file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,see #dbjee-;h4htm or #dbjee-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dbjee_/pg#dbjee-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dbje e_/dbjee-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/y\rm9dh[t\ se#jj;atki ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! au?or's use ( ?ree a/]isks 99 99 99 to s]ve z ellipses has be5 pres]v$ z pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al publication4 ,illu/ration3 ,william ,walk] ,atk9son ,,y\r ,,m9d ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x ,a ,manual ( ,practical ,psy*ology by ,,william ,,walk] ,,atk9son ,x is n en\gh m]ely to h a s\nd m9d--"o mu/ also le>n h[ to use x1 if he w\ld become m5tally effici5t4 ,publi%$ by ! ,elizabe? ,t[ne ,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,l4,n4 ,f[l] ,co41 ,london4 ,copyright1 #aiaa4 ,elizabe? ,t[ne4 ,copyright$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,m9d #e ,,ii4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,m5tal ,,/ates #aa ,,iii4 ,,! ,,great ,,n]ve ,,c5t]s #ag ,,iv4 ,,consci\sness #bd ,v4 ,,att5tion #bi ,,vi4 ,,p]ception #cf ,,vii4 ,,memory #de ,,viii4 ,,memory 7cont9u$7 #ed ,,ix4 ,,imag9ation #fb ,x4 ,,! ,,feel+s #gb ,,xi4 ,,! ,,emotions #gi ,,xii4 ,,! ,,in/9ctive ,,emotions #hh ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,passions #if ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,social ,,emotions #ajd ,,xv4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,emotions #aaa ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,/hetic ,,emotions #aag ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,emotions #abe ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,emotions #aca ,,xix4 ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,happ9ess #acf ,,xx4 ,,! ,,intellect #adc ,,xxi4 ,,conception #aea ,,xxii4 ,,classes ,,( ,,concepts #aeh ,,xxiii4 ,,judgm5ts #afd ,,xxiv4 ,,prim>y ,,laws ,,( ,,?\ght #aga ,,xxv4 ,,reason+ #agf ,,xxvi4 ,,inductive ,,reason+ #aha ,,xxvii4 ,,d$uctive ,,reason+ #ahf ,,xxviii4 ,,fallaci\s ,,reason+ #aic ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,w #bja ,,xxx4 ,,w-,,tra9+ #bac ,,xxxi4 ,,w-,,tonic #bai ,,*apt] ,i4 ,:at is ! ,m9d8 ,psy*ology is g5]ally consid]$ to be ! sci5ce ( m9d1 al?\gh m prop]ly x is ! sci5ce ( m5tal /ates--?\ghts1 feel+s1 & acts ( volition4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om ( writ]s on ! subject ( psy*ology to beg9 by an attempt to def9e & describe ! nature ( m9d1 be=e proce$+ to a consid]ation ( ! subject ( ! v>i\s m5tal spates & activities4 ,b m rec5t au?orities h rebell$ aga9/ ?is dem&1 & h claim$ t x is no m reasonable to hold t psy*ology %\ld be held to an explanation ( ! ultimate nature ( m9d ?an x is t physical sci5ce be held to an explanation ( ! ultimate nature ( matt]4 ,! attempt to expla9 ! ultimate nature ( ei!r is futile--no actual necessity exi/s = explanation 9 ei!r case4 ,physics may expla9 ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 & psy*ology ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 )\t reg>d to ! ultimate nature ( ! sub/ance ( ei!r4 ,! sci5ce ( physics has progress$ /eadily dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! !ories reg>d+ ! ultimate nature ( matt] h be5 revolutioniz$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,! facts ( ! ph5om5a ( matt] rema91 not)/&+ ! *ange ( !ory reg>d+ ! nature ( matt] itself4 ,sci5ce dem&s & holds fa/ to facts1 reg>d+ !ories z b work+ hypo!ses at ! be/4 ,"s "o has said t !ories are b ! bubbles ) :i* ! gr[n-up *ildr5 ( sci5ce amuse !mselves4 ,sci5ce holds sev]al well-support$1 ?\gh oppos+1 !ories reg>d+ ! nature ( electricity1 b ! facts ( ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 & ! application !re(1 are agre$ ^u by ! disput+ !ori/s4 ,& s x is ) psy*ology2 ! facts reg>d+ m5tal /ates are agre$ ^u1 & me?ods ( develop+ m5tal p[]s are effectively employ$1 )\t reg>d to :e!r m9d is a product ( ! bra91 or ! bra9 m]ely an organ ( ! m9d4 ,! fact t ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em are employ$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght is conc$$ by all1 & t is all t is necess>y = a basis = ! sci5ce ( psy*ology4 ,disputes reg>d+ ! ultimate nature ( m9d are n[ g5]ally pass$ ov] to ! philosoph]s & metaphysicians1 :ile psy*ology devotes its entire att5tion to /udy+ ! laws ( m5tal activities1 & to discov]+ me?ods ( m5tal developm5t4 ,ev5 philosophy is beg9n+ to tire ( ! et]nal :y & is devot+ its att5tion to ! h[ phase ( ?+s4 ,! pragmatic _s has invad$ ! field ( philosophy1 express+ itself 9 ! words ( ,pr(4 ,william ,james1 :o said3 ,pragmatism is ! attitude ( look+ away f fir/ ?+s1 pr9ciples1 categories1 suppos$ necessities2 & ( look+ =w>d t[>d la/ ?+s1 fruits1 consequ5ces1 facts4 ,mod]n psy*ology is ess5tially pragmatic 9 its treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! m9d4 ,leav+ to metaphysics ! old argum5ts & disputes reg>d+ ! ultimate nature ( m9d1 x b5ds all its en]gies ^u discov]+ ! laws ( m5tal activities & /ates1 & develop+ me?ods :]eby ! m9d may be tra9$ to p]=m bett] & m "w1 to cons]ve its en]gies1 to conc5trate its =ces4 ,to mod]n psy*ology ! m9d is some?+ to be us$1 n m]ely some?+ ab\t :i* to speculate & !orize4 ,:ile ! metaphysicians deplore ?is t5d5cy1 ! practical p ( ! _w rejoice4 ,,m9d ,,def9$4 ,m9d is def9$ z ! faculty or p[] :]eby ?9k+ creatures1 feel1 ?9k1 & w4 ,?is def9ition is inadequate & circul> 9 nature1 b ?is is unavoidable1 = m9d c be def9$ only 9 its own t]ms & only by ref]5ce to its own processes4 ,m9d1 except 9 ref]5ce to its own activities1 _c be def9$ or conceiv$4 ,x is kn[n to itself only ?r\gh its activities4 ,m9d )\t m5tal /ates is a m]e ab/raction--a ^w )\t a correspond+ m5tal image or concept4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton express$ ! matt] z cle>ly z possible1 :5 he said3 ,:at we mean by m9d is simply t :i* p]ceives1 ?9ks1 feels1 wills1 & desires4 ,)\t ! p]ceiv+1 ?9k+1 feel+1 will+1 & desir+1 x is impossible to =m a cle> conception or m5tal image ( m9d2 depriv$ ( its ph5om5a x becomes ! m]e/ ab/raction4 ,,?9k ,,ab\t ,,t ,,:i* ,,?9ks4 ,p]haps ! simple/ me?od ( convey+ ! idea ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! m9d is t attribut$ to a celebrat$ ,g]man tea*] ( psy*ology :o 0 wont to beg9 8 c\rse by bidd+ 8 /ud5ts ?9k ( some?+1 8 desk1 = example4 ,!n he w\ld say1 ,n[ ?9k ( t :i* ?9ks ab\t ! desk4 ,!n1 aft] a pause1 he w\ld add1 ,?is ?+ :i* ?9ks ab\t ! desk1 & ab\t :i* y are n[ ?9k+1 is ! subject matt] ( our /udy ( psy*ology4 ,! pr(essor c\ld n h said m _h he lectur$ = a mon?4 ,pr(essor ,gordy has well said on ?is po9t3 ,! m9d mu/ ei!r be t :i* ?9ks1 feels1 & wills1 or x mu/ be ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & acts ( w ( :i* we are consci\s--m5tal facts1 9 "o ^w4 ,b :at c we "k ab\t t :i* ?9ks1 feels1 & wills1 & :at c we f9d out ab\t x8 ,:]e is x8 ,y w probably say1 9 ! bra94 ,b1 if y are speak+ lit]ally1 if y say t x is 9 ! bra91 z a p5cil is 9 ! pocket1 !n y mu/ mean t x takes up room1 t x occupies space1 & t w\ld make x v mu* l a mat]ial ?+4 ,9 tru?1 ! m c>efully y consid] x1 ! m pla9ly y w see :at ?9k+ m5 h kn[n = a long "t--t we d n "k & _c le>n any?+ ab\t ! ?+ :i* ?9ks1 & feels1 & wills4 ,x is beyond ! range ( human k4 ,! books :i* def9e psy*ology z ! sci5ce ( m9d h n a ^w to say ab\t t :i* ?9ks1 & feels1 & wills4 ,!y are entirely tak5 up ) ^! ?\ghts & feel+s & acts ( ! w1--m5tal facts1 9 a ^w1--try+ to tell u :at !y are1 & to arrange !m 9 classes1 & tell u ! circum/ances or conditions "u :i* !y exi/4 ,x seems to me t x w\ld be bett] to def9e psy*ology z ! sci5ce ( ! exp]i5ces1 ph5om5a1 or facts ( ! m9d1 s\l1 or self--( m5tal facts1 9 a ^w4 ,9 view ( ! facts ( ! case1 & foll[+ ! example ( ! be/ ( ! mod]n au?orities1 9 ?is book we %all leave ! consid]ation ( ! "q ( ! ultimate nature ( m9d to ! metaphysicians1 & %all conf9e ourselves to ! m5tal facts1 ! laws gov]n+ !m1 & ! be/ me?ods ( gov]n+ & us+ !m 9 ! bus9ess ( life4 ,! classification & me?od ( developm5t to be foll[$ 9 ?is book is z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,! me*anism ( m5tal /ates1 i4e41 ! bra91 n]v\s sy/em1 s5se organs1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,! fact ( ,consci\sness & its planes4 ,,iii4 ,m5tal processes or faculties1 i4e41 7#a7 ,s5sation & ,p]ception2 7#b7 ,repres5tation1 or ,imag9ation & ,memory2 7#c7 ,feel+ or ,emotion2 7#d7 ,intellect1 or ,reason & ,und]/&+2 7#e7 ,w or ,volition4 ,m5tal /ates dep5d ^u ! physical me*anism = manife/ation1 :atev] may be ! ultimate nature ( m9d4 ,m5tal /ates1 :atev] _! special "*1 w be f\nd to fit into "o ( ! above five g5]al classes ( m5tal activities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,me*anism ( ,m5tal ,/ates4 ,! me*anism ( m5tal /ates--! m5tal ma*9]y by means ( :i* we feel1 ?9k1 & w--consi/s ( ! bra91 n]v\s sy/em1 & ! organs ( s5se4 ,no matt] :at may be ! real nature ( m9d1--no matt] :at may be ! !ory held reg>d+ its activities1--x mu/ be admitt$ t ! m9d is dep5d5t ^u ?is me*anism = ! manife/ation ( :at we "k z m5tal /ates4 ,wond]ful z is ! m9d1 x is se5 to be dep5d5t ^u ?is physical me*anism = ! expression ( its activities4 ,& ?is dep5d5ce is n ^u ! bra9 alone1 b also ^u ! entire n]v\s sy/em4 ,! be/ au?orities agree t ! high] & m complex m5tal /ates are b an evolution ( simple s5sation1 & t !y are dep5d5t ^u s5sation = _! raw mat]ial ( feel+ & ?\ght4 ,!re=e x is prop] t we beg9 by a consid]ation ( ! ma*9]y ( s5sation4 ,?is necessitates a previ\s consid]ation ( ! n]ves4 ,,! ,,n]ves4 ,! body is trav]s$ by an intricate sy/em ( n]ves1 :i* has be5 lik5$ to a great telegraph sy/em4 ,! n]ves transmit s5sations f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body to ! great receiv+ (fice ( ! bra94 ,!y also s]ve to transmit ! motor impulses f ! bra9 to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 :i* impulses result 9 motion ( appropriate p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re are also o!r n]ves ) :i* we h no conc]n 9 ?is book1 b :i* p]=m c]ta9 physiological functions1 su* z dige/ion1 secretion1 excretion1 & circulation4 ,our *ief conc]n1 at ?is po9t1 is ) ! s5sory n]ves4 ,! s5sory n]ves convey ! impressions ( ! outside _w to ! bra94 ,! bra9 is ! great c5tral /ation ( ! s5sory n]ves1 ! latt] hav+ c\ntless s5d+ /ations 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 ! wires t]m9at+ 9 ! sk94 ,:5 ^! n]v\s t]m9al /ations are irritat$ or excit$1 !y s5d to ! bra9 messages call+ = att5tion4 ,?is is true n only ( ! n]ves ( t\* or feel+1 b also ( ^? conc]n$ ) ! respective s5ses ( sight1 smell1 ta/e1 & he>+4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ au?orities hold t all ! five s5ses are b an evolution ( ! prim>y s5se ( t\* or feel+4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( t\* h _! end+ 9 ! out] cov]+ or sk9 ( ! body4 ,!y report contact ) o!r physical objects4 ,by means ( ^! reports we are aw>e n only ( contact ) ! outside object1 b also ( _m facts conc]n+ ! nature ( t object1 z = in/ance1 its degree ( h>dness1 r\ghness1 etc41 & its temp]ature4 ,"s ( ^! n]ve ends are v s5sitive1 z1 = example1 ^? ( ! tip ( ! tongue & f+] ends1 :ile o!rs are comp>atively lack+ 9 s5sitiv5ess1 z1 = illu/ration1 ^? ( ! back4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! s5sory n]ves conf9e !mselves to report+ contact & degrees ( pressure1 :ile o!rs conc]n !mselves solely ) report+ ! degrees ( temp]ature ( ! objects ) :i* _! ends come 9 contact4 ,"s ( ! latt] respond to ! high] degrees ( heat1 :ile o!rs respond only to ! l[] degrees ( cold4 ,! n]ves ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body respond m readily & di/9ctly to temp]ature ?an d ^? ( o!r p>ts4 ,to illu/rate1 ! n]ves ( ! *eek are q responsive to heat impressions4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,sight4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( sight t]m9ate 9 ! complex optical app>atus :i* 9 popul> t]m9ology is kn[n z ! eye4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ret9a is a v s5sitive n]v\s membrane :i* l9es ! inn]1 back "p ( ! eye1 & 9 :i* ! fib]s ( ! optic n]ve t]m9ate4 ,! optical in/rum5t ( ! eye conveys ! focus$ light vibrations to ! n]ves ( ! ret9a1 f :i* ! impulse is transmitt$ to ! bra94 ,b1 contr>y to ! popul> notion1 ! n]ves ( ! eye d n gauge di/ances1 nor =m inf]5ces ( any k9d2 t is di/9ctly ! "w ( ! m9d4 ,! simple (fice ( ! optical n]ves consi/s 9 report+ color & degrees ( int5sity ( ! light waves4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,he>+4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( he>+ t]m9ate 9 ! inn] "p ( ! e>4 ,! tympanum1 or e> drum1 receives ! s\nd vibrations ent]+ ! cavities ( ! e>1 &1 int5sify+ & adapt+ !m1 x passes !m on to ! ends ( ! auditory n]ve 9 ! int]nal e>1 :i* conveys ! s5sation to ! bra94 ,! auditory n]ve reports to ! bra9 ! degrees ( pit*1 int5sity1 quality1 & h>mony1 respectively1 ( ! s\nd waves rea*+ ! tympanum4 ,z is well kn[n1 !re are c]ta9 vibrations ( s\nd :i* are too l[ = ! auditory n]ve to regi/]1 & o!rs too high = x to record1 bo? classes1 h[ev]1 capable ( be+ record$ by sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,x is also reg>d$ z c]ta9 t "s ( ! l[] animals are consci\s ( s\nd vibrations :i* are n regi/]$ by ! human auditory n]ves4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,smell4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( smell t]m9ate 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! no/rils4 ,9 ord] t ^! n]ves report ! odor ( outside objects1 actual contact ( m9ute p>ticles ( ! object ) ! muc\s membrane ( ! no/rils is necess>y4 ,?is is possible only by ! passage ?r\gh ! no/rils ( air conta9+ ^! p>ticles2 m]e ne>ness to ! no/ril w n suffice4 ,^! p>ticles are = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( t5u\s gases4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances affect ! olfactory n]ves mu* m ?an d o!rs1 ! diff]5ce aris+ f ! *emical composition ( ! sub/ance4 ,! olfactory n]ves convey ! report to ! bra94 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,ta/e4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( ta/e t]m9ate 9 ! tongue1 or r 9 ! t9y cells ( ! tongue :i* are call$ ta/e buds4 ,sub/ances tak5 into ! m\? *emically affect ^! t9y cells1 & an impulse is transmitt$ to ! gu/atory n]ves1 :i* !n report ! s5sation to ! bra94 ,! au?orities claim t ta/e s5sations may be r$uc$ to five g5]al classes1 viz43 sweet1 bitt]1 s\r1 salty1 & hot4 ,!re are c]ta9 n]ve c5t]s hav+ important (fices 9 ! production & expression ( m5tal /ates1 locat$ 9 ! skull & 9 ! sp9al column--! bra9 & ! sp9al cord--:i* we %all consid] 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,great ,n]ve ,c5t]s4 ,! great n]ve c5t]s :i* play an important "p 9 ! production & expression ( m5tal /ates are ^? ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 respectively4 ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4 ,! sp9al cord is t cord or rope ( n]ve sub/ance :i* is inclos$ 9 ! sp9al column or backbone4 ,x leaves ! l[] "p ( ! skull & ext5ds d[nw>d 9 ! int]ior ( ! sp9al column = ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,x is cont9u\s ) ! bra91 h[ev]1 & x is difficult to det]m9e :]e "o beg9s & ! o!r ends4 ,x is compos$ ( a mass ( gray matt] surr\nd$ by a cov]+ ( :ite matt]4 ,f ! sp9al cord1 along its l5g?1 em]ge ?irty-"o pairs ( sp9al n]ves :i* bran* out to ea* side ( ! body & connect ) ! v>i\s small] n]ves1 ext5d+ to all p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! sp9al cord is ! great c5tral cable ( ! n]v\s telegraphic sy/em1 & any injury to or ob/ruction ( x cripples or p>alyzes ^? portions ( ! body ! n]ves ( :i* ent] ! sp9al cord bel[ ! seat ( ! injury or ob/ruction4 ,injuries or ob/ructions ( ?is k9d n only inhibit ! s5sory reports f ! affect$ area1 b also inhibit ! motor impulses f ! bra9 :i* are int5d$ to move ! limbs or p>ts ( ! body4 ,,! ,,ganglia ,,or ,,t9y ,,bra9s4 ,:at are kn[n z ganglia1 or t9y bun*es ( n]ve cells1 are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 includ+ ! sp9al n]ves4 ,^! gr\ps ( n]ve cells are sometimes call$ little bra9s1 & p]=m q important (fices 9 ! me*anism ( ?\ght & action4 ,! sp9al ganglia receive s5sory reports1 & issue motor impulses1 9 _m cases1 )\t tr\bl+ ! c5tral bra9 reg>d+ ! matt]4 ,^! activities are kn[n z reflex n]v\s action4 ,,reflex ,,action4 ,:at is kn[n z reflex n]v\s action is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! activities ( ! n]v\s & m5tal me*anism1 & ! k !re( usually comes z a surprise to ! av]age p]son1 = he is g5]ally "u ! impression t ^! activities are possible only to ! c5tral bra94 ,x is a fact t n only is ! c5tral bra9 really a tr9ity ( ?ree bra9s1 b t1 9 addition to ^!1 e "o has a great numb] ( little bra9s di/ribut$ ov] 8 n]v\s sy/em1 any & all ( :i* are capable ( receiv+ s5sory reports & also ( s5d+ =? motor impulses4 ,x is q wor? :ile = "o to become acqua9t$ ) ?is wond]ful =m ( neuro-m5tal activity4 ,a c9d] ent]s ! eye1 ! report rea*es a ganglion1 a motor impulse is s5t =?1 & ! eyelid closes4 ,! same result ensues if an object approa*es ! eye b )\t actually ent]+ x4 ,9 ei!r case ! p]son is n consci\s ( ! s5sation & motor impulse until ! latt] has be5 accompli%$4 ,?is is reflex action4 ,! in/9ctive movem5t ( ! tickl$ foot is ano!r in/ance4 ,! j]k+ away ( ! h& burnt by ! light$ end ( ! cig>1 or prick$ by ! po9t ( ! p91 is ano!r in/ance4 ,! involunt>y activities1 & ^? kn[n z unconsci\s activities1 result f reflex action4 ,m ?an ?is1 x is a fact t _m activities orig9ally volunt>y become :at is kn[n z acquir$ reflexes1 or motor habits1 by means ( c]ta9 n]v\s c5t]s acquir+ ! habit ( s5d+ =? c]ta9 motor impulses 9 response to c]ta9 s5sory reports4 ,! famili> movem5ts ( our lives are l>gely p]=m$ 9 ?is way1 z1 = in/ance1 walk+1 us+ knife & =k1 op]at+ typewrit]s1 ma*9es ( all k9ds1 writ+1 etc4 ,! squirm+ ( a decapitat$ snake1 ! muscul> movem5ts ( a decapitat$ frog1 & ! viol5t /ruggles1 flutt]+1 & leaps ( ! decapitat$ f[l1 are in/ances ( reflex action4 ,m$ical reports indicate t 9 cases ( decapitation ev5 man may manife/ simil> reflex action 9 "s cases4 ,?us we may see t we may feel & w by means ( our little bra9s z well z by ! c5tral bra9 or bra9s4 ,:atev] m9d may be1 x is c]ta9 t 9 ^! processes x employs o!r portions ( ! n]v\s sy/em ?an ! c5tral bra94 ,,! ,,?ree ,,bra9s4 ,:at is kn[n z ! bra9 ( man is really a tr9ity ( ?ree bra9s1 kn[n respectively z 7#a7 ! m$ulla oblongata1 7#b7 ! c]ebellum1 & 7#c7 ! c]ebrum4 ,if "o wi%es to limit ! m5tal activity to consci\s intellectual ef=t1 !n & !n only is he correct 9 consid]+ ! c]ebrum or l>ge bra9 z ! bra94 ,! ,m$ulla ,oblongata4--,! m$ulla oblongata is an enl>gem5t ( ! sp9al cord at ! base ( ! bra94 ,its (fice is t ( controll+ ! involunt>y activities ( ! body1 su* z respiration1 circulation1 assimilation1 etc4 ,9 a broad s5se1 its activities may be said to be ( ! nature ( highly develop$ & complex reflex activities4 ,x manife/s *iefly ?r\gh ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em :i* controls ! vital functions4 ,x does n ne$ to call on ! l>ge bra9 9 ^! matt]s1 ord9>ily1 & is able to p]=m its tasks )\t ! plane ( ord9>y consci\sness4 ,! ,c]ebellum4--,! c]ebellum1 also kn[n z ! little bra91 lies j above ! m$ulla oblongata1 & j bel[ ! re> portion ( ! c]ebrum or great bra94 ,x comb9es ! nature ( a purely reflex c5t] on ! "o h&1 ) t ( habit m9d on ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 x fills a place betwe5 ! activities ( ! c]ebrum & ! m$ulla oblongata1 hav+ "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*4 ,x is ! organ ( a numb] ( important acquir$ reflexes1 su* z walk+1 & _m o!r famili> muscul> movem5ts1 :i* h fir/ be5 consci\sly acquir$ & !n become habitual4 ,! skill$ skat]1 bicycli/1 typi/1 or ma*9i/ dep5ds ^u ! c]ebellum = ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* he p]=ms 8 movem5ts )\t ?9k+ ( !m4 ,"o may be said nev] to h ?or\ghly acquir$ a set ( muscul> movem5ts su* z we h m5tion$1 until ! c]ebellum has tak5 ov] ! task & reliev$ ! c]ebrum ( ! consci\s ef=t4 ,"o's te*nique is nev] p]fect$ until ! c]ebellum assumes control & direction ( ! necess>y movem5ts & ! impulses are s5t =? f bel[ ! plane ( ord9>y consci\sness4 ,! ,c]ebrum4--,! c]ebrum1 or great bra9 7:i* is reg>d$ z ! bra9 by ! av]age p]son71 is situat$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! skull1 & occupies by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! cavity ( ! skull4 ,x is divid$ into two great divisions or hemisph]es4 ,! be/ ( ! mod]n au?orities are agre$ t ! c]ebrum has zones or areas ( specializ$ function+1 "s ( :i* receive ! s5sory reports ( ! n]ves & organs ( s5se1 :ile o!rs s5d =? ! motor impulses :i* result 9 volunt>y physical action4 ,_m ( ^! areas or zones h be5 locat$ by sci5ce1 :ile o!rs rema9 z yet unlocat$4 ,! probability is t 9 "t sci5ce w succe$ 9 correctly locat+ ! area or zone ( ea* & e class ( s5sation & motor impulse4 ,,! ,,cortex4 ,! area ( ?\ght1 memory1 & imag9ation has n be5 cle>ly locat$1 except t ^! m5tal /ates are believ$ to h _! seat 9 ! cortex or out] ?9 r9d ( gray bra9 matt] :i* envelopes & cov]s ! mass ( bra9 sub/ance4 ,x is1 moreov]1 consid]$ probable t ! high] processes ( reason+ are p]=m$ 9 or by ! cortex ( ! frontal lobes4 ,! cortex ( a p]son ( av]age intellig5ce1 if spread out on a flat surface1 measures ab\t f\r squ>e feet4 ,! high] ! degree ( intellig5ce possess$ by a l[] animal or human be+1 z a rule1 ! deep] & m num]\s are ! folds or convolutions ( ! cortex1 & ! f9] its /ructure4 ,x may be /at$ z a g5]al rule1 ) b v few exceptions1 t ! high] ! degree ( intellig5ce 9 a l[] animal or human be+1 ! great] is ! area ( its cortex 9 proportion to ! size ( ! bra94 ,! cortex1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is fold$ into deep furr[s or convolutions1 ! bra9 9 %ape1 divisions1 & convolutions resembl+ ! inn] portion ( an ,engli% walnut4 ,! int]ior ( ! two hemisph]es ( ! c]ebrum is compos$ l>gely ( connective n]ves :i* d\btless s]ve to produce & ma9ta9 ! unity ( function ( ! m5tal processes4 ,:ile physiological psy*ology has p]=m$ great "w 9 discov]+ bra9-c5t]s & expla9+ mu* ( ! me*anism ( m5tal processes1 x has b t\*$ ! mo/ elem5t>y & simple ( ! m5tal processes4 ,! high] processes h s f> defi$ analysis or explanation 9 ! t]ms ( physiology4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,consci\sness4 ,! fact ( consci\sness is ! great my/]y ( psy*ology4 ,x is difficult ev5 to def9e ! t]m1 al?\gh e p]son ( av]age intellig5ce und]/&s :at is s\ght to be convey$ by x4 ,web/] def9es x z k ( "o's own exi/5ce1 s5sations1 m5tal op]ations1 etc42 imm$iate k or p]ception ( any object1 /ate1 or s5sation2 be+ aw>e2 be+ s5sible (4 ,ano!r au?ority def9es ! t]m z ! /ate ( be+ aw>e ( "o's s5sations2 ! p[]1 faculty1 or m5tal /ate ( be+ aw>e ( "o's own exi/5ce1 condition at ! mom5t1 ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & actions4 ,halleck's def9ition is3 ,t indef9able *>act]i/ic ( m5tal /ates :i* causes u to be aw>e ( !m4 ,x w be se5 t ! idea ( aw>5ess is ! ess5ce ( ! idea ( consci\sness4 ,b1 at ! la/1 we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge t x is impossible to closely def9e consci\sness1 = x is some?+ s entirely unique & diff]5t f any?+ else t we h no o!r t]ms at all synonym\s to x4 ,we c def9e x only 9 its own t]ms1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! def9itions above giv54 ,& x is equally impossible to cle>ly acc\nt = its appe>ance & be+4 ,huxley has well said3 ,h[ x is t any?+ s rem>kable z a /ate ( consci\sness comes ab\t by ! result ( irritat+ n]v\s tissue1 is j z unacc\ntable z ! appe>ance ( ! j9nee :5 ,aladd9 rubb$ 8 lamp4 ,all t we c ev] "k reg>d+ ! nature ( consci\sness mu/ be le>n$ f turn+ ! consci\sness 9 ourselves back ^u itself--by focus+ consci\sness ^u its own m5tal op]ations by means ( introspection4 ,by turn+ inw>d ! consci\s gaze we may p]ceive ! fl[ ( ! /ream ( ?\ght f its rise f ! subconsci\s regions ( ! m9d to its f9al disappe>ance 9 ! same region4 ,x is a common error to suppose t we are directly consci\s ( objects outside ( ourselves4 ,?is is impossible1 = !re is no direct k ( su* outside objects4 ,we are consci\s m]ely ( our s5sations (1 or m5tal images (1 ! outside objects4 ,all t x is possible = u to be directly consci\s ( are our own m5tal exp]i5ces or /ates4 ,we _c be directly consci\s ( any?+ outside ( our own m9ds4 ,we are n directly consci\s ( ! tree :i* we see2 we are directly consci\s m]ely ( ! s5sation ( ! n]ves aris+ f ! impact ( ! light waves c>ry+ ! image ( ! tree4 ,we are n directly consci\s ( ! tree :5 we t\* x & p]ceive its "* 9 t way2 we are directly consci\s m]ely ( ! s5sation report$ by ! n]ves 9 ! f+] tips :i* h come 9 contact ) ! tree4 ,we are directly consci\s ev5 ( our own bodies only 9 ! same way4 ,x is necess>y = ! m9d to exp]i5ce t ( :i* x may become consci\s4 ,we are consci\s only ( 7#a7 t :i* our m9d is exp]i5c+ at ?is mom5t1 or 7#b7 t :i* x has exp]i5c$ 9 ! pa/1 & :i* is be+ re-exp]i5c$ ?is mom5t by ! process ( ! memory1 or :i* is be+ re-comb9$ or re-arrang$ ?is mom5t by ! imag9ation4 ,,subconsci\s ,,planes4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t e m5tal /ate or m5tal fact is 9 ! field ( consci\sness4 ,?is error has be5 explod$ = _m ye>s4 ,! fact is n[ recogniz$ t ! field ( consci\sness is a v n>r[ & limit$ "o1 & t ! great field ( m5tal activity lies outside ( its n>r[ limits4 ,beyond & outside ( ! n>r[ field ( consci\sness lies ! great subconsci\s /oreh\se ( memory 9 :i* are /or$ ! exp]i5ces ( ! pa/1 to be drawn aga9 into ! field ( consci\sness by an ef=t ( ! w 9 ! act ( recollection1 or by association 9 ord9>y remembrance4 ,9 t great region1 also1 ! m9d manife/s _m ( its activities & p]=ms mu* ( its "w4 ,9 t great region are evolv$ ! emotions & feel+s :i* play su* an important "p 9 our lives1 & :i* (t5 manife/ a vague di/urb+ unre/ long be=e !y rise to ! plane ( consci\sness4 ,9 t great region are produc$ ! ideas1 feel+s1 & conceptions :i* arise to ! plane ( consci\sness & manife/ t :i* m5 call g5ius4 ,on ! subconsci\s plane ! imag9ation does mu* ( its "w1 & />tles its own] by pres5t+ him ) ! accompli%$ result 9 ! field ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! subconsci\s field is p]=m$ t peculi> process ( m5tal ma/ication1 dige/ion1 & assimilation ) :i* all bra9 work]s are famili>1 & :i* absorbs ! raw m5tal mat]ial giv5 x1 sep>ates1 dige/s1 & assimilates x1 & re-pres5ts x to ! consci\s faculties sometime aft] z a trans=m$ sub/ance4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t at lea/ eighty-five p] c5t4 ( our m5tal activities are p]=m$ bel[ or outside ( ! field ( consci\sness4 ,! psy*ology ( to-day is pay+ mu* att5tion to ?is =m]ly neglect$ great area or areas ( ! m9d4 ,! psy*ology ( to-morr[ w pay /ill great] att5tion to x4 ,! be/ ( ! mod]n au?orities agree t 9 ! great field ( subconsci\s m5tation is to be f\nd ! explanation ( mu* t is unexpla9able o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 x is probable t be=e long consci\sness w be reg>d$ z a m]e focus+ ( att5tion ^u m5tal /ates1 & ! objects ( consci\sness m]ely z t portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9d 9 ! field ( m5tal vision creat$ by su* focus+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,att5tion4 ,intimately connect$ ) ! object ( consci\sness is t process ( ! m9d :i* we call att5tion4 ,att5tion is g5]ally def9$ z ! application ( ! m9d to a m5tal /ate4 ,x is (t5 ref]r$ to z conc5trat$ consci\sness1 b o!rs h v5tur$ ! some:at d>+ conjecture t consci\sness itself is r ! result ( att5tion1 in/ead ( ! latt] be+ an incid5t ( consci\sness4 ,we %all n attempt to discuss ?is "q "h1 except to /ate t consci\sness dep5ds v mat]ially ^u ! degree ( att5tion be/[$ ^u its object4 ,! au?orities place great importance ^u ! intellig5t direction ( ! att5tion1 & hold t )\t ?is ! high] =ms ( k are impossible4 ,x is ! common belief t we feel1 see1 he>1 ta/e1 or smell :5ev] objects affect+ ^? s5ses come 9 contact ) ! organs ( s5se gov]n+ !m4 ,b ?is is only a p>tial tru?4 ,! real tru? is t we become consci\s ( ! report ( ^! s5ses only :5 ! att5tion is direct$ t[>d ! s5sation1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily4 ,t is to say1 t 9 _m cases al?\gh ! s5se n]ves & organs report a di/urbance1 ! m9d does n become consci\sly aw>e ( ! report unless ! att5tion is direct$ t[>d x ei!r by an act ( w or else by reflex action4 ,= in/ance1 ! clock may /rike l\dly1 & yet we may n be consci\s ( ! fact1 = we are conc5trat+ our att5tion ^u a book2 or we may eat ! *oice/ food )\t ta/+ x1 = we are li/5+ int5tly to ! conv]sation ( our *>m+ neighbor4 ,we may fail to p]ceive "s />tl+ occurr5ce happ5+ "u our v eyes1 = we are buri$ 9 deep ?\ght conc]n+ some?+ f> remov$ f ! pres5t sc5e4 ,!re are _m cases on record %[+ t "o may be s int]e/$ 9 speak+1 ?9k+1 or act+ t he w n exp]i5ce pa9 t w\ld o!rwise be intol]able4 ,writ]s h =gott5 _! pa9 9 ! conc5trat$ int]e/ be/[$ ^u _! "w2 mo!rs h fail$ to feel pa9 :5 _! infants requir$ urg5t att5tion2 orators h be5 s c>ri$ away by _! own eloqu5ce t !y h fail$ to feel ! prick+ ( ! p9 by means ( :i* _! fri5ds h s\ght to attract _! att5tion4 ,n only p]ception & feel+ dep5d l>gely ^u att5tion1 b ! processes ( reason+1 memory1 & ev5 ( w1 dep5d ^u att5tion = mu* ( _! manife/ation4 ,psy*ologi/s divide att5tion into two g5]al classes1 viz43 7#a7 volunt>y att5tion & 7#b7 involunt>y att5tion4 ,volunt>y att5tion is att5tion direct$ by ! w to "s object ( our own m or less delib]ate selection4 ,x requires a di/9ct ef=t ( ! w 9 ord] to focus ! att5tion 9 ?is way1 & _m p]sons are sc>cely aw>e ( its exi/5ce1 s seldom d !y manife/ x4 ,volunt>y att5tion is ! result ( tra9+ & practice1 & m>ks ! man ( /rong w1 conc5tration1 & "*4 ,"s au?orities g s f> z to say t mu* ( t :i* is commonly call$ w p[] is really b a develop$ =m ( volunt>y att5tion1 ! man ( /rong w hold+ be=e him ! "o idea :i* he wi%es to realize4 ,involunt>y att5tion1 (t5 call$ reflex att5tion1 is att5tion call$ =? by a n]v\s response to "s s5se /imulus4 ,?is is ! common =m ( att5tion1 & is b ! same =m :i* is s /rongly manife/$ by *ildr5 ^: att5tion is caught by e new object1 b :i* _c be held = any l5g? ( "t by a famili> or un9t]e/+ "o4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t "o %\ld cultivate 8 p[] ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,n only is ! w p[] /r5g!n$ & develop$ 9 ?is way1 b e m5tal faculty is develop$ by reason !re(4 ,! tra9+ ( ! volunt>y att5tion is ! fir/ /ep 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,att5tion4 ,t ! volunt>y att5tion may be delib]ately tra9$ & develop$ is a fact :i* _m ( ! _w's greate/ m5 h prov$ = !mselves4 ,!re is only "o way to tra9 & develop any m5tal p[] ( faculty--& t is by practice & use4 ,by practice1 int]e/ may be giv5 to objects previ\sly un9t]e/+1 & ?us ! use ( ! att5tion develops ! int]e/ :i* fur!r holds x4 ,int]e/ is ! natural road ov] :i* att5tion travels easily1 b int]e/ itself may be induc$ by conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,by /udy+ & exam9+ an object1 ! att5tion br+s to light _m new & novel features reg>d+ ! ?+1 & ^! produce a new int]e/ :i* 9 turn attracts fur!r & cont9u$ att5tion4 ,!re is no royal road to ! developm5t ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,! only true me?od is "w1 practice1 & use4 ,y mu/ practice on un9t]e/+ ?+s1 ! prim>y int]e/ be+ y\r desire to develop ! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,b z y beg9 to att5d to ! un9t]e/+ ?+ y w become int]e/$ 9 ! task = its own sake4 ,take "s object & place y\r m9d ^u x4 ,?9k ( its nature1 :]e x came f1 its use1 its associations1 its probable future1 ( ?+s relat$ to x1 etc41 etc4 ,keep ! att5tion firmly ^u x1 & %ut out all outside ideas4 ,!n1 aft] a little practice ( ?is k9d1 lay aside ! object = ! "t be+1 & take x up aga9 ! next day1 endeavor+ to discov] new po9ts ( int]e/ 9 x4 ,! ma9 ?+ to be s\ght is to hold ! ?+ 9 y\r m9d1 & ?is c be done only by discov]+ features ( int]e/ 9 x4 ,! int]e/-lov+ att5tion may rebel at ?is task at fir/1 & w seek to w&] f ! pa? into ! gre5 pa/ures :i* are f\nd on ea* side !re(4 ,b y mu/ br+ ! m9d back to ! task1 aga9 & aga94 ,aft] a "t ! m9d w become accu/om$ to ! drill1 & w ev5 beg9 to enjoy x4 ,give x "s v>iety by occasionally *ang+ ! objects ( exam9ation4 ,! object ne$ n always be some?+ to be look$ at4 ,in/ead1 select "s subject 9 hi/ory or lit]ature1 & run x d[n1 endeavor+ to br+ to light all ! facts relat+ to x t are possible to y4 ,any?+ may be us$ z ! subject or object ( y\r inquiry2 b :at is *os5 mu/ be held 9 ! field ( consci\s att5tion firmly & fix$ly4 ,! habit once acquir$1 y w f9d ! practice mo/ fasc9at+4 ,y w inv5t new subjects or objects ( inquiry1 inve/igation1 & ?\ght1 :i* 9 !mselves w well repay y = y\r "w & "t4 ,b nev] lose sight ( ! ma9 po9t--! developm5t ( ! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,9 /udy+ ! me?ods ( develop+ & tra9+ ! volunt>y att5tion1 ! /ud5t %\ld rememb] t any ex]cise :i* develops ! w1 w result 9 develop+ ! att5tion2 &1 likewise1 any ex]cise :i* develops ! volunt>y att5tion w t5d to /r5g!n ! w4 ,! w & att5tion are s closely b\nd toge!r t :at affects "o also influ5ces ! o!r4 ,?is fact %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 & ! ex]cises & practices bas$ ^u x4 ,9 practic+ conc5tration ( volunt>y att5tion1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t conc5trat+ consi/s n only ( focus+ ! att5tion ^u a giv5 object or subject1 b also ( ! %utt+ out ( impressions f o!r objects or subjects4 ,"s au?orities advise t ! /ud5t endeavor to li/5 to "o voice among _m1 or "o in/rum5t among ! _m ( a b& or or*e/ra4 ,o!rs advise ! practice ( conc5trat+ on ! read+ ( a book 9 a room fill$ by p]sons engag$ 9 conv]sation1 & simil> ex]cises4 ,:atev] aids 9 n>r[+ ! circle ( att5tion at a giv5 mom5t t5ds to develop ! p[] ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,! /udy ( ma!matics & logic is also held to be an excell5t practice 9 conc5tration ( volunt>y att5tion1 inasmu* z ^! /udies require close conc5tration & att5tion4 ,att5tion is also develop$ by any /udy or practice :i* dem&s analysis ( a :ole into its p>ts1 & !n ! syn!sis or build+ up ( a :ole f its scatt]$ p>ts4 ,ea* ( ! s5ses %\ld play a "p 9 ! ex]cises1 & 9 addition to ?is ! m9d %\ld be tra9$ to conc5trate ^u "s "o idea held )9 itself--"s m5tal image or ab/ract idea exi/+ indep5d5tly ( any object ( imm$iate s5se report4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,p]ception4 ,x is a common mi/ake t we p]ceive ev]y?+ t is report$ to ! m9d by ! s5ses4 ,z a matt] ( fact we p]ceive b a v small portion ( ! reports ( ! s5ses4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( sights report$ by our eyes1 s\nds report$ by our e>s1 smells report$ by our no/rils1 & contacts report$ by our n]ves ( t\*1 e day ( our lives1 b :i* are n p]ceiv$ or obs]v$ by ! m9d4 ,we p]ceive & obs]ve only :5 ! att5tion1 reflex or volunt>y1 is direct$ to ! report ( ! s5ses1 & :5 ! m9d int]prets ! report4 ,:ile p]ception dep5ds ^u ! reports ( ! s5ses = its raw mat]ial1 x dep5ds entirely ^u ! application ( ! m9d = its complete manife/ation4 ,! /ud5t usually exp]i5ces great difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 s5sation & p]ception4 ,a s5sation is a simple report ( ! s5ses1 :i* is receiv$ 9 consci\sness4 ,p]ception is ! ?\ght aris+ f ! feel+ ( ! s5sation4 ,p]ception usually comb9es sev]al s5sations into "o ?\ght or p]cept4 ,by s5sation ! m9d feels2 by p]ception x kn[s t x feels1 & recognizes ! object caus+ ! s5sation4 ,s5sation m]ely br+s a report f outside objects1 :ile p]ception id5tifies ! report ) ! object :i* caus$ x4 ,p]ception int]prets ! reports ( s5sation4 ,s5sation reports a fla% ( light f above2 p]ception int]prets ! light z />light1 or moonlight1 or sunlight1 or z ! fla% ( a meteor4 ,s5sation reports a %>p1 prick+1 pa9ful contact2 p]ception int]prets x z ! prick ( a p94 ,s5sation reports a r$ spot on a gre5 backgr\nd2 p]ception int]prets x z a b]ry on a bu%4 ,moreov]1 :ile we may p]ceive a simple s+le s5sation1 our p]ceptions are usually ( a gr\p ( s5sations4 ,p]ception is usually employ$ 9 gr\p+ s5sations & id5tify+ !m ) ! object or objects caus+ !m4 ,9 its id5tification x draws ^u :atev] memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces ! m9d may possess4 ,memory1 imag9ation1 feel+1 & ?\ght are call$ into play1 to "s ext5t1 9 e cle> p]ception4 ,! infant has b feeble p]ception1 b z x ga9s exp]i5ce x beg9s to manife/ p]ceptions & =m p]cepts4 ,s5sations resemble ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & p]ception ! =m+ ( words & s5t5ces f ! lett]s4 ,?us c1 a1 & t symbolize s5sations1 :ile ! ^w cat1 =m$ f !m1 symbolizes ! p]ception ( ! object4 ,x is held t all k beg9s ) s5sation2 t ! m5tal hi/ory ( ! race or individual beg9s ) its fir/ s5sation4 ,b1 :ile ?is is admitt$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t s5sation simply provides ! simple1 elem5t>y1 raw mat]ial ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ process ( actual ?\ght1 or k1 beg9s ) p]ception4 ,f our p]cepts all ( our high] concepts & ideas are =m$4 ,p]ception dep5ds ^u association ( ! s5sation ) o!r s5sations previ\sly exp]i5c$2 x is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,! great] ! exp]i5ce1 ! great] is ! possibility ( p]ception1 all else be+ equal4 ,:5 p]ception beg9s1 ! m9d loses sight ( ! s5sation 9 itself1 = x id5tifies x z a quality ( ! ?+ produc+ x4 ,! s5sation ( light is ?\ght ( z a quality ( ! />2 ! prick+ s5sation is ?\ght ( z a quality ( ! p9 or *e/nut bur2 ! s5sation ( odor is ?\ght ( z a quality ( ! rose4 ,9 ! case ( ! rose1 ! sev]al s5sations ( sight1 t\*1 & smell1 9 _! impression ( ! qualities ( color1 %ape1 s(tness1 & p]fume1 are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! p]cept ( ! complete object ( ! fl[]4 ,a p]cept is t :i* is p]ceiv$2 ! object ( ! act ( p]ception4 ,! p]cept1 ( c\rse1 is a m5tal /ate correspond+ ) its outside object4 ,x is a comb9ation ( sev]al s5sations :i* are reg>d$ z ! qualities ( ! outside object1 to :i* are comb9$ ! memories ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 ideas1 feel+s1 & ?\ghts4 ,a p]cept1 !n1 :ile ! simple/ =m ( ?\ght1 is se5 to be a m5tal /ate4 ,! =mation ( a p]cept consi/s ( ?ree gradual /ages1 viz43 7#a7 ,! att5tion =ms def9ite consci\s s5sations f indef9ite n]v\s reports2 7#b7 ! m9d int]prets ^! def9ite consci\s s5sations & attributes !m to ! outside object caus+ !m2 7#c7 ! relat$ s5sations are gr\p$ toge!r1 _! unity p]ceiv$1 & !y are reg>d$ z qualities ( ! outside object4 ,! pla9 di/9ction betwe5 a s5sation & a p]cept may be fix$ 9 ! m9d by rememb]+ ! foll[+3 ,a s5sation is a feel+2 a p]cept is a simple ?\ght id5tify+ "o or m s5sations4 ,a s5sation is m]ely ! consci\s recognition ( an excitation ( a n]ve end2 a p]cept results f a di/9ct m5tal process reg>d+ ! s5sation4 ,,develop+ ,,p]ception4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t we develop & tra9 our p[]s ( p]ception4 ,= our education dep5ds v mat]ially ^u our p]ceptive p[]4 ,:at matt]s x to u if ! outside _w be fill$ ) manifold objects1 if we d n p]ceive !m to exi/8 ,^u p]ception dep5ds ! mat]ial ( our m5tal _w4 ,_m p]sons g ?r\gh ! _w )\t p]ceiv+ ev5 ! mo/ obvi\s facts4 ,_! eyes & e>s are p]fect in/rum5ts1 _! n]ves convey accurate reports1 b ! p]ceptive faculties ( ! m9d fail to obs]ve & int]pret ! report ( ! s5ses4 ,!y see & he> di/9ctly1 b ! reports ( ! s5ses are n obs]v$ or not$ by !m2 !y mean no?+ to !m4 ,"o may see _m ?+s1 & yet obs]ve b few4 ,x is n ^u :at we see or he> t our /ock ( k dep5ds1 s mu* z x does ^u :at we p]ceive1 notice1 or obs]ve4 ,n only is "o's /ock ( practical k l>gely bas$ ^u develop$ p]ception1 b "o's success also dep5ds mat]ially ^u ! same faculties4 ,9 bus9ess & pr(essional life ! successful man is usually he :o has develop$ p]ceptive p[]s2 he :o has le>n$ to p]ceive1 obs]ve1 & note4 ,! man :o p]ceives & takes m5tal notes ( :at occurs 9 8 _w is ! man :o is apt to "k ?+s :5 su* k is ne$$4 ,9 ?is age ( book education we f9d t ! "y p are n ne>ly s obs]vant z are ^? *ildr5 :o _h to dep5d ^u ! p[]s ( p]ception = _! k4 ,! "y ,arab or ,indian w obs]ve m 9 an h\r ?an ! civiliz$ *ild w 9 a day4 ,to live 9 a _w ( books t5ds1 9 _m cases1 to weak5 ! p[]s ( obs]vation & p]ception4 ,p]ception may be develop$ by practice4 ,beg9 by tak+ notice ( ! ?+s se5 & he>d 9 y\r usual walks4 ,keep wide op5 ! eyes ( ! m9d4 ,notice ! faces ( p1 _! walk1 _! *>act]i/ics4 ,look = int]e/+ & odd ?+s1 & y w see !m4 ,d n g ?r\gh life 9 a daydream1 b keep a %>p look\t = ?+s ( int]e/ & value4 ,! mo/ famili> ?+s w repay y = ! "t & "w ( exam9+ !m 9 detail1 & ! practice ga9$ by su* tasks w prove valuable 9 y\r developm5t ( p]ception4 ,an au?ority rem>ks t v few p]sons1 ev5 ^? liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 "k :e!r a c['s e>s are above1 bel[1 beh9d1 or 9 front ( h] horns2 nor :e!r cats desc5d trees head fir/ or tail fir/4 ,v few p]sons c di/+ui% betwe5 ! leaves ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( famili> trees 9 _! neighborhood4 ,comp>atively few p]sons are able to describe ! h\se 9 :i* !y live1 at lea/ beyond ! mo/ g5]al features--! details are unkn[n4 ,h\d91 ! ,fr5* conjur]1 0 able to pass by a %op w9d[ & p]ceive e article 9 x1 & !n repeat :at he _h se54 ,b he acquir$ ?is skill only by con/ant & gradual practice4 ,he himself decri$ 8 skill & claim$ t x 0 z no?+ comp>$ to t ( ! fa%ionable woman :o c pass ano!r woman on ! /reet & take 9 h] entire attire1 f head to foot1 at "o glance1 & be able to describe n only ! fa%ion & quality ( ! /uffs1 b also say if ! lace be real or only ma*9e made4 ,a =m] presid5t ( ,yale is said to h be5 able to glance at a book & read a qu>t] ( a page at "o "t4 ,any /udy or occupation :i* requires analysis w develop ! p[] ( p]ception4 ,consequ5tly1 if we w analyze ! ?+s we see1 resolv+ !m into _! p>ts or elem5ts1 we w likewise develop ! p]ceptive faculties4 ,x is a good ex]cise to exam9e "s small object & endeavor to discov] z _m sep>ate po9ts ( p]ception z possible1 not+ !m on a %eet ( pap]4 ,! mo/ famili> object1 if c>efully exam9$1 w yield ri* returns4 ,if two p]sons w ent] into a conte/ ( ?is k9d1 ! _s ( rivalry & competition w quick5 ! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,^? :o h _h ! pati5ce & p]sev]ance to sy/ematically practice ex]cises ( ?is k9d1 report t !y notice a /eady improvem5t f ! v />t4 ,b ev5 if "o does n feel incl9$ to practice 9 ?is way1 x w be f\nd possible to beg9 to take notice ( ! details ( ?+s "o sees1 ! expression ( p]sons' faces1 ! details ( _! dress1 _! tone ( voice1 ! quality ( ! goods we h&le1 & ! little ?+s especially4 ,p]ception1 l att5tion1 foll[s int]e/2 b1 likewise1 int]e/ may be creat$ 9 ?+s by obs]v+ _! details1 peculi>ities1 & *>act]i/ics4 ,! be/ k ga9$ by "o is t result+ f 8 own p]sonal p]ception4 ,!re is a ne>ness & tru5ess ab\t t :i* "o kn[s 9 ?is way :i* is lack+ 9 t :i* he m]ely believes because he has read or he>d x4 ,"o c make su* k a "p ( himself4 ,n only is "o's k dep5d5t ^u :at he p]ceives1 b 8 v "* also results f ! "* ( 8 p]cepts4 ,! influ5ce ( environm5t is great--& :at is environm5t b ?+s p]ceiv$ ab\t "o8 ,x is n s mu* :at lies outside ( "o1 z :at "p ( x gets inside ( "o by p]ception4 ,by direct+ 8 att5tion to desirable objects1 & p]ceiv+ z mu* ( !m z is possible1 "o really builds 8 own "* at w4 ,! _w ne$s good p]ceiv]s 9 all ! walks ( life4 ,x f9ds a %ortage ( !m1 & is dem&+ !m l\dly1 be+ will+ to pay a good price = _! s]vices4 ,! p]son :o c volunt>ily p]ceive & obs]ve ! details ( any pr(ession1 bus9ess1 or trade w g f> 9 t vocation4 ,! education ( *ildr5 %\ld take ! faculty ( p]ception into active consid]ation4 ,! k9d]g>t5 has tak5 "s /eps 9 ?is direction1 b !re is mu* m to be done4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,memory4 ,psy*ologi/s class z repres5tative m5tal processes ^? kn[n z memory & imag9ation1 respectively4 ,! t]m repres5tation is us$ 9 psy*ology to indicate ! processes ( re-pres5tation or pres5t+ aga9 to consci\sness t :i* has =m]ly be5 pres5t$ to x b :i* aft]w>d pass$ f its field4 ,z ,hamilton says3 ,! g5]al capability ( k necess>ily requires t1 besides ! p[] ( evok+ out ( unconsci\sness "o portion ( our reta9$ k 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 we possess ! faculty ( repres5t+ 9 consci\sness :at is ?us evok$4 ,memory is ! prim>y repres5tative faculty or p[] ( ! m9d4 ,imag9ation dep5ds ^u memory = its mat]ial1 z we %all see :5 we consid] t faculty4 ,e m5tal process :i* involves ! remembrance1 recollection1 or repres5tation ( a s5sation1 p]ception1 m5tal image1 ?\ght1 or idea previ\sly exp]i5c$ mu/ dep5d ^u memory = its mat]ial4 ,memory is ! great /oreh\se ( ! m9d 9 :i* are plac$ ! records ( previ\s m5tal exp]i5ces4 ,x is a "p ( ! great subconsci\s field ( m5tal activity1 & ! great] "p ( its "w is p]=m$ bel[ ! plane ( consci\sness4 ,x is only :5 its results are pass$ into ! field ( consci\sness t we are aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,we "k memory only by its works4 ,( its nature we "k b little1 al?\gh c]ta9 ( its pr9cipal laws & pr9ciples h be5 discov]$4 ,x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y to class memory ) ! v>i\s faculties ( ! m9d1 b lat] psy*ology no long] s consid]s x4 ,memory is n[ reg>d$ z a p[] ( ! g5]al m9d1 manife/+ 9 connection ) e faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x is n[ reg>d$ z belong+ to ! great subconsci\s field ( m5tation1 & its explanation mu/ be s\ght !re4 ,x is utt]ly unexpla9able o!rwise4 ,! importance ( memory _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,n only does a man's "* & education dep5d *iefly ^u x1 b 8 v m5tal be+ is b\nd up ) x4 ,if !re 7 no memory1 man w\ld nev] progress m5tally beyond ! m5tal /ate ( ! newborn babe4 ,he w\ld nev] be able to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,he w\ld nev] be able to =m cle> p]ceptions4 ,he w\ld nev] be able to reason or =m judgm5ts4 ,! processes ( ?\ght dep5d = mat]ial ^u ! memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces2 ?is mat]ial lack+1 !re c be no ?\ght4 ,memory has two important g5]al functions1 viz43 7#a7 ,! ret5tion ( impressions & exp]i5ces2 & 7#b7 ! reproduction ( ! impressions & exp]i5ces s reta9$4 ,x 0 =m]ly held t ! memory reta9$ only a portion ( ! impressions & exp]i5ces orig9ally not$ by x4 ,b ! pres5t !ory is t x reta9s e impression & exp]i5ce :i* is not$ by x4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! impressions are nev] reproduc$ 9 consci\sness1 b exp]im5ts t5d to prove1 nev]!less1 t ! records are /ill 9 ! memory & t appropriate & suffici5tly /rong /imuli w br+ !m into ! field ( consci\sness4 ,! ph5om5a ( somnambulism1 dreams1 hy/]ia1 delirium1 approa* ( dea?1 etc41 %[ t ! subconsci\s m9d has an imm5se accumulation ( app>5tly =gott5 facts1 :i* unusual /imuli w s]ve to recall4 ,! p[] ( ! memory to reproduce ! reta9$ impressions & exp]i5ces is v>i\sly call$ remembrance1 recollection1 or memory4 ,?is p[] v>ies mat]ially 9 v>i\s individuals1 b x is an axiom ( psy*ology t ! memory ( any p]son may be develop$ & tra9$ by practice4 ,! ability to recall dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! cle>ness & dep? ( ! orig9al impression1 :i* 9 turn dep5ds ^u ! degree ( att5tion giv5 to x at ! "t ( its occurr5ce4 ,recollection is also greatly aid$ by ! law ( association1 or ! pr9ciple :]eby "o m5tal fact is l9k$ to ano!r4 ,! m facts to :i* a giv5 fact is l9k$1 ! great] ! ease by :i* x is recall$ or rememb]$4 ,recollection is also greatly assi/$ by use & ex]cise4 ,l ! f+]s1 ! memory cells ( ! bra9 become exp]t & effici5t by use & ex]cise1 or /iff & ineffici5t by lack ( ! same4 ,9 addition to ! phases ( ret5tion & reproduction1 !re are two important phases ( memory1 viz43 7#c7 ,recognition ( ! reproduc$ impression or exp]i5ce2 & 7#d7 localization ( ! impression1 or its ref]5ce to a m or less def9ite "t & place4 ,! recognition ( ! recall$ impression is q important4 ,x is n en\gh t ! impression be reta9$ & recall$4 ,if we are n able to recognize ! recall$ impression z hav+ be5 exp]i5c$ be=e1 ! recollection w be ( b little use to u 9 our ?\ght processes2 ! purposes ( ?\ght dem& t we %all be able to id5tify ! recall$ impression ) ! orig9al "o4 ,recognition is really re-cognition--re-kn[+4 ,recognition is ak9 to p]ception4 ,! m9d becomes consci\s ( ! recall$ impression j z x becomes consci\s ( ! s5sation4 ,x !n recognizes ! relation ( ! recall$ impression to ! orig9al "o j z x realizes ! relation ( ! s5sation to its object4 ,! localization ( ! recall$ & recogniz$ impression is also important4 ,ev5 if we recognize ! recall$ impression1 x w be ( comp>atively little use to u unless we are able to locate x z hav+ happ5$ ye/]day1 la/ week1 la/ mon?1 la/ ye>1 t5 ye>s ago1 or at "s "t 9 ! pa/2 & z hav+ happ5$ 9 our (fice1 h\se1 or 9 su*-&-su* a place 9 ! /reet1 or 9 "s di/ant place4 ,)\t ! p[] ( localization we %\ld be unable to connect & associate ! rememb]$ fact ) ! "t1 place1 & p]sons ) :i* x %\ld be plac$ to be ( use & value to u 9 our ?\ght processes4 ,,ret5tion4 ,! ret5tion ( a m5tal impression 9 ! memory dep5ds v mat]ially ^u ! cle>ness & dep? ( ! orig9al impression4 ,& ?is cle>ness & dep?1 z we h previ\sly /at$1 dep5d ^u ! degree ( att5tion be/[$ ^u ! orig9al impression4 ,att5tion1 !n1 is ! important factor 9 ! =m+ & record+ ( impressions4 ,! rule is3 ,slight att5tion1 fa9t record2 m>k$ att5tion1 cle> & deep record4 ,to fix ?is fact 9 ! m9d1 ! /ud5t may ?9k ( ! ret5tive & reproductive phases ( memory z a phonographic record4 ,! receiv+ diaphragm ( ! phonograph repres5ts ! s5se organs1 & ! record+ ne$le repres5ts ! att5tion4 ,! ne$le makes ! record on ! cyl9d] deep or fa9t accord+ to ! condition ( ! ne$le4 ,a l\d s\nd may be record$ b fa9tly1 if ! ne$le is n prop]ly adju/$4 ,&1 fur!r1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! /r5g? ( ! reproduction dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! cle>ness & dep? ( ! orig9al impression on ! cyl9d]2 z is ! record1 s is ! reproduction4 ,x w be well = ! /ud5t to c>ry ?is symbol ( ! phonograph 9 8 m9d2 x w aid him 9 develop+ 8 p[]s ( memory4 ,9 ?is connection we %\ld rememb] t att5tion dep5ds l>gely ^u int]e/4 ,!re=e we w\ld naturally expect to f9d t we rememb] int]e/+ ?+s f> m readily ?an ^? :i* lack int]e/4 ,?is supposition is borne out 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t e "o rememb]s a c]ta9 class ( ?+s bett] ?an he does o!rs4 ,"o rememb]s faces1 ano!r dates1 ano!r spok5 conv]sation1 ano!r writt5 words1 & s on4 ,x w be f\nd1 z a rule1 t ea* p]son is int]e/$ 9 ! class ( ?+s :i* he mo/ easily rememb]s4 ,! arti/ easily rememb]s faces & details ( faces1 or sc5]y & details !re(4 ,! musician easily recalls passages or b>s ( music1 (t5 ( a mo/ complicat$ nature4 ,! speculator easily recalls ! quotations ( 8 favorite /ocks4 ,! rac+ man recalls )\t difficulty ! odds po/$ on a c]ta9 horse on a c]ta9 day1 or ! details ( a race :i* 0 run _m ye>s ago4 ,! moral is3 ,ar\se & induce an int]e/ 9 ! ?+s :i* y wi% to rememb]4 ,?is int]e/ may be ar\s$ by /udy+ ! ?+s 9 "q1 z we h sugge/$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,,visualization ,,9 ,,memory4 ,_m ( ! be/ au?orities hold t orig9al impressions may be made cle> & deep1 & ! process ( reproduction accord+ly r5d]$ m effici5t1 by ! practice ( visualiz+ ! ?+ to be rememb]$4 ,by visualiz+ is meant ! =mation ( a m5tal image ( ! ?+ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,if y wi% to rememb] ! appe>ance ( any?+1 look at x closely1 ) att5tion1 & !n turn+ away f x endeavor to reproduce its appe>ance z a m5tal picture 9 ! m9d4 ,if ?is is done1 a p>ticul>ly cle> impression w be made 9 ! memory1 & :5 y recall ! ?+ y w f9d t y w also recall ! cle> m5tal image ( x4 ,( c\rse ! great] ! numb] ( details obs]v$ & includ$ 9 ! orig9al m5tal image1 ! great] ! rememb]$ detail4 ,,p]ception ,,9 ,,memory4 ,n only is att5tion necess>y 9 =m+ cle> memory records1 b c>eful p]ception is also important4 ,)\t cle> p]ception !re is a lack ( detail 9 ! reta9$ record1 & ! elem5t ( association is lack+4 ,x is n en\gh to m]ely rememb] ! ?+ itself2 we %\ld also rememb] :at x is1 & all ab\t x4 ,! practice ( ! me?ods ( develop+ p]ception1 giv5 9 a prec$+ lesson1 w t5d to develop & tra9 ! ret5tive1 reproductive1 recognitive1 & locative p[]s ( ! memory4 ,! rule is3 ,! great] ! degree ( p]ception accord$ a ?+1 ! great] ! detail ( ! reta9$ impression1 & ! great] ! ease ( ! recollection4 ,,und]/&+ ,,& ,,memory4 ,ano!r important po9t 9 acquir+ impressions 9 memory is ?is3 ,t ! bett] ! und]/&+ ( ! subject or object1 ! cle>] ! impressions reg>d+ x1 & ! cle>] ! recollection ( x4 ,?is fact is prov$ by exp]im5t & exp]i5ce4 ,a subject :i* w be rememb]$ only ) difficulty "u ord9>y circum/ances w be easily rememb]$ if x is fully expla9$ to ! p]son1 & accompani$ by a few famili> illu/rations or examples4 ,x is v difficult to rememb] a mean+less /r+ ( words1 :ile a s5t5ce :i* conveys a cle> mean+ may be memoriz$ easily4 ,if we und]/& :at a ?+ is =1 its uses & employm5t1 we rememb] x f> m easily ?an if we lack ?is und]/&+4 ,elbr+haus1 :o conduct$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts along ?is l9e1 reports t he c\ld memorize a /anza ( poetry 9 ab\t "o t5? ! "t requir$ to memorize ! same am\nt ( nons5se syllables4 ,gordy /ates t he once ask$ a capable /ud5t ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity to give him an acc\nt ( a lecture to :i* he _h j li/5$4 ,i _c d x1 repli$ ! /ud5t2 x 0 n logical4 ,! rule is3 ,! m "o kn[s ab\t a c]ta9 ?+1 ! m easily is t ?+ rememb]$4 ,?is is a po9t wor? not+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,memory--,cont9u$4 ,! subject ( memory _c be t\*$ ^u intellig5tly )\t a consid]ation ( ! ,law ( ,association1 "o ( ! important psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,association4 ,:at is kn[n 9 psy*ology z ! ,law ( ,association is bas$ on ! fact t no idea exi/s 9 ! m9d except 9 association ) o!r ideas4 ,?is is n g5]ally recogniz$1 & ! majority ( p]sons w dispute ! law at fir/ ?\ght4 ,b ! exi/5ce & appe>ance ( ideas 9 ! m9d are gov]n$ by a m5tal law z inv>iable & con/ant z ! physical law ( gravitation4 ,e idea has associations ) o!r ideas4 ,ideas travel 9 gr\ps1 & "o gr\p is associat$ ) ano!r gr\p1 & s on1 until 9 ! end e idea 9 "o's m9d is associat$ directly or indirectly ) e o!r idea4 ,!oretically1 at lea/1 x w\ld be possible to beg9 ) "o idea 9 ! m9d ( a p]son1 & !n gradually unw9d 8 entire /ock ( ideas l ! y>n on ! ball4 ,our ?\ghts proce$ accord+ to ?is law4 ,we sit d[n 9 a br[n /udy & proce$ f "o subject to ano!r1 until we are unable to rememb] any connection betwe5 ! fir/ ?\ght & ! la/4 ,b ea* /ep ( ! rev]ie 0 connect$ ) ! "o prec$+ & ! "o succe$+ x4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace back ^! connections4 ,poe bas$ "o ( 8 celebrat$ detective /ories on ?is law4 ,! rev]ie may be brok5 into by a sudd5 impression f outside1 & we w !n proce$ f t impression1 connect+ x ) some?+ else already 9 our exp]i5ce1 & />t+ a new *a9 ( sequ5ce4 ,(t5 we fail to trace ! associations gov]n+ our ideas1 b ! *a9 is !re nev]!less4 ,"o may ?9k ( a pa/ sc5e or exp]i5ce )\t any app>5t cause4 ,a little ?\ght w %[ t some?+ se51 or a few notes ( a song float+ to ! e>s1 or ! fragrance ( a fl[]1 has suppli$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,a sugge/ion ( mignonette w recall "s pa/ ev5t 9 :i* ! p]fume play$ a "p2 "s "o's h&k]*ief1 p]haps1 c>ri$ ! same odor4 ,or an old famili> tune rem9ds "o ( "s "o1 some?+1 or "s place 9 ! pa/4 ,a famili> feature 9 ! c\nt5ance ( a pass]-by w />t "o ?9k+ ( "s "o else :o _h t k9d ( a m\?1 t %ap$ nose1 or t expression ( ! eye--& away he w be (f 9 a sequ5ce ( rememb]$ exp]i5ces4 ,(t5 ! />t+ idea1 or ! connect+ l9ks1 may appe> b dimly 9 consci\sness2 b re/ assur$ !y are always !re4 ,9 fact1 we frequ5tly accept ?is law1 unconsci\sly & )\t realiz+ its actual exi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 "o makes a rem>k1 & at once we wond]1 ,h[ did he come to ?9k ( t8 &1 if we are %rewd1 we may discov] :at 0 9 8 m9d be=e he spoke4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( association ( ideas 9 memory1 viz43 7#a7 ,association ( contiguity1 & 7#b7 logical association4 ,association ( contiguity is t =m ( association dep5d+ ^u ! previ\s association 9 "t or space ( ideas :i* h be5 impress$ on ! m9d4 ,= in/ance1 if y met ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,wett]horn & 7 introduc$ to !m "o aft] ! o!r1 !reaft] y w naturally rememb] ,mr4 ,w4 :5 y ?9k ( ,mrs4 ,w41 & vice v]sa4 ,y w naturally rememb] ,napoleon :5 y ?9k ( ,well+ton1 or ,b5$ict ,arnold :5 y ?9k ( ,major ,&r1 = ! same reason4 ,y w also naturally rememb] b & c :5 y ?9k ( a4 ,likewise1 y w ?9k ( ab/ract "t :5 y ?9k ( ab/ract space1 ( ?und] :5 y ?9k ( lightn+1 ( colic :5 y recall gre5 apples1 ( love mak+ & moonlight nights :5 y ?9k ( college days4 ,9 ! same way we rememb] ?+s :i* occurr$ j be=e or j aft] ! ev5t 9 our m9d at ! mom5t2 ( ?+s ne> 9 space to ! ?+ ( :i* we are ?9k+4 ,logical association dep5ds ^u ! relation ( lik5ess or diff]5ce betwe5 sev]al ?+s ?\ght (4 ,?+s ?us associat$ may h nev] come into ! m9d at ! same previ\s "t1 nor are !y necess>ily connect$ 9 "t & space4 ,"o may ?9k ( a book1 & !n proce$ by association to ?9k ( ano!r book by ! same au?or1 or ( ano!r au?or treat+ ( ! same subject4 ,or he may ?9k ( a book directly oppos$ to ! fir/1 ! relation ( di/9ct diff]5ce caus+ ! associat$ idea4 ,logical association dep5ds ^u inn] relations1 & n ^u ! out] relations ( "t & space4 ,?is inn]ness ( relation betwe5 ?+s n connect$ 9 space or "t is discov]$ only by exp]i5ce & education4 ,! educat$ man realizes _m po9ts ( relation%ip betwe5 ?+s t are ?\ght by ! un$ucat$ man to be totally unrelat$4 ,wisdom & k consi/ l>gely 9 ! recognition ( relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,,association ,,9 ,,memory4 ,x foll[s f a consid]ation ( ! ,law ( ,association t :5 "o wi%es to impress a ?+ ^u ! memory he %\ld1 z an au?ority says1 ,multiply associations2 entangle ! fact y wi% to rememb] 9 a net ( z _m associations z possible1 especially ^? t are logical4 ,h5ce ! advice to place y\r facts 9 gr\ps & classes 9 ! memory4 ,z ,blackie says3 ,no?+ helps ! m9d s mu* z ord] & classification4 ,classes are always few1 individuals _m2 to "k ! class well is to "k :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 ! "* ( ! individual1 & :at burd5s ! memory lea/ to reta94 ,,repetition ,,9 ,,memory4 ,ano!r important pr9ciple ( memory is t ! impressions acquire dep? & cle>ness by repetition4 ,repeat a l9e ( poetry once1 & y may rememb] x2 repeat x aga91 & y\r *ances ( rememb]+ x are greatly increas$2 repeat x a suffici5t numb] ( times1 & y _c escape rememb]+ x4 ,! illu/ration ( ! phonograph record w help y to und]/& ! reason ( ?is4 ,! rule is3 ,con/ant repetition deep5s memory impressions2 frequ5t review+ & recall+ :at has be5 memoriz$ t5ds to keep ! records cle> & clean1 beside deep5+ ! impression at ea* review4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,( ,,memory4 ,! foll[+ g5]al rules w be ( s]vice to ! /ud5t :o wi%es to develop 8 memory3-- ,mak+ ,impressions4 7#a7 ,be/[ att5tion4 7#b7 ,cultivate int]e/4 7#c7 ,manife/ p]ception4 7#d7 ,cultivate und]/&+4 7#e7 ,=m associations4 7#f7 ,repeat & review4 ,recall+ ,impressions4 7#a7 ,endeavor to get hold ( ! loose end ( association1 & !n unw9d y\r memory ball ( y>n4 7#b7 ,:5 y recall an impression1 s5d x back ) en]gy to deep5 ! impression1 & atta* x to z _m new associations z possible4 7#c7 ,practice a little memoriz+ & recall+ ea* day1 if only a l9e ( v]se4 ,! memory improves by practice1 & det]iorates by neglect & disuse4 7#d7 ,dem& good s]vice ( y\r memory1 & x w le>n to respond4 ,le>n to tru/ x1 & x w rise to ! occasion4 ,h[ c y expect y\r memory to give good s]vice :5 y cont9ually abuse x & tell e "o ( ! wret*$ memory ,i h2 ,i c nev] rememb] any?+8 ,y\r memory is v apt to accept y\r /atem5ts z tru?2 our m5tal faculties h an annoy+ habit ( tak+ u at our ^w 9 ^! matt]s4 ,tell y\r memory :at y expect x to d2 !n tru/ x & refra9 f abus+ x & giv+ x a bad "n4 ,,f9al ,,advice4 ,f9ally1 rememb] ?is rule3 ,y get out ( y\r memory only t :i* y place 9 x4 ,place 9 x good1 cle>1 deep impressions1 & x w reproduce good1 cle>1 /rong recollections4 ,?9k ( y\r memory z a phonographic record1 & take c>e t y place ! "r k9d ( impressions ^u x4 ,9 memory y reap t :i* y h s[n4 ,y mu/ give to ! memory be=e y c receive f x4 ,( "o ?+ y may re/ assur$1 namely1 t unless y take suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! ?+s to be rememb]$1 y w f9d t ! memory w n take suffici5t int]e/ 9 !m to rememb] !m4 ,memory dem&s int]e/ be=e x w take int]e/ 9 ! task4 ,x dem&s att5tion be=e x w give att5tion4 ,x dem&s und]/&+ be=e x w give und]/&+4 ,x dem&s association be=e x w respond to association4 ,x dem&s repetition be=e x w repeat4 ,! memory is a spl5did in/rum5t1 b x /&s on its dignity & ass]ts its rights4 ,x belongs to ! old disp5sation--x dem&s comp5sation & believes 9 giv+ only 9 equal measure to :at x receives4 ,our advice is to get acqua9t$ ) y\r memory1 & make fri5ds ) x4 ,treat x well & x w s]ve y well4 ,b neglect x1 & x w turn its back on y4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation belongs to ! g5]al class ( m5tal processes call$ ! repres5tative faculties1 by :i* is meant ! processes 9 :i* !re are re-pres5t$1 or pres5t$ aga91 to consci\sness impressions previ\sly pres5t$ to x4 ,z we h indicat$ else:]e1 ! imag9ation is dep5d5t ^u memory = its mat]ials--its records ( previ\s impressions4 ,b imag9ation is m ?an m]e memory or recollection ( ^! previ\sly exp]i5c$ & record$ impressions4 ,!re is1 9 addition to ! re-pres5tation & recollection1 a process ( arrang+ ! recall$ impressions into new =ms & new comb9ations4 ,! imag9ation n only ga!rs toge!r ! old impressions1 b also creates new comb9ations & =ms f ! mat]ial s ga!r$4 ,psy*ology gives u _m hairsplitt+ def9itions & di/9ctions betwe5 simple reproductive imag9ation & memory1 b ^! di/9ctions are te*nical & z a rule p]plex+ to ! av]age /ud5t4 ,9 tru?1 !re is v little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5 simple reproductive imag9ation & memory1 al?\gh :5 ! imag9ation indulges 9 con/ructive activity a new feature ent]s into ! process :i* is abs5t 9 pure memory op]ations4 ,9 simple reproductive imag9ation !re is simply ! =mation ( ! m5tal image ( "s previ\s exp]i5ce--! reproduction ( a previ\s m5tal image4 ,?is diff]s v little f memory1 except t ! recall$ image is cle>] & /rong]4 ,9 ! same way 9 ord9>y memory1 9 ! manife/ation ( recollection1 !re is (t5 ! same cle>1 /rong m5tal image t is produc$ 9 reproductive imag9ation4 ,! two m5tal processes bl5d into ea* o!r s closely t x is practically impossible to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m1 9 spite ( ! te*nical diff]5ces urg$ by ! psy*ologi/s4 ,( c\rse ! m]e remembrance ( a p]son :o pres5ts himself to "o is ne>] to pure memory ?an to imag9ation1 = ! process is t ( recognition4 ,b ! memory or remembrance ( ! same p]son :5 he is abs5t f sight is practically t ( reproductive imag9ation4 ,memory1 9 its /age ( recognition1 exi/s 9 ! *ild m9d be=e reproductive imag9ation is manife/$4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 is reg>d$ z a high] m5tal process4 ,b /ill high] 9 ! scale is t :i* is kn[n z con/ructive imag9ation4 ,?is =m ( imag9ation appe>s at a lat] p]iod ( *ild m5tation1 & is reg>d$ z a lat] evolution ( m5tal processes ( ! race4 ,gordy makes ! foll[+ di/9ction betwe5 ! two phases ( imag9ation3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 reproductive imag9ation & con/ructive imag9ation is t ! images result+ f reproductive imag9ation are copies ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 :ile ^? result+ f con/ructive imag9ation are n4 99 99 99 ,to le>n :e!r any p>ticul> image1 or comb9ation ( images1 is ! product ( reproductive or con/ructive imag9ation1 all we h to d is to le>n :e!r or n x is a copy ( a pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,our memories1 ( c\rse1 are defective1 & we may be unc]ta9 on t acc\nt2 b ap>t f t1 we ne$ be 9 no d\bt :atev]4 ,_m p]sons he>+ = ! fir/ "t ! /atem5t ( psy*ologi/s t ! imag9ative faculties c re-pres5t & re-produce or re-comb9e only ! images :i* h previ\sly be5 impress$ ^u ! m9d1 are apt to object t !y c1 & frequ5tly d1 image ?+s :i* !y h n previ\sly exp]i5c$4 ,b c !y & d !y8 ,is x n true t :at !y believe to be orig9al creations ( ! imag9ation are m]ely new comb9ations ( orig9al impressions8 ,= in/ance1 no "o ev] saw a unicorn1 & yet "s "o orig9ally imag9$ its =m4 ,b a little ?\ght w %[ t ! image ( ! unicorn is m]ely t ( an animal hav+ ! head1 neck1 & body ( a horse1 ) ! be>d ( a goat1 ! legs ( a buck1 ! tail ( a lion1 & a long1 tap]+ horn1 spirally twi/$1 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! unicorn exi/s 9 "s liv+ animal1 al?\gh ! unicorn1 compos$ ( all ( ^! p>ts1 is non-exi/5t outside ( fable4 ,9 ! same way ! c5taur is compos$ ( ! body1 legs1 & tail ( ! horse & ! trunk1 head1 & arms ( a man4 ,! satyr has ! head1 body1 & arms ( a man1 ) ! horns1 legs1 & ho(s ( a goat4 ,! m]maid has ! head1 arms1 & trunk ( a woman1 jo9$ at ! wai/ to ! body & tail ( a fi%4 ,! my?ological devil has ! head1 body1 & arms ( a man1 ) ! horns1 legs1 & clov5 foot ( ! l[] animal1 & a peculi> tail compos$ ( t ( "s animal b tipp$ ) a spe>head4 ,ea* ( ^! *>act]i/ics is compos$ ( famili> images ( exp]i5ce4 ,! imag9ation may occupy itself = a lifetime turn+ out impossible animals ( ?is k9d1 b e "p !re( w be f\nd to correspond to some?+ exi/5t 9 nature1 & exp]i5c$ by ! m9d ( ! p]son creat+ ! /range bea/4 ,9 ! same way ! imag9ation may picture a famili> p]son or ?+ act+ 9 an unaccu/om$ mann]1 ! latt] hav+ no basis 9 fact s f> z ! individual p]son or ?+ is conc]n$1 b be+ w>rant$ by "s exp]i5ce conc]n+ o!r p]sons or ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 "o may easily =m ! image ( a dog swimm+ "u wat] l a fi%1 or climb+ a tree l a cat4 ,likewise1 "o may =m a m5tal image ( a le>n$1 bewigg$ ,high ,*ancellor1 or a v5]able ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 dress$ l a cl[n1 /&+ on 8 head1 balanc+ a color$ football on 8 feet1 /ick+ 8 tongue 9 8 *eek & w9k+ at ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! same way "o may imag9e a railroad runn+ across a b>r5 des]t1 or a /eep m\nta91 ^u :i* !re is n z yet a rail laid4 ,! bridge across a riv] may be imag$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! way t ev]y?+ is m5tally creat$1 con/ruct$1 or inv5t$--! old mat]ials be+ comb9$ 9 a new way1 & arrang$ 9 a new fa%ion4 ,"s psy*ologi/s g s f> z to say t no m5tal image ( memory is an exact reproduction ( ! orig9al impression2 t !re are always *anges due to ! unconsci\s op]ation ( ! con/ructive imag9ation4 ,! con/ructive imag9ation is able to te> ?+s to pieces 9 se>* = mat]ial1 z well z to jo9 ?+s toge!r 9 its "w ( build+4 ,! importance ( ! imag9ation 9 all ! processes ( intellectual ?\ght is great4 ,)\t imag9ation man c\ld n reason or manife/ any intellectual process4 ,x is impossible to consid] ! subject ( ?\ght )\t fir/ reg>d+ ! processes ( imag9ation4 ,& yet x is common to he> p]sons speak ( ! imag9ation z if x 7 a faculty ( m]e fancy1 useless & )\t place 9 ! practical _w ( ?\ght4 ,,develop+ ,,! ,,imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation is capable ( developm5t & tra9+4 ,! g5]al rules = developm5t ( ! imag9ation are practically ^? :i* we h /at$ 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( ! memory4 ,!re is ! same necessity = pl5ty ( mat]ial2 = ! =mation ( cle> & deep impressions & cle>-cut m5tal images2 ! same necessity = repeat$ impression1 & ! frequ5t use & employm5t ( ! faculty4 ,! practice ( visualization1 ( c\rse1 /r5g!ns ! p[] ( ! imag9ation z x does t ( ! memory1 ! two p[]s be+ intimately relat$4 ,! imag9ation may be /r5g!n$ & tra9$ by delib]ately recall+ previ\s impressions & !n comb9+ !m into new relations4 ,! mat]ials ( memory may be torn ap>t & !n re-comb9$ & re-gr\p$4 ,9 ! same way "o may ent] into ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( o!r p]sons by imag9+ "o's self 9 _! place & endeavor+ to act out 9 imag9ation ! life ( su* p]sons4 ,9 ?is way "o may build up a mu* full] & broad] conception ( human nature & human motives4 ,9 ?is place1 also1 we %\ld caution ! /ud5t aga9/ ! common wa/e ( ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation1 & ! dissipation ( its p[]s 9 idle fancies & daydreams4 ,_m p]sons misuse _! imag9ation 9 ?is way & n only weak5 its p[] = effective "w b also wa/e _! "t & en]gy4 ,daydreams are notori\sly unfit = ! real1 practical "w ( life4 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,ideals4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! /ud5t %\ld rememb] t 9 ! category ( ! imag9ative p[]s mu/ be plac$ t phase ( m5tal activity :i* has s mu* to d ) ! mak+ or m>r+ ( "o's life--! =mation ( ideals4 ,our ideals are ! patt]ns aft] :i* we %ape our life4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( our ideals is ! "* ( ! life we lead4 ,our ideals are ! supports ( t :i* we call "*4 ,x is a tru?1 old z ! race1 & n[ be+ p]ceiv$ mo/ cle>ly by ?9k]s1 t inde$ z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t s is he4 ,! influ5ce ( our ideals is p]ceiv$ to affect n only our "* b also our place & degree ( success 9 life4 ,we gr[ to be t ( :i* we h held ideals4 ,if we create an ideal1 ei!r ( g5]al qualities or else ^! qualities z manife/$ by "s p]son liv+ or dead1 & keep t ideal ev] be=e u1 we _c help develop+ traits & qualities correspond+ to ^? ( our ideal4 ,c>eful ?\ght w %[ t "* dep5ds greatly ^u ! nature ( our ideals2 !re=e we see ! effect ( ! imag9ation 9 "* build+4 ,moreov]1 our imag9ation has an important be>+ on our actions4 ,_m a man has committ$ an imprud5t or immoral act :i* he w\ld n h done _h he be5 possess$ ( an imag9ation :i* %[$ him ! probable results ( ! action4 ,9 ! same way _m m5 h be5 inspir$ to great de$s & a*ievem5ts by reason ( _! imag9ation pictur+ to !m ! possible results ( c]ta9 action4 ,! big ?+s 9 all walks ( life h be5 p]=m$ by m5 :o _h suffici5t imag9ation to picture ! possibilities ( c]ta9 c\rses or plans4 ,! railroads1 bridges1 telegraph l9es1 cable l9es1 & o!r works ( man are ! results ( ! imag9ation ( "s m54 ,! good fairy godmo!r always provides a vivid & lively imag9ation among ! gifts %e be/[s ^u h] belov$ god*ildr54 ,well did ! old philosoph] pray to ! gods3 ,&1 ) all1 give unto me a cle> & active imag9ation4 ,! dramatic values ( life dep5d ^u ! quality ( ! imag9ation4 ,life )\t imag9ation is me*anical & dre>y4 ,imag9ation may increase ! susceptibility to pa91 b x pays = ?is by increas+ ! capacity = joy & happ9ess4 ,! pig has b little imag9ation1--little pa9 & little joy1--b :o envies ! pig8 ,! p]son ) a cle> & active imag9ation is 9 a measure a creator ( 8 _w1 or at lea/ a re-creator4 ,he takes an active "p 9 ! creative activities ( ! univ]se1 in/ead ( be+ a m]e pawn pu%$ "h & !re 9 ! game ( life4 ,aga91 ! div9e gift ( sympa?y & und]/&+ dep5ds mat]ially ^u ! possession ( a good imag9ation4 ,"o c nev] und]/& ! pa9 or problems ( ano!r unless he fir/ c imag9e himself 9 ! place ( ! o!r4 ,imag9ation is at ! v he>t ( sympa?y4 ,"o may be possess$ ( great capacity = feel+1 b ow+ to 8 lack ( imag9ation may nev] h ?is feel+ call$ into action4 ,! p]son :o w\ld sympa?ize ) o!rs mu/ fir/ le>n to und]/& !m & feel _! emotions4 ,?is he c d only if he has ! prop] degree ( imag9ation4 ,^? :o rea* ! he>t ( ! p mu/ fir/ be rea*$ by ! feel+s ( ! p4 ,& ?is is possible only to him ^: imag9ation enables him to picture himself 9 ! same condition z o!rs1 & ?us awak5 8 lat5t feel+s & sympa?ies & und]/&+4 ,?us x is se5 t ! imag9ation t\*es n only our intellectual life b also our emotional nature4 ,imag9ation is ! v life ( ! s\l4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,feel+s4 ,9 ?9k+ ( ! m9d & its activities we are accu/om$ to ! g5]al idea t ! m5tal processes are *iefly ^? ( intellect1 reason1 ?\ght4 ,b1 z a fact1 ! great] "p ( ! m5tal activities are ^? conc]n$ ) feel+ & emotion4 ,! intellect is ! y\nge/ *ild ( ! m9d1 & :ile mak+ its pres5ce /r5u\sly kn[n 9 ! mann] ( all y\nge/ *ildr5 s t "o is p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z ! :ole ?+ 9 ! family1 nev]!less x really plays b a comp>atively small "p 9 ! g5]al "w ( ! m5tal family4 ,! activities ( ! feel+ side ( life greatly outnumb] ^? ( ! ?9k+ side1 are f> /rong] 9 _! influ5ce & effect1 z a rule1 &1 9 fact1 s color ! intellectual processes1 unconsci\sly1 z to con/itute _! di/9ctive quality except 9 ! case ( a v few advanc$ ?9k]s4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 feel+ & emotion1 z ! t]ms are employ$ 9 psy*ology4 ,! =m] is ! simple phase1 ! latt] ! complex4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! resemblance or diff]5ce is ak9 to t exi/+ betwe5 s5sation & p]ception1 z expla9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,beg9n+ ) ! simple1 9 ord] lat] on to rea* ! complex1 we %all n[ consid] t :i* is kn[n z simple feel+4 ,! t]m feel+1 z us$ 9 ?is connection 9 psy*ology1 has be5 def9$ z ! simple agreeable or disagreeable side ( any m5tal /ate4 ,^! agreeable or disagreeable sides ( m5tal /ates are q di/9ct f ! act ( kn[+1 :i* accompanies !m4 ,"o may p]ceive & ?us "k t ano!r is speak+ to him & be fully aw>e ( ! words be+ us$ & ( _! mean+4 ,ord9>ily1 & s f> z pure ?\ght processes are conc]n$1 ?is w\ld complete ! m5tal /ate4 ,b we mu/ reckon on ! feel+ side z well z on ! ?9k+ side ( ! m5tal /ate4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! k ( ! words ( ! o!r p]son & ! mean+ !re( results 9 a m5tal /ate agreeable or disagreeable4 ,9 ! same way ! read+ ( ! words ( a book1 ! he>+ ( a song1 or a sight or sc5e p]ceiv$1 may result 9 a m or less /rong feel+1 agreeable or disagreeable4 ,?is s5se ( agreeable or disagreeable consci\sness is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( :at we call feel+4 ,x is v difficult to expla9 feel+ except 9 its own t]ms4 ,we "k v well :at we mean1 or :at ano!r means1 :5 x is said t we or he feels sad1 or has a joy\s feel+1 or a feel+ ( int]e/4 ,& yet we %all f9d x v h>d to expla9 ! m5tal /ate except 9 t]ms ( feel+ itself4 ,our k dep5ds entirely ^u our previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! feel+4 ,z an au?ority says3 ,if we h nev] felt pleasure1 pa91 fe>1 or sorr[1 a qu>to volume _c make u und]/& :at su* a m5tal /ate is4 ,e m5tal /ate is n di/+ui%$ by /rong feel+4 ,!re are c]ta9 m5tal /ates :i* are conc]n$ *iefly ) intellectual ef=t1 & 9 :i* all trace ( feel+ seems to be abs5t1 unless1 z "s h claim$1 ! feel+ ( int]e/ or ! lack ( same is a fa9t =m ( ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa94 ,habit may dull ! feel+ ( a m5tal /ate until x is app>5tly neutral1 b !re is g5]ally a fa9t feel+ ( l or dislike /ill left4 ,! elem5t>y =ms ( feel+ are closely alli$ ) ^? ( simple s5sation4 ,b exp]im5ts h reveal$ t !re is a di/9ction 9 consci\sness4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t "o is (t5 consci\s ( ! t\* ( a heat$ object be=e he is ( ! feel+ or pa9 result+ f x4 ,psy*ologi/s h po9t$ out ano!r di/9ction1 namely3 ,:5 we exp]i5ce a s5sation we are accu/om$ to ref] x to ! outside ?+ :i* is ! object ( x1 z :5 we t\* ! heat$ object2 b :5 we exp]i5ce a feel+ we in/9ctively ref] x to ourself1 z :5 ! heat$ object gives u pa94 ,z an au?ority has said3 ,my feel+s belong to me2 b my s5sations seem to belong to ! object :i* caus$ !m4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! diff]5ce & di/9ction betwe5 s5sation & feel+ is ! fact t ! same s5sation w produce diff]5t feel+s 9 diff]5t p]sons exp]i5c+ ! =m]1 ev5 at ! same "t4 ,= in/ance1 ! same sight w cause "o p]son to feel elat$1 & ! o!r depress$2 ! same words w produce a feel+ ( joy 9 "o1 & a feel+ ( sorr[ 9 ano!r4 ,! same s5sation w produce diff]5t feel+s 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,an au?ority well says3 ,y drop y\r purse1 & y see x ly+ on ! gr\nd z y /oop to pick x up1 ) no feel+ ei!r ( pleasure or pa94 ,b if y see x aft] y h lo/ x & h hunt$ = x a long "t 9 va91 y h a pron\nc$ feel+ ( pleasure4 ,!re is a va/ range ( degree & k9d 9 feel+4 ,gordy says3 ,all =ms ( pleasure & pa9 are call$ feel+s4 ,betwe5 ! pleasure :i* comes f eat+ a pea* & t :i* results f solv+ a difficult problem1 or le>n+ good news ( a fri5d1 or ?9k+ ( ! progress ( civilization--betwe5 ! pa9 t results f a cut 9 ! h& & t :i* results f ! failure ( a long-*]i%$ plan or ! dea? ( a fri5d--!re is a long di/ance4 ,b ! "o gr\p are all pleasures2 ! o!r all pa9s4 ,&1 :atev] ! s\rce ( ! pleasure or pa91 x is alike feel+4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( feel+s4 ,"s arise f s5sations ( physical com=t or discom=t2 o!rs f purely physiological conditions2 o!rs f ! satisfaction ( accu/om$ ta/es1 or ! dissatisfaction aris+ f ! /imulation ( unaccu/om$ ta/es2 o!rs f ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( com=t2 o!rs f ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?+s or p]sons = :om we h an affection or lik+4 ,ov]-indulg5ce (t5 trans=ms ! feel+ ( pleasure into t ( pa92 &1 likewise1 habit & practice may cause u to exp]i5ce a pleasurable feel+ f t :i* =m]ly inspir$ feel+ ( an opposite k9d4 ,feel+s also diff] 9 degree2 t is to say1 "s ?+s cause u to exp]i5ce pleasurable feel+s ( a great] int5sity ?an d o!rs1 & "s cause u to exp]i5ce pa9ful feel+s ( a great] int5sity ?an d o!rs4 ,^! degrees ( int5sity dep5d m or less ^u ! habit or exp]i5ce ( ! individual4 ,z a g5]al rule1 feel+s may be classifi$ into 7#a7 ^? aris+ f physical s5sations1 & 7#b7 ^? aris+ f ideas4 ,! feel+s dep5d+ ^u physical s5sations arise ei!r f inh]it$ t5d5cies & incl9ations or f acquir$ habits & exp]i5ce4 ,x is an axiom ( ! evolution>y s*ool t any physical activity t has be5 a habit ( ! race1 long cont9u$1 becomes an in/9ctive pleasure-giv+ activity 9 ! individual4 ,= in/ance1 ! race = _m g5]ations 0 compell$ to hunt1 fi%1 travel1 swim1 etc41 9 ord] to ma9ta9 exi/5ce4 ,! result is t we1 ! desc5dants1 are apt to f9d pleasure 9 ! same activities z sport1 games1 ex]cise1 etc4 ,_m ( our t5d5cies & feel+s are inh]it$ 9 ?is way4 ,to ^! we h add$ _m acquir$ habits ( physical activity1 :i* foll[ ! same rule1 i4e41 t habit & practice imp>t m or less pleasurable feel+4 ,we f9d m pleasure 9 do+ ^? ?+s :i* we c d easily or q well ?an 9 ! opposite k9d ( ?+s4 ,! feel+s dep5d+ ^u ideas may also arise f inh]itance4 ,_m ( our m5tal t5d5cies & incl9ations h come d[n to u f ! pa/4 ,!re are c]ta9 feel+s t are born 9 "o1 )\t a d\bt2 t is to say1 !re is a great capacity = su* feel+s :i* w be trans=m$ into manife/ation ^u ! pres5tation ( ! prop] /imulus4 ,o!r m5tal feel+s dep5d ^u our individual pa/ exp]i5ce1 association1 or sugge/ions f o!rs--^u our pa/ environm5t1 9 fact4 ,! ideals ( ^? ar\nd u w cause u to exp]i5ce pleasure or pa91 z ! case may be1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 ! =ce ( sugge/ion along ^! l9es is v /rong inde$4 ,n only d we exp]i5ce feel+s 9 response to pres5t s5sations1 b ! recollection ( "s previ\s exp]i5ce w also ar\se feel+4 ,9 fact1 feel+s ( ?is k9d are closely b\nd up ) memory & imag9ation4 ,p]sons ( vivid imag9ation are apt to feel f> m ?an o!rs4 ,!y suff] m1 & enjoy m4 ,our sympa?ies1 :i* dep5d l>gely ^u our imag9ative p[]1 are ! cause ( _m ( our feel+s ( ?is k9d4 ,_m ( ! facts :i* we g5]ally ascribe to feel+ are really a "p ( ! ph5om5a ( emotion1 ! latt] be+ ! m complex phase ( feel+4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is consid]ation we h reg>d$ simple feel+ z ! raw mat]ial ( emotion1 ! relation be+ comp>$ to t exi/+ betwe5 s5sation & p]ception4 ,9 our consid]ation ( emotion we %all see ! full] manife/ation ( feel+1 & its m complex expressions4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,emotions4 ,z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ lessons1 an emotion is ! m complex phase ( feel+4 ,z a rule an emotion arises f a numb] ( feel+s4 ,moreov]1 x is ( a high] ord] ( m5tal activity4 ,z we h se51 a feel+ may arise ei!r f a physical s5sation or f an idea4 ,emotion1 h[ev]1 z a rule1 is dep5d5t ^u an idea = its expression1 & always ^u an idea = its direction & its cont9uance4 ,feel+1 ( c\rse1 is ! elem5tal _s ( all emotional /ates1 &1 z an au?ority has said1 is ! ?read ^u :i* ! emotional /ates are /rung4 ,halleck says3 ,:5 repres5tative ideas appe>1 ! feel+ 9 comb9ation ) !m produces emotion4 ,aft] ! wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri comb9e ) ano!r /ream1 !y receive a diff]5t "n1 al?\gh !y fl[ t[>d ! gulf 9 z great volume z be=e4 ,suppose we lik5 ! feel+ due to s5sation to ! ,miss\ri ,riv]2 ! tra9 ( repres5tative ideas to ! ,mississippi be=e its junction ) ! ,miss\ri4 ,emotion may !n be lik5$ to ! ,mississippi aft] its junction--aft] feel+ has comb9$ ) repres5tative ideas4 ,! emotional /ream w n be broad] & deep] ?an be=e4 ,?is analogy is employ$ only to make ! di/9ction cle>]4 ,! /ud5t mu/ rememb] t m5tal p[]s are nev] actually z di/9ct z two riv]s be=e _! union4 99 99 99 ,! /ud5t mu/ bew>e ( ?9k+ t we h done ) feel+ :5 we consid] emotion4 ,j z ! wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri fl[ on until !y rea* ! gulf1 s does feel+ run ?r\gh e emotional /ate4 ,9 ! above analogy ! t]m repres5tative ideas1 ( c\rse1 means ! ideas ( memory & imag9ation z expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,!re is a close relation betwe5 emotion & ! physical expression !re(--a peculi> mutual action & reaction betwe5 ! m5tal /ate & ! physical action accompany+ x4 ,psy*ologi/s are divid$ reg>d+ ?is relation4 ,"o s*ool holds t ! physical expression foll[s & results f ! m5tal /ate4 ,= in/ance1 we he> or see some?+1 & !reupon exp]i5ce ! feel+ or emotion ( ang]4 ,?is emotional feel+ reacts ^u ! body & causes an increas$ he>t beat1 a tight clos+ ( ! lips1 a fr[n & l[]$ eyebr[s1 & cl9*$ fi/s4 ,or we may p]ceive some?+ :i* causes ! feel+ or emotion ( fe>1 :i* reacts ^u ! body & produces pallor1 rais+ ( ! hair1 dropp+ ( ! jaw1 op5+ ( ! eyelids1 trembl+ ( ! legs1 etc4 ,accord+ to ?is s*ool1 & ! popul> idea1 ! m5tal /ate prec$es & causes ! physical expression4 ,b ano!r s*ool ( psy*ology1 ( :i* ! late ,pr(4 ,william ,james is a lead+ au?ority1 holds t ! physical expression prec$es & causes ! m5tal /ate4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! cases above cit$1 ! p]ception ( ! ang]-caus+ or fe>-caus+ sight fir/ causes a reflex action ^u ! muscles1 accord+ to inh]it$ race habits ( expression4 ,?is muscul> expression & activity1 9 turn1 is held to react ^u ! m9d & to cause ! feel+ or emotion ( ang] or fe>1 z ! case may be4 ,pr(essor ,james1 9 "s ( 8 works1 makes a =cible argum5t 9 support ( ?is !ory1 & 8 op9ions h influ5c$ ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! day ^u ?is subject4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 h s\ght to combat 8 !ory by equally =cible argum5t1 & ! subject is /ill "u lively & spirit$ discussion 9 psy*ological circles4 ,)\t tak+ sides 9 ! above controv]sy1 _m psy*ologi/s proce$ ^u ! hypo!sis t !re is a mutual action & reaction betwe5 emotional m5tal /ates & ! appropriate physical expression !re(1 ea* 9 a measure be+ ! cause ( ! o!r1 & ea* likewise be+ ! effect ( ! o!r4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! cases above cit$1 ! p]ception ( ! ang]-produc+ or fe>-produc+ sight causes1 almo/ or q simultane\sly1 ! emotional m5tal /ate ( ang] or fe>1 z ! case may be1 & ! physical expression !re(4 ,!n rapidly ensues a s]ies ( m5tal & physical reactions4 ,! m5tal /ate acts ^u ! physical expression & int5sifies x4 ,! physical expression 9 turn reacts ^u ! m5tal /ate & induces a m int5se degree ( ! emotional feel+4 ,& s on1 until ! m5tal /ate & physical expression rea* _! highe/ po9t & !n beg9 to subside f exhau/ion ( en]gy4 ,?is middle-gr\nd conception meets all ! requirem5ts ( ! facts1 & is probably m ne>ly correct ?an ei!r extreme !ory4 ,d>w9 9 8 classic "w1 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals1 has ?r[n a great light on ! subject ( ! expression ( emotion 9 physical motions4 ,! ,flor5t9e sci5ti/1 ,paolo ,mantegazza1 add$ to ,d>w9's "w ) ideas ( 8 own & c\ntless examples drawn f 8 own exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,! "w ( ,franois ,dels>te1 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( expression :i* be>s 8 "n1 is also a mo/ valuable addition to ! ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,! subject ( ! relation & reaction betwe5 emotional feel+ & physical expression is a mo/ fasc9at+ "o1 & "o 9 :i* we may expect int]e/+ & valuable discov]ies dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,! relation & reaction above m5tion$ are int]e/+ n only f ! viewpo9t ( !ory b also because ( _! practicable application 9 emotional developm5t & tra9+4 ,x is an e/abli%$ tru? ( psy*ology t ea* physical expression ( an emotional /ate s]ves to int5sify ! latt]2 x is p\r+ oil on ! fire4 ,likewise1 x is equally true t ! repression ( ! physical expression ( an emotion t5ds to re/ra9 & inhibit ! emotion itself4 ,halleck says3 ,if we wat* a p]son gr[+ angry1 we %all see ! emotion increase z he talks l\d1 fr[ns deeply1 cl9*es 8 fi/1 & ge/iculates wildly4 ,ea* expression ( 8 passion is reflect$ back ^u ! orig9al ang] & adds fuel to ! fire4 ,if he resolutely inhibits ! muscul> expressions ( 8 ang]1 x w n atta9 great int5sity1 & x w soon die a quiet dea?4 99 99 99 ,n )\t reason are ^? p]sons call$ cold blood$ :o habitually re/ra9 z f> z possible ! expression ( _! emotion2 :o nev] fr[n or ?r[ any feel+ into _! tones1 ev5 :5 a wrong inflict$ ^u "s "o dem&s aggressive measures4 ,!re is "h no wave ( bodily expression to fl[ back & augm5t ! emotional /ate4 ,9 ?is connection we call y\r att5tion to ! famili> & (t-quot$ passage f ! works ( ,pr(4 ,william ,james3 ,refuse to express a passion & x dies4 ,c\nt t5 be=e v5t+ y\r ang] & its occasion seems ridicul\s4 ,:i/l+ to keep up c\rage is no m]e figure ( spee*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sit all day 9 a mop+ po/ure1 sigh & reply to ev]y?+ ) a dismal voice1 & y\r melan*oly l+]s4 ,!re is no m valuable precept 9 moral education ?an ?is1 z all :o h exp]i5ce "k3 ,if we wi% to conqu] undesirable emotional t5d5cies 9 ourselves1 we mu/ assidu\sly1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance cold-blood$ly1 g ?r\gh ! outw>d movem5ts ( ^? contr>y dispositions :i* we pref] to cultivate4 ,smoo? ! br[1 bright5 ! eye1 contract ! dorsal r ?an ! v5tral aspect ( ! frame1 & speak 9 a major key1 & y\r he>t mu/ be frigid inde$ if x does n gradually ?aw4 ,along ! same l9es ,halleck says3 ,actors h frequ5tly te/ifi$ to ! fact t emotion w arise if !y g ?r\gh ! appropriate muscul> movem5ts4 ,9 talk+ to a "* on ! /age1 if !y cl9* ! fi/s & fr[n1 !y (t5 f9d !mselves becom+ really angry2 if !y />t ) c\nt]feit laught]1 !y f9d !mselves gr[+ *e]ful4 ,a ,g]man pr(essor says t he _c walk ) a s*oolgirl's m9c+ /ep & air )\t feel+ frivol\s4 ,! wise /ud5t w acquire a great control ov] 8 emotional nature if he w re-read & /udy ! above /atem5ts & quotations until he has grasp$ _! _s & ess5ce4 ,9 ^? few l9es he is giv5 a philosophy ( self-control & self-ma/]y t w be wor? mu* to him if he w b apply x 9 practice4 ,pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 practice1 & w are requir$1 b ! rew>d is great4 ,ev5 to ^? :o h n ! p]si/5cy to apply ?is tru? fully1 !re w be a p>tial rew>d if !y w use x to ! ext5t ( re/ra9+ s f> z possible any undue physical expression ( undesirable emotional excitem5t4 ,"s writ]s seem to reg>d capacity = great emotional excitem5t & expression z a m>k ( a ri* & full "* or noble s\l4 ,?is is f> f be+ true4 ,:ile x is a fact t ! cultivation ( c]ta9 emotions t5ds to create a noble "* & a full life1 x is equally true t ! t5d5cy to gu% & indulge 9 hy/]ical or s5tim5tal excesses is a m>k ( an ill-controll$ nature & a weak1 r ?an /rong1 "*4 ,moreov]1 x is a fact t excess 9 emotional excitem5t & expression t5ds t[>d ! dissipation ( ! f9] & nobl] feel+s :i* o!rwise w\ld seek an outlet 9 actual do+ & practical action4 ,9 ! language ( ! old ,scot* eng9e] 9 ! /ory1 !y are l ! old locomotive :i* sp5ds sae mu* /eam at ! :u/le t %e hae nane left to gae by4 ,emotional excitem5t & expression are l>gely dep5d5t ^u habit & indulg5ce1 al?\gh !re is a great diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 9 ! emotional nature & t5d5cies ( v>i\s p]sons4 ,emotions1 l physical actions or intellectual processes1 become habitual by repetition4 ,& habit r5d]s all physical or m5tal actions easy ( repetition4 ,ea* "t "o manife/s ang]1 ! deep] ! m5tal pa? is made1 & ! easi] x is to travel t pa? ! next "t4 ,9 ! same way ea* "t t ang] is conqu]$ & inhibit$1 ! easi] w x be to re/ra9 x ! next "t4 ,9 ! same way desirable habits ( emotion & expression may be =m$4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ! cultivation1 tra9+1 & re/ra9t ( ! emotions is t :i* has to d ) ! control ( ! ideas :i* we all[ to come into ! m9d4 ,ideative habits may be =m$--are =m$1 9 fact1 by ! majority ( p]sons4 ,we may cultivate ! habit ( look+ on ! bright side ( ?+s2 ( look+ = ! be/ 9 ^? we meet2 ( expect+ ! be/ ?+s in/ead ( ! wor/4 ,by resolutely refus+ to give welcome to ideas calculat$ to ar\se c]ta9 emotions1 feel+s1 passions1 desires1 s5tim5ts1 or simil> m5tal /ates1 we may d mu* to prev5t ! ar\s+ ( ! emotion itself4 ,emotions usually are call$ =? by "s idea1 & if we %ut out ! idea we may prev5t ! emotional feel+ f appe>+4 ,9 ?is connection ! univ]sal rule ( psy*ology may be appli$3 ,a m5tal /ate may be inhibit$ or re/ra9$ by turn+ ! att5tion to ! opposite m5tal /ate4 ,! control ( ! att5tion is really ! control ( e m5tal /ate4 ,we may use ! w 9 ! direction ( ! control ( ! att5tion--! developm5t & direction ( volunt>y att5tion--& ?us actually control e phase ( m5tal activity4 ,! w is ne>e/ to ! ego1 or c5tral be+ ( man1 & ! att5tion is ! *ief tool & in/rum5t ( ! w4 ,?is fact _c be repeat$ too (t54 ,if x is impress$ ^u ! m9d x w prove to be useful & valuable 9 _m em]g5cies ( m5tal life4 ,he :o controls 8 att5tion controls 8 m9d1 & 9 controll+ 8 m9d controls himself4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,in/9ctive ,emotions4 ,_m attempts to classify ! emotions h be5 made by ! psy*ologi/s1 b ! be/ au?orities hold t beyond ! purpose ( ord9>y conv5i5ce 9 consid]+ ! subject any classification is sci5tifically useless by reason ( its incomplet5ess4 ,z ,james clev]ly puts x3 ,any classification ( ! emotions is se5 to be z true & z natural z any o!r1 if x only s]ves "s purpose4 ,! difficulty att5d+ ! attempt$ classification arises f ! fact t e emotion is m or less complex1 & is made up ( v>i\s feel+s & %ades ( emotional excitem5t4 ,ea* emotion bl5ds into o!rs4 ,j z a few elem5ts ( matt] may be gr\p$ into hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( comb9ations1 s ! elem5ts ( feel+ may be gr\p$ into ?\s&s ( %ades ( emotion4 ,x is said t ! two elem5ts ( c>bon & hydrog5 =m comb9ations result+ 9 five ?\s& v>ieties ( mat]ial sub/ance1 f an?racite to m>% gas1 f black coke to colorless naph?a4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! emotional comb9ations =m$ f two pr9cipal elem5ts ( feel+4 ,moreov]1 ! close di/9ction betwe5 s5sation & feel+ on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 feel+ & emotion on ! o!r1 s]ves to fur!r complicate ! task4 ,= ! purposes ( our consid]ation1 let u divide ! emotions into five g5]al classes1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,in/9ctive emotions1 7#b7 social emotions1 7#c7 religi\s emotions1 7#d7 /hetic emotions1 7#e7 intellectual emotions4 ,we %all n[ consid] ea* ( ! above five classes 9 turn4 ,,! ,,in/9ctive ,,emotions4 ,in/9ct is def9$ z unconsci\s1 involunt>y1 or unreason+ prompt+ to any action1 or ! natural unreason+ impulse by :i* an animal is guid$ to ! p]=mance ( any action1 )\t ?\ght ( improv+ ! me?od4 ,an au?ority says3 ,in/9ct is a natural impulse lead+ animals1 ev5 prior to all exp]i5ce1 to p]=m c]ta9 actions t5d+ to ! welf>e ( ! individual or ! p]petuation ( ! species1 app>5tly )\t und]/&+ ! object at :i* !y may be suppos$ to aim1 or delib]at+ z to ! be/ me?ods to employ4 ,9 _m cases1 z 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cells ( ! bee1 !re is a p]fection ab\t ! result :i* reason+ man c\ld n h equal$1 except by an application ( ! high] ma!matics to direct ! op]ations c>ri$ out4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 consid]s t animals1 9 "t pa/ z n[1 h v>i$ 9 _! m5tal qualities1 & t ^? v>iations are inh]it$4 ,in/9cts also v>y slightly 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,?is be+ s1 natural selection c ultimately br+ !m to a high degree ( p]fection4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! fa%ion to ascribe in/9ct 9 ! l[] animals1 & 9 man1 to some?+ ak9 to innate ideas implant$ 9 ea* species & !reaft] cont9u$ by inh]itance4 ,b ! application ( ! idea ( evolution to ! sci5ce ( psy*ology has result$ 9 bru%+ away ^! old ideas4 ,to-day x holds t t :i* we call in/9ct is ! result ( gradual developm5t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! race be+ /or$ away 9 ! race memory1 ea* individual add+ a little !reto by 8 acquir$ habits & exp]i5ces4 ,psy*ologi/s n[ hold t ! l[] =ms ( ^! race t5d5cies are closely ak9 to purely reflex actions1 & ! high] =ms1 :i* are kn[n z in/9ctive emotions1 are ph5om5a ( ! subconsci\s m9d result+ f race memory & race exp]i5ce4 ,clodd says3 ,in/9ct is ! high] =m ( reflex action4 ,! salmon migrates f sea to riv]2 ! bird makes its ne/ or migrates f "o zone to ano!r by an unv>y+ r\te1 ev5 leav+ its "y beh9d to p]i%2 ! bee builds its six-sid$ cell2 ! spid] sp9s its web2 ! *ick breaks its way ?r\gh ! %ell1 balances itself1 & picks up gra9s ( corn2 ! newborn babe sucks its "m's brea/--all 9 virtue ( l acts on ! "p ( _! ance/ors1 :i*1 aris+ 9 ! ne$s ( ! creature1 & gradually becom+ automatic1 h n v>i$ dur+ long ages1 ! t5d5cy to repeat !m be+ transmitt$ )9 ! g]m f :i* insect1 fi%1 bird1 & man h sev]ally sprung4 ,s*neid] says3 ,x is a fact t m51 especially 9 *ildhood1 fe> to g into a d>k cav]n1 or a gloomy wood4 ,?is feel+ ( fe> arises1 to be sure1 p>tly f ! fact t we easily suspect t dang]\s bea/s may lurk 9 ^! localities--a suspicion due to /ories we h he>d & read4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is q sure t ?is fe> at a c]ta9 p]ception is also directly inh]it$4 ,*ildr5 :o h be5 c>efully gu>d$ f all gho/ /ories are nev]!less t]rifi$ & cry if l$ into a d>k place1 especially if s\nds are made !re4 ,ev5 an adult c easily obs]ve t an uncom=table timidity /eals ov] him 9 a lonely wood at night1 al?\gh he may h ! fix$ conviction t n ! slighte/ dang] is ne>4 ,?is feel+ ( fe> occurs 9 _m m5 ev5 9 _! own h\ses aft] d>k1 al?\gh x is mu* /rong] 9 a d>k cav]n or =e/4 ,! fact ( su* in/9ctive fe> is easily explicable :5 we consid] t our savage ance/ors ?r\gh immemorable g5]ations 7 accu/om$ to meet ) dang]\s bea/s 9 cav]ns1 especially be>s1 & 7 = ! mo/ "p attack$ by su* bea/s dur+ ! night & 9 ! woods1 & t ?us an insep>able association betwe5 ! p]ceptions ( d>kness1 cav]ns1 woods1 & fe> took place1 & 0 inh]it$4 ,james says3 ,no?+ is common] ?an ! rem>k t man diff]s f l[] creatures by ! almo/ total abs5ce ( in/9cts1 & ! assumption ( _! "w 9 him by reason4 99 99 99 ,we may confid5tly say t h[ev] unc]ta9 man's reactions ^u 8 environm5t may sometimes seem 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! l[] mammals1 ! unc]ta9ty is probably n due to _! possession ( any pr9ciples ( action :i* he lacks4 ,on ! contr>y1 man possesses all ! impulses t !y h1 & a great _m m besides4 99 99 99 ,high places cause fe> ( a peculi>ly sick5+ sort1 ?\gh "h aga9 individuals diff]4 ,! utt]ly bl9d in/9ctive "* ( ! motor impulses "h is %[n by ! fact t !y are almo/ always entirely unreasonable1 b t reason is p[]less to suppress !m4 99 99 99 ,c]ta9 ideas ( sup]natural ag5cy1 associat$ ) real circum/ances1 produce a peculi> k9d ( horror4 ,?is horror is probably explicable z ! result ( a comb9ation ( simple horrors4 ,to br+ ! gho/ly t]ror to its maximum1 _m unusual elem5ts ( ! dreadful mu/ comb9e1 su* z lonel9ess1 d>kness1 inexplicable s\nds1 especially ( a dismal "*1 mov+ pictures half disc]n$ 7or1 if disc]n$1 ( dreadful aspect71 & a v]tig9\s baffl+ ( ! expectation4 99 99 99 ,9 view ( ! fact t cadav]ic1 reptilian1 & und]gr\nd horrors play s specific & con/ant a "p 9 _m nightm>es & =ms ( delirium1 x seems n altoge!r unwise to ask :e!r ^! =ms ( dreadful circum/ance may n at a =m] p]iod h be5 m normal objects ( ! environm5t ?an n[4 ,! evolutioni/ ought to h no difficulty 9 expla9+ ^! t]rors1 & ! sc5]y t provokes !m1 z relapses into ! consci\sness ( ! cave m51 a consci\sness usually ov]laid 9 u by exp]i5ces ( a m rec5t date4 ,in/9ctive emotion manife/s z an impulse aris+ f ! dim recesses ( ! feel+ or emotional nature--an inc5tive t[>d a dimly consci\s end4 ,x diff]s f ! almo/ purely automatic nature ( c]ta9 =ms ( reflex process1 = its beg9n+ is a feel+ aris+ f ! subconsci\s regions1 :i* /rives to excite an activity ( consci\s volition4 ,! feel+ is f ! subconsci\s1 b ! activity is consci\s4 ,! end may n be p]ceiv$ 9 consci\sness1 or at lea/ is b dimly p]ceiv$1 b ! action lead+ to ! end is 9 full consci\sness4 ,in/9ct is se5 to h its orig9 9 ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! race1 transmitt$ by h]$ity & pres]v$ 9 ! race memory4 ,x has = its object ! pres]vation ( ! individual & ( ! species4 ,its end is (t5 some?+ f> remov$ 9 "t f ! mom5t1 or ! welf>e ( ! species r ?an t ( ! individual2 = in/ance1 ! cat]pill> provid+ = its future /ates1 or ! bird build+ its ne/1 or ! bees build+ cells & provid+ honey = _! successors1 = v few bees live to p>take ( ! honey :i* !y h ga!r$ & /or$--!y are animat$ by ! _s ( ! hive4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y =ms ( ! in/9ctive emotions are ^? :i* h to d ) ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 8 com=t1 & p]sonal physical welf>e4 ,?is class ( emotions comprises :at are g5]ally kn[n z purely selfi% feel+s1 hav+ little or no conc]n = ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,9 ?is class we f9d ! emotional feel+s :i* h to d ) ! satisfaction ( hung] & ?ir/1 ! secur+ ( com=table qu>t]s & w>m clo?+1 & ! _s ( combat & /rife aris+ f ! desire to obta9 ^!4 ,^! elem5tal feel+s _h _! bir? e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 & inde$ life itself dep5d$ v mat]ially ^u !m = its pres]vation & cont9uance4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! primitive liv+ ?+ to be selfi%4 ,:5 man appe>$1 only ^? surviv$ :o manife/$ ^! feel+s /rongly2 ! o!rs 7 pu%$ to ! wall & p]i%$4 ,ev5 9 our civilization ! man bel[ ! av]age 9 ?is class ( feel+s w f9d x difficult to survive4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,passions4 ,aris+ f ! mo/ elem5tal in/9ctive emotions1 we f9d :at may be t]m$ ! passions4 ,by ! t]m passion is meant ^? /rong feel+s 9 :i* ! elem5tal selfi% in/9cts are manife/$ 9 relation to o!r p]sons1 ei!r 9 ! phase ( attraction or repulsion4 ,9 ?is class we f9d ! elem5t>y phases ( love1 & ! feel+s ( hate1 ang]1 jeal\sy1 rev5ge1 etc4 ,?is class ( emotions usually manife/s viol5tly1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r emotions4 ,! passions g5]ally arise f self-pres]vation1 race pres]vation & reproduction1 self-int]e/1 self-aggr&izem5t1 etc41 & may be reg>d$ z a m complex phase ( ! elem5tal in/9ctive emotions4 ,! elem5tal in/9ctive emotions ( self-pres]vation & self-com=t cause ! individual to exp]i5ce & manife/ ! passional emotions ( desire = combat1 ang]1 hate1 rev5ge1 etc41 :ile ! in/9ctive emotions lead+ to reproduction & cont9uance ( ! race give rise to ! passional emotions ( sexual love1 jeal\sy1 etc4 ,! desire to attract ! o!r sex increases ambition1 vanity1 love ( display1 & o!r feel+s4 ,x is only :5 ?is class ( emotions bl5ds ) ! high] emotions t ! passions become purifi$ & ref9$4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! emotions 7 v necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! race 9 ! e>ly /age ( its evolution1 & t !y /ill play an active "p 9 human life1 "u ! great] or less re/ra9t impos$ by civiliz$ society4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t f ^! emotions h evolv$ ! highe/ love ( "o human be+ = ano!r4 ,f in/9ctive sexual love & ! racial in/9ct h develop$ ! high] affection ( man = woman1 & woman = man1 9 all _! beautiful manife/ations--& ! love ( ! p>5t = ! *ild1 & ! love ( ! *ild = ! p>5t4 ,! fir/ manife/ation ( altruism arises 9 ! love ( ! liv+ creature = its mate1 & 9 ! love ( ! p>5ts = _! (fspr+4 ,9 c]ta9 =ms ( life :]e ! association ( ! sexes is m]ely = ! mom5t1 & is n foll[$ by protection1 mutual aid1 & companion%ip1 !re is f\nd an abs5ce ( mutual affection ( any k9d1 ! only feel+ be+ an elem5tal reproductive in/9ct br++ ! male & female toge!r = ! mom5t--an almo/ purely reflex activity4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! cases ( c]ta9 animals 7! rattlesnake1 = in/ance7 9 :i* ! "y are able to protect !mselves f bir?1 !re is se5 a total abs5ce ( p>5tal affection or ! return !re(4 ,human love betwe5 ! sexes1 9 its high] & l[] degrees1 is a natural evolution f passional emotion ( a l[ ord]1 due to ! gr[? ( social1 e?ical1 moral1 & /hetic emotion aris+ f ! necessities ( ! increas+ complexity & developm5t ( human life4 ,! simpl] =ms ( passional emotion are almo/ entirely in/9ctive 9 _! manife/ation4 ,inde$1 9 _m cases1 !re appe>s to be b little m ?an a high =m ( reflex n]v\s action4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,william ,james give u an int]e/+ view ( ?is fact ( life3 ,! cat runs aft] ! m\se1 runs or %[s fight be=e ! dog1 avoids fall+ f walls & trees1 %uns fire & wat]1 n because he has any notion ei!r ( life or ( dea? or ( self-pres]vation4 ,he acts 9 ea* case sep>ately & simply because he _c help x2 be+ s fram$ t :5 t p>ticul> runn+ ?+ call$ a m\se appe>s 9 8 field ( vision1 he mu/ pursue2 t :5 t p>ticul> b>k+ & ob/rep]\s ?+ call$ a dog appe>s !re1 he mu/ retire if at a di/ance1 & scrat* if close by2 t he mu/ )draw 8 feet f wat]1 & 8 face f flame1 etc4 99 99 99 ,n[1 :y d ! v>i\s animals d :at seem to u su* /range ?+s 9 ! pres5ce ( su* outl&i% /imuli8 ,:y does ! h51 = in/ance1 submit h]self to ! t$ium ( incubat+ su* a fe>fully un9t]e/+ set ( objects z a ne/ful ( eggs1 unless %e h "s sort ( prophetic inkl+ ( ! result8 ,! only answ] is ad hom9em4 ,we c only int]pret ! in/9ct ( brutes by :at we "k ( in/9cts 9 ourselves4 ,:y d m5 always lie d[n1 :5 !y c1 on s(t b$s r ?an on s(t floors8 ,:y d !y sit ar\nd a /ove on a cold day8 ,:y1 9 a room1 d !y place !mselves1 n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$1 ) _! faces t[>d its middle r ?an to ! wall8 ,:y does ! maid5 int]e/ ! y\? s mu* t ev]y?+ ab\t h] seems m important & significant ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w8 ,no?+ m c be said ?an t ^! are human ways1 & t e creature likes its own ways1 & takes to foll[+ !m z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,sci5ce may come & consid] ^! ways1 & f9d t mo/ ( !m are useful4 ,b x is n = ! sake ( _! utility t !y are foll[$1 b because at ! mom5t ( foll[+ !m we feel t x is ! only appropriate & natural ?+ to d4 ,n "o man 9 a million1 :5 tak+ 8 d9n]1 ev] ?9ks ( its utility4 ,he eats because ! food ta/es good1 & makes him want m4 ,if y %\ld ask him :y he wants to eat m ( :at ta/es l t1 in/ead ( rev]+ y z a philosoph] he w probably laugh at y = a fool4 ,james cont9ues3 ,x takes1 9 %ort1 :at ,b]keley call$ a m9d debau*$ by le>n+ to c>ry ! process ( mak+ ! natural seem /range1 s f> z to ask ! :y ( any in/9ctive human act4 ,to ! metaphysician alone c su* que/ions arise z3 ,:y d we smile :5 pleas$ & n sc[l8 ,:y are we unable to talk to a cr[d z to a s+le fri5d8 ,:y does a p>ticul> maid5 turn our wits upside d[n8 ,! common man c only say1 ',( c\rse we smile1 ( c\rse our he>t palpitates at ! sight ( ! cr[d1 ( c\rse we love ! maid5--t beautiful s\l clad 9 t p]fect =m1 s palpably & flagrantly made f all et]nity to be lov$6' ,& s1 probably1 does ea* animal feel ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+s x t5ds to d 9 ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> objects4 ,!y1 too1 are a priori syn!ses4 ,to ! lion x is ! lioness :i* is made to be lov$2 to ! be>1 ! %e be>4 ,to ! broody h5 ! notion w\ld seem mon/r\s t !re %\ld be a creature 9 ! _w to :om a ne/ful ( eggs 0 n ! utt]ly fasc9at+1 preci\s1 & nev]-to-be-too-mu*-sat-^u object :i* x is to h]4 ,?us we may be sure t h[ev] my/]i\s "s animals' in/9cts may appe> to u1 our in/9cts w appe> no less my/]i\s to !m4 ,& we may conclude t1 to ! animal :i* obeys x1 e impulse & e /ep ( t in/9ct %9es ) its own suffici5t light1 & seems at ! mom5t ! only ext]nally "r & prop] ?+ to d4 ,x may be done = its own sake exclusively4 ,"o has v little ne$1 z a rule1 to develop ! passional emotions4 ,in/9ct has tak5 pretty good c>e t we %all h our %>e ( ?is class ( feel+s4 ,b !re is a ne$ to tra91 re/ra91 gov]n1 & control ^! emotions1 = ! conditions :i* br\ght ab\t _! orig9al be+ h *ang$4 ,our social conv5tions require t we %\ld subord9ate ^! passional feel+s1 to "s ext5t at lea/4 ,society insi/s t we mu/ re/rict our love impulses to c]ta9 limits & to c]ta9 qu>t]s1 & t we subdue our ang] & hate1 except t[>d ! enemies ( our l&1 ! di/urb]s ( public peace1 & ! m5ac]s ( ! social conv5tions ( our "t & l&4 ,! public welf>e requires t we inhibit our fight+ impulses1 except 9 cases ( self-def5se or w>4 ,public policy requires t we keep our ambitions )9 reasonable limits1 :i* limits *ange f "t to "t1 ( c\rse4 ,9 %ort1 society has /epp$ 9 & insi/$ t man1 z a social be+1 mu/ n only acquire a social consci5ce b mu/ also develop sociable emotions & inhibit 8 unsociable ones4 ,! evolution ( man's nature has caus$ him unconsci\sly to modify 8 elem5tal1 in/9ctive1 passional emotions1 & subord9ate !m to ! dictates ( social1 e?ical1 moral1 & /hetic feel+s & ideals1 & to intellectual consid]ations4 ,ev5 ! orig9al elem5tal in/9cts ( ! l[] animals h be5 modifi$ by reason ( ! social requirem5ts ( ! pack1 h]d1 or drove1 until ! modifi$ in/9ct is n[ ! rul+ =ce4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( emotional control1 re/ra9t1 & ma/]y1 z giv5 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 are applicable to ! p>ticul> class ( emotions n[ "u consid]ation "h4 7#a7 ,by refra9+ f ! physical expression1 "o may at lea/ p>tially inhibit ! emotion4 7#b7 ,by refus+ to create ! habit1 "o may m easily manife/ control4 7#c7 ,by refus+ to dwell ^u ! idea or m5tal picture ( ! excit+ object1 "o may less5 ! /imulus4 7#d7 ,by cultivat+ ! opposite class ( emotions1 "o may inhibit any class ( feel+4 7#e7 ,&1 f9ally1 by acquir+ a control ( ! att5tion1 by means ( ! w1 "o has ! re9s firmly 9 h&1 & may drive or hold back ! /e$s ( passion z he wills4 ,! passions are l fi]y horses1 useful if well "u control1 b mo/ dang]\s if ! control is lo/4 ,! ego is ! driv]1 ! w 8 h&s1 att5tion ! re9s1 habit ! bit1 & ! passions ! horses4 ,to drive ! *>iot ( life "u social conditions1 ! ego mu/ h /rong h&s 7w7 to tight5 or loos5 ! re9s ( att5tion4 ,he mu/ also employ a well design$ & %ap$ bit ( habit4 ,)\t /rong h&s1 good re9s1 & well-adju/$ bit1 ! fi]y /e$s ( passion may ga9 control &1 runn+ away1 da% ! *>iot & its driv] ov] ! precipice & on to ! jagg$ rocks bel[4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,social ,emotions4 ,z man became a social animal he develop$ new traits ( "*1 new habits ( action1 new ideals1 new cu/oms1 & consequ5tly new emotions4 ,emotions long ent]ta9$ & long manife/$ by ! race become m or less in/9ctive1 & are pass$ along 9 ! =m ( ei!r 7a7 inh]it$ /imulus ak9 to1 b less] 9 degree & =ce ?an1 ! m elem5tal emotions2 or 7b7 ( inh]it$ t5d5cy to manife/ ! acquir$ emotional feel+ ^u ! pres5tation ( suffici5tly /rong /imuli4 ,h5ce arises t :i* we h call$ ! social emotions4 ,"u ! classification ( ! social emotions are ^? acquir$ t5d5cies ( action & feel+ ( ! race :i* are m or less altrui/ic1 & are conc]n$ ) ! welf>e ( o!rs & "o's duties & obligations t[>d society & our fell[ m54 ,9 ?is class are f\nd ! emotions :i* impel u to p]=m :at we consid] or feel to be our duty t[>d our neighbors1 & our obligations & duty t[>d ! /ate1 z express$ 9 its laws1 ! cu/oms ( m5 ( our c\ntry1 or ! ideals ( ! community4 ,9 ano!r phase x manife/s z sympa?y1 fell[ feel+1 & k9dness 9 g5]al4 ,9 its fir/ phase we f9d civic virtue1 law-abid+ incl9ation1 hone/y1 squ>e deal+1 & patriotism2 9 its second phase we f9d sympa?y = o!rs1 *>ity1 mutual aid1 ! alleviation ( pov]ty & suff]+1 ! erection ( asylums = orphans & ! ag$1 hospitals = ! sick1 & ! =mation ( societies = g5]al *>itable "w4 ,9 _m cases we f9d ! social1 e?ical1 & moral emotions closely alli$ ) religi\s emotion1 & by _m ^! are suppos$ to be practically id5tical1 b !re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 spite ( _! frequ5t association4 ,= in/ance1 we f9d _m p]sons ( high civic virtue1 ( exalt$ moral ideals1 & manife/+ e?ical qualities ( ! mo/ advanc$ type1 :o are lack+ 9 ! ord9>y religi\s feel+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we too frequ5tly f9d p]sons pr(ess+ great religi\s zeal1 & app>5tly exp]i5c+ ! mo/ int5se religi\s emotional feel+1 :o are defici5t 9 social1 civic1 e?ical1 & moral qualities1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,! aim ( all religion wor?y ( ! "n1 h[ev]1 is to enc\rage e?ical & moral z well z religi\s emotions4 ,we mu/ "h make ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? manife/+ ! actions t]m$ e?ical & moral because !y feel t way1 & ^? :o m]ely comply ) ! conv5tional requirem5ts because !y fe> ! consequ5ces ( _! violation4 ,! fir/ class h ! true social1 e?ical1 & moral feel+s1 ta/es1 ideals1 & incl9ations2 :ile ! second manife/ m]ely ! elem5t>y feel+s ( self-pres]vation & selfi% prud5ce4 ,! fir/ class are good because !y feel t way & f9d x natural to be s2 :ile ! o!rs are good m]ely because !y h to be or be puni%$ by legal p5alty or public op9ion1 loss ( pre/ige1 loss ( f9ancial support1 etc4 ,! social1 moral1 & e?ical emotions are believ$ to h aris5 9 ! race by reason ( ! association ( individuals 9 communities & ! rise ( ! necessity = mutual aid & =be>ance4 ,ev5 _m ( ! species ( ! l[] animals h social1 moral1 or e?ical codes ( _! own1 bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! species or family1 infractions ( :i* !y puni% sev]ely4 ,9 ! same way sympa?y & ! altrui/ic feel+s are suppos$ to h aris54 ,! community ( int]e/ & und]/&+ 9 ! tribe1 family1 or clan br\ght n only ! feel+ ( natural def5se & protection b also ! f9]1 inn] sympa!tic feel+ ( ! pa9s & suff]+s ( _! associates4 ,?is1 9 ! progress ( ! race1 has develop$ into broad] & m complex ideals & feel+s4 ,!ology expla9s ! moral feel+s z result+ f consci5ce1 :i* x holds to be a special faculty ( ! m9d1 or s\l1 div9ely giv54 ,sci5ce1 :ile admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate ( feel+s :i* we call consci5ce1 d5ies its sup]natural orig91 & ascribes x to ! result ( evolution1 h]$ity1 exp]i5ce1 education1 & sugge/ion4 ,consci5ce1 accord+ to sci5ce1 is a comp\nd ( intellectual & emotional /ates4 ,consci5ce is n an inv>iable or infallible guide1 b dep5ds entirely ^u ! h]$ity1 education1 exp]i5ce1 & environm5t ( ! individual4 ,x accompanies ! moral & e?ical codes ( ! race1 :i* v>y ) "t & ) c\ntry4 ,actions :i* 7 ?\ght "r a c5tury ago are condemn$ n[2 likewise1 ?+s condemn$ a c5tury ago are ?\ght "r n[4 ,:at is comm5d$ 9 ,turkey is condemn$ 9 ,engl&1 & vice v]sa4 ,moral ta/es & ideals1 l /hetic ones1 v>y ) "t & c\ntry4 ,!re is no absolute code :i* has be5 always true1 9 all places4 ,!re is an evolution 9 ! ideals ( morals & e?ics z 9 ev]y?+ else1 & consci5ce & ! moral & e?ical emotions accompany ! *ang+ ideals4 ,_m ( ! moral & e?ical pr9ciples orig9ally arose f necessity or utility1 b h s9ce develop$ into natural1 spontane\s feel+ on ! "p ( ! race4 ,x is held t ! race is rapidly develop+ a social consci5ce :i* w cause ! wip+ out ( _m social conditions :i* are n[ ! disgrace ( civilization4 ,x is pr$ict$ t 9 "t ! race w look back ^u ! exi/5ce ( pov]ty 9 our civilization z our g5]ation n[ looks back ^u ! exi/5ce ( slav]y1 imprisonm5t = debt1 capital puni%m5t = ! !ft ( a loaf ( bread1 ! kill+ ( prison]s ( w>1 etc4 ,x is ?\ght t1 9 "t1 w>s ( conque/ w be deem$ z utt]ly immoral z to-day is reg>d$ ! murd] ( a body ( m5 by a b& ( pirates or b&its4 ,9 ! same way ! economic slav]y ( to-day w be se5 z immoral z n[ seems ! physical slav]y ( ! pa/4 ,9 n f> di/ant "t x w seem incr$ible t society c\ld h ev] all[$ "o ( its memb]s to die ( hung] 9 ! /reets1 or ( pov]ty & inatt5tion 9 ! sick room ( ! hovel4 ,n only w ! ideals & feel+s ( e?ical & moral responsibility *ange & evolve1 b ! feel+s ( p]sonal sympa?y w evolve 9 accordance !re)4 ,at lea/ su* is ! dream & prophecy ( "s ( ! _w's greate/ ?9k]s4 ,! social1 e?ical1 & moral emotions may be develop$ by a /udy ( ! evolution & mean+ ( society on ! "o h&1 & ! p]ception ( ! condition ( ! lives ( less =tunate individuals on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ w awak5 new ideas ( ! hi/ory & real mean+ ( social association & mutual int]c\rse1 & w develop a new s5se ( responsibility1 duty1 & civic & social pride4 ,! second w awak5 und]/&+ & sympa?y1 & a desire to d :at "o c to help ^? :o are ! "u dog1 & also to br+ ab\t a bett] /ate ( affairs 9 g5]al4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory & civilization1 ( sociology & civics1 w d mu* 9 ! fir/ direction4 ,! /udy ( human-k9d1 & its life problems & condition1 w d ! same 9 ! second case4 ,9 bo? cases !re w be awak5$ a new s5se ( "r & wrong--a new conception ( ought & ought n--reg>d+ "o's relations to ! race1 society1 & 8 fell[ be+s4 ,let no "o deceive himself or h]self by ! smug assumption t ! race has entirely em]g$ f b>b>ism & is n[ on ! top wave ( civilization4 ,! tru?1 z kn[n to all c>eful & consci5ti\s ?9k]s1 is t we are b half civiliz$1 if1 inde$1 t mu*4 ,_m ( our cu/oms & conv5tions are ^? ( a half-b>b>\s p4 ,our ideals are l[1 our cu/oms (t5 vile4 ,we lack n only high ideals b 9 _m cases we %[ a lack ( sanity 9 our social conv5tions4 ,b evolution is mov+ u sl[ly ahead4 ,a bett] day is dawn+4 ,! signs are 9 ! air1 to be se5 by all ?\ghtful m54 ,civilization is climb+ ! ladd]1 aid$ by ! evolution ( ! social1 e?ical1 & moral emotions & ! developm5t ( ! intellect4 ,9 connection ) ?is phase ( ! emotions1 we invite ! /ud5t to consid] ! foll[+ excell5t words ( ,pr(essor ,davidson 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,education3 ,x is n en\gh = a man to und]/& ! conditions ( rational life 9 8 own "t4 ,he mu/ likewise love ^! conditions & hate :atev] leads to life ( an opposite k9d4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t he mu/ love ! good & hate ! evil2 = ! good is simply :at conduces to rational or moral life1 & ! evil simply :at leads away f x4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s1 z soon z x is po9t$ out1 t all immoral life is due to a false di/ribution ( affection1 :i* aga9 is (t51 ?\gh by no means always1 due to a want ( intellectual cultivation4 ,he t attributes to any?+ a value great] or less ?an x really possesses1 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 has already plac$ himself 9 a false relation to x1 & w c]ta9ly1 :5 he comes to act ) ref]5ce to x1 act immorally4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,religi\s ,emotions4 ,by ! religi\s emotions is meant t class ( emotional feel+ aris+ f ! fai? & belief 91 or consci\sness ( ! pres5ce (1 sup]natural be+s1 p[]s1 entities1 or =ces4 ,?is =m ( emotion is reg>d$ z di/9ct f ! e?ical & moral emotions1 al?\gh frequ5tly f\nd 9 connection !re)4 ,likewise1 x is indep5d5t ( any special =m ( intellectual belief1 = x is f> m fundam5tal & (t5 exi/s )\t cre$1 philosophy1 or /at$ belief1 ! only manife/ation 9 su* cases be+ a feel+ ( ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural be+s1 =ces1 & p[]s to :i* man has a relation & to :i* he owes ob$i5ce4 ,to ^? :o may ?9k t ?is is too n>r[ a conception ( religi\s emotion we ref] ! foll[+ def9ition ( religion f ! diction>ies3 ,! acts or feel+s :i* result f ! belief ( a god1 or gods1 hav+ sup]ior control ov] matt]1 life1 or de/9y4 ,religion is subjective1 designat+ ! feel+s & acts ( m5 :i* relate to ,god2 !ology is objective1 d5ot+ ! sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! exi/5ce1 laws1 & attributes ( ,god2 or 7objectively7 ! out] =m & embodim5t :i* ! inw>d _s ( a true or a false devotion assumes1 7subjectively7 ! feel+ ( v5]ation ) :i* ! wor%ip] reg>ds ! ,be+ he adores4 ,d>w91 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 says t ! feel+ ( religi\s devotion is a highly complex "o1 consi/+ ( love1 complete submission to an exalt$ & my/]i\s sup]ior1 a /rong s5se ( dep5d5ce1 fe>1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 hope = ! future1 & p]haps o!r elem5ts4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t no man c exp]i5ce s complex an emotion until advanc$ 9 8 intellectual & moral faculties to at lea/ a mod]ately high level4 ,! au?orities g5]ally agree ) ,d>w91 al?\gh ! m rec5t /udy ( ! hi/ory ( religion has %[n t religi\s feel+ has a f> m primitive orig9 ?an t indicat$ by ,d>w94 ,x is true t ! l[] animals are n deem$ capable ( any?+ approa*+ religi\s feel+1 unless !re is a feel+ approa*+ x 9 ! attitude ( ! dog & horse & o!r dome/ic animals t[>d _! ma/]s4 ,b man1 z soon z he is able to attribute natural ph5om5a to a sup]natural cause & p[]1 manife/s a crude religi\s feel+ & emotion4 ,he beg9s by believ+ 91 fe>+1 & wor%ip+ natural =ces & objects1 su* z ! sun1 ! moon1 ! w9d1 ?und] & lightn+1 ! ocean1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 etc4 ,x is claim$ t !re is no natural object t has n be5 deifi$ & wor%ip$ by "s p at "s "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,lat]1 man acquir$ ! an?ropomorphic conception ( deities & creat$ _m gods 9 8 own image1 end[+ !m ) 8 own attributes1 qualities1 & *>act]i/ics4 ,! m5tal *>act]i/ics & morals ( a p c always be asc]ta9$ by a k ( ! av]age conception ( deity held by !m4 ,poly!ism1 or ! belief 9 _m gods1 0 succe$$ by mono!ism1 or belief 9 "o god4 ,mono!ism ranges f ! crude/ conception ( a manlike god to ! highe/ conception ( a spiritual ,be+ transc5d+ all human qualities1 attributes1 or *>act]i/ics4 ,man began by believ+ 9 _m god ?+s1 !n 9 _m god p]sons1 !n 9 a "o god-p]son1 !n 9 "o ,god :o is a _s1 !n 9 ,"o ,univ]sal ,_s :i* is ,god4 ,x is a f> cry f ! savage1 manlike god ( old to ! conception ( ! ,univ]sal ,_s ( ! ,god-drunk5 philosoph]1 ,sp9oza4 ,! extreme ( religi\s belief is t :i* holds t !re is no?+ b ,god--all else is illusion1 ( pan!i/ic idealism4 ,buddhism 7at lea/ 9 its orig9al =m7 disc>d$ ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+1 & held t ,ultimate ,reality is b ,univ]sal ,law2 h5ce ! accusation t ,buddhism is an a!i/ic religion1 al?\gh x is "o ( ! _w's greate/ religions1 hav+ ov] #djj1jjj1jjj foll[]s4 ,b ! beliefs ( ! religi\s p]son may be consid]$ z result+ f intellectual processes2 8 religi\s feel+s & emotions arise f ano!r "p ( 8 m5tal be+4 ,x is ! te/imony ( ! au?orities ( all religions t religi\s conviction is an inn] exp]i5ce r ?an an intellectual conception4 ,! emotional elem5t is always active 9 religi\s manife/ations ev]y:]e4 ,! purely intellectual religion is naught b a philosophy4 ,religion )\t feel+ & emotion is an anomaly4 ,9 all true religion !re exi/s a feel+ ( inn] assurance & fai?1 love1 awe1 dep5d5ce1 submission1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 hope1 & p]haps fe>4 ,! emotional elem5t mu/ always be pres5t1 n necess>ily 9 ! =m ( emotional excess1 z 9 ! case ( revival hy/]ia or ! dance ( ! :irl+ d]vi%es1 b at lea/ 9 ! =m ( ! calm1 f]v5t feel+ ( t peace :i* passe? und]/&+4 ,:5 religion dep>ts f ! emotional phase x becomes m]ely a s*ool ( philosophy1 or an e?ical culture society4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n lose sight ( ! uplift+ influ5ce ( true religi\s emotion by reason ( 8 k ( its l[ly orig94 ,l ! lotus1 :i* has its roots 9 ! slimy1 fil?y mud ( ! riv]1 & its /em 9 ! muddy1 /agnant1 & f\l wat]s !re(1 b its beautiful fl[] unfold$ 9 ! cle> air & fac+ ! sun1 s is religi\s feel+ responsible = "s ( ! mo/ beautiful & uplift+ ideals & actions ( ! race4 ,if its orig9 & hi/ory conta9 mu* t is n consi/5t ) ! highe/ ideals ( ! race to-day1 x is n ! fault ( religion b ( ! race itself4 ,religion1 l all else 9 ! univ]sal manife/ation1 is "u ! laws ( evolution1 gr[?1 & developm5t4 ,:at ! religion ( ! future may be1 we "k n4 ,b ! prophets ( ! race are dream+ visions ( a religion z mu* high] ?an t ( to-day z ! latt] is high] ?an ! crude feti*ism ( ! savage4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,john ,fiske's ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god is appropriate 9 ?is place4 ,fiske says3 ,my aim is to %[ t 't o!r influ5ce1' t inw>d conviction1 ! crav+ = a f9al cause1 ! !i/ic assumption1 is itself "o ( ! ma/] facts ( ! univ]se1 & z mu* entitl$ to respect z any fact 9 physical nature c possibly be4 ,! argum5t fla%$ ^u me ab\t t5 ye>s ago :ile read+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s controv]sy ) ,fr$]ic ,h>rison conc]n+ ! nature & reality ( religion4 ,because ,sp5c] d]iv$ hi/orically ! great] "p ( mod]n belief 9 an ,unse5 ,_w f ! savage's primeval _w ( dreams & gho/s1 "s ( 8 critics ma9ta9$ t logical consi/5cy requir$ him to dismiss ! mod]n belief z utt]ly false2 o!rwise he w\ld be guilty ( seek+ to evolve tru? f falsehood4 ',by no means1' repli$ ,sp5c]4 ',contr>iwise1 ! ultimate =m ( ! religi\s consci\sness is ! f9al developm5t ( a consci\sness :i* at ! outset conta9$ a g]m ( tru? obscur$ by multitud9\s errors4' ,fiske1 9 ?is connection1 quotes ! ,t5nysonian "q3-- ',:o =g$ t o!r influ5ce1 ,t heat ( inw>d evid5ce1 ,by :i* he d\bts aga9/ ! s5se8' ,! religi\s emotions may be develop$ by all[+ ! m9d to dwell ^u ! ,p[] und]ly+ ! univ]se ( fleet+1 *ang+ =ms2 by read+ prose & poetry 9 :i* an appeal is made to ! religi\s in/9ct2 by li/5+ to music :i* awak5s ! emotion ( rev]5ce & awe2 &1 f9ally1 by m$itat+ ^u ! inn] _s imman5t 9 e liv+ be+4 ,z an old ,h9du sage once said3 ,!re are _m pa?s by :i* m5 arrive at a k ( ! pres5ce ( ,god1 b !re is b "o goal & de/9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,ae/hetic ,emotions4 ,by ! /hetic emotions is meant ^? emotional feel+s :i* are conc]n$ ) ! p]ception ( beauty or ta/e1 & by reason ( :i* we l or dislike c]ta9 p]ceptions ( s5sory impressions4 ,9 ord] to get a cle>] idea1 let u consid] :at is meant by beauty & ta/e4 ,beauty is def9$ z t quality or assemblage ( qualities 9 an object :i* gives ! eye or ! e> int5se pleasure2 or t *>act]i/ic 9 an object :i* gratifies ! intellect or moral feel+4 ,ta/e 79 ?is s5se ( ! t]m7 is def9$ z nice p]ception1 or ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ & reli%+ excell5ce 9 human p]=mances2 ! p[] ( appreciat+ ! f9] qualities ( art2 ! faculty ( disc]n+ beauty1 ord]1 congruity1 proportion1 symmetry1 or :atev] con/itutes excell5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! f9e arts or lit]ature2 ! faculty ( ! m9d by :i* we bo? p]ceive & enjoy :atev] is beautiful or sublime 9 ! works ( nature & art4 ,! possession ( ta/e insures grace & beauty 9 ! works ( an arti/1 & ! avoidance ( all t is l[ or mean4 ,x is z (t5 ! result ( an innate s5se ( beauty or propriety z ( art education1 & no g5ius c comp5sate = ! want ( x4 99 99 99 ,ta/es diff] s mu* among individuals1 nations1 or 9 diff]5t ages & conditions ( civilization t x is utt]ly impossible to set up a /&>d ( ta/e applicable to all m5 & to all /ages 9 ! evolution ( society4 ,! /hetic s5se1 feel+1 & emotion are products ( ! lat] /ages ( ! evolution ( ! m9d ( man4 ,_! roots1 h[ev]1 may be se5 9 ! crude attempts at decoration & adornm5t 9 ! savage1 & /ill fur!r back 9 ! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 birds to adorn _! ne/s or b[]s4 ,moreov]1 "s s5se ( beauty mu/ exi/ 9 ! l[] animals1 :i* are influ5c$ !reby 9 ! selection ( _! mates1 ! bright plumage ( ! birds1 & ! color+ ( ! insects & high] animals evid5c+ ! exi/5ce ( at lea/ a primitive /hetic s5se4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says t "o *>act]i/ic ( ! /hetic feel+s is t !y are sep>at$ f ! functions vitally requisite & necess>y to su/a9 life1 & x is n until ! latt] are reasonably well satisfi$ t ! =m] beg9 to manife/ 9 =ce4 ,! au?orities hold t ! basic elem5t conc]n$ 9 ! manife/ation ( ! /hetic emotional feel+ is ! s5sory elem5t1 :i* consi/s ( ! pleasure aris+ f ! p]ception ( objects ( vision or he>+ :i* are deem$ beautiful4 ,!re is a c]ta9 n]v\s satisfaction :i* arises f ! p]ception ( ! s5sation ( ! sight ( a beautiful ?+1 or ( ! he>+ ( beautiful s\nd4 ,j :y c]ta9 sights prove agreeable & o!rs disagreeable1 or c]ta9 s\nds pleasant & o!rs unpleasant1 is v difficult to det]m9e4 ,association & habit may h some?+ to d ) ! beauty ( sight object1 & !re may be natural h>mony ( vibration 9 colors z !re is 9 s\nd4 ,9 ! case ( s\nds !re is und\bt$ly a natural h>mony betwe5 ! vibrations ( c]ta9 notes ( ! scale & inh>mony betwe5 o!rs4 ,"s h held t ! secret ( ! enjoym5t ( music is f\nd 9 ! natural appreciation ( rhy?m1 z rhy?m is a cosmic manife/ation evid5t 9 ev]y?+ f great to small4 ,b ^! !ories d n acc\nt = ! diff]5ces exi/+ 9 ! ta/es reg>d+ color & music manife/$ by diff]5t individuals1 races1 & classes ( p4 ,grant ,all5 says3 ,! vulg> are pleas$ ) great masses ( color1 especially r$1 orange1 & purple1 :i* give _! co>se1 n]v\s organization ! requisite /imulus4 ,! ref9$1 ) n]ves ( less calib]1 b great] discrim9ativ5ess1 require delicate comb9ations ( complem5t>ies & pref] neutral t9ts to ! gl>e ( ! prim>y hues4 ,*ildr5 & savages love to dress 9 all ! colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,9 ! same way p]sons ( c]ta9 types ( ta/e are pleas$ ) rag "t & *eap1 rollick+ songs or dances1 :ile o!rs %udd] at ^! & f9d delight 9 ! classic productions ( ! great compos]s4 ,!re is also ! intellectual elem5t to be reckon$ ) 9 ! /hetic emotions4 ,! intellect mu/ discov] ! beauty 9 c]ta9 objects be=e ! emotion is ar\s$ by ! p]ception4 ,halleck says3 ,e "t ! m9d disc]ns unity amid v>iety1 ord]1 rhy?m1 proportion1 or symmetry1 an /hetic emotion arises4 99 99 99 ,! travel] ) a tra9$ intellect w see f> m beauty ?an an ignorant "o4 ,9 look+ at a ca!dral1 a l>ge "p ( ! /hetic enjoym5t comes f trac+ out ! symmetry1 f comp>+ "p ) "p4 ,n until ?is process is complete w ! full beauty ( ! /ructure z a :ole be p]ceiv$4 ,if ! travel] kn[s some?+ ( m$ival ar*itecture be=e />t+ on 8 ,european trip1 he w see f> m beauty4 ,! opposite ( ! /hetic1 :i* we call ! ugly1 is ! unsymmetrical1 ! disord]ly--t 9 :i* we c discov] no rhy?m1 plan1 or beauty4 ,! elem5t ( associative sugge/ion also ent]s into ! manife/ation ( /hetic emotional feel+4 ,! m9d accepts ! sugge/ion ( ! beauty ( c]ta9 /yles ( art1 or ! excell5ce ( c]ta9 classes ( music4 ,!re are fa%ions 9 art & music1 z 9 clo!s1 & :at is ?\ght beautiful to-day may be deem$ hide\s to-morr[4 ,?is is n entirely due to ! evolution ( ta/e1 = 9 _m cases ! old fa%ions are reviv$ & aga9 deem$ beautiful4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ! effect ( ! association ( ! object ( emotion ) c]ta9 ev5ts or p]sons4 ,?is association r5d]s ! ?+ popul>1 & !re=e agreeable & beautiful = ! "t be+4 ,! sugge/ion 9 a /ory w (t5 cause ! beauty ( a c]ta9 sc5e1 or ! h>mony ( a c]ta9 piece ( music1 to dawn ^u ?\s&s ( p]sons4 ,"s not$ p]son sets ! seal ( approval ^u a c]ta9 picture or musical composition & lo6 ! multitude calls x beautiful4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! cr[d always c\nt]feits ?is s5se ( beauty & excell5ce :i* has be5 sugge/$ to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 g5u9e /hetic feel+ (t5 results f ! discov]y s made4 ,!re is /yle & fa%ion 9 ! use ( words1 result+ f fa%ion1 :i* gives rise to /hetic feel+s reg>d+ !m4 ,^! feel+s d n arise f ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( ! object express$ by ! ^w2 ( two words designat+ ! same ?+1 "o causes disgu/ & ! o!r at lea/ passive tol]ance4 ,= in/ance1 9 speak+ ( ! s5sible moi/ure :i* is emitt$ f ! pores ( ! sk91 we may use ei!r ( ! respective t]ms sweat or p]spiration4 ,bo? mean ! same ?+1 & h an equally respectable orig94 ,b to _m p]sons ! ^w sweat causes unpleasant /hetic emotion1 :ile ! ^w p]spiration is accept$ )\t remon/rance4 ,"s p]sons abhor ! t]m victuals1 :ile vi&s or food are accept$ )\t prote/4 ,!re is (t5 an unpleasant1 l[1 vulg> association connect$ ) "s words :i* acc\nts = ! disfavor ) :i* !y are receiv$1 & :i* association is abs5t f ! m polite t]ms employ$ to indicate ! same ?+4 ,b 9 o!r cases !re is no?+ b ! simple sugge/ion ( fa%ion & /yle to acc\nt = ! /hetic acceptance or rejection4 ,x is possible t "s psy*ologi/ ( ! future w e/abli% ! tru? ( ! !ory n[ t5tatively advanc$ by a few inve/igators1 namely1 t ta/e & ! s5se ( beauty dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! elem5t ( sugge/ion1 manife/$ z association1 influ5ce ( au?ority1 habit1 fa%ion1 imitation1 etc4 ,x is kn[n t ! emotional nature is peculi>ly liable to sugge/ion1 & t ta/es may be creat$ or de/roy$ by repeat$ sugge/ion "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,x is ?\ght likely t if we c\ld trace back to its roots e emotion ( ta/e1 we w\ld f9d x aris+ f "s associative1 sugge/ive influ5ce connect$ ) ano!r & m elem5tal class ( emotions4 ,reg>d+ ! fact t !re is no univ]sal /&>d ( ta/e or beauty1 ,halleck says3 ,x has be5 said t /hetics _c be treat$ 9 a sci5tific way because !re is no /&>d ( ta/e4 ',de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um' 7'!re is no disput+ ab\t ta/es'7 is an old prov]b4 ,( two equally intellig5t p]sons1 ! "o may l a c]ta9 book1 ! o!r dislike x4 99 99 99 ,:ile x is true t ! /&>d ( ta/e is a v>y+ "o )9 c]ta9 limits1 x is no m s ?an t ( morals4 ,z m5's n]v\s sy/ems1 education1 & associations diff]1 we may sci5tifically conclude t _! ta/es mu/ diff]4 ,! great] ! uni=mity 9 ! factors ! less does ! product v>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! /&>d ( /hetics is relatively uni=m4 ,x is fix$ by ! majority ( intellig5t p ( any age & c\ntry4 ,to e/imate ! /&>d by :i* to judge ( ! correctness ( language or ( ! lit]>y ta/e ( any era1 we exam9e ! conv]sations ( ! be/ speak]s1 ! works ( ! /&>d writ]s4 ,! /hetic emotions may be develop$ & cultivat$ by ex]cise & practice1 & p>ticul>ly by association & famili>ity ) beautiful ?+s1 & ) ^? :o h good ta/e4 ,appreciation ( beauty is m or less contagi\s1 up to a c]ta9 po9t ( developm5t1 at lea/1 & if "o wi%es to recognize1 und]/&1 & appreciate beauty1 he %\ld g :]e beauty is1 & :]e its vot>ies are ga!r$4 ,! /udy ( /&>d works ( art1 or objects ( nature1 or ! be/ productions ( ! compos]s ( music1 w d mu* to develop & unfold "o's high] /hetic feel+s & und]/&+4 ,x is claim$ by "s ( ! be/ au?orities t to develop ! f9] & high] /hetic feel+s & und]/&+ we mu/ le>n to f9d beauty & excell5ce 9 ?+s remov$ f ourselves or our selfi% int]e/s4 ,! n>r[1 selfi% emotions kill ! /hetic feel+s--! two _c exi/ toge!r4 ,! p]son ^: ?\ghts are c5t]$ on himself or h]self v r>ely f9ds beauty or excell5ce 9 works ( art or music4 ,grant ,all5 well sums up ! subject 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,good ta/e is ! progressive product ( progress+ f95ess & discrim9ation 9 ! n]ves1 educat$ att5tion1 high & noble emotional con/itution1 & increas+ intellectual faculties4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,intellectual ,emotions4 ,by ! intellectual emotions is meant t class ( emotional feel+ result+ f ! pres5ce ( objects ( intellectual int]e/4 ,?is class ( emotions dep5ds = its satisfaction ^u ! ex]cise ( ! intellectual faculties1 f ! mo/ simple to ! mo/ complex1 & includ+ p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 reason1 judgm5t1 & all ! logical faculties4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to employ+ ! m9d ?r\gh volunt>y att5tion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! direction ( creative ideation or con/ructive imag9ation1 exp]i5ce ^! emotions to a great] or less degree4 ,! ex]cise ( p]ception1 if we are skill$ !re91 gives u a pleasurable feel+1 & if we succe$ 9 mak+ an int]e/+ or important discov]y by reason !re(1 we exp]i5ce a /rong degree ( emotional satisfaction4 ,likewise1 we exp]i5ce agreeable feel+s :5 we are able to rememb] di/9ctly some?+ :i* might well h be5 =gott51 or :5 we succe$ 9 recall+ some?+ :i* _h escap$ our memory = ! mom5t4 ,9 ! same way ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation is a s\rce ( great pleasure 9 _m cases 9 ! direction ( writ+1 plann+1 inv5t+1 or o!r creative processes1 or ev5 9 ! build+ ( air ca/les4 ,! ex]cise ( ! logical faculties gives great pleasure to ^? 9 :om ^! faculties are well develop$4 ,halleck well says3 ,!re 0 probably n a happi] mom5t 9 ,newton's life ?an :5 he _h succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ t ! same p[] :i* caus$ ! apple to fall held ! moon & ! planets 9 _! orbits4 ,:5 ,watts discov]$ t /eam might be h>ness$ l a horse1 :5 an inv5tor succe$s 9 p]fect+ a labor-light5+ device1 :5ev] an obscurity is cle>$ away1 ! reason = a ?+ und]/ood1 & a baffl+ in/ance br\ght "u a g5]al law1 intellectual emotion results4 ,! pleasurable feel+s we exp]i5ce ^u ! read+ ( a good book1 or ! discov]y ( real poetry1 are =ms ( intellectual emotion4 ,! same class ( emotional feel+ is ar\s$ :5 we witness a good play4 ,among o!r in/ances ( ?is class we m5tion ! p]ception ( clev] "w ( any k9d1 intricate ma*9]y1 +5i\s devices1 helpful improvem5ts1 or o!r works ( man :i* indicate ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght & inv5tive ability 9 ! design] or build]4 ,to appreciate m5tal "w ( ?is k9d we mu/ br+ a m9d develop$ along ! same or simil> l9es4 ,x has well be5 said t be=e "o c take away any?+ f a book he mu/ br+ some?+ to x4 ,x takes m5tality to recognize & appreciate m5tality or ! "w ( m5tality4 ,! /udy ( sci5tific subjects is a s\rce ( great pleasure to ^? :o are incl9$ to su* pursuits4 ,to ! sci5tific m9d ! /udy ( ! late/ "w on ! favorite bran* gives a joy :i* no?+ else is capable ( ar\s+4 ,to ! philosoph] ! works ( o!r philosoph]s ( ! same s*ool give int5se satisfaction4 ,x is claim$ t ! s5se ( humor & wit is an intellectual emotion1 = x dep5ds ^u ! detection ( ! ludicr\s features ( a happ5+4 ,c]ta9 psy*ologi/s h held t ! di/9ctive elem5t ( humor is ! feel+ att5dant ^u ! p]ception ( incongruity2 :ile t ( wit is ! feel+ ( sup]iority on ! "p ( ! witty p]son1 & ! correspond+ *agr9 ( ! object ( 8 wit4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! appreciation ( wit mu/ dep5d ^u ! intellectual p]ception ( clev]ness ( expression & ! pleasure result+ f ! discov]y !re(1 & t ! feel+ ( humor is ar\s$ pr9cipally by reason ( ! incongru\s elem5t2 ! feel+ ( self-satisfaction z contra/$ ) ! discomfiture ( ! o!r p]son belongs to ! m selfi% emotions4 ,an au?ority says3 ,humor is a m5tal faculty :i* t5ds to discov] incongru\s resemblances betwe5 ?+s :i* ess5tially diff]1 or ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ?+s put =? z ! same1 ! result be+ int]nal mir? or an outbur/ ( laught]4 ,wit does s likewise1 b ! two are diff]5t4 ,humor has deep human sympa?y1 & loves m5 :ile rais+ a laugh aga9/ _! weaknesses4 ,wit is defici5t 9 sympa?y1 & !re is (t5 a /+ 9 its ridicule4 ,some:at contemptu\s ( mank9d1 x has n ! pati5ce to /udy !m ?or\ghly1 b mu/ cont5t itself ) not+ sup]ficial resemblances or diff]5ces4 ,humor is pati5t & ke5ly obs]vant1 & p5etrates b5ea? ! surface2 :ile1 !re=e1 ! sallies ( wit are (t5 "o-sid$ & unfair1 ^? ( humor are1 z a rule1 j & wise4 ,! developm5t & cultivation ( ! intellectual emotions dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u education1 tra9+1 ex]cise1 & practice4 ,! cultivation ( ! intellect 7:i* has be5 ref]r$ to1 9 "p1 9 ! previ\s p>ts ( ?is book1 & :i* w be aga9 consid]$ 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to ! intellect7 results 9 ! developm5t & cultivation ( ! emotions accompany+ intellectual ef=t4 ,9 a g5]al way1 h[ev]1 x may be said t ! read+ ( ! be/ works ( fiction1 sci5ce1 & philosophy w br+ out 9 "t ! be/ =m ( intellectual enjoym5t & feel+4 ,! highe/ gives ! be/--t is ! rule4 ,! pres5t *apt] %\ld be read & /udi$ 9 connection ) ^? devot$ to ! intellect4 ,,bl5d$ ,,emotions4 ,z we h said at ! beg9n+ ( our consid]ation ( ! subject ( ! emotions1 ! majority ( emotions are compos$ ( sev]al feel+s1 & t5d to bl5d & comb9e emotional elem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! emotion ( sexual love c]ta9ly has its orig9 9 ! in/9ctive feel+s ( ! race1 & its motive elem5t is t ( passion4 ,b passion is f> f be+ all !re is 9 human sexual love4 ,above ! plane ( passion is f\nd ! social emotion ( companion%ip1 protection1 & c>e2 ! desire = ! welf>e ( ! lov$ "o2 ! m+l+ ( ! love ( ! p>5t ) t ( ! mate4 ,human love manife/s _m ( ! altrui/ic emotions dur+ its c\rse4 ,! welf>e ( ! lov$ "o becomes ! *ief conc]n ( life1 (t5 /rong] ev5 ?an self-pres]vation4 ,! joy ( ! lov$ "o becomes ! greate/ joy1 f> surpass+ ! m selfi% =ms ( happ9ess4 ,!n come ! /hetic feel+s1 :i* f9d satisfaction 9 ! two lik+ ! same ?+s1 sympa?y & community ( feel+ be+ ! connect+ l9k4 ,! sev]al ideals ( ! two comb9+1 !re is produc$ an ideali/ic union1 :i* is (t5 call$ spiritual h>mony4 ,f9ally1 !re is f\nd ! bl5d+ ( ! intellectual emotions1 9 :i* h>mony !re exi/s "o ( ! highe/ =ms ( pleasure satisfaction betwe5 two p]sons ( opposite sexes4 ,x is said t ! m ?+s t a man & woman l 9 common1 ! clos] w be _! lik+ = ea* o!r4 ,i love y because y love ! ?+s ,i love1 is no r>e ?\ght & expression4 ,s x is se5 t ?\gh born 9 elem5tal in/9ct & passion1 human sexual love is some?+ f> diff]5t 9 its fl[]+4 ,& yet )\t its root x w\ld n be1 & _c be4 ,?is is an excell5t example ( ! complex nature ( ! mo/ common emotions4 ,x may be us$ z a typical illu/ration4 ,:at is true ( x is also true1 9 a way & 9 a degree1 ( e o!r =m ( emotion4 ,!re=e 9 /udy+ a p>ticul> emotion1 be n too quick to cry1 ,x is ?is2 x is t6 b r seek to say1 ,x is compos$ ( ?is & t1 ( ?is & t6 ,few1 if any1 emotions are simple2 ! majority are v complex4 ,h5ce ! difficulty ( satisfactory classification1 & ! dang] ( dogmatic def9ition4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,role ( ! ,emotions4 ,! av]age p]son greatly und]e/imates ! "p play$ by ! emotional nature 9 ! m5tal activities ( ! individual4 ,he is incl9$ to ! op9ion t1 ) ! exception ( ! occasional manife/ation ( "s /rong emotional feel+1 ! majority ( p]sons g ?r\gh life us+ only ! reason+ & reflective faculties 9 decid+ ! problems ( life & guid+ ! m5tal c\rse ( action4 ,!re c be no great] mi/ake conc]n+ ! m5tal activities4 ,s f> f be+ subord9ate to ! intellect1 ! emotional nature 9 ! majority ( cases dom9ates ! reason+ faculties4 ,!re are b v few p]sons :o are able to deta* !mselves1 ev5 9 a small degree1 f ! feel+s1 & to decide que/ions cold-blood$ly by pure reason or intellectual ef=t4 ,moreov]1 !re are b few p]sons ^: wills are guid$ by pure reason2 ! feel+s supply ! motive = ! majority ( acts ( w4 ,! intellect1 ev5 :5 us$1 is g5]ally employ$ to bett] c>ry out ! dictates ( feel+ & desire4 ,mu* ( our reason+ is p]=m$ 9 ord] to ju/ify our feel+s1 or to f9d pro(s = ! position dictat$ by our desires1 feel+s1 sympa?ies1 prejudices1 or s5tim5ts4 ,x has be5 said t m5 seek n reasons b excuses = _! actions4 ,moreov]1 9 ! elem5t>y processes ( ! intellect ! emotions play an important "p4 ,we h se5 t att5tion l>gely foll[s int]e/1 & int]e/ results f feel+4 ,!re=e our att5tion1 & t :i* arises f x1 is dep5d5t l>gely ^u ! feel+s4 ,?us feel+ ass]ts its p[] 9 gu>d+ ! v out] gate ( k1 & det]m9es l>gely :at %all or %all n ent] !re94 ,x is "o ( ! con/antly-appe>+ p>adoxes ( psy*ology1 t :ile feel+s h orig9ally aris5 f att5tion1 x is equally true t att5tion dep5ds l>gely ^u ! int]e/ result+ f ! feel+s4 ,?is is readily admitt$ 9 ! case ( involunt>y att5tion1 :i* always goes out t[>d objects ( int]e/ & feel+1 b is likewise true ( ev5 volunt>y att5tion1 :i* we direct to some?+ ( great] or m ne>ly ultimate int]e/ ?an ! ?+s ( less] or m imm$iate int]e/4 ,sully says3 ,by an act ( w ,i may resolve to turn my att5tion to some?+--say a passage 9 a book4 ,b if1 aft] ! prelim9>y process ( adju/m5t ( ! m5tal eye ! object op5s up no int]e/+ phase1 all ! will+ 9 ! _w w n produce a calm1 settl$ /ate ( conc5tration4 ,! w introduces m9d & object2 x _c =ce an atta*m5t betwe5 !m4 ,no compulsion ( att5tion ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ a "y *ild cordially embrace & appropriate1 by an act ( conc5tration1 an unsuitable & !re=e un9t]e/+ object4 ,we ?us see t ev5 volunt>y int]e/ is n remov$ f ! sway ( int]e/4 ,:at ! w does is to det]m9e ! k9d ( int]e/ t %all prevail at ! mom5t4 ,aga91 we may see t memory is l>gely dep5d5t ^u int]e/ 9 record+ & recall+ its impressions4 ,we rememb] & recall mo/ easily t :i* mo/ greatly int]e/s u4 ,9 proportion to ! lack ( int]e/ 9 a ?+ d we f9d difficulty 9 rememb]+ or recall+ x4 ,?is is equally true ( ! imag9ation1 = x refuses to dwell ^u t :i* is n int]e/+4 ,ev5 9 ! reason+ processes we f9d ! w balk+ at un9t]e/+ subjects1 b gallop+ along1 pu%+ be=e x ! roll+ *air ( int]e/+ intellectual application4 ,our judgm5ts are affect$ by our feel+s4 ,x is mu* easi] to approve ( ! actions ( "s p]son we l1 or ^: views accord ) our own1 ?an ( an individual ^: p]sonality & views are di/a/eful to u4 ,x is v difficult to prev5t prejudice1 = or aga9/1 f influ5c+ our judgm5ts4 ,x is also true t we f9d t = :i* we look 9 ?+s & p]sons1 & t :i* we expect & look = is (t5 dep5d5t ^u our feel+s4 ,if we dislike a p]son or ?+ we are usually able to p]ceive no end ( undesirable ?+s 9 him or x2 :ile if we are favorably incl9$ we easily f9d _m admirable qualities 9 ! same p]son or ?+4 ,a little *ange 9 our feel+ (t5 results 9 ! =mation ( an entirely new set ( judgm5ts reg>d+ a p]son or ?+4 ,halleck well says3 ,on ! "o h& ! emotions are favorable to intellectual action1 s9ce !y supply ! int]e/ "o feels 9 /udy4 ,"o may feel int5sely conc]n+ a c]ta9 subject & be all ! bett] /ud5t4 ,h5ce ! emotions are n1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght1 entirely ho/ile to intellectual action4 ,emotion (t5 quick5s ! p]ception1 burns ?+s indelibly into ! memory1 & d\bles ! rapidity ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h& /rong feel+s (t5 vitiate e op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,!y cause u to see only :at we wi% to1 to rememb] only :at int]e/s our n>r[ feel+ at ! "t1 & to reason f selfi% data only4 99 99 99 ,emotion puts ! magnify+ end ( ! telescope to our intellectual eyes :]e our own int]e/s are conc]n$1 ! m9imiz+ end :5 we are look+ at ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 99 99 99 ,?\ght is deflect$ :5 x passes ?r\gh an emotional m$ium1 j z a sunbeam is :5 x /rikes wat]4 ,z = ! w1 ! be/ au?orities hold t x is almo/ if n entirely dep5d5t ^u desire = its motive =ce4 ,z desire is an outgr[? & developm5t ( feel+ & emotion1 x is se5 t ev5 ! w dep5ds ^u feel+ = its incit+ motives & its direction4 ,we %all consid] ?is po9t at great] detail 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to ! activities ( ! w4 ,we w\ld rem9d y aga91 at ?is po9t1 ( ! great triangle ( ! m9d1 ! emotional1 ideative1 & volitional activities--feel+1 ?9k+1 & will+--& _! con/ant reaction ^u ea* o!r & absolute int]dep5d5ce4 ,we f9d t our feel+s arise f previ\s will+ & ideation1 & are ar\s$ by ideas & repress$ by w2 aga9 we see t our ideas are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! int]e/ suppli$ by our feel+s1 & t our judgm5ts are influ5c$ by ! emotive side ( our m5tal life1 ! w also hav+ its "p to play 9 ! matt]4 ,we also see t ! w is call$ into activity by ! feel+s1 & (t5 guid$ or re/ra9$ by our ?\ghts1 ! w1 inde$1 be+ consid]$ z mov$ entirely by our feel+s & ideas4 ,?us is ! tr9ity ( m5tal =ces se5 ev] 9 mutual relation--con/ant action & reaction ev] exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,emotions & ,happ9ess4 ,happ9ess has be5 def9$ by an au?ority z ! pleasurable emotion aris+ f ! gratification ( all desires2 ! enjoym5t ( pleasure )\t pa94 ,ano!r has said t happ9ess is ! /ate 9 :i* all desires are satisfi$4 ,b ^! def9itions h be5 attack$4 ,x is held by _m t a /ate ( ! absolute satisfaction ( desire w\ld n be happ9ess1 = happ9ess consi/s l>gely 9 pleasurable anticipation & imag9+s :i* disappe> ^u ! realization ( ! desire4 ,x is held t absolute satisfaction w\ld be a negative /ate4 ,paley express$ a bett] idea :5 he said t any condition may be d5om9at$ 'happy' 9 :i* ! am\nt or aggregate ( pleasure exce$s t ( pa91 & ! degree ( happ9ess dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( ?is excess4 ,"s h held t an exi/+ contra/ betwe5 pa9 & pleasure 7! balance be+ 9 favor ( ! latt]7 is necess>y to e/abli% happ9ess4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is admitt$ by all t "o's happ9ess or unhapp9ess dep5ds entirely ^u "o's emotional nature & ! degree ( ! satisfaction !re(4 ,& x is g5]ally admitt$ t to be happy is ! great aim & object ( ! life ( ! majority ( p]sons1--if1 inde$1 n ( e p]son1--! happ9ess1 ( c\rse1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality & degree ( ! emotions =m+ ! p]son's emotional nature4 ,?us x is se5 t we are dep5d5t ^u ! emotional side ( our m5tal life 9 ?is z 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ else mak+ life wor? :ile4 ,!ologians h (t5 s\ght to po9t out t happ9ess is n ! goal ( life & liv+1 b human nature has always insi/$ t happ9ess is ! greate/ end1 & philosophy has g5]ally support$ x4 ,b wisdom %[s t happ9ess is n always dep5d5t ^u ! pleasure ( ! mom5t1 = ! sacrifice ( imm$iate pleasure frequ5tly results 9 a mu* great] happ9ess 9 ! future4 ,9 ! same way an imm$iate disagreeable task (t5 ga9s = u a great] satisfaction 9 ! future4 ,likewise1 x is frequ5tly great] happ9ess to sacrifice a p]sonal pleasure = ! happ9ess ( o!rs ?an x w\ld be to enjoy ! pleasure ( ! mom5t at ! exp5se ( ! pa9 ( ! o!r4 ,!re is (t5 a f> great] pleasure result+ f an altrui/ic action ( self-sacrifice ?an 9 ! p]=mance ( ! selfi%1 egoi/ic act4 ,b1 z ! subtle reason] may insi/1 ! result is ! same--! ultimate happ9ess & satisfaction ( ! self4 ,?is conclusion does n rob ! altrui/ic act ( its virtue1 h[ev]1 = ! p]son :o f9ds 8 greate/ pleasure 9 giv+ pleasure to o!rs is to be congratulat$--z is ! community :i* %elt]s him4 ,!re is no virtue 9 pa91 suff]+1 sacrifice1 or unhapp9ess = its own sake4 ,?is illusion ( asceticism is vani%+ f ! human m9d4 ,sacrifice on ! "p ( ! individual is valuable & valid only :5 x results 9 high] pres5t or future happ9ess = ! individual or "s "o else4 ,!re is no virtue 9 pa91 physical or m5tal1 except z a /ep to a great] good = ourselves or o!rs4 ,pa9 at ! be/ is m]ely nature's al>m & w>n+ ( n ?is way4 ,x is also held t pa9 s]ves to br+ out pleasure by contra/1 & is !re=e valuable 9 ?is way4 ,be ?is z x may1 no normal individual delib]ately seeks ultimate pa9 9 pref]5ce to ultimate happ9ess2 ! greate/ ultimate happ9ess to "o's self & to ^? he loves is ! normal & natural goal ( ! normal p]son4 ,b ! concept ( ^? he loves1 9 _m cases1 includes ! race z well z ! imm$iate family4 ,wisdom %[s ! individual t ! greate/ happ9ess comes to him :o controls & re/ra9s _m ( 8 feel+s4 ,dissipation results 9 pa9 & unhapp9ess ultimately4 ,! doctr9e ( ?\ghtless indulg5ce is unphilosophical & is contradict$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,moreov]1 wisdom %[s t ! highe/ happ9ess comes n f ! indulg5ce ( ! physical feel+s alone1 or to excess1 b r f ! cultivation1 developm5t1 & manife/ation ( ! high] feel+s--! social1 /hetic1 & intellectual emotions4 ,! high] pleasures ( life1 lit]ature1 art1 music1 sci5ce1 inv5tion1 con/ructive imag9ation1 etc41 yield a satisfaction & happ9ess ke5] & m endur+ ?an c possibly ! l[] =ms ( feel+4 ,b ! human be+ mu/ n despise any "p ( 8 emotional be+4 ,ev]y?+ has its uses1 :i* are good2 & its abuses1 :i* are bad4 ,e "p ( "o's be+1 m5tal & physical1 is well to use2 b no "p is well us$ if x uses ! individual in/ead ( be+ itself us$4 ,a rec5t writ] has held t ! end & aim ( life %\ld n be ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 b r ! build+ ( "*4 ,! obvi\s answ] is t ! two are id5tical 9 _s1 = to ! man :o appreciates ! value ( "*1 its atta9m5t is ! greate/ happ9ess2 ! wise tea* t ! greate/ happ9ess comes to him :o is possess$ ( a well-r\nd$1 develop$ "*4 ,ano!r writ] has said t ! aim ( life %\ld be self-improvem5t1 ) a due reg>d to ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,?is is b say+ t ! greate/ happ9ess to ! wise man lies 9 ?is c\rse4 ,any "o :o is wise en\gh1 or great en\gh1 to make ^! ends ! aim & goal ( life w f9d ! greate/ happ9ess !refrom4 ,arnold ,b5nett advances z a good work+ philosophy ( life3 *e]fulness1 k9dl9ess1 & rectitude4 ,c any "o d\bt t ?is c\rse w\ld br+ great ultimate happ9ess8 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 t :i* cont5ts ! _s1 & ! latt] dep5ds entirely ^u ! "* ( ! feel+s & emotions ent]ta9$ by "o1 z weigh$ 9 ! balance ( reason1 & z pass$ ^u by judgm5t & ! s5se ( "r action4 ,! greate/ degree ( happ9ess1 or at lea/ ! greate/ ratio ( pleasure ov] pa91 is obta9$ by a c>eful & intellig5t cultivation ( ! feel+ side ( "o's be+ 9 connection ) ! cultivation ( ! intellect & ! ma/]y ( ! w4 ,to be able to br+ ! capacity = enjoym5t to its highe/2 to be able to intellig5tly *oose t :i* w br+ ! greate/ ultimate happ9ess 9 accordance ) "r action2 &1 f9ally1 to be able to use ! w 9 ! direction ( hold+ fa/ to t :i* is good & reject+ t :i* is bad--?is is ! p[] ( creat+ happ9ess4 ,! feel+s1 ! intellect1 & ! w--"h1 z ev]--comb9e to manife/ ! result4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t all human happ9ess consi/s 9 "p ( ! ability to be> pa9--to suff]4 ,!re mu/ be ! da% ( ,/oicism 9 ! wise ,epicurean4 ,"o mu/ le>n to pluck f pa91 suff]+1 & unhapp9ess ! secret drop ( honey :i* lies at its he>t1 & :i* consi/s 9 ! k ( ! mean+ & use ( pa9 & ! means :]eby x may be transmut$ into k & exp]i5ce1 f :i* lat] happ9ess may be di/ill$4 ,to pr(it by pa91 to transmute suff]+ into joy1 to trans=m pres5t unhapp9ess into a future great] happ9ess--?is is ! privilege ( ! philosoph]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! m5tal /ates & activities kn[n z desire are a direct developm5t ( ! feel+ & emotional phase ( ! m9d & =m ! motive p[] ( ! w4 ,desire1 9 fact1 may be said to be compos$ ( feel+ on "o side & w on ! o!r4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! intellect or reason+ faculties has a mo/ important "p to play 9 ! evolution ( feel+ into desire1 & 9 ! consequ5t action ( ! w by ! pres5tation & weigh+ ( conflict+ desires4 ,!re=e1 ! logical place = ! consid]ation ( ! activities ( ! intellect is at ?is po9t--betwe5 emotion & w4 ,accord+ly1 we %all leave ! subject ( feel+ & emotion = ! pres5t1 to be tak5 up aga9 9 connection ) ! subject ( desire1 aft] we h consid]$ ! intellectual processes ( ! m9d4 ,b1 z has be5 indicat$1 we %all see ! pres5ce & influ5ce ( ! feel+s & emotions ev5 9 ! activities ( ! intellect4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,intellect4 ,! class ( m5tal /ates or processes gr\p$ toge!r "u ! "n ( intellectual processes1 =ms ! second great division ( ! m5tal /ates1 ! two o!rs be+ feel+ & w1 respectively4 ,intellect has be5 def9$ z foll[s3 ,! "p or faculty ( ! human m9d by :i* x kn[s1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p[] to feel & to w2 ! ?9k+ faculty2 ! und]/&+2 also z t faculty ( ! human m9d by :i* x receives or compreh5ds ! ideas communicat$ to x by ! s5ses or ! p]ception1 or o!r means1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p[] to feel & to w2 ! p[] or faculty to p]ceive objects 9 _! relations2 ! p[] to judge & compreh5d2 also ! capacity = high] =ms ( k1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p[] to p]ceive & imag9e4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h se5 t ! individual is able to exp]i5ce s5sations 9 consci\sness1 & t he is able to p]ceive !m m5tally1 ! latt] be+ ! fir/ /ep 9 intellectual activity4 ,we h also se5 t he is able to reproduce ! p]ception by means ( memory & imag9ation1 & t by means ( ! latt] he is able to re-comb9e & re>range ! objects ( p]ception4 ,we h also se5 t he has :at are kn[n z feel+s1 :i* dep5d ^u 8 previ\s exp]i5ce & t ( 8 prog5itors4 ,s f> ! m9d has be5 consid]$ m]ely z a receiv+ & reproduc+ in/rum5t1 ) ! add$ atta*m5t ( ! re-comb9+ p[] ( ! imag9ation4 ,up to ?is po9t ! m9d may be comp>$ to ! phonographic cyl9d]1 ) an atta*m5t capable ( re-comb9+ its record$ impressions4 ,! impressions are receiv$ & p]ceiv$1 are /or$ away1 are reproduc$1 & by ! use ( ! imag9ation are re-comb9$4 ,up to ?is po9t ! m9d is se5 to be m or less ( an automatic1 in/9ctive faculty4 ,x may be trac$ f ! purely reflex activity ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life up ?r\gh ! l[] animals1 /ep by /ep1 until a v high degree ( m5tal p[] is p]ceiv$ 9 animals l ! horse1 dog1 or elephant4 ,b !re is some?+ lack+4 ,!re is miss+ t peculi> p[] ( ?9k+ 9 symbols & ab/ract conceptions :i* di/+ui%es ! human race & :i* is closely b\nd up ) ! faculty ( language or express+ ?\ghts 9 words4 ,! comp>atively high m5tal process ( ! l[] animals is dw>f$ by ! human faculty ( ?9k+4 ,& ?9k+ is ! manife/ation ( ! intellect4 ,:at is x to ?9k8 ,/range to say1 v few p]sons c answ] ?is "q correctly at fir/4 ,!y f9d !mselves incl9$ to answ] ! inquiry 9 ! words ( ! *ild3 ,:y1 to ?9k is to ?9k6 ,let u see if we c make x pla94 ,! diction>y def9ition is a little too te*nical to be ( mu* use to ! beg9n]1 b "h x is3 ,to employ any ( ! intellectual p[]s except t ( simple p]ception ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,b :at are ! intellectual p[]s s employ$1 & h[ are !y employ$8 ,let u see4 ,/at+ ! matt] pla9ly 9 common t]ms1 we may say t ?9k+ is ! m5tal process ( 7#a7 comp>+ our p]ceptions ( ?+s ) ea* o!r1 not+ ! po9ts ( lik5ess & ( diff]5ce2 7#b7 classify+ !m accord+ to ! asc]ta9$ lik5ess or diff]5ce1 & ?us ty+ !m up 9 m5tal bundles ) ea* set ( ?+s ( a k9d 9 its own bundle2 7#c7 =m+ ! ab/ract1 symbolic m5tal idea 7concept7 ( ea* class ( ?+s1 s gr\p$1 :i* we may aft]w>d use z we use figures 9 ma!matical calculations2 7#d7 us+ ^! concepts 9 ord] to =m inf]5ces1 t is1 to reason f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & to =m judgm5ts reg>d+ ?+s2 7#e7 comp>+ ^! judgm5ts & d$uc+ high] judgm5ts f !m2 & s on4 ,)\t ?9k+1 man w\ld be dep5d5t ^u ea* p>ticul> exp]i5ce = 8 k1 except s f> z memory & imag9ation c\ld in/9ctively aid him4 ,by ?\ght processes he is enabl$ to inf] t if c]ta9 ?+s be true ( "o ( a c]ta9 k9d ( ?+s1 ! same ?+ may be expect$ f o!rs ( ! same class4 ,z he is able to note po9ts ( lik5ess or diff]5ce1 he is able to =m cle>] & tru] inf]5ces4 ,9 addition1 he is able to apply 8 con/ructive imag9ation to ! re>rangem5t & recomb9ation ( ?+s ^: nature he has discov]$1 & ?us progress along ! l9e ( mat]ial a*ievem5t z well z ( k4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! intellect dep5ds entirely = its mat]ial ^u ! p]ception1 :i* 9 turn receives its raw mat]ial f ! s5ses4 ,! intellect m]ely gr\ps toge!r ! mat]ial ( p]ception1 makes inf]5ces1 draws conclusions f1 & =ms conclusions reg>d+1 !m1 & 9 ! case ( con/ructive imag9ation recomb9es !m 9 effective =ms & arrangem5t4 ,! intellect is ! la/ 9 ord] 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution4 ,x appe>s la/ 9 ord] 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 b x (t5 p]si/s 9 old age aft] ! feel+s h gr[n dim & ! memory weak4 ,,concepts4 ,:at is kn[n z ! concept is ! fir/ fruit ( ! elem5tal processes ( ?\ght4 ,! v>i\s images ( outside objects are s5s$1 !n p]ceiv$1 & !n gr\p$ accord+ to _! lik5esses & diff]5ces1 & ! result is ! production ( concepts4 ,x is difficult to def9e a concept s z to convey any mean+ to ! beg9n]4 ,= in/ance1 ! diction>ies give ! def9ition z an ab/ract1 g5]al conception1 idea1 or notion =m$ 9 ! m9d4 ,n v cle> ?is1 is x8 ,p]haps we c und]/& x bett] if we say t ! t]ms dog1 cat1 man1 horse1 h\se1 etc41 ea* expresses a concept4 ,e t]m expresses a concept2 e g5]al "n ( a ?+ or quality is a t]m appli$ to ! concept4 ,we %all see ?is a little cle>] z we proce$4 ,we =m a concept 9 ?is way3 7#a7 ,we p]ceive a numb] ( ?+s2 7#b7 !n we notice c]ta9 qualities possess$ by ?+s--c]ta9 prop]ties1 attributes1 or *>act]i/ics :i* make ! ?+ :at x is2 7#c7 !n we comp>e ^! qualities ( ! ?+ ) ! qualities ( o!r ?+s & see t !re is a lik5ess 9 "s cases1 9 v>i\s degrees1 & a diff]5ce 9 o!r cases1 9 v>i\s degrees2 7#d7 !n we g5]alize or classify ! p]ceiv$ ?+s accord+ to _! asc]ta9$ lik5esses & diff]5ces2 7#e7 !n we =m a g5]al idea or concept embody+ ea* class ( ?+2 &1 f9ally1 we give to ! concept a t]m1 or "n1 :i* is its symbol4 ,! concept is a g5]al idea ( a class ( ?+s2 ! t]m is ! expression ( t g5]al idea4 ,! concept is ! idea ( a class ( ?+s2 ! t]m is ! label affix$ to ! ?+4 ,to illu/rate ?is la/ di/9ction1 let u take ! concept & t]m ( bird1 = in/ance4 ,by p]ception1 comp>ison1 & classification ( ! qualities ( liv+ ?+s we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re exi/s a great g5]al class ! qualities ( :i* may be /at$ ?us3 ,w>m-blood$1 fea!r$1 w+$1 ovip>\s1 v]tebrate4 ,to ?is g5]al class ( quality-possess+ animals we apply ! ,engli% t]m bird4 ,! "n is m]ely a symbol4 ,9 ,g]man ! t]m is vogel2 9 ,lat91 avis2 b 9 ea* & e case ! g5]al idea or concept above /at$1 i4e41 w>m-blood$1 fea!r$1 w+$1 ovip>\s1 v]tebrate1 is meant4 ,if any?+ is f\nd hav+ all ( ^? p>ticul> qualities1 !n we "k x mu/ be :at we call a bird4 ,& ev]y?+ t we call a bird mu/ h ^? qualities4 ,! t]m bird is ! symbol = t p>ticul> comb9ation ( qualities exi/+ 9 a ?+4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a m5tal image ( ! imag9ation & a concept4 ,! m5tal image mu/ always be ( a p>ticul> ?+1 :ile ! concept is always an idea ( a g5]al class ( ?+s :i* _c be cle>ly pictur$ 9 ! m9d4 ,= in/ance1 ! imag9ation may =m ! m5tal picture ( any kn[n bird1 or ev5 ( an imag9>y bird1 b t bird always w be a di/9ct1 p>ticul> bird4 ,try to =m a m5tal picture ( ! g5]al class ( birds--h[ w y d x8 ,d y realize ! difficulty8 ,fir/1 su* an image w\ld h to include ! *>act]i/ics ( ! l>ge birds1 su* z ! eagle1 o/ri*1 & condor2 & ( ! small birds1 su* z ! wr5 & humm+ bird4 ,x mu/ be a composite ( ! %ape ( all birds1 f ! o/ri*1 swan1 eagle1 crane1 d[n to ! sp>r[1 swall[1 & humm+ bird4 ,x mu/ picture ! p>ticul> qualities ( birds ( prey1 wat] birds1 & dome/ic f[ls1 z well z ! gra9 eat]s4 ,x mu/ exhibit all ! colors f\nd 9 bird life1 f ! brighte/ r$s & gre5s d[n to ! sob] grays & br[ns4 ,a little ?\ght w %[ t a cle> m5tal image ( su* a concept is impossible4 ,:at ! mo/ ( u d1 :5 we ?9k ( bird1 is to picture a vague1 fly+ %ape ( dull color2 b :5 we /op to ?9k t ! t]m mu/ also include ! waddl+ duck & ! scrat*+ b>ny>d *ick51 we see t our m5tal image is faulty4 ,! tr\ble is t ! t]m bird really means all-bird1 & we _c picture an all-bird f ! v nature ( ! case4 ,our t]ms1 !re=e1 are l ma!matical figures1 or algebraic symbols1 :i* we use = ease1 spe$1 & cle>ness ( ?9k+4 ,! tr\ble does n end "h4 ,concepts n only include ! g5]al idea ( ?+s1 b also ! g5]al idea ( ! qualities ( ?+s4 ,?us sweetness1 h>dness1 c\rage1 & en]gy are concepts1 b we _c =m a m5tal image ( !m by !mselves4 ,we may picture a sweet ?+1 b n sweetness itself4 ,s y see t a concept is a purely ab/ract m5tal idea--a symbol--ak9 to ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 & us$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y /& = g5]al classes ( ?+s4 ,a t]m is ! v]bal & writt5 expression ( ! g5]al idea or concept4 ,! /ud5t is reque/$ to fix ^! di/9ctions 9 8 m9d1 s z to r5d] fur!r und]/&+ ( !m easy4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,conception4 ,! process ( conception has be5 well def9$ by ,gordy z t act ( m9d by :i* x =ms an idea ( a class2 or t act ( ! m9d t enables u to use g5]al names intellig5tly4 ,he adds3 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t ,i am us+ ! ^w 'class' to d5ote an indef9ite numb] ( individuals t resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s4 ,,p]ception4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 conception1 z we h se51 is t ( p]ception4 ,x is readily p]ceiv$ t ! "* ( our intellectual processes dep5ds mat]ially ^u ! v>iety1 cle>ness1 & accuracy ( our p]ceptions4 ,!re=e1 aga91 we w\ld ref] our /ud5ts to ! *apt] 9 :i* we h /at$ ! importance ( cle> p]ception4 ,,memory4 ,! future /eps ( conception dep5d mat]ially ^u ! cle>ness ( ! memory1 z we c classify objects only by rememb]+ _! qualities beyond ! imm$iate mom5t ( actual1 orig9al p]ception4 ,!re=e1 ! memory %\ld be /r5g!n$ = ?is z well z o!r objects4 ,,ab/raction4 ,! second /ep 9 conception is t ( ! m5tal ab/raction ( qualities f ! obs]v$ ?+4 ,t is1 we mu/ p]ceive & !n m5tally set aside ! obs]v$ qualities ( ! ?+4 ,= in/ance1 man fir/ p]ceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 qualities 9 ?+s4 ,he f\nd t a c]ta9 numb] ( ?+s possess$ "s ( ^! qualities 9 common1 :ile o!rs possess$ o!r qualities 9 ! same way1 & ?us arose classification f comp>ison4 ,b bo? comp>ison & classification are possible only by ab/raction1 or ! p]ception ( ! quality z a ?+2 ?us1 ! ab/raction ( ! idea ( ! quality ( sweetness f ! idea ( sug>4 ,sweetness is a quality r ?an a ?+ itself4 ,x is some?+ possess$ by sug> :i* helps to make sug> :at x is4 ,color1 %ape1 size1 m5tal qualities1 habits ( action--^! are "s ( ! qualities fir/ obs]v$ 9 ?+s & ab/ract$ f !m 9 ?\ght4 ,r$ness1 sweetness1 h>dness1 s(tness1 l>g5ess1 smallness1 fragrance1 swiftness1 sl[ness1 fi]c5ess1 g5tl5ess1 w>mness1 coldness1 etc4--^! are ab/ract$ qualities ( ?+s4 ,( c\rse ^! qualities are really nev] divorc$ f ?+s1 b ! m9d divorces !m 9 ord] to make ?9k+ easi]4 ,an au?ority says3 ,animals are incapable ( mak+ ab/ractions1 & t is ! reason :y !y _c develop =mal ?\ght4 99 99 99 ,ab/ract ?\ght is id5tical ) rational ?\ght1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ?\ght ( speak+ be+s4 ,?is is ! reason :y ab/ract ?\ght is ^u e>? ! exclusive prop]ty ( man1 & :y brutes are incapable ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! process ( nam+ is ! me*anism ( ab/raction1 = names e/abli% ! m5tal indep5d5ce ( ! objects nam$4 ,! processes ( ab/raction dep5d ^u att5tion--conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,att5tion direct$ to ! qualities ( a ?+ t5ds to ab/ract ! qualities 9 ?\ght f ! ?+ itself4 ,mill says3 ,ab/raction is prim>ily ! result ( att5tion4 ,hamilton says3 ,att5tion & ab/raction are only ! same process view$ 9 diff]5t relations4 ,cultivation ( ! p[] ( ab/raction means pr9cipally cultivation ( att5tion4 ,any m5tal activity :i* t5ds t[>d analysis or sep>ation ( a ?+ into its p>ts1 qualities1 or elem5ts w s]ve to cultivate & develop ! p[] ( ab/raction4 ,! habit ( conv]t+ qualities into concepts is acquir$ by trans=m+ adjective t]ms into _! correspond+ n\n t]ms4 ,= in/ance1 a piece ( color$ c&y possesses ! qualities ( be+ r\nd1 h>d1 r$1 sweet1 etc4 ,trans=m+ ^! adjective qualities into n\n t]ms we h ! concepts ( r\ndness1 h>dness1 r$ness1 & sweetness1 respectively4 ,,comp>ison4 ,! ?ird /ep 9 conception is t ( comp>ison1 9 :i* ! qualities ( sev]al ?+s are comp>$ or exam9$ = lik5esses & diff]5ces4 ,we f9d _m qualities 9 :i* ! sev]al ?+s diff]1 & a few 9 :i* !re is a lik5ess4 ,classes are =m$ f resemblances or lik5esses1 :ile individuals are sep>at$ f app>5t classes by detection ( diff]5ces4 ,f9ally1 x is f\nd t sep>ate ?+s1 :ile hav+ _m po9ts ( diff]5ce :i* indicate _! individuality1 nev]!less h a few po9ts ( lik5ess :i* indicate t !y belong to ! same g5]al family or class4 ,! detection ( lik5esses & diff]5ces 9 ! qualities ( v>i\s ?+s is an important m5tal process4 ,_m ( ! high] ?\ght processes dep5d l>gely ^u ! ability to comp>e ?+s prop]ly4 ,! developm5t ( att5tion & p]ception t5ds to develop ! p[] ( comp>ison4 ,,classification ,,or ,,g5]alization4 ,! f\r? /ep 9 conception is t ( classification or g5]alization1 :]eby we place individual ?+s 9 a m5tal bundle or class1 & !n ?is bundle 9 company ) o!r bundles into a high] class1 & s on4 ,?us we gr\p all ! individual small birds hav+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics into a species1 !n sev]al relat$ species into a l>g] family1 & ?is into a /ill l>g]1 until f9ally we gr\p all ! bird families into ! great family :i* we call birds & ( :i* ! simple t]m bird expresses ! g5]al concept4 ,jevons says3 ,we classify ?+s toge!r :5ev] we obs]ve t !y are l ea* o!r 9 any respect1 & !re=e ?9k ( !m toge!r4 ,9 classify+ a collection ( objects1 we d n m]ely put toge!r into gr\ps ^? :i* resemble ea* o!r1 b we also divide ea* class into small] ones 9 :i* ! resemblance is m complete4 ,?us ! class ( :ite sub/ances may be divid$ into ^? :i* are solid1 & ^? :i* are fluid1 s t we get ! two m9or classes ( solid-:ite & fluid-:ite sub/ances4 ,x is desirable to h names by :i* to %[ t "o class is conta9$ 9 ano!r1 &1 accord+ly1 we call ! class :i* is divid$ into two or m small] ones ! g5us1 & ! small] ones into :i* x is divid$1 ! species4 ,e species is a small family ( ! individuals compos+ x1 & at ! same "t is an individual species ( ! g5us j above x2 ! g5us1 9 turn1 is a family ( sev]al species1 & at ! same "t an individual g5us 9 ! great] family or g5us above x4 ,! /ud5t may famili>ize himself ) ! idea ( g5]alization by consid]+ himself z an individual1 ,john ,smi?4 ,john repres5ts t unit ( g5]alization4 ,! next /ep is to comb9e ,john ) ! o!r ,smi?s ( 8 imm$iate family4 ,!n ?is family may be gr\p$ ) 8 ne> blood relations1 & s on1 until f9ally all ! relat$ ,smi?s1 ne> & remote1 are gr\p$ toge!r 9 a great ,smi? family4 ,or1 9 ! same way1 ! family gr\p may be enl>g$ until x takes 9 all ! :ite p 9 a c\nty1 !n all ! :ite p 9 ! /ate1 !n all 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 !n all ! :ite races1 !n all ! :ite & o!r light-sk9n$ races1 !n all mank9d4 ,!n1 if "o is incl9$1 ! process may be cont9u$ until x embraces e liv+ creature f mon]on to man4 ,rev]s+ ! process1 liv+ creatures may be divid$ & subdivid$ until all mank9d is se5 to /& z a class4 ,!n ! race ( man may be divid$ into sub-races accord+ to color2 !n ! :ite race may be subdivid$ into ,am]icans & non-,am]icans4 ,!n ! ,am]icans may be divid$ into inhabitants ( ! sev]al /ates1 or into ,indianans & non-,indianans2 !n into ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al c\nties ( ,indiana1 & ?us ! ,posey ,c\ntians are rea*$4 ,!n ! ,posey ,c\nty p are divid$ into ,smi?s & non-,smi?s2 !n ! ,smi? family into its con/itu5t family gr\ps1 & !n into ! small] families1 & s on1 until ! classification rea*es "o p>ticul> ,john ,smi?1 :o at la/ is f\nd to be an individual--9 a class by himself4 ,?is is ! /ory ( ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ processes ( g5]alization4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,classes ( ,concepts4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 ! process ( conception--( ! =m+ ( concepts4 ,! idea ( a g5]al class ( ?+s or qualities is a concept4 ,ea* concept conta9s ! qualities :i* are common to all ! individuals compos+ ! class1 b n ^? qualities :i* p]ta9 only to ! m9or classes or ! individuals4 ,= in/ance1 ! concept ( bird w necess>ily include ! common qualities ( w>m-blood$ness1 fea!r$ness1 w+$ness1 ovip>\sness1 & v]tebrat$ness4 ,b x w n include color1 special %ape1 size1 or special features or *>act]i/ics ( ! subfamilies or individuals compos+ ! great class4 ,! class comprises ! individuals & subclasses compos+ x2 ! concept includes ! g5]al & common qualities :i* all 9 ! class possess4 ,a p]cept is ! m5tal image ( a p>ticul> ?+2 a concept is ! m5tal idea ( ! g5]al qualities ( a class ( ?+s4 ,a p]cept arises f ! p]ception ( a s5sation2 a concept is a purely m5tal1 ab/ract creation1 ^: only exi/5ce is 9 ! _w ( ideas & :i* has no correspond+ individual object 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( concepts1 namely3 7#a7 concrete concepts1 9 :i* ! common qualities ( a class ( ?+s are comb9$ into "o conceptual idea1 su* z bird1 ( :i* we h spok52 7#b7 ab/ract concepts1 9 :i* is comb9$ ! idea ( "s quality common to a numb] ( ?+s1 su* z sweetness or r$ness4 ,jevons's well-kn[n rule = t]ms is an aid 9 rememb]+ ?is classification3 ,a concrete t]m is ! "n ( a ?+2 an ab/ract t]m is ! "n ( a quality ( a ?+4 ,x is a peculi> fact & rule ( concrete concepts t 7#a7 ! l>g] ! class ( ?+s embrac$ 9 a concept1 ! small] are its g5]al qualities2 & 7#b7 ! l>g] ! numb] ( g5]al qualities includ$ 9 a concept1 ! small] ! numb] ( individuals embrac$ by x4 ,= in/ance1 ! t]m bird embraces a great numb] ( individuals--all ! birds t are 9 exi/5ce1 9 fact1 b x has b few g5]al qualities1 z we h se54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! concept /ork has a mu* l>g] numb] ( g5]al qualities1 b embraces f> few] individuals4 ,f9ally1 ! individual is rea*$1 & we f9d t x has m qualities ?an any class c h2 b x is compos$ ( ! smalle/ possible numb] ( individuals1 "o4 ,! secret is ?is3 ,no two individuals c h z _m qualities 9 common z ea* has individually1 unless !y are precisely alike1 :i* is impossible 9 nature4 ,,imp]fect ,,concepts4 ,x is said t outside ( /rictly sci5tific def9itions v few p]sons agree 9 _! concepts ( ! same ?+4 ,ea* has 8 or h] own concept ( ! p>ticul> ?+ :i* he or %e expresses by ! same t]m4 ,a numb] ( p]sons ask$ to def9e a common t]m l love1 religion1 fai?1 belief1 etc41 w give su* a v>iety ( answ]s z to cause wond]m5t4 ,z ,gre5 says3 ,my idea or image is m9e alone--! rew>d ( c>eless obs]vation if imp]fect2 ( att5tive1 c>eful1 & v>i$ obs]vation if correct4 ,betwe5 m9e & y\rs a great gulf is fix$4 ,no man c pass f m9e to y\rs1 or f y\rs to m9e4 ,nei!r 9 any prop] s5se ( ! t]m c m9e be convey$ to y4 ,words d n convey ?\ghts2 !y are n vehicles ( ?\ghts 9 any true s5se ( t t]m4 ,a ^w is simply a common symbol :i* ea* associates ) 8 own idea or image4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! concepts ( sev]al p]sons is t v few ( our concepts are ne>ly p]fect2 ! majority ( !m are q imp]fect & incomplete4 ,jevons gives u an idea ( ?is 9 8 rem>ks on classification3 ,?+s may seem to be v mu* l ea* o!r :i* are n s4 ,:ales1 porpoises1 seals1 & sev]al o!r animals live 9 ! sea exactly l a fi%2 !y h a simil> %ape & are usually class$ among fi%4 ,p are said to g :ale fi%+4 ,yet ^! animals are n really fi% at all1 b are mu* m l dogs & horses & o!r quadrup$s ?an !y are l fi%4 ,!y _c live entirely "u wat] & brea! ! air conta9$ 9 ! wat] l fi%1 b !y h to come to ! surface at int]vals to take brea?4 ,simil>ly1 we mu/ n class bats ) birds because !y fly ab\t1 al?\gh !y h :at w\ld be call$ w+s2 ^! w+s are n l ^? ( birds1 &1 9 tru?1 bats are mu* m l rats & mice ?an !y are l birds4 ,botani/s us$ at "o "t to classify plants accord+ to _! size1 z trees1 %rubs1 or h]bs1 b we n[ "k t a great tree is (t5 m simil> 9 "* to a t9y h]b ?an x is to o!r great trees4 ,a daisy has little resemblance to a great ,scot* ?i/le2 yet ! botani/ reg>ds !m z v simil>4 ,! l(ty gr[+ bamboo is a k9d ( grass1 & ! sug> cane also belongs to ! same class ) :eat & oats4 ,x is a matt] ( importance t cle> concepts %\ld be =m$ reg>d+ at lea/ ! famili> ?+s ( life4 ,! li/ ( cle> concepts %\ld be add$ to f "t to "t by /udy1 inve/igation1 & exam9ation4 ,! diction>y %\ld be consult$ frequ5tly1 & a t]m /udi$ until "o has a cle> mean+ ( ! concept ! t]m seeks to express4 ,a good encyclop$ia 7n necess>ily an exp5sive "o1 9 ^! days ( *eap editions7 w also prove v useful 9 ?is respect4 ,z ,halleck says3 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t mo/ ( our concepts are subject to *ange dur+ our entire life2 t at fir/ !y are made only 9 a t5tative way2 t exp]i5ce may %[ u1 at any "t1 t !y h be5 errone\sly =m$1 t we h ab/ract$ too little or too mu*1 made ! class too wide or too n>r[1 or t "h a quality mu/ be add$ or !re "o tak5 away4 ,x is a good practice to make a memor&um ( any?+ ( :i* y may he>1 b ( :i* y "k no?+1 & !n lat] to make a brief b ?or\gh inve/igation ( t ?+1 by means ( ! diction>y & encyclop$ia1 & ( :atev] good works may be obta9$ on ! subject1 n leav+ x until y feel t y h obta9$ at lea/ a cle> idea ( :at ! ?+ really means4 ,a half h\r ea* ev5+ devot$ to ex]cise ( ?is k9d w result 9 a wond]ful increase ( g5]al in=mation4 ,we h he>d ( a man :o made a practice ( read+ a %ort article 9 ! encyclop$ia e ev5+1 giv+ pref]5ce to subjects g5]ally class$ z famili>4 ,9 a ye> he made a noticeable advance 9 g5]al k z well z habits ( ?\ght4 ,9 five ye>s he 0 look$ ^u by 8 associates z a man ( a rem>kably l>ge field ( g5]al in=mation & ( m ?an ord9>y intellig5ce1 :i* v]dict 0 a j "o4 ,z a rule we wa/e f> m "t on wor?less fiction ?an we are will+ to devote to a little self-improvem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,we %r9k at ! idea ( a g5]al c\rse ( in/ructive read+1 little realiz+ t we c take our /udy 9 small in/allm5ts & at a v little co/ 9 "t or labor4 ,our concepts =m ! mat]ial :i* our intellect uses 9 its reason+ processes4 ,no matt] h[ good a reason] "o may be1 unless he has a good supply ( g5]al in=mation ab\t ! ?+s ( :i* he is reason+1 he w n make mu* real headway4 ,we mu/ beg9 at ! bottom & build a firm f\ndation ^u :i* ! intellectual /ructure may be erect$4 ,?is f\ndation is compos$ ( facts4 ,^! facts are repres5t$ by our cle> & correct concepts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,judgm5ts4 ,we h se5 ! sev]al /eps ( ! m5tal process :]eby simple s5sations are trans=m$ into p]cepts & !n into concepts or g5]al ideas4 ,! =mation ( ! concept is consid]$ z ! fir/ great /ep 9 ?9k+4 ,! second great /ep 9 ?9k+ is t ( ! =mation ( ! judgm5t4 ,! def9ition ( judgm5t1 z ! t]m is us$ 9 logic2 is ! comp>+ toge!r 9 ! m9d ( two ideas ( ?+s1 & det]m9+ :e!r !y agree or disagree ) ea* o!r1 or t "o ( !m does or does n belong to ! o!r4 ,judgm5t is1 !re=e1 7a7 affirmative or 7b7 negative1 z 7a7 ',sn[ is :ite1' or 7b7 ',all :ite m5 are n ,europeans4' ,:at 9 logic is call$ a proposition is ! expression 9 words ( a logical judgm5t4 ,hyslop def9$ ! t]m proposition z foll[s3 ,any affirmation or d5ial ( an agreem5t betwe5 two conceptions4 ,= in/ance1 we comp>e ! concepts sp>r[ & bird & f9d t !re is an agreem5t1 & t ! =m] belongs to ! latt]2 ?is m5tal process is a judgm5t4 ,we !n ann\nce ! judgm5t 9 ! proposition3 ,! sp>r[ is a bird4 ,9 ! same way we comp>e ! concepts bat & bird1 f9d t !re is a disagreem5t1 & =m ! judgm5t t nei!r belongs to ! o!r1 :i* we express 9 ! proposition3 ,! bat is n a bird4 ,or we may =m ! judgm5t t sweetness is a quality ( sug>1 :i* we express 9 ! proposition3 ,sug> is sweet4 ,likewise1 we may =m ! judgm5t :i* results 9 ! proposition3 ,v9eg> is n sweet4 ,:ile ! process ( judgm5t is g5]ally consid]$ z con/itut+ ! second great /ep ( ?9k+1 com+ aft] ! =mation ( ! concept1 & consi/+ ( ! comp>+ ( concepts1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! act ( judg+ is f> m elem5t>y ?an ?is1 = x is f\nd /ill f>!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght processes4 ,by t peculi> law ( p>adox :i* we f9d ev]y:]e op]ative 9 m9d processes1 ! same process ( =m+ judgm5ts :i* is us$ 9 comp>+ concepts also has be5 us$ 9 =m+ ! same concepts 9 ! /age ( comp>ison4 ,9 fact1 ! result ( all comp>ison1 high or l[1 mu/ be a judgm5t4 ,halleck says3 ,judgm5t is necess>y 9 =m+ concepts4 ,:5 we decide t a quality is or is n common to a class1 we are really judg+4 ,?is is ano!r evid5ce ( ! complexity & unifi$ action ( ! m9d4 ,brooks says3 ,! p[] ( judgm5t is ( great value 9 its products4 ,x is involv$ 9 or accompanies e act ( ! intellect1 & ?us lies at ! f\ndation ( all intellectual activity4 ,x op]ates directly 9 e act ( ! und]/&+1 & ev5 aids ! o!r faculties ( ! m9d 9 complet+ _! activities & products4 99 99 99 ,/rictly speak+1 e intellig5t act ( ! m9d is accompani$ ) a judgm5t4 ,to "k is to discrim9ate &1 !re=e1 to judge4 ,e s5sation or cognition involves a k & s a judgm5t t x exi/s4 ,! m9d _c ?9k at all )\t judg+2 to ?9k is to judge4 ,ev5 9 =m+ ! notions :i* judgm5t comp>es1 ! m9d judges4 ,e notion or concept implies a previ\s act ( judgm5t to =m x2 9 =m+ a concept we comp>e ! common attributes be=e we unite !m1 & comp>ison is judgm5t4 ,x is ?us true t ',e concept is a contract$ judgm5t2 e judgm5t an exp&$ concept4' ,x is ne$less to say t z judgm5ts lie at ! base ( our ?9k+1 & also appe> 9 e "p ( its high] /ructure1 ! importance ( correct judgm5t 9 ?\ght _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,b x is (t5 v difficult to =m correct judgm5t ev5 reg>d+ ! mo/ famili> ?+s ar\nd u4 ,halleck says3 ,9 actual life ?+s pres5t !mselves to u ) _! qualities disguis$ or obscur$ by o!r conflict+ qualities4 ,m5 _h = ages se5 burn+ sub/ances & _h =m$ a concept ( !m4 ,a c]ta9 h>d1 black1 /ony sub/ance _h (t5 be5 notic$1 & a concept _h be5 =m$ ( x4 ,?is concept 0 imp]fect2 b x is v seldom t we meet ) p]fect1 %>ply-def9$ concepts 9 actual life4 ,s x happ5$ t = ages ! concept ( burn+ sub/ance 0 nev] l9k$ by judgm5t to ! concept ( /one coal4 ,! combu/ible quality 9 ! coal 0 ov]%ad[$ by its /ony attributes4 ',( c\rse /one w n burn1' p said4 ,"o _c tell h[ long ! developm5t ( mank9d 0 ret>d$ = t v reason4 ,engl& w\ld n to-day be manufactur+ products = ! re/ ( ! _w _h n "s "o judg$ coal to be a combu/ible sub/ance4 99 99 99 ,judgm5t is ev] sil5tly work+ & comp>+ ?+s t to pa/ ages seem$ dissimil>2 & x is con/antly ab/ract+ & leav+ out ( ! field ( view ^? qualities :i* h simply s]v$ to obscure ! po9t at issue4 ,gordy says3 ,! cr$ulity ( *ildr5 is prov]bial2 b if we get our facts at fir/ h&1 if we /udy '! liv+1 le>n+1 play+ *ild1' we %all see t he is q z rem>kable = incr$ulity z = cr$ulity4 ,! explanation is simple3 ,he t5ds to believe ! fir/ sugge/ion t comes into 8 m9d1 no matt] f :at s\rce2 & s9ce 8 belief is n ! result ( any rational process1 he _c be made to disbelieve x 9 any rational way4 ,h5ce x is t he is v cr$ul\s ab\t any matt] ab\t :i* he has no ideas2 b let ! idea once get possession ( 8 m9d1 & he is q z rem>kable = incr$ulity z be=e = cr$ulity4 99 99 99 ,if we /udy ! l>g] *ild1--! man ) a *ild's m9d1 an un$ucat$ man1--we %all h ! same tru? =c$ ^u u4 ,if ! beliefs ( m5 7 due to processes ( reason+1 :]e !y h n reason$ !y w\ld n believe4 ,b d we f9d x s8 ,is x n true t ! m5 :o h ! mo/ positive op9ions on ! l>ge/ v>iety ( subjects--s f> z !y h ev] he>d ( !m--are precisely ^? :o h ! lea/ "r to !m8 ,socrates1 we rememb]1 0 c\nt$ ! wise/ man 9 ,a!ns because he alone resi/$ 8 natural t5d5cy to believe 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce2 he alone w\ld n delude himself ) ! conceit ( k )\t ! reality2 & x w\ld sc>cely be too mu* to say t ! intellectual /r5g? ( m5 is 9 direct proportion to ! numb] ( ?+s !y are absolutely c]ta9 (4 99 99 99 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to intimate t we %\ld h no op9ions ab\t matt]s t we h n p]sonally inve/igat$4 ,we take1 & ought to take1 ! op9ion ( "s m5 ab\t law1 & o!rs ab\t m$ic9e1 & o!rs ab\t p>ticul> sci5ces1 & s on4 ,b we %\ld cle>ly realize ! diff]5ce betwe5 hold+ an op9ion on tru/ & hold+ x z ! result ( our own inve/igations4 ,brooks says3 ,x %\ld be "o ( ! lead+ objects ( ! culture ( "y p to lead !m to acquire ! habit ( =m+ judgm5ts4 ,!y %\ld n only be l$ to see ?+s b to h op9ions ab\t ?+s4 ,!y %\ld be tra9$ to see ?+s 9 _! relations & to put ^! relations into def9ite propositions4 ,_! ideas ( objects %\ld be work$ up into ?\ghts conc]n+ ! objects4 ,^? me?ods ( tea*+ are be/ :i* t5d to excite a ?\ghtful habit ( m9d t notices ! similitudes & div]sities ( objects & endeavors to read ! ?\ghts :i* !y embody & ( :i* !y are ! symbols4 ,! /udy ( logic1 geometry1 & ! natural sci5ces is recomm5d$ = ex]cise ( ! faculty ( judgm5t & ! developm5t !re(4 ,! /udy & practice ( ev5 ! l[] bran*es ( ma!matics are also helpful 9 ?is direction4 ,! game ( *eck]s or *ess is recomm5d$ by _m au?orities4 ,"s h advocat$ ! practice ( solv+ enigmas1 problems1 rebuses1 etc41 z giv+ ex]cise to ?is faculty ( ! m9d4 ,! cultivation ( ! ,:y8 attitude ( m9d1 & ! answ]+ ( "o's own m5tal que/ions1 is also helpful1 if n c>ri$ to excess4 ,d\bt+ ,?omas is n always a t]m ( reproa* 9 ^! days ( sci5tific habits ( ?\ght1 & ! man f ,miss\ri has _m w>m admir]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,prim>y ,laws ( ,?\ght4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject we h]e) call ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t to ! well-kn[n ,prim>y ,laws ( ,?\ght :i* h be5 recogniz$ z valid f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greek logicians4 ,^! laws are self-evid5t1 & are uncontradictable4 ,!y are axiomatic4 ,jevons says ( !m3 ,/ud5ts are seldom able to see at fir/ _! full mean+ & importance4 ,all argum5ts may be expla9$ :5 ^! self-evid5t laws are grant$2 & x is n too mu* to say t ! :ole ( logic w be pla9 to ^? :o w con/antly use ^! laws z _! key4 ,"h are ! ,?ree ,prim>y ,laws ( ,?\ght3-- ,i4 ,law ( ,id5tity4 ,:atev] is1 is4 ,,ii4 ,law ( ,contradiction4 ,no?+ c bo? be & n be4 ,,iii4 ,law ( ,exclud$ ,middle4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ ei!r be or n be2 !re is no middle c\rse4 ,i4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws1 call$ ,! ,law ( ,id5tity1 in=ms u t a ?+ is always itself1 no matt] "u :at guise or =m x is p]ceiv$ or may pres5t itself4 ,an animal is always a bird if x possesses ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( a bird1 no matt] :e!r x exhibits ! m9or *>act]i/ics ( an eagle1 a wr51 a /ork1 or a humm+ bird4 ,9 ! same way a :ale is a mammal because x possesses ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( a mammal not)/&+ t x swims 9 ! wat] l a fi%4 ,also1 sweetness is always sweetness1 :e!r manife/$ 9 sug>1 honey1 fl[]s1 or products ( coal t>4 ,if a ?+ is t ?+1 !n x is1 & x _c be logically claim$ t x is n4 ,,ii4 ,! second ( ^! laws1 call$ ,! ,law ( ,contradiction1 in=ms u t ! same quality or class _c be bo? affirm$ & d5i$ ( a ?+ at ! same "t & place4 ,a sp>r[ _c be said to be bo? bird & n bird at ! same "t4 ,nei!r c sug> be said to be sweet & n sweet at ! same "t4 ,a piece ( iron may be hot at "o end & n hot at ano!r1 b x _c be bo? hot & n hot at ! same place at ! same "t4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird ( ^! laws1 call$ ,! ,law ( ,exclud$ ,middle1 in=ms u t a giv5 quality or class mu/ be affirm$ or d5i$ to ev]y?+ at any giv5 "t & place4 ,ev]y?+ ei!r mu/ be ( a c]ta9 class or n1 mu/ possess a c]ta9 quality or n1 at a giv5 "t or place4 ,!re is no o!r alt]native or middle c\rse4 ,x is axiomatic t any /atem5t mu/ ei!r be or n be true ( a c]ta9 o!r ?+ at any c]ta9 "t & place2 !re is no escape f ?is4 ,any?+ ei!r mu/ be black or n black1 a bird or n a bird1 alive or n alive1 at any c]ta9 "t or place4 ,!re is no?+ else t x c be2 x _c bo? be & n be at ! same "t & place1 z we h se52 !re=e1 x mu/ ei!r be or n be t :i* is ass]t$ ( x4 ,! judgm5t mu/ decide :i* alt]native2 b x has only two possible *oices4 ,b ! /ud5t mu/ n confuse opposite qualities or ?+s ) n-ness4 ,a ?+ may be black or n black1 b x ne$ n be :ite to be n black1 = blue is likewise n black j z x is n :ite4 ,! neglect ( ?is fact frequ5tly causes error4 ,we mu/ always affirm ei!r ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a quality 9 a ?+2 b ?is is f> diff]5t f affirm+ or d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! opposite quality4 ,?us a ?+ may be n h>d & yet x does n foll[ t x is s(t2 x may be nei!r h>d nor s(t4 ,,fallaci\s ,,application4 ,!re exi/s :at are kn[n z fallacies ( application ( ^! prim>y laws4 ,a fallacy is an uns\nd argum5t or conclusion4 ,= in/ance1 because a p>ticul> man is f\nd to be a li>1 x is fallaci\s to assume t all m5 are li>s1 = ly+ is a p>ticul> quality ( ! individual man1 & n a g5]al quality ( ! family ( m54 ,9 ! same way because a /ork has long legs & a long bill1 x does n foll[ t all birds mu/ h ^! *>act]i/ics simply because ! /ork is a bird4 ,x is fallaci\s to ext5d an individual quality to a class4 ,b x is s\nd judgm5t to assume t a class quality mu/ be possess$ by all individuals 9 t class4 ,x is a f> diff]5t proposition :i* ass]ts t "s birds are black1 f t :i* ass]ts t all birds are black4 ,! same rule1 ( c\rse1 is true reg>d+ negative propositions4 ,ano!r fallacy is t :i* assumes t because ! affirmative or negative proposition has n be51 or _c be1 prov$1 x foll[s t ! opposite proposition mu/ be true4 ,! true judgm5t is simply n prov54 ,ano!r fallaci\s judgm5t is t :i* is bas$ on attribut+ absolute quality to t :i* is b relative or comp>ative4 ,= in/ance1 ! t]ms hot & cold are relative & comp>ative1 & simply d5ote "o's relative op9ion reg>d+ a fix$ & c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature4 ,! c]ta9 ?+ is ! degree ( temp]ature1 say #ge degrees ,fahr5heit2 ( ?is we may logically claim t x is or is n true at a c]ta9 "t or place4 ,x ei!r is #ge degrees ,fahr5heit or x is n4 ,b to "o man ?is may seem w>m & to ano!r cold2 bo? are "r 9 _! judgm5ts1 s f> z _! own relative feel+s are conc]n$4 ,b nei!r c claim absolutely t x is w>m or cold4 ,!re=e1 x is a fallacy to ascribe absolute quality to a relative "o4 ,! absolute fact comes "u ! ,law ( ,exclud$ ,middle1 b a p]sonal op9ion is n an absolute fact4 ,!re are o!r fallacies :i* w be consid]$ 9 o!r *apt]s ( ?is book1 "u _! appropriate head+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,reason+4 ,reason+1 ! ?ird great /ep 9 ?9k+1 may be said to consi/ ( asc]ta9+ new tru?s f old ones1 new judgm5ts f old ones1 unkn[n facts f kn[n ones2 9 %ort1 ( proce$+ logically f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 us+ ! kn[n z ! f\ndation = ! unkn[n :i* is s\ght to be kn[n4 ,gordy gives u ! foll[+ excell5t def9ition ( ! t]m3 ,reason+ is ! act ( go+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n ?r\gh o!r beliefs2 ( bas+ judgm5t ^u judgm5ts2 rea*+ beliefs ?r\gh beliefs4 ,reason+1 !n1 is se5 to be a process ( build+ a /ructure ( judgm5ts1 "o re/+ ^u ! o!r1 ! topmo/ po9t be+ ! f9al judgm5t1 b ! :ole con/itut+ an edifice ( judgm5t4 ,?is may be se5 m cle>ly :5 ! v>i\s =ms ( reason+ are consid]$4 ,,imm$iate ,,reason+4 ,! simple/ =m ( reason+ is t kn[n z imm$iate reason+1 by :i* is meant reason+ by directly comp>+ two judgm5ts )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ?ird judgm5t1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! m =mal classes ( reason+4 ,?is =m ( reason+ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! application ( ! ,?ree ,prim>y ,laws ( ,?\ght1 to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x w be se5 t if 7a7 a ?+ is always itself1 !n 7b7 all t is includ$ 9 x mu/ p>take ( its nature4 ,?us1 ! bird family has c]ta9 class *>act]i/ics1 !re=e by imm$iate reason+ we "k t any memb] ( t family mu/ possess ^? class *>act]i/ics1 :atev] p>ticul> *>act]i/ics x may h 9 addition4 ,& we likewise "k t we _c attribute ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 to ! o!r memb]s ( ! class4 ,?us1 ?\gh all sp>r[s are birds1 x is n true t all birds are sp>r[s4 ,all biscuits are bread2 b all bread is n biscuit4 ,9 ! same way we "k t a ?+ _c be bird & mammal at ! same "t1 = ! mammals =m a n-bird family4 ,&1 likewise1 we "k t ev]y?+ mu/ be ei!r bird or n bird1 b t be+ n bird does n mean be+ a mammal1 = !re are _m o!r n-bird ?+s ?an mammals4 ,9 ?is =m ( reason+ di/9ction is always made betwe5 ! univ]sal or g5]al class1 :i* is express$ by ! ^w all1 & ! p>ticul> or individual1 :i* is express$ by ! ^w "s4 ,_m p]sons fail to note ?is diff]5ce 9 _! reason+1 & fallaci\sly reason1 = in/ance1 t because "s swans are :ite1 all swans mu/ be s1 :i* is a f> diff]5t ?+ f reason+ t if all is s & s1 !n "s mu/ be s & s4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is subject are ref]r$ to "s elem5t>y text-book on logic1 z ! detail$ consid]ation is too te*nical = consid]ation "h4 ,,reason+ ,,by ,,analogy4 ,reason+ by analogy is an elem5t>y =m ( reason+1 & is ! p>ticul> k9d ( reason+ employ$ by ! majority ( p]sons 9 ord9>y ?\ght4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! unconsci\s recognition by ! human m9d ( ! pr9ciple :i* is express$ by ,jevons z3 ,if two or m ?+s resemble ea* o!r 9 _m po9ts1 !y w probably resemble ea* o!r 9 m po9ts4 ,! same au?ority says3 ,reason+ by analogy diff]s only 9 degree f t k9d ( reason+ call$ 'g5]alization4' ,:5 _m ?+s resemble ea* o!r 9 a few prop]ties1 we argue ab\t !m by g5]alization4 ,:5 a few ?+s resemble ea* o!r 9 _m prop]ties1 x is a case ( analogy4 ,:ile ?is =m ( reason is frequ5tly employ$ ) m or less satisfactory results1 x is always op5 to a l>ge p]c5tage ( error4 ,?us1 p]sons h be5 poison$ by toad/ools by reason ( false analog\s reason+ t because mu%rooms are edible1 !n toad/ools1 :i* resemble !m1 mu/ also be fit = food2 or1 9 ! same way1 because c]ta9 b]ries resemble o!r edible b]ries !y mu/ likewise be good food4 ,z ,brooks says3 ,to inf] t because ,john ,smi? has a r$ nose & is also a drunk>d1 !n ,h5ry ,jones1 :o also has a r$ nose1 is also a drunk>d1 w\ld be dang]\s inf]5ce4 ,conclusions ( ?is k9d drawn f analogy are frequ5tly dang]\s4 ,halleck says3 ,_m false analogies are manufactur$1 & x is excell5t ?\ght tra9+ to expose !m4 ,! majority ( p ?9k s little t !y swall[ ^! false analogies j z newly-fl$g$ rob9s swall[ small /ones dropp$ into _! m\?s4 ,jevons1 "o ( ! be/ au?orities on ! subject1 says3 ,!re is no way 9 :i* we c really assure ourselves t we are argu+ safely by analogy4 ,! only rule t c be giv5 is ?is3 ,t ! m closely two ?+s resemble ea* o!r1 ! m likely x is t !y are ! same 9 o!r respects1 especially 9 po9ts closely connect$ ) ^? obs]v$4 ,9 ord] to be cle> ab\t our conclusions1 we ought1 9 fact1 nev] to re/ satisfi$ ) m]e analogy1 b ought to try to discov] ! g5]al laws gov]n+ ! case4 99 99 99 ,we f9d t reason+ by analogy is n to be dep5d$ ^u1 unless we make su* an inquiry into ! causes & laws ( ! ?+s 9 "q t we really employ inductive & d$uctive reason+4 ,,high] ,,=ms ,,( ,,reason+4 ,! two high] =ms ( reason+ are kn[n1 respectively1 z 7#a7 inductive reason+1 or inf]5ce f p>ticul> facts to g5]al laws2 & 7#b7 d$uctive reason+1 or inf]5ce f g5]al tru?s to p>ticul> tru?s4 ,:ile ! class di/9ction is made = ! purpose ( cle> consid]ation1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! two =ms ( reason+ are g5]ally f\nd 9 comb9ation4 ,?us1 9 inductive reason+ _m /eps are tak5 by ! aid ( d$uctive reason+2 &1 likewise1 be=e we c reason d$uctively f g5]al tru?s to p>ticul> ones we mu/ h discov]$ ! g5]al tru?s by inductive reason+ f p>ticul> facts4 ,?us !re is a unity 9 all reason+ processes z !re is 9 all m5tal op]ations4 ,inductive reason+ is a syn!tical process2 d$uctive reason+1 an analytical "o4 ,9 ! fir/ we comb9e & build up1 9 ! latt] we dissect & sep>ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,inductive ,reason+4 ,inductive reason+ is bas$ ^u ! axiom3 ,:at is true ( ! _m is true ( ! :ole4 ,?is axiom is bas$ ^u man's belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,inductive reason+ is a m5tal ladd] by :i* we climb f p>ticul> facts to g5]al laws1 b ! ladd] re/s ^u ! belief t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by law4 ,! /eps 9 inductive reason+ are z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,obs]vation1 inve/igation1 & exam9ation ( p>ticul> facts or ?+s4 ,if we wi% to "k ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! bird family1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e a suffici5t numb] ( birds ( _m k9ds s z to discov] ! comp>atively few g5]al *>act]i/ics possess$ by all ( ! bird family1 z di/9ct f ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics possess$ by only "s ( t family4 ,! great] ! numb] ( individuals exam9$1 ! n>r[] becomes our li/ ( ! g5]al qualities common to all4 ,9 ! same way we mu/ exam9e _m k9ds ( fl[]s be=e we come to ! few g5]al qualities common to all fl[]s1 :i* we comb9e 9 ! g5]al concept ( fl[]4 ,! same1 ( c\rse1 is true reg>d+ ! discov]y ( g5]al laws f p>ticul> facts4 ,we exam9e ! facts & !n "w t[>d a g5]al law :i* w expla9 !m4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,law ( ,gravitation 0 discov]$ by ! obs]vation & inve/igation ( ! fact t all objects are attract$ to ! e>?2 fur!r inve/igation reveal$ ! fact t all mat]ial objects are attract$ to ea* o!r2 !n ! g5]al law 0 discov]$1 or1 r1 ! hypo!sis 0 advanc$1 0 f\nd to expla9 ! facts1 & 0 v]ifi$ by fur!r exp]im5ts & obs]vation4 ,,ii4 ,! second /ep 9 inductive reason+ is ! mak+ ( an hypo!sis4 ,an hypo!sis is a proposition or pr9ciple assum$ z a possible explanation = a set or class ( facts4 ,x is reg>d$ z a work+ !ory1 :i* mu/ be exam9$ & te/$ 9 connection ) ! facts be=e x is f9ally accept$4 ,= in/ance1 aft] ! obs]vation t a numb] ( magnets attract$ /eel1 x 0 f\nd reasonable to advance ! hypo!sis t all magnets attract /eel4 ,9 ! same way 0 advanc$ ! hypo!sis t all birds are w>m-blood$1 w+$1 fea!r$1 ovip>\s v]tebrates4 ,subsequ5t obs]vation & exp]im5t e/abli%$ ! hypo!sis reg>d+ ! magnet1 & reg>d+ ! g5]al qualities ( ! bird family4 ,if a s+le magnet _h be5 f\nd :i* did n attract /eel1 !n ! hypo!sis w\ld h fall54 ,if a s+le bird _h be5 discov]$ :i* 0 n w>m-blood$1 !n t quality w\ld h be5 /rick5 f ! li/ ( ! necess>y *>act]i/ics ( all birds4 ,a !ory is m]ely an hypo!sis :i* has be5 v]ifi$ or e/abli%$ by cont9u$ & repeat$ obs]vation1 inve/igation1 & exp]im5t4 ,hypo!ses & !ories arise v frequ5tly f ! subconsci\s assimilation ( a numb] ( p>ticul> facts & ! consequ5t fla%+ ( a great guess1 or sacr$ suspicion ( ! tru?1 into ! consci\s field ( att5tion4 ,! sci5tific imag9ation plays an important "p 9 ?is process4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 a bl9d guess bas$ ^u insuffici5t data & a sci5tific guess result+ f ! accumulation ( a va/ /ore ( c>eful & accurate in=mation4 ,z ,brooks says3 ,! =m+ ( an hypo!sis requires a sugge/ive m9d1 a lively fancy1 a philosophic imag9ation t cat*es a glimpse ( ! idea ?r\gh ! =m or sees ! law /&+ beh9d ! fact4 ,b accept$ !ories1 9 ! majority ( cases1 arise only by te/+ out & reject+ _m promis+ hypo!ses & f9ally settl+ ^u ! "o :i* be/ answ]s all ! requirem5ts & be/ expla9s ! facts4 ,z an au?ority says3 ,to try wrong guesses is ) mo/ p]sons ! only way to hit ^u "r ones4 ,,iii4 ,te/+ ! hypo!sis by d$uctive reason+ is ! ?ird /ep 9 inductive reason+4 ,?is te/ is made by apply+ ! hypo!tical pr9ciple to p>ticul> facts or ?+s2 t is1 to foll[ out m5tally ! hypo!tical pr9ciple to its logical conclusion4 ,?is may be done 9 ?is way3 ,if s & s is correct1 !n x foll[s t ?us & s is true1 etc4 ,if ! conclusion agrees ) reason1 !n ! te/ is deem$ satisfactory s f> z x has gone4 ,b if ! result proves to be a logical absurdity or inconsi/5t ) natural facts1 !n ! hypo!sis is discr$it$4 ,,iv4 ,practical v]ification ( ! hypo!sis is ! f\r? /ep 9 inductive reason+4 ,?is /ep consi/s ( ! actual comp>ison ( obs]v$ facts ) ! logical conclusions aris+ f apply+ d$uctive reason+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple assum$ z a premise4 ,! great] numb] ( facts agree+ ) ! conclusions aris+ f ! premise ( ! hypo!sis1 ! great] is deem$ ! probability ( ! latt]4 ,! au?orities g5]ally assume an hypo!sis to be v]ifi$ :5 x acc\nts = all ! facts :i* prop]ly are relat$ to x4 ,"s extremi/s cont5d1 h[ev]1 t be=e an hypo!sis may be consid]$ z absolutely v]ifi$1 x mu/ n only acc\nt = all ! associat$ facts b t also !re mu/ be no o!r possible hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! same facts4 ,! facts ref]r$ to 9 ?is connection may be ei!r 7#a7 obs]v$ ph5om5a1 or 7#b7 ! conclusions ( d$uctive reason+ aris+ f ! assumption ( ! hypo!sis1 or 7#c7 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! obs]v$ facts & ! logical conclusions4 ,! la/ comb9ation is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ logical4 ,! v]ification ( an hypo!sis mu/ be an all-ar\nd "o1 & !re mu/ be an agreem5t betwe5 ! obs]v$ facts & ! logical conclusions 9 ! case--! hypo!sis mu/ fit ! facts1 & ! facts mu/ fit ! hypo!sis4 ,! facts are ! glass slipp] ( ! ,c9d]ella leg5d--! sev]al si/]s ( ,c9d]ella 7 disc>d$ hypo!ses1 ! slipp] & ! si/]s n fitt+4 ,:5 ,c9d]ella's foot 0 f\nd to be ! "o foot ^u :i* ! glass slipp] fitt$1 !n ! ,c9d]ella hypo!sis 0 consid]$ to h be5 prov$--! glass slipp] 0 h]s & ! pr9ce claim$ 8 bride4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,d$uctive ,reason+4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t f p>ticul> facts we reason inductively to g5]al pr9ciples or tru?s4 ,we h also se5 t "o ( ! /eps ( inductive reason+ is ! te/+ ( ! hypo!sis by d$uctive reason+4 ,we %all n[ also see t ! results ( inductive reason+ are us$ z premises or bases = d$uctive reason+4 ,^! two =ms ( reason+ are opposites & yet complem5t>y to ea* o!r2 !y are 9 a s5se indep5d5t & yet are int]dep5d5t4 ,brooks says3 ,! two me?ods ( reason+ are ! rev]se ( ea* o!r4 ,"o goes f p>ticul>s to g5]als2 ! o!r f g5]als to p>ticul>s4 ,"o is a process ( analysis2 ! o!r is a process ( syn!sis4 ,"o rises f facts to laws2 ! o!r desc5ds f laws to facts4 ,ea* is indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & ea* is a valid & ess5tial me?od ( inf]5ce4 ,halleck well expresses ! _s ( d$uctive reason+ z foll[s3 ,aft] induction has classifi$ c]ta9 ph5om5a & ?us giv5 u a major premise1 we may proce$ d$uctively to apply ! inf]5ce to any new specim5 t c be %[n to belong to t class4 ,induction h&s ov] to d$uction a ready-made premise4 ,d$uction takes t z a fact1 mak+ no inquiry reg>d+ its tru?4 ,only aft] g5]al laws h be5 laid d[n1 aft] objects h be5 classifi$1 aft] major premises h be5 =m$1 c d$uction be employ$4 ,d$uctive reason+ proce$s f g5]al pr9ciples to p>ticul> facts4 ,x is a desc5d+ process1 analytical 9 its nature4 ,x re/s ^u ! fundam5tal axiomatic basis t :atev] is true ( ! :ole is true ( its p>ts1 or :atev] is true ( ! univ]sal is true ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,! process ( d$uctive reason+ may be /at$ briefly z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a g5]al pr9ciple ( a class is /at$ z a major premise2 7#b7 a p>ticul> ?+ is /at$ z belong+ to t g5]al class1 ?is /atem5t be+ ! m9or premise2 !re=e 7#c7 ! g5]al class pr9ciple is held to apply to ! p>ticul> ?+1 ?is la/ /atem5t be+ ! conclusion4 7,a premise is a proposition assum$ to be true47 ,! foll[+ gives u an illu/ration ( ! above process3-- ,i4 7,major premise7--,a bird is a w>m-blood$1 fea!r$1 w+$1 ovip>\s v]tebrate4 ,,ii4 7,m9or premise7--,! sp>r[ is a bird2 !re=e ,,iii4 7,conclusion7--,! sp>r[ is a w>m-blood$1 fea!r$1 w+$1 ovip>\s v]tebrate4 ,or1 aga93-- ,i4 7,major premise7--,rattlesnakes frequ5tly bite :5 enrag$1 & _! bite is poison\s4 ,,ii4 7,m9or premise7--,?is snake be=e me is a rattlesnake2 !re=e ,,iii4 7,conclusion7--,?is snake be=e me may bite :5 enrag$1 & its bite w be poison\s4 ,! av]age p]son may be incl9$ to object t he is n consci\s ( go+ ?r\gh ?is complicat$ process :5 he reasons ab\t sp>r[s or rattlesnakes4 ,b he does1 nev]!less4 ,he is n consci\s ( ! /eps1 because m5tal habit has accu/om$ him to ! process1 & x is p]=m$ m or less automatically4 ,b ^! ?ree /eps manife/ 9 all processes ( d$uctive reason+1 ev5 ! simple/4 ,! av]age p]son is l ! "* 9 ! ,fr5* play :o 0 surpris$ to le>n t he _h be5 talk+ prose = =ty ye>s )\t kn[+ x4 ,jevons says t ! majority ( p]sons are equally surpris$ :5 !y f9d out t !y h be5 us+ logical =ms1 m or less correctly1 )\t hav+ realiz$ x4 ,he says3 ,a l>ge numb] ev5 ( educat$ p]sons h no cle> idea ( :at logic is4 ,yet1 9 a c]ta9 way1 e "o mu/ h be5 a logician s9ce he began to speak4 ,!re are _m te*nical rules & pr9ciples ( logic :i* we _c attempt to consid] "h4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few elem5t>y pr9ciples ( correct reason+ :i* %\ld h a place "h4 ,:at is kn[n z a syllogism is ! expression 9 words ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! complete process ( reason+ or argum5t4 ,:ately def9es x z foll[s3 ,a syllogism is an argum5t express$ 9 /rict logical =m s t its conclusiv5ess is manife/ f ! /ructure ( ! expression alone1 )\t any reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,9 %ort1 if ! two premises are accept$ z correct1 x foll[s t !re c be only "o true logical conclusion result+ !refrom4 ,9 ab/ract or !oretical reason+ ! ^w if is assum$ to prec$e ea* ( ! two premises1 ! !re=e be=e ! conclusion result+ f ! if1 ( c\rse4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al rules gov]n+ ! syllogism3-- ,i4 ,e syllogism mu/ consi/ ( ?ree1 & no m ?an ?ree1 propositions1 namely 7#a7 ! major premise1 7#b7 ! m9or premise1 & 7#c7 ! conclusion4 ,,ii4 ,! conclusion mu/ naturally foll[ f ! premises1 o!rwise ! syllogism is invalid & con/itutes a fallacy or sophism4 ,,iii4 ,"o premise1 at lea/1 mu/ be affirmative4 ,,iv4 ,if "o premise is negative1 ! conclusion mu/ be negative4 ,v4 ,"o premise1 at lea/1 mu/ be univ]sal or g5]al4 ,,vi4 ,if "o premise is p>ticul>1 ! conclusion also mu/ be p>ticul>4 ,! la/ two rules 7,v4 & ,,vi47 conta9 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( all ! rules reg>d+ syllogisms1 & any syllogism :i* breaks !m w be f\nd also to break o!r rules1 "s ( :i* are n /at$ "h = ! reason t !y are too te*nical4 ,^! two rules may be te/$ by con/ruct+ syllogisms 9 violation ( _! pr9ciples4 ,! reason = !m is z foll[s3 7,rule ,v47 ,because f two p>ticul> premises no conclusion c be drawn1 z1 = in/ance3 7#a7 ,"s m5 are mortal2 7#b7 ,john is a man4 ,we _c reason f ?is ei!r t ,john is or is n mortal4 ,! major premise %\ld read all m54 7,rule ,,vi47 ,because a univ]sal conclusion c be drawn only f two univ]sal premises1 an example be+ ne$less "h1 z ! conclusion is s obvi\s4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,reason+ ,,faculties4 ,!re is no royal road to ! cultivation ( ! reason+ faculties4 ,!re is b ! old famili> rule3 ,practice1 ex]cise1 use4 ,nev]!less !re are c]ta9 /udies :i* t5d to develop ! faculties 9 "q4 ,! /udy ( ari?metic1 especially m5tal ari?metic1 t5ds to develop correct habits ( reason+ f "o tru? to ano!r--f cause to effect4 ,bett] /ill is ! /udy ( geometry2 & be/ ( all1 ( c\rse1 is ! /udy ( logic & ! practice ( work+ out its problems & examples4 ,! /udy ( philosophy & psy*ology also is useful 9 ?is way4 ,_m lawy]s & tea*]s h drill$ !mselves 9 geometry solely = ! purpose ( develop+ _! logical reason+ p[]s4 ,brooks says3 ,s valuable is geometry z a discipl9e t _m lawy]s & o!rs review _! geometry e ye> 9 ord] to keep ! m9d drill$ to logical habits ( ?9k+4 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( logic w aid 9 ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( d$uctive reason+4 ,x does ?is1 fir/1 by %[+ ! me?od by :i* we reason4 ,to "k h[ we reason1 to see ! laws :i* gov]n ! reason+ process1 to analyze ! syllogism & see its con=mity to ! laws ( ?\ght1 is n only an ex]cise ( reason+ b gives t k ( ! process t w be bo? a /imulus & a guide to ?\ght4 ,no "o c trace ! pr9ciples & processes ( ?\ght )\t receiv+ !reby an impetus to ?\ght4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /udy ( logic is probably ev5 m valuable because x gives practice 9 d$uctive ?9k+4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is its pr9cipal value1 s9ce ! m9d reasons in/9ctively )\t kn[+ h[ x reasons4 ,"o c ?9k )\t ! k ( ! sci5ce ( ?9k+ j z "o c use language correctly )\t a k ( gramm>2 yet z ! /udy ( gramm> improves "o's spee*1 s ! /udy ( logic c b improve "o's ?\ght4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] h]e(1 "o ( ! be/ ?\gh simple me?ods ( cultivat+ ! faculties ( reason+ is to acqua9t "o's self ?or\ghly ) ! m common fallacies or =ms ( false reason+--s ?or\ghly t n only is ! false reason+ detect$ at once b also ! reason ( its falsity is readily und]/ood4 ,to und]/& ! wrong ways ( reason+ is to be on gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,by gu>d+ aga9/ !m we t5d to elim9ate !m f our ?\ght processes4 ,if we elim9ate ! false we h ! true left 9 its place4 ,!re=e we recomm5d ! we$+ ( ! logical g>d5 ( ! common fallacies1 to ! end t ! fl[]s ( pure reason may fl\ri% 9 _! /ead4 ,accord+ly1 we ?9k x well to call y\r att5tion 9 ! next *apt] to ! m common fallacies1 & ! reason ( _! falsity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,fallaci\s ,reason+4 ,a fallacy is def9$ z an uns\nd argum5t or mode ( argu+ :i*1 :ile appe>+ to be decisive ( a "q1 is 9 reality n s2 or a fallaci\s /atem5t or proposition 9 :i* ! error is n readily app>5t4 ,:5 a fallacy is us$ to deceive o!rs1 x is call$ 'sophi/ry1' ,x is important t ! /ud5t %\ld und]/& ! nature ( ! fallacy & und]/& its mo/ common =ms4 ,z ,jevons says3 ,9 le>n+ h[ to d "r x is always desirable to be in=m$ z to ! ways 9 :i* we are likely to g wrong4 ,9 describ+ to a man ! road :i* he %\ld foll[1 we ought to tell him n only ! turn+s :i* he is to take b also ! turn+s :i* he is to avoid4 ,simil>ly1 x is a useful "p ( logic :i* tea*es u ! ways & turn+s by :i* p mo/ commonly g a/ray 9 reason+4 ,9 pres5t+ ! foll[+ brief /atem5t reg>d+ ! m common =ms ( fallacy1 we omit s f> z possible ! te*nical details :i* belong to text-books on logic4 ,,fallacies4 ,i4 ,true ,collective b ,false ,p>ticul>4--,an example ( ?is fallacy is f\nd 9 ! argum5t t because ! ,fr5* race1 collectively1 are excitable1 !re=e a p>ticul> ,fr5*man mu/ be excitable4 ,or t because ! ,jewi% race1 collectively1 are good bus9ess p1 !re=e ! p>ticul> ,jew mu/ be a good bus9ess man4 ,?is is z fallaci\s z argu+ t because a man may dr[n 9 ! ocean he %\ld avoid ! ba?1 bas91 or cup ( wat]4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! :ole ( a ?+ & its sep>ate p>ts4 ,nitric acid & glyc]91 sep>ately1 are n explosive1 b1 comb9$1 !y =m nitro-glyc]91 a mo/ dang]\s & p[]ful explosive4 ,rev]s+ ?is =m ( illu/ration1 we rem9d y ( ! old say+3 ,salt is a good ?+2 b "o doesn't want to be put 9 pickle4 ,,ii4 ,irrelevant ,conclusion4--,?is fallacy consi/s 9 introduc+ 9 ! conclusion matt] n conta9$ 9 ! premises1 or 9 ! confus+ ( ! issue4 ,= in/ance3 7#a7 ,all m5 are s9ful2 7#b7 ,john ,smi? is a man2 !re=e 7#c7 ,john ,smi? is a horse ?ief4 ,?is may s\nd absurd1 b _m argum5ts are z fallaci\s z ?is1 & = ! same reason4 ,or ano!r & m subtle =m3 7#a7 ,all ?ieves are li>s2 7#b7 ,john ,smi? is a li>2 !re=e 7#c7 ,john ,smi? is a ?ief4 ,! fir/ example arises f ! introduction ( new matt]1 & ! la/ f ! confusion ( ! issue4 ,,iii4 ,false ,cause4--,?is fallacy consi/s 9 attribut+ cause to a ?+ :i* is m]ely co9cid5t )1 or prec$5t to1 ! effect4 ,= in/ance3 7#a7 ,! cock cr[s j be=e or at ! mom5t ( sunrise2 !re=e 7#b7 ! cock-cr[+ is ! cause ( ! sunrise4 ,or1 aga93 7#a7 ,bad crops foll[$ ! election ( a ,:ig presid5t2 !re=e 7#b7 ! ,:ig p>ty is ! cause ( ! bad crops4 ,or1 aga93 7#a7 ,:]e civilization is ! highe/1 !re we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( high hats2 !re=e 7#b7 high hats are ! cause ( civilization4 ,,iv4 ,circul> ,reason+4--,9 ?is =m ( fallacy ! p]son reason+ or argu+ endeavors to expla9 or prove a ?+ by itself or its own t]ms4 ,= in/ance3 7#a7 ,! ,:ig p>ty is hone/ because x advocates hone/ pr9ciples2 7#b7 ! ,:ig pr9ciples are hone/ because !y are advocat$ by an hone/ p>ty4 ,a common =m ( ?is fallacy 9 its phase ( sophi/ry is ! use ( synonyms 9 su* a mann] t !y seem to express m ?an ! orig9al conception1 :]eas !y are really b o!r t]ms = ! same ?+4 ,an hi/oric example ( circul> reason+ is ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is ! true ,*ur*1 because x 0 e/abli%$ by ,god2 7#b7 x mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ by ,god1 because x is ! true ,*ur*4 ,?is =m ( sophi/ry is mo/ effective :5 employ$ 9 long argum5ts 9 :i* x is difficult to detect x4 ,v4 ,begg+ ! ,"q4--,?is fallacy arises f ! use ( a false premise1 or at lea/ ( a premise ! tru? ( :i* is n admitt$ by ! oppon5t4 ,x may be /at$1 simply1 z ! unw>rant$ assumption ( a premise1 g5]ally ! major premise4 ,_m p]sons 9 public life argue 9 ?is way4 ,!y boldly ass]t an unw>rant$ premise1 & !n proce$ to argue logically f x4 ,! result is confus+ to ! av]age p]son1 =1 ! /eps ( ! reason+ be+ logical1 x seems z if ! argum5t is s\nd1 ! fact ( ! unw>rant$ premise be+ ov]look$4 ,! p]son us+ ?is =m ( sophi/ry proce$s on ,a>on ,burr's !ory ( tru? be+ t :i* is boldly ass]t$ & plausibly ma9ta9$4 ,bulw] makes "o ( 8 *>act]s m5tion a p>ticul>ly atroci\s =m ( ?is fallacy 7al?\gh an amus+ "o7 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,:5ev] y are ab\t to utt] some?+ a/oni%+ly false1 always beg9 )3 ',x is an ackn[l$g$ fact1' etc4 ,sir ,rob]t ,film] 0 a ma/] ( ?is mann] ( writ+4 ,?us ) :at a solemn face t great man attempt$ to *eat4 ,he w\ld say3 ',x is a tru? und5iable t !re _c be any multitude ( m5 :atsoev]1 ei!r great or small1 etc41 b t 9 ! same multitude !re is "o man among !m t 9 nature ha? a "r to be ,k+ ( all ! re/--z be+ ! next heir ( ,adam6' ,look c>efully = ! major premise ( propositions advanc$ 9 argum5t1 spok5 or writt54 ,be sure t ! p]son mak+ ! proposition is n begg+ ! "q by ! unw>rant$ assumption ( ! premise4 ,,g5]al ,,rule ,,( ,,inf]5ce4 ,hyslop says conc]n+ valid inf]5ces & fallaci\s ones3 ,we _c inf] any?+ we please f any premises we please4 ,we mu/ con=m to c]ta9 def9ite rules or pr9ciples4 ,any violation ( !m w be a fallacy4 ,!re are two simple rules :i* %\ld n be violat$3 7#a7 ,! subject-matt] 9 ! conclusion %\ld be ( ! same g5]al k9d z 9 ! premises2 7#b7 ! facts con/itut+ ! premises mu/ be accept$ & mu/ n be fictiti\s4 ,a close obs]vance ( ^! rules w result 9 ! detection & avoidance ( ! pr9cipal =ms ( fallaci\s reason+ & sophi/ry4 ,,sophi/ical ,,argum5ts4 ,!re are a numb] ( tricky practices resort$ to by p]sons 9 argum5t1 t are fallaci\s 9 int5t & result1 :i* we d n consid] "h 9 detail z !y sc>cely belong to ! p>ticul> subject ( ?is book4 ,a brief m5tion1 h[ev]1 may be p]mitt$ 9 ! int]e/ ( g5]al in=mation4 ,"h are ! pr9cipal ones3-- 7#a7 ,argu+ t a proposition is correct because ! oppon5t _c prove ! contr>y4 ,! fallacy is se5 :5 we realize t ! /atem5t1 ,! moon is made ( gre5 *eese1 is n prov$ because we _c prove ! contr>y4 ,no am\nt ( failure to disprove a proposition really proves x2 & no am\nt ( failure to prove a proposition really disproves x4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! burd5 ( pro( re/s ^u ! p]son /at+ ! proposition1 & 8 oppon5t is n call$ ^u to disprove x or else h x consid]$ prov$4 ,! old cry ( ,y _c prove t x is n s is bas$ ^u a fallaci\s conception4 7#b7 ,abuse ( ! oppon5t1 8 p>ty1 or 8 cause4 ,?is is no real argum5t or reason+4 ,x is ak9 to prov+ a po9t by beat+ ! oppon5t ov] ! head4 7#c7 ,argu+ t an oppon5t does n live up to 8 pr9ciples is no argum5t aga9/ ! pr9ciples he advocates4 ,a man may advocate ! pr9ciple ( temp]ance & yet dr9k to excess4 ,?is simply proves t he prea*es bett] ?an he practices2 b ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( temp]ance is n affect$ 9 any way !reby4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t he may *ange 8 practices2 & x _c be held t ! *ange ( 8 p]sonal habits improves or *anges ! nature ( ! pr9ciple4 7#d7 ,argum5t ( au?ority is n bas$ on logic4 ,au?ority is valuable :5 really wor?y1 & m]ely z corroboration or add+ weight2 b x is n logical argum5t4 ,! reasons ( ! au?ority alone con/itute a real argum5t4 ,! abuse ( ?is =m ( argum5t is %[n1 9 ! above ref]5ce to begg+ ! "q1 9 ! quotation f ,bulw]4 7#e7 ,appeal to prejudice or public op9ion is n a valid argum5t1 = public op9ion is frequ5tly wrong & prejudice is (t5 unw>rant$4 ,&1 at ! be/1 !y h no?+ to d ) ! case f ! /&po9t ( logic4 ,! abuse ( te/imony & claim$ evid5ce is also wor?y ( exam9ation1 b we _c g into ! subject "h4 ,,fallacies ,,( ,,prejudice4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s ( all fallacies 9 ! se>* = tru? on ! "p ( ! mo/ ( u are ^? :i* arise f ! foll[+3-- 7#a7 ,! t5d5cy to reason f :at we feel & wi% to be true1 r ?an f ! actual facts ( ! case1 :i* causes u unconsci\sly to assume ! m5tal attitude ( if ! facts agree ) our likes & pet !ories1 all is well2 if !y d n1 s mu* ! worse = ! facts4 7#b7 ,! t5d5cy 9 all ( u to p]ceive only ! facts t agree ) our !ories & to ignore ! o!rs4 ,we f9d t = :i* we seek1 & ov]look t :i* does n int]e/ u4 ,our discov]ies foll[ our int]e/1 & our int]e/ foll[s our desires & beliefs4 ,! intellig5t man or woman realizes ^! t5d5cies ( human nature & endeavors to avoid !m 9 8 or h] own reason+1 b is ke5ly consci\s ( !m 9 ! argum5ts & reason+ ( o!rs4 ,a failure to obs]ve & gu>d "o's self aga9/ ^! t5d5cies results 9 bigotry1 intol]ance1 n>r[ness1 & intellectual a/igmatism4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,! ,w4 ,! activities ( ! w comprise ! ?ird great class ( m5tal processes4 ,psy*ologi/s always h diff]$ greatly 9 _! conception ( j :at con/itutes ^! activities4 ,ev5 to-day x is difficult to obta9 a diction>y def9ition ( ! w t agrees ) ! be/ op9ion on ! subject4 ,! diction>ies adh]e to ! old classification & conception :i* reg>d$ ! w z t faculty ( ! m9d or s\l by :i* x *ooses or decides4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( ! idea t ! w acts accord+ to ! /ronge/ motive1 & t ! motive is suppli$ by ! av]age /ruck betwe5 ! desires ( ! mom5t1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! intellect1 ! conception ( w z ! *oos+ & decid+ faculty is pass+ f favor4 ,9 ! place ( ! old] conception has come ! new] "o :i* holds t ! w is prim>ily conc]n$ ) action4 ,x is difficult to place ! w 9 ! category ( m5tal processes4 ,b x is g5]ally agre$ t x abides 9 ! v c5t] ( ! m5tal be+1 & is closely associat$ ) :at is call$ ! ego1 or self4 ,! w seems to h at lea/ ?ree g5]al phases1 viz43 7#a7 ,! phase ( desire1 7#b7 ! phase ( delib]ation or *oice1 & 7#c7 ! phase ( expression 9 action4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! w1 x is necess>y to consid] ea* ( ^! ?ree phases ( its activities4 7#a74 ,,desire4 ,! fir/ phase ( w1 :i* is call$ desire1 is 9 itself some:at complex4 ,on its l[] side x t\*es1 &1 9 fact1 bl5ds into1 feel+ & emotion4 ,its c5t] consi/s ( a /ate ( t5sion1 ak9 to t ( a coil$ spr+ or a cat cr\*+ ready = a spr+4 ,on its high] side x t\*es1 p5etrates1 & bl5ds into ! o!r phases ( ! w :i* we h m5tion$4 ,desire is def9$ z a feel+1 emotion1 or excitem5t ( ! m9d direct$ t[>d ! atta9m5t1 enjoym5t1 or possession ( "s object f :i* pleasure1 pr(it1 or gratification is expect$4 ,halleck gives u ! foll[+ excell5t conception ( ! mov+ _s ( desire3 ,desire has = its object some?+ :i* w br+ pleasure or get rid ( pa91 imm$iate or remote1 = ! individual or = "s "o 9 :om he is int]e/$4 ,av]sion1 or a /riv+ away f some?+1 is m]ely ! negative aspect ( desire4 ,9 ,halleck's /atem5t1 above quot$1 we h ! explanation ( ! "p play$ by ! intellect 9 ! activities ( w4 ,! intellect is able to p]ceive ! relations betwe5 pres5t action & future results1 & is able to po9t ! way t[>d ! suppression ( "s desires 9 ord] t o!r & bett] ones may be manife/$4 ,x also s]ves its purposes 9 regulat+ ! /rik+ ( ! av]age betwe5 conflict+ desires4 ,)\t ! int]v5tion ( ! intellect1 ! tempor>y desire ( ! mom5t w\ld inv>iably be act$ ^u )\t reg>d to future results or consequ5ces to "o's self & o!rs4 ,x also s]ves to po9t out ! c\rse ( action calculat$ to give ! mo/ satisfactory expression ( ! desire4 ,:ile x is a fact t ! action ( w dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! motive =ce ( desire1 x is likewise true t desire may be creat$1 regulat$1 suppress$1 & ev5 kill$ by ! action ( ! w4 ,! w1 by giv+ or refus+ att5tion to a c]ta9 class ( desires1 may ei!r cause !m to gr[ & wax /rong1 or else die & fade away4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is use ( ! w itself spr+s f ano!r set ( desires or feel+s4 ,desire is ar\s$ by feel+s or emotions ris+ f ! subconsci\s planes ( ! m9d & seek+ expression & manife/ation4 ,we h consid]$ ! nature ( ! feel+s & emotions 9 previ\s *apt]s1 :i* %\ld be read 9 connection ) ! pres5t "o4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! feel+ or emotional side ( desire arises f ei!r inh]it$ race memories exi/+ z in/9cts1 or f ! memory ( ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! individual4 ,9 "s cases ! feel+ fir/ manife/s 9 a vague unre/ caus$ by subconsci\s prompt+s & excitem5t4 ,!n ! imag9ation pictures ! object ( ! feel+1 or c]ta9 memory images connect$ ) x1 & ! desire ?us manife/s on ! plane ( consci\sness4 ,! entrance ( ! desire feel+ into consci\sness is accompani$ by t peculi> t5sion :i* m>ks ! second phase ( desire4 ,?is t5sion1 :5 suffici5tly /rong1 passes into ! ?ird phase ( desire1 or t 9 :i* desire bl5ds into w action4 ,desire 9 ?is /age makes a dem& ^u w = expression & action4 ,f m]e feel+1 & t5sion ( feel+1 x becomes a call to action4 ,b be=e expression & action are giv5 to x1 ! second phase ( w mu/ manife/ at lea/ = a mom5t2 ?is second phase is t kn[n z delib]ation1 or ! weigh+ & balanc+ ( desires4 7#b74 ,,delib]ation4 ,! second phase ( w1 kn[n z delib]ation1 is m ?an ! purely intellectual process :i* ! t]m w\ld indicate4 ,! intellect plays an important "p1 x is true1 b !re is also an almo/ in/9ctive & automatic weigh+ & balanc+ ( desires4 ,!re is seldom only "o desire pres5t+ its claims ^u ! w at any p>ticul> mom5t4 ,x is true t occasionally !re arises an emotional desire ( su* dom9ant p[] & /r5g? t x cr[ds out e o!r claimant at ! b> ( delib]ation4 ,b su* in/ances are r>e1 & z a rule !re are a ho/ ( rival claimants1 ea* insi/+ ^u its rights 9 ! matt] at issue4 ,9 ! man ( weak or undevelop$ & untra9$ intellect1 ! /ruggle is usually little m ?an a brief combat betwe5 sev]al desires1 9 :i* ! /ronge/ at ! mom5t w9s4 ,b ) ! developm5t ( intellect new factors arise & new =ces are felt4 ,moreov]1 ! m complex "o's emotional nature1 & ! great] ! developm5t ( ! high] =ms ( feel+1 ! m int5se is ! /ruggle ( delib]ation or ! fight ( ! desires4 ,we see1 9 ,halleck's def9ition1 t desire has n only ! object ( br++ pleasure or gett+ rid ( pa9 = ! individual1 b t ! additional elem5t ( ! welf>e ( "s "o 9 :om he is int]e/$ is add$1 :i* elem5t is (t5 ! decid+ factor4 ,?is elem5t1 ( c\rse1 arises f ! developm5t & cultivation ( "o's emotional nature4 ,9 ! same way we also see t x is n m]ely ! imm$iate welf>e ( "o's self or ^? 9 :om "o is int]e/$ t speaks be=e ! b>1 b also ! m remote welf>e4 ,?is consid]ation ( future welf>e dep5ds ^u ! intellect & cultivat$ imag9ation "u its control4 ,moreov]1 ! tra9$ intellect is able to discov] possible great] satisfaction 9 "s c\rse ( action o!r ?an 9 ! "o prompt$ by ! clamor+ desire ( ! mom5t4 ,?is expla9s :y ! judgm5t & action ( an intellig5t man1 z a rule1 are f> diff]5t f ^? ( ! un9tellig5t "o2 & also :y a man ( culture t5ds t[>d diff]5t action f t ( ! uncultur$2 & likewise1 :y ! man ( broad sympa?ies & high ideals acts 9 a diff]5t way f "o ( ! opposite type4 ,b ! pr9ciple is ev] ! same--! feel+s manife/ 9 desire1 ! greate/ ultimate satisfaction app>5t at ! mom5t is s\ght1 & ! /ronge/ set ( desires w9s ! day4 ,halleck's comm5t on ?is po9t is int]e/+4 ,he says3 ,desire is n always proportional to ! idea ( "o's own selfi% pleasure4 ,_m p]sons1 aft] =m+ an idea ( ! va/ am\nt ( e>?ly di/ress1 desire to relieve x1 & ! desire goes out 9 action1 z ! b5evol5t societies 9 e city te/ify4 ,"h ! individual pleasure is none ! less1 b x is second>y1 com+ f ! pleasure ( o!rs4 ,! desire ( ! ne> (t5 raises a /rong] desire ?an ! remote4 ,a *ild frequ5tly pref]s a ?+ imm$iately if x is only "o t5? z good z some?+ he might h a ye> h5ce4 ,a /ud5t (t5 desires m ! leisure ( to-day ?an ! success ( future ye>s4 ,?\gh admoni%$ to /udy1 he wa/es 8 "t & ?us loses incomp>ably great] future pleasure :5 he is toss$ to ! re> 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! result ( ?is weigh+ & balanc+ ( ! desire is1 or %\ld be1 decision & *oice1 :i* !n passes into action4 ,b _m p]sons seem unable to make up _! own m9d1 & require a pu% or urge f )\t be=e !y w act4 ,o!rs decide1 )\t prop] use ( ! intellect1 ^u :at !y call impulse1 b :i* is m]ely impati5ce4 ,"s are l ! fabl$ donkey :i* />v$ to dea? :5 plac$ at an equal di/ance betwe5 two equally attractive hay/acks & 0 unable to decide t[>ds :i* to move4 ,o!rs foll[ ! example ( ,jeppe1 9 ! com$y1 :o1 :5 giv5 a co9 ) :i* to buy a piece ( soap = 8 wife1 /ood on ! corn] delib]at+ :e!r to obey ord]s or to buy a dr9k ) ! money4 ,he wants ! dr9k1 b realizes t 8 wife w beat him if he returns )\t ! soap4 ,my /oma* says dr9k2 my back says soap1 says ,jeppe4 ,b1 f9ally he rem>ks1 is n a man's /oma* m to him ?an 8 back8 ,yes1 says ,i4 ,! f9al decision dep5ds ^u ! /rik+ a balance betwe5 ! desires1--! weigh+ ( desire = & desire aga9/1--desire = ?is & desire = some?+ else4 ,! /r5g? ( ! sev]al desires dep5ds ^u ne>ness & pres5t int]e/ aris+ f att5tion1 z appli$ to ! feel+s & emotions aris+ f h]$ity1 environm5t1 exp]i5ce1 & education1 :i* con/itute "*2 & also ^u ! degree ( intellectual cle>ness & p[] 9 =m+ correct judgm5ts betwe5 ! desires4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! intellect appe>s n z an oppon5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ! satisfaction ( desire1 b m]ely z an in/rum5t ( ! ego 9 det]m9+ :i* c\rse ( action w result 9 ! greate/ ultimate satisfaction1 direct or indirect1 pres5t or future4 ,=1 at ! la/1 e individual acts s z to br+ himself ! greate/ satisfaction1 imm$iate or future1 direct or indirect1 ei!r p]sonal or ?r\gh ! welf>e ( o!rs1 z ?is may appe> to him at ! p>ticul> mom5t ( delib]ation4 ,we always act 9 ! direction ( t :i* w great] cont5t our _s4 ,?is w be f\nd to be ! _s ( all decisions1 al?\gh ! motive is (t5 hidd5 & difficult to f9d ev5 by ! individual himself1 _m ( ! /ronge/ motives hav+ _! orig9 9 ! subconsci\s planes ( m5tality4 7#c74 ,,action4 ,! ?ird & f9al phase ( w is t kn[n z action--! act ( volition by :i* ! desire-idea is express$ 9 physical or m5tal activity4 ,! old conception ( ! w held t ! decisive phase ( ! w 0 its *>act]i/ic & f9al phase1 ignor+ ! fact t ! v ess5ce or _s ( w is b\nd up ) action4 ,ev5 ^? famili> ) ! new] conception frequ5tly assume t ! act ( decision is ! f9al phase ( w1 ignor+ ! fact t we frequ5tly decide to d a ?+ & yet may nev] c>ry out ! int5tion & decision4 ,! act ( will+ is n complete unless action is express$4 ,!re mu/ be ! manife/ation ( ! motor elem5t or phase ( w1 else ! w process is incomplete4 ,a weakness ( ?is la/ phase ( w affects ! entire w & r5d]s its processes ineffective4 ,! _w is fill$ ) p]sons :o are able to decide :at is be/ to d1 & :at %\ld be done1 b :o nev] actually act ^u ! decision4 ,! few p]sons :o promptly foll[ up ! decision ) vigor\s action are ^? :o accompli% ! _w's "w4 ,)\t ! full manife/ation ( ?is ?ird phase ( w ! o!r two phases are useless4 ,,types ,,( ,,w4 ,s f> we h consid]$ m]ely ! highe/ type ( w--t :i* is accompani$ by consci\s delib]ation1 9 :i* ! intellect takes an active "p4 ,9 ?is process1 n only d ! conflict+ feel+s pu% !mselves =w>d ) oppos+ claims = recognition1 b ! intellect is active 9 exam9+ ! case & (f]+ valuable te/imony z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! v>i\s claimants & ! effect ( c]ta9 c\rses ( action ^u ! individual4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al l[] =ms ( w manife/ation :i* we %\ld briefly consid] 9 pass+4 ,reflex ,action4--,! w is mov$ to action by ! reflex activities ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,9 ?is g5]al type we f9d unconsci\s reflex action1 su* z t manife/$ :5 a sleep] is t\*$ & moves away1 or :5 ! frog's leg twit*es :5 ! n]ve end is excit$4 ,we also f9d consci\s reflex action1 su* z t manife/$ by ! w9k+ ( ! eye1 or ! p]=mance ( habitual physical motion1 su* z ! movem5t 9 walk+1 op]at+ ! sew+ ma*9e or typewrit]1 play+ ! piano1 etc4 ,impulsive ,action4--,! w is (t5 mov$ to action by a dim idea or fa9t p]ception ( purpose or impulse4 ,! action is almo/ in/9ctive1 al?\gh !re is a vague p]ception ( purpose4 ,= in/ance1 we feel an impulse to turn t[>d ! s\rce ( a /range s\nd or sight1 or o!r s\rce ( int]e/ or curiosity4 ,or we may feel an impulse aris+ f ! subconsci\s plane ( our m9d1 caus+ a dimly-consci\s idea ( movem5t or action to relieve ! t5sion4 ,= in/ance1 "o may feel a desire to ex]cise1 or to seek fre% air or gre5 fields1 al?\gh he _h n be5 ?9k+ ( ^! ?+s at ! "t4 ,^! impulses arise f a subconsci\s feel+ ( fatigue or desire = *ange1 :i*1 add$ to a fleet+ idea1 produces ! impulse4 ,unless an impulse is inhibit$ by ! w activities inspir$ by o!r desires1 habits1 ideas1 or ideals1 we act ^u x 9 precisely ! same way t a "y *ild or animal does4 ,h(fd+ says ( ?is type ( action3 ,! psy*ological condition ( ! impulse is1 t ) ! mom5t>y feel+ & s5sation %\ld be comb9$ a m or less cle> idea ( some?+ :i* may augm5t ! pleasure or dim9i% ! pa9 ( ! mom5t4 ,in/9ctive ,action4--,! w is frequ5tly mov$ to action by an in/9ctive /imulus4 ,?is =m ( w activity closely resembles ! la/ m5tion$ =m1 & (t5 x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,! activities ( ! bee 9 build+ its comb & /or+ its honey1 ! "w ( ! silkworm & cat]pill> 9 build+ _! re/+ places1 are examples ( ?is =m ( action4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! build+ ( ! ne/ ( ! bird may be s class$4 ,9 ^! cases !re is an intellig5t action t[>d a def9ite end1 b ! animal is unconsci\s ( t end4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! remote ance/ors ( ^! creatures record$ _! impressions ^u ! subconsci\s m9d ( ! species1 & !y are transmitt$ 9 "s way to all ( t species4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( e liv+ ?+ is a record cyl9d] ( ! exp]i5ces ( its e>ly ance/ors1 & ^! cyl9d]s t5d to reproduce ^! impressions ^u appropriate occasions4 ,9 prec$+ *apt]s we h %[n t ev5 man is "u ! influ5ce ( in/9ct to a great] ext5t ?an he imag9es himself to be4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,w-,tra9+4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! individual develop1 cultivate1 & tra9 8 w s z to br+ x "u ! influ5ce ( ! high] "p ( 8 m5tal & moral be+4 ,:ile ! w is us$ mo/ effectively 9 develop+ & tra9+ ! intellect & build+ "*1 x itself mu/ be tra9$ by itself to habitually come "u ! guidance ( ! intellect & "u ! influ5ce ( t :i* we call "*4 ,! influ5ce ( ! tra9$ w ^u ! sev]al m5tal faculties is mo/ m>k$4 ,!re are no faculties :i* may n be cultivat$ by ! w4 ,! fir/ & great task ( ! w 9 ?is direction is ! control & direction ( ! att5tion4 ,! w det]m9es ! k9d ( int]e/ t %all prevail at ! mom5t1 & ! k9d ( int]e/ l>gely det]m9es ! "* ( ! man1 8 ta/es1 8 feel+s1 8 ?\ghts1 8 acts4 ,gordy says3 ,cop]at+ ) a pre-exi/+ influ5ce1 ! w c make a weak] "o prevail ov] a /rong]4 99 99 99 ,x det]m9es :i* ( pre-exi/+ influ5ces %all h control ov] ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 conc5trat$ & cont9u$ att5tion dep5ds entirely ^u ! ex]cise ( ! w4 ,z ,gordy says3 ,if ! w relaxes its hold ^u ! activities ( ! m9d1 ! att5tion is liable to be c>ri$ away by any "o ( ! ?\s&s ( ideas t ! laws ( association are con/antly br++ into our m9ds4 ,ev5 9 ! matt] ( m5tal images ! w ass]ts its sway1 & ! imag9ation may be tra9$ to be ! ob$i5t s]vant ( ! develop$ w4 ,reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( ! w ^u "*1 ,davidson says3 ,x is n en\gh = a man to und]/& correctly & love duly ! conditions ( moral life 9 8 own "t2 he mu/1 /ill fur!r1 be will+ & able to fulfill ^! conditions4 ,& he c]ta9ly _c d ?is unless 8 w is tra9$ to p]fect fre$om1 s t x responds1 ) ! utmo/ read9ess1 to ! sugge/ions ( 8 discrim9at+ intellig5ce & ! movem5ts ( 8 *a/5$ affections4 ,halleck says3 ,we gradually make our *>act]s by sep>ate acts ( w1 j z a blacksmi? by repeat$ bl[s beats out a horse%oe or an an*or f a %apeless mass ( iron4 ,a f9i%$ an*or or horse%oe 0 nev] ! product ( a s+le bl[4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,w4 ,p]haps ! be/ way to tra9 ! w is to use x intellig5tly1 & ) a purpose4 ,! tra9+ ( any faculty ( ! m9d is at ! same "t a tra9+ ( ! w4 ,! att5tion be+ s closely alli$ to ! w1 x foll[s t a c>eful tra9+ ( att5tion w result 9 a /r5g!n+ ( ! w4 ,! tra9+ ( ! emotional side ( "o's nature also br+s results 9 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! w4 ,halleck gives 8 /ud5ts excell5t advice reg>d+ ! tra9+ ( ! w4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any?+ bett] along ^! l9es ?an ! foll[+ f 8 p53 ,no?+ s*ools ! w1 & r5d]s x ready = ef=t 9 ?is complex _w1 bett] ?an accu/om+ x to face disagreeable ?+s4 ,pr(essor ,james advises all to d some?+ occasionally = no o!r reason ?an t !y w\ld r n d x1 if x is no?+ m ?an giv+ up a seat 9 a /reet c>4 ,he lik5s su* ef=t to ! insurance t a man pays on 8 h\se4 ,he has some?+ t he c fall back on 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,a w s*ool$ 9 ?is way is always ready to respond1 no matt] h[ great ! em]g5cy4 ,:ile ano!r w\ld be cry+ ov] spill$ milk1 ! possessor ( su* a w has already f\nd ano!r c[4 99 99 99 ,! only way to secure su* a w is to practice do+ disagreeable ?+s4 ,!re are daily opportunities4 99 99 99 ,a man :o _h decl>$ 8 av]sion to :at he deem$ ! dry facts ( political economy 0 "o day f\nd knitt+ 8 br[ ov] a *apt] ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,:5 a fri5d express$ surprise1 ! man repli$3 ',i am play+ ! s*oolma/] ) myself4 ,i am read+ ?is because ,i dislike x4' ,su* a man has ! elem5ts ( success 9 him4 99 99 99 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "o :o habitually avoids disagreeable action is tra9+ 8 w to be ( no use to him at a "t :5 supreme ef=t is dem&$4 ,su* a w c nev] elb[ its way to ! front 9 life4 ,,habits4 ,habits are ! beat5 track ov] :i* ! w travels4 ,! beat5 pa? ( habit is ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance to ! w4 ,"o :o w\ld tra9 8 w mu/ ne$s pay att5tion to provid+ x ) ! prop] m5tal pa?s ov] :i* to travel4 ,! rule = ! creation ( habits is simply ?is3 ,travel ov] ! m5tal pa? z (t5 z possible4 ,! rule = break+ undesirable habits is ?is3 ,cultivate ! opposite habit4 ,9 ^! two rules is express$ ! gi/ ( :at has be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,william ,james has left to ! _w "s invaluable advice reg>d+ ! cultivation ( "r habits4 ,he bases 8 rules ^u ^? ( ,pr(essor ,ba91 elaborates ^!1 & adds "s equally good ones4 ,we h]e) quote freely f bo? ,james & ,ba9 on ?is subject2 x is ! be/ ev] writt5 reg>d+ habit build+4 ,i4 ,9 ! acquisition ( a new habit1 or ! leav+ (f ( an old "o1 laun* y\rself ) z /rong & decid$ an initiative z possible4 ,?is w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+ :i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to ! *ances ( x n occurr+ at all4--,james4 ,,ii4 ,nev] suff] an exception to occur till ! new habit is securely root$ 9 y\r life4 ,e lapse is l ! lett+ fall ( a ball ( /r+ :i* "o is c>efully w9d+ up--a s+le slip undoes m ?an a great _m turns w w9d aga94--,james4 ,x is necess>y1 above all ?+s1 9 su* a situation1 nev] to lose a battle4 ,e ga9 on ! wrong side undoes ! effect ( _m conque/s on ! "r4 ,! ess5tial precaution is s to regulate ! two oppos+ p[]s t ! "o may h a s]ies ( un9t]rupt$ successes1 until repetition has =tifi$ x to su* a degree z to enable x to cope ) ! opposition1 "u any circum/ances4--,ba94 ,,iii4 ,seize ! v fir/ possible opportunity to act on e resolution y make1 & on e emotional prompt+ y may exp]i5ce 9 ! direction ( ! habits y aspire to ga94 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( _! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves & aspirations communicate _! new 'set' to ! bra94--,james4 ,! actual pres5ce ( ! practical opportunity alone furni%es ! fulcrum ^u :i* ! lev] c re/1 by :i* ! moral w may multiply its /r5g? & raise itself al(t4 ,he :o has no solid gr\nd to press aga9/ w nev] get beyond ! /age ( empty ge/ure mak+4--,ba94 ,,iv4 ,keep ! faculty alive 9 y by a little gratuit\s ex]cise e day4 ,t is1 be sy/ematically ascetic or h]oic 9 little1 unnecess>y po9ts2 d e day some?+ = no o!r reason ?an t y w\ld r n d x1 s t :5 ! h\r ( dire ne$ draws nigh1 x may f9d y n unn]v$ & untra9$ to /& ! te/4 99 99 99 ,! man :o has daily inur$ himself to habits ( conc5trat$ att5tion1 en]getic volition1 & self-d5ial 9 unnecess>y ?+s w /& l a t[] :5 ev]y?+ rocks ar\nd him1 & :5 8 s(t] fell[ mortals are w9n[$ l *aff 9 ! bla/4--,james4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,w-,tonic4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al rules = develop+ & tra9+ ! w giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we ask y to tone up & /r5g!n ! w by ! inspiration to be d]iv$ f ! words ( "s ( ! _w's great ?9k]s & do]s4 ,9 ^! words !re is su* a vital /atem5t ( ! recognition1 realization1 & manife/ation ( t some?+ )91 :i* we call w1 t x is a dull s\l1 inde$1 :i* is n inspir$ by ! contagion ( ! idea4 ,^! expressions are ! mile/ones on ! ,pa? ( ,atta9m5t1 plac$ by ^? :o h prec$$ u on ! j\rney4 ,we submit ^! quotations )\t comm5t2 !y speak = !mselves4 ,,words ,,( ,,! ,,wise4 ,!y c :o ?9k !y c4 ,"* is a p]fectly educat$ w4 ,no?+ c resi/ ! w ( a man :o kn[s :at is true & wills :at is good4 ,9 all difficulties advance & w1 = )9 y is a p[]1 a liv+ =ce1 :i* ! m y tru/ & le>n to use w annihilate ! opposition ( matt]4 ,! /> ( ! unconqu]$ w1 ,x rises 9 my brea/1 ,s]5e & resolute & /ill1 ,& calm & self-possess$4 ,s nigh is gr&eur to our du/1 ,s ne> is ,god to man1 ,:5 duty :isp]s l[1 ',?\ mu/6' ,! y\? replies1 ',i c6' ,! long] ,i live1 ! m c]ta9 ,i am t ! great diff]5ce betwe5 m51 betwe5 ! feeble & ! p[]ful1 ! great & ! insignificant1 is en]gy1--inv9cible det]m9ation1--a purpose once fix$1 & !n dea? or victory4 ,t quality w d any?+ t c be done 9 ?is _w1 & no tal5ts1 no circum/ances1 no opportunities w make a two-legg$ creature a man )\t x4--,buxton4 ,! human w1 t =ce unse51 ,! (fspr+ ( a dea?less s\l1 ,c hew a way to any goal1 ,?\gh walls ( granite int]v5e4 ,y w be :at y w to be2 ,let failure f9d its false cont5t ,9 t poor ^w environm5t1 ,b _s scorns x & is free4 ,x ma/]s "t1 x conqu]s space1 ,x c[s t boa/ful trick/]1 *ance1 ,& bids ! tyrant circum/ance ,uncr[n & fill a s]vant's place4 ,resolve is :at makes a man manife/2 n puny resolve1 n crude det]m9ations1 n errant purpose1 b t /rong & indefatigable w :i* treads d[n difficulties & dang] z a boy treads d[n ! heav+ fro/ l&s ( w9t]1 :i* k9dles 8 eye & bra9 ) a pr\d pulse beat t[>d ! unatta9able4 ,w makes m5 giants4--,donald ,g4 ,mit*ell4 ,!re is no *ance1 no de/9y1 no fate ,c circumv5t1 or h9d]1 or control ,! firm resolve ( a det]m9$ s\l4 ,gifts c\nt = no?+1 w alone is great2 ,all ?+s give way be=e x soon or late4 ,:at ob/acle c /ay ! mighty =ce ,( ! sea-seek+ riv] 9 its c\rse1 ,or cause ! asc5d+ orb ( day to wait8 ,ea* well-born s\l mu/ w9 :at x des]ves4 ,let ! fools prate ( luck4 ,! =tunate ,is he ^: e>ne/ purpose nev] sw]ves1 ,^: slighte/ action1 or inaction1 ,s]ves ! "o great aim4 ,:y1 ev5 dea? itself ,/&s /ill & waits an h\r sometimes ,= su* a w4 --,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox4 ,i h br\ght myself by long m$itation to ! conviction t a human be+ ) a settl$ purpose mu/ accompli% x1 & t no?+ c resi/ a w :i* w /ake ev5 exi/5ce ^u its fulfillm5t4 --,"l ,beaconsfield4 ,a passionate desire & an unwe>i$ w c p]=m impossibilities1 or :at may seem to be su* to ! cold & feeble4--,sir ,john ,simpson4 ,x is wond]ful h[ ev5 ! casualties ( life seem to b[ to a _s t w n b[ to !m1 & yield to subs]ve a design :i* !y may1 9 _! fir/ app>5t t5d5cy1 ?reat5 to fru/rate4 ,:5 a firm1 decisive _s is recogniz$1 x is curi\s to see h[ ! space cle>s ar\nd a man & leaves him room & fre$om4--,john ,fo/]4 ,! great ?+ ab\t ,g5]al ,grant is cool p]si/5cy ( purpose4 ,he is n easily excit$1 & he has got ! grip ( a bulldog4 ,:5 he once gets 8 tee? 91 no?+ c %ake him (f4--,abraham ,l9coln4 ,i am bigg] ?an any?+ t c happ5 to me4 ,all ^! ?+s are outside my door1 & ,i've got ! key4 99 99 99 ,man 0 meant to be1 & ought to be1 /rong] & m ?an any?+ t c happ5 to him4 ,circum/ances1 ',fate1' ',luck1' are all outside2 & if he _c *ange !m1 he c always beat !m4--,*>les ,f4 ,lummis4 ,! true/ wisdom is a resolute det]m9ation4 ,impossible is a ^w f\nd only 9 ! diction>y ( fools4 ,circum/ances6 ,i make circum/ances6--,napoleon4 ,he :o fails only half wills4--,suw>r[4 ,t :i* ! easie/ becomes a habit 9 u is ! w4 ,le>n1 !n1 to w /rongly & decisively2 ?us fix y\r float+ life1 & leave x no long] to be c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r1 l a )]$ leaf1 by e w9d t bl[s4 ,man owes 8 gr[? *iefly to t active /riv+ ( ! w1--t enc\nt] :i* we call ef=t1--& x is a/oni%+ to f9d h[ (t5 results app>5tly impracticable are ?us made possible4 99 99 99 ,x is w--=ce ( purpose--t enables a man to d or be :atev] he sets 8 m9d ^u be+ or do+4 ,a /rong1 defiant purpose is _m-h&$ & lays hold ( :atev] is ne> t c s]ve x2 x has a magnetic purpose t draws to itself :atev] is k9dr$4 99 99 99 ,let x be y\r fir/ /udy to tea* ! _w t y are n wood & /raw2 t !re is "s iron 9 y4--,mung]4 ,x's dogg$ z does x4--,york%ire ,prov]b4 ,"o tal5t ) a w beh9d x w accompli% m ?an t5 )\t x1 z a ?imbleful ( p[d] 9 a rifle1 ! bore ( ^: b>rel w give x direction1 w d great] execution ?an a c>load burn$ 9 ! op5 air4--,o4,s4 ,m>d54 ,w may n end[ man ) tal5ts or capacities2 b x does "o v important matt]--x enables him to make ! be/1 ! v be/1 ( 8 p[]s4--,fo!rgill4 ,t5d]-h&$ /roke a nettle1 ,& x /+s y = y\r pa9s4 ,grasp x l a man ( mettle1 ,& x s(t z d[n rema9s4 ,don't fl9*2 don't f\l2 b hit ! l9e h>d4--,roosevelt4 ,! m difficulties "o has to enc\nt]1 )9 & )\t1 ! m significant & ! high] 9 inspiration 8 life w be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,obvi\s typographcial errors & pr9t] errors h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,o!r ?an obvi\s errors1 no attempt has be5 made to correct unconv5tional spell+1 punctuation1 gramm>1 etc4 ,! au?or's usage is pres]v$ z pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al publication4