ! ,en?ymos z "o ( ! mo/ excell5t among ! =e/ ( images d$icat$ at ,olympia2 ( ! latt]1 ! limp+ ,philoctetes 0 celebrat$ by _m epigrams1 z caus+ ! obs]v] to himself feel ! pa9 ( ! w\nd$ foot4 ,to atta9 su* an expression1 x is n suffici5t to *>act]ize ! suff]+ 9 ! affect$ limb alone1 b ! pa9 mu/ be evid5t 9 ! entire body1 9 be>+ z well z 9 /ep2 9 ! cont9u$ t5sion ( all ! muscles1 & 9 ! "o-sid$ /ra9 ^u ! s\nd leg4 ,! ,philoctetes illu/rates an o!rwise incompreh5sible acc\nt ( ! ma/]'s ability4 ,diog5es ( ,la]te says t ,py?agoras1 ( all sculptors1 fir/ reg>d$ rhy?m & symmetry4 ,?is unity ( motion or rhy?m1 ) ! equipoise or symmetry :i* alone l5ds a feel+ ( security & h>moni\s p]fection to ! diff]5t memb]s ( figures "u excitem5t1 is t :i* made ! "w s effective4 ,! same pr9ciples mu/ h di/+ui%$ ! /atues ( victors1 :i* 7 app>5tly int5d$ r z examples ( ! v>i\s modes ( combat1 or ! prep>ations !re=1 ?an z individual portraits4 ,! *ief m]it ( ?is ma/] appe>s1 accord+ to ?is1 to h consi/$ 9 ! organic tru?fulness to nature ( 8 figures1 & ?is is by no means contradict$ by ! r trivial judgm5t ( ,pl9y t ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ to indicate s9ews & ve9s1 & to m c>efully model ! hair2 = increas$ anatomical correctness came naturally ) ! organic action & realism ( ^! works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--,m>ble ,copy ( ! ,discos-?r[] by ,myron4 7,9 ! ,palazzo ,massimi alle ,colonne 9 ,rome47 ,9 ?is expression ( ! movem5t by e "p ( ! body ex]cis$1 ,py?agoras 0 /ill surpass$ by ,myron4 ,a f\nd] ( metal1 l ! =m]1 he acquir$ 8 fame *iefly z a mak] ( ! /atues ( victors1 al?\gh1 ) ackn[l$g$ v]satility1 he execut$ num]\s images ( deities & h]oes4 ,two ( ! fir/ 7 highly celebrat$--! ,runn] ,ladas & ! ,discos-?r[]2 bo? ( !m belong+ to t class ( works :i* illu/rat$ ! nature ( ! game itself4 ,= ,ladas 0 %[n at ! mom5t :51 aft] ov]/ra9$ ef=t1 he _h rea*$ ! goal1 & !re1 z victor1 _h fall5 dead3 accord+ to ! expression ( an epigram ^u ! "w1 x 0 z if ! la/ brea? f ! empty lungs 7 pass+ 8 lips4 ,= su* a creation ev5 ! mo/ p]fect position ( runn+1 & indication ( relative action 9 trunk & arms1 7 n suffici5t2 ! great po9t lay 9 ! pant+ brea/ & ! op5 m\? & no/rils3 ! la/ ef=t ( ! lungs mu/ h be5 wond]fully %[n4 ,ano!r epigram speaks ( ! 8brea!r10 n ( ! runn]1 ,ladas4 ,t ?is m>vell\s repres5tation ( conc5trat$ action 0 n to ! disadvantage ( ! out] memb]s is %[n by ! o!r victor be=e m5tion$1 ! discos-?r[]1 ! fame ( :i* is demon/rat$ n only by ! praise ( ,lucian1 b by ! num]\s copies made dur+ antiquity4 ,_m ( ! latt] h be5 pres]v$1 m>bles ( ! size ( ! orig9al1 & bronze /atuettes1 giv+ evid5ce ( ! fasc9at+ action 9 ! sw+ ( ! discos2 ! a?letic body ( ! y\? b5d+ =w>d to ga9 great] impetus2 ! toes ( "o foot cl++ to ! gr\nd1 ^? ( ! o!r slid along its surface2 & ev]y?+ prep>$ = ! fl+ :i* is in/antly to foll[4 ,& yet ! be/-pres]v$ copy1 t 9 ! ,palazzo ,massimi 7,fig4 #bjc71 mu/ c]ta9ly be 9 e respect inf]ior to ! orig9al4 ,a my?ological g5re-gr\p by ,myron appe>s f exi/+ copies to h be5 equally effective3 x illu/rat$ ! leg5d ( ! flute1 inv5t$ & ca/ away ) a curse by ,a!ne1 & f\nd by ! un=tunate ,m>syas4 ,/atues 9 ! ,lat]an & ,briti% ,museum %[ ! ,satyr />t+ back 9 surprise1 ! mom5t>y action ( desire & fe> be+ seiz$ & express$ ) z consummate ma/]y z 7 ! a?letic movem5ts ( ! runn] & ! discos-?r[]4 ,x 0 ?is same _s ( life t caus$ ,myron's c[ to be s celebrat$ 9 antiquity t no less ?an ?irty-six epigrams h be5 h&$ d[n conc]n+ x4 ,petronius1 9 prais+ ?is ma/]1 says t1 9 repres5t+ animals1 ,myron seem$ to enclose ! v brea? ( life 9 ! bronze2 & :5 ,pl9y says t he multipli$ nature1 he c h no o!r mean+ ?an t ! arti/ atta9$ s life-l an effect t 8 works appe>$ r to h gr[n ?an to h be5 an arti/ic creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--,/atuette ( ! ,a!ne ,p>!nos1 ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ( ,pheidias4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,fragm5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 imitat$ f ! ,%ield ( ! ,a!ne ,p>!nos4 ,! s*ools ( g9a1 ,a!ns1 ,sikyon1 ,argos1 ,rhegion1 & ! o!r cities :]e art _h *iefly c5tr$1 fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,p]sian w>s--t greate/ p]iod ( ,greece1 f #dij to #dej ,b4,c41 :5 ,myron1 ! s*ol> ( ,ageladas1 0 /ill "y4 ,! unequall$ gr&eur ( ?is age1 :i* result$ 9 ! spl5did culm9ation ( all ,hell5ic life1 mu/ h fur!r$ art1 all ! m z ! deva/ation ( ! w>1 & ! subsequ5t enri*m5t ( ! victors1 (f]$ full opportunity & means = monum5tal activity4 ,:at influ5ce ?is _h ^u ar*itectural indu/ry has be5 describ$ 9 a =ego+ section1 & x may be easily und]/ood t sculpture w5t h&-9-h& ) ?is2 ! l>g] temples ne$$ _! images ( ! gods1 _! gable gr\ps1 metope reliefs1 & friezes1 z also _! complem5t ( sculptural votive (f]+s1 prompt$ by ! gratitude ( ! victors4 ,a!ns1 m ?an any o!r place 9 ,greece1 f\nd occasion & means = ^! works1 hav+ be5 laid wa/e 9 #dhj & #dgi ,b4,c4 by ,x]xes & ,m>donios z no o!r l>ge city ( ,greece _h be54 ,by means ( ! taxes levi$ ^u ! conf$]at$ /ates aft] ! siege ( ,mycale1 its possessions 7 great] ?an ^? ( all ! o!r ,hell5ic republics toge!r4 ,a!ns !re=e saw ! mo/ p]fect fl[] ( ,grecian ar*itecture come =? f ! a%es ( ! ,p]sian cata/rophe1 & by its side appe>$ ! gr&e/ creations ( sculpture4 ,yet nei!r ( ^! arose l magic f ! wa/$ gr\nd2 x 0 necess>y t ! nation %\ld fir/ take brea?1 %\ld recov] f ! almo/ sup]natural ex]tions made dur+ ! w>1 & provide = def5ce & %elt] by ! build+ ( =tifications & dwell+s4 ,x 0 n until aft] ?is t !y c\ld devote !mselves to great monum5tal und]tak+s1 ! p]fect completion ( :i* requir$ m ?an "o g5]ation1 & sculptur$ ornam5tation 0 ?us /ill fur!r po/pon$4 ,! old] ma/]s hi!rto consid]$ _h little or no "p 9 ! *ief works ( ?is p]iod4 ,! m9d ( ,!mi/ocles 0 s practical1 & s mu* direct$ t[>ds =tifications1 t he c\ld h little ?\ght = occupy+ ! arti/s ) monum5tal sculpture4 ,8 successor1 ,kimon1 son ( ,miltiades1 began to build anew ! places ( wor%ip1 b did n g s f> z to in/itute sculptural ornam5t1 at lea/ 9 its *ief con/itu5t1 /atu>y4 ,?is fir/ rip5$ to p]fection 9 ! reign ( ,p]icles1 & a favorable fate orda9$ t1 j at ?is "t1 :5 x 0 ne$$ z nev] be=e1 a g5ius appe>$ "u ^: guidance ! mo/ complete developm5t 0 atta9$4 ,?is greate/ ( sculptors 0 ,pheidias1 ! son ( ,*>mides1 an ,a!nian by bir?4 ,:5 a boy ( t5 ye>s1 he _h se5 8 c\ntrym51 "u ,miltiades1 g =? to ,m>a?on1 &1 z a y\?1 _h %>$ 9 ! rejoic+ ov] ! glori\s victory ( ,salamis4 ,at t "t1 hav+ probably left ! s*ool ( ,hegias1 8 fir/ tea*]1 he turn$ t[>ds ,ageladas ! ,argive1 :o may h come to ,a!ns 9 ord] t1 9 ! rebuild+ ( ! city1 he might employ 8 art 9 works :i* h rema9$ unkn[n to u4 ,:5 ,p]icles ent]$ ^u 8 mu* celebrat$ presid5cy 7#ddd ,b4,c471 ,pheidias1 already advanc$ 9 ye>s1 enjoy$ a fame s great ?r\gh\t all ,greece t1 z soon z ,p]icles _h in/all$ him at ! head ( ! entire monum5tal "w ( ,a!ns1 arti/s ( di/+ui%$ rank plac$ !mselves1 )\t envy1 "u 8 lead4 ,) only ! scanty & scatt]$ lit]>y notices t we possess1 x is impossible1 f ! works ( ?is ma/]1 to illu/rate 8 life be=e ! "t ( ,p]icles1 ^! be+ n only imp]fectly kn[n1 b connect$ ) b few *ronological facts4 ,*ief among 8 productions is to be m5tion$ a gr\p 9 bronze consecrat$ at ,delphi by ! ,a!nians "u ,kimon1 f a ti! ( ! booty tak5 at ,m>a?on4 ,x repres5t$ ,miltiades betwe5 ,a!ne & ,apollo1 surr\nd$ by ! ance/ral h]oes ( ! t5 ,attic ,phyl4 ,9 arti/ic respects no?+ m is kn[n ( ?is ?an ( ! /atue ( a y\? cr[n+ himself ) ! victor's b& 9 ,olympia2 ( a w\nd$ ,amazon1 a "w prep>$ = a competition 9 :i* ,pheidias 0 surpass$ by ,polycleitos2 ( a m>ble ,h]mes 9 ,!bes2 or ( ?ree drap$ /atues ( ,aphrodite1 "o ( :i*1 t 9 ,elis1 0 *ryselephant9e1 ! o!r two hav+ be5 ( m>ble4 ,! arti/ employ$ 8 p[]s mo/ly 9 a high] prov9ce--9 figures ( ,a!ne & ( ,zeus4 ,six ( ! =m] are m or less kn[n2 ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ! bronze ,a!ne ( ,lemnos ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 s call$ because d$icat$ by ,attic coloni/s f t place1 & di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( 8! beautiful20 a second 0 ! colossal /atue1 likewise ( bronze1 /&+ betwe5 ! ,ere*!ion & ! ,propyla1 ^: helmet-cre/ & lance-po9t gleam$ above ! ro( ( ! ,p>!non1 tw5ty metres high1 & 0 visible at sea z f> z ! promontory ( ,sunion4 ,! %ield /&+ ^u ! gr\nd--& p]haps a lat] creation--0 ornam5t$ by ,mys1 aft] a design by ,p>rhasios1 ) an emboss$ c5tauroma*ia4 ,n to speak ( ! ,a!ne ,areia at ,plata1 a colossal wood5 figure ) g>m5ts ( gold1 ! nude p>ts be+ ( m>ble1 we come f9ally to ! incomp>able *ryselephant9e figure 9 ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 9 :i* ! type ( ,a!ne 0 =ev] firmly e/abli%$4 ,"s few acc\nts--a m>ble /atuette lately f\nd 9 ,a!ns 7,fig4 #bjd71 a mis]ably c>eless imitation2 & also a poor copy 9 m>ble ( ! %ield1 discov]$ soon aft]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #bje7--r5d] x possible to und]/& ! composition 9 its *ief outl9es4 ,/&+ erect1 ! head slightly incl9$ =w>d1 clo!d ) ! sleeveless *iton & ! gis1 ! helmet decorat$ ) ! sph9x1 %e support$ h] left arm ^u ! %ield1 at ! same "t hold+ ! lance1 :i* lean$ aga9/ h] %\ld] & bore ! s]p5t ( ,eri*?onios1 coil+ upw>d2 ! "r arm1 out/ret*$1 c>ri$ a figure ( ,victory1 two metres 9 height1 :i*1 turn$ t[>ds ! goddess1 (f]$ h] a wrea? ( gold4 ,! base ( ! /atue1 & ev5 ! rims ( ! ?ick-sol$ s&als1 7 ornam5t$ ) reliefs4 ,! gold5 %ield %[$1 )91 ! gigantoma*ia1 &1 )\t1 ! battle ( ! ,amazons1 conc]n+ :i* we h fur!r in=mation f ! discov]y above m5tion$4 ,! fatal portrait ( ! arti/ himself may be pla9ly recogniz$ 9 ! /rongly individualiz$ features ( a bald-head$ man ) ! battle-axe 9 8 uplift$ h&s1 prom95t because ( 8 almo/ entire nak$ness among ! completely equipp$ y\?s4 ,?is portrait caus$ ! m]ciless p]secution ( ! sculptor & 8 patrons2 aft] ! *>ge ( embezzl+ ! gold ^u ! g>m5ts ( ! ,a!ne _h be5 prov$ gr\ndless by ! removal & weigh+ ( ! metal1 ?is figure gave opportunity = compla9t ( sacrilege1 & ! arti/ 0 =c$ to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 a prison4 ,! ,a!ne ,p>!nos 0 surpass$ by ! colossal /atue ( ! ,panhell5ic ,zeus 9 ,olympia1 likewise *ryselephant9e1 :i* exhibit$ ! highe/ triumph ( ,pheidias4 ,! god1 ) a gre5 enamell$ olive-wrea? cr[n+ 8 gold5 locks1 & 9 g>m5ts brightly bord]$ ) gold1 0 seat$ ^u a magnific5t ?rone1 ! legs ( :i* 7 ornam5t$ ) figures ( ,victory 9 two r[s1 & ! arms ) sph9xes1 :ile ! back 0 t]m9at$ ) gr\ps ( ,hor & ,*>ites1 ! /eps1 cross-b>s1 %ea?+-bo>ds1 etc41 ( ! support be+ decorat$ ) _m o!r sculptures 9 ! r\nd & 9 relief4 ,9 8 "r h&1 turn+ t[>ds him1 0 a ,victory1 & 9 8 left a sceptre1 tipp$ ) ! eagle1 =m$ f a comb9ation ( _m metals4 ,?is figure 0 maje/ic1 ) an expression mild1 yet s p[]ful t a ge/ure w\ld seem suffici5t to make e>? & heav5 tremble4 ,! arti/ _h made ?is d\ble expression 8 aim1 guid$ 9 8 creation by ! l9es ( ,hom] :]e he portrays ! ,god ( gods nodd+ 9 ass5t to ,!tis1 :o begs = ! glorification ( h] son ,a*illes3 8,he said1 & nodd$ ) 8 %ad[y br[s1 ,wav'd on ?' immortal head ?' ambrosial locks1 ,& all ,olympos trembl$ at 8 nod40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--;,co9s ( ,elis4 ,"o ?ird enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,f ! ,ea/]n ,gable ( ! ,p>!non4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,f ! ,ea/]n ,gable ( ! ,p>!non4 ,aphrodite & ,pei?o4 ,t ,pheidias atta9$ 8 ideal 0 unanim\sly atte/$ by 8 own "t1 & by ! lat] _w s long z x _h opportunity to see ?is wond]ful production4 ,ev5 div9ity itself mu/ h approv$1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! beautiful leg5d1 z ! ma/]1 at ! p]fect+ ( 8 "w1 pray$ = a sign ( favor f heav51 a /roke ( lightn+ ent]$ ! temple & fell ^u ! floor 9 a spot :i* 0 m>k$ 9 lat] times z sacr$4 ,a feel+ p]vad$ all antiquity t ! ,olympian ,zeus ( ,pheidias 0 ! gr&e/ & mo/ div9e ( all works ( art1 :i* n to h se5 0 a mis=tune to be lam5t$1 & ! sight ( :i* lift$ f ! s\l its c>es & sorr[s4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( dwell+ ^u ! praises giv5 by ! anci5ts to ! details1 we %\ld seek r to und]/& ! pr9cipal traits :i* ju/ifi$ ?is op9ion1 & :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! ma/]4 ,! ar*aic con/ra9t preval5t 9 works ( ,ageladas & ,calamis _h be5 ov]come2 b ! comb9ation ( all previ\s results1 & a ne>ly absolute correctness ( =m1 unit$ to an ideal beauty q beyond any real exp]i5ce1 c\ld n h be5 ! *ief causes ( ?is admiration4 ,^! 71 inde$1 important1 especially 9 view ( ! enorm\s difficulties pres5t$ by ! *ryselephant9e process--9 ! work+ ( gold-plate2 9 ! prep>ation1 %av+1 & unit+ ( ! ivory1 s unpliant to ! *isel1 &1 f9ally1 9 secur+ x to ! wood5 =m4 ,b ! ess5tial & *>act]i/ic m]it lay 9 ! bodily inc>nation ( a gr& & truly godlike ideal1 employ+ ! human =m only z a ^w ?r\gh :i* ! elevat$ ?\ght f\nd expression4 ,! arti/ _h set be=e himself ! mo/ exalt$ aim--namely1 to pres5t to ! eyes ( ! _w ! highe/ conception ( div9ity z se5 9 ,a!ne1 ! goddess ( ! m9d1 & 9 ,zeus1 ! k+ ( gods4 ,h5ce ! l>ge numb] ( ,a!nes execut$ by ,pheidias1 & ! ,aphrodite ,urania1 ! great 8heav5ly0 goddess1 ! fem99e pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 h5ce1 also1 ! few] repres5tations ( mascul9e or h]oic =ms1 or ( subord9ate deities1 9 :i* ?is ma/] might be excell$--z by ,polycleitos 9 8 ,amazon--because !y did n accord ) 8 nature1 or conta9 )9 !mselves t ideal greatness :i* he wi%$ to unfold4 ,al?\gh ! two *ryselephant9e colossal /atues1 not)/&+ ! p]i%able nature ( _! con/ruction1 7 comp>atively long pres]v$--be+ 9 exi/5ce at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4--/ill1 !re are no copies :i* %[ m ?an _! g5]al composition4 ,! m>ble /atuette ( ,a!ne 7,fig4 #bjd7 has already be5 m5tion$2 9 reg>d to ! ,olympian ,zeus1 a copy ^u a co9 ( ,hadrian1 :i* %[s ! usual c>elessness & weakness 7,fig4 #bjf71 has 9 lat] times be5 ju/ly pref]r$ to ! mask ( ,zeus f ,otricoli1 =m]ly consid]$ a copy aft] ,pheidias4 ,?\gh ! classical notices frequ5tly give ! only in=mation conc]n+ ! ma/]pieces ( ,pheidias1 num]\s orig9al rema9s f 8 work%op /ill exi/4 ,we _c adduce z examples ! glori\s metopes & frieze ( ! s-call$ ,!seion 9 ,a!ns1 p]fect z appe> ^! repres5tations ( ! de$s ( ,h]acles & ,!seus ^u ! =m]1 & ( ! battle ( ! ,c5taurs & ,titans ^u ! latt]2 = z x is n kn[n :5 ?is temple 0 d$icat$1 x _c be %[n t its ornam5ts 7 execut$ 9 ! p]iod :i* came "u ! arti/ic direction ( ,pheidias4 ,nor c we attribute to ?is s*ool ! sculptures ( ! ,ere*!ion1 :i* 7 n complet$ until #djh--! beautiful c>yatides ( ! portico1 or ! remnants ( relief f ! frieze1 pres]v$1 un=tunately1 only 9 scanty fragm5ts4 ,^! figures1 inde$1 in/ead ( be+ c>v$ f ! blocks ( ! frieze itself1 7 =m$ piecewise ( ,p5tilic m>ble1 & fa/5$ ^u a d>k gr\nd ( ,eleus9ian /one1 probably = ! effect ( color4 ,z little may we cite ! bett]-pres]v$ reliefs ^u ! frieze & balu/rade ( ! small temple ( ,w+less ,victory be=e ! ,propyla1 :i*1 f _! great lik5ess to ! sculptures ^u ! mausoleum ( ,halic>nassus1 seem r to belong to ! foll[+ p]iod4 ,ov]beck ?9ks x probable t ! frieze has ref]5ce to ! battle at ,plata2 & ! balu/rade1 accord+ to ,kekule1 may h some?+ to d ) ! return ( ,alkibiades4 ,9 judg+ ! ,pheidian s*ool1 ! ,p>!non (f]s1 h[ev]1 abundant mat]ial 9 ! ?ree k9ds ( sculpture--r\nd /atues1 high & l[ relief2 al?\gh ! unhappy bomb>dm5t ( ,a!ns by ! ,v5etians 9 #afhg1 :5 ! bur/+ ( a bomb 9 ! beautiful temple1 !n us$ z a p[d]-magaz9e1 & ! succe$+ explosion1 de/roy$ m ?an half ! "w4 ,! la/ two c5turies also h n pass$ )\t leav+ _! m>k2 s t ,"l ,elg9's robb]y may1 aft] all1 h prov$ an advantage1 ! great] "p ( ! sculptures hav+ be5 protect$ & r5d]$ accessible1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 9 ! halls ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is p>ticul>ly un=tunate t ! gable gr\ps h suff]$ mo/2 = ! p]fection ( ^! *ief works mu/ h appe>$ ( ! greate/ importance to ! arti/1 & ^! colossal /atues w\ld h giv5 ! be/ exposition ( 8 ability4 ,be=e ! cata/rophe above m5tion$1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 badly injur$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,temple ( ,a!ne ,p>!nos hav+ be5 trans=m$ into ! ,*ur* ( ,m>ia ,p>!nos1 & lat] into a mosque1 ! de/ruction appe>+ also to h be5 aid$ by ! wilful malice ( ,*ri/ian & ,moslem fanatics4 ,!y 7 /ill fur!r r$uc$ aft] ! explosion by ! unsuccessful attempt ( ! ,v5etians to c>ry (f z trophy a m>ble *>iot & horses4 ,! few notes ( ,pausanias ^u ! subjects ( ! gable gr\ps1 ! draw+s ( a ,fr5* arti/1 ,c>rey 7tak5 n long be=e ! bomb>dm5t71 & ! rema9s pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are suffici5t to convey a conception ( ! g5]al composition4 ,! ea/]n gable repres5t$ ! bir? ( ,a!ne2 n ! un=tunate1 artificial sc5e :]e ! goddess spr+s1 ready equipp$1 f ! head ( ,zeus1 z frequ5tly %[n 9 pictures ^u vases & bronze mirrors1 b ! mom5t aft]1 :5 %e appe>s be=e ! deities ( ,olympos4 ,! entire c5tral "p ( ! gr\p includ+ ! highe/ deities1 ! *ief feature ( ! composition1 is lo/2 ! re/ is 9 great] "p pres]v$4 ,z ! sc5e 0 9 ,olympos1 ,helios & ,sel5e1 ) _! quadrigas1 7 fitt+ly *os5 z ! limits ( ! composition2 ! =m] ris+ f ! sea1 9 ! left angle ( ! gable1 ! latt] s9k+ 9 ! "r2 night disappe>+ be=e ! dawn4 ,! adjo9+ /atues1 ?\gh mu* mutilat$1 h be5 pres]v$4 ,next to ,helios 0 ,dionysos1 re/+ ^u 8 tig]'s sk92 ) two sitt+ female figures1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone 7,fig4 #bjg71 to :om ha/5s ,iris1 ann\nc+ ! bir? ( ,a!ne4 ,^u ! o!r side1 next to ,sel5e1 lay ,aphrodite 9 ! lap ( ,pei?o 7,fig4 #bjh72 & !n ,he/ia1 to :om ,h]mes1 z ! o!r mess5g]1 br+s ! glad tid+s3 ^! latt] sculptures 7 almo/ entirely de/roy$ 9 ! "t ( ,c>rey4 ,nike--,victory--rema9+ only z a torso1 appe>s to h foll[$ ) ,ares1 advanc+ t[>ds ! middle ( ! gable br++ greet+s to ! newly born goddess4 ,all ! re/ 0 de/roy$ be=e #afhj ,a4,d41 & ! pr9cipal figures ( ! composition are consequ5tly unkn[n2 b x is probable t betwe5 ! ,victory & ,a!ne /ood ,hephai/os1 recoil+ aft] hav+ deliv]$ ! bl[ ^u ! head ( ,zeus4 ,a!ne /ood beside h] fa!r1 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! latt] 0 exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! gable1 or :e!r ! two figures 7 equally remov$ f x4 ,if ?is la/ 7 ! case1 :i* is p]haps probable1 ! division ( ! space w\ld require /ill ano!r deity ^u ! "r side4 ,! rema9+ gods ( ,olympos1 ,poseidon1 ,artemis1 & ,apollo1 7 probably arrang$ 9 ?is ord] betwe5 ,zeus & ,iris4 ,! gr\p ( ! we/]n gable repres5t$ ! conte/ ( ,a!ne & ,poseidon = ! ,attic l&4 ,! composition is reasonably c]ta91 ?\gh ! middle figures h "h also disappe>$4 ,! two *ief deities1 /&+ at ei!r side ( ! olive-tree 9 ! c5tre1 turn t[>ds _! *>iots1 t ( ,a!ne be+ driv5 by ,victory1 t ( ,poseidon by ,amphitrite2 horses 7 h>ness$ to bo?1 t ( ,poseidon n hav+ be5 drawn by dolph9s or hippocamps1 z =m]ly suppos$4 ,! consci\sness ( victory 0 express$ by ! be>+ ( ,a!ne & ( h] /e$s1 :ile ! b[$ head ( ,poseidon ackn[l$g$ 8 defeat3 ! exclusion ( ! salt waves ( ! sea f ! bloom+ mead[s & groves wat]$ by ! ,kephissos4 ,! angles ( ! gable beyond ! *>iots 7 occupi$ by ! ret9ue ( ! conte/ants1 & by local deities2 ! accurate det]m9ation ( ^! is impossible1 ?\gh ^u ! side ( ,a!ne may h be5 gr\p$ ! repres5tatives ( ! ,a!nian cont95t1 & ^u t ( ,poseidon ^? ( ! sea & ! isl&s2 :ile ! figure ( ,kephissos is suppos$ to h fill$ ! extreme corn] at ! left1 & ,ilissos ) ,callirrhoe t ( ! "r4 ,! sc5e 0 laid 9 ,attica2 &1 z ! e>?ly locality 0 to be cle>ly *>act]iz$ & populat$1 x 0 advisable n to introduce aga9 all ! ,olympian deities ( ! ea/]n gable4 ,x is probable t dur+ antiquity ! l&scape se5 f ?is *ief front ( ! ,acropolis 0 fam\s = _m local my?s no long] famili> to ! s*ol>1 9 ignorance ( :i* an adequate explanation is impossible4 ,! compositions alone give evid5ce ( ! gr&eur & elevation ( ! ma/] :o produc$ & arrang$ !m1 9 a tru?fulness to nature at once ornam5tal & uncon/ra9$4 ,! rema9s1 ) great simplicity & bread? ( detail1 %[ a =ce & maje/y :i* raise !m above all kn[n works ( sculpture4 ,9 _! lov+ & p]fect modell+ ( ! nude & ( ! drap]y1 9 _! fre$om f affectation ( motive or ( r5d]+1 & 9 _! utt] lack ( any /riv+ aft] m]etrici\s effects1 !y appe> r ! creations ( magic ?an ! labor$ c>v+s ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,fragm5t f ! ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non ,cella4 ,! glori\s & celebrat$ frieze1 or1 to speak m correctly1 zophoros1 surr\nd$ ! entire cella4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 ne>ly f\r fif?s ( its entire l5g?1 ! *ief "p ( ! rema9s be+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is evid5t t b little1 if any1 ( ?is ext5sive decorative "w c\ld h be5 execut$ by ! h& ( ,pheidias himself2 b ! gr& design may be assum$ to h be5 81 & ! c>v+ 0 c]ta9ly done "u 8 sup]vision4 ,! sc5e repres5t$ is ! fe/ive ,pan-,a!naic processions1 an impos+ consecration ( elaborate gifts to ! gu>dian deity1 & probably also a division ( prizes to ! victors 9 ! v>i\s hippic1 gymna/ic1 & musical games4 ,! movem5t ( ! tra9 comm5ces ^u ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! cella1 & advances !nce to ! ea/1 ! entrance side ( ! temple4 ,x is ?us naturally divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* occupies ! we/]n & nor!rn1 ! o!r ! s\!rn side ( ! cella2 ^! are unit$ above ! pronaos1 :]e ! d\ble procession is %[n z hav+ arriv$ at ! tem5os be=e ! temple2 a prie/ & prie/ess1 ) ! p]sons directly employ$ 9 ! sacrifice1 are prep>+ !mselves = ! sacr$ act--! =m] by lay+ aside 8 upp] g>m5t1 :i* he gives to ! y\? /&+ beside him1 ! latt] by tak+ a fold+-seat f a female s]vant4 7,fig4 #bji47 ,betwe5 ?is c5tral gr\p & ! rema9d] ( ! divid$ procession sev]al deities1 turn$ f ! =m] figures1 are wat*+ ! approa* ( ! tra94 ,at ! left sits ,zeus1 en?ron$1 beside ! veil$ ,h]a2 ^! are foll[$ by ! ,w+$ ,victory1 ,ares clasp+ 8 "r knee ) bo? h&s1 ,demet] ) ! tor*1 & ,dionysos1 :o re/s 8 "r arm c>elessly ^u ! %\ld] ( ,h]mes4 ,^u ! "r1 next to ! high prie/1 0 naturally ! place ( ,a!ne1 & ^u h] left h& are /ill traces ( ! fall5 gis2 beside h] 0 ,hephai/os1 lean+ ^u 8 knott$ /ick2 !n1 look+ t[>ds him1 ,apollo1 & fur!r ,pei?o1 ,aphrodite1 & ,eros1 ! latt] c>ry+ a %ade = ! sun4 ,! gods sit com=tably z spectators :o feel !mselves to be invisible4 ,! fir/ figures ( ! tra91 ! lead]s1 h already atta9$ _! de/9ation1 & /& quietly conv]s+1 support$ ^u _! w&s4 ,9 ! succe$+ wom5 & virg9s1 :o be> vases1 cups1 cool+-vessels1 brazi]s = inc5se1 & baskets--a wond]ful tra9 ( p]fectly beautiful =ms--! advance decreases 9 movem5t z !y approa* ! c5tre4 ,^u ! two long sides foll[ h]ds ( animals = sacrifice2 ! c[s1 proce$+ quietly1 sc>cely ne$ guidance1 :ile ! bulls are m or less re/less1 rem9d+ "o1 9 _! =cible & mom5t>y action1 ( ! life-l works ( ,myron4 ,aft] !m foll[s ! music ( ! procession--play]s ^u ! flute & lyre & ! fe/ive *orus2 !n beg9s ! long l9e ( *>iots & ( horses ) _! rid]s1 :i* fill ! great] "p ( ! zophoros ^u ! long] sides & all ( t ov] ! ep9aos4 ,! beauty & tru? 9 ! action ( ^! figures are unsurpass$2 ! mo/ manifold v>iation ( position is comb9$ ) p]fect adaptation to ! peculi> /yle ( l[-relief1 & ! wise/ ref]5ce to ! fitt+ ( ! composition )9 ! space def9$ by ! ar*itectural l9es4 ,:ile ^u ! ea/]n front ! procession _h arriv$ at its de/9ation1 on ! we/]n ! sc5e 0 /ill at ! place ( assemblage & m>%all+4 ,"h ! horses are bridl$ & arrang$ 9 ranks2 b ! gr\ps ( m5 & y\?s /& 9 disord]1 "s ha/ily arm+ !mselves1 o!rs b9d+ _! s&als or adju/+ _! mantles4 ,e action & ge/ure is simple & full ( mean+2 !y nev] m> ! unity ( ! :ole nor int]f]e ) ! neighbor+ figures4 ,! nude =ms & ! drap]y are mo/ c>efully & equally execut$ ?r\gh\t2 ! accessories are =cibly1 ?\gh less elaborately1 indicat$4 ,:5 ! c]emonial reliefs ( ,assyria or ,p]sia are comp>$ ) ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 x becomes /rik+ly evid5t t ! magnific5ce ( p]sonal acc\trem5ts & inanimate objects :i* 0 s pa9fully & m9utely detail$ by ! ,asiatic sculptor1 & elevat$ ev5 above 8 s*ematic repres5tations ( deities & human be+s1 0 z no?+ to ! ,greek arti/ 9 comp>ison ) ! intellectual & physical beauty to :i* ! great ,hell5ic race gave _! *ief int]e/4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( ,p>!non sculptures1 ! ornam5ts ( ! metopes1 mu/ lea/ h h>moniz$ ) ! nature ( ,pheidias4 ,! ar*itectural framework mu/ h become a h9drance & a fett]1 & ! problem h[ to fill n9ety-two squ>e tablets ( exactly ! same size ) simil> repres5tations mu/ inde$ h appe>$ a ?ankless task4 ,^! reliefs are 9 great] "p lo/1 or s mutilat$ z to be un9telligible2 b z f> z c be judg$ by ! scanty rema9s1 ! subject ( ! metopes ^u ! ea/]n side 0 ! gigantoma*ia1 t ( bo? long sides pr9cipally ! ,c5tauroma*ia1 :ile t ( ! we/]n side 0 ei!r ! battle ( ! ,amazons or ( ! ,p]sians4 ,9 contra/ to ! l[-relief ( ! frieze1 ^!1 orig9ally color$1 7--on acc\nt ( ! conditions ( light--work$ 9 su* high-relief z ev51 9 "s p>ts1 to be fre$ f ! gr\nd4 ,! v>iation ( subjects be>+ s /rong a resemblance is wond]ful1 especially 9 ! /ruggl+ ,c5taurs & ,greeks1 :]e b little scope 9 ! victory ( "o or ! o!r combatant 0 possible3 ^! are int]rupt$ by ! rape ( virg9s & o!r sc5es n surely to be det]m9$4 ,naturally1 ?is desp]ate task w\ld n h be5 complet$ )\t "s few arti/ic inequalities1 repetitions1 & f>-fet*$ modifications1 especially z mu* ( ! execution mu/ necess>ily h be5 submitt$ to inf]ior sculptors2 b "s ( ! metope reliefs appe>1 9 po9t ( composition )9 ! giv5 space1 & 9 gr&1 *>act]i/ic draw+1 sc>cely less admirable ?an ! frieze ( ! cella4 ,f all ^! works ! _s ( ! s*ool ( ,pheidias is manife/ 9 its impos+ maje/y & ideal simplicity2 at times1 also1 traces ( ! =cible action ( ,myron may be obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,f ! ,ea/]n ,gable ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia4 ,^! ext5sive productions ( ! s*ool & work%op ( ,pheidias _c be directly attribut$ to any ( ! kn[n s*ol>s & assi/ants ( ! ma/]1 _m ( :om atta9$ individual celebrity4 ,9 ! fir/ rank ( ^! %\ld be m5tion$ ,agoracritos ( ,p>os1 ! favorite pupil ( ,pheidias1 ^: works 7 s p]fect t ! anci5ts 7 frequ5tly 9 d\bt to :i* ( ^! sculptors !y %\ld be ascrib$2 x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is d\bt may h aris5 f ! pr$om9ant impression left ^u "s ( ! /atues by ! guidance & assi/ance ( ! ma/]4 ,! *ief creations ( ,agoracritos 7 two ,a!nes1 a ,zeus1 & notably ! colossal figure ( ,nemesis at ,rhamn\s1 suppos$ to h develop$ f ! unsuccessful ,aphrodite prep>$ = ! competition ) ,alcam5es4 ,ano!r s*ol> & assi/ant ( ,pheidias 0 ,colotes ( ,p>os1 a sculptor :o appe>s to h re/rict$ himself to ! *ryselephant9e process1 & :o is especially not$ = ! "p tak5 by him 9 ! execution ( ! great ,olympian ,zeus4 ,o!r works 9 gold & ivory by ,colotes 7 ! ,a!ne ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,elis1 an ,asclepios erect$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! sacr$ table 9 ! great ,temple ( ,zeus1 = ! division ( prizes aft] ! ,olympic games1 ! sides ( :i* 7 ornam5t$ ) reliefs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--;,f ! ,we/]n ,gable ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,head ( ,apollo1 f ! ,we/]n ,gable ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,zeus1 ,olympia4 ,alcam5es ( ,a!ns1 or ,lemnos1 & ,paionios ( ,m5de h hi!rto be5 consid]$ z *ief among ! s*ol>s ( ,pheidias2 b ! rec5t excavations at ,olympia h done mu* to refute ?is op9ion1 unless1 z is v possible1 ,pausanias makes a mi/ake 7v4 #aj7 9 assign+ to ,alcam5es ! sculptures 9 ! front gable ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 in/ead ( ! acrot]ia above !m1 :i* alone is m5tion$ 9 an inscription z 8 "w4 ,no "o c detect 9 ! discov]$ fragm5ts ( ^! gable sculptures1 m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! ,p>!non1 ! slighte/ dep5d5ce ^u ! art ( ,pheidias1 :i* !y appe> to prec$e 9 po9t ( developm5t4 ,! gr\p ( ! ea/]n front1 ascrib$ by ,pausanias to ,paionios1 repres5t$ ! in/ant be=e ! *>iot race ( ,o9omaos & ,pelops 7,fig4 #baj72 t ( ! we/]n ! /ruggle ( ! ,lapi? & ,c5taurs at ! w$d+ ( ,peiri?oos4 7,figs4 #baa & #bab47 ,! "* ( ^! works seems r to connect !m ) ! s*ool ( ,calamis ?an ) t ( ,pheidias1 ?is be+ especially ! case ) ! metopes4 7,fig4 #bac47 ,! "q w h>dly be decid$ until au!nticat$ sculptures by ,calamis1 or rema9s ( ! gable gr\ps ( ! temple at ,delphi1 :i* 7 ! production ( 8 s*ol>s ,praxias & ,&ro/h5es ( ,a!ns1 h become kn[n to sci5ce4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is impossible to disprove ! hypo!sis ( ,brunn1 :o sees 9 ^? ( ,olympia examples ( an art peculi> to ,nor!rn ,greece1 rem>kable = its picturesque realism & lack ( arti/ic & ideal conv5tionalization4 ,x is only c]ta9 t ^! gr\ps are f> inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,p>!non1 &1 inde$1 to ^? produc$ by any work%op ( ,a!ns aft] ! "t ( ,pheidias4 ,ev5 if ! que/ionable acc\nt ( ,pausanias prove to be true1 x is c]ta9 t a judgm5t ( ! arti/ic /yle ( ,alcam5es & ,paionios _c be =m$ ^u ^! decorative sculptures alone4 ,works ( ! /age ( developm5t %[n by ! we/]n gable ( ,olympia c\ld n h rank$ ) ! bronze ,p5ta?los ( ! =m] arti/1 :i* 0 kn[n 9 antiquity by ! pr$icate 8exempl>y20 nor c\ld an ,aphrodite ( ,alcam5es h be5 pref]r$ to a /atue by ,agoracritos1 :i* _h be5 ret\*$ by ,pheidias himself4 ,! ext5sive employm5t ( ,alcam5es 9 ,a!ns among ! greate/ successors ( ,pheidias & ,myron w\ld h be5 impossible _h n 8 works be5 f> high] 9 e respect ?an ^? attribut$ to him among ! rec5t discov]ies 9 ,olympia1 9 view ( :i* x is inconceivable h[ ,pausanias c\ld speak ( ,alcam5es & ,pheidias almo/ z equals4 ,! same argum5t applies to ,paionios1 ( ^: works a =tunate illu/ration has be5 provid$ by "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies made 9 ! ,altis1 ! ,victory 7,fig4 #bad71 au!nticat$ by an inscription ^u ! high triangul> p$e/al4 ,?is figure does inde$ recall ! _s & me?ods ( ! ,pheidian sculpture1 & diff]s greatly f ! rema9s ( ! ea/]n gable1 z may readily be se5 by comp>ison ( ,figs4 #baj & #bad4 ,?is contra/ is only to be expla9$ by a gigantic & almo/ inconceivable progress1 or by ! assumption t !y 7 ! works ( diff]5t arti/s & p]iods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,metope f ! ,cella ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,olympia4 ,atlas1 ,h]acles1 & ! ,nymph ( ! ,hesp]ides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--,victory ( ,paionios1 f ,olympia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,f ! ,frieze ( ! ,temple ( ,phigalia4 ,if ! ,attic arti/s ( ?is age be lik5$ to planets revolv+ ab\t ! ,pheidian sun1 !re 7 n want+ />s ( ! second magnitude1 belong+ to o!r sy/ems & mov+ 9 o!r circles4 ,especially prom95t among ^! latt] 0 ! direct & indirect s*ool ( ,myron1 an arti/ s pron\nc$ 9 8 wond]ful naturalism t 8 /yle c\ld n be ext+ui%$ ev5 by ! dom9at+ idealism ( ,pheidias4 ,lykios1 son ( ,myron1 appe>s1 f two celebrat$ works1 to h foll[$ closely 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r4 ,^! 7 ! /atues ^u ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns repres5t+ two boys1 "o ( :om bore a bas9 = holy-wat]1 :ile ! o!r blew ! coals 9 a c5s] into a lively gl[4 ,! latt] rem9ds "o ( ,myron's ,brea?+ ,ladas2 9 ?is1 z 9 ! ,runn]1 ! quick5$ brea? 0 ! ess5tial ?+1 & 0 n conf9$ alone to ! swoll5 *eeks1 b mu/ h be5 evid5t 9 ! brea/ & body4 ,! figure be>+ ! font 0 a zeal\s *oir-boy1 pant+ "u a too heavy burd52 & ?is also recalls ! ,ladas4 ,/ill ano!r /atue1 ! ,pancratia/ ,autolicos1 claim$ by ,urli* = ,lykios1 seems to h resembl$ ! ,discos-?r[] ( ,myron4 ,t ,lykios did n conf9e himself to su* g5re-l specialties is %[n by gr\ps l ! ,argonauts1 & by ! votive (f]+ ( ! citiz5s ( ,apollonia at ,olympia1 a truly gr& composition repres5t+ ,zeus decid+ ! result ( ! /rife betwe5 ,memnon & ,a*illes1 accord+ to ! ?iopis ( ,arct9os4 ,9 connection ) ,lykios may be m5tion$ ,/yppax ( ,cyprus1 ^: ma/]piece1 ! ,splan*noptes--! entrail-roa/]1 a man fann+ a fire--recalls 9 turn ! *oir-boy bl[+ ! coals4 ,simil> to ! ,dy+ ,ladas1 ?\gh less directly connect$ ?an ^! la/ examples1 0 ! mortally w\nd$ w>rior ( ,cresilas1 9 :i*1 accord+ to classical acc\nts1 ! la/ mom5ts ( life c\ld be measur$2 8 w\nd$ ,amazon also appe>s to h be5 m 9 ! /yle ( ,myron & ,py?agoras ?an ( ,pheidias4 ,no works by ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,myron n[ rema91 nor any atte/$ copy2 /ill !re c be little hesitation 9 ascrib+ to ?is s*ool an important a*ievem5t1 n p]haps belong+ to x s fully z d ! ar*itectural sculptures ( ! ,p>!non to ! work%op ( ,pheidias1 yet hav+ m 9 common ) ! s*ool ( ,myron ?an ) t ( any previ\s ma/]4 ,?is is ! frieze ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,phigalia--n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--! ar*itectural position ( :i* has already be5 def9$4 ,! temple is said to h be5 built "u ! direction ( an ,a!nian ar*itect2 x is probable1 !re=e1 t ,attic sculptors 7 employ$ = its ornam5tation1 especially z ! sculptures betray no trace ( ! ,argive influ5ce :i* prevail$ else:]e 9 ! ,peloponnesos1 & :i* w be fur!r treat$ bel[4 ,?\gh ! subjects 7 ,attic1 z battles ( ,amazons & ,c5taurs1 !y _c be lik5$ to ! s*ool ( ,pheidias1 =1 in/ead ( ! passionless gr&eur & ideal simplicity :i* *>act]iz$ ! sculptures ( ! ,p>!non1 !re is 9 !m a vehem5ce & excitem5t kn[n at ?is p]iod only 9 ! works influ5c$ by ,myron4 ,x is n /range t ?is excessively passionate action %\ld sometimes be want+ 9 beauty2 ! p[] ( execution at comm& 9 ! remote city among ! ,arcadian m\nta9s 0 n ( ! fir/ rank1 & ! guidance ( a ma/]1 l him :o direct$ ! sculptural "w ( ! ,p>!non1 0 want+4 ,two arti/s ( ?is p]iod 7 entirely indep5d5t1 proce$+ 9 deg5]ate directions2 fir/1 ,callima*os1 not$ z an artisan 9 metal-"w1 :o execut$ ! ri* & elegant lamp ( ! ,ere*!ion1 & 0 said to h orig9at$ ! ,cor9?ian capital2 b :o1 z a sculptor1 c>ri$ a ref9$ delicacy & =mal p]fection ev5 to an extreme4 ,?is won = him ! cognom5 ( ,catatexite*nos--! unreasonably c>eful4 ,callima*os did n1 l ,apelles1 "k :5 to )draw 8 h& f 8 "w1 :i* agrees ) ,pl9y's judgm5t conc]n+ him1 t1 by ov]-exactness 9 execution1 all grace 0 lo/4 ,a /ill m que/ionable t5d5cy is %[n by ,demetrios ( ,alopeke1 9 ,attica1 ! fir/ reali/4 ,pre-em95tly a sculptor ( portraits1 he affect$ /rik+ *>act]i/ics at ! exp5se ( beauty1 & made x 8 specialty to repres5t ! lik5esses ( decrepit m5 & wom54 ,a prie/ess sixty-f\r ye>s old1 & an ag$ ,cor9?ian field-(fic]1 ,peli*os--8a bald-head ) a pot-belly1 tangl$ & fly+ be>d1 & ve9s project+ r\ndly "u ! )]$ sk910 accord+ to ! description ( ,lucian--mu/ h be5 s f> f ideal & refre%+ beauty t x w\ld seem r to h be5 ! aim ( ! arti/ to illu/rate age z its de/roy]4 ,?us1 9 comp>ison ) ,pheidias & ,myron1 ,demetrios resembl$ ,!rsites among ! h]oes ( ,troy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,copy ( ! ,doryphoros 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples4 ,argos des]ves ! second place z ! site ( ! arti/ic indu/ry ( ?is p]iod1 :i* _h !n be5 greatly advanc$ by ,polycleitos ( ,sikyon1 a f\r? s*ol> ( ,ageladas1 & some:at y\ng] contempor>y ( ,pheidias1 b 9 a direction diff]5t f t ( ! ,attic s*ool4 ,myron _h *>act]iz$ int5se & mom5t>y animal life1 ,pheidias t ( absolutely ideal & div9e be+4 ,polycleitos *ose z 8 aim ! arti/ic repres5tation ( ! highe/ human beauty--a positive type ( bodily p]fection4 ,! ,doryphoros1 kn[n 9 antiquity z ! ma/]piece ( ! latt]1 & celebrat$ z a canon1 0 a y\? 9 a quiet position1 be>+ a lance2 x 0 consid]$ ! embodim5t ( p]fect =m1 ! ma/] himself hav+ writt5 a treatise ^u ! proportions ( ! human figure 9 illu/ration ( ?is /atue4 ,x is n improbable t ,polycleitos1 9 ?is "w1 desir$ to set a patt]n be=e 8 num]\s s*ol>s2 t he 0 himself too dep5d5t ^u ?is academical t5d5cy may be judg$ f ! slightly disp>ag+ words ( ,pl9y t 88 works 7 almo/ z if tak5 f "o model40 ,accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! arti/ & to ! g5]al conviction ( 8 "t1 ! ,doryphoros repres5t$ absolute p]fection ( ! human body2 & ?is left ! ma/] b little scope = ! v>y+ ( 8 model1 if he w\ld n prove untrue to t beauty :i* ,cic]o has prais$ s highly 9 all 8 works4 ,! s-call$ ,apoxyom5os--an a?lete scrap+ himself ) a /rigil--simil> 9 subject to ! /atue ( ,lysippos 7,fig4 #bbi71 0 also a figure plac$ 9 ! quiet attitude ( p>ade1 if n1 l ! ,doryphoros1 ) an academic purpose4 ,a ?ird "w1 ! s-call$ ,diad\m5os1 a boy b9d+ 8 head ) a fillet--sometimes consid]$ z a companion piece to ! ,doryphoros--appe>s to h %[n a m y\?ful & less a?letic developm5t ( =m4 ,x is n /range t ar*aeologi/s h tak5 great pa9s to id5tify1 among ! numb]less works ( ,roman sculptors1 imitations ( ^! two canonical figures1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 naturally assum$ f ! great celebrity ( ! ,greek orig9als4 ,! s*ol>s ,fri$]i*s1 ,s*wabe1 ,mi*aelis1 ,helbig1 ,kekule1 & ,b5ndorf h accord+ly discov]$ six repetitions ( ! ,doryphoros1 pres]v$ 9 ,cassel1 ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,villa ,m$ici2 :ile sev]al o!r /atues 9 ,dresd51 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,villa ,albani h be5 recogniz$ z v>iations diff]+ m or less f ?is type 7,fig4 #baf74 ,9 l mann]1 copies ( ! ,diad\m5os h be5 f\nd 9 ,madrid1 9 two m>bles ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 a bronze /atuette ( ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is1 & 9 a relief ( ! ,vatican3 all ( :i* are alli$ 9 po9t ( conception & arti/ic "*4 ,/ill x is inexplicable h[ ^! ?ick-set & muscul> =ms c\ld be spok5 ( by ,pl9y z virilit] pu] & z mollit] juv5is1 or by ,lucian z graceful danc]s2 ?\gh x is possible t1 9 ^! academical /udies1 ! canonical p]fection ( =m decid$ by ,polycleitos 0 n s well embodi$ z 9 ! bronze ,idol9o ( ! ,flor5t9e ,museum4 ,! "q is f> f settl$1 & x %\ld n be =gott5 t em95t au?orities d\bt ?is orig91 ,conze imput+ !m r to ! s*ool ( ,cresilas1 :ile ,pet]s5 ev5 ma9ta9s ! type to h be5 a ,roman inv5tion4 ,an ,amazon 9 a quiet pose gave ,polycleitos an opportunity = portray+ a female =m ( muscul> developm5t1 yet ( typical beauty4 ,x is n difficult to believe t ?is /atue 0 adjudg$ ev5 sup]ior to ! simil> productions ( ,pheidias1 ,cresilas1 & ,phradmon1 :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 ! case if ! subject treat$ _h be5 a deity or a figure ( mom5t>y action4 7,fig4 #bag47 ,! arti/ c\ld ev5 bett] foll[ 8 academic aim 9 ! two ,canephor--basket-be>]s--^: quiet pose & want ( inn] expression 7 s well suit$ to display an outw>d1 =mal beauty & correctness ( modell+4 ,b ! ,a/ragalizontes--! boy ?r[+ dice ( knuckle-bones--:i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 ! mo/ p]fect "w ( art 9 ,greece1 %\ld n be imag9$ 9 an excit$1 /rik+ situation1 or z a /reet sc5e conceiv$ ) a tru?fulness to nature *>act]i/ic ( ,murillo1 b z repres5t+ ! consummation ( boyi% beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,amazon1 aft] ,polycleitos4 ,:5 ,qu9tilian says t ,polycleitos elevat$ ! human figure above :at is se5 9 nature1 & yet1 contr>y to ,pheidias 9 8 /atues ( ! deities1 _h n atta9$ to ! maje/y ( ! gods1 ?is signifies t he _h n s fully repres5t$ ! div9e nature4 ,8 devotional images are few & )\t especial fame1 ) exception ( ! colossal *ryselephant9e ,h]a 9 ! temple betwe5 ,argos & ,myk54 ,! goddess1 seat$ ^u a ?rone1 0 drap$ 9 g>m5ts ( gold1 ) only ! head & arms b>e2 ! sceptre 9 h] "r h& 0 cr[n$ ) ! cuckoo1 symbol ( conjugal fidelity1 & 9 h] left 0 a pomegranate2 at h] side /ood ,hebe1 ! "w ( ,naukydes1 ! ma/]'s be/ assi/ant4 ,z ! ,pheidian head ( ,zeus has be5 recogniz$ 9 ! mask ( ,otricoli1 s ! spl5did colossal mask ( ! ,ludovisi ,juno 7,fig4 #bai7 has be5 ref]r$ to an orig9al by ,polycleitos4 ,b x is probable t ! head ( ,h]a1 9 ! museum at ,naples 7,fig4 #bah7 came ne>] to ?is orig9al 7,brunn74 ,?\gh x be ass]t$ t all ! heads ( ,zeus may be ref]r$ to ! complete & e/abli%$ type ( ,pheidias1 ! ideal ( ,polycleitos1 by no means div9e1 r5d]s x d\btful :e!r 8 ,h]a acquir$ a simil> position among ! succe$+ repres5tations ( t goddess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,head ( ,h]a1 9 ,naples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,s-call$ ,juno ,ludovisi1 9 ,rome4 ,! ef=t aft] p]fection ( =m suffic$ to make ! ma/] ( ,argos a pre-em95t tea*]2 yet none ( 8 _m direct s*ol>s1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ! be=e-m5tion$ ,naukydes1 acquir$ su* fame z ! associates ( ,pheidias1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ?is v s*ool+ & discipl9e1 ! rigid con/ra9t ( a canon fett]+ ! w+s ( arti/ic individuality4 ,we are n able to judge h[ f> ?is t5d5cy 0 fur!r$ dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( ,!ban asc5d5cy by ! some:at lat] bran* ( ! ,!ban s*ool1 al?\gh1 among _m o!rs1 ! ,!ban arti/s ,hypatodoros & ,ari/ogeiton 7 ( consid]able importance4 ,! gr\ps consecrat$ at ,delphi ab\t #chj ,b4,c4 7 ( p>ticul> int]e/2 !y repres5t$ ! advance ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 & ! successful repetition ( ! invasion by ! sons ( ^? w>riors4 ,x 0 n until ,lysippos1 an indirect s*ol> ( ,polycleitos1 9 8 desire to repres5t m5 z !y %\ld be1 _h rais$ himself entirely above ! canon ( 8 ma/]1 :o aim$ to %[ !m z !y are1 t ano!r arti/ ( ! fir/ rank appe>$4 ,examples f ! work%op ( ,polycleitos /ill exi/1 ?\gh un=tunately sc>cely recognizable 9 ! mutilat$ fragm5ts ( sculpture f ! ,temple ( ,h]a1 discov]$ by ,rangabe & ,bursian 9 #ahed--works :i* 7 d\btless execut$ "u ! direct guidance ( ! ,argive ma/]1 z ^? ( ! ,p>!non 7 "u t ( ,pheidias4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--,metope ( ! ,s\!rn ,temple ^u ! ,ea/]n ,plateau ( ,sel9\s4 ,! influ5ce ( ,attica & ,argos n only prevail$ 9 ,greece prop]1 b made itself felt ev5 9 ! mo/ remote colonies4 ,! ,zeus ^u "o ( ! metopes ( ! s\!rn temple on ! ea/]n plateau ( ,sel9\s 7,fig4 #bbj7 may h be5 develop$ f ! figures ( ,zeus by ,ageladas1 & sugge/s ! sculptures ( ! ,olympian temple :i* 0 complet$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is metope repres5ts ,zeus fasc9at$ by ,h]a ^u ,m\nt ,ida 7,il4 xiv4 #cjj71 & ! arti/1 9 8 figure ( ! god1 has surpass$ 8 =m] ef=ts1 b ! ,h]a is h>d] & m antique4 ,! o!r well-pres]v$ metopes ( ?is temple--"o ( :i* %[s a ,h]acles 9 /rife ) ,amazons1 & ! o!r ,actaion lac]at$ by dogs--?\gh n )\t prov9cial weakness1 h an unmi/akable aff9ity to ^? ( ! ,!seion4 ,^! 7 ne>ly contemporane\s1 b an entire g5]ation lat] !re appe>$ at ,mess5e1 9 ! mo/ remote "p ( ! ,peloponnesos1 ! sculptor ,damophon1 an arti/ decid$ly ( ! ,pheidian /yle1 on acc\nt ( :i* he 0 call$ to re/ore ! ,olympian /atue1 already w>p$ & disjo9t$4 ,al?\gh a sculptor ( ability1 x w\ld seem t he did n entirely )/& ! curr5t ( a new direction 9 art2 besides ! /atues 9 ! ,pheidian circle ( div9ities1 o!rs 7 ascrib$ to him1 ( a nature simil> to ^? cultivat$ by pref]5ce dur+ ! succe$+ p]iod ( ,attic sculpture4 ,! progressive =ce inh]5t 9 ! p & 9 ! art ( ,greece did n re/ until ! highe/ po9t _h ev]y:]e be5 rea*$4 ,?is impulse aft]w>ds l$ to excess & decad5ce1 p]mitt+ no la/+ enjoym5t ( ! previ\s ga9s4 ,! art ( ,polycleitos prevail$ some:at long] 9 ! ,peloponnesos1 ! ,dorians be+ by nature cons]vative1 b 9 ,attica ! new elem5ts e>ly obta9$ a sway :i* c\ld n b ess5tially *ange ! "* ( all ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,! frieze ^u ! ,temple ( ! ,w+less ,victory 9 ,a!ns1 & ! some:at co>s] "o )9 ! naos ( ,phigalea1 began already to give evid5ce ( an incl9ation t[>ds ! pa!tic & passionate2 ! sculptures also ^u ! balu/rade ( ! ,a!nian temple1 execut$ probably ab\t #cij to #chj ,b4,c41 appe> to be ! unmi/akable =]unn]s ( a new /yle4 ,! ,a!nian ,kephisodotos ! eld] /ood1 s to speak1 ^u ! ?re%old ( ?is trans=mation4 ,8 position 9 ! hi/ory ( art is assur$ by ! =tunate discov]y ( a copy ( 8 ,eir5e ) ,pl\tos1 n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni* 7,fig4 #bba74 ,?is "w comb9$ ! t5d5cies ( ! new ,attic /yle ) ^? ( ,pheidias4 ,?\gh ! noble simplicity & gr&eur1 ! e>ne/ness & /rictness1 ( ! e>li] p]iod /ill rema9$1 !re _h already dawn$ an expression ( deep] feel+1 & ( a m spiritual life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,eir5e & ,pl\tos1 aft] ,kephisodotos4 ,! repres5tation1 z ,fri$]i*s says1 ( ! deep int]*ange ( affection betwe5 "m & *ild1 z %[n 9 ! ,eir5e ( ,kephisodotos1 unit$ ) mu* ( ! h>dness ( ! old] works1 culm9at$ 9 two ma/]s--! ,p>ian ,scopas & ! ,a!nian ,praxiteles1 ! latt] possibly ! son ( ,kephisodotos4 ,_! productions 7 s ne>ly relat$ t1 ev5 9 antiquity1 x 0 d\btful :e!r a "w ( celebrity %\ld be ascrib$ to "o or to ! o!r4 ,! *ief creations ( bo? 7 /atues ( ! deities1 bo? work$ 9 m>ble1 *oos+ ?is mat]ial n by *ance1 b f ! nature ( _! subjects4 ,) ! exception ( su* colossal figures1 ( a highly monum5tal "*1 z ! *ryselephant9e /atues ( ,zeus & ,a!ne ,p>!nos by ,pheidias1 & ! ,h]a by ,polycleitos1 ! delicate beauty ( s(t & transp>5t /one 0 be/ fitt$ = ! images ( deities en%r9$ )9 ! temple2 bronze1 on ! contr>y1 is peculi>ly suit$ to /atues ( victors & a?letes int5d$ = outdoor exposure4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t x _h be5 s l>gely employ$ by ,myron & ,polycleitos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,apollo ,ki?>oidos4 7,vatican47 ,! ,rag+ ,bac*ante1 designat$ by epigrams & descriptions z ! mo/ celebrat$ "w ( ,scopas1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ma/]pieces ( antiquity4 ,! head 0 ?r[n back 9 an ec/asy ( passion1 ! hair loos5$1 & ! long g>m5t flutt]+ 9 ! w9d2 ?us did ! ,ma9ad appe> ru%+ to ! heights ( ,ki?airon1 hold+ 9 h] h&s ! kid r5t 9 h] fury4 ,if ! rhetor ,kalli/ratos 01 z he says1 spee*less at sight ( ! c\nt5ance1 admir+ p>ticul>ly ! expression ( a s\l /ung into madness1 we c well believe t passion itself 0 embodi$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! excitem5t 0 m mod]ate 9 ! ,apollo ( ! ,temple ( ,nemesis at ,rhamn\s1 br\ght by ,augu/us to ! ,palat9e1 play+ ! lyre & s++ ) lyric inspiration4 ,x is n improbable t ! motive ( ! ,apollo 9 ! ,vatican1 ) ! long fl[+ g>m5ts 7,fig4 #bbb71 may be ref]r$ to ?is orig9al4 ,! entire be>+ m closely resembles t ( ! figures ( ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe4 ,we c h>dly ?9k )\t en?usiasm ( ! ,bi?ynian ,a*illes gr\p1 plac$ 9 lat] times 9 ! ,temple ( ,neptune1 ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius 9 ,rome1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 w\ld h made ! ma/] celebrat$ ev5 ?\gh he _h creat$ no?+ else dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,x repres5t$ ,a*illes ^u ! isl& ( ,leuke aft] 8 dea?1 & 8 reception among ! deities1 & display$1 besides ,!tis & ,poseidon1 num]\s fanta/ic creatures ( ! sea4 ,"s idea ( ^! la/ may be ga9$ f a magnific5t frieze f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,temple ( ,neptune1 & n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*4 ,b x _c belong to ?is gr\p1 &1 9 its ma9 features1 has no close relations ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,c5tral ,figure ( ! ,niobids4 7,flor5ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--;,head ( ,niobe4 ,delicate beauty & w>m? ( feel+ mu/ be ascrib$ to ! works ( ,scopas1 o!rwise ,pl9y c\ld n h plac$ ! ,aphrodite f\nd 9 ! ,temple ( ,m>s1 ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius1 above t ( ,praxiteles4 ,nor c we imag9e ! gr\ps at ,meg>a--,eros1 ,him]os1 & ,po?os 7,love1 ,ye>n+1 & ,desire7--describ$ by ,pausanias2 or ,aphrodite1 ) h] prie/ly lov] ,phae?on2 or ,po?os1 9 ,samo?race1 to h be5 )\t ^! traits4 ,! gr\p ( ,leto ) ! nurse ,ortygia c>ry+ ! *ildr51 ,apollo & ,artemis1 z ! p]sonification ( a "m's joy & pride1 mu/ h be5 full ( deep mean+4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! long li/ ( 8 works1 t 8 p[] 0 _m-sid$3 8 peculi> /yle is be/ exemplifi$ 9 a gr& composition1 ! gr\p ( ! ,niobids1 ?\gh ,pl9y is 9 d\bt :e!r x %\ld be ascrib$ to ,scopas or to ,praxiteles4 ,! orig9al ( ?is no long] exi/s1 & ev5 ! v unequally execut$ pieces--to be f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce1 & 9 v>i\s repetitions 9 diff]5t museums--are n complete2 /ill ev5 ?us !y betray ! greatness & individuality ( ?is wond]ful "w4 ,niobe1 wife ( ,k+ ,amphion ( ,!bes1 & "m ( f\rte5 *ildr51 9 a boa/ful _s1 inh]it$ f h] fa!r ,tantalos1 comp>$ h]self ) ,leto1 :o _h only two1 & ord]$ sacrifices to be made to h]self r ?an to t goddess4 ,= ?is %e 0 t]ribly *a/is$ by ,apollo & ,artemis1 h] *ildr5 be+ all sla9 be=e h] eyes by ! av5g+ arr[s ( ! two deities4 ,%e h]self1 try+ 9 va9 to protect h] y\nge/ daught]1 press+ aga9/ h]1 makes an attempt to draw h] mantle ov] h] head to hide ! expression ( despair+ woe :i*1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 9 a few mom5ts turn$ h] to /one4 ,! figure1 9 its royal nobility & mo!rly despair1 yet s free f contortion1 has wond]ful effect4 7,figs4 #bbc & #bbd47 ,! *ildr51 already w\nd$ & hurry+ t[>ds h]1 %[ pa91 fe>1 & ne$ ( help 9 diff]5t degrees1 b ) t dignity & f9e control :i* r5d] x a trag$y 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,! v>i\s /ruggles ( feel+ 9 ! beautiful "y faces2 ! excit$ wre/l+ ) an invisible1 unconqu]able1 rel5tless p[]1 9 e ge/ure1 & 9 e motion ( ! sway+ g>m5ts2 ! pla9tive "* ( ! l9es ?r\gh\t ! :ole composition1 entirely oppos$ to ! v]tical t5d5cy ( ! /atuesque1 & especially ( ! ar*itectural art2 ! wavy fl[ :i* di/+ui%es x f ! gr\p at g9a1 & ev5 f ! quiet action ( ! figures 9 ! gables ( ! ,p>!non--are all s peculi> to ?is pa!tic s*ool1 & s *>act]i/ic ( its productions1 t ! ,niobe w ev] be consid]$ ! greate/ example ( its /yle4 ,9 a /udy ( ! arti/ic "* ( ,scopas1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) a few copies1 & "s n v full acc\nts4 ,/ill1 orig9al rema9s f 8 h& are n altoge!r want+4 ,we h se5 t he 0 engag$ 9 ! sculptural ornam5tation ^u ! ea/]n side ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos2 :ile ^u ! s\? & nor? sides 8 y\ng] associates 7 employ$--,timo!os1 ,bryaxis1 & ,leo*>es1 ! latt] kn[n to u by a copy 9 ! ,vatican ( 8 ,ganym$e ,c>ri$ ,away by ! ,eagle ( ,zeus4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! recognizable reliefs ^u ! frieze1 ! mo/ important gr\p ( :i* repres5ts ! s (t5 recurr+ battle ( ! ,amazons1 not)/&+ ! wond]ful beauty & pa?os ( ! action1 peculi> to ! sculptur$ art ( ?is p]iod1 is ! "w ( artisans1 & c]ta9ly n by ! h& ( a ma/] ( ! fir/ rank4 7,fig4 #bbe47 ,among ! num]\s fragm5ts ( ! /atues f\nd 9 ! ,engli% excavations ( #ahef1 :i*1 f analogy ) ! mausoleums ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 may h /ood betwe5 ! columns1 "o at lea/1 a well-pres]v$ torso1 probably ( ,zeus1 f\nd ^u ! ea/]n side1 has be5 ascrib$ to ,scopas4 ,! o!rs are1 un=tunately1 too mu* mutilat$ to all[ ( any reliable judgm5t1 z ! v>y+ views ( diff]5t au?orities te/ify4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! decorative works _c be rank$ ) ! m celebrat$ examples ( ?is ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,fragm5t ( ! ,frieze f ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! art ( ,scopas is ext5d$ by ! /udy ( 8 y\ng] & /ill m important contempor>y ,praxiteles4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ?is arti/ are simil> 9 "*1 & betray all ! pref]5ce ( ! =m] = ! ideal beauty ( y\?4 ,n less ?an five /atues ( ,aphrodite by ,praxiteles are kn[n to h exi/$1 among :i* ! fam\s /atue at ,cnidos 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w1 & 0 rank$ ) ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,x 0 s highly priz$ among lov]s ( art t ,k+ ,nicom$es ( ,bi?ynia1 = in/ance1 9 va9 (f]$ to ! p ( ,cnidos ! entire am\nt ( _! ,/ate debt 9 ex*ange = x4 ,! br[1 ! moi/ gl[+ eyes1 & s(t smile ( ! slightly p>t$ lips are describ$ z wond]ful2 ! :ole figure be+ s execut$ z to cause ! m>ble to be =gott5 & ! goddess ( love to appe> a reality4 ,co9s ( ,cnidos %[ ! figure to h be5 entirely nude1 ! left h& hold+ h] drap]y1 p>tly ly+ ^u a vase1 & ! "r %ield+ h]self 9 mode/y4 ,! be/ 9 ?is /yle among ! num]\s rema9+ /atues 7 ! ,bras*i ,aphrodite1 n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 & t ( ! ,vatican1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 inf]ior 9 execution1 & is1 un=tunately1 disfigur$ 9 ! l[] "p by h>d1 mod]n drap]y4 ,next to t ( ,cnidos 9 nobility & beauty mu/ h be5 a drap$ ,aphrodite f ,cos1 provid$ ! p ( t place _h any und]/&+ ( art2 =1 :5 ! *oice betwe5 ! two 0 (f]$ !m by ! arti/1 !y gave ! pref]5ce to ?is4 ,( ! ?ree o!rs1 less kn[n1 ! ,!spian 0 plac$ next to ! /atue ( ,phryne1 z contra/+ div9e ) human beauty4 ,to ,praxiteles 7 ascrib$1 also1 at lea/ two repres5tations ( ,eros--bloom+1 y\?ful figures1 ( :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ seems to h be5 ! ,!spian or ,botian "o1 :i* 0 in/all$ betwe5 ! ,phryne & ! ,aphrodite4 ,epigrams & acc\nts describ+ ! god z w\nd+ n ) ! arr[1 b ! eye1 appe> to relate to ?is figure2 = ! second /atue f ,p>ion1 9 ,mysia1 accord+ to ! co9s1 %[$ ! god un>m$1 & ) head uplift$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--;,head ( ,eros4 7,vatican47 ,a t5d] & almo/ effem9ate "* 0 exhibit$ 9 ^! beautiful figures ( y\?1 simil> to :i* 7 ! ,sauroctonos--! liz>d-kill]--! be/ copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre2 ! dreamily repos+ ,satyr1 ( :i* !re are copies 9 v>i\s museums2 & ! smil+1 s5tim5tal ,dionysos ) ! doesk91 lean+ ^u ! ?yrsos4 ,great dep? ( suff]+ & sorr[ is ! fundam5tal feature ( two gr\ps1 "o repres5t+ ! rape ( ,pros]p9e1 ! o!r h] deliv]y by ,demet] to ! l[] _w1 to :i* %e return$ aft] e h>ve/1 z a symbol ( ! foll[+ fruitless season4 ,?is la/ 0 z pa!tic an illu/ration ( a sorely te/$ "m z c\ld be f\nd 9 any o!r "w ( ,praxiteles4 ,! mild ,demet] 0 n less frequ5tly pres5t$ by ?is ma/] ?an 0 ,aphrodite4 ,t greate/ ( all mod]n discov]ies1 ! ,h]mes ) ! infant ,dionysos1 f\nd 9 ! ,h]aion at ,olympia 7,figs4 #bbg & #bbh71 has prov$ ! error ( imput+ to all ! works ( ,praxiteles a delicate gracefulness v]g+ ^u weakness1 :i* _h aris5 f ! /udy ( ! only examples hi!rto kn[n--! copies ( ! ,sauroctonos1 ! ,satyr1 & ! ,aphrodite4 ,! manly =ce ( ?is /atue1 9 "* midway betwe5 ! conceptions ( ,pheidias & ,lysippos1 is1 inde$1 s surpris+ t "s s*ol>s h ev5 be5 incl9$ to assume a second sculptor by ! "n ( ,praxiteles1 !re be+ no reason to d\bt ! direct te/imony ( ,pausanias z to ! au?or%ip ( ?is "w4 ,! beauty ( ?is torso exce$s t ( all o!r antique /atues kn[n2 ! expression ( ! head conveys t int5se sympa?y betwe5 ! lov+ protector & ! *ild :i* mu/ h *>act]iz$ ! "w ( ,kephisodotos ref]r$ to above4 ,x is possible t ! ,h]mes 0 ! product ( an e>li] p]iod ( ! sculptor's developm5t1 m closely relat$ to ! t5d5cy & ideals ( ,pheidian art4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ?is torso is ! only surely au!nticat$ orig9al production ( any great ma/] ( ,greek sculpture--= x is by no means c]ta9 t ! gable gr\ps ( ! ,p>!non are by ! h& ( ,pheidias himself--!re is no ne$ = fur!r discussion ( ! fundam5tal importance ( ?is mo/ =tunate discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,h]mes ) ! ,infant ,dionysos4 7,f ! ,h]aion at ,olympia47 ,not)/&+ ! a/oni%+ _m-sid$ g5ius & productivity ( ,praxiteles1 ne>ly all ! ,olympian deities appe>+ 9 ! half hundr$ ( 8 works1 x mu/ /ill be ackn[l$g$ t1 besides 8 pa!tic t5d5cy1 he p>ticul>ly affect$ t prov9ce 9 :i* ! figures ( maid5s or y\?s gave opportunity = ! developm5t ( ! greate/ *>ms4 ,8 works portray a s5sual lovel9ess di/+ui%$ alike f t h>d & ab/ract beauty1 t outw>d p]fection ( =m s\ght & atta9$ by ,polycleitos1 & f t elevat$1 godlike be+ ideally embodi$ by ,pheidias 9 8 ,zeus & 8 ,a!ne4 ,nei!r entirely human1 z ) ,polycleitos1 nor div9e1 z ) ,pheidias1 ?is emotional lovel9ess seem$ creat$ = ! _w ( gods1 b little rais$ above ! sight & exp]i5ce ( m52 & ?is type appe>s to h be5 z well e/abli%$ by ,praxiteles z t ( ! high] deities by ,pheidias4 ,its examples are ! ,aphrodite & ,eros1 ! y\?ful ,dionysos ) 8 tra91 ! ,demet]1 & ! ,eleus9ian circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--;,head ( ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,v5us ( ,melos4 7,l\vre47 ,h[ev] important ! s*ool ( ^! two ma/]s ( pa?os may h be51 b few among ! num]\s names t h be5 pres]v$ became prom95t4 ,! *ief exceptions are ! above-m5tion$ assi/ants ( ,scopas ^u ! mausoleum1 & ! two sons ( ,praxiteles1 ,kephisodotos ! y\ng]1 & ,tim>*os4 ,two ( ! greate/ works ( /atu>y1 h[ev]1 may be ascrib$ to _! mo/ vigor\s s*ol>s--! ,v5us ( ,melos 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #bbi7 & ! s-call$ ,ilioneus 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*4 ,if ! d\btful inscription ( ! arti/ ^u ! =m] be cr$it$1 :i*1 9 *>act]s ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 designat$ x z ! production ( ,alex&ros1 son ( ,m5ides ( ,antio* ^u ! ,me&]1 b :i*1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ "p ( ! pl9?1 has disappe>$1 we %\ld possess 9 ?is "w an inexplicable ana*ronism1 a creation ( ! highe/ rank 9 art produc$ dur+ a p]iod ( decid$ decad5ce4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ?is loss1 ?is assumption _c be v]ifi$1 sci5ce mu/ proce$ to judge x by its /yle alone4 ,its gr&eur & dignity1 9 contra/ to ! immode/ coquetry ( lat] works2 ! fulness ( ! fle% 9 ?is body ( ev]-bloom+ y\?1 9 comp>ison ) _! att5uat$ grace2 ! mild s(tness ( ! surface beside ! cold poli% ( ! o!r figures ( ,aphrodite--w\ld place ?is /atue betwe5 ! p]iod ( highe/ p]fection at ! "t ( ,praxiteles1 & t ( ! ,roman reproductions4 ,! ref]5ce ( ! ,v5us ( ,melos to ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles has f\nd a ju/ification n to be und]valu$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! ,h]mes at ,olympia1 ?is figure ( manly y\? =m+ z complete a p5dant to ! maid5ly ,v5us z c\ld be imag9$4 ,9 arti/ic "* ?is is f> m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,h]mes ?an is any o!r /atue ( ,aphrodite1 n except+ ! und\bt$ ,roman reproduction ( t ( ,cnidos4 ,at any rate1 x is cle>ly an ,hell5ic orig9al1 n belong+ to ! p]iod ( lat] ,hell5i/ic art4 ,un=tunately1 no explanation ( ?is /atue hi!rto advanc$ has be5 entirely satisfactory4 ,! two arms are want+1 & ! fall5 drap]y cov]+ ! l[] limbs has hidd5 f u ! only accessory evid5ce--namely1 ! object ^u :i* ! lift$ left leg is support$2 s t ev5 ! "n ( ,v5us is n to be appli$ ) ! usual c]ta9ty4 ,! ,roman types ( ,victory1 also half nude1 ) ! same g>m5ts & position1 & ) ! %ield ^u :i* ! conque/ is inscrib$1 sugge/ an ,aphrodite-,victory analog\s to ! ,attic ,a!ne-,victory4 ,! re/orations all pres5t po9ts ( difficulty2 among !m may be m5tion$ t commonly receiv$1 :]e ! goddess contemplates h]self 9 ! %ield ( ,ares1 support$ by ! analogy ( a /atue m5tion$ by ,pausanias 7ii4 #e71 an int]pretation equally applicable to ! ,v5us ( ,capua1 n[ 9 ,naples2 t also ( ,wiesl]1 ) ! lance 9 ! uplift$ left h&2 & ! comb9ation ( ! goddess 9 a gr\p ) ,ares by ,quatremre de ,qu9cy4 ,x is ev5 less easy to f9d a reliable explanation ( ! beautiful torso 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 =m]ly held1 falsely1 to be ,ilioneus among ! ,niobids1 & ev5 believ$ to be an orig9al4 ,z ! ,v5us ( ,melos is an illu/ration ( rip5$ womanly beauty1 ! entirely nude1 c[]+ figure1 )\t head or arms1 repres5ts ! p]fection ( y\?2 & ! position sugge/s a subject equal 9 pa!tic import to t ( ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe4 ,z ! works ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles frequ5tly f\nd _! way to ! isl&s ( ! gean ,sea1 & z ! =m]1 at lea/1 _h c]ta9ly dwelt = "s "t 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! influ5ce ( ^! two ma/]s appe>s to h ext5d$ ea/w>d1 & _! /yle to h _h decid$ sway ev5 long] !re ?an 9 ,greece prop]4 ,! f>!/ outly+ examples are pres5t$ by ! fragm5t>y /atues ( ! ,n]eids f ! ,monum5t ( ,xan?os1 to :i* !y h giv5 ! "n4 ,at t p]iod1 ev5 9 ,a!ns1 "s highly e/eem$ arti/s n only p>tially foll[$ _! own ways1 b 9 ^! surpass$ ! =m] ma/]s1 & pursu$ aims :i* did n become g5]ally preval5t until ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & !n 9 q o!r localities4 ,^! 7 ,silanion ( ,a!ns & ,euphranor ( ! ,i/hmos4 ,! fir/ devot$ himself *iefly to portraits & repres5tations ( victors1 & 0 s especially successful 9 ! =m] z to make !m a real embodim5t ( p]sonal "*2 z1 = in/ance1 ! portrait ( ! passionate sculptor ,apollodoros 0 made to appe> a p]sonification ( sudd5 rage4 ,silanion di/+ui%$ himself f ,praxiteles 9 ! subjects ( 8 art1 9 :i* he _h mu* 9 common ) ,lysippos4 ,euphranor 0 also1 p]haps 9 a /ill great] degree1 a pa9t]1 &1 9 ! co>s] p[] ( 8 creations1 0 oppos$ to ! delicate /yle ( ,praxiteles1 %[+ m aff9ity ) ,lysippos1 s f>1 at lea/1 z we c judge ( 8 sculptures by ! acc\nts ( 8 pa9t+s4 ,simil> to ! transitional position betwe5 ,pheidias & ,scopas1 held by ! eld] ,kephisodotos1 0 ! position tak5 by ^! two sculptors betwe5 ! art ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles & t ( ,lysippos1 = :om ! /udies & innovations 9 ! canons ( human proportions prep>$ ! way4 ,?\gh self-taught1 = z a y\? he _h be5 a h&-work] 9 brass1 & f ?is _h rais$ himself to ! position ( an arti/1 he 0 /ill n )\t connection ) ! s*ools1 s9ce he took z 8 model ! ,doryphoros ( ,polycleitos1 ! academic patt]n m5tion$ above1 & also work$ 9 bronze1 ! mat]ial mo/ favor$ by ,polycleitos & ! arti/s ( ! ,peloponnesos4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 be call$ a direct s*ol> ( ,polycleitos1 ^: canon he correct$ & ev5 replac$ by a new "o1 bett] adapt$ to ! arti/ic aims ( ! y\ng] ma/]s4 ,! model ( ,polycleitos 0 ! human body1 b ,lysippos felt t he mu/ set 8 ideal ( humanity high] ?an 9 ! av]age ( real examples1 because he consid]$ ^!1 9 comp>ison ) ! p]fect figure1 to be deg5]ate & dw>f$4 ,al?\gh he work$ ) ref]5ce to ?is view1 /ill he develop$ 8 types f ! real appe>ances ( nature2 & :5 ask$ by ! pa9t] ,eupompos ( ,sikyon = advice z to ! be/ tea*]1 he po9t$ to an assemblage ( p4 ,he wi%$ to repres5t man1 h[ev]1 n z he is1 b z he %\ld be1 & employ$ only ^? features :i* did n fall bel[ ! av]age det]m9$ by ,polycleitos4 ,8 ideal type ( ! human body became m sl5d] & l>g]1 ! size be+ especially app>5t because ! head & extremities1 :i* take _! proportions f ! :ole1 7 made small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,m>ble ,copy ( ! ,apoxyom5os ( ,lysippos4 7,9 ! ,vatican47 ,lysippos1 h[ev]1 foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ,polycleitos 9 consid]+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a canon z ! greate/ ess5tial 9 art1 & ex]cis$ 8 p[]s *iefly 9 ! prov9ce ( humanity4 ,8 ,apoxyom5os--! a?lete scrap+ himself ) ! /rigil1 a m>ble copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,vatican--is ! mo/ celebrat$ among 8 /atues ( a?letes & victors4 7,fig4 #bcj47 ,9 ?is he seems to h set =? 8 new confession ( fai?1 9 opposition to t ( ,polycleitos4 ,?is aim mu/ h _h ! mo/ important influ5ce ^u portrait-sculpture1 ! *ief field ( 8 activity4 ,x is cle> f ! acc\nts ( "s lik5esses ( p]sons long dead1 or ev5 leg5d>y1 t he fully express$ ! "* 9 ! features1 z 9 ! ,apollodoros ( ,silanion1 & did n aim at t ov]-scrupul\s reproduction ( details & att5tion to circum/antial matt]s :i* endeavor to atta9 a lik5ess by %>p obs]vation ( ext]nal ?+s1 uness5tial to ! :ole4 ,?is inf]ior /yle ( portraiture 0 pursu$ by ,lysi/ratos1 ! bro!r ( ,lysippos1 :o =m$ 8 figures aft] pla/] ca/s f nature4 ,al?\gh e>li] portraits might h in=m$ ! sculptor 9 reg>d to ! true features ( "s hi/orical p]sonages1 c]ta9ly ?is c\ld n h be5 ! case ) sop1 or ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 = ^: individuality & intellectual t5d5cies he 0 oblig$ to create a *>act]i/ic type4 ,9 ! portrait :i* he mo/ frequ5tly execut$1 t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 x 0 ( especial importance to illum9ate ! ugly & faulty =mation ( ! mon>*'s face by ! expression ( 8 p[]ful "*1 & to execute x s appropriately t ev5 ! lik5ess 0 increas$ by su* dep? ( appreciation4 ,! arti/ ?us produc$ portraits ( ! conqu]or :i* diff]$ z mu*1 & z favorably1 f ! reali/ic & *ance appe>ance ( ! k+ z ! hi/oric illu/ration ( a great p]sonage does f ! k ( t individual 9 e-day life4 ,alex&]1 accord+ly1 w\ld be repres5t$ 9 sculpture by no "o except ,lysippos1 z he w\ld be pa9t$ by none b ,apelles4 ,ev5 t be/-pres]v$ portrait ( ,alex&]1 ! bu/ 9 ! ,capitol1 does n suffice to make cle> ! :ole conception ( ,lysippos4 ,h[ gr& su* monum5tal portraitures really 7 may be ga!r$ f ! acc\nt ( ! gr\p at ,dium--aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! ,portico ( ,octavia 9 ,rome--illu/rat+ a sc5e f ! battle ^u ! ,granicos1 :]e tw5ty-five w>riors on horseback & n9e on foot 7 gr\p$ ab\t ! k+1 to :i* _m ( ! enemy may d\btless be add$4 ,! "w next 9 importance aft] ?is 0 ! repres5tation ( ,h]acles by ?is ma/]4 ,n 9 ! elevation ( ! ideal above ! human1 b r 9 ! emphasiz+ ( ?is latt] quality1 did ! ,h]acles ( ,lysippos /& 9 di/9ct opposition alike to ! m]ely human model ( ,polycleitos1 to ! sup]human & godlike be+s ( ,pheidias1 & especially to ! div9ely *>m+ beauty ( ! ,aphrodite & ! ,eros1 z se5 9 ! be/ creations ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! ,h]acles ( ,lysippos1 ! embodim5t ( /r5g? develop$ beyond human possibility1 appe>$ colossal1 :e!r ! absolute dim5sions 7 really great--l ! /atue f ,t>5tion :i* repres5t$ him re/+ ^u a basket aft] ! labor ( cleans+ ! ,augean /ables--or :e!r 9 m9iature1 suitable = a table ornam5t--l ! celebrat$ ,epitrapezios1 %[+ ! h]o z a dr9k]4 ,copies1 9 "p1 /ill rema9 ( ! ,labors ( ,h]acles1 execut$ 9 twelve gr\ps = ,alyzia1 9 ,ac>nania4 ,!y %[ ! same type t is reproduc$ 9 ! affect$1 ov]/ra9$ /atue ( ! lat] ,a!nian arti/ ,glycon--! s-call$ ,f>nese ,h]cules 9 ,naples4 7,fig4 #bca47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--;,f>nese ,h]cules ( ,glycon4 7,9 ! ,museum ( ,naples47 ,besides ^! prom95t gr\ps by ,lysippos1 evid5ces ( 8 creative en]gy1 ! figures ( ! deities appe> to h be5 few 9 numb]4 ,t examples f ! circle ( "y & beautiful div9ities1 :i* =m$ ! pr9cipal field = ! art ( ,praxiteles1 %\ld be almo/ entirely want+1 0 to be expect$1 he :o _h p]fect$ ! type ( ,h]acles naturally pref]r+ a p[]ful figure4 ,f\r /atues ( ,zeus are m5tion$4 ,?\gh ! colossal size ( ^! seems to h be5 a prom95t feature--! ,zeus ( ,t>5tion measur+ eighte5 metres 9 height--/ill !y %\ld n be consid]$ z execut$ aft] a conv5tional patt]n1 & consequ5tly (f]+ no?+ wor?y ( rem>k4 ,9 view ( all t is kn[n ( ,lysippos1 x seems n improbable t ! ,zeus ( ,otricoli 7,fig4 #bcb71 =m]ly ref]r$ to ! ,pheidian type1 may be m ne>ly relat$ to its modification by ,lysippos4 ,! ,helios ^u ! quadriga 9 ,rhodes1 besides its human beauty1 may possibly h be5 ( great importance 9 type & conception2 b ?is is n assur$ by ! fact t ,n]o priz$ x highly1 & ord]$ x to be gild$4 ,if x be add$ t ,lysippos work$ m indu/ri\sly & rapidly ?an any o!r kn[n sculptor--provid$ ! acc\nt be true t ! numb] ( 8 productions am\nt$ to fifte5 hundr$--x _c be suppos$ t ! "t requir$ = new conception & c>eful execution w\ld be giv5 to !m all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,zeus ( ,otricoli4 7,vatican47 ,! s*ool ( ,lysippos 0 n want+ 9 names ( r5[n4 ,8 mo/ gift$ son1 ,eu?ycrates1 appe>s to h equall$ 8 fa!r 9 gr\ps ( portrait /atues1 l ! ,ga!r+ ( ,rid]s & a ,hunt ( ,alex&] 9 ,!spia2 :ile ano!r son1 ,boidas1 awak5s our int]e/ f ! circum/ance t ! celebrat$ ,pray+ ,boy1 9 ! museum at ,b]l91 may possibly be ref]r$ to him4 ,*>es ( ,l9dos produc$ ! greate/ kn[n "w ( ,greek sculpture 9 reg>d to size--namely1 ! colossal /atue ( ! sun at ,rhodes1 ov] ?irty metres high4 ,pl9y describes x z already fall5 & 9 ru9s1 !re=e 8 words give u no in=mation z to ! conception & /yle2 & ! curr5t acc\nt ( its hav+ /ood s high above ! entrance to ! h>bor t vessels sail$ betwe5 ! legs is a fabul\s rem9isc5ce ( ! figure project$ at ,m\nt ,a?os by ,de9ocrates4 ,among ! s*ol>s ( ,lysippos1 ,euty*ides seems to h be5 ! mo/ indep5d5t2 ! goddess ,anti*eia1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,vatican1 0 di/+ui%$ by excell5ce 9 ! motive1 ease ( position1 & effective drap]y2 b1 9 its g5re-l treatm5t1 x exclud$ all ?\ght ( religi\s art1 to :i* a c]ta9 /rictness & dignity %\ld p]ta94 ,?is goddess 0 seat$ ) dignity1 l a city itself1 :ile ano!r p]sonification--! riv]-god--appe>$ 8m fl[+ ?an wat]40 ,?is m>k$ significance 9 bo? _c be ascrib$ to a happy *ance1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( t highly develop$ *>act]ization by :i* ! great ,sikyonian ma/] endeavor$ to conceive ! :ole be+ & to embody x 9 8 portraits & repres5tative figures4 ,among ! nameless works f ! s*ool ( ,lysippos1 creations are to be f\nd ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,! orig9ator ( ! ,b>b]9i ,faun1 n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 :oev] he may h be51 %\ld be rank$ among ! greate/ ma/]s ( all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--;,boreas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--,notos4 ,f ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ,a!ns4 ,) ,lysippos ! developm5t ( art 9 its pr9cipal directions 0 t]m9at$4 ,z ,ov]beck says1 8! summit lies beh9d u2 we desc5d1 & our way d[nw>ds may /ill lead ?r\gh *>m+ l&scapes2 b ! pure1 cle> e!r soon ceases to surr\nd u1 &1 be=e ! f>-rea*+ glance1 rises f ! mi/ ( c5turies ! flat & endless des]t1 9 ! s&s ( :i* ! /ream ( ,grecian art is qu5*$40 ,alex&] himself 0 ! patron ( ! la/ ( ! sev5 great ma/]s ( sculpture2 ) him end$ ! fre% directness ( ,hell5ic creations1 z well z ! greatness ( ,greece itself4 ,he & 8 successors built temples aft]w>ds to be furni%$1 z be=e1 ) /atues ( ! deities & outw>dly ornam5t$ ) sculptures2 b !y took _! models f ^? e>li] works :i*1 elevat$ to a typical & canonical importance1 7 n to be surpass$1 & employ$ !mselves simply 9 reproduc+4 ,!y foll[$ m will+ly ! easy pa? op5 to !m because1 9 ! ,alex&rian p]iod1 scepticism1 empty =malism1 & *ill+ indiff]5ce _h already laid ! ravag+ axe to ! ,hell5ic religion4 ,) ! spread ( ,hell5ic p[] into ! he>t ( ,asia1 its art1 l its polity1 lo/ its individuality1 becom+ expansive in/ead ( int5se1 9 decorative subjection to ! requirem5ts ( elegance & use4 ,los+ its =m] indep5d5t nobility1 sculpture soon fell f ! height :i* x _h occupi$ = a c5tury & a half4 ,a!ns1 ,sikyon1 & ,argos1 hi!rto c5tral po9ts ( developm5t1 :]e art _h br\ght =? its ri*e/ fruits z a model = ! entire ,hell5ic _w1 n[ became prov9cial cities ( ! ,mac$onian k+dom1 & lo/ _! glory--"s = a long p]iod1 & o!rs =ev]4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ,lysippos1 arti/s pref]r$ w&]+ f c\rt to c\rt ( ,alex&]'s successors2 & 9 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,seleucia1 9 ,nicom$ia1 ,p]gamon1 ,ambrakia1 mo/ly new & elegant cities ( royal resid5ce1 occupation c\ld n h be5 want+1 ?\gh ! quantity ( "w may h t5d$ to ha/5 ! decl9e4 ,h[ ext5sive & extravagant 7 ! arti/ic requirem5ts ( ! ,diado*i1 h[ excessive ! inc5se ( flatt]y (f]$ !m1 is %[n 9 ! description ( ! luxuri\s works ( ! ,ptolemies & ( ! ,seleucid1 & by ! ?ree hundr$ /atues erect$ to ,demetrius ,phal]eus 9 ,a!ns alone4 ,^! la/ may h be5 some:at bett] ?an ! repres5tation ( ! w9ds ^u ! clepsydra & vane ( ,&ronicos ,kyrrhe/ios 7,figs4 #bcc & #bcd71 b ev5 !y mu/ be class$ z m]e artisan-"w4 ,mu* 0 done 9 portrait-/atu>y aft] ! "t ( ,alex&]1 :o turn$ art 9 ?is direction2 & ! successive dyna/ies also enc\rag$ x1 z may easily be imag9$4 ,?is is evid5t f ! /atues /ill pres]v$1 f ! ,ptolemaic cameos1 & especially ! co9s ( ! ,diado*i4 ,! heads ( ^! k+s h nev] be5 equall$1 = f9e & lifelike *>act]ization & modell+1 9 all ! portrait co9s & m$allions :i* h be5 /ruck d[n to ! pres5t "t4 7,fig4 #bce47 ,?\gh a great deal 0 produc$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,diado*i1 &1 9 ! l9e ( portraiture1 mu* t 0 good1 /ill !re mu/ h be5 tru? 9 ! say+ ( ,pl9y t 8aft] ! #aba/ ,olympiad 7#bij ,b4,c47 art ceas$1 & reviv$ aga9 only 9 ! #aef? 7#aej ,b4,c4740 ,x ceas$1 namely1 9 s f> z x 0 made subs]vi5t to c\rts & decoration2 b ^u ! soil ( ,greece itself1 & among ! p1 x grew1 & /rove aft] high] aims4 ,! production cont9u$1 b its artisan-l elaboration did n make good ! lo/ arti/ic orig9ality4 ,m5 ( vigor\s tal5t foll[$ 9 ! pa?s ( ,praxiteles & ,lysippos1 produc+ works :i* are ! ornam5ts ( our antique collections2 b ! "* ( reproductions1 cl++ to _! creations1 robs !m ( ! "n ( arti/ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! scanty notices ( ,pl9y are1 9 g5]al1 correct2 b he omits to m5tion "s exceptions :i* repres5t a fur!r developm5t ( sculpture1 n q unimportant1 ?\gh que/ionable 9 pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,antio*os ,i4 ( ,syria4 #bha to #bfb4 ,philip ,v4 ( ,mac$on4 #bbj to #agh4 ,p]seus ( ,mac$on4 #agh to #afh4 ,fig4 #bce4--;,co9s ( ! ,diado*i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,! ,s-call$ ,dy+ ,gladiator4 ,s*ool ( ,p]gamon4 ,9 two places1 at ! royal c\rt ( ,p]gamon & 9 ! republic ( ,rhodes1 productive art rose aga9 to a c]ta9 indep5d5ce & orig9ality4 ,pl9y himself1 9 ano!r place1 says t 8sev]al arti/s illu/rat$ ! battles ( ,attalos & ,eum5es aga9/ ! ,gauls2 namely1 ,isigonos1 ,phycoma*os1 ,/ratonicos1 & ,antigonos40 ,! great victory ov] ^! b>b>ians 0 f\ght 9 #bbi ,b4,c4 by ,attalos1 ) :i* ,eum5es1 by a misund]/&+ easily to be expla9$1 appe>s to h be5 connect$4 ,attalos erect$ 9 8 capital a gr& monum5t to 8 victory1 &1 n cont5t+ himself ) ?is1 consecrat$ ano!r ^u ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 p]haps 9 "p a copy ( t 9 ,p]gamon4 ,remnants ( bo? monum5ts /ill exi/ :i* give a comp>atively good k ( ! arti/ic peculi>ities ( ?is s*ool4 ,! inve/igations ^u ?is site1 n[ approa*+ completion1 h une>!d hundr$s ( fragm5ts 9 high-relief1 "p ( a gigantoma*ia orig9ally =m+ ! decoration ( an alt>4 ,! alt> 0 surr\nd$ by ,ionic colonnades1 ! high /]eobate ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) sculptures 9 high-relief1 ! :ole be+ elevat$ ^u a gigantic t]race1 #ch m4 long1 & #cd m4 broad4 ,! frieze1 repres5t+ ! gigantoma*ia1 /&s midway betwe5 ! works ( ,lysippos & ! ,laocoon1 & =ms ! mo/ ext5sive & important monum5t ( sculpture rema9+ f ! "t ( ! ,diado*i2 x is 9 _m respects a p>allel to t ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassos :i* repres5ts ! decorative "w ( ! s*ool ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,^! works h n[ f\nd _! way to ,b]l91 b a critical acc\nt ( !m w be possible only :5 !y %all h be5 made g5]ally accessible by an (ficial publication4 ,! /atue ( ! s-call$ ,dy+ ,gladiator ( ! ,capitol belong$ to ! gr\p 9 ,p]gamon already kn[n 7,fig4 #bcf72 z did ! two figures 9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi1 repres5t+ a ,gaul :o1 to escape ! %ame ( slav]y1 has /abb$ 8 wife1 :o s9ks beside him1 & is ab\t to ?ru/ ! sword into 8 own neck4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,dy+ ,gladiator1 ! r\gh hair gr[+ l[ ^u ! neck1 ! /rongly m>k$ ind5tation betwe5 ! br[ & ! project+ ,nor!rn nose1 ! be>d %orn to ! upp] lip1 ! heavy *eek-bones1 ! fle%y & some:at clumsily =m$ body1 ! h>d & call\s$ sk9 ^u ! h&s & feet1 ! twi/$ neckb&1 & ! curv$ battle-horn h long s9ce %[n ! mean+ ( ?is /atue4 ,9 ! gr\p 9 ! ,ludovisi ,villa1 ! same m>ble1 a l & peculi> treatm5t ( ! =ms1 ) ! same type ( head1 leave no d\bt t ?is also belong$ to a l>ge gr\p repres5t+ a victory ov] ! ,gauls4 ,f its /yle1 x _c be consid]$ z a ,roman monum5t1 p>ticul>ly z "s notices ( ! ,a!nian ,votive ,(f]+ ( ,attalos cle>ly id5tify x4 ,! mo/ /rik+ novelty 9 ^! monum5ts1 & also 9 ! s*ool ( art at ,p]gamon1 is ! *>act]i/ic foll[+-out ( e?nographical diff]5ces4 ,previ\sly1 :5 arti/s w\ld di/+ui% b>b>ians1 !y 7 cont5t to make ! nationality cle> by co/ume & accessories2 b ?is c\ld n suffice = ,lysippos1 :o _h c>ri$ individual *>act]ization to su* a height 9 8 portrait-/atues1 & :o probably1 9 8 gr\p ( ! battle ^u ! ,granicos1 illu/rat$ ! peculi>ities ( ! ,p]sian race4 ,9 gr\ps ( portrait-/atues x 0 necess>y to treat ! action ) absolute tru?fulness1 ?us lead+ ! way to hi/oric art4 ,?is is p]fect$ 9 ! monum5t 9 "q1 ! ideal battle sc5e be+ bas$ ^u real details2 x 0 n m]ely a /rife among m51 b ,greeks & ,celts /ood oppos$1 ea* nation ) its m>k$ features & peculi>ities1 ! b>b>ians di/+ui%$ n outw>dly alone1 b by _! natural wildness4 ,?is is evid5t f a numb] ( figures ( ! ,a!nian votive (f]+ ( ,attalos1 /ill pres]v$2 our k ( _! connection ) ! ,dy+ ,gladiator & ! s*ool ( ,p]gamon is due to ,brunn4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 ?is votive (f]+ consi/$ ( figures half ! size ( life1 9 f\r gr\ps1 %[+ ! gigantoma*ia1 ! combat ( ! ,amazons1 ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 & ! victory ( ,attalos4 ,figures exi/ f !m all2 f ! fir/1 a giant1 dead & out/ret*$1 is 9 ! museum at ,naples1 z also "o ( ! second1 a fall5 ,amazon2 f ! ?ird1 a dead body clad 9 bree*es1 & two nude ,p]sians kneel+1 are 9 ,naples1 ! ,vatican1 & 9 ! possession ( ,signor ,ca/ellani4 ,f ! f\r?1 a kneel+ figure1 at ,p>is1 & "o kneel+ & "o fall+ backw>d1 at ,v5ice1 are unmi/akable ,gauls2 :ile a sitt+ figure1 w\nd$1 also at ,v5ice1 & a y\?ful "o1 dead1 at ,naples1 are probably also ( t race4 ,judg+ f ^! rema9s1 ! composition mu/ h includ$ num]\s figures1 z ! five exi/+ ,gauls--p]haps also sev]al m--bespeak a correspond+ numb] at ,p]gamon1 & =ty is ! l[e/ t c be reckon$ = ! :ole4 ,_! position 0 probably ^u ! /eps ( ! monum5t1 :i* possibly bore ! /atue ( ! f\nd]4 ,x mu/ h /ood ne> ! wall ( ! ,acropolis1 s9ce x has be5 said t a figure f ! gigantoma*ia 0 ?r[n by a /orm into ! !atre :i* /ood at ! foot ( ?is =tress4 ,t only ! conqu]$ are f\nd among ! pieces pres]v$ seems to be an evid5ce t ^! remnants are f ! orig9al r ?an f any copy1 because1 aside f ! improbability t s ext5sive a "w w\ld h be5 copi$ 9 lat] times1 ! effect ( ! /orm sugge/s ! ?\ght t ! erect /atues ( ! victors w\ld h be5 less likely to la/ ?r\gh s _m c5turies ?an ! ly+ & c[]+ figures1 n s easily injur$ on acc\nt ( _! clos] connection ) ! base4 ,not)/&+ _! relation 9 /yle to ! ,capitol9e /atue & to ! gr\p 9 ! ,ludovisi ,villa1 ^! are di/9ctly inf]ior & h>d]4 ,brunn is probably "r 9 8 supposition t !y are ! "w ( s*ol>s1 & a contemporane\s reproduction f ! /udio ( t ma/]1 :o himself execut$ ! monum5t at ,p]gamon1 ! figures ( :i* rank$ 9 m]it ) ! ,dy+ ,gladiator4 ,_m defici5cies may be acc\nt$ = by its r$uction to half life-size2 its repetition at ?is scale1 = ! ,a!nian votive (f]+1 appe>+ to h satisfi$ ! k+4 ,! "w mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ?is1 also 9 m>ble1 & p]fectly simil> 9 conception1 is a figure ( ! ,m>syas gr\p1 ! celebrat$ ,knife-%>p5] 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce4 ,?is is also a repres5tative ( b>b>ism1 probably a ,scy?ian1 ! o!rs hav+ be5 ,gauls2 b1 arti/ically1 ?is makes no diff]5ce4 ,no orig9als rema9 ( ! o!r figures 9 ! gr\p1 ( :i* ! b>b>ian1 c[]+ ^u ! gr\nd & %>p5+ ! knife = ! flay+ ( ,m>syas1 probably =m$ no v important "p4 ,ano!r aim1 ! c>eful anatomical treatm5t ( ! body1 is o/5tati\sly display$ 9 ! copies ( ?is "w n[ 9 ,b]l9 & ,flor5ce4 ,! gr\p sugge/s ano!r locality1 & =ms a connect+ m$ium betwe5 ^? two mo/ important c5tres ( art 9 t p]iod1 ,p]gamon & ,rhodes4 ,among ! few republics ( ! "t1 ! isl& ( ,rhodes 0 able to rival ! brilliant c\rts ( k+s1 9 reg>d to arti/ic treasures1 by its weal? ( comm]ce & its political neutrality--! latt] be+ r5d]$ possible1 z n[h]e else1 by its situation & importance4 ,t ! influ5ce ( ,lysippos prevail$ !re is cle> f ! fact t1 aft] ?is ma/] _h s5t ?i!r 8 ,phoibos ^u ! quadriga1 ! ,rhodian ,*>es w5t to le>n ( him1 & aft]w>ds execut$ = 8 native city ! above-m5tion$ colossus4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 ! same place by a hundr$ o!r colossal figures1 :i* 7 probably relat$1 9 po9t ( /yle1 to ! works ( ,lysippos4 ,! /atem5t ( ,pl9y t ea*1 s+ly1 w\ld h suffic$ to make ! place ( its exposition fam\s is h>dly intelligible4 ,num]\s names ( arti/s1 mo/ly ( ,rhodes1 f\nd p>tly 9 inscriptions ^u ! bases1 & p>tly m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 might "h be m5tion$4 ,! multipli$ productions ( colossal works1 h[ev]1 w\ld n suffice to give a v favorable idea ( ! /ate ( art 9 ,rhodes1 7 x n = ! pres]vation ( two examples1 prom95t among _m1 :i* 7 fam\s ev5 9 antiquity4 ,^! 7 ! gr\p ( ! ,laocoon1 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! s-call$ ,f>nese ,bull1 9 ,naples4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #bcg71 :i* ,pl9y1 ) extravagant praise1 calls ! "w ( ?ree ,rhodians1 ,ages&ros1 ,a?anodoros1 & ,polydoros1 0 f\nd 9 #aejf--n 9 "o piece1 z he describes x1 b 9 six--among ! ru9s ( ! h\se ( ,titus1 9 ^: palace ,pl9y says x 0 plac$4 ,x repres5ts ! prie/ ,laocoon1 :o s9n$ at ! alt> ?r\gh love1 & :om ,apollo *a/is$ by means ( two s]p5ts4 ,?is expiation became tragic1 f its hav+ tak5 place at ! mom5t :5 ,laocoon _h resolv$ to save 8 native city1 ,troy2 & also f ! suff]+ ( ! *ildr51 innoc5t1 ?\gh born 9 s94 ,! s]p5ts h encircl$ ! ?ree figures2 ! y\nge/ is fall+ f ! deadly /+2 ! fa!r1 s9k+ ^u ! alt> aft] a desp]ate def5ce1 is no long] able to protect himself2 :ile ! eld] son1 n yet ?reat5$ ) in/ant dea?1 b hopelessly entangl$ 9 ! coils ( ! s]p5t1 turns ^u 8 fa!r a look ( despair+ horror4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,gr\p ( ,laocoon & 8 ,sons1 by ,ages&ros1 ,a?anodoros1 & ,polydoros4 7,vatican47 ,?is gr& "w1 ?\gh f ,pl9y d[n to lat] times e/eem$ beyond its real m]it1 /ill makes evid5t to u peculi>ities 9 ! art ( ,rhodes :i*1 9 _m respects1 r5d] x ( indep5d5t value4 ,we f9d 9 x a *oice ( subject new 9 sculpture1 ! te*nical & arti/ic difficulties ( :i* appe> almo/ insurm\ntable1 s t x c\ld only be treat$ by ability well tra9$ & long exp]i5c$4 ,x gave opportunity to surpass all exi/+ productions 9 its display ( arti/ic te*nical sup]iority4 ,:5 ! body ( ! ,laocoon is comp>$ ) ! type ( ,h]acles1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! canon ( ,lysippos 0 foll[$2 b ! =ms1 :i* ) him 7 develop$ f ! liv+ model1 9 ?is1 z 9 ! ,m>syas ( ,p]gamon1 are tak5 f anatomical /udies1 & are want+ 9 fulness ( life3 ! ov]detail$ muscles are too /udi$1 di/9ct1 & sep>at$2 !y are m>ble1 & n fle%4 ,! composition w\ld1 9 real life1 be impracticable2 ! action is visibly s ord]$ t x nev] c\ld be possible1 & is ?r\gh\t develop$ ) an aim t[>ds ! greate/ effect4 ,b ?is effect is by no means m]ely =mal1 limit$ to ! re/less & disquiet+ play ( ! l9es ( ! limbs & trunks1 & ( ! coils ( ! s]p5ts4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree pa!tic4 ,?us ?is elem5t ( ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles exi/$ 9 ?is "w1 bo? ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( t ma/] be+ "h display$ ) an excessive o/5tation4 ,! pa?os confronts u too exclusively1 n modifi$ by any e?ic pr9ciple4 ,! "w does n1 !re=e1 h ! tragic p[] :i* lies 9 ! descriptions ( ,sophocles1 because1 9 ! gr\p1 only ! effect is to be se52 we h no h9t z to ! cause4 ,! pa!tic bl5ds f> m ) ! pa?ological ev5t ?an ) ! e?ical4 ,! ma/]y ( r5d]+1 ! composition1 ! effect--ev]y?+ is wond]ful2 b x all lies 9 ! realm ( display3 our admiration is giv5 to ! arti/ r ?an to ! "w4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ?is effective treatm5t 0 ! dom9ant feature 9 ! art ( ,rhodes2 b x set te*nical ma/]y 9 ! =egr\nd1 to ! neglect ( absolute & intr9sic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--,! ,f>nese ,bull ( ,apollonios & ,tauriscos4 7,9 ,naples47 ,?is applies equally to ! second great "w1 ! s-call$ ,f>nese ,bull 7,fig4 #bch71 ! creation ( two arti/s f ,tralles1 ,apollonios & ,tauriscos1 :o may h work$ 9 ,rhodes1 z1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! gr\p 0 to be se5 !re be=e x 0 br\ght to ,rome "u ,augu/us4 ,?is l>ge gr\p 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla soon aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,laocoon1 & 0 transport$ to ,naples1 :]e x n[ /&s 9 ! ,museo ,nazionale4 ,! sc5e is probably tak5 f ! ,antiope1 a trag$y ( ,euripides1 & an und]/&+ ( ! /ory is necess>y to its compreh5sion4 ,antiope 0 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,nycteus ( ,!bes2 he be+ angry ) h] because ( ! love ( ,zeus1 & incr$ul\s z to ! cause ( h] pregnancy1 %e fl$ to ,m\nt ,ki?airon1 :]e %e bore ! tw9s ,ze?os & ,amphion4 ,hav+ giv5 ^! to ! c>e ( a %eph]d1 %e 0 receiv$ by ,k+ ,epopeus ( ,sikyon2 b ,lycos1 ! bro!r & successor ( ,nycteus1 c>ri$ on ! hateful p]secution1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( mak+ w> aga9/ h] protector4 ,sikyon 0 de/roy$1 & ,antiope return$ z a slave to ,!bes1 :]e ! ill-treatm5t ( ,dirke1 wife ( ,lycos1 oblig$ h] to fly once m to ! m\nta9s4 ,!re1 at a fe/ival ( ,bac*us1 %e 0 f\nd aga9 by h] p]secutor1 &1 = h] flight1 0 giv5 ! t]rible puni%m5t ( be+ dragg$ to dea? by a bull4 ,ze?os & ,amphion 7 ready to execute ! comm& :5 a recognition took place1 & a j v5geance br\ght ! fate int5d$ = ,antiope ^u ! head ( ,dirke4 ,?is mom5t =ms ! impos+ sc5e ( ! gr\p4 ,! rag+ bull is only ) difficulty held by ! av5g+ sons2 ,dirke1 a mo/ beautiful woman1 pray+ 9 va9 = grace1 clasps ! knee ( "o :ile ! o!r is ready to ?r[ ar\nd h] ! noose by :i* %e is to be dragg$ ov] ! r\gh gr\nd ( ,ki?airon4 ,! passion ( ! av5g+ sons1 & ! fe> ( ,dirke1 make ! "w highly pa!tic & impressive2 b x is n s really tragic z ! ,laocoon1 because ! motive ( ! evid5tly brutal de$1 ?\gh n entirely neglect$1 z 9 ! =m]1 is /ill n entirely compreh5sible4 ,antiope1 ! h]o9e ( ! trag$y1 is inde$ pres5t4 ,b %e is n br\ght into ! action1 & /&s1 9 fact1 beh9d ! pr9cipal *>act]s4 ,%e is !re=e h>dly m ?an a lay figure1 express+ no?+4 ,x might p]haps h be5 bett] to omit ,antiope altoge!r1 & to leave ! action )\t any motive at all4 ,! figure has1 h[ev]1 an int]e/ ( its own1 be+ 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 :ile ! o!rs h suff]$ by re/oration & by ret\*+4 ,! composition1 ) its num]\s figures1 admirably execut$1 has a picturesque effect :i* is some:at new 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture4 ,?is is enhanc$ by ! accessories ( ! /ory1 ! rocky gr\nd1 & _m local details symbolical ( ! occasion4 ,besides a f9e l>ge dog1 really belong+ to ! gr\p1 !re are a *aplet & a basket1 a disproportionately small boy ornam5t$ ) a wrea?1 &1 /ill m inf]ior 9 size1 two lions seiz+ a bull & a horse4 ,!re are also two bo>s com+ out f a grotto1 a lioness1 a /ag1 a h9d1 a ram1 an eagle ) a snake1 & a falcon ov] a dead bird2 ev5 turtles1 snakes1 & snails are repres5t$4 ,! ma/]y ov] ! te*nical & arti/ic difficulties 9 ?is "w is sc>cely less admirable ?an 9 ! ,laocoon1 & x gives ! same impression ( a successful piece ( bravura1 a/oni%+ & q fasc9at+ = its novelty1 boldness1 & v]satile p[]4 ,! age1 inde$1 satiat$ ) ! be/ products ( v>i\s s*ools1 dem&$ ! /imulus ( an excessive appeal to sup]ficial s\rces ( int]e/4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,m>syas is attribut$ to arti/s ( ,p]gamon1 & ! ,wre/l]s 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #bci7 may1 ) great] c]ta9ty1 be ascrib$ to ^? ( ,rhodes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--,! ,wre/l]s4 7,9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--;,apollo ,belv$]e4 7,9 ! ,vatican47 ,be=e we pass to ! la/ active p]iod ( ,hell5ic art1 "o o!r "w1 pres]v$ f ?is age1 ! ,apollo ,belv$]e ( ! ,vatican 7,fig4 #bdj71 /ill claims our consid]ation4 ,?\gh )\t ! "n ( ! arti/1 or ( ! place ( its orig91 & n1 p]haps1 to be class$ directly ) ! greate/ productions ( ,p]gamon & ,rhodes1 x is yet n unwor?y to rank by _! side4 ,x is1 l ! ,laocoon1 "o ( ! be/-kn[n /atues among ! exi/+ treasures ( antiquity1 & sc>cely ne$s a m9ute description4 ,! spl5did triumphant head look+ into ! di/ance1 ! sl5d] figure1 z f9e 9 modell+ z x is noble1 ! pleas+ grace ( ! light /ep1 assure = x an admiration1 ! m univ]sal z ^! beauties--! comb9$ result ( ! s*ools ( ,lysippos & ( ,praxiteles--are j ^? :i* are ! mo/ g5]ally recogniz$4 ,x is n an orig9al "w1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 b an e>ly ,roman copy f ! bronze1 & seems to be> a clos] relation to x ?an does ! lately discov]$ head :i* is n[ 9 ! museum at ,basle4 ,?is latt] has lo/ ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! bronze /yle1 & f ! great] fre$om ( its treatm5t may be call$ a translation into m>ble1 9 di/9ction f ! copy 9 ! ,vatican4 ,ano!r reproduction ( ?is "w rec5tly made kn[n by ,/ephani1 a bronze /atuette 9 ! ,/rogon(f collection1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 has giv5 an additional explanation ( ! action 9 :i* ! god 0 repres5t$4 ,9 ! m>ble ! left h& 0 want+1 & 9 ! re/oration ?is 0 suppli$ ) a b[2 b 9 ! ,/rogon(f ,apollo rema9s are /ill to be se5 ( ! gis1 held 9 ! h&1 ) :i* ! deity drove back ! ,greeks1 z describ$ by ,hom]1 ,il4 xv4 #cjf4 ,if ! f>-%oot] be ?us *ang$ into ! gis-be>]1 ! %ak+ ( ! gis symboliz+ ! /orm1 a pla9 ref]5ce may be f\nd to ! orig9al motive ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! ,gauls ?reat5$ ,delphi 9 #bgi ,b4,c41 ! def5ce ( ! ,greeks 0 effectively assi/$ by a t]rible /orm1 :i* ?rew ! b>b>ians into a fe>ful panic1 & :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z caus$ by ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( ,apollo1 ,a!ne1 & ,artemis4 ,?is might well h _h an effect ^u art simil> to t ( ! victory ( ,attalos ov] ! ,gauls 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! tolians1 inde$1 propos$ to erect at ,delphi a votive (f]+1 ) figures ( field-(fic]s & ( ! ?ree gods1 :ile a /atue ( ,apollo 0 erect$ 9 ,patrae f a simil> reason4 ,9 view ( ?is1 ,ov]beck has v5tur$ to comb9e ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 ! ,artemis ( ,v]sailles 7,fig4 #bda71 & ! /rid+ ,a!ne ( ! ,capitol9e ,museum into "o gr\p1 to :i* ideal union ! unsimil>ity ( ! workman%ip1 & ev5 ( ! scale ( ! ?ree /atues1 is n s mu* oppos$--s9ce ^! are all copies t h come d[n to u f diff]5t times--z is ! movem5t ( ! ,apollo1 ! middle figure1 t[>ds ! "r4 ,?is difficulty might be met by *ang+ ! positions1 s t ,a!ne %\ld /& at ! "r & ,artemis at ! left1 :]eby ! action ( ! figures might be f1 r ?an t[>ds1 ea* o!r1 ,artemis be+ turn$ decid$ly m t[>ds ! front4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is "w orig9at$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! victory 9 #bgi ,b4,c41 x %[s t a g5]ation be=e ! "t ( ,attalos1 at lea/ 9 ,greece prop]1 al?\gh att5tion _h already be5 devot$ to mom5t>y action1 art nev]!less /ill /ood ^u an ideal height1 & c\ld /ill del9eate gods wor?y ( admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--;,artemis ( ,v]sailles4 ,^! arti/ic ef=ts d n1 on ! :ole1 refute ! op9ion ( ,pl9y t art ceas$ f ! #aba/ to ! #aef? ,olympiad--t is1 f #cjj to #aej ,b4,c4 ,! *ief localities ( its activity1 ,p]gamon & ,rhodes1 may be consid]$ only z asylums f\nd by ! high] sculpture aft] x _h lo/ all foo?old 9 its native home4 ,b :5 he says x took a new flight at ! close ( t p]iod1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! result 0 n ( t k9d :i* c\ld *>m u z x did ! ,roman n>rator4 ,z ,brunn rem>ks1 ! date ( ,pl9y agrees ) t p]iod :5 ,hell5ic art atta9$ a decid$ ma/]y 9 ,rome4 ,sc>cely any evid5ces ( ! monum5tal art ( ,greece 7 to be recogniz$ 9 ,rome be=e ! conque/ ( ,syracuse 9 #bab ,b4,c4 ,aft] ?is "t ! ,roman triumphs br\ght =?1 "o aft] ano!r1 an almo/ oppressive numb] ( productions1 s t ! art ( ! ,greek colonies1 & ( ,greece itself1 ov]fl[$ ,rome 9 a broad /ream4 ,n to m5tion ! plund]+ ( ,capua1 ,t>5tion1 & num]\s ,grecian cities 9 ,l[] ,italy1 we h an example 9 ! triumphs ( ,qu9tius ,flam9ius1 ! conqu]or ( ,kynoskephal1 #aig ,b4,c41 :5 ! transportation ( ! /atues la/$ an entire day4 ,! booty tak5 f ,we/]n ,greece by ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior1 9 #ahi ,b4,c41 also conta9$ n less ?an five hundr$ & fifte5 /atues4 ,^! ext5sive plund]+s 7 at lea/ equall$ by ! triumphs ( ,l4 ,cornelius ,scipio1 ! victor ov] ,antio*os2 ( milius ,paulus1 conqu]or ( ,p]seus2 ( ,metellus ,mac$onicus1 & ( ! de/roy] ( ,cor9?1 ,mummius1 :o has become prov]bial = 8 b>b>\s robb]ies4 ,x 0 n /range t at la/ a liv+ art foll[$ ! triumphal *>iot ( ,roman victories4 ,metellus employ$ _m ,grecian arti/s 9 ! erection & ornam5tation ( 8 new build+s 9 ,rome4 ,! sc5e ( arti/ic indu/ry ?us became *ang$1 & ,rome1 a =eign city1 became ! c5tral po9t--fir/ ( possession1 & aft]w>ds ( arti/ic activity4 ,x might !re=e be que/ion$ :e!r :at foll[s 7 n bett] suit$ to ! *apt] ^u ,rome2 b x mu/ be consid]$ t ! ,romans 71 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 only weal?y collectors & patrons ( art1 & t ! arti/s employ$ 7 /ill ,grecian1 & ( ! ,hell5ic s*ool4 ,?is 0 n alt]$ by _! work+ 9 ,rome1 or ev5 by _! le>n+ f ! numb]less productions accumulat$ !re4 ,roman gr&eur 0 long cont5t$ ) arti/ic booty = ! ornam5t+ ( its =ums1 temples1 & public build+s2 ! imm5se weal? ( ! empire & proconsulate giv+ opportunity = procur+ celebrat$ works by =ce1 by pur*ase1 or z honor>y gifts4 ,?is br\ght =? dilettanteism1 :i* l$ to ! /udy ( art1 & to a zeal = collect+ :i* made e new acquisition an additional inc5tive to covet\sness4 ,/udy *ok$ t impulse :i*1 9 a deg5]ate way1 _h endeavor$ to outdo :at _h be5 done by ma/]s ( ! be/ p]iod1 &1 acc\nt+ _! me?od to be exclusively good1 turn$ art back by a sort ( reaction ^u ^? e>li] pa?s4 ,! passion = collect+ 0 n limit$ to ! works ready at h&1 b w\ld h re/orations & imitations by contempor>y arti/s1 made 9 ! _s ( ! orig9als4 ,x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise ?an t art1 aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! orig9als1 & atta9$ its aims 9 all directions1 %\ld react ^u itself2 b d\btless ! circum/ances ( ,rome _h an ess5tial influ5ce ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ?is took place1 & greatly fur!r$ ?is r5aissance--to use a some:at unsuitable t]m :i*1 9 its re/rict$ s5se1 has be5 adopt$ = ! f> m orig9al awak5+ ( art at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,borghese ,gladiator ( ,agasias4 7,9 ! ,l\vre47 ,9 ! desire to enliv5 ! diff]5t phases ( arti/ic developm5t1 x 0 natural n to return to fir/ pr9ciples1 b r to take ^? creations :i* lay ne> at h&1 & try to f9d 9 !m ! way to improvem5t4 ,! p]iod "u consid]ation1 up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! empire1 (f]s examples ( e /age ( developm5t1 ! dates ( :i* c only "h & !re be giv52 b x seems t ! way = an ,hell5ic r5aissance 01 dur+ ?is p]iod1 p>tially op5$4 ,agasias ( ,ephesos appe>s z successor to ! ma/] ( ! ,laocoon & ( ! ,f>nese ,bull4 ,! celebrat$ ,borghese ,gladiator 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* repres5ts a w>rior 9 fictiti\s battle ) a horseman1 may be ref]r$ to ! s*ool ( ,rhodes4 7,fig4 #bdb47 ,z ! /atue did n belong to a gr\p1 b 0 indep5d5t1 we see 9 x no?+ b a %[ figure1 9 :i* ! arti/ only s\ght = a position :]e he might outdo all t _h gone be=e1 & give opportunity to p>ade 8 te*nical ma/]y & 8 anatomical k4 ,t ! "w %\ld be plac$ 9 ?is "t1 & n 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,rhodian s*ool1 is pla9 f ! lat] "* ( ! writ+ 9 ! arti/'s inscription1 f ! inf]ior und]/&+ ( ! mutual relations ( ! muscles1 & p>ticul>ly f ! insignificance ( ! idea1 & ! entire lack ( ! pa!tic1 all :i* elem5ts l5t to ! works ( ,rhodes an especial value4 ,z examples f ,rhodes & ,p]gamon n only lay ne> at h& = ! arti/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 b 7 g]mane to _! civilization1 s ! num]\s ,attic ma/]s ( ?is p]iod look$ to ! "t ( p]fection 9 ,attica & ,sikyon4 ,! t5ets ( ! s*ool ( ,lysippos /ill held sway !re1 & :at spl5did fruit x bore1 ev5 at ?is "t1 not)/&+ ! retrogression f its e>li] ov]valu$ m]it1 is %[n by ! mu* admir$ torso1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,belv$]e1 by ,apollonios1 son ( ,ne/or ( ,a!ns4 7,fig4 #bdc47 ,?is mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 a sitt+ ,h]acles1 a motive repeat$ly treat$ by ,lysippos1 ?\gh no re/oration ( x has yet be5 decid$ly successful4 ,! mo/ probable is ! late/ by ,pet]s51 :i* repres5ts him z play+ ! ki?>a4 ,! some:at lat] /atue by ,glycon ( ,a!ns1 ! ,h]acles1 :o /&s lean+ ^u 8 club 7,fig4 #bca71 ?\gh approa*+ some:at 9 conception to a "w ( ,lysippos1 is f> inf]ior4 ,) ?is may be m5tion$ a /ill poor] repetition1 ! ,h]acles ( ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce1 ?r\gh a false inscription ascrib$ to ,lysippos4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--;,belv$]e ,torso1 by ,apollonios4 7,9 ! ,vatican47 ,besides ,apollonios1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ also by 8 y\?ful satyr & an ,apollo1 :i* are too little kn[n = a m m9ute description1 ! s*ool ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles 0 foll[$ by ! son ( ,apollodoros ( ,a!ns1 ,cleom5es1 ! sculptor ( ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! div9e figure ( ! ,v5us ( ,melos1 ?\gh pleas+1 x appe>s deg5]ate4 ,! godlike beauty :i* we impute to ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 & f9d 9 ! ,v5us ( ,melos1 is lo/ by ! cont9ual emphasis ( s5su\s effects1 not)/&+ all ! ma/]y & delicate feel+ = beauty4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,bras*i ,v5us at ,muni* & ! ,v5us ( ! ,capitol1 :i* are m ne>ly relat$ to t ( ,cnidos1 ne>ly all ! nude figures ( ,v5us 9 ! v>i\s museums belong to ! same circle & /age ( developm5t1 ev5 :5 !y betray lat] "w4 ,! ma/]s by no means appe> to h be5 m]e copyi/s2 b ! works ( ,praxiteles 7 alt]$1 to suit ! ta/e ( ! times1 by arti/s 9 :om individuality 0 n q ext9ct4 ,! s*ool ( ,pheidias1 ) its high ideal1 ( :i* ! age 9 "q _h little und]/&+1 c\ld nev] h become popul> 9 ! same degree4 ,rome possess$ b few works ( ?is ma/] :i* c\ld h s]v$ z examples1 & ^? n ! mo/ important4 ,/ill1 rem9isc5ces ( ! be/ ,attic /yle 7 n want+1 especially 9 ^? figures ( ! gods ! type ( :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,pheidias1 z 9 ! /atues ( ,zeus & ,a!ne4 ,! *ryselephant9e ,zeus1 by ,polycles & ,dionysios1 9 ,metellus's ,temple ( ,jupit]1 z also ! ,capitol9e ( ! same mat]ial by ,apollonios1 may ju/ly be ref]r$ to ! ,olympian orig9al2 ! =m] at lea/ ) ! m c]ta9ty1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! sons ( ,polycles--,timocles & ,tim>*ides--copi$ ! sculptures ^u a %ield ( ! ,p>!nos = an ,a!ne1 design$ = ,elateia 9 ,phokis4 ,x is possible--& ?is may1 p]haps1 be /ill fur!r e/abli%$ by ,brunn1 :o has po9t$ out ?is connection--t ! ,pallas 9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi1 by ,antio*os ( ,a!ns1 :i* has be5 e/imat$ bel[ its wor?1 may be a reproduction ( ! ,p>!nos1 modifi$ & p]haps =m$ f memory4 ,! treatm5t ( ! g>m5ts1 & ! :ole position ( ?is o!rwise ill-execut$ figure1 rem9d u ( ! *ryselephant9e works1 & possess some?+ ( ! dignity & nobility ( ! bett] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,gr\p by ,m5elaos4 7,9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi47 ,at a "t :5 ,cic]o c\ld say t 9 8 op9ion 8! works ( ,polycleitos 7 p]fectly beautiful0 ! ma/] f ,argos mu/ h come into fa%ion4 ,! arti/ic repres5tative ( ?is /age ( appreciative developm5t 0 ,pasiteles1 :o work$ 9 ! "t ( ,pompey1 & ^: important s*ool has left traces ( ?is influ5ce 9 examples t h be5 pres]v$4 ,! pa!tic t5d5cy 0 n entirely to be avoid$1 &1 ?\gh n s evid5t 9 ! academic male figure ( ! ,villa ,albani1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/ephanos1 ! s*ol> ( ,pasiteles1 is yet und5iable 9 ! gr\ps ( ,ore/es & ,electra 9 ,naples1 & ( ,ore/es & ,pylades 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,?is trait is /ill m m>k$ 9 a "w ( ,m5elaos1 ! s*ol> ( ,/ephanos1 ! beautiful & celebrat$ gr\p 9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi 7,fig4 #bdd71 designat$ by ,w9ckelmann & ,welck] z ,electra & ,ore/es2 by ,jahn1 z ,m]ope & ,cresphontes2 by ,kekul1 z ,deianeira & ,hyllos2 & by ,s*ulze & ,burckh>dt1 z ,p5elope & ,telema*os4 ,?\gh ! arti/ has "h made concessions to m rec5t influ5ces1 !y did n give ! "w an eclectic "*1 z ass]t$ by ,kekul1 b r display$ a some:at ar*ai/ic conception1 & ! %ort proportions ( ,polycleitos1 long s9ce ab&on$ = ! canon ( ,lysippos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rem>k ( ,kekul appe>s j1 t ! *>act]s d n seem conceiv$ & modell$ aft] nature1 b r z se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! trag$y ( ,euripides4 ,:5 ! reproductions _h run ?r\gh ! entire circle ( /yles f ! be/ p]iod ( art1 ! ar*aic 0 at la/ br\ght =w>d4 ,x is kn[n t ,augu/us ornam5t$ 8 build+s1 p>ticul>ly ! gable ( ! ,palat9e ,temple ( ,apollo1 ) sculptures ( ! ma/]s f ,*ios1 ,b\palos & ,a!nis1 & t he also c>ri$ away f ,tegea ! ,a!ne ( ! old ,attic ,endoios4 ,ar*aic art1 always possess+ a *>m = devotional images :i* 0 d\bl$ 9 a "t ( su* satiety1 came ?us into fa%ion4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ar*ai/ic works appe>$1 imitat$ aft] ! antique1 z has already be5 m5tion$4 ,!y n seldom betray ! influ5ce ( s+le figures f l>g] compositions 9 relief1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,amphora ( ! ,a!nian ,sosibios 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--;,capitol9e ,c5taur ( ,ari/eas & ,papias4 7,capitol9e ,museum47 ,! m or less free reproductiv5ess ( ?is p]iod1 :i* we h to ?ank = a l>ge proportion ( ! cont5ts ( our museums1 naturally came to a conclusion 9 t unbridl$ mixture ( /yle :i* comb9$ 9 ! same relief n only ! v>i\s aims ( diff]5t s*ools1 b _! well-kn[n motives1 z is ! case ) ! relief ( ! ,salpion ^u ! font ( ,gaeta4 ,!re 0 v little orig9ality1 & t 0 limit$ to g5re1 p>ticul>ly to ! idyllic1 z 9 ! play ( ,cupids1 ! be/ ( :i* might be ref]r$ to old models4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ?is 0 ! case ) ! lioness ( ,arkesilaos1 9 ! possession ( ,v>ro1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y's description1 b\nd by ,cupids1 0 dr9k+ f a horn1 ) mitt5s ^u ! paws to r5d] !m h>mless4 ,models = ?is may be s\ght 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,alex&ria4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! c5taurs1 b\nd & worri$ by ,cupids1 ! be/ examples ( :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,vatican1 ! ,doria ,palace1 & ! ,capitol9e ,museum1 ) t ( ,ari/eas & ,papias f ,aphrodisias1 are imitations ( bronze orig9als4 7,fig4 #bde47 99 99 99 99 99 ,hell5ic ar*itecture & sculpture1 f _! unsurpass$ p]fection1 require a m compreh5sive treatm5t ?an t accord$ to ^? arts 9 any o!r anci5t nation4 ,?is is especially ! case ) sculpture1 because1 9 ,greece1 ! dem&s ( its nature 7 m completely fulfill$ by ! ,greeks ?an has ev] happ5$1 at any "t1 ) any o!r p2 :ile ,grecian ar*itecture1 not)/&+ its wond]ful monum5tal p]fection1 did n deal ) all ! possibilities ( ! art4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 dem& our att5tion 9 a great] degree ?an does ,hell5ic pa9t+4 ,ar*itecture has left great masses ( ru9s1 & sculpture num]\s collections ( antique treasures2 b ( ,grecian pa9t+ !re are no rema9s2 its hi/ory is accord+ly a hi/ory r ( arti/s ?an ( art4 ,if ?is necessitates = pa9t+ a m limit$ treatm5t1 we mu/ n !re=e conclude t its developm5t 01 9 reality1 inf]ior to t ( its si/] arts1 s9ce1 9 fact1 x fully equall$ t ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,?is has (t5 be5 unju/ly d\bt$1 b x w\ld be fully evid5t 7 no?+ m kn[n ?an ! almo/ measureless fame ( ! fir/ ma/]s4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t ( ,grecian pa9t+ is by no means s obvi\s z t ( sculpture3 we h no sure date ( its beg9n+1 b x is at lea/ equally remote4 ,conze %[s pa9t+ to h be5 ev5 ! mo/ primitive1 x hav+ exi/$ among ! aborig9es 9 ! decoration ( pott]y & t]ra-cotta4 ,! notes ( ,pl9y ^u ! matt] 7xxxv4 #ae7 appe> to be h>dly m ?an a supplem5t>y recon/ruction ( a conjectur$ /ate ( developm5t1 g>ni%$ vaguely ) ! names ( anci5t arti/s4 ,! fir/ /ages1 ! employm5t ( a simple tone 9 ! fill+ ( outl9e figures ) a color ( brick-du/1 call$ mono*romatic pa9t+1 _h long s9ce be5 ma/]$ by ! neighbor+ peoples--! ,mesopotamians1 ,phnicians1 & ,egyptians1 :o 7 acqua9t$ also ) ! use ( bright colors4 ,?is "w mu/ e>ly h be5 kn[n to ! ,greeks ?r\gh import$ articles--,hom] m5tion+ vessels & fabrics--ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld n apply x to ! productions ( _! own l&4 ,mono*romatic pa9t+ ^u pott]y1 famili> to ! primitive ,ionians1 seems to h orig9at$ ^u ! ,syro-,phnician coa/s4 ,a fa9t rem9isc5ce ( ! anci5t1 widely ext5d$ employm5t ( color may be f\nd 9 ,pl9y1 :o designates an ,egyptian1 be>+ ! ,greek "n ( ,philocles1 z ! discov]] ( l9e> pa9t+4 ,works ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 7 purely decorative1 l ! old] ,greek vase-pa9t+s 7,figs4 #ahg & #aia71 & ( great simil>ity2 x seems unnecess>y to (f] conjectures z to ! s\rce :5ce ?is impulse came4 ,( /ill less significance are ! names ( arti/s :i* h be5 fabul\sly atta*$ to ! v>i\s inv5tions1 su* z ,clean!s1 ,aridikes1 & ,ecphantos1 ( ,cor9?2 ,telephanes & ,craton1 ( ,sikyon2 & ,saurias1 ( ,samos4 ,unless1 f ! fact t sev]al are m5tion$ z dwell+ 9 ,cor9? & ,sikyon1 x may be conclud$ t decorative pa9t+ probably fl\ri%$ 9 ^? cities be=e ! sixtie? ,olympiad 7#ecj ,b4,c474 ,:at ,pl9y says ( ,eum>os ( ,a!ns does n ju/ify ! supposition ( any consid]able progress1 al?\gh1 9 figures1 he di/+ui%$ betwe5 male & female1 express$ 9 "s slight degree age & *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 &1 at lea/1 made an end to t crud5ess :i* f\nd satisfaction 9 writ+ names ov] =ms o!rwise precisely alike4 ,great] progress 0 made by 8 successor1 ,kimon ( ,cleon--#ejj to #dhj ,b4,c4--:o improv$ ! =m] sack-l g>m5ts 7,fig4 #aia7 by folds1 & gave a m detail$ draw+ to ! nude1 plac+ ! eye 9 a pr(ile head also 9 pr(ile1 in/ead ( mak+ x look t[>ds ! front1 z 9 ! figure m5tion$ above4 ,) him began tru?fulness to nature1 & correctness ( draw+1 at a "t :5 sculpture 9 g9a1 ,a!ns1 ,sikyon1 & ,argos 0 prep>+ = t highe/ p]fection atta9$ aft]w>ds by ,pheidias4 ,aft] ! ,p]sian w>1 ?r\gh two g5]ations1 ! progress ( pa9t+ 0 proportionate to its =m] backw>dness1 until x atta9$ a height little %ort ( t rea*$ by sculpture4 ,! fir/ ma/] wor?y ( m5tion--& likewise "o ( ! greate/ arti/s we "k--dem&s p>ticul> att5tion1 f hav+ be5 ! f\nd] ( pa9t+ z an art4 ,polygnotos ( ,?asos 7#dge to #dee ,b4,c471 ! son ( ,aglaophon1 :o also is m5tion$ z a pa9t]1 execut$ ! great] numb] ( 8 works 9 ,a!ns1 :]e he 0 mu* respect$ by ,kimon4 ,( ! pictures 9 ! ,/oa ,poikile1 pa9t$ "u 8 direction1 at lea/ ! ,conque/ ( ,troy1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,pr9ces sitt+ 9 judgm5t ^u ! sacrilege committ$ by ,ajax aga9/ ,cass&ra1 7 by 8 h&4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,amazons 0 by ,micon1 ! ,battle ( ,m>a?on by ,pana9os & ,micon2 ! f\r?1 p]haps ! late/1 0 ! ,battle betwe5 ! ,a!nians & ,lac$monians ne> ,o9oe3 ! arti/ is n kn[n4 ,polygnotos work$1 toge!r ) ,micon1 ^u o!r ,a!nian frescos1 sc5es f ! lives ( h]oes 9 ! ,temple ( ,!seus4 ,9 ! ,temple ( ! ,dioscuri he pa9t$ ! ,rape ( ! ,daught]s ( ,leukippos1 next to :i* 0 ! ,return ( ! ,argonauts1 by ,micon4 ,9 ! ,p9aco!ca ( ! ,propyla 0 a s]ies ( repres5tations1 among :i* ,brunn has recogniz$ z companion pieces ,diom$es ,robb+ ,philoctetes ( 8 ,b[1 & ,odysseus ,seiz+ ! ,palladion2 ! ,murd] ( gi/hos by ,ore/es1 & ! ,sacrifice ( ,polyx5a2 ,odysseus ,appe>+ be=e ,nausicaa & h] ,companions1 & ,a*illes among ! ,daught]s ( ,lycom$es4 ,( ! o!r works by ?is ma/] may be m5tion$ ^? at ,!speia & ,plataia2 t 9 ! ,temple ( ,a!ne at ! latt] place repres5t$ ,odysseus attack+ ! suitors4 ,! be/ ( all ! creations ( ,polygnotos1 ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,les*e ( ! ,cnidians at ,delphi1 illu/rat+ ! conque/ ( ,ilion & ! ne!r _w1 are s m9utely describ$ by ,pausanias 7x4 #be-ca7 t !y furni% ! mo/ important mat]ial = an und]/&+ ( 8 art4 ,we %\ld h>dly be able ju/ly to e/imate ?is ma/] 7 x n = ! descriptions ( ,pausanias2 = ! o!r classic au?ors1 ) "s exceptions 9 ,ari/otle1 deal only ) second>y matt]s4 ,9 reg>d to 8 color+1 ,cic]o1 9 8 8,f\r ,colors10 says no?+1 speak+ only ( 8 draw+1 :ile ,qu9tilian m]ely wond]s h[1 9 8 "t1 !re c\ld /ill be admir]s ( su* primitive pa9t+4 ,x 0 m]ely a color+ )\t light & %ade1 a simple treatm5t by local tones ( surfaces )9 outl9es4 ,t ^! tones 7 n unbrok51 z ^u ! ,nile & ,tigris1 b f9ely grad$ & ev]y:]e *>act]i/ic1 we le>n f ! special m5tion ( ! doves1 ( ! %ad$ color+ ( ! fi% 9 ! ,a*]on1 ( ! blacki%-blue color ( ! corpse-dev\r+ ,eurynomos1 & ( ! gray ( ! %ipwreck$ ,ajax4 ,! r$ *eeks ( ,cass&ra1 admir$ by ,lucian1 give evid5ce ( sev]al colors )9 ! same outl9e4 ,b ?\gh ,cic]o praises ! draw+1 ! little :i* is intelligible 9 ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! ma/] t5ds ! o!r way4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t m is impli$ by ! motive ( ! ,olympian ,jupit]1 by ! encomium ^u ,cass&ra's eyebr[s by ,lucian1 & by ! exagg]at$ expression ( an epigram--89 ! lids ( ,polyx5a lay ! :ole ,trojan w>0--?an ! petty peculi>ities ) :i* ,pl9y inve/s ! pa9t] w\ld lead u to expect4 lian praises ! /rict c>efulness & f95ess ( ! outl9e draw+1 ! expression1 & ! g>m5ts4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable te/imony conc]n+ ?is ma/] is t ( ,ari/otle1 :o describes 8 figures z surpass+ nature2 :ile arti/s l ,dionysios cont5t$ !mselves ) equall+ x1 & o!rs1 l ,pauson1 7 cont5t to rema9 bel[ x4 ,else:]e he calls him ! pa9t] ( e?ics--t is1 ( "*--9 a gr& /yle :i* ! works ( ,zeuxis fail$ to atta94 ,comb9+ ?is judgm5t ) t ( lian1 :o ascribes gr&eur to ,polygnotos1 we may conclude t ?is arti/ drew 9 a broad & ideal /yle4 ,t to ?is 7 unit$ an epic cle>ness & livel9ess ( treatm5t1 n only 9 ! s+le figures & gr\ps1 b 9 ! entire composition1 is fully evid5t f ! description :i* ,pausanias gives ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,les*e4 ,9 %ort1 correctness1 ri*ness1 & gr&eur ( composition mu/ be acc\nt$ ! *ief m]its ( ,polygnotos--m]its to :i* none ( 8 successors atta9$1 ?\gh !y may h f> surpass$ him 9 execution1 z pa9t]s 9 a m re/rict$ s5se4 ,less pa9t] ?an arti/1 he pursu$1 9 8 wall decorations1 a ?or\ghly monum5tal direction1 :i* aft] 8 "t1 ?r\gh *ange ( aim1 0 neglect$4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ companions ( ,polygnotos1 b1 z lian rem>ks1 n equall+ him 9 greatness1 7 ,micon ( ,a!ns1 ^: "n has already be5 m5tion$1 & ,pana9os1 a c\s9 ( ,pheidias1 :o1 besides ! battle ( ,m>a?on 9 ! ,poikile1 execut$ ! pa9t+s ^u ! ?rone ( ! ,pheidian ,zeus 9 ,olympia4 ,dionysios ( ,colophon & ,pauson h already be5 spok5 (4 ,! fir/ seems to h c>ri$ out ! /rict c>efulness ( 8 model1 ,polygnotos1 to a degree :i* 0 naturally unfavorable alike to grace & to greatness ( /yle4 ,pauson1 ?\gh acc\nt$ an arti/ by ,ari/otle1 may be comp>$ to ,buffalmacco1 scorn$ & d]id$1 among ! companions ( ,giotto2 n fitt$ = productions ( a gr& /yle1 he did n attempt !m1 & 8 nude pa9t+s1 )\t e?ical significance1 7 h>mful to "y obs]v]s4 ,among ! o!r di/+ui%$ ma/]s ( ?is "t1 ,calliphon appe>s mo/ ne>ly to h foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,polygnotos2 b 8 bro!r ,ari/ophon1 :o br\ght pa9t+ ^u panels into g5]al use1 pursu$ te*nical me?ods oppos$ to ?is s*ool4 ,! /yle ( ,polygnotos 0 also ab&on$ by ! ,samian ,aga?>*os1 a self-in/ruct$ decorator & sc5e-pa9t] :o1 9 an essay ^u sc5ographic pa9t+1 e/abli%$ pr9ciples ^u :i*1 aft] 8 "t1 ?is art 0 fur!r develop$4 ,9 sc5e-pa9t+ ! indisp5sable aim aft] illusory appe>ances mu/ h l$ to ! obs]vation & imitation ( ! effect ( m or less light--t is to say1 ( pal] or deep] %ades 9 ! local color--& ?us h br\ght pa9t+ to a po9t ( developm5t n hi!rto atta9$ by any nation ( antiquity4 ,! important advance indicat$ by ,aga?>*os 9 sc5ography 0 made 9 ! pa9t+ ( figures by ,apollodoros ( ,a!ns4 ,! acc\nts ( him are few1 & 9 "p incompreh5sible2 b ,plut>* says pla9ly t he discov]$ ! mix+ ( colors & ! v>iation ( %ade ^u !m1 & ,pl9y calls him ! fir/ ma/] ( illusion4 ,/rictly speak+1 he 0 n ! sole au?or ( ! innovation1 s9ce ,aga?>*os w5t be=e him2 & if he receiv$ ! cognom5 ( skiagraphos--pa9t] 9 light & %ade--x mu/ be und]/ood t ! ^w skiagraphia 0 us$ to signify sc5ography4 ,b he 01 at all ev5ts1 ! fir/ to apply ^! pr9ciples to figure-pa9t+1 develop+ a treatm5t q diff]5t f t employ$ 9 ! ar*itectural pa9t+ s ext5sively 9 use = ! /age4 ,! important result ( ?is innovation may well be imag9$1 & x is n /range t ! gr\nd ?us ga9$ %\ld h be5 promptly occupi$ by o!r ma/]s ( ! art1 :o rapidly br\ght pa9t+ to a p]fection almo/ equal to t ( sculpture4 ,^! 7 ,zeuxis ( ,h]aclea1 9 ,l[] ,italy1 & ,p>rhasios ( ,ephesos4 ,! tea*]s ( ! =m] are n ( importance2 ! impulse ?r\gh :i* ,zeuxis became "o ( ! mo/ brilliant g5iuses ( ,greece n hav+ be5 giv5 by ^!1 b r by ,apollodoros1 :o is n m5tion$ among !m4 ,8 fame 0 at its height dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 & 9 ! foll[+ t5 ye>s2 s t we c easily und]/& :y ,zeuxis did n e/abli% himself 9 ,a!ns1 :]e ,polygnotos & ,apollodoros _h rais$ pa9t+ to an art1 b1 aft] _m w&]+s1 f\nd an asylum 9 ,ephesos4 ,8 works1 9 contra/ to ! wall-pa9t+s ( ,polygnotos1 7 *iefly ^u panels1 z1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 we may suppose ^? ( ,apollodoros to h be54 ,among ^? ( ,zeuxis1 ! ,olympos 0 exceptional 9 reg>d to subject2 ( ! deities1 ,zeus is p>ticul>ly celebrat$4 ,! only o!r repres5tations ( ! deities we f9d are ! ,rose-cr[n$ ,eros1 & ,apollo ,*a/is+ ,m>syas4 ,nei!r ,pan1 nor ,h]acles ,/rangl+ ! ,s]p5ts 9 8 ,infancy1 c be reckon$ 9 ?is category4 ,! ,trojan leg5ds appe> 9 ?ree ( 8 m celebrat$ pictures--,hel5 9 ,crotona1 ! ,weep+ ,m5elaos ,br++ 8 ,bro!r ! ,(f]+ = ! ,dead1 & ,p5elope1 89 :om propriety itself is embodi$40 ,if we may connect ) ! ,odyssey1 ! ,/orm at ,sea1 9 :i* ,boreas & ,triton are m5tion$1 x w =m a f\r?4 ,9 8 a?letes he seems to h int5d$ to e/abli% a canon = pa9t+1 z ,polycleitos _h done = sculpture4 ,two o!rs1 ! ,family ( ,c5taurs1 & ! ,boy be>+ ,grapes1 are g5re pictures4 ,x is n by *ance t we h ! fulle/ acc\nts ( ,zeuxis2 8 aim n be+ s high z t ( ,polygnotos1 he took 8 motives f o!r fields m favorable to ! new me?ods4 ,hi/oric pa9t+1 ! f\ndation ( t high] k9d ( monum5tal art :i* gives gr& repres5tations ( "*1 0 =sak52 z ,ari/otle expresses x1 ! works ( ,zeuxis 7 want+ 9 e?ic significance4 ,excessive /riv+ aft] illusion1 aft] ! semblance ( reality1 br+s =w>d outw>d & mom5t>y appe>ances1 supplant+ ! inw>dly ess5tial & la/+4 ,p5elope seems to speak1 & yet we "k n 9 :at situation %e is del9eat$2 ! weep+ ( ,m5elaos c]ta9ly does n give 8 "*2 & z little does ! m]ry play ( ! ,c5taurs ) _! "y1 g *>m+ly describ$ by ,lucian1 repres5t ! my?ological nature ( ^! mon/]s4 ,/ill less c we rank ! ,hel5 ( ,zeuxis1 9 conception1 ^u a level ) ! female figures 9 ! ,conque/ ( ,troy by ,polygnotos1 s9ce we "k t ,zeuxis *ose z models ! lovelie/ virg9s ( ,crotona2 t is to say1 s\ght aft] p]fect outw>d female beauty 9 tru?fulness to nature1 b n aft] t bread? & gr&eur express$ 9 ! br[ ( ,cass&ra1 or :i* spoke 9 ! glance ( ,polyx5a4 ,if1 at times1 ,zeuxis took a high] flight1 he /ill diff]$ f ! epic "* ( ,polygnotos 9 8 t5d5cy to dramatic effect1 :i*1 accord+ to its nature1 is transi5t4 ,?is is %[n1 = example1 by ! celebrat$ play ( c\nt5ance 9 ! ,family ( ,c5taurs1 ! weep+ ( ,m5elaos1 ! horror ( ,alcm5e & ,amphitryon at sight ( ! s]p5ts encircl+ ! "y ,h]acles1 & by ! actors z well z spectators 9 ! *a/isem5t ( ,m>syas3 ^! are all sc5es :i*1 ) slight modification1 might be %[n 9 dramatic action ^u ! /age4 ,) ,zeuxis1 contr>y to ,polygnotos1 ! subject 0 ( less importance ?an ! mann] ( pres5t+ x1 ! :at less ?an ! h[2 9 %ort1 ! composition1 9 :i* ! picturesque suffic$1 0 subord9ate to ! pa9t+4 ,! ma/] himself 0 displeas$ :5 ! novelty ( ! subject1 9 8 family ( ,c5taurs1 caus$ ! te*nical f9i% to be ov]look$4 ,! expression ( ,pl9y 0 !re=e a j "o1 t ,zeuxis _h giv5 great glory to ! bru%4 ,! judgm5t ( ,qu9tilian t ,zeuxis orig9at$ ! correct application ( light & %ade is n to be disput$1 9 s f> z ?is ref]s to ! consequ5t a*ievem5t ( expression4 ,! degree ( p]fection he atta9$ 9 illusive effects1 by *i>oscuro1 reflections1 & ! l1 is illu/rat$ by ! anecdote ( ! boy ) grapes1 s deceptive t ! birds flew t[>ds !m2 at ! same "t1 ! limitation is %[n1 z ! arti/ himself ackn[l$g$1 9 t ! illusion _h n succe$$ 9 mak+ ! boy capable ( fright5+ ! birds4 ,x 0 because ( ! pa9t]'s p[] 9 ?is realism t 8 contempor>ies reg>d$ him ) almo/ b\ndless admiration4 ,8 fame 0 exce$$ only by 8 vanity4 ,9 lat] ye>s he pres5t$ 8 pictures z gifts1 because x 0 impossible to recomp5se !m ) money2 he appe>$ at ,olympia clo!d ) a g>m5t ^u :i* 8 "n 0 embroid]$ 9 gold5 lett]s4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture has no p>allel to su* conceits4 ,zeuxis himself1 not)/&+ 8 pride1 0 =c$ to ackn[l$ge t he 0 excell$ by 8 contempor>y ,p>rhasios ( ,ephesos1 :o1 9 reg>d to /yle1 0 ak9 to him 9 _m respects4 ,9 subject ! works ( ,p>rhasios may be divid$ l ^? ( ,zeuxis4 ,! deities 7 seldom *os52 8 ,dionysios ) ,arete 0 n "o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ productions1 & 8 ,h]mes 0 really a portrait ( ! arti/ himself4 ,among ! h]oes repres5t$ 7 ,prome!us1 ,h]acles1 ,meleag]1 ,p]seus1 & ,!seus4 ,! great] "p ( 8 productions ref] to ! ,trojan epics1 z ! ,assum$ ,madness ( ,odysseus1 ! ,heal+ ( ,telephos1 ! ,/rife ( ,ajax ) ,odysseus = ! ,armor ( ,a*illes1 ,philoctetes ^u ,lemnos1 & neas4 ,! o!rs are ! ,demos ( ,a!ns1 & portraits l ! com$ian ,philiscos1 ! ,ar*igallos1 a %ip-capta91 a ,?racian nurse ) a *ild2 &1 f9ally1 pictures l ! prie/ ) a temple-boy1 two boys1 two heavily arm$ w>riors1 & lewd g5re pa9t+s1 clos+ ) ! celebrat$ 8curta90 ( ! ma/]4 ,9 _m respects ^! betray a relation%ip to ,zeuxis1 & yet mu* t is indep5d5t4 ,!re are num]\s *>act]i/ic heads illu/rative ( temp]am5t1 & o!r psy*ological subjects1 among ! =e-mo/ ( :i* %\ld be nam$ ! ,demos1 :o1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 %[n z *angeable1 angry1 unju/1 incon/ant2 also z exorable1 k9d1 compassionate1 boa/ful1 sublime1 l[1 undiscipl9$1 & fickle4 ,?is w\ld be s impossible 9 a s+le head1 )\t mak+ x a *aotic1 incompreh5sible c>icature1 t ! au?or has no hesitation 9 describ+ ! pa9t+ z a gr\p1 9 ea* figure ( :i* "o ( ! *>act]i/ics nam$ 0 express$4 ,t repres5t+ ! assum$ madness ( ,odysseus mu/ h _h great psy*ological mean+1 z also ! ,prome!us1 ,philoctetes ^u ,lemnos1 & ! ,telephos4 ,p>rhasios _h by ^! works plac$ himself above ,zeuxis ?r\gh m correct & c>eful draw+1 & a m>k$ te*nical progress 9 ! art4 ,pl9y says t1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( arti/s1 ,p>rhasios _h rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection 9 ! repres5tation ( figures2 t previ\sly pa9t]s _h succe$$ 9 giv+ only to ! outl9es ( ! figure a tru?ful appe>ance & action1 b t ! edges ( color %\ld be s r\nd$ t "o might be l$ to imag9e ! cont9uation ( ! body ^u ! o!r side1 sugge/+ :at c\ld n be se54 ,?is may be conceiv$ to mean t1 by att5tion to *i>oscuro & reflections1 ! illusive effect 0 increas$ f t ( a relief to t ( a figure 9 ! r\nd1 :]eby figures fir/ appe>$ to free !mselves f ! backgr\nd2 t1 = in/ance1 he made cle> to ! obs]v] ! di/9ction betwe5 a globe1 only "o side ( :i* is se51 & a hemisph]e affix$ to a plane4 ,! illusion consequ5tly became m p]fect1 ! capacity = motion be+ ?us br\ght into ! 8out/epp+0 figures4 ,! grapes ( ,zeuxis did n ne$ ?is p[] ( action to tempt ! birds z did ! boy 9 ord] to fright5 !m4 ,! curta9 ( ,p>rhasios possess$ ?is capacity = movem5t1 ) ! free+ ( ! objects f ! backgr\nd1 & c\ld !re=e deceive ev5 ,zeuxis himself1 :o ?\ght x possible really to )draw x f ! panel4 ,if 8 pr\d rival ,zeuxis b[$ be=e ?is skill1 x _c be ?\ght /range t su* a result %\ld h mov$ ,p>rhasios to outdo 8 competitor 9 arrogance also4 ,among o!r follies1 he proclaim$ himself a desc5dant ( ,apollo2 z ,k+ ( ,art he 0 cr[n$ ) a diadem & gold5 wrea?1 & donn$ ! purple mantle ( royalty4 ,by adopt+ ! cognom5 ( ,habrodiaitos1 or high-liv]1 he br\ght ^u himself ! nickname ( ,rhabdodiaitos1 or bru%-man4 ,p>rhasios also 0 surpass$ by a y\ng] contempor>y1 ?\gh1 z x appe>s1 only 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,timan!s ( ,ky?nos won ! victory 9 a competition--! ,/rife ( ,ajax & ,odysseus = ! ,armor ( ,a*illes4 ,pl9y gives pref]5ce to ! latt]1 because 8 compositions 7 s arrang$ t m might be p]ceiv$ 9 !m ?an at fir/ sight appe>$4 ,!re 0 )al a deep] motive ?an ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasios _h %[n2 ?is 0 evid5t 9 ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia1 9 :i* e degree ( suff]+ 0 pres5t$3 ,cal*as be+ sad1 ,odysseus pa9fully mov$1 ,ajax cry+ al\d1 ,m5elaos 9 an ec/asy ( grief2 b1 z ! expression ( angui% c\ld n be c>ri$ beyond t ( ! latt]1 ! fa!r1 ,agamemnon1 0 %[n hid+ 8 face4 ,! murd] ( ,palam$es1 p]haps1 gave scope = ! same dep? ( motive4 ,a small g5re picture 0 conceiv$ 9 a m je/+ tone1 repres5t+ a sleep+ ,cyclops1 & a satyr measur+ ! l5g? ( ! giant's ?umb ) a ?yrsos1 ?us add+ a liv+ scale ( comp>ative dim5sions4 ,! h]o ( ,timan!s & ! a?lete ( ,zeuxis 7 equally celebrat$ among ,grecian pa9t+s z ideals ( manly =m4 ,x w\ld seem t ,timan!s pass$ ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 ,sikyon4 ,! art ( pa9t+ f\nd a home 9 ,ephesos dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 b did n connect itself ) any s*ool1 & return$ to ,greece aft] ! close ( t disa/r\s conflict4 ,a!ns c\ld n at once recov] ! comm&+ position x _h held "u ,polygnotos & ,apollodoros2 b arti/ic activity1 ) its increas+ requirem5ts1 0 conc5trat$ 9 ,sikyon & ,!bes1 :]e fl\ri%+ academies 7 e/abli%$ ) diff]5t aims4 ,eupompos appe>$ ab\t ?is "t 9 ! =m] city1 z ! f\nd] ( an important s*ool1 b1 ) ! exception ( a few sup]ficial notices1 we "k no?+ ( him4 ,8 pupil1 ,pamphilos ( ,amphipolis or ,nicopolis1 fl\ri%+ f #cij to #cfj ,b4,c41 0 at ! head ( ?is s*ool4 ,8 works are little kn[n1 hav+ be5 describ$ only by ,pl9y1 s scantily & un9telligibly t "o may be tak5 = a family picture1 ano!r z ! appe>ance ( ,leuco!a to ,odysseus aft] ! %ipwreck ne> ! isl& ( ! ,phacians1 & a ?ird possibly z ! victory ( ! ,a!nians at ,phli\s4 ,pl9y is m to ! po9t :5 he relates t ,pamphilos consid]$ education 9 sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ma!matics & geometry1 indisp5sable to arti/ic "w4 ,z he ?\ght draw+ an ess5tial "p ( cultivation1 he ex]t$ himself1 ) good result1 to h x taught 9 ! high] s*ools4 ,he believ$ t f ?is alone c\ld proce$ a rational conception ( art gr\nd$ ^u sci5ce1 9 :i* ! mutual relations ( tea*] & s*ol> %\ld be consid]$2 & t ,sikyon 0 ! place be/ adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,at a some:at e>li] p]iod ,polycleitos _h e/abli%$ a canon = sculpture by 8 sy/em ( proportions4 ,pamphilos1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,eupompos1 n[ took ! same position 9 respect to ,greek pa9t+1 )1 p]haps1 ev5 great] success4 ,he 0 pre-em95tly a tea*]1 &1 z su*1 appe>s to h /riv5 aft] correctness 9 composition1 draw+1 & pa9t+1 to ! disadvantage1 x may be1 ( fre$om 9 arti/ic developm5t4 ,b ?is aim1 :i* won = ! s*ool ( ,sikyon ! "n ( ,*re/ographia 7correct draw+71 op]at+ ^u ! pupil f ! beg9n+ to ! close ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 mu/ h be5 s]viceable bo? 9 lay+ a f\ndation & 9 purify+ & re/ra9+4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 = ! advantage ( ,apelles to h f9i%$ 8 /udies 9 ?is s*ool1 :i* mu/ inde$ h _h a salut>y influ5ce ^u ! g5]al developm5t ( ,grecian pa9t+4 ,! elem5t ( deg5]acy 9 ! tone ( ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasios 0 long held 9 re/ra9t among _! foll[]s by ! academic au?ority ( ,sikyon4 ,pamphilos turn$ 8 att5tion *iefly t[>ds correctness ( execution 9 details1 &1 foll[+ ,polycleitos1 t[>ds ! human figure4 ,8 pupil ,melan?ios 0 a ma/] ( composition2 ?is1 h[ev]1 9 accordance ) ! :ole "* ( ! s*ool1 seems to h consi/$ less 9 ! *oice ( sc5ic situation & action ?an 9 a =mal di/ribution & balance ( ! gr\p+4 ,pausias1 a fell[-pupil ( ,melan?ios1 di/+ui%$ himself f ?is some:at doctr9al art by great] fre$om ( creation4 ,! subjects ( 8 works %[ ?is by _! individuality1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,boy1 pa9t$ 9 a day1 ! ,girl ,b9d+ a ,wrea?1 ,me! ,dr9k+ f a ,glass1 & a fl[] piece1 :i*1 f ! descriptions1 appe>s to h resembl$ our /ill-life pictures4 ,8 ,sacrifice ( a ,bull display$ a new ma/]y2 ! animal1 =e%ort5$ f ! front1 z ,pl9y rem>ks1 %[$ 8 entire l5g?4 ,pausias 0 ! fir/ to w9 fame 9 encau/ic pa9t+1 al?\gh its te*nical processes _h = "s "t be5 kn[n4 ,( ?is x is only c]ta9 t ! colors1 mix$ ) wax1 7 melt$ by a rod ( metal1 & ?us affix$ to ! gr\nd4 ,?is process1 because ( ! m brilliant1 transp>5t1 & deep] hue giv5 by ! wax1 0 z f> sup]ior to ! =m] di/emp] z our own m conv5i5t oil-pa9t+ is to e o!r me?od4 ,t su* peculi>ities ( subject & treatm5t did n lead ! ma/] to r5\nce ! arti/ic e>ne/ness ( ! s*ool ( ,sikyon is %[n 9 ! direction imp>t$ to 8 pupils4 ,! works ( ! mo/ celebrat$ among ^!1 ,nicophanes1 7 extremely labor$2 b1 f ! pr$om9ant br[n1 h>d 9 color4 ,ari/olaos1 ! son ( ,pausias1 0 rigid & academical4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod a second s*ool ( pa9t+1 n less prom95t1 fl\ri%$ 9 ,!bes1 &1 aft] ! ha/ily acquir$ importance ( ?is city _h z rapidly decl9$1 0 transf]r$ to ,a!ns4 ,at its head 0 ,nicoma*os--#cfj ,b4,c4--son & pupil ( ! o!rwise unkn[n arti/1 ,ari/ios4 ,eight ( 8 pictures are m5tion$2 b1 ?\gh he 0 acc\nt$ "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s1 we h little in=mation 9 reg>d to ! pa9t] himself4 ,z contra/$ ) ! quiet1 /ately works ( ! ,sikyonians1 we may conclude1 f ! subjects1 t !re 0 great] excitem5t & action 9 ^? ( ,nicoma*os1 among :i* are m5tion$ ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e1 ,victory ,asc5d+ ) a ,quadriga1 & ,bac*ant9s ,surpris$ by ,satyrs4 ,8 unsurpass$ rapidity 9 pa9t+ 0 praisewor?y only because unit$ to great tal5ts1 ) an unusual & ma/]ly sur5ess ( h&4 ,! "* ( 8 pupil ,ari/ides is m intelligible1 & m important4 ,if ev] !re 0 a pa9t] ^: subjects alone suffic$ to give an idea ( 8 *ief aim1 x 0 ,ari/ides4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ works 0 ! ,conque/ ( a ,city3 a w\nd$ "m1 ly+ ^u ! gr\nd1 sees h] infant creep+ t[>ds h] brea/1 & visibly betrays ! fe> t1 :5 ! milk fails1 ! *ild w take ! blood4 ,ano!r1 a woman :o1 8= love ( h] bro!r1 gives h]self up to dea?40 ,a ?ird1 accord+ to ,pl9y mo/ highly priz$1 repres5t$ a sick man4 ,9 ^!1 & 9 "o m1 p]haps also to be ascrib$ to ,ari/ides1 ! ,h]acles ,suff]+ f ! ,poison$ ,g>m5t ( ,deianeira1 a fundam5tal tone ( great pa?os is unmi/akable4 ,9 ! pray+ man1 ^: voice "o almo/ seem$ to he>1 & 9 ! old man tea*+ a boy to play ^u ! h>p1 ! pr$om9ant expression ( feel+ 0 unmi/akable4 ,! latt] rem9ds u ( t beautiful ,pompeian wall-pa9t+ ( ! ,c5taur ,*eiron in/ruct+ ! boy ,a*illes4 ,pl9y di/9ctly says t ,ari/ides aim$ at ! pa!tic1 by :i* is meant ! expression ( t5d] z well z pa9ful & passionate emotions4 ,9 ?is ma/]1 !re=e1 may be recogniz$ "o ^: aims 7 simil> to ^? ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,euphranor1 a pupil ( ,ari/ides--#cfj to #ccj ,b4,c4--0 a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! doma9 ( art4 ,few1 ei!r 9 sculpture or 9 pa9t+1 h be5 s _m-sid$1 & yet1 ?\gh /&+ 9 ! fir/ rank1 ! insuffici5t acc\nts ( 8 pictures t h come d[n to u prev5t our =m+ any positive judgm5t ab\t !m4 ,a c]ta9 indication1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! rem>k ( ! arti/ himself1 t ! ,!seus ( ,p>rhasios look$ z if f$ ^u roses2 8 own1 on ! contr>y1 z ?\gh n\ri%$ by ! fle% ( ox54 ,?is comp>ison mu/ h includ$ two po9ts1 color & draw+2 ! lik5ess to roses w\ld h be5 inapt if ,p>rhasios _h n fail$ 9 dep? ( fle%-t9t2 on ! o!r h&1 besides ! heal?y color1 ! /rong n\ri%m5t sugge/$ by ! ,!seus ( ,euphranor prov$ an en]getic developm5t ( muscles4 ,x 0 probably a some:at massive figure1 *>act]i/ic ( ,euphranor1 &1 ) c]ta9 limitations1 rem9d+ u ( ! ,h]acles ( ,lysippos4 ,x may be und]/ood1 f ! noble expression ( ! ,!seus1 h[ ,euphranor br\ght 8 h]oes to a typical p]fection4 ,9 a simil> s5se he _h rais$ 8 ,poseidon to su* p[] t !re rema9$ no fur!r means at 8 comm& = surpass+ x 9 8 conception ( ,zeus4 ,! rem>k ( ,euphranor express$ n only ! diff]5ce1 & 8 own sup]iority to ,p>rhasios1 b sugge/$ a c]ta9 relation%ip 9 subject & aim1 bo? ma/]s hav+ pa9t$ ! ,!seus1 & ! ,assum$ ,madness ( ,odysseus4 ,! ,i/hmian ,euphranor _h *ang$ ! sc5e ( 8 labors1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! c5tre ( ! entire s*ool1 to ,a!ns1 :i* cont9u$ to be ! arti/ic metropolis = 8 s*ol>s & successors4 ,among ! latt]1 ,nikias is especially celebrat$--#cdj to #cjj ,b4,c4 ,he devot$ 8 att5tion *iefly to fem99e beauty1 some:at influ5c$1 p]haps1 by 8 old] contempor>y ,praxiteles1 9 connection ) :om he is m5tion$4 ,8 ta/e 0 = ext5sive compositions1 surpris+ = _! novelty ( conception1 &1 l ,p>rhasios1 he endeavor$ to give r\ndness to 8 figures4 ,! lack 9 ! ,!ban-,attic s*ool ( t individuality :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,sikyonian 0 completely ov]come by ,euphranor1 & gave place to a m univ]sal aim4 ,he & ,nikias 7 arti/s ^: tone came less f _! s*ool ?an f _! own p]sonal convictions4 ,!y e>ly le>n$ to und]/& te*nical & arti/ic acquisitions ( all k9ds1 & to c>ry !m =w>d indep5d5tly4 ,we may conceive !m z hold+ ! same loose relations t[>ds _! tea*]s :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,sikyonian ma/] ,pamphilos & _! contempor>y ,apelles4 ,apelles 0 de/9$ to be> away ! palm f all 8 pr$ecessors & successors4 ,al?\gh ?ree cities--,colophon1 ,ephesos1 & ,cos--claim$ ! honor ( call+ him _! own1 x is reasonably c]ta9 t ! fir/ 0 ! place ( 8 bir?1 ! second t :]e 8 labors comm5c$1 & ! ?ird may n improbably h be5 t ( 8 dea?4 ,! ,ephesian ,euphoros is nam$ z 8 fir/ tea*]1 b 8 fame dates f ! "t :5 he left ! academy ( ,pamphilos = t ( ,sikyon4 ,p]haps ! fact t ,pamphilos 0 a ,mac$onian by bir? may h pav$ ! way = ,apelles to ! royal c\rt at ,pella1 :5ce he appe>s to h return$ to ,ephesos among ! foll[]s ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,he seems nev] to h f\nd$ a p]man5t s*ool2 at lea/1 we ga!r f classical notices t he work$ transi5tly at ,a!ns1 ,cor9?1 ,rhodes1 & ev5 9 ,alex&ria4 ,we le>n also t he outliv$1 by a consid]able "t1 8 great patron ,alex&]4 ,8 works are to be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps--pa9t+s ( gods & h]oes1 allegories1 & portraits2 ^! 7 also sometimes comb9$4 ,at ! head ( ! fir/ gr\p /&s ! ,aphrodite ,anadyom5e1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pictures ( antiquity4 ,x 0 transf]r$ to ,augu/us = ! remission ( "o hundr$ tal5ts ( taxes2 by him c>ri$ to ,rome & plac$ 9 ,cs>'s ,temple ( ,v5us1 :]e x became s mu* injur$--?us obta9+ ! sobriquet ,monocm5on1 "o-legg$--t ,n]o _h x tak5 away & replac$ by a copy4 ,%e 0 repres5t$ z ! 8sea-born10 nude1 & press+ ) h] h&s h] dripp+ hair4 ,f> f be+ an ideal figure1 x 0 r patt]n$ aft] ! celebrat$ c\rtesans ( ! "t1 two ( :om are nam$--,panca/e1 or ,pancaspe1 ! p>am\r ( ,alex&]1 :o aft]w>ds pres5t$ h] to ! arti/ himself2 & ,crat9e1 or ,phryne1 mi/ress ( ,apelles1 :o may h be5 ! m direct model = ! ,v5us1 z1 at ! fe/ival ( ,poseidon at ,eleusis1 %e ba!d1 nak$1 9 ! sea be=e ! eyes ( ! assemblage4 ,a second ,aphrodite1 9 :i* ,apelles hop$ to surpass ! fir/1 rema9$ unf9i%$ at 8 dea?4 ,( ^! repres5tations ! fir/ 0 c]ta9ly )\t any devotional or ev5 e?ic "*2 b ! ,artemis1 9 ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,virg9s1 0 some?+ m ?an a g5re piece ) a my?ological motive2 & 8 h]oes1 :o1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 *all5g$ nature itself1 7 m ?an m]e /ately portraits4 ,! ,h]acles may be reg>d$ z a /udy4 ,*>is & ,ty*e 7 allegories1 ! latt] hav+ be5 repres5t$ sitt+ 8because happ9ess does n /& fa/40 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( !m all1 ,calumny1 is m9utely describ$ by ,lucian4 ,x portray$ a man1 ^: incl9ation to cr$it evil reports 0 *>act]iz$ by l>ge e>s1 sitt+ betwe5 two wom51 ,ignorance & ,mi/ru/1 & receiv+ ,calumny1 a magnific5t woman excit$ ) passion1 prec$$ by ,envy2 %e drags 9 a y\? by ! hair1 :o va9ly1 ) h&s uplift$1 calls ! gods to witness4 ,beh9d ! tra9 advances ,rep5tance1 a m\rn+ female figure 9 black1 look+ back ) pa9 & %ame ^u ! t>dy appe>ance ( ,tru?4 ,simil> 9 "* is ! picture ( ! *a9$ w> demon1 belong+ p>tly to ! gr\p ( portraits4 ,a ?ird allegory1 ( little intr9sic wor?1 is set =? ) great arti/ic ability--,bronte1 ,a/rape1 & ,k]aunobolia--?und]1 ) ! fla% & /roke ( lightn+4 ,among ! portraits1 allegorical 9 nature1 0 ! fam\s picture 9 :i* ,alex&]1 ) lightn+ 9 8 "r h&1 0 repres5t$ z ,jupit]4 ,! mon>* himself 0 s well pleas$ ) ?is t he said !re 7 two ,alex&]s--"o ! unconqu]$ son ( ,philip1 ! o!r ! inimitable creation ( ,apelles4 ,b little is kn[n ( ! k+'s portraits1 :e!r eque/rian1 9 triumphal *>iots1 or surr\nd$ by deities & allegorical figures2 nor ( ^? ( ,philip & 8 g5]als1 ( ! tragic actor ,gorgo/h5es ( ,habron1 nor ( t ( ! arti/ himself4 ,if ,apelles be scrut9iz$ m closely 9 ord] to make cle> ! *ief *>act]i/ics by :i* he won su* brilliant r5[n1 x w be f\nd t x 0 n 9 composition4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 treatm5t ( p]spective1 he gave prec$5ce to 8 fell[-pupils ,melan?ios & ,asclepiodoros4 ,t he 0 aw>e ( ?is weakness1 & avoid$ occasion = manife/+ x1 is %[n by ! fact t mo/ ( 8 pa9t+s conta9$ few figures4 ,:5 m appe>$1 in/ead ( be+ picturesquely gr\p$ & treat$1 !y 7 rang$ 9 r[s1 almo/ l reliefs1 bett] suit$ to ! allegorical subjects s preval5t ) ,apelles1 & s common 9 8 "t1 ?an to my?ological & hi/orical repres5tations4 ,?\gh allegory may1 9 great measure1 be unfavorable to true art1 because1 z ,w9ckelmann says1 x =ces ! pa9t] 8to t9t 8 bru% ) reason10 /ill t ( ,apelles has lately be5 too mu* depreciat$4 ,! ,calumny has be5 pron\nc$ an error ( fancy1 r\gh symbolism1 & an inh>moni\s assemblage ( p]sons & p]sonifications4 ,b ^! 7 ! legitimate mat]ials ( ! arti/1 & he succe$$1 at lea/1 9 ! repres5tation ( "* & 9 tru?fulness ( draw+4 ,! lightn+ gr\p 0 some?+ m ?an a piece ( te*nical bravura4 ,:o w\ld prize ! picture less because ?und] & lightn+ 7 repres5t$ in/ead ( ,zeus1 a deity :o w\ld h be5 attempt$ by no pa9t] ( antiquity1 or1 inde$1 ( lat] times8 ,?\gh 8 motive may h be5 purely intellectual1 ! pa9t] rema9$ ! same1 :e!r he portray$ a ,cass&ra or a ,diabole--:e!r he m or less display$ 8 a/\nd+ ma/]y4 ,apelles w be m rightly judg$ if he be treat$ z a pa9t] r ?an an arti/2 z su* we recognize 9 him a te*nical & _m-sid$ p]fection4 ,diff]5t acc\nts speak ( him z rapid & sure 9 draw+1 8 l9es be+ n only correct1 b 9 ! highe/ degree *>act]i/ic4 ,! maxim ( ,apelles 8,no day )\t a l9e0--t is1 )\t ex]cise 9 draw+--has become a prov]b1 if n q 9 its orig9al s5se4 ,?r\gh ?is incessant practice 8 h& acquir$ su* sur5ess t x foll[$ ! w implicitly1 & made possible ev5 ! hair-splitt+ execution relat$ 9 an anecdote :i* has be5 unju/ly discr$it$ by critics4 ,apelles ent]$ "o day ! work%op ( ,protog5es1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt]1 & made kn[n 8 visit by draw+ a l9e ^u a tablet at h& ) su* sw+ & surety1 su* purity & smoo?ness1 t ! ,rhodian ma/]1 ^u 8 return1 recogniz$ ! h& ( ,apelles4 ,9 ord] to %[ himself equal1 ,protog5es split ! l9e by a second "o 9 a diff]5t color1 b ackn[l$g$ himself defeat$ :5 ,apelles divid$ ?is ?r\gh its entire l5g? by a ?ird4 ,an evid5ce ( ! %>pness & c]ta9ty ( 8 *>act]ization ) simple l9es is giv5 9 ! /ory ( a s]vant :o _h injur$ him1 & :om ,apelles1 ?\gh he _h se5 him only once1 s sket*$ ) *>coal ^u ! wall t ! lik5ess 0 recogniz$ by ,k+ ,ptolemy aft] ! fir/ /rokes4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t su* capacity mu/ h fitt$ ! arti/ especially = portraiture2 & 8 portraits atta9$ su* /rik+ lik5ess & tru?fulness t a physiognomi/ assum$ to be able1 by !m1 to disc]n n only ! exact age ( ! subject1 b ev5 ! "t ( 8 future dea?4 ,no fur!r te/imony is ne$$ ?an ! ,anadyom5e to prove t 8 works 7 p]fect 9 correctness & expression z well z 9 beauty4 ,! employm5t ( color _h fully kept pace ) ?is mat*less draw+1 ?\gh ,apelles seems to h be5 limit$ to pa9t+ 9 di/emp]1 )\t ! use ( encau/ic4 ,! s(t5$ glaz+s are p>ticul>ly m5tion$1 :i* made ! unbrok5 light all ! m brilliant4 ,9 ! portrait ( ,alex&]1 ! h&1 out/ret*$ ) ! lightn+1 appe>$ to /& q out f ! panel1 a result p]haps equally ow+ to ma/]ly =e%ort5+ 9 ! draw+4 ,! beauty ( 8 color 0 not$1 & especially its vigor2 ! fame ( ! ,aphrodite _c be und]/ood )\t ! =m]1 nor t ( ! ,alex&] & ! ,lightn+ )\t ! latt]4 ,?is _m-sid$1 te*nical p]fectness1 unatta9$ be=e ,apelles1 & 9 :i* ,pl9y says t he excell$ all o!r pa9t]s toge!r1 may h _h its g]m 9 ! s*ool ( ,pamphilos1 z ! ,sikyonians devot$ especial att5tion to arti/ic execution4 ,to ^! em95t qualities1 h[ev]1 7 add$ ! intr9sic m]its ( ! ma/] himself1 ^u :i* he laid ! greate/ /ress1 & :i* he ascrib$ to t *>m und]/ood by ! ,greeks 9 ! ^w *>is4 ,t ?is 0 *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! j measure ( complet5ess 0 expla9$ by ,apelles :5 he decl>$ himself to h be5 surpass$ by ,protog5es 9 all b ! k ( ! "r mom5t to lay aside ! bru%1 )\t :i* ?is *>m1 ?r\gh ov]mu* c>e1 is lo/4 ,by ?is te*nical ma/]y1 cle>ness ( *>act]ization & grace1 ,apelles s delight$ all :o saw 8 works t1 accord+ to ! num]\s anecdotes t illu/rate 8 position1 he 0 ! mo/ popul> arti/ ( all antiquity4 ,9 face ( su* au?ority1 x w\ld be unju/ to see 9 him1 z "s h done1 ! beg9n+s ( ! decl9e ( art4 ,?\gh 8 arti/ic ef=ts may n h equall$ ^? ( ,polygnotos1 because he c\ld m easily satisfy ! e?ical dem&s ( 8 "t1 /ill x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t1 z a pa9t]1 he surpass$ him z f> z1 9 sculpture1 ,praxiteles surpass$ ,calamis & ! o!r pr$ecessors ( ,pheidias4 ,b 9 ,pheidias a high ideal 0 unit$ to an absolute p]fection ( execution :i*1 9 pa9t+1 ,polygnotos 0 f> f hav+ atta9$4 8,9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+10 says ,brunn1 8ea* ( ^! two fields has its sep>ate po9t ( greate/ elevation2 ! fame1 !re=e1 :i*1 9 sculpture1 und\bt$ly rais$ ,pheidias above all o!rs1 appe>$1 9 pa9t+1 divid$ betwe5 ,polygnotos & ,apelles40 ,protog5es ( ,caunos1 or r1 ) ref]5ce to 8 "w1 ( ,rhodes1 0 a rival ( ,apelles4 ,he seems to h be5 self-taught1 or1 at lea/1 to h be5 ! pupil ( an entirely obscure ma/]4 ,! admiration ( ,apelles = ,protog5es 0 s great t he express$ a desire to buy up 8 works & publi% !m z 8 own2 b num]\s anecdotes %[ t ,apelles 0 9 ! way ( be/[+ 8 flatt]y ^u e great & celebrat$ man4 ,protog5es is said to h pa9t$ ov] 8 ,ialysos f\r times1 ! bett] to secure x f de/ruction1 s t1 on ! peel+ ( ! out] lay] ( pigm5t1 ! surface bel[ might pres5t ! same color4 ,b ?is c only be a fooli% leg5d1 inv5t$ to illu/rate 8 extreme c>e4 ,simil> tales ( a lat] "t report$ him to h work$ ^u ! ,ialysos sev5 or elev5 ye>s1 & to h f$ ^u no?+ b lup9es1 = fe> t luxury might blunt ! acut5ess ( 8 s5ses4 ,p]haps ?is means t ! pa9t]'s g5ius 0 n recogniz$ until late 9 life1 up to :i* "t he _h liv$ 9 great pov]ty4 ,( 8 picture 9 ! ,propyla at ,a!ns1 repres5t+ ,p>alos & ,hammonias--p]sonifications ( ,a!nian %ips--!re is an equally idle /ory t he did n pa9t ! %ips !mselves because1 until 8 fifte5? ye>1 he _h e>n$ 8 bread z a %ip-pa9t]4 ,9 ,protog5es we may conceive a p]fection su* z only ! mo/ unwe>i$ c>e c\ld atta94 ,?is p]fection 0 nei!r 9 ! ideas nor 9 ! composition2 = ! subjects ( 8 pictures1 kn[n to u z h]oic or hi/orical portraits1 or1 at mo/1 z gr\ps ( few p]sons )\t action1 7 9 !mselves f> less important ?an ^? ( ,apelles4 ,b ! illusive effect mu/ h be5 complete if1 z ,petronius says1 "o c\ld n look ev5 at ! sket*es )\t a feel+ ( awe on acc\nt ( _! tru?fulness to nature4 ,?is c>efulness ext5d$ ev5 to ! smalle/ accessories1 l ! wond] ( ! p>tridge at ! recl9+ satyr1 & ! foam on ! m\? ( ! dog 9 ! ,ialysos2 an effect :i*1 x is said1 0 at la/ accompli%$ by ! pressure--n ! ?r[+--( a sponge4 ,yet ! we>isom5ess ( ?is p]fection 0 n to be d5i$1 & "h1 9 ! eyes ( ,apelles1 lay ! weakness ( ?is ma/]4 ,! relations ( ,apelles ) ano!r rival1 ! ,egyptian ,antiphilos1 7 n s fri5dly4 ,! great celebrity ( ?is pa9t] re/$ ^u a peculi>ity directly contr>y to t ( ,protog5es1 designat$ by ,qu9tilian z facility2 t is1 a fre%ness & g5ial security ( conception & treatm5t 9 ev]y?+ :i* 8 bru% t\*$4 ,8 range ( subjects exce$$ t ( ,protog5es1 or ev5 ( ,apelles2 = he pa9t$ ) equal excell5ce pictures ( ! deities1 my?ological sc5es1 portraits1 g5re pieces1 su* z ! ,wool-comb] & ! ,boy ,bl[+ ! ,fire2 & ev5 c>icatures1 su* z t ( ,gryllos1 ) a face rem9d+ "o ( ! significance ( 8 own "n--! ,pork]2 :5ce x comes t all c>icatures 71 9 antiquity1 call$ ,grylli4 ,t he 0 fond ( />tl+ effects ( light is evid5t f ! ,boy ,bl[+ ! ,fire1 ! gl[ ( :i* 0 reflect$ ^u 8 face2 also f 8 r5[n$ satyr ,aposcopeuon--! ,gaz]--^: glance ! %ield+ h& seem$ at once to int5sify & to conceal4 ,aetion1 accord+ to ,brunn1 also belongs to ! gr\p ( arti/s contempor>y ) ,apelles4 ,8 importance c be measur$ only by ! e/eem ( antiquity1 & by ! m9ute descriptions ( "o ( 8 pictures4 ,?is repres5t$ ! m>riage ( ,alex&] & ,roxana2 ! latt]1 sitt+ mode/ly ^u a c\*1 is s]v$ by ,cupids1 :o take ! veil f h] head & loos5 h] s&als4 ,! k+1 accompani$ by ,hephai/ion z att5dant1 ) tor*es1 is l$ t[>ds ! bride by an ,eros2 two m1 pant+ "u ! weight ( ! %aft1 be> ! lance ( ! conqu]or1 :ile o!rs c>ry by ! h&les a %ield2 & "o ,cupid1 :o has crept into a coat ( mail1 seems1 f 8 hid+-place1 to lie 9 wait = ^? ab\t to pass4 ,x is n /range t ?is composition1 s *>m+ 9 ! description ( ,lucian1 %\ld h l$ mod]n pa9t]s to attempt to reproduce x2 z 9 ! frescos ( ,raphael 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 & ^? ( ,razzi 9 ! ,f>nes9a4 ,among o!r ma/]s ( ! "t ( ,alex&] 7 ! ,a!nian ,asclepiodoros1 ( :om we "k little m ?an t ,apelles gave him ! pref]5ce 9 composition2 & ,!on ( ,samos1 ^: works deg5]at$ into an attempt to secure a !atrical r ?an a natural effect4 ,besides tragic sc5es1 l ! murd] ( 8 "m by ,ore/es1 & ! bl9d+ ( ! s+] ,?amyris1 ?is is %[n 9 ! heavily arm$ w>rior call$ by ,qu9tilian 8 ma/]piece--a man 9 ! viol5ce ( attack ) a drawn sword4 ,to increase ! !atrical effect1 ?is picture 0 exhibit$ by ! arti/ accompani$ ) ! fl\ri% ( trumpets4 ,if we "h be> 9 m9d ! s-call$ ,borghese w>rior ( ,agasias--t sculptural c\s9 ( ! ,hoplite--we _c mi/ake ! _s ( a "t :i*1 aft] ! inn] significance _h p]i%$1 clung entirely to ! ext]nal1 &1 r5\nc+ tru?fulness 9 composition1 :i* "h w\ld h dem&$ a gr\p1 0 satisfi$ ) a !atrical %am4 ,! f>!/ remove f ! conceptions ( ,polygnotos _h n[ be5 rea*$4 ,hell5ism1 by :i* is meant ! civilization ( ! p]iod aft] ,alex&]1 :5 ! ,grecian k+dom _h become cosmopolitan1 satisfi$ its arti/ic requirem5ts by a repetition ( :at ! previ\s c5turies _h produc$4 ,! attempt 0 made1 9 sculpture & 9 pa9t+1 to comb9e results already won1 g5]ally 9 a %all[ eclecticism4 ,( ! num]\s pa9t]s 9 t decorative p]iod few names h be5 h&$ d[n4 ,! mo/ 0 accompli%$ by ! ma/]s ( ,sikyon :]e ! tradition ( ! en]getic s*ool ( ,pamphilos 0 n yet lo/4 ,protog5es 9 ,rhodes1 & ,antiphilos 9 ,egypt1 also _h "s foll[]s :o 7 n q )\t fame4 ,timoma*os ( ,byzantion1 at lea/1 0 equal to 8 great pr$ecessors ( ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,8 ,m$ea 0 pur*as$ by ,cs> = eighty tal5ts1 & 8 o!r works are n less prais$2 among !m "o1 p]haps hi/orical1 %[+ two m5 9 conv]sation1 & ! ,gorgo1 may be connect$ ) an ev5t relat$ by ,h]odotos 7v4 #ea74 ,if1 z we are told1 !re 0 a ,m$ea repres5t$ be=e ! murd] ( h] *ildr51 9 a /ruggle betwe5 hatr$ ( h] husb& & mo!rly love--a subject treat$ 9 a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+ 9 ! museum at ,naples2 an ,ajax1 aft] 8 fury1 m$itat+ suicide2 & an ,iphig5eia 9 ,tauris1 p]haps recogniz+ h] bro!r1 we may conclude t ,timoma*os _h return$ to ! pa!tic elem5t1 & t he unit$ ) x1 s f> z possible1 ! te*nical p]fection ( ! ,alex&rian p]iod4 ,x is possible t ! pa9t] /ood 9 ! same arti/ic relation to ! sculptors ,pasiteles1 ,/ephanos1 & ,m5elaos z did ,!on to ,agasias4 ,aft] ,p>rhasios1 side by side ) ! gr&] /yle _h develop$ a species ( cab9et-pa9t+ :i* seems to h be5 devot$ especially to obsc5e subjects 7,pornographia74 ,already 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 pictures ( a small size 7 mu* 9 favor2 besides ! ,egyptian ,antiphilos already m5tion$ z celebrat$ 9 ?is direction1 ,callicles & ,calates work$ 9 x exclusively1 & ,peiricos _h great fame z a pa9t] ( ?is k9d4 ,8 subjects 7 n ( a lewd nature1 b 7 tak5 f ! l[] ranks ( life1 su* z boo?s ( b>b]s & cobbl]s1 donkeys1 eatables1 etc42 by :i* "o is rem9d$ ( ! g5re pieces & /ill-life pa9t+s ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,pornographia 0 ?us *ang$ to ,rhopographia1 pa9t+ ( small w>es4 ,9 lat] times ! t]m employ$ = obsc5e pa9t+ seems to h be5 ,rhyp>ographia4 ,?is trivial pa9t+ naturally cont9u$ to be preval5t 9 ! p]iods ( ! ,diado*i & ! ,romans1 s9ce art1 :5 r$uc$ to m]e decoration1 cultivat$ by pref]5ce graceful & lively subjects4 ,x 0 ext5d$ ev5 to ! floors1 = :i* mosaic _h be5 us$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ! royal c\rt ( ,p]gamon4 ,if ! decoration ( walls is bas$ ^u tape/ry1 z ,semp] has made evid5t1 ?is is especially ! case ) color$ floors4 ,! effect ( mosaic1 9 :i* =m pa9t+ n[ took possession ( ! pavem5t1 diff]$ little f t ( weav+ & embroid]y4 ,sosos 0 consid]$ z ! olde/ & mo/ celebrat$ ma/] ( ?is process1 p]haps because he fir/ c>ri$ x beyond simple patt]ns4 ,he repres5t$1 9 ! s-call$ 8unswept hall0 at ,p]gamon1 remnants ( food1 fruit-r9ds1 etc41 z if scatt]$ ^u ! floor2 also a dove dr9k+ f a %ell4 ,! celebrity ( ^! works makes x natural t sev]al repetitions ( ! dove %\ld h be5 f\nd4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! practice ( ?is art 0 n 9 ext5sive use be=e ! "t ( ! ,roman empire1 :5 x spread ov] all ! floors1 z pa9t+ did ov] all ! walls4 ,! mosaics 9 ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 :i* are compos$ ( r\gh pebbles1 may1 h[ev]1 be ev5 m anci5t ?an ! works ( ,sosos 9 ,p]gamon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,! ,campana ,tomb at ,veii4 ,,etruria4 ,at ! "t :5 ,hell5ic influ5ce _h develop$ to its fulle/ ext5t 9 ,magna ,grcia1 ! ,etruscans _h long pass$ _! highe/ po9t ( p]fection4 ,roman tradition gives no little significance to _! civilization1 9 its arti/ic z well z 9 its political aspects1 ?\gh x 0 f> less gr& & brilliant ?an t ( _! neighbors 9 ! s\? ( ! ,italian p59sula4 ,b z ,rome rose1 ,etruria fell2 & 9 ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian w> x _h b a %ad[ ( its =m] dom9ant position 9 ,italy4 ,:e!r ?is p 7 relat$ to ! anci5t ,greeks1 or m]ely mix$ ) ! ,pelasgic & ,hell5ic elem5t ?r\gh emigration f ! we/]n coa/s ( ,greece1 x is c]ta9 t ! old] culture ( ! nation %[s a great resemblance to t ( ! c\ntries beyond ! ,adriatic4 ,?is may h be5 ow+ p>tly to common ,ori5tal prototypes1 & to native imitation ( ^!1 & p>tly to ! fact t c]ta9 primitive results ( civilization1 "u l mat]ial premises1 naturally assume a m or less simil> =m )\t any real hi/orical connection4 ,! me?od ( build+ ! ,etruscan walls is p>ticul>ly a case 9 po9t4 ,! resemblance ( ^! to ! mo/ anci5t =tifications ( ,greece makes possible1 ?\gh x does n e/abli%1 an intimate communication betwe5 ! two races1 to :i* also ! use ( ,greek lett]s = ! /range ,etruscan language c]ta9ly po9ts4 ,! s-call$ ,cyclopean jo9t+1 h[ev]1 pres5ts itself 9 e civiliz$ l& :]e rock is f\nd :i* naturally breaks 9 polygonal =ms4 ,s also squ>e-/one masonry e>ly appe>s :]ev] ! mat]ial1 qu>ri$ )\t difficulty 9 rectangul> =ms1 favors ?is m satisfactory me?od4 ,besides bo? ^! v>ieties1 ! ,etruscans made use ( bricks1 z %[n by ! f\ndations ( ! walls ( ,veii1 :i* above-gr\nd are ma9ly built ( cut /one4 ,^! are at lea/ z anci5t z ! "t ( ! lat] k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--;,gate ( ,fal]ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--;,canal ( ! ,m>ta4 ,"s ( ! rema9+ ru9s ( ,etruria1 & ( ,c5tral ,italy--= ! peculi> civilization ( t region is n /rictly conf9$ to ! limits ( ! ,etruscan language--%[ 9 ! build+ ( gates a new te*nical elem5t4 ,x has be5 se5 h[ ! ,greeks 9 va9 s\ght a sub/itute = ! ar*1 to !m an inadmissible1 if n an unatta9able1 feature2 & exhau/$ e conceivable me?od ( horizontal /one-lay+ 9 ord] to cov] _! gateways4 ,simil> evasive attempts are n want+ 9 ,etruria2 ! ,cyclopean walls1 especially1 pres5t portal con/ructions simil> to ^? ( ,myk54 ,b ?r\gh ! p]fection ( /one-cutt+1 & build+ ) rectangul> blocks1 ! ceil+ ( ! passage by means ( ! ar* 0 e>ly atta9$4 ,t ?is /ep 0 tak5 be=e ! invasion ( ! ,gauls is %[n by ! /ill rema9+ ,gate ( ,fal]ii 7,fig4 #bdg71 :i* city1 z is well kn[n1 lo/ its importance "u ,camillus4 ,x is n c]ta9 :5ce ! p ( ,c5tral ,italy atta9$ _! k ( ! ar*4 ,?\gh x _h be5 famili> to ! ,assyrians z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 x is possible t !y made ?is important discov]y indep5d5tly1 p]haps some:at lat] ?an ! ,mesopotamians4 ,! vault ( ! ,cloaca ,maxima 9 ,rome dates f ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 b x %[s1 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 a p]fection :i* gives evid5ce ( long previ\s use4 ,canal-build+ 0 "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( exi/5ce on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,c5tral ,italy1 :]e ! dra9age ( ! swamps--! neglect ( :i*1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 has r$uc$ ! once popul\s ,m>emma to a pe/il5tial des]t--! dis*>ge ( ! m\nta9 lakes1 :i* o!rwise ov]fl[ f "t to "t1 desolat+ ! l[] c\ntry1 & ! regulation ( ! riv]-c\rses1 alone made possible ! settlem5t ( a p & ! f\nd+ ( fl\ri%+ cities we/ ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t ! great canal discov]$ by ,d5nis1 :i* once dra9$ ! swampy ,valley ( ! ,m>ta1 prec$$ ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 &1 inde$1 ant$at$ ! ,roman p]iod altoge!r4 7,fig4 #bdh47 ,! enorm\s /ones employ$ 9 its con/ruction1 & its great ext5t1 display1 ev5 9 ?is primitive age1 t m>k$ incl9ation = works ( g5]al usefulness :i* di/+ui%$ ! p ( ,italy above all o!rs ( antiquity4 ,( ! long-=gott5 cities1 discov]$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury by _! walls1 little else rema9s ?an ext5sive cemet]ies1 :i*1 z repeat$ly happ5s among ! ru9$ places ( ! e>?1 h outla/$ by m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ! dwell+s ( ! liv+4 ,! /reets & build+s ( ^! settlem5ts1 already 9 ru9s "u ! ,romans1 h disappe>$ almo/ )\t a trace2 :ile ! monum5ts ( ! dead are s well pres]v$ z frequ5tly to give in=mation conc]n+ ev5 ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( _! build]s4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! tombs 7 tumuli1 conical hills ( e>?1 :i* g5]ally1 z 9 ,lydia1 7 elevat$ ^u a l[ cyl9d] & revet$ by an out] c\rse ( /one4 ,^! h n[ almo/ all be5 r$uc$ to ! appe>ance ( natural m\nds4 ,_! dim5sions 9 "s in/ances are almo/ z great z ^? ( ! small] ,egyptian pyramids4 ,! base ( ! monum5t at ,poggio ,gajella1 ne> ,*iusi1 =m]ly falsely held to be ! tomb ( ,pors5a1 measures #bef m4 9 its circumf]5ce1 :ile t at ,mont]oni1 betwe5 ,rome & ,civita ,vec*ia1 is #aie m4 ,^! gigantic f\ndations at times bore sev]al cones4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! case ) ! s-call$ tomb ( ,cucumella at ,vulci1 :]e two tall t[]-l elevations /ill rema91 :i* d\btless s]v$ z sub/ructures = ! t]m9at+ pi]s4 ,! cippus may be imag9$ to h be5 analog\s to ! upp] memb]s ( ! tombs 9 ,lydia1 or1 p]haps1 to h resembl$ a pe>-%ap$ capital1 l ! fragm5t f\nd ne> ! ru9s ( ! s-call$ tomb ( ,py?agoras1 or ! imitations ^u t]ra-cotta reliefs--simil> to ! cone :i* s g5]ally t]m9at$ ,roman ?olos ro(s4 ,:5 sev]al cones 7 plac$ ^u "o base1 ! angle ( elevation 0 made /eep]1 z may probably h be5 ! case ) ! tomb ( ,pors5a at ,clusium1 ! description ( :i* is giv5 by ,pl9y 7xxxvi4 #c7 aft] ,v>ro4 ,if ! tombs call$ ^? ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii at ,albano1 :i* display _m ,etruscan rem9isc5ces1 be comp>$ ) ?is acc\nt1 x is possible to pres5t a re/oration ( ! /ructure1 correct 9 at lea/ its pr9cipal aspects4 ,^u ! corn]s ( ! triply /epp$1 dim9i%+ sub/ructure /ood twelve cones1 ! ?irte5? be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! upp] t]race4 7,fig4 #bdi47 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,etruscan tombs 0 n alone ! creation ( a monum5t :i*1 cov]+ ! rema9s & protect+ !m f desecration1 %\ld pla9ly m>k ! place ( int]m5t1 b ! survivors s\ght1 at ! same "t1 to provide a room 9 :i* ! dead might dwell 9 a mann] correspond+ to _! circum/ances dur+ life4 ,?is conception 0 =eign to ! ,greeks1 :o seldom employ$ burial *amb]s ( great size2 b x 0 preval5t among ! ,egyptians1 ,p]sians1 ,lycians1 & o!r nations ( antiquity1 ?\gh n by !m c>ri$ out s logically z by ! ,etruscans1 :o usually plac$ ! bodies ^u /one b5*es1 %ap$ l a b$1 z if sleep+4 ,s>cophagi1 :5 exi/+ at all1 appe> to h be5 add$ ^u fur!r use ( ! sepul*re4 ,x is ?us1 = in/ance1 ) ! tomb ( ,veii--( :i* ,fig4 #bdf1 at ! head ( ?is section1 gives an inn] view--) ! tomb call$ t ( ,regul9i-,galassi at ,cre1 & ) num]\s o!r sepul*res discov]$ 9 v>i\s cemet]ies1 notably ( ,s\!rn ,etruria4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! *amb]s h mo/ly prov$ to h be5 plund]$ 9 =m] c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--,re/or$ ,plan & ,elevation ( ! ,tomb ( ,pors5a4 ,! dwell+-rooms repres5t$ are z div]se z ^? ( ! liv+ mu/ naturally h be54 ,no great wid? ( ^! spaces 0 possible1 because ( ! impos$ weight ( ! tumulus2 & ! ap>tm5ts consequ5tly became n>r[ passages1 ceil$ by /one l9tels1 by blocks lean+ aga9/ ea* o!r z a gable1 or by ! gradual approa* ( ! horizontal c\rses by ! projection ( ea* ov] t b5ea? x4 ,examples ( all ^! me?ods are provid$ by ! tombs ( ,alsium1 ! pres5t ,mont]oni2 & ! be=e-m5tion$ ,regul9i-,galassi tomb ( ,cre1 ! pres5t ,c]vetri4 ,! latt]1 s call$ aft] its discov]]s1 has furni%$ num]\s treasures to ! ,etruscan ,museum ( ! ,vatican2 x consi/$ ( a corridor sep>at$ by a wall into comp>tm5ts1 ) rock-cut lat]al *amb]s ( oval plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--;,ceil+ ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri4 ,:5 ! burial-*amb] 0 a grotto--t is to say1 0 :olly excavat$ f ! native rock--a great] wid? c\ld be obta9$4 ,! ceil+ 0 !n c>v$1 ei!r to ! outl9e ( a l[ vault1 z 9 ! ,campana tomb at ,veii1 or1 m commonly1 9 imitation ( ! beams ( a wood5 ceil+4 ,9 ! latt] case v>i\s =ms appe>2 = small inn] *amb]s a simple horizontal ceil+ suffic$1 & a simple cross-timb]+1 ov]laid ) bo>ds1 0 *os5 z a patt]n4 ,! spaci\s ve/ibules frequ5tly h an incl9$ ro(1 :5 ridge-beams1 raft]s1 & ! slats laid ^u !m are c>efully & tru?fully imitat$4 7,fig4 #bej47 ,a notewor?y example at ,corneto 7,fig4 #bee7 %[s 9 its out] room a pla9 imitation ( ! ,italian atrium1 or c\rt1 ( ! k9d t]m$ by ,vitruvius cavdia displuviata4 ,x is ro($ by f\r ma9 beams1 laid diagonally & incl9$ outw>d1 :i* support ! framework ( a middle orifice = light & air1 & %$ ! wat] )\t in/ead ( )94 ,f ?is in/ance x appe>s t ! fundam5tal idea ( ! *ief sepul*ral *amb] 0 ! atrium1 :i* 0 ! common ga!r+-place ( ! ,italian h\se1 z 0 ! p]i/yle ( ! ,greek2 :ile ! inn] *amb]s repres5t$ ! v>i\s rooms4 ,?is imitation ( an ,etruscan dwell+--a rem>kable c\nt]p>t1 9 ar*itectural respects1 to ! copies ( ! ext]ior ( wood5 h\ses 9 ! ,lycian rock-cut tombs--0 fur!r c>ri$ out by a correspond+ ornam5tation ( ! rooms4 ,! c\*es hewn f ! rock1 ^u :i* ! bodies re/$1 7 at times a close imitation ( cu%ions & pill[s2 ! supports b5ea? 7 sculptur$ l b$/eads1 :ile /one easy-*airs & foot/ools /ood ne> to increase ! app>5t com=t4 ,! ap]tures 9 ! wall :i* sep>ates ! two spaces are reproductions ( ! framework ( doors & w9d[s4 7,fig4 #bea47 ,! sides ( ! *amb]s are /ucco$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 & cov]$ ) *e]ful pa9t+s1 illu/rat+ fea/s1 dances1 sacr$ fe/ivals1 & games4 ,e conceivable v>iety ( h\sehold ut5sils hang ^u ! walls or /& lean+ aga9/ !m1 ) great numb]s ( ! well-kn[n pa9t$ vases & o!r works ( pott]y4 ,^! objects1 :5 n provid$ 9 reality1 are imitat$ 9 /ucco-relief & brilliantly pa9t$1 z 9 a tomb at ,c]vetri 7,fig4 #beb71 :]e walls & pi]s are cov]$ ) ! repres5tations ( famili> h\sehold articles & weapons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--,plan & ,section ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri4 ,al?\gh ! tumuli 7 ! m common fun]al monum5ts1 !re 7 p>ts ( ,etruria1 among ! ,ap5n9es1 :]e ! limit$ ext5t ( ! level gr\nd (f]$ no spaci\s cemet]y = ! m\nds1 & :]e rocky m\nta9s & abrupt cliffs l$ to a diff]5t =m ( sepul*re4 ,a faade 0 cut ^u ! backgr\nd provid$ by nature1 :]e ! appe>ance ( a dwell+ c\ld be imitat$ ) little exp5diture ( labor4 ,! mo/ num]\s examples ( ^! fronts are 9 ! cemet]ies ( ,ca/el d',asso1 ne> ,vit]bo4 ,! =ms are pla91 & n p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic2 a bl9d ni*e1 ! only ar*itectural feature ( ! l[] surface1 0 sub/itut$ = a door1 ! real entrance be+ ?r\gh an insignificant %aft b5ea? ! e>?2 & ! faade 0 t]m9at$ by a complicat$ cornice--a confus$ mass ( r\ndlets1 cyma-m\ld+s1 & rectangul> b&s1 almo/ )\t projection4 ,a /airway 0 (t5 cut ^u "o or bo? sides ( ! tomb1 lead+ to a plat=m or to o!r sepul*res situat$ ^u a high] level4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--;,int]ior ( a ,tomb at ,c]vetri4 ,m rem>kable ?an ^! monum5ts at ,ca/el d',asso are ! rock-cut faades ( ,nor*ia1 to ! we/ ( ,vit]bo1 ^u :i* are imitat$ ! fronts ( temples4 ,! f\r columns or pila/]s1 n[ de/roy$1 7 plac$ wide ap>t1 accord+ to ! proportions ( ! ,tuscan ord]4 ,! entablature consi/s ( a n>r[ epi/yle & a frieze decorat$ ) clumsy triglyphs1 or r diglyphs1 ) po9t$ trunnels "u ! regula1 above :i* foll[s a weak cornice ) d5tils4 ,! gable is /ill m peculi>4 ,its out] ends curl into a volute1 ) a ,gorgoneion 9 its c5tre1 :i* orig9ally s]v$ z a base = ! acrot]ia2 ! triangle is fill$ ) reliefs4 ,! :ole front gives ! impression ( a b>b>\s mixture ( indig5\s elem5ts ) ,grecian =ms1 ill und]/ood & r\ghly r5d]$4 7,fig4 #bec47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--,temple ,tomb at ,nor*ia4 ,^! rema9s are int]e/+1 b elem5ts seem to h crept 9 :i* c\ld n orig9ally h belong$ to ! ,etruscan /yle1 & ! faades ( ,nor*ia c h5ce be deem$ ( b second>y importance 9 ! /udy ( ! temple /ructures4 ,! plan ( ^! 0 q diff]5t f t ( ! ,doric temple4 ,in/ead ( ! l5g? be+ at lea/ d\ble ! wid? ( ! front1 z 9 ,greece1 ! bread? 0 "h to ! l5g? z five to six4 ,! cella did n =m a c5tre ar\nd :i* /ood ! columns1 b x entirely occupi$ ! re> half ( ! area1 :ile ! front rema9$ op5 z a column$ por*4 ,?ree cellas1 ) ! images ( ne>ly relat$ deities1 7 usually gr\p$ toge!r1 ! middle "o be+ ! l>ge/1 & also ( ! greate/ hi]atic importance4 ,9 "s in/ances r[s ( columns 7 rang$ ^u ! two long sides ( a cella2 b ! re> wall 0 always b>e4 ,all arti/ic effect 0 "h ab&on$1 & ! build+ 01 on ?is acc\nt1 (t5 s plac$ z to abut imm$iately aga9/ an enclos+ ramp>t1 or aga9/ a natural cliff4 ,! plan & g5]al arrangem5t 7 ?us entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,greek temple4 ,b ! same ?+ is by no means to be said 9 reg>d to ! ar*itectural details & memb]s ( ! build+4 ,! ,etruscan column 0 closely alli$ to ! ,doric1 & greatly resembl$ x1 9 spite ( "s m>k$ v>iations aris+ f ! l+]+ influ5ce ( ! orig9al timb]$ con/ruction1 & ! inf]ior p]ception ( arti/ic proportions4 ,! ,etruscan %aft1 9 contra/ to ! ,doric1 _h a base consi/+ ( a circul> pl9? & a tore1 bo? ( equal height4 ,! capital 0 =m$ ( ?ree p>ts1 equally high1 ( :i* ! two upp]1 ! e*9os & abacus1 7 simil> to ! ,doric4 ,! ?ird b5ea?--! neck+ ( ! column--:i*1 9 ! ,greek prototype1 0 divid$ f ! %aft only by slight incisions or an apophyge1 0 9 ?is sep>at$ by a r\ndlet2 :at 9 ,greek ar*itecture 0 bas$ ^u te*nical necessities1 9 ,etruria became an unmean+ decoration4 ,! %aft1 app>5tly n *annell$1 rose 9 a lightness ak9 to ! ,ionic1 tap]+ to ?ree qu>t]s ( its l[] diamet]1 & rea*$ a height ( sev5 diamet]s4 ,! unusually wide di/ance betwe5 ! columns--sev5 times ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft--9 contra/ to t 9 ! int]columniation ( ! ,doric /yle1 :i* r>ely equall$ two diamet]s1 _h its orig9 9 ! light wood5 beams1 :i* did n require su* frequ5t & p[]ful supports z did ! /one epi/yle ( ! ,greeks4 ,! entablature consi/$ ( wood5 epi/yle beams plac$ "o ov] ano!r1 fa/5$ toge!r by iron clamps1 9 at lea/ two c\rses4 ,f ! text ( ,vitruvius--f :om ! entire description mu/ be tak51 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( ! wood5 beams1 !re are no rema9s ( ,etruscan temples--we _c le>n :e!r ^! smoo? lay]s took ! place ( bo? ar*itrave & frieze1 or :e!r ! upp] memb] resembl$ ! ,doric frieze ) triglyphs4 ,f a rem>k ( ?is writ]1 ! =m] appe>s m probable1 z _m epi/yle timb]s be+ fa/5$ "o above ano!r z ! size ( ! build+ seem$ to require2 moreov]1 not)/&+ ! ,hell5ic influ5ce1 triglyphs 7 n always introduc$ into ! ,roman ,tuscan ord]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ro( raft]s 0 d\btless su* t _! support ^u ! beams ( ! epi/yle b5ea? 0 hidd51 & p]haps r5d]$ m solid by mortis+ or dovetail+4 ,^u ! long] sides ! ro( project$ consid]ably1 fully "o qu>t] ( ! height ( ! columns4 ,by ?is means ! size ( ! gable 0 decid$ly increas$4 ,^! gables may h be5 decorat$ ) sculptural ornam5t 9 ! tympanon1 ( clay or bronze1 & ) acrot]ia1 z may be ga!r$ f sev]al notices1 z well z f ! rock-tombs ( ,nor*ia4 ,conc]n+ ^! decorations ,vitruvius is sil5t2 b !y c\ld n h alt]$ ! heavy1 l[1 & clumsy "* ( :i* he compla9s1 & :i* is app>5t 9 ! re/orations t h be5 made accord+ to 8 !ory4 7,fig4 #bed47 ,! ,etruscan temple c\ld n become really monum5tal s long z x reta9$ ! wood5 con/ruction 9 its mo/ ess5tial con/itu5ts1 & ?is seems nev] to h be5 giv5 up 9 ! entablature1 ev5 :5 ! direct ,grecian influ5ce fir/ made itself felt among ! ,romans4 ,h[ ?is ultimately *ang$ ! fundam5tal ar*itectural =ms ( ,c5tral ,italy w be expla9$ 9 ! section ^u ,roman build+1 :i* unit$ ! traditions ( ,etruscan & ,hell5ic art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--;,elevation ( ! ,etruscan ,temple accord+ to ,vitruvius4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--,tomb at ,corneto4 ,"o ( ! *ief features ( ! ,etruscan or primitive ,italian dwell+-h\se1 ! inn] c\rt1 has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! tombs4 ,z 9 ,hell5ic ar*itecture1 s "h ?is =m$ ! c5tral po9t1 ! *ief space ( ! dwell+1 ar\nd :i* 7 gr\p$ ! ceil$ *amb]s1 subord9ate 9 dim5sions & 9 importance4 ,z ! c\rt 0 int5d$ to be ! *ief ga!r+-place1 a p>tial cov]+ c\ld n h suffic$ 9 ^! nor!rn ,ap5n9es1 z did ! ,grecian p]i/yle2 = cont9u$ ra91 sn[1 & pi]c+ w9t] fro/ 7 n s r>e "h z 9 ! l&s ^u ! ,kephissos & ,me&]4 ,! c5tral ap]ture 0 dim9i%$1 & ! effect ( /orms or cold m completely exclud$4 ,! ,italian atrium1 or cavdium1 acquir$ ?us a =m ess5tially diff]5t f ! ,grecian c\rt4 ,if ! ap]ture op5 to ! sky 7 r$uc$ to a small orifice = light & air1 only l>ge en\gh to c>ry (f ! smoke f ! he>? & provide suffici5t illum9ation1 column> supports w\ld n be ne$$1 ! raft]s be+ incl9$ outw>d1 & fram$ into ! squ>e ( ! op5+1 z is conspicu\sly ! case 9 ! tomb at ,corneto 7,fig4 #bee71 & z is also describ$ by ,vitruvius 7vi4 #c74 ,v]tical props ob/ruct+ ! space w\ld be ! less necess>y1 inasmu* z ! dim5sions ( ! c\rt 7 small1 on acc\nt ( ! l[] temp]ature ( ! region4 ,! ,italian c\rt ?us diff]$ f t ( ,greece by an entire abs5ce ( columns1 z well z by ! outw>d incl9ation ( ! ro(4 ,! latt] peculi>ity _h ! advantage t1 not)/&+ ! re/riction ( ! c5tral ap]ture1 m light 0 admitt$1 ! slant+ rays ( ! sun fall+ high ^u ! walls2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! int]ior ( ! h\se 0 free f ! objectionable ra9-drip1 &1 by cov]+ ! orifice 9 bad wea!r or at night1 c\ld be entirely isolat$ & protect$4 ,a rem>kable copy ( a ro( ^u an ,etruscan clay s>cophagus 7,fig4 #bef7 %[s ! outw>d aspects ( ! dwell+s ( ,c5tral ,italy1 z ! tomb at ,corneto 7,fig4 #bee7 does ! int]ior4 ,! ro( ( ! atrium1 ris+ l a cl]e-/ory1 incl9$ outw>d1 :ile ! cov]+ ( ! *amb]s surr\nd+ ?is space c>ri$ ! drip /ill f>!r f ! c5tral ap]ture4 ,! practical s5se ( ! ,italians 0 ?us express$1 z oppos$ to ! m *e]ful & elevat$ ideals ( =m among ! ,greeks4 ,^! con/ructive advantages 7 atta9$1 h[ev]1 at ! co/ ( t arti/ic1 or at lea/ ta/eful1 developm5t ( ! :ole :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greeks1 ev5 :5 /riv+ ma9ly aft] public usefulness or private com=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--;,etruscan ,s>cophagus4 ,! rema9+ monum5ts ( ,etruria are almo/ entirely limit$ to tombs1 among :i* x is n possible to recognize progressive /ages ( ar*itectural design4 ,/ill x is evid5t t examples l ! ,regul9i-,galassi tomb ( ,cre1 :i* %[s a mo/ primitive cov]+ ( ! *amb]s1 & t ( ,alsium1 or ! ,campana tomb at ,veii1 mu/ belong to an e>li] p]iod ?an d ^? sepul*res 9 :i* ! imitation ( a dwell+-h\se1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! ro(-timb]+1 %[s an advanc$ intellig5ce & great te*nical skill4 ,?is skill is equally evid5t 9 ! decorative memb]s3 pila/]s be=e ! pi]s1 ! c>v+s ( ! c(f9-b5*es1 & ut5sils ^u ! walls1 ) ,hell5ic features ( a late & advanc$ p]iod4 ,a fur!r division ( ,etruscan monum5ts into *ronological p]iods is n possible2 x is only to be conclud$ t ! mo/ primitive are less anci5t ?an has usually be5 suppos$1 & are probably to be ref]r$ to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 :ile ! lat] & m p]fect$ tombs may date f #bej to #aej ,b4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! num]\s sculptural productions ( ,etruria may be bett] gr\p$4 ,!y are pres]v$ 9 ! ,gregorian ,museum ( ! ,vatican1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! e>li] ,campana collection 9 ! ,l\vre1 & special collections 9 v>i\s t[ns 9 ,tuscany1 p>ticul>ly at ,p]ugia4 ,o!rs are scatt]$ among ! _m museums ( ,europe4 ,z ! practical "* ( ! ,italians might lead u to expect1 ! great] "p ( ^! works consi/ ( ut5sils & implem5ts2 ^? :i* be> ! /amp ( ! greate/ antiquity belong+ almo/ exclusively to ?is class4 ,! e>lie/ p]iod may be call$ ! decorative1 9 :i* art 0 employ$ only = ! ornam5tation ( useful articles4 ,! mo/ anci5t specim5s ( ?is h&iwork are ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f\nd 9 ! ,grotto dell' ,iside ( ,vulci1 & ^? 9 ! ,gregorian ,museum ( ! ,vatican1 f ! ,regul9i-,galassi tomb at ,cre4 ,! mat]ial is gold1 silv]1 & bronze--occasionally amb] & ivory2 ! objects are ornam5ts1 su* z brea/plates1 e>-r+s1 bracelets ( gold wire & ?9ly beat5 gold2 also gold5 & amb] necklaces1 silv] b[ls1 c&elabra1 kettles1 tripods1 c\*es1 c5s]s1 & %ields ( bronze4 ,all ^! are evid5t imitations ( import$ w>es4 ,! beat5 figures ( ! brea/ ornam5ts rem9d "o ( ! vessels excavat$ at ,n9eveh1 ,cyprus1 & ,myk52 ! decorations ( ! silv] b[ls are m l ! discov]ies 9 ,cyprus & ,phnicia2 ! bulb-l c&elabra are simil> to ! ,cyprian bronze ut5sils1 & also to ! sev5-arm$ c&le/ick ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,hav+ already designat$ ! vessels ( ,n9eveh & ^? ( ,myk5 z ( ,phnician workman%ip1 & ! ,egyptianiz$ ivoryw>e f\nd ^u ! ,tigris z hav+ be5 br\ght into ,mesopotamia by ! ,phnicians z an article ( trade1 !re c be no hesitation 9 ref]r+ ! objects discov]$ 9 ,etruria to ! same orig94 ,! beat5 "w 9 %eet-metal 0 among ! be/-execut$ productions ( ! ,phnicians1 & among _! mo/ important articles ( comm]ce2 & int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,phnicians & ! ,etruscans is kn[n to h be5 active4 ,?r\gh ?is curr5t ( trade mu/ also h come ! vials & alaba/]s ) ,egyptian hi]oglyphics & symbols2 ! gild$ bronze birds ) ! p%5t ^u _! heads1 l ^? f ! ,grotto dell' ,iside2 & ! beetle-%ap$ bodies ( clay1 l ! sc>abu1 f\nd 9 diff]5t places1 = ! ,etruscans _h no direct int]c\rse ) ,egypt4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! objects :i* be> ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ^? c\ntries are to be reg>d$ z ,etruscan manufactures1 adh]+ closely to ! import$ patt]ns4 ,! era next foll[+ is di/+ui%$ z be+ emancipat$ f ! e>li] dep5d5ce ^u ! ,ea/1 ! ,asiatic influ5ce be+ gradually replac$ by t ( ,hellas4 ,"h may be m5tion$ ! half-my?ical report t1 ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 ! ,cor9?ian arti/s ,eu*eir1 ,diopos1 & ,eugrammos--^: names1 z p]sonification ( h&iwork 9 art1 give little confid5ce--emigrat$ to ,italy & !re introduc$ sculpture4 ,?\gh ?is may be tak5 to indicate an active arti/ic impulse1 x _c alone expla9 ! great & decid$ advance t we f9d4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,etruria monum5tal sculpture mu/ e>ly h atta9$ a c]ta9 importance1 s9ce ,t>qu9ius ,priscus ord]$ f ,vulca1 or ,vulcanius ( ,veii1 a /atue ( ! ,capitol9e ,jupit]1 & a quadriga = ! gable ridge ( 8 temple4 ,! mat]ial = su* colossal works 0 t]ra-cotta ) a pa9t+1 p]haps mono*romatic2 at lea/1 ! nude p>ts ( ! image ( ,jupit] 7 repeat$ly t9t$ ) a r$ color4 ,! r\ghness ( su* conv5tionaliz$ "w c h>dly be conceiv$2 ! trunk1 9 a sitt+ figure1 0 n detail$2 ! extremities1 on ! contr>y1 _h all ! ugl9ess ( realism2 ! head 0 %>ply individualiz$1 v]g+ ^u portraiture4 ,z ! olde/ example ( ?is treatm5t ( ! head may be m5tion$ ! bu/ f\nd 9 ! ,grotto dell' ,iside at ,vulci 7,fig4 #beg71 :i* %[s1 at ! same "t1 t ! g]m ( t specific ,etruscan motive--! conception ( ! individual1 to ! neglect ( ! g5]al or ideal--exi/$ ev5 9 ! p]iod ( dep5d5ce ^u ,asiatic influ5ce4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ,etruscan =mation ( ! head1 ?\gh 9 a less arti/ic & m sup]ficial /yle1 is also %[n 9 ! s-call$ canopi ( ,*iusi--jugs ) portrait heads ^u ! lids4 ,^! are di/antly relat$ to ! ,egyptian j>s ( ! k9d1 b %[ sc>cely a trace ( ! e>ly conv5tional influ5ce ( ideal ,greek sculpture2 ! heads1 ( extreme rud5ess1 are yet %>p & h>d 9 modell+2 co>se c>icatures ( ! r\nd skull & l[1 retreat+ =ehead1 :i* yet betray a c]ta9 obs]vation ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4--;,bu/ f ! ,grotto dell' ,iside 9 ,vulci4 ,greek influ5ce is fir/ app>5t1 ?\gh /ill ov]balanc$ by native individualization & reali/ic elem5ts1 9 a some:at lat] s>cophagus ( t]ra-cotta1 f\nd 9 ,cre1 n[ "o ( ! *ief treasures ( ! ,campana collection 9 ! ,l\vre4 7,fig4 #beh47 ,! s>cophagus itself %[s a drap$ c\* ) te*nical & ornam5tal details simil> to ^? f\nd ^u ! furniture ( ,assyrian1 ,xan?ian1 & anci5t ,greek reliefs1 & p>ticul>ly ^u ar*aic vase-pa9t+s4 ,a man & woman ( life-size1 lean+ ) _! left elb[s ^u lea!rn cu%ions1 =m ! lid4 ,if1 at fir/ sight1 ?is gr\p has a some:at frightful & repell5t "*1 n felt 9 ! mo/ %ock+ di/ortions ( primitive art1 ! cause lies 9 its prosaic realism1 /rik+ly height5$ by color4 ,not)/&+ _m failures 9 po9t ( detail1 ! effect ( life 0 giv5 by ! arti/ )\t additions or idealizations4 ,r incl9$ to c>icature--t is1 to ! exagg]ation ( individual *>act]i/ics--! ,etruscan arti/ s5sibly fail$ 9 ! reproduction ( ! head1 because want+ 9 t tra9+ 9 fundam5tal correctness1 ?r\gh ! canonical =mation ( a true type1 :i* prec$$ ! ,grecian p]fection4 ,! repres5tation ( ! individual1 in/ead ( be+ ! fir/ aim1 %\ld h be5 left to ! la/1 & x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! skulls 7 de=m$ by v>i\s peculi> defects1 :ile ! eyes & m\? 7 drawn upw>d 9 a mann] t is natural only to ! ,mongolian race4 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to ! t]ra-cotta reliefs ( ?is p]iod1 9 :i* ! /riv+ aft] action & naturalness ( appe>ance caus$ an excessive re/lessness 9 all ! motions ( ! dislocat$ arms & h&s1 p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ! ivory reliefs ^u a numb] ( caskets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4--,s>cophagus ( ,t]ra-cotta f ,cre4 7,l\vre47 ,sculpture 9 m>ble at ?is p]iod1 ab\t #eej to #cjj ,b4,c41 0 less develop$2 s+le ar*aic reliefs 9 ?is mat]ial--( :i* ,s\!rn ,etruria (f]s b few--appe> flat1 & entirely "u ! influ5ce ( pa9t+4 ,! inadequacy ( ! arti/ic ability ( ?is "t is %[n1 = example1 9 a relief ( ,*iusi1 repres5t+ ! lam5tation = ! dead1 :]e expression ( sorr[ is comb9$ ) c>icatur$ individual features1 v rude 9 draw+ & =m4 7,fig4 #bei47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--;,etruscan ,relief4 ,! bronze-"w1 :i* is closely connect$ ) ! t]ra-cotta "w1 0 ( great] importance1 & betrays a m decid$ & endur+ ,phnician influ5ce ?an d ! t]ra-cotta /atues4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! beat5 bronzes1 ?9 plates ( :i* 7 us$ to ov]lay wood5 =ms4 ,! mo/ important example1 ! rema9s ( a *>iot f\nd at ,p]ugia1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,glypto!k & ,antiqu>ium at ,muni*4 ,! repres5tations ( a sea-horse1 a woman ) f9s1 sph9xes1 & a man :o holds or /rangles two lions1 give evid5ce r ( ,ori5tal ?an ( ,hell5ic prototypes4 ,! unc]ta9ty 9 =m & proportions1 ! unga9l9ess ( ! figures1 & ! awkw>dness ( ! entire composition are 9 no wise comp5sat$ by ! c>eful execution ( ! f9ely engrav$ details to be se5 only ^u close inspection4 ,a tripod1 f\nd at ! same "t 9 ,p]ugia1 also n[ 9 ,muni*1 %[s a c]ta9 advance4 ,its ?ree sides h repres5tations ( ,h]cules1 & ! ,italian ,juno ,sospita1 ) ! s-call$ ,botian %ield & po9t$ %oes1 9 some:at high] beat5 reliefs1 v c>efully engrav$4 ,?is tripod is di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ examples z be+ ! "w ( a m skilful arti/1 b diff]s little1 or p]haps n at all1 9 po9t ( age4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is vessel1 n[ lack+1 0 mo/ly ( bronze ca/+2 ! bord]s ( ! seat & ! ends ( ! %afts ^u ! ,p]ugian *>iot 7 decorat$ ) /atuettes ( solid metal2 b ^!1 z well z ! h&les ^u ut5sils1 seem to h be5 m]e artisan "w1 n unlike ! ornam5ts ^u ! h&les1 ! furniture1 *>iots1 etc41 %[n by ! reliefs ( ,n9eveh4 ,works 9 bronze ( consid]able size mu/ h be5 num]\s at t p]iod1 z1 9 #bfj ,b4,c41 ,vols9ii alone 0 9 possession ( two ?\s& bronze /atues2 b only a s+le example rema9s ( well-atte/$ ,etruscan orig91 ! ,capitol9e ,wolf 7,fig4 #bfj72 probably ! same :i*1 soon aft] #cjj ,b4,c41 0 consecrat$ 9 ,rome "u ! ,rum9al fig-tree4 ,x is a holl[ ca/1 :i*1 ) great h>dness & c>efulness ( treatm5t1 gives ! well-und]/ood "* ( ?is animal excell5tly1 almo/ to ! po9t ( c>icature4 ,x well illu/rates ! peculi>ities ( ,etruscan art above describ$1 inasmu* z x sacrifices to realism all arti/ic beauty4 ,! *im]a ( ,arezzo 9 ,flor5ce1 & a griff9 9 ,leyd51 are simil> 9 /yle2 b1 not)/&+ _! ,etruscan inscriptions1 x is d\btful :e!r !y are ( ,tuscan workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--;,capitol9e ,wolf4 ,"h %\ld be m5tion$ ! bronze ut5sils ornam5t$ by draw+s--sgraffiti--p>ticul>ly ! mirrors1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( plates1 "o side ( :i* _h a poli%$ surface1 :ile ! o!r 0 engrav$4 ,! h&les ^u ^! ei!r repres5t$ figures l c>yatides1 or1 m commonly1 end$ 9 a de]'s head4 ,toilet ci/as1 a fur!r v>iety ( ^! works1 7 ( cyl9drical =m1 usually ) ! claws ( animals = feet1 & a gr\p ( human figures ^u ! cov] z a h&le2 b ^!1 on acc\nt ( _! engrav+s1 %\ld r be consid]$ 9 ! section ^u pa9t+1 & are m5tion$ "h m]ely because ( ! accompany+ ca/+s4 ,only a small "p ( !m belongs to ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ! art ( ,etruria appe>s to h rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( indep5d5ce & p]fection1 :i*1 9 sculpture1 is illu/rat$ by ! t]ra-cotta s>cophagus ( ,cre 9 ! ,l\vre1 & by ! ,capitol9e ,wolf4 ,! old ignorance ( proportions _h disappe>$1 & a tol]able correctness 0 atta9$2 ! reali/ic t5d5cy no long] /ruggl$ ) unpliant =ms1 z 9 ! =m] p]iod1 :5 x might h be5 lik5$ to ! lisp+ & /amm]+ ( *ildr54 ,yet ! ,etruscan arti/s nev] succe$$ 9 h>moni\s comb9ations1 or 9 ma/]y & surety ( =m4 ,! /ream ( ,grecian art1 long re/ra9$1 or1 s f> z possible1 turn$ aside1 at l5g? ov]came all ob/acles4 ,up to ?is "t ! ta/e ( ! ,etruscans = ! ar*aic & ! ar*ai/ic1 aid$ by ! importations ( t "*1 _h giv5 to _! art an antiquity ( aspect 9 =m & 9 pa9t+ f> beyond its true age4 ,b :5 political ,etruria ceas$ to exi/1 z its walls 7 de/roy$ at ! op5+ ( ! cities by ! ,romans1 ,grecian art1 ( ! p]iod ( ! ,diado*i1 ent]$ f ! coa/s ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,?is is fir/ noticeable 9 ! sculptur$ lids ( ! s>cophagi ( ?is ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,t ( ,cre1 m5tion$ above1 0 execut$ 9 almo/ entire indep5d5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,greece3 a copy 0 made directly f life1 ) a prosaic realism :i*1 )\t re/ra9t or culture1 & ) no feel+ = ! beautiful1 0 /ill fasc9at+ f its naturalness4 ,9 lat] times ?is unpoetical sobriety & tru?fulness to individual peculi>ities /ill exi/$2 b !y 7 affect$ by ,hell5ic =ms & =mulas1 :i*1 be+ )\t organic unity or intr9sic significance1 & void ( capacity = developm5t1 7 m]ely an ext]ior v>ni%4 ,?is p]iod is mo/ cle>ly repres5t$ by ! lids ( ?ree s>cophagi c>v$ 9 alaba/] & a s(t /one4 ,( ^!1 "o be>s a recl9+ image ) five /atues 9 ! full r\nd at ! head & feet 7,fig4 #bfa72 ! two o!rs1 f ,vulci1 repres5t a man & woman ^u ! m>riage b$1 wr\ght 9 high-relief4 ,! portraiture ( ! *ief p]sonages is by no means limit$ to ! heads4 ,ap>t f ! accessories1 *os5 f ! purely human sph]e ( daily exi/5ce1 ! position & modell+ ( ! nude portions ( ! body 7 evid5tly tak5 f liv+ models4 ,! second>y figures & ! drap]y %[ a decid$ ,grecian influ5ce1 9 visible contra/ to ! inh]5t realism4 ,organic connection & unity ( /yle are want+1 & ?is want leaves x to be regrett$ t ,greek =ms %\ld ev] h f\nd admission into ,etruria1 = by !m ! native t5d5cy t[>ds ! reali/ic 0 *eck$1 :ile ! orig9ality sacrific$ 0 n comp5sat$ by a m]ely ext]nal ,greek =malism1 nev] ess5tially und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--;,etruscan ,/one ,s>cophagus4 ,?is condition ( ?+s is mo/ /rik+ly exemplifi$ by ! reliefs ^u ! two s>cophagi ( ,vulci1 ! lids ( :i* h be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,^u ! front ( "o is %[n a w$d+ procession1 & ^u ! end a fun]al *>iot drawn by mules1 ) ! m>ri$ pair seat$ "u a canopy4 ,9 ! arrangem5t & drap]y !y some:at resemble ,grecian sculptures1 b ! heads1 especially ( ! important figures1 are portraits1 ) traits ( reali/ic co>s5ess 9 all ! nude p>ts4 ,ev5 9 subject1 z ,brunn rem>ks1 ?is naturalism is app>5t4 ,:ile ! ,greeks w\ld h *os5 to repres5t a my?ological w$d+ l t ( ,h]acles1 ,peleus1 or ,cadmus1 & ! ,romans w\ld h illu/rat$ ! bridal pair--9 a conception m !ological ?an my?ological--by ,victory1 ,juno1 & ,v5us1 ) ! ,graces 9 _! tra91 ! ,etruscans %[ ! m>riage 9 a lit]al mann]1 ! unit$ pair be+ foll[$ by s]vants1 ) c\*1 sun-%ade1 wa%-bas91 crook1 horn1 flutes1 & h>p4 ,9 ! reliefs ^u ! o!r s>cophagus ! subjects select$ (f]$ no opportunity = purely ,etruscan motives2 battles ( ! ,amazons1 & h]oic enc\nt]s ( nak$ y\?s1 on foot & ^u horse1 gave no scope to reali/ic treatm5t4 ,!y consequ5tly appe> almo/ entirely ,greek1 b clumsy & sup]ficial1 ju/ify+1 by ! slavi%ness ( _! imitation & ! weakness ( _! composition1 ! sugge/ion ( ,brunn1 t ! ,etruscan arti/s n only made use ( ,hell5ic designs z a k9d ( patt]n-book1 b1 :5 !y w\ld illu/rate "s sc5e = :i* !y _h no complete guide1 comb9$ sep>ate gr\ps f diff]5t examples4 ,9 ! /e] seiz$ by lions1 & ! horse lac]at$ by griff9s1 ^u ! small sides ( ! same s>cophagus1 may be recogniz$ n only ,ori5tal conceptions1 b an ,asiatic treatm5t4 ,! t]ra-cotta sculptures ( ?is p]iod %[ ! same ,hell5ic t5d5cy1 )1 ! same sup]ficiality & relation to ! late ,greek deg5]acy4 ,examples ( ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! antefixes ( a s>cophagus f ,vulci1 & "s f9e urns belong+ p>ticul>ly to ,nor!rn ,etruria--,volt]ra1 ,clusium1 & ,p]ugia--:i* appe> 9 tufa & trav]t9e1 & repres5t ! late/ p]iod--#aej to #ajj ,b4,c4 ,grecian leg5d>y sc5es h be5 obs]v$ ^u e>li] works1 & aft]w>ds !y became m g5]al2 b a c]ta9 pref]5ce = p>ticul> & bett] kn[n fables is evid5t1 & native additions are easily recogniz$4 ,n to speak ( lat] examples 9 bronze1 & ! engrav$ draw+s ^u ci/as & mirrors1 :i* w be treat$ ( bel[1 ! mo/ important /atue is ! s-call$ ,m>s f ,todi1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican museum4 ,accord+ to its inscription1 x is ,umbrian1 b x is prop]ly to be consid]$ "h1 because = ! too limit$ t]m ,etruscan art might well be sub/itut$ ,italian1 or at lea/ ,c5tral ,italian4 ,vigor\s 9 all its details1 & betray+ ?r\gh\t ! lat] ,hell5ic /yle1 ! ,m>s is yet /iff1 heavy1 & )\t organic und]/&+4 ,simil> to x are o!r figures ( w>riors2 b ! ,boy ) ! ,duck1 9 ! museum at ,leyd51 9 spite ( ! /iff & h>d features1 w\ld1 p]haps1 n be recogniz$ z ,etruscan at all1 7 x n = ! inscription ^u 8 "r leg1 & ! bulla ^u 8 neck-b&4 ,! life-l /atue ( an orator 9 ,flor5ce might1 9 l mann]1 pass = ,roman1 7 !re n some?+ 9 ! head1 & 9 ! lame position ( ! legs1 p>ticul>ly h>d & commonplace1 a quality :i*1 9 ! ,roman works ( ?is k9d1 is always temp]$ by "s degree ( h]oic conception4 ,! diff]5ce is less evid5t because ! primitive art ( ! ,romans & ,etruscans 0 mu* ! same1 & ! ,greek influ5ce ! same 9 bo?1 ?\gh ?is 0 e>li] & m active 9 ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,pa9t+ f ,cre4 ,! pa9t+ ( ,etruria naturally foll[$ a process ( developm5t simil> to t ( ! sculpture4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times x appe>s t pa9t+ 0 r>e 9 comp>ison ) ! decorative works ( beat5 metal plate1 & t ! little !re 0 foll[$ ,phnician & ,egyptian models1 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z may be judg$ f ! few ut5sils :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! s-call$ ,grotto dell' ,iside 9 ,vulci4 ,^! are ornam5t$ p>tly ) pa9t+1 p>tly ) color$ enamel4 ,?is decorative & dep5d5t p]iod la/$ at lea/ until ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury2 & ! ,ori5tal t5d5cy t[>ds decoration 0 by no means lo/ ) its transition into ! indep5d5t monum5tal & reali/ic /yle1 z is prov$ by ! pictures ( ! ,campana tomb at ,veii1 ) _! att5uat$ animal figures4 ,b ! obtrusive ar*ai/ic ornam5t ^u ! human figures began already to %[ ! native reali/ic t5d5cy1 :i* obta9$ complete ma/]y 9 ! two tombs ( ,corneto1 call$ ! ,tomba del ,morto1 & ,tomba delle ,inscrizioni1 ( ab\t ! same date4 ,a pa9t+ ^u slabs ( t]ra-cotta f ,cre 7,fig4 #bfb7 is p]haps /ill old]4 ,9 ! =m] examples1 ?\gh kn[n to be antique1 ! treatm5t 0 m ar*ai/ic ?an ar*aic1 & ! mon/r\s decorative /yle ( ,asia 0 app>5t1 l t ^u anci5t vase-pa9t+s4 ,b 9 ! ,cre slabs ! fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 reali/ic imitation ( ! life4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic art1 increas+ because ( ! importation ( ,greek vases1 is fir/ evid5t ^u a numb] ( clay figures f ,cre4 ,!re is little unity 9 ! subjects3 !y appe> to be devotional & c]emonial r ?an my?ological1 ! demoniacal & fun]eal elem5ts pr$om9at+4 ,! colors are sombre1 ) no decid$ blue1 r$1 or gre52 only br[n1 yell[1 r$di% br[n1 gray1 & black 7 employ$ ^u a :ite gr\nd4 ,no trace ( %ad+ is p]ceptible1 & ! draw+1 ) exception ( ! outl9e1 is limit$ to ! indication ( ! almond-%ap$ eyes1 & to slight sugge/ions ( ! knees1 elb[s1 & nails4 ,! =ms are heavy & )\t dignity1 ! motions /iff1 & ! /ep z ?\gh climb+1 ) ! arms ?r[n viol5tly upw>d1 z if runn+ 9 ! greate/ ha/e4 ,/ill1 !y give evid5ce ( great obs]vation ( nature1 ) ! avoidance ( a sy/ematic uni=mity 9 draw+1 motion1 & ge/ure2 b ! imitation is h>dly successful1 ?\gh 9 ! recl9+ figures1 = :i* a liv+ model 0 mo/ easily obta9$1 !re is a c]ta9 degree ( tru?fulness4 ,9 ! picture f ,cre ! _m-color$ alt>1 ) its peculi> top rem9d+ "o ( ! pr(iles ( ,ca/el d',asso1 is v *>act]i/ic4 ,! wall-pa9t+s 9 ! old] tombs ( ,corneto1 already m5tion$1 are some:at m advanc$ 9 reg>d to und]/&+ ( =m & tru?fulness 9 ! expression ( ! heads2 also 9 ! soles ( ! feet be+ no long] s flatly set4 ,at ! same "t1 ,grecian influ5ce is v di/9ctly visible4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,tomba del ,morto1 repres5ts a dea?-b$ & its surr\nd+s1 ) a gr\p ( danc]s & dr9k]s2 ! o!r1 ! ,tomba delle ,inscrizioni1 %[s rac+1 box+1 wre/l+1 & prep>ations = a fea/4 ,a ?ird sepul*re at ,corneto1 ! s-call$ ,tomba del ,b>one1 is1 p]haps1 /ill fur!r develop$1 ) ! /rictness ( ! ar*aic ,hell5ic vase-pa9t+4 ,y\?ful rid]s1 m5 & wom5 ) b[ls1 & f9ely modell$ g>m5ts are sep>at$ by small trees4 ,?is ar*aic h>dness 0 aga9 modifi$ 9 ! next lat] gr\p ( f\r tombs3 ! ,grotto delle ,bighe1 ! ,grotto del ,ci?>$o1 ! ,grotto ,m>zi1 or del ,tricl9io1 & ! ,grotto ,qu]ciola1 mo/ly nam$ f "s *ief motive ( ! repres5tation )94 ,! g>m5ts all[ ! outl9es ( ! figure to be se53 ! =ms h become m sl5d]1 ! position ( ! limbs1 /ep1 & action m correct2 :ile ! color1 f ! use ( r$ & gre51 is bright]4 ,al?\gh ! ar*aic t5d5cy /ill prevails1 z may be se5 f ! m m>k$ ,hell5ic influ5ce1 a decid$ ef=t to develop ! native realism is evid5t 9 ! contempor>y pa9t+s f ,*iusi1 ( ! ,tomba ,ciaja1 ! ,tomba di #ahcc1 & ! ,tomba ,franois4 ,^! c]ta9ly d n %[ ! f9e modulation & cle>ness ( ! ,corneto pa9t+s1 b1 in/ead1 a great] v>iety1 orig9ality1 & tru?4 ,9 ! ,tomba di #ahcc1 = example1 ! eye appe>s drawn 9 pr(ile4 ,^! works are ! p]fection ( ! second p]iod1 ! "t ( indep5d5t reali/ic developm5t1 dat+ f ! fif? to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! la/ phase ( ,etruscan pa9t+1 :5 ! ,hell5ic influ5ce pr$om9at$ z l>gely z 9 ! sculptural works ( ! ?ird & second c5turies ,b4,c41 comm5c$ ) ! ext5sive adoption ( ! ,greek my?s1 previ\sly b seldom employ$4 ,?is epo* is illu/rat$ by co9s1 occasionally f\nd 9 tombs1 :i* /ill %[ ! native naturali/ic traits1 & a c]ta9 qua9t sobriety n ov]come by ! exagg]ation ( ge/ure4 ,! effect is f> m picturesque ?an t ( ! old] works1 f a v mod]ate b /ill appreciative use ( light & %ade4 ,! close ( ! p]iod is m>k$ by a novelty ( subject1 ! introduction ( ,italian leg5ds1 su* z ! half-hi/orical p]sonifications ( ,ma/>na 7or ,s]vius ,tullius7 & ,clius ,vib5na4 ,! art1 :i*1 m or less sub/antially1 outliv$ ! indep5d5ce ( its n>r[ home1 ?us acquir$ a ,roman "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,num]\s & v>i$ products te/ify to ! ,etruscan indu/ry 9 arti/ic manufactures2 ! bronze ut5sils 9 ! tombs1 ) sgraffiti1 or engrav$ draw+s1 bore ! same hi/orical relation to anci5t pa9t+s t copp]-plate engrav+ does to ! mod]n4 ,( ! ?\s& h&-mirrors kn[n1 only a few belong to ! e>li] p]iod2 b 9 ! subjects ( ! m develop$ ar*aic examples1 ,greek "* pr$om9ates4 ,! frequ5tly recurr+ repres5tations ( ,bac*us & ,eros & ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is rem9d "o ( ! fe/ival & morn+ toilets2 ,ariadne & ! female deities sugge/ womanly cu/oms4 ,a great portion ( ! ,greek my?ology is illu/rat$ ^u ! mirrors ( ! ?ird p]iod1 :i* %[ extreme ,hell5ic influ5ce4 ,mo/ ( ^! productions are naturally m]e h&iwork1 & arti/ically valueless2 b s+le specim5s1 f _! extraord9>y beauty1 might pass = ,grecian "w did n ! inscriptions & accessories1 specifically ,etruscan1 l ! bull1 prev5t ?is assumption4 ,= example1 ! unequall$ mirror1 9 :i* ,semele embraces ! y\?ful ,dionysos 9 s *>m+ a mann]1 repres5ts ! h]o9e 9 su* noble proportions t x may1 )\t hesitation1 be reckon$ among ! mo/ beautiful results ( arti/ic indu/ry4 ,simil> 9 "* are ! engrav$ ci/as1 cyl9drical toilet-cases1 :i* illu/rat$ ,grecian my?s1 l ^? ( ,p]seus & ,prome!us1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 & ! rites ov] ! body ( ,patroclos1 9 a c>eful mann] & ) vigor\s draw+1 b n )\t ! h>dness peculi> to ,etruscan composition4 ,italian my?s also appe>1 l t ( neas2 & ,lat9 inscriptions1 z ^? ^u ! magnific5t ci/a ( ,ficoroni1 ornam5t$ ) illu/rations ( ! leg5d ( ! ,argonauts1 %[ t ?is process ( engrav+ 0 also employ$ ) success by ! e>ly ,romans4 ,a consid]ation ( ,etruscan art is important1 because1 )\t x1 an und]/&+ ( ,roman art is n possible1 at lea/ 9 ! fields ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ( "t1 ,roman art 0 entirely develop$ f ,etruscan art1 or1 p]haps1 w5t h& 9 h& ) x1 z w be m p>ticul>ly %[n 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,! subject %\ld be m closely inve/igat$1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( pa9t+1 ) ! hope t1 f analog\s illu/rations1 mu* :i* /ill rema9s d>k 9 primitive ,hell5ic art may also be made cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--;,janus ,quadrifrons 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium4 ,,rome4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! prec$+ section t ! t]m 8,etruscan art0 admits1 9 _m respects1 ( no def9ite re/riction4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,po & ! ,gulf ( ,t>5tion _h e>ly be5 coloniz$ by ! ,greeks1 b its arti/ic indu/ry 01 9 ! primitive hi/orical ages1 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,etruscans1 & _! "n alone has on ?is acc\nt be5 appli$ to ! ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ ( all ,c5tral ,italy4 ,b neighbor+ races1 notably ! ,umbrians1 ,lat9s1 & ,sab9es1 also took "p 9 ! developm5t ( ?is arti/ic civilization--advanc+1 9 great measure1 f common />t+-po9ts1 & ) l results4 ,! migrations & comm]ce ( ! nations inhabit+ ! ,italian p59sula 7 n less ext5d$ & active ?an 7 ^? ( ! p occupy+ ! ,peloponnesos & ! isl&s ( ! gean ,sea3 ! relations to ! ,ori5t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,phnician trad]s1 7 mu* ! same 9 bo? cases1 & x is n /range t simil> phases ( advance are noticeable1 ?\gh re/rict$ 9 rapidity & degree1 among tribes dwell+ 9 ! regions m remote f ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,gate ( ! ,walls ( ,norba4 ,betwe5 ! ,tib] & ,g>igliano1 z well z betwe5 ! ,arno & ,tib]1 !re exi/ ext5sive rema9s ( ,cyclopean masonry1 z well z walls ( hewn & squ>$ /ones4 ,! =m] 7 pr$om9ant 9 ! m\nta9\s int]ior1 z at ,alatrium1 ,arp9um1 ,aurunca1 ,cora1 ,cures1 ,ecetr1 ,f]5t9um1 ,m$ullia1 ,norba1 ,prne/e1 ,signia1 ,sora1 ,tibur1 ,v]ul1 etc42 ! latt] 9 ! l[ roll+ l& betwe5 ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,tyrrh5ian ,sea1 z at s]nia1 ,antium1 ,ardea1 ,aricia1 ,aufid5a1 ,lav9ium1 ,politorium or ,apiol1 ,satricum1 ,scaptia1 ,tell51 ,tusculum1 & ,rome4 ,!y frequ5tly occur 9 contempor>y works1 z1 = example1 9 ! well-pres]v$ polygonal ru9s ( ,norba & ,signia 7! pres5t ,norma & ,segni7 & ! horizontal c\rses ( ! ,s]vian =tification1 bo? ( :i* con/ructions date f ! p]iod ( ! lat] k+s4 ,! age ( ^! works c usually be r\ghly e/imat$3 ! ,cyclopean walls ( ,olevano1 ( enorm\s unhewn b\ld]s1 l ! =tifications ( ,tiryns1 are evid5tly ( great] antiquity ?an ! c>efully fitt$ polygonal masonry ( ,norba & ,signia 7,fig4 #bfd71 :]e ! sep>ate /ones are tool$ to plane faces & sides2 :ile ! irregul> horizontal c\rses ( unequal ?ickness1 :i* =m ! old] ,lat9 ramp>ts1 prec$e1 9 po9t ( "t1 ! exactly jo9t$ blocks ( ! ,s]vian walls ( ,rome4 ,a m exact classification or *ronological det]m9ation is n possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--,rema9s ( ! ,s]vian ,wall ^u ! ,av5t9e4 ,among all ! rema9s ( primitive walls 9 ,italy1 ^? ( ,rome are naturally ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,x un=tunately _c be def9itely prov$ t a "p ( a ramp>t ^u ! we/]n corn] ( ! ,palat9e1 excavat$ ?irty ye>s ago f ! rubbi% & brick revetm5t ( ! imp]ial p]iod1 app]ta9$ to ! =tifications :i* surr\nd$ ! city ( ,romulus4 ,b ?is masonry1 ?\gh n p]haps attributable to ! eigh? c5tury1 is c]ta9ly ( an e>ly age ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,x is =m$ ( oblong /ones1 exactly hewn1 & laid 9 c\rses ( /ret*]s & head]s1 )\t ! use ( mort>1 ! c>eful jo9t+ %[+ a high degree ( te*nical p]fection4 ,! bett]-au!nticat$ rema9s ( ! circuit wall ( ,s]vius ,tullius are simil> 9 "*4 ,!y h be5 be/ pres]v$ ^u ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,av5t9e1 ea/ ( ! ,via di ,s4 ,prisca1 :]e !y atta9 a height ( #aj m41 ) a l5g? ( #cj m4 7,fig4 #bfe47 ,! arrangem5t ( ! jo9t+1 h[ev]1 is n s well consid]$ z t 9 ! =m] example1 ! v]tical int]/ices ( adjo9+ c\rses be+ frequ5tly cont9u\s4 ,! passage =m$ a small ve/ibule or *amb] 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 :i* requir$ inn] & out] portals1 l ^? ( ! ,temple ( ,janus ^u ! ,velabrum1 :i*1 long aft] ! ru9 ( ! ,s]vian =tifications1 & ev5 d[n to ! "t ( ! empire1 7 sacr$ly pres]v$ z relics4 ,a simil> arrangem5t exi/$ 9 ,etruria ev5 m frequ5tly ?an 9 ! ,lat9 cities4 ,! ,roman gates 7 s d\bl$ z to =m two passages side by side--"o = entrance1 ! o!r = exit2 a comp>atively n>r[ op5+ c\ld ?us provide ample space = ^? mov+ only 9 ! same direction4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n h[ ^! ,roman gates 7 cov]$4 ,! olde/ ve/iges ( masonry 9 ,latium %[ no traces ( vault+1 :ile o!r means ( accompli%+ ! connection h be5 pres]v$ almo/ intact1 su* z ! heavy l9tels ^u v]tical or incl9$ jambs1 z at ,segni1 ,circello1 ,alatri1 & ,olevano2 or ! gradual projection ( ! horizontal c\rses beyond ^? b5ea? !m1 z at ,arp9o4 ,! primitive h\ses = spr+s1 & ! s-call$ ,mam]t9e ,prison1 %[ t vault+ 0 n practis$ 9 ,rome or ! neighbor+ ,lat9 cities dur+ ! e>ly ages2 ! ,prison1 probably built 9 ! "t ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 appe>s to h be5 some:at simil> 9 con/ruction to ! ,greek ?olos4 ,a fur!r example ( ?is k9d is ! *amb] = a f\nta9 9 ,tusculum1 :]e ! /one slabs ( ! ceil+ lean s z to =m a sort ( cont9u\s gable4 ,rome ow$ m to ! la/ fifty ye>s ( its hat$ k+s ?an to ! two foll[+ c5turies4 ,f ! royal p]iod dates "o ( ! mo/ important monum5ts ( vault$ con/ruction1 ! ,cloaca ,maxima ( ,rome1 built 9 ! reign ( ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 & probably "u ! direction ( eng9e]s f 8 native ,etruria4 ,to ?is gigantic "w1 admir$ ev5 9 ! "t ( ! magnific5t ,roman empire1 is und\bt$ly ow+ ! pres]vation ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 :i* x has secur$ f ! swamp+ t has befall5 its neighbor+ pla9s4 ,its qu>ri$ /ones are /ill visible b5ea? ! lat] brick ar*es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,s4 ,giorgio 9 ,velabro4 7,fig4 #bff47 ,! build+ ( dra9s naturally l$ to ext5sive works ^u ! banks ( ! riv]1 :i* protect$ ! ?ickly populat$ city2 x 0 =gott5 t1 9 e>li] ages1 x _h (t5 be5 necess>y to trav]se ! ,velabrum 9 boats1 & t ! spr+ fre%ets _h ext5d$ a %eet ( wat] betwe5 ! ,palat9e & ,capitol9e hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4--;,cloaca ,maxima4 ,all ^! /ructures 7 emphatically works ( eng9e]+2 ! build+ ( walls1 gateways1 dra9s1 & vault$ ro(s pres5t$ no?+ to elevate !m into indep5d5t & arti/ic monum5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,among ! ,roman temples ( ?is p]iod only two appe> to h be5 ( importance = ! hi/ory ( art--! national %r9e ( ,diana ^u ! ,av5t9e1 & ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us2 bo? built by ! la/ ?ree k+s1 ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 ,s]vius ,tullius1 & ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ructures has be5 comp>$ to ! ,artemesion at ,ephesos1 ! national sanctu>y ( ! ,ionians2 b x w\ld be wrong to draw f ?is a conclusion 9 reg>d to ! /yle ( ! ,lat9 temple ( ! same goddess1 :i* 0 mo/ probably ,tuscan1 z t ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] is kn[n to h be51 f descriptions giv5 by anci5t writ]s z well z f ! rec5t excavations ( ,jordan4 ,accord+ to ,dionysios ( ,halic>nassos1 ! sub/ructure ( ?is latt] build+--eight hundr$ ,roman feet 9 circumf]5ce--0 only fifte5 feet great] 9 l5g? ?an 9 wid?2 ^! dim5sions agree well ) ! proportion ( five to six giv5 by ,vitruvius = ! temple ar*itecture ( ! ,etruscans4 ,! cella ( ! ,capitol9e temple 0 divid$ into ?ree dicul1 ano!r peculi>ity assign$ by ! ,roman writ] to ! sacr$ edifices ( ,etruria2 x _h ?ree ranges ( columns1 ( six ea*1 be=e ! cella1 :i* provid$ a portico equal 9 dep? to half ! entire l5g? ( ! build+4 ,! ornam5tation1 :i* w be treat$ m fully 9 ! section ^u ,roman sculpture1 0 :olly ! "w ( ! ,etruscans4 ,?is race _h1 inde$1 settl$ 9 ,rome betwe5 ! ,capitol & ! ,palat9e1 :]e ! "n ( ,vicus ,tuscus pres]v$1 until late hi/orical times1 ! memory ( _! settlem5t & ( ! consid]able "p tak5 by !m 9 ! peopl+ ( anci5t ,rome4 ,x is ev5 /at$ by ,pl9y 7xxxv4 #ab1 #de1 & #aed7 t1 = sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s--namely1 until ! build+ ( ! ,temple ( ,c]es ^u ! ,circus--all ! sanctu>ies ( ,rome 7 ,etruscan2 t is to say1 7 n only built 9 ! ,tuscan /yle1 :i* might m prop]ly be call$ ! anci5t ,italian1 b 7 erect$ by ,etruscan artific]s1 or1 at lea/1 "u ! direction ( ,etruscan arti/s4 ,ev5 ! ,temple ( ,c]es appe>s to h be5 ,tuscan 9 g5]al disposition1 its cella hav+ be5 triply divid$ & its int]columniations excessively great1 z may be se5 by ! rema9s ( a lat] re/oration /ill exi/+ 9 ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$94 ,9 ?is temple1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ,greek ar*itecture1 introduc$ ?r\gh ! ,hell5ic colonies ( ,magna ,grcia1 _h already begun to ga9 gr\nd 9 ! arrangem5t & ! details1 ?\gh ! anci5t ,italian traditions 7 too deeply root$ to p]mit x ess5tially to alt] ! orig9al di/ribution4 ,! /ructure rema9$ ne>ly squ>e1 be+ equally divid$ betwe5 ! portico & ! cella4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! ,temple ( ,concord1 erect$ by ,camillus ^u ! ,=um at ! foot ( ! ,capitol 9 #cfg ,b4,c4 ,! limit$ area1 def9$ by ! neighbor+ build+s & by ! /eep slope ( ! hill aga9/ :i* x /ood1 prev5t$ ev5 lat] re/orations f elongat+ its plan4 ,! ext5d$ oblong ( ! ,hell5ic temple 0 naturally adopt$1 9 place ( ! heavy proportions ( ! ,tuscan temples1 z soon z ! execution ( ! entablature 9 /one r5d]$ ! excessively wide int]columniations impossible1 & plac$ insurm\ntable difficulties 9 ! way ( ! broad front4 ,/ill1 ! ,etruscan or anci5t ,italian division ( ! build+ 0 reta9$1 inasmu* z ! columns 7 usually re/rict$ to a pronaos ( great dep?1 su* z is %[n by ! ru9s ( f\r temples 9 ! ,=um ,romanum4 ,! ,roman pro/ylos1 z ,vitruvius t]ms a temple ?us plann$1 may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ compromise effect$ betwe5 ! anci5t ,italian & ! ,hell5ic disposition4 7,figs4 #bfg & #bga47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--,temple ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a4 ,! e>ly ,italian mann] ( abutt+ ! undevelop$ back ( ! build+ ^u ! circuit wall ( ! tem5os1 or aga9/ a cliff1 seems to h long rema9$ 9 practice2 b1 9 cases :]e ?is 0 impossible1 ! b>e sides & re> ( ! cella appe>$ intol]able :5 comp>$ ) ! out/&+ w+s ( ! ,greek p]ipt]os4 ,al?\gh1 9 "s in/ances1 ! pro/ylos plan 0 adopt$ 9 lat] ages1 z 9 ! ,temple ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a 7,fig4 #bfh7 9 ! ,=um1 :]e ! enclos+ walls ( ! cella are treat$ ) pila/]s1 ?is 0 only 9 cases :]e ! sanctu>y 0 s cr[d$ by adjo9+ build+s t little else ?an ! portico c\ld be se54 ,9 completely isolat$ /ructures ! desire ( approa*+ ! p]ipt]al effect l$ to ! application ( engag$ columns to ! side & re> walls ( ! cella1 ?us atta9+1 9 ! s-call$ pro/ylos pseudop]ipt]os1 ! highe/ /age ( t developm5t ( sacr$ ar*itecture :i* 0 peculi> to ,rome4 ,! purely p]ipt]al =m 0 naturally adopt$ 9 lat] times1 primitive cellas be+ enclos$ by out/&+ ranges ( columns2 b two fundam5tal peculi>ities 7 always reta9$3 ! pronaos always =m$ a deep portico1 & ! naos always rema9$ a spaci\s hall1 ! p]ipt]al columns be+ fitt$ to x1 & made ( subord9ate importance4 ,! dim5sions ( ! cella 7 ?us n re/rict$ by ! pt]oma1 z 0 ! case 9 ! temples ( ,greece1 & especially 9 ^? ( ,sicily2 = ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! ar*itectural t5d5cies ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 0 t ! =m] devot$ _! att5tion almo/ exclusively to ! p]fection ( ext]nal appe>ance1 creat+ monum5ts ( unequall$ beauty1 :ile ! latt] held mat]ial usefulness to be ( ! fir/ importance1 assign+ to te*nical excell5ce a second place1 & to arti/ic design b a ?ird1 ?us creat+ impos+ int]iors admirably adapt$ to _! purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--;,engag$ ,tuscan ,column f ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre ,! details ( _! ar*itecture 7 ) ! ,romans purely decorative & appli$4 ,! ,doric /yle1 :i* _h pr$om9at$ 9 ,l[] ,italy & ,sicily1 & mu/ h (f]$ ! mo/ num]\s models ne> at h&1 0 nev]!less lea/ employ$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide :e!r ?is is to be ascrib$ to ! simil>ity ( ! ,tuscan & ,doric /yles1 & _! d]ivation f a common prototype1 or to ! developm5t ( ! two mann]s ( build+ 9 diff]5t directions2 c]ta9 x is t ! *annell$ %aft 0 n employ$1 & ! ,doric entablature appe>$ only 9 an att5uat$ & purely ornam5tal imitation1 above ! wide int]columniations ( ! anci5t ,italian faade4 ,! ,tuscan 7,fig4 #bfi7 became some:at high] 9 proportion to its diamet]1 & 0 slightly alt]$ 9 detail4 ,! epi/yle 0 dim9i%$ to a n>r[ b&1 &1 9 ! small] temples1 0 usually c>v$ f "o /one ) ! frieze ( triglyphs1 ?us de/roy+ ! sep>ate importance ( ^! two memb]s4 ,! dim9utive triglyphs 7 frequ5tly increas$ 9 numb] above ! int]columniations2 ! *amf]+s 7 t]m9at$ above by a /raight l9e1 :ile ! gutt 7 l5g!n$ & _h a m m>k$ conical =m4 ,! proportionally small metopes 7 ei!r entirely )\t sculptur$ ornam5t1 or 7 provid$ ) rosettes1 disks1 & ! heads ( ox52 :i* la/ 7 introduc$ z a rem9isc5ce ( ! b>b>ic cu/om1 preval5t 9 e>ly times1 ( affix+ ! skulls ( ! sacrific$ animals to ! wood5 entablature4 ,! corona 0 usually n incl9$ l ?is memb] 9 ! ,doric cornice2 ! mutules lo/ _! gutt1 & became simplifi$ to pla9 consoles4 7,fig4 #bgj47 ,9 "s in/ances ,ionic elem5ts 7 introduc$ into ! ,doric entablature1 z 9 ! s>cophagus--n[ 9 ! ,vatican--( ,l4 ,corn4 ,scipio ,b>batus1 :o 0 consul 9 #bih ,b4,c41 :]e an ,ionic cornice surm\nts ! frieze ( triglyphs1 & ,ionic spirals decorate ! lid4 ,! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus displays a simil> comb9ation2 &1 9 o!r cases1 ,doric =ms are entirely supplant$ by simplifi$ ,ionic memb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--,temple at ,cori4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,ionic /yle 0 g5]ally introduc$2 yet1 accord+ to ! nature ( ,roman ar*itecture1 :i* did b borr[ ext]nal features f =eign nations1 itself supply+ ! g5]al disposition & con/ructive =ms1 x became no?+ m ?an a decorative adjunct3 ! ,grecian /yle became a ,roman ord]4 ,attic ,ionic influ5ces 7 naturally m preval5t ?an ^? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly =tunate1 because a canon ( ma!matical rules e>ly took ! place ( indep5d5t developm5t1 h>d5+ ! =ms into =mulas4 ,?is me*anical me?od ( design 0 favor$ by ! ext5d$ application ( engag$ columns & pila/]s :i* did n require ! complete execution ( ! elaborate capital1 :ile1 9 ! decoration ( colossal build+s ( sev]al /ories1 ! di/ance f ! eye r5d]$ a simplification ( ! ,ionic helices natural1 z well z m suitable to ! co>se & por\s /one employ$ by ! ,roman build]s4 7,fig4 #bga47 ,! complicat$ corn] capital ( ! ,ionic /yle c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be avoid$ ^u ! free-/&+ columns ( ! temple fronts1 & ! execution ( ?is memb] mu/ h be5 exce$+ly tr\blesome to artisans accu/om$ to "w ev]y?+ aft] "o model4 ,x is !re=e to be reg>d$ z a direct consequ5ce ( ! ,roman ar*itectural sy/em t a v>iety ( ! ,ionic capitals appe>$ 9 lat] times :i* omitt$ ! rolls & display$ ! spirals ^u all f\r sides4 ,?is =m1 z exemplifi$ by ! ,temple ( ,saturn ^u ! ,clivus ,capitol9us1 seems to h aris5 by repeat+ ! two out] sides ( ! corn] capital ^u ^? rema9+4 ,! entablature 0 ( great simplicity1 p]haps because ! comp>atively r>e employm5t ( ?is ord] left x undevelop$4 ,be=e ! ,roman _h decid$ ^u ! practical b in>ti/ic repetition ( ! volutes ^u all f\r sides--by :i* ! nature ( ! ,ionic capital 0 de/roy$1 & ! spiral treat$ 9 ! e>ly ,asiatic mann] z m]e ornam5t--! ,cor9?ian capital _h come into g5]al & popul> use4 ,x has already be5 expla9$1 9 ! section ^u ,hell5ic ar*itecture1 t ! ,cor9?ian capital atta9$ no typical =m 9 its native c\ntry1 & c\ld n be rank$ ) ! ,doric & ,ionic /yles1 be+ a m]e v>iety ( ! ,ionic capital )\t any individual =mation ( ! %aft & entablature4 ,! ,cor9?ian columns ( ! uncomplet$ ,temple ( ! ,olympian ,zeus at ,a!ns1 :i* ,sulla transport$ to ,rome ab\t ! ye> #hd ,b4,c4 = ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 71 if n ! fir/ 9 ,rome1 at lea/ ^? :i* 7 9 lat] times tak5 by ,roman ar*itects z typical examples ( _! /yle4 ,! ,roman ar*itect ju/ly pref]r$ ! ,cor9?ian capital because ( its capacity = m v>i$ application1 )\t t fatal difficulty at ! corn]s inh]5t 9 ! ,ionic /yle1 & because ( its ri* effect1 ev5 :5 less c>efully & delicately detail$4 ,! pref]5ce = ! ,cor9?ian may be ju/ifiable1 b t =m ( ,composite capital into :i* x develop$1 by a multiplication ( its ornam5ts & ! addition ( f\r spirals ^u ! corn]s1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a debasem5t4 7,fig4 #bgc47 ,! fact %\ld n be ov]look$ t ?is arrangem5t ( acan?us ar\nd a concave k]nel be/ solves ! problem ( ! capital z a m$iat+ memb] betwe5 ! v]tical support & ! horizontal entablature1 z well z betwe5 ! circul> plan ( ! %aft & ! rectangle ( ! epi/yle4 7,fig4 #bgb47 ,! leaves & t5drils ( ! capital 7 at la/ introduc$ into ! entablature1 :i* !reby assum$ a peculi> "*1 & p]mitt$ ! ,romans1 = :om ! =ms ( ,hell5ic ar*itecture 7 no?+ m ?an a decorative mask1 to place ! ,cor9?ian1 z an indep5d5t ord]1 by ! side ( ! ,ionic & ! ,tuscan or ,doric4 ,z ! ,cor9?ian base _h be5 =m$ by a comb9ation ( ! ,ionic & ,attic m\ld+s1 ! consoles ( ! cornice result$ f a fusion ( ,ionic d5tils & ,doric mutules4 ,! simplicity & slight projection ( ! d5tils did n suffice = ! requirem5ts ( florid ,roman ar*itecture2 ! horizontal mutules )\t gutt1 *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,tuscan /yle1 consequ5tly took _! place1 support$ by ! spiral brackets :i* _h be5 already employ$ z ! p>otides b5ea? ! cornices ov] ,ionic doorways4 ,a ri*ly foliat$ ornam5tation fully h>moniz$ ^! new memb]s ) ! acan?us capital1 & gave to ! entire cornice an indep5d5t importance & a c]ta9 lavi% elegance1 soon1 h[ev]1 debas$ by ! extravagance ( ! decorators4 ,cont9u$ increase ( ornam5t result$ 9 a want ( att5tion to ! g5]al composition--a loss :i* ! multiplication ( ! details c\ld ill supply1 especially z !y 7 )\t ev5 =mal beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--;,cor9?ian ,capital f ! ,pan!on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--;,composite ,capital4 ,! sacr$ build+s ( ! ,romans h be5 consid]$ ?us at l5g? because (f]+ ! be/ opportunity = a *>act]ization ( ! ord]s2 yet ! significance ( _! national ar*itecture is n to be f\nd 9 ! temples1 b r 9 _! /ructures = public utility & com=t4 ,9 ^! ! te*nical naturally f> exce$$ ! arti/ic elem5t1 & x is consequ5tly 9 po9ts ( con/ruction t ! great advances ( ! ,romans appe>4 ,9 ^! me?ods !y 7 almo/ :olly indep5d5t1 & 7 by f> ! mo/ important p ( antiquity4 ,masonry ( brick & hewn /ones e>ly atta9$ great ext5t & p]fection1 fur!r$ by ! excell5t mat]ials at h&--! h>d ,tiburt9e & ,trav]t9e lime/ones1 ! tufa s easily c>v$1 ! unequall$ clay = bricks1 & ! fam\s volcanic s& & pozzuolana :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) lime1 h>d5 to ! firme/ /one4 ,vault+ 0 g5]ally introduc$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ! k+s1 ! walls & ceil+ =m+ an un9t]rupt$ mass ( homog5e\s mat]ials2 ! v]tical & horizontal memb]s1 support & cov]+1 be+ bl5d$ toge!r )\t m>k$ transition4 ,be=e ?is sy/em ( con/ruction 0 inv5t$ ! spaci\s & monum5tal developm5t ( protect$ rooms _h be5 possible only "u great limitations2 )\t x ^! *ief ends ( ,roman ar*itecture c\ld n h be5 atta9$4 ,! build+ ( b>rel vaults ) hewn /ones1 z obs]v$ 9 ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 0 att5d$ ) c]ta9 difficulties2 ! great weight ( ! masonry p]mitt$ a mod]ately l>ge span only :5 imm5se & cumbr\s buttresses 7 provid$4 ,?is objection 01 9 a great degree1 obviat$ by ! employm5t ( bricks1 b ! size ( ! spaces cov]$ 0 limit$ by ! necessity ( heavy support+-walls at ! sides4 ,! full scope ( vault$ con/ruction 0 n recogniz$ until ! introduction1 by ! ,romans1 ( ! int]sect+ or cross vaults1 or ! s-call$ gro9$ ar*4 ,?is replac$ ! two side walls previ\sly necess>y to support ! b>rel vault1 by pi]s ^u ! f\r corn]s1 at ! same "t op5+ ! cov]$ space on all f\r sides4 ,! way 0 ?us prep>$ = an indef9ite s]ies ( su* quadrangul> comp>tm5ts1 or bays1 cov]+ a cont9u\s space4 ,a ?ird developm5t ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! hemisph]ical vault or cupola1 0 ( m re/rict$ application1 hav+ be5 employ$ only = circul> build+s1 or1 :5 bisect$1 = apses1 or semicircul> additions to ! plans ( rectangul> temples & halls4 ,! date ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! cross-vault c h>dly h be5 e>li] ?an ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,section ( ! ,aqua ,m>cia ,tepula & ,julia1 ne> ! ,porta ,san ,lor5zo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--,section ( ! ,pan!on1 9 its ,pres5t ,condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--,section ( ! ,pan!on4 ,re/oration by ,adl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--,plan ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--;,*ief ,hall ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla4 ,! fir/ secul> build+s :i* atta9$ monum5tal importance 7 und\bt$ly ^? erect$ = public usefulness1 l ! ext5sive cov]$ canals s requisite to ! v exi/5ce ( ,rome4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 necess>y1 by means ( gigantic sew]s1 to dra9 ! l[ l&1 :i* 0 n only full ( spr+s1 b 0 p]iodically flood$ by ! ,tib]2 on ! o!r1 to provide ! metropolis ) good wat] by aqu$ucts ext5d+ to great di/ances4 ,/ill1 x 0 n until ! ye> #cab ,b4,c41 m ?an two c5turies aft] ! build+ ( ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 t ! fir/ "w ( ?is k9d1 ! ,aqua ,appia1 0 complet$1 simultane\sly ) ! fir/ great milit>y road1 by ! fam\s c5sor ,appius ,claudius ,ccus4 ,?is entirely subt]ranean aqu$uct1 eight ,roman miles long1 0 foll[$1 d[n to ! "t ( ,diocletian1 by no less ?an ?irte5 simil> con/ructions ( increas$ dim5sions & magnific5ce4 7,fig4 #bgd47 ,almo/ all ext5d$ to ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! ,campagna1 ev5 rea*+ a l5g? ( =ty-two ,roman miles4 ,!y provid$ s great a quantity ( excell5t wat] t "o ?ird "p ( x w\ld h be5 m ?an suffici5t = ! real necessities ( ! city4 ,/up5d\s ar*es rais$ ! conduits high above ! gr\nd1 :ile valleys & rav9es 7 spann$ by mighty works ( eng9e]+1 ev5 rivall+ ! bridges ^u ! great milit>y roads4 ,! great] "p ( ! wat] ?us obta9$ 0 us$ = ! ba?s1 :i* 7 increas$ "u ! emp]ors to a measureless luxury1 & provid$ ! *ief means by :i* ^! rul]s pur*as$ ! favor ( ! populace4 ,!re 7 9 ,rome no less ?an eight hundr$ & fifty-six private ba?s op5 to ! use ( e citiz5 = a c]ta9 price1 besides ! great imp]ial /ructures :i* 7 free to ! public4 ,! fir/ f\nd] ( ^! free ba?s 0 ,agrippa1 9 #be ,b4,c41 :o appe>s to h foll[$1 9 _! g5]al arrangem5t1 ! type ( a ,greek gymnasion4 ,! bodily ex]cises ( e>ly times1 by :i* ! milit>y p[] ( ! ,/ate _h be5 tra9$1 7 succe$$ "u ! empire by a luxuri\s c>e = physical well-be+2 gymna/ic drill appe>$ unnecess>y to ! sov]eigns ( all ! kn[n _w1 :ile ! ba? & ! toilet became m & m important4 ,?us1 9 ! ,roman ba?s1 ! spaces = s]i\s a?letic conte/s1 :i* _h =m$ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,greek gymnasion1 7 :olly subord9at$ to ! dep>tm5ts = indol5t luxury & light amusem5ts4 ,! primitive ba?+-*amb]s 7 enl>g$ to magnific5t halls1 :i* (f]$ ! greate/ scope = ! developm5t ( t int]ior ar*itecture :i* 0 cultivat$ ) su* great success by ! ,romans4 ,?is gr&eur is evid5t 9 ! impos+ rotunda /ill rema9+ f ! ,ba?s ( ,agrippa1 ! rem>kable circul> /ructure :i*1 because ( its beauty1 0 trans=m$ by ,agrippa himself into a temple--! ,pan!on--by ! addition ( ,cor9?ian columns4 7,figs4 #bge & #bgf47 ,! build+1 n hav+ be5 orig9ally plann$ = an isolat$ position1 is :olly undevelop$ ^u ! ext]ior1 b its massive con/ruction & h>moni\s proportions h m]it$ ! admiration accord$ to x 9 all ages4 ,f ! exi/+ rema9s x _c be surely det]m9$ :e!r ! ,ba?s ( ,n]o1 ,titus1 ,trajan1 & ,commodus1 :i* foll[$ ! great creation ( ,agrippa1 surpass$ x 9 dim5sions & magnific5ce2 b x is c]ta9 t ?is 0 ! case ) ! enorm\s /ructures ( ,c>acalla & ( ,diocletian1 z ! entire plan ( ! =m]1 ) p>ts ( ! mosaic pavem5ts1 /ill rema9s2 :ile ! ma9 hall ( ! latt]1 9 almo/ p]fect pres]vation1 =ms ! *ief "p ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli4 ,! pr9cipal /ructure 0 usually surr\nd$ by an ext5sive enclosure1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla 7,fig4 #bgg71 0 =m$ ^u ! front 7a7 by a s]ies ( sep>ate cab9ets4 ,^u ! sides 7 segm5tal projections1 or ex$ras 7b71 ) v>i\s *amb]s 7c71 probably int5d$ = intellectual ent]ta9m5ts1 su* z rhetorical & poetical diss]tations1 etc42 :ile ! rectangle 0 clos$ by a "o-sid$ /adion1 ) spaces = gymna/ic purposes 7d71 & a res]voir = wat] 7e74 ,! c5tral build+ provid$ ^u ei!r side enorm\s halls = games1 prep>atory to ! ablutions 7g1 p71 betwe5 !m 7i1 k1 l7 ! spaces = ! cold1 tepid1 & hot ba?s2 :ile ! adjo9+ small] *amb]s s]v$ z rooms = dress+ & ! manifold processes ( ! toilet4 ,betwe5 ?is *ief /ructure & ! enclosure race-c\rses & prom5ades1 ) f\nta9s & b$s ( fl[]s1 add$ ! *>ms ( nature to ! magnific5ce ( ar*itecture4 ,! public ,ba?s ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ,decius1 & ,con/ant9e appe> to h be5 less ext5d$2 b ^! 7 f> surpass$ 9 size by ! con/ructions ( ,diocletian1 :i* c\ld accommodate ?ree ?\s& ba!rs4 ,! ,roman build+s = ! circus1 ! !atres1 & amphi!atres 7 ( sc>cely less importance4 ,! extreme simplicity ( ! ,circus ,maximus recalls ! e>ly ,greek hippodrome2 ! slopes ( ! ,palat9e & ,av5t9e s]v$ z a /ation = ! spectators1 :ile ! level gr\nd 9 ! valley betwe5 =m$ ! ar5a4 ,x 0 n until #cbg ,b4 ,c4 t ! b>ri]s 7c>c]es7 7 ar*itecturally embelli%$1 & ev5 ! rebuild+ ( ! :ole by ,cs> 0 limit$ to ! erection ( ! l[] /ories ( ! auditorium 9 /one4 ,! wood5 sup]/ructure 0 n replac$ by a m p]man5t & monum5tal con/ruction until ! "t ( ,domitian & ,trajan4 ,! g5]al plan 0 adopt$ f ! ,greek model1 ! peculi>ities ( ! ,roman arrangem5t be+ a l[ division wall1 or sp9a1 ! position ( ! b>ri]s1 & ! moat :i* surr\nd$ ! ar5a 7euripis71 int5d$ to protect ! l[] ti]s ( spectators dur+ ! combats ( wild bea/s4 ,! sp9a1 connect+ ! two turn+-po/s 7met71 0 ornam5t$ ) memorial columns1 alt>s1 diculas1 /atues1 obelisks1 & ! l2 x did n foll[ a direction precisely p>allel to ! side seats1 b all[$ a consid]ably broad] space ^u ! "r ?an ^u ! left1 s t ! _m *>iots "h cr[d$ toge!r e>ly 9 ! race might n be too greatly imp$$4 ,t all ! competitors might h an equally favorable position :5 br\ght into l9e1 x 0 necess>y t ! />t+-po9ts %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! segm5t ( a circle1 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 a little to ! "r ( ! sp9a4 ,?is plan may be recogniz$ 9 ! be/-pres]v$ ,roman circuses1 z1 = in/ance1 9 t at ,bovill1 ne> ,albano1 & t ( ,romulus1 ! son ( ,max5tius1 ^u ! ,via ,appia4 7,fig4 #bgi47 ,! ,circus ,maximus1 l all ! o!r /ructures ( its k9d 9 ,rome1 has be5 entirely de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--,plan ( ! ,circus ( ,romulus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--,s*eme ( ! ,roman ,!atre1 accord+ to ,vitruvius4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ,roman hi/ory1 ! !atre did n receive ! recognition & assi/ance ( ! gov]nm5t2 & ! law 9 =ce until ! end ( ! republic1 :i* p]mitt$ no !atre ) seats to be con/ruct$ )9 ! limits ( ! city1 prev5t$ any monum5tal developm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,dramatic repres5tations1 h[ev]1 7 n to be suppress$ aft] an acqua9tance ) ! ,greek drama _h once be5 =m$4 ,com$y 0 especially popul>1 & ,roman au?ors devot$ _! att5tion to x ) success4 ,b ^! plays 7 p]=m$ only ^u fe/ival days1 & 7 und]tak5 by individuals4 ,! creation ( ! improvis$ /age1 = transi5t usage1 ?us fell to ! lot ( ^? politicians ^: desire x 0 to w9 ! favor ( ! populace4 ,9 ! latt] days ( ! republic /ructures 7 re>$ :i* equall$ ! extravagant magnific5ce ( ! ,diado*i2 ! dile ,m4 ,scaurus1 = in/ance1 erect$ a gigantic !atre1 to /& only a few days1 :i* provid$ seats = no less ?an eighty ?\s& spectators1 ! /age be+ ornam5t$ by ?ree hundr$ & sixty m>ble columns & ?ree ?\s& bronze /atues4 ,?is b\ndless wa/e 0 br\ght to an end ?r\gh ! build+ ( ! fir/ /one !atre 9 ,rome1 by ,pompey1 :o1 not)/&+ 8 great political p[]1 c\ld succe$ 9 sil5c+ ! objections made by ! cons]vative p>ty aga9/ ?is innovation only by ! pret5ce t ! /one seats 7 ! /eps ( a temple1 :i* he erect$ ^u ! summit ( ! cavea4 ,?is fir/ p]man5t /ructure 0 succe$$ dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us by two o!r !atres1 ^? ( ,m>cellus & ( ,balbus2 ! fir/ c\ld seat b a qu>t] z _m spectators z did ! !atre ( ,pompey--namely1 tw5ty ?\s&--:ile t ( ,balbus provid$ places = only elev5 ?\s& six hundr$4 ,9 lat] imp]ial times ev5 ?is capacity 0 f\nd too great4 ,! !atre lo/ mu* ( its attraction aft] ! ,roman p _h once se5 blood fl[ 9 ! ar5a4 ,yet 9 all ! ,roman empire !re 0 sc>cely a city ( importance :]e a /one !atre 0 n erect$ dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us2 ev5 small t[ns l ,tusculum1 :]e ! rema9s are p>ticul>ly well pres]v$1 boa/$ ( ^! monum5ts4 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,roman !atre & ! ,greek1 its prototype1 7 t ! or*e/ra did n exce$ a semicircle1 ! front ( ! /age 7,a ,a7 be+ s advanc$ z to =m its diamet]1 :i* ?us br\ght ! actors ne>] to ! spectators4 7,fig4 #bhj47 ,! op5 half ( ! circle 0 n1 z 9 ,greece1 res]v$ = ! evolutions ( ! *orus1 b 0 occupi$ by ! s5ators & ! high] classes ( citiz5s1 :o br\ght ?i!r _! own seats4 ,! auditorium1 :i*1 ) ! or*e/ra1 _h be5 re/rict$ to a semicircle1 assum$ a peculi> =m ^u ! ext]ior1 ! entire build+ /&+ 9 a pla91 & only r>ely1 z 9 ,tusculum1 occupy+ a natural slope4 ,) ! introduction ( vault+1 massive f\ndations ( masonry 7 r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,b>rel vaults 7 plac$ "o above ano!r1 t]m9at+ ^u ! ext]ior 9 a s]ies ( arcades1 ! decorative features ( ,roman ar*itecture be+ usually s appli$ t ! l[] /ory display$ engag$ ,tuscan columns1 ! second ,ionic1 & ! ?ird ,cor9?ian pila/]s1 ) _! respective entablatures4 ,?is treatm5t ( ! ext]ior is %[n 9 ! be/ pres]vation by ! rema9+ amphi!atres2 b ve/iges ( !atres may /ill be se5 suffici5t to s]ve z illu/rations1 l t ( ,m>cellus 7,fig4 #bha71 & ^? at ,orange 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 at ,asp5dos 9 ,asia ,m9or1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4--,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--,plan ( ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4--,section ( ! ,auditorium ( ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre4 ,impos+ z ! ar*itectural appe>ance ( ! ,roman !atre 01 magnific5tly & suitably z x 0 plann$1 x c\ld nev] atta9 great national1 & consequ5tly hi/orical1 importance1 because trag$y 0 nev] popul> & com$y nev] political4 ,! w>like & bloody sc5es pres5t$ by ! mortal combats ( gladiators & wild bea/s _h a f> great] attraction = a p :o1 by nature1 felt m rev]5ce = ,m>s ?an = ! ,muses4 ,x 0 long1 h[ev]1 be=e ^! exhibitions 7 provid$ ) especial ar5as4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! gladiatorial conte/s by ,m>cus & ,decius ,brutus1 9 #bfd ,b4,c41 ^u ! occasion ( fun]al games1 ! prison]s ( w> _h f\ght toge!r ^u ! ,=um2 & ! slaught] ( p[]ful animals1 inaugurat$ "u ,metellus by ! kill+ ( elephants tak5 f ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 #beb ,b4,c41 & cont9u$ "u milius ,paullus by ! sacrifice ( des]t]s to bea/s ( prey1 _h tak5 place 9 ! ,circus4 ,b ?is c\ld n h be5 well suit$ to ! purpose1 z its limit$ wid? 0 imp$$ by ! sp9a1 & its side b>ri]s c\ld n h (f]$ suffici5t protection to ! spectators f ! desp]ate attempts ( ! infuriat$ animals to escape4 ,z e>ly z #ei ,b4,c41 ,caius ,curio _h surpris$ ! ,roman p ) two wood5 !atres1 built back to back1 & arrang$ s z to turn bodily ^u _! axes aft] ! conclusion ( ! sc5ic p]=mances1 s t ! two auditories fac$ "o ano!r1 & left betwe5 !m an ar5a = ! succe$+ combats ( gladiators4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is 0 ! orig9al ( ! amphi!atre1 or :e!r ! oval plan arose f simply giv+ broad] proportions to t =m ( /adion1 l ! "o at ,aphrodisias 9 ,c>ia1 :i* 0 t]m9at$ by a semicircle at ea* end4 ,b x is sc>cely to be d\bt$ t ! wood5 ,!atrum ,v5atorium ( ,cs> _h ! disposition :i* 0 repeat$1 ) b few alt]ations1 9 ! /one amphi!atre ( ,/atilius ,taurus1 built dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us1 & 9 ^? ( wood erect$ by ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 & ,n]o4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,flavians x 0 recogniz$ t no gift 0 s acceptable to ! ,roman populace z ! provision ( a magnific5t place fitt$ = ^! inhuman games1 & ?us arose t mo/ gigantic edifice ( all ages--! ,colosseum4 7,figs4 #bhb & #bhc47 ,ev5 prov9cial t[ns l ,reggio1 ,pompeii1 ,h]culaneum1 ,albanum1 ,tusculum1 ,sutri1 ,pola1 ,v]ona1 ,nismes1 ,treves1 ,con/ant9e1 etc41 7 provid$ ) edifices ( ?is k9d1 fully z important 9 proportion to ! numb] ( _! inhabitants4 ,! mausoleums & monum5ts erect$ 9 honor ( prom95t citiz5s con/itute an important class 9 ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,9 e>ly times a tumulus =m1 simil> to t ( ! ,etruscan tombs1 seems to h pr$om9at$4 ,! old] monum5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome 7 ?us con/ruct$4 ,a tumulus1 ! l[] cyl9d] ( :i* appe>s to h be5 elevat$ ^u a squ>e sub/ructure decorat$ ) ,tuscan pila/]s1 may be assum$ to h exi/$ above ! rem>kable sepul*ral labyr9? ( ! ,scipios1 outside ! ,porta ,appia1 & )9 ! pres5t ,porta ,s4 ,seba/iano4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! circul> drum ( masonry increas$1 :ile ! orig9al cone 0 dim9i%$ to a po9t$ ro(2 ! magnific5t tombs ( ,ccilia ,metella1 ! wife ( ,crassus1 & ( ! ,plautii ^u ! ,via ,appia & ,via ,tiburt9a1 %[ x z already prepond]at+4 ,! tumulus ( ,augu/us ^u ! ,via ,flam9ia1 at pres5t )9 ! ,porta del ,popolo1 displays a cyl9d] ( #bd m4 9 diamet]1 decorat$ by ?irte5 ni*es once provid$ ) /atues2 :ile ! cone ( e>? above1 :i* 0 ar*ai/ic agreeably to ! affectation ( ,augu/us1 0 plant$ ) cyprus-trees & t]m9at$ by a colossal image ( ! imp]ial build]4 ,ev5 m gigantic 0 ! mausoleum built by ,hadrian1 ! l[] portion ( :i* n[ =ms ! sub/ructure ( ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,x 0 once surm\nt$ by a second small] cyl9d] be>+ a conical ro(4 ,:5 ! area at disposal 0 too limit$ = ! adoption ( s ext5d$ a base1 ! monum5t rose1 l a t[]1 to a great height1 9 successive /ories ( decreas+ dim5sions1 ) or )\t columns1 z 9 ! f9e example ( ,/4 ,remy 9 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,! endless r[s ( tombs ^u ! ,via ,appia v>y f simple pi]s & subt]ranean burial-*amb]s 7call$ columb>ia1 f ! ?\s&s ( ni*es = fun]al urns resembl+ ! ne/s ( doves7 to colossal mausoleums4 ,! rema9s ( bulw>ks prove t _m ( ^! elevations 7 utiliz$ = m$ival =tresses4 ,ev5 =eign =ms 7 employ$2 ! s-call$ ,tomb ( ! ,horatii at ,albano resembles t ( ,pors5a1 :ile ! ,egyptian pyramid is reproduc$ 9 ! mausoleum ( ,c4 ,ce/ius ne> ! ,porta di ,s4 ,paolo4 ,! con=mation ( ! l& pres5t$ b little opportunity = ! execution ( rock-cut tombs ) a front c>v$ 9 ! cliff2 b "o rem>kable example has be5 pres]v$ ^u ! ,lake ( ,albano1 call$1 f ! twelve fasces introduc$ 9 its decoration1 ! ,tomb ( ! ,consuls4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s prov9ces ( ! ,ea/ ^! sepul*res 7 m common1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,petra1 :]e numb]s ( faades hewn 9 ! rock1 ) a k9d ( decorative temple-l ar*itecture1 betray magnific5ce r ?an good ta/e4 7,fig4 #bhd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--;,faade & ,section ( a ,rock-cut ,tomb at ,petra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--,triumphal ,ar* ( ,titus4 ,! monum5ts commemorative ( individuals d n1 z 9 ,greece1 des]ve to be treat$ 9 ! section ^u sculpture2 9 ,rome ! ar*itectural p$e/al 0 m important ?an ! /atuesque c>v+1 &1 inde$1 ! image 0 frequ5tly supplant$ altoge!r by inscriptions4 ,/atues 7 (t5 plac$ ^u columns4 ,^! 7 (t5 provid$ ) *>act]i/ic decorations--z is ! case ) ! pr[s ( vessels ^u ! %aft ( ,duilius1 erect$ 9 #bfj ,b4,c4--& 7 (t5 ( gigantic dim5sions1 ?us )draw+ ! figures ^u _! summits f close inspection4 ,! mo/ sumptu\s example ( ^! monum5ts is pres5t$ by ,trajan's ,column1 ! base ( :i* conta9$ ! s>cophagus ( t emp]or4 ,! surface ( ! %aft 0 ei!r cov]$ ) reliefs ( _m figures :i*1 l ! int]ior /aircase1 asc5d$ spirally upw>d1 z ^u ! ,columns ( ,trajan & ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 or 7 m]ely treat$ ) ar*itectural =ms l ! granite column ( ,anton9us ,pius1 ! relief ^u ! p$e/al ( :i* is giv5 bel[4 7,fig4 #cjd47 ,!re are simil> %afts1 dat+ f ! ,roman occupation1 at ,cussi 9 ,france1 at ,alex&ria1 ,con/ant9ople1 & ,ancyra4 ,9 all ^! works ! portrait 0 f> exce$$ 9 importance by ! monum5t2 sculpture 0 r5d]$ subord9ate to ar*itecture4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 a /ill great] degree 9 ! triumphal & commemorative ar*es4 ,z ! eque/rian /atues & quadrigas h disappe>$ f all ! works ( ?is k9d n[ pres]v$1 x might easily be =gott5 t ^! figures 7 9 reality ! pr9cipal "p ( ! composition1 & ! ar*es b5ea? !m little else ?an p$e/als plac$ above ! /reets1 & consequ5tly provid$ ) passages4 ,fe/ive portals con/ruct$ ( light timb]s & decorat$ = gala-days d\btless af=d$ ! prototype = ^! works4 ,triumphal ar*es 7 comp>atively r>e 9 ! "t ( ! republic1 b v common "u ! emp]ors4 ,!y express ! nature ( ,roman art bett]1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r class ( /ructures3 ! mass ( masonry1 encas$ 9 columns & entablatures :i* 7 m]ely ornam5tal features )\t con/ructive functions2 ! reliefs ( small figures cr[d$ toge!r z 9 a *ronicle2 ! num]\s decorative /atues above ! columns z well z ^u ! top2 ! ext5d$ inscriptions ^u ! attic above ! ar*es1 :i* ?us =m$1 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 ! p$e/al ( ! cr[n+ gr\p--^! all express *>act]i/ic t5d5cies1 & pres5t ! be/ example ( ! solid b o/5tati\s con/ruction :i* pr$om9at$ 9 ,roman ar*itecture1 subord9at+ ideal beauty to ! tempor>y purpose4 ,augu/us1 ,trajan1 & ,hadrian 7 ! *ief build]s ( ^! monum5ts1 :i* h rema9$ 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,rome3 at ,b5ev5to1 ,ancona1 ,rim9i1 ,susa1 & ,ao/a 9 ,italy2 at ,/4 ,remy1 ,orange1 ,besanon1 ,cavaillon1 & ,rheims 9 ,france2 at ,alcant>a1 ,m]ida1 ,b>a1 & ,cap>ra 9 ,spa92 at ,!ve/e & ,el ,casr 9 ,africa1 etc4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! ar*es 9 ,rome--two ) a s+le passage 7^? ( ,drusus & ( ,titus ,fig4 #bhe71 & two 7^? ( ,septimius ,sev]us ,fig4 #bhf & ( ,con/ant9e7 ) additional op5+s on ei!r side4 ,! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e surpasses its kn[n pr$ecessors 9 beauty ( composition & proportion only because x 0 patt]n$ aft] an ar* ( ,trajan1 & ev5 built ) ! same mat]ials4 ,?is ar* is at once ! memorial ( "o ( ! mo/ important victories record$ by hi/ory1 ! battle ne> ! ,milvian ,bridge1 & ( t unexampl$ pov]ty ( arti/ic inv5tion1 or r want ( productive en]gy1 :i* *>act]iz$ all ,roman intellectual life aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--,triumphal ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,! s-call$ ,janus portals 7 erect$ above ! /reets & squ>es ( ,rome1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! triumphal ar*es4 ,!y 7 commonly simple1 l ! ?ree ,jani ^u ! ,=um ,romanum1 b 7 increas$ at /reet-cross+s to ext5sive quadrifrontes1 or /ructures pres5t+ ! same face ^u all f\r sides4 ,! =m] bore two-fac$ ,jani ^u _! summits1 ! latt] a f\r-fac$ comb9ation l t ^u "s figures ( ,h]mes--an image well adapt$ to repres5t ! wat*] ov] ! cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es4 ,! ,janus ,quadrifrons ^u ! ,=um ,bo>ium 7,fig4 #bfc7 is1 ) exception ( ! attic1 p>ticul>ly well pres]v$2 x 0 ri*ly ornam5t$ by ! /atues ( deities1 no less ?an ?irty-two ni*es be+ provid$ ^u its walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--,plan ( ! ,primitive ,roman ,basilica4 ,re/oration by ,reb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--,plan ( ! ,basilica ( ,max5tius4 ,! build+s :i* surr\nd$ ! public squ>es correspond$ 9 lavi% magnific5ce to ! alt>s1 /atues1 d$icatory columns1 & triumphal ar*es4 ,broad colonnades ) %ops =m$ ! enclosure1 int]rupt$ by temples1 & c\rts ( ju/ice1 or curias1 :i* c h diff]$ b little 9 ext]nal appe>ance f ! sacr$ edifices4 ,mo/ important among ^! public build+s 7 ! basilicas1 :i*1 9 "n1 purpose1 & =m1 7 d]iv$ f ,greek prototypes4 ,z halls ( ju/ice & places = comm]cial traffic1 !y may be reg>d$ z cov]$ ext5sions ( ! op5 squ>es4 ,sev]al ( ^! build+s1 erect$ dur+ ! imp]ial epo*1 are kn[n by consid]able rema9s1 b !y deviate s greatly 9 disposition z to h no plan 9 common beyond t ( a hall surr\nd$ by n>r[ aisles4 ,! olde/ ,roman /ructure ( ?is k9d1 ! ,basilica ,porcia built by ,cato 9 #ahe ,b4,c41 0 ( an oblong %ape1 abutt+ ) "o ( its ends ^u ! ,=um1 :ile ! o!r 0 enl>g$ by a small ex$ra1 or apse4 7,figs4 #bhg & #bhh47 ,! *ief space 0 surr\nd$ ^u all f\r sides by two-/ori$ aisles1 ! c5tral hall1 h[ev]1 n ris+ above !m1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian basilica1 ?is be+ difficult ( con/ruction because ( ! slightness ( ! %afts1 & n necess>y = ! introduction ( light4 ,a portico ) a flat ro( 0 erect$ above ! entrance1 enliv5+ ! b>e & ext5d$ front wall4 ,?us ! ,basilica ,porcia did n diff] 9 pr9ciple f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & ! simil>ity appe>s also 9 ! o!r basilicas ( ! ,roman republic1 all ( :i* _h _! front ^u ! small] side4 ,9 ! c\rts ( ! imp]ial epo*1 h[ev]1 ?is primitive type 0 treat$ ) great fre$om1 & no?+ rema9$ ( ! orig9al arrangem5t b a l>ge c5tral hall surr\nd$ by a d\ble passage ( arcades ^u pi]s1 )\t columns & )\t an apse4 ,! normal basilica1 describ$ by ,vitruvius1 ) two-/ori$ side aisles1 fac$ ) its greate/ l5g? ^u ! public squ>e1 & _h an apse2 ! basilica at ,fanum1 built by ! ,roman writ]1 0 simil>ly arrang$ ^u ! facade1 b a cl]e-/ory support$ ^u gigantic columns rose above ! lat]al passages4 ,^! passages op5$1 f ! end opposite ! entrance1 into an adjo9+ temple1 ! pronaos ( :i* s]v$ z ! tribune ( ! =5sic c\rt4 ,! basilica at ,pompeii1 ( :i* ! n>r[ side 0 ! front1 _h no apse1 :ile ! ,basilica ,ulpia _h great ex$ras ^u bo? ends1 ) ! entrance portal ^u ! long] side4 ,! ,basilica ( ,max5tius 7,fig4 #bhi71 :i* 0 complet$ by ,con/ant9e1 0 an exception 9 e respect1 be+ entirely vault$1 & hav+ two apses ^u adjo9+ sides opposite to ! two *ief entrances4 ,! :ole =m$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & important halls ( antiquity1 ) ! consid]ation ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ,roman ar*itecture may well be t]m9at$4 ,! orig9al type ( ! basilica 0 :olly neglect$ by lat] ar*itects1 :o treat$ ! problem ( a =5sic hall )\t re/rictions1 utiliz+ ! accid5tal =mations ( ! gr\nd1 :ile endeavor+ to comb9e suitability & ! display ( +5i\s con/ructions ) magnific5t novelties ( _! own inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4--,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4--,plan ( ! ,h\se ( ,pansa 9 ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4--;,flavian ,palace4 ,a4 ,tabl9um2 ,b4 ,lav>ium2 ,c4 ,basilica2 ,d4 ,atrium2 ,e4 ,d9+-hall 7cus72 ,f4 ,nymphum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4--;,c\rt ( ! ,palace ( ,diocletian at ,spalatro4 ,! ,roman dwell+-h\se 01 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 id5tical ) t ( ,etruria1 &1 inde$1 ( all ,c5tral ,italy4 ,al?\gh relat$ to ,hell5ic prototypes1 ! peculi>ly ,italian atrium1 )\t column> supports = ! ro(1 rema9$ 9 use ev5 aft] ! g5]al introduction ( ! ,greek p]i/yle4 ,at ,pompeii a comb9ation ( ^! two v>ieties ( c\rt is met )1 ! front space be+ a simple atrium1 & t fur!r )9 a p]i/yle4 ,ea* enclosure 0 surr\nd$ by *amb]s4 7,figs4 #bij & #bia47 ,! mosaic & pa9t$ decoration ( ! floors & walls w be treat$ 9 a lat] section4 ,! small *amb]s 7 light$ only ?r\gh doors op5+ f ! inn] c\rts1 & did n %>e 9 ! ar*itectural importance assign$ to ! l>g] halls1 :i*1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! republic & 9 ! imp]ial p]iod1 trans=m$ ! h\ses ( ! weal?y into v]itable palaces4 ,) ! luxury ( ! table1 ! magnific5ce ( ! d9+-room 0 increas$2 &1 ) ! gr[+ ta/e = lit]ature & art1 ext5sive libr>ies & gall]ies ( pictures became prom95t features4 ,_m ( ! =ms adopt$ = ?is palatial ar*itecture appe> to h be5 d]iv$ f ! lat] ,greeks2 ! designation ( halls1 z ^? ( ,egypt & ( ,kyzicos1 employ$ by ,vitruvius1 po9t+ to ! sov]eignties ( ! ,diado*i4 ,?is enl>gem5t ( ext5sive rooms by columns 01 h[ev]1 9 a great degree supplant$ by vault+1 9 :i* case ! columns 7 introduc$ m]ely z decorative memb]s4 ,mu* att5tion 0 devot$ to a lavi% enri*m5t ( ^! rooms1 ! %afts be+ color$ m>ble monoli?s1 ! lacun ( ! vault$ ceil+s ov]laid ) bronze or ri*ly gild$1 & ! capitals be+ sometimes =m$ ( solid metal4 ,"o ( ! halls 9 ^! palatial resid5ces1 ! private basilica1 ?\gh x may n h be5 univ]sal1 des]ves especial consid]ation because ( its great importance 9 lat] times4 ,su* c\rts ( ju/ice are m5tion$ by writ]s ( ! ,augu/an age z =m+ "p ( ! dwell+s ( m5 ( condition1 8because 9 _! h\ses c\ncils 7 held ^u public & private matt]s1 & civil cases decid$40 ,^! halls 7 naturally modell$ 9 a great degree aft] ! public basilicas ^u ! =ums1 su* z ! ,porcian1 milian1 ,sempronian1 & ,opimian basilicas1 :i* _h be5 built dur+ ! republic2 b !y appe>1 :5 comp>$ ) ! primitive type ( ! ,roman basilica1 to h diff]$ fundam5tally 9 two respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! hall1 be+ surr\nd$ by ! *amb]s ( ! dwell+1 c\ld n be provid$ ) w9d[s l ! free-/&+1 =5sic basilicas1 & a cl]e/ory ris+ above ! adjo9+ rooms 0 consequ5tly adopt$4 ,?is r5d]$ necess>y a second modification4 ,to impose a heavy wall ( masonry1 besides ! timb]$ ceil+ & ro(1 ^u a d\ble /ory ( columns mu/ h seem$ inadmissible to ! ,roman ta/e = sub/antial con/ruction4 ,! aisles ^u ! front & re> 7 consequ5tly giv5 up1 ! columns & gall]ies rema9+ ^u ! sides only1 ! massive masonry ( ! enclosure ?us receiv+ ! ?ru/ ( ! cl]e-/ory wall1 & greatly increas+ its /ability4 7,fig4 #bib47 ,?is loss ( cont9uity c\ld h be5 ( no great disadvantage 9 ! private basilica1 z x did n s]ve1 l ! free-/&+ public /ructures1 = traffic & prom5ades1 z well z = sessions ( ju/ice4 ,! gall]ies ov] ! side aisles 7 frequ5tly omitt$1 & x appe>s to h be5 9 ^! halls t ! connection ( columns by ar*es1 9 ! place ( l9tels1 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,su* ar*ivolts are fir/ kn[n by examples built dur+ ! reign ( ,diocletian1 z at ,spalatro 7,fig4 #bic72 b !y soon came into g5]al usage1 _! practical advantages outweigh+ ! want ( /hetic fitness inh]5t 9 su* curv$ entablatures4 ,x 0 f ^! private basilicas t ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 ar*itecturally develop$4 ,! believ]s _h assembl$1 dur+ ! imp]ial ages1 9 ! h\ses ( weal?y conv]ts2 & z ^! halls ( ju/ice _h be5 us$ = religi\s s]vices dur+ times ( p]secution1 x is n /range t1 aft] ! recognition ( ,*ri/ianity by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 _! arrangem5t & ev5 _! "n %\ld h be5 reta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4--;,fragm5t ( ! ,ci/a ,prne/9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,roman ar*itecture 7 f\nd great intellig5ce 9 ! solution ( ! con/ructive problems involv$ 9 ! enclos+ ( l>ge spaces1 great indep5d5ce 9 ! developm5t ( te*nical p]fection1 & a ma/]ly con=mity to ! purpose ( ! /ructure2 b ,roman sculpture1 al?\gh ( v ext5d$ application1 _h less indep5d5ce & significance4 ,! ,romans1 orig9ally too practical to provide a place = ! beautiful beside ! useful1 fir/ gave decid$ admission to ?is art :5 ! political gr[? ( ! _w's metropolis _h rea*$ ! acme ( its p[]2 & ev5 !n !y transf]r$ ! "q ( sculpture to =eign arti/s 9 _! employ4 ,9 ! e>li] republican p]iod1 _! practice ( ?is art 0 sc>cely wor?y ( m5tion2 9 ! "t ( ! k+s1 or1 at lea/1 until ! ye> #agj ( ! city1 sculpture seems n to h exi/$ 9 ,rome1 or only to h be5 employ$ 9 ! ornam5tation ( ut5sils l ! ,ci/a ,prne/9a 7,fig4 #bid7 ) ,phnician-,etruscan an!mions & figures ( animals rivet$ on4 ,if ^! may be consid]$ r z a direct importation f ,etruria & ! neighbor+ ,grecian & ,pho5ician colonies ?an z _! own "w1 x may be said t ! ,romans ( ?is p]iod _h no images ( ! gods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4--;,janus ,bifrons ^u an ,anci5t ,roman ,co94 ,! fir/ "w ( /atu>y :i* appe>s to h be5 exhibit$ 9 ,rome 0 by an ,etruscan1 ,volcanius1 or ,volca1 f ,veii4 ,?is 0 ! colossal ,jupit] sitt+ ^u a ?rone1 ord]$ by ,t>qu9ius ,priscus = ! ,capitol9e ,temple4 ,=m$ ( t]ra-cotta1 ! face color$ r$1 & we>+ ^u ! head a *aplet ( oak-leaves--orig9ally1 p]haps1 ( bronze1 b aft]w>ds ( gold--x appe>s1 ) ! exception ( ! head1 to h be5 b slightly modell$1 z x 0 cov]$ ) an embroid]$ g>m5t4 ,a ,h]cules )91 & ! quadriga ^u ! gable ( ! same temple1 bo? also ( t]ra-cotta1 are ascrib$ to ?is arti/4 ,! *>iot 01 9 #bif ,b4,c41 replac$ by a bronze1 :i* n9ety ye>s lat] 0 gild$4 ,ev5 f ! beg9n+ ! tone ( ,roman sculpture 0 affect$ by ,grecian z well z by ,etruscan influ5ces4 ,! image 9 ! ,temple ( ,diana built by ,s]vius ,tullius ^u ! ,av5t9e 0 a xoanon--a rude puppet ( wood imitat$ f ! ,artemis ( ,massalia 7,m>seilles7--a "w aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis1 & consequ5tly /ill undevelop$1 &1 at ! be/1 ,daidalian4 ,two g5]ations lat] a m advanc$ ,hell5ic /yle obta9$1 :51 9 #dic ,b4,c41 two ,greeks ( ,l[] ,italy1 ,gorgasos & ,damophilos1 decorat$ ! ,temple ( ,c]es ) pa9t+s & figures ( t]ra-cotta4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 ^! 7 foll[$ by ! ?ree div9ities ( ! temple--,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a--:i* 7 ! fir/ bronze /atues 9 ,rome4 ,b1 at ! same "t ) ! "w ( ! ,grecian arti/s1 & z if to prev5t a decid$ ,hell5ic prepond]ance1 ! wood5 image ( ,juno ,reg9a 0 br\ght f ,veii to ,rome2 & ?is _c h be5 )\t effect ^u ! figures ( ,=tuna ,muliebris1 consecrat$ f\r or five ye>s lat]1 9 #dhg or #dhf ,b4,c4 ,9 ! epo* next foll[+1 rife ) civil w>s & mis=tunes ( e k9d1 ! pursuit ( art seems to h langui%$1 & its necessities to h be5 met *iefly by booty f ! conqu]$ cities ( ,etruria1 ?\gh _m ( ! subjects 7 ,roman1 l ! ,janus ,gem9us1 copies ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ ^u co9s4 7,fig4 #bie47 ,( ?is p]iod are ! ,v]tumnus & ! ,lav9ian ,p5ates1 & especially ! fir/ portrait /atues ( h]oes l ^? ( ! ,ephesian ,h]modorus1 ! int]pret] among ! lawgiv]s ( ! ,decemvirate1 9 #dej ,b4,c42 ( ,ahala & ,l4 ,m9ucius1 z protectors f usurpation1 9 #dci ,b4,c42 & ( ! f\r ambassadors murd]$ by ! ,fid5ates1 9 #dch ,b4,c4 ,art fir/ became m active :51 at ! close ( ! ,samnite w>1 9 #bhh ,b4,c41 ! ,roman au?ority began to make itself felt 9 ! ,grecian t[ns ( ,l[] ,italy4 ,!n orig9at$ ! ri* sculptur$ ornam5ts ( ! ,=um--! /atues 9 honor ( ,mnius1 ,camillus1 ,tremulus1 & ,duilius1 & also ( ! ,greeks ,py?agoras & ,alkibiades1 comm&$ by ! oracle2 fur!r1 z %[n by ,detlefs5 to be probable1 portraits ( ! ,sibyls1 & ( ,attus ,navius1 ,horatius ,cocles1 ,m4 ,scvola1 & ,pors5a1 falsely attribut$ to e>li] times4 ,! ,capitol 0 decorat$ by /atues ( ! sev5 k+s1 & ( ,tatius & ,brutus2 & ! ,via ,sacra1 besides ^? ( ,romulus & ,tatius1 ) an eque/rian /atue ( ,cllia4 ,no?+ rema9s ( ^! works1 :i* 7 almo/ exclusively ( bronze1 & only "o sacr$ figure gives any illu/ration ( _! te*nicalities & /yle--! ,wolf--n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,capitol4 ,al?\gh ! two suck+ *ildr5 are lo/1 x is probably ! "o consecrat$ by ,ogulnius "u ! ,rum9al fig-tree1 9 #bie ,b4,c4 7,fig4 #bfj47 ,)\t d\bt1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is p]iod 7 m ,italian1 or1 accord+ to ! usual t]m1 ,etruscan1 ?an ,greek2 &1 9 consid]+ ! sculptures g5]ally1 ! pr$om9ant influ5ce 9 ! portrait-/atues may be ascrib$ to ! ,etruscans1 &1 9 ^? ( a devotional "*1 to ! ,greeks1 s9ce x 0 f ! ,greeks t ! ,romans *iefly borr[$ ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4--,/atue ( ,isis4 7,museum ( ,naples47 ,two o!r works pres]v$ f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & designat$ 9 ! inscription z by ,roman arti/s1 %[ pla9ly ! conflict ( ! two t5d5cies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! celebrat$ ,ci/a ( ,ficoroni1 made 9 ,rome1 ) ! inscription ( ,novius ,plautius engrav$ 9 ! anci5t "*1 f\nd ne> ,pale/r9a 7! anci5t ,prne/e71 & n[ 9 ! ,kir*]ian ,museum 9 ,rome4 ,its *ief feature1 an episode f ! leg5d ( ! ,argonauts1 repres5t$ 9 sgraffito ^u ! vessel1 is s purely ,greek t x might be reg>d$ z import$ w>e 7 x n = ! accessories--! bulla1 bracelet1 & %oes--:i* po9t to ,italy1 p]haps to ,l[] ,italy4 ,accord+ to ,momms51 ,plautius 0 f ,campania4 ,! h&le & feet1 on ! contr>y1 are entirely ,etruscan1 & exhibit q a diff]5t t5d5cy4 ,?\gh ! "n ( ! arti/ & ! d$icatory inscription are plac$ ^u ! h&le1 !y _c relate to ^! ca/+s1 :i* are ( q ord9>y manufacture1 b r to ! engrav+1 ,plautius hav+ obta9$ ! vessel ready-made 9 ,rome1 :]e he work$4 ,! second ( ^! works1 ne>ly contempor>y ) ! o!r1 is a small head ( ,m$usa1 9 high-relief1 ) ! arti/'s "n ^u x1 ,c4 ,ovius1 f ! ,tribus ,auf5t9a4 ,9 ?is ! two factors1 ,grecian & anci5t ,italian1 :i* =m]ly /ood side by side1 appe> to bl5d1 & ?us to p]fect :at mu/ be designat$ z ! specifically ,roman /yle4 ,b at ! close ( ! second ,punic w>1 ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 began ! ext5sive importation ( /atues1 fir/ f ! ,grecian cities ( ,italy1 aft]w>ds f ,greece prop]4 ,x has be5 relat$ h[ ,rome1 9 #aej ,b4,c41 became ! c5tral po9t ( ,grecian activity 9 art1 & ! seat ( t r5aissance :i* foll[$ ! pa/ /ages ( ,hell5ic arti/ic developm5t 9 rev]s$ succession4 ,z ! ,roman deities _h become ?r\gh\t almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,greeks1 & z ! /atu>y t ornam5t$ ! squ>es1 /reets1 g>d5s1 ba?s1 f\nta9s1 h\ses1 & villas 7 ei!r ,grecian spoil or copi$ f celebrat$ ,hell5ic orig9als1 !re rema9$ = ! peculi>ly ,roman art1 z x _h aris5 f ! comb9ation ( ,etruscan & ,hell5ic elem5ts1 only a comp>atively small field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4--,relief ( ,mi?ras4 7,9 ! ,l\vre47 ,! ,grecian /amp 0 giv51 s f> z might be1 ev5 to ^? deities1 su* z ,juno ,lanuv9a1 :o1 on acc\nt ( _! decid$ individuality1 c\ld n be ex*ang$ ) ^? ( ! ,greeks1 nor ) ! gods borr[$ f ! ,ori5tal my?ology4 ,?is did n1 inde$1 fl\ri% 9 ! ,we/ until ! late times ( ,hell5ism1 two c5turies ,b4,c41 & appe>$1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill lat] 9 ,rome1 z %[n by ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 & ! frequ5t /atues ( t goddess 7,fig4 #bif7 & ( ,h>pocrates1 & by ! ,p]sian homage to ,mi?ras1 ) its sacrifice ( bulls4 7,fig4 #big47 ,x 0 ! same ) ! uncommonly num]\s ,roman p]sonifications & allegories1 ! individual type ( :i* 01 z a rule1 q commonplace & )\t expression1 ! int5tion ( ! arti/ be+ recognizable only by attributes4 ,a drap$ female figure1 su* z ! ,flora or ,pudicitia1 might be a ,concordia1 ,con/antia1 or ,fides2 a ,pax1 ,lib]tas1 or ,securitas2 a ,virtus1 ,ju/itia1 or quitas2 a ,salus1 ,pietas1 or ,annona--accord+ to :at 0 plac$ 9 ! h&1 ^u ! head1 or at ! feet2 ! age1 g>m5ts1 or position be+ r>ely tak5 into consid]ation4 ,) ! male repres5tations ! diff]5ce 9 reg>d to nudity & mann] ( clo?+ 7,figs4 #bih & #bii7 0 great]1 & ! int]*ange ( relat$ deities facilitat$1 z 9 ! use ( ,h]mes = ,bonus ,ev5tus4 ,9 p]sonifications ! "*1 g>m5ts1 & attributes 7 d\btless m m>k$4 ,to ! mo/ celebrat$ works ( ?is k9d belong ! figures ( ! f\rte5 nations conqu]$ by ,pompey 9 ! ,porticus ad ,nationes4 ,^! 7 execut$ by ,coponius1 ! only di/+ui%$ sculptor c]ta9ly kn[n ) a ,roman "n4 ,we may1 p]haps1 consid] ^! z analog\s to ! ,g]mania ,devicta 7,?usnelda7 9 ,flor5ce1 b probably1 aft] ! mann] ( repres5tations ( ,asiatic cities ^u ! base ( ,puteolani1 !y 7 m v>i$ & less cold ?an ! m]e allegories ( ab/ract ideas4 ,g5]ally1 9 c>ry+ out ^! conceptions1 individuality ( *>act]ization 9 ! figure or ! action 0 n attempt$1 a c]ta9 common correctness1 grace1 & sup]ficial beauty be+ held to suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,v]tumnus 7,silvanus74 7,9 ,b]l947 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4--,relief ( ,bonus ,ev5tus4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4--,/atue ( ,augu/us4 7,9 ! ,vatican47 ,9 portraiture1 ! ,roman sculpture develop$ f> m speciality & mean+4 ,! e>ly t5d5cy ( anci5t ,italian art t[>ds ! individual has already be5 describ$1 & x may easily be und]/ood t1 9 ! l9e ( portraiture1 ?is _h an important influ5ce1 ev5 aft] ,hell5ic art _h completely e/abli%$ itself ^u ! ,tib]4 ,9 ?is prov9ce x be/ s]v$ its purpose4 ,/ill1 x is evid5t t ! vacant1 ext]nal individualization peculi> to ! primitive works ( ,etruria & ,rome1 su* z ! wax masks ( _! ance/ors1 requir$ improvem5t by great] expression ( life & "*1 = :i* ,lysippos1 9 portrait-sculpture1 _h s decid$ly op5$ ! way4 ,by ! comb9ation ( ^! two elem5ts1 ! portraits became ! mo/ successful works ( ,roman sculpture4 ,! ,hell5ic t5d5cy to idealize prevail$ 9 ^? /atues :i* pres5t$ ! p]son h]oically--z ,a*illes1 = in/ance--or 7 r5d]$ div9e by attributes ( ,zeus1 or ,apollo1 ,juno1 ,c]es1 ,v5us1 & o!rs4 ,! figure 0 !n usually nude1 & 0 only s f> imitat$ f life z to give to ! head ! true features1 ) a c]ta9 transfiguration4 ,?is treatm5t1 exemplifi$ 9 _m ( ! /atues ( ,ant9\s1 _h prevail$ 9 ,hell5ic art s9ce ! "t ( ,lysippos1 ! great ma/] ( portrait-sculpture4 ,! native ,italian t5d5cy1 on ! contr>y1 _h sway 9 ! s-call$ 8iconic0 /atues2 9 ^?1 namely1 9 :i* ! p]sonal & human "* 0 c>ri$ out4 ,9 ^! ! clo?+ 0 giv5 ) m detail & significance2 z1 = example1 9 ! figures ( ! emp]ors we>+ ! toga 7/atu togat71 or ! presid5ts ( ! s5ate4 ,o!rs are repres5t$ z high-prie/s1 ) ! drap]y drawn ov] ! back ( ! head2 o!rs 7/atu ?oracat7 z field-(fic]s1 9 coats ( mail1 z1 among _m examples1 9 ! celebrat$ ,augu/us ( ! ,vatican1 f\nd1 9 #ahfc1 be=e ! ,porta del ,popolo4 7,fig4 #cjj47 ,9 ^! ! action g5]ally *os5 seems to h be5 t ( address to ! s5ate or to ! army4 ,eque/rian /atues belong$ *iefly to ! ?oracat1 ?\gh !y appe> also 9 conception l ,a*illes1 nude1 or clo!d only ) ! himation4 ,z !y 7 all ( bronze1 few rema92 s t ! ,m>cus ,aurelius ^u ! ,capitol9e1 not)/&+ its h>dness & o!r faults1 is ! mo/ celebrat$1 & has become ! /&>d = c\ntless mod]n /atues4 ,! figures ^u *>iots1 on ! contr>y1 & especially ^? :i* ornam5t$ ! triumphal ar*es1 71 = ! mo/ "p1 togat4 ,! m5tion ( triumphal gr\ps ) six pairs ( horses1 or ( elephants1 %[s to :at extreme ( ta/elessness ,roman art _h become debas$ 9 ! "t ( ! emp]ors4 ,! bett] works ( ?is class are mo/ suitably repres5t$ by ! f\r bronze horses1 falsely ascrib$ to ,lysippos1 :i* 7 br\ght by ! ,v5etians f ,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd1 & :i* h be5 plac$ ov] ! portal ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,*ur* 9 ,v5ice4 ,iconic female /atues are di/+ui%$ by c>eful imitation ( g>m5ts fall+ 9 ri* folds1 &1 ev5 9 ! e>ly times1 by exagg]at$ head-dresses1 :i* gave !m ! appe>ance ( fa%ion-plates4 ,noble ladies1 sitt+ com=tably1 & ) dignity1 9 arm-*airs1 are among ! mo/ successful ( ,roman works4 ,yet !re is 9 all ^! portrait-/atues1 especially 9 ! usual oratorical ge/ures1 a typical "* z little to be mi/ak5 z is ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( ,hell5ic idealism 9 mo/ ( ! heads4 ,)\t injur+ ! individuality1 x increases ! beauty & h]oic elevation ( ! entire figure4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( inn] significance1 we f9d m]ely ri*ness ( drap]y & detail$ accessories1 p>ticul>ly 9 reliefs ^u coats ( mail1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4--;,eque/rian ,/atue ( ,nonius ,balbus1 ,jun4 7,sculptor unkn[n47 ,! same comb9ation ( native ,italian t5d5cy ) ,hell5ic enlight5m5t1 f\nd 9 portrait-sculpture1 is %[n 9 ! reliefs :i* !reby became specifically ,roman4 ,^! appe> to h be5 v num]\s1 z x pleas$ ?is p to leave few vacant surfaces ^u _! monum5ts1 :i* 7 n only ornam5t$1 b lit]ally cov]$ ) reliefs & inscriptions4 ,?us sculpture became z mu* a writt5 *ronicle z a decoration4 ,9 limit$ spaces1 su* z p$e/als & capitals1 & ! key-/ones ( ar*es1 x became m]ely ornam5tal2 ! subjects ( ! ornam5tation1 9 keep+ ) ! /yle1 be+ *iefly allegorical1 su* z ,victories be>+ trophies1 ! ,seasons1 etc4 ,^u l>ge surfaces sculpture completely took ! nature ( *ronicles & inscriptions1 & ?us 7 develop$ ! truly ,roman hi/orical reliefs 9 connection ) inscriptions4 ,^!1 9 accordance ) ! ,italian view ( art 9 g5]al1 re/$ almo/ entirely ^u a reali/ic f\ndation4 ,my?ology disappe>$1 & allegory alone /ill ex]cis$ a small influ5ce2 z1 = example1 ! ,g5ius ( ,immortality be>+ upw>d a deifi$ emp]or1 ,roma ) ! triumphal quadriga1 ,victory ^u a %ield p]petuat+ ! memory ( conque/2 :ile p]sonifications ( cities or riv]s1 & ev5 ( swamps1 indicat$ ! locality ( ! action1 or ,jupit] ,pluvius signifi$ ! com+ ( ! sav+ ra94 ,aft] ! ,anton9es1 ! ev5ts are relat$ ) simple tru? to nature1 z a m]e *ronicle1 )\t any idealization at all4 ,! subjects ( ,roman reliefs are di/+ui%$ f ! ,grecian only by ! ,greeks hav+ sub/itut$1 :5ev] possible1 my?ological = human or common ev5ts2 & !re 0 no less diff]5ce 9 ! arti/ic treatm5t4 ,! ,greek nev] lo/ sight ( t conv5tional law 9 sculptural reliefs by :i* ! figures are conceiv$ 9 a situation to give ! mo/ pleas+ outl9e4 ,! :ole procession ( p]sons1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 exclud+ all effect ( =e%ort5+ & p]spective1 0 display$ ^u a surface1 & develop$1 s f> z ! figure w\ld p]mit1 9 h>moni\s unity1 &1 :e!r repres5t$ sitt+ on horseback1 or on foot1 occupy+ ! same space 9 reg>d to height & 9 reg>d to ! dep? ( relief4 ,x result$ t ! design 0 arrang$ 9 ref]5ce to two planes only--! orig9al surface ( ! /one1 :i* disappe>$ ) ! "w 7except 9 ! highe/ po9ts71 & ! common backgr\nd4 ,roman sculpture1 on ! o!r h&1 fre$ itself f all su* laws ( /yle4 ,! pr(ile position no long] pr$om9at$1 & ! figures 9 ! mutilat$ remnants1 :]e ! details are lo/1 appe> l =mless masses1 :i*1 9 ! ,hell5ic sy/em1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! outl9e loses its significance1 & ! figures are arrang$ ) su* disreg>d ( ! surface ^u :i* !y are plac$ t !y r resemble portions ( /atues4 ,! projection f ! backgr\nd also v>ies1 _m p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! head & arms1 /&+ entirely dis5gag$4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( sev]al figures1 "o beh9d ano!r1 aga9/ a l&scape or ar*itectural backgr\nd1 an attempt 0 made to di/+ui% ! =ms 9 front f ^? beh9d by high] or l[] relief1 ) some?+ ( ! effect ( p]spective4 7,fig4 #cjb47 ,f ?is ensu$ a confusion ( l9es & a want ( cle>ness1 atmosph]ic effect n assi/+ 9 sculpture1 z 9 pa9t+1 to sep>ate ! f>!r object f ! ne>]1 & ?us to def9e ! di/ance4 ,?is cr[d+ 0 /ill m objectionable :51 besides be+ gr\p$ "o beh9d ano!r1 ! figures 7 plac$ "o ov] ano!r1 repres5t+ ! sc5e z if f a bird's-eye view4 ,x ?us happ5$ t ,roman sculpture 9 relief 0 *>act]iz$ r by a reali/ic & picturesque t5d5cy ?an by well-conv5tionaliz$ composition4 ,b ! =ms rema9$ ,hell5ic1 at lea/ s f> z ! circum/ances repres5t$ 9 ,grecian examples w\ld p]mit4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a riv] 0 to be repres5t$1 = :i* ! ,greeks always plac$ a local deity z symbol1 or :5 ! besieg+ ( t[ns1 ca/les1 or bridges 0 giv51 ! ,romans approa*$ m ne>ly to ! conception ( ,ori5tal nations4 ,z ! subject 0 ( m importance ?an ! composition1 ! de$ ?an ! arti/ic illu/ration1 a c]ta9 common & =mal correctness suffic$--an arti/ic h&writ+1 s to speak1 :i* might be easily read4 ,_! "w might be t]m$ an unconsci\s translation f ! ,assyrian or ,egyptian into ! ,roman language4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4--,relief f ! ,ar* ( ,titus 9 ,rome4 ,x does n appe> t ! sculpture ( hi/orical reliefs 0 develop$ mu* be=e ! "t ( ! ,empire2 at lea/1 n m ( ^! rema9 ?an ( ! ,roman portrait-/atues t c be imput$ to a m remote p]iod4 ,hi/oric sculpture 0 be/ exhibit$ 9 triumphal monum5ts4 ,to ?is class belong ! two _w-r5[n$ columns ( ,trajan & ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,) m ?an five ?\s& figures & ov] two hundr$ sc5es1 !y are among ! mo/ magnific5t sculptural repres5tations ( all times4 ,^u ^! asc5d+ spiral reliefs are unroll$ ! *ronicles ( ! ,dacian & ,m>comannic w>s4 ,! ma9 ev5ts are recognizable ?r\gh\t1 & ! b>b>ic tribes may be di/+ui%$ by _! co/umes1 arms1 & physiognomy2 s t if writt5 hi/ory 7 want+1 ! reliefs ^u ,trajan's ,column w\ld be an important s\rce ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! biography ( ?is emp]or & ,roman imp]ial hi/ory4 ,vigor\s 9 treatm5t & skilful 9 draw+ z x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are1 /ill _! arti/ic value1 f want ( /yle 9 composition1 is v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4--,relief ( ,trajan1 f ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e 9 ,rome4 ,! oblong tablets ( relief ^u ! triumphal ar*es occupy a some:at m favorable position1 because ! frame l$ to a m =mal1 & ! duplication to a m h>moni\s1 composition4 ,! reliefs ^u ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 p>ticul>ly ^? on ! sides ( ! two l>ge passages1 not)/&+ ! ignorance :i* !y betray1 are ( f> high] importance 9 art2 & ! same may be said ( ! reliefs ^u ! monum5ts ( ,hadrian & ,trajan4 7,fig4 #cjc47 ,h[ f> ! graces ( =m & ord]1 inh]it$ f ! ,greeks & hi!rto preval5t1 _h disappe>$ ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,anton9es1 & giv5 place to a =mal & vacant h>dness1 is %[n by ! relief ^u ! p$e/al ( ! lo/ /atue ( ,anton9us ,pius4 7,fig4 #cjd47 ,?is repres5ts ! apo!osis ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a1 :o appe> seat$ ^u ! back ( a /iff1 float+ ,g5ius ( ,immortality1 9 ! weake/ ( compositions1 :ile cold & all-controll+ ,allegory places by ! side ( ,roma a p]sonification ( ! ,campus ,m>tius1 recognizable by ! attribute ( ! obelisk :i* 0 erect$ !re by ,augu/us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4--,relief ^u ! ,p$e/al ( ! ,column ( ,anton9us ,pius4 ,roman sculpture rea*$ its highe/ po9t "u ,hadrian4 ,?is emp]or fill$ all spaces ) sculpture1 z ,trajan cov]$ !m ) inscriptions commemorat+ 8 re/orations1 acquir+ ?us1 9 lat] times1 ! nickname ( ! 8,li*540 ,ev5 ! gold5 h\se ( ,n]o 01 9 ?is respect1 surpass$ by ! ,villa ( ,hadrian at ,tibur1 :]e x pleas$ him to reproduce all ! wond]ful works ( ar*itecture & ( sculpture :i* he _h notic$ 9 8 ext5d$ travels ?r\gh ! ,roman _w4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,hadrian1 h[ev]1 :o1 z an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,greek art1 naturally direct$ ! arti/ic indu/ry ( 8 "t to ! be/ possible reproductions ( ! highe/ products ( ,hell5ic art1 ! ,romans began to foll[ ! works ( ! lat] ages4 ,! l[] !y plac$ _! aim1 & ! f>!r !y 7 remov$ f ! orig9al s\rce ( inspiration ! m rapid 0 _! decl9e4 ,ideal art deg5]at$ into increas+ =malism1 c>elessness1 weakness ( s5tim5t1 & %all[ness1 ?\gh /ill reta9+ mu* t 0 good1 because ! orig9als1 ?\gh copi$ & recopi$1 /ill dat$ back to ! be/ p]iods4 ,portraiture naturally reta9$ m indep5d5ce2 b ?is also w\ld h be5 /ifl$ by ! enorm\s requirem5ts1 ev5 if ! decl9+ art _h possess$ fre% vigor4 ,to und]/& ?is excessive dem&1 x is only necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! rapid succession ( emp]ors aft] ,anton9us1 ) ! consequ5t *ang+ ( imp]ial /atues 9 all ! cities ( ! ,roman empire4 ,) ! ,anton9es expir$ ! ideal elem5t 9 sculptural portraits2 & prosaic realism1 z x _h exi/$ 9 anci5t ,italian art1 obta9$ exclusive ma/]y4 ,anxi\s /ruggles aft] ext]nal lik5ess 9 small & in>ti/ic details1 l wr9kles1 & abnormities su* z ! curly & frizzl$ hair ( ! ,anton9es1 & ( ,l4 ,v]us1 ) locks l por\s pumice-/one1 took ! place ( ! lo/ ideal--rem>kable examples1 :i* fail$ to pres]ve ! lifelike expression4 ,)9 a c5tury art _h altoge!r lo/ ! capacity = *>act]ization1 ev5 9 portraiture2 & ! num]\s bu/s ( ! lat] empire c h>dly be di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r4 ,!y are mo/ly portraits ( emp]ors1 empresses1 & pr9ces1 ^: heads are /iff5$ & h>d5$ into a common type4 ,previ\sly1 ) a *ange ( ! sov]eign1 !y _h alt]$ ! heads ( ! ,a*illeic & iconic imp]ial /atues2 b x n[ suffic$ m]ely to v>y ! inscription1 &1 at mo/1 ! accessories4 ,b x 0 n difficult to *ange ! face also1 s9ce x pleas$ !m1 9 mak+ bu/s1 to comb9e m>bles ( diff]5t hues1 s z to realize ! local colors4 ,?us ! mask 0 ( simple :ite1 ! hair ( d>k m>ble1 ! g>m5ts ( r$1 gre51 & gray m>ble or granite1 & ev5 ! b& = ! =ehead & ! clasp = ! toga 7 ( a suitable hue4 ,9 ! heads ( ladies ?is disagreeable poly*romy _h ! advantage t1 ^u ! portrait ( ! same sov]eign1 n only ! mask1 b ! wig1 c\ld be alt]$1 :i*1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! day1 might be blond1 r$1 or d>k1 ) any desir$ mode ( dress+ ! hair4 ,c>v+ 9 relief1 aft] ! ,anton9es1 suff]$ a simil> decl9e4 ,! sculptures ^u ! ,column ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ,trajan's ,column1 not)/&+ _! unmi/akable dep5d5ce ^u ! old] example1 %[ ! want ( en]gy1 ( appreciation ( =m1 ( v>iety1 & ( te*nical ability :i* *>act]izes ! loss ( creative p[]1 & ! m]e reproduction ( models4 ,! reliefs ( ! ,ar* ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 once ^u ! ,corso at ,rome1 n[ 9 ! palace ( ! ,capitol1 betray ! same vacuity ( expression & h>dness ( =m1 9 comp>ison ) ! illu/rations f ! life ( ,trajan ^u ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e2 ev5 :5 comp>$ ) ! sculptures ^u ! p$e/al ( ! ,column ( ,anton9us ,pius1 a decl9e is visible f ! "t ( ! old] to ! y\ng] ,anton9us4 ,b ev5 ^! are sup]ior to ! reliefs ^u ! ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 erect$ 9 #bja ,b4,c41 :i*1 9 ! ma9 p>ts1 h a f\rfold division1 9 ord] to ga9 space = ! utmo/ possible numb] ( repres5tations4 ,f ! nature ( ! design1 ! spiral reliefs ^u ! columns ( ,trajan & ( ,m>cus ,aurelius exhibit$ su* p>allel r[s1 "o above ano!r2 b "h ! same me?od is employ$ ^u a plane surface1 al?\gh x cr[ds ! subject to su* an ext5t t ! figures become insignificant &1 at a little di/ance1 indi/9ct4 ,9 ^! f\r l9es are giv5 sc5es ( w>1 n1 app>5tly1 s mu* to celebrate combat & victory 9 g5]al z to regi/] especial facts1 battles f\ght ) v>i\s weapons1 sieges1 capitulations1 & ! transport ( booty4 ,?\gh _m ( ! details 7 vigor\s1 ! =ms 9 g5]al tol]ably correct1 & ! te*nical ability consid]able1 yet ! composition appe>s b>b>ic1 ! gr\p+ awkw>d1 & ! fill+ ( ! giv5 space1 ! composition1 & ! arti/ic con/ruction altoge!r un=tunate4 ,aft] ,septimius ,sev]us1 /atuesque art deg5]at$ into m]e /one-cutt+2 ! portraits are unrecognizable1 ! reliefs )\t expression or effect1 except1 z 9 ,egyptian art1 f ! numb] ( figures & accessories4 ,9 religi\s sculptures1 f9ally r$uc$ to bungl+ artisan "w1 ! la/ sp>k ( ,hell5ic tradition di$ out 9 cont9u$ weak copies4 ,9 hi/orical reliefs ! impulse to create p]i%$ ) ! arti/ic ability4 ,:5 l>ge monum5tal con/ructions 7 requir$1 ! mat]ial 0 frequ5tly drawn f ! works ( =m] emp]ors2 & ev5 9 triumphal memorials1 l ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 !re 0 no hesitation 9 ins]t+ reliefs unmi/akably celebrat+ ! de$s ( ,trajan1 or in/all+ /atues connect$ ) 8 conque/s ^u ! ,danube1 ! build]s cont5t+ !mselves ) fill+ out :at 0 lack+1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,victories ^u ! p$e/als ( ! columns 7,fig4 #cje71 & ! n>r[ frieze ( reliefs ov] ! side passages4 ,! figures err greatly 9 proportions3 dumpy1 =mless1 & awkw>d1 appe>+ incapable ( motion1 !y already exemplify t p]fect rigidity :i*1 9 ! foll[+ c5turies1 0 to hold sculpture 9 bondage4 ,ev5 :]e ! nature ( ! repres5tations p]mitt$ ! influ5ce ( ! old models1 ! decl9e ( te*nical ability is /rik+1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ^! figures ) ! ,victories ^u ! p$e/als ( ! ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 :i*1 ?\gh sup]ficial1 are n )\t a c]ta9 /yle4 ,! folds1 = example1 look l ! holes & l9es ( ! wood-worm2 !y are simple /ripes cut into ! g>m5t1 )\t movem5t or purpose1 h>d1 r\gh1 & ha/y1 z is ! entire treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4--,victory1 f ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if 9 ,roman art ! prov9ce ( ar*itecture is ! mo/ important1 & t ( sculpture ! mo/ ri*ly repres5t$1 t ( pa9t+ is ! mo/ *>m+4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 sculpture1 ! decorative "* pr$om9at$4 ,traces ( t monum5tal art :i* creates = itself1 & = its own sake1 are f\nd only 9 works ( ! e>li] "t1 & ev5 !n 9 few & isolat$ in/ances4 ,ev5 m ?an sculpture1 pa9t+ appe>s dep5d5t & imitative1 vacillat+ 9 ! fir/ five c5turies betwe5 ! influ5ce ( anci5t ,italy & ( ,greece2 lat]1 9 close subjection to ! latt]1 z develop$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod aft] ,alex&]4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( monum5tal pa9t+ 9 ,rome relates to ! decoration ( ! temples ( ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a by ! ,greek arti/s ( ,l[] ,italy1 ,gorgasos & ,damophilos1 9 #dic ,b4,c41 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,al?\gh !y made use ( f\r colors1 _! me?od 0 t ( ! "t be=e ,polygnotos1 & _! "w 0 little di/+ui%$ f ! old] pa9t+ ^u vases1 su* z ^? ( ,ergotimos & ,clitias 9 ,flor5ce1 ! surfaces )9 ! outl9es be+ treat$ 9 color1 )\t gradation ( light or %ade4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t1 9 ! two *ief temples ( ! la/ p]iod ( ! k+s1 color$ ornam5t1 :e!r ^u ! pla/] itself1 or ^u a revetm5t ( t]ra-cotta slabs1 z 9 ! tomb at ,cre 7,fig4 #bfb71 0 z little want+ z 9 ! temples & tombs ( ,etruria4 ,x may be judg$ t 9 ,rome ?is 0 specifically ,etruscan1 s9ce ,pl9y ref]s to ! ornam5tation ( ! ,temple ( ,c]es only because 9 ?is ,grecian arti/s fir/ appe> to h tak5 "p1 :ile be=e 8ev]y?+ 9 ! ,roman temple _h be5 ,etruscan40 ,mu* z we may be incl9$ to reg>d ! primitive art ( ,etruria z dep5d5t ^u t ( ,greece1 ! diff]5ce mu/ h be5 consid]able2 & ! ,grecian wall-pa9t+s 9 ! ,temple ( ,c]es mu/ h be5 held 9 great e/imation1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 !y 7 protect$ :5 ! temple 0 re/or$1 be+ remov$ f ! walls ) great c>e1 fram$ ^u tablets1 & replac$4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! wall-pa9t+s op5$ ! way to ,hell5ic influ5ce1 al?\gh a guild ( ,etruscan arti/s = a long "t work$ by ! side ( ! ,greeks 9 ,rome1 = purposes ( ord9>y decoration4 ,if1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 8art came e>ly to be honor$ 9 ,rome10 & ev5 patricians did n hesitate to devote !mselves to x1 x w\ld seem t ?is mu/ h be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ,grecian me?ods4 ,fabius ,pictor1 ^: wall-pa9t+s1 accord+ to ,dionysios ( ,halic>nassos1 7 c>efully drawn1 ( a fre%1 agreeable color1 & compos$ 9 a gr& hi/orical /yle1 acquir$ 8 sobriquet & 8 great fame by 8 pa9t+s 9 ! ,temple ( ,salus1 execut$ 9 ! ye> #cjd ,b4,c4 ,8 rank 9 reg>d to draw+ may be exemplifi$ by ! wond]ful sgraffiti ( ! ,ci/a ( ,novius ,plautius 9 ,rome1 al?\gh ! latt]1 hav+ fl\ri%$ half a c5tury lat]1 may take a some:at high] rank4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! tragic poet ,pacuvius1 f #bbj to #acj ,b4,c41 7 /ill m advanc$4 ,among ^! a picture1 probably ^u a panel1 9 ! ,temple ( ,h]cules 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium1 0 v celebrat$2 & x may be assum$ t1 9 ord] to obta9 r5[n1 ! arti/ adopt$ ) success ! te*nical ref9em5ts ( ! p]iod ( ! ,diado*i4 ,! ag$ arti/1 be=e 8 dea?1 mu/ h witness$ ! ext5sive robb]ies :i* br\ght to ! metropolis1 besides ! sculptural works1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pictures ( ,greece1 x hav+ happ5$ 9 8 prime t ! ,a!nian pa9t] & philosoph] ,metrodoros 0 call$ to ,rome by milius ,paulus--z a philosoph] to educate 8 *ildr51 & z an arti/ to illu/rate 8 triumphs4 ,metrodoros1 :o1 9 8 arti/ic & s*ol>ly v]satility1 _h writt5 a book ^u ar*itecture1 gave assi/ance ev5 9 ! con/ruction ( triumphal ar*es4 ,/ill1 milius ,paulus may well h wi%$ to glorify 8 de$s by hi/orical pa9t+s1 z _h be5 cu/om>y ) ! conqu]ors = a c5tury4 ,9 #bic ,b4,c41 ,m4 ,val]ius ,maximus ,messala _h plac$ a battle-sc5e 9 ! ,curia ,ho/ilia1 illu/rat+ 8 victory ov] ! ,c>?ag9ians & ,hi]o ( ,syracuse--an example :i* 0 foll[$ by ,l4 ,scipio1 9 #aij ,b4,c41 ) a repres5tation ( 8 success at ,magnesia ov] ,antio*us ( ,syria4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ less z works ( art ?an z reali/ic del9eations ( ! ev5ts1 analog\s to ! ,roman hi/orical reliefs 9 ! "t ( ! ,empire2 at lea/1 great importance 0 giv5 to details 9 ! picture repres5t+ ! ,conque/ ( ,c>?age :i* ,l4 ,ho/ilius ,manc9us1 9 #adf ,b4,c41 exhibit$ ^u ! ,=um & expla9$ to ! p1 & :i* especially %[$ ! ,roman prep>ations = a siege4 ,su* works1 ! backgr\nd ( :i* 0 probably treat$ m or less z a l&scape1 l ! topographical repres5tations ( e>li] antiquity1 mu/ h be5 simil> 9 conception & composition to ! ,assyrian reliefs t repres5t battles & sieges1 & to ! pictures ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! notices ( ^! panel-pa9t+s !re are no names ( arti/s to assi/ 9 _! classification2 b x may be conclud$ t ,metrodoros 0 enc\rag$ 9 ?is "w1 & ,s]apion1 9 #ajj ,b4,c41 really di/+ui%$ himself 9 su* hi/orical sc5es4 ,! arti/s ( importance 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic1 l ,sopolis1 ,dionysios1 & _! pupil ,antio*us ,gab9ius1 f\nd !mselves =c$ into portraiture2 ! specialty ( ,iaia1 or ,laia1 ( ,kyzicos 0 ! pa9t+ ( wom5 ^u ivory1 & ,arellius portray$ 8 mi/resses z goddesses4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! empire1 tablet-pa9t+ seems to h be5 entirely ab&on$1 be+ supplant$ by a new decorative t5d5cy :i* aga91 9 q an unmonum5tal mann]1 l$ back to mural pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4--,wall-pa9t+1 f ! ,aurea ,domus ( ,n]o4 ,x is cle> f ! t]m 8,p9aco!ca10 appli$ to c]ta9 halls 9 ! city palaces1 t ! eag]ness = collect+ among ! ,roman emp]ors & nobles ext5d$ z well to ! pa9t+s ( ,greece z to ! /atues4 ,9 sculpture copies 7 sub/itut$ :5 orig9als 7 want+1 b ?is seems to h be5 r>ely ! case ) panel-pa9t+s4 ,z ! /atues 7 employ$ = decoration1 orig9ality 9 ^! 0 n s important2 b ) pa9t+s pres]v$ 9 cab9ets1 g5u95ess 0 m imp]ative4 ,pa9t+ ^u panels1 h[ev]1 became less frequ5t :5 pictures came to be imitat$ ^u ! wall itself & br\ght into h>mony ) ! rema9d] ( ! mural ornam5tation1 z1 accord+ to ,helbig1 0 cu/om>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,alex&ria1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,diado*i4 ,?is is %[n1 n only by ! new discov]ies among ! build+s ( ,tib]ius ^u ! ,palat9e1 b also 9 ! frescos ( ^? subt]ranean ba?s ( ,titus :i* may be reg>d$ z "p ( ! ru9s ( ! ,gold5 ,h\se ( ,n]o4 7,fig4 #cjf47 ,ornam5ts1 g>l&s1 & ar*itectural designs divide ! walls into _m spaces1 )9 :i* gr\ps or s+le figures 7,fig4 #cjg71 (t5 danc+ or float+1 are plac$ directly aga9/ a gr\nd ( int5se color1 sometimes black--! pa9t+s ( ,campania %[+ unsurpass$ lightness & *>m 9 ! l9es4 7,fig4 #cjh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4--;,c]es4 ,pompeian ,wall-pa9t+4 ,sometimes !y are ornam5t$ ) imitations ( fram$ panel-pictures1 mo/ly conta9+ my?ological gr\ps1 & sc5es 9 small g5re4 ,to ^! 0 g5]ally giv5 a backgr\nd ( l&scape1 s t ! figures repres5t$ 7 little m ?an picturesque accessories2 & ?is cu/om seems to h l$1 p]haps ev5 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 to true l&scape-pa9t+4 7,fig4 #cji47 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,ludius1 or ,/udius1 introduc$ ?is /yle 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ( :i*1 besides ^? ( ,campania1 ! frieze decorations ( ! newly discov]$ h\se ( ,tib]ius ^u ! ,palat9e give ! be/ repres5tations1 & =m an illu/rat$ comm5t>y ^u ! descriptions ( ! works ( ,ludius4 ,^! are *>act]iz$ z %[+ 8villas & halls1 artificial g>d5s1 h$ges1 woods1 hills1 wat]-bas9s1 tombs1 riv]s1 %ores1 9 z great a v>iety z c\ld be desir$20 besides 8figures sitt+ at ease1 m>9]s1 & ^? :o1 rid+ ^u donkeys or 9 wagons1 look aft] _! f>ms2 fi%]m51 sn>]s ( birds1 hunt]s1 & v9e-dress]s2 also swampy passages be=e beautiful villas1 & wom5 borne by m5 :o /agg] "u ! burd51 & o!r witty ?+s ( ?is nature2 f9ally1 views ( seaports1 ev]y?+ *>m+ & suitable20 t is to say1 ( a c]ta9 facility & %all[ness4 ,! aim 0 to give an op5 & *e]ful effect1 & ?is c\ld be atta9$ )\t correct & naturali/ic me?od or unity ( idea2 on ! contr>y a fanta/ic unreality1 & ev5 impossibility1 0 its *ief *>m1 l ! pa9t+ ^u ,japanese lacqu]$ w>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4--,wall-pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4--,l&scape-pa9t+ f ,pompeii4 ,! case 0 simil> ) ar*itectural ornam5tation1 ano!r bran* ( ,roman decorative pa9t+1 g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,pompeian /yle4 7,fig4 #caj47 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,vitruvius compla9s ( a bl9d seek+ aft] sc5ic effect1 :i*1 9 disda9 ( all con/ructive laws1 & 9 a mann] q impossible1 pil$ heavy gables & upp] /ories ^u re$-l columns ( no support+ p[]4 ,8 blame1 h[ev]1 seems unju/ifiable4 ,t ar*itectural pa9t+ :i* aims at illusion %\ld be condemn$ z wor?less2 b ?is is n ! case ) t :i*1 aft] ! analogy ( conv5tional l&scape-pa9t+1 r5\nces all semblance ( reality & assidu\sly avoids all illusion4 ,spaces may be app>5tly ext5d$ by an ar*itectural pa9t+ :i*1 n deceptively1 b poetically1 op5s ! n>r[ walls ( small rooms1 & c>ries ! eye dreamily ?r\gh a wide p]spective4 ,h5ce ! fre% & by no means reali/ic colors1 :i*1 tape/ry-l1 are n int5d$ to deceive1 b to ornam5t & please4 ,!y be> witness to ! deep feel+ = poly*romy1 inh]it$ f ,hell5ic1 or at lea/ ,hell5i/ic1 pr$ecessors1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,romans ev5 aft] _! decl9e4 ,:at delight mu/ !re h be5 9 a "w s ext5d$1 & yet free f all slavi% copy+6 ,n only ,amulius1 :o1 by compulsion1 pa9t$ ! ,gold5 ,h\se ( ,n]o1 & 0 celebrat$ by ,pl9y = 8 valuable & f9ely color$ pictures1 b c\ntless o!r arti/s 7 ev]y:]e busily employ$ 9 cov]+ ! walls ) pa9t+s & ornam5ts--a "w n[ intru/$ to common decorators4 ,9 ! "t ( ,n]o ! activity 9 ornam5tal pa9t+1 judg$ by ! discov]ies among ! ru9$ cities ( ,campania1 mu/ h be5 great] ?an has ev] be5 kn[n at any o!r p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4--,wall-pa9t+ ( ,decorative ,ar*itecture1 ,pompeii4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ,hell5ic pa9t+1 m5tion has be5 made ( ! orig9 ( floor-decorations 9 mosaic by ,sosos at ! royal c\rt ( ,p]gamon4 ,by ?is is only meant mosaic pa9t+ ) illusory effects1 z practis$ by him2 imitations ( tape/ry patt]ns & m]ely ornam5tal mosaic-"w mu/ h be5 old]4 ,8 dr9k+-doves 9 ! 8unswept hall0 appe> to h cont9u$ a favorite subject1 judg+ f ?ree well-kn[n imitations2 "o ( :i*1 f\nd ^u ! ,av5t9e1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,lat]an1 be>s ! inscription ( ! arti/ ,h]aclitos4 ,?\gh ! names ( o!r work]s 9 mosaic are kn[n1 !y z little des]ve m5tion "h z d ! num]\s vase-pa9t]s1 _! mosaic be+ almo/ :olly a te*nical process2 its v labori\sness r5d]$ a truly arti/ic activity almo/ impossible4 ,un=tunately1 no "n is atta*$ to ! mo/ important "w ( ?is k9d1 ov] f\r met]s long & two wide1 app>5tly repres5t+ an ,alex&rian battle-sc5e4 ,?is is also ! be/-pres]v$ hi/orical pa9t+ ( antiquity1 b x is relat$ r to ! ,grecian types ?an to ! ,roman battle-pieces above m5tion$4 ,! great] "p ( ! well-kn[n mosaics1 be+ f ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 may be ref]r$ to ! "t ( ,n]o2 b ^? ( ,prne/e ) ! ,egyptianiz$ conv5tional l&scapes may date back to ! "t ( ,sulla1 :ile ! ext5sive example ) figures ( a?letes f ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla--n[ 9 ! ,lat]an--belongs to ! "t ( t emp]or4 ,_m o!rs1 h[ev]1 especially ^? discov]$ 9 ! di/ant prov9ces1 are ( lat] times4 ,vigor\s z are "s ( ! repres5tations ( l&scapes & ( animals among !m1 x is n to be d5i$ t1 z ,semp] says1 mosaic ov]/eps its b\nd>y 9 go+ beyond ! patt]ns ( wov5 tape/ry1 & try+ to make u =get t x is out/ret*$ l a level floor ^u :i* we w\ld walk )\t h9drance4 8,x w\ld be difficult1 connect$ly1 to pursue ! hi/ory ( anci5t pa9t+ lat] ?an ! eruption ( ,vesuvius1 :i*1 9 ! ye> #gi ,a4,d41 by a wond]ful =tune1 pres]v$ = ! lat] _w ! arti/ic treasures ( ?ree cities ( ,campania--,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi--&1 at ! same "t1 co/ ! life ( ,pl9y1 :om we h to ?ank = ! greate/ complet5ess ( writt5 description40 ,?us ,brunn rightly concludes 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,grecian ,pa9t]s10 = ! works ( succe$+ g5]ations1 ev5 :5 names ( arti/s are atta*$1 d n des]ve to be call$ art1 be+ no?+ m ?an ha/y & crude decorations2 su*1 = example1 are ! s]vants' rooms 9 ! ,vigna ,nuss9]1 ^u ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,palat9e1 :i*1 9 rec5t times1 h acquir$ "s celebrity by ! c>eless scrat*es ( ! slaves f\nd ^u _! walls4 ,! mo/ important illu/rations t h be5 pres]v$ ( ! %all[ness & r\ghness ( ?is l+]+ art are 9 ! tombs2 & ) ^! 9 pa9t+1 ) ! basilica 9 ar*itecture1 & ! s>cophagi 9 sculpture1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! antique & ( ! ,*ri/ian era fl[ into ea* o!r1 & are sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity arose f ! sepul*re1 x alli$ itself 9 monum5tal art to t /age ( debasem5t :i* pa9t+ _h rea*$ 9 ! hea!n & ! ,*ri/ian catacombs ( ! f\r? c5tury2 inde$1 art cont9u$ /ill to decl9e ?r\gh ages1 until ! ,nor!rn races & ! life ( ! common p brea!d into x ! _s ( a new life4 ,,gloss>y4 ,x has be5 ! translator's endeavor to avoid te*nical t]ms :]ev] ?is 0 possible )\t detract+ f exactness ( expression4 ,( ^? :i* x has prov$ necess>y to introduce into ! pres5t ,hi/ory1 x is int5d$ 9 ?is gloss>y to def9e nei!r words 9 common usage1 l basilica1 battlem5t1 column1 etc41 nor ^? designations ( infrequ5t occurr5ce :i* %\ld be int]pret$ :5ev] employ$1 l ! ,greek & ,lat9 names ( ! _m divisions ( ! anci5t !atre1 ba?1 & gymnasion4 ,a few ( ! =m]--z1 = in/ance1 ! too (t5 int]*ang$ *annel1 flute1 & re$--h1 h[ev]1 be5 giv5 = ! sake ( discrim9ation4 ,9 ^! cases1 & 9 ! case ( "s o!r words :i* are (t5 employ$ 9 s5ses too widely ext5d$ to all[ ( _! be+ us$ )\t qualification 9 c>eful ar*itectural descriptions1 x has be5 attempt$ to make "s advance t[>ds precision ( usage4 ,abacus 7,gr4 -4 ,lat4 abax & abacus1 a slab4 ,possibly 9 its ar*itectural signification f 1 to lift up1 to be>74 ,! pl9? :i* =ms ! upp] "p ( ! capital--support+ ! entablature by be>+ ! l[] surface ( ! epi/yle beam4 ,! abacus is ! cr[n+ memb] ( ! capital1 z ! capital is ( ! column4 ,9 ! ,doric /yle x is ?ick & ( squ>e plan1 9 ! ,cor9?ian ord] ?9 & curv$ ^u ! sides4 ,acroterion1 pl4 acrot]ia 7,gr4 f 1 out]mo/74 ,! ornam5ts1 su* z /atues or an!mion %ields1 plac$ ^u ! angles ( ! gable--:e!r ( ! out] corn]s or ( ! apex4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to ! p$e/als ( ^! ornam5ts4 ,agonal1 adj4 7f ,gr4 1 fe/ive ga!r+1 especially an assembly met to see games2 also ! place ( conte/ itself74 ,p]ta9+ to a fe/ive de/9ation4 ,! ^w agones is us$ = ! ar5a itself by ,grote4 7,= ! hypo!tical di/9ction betwe5 agonal temples & ^? consecrat$ alone to ! wor%ip ( a deity1 introduc$ by ,boetti*]1 see p4 #bad47 ,agora 7,gr4 an assemblage ( ! p2 h5ce1 ! place :]e su* meet+s 7 commonly held74 ,a public squ>e or m>ketplace4 ,synonym\s ) ! m famili> ,lat9 =um4 ,amphipro/ylos1 adj4 amphipro/yle 7f ,gr4 1 on bo? sides2 1 9 front (2 & 1 column74 ,a t]m appli$ to a temple hav+ a column$ portico at ! re> 7ep9aos71 z well z at ! front 7pronaos71 b )\t lat]al columns4 ,annulet 7,lat4 annulus1 or1 accord+ to ! be/ manuscripts1 anulus1 r+1 t]m9at$ by ,ital4 dim9utive74 ,a small fillet encircl+ ! base ( ! ,doric e*9os4 ,! numb] ( annulets is commonly ?ree4 ,anta1 pl4 ant 7,lat474 ,t]m9ations simil> to pila/]s ^u ! ends ( ! lat]al walls ( ! cella1 9 pronaos & ep9aos4 ,?\gh a correspond+ memb]1 ! anta is 9 =m b little alli$ to ! column1 because its individual function is s diff]5t4 ,antefix 7f ,lat4 ante1 be=e1 & fixus1 fix$74 ,an upright ornam5t l a small %ield1 plac$ above ! corona :5 ! gutt] is omitt$1 to hide ! end ( ! jo9t+ tile ridge4 ,an!mion 7,gr4 patt]n$ ) fl[]s1 f 1 to blossom74 ,! s-call$ palmetto or honeysuckle ornam5t1 employ$ on acrot]ia & antefixes1 & also z a cont9u\s decoration on b&s1 gutt]s1 etc41 & ! neck+ ( "s ,ionic capitals4 ,9 antis 7,lat474 ,! simple/ v>iety ( temple plan1 s call$ by ,vitruvius because ! pronaos or portico is =m$ by ! projection ( ! side walls1 t]m9at$ by ant1 betwe5 :i* /& columns4 ,apophyge 7,gr4 escape2 f 1 f1 & 1 to flee4 ,9 its te*nical employm5t1 ( ! same significance z ! ,fr4 cong & ,g]4 ,ablauf74 ,! holl[1 or scotia1 b5ea? ! ,doric e*9os1 ! juncture betwe5 %aft & capital1 occurr+ 9 ar*aic examples ( ! /yle1 & rel9qui%$ ) its advance4 ,arris 7,lat4 ari/a1 be>d ( an e> ( gra91 bone ( a fi%4 ,old ,fr4 are/e74 ,! %>p edge =m$ by two surfaces meet+ at an ext]ior angle4 ,p>ticul>ly ! ridge betwe5 ! holl[s ( ,doric *annell+s4 ,ztragal 7,gr4 1 knuckle-bone1 "o ( ! v]tebr ( ! neck1 ! bone ( ! ankle-jo9t74 ,a r\ndlet m\ld+ c>v$ into ! =m ( beads2 employ$ on ! ,ionic capital1 & to sep>ate ! project+ faces ( ! epi/yle & c(f]+ beams4 ,atlas1 pl4 ,atlantes 7,gr4 ! fabl$ uphold] ( ! heav5s74 ,figures ( male human be+s1 g5]ally ( colossal size1 c>v$ ei!r 9 ! full or half r\nd1 & employ$ 9 ! place ( columns or pila/]s to support an entablature4 ,atrium 7,lat42 f ,gr4 1 op5 sky874 ,! *ief space ( ! ,roman dwell+-h\se2 an inn] c\rt usually surr\nd$ by columns4 ,attica 7f ,gr4 1 p]ta9+ to ,attica74 ,! upright portion ( a build+ above ! ma9 cornice4 ,b>biton 7,gr474 ,an anci5t ,greek musical in/rum5t ( _m /r+s1 resembl+ a lyre4 ,c>yatid1 pl4 c>yatides 7,gr4 pl4 prie/esses ( ,artemis at ,c>y 9 ,laconia1 ! connection ( :i* ) ! ar*itectural support has n z yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$74 ,figures ( female human be+s employ$ 9 ! place ( columns to support an entablature4 ,cella 7,lat42 f cel>e1 to hide74 ,all t portion ( ! temple /ructure )9 ! walls4 ,! t]m cella is compreh5sive1 includ+ pronaos1 naos1 &1 if su* !re be1 opi/hodomos & ep9aos4 ,*amf] 7,fr4 *amfre91 ,old ,engl4 *anf]74 ,a slope or small splay =m$ by cutt+ (f ! edges ( an angle4 ,*annel 7a modification ( canal1 f ,lat4 canna1 re$74 ,a curv$ furr[1 imm$iately adjo9+ its repetition1 & sep>at$ f x only by an arris1 z 9 ! ,doric column4 ,*oragic 7,gr4 or 1 f 1 *orus1 & 1 to lead74 ,p]ta9+ to1 or 9 honor (1 a *oregos1 i4 e4 "o :o sup]9t5d$ a musical or !atrical ent]ta9m5t among ! ,greeks1 & provid$ a *orus at 8 own exp5se4 ,*ryselephant9e 7,gr4 1 f 1 gold1 & 1 ivory74 ,a k9d ( sculpture 9 gold & ivory ov]lay+ a wood5 k]nel--! drap]y & ornam5ts be+ ( ! =m]1 ! expos$ fle% ( ! latt]1 mat]ial4 ,cl]e-/ory 7,fr4 clair-tage1 claire-voie1 f clair1 light74 ,t portion ( a c5tral aisle :i* is s rais$ above ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! build+ z to p]mit ! illum9ation ( ! int]ior ?r\gh w9d[s 9 its side walls4 ,coilanaglyphic 7f ,gr4 1 holl[1 & 1 c>v+74 ,t species ( c>v+ 9 relief 9 :i* no "p ( ! figure repres5t$ projects beyond ! surr\nd+ plane1 ! relief be+ effect$ by deeply incis+ ! outl9es4 ,cornice 7,gr4 1 ,lat4 coronis1 t]m9at+ curv$ l9e2 fl\ri% ) ! p5 at ! end ( a book74 ,! upp]mo/ division ( ! entablature--! repres5tative ( ! ro(--consi/+ ( project+ m\ld+s & blocks1 usually divisible into b$-m\ld+1 corona1 & gutt]4 ,h5ce1 9 g5]al usage1 any m\ld$ projection :i* cr[ns & t]m9ates ! "p ^u :i* x is employ$4 ,corona 7,lat4 cr[n74 ,! *ief memb] ( ! cornice1 directly b5ea? ! gutt]1 by its great projection & rectil9e> faces =m+ ! drip4 ,crepidoma 7,gr4 f -1 boot74 ,! entire f\ndation ( ! temple1 includ+ ! /]eobate1 ! /ylobate1 & ! rema9+ /eps4 ,cyma 7,gr4 wave74 ,a m\ld+ compos$ ( two di/9ct curves4 ,! ,doric cyma is commonly call$ ! beak-m\ld+1 ! ,lesbian cyma ! cyma rev]sa4 ,d5til 7,lat4 d5ticulus1 f d5s1 d5tis1 too?74 ,small rectangul> blocks 9 ! b$-m\ld+ ( a cornice1 orig9ally repres5t+ ! ends ( ! slats :i* =m$ ! ceil+4 ,diado*i 7,gr4 successors1 f 1 to receive f ano!r71 a t]m appli$ to ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,dim9ution4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 ! cont9u$ contraction ( ! diamet] ( ! %aft z x asc5ds4 ,dipt]os1 adj4 dipt]al 7f ,gr4 1 d\ble1 & 1 w+74 ,t v>iety ( a temple plan :i* has two ranges ( columns entirely surr\nd+ ! cella4 ,dromos 7,gr4 c\rse74 ,a road2 p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! entrance-passages to subt]ranean treasure-h\ses4 ,e*inos1 pl4 e*ini 7,gr4 h$gehog1 s call$ f ! resemblance ( ! memb] to ! %ell ( ! sea-ur*974 ,! curv$ & project+ m\ld+ :i* supports ! abacus 9 ! ,doric capital4 ,egg-&-d>t m\ld+4 ,t]m appli$ to ! well-kn[n c>v+ ( ! r\ndel common 9 ! ,ionic /yle4 ,empaistic 7,gr4 2 f 1 91 & 1 to /amp74 ,/amp$ & emboss$ "w ( metal2 also %eets ( metal appli$ or inlaid4 ,entablature 7,lat4 intabulam5tum2 f tabula1 bo>d1 table74 ,9 ! ,greek /yles ! :ole ( ! /ructure above ! columns1 except+ ! gable4 ,! entablature consi/s ( ?ree memb]s3 ! epi/yle1 or ar*itrave1 jo9+ ! columns & tak+ ! place ( ! wall2 ! frieze1 /&+ be=e1 & 9 ! ,doric /yle imitat+1 ! ceil+ & its beams2 & ! t]m9al cornice1 ! repres5tative ( ! ends ( ! ro( raft]s4 ,entasis 7,gr42 f 1 to b5d a b[74 ,! swell+ ( ! column t[>ds its middle1 ! object ( :i* is to c\nt]act an optical delusion caus+ ! dim9i%$ %aft1 :5 =m$ ) absolutely /raight l9es1 to appe> holl[$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,ep9aos 7=m$ by analogy ) pronaos2 f ,gr4 1 aft]1 beh9d1 & 1 naos74 ,! op5 ve/ibule beh9d ! naos4 ,epi/yle 7,gr4 2 f 1 aft]1 ^u1 & 1 column74 ,! l[] memb] ( ! entablature1 ! repres5tative ( ! wall1 consi/+1 z ! "n imports1 ( beams laid horizontally ^u ! capitals ( ! columns4 ,! epi/yle is commonly spok5 ( by its ,roman "n1 ar*itrave4 ,fasc9e 7,lat4 fasc9a2 f fascis1 bundle74 ,a bundle ( long1 ?9 /icks employ$ 9 milit>y eng9e]+ = fill+ dit*es1 rais+ p>apets1 etc4 ,fillet 7,fr4 filet1 ?read2 f ,lat4 filum74 ,a ribbon2 a n>r[1 flat b& us$ 9 ! sep>ation ( "o m\ld+ f ano!r4 ,especially ! ridge betwe5 ! flutes ( ! ,ionic %aft4 ,flute4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 a curv$ & usually semicircul> furr[1 sep>at$ f its repetition by a n>r[ fillet1 z 9 ! ,ionic column4 ,s call$ f its simil>ity to ! musical in/rum5t4 ,frieze 7,ital4 freggio1 adorn$874 ,! second memb] ( ! entablature4 ,:5 enri*$ by c>v+s ( m5 or animals 9 relief1 z is common 9 ! ,ionic /yle1 & z occurs ^u ! cella wall ( ! ,doric ,p>!non1 ! frieze is 9 classic ar*itecture call$ zophoros4 ,g>goyle 7,fr4 g>g\ille2 f g>g\ill]1 to dabble1 to paddle74 ,a c>v$ wat]sp\t project+ f ! gutt]4 ,gymnasion 7,gr42 f 1 nak$74 ,orig9ally an op5 space1 b 9 lat] times ext5sive c\rts & build+s1 devot$ to m5tal z well z bodily in/ruction & ex]cises4 ,helix1 pl4 helices 7,gr4 any?+ twi/$ or spiral2 f 1 to turn ar\nd74 ,a spiral1 p>ticul>ly ! volutes ( ! ,ionic capital & ! corn] leaves & t5drils ( ! ,cor9?ian4 ,hexa/ylos1 adj4 hexa/yle 7f ,gr4 1 six1 & 1 column74 ,a build+1 p>ticul>ly a temple1 ^u ! front ( :i* are six columns4 ,hippodrome 7,gr4 2 f 1 horse1 & 1 way74 ,a c\rse prep>$ = ! races ( horses & *>iots4 ,hyp?ron1 adj4 hyp?ral 7,lat4 hyp?rus2 f ,gr4 1 "u1 & 1 cle> sky74 ,t]m appli$ to a temple suppos$ by "s writ]s on ,greek ar*itecture to h be5 light$ f above1 by an orifice ?r\gh ro( & ceil+4 ,hyp]on 7,gr474 ,! upp] /ories ( a h\se2 p>ticul>ly ! gall]ies above ! side-aisles 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,greek temple4 ,hypo/yle 7,gr4 2 f 1 "u1 & 1 column74 ,a space1 ) or )\t lat]al enclosure1 ! ceil+ ( :i* re/s ^u columns4 ,incision4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 ! deep groove :i* sep>ates ! neck+ ( ! column f ! upp] drum ( ! %aft b5ea?4 ,at times repeat$ to emphasize ?is sep>ation4 ,int]columniation 7f ,lat4 int]1 betwe51 & columna1 column74 ,! op5 space betwe5 two columns1 measur$ at ! base4 ,! measures are (t5 tak5 f c5tre to c5tre ( ! columns4 ,lacuna1 pl4 lacun 7,lat42 f ,gr4 1 pit1 orig9ally any?+ holl[74 ,a sunk5 panel 9 ! "u surface ( any con/ructive feature1 p>ticul>ly ( a horizontal ceil+4 ,loggia 7,ital42 f ,lat4 locus1 place74 ,a cov]$ space enclos$ by walls1 b ) "o or1 9 exceptional in/ances1 two sides entirely op5 to ! air4 ,ly*nites 7,gr4 2 f 1 light74 ,a v>iety ( f9e-gra9$ m>ble f ! isl& ( ,p>os1 probably s call$ because qu>ri$ by tor*light4 ,metope 7,gr42 f 1 betwe51 & 1 op5+74 ,orig9ally ! orifice betwe5 ! beam-ends ( ! ,doric ceil+2 h5ce1 9 lat] times1 ! /ones :i* 7 employ$ to close ^! op5+s4 ,! ne>ly squ>e slabs betwe5 ! triglyphs4 ,monopt]os 7f ,gr4 1 alone1 s+le1 & 1 w+74 ,a circul> /ructure ( out/&+ columns1 commonly )\t a cella enclos$ by walls4 ,mutule 7,lat4 mutulus74 ,a projection ^u ! s(fit ( ! ,doric corona1 :i* orig9ally m>k$ ! position ( ! raft]-ends b5ea? ! %ea?+4 ,naos 7,gr474 ,! inn]mo/ *amb] ( ! ,greek temple4 ,neck+4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 ! space1 if su* be sep>at$1 betwe5 ! top ( ! %aft & ! project+ memb]s ( ! capital4 ,9 ! ,doric /yle1 = in/ance1 ! cont9uation ( ! *annell+s above ! incision or incisions to ! annulets ( ! e*9os1 includ+ ! hypophyge1 :5 ?is occurs4 ,octo/ylos1 adj4 octo/yle 7f ,gr4 1 eight1 & 1 column74 ,a build+1 p>ticul>ly a temple1 ^u ! front ( :i* are eight columns4 ,odeion 7,gr42 f 1 song74 ,a hall1 simil> to a mod]n !atre1 devot$ to ! production ( ! lyric works ( poets & musicians4 ,ogive 7,fr474 ,! po9t$ ar*4 ,opi/hodomos 7,gr4 f 1 beh9d1 & 1 h\se74 ,an enclos$ *amb] 9 a temple1 ent]$ f ! ep9aos1 commonly employ$ to conta9 ! treasure ( ! temple or ( ! /ate4 ,palaistra 7,gr42 f 1 wre/l]74 ,a build+ or enclosure devot$ to wre/l+1 box+1 & k9dr$ gymna/ic ex]cises2 commonly1 also1 conta9+ ba?s4 ,p]ipt]os1 adj4 p]ipt]al 7,gr42 f 1 ar\nd1 & 1 w+74 ,a temple entirely surr\nd$ by columns4 ,p]i/yle1 n\n & adj4 7f ,gr4 1 ar\nd1 & 1 column74 ,a t]m appli$ to a secul> build+1 or a c\rt1 :i* is entirely or = ! great] "p surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,pis 7,fr42 f pis]1 to build ) /amp$ clay74 ,a species ( t5aci\s clayey e>?1 employ$ = walls & pavem5t by be+ ramm$ d[n4 ,pl9? 7,lat4 pl9?us1 f ,gr4 1 tile74 ,any rectangul> & project+ memb] ( consid]able size4 ,a n>r[ & long pl9? is a fillet4 ,poros 7,gr474 ,a light1 co>se tufa-lime/one almo/ exclusively employ$ dur+ ! e>lie/ ages ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,pronaos 7,gr42 f 1 be=e1 & 74 ,! op5 ve/ibule be=e ! naos4 ,propylon1 pl4 propyla 7,gr42 f 1 be=e1 & 1 gate74 ,! portal /ructure be=e ! entrance to a ,greek tem5os4 ,pro/ylos1 adj4 pro/yle 7f ,gr4 1 be=e1 & 1 column74 ,t v>iety ( temple plan 9 :i* ! project+ wall & pila/]s ( ! temple 9 antis h be5 trans=m$ to corn] columns1 ?us alt]+ ! pronaos f a loggia to an op5 portico4 ,pseudodipt]os 7pseudo f ,gr4 1 false2 dipt]os1 see above74 ,a temple plann$ ^u ! dipt]al arrangem5t1 9 :i* ! inn] rank ( columns surr\nd+ ! cella is want+4 ,pseudop]ipt]os 7pseudo f ,gr4 1 false2 p]ipt]os1 see above74 ,a temple 9 :i* ! columns surr\nd+ ! cella are engag$ ^u a cont9u\s enclosure wall1 z 9 ! great temple ( ,acragas 7,agrig5tum74 ,pt]oma 7,gr42 f 1 w+74 ,! passage surr\nd+ ! cella ( a p]ipt]al temple4 ,pylon 7,gr42 f 1 gate74 ,! t[]s ( truncat$ pyramidal =m on ei!r side ( ! gateways ( ,egyptian temples4 ,quirk4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 a m\ld+ =m$ by a %>p turn 9 a cont9u\s l9e4 ,re$4 ,9 ar*itectural usage1 a small convex m\ld+ appli$ to a regul> surface & frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! t]m is commonly employ$ = ! ornam5tation ( columns by rev]s$ *annels or flutes4 ,regula 7,lat4 any /raight piece ( wood1 a rul]74 ,! %ort b&1 correspond+ to ! triglyph1 b5ea? ! tnia m\ld+ :i* cr[ns ! epi/yle2 ! li/el4 ,orig9ally det]m9$ by ! slat ( wood :i* /r5g!n$ ! wall-plate at ! po9t ( its p]=ation by ! trunnels4 ,revetm5t1 vb4 to revete 7,fr4 revtem5t1 f revtir1 to clo!74 ,a fac+ ( metal1 /one1 or wood encas+ a k]nel--usually ( "s less firm or sightly mat]ial4 ,r\ndel1 dim4 r\ndlet4 ,a m\ld+ ( semicircul> pr(ile4 ,scamillus 7,lat4 little b5*1 foot-/ool74 ,a slight projection1 cut by means ( a joggle1 ^u a con/ructive feature 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t its adjac5t edges f t\*+ & possibly *ipp+ ^? ( ! next block4 ,a scamillus ?us creates ! incision betwe5 ! upp] drum ( ! %aft & ! neck+ ( ! ,doric capital1 & is also occasionally ins]t$ betwe5 ! top ( ! abacus & ! s(fit ( ! epi/yle4 ,scotia 7,gr4 d>kness74 ,a holl[ curv$ m\ld+1 s call$ f ! deep l9e ( %ad[ :i* x ca/s4 ,socle 7,lat4 socculus1 dim4 ( soccus1 l[ %oe1 slipp]74 ,! l[1 pla9 f\ndation ( a p$e/al or build+4 ,s(fit 7,ital4 s(fitta2 f ,lat4 suffig]e1 to fa/5 b5ea?74 ,! "u side ( any "p ( a build+1 p>ticul>ly ( l9tels1 epi/yles1 & coronas4 ,sphyrelaton 7,gr42 f 1 hamm]1 & 1 to drive74 ,metal-"w beat5 to ! %ape ( a c>v$ k]nel by a hamm]4 ,spina 7,lat42 f ,gr4 1 lean1 ?974 ,! b>ri] divid+ ! race-c\rse longitud9ally into two tracks4 ,/adion 7,gr42 f 1 /&+ firm74 ,a race-c\rse ( fix$ dim5sions1 :5ce a measure ( l5g?1 #fjj ,greek feet4 ,/ele 7,gr474 ,an upright /one employ$ z a monum5t4 ,/ereobate 7,gr4 2 f 1 firm1 solid1 & 1 base74 ,! sub/ructure ( r\gh masonry b5ea? a temple4 ,/oa 7,gr474 ,an ext5d$ colonnade1 usually adjo9+ a public place1 & af=d+ protection aga9/ ! heat ( ! sun4 ,/ylobate 7,gr4 2 f 1 column1 & 1 to light up1 support74 ,! upp]mo/ /ep ( ! p]ipt]os1 :i* =ms a cont9u\s base b5ea? ! columns4 ,tnia 7,gr4 ribbon74 ,! cont9u\s fillet :i* cr[ns ! epi/yle1 repres5tative ( ! wall-plate ( ! orig9al timb]$ ,doric con/ruction4 ,talus 7,lat4 ankle74 ,! slope or angle ( incl9ation ( ! sides ( a wall4 ,t>axippos 7,gr4 adj4 fright5+ ! horses74 ,an alt> ^u ! turn+-po9t ( ! ,greek race-c\rse4 ,telamon 7,gr4 be>]74 ,9 ar*itectural usage ( ! same significance z ,atlas1 :i* see above4 ,temenos 7,gr42 f 1 to cut1 to draw a l9e74 ,a piece ( l& m>k$ (f f common usages & d$icat$ to a deity4 ,! sacr$ enclosure ar\nd ! temple4 ,tetra/ylos1 adj4 tetra/yle 7f ,gr4 1 f\r1 & 1 column74 ,a build+1 p>ticul>ly a temple1 ^u ! front ( :i* are f\r columns4 ,?alamos 7,gr474 ,t]m appli$ by ,hom] to inn] rooms or *amb]s1 especially ^? ( wom54 ,9 ! usage ( ,x5ophon a /ore-room4 ,?olos 7,gr474 ,a *amb] ( circul> plan1 g5]ally subt]ranean1 approa*+ 9 int]ior =m t ( a po9t$ vault4 ,tore 7,lat4 torus1 swell+1 protub]ance74 ,a l>ge r\ndel m\ld+4 ,tracery4 ,a patt]n+ ( ?9 b>s1 usually ( /one1 9 a w9d[ or o!r op5+4 ,triglyph 7,gr4 2 f 1 ?ree1 & 1 c>v+1 because ( ! ?ree slats orig9ally *amf]$74 ,! mo/ prom95t memb] ( ! ,doric frieze1 orig9ally significant ( ! ends ( ! ceil+ beams4 ,a rectangul> tablet slightly project+ beyond ! face ( ! metopes1 ) :i* x alt]nates1 & emphasiz$ by v]tical grooves & *amf]s4 ,trunnel 7alli$ etymologically to tree-nail & trunnion74 ,a wood5 p9 or peg4 ,c>v$ 9 /one b5ea? ! regulas & mutules ( ! ,doric entablature1 ! trunnels m>k ! position ( ^! primitive con/ructive features4 ,9 =m !y are commonly ! fru/um ( a cone4 ,tympanon 7,gr4 drum74 ,! triangul> space enclos$ by ! incl9$ m\ld+s ( ! gable & ! horizontal cornice ( ! entablature b5ea?4 ,velarium 7,lat474 ,! great curta91 or awn+1 ext5d$ above ! auditories ( ! ,roman !atre & amphi!atre to protect ! spectators f ! sun & ra94 ,volute 7,lat4 voluta2 f volv]e1 to roll74 ,a spiral scroll4 ,! t]m is p>ticul>ly employ$ = su* features 9 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian capitals4 ,xoanon1 pl4 xoana 7,gr42 f 1 to "w 9 wood by scrap+74 ,a rude & primitive image c>v$ 9 wood2 p>ticul>ly antique /atues ( ! deities4 ,zophoros 7,gr42 f 1 be+1 figure1 & 1 to be>74 ,a cont9u\s frieze1 sculptur$ 9 relief ) ! =ms ( human be+s & animals4 ,,index4 7,! names ( places are 9 common pr9t1 ^? ( arti/s 9 italics47 ,ab\-,roa%1 #ab4 ,ab\s]e1 #c1 #aa4 ,ab\-,%>e91 #ej-eb1 #ed4 ,a*]mos1 #bhj4 ,ack]cuf1 #ej4 ,acragas1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bec4 g9a1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bhb1 #bic-bif1 #bih1 #cjc4 s]nia1 #dad4 ,aetion1 #chd4 ,agasias1 #cfa1 #cfb4 ,aga?>*os1 #cgj4 ,ageladas1 #bii1 #cjd4 ,ages&ros1 #cea4 ,aglaophon1 #cfh4 ,agoracritos1 #caf1 #cag4 ,agrae1 #beg4 ,agrig5tum4 ,see ,acragas4 ,aizanis1 #bfj4 ,alab&a1 #bfj4 ,alatrium 7,alatri71 #dad1 #daf4 ,albanum 7,albano71 #cij1 #dcf1 #dcg4 ,alcam5es1 #cag-cai4 ,alcant>a1 #dci4 ,alex&ria1 #bef1 #bfa1 #cdf1 #dch4 ,alex&ros1 #cch4 ,algi]s1 #ahe4 ,alopeke1 #cbb4 ,alsium1 #cii4 ,alx5or1 #bij4 ,alyzia1 #cdc4 ,ambrakia1 #bha1 #cdf4 ,amphicrates1 #big4 ,amphipolis1 #cge4 ,amphissa1 #bgi4 ,amran-ibn-,ali1 #eg4 ,amri?1 #acc1 #ace-acg1 #ada1 #adi4 ,amulius1 #dgj4 ,amycl1 #agi1 #ahd1 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,amyclaios1 #bii4 ,ancona1 #dci4 ,ancyra1 #dch4 ,&ro/h5es1 #cah4 ,angelion1 #bhf4 ,ant>adus1 #acc4 ,ant5or1 #big1 #bih4 ,antigonos1 #cdg4 ,antio*1 #bfa1 #cdf4 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,troy1 & 9 ! ,h]oic ,tumuli & o!r ,sites1 made 9 ! ye> #ahhb1 & a ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney 9 ! ,troad 9 #ahha4 ,by ,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,s*liemann1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,preface by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,,sayce4 ,) #aej ,wood-cuts & #d ,maps & ,plans4 pp4 xl41 #dcd4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #g #ej2 ,half ,morocco1 #aj #jj4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,wood-,engrav+4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,woodb]ry4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,) ,notes on ,decorative ,art & ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,,moncure ,,daniel ,,conway4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,! ,l& & ! ,book4 ,by ,,william ,m4 ,,?omson1 ,d4,d4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$4 ,squ>e #hvo1 ,ornam5tal ,clo?1 #f #jj2 ,%eep1 #g #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h #ej2 ,full ,morocco1 ,gilt ,edges1 #aj #jj p] ,volume4 7,! ,volumes sold sep>ately47 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,s\!rn ,,pale/9e ,,& ,,j]usalem4 7#adj ,illu/rations & ,maps47 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,c5tral ,,pale/9e ,,& ,,ph,,nicia4 7#acj ,illu/rations & ,maps47 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,lebanon1 ,,damascus1 ,,& ,,beyond ,,jordan4 7#adg ,illu/rations & ,maps47 ,popul> ,edition1 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$1 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #i #jj4 ,cyprus3 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples4 ,a ,n>rative ( ,rese>*es & ,excavations dur+ ,t5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 t ,isl&4 ,by ,g5]al ,,l\is ,,palma ,,di ,,cesnola1 ,mem4 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,tur92 ,hon4 ,mem4 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature1 ,london1 c4 ,) ,app5dix1 conta9+ a ,treatise on 8,! ,r+s & ,gems 9 ! ,treasure ( ,kurium10 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,k+1 ,m4,a42 a 8,li/ ( ,engrav$ ,gems f\nd at ,diff]5t ,places 9 ,cyprus20 a ,treatise 8,on ! ,pott]y ( ,cyprus10 by ,a4 ,s4 ,,murray2 ,li/s ( 8,greek ,inscriptions10 8,inscriptions 9 ! ,cypriote ,"*10 & 8,inscriptions 9 ! ,phnician ,"*40 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 & #djj ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,tops & ,uncut ,edges1 #g #ej4 ,c>icature & o!r ,comic ,art4 ,9 all ,times & ,_m ,l&s4 ,by ,,james ,,p>ton4 ,) #bjc ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,tops & ,uncut ,edges1 #e #jj4 ,spani% ,vi/as4 ,by ,,george ,,p>sons ,,la?rop4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,re9h>t4 #hvo1 ,ornam5tal ,cov]1 ,gilt ,edges1 #c #jj4 ,p]u4 ,incid5ts ( ,travel & ,exploration 9 ! ,l& ( ! ,incas4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,squi]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 late ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] to ,p]u2 ,au?or ( 8,! ,/ates ( ,c5tral ,am]ica10 8,nic>agua3 its ,p1 ,sc5]y1 ,monum5ts1 ,res\rces1 ,condition1 & ,propos$ ,canal10 c4 ,) ,map & #beh ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj4 ,! ,mikado's ,empire4 ,book ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 f #ffj ,b4,c4 to #ahgb ,a4,d4--,book ,,ii4 ,p]sonal ,exp]i5ces1 ,obs]vations1 & ,/udies 9 ,japan1 #ahgj-ahgd4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,elliot ,,griffis1 ,a4,m41 late ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tki1 ,japan4 ,fif? ,edition1 revis$4 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #be4 ,a ,h&-,book ( ,pott]y ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,john ,c4 ,l4 ,,sp>kes4 #cbmo1 ,pap]1 #bj cts42 ,clo?1 #ce cts4 ,atlantis3 ,! ,ant$iluvian ,_w4 ,by ,,ignatius ,,donnelly4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj4 ,bible ,l&s3 ,_! ,mod]n ,cu/oms & ,mann]s ,illu/rative ( ,scripture4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,j4 ,,van-,,l5nep1 ,d4,d4 ,illu/rat$ ) upw>d ( #cej ,wood-engrav+s & ,two ,color$ ,maps4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #f #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h #jj4 ,anci5t ,am]ica1 ,9 ,notes on ,am]ican ,ar*ology4 ,by ,,john ,d4 ,,baldw91 ,a4,m4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj4 ,fre% ,discov]ies at ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,fre% ,discov]ies at ,n9eveh & ,babylon2 ) ,travels 9 ,arm5ia1 ,kurdi/an1 & ! ,des]t3 be+ ! ,result ( a ,second ,exp$ition und]tak5 = ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,by ,,au/5 ,,h5ry ,,lay>d1 ,m4,p4 ,) all ! ,maps & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,engli% ,edition4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #be4 ,f ,egypt to ,pale/9e1 ,?r\gh ,s9ai1 ! ,wild]ness1 & ! ,s\? ,c\ntry4 ,by ,s4 ,c4 ,b>tlett1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,antiquity4 ,_! ,orig91 ,migrations1 & ,type ( ,civilization ,consid]$4 ,by ,,john ,t4 ,,%ort4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 ,! ,c]amic ,art3 ,a ,comp5dium ( ! ,hi/ory & ,manufacture ( ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,by ,,j5nie ,j4 ,,"y4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj4 ,! ,*9a ,hunt]s ,club4 ,by ! ,y\nge/ ,memb]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?1 #a #ge4 ,art ,education ,appli$ to ,indu/ry4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,w>d ,,ni*ols4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,illum9at$ & ,gilt1 #d #jj4 ,art ,decoration ,appli$ to ,furniture4 ,by ,,h>riet ,,prescott ,,sp(=d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #be4 ,hi/orical ,/udies ( ,*ur*-,build+ ,9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,v5ice1 ,si5a1 ,flor5ce4 ,by ,,*>les ,,eliot ,,norton4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 ,sket*es & ,/udies 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,by ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds4 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,! ,my?ology ( ,greece & ,rome1 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to its ,use 9 ,art4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,o4 ,seemann4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,,bian*i1 ,b4,a41 late ,s*ol> ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,bro!rton ,sanskrit ,prizeman1 #ahge4 ,) #fd ,illu/rations4 #afmo1 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,roman ,conque/4 ,) ,supplem5t>y ,*apt]s on ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature & ,art4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #be4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire4 ,) ,*apt]s on ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature & ,art4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,liddell1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #be4 ,c>?age & ,h] ,rema9s3 ,be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,excavations & ,rese>*es on ! ,site ( ! ,phnician ,metropolis1 9 ,africa & o!r ,adjac5t ,places4 ,conduct$ "u ! ,auspices ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,dr4 ,n4 ,,davis1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,wood-cuts1 ,*romo-,li?ographs1 c4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #be4 ,art ,h9ts4 ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 & ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,james ,,jackson ,,j>ves4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ej4 ,lessons f ,my ,ma/]s3 ,c>lyle1 ,t5nyson1 & ,rusk94 ,by ,,pet] ,,bayne1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or ( 8,! ,*ief ,actors 9 ! ,puritan ,revolution10 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,hugh ,mill]10 c4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ge4 ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]2 or1 ,! ,mi/akes ( a ,night4 ,a ,com$y4 ,by ,dr4 ,,goldsmi?4 ,) ,draw+s by ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbey1 ,decorations by ,,alfr$ ,,p>sons1 & ,introduction by ,,au/9 ,,dobson4 ,folio1 ,illum9at$ ,calf1 ,gilt ,edges 79 a ,h&some ,box71 #bj #jj4 ,h]rick's ,poems4 ,illu/rat$ by ,abbey4 ,selections f ! ,poems ( ,rob]t ,h]rick4 ,) ,draw+s by ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbey4 pp4 xviii41 #ahh4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #g #ej4 7,9 a ,box47 ,sket*+ ,rambles 9 ,holl&4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,b\ghton1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,beautifully & ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,wood-engrav+s f ,draw+s by ! ,au?or & ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbey1 pp4 xvi41 #cdb4 #hvo1 ,illum9at$ ,clo? & ,tile1 #e #jj2 ,gilt ,edges1 #e #be4 ,! ,rav54 ,illu/rat$ by ,dor4 ,! ,rav54 ,by ,,edg> ,,allan ,,poe4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,) ,comm5t by ,,edmund ,,cl>5ce ,,/$man4 ,folio1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #aj #jj4 7,9 a ,box47 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,illu/rat$ by ,dor4 ,! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,by ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,col]idge4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,dor4 ,folio1 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #aj #jj4 7,9 a ,box47 ,happy ,hunt+-,gr\nds4 ,by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or4 pp4 #bjb4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #g #ej4 7,9 a ,box47 ,highways & ,byways4 ,by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or4 pp4 #aeh4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #g #ej4 7,9 a ,box47 ,pa/oral ,days4 ,by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or4 pp4 #aed4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #g #ej4 7,9 a ,box47 ,nature's ,s]ial ,/ory4 ,by ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,roe4 ,beautifully & ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,wood-engrav+s f ,draw+s by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson & ,,fr$]ic ,,dielman4 pp4 xvi41 #dcj4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,gilt ,edges1 #e #be4 ,! ,he>t ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s4 ,by ,,samuel ,,adams ,,drake4 ,illu/rat$ by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 pp4 xvi41 #cah4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #g #ej4 7,9 a ,box47 ,home ,fairies & ,he>t ,fl[]s4 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$ ) ,draw+s & ,engrav+s by ,,frank ,,fr5*4 ,) ,poems by ,,m>g>et ,e4 ,,sang/]4 pp4 #if4 #dto1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #f #jj4 7,9 a ,box47 ,higg9son's ,l>g] ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a ,l>g] ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica to ! ,close ( ,presid5t ,jackson's ,adm9i/ration4 ,by ,,?omas ,,w5twor? ,,higg9son4 ,illu/rat$ by ,maps1 ,plans1 ,portraits1 & o!r ,engrav+s4 pp4 xii41 #dgj4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,! ,life & ,habits ( ,wild ,animals4 ,illu/rat$ f ,designs by ,,joseph ,,wolf4 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,w4 & ,,edw>d ,,:ymp]4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]-press by ,,daniel ,,giraud ,,eliot1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 pp4 #abb4 #dto1 ,ornam5tal ,clo?1 ,gilt ,edges1 #e #jj4 ,life ( ,b5jam9 ,rob]t ,haydon1 ,hi/orical ,pa9t]1 f 8 ,autobiography & ,j\rnals4 ,edit$ & ,compil$ by ,,tom ,,taylor4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 ref]r$ to ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,mane?o ref]r$ to z ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,mane?o pg #c ,! greate/ dif]5ce ,! greate/ diff]5ce pg #e ,mesopotomia ,mesopotamia pg #gh sepaat$ by %>p arrises sep>at$ by %>p arrises pg #ajd :o _h caus$ ,deionocrates :o _h caus$ ,de9ocrates pg #bfa impression ( a pantom9e impression ( a pantomime pg #bie ,temple ( ,apollo at ,phigalea ,temple ( ,apollo at ,phigalia pg #cba ,b5ihassan1 #ad-ah4 ,b5i-hassan1 #ad-ah4 pg #dgi ,skyllis1 #bea1 #ccj-ccc4 ,skyllis1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bih4 pg #dha ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! measurem5ts 9 ! text are ! mean ( ! results atta9$ by ! ,fr5* academicians 9 #agii1 & by ,colonel ,h[>d ,vyse 9 #ahcg4 ,! rec5t measurem5ts ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,+lis make ! nor? side #bca4fd m41 ! s\? #bca4di m41 ! ea/ & we/ sides alike #bca4ai m41 or an av]age ( #bca4ch m4 ,b ,accord+ to ,piazzi ,smy?4 ,c ,! fell[ ( ?is monoli?1 kn[n z ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 until rec5tly /ood at ,alex&ria1 :i!r x _h be5 mov$ f ,heliopolis2 b hav+ be5 pres5t$ by ! late ,kh$ive to ! city ( ,new ,york1 x has be5 %ipp$ across ! ,atlantic1 & erect$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k ( t city4 ,d ,discov]ies1 p4 #ddd4 ,e ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #ejh4 ,f 8,ges*i*te d] ,baukun/ im ,alt]?um40 ,franz ,reb]4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd-ahff4 ,g ,! mod]n hypo!tical di/9ction betwe5 agonal1 or fe/al1 temples & ^? us$ only = wor%ip is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z errone\s2 :ile ! exi/5ce ( a s-call$ hyp?ron--an op5+ suppos$ to h exi/$ 9 ! ro( & ceil+ ( ! naos = ! admission ( daylight--is inadmissible f ! po9t ( view bo? 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