4 ,teaching of ,the ,twelve ,apostles4 ,recently discovered and published by ,philotheos ,bryennios1 ,metropolitan of ,nicomedia4 ,edited with a ,translation1 ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,roswell ,d4 ,hitchcock and ,francis ,brown1 ,professor in ,union theological ,seminary1 ,new ,york4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhd4 ,introduction ,in #ahge ,philotheos ,bryennois1 then ,metropolitan of ,serrae 7now ,serres71 in ancient ,mesopotamia1 published the two ,epistles of ,clement of ,rome1 from a manuscript discovered by him in the ,library of the ,most ,holy ,sepulchre in ,fanar of ,constantinople4 ,the last six chapters 7#fj-fe7 of the ,first ,epistle1 and the last eight sections 7#ac-bj7 of the so-called ,second ,epistle1 had never been published before4 ,the date of the manuscript is #ajef a4d4 ,as described by the finder1 8it is an octavo volume1 written on parchment1 in cursive characters1 and consists of #abj leaves40 ,first comes ,chrysostom' ,synopsis of the ,books of the ,old and ,new ,testament2 then the ,epistle of ,barnabas2 then the two ,epistles of ,clement2 then the ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles2 then the ,epistle of ,mary of ,cassobelae to ,ignatius2 followed by eight ,epistles of ,ignatius 7the current seven1 besides one to the ,virgin ,mary74 ,the 8,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles10 1 occupies leaves #gf-hj of the manuscript4 ,it now seems strange to us that the document thus announced attracted so little attention4 ,this same ,bryennious1 now ,metropolitan of ,nicomedia1 in ,asia ,minor1 has again surprised the literary world by publishing1 with an abundance of learned illustration1 this long-lost document4 ,it is printed in ,constantinople1 and the date of publication is #ahhc4 ,the genuineness of the document can hardly be doubted4 ,it is cited by ,clement of ,alexandria in his ,first ,stroma2 by ,eusebius1 who speaks of it 7,hist4 iii4 #be7 as 2 and by ,athanasius in his #cith ,festal ,epistle4 ,bickell and ,gebhardt had recently argued that there must have been some such document underlying both the ,seventh ,book of the ,apostolic ,constitutions and the ,apostolic ,epitome4 ,in #ahhb ,kravutzky undertook1 from these sources1 to recover and reconstruct the embedded earlier and simpler document2 and with a success of the most pronounced and brilliant character1 as now tested by the work just published4 ,this document belongs undoubtedly to the second century2 possibly as far back as #abj a4d41 hardly later than #afj a4d4 ,the whole tone of it is archaic4 ,it contradicts nothing belonging to that age2 corroborates some things which may henceforth be more strongly emphasized2 and adds some things for which we may well be very profoundly grateful4 ,the present editors are happy to be able to put this 8,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles10 so vpromptly before the ,american public4 ,the text has been carefully edited4 ,the translation will be found to be studiously literal4 ,a few notes have been added1 which1 it is hoped1 may be of service both to the students and to general readers4 ,roswell ,d4 ,hitchcock4 ,francis ,brown4 ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,march #bj1 #ahhd 4 4 #a 4 4 4 1 - 1 4 #e 1 - 1 1 4 #aj 1 1 2 2 #ae 4 4 1 1 1 - #bj 1 1 4 - 4 #be 1 1 1 #cj 1 4 - 1 4 4 4 #ce 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 4 1 #dj 1 1 - 1 4 - 4 1 1 4 - #de 4 4 - 1 1 - 1 4 4 4 #ej 1 - - 4 1 #ee - - 4 1 - #fj 1 - 4 1 #fe 4 - 1 4 1 #gj 4 1 4 4 1 #ge 4 - 1 4 4 4 1 1 #hj 1 4 1 1 4 1 - 1 #he 4 - 1 4 1 4 1 4 #ij 4 1 1 #ie 2 1 4 1 1 #ajj 1 - 1 4 4 #aje - 4 1 1 - 4 1 #aaj 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 - #aae 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - #abj 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - #abe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - #acj 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 #ace 1 1 4 1 - 4 4 4 1 #adj 1 4 1 1 4 #ade 1 4 - - - #aej 4 4 4 - - 4 #aee 1 1 1 1 1 - #afj - 1 1 #afe 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 #agj 1 4 1 1 1 #age 4 - - 1 #ahj 4 1 4 4 4 #ahe - 1 1 1 1 - #aij 4 1 1 1 1 - #aie 4 4 1 1 - #bjj 1 1 1 4 4 #bje 4 1 - 1 4 4 - 4 4 4 1 #baj 1 1 1 4 - #bae - 1 4 1 4 #bbj 4 - - 1 4 - #bbe 1 4 1 4 4 - #bcj 1 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 - #bce 1 1 4 1 #bdj 1 4 4 4 - 1 4 #bde 1 1 4 1 1 1 #bej 1 - 4 1 - 4 4 4 1 1 4 - #bee - 1 1 4 - 1 - 4 #bfj 1 4 1 4 1 #bfe 1 4 4 4 - - 1 #bgj 4 1 1 #bge 1 - 1 4 4 4 1 #bhj - 4 - 4 1 #bhe 1 1 4 1 - #bij 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 #bie - 1 4 - #cjj 1 - 1 - #cje 1 - 1 1 4 1 #caj - 4 1 1 - #cae 1 4 4 ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostels4 ,teaching of the ,lord1 through the ,twelve ,apostles1 to the ,nations4 ,chap4 ,i3 #a -- ,two ways there are1 one of life and one of death1 but there is a great difference between the two ways4 ,the way of life1 then1 is this3 ,first1 thou shalt love the ,god who made thee2 secondly1 thy neighbor as thyself2 and all things whatsoever thou wouldst not have befall thee1 too1 do not to another4 ,now of these words the teaching is this3 ,bless them that curse you1 and pray for your enemies1 and fast for them that persecute you3 for what thank have ye if ye love them that love you8 ,do not the nations also the same8 ,but love ye them that hate you and ye shall have no enemy4 ,abstain from the fleshly and worldly lusts4 ,if any one give thee a blow on the right cheek1 turn to him the other also1 and thou shalt be perfect2 if any one compel thee to go one mile1 go with him two2 if any one take thy cloak1 give him thy tunic also2 if any one take from thee what is thine1 ask it not back2 for indeed thou canst not4 ,to every one that asketh thee1 and ask not back2 for to all the ,father desires to give of his own gracious gifts4 ,blessed is he that giveth according to the commandment2 for he is guiltless2 wo to him that taketh2 for if indeed1 one taketh who hath need1 he shall be guiltless2 but he who hath no need shall give account1 why he took1 and for what purpose1 and coming under arrest shall be ex- amind concerning what he did1 and shall not go out thence until he pay the last farthing4 ,but it hath been also said concerning this matter3 ,let thine alms sweat in thy hands1 until that knowest to whom thou shouldst give4 ,chap4 ,,ii3 #b -- ,now the second commandment of the teaching is3 ,thou shalt not kill1 thou shalt not commit adultery1 thou shalt not corrupt boys1 thou shalt not commit fornication1 thou shalt not steal1 thou shalt not practise magic1 thou shalt not use sorcery1 thou shalt not slay a child by abortion1 nor what is begotten shall thou destroy4 ,thou shalt not lust after the things of thy neighbour1 thou shalt not forswear thyself1 thou shalt not bear false witness1 thou shalt not re- vile1 thou shalt not bear malice4 ,thou shalt not be doubled-minded nor doubled-tongued2 for a snare of death is the double tongue4 ,thy speech shall not be false1 nor empty1 but filled with doing4 ,thou shalt not be covetous1 nor rapacious1 nor a hypocrite1 nor malicious1 nor arrogant4 ,thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy neighbour4 ,thou shalt hate no man1 but some thou shalt reprove1 and for some thou shalt pray1 and some thou shalt love above thy life4 ,chap4 ,,iii3 #c -- ,my child1 flee from every evil thing1 and from everything like it4 ,be not inclined to anger1 for anger leadeth to murder2 nor jealous1 nor contentious1 nor passionate2 for of all these murders are begotten4 ,my child1 become not lustful2 for lust leadeth to for- nication2 nor foul-mouthed1 nor lofty-eyed2 for of all these things adulteries are begotten4 ,my child1 become not an omen-watcher2 since it leadeth into idolatry2 nor an enchanter1 nor an astrologer1 nor a purifier1 nor be willing to look upon these things2 for of all these things idolatry is begotten4 ,my child1 become not a liar2 since lying leads to theft2 nor avaricious1 nor vain- glorious2 for of all these things thefts are begotten4 ,my child1 become not a murmurer2 since it leads to blasphemy2 nor presumptuous1 nor evil-minded2 for of all these things blasphemies are begotten4 ,but be meek1 since the meek shall inherit the earth4 ,become long- suffering and pitiful and guileless and gentle and good1 and tremble continually at the words which thou hast heard4 ,thou shalt not exalt thyself1 nor permit over- boldness to thy soul4 ,thy soul shall not cleave to the high1 but with the righteous and lowly thou shalt dwell4 ,the things that befall thee accept as well- wrought1 knowing that without ,god nothing occurs4 ,chap ,,iv3 #d -- ,my child1 him that speaks to thee the word of ,god remember night and day1 and thou shalt honor him as the ,lord2 for where that which pertaineth to the ,lord is spoken there the ,lord is4 ,and thou shalt seek out daily the faces of the saints that thou mayst be refreshed by their words4 ,thou shalt not desire division1 but shalt make peace between those who content2 thou shalt judge justly1 thou shalt not respect persons in con- victing for transgressions4 ,thou shalt not hesitate whether it shall be or not4 ,become not one who for tak- ing stretches out the hands1 but for giving draws them in2 if thou hast anything1 by thy hands thou shalt give a ransom for thy sins4 ,thou shalt not hesitate to give1 nor when giving shalt thou murmur1 for thou shalt know who is the good dispenser of the recompense4 ,thou shalt not turn away the needy1 but shalt share all things with thy brother1 and shalt not say they are thine own2 for it ye are partners in that which is imperishable1 how much more is the perishable things8 ,thou shalt not take off thy hand from thy son and from thy daughter1 but from youth thou shalt teach them the fear of ,god4 ,thou shalt not lay commands in thy bitterness upon thy slave or handmaid1 who hope in the same ,god1 lest they perchance shalt not fear the ,god who is over you both2 for he cometh not to call men according to the ap- pearance1 but to those whom the ,spirit hath made ready4 ,and ye1 slaves1 ye shall be subject to your lords1 as to ,god's image1 in modesty and fear4 ,thou shalt hate every hypocrisy1 and whatever is not pleasing to the ,lord4 ,thou shalt by no means forsake the ,lord's commandments1 but shalt guard what thou hast received1 neither adding to it nor taking from it4 ,in the church thou shalt confess thy transgressions1 and shalt not come forward for thy prayer with an evil conscience4 ,this is the way of life4 ,chap ,v3 #e -- ,now the way of death is this3 first of all it is evil1 and full of curse2 murders1 adulteries1 lusts1 fornications1 thefts1 idolatries1 magic arts1 sorceries1 rob- beries1 false testimonies1 hypocrisies1 duplicity1 craft1 arrogance1 vice1 presumptuousness1 greed1 foul speech1 jealousy1 over-boldness1 loftiness1 pretence2 persecutors of the good1 hating truth1 loving falsehood1 knowing not the reward of righteousness1 not cleaving to what which is good nor to righteous judgment1 on the watch not for good but for evil2 far from whom are meekness and humility1 loving vanities1 pursuing revenge1 not knowing him that made them1 murderers of children1 destroyers of the image of ,god1 turning away the needy1 oppressing the afflicted1 advocates of the rich1 lawless judges of the poor1 universal sinners3 may ye be delivered1 children1 from all these4 ,chap ,,vi3 #f -- ,see that no one lead thee astray from this way of the teaching1 because apart from ,god does he teach thee4 ,for if thou art able to bear the whole yoke of the ,lord1 thou shalt be perfect2 but if thou art not able1 what thou art able1 that do4 ,and concerning food1 what thou are able1 bear2 but of that offered to idols1 beware exceedingly2 for it is a worship of dead gods4 ,chap ,,vii3 #g -- ,now concerning baptism1 thus baptize ye3 having first uttered all these things1 baptize into the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,spirit1 in running water4 ,but if thou hast not running water1 baptize in other water2 and if thou canst not in cold1 then in warm4 ,but if thou hast neither1 pour water upon the head thrice1 into the name of the ,father and ,son and ,holy ,spirit4 ,but before the baptism let the baptizer and the baptized fast1 and whatever others can2 but the baptized thou shalt command to fast for two or three days before4 ,chap ,,viii3 #h -- ,but let not your fasting be appointed in common with the hypocrites2 for they fast on the second day of the week and on the fifth2 but do ye fast during the fourth1 and the preparation day4 ,nor pray ye like the hypocrites1 but as the ,lord commanded in his gospel1 thus pray3 ,our ,father who art in heaven1 ,hal- lowed by thy name1 thy kingdom come1 thy will be done1 as in heaven1 so on earth2 our daily bread give us to-day1 and forgive us our debt as we also forgive our debtors1 and bring us not into temptation1 but deliver us from the evil one2 for thine is the power and the glory forever4 ,thee times in the day pray ye thus4 ,chap ,,ix3 #i -- ,now concerning the ,eucharist1 thus give thanks2 first1 concerning the cup3 ,we thank thee1 our ,father1 for the holy vine of ,david thy servant1 which thou hast made known to us through ,jesus thy servant2 to thee by the glory forever4 ,and concerning the broken bread3 ,we thank thee1 our ,father1 for the life and the knowledge which thou hast made known to us through ,jesus thy servant2 to thee by the glory forever4 ,just as this broken bread was scattered over the hills and having been gathered together became one1 so let thy church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into thy kingdom2 for thine is the glory and the power through ,jesus ,christ forever4 ,but let no one eat or drink of your ,eucharist1 except those baptized into the ,lord's name2 for in regard to this the ,lord hath said3 ,give not that which is holy to the dogs4 ,chap ,x3 #aj -- ,now after ye are filled thus do ye give thanks3 ,we thank thee1 holy ,father1 for thy holy name1 which thou hast caused to dwell in our hearts1 and for the knowledge and faith and immortality which thou hast made known to us through ,jesus thy servant2 to thee be the glory forever4 ,thou1 ,almighty ,master1 didst create all things for thy name's sake2 both food and drink thou didst give to men for enjoyment1 in order that they might give thanks to thee2 but to us thou hast graciously given spiritual food and drink and eternal life through thy servant4 ,before all things1 we thank thee that thou art powerful2 to thee be the glory forever4 ,remember1 ,lord1 thy church1 to de- liver it from every evil and to make it perfect in thy love1 and gather it from the four winds1 it1 the sancti- fied1 into thy kingdom1 which thou hast prepared for it2 for thine is the power and the glory forever4 ,let grace come and let this world pass away4 ,hosanna to the son of ,david6 ,whoever is holy1 let him come2 whoever is not let him repent4 ,maranatha4 ,amen4 ,but permit the prophets to give thanks as much as they will4 ,chap ,,xi3 #aa -- ,now whoever cometh and teacheth you all these things1 before spoken1 receive him2 but if the teacher himself turn aside and teach another teaching1 so as to overthrow this1 do not hear him2 but if he teach so as to promote righteousness and knowledge of the ,lord1 receive him as the ,lord4 ,but in regard to the apostles and prophets1 according to the ordinance of the gospel1 so do ye4 ,and every apostle who cometh to you1 let him be received as the ,lord2 but he shall not remain more than one day2 if1 however1 there be need1 then the next day2 but if he remain three days1 he is a false prophet4 ,but when the apostle departeth1 let him take nothing except bread enough till he lodge again2 but if he ask money1 he is a false prophet4 ,and every prophet who speaketh in the spirit1 ye shall not try nor judge2 for every sin shall be forgiven1 but this sin shall not be forgiven4 ,but not every one that speaketh in the spirit is a prophet1 but only if he have the ways of the ,lord4 ,so from their ways shall the false prophet and the prophet be known4 ,and no prophet who or- ders a meal1 in the spirit1 eateth of it1 unless indeed he is a false prophet2 and every prophet who teacheth the truth1 if he do not which he teacheth1 is a false prophet4 ,but every prophet1 proved1 true1 acting with a view to the mystery of the church on earth1 but not teaching others to do all that he himself doeth1 shall not be judged among you2 for with ,god he hath his judgment2 for so did the ancient prophets also4 ,but whoever1 in the spirit1 says3 ,give me money1 or some- thing else1 ye shall not hear him2 but if for others in need1 he bids you give1 let no one judge him4 ,chap ,,xii3 #ab -- ,but let every one that cometh in the ,lord's name be received1 but afterward ye shall test and know him2 for ye shall have understanding1 right and left4 ,if he who comes is a traveller1 help him a much as ye can2 but he shall not remain with you1 unless for two or three days1 if there be necessity4 ,but if he will take up his abode among you1 being an artisan1 let him work and so eat2 but if he have no trade1 provide1 according to your understanding1 that no idler live with you as a ,christian4 ,but if he will not act accord- ing to this1 he is one who makes gain out of ,christ2 be- ware of such4 ,chap ,,xiii3 #ac -- ,but every true prophet who will set- tle among you is worthy of his support4 ,likewise a true teacher1 he also is worthy1 like the workman1 of his support4 ,every firstfruit1 then1 of the products of wine-press and threshing-floor1 or oxen and of sheep1 thou shalt take and give to the prophets2 for they are your high-priests4 but if ye have no prophet1 give it to the poor4 ,if thou makest a baking of bread1 take the first of it and give according to the commandment4 ,in like manner when thou openest a jar of wine or oil1 take the first of it and give to the prophets2 and of money and clothing and every possession take the first1 as seems right to thee1 and give according to the commandment4 ,chap ,,xiv3 #ad -- ,but on the ,lord's day do ye assemble and break bread1 and give thanks1 after confessing your transgressions1 in order that your sacrifice may be pure4 ,but every one that hath controversy with his friend1 let him not come together with you1 until they be reconciled1 that your sacrifice may not be profaned4 ,for this is that which was spoken by the ,lord3 ,at every place and time1 bring me a pure sacrifice2 for a great king am ,i1 saith the ,lord1 and my name is marvellous among the nations4 ,chap ,,xv3 #ae -- ,now appoint for yourselves bishops and deacons worthy of the ,lord1 men meek and not ava- ricious1 and upright and proved2 for they1 too1 render you the service of the prophets and teachers4 ,despise them not1 therefore2 for they are the ones who are honored of you1 together with the prophets and teachers4 ,and reprove one another1 not in anger but in peach1 as ye have it in the gospel2 and to every one who erreth against another1 let no one speak1 nor let him hear any- thing from yo1 until he repent4 ,but your prayers and your alms and all your deeds so do ye1 as ye have it in the gospel of our ,lord4 ,chap ,,xvi3 #af -- ,watch for your life's sake2 let your lamps not go out1 and your loins not be relaxed1 but be ready2 for ye know not the hour in which our ,lord com- eth4 ,but ye shall come together often1 and seek the things which befit your souls2 for the whole time of your faith thus far will not profit you1 if ye do not be- come perfect in the last time4 ,for in the last days the false prophets and the corruptors shall be multiplied1 and the sheep shall be turned into wolves1 and love shall be turned into hate2 for when lawlessness in- creaseth they shall hate one another1 and shall persecute and shall deliver up1 and then shall appear the world- deceiver as the ,son of ,god1 and shall do signs and won- ders1 and the earth shall be given into his hands1 and he shall commit iniquities which have never get been done since the beginning4 ,then all crated men shall com into into the fire of trial1 and many shall be made to stumble and shall perish4 ,but they that endure in their faith shall be saved from this curse4 ,and then shall appear the signs of the truth2 first the sign of an opening in heaven1 then the sign of the trumpet's sound1 and thirdly1 the resurrection of the dead2 yet not of all1 but as it hath been said3 ,the ,lord will come and the saints with him4 ,then shall the world see the ,lord coming upon the clouds of heaven4 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,scriptures ,,in ,,the 8,,teaching40 ,old ,testament ,line ,line 99,deut4 #e3ag-ai #ce f4 99,sirach #d3ca #hf f4 99,tobit4 #d3ae #g f4 ,zech4 #ad3e #cae f4 99,sirach #b3d #ge f4 99,mal4 #a3aa1 #ad #bgc f4 99,sirach4 #d3e #ia f4 ,new ,testament ,line ,line 99,matt4 #e3e #fi f4 99,matt4 #bd3c-d #bih f4 99,matt4 #e3bb #bhd f4 99,matt4 #bd3bd-ca #cac f4 99,matt4 #e3bf #cj f4 99,matt #bd3ca #bjj f4 99,matt4 #e3ci-dh #af f4 99,matt4 #bd3dc1 #dd #bia f4 ,matt4 #f3e-ac #aee f4 ,matt #bh3ai #adj f4 99,matt4 #f and #g #bhi 99,luke #f3bg-ce #aj 99,matt4 #g3f #ahc f4 99,luke #i3a-f #bae f4 99,matt4 #g3ae-bc #bae f4 ,luke #aj3d-ba #bae f4 99,matt4 #aj3e-ab #bae f4 ,luke #aa3b-d #bae f4 99,matt4 #aj3aj #bef f4 99,luke #aa and #ab #bhi f 99,matt #ab3ca #bbd f4 99,luke #ab3ce #bia f4 99,matt4 #ah3ae-ag #bhd 99,acts #d3cb #ib f4 99,matt4 #ah3ba-ce #bhd 99,eph #f3e1 #i #ajc f4 ,matt4 #ba3i #bje 99#a ,thess4 #e3bb #ej f4 ,matt4 #bb3bg-ci #e f4 99#a ,pet4 #b3aa #ae f4 ,this table is that of ,bryennios1 who adds3 8,by this sign 99 are distinguished the passages which are not verbally cited in the #8,teaching1' and those to which the #8,teaching1' simply refers1 with the words1 #8,as the ,lord commanded in the gospel4'0 --,eds4 ,,notes ,,the ,,title ,another title is 1 8,teaching of the ,lord through the ,twelve ,apostles40 ,athanasius also calls it 4 ,but ,eusebius 7,hist iii4 #be7 uses the plural1 4 ,and ,clement of ,alexandria cites it as 4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,i4 ,p4 #b1 #a4h4--8;do not to another0 ,the ,golden ,rule occurs both here and in the ,apostolic ,constitutions 7vii4 #b71 in a negative form1 as in the teachings of ,confucius4 ,p4 #b1 #a4aa4--8;fast for them that persecute you0 ,the emphasis put upon fasting1 here and elsewhere in this document1 is not sign of ,montanism1 since fasting was much emphasized in the early ,church1 and ,montanism itself was1 in this respect1 only an exaggeration of common usage4 ,p4 #d1 #a4ae--8ye shall have no enemy0 ,suggested1 apparently1 by #a ,pet4 iii4#ac1 8,and who is he that will harm you1 if ye be zealous of that which is good80 ,p4 #d1 #a4bb--8;for indeed thou canst not0 ,because ,christians were forbidden to go to law before the unrighteous10 #a ,cor4 vi4 #a4 ,p4 #d1 #a4cb--8,let thine alms sweat in thy hands1 until thou knowest to whom thou shouldst give0 ,a very graphic injunction of carefulness in giving4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,p4 #d1 #a4cf4--8thou shalt not corrupt boys0 ,the of ,classic writers1 referred to by ,paul in ,rom4 i4#bg4 ,p4 #f1 #a4ch4--8;by abortion0 ,another heathen abomination4 ,p4 #f1 #a4db1 #dc4--80 ,this noun does not occur in ,classic ,greek1 nor in the ,new ,testament1 but is found1 together with the entire sentence in which it here stands1 in the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 ,chap4 xix4 ,there are many other correspondences between that epistle and the present document4 ,p4 #f1 #a4dd4--8;filled with doing0 i4e41 works1 deeds1 as in ,matt4 xvi4 #bg4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,p4 #f1 #a4fj4--8nor a purifier0 ,referring to some kind of superstitious lustration1 perhaps by fire1 as in ,lev4 xviii4#ba2 ,deut4 xviii4#aj4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,p4 #aj1 #a4hg4--8;for taking stretches out the hands1 but for giving draws them in0 ,graphic description of taking and giving4 ,p4 #aj1 #a4hh4--8;by thy hands thou shalt give a ransom for they sins0 ,beneficence is better than sacrifice4 ,see ,prov4 xvii4#f1 8,by mercy and truth iniquity is purged40 ,p4 #aj1 #a4ih--8thy slave0 ,as in the ,new ,testament1 so here1 the relation of master and slave is not denounced1 but regulated4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,v4 ,this catalogue of evil things pertaining to the 8way of death10 reflects only too faithfully the dreadful corruption of the ancient civilization4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,p4 #ad1 #a4acf--8;,and concerning food1 what thou art able1 bear0 ,nothing is unclean of itself1 as ,paul says in ,rom xiv4#ad4 ,and again in #a ,tim4 iv4#d1 8,for every creature of ,god is good1 and nothing is to be rejected1 if it be received with thanksgiving40 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,p4 #ad1 #a4aci--8,now1 concerning baptism 4 4 4 in running water0 1 literally 8in living water10 water in motion1 either as in a fountain1 or as a stream4 ,a picture in the ,catacomb of ,st4 ,callixtus1 dating from about the year #bjj a4d41 represents a youth standing ankle-deep in water1 and receiving baptism by the pouring of water upon his head4 ,see ,northcote and ,brownlow's 8,roma ,sotteranea10 ,part ,,ii41 ,plate ,,xv4 ,the passage before us apparently recommends just this mode of performing the rite4 ,if this should be impracticable1 then fresh cold water might be similarly used in a font4 ,if cold water could not be had1 warm water would answer4 ,if neither cold nor warm water is sufficient quantity 7ankle-deep7 could be had1 then pouring only 7the feet resting on the floor or ground7 would suffice4 ,this last is now the ,syrian mode of baptism1 and probably always has been4 ,this fact1 ascertained by the ,crusaders 7in the third ,crusade1 #aahi-ib71 and made known through them in ,europe1 would help to account for ,aquinas's definition of baptism1 so different from that of ,peter ,lombard about a century before4 ,lombard's definition requires immersion2 ,aquinas's definition permits either immersion1 pouring1 or sprinkling4 ,the ,seventh ,book of the ,apostolic ,constitutions1 at this point 7,section xxii471 says nothing about the mode1 but prescribes anointing with oil1 both before and after baptism4 ,fasting is enjoined in both documents4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,p4 #ad1 #a4aed--80 ,cf4 ,john xix4 #ad4 ,wednesday and ,friday are named as days of fasting1 instead of ,monday and ,thursday1 as observed by 8the hypocrites40 ,the ,lord's ,prayer ends with ,doxology1 as in ,matthew1 instead of its being omitted as in ,luke4 4 4 - ,,chap4 ,,ix41 -- 4 4 - ,,chap4 ,x4 ,these two chapters contain a brief eucharistic liturgy4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,apostles and ,prophets are described as mere evangelists1 or itinerant preachers1 who were not expected to remain in one place more than a single day4 ,p4 #bj1 #a3bah-- has been inserted in the translation before 4 ,so ,harnack1 ,theol4 ,lit4 ,zeit41 ,feb4 #i1 #ahhd4 ,ct4 p4 #bb1 ,i4#bdf4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,p4 #bb1 #a4bdd--8,ye shall have understanding right and left0 ,that is1 a complete understanding4 ,see #b ,cor4 vi4#g4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,prophets and teachers are here spoken of as resident ministers1 entitled to maintenance4 ,they were to have the first-fruits of everything4 1 in ,classic ,greek1 is the plural of 1 meaning 8food0 in general4 ,here1 as in the ,byzantine ,greek1 it is a singular noun1 and means 8batch10 or 8baking of bread40 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,lord's ,day is the day for worship and for the ,eucharist4 ,no mention is made of the seventh day of the week4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,p4 #bf1 #a4bgg--8,now appoint for yourselves10 occurs only twice in the ,new ,testament 7,acts xiv4#bc2 #b ,cor4 viii4#ai71 and1 in both places1 means simply to 8appoint40 ,josephus uses the word in the same sense in ,ant4 xiii4#b1 #b1 where ,alexander ,balas1 the pretended son of ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 8appoints0 ,jonathan ,high ,priest4 ,the same meaning appears in ,ant4 vii #i1 #c2 vii4 #aa1 #a4 ,in ant4 vi4 #e1 #d1 however1 the noun is used of the coronation of ,saul4 ,in ,josephus1 accordingly1 the prevailing sense of is to 8appoint40 ,this is the meaning of the word also in the ,epistles of ,ignatius 7about #aae a4d474 ,see ,philadelphians1 ,chap4 #aj2 ,smyrnns1 ,chap4 #aa2 ,polycarp1 ,chap4 #g4 ,but in the 8,apostolic ,canons10 ,i4 and ,,ii41 and in the 8,apostolic ,constitutions10 viii4 #d1 #e1 means to 8ordain40 ,this represents the usage of the third century1 as the ,new ,testament1 ,josephus1 and ,ignatius represent the usage of the first and second centuries4 ,now1 it is noteworthy1 that in the 8,apostolic ,constitutions10 vii4 #ca 7the section corresponding to the passage before us71 the word employed is not 1 which then meant 8ordain10 but 1 a new usage having obtained4 ,in this fifteenth chapter of the 8,teaching10 is employed1 evidently1 in its original sense of 8appoint40 ,this indicates the high antiquity of the document1 antedating by decades1 if not by a whole century1 the 8,apostolic ,canons0 and the 8,apostolic ,constitutions40 ,as for the officers to be 8appointed10 only ,bishops and ,deacons are mentioned4 ,by ,bishops must1 of course1 be meant ,presbyters1 or ,elders4 ,there is no sign of a ,bishop as distinguished from a ,presbyter2 nor of a ,ruling ,elder as distinguished from a ,teaching ,elder2 and1 apparently1 there was in each congregation a plurality both of ,bishops 7or ,elders7 and ,deacons4 4 4 -- ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the document concludes with a vision of the ,lord coming upon the clouds of heaven1 and all the saints with him4 ,the resurrection is of the dead1 1 though 8not of all the dead40 ,not a word is said of any second resurrection4 ,if there is to be a second resurrections1 it is only implied4 ,of course1 no interval is indicated4 ,premillennarianism1 accordingly1 is not directly1 perhaps not even indirectly1 taught4 ,following the lead of the ,new ,testament1 as in ,matt4 xxiv4 #ca1 and in #a ,thess4 iv4 #ac-ah1 our document may1 after all1 only be emphasizing the resurrection of the righteous4 ,errors ,in ,the ,codex ,corrected ,by ,bryennios4 ,line ,codex4 ,bryennios4 #cb4 #cb4 #ea4 #ei4 #fb4 #ia4 #ajc4 ,sic6 ,see ,bryenn41 p4 #bb4 ,n4 #ai #ajd4 #aad1 #aae4 #aae4 #a #aeh1 #aei4 #ahh4 #aig4 #bje4 #bbi4 #bdd4 #beh4 #a ,used only in poetry4--,bryenn4