,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,a ,/udy 9 ,magic & ,religion ,by ,james ,george ,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge ,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool ,vol4 ,,vii4 ( ,,xii4 ,"p ,v3 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild4 ,vol4 #a ( #b4 ,new ,york & ,london ,mac,millan & ,co4 #aiab ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,dionysus4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,demet] ,& ,p]sephone4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,magical ,significance ( ,games 9 ,primitive ,agriculture4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,woman's ,"p 9 ,primitive ,agriculture4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,corn-,"m & ! ,corn-,maid5 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,corn-,"m 9 ,_m ,l&s4 #a4 ,! ,corn-"m 9 ,am]ica4 #b4 ,! ,"m-cotton 9 ! ,punjaub4 #c4 ,! ,b>ley ,bride among ! ,b]b]s4 #d4 ,! ,rice-"m 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 #e4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,corn embodi$ 9 ,human ,be+s4 #f4 ,! ,d\ble ,p]sonification ( ! ,corn z ,"m & ,daught]4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,lity]ses4 #a4 ,songs ( ! ,corn ,reap]s4 #b4 ,kill+ ! ,corn-_s4 #c4 ,human ,sacrifices = ! ,crops4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s sla9 9 8 ,human ,repres5tatives4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,corn-,_s z an ,animal4 #a4 ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s4 #b4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,wolf or a ,dog4 #c4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cock4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,h>e4 #e4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cat4 #f4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,goat4 #g4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bull1 ,c[1 or ,ox4 #h4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,horse or ,m>e4 #i4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bird4 #aj4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,fox4 #aa4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,pig 7,bo> or ,s[74 #ab4 ,on ! ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s4 ,note4 ,! ,pleiades 9 ,primitive ,cal5d>s4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,preface4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( ?is "w we exam9$ ! figure ( ! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ ,god z x appe>s 9 ! ,ori5tal religions ( classical antiquity4 ,) ! pres5t in/alm5t ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh we pursue ! same !me 9 o!r religions & among o!r races4 ,pass+ f ! ,ea/ to ,europe we beg9 ) ! religion ( anci5t ,greece1 :i* embodies ! n[ famili> conception 9 two typical examples1 ! v9e-god ,dionysus & ! corn-goddess ,p]sephone1 ) h] "m & duplicate ,demet]4 ,bo? ( ^! ,greek div9ities are p]sonifications ( cultivat$ plants1 & a consid]ation ( !m naturally leads u on to inve/igate simil> p]sonifications else:]e4 ,n[ ( all ! plants :i* m5 h artificially re>$ = ! sake ( food ! c]eals are on ! :ole ! mo/ important2 !re=e x is natural t ! religion ( primitive agricultural communities %\ld be deeply col\r$ by ! pr9cipal occupation ( _! lives1 ! c>e ( ! corn4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! figures ( ! ,corn-"m & ,corn-maid51 answ]+ to ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone ( anci5t ,greece1 meet u 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & n lea/ ( all on ! h>ve/-fields ( mod]n ,europe4 ,b edible roots z well z c]eals h be5 cultivat$ by _m races1 especially 9 ! tropical regions1 z a subsidi>y or ev5 z a pr9cipal means ( subsi/5ce2 & accord+ly !y too ent] l>gely into ! religi\s ideas ( ! peoples :o live by !m4 ,yet 9 ! case ( ! roots1 su* z yams1 t>o1 & potatoes1 ! conception ( ! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ ,god appe>s to figure less prom95tly ?an 9 ! case ( ! c]eals1 p]haps = ! simple reason t :ile ! gr[? & decay ( ! "o sort ( fruit g on above gr\nd = all to see1 ! simil> processes ( ! o!r are hidd5 "u gr\nd & !re=e /rike ! popul> imag9ation less =cibly4 ,hav+ survey$ ! v>iations ( our ma9 !me among ! agricultural races ( mank9d1 we prosecute ! enquiry among savages :o rema9 m or less completely 9 ! hunt+1 fi%+1 & pa/oral /ages ( society4 ,! same motive :i* leads ! primitive husb&man to adore ! corn or ! roots1 induces ! primitive hunt]1 f[l]1 fi%]1 or h]dsman to adore ! bea/s1 birds1 or fi%es :i* furni% him ) ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,to him ! conception ( ! dea? ( ^! wor%ipful be+s is naturally pres5t$ ) s+ul> =ce & di/9ctness2 s9ce x is no figurative or allegorical dea?1 no poetical embroid]y ?r[n ov] ! skeleton1 b ! real dea?1 ! nak$ skeleton1 t con/antly ?ru/s itself importunately on 8 att5tion4 ,& /range z x may seem to u civilis$ m51 ! notion ( ! immortality & ev5 ( ! resurrection ( ! l[] animals appe>s to be almo/ z famili> to ! savage & to be accept$ by him ) ne>ly z unwav]+ a fai? z ! obvi\s fact ( _! dea? & de/ruction4 ,= ! mo/ "p he assumes z a matt] ( c\rse t ! s\ls ( dead animals survive _! decease2 h5ce mu* ( ! ?\ght ( ! savage hunt] is devot$ to ! problem ( h[ he c be/ appease ! naturally inc5s$ gho/s ( 8 victims s z to prev5t !m f do+ him a mis*ief4 ,?is refusal ( ! savage to recognise 9 dea? a f9al cessation ( ! vital process1 ?is unque/ion+ fai? 9 ! unbrok5 cont9uity ( all life1 is a fact t has n yet receiv$ ! att5tion :i* x seems to m]it f enquir]s into ! con/itution ( ! human m9d z well z into ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h collect$ examples ( ?is curi\s fai?2 ,i mu/ leave x to o!rs to appraise !m4 ,?us on ! :ole we are conc]n$ 9 ^! volumes ) ! rev]5ce or wor%ip paid by m5 to ! natural res\rces f :i* !y draw _! nutrim5t1 bo? vegetable & animal4 ,t !y %\ld inve/ ^! res\rces ) an atmosph]e ( wond] & awe1 (t5 inde$ ) a halo ( div9ity1 is no matt] = surprise4 ,! circle ( human k1 illum9at$ by ! pale cold light ( reason1 is s inf9itesimally small1 ! d>k regions ( human ignorance :i* lie beyond t lum9\s r+ are s immeasurably va/1 t imag9ation is fa9 to /ep up to ! bord] l9e & s5d ! w>m1 ri*ly col\r$ beams ( h] fairy lant]n /ream+ out into ! d>kness2 & s1 pe]+ into ! gloom1 %e is apt to mi/ake ! %ad[y reflections ( h] own figure = real be+s mov+ 9 ! abyss4 ,9 %ort1 few m5 are s5sible ( ! %>p l9e t divides ! kn[n f ! unkn[n2 to mo/ m5 x is a hazy bord]l& :]e p]ception & conception melt indissolubly into "o4 ,h5ce to ! savage ! gho/s ( dead animals & m51 ) :i* 8 imag9ation peoples ! void1 are h>dly less real ?an ! solid %apes :i* ! liv+ animals & m5 pres5t to 8 s5ses2 & 8 ?\ghts & activities are ne>ly z mu* absorb$ by ! "o z by ! o!r4 ,( him x may be said ) p]haps ev5 great] tru? ?an ( 8 civilis$ bro!r1 8,:at %ad[s we are1 & :at %ad[s we pursue60 ,b hav+ said s mu* 9 ?is book ( ! mi/y glory :i* ! human imag9ation %$s r\nd ! h>d mat]ial realities ( ! food supply1 ,i am unwill+ to leave my read]s "u ! impression1 natural b errone\s1 t man has creat$ mo/ ( 8 gods out ( 8 belly4 ,t is n s1 at lea/ t is n my read+ ( ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,among ! visible1 tangible1 p]ceptible elem5ts by :i* he is surr\nd$--& x is only ( ^! t ,i presume to speak--!re are o!rs ?an ! m]ely nutriti\s :i* h ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce 9 t\*+ 8 imag9ation & /imulat+ 8 en]gies1 & s h contribut$ to build up ! complex fabric ( religion4 ,to ! pres]vation ( ! species ! reproductive faculties are no less ess5tial ?an ! nutritive2 & ) !m we ent] on a v diff]5t sph]e ( ?\ght & feel+1 to wit1 ! relation ( ! sexes to ea* o!r1 ) all ! dep?s ( t5d]ness & all ! intricate problems :i* t my/]i\s relation involves4 ,! /udy ( ! v>i\s =ms1 "s gross & palpable1 "s subtle & elusive1 9 :i* ! sexual in/9ct has m\ld$ ! religi\s consci\sness ( our race1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & delicate tasks1 :i* await ! future hi/orian ( religion4 ,b ! influ5ce :i* ! sexes ex]t on ea* o!r1 intimate & pr(\nd z x has be5 & mu/ always be1 is f> inde$ f exhau/+ ! =ces ( attraction by :i* mank9d are b\nd toge!r 9 society4 ,! ne$ ( mutual protection1 ! economic advantages ( co-op]ation1 ! contagion ( example1 ! communication ( k1 ! great ideas t radiate f great m9ds1 l %afts ( light f high t[]s1--^! & _m o!r ?+s comb9e to draw m5 into communities1 to drill !m into regim5ts1 & to set !m m>*+ on ! road ( progress ) a conc5trat$ =ce to :i* ! loose skirmi%]s ( m]e an>*y & individualism c nev] hope to oppose a p]man5t resi/ance4 ,h5ce :5 we consid] h[ intimately humanity dep5ds on society = _m ( ! boons :i* x prizes mo/ highly1 we %all probably admit t ( all ! =ces op5 to our obs]vation :i* h %ap$ human de/9y ! influ5ce ( man on man is by f> ! greate/4 ,if t is s1 x seems to foll[ t among ! be+s1 real or imag9>y1 :i* ! religi\s imag9ation has clo!d ) ! attributes ( div9ity1 human spirits are likely to play a m important "p ?an ! spirits ( plants1 animals1 or inanimate objects4 ,i believe t a c>eful exam9ation ( ! evid5ce1 :i* has /ill to be und]tak51 w confirm ?is conclusion2 & t if we c\ld /rictly int]rogate ! phantoms :i* ! human m9d has conjur$ up out ( ! dep?s ( its bottomless ignorance & en%r9$ z deities 9 ! dim light ( temples1 we %\ld f9d t ! majority ( !m h be5 no?+ b ! gho/s ( dead m54 ,h[ev]1 to say ?is is necess>ily to anticipate ! result ( future rese>*2 & if 9 say+ x ,i h v5tur$ to make a pr$iction1 :i* l all pr$ictions is liable to be falsifi$ by ! ev5t1 ,i h done s only f a fe> le/1 )\t "s su* w>n+1 ! num]\s facts record$ 9 ^! volumes might l5d !mselves to an exagg]at$ e/imate ( _! own importance & h5ce to a mis9t]pretation & di/ortion ( hi/ory4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,,cambridge1 #d? ,may #aiab4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dionysus4 7,m#a7 ,9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is "w we saw t 9 antiquity ! civilis$ nations ( we/]n ,asia & ,egypt pictur$ to !mselves ! *anges ( ! seasons1 & p>ticul>ly ! annual gr[? & decay ( vegetation1 z episodes 9 ! life ( gods1 ^: m\rnful dea? & happy resurrection !y celebrat$ ) dramatic rites ( alt]nate lam5tation & rejoic+4 ,b if ! celebration 0 9 =m dramatic1 x 0 9 sub/ance magical2 t is to say1 x 0 int5d$1 on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 to ensure ! v]nal reg5]ation ( plants & ! multiplication ( animals1 :i* _h seem$ to be m5ac$ by ! inroads ( w9t]4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 h[ev]1 su* ideas & su* rites 7 by no means conf9$ to ! ,ori5tal peoples ( ,babylon & ,syria1 ( ,phrygia & ,egypt2 !y 7 n a product peculi> to ! religi\s my/icism ( ! dreamy ,ea/1 b 7 %>$ by ! races ( liveli] fancy & m m]curial temp]am5t :o inhabit$ ! %ores & isl&s ( ! ,aegean4 ,we ne$ n1 ) "s enquir]s 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 suppose t ^! ,we/]n peoples borr[$ f ! old] civilisation ( ! ,ori5t ! conception ( ! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ ,god1 toge!r ) ! solemn ritual1 9 :i* t conception 0 dramatically set =? be=e ! eyes ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,m probably ! resemblance :i* may be trac$ 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! religions ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ is no m ?an :at we commonly1 ?\gh incorrectly1 call a =tuit\s co9cid5ce1 ! effect ( simil> causes act+ alike on ! simil> con/itution ( ! human m9d 9 diff]5t c\ntries & "u diff]5t skies4 ,! ,greek _h no ne$ to j\rney into f> c\ntries to le>n ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 to m>k ! fleet+ beauty ( ! damask rose1 ! transi5t glory ( ! gold5 corn1 ! pass+ spl5d\r ( ! purple grapes4 ,ye> by ye> 9 8 own beautiful l& he beheld1 ) natural regret1 ! bright pomp ( summ] fad+ into ! gloom & /agnation ( w9t]1 & ye> by ye> he hail$ ) natural delight ! outbur/ ( fre% life 9 spr+4 ,accu/om$ to p]sonify ! =ces ( nature1 to t+e h] cold ab/ractions ) ! w>m hues ( imag9ation1 to clo! h] nak$ realities ) ! gorge\s drap]y ( a my?ic fancy1 he fa%ion$ = himself a tra9 ( gods & goddesses1 ( spirits & elves1 out ( ! %ift+ panorama ( ! seasons1 & foll[$ ! annual fluctuations ( _! =tunes ) alt]nate emotions ( *e]fulness & dejection1 ( gladness & sorr[1 :i* f\nd _! natural expression 9 alt]nate rites ( rejoic+ & lam5tation1 ( revelry & m\rn+4 ,a consid]ation ( "s ( ! ,greek div9ities :o ?us di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead may furni% u ) a s]ies ( companion pictures to set side by side ) ! sad figures ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris4 ,we beg9 ) ,dionysus4 7,m#b7 ,! god ,dionysus or ,bac*us is be/ kn[n to u z a p]sonification ( ! v9e & ( ! exhil>ation produc$ by ! juice ( ! grape47#a7 ,8 ec/atic wor%ip1 *>act]is$ by wild dances1 ?rill+ music1 & tipsy excess1 appe>s to h orig9at$ among ! rude tribes ( ,?race1 :o 7 notori\sly addict$ to drunk5ness47#b7 ,its my/ic doctr9es & extravagant rites 7 ess5tially =eign to ! cle> intellig5ce & sob] temp]am5t ( ! ,greek race4 ,yet appeal+ z x did to t love ( my/]y & t pron5ess to rev]t to savag]y :i* seem to be innate 9 mo/ m51 ! religion spread l wildfire ?r\gh ,greece until ! god :om ,hom] h>dly deign$ to notice _h become ! mo/ popul> figure ( ! pan!on4 ,! resemblance :i* 8 /ory & 8 c]emonies pres5t to ^? ( ,osiris h l$ "s enquir]s bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times to hold t ,dionysus 0 m]ely a disguis$ ,osiris1 import$ directly f ,egypt into ,greece47#c7 ,b ! great prepond]ance ( evid5ce po9ts to 8 ,?racian orig91 & ! simil>ity ( ! two wor%ips is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! simil>ity ( ! ideas & cu/oms on :i* !y 7 f\nd$4 7,m#c7 ,:ile ! v9e ) its clu/]s 0 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic manife/ation ( ,dionysus1 he 0 also a god ( trees 9 g5]al4 ,?us we are told t almo/ all ! ,greeks sacrific$ to 8,dionysus ( ! tree407#d7 ,9 ,boeotia "o ( 8 titles 0 8,dionysus 9 ! tree407#e7 ,8 image 0 (t5 m]ely an upright po/1 )\t arms1 b drap$ 9 a mantle1 ) a be>d$ mask to repres5t ! head1 & ) leafy b\ghs project+ f ! head or body to %ew ! nature ( ! deity47#f7 ,on a vase 8 rude effigy is depict$ appe>+ out ( a l[ tree or bu%47#g7 ,at ,magnesia on ! ,mae&] an image ( ,dionysus is said to h be5 f\nd 9 a plane-tree1 :i* _h be5 brok5 by ! w9d47#h7 ,he 0 ! patron ( cultivat$ trees27#i7 pray]s 7 (f]$ to him t he w\ld make ! trees gr[27#aj7 & he 0 especially hon\r$ by husb&m51 *iefly fruit-gr[]s1 :o set up an image ( him1 9 ! %ape ( a natural tree-/ump1 9 _! or*>ds47#aa7 ,he 0 said to h discov]$ all tree-fruits1 among/ :i* apples & figs are p>ticul>ly m5tion$27#ab7 & he 0 ref]r$ to z 8well-fruit$10 8he ( ! gre5 fruit10 & 8mak+ ! fruit to gr[407#ac7 ,"o ( 8 titles 0 8teem+0 or 8bur/+0 7z ( sap or blossoms727#ad7 & !re 0 a ,fl[]y ,dionysus 9 ,attica & at ,patrae 9 ,a*aia47#ae7 ,! ,a!nians sacrific$ to him = ! prosp]ity ( ! fruits ( ! l&47#af7 ,among/ ! trees p>ticul>ly sacr$ to him1 9 addition to ! v9e1 0 ! p9e-tree47#ag7 ,! ,delphic oracle comm&$ ! ,cor9?ians to wor%ip a p>ticul> p9e-tree 8equally ) ! god10 s !y made two images ( ,dionysus out ( x1 ) r$ faces & gilt bodies47#ah7 ,9 art a w&1 tipp$ ) a p9e-cone1 is commonly c>ri$ by ! god or 8 wor%ipp]s47#ai7 ,aga91 ! ivy & ! fig-tree 7 especially associat$ ) him4 ,9 ! ,attic t[n%ip ( ,a*>nae !re 0 a ,dionysus ,ivy27#bj7 at ,lac$aemon !re 0 a ,fig ,dionysus2 & 9 ,naxos1 :]e figs 7 call$ meili*a1 !re 0 a ,dionysus ,meili*ios1 ! face ( ^: image 0 made ( fig-wood47#ba7 7,m#d7 ,fur!r1 !re are indications1 few b significant1 t ,dionysus 0 conceiv$ z a deity ( agriculture & ! corn4 ,he is spok5 ( z himself do+ ! "w ( a husb&man37#bb7 he is report$ to h be5 ! fir/ to yoke ox5 to ! pl\gh1 :i* be=e _h be5 dragg$ by h& alone2 & "s p f\nd 9 ?is tradition ! clue to ! bov9e %ape 9 :i*1 z we %all see1 ! god 0 (t5 suppos$ to pres5t himself to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,?us guid+ ! pl\gh%>e & scatt]+ ! se$ z he w5t1 ,dionysus is said to h eas$ ! lab\r ( ! husb&man47#bc7 ,fur!r1 we are told t 9 ! l& ( ! ,bisaltae1 a ,?racian tribe1 !re 0 a great & fair sanctu>y ( ,dionysus1 :]e at 8 fe/ival a bright light %one =? at night z a tok5 ( an abundant h>ve/ v\*saf$ by ! deity2 b if ! crops 7 to fail t ye>1 ! my/ic light 0 n se51 d>kness brood$ ov] ! sanctu>y z at o!r times47#bd7 ,moreov]1 among ! emblems ( ,dionysus 0 ! w9n[+-fan1 t is ! l>ge op5 %ovel-%ap$ basket1 :i* d[n to mod]n times has be5 us$ by f>m]s to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! *aff by toss+ ! corn 9 ! air4 ,?is simple agricultural in/rum5t figur$ 9 ! my/ic rites ( ,dionysus2 inde$ ! god is traditionally said to h be5 plac$ at bir? 9 a w9n[+-fan z 9 a cradle3 9 art he is repres5t$ z an infant s cradl$2 & f ^! traditions & repres5tations he d]iv$ ! epi!t ( ,liknites1 t is1 8,he ( ! ,w9n[+-fan407#be7 7,m#e7 ,at fir/ sight ?is symbolism might be expla9$ v simply & naturally by suppos+ t ! div9e infant cradl$ 9 ! w9n[+-fan 0 id5tifi$ ) ! corn :i* x is ! function ( ! in/rum5t to w9n[ & sift4 ,yet aga9/ ?is id5tification x may be urg$ ) reason t ! use ( a w9n[+-fan z a cradle 0 n peculi> to ,dionysus2 x 0 a regul> practice ) ! anci5t ,greeks to place _! infants 9 w9n[+-fans z an om5 ( weal? & f]tility = ! future life ( ! *ildr547#bf7 ,cu/oms ( ! same sort h be5 obs]v$1 app>5tly = simil> reasons1 by o!r peoples 9 o!r l&s4 ,= example1 9 ,java x is or us$ to be cu/om>y to place e *ild at bir? 9 a bamboo basket l ! sieve or w9n[+-basket :i* ,javanese f>m]s use = sep>at+ ! rice f ! *aff47#bg7 ,x is ! midwife :o places ! *ild 9 ! basket1 & z %e does s %e sudd5ly knocks ) ! palms ( bo? h&s on ! basket 9 ord] t ! *ild may n be timid & fe>ful4 ,!n %e addresses ! *ild ?us3 8,cry n1 = ,nja-among & ,kaki-among0 7two spirits7 8are wat*+ ov] y40 ,next %e addresses ^! two spirits1 say+1 8,br+ n y\r gr&*ild to ! road1 le/ he be trampl$ by a horse2 br+ him n to ! bank ( ! riv]1 le/ he fall into ! riv]40 ,! object ( ! c]emony is said to be t ^! two spirits %\ld always & ev]y:]e gu>d ! *ild47#bh7 ,on ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( a *ild's bir?day ! ,*9ese ( ,foo-,*[ set ! little "o 9 a l>ge bamboo sieve1 su* z f>m]s employ 9 w9n[+ gra91 & 9 ! sieve !y place along ) ! *ild a v>iety ( articles1 su* z fruits1 gold or silv] ornam5ts1 a set ( money-scales1 books1 a p5cil1 p51 ink1 pap]1 & s on1 & !y draw om5s ( ! *ild's future c>e] f ! object :i* x fir/ h&les & plays )4 ,?us1 if ! infant fir/ grasps ! money-scale1 he w be weal?y2 if he seizes on a book1 he w be le>n$1 & s =?47#bi7 ,9 ! ,bilaspore di/rict ( ,india x is cu/om>y = well-to-d p to place a newborn infant 9 a w9n[+-fan fill$ ) rice & aft]w>ds to give ! gra9 to ! nurse 9 att5dance47#cj7 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt a newly-born babe is imm$iately laid ^u a corn-sieve & corn is scatt]$ ar\nd x2 moreov]1 on ! sev5? day aft] bir? ! infant is c>ri$ on a sieve ?r\gh ! :ole h\se1 :ile ! midwife scatt]s :eat1 b>ley1 pease & salt4 ,! int5tion ( ^! c]emonies is said to be to av]t evil spirits f ! *ild17#ca7 & a l motive is assign$ by o!r peoples = ! practice ( plac+ newborn infants 9 a w9n[+-basket or corn-sieve4 ,= example1 9 ! ,punjaub1 :5 sev]al *ildr5 ( a family h di$ 9 succession1 a new baby w sometimes be put at bir? into an old w9n[+-basket 7*haj7 along ) ! sweep+s ( ! h\se1 & s dragg$ out into ! y>d2 su* a *ild may1 l ,dionysus1 9 aft] life be kn[n by ! "n ( ,w9n[+-basket 7,*hajju7 or ,dragg$ 7,ghasit747#cb7 ,! object ( treat+ ! *ild 9 ?is way seems to be to save its life by deceiv+ ! spirits1 :o are suppos$ to h c>ri$ (f its eld] bro!rs & si/]s2 ^! malevol5t be+s are on ! look-out = ! new baby1 b !y w nev] ?9k ( rak+ = x 9 ! du/-b91 t be+ ! la/ place :]e !y w\ld expect to f9d ! hope ( ! family4 ,! same may p]haps be ! int5tion ( a c]emony obs]v$ by ! ,gaolis ( ! ,deccan4 ,z soon z a *ild is born1 x is ba!d & !n plac$ on a sieve = a few m9utes4 ,on ! fif? day ! sieve1 ) a lime & pan leaves on x1 is remov$ outside ! h\se & !n1 aft] ! wor%ip ( ,*etti has be5 p]=m$1 ! sieve is ?r[n away on ! road47#cc7 ,aga91 ! same notion ( rescu+ ! *ild f dang]\s spirits comes out v cle>ly 9 a simil> cu/om obs]v$ by ! natives ( ,laos1 a prov9ce ( ,siam4 ,^! p 8believe t an infant is ! *ild1 n ( its p>5ts1 b ( ! spirits1 & 9 ?is belief !y g ?r\gh ! foll[+ =malities4 ,z soon z an infant is born x is ba!d & dress$1 laid ^u a rice-sieve1 & plac$--by ! gr&mo!r if pres5t1 if n1 by ! next ne> female relative--at ! head ( ! /airs or ( ! ladd] lead+ to ! h\se4 ,! p]son p]=m+ ?is duty calls out 9 a l\d tone to ! spirits to come & take ! *ild away to-day1 or = ev] aft] to let x alone2 at ! same mom5t %e /amps viol5tly on ! floor to fright5 ! *ild1 or give x a j]k1 & make x cry4 ,if x does n cry ?is is reg>d$ z an evil om54 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x foll[s ! ord9>y laws ( nature & beg9s to ex]cise its vocal organs1 x is suppos$ to h a happy & prosp]\s life be=e x4 ,sometimes ! spirits d come & take ! infant away1 i4e4 x dies be=e x is tw5ty-f\r h\rs old1 b1 to prev5t su* a calamity1 /r+s are ti$ r\nd its wri/s on ! fir/ night aft] its bir?1 & if x sick5s or is feeble ! _s-doctors are call$ 9 to prescribe c]ta9 (f]+s to be made to keep away ! v spirits :o1 only a few h\rs previ\sly1 7 c]emoni\sly call$ ^u to come & c>ry ! *ild (f4 ,on ! day aft] its bir? ! *ild is reg>d$ z be+ ! prop]ty no long] ( ! spirits1 :o c\ld h tak5 x if !y _h want$ x1 b ( ! p>5ts1 :o =?) sell x to "s relation = a nom9al sum--an eigh? or a qu>t] ( a rupee p]haps4 ,?is aga9 is a fur!r gu>antee aga9/ mole/ation by ! spirits1 :o app>5tly are reg>d$ z hone/ folk t w\ld n /oop to take :at has be5 b\ght & paid =407#cd7 7,m#f7 ,a l int5tion ( av]t+ evil 9 "s %ape f a *ild is assign$ 9 o!r cases ( ! same cu/om4 ,?us 9 ,travancore1 8if an infant is obs]v$ to di/ort its limbs z if 9 pa91 x is suppos$ to be "u ! pressure ( "s "o :o has /oop$ ov] x1 to relieve :i* ! "m places x ) a nut-crack] on a w9n[+ fan & %akes x ?ree or f\r times407#ce7 ,aga91 among ! ,tanala p ( ,madagasc> almo/ all *ildr5 born 9 ! unlucky mon? ( ,faosa are buri$ alive 9 ! =e/4 ,b if ! p>5ts resolve to let ! *ild live1 !y mu/ call 9 ! aid ( a div9]1 :o p]=ms a c]emony = av]t+ ! ?reat5$ ill-luck4 ,! *ild is plac$ 9 a w9n[+-fan along ) c]ta9 h]bs4 ,fur!r1 ! div9] takes h]bs ( ! same sort1 a worn-out spade1 & an axe1 fa/5s !m to ! fa!r's spe>1 & sets ! spe> up 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! *ild is ba!d 9 wat] :i* has be5 m$icat$ ) "s ( ! same h]bs4 ,f9ally ! div9] says3 8,! worn-out spade to ! gr&*ild2 may x 7! *ild7 n despoil its fa!r1 may x n despoil its "m1 may x n despoil ! *ildr52 let x be good40 ,?is c]emony1 we are told1 8puts an end to ! *ild's evil days1 & ! fa!r gets ! spe> to put away all evil4 ,! *ild !n jo9s its fa!r & "m2 its evil days are av]t$1 & ! wat] & ! o!r ?+s are buri$1 = !y acc\nt !m evil407#cf7 ,simil>ly ! anci5t ,greeks us$ to bury1 or ?r[ into ! sea1 or deposit at cross-roads1 ! ?+s t _h be5 us$ 9 c]emonies ( purification1 no d\bt because ! ?+s 7 suppos$ to be ta9t$ by ! evil :i* _h be5 transf]r$ to !m 9 ! rites47#cg7 ,ano!r example ( ! use ( a w9n[+-fan 9 :at may be call$ a purificatory c]emony is furni%$ by ! practice ( ! ,*9ese ( ,foo-,*[4 ,a lad :o is suff]+ f small-pox is made to squat 9 a l>ge w9n[+ sieve4 ,on 8 head is plac$ a piece ( r$ clo?1 & on ! clo? are laid "s p>*$ beans1 :i* are !n all[$ to roll (f4 ,z ! "n = beans1 pron\nc$ 9 ! local dialect1 is id5tical ) ! common "n = small-pox1 & z moreov] ! sc>s left by ! pu/ules are ?\ght to resemble beans1 x appe>s to be imag9$ t j z ! beans roll (f ! boy's head1 s w ! pu/ules vani% f 8 body )\t leav+ a trace beh9d47#ch7 ,?us ! cure dep5ds on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic4 ,p]haps on ! same pr9ciple a w9n[+-fan is employ$ 9 ! c]emony f a notion t x w help to waft or fan away ! disease l *aff f ! gra94 ,we may comp>e a purificatory c]emony obs]v$ by ! ,k>5s ( ,burma at ! nam+ ( a new-born *ild4 ,among/ ^! p 8*ildr5 are suppos$ to come into ! _w defil$1 & unless t defilem5t is remov$1 !y w be un=tunate1 & unsuccessful 9 _! und]tak+s4 ,an ,eld] takes a ?9 spl9t ( bamboo1 &1 ty+ a noose at "o end1 he fans x d[n ! *ild's arm1 say+3 #8,fan away ill luck1 fan away ill success3 ,fan away inability1 fan away unskilfulness3 ,fan away sl[ gr[?1 fan away difficulty ( gr[?3 ,fan away /unt$ness1 fan away pun9ess3 ,fan away dr[s9ess1 fan away /upidity3 ,fan away debas$ness1 fan away wret*$ness3 ,fan away ! :ole completely4' 8,! ,eld] n[ *anges 8 motion & fans up ! *ild's arm1 say+3 #8,fan on p[]1 fan on influ5ce3 ,fan on ! paddy b91 fan on ! paddy b>n3 ,fan on foll[]s1 fan on dep5dants3 ,fan on good ?+s1 fan on appropriate ?+s4' 07#ci7 7,m#g7 ,?us 9 "s ( ! =ego+ in/ances ! employm5t ( ! w9n[+-fan may h be5 sugge/$ by ! prop] use ( ! implem5t z a means ( sep>at+ ! corn f ! *aff1 ! same op]ation be+ ext5d$ by analogy to rid m5 ( evils ( v>i\s sorts :i* w\ld o!rwise adh]e to !m l husks to ! gra94 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! anci5ts expla9$ ! use ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 ! my/]ies47#dj7 ,b "o motive1 & p]haps ! orig9al "o1 = sett+ a newborn *ild 9 a w9n[+-fan & surr\nd+ x ) corn 0 probably ! wi% to communicate to ! infant1 on ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic1 ! f]tility & especially ! p[] ( gr[? possess$ by ! gra94 ,?is 0 9 sub/ance ! explanation :i* ,w4 ,mannh>dt gave ( ! cu/om47#da7 ,he rightly insi/$ on ! analogy :i* _m peoples1 & 9 p>ticul> ! anci5t ,greeks1 h trac$ betwe5 ! s[+ ( se$ & ! begett+ ( *ildr517#db7 & he confirm$ 8 view ( ! function ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 ^! c]emonies by aptly comp>+ a ,g]man cu/om ( s[+ b>ley or flax se$ ov] weakly & /unt$ *ildr5 9 ! belief t ?is w make !m gr[ ) ! gr[? ( ! b>ley or ! flax47#dc7 ,an ,e/honian mode ( accompli%+ ! same object is to set ! *ild 9 ! middle ( a plot ( gr\nd :]e a s[] is s[+ hemp & to leave ! little "o !re till ! s[+ is f9i%$2 aft] t !y imag9e t ! *ild w %oot up 9 /ature l ! hemp :i* has j be5 s[n47#dd7 7,m#h7 ,) ! =ego+ evid5ce be=e u ( a widespread cu/om ( plac+ newborn *ildr5 9 w9n[+-fans we cle>ly _c argue t ,dionysus mu/ necess>ily h be5 a god ( ! corn because ,greek tradition & ,greek art repres5t him z an infant cradl$ 9 a w9n[+-fan4 ,! argum5t w\ld prove too mu*1 = x w\ld apply equally to all ! infants t h be5 s cradl$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,we _c ev5 press ! argum5t drawn f ! surname 8,he ( ! ,w9n[+-fan0 :i* 0 borne by ,dionysus1 s9ce we h se5 t simil> names are borne = simil> reasons 9 ,india by p]sons :o h no claim :atev] to be reg>d$ z deities ( ! corn4 ,yet :5 all necess>y d$uctions h be5 made on ?is score1 ! association ( ,dionysus ) ! w9n[+-fan appe>s to be too intimate to be expla9$ away z a m]e rem9isc5ce ( a practice to :i* e ,greek baby1 :e!r human or div9e1 _h to submit4 ,t practice w\ld h>dly acc\nt ei!r = ! use ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 ! my/]ies or = ! appe>ance ( ! implem5t1 fill$ ) fruitage ( v>i\s k9ds1 on ! monum5ts :i* set =? ! ritual ( ,dionysus47#de7 ,?is la/ emblem po9ts pla9ly to a conception ( ! god z a p]sonification ( ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 g5]al2 & z if to emphasise ! idea ( fecundity convey$ by su* a symbol !re sometimes appe>s among ! fruits 9 ! w9n[+-fan an effigy ( ! male organ ( g5]ation4 ,! prom95t place :i* t effigy occupi$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus7#df7 h9ts broadly1 if x does n /rictly prove1 t to ! ,greek m9d ! god /ood = ! p[]s ( f]tility 9 g5]al1 animal z well z vegetable4 ,9 ! ?\ght ( ! anci5ts no %>p l9e ( di/9ction divid$ ! f]tility ( animals f ! f]tility ( plants2 r ! two ideas met & bl5d$ 9 a nebul\s haze4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t ! same co>se b expressive emblem figur$ conspicu\sly 9 ! ritual ( ,fa!r ,lib]1 ! ,italian c\nt]p>t ( ,dionysus1 :o 9 return = ! homage paid to ! symbol ( 8 creative en]gy 0 believ$ to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! crops & to gu>d ! fields aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil47#dg7 7,m#i7 ,l ! o!r gods ( vegetation :om we consid]$ 9 ! la/ volume1 ,dionysus 0 believ$ to h di$ a viol5t dea?1 b to h be5 br\ght to life aga92 & 8 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection 7 enact$ 9 8 sacr$ rites4 ,8 tragic /ory is ?us told by ! poet ,nonnus4 ,zeus 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t visit$ ,p]sephone1 & %e bore him ,zagreus1 t is1 ,dionysus1 a horn$ infant4 ,sc>cely 0 he born1 :5 ! babe m\nt$ ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,zeus & mimick$ ! great god by br&i%+ ! lightn+ 9 8 t9y h&4 ,b he did n occupy ! ?rone long2 = ! trea*]\s ,titans1 _! faces :it5$ ) *alk1 attack$ him ) knives :ile he 0 look+ at himself 9 a mirror4 ,= a "t he evad$ _! assaults by turn+ himself into v>i\s %apes1 assum+ ! lik5ess successively ( ,zeus & ,cronus1 ( a "y man1 ( a lion1 a horse1 & a s]p5t4 ,f9ally1 9 ! =m ( a bull1 he 0 cut to pieces by ! murd]\s knives ( 8 enemies47#dh7 ,8 ,cretan my?1 z relat$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ran ?us4 ,he 0 said to h be5 ! ba/>d son ( ,jupit]1 a ,cretan k+4 ,go+ abroad1 ,jupit] transf]r$ ! ?rone & sceptre to ! y\?ful ,dionysus1 b1 kn[+ t 8 wife ,juno *]i%$ a jeal\s dislike ( ! *ild1 he entru/$ ,dionysus to ! c>e ( gu>ds ^u ^: fidelity he believ$ he c\ld rely4 ,juno1 h[ev]1 brib$ ! gu>ds1 & amus+ ! *ild ) rattles & a cunn+ly-wr\ght look+-glass lur$ him into an ambu%1 :]e h] satellites1 ! ,titans1 ru%$ ^u him1 cut him limb f limb1 boil$ 8 body ) v>i\s h]bs1 & ate x4 ,b 8 si/] ,m9]va1 :o _h %>$ 9 ! de$1 kept 8 he>t & gave x to ,jupit] on 8 return1 reveal+ to him ! :ole hi/ory ( ! crime4 ,9 8 rage1 ,jupit] put ! ,titans to dea? by torture1 &1 to soo! 8 grief = ! loss ( 8 son1 made an image 9 :i* he enclos$ ! *ild's he>t1 & !n built a temple 9 8 hon\r47#di7 ,9 ?is v]sion a ,euhem]i/ic turn has be5 giv5 to ! my? by repres5t+ ,jupit] & ,juno 7,zeus & ,h]a7 z a k+ & que5 ( ,crete4 ,! gu>ds ref]r$ to are ! my?ical ,curetes :o danc$ a w>-dance r\nd ! infant ,dionysus1 z !y are said to h done r\nd ! infant ,zeus47#ej7 ,v notewor?y is ! leg5d1 record$ bo? by ,nonnus & ,firmicus1 t 9 8 infancy ,dionysus occupi$ = a %ort "t ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,zeus4 ,s ,proclus tells u t 8,dionysus 0 ! la/ k+ ( ! gods appo9t$ by ,zeus4 ,= 8 fa!r set him on ! k+ly ?rone1 & plac$ 9 8 h& ! sceptre1 & made him k+ ( all ! gods ( ! _w407#ea7 ,su* traditions po9t to a cu/om ( tempor>ily inve/+ ! k+'s son ) ! royal dignity z a prelim9>y to sacrific+ him in/ead ( 8 fa!r4 ,pomegranates 7 suppos$ to h sprung f ! blood ( ,dionysus1 z anemones f ! blood ( ,adonis & violets f ! blood ( ,attis3 h5ce wom5 refra9$ f eat+ se$s ( pomegranates at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria47#eb7 ,accord+ to "s1 ! sev]$ limbs ( ,dionysus 7 piec$ toge!r1 at ! comm& ( ,zeus1 by ,apollo1 :o buri$ !m on ,p>nassus47#ec7 ,! grave ( ,dionysus 0 %ewn 9 ! ,delphic temple beside a gold5 /atue ( ,apollo47#ed7 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! grave ( ,dionysus 0 at ,!bes1 :]e he is said to h be5 torn 9 pieces47#ee7 ,?us f> ! resurrection ( ! sla9 god is n m5tion$1 b 9 o!r v]sions ( ! my? x is v>i\sly relat$4 ,accord+ to "o v]sion1 :i* repres5t$ ,dionysus z a son ( ,zeus & ,demet]1 8 "m piec$ toge!r 8 mangl$ limbs & made him "y aga947#ef7 ,9 o!rs x is simply said t %ortly aft] 8 burial he rose f ! dead & asc5d$ up to heav527#eg7 or t ,zeus rais$ him up z he lay mortally w\nd$27#eh7 or t ,zeus swall[$ ! he>t ( ,dionysus & !n begat him afre% by ,semele17#ei7 :o 9 ! common leg5d figures z "m ( ,dionysus4 ,or1 aga91 ! he>t 0 p\nd$ up & giv5 9 a portion to ,semele1 :o !reby conceiv$ him47#fj7 ,turn+ f ! my? to ! ritual1 we f9d t ! ,cretans celebrat$ a bi5nial7#fa7 fe/ival at :i* ! passion ( ,dionysus 0 repres5t$ 9 e detail4 ,all t he _h done or suff]$ 9 8 la/ mom5ts 0 enact$ be=e ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 :o tore a live bull to pieces ) _! tee? & roam$ ! woods ) frantic %\ts4 ,9 front ( !m 0 c>ri$ a casket suppos$ to conta9 ! sacr$ he>t ( ,dionysus1 & to ! wild music ( flutes & cymbals !y mimick$ ! rattles by :i* ! infant god _h be5 lur$ to 8 doom47#fb7 ,:]e ! resurrection =m$ "p ( ! my?1 x also 0 act$ at ! rites17#fc7 & x ev5 appe>s t a g5]al doctr9e ( resurrection1 or at lea/ ( immortality1 0 inculcat$ on ! wor%ipp]s2 = ,plut>*1 writ+ to console 8 wife on ! dea? ( _! infant daught]1 com=ts h] ) ! ?\ght ( ! immortality ( ! s\l z taught by tradition & reveal$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,dionysus47#fd7 ,a diff]5t =m ( ! my? ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus is t he desc5d$ into ,hades to br+ up 8 "m ,semele f ! dead47#fe7 ,! local ,argive tradition 0 t he w5t d[n ?r\gh ! ,alcyonian lake2 & 8 return f ! l[] _w1 9 o!r words 8 resurrection1 0 annually celebrat$ on ! spot by ! ,argives1 :o summon$ him f ! wat] by trumpet bla/s1 :ile !y ?rew a lamb into ! lake z an (f]+ to ! w>d] ( ! dead47#ff7 ,:e!r ?is 0 a spr+ fe/ival does n appe>1 b ! ,lydians c]ta9ly celebrat$ ! adv5t ( ,dionysus 9 spr+2 ! god 0 suppos$ to br+ ! season ) him47#fg7 ,deities ( vegetation1 :o are suppos$ to pass a c]ta9 portion ( ea* ye> "u gr\nd1 naturally come to be reg>d$ z gods ( ! l[] _w or ( ! dead4 ,bo? ,dionysus & ,osiris 7 s conceiv$47#fh7 7,m#aj7 ,a feature 9 ! my?ical "* ( ,dionysus1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s inconsi/5t ) 8 nature z a deity ( vegetation1 is t he 0 (t5 conceiv$ & repres5t$ 9 animal %ape1 especially 9 ! =m1 or at lea/ ) ! horns1 ( a bull4 ,?us he is spok5 ( z 8c[-born10 8bull10 8bull-%ap$10 8bull-fac$10 8bull-br[$10 8bull-horn$10 8horn-be>+10 8two-horn$10 8horn$407#fi7 ,he 0 believ$ to appe>1 at lea/ occasionally1 z a bull47#gj7 ,8 images 7 (t51 z at ,cyzicus1 made 9 bull %ape17#ga7 or ) bull horns27#gb7 & he 0 pa9t$ ) horns47#gc7 ,types ( ! horn$ ,dionysus are f\nd among/ ! surviv+ monum5ts ( antiquity47#gd7 ,on "o /atuette he appe>s clad 9 a bull's hide1 ! head1 horns1 & ho(s hang+ d[n beh9d47#ge7 ,aga91 he is repres5t$ z a *ild ) clu/]s ( grapes r\nd 8 br[1 & a calf's head1 ) spr\t+ horns1 atta*$ to ! back ( 8 head47#gf7 ,on a r$-figur$ vase ! god is portray$ z a calf-head$ *ild seat$ on a woman's lap47#gg7 ,! p ( ,cynae?a 9 nor?-we/]n ,arcadia held a fe/ival ( ,dionysus 9 w9t]1 :5 m51 :o _h greas$ _! bodies ) oil = ! occasion1 us$ to pick out a bull f ! h]d & c>ry x to ! sanctu>y ( ! god4 ,dionysus 0 suppos$ to inspire _! *oice ( ! p>ticul> bull17#gh7 :i* probably repres5t$ ! deity himself2 = at 8 fe/ivals he 0 believ$ to appe> 9 bull =m4 ,! wom5 ( ,elis hail$ him z a bull1 & pray$ him to come ) 8 bull's foot4 ,!y sang1 8,come hi!r1 ,dionysus1 to ?y holy temple by ! sea2 come ) ! ,graces to ?y temple1 ru%+ ) ?y bull's foot1 ,o goodly bull1 ,o goodly bull607#gi7 ,! ,bac*anals ( ,?race wore horns 9 imitation ( _! god47#hj7 ,accord+ to ! my?1 x 0 9 ! %ape ( a bull t he 0 torn to pieces by ! ,titans27#ha7 & ! ,cretans1 :5 !y act$ ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,dionysus1 tore a live bull to pieces ) _! tee?47#hb7 ,inde$1 ! r5d+ & dev\r+ ( live bulls & calves appe> to h be5 a regul> feature ( ! ,dionysiac rites47#hc7 ,:5 we consid] ! practice ( portray+ ! god z a bull or ) "s ( ! features ( ! animal1 ! belief t he appe>$ 9 bull =m to 8 wor%ipp]s at ! sacr$ rites1 & ! leg5d t 9 bull =m he _h be5 torn 9 pieces1 we _c d\bt t 9 r5d+ & dev\r+ a live bull at 8 fe/ival ! wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus believ$ !mselves to be kill+ ! god1 eat+ 8 fle%1 & dr9k+ 8 blood4 7,m#aa7 ,ano!r animal ^: =m ,dionysus assum$ 0 ! goat4 ,"o ( 8 names 0 8,kid407#hd7 ,at ,a!ns & at ,h]mion he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! title ( 8! "o ( ! ,black ,goatsk910 & a leg5d ran t on a c]ta9 occasion he _h appe>$ clad 9 ! sk9 f :i* he took ! title47#he7 ,9 ! w9e-gr[+ di/rict ( ,phlius1 :]e 9 autumn ! pla9 is /ill ?ickly mantl$ ) ! r$ & gold5 foliage ( ! fad+ v9es1 !re /ood ( old a bronze image ( a goat1 :i* ! husb&m5 pla/]$ ) gold-leaf z a means ( protect+ _! v9es aga9/ blight47#hf7 ,! image probably repres5t$ ! v9e-god himself4 ,to save him f ! wra? ( ,h]a1 8 fa!r ,zeus *ang$ ! y\?ful ,dionysus into a kid27#hg7 & :5 ! gods fl$ to ,egypt to escape ! fury ( ,typhon1 ,dionysus 0 turn$ into a goat47#hh7 ,h5ce :5 8 wor%ipp]s r5t 9 pieces a live goat & dev\r$ x raw17#hi7 !y mu/ h believ$ t !y 7 eat+ ! body & blood ( ! god4 7,m#ab7 ,! cu/om ( te>+ 9 pieces ! bodies ( animals & ( m5 & !n dev\r+ !m raw has be5 practis$ z a religi\s rite by savages 9 mod]n times4 ,we ne$ n !re=e dismiss z a fable ! te/imony ( antiquity to ! obs]vance ( simil> rites among ! fr5zi$ wor%ipp]s ( ,bac*us4 ,an ,engli% mission>y to ! ,coa/ ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia has ?us describ$ a sc5e l ! cannibal orgies ( ! ,bac*anals4 ,aft] m5tion+ t an old *ief _h ord]$ a female slave to be dragg$ to ! bea*1 murd]$1 & ?r[n into ! wat]1 he proce$s z foll[s3 8,i did n see ! murd]1 b1 imm$iately aft]1 ,i saw cr[ds ( p runn+ out ( ^? h\ses ne> to :]e ! corpse 0 ?r[n1 & =m+ !mselves into gr\ps at a good di/ance away4 ,?is ,i le>nt 0 f fe> ( :at 0 to foll[4 ,pres5tly two b&s ( furi\s wret*es appe>$1 ea* head$ by a man 9 a /ate ( nudity4 ,!y gave v5t to ! mo/ une>?ly s\nds1 & ! two nak$ m5 made !mselves look z une>?ly z possible1 proce$+ 9 a creep+ k9d ( /oop1 & /epp+ l two pr\d horses1 at ! same "t %oot+ =w>d ea* arm alt]nately1 :i* !y held out at full l5g? = a little "t 9 ! mo/ defiant mann]4 ,besides ?is1 ! cont9ual j]k+ _! heads back1 caus+ _! long black hair to twi/ ab\t1 add$ mu* to _! savage appe>ance4 ,= "s "t !y pret5d$ to be seek+ ! body1 & ! in/ant !y came :]e x lay !y comm5c$ scream+ & ru%+ r\nd x l s _m angry wolves4 ,f9ally !y seiz$ x1 dragg$ x out ( ! wat]1 & laid x on ! bea*1 :]e ,i 0 told ! nak$ m5 w\ld comm5ce te>+ x to pieces ) _! tee?4 ,! two b&s ( m5 imm$iately surr\nd$ !m1 & s hid _! horrid "w4 ,9 a few m9utes ! cr[d broke into two1 :5 ea* ( ! nak$ cannibals appe>$ ) half ( ! body 9 8 h&s4 ,sep>at+ a few y>ds1 !y comm5c$1 amid horrid yells1 _! /ill m horrid fea/4 ,! sight 0 too t]rible to behold4 ,i left ! gall]y ) a depress$ he>t4 ,i may m5tion t ! two b&s ( savages j allud$ to belong to t class :i* ! :ites t]m #8m$ic9e-m54' 0 ,! same writ] in=ms u t at ! w9t] c]emonials ( ^! ,indians 8! cannibal1 on su* occasions1 is g5]ally suppli$ ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r human bodies1 :i* he te>s to pieces be=e 8 audi5ce4 ,sev]al p]sons1 ei!r f bravado or z a *>m1 pres5t _! arms = him to bite4 ,i h se5 sev]al :om he has bitt51 & ,i he> two h di$ f ! effects40 ,& :5 corpses 7 n =?com+1 ^! cannibals app>5tly seiz$ & dev\r$ liv+ p4 ,mr4 ,duncan has se5 hundr$s ( ! ,tsim%ian ,indians sitt+ 9 _! canoes :i* !y _h j pu%$ (f f ! %ore 9 ord] to escape be+ torn to pieces by a p>ty ( pr[l+ cannibals4 ,o!rs ( ^! ,indians cont5t$ !mselves ) te>+ dogs to pieces1 :ile _! att5dants kept up a gr[l+ noise1 or a :oop1 8:i* 0 second$ by a scree*+ noise made f an in/rum5t :i* !y believe to be ! abode ( a _s407#ij7 7,m#ac7 ,mr4 ,duncan's acc\nt ( ^! savage rites has be5 fully borne out by lat] obs]vation4 ,among ! ,kwakiutl ,indians ! ,cannibals 7,hamatsas7 are ! highe/ 9 rank ( ! ,secret ,societies4 ,!y dev\r corpses1 bite pieces out ( liv+ p1 & =m]ly ate slaves :o _h be5 kill$ = ! purpose4 ,b :5 _! fury has subsid$1 !y are oblig$ to pay comp5sation to ! p]sons :om !y h bitt5 & to ! own]s ( slaves :om !y h kill$4 ,! indemnity consi/s sometimes ( blankets1 sometimes ( canoes4 ,9 ! latt] case ! t>iff is fix$3 "o bite1 "o canoe4 ,= "s "t aft] eat+ human fle% ! cannibal has to obs]ve a great _m rules1 :i* regulate 8 eat+ & dr9k+1 8 go+ out & 8 com+ 91 8 clo?+ & 8 int]c\rse ) 8 wife47#ia7 ,simil> cu/oms prevail among o!r tribes ( ! same coa/1 su* z ! ,bella ,coola1 ! ,tsim%ian1 ! ,niska1 & ! ,nootka4 ,9 ! ,nootka tribe memb]s ( ! ,pan!r ,society te> dogs to pieces & dev\r !m4 ,!y we> masks arm$ ) can9e tee?47#ib7 ,s among ! ,haida ,indians ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s !re is "o religion ( cannibalism & ano!r ( dog-eat+4 ,! cannibals 9 a /ate ( fr5zy1 real or pret5d$1 bite fle% out ( ! ext5d$ arms ( _! fell[ villag]s4 ,:5 !y issue =? ) cries ( ,hop-pop to obs]ve ?is solemn rite1 all :o are ( a diff]5t religi\s p]suasion make ha/e to get out ( _! way2 b m5 ( ! cannibal cre$ & ( /\t he>ts w resolutely hold out _! arms to be bitt54 ,! sect ( dog-eat]s cut or te> dogs to pieces & dev\r "s ( ! fle%2 b !y h to pay = ! dogs :i* !y consume 9 _! religi\s en?usiasm47#ic7 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ^! savage rites ! fr5zi$ actors are believ$ to be inspir$ by a ,cannibal ,_s & a ,dog-eat+ ,_s respectively47#id7 ,aga91 9 ,morocco !re is an ord] ( sa9ts kn[n z ,is[a or ,asawa1 foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ b5 ,isa or ,asa ( ,mequ9ez1 ^: tomb is at ,fez4 ,e ye> on _! f\nd]'s bir?day !y assemble at 8 %r9e or else:]e & hold+ ea* o!r's h&s dance a frantic dance r\nd a fire4 8,:ile ! mad dance is /ill proce$+1 a sudd5 ru% is made f ! sanctu>y1 & ! danc]s1 l m5 deliri\s1 spe$ away to a place :]e live goats are te!r$ 9 read9ess4 ,at sight ( ^! animals ! fury ( ! savage & excit$ cr[d rea*es its height4 ,9 a few m9utes ! wret*$ animals are cut1 or r torn to pieces1 & an orgy takes place ov] ! raw & quiv]+ fle%4 ,:5 !y seem satiat$1 ! ,emkaddim1 :o is g5]ally on horseback1 & c>ries a long /ick1 =ms a sort ( procession1 prec$$ by wild music1 if su* discordant s\nds w be> ! "n4 ,words c d no ju/ice to ! frightful sc5e :i* n[ ensues4 ,! nak$ savages--= on ^! occasions a scanty piece ( cotton is all _! clo?+--) _! long black hair1 ord9>ily worn 9 plaits1 toss$ ab\t by ! rapid to-&-fro movem5ts ( ! head1 ) faces & h&s reek+ ) blood1 & utt]+ l\d cries resembl+ ! bleat+ ( goats1 aga9 ent] ! t[n4 ,! place is n[ at _! m]cy1 & ! p avoid !m z mu* z possible by %utt+ !mselves up 9 _! h\ses4 ,a ,*ri/ian or a ,jew w\ld run great risk ( los+ 8 life if ei!r 7 f\nd 9 ! /reet4 ,goats are pu%$ out f ! doors1 & ^! ! fanatics te> imm$iately to pieces ) _! h&s1 & !n dispute ov] ! morsels ( ble$+ fle%1 z ?\gh !y 7 rav5\s wolves in/ead ( m54 ,snakes also are ?r[n to !m z te/s ( _! div9e fr5zy1 & ^! %>e ! fate ( ! goats4 ,sometimes a luckless dog1 /ray+ z dogs w /ray 9 a tumult1 is seiz$ on4 ,!n ! laym51 %\ld any be at h&1 w try to prev5t ! desecration ( pi\s m\?s4 ,b ! fanatics sometimes prevail1 & ! unclean animal1 abhorr$ by ! mussulman1 is torn 9 pieces & dev\r$1 or pret5d$ to be dev\r$1 ) indiscrim9at+ rage407#ie7 7,m#ad7 ,! cu/om ( kill+ a god 9 animal =m1 :i* we %all exam9e m 9 detail fur!r on1 belongs to a v e>ly /age ( human culture1 & is apt 9 lat] times to be misund]/ood4 ,! advance ( ?\ght t5ds to /rip ! old animal & plant gods ( _! be/ial & vegetable husk1 & to leave _! human attributes 7:i* are always ! k]nel ( ! conception7 z ! f9al & sole residuum4 ,9 o!r words1 animal & plant gods t5d to become purely an?ropomorphic4 ,:5 !y h become :olly or ne>ly s1 ! animals & plants :i* 7 at fir/ ! deities !mselves1 /ill reta9 a vague & ill-und]/ood connexion ) ! an?ropomorphic gods :o h be5 develop$ out ( !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! deity & ! animal or plant hav+ be5 =gott51 v>i\s /ories are inv5t$ to expla9 x4 ,^! explanations may foll[ "o ( two l9es accord+ z !y are bas$ on ! habitual or on ! exceptional treatm5t ( ! sacr$ animal or plant4 ,! sacr$ animal 0 habitually sp>$1 & only exceptionally sla92 & accord+ly ! my? might be devis$ to expla9 ei!r :y x 0 sp>$ or :y x 0 kill$4 ,devis$ = ! =m] purpose1 ! my? w\ld tell ( "s s]vice r5d]$ to ! deity by ! animal2 devis$ = ! latt] purpose1 ! my? w\ld tell ( "s injury inflict$ by ! animal on ! god4 ,! reason giv5 = sacrific+ goats to ,dionysus exemplifies a my? ( ! latt] sort4 ,!y 7 sacrific$ to him1 x 0 said1 because !y injur$ ! v9e47#if7 ,n[ ! goat1 z we h se51 0 orig9ally an embodim5t ( ! god himself4 ,b :5 ! god _h dive/$ himself ( 8 animal "* & _h become ess5tially an?ropomorphic1 ! kill+ ( ! goat 9 8 wor%ip came to be reg>d$ no long] z a slay+ ( ! deity himself1 b z a sacrifice (f]$ to him2 & s9ce "s reason _h to be assign$ :y ! goat 9 p>ticul> %\ld be sacrific$1 x 0 alleg$ t ?is 0 a puni%m5t inflict$ on ! goat = injur+ ! v9e1 ! object ( ! god's especial c>e4 ,?us we h ! /range spectacle ( a god sacrific$ to himself on ! gr\nd t he is 8 own enemy4 ,& z ! deity is suppos$ to p>take ( ! victim (f]$ to him1 x foll[s t1 :5 ! victim is ! god's old self1 ! god eats ( 8 own fle%4 ,h5ce ! goat-god ,dionysus is repres5t$ z eat+ raw goat's blood27#ig7 & ! bull-god ,dionysus is call$ 8eat] ( bulls407#ih7 ,on ! analogy ( ^! in/ances we may conjecture t :]ev] a deity is describ$ z ! eat] ( a p>ticul> animal1 ! animal 9 "q 0 orig9ally no?+ b ! deity himself47#ii7 ,lat] on we %all f9d t "s savages propitiate dead be>s & :ales by (f]+ !m portions ( _! own bodies47#ajj7 7,m#ae7 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 does n expla9 :y a deity ( vegetation %\ld appe> 9 animal =m4 ,b ! consid]ation ( t po9t _h bett] be def]r$ till we h discuss$ ! "* & attributes ( ,demet]4 ,meantime x rema9s to m5tion t 9 "s places1 in/ead ( an animal1 a human be+ 0 torn 9 pieces at ! rites ( ,dionysus4 ,?is 0 ! practice 9 ,*ios & ,t5$os27#aja7 & at ,potniae 9 ,boeotia ! tradition ran t x _h be5 =m]ly ! cu/om to sacrifice to ! goat-smit+ ,dionysus a *ild1 = :om a goat 0 aft]w>ds sub/itut$47#ajb7 ,at ,or*om5us1 z we h se51 ! human victim 0 tak5 f ! wom5 ( an old royal family47#ajc7 ,z ! sla9 bull or goat repres5t$ ! sla9 god1 s1 we may suppose1 ! human victim also repres5t$ him4 7,m#af7 ,! leg5ds ( ! dea?s ( ,p5!us & ,lycurgus1 two k+s :o are said to h be5 torn to pieces1 ! "o by ,bac*anals1 ! o!r by horses1 = _! opposition to ! rites ( ,dionysus1 may be1 z ,i h already sugge/$17#ajd7 di/ort$ rem9isc5ces ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ div9e k+s 9 ! "* ( ,dionysus & ( disp]s+ ! fragm5ts ( _! brok5 bodies ov] ! fields = ! purpose ( f]tilis+ !m4 ,9 reg>d to ,lycurgus1 k+ ( ! ,?racian tribe ( ! ,edonians1 x is expressly said t 8 subjects at ! bidd+ ( an oracle caus$ him to be r5t 9 pieces by horses = ! purpose ( re/or+ ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd aft] a p]iod ( b>r5ness & de>?47#aje7 ,!re is no improbability 9 ! tradition4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,africa & o!r p>ts ( ! _w k+s or *iefs h (t5 be5 put to dea? by _! p = simil> reasons47#ajf7 ,fur!r1 x is significant t ,k+ ,lycurgus is said to h sla9 8 own son ,dryas ) an axe 9 a fit ( madness1 mi/ak+ him = a v9e-bran*47#ajg7 ,h we n 9 ?is tradition a rem9isc5ce ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ ! k+'s son 9 place ( ! fa!r8 ,simil>ly ,a?amas1 a ,k+ ( ,!ssaly or ,boeotia1 is said to h be5 doom$ by an oracle to be sacrific$ at ! alt> 9 ord] to remove ! curse ( b>r5ness :i* afflict$ 8 c\ntry2 h[ev]1 he contriv$ to evade ! s5t5ce & 9 a fit ( madness kill$ 8 own son ,le>*us1 mi/ak+ him = a wild bea/4 ,t ?is leg5d 0 n a m]e my? is made probable by a cu/om obs]v$ at ,alus d[n to hi/orical times3 ! elde/ male scion ( ! royal h\se 0 regul>ly sacrific$ 9 due =m to ,laphy/ian ,zeus if he ev] set foot )9 ! t[n-hall47#ajh7 ,! close resemblance betwe5 ! leg5ds ( ,k+ ,a?amas & ,k+ ,lycurgus furni%es a gr\nd = believ+ bo? leg5ds to be bas$ on a real cu/om ( sacrific+ ei!r ! k+ himself or "o ( 8 sons = ! good ( ! c\ntry2 & ! /ory t ! k+'s son ,dryas p]i%$ because 8 fr5zi$ fa!r mi/ook him = a v9e-bran* fits 9 well ) ! !ory t ! victim 9 ^! sacrifices repres5t$ ! v9e-god ,dionysus4 ,x is probably no m]e co9cid5ce t ,dionysus himself is said to h be5 torn 9 pieces at ,!bes17#aji7 ! v place :]e accord+ to leg5d ! same fate befell k+ ,p5!us at ! h&s ( ! fr5zi$ vot>ies ( ! v9e-god47#aaj7 7,m#ag7 ,! !ory t 9 prehi/oric times ,greek & ,?racian k+s or _! sons may h be5 dismemb]$ 9 ! "* ( ! v9e-god or ! corn-god = ! purpose ( f]tilis+ ! e>? or quick5+ ! v9es has receiv$ ( late ye>s "s confirmation f ! discov]y t d[n to ! pres5t "t 9 ,?race1 ! orig9al home ( ,dionysus1 a drama is /ill annually p]=m$ :i* reproduces ) rem>kable fidelity "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ traits 9 ! ,dionysiac my? & ritual47#aaa7 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w ,i h already call$ att5tion to ?is int]e/+ survival ( paganism among a ,*ri/ian peasantry27#aab7 b x seems desirable & appropriate 9 ?is place to draw out some:at m fully ! p>allelism betwe5 ! mod]n drama & ! anci5t wor%ip4 7,m#ah7 ,! drama1 :i* may reasonably be reg>d$ z a direct desc5dant ( ! ,dionysiac rites1 is annually p]=m$ at ! ,c>nival 9 all ! ,*ri/ian villages :i* clu/] r\nd ,viza1 ! anci5t ,bizya1 a t[n ( ,?race situat$ ab\t midway betwe5 ,adrianople & ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 antiquity ! city 0 ! capital ( ! ,?racian tribe ( ! ,a/i2 ! k+s _h _! palace !re17#aac7 probably 9 ! acropolis1 ( :i* "s f9e walls are /ill /&+4 ,inscriptions pres]v$ 9 ! mod]n t[n record ! names ( "s ( ^! old k+s47#aad7 ,! date ( ! celebration is ,*eese ,monday1 z x is locally call$1 :i* is ! ,monday ( ! la/ week ( ,c>nival4 ,at ,viza itself ! mumm]y has be5 %orn ( "s ( its anci5t features1 b ^! h be5 kept up at ! villages & h be5 p>ticul>ly obs]v$ & record$ at ! village ( ,/4 ,george 7,haghios ,gheorgios74 ,x is to ! drama z act$ at t village t ! foll[+ description specially applies4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! drama are tak5 by two m5 disguis$ 9 goatsk9s4 ,ea* ( !m we>s a headdress made ( a complete goatsk91 :i* is /uff$ s z to rise a foot or m l a %ako ov] 8 head1 :ile ! sk9 falls ov] ! face1 =m+ a mask ) holes cut = ! eyes & m\?4 ,_! %\ld]s are ?ickly padd$ ) hay to protect !m f ! bl[s :i* us$ to be ra9$ v lib]ally on _! backs4 ,fawnsk9s on _! %\ld]s & goatsk9s on _! legs are or us$ to be "p ( _! equipm5t1 & ano!r indisp5sable "p ( x is a numb] ( %eep-bells ti$ r\nd _! wai/s4 ,"o ( ! two sk9-clad actors c>ries a b[ & ! o!r a wood5 effigy ( ! male organ ( g5]ation4 ,bo? ^! actors mu/ be m>ri$ m54 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,vizy5os1 !y are *os5 = p]iods ( f\r ye>s4 ,two unm>ri$ boys dress$ z girls & sometimes call$ brides also take "p 9 ! play2 & a man disguis$ z an old woman 9 rags c>ries a mock baby 9 a basket2 ! brat is suppos$ to be a sev5-mon?s' *ild born out ( w$lock & begott5 by an unkn[n fa!r4 ,! basket 9 :i* ! hopeful infant is p>ad$ be>s ! anci5t "n ( ! w9n[+-fan 7likni1 contract$ f liknon7 & ! babe itself receives ! v title 8,he ( ! ,w9n[+-fan0 7,liknites7 :i* 9 antiquity 0 appli$ to ,dionysus4 ,two o!r actors1 clad 9 rags ) black5$ faces & arm$ ) /\t sapl+s1 play ! p>ts ( a gypsy-man & 8 wife2 o!rs p]sonate policem5 arm$ ) swords & :ips2 & ! tr\pe is complet$ by a man :o disc\rses music on a bagpipe4 7,m#ai7 ,su* are ! masqu]ad]s4 ,! morn+ ( ! day on :i* !y p]=m _! little drama is sp5t by !m go+ f door to door collect+ bread1 eggs1 or money4 ,at e door ! two sk9-clad mask]s knock1 ! boys disguis$ z girls dance1 & ! gypsy man & wife enact an obsc5e pantomime on ! /raw-heap be=e ! h\se4 ,:5 e h\se 9 ! village has be5 ?us visit$1 ! troop takes up position on ! op5 space be=e ! village *ur*1 :]e ! :ole population has already mu/]$ to witness ! p]=mance4 ,aft] a dance h& 9 h&1 9 :i* all ! actors take "p1 ! two sk9-clad mask]s )draw & leave ! field to ! gypsies1 :o n[ pret5d to =ge a pl\gh%>e1 ! man mak+ believe to hamm] ! %>e & 8 wife to "w ! bell[s4 ,at ?is po9t ! old woman's baby is suppos$ to gr[ up at a great pace1 to develop a huge appetite = meat & dr9k1 & to clam\r = a wife4 ,"o ( ! sk9-clad m5 n[ pursues "o ( ! two pret5d$ brides1 & a mock m>riage is celebrat$ betwe5 ! c\ple4 ,aft] ^! nuptials h be5 p]=m$ ) a p>ody ( a real w$d+1 ! mock bridegroom is %ot by 8 comrade ) ! b[ & falls d[n on 8 face l dead4 ,8 slay] !reupon feigns to sk9 him ) a knife2 b ! dead man's wife lam5ts ov] h] deceas$ husb& ) l\d cries1 ?r[+ h]self across 8 pro/rate body4 ,9 ?is lam5tation ! slay] himself & all ! o!r actors jo9 93 a ,*ri/ian fun]al s]vice is burlesqu$2 & ! pret5d$ corpse is lift$ up z if to be c>ri$ to ! grave4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! dead man disconc]ts ! prep>ations = 8 burial by sudd5ly com+ to life aga9 & gett+ up4 ,s ends ! drama ( dea? & resurrection4 7,m#bj7 ,! next act op5s ) a repetition ( ! pret5ce ( =g+ a pl\gh%>e1 b ?is "t ! gypsy man hamm]s on a real %>e4 ,:5 ! implem5t is suppos$ to h be5 fa%ion$1 a real pl\gh is br\ght =w>d1 ! mock]y appe>s to cease1 ! two boys dress$ z girls are yok$ to ! pl\gh & drag x twice r\nd ! village squ>e contr>y to ! way ( ! sun4 ,"o ( ! two sk9-clad m5 walks at ! tail ( ! pl\gh1 ! o!r guides x 9 front1 & a ?ird man foll[s 9 ! re> scatt]+ se$ f a basket4 ,aft] ! two r\nds h be5 complet$1 ! gypsy & 8 wife are yok$ to ! pl\gh1 & drag x a ?ird "t r\nd ! squ>e1 ! two sk9-clad m5 /ill play+ ! "p ( pl\ghm54 ,at ,viza ! pl\gh is drawn by ! sk9-clad m5 !mselves4 ,:ile ! pl\gh is go+ its r\nds1 foll[$ by ! s[] s[+ ! se$1 ! p pray al\d1 say+1 8,may :eat be t5 pia/res ! bu%el6 ,rye five pia/res ! bu%el6 ,am51 ,o ,god1 t ! poor may eat6 ,yea1 ,o ,god1 t poor folk be fill$60 ,?is ends ! p]=mance4 ,! ev5+ is sp5t 9 fea/+ on ! proce$s ( ! h\se-to-h\se visitation :i* took place 9 ! morn+47#aae7 7,m#ba7 ,a k9dr$ fe/ival is obs]v$ on ! same day ( ! ,c>nival at ,ko/i1 a place 9 ! extreme nor? ( ,?race1 ne> ! ,black ,sea4 ,!re a man dress$ 9 %eepsk9s or goatsk9s1 ) a mask on 8 face1 bells r\nd 8 neck1 & a broom 9 8 h&1 goes r\nd ! village collect+ food & pres5ts4 ,he is address$ z a k+ & escort$ ) music4 ,) him g boys dress$ z girls1 & ano!r boy1 n s disguis$1 :o c>ries w9e 9 a wood5 bottle & gives ( x to e h\sehold] to dr9k 9 a cup1 receiv+ a gift 9 return4 ,! k+ !n m\nts a two-:eel$ c>t & is drawn to ! *ur*4 ,he c>ries se$ 9 8 h&1 & at ! *ur* two b&s ( m51 "o ( m>ri$ m5 & ! o!r ( unm>ri$ m51 try ea* 9 turn to induce ! k+ to ?r[ ! se$ on !m4 ,f9ally he ca/s x on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! *ur*4 ,! c]emony ends ) /ripp+ ! k+ ( 8 clo!s & fl++ him into ! riv]1 aft] :i* he resumes 8 usual dress47#aaf7 7,m#bb7 ,9 ^! c]emonies1 /ill annually held at & ne> an old capital ( ,?racian k+s1 ! po9ts ( simil>ity to ! ritual ( ! anci5t ,?racian deity ,dionysus are suffici5tly obvi\s47#aag7 ,! goatsk9s 9 :i* ! pr9cipal actors are disguis$ rem9d u ( ! id5tification ( ,dionysus ) a goat3 ! infant1 cradl$ 9 a w9n[+-fan & tak+ its "n f ! implem5t1 answ]s exactly to ! traditions & ! monum5ts :i* repres5t ! infant ,dionysus z simil>ly cradl$ & simil>ly nam$3 ! pret5ce t ! baby is a sev5-mon?s' *ild born out ( w$lock & begott5 by an unkn[n fa!r tallies precisely ) ! leg5d t ,dionysus 0 born prematurely 9 ! sev5? mon? z ! (fspr+ ( an intrigue betwe5 a mortal woman & a my/]i\s div9e fa!r37#aah7 ! same co>se symbol ( reproductive en]gy :i* *>act]is$ ! anci5t ritual ( ,dionysus figures conspicu\sly 9 ! mod]n drama3 ! annual mock m>riage ( ! goatsk9-clad mumm] ) ! pret5d$ bride may be comp>$ ) ! annual pret5ce ( m>ry+ ,dionysus to ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns3 & ! simulat$ slaught] & resurrection ( ! same goatsk9-clad actor may be comp>$ ) ! traditional slaught] & resurrection ( ! god himself4 ,fur!r1 ! c]emony ( pl\gh+1 9 :i* aft] 8 resurrection ! goatsk9-clad mumm] takes a prom95t "p1 fits 9 well n only ) ! leg5d t ,dionysus 0 ! fir/ to yoke ox5 to ! pl\gh1 b also ) ! symbolism ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 8 wor%ip2 :ile ! pray]s = pl5tiful crops :i* accompany ! pl\gh+ accord ) ! om5s ( an abundant h>ve/ :i* 7 drawn ( old f ! my/ic light se5 to illum9e by night "o ( 8 anci5t sanctu>ies 9 ,?race4 ,la/ly1 9 ! c]emony z obs]v$ at ,ko/i ! giv+ ( w9e by ! k+'s att5dant is an act wor?y ( ! w9e-god3 ! ?r[+ ( se$ by ! k+ c only be int]pret$1 l ! pl\gh+1 z a *>m to promote ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd2 & ! royal title borne by ! pr9cipal mask] h>monises well ) ! !ory t ! "p ( ! god ( ! corn & ! w9e 0 ( old su/a9$ by ! ,?racian k+s :o reign$ at ,bisya4 7,m#bc7 ,if we ask1 ,to :at anci5t fe/ival ( ,dionysus does ! mod]n celebration ( ! ,c>nival 9 ,?race mo/ ne>ly correspond8 ! answ] c be h>dly d\btful4 ,! ,?racian drama ( ! mock m>riage ( ! goatsk9-clad mumm]1 8 mimic dea? & resurrection1 & 8 subsequ5t pl\gh+1 corresponds bo? 9 date & 9 "* mo/ ne>ly to ! ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia1 :i* 0 celebrat$ at ,a!ns dur+ ?ree days 9 e>ly spr+1 t[>ds ! end ( ,febru>y or ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*4 ,?us ! date ( ! ,an!/]ia c\ld n fall f> f1 & x might sometimes actually co9cide )1 ! la/ week ( ! ,c>nival1 ! date ( ! ,?racian celebration4 ,:ile ! details ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia are obscure1 its g5]al "* is well kn[n4 ,x 0 a fe/ival bo? ( w9e-dr9k+ & ( ! dead1 ^: s\ls 7 suppos$ to revisit ! city & to g ab\t ! /reets1 j z 9 mod]n ,europe & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$ are /ill believ$ to return to _! old homes on "o day ( ! ye> & to be ent]ta9$ by _! relatives at a solemn ,fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls47#aai7 ,b ! ,dionysiac nature ( ! fe/ival 0 reveal$ n m]ely by ! op5+ ( ! w9e-vats & ! wassail+ :i* w5t on ?r\gh\t ! city among freem5 & slaves alike2 on ! second day ( ! fe/ival ! m>riage ( ,dionysus ) ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns 0 celebrat$ ) great solemnity at ! ,bucolium or ,ox-/all47#abj7 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ) mu* probability7#aba7 t at ?is sacr$ m>riage 9 ! ,ox-/all ! god 0 repres5t$ :olly or p>tly 9 bov9e %ape1 :e!r by an image or by an actor dress$ 9 ! hide & we>+ ! horns ( a bull2 =1 z we h se51 ,dionysus 0 (t5 suppos$ to assume ! =m ( a bull & to pres5t himself 9 t guise to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,if ?is conjecture %\ld prove to be correct--?\gh a demon/ration ( x c h>dly be expect$--! sacr$ m>riage ( ! ,que5 to ! ,bull-god at ,a!ns w\ld be p>allel to ! sacr$ m>riage ( ! ,que5 to ! ,bull-god at ,cnossus1 accord+ to ! int]pretation :i* ,i h sugge/$ ( ! my? ( ,pasiphae & ! ,m9otaur27#abb7 only :]eas ! bull-god at ,cnossus1 if ,i am "r1 /ood = ! ,sun1 ! bull-god at ,a!ns /ood = ! p[]s ( vegetation1 especially ! corn & ! v9es4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+ t among a cattle-bre$+ p 9 e>ly days ! bull1 reg>d$ z a type ( /r5g? & reproductive en]gy1 %\ld be employ$ to symbolise & repres5t m ?an "o ( ! great p[]s ( nature4 ,if ,dionysus did inde$ figure z a bull at 8 m>riage1 x is n improbable t on t occasion 8 repres5tative1 :e!r a real bull or a man dress$ 9 a bull's hide1 took "p 9 a c]emony ( pl\gh+2 = we h se5 t ! inv5tion ( yok+ ox5 to ! pl\gh 0 ascrib$ to ,dionysus1 & we "k t ! ,a!nians p]=m$ a sacr$ c]emony ( pl\gh+1 :i* w5t by ! "n ( ! ,ox-yok$ ,pl\gh+ & took place 9 a field or o!r op5 piece ( gr\nd at ! foot ( ! ,acropolis47#abc7 ,x is a reasonable conjecture t ! field ( ! ,ox-yok$ ,pl\gh+ may h adjo9$ ! build+ call$ ! ,ox-/all 9 :i* ! m>riage ( ,dionysus ) ! ,que5 0 solemnis$27#abd7 = t build+ is kn[n to h be5 ne> ! ,prytaneum or ,t[n-,hall on ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,acropolis47#abe7 7,m#bd7 ,?us on ! :ole ! anci5t fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia1 s f> z its features are pres]v$ by tradition or c be re/or$ by ! use ( reasonable conjecture1 pres5ts sev]al important analogies to ! mod]n ,?racian ,c>nival 9 respect ( w9e-dr9k+1 a mock m>riage ( disguis$ actors1 & a c]emony ( pl\gh+4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n ritual w\ld be /ill clos] if "s em95t mod]n s*ol>s1 :o wrote be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,?racian ,c>nival1 & ^: judgm5t 0 !re=e n biass$ by its analogy to ! ,a!nian fe/ival1 are "r 9 hold+ t ano!r important feature ( ! ,an!/]ia 0 ! dramatic dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus47#abf7 ,!y po9t out t at ! m>riage ( ,dionysus f\rte5 ,sacr$ ,wom5 (ficiat$ at f\rte5 alt>s27#abg7 t ! numb] ( ! ,titans1 :o tore ,dionysus 9 pieces1 0 f\rte51 namely sev5 male & sev5 female27#abh7 & t ,osiris1 a god :o 9 "s respects correspond$ closely to ,dionysus1 is said to h be5 r5t by ,typhon into f\rte5 fragm5ts47#abi7 ,h5ce !y conjecture t at ,a!ns ! body ( ,dionysus 0 dramatically brok5 into f\rte5 fragm5ts1 "o = ea* ( ! f\rte5 alt>s1 & t x 0 aft]w>ds dramatically piec$ toge!r & re/or$ to life by ! f\rte5 ,sacr$ ,wom51 j z ! brok5 body ( ,osiris 0 piec$ toge!r by a company ( gods & goddesses & re/or$ to life by 8 si/] ,isis47#acj7 ,! conjecture is +5i\s & plausible1 b ) our exi/+ s\rces ( in=mation x mu/ rema9 a conjecture & no?+ m4 ,c\ld x be e/abli%$1 x w\ld =ge ano!r /rong l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce :i* b9ds ! mod]n ,?racian ,c>nival to ! anci5t ,a!nian ,an!/]ia2 = 9 t case ! drama ( ! div9e dea? & resurrection w\ld h to be add$ to ! o!r features :i* ^! two fe/ivals ( spr+ possess 9 common1 & we %\ld h to confess t ,greece _h :at we may call its ,good ,friday & its ,ea/] ,sunday long be=e ! ev5ts took place 9 ,judaea :i* diffus$ ^! two annual commemorations ( ! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ ,god ov] a great "p ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,f s simple a beg9n+ may fl[ consequ5ces s f>-rea*+ & impressive2 = 9 ! light ( ! rude ,?racian c]emony we may surmise t ! high trag$y ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus orig9at$ 9 a ru/ic mumm]s' play act$ by pl\ghm5 = ! purpose ( f]tilis+ ! br[n e>? :i* !y turn$ up ) ! gleam+ %>e 9 sun%9y days ( spr+1 z !y foll[$ ! sl[-pac$ ox5 d[n ! long furr[s 9 ! fall[ field4 ,lat] on we %all see t a play ( ! same sort is /ill act$1 or 0 act$ d[n to rec5t ye>s1 by ,engli% yokels on ,pl\gh ,monday4 7,m#be7 ,b be=e we pass f ! tragic my? & ritual ( ,dionysus to ! sweet] /ory & mild] wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! true ,greek deities ( ! corn1 x is fair to admit t ! leg5ds ( human sacrifice1 :i* h left s d>k a /a9 on ! memory ( ! old ,?racian god1 may h be5 no?+ m ?an m]e mis9t]pretations ( a sacrificial ritual 9 :i* an animal victim 0 treat$ z a human be+4 ,= example1 at ,t5$os ! new-born calf sacrific$ to ,dionysus 0 %od 9 busk9s1 & ! "m c[ 0 t5d$ l a woman 9 *ild-b$47#aca7 ,at ,rome a %e-goat 0 sacrific$ to ,v$ijovis z if x 7 a human victim47#acb7 ,yet on ! o!r h& x is equally possible1 & p]haps m probable1 t ^! curi\s rites 7 !mselves mitigations ( an old] & rud] cu/om ( sacrific+ human be+s1 & t ! lat] pret5ce ( treat+ ! sacrificial victims z if !y 7 human be+s 0 m]ely "p ( a pi\s & m]ciful fraud1 :i* palm$ (f on ! deity less preci\s victims ?an liv+ m5 & wom54 ,?is int]pretation is support$ by ! und\bt$ cases 9 :i* animals h be5 sub/itut$ = human victims47#acc7 ,on ! :ole we may conclude t nei!r ! poli%$ mann]s ( a lat] age1 nor ! glam\r :i* ,greek poetry & art ?rew ov] ! figure ( ,dionysus1 suffic$ to conceal or erase ! deep l9es ( savag]y & cruelty impr9t$ on ! features ( ?is b>b>\s deity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,demet] ,,& ,,p]sephone4 7,m#bf7 ,dionysus 0 n ! only ,greek deity ^: tragic /ory & ritual appe> to reflect ! decay & revival ( vegetation4 ,9 ano!r =m & ) a diff]5t application ! old tale reappe>s 9 ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,sub/antially _! my? is id5tical ) ! ,syrian "o ( ,aphrodite 7,a/>te7 & ,adonis1 ! ,phrygian "o ( ,cybele & ,attis1 & ! ,egyptian "o ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,9 ! ,greek fable1 z 9 its ,asiatic & ,egyptian c\nt]p>ts1 a goddess m\rns ! loss ( a lov$ "o1 :o p]sonifies ! vegetation1 m especially ! corn1 :i* dies 9 w9t] to revive 9 spr+2 only :]eas ! ,ori5tal imag9ation figur$ ! lov$ & lo/ "o z a dead lov] or a dead husb& lam5t$ by 8 leman or 8 wife1 ,greek fancy embodi$ ! same idea 9 ! t5d]] & pur] =m ( a dead daught] bewail$ by h] sorr[+ "m4 7,m#bg7 ,! olde/ lit]>y docum5t :i* n>rates ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone is ! beautiful ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 :i* critics assign to ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era47#acd7 ,! object ( ! poem is to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 & ! complete sil5ce ( ! poet z to ,a!ns & ! ,a!nians1 :o 9 aft] ages took a conspicu\s "p 9 ! fe/ival1 r5d]s x probable t ! hymn 0 compos$ 9 ! f> (f "t :5 ,eleusis 0 /ill a petty indep5d5t /ate1 & be=e ! /ately procession ( ! ,my/]ies _h begun to defile1 9 bright ,septemb] days1 ov] ! l[ *a9 ( b>r5 rocky hills :i* divides ! flat ,eleus9ian cornl& f ! m spaci\s olive-clad expanse ( ! ,a!nian pla94 ,be t z x may1 ! hymn reveals to u ! conception :i* ! writ] ent]ta9$ ( ! "* & functions ( ! two goddesses3 _! natural %apes /& out %>ply en\gh "u ! ?9 veil ( poetical imag]y4 ,! y\?ful ,p]sephone1 s runs ! tale1 0 ga!r+ roses & lilies1 crocuses & violets1 hyac9?s & n>cissuses 9 a lu% mead[1 :5 ! e>? gap$ & ,pluto1 "l ( ! ,dead1 issu+ f ! abyss c>ri$ h] (f on 8 gold5 c> to be 8 bride & que5 9 ! gloomy subt]ranean _w4 ,h] sorr[+ "m ,demet]1 ) h] yell[ tresses veil$ 9 a d>k m\rn+ mantle1 s\ght h] ov] l& & sea1 & le>n+ f ! ,sun h] daught]'s fate %e )drew 9 high dudgeon f ! gods & took up h] abode at ,eleusis1 :]e %e pres5t$ h]self to ! k+'s daught]s 9 ! guise ( an old woman1 sitt+ sadly "u ! %ad[ ( an olive tree beside ! ,maid5's ,well1 to :i* ! damsels _h come to draw wat] 9 bronze pit*]s = _! fa!r's h\se4 ,9 h] wra? at h] b]eavem5t ! goddess suff]$ n ! se$ to gr[ 9 ! e>? b kept x hidd5 "u gr\nd1 & %e v[$ t nev] w\ld %e set foot on ,olympus & nev] w\ld %e let ! corn spr\t till h] lo/ daught] %\ld be re/or$ to h]4 ,va9ly ! ox5 dragg$ ! pl\ghs to & fro 9 ! fields2 va9ly ! s[] dropp$ ! b>ley se$ 9 ! br[n furr[s2 no?+ came up f ! p>*$ & crumbl+ soil4 ,ev5 ! ,r>ian pla9 ne> ,eleusis1 :i* 0 wont to wave ) yell[ h>ve/s1 lay b>e & fall[47#ace7 ,mank9d w\ld h p]i%$ ( hung] & ! gods w\ld h be5 robb$ ( ! sacrifices :i* 7 _! due1 if ,zeus 9 al>m _h n comm&$ ,pluto to disgorge 8 prey1 to re/ore 8 bride ,p]sephone to h] "m ,demet]4 ,! grim "l ( ! ,dead smil$ & obey$1 b be=e he s5t back 8 que5 to ! upp] air on a gold5 c>1 he gave h] ! se$ ( a pomegranate to eat1 :i* ensur$ t %e w\ld return to him4 ,b ,zeus /ipulat$ t h5ce=? ,p]sephone %\ld sp5d two ?irds ( e ye> ) h] "m & ! gods 9 ! upp] _w & "o ?ird ( ! ye> ) h] husb& 9 ! ne!r _w1 f :i* %e 0 to return ye> by ye> :5 ! e>? 0 gay ) spr+ fl[]s4 ,gladly ! daught] !n return$ to ! sun%9e1 gladly h] "m receiv$ h] & fell ^u h] neck2 & 9 h] joy at recov]+ ! lo/ "o ,demet] made ! corn to spr\t f ! clods ( ! pl\gh$ fields & all ! broad e>? to be heavy ) leaves & blossoms4 ,& /raightway %e w5t & %ew$ ?is happy sight to ! pr9ces ( ,eleusis1 to ,triptolemus1 ,eumolpus1 ,diocles1 & to ! k+ ,celeus himself1 & moreov] %e reveal$ to !m h] sacr$ rites & my/]ies4 ,bless$1 says ! poet1 is ! mortal man :o has se5 ^! ?+s1 b he :o has _h no %>e ( !m 9 life w nev] be happy 9 dea? :5 he has desc5d$ into ! d>kness ( ! grave4 ,s ! two goddesses dep>t$ to dwell 9 bliss ) ! gods on ,olympus2 & ! b>d ends ! hymn ) a pi\s pray] to ,demet] & ,p]sephone t !y w\ld be pleas$ to grant him a livelihood 9 return = 8 song47#acf7 7,m#bh7 ,x has be5 g5]ally recognis$1 & inde$ x seems sc>cely op5 to d\bt1 t ! ma9 !me :i* ! poet set be=e himself 9 compos+ ?is hymn 0 to describe ! traditional f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies by ! goddess ,demet]4 ,! :ole poem leads up to ! trans=mation sc5e 9 :i* ! b>e leafless expanse ( ! ,eleus9ian pla9 is sudd5ly turn$1 at ! w ( ! goddess1 into a va/ %eet ( ruddy corn2 ! b5efic5t deity takes ! pr9ces ( ,eleusis1 %ews !m :at %e has done1 tea*es !m h] my/ic rites1 & vani%es ) h] daught] to heav54 ,! revelation ( ! my/]ies is ! triumphal close ( ! piece4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by a m m9ute exam9ation ( ! poem1 :i* proves t ! poet has giv51 n m]ely a g5]al acc\nt ( ! f\ndation ( ! my/]ies1 b also 9 m or less veil$ language my?ical explanations ( ! orig9 ( p>ticul> rites :i* we h good reason to believe =m$ ess5tial features ( ! fe/ival4 ,among/ ! rites z to :i* ! poet ?us drops significant h9ts are ! prelim9>y fa/ ( ! c&idates = initiation1 ! tor*light procession1 ! all-night vigil1 ! sitt+ ( ! c&idates1 veil$ & 9 sil5ce1 on /ools cov]$ ) %eepsk9s1 ! use ( scurril\s language1 ! break+ ( ribald je/s1 & ! solemn communion ) ! div9ity by p>ticipation 9 a draught ( b>ley-wat] f a holy *alice47#acg7 7,m#bi7 ,b !re is yet ano!r & a deep] secret ( ! my/]ies :i* ! au?or ( ! poem appe>s to h divulg$ "u cov] ( 8 n>rative4 ,he tells u h[1 z soon z %e _h trans=m$ ! b>r5 br[n expanse ( ! ,eleus9ian pla9 into a field ( gold5 gra91 %e gladd5$ ! eyes ( ,triptolemus & ! o!r ,eleus9ian pr9ces by %ew+ !m ! gr[+ or /&+ corn4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is "p ( ! /ory ) ! /atem5t ( a ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! second c5tury1 ,hippolytus1 t ! v he>t ( ! my/]ies consi/$ 9 %ew+ to ! initiat$ a reap$ e> ( corn17#ach7 we c h>dly d\bt t ! poet ( ! hymn 0 well acqua9t$ ) ?is solemn rite1 & t he delib]ately int5d$ to expla9 its orig9 9 precisely ! same way z he expla9$ o!r rites ( ! my/]ies1 namely by repres5t+ ,demet] z hav+ set ! example ( p]=m+ ! c]emony 9 h] own p]son4 ,?us my? & ritual mutually expla9 & confirm ea* o!r4 ,! poet ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era gives u ! my?--he c\ld n )\t sacrilege h reveal$ ! ritual3 ! ,*ri/ian fa!r reveals ! ritual1 & 8 revelation accords p]fectly ) ! veil$ h9t ( ! old poet4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may1 ) _m mod]n s*ol>s1 confid5tly accept ! /atem5t ( ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian fa!r ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone 0 act$ z a sacr$ drama 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis47#aci7 7,m#cj7 ,b if ! my? 0 act$ z a "p1 p]haps z ! pr9cipal "p1 ( ! mo/ fam\s & solemn religi\s rites ( anci5t ,greece1 we h /ill to enquire1 ,:at 01 aft] all1 /ripp$ ( lat] accretions1 ! orig9al k]nel ( ! my? :i* appe>s to lat] ages surr\nd$ & transfigur$ by an aureole ( awe & my/]y1 lit up by "s ( ! mo/ brilliant rays ( ,grecian lit]ature & art8 ,if we foll[ ! indications giv5 by our olde/ lit]>y au?ority on ! subject1 ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 ! riddle is n h>d to read2 ! figures ( ! two goddesses1 ! "m & ! daught]1 resolve !mselves into p]sonifications ( ! corn47#adj7 ,at lea/ ?is appe>s to be fairly c]ta9 = ! daught] ,p]sephone4 ,! goddess :o sp5ds ?ree or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! my?1 six mon?s ( e ye> ) ! dead "u gr\nd & ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ) ! liv+ above gr\nd27#ada7 9 ^: abs5ce ! b>ley se$ is hidd5 9 ! e>? & ! fields lie b>e & fall[2 on ^: return 9 spr+ to ! upp] _w ! corn %oots up f ! clods & ! e>? is heavy ) leaves & blossoms--?is goddess c surely be no?+ else ?an a my?ical embodim5t ( ! vegetation1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! corn1 :i* is buri$ "u ! soil = "s mon?s ( e w9t] & comes to life aga91 z f ! grave1 9 ! spr\t+ corn/alks & ! op5+ fl[]s & foliage ( e spr+4 ,no o!r reasonable & probable explanation ( ,p]sephone seems possible47#adb7 ,& if ! daught] goddess 0 a p]sonification ( ! "y corn ( ! pres5t ye>1 may n ! "m goddess be a p]sonification ( ! old corn ( la/ ye>1 :i* has giv5 bir? to ! new crops8 ,! only alt]native to ?is view ( ,demet] w\ld seem to be to suppose t %e is a p]sonification ( ! e>?1 f ^: broad bosom ! corn & all o!r plants spr+ up1 & ( :i* accord+ly !y may appropriately en\gh be reg>d$ z ! daught]s4 ,?is view ( ! orig9al nature ( ,demet] has inde$ be5 tak5 by "s writ]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n17#adc7 & x is "o :i* c be reasonably ma9ta9$4 ,b x appe>s to h be5 reject$ by ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 = he n only di/+ui%es ,demet] f ! p]sonifi$ ,e>? b places ! two 9 ! %>pe/ opposition to ea* o!r4 ,he tells u t x 0 ,e>? :o1 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,zeus & to please ,pluto1 lur$ ,p]sephone to h] doom by caus+ ! n>cissuses to gr[ :i* tempt$ ! "y goddess to /ray f> beyond ! rea* ( help 9 ! lu% mead[47#add7 ,?us ,demet] ( ! hymn1 f> f be+ id5tical ) ! ,e>?-goddess1 mu/ h reg>d$ t div9ity z h] wor/ enemy1 s9ce x 0 to h] insidi\s wiles t %e ow$ ! loss ( h] daught]4 ,b if ! ,demet] ( ! hymn _c h be5 a p]sonification ( ! e>?1 ! only alt]native app>5tly is to conclude t %e 0 a p]sonification ( ! corn4 7,m#ca7 ,) ?is conclusion all ! indications ( ! hymn-writ] seem to h>monise4 ,he c]ta9ly repres5ts ,demet] z ! goddess by ^: p[] & at ^: pleasure ! corn ei!r gr[s or rema9s hidd5 9 ! gr\nd2 & to :at deity c su* p[]s be s fitt+ly ascrib$ z to ! goddess ( ! corn8 ,he calls ,demet] yell[ & tells h[ h] yell[ tresses fl[$ d[n on h] %\ld]s27#ade7 c\ld any col\r be m appropriate ) :i* to pa9t ! div9ity ( ! yell[ gra98 ,! same id5tification ( ,demet] ) ! ripe1 ! yell[ corn is made ev5 m cle>ly by a /ill old] poet1 ,hom] himself1 or at all ev5ts ! au?or ( ! fif? book ( ! ,iliad4 ,!re we read3 8,& ev5 z ! w9d c>ries ! *aff ab\t ! sacr$ ?re%+-floors1 :5 m5 are w9n[+1 :at "t yell[ ,demet] sifts ! corn f ! *aff on ! hurry+ bla/1 s t ! heaps ( *aff gr[ :ite bel[1 s 7 ! ,a*aeans :it5$ above by ! cl\d ( du/ :i* ! ho(s ( ! horses spurn$ to ! braz5 heav5407#adf7 ,"h ! yell[ ,demet] :o sifts ! gra9 f ! *aff at ! ?re%+-floor c h>dly be any o!r ?an ! goddess ( ! yell[ corn2 %e _c be ! ,e>?-goddess1 = :at has ! ,e>?-goddess to d ) ! gra9 & ! *aff bl[n ab\t a ?re%+-floor8 ,) ?is int]pretation x agrees t else:]e ,hom] speaks ( m5 eat+ 8,demet]'s corn027#adg7 & /ill m def9itely ,hesiod speaks ( 8! annual /ore ( food1 :i* ! e>? be>s1 ,demet]'s corn107#adh7 ?us di/+ui%+ ! goddess ( ! corn f ! e>? :i* be>s x4 ,/ill m cle>ly does a lat] ,greek poet p]sonify ! corn z ,demet] :51 9 allusion to ! "t ( ! corn-reap+1 he says t !n 8! /urdy swa9s cleave ,demet] limb f limb407#adi7 ,& j z ! ripe or yell[ corn 0 p]sonifi$ z ! ,yell[ ,demet]1 s ! unripe or gre5 corn 0 p]sonifi$ z ! ,gre5 ,demet]4 ,9 t "* ! goddess _h sanctu>ies at ,a!ns & o!r places2 sacrifices 7 appropriately (f]$ to ,gre5 ,demet] 9 spr+ :5 ! e>? 0 gr[+ gre5 ) ! fre% vegetation1 & ! victims includ$ s[s big ) "y17#aej7 :i* no d\bt 7 int5d$ n m]ely to symbolise b magically to promote ! abundance ( ! crops4 7,m#cb7 ,9 ,greek ! v>i\s k9ds ( corn 7 call$ by ! g5]al "n ( 8,demet]'s fruits107#aea7 j z 9 ,lat9 !y 7 call$ ! 8fruits or gifts ( ,c]es107#aeb7 an expression :i* survives 9 ! ,engli% ^w c]eals4 ,tradition ran t be=e ,demet]'s "t m5 nei!r cultivat$ corn nor till$ ! gr\nd1 b roam$ ! m\nta9s & woods 9 se>* ( ! wild fruits :i* ! e>? produc$ spontane\sly f h] womb = _! subsi/5ce4 ,! tradition cle>ly implies n only t ,demet] 0 ! goddess ( ! corn1 b t %e 0 diff]5t f & y\ng] ?an ! goddess ( ! ,e>?1 s9ce x is expressly affirm$ t be=e ,demet]'s "t ! e>? exi/$ & suppli$ mank9d ) n\ri%m5t 9 ! %ape ( wild h]bs1 grasses1 fl[]s & fruits47#aec7 7,m#cc7 ,9 anci5t art ,demet] & ,p]sephone are *>act]is$ z goddesses ( ! corn by ! cr[ns ( corn :i* !y we> on _! heads & by ! /alks ( corn :i* !y hold 9 _! h&s47#aed7 ,!ocritus describes a smil+ image ( ,demet] /&+ by a heap ( yell[ gra9 on a ?re%+-floor & grasp+ %eaves ( b>ley & poppies 9 bo? h] h&s47#aee7 ,inde$ corn & poppies s+ly or toge!r 7 a frequ5t symbol ( ! goddess1 z we le>n n only f ! te/imony ( anci5t writ]s7#aef7 b f _m exi/+ monum5ts ( classical art47#aeg7 ,! naturalness ( ! symbol c be d\bt$ by no "o :o has se5--& :o has n se58--a field ( yell[ corn bespangl$ ?ick ) sc>let poppies2 & we ne$ n resort to ! %ifts ( an anci5t my?ologi/1 :o expla9$ ! symbolism ( ! poppy 9 ,demet]'s h& by comp>+ ! globul> %ape ( ! poppy to ! r\ndness ( our globe1 ! unev5ness ( its edges to hills & valleys1 & ! holl[ int]ior ( ! sc>let fl[] to ! caves & d5s ( ! e>?47#aeh7 ,if only /ud5ts w\ld /udy ! little black & :ite books ( m5 less & ! great ra9b[-t9t$ book ( nature m2 if !y w\ld m frequ5tly ex*ange ! heavy air & ! dim light ( libr>ies = ! fre%ness & ! sun%9e ( ! op5 sky2 if !y w\ld (t5] unb5d _! m9ds by rural walks betwe5 fields ( wav+ corn1 beside riv]s rippl+ by "u grey will[s1 or d[n gre5 lanes1 :]e ! h$ges are :ite ) ! haw?orn bloom or r$ ) wild roses1 !y might sometimes le>n m ab\t primitive religion ?an c be ga!r$ f _m du/y volumes1 9 :i* wire-drawn !ories are set =? ) all ! t$i\s p>ade ( le>n+4 7,m#cd7 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 9 ! monum5ts ( ,greek art is ! "* ( ,p]sephone z a p]sonification ( ! "y corn spr\t+ 9 spr+ portray$ m gracefully & m truly ?an on a co9 ( ,lampsacus ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era4 ,on x we see ! goddess 9 ! v act ( ris+ f ! e>?4 8,h] face is uprais$2 9 h] h& are ?ree e>s ( corn1 & o!rs toge!r ) grapes are spr++ beh9d h] %\ld]4 ,complete is "h ! id5tification ( ! goddess & h] attribute3 %e is emb[]$ amid ! e>s ( gr[+ corn1 & l x half buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,%e does n make ! corn & v9e gr[1 b %e is ! corn & v9e gr[+1 & return+ aga9 to ! face ( ! e>? aft] ly+ hidd5 9 its dep?s4 ,c]ta9ly ! arti/ :o design$ ?is beautiful figure ?or\ghly und]/ood ,hell5ic religion407#aei7 7,m#ce7 ,z ! goddess :o fir/ be/[$ corn on mank9d & taught !m to s[ & cultivate x17#afj7 ,demet] 0 naturally invok$ & propitiat$ by f>m]s be=e !y und]took ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! agricultural ye>4 ,9 autumn1 :5 he he>d ! sonor\s trumpet+ ( ! cranes1 z !y w+$ _! way s\?w>d 9 va/ flocks high ov]head1 ! ,greek husb&man knew t ! ra9s 7 ne> & t ! "t ( pl\gh+ 0 at h&2 b be=e he put 8 h& to ! pl\gh he pray$ to ,und]gr\nd ,zeus & to ,holy ,demet] = a heavy crop ( ,demet]'s sacr$ corn4 ,!n he guid$ ! ox-drawn pl\gh d[n ! field1 turn+ up ! br[n e>? ) ! %>e1 :ile a swa9 foll[$ close beh9d ) a hoe1 :o cov]$ up ! se$ z fa/ z x fell to protect x f ! voraci\s birds t flutt]$ & twitt]$ at ! pl\gh-tail47#afa7 ,b :ile ! ord9>y ,greek f>m] took ! signal = pl\gh+ f ! clang\r ( ! cranes1 ,hesiod & o!r writ]s :o aim$ at great] exactness laid x d[n z a rule t ! pl\gh+ %\ld beg9 ) ! autumnal sett+ ( ! ,pleiades 9 ! morn+1 :i* 9 ,hesiod's "t fell on ! tw5ty-six? ( ,octob]47#afb7 ,! mon? 9 :i* ! ,pleiades set 9 ! morn+ 0 g5]ally recognis$ by ! ,greeks z ! mon? ( s[+2 x correspond$ app>5tly 9 "p to our ,octob]1 9 "p to our ,novemb]4 ,! ,a!nians call$ x ,pyanepsion2 ! ,boeotians nam$ x significantly ,damatrius1 t is1 ,demet]'s mon?1 & !y celebrat$ a fea/ ( m\rn+ because1 says ,plut>*1 :o z a ,boeotian speaks ) au?ority on su* a matt]1 ,demet] 0 !n 9 m\rn+ = ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone47#afc7 ,is x possible to express m cle>ly ! true orig9al nature ( ,p]sephone z ! corn-se$ :i* has j be5 buri$ 9 ! e>?8 ,! obvi\s1 ! almo/ inevitable conclusion did n escape ,plut>*4 ,he tells u t ! m\rnful rites :i* 7 held at ! "t ( ! autumn s[+ nom9ally commemorat$ ! actions ( deities1 b t ! real sadness 0 = ! fruits ( ! e>?1 "s ( :i* at t season dropp$ ( !mselves & vani%$ f ! trees1 :ile o!rs 9 ! %ape ( se$ 7 committ$ ) anxi\s ?\ghts to ! gr\nd by m51 :o scrap$ ! e>? & !n huddl$ x up ov] ! se$1 j z if !y 7 bury+ & m\rn+ = ! dead47#afd7 ,surely ?is int]pretation ( ! cu/om & ( ! my? ( ,p]sephone is n only beautiful b true4 7,m#cf7 ,& j z ! ,greek husb&man pray$ to ! ,corn ,goddess :5 he committ$ ! se$1 ) anxi\s =ebod+s1 to ! furr[s1 s aft] he _h reap$ ! h>ve/ & br\ght back ! yell[ %eaves ) rejoic+ to ! ?re%+-floor1 he paid ! b\ntiful goddess h] dues 9 ! =m ( a ?ank-(f]+ ( gold5 gra94 ,!ocritus has pa9t$ = u 9 gl[+ col\rs a picture ( a ru/ic h>ve/-home1 z x fell on a bright autumn day "s two ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ! little ,greek isl& ( ,cos47#afe7 ,! poet tells u h[ he w5t ) two fri5ds f ! city to att5d a fe/ival giv5 by f>m]s1 :o 7 (f]+ fir/-fruits to ,demet] f ! /ore ( b>ley ) :i* %e _h fill$ _! b>ns4 ,! day 0 w>m1 inde$ s hot t ! v liz>ds1 :i* love to bask & run ab\t 9 ! sun1 7 slumb]+ 9 ! crevices ( ! /one-walls1 & n a l>k so>$ c>oll+ into ! blue vault ( heav54 ,yet despite ! great heat !re 7 ev]y:]e signs ( autumn4 8,all ?+s10 says ! poet1 8smelt ( summ]1 b smelt ( autumn too40 ,inde$ ! day 0 really autumnal2 = a goat-h]d :o met ! fri5ds on _! way to ! rural m]ry-mak+1 ask$ !m :e!r !y 7 b\nd = ! tread+ ( ! grapes 9 ! w9e-presses4 ,& :5 !y _h rea*$ _! de/9ation & recl9$ at ease 9 ! dappl$ %ade ( ov]-ar*+ popl>s & elms1 ) ! babble ( a neighb\r+ f\nta91 ! buzz ( ! cicadas1 ! hum ( bees1 & ! coo+ ( doves 9 _! e>s1 ! ripe apples & pe>s roll$ 9 ! grass at _! feet & ! bran*es ( ! wild-plum trees 7 b[$ d[n to ! e>? ) ! weight ( _! purple fruit4 ,s c\*$ on s(t b$s ( fragrant l5tisk !y pass$ ! sultry h\rs s++ ditties alt]nately1 :ile a ru/ic image ( ,demet]1 to :om ! hon\rs ( ! day 7 paid1 /ood smil+ beside a heap ( yell[ gra9 on ! ?re%+-floor1 ) corn-/alks & poppies 9 h] h&s4 7,m#cg7 ,9 ?is description ! "t ( ye> :5 ! h>ve/-home 0 celebrat$ is cle>ly m>k$4 ,ap>t f ! m5tion ( ! ripe apples1 pe>s1 & plums1 ! ref]5ce to ! tread+ ( ! grapes is decisive4 ,! ,greeks ga!r & press ! grapes 9 ! fir/ half ( ,octob]17#aff7 & accord+ly x is to ?is date t ! h>ve/-fe/ival describ$ by ,!ocritus mu/ be assign$4 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ,greece ! maize-h>ve/ imm$iately prec$es ! v9tage1 ! gra9 be+ reap$ & g>n]$ at ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,travell+ 9 rural di/ricts ( ,argolis & ,arcadia at t "t ( ! ye> y pass f "t to "t piles ( ! orange-col\r$ cobs laid up ready to be %ell$1 or aga9 heaps ( ! yell[ gra9 beside ! pods4 ,b maize 0 unkn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o1 l _! mod]n desc5dants1 reap$ _! :eat & b>ley crops mu* e>li] 9 ! summ]1 usually f ! end ( ,april till ,june47#afg7 ,h[ev]1 we may conclude t ! day immortalis$ by ,!ocritus 0 "o ( ^? autumn days ( great heat & effulg5t beauty :i* 9 ,greece may occur at any "t up to ! v v]ge ( w9t]4 ,i rememb] su* a day at ,panopeus on ! bord]s ( ,phocis & ,boeotia4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 yet ! sun %one 9 cl\dless spl5d\r & ! heat 0 s great1 t :5 ,i _h exam9$ ! magnific5t rema9s ( anci5t ,greek =tification-walls :i* cr[n ! summit ( ! hill1 x 0 delici\s to repose on a grassy slope 9 ! %ade ( "s f9e holly-oaks & to inhale ! sweet sc5t ( ! wild ?yme1 :i* p]fum$ all ! air4 ,b x 0 summ]'s f>ewell4 ,next morn+ ! wea!r _h completely *ang$4 ,a grey ,novemb] sky l[]$ sadly ov]head1 & grey mi/s hung l w9d+-%eets on ! l[] slopes ( ! b>r5 m\nta9s :i* %ut 9 ! fatal pla9 ( ,*a]onea4 7,m#ch7 ,?us we may inf] t 9 ! rural di/ricts ( anci5t ,greece f>m]s (f]$ _! fir/-fruits ( ! b>ley h>ve/ to ,demet] 9 autumn ab\t ! "t :5 ! grapes 7 be+ trodd5 9 ! w9e-presses & ! ripe apples & pe>s litt]$ ! gr\nd 9 ! or*>ds4 ,at fir/ sight ! lat5ess ( ! fe/ival 9 ! ye> is surpris+2 = 9 ! l[l&s ( ,greece at ! pres5t day b>ley is reap$ at ! end ( ,april & :eat 9 ,may17#afh7 & 9 antiquity ! "t ( h>ve/ w\ld seem n to h be5 v diff]5t1 = ,hesiod bids ! husb&man put ! sickle to ! corn at ! morn+ ris+ ( ! ,pleiades17#afi7 :i* 9 8 "t took place on ! elev5? ( ,may47#agj7 ,b if ! h>ve/ 0 reap$ 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 :y def] ! (f]+s ( corn to ! ,corn ,goddess until ! middle ( autumn8 ,! reason = ! delay is n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 expla9$ by any anci5t au?or1 & accord+ly x mu/ rema9 = u a matt] ( conjecture4 ,i surmise t ! reason may h be5 a calculation on ! "p ( ! practical f>m] t ! be/ "t to propitiate ! ,corn ,goddess 0 n aft] h>ve/1 :5 he _h got all t 0 to be got out ( h]1 b imm$iately be=e pl\gh+ & s[+1 :5 he _h ev]y?+ to hope f h] good-w & ev]y?+ to fe> f h] displeasure4 ,:5 he _h reap$ 8 corn1 & ! %eaves _h be5 safely g>n]$ 9 8 b>ns1 he might1 s to say1 snap 8 f+]s at ! ,corn ,goddess4 ,:at c\ld %e d = him on ! b>e /ubble-field :i* lay scor*$ & bak+ "u ! fi]ce rays ( ! sun all ! long ra9less summ] ?r\gh8 ,b matt]s wore a v diff]5t aspect :51 ) ! %ort5+ & cool+ ( ! days1 he began to scan ! sky = cl\ds7#aga7 & to li/5 = ! cries ( ! cranes z !y flew s\?w>d1 h]ald+ by _! trumpet-l notes ! approa* ( ! autumnal ra9s4 ,!n he knew t ! "t _h come to break up ! gr\nd t x might receive ! se$ & be f]tilis$ by ! refre%+ wat] ( heav52 !n he be?\ght him ( ! ,corn ,goddess once m & br\ght =? f ! grange a %>e ( ! h>ve/$ corn ) :i* to woo h] fav\r & induce h] to quick5 ! gra9 :i* he 0 ab\t to commit to ! e>?4 ,on ?is !ory ! ,greek (f]+ ( fir/-fruits 0 prompt$ n s mu* by gratitude = pa/ fav\rs z by a %rewd eye to fav\rs to come1 & p]haps ?is int]pretation ( ! cu/om does no s]i\s inju/ice to ! cool phlegmatic temp] ( ! bucolic m9d1 :i* is m apt to be mov$ by consid]ations ( pr(it ?an by s5tim5t4 ,at all ev5ts ! reasons sugge/$ = delay+ ! h>ve/-fe/ival accord p]fectly ) ! natural conditions & seasons ( f>m+ 9 ,greece4 ,= 9 t c\ntry ! summ] is practically ra9less1 & dur+ ! long mon?s ( heat & dr\ght ! cultivation ( ! two anci5t c]eals1 b>ley & :eat1 is at a /&/ill4 ,! fir/ ra9s ( autumn fall ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]17#agb7 & t 0 ! ,greek f>m]'s great "t = pl\gh+ & s[+47#agc7 ,h5ce we %\ld expect him to make 8 (f]+ ( fir/-fruits to ! ,corn ,goddess %ortly be=e he pl\gh$ & s[$1 & ?is expectation is entirely confirm$ by ! date :i* we h inf]r$ = ! (f]+ f ! evid5ce ( ,!ocritus4 ,?us ! sacrifice ( b>ley to ,demet] 9 ! autumn w\ld seem to h be5 n s mu* a ?ank-(f]+ z a bribe judici\sly adm9i/]$ to h] at ! v mom5t ( all ! ye> :5 h] s]vices 7 mo/ urg5tly want$4 7,m#ci7 ,:5 ) ! progress ( civilisation a numb] ( petty agricultural communities h m]g$ into a s+le /ate dep5d5t = its subsi/5ce ma9ly on ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 x commonly happ5s t1 ?\gh e f>m] cont9ues to p]=m = himself ! simple old rites design$ to ensure ! bless+ ( ! gods on 8 crops1 ! gov]nm5t und]takes to celebrate simil>1 ?\gh m /ately & elaborate1 rites on behalf ( ! :ole p1 le/ ! neglect ( public wor%ip %\ld draw d[n on ! c\ntry ! wra? ( ! (f5d$ deities4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t1 = all _! pomp & spl5d\r1 ! national fe/ivals ( su* /ates are (t5 m]ely magnifi$ & embelli%$ copies ( homely rites & unc\? obs]vances c>ri$ out by ru/ics 9 ! op5 fields1 9 b>ns1 & on ?re%+-floors4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt ! religion ( ,isis & ,osiris furni%es examples ( solemnities :i* h be5 ?us rais$ f ! humble rank ( rural fe/ivities to ! dignity ( national celebrations27#agd7 & 9 anci5t ,greece a l developm5t may be trac$ 9 ! religion ( ,demet]4 ,if ! ,greek pl\ghman pray$ to ,demet] & ,und]gr\nd ,zeus = a good crop be=e he put 8 h& to ! pl\gh 9 autumn1 ! au?orities ( ! ,a!nian /ate celebrat$ ab\t ! same "t & = ! same purpose a public fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,demet] at ,eleusis4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,pro]osia1 :i* signifies 8,be=e ! ,pl\gh+02 & z ! fe/ival 0 d$icat$ to h]1 ,demet] h]self bore ! "n ( ,pro]osia4 ,tradition ran t once on a "t ! :ole _w 0 desolat$ by a fam9e1 & t to rem$y ! evil ! ,py?ian oracle bade ! ,a!nians (f] ! sacrifice ( ! ,pro]osia on behalf ( all m54 ,!y did s1 & ! fam9e ceas$ accord+ly4 ,h5ce to te/ify _! gratitude = ! deliv]ance p s5t ! fir/-fruits ( _! h>ve/ f all qu>t]s to ,a!ns47#age7 7,m#dj7 ,b ! exact date at :i* ! ,pro]osia or ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ took place is some:at unc]ta91 & enquir]s are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r x fell be=e or aft] ! ,great ,my/]ies1 :i* began on ! fifte5? or sixte5? ( ,bo$romion1 a mon? correspond+ r\ghly to our ,septemb]4 ,ano!r "n = ! fe/ival 0 ,pro>cturia1 t is1 8,be=e ,arcturus107#agf7 :i* po9ts to a date ei!r be=e ! middle ( ,septemb]1 :5 ,arcturus is a morn+ />1 or be=e ! end ( ,octob]1 :5 ,arcturus is an ev5+ />47#agg7 ,9 fav\r ( ! e>li] date x may be said1 fir/1 t ! morn+ phase ( ,arcturus 0 well kn[n & mu* obs]v$1 because x m>k$ ! middle ( autumn1 :]eas little use 0 made ( ! ev5+ phase ( ,arcturus = ! purpose ( dat+27#agh7 &1 second1 t 9 an (ficial ,a!nian inscription ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ 7,pro]osia7 is m5tion$ imm$iately be=e ! ,great ,my/]ies47#agi7 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 fav\r ( ! lat] date1 x may be said t z ! autumnal ra9s 9 ,greece set 9 ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 ! latt] "p ( t mon? w\ld be a m suitable "t = a c]emony at ! op5+ ( pl\gh+ ?an ! middle ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! soil is /ill p>*$ ) ! summ] dr\ght2 &1 second1 t ?is date is confirm$ by a ,greek inscription ( ! f\r? or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 f\nd at ,eleusis1 9 :i* ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ is app>5tly m5tion$ 9 ! mon? ( ,pyanepsion imm$iately be=e ! fe/ival ( ! ,pyanepsia1 :i* 0 held on ! sev5? day ( t mon?47#ahj7 ,x is difficult to decide betwe5 ^! conflict+ argum5ts1 b on ! :ole ,i incl9e1 n )\t hesitation1 to agree ) "s em95t mod]n au?orities 9 plac+ ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ 9 ,pyanepsion 7,octob]7 aft] ! ,my/]ies1 r ?an 9 ,bo$romion 7,septemb]7 be=e ! ,my/]ies47#aha7 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t z ! ,attic mon?s1 l ! ,greek mon?s g5]ally1 7 lun>17#ahb7 _! position 9 ! sol> ye> necess>ily v>i$ f ye> to ye>1 & ?\gh ^! v>iations 7 p]iodically correct$ by int]calation1 nev]!less ! beg9n+ ( ea* ,attic mon? sometimes div]g$ by sev]al weeks f ! beg9n+ ( ! correspond+ mon? to :i* we equate x47#ahc7 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! ,great ,my/]ies1 :i* 7 always dat$ by ! cal5d> mon?1 mu/ h annually %ift$ _! place some:at 9 ! sol> ye>2 :]eas ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+1 if x 0 inde$ dat$ ei!r by ! morn+ or by ! ev5+ phase ( ,arcturus1 mu/ h occupi$ a fix$ place 9 ! sol> ye>4 ,h5ce x appe>s to be n impossible t ! ,great ,my/]ies1 oscillat+ to & fro ) ! incon/ant moon1 may sometimes h fall5 be=e & sometimes aft] ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+1 :i* app>5tly always rema9$ true to ! con/ant />4 ,at lea/ ?is possibility1 :i* seems to h be5 ov]look$ by previ\s enquir]s1 des]ves to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is a coroll>y f ! %ift+ dates ( ! lun> mon?s t ! (ficial ,greek cal5d>1 9 spite ( its appe>ance ( exactness1 really furni%$ ! anci5t f>m] ) little tru/wor?y guidance z to ! prop] seasons = conduct+ ! v>i\s op]ations ( agriculture2 & he 0 well advis$ 9 tru/+ to v>i\s natural timekeep]s1 su* z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! con/ellations1 ! arrival & dep>ture ( ! migratory birds1 ! fl[]+ ( c]ta9 plants17#ahd7 ! rip5+ ( fruits1 & ! sett+ 9 ( ! ra9s1 r ?an to ! fallaci\s indications ( ! public cal5d>4 ,x is by natural timekeep]s1 & n by cal5d> mon?s1 t ,hesiod det]m9es ! seasons ( ! f>m]'s ye> 9 ! poem :i* is ! olde/ exi/+ treatise on husb&ry47#ahe7 7,m#da7 ,j z ! pl\ghman's pray] to ,demet]1 be=e he drove ! %>e ?r\gh ! clods ( ! field1 0 tak5 up & rev]b]at$1 s to say1 ) a great volume ( s\nd 9 ! public pray]s :i* ! ,a!nian /ate annually (f]$ to ! goddess be=e ! pl\gh+ on behalf ( ! :ole _w1 s ! simple fir/-fruits ( b>ley1 pres5t$ to ! ru/ic ,demet] "u ! dappl$ %ade ( ru/l+ popl>s & elms on ! ?re%+-floor 9 ,cos1 7 repeat$ ye> by ye> on a gr&] scale 9 ! fir/-fruits ( ! b>ley & :eat h>ve/1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! ,corn ,"m & ! ,corn ,maid5 at ,eleusis1 n m]ely by e husb&man 9 ,attica1 b by all ! allies & subjects ( ,a!ns f> & ne>1 & ev5 by _m free ,greek communities beyond ! sea4 ,! reason :y ye> by ye> ^! (f]+s ( gra9 p\r$ f f> c\ntries into ! public gran>ies at ,eleusis1 0 ! widespread belief t ! gift ( corn _h be5 fir/ be/[$ by ,demet] on ! ,a!nians & aft]w>ds dissem9at$ by !m among all mank9d ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,triptolemus1 :o travell$ ov] ! _w 9 8 dragon-drawn c> tea*+ all peoples to pl\gh ! e>? & to s[ ! se$47#ahf7 ,9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era ! leg5d 0 celebrat$ by ,sophocles 9 a play call$ ,triptolemus1 9 :i* he repres5t$ ,demet] in/ruct+ ! h]o to c>ry ! se$ ( ! fruits :i* %e _h be/[$ on m5 to all ! coa/s ( ,s\!rn ,italy17#ahg7 f :i* we may inf] t ! cities ( ,magna ,graecia 7 among ! numb] ( ^? t s5t ! ?ank-(f]+ ( b>ley & :eat e ye> to ,a!ns4 ,aga91 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ,x5ophon repres5ts ,callias1 ! bragg>t ,eleus9ian ,tor*be>]1 address+ ! ,lac$aemonians 9 a set spee*1 9 :i* he decl>$ t 8,our ance/or ,triptolemus is said to h be/[$ ! se$ ( ,demet]'s corn on ! ,peloponese be=e any o!r l&4 ,h[ !n10 he ask$ ) pa!tic e>ne/ness1 8c x be "r t y %\ld come to ravage ! corn ( ! m5 f :om y receiv$ ! se$807#ahh7 ,aga91 writ+ 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ,isocrates relates ) a swell ( patriotic pride h[1 9 h] se>* = h] lo/ daught] ,p]sephone1 ! goddess ,demet] came to ,attica & gave to ! ance/ors ( ! ,a!nians ! two greate/ ( all gifts1 ! gift ( ! corn & ! gift ( ! my/]ies1 ( :i* ! "o reclaim$ m5 f ! life ( bea/s & ! o!r held out hopes to !m ( a blissful et]nity beyond ! grave4 ,! antiquity ( ! tradition1 ! orator proce$s to say1 0 no reason = reject+ x1 b q ! contr>y x furni%$ a /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r1 = :at _m affirm$ & all _h he>d might be accept$ z tru/wor?y4 8,& moreov]10 he adds1 8we are n driv5 to re/ our case m]ely on ! v5]able age ( ! tradition2 we c appeal to /rong] evid5ce 9 its support4 ,= mo/ ( ! cities s5d u e ye> ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn z a memorial ( t anci5t b5efit1 & :5 any ( !m h fail$ to d s ! ,py?ian prie/ess has comm&$ !m to s5d ! due portions ( ! fruits & to act t[>ds our city accord+ to ance/ral cu/om4 ,c any?+ be support$ by /rong] evid5ce ?an by ! oracle ( god1 ! ass5t ( _m ,greeks1 & ! h>mony ( anci5t leg5d ) ! de$s ( to-day807#ahi7 7,m#db7 ,?is te/imony ( ,isocrates to ! antiquity bo? ( ! leg5d & ( ! cu/om might p]haps h be5 set aside1 or at lea/ disp>ag$1 z ! empty bomba/ ( a wordy rhetorician1 if x _h n happ5$ by good *ance to be amply confirm$ by an (ficial decree ( ! ,a!nian p pass$ 9 ! c5tury be=e ,isocrates wrote4 ,! decree 0 f\nd inscrib$ on a /one at ,eleusis & is dat$ by s*ol>s 9 ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 sometime betwe5 #ddf & #dbj ,b4,c47#aij7 ,x deals ) ! fir/-fruits ( b>ley & :eat :i* 7 (f]$ to ! ,two ,goddesses1 t is1 to ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 n only by ! ,a!nians & _! allies b by ! ,greeks 9 g5]al4 ,x prescribes ! exact am\nt ( b>ley & :eat :i* 0 to be (f]$ by ! ,a!nians & _! allies1 & x directs ! highe/ (ficials at ,eleusis1 namely ! ,hi]ophant & ! ,tor*be>]1 to exhort ! o!r ,greeks at ! my/]ies to (f] likewise ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn4 ,! au?ority alleg$ 9 ! decree = requir+ or invit+ (f]+s ( fir/-fruits alike f ,a!nians & f =eign]s is ance/ral cu/om & ! bidd+ ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,! ,s5ate is fur!r enjo9$ to s5d commission]s1 s f> z x c\ld be done1 to all ,greek cities :atsoev]1 exhort+1 ?\gh n comm&+1 !m to s5d ! fir/-fruits 9 compliance ) ance/ral cu/om & ! bidd+ ( ! ,delphic oracle1 & ! /ate (ficials are direct$ to receive ! (f]+s f su* /ates 9 ! same mann] z ! (f]+s ( ! ,a!nians & _! allies4 ,in/ructions are also giv5 = ! build+ ( ?ree subt]ranean gran>ies at ,eleusis1 :]e ! contributions ( gra9 f ,attica 7 to be /or$4 ,! be/ ( ! corn 0 to be (f]$ 9 sacrifice z ! ,eumolpids might direct3 ox5 7 to be b\ght & sacrific$1 ) gilt horns1 n only to ! two ,goddesses b also to ! ,god 7,pluto71 ,triptolemus1 ,eubulus1 & ,a!na2 & ! rema9d] ( ! gra9 0 to be sold & ) ! produce votive (f]+s 7 to be d$icat$ ) inscriptions sett+ =? t !y _h be5 d$icat$ f ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits1 & record+ ! names ( all ! ,greeks :o s5t ! (f]+s to ,eleusis4 ,! decree ends ) a pray] t all :o comply ) ^! injunctions or exhortations & r5d] _! dues to ! city ( ,a!ns & to ! ,two ,goddesses1 may enjoy prosp]ity toge!r ) good & abundant crops4 ,writ+ 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 "u ! ,roman empire1 ! rhetorician ,ari/ides records ! cu/om :i* ! ,greeks obs]v$ ( s5d+ ye> by ye> ! fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ to ,a!ns 9 gratitude = ! corn1 b he speaks ( ! practice z a ?+ ( ! pa/47#aia7 7,m#dc7 ,we may suspect t ! tribute ( corn ceas$ to fl[ f f> c\ntries to ,a!ns1 :51 ) h] fall+ =tunes & decay+ empire1 h] pr\d galleys _h ceas$ to c>ry ! t]ror ( ! ,a!nian arms into di/ant seas4 ,b if ! homage 0 no long] paid 9 ! sub/antial %ape ( c>goes ( gra91 x cont9u$ d[n to ! late/ days ( paganism to be paid 9 ! *eap] =m ( gratitude = t ine/imable b5efit1 :i* ! ,a!nians claim$ to h receiv$ f ! ,corn ,goddess & to h lib]ally communicat$ to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,ev5 ! ,sicilians1 :o1 inhabit+ a f]tile corn-gr[+ isl&1 wor%ipp$ ,demet] & ,p]sephone above all ! gods & claim$ to h be5 ! fir/ to receive ! gift ( ! corn f ! ,corn ,goddess17#aib7 nev]!less freely ackn[l$g$ t ! ,a!nians _h spread1 ?\gh !y _h n orig9at$1 ! useful discov]y among ! nations4 ,?us ! patriotic ,sicilian hi/orian ,diodorus1 :ile giv+ ! prec$5ce to 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 /rives to be j to ! ,a!nian pret5sions 9 ! foll[+ passage47#aic7 8,my?ologi/s10 says he1 8relate t ,demet]1 unable to f9d h] daught]1 lit tor*es at ! crat]s ( ,etna7#aid7 & roam$ ov] _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,^? p :o receiv$ h] be/ %e rew>d$ by giv+ !m 9 return ! fruit ( ! :eat2 & because ! ,a!nians welcom$ h] mo/ k9dly ( all1 %e be/[$ ! fruit ( ! :eat on !m next aft] ! ,sicilians4 ,:]e=e t p hon\r$ ! goddess m ?an any o!r folk by magnific5t sacrifices & ! my/]ies at ,eleusis1 :i* = _! extreme antiquity & sanctity h become fam\s among all m54 ,f ! ,a!nians _m o!rs receiv$ ! boon ( ! corn & %>$ ! se$ ) _! neighb\rs1 till !y fill$ ! :ole inhabit$ e>? ) x4 ,b z ! p ( ,sicily1 on acc\nt ( ! intimate relation 9 :i* !y /ood to ,demet] & ! ,maid51 7 ! fir/ to p>ticipate 9 ! newly discov]$ corn1 !y appo9t$ sacrifices & popul> fe/ivities 9 hon\r ( ea* ( ! two goddesses1 nam+ ! celebrations aft] !m & signify+ ! nature ( ! boons !y _h receiv$ by ! dates ( ! fe/ivals4 ,= !y celebrat$ ! br++ home ( ! ,maid5 at ! "t :5 ! corn 0 ripe1 p]=m+ ! sacrifice & hold+ ! fe/ivity ) all ! solemnity & zeal t might be reasonably expect$ ( m5 :o desir$ to te/ify _! gratitude = s signal a gift be/[$ on !m be=e all ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b ! sacrifice to ,demet] !y assign$ to ! "t :5 ! s[+ ( ! corn beg9s2 & = t5 days !y hold a popul> fe/ivity :i* be>s ! "n ( ! goddess1 & is rem>kable z well = ! magnific5ce ( its pomp z = ! co/umes !n worn 9 imitation ( ! old5 "t4 ,dur+ ^! days x is cu/om>y = p to rail at ea* o!r 9 f\l language1 because :5 ,demet] 0 m\rn+ = ! rape ( ! ,maid5 %e laugh$ at a ribald je/407#aie7 ,?us despite 8 natural prepossession 9 fav\r ( 8 native l&1 ,diodorus be>s te/imony bo? to ! special bless+ be/[$ on ! ,a!nians by ! ,corn ,goddess1 & to ! g5]osity ) :i* !y _h imp>t$ ! bless+ to o!rs1 until x gradually spread to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,aga91 ,cic]o1 address+ a ,roman audi5ce1 enum]ates among ! b5efits :i* ,a!ns 0 believ$ to h conf]r$ on ! _w1 ! gift ( ! corn & its orig9 9 ,attic soil2 & ! cursory mann] 9 :i* he alludes to x seems to prove t ! tradition 0 famili> to 8 he>]s47#aif7 ,f\r c5turies lat] ! rhetorician ,him]ius speaks ( ,demet]'s gift ( ! corn & ! my/]ies to ! ,a!nians z ! s\rce ( ! fir/ & greate/ s]vice r5d]$ by _! city to mank9d27#aig7 s anci5t1 widespread1 & p]si/5t 0 ! leg5d :i* ascrib$ ! orig9 ( ! corn to ! goddess ,demet] & associat$ x ) ! in/itution ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,no wond] t ! ,delphic oracle call$ ,a!ns 8! ,metropolis ( ! ,corn407#aih7 7,m#dd7 ,f ! passage ( ,diodorus :i* ,i h quot$ we le>n t ! ,sicilians celebrat$ ! fe/ival ( ,demet] at ! beg9n+ ( s[+1 & ! fe/ival ( ,p]sephone at h>ve/4 ,?is proves t !y associat$1 if !y did n id5tify1 ! ,"m ,goddess ) ! se$-corn & ! ,daught] ,goddess ) ! ripe e>s4 ,c\ld any association or id5tification be m easy & obvi\s to p :o p]sonifi$ ! processes ( nature "u ! =m ( an?ropomorphic deities8 ,z ! se$ br+s =? ! ripe e>1 s ! ,corn ,"m ,demet] gave bir? to ! ,corn ,daught] ,p]sephone4 ,x is true t difficulties arise :5 we attempt to analyse ?is seem+ly simple conception4 ,h[1 = example1 are we to divide exactly ! two p]sons ( ! div9ity8 ,at :at precise mom5t does ! se$ cease to be ! ,corn ,"m & beg9s to burgeon out into ! ,corn ,daught]8 ,& h[ f> c we id5tify ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! b>ley & :eat ) ! div9e bodies ( ! ,two ,goddesses8 ,que/ions ( ?is sort probably gave little conc]n to ! /urdy swa9s :o pl\gh$1 s[$1 & reap$ ! fat fields ( ,sicily4 ,we _c imag9e t _! night's re/ 0 di/urb$ by uneasy m$itations on ^! knotty problems4 ,x w\ld h>dly be /range if ! muzzy m9d ( ! ,sicilian bumpk91 :o look$ ) bl9d devotion to ! ,two ,goddesses = 8 daily bread1 totally fail$ to di/+ui% ,demet] f ! se$ & ,p]sephone f ! ripe %eaves1 & if he accept$ implicitly ! doctr9e ( ! real pres5ce ( ! div9ities 9 ! corn )\t discrim9at+ too curi\sly betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual prop]ties ( ! b>ley or ! :eat4 ,& if he _h be5 closely que/ion$ by a rigid logician z to ! exact di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 ! two p]sons ( ! godhead :o toge!r repres5t$ = him ! annual vicissitudes ( ! c]eals1 ,hodge might h scrat*$ 8 head & confess$ t x puzzl$ him to say :]e precisely ! "o goddess end$ & ! o!r began1 or :y ! se$ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd %\ld figure at "o "t z ! dead daught] ,p]sephone desc5d+ into ! ne!r _w1 & at ano!r z ! liv+ ,"m ,demet] ab\t to give bir? to next ye>'s crop4 ,!ological subtleties l ^! h pos$ long] heads ?an are commonly to be f\nd on bucolic %\ld]s4 7,m#de7 ,! "t ( ye> at :i* ! fir/-fruits 7 (f]$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ,eleusis is n explicitly m5tion$ by anci5t au?orities1 & accord+ly no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! date ( ! (f]+ z to its religi\s significance4 ,x is true t at ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies ! ,hi]ophant & ,tor*be>] publicly exhort$ ! ,greeks 9 g5]al1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,a!nians & _! allies1 to (f] ! fir/-fruits 9 accordance ) ance/ral cu/om & ! bidd+ ( ! ,delphic oracle47#aii7 ,b !re is no?+ to %ew t ! (f]+s 7 made imm$iately aft] ! exhortation4 ,nor does any anci5t au?ority support ! view ( a mod]n s*ol> t ! (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits1 or a portion ( !m1 took place at ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ 7,pro]osia717#bjj7 ?\gh t fe/ival w\ld no d\bt be an em95tly appropriate occasion = propitiat+ ) su* (f]+s ! goddess on ^: b\nty ! next ye>'s crop 0 believ$ to dep5d4 7,m#df7 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are positively told t ! fir/-fruits 7 c>ri$ to ,eleusis to be us$ at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor 7,haloa747#bja7 ,b ! /atem5t1 cursorily report$ by writ]s ( no v high au?ority1 _c be implicitly reli$ ^u2 & ev5 if x c\ld1 we %\ld h>dly be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ f x t all ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn 7 (f]$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ?is fe/ival4 ,be t z x may1 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor 0 intimately connect$ ) ! wor%ip bo? ( ,demet] & ( ,dionysus1 & accord+ly x des]ves our att5tion4 ,x is said to h be5 sacr$ to bo? ^! deities27#bjb7 & :ile ! "n seems to connect x r ) ! ,corn ,goddess ?an ) ! ,w9e ,god1 we are yet in=m$ t x 0 held by ! ,a!nians on ! occasion ( ! prun+ ( ! v9es & ! ta/+ ( ! /or$-up w9e47#bjc7 ,! fe/ival is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,eleus9ian inscriptions1 f "s ( :i* we ga!r t x includ$ sacrifices to ! two goddesses & a s-call$ ,ance/ral ,conte/1 z to ! nature ( :i* we h no in=mation47#bjd7 ,we may suppose t ! fe/ival or "s "p ( x 0 celebrat$ on ! ,sacr$ ,?re%+-floor ( ,triptolemus at ,eleusis27#bje7 = z ,triptolemus 0 ! h]o :o is said to h diffus$ ! k ( ! corn all ov] ! _w1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor %\ld be held on ! sacr$ ?re%+-floor :i* bore 8 "n4 ,z = ,demet]1 we h already se5 h[ intimate 0 h] association ) ! ?re%+-floor & ! op]ation ( ?re%+2 accord+ to ,hom]1 %e is ! yell[ goddess :o p>ts ! yell[ gra9 f ! :ite *aff at ! ?re%+1 & 9 ,cos h] image ) ! corn-/alks & ! poppies 9 h] h&s /ood on ! ?re%+-floor47#bjf7 ,! fe/ival la/$ "o day1 & no victims might be sacrific$ at x27#bjg7 b special use 0 made1 z we h se51 ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn4 ,) reg>d to ! dat+ ( ! fe/ival we are in=m$ t x fell 9 ! mon? ,poseideon1 :i* corresponds r\ghly to our ,decemb]1 & z ! date re/s on ! high au?ority ( ! anci5t ,a!nian antiqu>y ,philo*orus17#bjh7 & is1 moreov]1 indirectly confirm$ by inscriptional evid5ce17#bji7 we are b\nd to accept x4 ,b x is c]ta9ly surpris+ to f9d a ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor held s late 9 ! ye>1 long aft] ! ?re%+1 :i* 9 ,greece usually takes place n lat] ?an midsumm]1 ?\gh on high gr\nd 9 ,crete x is sometimes prolong$ till ne> ! end ( ,augu/47#baj7 ,we seem b\nd to conclude t ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor 0 q di/9ct f ! actual ?re%+ ( ! corn47#baa7 ,x is said to h includ$ c]ta9 my/ic rites p]=m$ by wom5 alone1 :o fea/$ & quaff$ w9e1 :ile !y broke fil?y je/s on ea* o!r & exhibit$ cakes bak$ 9 ! =m ( ! male & female organs ( g5]ation47#bab7 ,if ! latt] p>ticul>s are correctly report$ we may suppose t ^! indec5cies1 l c]ta9 obsc5ities :i* seem to h =m$ "p ( ! ,great ,my/]ies at ,eleusis17#bac7 7 no m]e wanton outbur/s ( lic5ti\s passion1 b 7 delib]ately practis$ z rites calculat$ to promote ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd by means ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,a l association ( :at we might call indec5cy ) rites int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops meets u 9 ! ,!smophoria1 a fe/ival ( ,demet] celebrat$ by wom5 alone1 at :i* ! "* ( ! goddess z a s\rce ( f]tility comes out cle>ly 9 ! cu/om ( mix+ ! rema9s ( ! sacrificial pigs ) ! se$-corn 9 ord] to obta9 a pl5tiful crop4 ,we %all return to ?is fe/ival lat] on47#bad7 7,m#dg7 ,o!r fe/ivals held at ,eleusis 9 hon\r ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone 7 kn[n z ! ,gre5 ,fe/ival & ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,corn/alks47#bae7 ,( ! mann] ( _! celebration we "k no?+ except t !y compris$ sacrifices1 :i* 7 (f]$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,b _! names suffice to connect ! two fe/ivals ) ! gre5 & ! /&+ corn4 ,we h se5 t ,demet] h]self bore ! title ( ,gre51 & t sacrifices 7 (f]$ to h] "u t title :i* pla9ly aim$ at promot+ f]tility47#baf7 ,among ! _m epi!ts appli$ to ,demet] :i* m>k h] relation to ! corn may fur!r be m5tion$ 8,:eat-lov]107#bag7 8,%e ( ! ,corn107#bah7 8,%eaf-be>]107#bai7 8,%e ( ! ,?re%+-floor107#bbj7 8,%e ( ! ,w9n[+-fan107#bba7 8,nurse ( ! ,corn-e>s107#bbb7 8,cr[n$ ) ,e>s ( ,corn107#bbc7 8,%e ( ! ,se$107#bbd7 8,%e ( ! ,gre5 ,fruits107#bbe7 8,heavy ) ,summ] ,fruits107#bbf7 8,fruit-be>]107#bbg7 8,%e ( ! ,great ,loaf10 & 8,%e ( ! ,great ,b>ley ,loaf407#bbh7 ,( ^! epi!ts x may be rem>k$ t ?\gh all ( !m are q appropriate to a ,corn ,goddess1 "s ( !m w\ld sc>cely be applicable to an ,e>? ,goddess & !re=e !y add weight to ! o!r argum5ts :i* turn ! scale 9 fav\r ( ! corn z ! fundam5tal attribute ( ,demet]4 7,m#dh7 ,h[ deeply implant$ 9 ! m9d ( ! anci5t ,greeks 0 ?is fai? 9 ,demet] z goddess ( ! corn may be judg$ by ! circum/ance t ! fai? actually p]si/$ among _! ,*ri/ian desc5dants at h] old sanctu>y ( ,eleusis d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,= :5 ! ,engli% travell] ,dodwell revisit$ ,eleusis1 ! inhabitants lam5t$ to him ! loss ( a colossal image ( ,demet]1 :i* 0 c>ri$ (f by ,cl>ke 9 #ahjb & pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 8,9 my fir/ j\rney to ,greece10 says ,dodwell1 8?is protect+ deity 0 9 its full glory1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a ?re%+-floor1 among/ ! ru9s ( h] temple4 ,! villag]s 7 impress$ ) a p]suasion t _! ri* h>ve/s 7 ! effect ( h] b\nty1 & s9ce h] removal1 _! abundance1 z !y assur$ me1 has disappe>$407#bbi7 ,?us we see ! ,corn ,goddess ,demet] /&+ on ! ?re%+-floor ( ,eleusis & disp5s+ corn to h] wor%ipp]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 precisely z h] image /ood & disp5s$ corn to h] wor%ipp]s on ! ?re%+-floor ( ,cos 9 ! days ( ,!ocritus4 ,& j z ! p ( ,eleusis la/ c5tury attribut$ ! dim9ution ( _! h>ve/s to ! loss ( ! image ( ,demet]1 s 9 antiquity ! ,sicilians1 a corn-gr[+ p devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! two ,corn ,goddesses1 lam5t$ t ! crops ( _m t[ns _h p]i%$ because ! unscrupul\s ,roman gov]nor ,v]res _h impi\sly c>ri$ (f ! image ( ,demet] f h] fam\s temple at ,h5na47#bcj7 ,c\ld we ask = a cle>] pro( t ,demet] 0 inde$ ! goddess ( ! corn ?an ?is belief1 held by ! ,greeks d[n to mod]n times1 t ! corn-crops dep5d$ on h] pres5ce & b\nty & p]i%$ :5 h] image 0 remov$8 7,m#di7 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w ,i foll[$ an em95t ,fr5* s*ol> 9 conclud+1 f v>i\s indications1 t "p ( ! religi\s drama p]=m$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis may h be5 a m>riage betwe5 ! sky-god ,zeus & ! corn-goddess ,demet]1 repres5t$ by ! hi]ophant & ! prie/ess ( ! goddess respectively47#bca7 ,! conclusion is arriv$ at by comb9+ a numb] ( passages1 all m or less vague & indef9ite1 ( late ,*ri/ian writ]s2 h5ce x mu/ rema9 to "s ext5t unc]ta9 & _c at ! be/ lay claim to m ?an a fair degree ( probability4 ,x may be1 z ,pr(essor ,w4 ,ridgeway holds1 t ?is dramatic m>riage ( ! god & goddess 0 an innovation foi/$ into ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 9 t great welt] ( religions :i* foll[$ ! meet+ ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ 9 ! lat] ages ( antiquity47#bcb7 ,if a m>riage ( ,zeus & ,demet] did inde$ =m an important feature ( ! ,my/]ies 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 x is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 z ,pr(essor ,ridgeway has ju/ly po9t$ out1 t no m5tion ( ,zeus occurs 9 ! public decree ( t c5tury :i* regulates ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits & ! sacrifices to be made to ! gods & goddesses ( ,eleusis47#bcc7 ,at ! same "t we mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 if ! evid5ce = ! ritual m>riage ( ,zeus & ,demet] is late & d\btful1 ! evid5ce = ! my? is anci5t & indubitable4 ,! /ory 0 kn[n to ,hom]1 = 9 ! li/ ( beauties to :om he makes ,zeus1 9 a bur/ ( c&\r1 confess t he _h lo/ 8 too susceptible he>t1 !re occurs ! "n ( 8! fair-hair$ ,que5 ,demet]027#bcd7 & 9 ano!r passage ! poet repres5ts ! jeal\s god smit+ ) a ?und]bolt ! fav\r$ lov] ) :om ! goddess _h =gott5 h] dignity among ! furr[s ( a fall[ field47#bce7 ,moreov]1 accord+ to "o tradition1 ,dionysus himself 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! intrigue betwe5 ,zeus & ,demet]47#bcf7 ,?us !re is no intr9sic improbability 9 ! view t "o or o!r ( ^! un$ify+ incid5ts 9 ! back/airs *ronicle ( ,olympus %\ld h =m$ "p ( ! sacr$ peep-%[ 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,b x seems j possible t ! m>riage to :i* ! ,*ri/ian writ]s allude ) malici\s joy may aft] all h be5 ( a m regul> & or?odox patt]n4 ,we are positively told t ! rape ( ,p]sephone 0 act$ at ! ,my/]ies27#bcg7 may t sc5e n h be5 foll[$ by ano!r repres5t+ ! solemnisation ( h] nuptials ) h] ravi%] & husb& ,pluto8 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,pluto 0 sometimes kn[n z a god ( f]tility "u ! title ( ,subt]ranean ,zeus4 ,x 0 to him "u t title z well z to ,demet]1 t ! ,greek pl\ghman pray$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pl\gh+27#bch7 & ! p ( ,myconus us$ to sacrifice to ,subt]ranean ,zeus & ,subt]ranean ,e>? = ! prosp]ity ( ! crops on ! twelf? day ( ! mon? ,l5aeon47#bci7 ,?us x may be t ! ,zeus ^: m>riage 0 dramatically repres5t$ at ! ,my/]ies 0 n ! sky-god ,zeus1 b 8 bro!r ,zeus ( ! ,und]world1 & t ! writ]s :o ref] to ! c]emony h confus$ ! two bro!rs4 ,?is view1 if x c\ld be e/abli%$1 w\ld dispose ( ! difficulty rais$ by ! abs5ce ( ! "n ( ,zeus 9 ! decree :i* prescribes ! (f]+s to be made to ! gods ( ,eleusis2 = al?\gh 9 t decree ,pluto is n m5tion$ "u ! "n ( ,subt]ranean ,zeus1 he is cle>ly ref]r$ to1 z ! editors ( ! inscription h se51 "u ! vague title ( 8! ,god10 :ile 8 consort ,p]sephone is simil>ly ref]r$ to "u ! title ( 8! ,goddess10 & x is orda9$ t p]fect victims %all be sacrific$ to bo? ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 if we ?us dispose ( "o difficulty1 x mu/ be confess$ t 9 do+ s we raise ano!r4 ,= if ! bridegroom 9 ! ,sacr$ ,m>riage at ,eleusis 0 n ! sky-god ,zeus1 b ! e>?-god ,pluto1 we seem driv5 to suppose t1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! rev]5d ,*ri/ian sc&al-mong]s1 ! bride 0 8 lawful wife ,p]sephone & n 8 si/] & "m-9-law ,demet]4 ,9 %ort1 on ! hypo!sis :i* ,i h sugge/$ we are compell$ to conclude t ! anci5t busybodies :o lift$ ! veil f ! my/ic m>riage 7 mi/ak5 z to ! p]son bo? ( ! div9e bridegroom & ( ! div9e bride4 ,9 reg>d to ! bridegroom ,i h conjectur$ t !y may h confus$ ! two bro!rs1 ,zeus ( ! ,upp] ,_w & ,zeus ( ! ,l[] ,_w4 ,9 reg>d to ! bride1 c any reason be sugge/$ = conf\nd+ ! p]sons ( ! "m & daught]8 ,on ! view "h tak5 ( ! nature ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone no?+ c\ld be easi] ?an to confuse !m ) ea* o!r1 = bo? ( !m 7 my?ical embodim5ts ( ! corn1 ! "m ,demet] /&+ = ! old corn ( la/ ye> & ! daught] ,p]sephone /&+ = ! new corn ( ?is ye>4 ,9 po9t ( fact ,greek arti/s1 bo? ( ! ar*aic & ( lat] p]iods1 frequ5tly repres5t ! ,"m & ,daught] side by side 9 =ms :i* resemble ea* o!r s closely t em95t mod]n exp]ts h sometimes diff]$ f ea* o!r on ! "q1 :i* is ,demet] & :i* is ,p]sephone2 inde$ 9 "s cases x might be q impossible to di/+ui% ! two if x 7 n = ! inscriptions atta*$ to ! figures47#bdj7 ,! anci5t sculptors1 vase-pa9t]s1 & engrav]s mu/ h _h "s good reason = portray+ ! two goddesses 9 types :i* are almo/ indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r2 & :at bett] reason c\ld !y h _h ?an ! k t ! two p]sons ( ! godhead 7 "o 9 sub/ance1 t !y /ood m]ely = two diff]5t aspects ( ! same simple natural ph5om5on1 ! gr[? ( ! corn8 ,?us x is easy to und]/& :y ,demet] & ,p]sephone may h be5 confus$ 9 ritual z well z 9 art1 :y 9 p>ticul> ! "p ( ! div9e bride 9 a ,sacr$ ,m>riage may sometimes h be5 assign$ to ! ,"m & sometimes to ! ,daught]4 ,b all ?is1 ,i fully admit1 is a m]e speculation1 & ,i only put x =w>d z su*4 ,we possess f> too little in=mation z to a ,sacr$ ,m>riage 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies to be ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ) confid5ce on s obscure a subject4 7,m#ej7 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 :i* we may say ) a fair degree ( probability is t1 if su* a m>riage did take place at ,eleusis1 no date 9 ! agricultural ye> c\ld well h be5 m appropriate = x ?an ! date at :i* ! ,my/]ies actually fell1 namely ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! long ,greek summ] is practically ra9less & 9 ! f]v5t heat & unbrok5 dr\ght all nature langui%es4 ,! riv]-b$s are dry1 ! fields p>*$4 ,! f>m] awaits impati5tly ! sett+-9 ( ! autumnal ra9s1 :i* beg9 9 ,octob] & m>k ! great season = pl\gh+ & s[+4 ,:at "t c\ld be fitt] = celebrat+ ! union ( ! ,corn ,goddess ) h] husb& ! ,e>? ,god or p]haps r ) h] p>am\r ! ,sky ,god1 :o w soon desc5d 9 f]tilis+ %[]s to quick5 ! se$ 9 ! furr[s8 ,su* embraces ( ! div9e p[]s or _! human repres5tatives might well be deem$1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,at lea/ simil> ideas h be5 ent]ta9$ & simil> cu/oms h be5 practis$ by _m peoples27#bda7 & 9 ! leg5d ( ,demet]'s love-adv5ture among ! furr[s ( ! ?rice-pl\gh$ fall[7#bdb7 we seem to cat* a glimpse ( rude rites ( ! same sort p]=m$ 9 ! fields at s[+-"t by ,greek pl\ghm5 = ! sake ( ensur+ ! gr[? ( ! se$ :i* !y 7 ab\t to commit to ! bosom ( ! nak$ e>?4 ,9 ?is connexion a /atem5t ( anci5t writ]s z to ! rites ( ,eleusis receives fre% significance4 ,we are told t at ^! rites ! wor%ipp]s look$ up to ! sky & cri$ 8,ra960 & !n look$ d[n at ! e>? & cri$ 8,conceive607#bdc7 ,no?+ c\ld be m appropriate at a m>riage ( ! ,sky ,god & ! ,e>? or ,corn ,goddess ?an su* invocations to ! heav5 to p\r d[n ra9 & to ! e>? or ! corn to conceive se$ "u ! f]tilis+ %[]2 9 ,greece no "t c\ld well be m suitable = ! utt]ance ( su* pray]s ?an j at ! date :5 ! ,great ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis 7 celebrat$1 at ! end ( ! long dr\ght ( summ] & be=e ! fir/ ra9s ( autumn4 7,m#ea7 ,diff]5t bo? f ! ,great ,my/]ies & ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits at ,eleusis 7 ! games :i* 7 celebrat$ !re on a great scale once 9 e f\r ye>s & on a less scale once 9 e two ye>s47#bdd7 ,t ! games 7 di/9ct f ! ,my/]ies is prov$ by _! p]iods1 :i* 7 quadri5nial & bi5nial respectively1 :]eas ! ,my/]ies 7 celebrat$ annually4 ,moreov]1 9 ,greek epigraphy1 our mo/ au!ntic evid5ce 9 su* matt]s1 ! games & ! ,my/]ies are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by be+ m5tion$ sep>ately 9 ! same inscription47#bde7 ,b l ! ,my/]ies ! games seem to h be5 v anci5t2 = ! ,p>ian ,*ronicl]1 :o wrote 9 ! ye> #bfd ,b4,c41 assigns ! f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian games to ! reign ( ,p&ion1 ! son ( ,cecrops4 ,h[ev]1 he repres5ts !m z ( lat] orig9 ?an ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 :i* accord+ to him 7 in/itut$ by ,eumolpus 9 ! reign ( ,ere*!us1 aft] ,demet] _h plant$ corn 9 ,attica & ,triptolemus _h s[n se$ 9 ! ,r>ian pla9 at ,eleusis47#bdf7 ,?is te/imony to ! sup]ior antiquity ( ! ,my/]ies is 9 h>mony ) our mo/ anci5t au?ority on ! rites ( ,eleusis1 ! au?or ( ! ,hymn to ,demet]1 :o describes ! orig9 ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 b makes no ref]5ce or allusion to ! ,eleus9ian ,games4 ,h[ev]1 ! great age ( ! games is aga9 v\*$ = at a mu* lat] date by ! rhetorician ,ari/ides1 :o ev5 decl>es t !y 7 ! olde/ ( all ,greek games47#bdg7 ,) reg>d to ! nature & mean+ ( ! games our in=mation is extremely scanty1 b an old s*olia/ on ,p9d> tells u t !y 7 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone z a ?ank-(f]+ at ! conclusion ( ! corn-h>ve/47#bdh7 ,8 te/imony is confirm$ by t ( ! rhetorician ,ari/ides1 :o m5tions ! in/itution ( ! ,eleus9ian games 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! (f]+s ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn1 :i* _m ,greek /ates s5t to ,a!ns27#bdi7 & f an inscription dat$ ab\t ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era we le>n t at ! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone47#bej7 ,fur!r1 we ga!r f an (ficial ,a!nian inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c4 t bo? ! ,great & ! ,less] ,games includ$ a?letic & musical conte/s1 a horse-race1 & a competition :i* bore ! "n ( ! ,ance/ral or ,h]$it>y ,conte/1 & :i* accord+ly may well h =m$ ! orig9al k]nel ( ! games47#bea7 ,un=tunately no?+ is kn[n ab\t ?is ,ance/ral ,conte/4 ,we might be tempt$ to id5tify x ) ! ,ance/ral ,conte/ includ$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor17#beb7 :i* 0 probably held on ! ,sacr$ ,?re%+-floor ( ,triptolemus at ,eleusis47#bec7 ,if ! id5tification c\ld be prov$1 we %\ld h ano!r confirmation ( ! tradition :i* connects ! games ) ,demet] & ! corn2 = accord+ to ! preval5t tradition x 0 to ,triptolemus t ,demet] fir/ reveal$ ! secret ( ! corn1 & x 0 he :om %e s5t out z an it9]ant mission>y to imp>t ! b5efic5t discov]y ( ! c]eals to all mank9d & to tea* !m to s[ ! se$47#bed7 ,on monum5ts ( art1 especially 9 vase-pa9t+s1 he is con/antly repres5t$ along ) ,demet] 9 ?is capacity1 hold+ corn-/alks 9 8 h& & sitt+ 9 8 c>1 :i* is sometimes w+$ & sometimes drawn by dragons1 & f :i* he is said to h s[$ ! se$ d[n on ! :ole _w z he sp$ ?r\gh ! air47#bee7 ,at ,eleusis victims b\ght ) ! fir/-fruits ( ! :eat & b>ley 7 sacrific$ to him z well z to ,demet] & ,p]sephone47#bef7 ,9 %ort1 if we may judge f ! comb9$ te/imony ( ,greek lit]ature & art1 ,triptolemus 0 ! corn-h]o fir/ & =emo/4 ,ev5 beyond ! limits ( ! ,greek _w1 all m51 we are told1 f\nd$ sanctu>ies & erect$ alt>s 9 8 hon\r because he _h be/[$ on !m ! gift ( ! corn47#beg7 ,8 v "n has be5 plausibly expla9$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times z 8,?rice-pl\gh$0 ) ref]5ce to ! ,greek cu/om ( pl\gh+ ! l& ?rice a ye>17#beh7 & ! d]ivation is said to be on philological pr9ciples free f objection47#bei7 ,9 fact x w\ld seem z if ,triptolemus1 l ,demet] & ,p]sephone !mselves1 7 a purely my?ical be+1 an embodim5t ( ! conception ( ! fir/ s[]4 ,at all ev5ts 9 ! local ,eleus9ian leg5d1 accord+ to an em95t s*ol>1 :o has paid special att5tion to ,attic g5ealogy1 8,triptolemus does n1 l 8 comrade ,eumolpus or o!r f\nd]s ( ,eleus9ian prie/ly families1 cont9ue 8 k9d1 b )\t leav+ (fspr+ :o might p]petuate 8 prie/ly (fice1 he is remov$ f ! sc5e ( 8 b5efic5t activity4 ,z he appe>$1 s he vani%es aga9 f ! leg5d1 aft] he has fulfill$ 8 div9e mission407#bfj7 7,m#eb7 ,h[ev]1 !re is no suffici5t gr\nd = id5tify+ ! ,ance/ral ,conte/ ( ! ,eleus9ian games ) ! ,ance/ral ,conte/ ( ! ,?re%+-fe/ival at ,eleusis1 & accord+ly ! connexion ( ! games ) ! corn-h>ve/ & ) ! corn-h]o ,triptolemus mu/ s f> rema9 unc]ta94 ,b a cle> trace ( su* a connexion may be se5 9 ! cu/om ( rew>d+ ! victors 9 ! ,eleus9ian games ) measures ( b>ley2 9 ! (ficial ,a!nian inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c41 :i* conta9s ! acc\nts ( ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ,eleusis & ! ,treasur]s ( ! ,two ,goddesses1 ! am\nts ( corn h&$ ov] by ^! (fic]s to ! prie/s & prie/esses = ! purposes ( ! games is exactly specifi$47#bfa7 ,?is ( itself is suffici5t to prove t ! ,eleus9ian games 7 closely connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,! gra9 ?us di/ribut$ 9 prizes 0 probably reap$ on ! ,r>ian pla9 ne> ,eleusis1 :]e accord+ to ! leg5d ,triptolemus s[$ ! fir/ corn47#bfb7 ,c]ta9ly we "k t ! b>ley gr[n on t pla9 0 us$ 9 sacrifices & = ! bak+ ( ! sacrificial cakes17#bfc7 f :i* we may reasonably inf] t ! prizes ( b>ley1 to :i* no d\bt a c]ta9 sanctity atta*$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 7 br\ght f ! same holy fields4 ,s sacr$ 0 ! ,r>ian pla9 t no dead body 0 all[$ to defile x4 ,:5 su* a pollution accid5tally took place1 x 0 expiat$ by ! sacrifice ( a pig17#bfd7 ! usual victim employ$ 9 ,greek purificatory rites4 7,m#ec7 ,?us1 s f> z ! scanty evid5ce at our disposal p]mits u to judge1 ! ,eleus9ian games1 l ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 w\ld seem to h be5 prim>ily conc]n$ ) ,demet] & ,p]sephone z goddesses ( ! corn4 ,at lea/ t is expressly affirm$ by ! old s*olia/ on ,p9d> & x is borne out by ! practice ( rew>d+ ! victors ) measures ( b>ley4 ,p]haps ! ,ance/ral ,conte/1 :i* may well h =m$ ! orig9al nucleus ( ! games1 0 a conte/ betwe5 ! reap]s on ! sacr$ ,r>ian pla9 to see :o %\ld f9i% 8 allott$ task be=e 8 fell[s4 ,= success 9 su* a conte/ no prize c\ld be m appropriate ?an a measure ( ! sacr$ b>ley :i* ! victori\s reap] _h j cut on ! b>ley-field4 ,9 ! sequel we %all see t simil> conte/s betwe5 reap]s h be5 common on ! h>ve/ fields ( mod]n ,europe1 & x w appe> t su* competitions are n purely a?letic2 _! aim is n simply to demon/rate ! sup]ior /r5g?1 activity1 & skill ( ! victors2 x is to secure = ! p>ticul> f>m ! possession ( ! bloom+ "y ,corn-maid5 ( ! pres5t ye>1 conceiv$ z ! embodim5t ( ! vigor\s gra91 & to pass on to lagg>d neighb\rs ! ag$ ,corn-"m ( ! pa/ ye>1 conceiv$ z an embodim5t ( ! effete & outworn en]gies ( ! corn47#bfe7 ,may x n h be5 s at ,eleusis8 may n ! reap]s h vi$ ) ea* o!r = possession ( ! "y corn-_s ,p]sephone & = avoidance ( ! old corn-_s ,demet]8 may n ! prize ( b>ley1 :i* rew>d$ ! victor 9 ! ,ance/ral ,conte/1 h be5 suppos$ to h\se 9 ! ripe e>s no less a p]sonage ?an ! ,corn-maid5 ,p]sephone h]self8 ,& if !re is any tru? 9 ^! conjectures 7= conjectures !y are & no?+ m71 we may haz>d a guess z to ! o!r ,ance/ral ,conte/ :i* took place at ! ,eleus9ian ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor4 ,p]haps x 9 l mann] 0 orig9ally a competition betwe5 ?re%]s on ! sacr$ ?re%+-floor ( ,triptolemus to det]m9e :o %\ld f9i% ?re%+ 8 allott$ quantity ( corn be=e ! re/4 ,su* competitions h also be5 common1 z we %all see pres5tly1 on ! ?re%+-floors ( mod]n ,europe1 & _! motive aga9 has n be5 simple emulation betwe5 /urdy swa9s = ! rew>d ( /r5g? & dext]ity2 x has be5 a dread ( be+ burd5$ ) ! ag$ & outworn _s ( ! corn conceiv$ z pres5t 9 ! bundle ( corn-/alks :i* receives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+47#bff7 ,we "k t effigies ( ,demet] ) corn & poppies 9 h] h&s /ood on ,greek ?re%+-floors47#bfg7 ,p]haps at ! conclusion ( ! ?re%+ ^! effigies1 z repres5tatives ( ! old ,corn-_s1 7 pass$ on to neighb\rs :o _h n yet f9i%$ ?re%+ ! corn4 ,at lea/ ! supposition is 9 h>mony ) mod]n cu/oms obs]v$ on ! ?re%+-floor4 7,m#ed7 ,x is possible t ! ,eleus9ian games 7 no m ?an a popul> m]rymak+ celebrat$ at ! close ( ! h>ve/4 ,?is view ( _! "* might be support$ by mod]n analogies2 = 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many x has be5 cu/om>y = ! h>ve/]s1 :5 _! "w is done1 to engage 9 a?letic competitions ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* h at fir/ sight no v obvi\s connexion ) ! bus9ess ( h>ve/+4 ,= example1 at ,besbau ne> ,luckau great cakes 7 bak$ at ! h>ve/-fe/ival1 & ! lab\r]s1 bo? m5 & wom51 ran races = !m4 ,he or %e :o rea*$ !m fir/ receiv$ n only a cake1 b a h&k]*ief or ! l z a prize4 ,aga91 at ,b]gkir*51 :5 ! h>ve/ 0 ov]1 a g>l& 0 hung up & ! h>ve/]s rode at x on horseback & tri$ to br+ x d[n ) a /ab or a bl[ z !y gallop$ pa/4 ,he :o succe$$ 9 br++ x d[n 0 proclaim$ ,k+4 ,aga91 9 ! villages ne> ,fr/5wald at h>ve/ ! "y m5 us$ to fet* a fir-tree f ! wood1 peel ! trunk1 & set x up l a ma/ 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,a h&k]*ief & o!r prizes 7 fa/5$ to ! top ( ! pole & ! m5 clamb]$ up = !m47#bfh7 ,among ! peasantry ( ,silesia1 we are told1 ! h>ve/-home broad5$ out into a popul> fe/ival1 9 :i* a?letic sports figur$ prom95tly4 ,?us1 = example1 at ,jris*au1 9 ! ,/rehlitz di/rict1 a scy!1 a rake1 a flail1 & a hay-=k or pit*=k 7 fa/5$ to ! top ( a smoo? pole & aw>d$ z prizes1 9 ord] ( m]it1 to ! m5 :o display$ mo/ agility 9 climb+ ! pole4 ,y\ng] m5 amus$ !mselves ) runn+ 9 sacks1 high jumps1 & s =?4 ,at ,prauss1 ne> ,nimpts*1 ! girls ran a race 9 a field = aprons z prizes4 ,9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ,silesia a fav\rite amusem5t at h>ve/ 0 a race betwe5 girls = a g>l& ( leaves or fl[]s47#bfi7 ,yet x seems probable t all su* sports at h>ve/ 7 9 orig9 n m]e pa/imes1 b t !y 7 s]i\s attempts to secure 9 "o way or ano!r ! help & bless+ ( ! corn-_s4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,prussia1 at ! close ( ! rye-h>ve/1 a few %eaves us$ to be left /&+ 9 ! field aft] all ! re/ ( ! rye _h be5 c>t$ home4 ,^! %eaves 7 !n made up into ! %ape ( a man & dress$ out 9 mascul9e co/ume1 & all ! "y wom5 7 oblig$ to run a race1 ( :i* ! corn-man 0 ! goal4 ,%e :o won ! race l$ (f ! danc+ 9 ! ev5+47#bgj7 ,"h ! aim ( ! foot-race among ! "y wom5 is cle>ly to secure ! corn-_s embodi$ 9 ! la/ %eaf left /&+ on ! field2 =1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! la/ %eaf is commonly suppos$ to h>b\r ! corn-_s & is treat$ accord+ly l a man or a woman47#bga7 7,m#ee7 ,if ! ,ance/ral ,conte/ at ! ,eleus9ian games 01 z ,i h conjectur$1 a conte/ betwe5 ! reap]s on ! sacr$ b>ley-field1 we %\ld h to suppose t ! games 7 celebrat$ at b>ley-h>ve/1 :i* 9 ! l[l&s ( ,greece falls 9 ,may or ev5 at ! end ( ,april4 ,?is !ory is 9 h>mony ) ! evid5ce ( ! s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 :o tells u t ! ,eleus9ian games 7 celebrat$ aft] ! corn-h>ve/47#bgb7 ,no o!r anci5t au?ority1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 m5tions at :at "t ( ! ye> ^! games 7 held4 ,mod]n au?orities1 argu+ f c]ta9 slight & to "s ext5t conjectural data1 h v>i\sly assign$ !m to ,metageitnion 7,augu/7 & to ,bo$romion 7,septemb]71 & ^? :o assign !m to ,bo$romion 7,septemb]7 are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r !y prec$$ or foll[$ ! ,my/]ies47#bgc7 ,h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is f> too sl5d] & unc]ta9 to all[ ( any conclusions be+ bas$ on x4 7,m#ef7 ,b !re is a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way ( connect+ ! ,eleus9ian games ) ! goddesses ( ! corn4 ,h[ is ! quadri5nial or ! bi5nial p]iod ( ! games to be reconcil$ ) ! annual gr[? ( ! crops8 ,ye> by ye> ! b>ley & ! :eat are s[n & reap$2 h[ !n c\ld ! games1 held only e f\r? or e second ye>1 h be5 reg>d$ z ?ank-(f]+s = ! annual h>ve/8 ,on ?is view ( _! nature1 :i* is ! "o tak5 by ! old s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ?\gh ! h>ve/ 0 receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,corn ,goddess punctually e ye>1 m5 ?ank$ h] = h] b\nty only e second ye> or ev5 only e f\r? ye>4 ,:at 7 h] feel+s likely to be 9 ! blank ye>s :5 %e got no ?anks & no games8 ,%e might naturally res5t su* neglig5ce & +ratitude & puni% !m by =bidd+ ! se$ to spr\t1 j z %e did at ,eleusis :5 %e m\rn$ ! loss ( h] daught]4 ,9 %ort1 m5 c\ld h>dly expect to reap crops 9 ye>s 9 :i* !y (f]$ no?+ to ! ,corn ,goddess4 ,t w\ld inde$ appe> to be ! view g5]ally tak5 by ! anci5t ,greeks2 = we h se5 t ye> by ye> !y pres5t$ ! fir/-fruits ( ! b>ley & ! :eat to ,demet]1 n m]ely 9 ! solemn /ate ritual ( ,eleusis1 b also 9 ru/ic fe/ivals held by f>m]s on _! ?re%+-floors4 ,! pi\s ,greek husb&man w\ld no d\bt h be5 %ock$ & horrifi$ at a proposal to pay ! ,corn ,goddess h] dues only e second or f\r? ye>4 8,no (f]+s1 no crops10 he w\ld say to himself1 & w\ld anticipate no?+ b de>? & fam9e 9 any ye> :5 he fail$ to satisfy ! j & lawful dem&s ( ! div9ity on ^: good pleasure he believ$ ! gr[? ( ! corn to be directly dep5d5t4 ,accord+ly we may reg>d x z highly probable t f ! v beg9n+ ( settl$ & regul> agriculture 9 ,greece m5 annually propitiat$ ! deities ( ! corn ) a ritual ( "s sort1 & r5d]$ !m _! dues 9 ! %ape ( (f]+s ( ! ripe b>ley & :eat4 ,n[ we "k t ! ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis 7 celebrat$ e ye>1 & accord+ly1 if ,i am "r 9 int]pret+ !m z ess5tially a dramatic repres5tation ( ! annual vicissitudes ( ! corn p]=m$ = ! purpose ( quick5+ ! se$1 x becomes probable t 9 "s =m or ano!r !y 7 annually held at ,eleusis long be=e ! practice arose ( celebrat+ games !re e f\r? or e second ye>4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 9 all probability f> old] ?an ! ,eleus9ian games4 ,h[ old !y 7 we _c ev5 guess4 ,b :5 we consid] t ! cultivation ( b>ley & :eat1 ! two c]eals specially associat$ ) ,demet]1 appe>s to h be5 practis$ 9 prehi/oric ,europe f ! ,/one ,age onw>ds17#bgd7 we %all be dispos$ to admit t ! annual p]=mance ( religi\s or magical rites at ,eleusis = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops1 :e!r by propitiat+ ! ,corn ,goddess ) (f]+s ( fir/-fruits or by dramatically repres5t+ ! s[+ & ! gr[? ( ! corn 9 my?ical =m1 probably dates f an extremely remote antiquity4 7,m#eg7 ,b 9 ord] to cle> our ideas on ?is subject x is desirable to asc]ta91 if possible1 ! reason = hold+ ! ,eleus9ian games at int]vals ( two or f\r ye>s4 ,! reason = hold+ a h>ve/ fe/ival & ?anksgiv+ e ye> is obvi\s en\gh2 b :y hold games only e second or e f\r? ye>8 ,! reason = su* limitations is by no means obvi\s on ! face ( !m1 especially if ! gr[? ( ! crops is deem$ dep5d5t on ! celebration4 ,9 ord] to f9d an answ] to ?is "q x may be well at ! outset to conf9e our att5tion to ! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games1 :i* 7 celebrat$ only e f\r? ye>4 ,t ^! 7 ! pr9cipal games appe>s n only f _! "n1 b f ! te/imony ( ,ari/otle1 or at lea/ ( ! au?or ( ,! ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 :o notices only ! quadri5nial or1 z 9 accordance ) ,greek idiom he calls x1 ! p5tet]ic celebration ( ! games47#bge7 ,n[ ! cu/om ( hold+ games at int]vals ( f\r ye>s 0 v common 9 ,greece2 to take only a few conspicu\s examples ! ,olympic games at ,olympia1 ! ,py?ian games at ,delphi1 ! ,pana!naic games at ,a!ns1 & ! ,eleu!rian games at ,plataea7#bgf7 7 all celebrat$ at quadri5nial or1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m1 p5tet]ic p]iods2 & at a lat] "t :5 ,augu/us in/itut$1 or r r5ew$ on a m spl5did scale1 ! games at ,actium to commemorate 8 great victory1 he foll[$ a well-e/abli%$ ,greek prec$5t by orda9+ t !y %\ld be quadri5nial47#bgg7 ,/ill lat] ! emp]or ,hadrian in/itut$ quadri5nial games at ,mant9ea 9 hon\r ( 8 dead fav\rite ,ant9\s47#bgh7 ,b 9 reg>d to ! two greate/ ( all ! ,greek games1 ! ,olympian & ! ,py?ian1 ,i h %ewn reasons = ?9k+ t !y 7 orig9ally celebrat$ at int]vals ( eight in/ead ( f\r ye>s2 c]ta9ly ?is is atte/$ = ! ,py?ian games17#bgi7 & ! mode ( calculat+ ! ,olympiads by alt]nate p]iods ( fifty & =ty-n9e lun> mon?s17#bhj7 :i* add$ toge!r make up eight sol> ye>s1 seems to prove t ! ,olympic cycle ( f\r ye>s 0 really bas$ on a cycle ( eight ye>s1 f :i* x is natural to inf] t 9 ! beg9n+ ! ,olympic1 l ! ,py?ian1 games may h be5 oct5nial in/ead ( quadri5nial47#bha7 ,n[ we "k f ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts !mselves t ! ,greeks in/itut$ ! eight-ye>s' cycle = ! purpose ( h>monis+ sol> & lun> "t47#bhb7 ,!y regulat$ _! cal5d> prim>ily by obs]vation ( ! moon r ?an ( ! sun2 _! mon?s 7 lun>1 & _! ord9>y ye> consi/$ ( twelve lun> mon?s4 ,b ! sol> ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five & a qu>t] days exce$s ! lun> ye> ( twelve lun> mon?s or ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r days by elev5 & a qu>t] days1 s t 9 eight sol> ye>s ! excess am\nts to n9ety days or r\ghly ?ree lun> mon?s4 ,accord+ly ! ,greeks equat$ eight sol> ye>s to eight lun> ye>s ( twelve mon?s ea* by int]calat+ ?ree lun> mon?s ( ?irty days ea* 9 ! oct5nial cycle2 !y int]calat$ "o lun> mon? 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! cycle1 a second lun> mon? 9 ! fif? ye>1 & a ?ird lun> mon? 9 ! eigh? ye>47#bhc7 ,9 ?is way !y1 s to say1 made ! sun & moon keep "t toge!r by reckon+ n9ety-n9e lun> mon?s z equival5t to eight sol> ye>s2 s t if1 = example1 ! full moon co9cid$ ) ! summ] sol/ice 9 "o ye>1 x co9cid$ ) x aga9 aft] ! revolution ( ! eight ye>s' cycle1 b n be=e4 ,! equation 0 inde$ n q exact1 & 9 ord] to r5d] x s ! ,greeks aft]w>ds f\nd !mselves oblig$1 fir/1 to int]calate ?ree days e sixte5 ye>s1 &1 next1 to omit "o int]cal>y mon? 9 e p]iod ( "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s47#bhd7 ,b ^! corrections 7 d\btless ref9em5ts ( a lat] age2 !y may h be5 due to ! a/ronom] ,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 or to ,cleo/ratus ( ,t5$os1 :o 7 v>i\sly1 b incorrectly1 suppos$ to h in/itut$ ! oct5nial cycle47#bhe7 ,!re are /rong gr\nds = hold+ t 9 its simple/ =m ! oct5nial cycle ( n9ety-n9e lun> mon?s dates f an extremely remote antiquity 9 ,greece2 t x 0 9 fact1 z a well-in=m$ ,greek writ] tell u17#bhf7 ! fir/ sy/ematic attempt to br+ sol> & ! lun> "t into h>mony4 ,inde$1 if ! ,olympiads 7 calculat$1 z !y appe> to h be51 on ! eight ye>s' cycle1 ?is ( itself suffices to place ! orig9 ( ! cycle n lat] ?an #ggf ,b4,c41 ! ye> ) :i* ! reckon+ by ,olympiads beg9s4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d ! v remote p]iod f :i*1 judg$ by ! wond]ful rema9s ( ,myc5ae1 ,tiryns1 ,cnossus & o!r cities1 civilisation 9 ,greek l&s appe>s to date1 x seems reasonable to suppose t ! oct5nial cycle1 bas$ z x 0 on v simple obs]vations1 = :i* no?+ b good eyes & almo/ no a/ronomical k 0 necess>y17#bhg7 may h be5 h&$ d[n among ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries f ages t prec$$ by _m c5turies1 possibly by ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! great p]iod ( ,greek lit]ature & art4 ,! supposition is confirm$ by ! traces :i* ! oct5nial cycle has left ( itself 9 c]ta9 anci5t ,greek cu/oms & sup]/itions1 p>ticul>ly by ! evid5ce :i* po9ts to ! conclusion t at two ( ! olde/ seats ( mon>*y 9 ,greece1 namely ,cnossus & ,sp>ta1 ! k+'s t5ure ( (fice 0 =m]ly limit$ to eight ye>s47#bhh7 7,m#eh7 ,we are in=m$1 & may readily believe1 t ! motive :i* l$ ! ,greeks to adopt ! eight ye>s' cycle 0 religi\s r ?an practical or sci5tific3 _! aim 0 n s mu* to ensure ! punctual despat* ( bus9ess or to solve an ab/ract problem 9 a/ronomy1 z to asc]ta9 ! exact days on :i* !y ought to sacrifice to ! gods4 ,= ! ,greeks regul>ly employ$ lun> mon?s 9 _! reckon+s17#bhi7 & accord+ly if !y _h dat$ _! religi\s fe/ivals simply by ! numb] ( ! mon? & ! day ( ! mon?1 ! excess ( elev5 & a qu>t] days ( ! sol> ov] ! lun> ye> w\ld h _h ! effect ( caus+ ! fe/ivals gradually to revolve ?r\gh\t ! :ole circle ( ! seasons1 s t 9 "t c]emonies :i* prop]ly belong$ to w9t] w\ld come to be held 9 summ]1 & on ! contr>y c]emonies :i* 7 only appropriate to summ] w\ld come to be held 9 w9t]4 ,to avoid ?is anomaly1 & to ensure t fe/ivals dat$ by lun> mon?s %\ld fall at fix$ or ne>ly fix$ po9ts 9 ! sol> ye>1 ! ,greeks adopt$ ! oct5nial cycle by ! simple exp$i5t ( int]calat+ ?ree lun> mon?s 9 e p]iod ( eight ye>s4 ,9 do+ s !y act$1 z "o ( _! writ]s ju/ly po9t$ out1 on a pr9ciple precisely ! rev]se ( t foll[$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o delib]ately regulat$ _! religi\s fe/ivals by a purely lun> cal5d> = ! purpose ( all[+ !m gradually to revolve ?r\gh\t ! :ole circle ( ! seasons47#bij7 7,m#ei7 ,?us at an e>ly /age ( culture ! regulation ( ! cal5d> is l>gely an affair ( religion3 x is a means ( ma9ta9+ ! e/abli%$ relations betwe5 gods & m5 on a satisfactory foot+2 & 9 public op9ion ! great evil ( a disord]$ cal5d> is n s mu* t x di/urbs & dis>ranges ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess & ! v>i\s transactions ( civil life1 z t x endang]s ! welf>e or ev5 ! exi/5ce bo? ( individuals & ( ! community by int]rupt+ _! normal int]c\rse ) ^? div9e p[]s on ^: fav\r m5 believe !mselves to be absolutely dep5d5t4 ,h5ce 9 /ates :i* take ?is view ( ! deep religi\s import ( ! cal5d> its sup]9t5d5ce is naturally entru/$ to prie/s r ?an to a/ronom]s1 because ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy is reg>d$ m]ely z ancill>y to ! deep] my/]ies ( !ology4 ,= example1 at ,rome ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! mon?s & regulat+ ! fe/ivals 0 a secret :i* ! pontiffs = ages jeal\sly gu>d$ f ! pr(ane vulg>2 & 9 consequ5ce ( _! ignorance & incapacity ! cal5d> fell into confusion & ! fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ out ( _! natural seasons1 until ! greate/ ( all ! ,roman pontiffs1 ,julius ,caes>1 rem$i$ ! confusion & plac$ ! cal5d> ( ! civilis$ _w on ! firm f\ndation on :i*1 ) little *ange1 x /&s to ?is day47#bia7 7,m#fj7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x appe>s probable t ! oct5nial cycle1 bas$ on consid]ations ( religion & on elem5t>y obs]vations ( ! two great lum9>ies1 dat$ f a v remote p]iod among ! anci5t ,greeks2 if !y did n br+ x ) !m :5 !y migrat$ s\?w>ds f ! oakwoods & bee*woods ( ,c5tral ,europe1 !y may well h tak5 x ov] f _! civilis$ pr$ecessors ( diff]5t blood & diff]5t language :om !y f\nd lead+ a settl$ agricultural life on ! l&s ab\t ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,n[ we h se5 reasons to hold t ! two mo/ fam\s ( ! great ,greek games1 ! ,py?ian & ! ,olympian1 7 bo? bas$ on ! anci5t cycle ( eight ye>s1 & t ! quadri5nial p]iod at :i* !y 7 regul>ly celebrat$ 9 hi/orical times 0 arriv$ at by a subdivision ( ! old] oct5nial cycle4 ,x is h>dly ra%1 !re=e1 to conjecture t ! quadri5nial p]iod 9 g5]al1 reg>d$ z ! normal p]iod = ! celebration ( great games & fe/ivals1 0 orig9ally f\nd$ on elem5t>y religi\s & a/ronomical consid]ations ( ! same k9d1 t is1 on a some:at crude attempt to h>monise ! discrepancies ( sol> & lun> "t & !reby to ensure ! cont9u$ fav\r ( ! gods4 ,x is1 inde$1 c]ta9 or probable t "s ( ^! quadri5nial fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead27#bib7 b !re seems to be no?+ 9 ! beliefs or cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,greeks conc]n+ ! dead :i* w\ld sugge/ a quadri5nial p]iod z an appropriate "o = propitiat+ ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$4 ,at fir/ sight x is diff]5t ) ! oct5nial p]iod2 = accord+ to ,p9d>1 ! s\ls ( ! dead :o _h be5 purg$ ( _! guilt by an abode ( eight ye>s 9 ! ne!r _w 7 born aga9 on e>? 9 ! n9? ye> z glori\s k+s1 a?letes1 & sages47#bic7 ,n[ if ?is belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead aft] eight ye>s 7 primitive1 x might c]ta9ly furni% an excell5t reason = hon\r+ ! gho/s ( great m5 at _! graves e eight ye>s 9 ord] to facilitate _! rebir? into ! _w4 ,yet ! p]iod ( eight ye>s ?us rigidly appli$ to ! life ( disembodi$ spirits appe>s too arbitr>y & conv5tional to be really primitive1 & we may suspect t 9 ?is application x 0 no?+ b an inf]5ce drawn f ! old oct5nial cycle1 :i* _h be5 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( reconcil+ sol> & lun> "t4 ,if t 0 s1 x w foll[ t ! quadri5nial p]iod ( fun]al games 01 l ! simil> p]iod ( o!r religi\s fe/ivals1 obta9$ ?r\gh ! bisection ( ! oct5nial cycle1 & h5ce t x 0 ultimately d]iv$ f a/ronomical consid]ations r ?an f any beliefs t\*+ a quadri5nial revolution 9 ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,yet 9 hi/orical times x may well h happ5$ t ^! consid]ations 7 =gott51 & t games & fe/ivals 7 in/itut$ at quadri5nial int]vals1 = example at ,plataea7#bid7 9 hon\r ( ! sla91 at ,actium to commemorate ! great victory1 & at ,mant9ea 9 hon\r ( ,ant9\s17#bie7 )\t any consci\s ref]5ce to ! sun & moon1 & m]ely because t p]iod _h f "t immemorial be5 reg>d$ z ! prop] & normal "o = ! celebration ( c]ta9 solemn religi\s rites4 7,m#fa7 ,if we enquire :y ! ,greeks s (t5 bisect$ ! old oct5nial p]iod into two quadri5nial p]iods = purposes ( religion1 ! answ] c only be conjectural1 = no positive in=mation appe>s to be giv5 u on ! subject by anci5t writ]s4 ,p]haps !y ?\ght t eight ye>s 0 too long a "t to elapse betwe5 ! solemn s]vices1 & t x 0 desirable to propitiate ! deities at %ort] int]vals4 ,b x is possible t political z well z religi\s motives may h op]at$ to produce ! *ange4 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k t at two ( ! olde/ seats ( mon>*y 9 ,greece1 namely ,cnossus & ,sp>ta1 k+s =m]ly held (fice = p]iods ( eight ye>s only1 aft] :i* _! sov]eignty ei!r t]m9at$ or _h to be =mally r5ew$4 ,n[ ) ! gradual gr[? ( t democratic s5tim5t1 :i* ultimately dom9at$ ,greek political life1 m5 w\ld become m & m jeal\s ( ! k+ly p[] & w\ld seek to re/rict x )9 n>r[] limits1 & "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s means ( do+ s 0 to %ort5 ! k+'s t5ure ( (fice4 ,we "k t ?is 0 done at ,a!ns1 :]e ! dyna/y ( ! ,m$ontids 0 r$uc$ f ! rank ( mon>*s = life to t ( magi/rates hold+ (fice = t5 ye>s only47#bif7 ,x is possible t else:]e ! k+'s reign 0 cut d[n f eight ye>s to f\r ye>s2 & if ,i am "r 9 my explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! ,olympic games ?is political revolution actually took place at ,olympia1 :]e ! victors 9 ! *>iot-race w\ld seem at fir/ to h p]sonat$ ! ,sun-god & p]haps held (fice 9 ! capacity ( div9e k+s dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 successive celebrations ( ! games47#big7 ,if at ,olympia & else:]e ! games 7 ( old prim>ily conte/s 9 :i* ! k+ _h p]sonally to take "p = ! purpose ( atte/+ 8 bodily vig\r & !re=e 8 capacity = (fice1 ! repetition ( ! te/ at int]vals ( f\r in/ead ( eight ye>s might be reg>d$ z furni%+ a bett] gu>antee ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! k+'s effici5cy & !reby ( ! g5]al welf>e1 :i* 9 primitive society is (t5 suppos$ to be sympa!tically b\nd up ) ! heal? & /r5g? ( ! k+4 7,m#fb7 ,b :ile _m ( ! great ,greek games 7 celebrat$ at int]vals ( f\r ye>s1 o!rs1 su* z ! ,nemean & ! ,i/hmian1 7 celebrat$ at int]vals ( two ye>s only2 & j z ! quadri5nial p]iod seems to h be5 arriv$ at ?r\gh a bisection ( ! oct5nial p]iod1 s we may surmise t ! bi5nial p]iod 0 produc$ by a bisection ( ! quadri5nial p]iod4 ,?is 0 ! view :i* ! admirable mod]n *ronolog] ,l4 ,idel] took ( ! orig9 ( ! quadri5nial & bi5nial fe/ivals respectively17#bih7 & x appe>s f> m probable ?an ! contr>y op9ion ( ! anci5t *ronolog] ,c5sor9us1 t ! quadri5nial p]iod 0 rea*$ by d\bl+ ! bi5nial1 & ! oct5nial p]iod by d\bl+ ! quadri5nial47#bii7 ,! !ory ( ,c5sor9us 0 t ! ,greeks />t$ ) a bi5nial cycle ( twelve & ?irte5 lun> mon?s alt]nately 9 successive ye>s = ! purpose ( h>monis+ sol> & lun> "t47#cjj7 ,b z ! cycle s produc$ exce$s ! true sol> "t by sev5 & a half days17#cja7 ! discrepancy :i* x leaves betwe5 ! two great cele/ial clocks1 ! sun & moon1 0 too gl>+ to escape ! obs]vation ev5 ( simple f>m]s1 :o w\ld soon h be5 pa9fully s5sible t ! times 7 out ( jo9t1 if !y _h attempt$ to regulate ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! agricultural ye> by ref]5ce to s v inaccurate an almanac4 ,x is unlikely1 !re=e1 t ! ,greeks ev] made mu* use ( a bi5nial cycle ( ?is sort4 7,m#fc7 ,n[ to apply ^! conclusions to ! ,eleus9ian games1 :i* furni%$ ! />t+-po9t = ! prec$+ discussion4 ,:atev] ! orig9 & mean+ ( ^! games may h be51 we may surmise t ! quadri5nial & bi5nial p]iods at :i* !y 7 held 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f a/ronomical consid]ations1 & t !y _h no?+ to d directly ei!r ) ! agricultural cycle1 :i* is annual1 nor ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 :i* c sc>cely be said to h any cycle at all1 unless inde$ x be an annual "o4 ,9 o!r words1 nei!r ! ne$s ( husb&ry nor ! sup]/itions relat+ to gho/s furni% any natural explanation ( ! quadri5nial & bi5nial p]iods ( ! ,eleus9ian games1 & to discov] su* an explanation we are oblig$ to fall back on a/ronomy or1 to be m exact1 on t bl5d ( a/ronomy ) religion :i* appe>s to be ma9ly responsible = su* ,greek fe/ivals z exce$ a ye> 9 _! p]iod4 ,to admit ?is is n to decide ! "q :e!r ! ,eleus9ian games 7 agricultural or fun]eal 9 "*2 b x is implicitly to ackn[l$ge t ! games 7 ( lat] orig9 ?an ! annual c]emonies1 includ+ ! ,great ,my/]ies1 :i* 7 design$ to propitiate ! deities ( ! corn = ! v simple & practical purpose ( ensur+ good crops )9 ! ye>4 ,= x _c b be t m5 obs]v$ & laid _! acc\nt ) ! annual *anges ( ! seasons1 especially z manife/$ by ! gr[? & maturity ( ! crops1 long be=e !y attempt$ to reconcile ! discrepancies ( sol> & lun> "t by a s]ies ( obs]vations ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s4 7,m#fd7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 if1 ignor+ !ories1 we adh]e to ! evid5ce ( ! anci5ts !mselves 9 reg>d to ! rites ( ,eleusis1 includ+ "u t g5]al t]m ! ,great ,my/]ies1 ! games1 ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ 7pro]osia71 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor1 ! ,gre5 ,fe/ival1 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,corn/alks1 & ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits1 we %all probably incl9e to agree ) ! mo/ le>n$ ( anci5t antiqu>ies1 ! ,roman ,v>ro1 :o1 to quote ,augu/9e's report ( 8 op9ion1 8int]pret$ ! :ole ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies z relat+ to ! corn :i* ,c]es 7,demet]7 _h discov]$1 & to ,pros]p9e 7,p]sephone71 :om ,pluto _h c>ri$ (f f h]4 ,& ,pros]p9e h]self1 he said1 signifies ! fecundity ( ! se$s1 ! failure ( :i* at a c]ta9 "t _h caus$ ! e>? to m\rn = b>r5ness1 & !re=e _h giv5 rise to ! op9ion t ! daught] ( ,c]es1 t is1 fecundity itself1 _h be5 ravi%$ by ,pluto & deta9$ 9 ! ne!r _w2 & :5 ! de>? _h be5 publicly m\rn$ & fecundity _h return$ once m1 !re 0 gladness at ! return ( ,pros]p9e & solemn rites 7 in/itut$ accord+ly4 ,aft] t he says10 cont9ues ,augu/9e1 report+ ,v>ro1 8t _m ?+s 7 taught 9 h] my/]ies :i* _h no ref]5ce b to ! discov]y ( ! corn407#cjb7 7,m#fe7 ,?us f> ,i h = ! mo/ "p assum$ an id5tity ( nature betwe5 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! div9e "m & daught] p]sonify+ ! corn 9 its d\ble aspect ( ! se$-corn ( la/ ye> & ! ripe e>s ( ?is1 & ,i po9t$ out t ?is view ( ! sub/antial unity ( "m & daught] is borne out by _! portraits 9 ,greek art1 :i* are (t5 s alike z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,su* a close resemblance betwe5 ! arti/ic types ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone militates decid$ly aga9/ ! view t ! two goddesses are my?ical embodim5ts ( two ?+s s diff]5t & s easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r z ! e>? & ! vegetation :i* spr+s f x4 ,_h ,greek arti/s accept$ t view ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 !y c\ld surely h devis$ types ( !m :i* w\ld h br\ght out ! deep di/9ction betwe5 ! goddesses4 ,t !y 7 capable ( do+ s is prov$ by ! simple fact t !y regul>ly repres5t$ ! ,e>? ,goddess by a type :i* diff]$ widely bo? f t ( ,demet] & f t ( ,p]sephone47#cjc7 ,n only s1 b !y sometimes set ! two types ( ! ,e>? ,goddess & ! ,corn ,goddess 7,demet]7 side by side z if on purpose to demon/rate _! diff]5ce4 ,?us at ,patrae !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ,demet]1 9 :i* %e & ,p]sephone 7 portray$ /&+1 :ile ,e>? 0 repres5t$ by a seat$ image27#cjd7 & on a vase-pa9t+ ! ,e>? ,goddess is se5 appropriately em]g+ f ! gr\nd ) a horn ( pl5ty & an infant 9 h] uplift$ arms1 :ile ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 /& at full height beh9d h]1 look+ d[n at h] half-buri$ figure1 & ,triptolemus 9 8 :eel$ c> sits directly above h]47#cje7 ,9 ?is in/ructive picture1 accord+ly1 we see gr\p$ toge!r ! pr9cipal p]sonages 9 ! my? ( ! corn3 ! ,e>? ,goddess1 ! two ,goddesses ( ! old & ! new corn1 & ! h]o :o is said to h be5 s5t =? by ! ,corn ,goddess to s[ ! se$ broadca/ ov] ! e>?4 ,su* repres5tations seem to prove t ! arti/s cle>ly di/+ui%$ ,demet] f ! ,e>? ,goddess47#cjf7 ,& if ,demet] did n p]sonify ! e>?1 c !re be any reasonable d\bt t1 l h] daught]1 %e p]sonifi$ ! corn :i* 0 s commonly call$ by h] "n f ! "t ( ,hom] d[nw>ds8 ,! ess5tial id5tity ( "m & daught] is sugge/$1 n only by ! close resemblance ( _! arti/ic types1 b also by ! (ficial title ( 8! ,two ,goddesses0 :i* 0 regul>ly appli$ to !m 9 ! great sanctu>y at ,eleusis )\t any specification ( _! individual attributes & titles17#cjg7 z if _! sep>ate individualities _h almo/ m]g$ 9 a s+le div9e sub/ance47#cjh7 7,m#ff7 ,survey+ ! evid5ce z a :ole1 we may say t f ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 f _! ritual1 f _! repres5tations 9 art1 f ! titles :i* !y bore1 f ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits :i* 7 pres5t$ to !m1 & f ! names appli$ to ! c]eals1 we are fairly entitl$ to conclude t 9 ! m9d ( ! ord9>y ,greek ! two goddesses 7 ess5tially p]sonifications ( ! corn1 & t 9 ?is g]m ! :ole effloresc5ce ( _! religion f9ds implicitly its explanation4 ,b to ma9ta9 ?is is n to d5y t 9 ! long c\rse ( religi\s evolution high moral & spiritual conceptions 7 graft$ on ?is simple orig9al /ock & blossom$ out into fair] fl[]s ?an ! bloom ( ! b>ley & ! :eat4 ,above all1 ! ?\ght ( ! se$ buri$ 9 ! e>? 9 ord] to spr+ up to new & high] life readily sugge/$ a comp>ison ) human de/9y1 & /r5g!n$ ! hope t = man too ! grave may be b ! beg9n+ ( a bett] & happi] exi/5ce 9 "s bright] _w unkn[n4 ,?is simple & natural reflection seems p]fectly suffici5t to expla9 ! association ( ! ,corn ,goddess at ,eleusis ) ! my/]y ( dea? & ! hope ( a blissful immortality4 ,= t ! anci5ts reg>d$ initiation 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies z a key to unlock ! gates ( ,p>adise appe>s to be prov$ by ! allusions :i* well-in=m$ writ]s among !m drop to ! happ9ess 9 /ore = ! initiat$ h]eaft]47#cji7 ,no d\bt x is easy = u to disc]n ! flims9ess ( ! logical f\ndation on :i* su* high hopes 7 built47#caj7 ,b dr[n+ m5 clut* at /raws1 & we ne$ n wond] t ! ,greeks1 l ourselves1 ) dea? be=e !m & a great love ( life 9 _! he>ts1 %\ld n h /opp$ to weigh ) too nice a h& ! argum5ts t told = & aga9/ ! prospect ( human immortality4 ,! reason+ t satisfi$ ,sa9t ,paul7#caa7 & has br\ght com=t to untold ?\s&s ( sorr[+ ,*ri/ians1 /&+ by ! dea?b$ or ! op5 grave ( _! lov$ ones1 0 good en\gh to pass mu/] ) anci5t pagans1 :5 !y too b[$ _! heads "u ! burd5 ( grief1 &1 ) ! tap] ( life burn+ l[ 9 ! socket1 look$ =w>d into ! d>kness ( ! unkn[n4 ,!re=e we d no indignity to ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone--"o ( ! few my?s 9 :i* ! sun%9e & cl>ity ( ! ,greek g5ius are cross$ by ! %ad[ & my/]y ( dea?--:5 we trace its orig9 to "s ( ! mo/ famili>1 yet et]nally affect+ aspects ( nature1 to ! melan*oly gloom & decay ( autumn & to ! fre%ness1 ! brightness1 & ! v]dure ( spr+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,magical ,,significance ,,( ,,games ,,9 ,,primitive ,,agriculture4 7,m#fg7 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we saw t among ! rites ( ,eleusis 7 compris$ c]ta9 a?letic sports1 su* z foot-races1 horse-races1 leap+1 wre/l+1 & box+1 ! victors 9 :i* 7 rew>d$ ) measures ( b>ley di/ribut$ among !m by ! prie/s47#cab7 ,^! sports ! anci5ts !mselves associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! goddesses ( ! corn1 & /range z su* an association may seem to u1 x is n )\t its analogy among ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( mod]n ,european peasantry47#cac7 ,b to discov] cle> cases ( games practis$ = ! express purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops1 we mu/ turn to m primitive agricultural communities ?an ! ,a!nians ( classical antiquity or ! peoples ( mod]n ,europe4 ,su* communities may be f\nd at ! pres5t day among ! savage tribes ( ,borneo & ,new ,gu9ea1 :o subsi/ ma9ly by till+ ! gr\nd4 ,among !m we take ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( c5tral ,borneo z typical4 ,!y are ess5tially an agricultural p1 & devote !mselves ma9ly to ! cultivation ( rice1 :i* furni%es _! /aple food2 all o!r products ( ! gr\nd are ( subord9ate importance4 ,h5ce agriculture1 we are told1 dom9ates ! :ole life ( ^! tribes3 _! ye> is ! ye> ( ! cultivation ( ! rice1 & !y divide x into v>i\s p]iods :i* are det]m9$ by ! conditions necess>y = ! till+ ( ! fields & ! manipulation ( ! rice4 8,9 tribes ^: ?\ghts are s mu* engross$ by agriculture x is no wond] t !y associate ) x _! ideas ( ! p[]s :i* rule !m = good or evil4 ,! _s-_w /&s 9 close connexion ) ! agriculture ( ! ,bahaus2 )\t ! cons5t ( ! spirits no "w 9 ! fields may be und]tak54 ,moreov]1 all ! great popul> fe/ivals co9cide ) ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! cultivation ( ! rice4 ,z ! p are 9 an unusual /ate ( afflu5ce aft] h>ve/1 all family fe/ivals :i* require a l>ge outlay are = practical reasons def]r$ till ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival at ! end ( h>ve/4 ,! two mighty spirits ,amei ,awi & 8 wife ,bur+ ,une1 :o1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! ,kayans1 live 9 a _w "u gr\nd1 dom9ate ! :ole ( ! tillage & det]m9e ! issue ( ! h>ve/ 9 great measure by ! behavi\r ( ! own] ( ! l&1 n s mu* by 8 moral conduct1 z by ! (f]+s he has made to ! spirits & ! att5tion he has paid to _! w>n+s4 ,an important "p 9 agriculture falls to ! *ief3 at ! fe/ivals he has1 9 ! "n ( ! :ole tribe1 to see to x t ! prescrib$ conjurations are c>ri$ out by ! prie/esses4 ,all religi\s c]emonies requir$ = ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd take place 9 a small rice-field specially set ap>t = t purpose1 call$ luma lali3 "h ! *ief's family u%]s 9 e fre% op]ation 9 ! cultivation ( ! rice1 su* z s[+1 hoe+1 & reap+3 ! solemn actions !re p]=m$ h a symbolical significance407#cad7 7,m#fh7 ,n only ! *ief's family among ! ,kayans has su* a consecrat$ field2 e family possesses "o ( its own4 ,^! little fields are nev] cultivat$ = ! sake ( _! produce3 !y s]ve only z ! sc5e ( religi\s c]emonies & ( ^? symbolical op]ations ( agriculture :i* are aft]w>ds p]=m$ 9 e>ne/ on ! real rice-fields47#cae7 ,= example1 at ! fe/ival be=e s[+ a prie/ess s[s "s rice on ! consecrat$ field ( ! *ief's family & !n calls on a numb] ( "y m5 & girls to complete ! "w2 ! "y m5 !n dig holes 9 ! gr\nd ) digg+-/icks1 & ! girls come beh9d !m & plant ! rice-se$ 9 ! holes4 ,aft]w>ds ! prie/esses lay (f]+s ( food1 wrapt 9 banana-leaves1 "h & !re on ! holy field1 :ile !y croon pray]s to ! spirits 9 s(t tones1 :i* are half dr[n$ 9 ! cla%+ music ( ! gongs4 ,on ano!r day wom5 ga!r all k9ds ( edible leaves 9 _! g>d5s & fields1 boil !m 9 wat]1 & !n spr9kle ! wat] on ! consecrat$ rice-field4 ,b on t & o!r days ( ! fe/ival ! p att5d also to _! own wants1 banquet+ on a fav\rite species ( rice & o!r da9ties4 ,! c]emonies connect$ ) s[+ la/ sev]al weeks1 & dur+ ?is "t c]ta9 taboos h to be obs]v$ by ! p4 ,?us on ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival ! :ole population1 except ! v old & ! v "y1 mu/ refra9 f ba?+2 aft] t !re foll[s a p]iod ( re/ = eight nights1 dur+ :i* ! p may nei!r "w nor hold int]c\rse ) _! neighb\rs4 ,on ! t5? day ! prohibition to ba! is aga9 en=c$2 & dur+ ! eight foll[+ days ! great rice-field ( ! village1 :]e ! real crops are rais$1 is s[$47#caf7 ,! reason = exclud+ /rang]s f ! village at ^! times is a religi\s "o4 ,x is a fe> le/ ! pres5ce ( /rang]s might fright5 ! spirits or put !m 9 a bad hum\r1 & s defeat ! object ( ! c]emony2 =1 :ile ! religi\s c]emonies :i* accompany ! cultivation ( ! rice diff] some:at f ea* o!r 9 diff]5t tribes1 ! ideas at ! bottom ( !m1 we are told1 are ev]y:]e ! same3 ! aim always is to appease & propitiate ! s\ls ( ! rice & ! o!r spirits by sacrifices ( all sorts47#cag7 7,m#fi7 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ?is obligatory p]iod ( seclusion & re/ ! ,kayans employ !mselves 9 v>i\s pursuits1 :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ sight !y might seem to s]ve no o!r purpose ?an t ( recreation1 h really 9 ! m9ds ( ! p a mu* deep] significance4 ,= example1 at ?is "t ! m5 (t5 play at sp9n+ tops4 ,! tops are smoo?1 flat pieces ( wood weigh+ sev]al p\nds4 ,ea* man tries to sp9 8 own top s t x knocks d[n ^? ( 8 neighb\rs & cont9ues itself to revolve triumphantly4 ,new tops are commonly c>v$ = ! fe/ival4 ,! old] m5 sometimes use heavy tops ( iron-wood4 ,aga91 e ev5+ ! "y m5 assemble 9 ! op5 space be=e ! *ief's h\se & engage 9 conte/s ( /r5g? & agility1 :ile ! wom5 wat* !m f ! long gall]y or v]&ah ( ! h\se4 ,ano!r popul> pa/ime dur+ ! fe/ival ( s[+ is a masqu]ade4 ,x takes place on ! ev5+ ( ! t5? day1 ! day on :i*1 = ! second "t1 ! p are =bidd5 to ba!4 ,! sc5e ( ! p]=mance is aga9 ! op5 space 9 front ( ! *ief's h\se4 ,z ! day draws t[>ds ev5+1 ! villag]s beg9 to assemble 9 ! gall]y or v]&ah ( ! h\se 9 ord] to secure good places = view+ ! masqu]ade4 ,all ! mask]s at ^! c]emonies repres5t evil spirits4 ,! m5 we> ugly wood5 masks on _! faces1 & _! bodies are swa!d 9 masses ( slit banana leaves s z to imitate ! hide\s faces & hairy bodies ( ! demons4 ,! "y wom5 we> on _! heads cyl9drical baskets1 :i* conceal _! real features1 :ile !y exhibit to ! spectators grotesque human faces =m$ by /it*es on pieces ( :ite cotton1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! baskets4 ,on ! occasion :5 ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis witness$ ! c]emony1 ! fir/ to appe> on ! sc5e 7 "s m5 we>+ wood5 masks & helmets & s ?ickly wrapt 9 banana leaves t !y look$ l mov+ masses ( gre5 foliage4 ,!y danc$ sil5tly1 keep+ "t to ! beat ( ! gongs4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by o!r figures1 "s ( :om execut$ w>-dances2 b ! weight ( _! leafy envelope 0 su* t !y soon grew tir$1 & ?\gh !y leap$ high1 !y utt]$ none ( ! wild w>-:oops :i* usually accompany ^! m>tial ex]cises4 ,:5 d>kness fell1 ! dances ceas$ & 7 replac$ by a little drama repres5t+ a bo> br\ght to bay by a pack ( h\nds4 ,! "p ( ! bo> 0 play$ by an actor we>+ a wood5 bo>'s head mask1 :o ran ab\t on all f\rs & grunt$ 9 a life-l mann]1 :ile ! h\nds1 act$ by "y m51 sn>l$1 yelp$1 & made da%es at him4 ,! play 0 wat*$ ) lively int]e/ & peals ( laught] by ! spectators4 ,lat] 9 ! ev5+ eight disguis$ girls danc$1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ) sl[ /eps & wav+ arms1 to ! glimm]+ light ( tor*es & ! /ra9s ( a sort ( jew's h>p47#cah7 7,m#gj7 ,! rites :i* accompany ! s[+ ( ! fields are no soon] ov] ?an ^? :i* u%] 9 ! hoe+ beg94 ,l ! s[+ c]emonies1 !y are inaugurat$ by a prie/ess1 :o hoes ! sacr$ field r\nd ab\t a sacrificial /age & !n calls ^u o!r p to complete ! "w4 ,aft] t ! holy field is aga9 spr9kl$ ) a decoction ( h]bs47#cai7 7,m#ga7 ,b ! cr[n+ po9t ( ! ,kayan ye> is ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival4 ,! h>ve/ has !n be5 fully h\s$3 abundance reigns 9 e family1 & = eight days ! p1 dress$ out 9 all _! f9]y1 give !mselves up to mir? & jollity4 ,! fe/ival 0 witness$ by ! ,dut* explor] ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis4 ,to lure ! good spirits f ! _s l& baskets fill$ ) preci\s objects 7 set out be=e ! w9d[s1 & ! prie/esses made long spee*es1 9 :i* !y invit$ ^! b5efic5t be+s to come to ! *ief's h\se & to /ay !re dur+ ! :ole ( ! c]emonies4 ,two days aft]w>ds "o ( ! prie/esses h>angu$ ! spirits = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 tell+ !m :o ! ,kayans 71 f :om ! *ief's family 0 desc5d$1 :at ! tribe 0 do+1 & :at 7 its wi%es1 n =gett+ to implore ! v5geance ( ! spirits on ! ,batang-,lup>s1 ! h]$it>y foes ( ! ,kayans4 ,! h>angue 0 c\*$ 9 rhym+ v]se & deliv]$ 9 s+-song tones4 ,five days lat] eight prie/esses asc5d$ a sacrificial /age1 on :i* food 0 daily set =? = ! spirits4 ,!re !y jo9$ h&s & croon$ ano!r long address to ! spirits1 m>k+ ! "t ) _! h&s4 ,!n a basket conta9+ (f]+s ( food 0 h&$ up to !m1 & "o ( ! prie/esses op5$ x & invit$ ! spirits to ent] ! basket4 ,:5 !y 7 suppos$ to h done s1 ! lid 0 %ut d[n on !m1 & ! basket ) ! spirits 9 x 0 convey$ into ! *ief's h\se4 ,z ! prie/esses 9 ! p]=mance ( ! sacr$ c]emonies might n t\* ! gr\nd1 planks 7 cut f a fruit-tree & laid on ! gr\nd = !m to /ep on4 ,b ! great feature ( ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival is ! sacrifice ( pigs1 ( :i* ! spiritual ess5ce is appropriately (f]$ to ! spirits1 :ile _! mat]ial sub/ance is consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is highly satisfactory arrangem5t1 :ile ! live pigs lay te!r$ 9 a r[ on ! gr\nd1 ! prie/esses danc$ solemnly r\nd a sacrificial /age1 ea* ( !m array$ 9 a w>-mantle ( pan!r-sk9 & we>+ a w>-cap on h] head1 & on ei!r side two prie/s arm$ ) swords execut$ w> dances = ! purpose ( sc>+ away evil spirits4 ,by _! ge/iculations ! prie/esses indicat$ to ! p[]s above t ! pigs 7 int5d$ = _! b5efit4 ,"o ( !m1 a fat b dignifi$ lady1 danc+ compos$ly1 seem$ by h] c\rte\s ge/ures to invite ! s\ls ( ! pigs to asc5d up to heav52 b o!rs1 n cont5t ) ?is too ideal (f]+1 ru%$ at ! pigs1 seiz$ ! smalle/ ( !m by ! h9d legs1 & ex]t+ all _! /r5g? danc$ ) ! squeal+ pork] to & f ! sacrificial /age4 ,9 ! ev5+1 be=e d>kness fell1 ! animals 7 slaught]$ & _! liv]s exam9$ = om5s3 if ! "u side ( ! liv] 0 pale1 ! om5 0 good2 b if x 0 d>k1 ! om5 0 evil4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! fe/ival "o ( ! *ief prie/esses1 9 m>tial array1 danc$ r\nd ! sacrificial /age1 mak+ passes ) h] old sword z if %e w\ld heave ! :ole /ructure heav5w>d2 :ile o!rs /abb$ ) spe>s at ! f\l fi5ds t might be hov]+ 9 ! air1 int5t on di/urb+ ! sacr$ m9i/]s at _! holy "w47#cbj7 7,m#gb7 8,?us10 says ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis1 review+ ! agricultural rites :i* he witness$ among ! ,kayans on ! ,m5dalam riv]1 8e fre% op]ation on ! rice-field 0 u%]$ 9 by religi\s & cul9>y c]emonies1 dur+ :i* ! community _h always to obs]ve taboos = sev]al nights & to play c]ta9 def9ite games4 ,z we saw1 sp9n+-top games & masqu]ades 7 play$ dur+ ! s[+ fe/ival3 at ! fir/ br++ 9 ( ! rice ! p pelt$ ea* o!r ) clay pellets dis*>g$ f small pea-%oot]s1 b 9 =m] times %am fights took place ) wood5 swords2 :ile dur+ ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival ! m5 cont5d ) ea* o!r 9 wre/l+1 high leaps1 long leaps1 & runn+4 ,! wom5 also fight ea* o!r ) great glee1 us+ bamboo vessels full ( wat] = _! pr9cipal weapons407#cba7 7,m#gc7 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! sports & pa/imes :i* cu/om prescribes to ! ,kayans on ^! occasions8 ,are !y m]e div]sions meant to :ile away ! t$ium ( ! holidays8 or h !y a s]i\s1 p]haps a religi\s or magical significance8 ,to ?is "q x w be well to let ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis give 8 answ]4 8,! ,kayans on ! ,m5dalam riv]10 he says1 8enjoy tol]ably regul> h>ve/s1 & _! agricultural fe/ivals accord+ly take place e ye>2 :]eas ! ,kayans on ! ,mahakam riv]1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t failure ( ! h>ve/s1 c celebrate a ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival only once 9 e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,yet al?\gh ^! fe/ivities are celebrat$ m regul>ly on ! ,m5dalam riv]1 !y are foll[$ on ! ,mahakam riv] ) liveli] int]e/1 & ! mean+ ( all c]emonies & games c also be trac$ mu* bett] !re4 ,on ! ,m5dalam riv] ,i came to ! false conclusion t ! popul> games :i* take place at ! fe/ivals are und]tak5 q arbitr>ily at ! seasons ( s[+ & h>ve/2 b on ! ,mahakam riv]1 on ! contr>y1 ,i obs]v$ t ev5 ! masqu]ade at ! s[+ fe/ival is inve/$ ) z deep a significance z any ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ by ! prie/esses407#cbb7 8,! influ5ce ( religi\s wor%ip1 :i* dom9ates ! :ole life ( ! ,dyak tribes1 manife/s itself also 9 _! games4 ,?is holds good *iefly ( pa/imes 9 :i* all adults take "p toge!r1 mo/ly on def9ite occasions2 x is less applicable to m individual pa/imes :i* are n re/rict$ to any special season4 ,pa/imes ( ! =m] sort are v r>ely indulg$ 9 at ord9>y times1 & prop]ly speak+ !y atta9 _! full significance only on ! occasion ( ! agricultural fe/ivals :i* be> a /rictly religi\s /amp4 ,ev5 !n ! recreations are n left to *oice1 b def9ite games belong to def9ite fe/ivals2 ?us at ! s[+ fe/ivals o!r amusem5ts are 9 vogue ?an at ! little h>ve/ fe/ival or ! great h>ve/ fe/ival at ! beg9n+ ( ! reap+1 & at ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival4444 ,is ?is connexion betwe5 fe/ivals & games m]ely an accid5tal "o1 or is x bas$ on a real aff9ity8 ,! latt] seems to me ! m probable view1 = 9 ! case ( "o ( ! mo/ important games play$ by m5 ,i 0 able to prove directly a religi\s significance2 & al?\gh ,i fail$ to d s 9 ! case ( ! o!rs1 ,i conjecture1 nev]!less1 t a religi\s idea lies at ! bottom ( all o!r games :i* are connect$ ) def9ite fe/ivals407#cbc7 7,m#gd7 ,if ! read] %\ld ent]ta9 any d\bt on ! subject1 & %\ld suspect t 9 arriv+ at ?is conclusion ! ,dut* travell] gave ! re9s to 8 fancy r ?an foll[$ ! real op9ion ( ! p1 ^! d\bts & suspicions w probably be dispell$ by comp>+ ! simil> games :i* ano!r primitive agricultural p av[$ly play = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops4 ,! p 9 "q are ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 :o inhabit ! rugg$1 d5sely wood$ m\nta9s inl& f ,f9s* ,h>b\r4 ,!y subsi/ ma9ly on ! produce ( ! t>o & yams :i* !y cultivate 9 _! fields1 ?\gh ! m inl& p also make mu* use ( sweet potatoes4 ,all _! crops are root crops4 ,no pat* ( gr\nd is cultivat$ = m ?an a ye> at a "t4 ,z soon z x has yield$ a crop1 x is des]t$ = ano!r & is quickly ov]gr[n ) rank we$s1 bamboos1 & bu%es4 ,9 six or eight ye>s1 :5 ! und]gr[? has di$ out "u ! %ad[ ( ! tall] trees :i* h %ot up1 ! l& may aga9 be cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation4 ,?us ! area ( cultivation %ifts f ye> to ye>2 & ! villages are n mu* m p]man5t2 = 9 ! damp tropical climate ! wood5 h\ses soon rot & fall into ru9s1 & :5 ?is happ5s ! site ( ! village is *ang$47#cbd7 ,to procure good crops ( ! t>o & yams1 on :i* !y dep5d = _! subsi/5ce1 ! ,kai resort to _m sup]/iti\s practices4 ,= example1 9 ord] to make ! yams /rike deep roots1 !y t\* ! %oots ) ! bone ( a wild animal t has be5 kill$ 9 ! recesses ( a cave1 imag9+ t j z ! creature p5etrat$ deep into ! e>?1 s ! %oots t h be5 t\*$ ) its bone w desc5d deep into ! gr\nd4 ,& 9 ord] t ! t>o may be> l>ge & heavy fruit1 !y place ! %oots1 be=e plant+ !m1 on a l>ge & heavy block ( /one1 believ+ t ! /one w communicate its valuable prop]ties ( size & weight to ! future fruit4 ,moreov]1 great use is made ( spells & incantations to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 & all p]sons :o utt] su* magical =mulas = ?is purpose h to ab/a9 f eat+ c]ta9 foods until ! plants h spr\t$ & give promise ( a good crop4 ,= example1 !y may n eat "y bamboo %oots1 :i* are a fav\rite article ( diet ) ! p4 ,! reason is t ! "y %oots are cov]$ ) f9e prickles1 :i* cause it*+ & irritation ( ! sk92 f :i* ! ,kai inf] t if an en*ant] ( field fruits 7 to eat bamboo %oots1 ! contagion ( _! prickles w\ld be convey$ ?r\gh him to ! fruits & w\ld manife/ itself 9 a pung5t disagreeable flav\r4 ,= a simil> reason no *>m] ( ! crops :o kn[s 8 bus9ess w\ld dream ( eat+ crabs1 because he is well aw>e t if he 7 to d s ! leaves & /alks ( ! plants w\ld be da%$ 9 pieces by a pelt+ ra91 j l ! long ?9 brittle legs ( a dead crab4 ,aga91 7 su* an en*ant] to eat any ( ! edible k9ds ( locu/s1 x seems obvi\s to ! ,kai t locu/s w\ld dev\r ! crops ov] :i* ! imprud5t wiz>d _h recit$ 8 spells4 ,above all1 p :o are conc]n$ 9 plant+ fields mu/ on no acc\nt eat pork2 because pigs1 :e!r wild or tame1 are ! mo/ deadly enemies ( ! crops1 :i* !y grub up & de/roy2 f :i* x foll[s1 z surely z ! night does ! day1 t if y eat pork :ile y are at "w on ! f>m1 y\r fields w be deva/at$ by inroads ( pigs47#cbe7 7,m#ge7 ,h[ev]1 ^! precautions are n ! only measures :i* ! ,kai p adopt = ! b5efit ( ! yams & ! t>o4 8,9 ! op9ion ( ! natives v>i\s games are important = a prop] gr[? ( ! field-fruits2 h5ce ^! games may only be play$ 9 ! "t aft] ! "w on ! fields has be5 done4 ,?us to sw+ on a long ,spani% re$ fa/5$ to a bran* ( a tree is ?\ght to h a good effect on ! newly plant$ yams4 ,!re=e sw++ is practis$ by old & "y1 by m5 & wom54 ,no "o :o has an int]e/ 9 ! gr[? ( 8 crop 9 ! field leaves ! sw+ idle4 ,z !y sw+ to & fro !y s+ sw+-songs4 ,^! songs (t5 conta9 only ! names ( ! k9ds ( yams t h be5 plant$1 toge!r ) ! joy\s h>ve/-cry repeat$ ) v>iations1 #8,i h f\nd a f9e fruit6' ,9 leap+ f ! sw+1 !y cry #8,kakulili6' ,by call+ out ! "n ( ! yams !y ?9k to draw _! %oots upw>ds out ( ! gr\nd4 ,a small b[ ) a /r+1 on :i* a wood5 flag adorn$ ) a fea!r is made to slide d[n 7! ,kai call ! in/rum5t tawatawa71 may only be us$ :5 ! yams are beg9n+ to w9d up ab\t _! props4 ,! t5d] %oots are !n t\*$ ) ! b[1 :ile a song is sung :i* is aft]w>ds (t5 repeat$ 9 ! village4 ,x runs ?us3 #8,mama gelo1 gel[a9eja1 gel[a9eja2 kik tambai1 kki tambai4' ,! mean+ ( ! words is unkn[n4 ,! int5tion is to cause a /rong upw>d gr[? ( ! plants4 ,9 ord] t ! foliage ( ! yams may spr\t luxuriantly & gr[ gre5 & spread1 ! ,kai p play cat's cradle4 ,ea* ( ! intricate figures has a def9ite mean+ & a "n to mat*3 = example #8! flock ( pigeons' 7,hulua71 #8! ,/>1' #8! ,fly+ ,fox1' #8! ,sago-palm ,fan1' #8! ,arauc>ia1' #8! ,liz>d & ! ,dog1' #8! ,pig1' #8! ,s5t9el-box 9 ! ,fields1' #8! ,rat's ,ne/1' #8! ,wasp's ,ne/ 9 ! ,bamboo-?icket1' #8! ,kang>oo1' #8! ,spid]'s ,web1' #8! ,little ,*ildr51' #8! ,canoe1' #8,ra9 & ,sun%9e1' #8! ,pig's ,pitfall1' #8! ,fi%-spawn1' #8! ,two ,c\s9s1 ,kew & ,imbiw1 c>ry+ _! dead ,"m to ! ,grave1' etc4 ,by sp9n+ l>ge native acorns or a sort ( wild fig !y ?9k t !y fo/] ! gr[? ( ! newly-plant$ t>o2 ! plants w #8turn ab\t & broad54' ,! game mu/ !re=e only be play$ at ! "t :5 ! t>o is plant$4 ,! same holds good ( spe>+ at ! /alks ( t>o leaves ) ! ribs ( sago leaves us$ z m9iature spe>s4 ,?is is done :5 ! t>o leaves h unfold$ !mselves1 b :5 ! plants h n yet set any tub]s4 ,a s+le leaf is cut f a numb] ( /ems1 & ^! leaves are br\ght into ! village4 ,! game is play$ by two p>tn]s1 :o sit d[n opposite to ea* o!r at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r paces4 ,a numb] ( t>o /alks lie beside ea*4 ,he :o has spe>$ all 8 adv]s>y's /alks fir/ is victor2 !n !y *ange /alks & ! game beg9s aga94 ,by pi]c+ ! leaves !y ?9k t !y incite ! plants to set tub]s4 ,almo/ m rem>kable ?an ! limitation ( ^! games to ! "t :5 "w on ! fields is go+ =w>d is ! cu/om ( ! ,kai p :i* only p]mits ! tales ( ! old5 "t or popul> leg5ds to be told at ! "t :5 ! newly plant$ fruits are budd+ & spr\t+407#cbf7 ,at ! end ( e su* tale ! ,kai /ory-tell] m5tions ! names ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( yams & adds1 8,%oots 7= ! new plant+7 & fruits 7to eat7 9 abundance60 8,f _! conclud+ words we see t ! ,kai leg5ds are only told = a q def9ite purpose1 namely1 to promote ! welf>e ( ! yams plant$ 9 ! field4 ,by reviv+ ! memory ( ! anci5t be+s1 to :om ! orig9 ( ! field-fruits is ref]r$1 !y imag9e t !y influ5ce ! gr[? ( ! fruits = good4 ,:5 ! plant+ is ov]1 & especially :5 ! "y plants beg9 to spr\t1 ! tell+ ( leg5ds comes to an end4 ,9 ! villages x is always only a few old m5 :o z good /ory-tell]s c hold ! att5tion ( _! he>]s407#cbg7 7,m#gf7 ,?us ) ^! ,new ,gu9ea p ! play+ ( c]ta9 games & ! recital ( c]ta9 leg5ds are alike magical 9 _! int5tion2 !y are *>ms practis$ to ensure good crops4 ,bo? sets ( *>ms appe> to be bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic4 ,9 play+ ! games ! play]s p]=m acts :i* are suppos$ to mimic or at all ev5ts to /imulate ! correspond+ processes 9 ! plants3 by sw++ high 9 ! air !y make ! plants gr[ high2 by play+ cat's cradle !y cause ! leaves ( ! yams to spread & ! /alks to int]tw9e1 ev5 z ! play]s spread _! h&s & tw9e ! /r+ ab\t _! f+]s2 by sp9n+ fruits !y make ! t>o plants to turn & broad52 & by spe>+ ! t>o leaves !y induce ! plants to set tub]s47#cbh7 ,9 tell+ ! leg5ds ! /ory-tell]s m5tion ! names ( ! p[]ful be+s :o fir/ creat$ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & ! m]e m5tion ( _! names avails1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! magical equival5ce ( names & p]sons or ?+s1 to reproduce ! effect47#cbi7 ,! recitation ( tales z a *>m to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops is n peculi> to ! ,kai4 ,x is practis$ also by ! ,bakaua1 ano!r tribe ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 :o inhabit ! coa/ ( ,huon ,gulf1 n f> f ! ,kai4 ,^! p tell /ories 9 ! ev5+ at ! "t :5 ! yams & t>o are ripe1 & ! /ories always end ) a pray] to ! ance/ral spirits1 invok$ "u v>i\s m or less figurative designations1 su* z 8a man0 or 8a cricket10 t !y w\ld be pleas$ to cause c\ntless %oots to spr\t1 ! great tub]s to swell1 ! sug>-cane to ?rive1 & ! bananas to hang 9 long clu/]s4 8,f ?is we see10 says ! mission>y :o reports ! cu/om1 8t ! object ( tell+ ! /ories is to prove to ! ance/ors1 ^: spirits are believ$ to be pres5t at ! recitation ( ! tales :i* !y ei!r inv5t$ or inh]it$1 t p always rememb] !m2 = :i* reason !y ought to be fav\rable to _! desc5dants1 & above all to be/[ _! bless+s on ! %oots :i* are ready to be plant$ or on ! plants already 9 ! gr\nd40 ,z ! /ory-tell] utt]s ! pray]1 he looks t[>ds ! h\se 9 :i* ! "y %oots ready = plant+ or ! ripe fruits are deposit$47#ccj7 7,m#gg7 ,simil>ly1 ! ,yabim1 a neighb\r+ tribe ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 at ! entrance to ,huon ,gulf1 tell tales = ! purpose ( obta9+ a pl5tiful h>ve/ ( yams1 t>o1 sug>-cane1 & bananas47#cca7 ,!y subsi/ *iefly by ! fruits ( ! e>? :i* !y cultivate1 & among :i* t>o1 yams1 & sug>-cane supply !m ) _! /aple food47#ccb7 ,9 _! agricultural lab\rs !y believe !mselves to be l>gely dep5d5t on ! spirits ( _! dead1 ! balum1 z !y call !m4 ,be=e !y plant ! fir/ t>o 9 a newly cle>$ field !y invoke ! s\ls ( ! dead to make ! plants gr[ & prosp]2 & to propitiate ^! p[]ful spirits !y br+ valuable objects1 su* z bo>'s tusks & dog's tee?1 into ! field1 9 ord] t ! gho/s may deck !mselves ) ! s\ls ( ^! ornam5ts1 :ile at ! same "t !y m9i/] to ! gross] appetites ( ! disembodi$ spirits by (f]+ !m a sav\ry mess ( t>o porridge4 ,lat] 9 ! season !y :irl bull-ro>]s 9 ! fields & call out ! names ( ! dead1 believ+ t ?is makes ! crops to ?rive47#ccc7 7,m#gh7 ,b besides ! pray]s :i* !y address to ! spirits ( ! dead = ! sake ( procur+ an abundant h>ve/1 ! ,yabim utt] spells = ! same purpose1 & ^! spells sometimes take ! =m1 n ( a comm&1 b ( a n>rative4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is "o ( _! spells3 8,once ^u a "t a man lab\r$ 9 8 field & compla9$ t he _h no t>o %oots4 ,!n came two doves fly+ f ,p\m4 ,!y _h dev\r$ mu* t>o1 & !y p]*$ on a tree 9 ! field1 & dur+ ! night !y vomit$ all ! t>o up4 ,?us ! man got s _m t>o %oots t he 0 ev5 able to sell "s ( !m to o!r p40 ,or1 aga91 if ! t>o w n bud1 ! ,yabim w h rec\rse to ! foll[+ spell3 8,a mura5a lay at ebb-tide on ! %ore4 ,x seem$ to be at its la/ gasp4 ,!n ! tide fl[$ on1 & ! mura5a came to life aga9 & plung$ into ! deep wat]40 ,?is spell is pron\nc$ ov] twigs ( a c]ta9 tree 7kalelong71 :ile ! en*ant] smites ! gr\nd ) !m4 ,aft] t ! t>o is sure to bud47#ccd7 ,app>5tly ! m]e recitation ( su* simple tales is ?\ght to produce ! same effect z a direct appeal1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( a pray] or a comm&1 address$ to ! spirits4 ,su* incantations may be call$ n>rative spells to di/+ui% !m f ! m famili> imp]ative spells1 9 :i* ! en*ant] expresses 8 wi%es 9 ! =m ( direct comm&s4 ,mu* use seems to be made ( su* n>rative spells among ! natives ( ?is "p ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,= example1 among ! ,bukaua1 :o attribute practically b\ndless p[]s to sorc]]s 9 e dep>tm5t ( life & nature1 ! spells by :i* ^! wiz>ds attempt to "w _! w assume "o ( two =ms3 ei!r !y are reque/s made to ! ance/ors1 or !y are %ort n>ratives1 address$ to nobody 9 p>ticul>1 :i* ! sorc]] mutt]s :ile he is p]=m+ 8 magical rites47#cce7 ,x is true1 t "h ! di/9ction is drawn betwe5 n>ratives & reque/s r ?an betwe5 n>ratives & comm&s2 b ! diff]5ce ( a reque/ f a comm&1 ?\gh great 9 !ory1 may be v slight 9 practice2 s t pray] & spell1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! words1 may melt into ea* o!r almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,ev5 ! prie/ or ! en*ant] :o utt]s ! "o may be h>dly consci\s ( ! hairbread? t divides x f ! o!r4 ,9 reg>d to n>rative spells1 x seems probable t !y h be5 us$ mu* m ext5sively among mank9d ?an ! evid5ce at our disposal p]mits u positively to affirm2 9 p>ticul> we may conjecture t _m anci5t n>ratives1 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to treat z m]e my?s1 us$ to be regul>ly recit$ 9 magical rites z spells = ! purpose ( actually produc+ ev5ts l ^? :i* !y describe4 7,m#gi7 ,! use ( ! bull-ro>] to quick5 ! fruits ( ! e>? is n peculi> to ! ,yabim4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,new ,gu9ea ! in/rum5t is employ$ = ! same purpose by ! natives ( ,kiwai1 an isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv]4 ,!y ?9k t by :irl+ bull-ro>]s !y produce good crops ( yams1 sweet potatoes1 & bananas2 & 9 accordance ) ?is belief !y call ! implem5t 8! "m ( yams407#ccf7 ,simil>ly 9 ,mabuiag1 an isl& 9 ,torres ,/raits1 ! bull-ro>] is look$ ^u z an in/rum5t t c be us$ to promote ! gr[? ( g>d5 produce1 su* z yams & sweet potatoes2 c]ta9 spirits 7 suppos$ to m>* r\nd ! g>d5s at night sw++ bull-ro>]s = ?is purpose47#ccg7 ,inde$ a f]tilis+ or prolific virtue appe>s to be attribut$ to ! in/rum5t by savages :o are totally ignorant ( agriculture4 ,?us among ! ,di]i ( c5tral ,au/ralia1 :5 a "y man _h und]gone ! pa9ful initiatory c]emony ( hav+ a numb] ( ga%es cut 9 8 back1 he us$ to be giv5 a bull-ro>]1 :]eupon x 0 believ$ t he became inspir$ by ! spirits ( ! m5 ( old1 & t by :irl+ x1 :5 he w5t 9 se>* ( game be=e 8 w\nds 7 heal$1 he _h p[] to cause a good h>ve/ ( liz>ds1 snakes1 & o!r reptiles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,di]i ?\ght t if a woman 7 to see a bull-ro>] t _h be5 us$ at ! initiatory c]emonies & to le>n its secret1 ! tribe w\ld ev] aft]w>ds be de/itute ( snakes1 liz>ds1 & o!r su* food47#cch7 ,x may v well be t a simil> p[] to f]tilise or multiply edible plants & animals has be5 ascrib$ to ! bull-ro>] by _m o!r peoples :o employ ! implem5t 9 _! my/]ies4 7,m#hj7 ,fur!r1 x is to be obs]v$ t j z ! ,kai ( ,new ,gu9ea sw+ to & fro on re$s susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( trees 9 ord] to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 9 l mann] ,letti% peasants 9 ,russia devote _! leisure to sw++ 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] = ! express purpose ( mak+ ! flax gr[ z high z !y sw+ 9 ! air47#cci7 ,& we may suspect t :]ev] sw++ is practis$ z a c]emony at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 p>ticul>ly 9 spr+ & at h>ve/1 ! pa/ime is n s mu* a m]e popul> recreation z a magical rite design$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops47#cdj7 ,) ^! examples be=e u we ne$ n hesitate to believe t ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis is "r :5 he attributes a deep religi\s or magical significance to ! games :i* ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( c5tral ,borneo play at _! v>i\s agricultural fe/ivals4 7,m#ha7 ,x rema9s to po9t out h[ f> ! religi\s or magical practices ( ^! primitive agricultural peoples ( ,borneo & ,new ,gu9ea appe> to illu/rate by analogy ! orig9al nature ( ! rites ( ,eleusis4 ,s f> z we c recompose1 f ! brok5 fragm5ts ( tradition1 a picture ( ! religi\s & political condition ( ! ,eleus9ian p 9 ! old5 "t1 x appe>s to tally fairly well ) ! picture :i* ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis has drawn = u ( ! ,kayans or ,bahaus at ! pres5t day 9 ! =e/s ( c5tral ,borneo4 ,"h z !re we see a petty agricultural community rul$ by h]$it>y *iefs :o1 :ile !y unite religi\s to civil au?ority1 be+ b\nd to preside ov] ! num]\s c]emonies p]=m$ = ! good ( ! crops17#cda7 nev]!less lead simple patri>*al lives & are s little rais$ 9 outw>d dignity above _! fell[s t _! daught]s d n deem x b5ea? !m to fet* wat] = ! h\sehold f ! village well47#cdb7 ,"h z !re we see a p ^: :ole religion is dom9at$ & col\r$ by ! ma9 occupation ( _! lives2 :o believe t ! gr[? ( ! crops1 on :i* !y dep5d = _! subsi/5ce1 is at ! m]cy ( two p[]ful spirits1 a div9e husb& & 8 wife1 dwell+ 9 a subt]ranean _w2 & :o accord+ly (f] sacrifices & p]=m c]emonies 9 ord] to ensure ! fav\r ( ^! mighty be+s & s to obta9 abundant h>ve/s4 ,if we knew m ab\t ! ,r>ian pla9 at ,eleusis17#cdc7 we might discov] t x 0 ! sc5e ( _m religi\s c]emonies l ^? :i* are p]=m$ on ! little consecrat$ rice-fields 7! luma lali7 ( ! ,kayans1 :]e ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! agricultural ye> are p]=m$ 9 m9iature by memb]s ( ! *ief's family be=e ! correspond+ op]ations may be p]=m$ on a l>g] scale by common folk on _! fields4 ,c]ta9ly we "k t ! ,r>ian pla9 witness$ "o su* c]emony 9 ! ye>4 ,x 0 a solemn c]emony ( pl\gh+1 "o ( ! ?ree ,sacr$ ,pl\gh+s :i* took place annually 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,attica47#cdd7 ,probably ! rite =m$ "p ( ! ,pro]osia or ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+1 :i* 0 int5d$ to ensure a pl5tiful crop47#cde7 ,fur!r1 x appe>s t ! prie/s :o guid$ ! sacr$ sl[-pac$ ox5 z !y dragg$ ! pl\gh d[n ! furr[s ( ! ,r>ian ,pla91 7 drawn f ! old prie/ly family ( ,b\zygai or 8,ox-yok]s10 ^: eponym\s ance/or is said to h be5 ! fir/ man to yoke ox5 & to pl\gh ! fields4 ,z !y p]=m$ ?is "t-hon\r$ c]emony1 ! prie/s utt]$ _m qua9t curses aga9/ all *urls :o %\ld refuse to l5d fire or wat] to neighb\rs1 or to %ew ! way to w&]]s1 or :o %\ld leave a corpse unburi$47#cdf7 ,if we _h a complete li/ ( ! execrations fulm9at$ by ! holy pl\ghm5 on ^! occasions1 we might f9d t "s ( !m 7 levell$ at ! impi\s wret*es :o fail$ to keep all ! rules ( ! ,sabba?1 z we may call ^? p]iods ( en=c$ re/ & seclusion :i* ! ,kayans ( ,borneo & o!r primitive agricultural peoples obs]ve = ! good ( ! crops47#cdg7 7,m#hb7 ,fur!r1 :5 we see t _m primitive peoples practise :at we call games b :at !y reg>d 9 all s]i\sness z solemn rites = ! good ( ! crops1 we may be ! m incl9$ to accept ! view ( ! anci5ts1 :o associat$ ! ,eleus9ian games directly ) ! wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! ,corn ,goddesses47#cdh7 ,"o ( ! conte/s at ! ,eleus9ian games 0 9 leap+17#cdi7 & we "k t ev5 9 mod]n ,europe to ?is day leap+ or danc+ high is practis$ z a *>m to make ! crops gr[ tall47#cej7 ,aga91 ! bull-ro>] 0 swung s z to produce a humm+ s\nd at ! ,greek my/]ies27#cea7 & :5 we f9d ! same simple in/rum5t :irl$ by savages 9 ,new ,gu9ea = ! sake ( ensur+ good crops1 we may reasonably conjecture t x 0 :irl$ ) a l int5tion by ! rude =efa!rs ( ! ,greeks among ! cornfields ( ,eleusis4 ,if t 7 s--?\gh ! conjecture is h>dly susceptible ( demon/ration--x w\ld g "s way to confirm ! !ory t ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 9 _! orig9 no?+ m ?an simple ru/ic c]emonies design$ to make ! f>m]'s fields to wave ) yell[ corn4 ,& 9 ! practice ( ! ,kayans1 ^: wor%ip ( ! rice (f]s _m analogies to ! ,eleus9ian wor%ip ( ! corn1 may we n detect a h9t ( ! orig9 ( t rule ( secrecy :i* always *>act]is$ ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies8 ,may x n h be5 t1 j z ! ,kayans exclude /rang]s f _! villages :ile !y are engag$ 9 ! celebration ( religi\s rites1 le/ ! pres5ce ( ^! intrud]s %\ld fright5 or annoy ! %y & t\*y spirits :o are invok$ at ^! times1 s ! old ,eleus9ians may h deb>r$ =eign]s f p>ticipation 9 _! mo/ solemn c]emonies1 le/ ! coy goddesses ( ! corn %\ld take fright or (f5ce at ! sight ( /range faces & s refuse to be/[ on m5 _! annual bless+8 ,! admission ( =eign]s to ! privilege ( initiation 9 ! my/]ies 0 probably a late innovation introduc$ at a "t :5 ! fame ( _! sanctity _h spread f> & wide1 & :5 ! old magical mean+ ( ! ritual _h long be5 obscur$1 if n =gott54 7,m#hc7 ,la/ly1 x may be sugge/$ t 9 ! mask$ dances & dramatic p]=mances1 :i* =m a conspicu\s & popul> feature ( ! ,s[+ ,fe/ival among ! ,kayans17#ceb7 we h ! savage c\nt]p>t ( t drama ( div9e dea? & resurrection :i* appe>s to h figur$ s prom95tly 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis47#cec7 ,if my int]pretation ( t solemn drama is correct1 x repres5t$ 9 my?ical guise ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! corn = ! purpose ( magically fo/]+ ! natural processes :i* x simulat$4 ,9 l mann] among ! ,kaua & ,kobeua ,indians ( ,nor?-we/]n ,brazil1 :o subsi/ *iefly by ! cultivation ( manioc1 dances or r pantomimes are p]=m$ by mask$ m51 :o repres5t spirits or demons ( f]tility1 & by imitat+ ! act ( procreation are believ$ to /imulate ! gr[? ( plants z well z to quick5 ! wombs ( wom5 & to promote ! multiplication ( animals4 ,co>se & grotesque z ^! dramatic p]=mances may seem to u1 !y convey no sugge/ion ( indec5cy to ! m9ds ei!r ( ! actors or ( ! spectators1 :o reg>d !m 9 all s]i\sness z rites de/9$ to conf] ! bless+ ( fruitfulness on ! inhabitants ( ! village1 on _! plantations1 & on ! :ole realm ( nature47#ced7 ,h[ev]1 we possess s little exact in=mation z to ! rites ( ,eleusis t all attempts to elucidate !m by ! ritual ( savages mu/ necess>ily be conjectural4 ,yet ! c&id read] may be will+ to grant t conjectures support$ by analogies l ! =ego+ d n exce$ ! limits ( a reasonable hypo!sis4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,woman',s ,,"p ,,9 ,,primitive ,,agriculture4 7,m#hd7 ,if ,demet] 0 inde$ a p]sonification ( ! corn1 x is natural to ask1 :y did ! ,greeks p]sonify ! corn z a goddess r ?an a god8 :y did !y ascribe ! orig9 ( agriculture to a female r ?an to a male p[]8 ,!y conceiv$ ! _s ( ! v9e z mascul9e2 :y did !y conceive ! _s ( ! b>ley & :eat z fem99e8 ,to ?is x has be5 answ]$ t ! p]sonification ( ! corn z fem99e1 or at all ev5ts ! ascription ( ! discov]y ( agriculture to a goddess1 0 sugge/$ by ! prom95t "p :i* wom5 take 9 primitive agriculture47#cee7 ,! !ory illu/rates a rec5t t5d5cy ( my?ologi/s to expla9 _m my?s z reflections ( primitive society r ?an z p]sonifications ( nature4 ,= t reason1 ap>t f its intr9sic int]e/1 ! !ory des]ves to be briefly consid]$4 7,m#he7 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! pl\gh1 :i* c h>dly be work$ )\t resort to ! lab\r ( m51 x 0 & /ill is cu/om>y 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w to break up ! soil = cultivation ) hoes1 & among n a few savage peoples to ?is day ! task ( hoe+ ! gr\nd & s[+ ! se$ devolves ma9ly or entirely ^u ! wom51 :ile ! m5 take little or no "p 9 cultivation beyond cle>+ ! l& by fell+ ! =e/ trees & burn+ ! fall5 timb] & bru%wood :i* encumb] ! soil4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! ,zulus1 8:5 a piece ( l& has be5 select$ = cultivation1 ! task ( cle>+ x belongs to ! m54 ,if ! gr\nd be mu* encumb]$1 ?is becomes a labori\s und]tak+1 = _! axe is v small1 & :5 a l>ge tree has to be enc\nt]$1 !y c only lop ! bran*es2 fire is employ$ :5 x is ne$ful to remove ! trunk4 ,! read] w !re=e n be surpris$ t ! p usually avoid bu%-l&1 ?\gh !y seem to be aw>e ( its sup]ior f]tility4 ,z a g5]al rule ! m5 take no fur!r %>e 9 ! lab\r ( cultivation2 &1 z ! site *os5 is seldom mu* encumb]$ & frequ5tly be>s no?+ b grass1 _! "p ( ! "w is v slight4 ,! wom5 are ! real lab\r]s2 = 7except 9 "s p>ticul> cases7 ! entire bus9ess ( digg+1 plant+1 & we$+ devolves on !m2 &1 if we reg>d ! assagai & %ield z symbolical ( ! man1 ! hoe may be look$ ^u z emblematic ( ! woman4444 ,) ?is rude & heavy in/rum5t ! woman digs1 plants1 & we$s h] g>d54 ,digg+ & s[+ are g5]ally "o op]ation1 :i* is ?us p]=m$2 ! se$ is fir/ scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 :5 ! soil is dug or pick$ up ) ! hoe1 to ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 ! l>g] roots & tufts ( grass be+ ga!r$ out1 b all ! re/ left 9 or on ! gr\nd407#cef7 ,a special t]m ( contempt is appli$ to any ,zulu man1 :o1 depriv$ ( ! s]vices ( 8 wife & family1 is compell$ by h>d necessity to h&le ! hoe himself47#ceg7 ,simil>ly among ! ,b>onga ( ,delagoa ,bay1 8:5 ! ra9s beg9 to fall1 sometimes z e>ly z ,septemb] b g5]ally lat]1 !y ha/5 to s[4 ,) h] hoe 9 h] h&s1 ! mi/ress ( ! field walks ) little /eps2 e "t %e lifts a clod ( e>? well brok5 up1 & 9 ! hole ?us made %e plants ?ree or f\r gra9s ( maize & cov]s !m up4 ,if %e has n f9i%$ cle>+ all ! pat* ( ! bu% :i* %e contemplat$1 %e proce$s to turn up aga9 ! fields %e till$ la/ ye>4 ,! crop w be less abundant ?an 9 virg9 soil1 b !y plant ?ree or f\r ye>s successively 9 ! same field be=e x is exhau/$4 ,z = enri*+ ! soil ) manure1 !y nev] ?9k ( x407#ceh7 ,among ! ,b>ots1 :o cultivate millet1 maize1 & peas to a small ext5t & 9 a rudim5t>y fa%ion1 wom5 alone are occupi$ ) ! field-"w1 & _! only implem5t is a spade or hoe47#cei7 ,( ! ,matabel we are told t 8mo/ ( ! h>d "w is p]=m$ by ! wom52 ! :ole ( ! cultivation is done by !m4 ,!y pl\gh ) %ort spades ( native manufacture2 !y s[ ! fields1 & !y cle> !m ( we$s407#cfj7 ,among ! ,awemba1 to ! we/ ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 ! bulk ( ! "w 9 ! plantations falls on ! wom52 9 p>ticul> ! m5 refuse to hoe ! gr\nd4 ,!y h a say+1 8,is n ea* male *ild born = ! axe & ea* female *ild = ! hoe807#cfa7 7,m#hf7 ,! natives ( ! ,tanganyika plateau 8cultivate ! banana1 & h a curi\s cu/om connect$ ) x4 ,no man is p]mitt$ to s[2 b :5 ! hole is prep>$ a little girl is c>ri$ to ! spot on a man's %\ld]s4 ,%e fir/ ?r[s into ! hole a %]d ( brok5 pott]y1 & !n scatt]s ! se$ ov] x407#cfb7 ,! reason ( ! latt] practice has be5 expla9$ by m rec5t obs]v]s ( ^! natives4 8,"y *ildr51 x may "h be not$1 are (t5 employ$ to adm9i/] drugs1 rem$ies1 ev5 ! ,poison ,ordeal1 & to s[ ! fir/ se$s4 ,su* acts1 ! natives say1 mu/ be p]=m$ by *a/e & innoc5t h&s1 le/ a contam9at$ t\* %\ld de/roy ! pot5cy ( ! m$ic9e or ( ! se$l+s plant$4 ,x us$ to be a v common sight ^u ! isl&s ( ,lake ,bangweolo to wat* h[ a ,bisa woman w\ld solve ! problem ( h] own moral unfitness by c>ry+ h] baby-girl to ! banana-plot1 & ins]t+ se$l+s 9 ! t9y h&s = dropp+ into ! holes already prep>$407#cfc7 ,simil>ly among ! p ( ! ,l[] ,congo 8wom5 mu/ rema9 *a/e :ile plant+ pumpk9 & calaba% se$s1 !y are n all[$ to t\* any pig-meat1 & !y mu/ wa% _! h&s be=e t\*+ ! se$s4 ,if a woman does n obs]ve all ^! rules1 %e mu/ n plant ! se$s1 or ! crop w be bad2 %e may make ! holes1 & h] baby girl1 or ano!r :o has obey$ ! re/rictions1 c drop 9 ! se$s & cov] !m ov]407#cfd7 ,we c n[ p]haps und]/& :y ,attic matrons _h to obs]ve /rict *a/ity :5 !y celebrat$ ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria47#cfe7 ,9 ,attica t fe/ival 0 held 9 hon\r ( ,demet] 9 ! mon? ( ,pyanepsion1 correspond+ to ,octob]17#cff7 ! season ( ! autumn s[+2 & ! rites includ$ c]ta9 c]emonies :i* bore directly on ! quick5+ ( ! se$47#cfg7 ,we may conjecture t ! rule ( *a/ity impos$ on matrons at ?is fe/ival 0 a relic ( a "t :5 !y too1 l _m savage wom5 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 dis*>g$ ! important duty ( s[+ ! se$ & 7 b\nd = t reason to obs]ve /rict cont95ce1 le/ any impurity on _! "p %\ld defile ! se$ & prev5t x f be>+ fruit4 7,m#hg7 ,( ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa 9 g5]al we read t 8agriculture is ma9ly ! "w ( ! wom51 = 9 old5 days ! m5 7 occupi$ 9 hunt+ & fight+4 ,! wom5 d b scrat* ! l& ) hoes1 sometimes us+ long-h&l$ in/rum5ts1 z 9 ,zulul&1 & sometimes %ort-h&l$ ones1 z above ! ,zambesi4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is ?us prep>$1 ! wom5 scatt] ! se$1 ?r[+ x ov] ! soil q at r&om4 ,!y "k ! "t to s[ by ! position ( ! con/ellations1 *iefly by t ( ! ,pleiades4 ,!y date _! new ye> f ! "t !y c see ?is con/ellation j be=e sunrise407#cfh7 ,9 ,basutol&1 :]e ! wom5 also till ! fields1 ?\gh ! l&s ( *iefs are dug & s[$ by m51 an attempt is made to det]m9e ! "t ( s[+ by obs]vation ( ! moon1 b ! p g5]ally f9d !mselves out 9 _! reckon+1 & aft] mu* dispute are =c$ to fall back ^u ! /ate ( ! wea!r & ( vegetation z bett] evid5ce ( ! season ( s[+4 ,intellig5t *iefs rectify ! cal5d> at ! summ] sol/ice1 :i* !y call ! summ]-h\se ( ! sun47#cfi7 7,m#hh7 ,among ! ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa 8! r\gh "w ( cle>+ ! bu% = plantations is p]=m$ by ! m51 aft] :i* ne>ly all "w 9 connexion ) !m is done by ! wom54 ,! m51 h[ev]1 assi/ 9 s[+ ! se$1 & 9 h>ve/+ "s ( ! crops4 ,z a rule trees are n fell$1 b ! b>k is /ripp$ (f = ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd & ! trees are !n left to die4 ,! plant+ is mo/ly1 if n entirely1 done dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ,kiptamo moon 7,febru>y71 :i* is ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>1 & :5 ! ,iwat-kut moon rises 7,m>*7 all se$ %\ld be 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! *ief m$ic9e man is consult$ be=e ! plant+ op]ations beg91 b ! ,n&i "k by ! arrival 9 ! fields ( ! gu9ea-f[l1 ^: song is suppos$ to be1 ,o-kol1 o-kol2 mi-i toko* 7,plant1 plant2 !re is luck 9 x71 t ! plant+ season is at h&4 ,:5 ! fir/ se$ is s[n1 salt is mix$ ) x1 & ! s[] s+s m\rnfully3 ,ak o-siek-u o-*ok-*i 7,& gr[ quickly71 z he s[s4 ,aft] fre% gr\nd has be5 cle>$1 eleus9e gra9 is plant$4 ,?is crop is g5]ally repeat$ ! second ye>1 aft] :i* millet is s[n1 & f9ally sweet potatoes or "s o!r product4 ,mo/ fields are all[$ to lie fall[ e f\r? or fif? ye>4 ,! ,n&i manure _! plantations ) turf a%es4444 ,! eleus9e crops are h>ve/$ by bo? m5 & wom54 ,all o!r crops are reap$ by ! wom5 only1 :o are at times assi/$ by ! *ildr54 ,! corn is p\nd$ & w9n[$ by ! wom5 & girls407#cgj7 ,among ! ,suk & ,en-jemusi ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa x is ! wom5 :o cultivate ! fields & milk ! c[s47#cga7 ,among ! ,wad[e ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa ! m5 cle> ! =e/ & break up ! h>d gr\nd1 b ! wom5 s[ & reap ! crops47#cgb7 ,s among ! ,wanyamwezi1 :o are an ess5tially agricultural p1 to ! s\? ( ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza1 ! m5 cut d[n ! bu% & hoe ! h>d gr\nd1 b leave ! re/ ( ! lab\r ( we$+1 s[+1 & reap+ to ! wom547#cgc7 ,! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa subsi/ *iefly on bananas1 & among !m 8! g>d5 & its cultivation h always be5 ! woman's dep>tm5t4 ,pr9cesses & peasant wom5 alike look$ ^u cultivation z _! special "w2 ! g>d5 ) its produce 0 ess5tially ! wife's doma91 & %e w\ld "u no circum/ances all[ h] husb& to d any digg+ or s[+ 9 x4 ,no woman w\ld rema9 ) a man :o did n give h] a g>d5 & a hoe to dig x )2 if ^! 7 d5i$ h]1 %e w\ld seek an e>ly opportunity to escape f h] husb& & return to h] relations to compla9 ( h] treatm5t1 & to obta9 ju/ice or a divorce4 ,:5 a man m>ri$ he s\ght a plot ( l& = 8 wife 9 ord] t %e might settle to "w & provide food = ! h\sehold4444 ,9 initial cle>+ ( ! l& x 0 cu/om>y = ! husb& to take "p2 he cut d[n ! tall grass & %rubs1 & s left ! gr\nd ready = 8 wife to beg9 h] digg+4 ,! grass & ! trees %e heap$ up & burn$1 res]v+ only s mu* z %e ne$$ = firewood4 ,a hoe 0 ! only implem5t us$ 9 cultivation2 ! blade 0 he>t-%ap$ ) a prong at ! base1 by :i* x 0 fa/5$ to ! h&le4 ,! hoe-h&le 0 nev] m ?an two feet long1 s t a woman _h to /oop :5 us+ x407#cgd7 ,9 ,kiziba1 a di/rict imm$iately to ! s\? ( ,ug&a1 ! till+ ( ! soil is exclusively ! "w ( ! wom54 ,!y turn up ! soil ) hoes1 make holes 9 ! gr\nd ) digg+-/icks or _! f+]s1 & drop a few se$s into ea* hole47#cge7 ,among ! ,niam-,niam ( ,c5tral ,africa 8! m5 mo/ /udi\sly devote !mselves to _! hunt+1 & leave ! culture ( ! soil to be c>ri$ on exclusively by ! wom5027#cgf7 & among ! ,monbuttoo ( ! same region 9 l mann]1 8:il/ ! wom5 att5d to ! tillage ( ! soil & ! ga!r+ ( ! h>ve/1 ! m51 unless !y are abs5t ei!r = w> or hunt+1 sp5d ! entire day 9 idl5ess407#cgg7 ,z to ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo we read t 8l>ge f>ms 7 made ar\nd ! t[ns4 ,! m5 did ! cle>+ ( ! bu%1 fell+ ! trees1 & cutt+ d[n ! und]gr[?2 ! wom5 work$ ) !m1 heap+ up ! grass & bru%wood ready = burn+1 & help+ g5]ally4 ,z a rule ! wom5 did ! hoe+1 plant+1 & we$+1 b ! m5 did n s despise ?is "w z nev] to d x40 ,9 ?is tribe 8! food belong$ to ! woman :o cultivat$ ! f>m1 & :ile %e suppli$ h] husb& ) ! vegetable food1 he _h to supply ! fi% & meat & %>e !m ) 8 wife or wives407#cgh7 ,among/ ! ,t(oke1 a tribe ( ! ,congo ,/ate on ! equator1 all ! field lab\r1 except ! cle>+ away ( ! =e/1 is p]=m$ by ! wom54 ,!y dig ! soil ) a hoe & plant maize & manioc4 ,a field is us$ only once47#cgi7 ,s ) ! ,ba-,mbala1 a ,bantu tribe betwe5 ! riv]s ,inzia & ,kwilu1 ! m5 cle> ! gr\nd = cultivation1 b all ! re/ ( ! "w ( tillage falls to ! wom51 ^: only tool is an iron hoe4 ,fre% gr\nd is cle>$ = cultivation e ye>47#chj7 ,! ,mpongwe ( ! ,gaboon1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 cultivate manioc 7cassava71 maize1 yams1 planta9s1 sweet potatoes1 & gr\nd nuts4 ,:5 new cle>+s h to be made 9 ! =e/1 ! m5 cut d[n & burn ! trees1 & ! wom5 put 9 ! crop4 ,! only tool !y use is a dibble1 ) :i* !y turn up a sod1 put 9 a se$1 & cov] x ov]47#cha7 ,among ! ,a%ira ( ! same region ! cultivation ( ! soil is 9 ! h&s ( ! wom547#chb7 7,m#hi7 ,a simil> division ( lab\r betwe5 m5 & wom5 prevails among _m primitive agricultural tribes ( ,indians 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 8,9 ! int]ior ( ! villages10 says an em95t au?ority on aborig9al ,s\? ,am]ica1 8! man (t5 abs5ts himself to hunt or to g into ! he>t ( ! =e/ 9 se>* ( ! honey ( ! wild bees1 & he always goes alone4 ,he fells ! trees 9 ! places :]e he wi%es to make a field = cultivation1 he fa%ions 8 weapons1 he digs out 8 canoe1 :ile ! woman re>s ! *ildr51 makes ! g>m5ts1 busies h]self ) ! int]ior1 cultivates ! field1 ga!rs ! fruits1 collects ! roots1 & prep>es ! food4 ,su* is1 g5]ally at lea/1 ! respective condition ( ! two sexes among almo/ all ! ,am]icans4 ,! ,p]uvians alone _h already1 9 _! semi-civilis$ /ate1 p>tially modifi$ ^! cu/oms2 = among !m ! man %>$ ! toils ( ! o!r sex or took on himself ! mo/ labori\s tasks407#chc7 ,?us1 to take examples1 among ! ,c>ibs ( ! ,we/ ,indies ! m5 us$ to fell ! trees & leave ! fall5 trunks to cumb] ! gr\nd1 burn+ (f only ! small] b\ghs4 ,!n ! wom5 came & plant$ manioc1 potatoes1 yams1 & bananas :]ev] !y f\nd room among ! tree-trunks4 ,9 digg+ ! gr\nd to receive ! se$ or ! %oots !y did n use hoes b simply po9t$ /icks4 ,! m51 we are told1 w\ld r h di$ ( hung] ?an und]take su* agricultural lab\rs47#chd7 ,aga91 ! /aple vegetable food ( ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana is cassava bread1 made f ! roots ( ! manioc or cassava plant1 :i* ! ,indians cultivate 9 cle>+s ( ! =e/4 ,! m5 fell ! trees1 cut d[n ! und]gr[?1 & 9 dry wea!r set fire to ! fall5 lumb]1 ?us creat+ op5 pat*es 9 ! =e/ :i* are cov]$ ) :ite a%es4 ,:5 ! ra9s set 91 ! wom5 repair to ^! cle>+s1 heavily lad5 ) baskets full ( cassava /icks to be us$ z cutt+s4 ,^! !y ins]t at irregul> int]vals 9 ! soil1 & s ! field is =m$4 ,:ile ! cassava is gr[+1 ! wom5 d j z mu* we$+ z is necess>y to prev5t ! cultivat$ plants f be+ *ok$ by ! rank gr[? ( ! tropical vegetation1 & 9 do+ s !y plant bananas1 pumpk9 se$s1 yams1 sweet potatoes1 sug>-cane1 r$ & yell[ pepp]s1 & s =?1 :]ev] !re is room = !m4 ,at la/ 9 ! n9? or t5? mon?1 :5 ! se$s appe>+ on ! /raggl+ bran*es ( ! cassava plants ann\nce t ! roots are ripe1 ! wom5 cut d[n ! plants & dig up ! roots1 n all at once1 b z !y are requir$4 ,^! roots !y aft]w>ds peel1 scrape1 & bake into cassava bread47#che7 7,m#ij7 ,9 l mann] ! cassava or manioc plant is cultivat$ g5]ally among all ! ,indian tribes ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]ev] ! plant w gr[2 & ! cultivation ( x is altoge!r 9 ! h&s ( ! wom51 :o ins]t ! /icks 9 ! gr\nd aft] ! fa%ion already describ$47#chf7 ,= example1 among ! tribes ( ! ,uaupes ,riv]1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,amazon1 :o are an agricultural p ) settl$ abodes1 8! m5 cut d[n ! trees & bru%wood1 :i*1 aft] !y h la9 "s mon?s to dry1 are burnt2 & ! m&iocca is !n plant$ by ! wom51 toge!r ) little pat*es ( cane1 sweet potatoes1 & v>i\s fruits4 ,! wom5 also dig up ! m&iocca1 & prep>e f x ! bread :i* is _! ma9 subsi/5ce4444 ,! bread is made fre% e day1 z :5 x gets cold & dry x is f> less palatable4 ,! wom5 ?us h pl5ty to d1 = e o!r day at lea/ !y h to g to ! field1 (t5 a mile or two di/ant1 to fet* ! root1 & e day to grate1 prep>e1 & bake ! bread2 z x =ms by f> ! great] "p ( _! food1 & !y (t5 pass days )\t eat+ any?+ else1 especially :5 ! m5 are engag$ 9 cle>+ ! =e/407#chg7 ,among ! ,tup9ambas1 a tribe ( ,brazilian ,indians1 ! wives 8_h some?+ m ?an _! due %>e ( lab\r1 b !y 7 n treat$ ) brutality1 & _! condition 0 on ! :ole happy4 ,!y set & dug ! m&ioc2 !y s[$ & ga!r$ ! maize4 ,an odd sup]/ition prevail$1 t if a sort ( e>?-almond1 :i* ! ,portugueze call am5do5s1 0 plant$ by ! m51 x w\ld n gr[407#chh7 ,simil> acc\nts appe> to apply to ! ,brazilian ,indians 9 g5]al3 ! m5 occupy !mselves ) hunt+1 w>1 & ! manufacture ( _! weapons1 :ile ! wom5 plant & reap ! crops1 & se>* = fruits 9 ! =e/27#chi7 above all !y cultivate ! manioc1 scrap+ ! soil cle> ( we$s ) po9t$ /icks & ins]t+ ! %oots 9 ! e>?47#cij7 ,simil>ly among ! ,indians ( ,p]u1 :o cultivate maize 9 cle>+s ( ! =e/1 ! cultivation ( ! fields is left to ! wom51 :ile ! m5 hunt ) b[s & arr[s & bl[guns 9 ! woods1 (t5 rema9+ away f home = weeks or ev5 mon?s toge!r47#cia7 7,m#ia7 ,a simil> di/ribution ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes prevails among "s savage tribes 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?us among ! ,lhoosai ( s\?-ea/]n ,india ! m5 employ !mselves *iefly 9 hunt+ or 9 mak+ =ays on _! weak] neighb\rs1 b !y cle> ! gr\nd & help to c>ry home ! h>ve/4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma9 burd5 ( ! bodily lab\r by :i* life is support$ falls on ! wom52 !y fet* wat]1 hew wood1 cultivate ! gr\nd1 & help to reap ! crops47#cib7 ,among ! ,miris ( ,assam almo/ ! :ole ( ! field "w is done by ! wom54 ,!y cultivate a pat* ( gr\nd = two successive ye>s1 !n suff] x to lie fall[ = f\r or five4 ,b !y are det]r$ by sup]/iti\s fe> f break+ new gr\nd s long z ! fall[ suffices = _! ne$s2 !y dread to (f5d ! spirits ( ! woods by ne$lessly fell+ ! trees4 ,!y raise crops ( rice1 maize1 millet1 yams1 & sweet potatoes4 ,b !y seldom possess any implem5t adapt$ solely = tillage2 !y h nev] tak5 to ! pl\gh nor ev5 to a hoe4 ,!y use _! long /raight swords to cle>1 cut1 & dig )47#cic7 ,among ! ,korwas1 a savage hill tribe ( ,b5gal1 ! m5 hunt ) b[s & arr[s1 :ile ! wom5 till ! fields1 dig = wild roots1 or cull wild vegetables4 ,_! pr9cipal crop is pulse 7,cajanus ,indicus747#cid7 ,among ! ,papuans ( ,ayambori1 ne> ,doreh 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 x is ! m5 :o lay out ! fields by fell+ & burn+ ! trees & bru%wood 9 ! =e/1 & x is !y :o enclose ! fields ) f5ces1 b x is ! wom5 :o s[ & reap !m & c>ry home ! produce 9 sacks on _! backs4 ,!y cultivate rice1 millet1 & bananas47#cie7 ,s among ! natives ( ,kaimani ,bay 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea ! m5 occupy !mselves only ) fi%+ & hunt+1 :ile all ! field "w falls on ! wom547#cif7 ,9 ! ,gazelle ,p59sula ( ,new ,brita91 :5 ! natives h decid$ to conv]t a piece ( grass-l& into a plantation1 ! m5 cut d[n ! long grass1 burn x1 dig up ! soil ) %>p-po9t$ /icks1 & enclose ! l& ) a f5ce ( sapl+s4 ,!n ! wom5 plant ! banana %oots1 we$ ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! bananas ins]t slips ( yams1 sweet potatoes1 sug>-cane1 or g+]4 ,:5 ! produce is ripe1 !y c>ry x to ! village4 ,?us ! bulk ( ! lab\r ( cultivation devolves on ! wom547#cig7 7,m#ib7 ,among "s peoples ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 aft] ! l& has be5 cle>$ = cultivation by ! m51 ! "w ( plant+ & s[+ is divid$ betwe5 m5 & wom51 ! m5 digg+ holes 9 ! gr\nd ) po9t$ /icks1 & ! wom5 foll[+ !m1 putt+ ! se$s or %oots into ! holes1 & !n huddl+ ! e>? ov] !m2 = savages seldom s[ broadca/1 !y labori\sly dig holes & ins]t ! se$ 9 !m4 ,?is division ( agricultural lab\r betwe5 ! sexes is adopt$ by v>i\s tribes ( ,celebes1 ,c]am1 ,borneo1 ,nias1 & ,new ,gu9ea47#cih7 ,sometimes ! cu/om ( entru/+ ! s[+ ( ! se$ to wom5 appe>s to be influ5c$ by sup]/iti\s z well z economic consid]ations4 ,?us among ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco1 :o ) an inf9itude ( pa9s cle>$ ! jungle = cultivation by cutt+ d[n ! =e/ trees ) _! /one axes1 burn+ ! fall5 lumb]1 & break+ up ! gr\nd ) wood5 in/rum5ts h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 ! task ( s[+ ! maize & plant+ ! roots 0 p]=m$ by ! wom5 alone2 & :5 ! ,spani% mission>ies expo/ulat$ ) ! m5 = n help+ _! wives 9 ?is toilsome duty1 !y receiv$ = answ] t z wom5 knew h[ to conceive se$ & be> *ildr51 s ! se$s & roots plant$ by !m bore fruit f> m abundantly ?an if !y _h be5 plant$ by male h&s47#cii7 7,m#ic7 ,ev5 among savages :o h n yet le>n$ to cultivate any plants ! task ( collect+ ! edible se$s & digg+ up ! edible roots ( wild plants appe>s to devolve ma9ly on wom51 :ile ! m5 contribute _! %>e to ! common food supply by hunt+ & fi%+1 = :i* _! sup]ior /r5g?1 agility1 & c\rage especially qualify !m4 ,= example1 among ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 :o 7 entirely ignorant ( agriculture1 ! g5]al division ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes 9 ! se>* = food 0 t ! m5 kill$ ! game & caught ! salmon1 :ile ! wom5 dug ! roots & br\ght 9 mo/ ( ! vegetable food1 ?\gh ! m5 help$ !m to ga!r acorns1 nuts1 & b]ries47#djj7 ,among ! ,indians ( ,san ,juan ,capi/rano 9 ,cali=nia1 :ile ! m5 pass$ _! "t 9 f[l+1 fi%+1 danc+1 & l\ng+1 8! wom5 7 oblig$ to ga!r se$s 9 ! fields1 prep>e !m = cook+1 & to p]=m all ! meane/ (fices1 z well z ! mo/ labori\s4 ,x 0 pa9ful 9 ! extreme1 to behold !m1 ) _! infants hang+ ^u _! %\ld]s1 grop+ ab\t 9 se>* ( h]bs or se$s1 & expos$ z !y frequ5tly 7 to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r407#dja7 ,yet ^! rude savages possess$ a cal5d> conta9+ directions z to ! seasons = collect+ ! diff]5t se$s & produce ( ! e>?4 ,! cal5d> consi/$ ( lun> mon?s correct$ by obs]vation ( ! sol/ices1 8= at ! conclusion ( ! moon 9 ,decemb]1 t is1 at ! conjunction1 !y calculat$ ! return ( ! sun f ! tropic ( ,capricorn2 & ano!r ye> comm5c$1 ! ,indian say+ #8! sun has arriv$ at 8 home4' 444 ,!y obs]v$ ) great] att5tion & celebrat$ ) m pomp1 ! sun's arrival at ! tropic ( ,capricorn ?an !y did 8 rea*+ ! tropic ( ,canc]1 = ! reason1 t1 z !y 7 situat$ t5 degrees f ! latt]1 !y 7 pleas$ at ! sun's approa* t[>ds !m2 = x return$ to rip5 _! fruits & se$s1 to give w>m? to ! atmosph]e1 & enliv5 aga9 ! fields ) beauty & increase40 ,h[ev]1 ! k ( ! cal5d> 0 limit$ to ! puplem or g5]al c\ncil ( ! tribe1 :o s5t cri]s to make proclamation :5 ! "t _h come to g =? & ga!r ! se$s & o!r produce ( ! e>?4 ,9 _! calculations !y 7 assi/$ by a pul or a/rolog]1 :o obs]v$ ! aspect ( ! moon47#djb7 ,:5 we consid] t ^! rude ,cali=nian savages1 de/itute alike ( agriculture & ( ! o!r arts ( civilis$ life1 yet succe$$ 9 =m+ = !mselves a cal5d> bas$ on obs]vation bo? ( ! moon & ( ! sun1 we ne$ n hesitate to ascribe to ! immeasurably m advanc$ ,greeks at ! dawn ( hi/ory ! k ( a some:at m elaborate cal5d> f\nd$ on a cycle ( eight sol> ye>s47#djc7 7,m#id7 ,among ! equally rude aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 to :om agriculture 9 e =m 0 totally unkn[n1 ! division ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes 9 reg>d to ! collection ( food appe>s to h be5 simil>4 ,:ile ! m5 hunt$ game1 ! lab\r ( ga!r+ & prep>+ ! vegetable food fell *iefly to ! wom54 ,?us ) reg>d to ! ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia we are told t :ile ! m5 busi$ !mselves1 accord+ to ! season1 ei!r ) fi%+ or ) hunt+ emus1 opossums1 kang>oos1 & s =?1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 se>*$ = roots & plants47#djd7 ,aga91 among ! natives ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia 8x is g5]ally consid]$ ! prov9ce ( wom5 to dig roots1 & = ?is purpose !y c>ry a long1 po9t$ /ick1 :i* is held 9 ! "r h&1 & driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd1 :]e x is %ak51 s z to loos5 ! e>?1 :i* is scoop$ up & ?r[n out ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 & 9 ?is mann] !y dig ) great rapidity4 ,b ! lab\r1 9 proportion to ! am\nt obta9$1 is great4 ,to get a yam ab\t half an in* 9 circumf]5ce & a foot 9 l5g?1 !y h to dig a hole above a foot squ>e & two feet 9 dep?2 a consid]able portion ( ! "t ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 is1 !re=e1 pass$ 9 ?is employm5t4 ,if ! m5 are abs5t ^u any exp$ition1 ! females are left 9 *>ge ( "o :o is old or sick2 & 9 trav]s+ ! bu% y (t5 /umble on a l>ge p>ty ( !m1 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! =e/1 digg+ roots & collect+ ! diff]5t species ( fungus407#dje7 ,9 f]tile di/ricts1 :]e ! yams :i* ! aborig9es use z food gr[ abundantly1 ! gr\nd may sometimes be se5 riddl$ ) holes made by ! wom5 9 _! se>* = ^! edible roots4 ,?us to quote ,sir ,george ,grey3 8,we n[ cross$ ! dry b$ ( a /ream1 & f t em]g$ ^u a tract ( light f]tile soil1 q ov]run ) w>ran yam plants1 ! root ( :i* is a fav\rite article ( food ) ! natives4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t we _h yet se5 ?is plant on our j\rney1 & n[ = ?ree & a half consecutive miles we trav]s$ a f]tile piece ( l&1 lit]ally p]=at$ ) ! holes ! natives _h made to dig ?is root2 inde$ we c\ld ) difficulty walk across x on t acc\nt1 :il/ ?is tract ext5d$ ea/ & we/ z f> z we c\ld see407#djf7 ,aga91 9 ! valley ( ! ,l[] ,murray ,riv] a k9d ( yam 7,micros]is ,=/]i7 grew pl5tifully & 0 easily f\nd 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 :5 ! roots 7 dug up out ( ! e>? by ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,! root is small & ( a sweeti% ta/e & gr[s ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,au/ralia outside ! tropics2 on ! alp9e pa/ures ( ! high ,au/ralian m\nta9s x atta9s to a mu* l>g] size & furni%es a n unpalatable food47#djg7 ,b ! wom5 ga!r edible h]bs & se$s z well z roots2 & at ev5+ !y may be se5 troop+ 9 to ! camp1 ea* ) a great bundle ( s[-?i/les1 d&elions1 or trefoil on h] head17#djh7 or c>ry+ wood5 vessels fill$ ) se$s1 :i* !y aft]w>ds gr9d up betwe5 /ones & knead into a pa/e ) wat] or bake into cakes47#dji7 ,among ! aborig9es ( c5tral ,victoria1 :ile ! m5 hunt$1 ! wom5 dug up edible roots & ga!r$ succul5t vegetables1 su* z ! "y tops ( ! munya1 ! s[-?i/le1 & sev]al k9ds ( fig-m>igold4 ,! implem5t :i* !y us$ to dig up roots ) 0 a pole sev5 or eight feet long1 h>d5$ 9 ! fire & po9t$ at ! end1 :i* also s]v$ !m z a weapon bo? ( def5ce & ( (f5ce47#daj7 ,among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ! pr9cipal vegetable food is ! se$ ( a species ( ,claytonia1 call$ by :ite m5 muny]u1 :i* ! wom5 ga!r 9 l>ge quantities & w9n[ by p\r+ ! little black se$s f "o vessel to ano!r s z to let ! w9d bl[ ! loose husks away47#daa7 7,m#ie7 ,9 ^! cu/oms obs]v$ by savages :o are totally ignorant ( agriculture we may p]haps detect "s ( ! /eps by :i* mank9d h advanc$ f ! enjoym5t ( ! wild fruits ( ! e>? to ! sy/ematic cultivation ( plants4 ,= an effect ( digg+ up ! e>? 9 ! se>* = roots has probably be5 9 _m cases to enri* & f]tilise ! soil & s to increase ! crop ( roots or h]bs2 & su* an increase w\ld naturally attract ! natives 9 l>g] numb]s & enable !m to subsi/ = long] p]iods on ! spot )\t be+ compell$ by ! spe$y exhau/ion ( ! crop to %ift _! qu>t]s & w&] away 9 se>* ( fre% supplies4 ,moreov]1 ! w9n[+ ( ! se$s on gr\nd :i* _h ?us be5 turn$ up by ! digg+-/icks ( ! wom5 w\ld naturally contribute to ! same result4 ,= ?\gh savages at ! level ( ! ,cali=nian ,indians & ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia h no idea ( us+ se$s = any purpose b t ( imm$iate consumption1 & x has nev] occurr$ to !m to incur a tempor>y loss = ! sake ( a future ga9 by s[+ !m 9 ! gr\nd1 yet x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 ! process ( w9n[+ ! se$s z a prep>ation = eat+ !m _m ( ! gra9s mu/ h escap$ &1 be+ waft$ by ! w9d1 h fall5 on ! upturn$ soil & borne fruit4 ,?us by ! op]ations ( turn+ up ! gr\nd & w9n[+ ! se$1 ?\gh nei!r op]ation aim$ at any?+ beyond satisfy+ ! imm$iate pangs ( hung]1 savage man or r savage woman 0 unconsci\sly prep>+ = ! :ole community a future & m abundant /ore ( food1 :i* w\ld enable !m to multiply & to ab&on ! old migratory & wa/eful mann] ( life = a m settl$ & economic mode ( exi/5ce4 ,s curi\sly sometimes does man1 aim+ 8 %afts at a ne> b petty m>k1 hit a great] & m di/ant t>get4 7,m#if7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x appe>s highly probable t z a consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 natural division ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes wom5 h contribut$ m ?an m5 t[>ds ! greate/ advance 9 economic hi/ory1 namely1 ! transition f a nomadic to a settl$ life1 f a natural to an artificial basis ( subsi/5ce4 7,m#ig7 ,among ! ,aryan peoples ( ,europe ! old practice ( hoe+ ! gr\nd z a prep>ation = s[+ appe>s to h be5 g5]ally replac$ at a v remote p]iod by ! f> m effective process ( pl\gh+27#dab7 & z ! lab\r ( pl\gh+ practically necessitates ! employm5t ( mascul9e /r5g?1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t 9 ,europe _m traces %\ld rema9 ( ! important "p =m]ly play$ by wom5 9 primitive agriculture4 ,h[ev]1 we are told t among ! ,ib]ians ( ,spa9 & ! ,a?amanes ( ,epirus ! wom5 till$ ! gr\nd17#dac7 & t among ! anci5t ,g]mans ! c>e ( ! fields 0 left to ! wom5 & old m547#dad7 ,b ^! indications ( an age :5 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd 0 committ$ ma9ly to fem99e h&s are few & slight2 & if ! ,greek conception ( ,demet] z a goddess ( corn & agriculture really dates f su* an age & 0 directly sugge/$ by su* a division ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes1 x seems cle> t its orig9 mu/ be s\ght at a p]iod f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,aryan race1 p]haps long be=e ! segregation ( ! ,greeks f ! common /ock & _! =mation into a sep>ate p4 ,x may be s1 b to me ,i confess t ?is d]ivation ( ! conception appe>s some:at f>-fet*$ & improbable2 & ,i pref] to suppose t ! idea ( ! corn z fem99e 0 sugge/$ to ! ,greek m9d1 n by ! position ( wom5 9 remote prehi/oric ages1 b by a direct obs]vation ( nature1 ! teem+ head ( corn appe>+ to ! primitive fancy to resemble ! teem+ womb ( a woman1 & ! ripe e> on ! /alk be+ lik5$ to a *ild borne 9 ! arms or on ! back ( its "m4 ,at lea/ we "k t simil> sights sugge/ simil> ideas to "s ( ! agricultural negroes ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,?us ! ,hos ( ,togol&1 :o plant maize 9 ,febru>y & reap x 9 ,july1 say t ! maize is an image ( a "m2 :5 ! cobs are =m+1 ! "m is b9d+ ! infant on h] back1 b 9 ,july %e s9ks h] head & dies & ! *ild is tak5 away f h]1 to be aft]w>ds multipli$ at ! next s[+47#dae7 ,:5 ! rude aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia obs]ve t a se$-be>+ plant has fl[]$1 !y call x ! ,"m ( ,s-&-s1 nam+ ! p>ticul> k9d ( plant1 & !y w n all[ x to be dug up47#daf7 ,app>5tly !y ?9k t respect & reg>d are due to ! plant z to a "m & h] *ild4 ,su* simple & natural comp>isons1 :i* may occur to m5 9 any age & c\ntry1 suffice to expla9 ! ,greek p]sonification ( ! corn z "m & daught]1 & we ne$ n ca/ ab\t = m recondite !ories4 ,be t z x may1 ! conception ( ! corn z a woman & a "m 0 c]ta9ly n peculi> to ! anci5t ,greeks1 b has be5 %>$ by !m ) _m o!r races1 z w appe> abundantly f ! in/ances :i* ,i %all cite 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,corn-,,"m ,,& ,,! ,,corn-,,maid5 ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,europe4 7,m#ih7 ,x has be5 argu$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt t ! fir/ "p ( ,demet]'s "n is d]iv$ f an alleg$ ,cretan ^w deai1 8b>ley10 & t accord+ly ,demet] means nei!r m nor less ?an 8,b>ley-"m0 or 8,corn-"m027#dag7 = ! root ( ! ^w seems to h be5 appli$ to diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 by diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,aryans47#dah7 ,z ,crete appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,demet]17#dai7 x w\ld n be surpris+ if h] "n 7 ( ,cretan orig94 ,b ! etymology is op5 to s]i\s objections17#dbj7 & x is saf] !re=e to lay no /ress on x4 ,be t z x may1 we h f\nd indep5d5t reasons = id5tify+ ,demet] z ! ,corn-"m1 & ( ! two species ( corn associat$ ) h] 9 ,greek religion1 namely b>ley & :eat1 ! b>ley has p]haps ! bett] claim to be h] orig9al elem5t2 = n only w\ld x seem to h be5 ! /aple food ( ! ,greeks 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 b !re are gr\nds = believ+ t x is "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! v olde/1 c]eal cultivat$ by ! ,aryan race4 ,c]ta9ly ! use ( b>ley 9 ! religi\s ritual ( ! anci5t ,h9doos z well z ( ! anci5t ,greeks furni%es a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! great antiquity ( its cultivation1 :i* is kn[n to h be5 practis$ by ! lake-dwell]s ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ,europe47#dba7 ,analogies to ! ,corn-"m or ,b>ley-"m ( anci5t ,greece h be5 collect$ 9 great abundance by ,w4 ,mannh>dt f ! folk-lore ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z specim5s4 7,m#ii7 ,9 ,g]many ! corn is v commonly p]sonifi$ "u ! "n ( ! ,corn-"m4 ,?us 9 spr+1 :5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d1 ! peasants say1 8,!re comes ! ,corn-"m10 or 8,! ,corn-"m is runn+ ov] ! field10 or 8,! ,corn-"m is go+ ?r\gh ! corn407#dbb7 ,:5 *ildr5 wi% to g into ! fields to pull ! blue corn-fl[]s or ! r$ poppies1 !y are told n to d s1 because ! ,corn-"m is sitt+ 9 ! corn & w cat* !m47#dbc7 ,or aga9 %e is call$1 accord+ to ! crop1 ! ,rye-"m or ! ,pea-"m1 & *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 ! rye or among ! peas by ?reats ( ! ,rye-"m or ! ,pea-"m4 ,9 ,norway also ! ,pea-"m is said to sit among ! peas47#dbd7 ,simil> expressions are curr5t among ! ,slavs4 ,! ,poles & ,cze*s w>n *ildr5 aga9/ ! ,corn-"m :o sits 9 ! corn4 ,or !y call h] ! old ,corn-woman1 & say t %e sits 9 ! corn & /rangles ! *ildr5 :o tread x d[n47#dbe7 ,! ,li?uanians say1 8,! ,old ,rye-woman sits 9 ! corn407#dbf7 ,aga9 ! ,corn-"m is believ$ to make ! crop gr[4 ,?us 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,magdeburg x is sometimes said1 8,x w be a good ye> = flax2 ! ,flax-"m has be5 se540 ,at ,d9kelsbhl1 9 ,bav>ia1 d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 p believ$ t :5 ! crops on a p>ticul> f>m comp>$ unfav\rably ) ^? ( ! neighb\rhood1 ! reason 0 t ! ,corn-"m _h puni%$ ! f>m] = 8 s9s47#dbg7 ,9 a village ( ,/yria x is said t ! ,corn-"m1 9 ! %ape ( a female puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf ( corn & dress$ 9 :ite1 may be se5 at midnight 9 ! corn-fields1 :i* %e f]tilises by pass+ ?r\gh !m2 b if %e is angry ) a f>m]1 %e )]s up all 8 corn47#dbh7 7,m#ajj7 ,fur!r1 ! ,corn-"m plays an important "p 9 h>ve/ cu/oms4 ,%e is believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! h&ful ( corn :i* is left /&+ la/ on ! field2 & ) ! cutt+ ( ?is la/ h&ful %e is caught1 or driv5 away1 or kill$4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases1 ! la/ %eaf is c>ri$ joyfully home & hon\r$ z a div9e be+4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! b>n1 & at ?re%+ ! corn-_s appe>s aga947#dbi7 ,9 ! ,hanov]ian di/rict ( ,hadeln ! reap]s /& r\nd ! la/ %eaf & beat x ) /icks 9 ord] to drive ! ,corn-"m out ( x4 ,!y call to ea* o!r1 8,!re %e is6 hit h]6 ,take c>e %e doesn't cat* y60 ,! beat+ goes on till ! gra9 is completely ?re%$ out2 !n ! ,corn-"m is believ$ to be driv5 away47#dcj7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,danzig ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn makes !m into a doll1 :i* is call$ ! ,corn-"m or ! ,old ,woman & is br\ght home on ! la/ waggon47#dca7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,hol/e9 ! la/ %eaf is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s & call$ ! ,corn-"m4 ,x is c>ri$ home on ! la/ waggon1 & !n ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,! dr5*+ ) wat] is d\btless a ra9-*>m47#dcb7 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,bruck 9 ,/yria ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,corn-"m1 is made up into ! %ape ( a woman by ! olde/ m>ri$ woman 9 ! village1 ( an age f fifty to fifty-five ye>s4 ,! f9e/ e>s are pluck$ out ( x & made into a wrea?1 :i*1 tw9$ ) fl[]s1 is c>ri$ on h] head by ! prettie/ girl ( ! village to ! f>m] or squire1 :ile ! ,corn-"m is laid d[n 9 ! b>n to keep (f ! mice47#dcc7 ,9 o!r villages ( ! same di/rict ! ,corn-"m1 at ! close ( h>ve/1 is c>ri$ by two lads at ! top ( a pole4 ,!y m>* beh9d ! girl :o we>s ! wrea? to ! squire's h\se1 & :ile he receives ! wrea? & hangs x up 9 ! hall1 ! ,corn-"m is plac$ on ! top ( a pile ( wood1 :]e %e is ! c5tre ( ! h>ve/ supp] & dance4 ,aft]w>ds %e is hung up 9 ! b>n & rema9s !re till ! ?re%+ is ov]4 ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! son ( ! ,corn-"m2 he is ti$ up 9 ! ,corn-"m1 beat51 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! village4 ,! wrea? is d$icat$ 9 *ur* on ! foll[+ ,sunday2 & on ,ea/] ,eve ! gra9 is rubb$ out ( x by a sev5-ye>s-old girl & scatt]$ among/ ! "y corn4 ,at ,*ri/mas ! /raw ( ! wrea? is plac$ 9 ! mang] to make ! cattle ?rive47#dcd7 ,"h ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! ,corn-"m is pla9ly br\ght out by scatt]+ ! se$ tak5 f h] body 7= ! wrea? is made out ( ! ,corn-"m7 among ! new corn2 & h] influ5ce ov] animal life is indicat$ by plac+ ! /raw 9 ! mang]4 ,at ,we/]hs51 9 ,saxony1 ! la/ corn cut is made 9 ! %ape ( a woman deck$ ) ribbons & clo?4 ,x is fa/5$ to a pole & br\ght home on ! la/ waggon4 ,"o ( ! p 9 ! waggon keeps wav+ ! pole1 s t ! figure moves z if alive4 ,x is plac$ on ! ?re%+-floor1 & /ays !re till ! ?re%+ is done47#dce7 ,among/ ! ,slavs also ! la/ %eaf is kn[n z ! ,rye-"m1 ! ,:eat-"m1 ! ,oats-"m1 ! ,b>ley-"m1 & s on1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,t>n[1 ,galicia1 ! wrea? made out ( ! la/ /alks is call$ ! ,:eat-"m1 ,rye-"m1 or ,pea-"m4 ,x is plac$ on a girl's head & kept till spr+1 :5 "s ( ! gra9 is mix$ ) ! se$-corn47#dcf7 ,"h aga9 ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! ,corn-"m is indicat$4 ,9 ,france1 also1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aux]re1 ! la/ %eaf goes by ! "n ( ! ,"m ( ! ,:eat1 ,"m ( ! ,b>ley1 ,"m ( ! ,rye1 or ,"m ( ! ,oats4 ,!y leave x /&+ 9 ! field till ! la/ waggon is ab\t to w5d homew>ds4 ,!n !y make a puppet out ( x1 dress x ) clo!s belong+ to ! f>m]1 & adorn x ) a cr[n & a blue or :ite sc>f4 ,a bran* ( a tree is /uck 9 ! brea/ ( ! puppet1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,c]es4 ,at ! dance 9 ! ev5+ ! ,c]es is set 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 & ! reap] :o reap$ fa/e/ dances r\nd x ) ! prettie/ girl = 8 p>tn]4 ,aft] ! dance a pyre is made4 ,all ! girls1 ea* we>+ a wrea?1 /rip ! puppet1 pull x to pieces1 & place x on ! pyre1 along ) ! fl[]s ) :i* x 0 adorn$4 ,!n ! girl :o 0 ! fir/ to f9i% reap+ sets fire to ! pile1 & all pray t ,c]es may give a fruitful ye>4 ,"h1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 ! old cu/om has rema9$ intact1 ?\gh ! "n ,c]es is a bit ( s*oolma/]'s le>n+47#dcg7 ,9 ,upp] ,brittany ! la/ %eaf is always made into human %ape2 b if ! f>m] is a m>ri$ man1 x is made d\ble & consi/s ( a little corn-puppet plac$ inside ( a l>ge "o4 ,?is is call$ ! ,"m-%eaf4 ,x is deliv]$ to ! f>m]'s wife1 :o unties x & gives dr9k-money 9 return47#dch7 7,m#aja7 ,sometimes ! la/ %eaf is call$1 n ! ,corn-"m1 b ! ,h>ve/-"m or ! ,great ,"m4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,osnabrck1 ,hanov]1 x is call$ ! ,h>ve/-"m2 x is made up 9 female =m1 & !n ! reap]s dance ab\t ) x4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/phalia ! la/ %eaf at ! rye-h>ve/ is made especially heavy by fa/5+ /ones 9 x4 ,!y br+ x home on ! la/ waggon & call x ! ,great ,"m1 ?\gh !y d n fa%ion x into any special %ape4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,erfurt a v heavy %eaf1 n necess>ily ! la/1 is call$ ! ,great ,"m1 & is c>ri$ on ! la/ waggon to ! b>n1 :]e all h&s lift x d[n amid a fire ( jokes47#dci7 7,m#ajb7 ,sometimes aga9 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,gr&mo!r1 & is adorn$ ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 & a woman's apron4 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 at ! rye or :eat h>ve/1 ! reap]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 8,y are gett+ ! ,old ,gr&mo!r40 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,magdeburg ! m5 & wom5 s]vants /rive :o %all get ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,gr&mo!r4 ,:oev] gets x w be m>ri$ 9 ! next ye>1 b 8 or h] sp\se w be old2 if a girl gets x1 %e w m>ry a wid[]2 if a man gets x1 he w m>ry an old crone4 ,9 ,silesia ! ,gr&mo!r--a huge bundle made up ( ?ree or f\r %eaves by ! p]son :o ti$ ! la/ %eaf--0 =m]ly fa%ion$ into a rude lik5ess ( ! human =m47#ddj7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,belfa/ ! la/ %eaf sometimes goes by ! "n ( ! ,granny4 ,x is n cut 9 ! usual way1 b all ! reap]s ?r[ _! sickles at x & try to br+ x d[n4 ,x is plait$ & kept till ! 7next87 autumn4 ,:oev] gets x w m>ry 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>47#dda7 7,m#ajc7 ,(t5] ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man4 ,9 ,g]many x is frequ5tly %ap$ & dress$ z a woman1 & ! p]son :o cuts x or b9ds x is said to 8get ! ,old ,woman407#ddb7 ,at ,alti%eim1 9 ,swabia1 :5 all ! corn ( a f>m has be5 cut except a s+le /rip1 all ! reap]s /& 9 a r[ be=e ! /rip2 ea* cuts 8 %>e rapidly1 & he :o gives ! la/ cut 8has ! ,old ,woman407#ddc7 ,:5 ! %eaves are be+ set up 9 heaps1 ! p]son :o gets hold ( ! ,old ,woman1 :i* is ! l>ge/ & ?icke/ ( all ! %eaves1 is je]$ at by ! re/1 :o call out to him1 8,he has ! ,old ,woman & mu/ keep h]407#ddd7 ,! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf is sometimes h]self call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & x is said t %e w be m>ri$ 9 ! next ye>47#dde7 ,9 ,neusaass1 ,we/ ,prussia1 bo? ! la/ %eaf--:i* is dress$ up 9 jacket1 hat1 & ribbons--& ! woman :o b9ds x are call$ ! ,old ,woman4 ,toge!r !y are br\ght home on ! la/ waggon & are dr5*$ ) wat]47#ddf7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,nor? ,g]many ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ is made up into a human effigy & call$ 8! ,old ,man02 & ! woman :o b\nd x is said 8to h ! ,old ,man407#ddg7 ,at ,hornkampe1 ne> ,tieg5h( 7,we/ ,prussia71 :5 a man or woman lags beh9d ! re/ 9 b9d+ ! corn1 ! o!r reap]s dress up ! la/ %eaf 9 ! =m ( a man or woman1 & ?is figure goes by ! lagg>d's "n1 z 8! old ,mi*ael10 8! idle ,tr9e40 ,x is br\ght home on ! la/ waggon1 &1 z x ne>s ! h\se1 ! by/&]s call out to ! lagg>d1 8,y h got ! ,old ,woman & mu/ keep h]407#ddh7 ,9 ,br&5burg ! "y folks on ! h>ve/-field race t[>ds a %eaf & jump ov] x4 ,! la/ to jump ov] x has to c>ry a /raw puppet1 adorn$ ) ribbons1 to ! f>m] & deliv] x to him :ile he recites "s v]ses4 ,( ! p]son :o ?us c>ries ! puppet x is said t 8he has ! ,old ,man40 ,probably ! puppet is or us$ to be made out ( ! la/ corn cut47#ddi7 ,9 _m di/ricts ( ,saxony ! la/ %eaf us$ to be adorn$ ) ribbons & set upright s z to look l a man4 ,x 0 !n kn[n z 8! ,old ,man10 & ! "y wom5 br\ght x back 9 procession to ! f>m1 s++ z !y w5t1 8,n[ we are br++ ! ,old ,man407#dej7 7,m#ajd7 ,9 ,we/ ,prussia1 :5 ! la/ rye is be+ rak$ toge!r1 ! wom5 & girls hurry ) ! "w1 = none ( !m likes to be ! la/ & to get 8! ,old ,man10 t is1 a puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf1 :i* mu/ be c>ri$ be=e ! o!r reap]s by ! p]son :o 0 ! la/ to f9i%47#dea7 ,9 ,silesia ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man & is ! !me ( _m je/s2 x is made unusually l>ge & is sometimes weight$ ) a /one4 ,at ,girla*sdorf1 ne> ,rei*5ba*1 :5 ?is heavy %eaf is lift$ into ! waggon1 !y say1 8,t is ! ,old ,man :om we s\ght = s long407#deb7 ,among ! ,g]mans ( ,we/ ,bohemia ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn is said to 8h ! ,old ,man40 ,9 =m] times x us$ to be cu/om>y to put a wrea? on 8 head & to play all k9ds ( pranks ) him1 & at ! h>ve/ supp] he 0 giv5 ! l>ge/ portion47#dec7 ,at ,wolletz 9 ,we/phalia ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ is call$ ! ,old ,man1 & be+ made up into ! lik5ess ( a man & decorat$ ) fl[]s x is pres5t$ to ! f>m]1 :o 9 return prep>es a fea/ = ! reap]s4 ,ab\t ,unna1 9 ,we/phalia1 ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ is made unusually l>ge1 & /ones are ins]t$ to increase its weight4 ,x is call$ de greaute meaur 7! ,grey ,"m871 & :5 x is br\ght home on ! waggon wat] is ?r[n on ! h>ve/]s :o accompany x47#ded7 ,among ! ,w5ds ! man or woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf at :eat h>ve/ is said to 8h ! ,old ,man40 ,a puppet is made out ( ! :eat5 /raw & e>s 9 ! lik5ess ( a man & deck$ ) fl[]s4 ,! p]son :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf mu/ c>ry ! ,old ,man home1 :ile ! re/ laugh & je] at him4 ,! puppet is hung up 9 ! f>mh\se & rema9s till a new ,old ,man is made at ! next h>ve/47#dee7 ,at ! close ( ! h>ve/ ! ,arabs ( ,moab bury ! la/ %eaf 9 a grave 9 ! cornfield1 say+ z !y d s1 8,we are bury+ ! ,old ,man10 or 8,! ,old ,man is dead407#def7 7,m#aje7 ,9 "s ( ^! cu/oms1 z ,mannh>dt has rem>k$1 ! p]son :o is call$ by ! same "n z ! la/ %eaf & sits beside x on ! la/ waggon is obvi\sly id5tifi$ ) x2 he or %e repres5ts ! corn-_s :i* has be5 caught 9 ! la/ %eaf2 9 o!r words1 ! corn-_s is repres5t$ 9 duplicate1 by a human be+ & by a %eaf47#deg7 ,! id5tification ( ! p]son ) ! %eaf is made /ill cle>] by ! cu/om ( wrapp+ up 9 ! la/ %eaf ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds x4 ,?us at ,h]msdorf 9 ,silesia x us$ to be ! regul> practice to tie up 9 ! la/ %eaf ! woman :o _h b\nd x47#deh7 ,at ,weid51 9 ,bav>ia1 x is ! cutt]1 n ! b9d]1 ( ! la/ %eaf :o is ti$ up 9 x47#dei7 ,"h ! p]son wrapt up 9 ! corn repres5ts ! corn-_s1 exactly z a p]son wrapt 9 bran*es or leaves repres5ts ! tree-_s47#dfj7 7,m#ajf7 ,! la/ %eaf1 designat$ z ! ,old ,woman1 is (t5 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r %eaves by its size & weight4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ,we/ ,prussia ! ,old ,woman is made twice z long & ?ick z a common %eaf1 & a /one is fa/5$ 9 ! middle ( x4 ,sometimes x is made s heavy t a man c b>ely lift x47#dfa7 ,at ,alt-,pillau1 9 ,saml&1 eight or n9e %eaves are (t5 ti$ toge!r to make ! ,old ,woman1 & ! man :o sets x up grumbles at its weight47#dfb7 ,at ,itzgrund1 9 ,saxe-,coburg1 ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,old ,woman1 is made l>ge ) ! express int5tion ( !reby secur+ a good crop next ye>47#dfc7 ,?us ! cu/om ( mak+ ! la/ %eaf unusually l>ge or heavy is a *>m1 work+ by sympa!tic magic1 to ensure a l>ge & heavy crop at ! foll[+ h>ve/4 ,9 ,d5m>k also ! la/ %eaf is made l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & is call$ ! ,old ,rye-woman or ! ,old ,b>ley-woman4 ,no "o likes to b9d x1 because :oev] does s w be sure1 !y ?9k1 to m>ry an old man or an old woman4 ,sometimes ! la/ :eat-%eaf1 call$ ! ,old ,:eat-woman1 is made up 9 human %ape1 ) head1 arms1 & legs1 & be+ dress$ 9 clo!s is c>ri$ home on ! la/ waggon1 :ile ! h>ve/]s sit beside x dr9k+ & huzza+47#dfd7 ,( ! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf x is said1 8,%e or he is ! ,old ,rye-woman407#dfe7 7,m#ajg7 ,9 ,scotl&1 :5 ! la/ corn 0 cut aft] ,hall[mas1 ! female figure made out ( x 0 sometimes call$ ! ,c>l9 or ,c>l9e1 t is1 ! ,old ,woman4 ,b if cut be=e ,hall[mas1 x 0 call$ ! ,maid52 if cut aft] sunset1 x 0 call$ ! ,wit*1 be+ suppos$ to br+ bad luck47#dff7 ,among ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/ is kn[n ei!r z ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 or z ! ,maid52 on ! :ole ! =m] "n seems to prevail 9 ! we/]n & ! latt] 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n di/ricts4 ,( ! ,maid5 we %all speak pres5tly2 "h we are deal+ ) ! ,old ,wife4 ,! foll[+ g5]al acc\nt ( ! cu/om is giv5 by a c>eful & well-in=m$ enquir]1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 m9i/] ( ! remote ,hebridean isl& ( ,tiree3 8,! ,h>ve/ ,old ,wife 7a ,*aillea*74--,9 h>ve/1 !re 0 a /ruggle to escape f be+ ! la/ done ) ! %e>+17#dfg7 & :5 tillage 9 common exi/$1 in/ances 7 kn[n ( a ridge be+ left un%orn 7no p]son w\ld claim x7 because ( x be+ beh9d ! re/4 ,! fe> ent]ta9$ 0 t ( hav+ ! #8fam9e ( ! f>m' 7gort a bhaile71 9 ! %ape ( an imag9>y old woman 7caillea*71 to fe$ till next h>ve/4 ,mu* emulation & amusem5t arose f ! fe> ( ?is old woman4444 ,! fir/ done made a doll ( "s blades ( corn1 :i* 0 call$ ! #8old wife1' & s5t x to 8 ne>e/ neighb\r4 ,he 9 turn1 :5 ready1 pass$ x to ano!r /ill less exp$iti\s1 & ! p]son x la/ rema9$ ) _h #8! old woman' to keep = t ye>407#dfh7 7,m#ajh7 ,to illu/rate ! cu/om by examples1 9 ,b]n]a1 on ! we/ ( ,lewis1 ! h>ve/ rejoic+ goes by ! "n ( ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 f ! la/ %eaf cut1 :e!r 9 a t[n%ip1 f>m1 or cr(t4 ,:]e !re are a numb] ( cr(ts beside ea* o!r1 !re is always great rivalry z to :o %all fir/ f9i% reap+1 & s h ! ,old ,wife be=e 8 neighb\rs4 ,"s p ev5 g out on a cle> night to reap _! fields aft] _! neighb\rs h retir$ to re/1 9 ord] t !y may h ! ,old ,wife fir/4 ,m neighb\rly habits1 h[ev]1 usually prevail1 & z ea* f9i%es 8 own fields he goes to ! help ( ano!r1 till ! :ole crop is cut4 ,! reap+ is /ill done ) ! sickle4 ,:5 ! corn has be5 cut on all ! cr(ts1 ! la/ %eaf is dress$ up to look z l an old woman z possible4 ,%e we>s a :ite cap1 a dress1 an apron1 & a little %awl ov] ! %\ld]s fa/5$ ) a sprig ( hea!r4 ,! apron is tuck$ up to =m a pocket1 :i* is /uff$ ) bread & *eese4 ,a sickle1 /uck 9 ! /r+ ( ! apron at ! back1 completes h] equipm5t4 ,?is co/ume & outfit mean t ! ,old ,wife is ready to be> a h& 9 ! "w ( h>ve/+4 ,at ! fea/ :i* foll[s1 ! ,old ,wife is plac$ at ! head ( ! table1 & z ! :isky goes r\nd ea* ( ! company dr9ks to h]1 say+1 8,"h's to ! "o t has help$ u ) ! h>ve/40 ,:5 ! table has be5 cle>$ away & danc+ beg9s1 "o ( ! lads leads out ! ,old ,wife & dances ) h]2 & if ! night is f9e ! p>ty w sometimes g out & m>* 9 a body to a consid]able di/ance1 s++ h>ve/-songs1 :ile "o ( !m c>ries ! ,old ,wife on 8 back4 ,:5 ! ,h>ve/-,home is ov]1 ! ,old ,wife is %orn ( h] ge> & us$ = ord9>y purposes47#dfi7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,islay ! la/ corn cut also goes by ! "n ( ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*71 & :5 %e has done h] duty at h>ve/ %e is hung up on ! wall & /ays !re till ! "t comes to pl\gh ! fields = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,!n %e is tak5 d[n1 & on ! fir/ day :5 ! m5 g to pl\gh %e is divid$ among !m by ! mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,!y take h] 9 _! pockets & give h] to ! horses to eat :5 !y rea* ! field4 ,?is is suppos$ to secure good luck = ! next h>ve/1 & is und]/ood to be ! prop] end ( ! ,old ,wife47#dgj7 ,9 ,k9tyre also ! "n ( ! ,old ,wife is giv5 to ! la/ corn cut47#dga7 ,on ! %ores ( ! beautiful ,lo* ,awe1 a long %eet ( wat]1 w9d+ among s(t gre5 hills1 above :i* ! giant ,b5 ,crua*an t[]s bold & rugg$ on ! nor?1 ! h>ve/ cu/om is some:at diff]5t4 ,! "n ( ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 is "h be/[$1 n on ! la/ corn cut1 b on ! reap] :o is ! la/ to f9i%4 ,he be>s x z a t]m ( reproa*1 & is n privileg$ to reap ! la/ e>s left /&+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! are cut by ! reap] :o 0 ! fir/ to f9i% 8 spagh or /rip 7lit]ally 8claw071 & out ( !m is fa%ion$ ! ,maid51 :i* is aft]w>ds hung up1 accord+ to "o /atem5t1 8= ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! dea? ( horses 9 spr+407#dgb7 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 8! "o :o took ! la/ ( ! gra9 f ! field to ! /acky>d 0 call$ ! #8w9t]4' ,ea* "o did :at c\ld be done to avoid be+ ! la/ on ! field1 & :5 !re 7 sev]al on ! field !re 0 a race to get (f4 ,! un=tunate #8w9t]' 0 ! subject ( a good deal ( teas+1 & 0 dress$ up 9 all ! old clo!s t c\ld be ga!r$ ab\t ! f>m1 & plac$ on ! #8b9k' to eat 8 supp]407#dgc7 ,s 9 ,cai?ness ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ %eaf is call$ ,w9t] & reta9s ! "n till ! next h>ve/47#dgd7 7,m#aji7 ,usages ( ! same sort are report$ f ,wales4 ,?us 9 ,nor? ,pembroke%ire a tuft ( ! la/ corn cut1 f six to twelve in*es long1 is plait$ & goes by ! "n ( ! ,hag 7wra*72 & qua9t old cu/oms us$ to be practis$ ) x )9 ! memory ( _m p]sons /ill alive4 ,great 0 ! excitem5t among ! reap]s :5 ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn 0 rea*$4 ,all 9 turn ?rew _! sickles at x1 & ! "o :o succe$$ 9 cutt+ x receiv$ a jug ( home-brew$ ale4 ,! ,hag 7wra*7 0 !n hurri$ly made & tak5 to a neighb\r+ f>m1 :]e ! reap]s 7 /ill busy at _! "w4 ,?is 0 g5]ally done by ! pl\ghman2 b he _h to be v c>eful n to be obs]v$ by 8 neighb\rs1 = if !y saw him com+ & _h ! lea/ suspicion ( 8 err& !y w\ld soon make him retrace 8 /eps4 ,creep+ /eal?ily up beh9d a f5ce he wait$ till ! =eman ( 8 neighb\r's reap]s 0 j opposite him & )9 easy rea*4 ,!n he sudd5ly ?rew ! ,hag ov] ! f5ce &1 if possible1 ^u ! =eman's sickle1 cry+ out 8,boreu y codais i1 ,hwyr y dilynais i1 ,ar ei gw> hi40 7,m#aaj7 ,on t he took to 8 heels & made (f z fa/ z he c\ld run1 & he 0 a lucky man if he escap$ )\t be+ caught or cut by ! fly+ sickles :i* ! infuriat$ reap]s hurl$ aft] him4 ,9 o!r cases ! ,hag 0 br\ght home to ! f>mh\se by "o ( ! reap]s4 ,he did 8 be/ to br+ x home dry & )\t be+ obs]v$2 b he 0 apt to be r\ghly h&l$ by ! p ( ! h\se1 if !y suspect$ 8 err&4 ,sometimes !y /ripp$ him ( mo/ ( 8 clo!s1 sometimes !y w\ld dr5* him ) wat] :i* _h be5 c>efully /or$ 9 buckets & pans = ! purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he succe$$ 9 br++ ! ,hag 9 dry & unobs]v$1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se _h to pay him a small f9e2 or sometimes a jug ( be] 8f ! cask next to ! wall10 :i* seems to h commonly held ! be/ be]1 w\ld be dem&$ by ! be>]4 ,! ,hag 0 !n c>efully hung on a nail 9 ! hall or else:]e & kept !re all ! ye>4 ,! cu/om ( br++ 9 ! ,hag 7wra*7 into ! h\se & hang+ x up /ill exi/s 9 "s f>ms ( ,nor? ,pembroke%ire1 b ! anci5t c]emonies :i* h j be5 describ$ are n[ discont9u$47#dge7 ,simil> cu/oms at h>ve/ 7 obs]v$ 9 ,s\? ,pembroke%ire )9 liv+ memory4 ,9 t "p ( ! c\ntry !re us$ to be a competition betwe5 neighb\r+ f>ms to see :i* w\ld f9i% reap+ fir/4 ,! =eman ( ! reap]s plann$ s z to f9i% ! reap+ 9 a corn] ( ! field out ( sight ( ! p on ! next f>m4 ,!re1 ) ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut1 he w\ld make two ,old ,wom5 or ,hags 7wra*s74 ,"o ( !m he w\ld s5d by a lad or o!r mess5g] to be laid secretly 9 ! field :]e ! neighb\rs 7 /ill at "w cutt+ _! corn4 ,! mess5g] w\ld disguise himself to look l a /rang]1 & jump+ ! f5ce & creep+ ?r\gh ! corn he w\ld lay ! ,hag 7wra*7 9 a place :]e ! reap]s 9 reap+ w\ld be sure to f9d x4 ,hav+ done s he fl$ = de> life1 = 7 ! reap]s to cat* him !y w\ld %ut him up 9 a d>k room & n let him out till he _h clean$ all ! muddy boots1 %oes1 & clogs 9 ! h\se4 ,! second ,hag 7wra*7 0 s5t or tak5 by ! =eman ( ! reap]s to 8 ma/]'s f>mh\se4 ,g5]ally he tri$ to pop into ! h\se unse5 & lay ! ,hag on ! kit*5 table2 b if ! p ( ! f>m caught him be=e he laid x d[n1 !y us$ to dr5* him ) wat]4 ,if a =eman succe$$ 9 gett+ bo? ! ,hags 7wra*s7 laid safe 9 _! prop] qu>t]s1 "o at home1 ! o!r on a neighb\r's f>m1 )\t int]ruption1 x 0 deem$ a great hon\r47#dgf7 ,9 ,c\nty ,antrim1 d[n to "s ye>s ago1 :5 ! sickle 0 f9ally expell$ by ! reap+ ma*9e1 ! few /alks ( corn left /&+ la/ on ! field 7 plait$ toge!r2 !n ! reap]s1 bl9dfold$1 ?rew _! sickles at ! plait$ corn1 & :oev] happ5$ to cut x ?r\gh took x home ) him & put x ov] 8 door4 ,?is bun* ( corn 0 call$ ! ,c>ley7#dgg7--probably ! same ^w z ,c>l94 7,m#aaa7 ,simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ by ,slavonic peoples4 ,?us 9 ,pol& ! la/ %eaf is commonly call$ ! ,baba1 t is1 ! ,old ,woman4 8,9 ! la/ %eaf10 x is said1 8sits ! ,baba40 ,! %eaf itself is also call$ ! ,baba1 & is sometimes compos$ ( twelve small] %eaves la%$ toge!r47#dgh7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia ! ,baba1 made out ( ! la/ %eaf1 has ! figure ( a woman ) a great /raw hat4 ,x is c>ri$ home on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon & deliv]$1 along ) a g>l&1 to ! f>m] by two girls4 ,9 b9d+ ! %eaves ! wom5 /rive n to be la/1 = %e :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf w h a *ild next ye>47#dgi7 ,! la/ %eaf is ti$ up ) o!rs into a l>ge bundle1 & a gre5 bran* is /uck on ! top ( x47#dhj7 ,sometimes ! h>ve/]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 8,%e has ! ,baba10 or 8,%e is ! ,baba40 ,%e has !n to make a puppet1 sometimes 9 female1 sometimes 9 male =m1 out ( ! corn2 ! puppet is occasionally dress$ ) clo!s1 (t5 ) fl[]s & ribbons only4 ,! cutt] ( ! la/ /alks1 z well z ! b9d] ( ! la/ %eaf1 0 also call$ ,baba2 & a doll1 call$ ! ,h>ve/-woman1 0 made out ( ! la/ %eaf & adorn$ ) ribbons4 ,! olde/ reap] _h to dance1 fir/ ) ?is doll1 & !n ) ! f>m]'s wife47#dha7 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,crac[1 :5 a man b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 !y say1 8,! ,gr&fa!r is sitt+ 9 x02 :5 a woman b9ds x1 !y say1 8,! ,baba is sitt+ 9 x10 & ! woman h]self is wrapt up 9 ! %eaf1 s t only h] head projects out ( x4 ,?us encas$ 9 ! %eaf1 %e is c>ri$ on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon to ! h\se1 :]e %e is dr5*$ ) wat] by ! :ole family4 ,%e rema9s 9 ! %eaf till ! dance is ov]1 & = a ye> %e reta9s ! "n ( ,baba47#dhb7 7,m#aab7 ,9 ,li?uania ! "n = ! la/ %eaf is ,boba 7,old ,woman71 answ]+ to ! ,poli% "n ,baba4 ,! ,boba is said to sit 9 ! corn :i* is left /&+ la/47#dhc7 ,! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf or digs ! la/ potato is ! subject ( mu* bant]1 & receives & long reta9s ! "n ( ! ,old ,rye-woman or ! ,old ,potato-woman47#dhd7 ,! la/ %eaf--! ,boba--is made into ! =m ( a woman1 c>ri$ solemnly ?r\gh ! village on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon1 & dr5*$ ) wat] at ! f>m]'s h\se2 !n e "o dances ) x47#dhe7 7,m#aac7 ,9 ,russia also ! la/ %eaf is (t5 %ap$ & dress$ z a woman1 & c>ri$ ) dance & song to ! f>mh\se4 ,out ( ! la/ %eaf ! ,bulg>ians make a doll :i* !y call ! ,corn-que5 or ,corn-"m2 x is dress$ 9 a woman's %irt1 c>ri$ r\nd ! village1 & !n ?r[n into ! riv] 9 ord] to secure pl5ty ( ra9 & dew = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,or x is burn$ & ! a%es /rewn on ! fields1 d\btless to f]tilise !m47#dhf7 ,! "n ,que51 z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf1 has its analogies 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,europe4 ,?us1 9 ! ,salzburg di/rict ( ,au/ria1 at ! end ( ! h>ve/ a great procession takes place1 9 :i* a ,que5 ( ! ,corn-e>s 7hr5knig97 is drawn along 9 a little c>riage by "y fell[s47#dhg7 ,! cu/om ( ! ,h>ve/ ,que5 appe>s to h be5 common 9 ,engl&4 ,br& quotes f ,hut*9son's ,hi/ory ( ,nor?umb]l& ! foll[+3 8,i h se51 9 "s places1 an image app>ell$ 9 great f9]y1 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 a %eaf ( corn plac$ "u h] arm1 & a scycle 9 h] h&1 c>ri$ out ( ! village 9 ! morn+ ( ! conclusive reap+ day1 ) music & mu* clam\r ( ! reap]s1 into ! field1 :]e x /&s fix$ on a pole all day1 & :5 ! reap+ is done1 is br\ght home 9 l mann]4 ,?is !y call ! ,h>ve/ ,que51 & x repres5ts ! ,roman ,c]es407#dhh7 ,aga91 ! travell] ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke tells u t 8ev5 9 ! t[n ( ,cambridge1 & c5tre ( our ,univ]sity1 su* curi\s rema9s ( anti5t cu/oms may be notic$1 9 diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 :i* pass )\t obs]vation4 ,! cu/om ( bl[+ horns ^u ! fir/ ( ,may 7,old ,/yle7 is d]iv$ f a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,diana4 ,at ! ,hawkie1 z x is call$1 or ,h>ve/ ,home1 ,i h se5 a cl[n dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 hav+ 8 face pa9t$1 8 head decorat$ ) e>s ( corn1 & be>+ ab\t him o!r symbols ( ,c]es1 c>ri$ 9 a waggon1 ) great pomp & l\d %\ts1 ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! horses be+ cov]$ ) :ite %eets3 & :5 ,i inquir$ ! mean+ ( ! c]emony1 0 answ]$ by ! p t !y 7 draw+ ! ,morgay 7 7 or ,h>ve/ ,que5407#dhi7 ,milton mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! cu/om ( ! ,h>ve/ ,que51 = 9 ,p>adise ,lo/7#dij7 he says3-- 8,adam ! :ile ,wait+ desir\s h] return1 _h wove ,( *oice/ fl['rs a g>l& to adorn ,h] tresses1 & h] rural lab\rs cr[n1 ,z reap]s (t are wont _! h>ve/-que540 7,m#aad7 ,(t5 cu/oms ( ?is sort are practis$1 n on ! h>ve/-field b on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! _s ( ! corn1 flee+ be=e ! reap]s z !y cut d[n ! ripe gra91 quits ! reap$ corn & takes refuge 9 ! b>n1 :]e x appe>s 9 ! la/ %eaf ?re%$1 ei!r to p]i% "u ! bl[s ( ! flail or to flee !nce to ! /ill un?re%$ corn ( a neighb\r+ f>m47#dia7 ,?us ! la/ corn to be ?re%$ is call$ ! ,"m-,corn or ! ,old ,woman4 ,sometimes ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & is wrapt 9 ! /raw ( ! la/ %eaf1 or has a bundle ( /raw fa/5$ on 8 back4 ,:e!r wrapt 9 ! /raw or c>ry+ x on 8 back1 he is c>t$ ?r\gh ! village amid g5]al laught]4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,bav>ia1 ,?r+51 & else:]e1 ! man :o ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is said to h ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,corn-woman2 he is ti$ up 9 /raw1 c>ri$ or c>t$ ab\t ! village1 & set d[n at la/ on ! dunghill1 or tak5 to ! ?re%+-floor ( a neighb\r+ f>m] :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+47#dib7 ,9 ,pol& ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ,baba 7,old ,woman72 he is wrapt 9 corn & :eel$ ?r\gh ! village47#dic7 ,sometimes 9 ,li?uania ! la/ %eaf is n ?re%$1 b is fa%ion$ into female %ape & c>ri$ to ! b>n ( a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+47#did7 7,m#aae7 ,at ,*or9*51 ne> ,neu/adt1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to 8get ! ,old ,man407#die7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/rian ,silesia he is call$ ! corn-fool1 ! oats-fool1 & s =? accord+ to ! crop1 & reta9s ! "n till ! next k9d ( gra9 has be5 reap$4 ,sometimes he is call$ ! ,klppel or mallet4 ,he is mu* ridicul$ & 9 ! ,b5nis* di/rict he is dress$ out 9 ! ?re%+-implem5ts & oblig$ to c>ry !m ab\t ! f>my>d to ! amusem5t ( 8 fell[s4 ,9 ,dobis*wald ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ has to c>ry a log or puppet ( wood wrapt 9 /raw to a neighb\r :o has n yet f9i%$ 8 ?re%+4 ,!re he ?r[s 8 burd5 into ! b>n1 cry+1 8,!re y h ! ,mallet 7,klppel710 & makes (f z fa/ z he c4 ,if !y cat* him1 !y tie ! puppet on 8 back1 & he is kn[n z ! ,mallet 7,klppel7 = ! :ole ( ! ye>2 he may be ! ,corn-mallet or ! ,:eat-mallet or s =? accord+ to ! p>ticul> crop47#dif7 7,m#aaf7 ,ab\t ,b]neck1 9 ,upp] ,frank51 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ runs away4 ,if ! o!rs cat* him1 he gets 8! ,old ,woman10 t is1 ! l>ge/ dumpl+1 :i* else:]e is bak$ 9 human %ape4 ,! cu/om ( sett+ a dumpl+ bak$ 9 ! =m ( an old woman be=e ! man :o has giv5 ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is also obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,middle ,frank54 ,sometimes ! excis$ g5itals ( a calf are s]v$ up to him at table47#dig7 ,at ,lang5bielau 9 ,silesia ! la/ %eaf1 :i* is call$ 8! ,old ,man10 is ?re%$ sep>ately & ! corn gr\nd into meal & bak$ into a loaf4 ,?is loaf is believ$ to possess heal+ virtue & to br+ a bless+2 h5ce none b memb]s ( ! family may p>take ( x4 ,at ,witti*5au1 9 ! di/rict ( ,hoy]sw]da 7,silesia71 :5 ! ?re%+ is end$1 "s ( ! /raw ( 8! ,old ,man0 is c>ri$ to a neighb\r :o has n yet f9i%$ 8 ?re%+1 & ! be>] is rew>d$ ) a gratuity47#dih7 ,among ! ,g]mans ( ! ,falk5au] di/rict 9 ,we/ ,bohemia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ gets 8! ,old ,man10 a hide\s sc>ecr[1 ti$ on 8 back4 ,if ?re%+ is /ill proce$+ at ano!r f>m1 he may g ?i!r & rid himself ( 8 burd51 b mu/ take c>e n to be caught4 ,9 ?is way a f>m] :o is beh9d-h& ) 8 ?re%+ may receive sev]al su* sc>ecr[s1 & s become ! t>get = _m gibes4 ,among ! ,g]mans ( ! ,plan] di/rict 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is himself call$ 8! ,old ,man40 ,simil>ly at flax-dress+ 9 ,silb]b]g 7,we/ ,bohemia71 ! woman :o is ! la/ to f9i% h] task is said to get ! ,old ,man1 & a cake bak$ 9 human =m is s]v$ up to h] at supp]47#dii7 ,! ,w5ds ( ,saxony say ( ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ t 8he has /ruck ! ,old ,man0 7wn je />eho bil71 & he is oblig$ to c>ry a /raw puppet to a neighb\r1 :o has n yet f9i%$ 8 ?re%+1 :]e he ?r[s ! puppet unobs]v$ ov] ! f5ce47#ejj7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sw$51 :5 a /rang] woman appe>s on ! ?re%+-floor1 a flail is put r\nd h] body1 /alks ( corn are w\nd r\nd h] neck1 a cr[n ( e>s is plac$ on h] head1 & ! ?re%]s call out1 8,behold ! ,corn-woman40 ,"h ! /rang] woman1 ?us sudd5ly appe>+1 is tak5 to be ! corn-_s :o has j be5 expell$ by ! flails f ! corn-/alks47#eja7 ,9 o!r cases ! f>m]'s wife repres5ts ! corn-_s4 ,?us 9 ! ,commune ( ,salign1 ,canton de ,poiret 7,v5de71 ! f>m]'s wife1 along ) ! la/ %eaf1 is ti$ up 9 a %eet1 plac$ on a litt]1 & c>ri$ to ! ?re%+ ma*9e1 "u :i* %e is %ov$4 ,!n ! woman is drawn out & ! %eaf is ?re%$ by itself1 b ! woman is toss$ 9 ! %eet1 z if %e 7 be+ w9n[$47#ejb7 ,x w\ld be impossible to express m cle>ly ! id5tification ( ! woman ) ! corn ?an by ?is graphic imitation ( ?re%+ & w9n[+ h]4 ,mitigat$ =ms ( ! cu/om are obs]v$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,?us among ! ,g]mans ( ,s*tt>s*5 9 ,we/ ,bohemia x 0 cu/om>y at ! close ( ! ?re%+ to 8?rottle0 ! f>m]'s wife by squeez+ h] neck betwe5 ! arms ( a flail till %e cons5t$ to bake a special k9d ( cake call$ a dris*ala 7f dres*51 8to ?re%0747#ejc7 ,a simil> cu/om ( 8?rottl+0 ! f>m]'s wife at ! ?re%+ is practis$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia1 only !re ! pressure is appli$ by means ( a /raw rope in/ead ( a flail47#ejd7 7,m#aag7 ,9 ^! cu/oms ! _s ( ! ripe corn is reg>d$ z old1 or at lea/ z ( mature age4 ,h5ce ! names ( ,"m1 ,gr&mo!r1 ,old ,woman1 & s =?4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z "y4 ,?us at ,sald]n1 ne> ,wolf5buttel1 :5 ! rye has be5 reap$1 ?ree %eaves are ti$ toge!r ) a rope s z to make a puppet ) ! corn e>s = a head4 ,?is puppet is call$ ! ,maid5 or ! ,corn-maid5 7,kornjungf]747#eje7 ,sometimes ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z a *ild :o is sep>at$ f its "m by ! /roke ( ! sickle4 ,?is la/ view appe>s 9 ! ,poli% cu/om ( call+ out to ! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn1 8,y h cut ! navel-/r+407#ejf7 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,we/ ,prussia ! figure made out ( ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,ba/>d1 & a boy is wrapt up 9 x4 ,! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf & repres5ts ! ,corn-"m is told t %e is ab\t to be br\ght to b$2 %e cries l a woman 9 travail1 & an old woman 9 ! "* ( gr&mo!r acts z midwife4 ,at la/ a cry is rais$ t ! *ild is born2 :]eupon ! boy :o is ti$ up 9 ! %eaf :imp]s & squalls l an infant4 ,! gr&mo!r wraps a sack1 9 imitation ( swaddl+ b&s1 r\nd ! pret5d$ baby1 :o is c>ri$ joyfully to ! b>n1 le/ he %\ld cat* cold 9 ! op5 air47#ejg7 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,nor? ,g]many ! la/ %eaf1 or ! puppet made out ( x1 is call$ ! ,*ild1 ! ,h>ve/-,*ild1 & s on1 & !y call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 8y are gett+ ! *ild407#ejh7 7,m#aah7 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\nties ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,durham1 & ,york%ire1 ! la/ corn cut on ! field at h>ve/ is or us$ to be v>i\sly kn[n z ! mell or ! kirn1 ( :i* k]n & *urn are m]ely local or dialectical v>iations4 ,! corn s cut is ei!r plait$ or made up into a doll-l figure1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! mell-doll or ! kirn-doll1 or ! kirn-baby1 & is br\ght home ) rejoic+s at ! end ( ! h>ve/47#eji7 ,9 ! ,nor? ,rid+ ( ,york%ire ! la/ %eaf ga!r$ 9 is call$ ! ,mell-%eaf1 & ! expression 8,we've gott5 w] mell0 is z mu* z to say 8,! ,h>ve/ is f9i%$40 ,=m]ly a ,mell-doll 0 made out ( a %eaf ( corn deck$ ) fl[]s & wrapp$ 9 su* ( ! reap]s' g>m5ts z c\ld be sp>$4 ,x 0 c>ri$ ) music & danc+ to ! sc5e ( ! h>ve/-supp]1 :i* 0 call$ ! mell-supp]47#eaj7 ,9 ! nor? ( ,york%ire ! mell-%eaf 80 frequ5tly made ( su* dim5sions z to be a heavy load = a man1 &1 )9 a few ye>s comp>atively1 0 propos$ z ! prize to be won 9 a race ( old wom54 ,9 o!r cases x 0 c>efully pres]v$ & set up 9 "s conspicu\s place 9 ! f>mh\se407#eaa7 ,:]e ! la/ %eaf ( corn cut 0 call$ ! kirn or k]n in/ead ( ! mell1 ! cu/oms conc]n$ ) x seem to h be5 ess5tially simil>4 ,?us we are told t 9 ! nor? x 0 common = ! reap]s1 on ! la/ day ( ! reap+1 8to h a cont5tion = sup]iority 9 quickness ( dispat*1 gr\ps ( ?ree or f\r tak+ ea* a ridge1 & /riv+ :i* %\ld soone/ get to its t]m9ation4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ?is 0 call$ a kemp+1 :i* simply means a /riv+4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 x 0 a mell4444 ,z ! reap]s w5t on dur+ ! la/ day1 !y took c>e to leave a good h&ful ( ! gra9 uncut1 b laid d[n flat1 & cov]$ ov]2 &1 :5 ! field 0 done1 ! #8bonnie/ lass' 0 all[$ to cut ?is f9al h&ful1 :i* 0 pres5tly dress$ up ) v>i\s sew+s1 ty+s1 & trimm+s1 l a doll1 & hail$ z a ,corn ,baby4 ,x 0 br\ght home 9 triumph1 ) music ( fiddles & bagpipes1 0 set up conspicu\sly t night at supp]1 & 0 usually pres]v$ 9 ! f>m]'s p>l\r = ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,! bonny lass :o cut ?is h&ful ( gra9 0 deem$ ! ,h>'/ ,que5047#eab7 ,to cut ! la/ portion ( /&+ corn 9 ! h>ve/ field 0 kn[n z 8to get ! kirn0 or 8to w9 ! kirn02 & z soon z ?is 0 done ! reap]s let ! neighb\rs "k t ! h>ve/ 0 f9i%$ by giv+ ?ree *e]s1 :i* 0 call$ 8to cry or %\t ! kirn407#eac7 ,:]e ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 0 call$ ! *urn1 ! /alks 7 r\ghly plait$ toge!r1 & ! reap]s ?rew _! sickles at x till "s "o cut x ?r\gh1 :i* 0 call$ 8cutt+ ! *urn40 ,! sev]$ *urn 7t is1 ! plait$ corn7 0 !n plac$ ov] ! kit*5 door or ov] ! hob 9 ! *imney = good luck1 & z a *>m aga9/ wit*craft47#ead7 ,9 ,k5t ! ,ivy ,girl is1 or us$ to be1 8a figure compos$ ( "s ( ! be/ corn ! field produces1 & made z well z !y c into a human %ape2 ?is is aft]w>ds curi\sly dress$ by ! wom51 & adorn$ ) pap] trimm+s1 cut to resemble a cap1 ruffles1 h&k]*ief1 etc41 ( ! f9e/ lace4 ,x is br\ght home ) ! la/ load ( corn f ! field ^u ! waggon1 & !y suppose entitles !m to a supp] at ! exp5se ( ! employ]407#eae7 7,m#aai7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 z well z 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut on ! h>ve/-field 0 call$ ! kirn1 & ! p]son :o c>ri$ x (f 0 said 8to w9 ! kirn40 ,x 0 !n dress$ up l a *ild's doll & w5t by ! "n ( ! kirn-baby1 ! kirn-doll1 or ! ,maid547#eaf7 ,9 ,b]wick%ire d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 an eag] competition among ! reap]s to cut ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn4 ,!y ga!r$ r\nd x at a little di/ance & ?rew _! sickles 9 turn at x1 & ! man :o succe$$ 9 cutt+ x ?r\gh gave x to ! girl he pref]r$4 ,%e made ! corn s cut into a kirn-dolly & dress$ x1 & ! doll 0 !n tak5 to ! f>mh\se & hung up !re till ! next h>ve/1 :5 its place 0 tak5 by ! new kirn-dolly47#eag7 ,at ,spottiswoode 7,we/ru!r ,p>i%7 9 ,b]wick%ire ! reap+ ( ! la/ corn at h>ve/ 0 call$ 8cutt+ ! ,que50 almo/ z (t5 z 8cutt+ ! kirn40 ,! mode ( cutt+ x 0 n by ?r[+ sickles4 ,"o ( ! reap]s cons5t$ to be bl9dfold$1 & hav+ be5 giv5 a sickle 9 8 h& & turn$ twice or ?rice ab\t by 8 fell[s1 he 0 bidd5 to g & cut ! kirn4 ,8 grop+ ab\t & mak+ wild /rokes 9 ! air ) 8 sickle excit$ mu* hil>ity4 ,:5 he _h tir$ himself out 9 va9 & giv5 up ! task z hopeless1 ano!r reap] 0 bl9dfold$ & pursu$ ! que/1 & s on1 "o aft] ! o!r1 till at la/ ! kirn 0 cut4 ,! successful reap] 0 toss$ up 9 ! air ) ?ree *e]s by 8 bro!r h>ve/]s4 ,to decorate ! room 9 :i* ! kirn-supp] 0 held at ,spottiswoode z well z ! gran>y1 :]e ! danc+ took place1 two wom5 made kirn-dollies or ,que5s e ye>2 & _m ( ^! ru/ic effigies ( ! corn-_s might be se5 hang+ up toge!r47#eah7 ,at ,lanf9e 9 ,ayr%ire1 d[n to ne> ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn at h>ve/ 01 occasionally at lea/1 plait$ toge!r1 & ! reap]s tri$ to cut x by ?r[+ _! sickles at x2 :5 !y fail$ 9 ! attempt1 a woman has be5 kn[n to run 9 & sev] ! /alks at a bl[4 ,9 ,dumfries%ire also1 )9 liv+ memory1 x us$ to be cu/om>y to cut ! la/ /&+ corn by ?r[+ ! sickles at x47#eai7 7,m#abj7 ,9 ! nor? ( ,irel& ! h>ve/ cu/oms 7 simil>1 b !re1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn bore ! "n ( ! *urn1 a dialectical v>iation ( kirn4 8,! cu/om ( #8,w9n+ ! ,*urn' 0 preval5t all ?r\gh ! c\nties ( ,d[n & ,antrim fifty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out at ! end ( ! h>ve/1 or reap+ ! gra91 on ea* f>m or hold+1 7 x small or l>ge4 ,oats are ! ma9 crop ( ! di/rict1 b ! cu/om 0 ! same = o!r k9ds ( gra94 ,:5 ! reap]s _h ne>ly f9i%$ ! la/ field a h&ful ( ! be/-gr[n /alks 0 select$1 c>efully plait$ z x /ood1 & fa/5$ at ! top j "u ! e>s to keep ! plait 9 place4 ,!n :5 all ! corn 0 cut f ab\t ?is1 :i* 0 kn[n z ,! ,*urn1 & ! %eaves ab\t x _h be5 remov$ to "s di/ance1 ! reap]s /ood 9 a gr\p ab\t t5 y>ds (f x1 & ea* :irl$ 8 sickle at ! ,*urn till "o lucky "o succe$$ 9 cutt+ x d[n1 :5 he 0 *e]$ on 8 a*ievem5t4 ,?is p]son _h !n ! "r ( pres5t+ x to ! ma/] or mi/ress ( ! f>m1 :o gave ! reap] a %ill+40 ,a supp] & a dance ( ! reap]s 9 ! f>mh\se (t5 conclud$ ! day4 ,! ,*urn1 trimm$ & adorn$ ) ribbons1 0 hung up on a wall 9 ! f>mh\se & c>efully pres]v$4 ,x 0 no uncommon sight to see six or ev5 twelve or m su* ,*urns decorat+ ! walls ( a f>mh\se 9 ,c\nty ,d[n or ,antrim47#ebj7 7,m#aba7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! la/ h&ful ( corn t is cut by ! reap]s on any p>ticul> f>m is call$ ! ,maid51 or 9 ,gaelic ,maidhdeanbua91 lit]ally 8! %orn ,maid540 ,sup]/itions atta* to ! w9n+ ( ! ,maid54 ,if x is got by a "y p]son1 !y ?9k x an om5 t he or %e w be m>ri$ be=e ano!r h>ve/4 ,= t or o!r reasons !re is a /rife betwe5 ! reap]s z to :o %all get ! ,maid51 & !y resort to v>i\s /ratagems = ! purpose ( secur+ x4 ,"o ( !m1 = example1 w (t5 leave a h&ful ( corn uncut & cov] x up ) e>? to hide x f ! o!r reap]s1 till all ! re/ ( ! corn on ! field is cut d[n4 ,sev]al may try to play ! same trick1 & ! "o :o is coole/ & holds out longe/ obta9s ! covet$ di/9ction4 ,:5 x has be5 cut1 ! ,maid5 is dress$ ) ribbons into a sort ( doll & affix$ to a wall ( ! f>mh\se4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& ! ,maid5 is c>efully pres]v$ till ,yule morn+1 :5 x is divid$ among ! cattle to make !m ?rive all ! ye> r\nd47#eba7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mull & "s p>ts ( ! ma9l& ( ,argyle%ire ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut is call$ ! ,maid5 7,maighdean-,bhuana74 ,ne> ,ardri%aig1 9 ,argyle%ire1 ! ,maid5 is made up 9 a fanciful ?ree-corn]$ %ape1 decorat$ ) ribbons1 & hung f a nail on ! wall47#ebb7 7,m#abb7 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,maid5 0 obta9$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahig f ! manag] ( a f>m ne> ,kilm>t9 9 ,argyle%ire3 8,! ,mhaighdean-,bhuana1 or ,reap+ ,maid51 0 ! la/ %eaf ( oats to be cut on a cr(t or f>m4 ,be=e ! reap+-ma*9e & b9d] took ! place ( ! sickle & ! scy!1 ! "y reap]s ( bo? sexes1 :5 !y ne>$ ! end ( ! la/ rig or field1 us$ to manuvre to ga9 possession ( ! ,mhaighdean-,bhuana4 ,! individual :o 0 =tunate en\gh to obta9 x 0 ex (ficio entitl$ to be ! ,k+ or ! ,que5 ( ! ,h>ve/-,home fe/ival4 ,! %eaf s designat$ 0 c>efully pres]v$ & kept intact until ! day !y began lead+ home ! corn4 ,a tuft ( x 0 !n giv5 to ea* ( ! horses1 z !y />t$ f ! corn-field ) _! fir/ load4 ,! re/ ( x 0 neatly made up1 & hung 9 "s conspicu\s corn] ( ! f>mh\se1 :]e x rema9$ till x 0 replac$ by a y\ng] si/] next season4 ,on ! fir/ day ( pl\gh+ a tuft ( x 0 giv5 7z on ! fir/ day ( lead+ home ! corn7 z a ,sa9nseal or h&sel = luck to ! horses4 ,! ,mhaighdean-,bhuana s pres]v$ & us$ 0 a symbol t ! h>ve/ _h be5 duly secur$1 & t ! spr+ "w _h be5 prop]ly inaugurat$4 ,x 0 also believ$ to be a protection aga9/ fairies & wit*craft407#ebc7 7,m#abc7 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,long=gan1 situat$ at ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ,p]?%ire1 x us$ to be cu/om>y to give :at 0 call$ ! ,maid5 ,fea/ at ! end ( ! h>ve/4 ,! la/ h&ful ( corn reap$ on ! field 0 call$ ! ,maid51 & ?+s 7 g5]ally s arrang$ t x fell into ! h&s ( a pretty girl4 ,x 0 !n deck$ out ) ribbons & br\ght home 9 triumph to ! music ( bagpipes & fiddles4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! reap]s danc$ & made m]ry4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,maid5 0 dress$ out1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & hung up1 ) ! date atta*$ to x1 9 a conspicu\s "p ( ! h\se47#ebd7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,balquhidd]1 ,p]?%ire1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn is cut by ! y\nge/ girl on ! field1 & is made into ! rude =m ( a female doll1 clad 9 a pap] dress1 & deck$ ) ribbons4 ,x is call$ ! ,maid51 & is kept 9 ! f>mh\se1 g5]ally above ! *imney1 = a good :ile1 sometimes till ! ,maid5 ( ! next ye> is br\ght 94 ,! writ] ( ?is book witness$ ! c]emony ( cutt+ ! ,maid5 at ,balquhidd] 9 ,septemb] #ahhh47ebe7 ,a lady fri5d7#ebf7 in=m$ me t z a "y girl %e cut ! ,maid5 sev]al times at ! reque/ ( ! reap]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p]?4 ,! "n ( ! ,maid5 0 giv5 to ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn2 a reap] held ! top ( ! bun* :ile %e cut x4 ,aft]w>ds ! bun* 0 plait$1 deck$ ) ribbons1 & hung up 9 a conspicu\s place on ! wall ( ! kit*5 till ! next ,maid5 0 br\ght 94 ,! h>ve/-supp] 9 ?is neighb\rhood 0 also call$ ! ,maid52 ! reap]s danc$ at x4 7,m#abd7 ,9 ! ,highl& di/rict ( ,lo*ab] danc+ & m]ry-mak+ on ! la/ night ( h>ve/ us$ to be univ]sal & are /ill g5]ally obs]v$4 ,"h1 we are told1 ! fe/ivity )\t ! ,maid5 w\ld be l a w$d+ )\t ! bride4 ,! ,maid5 is c>ri$ home ) tumultu\s rejoic+1 & aft] be+ suitably decorat$ is hung up 9 ! b>n1 :]e ! danc+ usually takes place4 ,:5 supp] is ov]1 "o ( ! company1 g5]ally ! olde/ man pres5t1 dr9ks a glass ( :isky1 aft] turn+ to ! susp5d$ %eaf & say+1 8,"h's to ! ,maid540 ,! company foll[ 8 example1 ea* 9 turn dr9k+ to ! ,maid54 ,!n ! danc+ beg9s47#ebg7 ,on "s f>ms on ! ,g>elo*1 9 ,dumb>ton%ire1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcj1 ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 0 call$ ! ,maid54 ,x 0 divid$ 9 two1 plait$1 & !n cut ) ! sickle by a girl1 :o1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be lucky & w\ld soon be m>ri$4 ,:5 x 0 cut ! reap]s ga!r$ toge!r & ?rew _! sickles 9 ! air4 ,! ,maid5 0 dress$ ) ribbons & hung 9 ! kit*5 ne> ! ro(1 :]e x 0 kept = sev]al ye>s ) ! date atta*$4 ,sometimes five or six ,maid5s might be se5 hang+ at once on hooks4 ,! h>ve/-supp] 0 call$ ! ,kirn47#ebh7 ,9 o!r f>ms on ! ,g>elo* ! la/ h&ful ( corn 0 call$ ! ,maid5head or ! ,head2 x 0 neatly plait$1 sometimes deck$ ) ribbons1 & hung 9 ! kit*5 = a ye>1 :5 ! gra9 0 giv5 to ! p\ltry47#ebi7 7,m#abe7 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,ab]de5%ire ! cu/oms connect$ ) ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/ h be5 c>efully collect$ & record$ by ! late ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor ( ,pitsligo4 ,8 acc\nt runs z foll[s3 8,! la/ %eaf cut is ! object ( mu* c>e3 ! mann] ( cutt+ x1 b9d+ x1 & c>ry+ x to ! h\se v>ies a little 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! foll[+ cu/oms h be5 report$ to me by p :o h se5 !m or :o h practis$ !m1 & "s ( ! cu/oms h n[ disappe>$4 ,! in=mation comes f ! p>i%es ( ,pitsligo1 ,ab]d\r1 & ,tyrie1 situat$ 9 ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! c\nty ( ,ab]de51 b ! cu/oms are n limit$ to ^! p>i%es4 8,"s p>ticul>s relat+ to ! %eaf may be not$ z always ! same2 ?us 7a7 x is cut & ga!r$ by ! y\nge/ p]son pres5t 9 ! field1 ! p]son :o is suppos$ to be ! pure/2 7b7 ! %eaf is n all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd2 7c7 x is made up & c>ri$ 9 triumph to ! h\se2 7d7 x occupies a conspicu\s place 9 ! fe/ivals :i* foll[ ! end ( ! reap+2 7e7 x is kept till ,*ri/mas morn+1 & is !n giv5 to "o or m ( ! horses or to ! cattle ( ! f>m4 7,m#abf7 8,be=e ! introduction ( ! scy!1 ! corn 0 cut by ! sickle or heuck1 a k9d ( curv$ sickle4 ,! la/ %eaf 0 %orn or cut by ! y\nge/ girl pres5t4 ,z ! corn might n t\* ! gr\nd1 ! ma/] or #8gue$man' sat d[n1 plac$ ! b& on 8 knees1 & receiv$ !reupon ea* h&ful z x 0 cut4 ,! %eaf 0 b\nd1 dress$ z a woman1 & :5 x _h be5 br\ght to ! h\se1 x 0 plac$ 9 "s "p ( ! kit*51 :]e ev]ybody c\ld see x dur+ ! meal :i* foll[$ ! end ( ! reap+4 ,?is %eaf 0 call$ ! clyack %eaf47#ecj7 8,! mann] ( receiv+ & b9d+ ! la/ %eaf is n always ! same4 ,"h is ano!r3 ?ree p]sons hold ! b& 9 _! h&s1 "o ( !m at ea* end1 :ile ! ?ird holds ! knot 9 ! middle4 ,ea* h&ful ( corn is plac$ s t ! cut end is turn$ to ! brea/ ( ^? :o support ! e>s on ! opposite side4 ,:5 all is cut1 ! y\nge/ boy ties ! knot4 ,two o!r b&s are fa/5$ to ! %eaf1 "o ne> ! cut end1 ! o!r ne> ! e>s4 ,! %eaf is c>ri$ to ! h\se by ^? :o h help$ to cut or b9d x 7,ab]d\r74 8,s9ce ! introduction ( ! scy!1 x is ! y\nge/ boy :o cuts ! la/ %eaf2 my in=mant 7a woman7 told me t :5 he 0 n /rong en\gh to wield ! scy!1 8 h& 0 guid$ by ano!r4 ,! y\nge/ girl ga!rs x4 ,:5 x is b\nd ) ?ree b&s1 x is cut /raight1 & x is n all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! y\nge/ girls c>ry x to ! h\se4 ,my in=mant 7a woman7 told me t %e _h se5 x deck$ & plac$ at ! head ( ! b$4 ,=m]ly1 & /ill sometimes1 !re 0 always a b$ 9 ! kit*5 7,tyrie74 8,! corn is n all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd3 ! "y girls :o ga!r x take x by ! e> & convey x h&ful by h&ful1 till ! :ole %eaf is cut4 ,a woman :o #8has lo/ a fea!r ( h] w+1' z an old woman put x to me1 may n t\* x4 ,sometimes also !y m]ely put ! two h&s r\nd ! %eaf 7,new ,de]74 7,m#abg7 8,g5]ally a fea/ & dance foll[ :5 all ! :eat is cut4 ,?is fea/ & dance be> ! "n ( clyack or #8meal & ale4' ,h[ev]1 "s p d n give #8meal & ale' till all ! cut corn has be5 got 93 !n ! fea/ is call$ #8! ,w9t]' & !y say t a f>m] #8has ! ,w9t]' :5 all 8 %eaves h be5 c>ri$ home4 8,at ?is fea/ two ?+s are indisp5sable3 a *eese call$ ! clyack-kebback & #8meal & ale4' 8,! *eese clyack-kebback mu/ be cut by ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,! fir/ slice is l>g] ?an ! re/2 x is kn[n by ! "n ( #8! kanave's faang1'--! "y man's big slice--& is g5]ally ! %>e ( ! h]d boy 7,tyrie74 8,! di% call$ #8meal & ale' is made z foll[s4 ,y take a suitable vessel1 :e!r an e>!nw>e pot or a milk-b[l1 if ! crock]y is scanty2 b if on ! contr>y ! family is well (f1 !y use o!r special ut5sils4 ,9 ea* di% ale is p\r$ & treacle is add$ to sweet5 x4 ,!n oatmeal is mix$ ) ! sweet5$ ale till ! :ole is ( a suffici5t consi/5cy4 ,! cook adds :isky to ! mixture 9 su* proportion z %e ?9ks fit4 ,9 ea* plate is put a r+4 ,to all[ ! meal "t to be completely absorb$1 ! di% is prep>$ on ! morn+ ( ! fea/4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! fea/ ! di% or di%es conta9+ ! /rong & sav\ry mixture are set on ! middle ( ! table4 ,b x is n s]v$ up till ! end4 ,six or sev5 p]sons g5]ally h a plate to !mselves4 ,ea* ( !m plunges 8 spoon into ! plate z fa/ z possible 9 ! hope ( gett+ ! r+2 = he :o is lucky en\gh to get x w be m>ri$ )9 ! ye>4 ,meantime "s ( ! /uff is swall[$1 b (t5 9 ! /ruggle "s ( x is spilt on ! table or ! floor4 7,m#abh7 8,9 "s di/ricts !re us$ to be & /ill is danc+ 9 ! ev5+ ( ! fea/4 #8,! %eaf' figur$ 9 ! dances4 ,x 0 dress$ z a girl & c>ri$ on ! back ( ! mi/ress ( ! h\se to ! b>n or gran>y :i* s]v$ z a ballroom4 ,! mi/ress danc$ a reel ) #8! %eaf' on h] back4 7,m#abi7 8,! woman :o gave me ?is acc\nt _h be5 a witness ( :at %e describ$ :5 %e 0 a girl4 ,! %eaf 0 aft]w>ds c>efully /or$ till ! fir/ day ( ,*ri/mas1 :5 x 0 giv5 to eat to a m>e 9 foal1 if !re 0 "o on ! f>m1 or1 if !re 0 n1 to ! olde/ c[ 9 calf4 ,else:]e ! %eaf 0 divid$ betwe5 all ! c[s & _! calves or betwe5 all ! horses & ! cattle ( ! f>m4 7,relat$ by an eye-witness4707#eca7 7,m#acj7 ,9 ^! ,ab]de5%ire cu/oms ! sanctity attribut$ to ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/ is cle>ly manife/$1 n m]ely by ! c]emony ) :i* x is treat$ on ! field1 9 ! h\se1 & 9 ! b>n1 b also by ! great c>e tak5 to prev5t x f t\*+ ! gr\nd or be+ h&l$ by any un*a/e p]son4 ,! reason :y ! y\nge/ p]son on ! field1 :e!r a girl or a boy1 is *os5 to cut ! la/ /&+ corn & sometimes to c>ry x to ! h\se is no d\bt a calculation t ! y\ng] ! p]son ! m likely is he or %e to be sexually pure4 ,we h se5 t = ?is reason "s negroes entru/ ! s[+ ( ! se$ to v "y girls17#ecb7 & lat] on we %all meet ) m evid5ce 9 ,africa ( ! notion t ! corn may be h&l$ only by ! pure47#ecc7 ,& 9 ! gruel ( oat-meal & ale1 :i* ! h>ve/]s sup ) spoons z an indisp5sable "p ( ! h>ve/ supp]1 h we n ! ,scot* equival5t ( ! gruel ( b>ley-meal & wat]1 flav\r$ ) p5nyroyal1 :i* ! initiates at ,eleusis drank z a solemn =m ( communion ) ! ,b>ley ,goddess ,demet]87#ecd7 ,may n t my/ic sacram5t h orig9at$ 9 a simple h>ve/ supp] held by ,eleus9ian f>m]s at ! end ( ! reap+8 ,accord+ to a brief] acc\nt ( ! ,ab]de5%ire cu/om1 8! la/ %eaf cut1 or #8maid51' is c>ri$ home 9 m]ry procession by ! h>ve/]s4 ,x is !n pres5t$ to ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 :o dresses x up to be pres]v$ till ! fir/ m>e foals4 ,! maid5 is !n tak5 d[n & pres5t$ to ! m>e z its fir/ food4 ,! neglect ( ?is w\ld h unt[>d effects ^u ! foal1 & disa/r\s consequ5ces ^u f>m op]ations g5]ally = ! season407#ece7 ,9 ,fife%ire ! la/ h&ful ( corn1 kn[n z ! ,maid51 is cut by a "y girl & made into ! rude figure ( a doll1 ti$ ) ribbons1 by :i* x is hung on ! wall ( ! f>m-kit*5 till ! next spr+47#ecf7 ,! cu/om ( cutt+ ! ,maid5 at h>ve/ 0 also obs]v$ 9 ,inv]ness-%ire & ,su!rl&%ire47#ecg7 7,m#aca7 ,a some:at matur] b /ill y\?ful age is assign$ to ! corn-_s by ! appellations ( ,bride1 ,oats-bride1 & ,:eat-bride1 :i* 9 ,g]many are sometimes be/[$ bo? on ! la/ %eaf & on ! woman :o b9ds x47#ech7 ,at :eat-h>ve/ ne> ,mglitz1 9 ,moravia1 a small portion ( ! :eat is left /&+ aft] all ! re/ has be5 reap$4 ,?is remnant is !n cut1 amid ! rejoic+ ( ! reap]s1 by a "y girl :o we>s a wrea? ( :eat5 e>s on h] head & goes by ! "n ( ! ,:eat-bride4 ,x is suppos$ t %e w be a real bride t same ye>47#eci7 ,9 ! upl& valley ( ,alpa*1 9 ,nor? ,tyrol1 ! p]son :o br+s ! la/ %eaf into ! gran>y is said to h ! ,:eat-bride or ! ,rye-bride accord+ to ! crop1 & is receiv$ ) great demon/rations ( respect & rejoic+4 ,! p ( ! f>m g out to meet him1 bells are rung1 & refre%m5ts (f]$ to him on a tray47#edj7 ,9 ,au/rian ,silesia a girl is *os5 to be ! ,:eat-bride1 & mu* hon\r is paid to h] at ! h>ve/-fe/ival47#eda7 ,ne> ,rosl9 & ,/onehav51 9 ,scotl&1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut 8got ! "n ( #8! bride1' & %e 0 plac$ ov] ! bress or *imney-piece2 %e _h a ribbon ti$ bel[ h] num]\s e>s1 & ano!r r\nd h] wai/407#edb7 7,m#acb7 ,sometimes ! idea impli$ by ! "n ( ,bride is work$ out m fully by repres5t+ ! productive p[]s ( vegetation z bride & bridegroom4 ,?us 9 ! ,vorh>z an ,oats-man & an ,oats-woman1 swa!d 9 /raw1 dance at ! h>ve/ fea/47#edc7 ,9 ,s\? ,saxony an ,oats-bridegroom & an ,oats-bride figure toge!r at ! h>ve/ celebration4 ,! ,oats-bridegroom is a man completely wrapt 9 oats-/raw2 ! ,oats-bride is a man dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 b n wrapt 9 /raw4 ,!y are drawn 9 a waggon to ! ale-h\se1 :]e ! dance takes place4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! dance ! danc]s pluck ! bun*es ( oats "o by "o f ! ,oats-bridegroom1 :ile he /ruggles to keep !m1 till at la/ he is completely /ript ( !m & /&s b>e1 expos$ to ! laught] & je/s ( ! company47#edd7 ,9 ,au/rian ,silesia ! c]emony ( 8! ,:eat-bride0 is celebrat$ by ! "y p at ! end ( ! h>ve/4 ,! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf plays ! "p ( ! ,:eat-bride1 we>+ ! h>ve/-cr[n ( :eat e>s & fl[]s on h] head4 ,?us adorn$1 /&+ beside h] ,bridegroom 9 a waggon & att5d$ by bridesmaids1 %e is drawn by a pair ( ox51 9 full imitation ( a m>riage procession1 to ! tav]n1 :]e ! danc+ is kept up till morn+4 ,some:at lat] 9 ! season ! w$d+ ( ! ,oats-bride is celebrat$ ) ! l ru/ic pomp4 ,ab\t ,neisse1 9 ,silesia1 an ,oats-k+ & an ,oats-que51 dress$ up qua9tly z a bridal pair1 are seat$ on a h>r[ & drawn by ox5 into ! village47#ede7 7,m#acc7 ,9 ^! la/ in/ances ! corn-_s is p]sonifi$ 9 d\ble =m z male & female4 ,b sometimes ! _s appe>s 9 a d\ble female =m z bo? old & "y1 correspond+ exactly to ! ,greek ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 if my int]pretation ( ^! goddesses is "r4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,scotl&1 especially among ! ,gaelic-speak+ population1 ! la/ corn cut is sometimes call$ ! ,old ,wife & sometimes ! ,maid54 ,n[ !re are p>ts ( ,scotl& 9 :i* bo? an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 & a ,maid5 are cut at h>ve/4 ,z ! acc\nts ( ?is cu/om are n q cle> & consi/5t1 x may be well to give !m fir/ 9 ! words ( ! orig9al au?orities4 ,?us ! late ,%]iff ,alex&] ,nicolson tells u t !re is a ,gaelic prov]b1 8,a balk 7lum-io*d7 9 autumn is bett] ?an a %eaf ! m02 & he expla9s x by say+ t a lum-io*d or balk 8is a /rip ( a corn-field left fall[4 ,! fe> ( be+ left ) ! la/ %eaf ( ! h>ve/1 call$ ! caillea*1 or gobh> bhaca*1 always l$ to an excit+ competition among ! reap]s 9 ! la/ field4 ,! reap] :o came on a lum-io*d w\ld ( c\rse be glad to h s mu* ! less to cut407#edf7 ,9 fur!r explanation ( ! prov]b ! writ] adds3 8,! cu/oms z to ! ,caillea* & ,maighdean-bhuana seem to h v>i$ some:at4 ,two reap]s 7 usually set to ea* rig1 & accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! man :o 0 fir/ done got ! ,maighdean-bhuana or #8,reap+-,maid51' :ile ! man :o 0 la/ got ! ,caillea* or #8old woman4' ,! latt] t]m is us$ 9 ,argyle%ire2 ! t]m ,gobh>-bhaca*1 ! lame goat1 is us$ 9 ,skye4 8,accord+ to :at appe>s to be ! bett] v]sion1 ! competition to avoid ! ,caillea* 0 n betwe5 reap]s b betwe5 neighb\r+ cr(t]s1 & ! man :o got 8 h>ve/ done fir/ s5t a h&ful ( corn call$ ! ,caillea* to 8 neighb\r1 :o pass$ x on1 till x l&$ ) him :o 0 late/4 ,t man's p5alty 0 to provide = ! de>? ( ! t[n%ip1 gort a' bhaile1 9 ! ensu+ season4 8,! ,maighdean-bhuana1 aga91 0 ! la/ cut h&ful ( oats1 on a cr(t or f>m1 & 0 an object ( lively competition among ! reap]s4 ,x 0 ta/efully ti$ up ) ribbons1 g5]ally dress$ l a doll1 & !n hung up on a nail till spr+4 ,on ! fir/ day ( pl\gh+ x 0 solemnly tak5 d[n1 & giv5 z a ,sa9nseal 7or h&sel7 to ! horses = luck4 ,x 0 meant z a symbol t ! h>ve/ _h be5 secur$1 & to w>d (f ! fairies1 repres5tatives ( ! e!real & unsub/antial1 till ! "t came to provide = a new crop407#edg7 ,aga91 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,campbell ( ,kil*r5an1 on ,lo* ,awe1 furni%$ ,dr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,highl& cu/oms at h>ve/4 ,! recollections ( ,mrs4 ,mac,corquodale1 !n resid5t at ,kil*r5an1 ref] to ! cu/oms practis$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! wild & gloomy valley ( ,gl5coe1 infam\s 9 hi/ory = ! trea*]\s massacre p]petrat$ !re by ! ,gov]nm5t troops 9 #afib4 8,mrs4 ,mac,corquodale says t ! rivalry 0 = ! ,maid51 & = ! privilege %e gave ( s5d+ ! ,caillea* to ! next neighb\r4 ,! ,maid5 0 repres5t$ by ! la/ /alks reap$2 ! ,caillea* by a h&ful tak5 at r&om f ! field1 p]haps ! la/ rig ( ! reap] la/ to f9i%4 ,! ,caillea* 0 n dress$ b c>ri$ aft] b9d+ to ! neighb\r's field4 ,! ,maid5 0 cut 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,all ! reap]s ga!r$ r\nd h] & kept a %ort di/ance f h]4 ,!y !n ?rew _! hooks sickles at h]4 ,! p]son successful 9 cutt+ h] d[n 9 ?is mann] 0 ! man ^: possession %e became4 ,mrs4 ,mac,corquodale und]/ood t ! man ( a t[n%ip :o got ! ,caillea* f9ally 0 suppos$ to be doom$ to pov]ty = 8 want ( en]gy4 7,gaelic3 treubhantas--val\r47 8,a sample ( ! toa/ to ! ,caillea* at ! h>ve/ ent]ta9m5t 0 z foll[s3 #8,! ,caillea* is ) 444 & is n[ ) 7me7 s9ce ,i 0 ! la/4 ,i dr9k to h] heal?4 ,s9ce %e assi/$ me 9 h>ve/1 x is likely t x is ) me %e w abide dur+ ! w9t]4' ,9 expla9+ ! above toa/ ,mr4 ,campbell says t x signifies t ! ,caillea* is always ) agriculturi/s4 #8,%e has be5 ) o!rs be=e & is n[ ) me 7! propos] ( ! toa/74 ,?\gh ,i did my be/ to avoid h] ,i welcome h] z my assi/ant1 & am prep>$ to ent]ta9 h] dur+ ! w9t]4' ,ano!r =m ( ! toa/ 0 z foll[s3 #8,to y\r heal?1 good wife1 :o = h>ve/ has come to help u1 & if ,i live ,i'll try to support y :5 w9t] comes4' 8,john ,mac,corquodale1 ,kil*r5an1 says t at ,crianl>i* 9 ,/ra? ,fillan1 !y make a ,caillea* ( /icks & a turnip1 old clo!s & a pipe4 ,9 ?is case ! effigy pass$ 9 succession to sev5 f>ms1 :i* he m5tion$1 & f9ally settl$ ) an innkeep]4 ,! li/ sugge/$ t ! upp] f>ms /ood a bad *ance1 & p]haps t a prosp]\s innkeep] c\ld m easily be> up aga9/ ! reproa* & loss 787 ( support+ ! ,caillea*4 8,duncan ,mac,intyre1 ,kil*r5an1 says t 9 "o case :]e ! la/ field to be reap$ 0 ! mo/ f]tile l& on ! f>m1 ! corn fir/ cut 9 x1 :i* 0 tak5 ne> ! edge1 0 res]v$ to make a ,caillea*1 %\ld ! own] be s happy z to be able to pass h] on to 8 neighb\r4 ,! la/ blades cut 7 g5]ally 9 ! middle or be/ "p ( ! field4 ,^! 9 any ev5t became ! ,maid540 ,la/ly1 ,dr4 ,maclagan obs]ves t 8hav+ direct$ ! att5tion ( ,miss ,k]r1 ,port ,*>lotte1 ,islay1 to ! practice ( hav+ two diff]5t bun*es on ! ma9l& ( ,argyle1 %e in=ms me t 9 ,islay & ,k9tyre ! la/ h&ful is ! ,caillea*1 & !y h no ,maid54 ,! same is ! cu/om 9 ,b]n>a & o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,isles1 :ile 9 ,mull ! la/ h&ful is ! ,maid51 & !y h no ,caillea*4 ,9 ,nor? ,ui/ ! habit /ill prevails ( putt+ ! ,caillea* ov]-night among ! /&+ corn ( lazy cr(t]s407#edh7 7,m#acd7 ,! g5]al rule to :i* ^! v>i\s acc\nts po9t seems to be t1 :]e bo? a ,maid5 & an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 are fa%ion$ out ( ! reap$ corn at h>ve/1 ! ,maid5 is always made out ( ! la/ /alks left /&+1 & is kept by ! f>m] on ^: l& x 0 cut2 :ile ! ,old ,wife is made out ( o!r /alks1 sometimes out ( ! fir/ /alks cut1 & is regul>ly pass$ on to a lagg>d f>m] :o happ5s to be /ill reap+ aft] 8 brisk] neighb\r has cut all 8 corn4 ,?us :ile ea* f>m] keeps 8 own ,maid51 z ! embodim5t ( ! "y & fruitful _s ( ! corn1 he passes on ! ,old ,wife z soon z he c to a neighb\r1 & s ! old lady may make ! r\nd ( all ! f>ms 9 ! di/rict be=e %e f9ds a place 9 :i* to lay h] v5]able head4 ,! f>m] ) :om %e f9ally takes up h] abode is ( c\rse ! "o :o has be5 ! la/ ( all ! c\ntryside to f9i% reap+ 8 crops1 & ?us ! di/9ction ( ent]ta9+ h] is r an invidi\s "o4 ,simil>ly we saw t 9 ,pembroke%ire1 :]e ! la/ corn cut is call$1 n ! ,maid51 b ! ,hag1 %e is pass$ on ha/ily to a neighb\r :o is /ill at "w 9 8 fields & :o receives 8 ag$ visitor ) any?+ b a transport ( joy4 ,if ! ,old ,wife repres5ts ! corn-_s ( ! pa/ ye>1 z %e probably does :]ev] %e is contra/$ ) & oppos$ to a ,maid51 x is natural en\gh t h] fad$ *>ms %\ld h less attractions = ! husb&man ?an ! buxom =m ( h] daught]1 :o may be expect$ to become 9 h] turn ! "m ( ! gold5 gra9 :5 ! revolv+ ye> has br\ght r\nd ano!r autumn4 ,! same desire to get rid ( ! effete ,"m ( ! ,corn by palm+ h] (f on o!r p comes out cle>ly 9 "s ( ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! close ( ?re%+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! practice ( pass+ on a hide\s /raw puppet to a neighb\r f>m] :o is /ill ?re%+ 8 corn47#edi7 7,m#ace7 ,! h>ve/ cu/oms j describ$ are /rik+ly analog\s to ! spr+ cu/oms :i* we review$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w4 7#a7 ,z 9 ! spr+ cu/oms ! tree-_s is repres5t$ bo? by a tree & by a p]son17#eej7 s 9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ! corn-_s is repres5t$ bo? by ! la/ %eaf & by ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds or ?re%es x4 ,! equival5ce ( ! p]son to ! %eaf is %ewn by giv+ him or h] ! same "n z ! %eaf2 by wrapp+ him or h] 9 x2 & by ! rule obs]v$ 9 "s places1 t :5 ! %eaf is call$ ! ,"m1 x mu/ be made up into human %ape by ! olde/ m>ri$ woman1 b t :5 x is call$ ! ,maid51 x mu/ be cut by ! y\nge/ girl47#eea7 ,"h ! age ( ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s corresponds ) t ( ! suppos$ age ( ! corn-_s1 j z ! human victims (f]$ by ! ,mexicans to promote ! gr[? ( ! maize v>i$ ) ! age ( ! maize47#eeb7 ,= 9 ! ,mexican1 z 9 ! ,european1 cu/om ! human be+s 7 probably repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s r ?an victims (f]$ to x4 7#b7 ,aga91 ! same f]tilis+ influ5ce :i* ! tree-_s is suppos$ to ex]t ov] vegetation1 cattle1 & ev5 wom57#eec7 is ascrib$ to ! corn-_s4 ,?us1 its suppos$ influ5ce on vegetation is %ewn by ! practice ( tak+ "s ( ! gra9 ( ! la/ %eaf 79 :i* ! corn-_s is regul>ly suppos$ to be pres5t71 & scatt]+ x among ! "y corn 9 spr+ or mix+ x ) ! se$-corn47#eed7 ,its influ5ce on animals is %ewn by giv+ ! la/ %eaf to a m>e 9 foal1 to a c[ 9 calf1 & to horses at ! fir/ pl\gh+47#eee7 ,la/ly1 its influ5ce on wom5 is indicat$ by ! cu/om ( deliv]+ ! ,"m-%eaf1 made into ! lik5ess ( a pregnant woman1 to ! f>m]'s wife27#eef7 by ! belief t ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf w h a *ild next ye>27#eeg7 p]haps1 too1 by ! idea t ! p]son :o gets x w soon be m>ri$47#eeh7 7,m#acf7 ,pla9ly1 !re=e1 ^! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms are bas$ on ! same anci5t modes ( ?\ght1 & =m p>ts ( ! same primitive hea!ndom1 :i* 0 d\btless practis$ by our =efa!rs long be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,among/ ! m>ks ( a primitive ritual we may note ! foll[+3-- 7,m#acg7 #a4 ,no special class ( p]sons is set ap>t = ! p]=mance ( ! rites2 9 o!r words1 !re are no prie/s4 ,! rites may be p]=m$ by any "o1 z occasion dem&s4 #b4 ,no special places are set ap>t = ! p]=mance ( ! rites2 9 o!r words1 !re are no temples4 ,! rites may be p]=m$ any:]e1 z occasion dem&s4 #c4 ,spirits1 n gods1 are recognis$4 7a7 ,z di/+ui%$ f gods1 spirits are re/rict$ 9 _! op]ations to def9ite dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,_! names are g5]al1 n prop]4 ,_! attributes are g5]ic1 r ?an individual2 9 o!r words1 !re is an indef9ite numb] ( spirits ( ea* class1 & ! individuals ( a class are all mu* alike2 !y h no def9itely m>k$ individuality2 no accept$ traditions are curr5t z to _! orig91 life1 adv5tures1 & "*4 7b7 ,on ! o!r h& gods1 z di/+ui%$ f spirits1 are n re/rict$ to def9ite dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,x is true t !re is g5]ally "s "o dep>tm5t ov] :i* !y preside z _! special prov9ce2 b !y are n rigor\sly conf9$ to x2 !y c ex]t _! p[] = good or evil 9 _m o!r sph]es ( nature & life4 ,aga91 !y be> individual or prop] names1 su* z ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 ,dionysus2 & _! individual *>act]s & hi/ories are fix$ by curr5t my?s & ! repres5tations ( art4 #d4 ,! rites are magical r ?an propitiatory4 ,9 o!r words1 ! desir$ objects are atta9$1 n by propitiat+ ! fav\r ( div9e be+s ?r\gh sacrifice1 pray]1 & praise1 b by c]emonies :i*1 z ,i h already expla9$17#eei7 are believ$ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( nature directly ?r\gh a physical sympa?y or resemblance betwe5 ! rite & ! effect :i* x is ! int5tion ( ! rite to produce4 7,m#ach7 ,judg$ by ^! te/s1 ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms ( our ,european peasantry des]ve to rank z primitive4 ,= no special class ( p]sons & no special places are set exclusively ap>t = _! p]=mance2 !y may be p]=m$ by any "o1 ma/] or man1 mi/ress or maid1 boy or girl2 !y are practis$1 n 9 temples or *ur*es1 b 9 ! woods & mead[s1 beside brooks1 9 b>ns1 on h>ve/ fields & cottage floors4 ,! sup]natural be+s ^: exi/5ce is tak5 = grant$ 9 !m are spirits r ?an deities3 _! functions are limit$ to c]ta9 well-def9$ dep>tm5ts ( nature3 _! names are g5]al1 l ! ,b>ley-"m1 ! ,old ,woman1 ! ,maid51 n prop] names l ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 ,dionysus4 ,_! g5]ic attributes are kn[n1 b _! individual hi/ories & *>act]s are n ! subject ( my?s4 ,= !y exi/ 9 classes r ?an z individuals1 & ! memb]s ( ea* class are indi/+ui%able4 ,= example1 e f>m has its ,corn-"m1 or its ,old ,woman1 or its ,maid52 b e ,corn-"m is mu* l e o!r ,corn-"m1 & s ) ! ,old ,wom5 & ,maid5s4 ,la/ly1 9 ^! h>ve/1 z 9 ! spr+ cu/oms1 ! ritual is magical r ?an propitiatory4 ,?is is %ewn by ?r[+ ! ,corn-"m into ! riv] 9 ord] to secure ra9 & dew = ! crops27#efj7 by mak+ ! ,old ,woman heavy 9 ord] to get a heavy crop next ye>27#efa7 by /rew+ gra9 f ! la/ %eaf among/ ! "y crops 9 spr+27#efb7 & by giv+ ! la/ %eaf to ! cattle to make !m ?rive47#efc7 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,corn-,,"m ,,9 ,,_m ,,l&s4 #a4 ,! ,corn-"m 9 ,am]ica4 7,m#aci7 ,european peoples1 anci5t & mod]n1 h n be5 s+ul> 9 p]sonify+ ! corn z a "m goddess4 ,! same simple idea has sugge/$ itself to o!r agricultural races 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 & has be5 appli$ by !m to o!r indig5\s c]eals ?an b>ley & :eat4 ,if ,europe has its ,:eat-"m & its ,b>ley-"m1 ,am]ica has its ,maize-"m & ! ,ea/ ,indies _! ,rice-"m4 ,^! p]sonifications ,i w n[ illu/rate1 beg9n+ ) ! ,am]ican p]sonification ( ! maize4 7,m#adj7 ,we h se5 t among ,european peoples x is a common cu/om to keep ! plait$ corn-/alks ( ! la/ %eaf1 or ! puppet :i* is =m$ out ( !m1 9 ! f>m-h\se f h>ve/ to h>ve/47#efd7 ,! int5tion no d\bt is1 or r orig9ally 01 by pres]v+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s to ma9ta9 ! _s itself 9 life & activity ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 9 ord] t ! corn may gr[ & ! crops be good4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! cu/om is at all ev5ts r5d]$ highly probable by a simil> cu/om obs]v$ by ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 & ?us describ$ by ! old ,spani% hi/orian ,aco/a3--8,!y take a c]ta9 portion ( ! mo/ fruitful ( ! maize t gr[s 9 _! f>ms1 ! :i* !y put 9 a c]ta9 gran>y :i* !y d call ,pirua1 ) c]ta9 c]emonies1 wat*+ ?ree nights2 !y put ?is maize 9 ! ri*e/ g>m5ts !y h1 & be+ ?us wrapp$ & dress$1 !y wor%ip ?is ,pirua1 & hold x 9 great v5]ation1 say+ x is ! "m ( ! maize ( _! inh]itances1 & t by ?is means ! maize augm5ts & is pres]v$4 ,9 ?is mon? ! six? mon?1 answ]+ to ,may !y make a p>ticul> sacrifice1 & ! wit*es dem& ( ?is ,pirua if x ha? /r5g? suffici5t to cont9ue until ! next ye>2 & if x answ]s no1 !n !y c>ry ?is maize to ! f>m to burn1 :5ce !y br\ght x1 accord+ to e man's p[]2 !n !y make ano!r ,pirua1 ) ! same c]emonies1 say+ t !y r5ew x1 to ! end ! se$ ( maize may n p]i%1 & if x answ]s t x ha? =ce suffici5t to la/ long]1 !y leave x until ! next ye>4 ,?is fooli% vanity cont9ue? to ?is day1 & x is v common among/ ! ,indians to h ^! ,piruas407#efe7 7,m#ada7 ,9 ?is description ( ! cu/om !re seems to be "s error4 ,probably x 0 ! dress$-up bun* ( maize1 n ! gran>y 7,pirua71 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,p]uvians & reg>d$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,maize4 ,?is is confirm$ by :at we "k ( ! ,p]uvian cu/om f ano!r s\rce4 ,! ,p]uvians1 we are told1 believ$ all useful plants to be animat$ by a div9e be+ :o causes _! gr[?4 ,accord+ to ! p>ticul> plant1 ^! div9e be+s 7 call$ ! ,maize-"m 7,z>a-mama71 ! ,qu9oa-"m 7,qu9oa-mama71 ! ,coca-"m 7,coca-mama71 & ! ,potato-"m 7,axo-mama74 ,figures ( ^! div9e mo!rs 7 made respectively ( e>s ( maize & leaves ( ! qu9oa & coca plants2 !y 7 dress$ 9 wom5's clo!s & wor%ipp$4 ,?us ! ,maize-"m 0 repres5t$ by a puppet made ( /alks ( maize dress$ 9 full female attire2 & ! ,indians believ$ t 8z "m1 x _h ! p[] ( produc+ & giv+ bir? to mu* maize407#eff7 ,probably1 !re=e1 ,aco/a misund]/ood 8 in=mant1 & ! ,"m ( ! ,maize :i* he describes 0 n ! gran>y 7,pirua71 b ! bun* ( maize dress$ 9 ri* ve/m5ts4 ,! ,p]uvian ,"m ( ! ,maize1 l ! h>ve/-,maid5 at ,balquhidd]1 0 kept = a ye> 9 ord] t by h] means ! corn might gr[ & multiply4 ,b le/ h] /r5g? might n suffice to la/ till ! next h>ve/1 %e 0 ask$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> h[ %e felt1 & if %e answ]$ t %e felt weak1 %e 0 burn$ & a fre% ,"m ( ! ,maize made1 8to ! end ! se$ ( maize may n p]i%40 ,"h1 x may be obs]v$1 we h a /rong confirmation ( ! explanation already giv5 ( ! cu/om ( kill+ ! god1 bo? p]iodically & occasionally4 ,! ,"m ( ! ,maize 0 all[$1 z a rule1 to live ?r\gh a ye>1 t be+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* h] /r5g? might reasonably be suppos$ to la/ unimpair$2 b on any symptom ( h] /r5g? fail+ %e 0 put to dea?1 & a fre% & vigor\s ,"m ( ! ,maize took h] place1 le/ ! maize :i* dep5d$ on h] = its exi/5ce %\ld langui% & decay4 7,m#adb7 ,h>dly less cle>ly does ! same tra9 ( ?\ght come out 9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms =m]ly obs]v$ by ! ,zapotecs ( ,mexico4 ,at h>ve/ ! prie/s1 att5d$ by ! nobles & p1 w5t 9 procession to ! maize fields1 :]e !y pick$ out ! l>ge/ & f9e/ %eaf4 ,?is !y took ) great c]emony to ! t[n or village1 & plac$ x 9 ! temple ^u an alt> adorn$ ) wild fl[]s4 ,aft] sacrific+ to ! h>ve/ god1 ! prie/s c>efully wrapp$ up ! %eaf 9 f9e l95 & kept x till se$-"t4 ,!n ! prie/s & nobles met aga9 at ! temple1 "o ( !m br++ ! sk9 ( a wild bea/1 elaborately ornam5t$1 9 :i* ! l95 clo? conta9+ ! %eaf 0 envelop$4 ,! %eaf 0 !n c>ri$ once m 9 procession to ! field f :i* x _h be5 tak54 ,"h a small cavity or subt]ranean *amb] _h be5 prep>$1 9 :i* ! preci\s %eaf 0 deposit$1 wrapt 9 its v>i\s envelopes4 ,aft] sacrifice _h be5 (f]$ to ! gods ( ! fields = an abundant crop ! *amb] 0 clos$ & cov]$ ov] ) e>?4 ,imm$iately !reaft] ! s[+ began4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! "t ( h>ve/ drew ne>1 ! buri$ %eaf 0 solemnly dis9t]r$ by ! prie/s1 :o di/ribut$ ! gra9 to all :o ask$ = x4 ,! packets ( gra9 s di/ribut$ 7 c>efully pres]v$ z talismans till ! h>ve/47#efg7 ,9 ^! c]emonies1 :i* cont9u$ to be annually celebrat$ long aft] ! ,spani% conque/1 ! int5tion ( keep+ ! f9e/ %eaf buri$ 9 ! maize field f se$-"t to h>ve/ 0 und\bt$ly to quick5 ! gr[? ( ! maize4 7,m#adc7 ,a full] & to "s ext5t diff]5t acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,mexican wor%ip ( ! maize has be5 giv5 u by ! ,franciscan monk ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 :o arriv$ 9 ,mexico 9 #aebi1 only eight ye>s aft] its conque/ by ! ,spani>ds1 & devot$ ! rema9+ sixty-"o ye>s ( 8 long life to lab\r+ among ! ,indians = _! moral & spiritual good4 ,unit+ ! curiosity ( a sci5tific enquir] to ! zeal ( a mission>y1 & adorn+ bo? qualities ) ! humanity & b5evol5ce ( a good man1 he obta9$ f ! olde/ & mo/ le>n$ ( ! ,indians acc\nts ( _! anci5t cu/oms & beliefs1 & embodi$ !m 9 a "w :i*1 = comb9$ int]e/ ( matt] & fulness ( detail1 has p]haps nev] be5 equall$ 9 ! records ( aborig9al peoples br\ght into contact ) ,european civilisation4 ,?is great docum5t1 aft] ly+ neglect$ 9 ! du/ ( ,spani% ar*ives = c5turies1 0 discov]$ & publi%$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 ,mexico & ,engl& 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x exi/s 9 ! d\ble =m ( an ,aztec text & a ,spani% translation1 bo? due to ,sahagun himself4 ,only ! ,spani% v]sion has hi!rto be5 publi%$ 9 full1 b ! orig9al ,aztec text1 to judge by ! few extracts ( x :i* h be5 edit$ & translat$1 appe>s to furni% mu* m ample details on _m po9ts1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( le>n+ x is greatly to be desir$ t a complete edition & translation ( x %\ld be giv5 to ! _w4 7,m#add7 ,=tunately1 among ! sections ( ?is great "w :i* h be5 edit$ & translat$ f ! ,aztec orig9al into ,g]man by ,pr(essor ,edu>d ,sel] ( ,b]l9 is a long "o describ+ ! religi\s fe/ivals ( ! anci5t ,mexican cal5d>47#efh7 ,f x we le>n "s valuable p>ticul>s z to ! wor%ip ( ! ,maize-goddess & ! c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,mexicans = ! purpose ( ensur+ a good crop ( maize4 ,! fe/ival 0 ! f\r? ( ! ,aztec ye>1 & w5t by ! "n ( ! ,great ,vigil4 ,x fell on a date :i* corresponds to ! sev5? ( ,april4 ,! "n ( ! ,maize-goddess 0 ,*icome c\atl1 & ! ,mexicans conceiv$ & repres5t$ h] 9 ! =m ( a woman1 r$ 9 face & arms & legs1 we>+ a pap] cr[n dy$ v]milion1 & clad 9 g>m5ts ( ! hue ( ripe *]ries4 ,no d\bt ! r$ col\r ( ! goddess & h] g>m5ts ref]r$ to ! deep orange hue ( ! ripe maize2 x 0 l ! yell[ hair ( ! ,greek corn-goddess ,demet]4 ,%e 0 suppos$ to make all k9ds ( maize1 beans1 & vegetables to gr[4 ,on ! day ( ! fe/ival ! ,mexicans s5t out to ! maize-fields & fet*$ f e field a plant ( maize1 :i* !y br\ght to _! h\ses & greet$ z _! maize-gods1 sett+ !m up 9 _! dwell+s1 clo?+ !m 9 g>m5ts1 & plac+ food be=e !m4 ,& aft] sunset !y c>ri$ ! maize-plants to ! temple ( ! ,maize-goddess1 :]e !y snat*$ !m f "o ano!r & f\ght & /ruck ea* o!r ) !m4 ,fur!r1 at ?is fe/ival !y br\ght to ! temple ( ! ,maize-goddess ! maize-cobs :i* 7 to be us$ 9 ! s[+4 ,! cobs 7 c>ri$ by ?ree maid5s 9 bundles ( sev5 wrapt 9 r$ pap]4 ,"o ( ! girls 0 small ) %ort hair1 ano!r 0 old] ) long hair hang+ d[n1 & ! ?ird 0 full-gr[n ) h] hair w\nd r\nd h] head4 ,r$ fea!rs 7 gumm$ to ! arms & legs ( ! ?ree maid5s & _! faces 7 pa9t$1 probably to resemble ! r$ ,maize-goddess1 :om !y may be suppos$ to h p]sonat$ at v>i\s /ages ( ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,! maize-cobs :i* !y br\ght to ! temple ( ! ,maize-goddess 7 call$ by ! "n ( ! ,maize-god ,c9teotl1 & !y 7 aft]w>ds deposit$ 9 ! gran>y & kept !re z 8! he>t ( ! gran>y0 till ! s[+ "t came r\nd1 :5 !y 7 us$ z se$47#efi7 7,m#ade7 ,! ea/]n ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :o subsi/$ to a l>ge ext5t by ! cultivation ( maize1 g5]ally conceiv$ ! _s ( ! maize z a woman1 & suppos$ t ! plant itself _h sprung orig9ally f ! blood drops or ! dead body ( ! ,corn ,woman4 ,9 ! sacr$ =mulas ( ! ,*]okee ! corn is sometimes invok$ z 8! ,old ,woman10 & "o ( _! my?s relates h[ a hunt] saw a fair woman issue f a s+le gre5 /alk ( corn47#egj7 ,! ,iroquois believe ! ,_s ( ! ,corn1 ! ,_s ( ,beans1 & ! ,_s ( ,squa%es to be ?ree si/]s clad 9 ! leaves ( _! respective plants1 v fond ( ea* o!r1 & delight+ to dwell toge!r4 ,?is div9e tr9ity is kn[n by ! "n ( ,de-o-ha'-ko1 :i* means 8,our ,life0 or 8,our ,support]s40 ,! ?ree p]sons ( ! tr9ity h no individual names1 & are nev] m5tion$ sep>ately except by means ( description4 ,! ,indians h a leg5d t ( old ! corn 0 easily cultivat$1 yield$ abundantly1 & _h a gra9 exce$+ly ri* 9 oil1 till ! ,evil ,"o1 envi\s ( ?is good gift ( ! ,great ,_s to man1 w5t =? into ! fields & blight$ !m4 ,& /ill1 :5 ! w9d ru/les 9 ! corn1 ! pi\s ,indian fancies he he>s ! ,_s ( ! ,corn bemoan+ h] blight$ fruitfulness47#ega7 ,! ,hui*ol ,indians ( ,mexico imag9e maize to be a little girl1 :o may sometimes be he>d weep+ 9 ! fields2 s afraid is %e ( ! wild bea/s t eat ! corn47#egb7 #b4 ,! ,"m-cotton 9 ! ,punjaub4 7,m#adf7 ,9 ! ,punjaub1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,jumna1 :5 ! cotton boles beg9 to bur/1 x is usual to select ! l>ge/ plant 9 ! field1 spr9kle x ) butt]-milk & rice-wat]1 & !n b9d to x pieces ( cotton tak5 f ! o!r plants ( ! field4 ,?is select$ plant is call$ ,sird> or ,bhogalda1 t is 8"m-cotton10 f bhogla1 a "n sometimes giv5 to a l>ge cotton-pod1 & da 7= daiya71 8a "m10 & aft] x has be5 salut$1 pray]s are (f]$ t ! o!r plants may resemble x 9 ! ri*ness ( _! produce47#egc7 #c4 ,! ,b>ley ,bride among ! ,b]b]s4 7,m#adg7 ,! conception ( ! corn-_s z a bride seems to come out cle>ly 9 a c]emony /ill practis$ by ! ,b]b]s ne> ,tangi]1 9 ,morocco4 ,:5 ! wom5 assemble 9 ! fields to we$ ! gre5 b>ley or reap ! crops1 !y take ) !m a /raw figure dress$ l a woman1 & set x up among ! corn4 ,sudd5ly a gr\p ( horsem5 f a neighb\r+ village gallops up & c>ries (f ! /raw puppet amid ! screams & cries ( ! wom54 ,h[ev]1 ! ravi%$ effigy is rescu$ by ano!r b& ( m\nt$ m51 & aft] a /ruggle x rema9s1 m or less di%evell$1 9 ! h&s ( ! wom54 ,t ?is pret5d$ abduction is a mimic m>riage appe>s f a ,b]b] cu/om 9 accordance ) :i*1 at a real w$d+1 ! bridegroom c>ries (f 8 seem+ly unwill+ bride on horseback1 :ile %e screams & pret5ds to summon h] fri5ds to h] rescue4 ,no fix$ date is appo9t$ = ! simulat$ abduction ( ! /raw woman f ! b>ley-field1 ! "t dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! crops1 b ! day & h\r are made public be=e ! ev5t4 ,ea* village us$ to practise ?is mimic conte/ = possession ( ! /raw woman1 :o probably repres5ts ! ,b>ley ,bride1 b n[adays ! cu/om is gr[+ obsolete47#egd7 7,m#adh7 ,an e>li] acc\nt ( :at seems to be ! same practice runs z foll[s3 8,!re is a curi\s cu/om :i* seems to be a relic ( _! pagan ma/]s1 :o made ?is & ! adjo9+ regions ( ,nor? ,africa ! ma9 gran>y ( _! ,lat9 empire4 ,:5 ! "y corn has sprung up1 :i* x does ab\t ! middle ( ,febru>y1 ! wom5 ( ! villages make up ! figure ( a female1 ! size ( a v l>ge doll1 :i* !y dress 9 ! gaudie/ fa%ion !y c contrive1 cov]+ x ) ornam5ts to :i* all 9 ! village contribute some?+2 & !y give x a tall1 peak$ head-dress4 ,?is image !y c>ry 9 procession r\nd _! fields1 scream+ & s++ a peculi> ditty4 ,! doll is borne by ! =emo/ woman1 :o mu/ yield x to any "o :o is quick en\gh to take ! lead ( h]1 :i* is ! cause ( mu* rac+ & squabbl+4 ,! m5 also h a simil> cu/om1 :i* !y p]=m on horseback4 ,!y call ! image ,mata4 ,^! c]emonies are said by ! p to br+ good luck4 ,_! efficacy ought to be great1 = y frequ5tly see cr[ds ( m5 engag$ 9 _! p]=mances runn+ & gallop+ recklessly ov] ! "y crops ( :eat & b>ley4 ,su* cu/oms are directly oppos$ to ! fai? ( ,islam1 & ,i nev] met ) a ,moor :o c\ld 9 any way enlight5 me z to _! orig94 ,! ,b]b] tribes1 ! mo/ anci5t race n[ rema9+ 9 ^! regions1 to :i* !y give ! "n1 are ! only ones :i* reta9 ?is antique usage1 & x is view$ by ! ,arabs & dwell]s 9 ! t[n z a remnant ( idolatry407#ege7 ,we may conjecture t ?is gaudily dress$ effigy ( a female1 :i* ! ,b]b] wom5 c>ry ab\t _! fields :5 ! corn is spr\t+1 repres5ts ! ,corn-"m1 & t ! procession is design$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops by imp>t+ to !m ! quick5+ influ5ce ( ! goddess4 ,we c !re=e und]/& :y !re %\ld be a competition among ! wom5 = ! possession ( ! effigy2 ea* woman probably hopes to secure = h]self & h] crops a l>g] measure ( f]tility by appropriat+ ! image ( ! ,corn-"m4 ,! competition on horseback among ! m5 is no d\bt to be expla9$ simil>ly2 !y1 too1 race ) ea* o!r 9 _! eag]ness to possess !mselves ( an effigy1 p]haps ( a male p[] ( ! corn1 by ^: help !y expect to procure a heavy crop4 ,su* conte/s = possession ( ! corn-_s embodi$ 9 ! corn-/alks are common1 z we h se51 among ! reap]s on ! h>ve/ fields ( ,europe4 ,p]haps !y help to expla9 "s ( ! conte/s 9 ! ,eleus9ian games1 among :i* horse-races z well z foot-races 7 includ$47#egf7 #d4 ,! ,rice-"m 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 7,m#adi7 ,if ! read] /ill feels any d\bts z to ! mean+ ( ! h>ve/ cu/oms :i* h be5 practis$ )9 liv+ memory by ,european peasants1 ^! d\bts may p]haps be dispell$ by comp>+ ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! rice-h>ve/ by ! ,malays & ,dyaks ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,= ^! ,ea/]n peoples h n1 l our peasantry1 advanc$ beyond ! intellectual /age at :i* ! cu/oms orig9at$2 _! !ory & _! practice are /ill 9 unison2 = !m ! qua9t rites :i* 9 ,europe h long dw9dl$ into m]e fossils1 ! pa/ime ( cl[ns & ! puzzle ( ! le>n$1 are /ill liv+ realities ( :i* !y c r5d] an intelligible & tru?ful acc\nt4 ,h5ce a /udy ( _! beliefs & usages conc]n+ ! rice may ?r[ "s light on ! true mean+ ( ! ritual ( ! corn 9 anci5t ,greece & mod]n ,europe4 7,m#aej7 ,n[ ! :ole ( ! ritual :i* ! ,malays & ,dyaks obs]ve 9 connexion ) ! rice is f\nd$ on ! simple conception ( ! rice z animat$ by a s\l l t :i* ^! p attribute to mank9d4 ,!y expla9 ! ph5om5a ( reproduction1 gr[?1 decay & dea? 9 ! rice on ! same pr9ciples on :i* !y expla9 ! correspond+ ph5om5a 9 human be+s4 ,!y imag9e t 9 ! fibres ( ! plant1 z 9 ! body ( a man1 !re is a c]ta9 vital elem5t1 :i* is s f> indep5d5t ( ! plant t x may = a "t be completely sep>at$ f x )\t fatal effects1 ?\gh if its abs5ce be prolong$ beyond c]ta9 limits ! plant w )] & die4 ,?is vital yet sep>able elem5t is :at1 = ! want ( a bett] ^w1 we mu/ call ! s\l ( a plant1 j z a simil> vital & sep>able elem5t is commonly suppos$ to con/itute ! s\l ( man2 & on ?is !ory or my? ( ! plant-s\l is built ! :ole wor%ip ( ! c]eals1 j z on ! !ory or my? ( ! human s\l is built ! :ole wor%ip ( ! dead1--a t[]+ sup]/ructure re>$ on a sl5d] & prec>i\s f\ndation4 7,m#aea7 ,! /rict p>allelism betwe5 ! ,indonesian ideas ab\t ! s\l ( man & ! s\l ( rice is well br\ght out by ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,wilk9son 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,! _s ( life1--:i*1 accord+ to ! anci5t ,indonesian belief1 exi/$ 9 all ?+s1 ev5 9 :at we %\ld n[ consid] inanimate objects--is kn[n z ! smangat4 ,x 0 n a #8s\l' 9 ! mod]n ,engli% s5se1 s9ce x 0 n ! exclusive possession ( mank9d1 its sep>ation f ! body did n necess>ily mean dea?1 & its nature may possibly n h be5 consid]$ immortal4 ,at ! pres5t day1 if a ,malay feels fa9t1 he w describe 8 condition by say+ t 8 #8_s ( life' is weak or is #8fly+' f 8 body2 he sometimes appeals to x to return3 #8,hi!r1 hi!r1 bird ( my s\l4' ,or aga91 if a ,malay lov] wi%es to influ5ce ! m9d ( a girl1 he may seek to obta9 control ( h] smangat1 = he believes t ?is _s ( active & vigor\s life mu/ quit ! body :5 ! body sleeps & s be liable to capture by ! use ( magic arts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! s-call$ #8_s ( ! rice-crops' t ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! smangat come out mo/ cle>ly4 ,! ,malay consid]s x ess5tial t ! _s ( life %\ld n dep>t f ! rice int5d$ = next ye>'s s[+ z o!rwise ! dead se$ w\ld fail to produce any crop :atev]4 ,he1 !re=e1 approa*es ! /&+ rice-crops at h>ve/-"t 9 a deprecatory mann]2 he addresses !m 9 ende>+ t]ms2 he (f]s propitiatory sacrifices2 he fe>s t he may sc>e away ! timor\s #8bird ( life' by ! sight ( a weapon or ! lea/ sign ( viol5ce4 ,he mu/ reap ! se$-rice1 b he does x ) a knife ( peculi> %ape1 su* t ! cruel blade is hidd5 away b5ea? ! reap]'s f+]s & does n al>m ! #8s\l ( ! rice4' ,:5 once ! se$-rice has be5 h>ve/$1 m exp$iti\s reap+-tools may be employ$1 s9ce x is cle>ly unnecess>y to reta9 ! _s ( life 9 gra9 t is only int5d$ = ! cook+-pot4 ,simil> rites att5d all ! processes ( rice-cultivation--! s[+ & ! plant+-out z well z ! h>ve/1--= at ea* ( ^! /ages !re is a risk t ! vitality ( ! crop may be ru9$ if ! bird ( life is sc>$ away4 ,9 ! language us$ by ! high-prie/s ( ^! v anci5t c]emonies we con/antly f9d ref]5ces to ,sri 7! ,h9du ,goddess ( ! ,crops71 to ! fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,k1 & to ,adam :o1 accord+ to ,moslem tradition1 0 ! fir/ plant] ( c]eals2--_m ( ^! ref]5ces only repres5t ! attempts ( ! cons]vative ,malays to make _! old religions h>monize ) lat] beliefs4 ,b5ea? successive lay]s ( religi\s v5e]1 we see ! animism ( ! old ,indonesians1 ! !ory ( a bird-_s ( life1 & ! *>act]i/ic view t ! be/ protection aga9/ evil lies 9 g5tl5ess & c\rtesy to all animate & inanimate ?+s407#egg7 7,m#aeb7 8,x is a famili> fact10 says ano!r em95t au?ority on ! ,ea/ ,indies1 8t ! ,indonesian imag9es rice to be animat$1 to be provid$ ) #8s\l-/uff4' ,s9ce rice is ev]y:]e cultivat$ 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ) "s exceptions is ! /aple food1 we ne$ n wond] t ! ,indonesian conceives ! rice to be n m]ely animat$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se b to be possess$ ( a s\l-/uff :i* 9 /r5g? & dignity ranks ) t ( man4 ,?us ! ,bataks apply ! same ^w tondi to ! s\l-/uff ( rice & ! s\l-/uff ( human be+s4 ,:]eas ! ,dyaks ( ,poelopetak give ! "n ( gana to ! s\l-/uff ( ?+s1 animals1 & plants1 !y give ! "n ( hamb>uan to ! s\l-/uff ( rice z well z ( man4 ,s also ! inhabitants ( ,halmah]a call ! s\l-/uff ( ?+s & plants giki & duhutu1 b 9 m5 & food !y recognise a gurumi4 ,( ! ,javanese1 ,malays1 ,macass>s1 ,bug9ese1 & ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,buru we "k t !y ascribe a sumang1 sumangat1 or smangat to rice z well z to m54 ,s x is ) ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes2 :ile !y manife/ly conceive all ?+s & plants z animat$1 !y attribute a tanoana or s\l-/uff only to m51 animals1 & rice4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ?is cu/om orig9ates 9 ! v high value t is set on rice407#egh7 7,m#aec7 ,believ+ ! rice to be animat$ by a s\l l t ( a man1 ! ,indonesians naturally treat x ) ! def]5ce & ! consid]ation :i* !y %ew to _! fell[s4 ,?us !y behave t[>ds ! rice 9 bloom z !y behave t[>ds a pregnant woman2 !y ab/a9 f fir+ guns or mak+ l\d noises 9 ! field1 le/ !y %\ld s fright5 ! s\l ( ! rice t x w\ld misc>ry & be> no gra92 & = ! same reason !y w n talk ( corpses or demons 9 ! rice-fields4 ,moreov]1 !y fe$ ! bloom+ rice ) foods ( v>i\s k9ds :i* are believ$ to be :olesome = wom5 ) *ild2 b :5 ! rice-e>s are j beg9n+ to =m1 !y are look$ ^u z infants1 & wom5 g ?r\gh ! fields fe$+ !m ) rice-pap z if !y 7 human babes47#egi7 ,9 su* natural & obvi\s comp>isons ( ! bre$+ plant to a bre$+ woman1 & ( ! "y gra9 to a "y *ild1 is to be s\ght ! orig9 ( ! k9dr$ ,greek conception ( ! ,corn-"m & ! ,corn-daught]1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 & we ne$ n g fur!r afield to se>* = x 9 a primitive division ( lab\r betwe5 ! sexes47#ehj7 ,b if ! timor\s fem99e s\l ( ! rice c be fright5$ into a misc>riage ev5 by l\d noises1 x is easy to imag9e :at h] feel+s mu/ be at h>ve/1 :5 p are "u ! sad necessity ( cutt+ d[n ! rice ) ! knife4 ,at s critical a season e precaution mu/ be us$ to r5d] ! necess>y surgical op]ation ( reap+ z inconspicu\s & z pa9less z possible4 ,= t reason1 z we h se517#eha7 ! reap+ ( ! se$-rice is done ) knives ( a peculi> patt]n1 su* t ! blades are hidd5 9 ! reap]s' h&s & d n fright5 ! rice-_s till ! v la/ mom5t1 :5 h] head is swept (f almo/ be=e %e is aw>e2 & f a l delicate motive ! reap]s at "w 9 ! fields employ a special =m ( spee*1 :i* ! rice-_s _c be expect$ to und]/&1 s t %e has no w>n+ or inkl+ ( :at is go+ =w>d till ! heads ( rice are safely deposit$ 9 ! basket47#ehb7 7,m#aed7 ,among ! ,indonesian peoples :o ?us p]sonify ! rice we may take ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,c5tral ,borneo z typical4 ,z we h already se51 !y are ess5tially an agricultural p devot$ to ! cultivation ( rice1 :i* furni%es _! /aple food2 _! religion is deeply col\r$ by ?is ma9 occupation ( _! lives1 & x pres5ts _m analogies to ! ,eleus9ian wor%ip ( ! corn-goddesses ,demet] & ,p]sephone47#ehc7 ,& j z ! ,greeks reg>d$ corn z a gift ( ! goddess ,demet]1 s ! ,kayans believe t rice1 maize1 sweet potatoes1 tobacco1 & all ! o!r products ( ! e>? :i* !y cultivate1 7 orig9ally creat$ = _! b5efit by ! spirits47#ehd7 7,m#aee7 ,9 ord] to secure & deta9 ! volatile s\l ( ! rice ! ,kayans resort to a numb] ( devices4 ,among ! in/rum5ts employ$ = ?is purpose are a m9iature ladd]1 a spatula1 & a basket conta9+ hooks1 ?orns1 & cords4 ,) ! spatula ! prie/ess /rokes ! s\l ( ! rice d[n ! little ladd] into ! basket1 :]e x is naturally held fa/ by ! hooks1 ! ?orn1 & ! cord2 & hav+ ?us captur$ & imprison$ ! s\l %e conveys x into ! rice-gran>y4 ,sometimes a bamboo box & a net are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,& 9 ord] to ensure a good h>ve/ = ! foll[+ ye> x is necess>y n only to deta9 ! s\l ( all ! gra9s ( rice :i* are safely /or$ 9 ! gran>y1 b also to attract & recov] ! s\l ( all ! rice t has be5 lo/ ?r\gh fall+ to ! e>? or be+ eat5 by de]1 apes1 & pigs4 ,= ?is purpose in/rum5ts ( v>i\s sorts h be5 inv5t$ by ! prie/s4 ,"o1 = example1 is a bamboo vessel provid$ ) f\r hooks made f ! wood ( a fruit-tree1 by means ( :i* ! abs5t rice-s\l may be hook$ & drawn back into ! vessel1 :i* is !n hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,sometimes two h&s c>v$ out ( ! wood ( a fruit-tree are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,& e "t t a ,kayan h\sewife fet*es rice f ! gran>y = ! use ( h] h\sehold1 %e mu/ propitiate ! s\ls ( ! rice 9 ! gran>y1 le/ !y %\ld be angry at be+ robb$ ( _! sub/ance4 ,to keep !m 9 good hum\r a bundle ( %av+s ( a fruit-tree & a little basket are always hung 9 ! gran>y4 ,an egg & a small vessel conta9+ ! juice ( sug>-cane are atta*$ z (f]+s to ! bundle ( %av+s1 & ! basket conta9s a sacr$ mat1 :i* is us$ at fet*+ ! rice4 ,:5 ! h\sewife comes to fet* rice f ! gran>y1 %e p\rs juice ( ! sug>-cane on ! egg1 takes ! sacr$ mat f ! basket1 spreads x on ! gr\nd1 lays a /alk ( rice on x1 & expla9s to ! s\ls ( ! rice ! object ( h] com+4 ,!n %e kneels be=e ! mat1 mutt]s "s pray]s or spells1 eats a s+le gra9 f ! rice-/alk1 & hav+ re/or$ ! v>i\s objects to _! prop] place1 dep>ts f ! gran>y ) ! requisite am\nt ( rice1 satisfi$ t %e has dis*>g$ h] religi\s duty to ! spirits ( ! rice4 ,at h>ve/ ! spirits ( ! rice are propitiat$ ) (f]+s ( food & wat]1 :i* are c>ri$ by *ildr5 to ! rice-fields4 ,at ev5+ ! fir/ rice-/alks :i* h be5 cut are solemnly br\ght home 9 a consecrat$ basket to ! beat+ ( a gong1 & all cats & dogs are driv5 f ! h\se be=e ! basket ) its preci\s cont5ts is br\ght 947#ehe7 7,m#aef7 ,among ! ,kayans ( ! ,mahakam riv] 9 ,c5tral ,borneo ! s[+ ( ! rice is imm$iately prec$$ by a p]=mance ( mask$ m51 :i* is int5d$ to attract ! s\l or r s\ls ( ! rice & s to make sure t ! h>ve/ w be a good "o4 ,! p]=m]s repres5t spirits2 =1 believ+ t spirits are mighti] ?an m51 ! ,kayans imag9e t !y c acquire & ex]t sup]human p[] by imitat+ ! =m & actions ( spirits47#ehf7 ,to support _! assum$ "* !y we> grotesque masks ) goggle eyes1 great tee?1 huge e>s1 & be>ds ( :ite goat's hair1 :ile _! bodies are s ?ickly wrapt up 9 %r$d$ banana-leaves t to ! spectator !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( unwieldy masses ( gre5 foliage4 ,! lead] ( ! b& c>ries a long wood5 hook or r crook1 ! %aft ( :i* is p>tly :ittl$ into loose flutt]+ %av+s4 ,^! disguises !y don at a little di/ance f ! village1 !n dropp+ d[n ! riv] 9 boats !y l& & m>* 9 procession to an op5 space among ! h\ses1 :]e ! p1 dress$ out 9 all _! f9]y1 are wait+ to witness ! p]=mance4 ,"h ! mask]s range !mselves 9 a circle & dance = "s "t "u ! burn+ rays ( ! midday sun1 wav+ _! arms1 %ak+ & turn+ _! heads1 & execut+ a v>iety ( /eps to ! s\nd ( a gong1 :i* is beat5 accord+ to a rigidly prescrib$ rhy?m4 ,aft] ! dance !y =m a l9e1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 to fet* ! vagrant s\l ( ! rice f f> c\ntries4 ,at ! head ( ! procession m>*es ! lead] hold+ high 8 crook & beh9d him foll[ all ! o!r mask$ m5 9 _! leafy co/ume1 ea* hold+ 8 fell[ by ! h&4 ,z he /rides along1 ! lead] makes a motion ) 8 crook z if he 7 hook+ some?+ & draw+ x to himself1 & ! ge/ure is imitat$ by all 8 foll[]s4 ,:at he is ?us cat*+ are ! s\ls ( ! rice1 :i* sometimes w&] f> away1 & by draw+ !m home to ! village he is believ$ to ensure t ! se$ ( ! rice :i* is ab\t to be s[n w produce a pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,z ! spirits are ?\ght n to possess ! p[] ( spee*1 ! actors :o p]sonate !m may n utt] a ^w1 else !y w\ld run ! risk ( fall+ d[n dead4 ,! great field ( ! *ief is s[n by repres5tatives ( all ! families1 bo? free & slaves1 on ! day aft] ! masqu]ade4 ,on ! same day ! free families sacrifice on _! fields & beg9 _! s[+ on "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ days4 ,e family sets up 9 its field a sacrificial /age or alt>1 ) :i* ! s[]s mu/ rema9 9 connexion dur+ ! "t ( s[+4 ,!re=e no /rang] may pass betwe5 !m & ! /age2 inde$ ! ,kayans are n all[$ to h any?+ to d ) /rang]s 9 ! fields2 above all !y may n speak ) !m4 ,if su* a ?+ %\ld accid5tally happ51 ! s[+ mu/ cease = t day4 ,at ! s[+ fe/ival1 b at no o!r "t1 ,kayan m5 ( ! ,mahakam riv]1 l _! bre?r5 ( ! ,m5dalam riv]1 amuse !mselves ) sp9n+ tops4 ,= n9e days be=e ! masqu]ade takes place ! p are b\nd to obs]ve c]ta9 taboos3 no /rang] may ent] ! village3 no villag] may pass ! night out ( 8 own h\se3 !y may n hunt1 nor pluck fruits1 nor fi% ) ! ca/+-net or ! drag-net47#ehg7 ,9 ?is tribe ! prop] day = s[+ is (ficially det]m9$ by a prie/ f an obs]vation ( ! sun sett+ beh9d ! hills 9 a l9e ) two /ones :i* ! prie/ has set up1 "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,h[ev]1 ! (ficial day (t5 does n co9cide ) ! actual day ( s[+47#ehh7 7,m#aeg7 ,! masqu]ade ?us p]=m$ by ! ,kayans ( ! ,mahakam riv] be=e s[+ ! rice is an in/ructive example ( a religi\s or r magical drama act$ = ! express purpose ( ensur+ a good crop4 ,z su* x may be comp>$ to ! drama ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! ,corn-"m & ! ,corn-maid51 :i* 0 annually play$ at ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies %ortly be=e ! autumnal s[+ ( ! corn4 ,if my int]pretation ( ^! my/]ies is correct1 ! int5tion ( ! ,greek & ( ! ,kayan drama 0 "o & ! same4 7,m#aeh7 ,at h>ve/ ! ,dyaks ( ,nor!rn ,borneo h a special fea/1 ! object ( :i* is 8to secure ! s\l ( ! rice1 :i* if n s deta9$1 ! produce ( _! f>ms w\ld spe$ily rot & decay4 ,at s[+ "t1 a little ( ! pr9ciple ( life ( ! rice1 :i* at e h>ve/ is secur$ by _! prie/s1 is plant$ ) _! o!r se$s1 & is ?us propagat$ & communicat$40 ,! mode ( secur+ ! s\l ( ! rice v>ies 9 diff]5t tribes4 ,9 ! ,quop di/rict ! c]emony is p]=m$ by ! *ief prie/ alone1 fir/ 9 ! long broad v]&ah ( ! common h\se & aft]w>ds 9 ea* sep>ate family ap>tm5t4 ,z a prep>ation = ! c]emony a bamboo alt>1 decorat$ ) gre5 b\ghs & r$ & :ite /ream]s1 is erect$ 9 ! v]&ah1 & pres5ts a v gay appe>ance4 ,"h ! p1 old & "y1 assemble1 ! prie/esses dress$ 9 gorge\s array & ! eld] m5 we>+ bright-col\r$ jackets & tr\s]s ( purple1 yell[1 or sc>let hue1 :ile ! "y m5 & lads beat gongs & drums4 ,:5 ! prie/1 ) a bundle ( *>ms 9 ei!r h&1 is obs]v$ to be gaz+ e>ne/ly 9 ! air at some?+ invisible to common eyes1 ! b& /rikes up ) r$\bl$ en]gy1 & ! eld]ly m5 9 ! gay bree*es beg9 to %riek & revolve r\nd ! alt> 9 ! dance4 ,sudd5ly ! prie/ />ts up & makes a ru% at ! invisible object2 m5 run to him ) :ite clo?s1 & z he %akes 8 *>ms ov] ! clo?s a few gra9s ( rice fall into !m4 ,^! gra9s are ! s\l ( ! rice2 !y are c>efully fold$ up 9 ! clo?s & laid at ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,! same p]=mance is aft]w>ds repeat$ 9 e family ap>tm5t4 ,9 "s tribes ! s\l ( ! rice is secur$ at midnight4 ,outside ! village a l(ty alt> is erect$ 9 an op5 space surr\nd$ by ! /ately =ms ( ! tropical palms4 ,huge bonfires ca/ a ruddy gl[ ov] ! sc5e & light up ! dusky b picturesque =ms ( ! ,dyaks z !y move 9 sl[ & solemn dance r\nd ! alt>1 "s be>+ light$ tap]s 9 _! h&s1 o!rs brass salv]s ) (f]+s ( rice1 o!rs cov]$ baskets1 ( :i* ! cont5ts are hidd5 f all b ! initiat$4 ,! corn]-po/s ( ! alt> are l(ty bamboos1 ^: leafy tops are yet gre5 & ru/le 9 ! w9d2 & f "o ( !m a long n>r[ /ream] ( :ite clo? hangs d[n4 ,sudd5ly eld]s & prie/s ru% at ?is /ream]1 seize ! end ( x1 & amid ! cra%+ music ( drums & gongs & ! yells ( ! spectators beg9 danc+ & sway+ !mselves backw>ds & =w>ds1 & to & fro4 ,a prie/ or eld] m\nts ! alt> amid ! %\ts ( ! by/&]s & %akes ! tall bamboos viol5tly2 & 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is excitem5t & hubbub small /ones1 bun*es ( hair1 & gra9s ( rice fall at ! feet ( ! danc]s1 & are c>efully pick$ up by wat*ful att5dants4 ,^! gra9s are ! s\l ( ! rice4 ,! c]emony ends ) sev]al ( ! olde/ prie/esses fall+1 or pret5d+ to fall1 s5seless to ! gr\nd1 :]e1 till !y come to !mselves1 _! heads are support$ & _! faces fann$ by _! y\ng] colleagues4 ,at ! end ( ! h>ve/1 :5 ! ye>'s crop has be5 g>n]$1 ano!r fea/ is held4 ,a pig & f[ls are kill$1 & = f\r days gongs are beat5 & danc+ kept up4 ,= eight days ! village is taboo$ & no /rang] may ent] x4 ,at ?is fe/ival ! c]emony ( cat*+ ! s\l ( ! rice is repeat$ to prev5t ! crop f rott+2 & ! s\l s obta9$ is mix$ ) ! se$-rice ( ! next ye>47#ehi7 7,m#aei7 ,! same ne$ ( secur+ ! s\l ( ! rice1 if ! crop is to ?rive1 is ke5ly felt by ! ,k>5s ( ,burma4 ,:5 a rice-field does n fl\ri%1 !y suppose t ! s\l 7kelah7 ( ! rice is 9 "s way deta9$ f ! rice4 ,if ! s\l _c be call$ back1 ! crop w fail4 ,! foll[+ =mula is us$ 9 recall+ ! kelah 7s\l7 ( ! rice3 8,o come1 rice-kelah1 come6 ,come to ! field4 ,come to ! rice4 ,) se$ ( ea* g5d]1 come4 ,come f ! riv] ,kho1 come f ! riv] ,kaw2 f ! place :]e !y meet1 come4 ,come f ! ,we/1 come f ! ,ea/4 ,f ! ?roat ( ! bird1 f ! maw ( ! ape1 f ! ?roat ( ! elephant4 ,come f ! s\rces ( riv]s & _! m\?s4 ,come f ! c\ntry ( ! ,%an & ,burman4 ,f ! di/ant k+doms come4 ,f all gran>ies come4 ,o rice-kelah1 come to ! rice407#eij7 7,m#afj7 ,among ! ,taung?u ( ,upp] ,burma x is cu/om>y1 :5 all ! rice-fields h be5 reap$1 to make a trail ( unhusk$ rice 7paddy7 & husks all ! way f ! fields to ! f>m-h\se 9 ord] to guide ! _s or butt]fly1 z !y call x1 ( ! rice home to ! gran>y4 ,c>e is tak5 t !re %\ld be no break 9 ! trail1 & ! butt]fly ( ! rice is invit$ ) l\d cries to come to ! h\se4 ,7 ! _s ( ! rice n secur$ 9 ?is mann]1 next ye>'s h>ve/ w\ld be bad47#eia7 ,simil>ly among ! ,*]okee ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 8c>e 0 always tak5 to keep a clean trail f ! field to ! h\se1 s t ! corn might be enc\rag$ to /ay at home & n g w&]+ else:]e10 & 8sev5 e>s f ! la/ ye>'s crop 7 always put c>efully aside1 9 ord] to attract ! corn1 until ! new crop 0 rip5$407#eib7 ,9 ,hsa ,mng ,hkam1 a native /ate ( ,upp] ,burma1 :5 two m5 "w rice-fields 9 p>tn]%ip1 !y take p>ticul> c>e z to ! division ( ! gra9 betwe5 !m4 ,ea* p>tn] has a basket made1 ( :i* bo? top & bottom are c>efully clos$ ) wood to prev5t ! butt]fly _s ( ! rice f escap+2 = if x 7 to flutt] away1 ! next ye>'s crop w\ld be b poor47#eic7 ,among ! ,tala+s ( ,l[] ,burma 8! la/ %eaf is l>g] ?an ! re/2 x is br\ght home sep>ately1 usually if n inv>iably on ! morn+ aft] ! rema9d] ( ! h>ve/ has be5 c>t$ to ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! cultivators drive out 9 _! bullock-c>t1 tak+ ) !m a woman's comb1 a look+-glass1 & a woman's skirt4 ,! %eaf is dress$ 9 ! skirt1 & app>5tly ! =m is gone ?r\gh ( pres5t+ x ) ! glass & comb4 ,x is !n br\ght home 9 triumph1 ! p deck+ ! c>t ) _! silk k]*iefs1 & *e]+ & s++ ! :ole way4 ,on _! arrival home !y celebrate ! occasion ) a fea/4 ,/rictly speak+ ! %eaf %\ld be kept ap>t f ! re/ ( ! h>ve/2 ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! high price ( paddy x (t5 f9ds its way to ! ?re%+-floor4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is n ! case x is r>ely t5d$ s c>efully z x is said to h be5 9 =m] days1 & if n ?re%$ ) ! rema9+ crop is apt to be eat5 by ! cattle4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta9 x _h nev] be5 ! cu/om to keep x ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 b on ! fir/ pl\gh+ ( ! ensu+ season !re 0 "s c]emony 9 connection ) x4 ,! "n ( ! %eaf 0 ,bonmagyi2 at fir/ ,i 0 incl9$ to fancy t ?is 0 a contraction ( !l9bon ma gyi1 #8! old woman ( ! ?re%+-floor4' ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v>i\s reasons = disc>d+ ?is d]ivation1 & ,i am unable to sugge/ any o!r407#eid7 ,9 ?is cu/om ! p]sonification ( ! la/ %eaf ( rice z a woman comes out cle>ly 9 ! practice ( dress+ x up 9 female attire4 7,m#afa7 ,! ,corn-"m ( our ,european peasants has h] mat* 9 ! ,rice-"m ( ! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra4 ,! ,m9angkabau]s def9itely attribute a s\l to rice1 & w sometimes ass]t t rice p\nd$ 9 ! usual way ta/es bett] ?an rice gr\nd 9 a mill1 because 9 ! mill ! body ( ! rice 0 s bruis$ & batt]$ t ! s\l has fl$ f x4 ,l ! ,javanese !y ?9k t ! rice is "u ! special gu>dian%ip ( a female _s call$ ,san+ ,s>i1 :o is conceiv$ z s closely knit up ) ! plant t ! rice (t5 goes by h] "n1 z ) ! ,romans ! corn might be call$ ,c]es4 ,9 p>ticul> ,san+ ,s>i is repres5t$ by c]ta9 /alks or gra9s call$ indoea padi1 t is1 lit]ally1 8,"m ( ,rice10 a "n t is (t5 giv5 to ! gu>dian _s h]self4 ,?is s-call$ ,"m ( ,rice is ! occasion ( a numb] ( c]emonies obs]v$ at ! plant+ & h>ve/+ ( ! rice z well z dur+ its pres]vation 9 ! b>n4 ,:5 ! se$ ( ! rice is ab\t to be s[n 9 ! nurs]y or b$d+-out gr\nd1 :]e "u ! wet sy/em ( cultivation x is regul>ly all[$ to spr\t be=e be+ transplant$ to ! fields1 ! be/ gra9s are pick$ out to =m ! ,rice-"m4 ,^! are !n s[n 9 ! middle ( ! b$1 & ! common se$ is plant$ r\nd ab\t !m4 ,! /ate ( ! ,rice-"m is suppos$ to ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! rice2 if %e droops or p9es away1 ! h>ve/ w be bad 9 consequ5ce4 ,! woman :o s[s ! ,rice-"m 9 ! nurs]y lets h] hair hang loose & aft]w>ds ba!s1 z a means ( ensur+ an abundant h>ve/4 ,:5 ! "t comes to transplant ! rice f ! nurs]y to ! field1 ! ,rice-"m receives a special place ei!r 9 ! middle or 9 a corn] ( ! field1 & a pray] or *>m is utt]$ z foll[s3 8,san+ ,s>i1 may a measure ( rice come f a /alk ( rice & a basketful f a root2 may y be fright5$ nei!r by lightn+ nor by pass]s-by6 ,sun%9e make y glad2 ) ! /orm may y be at peace2 & may ra9 s]ve to wa% y\r face60 ,:ile ! rice is gr[+1 ! p>ticul> plant :i* 0 ?us treat$ z ! ,rice-"m is lo/ sight (2 b be=e h>ve/ ano!r ,rice-"m is f\nd4 ,:5 ! crop is ripe = cutt+1 ! olde/ woman ( ! family or a sorc]] goes out to look = h]4 ,! fir/ /alks se5 to b5d "u a pass+ breeze are ! ,rice-"m1 & !y are ti$ toge!r b n cut until ! fir/-fruits ( ! field h be5 c>ri$ home to s]ve z a fe/al meal = ! family & _! fri5ds1 nay ev5 = ! dome/ic animals2 s9ce x is ,san+ ,s>i's pleasure t ! bea/s also %\ld p>take ( h] good gifts4 ,aft] ! meal has be5 eat51 ! ,rice-"m is fet*$ home by p]sons 9 gay attire1 :o c>ry h] v c>efully "u an umbrella 9 a neatly work$ bag to ! b>n1 :]e a place 9 ! middle is assign$ to h]4 ,e "o believes t %e takes c>e ( ! rice 9 ! b>n & ev5 multiplies x n uncommonly47#eie7 7,m#afb7 ,:5 ! ,tomori ( ,c5tral ,celebes are ab\t to plant ! rice1 !y bury 9 ! field "s betel z an (f]+ to ! spirits :o cause ! rice to gr[4 ,ov] ! spot :]e ! (f]+ is buri$ a small floor ( wood is laid1 & ! family sits on x & consumes betel toge!r z a sort ( sil5t pray] or *>m to ensure ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,! rice t is plant$ r\nd ?is spot is ! la/ to be reap$ at h>ve/4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reap+ ! /alks ( ?is pat* ( rice are ti$ toge!r into a %eaf1 :i* is call$ 8! ,"m ( ! ,rice0 7in5o pae71 & (f]+s 9 ! %ape ( rice1 f[l's liv]1 eggs1 & o!r ?+s are laid d[n be=e x4 ,:5 all ! re/ ( ! rice 9 ! field has be5 reap$1 8! ,"m ( ! ,rice0 is cut d[n & c>ri$ ) due hon\r to ! rice-b>n1 :]e x is laid on ! floor1 & all ! o!r %eaves are pil$ ^u x4 ,! ,tomori1 we are told1 reg>d ! ,"m ( ! ,rice z a special (f]+ made to ! rice-_s ,omonga1 :o dwells 9 ! moon4 ,if t _s is n treat$ ) prop] respect1 = example if ! p :o fet* rice f ! b>n are n dec5tly clad1 he is angry & puni%es ! (f5d]s by eat+ up twice z mu* rice 9 ! b>n z !y h tak5 out ( x2 "s p h he>d him smack+ 8 lips 9 ! b>n1 z he dev\r$ ! rice4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 :o also practise ! cu/om ( ! ,rice-"m at h>ve/1 reg>d h] z ! actual "m ( ! :ole h>ve/1 & !re=e keep h] c>efully1 le/ 9 h] abs5ce ! g>n]$ /ore ( rice %\ld all melt away & disappe>47#eif7 ,among ! ,tomori1 z among o!r ,indonesian peoples1 reap]s at "w 9 ! field make use ( special words :i* diff] f ! t]ms 9 ord9>y use2 ! reason = adopt+ ?is peculi> =m ( spee* at reap+ appe>s to be1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 a fe> ( al>m+ ! timid s\l ( ! rice by reveal+ ! fate 9 /ore = x47#eig7 ,to ! same motive is p]haps to be ascrib$ ! practice obs]v$ by ! ,tomori ( ask+ ea* o!r riddles at h>ve/47#eih7 ,simil>ly among ! ,alfoors or ,toradjas ( ,poso1 9 ,c5tral ,celebes1 :ile ! p are wat*+ ! crops 9 ! fields !y amuse !mselves ) ask+ ea* o!r riddles & tell+ /ories1 & :5 any "o guesses a riddle aright1 ! :ole company cries out1 8,let our rice come up1 let fat e>s come up bo? 9 ! l[l&s & on ! heights40 ,b all ! "t betwe5 h>ve/ & ! lay+ out ( new fields ! ask+ ( riddles & ! tell+ ( /ories is /rictly =bidd547#eii7 ,?us among ^! p x seems t ! ask+ ( riddles is = "s reason reg>d$ z a *>m :i* may make or m> ! crops4 7,m#afc7 ,among "s ( ! ,toradjas ( ,celebes ! c]emony ( cutt+ & br++ home ! ,"m ( ! ,rice is obs]v$ z foll[s4 ,:5 ! crop is ripe 9 ! fields1 ! ,"m ( ! ,rice 7nrong pre7 mu/ be fet*$ be=e ! re/ ( ! h>ve/ is reap$4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ on a lucky day by a woman1 :o kn[s ! rites4 ,= ?ree days previ\sly %e obs]ves c]ta9 precautions to prev5t ! s\l 7soemangna se7 ( ! rice f escap+ out ( ! field1 z x might be apt to d1 if x got w9d t ! reap]s ) _! cruel knives 7 s soon to crop ! ripe e>s4 ,) ?is view %e ties up a h&ful ( /&+ /alks ( ! rice into a bun* 9 ea* corn] ( ! field1 :ile %e recites an invocation to ! spirits ( ! rice1 bidd+ !m ga!r 9 ! field f ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav54 ,z a fur!r precaution %e /ops ! sluices1 le/ ) ! outru% ( ! wat] f ! rice-field ! sly s\l ( ! rice %\ld make good its escape4 ,& %e ties knots 9 ! leaves ( ! rice-plants1 all to h9d] ! s\l ( ! rice f runn+ away4 ,?is %e does 9 ! aft]noon ( ?ree successive days4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! f\r? day %e comes aga9 to ! field1 sits d[n 9 a corn] ( x1 & kisses ! rice ?ree times1 aga9 invit+ ! s\ls ( ! rice to come ?i!r & assur+ !m ( h] affection & c>e4 ,!n %e cuts ! bun* ( rice-/alks :i* %e _h ti$ toge!r on "o ( ! previ\s days4 ,! /alks 9 ! bun* mu/ be n9e 9 numb]1 & _! leaves mu/ be cut ) !m1 n ?r[n away4 ,z %e cuts1 %e may n look ab\t h]1 nor cry out1 nor speak to any "o1 nor be spok5 to2 b %e says to ! rice1 8,! prophet reaps y4 ,i take y1 b y dim9i% n2 ,i hold y 9 my h& & y increase4 ,y are ! l9ks ( my s\l1 ! support ( my body1 my bless+1 my salvation4 ,!re is no ,god b ,god40 ,!n %e passes to ano!r corn] ( ! field to cut ! bun* ( /&+ rice 9 x ) ! same c]emony2 b be=e com+ to x %e /ops half way to pluck ano!r bun* ( five /alks 9 l mann]4 ,?us f ! f\r sides ( ! field %e collects 9 all fifty-six /alks ( rice1 :i* toge!r make up ! ,"m ( ! ,rice 7nrong pre74 ,!n 9 a corn] ( ! field %e makes a little /age & lays ! ,"m ( ! ,rice on x1 ) ! e>s turn$ t[>ds ! /&+ rice & ! cut /alks t[>ds ! dyke :i* encloses ! field4 ,aft] t %e b9ds ! fifty-six /alks ( ! ,rice-"m into a %eaf ) ! b>k ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tree4 ,z %e does s1 %e says1 8,! prophet b9ds y into a %eaf2 ! angel increases y2 ! awlli c>es = y4 ,we lov$ & c>$ = ea* o!r40 ,!n1 aft] ano9t+ ! %eaf & fumigat+ x ) inc5se1 %e lays x on ! little /age4 ,on ?is /age %e _h previ\sly plac$ sev]al k9ds ( rice1 betel1 "o or m eggs1 sweetmeats1 & "y coco-nuts1 all z (f]+s to ! ,"m ( ! ,rice1 :o1 if %e did n receive ^! att5tions1 w\ld be (f5d$ & visit p ) sickness or ev5 vani% away altoge!r4 ,sometimes on l>ge f>ms a f[l is kill$ & its blood deposit$ 9 ! half ( a coco-nut on ! /age4 ,! /&+ rice r\nd ab\t ! /age is ! la/ ( ! :ole field to be reap$4 ,:5 x has be5 cut1 x is b\nd up ) ! ,"m ( ! ,rice into a s+le %eaf & c>ri$ home4 ,any body may c>ry ! %eaf1 b 9 do+ s he or %e mu/ take c>e n to let x fall1 or ! ,rice-"m w\ld be angry & might disappe>47#fjj7 7,m#afd7 ,among ! ,battas or ,bataks ( ,sumatra ! rice appe>s to be p]sonifi$ z a "y unm>ri$ woman r ?an z a "m4 ,on ! fir/ day ( reap+ ! crop only a few e>s ( rice are pluck$ & made up into a little %eaf4 ,aft] t ! reap+ may beg91 & :ile x is go+ =w>d (f]+s ( rice & betel are pres5t$ 9 ! middle ( ! field to ! _s ( ! rice1 :o is p]sonifi$ "u ! "n ( ,miss ,dajang4 ,! (f]+ is accompani$ by a common meal %>$ by ! reap]s4 ,:5 all ! rice has be5 reap$1 ?re%$ & g>n]$1 ! little %eaf :i* 0 fir/ cut is br\ght 9 & laid on ! top ( ! heap 9 ! gran>y1 toge!r ) an egg or a /one1 :i* is suppos$ to wat* ov] ! rice47#fja7 ,?\gh we are n told1 we may assume t ! p]sonifi$ _s ( ! rice is suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ! fir/ %eaf cut & 9 t =m to keep gu>d ov] ! rice 9 ! gran>y4 ,ano!r writ]1 :o has indep5d5tly describ$ ! cu/oms ( ! ,k>o-,bataks at ! rice-h>ve/1 tells u t ! l>ge/ %eaf1 :i* is usually ! "o fir/ made up1 is reg>d$ z ! seat ( ! rice-s\l & is treat$ exactly l a p]son2 at ! trampl+ ( ! paddy to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! husks ! %eaf 9 "q is specially entru/$ to a girl :o has a lucky "n1 & ^: p>5ts are bo? alive47#fjb7 7,m#afe7 ,9 ,m&el+1 a di/rict ( ,sumatra1 contr>y to :at seems to be ! usual practice1 ! _s ( ! rice is p]sonifi$ z a male in/ead ( z a female & is call$ ! ,rajah or ,k+ ( ! ,rice4 ,he is suppos$ to be imman5t 9 c]ta9 rice-plants1 :i* are recognis$ by _! peculi> =mation1 su* z a concealm5t ( ! e>s 9 ! %ea?1 an unusual arrangem5t ( ! leaves1 or a /unt$ gr[?4 ,:5 "o or m su* plants h be5 discov]$ 9 ! field1 !y are spr9kl$ ) lime-juice1 & ! spirits are invok$ by "n & in=m$ t !y are expect$ at home & t all is ready = _! reception4 ,!n ! ,k+ ( ! ,rice is pluck$ ) ! h& & sev5 neighb\r+ rice-/alks cut ) a knife4 ,he & 8 sev5 companions are !n c>efully br\ght home2 ! be>] may n speak a ^w1 & ! *ildr5 9 ! h\se may make no noise till ! ,k+ ( ! ,rice has be5 safely lodg$ 9 ! gran>y & te!r$1 = great] security1 ) a grass rope to "o ( ! po/s4 ,z soon z t is done1 ! doors are %ut to prev5t ! spirits ( ! rice f escap+4 ,! p]son :o fet*es ! ,k+ ( ! ,rice f ! field %\ld prep>e himself = ! important duty by eat+ a he>ty meal1 = x w\ld be an om5 ( a bad h>ve/ if he pres5t$ himself be=e ! ,k+ ( ! ,rice ) an empty /oma*4 ,= ! same reason ! s[] ( rice %\ld s[ ! se$ on a full /oma*1 9 ord] t ! e>s :i* spr+ f ! se$ may be full also47#fjc7 7,m#aff7 ,aga91 j z 9 ,scotl& ! old & ! "y _s ( ! corn are repres5t$ z an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 & a ,maid5 respectively1 s 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula we f9d bo? ! ,rice-"m & h] *ild repres5t$ by diff]5t %eaves or bundles ( e>s on ! h>ve/-field4 ,! foll[+ directions = obta9+ bo? are translat$ f a native ,malay "w on ! cultivation ( rice3 8,:5 ! rice is ripe all ov]1 "o mu/ fir/ take ! #8s\l' out ( all ! plots ( "o's field4 ,y *oose ! spot :]e ! rice is be/ & :]e x is #8female' 7t is to say1 :]e ! bun* ( /alks is big7 & :]e !re are sev5 jo9ts 9 ! /alk4 ,y beg9 ) a bun* ( ?is k9d & clip sev5 /ems to be ! #8s\l ( ! rice'2 & !n y clip yet ano!r h&ful to be ! #8"m-se$' = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! #8s\l' is wrapp$ 9 a :ite clo? ti$ ) a cord ( trap b>k1 & made into ! %ape ( a little *ild 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 & put into ! small basket4 ,! #8"m-se$' is put into ano!r basket1 & bo? are fumigat$ ) b5zo91 & !n ! two baskets are pil$ ! "o on ! o!r & tak5 home1 & put into ! kpuk 7! receptacle 9 :i* rice is /or$7407#fjd7 ,! c]emony ( cutt+ & br++ home ! ,s\l ( ! ,rice 0 witness$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat at ,*odoi 9 ,selangor on ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,janu>y #ahig4 ,! p>ticul> bun* or %eaf :i* 0 to s]ve z ! ,"m ( ! ,rice-s\l _h previ\sly be5 s\ght & id5tifi$ by means ( ! m>k+s or %ape ( ! e>s4 ,f ?is %eaf an ag$ sorc]ess1 ) mu* solemnity1 cut a little bundle ( sev5 e>s1 ano9t$ !m ) oil1 ti$ !m r\nd ) p>ti-col\r$ ?read1 fumigat$ !m ) inc5se1 & hav+ wrapt !m 9 a :ite clo? deposit$ !m 9 a little oval-%ap$ basket4 ,^! sev5 e>s 7 ! infant ,s\l ( ! ,rice & ! little basket 0 its cradle4 ,x 0 c>ri$ home to ! f>m]'s h\se by ano!r woman1 :o held up an umbrella to scre5 ! t5d] infant f ! hot rays ( ! sun4 ,arriv$ at ! h\se ! ,rice-*ild 0 welcom$ by ! wom5 ( ! family1 & laid1 cradle & all1 on a new sleep+-mat ) pill[s at ! head4 ,aft] t ! f>m]'s wife 0 in/ruct$ to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( taboo = ?ree days1 ! rules be+ 9 _m respects id5tical ) ^? :i* h to be obs]v$ = ?ree days aft] ! bir? ( a real *ild4 ,= example1 p]fect quiet mu/ be obs]v$1 z 9 a h\se :]e a baby has j be5 born2 a light 0 plac$ ne> ! head ( ! ,rice-*ild's b$ & might n g out at night1 :ile ! fire on ! he>? _h to be kept up bo? day & night till ! ?ree days 7 ov]2 hair might n be cut2 & money1 rice1 salt1 oil1 & s =? 7 =bidd5 to g out ( ! h\se1 ?\gh ( c\rse ^! valuable articles 7 q free to come 94 ,some?+ ( ! same t5d] c>e :i* is ?us be/[$ on ! newly-born ,rice-*ild is naturally ext5d$ also to its p>5t1 ! %eaf f ^: body x 0 tak54 ,?is %eaf1 :i* rema9s /&+ 9 ! field aft] ! ,rice-s\l has be5 c>ri$ home & put to b$1 is treat$ z a newly-made "m2 t is to say1 "y %oots ( trees are p\nd$ toge!r & scatt]$ broadca/ e ev5+ = ?ree successive days1 & :5 ! ?ree days are up y take ! pulp ( a coco-nut & :at are call$ 8goat-fl[]s10 mix !m up1 eat !m ) a little sug>1 & spit "s ( ! mixture out among ! rice4 ,s aft] a real bir? ! "y %oots ( ! jack-fruit1 ! rose-apple1 c]ta9 k9ds ( banana1 & ! ?9 pulp ( "y coco-nuts are mix$ ) dri$ fi%1 salt1 acid1 prawn-condim5t1 & ! l da9ties to =m a sort ( salad1 :i* is adm9i/]$ to "m & *ild = ?ree successive days4 ,! la/ %eaf is reap$ by ! f>m]'s wife1 :o c>ries x back to ! h\se1 :]e x is ?re%$ & mix$ ) ! ,rice-s\l4 ,! f>m] !n takes ! ,rice-s\l & its basket & deposits x1 toge!r ) ! product ( ! la/ %eaf1 9 ! big circul> rice-b9 us$ by ! ,malays4 ,"s gra9s f ! ,rice-s\l are mix$ ) ! se$ :i* is to be s[n 9 ! foll[+ ye>47#fje7 ,9 ?is ,rice-"m & ,rice-*ild ( ! ,malay ,p59sula we may see ! c\nt]p>t & 9 a s5se ! prototype ( ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone ( anci5t ,greece4 7,m#afg7 ,once m1 ! ,european cu/om ( repres5t+ ! corn-_s 9 ! d\ble =m ( bride & bridegroom7#fjf7 has its p>allel 9 a c]emony obs]v$ at ! rice-h>ve/ 9 ,java4 ,be=e ! reap]s beg9 to cut ! rice1 ! prie/ or sorc]] picks out a numb] ( e>s ( rice1 :i* are ti$ toge!r1 sme>$ ) o9tm5t1 & adorn$ ) fl[]s4 ,?us deck$ out1 ! e>s are call$ ! padi-pngantn1 t is1 ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom2 _! w$d+ fea/ is celebrat$1 & ! cutt+ ( ! rice beg9s imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! rice is be+ got 91 a bridal *amb] is p>tition$ (f 9 ! b>n1 & furni%$ ) a new mat1 a lamp1 & all k9ds ( toilet articles4 ,%eaves ( rice1 to repres5t ! w$d+ gue/s1 are plac$ beside ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom4 ,n till ?is has be5 done may ! :ole h>ve/ be h\s$ 9 ! b>n4 ,& = ! fir/ =ty days aft] ! rice has be5 h\s$1 no "o may ent] ! b>n1 = fe> ( di/urb+ ! newly-w$d$ pair47#fjg7 7,m#afh7 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,javanese cu/om runs z foll[s4 ,:5 ! rice at h>ve/ is to be br\ght home1 two h&fuls ( common unhusk$ rice 7paddy7 are ti$ toge!r into a %eaf1 & two h&fuls ( a special k9d ( rice 7kleefrij/7 are ti$ up into ano!r %eaf2 !n ! two %eaves are fa/5$ toge!r 9 a bundle :i* goes by ! "n ( 8! bridal pair0 7pn-gant5an74 ,! special rice is ! bridegroom1 ! common rice is ! bride4 ,at ! b>n 8! bridal pair0 is receiv$ on a w9n[+-fan by a wiz>d1 :o removes !m f ! fan & lays !m on ! floor ) a c\* ( kloewih leaves "u !m 89 ord] t ! rice may increase10 & beside !m he places a kmiri nut1 tam>9d pips1 & a top & /r+ z play?+s ) :i* ! "y c\ple may div]t !mselves4 ,! bride is call$ ,emboq ,sri & ! bridegroom ,sadana1 & ! wiz>d addresses !m by "n1 say+3 8,emboq ,sri & ,sadana1 ,i h n[ br\ght y home & ,i h prep>$ a place = y4 ,may y sleep agreeably 9 ?is agreeable place6 ,emboq ,sri & ,sadana1 y h be5 receiv$ by ,s-&-,s 7! own]71 let ,s-&-,s lead a life free f c>e4 ,may ,emboq ,sri's luck cont9ue 9 ?is v agreeable place607#fjh7 7,m#afi7 ,! same idea ( ! rice-_s z a husb& & wife meets u also 9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,bali & ,lombok1 two isl&s :i* lie imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ,java4 8,! inhabitants ( ,lombok10 we are told1 8?9k ( ! rice-plant z animat$ by a s\l4 ,!y reg>d x z "o ) a div9ity & treat x ) ! di/9ction & hon\r t are %ewn to a v important p]son4 ,b z x is impossible to treat all ! rice-/alks 9 a field c]emoni\sly1 ! native1 feel+ ! ne$ ( a visible & tangible repres5tative ( ! rice-deity & tak+ a "p = ! :ole1 picks out "s /alks & conceives !m z ! visible abode ( ! rice-s\l1 to :i* he c pay 8 homage & f :i* he hopes to d]ive advantage4 ,^! few /alks1 ! =emo/ among _! _m pe]s1 =m :at is call$ ! n99 pantun by ! p ( ,bali & ! inan p> by ! ,sassaks0 ( ,lombok47#fji7 ,! "n ina p> is sometimes translat$ ,rice-"m1 b ! m correct translation is said to be 8! pr9cipal rice40 ,! /alks ( :i* ?is 8pr9cipal rice0 consi/s are ! fir/ n9e %oots :i* ! husb&man himself takes ) 8 own h&s f ! nurs]y or b$d+-out gr\nd & plants at ! upp] end ( ! rice-field beside ! inlet ( ! irrigation wat]4 ,!y are plant$ ) great c>e 9 a def9ite ord]1 "o ( !m 9 ! middle & ! o!r eight 9 a circle ab\t x4 ,:5 ! :ole field has be5 plant$1 an (f]+1 :i* usually consi/s ( rice 9 _m =ms1 is made to 8! pr9cipal rice0 7inan p>74 ,:5 ! rice-/alks beg9 to swell ! rice is said to be pregnant1 & ! 8pr9cipal rice0 is treat$ ) ! delicate att5tions :i* are paid to a woman ) *ild4 ,?us rice-pap & eggs are laid d[n beside x1 & s\r fruits are (t5 pres5t$ to x1 because pregnant wom5 are believ$ to long = s\r fruit4 ,moreov] ! f]tilisation ( ! rice by ! irrigation wat] is comp>$ to ! union ( ! goddess ,bat>i ,sri ) h] husb& ,ida ,bat>a 7,vi%nu71 :o is id5tifi$ ) ! fl[+ wat]4 ,"s p spr9kle ! pregnant rice ) wat] 9 :i* cool+ drugs h be5 infus$ or ) wat] :i* has /ood on a holy grave1 9 ord] t ! e>s may fill out well4 ,:5 ! "t ( h>ve/ has come1 ! own] ( ! field himself makes a beg9n+ by cutt+ 8! pr9cipal rice0 7inan p> or n99 pantun7 ) 8 own h&s & b9d+ x into two %eaves1 ea* compos$ ( "o hundr$ & eight /alks ) _! leaves atta*$ to !m4 ,"o ( ! %eaves repres5ts a man & ! o!r a woman1 & !y are call$ 8husb& & wife0 7i/ri kakung74 ,! male %eaf is w\nd ab\t ) ?read s t none ( ! leaves are visible1 :]eas ! female %eaf has its leaves b5t ov] & ti$ s z to resemble ! roll ( a woman's hair4 ,sometimes1 = fur!r di/9ction1 a necklace ( rice-/raw is ti$ r\nd ! female %eaf4 ,! two %eaves are !n fa/5$ toge!r & ti$ to a bran* ( a tree1 :i* is /uck 9 ! gr\nd at ! inlet ( ! irrigation wat]4 ,!re !y rema9 :ile all ! re/ ( ! rice is be+ reap$4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( be+ ti$ to a b\gh1 !y are laid on a little bamboo alt>4 ,! reap]s at _! "w take great c>e to let no gra9s ( rice fall on ! gr\nd1 o!rwise ! ,rice-goddess w\ld grieve & weep at be+ p>t$ f h] si/]s1 :o are c>ri$ to ! b>n4 ,if any portion ( ! field rema9s unreap$ at nightfall1 ! reap]s make loops 9 ! leaves ( "s ( ! /&+ /alks to prev5t ! evil spirits f proce$+ ) ! h>ve/ dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 le/ ! ,rice-goddess %\ld g a/ray4 ,:5 ! rice is br\ght home f ! field1 ! two %eaves repres5t+ ! husb& & wife are c>ri$ by a woman on h] head1 & are ! la/ ( all to be deposit$ 9 ! b>n4 ,!re !y are laid to re/ on a small erection or on a cu%ion ( rice-/raw along ) ?ree lumps ( nasi1 :i* are reg>d$ z ! att5dants or wat*]s ( ! bridal pair4 ,! :ole arrangem5t1 we are in=m$1 has = its object to induce ! rice to increase & multiply 9 ! gran>y1 s t ! own] may get m out ( x ?an he put 94 ,h5ce :5 ! p ( ,bali br+ ! two %eaves1 ! husb& & wife1 into ! b>n1 !y say 8,increase ye & multiply )\t ceas+40 ,:5 a woman fet*es rice f ! gran>y = ! use ( h] h\sehold1 %e has to obs]ve a numb] ( rules1 all ( :i* are cle>ly dictat$ by respect = ! _s ( ! rice4 ,%e %\ld n ent] ! b>n 9 ! d>k or at noon p]haps because ! _s may !n be suppos$ to be sleep+4 ,%e mu/ ent] ) h] "r foot fir/4 ,%e mu/ be dec5tly clad ) h] brea/s cov]$4 ,%e mu/ n *ew betel1 & %e w\ld d well to r9se h] m\? be=e repair+ to ! b>n1 j z %e w\ld d if %e wait$ on a p]son ( di/9ction or on a div9ity4 ,no sick or m5/ru\s woman may ent] ! b>n1 & !re mu/ be no talk+ 9 x1 j z !re mu/ be no talk+ :5 %ell$ rice is be+ scoop$ up4 ,:5 all ! rice 9 ! b>n has be5 us$ up1 ! two %eaves repres5t+ ! husb& & wife rema9 9 ! empty build+ till !y h gradually disappe>$ or be5 dev\r$ by mice4 ,! p9* ( hung] sometimes drives individuals to eat up ! rice ( ^! two %eaves1 b ! wret*es :o d s are view$ ) disgu/ by _! fell[s & br&$ z pigs & dogs4 ,nobody w\ld ev] sell ^! holy %eaves ) ! re/ ( _! pr(ane bre?r547#faj7 7,m#agj7 ,! same notion ( ! propagation ( ! rice by a male & female p[] f9ds expression among/ ! ,szis ( ,upp] ,burma4 ,:5 ! paddy1 t is1 ! rice ) ! husks /ill on x1 has be5 dri$ & pil$ 9 a heap = ?re%+1 all ! fri5ds ( ! h\sehold are invit$ to ! ?re%+-floor1 & food & dr9k are br\ght out4 ,! heap ( paddy is divid$ & "o half spread out = ?re%+1 :ile ! o!r half is left pil$ up4 ,on ! pile food & spirits are set1 & "o ( ! eld]s1 address+ 8! fa!r & "m ( ! paddy-plant10 prays = pl5te\s h>ve/s 9 future1 & begs t ! se$ may be> _m fold4 ,!n ! :ole p>ty eat1 dr9k1 & make m]ry4 ,?is c]emony at ! ?re%+-floor is ! only occasion :5 ^! p invoke 8! fa!r & "m ( ! paddy407#faa7 #e4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,corn embodi$ 9 ,human ,be+s4 7,m#aga7 ,?us ! !ory :i* recognises 9 ! ,european ,corn-"m1 ,corn-maid51 & s =?1 ! embodim5t 9 vegetable =m ( ! animat+ _s ( ! crops is amply confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( peoples 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 :o1 because !y h lagg$ beh9d ! ,european races 9 m5tal developm5t1 reta9 = t v reason a ke5] s5se ( ! orig9al motives = obs]v+ ^? ru/ic rites :i* among ourselves h sunk to ! level ( mean+less survivals4 ,! read] may1 h[ev]1 rememb] t accord+ to ,mannh>dt1 ^: !ory ,i am exp\nd+1 ! _s ( ! corn manife/s itself n m]ely 9 vegetable b also 9 human =m2 ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ %eaf or gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ passes = a tempor>y embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 j z mu* z ! bun* ( corn :i* he reaps or ?re%es4 ,n[ 9 ! p>allels :i* h be5 hi!rto adduc$ f ! cu/oms ( peoples outside ,europe ! _s ( ! crops appe>s only 9 vegetable =m4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to prove t o!r races besides our ,european peasantry h conceiv$ ! _s ( ! crops z incorporate 9 or repres5t$ by liv+ m5 & wom54 ,su* a pro(1 ,i may rem9d ! read]1 is g]mane to ! !me ( ?is book2 = ! m in/ances we discov] ( human be+s repres5t+ 9 !mselves ! life or animat+ _s ( plants1 ! less difficulty w be felt at class+ among/ !m ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi4 7,m#agb7 ,! ,m&ans & ,m9nit>ees ( ,nor? ,am]ica us$ to hold a fe/ival 9 spr+ :i* !y call$ ! corn-m$ic9e fe/ival ( ! wom54 ,!y ?\ght t a c]ta9 ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies made ! crops to gr[1 & t1 liv+ some:]e 9 ! s\?1 %e s5t ! migratory wat]f[l 9 spr+ z h] tok5s & repres5tatives4 ,ea* sort ( bird repres5t$ a special k9d ( crop cultivat$ by ! ,indians3 ! wild goose /ood = ! maize1 ! wild swan = ! g\rds1 & ! wild duck = ! beans4 ,s :5 ! fea!r$ mess5g]s ( ! ,old ,woman began to arrive 9 spr+ ! ,indians celebrat$ ! corn-m$ic9e fe/ival ( ! wom54 ,scaffolds 7 set up1 on :i* ! p hung dri$ meat & o!r ?+s by way ( (f]+s to ! ,old ,woman2 & on a c]ta9 day ! old wom5 ( ! tribe1 z repres5tatives ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies1 assembl$ at ! scaffolds ea* be>+ 9 h] h& an e> ( maize fa/5$ to a /ick4 ,!y fir/ plant$ ^! /icks 9 ! gr\nd1 !n danc$ r\nd ! scaffolds1 & f9ally took up ! /icks aga9 9 _! arms4 ,mean:ile old m5 beat drums & %ook rattles z a musical accompanim5t to ! p]=mance ( ! old wom54 ,fur!r1 "y wom5 came & put dri$ fle% into ! m\?s ( ! old wom51 = :i* !y receiv$ 9 return a gra9 ( ! consecrat$ maize to eat4 ,?ree or f\r gra9s ( ! holy corn 7 also plac$ 9 ! di%es ( ! "y wom51 to be aft]w>ds c>efully mix$ ) ! se$-corn1 :i* !y 7 suppos$ to f]tilise4 ,! dri$ fle% hung on ! scaffold belong$ to ! old wom51 because !y repres5t$ ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4 ,a simil> corn-m$ic9e fe/ival 0 held 9 autumn = ! purpose ( attract+ ! h]ds ( buffaloes & secur+ a supply ( meat4 ,at t "t e woman c>ri$ 9 h] arms an uproot$ plant ( maize4 ,!y gave ! "n ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies bo? to ! maize & to ^? birds :i* !y reg>d$ z symbols ( ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & !y pray$ to !m 9 autumn say+1 8,"m1 h pity on u6 s5d u n ! bitt] cold too soon1 le/ we h n meat en\gh6 let n all ! game dep>t1 t we may h some?+ = ! w9t]60 ,9 autumn1 :5 ! birds 7 fly+ s\?1 ! ,indians ?\ght t !y 7 go+ home to ! ,old ,woman & tak+ to h] ! (f]+s t _h be5 hung up on ! scaffolds1 especially ! dri$ meat1 :i* %e ate47#fab7 ,"h !n we h ! _s or div9ity ( ! corn conceiv$ z an ,old ,woman & repres5t$ 9 bodily =m by old wom51 :o 9 _! capacity ( repres5tatives receive "s at lea/ ( ! (f]+s :i* are int5d$ = h]4 7,m#agc7 ,! ,miamis1 ano!r tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 tell a tale 9 :i* ! _s ( ! corn figures z a brok5-d[n old man4 ,!y say t corn1 t is1 maize1 fir/ grew 9 heav51 & t ! ,good ,_s comm&$ x to g d[n & dwell ) m5 on e>?4 ,at fir/ x 0 reluctant to d s1 b ! ,good ,_s prevail$ on x to g by promis+ t m5 w\ld treat x well 9 return = ! b5efit !y d]iv$ f x4 8,s corn came d[n f heav5 to b5efit ! ,indian1 & ?is is ! reason :y !y e/eem x1 & are b\nd to take good c>e ( x1 & to nurture x1 & n raise m ?an !y actually require1 = _! own consumption40 ,b once a :ole t[n ( ! ,miamis 0 sev]ely puni%$ = fail+ 9 respect = ! corn4 ,!y _h rais$ a great crop & /or$ mu* ( x "u gr\nd1 & mu* ( x !y pack$ = imm$iate use 9 bags4 ,b ! corn 0 s pl5tiful t mu* ( x /ill rema9$ on ! /alks1 & ! "y m5 grew reckless & play$ ) ! %ell$ cobs1 ?r[+ !m at ea* o!r1 & at la/ !y ev5 broke ! cobs f ! gr[+ /alks & pelt$ ea* o!r ) !m too4 ,b a judgm5t soon foll[$ on su* wick$ conduct4 ,= :5 ! hunt]s w5t out to hunt1 ?\gh ! de] seem$ to ab\nd1 !y c\ld kill no?+4 ,s ! corn 0 gone & !y c\ld get no meat1 & ! p 7 hungry4 ,well1 "o ( ! hunt]s1 roam+ by himself 9 ! woods to f9d some?+ to eat = 8 ag$ fa!r1 came ^u a small lodge 9 ! wild]ness :]e a decrepit old man 0 ly+ ) 8 back to ! fire4 ,n[ ! old man 0 no o!r ?an ! ,_s ( ! ,corn4 ,he said to ! "y hunt]1 8,my gr&son1 ! ,indians h afflict$ me mu*1 & r$uc$ me to ! sad /ate 9 :i* y see me4 ,9 ! side ( ! lodge y w f9d a small kettle4 ,take x & eat1 & :5 y h satisfi$ y\r hung]1 ,i w speak to y40 ,b ! kettle 0 full ( su* f9e sweet corn z ! hunt] _h nev] 9 8 life se5 be=e4 ,:5 he _h eat5 8 fill1 ! old man resum$ ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse1 say+1 8,y\r p h wantonly abus$ & r$uc$ me to ! /ate y n[ see me 93 my back-bone is brok5 9 _m places2 x 0 ! fooli% "y m5 ( y\r t[n :o did me ?is evil1 = ,i am ,mondam91 or corn1 t came d[n f heav54 ,9 _! play !y ?rew corn-cobs & corn-e>s at "o ano!r1 treat+ me ) contempt4 ,i am ! corn-_s :om !y h injur$4 ,t is :y y exp]i5ce bad luck & fam9e4 ,i am ! cause2 y feel my j res5tm5t1 !re=e y\r p are puni%$4 ,o!r ,indians d n treat me s4 ,!y respect me1 & s x is well ) !m4 ,_h y no eld]s to *eck ! y\?s at _! wanton sport8 ,y are an eye-witness ( my suff]+s4 ,!y are ! effect ( :at y did to my body40 ,) t he groan$ & cov]$ himself up4 ,s ! "y hunt] return$ & report$ :at he _h se5 & he>d2 & s9ce !n ! ,indians h be5 v c>eful n to play ) corn 9 ! e>47#fac7 7,m#agd7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! h>ve/-goddess ,gauri is repres5t$ at once by an unm>ri$ girl & by a bundle ( wild balsam plants1 :i* is made up into ! figure ( a woman & dress$ z su* ) mask1 g>m5ts1 & ornam5ts4 ,bo? ! human & ! vegetable repres5tative ( ! goddess are wor%ipp$1 & ! int5tion ( ! :ole c]emony appe>s to be to ensure a good crop ( rice47#fad7 #f4 ,! ,d\ble ,p]sonification ( ! ,corn z ,"m & ,daught]4 7,m#age7 ,comp>$ ) ! ,corn-"m ( ,g]many & ! ,h>ve/-maid5 ( ,scotl&1 ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone ( ,greece are late products ( religi\s gr[?4 ,yet z memb]s ( ! ,aryan family ! ,greeks mu/ at "o "t or ano!r h obs]v$ h>ve/ cu/oms l ^? :i* are /ill practis$ by ,celts1 ,teutons1 & ,slavs1 & :i*1 f> beyond ! limits ( ! ,aryan _w1 h be5 practis$ by ! ,indians ( ,p]u1 ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 & _m o!r natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies--a suffici5t pro( t ! ideas on :i* ^! cu/oms re/ are n conf9$ to any "o race1 b naturally sugge/ !mselves to all untutor$ peoples engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ^? /ately & beautiful figures ( ,greek my?ology1 grew out ( ! same simple beliefs & practices :i* /ill prevail among our mod]n peasantry1 & t !y 7 repres5t$ by rude dolls made out ( ! yell[ %eaves on _m a h>ve/-field long be=e _! brea?+ images 7 wr\ght 9 bronze & m>ble by ! ma/] h&s ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( t old5 "t--a sc5t1 s to say1 ( ! h>ve/-field--l+]$ to ! la/ 9 ! title ( ! ,maid5 7,kore7 by :i* ,p]sephone 0 commonly kn[n4 ,?us if ! prototype ( ,demet] is ! ,corn-"m ( ,g]many1 ! prototype ( ,p]sephone is ! ,h>ve/-maid51 :i*1 autumn aft] autumn1 is /ill made f ! la/ %eaf on ! ,braes ( ,balquhidd]4 ,inde$1 if we knew m ab\t ! peasant-f>m]s ( anci5t ,greece1 we %\ld probably f9d t ev5 9 classical times !y cont9u$ annually to fa%ion _! ,corn-mo!rs 7,demet]s7 & ,maid5s 7,p]sephones7 out ( ! ripe corn on ! h>ve/-fields47#fae7 ,b un=tunately ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone :om we "k 7 ! d5iz5s ( t[ns1 ! maje/ic inhabitants ( lordly temples2 x 0 = su* div9ities alone t ! ref9$ writ]s ( antiquity _h eyes2 ! unc\? rites p]=m$ by ru/ics among/ ! corn 7 b5ea? _! notice4 ,ev5 if !y notic$ !m1 !y probably nev] dream$ ( any connexion betwe5 ! puppet ( corn-/alks on ! sunny /ubble-field & ! m>ble div9ity 9 ! %ady coolness ( ! temple4 ,/ill ! writ+s ev5 ( ^! t[n-br$ & cultur$ p]sons af=d u an occasional glimpse ( a ,demet] z rude z ! rude/ t a remote ,g]man village c %ew4 ,?us ! /ory t ,iasion begat a *ild ,plutus 78weal?10 8abundance07 by ,demet] on a ?rice-pl\gh$ field17#faf7 may be comp>$ ) ! ,we/ ,prussian cu/om ( ! mock bir? ( a *ild on ! h>ve/-field47#fag7 ,9 ?is ,prussian cu/om ! pret5d$ "m repres5ts ! ,corn-"m 7ytniamatka72 ! pret5d$ *ild repres5ts ! ,corn-baby1 & ! :ole c]emony is a *>m to ensure a crop next ye>47#fah7 ,! cu/om & ! leg5d alike po9t to an old] practice ( p]=m+1 among ! spr\t+ crops 9 spr+ or ! /ubble 9 autumn1 "o ( ^? real or mimic acts ( procreation by :i*1 z we h se51 primitive man (t5 seeks to infuse 8 own vigor\s life into ! languid or decay+ en]gies ( nature47#fai7 ,ano!r glimpse ( ! savage "u ! civilis$ ,demet] w be af=d$ f>!r on1 :5 we come to deal ) ano!r aspect ( ^! agricultural div9ities4 7,m#agf7 ,! read] may h obs]v$ t 9 mod]n folk-cu/oms ! corn-_s is g5]ally repres5t$ ei!r by a ,corn-"m 7,old ,woman1 etc47 or by a ,maid5 7,h>ve/-*ild1 etc471 n bo? by a ,corn-"m & by a ,maid54 ,:y !n did ! ,greeks repres5t ! corn bo? z a "m & a daught]8 7,m#agg7 ,9 ! ,breton cu/om ! "m-%eaf--a l>ge figure made out ( ! la/ %eaf ) a small corn-doll inside ( x--cle>ly repres5ts bo? ! ,corn-"m & ! ,corn-daught]1 ! latt] /ill unborn47#fbj7 ,aga91 9 ! ,prussian cu/om j ref]r$ to1 ! woman :o plays ! "p ( ,corn-"m repres5ts ! ripe gra92 ! *ild appe>s to repres5t next ye>'s corn1 :i* may be reg>d$1 naturally en\gh1 z ! *ild ( ?is ye>'s corn1 s9ce x is f ! se$ ( ?is ye>'s h>ve/ t next ye>'s crop w spr+4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 t among ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula & sometimes among ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& ! _s ( ! gra9 is repres5t$ 9 d\ble female =m1 bo? z old & "y1 by means ( e>s tak5 alike f ! ripe crop3 9 ,scotl& ! old _s ( ! corn appe>s z ! ,c>l9e or ,caillea*1 ! "y _s z ! ,maid52 :ile among ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula ! two spirits ( ! rice are def9itely relat$ to ea* o!r z "m & *ild47#fba7 ,judg$ by ^! analogies ,demet] w\ld be ! ripe crop ( ?is ye>2 ,p]sephone w\ld be ! se$-corn tak5 f x & s[n 9 autumn1 to reappe> 9 spr+47#fbb7 ,! desc5t ( ,p]sephone into ! l[] _w w\ld ?us be a my?ical expression = ! s[+ ( ! se$2 h] reappe>ance 9 spr+ w\ld signify ! spr\t+ ( ! "y corn4 ,9 ?is way ! ,p]sephone ( "o ye> becomes ! ,demet] ( ! next1 & ?is may v well h be5 ! orig9al =m ( ! my?4 ,b :5 ) ! advance ( religi\s ?\ght ! corn came to be p]sonifi$1 no long] z a be+ t w5t ?r\gh ! :ole cycle ( bir?1 gr[?1 reproduction1 & dea? )9 a ye>1 b z an immortal goddess1 consi/5cy requir$ t "o ( ! two p]sonifications1 ! "m or ! daught]1 %\ld be sacrific$4 ,h[ev]1 ! d\ble conception ( ! corn z "m & daught] may h be5 too old & too deeply root$ 9 ! popul> m9d to be eradicat$ by logic1 & s room _h to be f\nd 9 ! re=m$ my? bo? = "m & daught]4 ,?is 0 done by assign+ to ,p]sephone ! "* ( ! corn s[n 9 autumn & spr\t+ 9 spr+1 :ile ,demet] 0 left to play ! some:at vague "p ( ! heavy "m ( ! corn1 :o lam5ts its annual disappe>ance und]gr\nd1 & rejoices ov] its reappe>ance 9 spr+4 ,?us in/ead ( a regul> succession ( div9e be+s1 ea* liv+ a ye> & !n giv+ bir? to h] successor1 ! re=m$ my? exhibits ! conception ( two div9e & immortal be+s1 "o ( :om annually disappe>s into & reappe>s f ! gr\nd1 :ile ! o!r has little to d b to weep & rejoice at ! appropriate seasons47#fbc7 7,m#agh7 ,?is !ory ( ! d\ble p]sonification ( ! corn 9 ,greek my? assumes t bo? p]sonifications 7,demet] & ,p]sephone7 are orig9al4 ,b if we suppose t ! ,greek my? />t$ ) a s+le p]sonification1 ! aft]-gr[? ( a second p]sonification may p]haps be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,on look+ ov] ! h>ve/ cu/oms :i* h be5 pass$ "u review1 x may be notic$ t !y involve two di/9ct conceptions ( ! corn-_s4 ,= :]eas 9 "s ( ! cu/oms ! corn-_s is treat$ z imman5t 9 ! corn1 9 o!rs x is reg>d$ z ext]nal to x4 ,?us :5 a p>ticul> %eaf is call$ by ! "n ( ! corn-_s1 & is dress$ 9 clo!s & h&l$ ) rev]5ce17#fbd7 ! _s is cle>ly reg>d$ z imman5t 9 ! corn4 ,b :5 ! _s is said to make ! crops gr[ by pass+ ?r\gh !m1 or to blight ! gra9 ( ^? aga9/ :om %e has a grudge17#fbe7 %e is app>5tly conceiv$ z di/9ct f1 ?\gh ex]cis+ p[] ov]1 ! corn4 ,conceiv$ 9 ! latt] way ! corn-_s is 9 a fair way to become a deity ( ! corn1 if %e has n become s already4 ,( ^! two conceptions1 t ( ! corn-_s z imman5t 9 ! corn is d\btless ! old]1 s9ce ! view ( nature z animat$ by indwell+ spirits appe>s to h g5]ally prec$$ ! view ( x z controll$ by ext]nal deities2 to put x %ortly1 animism prec$es deism4 ,9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( our ,european peasantry ! corn-_s seems to be conceiv$ n[ z imman5t 9 ! corn & n[ z ext]nal to x4 ,9 ,greek my?ology1 on ! o!r h&1 ,demet] is view$ r z ! deity ( ! corn ?an z ! _s imman5t 9 x47#fbf7 ,! process ( ?\ght :i* leads to ! *ange f ! "o mode ( conception to ! o!r is an?ropomorphism1 or ! gradual inve/m5t ( ! imman5t spirits ) m & m ( ! attributes ( humanity4 ,z m5 em]ge f savag]y ! t5d5cy to humanise _! div9ities ga9s /r5g?2 & ! m human ^! become ! wid] is ! brea* :i* sev]s !m f ! natural objects ( :i* !y 7 at fir/ m]ely ! animat+ spirits or s\ls4 ,b 9 ! progress upw>ds f savag]y m5 ( ! same g5]ation d n m>* abrea/2 & ?\gh ! new an?ropomorphic gods may satisfy ! religi\s wants ( ! m develop$ intellig5ces1 ! backw>d memb]s ( ! community w cl+ by pref]5ce to ! old animi/ic notions4 ,n[ :5 ! _s ( any natural object su* z ! corn has be5 inve/$ ) human qualities1 deta*$ f ! object1 & conv]t$ into a deity controll+ x1 ! object itself is1 by ! )drawal ( its _s1 left inanimate2 x becomes1 s to say1 a spiritual vacuum4 ,b ! popul> fancy1 intol]ant ( su* a vacuum1 9 o!r words1 unable to conceive any?+ z inanimate1 imm$iately creates a fre% my?ical be+1 ) :i* x peoples ! vacant object4 ,?us ! same natural object comes to be repres5t$ 9 my?ology by two di/9ct be+s3 fir/ by ! old _s n[ sep>at$ f x & rais$ to ! rank ( a deity2 second1 by ! new _s1 fre%ly creat$ by ! popul> fancy to supply ! place vacat$ by ! old _s on its elevation to a high] sph]e4 ,= example1 9 ,japanese religion ! sol> "* ( ,ama-t]asu1 ! great goddess ( ! ,sun1 has become obscur$1 & accord+ly ! p h p]sonifi$ ! sun afre% "u ! "n ( ,ni*i-r9 sama1 8sun-:eel+ p]sonage10 & ,o t5t sama1 8augu/-heav5-pa?-p]sonage02 to ! l[] class ( ,japanese at ! pres5t day1 especially to wom5 & *ildr51 ,o t5t sama is ! actual sun1 sexless1 my?less1 & un5cumb]$ by any =mal wor%ip1 yet look$ up to z a moral be+ :o rew>ds ! good1 puni%es ! wick$1 & en=ces oa?s made 9 8 "n47#fbg7 ,9 su* cases ! problem = my?ology is1 hav+ got two di/9ct p]sonifications ( ! same object1 :at to d ) !m8 ,h[ are _! relations to ea* o!r to be adju/$1 & room f\nd = bo? 9 ! my?ological sy/em8 ,:5 ! old _s or new deity is conceiv$ z creat+ or produc+ ! object 9 "q1 ! problem is easily solv$4 ,s9ce ! object is believ$ to be produc$ by ! old _s1 & animat$ by ! new "o1 ! latt]1 z ! s\l ( ! object1 mu/ also owe its exi/5ce to ! =m]2 ?us ! old _s w /& to ! new "o z produc] to produc$1 t is1 9 my?ology1 z p>5t to *ild1 & if bo? spirits are conceiv$ z female1 _! relation w be t ( "m & daught]4 ,9 ?is way1 />t+ f a s+le p]sonification ( ! corn z female1 my?ic fancy might 9 "t rea* a d\ble p]sonification ( x z "m & daught]4 ,x w\ld be v ra% to affirm t ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone actually took %ape2 b x seems a legitimate conjecture t ! r$uplication ( deities1 ( :i* ,demet] & ,p]sephone furni% an example1 may sometimes h aris5 9 ! way indicat$4 ,= example1 among ! pairs ( deities dealt ) 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w1 x has be5 %ewn t !re are gr\nds = reg>d+ bo? ,isis & h] companion god ,osiris z p]sonifications ( ! corn47#fbh7 ,on ! hypo!sis j sugge/$1 ,isis w\ld be ! old corn-_s1 & ,osiris w\ld be ! new] "o1 ^: relation%ip to ! old _s 0 v>i\sly expla9$ z t ( bro!r1 husb&1 & son27#fbi7 = ( c\rse my?ology w\ld always be free to acc\nt = ! coexi/5ce ( ! two div9ities 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t ?is propos$ explanation ( su* pairs ( deities z ,demet] & ,p]sephone or ,isis & ,osiris is purely conjectural1 & is only giv5 = :at x is wor?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,lity]ses4 #a4 ,songs ( ! ,corn ,reap]s4 7,m#agi7 ,9 ! prec$+ pages an attempt has be5 made to %ew t 9 ! ,corn-"m & ,h>ve/-maid5 ( ,nor!rn ,europe we h ! prototypes ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,b an ess5tial feature is /ill want+ to complete ! resemblance4 ,a lead+ incid5t 9 ! ,greek my? is ! dea? & resurrection ( ,p]sephone2 x is ?is incid5t :i*1 c\pl$ ) ! nature ( ! goddess z a deity ( vegetation1 l9ks ! my? ) ! cults ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,dionysus2 & x is 9 virtue ( ?is incid5t t ! my? f9ds a place 9 our discussion ( ! ,dy+ ,god4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to see :e!r ! conception ( ! annual dea? & resurrection ( a god1 :i* figures s prom95tly 9 ^! great ,greek & ,ori5tal wor%ips1 has n also its orig9 or its analogy 9 ! ru/ic rites obs]v$ by reap]s & v9e-dress]s among/ ! corn-%ocks & ! v9es4 7,m#ahj7 ,our g5]al ignorance ( ! popul> sup]/itions & cu/oms ( ! anci5ts has already be5 confess$4 ,b ! obscurity :i* ?us hangs ov] ! fir/ beg9n+s ( anci5t religion is =tunately dissipat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! wor%ips ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 & ,attis _h _! respective seats1 z we h se51 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,phrygia2 & 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries c]ta9 h>ve/ & v9tage cu/oms are kn[n to h be5 obs]v$1 ! resemblance ( :i* to ea* o!r & to ! national rites /ruck ! anci5ts !mselves1 &1 comp>$ ) ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( mod]n peasants & b>b>ians1 seems to ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( ! rites 9 "q4 7,m#aha7 ,x has be5 already m5tion$1 on ! au?ority ( ,diodorus1 t 9 anci5t ,egypt ! reap]s 7 wont to lam5t ov] ! fir/ %eaf cut1 invok+ ,isis z ! goddess to :om !y ow$ ! discov]y ( corn47#fcj7 ,to ! pla9tive song or cry sung or utt]$ by ,egyptian reap]s ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ,man]os1 & expla9$ ! "n by a /ory t ,man]os1 ! only son ( ! fir/ ,egyptian k+1 inv5t$ agriculture1 &1 dy+ an untimely dea?1 0 ?us lam5t$ by ! p47#fca7 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! "n ,man]os is due to a misund]/&+ ( ! =mula m-ne-hra1 8,come to ! h\se10 :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s ,egyptian writ+s1 = example 9 ! dirge ( ,isis 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead47#fcb7 ,h5ce we may suppose t ! cry m-ne-hra 0 *ant$ by ! reap]s ov] ! cut corn z a dirge = ! dea? ( ! corn-_s 7,isis or ,osiris7 & a pray] = its return4 ,z ! cry 0 rais$ ov] ! fir/ e>s reap$1 x w\ld seem t ! corn-_s 0 believ$ by ! ,egyptians to be pres5t 9 ! fir/ corn cut & to die "u ! sickle4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,java ! fir/ e>s ( rice are tak5 to repres5t ei!r ! ,s\l ( ! ,rice or ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom47#fcc7 ,9 p>ts ( ,russia ! fir/ %eaf is treat$ mu* 9 ! same way t ! la/ %eaf is treat$ else:]e4 ,x is reap$ by ! mi/ress h]self1 tak5 home & set 9 ! place ( hon\r ne> ! holy pictures2 aft]w>ds x is ?re%$ sep>ately1 & "s ( its gra9 is mix$ ) ! next ye>'s se$-corn47#fcd7 ,9 ,ab]de5%ire1 :ile ! la/ corn cut 0 g5]ally us$ to make ! clyack %eaf17#fce7 x 0 sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ! fir/ corn cut t 0 dress$ up z a woman & c>ri$ home ) c]emony47#fcf7 7,m#ahb7 ,9 ,pho5icia & ,we/]n ,asia a pla9tive song1 l t *ant$ by ! ,egyptian corn-reap]s1 0 sung at ! v9tage & probably 7to judge by analogy7 also at h>ve/4 ,?is ,pho5ician song 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ,l9us or ,ail9us & expla9$1 l ,man]os1 z a lam5t = ! dea? ( a y\? nam$ ,l9us47#fcg7 ,accord+ to "o /ory ,l9us 0 br\ght up by a %eph]d1 b torn to pieces by 8 dogs47#fch7 ,b1 l ,man]os1 ! "n ,l9us or ,ail9us appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 a v]bal misund]/&+1 & to be no?+ m ?an ! cry ai lanu1 t is 8,woe to u10 :i* ! ,pho5icians probably utt]$ 9 m\rn+ = ,adonis27#fci7 at lea/ ,sappho seems to h reg>d$ ,adonis & ,l9us z equival5t47#fdj7 7,m#ahc7 ,9 ,bi?ynia a l m\rnful ditty1 call$ ,bormus or ,borimus1 0 *ant$ by ,m>i&ynian reap]s4 ,bormus 0 said to h be5 a h&some y\?1 ! son ( ,k+ ,upias or ( a weal?y & di/+ui%$ man4 ,"o summ] day1 wat*+ ! reap]s at "w 9 8 fields1 he w5t to fet* !m a dr9k ( wat] & 0 nev] he>d ( m4 ,s ! reap]s s\ght = him1 call+ him 9 pla9tive /ra9s1 :i* !y cont9u$ to *ant at h>ve/ ev] aft]w>ds47#fda7 #b4 ,kill+ ! ,corn-_s4 7,m#ahd7 ,9 ,phrygia ! correspond+ song1 sung by h>ve/]s bo? at reap+ & at ?re%+1 0 call$ ,lity]ses4 ,accord+ to "o /ory1 ,lity]ses 0 a ba/>d son ( ,midas1 ,k+ ( ,phrygia1 & dwelt at ,cela5ae4 ,he us$ to reap ! corn1 & _h an enorm\s appetite4 ,:5 a /rang] happ5$ to ent] ! corn-field or to pass by x1 ,lity]ses gave him pl5ty to eat & dr9k1 !n took him to ! corn-fields on ! banks ( ! ,mae&] & compell$ him to reap along ) him4 ,la/ly1 x 0 8 cu/om to wrap ! /rang] 9 a %eaf1 cut (f 8 head ) a sickle1 & c>ry away 8 body1 swa!d 9 ! corn /alks4 ,b at la/ ,h]cules und]took to reap ) him1 cut (f 8 head ) ! sickle1 & ?rew 8 body into ! riv]47#fdb7 ,z ,h]cules is report$ to h sla9 ,lity]ses 9 ! same way t ,lity]ses slew o!rs 7z ,!seus treat$ ,s9is & ,sciron71 we may inf] t ,lity]ses us$ to ?r[ ! bodies ( 8 victims into ! riv]4 ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 ,lity]ses1 a son ( ,midas1 0 wont to *all5ge p to a reap+ mat* ) him1 & if he vanqui%$ !m he us$ to ?ra% !m2 b "o day he met ) a /rong] reap]1 :o slew him47#fdc7 7,m#ahe7 ,!re are "s gr\nds = suppos+ t 9 ^! /ories ( ,lity]ses we h ! description ( a ,phrygian h>ve/ cu/om 9 accordance ) :i* c]ta9 p]sons1 especially /rang]s pass+ ! h>ve/ field1 7 regul>ly reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s1 & z su* 7 seiz$ by ! reap]s1 wrapt 9 %eaves1 & behead$1 _! bodies1 b\nd up 9 ! corn-/alks1 be+ aft]w>ds ?r[n into wat] z a ra9-*>m4 ,! gr\nds = ?is supposition are1 fir/1 ! resemblance ( ! ,lity]ses /ory to ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,european peasantry1 &1 second1 ! frequ5cy ( human sacrifices (f]$ by savage races to promote ! f]tility ( ! fields4 ,we w exam9e ^! gr\nds successively1 beg9n+ ) ! =m]4 ,9 comp>+ ! /ory ) ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe17#fdd7 ?ree po9ts des]ve special att5tion1 namely3 ,i4 ! reap+ mat* & ! b9d+ ( p]sons 9 ! %eaves2 ,,ii4 ! kill+ ( ! corn-_s or 8 repres5tatives2 ,,iii4 ! treatm5t ( visitors to ! h>ve/ field or ( /rang]s pass+ x4 7,m#ahf7 ,i4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ head1 we h se5 t 9 mod]n ,europe ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds or ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is (t5 expos$ to r\gh treatm5t at ! h&s ( 8 fell[-lab\r]s4 ,= example1 he is b\nd up 9 ! la/ %eaf1 &1 ?us encas$1 is c>ri$ or c>t$ ab\t1 beat51 dr5*$ ) wat]1 ?r[n on a dunghill1 & s =?4 ,or1 if he is sp>$ ?is horseplay1 he is at lea/ ! subject ( ridicule or is ?\ght to be de/9$ to suff] "s mis=tune 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce ! h>ve/]s are naturally reluctant to give ! la/ cut at reap+ or ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ or to b9d ! la/ %eaf1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! "w ?is reluctance produces an emulation among ! lab\r]s1 ea* /riv+ to f9i% 8 task z fa/ z possible1 9 ord] t he may escape ! invidi\s di/9ction ( be+ la/47#fde7 ,= example1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,danzig1 :5 ! w9t] corn is cut & mo/ly b\nd up 9 %eaves1 ! portion :i* /ill rema9s to be b\nd is divid$ among/ ! wom5 b9d]s1 ea* ( :om receives a swa? ( equal l5g? to b9d4 ,a cr[d ( reap]s1 *ildr51 & idl]s ga!r r\nd to witness ! conte/1 & at ! ^w1 8,seize ! ,old ,man10 ! wom5 fall to "w1 all b9d+ _! allott$ swa?s z h>d z !y c4 ,! spectators wat* !m n>r[ly1 & ! woman :o _c keep pace ) ! re/ & consequ5tly b9ds ! la/ %eaf has to c>ry ! ,old ,man 7t is1 ! la/ %eaf made up 9 ! =m ( a man7 to ! f>mh\se & deliv] x to ! f>m] ) ! words1 8,"h ,i br+ y ! ,old ,man40 ,at ! supp] :i* foll[s1 ! ,old ,man is plac$ at ! table & receives an abundant portion ( food1 :i*1 z he _c eat x1 falls to ! %>e ( ! woman :o c>ri$ him4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,old ,man is plac$ 9 ! y>d & all ! p dance r\nd him4 ,or ! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf dances = a good :ile ) ! ,old ,man1 :ile ! re/ =m a r+ r\nd !m2 aft]w>ds !y all1 "o aft] ! o!r1 dance a s+le r\nd ) him4 ,fur!r1 ! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf goes h]self by ! "n ( ! ,old ,man till ! next h>ve/1 & is (t5 mock$ ) ! cry1 8,"h comes ! ,old ,man407#fdf7 ,9 ! ,mittelm>k di/rict ( ,prussia1 :5 ! rye has be5 reap$1 & ! la/ %eaves are ab\t to be ti$ up1 ! b9d]s /& 9 two r[s fac+ ea* o!r1 e woman ) h] %eaf & h] /raw rope be=e h]4 ,at a giv5 signal !y all tie up _! %eaves1 & ! "o :o is ! la/ to f9i% is ridicul$ by ! re/4 ,n only s1 b h] %eaf is made up into human %ape & call$ ! ,old ,man1 & %e mu/ c>ry x home to ! f>my>d1 :]e ! h>ve/]s dance 9 a circle r\nd h] & x4 ,!n !y take ! ,old ,man to ! f>m] & deliv] x to him ) ! words1 8,we br+ ! ,old ,man to ! ,ma/]4 ,he may keep him till he gets a new "o40 ,aft] t ! ,old ,man is set up aga9/ a tree1 :]e he rema9s = a long "t1 ! butt ( _m je/s47#fdg7 ,at ,as*ba* 9 ,bav>ia1 :5 ! reap+ is ne>ly f9i%$1 ! reap]s say1 8,n[1 we w drive out ! ,old ,man40 ,ea* ( !m sets himself to reap a pat* ( corn z fa/ z he c2 he :o cuts ! la/ h&ful or ! la/ /alk is greet$ by ! re/ ) an exult+ cry1 8,y h ! ,old ,man40 ,sometimes a black mask is fa/5$ on ! reap]'s face & he is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s2 or if ! reap] is a woman1 %e is dress$ 9 man's clo!s4 ,a dance foll[s4 ,at ! supp] ! ,old ,man gets twice z l>ge a portion ( food z ! o!rs4 ,! proce$+s are simil> at ?re%+2 ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke is said to h ! ,old ,man4 ,at ! supp] giv5 to ! ?re%]s he has to eat out ( ! cream-ladle & to dr9k a great deal4 ,moreov]1 he is quizz$ & teas$ 9 all sorts ( ways till he frees himself f fur!r annoyance by treat+ ! o!rs to br&y or be]47#fdh7 7,m#ahg7 ,^! examples illu/rate ! conte/s 9 reap+1 ?re%+1 & b9d+ :i* take place among/ ! h>ve/]s1 f _! unwill+ness to suff] ! ridicule & discom=t incurr$ by ! "o :o happ5s to f9i% 8 "w la/4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! p]son :o is la/ at reap+1 b9d+1 or ?re%+1 is reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s17#fdi7 & ?is idea is m fully express$ by b9d+ him or h] 9 corn-/alks4 ,! latt] cu/om has be5 already illu/rat$1 b a few m in/ances may be add$4 ,at ,klox91 ne> ,/ett91 ! h>ve/]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 8,y h ! ,old ,man1 & mu/ keep him40 ,! ,old ,man is a great bundle ( corn deck$ ) fl[]s & ribbons1 & fa%ion$ into a rude semblance ( ! human =m4 ,x is fa/5$ on a rake or /rapp$ on a horse1 & br\ght ) music to ! village4 ,9 deliv]+ ! ,old ,man to ! f>m]1 ! woman says3-- 8,"h1 de> ,sir1 is ! ,old ,man4 ,he c /ay no long] on ! field1 ,he c hide himself no long]1 ,he mu/ come into ! village4 ,ladies & g5tlem51 pray be s k9d ,z to give ! ,old ,man a pres5t40 ,z late z ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! cu/om 0 to tie up ! woman h]self 9 pease-/raw1 & br+ h] ) music to ! f>mh\se1 :]e ! h>ve/]s danc$ ) h] till ! pease-/raw fell (f47#fej7 ,9 o!r villages r\nd ,/ett91 :5 ! la/ h>ve/-waggon is be+ load$1 !re is a regul> race among/ ! wom51 ea* /riv+ n to be la/4 ,= %e :o places ! la/ %eaf on ! waggon is call$ ! ,old ,man1 & is completely swa!d 9 corn-/alks2 %e is also deck$ ) fl[]s1 & fl[]s & a helmet ( /raw are plac$ on h] head4 ,9 solemn procession %e c>ries ! h>ve/-cr[n to ! squire1 ov] ^: head %e holds x :ile %e utt]s a /r+ ( good wi%es4 ,at ! dance :i* foll[s1 ! ,old ,man has ! "r to *oose 81 or r h]1 p>tn]2 x is an hon\r to dance ) him47#fea7 ,at ,blank5felde1 9 ! di/rict ( ,potsdam1 ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf at ! rye-h>ve/ is salut$ ) ! cry1 8,y h ! ,old ,man40 ,a woman is !n ti$ up 9 ! la/ %eaf 9 su* a way t only h] head is left free2 h] hair also is cov]$ ) a cap made ( rye-/alks1 adorn$ ) ribbons & fl[]s4 ,%e is call$ ! ,h>ve/-man1 & mu/ keep danc+ 9 front ( ! la/ h>ve/-waggon till x rea*es ! squire's h\se1 :]e %e receives a pres5t & is releas$ f h] envelope ( corn47#feb7 ,at ,gomm]n1 ne> ,magdeburg1 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn is (t5 wrapt up 9 corn-/alks s completely t x is h>d to see :e!r !re is a man 9 ! bundle or n4 ,?us wrapt up he is tak5 by ano!r /alw>t reap] on 8 back1 & c>ri$ r\nd ! field amid/ ! joy\s cries ( ! h>ve/]s47#fec7 ,at ,neuhaus51 ne> ,m]seburg1 ! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf is wrapt 9 e>s ( oats & salut$ z ! ,oats-man1 :]eupon ! o!rs dance r\nd him47#fed7 ,at ,brie1 ,isle de ,france1 ! f>m] himself is ti$ up 9 ! fir/ %eaf47#fee7 ,at ! h>ve/-home at ,udv>hely1 ,transylvania1 a p]son is encas$ 9 corn-/alks1 & we>s on 8 head a cr[n made out ( ! la/ e>s cut4 ,on rea*+ ! village he is s\s$ ) wat] ov] & ov]47#fef7 ,at ,d+el/$t1 9 ! di/rict ( ,erfurt1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 ! cu/om to tie up a man 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,he 0 call$ ! ,old ,man1 & 0 br\ght home on ! la/ waggon1 amid huzzas & music4 ,on rea*+ ! f>my>d he 0 roll$ r\nd ! b>n & dr5*$ ) wat]47#feg7 ,at ,nrdl+5 9 ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is wrapt 9 /raw & roll$ on ! ?re%+-floor47#feh7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ob]pfalz1 ,bav>ia1 he is said to 8get ! ,old ,man10 is wrapt 9 /raw1 & c>ri$ to a neighb\r :o has n yet f9i%$ 8 ?re%+47#fei7 ,9 ,silesia ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf has to submit to a good deal ( horse-play4 ,%e is pu%$1 knock$ d[n1 & ti$ up 9 ! %eaf1 aft] :i* %e is call$ ! corn-puppet 7,kornpopel747#ffj7 ,9 ,?r+5 a sausage is /uck 9 ! la/ %eaf at ?re%+1 & ?r[n1 ) ! %eaf1 on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,x is call$ ! ,b>r5wur/ or ,baz5wur/1 & is eat5 by all ! ?re%]s4 ,aft] !y h eat5 x a man is encas$ 9 pease-/raw1 & ?us attir$ is l$ ?r\gh ! village47#ffa7 7,m#ahh7 8,9 all ^! cases ! idea is t ! _s ( ! corn--! ,old ,man ( vegetation--is driv5 out ( ! corn la/ cut or la/ ?re%$1 & lives 9 ! b>n dur+ ! w9t]4 ,at s[+-"t he goes out aga9 to ! fields to resume 8 activity z animat+ =ce among ! spr\t+ corn407#ffb7 7,m#ahi7 ,ideas ( ! same sort appe> to atta* to ! la/ corn 9 ,india4 ,at ,ho%angbd1 9 ,c5tral ,india1 :5 ! reap+ is ne>ly done1 a pat* ( corn1 ab\t a rood 9 ext5t1 is left /&+ 9 ! cultivator's la/ field1 & ! reap]s re/ a little4 ,!n !y ru% at ?is remnant1 te> x up1 & ca/ x into ! air1 %\t+ victory to "o or o!r ( ! local gods1 accord+ to _! religi\s p]suasion4 ,a %eaf is made out ( ?is corn1 ti$ to a bamboo1 set up 9 ! la/ h>ve/ c>t1 & c>ri$ home 9 triumph4 ,"h x is fa/5$ up 9 ! ?re%+-floor or atta*$ to a tree or to ! cattle-%$1 :]e its s]vices are held to be ess5tial = ! purpose ( av]t+ ! evil-eye47#ffc7 ,a l cu/om prevails 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india4 ,sometimes a little pat* is left untill$ z a refuge = ! field-_s2 sometimes x is s[n1 & :5 ! corn ( ?is pat* has be5 reap$ ) a ru% & a %\t1 x is pres5t$ to ! prie/1 :o (f]s x to ! local gods or be/[s x on a begg>47#ffd7 7,m#aij7 ,,ii4 ,pass+ to ! second po9t ( comp>ison betwe5 ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european h>ve/ cu/oms1 we h n[ to see t 9 ! latt] ! corn-_s is (t5 believ$ to be kill$ at reap+ or ?re%+4 ,9 ! ,romsdal & o!r p>ts ( ,norway1 :5 ! haymak+ is ov]1 ! p say t 8! ,old ,hay-man has be5 kill$40 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to h kill$ ! ,corn-man1 ! ,oats-man1 or ! ,:eat-man1 accord+ to ! crop47#ffe7 ,9 ! ,canton ( ,tillot1 9 ,lo?r+51 at ?re%+ ! la/ corn ! m5 keep "t ) _! flails1 call+ out z !y ?re%1 8,we are kill+ ! ,old ,woman6 ,we are kill+ ! ,old ,woman60 ,if !re is an old woman 9 ! h\se %e is w>n$ to save h]self1 or %e w be /ruck dead47#fff7 ,ne> ,ragnit1 9 ,li?uania1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn is left /&+ by itself1 ) ! words1 8,! ,old ,woman 7,boba7 is sitt+ 9 !re40 ,!n a "y reap] :ets 8 scy!1 &1 ) a /rong sweep1 cuts d[n ! h&ful4 ,x is n[ said ( him t 8he has cut (f ! ,boba's head02 & he receives a gratuity f ! f>m] & a jugful ( wat] ov] 8 head f ! f>m]'s wife47#ffg7 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 e ,li?uanian reap] makes ha/e to f9i% 8 task2 = ! ,old ,rye-woman lives 9 ! la/ /alks1 & :oev] cuts ! la/ /alks kills ! ,old ,rye-woman1 & by kill+ h] he br+s tr\ble on himself47#ffh7 ,9 ,wilkis*k51 9 ! di/rict ( ,tilsit1 ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn goes by ! "n ( 8! kill] ( ! ,rye-woman407#ffi7 ,9 ,li?uania1 aga91 ! corn-_s is believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+ z well z at reap+4 ,:5 only a s+le pile ( corn rema9s to be ?re%$1 all ! ?re%]s sudd5ly /ep back a few paces1 z if at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,!n !y fall to "w1 ply+ _! flails ) ! utmo/ rapidity & vehem5ce1 till !y come to ! la/ bundle4 ,^u ?is !y fl+ !mselves ) almo/ frantic fury1 /ra9+ e n]ve1 & ra9+ bl[s on x till ! ^w 8,halt60 r+s out %>ply f ! lead]4 ,! man ^: flail is ! la/ to fall aft] ! comm& to /op has be5 giv5 is imm$iately surr\nd$ by all ! re/1 cry+ out t 8he has /ruck ! ,old ,rye-woman dead40 ,he has to expiate ! de$ by treat+ !m to br&y2 &1 l ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn1 he is kn[n z 8! kill] ( ! ,old ,rye-woman407#fgj7 ,sometimes 9 ,li?uania ! sla9 corn-_s 0 repres5t$ by a puppet4 ,?us a female figure 0 made out ( corn-/alks1 dress$ 9 clo!s1 & plac$ on ! ?re%+-floor1 "u ! heap ( corn :i* 0 to be ?re%$ la/4 ,:oev] !reaft] gave ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ 8/ruck ! ,old ,woman dead407#fga7 ,we h already met ) examples ( burn+ ! figure :i* repres5ts ! corn-_s47#fgb7 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire a cu/om call$ 8burn+ ! ,old ,wit*0 is obs]v$ on ! la/ day ( h>ve/4 ,a small %eaf ( corn is burnt on ! field 9 a fire ( /ubble2 peas are p>*$ at ! fire & eat5 ) a lib]al all[ance ( ale2 & ! lads & lasses romp ab\t ! flames & amuse !mselves by black5+ ea* o!r's faces47#fgc7 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! corn-_s is repres5t$ by a man1 :o lies d[n "u ! la/ corn2 x is ?re%$ ^u 8 body1 & ! p say t 8! ,old ,man is be+ beat5 to dea?407#fgd7 ,we saw t sometimes ! f>m]'s wife is ?ru/1 toge!r ) ! la/ %eaf1 "u ! ?re%+-ma*9e1 z if to ?re% h]1 & t aft]w>ds a pret5ce is made ( w9n[+ h]47#fge7 ,at ,vold]s1 9 ! ,tyrol1 husks ( corn are /uck beh9d ! neck ( ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+1 & he is ?rottl$ ) a /raw g>l&4 ,if he is tall1 x is believ$ t ! corn w be tall next ye>4 ,!n he is ti$ on a bundle & flung into ! riv]47#fgf7 ,9 ,c>9?ia1 ! ?re%] :o gave ! la/ /roke1 & ! p]son :o unti$ ! la/ %eaf on ! ?re%+-floor1 are b\nd h& & foot ) /raw b&s1 & cr[ns ( /raw are plac$ on _! heads4 ,!n !y are ti$1 face to face1 on a sl$ge1 dragg$ ?r\gh ! village1 & flung into a brook47#fgg7 ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s into a /ream1 l t ( dr5*+ him ) wat]1 is1 z usual1 a ra9-*>m47#fgh7 7,m#aia7 ,,iii4 ,?us f> ! repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s h g5]ally be5 ! man or woman :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ corn4 ,we n[ come to ! cases 9 :i* ! corn-_s is repres5t$ ei!r by a /rang] pass+ ! h>ve/-field 7z 9 ! ,lity]ses tale71 or by a visitor ent]+ x = ! fir/ "t4 ,all ov] ,g]many x is cu/om>y = ! reap]s or ?re%]s to lay hold ( pass+ /rang]s & b9d !m ) a rope made ( corn-/alks1 till !y pay a =feit2 & :5 ! f>m] himself or "o ( 8 gue/s ent]s ! field or ! ?re%+-floor = ! fir/ "t1 he is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,sometimes ! rope is only ti$ r\nd 8 arm or 8 feet or 8 neck47#fgi7 ,b sometimes he is regul>ly swa!d 9 corn4 ,?us at ,solr 9 ,norway1 :oev] ent]s ! field1 be he ! ma/] or a /rang]1 is ti$ up 9 a %eaf & mu/ pay a ransom4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,soe/1 :5 ! f>m] visits ! flax-pull]s = ! fir/ "t1 he is completely envelop$ 9 flax4 ,pass]s-by are also surr\nd$ by ! wom51 ti$ up 9 flax1 & compell$ to /& br&y47#fhj7 ,at ,nrdl+5 /rang]s are caught ) /raw ropes & ti$ up 9 a %eaf till !y pay a =feit47#fha7 ,among ! ,g]mans ( ,haselb]g1 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 z soon z a f>m] _h giv5 ! la/ corn to be ?re%$ on ! ?re%+-floor1 he 0 swa!d 9 x & _h to r$eem himself by a pres5t ( cakes47#fhb7 ,9 ,anhalt1 :5 ! proprietor or "o ( 8 family1 ! /ew>d1 or ev5 a /rang] ent]s ! h>ve/-field = ! fir/ "t aft] ! reap+ has begun1 ! wife ( ! *ief reap] ties a rope twi/$ ( corn-e>s1 or a nosegay made ( corn-e>s & fl[]s1 to 8 arm1 & he is oblig$ to ransom himself by ! paym5t ( a f9e47#fhc7 ,9 ! canton ( ,putanges1 9 ,norm&y1 a pret5ce ( ty+ up ! own] ( ! l& 9 ! la/ %eaf ( :eat is /ill practis$1 or at lea/ 0 /ill practis$ "s qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,! task falls to ! wom5 alone4 ,!y ?r[ !mselves on ! proprietor1 seize him by ! arms1 ! legs1 & ! body1 ?r[ him to ! gr\nd1 & /ret* him on ! la/ %eaf4 ,!n a %[ is made ( b9d+ him1 & ! conditions to be obs]v$ at ! h>ve/-supp] are dictat$ to him4 ,:5 he has accept$ !m1 he is releas$ & all[$ to get up47#fhd7 ,at ,brie1 ,isle de ,france1 :5 any "o :o does n belong to ! f>m passes by ! h>ve/-field1 ! reap]s give *ase4 ,if !y cat* him1 !y b9d him 9 a %eaf & bite him1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 ! =ehead1 cry+1 8,y %all c>ry ! key ( ! field407#fhe7 8,to h ! key0 is an expression us$ by h>ve/]s else:]e 9 ! s5se ( to cut or b9d or ?re% ! la/ %eaf27#fhf7 h5ce1 x is equival5t to ! phrases 8,y h ! ,old ,man10 8,y are ! ,old ,man10 :i* are address$ to ! cutt]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf4 ,!re=e1 :5 a /rang]1 z at ,brie1 is ti$ up 9 a %eaf & told t he w 8c>ry ! key ( ! field10 x is z mu* z to say t he is ! ,old ,man1 t is1 an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s4 ,9 hop-pick+1 if a well-dress$ /rang] passes ! hop-y>d1 he is seiz$ by ! wom51 tumbl$ into ! b91 cov]$ ) leaves1 & n releas$ till he has paid a f9e47#fhg7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\nties ( ,fife & ,k9ross1 d[n to rec5t times ! reap]s us$ to seize & dump1 z x 0 call$1 any /rang] :o happ5$ to visit or pass by ! h>ve/ field4 ,! cu/om 0 to lay hold ( ! /rang] by 8 ankles & armpits1 lift him up1 & br+ ! l[] "p ( 8 p]son into viol5t contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,wom5 z well z m5 7 liable to be ?us treat$4 ,! practice ( int]pos+ a %eaf betwe5 ! suff]] & ! gr\nd is said to be a mod]n ref9em5t47#fhh7 ,comp>+ ?is cu/om ) ! "o practis$ at ,putanges 9 ,norm&y1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 we may conjecture t 9 ,scotl& ! 8dump+0 ( /rang]s on ! h>ve/-field 0 orig9ally a prelim9>y to wrapp+ !m up 9 %eaves ( corn4 7,m#aib7 ,c]emonies ( a some:at simil> k9d are p]=m$ by ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians ( ,mexico n only at h>ve/ b also at hoe+ & pl\gh+4 8,:5 ! "w ( hoe+ & we$+ is f9i%$1 ! work]s seize ! ma/] ( ! field1 &1 ty+ 8 arms crosswise beh9d him1 load all ! implem5ts1 t is to say1 ! hoes1 ^u 8 back1 fa/5+ !m ) ropes4 ,!n !y =m two s+le columns1 ! l&lord 9 ! middle betwe5 !m1 & all fac+ ! h\se4 ,?us !y />t homew>d4 ,simultane\sly ! two m5 at ! heads ( ! columns beg9 to run rapidly =w>d "s ?irty y>ds1 cross ea* o!r1 !n turn back1 run along ! two columns1 cross ea* o!r aga9 at ! re> & take _! places ea* at ! end ( 8 r[4 ,z !y pass ea* o!r ahead & 9 ! re> ( ! columns !y beat _! m\?s ) ! holl[ ( _! h&s & yell4 ,z soon z !y rea* _! places at ! foot1 ! next pair 9 front ( ! columns />ts (f1 runn+ 9 ! same way1 & ?us pair aft] pair p]=ms ! t\r1 ! procession all ! "t advanc+ t[>d ! h\se4 ,a %ort di/ance 9 front ( x !y come to a halt1 & are met by two "y m5 :o c>ry r$ h&k]*iefs ti$ to /icks l flags4 ,! fa!r ( ! family1 /ill ti$ up & load$ ) ! hoes1 /eps =w>d alone & kneels d[n 9 front ( 8 h\se-door4 ,! flag-be>]s wave _! bann]s ov] him1 & ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold come out & kneel on _! left knees1 fir/ t[>d ! ea/1 & aft] a little :ile t[>d ea* ( ! o!r c>d9al po9ts1 we/1 s\?1 & nor?4 ,9 conclusion ! flags are wav$ 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,! fa!r !n rises & ! p untie him1 :]eupon he fir/ salutes ! wom5 ) ! usual greet+1 #8,kwra6' or #8,kwirev6' ,n[ !y all g into ! h\se1 & ! man makes a %ort spee* ?ank+ !m all = ! assi/ance !y h giv5 him1 = h[ c\ld he h gott5 ?r\gh 8 "w )\t !m8 ,!y h provid$ him ) a ye>'s life 7t is1 ) ! :]e)al to su/a9 x71 & n[ he is go+ to give !m tesv9o4 ,he gives a dr9k+-g\rd full to ea* "o 9 ! assembly1 & appo9ts "o man among !m to di/ribute m to all4 ,! same c]emony is p]=m$ aft] ! pl\gh+ & aft] ! h>ve/+4 ,on ! fir/ occasion ! ti$ man may be made to c>ry ! yoke ( ! ox51 on ! second he does n c>ry any?+407#fhi7 ,! mean+ ( ^! ,mexican c]emonies is n cle>4 ,p]haps ! cu/om ( ty+ up ! f>m] at hoe+1 pl\gh+1 & reap+ is a =m ( expiation or apology (f]$ to ! spirits ( ! e>?1 :o are naturally di/urb$ by agricultural op]ations47#fij7 ,:5 ! ,yabim ( ,simbang 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea see t ! t>o plants 9 _! fields are putt+ =? leaves1 !y (f] sacrifice ( sago-bro? & pork to ! spirits ( ! =m] own]s ( ! l&1 9 ord] t !y may be k9dly dispos$ & n d h>m b let ! fruits rip547#fia7 ,simil>ly :5 ! ,alfoors or ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes are plant+ a new field1 !y (f] rice1 eggs1 & s =? to ! s\ls ( ! =m] own]s ( ! l&1 hop+ t1 mollifi$ by ^! (f]+s1 ! s\ls w make ! crops to gr[ & ?rive47#fib7 ,h[ev]1 ?is explanation ( ! ,mexican c]emonies at hoe+1 pl\gh+1 & reap+ is purely conjectural4 ,9 ^! c]emonies !re is no evid5ce t1 z 9 ! p>allel ,european cu/oms1 ! f>m] is id5tifi$ ) ! corn-_s1 s9ce he is n wrapt up 9 ! %eaves4 7,m#aic7 ,be t z x may1 ! evid5ce adduc$ above suffices to prove t1 l ! anci5t ,lity]ses1 mod]n ,european reap]s h be5 wont to lay hold ( a pass+ /rang] & tie him up 9 a %eaf4 ,x is n to be expect$ t !y %\ld complete ! p>allel by cutt+ (f 8 head2 b if !y d n take su* a /rong /ep1 _! language & ge/ures are at lea/ indicative ( a desire to d s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,meckl5burg on ! fir/ day ( reap+1 if ! ma/] or mi/ress or a /rang] ent]s ! field1 or m]ely passes by x1 all ! m[]s face t[>ds him & %>p5 _! scy!s1 cla%+ _! :et-/ones aga9/ !m 9 unison1 z if !y 7 mak+ ready to m[4 ,!n ! woman :o leads ! m[]s /eps up to him & ties a b& r\nd 8 left arm4 ,he mu/ ransom himself by paym5t ( a =feit47#fic7 ,ne> ,ratzeburg1 :5 ! ma/] or o!r p]son ( m>k ent]s ! field or passes by x1 all ! h>ve/]s /op "w & m>* t[>ds him 9 a body1 ! m5 ) _! scy!s 9 front4 ,on meet+ him !y =m up 9 l9e1 m5 & wom54 ,! m5 /ick ! poles ( _! scy!s 9 ! gr\nd1 z !y d 9 :ett+ !m2 !n !y take (f _! caps & hang !m on ! scy!s1 :ile _! lead] /&s =w>d & makes a spee*4 ,:5 he has done1 !y all :et _! scy!s 9 measur$ "t v l\dly1 aft] :i* !y put on _! caps4 ,two ( ! wom5 b9d]s !n come =w>d2 "o ( !m ties ! ma/] or /rang] 7z ! case may be7 ) corn-e>s or ) a silk5 b&2 ! o!r deliv]s a rhym+ address4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s ( ! spee*es made by ! reap] on ^! occasions4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,pom]ania e pass]-by is /opp$1 8 way be+ b>r$ ) a corn-rope4 ,! reap]s =m a circle r\nd him & %>p5 _! scy!s1 :ile _! lead] says3-- 8,! m5 are ready1 ,! scy!s are b5t1 ,! corn is great & small1 ,! g5tleman mu/ be m[$40 ,!n ! process ( :ett+ ! scy!s is repeat$47#fid7 ,at ,ram91 9 ! di/rict ( ,/ett91 ! /rang]1 /&+ encircl$ by ! reap]s1 is ?us address$3-- 8,we'll /roke ! g5tleman ,) our nak$ sword1 ,:]e) we %e> mead[s & fields4 ,we %e> pr9ces & lords4 ,lab\r]s are (t5 a?ir/2 ,if ! g5tleman w /& be] & br&y ,! joke w soon be ov]4 ,b1 if our pray] he does n l1 ,! sword has a "r to /rike407#fie7 ,t 9 ^! cu/oms ! :ett+ ( ! scy!s is really meant z a prelim9>y to m[+ appe>s f ! foll[+ v>iation ( ! prec$+ cu/oms4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,lneburg1 :5 any "o ent]s ! h>ve/-field1 he is ask$ :e!r he w engage a good fell[4 ,if he says yes1 ! h>ve/]s m[ "s swa?s1 yell+ & scream+1 & !n ask him = dr9k-money47#fif7 7,m#aid7 ,on ! ?re%+-floor /rang]s are also reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s1 & are treat$ accord+ly4 ,at ,wi$+h>de 9 ,s*leswig :5 a /rang] comes to ! ?re%+-floor he is ask$1 8,%all ,i tea* y ! flail-dance80 ,if he says yes1 !y put ! arms ( ! ?re%+-flail r\nd 8 neck z if he 7 a %eaf ( corn1 & press !m toge!r s tight t he is ne>ly *ok$47#fig7 ,9 "s p>i%es ( ,w]ml& 7,sw$571 :5 a /rang] ent]s ! ?re%+-floor :]e ! ?re%]s are at "w1 !y say t 8!y w tea* him ! ?re%+-song40 ,!n !y put a flail r\nd 8 neck & a /raw rope ab\t 8 body4 ,also1 z we h se51 if a /rang] woman ent]s ! ?re%+-floor1 ! ?re%]s put a flail r\nd h] body & a wrea? ( corn-/alks r\nd h] neck1 & call out1 8,see ! ,corn-woman6 ,see6 t is h[ ! ,corn-maid5 looks607#fih7 7,m#aie7 ,9 ^! cu/oms1 obs]v$ bo? on ! h>ve/-field & on ! ?re%+-floor1 a pass+ /rang] is reg>d$ z a p]sonification ( ! corn1 9 o!r words1 z ! corn-_s2 & a %[ is made ( treat+ him l ! corn by m[+1 b9d+1 & ?re%+ him4 ,if ! read] /ill d\bts :e!r ,european peasants c really reg>d a pass+ /rang] 9 ?is light1 ! foll[+ cu/om %\ld set 8 d\bts at re/4 ,dur+ ! madd]-h>ve/ 9 ! ,dut* prov9ce ( ,zeal& a /rang] pass+ by a field1 :]e ! p are digg+ ! madd]-roots1 w sometimes call out to !m ,koortspill]s 7a t]m ( reproa*74 ,^u ?is1 two ( ! fleete/ runn]s make aft] him1 &1 if !y cat* him1 !y br+ him back to ! madd]-field & bury him 9 ! e>? up to 8 middle at lea/1 je]+ at him ! :ile2 !n !y ease nature be=e 8 face47#fii7 7,m#aif7 ,?is la/ act is to be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,! _s ( ! corn & ( o!r cultivat$ plants is sometimes conceiv$1 n z imman5t 9 ! plant1 b z its own]2 h5ce ! cutt+ ( ! corn at h>ve/1 ! digg+ ( ! roots1 & ! ga!r+ ( fruit f ! fruit-trees are ea* & all ( !m acts ( spoliation1 :i* /rip him ( 8 prop]ty & r$uce him to pov]ty4 ,h5ce he is (t5 kn[n z 8! ,poor ,man0 or 8! ,poor ,woman40 ,?us 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,eis5a* a small %eaf is sometimes left /&+ on ! field = 8! ,poor ,old ,woman407#gjj7 ,at ,m>ksuhl1 ne> ,eis5a*1 ! puppet =m$ out ( ! la/ %eaf is itself call$ 8! ,poor ,woman40 ,at ,alt ,le/ 9 ,silesia ! man :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,begg>-man47#gja7 ,9 a village ne> ,roeskilde1 9 ,zeal& 7,d5m>k71 old-fa%ion$ peasants sometimes make up ! la/ %eaf into a rude puppet1 :i* is call$ ! ,rye-begg>47#gjb7 ,9 ,s\!rn ,s*on5 ! %eaf :i* is b\nd la/ is call$ ! ,begg>2 x is made bigg] ?an ! re/ & is sometimes dress$ 9 clo!s4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,olmtz ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,begg>2 x is giv5 to an old woman1 :o mu/ c>ry x home1 limp+ on "o foot47#gjc7 ,sometimes a little ( ! crop is left on ! field = ! _s1 "u o!r names ?an 8! ,poor ,old ,woman40 ,?us at ,szagmant51 a village ( ! ,tilsit di/rict1 ! la/ %eaf 0 left /&+ on ! field 8= ! ,old ,rye-woman407#gjd7 ,9 ,neft5ba* 7,canton ( ,zuri*7 ! fir/ ?ree e>s ( corn reap$ are ?r[n away on ! field 8to satisfy ! ,corn-"m & to make ! next ye>'s crop abundant407#gje7 ,at ,kupf]b]g1 9 ,bav>ia1 "s corn is left /&+ on ! field :5 ! re/ has be5 cut4 ,( ?is corn left /&+ !y say t 8x belongs to ! ,old ,woman10 to :om x is d$icat$ 9 ! foll[+ words3-- 8,we give x to ! ,old ,woman2 ,%e %all keep x4 ,next ye> may %e be to u ,z k9d z ?is "t %e has be5407#gjf7 ,^! words cle>ly %ew t ! ,old ,woman = :om ! corn is left on ! field is n a real p]sonage1 poor & hungry1 b ! my?ical ,old ,woman :o makes ! corn to gr[4 ,at ,s*tt>s*51 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 aft] ! crop has be5 reap$1 a few /alks are left /&+ & a g>l& is atta*$ to !m4 8,t belongs to ! ,wood-woman10 !y say1 & (f] a pray]4 ,9 ?is way ! ,wood-woman1 we are told1 has en\gh to live on ?r\gh ! w9t] & ! corn w ?rive ! bett] next ye>4 ,! same ?+ is done = all ! diff]5t k9ds ( corn-crop47#gjg7 ,s 9 ,?r+51 :5 ! aft]-grass 7,grummet7 is be+ got 91 a little heap is left ly+ on ! field2 x belongs to 8! ,little ,wood-woman0 9 return = ! bless+ %e has be/[$47#gjh7 ,9 ! ,frank5wald ( ,bav>ia ?ree h&fuls ( flax 7 left on ! field 8= ! ,wood-woman407#gji7 ,at ,l9dau 9 ,anhalt ! reap]s us$ to leave "s /alks /&+ 9 ! la/ corn] ( ! la/ field = 8! ,corn-woman to eat407#gaj7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia x 0 till lately ! cu/om to leave a few corn-/alks /&+ 9 ! field1 89 ord] t ! next h>ve/ %\ld n fail407#gaa7 ,9 ,russia x is cu/om>y to leave pat*es ( unreap$ corn 9 ! fields & to place bread & salt on ! gr\nd ne> !m4 8,^! e>s are ev5tually knott$ toge!r1 & ! c]emony is call$ #8! plait+ ( ! be>d ( ,volos1' & x is suppos$ t aft] x has be5 p]=m$ no wiz>d or o!r evilly-dispos$ p]son w be able to hurt ! produce ( ! fields4 ,! unreap$ pat* is look$ ^u z taboo$2 & x is believ$ t if any "o m$dles ) x he w %rivel up1 & become twi/$ l ! int]wov5 e>s4 ,simil> cu/oms are kept up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,russia4 ,ne> ,kursk & ,voroneje1 = in/ance1 a pat* ( rye is usually left 9 hon\r ( ! ,prophet ,elijah1 & 9 ano!r di/rict "o ( oats is consecrat$ to ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,z x is well kn[n t bo? ! ,sa9t & ! ,prophet h succe$$ to ! place once held 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,russian p by ,p]un1 x seems probable t ,volos really 01 9 anci5t times1 "o ( ! names ( ! ?und]-god407#gab7 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& a few /alks 7 sometimes left unreap$ on ! field = ! b5efit ( 8! aul' man407#gac7 ,"h 8! aul' man0 is probably ! equival5t ( ! h>ve/ ,old ,man ( ,g]many47#gad7 ,among ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,zanzib> x is cu/om>y at s[+ a field to res]ve a c]ta9 portion ( x = ! gu>dian spirits1 :o at h>ve/ are invit$1 to ! tuck ( drum1 to come & take _! %>e2 t9y huts are also built 9 :i* food is deposit$ = _! use47#gae7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nias1 to prev5t ! depr$ations ( w&]+ spirits among ! rice at h>ve/1 a m9iature field is d$icat$ to !m & 9 x are s[n all ! plants t gr[ 9 ! real fields47#gaf7 ,! ,hos1 a ,ewe tribe ( negroes 9 ,togol&1 obs]ve a simil> cu/om = a simil> reason4 ,at ! entrance to _! yam-fields ! travell] may see on bo? sides ( ! pa? small m\nds on :i* yams1 /ock-yams1 beans1 & maize are plant$ & appe> to fl\ri% ) m ?an usual luxuriance4 ,^! little g>d5s1 t5d$ ) peculi> c>e1 are d$icat$ to ! 8gu>dian gods0 ( ! own] ( ! l&2 !re he cultivates = _! b5efit ! same plants :i* he cultivates = 8 own use 9 ! fields2 & ! notion is t ! 8gu>dian gods0 w cont5t !mselves ) eat+ ! fruits :i* gr[ 9 _! little private pres]ves & w n poa* on ! crops :i* are de/9$ = human use47#gag7 7,m#aig7 ,^! cu/oms sugge/ t ! little sacr$ rice-fields on :i* ! ,kayans ( ,borneo p]=m ! v>i\s op]ations ( husb&ry 9 mimicry be=e !y address !mselves to ! real lab\rs ( ! field17#gah7 may be d$icat$ to ! spirits ( ! rice to comp5sate !m = ! loss !y su/a9 by all[+ m5 to cultivate all ! re/ ( ! l& = _! own b5efit4 ,p]haps ! ,r>ian pla9 at ,eleusis7#gai7 0 a spiritual pres]ve ( ! same k9d set ap>t = ! exclusive use ( ! corn-goddesses ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,x may ev5 be t ! law :i* =bade ! ,hebrews to reap ! corn]s & ga!r ! glean+s ( ! h>ve/-fields & to /rip ! v9es ( _! la/ grapes7#gbj7 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! b5efit1 n ( ! human poor1 b ( ! poor spirits ( ! corn & ! v9e1 :o _h j be5 despoil$ by ! reap]s & ! v9tag]s1 & :o1 if "s provision 7 n made = _! subsi/5ce1 w\ld naturally die ( hung] be=e ano!r ye> came r\nd4 ,9 provid+ = _! wants ! prud5t husb&man 0 really consult+ 8 own int]e/s2 = h[ c\ld he expect to reap :eat & b>ley & to ga!r grapes next ye> if he suff]$ ! spirits ( ! corn & ( ! v9e to p]i% ( fam9e 9 ! meantime8 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght may possibly expla9 ! wide-spread cu/om ( (f]+ ! fir/-fruits ( ! crops to gods or spirits37#gba7 su* (f]+s may h be5 orig9ally n s mu* an expression ( gratitude = b5efits receiv$ z a means ( enabl+ ! b5efactors to cont9ue _! b5efactions 9 "t to come4 ,primitive man has g5]ally a %rewd eye to ! ma9 *ance3 he is m prone to provide = ! future ?an to s5tim5talise ov] ! pa/4 7,m#aih7 ,?us :5 ! _s ( vegetation is conceiv$ z a be+ :o is robb$ ( 8 /ore & impov]i%$ by ! h>ve/]s1 x is natural t 8 repres5tative--! pass+ /rang]--%\ld upbraid !m2 & x is equally natural t !y %\ld seek to disable him f pursu+ !m & recaptur+ ! /ol5 prop]ty4 ,n[1 x is an old sup]/ition t by eas+ nature on ! spot :]e a robb]y is committ$1 ! robb]s secure !mselves1 = a c]ta9 "t1 aga9/ int]ruption47#gbb7 ,h5ce :5 madd]-digg]s resort to ?is proce$+ 9 pres5ce ( ! /rang] :om !y h caught & buri$ 9 ! field1 we may inf] t !y consid] !mselves robb]s & him z ! p]son robb$4 ,reg>d$ z su*1 he mu/ be ! natural own] ( ! madd]-roots1 t is1 _! _s or demon2 & ?is conception is c>ri$ out by bury+ him1 l ! madd]-roots1 9 ! gr\nd47#gbc7 ,! ,greeks1 x may be obs]v$1 7 q famili> ) ! idea t a pass+ /rang] may be a god4 ,hom] says t ! gods 9 ! lik5ess ( =eign]s roam up & d[n cities47#gbd7 ,once 9 ,poso1 a di/rict ( ,celebes1 :5 a new mission>y ent]$ a h\se :]e a numb] ( p 7 ga!r$ r\nd a sick man1 "o ( !m address$ ! newcom] 9 ^! words3 8,well1 sir1 z we _h nev] se5 y be=e1 & y came sudd5ly 91 :ile we sat "h by ourselves1 we ?\ght x 0 a _s407#gbe7 7,m#aii7 ,?us 9 ^! h>ve/-cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe ! p]son :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ corn is treat$ z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s by be+ wrapt up 9 %eaves1 kill$ 9 mimicry by agricultural implem5ts1 & ?r[n into ! wat]47#gbf7 ,^! co9cid5ces ) ! ,lity]ses /ory seem to prove t ! latt] is a g5u9e description ( an old ,phrygian h>ve/-cu/om4 ,b s9ce 9 ! mod]n p>allels ! kill+ ( ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s is necess>ily omitt$ or at mo/ enact$ only 9 mimicry1 x is desirable to %ew t 9 rude society human be+s h be5 commonly kill$ z an agricultural c]emony to promote ! f]tility ( ! fields4 ,! foll[+ examples w make ?is pla94 #c4 ,human ,sacrifices = ! ,crops4 7,m#bjj7 ,! ,indians ( ,guayaquil1 9 ,ecuador1 us$ to sacrifice human blood & ! he>ts ( m5 :5 !y s[$ _! fields47#gbg7 ,! p ( ,caar 7n[ ,cu5ca 9 ,ecuador7 us$ to sacrifice a hundr$ *ildr5 annually at h>ve/4 ,! k+s ( ,quito1 ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 & = a long "t ! ,spani>ds 7 unable to suppress ! bloody rite47#gbh7 ,at a ,mexican h>ve/-fe/ival1 :5 ! fir/-fruits ( ! season 7 (f]$ to ! sun1 a crim9al 0 plac$ betwe5 two imm5se /ones1 balanc$ opposite ea* o!r1 & 0 cru%$ by !m z !y fell toge!r4 ,8 rema9s 7 buri$1 & a fea/ & dance foll[$4 ,?is sacrifice 0 kn[n z 8! meet+ ( ! /ones407#gbi7 8,tlaloc 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,mexico z ! god ( ! ?und] & ! /orm :i* prec$es ! f]tilis+ ra92 else:]e 8 wife ,xo*iquetzal1 :o at ,tlaxcallan 0 call$ ,matlalcuy or ! ,lady ( ! ,blue ,petticoats1 %>$ ^! hon\rs1 & x 0 to h] t _m c\ntries 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica p>ticul>ly paid _! devotions4 ,e ye>1 at ! "t :5 ! cobs ( ! /ill gre5 & milky maize are ab\t to coagulate & rip51 !y us$ to sacrifice to ! goddess f\r "y girls1 *os5 among ! noble/ families ( ! c\ntry2 !y 7 deck$ out 9 fe/al attire1 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 & convey$ 9 ri* palanqu9s to ! br9k ( ! hall[$ wat]s1 :]e ! sacrifice 0 to be (f]$4 ,! prie/s1 clad 9 long float+ robes1 _! heads encircl$ ) fea!r cr[ns1 m>*$ 9 front ( ! litt]s c>ry+ c5s]s ) burn+ inc5se4 ,! t[n ( ,elopango1 celebrat$ = its temple1 0 ne> ! lake ( ! same "n1 ! etymology ( :i* ref]s to ! %eaves ( t5d] maize 7elotl1 #8%eaf ( t5d] maize'74 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! goddess ,xo*iquetzal1 to :om ! "y victims 7 (f]$ by be+ hurl$ f ! top ( a rock into ! abyss4 ,at ! mom5t ( consummat+ ?is inhuman rite1 ! prie/s address$ !mselves 9 turn to ! f\r virg9s 9 ord] to bani% ! fe> ( dea? f _! m9ds4 ,!y drew = !m a bright picture ( ! delights !y 7 ab\t to enjoy 9 ! company ( ! gods1 & advis$ !m n to =get ! e>? :i* !y _h left beh9d1 b to entreat ! div9ity1 to :om !y despat*$ !m1 to bless ! =?com+ h>ve/407#gcj7 ,we h se5 t ! anci5t ,mexicans also sacrific$ human be+s at all ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! maize1 ! age ( ! victims correspond+ to ! age ( ! corn2 = !y sacrific$ new-born babes at s[+1 old] *ildr5 :5 ! gra9 _h spr\t$1 & s on till x 0 fully ripe1 :5 !y sacrific$ old m547#gca7 ,no d\bt ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ages ( ! victims & ! /ate ( ! corn 0 suppos$ to enhance ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice4 7,m#bja7 ,! ,pawnees annually sacrific$ a human victim 9 spr+ :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,! sacrifice 0 believ$ to h be5 enjo9$ on !m by ! ,morn+ ,/>1 or by a c]ta9 bird :i* ! ,morn+ ,/> _h s5t to !m z its mess5g]4 ,! bird 0 /uff$ & pres]v$ z a p[]ful talisman4 ,!y ?\ght t an omission ( ?is sacrifice w\ld be foll[$ by ! total failure ( ! crops ( maize1 beans1 & pumpk9s4 ,! victim 0 a captive ( ei!r sex4 ,he 0 clad 9 ! gaye/ & mo/ co/ly attire1 0 fatt5$ on ! *oice/ food1 & c>efully kept 9 ignorance ( 8 doom4 ,:5 he 0 fat en\gh1 !y b\nd him to a cross 9 ! pres5ce ( ! multitude1 danc$ a solemn dance1 !n cleft 8 head ) a tomahawk & %ot him ) arr[s4 ,accord+ to "o trad]1 ! squaws !n cut pieces ( fle% f ! victim's body1 ) :i* !y greas$ _! hoes2 b ?is 0 d5i$ by ano!r trad] :o _h be5 pres5t at ! c]emony4 ,imm$iately aft] ! sacrifice ! p proce$$ to plant _! fields4 ,a p>ticul> acc\nt has be5 pres]v$ ( ! sacrifice ( a ,si\x girl by ! ,pawnees 9 ,april #ahcg or #ahch4 ,! girl 0 f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old & _h be5 kept = six mon?s & well treat$4 ,two days be=e ! sacrifice %e 0 l$ f wigwam to wigwam1 accompani$ by ! :ole c\ncil ( *iefs & w>riors4 ,at ea* lodge %e receiv$ a small billet ( wood & a little pa9t1 :i* %e h&$ to ! w>rior next to h]4 ,9 ?is way %e call$ at e wigwam1 receiv+ at ea* ! same pres5t ( wood & pa9t4 ,on ! tw5ty-second ( ,april %e 0 tak5 out to be sacrific$1 att5d$ by ! w>riors1 ea* ( :om c>ri$ two pieces ( wood :i* he _h receiv$ f h] h&s4 ,h] body hav+ be5 pa9t$ half r$ & half black1 %e 0 atta*$ to a sort ( gibbet & roa/$ = "s "t ov] a sl[ fire1 !n %ot to dea? ) arr[s4 ,! *ief sacrific] next tore out h] he>t & dev\r$ x4 ,:ile h] fle% 0 /ill w>m x 0 cut 9 small pieces f ! bones1 put 9 little baskets1 & tak5 to a neighb\r+ corn-field4 ,!re ! head *ief took a piece ( ! fle% f a basket & squeez$ a drop ( blood ^u ! newly-deposit$ gra9s ( corn4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by ! re/1 till all ! se$ _h be5 spr9kl$ ) ! blood2 x 0 !n cov]$ up ) e>?4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! body ( ! victim 0 r$uc$ to a k9d ( pa/e1 :i* 0 rubb$ or spr9kl$ n only on ! maize b also on ! potatoes1 ! beans1 & o!r se$s to f]tilise !m4 ,by ?is sacrifice !y hop$ to obta9 pl5tiful crops47#gcb7 7,m#bjb7 ,a ,we/ ,african que5 us$ to sacrifice a man & woman 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,!y 7 kill$ ) spades & hoes1 & _! bodies buri$ 9 ! middle ( a field :i* _h j be5 till$47#gcc7 ,at ,lagos 9 ,gu9ea x 0 ! cu/om annually to impale a "y girl alive soon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ord] to secure good crops4 ,along ) h] 7 sacrific$ %eep & goats1 :i*1 ) yams1 heads ( maize1 & planta9s1 7 hung on /akes on ea* side ( h]4 ,! victims 7 br$ up = ! purpose 9 ! k+'s s]aglio1 & _! m9ds _h be5 s p[]fully wr\ght ^u by ! feti% m5 t !y w5t *e]fully to _! fate47#gcd7 ,a simil> sacrifice us$ to be annually (f]$ at ,b591 9 ,gu9ea47#gce7 ,! ,m>imos1 a ,be*uana tribe1 sacrifice a human be+ = ! crops4 ,! victim *os5 is g5]ally a %ort1 /\t man4 ,he is seiz$ by viol5ce or intoxicat$ & tak5 to ! fields1 :]e he is kill$ among/ ! :eat to s]ve z 8se$0 7s !y phrase x74 ,aft] 8 blood has coagulat$ 9 ! sun1 x is burn$ along ) ! frontal bone1 ! fle% atta*$ to x1 & ! bra92 ! a%es are !n scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd to f]tilise x4 ,! re/ ( ! body is eat547#gcf7 ,! ,wamegi ( ! ,usag>a hills 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa us$ to (f] human sacrifices ( a peculi> k9d once a ye> ab\t ! "t ( h>ve/1 :i* 0 also ! "t ( s[+2 = ! ,wamegi h two crops annually1 "o 9 ,septemb] & "o 9 ,febru>y4 ,! fe/ival 0 usually held 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,! victim 0 a girl :o _h atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty4 ,%e 0 tak5 to a hill :]e ! fe/ival 0 to be celebrat$1 & !re %e 0 cru%$ to dea? betwe5 two bran*es47#gcg7 ,! sacrifice 0 n p]=m$ 9 ! fields1 & my in=mant c\ld n asc]ta9 its object1 b we may conjecture t x 0 to ensure good crops 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 7,m#bjc7 ,! ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 (f] a human sacrifice be=e !y s[ _! rice4 ,! victim is a slave1 :o is hewn to pieces 9 ! =e/47#gch7 ,! natives ( ,bontoc1 a prov9ce 9 ! int]ior ( ,luzon1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 are passionate head-hunt]s4 ,_! pr9cipal seasons = head-hunt+ are ! times ( plant+ & reap+ ! rice4 ,9 ord] t ! crop may turn out well1 e f>m mu/ get at lea/ "o human head at plant+ & "o at s[+4 ,! head-hunt]s g out 9 twos or ?rees1 lie 9 wait = ! victim1 :e!r man or woman1 cut (f 8 or h] head1 h&s1 & feet1 & br+ !m back 9 ha/e to ! village1 :]e !y are receiv$ ) great rejoic+s4 ,! skulls are at fir/ expos$ on ! bran*es ( two or ?ree dead trees :i* /& 9 an op5 space ( e village surr\nd$ by l>ge /ones :i* s]ve z seats4 ,! p !n dance r\nd !m & fea/ & get drunk4 ,:5 ! fle% has decay$ f ! head1 ! man :o cut x (f takes x home & pres]ves x z a relic1 :ile 8 companions d ! same ) ! h&s & ! feet47#gci7 ,simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ by ! ,apoyaos1 ano!r tribe 9 ! int]ior ( ,luzon47#gdj7 7,m#bjd7 ,! ,wild ,wa1 an agricultural tribe on ! nor?-ea/]n fronti] ( ,upp] ,burma1 /ill hunt = human heads z a means ( promot+ ! welf>e ( ! crops4 ,! ,wa reg>ds 8 skulls z a protection aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil4 8,)\t a skull 8 crops w\ld fail2 )\t a skull 8 k9e might die2 )\t a skull ! fa!r & "m spirits w\ld be %am$ & might be enrag$2 if !re 7 no protect+ skull ! o!r spirits :o are all malignant1 might ga9 entrance & kill ! inhabitants1 or dr9k all ! liquor40 ,! ,wa c\ntry is a s]ies ( m\nta9 ranges %elv+ rapidly d[n to n>r[ valleys f two to five ?\s& feet deep4 ,! villages are all p]*$ high on ! slopes1 "s j "u ! cre/ ( ! ridge1 "s l[] d[n on a small project+ spur ( flat gr\nd4 ,indu/ri\s cultivation has cle>$ away ! jungle1 & ! villages /& out conspicu\sly 9 ! l&scape z yell[i%-br[n blot*es on ! hillsides4 ,ea* village is =tifi$ by an e>!n ramp>t s ?ickly ov]gr[n ) cactuses & o!r %rubs z to be imp5etrable4 ,! only entrance is ?r\gh a n>r[1 l[ & w9d+ tunnel1 ! floor ( :i*1 = additional security1 is ?ickly /udd$ ) pegs to w\nd ! feet ( enemies :o might attempt to =ce a way 94 ,! ,wa dep5d = _! subsi/5ce ma9ly on _! crops ( buck:eat1 beans1 & maize2 rice !y cultivate only to di/il a /rong spiritu\s liquor f x4 ,!y _h ne$ be indu/ri\s1 = no field c be rea*$ )\t a climb up or d[n ! /eep m\nta9-side4 ,sometimes ! rice-fields lie ?ree ?\s& feet or m bel[ ! village1 & !y require con/ant att5tion4 ,b ! *ief crop rais$ by ! ,wa is ! poppy1 f :i* !y make opium4 ,9 ,febru>y & ,m>* ! hill-tops = miles are :ite ) ! blossom1 & y may travel = days ?r\gh no?+ b fields ( poppies4 ,!n1 too1 is ! prop] season = head-hunt+4 ,x op5s 9 ,m>* & la/s ?r\gh ,april4 ,p>ties ( head-hunt]s at t "t g =? to pr[l = human prey4 ,z a rule !y w n behead p ( a neighb\r+ village nor ev5 ( any village on ! same range ( hills4 ,to f9d victims !y g to ! next range or at any rate to a di/ance1 & ! f>!r ! bett]1 = ! heads ( /rang]s are pref]r$4 ,! reason is t ! gho/s ( /rang]s1 be+ unfamili> ) ! c\ntry1 are mu* less likely to /ray away f _! skulls2 h5ce !y make m vigilant s5t9els ?an ! gho/s ( p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! neighb\rhood1 :o are apt to g (f duty )\t wait+ = ! t$i\s =mality ( reliev+ gu>d4 ,:5 head-hunt]s return to a village ) human heads1 ! rejoic+ is upro>i\s4 ,!n ! great drum is beat5 frantically1 & its deep holl[ boom res\nd+ f> & wide ?r\gh ! hills ann\nces to ! neighb\rhood ! glad tid+s ( murd] successfully p]petrat$4 ,!n ! b>rels1 or r ! bamboos1 ( rice-_s are tapp$1 & :ile ! g5ial /ream fl[s & ! wom5 & *ildr5 dance & s+ = glee1 ! m5 dr9k !mselves bl9d & mad drunk4 ,! gha/ly head1 :i* =ms ! c5tre ( all ?is rejoic+1 is fir/ tak5 to ! _s-h\se1 a small %$ :i* usually /&s on ! highe/ po9t ( ! village site4 ,!re1 wrapt 9 grass or leaves1 x is hung up 9 a basket to rip5 & blea*4 ,:5 all ! fle% & s9ews h m\ld]$ away & no?+ rema9s b ! blan*$ & gr9n+ skull1 x is put to re/ 9 ! village ,golgo?a4 ,?is is an av5ue ( huge old trees1 ^: int]lac+ b\ghs =m a v]dant ar*way ov]head &1 ) ! d5se und]gr[?1 ca/ a deep %ad[ on ! gr\nd bel[4 ,e village has su* an av5ue /ret*+ along ! hillside sometimes = a long di/ance1 or ev5 till x meets ! av5ue ( ! neighb\r+ village4 ,9 ! solemn gloom ( ?is v]dur\s canopy is ! ,place ( ,skulls4 ,on "o side ( ! av5ue /&s a r[ ( wood5 po/s1 usually m]e trunks ( trees ) ! b>k peel$ (f1 b sometimes rudely c>v$ & pa9t$ ) designs 9 r$ & black4 ,a little bel[ ! top ( ea* po/ is cut a ni*e1 & 9 front ( ! ni*e is a l$ge4 ,on ?is l$ge ! skull is deposit$1 sometimes s t x is 9 full view ( pass]s-by 9 ! av5ue1 sometimes s t x only gr9s at !m ?r\gh a slit4 ,mo/ villages c\nt _! skulls by t5s or tw5ties1 b "s ( !m h hundr$s ( ^! trophies1 especially :5 ! av5ue =ms an unbrok5 cont9uity ( %ade betwe5 ! villages4 ,! old skulls ensure peace to ! village1 b at lea/ "o new "o %\ld be tak5 e ye>1 t ! rice may gr[ gre5 f> d[n 9 ! dep?s ( ! valley1 t ! maize may t+e ) its gold5 hue ! /eep m\nta9-sides1 & t ! hilltops may be :ite = miles & miles ) ! bloom ( ! poppy47#gda7 7,m#bje7 ,! ,%ans ( ,indo-,*9a /ill believe 9 ! efficacy ( human sacrifice to procure a good h>ve/1 ?\gh !y act on ! belief less ?an "s o!r tribes ( ?is region4 ,_! practice n[ is to poison somebody at ! /ate fe/ival1 :i* is g5]ally held at "s "t betwe5 ,m>* & ,may47#gdb7 ,among ! ,lhota ,naga1 "o ( ! _m savage tribes :o inhabit ! deep rugg$ labyr9?9e gl5s :i* w9d into ! m\nta9s f ! ri* valley ( ,brahmapootra17#gdc7 x us$ to be a common cu/om to *op (f ! heads1 h&s1 & feet ( p !y met )1 & !n to /ick up ! sev]$ extremities 9 _! fields to ensure a good crop ( gra94 ,!y bore no ill-w :atev] to ! p]sons ^u :om !y op]at$ 9 ?is unc]emoni\s fa%ion4 ,once !y flay$ a boy alive1 c>v$ him 9 pieces1 & di/ribut$ ! fle% among all ! villag]s1 :o put x into _! corn-b9s to av]t bad luck & ensure pl5tiful crops ( gra94 ,! ,angami1 ano!r tribe ( ! same region1 us$ also to relieve casual pass]s-by ( _! heads1 h&s1 & feet1 ) ! same excell5t int5tion47#gdd7 ,! hill tribe ,kudulu1 ne> ,vizagapatam 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 (f]$ human sacrifices to ! god ,jank>i = ! purpose ( obta9+ good crops4 ,! c]emony 0 g5]ally p]=m$ on ! ,sunday be=e or aft] ! ,pongal fea/4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! victim 0 pur*as$1 & until ! "t = ! sacrifice came he 0 free to w&] ab\t ! village1 to eat & dr9k :at he lik$1 & ev5 to lie ) any woman he met4 ,on ! appo9t$ day he 0 c>ri$ be=e ! idol drunk2 & :5 "o ( ! villag]s _h cut a hole 9 8 /oma* & sme>$ ! blood on ! idol1 ! cr[ds f ! neighb\r+ villages ru%$ ^u him & hack$ him to pieces4 ,all :o 7 =tunate en\gh to secure morsels ( 8 fle% c>ri$ !m away & pres5t$ !m to _! village idols47#gde7 ,! ,gonds ( ,india1 a ,dravidian race1 kidnapp$ ,brahman boys1 & kept !m z victims to be sacrific$ on v>i\s occasions4 ,at s[+ & reap+1 aft] a triumphal procession1 "o ( ! lads 0 sla9 by be+ punctur$ ) a poison$ arr[4 ,8 blood 0 !n spr9kl$ ov] ! pl\gh$ field or ! ripe crop1 & 8 fle% 0 dev\r$47#gdf7 ,! ,oraons or ,uraons ( ,*ota ,nagpur wor%ip a goddess call$ ,anna ,ku>i1 :o c give good crops & make a man ri*1 b to induce h] to d s x is necess>y to (f] human sacrifices4 ,9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ^! sacrifices are said to be /ill secretly p]petrat$4 ,! victims are poor waifs & /rays ^: disappe>ance attracts no notice4 ,april & ,may are ! mon?s :5 ! cat*poles are out on ! pr[l4 ,at t "t /rang]s w n g ab\t ! c\ntry alone1 & p>5ts w n let _! *ildr5 ent] ! jungle or h]d ! cattle4 ,:5 a cat*pole has f\nd a victim1 he cuts 8 ?roat & c>ries away ! upp] "p ( ! r+ f+] & ! nose4 ,! goddess takes up h] abode 9 ! h\se ( any man :o has (f]$ h] a sacrifice1 & f t "t 8 fields yield a d\ble h>ve/4 ,! =m %e assumes 9 ! h\se is t ( a small *ild4 ,:5 ! h\sehold] br+s 9 8 unhusk$ rice1 he takes ! goddess & rolls h] ov] ! heap to d\ble its size4 ,b %e soon gr[s re/less & c only be pacifi$ ) ! blood ( fre% human victims47#gdg7 7,m#bjf7 ,b ! be/ kn[n case ( human sacrifices1 sy/ematically (f]$ to ensure good crops1 is suppli$ by ! ,khonds or ,k&hs1 ano!r ,dravidian race 9 ,b5gal4 ,our k ( !m is d]iv$ f ! acc\nts writt5 by ,briti% (fic]s :o1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 engag$ 9 putt+ !m d[n47#gdh7 ,! sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess1 ,t>i ,p5nu or ,b]a ,p5nu1 & 7 believ$ to ensure good crops & immunity f all disease & accid5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !y 7 consid]$ necess>y 9 ! cultivation ( turm]ic1 ! ,khonds argu+ t ! turm]ic c\ld n h a deep r$ col\r )\t ! %$d+ ( blood47#gdi7 ,! victim or ,m]iah1 z he 0 call$1 0 acceptable to ! goddess only if he _h be5 pur*as$1 or _h be5 born a victim--t is1 ! son ( a victim fa!r1 or _h be5 devot$ z a *ild by 8 fa!r or gu>dian4 ,khonds 9 di/ress (t5 sold _! *ildr5 = victims1 8consid]+ ! beatification ( _! s\ls c]ta91 & _! dea?1 = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 ! mo/ hon\rable possible40 ,a man ( ! ,panua tribe 0 once se5 to load a ,khond ) curses1 & f9ally to spit 9 8 face1 because ! ,khond _h sold = a victim 8 own *ild1 :om ! ,panua _h wi%$ to m>ry4 ,a p>ty ( ,khonds1 :o saw ?is1 imm$iately press$ =w>d to com=t ! sell] ( 8 *ild1 say+1 8,y\r *ild has di$ t all ! _w may live1 & ! ,e>? ,goddess h]self w wipe t spittle f y\r face407#gej7 ,! victims 7 (t5 kept = ye>s be=e !y 7 sacrific$4 ,be+ reg>d$ z consecrat$ be+s1 !y 7 treat$ ) extreme affection1 m+l$ ) def]5ce1 & 7 welcom$ :]ev] !y w5t4 ,a ,m]iah y\?1 on atta9+ maturity1 0 g5]ally giv5 a wife1 :o 0 h]self usually a ,m]iah or victim2 & ) h] he receiv$ a portion ( l& & f>m-/ock4 ,_! (fspr+ 7 also victims4 ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess by tribes1 bran*es ( tribes1 or villages1 bo? at p]iodical fe/ivals & on extraord9>y occasions4 ,! p]iodical sacrifices 7 g5]ally s arrang$ by tribes & divisions ( tribes t ea* head ( a family 0 enabl$1 at lea/ once a ye>1 to procure a %r$ ( fle% = 8 fields1 g5]ally ab\t ! "t :5 8 *ief crop 0 laid d[n47#gea7 7,m#bjg7 ,! mode ( p]=m+ ^! tribal sacrifices 0 z foll[s4 ,t5 or twelve days be=e ! sacrifice1 ! victim 0 devot$ by cutt+ (f 8 hair1 :i*1 until !n1 _h be5 kept un%orn4 ,cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 assembl$ to witness ! sacrifice2 none might be exclud$1 s9ce ! sacrifice 0 decl>$ to be = all mank9d4 ,x 0 prec$$ by sev]al days ( wild revelry & gross debau*]y47#geb7 ,on ! day be=e ! sacrifice ! victim1 dress$ 9 a new g>m5t1 0 l$ =? f ! village 9 solemn procession1 ) music & danc+1 to ! ,m]iah grove1 a clump ( high =e/ trees /&+ a little way f ! village & unt\*$ by ! axe4 ,!re !y ti$ him to a po/1 :i* 0 sometimes plac$ betwe5 two plants ( ! sankiss> %rub4 ,he 0 !n ano9t$ ) oil1 ghee1 & turm]ic1 & adorn$ ) fl[]s2 & 8a species ( rev]5ce1 :i* x is n easy to di/+ui% f adoration10 0 paid to him ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,a great /ruggle n[ arose to obta9 ! smalle/ relic f 8 p]son2 a p>ticle ( ! turm]ic pa/e ) :i* he 0 sme>$1 or a drop ( 8 spittle1 0 e/eem$ ( sov]eign virtue1 especially by ! wom547#gec7 ,! cr[d danc$ r\nd ! po/ to music1 &1 address+ ! e>?1 said1 8,o ,god1 we (f] ?is sacrifice to y2 give u good crops1 seasons1 & heal?02 !n speak+ to ! victim !y said1 8,we b\ght y ) a price1 & did n seize y2 n[ we sacrifice y accord+ to cu/om1 & no s9 re/s ) u407#ged7 7,m#bjh7 ,on ! la/ morn+ ! orgies1 :i* _h be5 sc>cely int]rupt$ dur+ ! night1 7 resum$1 & cont9u$ till noon1 :5 !y ceas$1 & ! assembly proce$$ to consummate ! sacrifice4 ,! victim 0 aga9 ano9t$ ) oil1 & ea* p]son t\*$ ! ano9t$ "p1 & wip$ ! oil on 8 own head4 ,9 "s places !y took ! victim 9 procession r\nd ! village1 f door to door1 :]e "s pluck$ hair f 8 head1 & o!rs begg$ = a drop ( 8 spittle1 ) :i* !y ano9t$ _! heads47#gee7 ,z ! victim might n be b\nd nor make any %[ ( resi/ance1 ! bones ( 8 arms &1 if necess>y1 8 legs 7 brok52 b (t5 ?is precaution 0 r5d]$ unnecess>y by /upefy+ him ) opium47#gef7 ,! mode ( putt+ him to dea? v>i$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,"o ( ! commone/ modes seems to h be5 /rangulation1 or squeez+ to dea?4 ,! bran* ( a gre5 tree 0 cleft sev]al feet d[n ! middle2 ! victim's neck 79 o!r places1 8 *e/7 0 ins]t$ 9 ! cleft1 :i* ! prie/1 aid$ by 8 assi/ants1 /rove ) all 8 =ce to close47#geg7 ,!n he w\nd$ ! victim slightly ) 8 axe1 :]eupon ! cr[d ru%$ at ! wret* & hew$ ! fle% f ! bones1 leav+ ! head & b[els unt\*$4 ,sometimes he 0 cut up alive47#geh7 ,9 ,*9na ,kim$y he 0 dragg$ along ! fields1 surr\nd$ by ! cr[d1 :o1 avoid+ 8 head & inte/9es1 hack$ ! fle% f 8 body ) _! knives till he di$47#gei7 ,ano!r v common mode ( sacrifice 9 ! same di/rict 0 to fa/5 ! victim to ! proboscis ( a wood5 elephant1 :i* revolv$ on a /\t po/1 &1 z x :irl$ r\nd1 ! cr[d cut ! fle% f ! victim :ile life rema9$4 ,9 "s villages ,major ,campbell f\nd z _m z f\rte5 ( ^! wood5 elephants1 :i* _h be5 us$ at sacrifices47#gfj7 ,9 "o di/rict ! victim 0 put to dea? sl[ly by fire4 ,a l[ /age 0 =m$1 slop+ on ei!r side l a ro(2 ^u x !y laid ! victim1 8 limbs w\nd r\nd ) cords to conf9e 8 /ruggles4 ,fires 7 !n light$ & hot br&s appli$1 to make him roll up & d[n ! slopes ( ! /age z long z possible2 = ! m te>s he %$ ! m abundant w\ld be ! supply ( ra94 ,next day ! body 0 cut to pieces47#gfa7 7,m#bji7 ,! fle% cut f ! victim 0 in/antly tak5 home by ! p]sons :o _h be5 deput$ by ea* village to br+ x4 ,to secure its rapid arrival1 x 0 sometimes =w>d$ by relays ( m51 & convey$ ) po/al fleetness fifty or sixty miles47#gfb7 ,9 ea* village all :o /ay$ at home fa/$ rigidly until ! fle% arriv$4 ,! be>] deposit$ x 9 ! place ( public assembly1 :]e x 0 receiv$ by ! prie/ & ! heads ( families4 ,! prie/ divid$ x into two portions1 "o ( :i* he (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess by bury+ x 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd ) 8 back turn$1 & )\t look+4 ,!n ea* man add$ a little e>? to bury x1 & ! prie/ p\r$ wat] on ! spot f a hill g\rd4 ,! o!r portion ( fle% he divid$ into z _m %>es z !re 7 heads ( h\ses pres5t4 ,ea* head ( a h\se roll$ 8 %r$ ( fle% 9 leaves1 & buri$ x 9 8 fav\rite field1 plac+ x 9 ! e>? beh9d 8 back )\t look+47#gfc7 ,9 "s places ea* man c>ri$ 8 portion ( fle% to ! /ream :i* wat]$ 8 fields1 & !re hung x on a pole47#gfd7 ,= ?ree days !reaft] no h\se 0 swept2 &1 9 "o di/rict1 /rict sil5ce 0 obs]v$1 no fire might be giv5 out1 no wood cut1 & no /rang]s receiv$4 ,! rema9s ( ! human victim 7namely1 ! head1 b[els1 & bones7 7 wat*$ by /rong p>ties ! night aft] ! sacrifice2 & next morn+ !y 7 burn$1 along ) a :ole %eep1 on a fun]al pile4 ,! a%es 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 laid z pa/e ov] ! h\ses & gran>ies1 or mix$ ) ! new corn to pres]ve x f insects47#gfe7 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! head & bones 7 buri$1 n burnt47#gff7 ,aft] ! suppression ( ! human sacrifices1 inf]ior victims 7 sub/itut$ 9 "s places2 = in/ance1 9 ! capital ( ,*9na ,kim$y a goat took ! place ( a human victim47#gfg7 ,o!rs sacrifice a buffalo4 ,!y tie x to a wood5 po/ 9 a sacr$ grove1 dance wildly r\nd x ) br&i%$ knives1 !n1 fall+ on ! liv+ animal1 hack x to %r$s & tatt]s 9 a few m9utes1 fight+ & /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r = e p>ticle ( fle%4 ,z soon z a man has secur$ a piece he makes (f ) x at full spe$ to bury x 9 8 fields1 accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 be=e ! sun has set1 & z "s ( !m h f> to g !y mu/ run v fa/4 ,all ! wom5 ?r[ clods ( e>? at ! rapidly retreat+ figures ( ! m51 "s ( !m tak+ v good aim4 ,soon ! sacr$ grove1 s lately a sc5e ( tumult1 is sil5t & des]t$ except = a few p :o rema9 to gu>d all t is left ( ! buffalo1 to wit1 ! head1 ! bones1 & ! /oma*1 :i* are burn$ ) c]emony at ! foot ( ! /ake47#gfh7 7,m#baj7 ,9 ^! ,khond sacrifices ! ,m]iahs are repres5t$ by our au?orities z victims (f]$ to propitiate ! ,e>? ,goddess4 ,b f ! treatm5t ( ! victims bo? be=e & aft] dea? x appe>s t ! cu/om _c be expla9$ z m]ely a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,a "p ( ! fle% c]ta9ly 0 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess1 b ! re/ 0 buri$ by ea* h\sehold] 9 8 fields1 & ! a%es ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 laid z pa/e on ! gran>ies1 or mix$ ) ! new corn4 ,^! latt] cu/oms imply t to ! body ( ! ,m]iah !re 0 ascrib$ a direct or intr9sic p[] ( mak+ ! crops to gr[1 q indep5d5t ( ! indirect efficacy :i* x might h z an (f]+ to secure ! good-w ( ! deity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fle% & a%es ( ! victim 7 believ$ to be end[$ ) a magical or physical p[] ( f]tilis+ ! l&4 ,! same intr9sic p[] 0 ascrib$ to ! blood & te>s ( ! ,m]iah1 8 blood caus+ ! r$ness ( ! turm]ic & 8 te>s produc+ ra92 = x c h>dly be d\bt$ t1 orig9ally at lea/1 ! te>s 7 suppos$ to br+ d[n ! ra91 n m]ely to progno/icate x4 ,simil>ly ! cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! buri$ fle% ( ! ,m]iah 0 no d\bt a ra9-*>m4 ,aga91 magical p[] z an attribute ( ! ,m]iah appe>s 9 ! sov]eign virtue believ$ to reside 9 any?+ t came f 8 p]son1 z 8 hair or spittle4 ,! ascription ( su* p[] to ! ,m]iah indicates t he 0 mu* m ?an a m]e man sacrific$ to propitiate a deity4 ,once m1 ! extreme rev]5ce paid him po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,major ,campbell speaks ( ! ,m]iah z 8be+ reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an mortal107#gfi7 & ,major ,macph]son says1 8,a species ( rev]5ce1 :i* x is n easy to di/+ui% f adoration1 is paid to him407#ggj7 ,9 %ort1 ! ,m]iah seems to h be5 reg>d$ z div9e4 ,z su*1 he may orig9ally h repres5t$ ! ,e>? ,goddess or1 p]haps1 a deity ( vegetation2 ?\gh 9 lat] times he came to be reg>d$ r z a victim (f]$ to a deity ?an z himself an inc>nate god4 ,?is lat] view ( ! ,m]iah z a victim r ?an a div9ity may p]haps h receiv$ undue emphasis f ! ,european writ]s :o h describ$ ! ,khond religion4 ,habituat$ to ! lat] idea ( sacrifice z an (f]+ made to a god = ! purpose ( conciliat+ 8 fav\r1 ,european obs]v]s are apt to int]pret all religi\s slaught] 9 ?is s5se1 & to suppose t :]ev] su* slaught] takes place1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a deity to :om ! c>nage is believ$ by ! slay]s to be acceptable4 ,?us _! preconceiv$ ideas may unconsci\sly col\r & w>p _! descriptions ( savage rites4 7,m#baa7 ,! same cu/om ( kill+ ! repres5tative ( a god1 ( :i* /rong traces appe> 9 ! ,khond sacrifices1 may p]haps be detect$ 9 "s ( ! o!r human sacrifices describ$ above4 ,?us ! a%es ( ! slaught]$ ,m>imo 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields2 ! blood ( ! ,brahman lad 0 put on ! crop & field2 ! fle% ( ! sla9 ,naga 0 /[$ 9 ! corn-b92 & ! blood ( ! ,si\x girl 0 all[$ to trickle on ! se$47#gga7 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! victim ) ! corn1 9 o!r words1 ! view t he is an embodim5t or _s ( ! corn1 is br\ght out 9 ! pa9s :i* seem to be tak5 to secure a physical correspond5ce betwe5 him & ! natural object :i* he embodies or repres5ts4 ,?us ! ,mexicans kill$ "y victims = ! "y corn & old ones = ! ripe corn2 ! ,m>imos sacrifice1 z 8se$10 a %ort1 fat man1 ! %ortness ( 8 /ature correspond+ to t ( ! "y corn1 8 fatness to ! condition :i* x is desir$ t ! crops may atta92 & ! ,pawnees fatt5$ _! victims probably ) ! same view4 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! victim ) ! corn comes out 9 ! ,african cu/om ( kill+ him ) spades & hoes1 & ! ,mexican cu/om ( gr9d+ him1 l corn1 betwe5 two /ones4 ,"o m po9t 9 ^! savage cu/oms des]ves to be not$4 ,! ,pawnee *ief dev\r$ ! he>t ( ! ,si\x girl1 & ! ,m>imos & ,gonds ate ! victim's fle%4 ,if1 z we suppose1 ! victim 0 reg>d$ z div9e1 x foll[s t 9 eat+ 8 fle% 8 wor%ipp]s believ$ !mselves to be p>tak+ ( ! body ( _! god4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s sla9 9 8 ,human ,repres5tatives4 7,m#bab7 ,! b>b>\s rites j describ$ (f] analogies to ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe4 ,?us ! f]tilis+ virtue ascrib$ to ! corn-_s is %ewn equally 9 ! savage cu/om ( mix+ ! victim's blood or a%es ) ! se$-corn & ! ,european cu/om ( mix+ ! gra9 f ! la/ %eaf ) ! "y corn 9 spr+47#ggb7 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! p]son ) ! corn appe>s alike 9 ! savage cu/om ( adapt+ ! age & /ature ( ! victim to ! age & /ature1 :e!r actual or expect$1 ( ! crop2 9 ! ,scot* & ,/yrian rules t :5 ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z ! ,maid5 ! la/ corn %all be cut by a "y maid51 b :5 x is conceiv$ z ! ,corn-"m x %all be cut by an old woman27#ggc7 9 ! ,lo?r+ian w>n+ giv5 to old wom5 to save !mselves :5 ! ,old ,woman is be+ kill$1 t is1 :5 ! la/ corn is be+ ?re%$27#ggd7 & 9 ! ,tyrolese expectation t if ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is tall1 ! next ye>'s corn w be tall also47#gge7 ,fur!r1 ! same id5tification is impli$ 9 ! savage cu/om ( kill+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s ) hoes or spades or by gr9d+ him betwe5 /ones1 & 9 ! ,european cu/om ( pret5d+ to kill him ) ! scy! or ! flail4 ,once m ! ,khond cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! buri$ fle% ( ! victim is p>allel to ! ,european cu/oms ( p\r+ wat] on ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s or plung+ him into a /ream47#ggf7 ,bo? ! ,khond & ! ,european cu/oms are ra9-*>ms4 7,m#bac7 ,to return n[ to ! ,lity]ses /ory4 ,x has be5 %ewn t 9 rude society human be+s h be5 commonly kill$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,!re is !re=e no improbability 9 ! supposition t !y may once h be5 kill$ = a l purpose 9 ,phrygia & ,europe2 & :5 ,phrygian leg5d & ,european folk-cu/om1 closely agree+ ) ea* o!r1 po9t to ! conclusion t m5 7 s sla91 we are b\nd1 provisionally at lea/1 to accept ! conclusion4 ,fur!r1 bo? ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european h>ve/-cu/oms agree 9 indicat+ t ! victim 0 put to dea? z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 & ?is indication is 9 h>mony ) ! view :i* "s savages appe> to take ( ! victim sla9 to make ! crops fl\ri%4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may fairly suppose t bo? 9 ,phrygia & 9 ,europe ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s 0 annually kill$ ^u ! h>ve/-field4 ,gr\nds h be5 already %ewn = believ+ t simil>ly 9 ,europe ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s 0 annually sla94 ,! pro(s ( ^! two rem>kable & closely analog\s cu/oms are entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,_! co9cid5ce seems to furni% fre% presumption 9 fav\r ( bo?4 7,m#bad7 ,to ! "q1 ,h[ 0 ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s *os58 "o answ] has be5 already giv54 ,bo? ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european folk-cu/om %ew t pass+ /rang]s 7 reg>d$ z manife/ations ( ! corn-_s escap+ f ! cut or ?re%$ corn1 & z su* 7 seiz$ & sla94 ,b ?is is n ! only answ] :i* ! evid5ce sugge/s4 ,accord+ to ! ,phrygian leg5d ! victims ( ,lity]ses 7 n simply pass+ /rang]s1 b p]sons :om he _h vanqui%$ 9 a reap+ conte/ & aft]w>ds wrapt up 9 corn-%eaves & behead$47#ggg7 ,?is sugge/s t ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may h be5 select$ by means ( a competition on ! h>ve/-field1 9 :i* ! vanqui%$ competitor 0 compell$ to accept ! fatal hon\r4 ,! supposition is c\nt5anc$ by ,european h>ve/-cu/oms4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,europe !re is sometimes a conte/ among/ ! reap]s to avoid be+ la/1 & t ! p]son :o is vanqui%$ 9 ?is competition1 t is1 :o cuts ! la/ corn1 is (t5 r\ghly h&l$4 ,x is true we h n f\nd t a pret5ce is made ( kill+ him2 b on ! o!r h& we h f\nd t a pret5ce is made ( kill+ ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+1 t is1 :o is vanqui%$ 9 ! ?re%+ conte/47#ggh7 ,n[1 s9ce x is 9 ! "* ( repres5tative ( ! corn-_s t ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn is sla9 9 mimicry1 & s9ce ! same repres5tative "* atta*es 7z we h se57 to ! cutt] & b9d] z well z to ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn1 & s9ce ! same repugnance is ev9c$ by h>ve/]s to be la/ 9 any "o ( ^! lab\rs1 we may conjecture t a pret5ce has be5 commonly made ( kill+ ! reap] & b9d] z well z ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn1 & t 9 anci5t times ?is kill+ 0 actually c>ri$ out4 ,?is conjecture is corroborat$ by ! common sup]/ition t :oev] cuts ! la/ corn mu/ die soon47#ggi7 ,sometimes x is ?\ght t ! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf on ! field w die 9 ! c\rse ( next ye>47#ghj7 ,! reason = fix+ on ! reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ corn z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may be ?is4 ,! corn-_s is suppos$ to lurk z long z he c 9 ! corn1 retreat+ be=e ! reap]s1 ! b9d]s1 & ! ?re%]s at _! "w4 ,b :5 he is =cibly expell$ f 8 refuge 9 ! la/ corn cut or ! la/ %eaf b\nd or ! la/ gra9 ?re%$1 he necess>ily assumes "s o!r =m ?an t ( ! corn-/alks :i* _h hi!rto be5 8 g>m5t or body4 ,& :at =m c ! expell$ corn-_s assume m naturally ?an t ( ! p]son :o /&s ne>e/ to ! corn f :i* he 7! corn-_s7 has j be5 expell$8 ,b ! p]son 9 "q is necess>ily ! reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ corn4 ,he or %e1 !re=e1 is seiz$ & treat$ z ! corn-_s himself4 7,m#bae7 ,?us ! p]son :o 0 kill$ on ! h>ve/-field z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may h be5 ei!r a pass+ /rang] or ! h>ve/] :o 0 la/ at reap+1 b9d+1 or ?re%+4 ,b !re is a ?ird possibility1 to :i* anci5t leg5d & mod]n folk-cu/om alike po9t4 ,lity]ses n only put /rang]s to dea?2 he 0 himself sla91 & app>5tly 9 ! same way z he _h sla9 o!rs1 namely1 by be+ wrapt 9 a corn-%eaf1 behead$1 & ca/ into ! riv]2 & x is impli$ t ?is happ5$ to ,lity]ses on 8 own l&47#gha7 ,simil>ly 9 mod]n h>ve/-cu/oms ! pret5ce ( kill+ appe>s to be c>ri$ out q z (t5 on ! p]son ( ! ma/] 7f>m] or squire7 z on t ( /rang]s47#ghb7 ,n[ :5 we rememb] t ,lity]ses 0 said to h be5 a son ( ! ,k+ ( ,phrygia1 & t 9 "o acc\nt he is himself call$ a k+1 & :5 we comb9e ) ?is ! tradition t he 0 put to dea?1 app>5tly z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 we are l$ to conjecture t we h "h ano!r trace ( ! cu/om ( annually slay+ "o ( ^? div9e or prie/ly k+s :o are kn[n to h held gho/ly sway 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia & p>ticul>ly 9 ,phrygia4 ,! cu/om appe>s1 z we h se517#ghc7 to h be5 s f> modifi$ 9 places t ! k+'s son 0 sla9 9 ! k+'s /ead4 ,( ! cu/om ?us modifi$ ! /ory ( ,lity]ses w\ld be1 9 "o v]sion at lea/1 a rem9isc5ce4 7,m#baf7 ,turn+ n[ to ! relation ( ! ,phrygian ,lity]ses to ! ,phrygian ,attis1 x may be rememb]$ t at ,pess9us--! seat ( a prie/ly k+%ip--! high-prie/ appe>s to h be5 annually sla9 9 ! "* ( ,attis1 a god ( vegetation1 & t ,attis 0 describ$ by an anci5t au?ority z 8a reap$ e> ( corn407#ghd7 ,?us ,attis1 z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 annually sla9 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 might be ?\ght to be ultimately id5tical ) ,lity]ses1 ! latt] be+ simply ! ru/ic prototype out ( :i* ! /ate religion ( ,attis 0 develop$4 ,x may h be5 s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! analogy ( ,european folk-cu/om w>ns u t among/ ! same p two di/9ct deities ( vegetation may h _! sep>ate p]sonal repres5tatives1 bo? ( :om are sla9 9 ! "* ( gods at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,= 9 ,europe1 z we h se51 x appe>s t "o man 0 commonly sla9 9 ! "* ( ! tree-_s 9 spr+1 & ano!r 9 ! "* ( ! corn-_s 9 autumn4 ,x may h be5 s 9 ,phrygia also4 ,attis 0 especially a tree-god1 & 8 connexion ) corn may h be5 only su* an ext5sion ( ! p[] ( a tree-_s z is indicat$ 9 cu/oms l ! ,h>ve/-,may47#ghe7 ,aga91 ! repres5tative ( ,attis appe>s to h be5 sla9 9 spr+2 :]eas ,lity]ses mu/ h be5 sla9 9 summ] or autumn1 accord+ to ! "t ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,phrygia47#ghf7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 :ile we are n ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ,lity]ses z ! prototype ( ,attis1 ! two may be reg>d$ z p>allel products ( ! same religi\s idea1 & may h /ood to ea* o!r z 9 ,europe ! ,old ,man ( h>ve/ /&s to ! ,wild ,man1 ! ,leaf ,man1 & s =?1 ( spr+4 ,bo? 7 spirits or deities ( vegetation1 & ! p]sonal repres5tatives ( bo? 7 annually sla94 ,b :]eas ! ,attis wor%ip became elevat$ into ! dignity ( a ,/ate religion & spread to ,italy1 ! rites ( ,lity]ses seem nev] to h pass$ ! limits ( _! native ,phrygia1 & always reta9$ _! "* ( ru/ic c]emonies p]=m$ by peasants on ! h>ve/-field4 ,at mo/ a few villages may h clubb$ toge!r1 z among/ ! ,khonds1 to procure a human victim to be sla9 z repres5tative ( ! corn-_s = _! common b5efit4 ,su* victims may h be5 drawn f ! families ( prie/ly k+s or k+lets1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! leg5d>y "* ( ,lity]ses z ! son ( a ,phrygian k+ or z himself a k+4 ,:5 villages did n s club toge!r1 ea* village or f>m may h procur$ its own repres5tative ( ! corn-_s by doom+ to dea? ei!r a pass+ /rang] or ! h>ve/] :o cut1 b\nd1 or ?re%$ ! la/ %eaf4 ,p]haps 9 ! old5 "t ! practice ( head-hunt+ z a means ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! corn may h be5 z common among ! rude inhabitants ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia z x /ill is1 or 0 till lately1 among ! primitive agricultural tribes ( ,assam1 ,burma1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago47#ghg7 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t 9 ,phrygia1 z 9 ,europe1 ! old b>b>\s cu/om ( kill+ a man on ! h>ve/-field or ! ?re%+-floor _h d\btless pass$ into a m]e pret5ce long be=e ! classical era1 & 0 probably reg>d$ by ! reap]s & ?re%]s !mselves z no m ?an a r\gh je/ :i* ! lic5se ( a h>ve/-home p]mitt$ !m to play (f on a pass+ /rang]1 a comrade1 or ev5 on _! ma/] himself47#ghh7 7,m#bag7 ,i h dwelt on ! ,lity]ses song at l5g? because x af=ds s _m po9ts ( comp>ison ) ,european & savage folk-cu/om4 ,! o!r h>ve/ songs ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ above17#ghi7 may n[ be dismiss$ mu* m briefly4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,bi?ynian ,bormus7#gij7 to ! ,phrygian ,lity]ses helps to be> out ! int]pretation :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! latt]4 ,bormus1 ^: dea? or r disappe>ance 0 annually m\rn$ by ! reap]s 9 a pla9tive song1 01 l ,lity]ses1 a k+'s son or at lea/ ! son ( a weal?y & di/+ui%$ man4 ,! reap]s :om he wat*$ 7 at "w on 8 own fields1 & he disappe>$ 9 go+ to fet* wat] = !m2 accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! /ory he 0 c>ri$ (f by ! nymphs1 d\btless ! nymphs ( ! spr+ or pool or riv] :i!r he w5t to draw wat]47#gia7 ,view$ 9 ! light ( ! ,lity]ses /ory & ( ,european folk-cu/om1 ?is disappe>ance ( ,bormus may be a rem9isc5ce ( ! cu/om ( b9d+ ! f>m] himself 9 a corn-%eaf & ?r[+ him into ! wat]4 ,! m\rnful /ra9 :i* ! reap]s sang 0 probably a lam5tation ov] ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 sla9 ei!r 9 ! cut corn or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative2 & ! call :i* !y address$ to him may h be5 a pray] t he might return 9 fre% vig\r next ye>4 7,m#bah7 ,! ,pho5ician ,l9us song 0 sung at ! v9tage1 at lea/ 9 ! we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 z we le>n f ,hom]2 & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! leg5d ( ,syleus1 sugge/s t 9 anci5t times pass+ /rang]s 7 h&l$ by v9tag]s & v9e-digg]s 9 mu* ! same way z !y are said to h be5 h&l$ by ! reap] ,lity]ses4 ,! ,lydian ,syleus1 s ran ! leg5d1 compell$ pass]s-by to dig = him 9 8 v9ey>d1 till ,h]cules came & kill$ him & dug up 8 v9es by ! roots47#gib7 ,?is seems to be ! outl9e ( a leg5d l t ( ,lity]ses2 b nei!r anci5t writ]s nor mod]n folk-cu/om enable u to fill 9 ! details47#gic7 ,b1 fur!r1 ! ,l9us song 0 probably sung also by ,pho5ician reap]s1 = ,h]odotus comp>es x to ! ,man]os song1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 a lam5t rais$ by ,egyptian reap]s ov] ! cut corn4 ,fur!r1 ,l9us 0 id5tifi$ ) ,adonis1 & ,adonis has "s claims to be reg>d$ z especially a corn-deity47#gid7 ,?us ! ,l9us lam5t1 z sung at h>ve/1 w\ld be id5tical ) ! ,adonis lam5t2 ea* w\ld be ! lam5tation rais$ by reap]s ov] ! dead _s ( ! corn4 ,b :]eas ,adonis1 l ,attis1 grew into a /ately figure ( my?ology1 ador$ & m\rn$ 9 spl5did cities f> beyond ! limits ( 8 ,pho5ician home1 ,l9us appe>s to h rema9$ a simple ditty sung by reap]s & v9tag]s among ! corn-%eaves & ! v9es4 ,! analogy ( ,lity]ses & ( folk-cu/om1 bo? ,european & savage1 sugge/s t 9 ,pho5icia ! sla9 corn-_s--! dead ,adonis--may =m]ly h be5 repres5t$ by a human victim2 & ?is sugge/ion is possibly support$ by ! ,h>ran leg5d t ,tammuz 7,adonis7 0 sla9 by 8 cruel "l1 :o gr\nd 8 bones 9 a mill & scatt]$ !m to ! w9d4 ,= 9 ,mexico1 z we h se51 ! human victim at h>ve/ 0 cru%$ betwe5 two /ones2 & bo? 9 ,africa & ,india ! a%es or o!r rema9s ( ! victim 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields47#gie7 ,b ! ,h>ran leg5d may be only a my?ical way ( express+ ! gr9d+ ( corn 9 ! mill & ! scatt]+ ( ! se$4 ,x seems wor? sugge/+ t ! mock k+ :o 0 annually kill$ at ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s may h repres5t$ ,tammuz himself4 ,= ! hi/orian ,b]osus1 :o records ! fe/ival & its date1 probably us$ ! ,mac$onian cal5d>1 s9ce he d$icat$ 8 hi/ory to ,antio*us ,sot]2 & 9 8 day ! ,mac$onian mon? ,l\s appe>s to h correspond$ to ! ,babylonian mon? ,tammuz47#gif7 ,if ?is conjecture is "r1 ! view t ! mock k+ at ! ,sacaea 0 sla9 9 ! "* ( a god w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,b to ?is po9t we %all return lat] on4 7,m#bai7 ,!re is a good deal m evid5ce t 9 ,egypt ! sla9 corn-_s--! dead ,osiris--0 repres5t$ by a human victim1 :om ! reap]s slew on ! h>ve/-field1 m\rn+ 8 dea? 9 a dirge1 to :i* ! ,greeks1 ?r\gh a v]bal misund]/&+1 gave ! "n ( ,man]os47#gig7 ,= ! leg5d ( ,busiris seems to pres]ve a rem9isc5ce ( human sacrifices once (f]$ by ! ,egyptians 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,osiris4 ,busiris 0 said to h be5 an ,egyptian k+ :o sacrific$ all /rang]s on ! alt> ( ,zeus4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om 0 trac$ to a de>? :i* afflict$ ! l& ( ,egypt = n9e ye>s4 ,a ,cyprian se] in=m$ ,busiris t ! de>? w\ld cease if a man 7 annually sacrific$ to ,zeus4 ,s ,busiris in/itut$ ! sacrifice4 ,b :5 ,h]cules came to ,egypt1 & 0 be+ dragg$ to ! alt> to be sacrific$1 he bur/ 8 bonds & slew ,busiris & 8 son47#gih7 ,"h !n is a leg5d t 9 ,egypt a human victim 0 annually sacrific$ to prev5t ! failure ( ! crops1 & a belief is impli$ t an omission ( ! sacrifice w\ld h entail$ a recurr5ce ( t inf]tility :i* x 0 ! object ( ! sacrifice to prev5t4 ,s ! ,pawnees1 z we h se51 believ$ t an omission ( ! human sacrifice at plant+ w\ld h be5 foll[$ by a total failure ( _! crops4 ,! "n ,busiris 0 9 reality ! "n ( a city1 pe-,as>1 8! h\se ( ,osiris107#gii7 ! city be+ s call$ because x conta9$ ! grave ( ,osiris4 ,inde$ "s high mod]n au?orities believe t ,busiris 0 ! orig9al home ( ,osiris1 f :i* 8 wor%ip spread to o!r p>ts ( ,egypt47#hjj7 ,! human sacrifices 7 said to h be5 (f]$ at 8 grave1 & ! victims 7 r$-hair$ m51 ^: a%es 7 scatt]$ abroad by means ( w9n[+-fans47#hja7 ,?is tradition ( human sacrifices (f]$ at ! tomb ( ,osiris is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( ! monum5ts2 = 8we f9d 9 ! temple ( ,d5d]eh a human figure ) a h>e's head & pi]c$ ) knives1 ti$ to a /ake be=e ,osiris ,kh5ti-,am5tiu1 & ,horus is %[n 9 a ,ptolemaic sculpture at ,k>nak kill+ a b\nd h>e-head$ figure be=e ! bi] ( ,osiris1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ,h>pocrates4 ,t ^! figures are really human be+s ) ! head ( an animal fa/5$ on is prov$ by ano!r sculpture at ,d5d]eh1 :]e a kneel+ man has ! hawk's head & w+s ov] 8 head & %\ld]s1 & 9 ano!r place a prie/ has ! jackal's head on 8 %\ld]s1 8 own head appe>+ ?r\gh ! disguise4 ,besides1 ,diodorus tells u t ! ,egyptian k+s 9 =m] times _h worn on _! heads ! =e-"p ( a lion1 or ( a bull1 or ( a dragon1 %[+ t ?is me?od ( disguise or trans=mation 0 a well-kn[n cu/om407#hjb7 7,m#bbj7 ,9 ! light ( ! =ego+ discussion ! ,egyptian tradition ( ,busiris admits ( a consi/5t & fairly probable explanation4 ,osiris1 ! corn-_s1 0 annually repres5t$ at h>ve/ by a /rang]1 ^: r$ hair made him a suitable repres5tative ( ! ripe corn4 ,?is man1 9 8 repres5tative "*1 0 sla9 on ! h>ve/-field1 & m\rn$ by ! reap]s1 :o pray$ at ! same "t t ! corn-_s might revive & return 7m-ne-rha1 ,man]os7 ) r5ew$ vig\r 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,f9ally1 ! victim1 or "s "p ( him1 0 burn$1 & ! a%es scatt]$ by w9n[+-fans ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m4 ,"h ! *oice ( ! victim on ! gr\nd ( 8 resemblance to ! corn :i* he 0 to repres5t agrees ) ! ,mexican & ,african cu/oms already describ$47#hjc7 ,simil>ly ! woman :o di$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,corn-"m at ! ,mexican midsumm] sacrifice _h h] face pa9t$ r$ & yell[ 9 tok5 ( ! col\rs ( ! corn1 & %e wore a pa/ebo>d mitre surm\nt$ by wav+ plumes 9 imitation ( ! tassel ( ! maize47#hjd7 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,goddess ( ! ,:ite ,maize ! ,mexicans sacrific$ lep]s47#hje7 ,! ,romans sacrific$ r$-hair$ puppies 9 spr+ to av]t ! suppos$ blight+ influ5ce ( ! ,dog-/>1 believ+ t ! crops w\ld ?us gr[ ripe & ruddy47#hjf7 ,! hea!n ( ,h>ran (f]$ to ! sun1 moon1 & planets human victims :o 7 *os5 on ! gr\nd ( _! suppos$ resemblance to ! heav5ly bodies to :i* !y 7 sacrific$2 = example1 ! prie/s1 clo!d 9 r$ & sme>$ ) blood1 (f]$ a r$-hair$1 r$-*eek$ man to 8! r$ planet ,m>s0 9 a temple :i* 0 pa9t$ r$ & drap$ ) r$ hang+s47#hjg7 ,^! & ! l cases ( assimilat+ ! victim to ! god1 or to ! natural ph5om5on :i* he repres5ts1 are bas$ ultimately on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 ! notion be+ t ! object aim$ at w be mo/ readily atta9$ by means ( a sacrifice :i* resembles ! effect t x is design$ to br+ ab\t4 7,m#bba7 ,aga91 ! scatt]+ ( ! ,egyptian victim's a%es ov] ! fields resembles ! ,m>imo & ,khond cu/om17#hjh7 & ! use ( w9n[+-fans = ! purpose is ano!r h9t ( 8 id5tification ) ! corn4 ,s 9 ,v5de a pret5ce is made ( ?re%+ & w9n[+ ! f>m]'s wife1 reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s2 9 ,mexico ! victim 0 gr\nd betwe5 /ones2 & 9 ,africa he 0 sla9 ) spades & hoes47#hji7 ,! /ory t ! fragm5ts ( ,osiris's body 7 scatt]$ up & d[n ! l&1 & buri$ by ,isis on ! spots :]e !y lay17#haj7 may v well be a rem9isc5ce ( a cu/om1 l t obs]v$ by ! ,khonds1 ( divid+ ! human victim 9 pieces & bury+ ! pieces1 (t5 at int]vals ( _m miles f ea* o!r1 9 ! fields47#haa7 ,h[ev]1 x is possible t ! /ory ( ! dismemb]m5t ( ,osiris1 l ! simil> /ory told ( ,tammuz1 may h be5 simply a my?ical expression = ! scatt]+ ( ! se$4 ,once m1 ! leg5d t ! body ( ,osiris enclos$ 9 a c(f] 0 ?r[n by ,typhon into ! ,nile1 p]haps po9ts to a cu/om ( ca/+ ! body ( ! victim1 or at lea/ a portion ( x1 into ! ,nile z a ra9-*>m1 or r to make ! riv] rise4 ,= a simil> purpose ,phrygian reap]s seem to h flung ! headless bodies ( _! victims1 wrapt 9 corn-%eaves1 into a riv]1 & ! ,khonds p\r$ wat] on ! buri$ fle% ( ! human victim4 ,probably :5 ,osiris ceas$ to be repres5t$ by a human victim1 an image ( him 0 annually ?r[n into ! ,nile1 j z ! effigy ( 8 ,syrian c\nt]p>t1 ,adonis1 us$ to be ca/ into ! sea at ,alex&ria4 ,or wat] may h be5 simply p\r$ ov] x1 z on ! monum5t already m5tion$7#hab7 a prie/ is se5 p\r+ wat] ov] ! body ( ,osiris1 f :i* corn-/alks are spr\t+4 ,! accompany+ leg5d1 8,?is is ,osiris ( ! my/]ies1 :o spr+s f ! return+ wat]s10 be>s out ! view t at ! my/]ies ( ,osiris a *>m to make ra9 fall or ! riv] rise 0 regul>ly wr\ght by p\r+ wat] on 8 effigy or fl++ x into ! ,nile4 7,m#bbb7 ,x may be object$ t ! r$-hair$ victims 7 sla9 z repres5tatives1 n ( ,osiris1 b ( 8 enemy ,typhon2 = ! victims 7 call$ ,typhonian1 & r$ 0 ! col\r ( ,typhon1 black ! col\r ( ,osiris47#hac7 ,! answ] to ?is objection mu/ be res]v$ = ! pres5t4 ,meantime x may be po9t$ out t if ,osiris is (t5 repres5t$ on ! monum5ts z black1 he is /ill m commonly depict$ z gre517#had7 appropriately en\gh = a corn-god1 :o may be conceiv$ z black :ile ! se$ is "u gr\nd1 b z gre5 aft] x has spr\t$4 ,s ! ,greeks recognis$ bo? a ,gre5 & a ,black ,demet]17#hae7 & sacrific$ to ! ,gre5 ,demet] 9 spr+ ) mir? & gladness47#haf7 7,m#bbc7 ,?us1 if ,i am "r1 ! key to ! my/]ies ( ,osiris is furni%$ by ! melan*oly cry ( ! ,egyptian reap]s1 :i* d[n to ,roman times c\ld be he>d ye> aft] ye> s\nd+ across ! fields1 ann\nc+ ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 ! ru/ic prototype ( ,osiris4 ,simil> cries1 z we h se51 7 also he>d on all ! h>ve/-fields ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,by ! anci5ts !y are spok5 ( z songs2 b to judge f ! analysis ( ! names ,l9us & ,man]os1 !y probably consi/$ only ( a few words utt]$ 9 a prolong$ musical note :i* c\ld be he>d = a great di/ance4 ,su* sonor\s & long-drawn cries1 rais$ by a numb] ( /rong voices 9 conc]t1 mu/ h _h a /rik+ effect1 & c\ld h>dly fail to arre/ ! att5tion ( any wayf>] :o happ5$ to be )9 he>+4 ,! s\nds1 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 c\ld probably be di/+ui%$ ) tol]able ease ev5 at a di/ance2 b to a ,greek travell] 9 ,asia or ,egypt ! =eign words w\ld commonly convey no mean+1 & he might take !m1 n unnaturally1 = ! "n ( "s "o 7,man]os1 ,l9us1 ,lity]ses1 ,bormus7 ^u :om ! reap]s 7 call+4 ,& if 8 j\rney l$ him ?r\gh m c\ntries ?an "o1 z ,bi?ynia & ,phrygia1 or ,pho5icia & ,egypt1 :ile ! corn 0 be+ reap$1 he w\ld h an opportunity ( comp>+ ! v>i\s h>ve/ cries ( ! diff]5t peoples4 ,?us we c readily und]/& :y ^! h>ve/ cries 7 s (t5 not$ & comp>$ ) ea* o!r by ! ,greeks4 ,:]eas1 if !y _h be5 regul> songs1 !y c\ld n h be5 he>d at su* di/ances1 & !re=e c\ld n h attract$ ! att5tion ( s _m travell]s2 &1 moreov]1 ev5 if ! wayf>] 7 )9 he>+ ( !m1 he c\ld n s easily h pick$ out ! words4 7,m#bbd7 ,d[n to rec5t times ,devon%ire reap]s utt]$ cries ( ! same sort1 & p]=m$ on ! field a c]emony exactly analog\s to t 9 :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! rites ( ,osiris orig9at$4 ,! cry & ! c]emony are ?us describ$ by an obs]v] :o wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 8,aft] ! :eat is all cut1 on mo/ f>ms 9 ! nor? ( ,devon1 ! h>ve/ p h a cu/om ( #8cry+ ! neck4' ,i believe t ?is practice is seldom omitt$ on any l>ge f>m 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is done 9 ?is way4 ,an old man1 or "s "o else well acqua9t$ ) ! c]emonies us$ on ! occasion 7:5 ! lab\r]s are reap+ ! la/ field ( :eat71 goes r\nd to ! %ocks & %eaves1 & picks out a little bundle ( all ! be/ e>s he c f9d2 ?is bundle he ties up v neat & trim1 & plats & arranges ! /raws v ta/efully4 ,?is is call$ #8! neck' ( :eat1 or :eat5-e>s4 ,aft] ! field is cut out1 & ! pit*] once m circulat$1 ! reap]s1 b9d]s1 & ! wom5 /& r\nd 9 a circle4 ,! p]son ) #8! neck' /&s 9 ! c5tre1 grasp+ x ) bo? 8 h&s4 ,he fir/ /oops & holds x ne> ! gr\nd1 & all ! m5 =m+ ! r+ take (f _! hats1 /oop+ & hold+ !m ) bo? h&s t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,!y !n all beg9 at once 9 a v prolong$ & h>moni\s tone to cry #8,! neck6' at ! same "t sl[ly rais+ !mselves upright1 & elevat+ _! arms & hats above _! heads2 ! p]son ) #8! neck' also rais+ x on high4 ,?is is done ?ree times4 ,!y !n *ange _! cry to #8,wee y56'--#8,way y56'--:i* !y s\nd 9 ! same prolong$ & sl[ mann] z be=e1 ) s+ul> h>mony & effect1 ?ree times4 ,?is la/ cry is accompani$ by ! same movem5ts ( ! body & arms z 9 cry+ #8! neck4'444 ,aft] hav+ ?us repeat$ #8! neck' ?ree times1 & #8wee y51' or #8way y5' z (t51 !y all bur/ out into a k9d ( l\d & joy\s laugh1 fl++ up _! hats & caps into ! air1 cap]+ ab\t & p]haps kiss+ ! girls4 ,"o ( !m !n gets '! neck' & runs z h>d z he c d[n to ! f>mh\se1 :]e ! dairymaid1 or "o ( ! "y female dome/ics1 /&s at ! door prep>$ ) a pail ( wat]4 ,if he :o holds #8! neck' c manage to get into ! h\se1 9 any way unse51 or op5ly1 by any o!r way ?an ! door at :i* ! girl /&s ) ! pail ( wat]1 !n he may lawfully kiss h]2 b1 if o!rwise1 he is regul>ly s\s$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! bucket4 ,on a f9e /ill autumn ev5+ ! #8cry+ ( ! neck' has a wond]ful effect at a di/ance1 f> f9] ?an t ( ! ,turki% muezz91 :i* ,"l ,byron eulogises s mu*1 & :i* he says is pref]able to all ! bells 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,i h once or twice he>d upw>ds ( tw5ty m5 cry x1 & sometimes jo9$ by an equal numb] ( female voices4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s back1 on "s high gr\nds1 :]e our p 7 h>ve/+1 ,i he>d six or sev5 #8necks' cri$ 9 "o night1 al?\gh ,i "k t "s ( !m 7 f\r miles (f4 ,!y are he>d ?r\gh ! quiet ev5+ air at a consid]able di/ance sometimes407#hag7 ,aga91 ,mrs4 ,bray tells h[1 travell+ 9 ,devon%ire1 8%e saw a p>ty ( reap]s /&+ 9 a circle on a ris+ gr\nd1 hold+ _! sickles al(t4 ,"o 9 ! middle held up "s e>s ( corn ti$ toge!r ) fl[]s1 & ! p>ty %\t$ ?ree times 7:at %e writes z7 #8,arnack1 arnack1 arnack1 we hav51 we hav51 we hav54' ,!y w5t home1 accompani$ by wom5 & *ildr5 c>ry+ b\ghs ( fl[]s1 %\t+ & s++4 ,! mans]vant :o att5d$ ,mrs4 ,bray said #8x 0 only ! p mak+ _! games1 z !y always did1 to ! _s ( h>ve/4' 07#hah7 ,"h1 z ,miss ,burne rem>ks1 8 #8arnack1 we hav56' is obvi\sly 9 ! ,devon dialect1 #8a neck 7or nack76 we h un6' 0 8,! neck0 is g5]ally hung up 9 ! f>mh\se1 :]e x sometimes rema9s = two or ?ree ye>s47#hai7 ,a simil> cu/om is /ill obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,cornwall1 z ,i 0 told by my lam5t$ fri5d ,j4 ,h4 ,middleton4 8,! la/ %eaf is deck$ ) ribbons4 ,two /rong-voic$ m5 are *os5 & plac$ 7"o ) ! %eaf7 on opposite sides ( a valley4 ,"o %\ts1 #8,i've gott5 x4' ,! o!r %\ts1 #8,:at ha/ gott58' ,! fir/ answ]s1 #8,i'se gott5 ! neck4' 07#hbj7 7,m#bbe7 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ?is old cu/om1 writt5 at ,truro 9 #ahci1 runs ?us3 8,n[1 :5 all ! corn 0 cut at ,heligan1 ! f>m+ m5 & maid5s come 9 front ( ! h\se1 & br+ ) !m a small %eaf ( corn1 ! la/ t has be5 cut1 & ?is is adorn$ ) ribbons & fl[]s1 & "o "p is ti$ q tight1 s z to look l a neck4 ,!n !y cry out #8,our 7my7 side1 my side1' z l\d z !y c2 !n ! dairymaid gives ! neck to ! head f>m+-man4 ,he takes x1 & says1 v l\dly ?ree times1 #8,i h him1 ,i h him1 ,i h him4' ,!n ano!r f>m+-man %\ts v l\dly1 #8,:at h ye8 :at h ye8 :at h ye8' ,!n ! fir/ says1 #8,a neck1 a neck1 a neck4' ,& :5 he has said ?is1 all ! p make a v great %\t+4 ,?is !y d ?ree times1 & aft] "o fam\s %\t g away & eat supp]1 & dance1 & s+ songs407#hba7 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 8all w5t out to ! field :5 ! la/ corn 0 cut1 ! #8neck' 0 ti$ ) ribbons & plait$1 & !y danc$ r\nd x1 & c>ri$ x to ! great kit*51 :]e by-&-by ! supp] 04 ,! words 7 z giv5 9 ! previ\s acc\nt1 & #8,hip1 hip1 hack1 heck1 ,i h 'ee1 ,i h 'ee1 ,i h 'ee4' ,x 0 hung up 9 ! hall40 ,ano!r acc\nt relates t "o ( ! m5 ru%$ f ! field ) ! la/ %eaf1 :ile ! re/ pursu$ him ) vessels ( wat]1 :i* !y tri$ to ?r[ ov] ! %eaf be=e x c\ld be br\ght into ! b>n47#hbb7 7,m#bbf7 ,simil> cu/oms appe> to h be5 =m]ly obs]v$ 9 ,pembroke%ire1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ acc\nt1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 no?+ is said ( ! sonor\s cries rais$ by ! reap]s :5 _! "w 0 done3 8,at h>ve/-"t1 9 ,s\? ,pembroke%ire1 ! la/ e>s ( corn left /&+ 9 ! field 7 ti$ toge!r1 & ! h>ve/]s !n tri$ to cut ?is neck by ?r[+ _! hat*ets at x4 ,:at happ5$ aft]w>ds appe>s to h v>i$ some:at4 ,i h be5 told by "o old man t ! "o :o got possession ( ! neck w\ld c>ry x ov] into "s neighb\r+ field1 leave x !re1 & take to 8 heels z fa/ z he c\ld2 =1 if caught1 he _h a r\gh "t ( x4 ,! m5 :o caught him w\ld %ut him up 9 a b>n )\t food1 or belab\r him s\ndly1 or p]haps %oe him1 z x 0 call$1 beat+ ! soles ( 8 feet ) rods--a v sev]e & mu*-dread$ puni%m5t4 ,on my gr&fa!r's f>m ! man us$ to make = ! h\se z fa/ z possible1 & try to c>ry 9 ! neck4 ,! maids 7 on ! look-out = him1 & did _! be/ to dr5* him ) wat]4 ,if !y succe$$1 !y got ! pres5t ( half-a-cr[n1 :i* my gr&fa!r always gave1 & :i* 0 consid]$ a v lib]al pres5t inde$4 ,if ! man 0 successful 9 dodg+ ! maids1 & gett+ ! neck into ! h\se )\t receiv+ ! wett+1 ! half-cr[n became 84 ,! neck 0 !n hung up1 & kept until ! foll[+ ye>1 at any rate1 l ! bun*es ( fl[]s or b\ghs ga!r$ at ! ,/4 ,jean1 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,sometimes ! necks ( _m successive ye>s 7 to be f\nd hang+ up toge!r4 ,9 ^! two ways ( dispos+ ( ! neck "o sees ! embodim5t1 no d\bt1 ( ! two ways ( look+ at ! corn-_s1 z good 7to be kept7 or z bad 7to be pass$ on to ! neighb\r7407#hbc7 7,m#bbg7 ,9 ! =ego+ cu/oms a p>ticul> bun* ( e>s1 g5]ally ! la/ left /&+17#hbd7 is conceiv$ z ! neck ( ! corn-_s1 :o is consequ5tly behead$ :5 ! bun* is cut d[n4 ,simil>ly 9 ,%rop%ire ! "n 8neck10 or 8! g&]'s neck10 us$ to be commonly giv5 to ! la/ h&ful ( e>s left /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! field :5 all ! re/ ( ! corn 0 cut4 ,x 0 plait$ toge!r1 & ! reap]s1 /&+ t5 or tw5ty paces (f1 ?rew _! sickles at x4 ,:oev] cut x ?r\gh 0 said to h cut (f ! g&]'s neck4 ,! 8neck0 0 tak5 to ! f>m]'s wife1 :o 0 suppos$ to keep x 9 ! h\se = good luck till ! next h>ve/ came r\nd47#hbe7 ,ne> ,trves1 ! man :o reaps ! la/ /&+ corn 8cuts ! goat's neck (f407#hbf7 ,at ,faslane1 on ! ,g>elo* 7,dumb>ton%ire71 ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 0 sometimes call$ ! 8head407#hbg7 ,at ,auri*1 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 ! man :o reaps ! la/ corn 8cuts ! h>e's tail (f407#hbh7 ,9 m[+ d[n ! la/ corn] ( a field ,fr5* reap]s sometimes call out1 8,we h ! cat by ! tail407#hbi7 ,9 ,bresse 7,b\rgogne7 ! la/ %eaf repres5t$ ! fox4 ,beside x a score ( e>s 7 left /&+ to =m ! tail1 & ea* reap]1 go+ back "s paces1 ?rew 8 sickle at x4 ,he :o succe$$ 9 sev]+ x 8cut (f ! fox's tail10 & a cry ( 8,y c\ c\60 0 rais$ 9 8 hon\r47#hcj7 ,^! examples leave no room to d\bt ! mean+ ( ! ,devon%ire & ,corni% expression 8! neck10 z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf4 ,! corn-_s is conceiv$ 9 human or animal =m1 & ! la/ /&+ corn is "p ( its body--its neck1 its head1 or its tail4 ,sometimes1 z we h se51 ! la/ corn is reg>d$ z ! navel-/r+47#hca7 ,la/ly1 ! ,devon%ire cu/om ( dr5*+ ) wat] ! p]son :o br+s 9 8! neck0 is a ra9-*>m1 su* z we h _h _m examples (4 ,its p>allel 9 ! my/]ies ( ,osiris 0 ! cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! image ( ,osiris or on ! p]son :o repres5t$ him4 7,m#bbh7 ,9 ,g]many cries ( ,waul6 or ,wol6 or ,wld6 are sometimes rais$ by ! reap]s at cutt+ ! la/ corn4 ,?us 9 "s places ! la/ pat* ( /&+ rye 0 call$ ! ,waul-rye2 a /ick deck$ ) fl[]s 0 ins]t$ 9 x1 & ! e>s 7 fa/5$ to ! /ick4 ,!n all ! reap]s took (f _! hats & cri$ ?rice1 8,waul6 ,waul6 ,waul60 ,sometimes !y accompani$ ! cry by cla%+ ) _! :et/ones on _! scy!s47#hcb7 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,corn-,,_s ,,z ,,an ,,animal4 #a4 ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s4 7,m#bbi7 ,9 "s ( ! examples :i* ,i h cit$ to e/abli% ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8neck0 z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf1 ! corn-_s appe>s 9 animal =m z a g&]1 a goat1 a h>e1 a cat1 & a fox4 ,?is introduces u to a new aspect ( ! corn-_s1 :i* we mu/ n[ exam9e4 ,by do+ s we %all n only h fre% examples ( kill+ ! god1 b may hope also to cle> up "s po9ts :i* rema9 obscure 9 ! my?s & wor%ip ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,dionysus1 ,demet]1 & ,virbius4 7,m#bcj7 ,among/ ! _m animals ^: =ms ! corn-_s is suppos$ to take are ! wolf1 dog1 h>e1 fox1 cock1 goose1 quail1 cat1 goat1 c[ 7ox1 bull71 pig1 & horse4 ,9 "o or o!r ( ^! %apes ! corn-_s is (t5 believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! corn1 & to be caught or kill$ 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,z ! corn is be+ cut ! animal flees be=e ! reap]s1 & if a reap] is tak5 ill on ! field1 he is suppos$ to h /umbl$ unwitt+ly on ! corn-_s1 :o has ?us puni%$ ! pr(ane intrud]4 ,x is said 8! ,rye-wolf has got hold ( him10 8! ,h>ve/-goat has giv5 him a pu%40 ,! p]son :o cuts ! la/ corn or b9ds ! la/ %eaf gets ! "n ( ! animal1 z ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,rye-s[1 ! ,oats-goat1 & s =?1 & reta9s ! "n sometimes = a ye>4 ,also ! animal is frequ5tly repres5t$ by a puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf or ( wood1 fl[]s1 & s on1 :i* is c>ri$ home amid rejoic+s on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,ev5 :]e ! la/ %eaf is n made up 9 animal %ape1 x is (t5 call$ ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,h>e1 ,goat1 & s =?4 ,g5]ally ea* k9d ( crop is suppos$ to h its special animal1 :i* is caught 9 ! la/ %eaf1 & call$ ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,b>ley-wolf1 ! ,oats-wolf1 ! ,pea-wolf1 or ! ,potato-wolf1 accord+ to ! crop2 b sometimes ! figure ( ! animal is only made up once = all at gett+ 9 ! la/ crop ( ! :ole h>ve/4 ,sometimes ! creature is believ$ to be kill$ by ! la/ /roke ( ! sickle or scy!4 ,b (t5] x is ?\ght to live s long z !re is corn /ill un?re%$1 & to be caught 9 ! la/ %eaf ?re%$4 ,h5ce ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is told t he has got ! ,corn-s[1 ! ,?re%+-dog1 or ! l4 ,:5 ! ?re%+ is f9i%$1 a puppet is made 9 ! =m ( ! animal1 & ?is is c>ri$ by ! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf to a neighb\r+ f>m1 :]e ! ?re%+ is /ill go+ on4 ,?is aga9 %ews t ! corn-_s is believ$ to live :]ev] ! corn is /ill be+ ?re%$4 ,sometimes ! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf himself repres5ts ! animal2 & if ! p ( ! next f>m1 :o are /ill ?re%+1 cat* him1 !y treat him l ! animal he repres5ts1 by %utt+ him up 9 ! pig-/y1 call+ him ) ! cries commonly address$ to pigs1 & s =?47#hcc7 ,^! g5]al /atem5ts w n[ be illu/rat$ by examples4 #b4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,wolf or a ,dog4 7,m#bca7 ,we beg9 ) ! corn-_s conceiv$ z a wolf or a dog4 ,?is conception is common 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,slavonic c\ntries4 ,?us1 :5 ! w9d sets ! corn 9 wave-l motion ! peasants (t5 say1 8,! ,wolf is go+ ov]1 or ?r\gh1 ! corn10 8! ,rye-wolf is ru%+ ov] ! field10 8! ,wolf is 9 ! corn10 8! mad ,dog is 9 ! corn10 8! big ,dog is !re407#hcd7 ,:5 *ildr5 wi% to g into ! corn-fields to pluck e>s or ga!r ! blue corn-fl[]s1 !y are w>n$ n to d s1 = 8! big ,dog sits 9 ! corn10 or 8! ,wolf sits 9 ! corn1 & w te> y 9 pieces10 8! ,wolf w eat y40 ,! wolf aga9/ :om ! *ildr5 are w>n$ is n a common wolf1 = he is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,corn-wolf1 ,rye-wolf1 or ! l2 ?us !y say1 8,! ,rye-wolf w come & eat y up1 *ildr510 8! ,rye-wolf w c>ry y (f10 & s =?47#hce7 ,/ill he has all ! outw>d appe>ance ( a wolf4 ,= 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,feil5h( 7,ea/ ,prussia71 :5 a wolf 0 se5 runn+ ?r\gh a field1 ! peasants us$ to wat* :e!r he c>ri$ 8 tail 9 ! air or dragg$ x on ! gr\nd4 ,if he dragg$ x on ! gr\nd1 !y w5t aft] him1 & ?ank$ him = br++ !m a bless+1 & ev5 set tit-bits be=e him4 ,b if he c>ri$ 8 tail high1 !y curs$ him & tri$ to kill him4 ,"h ! wolf is ! corn-_s ^: f]tilis+ p[] is 9 8 tail47#hcf7 7,m#bcb7 ,bo? dog & wolf appe> z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s 9 h>ve/-cu/oms4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,:eat-dog or ! ,peas-pug47#hcg7 ,b x is 9 ! h>ve/-cu/oms ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,france t ! idea ( ! ,corn-dog comes out mo/ cle>ly4 ,?us :5 a h>ve/]1 ?r\gh sickness1 we>9ess1 or laz9ess1 _c or w n keep up ) ! reap] 9 front ( him1 !y say1 8,! ,:ite ,dog pass$ ne> him10 8he has ! ,:ite ,bit*10 or 8! ,:ite ,bit* has bitt5 him407#hch7 ,9 ! ,vosges ! ,h>ve/-,may is call$ ! 8,dog ( ! h>ve/107#hci7 & ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( hay or :eat is said to 8kill ! ,dog407#hdj7 ,ab\t ,lons-le-,saulni]1 9 ! ,jura1 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,bit*4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]dun ! regul> expression = f9i%+ ! reap+ is1 8,!y are go+ to kill ! ,dog02 & at ,ep9al !y say1 accord+ to ! crop1 8,we w kill ! ,:eat-dog1 or ! ,rye-dog1 or ! ,potato-dog407#hda7 ,9 ,lorra9e x is said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn1 8,he is kill+ ! ,dog ( ! h>ve/407#hdb7 ,at ,dux1 9 ! ,tyrol1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to 8/rike d[n ! ,dog027#hdc7 & at ,ahneb]g51 ne> ,/ade1 he is call$1 accord+ to ! crop1 ,corn-pug1 ,rye-pug1 ,:eat-pug47#hdd7 7,m#bcc7 ,s ) ! wolf4 ,9 ,silesia1 :5 ! reap]s ga!r r\nd ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn to reap x !y are said to be ab\t 8to cat* ! ,wolf407#hde7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,meckl5burg1 :]e ! belief 9 ! ,corn-wolf is p>ticul>ly preval5t1 e "o fe>s to cut ! la/ corn1 because !y say t ! ,wolf is sitt+ 9 x2 h5ce e reap] ex]ts himself to ! utmo/ 9 ord] n to be ! la/1 & e woman simil>ly fe>s to b9d ! la/ %eaf because 8! ,wolf is 9 x40 ,s bo? among ! reap]s & ! b9d]s !re is a competition n to be ! la/ to f9i%47#hdf7 ,& 9 ,g]many g5]ally x appe>s to be a common say+ t 8! ,wolf sits 9 ! la/ %eaf407#hdg7 ,9 "s places !y call out to ! reap]1 8,bew>e ( ! ,wolf02 or !y say1 8,he is *as+ ! ,wolf out ( ! corn407#hdh7 ,9 ,meckl5burg ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn is itself commonly call$ ! ,wolf1 & ! man :o reaps x 8has ! ,wolf10 ! animal be+ describ$ z ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,:eat-wolf1 ! ,b>ley-wolf1 & s on accord+ to ! p>ticul> crop4 ,! reap] ( ! la/ corn is himself call$ ,wolf or ! ,rye-wolf1 if ! crop is rye1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,meckl5burg he has to support ! "* by pret5d+ to bite ! o!r h>ve/]s or by h[l+ l a wolf47#hdi7 ,! la/ %eaf ( corn is also call$ ! ,wolf or ! ,rye-wolf or ! ,oats-wolf accord+ to ! crop1 & ( ! woman :o b9ds x !y say1 8,! ,wolf is bit+ h]10 8,%e has ! ,wolf10 8,%e mu/ fet* ! ,wolf0 7out ( ! corn74 ,moreov]1 %e h]self is call$ ,wolf2 !y cry out to h]1 8,?\ art ! ,wolf10 & %e has to be> ! "n = a :ole ye>2 sometimes1 accord+ to ! crop1 %e is call$ ! ,rye-wolf or ! ,potato-wolf47#hej7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,rg5 n only is ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf call$ ,wolf1 b :5 %e comes home %e bites ! lady ( ! h\se & ! /ew>dess1 = :i* %e receives a l>ge piece ( meat4 ,yet nobody likes to be ! ,wolf4 ,! same woman may be ,rye-wolf1 ,:eat-wolf1 & ,oats-wolf1 if %e happ5s to b9d ! la/ %eaf ( rye1 :eat1 & oats47#hea7 ,at ,buir1 9 ! di/rict ( ,cologne1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to give to ! la/ %eaf ! %ape ( a wolf4 ,x 0 kept 9 ! b>n till all ! corn 0 ?re%$4 ,!n x 0 br\ght to ! f>m] & he _h to spr9kle x ) be] or br&y47#heb7 ,at ,brun%aupt5 9 ,meckl5burg ! "y woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf ( :eat us$ to take a h&ful ( /alks out ( x & make 8! ,:eat-wolf0 ) !m2 x 0 ! figure ( a wolf ab\t two feet long & half a foot high1 ! legs ( ! animal be+ repres5t$ by /iff /alks & its tail & mane by :eat-e>s4 ,?is ,:eat-wolf %e c>ri$ back at ! head ( ! h>ve/]s to ! village1 :]e x 0 set up on a high place 9 ! p>l\r ( ! f>m & rema9$ !re = a long "t47#hec7 ,9 _m places ! %eaf call$ ! ,wolf is made up 9 human =m & dress$ 9 clo!s4 ,?is indicates a confusion ( ideas betwe5 ! corn-_s conceiv$ 9 human & 9 animal =m4 ,g5]ally ! ,wolf is br\ght home on ! la/ waggon ) joyful cries4 ,h5ce ! la/ waggon-load itself receives ! "n ( ! ,wolf47#hed7 7,m#bcd7 ,aga91 ! ,wolf is suppos$ to hide himself among/ ! cut corn 9 ! gran>y1 until he is driv5 out ( ! la/ bundle by ! /rokes ( ! flail4 ,h5ce at ,wanzleb51 ne> ,magdeburg1 aft] ! ?re%+ ! peasants g 9 procession1 lead+ by a *a9 a man :o is envelop$ 9 ! ?re%$-out /raw & is call$ ! ,wolf47#hee7 ,he repres5ts ! corn-_s :o has be5 caught escap+ f ! ?re%$ corn4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,treves x is believ$ t ! ,corn-wolf is kill$ at ?re%+4 ,! m5 ?re% ! la/ %eaf till x is r$uc$ to *opp$ /raw4 ,9 ?is way !y ?9k t ! ,corn-wolf1 :o 0 lurk+ 9 ! la/ %eaf1 has be5 c]ta9ly kill$47#hef7 7,m#bce7 ,9 ,france also ! ,corn-wolf appe>s at h>ve/4 ,?us !y call out to ! reap] ( ! la/ corn1 8,y w cat* ! ,wolf40 ,ne> ,*ambry !y =m a r+ r\nd ! la/ /&+ corn1 & cry1 8,! ,wolf is 9 !re40 ,9 ,f9i/]re1 :5 ! reap+ draws ne> an end1 ! h>ve/]s cry1 8,!re is ! ,wolf2 we w cat* him40 ,ea* takes a swa? to reap1 & he :o f9i%es fir/ calls out1 8,i've caught ! ,wolf407#heg7 ,9 ,guy5ne1 :5 ! la/ corn has be5 reap$1 !y lead a we!r all r\nd ! field4 ,x is call$ 8! ,wolf ( ! field40 ,its horns are deck$ ) a wrea? ( fl[]s & corn-e>s1 & its neck & body are also encircl$ ) g>l&s & ribbons4 ,all ! reap]s m>*1 s++1 beh9d x4 ,!n x is kill$ on ! field4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,france ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! c\j\lage1 :i*1 9 ! patois1 means a we!r4 ,h5ce ! kill+ ( ! we!r repres5ts ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 consid]$ z pres5t 9 ! la/ %eaf2 b two diff]5t conceptions ( ! corn-_s--z a wolf & z a we!r--are mix$ up toge!r47#heh7 7,m#bcf7 ,sometimes x appe>s to be ?\ght t ! ,wolf1 caught 9 ! la/ corn1 lives dur+ ! w9t] 9 ! f>mh\se1 ready to r5ew 8 activity z corn-_s 9 ! spr+4 ,h5ce at midw9t]1 :5 ! l5g!n+ days beg9 to h]ald ! approa* ( spr+1 ! ,wolf makes 8 appe>ance once m4 ,9 ,pol& a man1 ) a wolf's sk9 ?r[n ov] 8 head1 is l$ ab\t at ,*ri/mas2 or a /uff$ wolf is c>ri$ ab\t by p]sons :o collect money47#hei7 ,!re are facts :i* po9t to an old cu/om ( lead+ ab\t a man envelop$ 9 leaves & call$ ! ,wolf1 :ile 8 conductors collect$ money47#hfj7 #c4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cock4 7,m#bcg7 ,ano!r =m :i* ! corn-_s (t5 assumes is t ( a cock4 ,9 ,au/ria *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 ! corn-fields1 because ! ,corn-cock sits !re1 & w peck _! eyes out47#hfa7 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many !y say t 8! ,cock sits 9 ! la/ %eaf02 & at cutt+ ! la/ corn ! reap]s cry1 8,n[ we w *ase out ! ,cock40 ,:5 x is cut !y say1 8,we h caught ! ,cock407#hfb7 ,at ,brall]1 9 ,transylvania1 :5 ! reap]s come to ! la/ pat* ( corn1 !y cry1 8,"h we %all cat* ! ,cock407#hfc7 ,at ,fr/5walde1 :5 ! la/ %eaf is ab\t to be b\nd1 ! ma/] releases a cock1 :i* he has br\ght 9 a basket1 & lets x run ov] ! field4 ,all ! h>ve/]s *ase x till !y cat* x4 ,else:]e ! h>ve/]s all try to seize ! la/ corn cut2 he :o succe$s 9 grasp+ x mu/ cr[1 & is call$ ,cock47#hfd7 ,among ! ,w5ds x is or us$ to be cu/om>y = ! f>m] to hide a live cock "u ! la/ %eaf z x lay on ! field2 & :5 ! corn 0 be+ ga!r$ up1 ! h>ve/] :o light$ ^u ?is %eaf _h a "r to keep ! cock1 provid$ he c\ld cat* x4 ,?is =m$ ! close ( ! h>ve/-fe/ival & 0 kn[n z 8! ,cock-cat*+10 & ! be] :i* 0 s]v$ out to ! reap]s at ?is "t w5t by ! "n ( 8,cock-be]407#hfe7 ,! la/ %eaf is call$ ,cock1 ,cock-%eaf1 ,h>ve/-cock1 ,h>ve/-h51 ,autumn-h54 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 a ,:eat-cock1 ,bean-cock1 & s on1 accord+ to ! crop47#hff7 ,at ,wns*5suhl1 9 ,?r+51 ! la/ %eaf is made into ! %ape ( a cock1 & call$ ! ,h>ve/-cock47#hfg7 ,a figure ( a cock1 made ( wood1 pa/ebo>d1 e>s ( corn1 or fl[]s1 is borne 9 front ( ! h>ve/-waggon1 especially 9 ,we/phalia1 :]e ! cock c>ries 9 8 beak fruits ( ! e>? ( all k9ds4 ,sometimes ! image ( ! cock is fa/5$ to ! top ( a ,may-tree on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,else:]e a live cock1 or a figure ( "o1 is atta*$ to a h>ve/-cr[n & c>ri$ on a pole4 ,9 ,galicia & else:]e ?is live cock is fa/5$ to ! g>l& ( corn-e>s or fl[]s1 :i* ! lead] ( ! wom5-reap]s c>ries on h] head z %e m>*es 9 front ( ! h>ve/ procession47#hfh7 ,9 ,silesia a live cock is pres5t$ to ! ma/] on a plate4 ,! h>ve/-supp] is call$ ,h>ve/-cock1 ,/ubble-cock1 etc41 & a *ief di% at x1 at lea/ 9 "s places1 is a cock47#hfi7 ,if a waggon] upsets a h>ve/-waggon1 x is said t 8he has spilt ! ,h>ve/ cock10 & he loses ! cock1 t is1 ! h>ve/-supp]47#hgj7 ,! h>ve/-waggon1 ) ! figure ( ! cock on x1 is driv5 r\nd ! f>mh\se be=e x is tak5 to ! b>n4 ,!n ! cock is nail$ ov] or at ! side ( ! h\se-door1 or on ! gable1 & rema9s !re till next h>ve/47#hga7 ,9 ,ea/ ,friesl& ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! ,cluck+-h51 & gra9 is /rew$ be=e him z if he 7 a h547#hgb7 7,m#bch7 ,aga91 ! corn-_s is kill$ 9 ! =m ( a cock4 ,9 p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 & ,pic>dy ! reap]s place a live cock 9 ! corn :i* is to be cut la/1 & *ase x ov] ! field1 or bury x up to ! neck 9 ! gr\nd2 aft]w>ds !y /rike (f its head ) a sickle or scy!47#hgc7 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,we/phalia1 :5 ! h>ve/]s br+ ! wood5 cock to ! f>m]1 he gives !m a live cock1 :i* !y kill ) :ips or /icks1 or behead ) an old sword1 or ?r[ into ! b>n to ! girls1 or give to ! mi/ress to cook4 ,if ! h>ve/-cock has n be5 spilt--t is1 if no waggon has be5 upset--! h>ve/]s h ! "r to kill ! f>my>d cock by ?r[+ /ones at x or behead+ x4 ,:]e ?is cu/om has fall5 into disuse1 x is /ill common = ! f>m]'s wife to make cockie-leekie = ! h>ve/]s1 & to %ew !m ! head ( ! cock :i* has be5 kill$ = ! s\p47#hgd7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,klaus5burg1 ,transylvania1 a cock is buri$ on ! h>ve/-field 9 ! e>?1 s t only its head appe>s4 ,a "y man !n takes a scy! & cuts (f ! cock's head at a s+le sweep4 ,if he fails to d ?is1 he is call$ ! ,r$ ,cock = a :ole ye>1 & p fe> t next ye>'s crop w be bad47#hge7 ,ne> ,udv>hely1 9 ,transylvania1 a live cock is b\nd up 9 ! la/ %eaf & kill$ ) a spit4 ,x is !n sk9n$4 ,! fle% is ?r[n away1 b ! sk9 & fea!rs are kept till next ye>2 & 9 spr+ ! gra9 f ! la/ %eaf is mix$ ) ! fea!rs ( ! cock & scatt]$ on ! field :i* is to be till$47#hgf7 ,no?+ c\ld set 9 a cle>] light ! id5tification ( ! cock ) ! _s ( ! corn4 ,by be+ ti$ up 9 ! la/ %eaf & kill$1 ! cock is id5tifi$ ) ! corn1 & its dea? ) ! cutt+ ( ! corn4 ,by keep+ its fea!rs till spr+1 !n mix+ !m ) ! se$-corn tak5 f ! v %eaf 9 :i* ! bird _h be5 b\nd1 & scatt]+ ! fea!rs toge!r ) ! se$ ov] ! field1 ! id5tity ( ! bird ) ! corn is aga9 emphasis$1 & its quick5+ & f]tilis+ p[]1 z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 is intimat$ 9 ! pla9e/ mann]4 ,?us ! corn-_s1 9 ! =m ( a cock1 is kill$ at h>ve/1 b rises to fre% life & activity 9 spr+4 ,aga91 ! equival5ce ( ! cock to ! corn is express$1 h>dly less pla9ly1 9 ! cu/om ( bury+ ! bird 9 ! gr\nd1 & cutt+ (f its head 7l ! e>s ( corn7 ) ! scy!4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,h>e4 7,m#bci7 ,ano!r common embodim5t ( ! corn-_s is ! h>e47#hgg7 ,9 ,gall[ay ! reap+ ( ! la/ /&+ corn is call$ 8cutt+ ! ,h>e40 ,! mode ( cutt+ x is z foll[s4 ,:5 ! re/ ( ! corn has be5 reap$1 a h&ful is left /&+ to =m ! ,h>e4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts & plait$1 & ! e>s are ti$ 9 a knot4 ,! reap]s !n retire a few y>ds & ea* ?r[s 8 or h] sickle 9 turn at ! ,h>e to cut x d[n4 ,x mu/ be cut bel[ ! knot1 & ! reap]s cont9ue to ?r[ _! sickles at x1 "o aft] ! o!r1 until "o ( !m succe$s 9 sev]+ ! /alks bel[ ! knot4 ,! ,h>e is !n c>ri$ home & giv5 to a maids]vant 9 ! kit*51 :o places x ov] ! kit*5-door on ! inside4 ,sometimes ! ,h>e us$ to be ?us kept till ! next h>ve/4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,m9nigaff1 :5 ! ,h>e 0 cut1 ! unm>ri$ reap]s ran home ) all spe$1 & ! "o :o arriv$ fir/ 0 ! fir/ to be m>ri$47#hgh7 ,9 ,s\!rn ,ayr%ire ! la/ corn cut is also call$ ! ,h>e1 & ! mode ( cutt+ x seems to be ! same z 9 ,gall[ay2 at lea/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kilm>nock ! la/ corn left /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! field is plait$1 & ! reap]s us$ to try to cut x by ?r[+ _! sickles at x4 ,:5 cut1 x 0 c>ri$ home & hung up ov] ! door47#hgi7 ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( hay or :eat is sometimes said to h caught ! ,h>e2 he is congratulat$ by 8 comrades & has ! hon\r ( c>ry+ ! nosegay or ! small fir-tree decorat$ ) ribbons :i* m>ks ! conclusion ( ! h>ve/47#hhj7 ,9 ,g]many also "o ( ! names = ! la/ %eaf is ! ,h>e47#hha7 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,anhalt1 :5 ! corn has be5 reap$ & only a few /alks are left /&+1 !y say1 8,! ,h>e w soon come10 or ! reap]s cry to ea* o!r1 8,look h[ ! ,h>e comes jump+ out407#hhb7 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia !y say t ! ,h>e sits 9 ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn1 & mu/ be *as$ out by ! la/ reap]4 ,! reap]s hurry ) _! "w1 ea* be+ anxi\s n to h 8to *ase out ! ,h>e02 = ! man :o does s1 t is1 :o cuts ! la/ corn1 is mu* laugh$ at47#hhc7 ,at ,birk1 9 ,transylvania1 :5 ! reap]s come to ! la/ pat*1 !y cry out1 8,we h ! ,h>e407#hhd7 ,at ,auri*1 z we h se517#hhe7 an expression = cutt+ ! la/ corn is 8to cut (f ! ,h>e's tail40 8,he is kill+ ! ,h>e0 is commonly said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn 9 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ,italy47#hhf7 ,9 ,norway ! man :o is ?us said to 8kill ! ,h>e0 mu/ give 8h>e's blood0 9 ! =m ( br&y1 to 8 fell[s to dr9k47#hhg7 ,9 ,lesbos1 :5 ! reap]s are at "w 9 two neighb\r+ fields1 ea* p>ty tries to f9i% fir/ 9 ord] to drive ! ,h>e into _! neighb\r's field2 ! reap]s :o succe$ 9 do+ s believe t next ye> ! crop w be bett]4 ,a small %eaf ( corn is made up & kept beside ! holy picture till next h>ve/47#hhh7 #e4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cat4 7,m#bdj7 ,aga91 ! corn-_s sometimes takes ! =m ( a cat4 ,ne> ,kiel *ildr5 are w>n$ n to g into ! corn-fields because 8! ,cat sits !re40 ,9 ! ,eis5a* ,ob]l& !y are told 8! ,corn-cat w come & fet* y10 8! ,corn-cat goes 9 ! corn40 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia at m[+ ! la/ corn !y say1 8,! ,cat is caught02 & at ?re%+1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke is call$ ! ,cat4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lyons ! la/ %eaf & ! h>ve/-supp] are bo? call$ ! ,cat4 ,ab\t ,ves\l :5 !y cut ! la/ corn !y say1 8,we h ! ,cat by ! tail40 ,at ,brianon1 9 ,dauph91 at ! beg9n+ ( reap+ a cat is deck$ out ) ribbons1 fl[]s1 & e>s ( corn4 ,x is call$ ! ,cat ( ! ball-sk9 7le *at de peau de balle74 ,if a reap] is w\nd$ at 8 "w1 !y make ! cat lick ! w\nd4 ,at ! close ( ! reap+ ! cat is aga9 deck$ out ) ribbons & e>s ( corn2 !n !y dance & make m]ry4 ,:5 ! dance is ov] ! girls solemnly /rip ! cat ( its f9]y4 ,at ,grneb]g1 9 ,silesia1 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ corn goes by ! "n ( ! ,tom-cat4 ,he is envelop$ 9 rye-/alks & gre5 )es1 & is furni%$ ) a long plait$ tail4 ,sometimes z a companion he has a man simil>ly dress$1 :o is call$ ! 7female7 ,cat4 ,_! duty is to run aft] p :om !y see & to beat !m ) a long /ick4 ,ne> ,ami5s ! expression = f9i%+ ! h>ve/ is1 8,!y are go+ to kill ! ,cat02 & :5 ! la/ corn is cut !y kill a cat 9 ! f>my>d4 ,at ?re%+1 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 a live cat is plac$ "u ! la/ bundle ( corn to be ?re%$1 & is /ruck dead ) ! flails4 ,!n on ,sunday x is roa/$ & eat5 z a holiday di%47#hhi7 ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s ! close ( haymak+ or h>ve/ is call$ 8cat*+ ! cat10 8kill+ ! dog10 or m r>ely 8cat*+ ! h>e40 ,! cat1 ! dog1 or ! h>e is said to be fat or lean accord+ z ! crop is good or bad4 ,! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( hay or ( :eat is said to cat* ! cat or ! h>e or to kill ! dog4 ,he is congratulat$ by 8 comrades & has ! hon\r ( c>ry+ ! nosegay or r ! small fir-tree deck$ ) ribbons :i* m>ks ! end ( ! haymak+ or ( ! h>ve/47#hij7 ,9 ,fran*e-,comt also ! close ( h>ve/ is call$ 8cat*+ or kill+ ! cat407#hia7 #f4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,goat4 7,m#bda7 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s (t5 appe>s 9 ! =m ( a goat4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,prussia1 :5 ! corn b5ds be=e ! w9d1 !y say1 8,! ,goats are *as+ ea* o!r10 8! w9d is driv+ ! ,goats ?r\gh ! corn10 8! ,goats are br[s+ !re10 & !y expect a v good h>ve/4 ,aga9 !y say1 8,! ,oats-goat is sitt+ 9 ! oats-field10 8! ,corn-goat is sitt+ 9 ! rye-field407#hib7 ,*ildr5 are w>n$ n to g into ! corn-fields to pluck ! blue corn-fl[]s1 or among/ ! beans to pluck pods1 because ! ,rye-goat1 ! ,corn-goat1 ! ,oats-goat1 or ! ,bean-goat is sitt+ or ly+ !re1 & w c>ry !m away or kill !m47#hic7 ,:5 a h>ve/] is tak5 sick or lags beh9d 8 fell[s at _! "w1 !y call out1 8,! ,h>ve/-goat has pu%$ him10 8he has be5 pu%$ by ! ,corn-goat407#hid7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,braunsb]g 7,ea/ ,prussia7 at b9d+ ! oats e h>ve/] makes ha/e 8le/ ! ,corn-goat pu% him40 ,at ,oefot51 9 ,norway1 ea* reap] has 8 allott$ pat* to reap4 ,:5 a reap] 9 ! middle has n f9i%$ reap+ 8 piece aft] 8 neighb\rs h f9i%$ !irs1 !y say ( him1 8,he rema9s on ! isl&40 ,& if ! lagg>d is a man1 !y imitate ! cry ) :i* !y call a he-goat2 if a woman1 ! cry ) :i* !y call a %e-goat47#hie7 ,ne> ,/raub+1 9 ,l[] ,bav>ia1 x is said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn t 8he has ! ,corn-goat1 or ! ,:eat-goat1 or ! ,oats-goat10 accord+ to ! crop4 ,moreov]1 two horns are set up on ! la/ heap ( corn1 & x is call$ 8! horn$ ,goat40 ,at ,kreutzburg1 ,ea/ ,prussia1 !y call out to ! woman :o is b9d+ ! la/ %eaf1 8,! ,goat is sitt+ 9 ! %eaf407#hif7 ,at ,gabl+51 9 ,swabia1 :5 ! la/ field ( oats ^u a f>m is be+ reap$1 ! reap]s c>ve a goat out ( wood4 ,e>s ( oats are ins]t$ 9 its no/rils & m\?1 & x is adorn$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s4 ,x is set up on ! field & call$ ! ,oats-goat4 ,:5 ! reap+ approa*es an end1 ea* reap] ha/5s to f9i% 8 piece fir/2 he :o is ! la/ to f9i% gets ! ,oats-goat47#hig7 ,aga91 ! la/ %eaf is itself call$ ! ,goat4 ,?us1 9 ! valley ( ! ,wies5t1 ,bav>ia1 ! la/ %eaf b\nd on ! field is call$ ! ,goat1 & !y h a prov]b1 8,! field mu/ be> a goat407#hih7 ,at ,spa*brck51 9 ,hesse1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn :i* is cut is call$ ! ,goat1 & ! man :o cuts x is mu* ridicul$47#hii7 ,at ,drr5b*ig & ab\t ,mosba* 9 ,bad5 ! la/ %eaf is also call$ ! ,goat47#ijj7 ,sometimes ! la/ %eaf is made up 9 ! =m ( a goat1 & !y say1 8,! ,goat is sitt+ 9 x407#ija7 ,aga91 ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,goat4 ,?us1 9 p>ts ( ,meckl5burg !y call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 8,y are ! ,h>ve/-goat40 ,ne> ,uelz51 9 ,hanov]1 ! h>ve/ fe/ival beg9s ) 8! br++ ( ! ,h>ve/-goat02 t is1 ! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf is wrapt 9 /raw1 cr[n$ ) a h>ve/-wrea?1 & br\ght 9 a :eelb>r[ to ! village1 :]e a r\nd dance takes place4 ,ab\t ,luneburg1 also1 ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ corn is deck$ ) a cr[n ( corn-e>s & is call$ ! ,corn-goat47#ijb7 ,at ,mnze%eim 9 ,bad5 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn or oats is call$ ! ,corn-goat or ! ,oats-goat47#ijc7 ,9 ! ,canton ,/4 ,gall1 ,switz]l&1 ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn on ! field1 or drives ! la/ h>ve/-waggon to ! b>n1 is call$ ! ,corn-goat or ! ,rye-goat1 or simply ! ,goat47#ijd7 ,9 ! ,canton ,?urgau he is call$ ,corn-goat2 l a goat he has a bell hung r\nd 8 neck1 is l$ 9 triumph1 & dr5*$ ) liquor4 ,9 p>ts ( ,/yria1 also1 ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn is call$ ,corn-goat1 ,oats-goat1 or ! l4 ,z a rule1 ! man :o ?us gets ! "n ( ,corn-goat has to be> x a :ole ye> till ! next h>ve/47#ije7 7,m#bdb7 ,accord+ to "o view1 ! corn-_s1 :o has be5 caught 9 ! =m ( a goat or o!rwise1 lives 9 ! f>mh\se or b>n ov] w9t]4 ,?us1 ea* f>m has its own embodim5t ( ! corn-_s4 ,b1 accord+ to ano!r view1 ! corn-_s is ! g5ius or deity1 n ( ! corn ( "o f>m only1 b ( all ! corn4 ,h5ce :5 ! corn on "o f>m is all cut1 he flees to ano!r :]e !re is /ill corn left /&+4 ,?is idea is br\ght out 9 a h>ve/-cu/om :i* 0 =m]ly obs]v$ 9 ,skye4 ,! f>m] :o fir/ f9i%$ reap+ s5t a man or woman ) a %eaf to a neighb\r+ f>m] :o _h n f9i%$2 ! latt] 9 8 turn1 :5 he _h f9i%$1 s5t on ! %eaf to 8 neighb\r :o 0 /ill reap+2 & s ! %eaf made ! r\nd ( ! f>ms till all ! corn 0 cut4 ,! %eaf 0 call$ ! goabbir bhacagh1 t is1 ! ,cripple ,goat47#ijf7 ,! cu/om appe>s n to be ext9ct at ! pres5t day1 = x 0 report$ f ,skye only a few ye>s ago4 ,we are told t :5 ! cr(t]s & small f>m]s are cutt+ d[n _! corn1 ea* tries 8 be/ to f9i% be=e 8 neighb\r4 ,! fir/ to f9i% goes to 8 neighb\r's field & makes up at "o end ( x a bundle ( %eaves 9 a fanciful %ape :i* goes by ! "n ( ! gobh> bhaca* or ,lame ,goat4 ,z ea* man 9 succession f9i%es reap+ 8 field1 he proce$s to set up a lame goat ( ?is sort 9 8 neighb\r's field :]e !re is /ill corn /&+4 ,no "o likes to h ! ,lame ,goat put 9 8 field1 8n f any ill-luck x br+s1 b because x is humiliat+ to h x /&+ !re visible to all neighb\rs & pass]s-by1 & ( c\rse he _c retaliate407#ijg7 ,! corn-_s 0 probably ?us repres5t$ z lame because he _h be5 crippl$ by ! cutt+ ( ! corn4 ,we h se5 t sometimes ! old woman :o br+s home ! la/ %eaf mu/ limp on "o foot47#ijh7 ,9 ! ,bhm] ,wald m\nta9s1 betwe5 ,bohemia & ,bav>ia1 :5 two peasants are driv+ home _! corn toge!r1 !y race aga9/ ea* o!r to see :o %all get home fir/4 ,! village boys m>k ! los] 9 ! race1 & at night !y come & erect on ! ro( ( 8 h\se ! ,oats-goat1 :i* is a colossal figure ( a goat made ( /raw47#iji7 7,m#bdc7 ,b sometimes ! corn-_s1 9 ! =m ( a goat1 is believ$ to be sla9 on ! h>ve/-field by ! sickle or scy!4 ,?us1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]nka/el1 on ! ,moselle1 ! reap]s det]m9e by lot ! ord] 9 :i* !y %all foll[ ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! =e-reap]1 ! la/ ! tail-be>]4 ,if a reap] ov]takes ! man 9 front he reaps pa/ him1 b5d+ r\nd s z to leave ! sl[] reap] 9 a pat* by himself4 ,?is pat* is call$ ! ,goat2 & ! man = :om 8! ,goat is cut0 9 ?is way1 is laugh$ & je]$ at by 8 fell[s = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,:5 ! tail-be>] cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn1 x is said1 8,he is cutt+ ! ,goat's neck (f407#iaj7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gr5oble1 be=e ! end ( ! reap+1 a live goat is adorn$ ) fl[]s & ribbons & all[$ to run ab\t ! field4 ,! reap]s *ase x & try to cat* x4 ,:5 x is caught1 ! f>m]'s wife holds x fa/ :ile ! f>m] cuts (f its head4 ,! goat's fle% s]ves to furni% ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,a piece ( ! fle% is pickl$ & kept till ! next h>ve/1 :5 ano!r goat is kill$4 ,!n all ! h>ve/]s eat ( ! fle%4 ,on ! same day ! sk9 ( ! goat is made into a cloak1 :i* ! f>m]1 :o works ) 8 m51 mu/ always we> at h>ve/-"t if ra9 or bad wea!r sets 94 ,b if a reap] gets pa9s 9 8 back1 ! f>m] gives him ! goat-sk9 to we>47#iaa7 ,! reason = ?is seems to be t ! pa9s 9 ! back1 be+ inflict$ by ! corn-_s1 c also be heal$ by x4 ,simil>ly1 we saw t else:]e1 :5 a reap] is w\nd$ at reap+1 a cat1 z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 is made to lick ! w\nd47#iab7 ,e/honian reap]s 9 ! isl& ( ,mon ?9k t ! man :o cuts ! fir/ e>s ( corn at h>ve/ w get pa9s 9 8 back17#iac7 probably because ! corn-_s is believ$ to res5t especially ! fir/ w\nd2 &1 9 ord] to escape pa9s 9 ! back1 ,saxon reap]s 9 ,transylvania gird _! lo9s ) ! fir/ h&ful ( e>s :i* !y cut47#iad7 ,"h1 aga91 ! corn-_s is appli$ to = heal+ or protection1 b 9 8 orig9al vegetable =m1 n 9 ! =m ( a goat or a cat4 7,m#bdd7 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s "u ! =m ( a goat is sometimes conceiv$ z lurk+ among ! cut corn 9 ! b>n1 till he is driv5 f x by ! ?re%+-flail4 ,?us 9 ,bad5 ! la/ %eaf to be ?re%$ is call$ ! ,corn-goat1 ! ,spelt-goat1 or ! ,oats-goat accord+ to ! k9d ( gra947#iae7 ,aga91 ne> ,m>ktl1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 ! %eaves are call$ ,/raw-goats or simply ,goats4 ,!y are laid 9 a great heap on ! op5 field & ?re%$ by two r[s ( m5 /&+ opposite ea* o!r1 :o1 z !y ply _! flails1 s+ a song 9 :i* !y say t !y see ! ,/raw-goat among/ ! corn-/alks4 ,! la/ ,goat1 t is1 ! la/ %eaf1 is adorn$ ) a wrea? ( violets & o!r fl[]s & ) cakes /rung toge!r4 ,x is plac$ "r 9 ! middle ( ! heap4 ,"s ( ! ?re%]s ru% at x & te> ! be/ ( x out2 o!rs lay on ) _! flails s recklessly t heads are sometimes brok54 ,9 ?re%+ ?is la/ %eaf1 ea* man ca/s up to ! man opposite him ! misde$s ( :i* he has be5 guilty ?r\gh\t ! ye>47#iaf7 ,at ,ob]9ntal1 9 ! ,tyrol1 ! la/ ?re%] is call$ ,goat47#iag7 ,s at ,haselb]g1 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ oats is call$ ! ,oats-goat47#iah7 ,at ,tettnang1 9 ,wrtemburg1 ! ?re%] :o gives ! la/ /roke to ! la/ bundle ( corn be=e x is turn$ goes by ! "n ( ! ,he-goat1 & x is said1 8,he has driv5 ! ,he-goat away40 ,! p]son :o1 aft] ! bundle has be5 turn$1 gives ! la/ /roke ( all1 is call$ ! ,%e-goat47#iai7 ,9 ?is cu/om x is impli$ t ! corn is inhabit$ by a pair ( corn-spirits1 male & female4 7,m#bde7 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s1 captur$ 9 ! =m ( a goat at ?re%+1 is pass$ on to a neighb\r ^: ?re%+ is n yet f9i%$4 ,9 ,fran*e ,comt1 z soon z ! ?re%+ is ov]1 ! "y p set up a /raw figure ( a goat on ! f>my>d ( a neighb\r :o is /ill ?re%+4 ,he mu/ give !m w9e or money 9 return4 ,at ,ellwang51 9 ,wrtemburg1 ! effigy ( a goat is made out ( ! la/ bundle ( corn at ?re%+2 f\r /icks =m its legs1 & two its horns4 ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail mu/ c>ry ! ,goat to ! b>n ( a neighb\r :o is /ill ?re%+ & ?r[ x d[n on ! floor2 if he is caught 9 ! act1 !y tie ! goat on 8 back47#ibj7 ,a simil> cu/om is obs]v$ at ,ind]sdorf1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia2 ! man :o ?r[s ! /raw ,goat into ! neighb\r's b>n imitates ! bleat+ ( a goat2 if !y cat* him1 !y black5 8 face & tie ! ,goat on 8 back47#iba7 ,at ,zab]n1 9 ,elsace1 :5 a f>m] is a week or m beh9d 8 neighb\rs ) 8 ?re%+1 !y set a real /uff$ goat or fox be=e 8 door47#ibb7 7,m#bdf7 ,sometimes ! _s ( ! corn 9 goat =m is believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,traun/e91 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 !y ?9k t ! ,oats-goat is 9 ! la/ %eaf ( oats4 ,he is repres5t$ by an old rake set up on end1 ) an old pot = a head4 ,! *ildr5 are !n told to kill ! ,oats-goat47#ibc7 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a goat is app>5tly ?\ght to live 9 ! field ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,h5ce at ,wannefeld ne> ,g>deleg51 & also betwe5 ,calbe & ,salzw$el1 9 ! ,altm>k1 ! la/ /alks us$ to be left uncut on ! h>ve/-field ) ! words1 8,t %all ! ,he-goat keep60 ,evid5tly ! la/ corn 0 "h left z a provision = ! corn-_s1 le/1 robb$ ( all 8 sub/ance1 he %\ld die ( hung]4 ,a /rang] pass+ a h>ve/-field is sometimes tak5 = ! ,corn-goat escap+ 9 human %ape f ! cut or ?re%$ gra94 ,?us1 :5 a /rang] passes a h>ve/-field1 all ! lab\r]s /op & %\t z ) "o voice1 8,he-goat6 ,he-goat60 ,at rape-se$ ?re%+ 9 ,s*leswig1 :i* is g5]ally done on ! field1 ! same cry is rais$ if ! /rang] does n take (f 8 hat47#ibd7 7,m#bdg7 ,at s[+ _! w9t] corn ! old ,prussians us$ to kill a goat1 consume its fle% ) _m sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 & hang ! sk9 on a high pole ne> an oak & a l>ge /one4 ,!re x rema9$ till h>ve/1 :5 a great bun* ( corn & h]bs 0 fa/5$ to ! pole above ! goat-sk94 ,!n1 aft] a pray] _h be5 (f]$ by a peasant :o act$ z prie/ 7,weidulut71 ! "y folks jo9$ h&s & danc$ r\nd ! oak & ! pole4 ,aft]w>ds !y scrambl$ = ! bun* ( corn1 & ! prie/ di/ribut$ ! h]bs ) a sp>+ h&4 ,!n he plac$ ! goat-sk9 on ! l>ge /one1 sat d[n on x1 & prea*$ to ! p ab\t ! hi/ory ( _! =efa!rs & _! old hea!n cu/oms & beliefs47#ibe7 ,! goat-sk9 ?us susp5d$ on ! field f s[+ "t to h>ve/ p]haps repres5ts ! corn-_s sup]9t5d+ ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,! ,tomori ( ,c5tral ,celebes imag9e t ! spirits :i* cause rice to gr[ h ! =m ( great goats ) long hair & long lips47#ibf7 #g4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bull1 ,c[1 or ,ox4 7,m#bdh7 ,ano!r =m :i* ! corn-_s (t5 assumes is t ( a bull1 c[1 or ox4 ,:5 ! w9d sweeps ov] ! corn !y say at ,conitz1 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 8,! ,/e] is runn+ 9 ! corn027#ibg7 :5 ! corn is ?ick & /rong 9 "o spot1 !y say 9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 8,! ,bull is ly+ 9 ! corn40 ,:5 a h>ve/] has ov]/ra9$ & lam$ himself1 !y say 9 ! ,graud5z di/rict ( ,we/ ,prussia1 8,! ,bull pu%$ him02 9 ,lo?r+5 !y say1 8,he has ! ,bull40 ,! mean+ ( bo? expressions is t he has unwitt+ly light$ ^u ! div9e corn-_s1 :o has puni%$ ! pr(ane intrud] ) lam5ess47#ibh7 ,s ne> ,*ambry :5 a reap] w\nds himself ) 8 sickle1 x is said t he has 8! w\nd ( ! ,ox407#ibi7 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,bunzlau 7,silesia7 ! la/ %eaf is sometimes made into ! %ape ( a horn$ ox1 /uff$ ) t[ & wrapt 9 corn-e>s4 ,?is figure is call$ ! ,old ,man4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia ! la/ %eaf is made up 9 human =m & call$ ! ,buffalo-bull47#icj7 ,^! cases %ew a confusion ( ! human ) ! animal %ape ( ! corn-_s4 ,! confusion is l t ( kill+ a we!r "u ! "n ( a wolf47#ica7 ,9 ! ,canton ( ,?urgau1 ,switz]l&1 ! la/ %eaf1 if x is a l>ge "o1 is call$ ! ,c[47#icb7 ,all ov] ,swabia ! la/ bundle ( corn on ! field is call$ ! ,c[2 ! man :o cuts ! la/ e>s 8has ! ,c[10 & is himself call$ ,c[ or ,b>ley-c[ or ,oats-c[1 accord+ to ! crop2 at ! h>ve/-supp] he gets a nosegay ( fl[]s & corn-e>s & a m lib]al all[ance ( dr9k ?an ! re/4 ,b he is teas$ & laugh$ at2 s no "o likes to be ! ,c[47#icc7 ,! ,c[ 0 sometimes repres5t$ by ! figure ( a woman made out ( e>s ( corn & corn-fl[]s4 ,x 0 c>ri$ to ! f>mh\se by ! man :o _h cut ! la/ h&ful ( corn4 ,! *ildr5 ran aft] him & ! neighb\rs turn$ out to laugh at him1 till ! f>m] took ! ,c[ f him47#icd7 ,"h aga9 ! confusion betwe5 ! human & ! animal =m ( ! corn-_s is app>5t4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,switz]l& ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn is call$ ,:eat-c[1 ,corn-c[1 ,oats-c[1 or ,corn-/e]1 & is ! butt ( _m a joke47#ice7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 :5 a few e>s ( corn h be5 left /&+ by inadv]t5ce on ! la/ swa?1 ! =emo/ reap] seizes !m & cries1 8,bull6 ,bull607#icf7 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ros5heim1 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 :5 a f>m] is lat] ( gett+ 9 8 h>ve/ ?an 8 neighb\rs1 !y set up on 8 l& a ,/raw-bull1 z x is call$4 ,?is is a gigantic figure ( a bull made ( /ubble on a framework ( wood & adorn$ ) fl[]s & leaves4 ,atta*$ to x is a label on :i* are scrawl$ dogg]el v]ses 9 ridicule ( ! man on ^: l& ! ,/raw-bull is set up47#icg7 7,m#bdi7 ,aga91 ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a bull or ox is kill$ on ! h>ve/-field at ! close ( ! reap+4 ,at ,p\illy1 ne> ,dijon1 :5 ! la/ e>s ( corn are ab\t to be cut1 an ox adorn$ ) ribbons1 fl[]s1 & e>s ( corn is l$ all r\nd ! field1 foll[$ by ! :ole troop ( reap]s danc+4 ,!n a man disguis$ z ! ,devil cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn & imm$iately slaught]s ! ox4 ,"p ( ! fle% ( ! animal is eat5 at ! h>ve/-supp]2 "p is pickl$ & kept till ! fir/ day ( s[+ 9 spr+4 ,at ,pont ,m\sson & else:]e on ! ev5+ ( ! la/ day ( reap+1 a calf adorn$ ) fl[]s & e>s ( corn is l$ ?rice r\nd ! f>my>d1 be+ allur$ by a bait or driv5 by m5 ) /icks1 or conduct$ by ! f>m]'s wife ) a rope4 ,! calf *os5 = ?is c]emony is ! calf :i* 0 born fir/ on ! f>m 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,x is foll[$ by all ! reap]s ) _! tools4 ,!n x is all[$ to run free2 ! reap]s *ase x1 & :oev] cat*es x is call$ ,k+ ( ! ,calf4 ,la/ly1 x is solemnly kill$2 at ,lunville ! man :o acts z but*] is ! ,jewi% m]*ant ( ! village47#ich7 7,m#bej7 ,sometimes aga9 ! corn-_s hides himself among/ ! cut corn 9 ! b>n to reappe> 9 bull or c[ =m at ?re%+4 ,?us at ,wurml+51 9 ,?r+51 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! ,c[1 or r ! ,b>ley-c[1 ,oats-c[1 ,peas-c[1 or ! l1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,he is entirely envelop$ 9 /raw2 8 head is surm\nt$ by /icks 9 imitation ( horns1 & two lads lead him by ropes to ! well to dr9k4 ,on ! way ?i!r he mu/ l[ l a c[1 & = a long "t aft]w>ds he goes by ! "n ( ! ,c[47#ici7 ,at ,ob]m$l+51 9 ,swabia1 :5 ! ?re%+ draws ne> an end1 ea* man is c>eful to avoid giv+ ! la/ /roke4 ,he :o does give x 8gets ! ,c[10 :i* is a /raw figure dress$ 9 an old ragg$ petticoat1 hood1 & /ock+s4 ,x is ti$ on 8 back ) a /raw-rope2 8 face is black5$1 & be+ b\nd ) /raw-ropes to a :eelb>r[ he is :eel$ r\nd ! village47#idj7 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ) t confusion betwe5 ! human & animal %ape ( ! corn-_s :i* we h not$ 9 o!r cu/oms4 ,9 ,canton ,s*affhaus5 ! man :o ?re%es ! la/ corn is call$ ! ,c[2 9 ,canton ,?urgau1 ! ,corn-bull2 9 ,canton ,zuri*1 ! ,?re%]-c[4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ di/rict he is wrapt 9 /raw & b\nd to "o ( ! trees 9 ! or*>d47#ida7 ,at ,arad1 9 ,hung>y1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is envelop$ 9 /raw & a c['s hide ) ! horns atta*$ to x47#idb7 ,at ,pessnitz1 9 ! di/rict ( ,dresd51 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ,bull4 ,he mu/ make a /raw-man & set x up be=e a neighb\r's w9d[47#idc7 ,"h1 app>5tly1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! corn-_s is pass$ on to a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ ?re%+4 ,s at ,h]bre*t+51 9 ,?r+51 ! effigy ( a ragg$ old woman is flung into ! b>n ( ! f>m] :o is la/ ) 8 ?re%+4 ,! man :o ?r[s x 9 cries1 8,!re is ! ,c[ = y40 ,if ! ?re%]s cat* him !y deta9 him ov] night & puni% him by keep+ him f ! h>ve/-supp]47#idd7 ,9 ^! latt] cu/oms ! confusion betwe5 ! human & ! animal %ape ( ! corn-_s meets u aga94 7,m#bea7 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s 9 bull =m is sometimes believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+4 ,at ,aux]re1 9 ?re%+ ! la/ bundle ( corn1 !y call out twelve times1 8,we are kill+ ! ,bull40 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bordeaux1 :]e a but*] kills an ox on ! field imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! reap+1 x is said ( ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ t 8he has kill$ ! ,bull407#ide7 ,at ,*ambry ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! %eaf ( ! ,"y ,ox1 & a race takes place to x 9 :i* all ! reap]s jo94 ,:5 ! la/ /roke is giv5 at ?re%+ !y say t 8! ,ox is kill$02 & imm$iately !reupon a real ox is slaught]$ by ! reap] :o cut ! la/ corn4 ,! fle% ( ! ox is eat5 by ! ?re%]s at supp]47#idf7 7,m#beb7 ,we h se5 t sometimes ! "y corn-_s1 ^: task x is to quick5 ! corn ( ! com+ ye>1 is believ$ to be born z a ,corn-baby on ! h>ve/-field47#idg7 ,simil>ly 9 ,b]ry ! "y corn-_s is sometimes suppos$ to be born on ! field 9 calf =m2 = :5 a b9d] has n rope en\gh to b9d all ! corn 9 %eaves1 he puts aside ! :eat t rema9s ov] & imitates ! l[+ ( a c[4 ,! mean+ is t 8! %eaf has giv5 bir? to a calf407#idh7 ,9 ,puy-de-,dme :5 a b9d] _c keep up ) ! reap] :om he or %e foll[s1 !y say 8,he 7or %e7 is giv+ bir? to ! ,calf407#idi7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,prussia1 9 simil> circum/ances1 !y call out to ! woman1 8,! ,bull is com+10 & imitate ! bell[+ ( a bull47#iej7 ,9 ^! cases ! woman is conceiv$ z ! ,corn-c[ or old corn-_s1 :ile ! suppos$ calf is ! ,corn-calf or "y corn-_s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ria a my?ical calf 7,muhklb*57 is believ$ to be se5 among/ ! spr\t+ corn 9 spr+ & to pu% ! *ildr52 :5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d !y say1 8,! ,calf is go+ ab\t40 ,cle>ly1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 ?is calf ( ! spr+-"t is ! same animal :i* is aft]w>ds believ$ to be kill$ at reap+47#iea7 #h4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,horse or ,m>e4 7,m#bec7 ,sometimes ! corn-_s appe>s 9 ! %ape ( a horse or m>e4 ,betwe5 ,kalw & ,/uttg>t1 :5 ! corn b5ds be=e ! w9d1 !y say1 8,!re runs ! ,horse407#ieb7 ,at ,bohl+51 ne> ,radolfzell 9 ,bad51 ! la/ %eaf ( oats is call$ ! ,oats-/allion47#iec7 ,9 ,h]t=d%ire1 at ! end ( ! reap+1 !re is or us$ to be obs]v$ a c]emony call$ 8cry+ ! ,m>e40 ,! la/ blades ( corn left /&+ on ! field are ti$ toge!r & call$ ! ,m>e4 ,! reap]s /& at a di/ance & ?r[ _! sickles at x2 he :o cuts x ?r\gh 8has ! prize1 ) acclamations & good *e]40 ,aft] x is cut ! reap]s cry ?rice ) a l\d voice1 8,i h h]60 ,o!rs answ] ?rice1 8,:at h y80--8,a ,m>e6 a ,m>e6 a ,m>e60--8,^: is %e80 is next ask$ ?rice4 8,a4 ,b4's10 nam+ ! own] ?rice4 8,:i!r w y s5d h]80--8,to ,c4 ,d410 nam+ "s neighb\r :o has n reap$ all 8 corn47#ied7 ,9 ?is cu/om ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a m>e is pass$ on f a f>m :]e ! corn is all cut to ano!r f>m :]e x is /ill /&+1 & :]e !re=e ! corn-_s may be suppos$ naturally to take refuge4 ,9 ,%rop%ire ! cu/om is simil>4 8,cry+1 call+1 or %\t+ ! m>e is a c]emony p]=m$ by ! m5 ( t f>m :i* is ! fir/ 9 any p>i% or di/rict to f9i% ! h>ve/4 ,! object ( x is to make kn[n _! own pr[ess1 & to taunt ! lagg>ds by a pret5d$ (f] ( ! #8owd m>'' old m>e to help out _! #8*em' team4 ,all ! m5 assemble 7! wood5 h>ve/-bottle be+ ( c\rse "o ( ! company7 9 ! /acky>d1 or1 bett]1 on ! highe/ gr\nd on ! f>m1 & !re %\t ! foll[+ dialogue1 prec$+ x by a gr& #8,hip1 hip1 hip1 hurrah6' 8 #8,i 'ave 'er1 ,i 'ave 'er1 ,i 'ave 'er6' 8 #8,:ad 'a/ !e1 :ad 'a/ !e1 :ad 'a/ !e8' 8 #8,a m>'6 a m>'6 a m>'6' 8 #8,^: is 'er1 ^: is 'er1 ^: is 'er8' 8 #8,mai/] ,a4's1 ,mai/] ,a4's1 ,mai/] ,a4's6' 7nam+ ! f>m] ^: h>ve/ is f9i%$74 8 #8,w'e] %a't !' s5d 'er8 w'e] %a't !' s5d 'er8 w'e] %a't !' s5d 'er8' 8 #8,to ,mai/] ,b4's1 to ,mai/] ,b4's1 to ,mai/] ,b4's' 7nam+ "o ^: h>ve/ is n f9i%$74 8 #8',u? a hip1 hip1 hip1 hurrah6' 79 *orus740 ,! f>m] :o f9i%es 8 h>ve/ la/1 & :o !re=e _c s5d ! ,m>e to any "o else1 is said 8to keep h] all w9t]40 ,! mock+ (f] ( ! ,m>e 0 sometimes respond$ to by a mock+ acceptance ( h] help4 ,?us an old man told an enquir]1 8,:ile we wun at supp]1 a mon cumm'd wi' a aut> halt] to fat* h] away40 ,b at "o place 7,longnor1 ne> ,leebotwood71 d[n to ab\t #ahej1 ! ,m>e us$ really to be s5t4 8,! head man ( ! f>m] :o _h f9i%$ h>ve/ fir/ 0 m\nt$ on ! be/ horse ( ! team--! lead]--bo? horse & man be+ adorn$ ) ribbons1 /ream]s1 etc4 ,?us array$1 a boy on foot l$ ! pair 9 triumph to ! neighb\r+ f>mh\ses4 ,sometimes ! man :o took ! #8m>e' receiv$1 z well z pl5ty ( h>ve/-ale1 "s r r\gh1 ?\gh good-hum\r$1 treatm5t1 com+ back m9us 8 decorations1 & s on407#iee7 7,m#bed7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lille ! idea ( ! corn-_s 9 horse =m is cle>ly pres]v$4 ,:5 a h>ve/] gr[s we>y at 8 "w1 x is said1 8,he has ! fatigue ( ! ,horse40 ,! fir/ %eaf1 call$ ! 8,cross ( ! ,horse10 is plac$ on a cross ( boxwood 9 ! b>n1 & ! y\nge/ horse on ! f>m mu/ tread on x4 ,! reap]s dance r\nd ! la/ blades ( corn1 cry+1 8,see ! rema9s ( ! ,horse40 ,! %eaf made out ( ^! la/ blades is giv5 to ! y\nge/ horse ( ! p>i% 7commune7 to eat4 ,?is y\nge/ horse ( ! p>i% cle>ly repres5ts1 z ,mannh>dt says1 ! corn-_s ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! ,corn-foal1 :i* absorbs ! _s ( ! old ,corn-horse by eat+ ! la/ corn cut2 =1 z usual1 ! old corn-_s takes 8 f9al refuge 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf is said to 8beat ! ,horse407#ief7 ,aga91 a trace ( ! horse-%ap$ corn-_s is report$ f ,b]ry4 ,! h>ve/]s !re are accu/om$ to take a noonday nap 9 ! field4 ,?is is call$ 8see+ ! ,horse40 ,! lead] or 8,k+0 ( ! h>ve/]s gives ! signal = go+ to sleep4 ,if he delays giv+ ! signal1 "o ( ! h>ve/]s w beg9 to neigh l a horse1 ! re/ imitate him1 & !n !y all g 8to see ! ,horse407#ieg7 #i4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bird4 7,m#bee7 ,sometimes ! corn-_s assumes ! =m ( a bird4 ,?us among ! ,saxons ( ! ,bi/ritz di/rict 9 ,transylvania !re is a say+ t ! quail is sitt+ 9 ! la/ /&+ /alks on ! h>ve/-field1 & all ! reap]s ru% at ^! /alks 9 ord]1 z !y say1 to cat* ! quail47#ieh7 ,exactly ! same expression is us$ by reap]s 9 ,au/rian ,silesia :5 !y are ab\t to cut ! la/ /&+ corn1 :atev] ! k9d ( gra9 may be47#iei7 ,9 ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y1 :5 ! reap]s h come to ! la/ e>s ( ! la/ rig1 !y surr\nd !m = ! purpose ( cat*+ ! quail1 :i* is suppos$ to h tak5 refuge !re4 ,!y run ab\t ! corn cry+1 8,m9d ! ,quail60 & make believe to grab at ! bird amid %\ts & laught]47#ifj7 ,connect$ ) ?is id5tification ( ! corn-_s ) a quail is probably ! belief t ! cry ( ! bird 9 spr+ is prophetic ( ! price ( corn 9 ! autumn2 9 ,g]many !y say t corn w sell at z _m guld5 a bu%el z ! quail utt]$ its cry ov] ! fields 9 spr+4 ,simil> progno/ications are drawn f ! note ( ! bird 9 c5tral & we/]n ,france1 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ,tuscany47#ifa7 ,p]haps "o reason = id5tify+ ! quail ) ! corn-_s is t ! bird lays its eggs on ! gr\nd1 )\t mak+ mu* ( a ne/47#ifb7 ,simil>ly ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes ?9k t ! s\l ( ! rice is embodi$ 9 a pretty little blue bird :i* builds its ne/ 9 ! rice-field at ! "t :5 ! rice is beg9n+ to g]m9ate1 & :i* disappe>s aga9 aft] ! h>ve/4 ,?us bo? ! place & ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! bird sugge/ to ! natives ! notion t ! blue bird is ! rice inc>nate4 ,& l ! note ( ! quail 9 ,europe ! note ( ?is little bird 9 ,celebes is believ$ to progno/icate ! /ate ( ! h>ve/1 =etell+ :e!r ! rice w be abundant or sc>ce4 ,nobody may drive ! bird away2 to d s w\ld n m]ely injure ! rice1 x w\ld hurt ! eyes ( ! sacrilegi\s p]son & might ev5 /rike him bl9d4 ,9 ,m9ahassa1 a di/rict 9 ! nor? ( ,celebes1 a simil> ?\gh less def9ite belief atta*es to a sort ( small quail :i* loves to haunt ! rice-fields be=e ! rice is reap$2 & :5 ! ,galel>eeze ( ,halmah]a he> a c]ta9 k9d ( bird1 :i* !y call tog1 croak+ among ! rice 9 e>1 !y say t ! bird is putt+ ! gra9 into ! rice1 s !y w n kill x47#ifc7 #aj4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,fox4 7,m#bef7 ,ano!r animal ^: %ape ! corn-_s is sometimes ?\ght to assume is ! fox4 ,! conception is record$ at v>i\s places 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,?us at ,nrdl+5 9 ,bav>ia1 :5 ! corn waves to & fro 9 ! w9d1 !y say1 8,! fox goes ?r\gh ! corn10 & at ,us+5 9 ,nassau !y say1 8,! foxes are m>*+ ?r\gh ! corn40 ,at ,rav5sb]g1 9 ,we/phalia1 & at ,/e9au1 9 ,kurhess51 *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 ! corn1 8because ! ,fox is !re40 ,at ,campe1 ne> ,/ade1 :5 !y are ab\t to cut ! la/ corn1 !y call out to ! reap]1 8,! ,fox is sitt+ !re1 hold him fa/60 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,moselle !y say1 8,wat* :e!r ! ,fox comes out40 ,9 ,b\rbonnais ! expression is1 8,y w cat* ! ,fox40 ,:5 a reap] w\nds himself or is sick at reap+1 !y say 9 ! ,l[] ,loire t 8,he has ! ,fox40 ,9 ,cte-d'or !y say1 8,he has kill$ ! ,fox40 ,at ,l\hans1 9 ,s"o-et-,loire1 :5 ! reap]s are cutt+ ! la/ corn !y leave a h&ful /&+ & ?r[ _! sickles at x4 ,he :o hits x is call$ ! ,fox1 & two girls deck 8 bonnet ) fl[]s4 ,9 ! ev5+ !re is a dance1 at :i* ! ,fox dances ) all ! girls4 ,! supp] :i* foll[s is also call$ ! ,fox2 !y say1 8,we h eat5 ! ,fox10 mean+ t !y h p>tak5 ( ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,9 ! ,canton ( ,zuri* ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,fox4 ,at ,b\rgogne1 9 ,a91 !y cry out1 8,! ,fox is sitt+ 9 ! la/ %eaf10 & hav+ made ! figure ( an animal out ( :ite clo? & "s e>s ( ! la/ corn1 !y dub x ! ,fox & ?r[ x into ! h\se ( a neighb\r :o has n yet got 9 all 8 h>ve/47#ifd7 ,9 ,poit\1 :5 ! corn is be+ reap$ 9 a di/rict1 all ! reap]s /rive to f9i% z quickly z possible 9 ord] t !y may s5d 8! ,fox0 to ! fields ( a f>m] :o has n yet g>n]$ 8 %eaves4 ,! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn is said to 8h ! ,fox40 ,?is la/ h&ful is c>ri$ to ! f>m]'s h\se & occupies a place on ! table dur+ ! h>ve/-supp]2 & ! cu/om is to dr5* x ) wat]4 ,aft] t x is set up on ! *imney-piece & rema9s !re ! :ole ye>47#ife7 ,at ?re%+1 also1 9 ,s"o-et-,loire1 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,fox2 9 ,lot !y say1 8,we are go+ to beat ! ,fox02 & at ,zab]n 9 ,alsace !y set a /uff$ fox be=e ! door ( ! ?re%+-floor ( a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+47#iff7 ,) ?is conception ( ! fox z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s may possibly be connect$ an old cu/om1 obs]v$ 9 ,hol/e9 & ,we/phalia1 ( c>ry+ a dead or liv+ fox f h\se to h\se 9 spr+2 ! int5tion ( ! cu/om 0 p]haps to diffuse ! refre%+ & invigorat+ influ5ce ( ! reawak5$ _s ( vegetation47#ifg7 ,9 ,japan ! rice-god ,in>i is repres5t$ z an eld]ly man ) a long be>d rid+ on a :ite fox1 & ! fox is always associat$ ) ?is deity4 ,9 front ( 8 %r9es may usually be se5 a pair ( foxes c>v$ 9 wood or /one47#ifh7 #aa4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,pig 7,bo> or ,s[74 7,m#beg7 ,! la/ animal embodim5t ( ! corn-_s :i* we %all notice is ! pig 7bo> or s[74 ,9 ,?r+51 :5 ! w9d sets ! "y corn 9 motion1 !y sometimes say1 8,! ,bo> is ru%+ ?r\gh ! corn407#ifi7 ,among/ ! ,e/honians ( ! isl& ( ,oesel ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,rye-bo>1 & ! man :o gets x is salut$ ) a cry ( 8,y h ! ,rye-bo> on y\r back60 ,9 reply he /rikes up a song1 9 :i* he prays = pl5ty47#igj7 ,at ,kohl]w9kel1 ne> ,augsburg1 at ! close ( ! h>ve/1 ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn is cut d[n1 /alk by /alk1 by all ! reap]s 9 turn4 ,he :o cuts ! la/ /alk 8gets ! ,s[10 & is laugh$ at47#iga7 ,9 o!r ,swabian villages also ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn 8has ! ,s[10 or 8has ! ,rye-s[407#igb7 ,9 ! ,traun/e9 di/rict1 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 ! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( rye or :eat 8has ! ,s[10 & is call$ ,s[-driv]47#igc7 ,at ,bohl+51 ne> ,radolfzell 9 ,bad51 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,rye-s[ or ! ,:eat-s[1 accord+ to ! crop2 & at ,rhr5ba* 9 ,bad5 ! p]son :o br+s ! la/ armful = ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,corn-s[ or ! ,oats-s[4 ,& 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,bad5 ! ?re%] :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+1 or is ! la/ to hang up 8 flail on ! wall1 is call$ ! ,s[ or ! ,rye-s[47#igd7 ,at ,fri$+51 9 ,swabia1 ! ?re%] :o gives ! la/ /roke is call$ ,s[--,b>ley-s[1 ,corn-s[1 or ! l1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,at ,on/mett+5 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ 8has ! ,s[02 he is (t5 b\nd up 9 a %eaf & dragg$ by a rope along ! gr\nd47#ige7 ,&1 g5]ally1 9 ,swabia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ,s[4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 rid himself ( ?is invidi\s di/9ction by pass+ on to a neighb\r ! /raw-rope1 :i* is ! badge ( 8 position z ,s[4 ,s he goes to a h\se & ?r[s ! /raw-rope into x1 cry+1 8,!re1 ,i br+ y ! ,s[40 ,all ! inmates give *ase2 & if !y cat* him !y beat him1 %ut him up = sev]al h\rs 9 ! pig-/y1 & oblige him to take ! 8,s[0 away aga947#igf7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,upp] ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ mu/ 8c>ry ! ,pig0--t is1 ei!r a /raw effigy ( a pig or m]ely a bundle ( /raw-ropes4 ,?is he c>ries to a neighb\r+ f>m :]e ! ?re%+ is n f9i%$1 & ?r[s x into ! b>n4 ,if ! ?re%]s cat* him !y h&le him r\ghly1 beat+ him1 black5+ or dirty+ 8 face1 ?r[+ him into fil?1 b9d+ ! ,s[ on 8 back1 & s on2 if ! be>] ( ! ,s[ is a woman !y cut (f h] hair4 ,at ! h>ve/ supp] or d9n] ! man :o 8c>ri$ ! ,pig0 gets "o or m dumpl+s made 9 ! =m ( pigs2 sometimes he gets a l>ge dumpl+ & a numb] ( small ones1 all 9 pig =m1 ! l>ge "o be+ call$ ! s[ & ! small ones ! suck+-pigs4 ,sometimes he has ! "r to be ! fir/ to put 8 h& into ! di% & take out z _m small dumpl+s 78suck+-pigs07 z he c1 :ile ! o!r ?re%]s /rike at 8 h& ) spoons or /icks4 ,:5 ! dumpl+s are s]v$ up by ! maid-s]vant1 all ! p at table cry 8,sz1 sz1 sz60 t be+ ! cry us$ 9 call+ pigs4 ,sometimes aft] d9n] ! man :o 8c>ri$ ! ,pig0 has 8 face black5$1 & is set on a c>t & drawn r\nd ! village by 8 fell[s1 foll[$ by a cr[d cry+ 8,sz1 sz1 sz60 z if !y 7 call+ sw9e4 ,sometimes1 aft] be+ :eel$ r\nd ! village1 he is flung on ! dunghill47#igg7 7,m#beh7 ,aga91 ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a pig plays 8 "p at s[+-"t z well z at h>ve/ ,at ,neuautz1 9 ,c\rl&1 :5 b>ley is s[n = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ye>1 ! f>m]'s wife boils ! *9e ( a pig along ) ! tail1 & br+s x to ! s[] on ! field4 ,he eats ( x1 b cuts (f ! tail & /icks x 9 ! field2 x is believ$ t ! e>s ( corn w !n gr[ z long z ! tail47#igh7 ,"h ! pig is ! corn-_s1 ^: f]tilis+ p[] is sometimes suppos$ to lie especially 9 8 tail47#igi7 ,z a pig he is put 9 ! gr\nd at s[+-"t1 & z a pig he reappe>s among/ ! ripe corn at h>ve/4 ,= among/ ! neighb\r+ ,e/honians1 z we h se517#ihj7 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,rye-bo>4 ,some:at simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,salza di/rict1 ne> ,me9+51 a c]ta9 bone 9 ! pig is call$ 8! ,jew on ! w9n[+-fan40 ,! fle% ( ?is bone is boil$ on ,%rove ,tuesday1 b ! bone is put among/ ! a%es :i* ! neighb\rs ex*ange z pres5ts on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7! tw5ty-second ( ,febru>y71 & !n mix ) ! se$-corn47#iha7 ,9 ! :ole ( ,hesse1 ,me9+51 & o!r di/ricts1 p eat pea-s\p ) dri$ pig-ribs on ,a% ,w$nesday or ,c&lemas4 ,! ribs are !n collect$ & hung 9 ! room till s[+-"t1 :5 !y are ins]t$ 9 ! s[n field or 9 ! se$-bag among/ ! flax se$4 ,?is is ?\ght to be an infallible specific aga9/ e>?-fleas & moles1 & to cause ! flax to gr[ well & tall47#ihb7 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,:ite ,russia p eat a roa/ lamb or suck+-pig at ,ea/]1 & !n ?r[ ! bones backw>ds ^u ! fields1 to pres]ve ! corn f hail47#ihc7 7,m#bei7 ,b ! idea ( ! corn-_s z embodi$ 9 pig =m is n[h]e m cle>ly express$ ?an 9 ! ,sc&9avian cu/om ( ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,9 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k at ,yule 7,*ri/mas7 x is ! cu/om to bake a loaf 9 ! =m ( a bo>-pig4 ,?is is call$ ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,! corn ( ! la/ %eaf is (t5 us$ to make x4 ,all ?r\gh ,yule ! ,yule ,bo> /&s on ! table4 ,(t5 x is kept till ! s[+-"t 9 spr+1 :5 "p ( x is mix$ ) ! se$-corn & "p giv5 to ! pl\ghm5 & pl\gh-horses or pl\gh-ox5 to eat1 9 ! expectation ( a good h>ve/47#ihd7 ,9 ?is cu/om ! corn-_s1 imman5t 9 ! la/ %eaf1 appe>s at midw9t] 9 ! =m ( a bo> made f ! corn ( ! la/ %eaf2 & 8 quick5+ influ5ce on ! corn is %ewn by mix+ "p ( ! ,yule ,bo> ) ! se$-corn1 & giv+ "p ( x to ! pl\ghman & 8 cattle to eat4 ,simil>ly we saw t ! ,corn-wolf makes 8 appe>ance at midw9t]1 ! "t :5 ! ye> beg9s to v]ge t[>ds spr+47#ihe7 ,we may conjecture t ! ,yule /raw1 :i* ,sw$i% peasants turn to v>i\s sup]/iti\s uses1 comes1 9 "p at lea/1 f ! %eaf out ( :i* ! ,yule ,bo> is made4 ,! ,yule /raw is long rye-/raw1 a portion ( :i* is always set ap>t = ?is season4 ,x is /rewn ov] ! floor at ,*ri/mas1 & ! peasants attribute _m virtues to x4 ,= example1 !y ?9k t "s ( x scatt]$ on ! gr\nd w make a b>r5 field productive4 ,aga91 ! peasant at ,*ri/mas seats himself on a log2 & 8 elde/ son or daught]1 or ! "m h]self1 if ! *ildr5 are n old en\gh1 places a wisp ( ! ,yule /raw on 8 knee4 ,f ?is he draws out s+le /raws1 & ?r[s !m1 "o by "o1 up to ! ceil+2 & z _m z lodge 9 ! raft]s1 s _m w be ! %eaves ( rye he w h to ?re% at h>ve/47#ihf7 ,aga91 x is only ! ,yule /raw :i* may be us$ 9 b9d+ ! fruit-trees z a *>m to f]tilise !m47#ihg7 ,^! uses ( ! ,yule /raw %ew t x is believ$ to possess f]tilis+ virtues analog\s to ^? ascrib$ to ! ,yule ,bo>2 we may !re=e fairly conjecture t ! ,yule /raw is made f ! same %eaf z ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,=m]ly a real bo> 0 sacrific$ at ,*ri/mas17#ihh7 & app>5tly also a man 9 ! "* ( ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,?is1 at lea/1 may p]haps be inf]r$ f a ,*ri/mas cu/om /ill obs]v$ 9 ,sw$54 ,a man is wrapt up 9 a sk91 & c>ries a wisp ( /raw 9 8 m\?1 s t ! project+ /raws look l ! bri/les ( a bo>4 ,a knife is br\ght1 & an old woman1 ) h] face black5$1 pret5ds to sacrifice him47#ihi7 7,m#bfj7 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,e/honian isl& ( ,oesel !y bake a long cake ) ! two ends turn$ up4 ,x is call$ ! ,*ri/mas ,bo>1 & /&s on ! table till ! morn+ ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 :5 x is di/ribut$ among ! cattle4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl& ! ,*ri/mas ,bo> is n a cake b a little pig born 9 ,m>*1 :i* ! h\sewife fatt5s secretly1 (t5 )\t ! k ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! little pig is secretly kill$1 !n roa/$ 9 ! ov51 & set on ! table /&+ on all f\rs1 :]e x rema9s 9 ?is po/ure = sev]al days4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 aga91 ?\gh ! ,*ri/mas cake has nei!r ! "n nor ! %ape ( a bo>1 x is kept till ! ,new ,ye>1 :5 half ( x is divid$ among all ! memb]s & all ! quadrup$s ( ! family4 ,! o!r half ( ! cake is kept till s[+-"t comes r\nd1 :5 x is simil>ly di/ribut$ 9 ! morn+ among human be+s & bea/s47#iij7 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,e/honia1 aga91 ! ,*ri/mas ,bo>1 z x is call$1 is bak$ ( ! fir/ rye cut at h>ve/2 x has a conical %ape & a cross is impress$ on x ) a pig's bone or a key1 or ?ree d9ts are made 9 x ) a buckle or a piece ( *>coal4 ,x /&s ) a light beside x on ! table all ?r\gh ! fe/al season4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day & ,epiphany1 be=e sunrise1 a little ( ! cake is crumbl$ ) salt & giv5 to ! cattle4 ,! re/ is kept till ! day :5 ! cattle are driv5 out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+4 ,x is !n put 9 ! h]dsman's bag1 & at ev5+ is divid$ among ! cattle to gu>d !m f magic & h>m4 ,9 "s places ! ,*ri/mas ,bo> is p>tak5 ( by f>m-s]vants & cattle at ! "t ( ! b>ley s[+1 = ! purpose ( !reby produc+ a heavi] crop47#iia7 #ab4 ,on ! ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s4 7,m#bfa7 ,s mu* = ! animal embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s z !y are pres5t$ to u 9 ! folk-cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,^! cu/oms br+ out cle>ly ! sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,! corn-_s is conceiv$ z embodi$ 9 an animal2 ?is div9e animal is sla91 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 ( by ! h>ve/]s4 ,?us1 ! cock1 ! goose1 ! h>e1 ! cat1 ! goat1 & ! ox are eat5 sacram5tally by ! h>ve/]s1 & ! pig is eat5 sacram5tally by pl\ghm5 9 spr+47#iib7 ,aga91 z a sub/itute = ! real fle% ( ! div9e be+1 bread or dumpl+s are made 9 8 image & eat5 sacram5tally2 ?us1 pig-%ap$ dumpl+s are eat5 by ! h>ve/]s1 & loaves made 9 bo>-%ape 7! ,yule ,bo>7 are eat5 9 spr+ by ! pl\ghman & 8 cattle4 7,m#bfb7 ,! read] has probably rem>k$ ! complete p>allelism betwe5 ! conceptions ( ! corn-_s 9 human & 9 animal =m4 ,! p>allel may be "h briefly resum$4 ,:5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d x is said ei!r t ! ,corn-"m or t ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is pass+ ?r\gh ! corn4 ,*ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 corn-fields ei!r because ! ,corn-"m or because ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is !re4 ,9 ! la/ corn cut or ! la/ %eaf ?re%$ ei!r ! ,corn-"m or ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! la/ %eaf is itself call$ ei!r ! ,corn-"m or ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 & is made up 9 ! %ape ei!r ( a woman or ( a wolf1 etc4 ,! p]son :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is call$ ei!r ! ,old ,woman or ! ,wolf1 etc41 accord+ to ! "n be/[$ on ! %eaf itself4 ,z 9 "s places a %eaf made 9 human =m & call$ ! ,maid51 ! ,"m ( ! ,maize1 etc41 is kept f "o h>ve/ to ! next 9 ord] to secure a cont9uance ( ! corn-_s's bless+2 s 9 "s places ! ,h>ve/-cock & 9 o!rs ! fle% ( ! goat is kept = a simil> purpose f "o h>ve/ to ! next4 ,z 9 "s places ! gra9 tak5 f ! ,corn-"m is mix$ ) ! se$-corn 9 spr+ to make ! crop abundant2 s 9 "s places ! fea!rs ( ! cock1 & 9 ,sw$5 ! ,yule ,bo>1 are kept till spr+ & mix$ ) ! se$-corn = a l purpose4 ,z "p ( ! ,corn-"m or ,maid5 is giv5 to ! cattle at ,*ri/mas or to ! horses at ! fir/ pl\gh+1 s "p ( ! ,yule ,bo> is giv5 to ! pl\gh+ horses or ox5 9 spr+4 ,la/ly1 ! dea? ( ! corn-_s is repres5t$ by kill+ or pret5d+ to kill ei!r 8 human or 8 animal repres5tative2 & ! wor%ipp]s p>take sacram5tally ei!r ( ! actual body & blood ( ! repres5tative ( ! div9ity1 or ( bread made 9 8 lik5ess4 7,m#bfc7 ,o!r animal =ms assum$ by ! corn-_s are ! /ag1 roe1 %eep1 be>1 ass1 m\se1 /ork1 swan1 & kite47#iic7 ,if x is ask$ :y ! corn-_s %\ld be ?\ght to appe> 9 ! =m ( an animal & ( s _m diff]5t animals1 we may reply t to primitive man ! simple appe>ance ( an animal or bird among ! corn is probably en\gh to sugge/ a my/]i\s l9k betwe5 ! creature & ! corn2 & :5 we rememb] t 9 ! old days1 be=e fields 7 f5c$ 91 all k9ds ( animals mu/ h be5 free to roam ov] !m1 we ne$ n wond] t ! corn-_s %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ev5 ) l>ge animals l ! horse & c[1 :i* n[adays c\ld n1 except by a r>e accid5t1 be f\nd /ray+ 9 an ,engli% corn-field4 ,?is explanation applies ) peculi> =ce to ! v common case 9 :i* ! animal embodim5t ( ! corn-_s is believ$ to lurk 9 ! la/ /&+ corn4 ,= at h>ve/ a numb] ( wild animals1 su* z h>es1 rabbits1 & p>tridges1 are commonly driv5 by ! progress ( ! reap+ into ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn1 & make _! escape f x z x is be+ cut d[n4 ,s regul>ly does ?is happ5 t reap]s & o!rs (t5 /& r\nd ! la/ pat* ( corn arm$ ) /icks or guns1 ) :i* !y kill ! animals z !y d>t out ( _! la/ refuge among ! /alks4 ,n[1 primitive man1 to :om magical *anges ( %ape seem p]fectly cr$ible1 f9ds x mo/ natural t ! _s ( ! corn1 driv5 f 8 home 9 ! ripe gra91 %\ld make 8 escape 9 ! =m ( ! animal :i* is se5 to ru% out ( ! la/ pat* ( corn z x falls "u ! scy! ( ! reap]4 ,?us ! id5tification ( ! corn-_s ) an animal is analog\s to ! id5tification ( him ) a pass+ /rang]4 ,z ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a /rang] ne> ! h>ve/-field or ?re%+-floor is1 to ! primitive m9d1 en\gh to id5tify him z ! _s ( ! corn escap+ f ! cut or ?re%$ corn1 s ! sudd5 appe>ance ( an animal issu+ f ! cut corn is en\gh to id5tify x ) ! corn-_s escap+ f 8 ru9$ home4 ,! two id5tifications are s analog\s t !y c h>dly be dissociat$ 9 any attempt to expla9 !m4 ,^? :o look to "s o!r pr9ciple ?an ! "o "h sugge/$ = ! explanation ( ! latt] id5tification are b\nd to %ew t _! !ory cov]s ! =m] id5tification also4 ,,note4 ,,! ,,pleiades ,,9 ,,primitive ,,cal5d>s4 7,m#bfd7 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,pleiades plays an important "p 9 ! cal5d> ( primitive peoples1 bo? 9 ! nor!rn & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 inde$ = reasons :i* at fir/ sight are n obvi\s savages appe> to h paid m att5tion to ?is con/ellation ?an to any o!r gr\p ( />s 9 ! sky1 & 9 p>ticul> !y h commonly tim$ ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! agricultural ye> by obs]vation ( its heliacal ris+ or sett+4 ,"s evid5ce on ! subject 0 adduc$ by ! late ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,&ree17#iid7 b mu* m exi/s1 & x may be wor? :ile to put c]ta9 ( ! facts toge!r4 7,m#bfe7 ,9 ! fir/ place x des]ves to be notic$ t great att5tion has be5 paid to ! ,pleiades by savages 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e :o d n till ! gr\nd1 & :o !re=e lack t inc5tive to obs]ve ! />s :i* is possess$ by peoples 9 ! agricultural /age ( society2 = we c sc>cely d\bt t 9 e>ly ages ! practical ne$ ( asc]ta9+ ! prop] seasons = s[+ & plant+ has done m ?an m]e speculative curiosity to fo/] a k ( a/ronomy by compell+ savages to scrut9ise ! great cele/ial clock = indications ( ! "t ( ye>4 ,n[ among/ ! rude/ ( savages kn[n to u are ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 none ( :om 9 _! native /ate ev] practis$ agriculture4 ,yet we are told t 8!y d1 accord+ to _! mann]1 wor%ip ! ho/s ( heav51 & believe p>ticul> con/ellations rule natural causes4 ,= su* !y h names1 & s+ & dance to ga9 ! fav\r ( ! ,pleiades 7,mormodellick71 ! con/ellation wor%ipp$ by "o body z ! giv] ( ra92 b if x %\ld be def]r$1 in/ead ( bless+s curses are apt to be be/[$ ^u x407#iie7 ,accord+ to a writ]1 ^: evid5ce on o!r matt]s ( ,au/ralian beliefs is op5 to grave d\bt1 "s ( ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales d5i$ t ! sun is ! s\rce ( heat1 because he %9es also 9 w9t] :5 ! wea!r is cold2 ! real cause ( w>m wea!r !y held to be ! ,pleiades1 because z ! summ] heat increases1 t con/ellation rises high] & high] 9 ! sky1 rea*+ its greate/ elevation 9 ! height ( summ]1 & gradually s9k+ aga9 9 autumn z ! days gr[ cool]1 till 9 w9t] x is ei!r b>ely visible or lo/ to view altoge!r47#iif7 ,ano!r writ]1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! natives ( ,victoria 9 ! e>ly days ( ! colony & ^: te/imony c be reli$ ^u1 tells u t an old *ief ( ! ,spr+ ,creek tribe 8taught ! "y p ! names ( ! fav\rite planets & con/ellations1 z indications ( ! seasons4 ,= example1 :5 ,canopus is a v little above ! horizon 9 ! ea/ at daybreak1 ! season = emu eggs has come2 :5 ! ,pleiades are visible 9 ! ea/ an h\r be=e sunrise1 ! "t = visit+ fri5ds & neighb\r+ tribes is at h&407#iig7 7,m#bff7 ,aga91 ! ,abipones ( ,p>aguay1 :o nei!r s[$ nor reap$17#iih7 nev]!less reg>d$ ! ,pleiades z an image ( _! ance/or4 ,z t con/ellation is invisible 9 ! sky ( ,s\? ,am]ica = sev]al mon?s e ye>1 ! ,abipones believ$ t _! ance/or 0 !n sick1 & !y 7 dreadfully afraid t he w\ld die4 ,b :5 ! con/ellation reappe>$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 !y salut$ ! return ( _! ance/or ) joy\s %\ts & ! glad music ( flutes & horns1 & !y congratulat$ him on 8 recov]y f sickness4 ,next day !y all w5t out to collect wild honey1 f :i* !y brew$ a fav\rite bev]age4 ,!n at sunset !y fea/$ & kept up ! revelry all night by ! light ( tor*es1 :ile a sorc]ess1 :o presid$ at ! fe/ivity1 %ook h] rattle & danc$4 ,b ! proce$+s 7 p]fectly decor\s2 ! sexes did n mix ) ea* o!r47#iii7 ,! ,mocobis ( ,p>aguay also look$ ^u ! ,pleiades z _! fa!r & creator47#ajjj7 ,! ,guaycurus ( ! ,gran ,*aco us$ to rejoice greatly at ! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades4 ,on ?is occasion !y held a fe/ival at :i* m5 & wom51 boys & girls all beat ea* o!r s\ndly1 believ+ t ?is br\ght !m heal?1 abundance1 & victory ov] _! enemies47#ajja7 ,among/ ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ,p>aguay at ! pres5t day ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades is connect$ ) ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 & fea/s are held at ?is "t1 g5]ally ( a m>k$ly immoral "*47#ajjb7 ,! ,gu>anis ( ,p>aguay knew ! "t ( s[+ by obs]vation ( ! ,pleiades27#ajjc7 !y are said to h rev]$ ! con/ellation & to h dat$ ! beg9n+ ( _! ye> f ! ris+ ( ! con/ellation 9 ,may47#ajjd7 ,! ,tapuiyas1 =m]ly a num]\s & w>like tribe ( ,brazil1 hail$ ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades ) great respect1 & wor%ipp$ ! con/ellation ) songs & dances47#ajje7 ,! ,indians ( nor?-we/]n ,brazil1 an agricultural p :o subsi/ ma9ly by ! cultivation ( manioc1 det]m9e ! "t = _! v>i\s field lab\rs by ! position ( c]ta9 con/ellations1 especially ! ,pleiades2 :5 t con/ellation has sunk b5ea? ! horizon1 ! regul>1 heavy ra9s set 947#ajjf7 ,! ,omagua ,indians ( ,brazil ascribe to ! ,pleiades a special influ5ce on human de/9y47#ajjg7 ,a ,brazilian "n = ! ,pleiades is ,cyiuce1 t is1 8,"m ( ^? :o are ?ir/y40 ,! con/ellation1 we are told1 8is kn[n to ! ,indians ( ! :ole ( ,brasil & appe>s to be ev5 wor%ipp$ by "s tribes 9 ,matto ,grosso4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,amazon a numb] ( popul> say+s are curr5t ab\t x4 ,?us !y say t 9 ! fir/ days ( its appe>ance 9 ! firmam5t1 :ile x is /ill l[1 ! birds & especially ! f[ls sleep on ! l[] bran*es or p]*es1 & t j z x rises s d !y2 t x br+s mu* cold & ra92 t :5 ! con/ellation vani%es1 ! s]p5ts lose _! v5om2 t ! re$s us$ 9 mak+ arr[s mu/ be cut be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades1 else !y w be worm-eat54 ,accord+ to ! leg5d ! ,pleiades disappe> 9 ,may & reappe> 9 ,june4 ,_! reappe>ance co9cides ) ! r5ewal ( vegetation & ( animal life4 ,h5ce ! leg5d relates t ev]y?+ :i* appe>s be=e ! con/ellation is r5ew$1 t is1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( spr+407#ajjh7 ,! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco call$ ! ,pleiades ,ucasu or ,cacasau1 accord+ to _! dialect1 & !y dat$ ! beg9n+ ( _! ye> f ! "t :5 ^! />s are visible 9 ! ea/ aft] sunset47#ajji7 7,m#bfg7 ,by ! ,indians ( ,p]u 8! ,pleiades 7 call$ ,collca 7! maize-heap73 9 ?is con/ellation ! ,p]uvians bo? ( ! si]ra & ! coa/ beheld ! prototype ( _! *]i%$ /ores ( corn4 ,x made _! maize to gr[1 & 0 wor%ipp$ accord+ly407#ajaj7 ,:5 ! ,pleiades appe>$ above ! horizon on or ab\t ,corpus ,*ri/i ,day1 ^! ,indians celebrat$ _! *ief fe/ival ( ! ye> & ador$ ! con/ellation 89 ord] t ! maize might n dry up407#ajaa7 ,adjo9+ ! great temple ( ! ,sun at ,cuzco !re 0 a cloi/] ) halls op5+ (f x4 ,"o ( ^! halls 0 d$icat$ to ! ,moon1 & ano!r to ! planet ,v5us1 ! ,pleiades1 & all ! o!r />s4 ,! ,incas v5]at$ ! ,pleiades because ( _! curi\s position & ! symmetry ( _! %ape47#ajab7 ,! tribes ( ,v]a ,cruz1 on ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 dat$ ! beg9n+ ( _! ye> f ! heliacal sett+ ( ! ,pleiades1 :i* 9 ! latitude ( ,v]a ,cruz 7#ai ,n47 9 ! ye> #aeai fell on ! fir/ ( ,may ( ! ,gregorian cal5d>47#ajac7 ,! ,aztecs appe> to h atta*$ great importance to ! ,pleiades1 = !y tim$ ! mo/ solemn & impressive ( all _! religi\s c]emonies s z to co9cide ) ! mom5t :5 t con/ellation 0 9 ! middle ( ! sky at midnight4 ,! c]emony consi/$ 9 k9dl+ a sacr$ new fire on ! brea/ ( a human victim on ! la/ night ( a great p]iod ( fifty-two ye>s4 ,!y expect$ t at ! close ( "o ( ^! p]iods ! />s w\ld cease to revolve & ! _w itself w\ld come to an end4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! critical mom5t approa*$1 ! prie/s wat*$ f ! top ( a m\nta9 ! movem5t ( ! />s1 & especially ( ! ,pleiades1 ) ! utmo/ anxiety4 ,:5 t con/ellation 0 se5 to cross ! m]idian1 great 0 ! joy2 = !y knew t ! _w 0 respit$ = ano!r fifty-two ye>s4 ,imm$iately ! brave/ & h&some/ ( ! captives 0 ?r[n d[n on 8 back2 a bo>d ( dry wood 0 plac$ on 8 brea/1 & "o ( ! prie/s made fire by twirl+ a /ick betwe5 8 h&s on ! bo>d4 ,z soon z ! flame bur/ =?1 ! brea/ ( ! victim 0 cut op51 8 he>t 0 torn out1 & toge!r ) ! re/ ( 8 body 0 ?r[n into ! fire4 ,runn]s c>ri$ ! new fire at full spe$ to all p>ts ( ! k+dom to rek9dle ! cold he>?s2 = e fire ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry _h be5 ext+ui%$ z a prep>ation = ?is solemn rite47#ajad7 7,m#bfh7 ,! ,blackfeet ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 8"k & obs]ve ! ,pleiades1 & regulate _! mo/ important fea/ by ^? />s4 ,ab\t ! fir/ & ! la/ days ( ! occultation ( ! ,pleiades !re is a sacr$ fea/ among ! ,blackfeet4 ,! mode ( obs]vance is national1 ! :ole ( ! tribe turn+ out = ! celebration ( its rites1 :i* include two sacr$ vigils1 ! solemn bless+ & plant+ ( ! se$4 ,x is ! op5+ ( ! agricultural season4444 ,9 all highly religi\s fea/s ! calumet1 or pipe1 is always pres5t$ t[>ds ! ,pleiades1 ) invocation = life-giv+ goods4 ,! wom5 swe> by ! ,pleiades z ! m5 d by ! sun or ! morn+ />40 ,at ! g5]al meet+ ( ! nation !re is a dance ( w>riors1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! dance ( ! sev5 "y m5 :o are id5tifi$ ) ! ,pleiades4 ,= ! ,indians say t ! sev5 />s ( ! con/ellation 7 sev5 bro!rs1 :o gu>d$ by night ! field ( sacr$ se$ & danc$ r\nd x to keep !mselves awake dur+ ! long h\rs ( d>kness47#ajae7 ,accord+ to ano!r leg5d told by ! ,blackfeet1 ! ,pleiades are six *ildr51 :o 7 s a%am$ because !y _h no little yell[ hides ( buffalo calves t !y w&]$ away on ! pla9s & 7 at la/ tak5 up into ! sky4 8,!y are n se5 dur+ ! moon1 :5 ! buffalo calves are yell[ 7spr+1 ! "t ( _! %ame71 b1 e ye>1 :5 ! calves turn br[n 7autumn71 ! lo/ *ildr5 c be se5 9 ! sky e night407#ajaf7 ,?is v]sion ( ! my?1 x w be obs]v$1 recognises only six />s 9 ! con/ellation1 & _m savages app>5tly see no m1 :i* speaks ill = ! ke5ness ( _! vision2 s9ce among ourselves p]sons end[$ ) unusually good sight are able1 ,i und]/&1 to disc]n sev54 ,among ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ,tusayan1 an anci5t prov9ce ( ,arizona1 ! culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades is (t5 us$ to det]m9e ! prop] "t = beg9n+ a sacr$ nocturnal rite1 especially an invocation address$ to ! six deities :o are believ$ to rule ! six qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! writ] :o records ?is fact adds3 8,i _c expla9 its significance1 & :y ( all /ell> objects ?is m9ute clu/] ( />s ( a l[ magnitude is m important ?an o!r /ell> gr\ps is n cle> to me407#ajag7 ,if ! ,pueblo ,indians see only six />s 9 ! clu/]1 z to :i* ,i _c speak1 x might seem to !m a reason = assign+ "o ( ! />s to ea* ( ! six qu>t]s1 namely1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/1 above1 & bel[4 7,m#bfi7 ,! ,society ,isl&]s 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific divid$ ! ye> into two seasons1 :i* !y det]m9$ by obs]vation ( ! ,pleiades4 8,! fir/ !y call$ ,mat>ii i nia1 ,pleiades above4 ,x comm5c$ :51 9 ! ev5+1 ^! />s appe>$ on or ne> ! horizon2 & ! half ye>1 dur+ :i*1 imm$iately aft] sunset1 !y 7 se5 above ! horizon1 0 call$ ,mat>ii i nia4 ,! o!r season comm5c$ :51 at sunset1 ! />s 7 invisible1 & cont9u$ until at t h\r !y appe>$ aga9 above ! horizon4 ,?is season 0 call$ ,mat>ii i r>o1 ,pleiades bel[407#ajah7 ,9 ! ,h]vey ,isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific x is said t ! con/ellation 0 orig9ally a s+le />1 :i* 0 %att]$ into six fragm5ts by ! god ,tane4 8,?is clu/] ( little />s is appropriately nam$ ,mata-riki or little-eyes1 on acc\nt ( _! brightness4 ,x is also designat$ ,tau-ono1 or !-six1 on acc\nt ( ! app>5t numb] ( ! fragm5ts2 ! pres5ce ( ! sev5? /> n hav+ be5 detect$ by ! unassi/$ native eye407#ajai7 ,among ^! isl&]s ! arrival ( ! new ye> 0 indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! con/ellation on ! ea/]n horizon j aft] sunset1 t is1 ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb]4 8,h5ce ! idolatr\s wor%ip paid to ?is beautiful clu/] ( />s 9 _m ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,! ,pleiades 7 wor%ipp$ at ,dang] ,isl&1 & at ! ,p5rhyns1 d[n to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity 9 #aheg4 ,9 _m isl&s extravagant joy is /ill manife/$ at ! ris+ ( ?is con/ellation out ( ! ocean407#ajbj7 ,= example1 9 ,manahiki or ,humphrey's ,isl&1 ,s\? ,pacific1 8:5 ! con/ellation ,pleiades 0 se5 !re 0 unusual joy all ov] ! mon?1 & express$ by s++1 danc+1 & bl[+-%ell trumpets407#ajba7 ,s ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal&1 ano!r ,polynesian p ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 divid$ ! ye> into moons & det]m9$ ! fir/ moon by ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades1 :i* !y call$ ,mat>iki47#ajbb7 ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ,polynesia ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades 7v>i\sly kn[n z ,mat>iki1 ,mataliki1 ,matalii1 ,makalii1 etc47 seems to h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>47#ajbc7 7,m#bgj7 ,among "s ( ! ,melanesians also ! ,pleiades occupy an important position 9 ! cal5d>4 8,! ,banks' isl&]s & ,nor!rn ,new ,hebrides p cont5t !mselves ) di/+ui%+ ! ,pleiades1 by :i* ! approa* ( yam h>ve/ is m>k$407#ajbd7 8,among/ ! con/ellations1 ! ,pleiades & ,orion's belt seem to be ^? :i* are mo/ famili> to ! natives ( ,b\ga9ville ,/raits4 ,! =m]1 :i* !y speak ( z possess+ six />s1 !y "n ,vuhu2 ! latt] ,matatala4 ,!y h also names = a few o!r />s4 ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r savage races1 ! ,pleiades is a con/ellation ( great significance ) ! inhabitants ( ^! /raits4 ,! ,treasury ,isl&]s hold a great fea/ t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 to celebrate1 z f> z ,i c\ld le>n1 ! approa*+ appe>ance ( ! con/ellation above ! ea/]n horizon soon aft] sunset4 ,probably1 z 9 _m ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 ?is ev5t m>ks ! beg9n+ ( _! ye>4 ,i le>n$ f ,mr4 ,/eph5s t1 9 ,ugi1 :]e ( all ! con/ellations ! ,pleiades alone receives a "n1 ! natives are guid$ by x 9 select+ ! times = plant+ & tak+ up ! yams407#ajbe7 7,m#bga7 ,! natives ( ! ,torres ,/raits isl&s obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades 7,usiam7 on ! horizon at sunset2 & :5 !y see x1 !y say t ! new yam "t has come47#ajbf7 ,! ,kai & ! ,bukaua1 two agricultural tribes ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 also det]m9e ! season ( _! lab\r 9 ! fields by obs]vation ( ! ,pleiades3 ! ,kai say t ! "t = su* lab\rs is :5 ! ,pleiades are visible above ! horizon at night47#ajbg7 ,9 "s di/ricts ( nor!rn ,celebes ! rice-fields are simil>ly prep>$ = cultivation :5 ! ,pleiades are se5 at a c]ta9 height above ! horizon47#ajbh7 ,z to ! ,dyaks ( ,s>awak we read t 8! ,pleiades !mselves tell !m :5 to f>m2 & accord+ to _! position 9 ! heav5s1 morn+ & ev5+1 d !y cut d[n ! =e/1 burn1 plant1 & reap4 ,! ,malays are oblig$ to foll[ _! example1 or _! lun> ye> w\ld soon r5d] _! f>m+ op]ations unpr(itable407#ajbi7 ,:5 ! season = cle>+ fre% l& 9 ! =e/ approa*es1 a wise man is appo9t$ to g out be=e dawn & wat* = ! ,pleiades4 ,z soon z ! con/ellation is se5 to rise :ile x is yet d>k1 !y "k t ! "t has come to beg94 ,b n until ! ,pleiades are at ! z5i? be=e dawn d ! ,dyaks ?9k x desirable to burn ! fall5 timb] & to s[ ! rice47#ajcj7 ,h[ev]1 ! ,k5yahs & ,kayans1 two o!r tribes ( ,s>awak1 det]m9e ! agricultural seasons by obs]vation ( ! sun r ?an ( ! />s2 & = ?is purpose !y h devis$ c]ta9 simple b +5i\s me*anisms4 ,! ,k5yahs measure ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ca/ by an upright pole at noon2 & ! ,kayans let 9 a beam ( light ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ro( & measure ! di/ance f ! po9t imm$iately bel[ ! hole to ! place :]e ! light rea*es ! floor47#ajca7 ,b ! ,kayans ( ! ,mahakam riv]1 9 ,dut* ,borneo1 det]m9e ! "t = s[+ by obs]v+ :5 ! sun sets 9 a l9e ) two upright /ones47#ajcb7 ,9 ,bali1 an isl& to ! ea/ ( ,java1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades at sunset 9 ,m>* m>ks ! end ( ! ye>47#ajcc7 ,! ,pleiades & ,orion are ! only con/ellations :i* ! p ( ,bali obs]ve = ! purpose ( correct+ _! lun> cal5d> by int]calation4 ,= example1 !y br+ ! lun> ye> into h>mony ) ! sol> by prolong+ ! mon? ,asada until ! ,pleiades are visible at sunset47#ajcd7 ,! natives ( ,nias1 an isl& to ! s\? ( ,sumatra1 pay little he$ to ! />s1 b !y h names = ! ,morn+ ,/> & = ! ,pleiades2 & :5 ! ,pleiades appe> 9 ! sky1 ! p assemble to till _! fields1 = !y ?9k t to d s be=e ! ris+ ( ! con/ellation w\ld be useless47#ajce7 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,sumatra 8mu* confusion 9 reg>d to ! p]iod ( s[+ is said to h aris5 f a v extraord9>y cause4 ,anci5tly1 say ! natives1 x 0 regulat$ by ! />s1 & p>ticul>ly by ! appe>ance 7heliacal ris+7 ( ! b9tang baniak or ,pleiades2 b aft] ! introduction ( ! ,mahometan religion1 !y 7 induc$ to foll[ ! returns ( ! pusa or great annual fa/1 & =got _! old rules4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 obvi\s2 = ! lun> ye> ( ! hejrah be+ elev5 days %ort ( ! sid]eal or sol> ye>1 ! ord] ( ! seasons 0 soon inv]t$2 & x is only a/oni%+ t its inaptness to ! purposes ( agriculture %\ld n h be5 imm$iately discov]$407#ajcf7 ,! ,battas or ,bataks ( c5tral ,sumatra date ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! agricultural ye> by ! positions ( ,orion & ! ,pleiades4 ,:5 ! ,pleiades rise be=e ! sun at ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 ! ,a*9ese ( nor!rn ,sumatra "k t ! "t has come to s[ ! rice47#ajcg7 7,m#bgb7 ,scatt]$ & fragm5t>y z ^! notices are1 !y suffice to %ew t ! ,pleiades h receiv$ mu* att5tion f savages 9 ! tropical regions ( ! _w f ,brasil 9 ! ea/ to ,sumatra 9 ! we/4 ,f> to ! nor? ( ! tropics ! rude ,kam*atkans are said to "k only ?ree con/ellations1 ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,pleiades1 & ?ree />s 9 ,orion47#ajch7 ,:5 we pass to ,africa we aga9 f9d ! ,pleiades employ$ by tribes 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t to m>k ! seasons ( ! agricultural ye>4 ,we h se5 t ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa date _! new ye> f ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades j be=e sunrise & fix ! "t = s[+ by obs]vation ( t con/ellation47#ajci7 8,!y calculate only twelve lun> mon?s = ! ye>1 = :i* !y h descriptive names1 & ?is results 9 frequ5t confusion & diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* mon? x really is4 ,! confusion is always rectifi$ by ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,pleiades j be=e sunrise1 & a fre% />t is made & ?+s g on smoo?ly till once m ! moons get out ( place1 & ref]5ce has aga9 to be made to ! />s407#ajdj7 ,accord+ to ano!r au?ority on ! ,bantu tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 8! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades %ortly aft] sunset 0 reg>d$ z indicat+ ! plant+ season4 ,to ?is con/ellation1 z well z to sev]al ( ! prom95t />s & planets1 !y gave expressive names4 ,!y =m$ no !ories conc]n+ ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies & _! motions1 & 7 n giv5 to ?9k+ ( su* ?+s407#ajda7 ,! ,amazulu call ! ,pleiades ,isilimela1 :i* means 8,! digg+-= 7/>s710 because :5 ! ,pleiades appe> ! p beg9 to dig4 ,!y say t 8,isilimela 7! ,pleiades7 dies1 & is n se54 ,x is n se5 9 w9t]2 & at la/1 :5 ! w9t] is com+ to an end1 x beg9s to appe>--"o ( its />s fir/1 & !n ?ree1 until go+ on increas+ x becomes a clu/] ( />s1 & is p]fectly cle> :5 ! sun is ab\t to rise4 ,& we say ,isilimela is r5ew$1 & ! ye> is r5ew$1 & s we beg9 to dig407#ajdb7 ,! ,be*uanas 8are direct$ by ! position ( c]ta9 />s 9 ! heav5s1 t ! "t has arriv$1 9 ! revolv+ ye>1 :5 p>ticul> roots c be dug up = use1 or :5 !y may comm5ce _! lab\rs ( ! field4 ,?is is _! likhakologo 7turn+s or revolv+s71 or :at we %\ld call ! spr+ "t ( ! ye>4 ,! ,pleiades !y call selemla1 :i* may be translat$ #8cultivator1' or ! precursor ( agriculture1 f lemla1 ! relative v]b to cultivate =2 & se1 a pronom9al prefix1 di/+ui%+ !m z ! actors4 ,?us1 :5 ?is con/ellation assumes a c]ta9 position 9 ! heav5s1 x is ! signal to comm5ce cultivat+ _! fields & g>d5s407#ajdc7 ,among "s ( ^! ,s\? ,african tribes ! p]iod ( seclusion obs]v$ by lads aft] circumcision comes to an end ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades1 & accord+ly ! y\?s are said to long z ard5tly = ! ris+ ( ! con/ellation z ,mohamm$ans = ! ris+ ( ! moon :i* w put an end to ! fa/ ( ,ramadan47#ajdd7 ,! ,hott5tots date ! seasons ( ! ye> by ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! ,pleiades47#ajde7 ,an e>ly ,moravian mission>y settl$ among ! ,hott5tots1 reports t 8at ! return ( ! ,pleiades ^! natives celebrate an anniv]s>y2 z soon z ^! />s appe> above ! ea/]n horizon mo!rs w lift _! little ones on _! arms1 & runn+ up to elevat$ spots1 w %[ to !m ^? fri5dly />s1 & tea* !m to /ret* _! little h&s t[>ds !m4 ,! p ( a kraal w assemble to dance & to s+ accord+ to ! old cu/om ( _! ance/ors4 ,! *orus always s+s3 #8,o ,tiqua1 our ,fa!r above our heads1 give ra9 to u1 t ! fruits 7bulbs1 etc471 ui5tjes1 may rip51 & t we may h pl5ty ( food1 s5d u a good ye>4' 07#ajdf7 ,) "s tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades e>ly 9 ! ev5+ is ! signal = ! hoe+ to beg947#ajdg7 ,to ! ,masai ( ,ea/ ,africa ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades 9 ! wre/ is ! sign ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 :i* takes its "n f ! con/ellation47#ajdh7 ,9 ,masail& ! ,pleiades are above ! horizon f ,septemb] till ab\t ! sev5te5? ( ,may2 & ! p1 z !y express x !mselves1 8"k :e!r x w ra9 or n accord+ to ! appe>ance or non-appe>ance ( ! six />s1 call$ ,! ,pleiades1 :i* foll[ aft] "o ano!r l cattle4 ,:5 ! mon? :i* ! ,masai call #8,( ! ,pleiades'7#ajdi7 arrives1 & ! ,pleiades are no long] visible1 !y "k t ! ra9s are ov]4 ,= ! ,pleiades set 9 t mon? & are n se5 aga9 until ! season ( %[]s has come to an end37#ajej7 x is !n t !y reappe>407#ajea7 ,! only o!r gr\ps ( />s = :i* ! ,masai appe> to h names are ,orion's sword & ,orion's belt47#ajeb7 ,! ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa h a special "n 7,korem]ik7 = ! ,pleiades1 8& x is by ! appe>ance or non-appe>ance ( ^! />s t ! ,n&i "k :e!r !y may expect a good or a bad h>ve/407#ajec7 ,! ,kikuyu ( ! same region say t 8! ,pleiades is ! m>k 9 ! heav5s to %[ ! p :5 to plant _! crops2 !y plant :5 ?is con/ellation is 9 a c]ta9 position e>ly 9 ! night407#ajed7 ,9 ,si]ra ,leone 8! prop] "t = prep>+ ! plantations is %ewn by ! p>ticul> situation 9 :i* ! ,pleiades1 call$ by ! ,bulloms a-w>rang1 ! only />s :i* !y obs]ve or di/+ui% by peculi> names1 are to be se5 at sunset407#ajee7 ,we h se5 t anci5t ,greek f>m]s reap$ _! corn :5 ! ,pleiades rose at sunrise 9 ,may1 & t !y pl\gh$ _! fields :5 ! con/ellation set at sunrise 9 ,novemb]47#ajef7 ,! int]val betwe5 ! two dates is ab\t six mon?s4 ,bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,romans dat$ ! beg9n+ ( summ] f ! heliacal ris+ ( ! ,pleiades & ! beg9n+ ( w9t] f _! heliacal sett+47#ajeg7 ,pl9y reg>d$ ! autumnal sett+ ( ! ,pleiades z ! prop] season = s[+ ! corn1 p>ticul>ly ! :eat & ! b>ley1 & he tells u t 9 ,greece & ,asia all ! crops 7 s[n at ! sett+ ( t con/ellation47#ajeh7 7,m#bgc7 ,s widespread ov] ! _w has be5 & is ! association ( ! ,pleiades ) agriculture1 especially ) ! s[+ or plant+ ( ! crops4 ,! reason = ! association seems to be ! co9cid5ce ( ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! con/ellation ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season2 s9ce m5 mu/ v soon h le>n$ t ! be/1 if n ! only1 season to s[ & plant is ! "t ( ye> :5 ! newly-plant$ se$s or roots w be quick5$ by abundant %[]s4 ,! same association ( ! ,pleiades ) ra9 seems suffici5t to expla9 _! importance ev5 = savages :o d n till ! gr\nd2 = ignorant ?\gh su* races are1 !y yet c h>dly fail to obs]ve t wild fruits gr[ m pl5tifully1 & !re=e t !y !mselves h m to eat aft] a heavy fall ( ra9 ?an aft] a long dr\ght4 ,9 po9t ( fact we saw t "s ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 :o are :olly ignorant ( agriculture1 look on ! ,pleiades z ! giv]s ( ra91 & curse ! con/ellation if its appe>ance is n foll[$ by ! expect$ %[]s47#ajei7 ,on ! o!r side ( ! _w1 & at ! opposite end ( ! scale ( culture1 ! civilis$ ,greeks simil>ly suppos$ t ! autumnal sett+ ( ! ,pleiades 0 ! cause ( ! ra9s :i* foll[$ x2 & ! a/ronomical writ] ,gem9us ?\ght x wor? :ile to argue aga9/ ! supposition1 po9t+ out t ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r & ( ! seasons1 ?\gh !y may co9cide ) ! ris+s & sett+s ( ! con/ellations1 are n produc$ by !m1 ! />s be+ too di/ant f ! e>? to ex]cise any appreciable influ5ce on our atmosph]e4 ,h5ce1 he says1 ?\gh ! con/ellations s]ve z ! signals1 !y mu/ n be reg>d$ z ! causes1 ( atmosph]ic *anges2 & he aptly illu/rates ! di/9ction by a ref]5ce to beacon-fires1 :i* are ! signals1 b n ! causes1 ( w>47#ajfj7 ,,footnotes ,m#a ,dea? & resurrection ( ,ori5tal gods ( vegetation4 ,! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ god ( vegetation 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,m#b ,dionysus1 ! god ( ! v9e1 orig9ally a ,?racian deity4 #a ,on ,dionysus 9 g5]al1 see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #fei sqq42 ,fr4 ,l5ormant1 s4v4 8,bac*us10 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #eia sqq42 ,voigt & ,?raem]1 s4v4 8,dionysus10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #ajbi sqq42 ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 ii4 #a sqq42 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #cfc sqq42 ,k]n1 s4v4 8,dionysus10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 #ajaj sqq42 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e von religis] ,b$eutung 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #beh sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 7,ox=d1 #aiji7 pp4 #he sqq4 ,! epi!t ,bromios be/[$ on ,dionysus1 & 8 id5tification ) ! ,?racian & ,phrygian deity ,sabazius1 h be5 adduc$ z evid5ce t ,dionysus 0 a god ( be] or ( o!r c]eal intoxicants be=e he became a god ( w9e4 ,see ,w4 ,headlam1 9 ,classical ,review1 xv4 7#aija7 p4 #bc2 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #dad-dbf4 #b ,plato1 ,laws1 i4 p4 #fcg ,e2 ,!opompus1 cit$ by ,a!naeus1 x4 #fj1 p4 #ddb ,e ,f2 ,suidas1 s4v4 2 comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,anabasis1 vii4 #c4 #cb4 ,= ! evid5ce ( ! ,?racian orig9 ( ,dionysus1 see ! writ]s cit$ 9 ! prec$+ note1 especially ,dr4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 v4 #he sqq4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,trag$y 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aj sqq4 #c ,h]odotus1 ii4 #di2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ig4 #d2 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,le ,culte de ,dionyse en ,attique 7,p>is1 #aijd71 pp4 #i sqq41 #aei sqq4 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 xxxvii474 ,m#c ,dionysus a god ( trees1 especially ( fruit-trees4 #d ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 v4 #c3 1 1 4 #e ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #f ,see ! pictures ( 8 images1 drawn f anci5t vases1 9 ,c4 ,btti*]'s ,baumkultus d] ,hell55 7,b]l91 #ahef71 plates #db1 #dc1 #dc ,a1 #dc ,b1 #dd2 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #cfa1 #fbf sq4 #g ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 op4 cit4 i4 #fbf4 #h ,p4 ,w5dl& und ,o4 ,k]n1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,philosophie und ,religion 7,b]l91 #ahie71 pp4 #gi sqq42 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d' ,inscriptions ,grecques 7,brussels1 #aijj71 ,no4 #hef4 #i ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #cj4 #aj ,p9d>1 quot$ by ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce4 #aa ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]tat4 viii4 #a4 #ab ,a!naeus1 iii4 *s4 #ad & #bc1 pp4 #gh ,c1 #hb ,d4 #ac ,orphica1 ,hymn l4 #d4 liii4 #h4 #ad ,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 iii4 #da2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 ,comp>e ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 v4 #h4 #c4 #ae ,pausanias1 i4 #ca4 #d2 id4 vii4 #ba4 #f4 #af ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fcf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dce1 4 ,h[ev]1 ! words may equally well ref] to ! c]eal crops4 #ag ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 v4 #c4 #ah ,pausanias1 ii4 #b4 #f sq4 ,pausanias does n m5tion ! k9d ( tree2 b f ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #ajfd sqq41 & ,philo/ratus1 ,imag4 i4 #ag 7#ah71 we may inf] t x 0 a p9e1 ?\gh ,!ocritus 7xxvi4 #aa7 speaks ( x z a ma/i*-tree4 #ai ,mll]-,wiesel]1 ,d5kml] d] alt5 ,kun/1 ii4 pll4 xxxii4 sqq42 ,a4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums1 i4 figures #dhi1 #dia1 #dib1 #die4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,l5ormant1 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #fbc2 ,*4 ,f4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 p4 #gjj4 #bj ,pausanias1 i4 #ca4 #f4 #ba ,a!naeus1 iii4 #ad1 p4 #gh ,c4 ,m#d ,dionysus z a god ( agriculture & ! corn4 ,! w9n[+-fan z an emblem ( ,dionysus4 #bb ,him]ius1 ,orat4 i4 #aj1 4 #bc ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fd4 #a-c1 iv4 #d4 #a sq4 ,on ! agricultural aspect ( ,dionysus1 see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 7,ox=d1 #aiji7 pp4 #abc sq4 #bd ,ari/otle1 ,mirab4 ,auscult4 #abb 7p4 #hdb ,a1 ed4 ,im4 ,bekk]1 ,b]l9 edition74 #be ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #aff2 ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce4 ,! lit]>y & monum5tal evid5ce z to ! w9n[+-fan 9 ! my? & ritual ( ,dionysus has be5 collect$ & admirably int]pret$ by ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison 9 h] article 8,my/ica ,vannus ,iac*i10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxiii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #bib-cbd4 ,comp>e h] ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion#b 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #eag sqq4 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ^! works = full details on ! subject4 ,9 ! passage ( ,s]vius ref]r$ to ! read+ is some:at unc]ta92 9 8 critical edition ,g4 ,?ilo reads & in/ead ( ! usual & 4 ,b ! v>iation does n affect ! mean+4 ,m#e ,use ( ! w9n[+-fan to cradle infants4 ,! w9n[+-fan sometimes int5d$ to av]t evil spirits f *ildr54 #bf 1 ,s*olia/ on ,callima*us1 i4 #dh 7,callima*ea1 edidit ,o4 ,s*neid]1 ,leipsic1 #ahgj-ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #aji74 #bg ,t4 ,s4 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java 7,london1 #ahag71 i4 #cbc2 ,c4 ,f4 ,w9t]1 8,in/ell+51 ,gewoont55 ,gebruik5 d] ,javan5 te ,so]ak>ta10 ,tijds*rift voor ,nerl&s ,indie1 ,vijfde ,ja>gang1 ,e]/e ,deel 7#ahdc71 p4 #fie2 ,p4 ,j4 ,ve?1 ,java 7,ha>lem1 #ahge-ahhd71 i4 #fci4 #bh ,c4 ,po5s51 8,iets ov] de kle$+ d] ,javan510 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xx4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #bgi sq4 #bi ,rev4 ,j4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 edit$ & revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,paxton ,hood 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #ij sq4 #cj ,rev4 ,e4 ,m4 ,gordon1 8,"s ,notes conc]n+ ! ,p ( ,mungli ,tahsl1 ,bilaspur ,di/rict10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxi41 ,"p iii4 7,calcutta1 #aijc7 p4 #gd2 id41 ,indian ,folk ,tales 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #da4 #ca ,c4 ,b4 ,klunz+]1 ,bild] aus ,ob]gypt5 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgg71 pp4 #aha1 #ahb2 id41 ,upp] ,egypt1 its ,p & ,products 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #cb ,r4 ,c4 ,temple1 8,opprobri\s ,names10 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 x4 7#ahha7 pp4 #cca sq4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,a4 ,rose1 8,h9du ,bir? ,obs]vances 9 ! ,punjab10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvii4 7#aijg7 p4 #bcd4 ,see also ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,augu/ #ahhf1 #gfh1 pp4 #ahd sq43 8,! w9n[+ fan 9 :i* a newly-born *ild is laid1 is us$ on ! fif? day = ! wor%ip ( ,satw4 ,?is makes x impure1 & x is h5ce=w>d us$ only = ! h\se-sweep+s40 #cc ,lieut4-,colonel ,gun?orpe1 8,on ! ,ghos or ,gadd ,gaols ( ! ,deccan10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 i4 #de4 #cd ,c4 ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #beh sq4 ,m#f ,use ( ! w9n[+-fan to av]t evil f *ildr5 9 ,india1 ,madagasc>1 & ,*9a4 ,k>5 c]emony ( fann+ away evils f *ildr54 #ce ,s4 ,mate]1 ,native ,life 9 ,travancore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #bac4 #cf ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 8,tanala ,cu/oms1 ,sup]/itions1 & ,beliefs10 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ,repr9t ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,numb]s 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bbf sq4 #cg ,pausanias1 ii4 #ca4 #h2 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,lehrbu* d] gottesdi5/li*5 ,alt]?m] d] ,grie*5#b 7,heidelb]g1 #aheh71 pp4 #acb sq41 #bc1 #be4 #ch ,rev4 ,j4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 edit$ & revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,paxton ,hood 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #aad sq4 ,! beans us$ 9 ! c]emony _h previ\sly be5 plac$ be=e an image ( ! goddess ( small-pox4 #ci ,rev4 ,f4 ,mason1 ,d4,d41 8,physical ,"* ( ! ,k>5s10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 cxxxi4 7,calcutta1 #ahff71 pp4 #i sq4 ,m#g ,among ! reasons = ! use ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 bir?-rites may h be5 ! wi% to av]t evils & to promote f]tility & gr[?4 #dj ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #aff3 8,et vannus ,iac*i4444 ,my/ica autem ,bac*i ideo ait1 quod ,lib]i patris sacra ad purgationem animae p]t9ebant3 et sic hom9es ejus my/]iis purgabantur1 sicut vannis frum5ta purgantur40 #da ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 8,k9d und ,korn10 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cea-cgd4 #db ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cea sqq4 #dc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgb1 cit+ ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volks-ab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #cci1 #edc2 ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #ha4 #dd ,boecl]-,kreutzwald1 ,d] ,eh/5 ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 p4 #fa4 ,?is cu/om is also cit$ by ,mannh>dt 7l4c474 ,m#h ,use ( ! w9n[+-fan 9 ! rites ( ,dionysus4 #de ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 8,my/ica ,vannus ,iac*i10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxiii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #bif sqq42 id41 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1#b pp4 #eah sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 7,ox=d1 #aiji7 p4 #bdc4 #df ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dh1 #di2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #cd1 pp4 #bi-cj1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ai1 vol4 i4 p4 #cb2 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,/udia de ,dionysiis ,atticis 7,lund1 #aijj71 pp4 #ij sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 #abe1 #aie1 #bje4 #dg ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #ba4 ,m#i ,my? ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus4 ,leg5d t ! infant ,dionysus occupi$ = a %ort "t ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,zeus4 ,dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus repres5t$ 9 8 rites4 #dh ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 vi4 #aee-bje4 #di ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #f4 #ej ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ag4 ,comp>e ,*4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 pp4 #aaaa sqq4 #ea ,proclus on ,plato1 ,cratylus1 p4 #ei1 quot$ by ,e4 ,abel1 ,orphica1 p4 #bbh4 ,comp>e ,*r4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 pp4 #eeb sq4 #eb ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ai4 ,comp>e id4 ii4 #bb2 ,s*olia/ on ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,m]etr4 vii4 p4 #bhj1 ed4 ,h4 ,rabe4 #ec ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ah2 ,proclus on ,plato's ,timaeus1 iii4 p4 #bjj ,d1 quot$ by ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 p4 #efb1 & by ,abel1 ,orphica1 p4 #bcd4 ,o!rs said t ! mangl$ body 0 piec$ toge!r1 n by ,apollo b by ,rhea 7,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #cj74 #ed ,*4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 pp4 #egb sqq4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #c4 ,= a conjectural re/oration ( ! temple1 bas$ on anci5t au?orities & an exam9ation ( ! scanty rema9s1 see an article by ,j4 ,h4 ,middleton1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #bhb sqq4 ,! ru9s ( ! temple h n[ be5 completely excavat$ by ! ,fr5*4 #ee ,s4 ,clem5s ,romanus1 ,recognitiones1 x4 #bd 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 i4 col4 #adcd74 #ef ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fb4 #eg ,macrobius1 ,comm5t4 9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i4 #ab4 #ab2 ,scriptores r]um my?ic>um ,lat9i tres ,romae nup] rep]ti 7commonly ref]r$ to z ,my?ographi ,vaticani71 ed4 ,g4 ,h4 ,bode 7,cellis1 #ahcd71 iii4 #ab4 #e1 p4 #bdf2 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 iv4 #ag 7vol4 i4 p4 #bhf1 ed4 ,p4 ,koets*au74 #eh ,him]ius1 ,orat4 ix4 #d4 #ei ,proclus1 ,hymn to ,m9]va1 quot$ by ,*4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 p4 #efa2 ,orphica1 ed4 ,e4 ,abel1 p4 #bce4 #fj ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1 #afg4 #fa ,! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus 7 bi5nial 9 _m places4 ,see ,g4 ,f4 ,s*mann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]1#d ii4 #ebd sqq4 7,! t]ms = ! fe/ival 7 1 1 bo? t]ms ( ! s]ies be+ includ$ 9 ! num]ation1 9 accordance ) ! anci5t mode ( reckon+47 ,p]haps ! fe/ivals 7 =m]ly annual & ! p]iod 0 aft]w>ds l5g!n$1 z has happ5$ ) o!r fe/ivals4 ,see ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #agb1 #age1 #dia1 #ecc sq41 #eih4 ,"s ( ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 h[ev]1 7 annual4 ,dr4 ,f>nell has conjectur$ t ! bi5nial p]iod 9 _m ,greek fe/ivals is to be expla9$ by 8! orig9al %ift+ ( l&-cultivation :i* is frequ5t 9 e>ly society ow+ to ! backw>dness ( ! agricultural processes2 & :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be consecrat$ by a special ritual atta*$ to ! god ( ! soil40 ,see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 #ahj sq4 #fb ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #f4 #fc ,my?ographi ,vaticani1 ed4 ,g4 ,h4 ,bode1 iii4 #ab4 #e1 p4 #bdf4 #fd ,plut>*1 ,consol4 ad uxor4 #aj4 ,comp>e id41 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce2 id41 ,de ,e ,delphico1 #i2 id41 ,de esu c>nium1 i4 #g4 #fe ,pausanias1 ii4 #ca4 #b & #cg4 #e2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #e4 #c4 #ff ,pausanias1 ii4 #cg4 #e sq42 ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce2 id41 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 iv4 #f4 #b4 #fg ,him]ius1 ,orat4 iii4 #f1 xiv4 #g4 #fh ,= ,dionysus 9 ?is capacity see ,f4 ,l5ormant 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #fcb4 ,= ,osiris1 see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cdd sq4 ,m#aj ,dionysus repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a bull4 #fi ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce2 id41 ,quae/4 ,graec4 #cf2 ,a!naeus1 xi4 #ea1 p4 #dgf ,a2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #af2 ,orphica1 ,hymn xxx4 vv4 #c1 #d1 xlv4 #a1 lii4 #b1 liii4 #h2 ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #ii2 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #ceg2 ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #ca2 ,lucian1 ,bac*us1 #b4 ,! title appli$ to ,dionysus 7,hom]ic ,hymns1 xxxiv4 #b2 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 iii4 #ag2 ,dionysius1 ,p]ieg4 #egf2 ,etymologicum ,magnum1 p4 #cga4 #eg7 is etymologically equival5t to ! ,sanscrit v>sabha1 8a bull10 z ,i 0 in=m$ by my lam5t$ fri5d ! late ,r4 ,a4 ,neil ( ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge4 #gj ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #ibj sqq41 #ajag2 ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 vi4 #aig sqq4 #ga ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce2 ,a!naeus1 xi4 #ea1 p4 #dgf ,a4 #gb ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fd4 #b1 iv4 #d4 #b2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #cj4 #gc ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fd4 #b2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #bji1 #abcf2 ,philo/ratus1 ,imag9es1 i4 #ad 7#ae74 #gd ,mll]-,wiesel]1 ,d5kml] d] alt5 ,kun/1 ii4 pl4 xxxiii42 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #fai sq41 #fca2 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon d4 grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #aadi sqq42 ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,co9-types ( "s ,kilikian ,cities10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xviii4 7#ahih7 p4 #afe4 #ge ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,alte ,d5kml] 7,gtt+51 #ahdi-ahfd71 v4 taf4 #b4 #gf ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung1 ix4 7#ahea7 pl4 xxxiii41 ) ,g]h>d's rem>ks1 pp4 #cga-cgc4 #gg ,gazette ,ar*ologique1 v4 7#ahgi7 pl4 #c4 #gh ,pausanias1 viii4 #ai4 #b4 #gi ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones ,graecae1 #cf2 id41 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ce4 #hj ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #abcf4 #ha ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 vi4 #bje4 #hb ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #f4 #hc ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #gce sqq42 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #ceg4 ,m#aa ,dionysus z a goat4 ,live goats r5t & dev\r$ by 8 wor%ipp]s4 #hd ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 1 on :i* !re is a m>g9al gloss 1 1 2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 #he ,pausanias1 ii4 #ce4 #a2 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,a*>n4 #adf2 ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 p4 #aah4 #ed sqq42 ,suidas1 s4vv4 & 2 ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 xxvii4 #cjb4 ,comp>e ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ci1 :]e = we %\ld p]haps read 4 #hf ,pausanias1 ii4 #ac4 #f4 ,on _! return f ,troy ! ,greeks are said to h f\nd goats & an image ( ,dionysus 9 a cave ( ,euboea 7,pausanias1 i4 #bc4 #a74 #hg ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #d4 #c4 #hh ,ovid1 ,metam4 v4 #cbi2 ,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 #bh2 ,my?ographi ,vaticani1 ed4 ,g4 ,h4 ,bode1 i4 #hf1 p4 #bi4 #hi ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 v4 #ai4 ,comp>e ,suidas1 s4v4 4 ,z fawns appe> to h be5 also torn 9 pieces at ! rites ( ,dionysus 7,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 2 ,h>pocration1 s4v4 71 x is probable t ! fawn 0 ano!r ( ! god's embodim5ts4 ,b ( ?is !re seems no direct evid5ce4 ,fawn-sk9s 7 worn bo? by ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s 7,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #cj74 ,simil>ly ! female ,bac*anals wore goat-sk9s 7,hesy*ius1 s4v4 74 ,m#ab ,cu/om ( r5d+ & dev\r+ animals & m5 z a religi\s rite4 ,c]emonial cannibalism among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 #ij ,mr4 ,duncan1 quot$ by ,comm&] ,r4 ,c4 ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia & ,vanc\v] ,isl& 7,london1 #ahfb71 pp4 #bhd-bhh4 ,! in/rum5t :i* made ! scree*+ s\nd 0 no d\bt a bull-ro>]1 a flat piece ( /ick :irl$ at ! end ( a /r+ s z to produce a dron+ or scream+ note accord+ to ! spe$ ( revolution4 ,su* in/rum5ts are us$ by ! ,koskimo ,indians ( ! same region at _! cannibal & o!r rites4 ,see ,fr4 ,boas1 8,! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians10 ,report ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum = #ahie 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig71 pp4 #faj1 #faa4 ,m#ac ,religi\s societies ( ,cannibals & ,dog-eat]s among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,live goats r5t 9 pieces & dev\r$ by fanatics 9 ,morocco4 #ia ,fr4 ,boas1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dcg-ddc1 #ebg sq41 #ecf1 #ecg sq41 #egi1 #ffd2 id41 9 8,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahhi1 pp4 #ed-ef 7sep>ate repr9t72 id41 9 8,six? ,report on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahij1 pp4 #fb1 #fe sq4 7sep>ate repr9t74 ,z to ! rules obs]v$ aft] ! eat+ ( human fle%1 see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #ahh-aij4 #ib ,fr4 ,boas1 8,! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians10 ,report ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum = #ahie 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig71 pp4 #fdi sq41 #feh sq42 id41 9 8,six? ,report on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahij1 p4 #ea2 7sep>ate repr9t72 id41 8,sev5? ,report on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahia1 pp4 #aj sq4 7sep>ate repr9t72 id41 8,t5? ,report on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahie1 p4 #eh 7sep>ate repr9t74 #ic ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 #ahgh 7,montreal1 #ahhj71 pp4 #abe ,b1 #abh ,b4 #id ,j4 ,r4 ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aije71 pp4 #aef1 #afj sq41 #agj sq41 #aha 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,= details z to ! practice ( ^! savage rites among ! ,indian coa/ tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia1 see my ,totemism & ,exogamy 7,london1 #aiaj71 iii4 pp4 #eja1 #eaa sq41 #eae sq41 #eai1 #eba1 #ebf1 #ece sq41 #ecg1 #eci sq41 #edb sq41 #edd1 #ede4 #ie ,a4 ,le>$1 ,morocco & ! ,moors 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #bfg-bfi4 ,comp>e ,budgett ,meak91 ,! ,moors 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #cca sq4 ,! same ord] ( fanatics also exi/s & holds simil> orgies 9 ,alg]ia1 especially at ! t[n ( ,tlemc54 ,see ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,les ,assoua ,tlemc5 7,*lons-sur-,m>ne1 #aijj71 p4 #ac4 ,m#ad ,lat] mis9t]pretations ( ! cu/om ( kill+ a god 9 animal =m4 #if ,v>ro1 ,r]um ru/ic>um1 i4 #b4 #ai2 ,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #cgf-cha1 ) ! comm5ts ( ,s]vius on ! passage & on ,a54 iii4 #aah2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #cec sqq42 id41 ,metamorph4 xv4 #aad sq42 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #cj4 #ig ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #ach sq43 1 4 #ih ,s*ol4 on ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #ceg4 #ii ,h]a at ,sp>ta1 ,pausanias1 iii4 #ae4 #i2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 7comp>e ! repres5tation ( ,h]a clad 9 a goat's sk91 ) ! animal's head & horns ov] h] head1 ,mll]-,wiesel]1 ,d5kml] d] alt5 ,kun/1 i4 ,no4 #bbi ,b2 & ! simil> repres5tation ( ! ,lanuv9ian ,juno1 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon d4 grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #fje sqq472 ,zeus 1 ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 p4 #bg4 #eb 7comp>e ,s*olia/ on ,oppianus1 ,halieut4 iii4 #aj2 ,l4 ,/ephani1 9 ,compte-,r5du de la ,commission ,impriale ,ar*ologique p\r l'anne #ahfi 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgj71 pp4 #af-ah72 ,apollo at ,elis1 ,a!naeus1 viii4 #cf1 p4 #cdf ,b2 ,artemis 9 ,samos1 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 comp>e id41 s4v4 4 ,div9e titles d]iv$ f kill+ animals are probably to be simil>ly expla9$1 z ,dionysus 7,pausanias1 ix4 #h4 #b72 ,rhea or ,hecate 7,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*olia on ,lycophron1 #gg72 ,apollo 7,sophocles1 ,electra1 #f72 ,apollo 7,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxxiv4 #gj74 #ajj ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahd1 #aid1 #aif1 #aig sq41 #bcc4 ,m#ae ,human sacrifices 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus4 #aja ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #ee4 #ajb ,pausanias1 ix4 #h4 #b4 #ajc ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afc sq4 ,m#af ,! leg5d>y dea?s ( ,p5!us & ,lycurgus may be rem9isc5ces ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ div9e k+s 9 ! "* ( ,dionysus4 #ajd ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ccb sq4 #aje ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #e4 #a4 #ajf ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf1 #ceb1 #ced1 #cff sq4 #ajg ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #e4 #a4 #ajh ,h]odotus1 vii4 #aig2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #i4 #a sq42 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds1 #beg2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #ba2 ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1 #a-e4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afa-afc4 #aji ,clem5s ,romanus1 ,recognitiones1 x4 #bd 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 i4 col4 #adcd74 #aaj ,euripides1 ,bac*ae1 #dc sqq41 #ajdc sqq42 ,!ocritus1 ,idyl4 xxvi42 ,pausanias1 ii4 #b4 #g4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! murd] ( ,p5!us is said to h be5 p]petrat$ n at ,!bes1 ( :i* he 0 k+1 b on ,m\nt ,ci?a]on4 ,m#ag ,survival ( ,dionysiac rites among ! mod]n ,?racian peasantry4 #aaa ,see ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 8,! ,mod]n ,c>nival 9 ,?race & ! ,cult ( ,dionysus10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxvi4 7#aijf7 pp4 #aia-bjf4 ,mr4 ,dawk9s describes ! c]emonies p>tly f 8 own obs]vation1 p>tly f an acc\nt ( !m publi%$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,vizy5os 9 a ,greek p]iodical 1 ( :i* only "o numb] 0 publi%$ at ,a!ns 9 #ahig4 ,f 8 p]sonal obs]vations ,mr4 ,dawk9s 0 able to confirm ! accuracy ( ,mr4 ,vizy5os's acc\nt4 #aab ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ccc sq4 ,m#ah ,drama annually p]=m$ at ! ,c>nival 9 ! villages r\nd ,viza1 an old ,?racian capital4 ,! actors 9 ! drama4 #aac ,/rabo1 vii4 frag4 #dh2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 #aad ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib4 ,m#ai ,! c]emonies include ! =g+ ( a pl\gh%>e1 a mock m>riage1 & a pret5ce ( dea? & resurrection4 ,m#bj ,! c]emonies also include a simulation ( pl\gh+ & s[+ by sk9-clad m51 accompani$ by pray]s = good crops4 #aae ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 8,! ,mod]n ,c>nival 9 ,?race & ! ,cult ( ,dionysus10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxvi4 7#aijf7 pp4 #aic-bja4 ,m#ba ,k9dr$ c]emony p]=m$ by a mask$ & sk9-clad man :o is call$ a k+4 #aaf ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bja sq4 ,m#bb ,analogy ( ^! mod]n ,?racian c]emonies to ! anci5t rites ( ,dionysus4 #aag ,!y h be5 cle>ly indicat$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bjc sqq4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,trag$y 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ae sqq41 :o fully recognises ! connexion ( ! mod]n ,?racian c]emonies ) ! anci5t rites ( ,dionysus4 #aah ,lucian1 ,dialogi ,deorum1 ix4 #b2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #d4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! latt] writ] ,dionysus 0 born 9 ! six? mon?4 ,m#bc ,! mod]n ,?racian celebration seems to correspond mo/ closely to ! anci5t ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia4 #aai ,z to su* fe/ivals ( ,all ,s\ls see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cja-cah4 #abj ,! passages ( anci5t au?ors :i* ref] to ! ,an!/]ia are collect$ by ,pr(essor ,m>t9 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,/udia de ,dionysiis ,atticis 7,lund1 #aijj71 pp4 #adh sqq4 ,z to ! fe/ival1 :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ ( late ye>s1 see ,augu/ ,momms51 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 pp4 #cde sqq42 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #chd sqq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,s*oemann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]#d 7,b]l91 #aijb71 ii4 #eaf sqq42 ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 i4 #bcf sqq42 ,m>t9 ,p4 ,nilsson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aae sqq42 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,le ,culte de ,dionysos en ,attique 7,p>is1 #aijd71 pp4 #ajg sqq42 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion#b 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #cb sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 7,ox=d1 #aiji7 pp4 #bad sqq4 ,z to ! m>riage ( ,dionysus to ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acf sq4 #aba ,by ,pr(essor ,u4 von ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorff1 ,ari/oteles und ,a!n 7,b]l91 #ahic71 ii4 #db2 & aft]w>ds by ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1#b p4 #ecf4 #abb ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #ga4 #abc ,plut>*1 ,conjugalia ,praecepta1 #db4 #abd ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,my?ology & ,monum5ts ( ,anci5t ,a!ns 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #aff sq4 #abe ,ari/otle1 ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 #c4 ,z to ! situation ( ! ,prytaneum see my note on ,pausanias1 i4 #ah4 #c 7vol4 ii4 p4 #agb74 ,m#bd ,!ory t ! rites ( ! ,an!/]ia compris$ a drama ( ! viol5t dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus4 #abf ,augu/ ,momms51 ,heortologie1 pp4 #cga sqq42 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 pp4 #cih sqq42 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,le ,culte de ,dionysos en ,attique1 pp4 #ach sqq4 #abg ,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,nea]4 #gc1 pp4 #acfi sq42 ,julius ,pollux1 viii4 #ajh2 ,etymologicum ,magnum1 p4 #bbg1 s4v4 2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #abh ,*r4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 p4 #eje4 #abi ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ah1 #db4 #acj ,! resurrection ( ,osiris is n describ$ by ,plut>* 9 8 treatise ,isis et ,osiris1 :i* is /ill our pr9cipal s\rce = ! my? ( ! god2 b x is =tunately record$ 9 native ,egyptian writ+s4 ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #bgd4 ,p4 ,f\c>t supposes t ! resurrection ( ,dionysus 0 enact$ at ! ,an!/]ia2 ,augu/ ,momms5 pref]s to suppose t x 0 enact$ 9 ! foll[+ mon? at ! ,less] ,my/]ies4 ,m#be ,leg5ds ( human sacrifice 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus may be m]e mis9t]pretations ( ritual4 #aca ,aelian1 ,de ,natura ,animalium1 xii4 #cd4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites#b 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #cjj sqq4 #acb ,aulus ,gellius1 v4 #ab4 #ab4 #acc ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #aff note #a1 & bel[1 p4 #bdi4 ,m#bf ,demet] & ,p]sephone z ,greek p]sonifications ( ! decay & revival ( vegetation4 ,m#bg ,! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]4 ,! rape ( ,p]sephone4 ,! wra? ( ,demet]4 ,! return ( ,p]sephone4 #acd ,r4 ,fo]/]1 ,d] ,raub und die ,rckkehr d] ,p]sephone 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgd71 pp4 #cg-ci2 ,! ,hom]ic ,hymns1 edit$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,all5 & ,e4 ,e4 ,sikes 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #aj sq4 ,a lat] date--! age ( ! ,pisi/ratids--is assign$ to ! hymn by ,a4 ,baumei/] 7,hymni ,hom]ici1 ,leipsic1 #ahfj1 p4 #bhj74 #ace ,hymn to ,demet]1 #a sqq41 #cjb sqq41 #ccj sqq41 #cdi sqq41 #dad sqq41 #dej sqq4 #acf ,hymn to ,demet]1 #caj sqq4 ,) ! my? z set =? 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn may be comp>$ ! acc\nts ( ,apollodorus 7,biblio!ca1 i4 #e7 & ,ovid 7,fa/i1 iv4 #dbe-fah2 ,metamorphoses1 v4 #che sqq474 ,m#bh ,! aim ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet] is to expla9 ! traditional f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies by ,demet]4 #acg ,hymn to ,demet]1 #dg-ej1 #aia-baa1 #bib-bie1 ) ! notes ( ,messrs4 ,all5 & ,sikes 9 _! edition ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymns 7,london1 #aijd74 ,z to repres5tations ( ! c&idates = initiation seat$ on /ools drap$ ) %eepsk9s1 see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 7,ox=d1 #aijg7 pp4 #bcg sqq41 ) plate xv a4 ,on a well-kn[n m>ble vase !re figur$ ! /ool is cov]$ ) a lion's sk9 & "o ( ! c&idate's feet re/s on a ram's skull or horns2 b 9 two o!r examples ( ! same sc5e ! ram's fleece is plac$ on ! seat 7,f>nell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj note a71 j z x is said to h be5 plac$ on ,demet]'s /ool 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn4 ,z to ! =m ( communion 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 see ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 #ba1 p4 #ah ed4 ,pott]2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 v4 #bf2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ahe sq41 #aie sq4 ,= discussions ( ! anci5t evid5ce be>+ on ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies x may suffice to ref] to ,*r4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 pp4 #c sqq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,s*oemann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]1#d ii4 #chg sqq42 ,aug4 ,momms51 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 pp4 #bbb sqq42 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #bjd sqq42 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,re*]*es sur l',orig9e et la ,nature des ,my/res d',eleusis 7,p>is1 #ahie7 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions1 xxxv472 id41 ,les gr&s ,my/res d',eleusis 7,p>is1 #aijj7 7,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions1 xxxvii472 ,f4 ,l5ormant & ,e4 ,potti]1 s4v4 8,eleus9ia10 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 ii4 #edd sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #abf sqq4 ,m#bi ,revelation ( a reap$ e> ( corn ! cr[n+ act ( ! my/]ies4 #ach ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio ,omnium ,ha]esium1 v4 #h1 p4 #afb1 ed4 ,l4 ,dunck] et ,f4 ,g4 ,s*neidew9 7,gtt+51 #ahei74 ,! ^w :i* ! poet uses to express ! revelation 71 ,hymn to ,demet]1 v]se #dgd7 is a te*nical "o 9 ! my/]ies2 ! full phrase 0 4 ,see ,plut>*1 ,alcibiades1 #bb2 ,x5ophon1 ,hell5ica1 vi4 #c4 #f2 ,isocrates1 ,panegyricus1 #f2 ,lysias1 ,contra ,&ocidem1 #ea2 ,*r4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 p4 #ea4 #aci ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ab1 p4 #ab ed4 ,pott]3 2 4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,l5ormant1 s4v4 8,eleus9ia10 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es iii4 #egh3 8,que le drame my/ique des av5tures de ,dmt] et de ,cor con/itut le spectacle ess5tiel de l'initiation1 c'e/ ce dont il n\s semble impossible de d\t]40 ,a simil> view is express$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,s*oemann 7,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]1#d ii4 #djb72 ,prell]-,rob]t 7,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #gic72 ,p4 ,f\c>t 7,re*]*es sur l',orig9e et la ,nature des ,my/res d',eleusis1 ,p>is1 #ahie1 pp4 #dc sqq42 id41 ,les ,gr&s ,my/res d',eleusis1 ,p>is1 #aijj1 p4 #acg72 ,e4 ,rohde 7,psy*e1#c i4 #bhi72 & ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell 7,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #acd1 #agc sqq474 ,m#cj ,demet] & ,p]sephone p]sonifications ( ! corn4 ,p]sephone ! se$ s[n 9 autumn & spr\t+ 9 spr+4 ,demet] ! old corn ( la/ ye>4 ,! view t ,demet] 0 ! ,e>? goddess is implicitly reject$ by ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]4 #adj ,on ,demet] & ,pros]p9e z goddesses ( ! corn1 see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,demet] und ,p]sephone 7,hamburg1 #ahcg71 pp4 #cae sqq42 & especially ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bjb sqq4 #ada ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet] 7v]ses #cih sqq41 #dde sqq47 & ,apollodorus 7,biblio!ca1 i4 #e4 #c7 ! "t :i* ,p]sephone _h to sp5d "u gr\nd 0 "o ?ird ( ! ye>2 accord+ to ,ovid 7,fa/i1 iv4 #fac sq42 ,metamorphoses1 v4 #efd sqq47 & ,hyg9us 7,fabulae1 #adf7 x 0 "o half4 #adb ,?is view ( ! my? ( ,p]sephone is1 = example1 accept$ & cle>ly /at$ by ,l4 ,prell] 7,demet] und ,p]sephone1 pp4 #abh sq474 #adc ,see1 = example1 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #ag4 #c3 8,frugum sub/antiam volunt ,pros]p9am dic]e1 quia fruges hom9ibus cum s]i coep]9t prosunt4 ,t]ram ipsam ,c]]em nom9ant1 nom5 hoc a g]5dis fructibus mutuati02 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,demet] und ,p]sephone1 p4 #abh1 8,d] ,erdbod5 wird ,demet]1 die ,vegetation ,p]sephone40 ,franois ,l5ormant1 aga91 held t ,demet] 0 orig9ally a p]sonification ( ! e>? reg>d$ z div9e1 b he admitt$ t f ! "t ( ! ,hom]ic poems d[nw>ds %e 0 %>ply di/+ui%$ f ,ge1 ! e>?-goddess prop]4 ,see ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 s4v4 8,c]es10 ii4 #ajbb sq4 ,"s light might be ?r[n on ! "q :e!r ,demet] 0 an ,e>? ,goddess or a ,corn ,goddess1 if we c\ld be sure ( ! etymology ( h] "n1 :i* has be5 v>i\sly expla9$ z 8,e>? ,"m0 7 equival5t to 7 & z 8,b>ley ,"m0 7f an alleg$ ,cretan ^w 8b>ley03 see ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 pp4 #bfc sq474 ,! =m] etymology has be5 ! mo/ popul>2 ! latt] is ma9ta9$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt4 ,see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,demet] und ,p]sephone1 pp4 #cag1 #cff sqq42 ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 i4 #che sqq42 ,prell]-,rob]t1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #gdg note #f2 ,k]n1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 iv4 #bgac2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #bha sqq4 ,b my le>n$ fri5d ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton in=ms me t bo? etymologies are op5 to s]i\s philological objections1 & t no satisfactory d]ivation ( ! fir/ syllable ( ,demet]'s "n has yet be5 propos$4 ,accord+ly ,i pref] to base no argum5t on an analysis ( ! "n1 & to re/ my int]pretation ( ! goddess entirely on h] my?1 ritual1 & repres5tations 9 art4 ,etymology is at ! be/ a v slipp]y gr\nd on :i* to re> my?ological !ories4 #add ,hymn to ,demet]1 #h sqq4 ,m#ca ,! ,yell[ ,demet]1 ! goddess :o sifts ! ripe gra9 f ! *aff at ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! ,gre5 ,demet] ! goddess ( ! gre5 corn4 #ade ,hymn to ,demet]1 #bgi1 #cjb4 #adf ,hom]1 ,iliad1 v4 #dii-ejd4 #adg ,iliad1 xiii4 #cbb1 xxi4 #gf4 #adh ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #ca sq4 #adi ,quot$ by ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ff4 #aej ,pausanias1 i4 #bb4 #c ) my note2 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fae2 ,j4 de ,prott et ,l4 ,zieh51 ,leges ,graecorum ,sacrae1 ,fasciculus ,i4 7,leipsic1 #ahif7 p4 #di2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh2 ,s*olia/ on ,sophocles1 ,o$ipus ,colon4 #afjj2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #cab sq4 ,m#cb ,! c]eals call$ 8,demet]'s fruits40 #aea ,h]odotus1 i4 #aic1 iv4 #aih2 ,x5ophon1 ,hell5ica1 vi4 #c4 #f2 ,aelian1 ,hi/oria ,animalium1 xvii4 #af2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh2 ,geoponica1 i4 #ab4 #cf2 ,p>oemiographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,leuts* et ,s*neidew91 ,app5dix iv4 #bj 7vol4 i4 p4 #dci74 #aeb ,c]ealia 9 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxiii4 #a2 ,c]ealia mun]a & ,c]ealia dona 9 ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 xi4 #aba sq4 #aec ,libanius1 ed4 ,j4 ,j4 ,reiske1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cfg1 ,cor9?4 ,oratio3 8 8 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 ,9 ?is passage1 :i* no d\bt repres5ts ! common ,greek view on ! subject1 ! e>? is pla9ly p]sonifi$ 7 71 :i* po9ts ! anti!sis betwe5 h] & ! goddess ( ! corn4 ,diodorus ,siculus also says 7v4 #fh7 t corn grew wild ) ! o!r plants be=e ,demet] taught m5 to cultivate x & to s[ ! se$4 ,m#cc ,corn & poppies z symbols ( ,demet]4 #aed ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #faf2 ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelii1 iii4 #aa4 #e2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh2 ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 vi4 #ajd4 #h2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #bce2 ,j4 ,ov]beck1 ,grie*is*e ,kun/my?ologie1 iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahgc-ahgh7 pp4 #dbj1 #dba1 #dec1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #ejb1 #eje1 #ejg1 #ead1 #ebb1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #ebe sq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #bag sqq41 #bbj sq41 #bbb1 #bbf1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bfi sq41 #bga4 #aee ,!ocritus1 ,idyl4 vii4 #aee sqq4 ,t ! %eaves :i* ! goddess grasp$ 7 ( b>ley is prov$ by v]ses #ca-cd ( ! poem4 #aef ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelii1 iii4 #aa4 #e2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 p4 #ef1 ed4 ,c4 ,lang2 ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #bab1 ) ! comm5t ( ,s]vius4 #aeg ,see ! ref]5ces to ! works ( ,ov]beck & ,f>nell above4 ,= example1 a f9e /atue at ,cop5hag51 9 ! /yle ( ! age ( ,phidias1 repres5ts ,demet] hold+ poppies & e>s ( corn 9 h] left h&4 ,see ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bfh1 ) plate xxviii4 #aeh ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 p4 #ef ed4 ,c4 ,lang4 ,m#cd ,p]sephone portray$ z ! "y corn spr\t+ f ! gr\nd4 #aei ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 ,types ( ,greek ,co9s 7,cambridge1 #ahhc71 p4 #agd1 ) plate x4 ,no4 #be4 ,m#ce ,demet] invok$ & propitiat$ by ,greek f>m]s be=e ! autumnal s[+4 ,boeotian fe/ival ( m\rn+ = ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone at ! autumnal s[+4 #afj ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #fh4 #a4 #afa ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #ddh-dgd2 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 iii4 #ba4 #ab4 ,= ! autumnal migration & clang\r ( ! cranes z ! signal = s[+1 see ,ari/ophanes1 ,birds1 #gaa2 comp>e ,!ognis1 #aaig sqq4 ,b ! ,greeks also pl\gh$ 9 spr+ 7,hesiod1 op4 cit4 #dfb2 ,x5ophon1 ,oeconom4 #af72 inde$ !y pl\gh$ ?rice 9 ! ye> 7,!ophra/us1 ,hi/oria ,plant>um1 vii4 #ac4 #f74 ,at ! approa* ( autumn ! cranes ( nor!rn ,europe collect ab\t riv]s & lakes1 & aft] mu* trumpet+ set out 9 enorm\s b&s on _! s\?w>d j\rney to ! tropical regions ( ,africa & ,india4 ,9 e>ly spr+ !y return nor?w>d1 & _! flocks may be descri$ pass+ at a m>vell\s height ov]head or halt+ to re/ 9 ! mead[s beside "s broad riv]4 ,! bird emits its trumpet-l note bo? on ! gr\nd & on ! w+4 ,see ,alfr$ ,newton1 ,diction>y ( ,birds 7,london1 #ahic-ahif71 pp4 #aaj sq4 #afb ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #chc sq41 #fae-fag2 ,aratus1 ,pha5om5a1 #bed-bfg2 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 i4 #bda sq4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #di7 :eat1 b>ley1 & all o!r c]eals 7 s[n 9 ,greece & ,asia f ! "t ( ! autumn sett+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,?is date = pl\gh+ & s[+ is confirm$ by ,hippocrates & o!r m$ical writ]s4 ,see ,w4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1#c i4 #bcd4 ,lat9 writ]s prescribe ! same date = ! s[+ ( :eat4 ,see ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #bai-bbf2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 ii4 #h2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #bbc-bbf4 ,9 ,columella's "t ! ,pleiades1 he tells u 7l4c471 set 9 ! morn+ ( ,octob] #bd? ( ! ,julian cal5d>1 :i* w\ld correspond to ! ,octob] #af? ( our reckon+4 #afc ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #fi4 #afd ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #gj4 ,simil>ly ,cornutus says t 8,hades is fabl$ to h c>ri$ (f ,demet]'s daught] because ! se$ vani%es = a "t "u ! e>?10 & he m5tions t a fe/ival ( ,demet] 0 celebrat$ at ! "t ( s[+ 7,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 pp4 #ed1 #ee ed4 ,c4 ,lang74 ,9 a fragm5t ( a ,greek cal5d> :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre 8! asc5t 77 ( ! goddess0 is dat$ ! sev5? day ( ! mon? ,dius1 & 8! desc5t or sett+ 77 ( ! goddess0 is dat$ ! f\r? day ( ! mon? ,hephae/ius1 a mon? :i* seems to be o!rwise unkn[n4 ,see ,w4 ,froehn]1 ,muse ,nationale du ,l\vre1 ,les ,inscriptions ,grecques 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #ej sq4 ,greek inscriptions f\nd at ,mant9ea ref] to a wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 :o are kn[n to h _h a sanctu>y !re 7,pausanias1 viii4 #i4 #b74 ,! p ( ,mant9ea celebrat$ 8my/]ies ( ! goddess0 & a fe/ival call$ ! koragia1 :i* seems to h repres5t$ ! return ( ,p]sephone f ! l[] _w4 ,see ,w4 ,imm]wahr1 ,die ,kulte und ,my!n ,arkadi5s 7,leipsic1 #ahia71 pp4 #ajj sq42 ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,trait d',epigraphie ,grecque 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ada sqq42 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 ,m#cf ,?ank-(f]+s ( ripe gra9 pres5t$ by ,greek f>m]s to ,demet] aft] ! h>ve/4 ,!ocritus's description ( a h>ve/-home 9 ,cos4 #afe ,!ocritus1 ,idyl4 vii4 ,m#cg ,! h>ve/-home describ$ by ,!ocritus fell 9 autumn4 #aff ,9 anci5t ,greece ! v9tage seems to h fall5 some:at e>li]2 = ,hesiod bids ! husb&man ga!r ! ripe clu/]s at ! "t :5 ,arcturus is a morn+ />1 :i* 9 ! poet's age 0 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]4 ,see ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #fji sqq42 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #bdg4 #afg ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #aij note #b4 ,m#ch ,! ,greeks seem to h def]r$ ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits till ! autumn 9 ord] to propitiate ! ,corn ,goddess at ! mom5t ( pl\gh+ & s[+1 :5 h] help 0 urg5tly ne$$4 #afh ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #aij note #b4 #afi ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #chc sq4 #agj ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #bdb4 #aga ,comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,oeconomicus1 #ag1 1 1 4 #agb ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 p4 #aic4 #agc ,see above1 pp4 #dd sqq4 ,m#ci ,! fe/ival ( ! ,pro]osia 78,be=e ! ,pl\gh+07 held at ,eleusis 9 hon\r ( ,demet]4 #agd ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bhc sqq4 #age ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,knights1 #gbj2 ,suidas1 s4vv4 & 2 ,etymologicum ,magnum1 ,hesy*ius1 & ,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 2 ,plut>*1 ,septem ,sapi5tum ,convivium1 #ae2 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #eba1 l9e #bi1 & ,no4 #fbh2 ,aug4 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #aib sqq4 ,! inscriptions prove t ! ,pro]osia 0 held at ,eleusis & t x 0 di/9ct f ! ,great ,my/]ies1 be+ m5tion$ sep>ately f !m4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts acc\nt$ = ! orig9 ( ! fe/ival by a univ]sal plague in/ead ( a univ]sal fam9e4 ,b ?is v]sion ( ! /ory no d\bt arose f ! common confusion betwe5 ! simil> ,greek words = plague & fam9e 7 & 74 ,t 9 ! orig9al v]sion fam9e & n plague mu/ h be5 alleg$ z ! reason = in/itut+ ! ,pro]osia1 appe>s pla9ly f ! ref]5ce ( ! "n to pl\gh+1 f ! d$ication ( ! fe/ival to ,demet]1 & f ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits2 = ^! circum/ances1 ?\gh q appropriate to c]emonies design$ to /ay or av]t de>? & fam9e1 w\ld be q inappropriate 9 ! case ( a plague4 ,m#dj ,! ,pro]osia seems to h be5 held be=e ! pl\gh+ 9 ,octob] b aft] ! ,great ,my/]ies 9 ,septemb]4 ,h[ev]1 ! date ( ! ,great ,my/]ies1 be+ det]m9$ by ! lun> cal5d>1 mu/ h fluctuat$ 9 ! sol> ye>2 :]eas ! date ( ! ,pro]osia1 be+ det]m9$ by obs]vation ( ,arcturus1 mu/ h be5 fix$4 #agf ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #agg ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 p4 #aid4 #agh ,augu/ ,momms51 l4c4 #agi ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #eba1 l9es #bi sqq4 #ahj ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fbh4 #aha ,! view t ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ 7,pro]osia7 fell 9 ,pyanepsion is accept$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt & ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]4 ,see ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 pp4 #bch sq42 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #beh2 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b note #b on ,inscr4 ,no4 #fbh 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbc sq474 ,! view t ! ,fe/ival be=e ,pl\gh+ fell 9 ,bo$romion is ma9ta9$ by ,augu/ ,momms54 ,see 8 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 pp4 #bah sqq42 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #aib sqq4 #ahb ,see bel[1 p4 #hb4 #ahc ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 i4 #bib sq42 comp>e ,augu/ ,momms51 ,*ronologie 7,leipsic1 #ahhc71 pp4 #eh sq4 #ahd ,= example1 ,!ophra/us notes t squills fl[]$ ?rice a ye>1 & t ea* fl[]+ m>k$ ! "t = "o ( ! ?ree pl\gh+s4 ,see ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/oria ,plant>um1 vii4 #ac4 #f4 #ahe ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #chc sqq4 ,! poet inde$ ref]s 7vv4 #gfe sqq47 to days ( ! mon? z prop] times = engag+ 9 c]ta9 tasks2 b su* ref]5ces are always simply to days ( ! lun> mon? & apply equally to e mon?2 !y are nev] to days z dates 9 ! sol> ye>4 ,m#da ,(f]+s ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! b>ley & :eat to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ,eleusis4 ,isocrates on ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits at ,eleusis4 #ahf ,see bel[1 p4 #gb4 #ahg ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4 #ab4 #b4 #ahh ,x5ophon1 ,hi/oria ,graeca1 vi4 #c4 #f4 #ahi ,isocrates1 ,panegyric1 #f sq4 ,m#db ,a!nian decree conc]n+ ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits at ,eleusis4 #aij ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bj 7vol4 i4 pp4 #cc sqq472 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,an ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ,"p ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije7 ,no4 #i1 pp4 #bb sqq4 #aia ,ari/ides1 ,pana!n4 & ,eleus941 vol4 i4 pp4 #afg sq41 #dag ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #ahbi74 ,m#dc ,ev5 aft] =eign /ates ceas$ to s5d fir/-fruits ( ! corn to ,eleusis1 !y cont9u$ to ackn[l$ge ! b5efit :i* ! ,a!nians _h conf]r$ on mank9d by diffus+ among !m ,demet]'s gift ( ! corn4 ,te/imony ( ! ,sicilian hi/orian ,diodorus4 ,te/imony ( ,cic]o & ,him]ius4 #aib ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #b & #d2 ,cic]o1 ,9 ,c4 ,v]rem1 act4 ii4 bk4 iv4 *apt]s #dh sq4 ,bo? writ]s m5tion t ! :ole ( ,sicily 0 deem$ sacr$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 & t corn 0 said to h gr[n 9 ! isl& be=e x appe>$ any:]e else4 ,9 support ( ! latt] claim ,diodorus ,siculus 7v4 #b4 #d7 ass]ts t :eat grew wild 9 _m p>ts ( ,sicily4 #aic ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #d4 #aid ,?is leg5d1 :i* is m5tion$ also by ,cic]o 7,9 ,c4 ,v]rem1 act4 ii4 bk4 iv4 *4 #dh71 0 no d\bt told to expla9 ! use ( tor*es 9 ! my/]ies ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet] tells u 7v]ses #dg sq47 t ,demet] se>*$ = h] lo/ daught] = n9e days ) burn+ tor*es 9 h] h&s1 b he does n say t ! tor*es 7 k9dl$ at ! flames ( ,etna4 ,9 art ,demet] & ,p]sephone & _! att5dants 7 (t5 repres5t$ ) tor*es 9 _! h&s4 ,see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 7,ox=d1 #aijg7 plates xiii41 xv4 a1 xvi41 xvii41 xviii41 xix41 xx41 xxi4 a1 xxv41 xxvii4 b4 ,p]haps ! leg5d ( ! tor*light se>* = ,p]sephone & ! use ( ! tor*es 9 ! my/]ies may h orig9at$ 9 a cu/om ( c>ry+ fire ab\t ! fields z a *>m to secure sun%9e = ! corn4 ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b iii4 #cac4 #aie ,! words :i* ,i h translat$ 8! br++ home ( ! ,maid50 7 7 are expla9$ ) great probability by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson z ref]r+ to ! br++ ( ! ripe corn to ! b>n or ! ?re%+-floor 7,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 ,leipsic1 #aijf1 pp4 #cef sq474 ,?is int]pretation accords p]fectly ) a well-atte/$ s5se ( & its cognate v]b 1 & is pref]able to ! o!r possible int]pretation 8! br++ d[n10 :i* w\ld ref] to ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone into ! ne!r _w2 = su* a desc5t is h>dly appropriate to a h>ve/ fe/ival4 #aif ,cic]o1 ,pro ,l4 ,flacco1 #bf4 #aig ,him]ius1 ,orat4 ii4 #e4 #aih 1 ,ari/ides1 ,pana!n4 vol4 i4 p4 #afh ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf 7,leipzig1 #ahbi74 ,m#dd ,! ,sicilians seem to h associat$ ,demet] ) ! se$-corn & ,p]sephone ) ! ripe e>s4 ,difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,demet] & ,p]sephone z p]sonifications ( diff]5t aspects ( ! corn4 ,m#de ,! "t ( ! ye> :5 ! fir/-fruits ( ! corn 7 (f]$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ,eleusis is n kn[n4 #aii ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bj1 l9es #be sqq42 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije7 ,no4 #i1 l9es #be sqq41 4 ,by c\pl+ ) in/ead ( ) 1 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison und]/&s ! (f]+ in/ead ( ! exhortation to h be5 made at ! my/]ies 7,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #aee1 8,let ! ,hi]ophant & ! ,tor*be>] comm& t at ! my/]ies ! ,hell5es %\ld (f] fir/-fruits ( _! crops10 etc474 ,?is int]pretation is no d\bt grammatically p]missible1 b ! context seems to plead /rongly1 if n to be absolutely decisive1 9 fav\r ( ! o!r4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! exhortation 0 address$ n to ! ,a!nians & _! allies 7:o 7 compell$ to make ! (f]+7 b only to ! o!r ,greeks1 :o might make x or n z !y pleas$2 & ! am\nt ( su* volunt>y contributions 0 probably small comp>$ to t ( ! compulsory contributions1 z to ! date ( :i* no?+ is said4 ,t ! proclamation to ! ,greeks 9 g5]al 0 an exhortation 771 n a comm&1 is cle>ly %ewn by ! words ( ! decree a few l9es l[] d[n1 :]e commission]s are direct$ to g to all ,greek /ates exhort+ b n comm&+ !m to (f] ! fir/-fruits 7 1 74 ,! ,a!nians c\ld n comm& free & indep5d5t /ates to make su* (f]+s1 /ill less c\ld !y prescribe ! exact date :5 ! (f]+s 7 to be made4 ,all t !y c\ld & did d 01 tak+ advantage ( ! great assembly ( ,greeks f all qu>t]s at ! my/]ies1 to invite or exhort1 by ! m\? ( ! great prie/ly function>ies1 ! =eign]s to contribute4 #bjj ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #aib sqq4 ,m#df ,! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor 7,haloa7 at ,eleusis4 #bja ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ix4 #ecd1 p4 #ggb2 ,im4 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca1 i4 #chd sq41 s4v4 4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,rub5sohn1 ,die ,my/]i5heiligtm] 9 ,eleusis und ,samo?rake 7,b]l91 #ahib71 p4 #aaf4 #bjb ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ix4 #ecd1 p4 #ggb2 ,im4 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca1 i4 #chd sq41 s4v4 4 #bjc ,s*olia 9 ,lucianum1 ed4 ,h4 ,rabe 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #bgi sq4 7s*olium on ,dialog4 ,m]etr4 vii4 #d74 #bjd ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,nos4 #aib1 #bdf1 #ehg1 #fdj2 1 #ahhd1 coll4 #ace sq4 ,! passages ( inscriptions & ( anci5t au?ors :i* ref] to ! fe/ival are collect$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 7,ox=d1 #aijg7 pp4 #cae sq4 ,= a discussion ( ! evid5ce see ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #cei sqq42 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #ade sqq4 #bje ,! ?re%+-floor ( ,triptolemus at ,eleusis 7,pausanias1 i4 #ch4 #f7 is no d\bt id5tical ) ! ,sacr$ ,?re%+-floor m5tion$ 9 ! great ,eleus9ian inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c4 7,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9e #bcd74 ,we read ( a hi]ophant :o1 contr>y to ance/ral cu/om1 sacrific$ a victim on ! he>? 9 ! ,hall at ,eleusis dur+ ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor1 8x be+ unlawful to sacrifice victims on t day0 7,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,nea]am1 #aaf1 pp4 #achd sq471 b f su* an unlawful act no inf]5ce c be drawn z to ! place :]e ! fe/ival 0 held4 ,t ! fe/ival probably _h special ref]5ce to ! ?re%+-floor ( ,triptolemus has already be5 po9t$ out by ,o4 ,rub5sohn 7,die ,my/]i5heiligtm] 9 ,eleusis und ,samo?rake1 ,b]l91 #ahib1 p4 #aah74 #bjf ,see above1 pp4 #da sq41 #dc4 ,maximus ,tyrius obs]ves 7,diss]tat4 xxx4 #e7 t husb&m5 7 ! fir/ to celebrate sacr$ rites 9 hon\r ( ,demet] at ! ?re%+-floor4 #bjg ,see above1 p4 #fa1 note #d4 #bjh ,h>pocration1 s4v4 7vol4 i4 p4 #bd1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf74 #bji ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #abd1 #add1 ) ! editor's notes2 ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 p4 #cfj4 #baj ,s ,i am in=m$ by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,j4 ,l4 ,myres1 :o speaks f p]sonal obs]vation4 #baa ,?is is recognis$ by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson4 ,see 8 ,/udia de ,dionysiis ,atticis 7,lund1 #aijj71 pp4 #ie sqq41 & 8 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 p4 #cbi4 ,to expla9 ! lat5ess ( ! fe/ival1 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison sugge/s t 8! %ift ( date is due to ,dionysos4 ,! rival fe/ivals ( ,dionysos 7 9 mid-w9t]4 ,he possess$ himself ( ! fe/ivals ( ,demet]1 took ov] h] ?re%+-floor & compell$ ! anomaly ( a w9t] ?re%+ fe/ival0 7,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #adg74 #bab ,s*olia/ on ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,m]etr4 vii4 #d 7,s*olia 9 ,lucianum1 ed4 ,h4 ,rabe1 ,leipsic1 #aijf1 pp4 #bgi-bha74 #bac ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ae & #bj1 pp4 #ac & #ag ed4 ,pott]2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #be-bg1 #ce1 #ci4 #bad ,see bel[1 p4 #aaf2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ag sqq4 ,m#dg ,! ,gre5 ,fe/ival & ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,corn/alks at ,eleusis4 ,epi!ts ( ,demet] ref]r+ to ! corn4 #bae ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fdj2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques 7,brussels1 #aijj71 ,no4 #ace1 p4 #ade4 ,to be exact1 :ile ! inscription def9itely m5tions ! sacrifices to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ! ,gre5 ,fe/ival1 x does n record ! deities to :om ! sacrifice at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,corn/alks 7 7 0 (f]$4 ,b m5tion$ z x is 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! sacrifices to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ! ,gre5 ,fe/ival1 we may fairly suppose t ! sacrifice at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,corn/alks 0 also (f]$ to ^! goddesses4 #baf ,see above1 p4 #db4 #bag ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 vi4 #cf4 #a sq4 #bah ,polemo1 cit$ by ,a!naeus1 iii4 #i1 p4 #daf ,b4 #bai ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 xvii4 #aec4 ,! ,a!nians sacrific$ to h] "u ?is title 7,eu/a?ius1 on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xviii4 #eec1 p4 #aafb74 #bbj ,!ocritus1 ,idyl4 vii4 #aee2 ,orphica1 xl4 #e4 #bba ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 vi4 #ih4 #a4 #bbb ,orphica1 xl4 #c4 #bbc ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 vi4 #ajd4 #h4 #bbd ,orphica1 xl4 #e4 #bbe ,ibid4 #bbf ,orphica1 xl4 #ah4 #bbg ,?is title %e %>$ ) ,p]sephone at ,tegea 7,pausanias1 viii4 #ec4 #g71 & "u x %e receiv$ annual sacrifices at ,ephesus 7,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fee74 ,x 0 appli$ to h] also at ,epidaurus 74 41 #ahhc1 col4 #aec7 & at ,a!ns 7,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #chb71 & appe>s to h be5 a common title ( ! goddess4 ,see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #cah note #cj4 #bbh ,polemo1 cit$ by ,a!naeus1 iii4 #gc1 p4 #aji ,a ,b1 x4 #i4 p4 #daf ,c4 ,m#dh ,belief 9 anci5t & mod]n times t ! corn-crops dep5d on possession ( an image ( ,demet]4 #bbi ,e4 ,dodwell1 ,a ,classical & ,topographical ,t\r ?r\gh ,greece 7,london1 #ahai71 i4 #ehc4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke f\nd ! image 8on ! side ( ! road1 imm$iately be=e ent]+ ! village1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a heap ( dung1 buri$ z high z ! neck1 a little beyond ! f>!r extremity ( ! pavem5t ( ! temple4 ,yet ev5 ?is degrad+ situation _h n be5 assign$ to x :olly indep5d5t ( its anti5t hi/ory4 ,! inhabitants ( ! small village :i* is n[ situat$ among ! ru9s ( ,eleusis /ill reg>d$ ?is /atue ) a v high degree ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation4 ,!y attribut$ to its pres5ce ! f]tility ( _! l&2 & x 0 = ?is reason t !y heap$ ar\nd x ! manure int5d$ = _! fields4 ,!y believ$ t ! loss ( x w\ld be foll[$ by no less a calamity ?an ! failure ( _! annual h>ve/s2 & !y po9t$ to ! e>s ( be>d$ :eat1 ^u ! sculptur$ ornam5ts ^u ! head ( ! figure1 z a nev]-fail+ indication ( ! produce ( ! soil40 ,:5 ! /atue 0 ab\t to be remov$1 a g5]al murmur ran among ! p1 ! wom5 jo9+ 9 ! clam\r4 8,!y _h be5 always10 !y said1 8fam\s = _! corn2 & ! f]tility ( ! l& w\ld cease :5 ! /atue 0 remov$40 ,see ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 ,travels 9 v>i\s ,c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 iii4 7,london1 #ahad7 pp4 #ggb-ggd1 #ghg sq4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 p4 #hj1 :o tells u t 8! /atue 0 regul>ly cr[n$ ) fl[]s 9 ! av[$ hope ( obta9+ good h>ve/s40 #bcj ,cic]o1 ,9 ,c4 ,v]rem1 act4 ii4 lib4 iv4 #ea4 ,m#di ,sacr$ m>riage ( ,zeus & ,demet] at ,eleusis4 ,hom] on ! love ( ,zeus = ,demet]4 ,zeus ! ,sky ,god may h be5 confus$ ) ,subt]ranean ,zeus1 t is1 ,pluto4 ,demet] may h be5 confus$ ) ,p]sephone2 9 art ! types ( ! two goddesses are (t5 v simil>4 #bca ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ach sq4 #bcb ,?is view 0 express$ by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,ridgeway 9 a pap] :i* ,i _h ! advantage ( he>+ him read at ,cambridge 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiaa4 ,comp>e ,! ,a!naeum1 ,no4 #dcfj1 ,may #bj?1 #aiaa1 p4 #egf4 #bcc ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bj2 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije7 ,no4 #i1 pp4 #bb sq4 ,see above1 pp4 #ee sq4 #bcd ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xiv4 #cbf4 #bce ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 v4 #abe sqq4 #bcf ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fb4 #f4 #bcg ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 #ab1 p4 #ab1 ed4 ,pott]4 #bch ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #dfe sqq4 #bci ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #fae1 l9es #be sq42 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 ,no4 #gad2 ,j4 de ,prott et ,l4 ,zieh51 ,leges ,graecorum ,sacrae1 ,no4 #d4 #bdj ,see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 7,ox=d1 #aijg71 p4 #bei1 8,x 0 long be=e ! "m c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! daught] by any organic diff]5ce ( =m or by any expressive trait ( c\nt5ance4 ,on ! m anci5t vases & t]racottas !y appe> r z tw9-si/]s1 almo/ z if ! in>ticulate arti/ 7 aw>e ( _! orig9al id5tity ( sub/ance4 ,& ev5 among ! monum5ts ( ! transitional p]iod x is difficult to f9d any repres5tation ( ! goddesses 9 *>act]s at once cle> & impressive4 ,we miss ?is ev5 9 ! beautiful vase ( ,hi]on 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! div9e pair are se5 ) ,triptolemos3 ! /yle is delicate & /ately1 & !re is a c]ta9 impression ( inn] tranquil life 9 ! gr\p1 b )\t ! aid ( ! inscriptions ! "m w\ld n be kn[n f ! daught]02 id41 vol4 iii4 #bgd1 8,b x w\ld be wrong to give ! impression t ! numismatic arti/s ( ?is p]iod 7 always c>eful to di/+ui%--9 su* a mann] z ! above works indicate--betwe5 "m & daught]4 ,! old idea ( _! unity ( sub/ance /ill seem$ to l+] z an art-tradition3 ! v type we h j be5 exam9+ appe>s on a f\r?-c5tury co9 ( ,h]mione1 & mu/ h be5 us$ "h to designate ,demet] ,*?onia :o 0 !re ! only =m t ! corn-goddess assum$4 ,& ev5 at ,metapontum1 :]e co9-engrav+ 0 long a great art1 a y\?ful head cr[n$ ) corn1 :i* 9 its own "r & on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! ma/]piece ( ,eua9etos c\ld claim ! "n ( ,kore ,p]sephone1 is actually inscrib$ #8,damat]4' 0 ,comp>e ,j4 ,ov]beck1 ,grie*is*e ,kun/my?ologie1 iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahgc-ahgh71 p4 #dec4 ,9 reg>d1 = example1 to ! fam\s ,eleus9ian bas-relief1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful monum5ts ( anci5t religi\s art1 :i* seems to repres5t ,demet] giv+ ! corn-/alks to ,triptolemus1 :ile ,p]sephone cr[ns 8 head1 !re has be5 mu* div]g5ce ( op9ion among ! le>n$ z to :i* ( ! goddesses is ,demet] & :i* ,p]sephone4 ,see ,j4 ,ov]beck1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dbg sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bfc sq4 ,on ! close resemblance ( ! arti/ic types ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone see fur!r ,e4 ,g]h>d1 ,gesammelte akademis*e ,abh&lung5 7,b]l91 #ahff-ahfh71 ii4 #ceg sqq42 ,f4 ,l5ormant1 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #b1 s4v4 8,c]es10 p4 #ajdi4 ,m#ej ,! date ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 9 ,septemb] w\ld h be5 a v appropriate "t = a ,sacr$ ,m>riage ( ! ,sky ,god ) ! ,corn ,goddess or ! ,e>? ,goddess4 #bda ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ig sqq4 #bdb ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 v4 #abe sqq4 #bdc ,proclus1 on ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #bic c1 quot$ by ,l4 ,f4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #ceg1 :]e ,lobeck's em5dation ( 1 = 1 7,aglaophamus1 p4 #ghb7 may be accept$ z c]ta91 confirm$ z x is by ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio ,omnium ,ha]esium1 v4 #g1 p4 #adf1 ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew9 7,gtt+51 #ahei71 4 ,m#ea ,! ,eleus9ian games di/9ct f ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,! ,eleus9ian games ( lat] orig9 ?an ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,! ,eleus9ian games sacr$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,triptolemus1 ! my?ical h]o ( ! corn4 #bdd ,z to ! ,eleus9ian games see ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 pp4 #agi-bjd2 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,les ,gr&s ,my/res d'leusis 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4 #adc-adg2 ,p4 ,/5gel1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 coll4 #bccj sqq4 ,! quadri5nial celebration ( ! ,eleus9ian ,games is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle 7,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 #ed71 & 9 ! great ,eleus9ian inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c41 :i* is also our only au?ority = ! bi5nial celebration ( ! games4 ,see ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #beh sqq4 ,! regul> & (ficial "n ( ! games 0 simply ,eleus9ia 7 71 a "n :i* late writ]s appli$ incorrectly to ! ,my/]ies4 ,see ,augu/ ,momms51 op4 cit4 pp4 #agi sqq42 ,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #ehg1 note #aga4 #bde ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bdf1 l9es #be sqq42 id4 ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #bdd sq41 #beh sqq4 #bdf ,m>mor ,p>ium1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 i4 #edd sq4 #bdg ,ari/ides1 ,pana!n4 & ,eleus94 vol4 i4 pp4 #afh1 #dag1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf4 #bdh ,s*ol4 on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 ix4 #aej1 p4 #bbh1 ed4 ,aug4 ,boeckh4 #bdi ,ari/ides1 ll4cc4 #bej ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bdf1 l9es #be sqq4 ,! editor rightly po9ts out t ! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games are id5tical ) ! games celebrat$ e f\r? ye>1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! decree ( #cbi ,b4,c4 7,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #bfj sq474 #bea ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #bei sqq4 ,f o!r ,attic inscriptions we le>n t ! ,eleus9ian games compris$ a long foot-race1 a race 9 arm\r1 & a pancratium4 ,see ,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #ehg note #aga 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cac74 ,! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games also includ$ ! p5ta?lum 7,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #fgh1 l9e #b74 ,! pancratium includ$ wre/l+ & box+2 ! p5ta?lum includ$ a foot-race1 leap+1 ?r[+ ! quoit1 ?r[+ ! spe>1 & wre/l+4 ,see ,w4 ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 ,?ird ,edition1 s4vv4 8,pancratium0 & 8,p5ta?lon40 #beb ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bdf1 l9es #df sqq42 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 ,no4 #fji4 ,see above1 p4 #fa4 ,! id5tification lies all ! ne>] to h& because ! inscription records a decree 9 hon\r ( a man :o _h sacrific$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games1 & a provision is conta9$ 9 ! decree t ! hon\r %\ld be proclaim$ 8at ! ,ance/ral ,conte/ ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor40 ,! same ,ance/ral ,conte/ at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor is m5tion$ 9 ano!r ,eleus9ian inscription1 :i* records hon\rs decre$ to a man :o _h sacrific$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,?re%+-floor4 ,see 1 #ahhd1 coll4 #ace sq4 #bec ,see above1 p4 #fa4 #bed ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #fh2 ,arrian1 ,indic4 #g2 ,lucian1 ,somnium1 #ae2 id41 ,philopseudes1 #c2 ,plato1 ,laws1 vi4 #bb1 p4 #ghb2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #e4 #b2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 p4 #ec1 ed4 ,c4 ,lang2 ,pausanias1 i4 #ad4 #b1 vii4 #ah4 #b1 viii4 #d4 #a2 ,ari/ides1 ,eleus94 vol4 i4 pp4 #daf sq41 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf2 ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1 #adg1 #bei1 #bgg2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #edi sqq42 id41 ,metamorph4 v4 #fde sqq42 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #ai4 ,see also above1 p4 #ed4 ,z to ,triptolemus1 see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,demet] und ,p]sephone 7,hamburg1 #ahcg71 pp4 #bhb sqq42 id41 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #gfi sqq4 #bee ,c4 ,/rube1 ,/udi5 b] d5 ,bild]kreis von ,eleusis 7,leipsic1 #ahgj71 pp4 #d sqq42 ,j4 ,ov]beck1 ,grie*is*e ,kun/my?ologie1 iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahgc-ahhj71 pp4 #ecj sqq42 ,a4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des classis*5 ,alt]tums1 iii4 #ahee sqq4 ,t ,triptolemus s[$ ! e>? ) corn f 8 c> is m5tion$ by ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #e4 #b2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 pp4 #ec sq41 ed4 ,c4 ,lang2 ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1 #adg2 & ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #ai4 #bef ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #bj1 l9es #cg sqq42 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije71 ,no4 #i1 p4 #bd4 #beg ,arrian1 ,epicteti ,diss]tationes1 i4 #d4 #cj4 #beh ,s*olia/ on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xviii4 #dhc2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,demet] und ,p]sephone1 p4 #bhf2 ,f4 ,a4 ,paley on ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #dfj4 ,! cu/om ( pl\gh+ ! l& ?rice is allud$ to by ,hom] 7,iliad1 xviii4 #edb1 ,odyssey1 v4 #abg7 & ,hesiod 7,!ogony1 #iga71 & is expressly m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us 7,hi/oria ,plant>um1 vii4 #ac4 #f74 #bei ,s ,i am in=m$ by my le>n$ fri5d ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton4 #bfj ,j4 ,toepff]1 ,attis*e ,g5ealogie 7,b]l91 #ahhi71 pp4 #ach sq4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,eleus9ian ,tor*be>] ,callias app>5tly claim$ to be desc5d$ f ,triptolemus1 = 9 a spee* address$ to ! ,lac$aemonians he is said by ,x5ophon 7,hell5ica1 vi4 #c4 #f7 to h spok5 ( ,triptolemus z 8our ance/or0 7 74 ,see above1 p4 #ed4 ,b x is possible t ,callias 0 "h speak+1 n z a direct desc5dant ( ,triptolemus1 b m]ely z an ,a!nian1 :o naturally rank$ ,triptolemus among ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ance/ral h]oes ( 8 p4 ,ev5 if he int5d$ to claim actual desc5t f ! h]o1 ?is w\ld prove no?+ z to ! hi/orical "* ( ,triptolemus1 = _m ,greek families boa/$ ( be+ desc5d$ f gods4 ,m#eb ,prizes ( b>ley giv5 to victors 9 ! ,eleus9ian games4 #bfa ,! prize ( b>ley is m5tion$ by ! ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 ix4 #aej4 ,! ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ides 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #ee1 #ef1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf7 m5tions e>s ( corn z ! prize )\t specify+ ! k9d ( corn4 ,9 ! (ficial ,a!nian inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c41 ?\gh ! am\nt ( corn di/ribut$ 9 prizes bo? at ! quadri5nial & at ! bi5nial games is /at$1 we are n told :e!r ! corn 0 b>ley or :eat4 ,see ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #bei sqq4 ,accord+ to ,ari/ides 7,eleus94 vol4 i4 p4 #dag1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf1 comp>e p4 #afh7 ! prize consi/$ ( ! corn :i* _h fir/ appe>$ at ,eleusis4 #bfb ,m>mor ,p>ium1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 i4 #edd4 ,t ! ,r>ian pla9 0 ! fir/ to be s[n & ! fir/ to be> crops is affirm$ by ,pausanias 7i4 #ch4 #f74 #bfc ,pausanias1 i4 #ch4 #f4 #bfd ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #aai sq4 ,9 ! same inscription1 a few l9es l[] d[n1 m5tion is made ( two pigs :i* 7 us$ 9 purify+ ! sanctu>y at ,eleusis4 ,on ! pig 9 ,greek purificatory rites1 see my notes on ,pausanias1 ii4 #ca4 #h & v4 #af4 #h4 ,m#ec ,! ,eleus9ian games prim>ily conc]n$ ) ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,! ,ance/ral ,conte/ 9 ! games may h be5 orig9ally a conte/ betwe5 ! reap]s to f9i% reap+4 #bfe ,see bel[1 pp4 #adj sqq41 #aee sqq41 #afd sqq41 comp>e #bah sqq4 #bff ,see bel[1 pp4 #adg sqq41 #bba sq41 #bbc sq4 #bfg ,see above1 p4 #dc4 ,m#ed ,games at h>ve/ fe/ivals 9 mod]n ,europe4 #bfh ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 pp4 #cih1 #cii1 #djj4 #bfi ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #gj sq4 #bgj ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 pp4 #cda sq4 #bga ,see bel[1 pp4 #acc sqq4 ,m#ee ,date ( ! ,eleus9ian games unc]ta94 #bgb ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 ix4 #aej1 p4 #bbh1 ed4 ,aug4 ,boeckh4 #bgc ,! games are assign$ to ,metageitnion by ,p4 ,/5gel 7,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 #b4 coll4 #bcca sq47 & to ,bo$romion by ,augu/ ,momms5 & ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]4 ,! la/-m5tion$ s*ol> supposes t ! games imm$iately foll[$ ! ,my/]ies1 & ,augu/ ,momms5 =m]ly ?\ght s too1 b he aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 view & pref]r$ to suppose t ! games prec$$ ! ,my/]ies4 ,see ,aug4 ,momms51 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #bfc2 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #ahb sqq42 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 note #aga 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #cac sq474 ,! dat+ ( ! games 9 ,metageitnion or 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,bo$romion dep5ds on little m ?an a s]ies ( conjectures1 p>ticul>ly ! conjectural re/oration ( an inscription & ! conjectural dat+ ( a c]ta9 sacrifice to ,democracy4 ,m#ef ,:y %\ld games int5d$ to promote ! annual gr[? ( ! crops be held only e second or f\r? ye>8 ,! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies probably mu* old] ?an ! ,eleus9ian games4 #bgd ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,orig9 ( ,cultivat$ ,plants 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #ced sq41 #cfg sqq42 ,r4 ,munro1 ,! ,lake-dwell+s ( ,europe 7,london1 ,p>is1 & ,melb\rne1 #ahij71 pp4 #dig sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #h sqq42 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te 7,j5a1 #aijf-aijg71 ii4 #ahe sqq42 ,h4 ,hirt1 ,die ,indog]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aije-aijg71 i4 #bed sqq41 #bgc sq41 #bgf sqq41 ii4 #fdj sqq42 ,m4 ,mu*1 ,die ,heimat d] ,indog]man5 7,j5a & ,b]l91 #aijd71 pp4 #bba sqq42 ,t4 ,e4 ,peet1 ,! ,/one & ,bronze ,ages 9 ,italy & ,sicily 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #cfb4 ,m#eg ,quadri5nial p]iod ( _m ( ! great games ( ,greece4 ,old oct5nial p]iod ( ! ,py?ian & probably ( ! ,olympian games4 ,! oct5nial cycle 0 in/itut$ by ! ,greeks at a v e>ly era = ! purpose ( h>monis+ sol> & lun> "t4 #bge ,ari/otle1 ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 #ed1 :]e ! quadri5nial 7p5tet]ic7 fe/ival ( ! ,eleus9ian ,games is m5tion$ along ) ! quadri5nial fe/ivals ( ! ,pana!naica1 ! ,delia1 ! ,brauronia1 & ! ,h]aclea4 ,! bi5nial 7triet]ic7 fe/ival ( ! ,eleus9ian ,games is m5tion$ only 9 ! inscription ( #cbi ,b4,c4 7,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #ehg1 l9es #bei sq474 ,z to ! id5tity ( ! ,great ,eleus9ian ,games ) ! quadri5nial games see ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 ,no4 #bdf note #i1 ,no4 #ehg note #aga4 #bgf ,z to ! ,plataean games see ,plut>*1 ,ari/ides1 #ba2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #b4 #f4 #bgg ,/rabo1 vii4 #g4 #f1 p4 #cbe2 ,suetonius1 ,augu/us1 #ah2 ,dio ,cassius1 li4 #a2 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 s4v4 8,actia40 #bgh ,pausanias1 viii4 #i4 #h4 #bgi ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,py?41 ,argum5t1 p4 #bih1 ed4 ,aug4 ,boeckh2 ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xviii4 #f4 ,accord+ to ! s*olia/ on ,p9d> 7l4c47 ! *ange f ! oct5nial to ! quadri5nial p]iod 0 occasion$ by ! nymphs ( ,p>nassus br++ ripe fruits 9 _! h&s to ,apollo1 aft] he _h sla9 ! dragon at ,delphi4 #bhj ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 iii4 #ce 7#bj71 p4 #ih1 ed4 ,aug4 ,boeckh4 ,comp>e ,boeckh's comm5t>y on ,p9d> 7vol4 iii4 p4 #ach ( 8 edition72 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #cff sq41 ii4 #fje sqq4 #bha ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 *apt] ii4 #d1 8,oct5nial ,t5ure ( ! ,k+%ip10 especially pp4 #fh sq41 #hj1 #hi sq4 #bhb ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 viii4 #be sqq41 pp4 #aaj sqq41 ed4 ,c4 ,manitius 7,leipsic1 #ahih72 ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xviii4 #b-f4 #bhc ,gem9us1 l4c4 #bhd ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 viii4 #cf-da4 #bhe ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xviii4 #e4 ,z ,eudoxus fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 "s sixty or sev5ty ye>s aft] ,meton1 :o introduc$ ! n9ete5 ye>s' cycle to rem$y ! defects ( ! oct5nial cycle1 ! claim ( ,eudoxus to h in/itut$ ! latt] cycle may at once be put out ( c\rt4 ,! claim ( ,cleo/ratus1 :o seems to h liv$ 9 ! six? or fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 _c be dismiss$ s summ>ily2 b = ! reasons giv5 9 ! text he c h>dly h done m ?an sugge/ corrections or improvem5ts ( ! anci5t oct5nial cycle4 #bhf ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 viii4 #bg4 ,) f> less probability ,c5sor9us 7,de die natali1 xviii4 #b-d7 supposes t ! oct5nial cycle 0 produc$ by ! successive duplication ( bi5nial & quadri5nial cycles4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #hf sq4 #bhg ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 ii4 #fje4 #bhh ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #eh sqq4 ,speak+ ( ! oct5nial cycle ,c5sor9us obs]ves t 8,ob hoc 9 ,graecia multae religiones hoc int]vallo temporis summa ca]imonia coluntur0 7,de die natali1 xviii4 #f74 ,comp>e ,l4 ,idel]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fje sq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,ung]1 8,zeitre*nung d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]10 9 ,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu* d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 i4#b #gcb sq4 ,! great age & ! wide diffusion ( ! oct5nial cycle 9 ,greece are rightly ma9ta9$ by ,a4 ,s*midt 7,h&bu* d] grie*is*5 ,*ronologie1 ,j5a1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fa sqq471 :o sugge/s t ! cycle may h ow$ some?+ to ! a/ronomy ( ! ,egyptians1 ) :om ! inhabitants ( ,greece are kn[n to h _h relations f a v e>ly "t4 ,m#eh ,! motive = in/itut+ ! eight ye>s' cycle 0 religi\s1 n practical or sci5tific4 #bhi ,aratus1 ,pha5om5a1 #gcc sqq42 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #bee sq4 #bij ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 viii4 #ae-de4 ,m#ei ,9 e>ly times ! regulation ( ! cal5d> is l>gely an affair ( religion4 #bia ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia1 i4 #ae4 #i sqq42 ,livy1 ix4 #df4 #e2 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ii4 #e4 #b2 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,mura5a1 xi4 #be2 id41 ,de legibus1 ii4 #ab4 #bi2 ,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #dj2 ,plut>*1 ,caes>1 #ei4 ,m#fj ,! quadri5nial p]iod ( games & fe/ivals 9 ,greece 0 probably arriv$ at by bisect+ an old] oct5nial p]iod4 #bib ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #ib sqq4 #bic ,plato1 ,m5o1 p4 #ha ,a-,c2 ,p9d>1 ed4 ,aug4 ,boeckh1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #fbc sq41 ,frag4 #ih4 ,see fur!r ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #fi sq4 #bid ,plut>*1 ,ari/ides1 #ba2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #b4 #f4 #bie ,see above1 p4 #hj4 ,m#fa ,! reasons = bisect+ ! old oct5nial p]iod into two quadri5nial p]iods may h be5 p>tly religi\s1 p>tly political4 #bif ,pausanias1 iv4 #e4 #aj2 comp>e ,ari/otle1 ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 iii4 #a2 ,g4 ,gilb]t1 ,h&bu* d] grie*is*5 ,/aatsalt]?um]1 i4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahic7 pp4 #abb sq4 #big ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #hi-ib4 ,m#fb ,! bi5nial p]iod ( "s ,greek games may h be5 obta9$ by bisect+ ! quadri5nial p]iod4 #bih ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 ii4 #fjf sq4 #bii ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xviii4 #b-d4 #cjj ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xviii4 #b4 #cja ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #bgj4 ,m#fc ,application ( ! =ego+ conclusion to ! ,eleus9ian games4 ,m#fd ,v>ro on ! rites ( ,eleusis4 #cjb ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #bj4 8,9 ,c]]is autem sacris pra$icantur illa ,eleus9ia1 quae apud ,a!ni5ses nobilissima fu]unt4 ,de quibus i/e ,v>ro nihil int]pretatur1 nisi quod att9et ad frum5tum1 quod ,c]es inv5it1 et ad ,pros]p9am1 quam rapi5te ,orco p]didit4 ,et hanc ipsam dicit signific>e foecunditatem sem9um4444 ,dicit de9de multa 9 my/]iis ejus tradi1 quae nisi ad frugum inv5tionem non p]t9eant40 ,m#fe ,! close resemblance betwe5 ! arti/ic types ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone militates aga9/ ! !ory t ! two goddesses p]sonifi$ two ?+s s diff]5t z ! e>? & ! corn4 #cjc ,a4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des classis*5 ,alt]tums1 i4 #egg sq42 ,drexl]1 s4v4 ,gaia1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #aegd sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 7,ox=d1 #aijg7 p4 #bg4 #cjd ,pausanias1 vii4 #ba4 #aa4 ,at ,a!ns !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ,e>? ! ,nurs+-,"m & ( ,gre5 ,demet] 7,pausanias1 i4 #bb4 #c71 b we d n "k h[ ! goddesses 7 repres5t$4 #cje ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii4 #bef ) plate xxi4 b4 #cjf ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,demet] 7,c]es7 & ! ,e>? ,goddess is cle>ly m>k$ by ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #fgc sq43 8,(ficium commune ,c]es et ,t]ra tu5tur2 ,haec praebet causam frugibus1 illa locum40 #cjg ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,nos4 #bj1 #djh1 #daa1 #ehg1 #fdf1 #fdg1 #feb1 #gbj1 #ghi4 ,comp>e ! expression appli$ to !m by ,euripides1 ,pho5issae1 #fhc1 ) ! ,s*olia/'s note4 #cjh ,! sub/antial id5tity ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone has be5 recognis$ by "s mod]n s*ol>s1 ?\gh _! int]pretations ( ! my? d n altoge!r agree ) ! "o adopt$ 9 ! text4 ,see ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre 7,gtt+51 #aheg-ahfb71 ii4 #ecb2 ,l4 ,prell]1 9 ,pauly's ,real5cyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 vi4 #ajf sq42 ,f4 ,l5ormant1 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #b4 pp4 #ajdg sqq4 ,m#ff ,z goddesses ( ! corn ,demet] & ,p]sephone came to be associat$ ) ! ideas ( dea? & resurrection4 #cji ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 #dhj sqq42 ,p9d>1 quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/rom4 iii4 #c4 #ag1 p4 #eah1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,sophocles1 quot$ by ,plut>*1 ,de audi5dis poetis1 #d2 ,isocrates1 ,panegyricus1 #f2 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #ad4 #cf2 ,ari/ides1 ,eleus94 vol4 i4 p4 #dba1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf4 #caj ,a le>n$ ,g]man pr(essor has ?\ght x wor? :ile to break ! poor butt]fly argum5t on ! :eel ( 8 inflexible logic4 ,! cruel act1 :ile x proves ! h>dness ( ! pr(essor's head1 says little = 8 k ( human nature1 :i* does n always act 9 /rict accordance ) ! impulse ( ! syllogi/ic ma*9]y4 ,see ,erw9 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 i4 #bij sqq4 #caa #a ,cor9?ians xv4 #ce sqq4 ,m#fg ,games play$ z magical c]emonies to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,! ,kayans ( c5tral ,borneo1 a primitive agricultural p4 ,! sacr$ rice-fields 7luma lali7 on :i* all religi\s c]emonies requisite = agriculture are p]=m$4 #cab ,see above1 p4 #ga1 ) ! footnote #e4 #cac ,see above1 pp4 #gd sqq4 #cad ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #aef sq4 ,m#fh ,c]emonies obs]v$ at ! s[+ fe/ival4 ,taboos obs]v$ at ! s[+ fe/ival4 #cae ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afd4 #caf ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 i4 #afd-afg4 #cag ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afc4 ,! motive assign$ = ! exclusion ( /rang]s at ! s[+ fe/ival applies equally to all religi\s rites4 8,9 all religi\s obs]vances10 says ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis1 8! ,kayans fe> ! pres5ce ( /rang]s1 because ^! latt] might fright5 & annoy ! spirits :i* are invok$40 ,on ! p]iods ( seclusion & quiet obs]v$ 9 connexion ) agriculture by ! ,kayans ( ,s>awak1 see ,w4 ,h4 ,furness1 ,home-life ( ,borneo ,head-hunt]s 7,philadelphia1 #aijb71 pp4 #afj sqq4 ,m#fi ,games play$ at ! s[+ fe/ival4 ,masqu]ade at ! s[+ fe/ival4 #cah ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afg-afi4 ,m#gj ,rites at hoe+4 #cai ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afi4 ,m#ga ,! ,kayan ,new ,ye> fe/ival4 ,(f]+s & addresses to ! spirits4 ,sacrifice ( pigs4 #cbj ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 i4 #aga-ahb4 ,m#gb ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis on ! games play$ by ! ,kayans 9 connexion ) agriculture4 #cba ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afi sq4 ,m#gc ,s]i\s religi\s or magical significance ( ! games4 #cbb ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #afc sq4 #cbc ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 ii4 #acj sq4 ,! game z to ! religi\s significance ( :i* ,dr4 ,nieuw5huis has no d\bt is ! masqu]ade p]=m$ by ! ,kayans ( ! ,mahakam riv]1 :]e disguis$ m5 p]sonate spirits & pret5d to draw home ! s\ls ( ! rice f ! f> c\ntries to :i* !y may h w&]$4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ahf sq4 ,m#gd ,! ,kai1 an agricultural p ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,sup]/iti\s practices obs]v$ by ! ,kai = ! good ( ! crops4 #cbd ,*4 ,keyss]1 8,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #c1 #i sq41 #ab sq4 #cbe ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abc-abe4 ,m#ge ,games play$ by ! ,kai p to promote ! gr[? ( ! yams & t>o4 ,tales & leg5ds told by ! ,kai to cause ! fruits ( ! e>? to ?rive4 #cbf ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abe sq4 #cbg ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #afa4 ,m#gf ,?us among ^! ,new ,gu9ea p games are play$ & /ories told z *>ms to ensure good crops4 #cbh ,on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #eb sqq4 ,! ,esquimaux play cat's cradle z a *>m to cat* ! sun 9 ! me%es ( ! /r+ & s prev5t him f s9k+ bel[ ! horizon 9 w9t]4 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #caf sq4 ,cat's cradle is play$ z a game by savages 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 includ+ ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,see ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,/udy ( ,man 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahih71 pp4 #bbd-bcb2 ,miss ,ka?le5 ,haddon1 ,cat's ,cradles f ,_m ,l&s 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,= example1 ! ,indians ( ,nor?-we/]n ,brazil play _m games ( cat's cradle1 ea* ( :i* has its special "n1 su* z ! ,b[1 ! ,moon1 ! ,pleiades1 ! ,armadillo1 ! ,spid]1 ! ,cat]pill>1 & ! ,guts ( ! ,tapir4 ,see ,?4 ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n 7,b]l91 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #abj1 #abc1 #beb1 #bec1 ii4 #abg1 #aca4 ,f9d+ ! game play$ z a magical rite to /ay ! sun or promote ! gr[? ( ! crops among peoples s di/ant f ea* o!r z ! ,esquimaux & ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea1 we may reasonably surmise t x has be5 put to simil> uses by _m o!r peoples1 ?\gh civilis$ obs]v]s h commonly se5 9 x no?+ m ?an a pa/ime4 ,probably _m games h ?us orig9at$ 9 magical rites4 ,:5 _! old s]i\s mean+ 0 =gott51 !y cont9u$ to be practis$ simply = ! amusem5t !y af=d$ ! play]s4 ,ano!r su* game seems to be ! 8,tug ( ,w>40 ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b iii4 #ie4 #cbi ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #cah sqq4 #ccj ,/efan ,lehn]1 ,bukaua1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #dgh sq4 ,m#gg ,! ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea also tell tales on purpose to obta9 abundant crops4 #cca ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #chf4 #ccb ,h4 ,zahn1 8,die ,jabim10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #bij4 #ccc ,h4 ,zahn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ccb sq4 ,m#gh ,specim5s ( ,yabim tales told z *>ms to procure a good h>ve/4 ,su* tales may be call$ n>rative spells4 #ccd ,h4 ,zahn1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccc4 #cce ,/efan ,lehn]1 8,bukaua10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #ddh4 ,m#gi ,use ( ! bull-ro>] to quick5 ! fruits ( ! e>?4 #ccf ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 pp4 #bah1 #bai4 ,comp>e id41 ,head-hunt]s1 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,br[n 7,london1 #aija7 p4 #ajd4 #ccg ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 pp4 #cdf sq4 #cch ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 8,! ,di]i & o!r k9dr$ ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xx4 7#ahia7 p4 #hc2 id41 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #ffj4 ,! fir/1 ,i believe1 to po9t out ! f]tilis+ p[] ascrib$ to ! bull-ro>] by "s savages 0 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon4 ,see 8 essay1 8,! ,bull-ro>]10 9 ,! ,/udy ( ,man 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahih71 pp4 #bgg-cbg4 ,9 ?is "w ,dr4 ,haddon recognises ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! possible d]ivation ( _m games f magical rites4 ,z to ! bull-ro>] comp>e my pap] 8,on "s ,c]emonies ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian ,tribes10 9 ! ,report ( ! ,au/ralasian ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce = ! ye> #aijj 7,melb\rne1 #aija71 pp4 #cac-cbb4 ,m#hj ,sw++ z an agricultural *>m4 #cci ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z5 7,dresd5 & ,leipsic1 #ahda71 ii4 #be4 #cdj ,= ! evid5ce see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bgg-bhe4 ,m#ha ,analogy ( ! ,kayans ( ,borneo to ! ,greeks ( ,eleusis 9 ! e>ly "t4 ,! ,sacr$ ,pl\gh+ at ,eleusis4 #cda ,on ! ,kayan *iefs & _! religi\s duties1 see ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 i4 #eh-fj4 #cdb ,see above1 p4 #cf4 #cdc ,see above1 p4 #gd4 #cdd ,plut>*1 ,praecepta ,conjugalia1 #db4 ,ano!r ( ^! ,sacr$ ,pl\gh+s 0 p]=m$ at ,scirum1 & ! ?ird at ! foot ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns2 = 9 ?is passage ( ,plut>* we mu/1 ) ! late/ editor1 read = ! ( ! manuscripts4 #cde ,see above1 pp4 #ej sqq4 #cdf ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 p4 #bjf1 l9es #dg sqq42 ,im4 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca 7,b]l91 #ahad-ahba71 i4 #bba2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vii4 #aii2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 2 ,p>oemiographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,e4 ,l4 ,leuts* und ,f4 ,g4 ,s*neidew9 7,gtt+51 #ahci-ahea71 i4 #chh1 2 4 444 2 ,s*olia/ on ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #bee1 4 ,! ,sacr$ ,pl\gh+ at ! foot ( ! ,acropolis 0 specially call$ b\zygios 7,plut>*1 ,praecepta ,conjugalia1 #db74 ,comp>e ,j4 ,toepff]1 ,attis*e ,g5ealogie 7,b]l91 #ahhi7 pp4 #acf sqq4 #cdg ,su* ,sabba?s are v commonly & v /rictly obs]v$ 9 connexion ) ! crops by ! agricultural hill tribes ( ,assam4 ,! native "n = su* a ,sabba? is g5na4 ,see ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 8,! ,g5na among/ ! ,tribes ( ,assam10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvi4 7#aijf7 pp4 #id sq43 8,communal tabus are obs]v$ by ! :ole village4444 ,^? :i* are ( regul> occurr5ce are = ! mo/ "p connect$ ) ! crops4 ,ev5 :]e irrigat$ t]races are made1 ! rice plant is mu* affect$ by defici5cies ( ra9 & excess ( sun4 ,be=e ! crop is s[n1 ! village is tabu or g5na4 ,! gates are clos$ & ! fri5d )\t has to /ay outside1 :ile ! /rang] t is )9 ! gates rema9s till all is end$4 ,! fe/ival is m>k$ among "s tribes by an outbur/ ( lic5ti\sness1 =1 s long z ! crops rema9 ung>n]$1 ! slighte/ incont95ce might ru9 all4 ,an om5 ( ! prosp]ity ( ! crops is tak5 by a mock conte/1 ! girls pull+ aga9/ ! m54 ,9 "s villages ! g5nas la/ = t5 days1 b ! t5? day is ! cr[n+ day ( all4 ,! m5 cook1 & eat ap>t f ! wom5 dur+ ?is "t1 & ! food tabus are /rictly en=c$4 ,f ! conclusion ( ! initial crop g5na to ! comm5cem5t ( ! g5na :i* u%]s 9 ! h>ve/-"t1 all trade1 all fi%+1 all hunt+1 all cutt+ grass & fell+ trees is =bidd54 ,^? tribes :i* specialise 9 clo?-weav+1 salt-mak+ or pott]y-mak+ are =bidd5 ! ex]cise ( ^! m9or b valuable indu/ries4 ,drums & bugles are sil5t all ! :ile4444 ,betwe5 ! initial crop g5na & ! h>ve/-home1 "s tribes int]pose a g5na day :i* dep5ds on ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ blade ( rice4 ,all celebrate ! comm5cem5t ( ! ga!r+ ( ! crops by a g5na1 :i* la/s at lea/ two days4 ,x is ma9ly a repetition ( ! initial g5na &1 j z ! fir/ se$ 0 s[n by ! g5nabura1 ! religi\s head ( ! village1 s he is oblig$ to cut ! fir/ e> ( rice be=e any "o else may beg940 ,on su* occasions among ! ,kabuis1 9 spite ( ! lic5ce accord$ to ! p g5]ally1 ! /ricte/ *a/ity is requir$ ( ! religi\s head ( ! village :o initiates ! s[+ & ! reap+1 & 8 diet is extremely limit$2 = example1 he may n eat dogs or tomatoes4 ,see ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 8,! ,native ,tribes ( ,manipur10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7 pp4 #cjf sq42 & = m details1 id41 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #afh sqq4 ,! resemblance ( "s ( ^! cu/oms to ^? ( ! ,kayans ( ,borneo is obvi\s4 ,we may conjecture t ! 8tug ( w>0 :i* takes place betwe5 ! sexes on sev]al ( ^! ,sabba?s 0 orig9ally a magical c]emony to ensure good crops r ?an m]ely a mode ( div9ation to =eca/ ! com+ h>ve/4 ,magic regul>ly dw9dles into div9ation be=e x deg5]ates into a simple game4 ,at "o ( ^! taboo p]iods ! m5 set up an effigy ( a man & ?r[ po9t$ bamboos at x4 ,he :o hits ! figure 9 ! head w kill an enemy2 he :o hits x 9 ! belly w h pl5ty ( food4 ,see ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvi4 7#aijf7 p4 #ie2 id41 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #aga4 ,"h also we probably h an old magical c]emony pass+ ?r\gh a phase ( div9ation be=e x rea*es ! la/ /age ( decay4 ,on ,sabba?s obs]v$ 9 connexion ) agriculture 9 ,borneo & ,assam1 see fur!r ,hutton ,web/]1 ,re/ ,days1 a ,sociological ,/udy1 pp4 #aa sqq4 7,univ]sity ,/udies1 ,l9coln1 ,nebraska1 vol4 xi4 ,nos4 #a-b1 ,janu>y-,april1 #aiaa74 ,m#hb ,! connexion ( ! ,eleus9ian games ) agriculture1 atte/$ by ! anci5ts1 is confirm$ by mod]n savage analogies4 #cdh ,see above1 p4 #ga4 #cdi ,see above1 p4 #ga note #e4 #cej ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acg-aci4 #cea ,see ! old ,greek s*olia/ on ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 quot$ by ,*r4 ,aug4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 p4 #gjj2 ,&rew ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my? 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #ci4 ,x is true t ! bull-ro>] seems to h be5 associat$ ) ! rites ( ,dionysus r ?an ( ,demet]2 p]haps ! s\nd ( x 0 ?\ght to mimick ! bell[+ ( ! god 9 8 "* ( a bull4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus 0 f an e>ly "t associat$ ) t ( ,demet] 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies2 & ! god himself1 z we h se51 _h agricultural aff9ities4 ,see above1 p4 #e4 ,an annual fe/ival ( sw++ 7:i*1 z we h se51 is /ill practis$ bo? 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ,russia = ! good ( ! crops7 0 held by ! ,a!nians 9 antiquity & 0 believ$ to h orig9at$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bha sq4 ,m#hc ,! sacr$ drama ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies comp>$ to ! mask$ dances ( agricultural savages4 #ceb ,see above1 pp4 #ie sq41 & bel[1 pp4 #ahf sq4 #cec ,see above1 p4 #ci4 #ced ,?4 ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n 7,b]l91 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #acg-adj1 ii4 #aic-aif4 ,z to ! cultivation ( manioc among ^! ,indians see id4 ii4 #bjb sqq4 ,m#hd ,!ory t ! p]sonification ( corn z fem99e 0 sugge/$ by ! "p play$ by wom5 9 primitive agriculture4 #cee ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 7,london1 #ahif71 p4 #bdj2 ,h4 ,hirt1 ,die ,indog]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aije-aijg71 i4 #bea sqq4 ,m#he ,among _m savage tribes ! lab\r ( hoe+ ! gr\nd & s[+ ! se$ devolves on wom54 ,agricultural "w done by wom5 among ! ,zulus & o!r tribes ( ,s\? ,africa4 #cef ,rev4 ,j4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry 7,london1 #aheg71 pp4 #ag sq4 ,speak+ ( ! ,zulus ano!r writ] obs]ves3 8,9 g>d5+1 ! m5 cle> ! l&1 if ne$ be1 & sometimes f5ce x 92 ! wom5 plant1 we$1 & h>ve/0 7,rev4 ,l4 ,gr\t1 ,zulu-l&1 ,philadelphia1 ,n4,d41 p4 #aaj74 #ceg ,a4 ,delegorgue1 ,voyage dans l',afrique ,au/rale 7,p>is1 #ahdg71 ii4 #bbe4 #ceh ,h4 ,a4 ,junod1 ,les ,ba-,ronga 7,neu*atel1 #aijh71 pp4 #aie sq4 #cei ,l4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1 #ahih71 p4 #he4 #cfj ,l4 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #afj4 #cfa ,c4 ,g\ldsbury & ,h4 ,%eane1 ,! ,great ,plateau ( ,nor!rn ,rhodesia 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #cjb4 ,m#hf ,*a/ity requir$ 9 ! s[]s ( se$4 #cfb ,l4 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #bie4 #cfc ,c4 ,g\ldsbury & ,h4 ,%eane1 ,! ,great ,plateau ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #agi4 #cfd ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 8,notes on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,l[] ,congo ,p10 ,folk-lore1 xx4 7#aiji7 p4 #caa4 #cfe ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ any brea* ( ! rule !y /rew$ ,agnus ca/us & o!r plants1 :i* 7 e/eem$ anaphrodisiacs1 "u _! b$s4 ,see ,dioscorides1 ,de ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 i4 #acd 7#ace71 vol4 i4 p4 #acj1 ed4 ,c4 ,spr5gel 7,leipsic1 #ahbi-ahcj72 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxiv4 #ei2 ,aelian1 ,de ,natura ,animalium1 ix4 #bf2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 iv4 #be2 ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,!r4 #gj sq4 #cff ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,!smophor4 #hj2 ,plut>*1 ,demo/h5es1 #cj2 ,aug4 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #caj sq4 ,t ,pyanepsion 0 ! mon? ( s[+ is m5tion$ by ,plut>* 7,isis et ,osiris1 #fi74 ,see above1 pp4 #de sq4 #cfg ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag sq4 ,m#hg ,woman's "p 9 agriculture among ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa 9 g5]al4 #cfh ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kaffir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #cbc4 ,comp>e ,b4 ,ank]mann1 8,l',e?nographie actuelle de l',afrique mridionale10 ,an?ropos1 i4 7#aijf7 pp4 #ege sq4 ,z to ! use ( ! ,pleiades to det]m9e ! "t ( s[+1 see note at ! end ( ! volume1 8,! ,pleiades 9 ,primitive ,cal5d>s40 #cfi ,rev4 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 pp4 #adc 7) plate71 pp4 #afb-afe4 ,m#hh ,agricultural "w done by wom5 among ! ,n&i1 ,bag&a1 ! ,congo1 & o!r tribes ( ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,africa4 #cgj ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #ai4 ,h[ev]1 among ! ,bantu ,kavirondo1 an ess5tially agricultural p ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 bo? m5 & wom5 "w 9 ! fields ) l>ge iron hoes4 ,see ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate 7,london1 #aijd71 ii4 #gch4 #cga ,m4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bee*1 ,! ,suk 7,ox=d1 #aiaa71 p4 #cc4 #cgb ,f4 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #cf4 #cgc ,f4 ,/uhlmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge4 #cgd ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #dbf1 #dbg2 comp>e pp4 #e1 #ch1 #ia sq41 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #bfh4 #cge ,h4 ,rehse1 ,kiziba1 ,l& und ,leute 7,/uttg>t1 #aiaj71 p4 #ec4 #cgf ,g4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,! ,he>t ( ,africa#c 7,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #bha4 #cgg ,g4 ,s*we9fur?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dj4 #cgh ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 8,an?ropological ,notes on ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo ,riv]10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxix4 7#aiji7 pp4 #aag1 #abh4 #cgi ,e4 ,torday1 8,d] ,t(oke10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xli4 7#aiaa7 p4 #aih4 #chj ,e4 ,torday & ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 8,notes on ! ,e?nography ( ! ,ba-,mbala10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxv4 7#aije7 p4 #dje4 #cha ,p4 ,b4 du ,*aillu1 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bb4 #chb ,p4 ,b4 du ,*aillu1 op4 cit4 p4 #dag4 ,m#hi ,agricultural "w done by wom5 among ! ,indian tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 #chc ,a4 ,d',orbigny1 ,l',homme ,amrica9 7de l',amrique ,mridionale7 7,p>is1 #ahci71 i4 #aih sq4 #chd ,le ,sieur de la ,borde1 8,relation de l',orig9e1 ,murs1 ,c\/umes1 ,religion1 ,gu]res et ,voyages des ,c>aibes ,sauvages des ,isles ,antilles de l',am]ique10 pp4 #ba-bc1 9 ,recueil de div]s ,voyages faits en ,afrique et en l',am]ique 7,p>is1 #afhd74 #che ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #bej sqq41 #bfj sqq4 ,m#ij ,cultivation ( manioc by wom5 among ! ,indian tribes ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 #chf ,c4 ,f4 ,phil4 v4 ,m>tius1 ,zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 zumal ,brasili5s 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 pp4 #dhf-dhi4 ,on ! economic importance ( ! manioc or cassava plant 9 ! life ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 see fur!r ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 pp4 #caj sqq41 #cab sq4 #chg ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,n>rative ( ,travels on ! ,amazon & ,rio ,negro 7,london1 #ahhi71 pp4 #ccf1 #ccg 7,! ,m9]va ,libr>y74 ,mr4 ,wallace's acc\nt ( ! agriculture ( ^! tribes is entirely confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( a rec5t explor] 9 nor?-we/]n ,brazil4 ,see ,?4 ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n 7,b]l91 #aiji-aiaj71 ii4 #bjb-bji2 id41 8,frau5>beit bei d5 ,indian]n ,nordwe/-,brasili5s10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xxxviii4 7#aijh7 pp4 #agb-agd4 ,?is writ] tells u 7,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n1 ii4 #bjc7 t ^! ,indians det]m9e ! "t = plant+ by obs]v+ c]ta9 con/ellations1 especially ! ,pleiades4 ,! ra9y season beg9s :5 ! ,pleiades h disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon4 ,see ,note at end ( ! volume4 #chh ,r4 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 vol4 i4 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahbb71 p4 #bec4 #chi ,j4 ,b4 von ,spix und ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brasili5 7,muni*1 #ahbc-ahca71 i4 #cha4 #cij ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #bad4 #cia ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,p]u 7,/4 ,gall51 #ahdf71 ii4 #bad4 ,m#ia ,agricultural "w done by wom5 among savage tribes 9 ,india1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,new ,brita94 #cib ,capta9 ,t4 ,h4 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #bee4 #cic ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7,calcutta1 #ahgb71 p4 #cc4 #cid ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg4 #cie ,nieuw ,gu9ea1 e?nographis* en natuurkundig ond]zo*t en bes*rev5 7,am/]dam1 #ahfb71 p4 #aei4 #cif ,op4 cit4 p4 #aai2 ,h4 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,malayis*e ,ar*ipel 7,leipsic1 #ahgh71 p4 #dcc4 #cig ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,k/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mn/]1 preface dat$ ,*ri/mas1 #aijf71 pp4 #fj sq42 ,g4 ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #cbd sq4 ,m#ib ,division ( agricultural "w betwe5 m5 & wom5 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 #cih ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het gee/elijk en maats*appelijk lev5 van d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4 7#ahie7 pp4 #acb1 #acd2 ,j4 ,boot1 8,korte s*ets d] noordku/ van ,c]am10 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 p4 #fgb2 ,e4 ,h4 ,gomes1 ,sev5te5 ,ye>s among ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #df2 ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio a ,nz 7,milan1 #ahij71 pp4 #eij sq42 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]b] und hilf uns6 ,heft #b 7,b>m51 #ahih71 pp4 #f sq42 ,*4 ,keyss]1 8,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #ad1 #he4 #cii ,j4 ,gumilla1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,civile et ,gographique de l',ornoque 7,avignon1 #ageh71 ii4 #aff sqq41 #ahc sqq4 ,comp>e ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #aci sqq4 ,m#ic ,among savages :o h n le>n$ to till ! gr\nd ! task ( collect+ ! vegetable food 9 ! =m ( wild se$s & roots g5]ally devolves on wom54 ,examples furni%$ by ! ,cali=nian ,indians4 #djj ,s4 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 p4 #bc4 #dja ,fa!r ,g]onimo ,boscana1 8,*9ig*9i*10 9 ,a4 ,rob9son's ,life 9 ,cali=nia 7,new ,york1 #ahdf71 p4 #bhg4 ,else:]e ! same well-in=m$ writ] obs]ves ( ^! ,indians t 8!y nei!r cultivat$ ! gr\nd1 nor plant$ any k9d ( gra92 b liv$ ^u ! wild se$s ( ! field1 ! fruits ( ! =e/1 & ^u ! abundance ( game0 7op4 cit4 p4 #bhe74 #djb ,fa!r ,g]onimo ,boscana1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cjb-cje4 ,z to ! puplem1 see id4 p4 #bfd4 ,! writ] says t cri]s in=m$ ! p 8:5 to cultivate _! fields0 7p4 #cjb74 ,b tak5 along ) 8 express /atem5t t !y 8nei!r cultivat$ ! gr\nd1 nor plant$ any k9d ( gra90 7p4 #bhe1 see above1 p4 #abe note #b71 ?is expression 8to cultivate _! fields0 mu/ be und]/ood loosely to d5ote m]ely ! ga!r+ ( ! wild se$s & fruits4 #djc ,see above1 pp4 #ha sq4 ,m#id ,among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia ! wom5 provid$ ! vegetable food1 :ile ! m5 hunt$4 #djd ,h4 ,e4 ,a4 ,mey]1 8,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe10 9 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 pp4 #aia sq4 #dje 7,sir7 ,george ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahda71 ii4 #bib sq4 ,! wom5 also collect ! nuts f ! palms 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 7id4 ii4 #bif74 #djf 7,sir7 ,george ,grey1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ab4 ,! yam ref]r$ to is a species ( ,diascorea1 l ! sweet potato4 #djg ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne1 #ahgh71 i4 #bji4 #djh ,p4 ,bev]idge1 8,( ! ,aborig9es inhabit+ ! ,great ,lacu/r9e & ,riv]9e ,depression ( ! ,l[] ,murray1 ,l[] ,murrumbidgee1 ,l[] ,la*lan1 & ,l[] ,d>l+10 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales = #ahhc1 vol4 xvii4 7,sydney1 #ahhd7 p4 #cf4 #dji ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #bad4 #daj ,w4 ,/anbridge1 8,"s ,p>ticul>s ( ! ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,my?ology ( ! ,tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,"p ( ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia10 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s41 i4 7#ahfa7 p4 #bia4 #daa ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #bb4 ,m#ie ,! digg+ ( ! e>? = wild fruits may h l$ to ! orig9 ( agriculture4 ,m#if ,! discov]y ( agriculture due ma9ly to wom54 ,m#ig ,wom5 z agricultural lab\r]s among ! ,aryans ( ,europe4 ,! ,greek conception ( ! ,corn ,goddess probably orig9at$ 9 a simple p]sonification ( ! corn4 #dab ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #f sqq41 #fcj sqq42 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te#c 7,j5a1 #aije-aijg71 ii4 #bja sqq42 ,h4 ,hirt1 ,die ,indog]man51 i4 #bea sqq41 #bfc1 #bgd4 ,! use ( ox5 to draw ! pl\gh is v anci5t 9 ,europe4 ,on ! rocks at ,bohusln 9 ,sw$5 !re is c>v$ a rude repres5tation ( a pl\gh drawn by ox5 & guid$ by a pl\ghman3 x is believ$ to date f ! ,bronze ,age4 ,see ,h4 ,hirt1 op4 cit4 i4 #bhf4 #dac ,/rabo1 iii4 #d4 #ag1 p4 #afe2 ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 8,de rebus publicis10 #cc1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 ii4 #bai4 #dad ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #ae4 #dae ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #cac4 #daf 7,sir7 ,g4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahda71 ii4 #bib4 ,m#ih ,sugge/$ d]ivation ( ! "n ,demet]4 #dag ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bib sqq4 ,see above1 p4 #dj1 note #c4 #dah ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #aa1 #bhi2 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te#b 7,j5a1 #ahij71 pp4 #dji1 #dbb2 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te#c 7,j5a1 #aije-aijg71 ii4 #ahh sq4 ,comp>e ,v4 ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e 9 ihrem ,ueb]gang aus ,asi5#g 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #eh sq4 #dai ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #ifi sqq42 ,f4 ,l5ormant1 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es1 i4 #b1 p4 #ajbi2 ,k]n1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 iv4 #b1 coll4 #bgbj sq4 #dbj ,my fri5d ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton tells me t !re is great d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( a ^w 1 8b>ley0 7,etymologicum ,magnum1 p4 #bfd1 l9es #ab sq471 & t ! common =m ( ,demet]'s "n1 ,dmt] 7except 9 ,ionic & ,attic7 is inconsi/5t ) 9 ! suppos$ ,cretan =m4 8,f9ally if 1 y are b\nd to reg>d h] z a ,cretan goddess1 or z aris+ 9 "s o!r area :]e ! dialect *ang$ ,indog]manic y into & n 3 s9ce ,ionic & ,attic h 1 ! two crucial lett]s ( ! "n tell diff]5t tales0 7,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton1 9 a lett] to me1 dat$ #ai ,decemb] #aijc74 #dba ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #fh sq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #bhi2 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te1#c ii4 #ahi1 #aia1 #aig sq42 ,h4 ,hirt1 ,die ,indog]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aije-aijg71 i4 #bgf sqq4 ,9 ! olde/ ,v$ic ritual b>ley & n rice is ! c]eal *iefly employ$4 ,see ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #cec4 ,= evid5ce t b>ley 0 cultivat$ 9 ,europe by ! lake-dwell]s ( ! ,/one ,age1 see ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,orig9 ( ,cultivat$ ,plants 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cfh1 #cfi2 ,r4 ,munro1 ,! ,lake-dwell+s ( ,europe 7,london1 ,p>is1 & ,melb\rne1 #ahij71 pp4 #dig sq4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #gb7 b>ley 0 ! olde/ ( all foods4 ,m#ii ,! ,corn-"m among ! ,g]mans & ! ,slavs4 #dbb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 p4 #bif4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,h>tung1 8,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aej4 #dbc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 p4 #big4 #dbd ,ibid4 pp4 #big sq4 #dbe ,ibid4 p4 #bii4 ,comp>e ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #bha4 #dbf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cjj4 #dbg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #caj4 #dbh ,ibid4 pp4 #caj sq4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,h>tung1 l4c4 ,m#ajj ,! ,corn-"m 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,f]tilis+ p[] ( ! ,corn-"m4 ,! ,corn-"m 9 ! la/ %eaf among ! ,slavs & 9 ,france4 #dbi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #caf4 #dcj ,ibid4 p4 #caf4 #dca ,ibid4 pp4 #caf sq4 #dcb ,ibid4 p4 #cag4 ,z to su* ra9-*>ms see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #aie-aig4 #dcc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cag4 #dcd ,ibid4 pp4 #cag sq4 #dce ,ibid4 p4 #cah4 #dcf ,ibid4 #dcg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cah sq4 #dch ,p4 ,sbillot1 ,c\tumes populaires de la ,haute-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 p4 #cjf4 ,m#aja ,! ,h>ve/-"m or ! ,great ,"m 9 ! la/ %eaf4 #dci ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cai4 ,m#ajb ,! ,gr&mo!r 9 ! la/ %eaf4 #ddj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cbj4 #dda ,ibid4 p4 #cba4 ,m#ajc ,! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man 9 ! la/ %eaf4 #ddb ,ibid4 pp4 #cba1 #cbc1 #cbe sq4 #ddc ,ibid4 p4 #cbc2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 p4 #bai1 #djc4 #ddd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 #dde ,ibid4 p4 #cbc4 #ddf ,ibid4 #ddg ,a4 ,kuhn & ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 pp4 #cif sq41 #cii2 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,mekl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 #cji1 #adid4 #ddh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cbc sq4 #ddi ,h4 ,prahn1 8,glaube und ,brau* 9 d] ,m>k ,br&5burg10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 i4 7#ahia7 pp4 #ahf sq4 #dej ,k4 ,haupt1 ,sag5bu* d] ,lausitz 7,leipsic1 #ahfb-ahfc71 i4 p4 #bcc1 ,no4 #bgg note4 ,m#ajd ,! ,old ,man or ! ,old ,woman 9 ! la/ %eaf4 #dea ,r4 ,krause1 ,sitt51 ,gebru*e und ,ab]glaub5 9 ,we/preuss5 7,b]l91 preface dat$ ,m>* #aijd71 p4 #ea4 #deb ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fe sqq4 #dec ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #ahi4 #ded ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #ahd1 #eab b1 #ead4 #dee ,w4 von ,s*ul5burg1 ,w5dis*es ,volk/hum 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 p4 #adg4 #def ,a4 ,jauss51 ,c\tumes des ,arabes au pays de ,moab 7,p>is1 #aijh71 pp4 #beb sq4 ,m#aje ,id5tification ( ! h>ve/] ) ! corn-_s4 #deg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cbd4 #deh ,ibid4 p4 #cbj4 #dei ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 #dfj ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #gd sqq4 ,m#ajf ,! la/ %eaf made unusually l>ge & heavy4 #dfa ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbd4 #dfb ,ibid4 pp4 #cbd sq4 #dfc ,ibid4 p4 #cbe4 ,! au?or ( ,die ge/riegelte ,rock5philosophie 7,*emnitz1 #agei7 m5tions 7p4 #hia7 ! ,g]man sup]/ition t ! la/ %eaf %\ld be made l>ge 9 ord] t all ! %eaves next ye> may be ( ! same size2 b he says no?+ z to ! %ape or "n ( ! %eaf4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #ahh4 #dfd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbg4 #dfe ,ibid4 p4 #cbh4 ,m#ajg ,! ,c>l9 & ! ,maid5 9 ,scotl&4 ,! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 at h>ve/ 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 #dff ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 iii4 #bjf1 s4v4 8,maid502 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cbf4 #dfg ,t is1 ) ! reap+4 #dfh ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 pp4 #bdc sq4 ,m#ajh ,! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 9 ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ 9 ! isl&s ( ,lewis & ,islay4 ,! ,old ,wife at h>ve/ 9 ,argyle%ire4 ,! reap] ( ! la/ %eaf call$ ! ,w9t]4 #dfi ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 8,notes on folk-lore objects collect$ 9 ,argyle%ire10 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 pp4 #adi sq4 #dgj ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 #dga ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 op4 cit4 p4 #adi4 #dgb ,ibid4 pp4 #aea sq4 #dgc ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahb4 #dgd ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #ada4 ,m#aji ,! ,hag 7wra*7 at h>ve/ 9 ,nor? ,pembroke%ire4 ,m#aaj ,! ,hag 7wra*7 at h>ve/ 9 ,s\? ,pembroke%ire4 ,! ,c>ley at h>ve/ 9 ,antrim4 #dge ,d4 ,j5kyn ,evans1 9 an article entitl$ 8,! ,h>ve/ ,cu/oms ( ,pembroke%ire10 ,pembroke ,c\nty ,gu>dian1 #g? ,decemb] #ahie4 ,9 a lett] to me1 dat$ #bc ,febru>y #aija1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& 0 s good z to correct ! ,wel% words 9 ! text4 ,he tells me t !y mean lit]ally1 8,i rose e>ly1 ,i pursu$ late on h] neck10 & he adds3 8,! idea seems to be t ! man has pursu$ ! ,hag or ,corn-_s to a lat] refuge1 namely1 8 neighb\r's field n yet completely reap$1 & n[ he leaves h] = ! o!r reap]s to cat*4 ,! prop] =m ( ! ,wel% ^w = ,hag is ,gwra*4 ,t is ! radical f gwr1 man2 gwraig1 woman4 ,wra* is ! #8middle mutation4' 0 #dgf ,m4 ,s4 ,cl>k1 8,an old ,s\? ,pembroke%ire ,h>ve/ ,cu/om10 ,folk-lore1 xv4 7#aijd7 pp4 #aid-aif4 #dgg ,communicat$ by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,w4 ,ridgeway4 ,m#aaa ,! ,old ,woman 7! ,baba7 at h>ve/ among ,slavonic peoples4 #dgh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cbh4 #dgi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bch4 #dhj ,ibid4 pp4 #cbh sq4 #dha ,ibid4 p4 #cbi4 #dhb ,ibid4 p4 #ccj4 ,m#aab ,! ,old ,woman 7! ,baba7 at h>ve/ 9 ,li?uania4 #dhc ,ibid4 #dhd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cca4 #dhe ,ibid4 ,m#aac ,! ,corn-que5 & ! ,h>ve/-que54 #dhf ,ibid4 p4 #ccb4 #dhg ,?4 ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 p4 #caj4 #dhh ,hut*9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ii4 ad f9em1 #ag1 quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 ii4 #bj1 ,bohn's edition4 #dhi ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 ,travels 9 ,v>i\s ,c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 ,"p ii41 ,section ,fir/1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahac71 p4 #bbi4 ,p]haps ,morgay 7:i* ,cl>ke absurdly expla9s z 7 is a mi/ake = ,hawkie or ,hockey4 ,! waggon 9 :i* ! la/ corn 0 br\ght f ! h>ve/ field 0 call$ ! hockey c>t or hock c>t4 ,9 a poem call$ 8,! ,hock-c>t or ,h>ve/ ,home0 ,h]rick has describ$ ! joy\s return ( ! lad5 c>t drawn by horses swa!d 9 :ite %eets & att5d$ by a m]ry cr[d1 "s ( :om kiss$ or /rok$ ! %eaves1 :ile o!rs prank$ !m ) oak leaves4 ,see fur!r ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bb sq41 ,bohn's edition4 ,! "n ,hockey or ,hawkie is no d\bt ! same ) ! ,g]man hokelmei1 hrkelmei1 or h>kelmei1 :i* 9 ,we/phalia is appli$ to a gre5 bu% or tree set up 9 ! field at ! end ( h>ve/ & br\ght home 9 ! la/ waggon-load2 ! man :o c>ries x into ! f>mh\se is sometimes dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,see ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #agh-ahj1 #did-dig4 ,! ^w is ?\ght to be d]iv$ f ! ,l[ ,g]man hokk 7plural hokk571 8a heap ( %eaves40 ,see ,joseph ,wright1 ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 p4 #aij1 s4v4 8,hockey10 f :i* x appe>s t 9 ,engl& ! ^w has be5 9 use 9 ,york%ire1 ,cambridge%ire1 & ,suffolk4 #dij ,book ix4 l9es #hch-hdb4 ,m#aad ,! corn-_s z ! ,old ,woman or ,old ,man at ?re%+4 #dia ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ccc sq4 #dib ,ibid4 p4 #ccd4 #dic ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ccd4 #did ,ibid4 p4 #ccf4 ,m#aae ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! ,corn-fool1 ! ,oats-fool1 etc4 #die ,a4 ,kuhn & ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cig4 #dif ,a4 ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bgj4 ,m#aaf ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to get ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man4 ,! ,corn-woman at ?re%+4 #dig ,bav>ia ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iii4 7,muni*1 #ahfe7 pp4 #cdd1 #ifi4 #dih ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fg4 #dii ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #aic1 #aid1 #aig4 #ejj ,r4 ,wuttke1 ,s*sis*e ,volkskunde 7,dresd51 #aija71 p4 #cfj4 #eja ,w4 ,mannh>dt4 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ccf4 #ejb ,ibid4 p4 #ccf2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #fab4 #ejc ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #aid4 #ejd ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dcg4 ,m#aag ,! corn-_s z a *ild at h>ve/4 #eje ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #ahd sq41 #eae4 #ejf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon5 7,b]l91 #ahfh71 p4 #bh4 #ejg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #ejh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 ,m#aah ,! la/ corn cut call$ ! mell1 ! kirn1 or ! *urn 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! *urn cut by ?r[+ sickles at x4 #eji ,joseph ,wright1 ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahih7 p4 #fje s4v4 8,*urn02 id41 vol4 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 p4 #dec s4v4 8,kirn02 id4 vol4 iv4 7,london1 #aijc7 pp4 #hb sq4 ,sir ,james ,murray1 editor ( ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 k9dly in=ms me t ! popul> etymology :i* id5tifies k]n or kirn 9 ?is s5se ) corn is entirely mi/ak52 & t 8baby0 or 8babbie0 9 ! same phrase means only 8doll10 n 8infant40 ,he writes1 8,kirn-babbie does n mean #8corn-baby1' b m]ely kirn-doll1 h>ve/-home doll4 ,bab1 babbie 0 ev5 9 my y\? ! regul> "n = #8doll' 9 ! di/rict1 z x 0 =m]ly 9 ,engl&2 ! only woman :o sold dolls 9 ,hawick e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ^: toy-%op all bairns knew1 0 kn[n z #8,betty o' ! ,babs1' ,betty ( ! dolls40 #eaj ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #hh sq42 ,m4 ,c4 ,f4 ,morris1 ,york%ire ,folk-talk1 pp4 #bab-bad4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,grose1 ,prov9cial ,gloss>y 7,london1 #ahaa71 s4v4 8,mell-supp]02 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bg sqq41 ,bohn's edition2 ,! ,d5ham ,tracts1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,james ,h>dy 7,london1 #ahib-ahie71 ii4 #b sq4 ,! %eaf out ( :i* ! ,mell-doll 0 made 0 no d\bt ! ,mell-%eaf1 ?\gh ?is is n expressly said4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,wright1 editor ( ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 k9dly in=ms me t ! ^w mell is well kn[n 9 ^! s5ses 9 all ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl& d[n to ,*e%ire4 ,he tells me t ! proposals to connect mell ) 8meal0 or ) 8maid50 7?r\gh a =m l ! ,g]man ,mdel7 are inadmissible4 #eaa ,joseph ,wright1 ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 vol4 iv4 7,london1 #aijc7 s4v4 8,mell10 p4 #hc4 #eab ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 ii4 #cgg sq4 ,! expression 8,corn ,baby0 us$ by ! writ] is probably 8 int]pretation ( ! correct expression kirn or k]n baby4 ,see above1 p4 #aea1 note #c4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! acc\nt ref]s to ,engl& or ,scotl&4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,grose1 ,prov9cial ,gloss>y 7,london #ahaa71 s4v4 8,k]n-baby10 8an image dress$ up ) corn1 c>ri$ be=e ! reap]s to _! mell-supp]1 or h>ve/-home02 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bj2 ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 p4 #hg4 #eac ,joseph ,wright1 ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 s4v4 8,kirn10 p4 #dec4 #ead ,joseph ,wright1 ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1 i4 7,london1 #ahih7 p4 #fje4 #eae ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #ba sq4 ,m#aai ,! la/ corn cut call$ ! kirn 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,! kirn cut by reap]s bl9dfold4 #eaf ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 iii4 #db sq41 s4v4 8,kirn40 #eag ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,gomme1 8,a ,b]wick%ire ,kirn-dolly10 ,folk-lore1 xii4 7#aija7 p4 #bae4 #eah ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,gomme1 8,h>ve/ ,cu/oms10 ,folk-lore1 xiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #agh4 #eai ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 8,notes on ,h>ve/ ,cu/oms10 ,folk-lore1 vii4 7#ahhi7 p4 #dh4 ,m#abj ,! *urn 9 ,irel& cut by ?r[+ ! sickles at x4 #ebj 7,rev47 ,h4 ,w4 ,lett1 8,w9n+ ! ,*urn 7,ul/]710 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 p4 #ahe4 ,my fri5d ,miss ,wel%1 =m]ly ,pr9cipal ( ,girton ,college1 ,cambridge1 told me 7#cj? ,may #aija7 t %e rememb]s ! cu/om ( ! *urn be+ obs]v$ 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&2 ! reap]s cut ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 7call$ ! *urn7 by ?r[+ _! sickles at x1 & ! corn s cut 0 tak5 home & kept = "s "t4 ,m#aba ,! la/ corn cut call$ ! ,maid5 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 #eba ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 iii4 #bjf1 s4v4 8,maid540 ,an old ,scotti% "n = ! ,maid5 7autumnalis nymphula7 0 ,rapegyrne4 ,see ,=dun1 ,scoti*r54 ii4 #dah1 quot$ by ,j4 ,jamieson1 op4 cit4 iii4 #fbd1 s4v4 8,rapegyrne40 #ebb ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 9 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 pp4 #adi1 #aea4 ,m#abb ,! cutt+ ( ! ,maid5 at h>ve/ 9 ,argyle%ire4 #ebc ,rev4 ,m4 ,mac,phail 7,free ,*ur* ,manse1 ,kilm>t91 ,lo*gilphead71 8,folk-lore f ! ,hebrides10 ,folk-lore1 xi4 7#aijj7 p4 #dda4 ,t ! ,maid51 hung up 9 ! h\se1 is ?\ght to keep out wit*es till ! next h>ve/ is m5tion$ also by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 p4 #bj4 ,s ) ! *urn 7above1 p4 #aec74 ,m#abc ,! cutt+ ( ! ,maid5 at h>ve/ 9 ,p]?%ire4 #ebd ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 xix4 7,ed9burgh1 #agig71 pp4 #eej sq4 ,comp>e ,miss ,e4 ,j4 ,gu?rie1 ,old ,scotti% ,cu/oms 7,london & ,glasg[1 #ahhe71 pp4 #acj sq4 #ebe ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vi4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #bfh sq4 #ebf ,! late ,mrs4 ,macali/]1 wife ( ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,macali/]1 ,cambridge4 ,h] recollections ref]r$ especially to ! neighb\rhood ( ,gl5 ,f>g1 "s t5 or twelve miles to ! s\? ( ,p]?4 ,m#abd ,! ,maid5 at h>ve/ 9 ,lo*ab]4 ,! cutt+ ( ! ,maid5 at h>ve/ on ! ,g>elo* 9 ,dumb>ton%ire4 #ebg ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #ada sq4 #ebh ,f in=mation suppli$ by ,ar*ie ,leit*1 late g>d5] to my fa!r at ,r[more1 ,g>elo*head4 ,! ,kirn 0 ! "n ( ! h>ve/ fe/ivity 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl& also4 ,see ,lockh>t's ,life ( ,scott1 ii4 #ahd 7fir/ edition72 ,e>ly ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ed4 ,norton1 ii4 #cbe sq4 #ebi ,communicat$ by ! late ,mr4 ,macf>lane ( ,faslane1 ,g>elo*4 ,m#abe ,! cutt+ ( ! clyack %eaf at h>ve/ 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,m#abf ,! clyack %eaf cut by ! y\nge/ girl & n all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 #ecj ,a slightly diff]5t mode ( mak+ up ! clyack %eaf is describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor else:]e 7,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl&1 ,london1 #ahha1 pp4 #aha sq473 8,! clyack %eaf 0 cut by ! maid5s on ! h>ve/ field4 ,on no acc\nt 0 x all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! maid5s seat$ h]self on ! gr\nd1 & ov] h] knees 0 ! b& ( ! %eaf laid4 ,ea* ( ! maid5s cut a h&ful1 or m if necess>y1 & laid x on ! b&4 ,! %eaf 0 !n b\nd1 /ill ly+ ov] ! maid5's knees1 & dress$ up 9 woman's clo?+40 ,m#abg ,! clyack fea/ or 8meal & ale40 ,m#abh ,! clyack %eaf 9 ! dance4 ,m#abi ,! clyack %eaf giv5 to a m>e 9 foal or to a c[ 9 calf4 #eca ,w4 ,gregor1 8,quelques c\tumes du ,nord-e/ du ,comt d',ab]de510 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 iii4 7,octob]1 #ahhh7 pp4 #dhd-dhg 7wrong pag9ation2 %\ld be #ecb-ece74 ,?is acc\nt1 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,loys ,brueyre f ! au?or's ,engli% & translat$ by me back f ,fr5* into ,engli%1 is full] ?an ! acc\nt giv5 by ! same writ] 9 8 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #aha-ahc4 ,i h translat$ 8une jum5t ayant son p\la90 by 8a m>e 9 foal10 & 8la plus anci5ne va*e ayant son veau0 by 8! olde/ c[ 9 calf10 because 9 ! au?or's ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 7p4 #ahb7 we read t ! la/ %eaf 0 8c>efully pres]v$ till ,*ri/mas or ,new ,ye> morn+4 ,on t morn+ x 0 giv5 to a m>e 9 foal10 etc4 ,o!rwise ! ,fr5* words might naturally be und]/ood ( a m>e ) its foal & a c[ ) its calf4 ,m#acj ,sanctity attribut$ to ! clyack %eaf4 ,! sacram5t ( b>ley-meal & wat] at ,eleusis4 #ecb ,see above1 pp4 #aae sq4 #ecc ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaj4 #ecd ,! dr9k+ ( ! draught 7call$ ! 7 z a solemn rite 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies is m5tion$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,protrept4 #ba1 p4 #ah1 ed4 ,pott]7 & ,arnobius 7,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #bf74 ,! composition ( ! draught is reveal$ by ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet] 7v]ses #bjf-baa71 :]e he repres5ts ,demet] h]self p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ cup4 ,t ! comp\nd 0 a k9d ( ?ick gruel1 half-solid1 half-liquid1 is m5tion$ by ,eu/a?ius 7on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xi4 #fch1 p4 #hgj74 ,comp>e ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #aee sqq4 #ece ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #adj sq41 f ,,ms4 notes ( ,miss ,j4 ,lig]twood4 #ecf ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 p4 #ea2 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 clxxii4 7#ahia7 p4 #aie4 #ecg ,z to ,inv]ness-%ire my old fri5d ,mr4 ,hugh ,e4 ,cam]on1 =m]ly ( ,gl5 ,mori/on1 ,inv]ness-%ire1 wrote to me _m ye>s ago3 8,z a boy1 ,i rememb] ! la/ bit ( corn cut 0 tak5 home1 & neatly ti$ up ) a ribbon1 & !n /uck up on ! wall above ! kit*5 fire-place1 & !re x (t5 rema9$ till ! #8maid5' ( ! foll[+ ye> took its place4 ,!re 0 no c]emony ab\t x1 beyond (t5 a /ruggle z to :o w\ld get1 or cut1 ! la/ %eaf to select ! #8maid5' f0 7,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 #ahhi1 pp4 #ej sq474 ,z to ,su!rl&%ire my "m 0 told by a s]vant1 ,isabella ,ross1 t 9 t c\nty 8!y hang up ! #8maid5' g5]ally ov] ! mantel-piece 7*imney-piece7 till ! next h>ve/4 ,!y h always a kirn1 :ipp$ cream1 ) (t5 a r+ 9 x1 & sometimes meal spr9kl$ ov] x4 ,! girls mu/ all be dress$ 9 lilac pr9ts1 !y all dance1 & at twelve o'clock !y eat potatoes & h]r+s0 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ec sq474 ,m#aca ,! corn-_s z a bride4 #ech ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon5 7,b]l91 #ahfh71 p4 #cj4 #eci ,w4 ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmtz1 #ahic71 p4 #cbg4 #edj ,j4 ,e4 ,waldfreund1 8,volksgebru*e und ,ab]glaube 9 ,tirol und dem ,salzburg] ,gebirg10 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 iii4 7#ahee7 p4 #cdj4 #eda ,?4 ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 ,oe/]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 p4 #caj4 #edb ,mr4 ,r4 ,ma!son1 9 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #di1 #ej4 ,m#acb ,! corn-_s z ,bride & ,bridegroom4 #edc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon5 7,b]l91 #ahfh71 p4 #cj4 #edd ,e4 ,somm]1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,sa*s5 und ,?r+5 7,halle1 #ahdf71 pp4 #afj sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #ede ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c42 ,e4 ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bfi4 ,m#acc ,! corn-_s 9 ! d\ble =m ( ! ,old ,wife & ! ,maid5 simultane\sly at h>ve/ 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 #edf ,alex&] ,nicolson1 ,a ,collection ( ,gaelic ,prov]bs & ,famili> ,phrases1 bas$ on ,mac9to%'s ,collection 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahha71 p4 #bdh4 #edg ,a4 ,nicolson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dae sq4 #edh ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 8,corn-maid5 9 ,argyle%ire10 ,folk-lore1 vii4 7#ahif7 pp4 #gh sq4 ,m#acd ,9 ^! cu/oms ! ,old ,wife repres5ts ! old corn ( la/ ye>1 & ! ,maid5 ! new corn ( ?is ye>4 #edi ,see above1 p4 #adi1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z an ,old ,man4 ,m#ace ,analogy ( ! h>ve/ cu/oms to ! spr+ cu/oms ( ,europe4 #eej ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #gc sqq4 #eea ,above1 pp4 #acd1 #acg1 #ach sq41 #adb1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi4 #eeb ,see bel[1 pp4 #bcg sq4 #eec ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #dg sqq4 #eed ,above1 pp4 #acd1 #ace4 #eee ,above1 pp4 #ada1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj sq41 #afb1 #afe4 #eef ,see above1 p4 #ace4 #eeg ,above1 p4 #ade4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 p4 #ahe1 #eaf4 #eeh ,above1 pp4 #acf1 #aci1 #aee1 #aeg sq41 #afb2 comp>e p4 #afj4 ,m#acf ,! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe are p>ts ( a primitive hea!n ritual4 ,m#acg ,m>ks ( a primitive ritual4 #eei ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #bbj sqq4 ,m#ach ,reasons = reg>d+ ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe z a primitive ritual4 #efj ,above1 p4 #adf4 ,! common cu/om ( wett+ ! la/ %eaf & its be>] is no d\bt also a ra9-*>m2 inde$ ! int5tion to procure ra9 or make ! corn gr[ is sometimes av[$4 ,see above1 pp4 #acd1 #acg1 #adc1 #add1 #ade2 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #aie-aig4 #efa ,above1 pp4 #ace sq41 #ach1 #aci1 #aeb4 #efb ,above1 p4 #acd4 #efc ,above1 pp4 #acd1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afa4 ,m#aci ,! ,corn-"m 9 _m l&s4 ,m#adj ,! ,maize-"m among ! ,p]uvian ,indians4 #efd ,above1 pp4 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #adc1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh3 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 pp4 #g1 #bf4 #efe ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 bk4 v4 *4 #bh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj74 ,9 quot+ ! passage ,i h mod]nis$ ! spell+4 ,! orig9al ,spani% text ( ,aco/a's "w 0 repr9t$ 9 a conv5i5t =m at ,madrid 9 #ahid4 ,see vol4 ii4 p4 #aag ( t edition4 ,m#ada ,! ,maize-"m1 ! ,qu9oa-"m1 ! ,coca-"m1 & ! ,potato-"m among ! ,p]uvian ,indians4 #eff ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #cdb sq4 ,mannh>dt's au?ority is a ,spani% tract 7,c>ta pa/orale de exortacion e in/ruccion contra las idolatrias de los ,indios del arobispado de ,lima7 by ,p$ro de ,villagomez1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,lima1 publi%$ at ,lima 9 #afdi1 & communicat$ to ,mannh>dt by ,j4 ,j4 v4 ,ts*udi4 ,! ,c>ta ,pa/orale itself seems to be p>tly bas$ on an e>li] "w1 ! ,extirpacion de la ,idolatria del ,piru4 ,dirigido al ,rey ,n4,s4 en ,su real conseio de ,indias1 por el ,padre ,pablo ,joseph de ,arriaga de la ,compaia de ,jesus 7,lima1 #afba74 ,a copy ( ?is "w is possess$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ,i consult$ x4 ,! writ] expla9s 7p4 #af7 t ! ,maize-mo!rs 7,z>amamas7 are ( ?ree sorts1 namely 7#a7 ^? :i* are made ( maize /alks1 dress$ up l wom51 7#b7 ^? :i* are c>v$ ( /one 9 ! lik5ess ( cobs ( maize1 & 7#c7 ^? :i* consi/ simply ( fruitful /alks ( maize or ( two maize-cobs naturally jo9$ toge!r4 ,^! la/1 ! writ] tells u1 7 ! pr9cipal ,z>amamas1 & 7 rev]$ by ! natives z ,mo!rs ( ! ,maize4 ,simil>ly1 :5 two potatoes 7 f\nd gr[+ toge!r ! ,indians call$ !m ,potato-mo!rs 7,axomamas7 & kept !m 9 ord] to get a good crop ( potatoes4 ,z ,arriaga's "w is r>e1 x may be well to give 8 acc\nt ( ! ,maize-mo!rs1 ,coca-mo!rs1 & ,potato-mo!rs 9 8 own words4 ,he says 7p4 #af73 8,z>amamas1 son de tres man]as1 y son las que se qu5tan entre las cosas halladas en los pueblos4 ,la prim]a es una como mueca he*a de caz de maiz1 ve/ida como mug] con su anaco1 y llicilla1 y sus topos de plata1 y enti5d51 que como madre ti5e virtud de eng5dr>1 y p>ir mu*o maiz4 ,a e/e modo ti55 tambi5 ,cocamamas p>a augm5to de la coca4 ,otras son de pi$ra labradas como *oclos1 o mazorcas de maiz1 con sus granos relevados1 y de e/as suel5 t5] mu*as en lug> de ,conopas h\sehold gods4 ,otras son algunas caz f]tiles de maiz1 que con la f]tilidad de la ti]ra di]on mu*as maorcas1 y gr&es1 o qu&o sal5 dos maorcas juntas1 y e/as son las pr9cipales1 ,z>amamas1 y assi las rev]5cian como a madres del maiz1 a e/as llaman tambi5 ,huantayz>a1 o ,ayrihuayz>a4 ,a e/e t]c] g5]o no le dan la adoracion que a ,huaca1 ni ,conopa1 s9o que le ti55 sup]/iciosam5te como una cosa sagrada1 y colg&o e/as caz con mu*os *oclos de unos ramos de sauce bail5 con ellas el bayle1 que llaman ,ayrihua1 y acabado el bayle1 las queman1 y sacrifican a ,libiac p>a que les de bu5a cose*a4 ,con la misma sup]/icion gu>dan las mazorcas del maiz1 que sal5 muy p9tadas1 que llaman ,micsaz>a1 o ,mantayz>a1 o ,caullaz>a1 y otros que llaman ,piruaz>a1 que son otras maorcas en que van subi5do los granos no d]e*os s9o hazi5do c>acol4 ,e/as ,micsaz>a1 o ,piruaz>a1 pon5 sup]/iciosam5te en los montones de maiz1 y en las ,piruas 7que son donde gu>dan el maiz7 p>aque se las gu>de1 y el dia de las exhibiciones se junta tanto de e/as maorcas1 que ti55 bi5 que com] las mulas4 ,la misma sup]/icion ti55 con las que llaman ,axomamas1 que son qu&o sal5 algunas papas juntas1 y las gu>dan p>a t5] bu5a cose*a de papas40 ,! exhibiciones "h ref]r$ to are ! occasions :5 ! ,indians br\ght =? _! idols & o!r relics ( sup]/ition & deliv]$ !m to ! ecclesia/ical visitors4 ,at ,t>ija 9 ,bolivia1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 a cross is set up at h>ve/ 9 ! maize-fields1 & on x all maize-spadices gr[+ z tw9s are hung4 ,!y are call$ ,pa*amamas 7,e>?-mo!rs7 & are ?\ght to br+ good h>ve/s4 ,see ,b>on ,e4 ,nord5skild1 8,travels on ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,bolivia & ,arg5t9a10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xxi4 7#aijc7 pp4 #eag1 #eah4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica 7,ox=d1 #ahib71 i4 #dad sq4 ,m#adb ,cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,mexicans at ! maize-h>ve/4 #efg ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,c5trale 7,p>is #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #dj sqq4 ,comp>e id41 iii4 #eje sq42 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 #dai sq4 ,m#adc ,sahagun's acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,mexican religion4 ,m#add ,sahagun's description ( ! ,mexican ,maize-goddess & h] fe/ival4 #efh ,e4 ,sel]1 8,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii410 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 vi4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 #b_/d ,heft1 pp4 #fg sqq4 ,ano!r *apt] ( ,sahagun's "w1 describ+ ! co/umes ( ! ,mexican gods1 has be5 edit$ & translat$ into ,g]man by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,sel] 9 ! same s]ies ( publications 78,altmexikanis*e ,/udi510 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 i4 #d 7,b]l91 #ahij7 pp4 #aag sqq474 ,sahagun's "w z a :ole is kn[n to me only 9 ! excell5t ,fr5* translation ( ,messrs4 ,d4 ,j\rdanet & ,r4 ,simeon 7,hi/oire ,gnrale des *oses de la ,n\velle-,espagne p> le ,r4 ,p4 ,fray ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 ,p>is1 #ahhj74 ,z to ! life & "* ( ,sahagun see ,m4 ,r4 ,simeon's introduction to ! translation1 pp4 vii4 sqq4 #efi ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,aztec text ( book ii41 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,sel]1 8,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii410 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 vi4 #b_/d ,heft 7,b]l91 #ahii71 pp4 #ahh-aid4 ,! acc\nt ( ! c]emonies giv5 9 ! ,spani% v]sion ( ,sahagun's "w is a good deal m summ>y4 ,see ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des *oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #id-if4 ,m#ade ,! ,corn-"m among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 #egj ,j4 ,mooney1 8,my?s ( ! ,*]okee10 ,n9ete5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p ,i4 7,wa%+ton1 #aijj7 pp4 #dbc1 #dcb4 ,see fur!r ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bif sq4 #ega ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois 7,ro*e/]1 #ahea71 pp4 #afa sq41 #aii4 ,accord+ to ! ,iroquois ! corn plant sprang f ! bosom ( ! "m ( ! ,great ,_s aft] h] burial 7,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii note #a74 #egb ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 ii4 #bhj4 ,m#adf ,! ,"m-cotton 9 ! ,punjaub4 #egc ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot1 ,supplem5tal ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 edit$ by ,j4 ,beames 7,london1 #ahfi71 i4 #bed4 ,m#adg ,! ,b>ley ,bride among ! ,b]b]s4 #egd ,w4 ,b4 ,h>ris1 8,! ,b]b]s ( ,morocco10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvii4 7#ahih7 p4 #fh4 ,m#adh ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,b>ley ,bride among ! ,b]b]s4 ,competitions = ! possession ( ! image t repres5ts ! ,corn-"m4 #ege ,sir ,john ,drummond ,hay1 ,we/]n ,b>b>y1 its ,wild ,tribes & ,savage ,animals 7#ahdd71 p4 #i1 quot$ 9 ,folk-lore1 vii4 7#ahif7 pp4 #cjf sq4 #egf ,see above1 pp4 #gj sqq4 ,m#adi ,comp>ison ( ! ,european ritual ( ! corn ) ! ,indonesian ritual ( ! rice4 ,m#aej ,! ,indonesian ritual ( ! rice is bas$ on ! belief t ! rice is animat$ by a s\l4 ,m#aea ,p>allelism betwe5 ! human s\l & ! rice-s\l4 #egg ,r4 ,j4 ,wilk9son 7( ! ,civil ,s]vice ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates71 ,malay ,beliefs 7,london & ,leyd51 #aijf71 pp4 #di-ea4 ,on ! conception ( ! s\l z a bird1 see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #cc sqq4 ,! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes ?9k t ! s\l ( ! rice is embodi$ 9 a pretty little blue bird1 :i* builds its ne/ 9 ! rice-field :5 ! e>s are =m+ & vani%es aft] h>ve/4 ,h5ce no "o may drive away1 mu* less kill1 ^! birds2 to d s w\ld n only injure ! crop1 ! sacrilegi\s wret* himself w\ld suff] f sickness1 :i* might end 9 bl9dness4 ,see ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 8,de ,rij/mo$] 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 p4 #cgd 7see ! full ref]5ce 9 ! next note74 ,m#aeb ,! s\l-/uff ( rice4 #egh ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 8,de ,rij/mo$] 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,vi]de ,reeks1 v4 "p #d 7,am/]dam1 #aijc71 pp4 #cfa sq4 ,?is essay 7pp4 #cfa-daa7 conta9s a valuable collection ( facts relat+ to :at ! writ] calls ! ,rice-"m 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t :ile all ! ,indonesian peoples seem to treat a c]ta9 portion ( ! rice at h>ve/ ) sup]/iti\s respect & c]emony1 only a "p ( !m actually call x 8! ,rice-"m40 ,mr4 ,kruyt pref]s to speak ( 8s\l-/uff0 r ?an ( 8a s\l10 because1 accord+ to him1 9 liv+ be+s ! animat+ pr9ciple is conceiv$1 n z a t9y be+ conf9$ to a s+le "p ( ! body1 b z a sort ( fluid or e!r diffus$ ?r\gh e "p ( ! body4 ,see 8 "w1 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel 7,! ,hague1 #aijf71 pp4 #a sqq4 ,9 ! latt] "w 7pp4 #ade-aej7 ! writ] gives a m summ>y acc\nt ( ! ,indonesian !ory ( ! rice-s\l4 ,m#aec ,rice treat$ by ! ,indonesians z if x 7 a woman4 #egi ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bh sq42 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 8,de ,rij/mo$]10 op4 cit4 pp4 #cfc sq41 #cgj sqq4 #ehj ,see above1 pp4 #aac sqq4 #eha ,see above1 p4 #aha4 #ehb ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #daa sq42 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 8,de ,rij/mo$]10 op4 cit4 p4 #cgb4 ,m#aed ,! ,kayans ( ,borneo1 _! treatm5t ( ! s\l ( ! rice4 #ehc ,see above1 pp4 #ib sqq4 #ehd ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #aeg sq4 ,m#aee ,in/rum5ts us$ by ! ,kayans = ! purpose ( cat*+ & deta9+ ! s\l ( ! rice4 ,c]emonies p]=m$ by ,kayan h\sewives at fet*+ rice f ! b>n4 #ehe ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #aah-aba4 ,comp>e id41 ,9 ,c5traal ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijj71 i4 #aed sqq4 ,m#aef ,masqu]ade p]=m$ by ! ,kayans be=e s[+ = ! purpose ( attract+ ! s\l ( ! rice4 #ehf ,a simil> belief probably expla9s ! mask$ dances & pantomimes ( _m savage tribes4 ,if t is s1 x %ews h[ deeply ! pr9ciple ( imitative magic has influ5c$ savage religion4 #ehg ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 i4 #cbb-ccj4 ,comp>e id41 ,9 ,c5traal ,borneo1 i4 #ahe sq4 ,z to ! masqu]ades p]=m$ & ! taboos obs]v$ at ! s[+ season by ! ,kayans ( ! ,m5dalam riv]1 see above1 pp4 #id sqq4 #ehh ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 op4 cit4 i4 #cag4 ,m#aeg ,comp>ison ( ! ,kayan masqu]ade ) ! ,eleus9ian drama4 ,m#aeh ,secur+ ! s\l ( ! rice among ! ,dyaks ( ,nor!rn ,borneo4 #ehi ,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/#b 7,london1 #ahfc71 i4 #ahg1 #aib sqq42 ,w4 ,*alm]s1 quot$ 9 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?'s ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 i4 #dab-dad4 ,m#aei ,recall+ ! s\l ( ! rice among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma4 #eij ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,cross1 8,on ! ,k>5s10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 iv4 7#ahed7 p4 #cji4 ,m#afj ,secur+ ! s\l ( ! rice 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,burma4 #eia 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ( ! ,%an ,/ates 7,rangoon1 #aijj-aija71 ,"p i4 vol4 i4 p4 #eei4 #eib ,j4 ,mooney1 8,my?s ( ! ,*]okee10 ,n9ete5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #aijj7 p4 #dbc4 ,comp>e ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bif sq4 #eic 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 op4 cit4 ,"p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #agb4 #eid ,f a lett] writt5 to me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,furnivall & dat$ ,pegu ,club1 ,rangoon1 #f_/f 7sic74 ,mr4 ,furnivall adds t 9 ,upp] ,burma ! cu/om ( ! ,bonmagyi %eaf is unkn[n4 ,m#afa ,! ,rice-"m among ! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra4 #eie ,j4 ,l4 van d] ,toorn1 8,het animisme bij d5 ,m9angkabau] d] ,padangs*e ,bov5l&510 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 xxxix4 7#ahij7 pp4 #fc-fe4 ,9 ! *>m recit$ at s[+ ! ,rice-"m 9 ! b$1 ,i h translat$ ! ,dut* ^w /oel z 8root10 b ,i am n sure ( its precise mean+ 9 ?is connexion4 ,x is d\btless id5tical ) ! ,engli% agricultural t]m 8to /ool10 :i* is said ( a numb] ( /alks spr\t+ f a s+le se$1 z ,i le>n f my fri5d ,pr(essor ,w4 ,som]ville ( ,ox=d4 ,m#afb ,! ,rice-"m among ! ,tomori ( ,celebes4 ,special words us$ at reap+ among ! ,tomori4 ,riddles & /ories 9 connexion ) ! rice4 #eif ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t de ,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 pp4 #bbg1 #bcj sq4 #eig ,see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #daa sq4 #eih ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 #eii ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het gee/elijk en maats*apelijk lev5 van d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4 7#ahie7 pp4 #adb sq4 ,m#afc ,! ,rice-"m among ! ,toradjas ( ,celebes4 #fjj ,g4 ,maan1 8,e5ige m$$eel+5 omtr5t de z$5 en gewoont5 d] ,to]ateya t5 opzi*te van d5 rij/b\w10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xlvi4 7#aijc7 pp4 #ccj-ccg4 ,! writ] dates 8 article f ,tanneteya 79 ,celebes871 b o!rwise gives no indication ( ! geographical position ( ! p he describes4 ,a simil> omission is common ) ,dut* writ]s on ! geography & e?nology ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :o too (t5 appe> to assume t ! unc\? names ( ^! b>b>\s tribes & obscure hamlets are z famili> to ,european read]s z ,am/]dam or ! ,hague4 ,! ,to]ateyas ^: cu/oms ,mr4 ,maan describes 9 ?is article are ! inl& inhabitants ( ,celebes4 ,_! "n ,to]ateyas or ,toradjas signifies simply 8inl&]s0 & is appli$ to !m by _! neighb\rs :o live ne>] ! sea2 x is n a "n us$ by ! p !mselves4 ,! ,toradjas include _m tribes & ! p>ticul> tribe ^: usages 9 reg>d to ! ,rice-"m are describ$ 9 ! text is probably n "o ( ^? ^: cu/oms & beliefs h be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt 9 _m valuable pap]s4 ,see above1 p4 #ahc note #a1 & ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #aji note #a4 ,m#afd ,! rice p]sonifi$ z a "y woman among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra4 #fja ,m4 ,j\/ra1 8,het lev51 de z$5 en gewoont5 d] ,bataks10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlvi4 7#aijb7 pp4 #dbe sq4 #fjb ,j4 ,h4 ,neumann1 8,iets ov] d5 l&b\w bij de ,k>o-,bataks10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlvi4 7#aijb7 pp4 #chj sq4 ,z to ! employm5t 9 ritual ( "y p ^: p>5ts are bo? alive1 see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #dac sqq4 ,m#afe ,! ,k+ ( ! ,rice 9 ,m&el+4 #fjc ,a4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 8,nota1 betreff5de de rij/cultuur 9 de ,resid5tie ,tapanoeli10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxvi4 7#ahic7 pp4 #ebf-ebi2 ,?4 ,a4 ,l4 ,heyt+1 8,bes*rijv+ d] ,ond]afdeel+ ,groot- m&el+ en ,batangnatal10 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 xiv4 7#ahig7 pp4 #bij sq4 ,z to ! rule ( s[+ se$ on a full /oma*1 :i* is a simple case ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 see fur!r ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acf4 ,m#aff ,! ,rice-"m & ! ,rice-*ild at h>ve/ 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 #fjd ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #bbe sq4 #fje ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #bce-bdi4 ,m#afg ,! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom at h>ve/ 9 ,java4 #fjf ,see above1 pp4 #afc sq4 #fjg ,p4 ,j4 ,ve?1 ,java 7,ha>lem1 #ahge-ahhd71 i4 #ebd-ebf4 ,! c]emony has also be5 describ$ by ,miss ,augu/a de ,wit 7,facts & ,fancies ab\t ,java1 ,s+apore1 #ahih1 pp4 #bbi-bda71 :o lays /ress on ! extreme importance ( ! rice-h>ve/ = ! ,javanese4 ,! :ole isl& ( ,java1 %e tells u1 8is "o va/ rice-field4 ,rice on ! swampy pla9s1 rice on ! ris+ gr\nd1 rice on ! slopes1 rice on ! v summits ( ! hills4 ,f ! sod "u "o's feet to ! v]ge ( ! horizon1 ev]y?+ has "o & ! same col\r1 ! blui%-gre5 ( ! "y1 or ! gold ( ! rip5$ rice4 ,! natives are all1 )\t exception1 till]s ( ! soil1 :o reckon _! lives by seasons ( plant+ & reap+1 ^: happ9ess or mis]y is synonym\s ) ! abundance or ! de>? ( ! preci\s gra94 ,& ! great national fea/ is ! h>ve/ home1 ) its cr[n+ c]emony ( ! ,w$d+ ( ! ,rice0 7op4 cit4 pp4 #bbi sq474 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon = direct+ my att5tion to ,miss de ,wit's book4 ,m#afh ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,javanese cu/om4 #fjh ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,gebruik5 bij d5 rij/oog/ 9 enkele /rek5 op ,oo/-,java10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlvii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #acb-acd4 ,comp>e id41 8,de rij/-mo$] 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,vi]de ,reeks1 v4 "p #d 7,am/]dam1 #aijc71 pp4 #cih sqq4 ,m#afi ,! rice-_s z husb& & wife 9 ,bali & ,lombok4 #fji ,j4 ,c4 van ,e]de1 8,gebruik5 bij d5 rij/b\w en rij/oog/ op ,lombok10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xlv4 7#aijb7 pp4 #efc-efe note4 #faj ,j4 ,c4 van ,e]de1 8,gebruik5 bij d5 rij/b\w en rij/oog/ op ,lombok10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xlv4 7#aijb7 pp4 #efc-egc4 ,m#agj ,! ,fa!r & ,"m ( ! ,rice among ! ,szis ( ,burma4 #faa 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an ,/ates1 ,"p i4 vol4 i4 7,rangoon1 #aijj7 p4 #dbf4 ,m#aga ,! _s ( ! corn sometimes ?\ght to be embodi$ 9 m5 or wom54 ,m#agb ,! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies1 ! goddess ( ! crops among ! ,m&ans & ,m9nit>ees4 #fab ,maximilian1 ,pr9z zu ,wi$1 ,reise 9 das inn]e ,nord-,am]ica 7,cobl5z1 #ahci-ahda71 ii4 #ahb sq4 ,m#agc ,miami my? ( ! ,corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a brok5-d[n old man4 #fac ,h4 ,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 v4 7,philadelphia1 #ahef7 pp4 #aic-aie4 ,m#agd ,! h>ve/-goddess ,gauri repres5t$ by a girl & a bundle ( plants4 #fad ,b4 ,a4 ,gupte1 8,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,gauri & ,gane%10 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxxv4 7#aijf7 p4 #fa4 ,= details see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #gg sq4 ,m#age ,analogy ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone to ! ,corn-"m1 ! ,h>ve/-maid51 & simil> figures 9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( mod]n ,european peasantry4 ,! ru/ic analogues ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 #fae ,x is possible t ! image ( ,demet] ) corn & poppies 9 h] h&s1 :i* ,!ocritus 7vii4 #aee sqq47 describes z /&+ on a ru/ic ?re%+-floor 7see above1 p4 #dg71 may h be5 a ,corn-"m or a ,corn-maid5 ( ! k9d describ$ 9 ! text4 ,! sugge/ion 0 made to me by my le>n$ & e/eem$ fri5d ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se4 #faf ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 v4 #abe sqq42 ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #ifi sqq4 #fag ,see above1 pp4 #aej sq4 #fah ,x is possible t a c]emony p]=m$ 9 a ,cyprian wor%ip ( ,ariadne may h be5 ( ?is nature3 at a c]ta9 annual sacrifice a "y man lay d[n & mimick$ a woman 9 *ild-b$4 ,see ,plut>*1 ,!seus1 #bj3 4 ,we h already se5 gr\nds = reg>d+ ,ariadne z a goddess or _s ( vegetation4 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ach4 ,among/ ! ,m9nit>ees 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,neuwi$ saw a tall /rong woman pret5d to br+ up a /alk ( maize out ( h] /oma*2 ! object ( ! c]emony 0 to secure a good crop ( maize 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,see ,maximilian1 ,pr9z zu ,wi$1 ,reise 9 das inn]e ,nord-,am]ica 7,cobl5z1 #ahci-ahda71 ii4 #bfi4 #fai ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ig sqq4 ,m#agf ,:y did ! ,greeks p]sonify ! corn z a "m & a daught]8 ,m#agg ,demet] 0 p]haps ! ripe crop & ,p]sephone ! se$-corn4 #fbj ,see above1 p4 #ace4 #fba ,see above1 pp4 #adj sqq41 #aee sqq41 #afd sqq41 #aig sqq4 #fbb ,h[ev]1 ! ,sicilians seem on ! contr>y to h reg>d$ ,demet] z ! se$-corn & ,p]sephone z ! ripe crop4 ,see above1 pp4 #eg1 #eh sq4 #fbc ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de civitate ,dei1 iv4 #h7 ! ,romans imag9$ a :ole s]ies ( di/9ct deities1 mo/ly goddesses1 :o took *>ge ( ! corn at all its v>i\s /ages f ! "t :5 x 0 committ$ to ! gr\nd to ! "t :5 x 0 lodg$ 9 ! gran>y4 ,su* a multiplication ( my?ical be+s to acc\nt = ! process ( gr[? is probably late r ?an e>ly4 ,m#agh ,or ! ,greeks may h />t$ ) ! p]sonification ( ! corn z a s+le goddess1 & ! conception ( a second goddess may h be5 a lat] developm5t4 ,duplication ( deities z a consequ5ce ( ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy4 ,example ( su* duplication 9 ,japan1 :]e !re are two di/9ct deities ( ! sun4 ,p]haps ! ,greek p]sonification ( ! corn z a "m & a daught] 7,demet] & ,p]sephone7 is a case ( su* a my?ical duplication4 #fbd ,9 "s places x 0 cu/om>y to kneel d[n be=e ! la/ %eaf1 9 o!rs to kiss x4 ,see ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,korndmon51 p4 #bf2 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cci4 ,! cu/om ( kneel+ & b[+ be=e ! la/ corn is said to h be5 obs]v$1 at lea/ occasionally1 9 ,engl&4 ,see ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhh7 p4 #bgj2 & ,h]rick's evid5ce1 above1 p4 #adg1 note #a4 ,! ,malay sorc]ess :o cut ! sev5 e>s ( rice to =m ! ,rice-*ild kiss$ ! e>s aft] %e _h cut !m 7,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #bda74 #fbe ,above1 pp4 #acb sq4 #fbf ,ev5 9 "o ( ! olde/ docum5ts1 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 ,demet] is repres5t$ z ! goddess :o controls ! gr[? ( ! corn r ?an z ! _s :o is imman5t 9 x4 ,see above1 pp4 #cf sq4 #fbg ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 p4 #abg4 #fbh ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cbc sqq41 #ccj sqq41 #cdf sqq4 #fbi ,a4 ,pauly1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 v4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahdi7 p4 #ajaa4 ,m#agi ,dea? & resurrection a lead+ incid5t 9 ! my? ( ,p]sephone1 z 9 ! my?s ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,dionysus4 ,m#ahj ,popul> h>ve/ & v9tage cu/oms 9 anci5t ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,phrygia4 ,m#aha ,man]os1 a pla9tive song ( ,egyptian reap]s4 #fcj ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ad1 4 ,= we %\ld p]haps read 1 :i* is support$ by ! foll[+ 4 #fca ,h]odotus1 ii4 #gi2 ,julius ,pollux1 iv4 #ed2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #bi4 #g2 ,a!naeus1 xiv4 #aa1 p4 #fbj ,a4 #fcb ,h4 ,brugs*1 ,die ,adonisklage und das ,l9osli$ 7,b]l91 #aheb71 p4 #bd4 ,accord+ to ano!r int]pretation1 h[ev]1 ,man]os is ! ,egyptian manuro%1 8,let u be m]ry40 ,see ,lau?1 8b] d5 gyptis*5 ,man]os10 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] knigl4 bay]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,mn*51 #ahfi1 ii4 #afc-aid4 #fcc ,above1 pp4 #aig sqq4 #fcd ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p 7,london1 #ahgb71 pp4 #bdi sq4 #fce ,see above1 pp4 #aeh sq4 #fcf ,w4 ,gregor1 8,quelques c\tumes du ,nord-e/ du comt d',ab]de510 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 iii4 7#ahhh7 p4 #dhg 7%\ld be #ece74 ,m#ahb ,l9us or ,ail9us1 a pla9tive song sung at ! v9tage 9 ,pho5icia4 #fcg ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xviii4 #egj2 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #gi2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #bi4 #f-i2 ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ai4 ,= ! =m ,ail9us see ,suidas1 s4v42 ,euripides1 ,ore/es1 #acie2 ,sophocles1 ,ajax1 #fbg4 ,comp>e ,mos*us1 ,idyl4 iii4 #a2 ,callima*us1 ,hymn to ,apollo1 #bj4 ,see ,greve1 s4v4 8,l9os10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*1 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bjec sqq4 #fch ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ai4 #fci ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,phnizi]1 i4 7,bonn1 #ahda71 p4 #bdf2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 p4 #bha4 ,9 ,hebrew ! expression w\ld be o lanu 7 71 :i* occurs 9 #a ,samuel1 iv4 #g & #h2 ,j]emiah1 iv4 #ac1 vi4 #d4 ,h[ev]1 ! connexion ( ! ,l9us song ) ! lam5t = ,adonis is reg>d$ by ,baudiss9 z v d\btful4 ,see ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 p4 #cfj1 note #c4 #fdj ,pausanias1 ix4 #bi4 #h4 ,m#ahc ,bormus1 a pla9tive song sung by ,m>i&ynian reap]s 9 ,bi?ynia4 #fda ,julius ,pollux1 iv4 #ed2 ,a!naeus1 xiv4 #aa1 pp4 #fai ,f-#fbj ,a2 ,hesy*ius1 svv4 & 4 ,m#ahd ,lity]ses1 a song sung at reap+ & ?re%+ 9 ,phrygia4 ,leg5d ( ,lity]ses4 #fdb ,! /ory 0 told by ,sosi!us 9 8 play ( ,daphnis4 ,8 v]ses h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! tract ( an anonym\s writ]4 ,see ,scriptores r]um mirabilium ,graeci1 ed4 ,a4 ,we/]mann 7,brunswick1 #ahci71 pp4 #bbj sq42 also ,a!naeus1 x4 #h1 p4 #dae ,b2 ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 x4 #da2 ,photius1 ,lexicon1 ,suidas1 & ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 8,lity]ses02 ,apo/olius1 ,c5tur4 x4 #gd2 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,bucol4 viii4 #fh4 ,photius m5tions ! sickle ) :i* ,lity]ses behead$ 8 victims4 ,s]vius calls ,lity]ses a k+ & says t ,h]cules cut (f 8 head ) ! sickle t _h be5 giv5 him to reap )4 ,lity]ses is ! subject ( a special /udy by ,w4 ,mannh>dt 7,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #a sqq471 :om ,i foll[4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,crusius1 s4v4 8,lity]ses10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bjfe sqq4 #fdc ,julius ,pollux1 iv4 #ed4 ,m#ahe ,! /ory ( ,lity]ses seems to reflect an old ,phrygian h>ve/ cu/om ( kill+ /rang]s z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s4 #fdd ,9 ?is comp>ison ,i closely foll[ ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ah sqq4 ,m#ahf ,conte/s among reap]s1 b9d]s1 & ?re%]s 9 ord] n to be ! la/ at _! "w4 #fde ,comp>e above1 pp4 #acd1 #acf1 #acg sq41 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adg sq41 #adi1 #afd sq4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! la/ %eaf is sometimes an object ( desire & emulation4 ,see above1 pp4 #acf1 #ada1 #aec1 #aed sq41 #aef1 #afb note #c1 #afe4 ,x is s at ,balquhidd] also 7,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vi4 #bfi72 & x 0 =m]ly s on ! ,g>elo*1 ,dumb>ton%ire1 :]e !re 0 a competition = ! hon\r ( cutt+ x1 & h&fuls ( /&+ corn us$ to be hidd5 "u %eaves 9 ord] t ! la/ to be uncov]$ %\ld =m ! ,maid54--7,f ! in=mation ( ,ar*ie ,leit*4 ,see pp4 #aeg sq47 #fdf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ai sq4 #fdg ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #cdb4 #fdh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #bj2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 p4 #bag1 #cig2 ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bbb1 #fi4 ,m#ahg ,cu/om ( wrapp+ up 9 corn-/alks ! la/ reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%]4 #fdi ,above1 pp4 #afg sq4 #fej ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #bb4 #fea ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #bb4 #feb ,ibid4 pp4 #bb sq4 #fec ,ibid4 p4 #bc4 #fed ,ibid4 pp4 #bc sq4 #fee ,ibid4 p4 #bd4 #fef ,ibid4 p4 #bd4 #feg ,ibid4 p4 #bd4 #feh ,ibid4 pp4 #bd sq4 #fei ,ibid4 p4 #be4 #ffj ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fe4 #ffa ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bbc1 #gj4 ,m#ahh ,! corn-_s1 driv5 out ( ! la/ corn1 lives 9 ! b>n dur+ ! w9t]4 #ffb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #be sq4 ,m#ahi ,simil> ideas z to ! la/ corn 9 ,india4 #ffc ,c4 ,a4 ,elliot1 ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 p4 #agh1 quot$ 9 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #h1 #afh 7,octob] & ,decemb]1 #ahhe72 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #cjf4 #ffd ,w4 ,crooke1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjf sq4 ,m#aij ,! corn-_s suppos$ to be kill$ at reap+ or ?re%+4 ,corn-_s repres5t$ by a man1 :o is ?re%$4 #ffe ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ca4 #fff ,ibid4 p4 #ccd4 #ffg ,ibid4 p4 #ccj4 #ffh ,ibid4 #ffi ,ibid4 p4 #cca4 #fgj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cce4 #fga ,ibid4 p4 #cce4 #fgb ,above1 pp4 #ace1 #adf4 #fgc ,j4 ,ni*olson1 ,folk-lore ( ,ea/ ,york%ire 7,london1 ,hull1 & ,driffield1 #ahij71 p4 #bh1 supplem5t$ by a lett] ( ! au?or's address$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& & dat$ #cc ,leice/] ,/reet1 ,hull1 #aa? ,septemb]1 #ahij4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& = call+ my att5tion to ! cu/om & all[+ me to see ,mr4 ,ni*olson's lett]4 #fgd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #bf4 #fge ,above1 pp4 #adi sq4 #fgf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ej4 #fgg ,ibid4 pp4 #ej sq4 #fgh ,see above1 pp4 #adf1 #agj note #a2 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #aie sqq4 ,m#aia ,corn-_s repres5t$ by a /rang] or a visitor to ! h>ve/-field1 :o is treat$ accord+ly4 #fgi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*unge pp4 #cb sqq4 ,comp>e ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,mekl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 #bif sq42 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fb sq42 ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #aic2 ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bba1 #fa2 ,r4 ,krause1 ,sitt51 ,gebru*e und ,ab]glaub5 9 ,we/preuss5 7,b]l91 preface dat$ ,m>*1 #aijd71 p4 #ea2 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 iii4 7#ahhh7 p4 #eih4 #fhj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ce sq4 #fha ,ibid4 p4 #cf4 #fhb ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau*1 und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm51 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #aid4 #fhc ,o4 ,h>tung1 8,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aec4 #fhd ,j4 ,lecur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bdj sq4 #fhe ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cf4 #fhf ,= ! evid5ce1 see ibid4 p4 #cf1 note #b4 ,! 8key0 9 ! ,european cu/om is probably int5d$ to s]ve ! same purpose z ! 8knot0 9 ! ,c+alese cu/om1 z to :i* see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #cjh sq4 #fhg ,f a lett] writt5 to me by ,colonel ,h5ry ,wilson1 ( ,f>nbor\gh ,lodge1 ,f>nbor\gh1 ,k5t4 ,! lett] is dat$ #ba/ ,m>*1 #aija4 #fhh 8,notes on ,h>ve/ ,cu/oms10 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #eb sq4 ,m#aib ,c]emonies ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians at hoe+1 pl\gh+1 & h>ve/4 #fhi ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bad sq4 #fij ,comp>e ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ge sq4 #fia ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]b] und hilf uns6 ,heft #b 7,b>m51 #ahih71 p4 #g4 #fib ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het gee/elijk en maats*appelijk lev5 van d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4 7#ahie7 p4 #acg4 ,z to influ5ce :i* ! spirits ( ! dead are ?\ght to ex]cise on ! gr[? ( ! crops1 see above1 pp4 #ajc sq41 & bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji sqq4 ,m#aic ,pret5ce made by ! reap]s ( kill+ "s "o ) _! scy!s4 #fic ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ci4 #fid ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ci sq4 #fie ,ibid4 p4 #dj4 ,= ! spee*es made by ! woman :o b9ds ! /rang] or ! ma/]1 see ibid4 p4 #da2 ,c4 ,lemke1 ,volk/hmli*es 9 ,o/preuss5 7,mohrung51 #ahhd-ahhg71 i4 #bc sq4 #fif ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #da sq4 ,m#aid ,pret5ce made by ?re%]s ( *ok+ a p]son ) _! flails4 #fig ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #db4 ,see also above1 p4 #aej4 #fih ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #db4 ,see above1 p4 #adi4 ,9 ,?r+5 a be+ call$ ! ,ru%-cutt] 7,b9s5s*neid]7 us$ to be mu* dread$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,day he 0 wont to walk ?r\gh ! fields ) sickles ti$ to 8 ankles cutt+ av5ues 9 ! corn z he walk$4 ,to detect him1 sev5 bundles ( bru%wood 7 sil5tly ?re%$ ) ! flail on ! ?re%+-floor1 & ! /rang] :o appe>$ at ! door ( ! b>n dur+ ! ?re%+ 0 ! ,ru%-cutt]4 ,see ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bba4 ,) ! ,b9s5s*neid] comp>e ! ,bils*neid] & ,bib]s*neid] 7,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee1 ii4 pp4 #baj sq41 #cgb-cgh74 ,m#aie ,cu/om obs]v$ at ! madd]-h>ve/ 9 ,zeal&4 #fii ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #dg sq4 ,m#aif ,! _s ( ! corn conceiv$ z poor & robb$ by ! reap]s4 ,"s ( ! corn left on ! h>ve/-field = ! corn-_s4 ,little fields or g>d5s cultivat$ = spirits or gods4 #gjj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 #gja ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 #gjb ,ibid4 pp4 #dh sq4 #gjc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #di4 #gjd ,ibid4 p4 #ccg4 #gje ,ibid4 #gjf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ccg sq4 #gjg ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #ahi4 #gjh ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bbd1 #gd4 #gji ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 iii4 #cdc sq4 #gaj ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aed4 #gaa ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau*1 und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fd1 #dai4 #gab ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgb71 pp4 #bea sq4 ,z to ,p]un1 ! old ,slavonic ?und]-god1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cfe4 #gac ,rev4 ,walt] ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahb4 #gad ,see above1 pp4 #acf sqq4 #gae ,a4 ,g]ma91 8,note zur ,zanzib> et la ,cte ,ori5tale d',afrique10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,vme ,srie1 xvi4 7#ahfh7 p4 #eee4 #gaf ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio a ,nz 7,milan1 #ahij71 p4 #eic4 #gag ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #cjc4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india 8sometimes ! olde/ man 9 ! h\se cuts ! fir/ five bundles ( ! crop & !y are aft]w>ds left 9 ! fields = ! birds to eat4 ,& at ! end ( h>ve/ ! la/ "o or two %eaves are left /&+ 9 ! field & any "o :o likes c cut & c>ry !m away4 ,9 "s localities ! la/ %eaves are left /&+ 9 ! field & are kn[n z b>hona1 or ! giv] ( increase4 ,!n all ! lab\r]s ru% toge!r at ?is la/ pat* ( corn & te> x up by ! roots2 ev]ybody seizes z mu* z he c & keeps x1 ! ma/] hav+ no %>e 9 ?is pat*4 ,aft] ! b>hona has be5 torn up all ! lab\r]s fall on _! faces to ! gr\nd & wor%ip ! field0 7,a4 ,e4 ,nelson1 ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]s1 ,bilaspur ,di/rict1 vol4 ,a1 #aiaj1 p4 #ge74 ,?is quotation 0 k9dly s5t to me by ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke2 ,i h n se5 ! orig9al4 ,x seems to %ew t 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! la/ corn is left /&+ on ! field z a portion = ! corn-_s1 & t he is believ$ to be imman5t 9 x2 h5ce ! "n ( 8! giv] ( increase0 be/[$ on x1 & ! eag]ness ) :i* o!r p1 ?\gh n ! own] ( ! l&1 seek to appropriate x4 ,m#aig ,h5ce p]haps we may expla9 ! d$ication ( sacr$ fields & ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits to gods & spirits4 #gah ,see above1 pp4 #ic sq4 #gai ,see above1 pp4 #cf1 #gd4 #gbj ,leviticus1 xix4 #i sq41 xxiii4 #bb2 ,deut]onomy1 xxiv4 #ai-ba4 #gba ,see above1 pp4 #df sq41 #ec sqq41 & bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji sqq4 ,m#aih ,pass+ /rang]s treat$ z ! _s ( ! madd]-roots4 #gbb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #di sq42 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #bed1 #djj2 ,m4 ,tpp51 ,ab]glaube aus ,masur5#b 7,danzig1 #ahfg71 p4 #eg4 ,! same belief is held & act$ ^u 9 ,japan 7,l4 ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan1 ,london1 #aijd1 ii4 #fjc74 #gbc ,! explanation ( ! cu/om is ,w4 ,mannh>dt's 7,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #di74 #gbd ,odyssey1 xvii4 #dhe sqq4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,sophi/1 p4 #baf ,a4 #gbe ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,mijne e]/e erv>+5 te ,poso10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxvi4 7#ahib7 p4 #djb4 ,m#aii ,kill+ ( ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s4 #gbf ,= ?r[+ him into ! wat]1 see p4 #bbe4 ,m#bjj ,human sacrifices = ! crops 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 #gbg ,cieza de ,leon1 ,travels1 translat$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham1 p4 #bjc 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahfd74 #gbh ,juan de ,velasco1 ,hi/oire du ,royaume de ,quito1 i4 7,p>is1 #ahdj7 pp4 #aba sq4 7,t]naux-,compans1 ,voyages1 ,relations et ,mmoires ,orig9aux p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,dc\v]te de l',amrique1 vol4 xviii474 #gbi ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 i4 #bgd2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 ii4 #cdj4 #gcj ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 8,ap]u d'un voyage dans les tats de ,san-,salvador et de ,guatemala10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,,ivme ,srie1 xiii4 7#aheg7 pp4 #bgh sq4 #gca ,h]r]a1 quot$ by ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,culturlnd] des alt5 ,am]ika 7,b]l91 #ahgh71 ii4 #cgi sq4 ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cch sq4 ,m#bja ,human sacrifices = ! crops among ! ,pawnees4 #gcb ,e4 ,james1 ,acc\nt ( an ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,london1 #ahbc71 ii4 #hj sq42 ,h4 ,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,philadelphia1 #ahec-ahef71 v4 #gg sqq42 ,j4 ,de ,smet1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 xi4 7#ahch7 pp4 #dic sq42 id41 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 xv4 7#ahdc7 pp4 #bgg-bgi2 id41 ,voyages aux ,montagnes ,ro*euses1 ,n\velle ,edition 7,p>is & ,brussels1 #ahgc71 pp4 #aba sqq4 ,! acc\nts by ,s*oolcraft & ,de ,smet ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,si\x girl are indep5d5t & supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ,de ,smet1 :o wrote f ! descriptions ( f\r eye-witnesses1 ! procession f hut to hut = ! purpose ( collect+ wood took place on ! morn+ ( ! sacrifice4 ,ano!r description ( ! sacrifice is giv5 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,gr9nell f ! recollection ( an eye-witness 7,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories & ,folk-tales1 ,new ,york1 #ahhi1 pp4 #cfb-cfi74 ,accord+ to ?is la/ acc\nt ! victim 0 %ot ) arr[s & aft]w>ds burnt4 ,be=e ! body 0 consum$ 9 ! fire a man pull$ out ! arr[s1 cut op5 ! brea/ ( ! victim1 & hav+ sme>$ 8 face ) ! blood ran away z fa/ z he c\ld4 ,m#bjb ,human sacrifices = ! crops 9 ,africa4 #gcc ,j4 ,b4 ,labat1 ,relation hi/orique de l',e?iopie occid5tale 7,p>is1 #agcb71 i4 #chj4 #gcd ,john ,adams1 ,sket*es tak5 dur+ ,t5 ,voyages 9 ,africa betwe5 ! ye>s #aghf & #ahjj 7,london1 ,n4,d471 p4 #be4 #gce ,p4 ,b\*e1 ,la ,cte des ,esclaves 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 p4 #acb4 #gcf ,t4 ,arb\sset et ,f4 ,daumas1 ,voyage d'exploration au ,nord-e/ de la ,colonie du ,cap de ,bonne-,esprance 7,p>is1 #ahdb71 pp4 #aag sq4 ,! cu/om has probably long be5 obsolete4 #gcg ,f in=mation giv5 me by my fri5d ! ,rev4 ,john ,roscoe1 :o resid$ = "s "t among ! ,wamegi & suppress$ ! sacrifice 9 #ahhf4 ,m#bjc ,human sacrifices = ! crops 9 ! ,philipp9es4 #gch ,f4 ,blum5tritt1 8,das ,/romgebiet des ,rio ,gr&e de ,m9danao10 ,pet]manns ,mitteilung51 xxxvii4 7#ahia7 p4 #aaj4 #gci ,a4 ,s*ad5b]g1 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] im ,inn]n ,nordluzons leb5d5 ,/mme10 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 #ahhh1 p4 7#ci7 7b\nd ) ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xx4 #ahhh74 #gdj ,s*ad5b]g1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 #ahhi1 p4 7#fha7 7b\nd ) ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xxi4 #ahhi74 ,m#bjd ,human sacrifices = ! crops among ! ,wild ,wa ( ,burma4 #gda 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an ,/ates 7,rangoon1 #aijj-aija71 ,"p i4 vol4 i4 pp4 #dic-eji4 ,m#bje ,human sacrifices = ! crops among ! ,%ans ( ,indo-,*9a & ! ,nagas & o!r tribes ( ,india4 #gdb ,col4 ,r4 ,g4 ,wood?orpe1 8,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,%ans & ,hill ,tribes ( ! ,/ates on ! ,mekong10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvi4 7#ahig7 p4 #bd4 #gdc ,= a g5]al description ( ! c\ntry & ! tribes see ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell1 8,! ,tribes ( ! ,brahmaputra ,valley10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxix4 ,"p iii4 7,calcutta1 #aija71 pp4 #a-abg4 #gdd ,miss ,g4 ,m4 ,godd51 8,naga & o!r ,fronti] ,tribes ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #i sq41 #ch sq4 #gde ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #d1 #ae 7,april #ahia74 #gdf ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 pp4 #abg sq41 #gba 7,may #ahhe74 #gdg ,rev4 ,p4 ,dehon1 ,s4,j41 8,religion & ,cu/oms ( ! ,uraons10 ,memoirs ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #i 7,calcutta1 #aijf71 pp4 #ada sq4 ,m#bjf ,human sacrifices = ! crops among ! ,khonds4 #gdh ,major ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india 7,london1 #ahfe71 pp4 #aac-aca2 ,major-,g5]al ,john ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an 7,london1 #ahfd71 pp4 #eb-eh1 etc4 ,comp>e ,mgr4 ,neyret1 ,bi%op ( ,vizagapatam1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 xxiii4 7#ahea7 pp4 #djb-djd2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes on ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #eaj-eai2 id41 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iii4 #cga-che4 #gdi ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef4 #gej ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aae sq4 #gea ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aag sq42 ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab4 ,m#bjg ,c]emonies prelim9>y to ! sacrifice4 #geb ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aag sq4 #gec ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah4 #ged ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ed sq4 ,m#bjh ,consummation ( ! sacrifice4 #gee ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ee1 #aab4 #gef ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #aai2 ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac4 #geg ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #abg4 ,in/ead ( ! bran* ( a gre5 tree1 ,campbell m5tions two /rong planks or bamboos 7p4 #eg7 or a slit bamboo 7p4 #ahb74 #geh ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ef1 #eh1 #abj4 #gei ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7,calcutta1 #ahgb71 p4 #bhh1 quot+ ,colonel ,campbell's ,report4 #gfj ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #abf4 ,! elephant repres5t$ ! ,e>? ,goddess h]self1 :o 0 "h conceiv$ 9 elephant-=m 7,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ea1 #abf74 ,9 ! hill tracts ( ,goomsur %e 0 repres5t$ 9 peacock-=m1 & ! po/ to :i* ! victim 0 b\nd bore ! effigy ( a peacock 7,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ed74 #gfa ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj4 ,9 ,mexico also ! te>s ( ! human victims 7 sometimes reg>d$ z an om5 ( ra9 7,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 bk4 ii4 *4 #bj1 p4 #hf74 ,m#bji ,fle% ( ! victim us$ to f]tilise ! fields4 #gfb ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bhh1 ref]r+ to ,colonel ,campbell's ,report4 #gfc ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #abi4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ee1 #eh1 #aac1 #aba1 #ahg4 #gfd ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 #gfe ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #abh2 ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bhh4 #gff ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ee1 #ahb4 #gfg ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahg4 #gfh ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iii4 #cha-che4 ,m#baj ,9 ^! ,khond sacrifices ! human victims appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z div9e4 #gfi ,j4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab4 #ggj ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah4 ,m#baa ,traces ( an id5tification ( ! human victim ) ! god 9 o!r sacrifices4 #gga ,above1 pp4 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdd4 ,m#bab ,analogy ( ^! b>b>\s rites to ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe4 #ggb ,above1 p4 #acd4 #ggc ,above1 pp4 #acd1 #aeg sqq4 #ggd ,above1 p4 #bbc4 #gge ,above1 p4 #bbd4 #ggf ,above1 p4 #agj1 ) ! ref]5ces 9 note #a2 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #aie-aig4 ,m#bac ,human repres5tative ( ! corn-_s sla9 on ! h>ve/-field4 ,m#bad ,! victim :o repres5t$ ! corn-_s may h be5 a pass+ /rang] or ! reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ corn4 #ggg ,see above1 p4 #bag4 #ggh ,above1 p4 #bbd4 #ggi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #e4 #ghj ,h4 ,pfann5s*mid1 ,g]manis*e ,erntefe/e 7,hanov]1 #ahgh71 p4 #ih4 ,m#bae ,p]haps ! victim annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ! corn-_s may h be5 ! k+ himself4 #gha ,above1 p4 #bag4 ,x is n expressly said t he 0 wrapt 9 a %eaf4 #ghb ,above1 pp4 #bbe sq41 #bbi sq4 #ghc ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afj sqq4 ,m#baf ,relation ( ,lity]ses to ,attis3 bo? may h be5 orig9ally corn-spirits1 or ! "o a corn-_s & ! o!r a tree-_s4 ,human repres5tatives bo? ( ,lity]ses & ,attis annually sla94 #ghd ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bca sqq41 #bci sq4 #ghe ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #dg sqq4 #ghf ,i d n "k :5 ! corn is reap$ 9 ,phrygia2 b ! high upl& "* ( ! c\ntry makes x likely t h>ve/ is lat] !re ?an on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 #ghg ,see above1 pp4 #bdj sqq42 & ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bdg-bdi4 ,z to head-hunt+ 9 ,briti% ,borneo see ,h4 ,l4 ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 ii4 #adj sqq42 9 ,c5tral ,celebes1 see ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,het kopp5snell5 d] ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 en zijne ,beteek5is10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeelung ,lett]kunde1 ,vi]de ,reeks1 iii4 "p #b 7,am/]dam1 #ahii71 pp4 #adg-bbi2 among ! ,igorot ( ,bontoc 9 ,luzon1 see ,a4 ,e4 ,j5ks1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot 7,manilla1 #aije71 pp4 #agb sqq42 among ! ,naga tribes ( ,assam1 see ,miss ,g4 ,m4 ,godd51 8,naga & o!r ,fronti] ,tribes ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,india01 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #ab-ag4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t among ^! tribes ! cu/om ( procur+ human heads is practis$ m]ely z a means to ensure ! gr[? ( ! crops2 x is app>5tly suppos$ to ex]t a salut>y influ5ce on ! :ole life ( ! p by provid+ !m ) gu>dian spirits 9 ! %ape ( ! gho/s ( ! m5 to :om 9 _! lifetime ! heads belong$4 ,! ,scy?ians ( ,c5tral ,europe 9 antiquity set great /ore on ! heads ( ! enemies :om !y _h sla9 9 w>4 ,see ,h]odotus1 iv4 #fd sq4 #ghh ,!re are traces 9 ,greece itself ( an old cu/om ( sacrific+ human victims to promote ! f]tility ( ! e>?4 ,see ,pausanias1 vii4 #ai4 #c sq4 comp>$ ) vii4 #bj4 #a2 id41 viii4 #ec4 #c2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 7,ox=d1 #ahif7 p4 #dee2 & ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afa sq4 ,m#bag ,simil>ity ( ! ,bi?ynian ,bormus to ! ,phrygian ,attis4 #ghi ,above1 pp4 #bae sq4 #gij ,above1 p4 #baf4 #gia ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 ,m#bah ,! ,pho5ician ,l9us song at ! v9tage4 ,l9us id5tifi$ ) ,adonis1 :o may h be5 annually repres5t$ by a human victim4 #gib ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ii4 #f4 #c4 #gic ,! scurrilities ex*ang$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times betwe5 v9e-dress]s1 v9tag]s1 & pass]s-by seem to belong to a diff]5t category4 ,see ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ec sq4 #gid ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ahh sqq4 #gie ,above1 pp4 #bcf sq41 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdh sq4 #gif ,! probable correspond5ce ( ! mon?s1 :i* supplies s welcome a confirmation ( ! conjecture 9 ! text1 0 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 :o furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ note3 8,9 ! ,syro-,mac$onian cal5d> ,l\s repres5ts ,ab1 n ,tammuz4 ,0 x diff]5t 9 ,babylon8 ,i ?9k x 01 & "o mon? diff]5t1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,greek mon>*y 9 ,asia4 ,= we "k f a ,babylonian obs]vation 9 ! ,almage/ 7,idel]1 i4 #cif7 t 9 #bbi ,b4,c4 ,xan?icus began on ,febru>y #bf4 ,x 0 !re=e ! mon? be=e ! equ9octial moon1 n ,nisan b ,ad>1 & consequ5tly ,l\s answ]$ to ! lun> mon? ,tammuz40 ,m#bai ,! corn-_s 9 ,egypt 7,osiris7 annually repres5t$ by a human victim4 #gig ,above1 p4 #bae4 #gih ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ii4 #e4 #aa2 ,s*olia/ on ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argon4 iv4 #acif2 ,plut>*1 ,p>all4 #ch4 ,h]odotus 7ii4 #de7 discr$its ! idea t ! ,egyptians ev] (f]$ human sacrifices4 ,b 8 au?ority is n to be weigh$ aga9/ t ( ,mane?o 7,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #gc71 :o affirms t !y did4 ,see fur!r ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,osiris & ! ,egyptian ,resurrection 7,london & ,new ,york1 #aiaa71 i4 #baj sqq41 :o says 7pp4 #baj1 #bab73 8,!re is abundant pro( = ! /atem5t t ! ,egyptians (f]$ up sacrifices ( human be+s1 & t1 9 common ) _m ,african tribes at ! pres5t day1 _! cu/oms 9 deal+ ) vanqui%$ enemies 7 blood?ir/y & savage4444 ,! passages f ,egyptian works quot$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] prove t human sacrifices 7 (f]$ up at ,heliopolis z well z at ,tetu1 or ,busiris1 & ! rum\r ( su* sacrifices has f\nd expression 9 ! works ( ,greek writ]s40 #gii ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd71 #eg1 p4 #fh4 #hjj ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aiji71 p4 #ig2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ,les ,orig9es 7,p>is1 #ahie71 pp4 #abi sqq4 ,bo? ^! em95t hi/orians h ab&on$ _! =m] !ory t ,osiris 0 ! ,sun-god4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,mey] n[ speaks ( ,osiris z 8! great vegetation god0 &1 on ! same page1 z 8an e>?-god0 7op4 cit4 i4 #b4 p4 #gj74 ,i am happy to f9d ! view ( ! nature ( ,osiris1 :i* ,i advocat$ _m ye>s ago1 support$ by ! au?ority ( s di/+ui%$ an ,ori5tal s*ol>4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge holds t ,busiris 0 ! olde/ %r9e ( ,osiris 9 ! nor? ( ,egypt1 b t x 0 less anci5t ?an 8 %r9e at ,abydos 9 ! s\?4 ,see ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,osiris & ! ,egyptian ,resurrection 7,london & ,new ,york1 #aiaa71 ii4 #a4 #hja ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #hh2 ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #gc1 comp>e #cj1 #cc4 #hjb ,m>g>et ,a4 ,murray1 ,! ,osireion at ,abydos 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #cj1 ref]r+ to ,m>iette1 ,d5d]eh1 iv4 plates xxxi41 lvi41 & lxxxi4 ,! passage ( ,diodorus ,siculus ref]r$ to is i4 #fb4 #d4 ,z to masks ( animals worn by ,egyptian m5 & wom5 9 religi\s rites see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #acc2 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #gb4 ,m#bbj ,assimilation ( human victims to ! corn :i* !y repres5t4 #hjc ,above1 pp4 #bcg sq41 #bdj1 #bea4 #hjd ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 p4 #dbb4 #hje ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #ece4 #hjf ,fe/us1 s4v4 ,catul>ia1 p4 #de ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4 ,comp>e id41 s4v4 ,rutilae canes1 p4 #bhe2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 x4 #cdb sq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #ije sqq42 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #ad4 #hjg ,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71 ii4 #chh sq4 ,comp>e ibid41 pp4 #chd sq41 #chf sq41 #cia1 #cic1 #cie1 #cig4 ,= o!r in/ances ( ! assimilation ( ! victim to ! god1 see ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #gg sq41 #ceg-cei4 ,m#bba ,rema9s ( victims scatt]$ ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m4 #hjh ,above1 pp4 #bdj1 #bdi4 #hji ,above1 pp4 #adi sq41 #bcg sq41 #bci4 #haj ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ah4 #haa ,see above1 p4 #bdh2 & comp>e ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cca sqq4 #hab ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #cbc4 ,m#bbb ,! black & gre5 ,osiris l ! black & gre5 ,demet]4 #hac ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #bb1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #gc4 #had ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 7ed4 #ahgh71 iii4 #ha4 #hae ,pausanias1 i4 #bb4 #c1 viii4 #e4 #h1 viii4 #db4 i4 #haf ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh4 ,see above1 p4 #db4 ,m#bbc ,! key to ! my/]ies ( ,osiris furni%$ by ! lam5tations ( ! reap]s = ! annual dea? ( ! corn-_s4 ,m#bbd ,cry+ 8! neck0 at h>ve/ 9 ,devon%ire4 #hag ,w4 ,hone1 ,e-day ,book 7,london1 ,n4,d471 ii4 coll4 #aagj sq4 #hah ,miss ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cgb sq41 ref]r+ to ,mrs4 ,bray's ,traditions ( ,devon1 i4 #ccj4 #hai ,w4 ,hone1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aagb4 #hbj ,! ,rev4 ,sydney ,coop]1 ( #hj ,gl\ce/] ,/reet1 ,cir5ce/]1 wrote to me 7#d? ,febru>y #ahic7 t 8 wife rememb]s ! 8neck0 be+ kept on ! mantelpiece ( ! p>l\r 9 a ,corni% f>mh\se2 x g5]ally /ay$ !re ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,m#bbe ,o!r acc\nts ( cutt+ & cry+ 8! neck0 9 ,devon%ire4 #hba 8,old ,h>ve/ ,cu/oms 9 ,devon & ,cornwall10 ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #bhj4 #hbb ,ibid4 ,m#bbf ,cutt+ 8! neck0 9 ,pembroke%ire4 #hbc ,frances ,hoggan1 ,m4,d41 8,! ,neck ,fea/10 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 p4 #abc4 ,9 ,pembroke%ire ! la/ %eaf ( corn seems to h be5 commonly kn[n z 8! ,hag0 7wra*7 r ?an z 8! ,neck40 ,see above1 pp4 #adb-add4 ,m#bbg ,cutt+ 8! neck0 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,:y ! la/ corn cut is call$ 8! neck40 #hbd ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bj 7,bohn's edition72 ,miss ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore1 p4 #cga4 #hbe ,burne & ,jackson1 l4c4 #hbf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ahe4 #hbg ,see above1 p4 #aeh4 #hbh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ahe4 #hbi ,ibid4 #hcj ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 ii4 7#ahhg7 p4 #ejj4 #hca ,above1 p4 #aej4 ,m#bbh ,cries ( ! reap]s 9 ,g]many4 #hcb ,e4 ,mei]1 9 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 i4 7#ahec7 pp4 #agj-agc2 ,u4 ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e bei ,ack]bau und ,viehzu*t 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 pp4 #aff-afi2 ,h4 ,pfann5s*mid1 ,g]manis*e ,erntefe/e 7,hanov]1 #ahgh71 pp4 #ajd sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 pp4 #agg sq41 #dia1 #dib2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cie71 #ig2 ,k4 ,lynk]1 ,deuts*e ,sag5 und ,sitt5 9 hessis*5 ,gau5 7,cassel & ,gtt+51 #ahfj71 p4 #bef1 #cdj4 ,m#bbi ,! corn-_s z an animal4 ,m#bcj ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( an animal is suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ! la/ corn cut or ?re%$1 & to be caught or kill$ by ! reap] or ?re%]4 #hcc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon5 7,b]l91 #ahfh71 pp4 #a-f4 ,m#bca ,! corn-_s z a wolf or a dog1 suppos$ to run ?r\gh ! corn4 #hcd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund#b 7,danzig1 #ahff71 pp4 #f sqq42 id41 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 pp4 #cah sq42 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ajc2 ,a4 ,witz*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bac2 ,o4 ,h>tung1 8,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aej2 ,w4 ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmtz1 #ahic71 p4 #cbg2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii1 #fj4 #hce ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #aj sqq42 id41 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #cai4 #hcf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #ad sq4 ,m#bcb ,! corn-_s z a dog at reap+ & ?re%+4 #hcg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ajd2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi51 ii4 #fd4 #hch ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ajd4 #hci ,ibid4 pp4 #ajd sq4 ,on ! ,h>ve/-,may1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #dg sq4 #hdj ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #aia4 #hda ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #aje4 #hdb ,ibid4 p4 #cj4 #hdc ,ibid4 pp4 #cj1 #aje4 #hdd ,ibid4 pp4 #aje sq4 ,m#bcc ,! corn-_s z a wolf at reap+4 #hde ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fd4 #hdf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #cc1 #ci2 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,mekl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 p4 #cji1 #adif1 p4 #caj1 #adig1 #adih4 #hdg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #cbj4 #hdh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b p4 #cc4 #hdi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #cc sq42 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #cji1 #adif1 p4 #caj1 #adig1 #aejj1 #aeja4 #hej ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #hea ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b p4 #ch2 id41 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #cbj4 #heb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #cd sq4 #hec ,k4 ,b>ts*1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #caa1 #aeje4 #hed ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,rogg5wolf und ,rogg5hund1#b pp4 #ce-cg2 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #cji1 #adif1 p4 #caj1 #adii1 #aeja1 p4 #caa1 #aejf1 #aejg4 ,m#bcd ,! corn-_s z a wolf kill$ at ?re%+4 #hee ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #cba4 #hef ,ibid4 pp4 #cba sq4 ,m#bce ,! corn-wolf at h>ve/ 9 ,france4 ,! corn-wolf kill$ on ! h>ve/-field4 #heg ,ibid4 p4 #cbj4 #heh ,ibid4 pp4 #cbj sq4 ,m#bcf ,! corn-wolf at midw9t]4 #hei ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 #hfj ,ibid4 p4 #cbc4 ,m#bcg ,! corn-_s z a cock at h>ve/4 #hfa ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ac4 #hfb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c42 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,ra?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #ie2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cih4 #hfc ,g4 ,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #ba4 #hfd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ac4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,kuhn & ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 l4c4 #hfe ,k4 ,haupt1 ,sag5bu* d] ,lausitz 7,leipsic1 #ahfb-ahfc71 i4 p4 #bcb1 ,no4 #bgg note4 #hff ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ac4 #hfg ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bbj4 #hfh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 pp4 #ac sq42 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #ie2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #ahj sq42 ,h4 ,pfann5s*mid1 ,g]manis*e ,erntefe/e 7,hanov]1 #ahgh71 p4 #aaj4 #hfi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ad2 ,h4 ,pfann5s*mid1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aaa1 #dai sq4 #hgj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ae4 ,s 9 ,%rop%ire1 :]e ! corn-_s is conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( a g&] 7see above1 p4 #bfh71 ! expression = ov]?r[+ a load at h>ve/ is 8to lose ! goose10 & ! p5alty us$ to be ! loss ( ! goose at ! h>ve/-supp] 7,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #cge72 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& ! h>ve/-supp] 0 call$ ! ,h>ve/ ,gosl+1 or ! ,inn+ ,goose 7,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bc1 #bf1 ,bohn's edition74 #hga ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ad4 #hgb ,ibid4 p4 #ae4 ,m#bch ,! corn-_s kill$ 9 ! =m ( a live cock4 #hgc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cj4 #hgd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ae4 #hge ,ibid4 pp4 #ae sq4 #hgf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #ae2 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cj4 ,m#bci ,! corn-_s z a h>e at h>ve/4 ,! corn-_s z a h>e kill$ 9 ! la/ corn cut4 #hgg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #a4 #hgh ,w4 ,gregor1 8,prelim9>y ,report on ,folklore 9 ,gall[ay1 ,scotl&10 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahif1 p4 #fbc4 #hgi ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #dg sq4 #hhj ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #aia4 #hha ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #c4 #hhb ,o4 ,h>tung1 8,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aed4 #hhc ,c4 ,lemke1 ,volk/hmli*es 9 ,o/preuss5 7,mohrung51 #ahhd-ahhg71 i4 #bd4 #hhd ,g4 ,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #ba4 #hhe ,above1 p4 #bfh4 #hhf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #bi4 #hhg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #bi sq42 id41 ,die ,korndmon51 p4 #e4 #hhh ,georgeakis et ,p9eau1 ,folk-lore de ,lesbos 7,p>is1 #ahid71 p4 #caj4 ,m#bdj ,! corn-_s z a cat sitt+ 9 ! corn4 ,! corn-_s z a cat kill$ at reap+ & ?re%+4 #hhi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #agb-agd2 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #cj2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 ii4 #fd1 #fe4 #hij ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #aia4 #hia ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #ajb4 ,m#bda ,! corn-_s z a goat runn+ ?r\gh ! corn or sitt+ 9 x4 ,! corn-goat at reap+ & b9d+ ! corn4 #hib ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #aee sq4 #hic ,ibid4 pp4 #aeg sq4 #hid ,ibid4 p4 #aei4 #hie ,ibid4 pp4 #afa sq4 #hif ,ibid4 p4 #afb4 #hig ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 pp4 #bcb sq41 #dbf2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afb4 #hih ,f4 ,panz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 pp4 #bbh sq41 #dbb2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afc2 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iii4 7,muni*1 #ahfe7 p4 #cdd4 #hii ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afc4 #ijj ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dbh4 #ija ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afd4 #ijb ,ibid4 p4 #afd4 #ijc ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dbh4 #ijd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #afd sq4 #ije ,ibid4 p4 #afe4 ,m#bdb ,! corn-_s z ! ,cripple ,goat 9 ,skye4 #ijf ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bd1 ,bohn's edition1 quot+ ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,febru>y1 #agie1 p4 #abd2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe4 #ijg ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 8,notes on folk-lore objects collect$ 9 ,argyle%ire10 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 p4 #aea1 f in=mation giv5 by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,ni*olson4 #ijh ,above1 p4 #bcb4 #iji ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afe4 ,m#bdc ,! corn-_s kill$ z a goat on ! h>ve/-field4 #iaj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aff2 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ahe4 #iaa ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #aff4 #iab ,above1 p4 #bha4 #iac ,j4 ,b4 ,holzmay]1 8,osiliana10 ,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 ,heft #b 7,dorpat1 #ahgb71 p4 #ajg4 #iad ,g4 ,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #ai4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #dhb sqq4 ,m#bdd ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a goat suppos$ to lurk among ! corn 9 ! b>n1 till he is expell$ by ! flail at ?re%+4 #iae ,e4 ,l4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dcf4 #iaf ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 pp4 #bbe sqq41 #dba2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #afg sq4 #iag ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afh4 #iah ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #aid4 #iai ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #dde1 #afb2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afh4 ,m#bde ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a goat pass$ on to a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+4 #ibj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 #iba ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 pp4 #bbd sq41 #dbj2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #afi4 #ibb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 ,m#bdf ,! corn-_s 9 goat =m kill$ at ?re%+4 #ibc ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 #ibd ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 ,z to ! cu/om ( leav+ a little corn on ! field = ! subsi/5ce ( ! corn-_s1 see above1 pp4 #bca sqq4 ,m#bdg ,old ,prussian cu/om ( kill+ a goat at s[+4 #ibe ,m4 ,praetorius1 ,deliciae ,prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahga71 pp4 #bc sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #cid sq4 #ibf ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t de ,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 p4 #bda4 ,m#bdh ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a bull runn+ ?r\gh ! corn or ly+ 9 x4 ,! corn-_s z a bull1 ox1 or c[ at h>ve/4 #ibg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #eh4 #ibh ,ibid4 #ibi ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 #icj ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ei4 #ica ,above1 p4 #bge4 #icb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ei4 #icc ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 pp4 #ddj sq41 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec2 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 p4 #bcd1 #dbh2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ei4 #icd ,f4 ,panz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #bcc1 #dbg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ei4 #ice ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ei sq4 #icf ,ibid4 p4 #eh4 #icg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #eh sq4 ,m#bdi ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a bull or ox kill$ at ! close ( ! reap+4 #ich ,ibid4 p4 #fj4 ,m#bej ,! corn-_s z a bull or c[ at ?re%+4 #ici ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab51 pp4 #ddd sq41 #afb2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #fa4 #idj ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 p4 #bcc1 #dbg4 #ida ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #fa sq4 #idb ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 #idc ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 #idd ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab51 pp4 #dde sq41 #afc4 ,m#bea ,! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a bull suppos$ to be kill$ at ?re%+4 #ide ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #fj4 #idf ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #fb4 ,m#beb ,! corn-_s z a calf at h>ve/ or 9 spr+4 #idg ,above1 pp4 #aej sq4 #idh ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 ii4 #ace4 #idi ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #fb3 8,il fait le veau40 #iej ,ibid4 #iea ,ibid4 p4 #fc4 ,m#bec ,! corn-_s z a horse or m>e runn+ ?r\gh ! corn4 8,cry+ ! ,m>e0 9 ,h]t=d%ire & ,%rop%ire4 #ieb ,ibid4 p4 #afg4 #iec ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dbh4 #ied ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bd1 ,bohn's edition4 #iee ,c4 ,f4 ,burne & ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cgc sq4 ,m#bed ,! corn-_s z a horse 9 ,france4 #ief ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #afg4 ,we may comp>e ! ,scot* cu/om ( giv+ ! la/ %eaf to a horse or m>e to eat4 ,see above1 pp4 #ada1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj sq41 #afb4 #ieg ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 ii4 #acc2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #afg sq4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #bfg7 t 9 ,s\? ,pembroke%ire ! man :o cut ! 8,neck0 us$ to be 8%od10 t is1 to h ! soles ( 8 feet sev]ely beat5 ) sods4 ,p]haps he 0 ?us treat$ z repres5t+ ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a horse4 ,m#bee ,! corn-_s z a quail4 ,! rice-_s z a blue bird4 ,! rice-_s z a quail4 #ieh ,g4 ,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #ba4 #iei ,a4 ,pet]1 ,vlk/humli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bfh4 #ifj ,j4 ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bdj4 #ifa ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volks ab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #ahi1 #bgg2 ,*r4 ,s*nell]1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 aus ,wls*tirol 7,innsbruck1 #ahfg71 p4 #bch2 ,rev4 ,*4 ,swa9son1 ,! ,folk ,lore & ,prov9cial ,names ( ,briti% ,birds 7,london1 #ahhf71 p4 #agc4 #ifb ,alfr$ ,newton1 ,diction>y ( ,birds1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahic-ahif71 p4 #gee4 #ifc ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t de ,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 pp4 #bbh1 #bbi2 id41 8,de rij/mo$] 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 van d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,vi]de ,reeks1 v41 "p #c 7,am/]dam1 #aijc71 pp4 #cgd sq4 ,m#bef ,! corn-_s z a fox runn+ ?r\gh ! corn or sitt+ 9 x4 ,! corn-_s z a fox at reap+ ! la/ corn4 ,! corn-_s z a fox at ?re%+4 ,! ,japanese rice-god associat$ ) ! fox4 #ifd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #aji note #b4 #ife ,l4 ,p9eau1 ,folk-lore du ,poit\ 7,p>is1 #ahib71 pp4 #ejj sq4 #iff ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #aji sq41 note #b4 #ifg ,j4 ,f4 ,l4 ,woe/e1 ,vlksb]lief]ung5 9 d] ,grafs*aft ,m>k 7,is]lohn1 #ahdh71 p4 #bg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #aaj note4 #ifh ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan 7,london1 #ahid71 ii4 #cab sqq42 ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #afb sq4 ,at ! fe/ival ( ! ,roman corn-goddess ,c]es1 celebrat$ on ! n9ete5? ( ,april1 foxes 7 all[$ to run ab\t ) burn+ tor*es ti$ to _! tails1 & ! cu/om 0 expla9$ z a puni%m5t inflict$ on foxes because a fox _h once 9 ?is way burn$ d[n ! crops 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #fgi sqq474 ,samson is said to h burn$ ! crops ( ! ,phili/9es 9 a simil> fa%ion 7,judges xv4 #d sq474 ,:e!r ! cu/om & ! tradition are connect$ ) ! idea ( ! fox z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s is d\btful4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ajh sq42 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #gg-gi4 ,m#beg ,! corn-_s z a bo> ru%+ ?r\gh ! corn4 ,! corn-_s z a bo> or s[ at reap+4 ,! corn-_s z a s[ at ?re%+4 #ifi ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bac1 #d4 ,s at ,klepzig1 9 ,anhalt 7,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aej74 #igj ,j4 ,b4 ,holzmay]1 8,osiliana10 ,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 ,heft #b 7,dorpat1 #ahgb71 p4 #ajg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ahg4 #iga ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,aus ,s*wab5 7,wiesbad51 #ahgd71 ii4 #cbh4 #igb ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd1 #dag1 #dai4 #igc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #aab4 #igd ,e4 ,l4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 pp4 #dbh1 #dcf4 #ige ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,geba*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #dde1 #afb4 #igf ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 p4 #dbe1 #cgi4 #igg ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 pp4 #bba-bbd1 #dji1 #daj1 #daa1 #dab1 #dac1 #dad1 #dae1 #dah4 ,m#beh ,! corn-_s z a pig at s[+4 #igh ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #ahf sq4 #igi ,above1 p4 #bgb2 comp>e #bfh4 #ihj ,above1 p4 #bih4 #iha ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahg4 #ihb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahg sq42 ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+51 pp4 #ahi1 #bah2 ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 p4 #ce4 #ihc ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #ahh2 ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p 7,london1 #ahgb71 p4 #bbj4 ,m#bei ,! corn-_s embodi$ 9 ! ,yule ,bo> ( ,sc&9avia4 ,! ,yule /raw 9 ,sw$54 #ihd ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #aig sq42 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #dia2 ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bjf sq41 s4v4 8,maid502 ,arv4 ,aug4 ,afzelius1 ,volkssag5 und ,volksli$] aus ,s*w$5s lt]] und neu]] ,zeit1 b]setzt von ,f4 ,h4 ,ungewitt] 7,leipsic1 #ahdb71 i4 #i4 #ihe ,above1 p4 #bge4 #ihf ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 pp4 #afi sq41 #ahb4 ,on ,*ri/mas night *ildr5 sleep on a b$ ( ! ,yule /raw 7ibid4 p4 #agg74 #ihg ,u4 ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 p4 #bae4 ,comp>e ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ag1 #bg sq4 #ihh ,a4 ,a4 ,afzelius1 op4 cit4 i4 #ca4 #ihi ,a4 ,a4 ,afzelius1 op4 cit4 i4 #i2 ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$51 pp4 #aha1 #ahe4 ,m#bfj ,! ,*ri/mas ,bo> among ! ,e/honians4 #iij ,j4 ,b4 ,holzmay]1 8,osiliana10 ,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 ,heft #b 7,dorpat1 #ahgb71 pp4 #ee sq4 #iia ,f4 ,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5 und uss]n ,leb5 d] ,eh/5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf71 pp4 #cdd1 #dhe4 ,m#bfa ,sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/-supp]4 #iib ,above1 pp4 #bgg sq41 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bij1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,9 reg>d to ! h>e1 ! sub/itution ( br&y = h>e's blood is probably mod]n4 ,m#bfb ,p>allelism betwe5 ! conceptions ( ! corn-_s 9 human & animal =ms4 ,m#bfc ,! reason :y ! corn-_s is ?\ght to take ! =ms ( s _m animals may be t wild creatures are commonly p5n$ by ! advance ( ! reap]s into ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn1 :i* is usually reg>d$ z ! la/ refuge ( ! corn-_s4 #iic ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,die ,korndmon5 7,b]l91 #ahfh71 p4 #a4 ,m#bfd ,importance ( ! ,pleiades 9 primitive cal5d>s4 #iid ,r4 ,&ree1 8,die ,pleiad5 im ,my?us und 9 ihr] ,beziehung zum ,jahresbeg9n und ,l&bau10 ,globus1 lxiv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #cfb-cff4 ,m#bfe ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 #iie ,mr4 ,mc,kellar1 quot$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 8,report on ,au/ralian ,languages & ,traditions10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ii4 7#ahgc7 p4 #bgi2 id41 ,kamil>oi 7,sydney1 #ahge71 p4 #ach4 ,mr4 ,mc,kellar's evid5ce 0 giv5 be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,legislative ,c\ncil ( ,victoria 9 #aheh2 f :i* we may p]haps inf] t 8 /atem5t ref]s especially to ! tribes ( ,victoria or at all ev5ts ( s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,x seems to be a common belief among ! aborig9es ( c5tral & s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia t ! ,pleiades are wom5 :o once liv$ on e>? b aft]w>ds w5t up into ! sky4 ,see ,w4 ,e4 ,/anbridge1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 7#ahfa7 p4 #cjb2 ,p4 ,bev]idge1 8,( ! ,aborig9es inhabit+ ! great ,lacu/r9e & ,riv]9e ,depression ( ! ,l[] ,murray10 etc41 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 xvii4 7,sydney1 #ahhd7 p4 #fa2 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #eff2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #fbh2 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #dbi sq4 ,"s tribes ( ,victoria believ$ t ! ,pleiades 7 orig9ally a que5 & six ( h] att5dants1 b t ! ,cr[ 7,waa7 fell 9 love ) ! que5 & ran away ) h]1 & t s9ce !n ! ,pleiades h be5 only six 9 numb]4 ,see ,james ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 & ,adelaide1 #ahha71 p4 #ajj4 #iif ,j4 ,mann+1 8,notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,holl&10 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 xvi4 7,sydney1 #ahhc7 p4 #afh4 #iig ,james ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ge4 ,m#bff ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,indians ( ,p>aguay & ,brazil4 #iih ,m4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,hi/oria de ,abiponibus 7,vi5na1 #aghd71 ii4 #aah4 #iii ,m4 ,dobrizh(f]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gg sq41 #aja-aje4 #ajjj ,p$ro de ,angelis1 ,coleccion de ,obras y ,docum5tes relativos a la ,hi/oria antigua y mod]na de las ,prov9cias del ,rio de la ,plata 7,bu5os ,ayres1 #ahcf-ahcg71 iv4 #ae4 #ajja ,p4 ,lozano1 ,descripcion *orographico del t]r5o1 rios1 arboles1 y animales del ,gran ,*aco 7,cordova1 #agcc74 p4 #fg4 #ajjb ,w4 ,b>brooke ,grubb1 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l& 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #aci4 #ajjc ,p$ro de ,angelis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ad4 #ajjd ,?4 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahfb7 p4 #dah1 ref]r+ to ,m>cgrav de ,lieb/adt1 ,hi/4 r]um naturalium ,brasil4 7,am/]dam1 #afdh71 viii4 #e & #ab4 #ajje ,m4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,hi/oria de ,abiponibus1 ii4 #ajd4 #ajjf ,?4 ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n 7,b]l91 #aiji-aiaj71 ii4 #bjc4 #ajjg ,c4 ,f4 ,phil4 v4 ,m>tius1 ,zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 zumal ,brasili5s 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 p4 #dda4 #ajjh ,c>l ,tes*au]1 ,s4,j41 8,my!n und alte ,volkssag5 aus ,brasili510 ,an?ropos1 i4 7#aijf7 p4 #gcf4 #ajji ,j4 ,gumilla1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle et ,civile et ,gographique de l',or5oque 7,avignon1 #ageh71 iii4 #bed sq4 ,m#bfg ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,indians ( ,p]u & ,mexico4 #ajaj ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 p4 #dib4 #ajaa ,p4 ,j4 de ,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la ,idolatria del ,piru 7,lima1 #afba71 pp4 #aa1 #bi sq4 ,accord+ to ,arriaga1 ! ,p]uvian "n = ! ,pleiades is ,oncoy4 #ajab ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 translat$ by 7,sir7 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham 7,london1 #ahfi-ahga1 ,hakluyt ,society71 i4 #bge4 ,comp>e ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,london1 #ahhj1 ,hakluyt ,society71 ii4 #cjd4 #ajac ,e4 ,sel]1 ,alt-,mexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #aff sq41 ref]r+ to ,petrus ,m>tyr1 ,de nup] sub ,d4 ,c>olo rep]tis insulis 7,basileae1 #aeba71 p4 #ae4 #ajad ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des *oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #bhh sq41 #dhi sqq42 ,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 translat$ by ,capt4 ,j4 ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe-agbf71 iii4 #bbb2 ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull5 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cae sq42 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7,ble1 #ahfg71 pp4 #eai sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 iii4 #cic-cie4 ,m#bfh ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 #ajae ,jean l',heureux1 8,e?nological ,notes on ! ,a/ronomical ,cu/oms & ,religi\s ,ideas ( ! ,*okitapia or ,blackfeet ,indians10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xv4 7#ahhf7 pp4 #cja-cjc4 #ajaf ,walt] ,mc,clintock1 ,! ,old ,nor? ,trail 7,london1 #aiaj71 p4 #dij4 #ajag ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes1 8,! ,tusayan ,new ,fire ,c]emony10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxvi4 7#ahie7 p4 #dec4 ,m#bfi ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,polynesians4 #ajah ,rev4 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 i4 #hg4 #ajai ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gill1 ,my?s & ,songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #dc4 #ajbj ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gill1 op4 cit4 p4 #cag1 comp>e p4 #dd4 #ajba ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bgi4 #ajbb ,e4 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahef71 p4 #bai4 #ajbc ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,e?nography & ,philology1 by ,horatio ,hale 7,philadelphia1 #ahdf71 p4 #agj2 ,e4 ,trege>1 ,maori-,polynesian ,comp>ative ,diction>y 7,well+ton1 ,n4,z41 #ahia71 p4 #bbf4 ,m#bgj ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! ,melanesians4 #ajbd ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 p4 #cdh4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,florida ! ,pleiades are call$ togo ni samu1 8! company ( maid5s0 7op4 cit4 p4 #cdi74 #ajbe ,h4 ,b4 ,guppy1 ,! ,solomon ,isl&s & _! ,natives 7,london1 #ahhg71 p4 #ef4 ,m#bga ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 #ajbf ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,leg5ds f ,torres ,/raits10 ,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 p4 #aie4 ,we may conjecture t ! 8new yam "t0 means ! "t = plant+ yams4 #ajbg ,r4 ,neuhauss1 ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 #aiaa71 pp4 #aei1 #dca sq4 #ajbh ,a4 ,f4 van ,spreeuw5b]g1 8,e5 blik op de ,m9ahassa10 ,tijds*rift voor ,ne]l&s ,indi1 ,vi]de ,deel 7,batavia1 #ahde71 p4 #caf2 ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,de l&s*app5 ,holontalo1 ,limoeto1 ,bone1 ,boalemo1 en ,katt+gola1 ( ,&agile10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xix4 7#ahfi7 p4 #adj2 id41 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 iii4 7#ahga7 p4 #djd4 #ajbi ,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfc71 i4 #bad4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,l[1 ,s>awak 7,london1 #ahdh71 p4 #bea4 #ajcj ,dr4 ,*>les ,hose1 8,v>i\s ,modes ( comput+ ! ,"t = ,plant+ among ! ,races ( ,borneo10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #db 7,s+apore1 #aije71 pp4 #a sq4 ,comp>e ,*>les ,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>awak 7,london1 #ahff71 i4 #ei2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea ,dyak ,religion10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj 7,s+apore1 #ahhc71 p4 #bbi4 #ajca ,dr4 ,*>les ,hose1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 ,comp>e id41 8,! ,natives ( ,borneo10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiii4 7#ahid7 pp4 #afh sq41 :]e ! writ] tells u t ! ,kayans & _m o!r races 9 ,borneo s[ ! rice :5 ! ,pleiades appe> j above ! horizon at daybreak1 ?\gh ! ,kayans m usually det]m9e ! "t = s[+ by obs]vation ( ! sun4 ,z to ! ,kayan mode ( det]m9+ ! "t = s[+ by ! l5g? ( %ad[ ca/ by an upright pole1 see also ,w4 ,kk5?al1 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5 und 9 ,borneo 7,frank=t1 #ahif71 pp4 #bib sq4 ,"s ,dyaks employ a species ( sun-dial = dat+ ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,see ,h4 ,e4 ,d4 ,engelha>d1 8,aanteek5+5 betreff5de de ,k9dj9 ,dajaks 9 het ,l&s*ap ,balo5gan10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxix4 7#ahig7 pp4 #dhd-dhf4 #ajcb ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #afj4 #ajcc ,f4 ,k4 ,g9zel1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 7,leipsic1 #aijf7 p4 #dbd4 #ajcd ,r4 ,fri$]i*1 8,voorloopig ,v]slag van het eil& ,bali10 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 xxiii4 7#ahdi7 p4 #di4 #ajce ,j4 ,t4 ,nieuw5huis5 en ,h4 ,c4 ,b4 von ,ros5b]g1 8,v]slag omtr5t het eil& ,nias en deszelfs ,bewon]s10 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 xxx4 7,batavia1 #ahfc7 p4 #aai4 #ajcf ,w4 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahaa71 p4 #ga4 #ajcg ,f4 ,k4 ,g9zel1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 7,leipsic1 #aijf7 p4 #dbh4 ,m#bgb ,att5tion paid to ! ,pleiades by ! natives ( ,africa1 ,greeks1 & ,romans4 #ajch ,s4 ,kras*59nik[1 ,bes*reibung des ,l&es ,kamts*atka 7,lemgo1 #agff71 p4 #bag4 ,! ?ree />s are probably ! ,belt4 #ajci ,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf4 #ajdj ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #aid sq4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,se*efo1 8,! ,twelve ,lun> ,mon?s among ! ,basuto10 ,an?ropos1 iv4 7#aiji7 p4 #ica4 #ajda ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 vii4 7#aija7 p4 #dah4 ,comp>e ,g4 ,?ompson1 ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7,london1 #ahbg71 ii4 #cei4 #ajdb ,rev4 ,h4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 ,"p iii4 7,london1 etc41 #ahgj71 p4 #cig4 #ajdc ,r4 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7,london1 #ahdb71 pp4 #ccg sq4 #ajdd ,/eph5 ,kay1 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,caffr>ia 7,london1 #ahcc71 p4 #bgc4 #ajde ,gu/av ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's 7,breslau1 #ahgb74 p4 #cdj4 #ajdf ,!ophilus ,hahn1 ,tsuni-,goam1 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #dc1 quot+ ! ,moravian mission>y ,george ,s*midt1 :o 0 s5t out to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 #agcg4 #ajdg ,h4 ,s4 ,/annus1 8,notes on "s ,tribes ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xl4 7#aiaj7 p4 #bhi4 #ajdh ,m4 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #aee1 #aih4 #ajdi ,may4 #ajej ,june-,augu/4 #ajea ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71 p4 #bge1 comp>e p4 #ccc4 ,! 8season ( %[]s0 seems to be a "n = ! dry season 7,june1 ,july1 ,augu/71 :5 ra9 falls only occasionally2 x is ?us di/+ui%$ f ! ra9y season ( w9t]1 :i* beg9s aft] ! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades 9 ,septemb]4 #ajeb ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai1 pp4 #bge sq4 #ajec ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #ajj4 #ajed ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 8,fur!r ,rese>*es into ,kikuyu & ,kamba ,religi\s ,beliefs & ,cu/oms10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xli4 7#aiaa7 p4 #ddb4 #ajee ,?omas ,w9t]bottom1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone 7,london1 #ahjc71 p4 #dh4 #ajef ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #chc sq41 #fae sqq4 ,see above1 pp4 #de1 #dh4 #ajeg ,aratus1 ,pha5om5a1 #bfd-bfg2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #abc1 #abe1 xviii4 #bhj1 8,v]giliae privatim att95t ad fructus1 ut qu>um exortu ae/as incipiat1 occasu hiems1 sem5/ri spatio intra se messes v9demiasque et omnium maturitatem conplexae40 ,comp>e ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 i4 #bda sq4 ,pl9y dat$ ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades on ! #aj? ( ,may & _! sett+ on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #abc1 #abe74 #ajeh ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #di & #bbc4 ,m#bgc ,! widespread association ( ! ,pleiades ) agriculture seems to be bas$ on ! co9cid5ce ( _! ris+ or sett+ ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season4 #ajei ,see above1 p4 #cjg4 #ajfj ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 xvii4 #aj sqq4 ,if 8! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades0 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,engli% ,bible 7 an exact translation ( ! correspond+ ,hebrew words 9 ,job xxxviii4 #ca1 we %\ld naturally expla9 ! 8sweet influ5ces0 by ! belief t ! autumnal sett+ ( ! con/ellation is ! cause ( ra94 ,b ! r5d]+ ( ! words is d\btful2 x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! con/ellation ref]r$ to is ! ,pleiades4 ,see ! comm5t>ies ( ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson & ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,peak on ! passage4 ,! ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sion translates ! words 9 "q 8! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades40 ,comp>e ,h4 ,grimme1 ,das israelitis*e ,pf+/fe/ und d] ,plejad5kult 7,pad]born1 #aijg71 pp4 #fa sqq4