,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,a li/ ( corrections is at ! end ( ! text4 ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores1 bold by equal signs & sup]scripts by ''4 ,illogical ,geology ,! ,weake/ ,po9t 9 ,! ,evolution ,!ory ,illu/ration3 ,au?or ,,by ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic ,,company #beg ,s4 ,,hill ,,/reet1 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,,s+le ,,copies #be;c #c ,,copies #fj;c3 #aj ,,copies #a4ge ,,illogical ,,geology ,,! ,,weake/ ,,po9t ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,!ory ,to ! ,read]4 ,?is ,advance ,edition has be5 issu$ by ! ,publi%]s 9 ?is *eap =m to enable !m to get out sev]al ?\s& copies = critical review at comp>atively small exp5se4 ,succe$+ editions w be 9 regul> book =m1 & w be sold at ! usual rates = b\nd volumes4 ,x is a s+ul> & a notable fact1 t :ile mo/ o!r bran*es ( sci5ce h emancipat$ !mselves f ! trammels ( metaphysical reason+1 ! sci5ce ( geology /ill rema9s imprison$ 9 'a priori' !ories4--,sir ,h5ry ,h[or?3 ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e & ! ,flood4 ,preface4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic ,,company #beg ,s4 ,,hill ,,/41 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cali=nia #aijf ,,copyright #aijf ,,by ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,,"p ,i ,,preface ,?is book is n writt5 especially = geologi/s or o!r sci5ti/s z su*1 ?\gh x deals ) ! "q :i* x discusses f a purely sci5tific /&po9t1 & presupposes a good g5]al k ( ! rocks & ( curr5t !ories4 ,x is address$ r to t l>ge class ( read]s to :om geology is only an incid5t 9 l>g] problems1 & :o are n q :olly satisfi$ ) ^? explanations ( ! univ]se :i* are n[ commonly accept$ on ! te/imony ( biological sci5ce4 ,i am free to say t my own conviction ( ! high] value & sur] tru? ( o!r data outside ( ! biological sci5ces h always be5 giv5 =mative p[] 9 my own private op9ions1 & t 9 ?is way ,i h long held t !re mu/ be some?+ wrong ) ! ,evolution ,!ory1 & also t !re mu/ be a sur] way ( gaug+ ! value ( t ,!ory1 ev5 f ! sci5tific /&po9t1 ?an ! long devi\s processes connect$ ) ,d>w9ism & biology4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 compell$ to inve/igate ! subject m fully ?an ,i _h hi!rto done1 ,i discov]$1 some:at to my own surprise1 ! ph5om5al weakness ( ! geological argum5t4 ,! results ( t inve/igation h gr[n into ! pres5t "w4 ,?\gh mo/ly critical & analytic1 x is n :olly s4 ,b s f> z x is con/ructive !re is "o virtue :i* c rightly be claim$ = x4 ,x is at lea/ an hone/ ef=t to /udy ! f\ndation facts ( geology f ! inductive may be /&po9t1 & :e!r or n ,i h succe$$ 9 ?is1 x is1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only "w publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% or any o!r language :i* does n treat ! sci5ce ( geology m or less z a cosmogony4 ,t su* a /atem5t is possible is1 ,i ?9k1 my *ief ju/ification 9 giv+ x to ! public4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! tw5tie? c5tury c\ld af=d at lea/ "o book built up f ! pres5t1 in/ead ( be+ po/ulat$ f ! pa/4 ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price4 #beg ,s\? ,hill ,/reet1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,i ,,! ,,ab/ract ,,idea #aa ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,idea #ad ,,iii ,,fact ,,numb] ,,"o #bj ,,iv ,,fact ,,numb] ,,two #bd ,v ,,turn$ ,,upside ,,d[n #bg ,v ,,fact ,,numb] ,,f\r #ca ,,vii ,,ext9ct ,,species #cd ,,viii ,,skipp+ #db ,,"p ,,ii ,,ix ,,gravey>ds #ec ,x ,,*ange ,,( ,,climate #fd ,,xi ,,deg5]ation #gj ,,xii ,,fossil ,,m5 #gd ,,xiii ,,inductive ,,me?ods #ha ,,app5dix #hi ,,introduction ,a brief outl9e ( ! argum5t :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! foll[+ pages w be 9 ord] "h4 ,d>w9ism1 z a "p1 ! *ief "p1 ( ! g5]al ,evolution ,!ory1 re/s logically & hi/orically on ! succession ( life idea z taught by geology4 ,if !re has actually be5 ?is succession ( life on ! globe1 !n "s =m ( g5etic connection betwe5 ^! successive types is ! intuitive conclusion ( e ?9k+ m9d4 ,b if !re is no positive evid5ce t c]ta9 types are ess5tially old] ?an o!rs1 if ?is succession ( life is n an actual sci5tific fact1 !n ,d>w9ism or any o!r =m ( evolution has no m sci5tific value ?an ! vag>ies ( ! old ,greeks--9 %ort1 f ! /&po9t ( true inductive sci5ce x is a mo/ gigantic hoax1 hi/orically sc>ce second to ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,9 ,"p ,"o ,i h exam9$ critically ?is succession ( life !ory4 ,x is improp] to speak ( my argum5t z de/ructive1 = !re nev] 0 any real con/ructive argum5t to be ?us de/roy$4 ,x is ess5tially an exposure1 & ,i am will+ to give a ?\s& doll>s to any "o :o w1 9 ! face ( ! facts "h pres5t$1 %[ me h[ to prove t "o k9d ( fossil is old] ?an ano!r4 ,9 ,"p ,two ,i h attempt$ to build up a true1 safe induction 9 ! c&id1 unprejudic$ _s ( a coron] call$ ^u to hold a po/ mortem4 ,! abnormal "* ( mo/ ( ! fossilif]\s deposits1 ! sudd5 _w-wide *ange ( climate !y record1 ! m>k$ deg5]ation 9 all organic =ms 9 pass+ f ! old] to ! mod]n _w1 toge!r ) ! great out/&+ fact t human be+s1 ) ?\s&s ( o!r liv+ species ( animals & plants h at ?is great _w-crisis left _! fossils 9 ! rocks all ov] ! _w1 prove beyond a possible d\bt t our once magnific5tly /ock$ _w met ) a trem5d\s cata/rophe "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,z = ! orig9 ( ! liv+ be+s t exi/$ be=e t ev5t1 we c only suppose a direct creation1 s9ce mod]n sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( ! spontane\s g5]ation ( life1 or ( c]ta9 types ( life hav+ orig9at$ be=e o!r types1 & ?us be+ able to s]ve z ! s\rce ( orig9 ( o!r alleg$ succe$+ types4 ,) ! my? ( a life succession dissipat$ once & = ev]1 ! _w /&s face to face ) creation z ! direct act ( ! ,inf9ite ,god4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ab/ract ,,idea ,h[ _m ( u h ev] tri$ to ?9k out a /atem5t ( j h[ we w\ld prove t !re has be5 a succession ( life on ! globe 9 a p>ticul> ord]8 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] did#a & he did n seem to ?9k ! way 9 :i* x is usually attempt$ a v praisewor?y example ( ! me?ods to be pursu$ 9 natural sci5ce4 ,he />ts out ) ,w]n]1 ( ,neptunian fame1 & %[s t ! latt]'s ma9 idea ( ! rocks always succe$+ "o ano!r ov] ! :ole globe l ! coats ( an onion 0 unt5able if analyz$1 & physically absurd1 = among o!r ?+s x is incompreh5sible t ^! v diff]5t k9ds ( rocks c\ld h be5 precipitat$ "o aft] ano!r by ! same *aotic m5/rum4 ,b he !n proce$s to %[ t ! sci5ce is /ill sway$ by ! crude hypo!ses x set out )2 s t ev5 n[1 old doctr9es t are ab&on$ z unt5able 9 !ory1 cont9ue 9 practice to m\ld ! ideas ( geologi/s1 & to fo/] sundry beliefs t are logically indef5sible4 ,w]n] _h tak5 = 8 data ! way 9 :i* ! rocks happ5$ to occur 9 a n>r[ di/rict ( ,g]many1 & _h at once jump$ to ! conclusion t !y mu/ always occur 9 ?is relative ord] ov] ! entire globe4 ,?us on a v incomplete acqua9tance ) a ?\s&? "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 he bas$ a sweep+ g5]alization apply+ to ! :ole ( x4 ,w]n] classifi$ ! rocks accord+ to _! m9]al *>act]s1 b :5 ! fossils 7 tak5 z ! prime te/ ( age1 ! orig9al nom5clature ( p]iods & =mations kept alive ! orig9al idea ( complete envelopes encircl+ ! :ole globe "o outside ea* o!r l ! coats ( an onion4 ,s t n[1 in/ead ( ,w]n]'s successive ages ( s&/one mak+ or lime/one mak+1 & successive suites ( ^! rocks1 we h successive ages ( v>i\s types ( life1 ) successive sy/ems or gr\ps ( =mations :i* ev]y:]e succe$ ea* o!r 9 a giv5 ord]2 & are sev]ally ev]y:]e ( ! same age4 ,?\gh x may n be ass]t$ t ^! successive sy/ems are univ]sal1 yet x seems to be tacitly assum$ t !y are s4444 ,?\gh1 probably1 no compet5t geologi/ w\ld cont5d t ! ,european classification ( /rata is applicable to ! globe z a :ole2 yet mo/1 if n all geologi/s1 write z ?\gh x 7 s4 ,sp5c] !n goes on to %[ h[ dogmatic & unsci5tific x is to say t :5 ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 = example1 exi/$ 9 "s localities1 ?is type ( life & ?is only mu/ h envelop$ ! _w4 ,n[ ?is belief1 he says1 t geologic 'sy/ems' are univ]sal1 is q z unt5able z ! o!r4 ,x is j z absurd :5 consid]$ a priori3 & x is equally inconsi/5t ) ! facts1 = all su* sy/ems ( simil> life-=ms mu/ 9 old5 "t h be5 ( m]ely local orig91 j z !y are n[4 ,9 o!r words1 we h no sci5tific k ( a "t 9 ! pa/ :5 !re 7 n zoological prov9ces & zones z !re are to-day1 "o type ( life exi/+ 9 "o locality1 :ile ano!r & totally diff]5t type exi/$ some:]e else4 ,!n1 aft] quot+ f ,lyell a /rong prote/ aga9/ ! old fancy t only c]ta9 types ( s&/one & m>ls 7 made at c]ta9 epo*s1 he proce$s3 ,nev]!less1 :ile 9 ?is & num]\s passages ( l implication1 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell prote/s aga9/ ! bias "h illu/rat$1 he seems himself n completely free f x4 ,?\gh he utt]ly rejects ! old hypo!sis t all ov] ! e>? ! same cont9u\s /rata lie ^u ea* o!r 9 regul> ord]1 l ! coats ( an onion1 he /ill writes z ?\gh geologic 'sy/ems' d ?us succe$ ea* o!r4 ,a read] ( 8 ',manual' w\ld c]ta9ly suppose him to believe1 t ! ,prim>y epo* end$1 & ! ,second>y epo* comm5c$1 all ov] ! _w at ! same "t4444 ,mu/ we n say t ?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is tractable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s4 ,sp5c] !n exam9es at consid]able l5g? ! k9dr$ idea t ! same or simil> species liv$ 9 all p>ts ( ! e>? at ! same "t4 ,?is !ory1 he says1 is sc>cely m t5able ?an ! o!r4 ,he !n %[s h[ 9 "s localities !re are n[ =m+ coral deposits1 9 "s places *alk1 & 9 o!rs b$s ( ,molluscs2 :ile 9 /ill o!r places entirely diff]5t =ms ( life are exi/+4 ,9 fact1 ea* zone or dep? ( ! ocean has its p>ticul> type ( life1 j z successive altitudes d on ! sides ( a m\nta92 & x is a dogmatic & arbitr>y assumption to say t su* conditions h n exi/$ 9 ! pa/4 ,on our own coa/s1 ! m>9e rema9s f\nd a few miles f %ore1 9 banks :]e fi% congregate1 are diff]5t f ^? f\nd close to ! %ore1 :]e only littoral species fl\ri%4 ,a l>ge proportion ( aquatic creatures h /ructures t d n admit ( fossilization2 :ile ( ! re/1 ! great majority are de/roy$1 :5 dead1 by ! v>i\s k9ds ( scav5g]s t creep among ! rocks & we$s4 ,s t no "o deposit ne> our %ores c conta9 any?+ l a true repres5tation ( ! fauna ( ! surr\nd+ sea2 mu* less ( ! co-exi/+ faunas ( o!r seas 9 ! same latitude2 & /ill less ( ! faunas ( seas 9 di/ant latitudes4 ,7 x n t ! ass]tion seems ne$ful1 x w\ld be almo/ absurd to say t ! organic rema9s n[ be+ buri$ 9 ! ,dogg] ,bank c tell u next to no?+ ab\t ! fi%1 cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & corals t are n[ be+ buri$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,?is au?or evid5tly f\nd x difficult to keep )9 ! b\nds ( p>liam5t>y language :5 speak+ ( ! absurd & vici\s reason+ at ! v basis ( ! :ole curr5t geological !ory2 =1 unlike ! o!r physical sci5ces1 ! great lead+ ideas ( geology are n g5]alisations fram$ f ! :ole s]ies or gr\p ( obs]v$ facts1 b are really ab/ract /atem5ts suppos$ to be reasonable 9 !mselves1 or at ! mo/ v ha/y conclusions bas$ on :olly insuffici5t data1 l t ( ,w]n] 9 8 n>r[ di/rict ( ,g]many4 ,sir ,h5ry ,h[or?#b has well express$ ! urg5t ne$ t !re is ( a complete recon/ruction ( geological !ory3 ,x is a s+ul> & a notable fact1 t :ile mo/ o!r bran*es ( sci5ce h emancipat$ !mselves f ! trammels ( metaphysical reason+1 ! sci5ce ( geology /ill rema9s imprison$ 9 a priori !ories4 ,b ,huxley#c also has left u "s rem>ks along ! same l9e :i* are almo/ equally helpful 9 %[+ ! ess5tial absurdity ( ! assumption t :5 "o type ( life 0 liv+ & be+ buri$ 9 "o locality ano!r & v div]se type c\ld n h be5 do+ ! same ?+s 9 o!r di/ant localities4 ,?is is h[ he expresses x3 ,all compet5t au?orities w probably ass5t to ! proposition t physical geology does n enable u 9 any way to reply to ?is "q--,7 ! ,briti% ,cretace\s rocks deposit$ at ! same "t z ^? ( ,india1 or 7 !y a million ( ye>s y\ng]1 or a million ( ye>s old]8 ,?is phase ( ! idea1 h[ev]1 is n s bad1 = ! human m9d refuses to believe t di/ant & disconnect$ gr\ps ( simil> =ms 7 n connect$ 9 "t & g5etic relation%ip4 ,x is really ! rev]se ( ?is proposition t conta9s ! mo/ ess5tial absurdity1 & ?is is ! v phase t is mo/ ess5tial to ! :ole succession ( life idea4 ,huxley1 inde$1 seems to h caught a glimpse ( ?is tru?1 = he says3 ,a ,devonian fauna & flora 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s may h be5 contemporane\s ) ,silurian life 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ) a ,c>bonif]\s fauna & flora 9 ,africa4 ,geographical prov9ces & zones may h be5 z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo* z at pres5t4 ,c]ta9ly2 b if ?is be true1 x is equally c]ta9 t ! ,c>bonif]\s flora ( ,p5nsylvania may h be5 contemporane\s alike ) ! ,cretace\s flora ( ,briti% ,columbia & ! ,t]ti>y flora ( ,g]many & ,au/ralia4 ,b 9 t case :at becomes ( ?is succession ( life :i* = ne>ly a c5tury has be5 ! pole /> ( all ! o!r biological sci5ces--,i might almo/ say ( ! hi/orical & !ological z well8 ,mu/ x n be admitt$ t 9 any sy/em ( cle> ?9k+ ?is :ole idea ( !re hav+ really be5 a succession ( life on ! globe is n only n prov$ by sci5tific me?ods1 b t x is ess5tially unprovable & absurd8 ,huxley1 9 po9t ( fact1 admits ?is1 ?\gh he goes "r on ) 8 s*eme ( evolution1 j z if he nev] ?\ght ( ! logical consequ5ces involv$4 ,8 words are3 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our k & ( our me?ods 7sic7 "o v]dict--'n prov5 & n provable'--mu/ be record$ aga9/ all gr& hypo!ses ( ! palaeontologi/ respect+ ! g5]al succession ( life on ! globe4 ,9 view ( ^! />tl+ facts1 is x n amaz+ to see ! sup]natural k ( ! pa/ cont9ually & quietly assum$ 9 e geological vision ( ! e>?'s hi/ory8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,illogical ,geology2 ,illu/rations ( ,univ]sal ,progress1 pp4 #cbi-chj2 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahij4 #b ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e & ! ,flood1 ,preface ,,vii4 #c ,disc\rses ,biol4 & ,geol41 pp4 #bgi-bhh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,among ! few /ray pr9ciples t ! future w probably be able to save f ! wreck ( ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 is ! advisability ( look+ into ! g5ealogy ( an idea4 ,:at has be5 its surr\nd+s8 ,:at is its family hi/ory8 ,does x come ( good /ock1 or is its family l[ & n v respectable8 ,?is is especially true 9 ! case ( a sci5tific idea1 :i* above all o!rs ne$s to h a clean bill ( heal? & a good family record4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! idea we are "h consid]+ has a bad record1 v bad 9 fact2 = ! :ole family ( ,cosmogonies1 ( :i* ?is notion is ! only surviv+ repres5tative1 7 suppos$ to h be5 bani%$ f ! l& ( sci5ce long ago1 & 7 all report$ dead4 ,"s ( !m _h to be execut$ by popul> ridicule1 b mo/ ( !m di$ natural dea?s1 ! result ( inh]it$ ta9t1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,x is p]fectly a/oni%+ h[ any ( ! family c\ld h surviv$ ov] into ! tw5tie? c5tury1 9 ! face ( su* an antec$5t record4 ,= "o ( ! *ief traits ( ! family z a :ole is t ( m5tal disord] ( v>i\s /ages & degrees4 ,"s ( !m 7 rav+ crazy2 o!rs 7 mild & comp>atively h>mless1 except t _! drivel _h su* a di/urb+ effect on sci5tific inve/igations t !y _h to be put out ( ! way4 ,x seems su* a pity t :5 ?is la/ fell[1 e>ly 9 life1 0 up be=e ,doctors ,huxley & ,sp5c] = exam9ation1 he 0 n lock$ up or put 9 limbo =?)4 ,?is is especially un=tunate1 because ?is survivor ( an o!rwise ext9ct race has s9ce !n produc$ a l>ge family1 "s ( :i* x is true h already expir$1 :ile ! elde/ son1 ,d>w9ism1 0 report$ 9 #aija to be at its la/ gasp1#d & 0 ev5 said la/ ye> to h _h its tomb/one inscription writt5 by von ,h>tmann ( ,g]many4 ,b ! succession ( life idea itself1 ! fa!r ( all ?is brood1 is /ill c]tifi$ by ^? 9 au?ority to be heal?y & compos m5tis4 ,! ,cosmogony ,family is a v anci5t "o1 runn+ back to ! "t ( ,plato & ,?ales ( ,miletus4 ,inde$ ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,babylonia seem to indicate t a tribe ) v simil> *>act]i/ics exi/$ sev]al mill5niums be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,b disc>d+ all ^!1 ! fir/ m5 t we ne$ to m5tion are p]haps ,burnet & ,:i/on1 :o knew no o!r way ( arriv+ at geological tru? ?an to sp9 a y>n ab\t h[ ! _w 0 made4 ,woodw>d seems to h _h a little bett] s5se1 & is nam$ along ) ,hooke & ,john ,ray z "o ( ! real f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce4 ,un=tunately ! brood ( ,cosmogoni/s 0 n dead1 = ,moro & ,de ,maillet 7 at ?is same p]iod sp9n+ _! fanta/ic !ories ab\t ! orig9 ( ?+s2 or z ,zittel puts x1 accept$ ! risks ( error1 & set ab\t expla9+ ! pa/ & pres5t f ! subjective /&po9t4#e ,?is t5d5cy we w f9d to be a bir?m>k 9 ! family1 & w s]ve to inv>iably id5tify any ( !m :]ev] f\nd4 ,we mu/ rememb] ?is1 & apply ! te/ to ! mod]n survivors4 ,buffon seems to h be5 really ! f\nd] ( ! family 9 ! mod]n =m4 ,he is cr$it$ ) ! s>ca/ic rem>k t geologi/s mu/ feel l ! anci5t ,roman augurs :o c\ld n meet ea* o!r )\t laugh+2 ?\gh 9 view ( 8 fanta/ic s*eme ( sev5 epo*s1 9 :i* he endeavors to portray ! beg9n+1 ! pa/1 & ! future 7sic7 ( our planet1#f "o is rem9d$ ( ! common symptom :i* manife/s itself 9 ?9k+ all ! re/ ( ! _w crazy4 ,! ,h]oic ,age ( ,geology succe$$ ?is p]iod1 & 0 *>act]iz$ l>gely by a det]m9ation to disc>d speculation1 & to seek to build up a true sci5ce ( actual fact & tru?4 ,we h already se5 f ,sp5c]'s rem>ks t ,a4 ,g4 ,w]n]1 :o 01 h[ev]1 "o ( ! lead]s 9 ,g]many at ?is "t1 0 v f> f foll[+ true inductive me?ods4 ,& ! foll[+ language ( ,sir ,ar*4 ,geikie %[s t 9 him ! family *>act]i/ics 7 decid$ly prom95t3 ,b nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce did a /rang] halluc9ation arise ?an t ( ,w]n] & 8 s*ool1 :5 !y suppos$ !mselves to disc>d !ory & build on a f\ndation ( accurately-asc]ta9$ fact4 ,nev] 0 a sy/em devis$ 9 :i* !ory 0 m rampant2 !ory1 too1 unsupport$ by obs]vation1 &1 z we n[ "k1 utt]ly errone\s4 ,f beg9n+ to end ( ,w]n]'s me?od & its applications1 assumptions 7 made = :i* !re 0 no gr\nd1 & ^! assumptions 7 treat$ z demon/rable facts4 ,! v po9t to be prov$ 0 tak5 = grant$1 & ! geogno/s1 :o boa/$ ( _! avoidance ( speculation1 7 9 reality among ! mo/ hopelessly speculative ( all ! g5]ations t _h tri$ to solve ! problem ( ! !ory ( ! e>?4#g ,9 fact ?is au?or says t3 ,! ,w]n]ians 7 z c]ta9 ( ! orig9 & sequ5ce ( ! rocks z if !y _h be5 pres5t at ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 7pp4 #bhh-i47 ,"h we see ! family *>act]i/ics v /rongly develop$4 ,9 speak+ ( ,w]n]'s five successive suites or onion-coats 9 :i* he wrapp$ 8 embryo _w1 ,zittel compla9s3 ,un=tunately1 ,w]n]'s field obs]vations 7 limit$ to a small di/rict1 ! ,erz m\nta9s & ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ,saxony & ,bohemia4 ,& 8 *ronological s*eme ( =mations 0 f\nd$ ^u ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rocks )9 ^! n>r[ conf9es4 7p4 #ei47 ,& yet1 z we h se51 x is precisely su* a *>ge z ?is t ,sp5c] & ,huxley br+ aga9/ ! mod]n phase ( ! doctr9e ( successive ages bas$ on ! succession ( life idea4 ,w]n]1 f obs]vations limit$ to a small di/rict1 con/ruct$ 8 s*eme ( exact *ronological sequ5ce1 bas+ x entirely ^u ! m9]al or me*anical "* ( 8 suites4 ,& hundr$s ( en?usia/ic foll[]s long decl>$ t ! rocks ev]y:]e con=m$ to ?is classification1 ev5 s great an obs]v] z von ,humboldt ?9k+ t ! rocks :i* he exam9$ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica fully confirm$ ,w]n]'s *ronological arrangem5t4 ,b su* notions to-day only cause a smile ( pity1 = x is n[ well kn[n t1 take ! _w ov]1 ! rocks d n occur z ,w]n] imag9$1 ?\gh1 z ,geikie says1 he & 8 disciples 7 z c]ta9 ( ! matt] z if !y _h be5 pres5t at ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,besides1 z already po9t$ out1 we mod]ns ought n[ to h pretty well assimilat$ ! idea t :ile "o k9d ( m9]al or rock 0 =m+ 9 "o locality1 a totally diff]5t k9d ( deposit may h be5 9 process ( =mation 9 ano!r spot "s di/ance (f at ! v same "t1 & we _c imag9e a "t 9 ! pa/ :5 ?is pr9ciple w\ld n hold good4 ,b 9 a precisely simil> way ! idea ( a "t value 01 z we %all see1 transf]r$ f ! me*anical & m9]al "* ( ! rocks to _! fossil cont5ts2 & f obs]vations aga9 limit$ to a small di/rict1 ,william ,smi? & ,cuvi] conceiv$ ! idea t ! fossils occurr$ only 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 t only c]ta9 fossils liv$ at a c]ta9 "t2 t1 = example1 :ile ,trilobites 7 liv+ & dy+ 9 "o locality1 ,nummulites or ,mammals positively 7 n liv+ & dy+ 9 ano!r locality1 ?\gh 9 any sy/em ( cle> ?9k+ ?is latt] notion is j z irrational z t ( ,w]n]4 ,h5ce ,sp5c] is compell$ to say1 ?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is /ill traceable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s4 ,! two cases are exactly p>allel2 only x has tak5 u ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 x seems1 to f9d out t ! fossils d n foll[ ! pre>rang$ ord] ( ,smi? & ,cuvi] any bett] ?an ! rocks & m9]als d ! s*eme ( ,w]n]4 ,if hundr$s ( geologi/s /ill seem to ?9k t ! fossils 9 g5]al agree ) ! /&>d ord]1 we mu/ rememb] h[ _m %>p obs]v]s said ! same ?+ = decades ab\t ,w]n]'s s*eme4 ,! ta9t ( h]$ity w always come out soon] or lat]2 & bo? ( ^! s*emes exhibit v /rongly ! family hi/ory ( ! :ole tribe ( ,cosmogonies1 viz41 ! facts refuse to c]tify t !y are ( s\nd m9d4 ,x 0 ,william ,smi?1 an ,engli% l& surveyor1 :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( fix+ ! relative ages ( /rata by _! fossils4 ,j h[ f> he c>ri$ ?is idea x seems difficult to det]m9e exactly4 ,lyell#h says no?+ along ?is l9e ab\t him1 save t he foll[$ ! lead+ divisions ( ! ,second>y /rata z outl9$ by ,w]n]1 ?\gh he claims indep5d5tly ( ! latt]4 ,:ewell#i rem>ks r pity+ly on 8 hav+ _h no lit]>y cultivation 9 8 y\?1 b has no?+ ab\t ! degree 9 :i* he is responsible = ! mod]n s*eme ( life succession ( :i* _m mod]n geologi/s h made him ! fa!r4 ,geikie & ,zittel are mu* m explicit4 ,! =m]#aj says t he _h rea*$ e>ly 9 life ! conclusions on :i* 8 fame re/s1 & he nev] advanc$ beyond !m4 ,8 pla91 solid1 matt]-(-fact intellect nev] bran*$ into !ory or speculation1 b occupi$ itself :olly 9 ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,zittel#aa says pretty mu* ! same ?+1 rem>k+ t ,smi? conf9$ himself to ! empirical inve/igation ( 8 c\ntry1 & 0 nev] tempt$ into g5]al speculations ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ! e>?--words :i* to my m9d are ! v highe/ praise1 = !y seem to indicate t he 0 only 9 a v limit$ way responsible = ! unsci5tific & illogical s*eme ( a phylog5ic s]ies or complete life-hi/ory ( ! e>?1 :i* n[ passes z ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,d\btless l 8 little bright-ey$ ,g]man contempor>y1 ,a4 ,g4 ,w]n]1 he _h n _h 8 imag9ation suffici5tly cultivat$ 9 8 y\? to be able to appreciate ! beauty ( fir/ assum+ y\r premises & !n prov+ !m by means ( y\r conclusion1 i4e41 fir/ assum+ t !re has be5 a gradual developm5t on ! e>? f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 & !n arrang+ ! fossils f scatt]$ localities ov] ! e>? 9 su* a way t !y _c fail to te/ify to ! fact4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z a fair /atem5t ( :at he actually accompli%$ & taught3 ,aft] 8 long p]iod ( field obs]vations1 ,william ,smi? came to ! conclusion t "o & ! same succession ( /rata /ret*$ ?r\gh ,engl& f ! s\? coa/ to ! ea/1 & t ea* individual horizon c\ld be recogniz$ by its p>ticul> fossils1 t c]ta9 =ms reappe> 9 ! same b$s 9 ! diff]5t localities1 & t ea* fossil species belongs to a def9ite horizon ( rock4#ab ,b ev5 grant+ ! p]fect accuracy ( ?is g5]alization ( ,smi?'s = ! rocks :i* he exam9$1 ,i fail to see h[ x is any bett] ?an ,w]n]'s s*eme1 :i* ,zittel *>act]izes z weak & premature1 & ( :i* ,:ewell 7p4 #eba7 says t he promulgat$1 z respect+ ! _w1 a s*eme collect$ f a prov9ce1 & ev5 too ha/ily ga!r$ f t n>r[ field4 ,quot+ aga9 f ,zittel's criticism ( ,w]n]'s "w 7,hi/4 ( ,geology1 p4 #ei71 we mu/ admit t ,smi?'s obs]vations also 7 limit$ to a small di/rict1 & 8 *ronological s*eme ( =mations 0 f\nd$ ^u ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rocks 7fossils7 )9 ^! n>r[ conf9es4 ,!re is1 z we h %[n1 a mon/r\s jump f ?is to ! conclusion t ev5 ^! p>ticul> fossils mu/ always occur 9 ?is p>ticul> relative ord] ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,h[ c any "o d5y t if we _h a complete collection ( all ! fossils laid d[n dur+ ! la/ ?\s& ye>s--:5 all admit t ! s-call$ phylog5ic s]ies is complete--p>ticul> fossils w\ld 9 _m cases be f\nd to occur only 9 p>ticul> rocks1 & we c\ld /ill arrange !m 9 ?is same ord] f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ =ms ( life1 :ile we might ev5 happ5 to f9d small di/ricts :]e ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rocks )9 ^! n>r[ conf9es w\ld h all ! appe>ance ( %[+ a true phylog5ic ord]4 ,?is ( itself ought to be suffici5t to %[ u ! weakness ( ?is subjective me?od ( /udy1 & ! purely hypo!tical & imag9>y value ( ! fossils 9 det]m9+ ! real age ( a rock deposit4 ,! "n ( ,b>on ,cuvi] is ! next t we h to consid]4 ,an exam9ation ( "p ( 8 tea*+ w come naturally a little lat] :5 consid]+ ext9ct species4 ,t "p ( 8 "w :i* relat$ to ! doctr9e ( ,cata/rophism is some:at aside f ! subject ( our /udy2 :ile ) reg>d to 8 influ5ce on ! succession ( life idea p] se !re is n v mu* t ne$ be said4 ,& yet ,cuvi] is ! real f\nd] ( mod]n cosmological geology1 & ?us 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! fa!r ( biological evolution4 ,b if ! abs5ce ( ! ar*itectonic mania = build+ a cosmogony w s]ve to remove 9 a great measure any suspicions ) reg>d to ,william ,smi?'s results1 we _c say ! same = ^? ( ,cuvi]4 ,9 8 s*eme ! h]$it>y ,cosmological ta9t1 :i* is su* an inv>iable *>act]i/ic ( ! family1 is v /rong1 ?\gh disguis$ & almo/ transfigur$ by le>n+ & g5ius4 ,x is d\btless ^! latt] qualities :i* h secur$ = ! !ory su* a ph5om5al l5g? ( life1 ?\gh ( c\rse we "k t no?+ born ( ?is :ole brood c ev] secure a p]man5t home 9 ! k+dom ( sci5ce4 ,h[ glori\s1 wrote ?is o!rwise truly great man 9 8 fam\s ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 x w\ld be if we c\ld arrange ! organiz$ products ( ! univ]se 9 _! *ronological ord]1 z we c already 7,w]n]'s onion-coats7 d ) ! m important m9]al sub/ances6 ,8 "w 7) t ( 8 co-labor] ,brongni>t7 on ! fossils ( ! ,p>is bas9 0 probably accurate & logical en\gh = t limit$ locality4 ,x 0 only :5 he quietly assum$ z ,w]n] _h done1 t ! rocks mu/ always occur 9 ?is p>ticul> ord] all ov] ! _w1 or z ,:ewell expresses x1 promulgat$ z respect+ ! _w1 a s*eme collect$ f a prov9ce1 & 7p]haps7 ev5 too ha/ily ga!r$ f t n>r[ field--x 0 only1 ,i say1 :5 ?is mon/r\s assumption 0 incorporat$ into 8 s*eme1 & he began to call into be+ 8 vision ( organic creation on ! in/alm5t plan1 z ,w]n] _h done ) ! m9]als1 t 8 great & valuable "w = sci5ce became ta9t$ ) ! deadly ,cosmological virus1 doom+ x to dea? soon] or lat]4 ,%]lock ,holmes might attempt to diagnose a disease by a m]e glance at 8 pati5t's boots1 b ev5 ?is gave him m data & 0 a m logical proce$+ ?an ! facts & me?ods ( ,cuvi] suppli$ = con/ruct+ a s*eme ( organic creation4 ,x w n be necess>y to detail ! mann] 9 :i* ! mod]n phylog5ic s]ies 0 gradually piec$ toge!r f ! scatt]$ fragm5ts "h & !re all ov] ! globe2 b x %\ld be not$ "h t ! :ole *a9 ( life 0 practically complete be=e any s]i\s attempt 0 made to /udy ! rocks on ! top ( ! gr\nd1 & to f9d out h[ ?is m>vell\s record ( ! pa/ jo9$ on to ! mod]n p]iod1 ?us rev]s+ completely ! true inductive me?od1 & leav+ ! mo/ important ( all1 viz41 ! rocks conta9+ human rema9s & o!r liv+ species1 ov] till ! la/1 ) ! result t we h = ov] half a c5tury be5 labor+ "u a ,glacial ,nightm>e1 & ^! deposits on ! top ( ! gr\nd /ill rema9 9 _m respects ! despair ( geology4 ,!n came ,lyell1 ,agassiz1 & ,d>w92 & n[ 9 ! light ( ! ke5 discussions in/itut$ by ,weismann 9 ! lat] eighties ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! mod]n _w is pretty well agre$ on two results1 viz41 t s f> f natural selection be+ able to orig9ate a species1 x c't possibly orig9ate any?+ at all1 & also t no individual c transmit to 8 desc5dants :at he has himself acquir$ 9 8 lifetime1 & h5ce x is h>d to see h[ he c transmit :at he has n got himself & :at none ( 8 ance/ors ev] _h4 ,i h n ! space to %[ h[ ,agassiz fur!r complicat$ ! problem imm5sely by 8 absurdly illogical use ( 8 ?ree laws ( comp>ison1 :5 ! prime fact ( !re ev] hav+ be5 a succession ( life on ! globe 9 any ord] :atev] _h nev] be5 prov$2 b ,i am free to say t if ,cuvi]'s sy/em ( creation on ! in/alm5t plan _h be5 fact in/ead ( fancy1 "s s*eme ( evolution w\ld und\bt$ly be impli$ 9 ?is g5]al fact4 ,x is ?is in/9ctive feel+ on ! "p ( mod]n sci5ti/s :i* makes !m to-day1 :ile confess+ ! failure ( ,d>w9ism1 /ill cl+ to ! g5]al idea ( evolution someh[4 ,h5ce x seems q evid5t t1 hav+ deviat$ f /rict inductive me?ods by pursu+ ?is ignis fatuus ( a cosmological hi/ory ( creation1 x 0 ess5tial 9 ! int]e/s ( true sci5ce to g ! :ole j\rney & make a complete inve/igation ( ! biological side ( ! "q1 9 ord] to complete ! demon/ration t sci5ce 0 on a wrong tack entirely4 ,d>w9 & ,weismann 7 inevitable 9 view ( ! :olly unsci5tific c\rse on :i* biology ent]$ "u ! guidance ( ,buffon & ,cuvi]4 ,:at !n c we take z ! g5]al lesson to be le>n$ f ! /ubborn way 9 :i*1 = ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 ! _w has foll[$ ?is hypnotic sugge/ion ( folly1 t we might expla9 our g5esis & be+ f ! sci5tific /&po9t8 ,"o ( ! lessons--!re may be o!rs--is t sci5ce kn[s no?+ ab\t orig9s1 & t1 9 speculat+ along ^! l9es1 ! cosmological ta9t w always vitiate ! accuracy ( our conclusions & debau* ! true _s ( induction4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 !y ?\ght !y knew all ab\t h[ ! _w 0 made4 ,! ke5 inve/igations inspir$ by ,d>w9ism 7 necess>y to conv9ce u t we "k no?+ at all ab\t x4 ,mod]n biology has simply develop$ a gigantic r$uctio ad absurdum argum5t aga9/ ! easy assumptions ( ! e>li] geologi/s t x occurr$ by a progression f ! l[ to ! high4 ,a hundr$ ye>s--nay fifty ye>s ago--?is assumption did n appe> s unsci5tific1 = we did n !n h ! biological evid5ce to refute su* an idea4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 ! light ( ! mod]n progress ( sci5ce1 ?is awful my/]y ( our exi/5ce1 ( our creation & de/9y1 is borne 9 ^u u f e divid+ cell1 f e spr\t+ se$1 f c\ntless millions ( ! eloqu5t voices ( nature1 :i* our =efa!rs 7 too bl9d to see1 too deaf to und]/&2 & ) we>y1 reluctant sadness does sci5ce confess t ab\t x all %e kn[s absolutely no?+4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,nature1 ,nov4 #bh1 #aija1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 #e ,hi/ory ( ,geology1 p4 #bc4 #f ,zittel1 p4 #db4 #g ,f\nd]s ( ,geology1 p4 #aab2 ,johns ,hopk9s ,press1 #aija4 #h ,pr9ciples1 p4 #ej1 #h? ,ed4 #i ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 ii41 p4 #eba4 #aj ,f\nd]s ( ,geology1 pp4 #bcg-h4 #aa ,hi/ory1 p4 #aab4 #ab ,zittel1 ,hi/ory1 p4 #aaj4 ,x %\ld be not$ t all ^! rocks 9 ,engl& ?us exam9$ by ,smi? make up only a small fraction ( ! total geological s]ies--l>gely :at we n[ call ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s rocks4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fact ,,numb] ,,"o ,hi!rto we h be5 deal+ only ) ! a priori aspects ( ! succession ( life idea4 ,we h se5 t x is really bas$ on two prim>y assumptions1 viz43 7#a7 ,t ov] all ! e>? ! fossils mu/ always occur 9 ! p>ticul> ord] 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd to occur 9 a few corn]s ( ,we/]n ,europe2 & also-- 7#b7 ,t 9 ! long ago !re 7 no su* ?+s z zoological prov9ces & zones1 & totally diff]5t types ( fossils f sep>at$ localities c\ld n possibly h be5 contemporane\s ) "o ano!r z we "k !y are to-day 9 rec5t deposits4#ac ,on ! bl5d+ ( ^! two assumptions1 ! latt] ess5tially absurd1 & ! =m] long ago disprov$ by ! facts ( ! rocks1 has be5 built up ! t[]+ /ructure ( a complete phylog5ic s]ies f ! ,cambrian to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! way 9 :i*1 z we h be51 ,sp5c] & ,huxley treat$ ?is subject1 rem9ds u v mu* ( ! old advice1 ,:5 y meet ) an insup]able difficulty1 look x /eadfa/ly 9 ! face--& pass on4 ,= nei!r !y nor any ( _! ?\s&s ( foll[]s h ev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 po9t$ out ! horrible logic 9 tak+ ?is imm5se complex ( guesses & assumptions z ! />t+-po9t = new dep>tures1 ! solid f\ndation = detail$ inve/igations z to j h[ ?is wond]ful ph5om5on ( developm5t has occurr$4 ,= aft] ,agassiz & 8 contempor>ies _h built on ^! l>ge assumptions ( ,cuvi]1 & _h arrang$ ! details & ! exact ord] ( ^! successive =ms by comp>ison ) ! embryonic life ( ! mod]n individual1 ! evolutioni/s ( our "t1 l$ by su* m5 z ,sp5c] & ,haeckel1 ) _! philog5etic pr9ciple1 prove _! !ory ( evolution by %[+ t ! embryonic life ( ! individual is only a brief recapitulation1 z x 7 f memory1 ( ! geological succession 9 "t4 ,!re w\ld really seem to be little hope ( rea*+ ) any argum5ts a g5]ation ( sci5ti/s :o c elaborate g5ealogical trees ( desc5t = ! diff]5t families & g5]a ( ! animal k+dom1 bas$ :olly on su* a s]ies ( assumptions & bl9d guesses1 & !n palm (f _! "w on a cr$ul\s _w z ! prov$ results ( inductive sci5ce4 ,& yet ,i am tempt$ to make "s ef=t 9 ?is direction4 ,& s9ce we h n[ exam9$ ! a priori aspects ( ! "q1 x rema9s to te/ ! two above m5tion$ assumptions by ! facts ( ! rocks4 ,! second1 inde$1 involv+ z x does a pr(\nd sup]natural k ( ! pa/1 & be+ s positively contr>y to all t we "k ( ! mod]n _w z to seem ess5tially absurd1 is yet by its v nature beyond ! rea* ( any te/s t we c br+ to be> ^u x4 ,h5ce x rema9s to te/ by ! facts ( ! rocks ! assumption t all ov] ! e>? ! fossils inv>iably occur 9 ! p>ticul> ord] 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ f\nd 9 a few corn]s ( ,we/]n ,europe by ! f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce4 ,h we already a suffici5tly broad k ( ! rocks ( ! _w to decide su* a "q8 ,i ?9k we h4 ,to beg9 !n at ! beg9n+1 let u try to f9d out h[ we c fix on ! rocks :i* are absolutely ! olde/ on ! globe4 ,we w\ld expect to f9d a good _m pat*es ( !m "h & !re1 b !re mu/ be "s common *>act]i/ic by :i* !y may be di/+ui%$ :]ev] f\nd4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i say rocks "h ,i mean fossils1 = z has long be5 agre$ ^u by geologi/s1 m9]al & me*anical *>act]s are ( practically no use 9 det]m9+ ! age ( deposits1 & we are "h deal+ only ) life & ! ord] 9 :i* x has occurr$ on ! globe4 ,accord+ly our problem is really to f9d t typical gr\p ( fossils :i* is ess5tially old] ?an all dissimil> gr\ps ( fossils4 ,9 mo/ localities we d n h to g v f> d[n#ad into ! e>? to f9d granite or o!r s-call$ igne\s rocks1 :i* n only d n conta9 any traces ( fossils1 b :i* we h no prop] reason = suppos+ ev] conta9$ any4 ,^! ,azoic or ,ar*aean rocks con/itute practically all ! e>?'s cru/1 !re be+ only a ?9 skim ( fossilif]\s /rata on ! outside some:at l ! sk9 on an apple4 ,n[ x w\ld be natural en\gh to suppose t ^? fossils :i* occur at ! bottom1 or next to ! ,ar*aean1 are ! olde/4 ,?is is d\btless :at ! e>li] geologi/s _h 9 m9d1 or at lea/ ought to h _h1 = x is n q c]ta9 t !y _h any cle> ?\ghts on ! matt] :atev]4 ,!y did n really beg9 at ! bottom1 b half way up1 s to speak1 at ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y rocks1 & ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 :o und]took to f9d bottom1 got too excit$ ov] _! ,cambro-,silurian controv]sy to att5d to su* an insignificant detail z ! logical pro( t any type ( fossils 0 really old] ?an all o!rs4 ,if !y _h really /opp$ to consid] t "s type ( fossil might occur next to ! ,ar*aean 9 ,wales1 & ano!r type occur ?us 9 ,scotl&1 :ile /ill ano!r type altoge!r might be f\nd 9 ?is position 9 "s o!r locality1 & s on ov] ! _w1 lead+ u to ! v natural conclusion t 9 ! old5 times z n[ !re 7 zoological prov9ces & di/ricts1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury might h be5 v diff]5t1 & ?is *apt] might nev] h be5 writt54 ,b ?is commonplace ( mod]n geology1 t any type ( fossil :atev]1 ev5 ! v y\nge/1 may occur next to ! ,ar*aean1 0 n !n consid]$ or und]/ood2 & :5 ab\t #ahcj x came to be recogniz$1 o!r ?+s 7 all[$ to obscure its significance1 & ! habit ( arrang+ ! rocks 9 *ronological ord] accord+ to _! fossils 0 too firmly e/abli%$ to be di/urb$ by su* an idea4 ,b ! ,fact ,numb] ,"o1 :i* ,i h *os5 z ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 is ! n[ well e/abli%$ pr9ciple t any k9d ( fossil :atev]1 ev5 "y ,t]ti>y rocks1 may re/ ^u ! ,ar*aean or ,azoic s]ies1 or may !mselves be almo/ :olly metamorphos$ or cry/all9e1 ?us resembl+ 9 position & outw>d appe>ance ! s-call$ olde/ rocks4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition1 ab\t any rocks occurr+ next to ! ,ar*aean1 is cov]$ by ! foll[+ quotation f ,dana3#ae ,a /ratum ( "o era may re/ ^u any /ratum 9 ! :ole ( ! s]ies bel[ x1--! ,coal-measures on ei!r ! ,ar*aean1 ,silurian1 or ,devonian /rata2 & ! ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 or ,t]ti>y on any "o ( ! e>li] rocks1 ! int]m$iate be+ want+4 ,! ,quat]n>y 9 ,am]ica 9 "s cases re/s on ,ar*aean rocks1 9 o!rs on ,silurian or ,devonian1 9 o!rs on ,cretace\s or ,t]ti>y4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to multiply te/imony on a po9t s univ]sally und]/ood4 ,z = ! o!r half ( ?is fact1 t ev5 ! s-call$ y\nge/ rocks may be metamorphic & cry/all9e j z well z ! olde/1 x also is n[ a recogniz$ commonplace ( sci5ce4 ,dana#af says t z e>ly z #ahcc ,lyell taught ?is z a g5]al tru? applicable to all ! =mations f ! e>lie/ to ! late/4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce ,i c f9d to any dispro( ( ?is old fable ( ,w]n]'s1 t only c]ta9 k9ds ( rock are to be f\nd next to ! ,primitive or ,ar*aean1 is 9 ! obs]vations ( ,/ud] & ,beaumont 9 ! ,alps1 7#ahbf-bh71 :o f\nd relatively "y fossils 9 cry/all9e s*i/s1 :i*1 z ,zittel says1 0 a v great bl[ to ! geologi/s :o upheld ! hypo!sis ( ! ,ar*aean or pre-,cambrian age ( all gneisses & s*i/s4 ,james ,geikie1 d\btless ref]r+ to ! same s]ies ( rocks1 tells u t3-- ,9 ! c5tral ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 "s ( ! ,eoc5e /rata are s highly metamorphos$ t !y closely resemble "s ( ! mo/ anci5t deposits ( ! globe1 consi/+1 z !y d1 ( cry/all9e rocks1 m>ble1 qu>tz-rock1 mica s*i/1 & gneiss4#ag ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ at ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! situation by ,zittel4#ah ,! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ v great advances 9 our k ( rock-de=mation & metamorphism4 ,x has be5 f\nd t !re is no geological epo* ^: s$im5t>y deposits h be5 :olly safegu>d$ f metamorphic *anges1 &1 z ?is broad fact has come to be realiz$1 x has prov$ mo/ unsettl+1 & has necessitat$ a revision ( ! /ratigraphy ( _m di/ricts 9 ! light ( new possibilities4 ,! new] rese>*es sc>cely recognize any !ory2 !y are direct$ r to ! empirical me?od ( obta9+ all possible in=mation reg>d+ microscopic & field evid5ces ( ! passage f metamorphic to igne\s rocks1 & f metamorphic to s$im5t>y rocks4 ,b 9 addition to :at ,zittel means by recogniz+ no !ory z to ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s sorts ( igne\s rocks1 x seems to me t ?is broad fact ought surely to prove mo/ unsettl+1 to ! traditional !ories ab\t c]ta9 fossils be+ intr9sically old] ?an o!rs4 ,) our m9ds dive/$ ( all prejudice1 & ?is broad ,fact ,numb] ,"o well compreh5d$1 t any k9d ( fossil :atev] may occur next to ! ,ar*aean1 & ! rocky /rata conta9+ x may 9 texture & appe>ance closely resemble "s ( ! mo/ anci5t deposits on ! globe1 :]e on ?is broad e>? %all we look = ! place to />t our life-succession ,t is1 :]e c we n[ g to f9d ^? k9ds ( fossils :i* we c prove1 by indep5d5t argum5ts1 to be absolutely old] ?an all o!rs8 ,x may seem v difficult = "s ( u to disc>d a !ory s long an integral "p ( all geology2 b until x c be prov$ t ?is broad fact z /at$ by ,zittel & ,dana is no fact at all1 ,i see no escape f ! ackn[l$gm5t t ! doctr9e ( any p>ticul> fossils be+ ess5tially old] ?an o!rs is a pure inv5tion1 ) absolutely no?+ 9 nature to support x4 ,or1 to /ate ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 s9ce ! life succession !ory re/s logically & hi/orically on ,w]n]'s notion t only c]ta9 k9ds ( rocks 7fossils7 are to be f\nd at ! bottom or next to ! ,ar*aean1 & x is n[ ackn[l$g$ ev]y:]e t any k9d ( rocks :atev] may be ?us situat$1 x is z cle> z sunlight t ! life succession !ory re/s logically & hi/orically on a my?1 & t !re is no way ( prov+ :at k9d ( fossil 0 buri$ fir/4 ,( c\rse1 ! reason ! foll[]s ( ,cuvi] & 8 life succession n[ f9d !mselves 9 su* a fix z ?is is because !y h n be5 foll[+ true inductive me?ods4 ,!irs has be5 a geology by hypo!sis in/ead ( by obs]v$ fact4 ,!y />t$ out ) a pretty s*eme ready-made ab\t ! orig9 & =mation ( ! _w1 p]fectly innoc5t ( any evil int5t 9 su* a me?od ( proc$ure1 & unconsci\s ( its speculative "*2 & = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s !y h suppos$ t !y 7 foll[+ inductive me?ods 9 ,geology4 ,b 9 view ( :at we h n[ le>n$ ,i ?9k we are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 adapt+ & apply+ to ,cuvi] & ! mod]n s*ool ( geologi/s :at ,geikie#ai says ab\t ,w]n] & 8 s*ool3 ,b nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce did a /rang] halluc9ation arise ?an t ( ,cuvi] & ! mod]n s*ool1 :5 !y suppos$ !mselves to disc>d !ory & build on a f\ndation ( accurately asc]ta9$ fact4 ,nev] 0 a sy/em devis$ 9 :i* !ory 0 m rampant2 !ory1 too1 unsupport$ by obs]vation1 &1 z we n[ "k1 utt]ly errone\s4 ,f beg9n+ to end ( ,cuvi]'s me?od & its applications1 assumptions 7 made = :i* !re 0 no gr\nd1 & ^! assumptions 7 treat$ z demon/rable facts4 ,! v po9t to be prov$ 0 tak5 = grant$1 & ! evolution>y geologi/s :o boa/$ ( _! avoidance ( speculation1 7 9 reality among ! mo/ hopelessly speculative ( all ! g5]ations t _h tri$ to solve ! problem ( ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! onion-coat hypo!sis1 :i* is ! only o!r alt]native1 mod]n sci5ce pr(esses to h ab&on$4 #ad ,:5 ! text-books speak ( t5 or twelve miles ?ickness ( ! fossilif]\s rocks1 ! read] %\ld rememb] h[ ! rocks h to be pat*$ up toge!r f "h & !re to make ?is incr$ible ?ickness1 z only a small fraction ( su* a ?ickness exi/s 9 any "o place4 #ae ,manual1 p4 #cii1 ,f\r? ,ed4 #af ,manual1 p4 #djh4 #ag ,manual ( ,hi/orical ,geol41 p4 #gd4 #ah ,hi/41 p4 #cfj4 #ai ,f\nd]s ( ,geology1 p4 #aab4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fact ,,numb] ,,two ,if we _h ample evid5ce t a c]ta9 man 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,julius ,caes>1 t !y 7 born 9 ! same t[n1 w5t to s*ool toge!r1 s]v$ 9 ! same w>s1 & lat] c>ri$ on an ext5sive mutual correspond5ce1 w\ld we n conclude t !y mu/ h liv$ 9 ! same age ( ! _w's hi/ory8 ,i confess t ! conclusion seems q unavoidable4 ,:o w\ld dream t eighte5 c5turies or m _h sep>at$ ! two lives1 & t :ile "o 0 an old ,roman ! o!r 0 an ,am]ican ( ! latt] n9ete5? c5tury8 ,"s su* a puzzle z ?is is pres5t$ 9 geology "u ! g5]al subject ( con=mability4 ,let me def9e ?is t]m4 ,/rata laid d[n by wat] are 9 ! fir/ place 9 a horizontal position4 ,"s subsequ5t =ce may h di/urb$ !m1 s t we may n[ f9d !m /&+ up on edge l books 9 a libr>y4 ,b all human exp]i5ce goes to %[ t !y 7 n deposit$ 9 ?is position4 ,"s di/urb+ cause mu/ h tak5 hold ( !m s9ce !y 7 laid d[n1 = ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 made mu/ h spread !m out smoo? & horizontal1 ea* subsequ5t lay] or /ratum fitt+ l a glove on ! prec$+4 ,?us :5 we f9d two successive lay]s agree+ ) "o ano!r 9 _! planes ( b$d+1 ) e indication t ! l[] "o 0 n di/urb$ 9 any way be=e ! upp] "o 0 spread out ^u x1 ! two are said to be con=mable4 ,b if ! l[] b$ has evid5tly be5 upturn$ or di/urb$ be=e ! o!r 0 laid d[n1 or if its surface has ev5 be5 p>tly erod$ or wa%$ away by ! wat]1 ! /rata are said to be uncon=mable1 or !y %[ uncon=mability 9 b$d+4 ,( c\rse1 9 all ?is we are deal+ only ) relative "t4 ,:5 we f9d "o b$ or /ratum ly+ above ano!r 9 _! natural position1 ! l[] "o is ( c\rse ! old] ( ! two2 b :e!r laid d[n t5 m9utes e>li]1 or t5 million ye>s e>li]1 h[ are we to det]m9e8 ,ignor+ ! matt] ( ! fossils !y conta91 mu/ we n own t1 ?\gh !re is no way ( tell+ j h[ mu* long] ! l[] "o 0 deposit$ be=e ! next succe$+1 yet if ! two are con=mable to "o ano!r1 & ! bottom "o %[s no evid5ce ( di/urbance or erosion be=e ! o!r 0 fitt$ ^u x1 ! /rong presumption w\ld seem to be t no great l5g? ( "t c\ld h elaps$ betwe5 ! lay+ d[n ( ! two lay]s4 ,to say t we h "h a geological example simil> to t ( a mod]n ,am]ican hav+ be5 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,julius ,caes>1 w\ld seem to be q inexplicable1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] us$ to say4 ,b if ! life succession !ory be true1 we h j su* a conundrum 9 our ,fact ,numb] ,two1 :i* is t any =mation :atev] may re/ con=mably ^u any o!r old] =mation4 ,! l[] may be ,devonian1 ,silurian1 or ,cambrian1 & ! upp] "o ,cretace\s or ,t]ti>y1 & ?us accord+ to ! !ory millions on millions ( ye>s mu/ h elaps$ aft] ! fir/1 & be=e ! foll[+ b$ 0 laid d[n1 b ! con=mability is p]fect1 & ! b$s h all ! appe>ance ( hav+ foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,sometimes1 too1 ?\gh less frequ5tly1 ^! age-sep>at$ =mations are li?ologically ! same1 & c only be sep>at$ by _! fossils6 ,b be=e go+ into ! m9ute description ( any ( ^! cases1 we mu/ notice "s g5]al /atem5ts4 ,?us z long ago z ! date ( ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w91 9 speak+ ( ! ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record1 c\ld speak ( ,! _m cases on record ( a =mation con=mably cov]$1 aft] an imm5se int]val ( "t1 by ano!r & lat] =mation1 )\t ! und]ly+ b$ hav+ suff]$ 9 ! int]val by any we> & te>4#bj ,also ,geikie1#ba 9 speak+ ( h[ fossil evid5ce may be made to prove ! exi/5ce ( gaps :i* are n o!rwise app>5t1 says t ,x is n s easy to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ^? :i* occur :]e ! /rata are /rictly con=mable1 & :]e no evid5ce c be obs]v$ ( any consid]able *ange ( physical conditions at ! "t ( deposit4 ,a gr\p ( q con=mable /rata hav+ ! same g5]al li?ological *>act]s ?r\gh\t1 may be m>k$ by a great discrepance betwe5 ! fossils ( ! upp] & ! l[] "p4 ,9 _m cases he says ^! conditions are n m]ely local1 b p]si/5t ov] wide areas4444 ,!y occur abundantly among ! ,european ,palaeozoic & ,second>y rocks1 & are traceable ov] wide regions4 ,we h se5 h[ ,dana admits t ,a /ratum ( "o era may re/ ^u any /ratum 9 ! :ole s]ies bel[ x1 444 ! int]m$iate be+ want+4 ,he classes ?is "u ! head ( ! ,difficulties ( ! sci5ce1 q naturally z x w\ld seem1 ?\gh he does n expressly ass]t t ^! age-sep>at$ =mations are (t5 con=mable to "o ano!r1 z ,geikie & ,d>w9 h said 9 ! above giv5 quotations4 ,! lit]ature really teems ) illu/rations ( ^! facts1 & ! m detail$ acc\nts conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s ,geological ,reports are (t5 q *>m+ly naive 9 _! description ( ! conditions4 ,two examples1 h[ev]1 mu/ suffice1 bo? f ! ,canadian ,nor? ,we/4 ,! fir/ is f ! ,report on ! region ab\t ,banff1 9 ,alb]ta1 ne> ! l9e ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 & j ea/ ( ! ,rockies4 ,ea/ ( ! ma9 divide ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s is ov]laid 9 places by b$s ( ,l[] ,cretace\s age1 & "h aga91 al?\gh ! two =mations diff] s widely 9 respect to age1 "o ov]lies ! o!r )\t any p]ceptible break1 & ! sep>ation ( "o f ! o!r is r5d]$ m difficult by ! fact t ! upp] b$s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s are li?ologically almo/ precisely l ^? ( ! ,cretace\s 7above !m47 ,7 x n = fossil evid5ce1 "o w\ld naturally suppose t a s+le =mation 0 be+ dealt )4#bb ,! o!r example is f ! ,di/rict ( ,a?abasca4 ,! ,devonian lime/one is app>5tly succe$$ con=mably by ! ,cretace\s1 & ) ! possible exception ( a ?9 b$ ( conglom]ate ( limit$ ext5t1 :i* occurs bel[ ,crook$ ,rapid on ! ,a?abasca1 ! age ( :i* is d\btful1 ! va/ int]val ( "t :i* sep>at$ ! two =mations1 is1 s f> z obs]v$1 unrepres5t$ ei!r by deposition or erosion4#bc ,( c\rse1 "s geological writ]s labor to expla9 ?is ?und]+ rebuke ( _! !ory1 j z ! ,ptolemaic a/ronom]s _h _! det]r5ts & epicycles = e new difficulty4 ,b surely ! detail$ records ( su* obs]vations z ^! are fe>ful examples ( ! p[] ( tradition to bl9d ! m9ds ( inve/igators to ! mean+ ( ! v pla9e/ facts4 ,on a previ\s page 7,id4 p4 #ea17 ! au?or la/ quot$ gives u "s idea ( ! rem>kable p]si/5ce ( ?is in/ructive case ( con=mability1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,a?abasca 9 a broad b& ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ,bir* ,m\nta9s1 & across ,lake ,claire to ,peace ,riv]1 & up ! latt] /ream to a po9t two miles above ,v]million ,falls4 ,! di/ance1 z ,i judge f ! map1 c n be less ?an #aej miles 9 a /raight direction1 ?us mak+ a di/rict ( probably sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t :]e1 accord+ to ! !ory ( a life succession1 nature mu/ h put an injunction on ! action ( ! elem5ts1 & !y _h to cont9ue 9 ! /atus quo = millions ( ages1 or f ! ,devonian to ! ,cretace\s age1 ! wat] nei!r we>+ away nor build+ up ov] any "p ( ?is consecrat$ gr\nd dur+ all ?is "t4 ,nor is ?is all1 = f ,"p ,e1 ,report 7p4 #bji7 ( ?is same volume1 we are told ( /rata ne> ,lake ,manitoba1 ov] #ejj miles away1 9 almo/ ! same wond]ful relation%ip1--,devonian rocks v simil> 9 "* to ^? 9 ,a?abasca /ill ov]laid directly by ! ,cretace\s1 ?\gh 9 ?is case z x happ5s uncon=mably4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem to be a bona fide case ( ,w]n]'s onion coats cropp+ out4 ,& all ?is incr$ible picture ( nature's inconsi/5t behavi\r 9 pa/ ages is necessitat$ solely by ! lov+ allegiance ) :i* ! infallibility ( ! life succession !ory is reg>d$ by mod]n geologi/s4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,orig91 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #eh3 ,six? ,ed4 ,! fir/ edition1 ,i believe1 conta9s ! same language4 #ba ,text-,book1 p4 #hdb4 #bb ,canadian ,annual ,report1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,a1 p4 #h4 #bc ,annual ,report1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,v41 ,"p ,d1 p4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,turn$ ,,upside ,,d[n ,h[ _m ( u h ev] se5 a m\nta9 fall8 ,n v _m4 ,& yet ev5ts ev5 m wond]ful ?an ?is h frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 z we are confid5tly assur$ by ! lead]s 9 geological sci5ce4 ,?us1 9 speak+ ( a c]ta9 region 9 ! ,alps1 ,dana#bd says t "o ( ! ov]?ru/ folds has put ! b$s upside d[n ov] an area ( #dej squ>e miles4 ,x is well wor? our :ile to try to und]/& ?is /atem5t4 ,our fir/ & mo/ natural inquiry is1 ,:at is x t leads sci5ti/s to ?9k s8 ,! details ( ?is p>ticul> case are n v accessible1 & s we are driv5 to reason+ f analogy f ! kn[n me?ods & con/ructions employ$ 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,we mu/ agree t none ( ! au?orities :o report ?is circum/ance c te/ify z eye-witnesses ( ?is m>vell\s ev5t3 !y 7 n !re on ! spot :5 old ,"m ,e>? turn$ ?is huge calc>e\s & silici\s pancake4 ,& yet !re mu/ be "s k9d ( evid5ce by :i* ^! em95t m5 h arriv$ at ?is conclusion4 ,:at k9d ( evid5ce c x be8 ,we _c imag9e any physical evid5ce :i* c\ld ev5 remotely sugge/ su* an idea4 ,9 fact f ! univ]sal cu/om ( mak+ ! conta9$ fossils ! supreme te/ ( ! age ( a rock deposit1 we are p]fectly safe 9 conclud+ t x is solely because ! fossils occur "h 9 ! rev]se ( ! accept$ ord]1 t we h ?is a/\nd+ picture ( an imm5se m\nta9 mass hav+ be5 put upside d[n ov] an area ( #dej squ>e miles4 ,! old] fossils are evid5tly "h on top1 :ile ! y\ng] ones are und]nea?1 & ( c\rse "s explanation mu/ be giv5 ( ?is flat contradiction ( ! life succession !ory4 ,b let u retrace our /eps some:at1 & pick up ! ?read ( our argum5t4 ,we h already f\nd q s]i\s reason to "q ! accuracy ( ?is life succession !ory3 b !re is /ill ano!r way ( te/+ its rationality4 ,if c]ta9 fossils are n necess>ily old] ?an c]ta9 o!rs1 x might reasonably be expect$ t we w\ld n[ & !n f9d !m rev]s$ z to position1 i4e41 ) ! y\ng] bel[ & ! old] above4 ,accord+ly we h ! foll[+ v necess>y caution f ,pr(4 ,ni*olson3#be ,x may ev5 be said t 9 any case :]e !re %\ld appe> to be a cle> & decisive discordance betwe5 ! physical & ! palaeontological 7fossil7 evid5ce z to ! age ( a giv5 s]ies ( b$s1 x is ! =m] t is to be di/ru/$ r ?an ! latt]4 ,to meet all ord9>y cases ( ?is "*1 :]e ! diff]5ces involve only a few =mations repres5t+ a few ages or a few million ye>s1 ! !ory ( pione] colonies 0 inv5t$ by ,b>r&e 9 #aheb4 ,b = extreme cases1 say :]e ,silurian or ,cambrian fossils occur above ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s or ,t]ti>y1 !re is 9 su* a pr$icam5t always an anxi\s se>* made = faults & displacem5ts2 or gigantic ?ru/-faults or ov]?ru/ folds1 l ! example already quot$ f ,dana1 are describ$ 9 picturesque language1 _m miles 9 ext5t--inv5tions :i*1 z ,i h already sugge/$ ( a simil> exp$i5t to expla9 away evid5ce1 des]ve to rank ) ! fam\s epicycles ( ,ptolemy1 & w d s "s day4 ,"h is ,geikie's highly in/ructive /atem5t reg>d+ ! same conditions3-- ,we may ev5 demon/rate t 9 "s m\nta9\s gr\nd1 ! /rata h be5 turn$ completely upside d[n1 if we c %[ t ! fossils 9 :at are n[ ! upp]mo/ lay]s ought prop]ly to lie und]nea? ^? 9 ! b$s bel[ !m4#bf ,"s day1 ,i fancy1 a /atem5t l ?is w be reg>d$ z a lit]>y curiosity4 ,!re are pl5ty ( examples "u ?is head1 ?\gh two or ?ree ought to be z good z a doz54 ,9 ! "p ( ,alb]ta ea/ ( ! ,rockies already ref]r$ to1 is a section ( c\ntry ( ab\t f\rte5 squ>e miles at lea/--& we "k n h[ mu* m--:]e ,cambrian fossils are f\nd above ,cretace\s1 & ! inevitable ?ru/ fault is ?us describ$ by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey4 ,he has j be5 speak+ ( a s]ies ( ^! gigantic ?ru/ faults3-- ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ^! occurs along ! ea/]n base ( ! *a91 & br+s ! ,cambrian lime/ones ( ! ,ca/le ,m\nta9 gr\p ov] ! ,cretace\s ( ! foot hills4 ,?is fault has a v]tical displacem5t ( m ?an #ae1jjj feet 78 ?ree miles71 & an e/imat$ horizontal displacem5t ( ! ,cambrian b$s ( ab\t sev5 miles 9 an ea/]ly section4 ,! actually obs]v$ ov]lap am\nts to ne>ly two miles4 ,! angle ( incl9ation ( its plane to ! horizon is v l[1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is its outcrop foll[s a v s9u\s l9e along ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 & acts exactly l ! l9e ( contact ( two ne>ly horizontal =mations4 ,! be/ places = exam9+ ?is fault are at ! gaps ( ! ,b[ & ( ! s\? =k ( ! ,gho/ ,riv]4 ,at ! =m] place ! ,cretace\s %ales =m ! floor ( ! bay :i* ! ,b[ has cut 9 ! ea/]n wall ( ! range1 & rise to a consid]able height 9 ! surr\nd+ slopes4 ,_! l9e ( contact ) ! massive gray lime/ones ( ! ov]ly+ ,ca/le ,m\nta9 gr\p is well se5 ne> ! entrance ( ! gap 9 ! hills to ! nor?4 ,! fault plane "h is ne>ly horizontal1 & ! two =mations1 view$ f ! valley1 appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably4#bg ,b :at an amaz+ condition ( affairs is ?is4 ,"h are great m\nta9\s masses ( rock1 v simil> 9 me*anical & m9]al make-up to ?\s&s ( examples else:]e4 ,! l9e ( b$d+ betwe5 !m acts exactly l ! l9e ( contact ( two ne>ly horizontal =mations1 & 9 a natural section cut out by a riv] ! two appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably4 ,& yet we are ask$ to believe t all ?is is m]ely an optical illusion4 ,! rocks c\ld n possibly h be5 deposit$ 9 ?is way1 = ! l[] ones conta9 ,b5ton fossils 7,cretace\s71 & ! upp] ones are ,cambrian1 & almo/ ! :ole geological s]ies & untold millions ( ye>s occurr$ aft] ! upp] "o1 & be=e ! l[] "o 0 =m$4 ,solely on ! /r5g? ( ! infallibility ( a !ory inv5t$ a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 a little corn] ( ,we/]n ,europe1 :i* promulgat$1 z respect+ ! _w1 a s*eme collect$ f t prov9ce1 & assum$ t ov] all ! _w ! rocks mu/ always foll[ ! ord] !re obs]v$1 we are "h ask$ to d5y ! positive evid5ce ( our s5ses because ^! rocks d n foll[ ?is accept$ ord]4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i _c see ! =ce ( su* a me?od ( reason+4 ,x is c>ry+ ! argum5t sev]al degrees beyond ! reason+ ( ! ?ree little gre5 peas 9 ! little gre5 pod1 z n>rat$ 9 ! exquisite fable ( ,eug5e ,field4 ,^! wise little fell[s notic$ t _! little _w 0 all gre51 & !y !mselves gre5 likewise1 & !y %rewdly conclud$ f ?is t ! :ole univ]se mu/ also be gre54 ,b we are n told ( _! travell+ abroad & p]si/+ 9 a sy/ematic attempt to expla9 all subsequ5tly obs]v$ facts 9 t]ms ( _! !ory4 ,?is gov]nm5t ,report la/ quot$ f says t 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,t5nessee ! ,appala*ian ,*a9 pres5ts an almo/ id5tical /ructure1 & ref]s to a simil> /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,dana1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,manual 7p4 #cfi71 ref]s to ?is report1 & reproduces "s ( its plates %[+ "s ( ! /ructures ref]r$ to2 & on ano!r page1 9 speak+ ( ?is simil> example 9 ,scotl&1 says t a mass ( ! olde/ cry/all9e rocks1 _m miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 0 ?ru/ at lea/ t5 miles we/w>d ov] y\ng] rocks1 "p ( ! latt] fossilif]\s2 & fur!r decl>es t ! ?ru/ planes look l planes ( b$d+1 & 7 long s consid]$4#bh ,geikie q naturally devotes sev]al pages 9 8 ,text-,book to a description ( ^! conditions 9 ! ,highl&s2 b f "o ( 8 fir/ reports on ^! obs]vations1 publi%$ 9 ,nature#bi we get "s mu* m sugge/ive details4 ,! ?ru/-planes1 he says1 are difficult to be di/+ui%$ f ord9>y /ratification planes1 l :i* !y h be5 plicat$1 fault$1 & d5ud$4 ,"h & !re1 z a result ( d5udation1 a portion ( "o ( !m appe>s capp+ a hill-top4 ,"o almo/ refuses to believe t ! little outli] on ! summit does n lie normally on ! rocks bel[ x1 b on a ne>ly horizontal fault by :i* x has be5 mov$ into its place4 ,speak+ ( "s simil> conditions 9 ,ross ,%ire1 :i* he himself _h previ\sly describ$ z naturally con=mable1 he decl>es3-- ,_h ^! sections be5 plann$ = ! purpose ( deception !y c\ld n h be5 m skillfully devis$ 444 & no "o com+ fir/ to ?is gr\nd w\ld suspect t :at appe>s to be a normal /ratigraphical sequ5ce is n really s4 ,:5 a geologi/ f9ds ?+s 9 ?is condition1 he says1 he may be excus$ if he beg9s to wond] :e!r he himself is n really /&+ on 8 head4 ,b ,i w\ld only we>y ! read] by attempt+ to pursue ?is subject fur!r4 ,^? :o wi% to d s w f9d _m additional examples 9 ! l>g] works ( ,dana1 ,le,conte1 ,pre/wi*1 & ,geikie1 to say no?+ ( ! m detail$ /atem5ts buri$ 9 num]\s ,gov]nm5t ,reports & special monographs 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*4 ,f ! v same set ( b$s diff]5t obs]v]s try to expla9 ^! puzzles 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,"s1 l ,helm1 w describe gigantic ov]?ru/ folds1 & w draw imm5se arcs ( circles sev]al miles high 9 ! air1 z ! place :]e ! rocks mu/ once h be54 ,o!rs1 l ,ro?pletz1 f an exam9ation ( ! v same rocks1 w cut ! m\nta9 up into sections ) imag9>y fault-planes1 & w tell h[1 9 ! di/rict ab\t ,gl>us = example1 an enorm\s mass ( m\nta9s travell$ f ea/ to we/ a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles f ! ,rh9e valley to ! ,l9?1 or h[ ! ,rhatikon ,m\nta9 mass travell$ f ,montafon valley to ! ,rh9e valley1 ab\t n9ete5 miles f ea/ to we/4#cj ,) reg>d to "s at lea/ ( ^! conditions 9 ! ,alps1 ,geikie virtually admits t ^! incr$ible & self-contradictory e>?-movem5ts are necessitat$ by & describ$ f fossil evid5ce only1 = he says3-- 444 ! /rata c\ld sc>cely be suppos$ to h be5 really inv]t$1 save = ! evid5ce 7sic7 z to _! true ord] ( succession suppli$ by _! includ$ fossils4 444 portions ( ,c>bonif]\s /rata appe> z if regul>ly int]b$d$ among ,jurassic rocks1 & inde$ c\ld n be sep>at$ save aft] a /udy ( _! enclos$ organic rema9s4#ca ,9 fact1 we are p]fectly safe 9 conclud+ 9 all simil> cases t we may enc\nt] 9 ! lit]ature ( ! sci5ce t x is ! rev]s$ ord] ( ! fossils :i* con/itutes ! :ole evid5ce2 =1 z ,i h said1 we c imag9e no possible physical evid5ce compet5t to =m a f\ndation = su* ideas1 nor d ,i "k ( any?+ save ! exig5cies ( ?is v5]able !ory ( life succession1 = :i* o!rwise compet5t obs]v]s w ?us freely sacrifice _! common s5se4 ,:5 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 two sets ( /rata acts exactly l ! l9e ( contact betwe5 two ne>ly horizontal =mations1 s mu* s t 9 a natural section cut out by a riv] ! two appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably1 a calm judicial m9d1 dive/$ ( all !oretical prejudice1 in/ead ( talk+ ab\t ^! conditions hav+ be5 plann$ by nature = ! purpose ( deception1 w f9d no difficulty at all 9 believ+ t ^! rocks 7 really laid d[n 9 ! rev]se ord] 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m1 ) ! y\ng] bel[ & ! old] above1 & only "o "u ! hypnotic spell ( a preconceiv$ !ory w\ld at ! sugge/ion ( su* a fact beg9 to wond] :e!r he himself is n really /&+ on 8 head4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,manual1 p4 #cfg4 #be ,anci5t ,life-,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 p4 #dj4 #bf ,text-,book1 p4 #hcg1 ,ed4 ( #aijc4 #bg ,annual ,report1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,d1 pp4 #cc-cd4 #bh pp4 #aaa1 #ecd4 #bi ,nov4 #ac1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bi-ce4 #cj ,see ,nature1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aija1 p4 #bid4 #ca ,text-,book1 p4 #fgh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fact ,,numb] ,,f\r ,!re is only "o class ( ag5ts n[ work+ ^u ! rocks ( ! globe :i* h be5 9 bus9ess cont9u\sly ev] s9ce ! dry l& appe>$1 & :i* h left u a legible record ( approximately ! am\nt ( bus9ess !y h be5 do+ all ^! c5turies4 ,& my ,fact ,numb] ,f\r1 :i* w complete ?is l9e ( argum5t 9 illu/rat+ ! antagonism betwe5 ! facts ( ! rocks & ! !ory ( life succession1 is t ! riv]s ( ! _w1 :i* ( c\rse are ! ag5ts to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 9 travel+ across ! c\ntry1 act precisely z if !y knew no?+ ( ! v>y+ ages ( ! rocks1 b on ! contr>y treat !m all alike z if !y 7 ( ! same age1 & z if !y began saw+ at !m all at ! same "t4 ,( c\rse x is1 evid5tly1 9 only a few cases :]e ! records are s free f ambiguity z to be q incapable ( be+ misund]/ood1 t is1 ! cases ( riv]s ) /eep rocky gorges1 or ^? t cut ?r\gh m\nta9 ranges2 b !re are sev]al su* riv]s 9 ! _w1 & !y all seem to tell ! same /ory4 ,! fam\s ,colorado ,riv] is a good example4 ,x fl[s f y\ng] /rata into old] 9 its deep cutt+ across ! ,arizona plateau4#cb ,/at$ 9 t]ms ( ! curr5t !ory1 ?is means t :5 ! region ( c\ntry ab\t ! l[] "p ( ?is riv]'s c\rse fir/ became dry l&1 ! upp] "p 0 /ill sea1 & t ?us !re 0 no su* riv] 9 exi/5ce "h until ! v y\nge/ ( ^! rocks 0 =m$4 ,= o!rwise ! riv] mu/ h />t$ runn+ f ! sea t[>d ! dry l&1 i4e41 runn+ up hill4 ,/at$ 9 t]ms neutral z to !ory1 x means t ! :ole ( ?is region ( c\ntry1 dra9$ by ?is l>ge riv]1 ) its rocks ( _m v>y+ ages1 0 all elevat$ practically z x is n[ be=e ?is riv] began its "w ( erosion4 ,x treats all ^! rocks z if !y 7 ( ! same age1 & z if x began saw+ at !m all at ! same "t4 ,also its companion1 ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 cuts ?r\gh ! ,u9ta ,range 9 ! same mann]4 ,simil> conditions are said to occur on ! ,danube1 & 9 ! riv]-c\rses ( ! ,himalayas1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,colorado1 ,zittel says t3 ,p[ell's explanation ( ! app>5t enigma is t aft] ! riv] _h erod$ its *annel rocks 7 uplift$ 9 "o portion ( its c\rse1 b s sl[ 0 ! rate ( uplift t ! riv] 0 enabl$ to deep5 its *annel1 ei!r proportionately or m rapidly1 s t x 0 nev] div]t$ f its =m] c\rse4 ,x 0 by simil>ly cunn+ inv5tions t ! e>ly writ]s on a/ronomy1 al*emy1 & m$ic9e evad$ ! =ce ( accumulat$ facts :i* told aga9/ _! absurd !ories4 ,we h n[ complet$ our survey ( ! /rictly /ratigraphical phases ( ?is "q1 & h f\nd f\r v rem>kable pr9ciples ab\t ! rocks1 :i* ,i wi% to summ>ize "h be=e proce$+ fur!r4 7#a7 ,! broad fact1 z /at$ by ,zittel & ,dana1 t any k9d ( rocks :atev]1 i4e4 conta9+ any k9ds ( fossils1 ev5 ! y\nge/1 may re/ on ! ,ar*aean1 & may ?us 9 position1 z also 9 texture & appe>ance1 resemble ! v olde/ deposits on ! globe4 7#b7 ,t any k9d ( b$s may re/ 9 su* p]fect con=mability on any o!r s-call$ old] b$s ov] va/ /ret*es ( c\ntry t1 7 x n = fossil evid5ce1 "o w\ld naturally suppose t a s+le =mation 0 be+ dealt )1 :ile ! va/ int]val ( "t int]v5+ is unrepres5t$ ei!r by deposition or erosion4 ,! y\nge/ seem to h foll[$ ! olde/ 9 quick succession4 7#c7 ,t 9 v _m cases & ov] _m squ>e miles ( c\ntry ^! conditions are exactly rev]s$1 & su* v anci5t rocks z ,cambrian lime/ones are on top ( ! comp>atively "y ,cretace\s1 :ile ! lime betwe5 !m acts exactly l ! l9e ( contact ( two ne>ly horizontal =mations1 & 9 a natural section made by a riv] ! two appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably4 ,to any "o ignorant ( ! !ory ( life succession !y h e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 deposit$ z we f9d !m4 7#d7 ,t ! riv]s ( ! _w1 9 cutt+ across ! c\ntry1 completely ignore ! v>y+ ages ( ! rocks 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( _! c\rses1 & act precisely z if !y began saw+ at !m all at ! same "t4 ,n[ ,i "k n :at additional fact c be dem&$ or imag9$ to complete ! demon/ration t !re is no p>ticul> ord] 9 :i* ! fossils c be said to occur z reg>ds succession 9 "t4 ,x is true1 "s fossilif]\s deposits1 metamorphos$ almo/ beyond recognition1 & buri$ deep b5ea? ?\s&s ( feet ( subsequ5t deposits1 h en\gh appe>ance ( remote antiquity ab\t !m 9 all consci5ce4 ,b to increase ?is antiquity by say+ t o!r equally prodigi\s masses ( rocks else:]e 7 deposit$ long aft] ^!1 or by po9t+ to /ill o!r deposits 9 ano!r region :i* are said to be old] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 is an illogical & :olly unsci5tific proc$ure4 ,i fe> ,i c\ld sc>cely conf9e myself )9 ! b\nds ( p>liam5t>y language 7 ,i to attempt to express an op9ion reg>d+ any ef=t t may n[ be made to ju/ify ! life succession !ory 9 view ( ! above ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,& surely x is sc>cely necess>y 9 ?is enlight5$ age to po9t out h[ completely ?is vitiates any biological argum5t 7su* z t ( ,d>w9ism7 :i* has incorporat$ into its sy/em ! results ( su* illogical reason+1 or :i* 9 any way is dep5d5t ^u ! conclusions ( su* a !ory ( geology4 ,9 view ( ! laws ( evid5ce1 :i* e intellig5t p]son is suppos$ to und]/& n[-a-days1 surely "s /range ?+s pass$ = sci5tific pro( dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! e>li] geologi/s did little bett] ?an assume ! succession ( life bodily2 ?an ,agassiz & 8 contempor>ies arrang$ ! details & ! exact ord] ( ^! successive life =ms by comp>ison ) ! embryonic life ( ! mod]n individual2 & n[ ! evolutioni/s ( our day1 l$ by su* m5 z ,sp5c] & ,haeckel ) _! phylog5etic pr9ciple1 prove _! !ory ( evolution by %[+ t ! embryonic life ( ! mod]n individual is only a brief recapitulation1 z x 71 f memory1 ( ! 7assum$7 geological succession 9 "t4 ,surely ?is w "s day make a m amaz+ record = po/]ity ?an ^? ( phlogi/on or ! epicycles ( ,ptolemy4 ,if ,i am n[ ask$3 ,:at d ! rocks h to tell u1 9 view ( ! fact t !y refuse to te/ify to a life succession8 ,i c only say t we are n z yet 9 a position to decide ?is "q4 ,!re are sev]al o!r matt]s connect$ ) ! "* & mode ( occurr5ce ( ! fossils1 :i* are almo/ equally important ) any?+ already consid]$1 9 =m+ a true sci5tific induction reg>d+ ?is matt]4 ,^! facts mu/ be consid]$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,already1 h[ev]1 we c say ?is mu*1 t we h 9 ! rocks almo/ z complete a _w1 9 "s respects va/ly m complete1 ?an ! liv+ _w ( to-day4 ,) ! life succession !ory repudiat$1 we h /ill to deal ) ! fossils !mselves :i* h be5 ?us sy/ematically classifi$2 b ?is geological s]ies becomes only ! taxonomic or classification s]ies ( an old] /ate ( our pres5t _w1 buri$ someh[ & at "s "t or times 9 ! remote pa/--! h[ & ! :5 ( :i* we h n z yet ! means to det]m9e4 ,b ,i ?9k we are n[ prep>$ to ent] ! mazes ( ! biological argum5t1 & to /udy ! subject ( ext9ct species1 :i* by _m is suppos$ to furni% a l9e ( indep5d5t evid5ce 9 favor ( ! life succession !ory4 ,,footnote3 #cb ,see ,zittel1 ,hi/ory ( ,geol41 pp4 #baj1 #baa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ext9ct ,,species ,let u n[ te/ ! value ( ?is assum$ life succession by ano!r v simple "q4 ,9 ,eoc5e times1 s we are told1 ,engl& 0 a l& ( palms1 ) a semi-tropical flora & fauna4 ,9 fact at ?is "t1 cycads1 g\rds1 proteads 7l ! ,au/ralian %rubs & trees71 ! fig1 c9namon1 screw-p9e1 & v>i\s species ( acacias & palms1 ab\nd$ 9 ,engl& & ,we/]n ,europe2 :ile turtles1 monkeys1 crocodiles1 & o!r sub-tropical & w>m-temp]ate =ms 7 equally abundant4 ,!n aga91 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ! same c\ntries1 we f9d v>i\s species ( elephant & rh9oc]os1 ) a hippopotamus1 lion1 & hy5a1 id5tical ) species n[ liv+ 9 ! tropics1 al?\gh1 z ,dana says1 ^! mod]n k9ds are dw>fs 9 comp>ison4 ,n[1 h[ are we to prove t ^! v>i\s =ms ( animal life did n exi/ toge!r 9 ^! c\ntries at ! same "t z ! trees & plants be=e m5tion$8 ,lions & monkeys1 hippopotami & crocodiles1 ) elephants1 hy5as1 & rh9oc]oses1 n[ live b5ea? ! palms1 mimosas1 acacias1 & o!r tropical plants repres5t$ 9 ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e b$s4 ,:at is !re to h9d] u f believ+ t !y all liv$ !re toge!r 9 t old5 "t8 ,surely x w\ld be ! v irony ( sci5tific fate if =ms n[ s closely connect$ 9 life %\ld 9 dea? be s divid$4 ,or1 to pres5t x 9 ano!r =m1 :y %\ld we be ask$ to believe t ^! acacias1 c9namons1 palms1 etc41 liv$ & di$ ages or millions ( ye>s be=e ! lions1 elephants1 rh9oc]oses & hippopotami1 came into exi/5ce to enjoy _! %ade2 & !n1 aft] ^! unnumb]$ ages _h dragg$ _! sl[ l5g? along & vani%$ into ! dim pa/1 & all ^! semi-tropical plants _h %ift$ to ! tropics or be5 turn$ into lignite1 ^! lions1 elephants1 & hippopotami came into exi/5ce 9 ^! same localities1 :5 no su* plants exi/$ any:]e 9 ,europe8 ,surely we ought to expect "s pretty sub/antial evid5ce = su* a violation ( ! obs]v$ uni=mity ( nature4 ,we g5]ally boa/ t we h outgr[n ! crude ideas ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! sci5ce :5 !y spoke ( ages ( lime/one mak+ or ( s&/one mak+2 b x seems t "s ( u h n yet atta9$ to t broad view ( ! ess5tial unity ( nature 9 :i* ! flora & fauna ( our _w are se5 to be j z indissolubly connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b nature c\ld z easily be p]suad$ to produce = a :ole age no?+ 9 ! way ( rock b lime/one or conglom]ate1 z to adju/ h] p[]s to su* an unbalanc$ /ate ( affairs z is spok5 ( above1 ) ! animals 9 "o age & ! complem5t>y plants 9 ano!r4 ,b 9 consid]+ ?is "q z to :y ! ,eoc5e plants & ! ,plei/oc5e animals may n be suppos$ to h liv$ contemporane\sly toge!r1 we are br\ght face to face ) ! second suppos$ argum5t 9 favor ( !re hav+ be5 a succession ( life on ! globe4 ,! answ] giv5 is t all ! animals ( ^! e>ly ,t]ti>y b$s are ext9ct species1 also v _m ( ! plants2 :ile ! hy5a1 lion1 hippopotamus1 etc41 ( ! ,plei/oc5e are id5tical ) ! liv+ species1 & ev5 ! mammo? is s closely l its ne>e/ surviv+ relative1 ! ,asiatic elephant 7,e4 indicus71 t ^! also might be class$ z id5tical4#cc ,?is po9t be+ consid]$ by _m z s important1 & hav+ su* a vital connection ) ! :ole life succession !ory1 we mu/ g into ! matt] some:at 9 detail1 ev5 at ! risk ( appe>+ r te*nical to "s4 ,if ! ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic /rata are (t5 ( enorm\s ext5t1 spread+ 9 va/ %eets ov] wide regions1 s t _! /ratigraphical ord] 9 any p>ticul> di/rict is q readily made out1 x is 9 mo/ cases altoge!r diff]5t ) ! ,t]ti>y & ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,= ^! resemble "o ano!r s mu* 9 ev]y?+ except _! fossils1 & occur s g5]ally 9 deta*$ & fragm5t>y b$s1 hold+ no /ratigraphical relation to "o ano!r1 t ,lyell devis$ ! plan ( di/+ui%+ !m f "o ano!r & arrang+ !m 9 ! accu/om$ ord] ( successive ages1 by _! relative p]c5tages ( liv+ & ext9ct mollusca4 ,) only unimportant *anges1 ,lyell's divisions are /ill foll[$ 9 classify+ (f ! ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y b$s4 ,^? ) all ! species ext9ct1 or less ?an #e p] c5t4 liv+1 are class$ z ,eoc5e2 ^? conta9+ few ext9ct =ms1 or ne>ly all liv+ species1 are class$ z ,plei/oc5e or po/-,t]ti>y4 ,! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e repres5t ! int]m$iate grades1 & all are suppos$ to be a true *ronological ord]4 ,x goes )\t say+ t 9 actual practice x is (t5 s extremely difficult to adju/ ^! diff]5ces t b$s are assign$ to an e>ly or a late division on g5]al pr9ciples by :at ! lit]>y critics w\ld call tact or intuition1 r ?an by ! /rict p]c5tage sy/em1 ?\gh = ^! l>ge & important divisions ( ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y rocks1 ^! are absolutely ! only pr(ess$ gr\nds on :i* ! subdivisions are di/+ui%$ & arrang$ 9 ! cu/om>y ord] ( "t4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,david ,page3 ,z !re is (t5 no p]ceptible m9]al di/9ction betwe5 _m clays1 s&s & gravels1 x is only by _! imb$d$ fossils t geologi/s c det]m9e _! ,t]ti>y or po/-,t]ti>y "*4#cd ,n[ to say t a set ( b$s1 n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ^: fossils belong to ext9ct species1 & only five p] c5t4 are n[ liv+1 mu/ be va/ly old] ?an ano!r set :]e ^! p]c5tages are rev]s$1 i4e4 :]e ! species are ne>ly all liv+1 seems at fir/ ?\ght an em95tly reasonable idea1 & we imm$iately beg9 to imag9e ! long ages x mu/ h tak5 = ^! exce$+ly num]\s & app>5tly vigor\s species to we> out & become ext9ct 9 ! alleg$ ord9>y way by ! m]ciless /ruggle = exi/5ce ) =ms m fitt$ to survive4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t all ?is is bas$ on ! assumption ( ,uni=mity 9 its mo/ extreme type1 a doctr9e :i* n only d5ies t ^! liv+ =ms are m]ely ! lucky survivors ( trem5d\s *anges 9 :i* _! contempor>ies p]i%$1 b :i* 9 ess5ce is tak+ = grant$ be=eh& ! v po9t :i* ought to be ! *ief aim ( all geological inquiry1 viz41 ,h[ did ! geological *anges take place8 ,x w\ld n be consid]$ a v sci5tific proc$ure = a coron]1 call$ ^u to hold a po/ mortem1 to cont5t himself ) int]e/+ /ati/ics ab\t ! p]c5tage ( p :o die ( old age1 fev]1 & o!r causes1 :ile !re 0 cle> & decisive evid5ce t ! poor fell[ _h be5 %ot4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 geology1 x is n m]ely ! result t is wrong1 b ! :ole me?od ( inve/igation4 ,=1 z 9 ! latt] case we don't want to "k h[ p g5]ally die1 b h[ ?is p>ticul> p]son actually did die1 s1 9 our /udy ( geology1 we d n wi% to "k m]ely ! rate at :i* *anges ( surface & ext9ctions ( species are n[ go+ on1 & !n project ?is measure backw>d into ! pa/ z an infallible guide1 b we wi% to "k = sure j :at *anges ( ?is nature h tak5 place4 ,a true induction is1 ,i ?9k1 capable ( decid+ v positively :e!r or n ! tools ( nature h always work$ at ! same rate & ) ! same =ce z at pres5t2 & ?is me?od ( arrang+ ! fossils 9 suppos$ *ronological ord] on ! p]c5tage basis m5tion$ above1 is only an extreme =m ( me?ods claim+ to be inductive :i* 9 ?is age ( ! _w ought to be consid]$ a %ame & a disgrace1 because1 z ,h[or? says1 !y are bas$1 n ^u induction1 b ^u hypo!ses1 & h all ! infirmity ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!n aga91 x occurs to u1 t ?is me?od1 ( atta*+ a "t-value to p]c5tages ( ext9ct or liv+ species1 w\ld make ! sub-fossil rema9s ( ! bison on ! ,we/]n prairies almo/ inf9itely old] ?an ^? ( ! lion1 hippopotamus1 etc41 9 ! ,plei/oc5e b$s ( ,europe2 = 7except = "s few specim5s artificially pres]v$1 & :i* may be ignor$ 9 ?is connection7 ! bison is to-day absolutely ext9ct1 :ile ! ,plei/oc5e mammals are f\nd by ! ?\s& 9 ! prop] localities & %[ no signs ( surr5d] 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,simil> comp>isons might be made betwe5 ! great w+less birds ( ,madagasc>1 ,mauritius & ,new ,zeal&1 & ! _m cases ( p]si/5t =ms :i* h surviv$ un*ang$ f ,c>bonif]\s1 ,silurian1 or ,cambrian times1 a p]iod ( "t :i*1 9 ! language ( ! curr5t geology1 means q a l>ge fraction ( et]nity4 ,b all ( ^! consid]ations %[ t ! m]e fact ( c]ta9 species be+ ext9ct & o!rs be+ n[ alive1 is no tru/wor?y guide 9 det]m9+ ! relative age ( _! rema9s1 until we fir/ f9d out h[ !y happ5$ to become ext9ct4 ,! inquiry z to ! h[ & ! :5 7relatively7 is an absolutely ess5tial prelim9>y 9 any su* inve/igation2 & is insep>ably unit$ 9 nature ) ! g5]al "q ( h[ ! great geological *anges h tak5 place 9 ! pa/4 ,( c\rse1 if ev]y?+ l a _w-cata/rophe is a priori d5i$2 if1 9 o!r words1 x is settl$ f ! fir/ t all ^! fossils liv+ & ext9ct did n live contemporane\sly ) ea* o!r1 ! liv+ ones be+ simply ! lucky survivors ( /up5d\s *anges 9 :i* ! o!rs p]i%$1 !n all pret5se ( a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! subject is at an end4 ,if a coron] has x settl$ be=eh& t an accid5t or a murd] c\ld n possibly h occurr$1 !n 8 pr(ession ( a c&id po/ mortem exam9ation is only a f>ce2 = he does n hold x to f9d out any?+1 s9ce he kn[s ev]y?+ ess5tial ab\t x be=eh&4 ,uni=mit>ians w\ld c]ta9ly make poor coron]s1 or = t matt] poor inve/igators ( law or hi/ory1 or any?+ else4 ,w "s "o please give u a reasonable explanation ( :y ! lion1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 & elephant %ift$ f ,engl& to ! tropics8 ,or w !y expla9 h[1 at ?is same g5]al "t1 "s elephants & rh9oc]oses got caught 9 ! m]ciless fro/s ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia s sudd5ly t _! fle% has rema9$ unta9t$ all ^! c5turies1 & is n[1 :]ev] expos$1 gre$ily dev\r$ by ! dogs & wolves8 ,an abundant w>m-climate vegetation once mantl$ all ! pol> regions1 & its fossils h be5 f\nd j ab\t z f> nor? z explor]s h ev] gone2 :ile ,dana says t1 ,! encas+ 9 ice ( huge elephants1 & ! p]fect pres]vation ( ! fle%1 %[s t ! cold f9ally became sudd5ly extreme1 z ( a s+le w9t]'s night1 & knew no rel5t+ aft]w>ds4#ce ,n[1 if no "o c d5y ?is sudd5 *ange ( climate ov] half ! _w or s at lea/1 is x n extremely unsci5tific to d5y t ?is same cause1 :atev] x may h be51 0 q compet5t to br+ ab\t a good _m o!r *anges1 & ! ext9ction ( num]\s o!r species :i* we are s (t5 rem9d$ mu/ imply ! lapse ( untold ages ( "t8 ,! economiz+ ( en]gy1 or ! fam\s law ( p>simony z /at$ by ,leibnitz1 is q appropriate 9 ?is case1 & may be ref]r$ to aga9 9 ! sequel4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,i mu/ "h insi/ is t ! m]e fact ( c]ta9 species be+ ext9ct1 & o!rs be+ n[ alive1 gives no clue :atev] to ! relative age ( ^! rema9s1 until we fir/ asc]ta9 :y1 h[ & :5 ?is ext9ction 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,& yet1 ?\gh e "o admits ! fact ( trem5d\s *anges ( climate1 etc41 hav+ int]v5$ betwe5 t anci5t _w & our own 7! true ext5t & "* ( :i*1 z ,i h said1 ought to be ! *ief po9t ( all geological inve/igation71 no all[ance seems ev] to be made = ?is z a p[]ful cause ( ext]m9ation ( all =ms ( life4 ,b 9 ! utt] abs5ce ( any su* explanation z to h[ & :51 & 9 ! v tee? ( ^! facts assum+ a dead-level uni=mit>ianism1 ! pres5ce ( t51 fifty or a hundr$ p] c5t4 ( ext9ct =ms 9 a set ( b$s is manife/ly ( no sci5tific value 9 det]m9+ age4 ,x w\ld be _m degrees m reasonable & accurate to arrange all ! ,greek & ,lat9 books ( ! _w 9 *ronological ord] accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( _! words :i* h surviv$ into ! ,engli% language4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be mu* l a coron]1 at ! inque/ foll[+ a railway disa/]1 attempt+ to arrange ! exact ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s victims _h p]i%$ by ! proportionate numb] ( surviv+ relatives :i* ea* _h left beh9d him4 ,& ! completely wor?less "* ( su* evid5ce ( age becomes1 if possible1 m app>5t :5 we consid] t v _m ( ^! s-call$ ext9ct =ms are n really di/9ct species f _! liv+ repres5tatives ( to-day4 ,x is notori\s1 says ,d>w91 on :at excessively slight diff]5ces _m palaeontologi/s h f\nd$ _! species4 ,& ev5 to-day1 9 spite ( all t we h le>n$ ab\t v>iation1 little or no all[ance seems ev] to be made = ! effects ( a c]ta9ly greatly *ang$ environm5t4 ,if ! fossil =ms among ! mollusks & o!r %ell fi% = in/ance1 are n precisely l ! mod]n ones 9 e respect1 !y are always class$ z sep>ate species1 ! old] =ms ?us be+ ext9ct1 9 utt] disreg>d ( ! /rik+ anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 ! huge ,plei/oc5e mammals & _! dw>fi% desc5dants ( to-day1 :i* = a hundr$ ye>s or s 7 decl>$ positively to be di/9ct f "o ano!r1 b are n[ ackn[l$g$ to be id5tical4 ,( c\rse no "o d5ies t !re are num]\s ext9ct =ms among ! inv]tebrates1 j z we "k !re are among ! huge v]tebrates ( ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>ies1 none ( :i* we mod]ns h ev] se5 alive4 ,o!r =ms d n appe> famili> to our mod]n eyes1 because l>g] or ( some:at diff]5t =m2 b to say t !y are really di/9ct species f _! mod]n repres5tatives1 or to say t no human be+ ev] saw !m alive1 are /atem5ts utt]ly incapable ( pro(4 ,up to ab\t ! ye> #ahfi x 0 /\tly ma9ta9$ t man _h nev] se5 any ( ^! fossil =ms 9 life4 ,b no "o n[ ma9ta9s ?is view1 = human rema9s h n[ be5 f\nd along ) undi/urb$ fossils ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 or ev5 middle ,t]ti>ies1 :ile ! pa9t+s on ! cave walls ( ,s\!rn ,france seem conclusive t !y 7 copi$ f life :5 ! mammo? & re9de] liv$ side by side ) man 9 t latitude4 ,h5ce ! only "q n[ is1 & x is ! supreme "q ( all mod]n geology1 ,,) ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,( ,,t ,,anci5t ,,fossil ,,_w ,,7 ,,^! ,,equally ,,fossil ,,m5 ,,acqua9t$8 ,if ,man liv$ 9 ,plioc5e or p]haps ,mioc5e times1 :5 a luxuriant vegetation 0 spread out ov] all ! ,arctic regions1 :at possible evid5ce is !re to %[ t 8 companions1 ! rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 mammo?1 etc41 7 n also liv+ !n & br[s+ (f j su* plants1 :5 ! ,arctic fro/s caught !m 9 ! grip ( dea? & put _! mummies 9 cold /orage = our a/oni%m5t & sci5tific in=mation8 ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r2 :y %\ld n ! plants & animals1 contempor>y ) ! same creature 7man71 be j z truly contempor>y ) "o ano!r8 ,if man 0 contempor>y ) ! ,mioc5e plants1 & ! ,plei/oc5e mammals 7 contempor>y ) man1 :at is !re to =bid ! idea t ! ,plei/oc5e mammals & ! middle ,t]ti>y flora 7 contempor>y ) ea* o!r8 ,= ne>ly half a c5tury geologi/s h nev] _h ! c\rage to face ?is problem fairly & squ>ely1 ) all preconceiv$ prejudices ab\t uni=mity ca/ aside4 ,is x possible t all ! plants & animals ( ! ,t]ti>ies & ! ,plei/oc5e may h really liv$ toge!r 9 ! same _w aft] all8 ,b ! tr\ble w\ld !n be t1 ) ?is mu* conc$$1 ! :ole phylog5ic s]ies w\ld tumble ) x1 & become only ! taxonomic or classification s]ies ( t anci5t _w ) :i* ^! fossil m5 7 acqua9t$4 ,to appropriate ! words ( "o :o has done mu* to cle> ! gr\nd = a common-s5se /udy ( geology1 ,i "k ( no?+ aga9/ su* an idea save ! almo/ pa!tic devotion ( a l>ge s*ool ( ?9k]s to ! religion f\nd$ by ,hutton1 ^: high prie/ 0 ,lyell1 & :i* 9 ess5ce is bas$ on a priori argum5ts l ^? :i* dom9at$ ,m$iaeval s*ola/icism & made x s b>r54#cf ,b>on ,cuvi]'s "w 9 ! l9e ( comp>ative o/eology has nev] be5 surpass$1 p]haps nev] equall$ s9ce1 & he is said to h be5 ! greate/ naturali/ & comp>ative anatomi/ ( t1 or p]haps ( any "t4 7,le,conte1 ,evol4 & ,rel4 ,?\ght1 pp4 #cc1 #cd72 & yet he ma9ta9$ till ! la/ t all ^? :i* we n[ call ! ,plei/oc5e mammals 7 di/9ct species f ! mod]n ones2 & x is only ( rec5t ye>s & ) extreme reluctance t _m ( !m h be5 admitt$ to be id5tical ) ! ones n[ liv+4 ,all ( :i* t5ds to %[ h[ unreliable are ^? ass]tions commonly f\nd 9 ! text-books ab\t all ! species ( ! s-call$ old] rocks be+ ext9ct4 ,x is only ) hesitation t su* specific di/9ctions are surr5d]$ ev5 to-day1 ?\gh dur+ ! la/ few decades a /eady progress has be5 made 9 br++ ! palaeontology ( ! high] v]tebrates into l9e ) our increas$ k ( zoology1 ?us break+ d[n _m ( ! specific di/9ctions :i* h long be5 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! fossil & ! liv+ =ms4 ,ev5 ! mammo? has be5 f\nd to h s _m *>act]s id5tical ) ! mod]n elephant ( ,india1 & su* a complete gradation exi/s betwe5 ! two types1 t ,fl[] & ,lydekk] ackn[l$ge ! transition f "o to ! o!r is almo/ imp]ceptible1 & express a d\bt :e!r !y c be specifically di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4#cg ,b ! extreme reluctance ) :i* any?+ l a confession ( ?is fact leaks out 9 our mod]n lit]ature c be readily und]/ood :5 we try ! hopeless task ( splic+ ! environm5t ( ! mod]n =m ) t ( ! anci5t on any basis ( uni=mity4 ,zittel gives u a peep beh9d ! sc5es :i* helps u to appreciate ! value ( a p]c5tage ( ext9ct species z a te/ ( ! age ( a rock deposit4 ,he pictures ! uncritical "w ( ! e>li] writ]s on fossil botany1 until ,augu/ ,s*9k 7#ahfh-ia7 made a great re=m 9 ?is sci5ce2 & ,zittel decl>es t n[ ! au?or ( a pap] on any dep>tm5t ( fossil botany is expect$ to h a s\nd k ( ! sy/ematic botany ( rec5t =ms4 ,b he adds3 ,x _c be said t palaeozoology 7! sci5ce ( fossil animals7 has yet arriv$ at ?is desirable /&po9t4 ,b he ju/ifies ?is *>ge ( want ( confid5ce by say+3 ,comp>atively few individuals h su* a ?or\gh grasp ( zoological & geological k z to enable !m to treat palaeontological rese>*es wor?ily1 & !re has accumulat$ a dead weight ( /ratigraphical-palaeontological lit]ature :]e9 ! fossil rema9s ( animals are nam$ & pigeon-hol$ solely z an additional ticket ( ! age ( a rock-deposit1 ) a willful disreg>d ( ! mu* m difficult problem ( _! relation%ips 9 ! long *a9 ( exi/5ce4 ,! t]m9ology :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 ! innum]able monographs ( special fossil faunas 9 ! majority ( cases makes only ! sl5d]e/ pretext ( any connection ) rec5t sy/ematic zoology2 if !re is a difficulty1 !n /ratigraphical argum5ts are made ! basis ( a solution4 ,zoological /ud5ts are1 z a rule1 too actively engag$ & ke5ly int]e/$ 9 build+ up new obs]vations to attempt to spell ?r\gh ! arbitr>y palaeontological conclusions arriv$ at by _m /ratigraph]s1 or to revise _! labors f a zoological po9t ( view4#ch ,d\btless ?is sca?+ impea*m5t ( ! common mania = creat+ new names = ! fossils has especial ref]5ce to ! case ( ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,= if1 9 spite ( ! brilliant & )al c>eful "w ( ,cuvi]1 ,ow51 ,wallace1 ,huxley1 ,ray ,lanke/]1 & ,lei? ,adams1 ) num]\s o!rs t might be m5tion$1 !re are /ill gr\nds = su* grave d\bts ( ! values ( specific di/9ctions 9 ! case ( ! mammals1 ^: g5]al anatomy & life-hi/ory are s well kn[n & _! almo/ c\ntless v>iations s well /udi$ out1 :at mu/ be ! confusion & inaccuracy 9 ! case ( ! l[] v]tebrates1 & especially ( ! inv]tebrates1 ^: g5]al life-hi/ory 9 s _m in/ances is s dimly und]/ood1 & ! limits ( _! v>iations absolutely unkn[n8 ,rememb]+ all ?is1 :at is our amazem5t :5 we read 9 ?is same volume by ,pr(essor ,zittel#ci t ! t5d5cy among _m mod]n writ]s 9 deal+ ) ^! l[] =ms ( life1 is t[>d ! erection ( ! close/ possible di/9ctions betwe5 g5]a & species1 until rec5t palaeontological lit]ature is fairly inundat$ ) new names2 & all ?is ) ! purpose1 unblu%+ly av[$1 ( enhanc+ ! value ( su* di/9ctions z a means ( det]m9+ ! relative ages ( /rata1 & to br+ ! ontog5etic & phylog5etic developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms into m app>5t correspond5ce4 ,i d n exagg]ate 9 ! lea/1 z ! read] may see by ref]r+ to ,zittel's book2 ?\gh n wi%+ to make my read]s spell ?r\gh ano!r q te*nical p>agraph ,i h refra9$ f direct quotation4 ,b surely we h "h a mo/ amaz+ /yle ( reason+4 ,x is ano!r cle> case ( fir/ assum+ "o's premises1 & !n prov+ !m by means ( "o's conclusion4 ,! me?od "h employ$ seems ab\t l ?is3 ,fir/ assume ! succession ( life f ! l[ to ! high z a :ole2 !n 9 any p>ticul> gr\p1 z ( ,bra*iopods or ,mollusks1 decide ! mom5t\s "q z to :i* came fir/ & :i* lat] 9 geological "t by comp>+ !m z to size1 %ape1 etc41 ) ! live mod]n individual 9 its developm5t f ! egg to maturity2 & la/ly1 take ! results ( ?is alleg$ *ronological arrangem5t to prove j h[ ! mod]n =ms h evolv$4 ,surely x is a mo/ fe>ful example ( o!rwise intellig5t m5 be+ hypnotiz$ by _! !ory into bl9d ob$i5ce to its sugge/ions & necessities4 ,n long ago ,i _h occasion to write to a well-kn[n geologi/ ab\t a ,l[] ,cambrian mollusk :i* appe>s /rik+ly l a mod]n species4 ,i give bel[ an extract f 8 reply :i* be>s directly ^u ?is po9t4 ,i )hold ! "n1 = ! in=mation 0 giv5 9 a half-confid5tial mann]1 b ,i may say t ! au?or's "w on ! ,palaeozoic fossils is recogniz$ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,"s geologi/s make x a po9t to give a new "n to all =ms f\nd 9 ! ,palaeozoic rocks1 i4e4 a "n diff]5t f ^? ( mod]n species4 ,i 0 tak5 to task by a not$ palaeontologi/ = f9d+ a pupa 7a k9d ( l& snail7 9 ,devonian b$s2 b ,i c\ld n f9d any po9t 9 :i* x diff]$ f ! mod]n g5us 8 species4 ,yet if ,i c\ld h _h m p]fect specim5s ,i might h f\nd diff]5ces4 ,su* disclosures speak volumes = ^? able to und]/&2 & lead "o to receive ) a smile ! famili> ass]tion t all ! species ( ! ,palaeozoic & o!r old] rocks are ext9ct4 ,& we c n[ =m a tru] e/imate ( ! high sci5tific accuracy ( ,lyell's +5i\s division ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s1 accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( liv+ or ext9ct ,mollusks :i* !y conta94 ,b f ! inh]5t weakness ( ! argum5t ab\t ext9ct species z ?us reveal$1 x foll[s t *ronological di/9ctions bas$ on any proportionate numb] ( ext9ct species h absolutely no sci5tific value2 & h5ce t ! life succession !ory f9ds no support f ^! *ronological di/9ctions1 j z we h already se5 t x is )\t a ve/ige ( support f ! /ratigraphical argum5t4 ,! life succession !ory has n a s+le fact to confirm x 9 ! realm ( nature4 ,x is n ! result ( sci5tific rese>*1 b purely ! product ( ! imag9ation4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,see p4 #ci ( ?is volume4 #cd ,intro4 ,text-,book1 p4 #ahi4 #ce ,manual1 p4 #ajjg4 ,pr(4 ,dana has italiciz$ ! ^w sudd5ly4 #cf ,h[or?1 ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e & ! ,flood1 preface1 xx1 xxi4 #cg ,mammals1 ,liv+ & ,ext9ct1 pp4 #dbh-i4 #ch ,hi/4 ( ,geol41 pp4 #cge-f4 #ci pp4 #djj1 #djc1 #dje4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,skipp+ ,we h n[ to deal ) ano!r absurdity involv$ 9 ! life succession !ory1 ! discussion ( :i* gr[s naturally out ( ! subject ( ext9ct species4 ,z prelim9>y to ! subject "h to be pres5t$1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! fossils 9 alleg$ *ronological ord]1 z well z ! nam+ ( ?\s&s ( typical specim5s1 0 all well advanc$ :ile z yet little or no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! cont5ts ( ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or ev5 ( ! l& =ms ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r =eign c\ntries4 ,9 mo/ ( ! important gr\ps ( bo? plants & animals1 ! detail$ k ( ! fossil =ms prec$$ ! k ( ! correspond+ liv+ =ms1 j z ,zittel says t ! !ories ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks _h be5 laid )\t ! assi/ance ( *emi/ry & ! k ( ! microscopic /ructure ( ^! rocks4#dj ,on pp4 #abh-acg ( 8 ,hi/ory1 ?is au?or %[s h[1 up to #ahbj1 little or no?+ ( a sci5tific "* 0 kn[n ( any ( ! classes ( liv+ animals save mammals4 ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! progress ( sci5ce has be5 /eadily %[+ case aft] case :]e families & g5]a1 long boldly said to h be5 ext9ct s9ce ,palaeozoic "t1 are f\nd 9 ?riv+ abundance & 9 little alt]$ condition 9 unsuspect$ places all ov] ! _w4 ,& ! po9t = consid]ation "h is ! manife/ absurdity ( ^! inhabitants ( ! mod]n seas & ! mod]n l& skipp+ all ! unc\nt$ millions ( ye>s f ,palaeozoic times d[n to ! rec5t1 =1 ?\gh f\nd 9 pr(use abundance 9 ^! ,old] rocks1 n a trace ( _m ( !m is to be f\nd 9 all ! subsequ5t deposits4 ,! proposition "h to be consid]$ & prov$ ,i %all v5ture to =mulate z foll[s3 ,!re is a fossil _w1 & !re is a mod]n liv+ _w2 ! two resembl+ "o ano!r 9 v>i\s details z well z 9 a g5]al way2 b to get ! ance/ral repres5tatives ( _m mod]n types1 e4g41 c\ntless inv]tebrates1 ) o!r l[] =ms ( animals & plants1 we mu/ g cle> back to ! ,mesozoic or ! ,palaeozoic rocks1 = !y are n f\nd 9 any ( ! m rec5t deposits4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ! bl5d+ ( ! doctr9e ( life succession ) t ( uni=mity1 mu/ inevitably h giv5 bir? to ! evolution !ory1 = x is evid5t t ! succession f ! l[ to ! high c\ld only h tak5 place by ea* type bl5d+ ) ^? be=e & ^? aft] x 9 ! alleg$ ord] ( "t4 ,t su* is n ! te/imony ( ! rocks1 ev5 :5 arrang$ ) ?is idea 9 view1 is too notori\s to ne$ any words ( m9e1 = x has be5 consid]$ by _m#da ! greate/ ( all objections to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,?is abruptness 9 ! disappe>ance ( old & ! fir/ appe>ance ( new =ms1 has br\ght into be+ t geological scape-goat1 z ,james ,geikie has call$ ! doctr9e ( ! imp]fection ( ! record4 ,b ,dawson has well dispos$ ( ?is argum5t 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,:5 we f9d abundance ( examples ( ! "y & old ( _m fossil species1 & c trace !m ?r\gh _! ord9>y embryonic developm5t1 :y %\ld we n f9d examples ( ! l9ks :i* b\nd ! species toge!r8#db ,b x is equally evid5t t ea* successive s]ies ought to conta91 9 addition to its own *>act]i/ic or new species1 all ! old] =ms :i* surviv$ into any lat] deposits1 or are n[ to be f\nd liv+ 9 our mod]n _w4 ,su* no d\bt 0 ! idea ( ^? ( ! e>ly geological explor]s :o disc>d$ ,w]n]'s onion-coat !ory1 & !y tri$ to arrange _! s]ies accord+ly4 ,?is reasonable dem& is /ill recogniz$ z good2 & ! pr9ciple is allud$ to by ,dana :5 he attempts to %[ h[ /rata might be discov]$ & prov$ to be old] ?an ! pres5t ,l[] ,cambrian rocks4#dc ,x is1 ,i say1 /ill recogniz$ 9 !ory t ! y\ng] deposits ought to conta9 samples ( ! old] types :i* 7 /ill surviv+1 9 addition to _! own *>act]i/ic species2 b ) ! progress ( geological discov]y x has long s9ce be5 f\nd t su* an arrangem5t 0 utt]ly impossible4 ,inde$1 x w\ld almo/ seem z if mod]n writ]s _h =gott5 ! pr9ciple altoge!r4 ,=1 z already said1 accord+ to ! pres5t *ronological arrangem5t1 _m k9ds ( inv]tebrates1 bo? t]re/rial & m>9e1 occurr+ 9 comp>ative abundance 9 our mod]n _w1 are f\nd z fossils only 9 ! v olde/ rocks & are :olly abs5t f all ! re/666 ,o!rs :i* date f ,mesozoic times are :olly abs5t f ! ,t]ti>ies1 ?\gh abundant 9 our mod]n _w4 ,?is ,i reg>d z ano!r crucial te/ ( ! rationality ( ?is idea ( a life succession4 ,( c\rse !re are c]ta9 limitations :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,if we f9d a s]ies ( b$s made up l>gely ( deep sea deposits1 we _c reasonably expect to f9d 9 !m examples ( all ! l& =ms ( ! prec$+ ages :i* !n surviv$1 nor ev5 ( ! %all[ wat] types4 ,nor1 conv]sely1 c we dem& t1 9 b$s cr[d$ ) ! rema9s ( ! great mammals & plants1 & ?us probably ( fre% or %all[ wat] =mation1 we ought to f9d examples ( all ! m>9e types /ill surviv+4 ,we n[ "k t ea* level ( ocean dep? has its *>act]i/ic types ( life1 j z d ! diff]5t heights on a m\nta9 side4 ,?is doctr9e ( rock facies 01 ,i believe1 enunciat$ fir/ 9 #ahch4 ,edw>d ,=bes also did mu* = ?is same idea1 %[+ h[ at ! pres5t "t c]ta9 faunas are conf9$ to def9ite geographical limits1 & p>ticul> ocean dep?s4 ,jules ,m>c\ ab\t #ahdh appli$ ?is pr9ciple to ! fossils & %[$ h[ su* di/9ctions mu/ h prevail$ dur+ geological "t4 ,"h x seems t we are at la/ gett+ a refre%+ brea? ( true sci5ce2 b if c>ri$ out 9 its entirety h[ %all we assure ourselves t 9 ! long ago v div]se types ( fossils1 e4g41 gratolites & nummulites1 or ev5 trilobites & mammals1 c\ld n h be5 contempor>y ) ea* o!r8 ,?is pr9ciple ( rock facies1 if incorporat$ into ! sci5ce 9 its e>ly days1 w\ld h sav$ ! _w f a l>ge %>e ( ! nons5se 9 our mod]n geological & zoological text-books4 ,b 9 answ] to any plead+s ab\t ! imp]fection ( ! record1 or any prote/s ab\t ! inju/ice ( judg+ all ! life-=ms ( an age by a few examples ( local "*1 i4e41 ( fre%1 %all[1 or deep wat] z ! case may be1 ! v obvi\s retort is1 ,:y !n are su* local & fragm5t>y records giv5 a "t value8 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld ! ,c>bonif]\s & associat$ =mations be c\nt$ z repres5t+ all ! deposits made 9 a c]ta9 age ( ! _w1 :5 we "k f ! ,cambrian & ,silurian & also f ! alleg$ subsequ5t ,jurassic t !re mu/ h be5 va/ op5 sea deposits =m$ contemporane\sly8 ,z ,dana expresses x3 ,! ,lias & ,oolyte ( ,brita9 & ,europe af=d$ ! fir/ full display ( ! m>9e fauna ( ! _w s9ce ! era ( ! ,subc>bonif]\s4 ,v p>tial exhibits 7 made by ! few m>9e b$s ( ! ,coal measures3 /ill less by ! b$s ( ! ,p]mian1 & f> less by ! ,triassic4 ,! seas _h n be5 depopulat$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ov] #d1jjj inv]tebrate species 9 ,brita9 9 ! s+le ,jurassic p]iod is evid5ce1 n ( defici5t life = ! eras prec$+1 b ( extremely defici5t records4#dd ,surely ^! words exhibit ! phylog5ic s]ies 9 all its native1 unsci5tific de=mity4 ,x is because ! ,coal-measures1 ! ,p]mian1 & ! ,triassic1 are necess>ily extremely defici5t records ( ! total life-=ms !n 9 ! _w1 t ,i am writ+ ?is *apt]1 & ?is book4 ,b x seems l p]v]s5ess to plead ab\t ! imp]fection ( ! record1 & yet refuse ! evid5tly complem5t>y deposits :5 !y are pres5t$4 ,if1 z ?is illu/ri\s au?or says1 ,! seas _h n be5 depopulat$1 :at w\ld he h u ?9k !y 7 do+8 ,7 !y =m+ no deposits all ^! int]v5+ ages t ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,p]mian1 & ,triassic 7 be+ pil$ up8 ,7 ! fi%es & inv]tebrates all immortaliz$ = ^! ages1 or 7 !y1 :5 old & full ( days translat$ to "s sup]mundane sph]e1 ?us escap+ deposit 9 ! rocks8 ,did ! elem5ts cont9ue 9 ! /atus quo all ^! unc\nt$ millions ( ye>s8 & if s1 h[ did !y receive notice t ! ,triassic p]iod 0 at la/ end$1 & t x 0 "t = !m to beg9 "w aga98 ,i d n l to appe> trivial2 b ^! que/ions s]ve to expose ! folly ( tak+ div]se1 local1 & p>tial deposits1 & atta*+ a *ronological value to ea* ( !m sep>ately1 & !n plead+ 9 a pite\s1 helpless way ab\t ! imp]fection ( ! record4 ,& yet ,i _c promise to pres5t a ti! ( ! possible evid5ce1 because ( two s]i\s h&icaps4 ,fir/1 ! ord9>y lit]ature ( ! sci5ce is sil5t & meagre en\gh 9 all consci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! b>e fact may be record$ t a g5us ( ! ,cambrian or ,silurian is closely alli$ to "s g5us n[ liv+4 ,x may be ev5 admitt$ t accord+ to "s x is n g5etically di/9ct f ! mod]n g5us s-&-s2 b ! au?ors nev] desc5d bel[ ! g5us1 & 9 mo/ cases =get to tell u :e!r or n x occurs 9 o!r lat] =mations1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! presumption is t x does n1 b has skipp$ all ! int]v5+ ages1 or x w\ld h>dly be nam$ z a *>act]i/ic type ( ! =mation 9 :i* x occurs4 ,b ?is disadvantage1 s]i\s ?\gh x be1 is sc>cely wor? speak+ ( :5 we rememb] ! significant words ( a well-kn[n au?ority already quot$3 ,"s geologi/s make x a po9t to give a new "n to all =ms f\nd 9 ! ,palaeozoic rocks1 i4e4 a "n diff]5t f ^? ( mod]n species4 ,or ,zittel's confession t3 ,! t]m9ology :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 ! innum]able monographs ( special fossil faunas 9 ! majority ( cases makes only ! sl5d]e/ pretext ( any connection ) rec5t sy/ematic zoology2 if !re is a difficulty1 !n /ratigraphical argum5ts are made ! basis ( a solution4 ,zoological /ud5ts are z a rule too actively engag$ & ke5ly int]e/$ 9 build+ up new obs]vations to attempt to spell ?r\gh ! arbitr>y palaeontological conclusions arriv$ at by _m /ratigraph]s1 or to revise _! labors f a zoological po9t ( view4 ,h5ce ,i h no reluctance 9 say+ t1 9 ! pres5t confus$ /ate ( ! sci5ce1 x is utt]ly impossible to f9d out ! tru? z to h[ _m hundr$s ( ^! g5]a ( ! ,paleozoic rocks may h surviv$ to ! pres5t1 ?\gh hav+ skipp$ p]haps all ! =mations ( ! int]v5+ millions ( ye>s4 ,i d\bt n t ! numb] is enorm\sly l>ge1 ?\gh z ,i h n attempt$ to spell ?r\gh ! arbitr>y palaeontological conclusions scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lit]ature1 ,i c only dep5d on a few ?\gh /rik+ examples t lie on ! op5 pages ( ! ord9>y text-books4 ,! l>g] mammals c ( c\rse furni% u no examples1 = ! age 9 :i* !y ab\nd$ is q conv5i5tly mod]n1 & is sep>at$ f ! pres5t by no great lapse ( "t4 ,( ! small] m>supials1 q a numb] ( jaw-bones h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic & ,triassic1 "o f ! latt] be+ /rik+ly l ! liv+ ,myrmecobius ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y are sc>cely m num]\s 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,am]ica1 :ile 9 ! =eign rocks ( ?is sy/em ,dana says t ,only "o species _h be5 report$ up to #ahid4 ,^? /range1 sad-ey$ creatures call$ ,lemurs des]ve a pass+ notice1 = ?\gh n[ conf9$ z to _! typical =ms to ! isl& ( ,madagasc>1 _! fossils seem z exclusively conf9$ to ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w4 ,fl[] & ,lydekk] enum]ate ab\t fifte5 fossil species1 & add t3 444 x is v notewor?y t all ^! types seem to h disappe>$ f bo? regions ) ! close ( ! upp] portion ( ! ,eoc5e p]iod4#de ,b ?is jump f ! ,eoc5e p]iod to ! pres5t is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! secul> acrobatics ( "s ( ! fi%es & especially ( ! inv]tebrates4 ,! liv+ ,ce/raciont %>ks1 ( :i* !re are f\r species f\nd 9 ! seas betwe5 ,japan & ,au/ralia1 seem to disappe> ) ! ,cretace\s1 skipp+ ! :ole ,t]ti>y ,epo*1 z d also a tribe ( mod]n b>nacles :i*1 z ,d>w9 says1 coat ! rocks all ov] ! _w 9 inf9ite numb]s4 ,! ,dipnoans or ,lung-fi%es 7hav+ lungs z well z gills1 su* z ! ,c]atodus & ,lepidosir571 :i* are repres5t$ by sev]al liv+ species 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa1 are ! rema9s ( a tribe f\nd 9 :ole %oals 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,triassic & ,jurassic rocks1 b n1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 any ( ! int]v5+ rocks4 ,! liv+ ,c]atodus 0 only discov]$ 9 #ahgj1 & 0 reg>d$ z a m>vel ( p]si/5ce4 ,on a p9*1 z :5 8 native /reams dry up1 ?is curi\s fell[ c get along all "r )\t wat]1 brea?+ air by 8 lungs l a l& animal4 ,if 9 ! meantime he 0 (f on a trip to ! moon1 he mu/ h p]si/$ a few million ye>s )\t ei!r4 ,b 8 c\s91 ! ,polypt]us ( ! ,upp] ,nile1 has a /ill m amaz+ record1 = he has actually skipp$ all ! =mations f ! ,devonian d[n to ! mod]n2 :ile ! ,limuloids or sea scorpions h jump$ f ! ,c>bonif]\s d[n4 ,! ,mollusks & ,bra*iopods w\ld af=d u examples too num]\s to m5tion4 ,h[ is x possible t ^! num]\s families disappe> sudd5ly & completely ) ! ,mesozoic or ev5 ! e>ly ,palaeozoic1 & are n f\nd 9 any lat] deposits1 ?\gh alive n[ 9 our mod]n _w8 ,p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica h1 we are told1 be5 d[n "u ! sea & up aga9 a doz5 times s9ce !n2 :y !n %\ld we n expect to f9d abundant rema9s ( ^! p]si/5t types 9 ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>ies8 ,surely ^! feats ( "t-acrobatics %[ ! folly ( arrang+ contemporane\s1 taxonomic gr\ps 9 s+le file & giv+ to ea* a "t value4 ,! ,*alk po9ts a simil> lesson4 ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition t ! mod]n deposits ( ,globig]9a ooze1 made up ( species id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,*alk1 7 kn[n to be n[ =m+ ov] va/ areas ( ! ocean floor4 ,9 ! words ( ,huxley1 ^! mod]n species bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 ! pres5t & ! ,mesozoic p]iods4#df ,z = ! silici\s sponges f\nd 9 ! ,*alk1 :i* 7 su* puzzles = ! sci5ti/s dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because _! liv+ =ms 7 unkn[n1 ! deep-sea inve/igations h solv$ ! problem1 = 9 #ahgg ,sollas demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( _! /ructure ) t ( liv+ ,hexact9ellids1 ,li?i/ids1 & ,monact9ellids4#dg ,& yet ) all ! alleg$ vicissitudes ( ! cont95ts dur+ ! millions ( ye>s s9ce ! ,cretace\s age1 !re is s f> z ,i am aw>e n a trace ( ei!r ! *alk or ! sponges 9 any ( ! subsequ5t rocks4 ,pieces ( ,cretace\s rock are ( c\rse f\nd ?us sporadically z b\ld]s1 b !re is no natural deposit ( ?is k9d4 ,b 9 ! light ( ^! mod]n discov]ies :y is n ! ,*alk ( ! :ite de> cliffs ( ,dov]1 full ( mod]n liv+ species z we n[ "k x to be1 j z rec5t a deposit z ! late ,t]ti>ies or ! ,plei/oc5e8 ,ano!r good illu/ration ( ! absurdity ( ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! rocks is f\nd 9 ! ,e*9od]ms--cr9oids1 />-fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 etc4 ,( ! latt] ,pr(4 ,a4 ,agassiz f\nd 9 ! deep wat]s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 f\r g5]a ( ,e*9ids or sea-ur*9s ( ! lat] ,t]ti>y1 b #bd g5]a ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y1 #aj ( ! ,cretace\s1 & #e ( ! ,jurassic4#dh ,b f> f be+ uncommon we "k t simil> discov]ies h be5 9 almo/ con/ant progress dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,& 7 x n t zoological /ud5ts are1 z ,zittel says1 too actively engag$ & ke5ly int]e/$ 9 build+ up new obs]vations to attempt to spell ?r\gh ! arbitr>y palaeontological conclusions f\nd 9 ! dead weight ( /ratigraphical-palaeontological lit]ature1 !re is no tell+ :at ho/s ( simil> facts might n be po9t$ to reg>d+ ! =ms f\nd 9 all ! old] rocks4 ,( ! />-fi%es & s]p5t-/>s 7,a/]idea & ,ophiuridea71 ,zittel says3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,palaeozoic 'sea-/>s' diff]$ v little f ^? 9 ! seas ( ! pres5t age4 7p4 #cie47 ,! cr9oids1 we are told1 are among ! e>lie/ 9 geological hi/ory1 mak+ up va/ lime/ones ( ! ,palaeozoic rocks2 & =ms sc>cely sep>able f ! mod]n are f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic1 b s f> z ! text-books tell u are absolutely unkn[n 9 any lat] deposits4 ,b !re are sev]al mod]n g5]a1 su* z ,p5tacr9us1 ,rhizocr9us1 ,ba?ycr9us1 etc41 f\nd 9 ! deep wat]s ( ne>ly all ! oceans4 ,! g5us ,rhizocr9us 0 discov]$ (f ! coa/ ( ,norway ab\t ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,b :at 7 ^! creatures do+ s9ce ,jurassic times1 :ile ! pulsat+ cru/ 0 putt+ p>ts ( ! cont95ts "u ! sea = ages at a /ret*8 ,:y did !y =m no deposits dur+ ! ,cretace\s1 ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e ages8 ,surely ! absurdity ( ! pres5t arrangem5t is evid5t to a *ild4 ,dur+ all ^! int]v5+ ages ! climate ( ! globe cont9u$ ( ! same rem>kable mildness1 fossils ( all ^! =mations be+ f\nd ab\t z f> nor? z explor]s h ev] gone4 ,:y did ! cr9oids & polyp-corals susp5d bus9ess f ,jurassic times to ! rec5t1 m]ely to accommodate a mod]n !ory8 ,dana says t ,! coral reefs ( ! ,oolyte 9 ,engl& consi/ ( corals ( ! same gr\p ) ! reef-mak+ species ( ! exi/+ tropics1#di & he argues f ?is fact t ! mean temp]ature ( ! wat]s mu/ h be5 ab\t #fi deg4 ,f4 ,b a luxuriant vegetation /ill cont9u$ 9 ! ,arctic regions dur+ ! ,cretace\s & ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,h[ absurd to say t ^! corals built no reefs ab\t ! ,european coa/s dur+ all ^! ages4 ,or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 consid]+ h[ _m ( _! *>act]i/ic types are alive 9 our mod]n seas1 :y %\ld we say t ! cr9oidal or coral lime/ones ( ! ,mesozoic or ,palaeozoic rocks are n z rec5t z ! nummulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e or any late ,t]ti>y deposits8 ,x is no answ] at all to tell u t1 ?\gh ! g5]al types are ! same1 ! species ( ! ,palaeozoic & ! ,mesozoic are entirely ext9ct4 ,i h n _h ! c\rage to attempt to spell ?r\gh all ! dead weight ( ! mod]n lit]ature1 b ,i ?9k t ! _w w\ld l m satisfactory pro( ( ?is (t-repeat$ ass]tion ?an ! cu/oms & traditions ( a hundr$ ye>s1 & ! exig5cies ( a fanciful !ory4 ,?is worn-out argum5t ( ,cuvi]'s ab\t ext9ct species has kept up a runn+ fight ) common s5se = _m decades1 & ?\gh driv5 backw>d f "o po9t to ano!r ov] ! long ?9 l9e ( ?is taxonomic s]ies ( ! fossil _w1 x /ill conte/s e in* ( gr\nd4 ,b let u try ! tree-f]ns & cycads ( ! coal b$s ( ! old] rocks4 ,9 nor!rn regions !y are n f\nd lat] ?an ! ,triassic & ,jurassic1 & d\btless ! same holds good ( ! rocks 9 ! ,tropics1 :]e ! mod]n species n[ live 9 fair abundance4 ,b h[ did !y come to %ift to ! ,tropics s _m millions ( ye>s be=e ! palms1 etc41 ( ! ,t]ti>ies ?\ght x "t to d ! same8 ,! climate _h n *ang$ a bit3 h[ did !y come to sc5t ! com+ ,glacial ,age s mu* e>li] ?an _! m highly organiz$ fell[s8 ,! ,*all5g] exp$ition f\nd "s ,cya?ophylloid corals n[ build+ reefs at ! bottom ( our mod]n ocean4 ,! geologi/s _h already assign$ ! la/ ( !m to ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks ) ! idea t !y 7 ext9ct4 ,b :]e h ^! fell[s kept !mselves dur+ all ! int]v5+ ages :ile ! cont95ts 7 deep "u ! ocean "t & "t aga98 or :y are n ! rocks conta9+ _! fossils z rec5t z any deposits on ! globe8 ,& s ,i might g on4 ,!re is h>dly a tribe f\nd 9 ! old] rocks :i* does n h its liv+ repres5tatives ( to-day1 & )1 ,i believe1 a fair proportion ( ! species id5tical2 ?\gh 9 hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( cases ^! species1 g5]a1 or ev5 :ole tribes1 h someh[ skipp$ all ! int]v5+ =mations4 ,b let u drop ?is me?od ( /udy+ our subject1 & look at x f a slightly diff]5t /&po9t4 ,?us ,dana#ej says t3 ,! abs5ce ( ,lamellibran*s 9 ! ,middle ,cambrian1 al?\gh pres5t 9 bo? ,l[] & ,upp]1 means ! abs5ce ( fossils f ! rocks1 n ( species f ! faunas4 ,he puts ?is 9 italics by way ( emphasis1 = x is c]ta9ly a reasonable idea1 & z ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace says1 no "o n[ d\bts t :]e any type appe>s 9 two remote p]iods x mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! :ole int]v5+ p]iod1 al?\gh we may h no record ( x4#ea ,b :at w\ld be ! result if we only ext5d ?is idea to its logical conclusion8 ,x seems to be an ef=t to avoid "o ( ! absurdities ( ! onion-coat !ory1 )\t1 h[ev]1 disc>d+ t !ory altoge!r4 ,9 speak+ ( "s corals & cr9oids ( ! ,devonian :i* 7 abs5t f "s ( ! divisions ( ?is =mation because ! conditions ( ! seas ab\t ,new ,york 7 unfavorable1 ,dana says t !y 7 back :5 ! seas 7 aga9 ( suffici5t purity4#eb ,9 8 review ( ^! =mations he enl>ges on ?is subject3 ,at ! close ( ! e>ly ,devonian ! evid5ces ( cle> seas--! corals & cr9oids1 ) mo/ ( ! att5dant life--disappe>1 migrat+ no "o kn[s :i!r4444 ,) ! v>iations 9 ! f95ess1 or o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! b$s z ,h4 ,s4 ,williams has illu/rat$1 ! species v>y4444 ,! faunas ( ea* /ratum are n /rictly faunas ( epo*s or p]iods ( "t1 b local topographical faunas4 ,aft] ! ,cornif]\s p]iod1 corals1 cr9oids1 & trilobites /ill fl\ri%$ some:]e1 z be=e1 b !y are abs5t f ! ,c5tral ,int]ior until ! ,c>bonif]\s age#ec op5s4 ,"h we are c]ta9ly gett+ a refre%+ brea? ( common-s5se geology2 b :at w\ld become ( curr5t !ories if we enl>ge a little on ?is idea8 ,:at if ! gigantic d9osaurs ( ! ,cretace\s or ! equally m>vell\s mammals ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>ies ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 describ$ by ,m>% & ,cope1 & ! ,plei/oc5e mammals ( o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica & ( ,europe & ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 are n /rictly faunas ( epo*s or p]iods ( "t1 b local topographical faunas8 ,:at if ! _w-wide lime/ones ( ! ,cambrian & ,silurian1 & ! no less enorm\s or widespread nummulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e1 ext5d+ f ! ,alps to ,ea/]n ,asia1 & con/itut+ m\nta9s t51 fifte51 or tw5ty ?\s& feet high--:at if ^! are possibly contemporane\s ) "o ano!r8 ,suppos+ ! coal-measures ( ,nova ,scotia & ,p5nsylvania1 & ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y lignites ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 ,alb]ta1 & ! ,we/]n ,/ates are n /rictly floras ( epo*s or p]iods ( "t1 b local topographical floras8#ed ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! logical ext5sion ( ?is broad view ( ! fossils1 & ! projection ( our mod]n zoological prov9ces & zones back into ! fossil _w w\ld mean ! dea?-bl[ to ! life succession !ory1 & might h a v di/urb+ effect ^u c]ta9 !ories ab\t human orig9s & o!r g5etic relation%ips :i* h gr[n q popul> s9ce ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,hi/ory1 pp4 #cbg1 #cda4 #da ,see ,le,conte1 ,evol4 & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #bec4 #db ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evol41 p4 #ce4 #dc ,see ,manual1 pp4 #dhg-h4 #dd ,manual1 p4 #ggf4 #de ,mammals1 etc4 p4 #fif4 #df ,disc\rses ,biol4 & ,geol41 p4 #cdg4 #dg ,zittel1 ,hi/4 ( ,geo41 p4 #chh4 #df ,dana1 ,manual1 p4 #ei4 #di ,manual1 p4 #gic4 #ej ,manual1 p4 #dhh4 #ea ,di/ribution ( ,life1 p4 #cc4 #eb ,manual1 p4 #faa4 #ec ,manual1 pp4 #fbh-i4 #ed ,note--,?is is only c>ry+ ! argum5t a little fur!r ?an ,huxley does :5 he says t ,a ,devonian fauna & flora 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s may h be5 contemporane\s ) ,silurian life 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ) a ,c>bonif]\s fauna & flora 9 ,africa4 ,geographical prov9ces & zones may h be5 z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo* z at pres5t4 ,disc\rses1 p4 #bhf4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,gravey>ds ,! cru/ ( our globe1 writes a di/+ui%$ sci5ti/1 is a great cemet]y1 :]e ! rocks are tomb/ones on :i* ! buri$ dead h writt5 _! own epitaphs4 ,! read+ ( ^! epitaphs is ! bus9ess ( geology2 & too (t51 z we %all see1 ! record is t ( a viol5t & sudd5 dea?4 ,) ! doctr9e ( ,uni=mity z a !oretical proposition1 ,i %all h little to say4 ,at be/ x is a pure assumption t ! pres5t quiet & regul> action ( ! elem5ts has always prevail$ 9 ! pa/1 or t ?is supposition is suffici5t to expla9 ! facts ( ! rocks4 ,9 its m extreme =m x becomes an iron dogma1 :i* %uts out all evid5ce n agreeable to its tea*+s4 ,b 9 its ess5tial nature1 :e!r 9 its lea/ or its mo/ extreme =m1 x is n approa*+ ! subject f ! "r /&po9t4 ,x seeks to %[ h[ ! pa/ geological *anges may h occurr$2 x nev] attempts to prove h[ !y mu/ h occurr$4 ,& ,i may say 9 pass+1 t x is l>gely = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! cumulative "* ( ! evid5ce ga!r$ f e /one qu>ry & f e section ( /rata 9 e corn] ( ! globe1 t ! uni=mit>ians h wi%$ to h ^! burials take place on ! in/allm5t plan2 = o!rwise ! viol5t & cata/rophic "* ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! rocks w\ld become too pla9ly manife/4 ,b if a coron]1 call$ ^u to hold an inque/1 7 to cont5t himself1 aft] ! mann] ( ,lyell & ,hutton1 ) glitt]+ g5]alities ab\t h[ p are all ! "t dy+ ( old age1 fev]1 or o!r causes1 c\pl$ ) assurances ( ! quiet1 regul> habits & good reputation ( all 8 fell[ citiz5s1 ,i d n ?9k t he w\ld be prais$ = 8 adh]5ce to inductive me?ods if we c\ld get at cle> & decisive evid5ce t ! poor fell[ "u exam9ation _h be5 %ot4 ,j s ) common-s5se me?ods 9 geology4 ,a true induction is capable ( f9d+ out = c]ta9 :e!r or n ! pres5t quiet regul> action ( ! elem5ts has always prevail$ 9 ! pa/2 & x is mo/ unsci5tific to assume1 z ! foll[]s ( ,hutton & ,lyell h done1 t ! comp>atively insignificant *anges )9 hi/oric "t h always prevail$ 9 ! pa/1 :5 !re is pl5ty ( cle> & decisive evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,! g5]al fact :i* ,i wi% to develop 9 ?is *apt] may be /at$ some:at z foll[s3 ,rocks belong+ to all ! v>i\s sy/ems or =mations give u fossils 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation1 & heap$ toge!r 9 su* a/oni%+ numb]s1 t we _c resi/ ! conviction t ! majority ( ^! deposits 7 =m$ 9 "s sudd5 & n mod]n mann]1 cata/rophic 9 nature4 ,b be=e giv+ any examples ( ^! abnormal deposits we mu/ fir/ /udy ! mod]n normal deposits2 be=e we c rightly und]/& ! %>p contra/ betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n action ( ! elem5ts1 we mu/ become famili> ) ! way 9 :i* fossils are n[ be+ buri$ by our riv]s & oceans4 ,"o ( ! _m geological my?s dissipat$ by ! "w ( ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 :i*1 z ,zittel says1 m>ks ! gr&e/ sci5tific ev5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is t ab\t ! ocean bottom & ! "w n[ be+ c>ri$ on !re4 ,! old] text-books taught t1 n only 0 ! bottom ( ! ocean ?ickly /rewn ) ! rema9s ( ! animals :i* di$ !re & 9 ! wat]s above1 b also t ! oceanic curr5ts 7 con/antly we>+ away 9 "s places & build+ up 9 o!rs ov] all ! ocean floor1 & h5ce produc+ true /ratifi$ deposits4 ,accord+ly x 0 said t x 0 only necess>y = ^! b$s to be lift$ above ! surface to produce ! ord9>y rocks t we f9d ev]y:]e ab\t u4 ,b we n[ "k t ! ocean curr5ts h1 z ,dana says1 no s5sible1 me*anical effects1 ei!r 9 ! way ( transportation or abrasion4#ee ,we "k also t all k9ds ( s$im5t drop s mu* quick] 9 salt wat] ?an 9 fre%1 t none ( x gets beyond ! n>r[ cont95tal %elf & ! classic #ajj fa?om l9e1 :i* 9 mo/ cases is n v f> f %ore4 ,9 ! nor? ,atlantic !re are s$im5ts f\nd 9 deep] wat] produc$ by ice-floes or iceb]gs dropp+ _! loads !re2 b we _c suppose su* "w to h gone on :5 ! ,arctic regions 7 clo!d ) a temp]ate-climate vegetation1 mu* less t su* ?+s occurr$ ov] all ! e>?4 ,on ! floor ( ! op5 ocean1 & away f ! tracks ( our mod]n iceb]gs1 we h two or ?ree k9ds ( mud or ooze =m$ f m9ute p>ticles ( organic matt]2 b besides ^! absolutely no?+ save a possible spr9kl+ ( volcanic products1 :i* ( c\rse are limit$ 9 _! di/ribution4 ,:]e !n c we f9d a /ratifi$ or b$d$ /ructure n[ be+ =m$ ov] ! ocean bottom8 ,dana says !re is no?+ ( ! k9d n[ be+ produc$ !re1 save z ! result ( possible v>iations dur+ ! pass+ ages 9 ! organic deposits ?r[n d[n1 :]e a b$ ( ooze may be suppos$ to be ?r[n d[n directly ^u ano!r k9d ( ooze4 ,!re is no gravel1 no s&1 no clay1 b :atev] v>iation !re might be 9 ! organic deposits1 ! new k9d w\ld be laid d[n imm$iately ^u ! prec$+ simil> deposits1 unless a ?9 spr9kl+ ( volcanic du/ happ5$ to int]v5e4 ,?us to expla9 practically all ! deposits f\nd 9 ! rocks1 we are absolutely limit$ to ! %ore deposits & ! m\?s ( l>ge riv]s4 ,"h we c]ta9ly h alt]nations ( s&1 clay & gravel1 produc+ a true b$d$ /ructure4 ,b ,i ask3 ,:at k9d ( organic rema9s w we get f ^! mod]n deposits8 ,c]ta9ly no?+ l ! cr[d$ gravey>ds :i* we f9d ev]y:]e 9 ! anci5t ones4 ,d>w91 9 8 fam\s *apt] on ,! ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record1 has well %[n h[ scanty & imp]fect are ! mod]n fossilif]\s deposits4 ,! progress ( rese>* has only confirm$ & acc5tuat$ ! argum5t !re pres5t$ on ?is po9t4 ,?us ,nord5skiold1 ! vet]an ,arctic explor]1 rem>ks ) amazem5t on ! sc>city ( rec5t organic rema9s 9 ! ,arctic regions1 :]e su* a pr(usion ( animal life exi/s2 :ile 9 spite ( ! great numb]s ( cats1 dogs & o!r dome/ic animals :i* are con/antly be+ ?r[n into riv]s l ! ,hudson or ! ,?ames1 dr$g+s ab\t _! m\?s h reveal$ ! surpris+ fact t sc>cely a trace ( any ( !m is !re to be f\nd4#ef ,ev5 ! fi%es !mselves /& a v poor *ance ( be+ buri$ intact4 ,z ,dana#eg puts x3 ,v]tebrate animals1 z fi%es1 reptiles1 etc41 :i* fall to pieces :5 ! animal portion is remov$1 require spe$y burial aft] dea?1 to escape de/ruction f ?is s\rce 7decomposition & *emical solution f air1 ra9-wat]1 etc471 z well z f animals t w\ld prey ^u !m4 ,if a v]tebrate fi% %\ld die a natural dea?1 :i* ( itself mu/ be a r>e occurr5ce1 ! c>cass w\ld soon be dev\r$ :ole or bit by bit by o!r creatures ne> by4 ,possibly ! l[] jaw1 or ! tee?1 sp9es1 etc41 9 ! case ( %>ks1 or a bone or two ( ! skeleton1 might be buri$ unbrok51 b a :ole v]tebrate fi% entomb$ 9 a mod]n deposit is surely a unique occurr5ce4 ,b e geologi/ kn[s t ! rema9s ( fi%es are1 9 c\ntless millions ( cases1 f\nd 9 a m>vel\s /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y h be5 entomb$ 9 :ole %oals1 ) ! b$s conta9+ !m miles 9 ext5t1 & scatt]$ ov] all ! globe4 ,inde$1 s accu/om$ h we gr[n to ?is /ate ( affairs 9 ! rocks we hamm] up1 t if we fail to f9d su* well-pres]v$ rema9s ( v]tebrate fi%es1 l& animals1 or plants1 we feel disappo9t$1 almo/ hurt2 we ?9k t nature has someh[ slight$ ?is p>ticul> set ( b$s4 ,b :]e 9 our mod]n quiet e>? w we g to f9d deposits n[ =m+ l ! copp] slate ( ! ,mansfield di/rict1 ! ,jurassic %ales ( ,sol5h(51 ! calc>e\s m>ls ( ,o5+5 on ,lake ,con/ance1 ! black slates ( ,gl>us1 or ! %ales ( ,monte ,bolca8--to m5tion "s cases f ! ,cont95t ( ,europe m ?an usually fam\s 9 ! lit]ature = exquisitely pres]v$ v]tebrate fi%es1 to say no?+ ( o!r fossils4 ,accord+ to ,dana1 all ^! mu/ h met ) a spe$y burial aft] dea?--p]haps be=e1 :o kn[s8 ,buckl&#eh 9 speak+ ( ! fossil fi% ( ,monte ,bolca1 :i* may be tak5 z typical ( all ! o!rs1 is q positive t ^! fi% mu/ h p]i%$ sudd5ly1 by "s trem5d\s cata/rophe4 ,! skeletons ( ^! fi%1 he says1 lie p>allel to ! lam9ae ( ! /rata ( ! calc>e\s slate2 !y are always entire1 & s closely pack$ on "o ano!r t _m individuals are (t5 conta9$ 9 a s+le block4444 ,all ^! fi% mu/ h di$ sudd5ly on ?is fatal spot1 & h be5 spe$ily buri$ 9 ! calc>e\s s$im5t !n 9 c\rse ( deposition4 ,f ! fact t c]ta9 individuals h ev5 pres]v$ traces ( color ^u _! sk91 we are c]ta9 t !y 7 entomb$ be=e decomposition ( _! s(t p>ts _h tak5 place4 ,9 _m places 9 ,am]ica z well z ,europe1 :]e ^! rema9s ( fi% are f\nd1 ! %aley rock is s full ( fi% oil t x w burn almo/ l coal1 :ile "s h ev5 ?\ght t ! peculi> deposits l ,alb]tite coal & "s cannel coals 7 =m$ f ! di/illation ( ! fi% oil f ! sup]saturat$ rocks4 ,de ,la ,be*e#ei 0 also ( ! op9ion t mo/ ( ! fossils 7 buri$ sudd5ly & 9 an abnormal mann]4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( !m1 he says1 mu/ h be5 entomb$ un9jur$1 & _m alive1 or1 if n alive1 at lea/ be=e decomposition ensu$4 ,9 ?is he is speak+ n ( ! fi%es alone b ( ! fossilif]\s deposits 9 g5]al4 ,!re is a s]ies ( /rata f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w :i* us$ to be call$ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 n[ kn[n z ! ,devonian4 ,9 ?is1 almo/ :]ev] we f9d x1 ! rema9s ( :ole %oals ( fi%es occur 9 su* pr(usion & pres]vation t ! p]iod is (t5 kn[n z ! ,age ( ,fi%es4 ,dr4 ,david ,page1 aft] enum]at+ ne>ly a doz5 g5]a1 says3 ,^! fi%es seem to h ?rong$ ! wat]s ( ! p]iod1 & _! rema9s are (t5 f\nd 9 masses1 z if !y _h be5 sudd5ly entomb$ 9 liv+ %oals by ! s$im5t :i* n[ conta9s !m4 ,i beg leave to quote some:at at l5g? ! picturesque language ( ,hugh ,mill]#fj reg>d+ ^! rocks z f\nd 9 ,scotl&4 ,! riv] bull-head1 :5 attack$ by an enemy1 or imm$iately z x feels ! hook 9 its jaws1 erects its two sp9es at ne>ly "r angles ) ! plates ( ! head1 z if to r5d] itself z difficult ( be+ swall[$ z possible4 ,! attitude is "o ( dang] & al>m2 & x is a curi\s fact1 to :i* ,i %all aft]w>d h occasion to adv]t1 t 9 ?is attitude n9e-t5?s ( ! ,pt]i*!s ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are to be f\nd4444 ,x pres5ts u1 too1 ) a wond]ful record ( viol5t dea? fall+ at once1 n on a few individuals1 b on :ole tribes4 ,at ?is p]iod ( our hi/ory1 "s t]rible cata/rophe involv$ 9 sudd5 de/ruction ! fi% ( an area at lea/ a hundr$ miles f b\nd>y to b\nd>y1 p]haps mu* m4 ,! same plat=m 9 ,orkney z at ,crom>ty is /rew$ ?ick ) rema9s1 :i* exhibit unequivocally ! m>ks ( viol5t dea?4 ,! figures are contort$1 contract$1 curv$1 ! tail 9 _m in/ances is b5t r\nd to ! head2 ! sp9es /ick out2 ! f9s are spread to ! full1 z 9 fi% t die 9 convulsions4444 ,! record is "o ( de/ruction at once widely spread & total1 s f> z x ext5d$4444 ,by :at quiet b pot5t ag5cy ( de/ruction 7 ! innum]able exi/5ces ( an area p]haps t5 ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t annihilat$ at once1 & yet ! m$ium 9 :i* !y _h liv$ left undi/urb$ 9 its op]ations8 ,conjecture lacks foot+ 9 grappl+ ) ! enigma1 & expatiates 9 unc]ta9ty ov] all ! kn[n ph5om5a ( dea?4 ,i %all n taunt ! uni=mit>ians by ask+ !m to direct u to "s mod]n analogies4 ,b ,i w\ld h ! read] rememb] t ^! ,devonian & o!r rocks are absolutely _w-wide 9 ext5t4 ,surely ,h[or? is talk+ good sci5ce :5 he says t 8 ma/]s ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison taught him t no pla9] witness is to be f\nd ( any physical fact ?an t ,nature has at times work$ ) enorm\s en]gy & rapidity1 & t ! rocky /rata teem ) evid5ce ( viol5t & sudd5 dislocations on a great scale4 ,i h spok5 only ( ! class ,fi%es4 ,b :at o!r class ( ! animal k+dom w n po9t u a simil> lesson8 ,! ,reptiles & ,amphibians1 to say no?+ ( ! l>g] ,mammals1 are also f\nd 9 c\ntless myriads1 pack$ toge!r z if 9 natural gravey>ds4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ( ! enorm\s numb]s & spl5did pres]vation ( ! great reptiles ( ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates1 untomb$ by ,leidy1 ,cope & ,m>%4 ,"o pat* ( ,cretace\s /rata 9 ,engl&1 ! ,weald51 has af=d$ ov] ?irty diff]5t species ( d9osaurs1 crocodiles1 & pleisosaurs4 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,h4 ,/]nb]g1 "o ( ,zittel's assi/ants1 rec5tly report$ great quantities ( ,amphibians f ! ,p]mian ( ,texas4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 "s frogs be+ six feet long1 o!rs t54 ,besides ^! he f\nd ?ree bone-b$s full ( m9ute =ms an in* or less 9 l5g?4 ,( ! small ones1 :i* ,i judge mu/ repres5t :ole millions ( "y ones sudd5ly entomb$1 he says3 ,i got ov] tw5ty p]fect skulls1 _m ) v]tebrae atta*$1 & ?\s&s ( small bones f all p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,9 "o case1 a complete skull1 "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 _h connect$ ) x ne>ly ! entire v]tebral column1 ) ribs 9 position1 coil$ ^u itself1 b$d$ ) _m bones ( o!r species 9 a r$ silici\s matrix4 ,s p]fectly 7 !y wea!r$ out t !y lay 9 bas-relief z :ite & p]fect z if !y _h di$ a mon? ago2 a s+le r[ ( tee?1 l ! po9ts ( cambric ne$les1 occupi$ bo? sets ( jaws4#fa ,h[ _m m su* cases !re may h be5 9 ^! ?ree bone-b$s full ( simil> rema9s1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k4 ,b ?\gh some:at aside f ! pres5t subject1 ,i _c refra9 9 pass+ f ref]r+ to ! wond]ful pres]vation ( ^! rema9s4 ,x is prepo/]\s to say t ^! bones h la9 ?us expos$ to ! wea!r = ! millions ( ye>s po/ulat$ by ! popul> !ory4 ,!re is n a p>ticle ( sci5tific evid5ce to prove t !y are n j z rec5t z any specim5 f ! ,t]ti>ies or ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,buffon & ,cuvi] prov$ ! mammals to be ( rec5t age1 because !y occurr$ 9 ! sup]ficial deposits4 ,!y nev] he>d ( ! ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,cretace\s ( ,colorado & ,wyom+1 nor ^! ,p]mian ( ,texas4 ,?9k ( ?is frog's tee? l ! po9ts ( cambric ne$les1 & he & 8 fell[s z p]fect z if !y _h di$ a mon? ago4 ,( "o ( ! big six-foot specim5s ?is au?or says3 ,its head 0 s beautifully pres]v$1 & clean$ "u long erosion1 x 0 difficult to believe x 0 n a rec5t specim54 ,:ile ( ! little six-in* fell[ ref]r$ to above he says3 ,! bones ( ! skull are p]fectly pres]v$1 q smoo?1 & %[ ! sutures di/9ctly2 !re is no di/ortion1 "s r$ matrix atta*$ bel[ seems absolutely necess>y to conv9ce ! m9d t x is n a ?+ ( ye/]day4 ,james ,geikie#fb m5tions ! case ( ! ,elg9 s&/ones =m]ly class$ z ',old ,r$1' b :i* are n[ call$ ,triassic1 f ! fact t !y h yield$ reptilian rema9s ( a high] grade ?an "o w\ld expect to meet ) 9 old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,s9ce ^! /rata slide up & d[n s easily1 we h "h f> m urg5t sci5tific reasons = call+ ^! amphibian rema9s ( ,texas among ! mo/ rec5t geological deposits on ! globe4 ,b ,i mu/ return to my subject4 ,! ,inv]tebrates are also eloqu5t to ! fact ( abnormal conditions hav+ prevail$ :5 _! rema9s 7 entomb$4 ,we c\ld g ?r\gh ! :ole li/1 b x is ! same old /ory ( abnormal deposits1 ess5tially diff]5t f any?+ t is be+ made to-day4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 9 ! mod]n seas1 w we f9d ! rema9s ( polyp-corals n[ be+ int]calat$ betwe5 b$s ( clays or s&s ov] va/ areas1 z we f9d !m 9 ! ,lias & ,oolyte ( ,engl& & else:]e8 ,corals require a def9ite dep? ( wat]1 nei!r too deep nor too %all[1 b x mu/ be cle> & pure2 & no?+ b "s awful cata/rophe c\ld place a b$ ( coral rema9s a few feet or a few in*es 9 ?ickness ov] ! va/ areas t we f9d !m4 ,cr9oids require ! same cle>1 pure wat]1 b mu* deep]1 "s ( ! mod]n k9ds liv+ ov] a mile d[n1 b e /ud5t ( ! sci5ce kn[s t ! ,subc>bonif]\s lime/one ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica 7call$ ,m\nta9 ,lime/one 9 ,engl&71 s not$ = its cr9oids & its corals1 is con/antly f\nd int]calat$ betwe5 %ale or s&/one1 or betwe5 ! coal b$s !mselves z at ,spr+field1 ,ill41 or 9 ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,we/morl& ,c\nty1 ,pa4 ,!re are ( c\rse1 "h & !re1 great masses ( ^! rocks :i* repres5t an orig9al =mation by gr[? 9 situ2 b no sane man c say ?is = ^! great %eets p]haps only a few in*es 9 ?ickness1 = 9 _m cases !y %[ a /ratifi$ or b$d$ /ructure j z mu* z a s&/one or a %ale4 ,9 "s tables giv5 by ,dana on pp4 #fea-b ( 8 ,manual1 compil$ f f\r diff]5t localities1 ,i c\nt no less ?an #bc b$s ( lime/one ?us int]calat$1 ?\gh we are n told h[ _m ( !m conta9 corals or cr9oids4 ,su* details are g5]ally omitt$ z ( little consequ5ce4 ,next1 let u try ! ,lamellibran*s1 su* z ! clam1 oy/]1 & o!r true bivalves4 ,^! creatures h an arrangem5t 9 ! h+e region by :i* ! valves ( ! %ell t5d to op51 b dur+ life are held toge!r by ! adductor muscles4 ,:5 dead1 h[ev]1 ^! muscles relax & decay1 & !n ! valves spread wide op54 ,( c\rse !re are "s1 su* z c]ta9 k9ds ( clams1 :i* burr[ 9 ! mud or s&1 & ! %ells ( ^!1 if !y happ5$ to die a natural dea? 9 _! holes1 c\ld n spread v f> ap>t4 ,h[ev] "s mud mu/ ev5 !n wa% into _! burr[s & into _! empty %ells4 ,b _m k9ds ( bivalves d n ?us burr[ 9 ! gr\nd2 & :5 ! fossils ( su* k9ds are f\nd 9 quantity ) ! valves appli$ & (t5 holl[1 z is s frequ5tly ! case 9 _m ( ! old] rocks1 ,i _c see h[ we are to und]/& any ord9>y conditions ( deposit4 ,& yet we are gravely assur$ by a high au?ority1 t ,a sudd5 burial is n necess>y to entombm5t 9 ?is condition4 ,or1 let u take ! ,bra*iopods4 ,^! h a bivalve %ell1 ! p>ts ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are n pull$ ap>t aft] dea?1 & only ne$ to op5 a little way ev5 9 life to admit ! sea wat] :i* br+s !m _! food4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! valves d n gape aft] dea?1 !re is :5 dead & empty a hole at ! h+e or beak1 :i* w\ld readily admit mud if su* 7 pres5t 9 ! wat]1 or if ! %ells aft] dea? 7 subject to ! ord9>y movem5ts ( tide1 wave & curr5t4 ,yet ,dawson#fc says ( ! ,bra*iopods1 ,spirif] & ,a?yris3 ,i may m5tion "h t 9 all ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones ( ,nova ,scotia ! %ells ( ?is family are usually f\nd ) ! valves clos$ & ! int]ior (t5 holl[4 ,( c\rse he tries to expla9 h[ ?is /ate ( ?+s might occur 9 deep & cle> wat]--= "s ( ! mod]n species are f\nd 9 ! cle> dep?s #ah1jjj feet d[n--& he ?9ks t _! entombm5t 9 ?is condition does n prove t ! dea? ( ! animals 0 sudd54 ,b we n[ "k t !re is no means ( produc+ a /ratifi$ =mation 9 ?is deep & cle> wat]1 & h5ce t "s revolution ( nature is impli$ by ! conditions 9 :i* we f9d !m4 ,"s p seem to h conv]t$ ,david ,hume's fam\s s5t5ce into a sci5tific =mula1 ?us3 ,any?+ contr>y to ,uni=mity is impossible3 h5ce no am\nt ( evid5ce c prove any?+ contr>y to ,uni=mity4 ,= ! tr\ble 9 ?is case is t1 n only d su* conditions prevail 9 all ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones ( ,nova ,scotia1 :i* mu/ be sev]al ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 b 9 ! ,devonian %ales & ,silurian lime/ones ( ,ont>io & ! ,middle ,/ates at lea/--p]haps ov] ! re/ ( ! _w--! ,bra*iopods are f\nd 9 ?is same tell-tale condition1 & x w\ld e/abli% a v dang]\s prec$5t to admit abnormal conditions 9 ev5 a s+le case4 ,i h only t\*$ ^u ! volum9\s evid5ce t might be adduc$ 9 ! case ( ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,_h ,i ! space1 ,i might %[ h[ ! m>vel\sly pres]v$ plants ( ! coal b$s tell ! same /ory4 ,b we mu/ pass on to consid] ! rema9s ( ! l>g] l& animals4 ,i h already giv5 a quotation f ,dana ab\t ! mammo? & rh9oc]os 9 ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 :]e he says t _! encas+ 9 ice & ! p]fect pres]vation ( _! fle% %[s t ! cold f9ally became sudd5ly extreme1 z ( a s+le w9t]'s night1 & knew no rel5t+ aft]w>d4 ,n v _m s]i\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ?is rem>kable /ate ( ?+s1 :i* is a prote/ aga9/ uni=mity t c be appreciat$ by a *ild1 & ,i nev] he>d ( any !ory :i* attempt$ to acc\nt = ! facts )\t "s k9d ( awful cata/rophe4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 seem to h little idea ( ! ext5t ( ^! rema9s 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,!y are n all ?us p]fectly pres]v$1 = ?\s&s ( skeletons are f\nd 9 localities :]e ! gr\nd ?aws out some:at 9 ! %ort summ]1 & "h ( c\rse1 ! sk9 & tissues c\ld n rema9 intact4 ,rema9s ( ^! bea/s occur 9 only a little less abundance ov] all ,we/]n ,europe1 & ! mammo? also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 well pres]v$ specim5s hav+ be5 obta9$ f ! ,klondike region ( ,alaska2 & !re is no?+ to =bid ! idea t _m1 if n mo/ ( ^! latt] specim5s 7 also at "o "t en%r9$ z mummies 9 ! ice1 :i* has s9ce melt$ ov] ! m temp]ate regions4 ,b we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! rema9s 9 ,sib]ia4 ,fl[] & ,lydekk] tell u t s9ce ! t5? c5tury at lea/1 ^! rema9s h be5 qu>ri$ = ! sake ( ! ivory tusks1 & a regul> trade 9 ?is fossil ivory1 9 a /ate fit = comm]cial purposes1 has be5 c>ri$ on bo? ea/w>d to ,*9a1 & we/w>d to ,europe1 & t fossil ivory has its price curr5t z well z :eat4 ,!y are f\nd at all suitable places along ! :ole l9e ( ! %ore betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,obi & ,behr+ ,/raits1 & ! fur!r nor? ! m num]\s d !y become1 ! isl&s ( ,new ,sib]ia be+ n[ "o ( ! favorite collect+ localities4 ,! soil ( ,be> ,isl& & ( ,lia*(f ,isl&s is said to consi/ only ( s& & ice ) su* quantities ( mammo? bones z almo/ to compose its *ief sub/ance4 ,! rema9s are n only f\nd ar\nd ! m\?s ( ! great riv]s1 z w\ld be ! case if ! c>casses _h be5 wa%$ d[n f m s\!rn localities 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 b are imb$d$ 9 ! froz5 soil 9 su* circum/ances z to indicate t ! animals _h liv$ n f> f ! localities 9 :i* !y are n[ f\nd1 & !y are expos$ ei!r by ! melt+ ( ! ice 9 unusually w>m summ]s1 or by ! wa%+ away ( ! sea cliffs or riv] banks by /orms or floods4 ,9 ?is way ! bodies ( m or less ne>ly p]fect animals1 ev5 /&+ 9 ! erect position1 ) ! s(t p>ts & hairy cov]+ entire1 h be5 br\ght to light4#fd ,b ^! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ?\gh ! be/ kn[n1 are n ! only ones atte/+ extraord9>y conditions3 ?\gh ( c\rse 9 w>m] latitudes we d n f9d p]fect mummies ) ! hide & fle% pres]v$ unta9t$4 ,let u g to a w>m] climate1 to ,sicily1 & read a description ( ! rema9s ( ! hippopotamus f\nd !re4 ,i quote f ,sir ,joseph ,pre/wi*3 ,! *ief localities1 :i* c5tre on ! hills ar\nd ,pal]mo1 arre/ att5tion f ! extraord9>y quantity ( bones ( ,hippopotami 79 complete hecatombs7 :i* h !re be5 f\nd4 ,tw5ty tons ( ^! bones 7 %ipp$ f ar\nd ! "o cave ( ,san ,ciro1 ne> ,pal]mo1 )9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( exploit+ !m1 & !y 7 s fre% t !y 7 s5t to ,m>seilles to furni% animal *>coal = use 9 ! sug> factories4 ,h[ c\ld ?is bone breccia h be5 accumulat$8444 ,! only sugge/ion t has be5 made is t ! bones are ^? ( successive g5]ations ( ,hippopotami :i* w5t !re to die4 ,b ?is is n ! habit ( ! animal1 & besides1 ! bones are ^? ( animals ( all ages d[n to ! foetus1 nor d !y %[ traces ( wea!r+ or exposure4444 ,my supposition is1 !re=e1 t :5 ! isl& 0 subm]g$1 ! animate 9 ! pla9 ( ,pal]mo naturally retreat$1 z ! wat]s advanc$1 deep] into ! amphi!atre ( hills until !y f\nd !mselves embay$1 z 9 a se9e1 ) promontories runn+ out to sea on ei!r side & a mural precipice 9 front4 ,z ! area became m & m circumscrib$ ! animals mu/ h ?rong$ toge!r 9 va/ multitudes1 cru%+ into ! m accessible caves1 & sw>m+ ov] ! gr\nd at _! entrance1 until ov]tak5 by ! wat]s & de/roy$4#fe ,our au?or !n adds ?is summ>y ( 8 argum5t3 ,! extremely fre% condition ( ! bones1 prov$ by ! ret5tion ( s l>ge a proportion ( animal matt]1 & ! fact t animals ( all ages 7 involv$ 9 ! cata/rophe1 %[s t ! ev5t 0 geologically1 comp>atively rec5t1 z o!r facts %[ x to h be5 sudd54 ,t x mu/ h be5 a good deal m sudd5 ?an ev5 ?is au?or w admit1 is evid5t f ! nature ( ! hippopotamus4 ,i nev] ?\ght t x 0 p>ticul>ly afraid ( ! wat]1 or likely to be dr[n$ by any su* mod]ate cata/rophe z ,pre/wi* invokes 9 ?is s+ul> volume4 ,! read] mu/1 h[ev]1 note t ?is affair1 l ! entombm5t ( ! mammo?1 c]ta9ly took place s9ce man 0 ^u ! globe1 ev5 accord+ to ! uni=mit>ians4 ,w\ld x n be economy ( en]gy to correlate ! two toge!r8 ,b if man dates f ,mioc5e times1 z "s cont5d1 he mu/ h witness$ half a doz5 awful affairs l ^!1 = !re is sc>cely a c\ntry on ! globe t has n be5 "u ! ocean s9ce !n4 ,let u proce$4 ,b :i!r %all we turn to avoid f9d+ simil> ph5om5a8 ,! va/ deposits ( mammals 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s may occur to ! read]4 ,z ,dana says1 !y h be5 f\nd to be lit]ally ,t]ti>y burial gr\nds4 ,i ne$ n g into ! details ( ^! deposits1 nor ( ^? 9 o!r places conta9+ ! great mammals :i* mu/ h be5 contempor>y ) ,t]ti>y man1 = ,i w\ld only we>y ! read] ) a monotony ( abnormal conditions ( deposit--unlike any?+ n[ be+ produc$ ?is wide _w ov]4 ,we %all be /at+ ! case v mildly inde$1 if we conclude t ! va/ majority ( ! fossils1 by _! pr(use abundance & _! a/oni%+ pres]vation1 tell a v pla9 /ory ( spe$y burial aft] dea?1 & are ( an ess5tially diff]5t "* f mod]n deposits4 ,pr(4 ,ni*olson1 9 speak+ ( ! rema9s ( ! ,zeuglodon1 says3 ,rema9s ( ^! gigantic :ales are v common 9 ! ',jackson b$s' ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s common are !y t1 accord+ to ,dana1 '! l>ge v]tebrae1 "s ( !m a foot & a half long & a foot 9 diamet]1 7 =m]ly s abundant ov] ! c\ntry 9 ,alabama t !y 7 us$ = mak+ walls1 or 7 burn$ to rid ! fields ( !m4'#ff ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahie1 ,dana prep>$ a revis$ edition ( 8 ,manual1 & 9 x he gives u q a rational explanation ( ?is case1 z foll[s3 ,v]tebrae 7 s abundant1 on ! fir/ discov]y1 9 "s places t _m ( ^! ,eoc5e :ales mu/ h be5 /r&$ toge!r 9 a common cata/rophe1 on ! nor!rn bord]s ( ! ,mexican ,gulf--possibly by a s]ies ( e>?quake waves ( great viol5ce2 or by an elevation along ! sea limit t made a conf9$ bas9 ( ! bord] region1 :i* ! hot sun r5d]$ de/ructive alike to ,zeuglodons & _! game2 or by an unusual retreat ( ! tide1 :i* left !m dry & fl\nd]+ "u a tropical sun4 7p4 #ijh47 ,t is1 ?is vet]an geologi/ 9 8 old age w\ld n attempt to acc\nt = su* abnormal conditions )\t a cata/rophe ( "s k9d4 ,b if we use simil> explanations = simil> conditions1 :]e %all we /op ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ! rocks f ! ,cambrian to ! ,plei/oc5e8 ,dana became v fond ( ?is idea ( e>?quake waves1 & invok$ !m to acc\nt = ! univ]sality & abruptness ) :i* ! species disappe> at ! close ( ,palaeozoic "t1 us+ z ! g5]at+ cause ! uplift+ ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 ) flexures miles 9 height & space1 & slips along newly op5$ fractures t kept up _! int]rupt$ progress ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet ( displacem5t1 f :i* he says incalculable viol5ce & great surg+s ( ! ocean %\ld h occurr$ & be5 (t5 repeat$4444 ,"u su* circum/ances ! deva/ation ( ! sea bord] & ! l[-ly+ l&s ( ! p]iod1 ! de/ruction ( _! animals & plants1 w\ld h be5 a sure result4 ,! survivors )9 a long di/ance ( ! coa/ l9e w\ld h be5 few4#fg ,b z ?is sudd5 break 9 ! life-*a9 0 s g5]al & ext5sive t no ,c>bonif]\s species is kn[n to occur among ! fossils ( succe$+ b$s1 n only 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1 b also ov] ! re/ ( ! _w 7p4 #gce71 he is oblig$ to make 8 cata/rophe by e>?quake waves positively _w wide4 ,h5ce he adds3 ,! same waves w\ld h swept ov] ,european l& & seas1 & !re f\nd coadjutors = new /rife 9 e>?quake waves ( ,european orig94 ,at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic he uses simil> language1 ?\gh 9 ?is case he has ! :ole range ( ! m\nta9s on ! we/ ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,rockies & ! ,&es1 9 l5g? a ?ird ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe1 und]go+ simultane\s orog5ic movem5ts1 ) l gr& results4 7p4 #hge47 ,! delug+ waves s5t c>e]+ ov] ! l& w\ld1 he ?9ks1 h be5 de/ructive ov] all ! coa/s ( a hemisph]e1 & may h made _! m>*es inl& = hundr$s ( miles 7p4 #hgh71 sweep+ all be=e !m4 ,i %\ld ?9k s2 b !n :at becomes ( ?is doctr9e ( uni=mity8 ,p]sonally1 ,i h n ! slighte/ objection to ^! delug+ waves s5t c>e]+ ov] ! l&1 = ,i feel sure t j su* ?+s h occurr$1 & on j su* a scale z our au?or pictures1 =1 z he says1 ! de/ruction ( species 0 great1 _w-wide1 & "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s ev5ts 9 geological hi/ory4 7p4 #hgg47 ,b x seems to me t "h we h an enorm\s am\nt ( en]gy go+ to wa/e4 ,o!rs h dem&$ a cont95t to expla9 ! appe>ance ( a beetle 9 a c]ta9 locality2 b "h we h a great _w-wide cata/rophe to expla9 ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( m]ely a few species4 ,:y n utilize ?is surplus en]gy 9 do+ o!r necess>y "w1 t has c]ta9ly be5 accompli%$ someh[1 b has hi!rto gone a-begg+ = a compet5t cause8 ,! only ?+ ,i object to 9 ,dana's view ( ! case is 8 way ( hav+ ^! ext]m9ations take place on ! in/allm5t plan4 ,= 9 t way we h to "w up a great _w cata/rophe to d only a v limit$ am\nt ( "w1 & !n h to repeat ! ?+ ano!r "t = a simil>ly limit$ "w1 :5 "o su* cosmic convulsion is compet5t to d ! :ole ?+4 ,i plead = ! law ( p>simony1 & ! economiz+ ( en]gy4 ,! va/ %oals ( c>casses :i* seem to be pil$ up 9 almo/ e corn] ( ! _w are prima facie evid5ce t our old globe has witness$ "s sort ( cosmic convulsion4 ,! exact cause1 nature1 & ext5t ( ?is ev5t we may nev] h suffici5t facts to det]m9e1 ?\gh two or ?ree additional facts hav+ a be>+ on ! subject w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,manual1 p4 #bbi4 #ef ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mo41 ,vol4 xxi1 pp4 #adc1 #fic4 #eg ,manual1 p4 #ada4 #eh ,geol4 & ,m941 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #abd-e4 ,ed4 #aheh4 #ei ,!oretical ,geol41 p4 #bfe4 ,london1 #ahcd4 #fj ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #dh1 #bba-b4 #fa ,pop4 ,sci4 ,news1 ,may1 #aijb1 pp4 #ajf-g4 #fb ,hi/or4 ,geol41 p4 #ec4 #fc ,acadian ,geol41 p4 #bfj4 #fd ,mammals1 p4 #dcj4 #fe ,on ,c]ta9 ,ph5om5a1 etc41 pp4 #ej-eb4 #ff ,anci5t ,life-,hi/ory1 p4 #cjj4 #fg ,manual1 p4 #gcf4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,*ange ,,( ,,climate ,ano!r great g5]al fact ab\t ! fossil _w may be /at$ ab\t z foll[s3 ,all ( ! fossils 7save a v few ( ! s-call$ ,glacial ,age1 & !y admit ( o!r easy explanation7 give u pro(s ( an almo/ et]nal spr+ hav+ prevail$ 9 ! ,arctic regions1 & semi-tropical conditions 9 nor? temp]ate latitudes2 9 %ort give u pro(s ( a s+ul> uni=mity ( climate ov] ! globe :i* we c h>dly conceive possible1 let alone acc\nt =4 ,! pro(s ( ?is are almo/ unnecess>y1 z ?is subject ( climate has be5 pretty well discuss$ ( late ye>s4 ,& x 0 ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce on ?is po9t :i* =c$ ,lyell & s _m o!rs to decide aga9/ ! !ory ( ,croll1 :i* call$ = a regul> rotation ( climates1 = !y said t ! fossil evid5ce 0 :olly aga9/ su* a view4 ,h[or? has giv5 an admirable argum5t on ?is po9t 9 ,*apt] ,,xi ( 8 second "w on ! ,glacial ,!ory#fh & to x ,i w\ld ref] ! read] = details :i* ,i h n ! space to reproduce "h4 ,?is au?or fir/ rem>ks3 ,! be/ !rmomet] we c use to te/ ! "* ( a climate is ! flora & fauna :i* liv$ :ile x prevail$4 ,?is is n only ! be/1 b is virtually ! only !rmomet] available :5 we inquire into ! climate ( pa/ geological ages4 ,o!r evid5ce is always sophi/icat$ by ! fact t we may be attribut+ to climate :at is due to o!r causes2 b\ld]s c be roll$ by ! sea z well z by sub-glacial /reams1 & conglom]ates c be =m$ by o!r ag5cies ?an ice4 ,b ! biological evid5ce is unmi/akable2 cold-blood$ reptiles _c live 9 icy wat]2 semi-tropical plants1 or plants ^: habitat is 9 ! temp]ate zone1 _c rip5 _! se$s & s[ !mselves "u arctic conditions4444 ,we may exam9e ! :ole s]ies ( geological horizons1 f ! e>lie/ ,palaeozoic b$s d[n to ! s-call$ ,glacial b$s1 & f9d1 s f> z ,i "k1 no adequate evid5ce ( discont9u\s & alt]nat+ climates1 no evid5ce :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( p]iods ( int5se cold int]v5+ betwe5 w>m p]iods1 b j ! contr>y4 ,n only s1 b we %all f9d t ! diff]5tiation ( ! e>?'s climate into tropical & arctic zones is comp>atively mod]n1 & t 9 pa/ ages n only 7 ! climates m uni=m1 b m ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,)\t attempt+ to foll[ ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( =mations we may note a few *>act]i/ic /atem5ts ( ! text-books4 ,?us ,dana says ( ! ,cambrian3 ,!re 0 no frigid zone1 & !re may h be5 no excessively torrid zone4 ,:ile ( ! ,silurian coral lime/ones ( ! ,arctic regions he says3 ,! =mation ( ?ick /rata ( lime/one %[s t life l t ( ! l[] latitudes n only exi/$ !re1 b fl\ri%$ 9 pr(usion4#fi ,h[or? ?us quotes ,colonel ,field51 ! ,arctic explor]1 reg>d+ ! fossil ,scl]od]mic corals ( ! ,silurian1 widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,arctic regions3 ,^! und\bt$ reef-=m+ corals ( ! ,silurian epo* 7 j z mu* inhabitants ( w>m wat] 9 nor!rn latitudes at t p]iod z are ! ,scl]od]mata ( to-day 9 ! ,indo-,pacific & ,atlantic oceans4444 ,^! corals 7 =ms ( life :i* mu/ h be5 tropical 9 habits & requirem5t4 ,9 fact coral lime/ones ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em are ! ne>e/ kn[n fossilif]\s rocks to ! ,nor? ,pole1 & f ! /rike ( ! b$s mu/ und]lie ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,9 ! words ( ,h[or?1 ,coal /rata ) simil> fossils h occurr$ all r\nd ! ,pol> bas9 444 & may be said1 !re=e1 to h occupi$ a cont9u\s cap ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole4#gj ,aga9 ,i quote f ,h[or? reg>d+ ! ,mesozoic rocks3 ,?is v widespread fauna & flora proves t ! high temp]ature ( ! ,second>y era prevail$ 9 all latitudes1 & n only s1 x p]vad$ !m app>5tly cont9u\sly )\t a break4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev]1 kn[n to me1 t c be d]iv$ f ! fauna & flora ( ,second>y times1 :i* po9ts to any p]iod ( cold z ev5 possible4 ,!re are no %runk5 & /unt$ =ms1 & no types su* z we associate ) cold conditions1 & no *anges evid5c$ by int]calat$ b$s %[+ vicissitudes ( life4 ,! foll[+ is f ,nord5skiold1 z quot$ by ,h[or?1 & ref]s to ! :ole geological s]ies3 ,f :at has be5 already /at$ x appe>s t ! animal & vegetable relics f\nd 9 ! ,pol> regions1 imb$d$ 9 /rata deposit$ 9 widely sep>at$ geological eras1 uni=mly te/ify t a w>m climate has 9 =m] times prevail$ ov] ! :ole globe4 ,f palaeontological sci5ce no support c be obta9$ = ! assumption ( a p]iodical alt]nation ( w>m & cold climates on ! surface ( ! e>?4#ga ,& n[ we h ! equally positive language ( ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace3 ,x is q impossible to ignore or evade ! =ce ( ! te/imony z to ! cont9u\s w>m climate ( ! ,nor? ,temp]ate & ,pol> ,zones ?r\gh\t ,t]ti>y times4 ,! evid5ce ext5ds ov] a va/ area bo? 9 space & "t1 x is d]iv$ f ! "w ( ! mo/ compet5t liv+ geologi/s1 & x is absolutely consi/5t 9 its g5]al t5d5cy 444 ,:e!r 9 ,mioc5e1 ,upp] or ,l[] ,cretace\s1 ,jurassic1 ,triassic1 ,c>bonif]\s or ,silurian times1 & 9 all ! num]\s localities ext5d+ ov] m ?an half ! ,pol> regions1 we f9d "o uni=m climatic aspect ( ! fossils4#gb ,( c\rse 9 all ?is ,i am tak+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( fossils 9 ! traditional *ronological ord]4 ,b ,i %all pres5tly %[ on ! be/ ( au?ority t ,man exi/$ 9 ,plioc5e or p]haps ,mioc5e times1 & 9 view ( su* an admission we h1 ev5 f ! /&po9t ( curr5t !ory1 a vital1 p]sonal int]e/ 9 ?is "q ( climate4 ,let u take1 !n1 ! foll[+ f ,james ,geikie1 ! great *ampion ( ! ,glacial !ory1 on ! climate ( ! ,arctic regions at ?is "p ( ! human epo*3 ,mioc5e deposits occur 9 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 ,spitzb]g51 & at o!r places )9 ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,! b$s conta9 a simil> 7simil> to ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation ( ,switz]l&7 assemblage ( plant-rema9s2 ! palm-trees1 h[ev]1 be+ want+4 ,x is c]ta9ly wond]ful t )9 s rec5t a p]iod z ! ,mioc5e1 a climate exi/$ )9 ! ,arctic regions s mild & g5ial z to n\ri% !re bee*es1 oaks1 planes1 popl>s1 walnuts1 limes1 magnolias1 hazel1 holly1 black?orn1 logwood1 haw?orn1 ivy1 v9es1 & _m ev]gre5s1 besides num]\s conif]s1 among :i* 0 ! sequoia1 alli$ to ! gigantic ,well+tonia ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is anci5t vegetation has be5 trac$ up to )9 elev5 degrees ( ! ,pole4#gc ,accord+ to ,dana & o!r ,am]ican geologi/s ! ,glacial ,p]iod is only a v>iation int]v5+ betwe5 ! w>m ,t]ti>y & ! equally w>m ,*ampla9 ,p]iod1 & x 0 dur+ ! latt] t ! mammo?1 ma/odon1 etc41 roam$ ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,( ! climate !n indicat$1 :5 all ackn[l$ge t ,man 0 9 exi/5ce1 ?is au?or says3 ,! g5ial climate t foll[$ ! ,glacial appe>s to h be5 m>vel\sly g5ial to ! species1 & alike = all ! cont95ts1 ,au/ralia includ$4 ,! k9ds t cont9u$ into mod]n "t became dw9dl$ 9 ! *ange :]ev] f\nd ov] ! globe1 not)/&+ ! fact t g5ial climates are /ill to be f\nd ov] l>ge regions4#gd ,9 8 ,geological ,/ory ,briefly ,told1 he uses ev5 /rong] language3 ,! brute mammals rea*$ _! maximum 9 numb]s & size dur+ ! w>m ,*ampla9 ,p]iod1 & _m species liv$ !n :i* h s9ce become ext9ct4 ,^? ( ,europe & ,brita9 7 l>gely w>m-climate species1 su* z are n[ conf9$ to w>m temp]ate & tropical regions2 & only 9 a w>m p]iod l ! ,*ampla9 c\ld !y h ?riv$ & atta9$ _! gigantic size4 ,! great abundance ( _! rema9s & _! condition %[ t ! climate & food 7 all ! animals c\ld h desir$4 ,!y 7 ma/]s ( _! w&]+s1 & _h _! *oice ( ! be/4#ge ,! g5ial climate ( ! ,*ampla9 p]iod 0 abruptly 7italics ,dana's7 t]m9at$4 ,= c>casses ( ! ,sib]ian elephants 7 froz5 s sudd5ly & s completely at ! *ange1 t ! fle% has rema9$ unta9t$4 7,id4 p4 #bcj47 ,i q agree ) ?is au?or t ! evid5ce is conclusive z to ! climate & food be+ all ! animals c\ld h desir$1 & t !y mu/ h _h _! *oice ( ! be/4 ,b x seems to me t 9 foll[+ out _! !ory ^! au?ors h n left ! poor creatures v mu* to *oose f4 ,= z ! inevitable result ( _! !ory 9 arrang+ ! plants z well z ! animals 9 *ronological ord] accord+ to ! p]c5tages ( liv+ & ext9ct =ms1 !y h already dispos$ (1 & consign$ to ! e>ly ,t]ti>ies1 etc41 all ! probable vegetation on :i* ^! animals liv$1 & ?us h no?+ left on :i* to fe$ ! horse & bison1 rh9oc]os & elephant1 etc41 away )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 except ! few mis]able %rubs & li*5s :i* n[ survive !re4 ,b ?is /range1 inconsi/5t notion ( ,dana's t ! s-call$ ,glacial ph5om5a lie 9 betwe5 ! w>m ,t]ti>y & ! equally w>m ,*ampla9 p]iod1 is easily und]/ood z ! survival ( ! notion1 s t5aci\sly held ev5 lat] ?an ! middle decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t ,man 0 n a witness ( any ( ! great geological *anges4 ,:5 ! evid5ce became ov]:elm+ t ,man liv$ :ile ! semi-tropical animals roam$ ov] ,engl&1 ! ,glacial p]iod /ill rema9$ z a sort ( buff] aga9/ ! dang]\s possibility ( ext5d+ ! human p]iod back any fur!r4 ,i am n aw>e t ?is v5]able sci5ti/ ev] became q reconcil$ to ! idea ( ,t]ti>y ,man1 ?\gh 9 8 ,manual he m5tions a few evid5ces 9 favor ( ?is n[ almo/ univ]sally accept$ op9ion4 ,z = ! real tea*+s ( ! ,drift ph5om5a !re is no ne$ ( explanation "h4 ,at ! v mo/ !y are conf9$ to a q limit$ "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 !re be+ no trace ( !m 9 ,alaska1 nor on ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 :]e n[ almo/ et]nal fro/s prevail4#gf ,9 fact !y are practically conf9$ betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,miss\ri ,riv] on ! we/1 & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s on ! ea/2 & ) a little common s5se infus$ into ! f\ndation pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce we w cease to be torm5t$ ) a ,glacial ,nightm>e4 ,mu* ( ! ,drift ph5om5a ) ! rais$ bea*es are c]ta9ly lat] ev5ts ?an mo/ ( ! o!r geological "w1 b are insep>ably connect$ ) ! g5]al problem 9 _! explanation4 ,ev5 f ! ord9>y /&po9t1 ,i am n aw>e t ! elaborate argum5t ( ,h[or? has ev5 be5 satisfactorily answ]$4 ,inde$1 ,i feel almo/ l say+ t ?is writ]'s v>i\s contributions to ! cause ( inductive geology m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! dawn4 ,h5ce x may suffice "h to m]ely call att5tion to ! great simplicity introduc$ into ?is va/ complexity ( ! glaciali/s1 by ! positive assurance ( ?is au?or t ! ,drift p]iod & ! ,plei/oc5e end toge!r1 & jo9 onto ! mod]n2 or p]haps ,i ought r to say t ! s-call$ ,glacial ph5om5a lie 9 betwe5 ! true fossil _w & our mod]n "o4 ,?us1 9 reg>d to ! ,plei/oc5e mammals1 ! view is n[ g5]ally accept$ t1 9 e place :]e !y h be5 f\nd 9 a contempor>y b$1 t b$ und]lies ! till1 & is !re=e pre-glacial4 ,z 9 o!r places1 s "h 7,scotl&71 tee? & bones ( mammals h occurr$ 9 ! clay itself2 b 9 all su* cases !y occur sporadically & z b\ld]s4 ,z ,mr4 ,james ,geikie says1 ',!y almo/ inv>iably af=d m>ks ( hav+ be5 subject$ to ! same action z ! /ones & b\ld]s by :i* !y are surr\nd$2 t is to say1 !y are rubb$1 gr\nd1 /riat$1 & smoo!d4'#gg ,& aga93 ,! ,plei/oc5e fauna1 s f> z ,i "k1 came to an end ) ! s-call$ ,glacial age4 7,id4 p4 #dfc47 ,f a rec5t notice 9 ,nature#gh x w\ld seem t ev5 ,dr4 ,h4 ,woodw>d1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 supports ?is g5]al view 9 8 ,table ( ,briti% ,/rata1 by ! /atem5t t ! glacial deposits conta9 only d]iv$ fossils4 ,b ?is is su* a decid$ simplification ( ! problem ( climate t ,i am utt]ly at a loss to und]/& h[ any "o c /ill cl+ to ! complex & highly artificial arrangem5t ( num]\s int]glacial p]iods1 to acc\nt = a few bones ( mammals or a few pockets ( lignite2 & h[ !y c ev5 place betwe5 ! ,glacial p]iod & our times ! g5ial ,*ampla9 p]iod1 ) x1 z ,dana says1 abruptly t]m9at$1 & becom+ sudd5ly extreme z ( a s+le w9t]'s night4 ,h[or?1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt] already quot$ f 7pp4 #dfj-dgh71 gives a good review ( ?is subject ( int]mitt5t climates1 & /rongly supports 8 cont5tion t ! /ratigraphical evid5ce all po9ts to ! fact t ! ,plei/oc5e =ms are always old] ?an ! ,drift-b$s1 & :]e ! flora & fauna ( ! ,plei/oc5e occur 9 ! ,drift1 !y d s only z b\ld]s2 t1 9 fact1 z he says 9 8 ,preface1 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,flood 444 =ms a great divid+ l9e 9 ! sup]ficial deposits1 sep>at+ ! true fossil _w f ! mod]n4 ,i h h>dly ! space to repeat "h my argum5t ab\t ! extremely fanciful way 9 :i* geologi/s classify ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,t]ti>y gr\p & ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,& yet ,i mu/ say a few words4 ,i h tri$ to %[ ! utt] nons5se ( ! common cu/om ( classify+ ^! b$s accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( liv+ & ext9ct =ms :i* !y conta91 :5 ! real fact is t ! numb] & k9ds ( ! anci5t life-=ms :i* h surviv$ into ! mod]n era is a purely =tuit\s circum/ance1 be+ limit$ solely to ^? lucky ones :i* c\ld /& ! radical *ange f a tepid wat] or a g5ial air to ! ice & fro/s :i* !y n[ exp]i5ce1 to m5tion only "o circum/ance ( t cosmic convulsion :i* we n[ "k to h really int]v5$ betwe5 t anci5t _w & our own4 ,,yet ,,x ,,is ,,on ,,su* ,,evid5ce ,,only t ^! ,plei/oc5e =ms are sep>at$ f ! ,t]ti>ies1 or t ! ,t]ti>ies !mselves are classifi$ (f--at lea/ z f> z ! inv]tebrates & ! plants are conc]n$4 ,no "o claims t ! s-call$ ,glacial b$s c be %>ply di/+ui%$ f o!r deposits on purely me*anical make-up4 ,inde$1 ,i am /rongly ( ! op9ion t v _m ,ar*aean soils1 totally unfossilif]\s !mselves1 & re/+ on unfossilif]\s rocks1 h be5 assign$ to ! ,glacial age1 m]ely because _! discov]]s did n "k :at else to d ) !m4 ,:5 b$s conta9 fossils1 ! latt] are ! "o & only guide 9 det]m9+ age2 b 9 view ( ! purely arbitr>y "* ( ?is me?od ( classify+ (f ! ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y rocks1 ,i d n see :]e we are go+ to draw ! l9e :5 we once admit t ! po/-,t]ti>y b$s conta9 only d]iv$ fossils4 ,x seems to me truly a/oni%+ t %rewd reason]s1 l ,h[or? & ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 h n se5 ! dang]\s "* ( ?is prec$5t :i* !y h admitt$4 ,= ) t m>vel\s climate ( all geological "t cont9u+ "r up to t fatal day :5 x 0 abruptly t]m9at$1 & ! mammo? & 8 fell[s 7 caught 9 ! m]ciless fro/s :i* n[ hold !m1 ! p]c5tage ( all ! lucky =ms ( life1 plants1 inv]tebrates1 or mammals1 :i* c\ld /& su* a *ange & p]si/ into our mod]n _w1 mu/ be utt]ly nons5sical z a te/ ( age ev5 f _! /&po9t4 ,9 resum+ ! ma9 argum5t ( ?is *apt]1 ,i ne$ only summ>ize by say+ t ! evid5ce is conclusive t all geological "t d[n to ?is %>p divid+ l9e 0 *>act]iz$ by a surpris+ly mild & uni=m climate ov] all ! e>?4 ,! mod]n p]iod is *>act]iz$ by t]rific extremes ( heat & cold2 & n[ little or no?+ c exi/ :]e previ\sly plant & animal life fl\ri%$ 9 pr(usion4 ,?is radical & _w-wide *ange 9 climate1 !re=e1 dem&s ample consid]ation :5 seek+ a true induction z to ! pa/ ( our globe4 ,t x 0 no gradual or secul> affair1 b t ! climate became sudd5ly extreme z ( a s+le w9t]'s night1 ! ,sib]ian mummies are unansw]able argum5ts4 ,t x occurr$ )9 ! human epo* all are n[ agre$4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e & ! ,flood1 pp4 #dbf-dgi4 #fi ,manual1 pp4 #dhd1 #ebd-e4 #gj ,op4 cit41 pp4 #dcd-e4 #ga ,id41 p4 #de4 #gb ,isl& ,life1 pp4 #ahb1 #aie-f2 ,nightm>e1 pp4 #dee-f4 #gc ,hi/orical ,geology1 p4 #gf4 #gd ,manual1 p4 #iig4 #ge p4 #bbe1 ,edition ( #ahge4 #gf ,see ,dana's ,manual1 pp4 #ide1 #igg2 also ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e1 pp4 #de-b1 #eaa1 etc4 #gg ,great ,ice ,age1 p4 #abi2 ,nightm>e1 p4 #dgc4 #gh ,see ,nature ,april #aa1 #aija1 p4 #efj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,deg5]ation ,!re is ano!r great g5]al fact ab\t ! fossil _w :i* seems to be a natural coroll>y f ! "o already giv5 ab\t climate4 ,x is ?is3 ,! fossils1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 inv>iably supply u ) types l>g] ( _! k9d & bett] develop$ 9 e way ?an _! ne>e/ mod]n repres5tatives1 :e!r ( plants or animals4 ,?is fact also is s well kn[n t x ne$s no pro(4 ,?r\gh ! :ole range ( geological lit]ature ,i d n "k ( a ^w ( diss5t f ?is g5]al fact by any writ] :atev]4 ,pro( !re=e is n necess>y1 ?\gh a brief review ( a little ( ! evid5ce may refre% our memories4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,cambrian1 ,dana says3 ,! ,pt]opods1 among ,mollusks1 7 mu* l>g] ?an ! mod]n species ( ! tribe4 ,! ,trilobites ev5 ( ! ,l[] ,cambrian comprise species z l>ge z liv+ ,cru/aceans4 ,! ,o/rapods are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? ( rec5t times4#gi ,aga91 9 speak+ ( ! g5]al "* ( ! ,cambrian fossils1 he says3 ,! types ( ! e>ly ,cambrian are mo/ly id5tical ) ^? n[ repres5t$ 9 exi/+ seas1 & al?\gh inf]ior 9 g5]al z to grade 9 ! ,phylog5ic s]ies1 !y be> no m>ks ( imp]fect or /unt$ gr[? f unfit or f\l surr\nd+s4 7p4 #dhe47 ,! well kn[n ,mollusk1 ,maclurea magna1 :i* is s enorm\sly abundant 9 ! ,silurian1 is (t5 eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! a/\nd+ ,cephalopod g5us1 ,endoc]as1 consi/+ ( tw5ty species1 f\nd only 9 two divisions ( ! ,l[] ,silurian1 has left %ells ov] a foot 9 diamet]1 & t5 or twelve feet long6 ,( ! fi%es ( ! ,devonian we h1 among o!r rem>ks ( a simil> "*1 ! foll[+3 ,! ,dipnoans1 or ',lung-fi%es1' 7 repres5t$ by gigantic species call$ by ,newb]ry ,d9i*?ys & ,titani*?ys1 f _! size & =midable d5tal armature4444 ,a /ill l>g] species is ! ,titani*?ys cl>ki ( ,newb]ry1 9 :i* ! head 0 f\r feet or m broad1 ! l[] jaw a y>d long4 ,?is jaw 0 %ap$ po/]iorly l an o> blade1 & ant]iorly 0 turn$ upw>d l a sl$ runn]4#hj ,"o ( ! anci5t ,eurypt]ids f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,europe has a l5g? ( six feet1 :i* is m ?an ?ree times t ( any ,cru/acean n[ liv+4 ,:ile a gigantic ,isopod ,cru/acean f ! same /rata _h a leg ! basal jo9t ( :i* 0 ?ree in*es long1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?r\gh1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! :ole body ( any mod]n species4 ,! anci5t ,horse-tails1 ,gr\nd-p9es1 ,f]ns & ,cycads 7 trees f #cj to #ij feet high1 & _! c>boniz$ /ems & leaves make up _m ( our l>ge/ & be/ b$s ( coal4 ,comp>$ ) !m ! mod]n repres5tatives are m]e h]bs or %rubb]y4 ,( ! gigantic insects ( ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s b$s we might make simil> rem>ks4 ,"s ( ! anci5t locu/s _h an expanse ( w+ ( ov] sev5 in*es2 :ile _m ( ! anci5t ,dragon-flies _h bodies f a foot to sixte5 in*es long1 ) w+s a foot long & ov] two feet 9 spread f tip to tip4 ,"h is ,james ,geikie's summ>y ( ! lead+ types ( ! ,palaeozoic3 ,_m ,palaeozoic species 7 *>act]iz$ by _! l>ge size z comp>$ ) species ( ! same gr\ps t belong to lat] times4 ,?us1 "s ,trilobites & o!r ,cru/aceans 7 l>g] ?an any mod]n species ( ,cru/aceans4 ,! ,palaeozoic ,amphibians also mu* exce$$ 9 size any liv+ memb]s ( _! class4 ,aga91 ! mod]n club-mosses1 :i* are insignificant plants1 ei!r trail+ on ! gr\nd or nev] rea*+ m ?an two feet 9 height1 7 repres5t$ by great lepidod5droid trees4 ,/]nb]g1 9 speak+ ( "s ( ! frogs :i* he f\nd 9 ! ,p]mian ( ,texas1 says3 ,i f\nd sev]al skulls t measur$ ov] a foot f ! end ( ! *9 to ! di/al po9t ( ! horns4444 ,i ?9k :5 alive ! frog mu/ h be5 six feet long4#ha ,he m5tions ano!r specim5 :i* 0 ab\t #aj feet long1 ! head ( :i* 0 ab\t #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 ) jaws m p[]ful ?an ^? ( an ox4 ,( ! mon/r\s ,d9osaurs ( ! ,mesozoic rocks "o h>dly ne$s to speak4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ gigantic ( t]re/rial animals1 9 "s cases rea*+ a l5g? ( #gj or #hj feet1 :ile at ! same "t !y _h a height ( body & massiv5ess ( limb t1 )\t evid5ce f ! bones1 w\ld h be5 ?\ght too great = muscle to move4#hb ,!y ab\nd 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w4 ,( ! gigantic ,mammals ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 x w\ld also be sup]flu\s to speak2 _! gigantic size is kn[n by e high s*ool pupil1 or e "o :o has visit$ any important museum 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,we may p]haps be rem9d$ aga9 t all ! species ( ^! old] rocks are ext9ct species4 ,i h already sugge/$ ! grave d\bts on ?is po9t1 reg>d+ ! great mass ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 plant & animal2 b we w let t pass4 ,b let u take "s ( ! late ,t]ti>y & ,plei/oc5e mammals1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f liv+ species1 & h[ d we f>e8 ,x is ! same old /ory2 ! mod]ns are deg5]ate dw>fs4 ,! hippopotamus 7,h4 major7 is a good "o to />t )1 = ,fl[] & ,lydekk]#hc say t x _c be specifically di/+ui%$ f ,h4 amphibius ( ,africa4 ,?is gigantic brute us$ to live 9 ! riv]s ( ,engl& & ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! text-books g5]ally say 9 ,plioc5e times1 because1 ,i suppose1 no "o has ! c\rage to sugge/ t x liv$ "u ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,we are always po9t$ to ! wool on ! rh9oc]os & ! mammo? z indicat+ a some:at cool climate1 b ! well kn[n amphibi\s habits ( ! hippopotamus _c be s easily dispos$ (4 ,b if1 z ,i believe1 ?is _w nev] saw a foot ( ice at ! sea level till ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 to speak aft] ! curr5t mann]1 ! problem becomes v simple4 ,9 t case ! "t ( ! ,hippopotamus 9 ,engl& 0 nei!r e>li] nor lat] ?an t ( ! palms & acacias ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y or ,mesozoic rocks1 or ?an t ( ! mammo?1 lion1 & hy5a ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,!re is z we n[ "k absolutely no?+ b an out-(-date hypo!sis to indicate t !y did n all live !re toge!r4 ,we may1 if we *oose1 try to dovetail ^? conditions into ! pres5t on ! basis ( uni=mity & sl[ secul> *ange1 by assum+ a few million ye>s = ! process1 b !re is nei!r a p>ticle ( evid5ce nor ( probability t ! hippopotamus 0 n contempor>y alike ) ! palms ( ! ,eoc5e & ! elephants & lions ( ! po/-,t]ti>y4 ,z = ! mammo? itself1 :i* ,fl[] & ,lydekk] h intimat$ may turn out id5tical ) ,e4 ,columbi & ,e4 arm5iacus1 & ?us ! direct ance/or ( ! mod]n ,asiatic elephant 7,e4 indicus71 "s h argu$ t its av]age size 0 n great] ?an t ( ! exi/+ species ( ,india & ,africa4 ,b ,ni*olson says t x 03 444 consid]ably l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ ( liv+ elephants1 ! skeleton be+ ov] sixte5 feet 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( ! tusks1 & ov] n9e feet 9 height4#hd ,dana is equally positive3 ,! species 0 ov] twice ! weight ( ! l>ge/ mod]n elephant1 & ne>ly a ?ird tall]4#he ,! upp] incisors or tusks 7 v mu* long] ?an 9 ! mod]n species1 be+ f t5 to twelve feet long1 & sometimes curv$ up & back s z to =m an almo/ complete circle4 ,z ^! tusks cont9ue to gr[ ?r\gh\t life1 _! enorm\s l5g? is1 ,i take x1 a pro( ( mu* great] longevity & ?us ( great] vitality ?an 9 ! cases ( ! mod]n species4 ,! latt] is simply a deg5]ate4 ,& s ,i might g on ) ! ,ed5tates1 ! ,ungulates1 ! ,rod5ts1 ! ,c>nivores1 etc41 = ! same ?+ mu/ be said ( all4 ,z ,sir ,william ,dawson#hf rem>ks3 ,no?+ is m evid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( fossil animals & plants ( pa/ geological ages ?an t p]si/5ce or deg5]acy are ! rule r ?an ! exception4444 ,we may almo/ say t all ?+s left to !mselves t5d to deg5]ate1 & only a new brea?+ ( ! ,almighty ,_s c />t !m aga9 on ! pa? ( advancem5t4 ,9 spite ( ! long popul> views ( ,cuvi]1 e mod]n sci5ti/ admits t ! great lion & hy5a ( ! ,plei/oc5e are id5tical ) ! liv+ species ( ,africa4 ,_m say ! same ?+ ( ! fossil be> z comp>$ ) ! mod]n br[n be> & ! grizzly1 ?\gh1 z ,dana rem>ks ( all ?ree1 lion1 hy5a1 & be>1 ^! mod]n k9ds are dw>fs 9 comp>ison4 ,i quote aga9 f ,dana3 ,?us ! brute races ( ! ,middle ,quat]n>y on all ! cont95ts exce$$ ! mod]ns greatly 9 magnitude4 ,:y1 no "o has expla9$4#hg ,?is 0 9 #ahge4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,manual1 publi%$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 he has ?is to say 9 addition3 ,a species ?rives be/ 9 ! region ( fitte/ climate4 ,9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 ! fitte/ climate 0 univ]sal4 ,geologi/s h attribut$ ! ext9ction ( mo/ ( ! species & ! dw9dl+ ( o!rs to ! cold ( ! ,re9de] epo*4 ,x is ! only explanation yet f\nd1 ?\gh seem+ly insuffici5t = ! ,am]icas4 7p4 #ajaf47 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! pictures ( ! re9de] & ! mammo? drawn & ev5 pa9t$ side by side on ! cav]ns ( ,s\!rn ,france1 und\bt$ly f life & by ! same arti/1 we d n he> s mu* ab\t ! ,re9de] epo*1 & ! ,mammo? epo*4 ,a little ?\ght %\ld h sugge/$ long ago t x 0 m reasonable to suppose ! re9de]1 glutton1 musk-ox1 etc41 to h be5 orig9ally adapt$ to ! high m\nta9s & table l&s ( t anci5t _w1 ?an to imag9e all ! fauna c>e]+ up & d[n ov] cont95ts & across seas l a lot ( crazy ,sc&9avian lemm+s1 z ! migration !ory involv$4 ,b mo/ geologi/s seem nev] to h _h any use = m\nta9s or plateaus1 except to bre$ glaci]s & cont95tal ice-%eets4 ,b ! only po9t :i* ,i wi% to insi/ ^u "h is t ! cause1 :atev] x 01 t made su* a zoological break at ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 & :i* compell$ ! %iv]+1 deg5]ate survivors1 t c\ld n /& ! new extremes ( fro/ & sn[1 to %ift to ! ,tropics--?is cause 0 c]ta9ly compet5t to d a good deal m "w 9 ! way ( ext9ction or dw9dl+ ( species ?an ! uni=mit>ians h g5]ally giv5 x cr$it =4 ,& 9 summ+ up ?is matt] reg>d+ ! size & physical developm5t ( species1 we mu/ confess t we f9d 9 geology no indication ( inh]5t progress upw>d4 ,v>iation !re is & v>iation !re has be51 ev5 mutations & saltations1 b ) "o voice d ! rocks te/ify t ! g5]al results ( su* v>iation h n be5 upw>d4 ,r mu/ we confess z a great biological law1 t deg5]ation has m>k$ ! hi/ory ( e liv+ =m4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,manual1 p4 #dhg4 #hj pp4 #fah-i4 #ha ,pop4 ,sc4 ,news1 ,may1 #aijb1 p4 #ajf4 #hb ,dana1 ,manual1 p4 #gfa4 #hc ,mammals1 etc41 p4 #bha4 #hd ,anci5t ,life-,hi/ory1 p4 #ceg4 #he ,manual1 p4 #iih4 #hf ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution1 ,app5dix4 #hg ,geol4 ,/ory ,briefly ,told1 p4 #bbi4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,fossil ,,m5 ,!re is /ill ano!r fact :i* we mu/ consid] ere we c frame any wise or safe induction reg>d+ ! geological *anges4 ,x is ?is3 ,man himself1 to say no?+ ( num]\s liv+ animals & plants1 mu/ h witness$ some?+ ( ! nature ( a cosmic convulsion--h[ mu* x is ! object ( our se>* to f9d out4 ,ev5 accord+ to ! ord9>y text-books1 he mu/ h se5 ! uplift+ ( ! great] "p ( ! m\nta9 *a9s ( ! _w2 :ile he c]ta9ly liv$ 9 conditions ( climate1 & ( l& & wat] di/ribution1 toge!r ) plant & animal surr\nd+s1 :i* preclude ! possibility ( dovetail+ ^? conditions into ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s on any basis ( uni=mity4 ,by ?is proposition ,i simply mean t ,man mu/ h witness$ a cosmic geological cata/rophe ( "s "* & ( "s dim5sions--! true nature & probable limits ( ?is cata/rophe ought to be ! *ief po9t ( all geological inquiry4 ,b in/ead ( ?is me?od1 in/ead ( f9d+ out :e!r our pres5t _w 0 ev] a witness ( su* an ev5t1 ! f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce began at ! little end ( an assum$ succession ( life 7involv+ a prepo/]\s sup]natural k ( ! pa/71 & gradually work$ up a habit ( expla9+ ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( ,uni=mity long decades be=e !y w\ld ackn[l$ge t ,man or ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s _h any?+ to d ) ?is fossil _w4 ,! evid5ce on ?is latt] po9t f9ally became ov]:elm+2 b ) _! habit ( ,uni=mity well ma/]$1 & _! long1 s+le file ( life succession all tabulat$ (f & infallibly fix$1 mod]n geologi/s h hi!rto refus$ to look at ! :ole sci5ce f ?is new po9t ( view1 or to recon/ruct geological !ory if ne$ be 9 accordance ) a true mod]n induction4 ,& 9 ?is proposition ! read] w und]/& t ,i believe 9 :at is call$ ,t]ti>y man4 ,i am aw>e t a few sci5ti/s /ill conte/ ?is view1 b ! evid5ce 7f ! /&po9t ( curr5t !ory7 seems to me to be ov]:elm+ly aga9/ !m4 ,b 9 ?is fact1 if x be a fact1 t ,man liv$ "u ! :olly /range & diff]5t conditions ( ,plioc5e or p]haps ,mioc5e times1 is ,,! ,,v ,,/ronge/ ,,possible ,,argum5t t ,i c conceive ( = ! necessity ( a complete recon/ruction ( geological !ory--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ap>t altoge!r f ! prepo/]\s way 9 :i* ! life succession 0 assum$ & built up & !n treat$ z an actual fact4 ,x 0 :5 ?is grim fact ( ,man's insep>able connection ) ! fossil _w 0 borne 9 ^u me1 t ,i began to realize ! possibility & imp]ative necessity ( recon/ruct+ ! sci5ce on a truly inductive basis4 ,i %all n und]take to give a complete up-to-date argum5t = ,mioc5e or ev5 ,plioc5e ,man4 ,! subject is /ill "u discussion z to j h[ f> back along ?is ?9 l9e ( rec$+ life =ms ,man actually did live1 & f ! peculi> me?ods n[ 9 vogue :i* are s :olly subjective 9 "*1 x w\ld seem to be capable ( settlem5t 9 almo/ any way "o *ooses4 ,h[ev]1 :ole volumes are be+ writt5 on ! subject1 & ! end is n yet4 ,b !re is no d5y+ t human rema9s h frequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 /rata :i*1 b = _! pres5ce1 w\ld h be5 assign$ a place f> back 9 ,t]ti>y "t4 ,! exi/5ce ( /rong evid5ce = ,t]ti>y ,man no "o w\ld ?9k ( d5y+4 ,9 all ?is1 ( c\rse1 ,i am consid]+ ! "q f ! common uni=mit>ian /&po9t4 ,b :y %\ld x be necess>y = u to positively settle ! "q z to j h[ f> back 9 geological "t ,man actually did live8 ,= ^? :o h att5tively read my /atem5t ( ! unsci5tific me?ods ( classify+ ^! ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y b$s--or all ! o!rs = t matt]--,i ne$ n "h add any fur!r argum5t if ! accept$ succession ( life is1 to put x z mildly z possible1 n q a sci5tific c]ta9ty2 if ! "t-honor$ cu/om ( classify+ ^! s-call$ sup]ficial b$s by _! relative p]c5tages ( ext9ct & liv+ =ms re/s "u a %ad[ ( suspicion z to its sci5tific accuracy2 if1 above all1 we d n at ! beg9n+ prejudice ! :ole case by ! assumption ( uni=mity1 :at ne$ is !re ( det]m9+ :e!r ,plioc5e or ,mioc5e %ells are f\nd ) ^! fossil human rema9s8 ,t ,man liv$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe contempor>y ) ^? giants ( ! prime1 ! elephant & ! musk-ox1 ! rh9oc]os & ! re9de]1 ! lion1 ! ,cape hy5a1 & ! hippopotamus1 at :i* "t a v diff]5t di/ribution ( l& & wat] prevail$ ov] ^! p>ts1 ) a radically diff]5t mantle ( climate spread ov] all1 no "o w d5y = a mom5t4 ,su* facts are n[ f\nd 9 ! prim>y text-books = our *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools4 ,b s9ce geologi/s /ill classify ! rocks z !y d1 & give a "t value to p]c5tages ( ext9ct & liv+ species ( m>9e %ells1 etc41 we are 9 a measure compell$ to take ! matt] :]e we f9d x1 & enquire h[ f> back 9 geological "t1 i4e41 among :at k9ds ( fossils1 are human rema9s f\nd8 ,"o ( ! be/ popul> works on ! subject t ,i "k ( is ,! ,meet+-,place ( ,geology & ,hi/ory1 7#ahid7 by ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson2 ?\gh1 l all o!r works ( its k9d writt5 f ! religi\s /&po9t1 x endeavors z f> z possible to m9imize ! evid5ce 9 support ( ,man's geological antiquity4 ,?is au?or ?9ks t ,dr4 ,m\rlan1 ( ,belgium1 has e/abli%$ ! /ronge/ case yet on record = ! exi/5ce ( ,t]ti>y ,man4 7p4 #cj47 ,x is t ( "s work$ fl9ts & brok5 bones ( animals imb$d$ 9 s&s d]iv$ f ,eoc5e & ,plioc5e b$s1 & suppos$ to h be5 remanie by w9d action4 ,pre/wi*#hh has br\ght =w>d simil> facts2 & ?\gh ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! g5u9e geological "* ( ^! rema9s seems to me little if any bett] ?an t f ! aurif]\s gravels ( ,cali=nia1 ,i am will+ to take !m z report$4 ,dawson speaks ( ! ne>ly entire human skeleton describ$ by ,quatrefages f ! ,l[] ,plioc5e b$s ( ,ca/eln$olo1 ne> ,brescia1 & only answ]s x ) a s>ca/ic rem>k ab\t ! well develop$ skull ( ?is anci5t man4 ,un=tunately ! skull ( ! only p]fect skeleton is said to h be5 ( fair proportions & sup]ior to ^? ( ! rud] types ( po/-,glacial m54 ,?is has ca/ a %ade ( suspicion on ! discov]y1 especially on ! "p ( evolutioni/s1 :o ?9k x is n 9 accordance ) !ory t man %\ld retrograde betwe5 ! ,plioc5e & ! e>ly mod]n p]iod in/ead ( advanc+4#hi ,la/ly1 we h ! foll[+ ab\t ! ,mioc5e3 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ,france two localities 7,puy1 ,c\rney & ,!nay71 "o 9 ! ,upp] & ! o!r 9 ! ,middle ,mioc5e1 :i* h af=d$ :at are suppos$ to be work$ fl9ts4 ,he adds t ,! geological age ( ! deposits seems 9 bo? cases beyond "q2 b cont5ts himself ) a d]isive answ] ab\t ^! *ipp$ fl9ts be+ possibly ! h&iwork ( ,mioc5e apes4 ,?is language1 com+ f su* a s\rce1 w\ld seem z good evid5ce z is ne$$ to prove t ,man 0 contempor>y )1 & t 8 rema9s are n[ f\nd among ! fossils ( ! ,middle ,mioc5e4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! are reluctant admissions drawn f ?is illu/ri\s sci5ti/1 :o 0 "o ( ! la/ *ampions ( ! old ideas ab\t ! rec5t orig9 ( ,man4 ,z ,pres4 ,asa ,mahan ( ,cornell has said1 ,admissions 9 favor ( tru? f ! ranks ( its enemies con/itute ! highe/ k9d ( evid5ce4 ,at any rate1 ,i %all treat ?is po9t z already prov$1 = :e!r ?is p>ticul> in/ance is accept$ or n1 practically all mod]n writ]s admit ! fact ( ,middle ,t]ti>y ,man4 ,i h already allud$ to ! rec5tly discov]$ pa9t+s on ! cave walls ( ,s\!rn ,france1 :]e re9de]1 auro*s1 horses & mammo?s h be5 reproduc$ ) /rik+ accuracy & skill1 & ( su* an age t !y h 9 places be5 cov]$ by /alactites ov] two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,m>quis ,de ,nadaillac1#ij :o has giv5 ! be/ description ( ^! int]e/+ antiquities t ,i h be5 able to see1 rem>ks t ! draw+ is wond]ful1 & t we are ju/ly a/oni%$ to f9d su* arti/ic p]=mances 9 times s di/ant f ours1 & 9 :i* we did n suppose a l civilization4 ,i h n se5 ! geological date to :i* ^! rema9s h be5 assign$1 b d\btless x is ! v late/ "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e--!y %[ f> too high a developm5t = ,mioc5e or ev5 ,plioc5e times4 ,b ,i %\ld l to be %[n "s good & suffici5t reason = say+ t ^! m5 are n j z likely to h be5 contempor>y ) ! ,middle ,t]ti>y fauna & flora z any o!rs4 ,"s m5 7 z commonly admitt$4 ,& 9 ! "n ( sacr$ common s5se1 if ! human p]iod is ?us ela/ic en\gh to /ret* out ov] ! ,plei/oc5e1 ! ,plioc5e1 & cle> back to ! ,middle ,mioc5e1 :y c't we d ! same = all ( man's /range companions1 ! mammo? & ! ,cape hy5a1 ! re9de] & ! hippopotamus1 ! lion & ! musk-ox1 etc48 ,! usual sne]s ab\t x be+ impossible = ?is app>5tly incongru\s mixture to live side by side 9 ! same di/rict mu/ n[ cease4 ,!y c]ta9ly did live side by side1 z is %[n by ^! companion pictures ( ! mammo? & ! re9de] 9 ! v s\!rn "p ( sunny ,france1 to say no?+ ( ! num]\s cases :]e ! bones ( ! above m5tion$ animals are all mix$ toge!r indiscrim9ately4 ,h[ is x unreasonable to suppose t ^! elephants1 lions & hippopotami liv$ b5ea? ! e>ly ,t]ti>y palms1 c9namons1 & mimosas ( ! l[] elevations1 :ile ! re9de]1 musk-ox & glutton liv$ b5ea? ! maples1 bir*es & bee*es ( ! high m\nta9 sides8 ,"s su* conditions mu/ h exi/$1 = t magnific5t _w1 ^: ru9s we n[ f9d buri$ b5ea? our feet1 0 a homog5e\s & h>moni\s unit 9 its plant & animal life1 9 spite ( ! fables ^u :i* we h s long be5 f$ 9 ! "n ( geological sci5ce4 ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ mu/ be equal to "o ano!r2 h5ce ! plants & animals :i* 7 contempor>y ) ! same creature 7,man7 mu/ h be5 contempor>y ) ea* o!r2 & h5ce !re is absolutely no?+ to =bid ! idea t ,man & 8 ,plei/oc5e companions 7 really contempor>y ) ! flora & fauna ( ! ,middle ,t]ti>y4 ,h5ce we may n[ proce$ to inquire :at geological *anges h occurr$ s9ce ! ,middle ( ! ,mioc5e1 accord+ to ! accept$ tea*+s ( geology4 ,our fir/ po9t mu/ be t ( climate1 & ,i h already giv5 abundant evid5ce to %[ t at t "t an abundant w>m-climate vegetation mantl$ all ! ,arctic regions4 ,z already quot$ f ,wallace1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,arctic regions1 & dur+ ! :ole ( geological "t1 we f9d "o uni=m climatic aspect ( ! fossils1 & ,x is q impossible to ignore or evade ! =ce ( ! te/imony z to ! cont9u\s w>m climate ( ! ,nor? ,temp]ate & ,pol> ,zones ?r\gh\t ,t]ti>y times4 ,t ?is a/oni%+ly mild & uni=m climate prevail$ ov] ^! regions until & dur+ ! "t ( ! mammo?1 we ought n to h a %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,:at s+le bit ( positive evid5ce is !re to %[ t x did n8 ,t he mu/ h _h "s su* vegetation on :i* to fe$ is c]ta91 & !re is no pro( ( any previ\s int]ruption ( ^! conditions save a s]ies ( hypo!ses4 ,he & 8 fell[s br[s$ on semi-tropical & w>m temp]ate plants f> )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 if !re happ5$ to be l& !re1 d\btless ov] ! v ,pole itself2 b sudd5ly66 lo1 some?+ caught him ) ! grip ( dea?-- ,& wrapp$ 8 corpse 9 w9d+-%eet ( ice1 ,& sung ! requiem ( 8 %iv]+ gho/4 ,:o has n read ( _! unta9t$ meat n[ mak+ food = dogs & wolves8 ,_! /oma*s are well fill$ ) undige/$ food1 %[+1 z "o au?or rem>ks1 t !y 7 quietly fe$+ :5 ! crisis came4 ,dr4 ,h]tz rec5tly report$ "o n only ) its /oma* full ( food1 b ) its m\? full1 too4 ,no wond] t ev5 an or?odox geologi/ l ,pr(4 ,dana is compell$ to say t ^! ?+s prove t ! cold f9ally became sudd5ly extreme1 z ( a s+le w9t]'s night1 & knew no rel5t+ aft]w>d4 ,"h !n is "o v notable geological ev5t :i* has tak5 place )9 ! human epo*1 & ! only ?+ ( its k9d ( :i* geology has an und5iable record1 viz41 a sudd5 & radical *ange 9 ! e>?'s climate2 a cosmic affair1 & n a local ph5om5on4 ,i ne$ n "h attempt to discuss ! h[ ( ?is _w cata/rophe z x mu/ h be51 or ! o!r *anges insep>ably involv$4 ,! fact itself is z c]ta9 z ,man's own exi/5ce4 ,! next division ( our subject1 9 fur!r consid]ation ( ! *anges t h tak5 place s9ce ,man's exi/5ce1 z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 relates to ! *anges ( l& & wat] di/ribution s9ce ,middle ,mioc5e times4 ,& "h aga9 ,i %all try to take ! classification ( ^! rocks j z ,i f9d !m4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* impresses u is ! extremely fragm5t>y di/ribution ( ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e b$s4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t !y are uncommon nor yet ( small ext5t4 ,on ! contr>y !y are scatt]$ ov] ,am]ica & ,eurasia--& all ! re/ ( ! globe = t matt]--l ! spots on a leop>d1 or ! w>ts on a toad's back1 till x becomes "o ( ! unse>*able my/]ies ( ! sci5ce h[ ^! innum]able pat*es c be got d[n "u ! ocean to receive _! load ( s$im5t1 )\t delug+ ! surr\nd+ regions 9 a simil> mann]4 ,b !n1 to be sure1 fre%-wat] lakes w answ] ! same purpose1 & are p>ticul>ly indicat$ :5 ! proportion ( plants & t]re/rial animals is 9 excess ( ! true m>9e fossils4 ,& s enorm\s fre%-wat] bas9s are describ$ "h & !re1 ) ! great mammals cr[d+ ab\t _! m>g9s 9 _! zeal to become fossiliz$1 t ! m\nta9 tops may be sav$ f go+ "u once m--or p]haps ,i %\ld say to enable ! mod]n writ]s to get "s ( ^! /rata puck]$ up to _! full height be=e ^! late ,t]ti>y deposits 7 made4 ,?is m\nta9 mak+ bus9ess is ano!r affair t geologi/s w\ld l to h take place on ! in/allm5t plan1 b un=tunately x seems to h be5 ne>ly all po/pon$ till ! v close ( geological "t4 ,?is arrangem5t ( fre%-wat] lakes saves ! c5tral ,rocky ,m\nta9 region f go+ d[n aga9 b5ea? ! deep4 ,b x _c save ! ,alps1 ,juras & ,app5n9es 9 ,europe1 nor p>ts ( ! ,himalayas1 & ,i "k n :at o!r m\nta9s 9 ,asia1 nor ! coa/ region ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon 9 ,am]ica1 to say no?+ ( l>ge p>ts ( ! ,&es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) regions 9 ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,b :at is ! use ( try+ to figure out ! am\nt ( our e>? :i* has be5 "u ! ocean s9ce ,middle ,t]ti>y times1 & ?us s9ce ,man 0 ^u x8 ,to save ! nor!rn half ( ,europe ) all ( ,canada f aga9 go+ "u at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 geologi/s h spread out _! cont95tal ice %eets1 & h ask$ !m to d duty in/ead ( wat]4 ,b ?is is h>dly suffici5t1 = ! upp] or lat] "p ( ! s-call$ ,glacial deposits are cle>ly /ratifi$2 & s !y ei!r invoke a flood va/ beyond conception1 z ,dana does 9 ,am]ica = ! f9al ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! glaci]1 or1 z o!rs pref]1 ! :ole region is baptiz$ aga94 ,z ,dawson says 9 8 ,meet+-,place ( ,geology & ,hi/ory1 ,no geological ev5t is bett] e/abli%$ ?an ! po/-,plioc5e subm]g5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ n we>y ! read] by dwell+ on ?is monoton\s repetition ( cata/rophes--= mu/ !y n h be5 cata/rophic if su* ups & d[ns ( :ole cont95ts are cr[d$ )9 ! human p]iod8 ,we may all[ a numb] ( ?\s&s ( ye>s = ,man's possible exi/5ce1 b ,ar*aeology & ,hi/ory alike prote/ aga9/ ! millions ( ye>s requir$ to expla9 ^! cont95tal oscillations on any basis ( uni=mity4 ,"o su* p]iod ( horror ought to be en\gh = u1 & to und]/& or expla9 x 9 a truly sci5tific mann]1 we mu/ ) x correlate ! sudd5 & _w-wide *ange ( climate already describ$4 ,"o m po9t dem&s consid]ation ere we complete ?is subject ( :at ,man has witness$ ( geological *ange4 ,=1 accord+ to curr5t !ory almo/ all ! m\nta9s h be5 ei!r :olly =m$ or at lea/ complet$ )9 q rec5t times3 inde$ _m ( ! greate/ m\nta9 *a9s h be5 puck]$ up f ! position ( horizontal /rata :olly s9ce ,mioc5e times1 :i* = u means s9ce ,man 0 ^u ! globe4 ,?us ,dana 9 speak+ ( ! "p ( ,we/]n ,am]ica :i* has be5 elevat$ s9ce ,mioc5e times1 says t x-- 444 probably includ$ ! :ole ( ! ,pacific m\nta9 bord]1 f ! l9e ( ! ,mississippi ,valley to ! ,pacific coa/ l9e & outside ( ?is l9e = "o or m scores ( miles4#ia ,& he adds ! significant words3 ,contemporane\sly1 simil> movem5ts 7 9 progress ov] ! o!r cont95ts3 along ! ,&es1 affect+ half1 at lea/1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,c>pa?ian ,alps1 & a l>ge "p ( ,europe2 ! ,himalayas & mu* ( ,asia4 7p4 #cfe47 ,let u n[ take a brief glance at a few ( ! details ( :at ^! m\nta9s 7 ?us do+ :ile ,man 0 liv+ 9 semi-tropical ,engl&1 or at lea/ ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 speak+ ( =eign examples ( ,t]ti>y m\nta9-mak+ ?is au?or devotes especial att5tion to ! ,alps & ! ,juras1 = _! /ructure is bett] und]/ood1 hav+ be5 m c>efully /udi$4 ,& ( an example describ$ by ,heim1 already spok5 (1 he says3 ,"o ( ! ov]?ru/ folds 9 ! region has put ! b$s upside d[n ov] an area ( #dej squ>e miles4 ,fifty ?\s& feet ( =mations ( ! ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y & ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y1 7 upturn$ at ! close ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod4#ib ,) :at a :ack mu/ ?is mighty mass ( rocks h fall5 on itself--miles 9 ?ickness1 & turn$ upside d[n ov] an area ( #dej squ>e miles666 ,( c\rse ,i am "h tak+ ! record j z ,i f9d x1 z ,i h already discuss$ ?is matt] ( ov]?ru/ folds4 ,i ne$ n give fur!r examples f ! o!r great m\nta9 ranges4 ,_! /ructure is n s well und]/ood z t ( ! ,alps1 ?\gh d\btless :5 exam9$ !y w be f\nd j z "y1 & j z full ( a/oni%+ m\nta9 movem5ts z ^? already exam9$4 ,b ?is mu* is already c]ta91 t practically ov] all ! _w ! m\nta9s 7 ei!r complet$ or :olly rais$ f ! sea level dur+ late ,t]ti>y & e>ly ,quat]n>y "t4 ,no wond] ,dana says t ?is fact is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s 9 geological hi/ory4 ,x has be5 ?\ght incr$ible t ! orographic climax %\ld h come s ne> ! end ( geological "t1 in/ead ( 9 an e>ly age :5 ! cru/ _h a pla/ic lay] b5ea?1 & 0 free to move2 yet ! fact is beyond "q4 7,manual1 p4 #ajbj47 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ abundantly prov$ ! v>i\s heads ( ! proposition ) :i* ,i began ?is *apt]1 viz41 t ev5 f ! /&po9t ( ! curr5t !ories3--#ic 7#a7 ,man mu/ h se5 ! entire elevation or at lea/ ! completion ( practically all ! great m\nta9s ( ! _w1 su* z ! ,rockies1 ,&es1 ,alps1 ,himalayas1 etc4 7#b7 ,! relative di/ribution ( l& & wat] surface has--s9ce ,man's adv5t z commonly /at$--*ang$ completely4 ,! l& & wat] h practically *ang$ places ov] ! great] "p ( ! globe4 7#c7 ,man liv$ :ile ! ,arctic regions _h a mild s(t climate1 & he liv$ to see ^! conditions s sudd5ly *ang$ t "s ( 8 dumb brute companions 7 caught 9 ! wat]s & froz5 s spe$ily t _! fle% has rema9$ unta9t$4 ,o!r consid]ations %[ ?is *ange ( climate to h affect$ ! :ole globe4 ,! lesson to be drawn f ?is z ! la/ fact 9 ! l9e ( cumulative evid5ce "h pres5t$1 w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,controv]t$ ,que/ions ( ,geology1 ,article ,,iii41 #ahie4 #hi ,meet+-,place1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #ij ,pop4 ,sc4 ,news1 ,feb4 #aijb4 #ia ,manual1 p4 #cfd4 #ib p4 #cfg4 #ic 7,note4 ,9 ?is discussion ,i h purposely ignor$ ! v>i\s in/ances :]e human rema9s h be5 report$ f deposits ( ev5 great] antiquity ?an ! ,middle ,t]ti>ies47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,inductive ,,me?ods ,9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ?is book ,i tri$ to exam9e into ! facts & me?ods :i* are commonly suppos$ to prove t !re has be5 a succession ( life on ! globe4 ,we f\nd t ?is life succession !ory has n a s+le fact to support x2 t x is n ! result ( sci5tific rese>*1 b :olly ! product ( an inv5tive imag9ation2 t no "o k9d ( fossil has ev5 be5 prov$ or c be prov$ to be intr9sically old] ?an ano!r1 or ?an ,man himself2 & h5ce t a complete recon/ruction ( geological !ory is imp]atively dem&$ by our mod]n k4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p ,i h br\ght out ! foll[+ additional facts3 #a4 ,! abnormal "* ( mu* ( ! fossilif]\s deposits4 #b4 ,a radical & _w-wide *ange ( climate4 #c4 ,! m>k$ deg5]ation 9 pass+ f ! fossil _w to ! mod]n "o4 #d4 ,! fact t ! human race1 to say no?+ ( a va/ numb] ( liv+ species ( plants & animals1 has p>ticipat$ 9 "s ( ! greate/ ( ! geological *anges--we really "k n h[ to limit ! numb] or "* ( ^! *anges4 ,surely a true _s ( sci5tific inve/igation w\ld n[ beg9 to inquire1 ,h[ did ^! *anges take place8 ,disc>d+ ! use ( /rong] language1 x is at lea/ utt]ly unsci5tific to beg9 some:]e at ! vani%+ po9t ( a pa/ et]nity & =mulate our pretty !ories z to h[ ?is deposit 0 made1 & h[ t 0 laid d[n1 & ! exact ord] 9 :i* !y all occurr$2 :ile ^! rec5t deposits1 9 :i* our race & ! plants & animals liv+ ab\t u are ackn[l$g$ to be conc]n$1 are left ov] till ! la/1 & we !n f9d t !y admit ( absolutely no explanation4 ,we ourselves1 to say no?+ ( ?\s&s ( liv+ species ( plants & animals1 h p>ticipat$ 9 "s ( ! v greate/ ( ! geological *anges--we "k n h[ _m or h[ great4 ,^! ?+s mu/ be fir/ expla9$4 ,has any?+ happ5$ to our _w t w expla9 !m8 ,are !re kn[n =ces & *anges n[ 9 op]ation :i*1 grant+ "t en\gh1 w amply & suffici5tly expla9 ^! facts1 z simply "o 9 k9d ) ^? ( ! pres5t day8 ,to ?is la/ "q we mu/ admit t our hi/oric exp]i5ce1 prolong$ ov] sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 utt]s a ?und]+ ,,no6 ,volcanoes are e n[ & !n break+ =?2 b volcanoes & m\nta9 ranges h no?+ 9 common ) "o ano!r z to /ructure & orig94 ,no "o claims t a s+le m\nta9 flexure is n[ be+ =m$ or has be5 =m$ )9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,!re are inde$ creeps 9 ! rocks 9 c]ta9 places1 b ^! are n su* z to contribute to ! height ( ! m\nta9s 9 :i* !y occur1 b r ! rev]se4 ,sudd5 *anges ( level )9 small areas h occurr$1 b nei!r 9 ext5t nor 9 k9d d !y furni% any key z to pa/ *anges ( level2 :ile ! s-call$ secul> *anges are s microscopic 9 ext5t & s d\btful 9 "* t !y are utt]ly unwor?y ( consid]ation 9 view ( ! /up5d\s problems :i* we are try+ to expla94 ,! well-kn[n "w ( ,edu>d ,suess is a /&+ prote/ t su* geological *ances are n n[ 9 progress2 =1 9 speak+ ( h[ ! l& & ocean h ex*ang$ places 9 ! pa/1 ,zittel repres5ts him z tea*+ t _! cause ( orig9 until n[ has n yet be5 discov]$4#id ,or1 to quote ! expressive words ( ,suess himself1 ) :i* he concludes 8 discussion ( ?is v subject3 ,z ,rama looks across ! ocean ( ! univ]se1 & sees its surface bl5d 9 ! di/ant horizon ) ! dipp+ sky1 & z he consid]s if inde$ a pa? might be built f> out into ! almo/ immeasurable space1 s we gaze ov] ! ocean ( ! ages1 b no sign ( a %ore %[s itself to our view4 7,id4 p4 #bid47 ,z = climate1 ,i nev] he>d any "o sugge/ t cosmic *anges ( climate are n[ kn[n to be go+ on1 mu* less t sudd5 *anges ( ! k9d indicat$ by ! ,nor? ,sib]ian mummies are 9 ! habit ( occurr+4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ all own t ! m\nta9s1 ! relative position ( l& & wat]1 z well z ! climate ( our globe1 are ea* & all n[ 9 a /ate ( /able equilibrium1 & h be5 9 ?is /ate s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory or ( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,accord+ly ,i ask1 ,h[ mu* "t is ne$$ to acc\nt = ! facts be=e u on ! basis ( ,uni=mity8 ,9 common hone/y w a %ort et]nity itself satisfy ! /]n problem be=e u8 ,i _c see t x holds out ! slighte/ promise ( solv+ x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i am sure t1 9 deal+ ) ! pa/ ( ,man's exi/5ce 7!ories ( evolution & all o!r !ories ( orig9s :atev] ca/ aside71 we are n at lib]ty to make unreasonable dem&s ( "t4 ,! evid5ce ( hi/ory & ar*aeology is all aga9/ x4 ,f ! latt] sci5ces x c be %[n t at _! v dawn we h1 ov] all ! cont95ts1 a gr\p ( civilizations seldom equall$ s9ce save 9 v mod]n times1 & all s und5iably relat$ to "o ano!r & ( su* a "* t !y prove a previ\s /ate ( civilization 9 "s locality toge!r1 be=e ^! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( our race 7 disp]s$ abroad4 ,we c track ^! v>i\s peoples all back to "s region 9 ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 ?\gh ! exact locality = ?is s\rce ( inh]it$ civilization has nev] yet be5 f\nd1 & x is n[ almo/ c]ta9 t x is someh[ lo/ 9 ! geological *anges :i* h int]v5$4 ,= :5 we cross ! well m>k$ b\nd>y l9e betwe5 hi/ory & geology1 we h /ill to deal ) m5 :o app>5tly 7 n savages1 m5 :o ) trem5d\s disadvantages c\ld c>ve & draw & pa9t z no savages h ev] done1 & :o _h evid5tly dome/icat$ ! horse & o!r animals4 ,b z to "t1 hi/ory gives no c\nt5ance to long "t1 i4e41 :at geologi/s w\ld call long4 ,good au!ntic hi/ory ext5ds back a few score c5turies1 ar*aeology may promise u a few m4 ,z = millions ( ye>s1 ( ev5 a few hundr$ ?\s&s1 ! ?+ seems too absurd = discussion1 unless we =sake inductive me?ods1 & assume "s =m ( evolution a priori4 ,h5ce x ought to be evid5t t no am\nt ( le>n$ trifl+ ) "t w solve our problem )\t suppos+ "s /range ev5t to h happ5$ our _w & our race1 long ago1 & be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,i see no possible way = sci5tific reason+ to avoid ?is conclusion4 ,ignor+ = ! pres5t ! ,*aldean ,deluge tablets1 & :at ,rawl9son calls ! cons5ti5t belief 9 a _w-cata/rophe among memb]s ( all ! great races into :i* e?nologi/s h divid$ mank9d1 :i* l _! civilization has ! e>m>ks ( be+ an inh]itance f "s common s\rce be=e _! disp]sion1 we may note t mo/ geologi/s n[ admit ! c]ta9ty ( "s sort ( cata/rophe s9ce man 0 ^u ! e>?4 ,i might m5tion ,quatrefages & ,dupont1 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,h[or?1 ,pre/wi*1 ,wright & ,sir ,william ,dawson1 ) _m o!rs4 ,ev5 ,edu>d ,suess tea*es a some:at simil> local cata/rophe1 ?\gh l ! o!rs only z a reluctant concession to ! insi/5t dem&s ( ,*aldean hi/ory & ar*aeological tradition4 ,b all ( ^! affairs are m]e make%ifts 9 view ( ! trem5d\s dem&s ( ! purely geological evid5ce1 & all alike 7save p]haps ^? ( ,wright & ,h[or?7 labor "u ! /range inconsi/5cy ( suppos+ t su* an ev5t c\ld occur )\t leav+ abundant & indelible m>ks ^u ! rocks ( our globe4 ,:ile 9 view ( ! evid5ce giv5 ?r\gh ! previ\s pages1 ,i insi/ t ! purely geological evid5ce ( a _w cata/rophe is immeasurably /rong] ?an t ( ar*aeology1 t 9 fact ! :ole geological ph5om5a con/itute a cumulative argum5t ( ?is nature4 ,b if ?is be grant$1 we mu/ !n inquire1 ,:at 0 its nature8 & :at its ext5t8 ,! =m] is q easily answ]$3 ! latt] problem is /ill some:at beyond our rea*4 ,z to its "*1 ! evid5ce is v pla94 ,x 0 a v]itable cataclysm ( "s sort3 x deals ) great *anges ( l& & wat] surface4 ,if ! geological succession is b a ho>y my?1 & if we f9d c\ntless mod]n liv+ species ( plants & animals mix$ up 9 all ! old] rocks1 we _c ignore ^! 9 a rational & unprejudic$ recon/ruction ( ! sci5ce4 ,b1 ignor+ ^!1 we mu/ rememb] t ev5 ! ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y deposits are absolutely _w wide1 & are pack$ ) fossils ( liv+ species4 ,n a cont95t & sc>cely a c\ntry on ! globe b conta9s great /ret*es ( ^! deposits1 laid d[n by ! sea :]e n[ ! l& is high & dry4 ,! sea & l& h practically %ift$ places ov] all ! globe s9ce ,man & ?\s&s ( o!r liv+ species left _! fossils 9 ! rocks4 ,x is only ! /up5d\s magnitude ( ^! *anges :i* has made our sci5ti/s reluctant to admit ! possibility ( su* a cata/rophe4 ,) ! my? ( a life succession dissipat$1 a broad view ( ! fossil _w _c fail to conv9ce ! m9d ( ! reality ( "s su* cosmic convulsion1 & conv9ce x ) all ! =ce ( a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,great gr\ps ( animals h dropp$ out ( sight ov] all ! cont95ts1 & _! c>casses h be5 buri$ by sea wat] :]e we n[ f9d high plateaus or m\nta9 ranges4 ,ignor+ completely ! abundant fossils 9 ! s-call$ old] rocks1 & fix+ our att5tion entirely on ! ,t]ti>y & ,plei/oc5e b$s t are ackn[l$g$ to be closely connect$ ) ! human race & ! mod]n _w1 we /ill h a problem 9 race ext9ction alone t appalls ! m9d4 ,! mammo?1 rh9oc]os & ma/odon1 toge!r ) n less ?an ?irty di/9ct species ( ! horse tribe1 z ,m>% says1 all disappe> f ,nor? ,am]ica at "o "t1 & ! mo/ +5i\s disciple ( ,hutton & ,lyell has be5 puzzl$ to inv5t a plausible explanation4 ,b :5 we consid] t at ?is same geological p]iod simil> ev5ts 7 occurr+ on all ! o!r cont95ts--! huge gr\nd-slo?s 7mega!riums7 & glyptodons 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 wombats z l>ge z tapirs1 & kang>oos ! size ( elephants 9 ,au/ralia2 ! mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os 9 ,eurasia2 toge!r ) an enorm\s hippopotamus1 z f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 to say no?+ ( ^? great be>s1 lions & hy5as1 ) a semi-tropical vegetation1 all disappe>+ toge!r at ! same "t1 or %ift+ to ! o!r side ( ! _w--x becomes almo/ l a delib]ate insult to our intellectual hone/y to be approa*$ ) (f]s ( explanations bas$ on any s-call$ natural action ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,b :51 9 addition to all ?is1 we consid] ! fact t ^? human giants ( ! caves ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 contempor>y ) ! animals m5tion$ above1 & disappe>$ along ) !m at ?is same "t1 :ile m\nta9 masses 9 all p>ts ( ! _w cr[d$ ) m>9e =ms ( ! s-call$ old] types positively _c be sep>at$ 9 "t f ! o!rs1 x becomes z c]ta9 z any o!r ord9>y sci5tific fact1 l sunrise or sunset1 t our once magnific5tly /ock$ _w met ) "s sudd5 & awful cata/rophe 9 ! long ago2 & is x 9 any way transgress+ ! b\nds ( true inductive sci5ce to correlate ?is ev5t ) ! ,deluge ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures & ! traditions ( e race on e>?8 ,we h already se5 h[ ,dana supposes two su* ev5ts1 "o at ! close ( ! ,palaeozoic age1 & ! o!r at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic1 m]ely to acc\nt = ! a/oni%+ disappe>ance ( species at ^! p]iods :5 ! fossils are arrang$ 9 taxonomic ord]2 b if we once admit su* an ev5t ) ,man & all ! o!r species contempor>y ) "o ano!r1 :]e %all we limit its p[] to di/urb ! l& & wat] & *urn !m all up toge!r1 leav+ ! pres5t simply z ! ru9s ( t previ\s _w8 ,! fact is1 ! curr5t ,geology is :olly built up f ! ,cambrian to ! ,plei/oc5e on ! dogmatic d5ial t any su* cata/rophe has occurr$ to ! _w 9 :i* ,man liv$1 = "o su* ev5t happ5+ 9 our mod]n homog5e\s _w is en\gh to make ! :ole pretty s*eme f\nd 9 our text-books tumble l a h\se ( c>ds4 ,l ! pati5t & exact obs]vations ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronom]s1 :i* accumulat$ volumes ( evid5ce contradict+ _! own !ories1 & :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo1 ,kepl] & ,newton1 seal$ ! doom ( a/ronomical speculation & laid ! f\ndations ( an exact sci5ce ( ! heav5s2 s h ! indefatigable labors ( ?\s&s ( geologi/s accumulat$ evid5ce :i* /rikes at ! v f\ndation ( ! curr5t ,uni=mit>ianism1 & ca/s a pall ( d\bt ov] e conclusion z to h[ or :5 any giv5 deposit ( ! old] rocks 0 produc$4 ,"h we mu/ leave ! "q = ! pres5t4 ,! possibility ( su* a _w-wide cata/rophe1 :i* might acc\nt = ! major "p ( ! geological *anges1 ne$s no apology "h4 ,! slighte/ di/urbance ( ! nice equilibrium ( our elem5ts w\ld suffice to s5d ! wat]s ( ! ocean c>e]+ ov] ! l&2 & 9 ! abundance ( a/ronomical causes compet5t = su* di/urbance we cease to reg>d su* an ev5t z necess>ily contr>y to natural law4 ,! possibility ( su* a ?+ no compet5t sci5ti/ n[ d5ies2 x is ! problem ( recov]y f su* a disa/] :i* makes ! p]plexity4 ,b incr$ible or n z ! latt] may be reg>d$1 ,i claim to h e/abli%$ a p]fect *a9 ( sci5tific argum5t prov+ a _w-wide cata/rophe ( "s sort s9ce ,man 0 ^u x4 ,b ?is fact1 if once admitt$1 /rikes at ! v f\ndation ( ! curr5t sci5ce1 & bids u readju/ our !ories f ?is view-po9t4 ,! v5]able s*eme ( a life succession becomes only ! taxonomic or classification s]ies ( ! _w t exi/$ be=e ?is disa/]1 & x becomes ! bus9ess ( our sci5ce to f9d out h[ _m & :at deposits 7 due to ?is ev5t1 & :at 7 accumulat$ dur+ ! unkn[n p]iod ( previ\s exi/5ce4 ,^? ( u :o wi% to speculate c !n let our imag9ations h free play z to ! unc\nt$ ages be=e t ev5t2 b ! phylog5ic s]ies z a rational sci5tific !ory is 9 limbo =ev]4 ,inductive geology1 !re=e1 deals n ) ! =mation ( a _w1 b ) ! ru9s ( "o2 x c tea* u absolutely no?+ ab\t orig9s4 ,! latt] problem lies across ! b\nd>y l9e 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy & !ology1 & to ^! sy/ems ( ?\ght we may *e]fully leave ! task ( readju/m5t 9 view ( ! facts "h pres5t$4 ,a few disconnect$ ?\ghts along ^! l9es ,i h v5tur$ to ins]t "h1 n /rictly z a "p ( my purely sci5tific argum5t1 b z an app5dix4 ,,footnote3 #id ,hi/ory1 p4 #cbj4 ,,app5dix ,,app5dix ,,reflections ,9 ! prec$+ pages ,i h endeavor$ to develop a sci5tific argum5t pure & simple4 ,yet ,i d n feel call$ ^u to apologize 9 any way = attempt+ n[ to %[ ! connection betwe5 an inductive s*eme ( ,geology z set =? 9 ! body ( ?is "w & ! religion ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?\gh my rem>ks along ?is l9e mu/ necess>ily be v brief4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal idea ( religion is ! fa!rhood ( ,god z our ,creator4 ,! only true basis ( morality lies 9 our relation%ip to ,him z ,8 creatures4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,biblical idea ( a creation at "s def9ite & n v remote p]iod 9 ! pa/ became mu* modifi$ by reason ( c]ta9 !ories ( evolution1 :i* expla9$ ! orig9 ( plants & animals z ! result ( sl[-act+ causes1 n[ 9 op]ation ar\nd u1 prolong$ ov] imm5se ages ( "t4 ,^! !ories1 ?\gh built up :olly on ! curr5t ,geology z a f\ndation1 7 yet suppos$ to be firmly e/abli%$ 9 sci5ce1 & aft] a spirit$ discussion among biologi/s = a few ye>s1 7 almo/ univ]sally accept$ 9 "s =m or o!r by ! religi\s lead]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,& ?\gh ! ,!i/ic ,evolution ( rec5t ye>s may be suppos$ to h modifi$ some:at ! /]n he>tlessness ( pure ,d>w9ism1 x /ill leaves ! ,*ri/ian _w q at v>iance ) ! old ,paul9e doctr9es reg>d+ good & evil1 creation1 r$emption1 ! atonem5t1 etc4 ,& ^! are n ! only effects ( ! g5]al acceptance ( ^! ideas z an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,we see _! moral effects 9 ! g5]ation n[ com+ on ! /age ( action--m5 educat$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ,evolution1 & accu/om$ f y\? to ! idea t all progress1 :e!r 9 ! individual or ! race1 is to be rea*$ only by a ceaseless /ruggle = exi/5ce & survival at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,9 ! words ( ,sir ,william ,dawson1 ^! doctr9es h /imulat$ to an int5se degree t popul> unre/ s natural to an age discont5t$ ) its lot 444 & :i* ?reat5s to ov]?r[ ! :ole fabric ( society z at pres5t con/itut$4#ie ,?is popul> & p]fectly natural application ( ! evolution doctr9e to e-day life is c]ta9ly int5sify+1 z nev] be=e1 ! innate selfi%ness ( human nature1 &1 9 e pursuit ( life1 embitt]+ ! sad /ruggle = place & p[]4 ,p]haps no o!r "o cause & result s]ve m pla9ly to diff]5tiate ! pres5t /r5u\s age f ^? t h gone be=e4 ,! hi!rto undream$-( advantages & creature com=ts ( ! pres5t day1 in/ead ( t5d+ t[>d univ]sal peace & happ9ess1 are app>5tly only giv+ a wid] range to ! discont5t & depravity ( ! natural human he>t4 ,s mu* s1 t any "o famili> ) ! hi/ory ( nations _c b feel a t]rible =ebod+ creep ov] him z he faces ! prospect pres5t$ to-day by civilis$ society ! _w ov]4 ,! only rem$y = ! _m & increas+ evils ( our _w is ! old-fa%ion$ religion ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les4 ,& ?is appli$1 n to ! /ate1 b to ! individual4 ,! s\l-reg5]at+ tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity h always1 :]ev] giv5 a prop] te/ by ! individual1 result$ 9 moral uplift & bless+4 ,ecclesia/ical policies & ideas h always1 :]ev] all[$ to influ5ce civil legislation1 result$ 9 oppression & tyranny4 ,:at has ,geology to d ) all ?is8 ,x has mu* to d ) x4 ,correct ideas ( geology w remove a great _m va9 notions--,i _h almo/ said sup]/itions--reg>d+ our orig91 :i* n[ pass "u ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,& 9 ?us remov+ false ideas x leaves ! gr\nd cle>$ = m correct ideas reg>d+ creation1 & ?us = tru] concepts ( morality1 ! old idea ( mu/ & ought bas$ on our relation to ,god z ,8 creatures4 ,m>k ! words ,i h us$4 ,inductive ,geology c nev] prove creation4 ,x may remove ob/ructions :i* h hi!rto obscur$ ?is idea1 b ?is is ! utmo/ limit ( any true sci5ce4 ,inductive ,geology removes =ev] ! succession-(-life idea1 & ?us may sugge/ ! only seem+ alt]native1 viz41 ,creation z ! def9ite act ( ! ,inf9ite ,god4 ,be=e ?is awful yet sublime fact1 ) all ! fogs ( evolution & metaphysical subtleties cle>$ away1 ! human m9d /&s to-day z nev] be=e )9 hi/oric times4 ,) a fairly complete k ( ! *emical make-up ( protoplasm1 ) a good acqua9tance ) ! life hi/ory & reproduction ( liv+ cells1 we yet "k no?+ ( ! orig9 ( life4 ,) a good work+ k ( v>iation1 hybridization1 etc41 we "k no?+ ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,:ile ) a fairly good und]/&+ ( ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( species1 & ( :]e _! fossils occur 9 ! rocks1 we are pr(\ndly ignorant ( any p>ticul> ord] 9 :i* ^! species orig9at$ on our globe1 or :e!r !y all took orig9 at approximately "o & ! same "t4 ,9 %ort1 hav+ rea*$ out along e kn[n l9e ( inve/igation1 until we h app>5tly rea*$ ! limits ( ! human p[]s 9 inve/igation & rese>*1 tw5tie? c5tury sci5ce mu/ /& ) uncov]$ head & b[$ =m 9 pres5ce ( t mo/ augu/ ?\ght ( ! human m9d1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$4 ,& yet1 p]sonally1 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t ! orig9 ( life & ( our cosmos1 0 accord+ to law1 & ! laws ( nature4 ,z has be5 said1 ,h[ c\ld ! orig9 ( nature be contr>y to nature8 ,h[ c\ld ! orig9 ( pres5t =ms & conditions be 9 any way at v>iance ) ! laws by :i* ^! =ms or conditions are ma9ta9$8 ,& :ile ,i d n consid] x a v promis+ field ( rese>*1 we ought to h no m reluctance1 p] se1 to consid]+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fir/ cell or ! fir/ species 0 =m$1 ?an ! way 9 :i* a *ick5 is produc$ f ! egg4 ,( c\rse 9 ei!r case we mu/ h ! mat]ials1 & "s outside ,cause to orig9ate ! conditions & conduct ! process2 !y bo? require ! imman5t pres5ce & fo/]+ c>e ( ! great ,creator4 ,9 ?is connection ,i beg leave to quote some:at at l5g? f my book1 ,outl9es ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,we are gett+ no ne>] ! real my/]y 9 ! case by say+ t all ! tissues ( ! *ick are built up by ! protoplasm 9 ! egg4 ,! protoplasm 9 ! toes is ! same z t 9 ! little creature's bra94 ,:y does ! "o build up claws & ! o!r bra9 cells8 ,does memory guide ^! little ?+s 9 _! wond]ful division ( labor8 ,b !y all />t$ f "o orig9al g]m cell1 h5ce !y all ought to h ! same memory pictures4 ,or h !y ent]$ into a mutual-b5efit arrangem5t1 l ! memb]s ( a community1 z ,haeckel w\ld h u believe1 ea* contribut+ by actual desire & ef=t1 ,i suppose1 an individual %>e to ! g5]al progress ( ! :ole8--,no2 !y h all ! appe>ance ( be+ m]e automata work+ at ! direct bidd+ ( a ,ma/] ,m9d4 ,e /ep ( ! process ne$s a ,creator1 j z mu* z ! fir/ cell division4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( ! highe/ ( sci5tific au?orities1 ',we /ill d n "k :y a c]ta9 cell becomes a gl&-cell1 ano!r a ganglion-cell2 :y "o cell gives rise to a smoo? muscle-fibre1 :ile a neighbor =ms volunt>y muscle2' & ?is also 'at c]ta91 usually pr$e/9$1 times 9 p>ticul> places4'#if ,& 9 ! same way ! idea ( a ,creator w\ld n be dispos$ (1 ev5 if we c\ld possibly hit ^u ! probable process ( _w-=mation4 ,we w\ld n1 by und]/&+ ! process1 really get at ! cause ( ! ph5om5a1 any m ?an we d n[ at ! real cause ( life4 ,f ! sci5tific me?od ! real my/]y rema9s z mu* beh9d ! veil z ev] be=e4 7pp4 #aaa1 #aab47 ,aga9 ,i quote f ?is same "w3 ,! orig9 ( organic nature c\ld n well h be5 o!rwise ?an by natural process4 ,d we und]/& all natural processes8 ,at "s "t life 0 n 9 exi/5ce on our globe4 ,all agree t x _h a beg9n+4 ,ev5 if creat$ by ! great ,creator1 ! liv+ 0 at "s "t =m$ f ! n-liv+ or ! n-mat]ial4 ,x does n take ev5 ,huxley's fam\s 'act ( philosophic fai?' to believe t4 ,s t1 9 spite ( all ! haze t has be5 ?r[n ab\t ?is "q1 ! ,biblical creation ( ! organic f ! inorganic is no m contr>y to1 or ev5 outside (1 natural law ?an is evolution4444 ,b see :at we avoid4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 dea? 9 ev5 ! l[] animals 7& consequ5tly all mis]y & suff]+3 ! less is includ$ 9 ! great]7 is only ! result ( s9 on ! "p ( man1 ! head ( animat$ nature1 a reflex or sympa!tic result1 if y w4 ,b ) evolution we h c\ntless millions ( ye>s ( creature suff]+1 cruelty1 & dea? be=e man appe>$ at all1 cruelty & dea? t 444 h no moral mean+ at all1 save z ! "w ( a fi5d creator1 or a bungl+ or incompet5t "o4#ig ,! au?or !n gives a quotation f ,le,conte1 illu/rat+ ! extremely v>i\s ways 9 :i* matt] & en]gy act on ! diff]5t planes ( _! exi/5ce1 :ile ,! passage f "o plane upw>d to ano!r is n a gradual passage by slid+ scale1 b at "o b\nd4 ,:5 ! necess>y conditions are pres5t1 a new & high] =m ( =ce at once appe>s1 l bir? into a high] sph]e4444 ,x is no gradual process1 b sudd51 l bir? into a high] sph]e4#ih ,! argum5t !n proce$s z foll[s3 ,! liv+ at "s "t orig9at$ f ! n-liv+4 ,we call x creation4 ,c any "o f9d a bett] "n8 ,x is prepo/]\s to call x a process ( developm5t or evolution due to ! inh]5t prop]ties ( ! atoms1 & effect$ by !m alone4 ,& yet x is d\btless z mu* accord+ to 'natural law' z are ! inv>iable & exact comb9ations ( *emi/ry4 ,we d n und]/& ! ultimate reasons = *emical aff9ity any m ?an we d = gravitation4 ,!y are only expressions ( ! me?odical1 ord]-lov+ m9d ( ,deity4 ,creation 0 only ano!r action ( ! same m9d1 & we are n really f9d+ any new difficulty :5 we say t ! processes or ! reasons = creative action are beyond our compreh5sion4 ,:5 we c really solve "s ( ! myriad problems "r be=e our eyes1 x w be "t en\gh to compla9 ab\t creation be+ incompreh5sible or contr>y to 'natural law4' ,well1 !n1 rememb]+ t1 ev5 accord+ to ,huxley's 'act ( philosophic fai?1' ! orig9 ( ! liv+ f ! n-liv+ mu/ at "s "t h tak5 place accord+ to natural law1 :y %\ld we suppose t su* a process 0 conf9$ to "o example8 ,if1 :5 ! "y planet '0 pass+ ?r\gh physical & *emical conditions :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall 8 infancy1' ! 'necess>y conditions' 7 favorable = "o su* creation ( life1 :y n a few billion8 ,w\ld ! production ( a few billion su* beg9n+s ( protoplasm be any less 'natural' ?an ( "o alone8 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t bo? ! arrangem5t ( ^! 'necess>y conditions1' z well z ! end[+ ( matt] ) ^! 'prop]ties1' n only requires a cause1 b ?is cause mu/ be intellig5t1 = !re is indisputable design 9 ?is fir/ orig9 ( life4444 ,! food = a develop+ embryo might1 = aught t we "k1 be convey$ to x direct f ! ultimate laboratories ( nature1 & x ?us be built up by protoplasm 9 ! usual way1 )\t ! m$ium ( a p>5t =m--o!r ?an ! great ,fa!r ( all4 ,or w\ld x be any less accord+ to natural law to believe t a bird pass$ ?r\gh all ! usual /ages ( embryonic developm5t f ! n-liv+ up to ! full-fl$g$ song/] ( ! skies 9 "o day--! fif? day ( creation8 ,& if "o example1 :y n a million8 ,=1 rememb] t ! y\?ful e>? 0 !n pass+ ?r\gh /range conditions1 ':i*1' z ,huxley says1 'x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall 8 infancy4'#ii ,omitt+ "s rem>ks ab\t embryology1 ,i cont9ue ?is quotation z foll[s3 ,b :at 'law' w\ld be violat$ 9 ?is spr+time ( ! _w if1 in/ead ( tw5ty ye>s or s = full developm5t1 ! fir/ man pass$ ?r\gh all ^! /ages 9 "o day--! six? ( creation week8 ,he might z well h orig9at$ f ! n-liv+ z ! evolutioni/'s fir/ speck ( protoplasm1 = he c]ta9ly n[ />ts f a mass ( ?is same protoplasm1 id5tical1 z we h se51 9 all plants & animals4 ,& by orig9at+ ?us1 he w\ld escape t horrible h]itage ( be/ial & savage prop5sities :i* he w\ld get ?r\gh evolution1 a h]itage t w\ld make x n 8 fault1 b 8 mis=tune1 t s9 & evil are 9 ! _w1 & :i* w\ld also %ift ! responsibility = ! evid5tly abnormal condition ( '?is pres5t evil _w' (f f ! creature to ! ,creator1 & *ange to u ,8 "* f t ( a lov+ ,fa!r1 fett]$ by no conditions 9 ,8 creation1 to t ( ei!r a bungl+1 incompet5t workman or a he>tless fi5d2 =1 ?\gh ,i am almo/ a%am$ to write ! words1 ! god ( ! evolutioni/ mu/ be ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 7p4 #aba47 99 99 99 99 99 ,) an appreciation nurtur$ by c5turies ( /udy ( ,god's l>g] book1 baffl$ (t5 ?\gh %e has be51 & disappo9t$ _m times 9 ! words %e has endeavor$ to spell out1 ,sci5ce to-day proclaims its subject1 its title page1 :i* %e has n[ at la/ deciph]$1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #ie ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution1 p4 #ab4 #if ,nature1 ,may #bc1 #aija1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #ig ,outl9es1 etc41 p4 #aaf4 #ih ,evolution & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 pp4 #cad-caf4 #ii ,outl9es1 etc41 p4 #aai1 #abj4 ,,report ,,on ,,illogical ,,geology ,hav+ read ! =ego+ argum5t1 w y n[ d ! ,publi%]s & ! au?or ! favor ( fill+ out ! foll[+ blank & mail+ ?is slip1 or a copy ( x1 to u z e>ly z possible8 ,x makes no diff]5ce to u ev5 if y\r op9ion is adv]se4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic ,,co4 #beg ,s4 ,hill ,/41 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,cut out "h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ,"p ,i z an exposure ( ! ,evolution ,!ory8 #b4 ,h[ c x be improv$8 #c4 ,:at fact or facts h be5 omitt$ f ,"p ,,ii t %\ld be includ$ 9 a true1 safe1 induction reg>d+ ! pa/ ( our globe8 #d4 ,o!r rem>ks4 ,,"n444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,,/reet ,,& ,,numb]4444444444444444444444444444 ,,city444444444444444444444 ,pr(ession or ,occupation444444444444444444444444444 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity ,,by ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price ,! ,evolution ,!ory 9 its :ole range1 f ! ,nebul\s ,cl\d1 ! ,cool+ ,e>?1 & ! ,orig9 ( ,life1 ?r\gh ,geology & ,biology up to ! ,moral ,nature ( ,man1 ,c>efully discuss$ 9 a ,popul> ,/yle4 ,no "o1 aft] read+ x1 c\ld = a mom5t suppose t ! ,evolution ,!ory _h be5 prov$ by s\nd sci5tific argum5ts1 :ile ! moral & religi\s t5d5cies ( ! doctr9e are %[n to be anti-,*ri/ian to ! la/ degree4 ,clo? b\nd1 #bgb pages1 net1 #ge c5ts4 ,po/age extra4 ,god's ,two ,books ,,by ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price ,a pamphlet cov]+ t "p ( ! ,evolution ,!ory :i* deals ) ,geology1 ,ar*ology1 ,d>w9ism1 & e?ics4 ,x is especially full on ,geology & ,d>w9ism1 & pres5ts _m facts & argum5ts on ^! subjects n f\nd 9 any?+ n[ publi%$4 7,9 prep>ation74 ,,pap] ,,cov]s1 ,,ab\t #abj ,,pages1 #be ,,c5ts1 ,,po/paid4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic ,,co4 #beg ,,s4 ,,hill ,,/41 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,! ,mod]n ,h]etic ,a ,magaz9e ( ,primal ,or?odoxy ,,george ,,mccready ,,price1 ,,editor ,we believe t ! claims ( ,evolution1 ,high] ,criticism1 ,new ,!ology1 ,new ,?\ght1 ,spiritism1 etc41 are unsci5tific & un-,*ri/ian4 ,we realize t we are 9 a small m9ority1 & t to assail ^! doctr9es is to-day call$ h]esy4 ,b we h *os5 our position delib]ately1 & %all abide by ! consequ5ces4 ,?is j\rnal w try to give ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies 9 geology1 biology1 physiology & ar*ology1 & to discuss _! be>+s on ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & we ?9k t no intellig5t p]son c af=d to be )\t its regul> visits4 ,mon?ly2 #ej;c p] ye>2 sample copies free4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,h]etic ,,co4 #beg ,s4 ,,hill ,,/4 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,punctuation has be5 /&>dis$1 9 p>ticul>1 miss+ p]iods h be5 suppli$ :]e obvi\sly requir$4 ,all o!r orig9al errors & inconsi/5cies h be5 reta9$1 except z foll[s2 7! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al text1 ! second ! passage z curr5tly /&s73 mu/ less ( ! co-exi/+ faunas ( o!r mu* less ( ! co-exi/+ faunas ( o!r :i* x discusses f a purely sci5tfic :i* x discusses f a purely sci5tific works ( ,dana1 ,le ,conte1 ,pre/wi*1 & ,geikie works ( ,dana1 ,le,conte1 ,pre/wi*1 & ,geikie ( look+ into ! g5eology ( an idea4 ( look+ into ! g5ealogy ( an idea4 hi/ory ( sci5ce did a /rang] haluc9ation hi/ory ( sci5ce did a /rang] halluc9ation we "k !y are today 9 rec5t deposits we "k !y are to-day 9 rec5t deposits ,! au?or !n gives a quotation f ,le ,conte1 ,! au?or !n gives a quotation f ,le,conte1 ,b is is equally evid5t t ea* successive ,b x is equally evid5t t ea* successive dom9at$ ,m$iaeval scola/icism & made x dom9at$ ,m$iaeval s*ola/icism & made x ,! ,glacian ,nightm>e & ! ,flood1 ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e & ! ,flood1 l>g] species is ! ,titni*?ys cl>ki l>g] species is ! ,titani*?ys cl>ki happ5+ 9 our mod]n homog5\s _w is en\gh happ5+ 9 our mod]n homog5e\s _w is en\gh widespread numulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e widespread nummulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e ( organic creation on ! in/al m5t plan1 ( organic creation on ! in/alm5t plan1 ,numulites or ,mammals positively 7 n liv+ ,nummulites or ,mammals positively 7 n liv+ "h & !re to make ?is incr$ible ?icknss1 "h & !re to make ?is incr$ible ?ickness1 ab\t #ahcj x came to ! recogniz$1 o!r ab\t #ahcj x came to be recogniz$1 o!r ! bison is today absolutely ext9ct1 ! bison is to-day absolutely ext9ct1 ,see ,le ,conte1 ,evol4 & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 ,see ,le,conte1 ,evol4 & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 !y are direct$ r to ! empyrical me?od !y are direct$ r to ! empirical me?od fitt+ l a glove on ! prece$+4 fitt+ l a glove on ! prec$+4 ,le ,conte1 ,evol4 & ,rel4 ,?\ght1 pp4 #cc1 #cd ,le,conte1 ,evol4 & ,rel4 ,?\ght1 pp4 #cc1 #cd & spcial monographs 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*4 & special monographs 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*4 ,b to incrase ?is antiquity by say+ ,b to increase ?is antiquity by say+ ,lions & monkys1 hippopotami & crocodiles1 ,lions & monkeys1 hippopotami & crocodiles1 & rh9oc]oces1 n[ live b5ea? ! palms1 & rh9oc]oses1 n[ live b5ea? ! palms1 sci5ti/s :o c elaborate g5eological trees ( desc5t sci5ti/s :o c elaborate g5ealogical trees ( desc5t h tak5 = ^! exc$+ly num]\s h tak5 = ^! exce$+ly num]\s ! ,plei/oc5e ,mammals & ! middle ,t]ti>y flora ! ,plei/oc5e mammals & ! middle ,t]ti>y flora lit]ature is fairly innundat$ ) new names2 lit]ature is fairly inundat$ ) new names2 a not$ paiaeontologi/ = f9d+ a pupa a not$ palaeontologi/ = f9d+ a pupa ! !ories ( ! ig5\s orig9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks ! !ories ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks w5t to s*ool toeg!r1 s]v$ 9 ! same w>s1 w5t to s*ool toge!r1 s]v$ 9 ! same w>s1 or are n[ to be f\nd iiv+ 9 our mod]n _w or are n[ to be f\nd liv+ 9 our mod]n _w e4g4 gratolites & numulites e4g4 gratolites & nummulites ^! ,davonian & o!r rocks are absolutely ^! ,devonian & o!r rocks are absolutely x _c save ! ,alps1 ,juras & ,app59es x _c save ! ,alps1 ,juras & ,app5n9es )\t leav+ abundant & indellible m>ks )\t leav+ abundant & indelible m>ks :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a c c recall :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall & yet refuse ! evid5tly complemnt>y dposits & yet refuse ! evid5tly complem5t>y deposits pages ( ! ord9>y text-boks4 pages ( ! ord9>y text-books4 ^! is no tell+ :at ho/s ( simil> facts !re is no tell+ :at ho/s ( simil> facts b s f> z ! text-boks tell u are b s f> z ! text-books tell u are z rec5t z ! numulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e z rec5t z ! nummulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e ,footnote #b3 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #dh-bba-b4 ,footnote #b3 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #dh1 #bba-b = ?\s&s ( skletons are f\nd 9 localities = ?\s&s ( skeletons are f\nd 9 localities is easily und]/od z ! survival ( ! notion1 is easily und]/ood z ! survival ( ! notion1 ! dim pa/1 & all ^! semitropical plants _h ! dim pa/1 & all ^! semi-tropical plants _h bett] e/abli%$ ?an ! po/-,piioc5e subm]g5ce4 bett] e/abli%$ ?an ! po/-,plioc5e subm]g5ce4 example describ$ by ,helm1 already spok5 (1 example describ$ by ,heim1 already spok5 (1 ,! =m] is qulet easily answ]$3 ,! =m] is q easily answ]$3 race ext9ction alone t appals ! m9d4 race ext9ction alone t appalls ! m9d4 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,cop]nicus & ,galilio1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo1 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,inductive ,,me?ods ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,inductive ,,me?ods ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,manual1 ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,manual1 pre-conceiv$ !ory w\ld at ! sugge/ion ( su* preconceiv$ !ory w\ld at ! sugge/ion ( su* evolution & metaphysical subtilties cle>$ away1 evolution & metaphysical subtleties cle>$ away1