,illu/ration3 ,,grotto ,,del ,,cani4    
,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ = ! ,book (      
,curiosities4 p4 #hgg       ,,! ,,book  
,,( ,,curiosities3    ,,conta9+ ,,t5    
,,?\s&   ,,wond]s ,,& ,,curiosities     
,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,art2    ,,& ,,(      
,rem>kable & ,a/oni%+ ,,places1 ,,be+s1 
,,animals1   ,,cu/oms1 ,,exp]im5ts1     
,,ph5om5a1 etc41 ( bo? ,anci5t   &      
,mod]n ,times1 on all ,p>ts ( ! ,,globe3
 compris+   ,au!ntic ,acc\nts ( ! mo/   
,,wond]ful ,,freaks (   ,,nature &      
,,arts ( ,,man4     ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,i4 
,,platts4     ,,fir/ ,,am]ican          
,,edition4    ,,complete ,,9 ,,"o       
,,volume4     ,,philadelphia3           
,,publi%$ ,,by ,,le>y  ,,getz4   #ahed4 
,,cont5ts4   ,abd]ites1 or inhabitants (
 ,abd]a1 curi\s acc\nt (1 #de  ,ab/95ce1
 wond]s (1 #fg  ,act ( fai?1 #fch       
,adansonia2 or1 ,african calaba% tree1  
#cgh  ,agnesi1 ,m>ia ,gaetana1 acc\nt (1
 #abj  ,agrig5tum1 9 ,sicily1 ru9s (1   
#edj  ,air1 its pressure & ela/icity1   
#hci  ,al>m bird1 #bdc  ,alex&ria1      

build+s & libr>y (1 #edi  ,alhambra1    
#eei  ,alligators1 #afd  ,am]ican       
natural hi/ory1 #ahb  ,anagrams1 #dej   
,&es1 #dae  ,&roides1 #gja  ,ang]1      
surpris+ effects (1 #hb  ,animalcules1  
#ceg  ,animal g5]ation1 curiosities     
respect+1 #aci  ,animals1 =mation (1    
#adb  ,animals1 pres]vation (1 #add     
,animals1 de/ruction (1 #aej  ,animal   
reproductions1 #aed  ,animals & plants1 
w9t] sleep (1 #hjh  ,animals1 rem>kable 
/r5g? ( affection 91 #ahd  ,animals1    
surpris+ in/ances ( sociality 91 #ahe   
,animals1 unacc\ntable faculties        
possess$ by "s1 #ahg  ,animals1         
rem>kable in/ances ( fa/+ 91 #ahi       
,animal fl[]1 #cib  ,an?ropophagi1 or   
m5-eat]s1 acc\nt (1 #ge  ,ants1         
curiosities (1 #bij  ,ants1 gre51 #caa  
,ants1 :ite1 or t]mites1 #cja  ,ant1    
lion1 #cab  ,ants1 visit+1 #cab  ,aphis1
 curiosities respect+1 #cca  ,aqu$ucts1 
rem>kable1 #gie  ,arc1 ,joan (1 #ibg    
,ark ( ,noah1 #ehb  ,artific]1          
un=tunate1 #gde  ,artificial figure to  

light a c&le1 #hcj  ,asbe/os1 #djb      
,a?os1 m\nt1 #dbc  ,attraction1 examples
 (1 #hcg  ,augsburg1 curiosities (1 #egf
  ,aurora borealis1 #fhd  ,automaton1   
description (1 #gjj   ,b  ,babylon1 #eeg
  ,bacon flit*1 cu/om at ,dunm[1 ,essex1
 #fje  ,balbeck1 anci5t ru9s (1 #ech    
,bannian tree1 #cgd  ,baptism1 a curi\s 
"o1 #fdb  ,b>ati]1 ,john ,philip1       
premature g5ius (1 #abe  ,b>omet]1 rules
 = pr$ict+ ! wea!r by x1 #hfd  ,be>ds1  
rem>ks conc]n+1 #ca  ,beav]1 description
 (1 #aef  ,beav]s1 habitations ( !1 #aeh
  ,bee1 ! honey1 #bfe  ,bees1 wild1     
curiosities (1 ,clo?i] ,bee1 ,c>p5t]    
,bee1 ,mason ,bee1 ,uphol/]] ,bee1      
,leaf-cutt] ,bee1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj
  ,bees1 acc\nt ( an idiot-boy &1 #bhc  
,bees1 ,mr4 ,wildman's curi\s           
exhibitions (1 expla9$1 #bhc  ,bells1   
baptism (1 #fci  ,b5efit ( cl]gy1 orig9 
& hi/ory (1 #fbc  ,bird ( ,p>adise1 #bcj
  ,bird1 s+ul> acc\nt ( "o inhabit+ a   
volcano 9 ,guadalope1 #bdf  ,bird-cat*+ 
fi%1 #aif  ,bird-cat*+1 curi\s me?od (1 

#bfj  ,birds1 me?od ( pres]v+1 #hfe     
,birds1 hydraulic1 #gac  ,birds1 song (1
 #bfa  ,birds' ne/s1 #bea  ,bisset1     
,samuel1 ! not$ animal in/ructor1 #abd  
,bletonism1 #ie  ,bl9d cl]gyman (       
,wales1 #ijc  ,bl9d p]sons1 a/oni%+     
acquisitions made by "s1 #df  ,bl9d     
,jack ( ,kn>esbor\gh1 #ijj  ,blood1     
circulation (1 #bd  ,blund]s1 book (1   
#gfa  ,boa ,con/rictor1 #bag  ,boat-fly1
 #cdb  ,body1 human1 curiosities ( !1   
#ac  ,bolea1 ,monte1 #dah  ,books1      
curi\s acc\nt ( ! sc>city (1 #geg       
,borr[dale1 #deh  ,bottles1 to uncork1  
#hcf  ,bov]ick's curiosities1 #gac      
,b[?orpe oak1 #chb  ,bread-fruit tree1  
#cgb  ,bread1 old1 curi\s acc\nt (1 #hjg
  ,br9e1 to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? (1 #hci     
,br[n1 ,simon1 & 8 curi\s d$ication to  
que5 ,c>ol9e1 #ajh  ,bunzlau            
curiosities1 #gad  ,buonap>te1 pr9cipal 
ev5ts 9 ! life (1 #abf  ,burn+ spr+ 9   
,k5tucky1 #dic  ,burn+ & hot spr+s1     
#did1 #die1 #dif1 #dig  ,burn+1         
extraord9>y cures by1 #gib              

,burn+-glasses1 #gag  ,bu/>d1 ! great1  
#bdc  ,butt]flies1 beauty & div]sities  
(1 #cdd  ,butt]flies1 to take an        
impression ( _! w+s1 #hff   ,c  ,cam]a  
obscura1 to make1 #hcj  ,c&iac1 ,john   
,lewis1 acc\nt (1 #aac  ,c&lemas-day1   
#fcb  ,cannon1 extraord9>y1 #hjg  ,c>ds1
 orig9 (1 #gfg  ,c>ri]1 or c\ri] pigeon1
 #bdd  ,c>?age1 anci5t gr&eur (1 #edb   
,case1 ,john1 celebrat$ quack doctor1   
#aac  ,cat*+ a h>e1 curi\s cu/om        
respect+1 #fja  ,cat]pill>1 #bai        
,cat]pill>-eat]s1 #bbj  ,cave ( ,f+al1  
#deb  ,cave ne> ,mexico1 #deg  ,c5taurs 
& ,lapi?1 #ghe  ,*ameleon1 p>ticul>s    
respect+1 #age  ,*angeable fl[]1 #chg   
,*eese-mite1 curiosities respect+1 #ceh 
,*emical illum9ations1 #hdd  ,*ick1     
=mation ( 9 ! egg1 #bdi  ,*ild1         
extraord9>y ari?metical p[]s ( a1 #hh   
,*ilt]n hundr$s1 #fcd  ,*9a1 great wall 
(1 #egi  ,*9ese1 fun]al c]emonies ( !1  
#faj  ,*ri/mas-boxes1 orig9 (1 #fcc     
,c9*ona1 or ,p]uvian b>k1 curi\s effects
 (1 #cij  ,clepsydra1 #gjf  ,clock-"w1  

extraord9>y pieces (1 #gjd  ,cl\ds1     
electrifi$1 t]rible effects (1 #fef     
,coal-pit1 visit to "o1 #dfi  ,cocoa-nut
 tree1 #cga  ,co9s ( ! k+s ( ,engl&1    
#had  ,cold1 surpris+ effects ( extreme1
 #fei  ,colossus1 #egj  ,col\rs1        
exp]im5ts on1 #hfg  ,col\rs1 incapacity 
( di/+ui%+1 #ef  ,combu/ion ( ! human   
body by ! immod]ate use ( spirits1 #ig  
,common h\se-fly1 curiosities ( !1 #ccg 
,company ( ,/ation]s1 s+ul> cu/om       
annually obs]v$ by !1 #gff  ,consci5ce1 
in/ances ( ! p[] (1 #hd  ,cormorant1    
#bdb  ,coruscations1 artificial1 #hdi   
,cotton wool1 curi\s p>ticul>s ( a p\nd 
weight (1 #cia  ,c\nt5ance1 human1      
curiosities ( !1 #ah  ,cromwell1 ,a4 ,m4
 ( ,hamm]smi?1 a ri* mis]1 #hig  ,cre$s 
( ! ,jews1 #gge  ,cri*ton1 ! admirable1 
#iaa  ,cri*up ,l9n1 #gig  ,crocodile1   
#afc  ,crocodile1 fossil1 curiosity (1  
#afe  ,cuckoo1 curiosities respect+1    
#bdj  ,curfew bell1 :y s call$1 #fce    
,curi\s hi/orical fact1 #gdd   ,d       
,danc]1 ,daniel1 acc\nt (1 #ajd  ,dajak1

 inhabitants ( ,borneo1 curi\s fun]al   
c]emonies (1 #fab  ,deaf1 to make !1    
p]ceive s\nds1 #hbh  ,dea?s1 poetical1  
grammatical1 & sci5tific1 #gc           
,dea?-wat*1 #cdg  ,diamond m9e1 on !    
riv] ,tigitonhonha1 9 ! ,brazilian      
t]ritory1 #dfj  ,diamond1 wond]ful1 #dje
  ,diana1 temple (1 at ,ephesus1 #eed   
,diction>y1 mod]n1 #iej  ,dim5sions1 c4 
( "s ( ! l>ge/ trees gr[+ 9 ,engl&1 #chb
  ,diseases peculi> to p>ticul>         
c\ntries1 #ghi  ,dismal swamp1 #gih     
,dog1 rem>kable1 #aid  ,dog1 curi\s     
anecdotes ( a1 #aie  ,dogs1 sagacity (1 
#aic  ,dreams1 in/ances ( extraord9>y1  
#gj  ,dw>fs1 extraord9>y1 #dj   ,e      
,eagle1 ! gold51 #bcg  ,e>1 curi\s      
/ructure ( !1 #bb  ,e>l ( ,pembroke1    
curi\s extracts f ! w ( an1 #ggc        
,e>?-eat]s1 #ijh  ,e>?quakes1 & _!      
causes1 #dii  ,eat+1 s+ul>ities (       
diff]5t nations 91 #eie  ,eclipses1 #fgf
  ,eddy/one rocks1 #gig  ,egg1 to s(t5  
an1 #hea  ,electricity1 illum9ation by1 
#gic  ,electrical exp]im5ts1 #hda       

,elephant1 acc\nt ( an1 #afh  ,elephant1
 docility ( !1 #agj  ,elwes1 ,john1     
acc\nt (1 #ajd  ,engli% ladies turn$    
,hott5tots1 #gdd  ,ephem]al flies1 #cdc 
,ephesus1 temple ( ,diana at1 #eed      
,escurial1 #egg  ,etna1 #ddc            
,extraord9>y cu/om1 #fja  ,eye1 curi\s  
=mation ( !1 #bj   ,f  ,fact1 ! mo/     
extraord9>y on record1 #gdd  ,fairy r+s1
 #ffg  ,fall+ />s1 #fha  ,faquirs1      
travell+1 #idj  ,fa/+1 extraord9>y      
in/ances (1 #fe  ,fata ,morgana1 #ffe   
,fea/s1 among ! anci5ts ( v>i\s nations1
 #fad  ,female beauty & ornam5ts1 #eif  
,fi]y f\nta91 #hdd  ,fire-balls1 #fee   
,fire ( ,london1 #gdh  ,fire1 p]petual1 
#hjf  ,fi%]1 ,miss ,cl>a1 #ije  ,fi%es1 
air bladd] 91 #bja  ,fi%es1 respiration 
91 #bjb  ,fi%es1 %[] (1 #bjc  ,flea1    
acc\nt ( a1 #cbe  ,flea1 on ! duration (
 ! life ( a1 #cbh  ,flor5ce /atues1 #egi
  ,fly1 ! common h\se1 #ccg  ,fly1 !    
,hessian1 #ccf  ,fly1 ! ,may1 #cdj      
,fly1 ! vegetable1 #cda  ,fly1 ! boat1  
#cdb  ,fly+1 artificial1 #gaf  ,f\nta9  

trees1 #cge  ,freez+ mixture1 to =m1    
#hei  ,freez+1 a/oni%+ expansive =ce (1 
#ffa  ,friburg1 curiosities (1 #ege     
,fri5d%ip1 curi\s demon/rations (1 #eid 
,fri5d%ip1 true ,roman1 recipe =        
e/abli%+1 #iea  ,fright1 or t]ror1      
rem>kable effects (1 #hb  ,frog1 !      
common1 #afj  ,frog-fi%1 #aif  ,fro/s1  
rem>kable1 #ecc  ,fl[]1 ! animal1 #cib  
,fruits1 injuries f swall[+ ! /ones (1  
#gia  ,fun]al c]emonies ( ! anci5t      
,e?iopians1 #fji  ,fungi1 #cie   ,g     
,galley ( ,hi]o1 #ehd  ,galvanism1 #fhi 
,g>d5s1 float+1 #ehj  ,g>d5s1 hang+1    
#eeh  ,g>t]1 orig9 ( ! ord] ( !1 #fbc   
,gas lights1 m9iature1 #hcf  ,gauts1 or 
,indian ,app59es1 #dba  ,giants1 curi\s 
acc\nt (1 #ci  ,giant's causeway1 #eij  
,gipsies1 #gcb  ,glaci]s1 #ebi  ,glass1 
ductility (1 #gbj  ,glass1 to cut1 )\t a
 diamond1 #hcc  ,glass1 to write on1 by 
! sun's rays1 #heh  ,gluttony1 in/ances 
( extraord9>y1 #fd  ,gold1 rem>kable    
ductility & ext5sibility (1 #gba        
,graham1 ! celebrat$ ,dr4 #iji          

,gravity1 exp]im5ts respect+ !1 #hch    
,great ev5ts f little causes1 #gdf      
,grosbeak1 ! social1 #bcd  ,grosbeak1 ! 
,b5gal1 #bce  ,grotto 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1   
#dde  ,grotto del ,cani1 #ddf  ,grotto (
 ,antip>os1 #ddg  ,grotto ( ,gua*>o1    
#dej  ,gr[?1 extraord9>y in/ances (     
rapid1 #cg  ,gu9ea1 explanation ( all ! 
lett]s on a1 #gfh  ,gulf /ream1 #dij    
,h  ,hagamore1 ,rev4 ,mr4 a mo/ s+ul>   
"*1 #hif  ,hail1 surpris+ %[]s (1 #eah  
,hair ( ! head1 acc\nt (1 #bh  ,hair1   
in/ances ( ! int]nal gr[? (1 #cj  ,hair1
 anci5t & mod]n op9ions respect+ !1 #bi 
,halo1 or corona1 & simil> appe>ances1  
#fhj  ,h&-fa/+1 #fji  ,h>mattan1 #eaa   
,h>rison1 a s+ul> in/ance ( p>simony1   
#ijc  ,heat1 dim9i%$ by evaporation1    
#hci  ,hecla1 #ddb  ,heidelb]g clock1   
#gje  ,he9eck51 ,*ri/ian ,h5ry1 acc\nt  
(1 #aad  ,hell1 op9ions respect+1 #hab  
,h5d]son1 ,john1 ! ,iri% ,cri*ton1 #hhc 
,h5ry1 ,john1 s+ul> "* (1 #ajg          
,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 #ecf  ,h]s*el's 
gr& telescope1 #gac  ,hessian fly1 #cci 

,hobnails1 orig9 ( ! %]iff's c\nt+1 #fbb
  ,holl&1 ,nor?1 curi\s practice 91 #fcj
  ,hon\r1 extraord9>y in/ances (1 #hj   
,horse1 rem>kable in/ances ( sagacity 9 
a1 #aib  ,human he>t1 /ructure ( !1 #bd 
,humm+ bird1 #bcf  ,hunt+don1 ,william1 
ecc5tric "* (1 #acd  ,hurricane1 curi\s 
p>ticul>s respect+ a1 #eaa  ,husb& long 
abs5t1 return$1 #gda  ,hydra1 or        
polypes1 acc\nt (1 #cei   ,i  ,ice1     
,gre5l& or pol>1 #ebe  ,ice1 trem5d\s   
concussions ( fields (1 #ebh  ,ice1 %[]s
 (1 #ecc  ,ignis ,fatuus1 #fdd          
,improvem5t ( ! le>n$1 #gfe  ,incubus1  
or nightm>e1 #ida  ,indian juggl]s1 #hig
  ,individuation1 #ghj  ,indulg5ces1    
,romi%1 #fcf  ,+ratitude1 %ock+ in/ances
 (1 #gh  ,inks1 v>i\s sympa!tic1 #hec to
 #heg  ,insects1 metamorphoses (3 !     
butt]fly1 ! common fly1 ! grey-coat$    
gnat1 ! %>dhorn beetle1 #cde  ,insects  
bl[n f ! nose1 --  ,integrity1 /rik+    
in/ances (1 #gg  ,inv]lo*y ca/le1 #egd  
,isl&1 new1 />t+ f ! sea1 #dia   ,j     
,jew's h>p1 #gie  ,john ,bull1 orig9 ( !

 t]m (1 #fcd   ,k  ,kill>ney1 ! lake (1 
#dhg  ,kimos1 s+ul> nation ( dw>fs1 #dc 
,kn\t1 #hjd  ,krak51 #baj   ,l          
,labrador /one1 #djb  ,lady ( ! ,lamb1  
#fja  ,lama1 #haj  ,lamb]t1 ,daniel1    
acc\nt (1 #hhg  ,lamps1 rem>kable1 #hje 
,lamp1 phosphoric1 #hdd  ,lant]ns1 fea/ 
(1 #fba  ,laocoon1 monum5t (1 #eef      
,leaves1 to take an impression ( !m1    
#hff  ,lett]1 curi\s1 f ,pom>e1 k+ (    
,otaheite1 to ! ,mission>y ,society1    
#ggc  ,libr>ies1 celebrat$1 #gfj  ,light
 produc$ "u wat]1 #hej  ,lightn+1       
extraord9>y prop]ties & effects (1 #fea 
,lightn+1 to produce artificial1 #hdd   
,liquids1 to produce *angeable-col\r$1  
#heh  ,liquids1 to ex*ange two 9 diff]5t
 bottles1 #hgb  ,lit]>y lab\r &         
p]sev]ance1 #gef  ,liz>d1 imb$d$ 9 coal1
 #bbe  ,locu/s1 & _! uses 9 ! creation1 
#cdi  ,london1 comp5di\s description (1 
#hac  ,london1 intellectual improvem5t  
91 #gfa  ,longevity1 extraord9>y        
in/ances (1 #if  ,l\se1 #cbh            
,love-lett]1 & answ]1 curi\s1 #ggd      

,lum9\s insects1 #cai   ,m  ,m',avoy1   
,miss ,m>g>et1 #iai  ,mael/rom1 #dhi    
,magdal5's h]mitage1 #ege  ,magic       
oracle1 #hde  ,magical bottle1 #hea     
,magical drum1 #hjf  ,magnetism1 #fic   
,magnetic exp]im5ts1 #hdh  ,magnify1 to1
 small objects1 #hhb  ,mahometan        
p>adise1 #haa  ,maid51 #eii  ,mammo?1 or
 ,fossil ,elephant1 f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 #agj
  ,man ) ! iron mask1 #gbg  ,m&rake1    
#chg  ,m>mot1 or ! ,m\nta9 ,rat (       
,switz]l&1 #afg  ,m>riage cu/om ( !     
,japanese1 #fjd  ,m>riage c]emonies1    
curi\s1 9 diff]5t nations1 #fjb         
,masons1 free & accept$1 #gcg           
,ma!matical tal5t1 curi\s in/ance (1 #ic
  ,matrimonial r+1 #fjh  ,matt]1        
divisibility (1 #gic  ,may-fly1 #cdj    
,may poles & g>l&s1 ! orig9 (1 #fbi     
,memnon1 palace (1 #eeb  ,memory1       
rem>kable in/ance (1 #hf  ,metals1      
diff]5t1 to discov]1 #hbh  ,metals1     
mix$1 to detect1 #hga  ,metcalf1 ,john1 
alias ,bl9d ,jack ( ,kn>esbor\gh1 #ijj  
,microscopic exp]im5ts1 #hei  ,migration

 ( birds1 #bec  ,mills1 rem>kable1 #gii 
,m9t ( ,segovia1 #gii  ,miracul\s       
vessel1 #heb  ,mirage1 acc\nt (1 #eba   
,m9]s1 curi\s effects (1 #hcc  ,mite1 ! 
*eese1 curiosities respect+1 #ceh  ,mock
 suns1 #fgc  ,mock+ bird ( ,am]ica1 #bcc
  ,mole1 ! common1 #aei  ,money1 te/ (  
good or bad1 #hcd  ,monkey1 sagacity (  
a1 #aib  ,monsoons1 or trade w9ds1 #eab 
,mon/]1 #ggg  ,montague1 ,edw>d         
,wortley1 #aaj  ,mont ,blanc1 9         
,switz]l&1 #dbg  ,moon1 acc\nt ( ?ree   
volcanoes 9 !1 #fhb  ,morl&1 ,george1   
acc\nt (1 #aad  ,mosc[1 great bell (1   
#gbf  ,mosquitoes1 & _! uses1 #cee      
,m\rn+1 anci5t modes (1 #fac  ,m\nta9s1 
natural descriptions (1 #djf  ,m\nta9s  
,writt51 ,m\nta9s ( ,inscription1 or    
,jibbel ,el ,mokatteb1 #dbb  ,m\nt      
,sn[d51 excursion to ! top (1 #dab  ,mud
 & ,salt1 volcanic eruptions (1 9 ! isl&
 ( ,java1 #dfg  ,murd]+ /atue1 #hja     
,museum1 #eff  ,mu%room1 #cie           
,mu%room-/one1 #djb   ,n  ,names1       
curi\s1 adopt$ 9 ! civil w>1 #ggb       

,naph?a spr+s1 #dib  ,national debt1    
s+ul> calculation respect+1 #haf        
,natural productions1 resembl+          
artificial compositions1 #hjd  ,natural 
hi/ory1 curi\s facts 91 #bdg  ,nautilus1
 #aig  ,navigation1 p]fection (1 #dha   
,ne$les1 #gbb  ,ne$le's eye1 #dei       
,news1 orig9 ( ! ^w1 #gfb  ,newspap]s1  
orig9 (1 #gfb  ,new /udies 9 old age1   
in/ances (1 #gfc  ,new ye>'s gifts1     
orig9 (1 #fcc  ,niag>a1 & its falls1    
#dhe  ,ni*olas ,pesce1 #aag  ,nitre     
caves ( ,miss\ri1 #deg  ,nokes1 ,edw>d1 
a mis]1 #hhh  ,numb]s1 rem>kable in/ance
 ( skill 91 #hf  ,numb]s1 curi\s        
arrangem5ts (1 #hfh1 #hga  ,nuns1       
p>ticul>s respect+1 #haa  ,nuovo1       
,monte1 #dai   ,o  ,oak-tree1 rem>kable 
acc\nt (1 #chj  ,oakham1 cu/om at1 #fcj 
,obelisk1 rem>kable1 ne> ,=res1 9       
,scotl&1 #egc  ,okey ,hole1 #deh        
,orang-,outang1 #agh  ,orig9 ( ',t's a  
,bull1' #fce  ,orig9 ( ! old adage      
respect+ ,/4 ,s)91 & ra9y wea!r1 #fce   
,orni?orhyn*us p>adoxus1 #aff  ,o/ri*1  

curiosities ( !1 #bca  ,owl1 adv5ture ( 
an1 #bdg   ,p  ,pausilippo1 #dai        
,peacock1 ! common1 #bbf  ,peak 9       
,d]by%ire1 description (1 #dji  ,peep+  
,tom ( ,cov5try1 #gdj  ,peg1 to make a1 
to fit ?ree diff]5tly %ap$ holes1 #hgb  
,pelican1 ! great1 #bbi  ,p5ance1 curi\s
 acc\nt ( a1 #fdc  ,p]=mances ( a       
female1 bl9d almo/ f h] infancy1 #ec    
,p]sons born defective 9 _! limbs1      
wond]ful in/ances ( adroitness (1 #ed   
,p]uke1 #ghc  ,p]u1 m9es (1 #dfe        
,pesce1 ,ni*olas1 extraord9>y "* (1 #aag
  ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria1 #edi  ,phosphoric 
fire1 %eet (1 #ffi  ,phosphorus1 #fgj   
,pi*9ca1 #dae  ,pico1 #dbb  ,pigeon1    
wild1 its multiply+ p[]1 #bde  ,pigeon1 
c>ri]1 or c\ri]1 #bdd  ,p9-mak+1 #gba   
,pit*-wells1 #dfh  ,plague1 dreadful    
in/ances ( !1 9 ,europe1 #gdg  ,plant1  
curi\s1 #chf  ,plants1 curi\s           
dissem9ation (1 #cff  ,plants ^u ! e>?1 
prodigi\s numb] (1 #cfg  ,pl\gh-,monday1
 orig9 (1 #fcb  ,poison-eat]1 rem>kable 
acc\nt (1 #id  ,pompey's pill>1 #edg    

,pope ,joan1 #ica  ,portl& vase1 #hjj   
,praxiteles' ,v5us1 #gab  ,pray+ ma*9es 
( ,kalmuck1 #fdb  ,price1 ,*>les1 !     
r5[n$ sw9dl]1 #hhi  ,pr9ce ,rup]t's     
drops1 #hec  ,prolificness1 extraord9>y 
in/ances (1 #cg  ,psalmanaz>1 ,george1  
not$ impo/or1 #aab  ,pulpit1 curi\s1    
#hja  ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 #edd   ,q     
,qua9t l9es1 #ggb  ,que5 ,*>lotte1      
curi\s address to1 #gfi  ,que51 a       
blacksmi?'s wife become a1 #gdi  ,que5  
,elizabe?'s d9n]1 curi\s acc\nt ( !     
c]emonies at1 #gdi  ,que5 ,elizabe?1    
qua9t l9es on1 #ggb   ,r  ,recreations1 
amus+1 9 optics1 c4 #hgc to #hhb        
,recreations1 amus+1 ) numb]s1 #hbj to  
#hbg  ,religion1 celebrat$ spee* on1    
#idd  ,reproduction1 #gha  ,repulsion1  
examples (1 #hcg  ,respiration1 int]e/+ 
facts conc]n+1 #bf  ,revivifi$ rose1    
#heh  ,rh9oc]os1 #afb  ,r+s1 on ! orig9 
(1 #fjf  ,ros9 bubbles1 #hea  ,royal    
prog5itors1 #gdd  ,ru9 at ,siwa 9       
,egypt1 #ecd   ,s  ,salutation1 v>i\s   
modes (1 #eih  ,s&-floods1 acc\nt (1    

#eba  ,savage1 ,ri*>d1 extraord9>y "* (1
 #abh  ,scaliot's lock1 #gab  ,sc>ron1  
,paul1 acc\nt (1 #aai  ,s*urrman1 ,anna 
,m>ia1 #abc  ,scorpion1 #bac  ,sea1     
curiosities ( !1 #dga  ,sea1 on !       
saltness (1 #dgf  ,sea1 to measure !    
dep? ( !1 #hbi  ,sea s]p5t1 ,am]ican1   
#bah  ,seal1 common acc\nt (1 #ahj      
,seal1 urs9e1 #aha  ,se$s1 g]m9ation (1 
#cfe  ,s5sibility ( plants1 #cfh        
,s5sitive plant1 #cfi  ,s]aglio1 #efd   
,s]p5ts1 fasc9at+ p[] (1 #bai  ,sexes1  
diff]5ce betwe5 !1 #cd  ,sexes at bir?1 
comp>ative numb] ( !1 #cf  ,%>k1 #aih   
,%eep1 extraord9>y adv5tures ( "o1 #aij 
,%elton oak1 description (1 #chb  ,%ip  
worm1 #bbd  ,%ip at sea1 to f9d ! burd5 
( a1 #hbi  ,%oes1 curiosities respect+1 
#gbd  ,%oe-mak]s1 lit]>y1 #gfd  ,%[] (  
gossam]s1 curi\s ph5om5on ( a1 #ebc     
,%rovetide1 #fcj  ,silk-mill at ,d]by1  
#hjj  ,silk /ock+s1 electricity (1 #hdb 
,silkworm1 #bbj  ,s+ul> curiosity1 #dje 
,skiddaw1 #dad  ,sleep-walk]1 #fi       
,sleep+ woman ( ,dunn9ald1 #gj          

,smeaton1 ,john1 #aac  ,sneez+1 curi\s  
obs]vations on1 #cc  ,sn[ grotto1 #dea  
,solfat>a1 ! lake (1 #dhh  ,s\nd1       
exp]im5ts on1 #hdj  ,spectacle ( a      
sea-fight at ,rome1 #gaa  ,spectacles1 a
 sub/itute =1 #hjg  ,spectre ( ! ,brok51
 #dbj  ,spid]1 curiosities ( !1 #cad    
,spid]1 tam$1 #caf  ,spid]1 +5uity ( a1 
#caf  ,spid]1 curi\s anecdote ( a1 #cah 
,spirits ( w9e1 to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? (1   
#hci  ,spontane\s inflammations1 #ghf   
,sports1 book (1 #gff  ',squire1 old    
,engli%1 #ibe  ,/alk1 animat$1 #cib     
,/>1 fall+ or %oot+1 #dja  ,/eph5son1 ! 
ecc5tric1 #hie  ,/eel1 to melt1 #hcj    
,/ick1 to break a1 on two w9e-glasses1  
#hga  ,/one1 ! meteoric1 #dja  ,/one1 ! 
,labrador1 #djb  ,/one1 ! *angeable1    
#djd  ,/one-eat]1 rem>kable acc\nt (1   
#id  ,/oneh5ge1 #eib  ,/orks1 #bbi      
,/orm1 s+ul> effects ( a1 #eai          
,/rasburg clock1 #gje  ,sug>1 antiquity 
(1 #cij  ,sulphur m\nta9s1 #dbd  ,sun1  
dim9ution ( !1 #fgc  ,sun1 spots 9 !1   
#fga--to %ew ditto1 #heb  ,surgical     

op]ation1 extraord9>y1 #gia  ,sw9e's    
conc]t1 #gej  ,sword-swall[+1 #fb       
,sympa!tic inks1 #hec to #heg   ,t      
,tall[-tree1 #cgh  ,tantalus' cup1 #heb 
,tape-worm1 #bbb  ,tea1 ,*9ese me?od (  
prep>+1 #chh  ,telegraph1 #gjh  ,temple 
( ,t5tira1 9 ,egypt1 #eej  ,t5ures1     
curi\s1 #fbh  ,!rmometrical exp]im5ts1  
#hfc  ,!rmomet]1 moral & physical1 #hag 
,?read burnt1 n brok51 #hdd  ,?und]     
p[d]1 #hcf  ,?und] rod1 #fed  ,tides1   
#dgi  ,titles ( books1 #gee  ,toad1     
common1 description (1 #afa  ,topham1   
,?omas1 "* (1 #aae  ,tornado1           
description ( a1 #eaj  ,torp$o1 #bjj    
,tortoise1 ! common1 #agf  ,tree (      
,diana1 #heb  ,trees1 acc\nt ( a c\ntry1
 9 :i* ! inhabitants reside 91 #de   ,u 
,unbeliev]'s cre$1 #ggf  ,un=tunate     
artific]1 #gde  ,unicorn1 #agi  ,upas1  
or poison tree1 #chc   ,v               
,val5t9e's-day1 orig9 (1 #fcb  ,van     
,but*ell1 ,mrs4 pres]vation ( h] corpse1
 #ijb  ,vegetable k+dom1 curiosities 9  
!1 #cfc  ,vegetables1 numb] ( kn[n1 #cfg

  ,vegetable fly1 #cda  ,velocity ( !   
w9d1 #eag  ,v5triloquism1 #eh           
,vesuvius1 #dcd1 #idg  ,vic> ( ,bray1   
#gdh  ,voltaic pile1 to make a *eap1    
#hdg  ,vulture1 ,egyptian1 #bbh         
,vulture1 secret>y1 #bbh   ,w  ,wasp1   
curiosities respect+ !1 #bhe  ,wat*1 !  
my/]i\s1 #hce  ,wat*es1 inv5tion (1 #gjg
  ,wat]1 to boil )\t heat1 #hce  ,wat]1 
to weigh1 #hcd  ,wat]1 to reta91 9 an   
inv]t$ glass1 #hce  ,wat]sp\t1 #ffc     
,waves /ill$ by oil1 #dhj  ,weav+ eng9e1
 #gab  ,:ale1 great nor!rn1 or ,gre5l&1 
#bjd  ,:ale fi%]y1 #bjh  ,:ig & ,tory1  
explanation ( ! t]ms1 #ggf  ,:irlpool   
ne> ,sud]o1 #dhi  ,:irlw9ds ( ,egypt1   
#eji  ,:isp]+ places1 & extraord9>y     
e*oes1 #hjb  ,:itehead's %ip1 #gab      
,:itt+ton1 ,sir ,ri*>d1 #icb  ,wild man1
 acc\nt ( a1 #gf  ,w9d1 velocity (1 #eag
  ,w9ds1 rem>kable1 9 ,egypt1 #ejg  ,w9e
 cell>1 curi\s1 #gii  ,w9t] 9 ,russia1  
#ebd  ,wolby1 ,h5ry1 extraord9>y "* (1  
#aje  ,wom5 ) be>ds1 curi\s acc\nt (1   
#cb  ,wood5 eagle1 & iron fly1 #gaa     

,writ+1 orig9 ( ! mat]ials (1 #gea      
,writ+1 m9ute1 #gec   ,x  ,x]xes' bridge
 ( boats ov] ! ,hellespont1 #ehf   ,z   
,zeuxis1 celebrat$ pa9t]1 #aaf4         
,,introduction4    ,ye curi\s m9ds1 :o  
roam abroad1   ,& trace ,creation's     
wond]s o'er6   ,confess ! foot/eps ( !  
,god1   ,& b[ be=e him1 & adore4   ,x 0 
well obs]v$ by ,"l ,bacon1 t ,x w\ld mu*
 conduce to ! magnanimity & hon\r ( man1
 if a collection 7 made ( !             
extraord9>ies ( human nature1 pr9cipally
 out ( ! reports ( hi/ory2 t is1 :at is 
! la/ & highe/ pit* to :i* man's nature1
 ( itself1 ha? ev] rea*$1 9 all !       
p]fection ( m9d & body4 ,if ! wond]s (  
human nature1 & virtues z well ( m9d z (
 body1 7 collect$ into a volume1 !y     
might s]ve z a cal5d> ( human triumphs4 
,! pres5t "w n only embraces !          
,curiosities ( human nature1 b ( ,nature
 & ,art 9 g5]al1 z well z ,sci5ce &     
,lit]ature4 ,surr\nd$ ) wond]s1 & lo/ 9 
admiration1 ! inquisitive m9d ( man is  
ev] anxi\s to "k ! hidd5 spr+s t put ^! 

wond]s 9 motion2 he eag]ly inquires = "s
 "o to take him by ! h&1 & expla9 to him
 ! curiosities ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?\gh !   
works ( ! ,"l1 l 8 nature & attributes1 
are great1 & pa/ f9d+ out1 & we _c      
arrive at ! p]fection ( sci5ce1 nor     
discov] ! secret impulses :i* nature    
obeys1 yet c we by read+1 /udy1 &       
inve/igation1 dissipate mu* ( ! d>kness 
9 :i* we are envelop$1 & dive f> beyond 
! surface ( ?is multif>i\s sc5e (       
?+s--,! noble/ employm5t ( ! human      
und]/&+ is1 to contemplate ! works ( !  
great ,creator ( ! b\ndless univ]se2 &  
to trace ! m>ks ( inf9ite wisdom1 p[]1 &
 goodness1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,?is is !    
f\ndation ( all religi\s wor%ip &       
ob$i5ce2 & an ess5tial prep>ative =     
prop]ly und]/&+1 & cordially receiv+1 ! 
sublime discov]ies & important tru?s (  
div9e revelation4 ,e man1 says our      
,savi\r1 t ha? he>d1 & ha? le>n$ ( !    
,fa!r1 come? unto me4 ,& no man c come  
prop]ly to ,*ri/1 or1 9 o!r words1      
embrace ! *ri/ian religion1 s z to =m   

consi/5t views ( x1 & ent] into its true
 _s1 unless he is ?us drawn by ! ,fa!r  
?r\gh a contemplation ( 8 works4 ,su* is
 ! insep>able connection betwe5 nature &
 grace4  ,a consid]able portion ( !     
foll[+ pages is devot$ to ,curiosities 9
 ! works ( ,nature1 or1 m prop]ly1 !    
works ( ,god1 =1    ,nature is b an     
effect1 & ,god ! cause4  ,! ,deity is ! 
,fa!r ( all t is1 or he>d1 or he>s6     
,fa!r ( all t is1 or se51 or sees6      
,fa!r ( all t is1 or %all arise6   ,fa!r
 ( ?is immeasurable mass   ,( matt]     
multi=m2 or d5se1 or r>e2   ,opaque1 or 
lucid2 rapid1 or at re/2   ,m9ute1 or   
pass+ b\nd6 ,9 ea* extreme   ,( l amaze1
 & my/]y1 to man4  ,! invisible ,god is 
se5 9 all 8 works4    ,god is a _s1 _s  
_c /rike   ,^! gross mat]ial organs3    
,god by man   ,z mu* is se51 z man a    
,god c see4   ,9 ^! a/oni%+ exploits (  
p[]   ,:at ord]1 beauty1 motion1        
di/ance1 size6   ,conc]tion ( design1 h[
 exquisite6   ,h[ complicate1 9 _! div9e
 police6   ,apt means6 great ends6      

cons5t to g5]al good6  ,?is "w also     
pres5ts to ! read]1 a view ( ! great    
a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect1 9 !     
discov]ies ( sci5ce2 & ! wond]ful       
op]ations ( ! skill1 p[]1 & indu/ry (   
man 9 ! inv5tion & improvem5t ( ! arts1 
9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es1 & 9 ! build+s 
& o!r ornam5ts ! e>? exhibits1 z        
trophies to ! glory ( ! human race4  ,b 
we %all n[ give ! read] a %ort sket* (  
:at is provid$ = him 9 ! foll[+ pages4  
,! "w is divid$ into eighty-sev5 *apt]s4
 ,! ,curiosities respect+ ,man occupy   
elev5 *apt]s4 ,! next f\r *apt]s are    
devot$ to ,animals2 !n two to ,fi%es2 "o
 to ,s]p5ts & ,worms2 ?ree to ,birds2   
elev5 to ,insects2 six to ,vegetables2  
?ree to ,m\nta9s2 two to ,grottos1      
,caves1 c42 "o to ,m9es2 two to ! ,sea2 
"o to ,lakes1 ,:irlpools1 c42 "o to     
,burn+ ,spr+s2 "o to ,e>?quakes2 "o to  
,rem>kable ,w9ds2 "o to ,%[]s1 ,/orms1  
c42 "o to ,ice2 "o to ,ru9s2 f\r to     
,build+s1 ,temples1 & o!r ,monum5ts (   
,antiquity2 & "o to ,basaltic & ,rocky  

,curiosities4 ,! fifty-eigh? *apt] is   
devot$ to ! ,ark ( ,noah--! ,galley (   
,hi]o--& ! ,bridge ( ,x]xes4 ,! next six
 *apt]s detail at l5g? ! v>i\s ,cu/oms (
 ,mank9d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,_w1 & also 
expla9 _m ,old ,adages & ,say+s4 ,! next
 five *apt]s exhibit a v>iety ( curi\s  
ph5om5a 9 nature1 su* z ! ,ignis        
,fatuus2 ,?und] & ,lightn+2 ,fire       
,balls2 ,wat] ,sp\ts2 ,fairy ,r+s2      
,spots 9 ! ,sun2 ,volcanoes 9 ! ,moon2  
,eclipses2 ,%oot+ ,/>s2 ,aurora         
,borealis1 or ,nor!rn ,lights2 c4 c4 ,! 
sev5tie? *apt] is on ,galvanism4 ,!     
sev5ty-fir/ on ,magnetism4 ,! next ?ree 
*apt]s del9eate ! pr9cipal ,curiosities 
respect+ ! ,arts4 ,!n foll[ five *apt]s 
on "s ( ! pr9cipal ,curiosities 9       
,hi/ory2 ?ree on ! ,curiosities (       
,lit]ature2 & five on ,miscellane\s     
,curiosities4 ,an ,app5dix is add$1     
conta9+ a numb] ( easy1 innoc5t1 amus+  
,exp]im5ts & ,recreations4  ,?is is ,a  
,new ,compilation1 inasmu* z n "o       
article is tak5 f any book be>+ ! title 

( ,beauties1 ,wond]s1 or ,curiosities4  
,! ,compil] tru/s ! "w w af=d bo?       
ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction = ! leisure h\r1
 ( ! ,philosoph] or ! ,lab\r]1 !        
,g5tleman or ! ,me*anic4 ,9 %ort1 all   
classes may f9d 9 ! pres5t "w some?+    
conducive to _! pleasure & improvem5t1 9
 _! h\rs ( s]i\sness1 z well z ^? (     
gaiety2 & x w af=d a con/ant s\rce (    
subjects = int]e/+ & agreeable          
conv]sation4     ,,! ,,book ,,(         
,,curiosities4     ,,*ap4 ,i4           
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,man4      ,! 
,human ,body--! ,c\nt5ance--! ,eye--!   
,e>--! ,he>t--!     ,circulation ( !    
,blood--,respiration--! ,hair ( !       
,head--!     ,be>d--,wom5 )             
,be>ds--,sneez+4      ,come1 g5tle      
read]1 leave all mean] ?+s     ,to l[   
ambition1 & ! pride ( k+s4     ,let u1  
s9ce life c little m supply     ,?an j  
to look ab\t u1 & to die2     ,expatiate
 free o'er all ?is sc5e ( ,man1     ,a  
mighty maze6 b n )\t a plan4     ,a     
wild1 :]e we$s & fl['rs promiscu\s %oot2

     ,or g>d51 tempt+ ) =bidd5 fruit4   
,toge!r let u beat ?is ample field1     
,try :at ! op51 :at ! cov]t yield2      
,! lat5t tracts1 ! giddy heights1       
explore1     ,( all :o bl9dly creep1 or 
sightless so>3     ,eye nature's walks1 
%oot folly z x flies1     ,& cat* !     
mann]s liv+ z !y rise2     ,laugh :]e we
 mu/1 be c&id :]e we c1     ,b v9dicate 
! ways ( ,god to man4   ,we %all1 9 !   
fir/ place1 ent] on ! consid]ation ( ,,!
 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,! ,,human          
,,body4--,! foll[+ acc\nt is abridg$ f !
 works ( ! late ,drs4 ,hunt] & ,paley4  
,dr4 ,hunt] %[s t all ! p>ts ( ! human  
frame are requisite to ! wants &        
well-be+ ( su* a creature z man4 ,he    
obs]ves1 t1 fir/ ! m9d1 ! ?9k+ immat]ial
 ag5t1 mu/ be provid$ ) a place (       
imm$iate resid5ce1 :i* %all h all !     
requisites = ! union ( _s & body2       
accord+ly1 %e is provid$ ) ! bra91 :]e  
%e dwells z gov]nor & sup]9t5dant ( !   
:ole fabric4  ,9 ! next place1 z %e is  
to hold a correspond5ce ) all ! mat]ial 

be+s ar\nd h]1 %e mu/ be suppli$ )      
organs fitt$ to receive ! diff]5t k9ds (
 impression :i* !y w make4 ,9 fact1     
!re=e1 we see t %e is provid$ ) ! organs
 ( s5se1 z we call !m3 ! eye is adapt$  
to light2 ! e> to s\nd2 ! nose to smell2
 ! m\? to ta/e2 & ! sk9 to t\*4  ,fur!r1
 %e mu/ be furni%$ ) organs (           
communication betwe5 h]self 9 ! bra91 & 
^? organs ( s5se2 to give h] in=mation (
 all ! impressions t are made ^u !m2 &  
%e mu/ h organs betwe5 h]self 9 ! bra91 
& e o!r "p ( ! body1 fitt$ to convey h] 
comm&s & influ5ce ov] ! :ole4 ,= ^!     
purposes ! n]ves are actually giv54 ,!y 
are s(t :ite *ords :i* rise f ! bra91 ! 
imm$iate resid5ce ( ! m9d1 & disp]se    
!mselves 9 bran*es ?r\gh all p>ts ( !   
body4 ,!y convey all ! diff]5t k9ds (   
s5sations to ! m9d 9 ! bra92 & likewise 
c>ry out f !nce all h] comm&s to ! o!r  
p>ts ( ! body4 ,!y are int5d$ to be     
occasional monitors aga9/ all su*       
impressions z might endang] ! well-be+ (
 ! :ole1 or ( any p>ticul> "p2 :i*      

v9dicates ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 9 hav+  
actually subject$ u to ^? _m            
disagreeable & pa9ful s5sations :i* we  
are expos$ to f a ?\s& accid5ts 9 life4 
,moreov]1 ! m9d1 9 ?is corporeal sy/em1 
mu/ be endu$ ) ! p[] ( mov+ f place to  
place2 t %e may h int]c\rse ) a v>iety (
 objects2 t %e may fly f su* z are      
disagreeable1 dang]\s1 or hurtful2 &    
pursue su* z are pleasant & useful to   
h]4 ,& accord+ly %e is furni%$ ) limbs1 
) muscles & t5dons1 ! in/rum5ts (       
motion1 :i* are f\nd 9 e "p ( ! fabric  
:]e motion is necess>y4  ,b to support1 
to give firmness & %ape to ! fabric2 to 
keep ! s(t] p>ts 9 _! prop] places2 to  
give fix$ po9ts =1 & ! prop] directions 
to its motions1 z well z to protect "s (
 ! m important & t5d] organs f ext]nal  
injuries1 !re mu/ be "s firm prop-"w    
int]wov5 ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,& 9 fact1 = su* 
purposes ! bones are giv54  ,! prop-"w  
is n made ) "o rigid fabric1 = t w\ld   
prev5t motion4 ,!re=e !re are a numb] ( 
bones4  ,^! pieces mu/ all be firmly    

b\nd toge!r1 to prev5t _! dislocation4  
,& ?is end is p]fectly well answ]$ by ! 
ligam5ts4  ,! extremities ( ^! bony     
pieces1 :]e !y move & rub ^u "o ano!r1  
mu/ h smoo? & slipp]y surfaces = easy   
motion4 ,?is is mo/ happily provid$ =1  
by ! c>tilages & mucus ( ! jo9ts4  ,!   
int]/ices ( all ^! p>ts mu/ be fill$ up 
) "s s(t & ductile matt]1 :i* %all keep 
!m 9 _! places1 unite !m1 & at ! same "t
 all[ !m to move a little ^u "o ano!r2  
^! purposes are answ]$ by ! cellul>     
membrane1 or edipose sub/ance4  ,!re mu/
 be an outw>d cov]+ ov] ! :ole app>atus1
 bo? to give x compactness1 & to def5d x
 f a ?\s& injuries2 :i*1 9 fact1 are ! v
 purposes ( ! sk9 & o!r integum5ts4     
,say1 :at ! v>i\s bones s wisely wr\ght8
   ,h[ 0 _! frame to su* p]fection      
br\ght8   ,:at did _! figures = _! uses 
fit1   ,_! numb]s fix1 & jo9ts adapt$   
knit2   ,& made !m all 9 t j ord] /&1   
,:i* motion1 /r5g?1 & ornam5t1 dem&8    
,blackmore4  ,la/ly1 ! m9d be+ =m$ =    
society & int]c\rse ) be+s ( h] own k9d1

 %e mu/ be endu$ ) p[]s ( express+ &    
communicat+ h] ?\ghts by "s s5sible m>ks
 or signs1 :i* %all be bo? easy to      
h]self1 & admit ( great v>iety4 ,&      
accord+ly %e is provid$ ) ! organs &    
faculty ( spee*1 by :i* %e c ?r[ out    
signs ) amaz+ facility1 & v>y !m )\t    
end4  ,?us we h built up an animal body1
 :i* w\ld seem to be pretty complete2 b 
z x is ! nature ( matt] to be alt]$ &   
work$ ^u by matt]1 s 9 a v little "t su*
 a liv+ creature mu/ be de/roy$1 if !re 
is no provision = repair+ ! injuries :i*
 %e mu/ commit ^u h]self1 & ^? :i* %e   
mu/ be expos$ to f )\t4 ,!re=e a        
treasure ( blood is actually provid$ 9 !
 he>t & vascul> sy/em1 full ( nutriti\s 
& heal+ p>ticles2 fluid en\gh to        
p5etrate into ! m9ute/ p>ts ( ! animal2 
impell$ by ! he>t1 & convey$ by !       
art]ies1 x wa%es e "p1 builds up :at 0  
brok5 d[n1 & sweeps away ! old & useless
 mat]ials4 ,h5ce we see ! necessity or  
advantage ( ! he>t & art]ial sy/em4     
,:at m !re 0 ( ! blood ?an en\gh to     

repair ! pres5t damages ( ! ma*9e1 mu/ n
 be lo/1 b %\ld be return$ aga9 to !    
he>t2 & = ?is purpose ! v5\s sy/em is   
provid$4 ,^! requisites 9 ! animal      
expla9 ! circulation ( ! blood1 a       
priori4#a  ,all ?is provision1 h[ev]1   
w\ld n be suffici5t2 = ! /ore ( blood   
w\ld soon be consum$1 & ! fabric w\ld   
break d[n1 if !re 0 n a provision made  
by fre% supplies4 ,^!1 we obs]ve1 9     
fact1 are pr(usely scatt]$ r\nd h] 9 !  
animal & vegetable k+doms2 & %e is      
furni%$ ) h&s1 ! fitte/ in/rum5ts t c\ld
 be contriv$ = ga!r+ !m1 & = prep>+ !m 9
 _! v>ieties = ! m\?4  ,b ^! supplies1  
:i* we call food1 mu/ be consid]ably    
*ang$2 !y mu/ be conv]t$ into blood4    
,!re=e %e is provid$ ) tee? = cutt+ &   
bruis+ ! food1 & ) a /oma* = melt+ x    
d[n2 9 %ort1 ) all ! organs subs]vi5t to
 dige/ion3 ! f9] p>ts ( ! alim5ts only c
 be useful 9 ! con/itution2 ^! mu/ be   
tak5 up & convey$ into ! blood1 & !     
dregs mu/ be ?r[n (f4 ,) ?is view1 !    
inte/9al canal is provid$4 ,x sep>ates !

 nutriti\s p>ts1 :i* we call *yle1 to be
 convey$ into ! blood by ! sy/em ( !    
absorb5t vessels2 & ! co>s] p>ts pass   
d[nw>ds to be eject$4  ,we h n[ got our 
animal n only furni%$ ) :at is want+ =  
imm$iate exi/5ce1 b also ) p[]s (       
protract+ t exi/5ce to an indef9ite l5g?
 ( "t4 ,b its duration1 we may presume1 
mu/ necess>ily be limit$2 = z x is      
n\ri%$1 gr[s1 & is rais$ up to its full 
/r5g? & utmo/ p]fection2 s x mu/ 9 "t1 9
 common ) all mat]ial be+s1 beg9 to     
decay1 & !n hurry on into f9al ru94     
,?us we see1 by ! imp]fect survey :i*   
human reason is able to take ( ?is      
subject1 t ! animal man mu/ necess>ily  
be complex 9 8 corporeal sy/em1 & 9 its 
op]ations4  ,he mu/ h "o great & g5]al  
sy/em1 ! vascul>1 bran*+ ?r\gh ! :ole   
circulation3 ano!r1 ! n]v\s1 ) its      
app5dages--! organs ( s5se1 = e k9d (   
feel+3 & a ?ird1 = ! union & connection 
( all ^! p>ts4  ,besides ^! prim>y &    
g5]al sy/ems1 he requires o!rs1 :i* may 
be m local or conf9$3 "o1 = /r5g?1      

support1 & protection1--! bony compages3
 ano!r1 = ! requisite motions ( ! p>ts  
among !mselves1 z well z = mov+ f place 
to place1--! muscul> sy/em3 ano!r to    
prep>e n\ri%m5t = ! daily recruit ( !   
body1--! dige/ive organs4  ,dr4 ,paley  
obs]ves1 t1 ( all ! diff]5t sy/ems 9 !  
human body1 ! use & necessity are n m   
app>5t1 ?an ! wisdom & contrivance :i* h
 be5 ex]t$1 9 putt+ !m all into ! mo/   
compact & conv5i5t =m3 9 dispos+ !m s1 t
 !y %all mutually receive f1 & give     
helps to "o ano!r3 & t all1 or _m ( !   
p>ts1 %all n only answ] _! pr9cipal end 
or purpose1 b op]ate successfully &     
usefully 9 a v>iety ( second>y ways4 ,if
 we consid] ! :ole animal ma*9e 9 ?is   
light1 & comp>e x ) any ma*9e 9 :i*     
human art has ex]t$ its utmo/1 we %all  
be conv9c$1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1
 t !re are intellig5ce & p[] f> surpass+
 :at humanity c boa/ (4  ,"o sup]iority 
9 ! natural ma*9e is peculi>ly          
/rik+4--,9 ma*9es ( human contrivance or
 art1 !re is no int]nal p[]1 no pr9ciple

 9 ! ma*9e itself1 by :i* x c alt] &    
accommodate itself to injury :i* x may  
suff]1 or make up any injury :i* admits 
( repair4 ,b 9 ! natural ma*9e1 ! animal
 body1 ?is is mo/ wond]fully provid$ =1 
by int]nal p[]s 9 ! ma*9e itself2 _m (  
:i* are n m c]ta9 & obvi\s 9 _! effects1
 ?an !y are above all human compreh5sion
 z to ! mann] & means ( _! op]ation4    
,?us1 a w\nd heals up ( itself2 a brok5 
bone is made firm aga9 by a callus2 a   
dead "p is sep>at$ & ?r[n (f2 noxi\s    
juices are driv5 out by "s ( !          
emunctories2 a r$undancy is remov$ by "s
 spontane\s ble$+2 a ble$+ naturally    
/ops ( itself2 & ! loss is 9 a measure  
comp5sat$1 by a contract+ p[] 9 !       
vascul> sy/em1 :i* accommodates !       
capacity ( ! vessels to ! quantity      
conta9$4 ,! /oma* gives intimation :5 ! 
supplies h be5 exp5d$2 repres5ts1 )     
great exactness1 ! quantity & quality1 (
 :at is want$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! ma*9e2
 & 9 proportion z %e meets ) neglect1   
rises 9 h] dem&1 urges h] petition 9 a  

l\d] tone1 & ) m =cible argum5ts4 ,= its
 protection1 an animal body resi/s heat 
& cold 9 a v wond]ful mann]1 & pres]ves 
an equal temp]ature 9 a burn+ & 9 a     
freez+ atmosph]e4  ,a f>!r excell5ce or 
sup]iority 9 ! natural ma*9e1 if        
possible1 /ill m a/oni%+1 m beyond all  
human compreh5sion1 ?an :at we h be5    
speak+ (1 is ! di/9ction ( sexes1 & !   
effects ( _! unit$ p[]s4 ,besides ^?    
int]nal p[]s ( self-pres]vation 9 ea*   
individual1 :5 two ( !m1 ( diff]5t      
sexes1 unite1 !y are endu$ ) p[]s (     
produc+ o!r animals or ma*9es l         
!mselves1 :i* aga9 are possess$ ( ! same
 p[]s ( produc+ o!rs1 & s ( multiply+ ! 
species )\t end4 ,^! are p[]s :i* mock  
all human inv5tion or imitation4 ,!y are
 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect4--,?us
 f> ,paley4  ,gal5 takes notice1 t !re  
are 9 ! human body above #fjj muscles1 9
 ea* ( :i* !re are1 at lea/1 #aj sev]al 
int5tions1 or due qualifications1 to be 
obs]v$2 s t1 ab\t ! muscles alone1 no   
less ?an #fjjj ends & aims are to be    

att5d$ to6 ,! bones are reckon$ to be   
#bhd2 & ! di/9ct scopes or int5tions (  
^! are above #dj--;9 all1 ab\t #ab1jjj6 
& ?us x is1 9 "s proportion1 ) all ! o!r
 p>ts1 ! sk91 ligam5ts1 vessels1 &      
hum\rs2 b m especially ) ! sev]al       
vessels1 :i* d1 9 reg>d to _! great     
v>iety1 & multitude ( _! sev]al         
int5tions1 v mu* exce$ ! homog5e\s p>ts4
    --------------------,h[ augu/1   ,h[
 complicate1 h[ wond]ful1 is man6   ,h[ 
pass+ wond] ,he :o made him su*6--   ,f 
diff]5t natures m>vell\sly mixt2--      
,?\gh sully'd & di%on\r'd1 /ill ,,div9e6
                                        
,"y4    ,come6 all ye nations6 bless !  
,,"l1     ,to him y\r grateful homage   
pay3   ,y\r voices raise ) "o accord1   
,,jehovah',s praises to display4    ,f  
clay our complex frames he m\lds1     ,&
 succ\rs u 9 "t ( ne$3   ,l %eep :5 w&]+
 f _! folds1     ,he calls u back1 &    
does u fe$4    ,!n ?ro' ! _w let's %\t 8
 praise1     ,t5 ?\s& million tongues   
%\ld jo91   ,to heav'n _! ?ankful inc5se

 raise1     ,& s\nd _! ,,mak]',s love   
div9e4    ,:5 roll+ ye>s h ceas'd _!    
r\nds1     ,yet %all 8 goodness onw>d   
t5d2   ,= 8 great m]cy has no b\nds1    
,8 tru? & love %all nev] end6  ,s curi\s
 is ! texture or =m ( ! human body 9 e  
"p1 & )al s fe>fully & wond]fully made1 
t ev5 a!i/s1 aft] hav+ c>efully survey$ 
! frame ( x1 & view$ ! fitness &        
usefulness ( its v>i\s p>ts1 & _! sev]al
 int5tions1 h be5 /ruck ) wond]1 & _!   
s\ls k9dl$ into devotion t[>ds !        
all-wise ,mak] ( su* a beautiful frame4 
,& s conv9c$ 0 ,gal5 ( ! excell5cy ( ?is
 piece ( div9e workman%ip1 t he is said 
to h all[$ ,epicurus a hundr$ ye>s to   
f9d out a m commodi\s %ape1 situation1  
or texture1 = any "o "p ( ! human body6 
,inde$1 no und]/&+ c be s l[ & mean1 no 
he>t s /upid & ins5sible1 z n pla9ly to 
see1 t no?+ b ,inf9ite ,wisdom c\ld1 9 s
 wond]ful a mann]1 h fa%ion$ ! body (   
man1 & inspir$ into x a be+ ( sup]ior   
faculties1 :]eby ,he tea*e? u m ?an !   
bea/s ( ! field1 & make? u wis] ?an !   

f[ls ( ! heav54    --------------,?rice 
happy m51   ,& sons ( m51 :om ,god ha?  
?us advanc'd2   ,creat$ 9 8 image1 "h to
 dwell1   ,& wor%ip him2 &1 9 return1 to
 rule   ,o'er all 8 works4              
,milton4   ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ,,! 
,,curiosities ,,( ,,! ,,human           
,,c\nt5ance4--,on ?is subject we %all   
d]ive consid]able assi/ance f ! same    
,g]man philosoph] t 0 quot$ 9 ! la/     
section4 ,inde$1 we %all make a lib]al  
use ( ,/urm's ,reflections 9 our        
del9eations ( ! ,curiosities ( ! human  
frame4  ,! ext]ior ( ! human body at    
once decl>es ! sup]iority ( man ov] all 
liv+ creatures4 ,8 ,face1 direct$ t[>ds 
! heav5s1 prep>es u to expect t dignifi$
 expression :i* is s legibly inscrib$ ^u
 8 features2 & f ! c\nt5ance ( man we   
may judge ( 8 important de/9ation1 &    
high pr]ogatives4 ,:5 ! s\l re/s 9      
undi/urb$ tranquillity1 ! features ( !  
face are calm & compos$2 b :5 agitat$ by
 emotions1 & toss$ by cont5d+ passions1 
! c\nt5ance becomes a liv+ picture1 9   

:i* e s5sation is depict$ ) equal =ce & 
delicacy4 ,ea* affection ( ! m9d has its
 p>ticul> impression1 & e *ange (       
c\nt5ance d5otes "s secret emotion ( !  
he>t4 ,! ,eye may1 9 p>ticul>1 be reg>d$
 z ! imm$iate organ ( ! s\l2 z a mirror1
 9 :i* ! wilde/ passions & ! s(te/      
affections are reflect$ )\t disguise4   
,h5ce x may be call$ ) propriety1 ! true
 int]pret] ( ! s\l1 & organ ( ! und]/&+4
 ,! col\r & motions ( ! eye contribute  
mu* to m>k ! "* ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,! human 
eyes are1 9 proportion1 ne>] to "o ano!r
 ?an ^? ( any o!r liv+ creatures2 !     
space betwe5 ! eyes ( mo/ ( !m be+ s    
great1 z to prev5t _! see+ an object )  
bo? _! eyes at ! same "t1 unless x is   
plac$ at a great di/ance4 ,next to !    
eyes1 ! eye-br[s t5d to fix ! "* ( !    
c\nt5ance4 ,_! col\r r5d]s !m p>ticul>ly
 /rik+2 !y =m ! %ade ( ! picture1 :i*   
?us acquires great] =ce ( col\r+4 ,!    
eye-la%es1 :5 long & ?ick1 give beauty &
 additional *>ms to ! eye4 ,no animals1 
b m5 & monkeys1 h bo? eye-lids ornam5t$ 

) eye-la%es2 o!r creatures hav+ !m only 
on ! l[] eye-lid4 ,! eye-br[s are       
elevat$1 depress$1 & contract$1 by means
 ( ! muscles ^u ! =ehead1 :i* =ms a v   
consid]able "p ( ! face1 & adds mu* to  
its beauty :5 well =m$3 x %\ld nei!r    
project mu*1 nor be q flat2 nei!r v     
l>ge1 nor small2 beautiful hair adds mu*
 to its appe>ance4 ,! ,nose is ! mo/    
prom95t1 & lea/ moveable "p ( ! face2   
h5ce x adds m to ! beauty ?an !         
expression ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,! ,m\? &     
,lips are1 on ! contr>y1 extremely      
susceptible ( *anges2 &1 if ! eyes      
express ! passions ( ! s\l1 ! m\? seems 
m peculi>ly to correspond ) ! emotions (
 ! he>t4 ,! rosy bloom ( ! lips1 & !    
ivory :ite ( ! tee?1 complete ! *>ms ( !
 human face div9e4  ,ano!r ,curiosity on
 ?is subject is1 ! wond]ful div]sity (  
traits 9 ! human c\nt5ance4 ,x is an    
evid5t pro( ( ! admirable wisdom ( ,god1
 t ?\gh ! bodies ( m5 are s simil> to   
ea* o!r 9 _! ess5tial p>ts1 !re is yet  
su* a div]sity 9 _! ext]ior1 t !y c be  

readily di/+ui%$ )\t ! liability (      
error4 ,among/ ! _m millions ( m5 exi/+ 
9 ! univ]se1 !re are no two t are       
p]fectly simil> to ea* o!r ,ea* "o has  
"s peculi>ity p\rtray$ 9 8 c\nt5ance1 or
 rem>kable 9 8 spee*2 & ?is div]sity (  
c\nt5ance is ! m s+ul>1 because ! p>ts  
:i* compose x are v few1 & 9 ea* p]son  
are dispos$ accord+ to ! same plan4 ,if 
all ?+s _h be5 produc$ by bl9d *ance1 ! 
c\nt5ances ( m5 might h resembl$ "o     
ano!r z ne>ly z balls ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1
 or drops ( wat] out ( ! same bucket3 b 
z t is n ! case1 we mu/ admire ! inf9ite
 wisdom ( ! ,creator1 :i*1 9 ?us        
div]sify+ ! traits ( ! human c\nt5ance1 
has manife/ly _h 9 view ! happ9ess ( m52
 = if !y resembl$ ea* o!r p]fectly1 !y  
c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 to ! utt]
 confusion & detrim5t ( society4 ,we    
%\ld nev] be c]ta9 ( life1 nor ( !      
peaceable possession ( our prop]ty2     
?ieves & robb]s w\ld run little risk (  
detection1 = !y c\ld nei!r be di/+ui%$  
by ! traits ( _! c\nt5ance1 nor ! s\nd (

 _! voice4 ,adult]y1 & e crime t /a9s   
humanity1 might be practic$ ) impunity1 
s9ce ! guilty w\ld r>ely be discov]$2 & 
we %\ld be cont9ually expos$ to !       
ma*9ations ( ! villa91 & ! malignity ( !
 c[>d3 we c\ld n %elt] ourselves f !    
confusion ( ! mi/ake1 nor f ! trea*]y & 
fraud ( ! deceitful2 all ! ef=ts (      
ju/ice w\ld be useless1 & comm]ce w\ld  
be ! prey ( error & unc]ta9ty3 9 %ort1 !
 uni=mity & p]fect simil>ity ( faces    
w\ld deprive society ( its mo/ ende>+   
*>ms1 & de/roy ! pleasure & sweet       
gratification ( individual fri5d%ip4    
,we may well exclaim ) a celebrat$      
writ]1--      ,:at a piece ( "w is man6 
h[ noble 9 reason6 h[ inf9ite 9         
faculties6 9 =m1 & mov+1 h[ express &   
admirable6 9 action1     h[ l an angel6 
9 appreh5sion1 h[ l a god6   ,! next    
subject is1 ,,! ,,curi\s ,,=mation ,,(  
,,! ,,eye4--,! ,eye inf9itely surpasses 
all ! works ( man's indu/ry4 ,its       
/ructure is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s !   
human und]/&+ c become acqua9t$ )2 ! mo/

 skilful arti/ _c devise any ma*9e ( ?is
 k9d :i* is n inf9itely inf]ior to !    
eye2 :atev] ability1 indu/ry1 & att5tion
 he may devote to x1 he w n be able to  
produce a "w t does n ab\nd ) !         
imp]fections incid5t to ! works ( m54 ,x
 is true1 we _c p]fectly become acqua9t$
 ) all ! art ! ,div9e ,wisdom has       
display$ 9 ! /ructure ( ?is beautiful   
organ2 b ! little t we "k suffices to   
conv9ce u ( ! admirable intellig5ce1    
goodness1 & p[] ( ! ,creator4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 h[ f9e is ! disposition ( !      
ext]ior p>ts ( ! eye1 h[ admirably x is 
def5d$6 ,plac$ 9 durable orbits ( bone1 
at a c]ta9 dep? 9 ! skull1 !y _c easily 
suff] any injury2 ! ov]-ar*+ eye-br[s   
contribute mu* to ! beauty & pres]vation
 ( ?is exquisite organ2 & ! eye-lids m  
imm$iately %elt] x f ! gl>e ( light1 &  
o!r ?+s :i* might be prejudicial2 ins]t$
 9 ^! are ! eye-la%es1 :i* also mu*     
contribute to ! above effect1 & also    
prev5t small p>ticles ( du/1 & o!r      
sub/ances1 /rik+ aga9/ ! eye4#b ,!      

int]nal /ructure is /ill m admirable4 ,!
 globe ( ! eye is compos$ ( tunics1     
hum\rs1 muscles1 & vessels2 ! coats are 
! cornea1 or ext]ior membrane1 :i* is   
transp>5t ant]iorly1 & opake po/]iorly2 
! *>oid1 :i* is extremely vascul>2 !    
uvea1 ) ! iris1 :i* be+ ( v>i\s col\rs1 
gives ! appe>ance ( diff]5tly col\r$    
eyes2 & be+ p]=at$1 ) ! p[] (           
contraction & dilatation1 =ms ! pupil2  
&1 la/ly1 ! ret9a1 be+ a f9e expansion (
 ! optic n]ve1 ^u x ! impressions (     
objects are made4 ,! hum\rs are !       
aque\s1 ly+ 9 ! =ep>t ( ! globe1        
imm$iately "u ! cornea2 x is ?91 liquid1
 & transp>5t2 ! cry/all9e1 :i* lies next
 to ! aque\s1 beh9d ! uvea1 opposite to 
! pupil1 x is ! lea/ ( ! hum\rs1 ( great
 solidity1 & on bo? sides convex2 !     
vitre\s1 resembl+ ! :ite ( an egg1 fills
 all ! h9d "p ( ! cavity ( ! globe1 &   
gives ! sph]ical figure to ! eye4 ,!    
muscles ( ! eye are six1 & by !         
excell5ce ( _! arrangem5t x is enabl$ to
 move 9 all directions4 ,vision is p]=m$

 by ! rays ( light fall+ on ! pellucid &
 convex cornea ( ! eye1 by ! d5sity &   
convexity ( :i* !y are unit$ into a     
focus1 :i* passes ! aque\s hum\rs1 &    
pupil ( ! eye1 to be m cond5s$ by !     
cry/all9e l5s4 ,! rays ( light ?us      
conc5trat$1 p5etrate ! vitre\s hum\r1 & 
/imulate ! ret9a ^u :i* ! images (      
objects1 pa9t$ 9 an inv]se direction1   
are repres5t$ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !
 optic n]ves4    ------------------,!   
visual orbs   ,rem>k1 h[ aptly /ation'd 
= _! task2   ,rais'd to ?' imp]ial      
head's high citadel1   ,a wide ext5d$   
prospect to comm&4   ,see ! ar*'d       
outworks ( imp5d+ lids1   ,) hairs1 z   
palisadoes f5c'd ar\nd   ,to w>d        
annoyance f )\t4                        
,bally4  ,aga93--    ,:o =m'd ! curi\s  
organ ( ! eye1   ,& clo?'d x ) its v>i\s
 tunicles1   ,( texture exquisite2 )    
cry/al juice   ,supply'd x1 to transmit 
! rays ( light2   ,!n plac'd x 9 its    
/ation em95t1   ,well f5c'd & gu>d$1 z a
 c5t9el   ,to wat* abroad1 & ne$ful     

caution give8                           
,ne$l]4   ,! next subject is1 ,,!       
,,curi\s ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,e>4    ,! 
*annel'd e>1 ) _m a w9d+ maze1   ,h[    
artfully p]plex'd1 to cat* ! s\nd4   ,& 
f h] rep]cussive caves augm5t6          
,bally4    ,d>k night1 t f ! eye 8      
function takes1   ,! e> m quick (       
appreh5sion makes2   ,:]e9 x do? impair 
! see+ s5se1   ,x pays ! ,,he>+--d\ble  
recomp5se4                              
,%akspe>e4  ,al?\gh ! e>1 ) reg>d to    
beauty1 yields to ! eye1 its con=mation 
is n less p]fect1 nor less wor?y ( !    
,creator4 ,! position ( ! e> bespeaks   
mu* wisdom2 = x is plac$ 9 ! mo/        
conv5i5t "p ( ! body1 ne> to ! bra91 !  
common seat ( all ! s5ses4 ,! ext]ior =m
 ( ! e> m]its consid]able att5tion2 its 
sub/ance is betwe5 ! flexible s(tness ( 
fle%1 & ! firmness ( bone1 :i* prev5ts !
 inconv5i5ce t mu/ arise f its be+ ei!r 
entirely muscul> or :olly =m$ ( solid   
bone4 ,x is !re=e c>tilag9\s1 possess+  
firmness1 folds1 & smoo?ness1 s adapt$ z

 to reflect s\nd2 = ! *ief use ( !      
ext]nal "p is to collect ! vibrations ( 
! air1 & transmit !m to ! orifice ( !   
e>4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ?is organ is  
/ill m rem>kable4 ,)9 ! cavity ( ! e> is
 an op5+1 call$ ! meatus auditorius1 or 
auditory canal1 ! entrance to :i* is    
def5d$ by small hairs1 :i* prev5t       
insects & small p>ticles ( extrane\s    
matt] p5etrat+ into x2 = :i* purpose !re
 is also secret$ a bitt] c]um9\s matt]1 
call$ e>-wax4 ,! auditory canal is      
t]m9at$ obliquely by a membrane1 g5]ally
 kn[n by ! "n ( drum1 :i* in/rum5t x 9  
"s degree resembles2 = )9 ! cavity ( !  
auditory canal is a k9d ( bony r+1 ov]  
:i* ! membrana tympani is /ret*$4 ,9    
contact ) ?is membrane1 on ! inn] side1 
is a small bone 7malleus7 aga9/ :i* x   
/rikes :5 agitat$ by ! vibrations (     
s\nd4 ,connect$ ) ^! are two small      
muscles3 "o1 by /ret*+ ! membrane1      
adapts x to be m easily act$ ^u by s(t &
 l[ s\nds2 ! o!r1 by relax+1 prep>es x =
 ^? :i* are v l\d4 ,besides ! malleus1  

!re are "s o!r v small & rem>kable      
bones1 call$ incus1 or ! anvil1 z       
orbicul>e1 or orbicul> bone1 & ! /apes1 
or /irrup3 _! use is1 to assi/ 9 convey+
 ! s\nds receiv$ ^u ! membrana tympani4 
,beh9d ! cavity ( ! drum1 is an op5+1   
call$ ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 :i* beg9s at !  
back "p ( ! m\? ) an orifice1 :i*       
dim9i%es 9 size z ! tube passes t[>ds ! 
e>1 :]e x becomes bony2 by ?is means1   
s\nds may be convey$ to ! e> ?r\gh !    
m\?1 & x facilitates ! vibrations ( !   
membrane by ! admission ( air4 ,we may  
next obs]ve ! co*lea1 :i* some:at       
resembles ! %ell ( a snail1 :5ce its "n2
 its cavity w9ds 9 a spiral direction1 &
 is divid$ into two by a ?9 spiral      
lam9a3 & la/ly is ! auditory n]ve1 :i*  
t]m9ates 9 ! bra94 ,! faculty ( he>+ is 
wor?y ( ! utmo/ admiration & att5tion3  
by putt+ 9 motion a v small portion (   
air1 )\t ev5 be+ consci\s ( its mov+1 we
 h ! p[] ( communicat+ to ea* o!r our   
?\ghts1 desires1 & conceptions4 ,b to   
r5d] ! action ( air 9 ! propagation (   

s\nd m intelligible1 we mu/ recollect t 
! air is n a solid1 b a fluid body4 ,?r[
 a /one into a smoo? /ream ( wat]1 & !re
 w take place undulations1 :i* w be     
ext5d$ m or less accord+ to ! degree (  
=ce ) :i* ! /one 0 impell$4 ,conceive   
!n1 t :5 a ^w is utt]$ 9 ! air1 a simil>
 effect takes place 9 t elem5t1 z is    
produc$ by ! /one 9 ! wat]4 ,dur+ !     
action ( speak+1 ! air is expell$ f !   
m\? ) m or less =ce2 ?is communicates to
 ! ext]nal air :i* x meets1 an          
undulatory motion2 & ^! undulations ( ! 
air ent]+ ! cavity ( ! e>1 ! ext]nal    
p>ts ( :i* are peculi>ly adapt$ to      
receive !m1 /rike ^u ! membrane1 or     
drum1 by :i* means x is %ak51 & receives
 a trembl+ motion3 ! vibration is       
communicat$ to ! malleus1 ! bone        
imm$iately 9 contact ) ! membrane1 & f x
 to ! o!r bones2 ! la/ ( :i*1 ! /apes or
 /irrup1 adh]+ to ! f5e/ra ovalis1 or   
oval orifice1 causes x to vibrate2 !    
trembl+ ( :i* is communicat$ to a       
portion ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! cavity call$ 

! ve/ibulum1 & 9 ! semicircul> canals1  
caus+ a g5tle tremor 9 ! n]v\s expansion
 conta9$ !re91 :i* is transmitt$ to !   
bra92 & ! m9d is ?us in=m$ ( ! pres5ce (
 s\nd1 & feels a s5sation proportion$ to
 ! =ce or to ! weakness ( ! impression t
 is made4 ,let u rejoice t we possess ! 
faculty ( he>+2 = )\t x1 our /ate w\ld  
be mo/ wret*$ & deplorable2 9 "s        
respects1 m sorr[ful ?an ! loss ( sight2
 _h we be5 born deaf1 we c\ld n h       
acquir$ k suffici5t to enable u to      
pursue any art or sci5ce4 ,let u nev]   
behold ^? :o h ! mis=tune to be deaf1   
)\t endeavor+ bett] to e/imate ! gift ( 
:i* !y are depriv$1 & :i* we enjoy2 or  
)\t prais+ ! goodness ( ,god1 :i* has   
grant$ x to u3 & ! be/ way we c te/ify  
our gratitude is1 to make a prop] use ( 
?is important bless+4   ,we n[ proce$ to
 a m p>ticul> description ( ,,!         
,,curiosities ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,he>t2   
,,& ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood4  
------,?\gh no %9+ sun1 nor tw9kl+ />   
,b$eck'd ! crimson curta9s ( ! sky2     

,?\gh nei!r vegetable1 bea/1 nor bird1  
,7 extant on ! surface ( ?is ball1      
,nor lurk+ gem b5ea?2 ?\gh ! great sea  
,slept 9 pr(\nd /agnation1 & ! air   ,_h
 left no ?und] to pron\nce its ,mak]3   
,yet ,man at home1 )9 himself might f9d 
,! ,deity imm5se1 & 9 t frame   ,s      
fe>fully1 s wond]fully made6   ,see &   
adore 8 provid5ce & p[]4                
,sm>t4  ,) :at admirable skill &        
inimitable /ructure is =m$ t muscul>    
body1 situat$ )9 ! cavity ( ! *e/1 &    
call$ ! human he>t6 ,its figure is      
some:at conical1 & x is ext]nally divid$
 into two p>ts3 ! base1 :i* is upp]mo/1 
& atta*$ to vessels2 & ! apex1 :i* is   
loose & po9t+ to ! left side1 aga9/ :i* 
x seems to beat4 ,its sub/ance is       
muscul>1 be+ compos$ ( fle%y fibres1    
int]wov5 ) ea* o!r4 ,x is divid$        
int]nally into cavities1 call$ auricles 
& v5tricles2 f :i* vessels proce$ to    
convey ! blood to ! diff]5t p>ts ( !    
body4 ,! v5tricles are situat$ 9 !      
sub/ance ( ! he>t1 & are sep>at$ f ea*  

o!r by a ?ick muscul> sub/ance2 !y are  
divid$ into "r & left1 & ea*            
communicates ) its adjo9+ auricle1 "o ( 
:i* is situat$ on ea* side ! base ( !   
he>t4 ,! "r auricle receives ! blood f !
 head & sup]ior p>ts ( ! body1 by means 
( a l>ge ve92 & 9 ! same mann] ! blood  
is return$ to x f ! inf]ior p>ts1 by all
 ! ve9s empty+ _! /ores into "o1 :i*    
t]m9ates 9 ?is cavity2 :i*1 hav+ receiv$
 a suffici5t portion ( blood1 contracts1
 & by ?is motion empties itself into !  
"r v5tricle1 :i* also contract+1 propels
 ! blood into an art]y1 :i* imm$iately  
conveys x into ! lungs1 :]e x und]goes  
c]ta9 *anges1 & !n passes ?r\gh ve9s    
into ! left auricle ( ! he>t1 !nce into 
! left v5tricle1 by ! contraction ( :i* 
x is =c$ into an art]y1 ?r\gh ^:        
ramifications x is disp]s$ to all p>ts (
 ! body1 f :i* x is aga9 return$ to ! "r
 auricle2 ?us keep+ up a p]petual       
circulation1 =1 :il/ life rema9s1 !     
action ( ! he>t nev] ceases4 ,9 a /ate (
 heal? ! he>t contracts ab\t sev5ty     

times 9 a m9ute1 & is suppos$1 at ea*   
contraction1 to propel ab\t two ounces (
 blood2 to d :i*1 ! =ce x ex]ts is v    
consid]able1 ?\gh nei!r ! quantity ( =ce
 ex]t$1 nor ( blood propell$1 is        
accurately det]m9$4 ,! he>t comprises )9
 itself a _w ( wond]s1 & :il/ we admire 
its admirable /ructure & prop]ties1 we  
are naturally l$ to consid] ! wisdom &  
p[] ( ,him :o =m$ x1 f :om fir/ proce$$ 
! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! pulsations 
( ! he>t2 :o comm&s x to be /ill1 & !   
functions in/antly cease to act4  ,?is  
important secret ( ! circulation ( blood
 9 ! human body 0 br\ght to light by    
,william ,h>vey1 an ,engli% physician1 a
 little be=e ! ye> #afjj3 & :5 x is     
consid]$ ?or\ghly1 x w appe> to be "o ( 
! mo/ /up5d\s works ( ,,omnipot5ce4     
,! blood1 ! f\nta9 :5ce ! spirits fl[1  
,! g5]\s /ream t wat]s e "p1   ,&       
motion1 vig\r1 & w>m life conveys   ,to 
e p>ticle t moves or lives1             
----------------?r\gh unnumb]'d tube4   
,p\r'd by ! he>t1 & to ! he>t aga9      

,refund$4----------                     
,arm/rong4    ,:o 9 ! d>k ! vital flame 
illum'd1   ,& f ?' impulsive eng9e caus$
 to fl[   ,?' ejaculat$ /reams ?r\gh _m 
a pipe   ,art]ial ) me&'r+ lapse1 !n br+
   ,reflu5t _! purple tribute to _!     
f\nt3   ,:o spun ! s9ews' bran*y ?read1 
& tw9'd   ,! azure ve9s 9 spiral knots1 
to waft   ,life's tepid waves all o'er2 
or1 :o ) bones   ,compact$1 & ) n]ves ! 
fabric /rung3   ,_! speci\s =m1 _!      
fitness1 :i* results   ,f figure &      
arrangem5t1 all decl>e   ,?' ,artific]  
,div9e6                                 
,bally4  ,aga93--    ------,! n]ves1 )  
equal wisdom made4   ,aris+ f ! t5d]    
bra91 p]vade   ,& secret pass 9 pairs ! 
*annel'd bone4   ,& !nce advance ?r\gh  
pa?s & roads unkn[n4   ,=m'd ( ! f9e/   
complicat$ ?read1   ,! num'r\s cords are
 ?r\gh ! body spread4   ,^! subtle      
*annels1 su* is e n]ve1   ,= vital      
functions1 s5se1 & motion s]ve2--   ,!y 
help to lab\r & concoct ! food1   ,ref9e
 ! *yle1 & animate ! blood4             

,blackmore4   ,we n[ proce$ to "s       
,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,facts ,,conc]n+
 ,,respiration1 ,,or ,,! ,,act ,,(      
,,brea?+4  ,anatomi/s h1 n unaptly1     
comp>$ ! lungs to a sponge2 conta9+1 l  
x1 a great numb] ( small cavities1 & be+
 also capable ( consid]able compression 
& expansion4 ,! air cells ( ! lungs op5 
into ! w9dpipe1 by :i* !y communicate ) 
! ext]nal atmosph]e3 ! :ole int]nal     
/ructure ( ! lungs is l9$ by a transp>5t
 membrane1 e/imat$ by ,hall] at only !  
?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 b ^:      
surface1 f its v>i\s convolutions1      
measures fifte5 squ>e feet1 :i* is equal
 to ! ext]nal surface ( ! body4 ,on ?is 
ext5sive & ?9 membrane innum]able       
bran*es ( ve9s & art]ies are di/ribut$1 
"s ( !m f9] ?an hairs2 & ?r\gh ^!       
vessels all ! blood 9 ! sy/em is        
successively propell$1 by an extremely  
curi\s & beautiful me*anism1 :i* w be   
describ$ 9 "s future article4  ,!       
capacity ( ! lungs v>ies consid]ably 9  
diff]5t individuals4#c ,on a g5]al      

av]age1 !y may be said to conta9 ab\t   
#bhj cubic in*es1 or ne>ly five qu>ts ( 
air4 ,by ea* inspiration ab\t =ty cubic 
in*es ( air are receiv$ into ! lungs1 & 
at ea* expiration ! same quantity is    
dis*>g$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we calculate t     
tw5ty respirations take place 9 a m9ute1
 & =ty cubic in*es to be ! am\nt ( ea*  
inspiration1 x foll[s1 t 9 "o m9ute1 we 
inhale #hjj cubic in*es2 9 an h\r1 !    
quantity ( air inspir$ w be #dh1jjj     
cubic in*es2 & 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x w  
am\nt to #a1aeb1jjj cubic in*es4 ,?is   
quantity ( air w almo/ fill #gh w9e     
hog%eads1 & w\ld weigh ne>ly #ec p\nds4 
,f ?is admirable provision ( nature1 by 
:i* ! blood is made to pass 9 review1 z 
x 71 ( ?is imm5se quantity ( air1 & ov] 
s ext5sive a surface1 x seems obvi\s1 t 
^! two fluids are de/9$ to ex]t "s v    
important influ5ce on ea* o!r2 & x has  
be5 prov$1 by a v decisive exp]im5t (   
,dr4 ,prie/ley's1 t ! extremely ?9      
membrane1 :i* is alone int]pos$1 does n 
prev5t ! ex]cise ( ! *emical aff9ity :i*

 prevails betwe5 ! air :i* is receiv$ 9 
! lungs1 & ! blood :i* is incessantly   
circulat+ ?r\gh !m4 ,x mu/ surely1      
!re=e1 be ( ! fir/ importance to heal?1 
t ! fluid ( :i* we h\rly inhale1 at     
lea/1 ?ree hog%eads1 %\ld n be          
contam9at$ by ! susp5sion ( noxi\s      
effluvia4  ,! purity ( ! atmosph]e may  
be impair$ ei!r by ! op]ation ( :at "s  
d5om9ate natural causes1 or by !        
influ5ce ( circum/ances result+ f our   
social condition4 ,its *emical          
con/itution is *ang$ by respiration2 !  
vital pr9ciple is de/roy$1 & its place  
suppli$ by a highly poison\s gas4  ,!   
emanations f ! surface ( our bodies     
contribute1 9 a /ill great] degree1 to  
vitiate ! atmosph]e1 & to r5d] x less   
fit = ! heal?ful support ( life4 ,_m ( !
 organs :i* compose our wond]fully      
complicat$ frame are engag$ 9 dis*>g+ ! 
con/itu5t p>ts ( our bodies1 :i*1 by !  
ex]cise ( ! v>i\s animal functions1 are 
become useless1 &1 if reta9$1 w\ld      
become noxi\s4 ,physiologi/s h in/itut$ 

a v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt
 ( ! exhalations f ! surface ( ! body4  
,sanctorius1 an em95t ,italian          
physician1 f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts p]=m$  
dur+ a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 e/imates x z 
great] ?an ! aggregate ( all our o!r    
dis*>ges4 ,f 8 calculations x w\ld      
appe>1 t if we take ( liquid & solid    
food eight p\nds 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t  
five p\nds are dis*>g$ by p]spiration   
alone1 )9 t p]iod2 & ( ?is1 ! great] "p 
is :at has be5 d5om9at$ ins5sible       
p]spiration1 f its n be+ cognizable to !
 s5ses4 ,we may e/imate ! dis*>ge f !   
surface ( ! body1 by s5sible & ins5sible
 p]spiration1 z f half an ounce to f\r  
ounces p] h\r4  ,! exhalations f ! lungs
 & ! sk9 are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 (f5sive 
ev5 9 ! mo/ heal?y individuals2 b :5    
proce$+ f ^? lab\r+ "u disease1 !y are 9
 a /ate v little remov$ f putrefaction4 
,animal miasmata1 l all o!r poison1     
become m active 9 proportion to !       
quantity :i* we imbibe4 ,:51 !re=e1 !   
air is /agnant1 & :5 _m individuals     

contribute _! respective supplies (     
effluvia to vitiate x1 ! atmosph]e      
necess>ily becomes satur$ ) ! poison2 & 
:5 inhal$1 conveys x 9 a m virul5t &    
conc5trat$ /ate to ! ext5sive & delicate
 surface ( ! lungs4  ,! collection (    
animal effluvia 9 conf9$ places1 is !   
s\rce ( ! g5]ation & diffusion ( febrile
 infection3 b :5 ! miasmata are respir$1
 9 a dilut$ /ate1 ! ill effects :i* !y  
produce1 ?\gh sl[] 9 _! op]ation1 are   
equally c]ta94 ,!y1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1   
pollute ! f\nta9 ( life1 & ultimately   
break d[n ! vig\r ( ! mo/ robu/ frame2  
impair+ ! action ( ! dige/ive organs1   
eng5d]+ ! :ole tra9 ( n]v\s disord]s1 & 
r5d]+ ! body m susceptible ( disease4   
,! lungs & ! sk9 may equally become !   
means ( introduc+ poison\s or infecti\s 
matt] into ! con/itution4 ,! v5om ( a   
poison\s animal1 ! matt] ( small-pox1 & 
_m o!r contagions1 produce _! influ5ce  
?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! sk94 ,infecti\s       
diseases are communicat$ by ! reception 
( air 9 our lungs1 impregnat$ )         

contagi\s matt]4 ,! influ5ce ( ! con/ant
 respiration ( air 9 any degree impure1 
is fully ev9c$ 9 ! pallid c\nt5ances &  
languid frames ( ^? :o live 9 conf9$ &  
ill-v5tilat$ places2 & ! heal? ( all    
classes ( society suff]s precisely 9    
proportion to ! susceptibility ( _!     
con/itutions1 & accord+ to ! great] or  
less impurities ( ! air :i* !y          
habitually respire4  ,( ! (f5sive nature
 ( animal effluvia1 ! s5ses ( e "o :o   
ent]s a cr[d$ assembly1 mu/ imm$iately  
conv9ce him4 ,:51 !re=e1 we reflect on !
 /ate ( ! air :i* we brea! 9 *ur*es1    
!atres1 s*ools1 & all cr[d$ assemblies2 
& :5 we consid] ! am\nt ( ! exhalations 
emitt$ by ea* individual1 & ! v (f5sive 
nature ( ^? emitt$ by _m2 & :51 on ! o!r
 h&1 we take into consid]ation !        
importance ( air to life1 & ! great     
quantity ( ?is fluid :i* we daily       
respire1 we mu/ be naturally l$ to !    
adoption ( su* measures z w\ld secure 9 
our private dwell+s1 z well z 9 our     
public build+s1 a full & un9t]mitt+     

supply ( fre% atmosph]ic air4  ,x is    
curi\s to obs]ve ! influ5ce ( habit1 9  
reconcil+ u to _m practices :i* w\ld    
o!rwise be consid]$ 9 ! highe/ degree   
(f5sive4 ,?us1 :ile1 ) a fa/idi\s       
delicacy1 we avoid dr9k+ f a cup :i* has
 be5 already press$ to ! lips ( our     
fri5ds1 we feel no hesitation 9 receiv+ 
into our lungs an atmosph]e contam9at$  
by ! brea? & exhalations ( e promiscu\s 
assembly4    ,7 once ! en]gy ( air      
d5y'd1   ,! he>t w\ld cease to p\r its  
purple tide   ,! purple tide =get its   
wont$ play1   ,nor back aga9 pursue its 
curi\s way4   ,! next ,subject (        
,curiosity we %all consid]1 is1 ,,!     
,,hair ,,( ,,! ,,head4  ,if we consid] !
 curi\s /ructure1 & diff]5t uses ( !    
hair ( our heads1 we %all f9d !m v well 
wor? our att5tion1 & discov] 9 !m pro(s 
( ! wisdom & p[] ( ,god4  ,9 ea* entire 
hair we p]ceive ) ! nak$ eye1 an oblong 
sl5d] filam5t1 & a bulb at ! extremity  
?ick] & m transp>5t ?an ! re/ ( ! hair4 
,! filam5t =ms ! body ( ! hair1 & ! bulb

 ! root4 ,! l>ge hairs h _! root1 & ev5 
"p ( ! filam5t1 enclos$ 9 a small       
membrane\s vessel or capsule4 ,! size ( 
?is %ea? is proportionate to ! size ( ! 
root1 be+ always r l>g]1 t ! root may n 
be too mu* conf9$1 & t "s space may     
rema9 betwe5 x & ! capsule4 ,! root or  
bulb has two p>ts1 ! "o ext]nal1 ! o!r  
int]nal4 ,! ext]nal is a pellicle       
compos$ ( small lam92 ! int]nal is a    
glut9\s fluid1 9 :i* "s fibres are      
unit$2 x is ! m>r[ ( ! root4 ,f !       
ext]nal "p ( ! bulb proce$ five1 &      
sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 six small :ite   
?reads1 v delicate & transp>5t1 & (t5   
twice z long z ! root4 ,besides ^!      
?reads1 small knots are se5 ris+ 9      
diff]5t places2 !y are visc\s1 & easily 
dissolv$ by heat4 ,f ! int]ior "p ( !   
bulb proce$s ! body ( ! hair1 compos$ ( 
?ree p>ts2 ! ext]nal %ea?1 ! int]ior    
tubes1 & ! m>r[4  ,:5 ! hair has arriv$ 
at ! pore ( ! sk9 ?r\gh :i* x is to     
pass1 x is /rongly envelop$ by !        
pellicle ( ! root1 :i* =ms "h a v small 

tube4 ,! hair !n pu%es ! cuticle be=e x1
 & makes ( x an ext]nal %ea?1 :i* def5ds
 x at ! "t :5 x is /ill v s(t4 ,! re/ ( 
! cov]+ ( ! hair1 is a peculi> sub/ance1
 & p>ticul>ly transp>5t at ! po9t4 ,9 a 
"y hair ?is %ea? is v s(t1 b 9 "t       
becomes s h>d & ela/ic1 t x spr+s back )
 "s noise :5 x is cut4 ,x pres]ves !    
hair a long "t4 ,imm$iately b5ea? ! %ea?
 are sev]al small fibres1 :i* ext5d     
!mselves along ! hair f ! root to !     
extremity4 ,^! are unit$ among/         
!mselves1 & ) ! %ea? t is common to !m1 
by sev]al ela/ic ?reads2 & ^! bundles ( 
fibres =m toge!r a tube fill$ ) two     
sub/ances2 ! "o fluid1 ! o!r solid2 & ^!
 con/itute ! m>r[ ( ! hair4  ,! wond]s (
 creat+ p[] are se5 9 e ?+1 ev5 9 ! hair
 t adorns our surface4    ,all are b    
p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1   ,^: body      
,nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4   ,t1 *ang'd  
?ro' all1 & yet 9 all ! same2   ,great 9
 ! e>?1 z 9 ?' e!real frame2   ,w>ms 9 !
 sun1 refre%es 9 ! breeze1   ,gl[s 9 !  
/>s1 & blossoms 9 ! trees1   ,lives ?ro'

 all life1 ext5ds ?ro' all ext5t1       
,spreads undivid$1 op]ates unsp5t2      
,brea!s 9 our s\l1 in=ms our mortal "p1 
,z full1 z p]fect1 9 a hair z he>t2   ,z
 full1 z p]fect1 9 vile ,man t m\rns1   
,z ! rapt s]aph t adores & burns3   ,to 
him no high1 no l[1 no great1 no small2 
,he fills1 he b\nds1 connects1 & equals 
all4                                    
,pope4  ,we %all n[ introduce to our    
read]s "s ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,op9ions     
respect+ ! ,hair4  ,! anci5ts held !    
hair a sort ( excrem5t1 f$ only )       
excrem5titi\s matt]s1 & no prop] "p ( a 
liv+ body4 ,!y suppos$ x g5]at$ ( !     
fulig9\s p>ts ( ! blood1 exhal$ by !    
heat ( ! body to ! surface1 & !n cond5s$
 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! pores4 ,_! *ief reasons
 71 t ! hair be+ cut1 w gr[ aga91 ev5 9 
extreme old age1 & :5 life is v l[2 t 9 
hectic & consumptive p1 :]e ! re/ ( !   
body is cont9ually emaciat+1 ! hair     
?rives2 nay1 t x w ev5 gr[ aga9 9 dead  
c>cases4 ,!y add$1 t hair does n fe$ &  
gr[ l ! o!r p>ts1 by introsusception1 i4

 e4 by a juice circulat+ )9 x1 b1 l !   
nails1 by juxtaposition4 ,b ! mod]ns are
 agre$1 t e hair prop]ly & truly lives1 
& receives nutrim5t to fill x1 l ! o!r  
p>ts2 :i* !y prove h5ce1 t ! roots d n  
turn grey 9 ag$ p]sons soon] ?an !      
extremities1 b ! :ole *anges col\r at   
once2 :i* %ews t !re is a direct        
communication1 & t all ! p>ts are       
affect$ alike4 ,9 /rict propriety1      
h[ev]1 x mu/ be all[$1 t ! life & gr[? (
 hairs is ( a diff]5t k9d f t ( ! re/ ( 
! body1 & is n imm$iately d]iv$ !refrom1
 or reciprocat$ !re)4 ,x is r ( ! nature
 ( vegetation4 ,!y gr[ z plants d1 or z 
"s plants %oot f ! p>ts ( o!rs2 f :i*1  
?\gh !y draw _! n\ri%m5t1 yet ea* has1 z
 x 71 its di/9ct life & economy4 ,!y    
d]ive _! food f "s juices 9 ! body1 b n 
f ! nutriti\s juices ( ! body2 :5ce !y  
may live1 ?\gh ! body be />v$4 ,wulf]us1
 9 ! ,philosophical ,collections1 gives 
an acc\nt ( a woman buri$ at ,nur5b]g1  
^: grave be+ op5$ =ty-?ree ye>s aft] h] 
dea?1 hair 0 f\nd issu+ =? pl5tifully   

?r\gh ! clefts ( ! c(f94 ,! cov] be+    
remov$1 ! :ole corpse appe>$ 9 its      
p]fect %ape2 b1 f ! cr[n ( ! head to !  
sole ( ! foot1 cov]$ ov] ) ?ick-set     
hair1 long & curl$4 ,! sexton go+ to    
h&le ! upp] "p ( ! head ) 8 f+]s1 ! :ole
 fell at once1 leav+ no?+ 9 8 h& b a    
h&ful ( hair3 !re 0 nei!r skull nor any 
o!r bone left3 yet ! hair 0 solid &     
/rong4 ,mr4 ,arnold1 9 ! same           
collection1 gives a relation ( a man    
hang$ = !ft1 :o1 9 a little "t1 :ile he 
yet hung ^u ! gall[s1 _h 8 body /rangely
 cov]$ ov] ) hair4  ,be=e we dismiss ?is
 subject1 we %all give ! foll[+ curi\s  
,in/ances ( ! ,int]nal ,gr[? ( ,hair4   
,?\gh ! ext]nal surface ( ! body is !   
natural place = hairs1 we h _m          
well-atte/$ in/ances ( _! be+ f\nd also 
on ! int]nal surface4 ,amatus ,lusitanus
 m5tions a p]son :o _h hair ^u 8 tongue4
 ,pl9y & ,val]ius ,maximus say1 t ! he>t
 ( ,ari/om5es ! ,mess5ian1 0 hairy4     
,cllus ,rhodig9us relates ! same (      
,h]mog5es ! rhetorician2 & ,plut>*1 (   

,leonidas k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,hairs are said  
to h be5 f\nd 9 ! brea/s ( wom51 & to h 
occasion$ ! di/emp] call$ tri*iasis2 b  
"s au?ors are ( op9ion1 t ^! are small  
worms1 & n hairs4 ,!re h be51 h[ev]1    
v>i\s & indisputable evid5ces ( hairs   
f\nd 9 ! kidneys1 & void$ by natural    
dis*>ge4 ,hippocrates says1 t ! gl&ul>  
p>ts are ! mo/ subject to hair2 b       
bundles ( hair h be5 f\nd 9 ! muscul>   
p>ts ( beef1 & 9 p>ts ( ! human body    
equally firm4 ,hair has be5 (t5 f\nd 9  
abscesses & impo/humations4 ,s*ultetus1 
op5+ ! abdom5 ( a human body1 f\nd      
twelve p9ts ( wat]1 & a l>ge lock ( hair
 swimm+ loosely 9 x4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 
f\nd on exam9ation1 t "s ( ! int]nal    
p>ts ( ! body are m subject to an       
unnatural gr[? ( hair ?an o!rs4 ,?is has
 long be5 kn[n to anatomi/s2 & _m       
memorable in/ances h be5 record$ by ,dr4
 ,tyson1 & o!rs4 ,9 "s animals1 hairs ( 
a consid]able l5g? h be5 discov]$ gr[+ 9
 ! int]nal p>ts2 & on sev]al occasions1 
!y h be5 f\nd ly+ loosely 9 ! cavities (

 ! ve9s4 ,!re are in/ances ( mank9d be+ 
affect$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,c>dan relates1 
t he f\nd hair 9 ! blood ( a ,spani>d2  
,slonatius1 9 t ( a g5tlewoman (        
,cracovia2 & ,s*ultetus decl>es1 f 8 own
 obs]vation1 t ^? p1 :o are afflict$ ) !
 plica polonica1 h v (t5 hair 9 _!      
blood4   ,we %all1 9 ! next place1 call 
! read]'s att5tion to "s ,,curi\s       
,,rem>ks ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,be>d4  ,a be>d 
gives to ! c\nt5ance a r\gh & fi]ce air1
 suit$ to ! mann]s ( a r\gh & fi]ce p4  
,! same face )\t a be>d appe>s mild]2 = 
:i* reason1 a be>d becomes unfa%ionable 
9 a poli%$ nation4 ,demo/h5es1 ! orator1
 liv$ 9 ! same p]iod ) ,alex&] ! ,great1
 at :i* "t ! ,greeks began to leave (f  
be>ds4 ,a bu/1 h[ev]1 ( t orator1 f\nd 9
 ,h]culaneum1 has a be>d1 :i* mu/ ei!r h
 be5 done = him :5 he 0 "y1 or f        
reluctance 9 an old man to a new fa%ion4
 ,b>b]s 7 br\ght to ,rome f ,sicily1 !  
#ded? ye> aft] ! build+ ( ,rome4 ,& x   
mu/ relate to a "t aft] t p]iod1 :at    
,aulus ,gellius says1 t p accus$ ( any  

crime 7 prohibit$ to %ave _! be>ds till 
!y 7 absolv$4 ,f ,hadrian d[nw>d1 !     
,roman emp]ors wore be>ds4 ,julius      
,capitol9us reproa*es ! ,emp]or ,v]us = 
cutt+ 8 be>d at ! in/igation ( a        
concub9e4 ,all ! ,roman g5]als wore     
be>ds 9 ,ju/9ian's "t4 ,! pope %av$ 8   
be>d1 :i* 0 held a manife/ apo/asy by ! 
,greek *ur*1 because ,moses1 ,jesus     
,*ri/1 & ev5 ,god ! ,fa!r1 7 always     
drawn ) be>ds by ! ,greek & ,lat9       
pa9t]s4 ,^u ! dawn ( smoo? mann]s 9     
,france1 ! beaus cut ! be>ds into %apes1
 & curl$ ! :isk]s4 ,t fa%ion produc$ a  
:imsical effect3 m5 ( gravity left (f   
be>ds altoge!r4 ,a be>d1 9 its natural  
%ape1 0 too fi]ce ev5 = !m2 & !y c\ld n1
 = %ame1 copy aft] ! beaus4 ,?is acc\nts
 = a regulation1 anno #aecd1 ( !        
,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 =bidd+ ! pr(essors  
to we> a be>d4   ,n[ foll[s1 ,a curi\s  
acc\nt ( ,,wom5 ) ,be>ds4  ,( wom5      
rem>kably be>d$ we h sev]al in/ances4 ,9
 ! cab9et ( curiosities at ,/utg>d1 9   
,g]many1 !re is ! portrait ( a "y woman1

 call$ ,b>tel ,graetje1 ^: *9 is cov]$ )
 a v l>ge be>d4 ,%e 0 drawn 9 #aghg1 at 
:i* "t %e 0 b tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4    
,!re is likewise1 9 ano!r cab9et1 ! same
 portrait ( h] :5 %e 0 m advanc$ 9 life1
 b likewise ) a be>d4 ,x is said1 t !   
,duke ( ,saxony _h ! portrait ( a poor  
,swiss woman tak51 rem>kable = h] long  
bu%y be>d2 & ^? :o 7 at ! c>nival (     
,v5ice 9 #agbf1 saw a female danc]      
a/oni% ! spectators1 n m by h] tal5ts1  
?an by h] *9 cov]$ ) a black bu%y be>d4 
,*>les ,,xii4 _h 9 8 army a female      
gr5adi]1 :o want$ nei!r c\rage nor a    
be>d to be a man4 ,%e 0 tak5 at ! battle
 ( ,pult[a1 & c>ri$ to ,pet]sburg1 :]e  
%e 0 pres5t$ to ! cz>1 9 #agbd3 h] be>d 
measur$ a y>d & a half4 ,we read 9 !    
,trev\x ,diction>y1 t !re 0 a woman se5 
at ,p>is1 :o _h n only a bu%y be>d on h]
 face1 b h] body likewise cov]$ all ov] 
) hair4 ,among a numb] ( o!r examples ( 
?is nature1 t ( ! great ,m>g>et1 !      
gov]ness ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 is v rem>kable4  
,%e _h a v long /iff be>d1 :i* %e prid$ 

h]self on3 & be+ p]suad$ t x contribut$ 
to give h] an air ( maje/y1 %e took c>e 
n to lose a hair ( x4 ,x is said1 t !   
,lomb>d wom51 :5 !y 7 at w>1 made       
!mselves be>ds ) ! hair ( _! heads1 :i* 
!y +5i\sly arrang$ on _! *eeks1 t !     
enemy1 deceiv$ by ! lik5ess1 might take 
!m = m54 ,x is ass]t$1 aft] ,suidas1 t 9
 a simil> case ! ,a!nian wom5 did z mu*4
 ,^! wom5 7 m m5 ?an our ,jemmy-,tessamy
 c\ntrym54 ,ab\t a c5tury ago1 ! ,fr5*  
ladies adopt$ a mode ( dress+ _! hair 9 
su* a mann]1 t curls hung d[n _! *eeks z
 f> z _! bosom4 ,^! curls w5t by ! "n ( 
:isk]s4 ,?is cu/om1 und\bt$ly1 0 n      
inv5t$ aft] ! example ( ! ,lomb>d wom51 
to fight m54   ,we %all close ?is *apt] 
) "s curi\s obs]vations ,,on ,,sneez+4  
,! practice ( salut+ ! p]son :o sneez$  
exi/$ 9 ,africa1 among nations unkn[n to
 ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,/rada1 9 8       
,acc\nt ( ,monomotapa1 in=ms u1 7,prol4 
,acad47 t :5 ! pr9ce sneezes1 all 8     
subjects 9 ! capital are adv]tis$ ( x1 t
 !y may (f] up pray]s = 8 safety4 ,!    

au?or ( ! conque/ ( ,p]u assures u1 t ! 
cacique ( ,ga*oia hav+ sneez$ 9 !       
pres5ce ( ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,indians ( 8   
tra9 fell pro/rate be=e him1 /ret*$ =?  
_! h&s1 & display$ to him ! accu/om$    
m>ks ( respect1 :ile !y invok$ ! sun to 
enlight5 him1 to def5d him1 & to be 8   
con/ant gu>d4 ,! anci5t ,romans salut$  
ea* o!r on ^! occasions3 & ,pl9y        
relates1 t ,tib]ius exact$ ^! signs (   
homage :5 drawn 9 8 *>iot4 ,sup]/ition1 
^: influ5ce debases e ?+1 _h degrad$ ?is
 cu/om = sev]al ages1 by atta*+         
fav\rable or unfav\rable om5s to sneez+1
 accord+ to ! h\r ( ! day or night1     
accord+ to ! signs ( ! zodiac1 accord+ z
 a "w 0 m or less advanc$1 or accord+ z 
"o _h sneez$ to ! "r or to ! left4 ,if a
 man sneez$ at ris+ f table1 or f 8 b$1 
x 0 necess>y = him to sit or lie d[n    
aga94 ',y are /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1' said  
,timo!us to ! ,a!nians1 :o wi%$ to      
return into ! h>b\r ) _! fleet1 because 
he _h sneez$2 'y are /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 
because among t5 ?\s& !re is "o man ^:  

bra9 is moi/4' ,x is s+ul> en\gh1 t s _m
 ridicul\s1 contradictory1 & sup]/iti\s 
op9ions1 h n aboli%$ ^? cu/om>y         
civilities :i* are /ill pres]v$ equally 
among high & l[4 ,! reason is obvi\s3 !y
 are pres]v$1 because !y are e/eem$     
civilities1 & because !y co/ no?+4      
,among ! ,greeks1 sneez+ 0 almo/ always 
a good om54 ,x excit$ m>ks ( t5d]ness1 (
 respect1 & atta*m5t4 ,! "y ,p>!nis1    
hurri$ on by h] passion1 resolv$ to     
write to ,s>p$on an av[al ( h] love2 %e 
sneezes 9 ! mo/ t5d] & impassion$ "p (  
h] lett]3 ?is is suffici5t = h]2 ?is    
incid5t supplies ! place ( an answ]1 &  
p]suades h] t ,s>p$on is h] lov]4       
,p5elope1 h>ass$ by ! vexati\s c\rt%ip (
 h] suitors1 beg9s to curse !m all1 & to
 p\r =? v[s = ! return ( ,ulysses4 ,h]  
son ,telema*us int]rupts h] by a l\d    
sneeze4 ,%e in/antly exults ) joy1 &    
reg>ds ?is sign z an assurance ( !      
approa*+ return ( h] husb&4 7,hom4      
,odyss4 lib4 xvii474 ,x5ophon 0 h>angu+ 
8 troops2 a soldi] sneez$ 9 ! mom5t :5  

he 0 exhort+ !m to embrace a dang]\s b  
necess>y resolution4 ,! :ole army1 mov$ 
by ?is presage1 det]m9$ to pursue !     
project ( _! g5]al2 & ,x5ophon ord]s    
sacrifices to ,jupit] ! pres]v]4 ,?is   
sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = sneez+1 s anci5t1 &
 s univ]sal ev5 9 ! times ( ,hom]1      
excit$ ! curiosity ( ! ,greek           
philosoph]s1 & ( ! rabb9s4 ,^! la/ h a  
mo/ absurd tradition respect+ x4        
,ari/otle rem\nts likewise to ! s\rces (
 natural religion1 because ! bra9 is !  
orig9 ( ! n]ves1 ( our s5tim5ts1        
s5sations1 c4 ,su* 7 ! op9ions ( ! mo/  
anci5t & sagaci\s philosoph]s ( ,greece2
 & my?ologi/s affirm$1 t ! fir/ sign (  
life ,prome!us's artificial man gave1 0 
by /]nutation4     ,,*ap4 ,,ii4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! ,sexes--,comp>ative ,numb] ( ! 
,sexes at a     ,bir?--,extraord9>y     
,prolification--,extraord9>y ,in/ances (
 ,rapid                                 
,gr[?--,giants--,dw>fs--,kimos--,curi\s 

,acc\nt ( !     ,abd]ites--,acc\nt ( a  
,c\ntry 9 :i* ! ,inhabitants reside 9   
,trees4   ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,!       
,,sexes4    ,o woman1 lovely woman6     
,nature made y   ,to temp]              
man6------------   ,angels are pa9t$    
fair to look l y4   ,!re's 9 y all t we 
believe ( heav'n1   ,amaz+ brightness1  
purity1 & tru?1   ,et]nal joy1 & ev]la/+
 love6                                  
,otway4    ,"u 8 =m+ h&s a creature     
grew2                                   
--------------------------------adorn'd 
,) :at all e>? or heav5 c\ld be/[1   ,to
 make h] amiable4----   ,grace 0 9 all  
h] /eps1 heav'n 9 h] eye1   ,9 e ge/ure 
dignity & love4                         
,milton4  ,lavat] has drawn ! foll[+    
*>act]i/ic di/9ctions betwe5 ! male &   
female ( ! human species4 ,! prim>y     
matt] ( :i* wom5 are con/itut$1 appe>s  
to be m flexible1 irritable1 & ela/ic1  
?an t ( man4 ,!y are =m$ to mat]nal     
mildness & affection2 all _! organs are 
t5d]1 yield+1 easily w\nd$1 s5sible1 &  

receptible4 ,among a ?\s& females1 !re  
is sc>cely "o )\t ! g5]ic fem99e        
signs1--! flexible1 ! circul>1 & !      
irritable4 ,!y are ! c\nt]p>t ( man1    
tak5 out ( man1 to be subject to man2 to
 com=t him l angels2 & to light5 8 c>es4
 ,?is t5d]ness1 ?is s5sibility1 ?is     
light texture ( _! fibres & organs1 ?is 
volatility ( feel+1 r5d] !m s easy to   
conduct & to tempt1 s ready ( submission
 to ! ent]prise & p[] ( ! man2 b m      
p[]ful1 ?r\gh ! aid ( _! *>ms1 ?an man )
 all 8 /r5g?4 ,! female ?9ks n pr(\ndly2
 pr(\nd ?\ght is ! p[] ( ! man4 ,wom5   
feel m4 ,,s5sibility is ! p[] ( woman3  
!y (t5 rule m effectually1 m sov]eignly1
 ?an man4 ,!y rule ) t5d] looks1 te>s1 &
 sighs1 b n ) passion & ?reats2 = if1 or
 :51 !y s rule1 !y are no long] wom5 b  
abortions4 ,!y are capable ( ! sweete/  
s5sibility1 ! mo/ pr(\nd emotion1 !     
utmo/ humility1 & ! excess ( en?usiasm4 
,9 _! c\nt5ance are ! signs ( sanctity &
 inviolability1 :i* e feel+ man hon\rs1 
& ! effects ( :i* are (t5 miracul\s4    

,!re=e1 by ! irritability ( _! n]ves1 _!
 incapacity = deep inquiry & firm       
decision1 !y may easily1 f _! extreme   
s5sibility1 become ! mo/ irreclaimable1 
! mo/ raptur\s en?usia/s4 ,_! love1     
/rong & root$ z x is1 is v *angeable2 _!
 hatr$ almo/ incurable4 ,m5 are mo/     
pr(\nd2 wom5 are m sublime4 ,man he>s ! 
bur/+ ?und]1 views ! de/ructive bolt )  
s]5e aspect1 & /&s erect amid/ ! fe>ful 
maje/y ( ! /ream+ cl\ds2 woman trembles 
at ! lightn+1 & ! voice ( di/ant ?und]2 
& s9ks into ! arms ( man4 ,woman is 9   
angui% :5 man weeps1 & 9 despair :5 man 
is 9 angui%2 yet has %e (t5 m fai? ?an  
man4 ,man1 )\t religion1 is a diseas$   
creature1 :o w\ld p]suade himself he is 
well1 & ne$s n a physician2 b wom5 )\t  
religion are mon/r\s4 ,a woman ) a be>d 
is n s disgu/+ z a woman :o is a        
free-?9k]2 h] sex is =m$ to piety &     
religion3 to !m ,*ri/ fir/ appe>$4 ,!   
:ole _w is =gott5 9 ! emotion caus$ by !
 pres5ce & proximity ( him !y love4 ,!y 
s9k into ! mo/ incurable melan*oly1 z !y

 also rise to ! mo/ enraptur$ heights4  
,male s5sations is m imag9ation1 female 
m he>t4 ,:5 communicative1 !y are m     
communicative ?an man2 :5 secret1 m     
secret4 ,9 g5]al !y are m pati5t1       
long-suff]+1 cr$ul\s1 b5evol5t1 & mode/4
 ,!y diff] also 9 _! int]ior =m &       
appe>ance4 ,man is ! mo/ firm2 woman is 
! mo/ flexible4 ,man is ! /raighte/2    
woman ! mo/ b5d+4 ,man is s]i\s2 woman  
is gay4 ,man is ! talle/ & broade/2     
woman ! smalle/ & weake/4 ,man is r\gh &
 h>d2 woman smoo? & s(t4 ,man is br[n2  
woman is fair4 ,man is wr9kly2 woman is 
n4 ,! hair ( man is m /rong & %ort2 (   
woman m long & pliant4 ,! eye-br[s ( man
 are compress$2 & ( woman less fr[n+4   
,man has mo/ convex l9es2 woman mo/     
concave4 ,man has mo/ /raight l9es2     
woman mo/ curv$4 ,! c\nt5ance ( man1    
tak5 9 pr(ile1 is m seldom p]p5dicul>   
?an t ( woman4 ,man is mo/ angul>2 woman
 mo/ r\nd4  ,9 det]m9+ ! comp>ative m]it
 ( ! two sexes1 if x %\ld be f\nd 7:at  
is inde$ ! fact7 t wom5 fill up _!      

appo9t$ circle ( action ) great]        
regul>ity ?an m51 ! claim ( pref]5ce mu/
 decide 9 _! fav\r4 ,9 ! prud5tial &    
economical p>ts ( life1 !y rise f> above
 u4   ,! foll[+ is a v curi\s           
calculation ( ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,numb]  
,,( ,,! ,,sexes ,,at ,a ,,bir?4  ,!     
celebrat$ ,m4 ,hufel&1 ( ,b]l91 has     
ins]t$ 9 8 ,j\rnal ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1
 "s int]e/+ obs]vations 9 illu/ration ( 
! comp>ative numb]s ( ! sexes at a bir?4
 ,! numb] ( males born1 to t ( females1 
obs]ves ! le>n$ ,pr(essor1 seems to be  
#ba to #bj ov] ! :ole e>?2 & be=e !y    
rea* ! age ( pub]ty1 ! proportion ( !   
sexes is r$uc$ to p]fect equality2 m    
boys ?an girls die be=e !y are f\rte54  
,aft] ext5d+ 8 int]e/+ comp>ison ov]    
animat$ nature 9 g5]al1 ,pr(essor       
,hufel& ent]s into an inquiry1 peculi>  
to himself1 9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 !    
pr9ciples & comm5cem5t ( ! equality ( ! 
sexes4 ,9 "s families1 says he1 equality
 evid5tly does n hold4 ,9 "s1 ! *ildr5  
are all boys2 9 o!rs1 all girls4 ,he    

next proce$s to take sev]al families1 z 
#bj1 #cj1 #dj1 or #ej1 9 "o place1 9    
conjunction2 or small villages ( #aej or
 #cjj inhabitants4 ,b ev5 !n1 ! j       
proportion 0 n yet e/abli%$4 ,9 "s ye>s1
 only boys1 9 o!rs only girls 7 born2   
nay1 ?is disproportion cont9u$ = a s]ies
 ( a ye> or two2 b by unit+ t5 or fifte5
 ye>s toge!r1 ! regul> equality appe>$4 
,he next consid]$1 t :at took place 9   
small populations mu/ take place e ye> 9
 l>g] societies2 & he accord+ly f\nd x  
confirm$ by actual enum]ation4 ,he w5t s
 f> z1 by ! aid ( ! m9i/] ( /ate1       
,s*ackman1 to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative numb]
 ( boys & girls born 9 "o day ov] ! :ole
 ,prussian dom9ions1 & ! result         
correspond$ ) 8 anticipations4 ,! g5]al 
conclusions arriv$ at by ,m4 ,hufel&1   
are z foll[3--  #a/4 ,!re is an equal   
numb] ( males & females born 9 ! human  
race4--#b;d4 ,! equality occurs e day 9 
a population ( t5 millions4--#c;d4 ,e   
week 9 #ajj1jjj4--d?4 ,e mon? 9         
#ej1jjj4--e?4 ,e ye> 9 #aj1jjj4--f?4 ,& 

9 small societies ( sev]al families1 e  
t5 or fifte5 ye>s4--#g?4 ,t x does n    
occur 9 individual families4   ,! read] 
w be amus$ by ! foll[+ in/ances (       
,,extraord9>y ,,prolification4  ,!      
prolific p[]s ( "s individuals among    
mank9d are v extraord9>y4 ,in/ances h   
be5 f\nd :]e *ildr51 to ! numb] ( six1  
sev51 eight1 n9e1 & sometimes sixte51 h 
be5 br\ght =? at "o bir?4 ,! wife (     
,emmanuel ,gago1 a lab\r] ne>           
,valladolid1 0 deliv]$1 ! #ad? ( ,june1 
#agii1 ( five girls4 ,! celebrat$ ,t>s9 
0 br\ght to b$ 9 ! sev5? mon?1 at       
,arg5teuil ne> ,p>is1 #ag? ( ,july1     
#aggi1 ( ?ree boys1 ea* f\rte5 in*es & a
 half long1 & ( a girl ?irte5 in*es3 !y 
7 all baptiz$1 b did n live tw5ty-f\r   
h\rs4 ,9 ,june1 #agii1 "o ,m>ia ,ruiz1 (
 ,luc5a 9 ,&alusia1 0 successively      
deliv]$ ( sixte5 boys1 )\t any girls3   
sev5 ( !m 7 alive on ! #ag? ( ,augu/    
foll[+4 ,9 #aece1 a ,muscovite peasant1 
nam$ ,james ,kyrl(f1 & 8 wife1 7 pres5t$
 to ! ,empress ( ,russia4 ,?is peasant  

_h be5 twice m>ri$1 & 0 !n sev5ty ye>s (
 age4 ,8 fir/ wife 0 br\ght to b$       
tw5ty-"o times2 namely1 f\r times ( f\r 
*ildr5 ea* "t1 sev5 times ( ?ree1 & t5  
times ( two2 mak+ 9 all fifty-sev5      
*ildr51 :o 7 !n alive4 ,8 second wife1  
:o accompani$ him1 _h be5 deliv]$ sev5  
times1 once ( ?ree *ildr51 & six times (
 tw9s4 ,?us he _h sev5ty-two *ildr5 by 8
 two m>riages4   ,we n[ proce$ to n>rate
 "s ,,extraord9>y ,,in/ances ,,( ,,rapid
 ,,gr[?4  ,a rem>kable in/ance ( rapid  
gr[? 9 ! human species 0 notic$ 9       
,france1 9 #agbi1 by ! ,academy (       
,sci5ces4 ,x 0 a lad1 !n only sev5 ye>s 
old1 :o measur$ f\r feet eight in*es &  
f\r l9es high1 )\t 8 %oes4 ,8 "m obs]v$ 
8 extraord9>y gr[? & /r5g? at two ye>s  
old1 :i* cont9u$ to increase ) su*      
rapidity1 t he soon arriv$ at ! usual   
/&>d4 ,at f\r ye>s old he 0 able to lift
 & ?r[ ! common bundles ( hay 9 /ables  
into ! horses' racks2 & at six ye>s old1
 he c\ld lift z mu* z a /urdy fell[ (   
tw5ty4 ,b al?\gh he ?us increas$ 9      

bodily /r5g?1 8 und]/&+ 0 no great] ?an 
is usual ) *ildr5 ( 8 age2 & _! play?+s 
7 also 8 fav\rite amusem5ts4  ,ano!r    
boy1 a native ( ,b\zanquet1 9 ! diocese 
( ,alais1 ?\gh ( a /rong con/itution1   
appe>$ to be knit & /iff 9 8 jo9ts1 till
 he 0 ab\t f\r ye>s & a half old4 ,dur+ 
?is "t1 no?+ f>!r 0 rem>kable respect+  
him1 ?an an extraord9>y appetite1 :i*   
no?+ c\ld satisfy1 b an abundance ( !   
common alim5ts ( ! inhabitants ( !      
c\ntry1 consi/+ ( rye bread1 *esnuts1   
bacon1 & wat]4 ,8 limbs1 h[ev]1 soon    
becom+ supple & pliable1 & 8 body beg9n+
 to exp& itself1 he grew up 9 su* an    
extraord9>y mann]1 t at ! age ( five    
ye>s he measur$ f\r feet ?ree in*es4 ,"s
 mon?s aft]1 he 0 f\r feet elev5 in*es2 
& at six1 five feet1 & bulky 9          
proportion4 ,8 gr[? 0 s rapid1 t e mon? 
8 clo!s requir$ to be made long] & wid]2
 yet x 0 n prec$$ by any sickness1 nor  
accompani$ ) any pa94 ,at ! age ( five  
ye>s 8 voice *ang$1 8 be>d began to     
appe>2 & at six1 he _h z mu* z a man (  

?irty2 9 %ort1 all ! unque/ionable m>ks 
( maturity 7 visible 9 him4 ,?\gh 8 wit 
0 rip] ?an is commonly obs]vable at !   
age ( five or six1 yet its progress 0 n 
9 proportion to t ( 8 body4 ,8 air &    
mann] /ill reta9$ some?+ *ildi%1 ?\gh by
 8 bulk & /ature he resembl$ a complete 
man1 :i* at fir/ sight produc$ a v s+ul>
 contra/4 ,8 voice 0 /rong & manly1 & 8 
great /r5g? r5d]$ him already fit = !   
lab\rs ( ! c\ntry4 ,at five1 he c\ld    
c>ry to a great di/ance1 ?ree measures (
 rye1 weigh+ eighty-f\r p\nds2 :5 turn$ 
( six1 he c\ld lift up easily to 8      
%\ld]s1 & c>ry loads ( "o hundr$ & fifty
 p\nds weight to a great di/ance2 & ^!  
ex]cises 7 exhibit$ by him z (t5 z !    
curi\s engag$ him !reto by "s lib]ality4
 ,su* beg9n+s made p ?9k t he %\ld soon 
%oot up into a giant4 ,a m\ntebank 0    
already solicit+ 8 p>5ts = him1 &       
flatt]+ !m ) hopes ( putt+ him 9 a way (
 mak+ a great =tune4 ,b all ^! hopes    
sudd5ly vani%$4 ,8 legs became crook$1 8
 body %runk1 8 /r5g? dim9i%$1 8 voice   

grew s5sibly weak]1 & he at la/ sunk    
into a total imbecility2--?us 8 rapid   
maturity 0 foll[$ by z swift decay4  ,9 
! ,p>is ,memoirs1 !re is an acc\nt ( a  
girl1 :o1 :5 f\r ye>s old1 0 f\r feet   
six in*es 9 height1 & _h h] limbs well  
proportion$1 & h] brea/s fully exp&$1 l 
^? ( a girl ( eighte54 ,^! ?+s are m    
s+ul> & m>vell\s 9 ! nor!rn ?an 9 !     
s\!rn climates1 :]e females come soon]  
to maturity4 ,9 "s places ( ! ,ea/      
,indies1 !y h *ildr5 at n9e ye>s ( age4 
,x seems at fir/ view a/oni%+1 t *ildr5 
( su* e>ly & prodigi\s gr[? d n become  
giants2 b x appe>s evid5t1 t ! :ole is  
only a premature expansion ( ! p>ts2 &  
accord+ly1 su* *ildr51 in/ead ( becom+  
giants1 always decay & die app>5tly (   
old age1 long be=e ! natural t]m ( human
 life4   ,z x is our int5tion 9 ?is "w  
to keep z close z possible to facts1 we 
%all n1 kn[+ly1 deal 9 fiction or fable4
 ,x is f a mo/ respectable s\rce t we h 
d]iv$ ! foll[+ ,,curi\s ,,acc\nt ,,(    
,,giants4  ,m4 ,le ,cat1 9 a memoir read

 be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,r\51    
gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( giants t are    
said to h exi/$ 9 diff]5t ages4 ,pr(ane 
hi/orians h giv5 sev5 feet ( height to  
,h]cules1 _! fir/ h]o2 & 9 our days we h
 se5 m5 eight feet high4 ,! giant1 :o 0 
%[n 9 ,r\51 9 #agce1 measur$ eight feet 
"s in*es4 ,! emp]or ,maxim9 0 ( t size4 
,%5k9s & ,plat]us1 physicians ( ! la/   
c5tury1 saw sev]al ( t /ature2 &        
,goropius saw a girl :o 0 t5 feet high4 
,! body ( ,ore/es1 accord+ to ! ,greeks1
 0 elev5 feet & a half2 ! giant ,galb>a1
 br\ght f ,arabia to ,rome1 "u ,claudius
 ,cs>1 0 ne> t5 feet2 & ! bones (       
,secondilla & ,pusio1 keep]s ( ! g>d5s (
 ,sallu/1 7 b six in*es %ort]4 ,funnam1 
a ,scotsman1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,eug5e    
,,ii4 k+ ( ,scotl&1 measur$ elev5 feet &
 a half2 & ,jacob ,le ,maire1 9 8 voyage
 to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 reports1 t on
 ! #ag? ( ,decemb]1 #afae1 !y f\nd at   
,port ,desire1 sev]al graves cov]$ )    
/ones2 & hav+ ! curiosity to remove !   
/ones1 !y discov]$ human skeletons ( t5 

& elev5 feet long4 ,! ,*evali] ,scory1 9
 8 voyage to ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 says1 t
 !y f\nd1 9 "o ( ! sepul*ral cav]ns ( t 
m\nta91 ! head ( a gaun*e1 :i* _h eighty
 tee?1 & t ! body 0 n less ?an fifte5   
feet long4 ,! giant ,f]ragus1 sla9 by   
,orl&o1 nephew ( ,*>lemagne1 0 eighte5  
feet high4 ,riol&1 a celebrat$ anatomi/1
 :o wrote 9 #afad1 says1 t "s ye>s be=e1
 !re 0 to be se51 9 ! suburbs ( ,/4     
,g]ma91 ! tomb ( ! great giant ,isoret1 
:o 0 tw5ty feet high4 ,9 ,r\51 9 #aeji1 
9 digg+ 9 ! dit*es ne> ! ,dom9icans1 !y 
f\nd a /one tomb1 conta9+ a skeleton ^: 
skull held a bu%el ( corn1 & ^: %9 bone 
rea*$ up to ! girdle ( ! talle/ man !re1
 be+ ab\t f\r feet long2 &1 consequ5tly1
 ! body mu/ h be5 sev5te5 or eighte5    
feet high4 ,^u ! tomb 0 a plate ( copp]1
 :]eon 0 engrav$1 ,9 ?is tomb lies !    
noble & puissant "l1 ! ,*evali] ,ricon  
,de ,vallemont1 & 8 bones4 ,plat]us1 a  
fam\s physician1 decl>es1 t he saw at   
,luc]ne1 ! true human body ( a subject  
:i* mu/ h be5 at lea/ n9ete5 feet high4 

,val5ce1 9 ,dauph91 boa/s ( possess+ !  
bones ( ! giant ,buc>t1 tyrant ( !      
,viv>ias1 :o 0 sla9 ) an arr[ by ! ,c\nt
 ,de ,cabillon1 8 vassal4 ,! ,dom9icans 
_h a "p ( ! %9 bone1 ) ! articulation ( 
8 knee1 & 8 figure pa9t$ 9 fresco1 ) an 
inscription1 %[+ t ?is giant 0 tw5ty-two
 feet & a half high1 & t 8 bones 7 f\nd 
9 #agje1 ne> ! banks ( ! ,mord]i1 a     
little riv] at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 (      
,crusal1 ^u :i* 7tradition says7 ! giant
 dwelt4 ,m4 ,le ,cat adds1 t skeletons h
 be5 discov]$ ( giants1 ( a /ill m      
incr$ible height1 viz4 ( ,!utobo*us1 k+ 
( ! ,teutones1 f\nd on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1
 #afac1 tw5ty-five feet & a half high2 (
 a giant ne> ,maz>9o1 9 ,sicily1 9      
#aeaf1 ?irty feet2 ( ano!r1 9 #aedh1 ne>
 ,pal]mo1 ?irty feet2 ( ano!r1 9 #aeej1 
( ?irty-?ree feet2 ( two f\nd ne> ,a!ns1
 ?irty-?ree & ?irty-six feet2 & ( "o at 
,tuto1 9 ,bohemia1 9 #ageh1 ^: leg bones
 alone measur$ tw5ty-six feet6 ,b :e!r  
^! acc\nts are cr$it$ or n1 we are c]ta9
 t ! /ature ( ! human body is by no     

means fix$4 ,we are ourselves a k9d (   
giants1 9 comp>ison ( ! ,lapl&]s2 nor   
are ^! ! mo/ dim9utive p to be f\nd ^u !
 e>?4  ,! ,abb ,la ,*appe1 9 8 j\rney   
into ,sib]ia1 to obs]ve ! la/ transit ( 
,v5us1 pass$ ?r\gh a village inhabit$ by
 p call$ ,wotiacks1 :o 7 n above f\r    
feet high4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,patagonians  
likewise1 :i* _c be entirely discr$it$1 
r5d] x v probable1 t some:]e 9 ,s\?     
,am]ica !re is a race ( p v consid]ably 
exce$+ ! common size ( mank9d2 &        
consequ5tly t we _c altoge!r discr$it ! 
relations ( giants1 h&$ d[n to u by     
anci5t au?ors1 ?\gh :at degree ( cr$it  
we ought to give !m1 is n easy to be    
det]m9$4   ,no less true ?an rem>kable  
is ! foll[+ ,,curi\s ,,acc\nt ,,(       
,,dw>fs4  ,jeff]y ,hudson1 ! fam\s      
,engli% dw>f1 0 born at ,oakham 9       
,rutl&%ire1 9 #afai2 & ab\t ! age ( sev5
 or eight1 be+ !n b eighte5 in*es high1 
0 reta9$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke (         
,buck+ham1 :o resid$ at ,burleigh on !  
,hill4 ,soon aft] ! m>riage ( ,*>les ,i4

 ! k+ & que5 be+ ent]ta9$ at ,burleigh1 
little ,jeffrey 0 s]v$ up to table 9 a  
cold pie1 & pres5t$ by ! du*ess to !    
que51 :o kept him z h] dw>f4 ,f sev5    
ye>s till ?irty1 he nev] grew tall]2 b  
aft] ?irty he %ot up to ?ree feet n9e   
in*es1 & !re fix$4 ,jeff]y became a     
consid]able "p ( ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! c\rt4 
,sir ,william ,dav5ant wrote a poem     
call$ ,jeffreidos1 on a battle betwe5   
him & a turkey cock2 & 9 #afch 0 publi%$
 a v small book1 call$ ! ,new ,ye>'s    
,gift1 pres5t$ at c\rt by ! ,lady       
,p>vula to ! ,"l ,m9imus1 7commonly     
call$ ,little ,jeff]y17 h] maje/y's     
s]vant1 writt5 by ,microphilus1 ) a     
little pr9t ( ,jeff]y prefix$4 ,be=e ?is
 p]iod1 ,jeff]y 0 employ$ on a          
negociation ( great importance3 he 0 s5t
 to ,france to fet* a midwife = ! que52 
& on 8 return ) ?is g5tlewoman1 & h]    
maje/y's danc+-ma/]1 & _m ri* pres5ts to
 ! que5 f h] "m ,m>y de ,m$icis1 he 0   
tak5 by ! ,dunkirk]s4 ,jeff]y1 ?us made 
( consequ5ce1 grew to ?9k himself really

 s4 ,he _h borne ) little temp] ! teaz+ 
( ! c\rti]s & dome/ics1 & _h _m         
squabbles ) ! k+'s gigantic port]4 ,at  
la/1 be+ provok$ by ,mr4 ,cr(ts1 a "y   
g5tleman ( family1 a *all5ge ensu$3 &   
,mr4 ,cr(ts com+ to ! r5dezv\s arm$ only
 ) a squirt1 ! little creature 0 s      
enrag$1 t a real duel ensu$2 & !        
appo9tm5t be+ on horseback1 ) pi/ols1 to
 put !m m on a level1 ,jeff]y1 at ! fir/
 fire1 %ot 8 antagoni/ dead4 ,?is happ5$
 9 ,france1 :i!r he _h att5d$ 8 mi/ress 
dur+ ! tr\bles4 ,he 0 aga9 tak5 prison] 
by a ,turki% rov]1 & sold into ,b>b>y4  
,he probably did n rema9 long 9 slav]y1 
=1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! civil w>1 he 0 made a
 capta9 9 ! royal army2 & 9 #afdd1      
att5d$ ! que5 to ,france1 :]e he rema9$ 
till ! ,re/oration4 ,at la/1 ^u         
suspicion ( 8 be+ privy to ! ,popi%     
plot1 he 0 tak5 up 9 #afhb1 & conf9$ 9 !
 ,gate-h\se ( ,we/m9/]1 :]e he end$ 8   
life 9 ! sixty-?ird ye> ( 8 age4        
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,orang-,,outang1     
,satyr1 ,great ,ape1 or ,man ( !        

,woods4--,page #agh4  ,illu/ration3     
,,jeffrey ,,hudson4--,page #dj4  ,a     
rem>kable ,engli% dw>f :o fl\ri%$ 9 !   
reigns ( ,*>les ! ,fir/ & ,*>les !      
,second4 ,! female figure is ! midwife  
:om he br\ght f ,france = ! ,que54  ,9 !
 memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1
 a relation is giv5 by ! ,c\nt de       
,tressau1 ( a dw>f1 call$ ,bebe1 kept by
 ,/anislaus ,,iii4 k+ ( ,pol&2 :o di$ 9 
#agfd1 ag$ tw5ty-?ree1 :5 he measur$    
only ?irty-?ree in*es4 ,at 8 bir?1 he   
measur$ only betwe5 eight & n9e in*es4  
,dim9utive z 7 8 dim5sions1 8 reason+   
faculties 7 n less scanty2 appe>+ inde$ 
n to h be5 sup]ior to ^? ( a well-taught
 po9t]3 b1 t ! size & /r5g? ( !         
intellectual p[]s are n affect$ by !    
dim9utiv5ess or t5uity ( ! corporeal    
organs1 is evid5t f a /ill m /rik+      
in/ance ( littl5ess1 giv5 u by ! same   
nobleman1 9 ! p]son ( ,monsieur         
,borulawski1 a ,poli% g5tleman1 :om he  
saw at ,luneville1 :5ce he visit$ ,p>is1
 & :o1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 measur$    

only tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,?is m9iature ( 
a man1 consid]+ him only z to 8 bodily  
dim5sions1 appe>s a giant ) reg>d to 8  
m5tal p[]s & atta9m5ts4 ,he is describ$ 
by ! c\nt z possess+ all ! graces ( wit1
 unit$ ) a s\nd judgm5t & an excell5t   
memory2 s t we may ) ju/ice say ( ,m4   
,borulawski1 9 ! words ( ,s5eca1 & ne>ly
 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he has us$ !m1 ,posse   
+5ium1 =tissimum ac beatissimum1 sub    
quolibet corpusculo lat]e4 ,epi/4 #ff4  
,c\nt ,borulawski 0 ! son ( a ,poli%    
nobleman atta*$ to ! =tunes ( ,k+       
,/anislaus1 :o lo/ 8 prop]ty 9          
consequ5ce ( t atta*m5t1 & :o _h six    
*ildr52 ?ree dw>fs1 & ?ree well gr[n4   
,:at is s+ul> en\gh1 !y 7 born          
alt]nately1 a big "o & a little "o1 ?\gh
 bo? p>5ts 7 ( ! common size4 ,! little 
c\nt's y\nge/ si/] 0 mu* less ?an him1 b
 di$ at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,! c\nt     
cont9u$ to gr[ till he 0 ab\t ?irty1 :5 
he _h atta9$ ! height ( ?ree feet two   
in*es3 he liv$ to see 8 fifty-fir/ ye>4 
,he nev] exp]i5c$ any sickness1 b liv$ 9

 a polite & afflu5t mann]1 "u !         
patronage ( a lady1 a fri5d ( ! family1 
till love1 at ! age ( =ty-"o1 intrud$   
into 8 little peaceful bosom1 & involv$ 
him 9 matrimony1 c>e1 & p]plexity4 ,!   
lady he *ose 0 ( 8 own c\ntry1 b ( ,fr5*
 extraction1 & ! middle size4 ,!y _h    
?ree *ildr51 all girls1 & none ( !m     
likely to be dw>fs4 ,to provide = a     
family n[ became an object big )        
difficulty1 requir+ all ! ex]tion ( 8   
p[]s 7:i* c\ld promise b little7 & 8    
tal5ts1 ( :i* music alone af=d$ any view
 ( pr(it4 ,he play$ extremely well ^u ! 
guit>2 & by hav+ conc]ts 9 sev]al ( !   
pr9cipal cities 9 ,g]many1 he rais$     
tempor>y supplies4 ,at ,vi5na he 0      
p]suad$ to turn 8 ?\ghts to ,engl&1 :]e1
 x 0 believ$1 ! public curiosity might 9
 a little "t b5efit him suffici5tly to  
enable him to live indep5d5t 9 s *eap a 
c\ntry z ,pol&4 ,he 0 furni%$ by v      
respectable fri5ds ) recomm5dations to  
sev]al ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *>act]s 9 ?is   
k+dom1 z ! ,du*ess ( ,devon%ire1 ,rutl&1

 c4 ^: k9d patronage he 0 n backw>d to  
ackn[l$ge4 ,he 0 advis$ to let himself  
be se5 z a curiosity1 & ! price (       
admission 0 fix$ at a gu9ea4 ,! numb] ( 
8 visitors1 ( c\rse1 0 n v great4 ,aft] 
a pretty long /ay 9 ,london1 he w5t to  
,ba? & ,bri/ol2 visit$ ,dubl91 & "s o!r 
p>ts ( ,irel&2 :5ce he return$ by way ( 
,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 & ,birm+ham1 to    
,london4 ,he also visit$ ,ed9burgh1 & "s
 o!r t[ns 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 e place he      
acquir$ a numb] ( fri5ds4 ,9 reality1 ! 
ease & polit5ess ( 8 mann]s & address   
pleas$ no less ?an ! dim9utive yet      
elegant proportions ( 8 figure1 a/oni%$ 
^? :o visit$ him4 ,8 p]son 0 pleas+ &   
graceful1 & 8 look manly & noble4 ,he   
spoke ,fr5* flu5tly1 & ,engli% tol]ably4
 ,he 0 rem>kably lively & *e]ful1 ?\gh  
fitt$ = ! mo/ s]i\s & rational          
conv]sation4 ,su* 0 ?is wond]ful little 
man--an object ( curiosity really wor?y 
! att5tion ( ! philosoph]1 ! man ( ta/e1
 & ! anatomi/4 ,8 life has be5 publi%$1 
writt5 by himself4   ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( 

a s+ul> nation ( dw>fs1 is tak5 f !     
,mon?ly ,review = #agib1 be+ ,vol4 #g1 (
 ! new s]ies4 ,! subject is a review (  
,a ,voyage to ,madagasc>2 by ! ,abb     
,ro*on4 ,!y are call$ ,,! ,,kimos4  ,!  
,kimos are a nation ( pigmies1 said to  
inhabit ! m\nta9s 9 ! int]ior "p ( !    
isl& ( ,madagasc>1 ( :om tradition has  
long enc\rag$ ! belief3--b ,flac\rt1 9 !
 la/ c5tury1 treat$ ! /ories !n 9       
circulation ) great contempt4 ,! ,abb   
,ro*on1 h[ev]1 has reviv$ !m2 & has n   
only giv5 !m ! sanction ( 8 own belief1 
b t ( ,m4 ,comm]son1 & ( ,m4 de ,modave1
 ! late ,gov]nor ( ,=t ,dauph94 ,z _!   
op9ions are ( weight1 & z ! subject is  
curi\s1 we %all pres5t our read]s ) an  
epitome ( ! memoirs :i* ^! g5tlem5 drew 
up conc]n+ ! ,kimos1 & :i* our au?or has
 ins]t$ entire 9 ! body ( 8 "w4  ,lov]s 
( ! m>vell\s1 7says ,m4 ,comm]son17 :o  
w\ld be sorry to h ! pret5d$ size ( !   
,patagonian giants r$uc$ to six feet1 w 
p]haps be made "s am5ds by a race (     
pigmies1 :o are wond]ful 9 ! contr>y    

extreme4 ,i mean ^? half m51 :o inhabit 
! int]ior "p ( ! great isl& (           
,madagasc>1 & =m a di/9ct nation1 call$1
 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry1 ,kimos4 ,^!   
little m5 are ( a pal] col\r ?an ! re/ (
 ! natives1 :o are 9 g5]al black4 ,_!   
arms are s long1 t :5 /ret*$ out1 !y    
rea* to ! knees1 )\t /oop+4 ,! wom5 h   
sc>cely brea/s suffici5t to m>k _! sex1 
except at ! "t ( ly+-92 & ev5 !n !y are 
oblig$ to h rec\rse to c['s milk1 to fe$
 _! *ildr54  ,! intellectual faculties (
 ?is dim9utive race are equal to ^? ( ! 
o!r inhabitants ( ! isl&1 :o are by no  
means defici5t 9 und]/&+1 ?\gh extremely
 indol5t4 ,inde$1 ! ,kimos are said to  
be mu* m active & w>like1 s t _! c\rage 
be+ 9 a duplicate ratio ( _! size1 !y h 
nev] suff]$ !mselves to be oppress$ &   
subdu$ by _! neighb\rs1 :o h (t5        
attempt$ x4 ,x is a/oni%+1 t all we "k (
 ?is nation is f ! neighb\r+ p2 & t     
nei!r ! gov]nors ( ! ,isle ( ,france1 ( 
,b\rbon1 nor ! comm&]s ( our =ts on !   
coa/ ( ,madagasc>1 h ev] endeav\r$ to   

p5etrate into ?is c\ntry4 ,x has inde$  
be5 lately attempt$1 b )\t success4  ,i 
%all h[ev] atte/1 z an eye-witness1 t 9 
a voyage :i* ,i made 9 #aggj to ,=t     
,dauph91 ,m4 de ,modave1 ! la/ gov]nor1 
gratifi$ my curiosity1 by %ew+ me1 among
 8 slaves1 a female ( ! ,kimos tribe1   
ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age1 & ?ree feet sev5 
in*es high4 ,%e 0 ( a mu* pal] col\r ?an
 any o!r natives ( ,madagasc> t ,i _h   
se51 0 well-made1 & did n appe> mis%ap51
 nor /9t$ 9 h] gr[?1 z accid5tal dw>fs  
usually are4 ,h] arms 7 inde$ too long1 
9 proportion to h] height1 & h] hair 0  
%ort & woolly3 b h] c\nt5ance 0 good1 & 
r resembl$ t ( an ,european ?an an      
,african4 ,%e _h a natural habitual     
smile on h] face1 0 good-hum\r$1 &      
seem$1 by h] behavi\r1 to possess a good
 und]/&+4 ,no appe>ance ( brea/s 0      
obs]vable1 except nipples3 b ?is s+le   
in/ance is n suffici5t to e/abli% an    
exception s contr>y to ! g5]al law (    
nature4 ,a little be=e our dep>ture f   
,madagasc>1 ! desire ( recov]+ h]       

lib]ty1 jo9$ to ! fe> ( be+ c>ri$ into  
,france1 /imulat$ ?is little slave to   
run away into ! woods4  ,on ! :ole1 ,i  
conclude1 9 firmly believ+ ! exi/5ce (  
?is dim9utive race ( human be+s1 :o h a 
"* & mann]s peculi> to !mselves4 ,!     
,lapl&]s seem to be ! m$ium betwe5 m5 ( 
! common size & ^! dw>fs4 ,bo? inhabit !
 colde/ c\ntries & ! highe/ m\nta9s ^u !
 e>?4 ,^! ( ,madagasc>1 on :i* ! ,kimos 
reside1 are sixte5 or sev5te5 hundr$    
toises1 or fa?oms1 above ! level ( !    
sea4 ,! plants & vegetables :i* gr[ on  
^! heights1 are naturally dw>fs4  ,m4 de
 ,modave says1--,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,=t    
,dauph91 9 #agfh1 ,i _h a memoir put    
into my h&s1 :i* 0 ill drawn up1 giv+ an
 acc\nt ( a pigmy race ( p1 call$       
,kimos1 :o inhabit ! middle region (    
,madagasc>1 9 latitude #bb4 ,i tri$ to  
v]ify ! fact1 by prep>+ = an exp$ition  
into ! c\ntry :i* is said to be ?us     
inhabit$3 b by ! infidelity & c[>dice ( 
! guides1 my s*eme fail$4 ,yet ,i _h su*
 indisputable in=mation ( ?is           

extraord9>y fact1 t ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt (
 ! exi/5ce ( su* a nation4 ,! common    
size ( ! m5 is ?ree feet five in*es4 ,!y
 we> long r\nd be>ds4 ,! wom5 are "s    
in*es %ort] ?an ! m51 :o are ?ick & /\t4
 ,_! col\r is less black & sw>?y ?an t (
 ! natives2 _! hair is %ort & cottony4  
,!y =ge iron & /eel1 ( :i* !y make _!   
lances & d>ts2 ! only weapons t !y use4 
,! situation ( _! c\ntry is ab\t sixty  
leagues to ! nor?-we/ ( ,=t ,dauph94 ,i 
procur$ a female ( ?is nation1 b %e 0   
said to be mu* tall] ?an usual among !  
,kimos1 = %e 0 ?ree feet sev5 in*es 9   
height4 ,%e 0 v ?91 & _h no m appe>ance 
( brea/s ?an ! leane/ man4  ,to ^!      
relations1 ! ,abb ,ro*on says1 he might 
add t ( an (fic] :o _h procur$ a ,kimos 
man1 & w\ld h br\ght him to ,europe1 b  
,m4 de ,surville1 :o comm&$ ! vessel 9  
:i* he 0 to emb>k1 refus$ to grant 8    
p]mission4   ,respectable hi/orians h   
pres5t$ u ) ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( !  
,,abd]ites1 or ,,inhabitants ,,(        
,,abd]a4  ,x is report$1 t 9 ! reign (  

,cass&]1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 !y 7 s pe/]$ )   
frogs & rats1 t !y 7 oblig$ to des]t _! 
city = "s "t3 & ,lucian tells u1 t 9 !  
reign ( ,lysima*us1 !y 7 = "s mon?s     
afflict$ ) a fev] ( a mo/ extraord9>y   
nature1 ^: crisis 0 always on ! sev5?   
day1 & !n x left !m2 b x s di/ract$ _!  
imag9ations1 t !y fanci$ !mselves       
play]s4 ,aft] ?is1 !y 7 ev] repeat+     
v]ses f "s trag$y1 & p>ticul>ly out ( ! 
,&rom$a ( ,euripides1 z if !y _h be5 ^u 
! /age2 s t _m ( ^! pale1 meagre actors1
 7 p\r+ =? tragic exclamations 9 e      
/reet4 ,?is delirium cont9u$ till ! w9t]
 foll[+2 :i* 0 a v cold "o1 & !re=e     
fitt] to remove x4 ,lucian1 :o has      
describ$ ?is disease1 endeav\rs to      
acc\nt = x 9 ?is way3--,ar*elaus1 an    
excell5t play]1 act$ ! ,&rom$a (        
,euripides be=e ! ,abd]ites1 9 ! height 
( a v hot summ]4 ,sev]al _h a fev] at _!
 com+ out ( ! !atre1 & z _! imag9ations 
7 full ( ! trag$y1 ! delirium1 :i* !    
fev] rais$1 p]petually repres5t$        
,&rom$a1 ,p]seus1 ,m$usa1 c4 & ! sev]al 

dramatic incid5ts1 & call$ up ! ideas ( 
^? objects1 & ! pleasure ( !            
repres5tation1 s /rongly1 t !y c\ld n   
=be> imitat+ ,ar*elaus' action &        
declamation3 & f ^! ! fev] spread to    
o!rs by infection4   ,a mo/ respectable 
writ] 7,madame ,de ,g5lis7 has giv5 u ! 
foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( a ,,c\ntry1 ,,!  
,,inhabitants ,,( ,,:i* ,,reside ,,9    
,,trees4  ,a "y ,spani% adv5tur]1 ( ! "n
 ( ,vasco ,nugnez1 :om a h&some figure1 
unit$ to a natural wit & c\rage1 advanc$
 to ! highe/ em95ce ( glory & =tune2    
pursu+ 8 rese>*es ov] ! ,d>i51 a region 
ab\nd+ 9 lakes & m>%es1 arriv$ 9 a      
c\ntry :]e ! h\ses 7 ( a v s+ul>        
contrivance1 be+ built 9 ! l>ge/ trees1 
! bran*es ( :i* envelop$ ! sides1 & =m$ 
! ro(4 ,!y conta9$ *amb]s & closets ( a 
tol]able con/ruction4 ,ea* family 0     
sep>ately lodg$4 ,e h\se _h two ladd]s1 
"o ( :i* rea*$ f ! foot to ! middle ( ! 
tree1 & ! o!r f !nce to ! entrance ( !  
highe/ *amb]3 !y 7 compos$ ( cane1 & s  
light z to be easily lift$ up1 :i* 0    

done e night1 & =m$ a security f !      
attacks ( tig]s & o!r wild bea/s1 ) :i* 
?is prov9ce ab\nds4 ,! *ief ( ! c\ntry 0
 9 8 palace1 t is to say--8 tree1 :5 !  
,ca/ilians came among !m4 ,on see+ !    
/rang]s1 he ha/5$ to draw up 8 ladd]s1  
:ile ! ,spani>ds call$ to him al\d to   
desc5d )\t fe>4 ,he repli$1 t be+       
unconsci\s ( hav+ (f5d$ any "o1 & hav+  
no conc]n ) /rang]s1 he begg$ he might  
be suff]$ to rema9 undi/urb$ 9 8        
habitation4 ,on ?is !y ?reat5$ to cut   
d[n or set fire to 8 tree1 & at l5g?    
oblig$ him to desc5d ) 8 two sons4 ,to  
_! inquiries1 'if he _h any gold1' he   
repli$1 t he _h none !re1 because x 0 ( 
no use to him2 b1 if !y w\ld suff] him  
to g1 he w\ld fet* !m "s f a neighb\r+  
m\nta94 ,! ,ca/ilians ! m readily       
believ$ ! promise1 z he cons5t$ to leave
 ) !m 8 wife & *ildr54 ,b aft] hav+     
wait$ "s days = 8 return1 !y discov]$ t 
?is pret5ce 0 only a /ratagem to )draw  
himself f _! h&s2 t _! ho/ages likewise1
 dur+ ! night1 _h f\nd an opportunity ( 

escap+ by means ( _! ladd]s1 & t !      
inhabitants ( e neighb\r+ tree _h1 9 !  
same mann]1 fl$4     ,,*ap4 ,,iii4      
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,a/oni%+       
,acquisitions made by ,bl9d             
,p]sons--,wond]ful     ,p]=mances ( a   
,female1 bl9d almo/ f                   
,infancy--,wond]ful     ,in/ances (     
,adroitness ( ,p]sons born defective 9  
_!     ,limbs--,curi\s ,acc\nt (        
,incapacity ( di/+ui%+                  
,col\rs--,v5triloquism--,sword-swall[+4 
,,a/oni%+ ,,acquisitions ,,made ,,by    
,,bl9d ,,p]sons4  ,we f9d v>i\s         
recomp5ses = bl9dness1 or sub/itutes = !
 use ( ! eyes1 9 ! wond]ful sagacity (  
_m bl9d p]sons1 recit$ by ,zahnius1 9 8 
',oculus ,artificialis1' & o!rs4 ,9 "s1 
! defect has be5 suppli$ by a mo/       
excell5t gift ( rememb]+ :at !y _h se52 
9 o!rs1 by a delicate nose1 or ! s5se ( 
smell+2 9 o!rs1 by an exquisite t\*1 or 
a s5se ( feel+1 :i* !y h _h 9 su*       
p]fection1 t1 z x has be5 said ( "s1 !y 

le>n$ to he> ) _! eyes1 s x may be said 
( ^!1 t !y taught !mselves to see ) _!  
h&s4 ,"s h be5 enabl$ to p]=m all sorts 
( curi\s & subtle works 9 ! nice/ & mo/ 
dext]\s mann]4--,aldrovanus speaks ( a  
sculptor :o became bl9d at tw5ty ye>s ( 
age1 & yet1 t5 ye>s aft]1 made a p]fect 
m>ble /atue ( ,cosmo ,,ii4 de ,m$icis2 &
 ano!r ( clay1 l ,urban ,,viii4 ,b>?ol9 
tells u ( a bl9d sculptor 9 ,d5m>k1 :o  
di/+ui%$ p]fectly well1 by m]e t\*1 n   
only all k9ds ( wood1 b all ! col\rs2 & 
,f4 ,grimaldi gives an in/ance ( ! l    
k9d2 besides ! bl9d organi/1 liv+ 9     
,p>is1 :o is said to h done ! same4 ,!  
mo/ extraord9>y ( all is a bl9d guide1  
:o1 accord+ to ! report ( good writ]s1  
us$ to conduct ! m]*ants ?r\gh ! s&s &  
des]ts ( ,arabia4  ,james ,b]n\illi     
contriv$ a me?od ( tea*+ bl9d p]sons to 
write4 ,an in/ance1 no less extraord9>y1
 is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,bew1 9 !           
,transactions ( ! ,man*e/] ,society4 ,x 
is t ( a p]son1 ^: "n is ,john ,metcalf1
 a native ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,man*e/]1  

:o became bl9d at s e>ly an age z to be 
altoge!r unconsci\s ( light1 & its v>i\s
 effects4 ,8 employm5t 9 ! y\ng] p]iod (
 8 life 0 t ( a waggon]1 & occasionally 
z a guide 9 intricate roads dur+ !      
night1 or :5 ! common tracks 7 cov]$ )  
sn[4 ,aft]w>ds he became a projector &  
surveyor ( highways 9 difficult &       
m\nta9\s p>ts2 &1 9 ?is capacity1 ) !   
assi/ance m]ely ( a long /aff1 he       
trav]ses ! roads1 asc5ds precipices1    
explores valleys1 & inve/igates _!      
sev]al ext5ts1 =ms1 & situations1 s z to
 answ] 8 purpose 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,8 plans
 are design$1 & 8 e/imates =m$1 ) su*   
ability & accuracy1 t he has be5 employ$
 9 alt]+ mo/ ( ! roads ov] ! ,peak 9    
,d]by%ire1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! vic9ity (  
,buxton2 & 9 con/ruct+ a new "o betwe5  
,wilmsl[ & ,congleton1 s z to =m a      
communication betwe5 ! great ,london    
road1 )\t be+ oblig$ to pass ov] !      
m\nta94  ,al?\gh bl9d p]sons h occasion1
 9 a v>iety ( respects1 to deplore _!   
infelicity1 _! mis]y is 9 a consid]able 

degree alleviat$ by advantages peculi>  
to !mselves4 ,!y are capable ( a m fix$ 
& /eady att5tion to ! objects ( _! m5tal
 contemplation1 ?an ^? :o are di/ract$  
by ! view ( a v>iety ( ext]nal sc5es4   
,_! want ( sight naturally leads !m to  
avail !mselves ( _! o!r organs (        
corporeal s5sation1 & ) ?is view to     
cultivate & improve !m z mu* z possible4
 ,accord+ly1 !y d]ive relief & assi/ance
 f ! quickness ( _! he>+1 ! acut5ess (  
_! smell1 & ! s5sibility ( _! t\*1 :i*  
p]sons :o see are apt to disreg>d4  ,_m 
contrivances h also be5 devis$ by !     
+5i\s1 = supply+ ! want ( sight1 & =    
facilitat+ ^? analytical or me*anical   
op]ations1 :i* w\ld o!rwise p]plex ! mo/
 vigor\s m9d1 & ! mo/ ret5tive memory4  
,by means ( ^!1 !y h become em95t       
pr(ici5ts 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4   
,inde$1 !re are few sci5ces 9 :i*1 ) or 
)\t me*anical helps1 ! bl9d h n di/+ui%$
 !mselves4 ,! case ( ,pr(essor          
,saund]son at ,cambridge1 is well kn[n4 
,8 atta9m5ts & p]=mances 9 ! languages1 

& also z a le>n] & tea*] 9 ! ab/ract    
ma!matics1 9 philosophy1 & 9 music1 h   
be5 truly a/oni%+2 & ! acc\nt ( !m      
appe>s to be almo/ incr$ible1 if x 7 n  
amply atte/$ & confirm$ by _m o!r       
in/ances ( a simil> k9d1 bo? 9 anci5t & 
mod]n times4  ,cic]o m5tions x z a fact 
sc>cely cr$ible1 ) respect to 8 ma/] 9  
philosophy1 ,diodotus1 t he ex]cis$     
himself 9 x ) great] assiduity aft] he  
became bl9d2 &1 :i* he ?\ght next to    
impossible to be p]=m$ )\t sight1 t he  
pr(ess$ geometry1 & describ$ 8 diagrams 
s accurately to 8 s*ol>s1 z to enable !m
 to draw e l9e 9 its prop] direction4   
,j]ome relates a m rem>kable in/ance (  
,didymus 9 ,alex&ria1 :o ?\gh bl9d f 8  
infancy1 & !re=e ignorant ( ! lett]s1   
appe>$ s great a miracle to ! _w1 z n   
only to le>n logic1 b geometry also to  
p]fection2 :i* seems 7he adds7 ! mo/ (  
any ?+ to require ! help ( sight4       
,pr(essor ,saund]son1 :o 0 depriv$ ( 8  
sight by ! small-pox :5 he 0 only twelve
 mon?s old1 seems to h acquir$ mo/ ( 8  

ideas by ! s5se ( feel+2 & ?\gh he c\ld 
n di/+ui% col\rs by t s5se1 :i*1 aft]   
repeat$ trials1 he said 0 pret5d+ to    
impossibilities1 yet he 0 able1 ) !     
greate/ exactness1 to discrim9ate !     
m9ute/ diff]5ce betwe5 r\gh & smoo? on a
 surface1 or ! lea/ defect ( poli%4 ,9 a
 set ( ,roman m$als1 he c\ld di/+ui% !  
g5u9e f ! false1 ?\gh !y _h be5         
c\nt]feit$ 9 su* a mann] z to deceive a 
connoisseur1 :o judg$ ( !m by ! eye4 ,8 
s5se ( feel+ 0 s acute1 t he c\ld       
p]ceive ! lea/ v>iation 9 ! /ate ( !    
air2 &1 x is said1 t 9 a g>d5 :]e       
obs]vations 7 made on ! sun1 he took    
notice ( e cl\d t int]rupt$ !           
obs]vation1 almo/ z ju/ly z ^? :o c\ld  
see x4 ,he c\ld tell :5 any ?+ 0 held   
ne> 8 face1 or :5 he pass$ by a tree at 
no great di/ance1 provid$ ! air 0 calm1 
& !re 0 little or no w9d2 ?is he did by 
! diff]5t pulse ( air ^u 8 face4 ,he    
possess$ a s5sibility ( he>+ to su* a   
degree1 t he c\ld di/+ui% ev5 ! fif? "p 
( a note2 &1 by ! quickness ( ?is s5se1 

he n only discrim9at$ p]sons ) :om he _h
 once conv]s$ s long z to fix 9 8 memory
 ! s\nd ( _! voice1 b he c\ld judge ( ! 
size ( a room into :i* he 0 introduc$1 &
 ( 8 di/ance f ! wall2 & if he _h ev]   
walk$ ov] a pavem5t 9 c\rts1 piazzas1 c4
 :i* reflect$ a s\nd1 & 0 aft]w>ds      
conduct$ ?i!r aga91 he c\ld exactly tell
 9 :at "p ( ! walk he 0 plac$1 m]ely by 
! note :i* x s\nd$4  ,sculpture & pa9t+ 
are arts :i*1 "o w\ld imag9e1 are ( v   
difficult & almo/ impracticable atta9m5t
 to bl9d p]sons2 & yet in/ances occur1  
:i* %ew1 t !y are n exclud$ f ! pleas+1 
creative1 & ext5sive regions ( fancy4   
,de ,piles m5tions a bl9d sculptor1 :o  
?us took ! lik5ess ( ! ,duke de         
,bracciano 9 a d>k cell>1 & made a m>ble
 /atue ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ) great ju/ness 
& elegance4 ,h[ev] unacc\ntable x may   
appe> to ! ab/ract philosoph]1 yet no?+ 
is m c]ta9 9 fact1 ?an t a bl9d man may1
 by ! inspiration ( ! ,muses1 or r by ! 
ef=ts ( a cultivat$ g5ius1 exhibit 9    
poetry ! mo/ natural images & animat$   

descriptions ev5 ( visible objects1 )\t 
des]v$ly incurr+ ! *>ge ( plagi>ism4 ,we
 ne$ n recur to ,hom] & ,milton =       
atte/ations to ?is fact2 !y _h probably 
be5 long acqua9t$ ) ! visible _w be=e !y
 _h lo/ _! sight1 & _! descriptions     
might be animat$ ) all ! rapture &      
en?usiasm :i* orig9ally fir$ _! bosoms1 
:5 ! gr& & delightful objects del9eat$  
by !m 7 imm$iately beheld4 ,we are      
furni%$ ) in/ances 9 :i* a simil> en]gy 
& transport ( description1 at lea/ 9 a v
 consid]able degree1 h be5 exhibit$ by  
^? on ^: m9ds visible objects 7 nev]    
impress$1 or h be5 entirely oblit]at$4  
,dr4 ,blacklock af=ds a surpris+ in/ance
 ( ?is k9d2 :o1 ?\gh he _h lo/ 8 sight  
be=e he 0 six mon?s old1 n only made    
himself ma/] ( v>i\s languages1 ,greek1 
,lat91 ,italian1 & ,fr5*2 b acquir$ !   
reputation ( an excell5t poet1 ^:       
p]=mances ab\nd ) appropriate images &  
animat$ descriptions4  ,dr4 ,ni*olas    
,bacon1 a bl9d g5tleman1 desc5d$ f !    
same family ) ! celebrat$ ,"l ,v]ulam1  

01 9 ! city ( ,brussels1 ) high         
approbation creat$ ,,ll4 ,d4 ,he 0      
depriv$ ( sight at n9e ye>s ( age by an 
arr[ f a cross-b[1 :il/ he 0 attempt+ to
 %oot x4 ,:5 he _h recov]$ 8 heal?1 :i* 
_h suff]$ by ! %ock1 he pursu$ ! same   
plan ( education 9 :i* he _h be5 engag$2
 & hav+ he>d t "o ,nicasius de ,v\rde1  
born bl9d1 :o liv$ t[>ds ! end ( !      
fifte5? c5tury1 aft] hav+ di/+ui%$      
himself by 8 /udies 9 ! univ]sity (     
,l\va91 took 8 degree z ,d4 ,d4 9 t (   
,cologne1 he resolv$ to make ! same     
attempt4 ,aft] cont9u+ 8 /udies 9 le>n+ 
philosophy & law a suffici5t "t1 he took
 8 degree1 comm5c$ plead+ z c\nsellor or
 advocate 9 ! c\ncil ( ,brabant1 & has  
_h ! pleasure ( t]m9at+ almo/ e suit 9  
:i* he has be5 engag$ to ! satisfaction 
( 8 cli5ts4  ,ano!r in/ance1 :i* des]ves
 be+ record$1 is t ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,moyes1 
9 our own c\ntry2 :o1 ?\gh bl9d f 8     
infancy1 by ! ard\r & assiduity ( 8     
application1 & by ! en]gy ( native      
g5ius1 n only made incr$ible advances 9 

me*anical op]ations1 9 music1 & 9 !     
languages2 b acquir$ an ext5sive        
acqua9tance ) geometry1 optics1 algebra1
 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 & all o!r bran*es ( 
natural philosophy4  ,f ! acc\nt ( ,dr4 
,moyes1 :o occasionally read lectures on
 philosophical *emi/ry at ,man*e/]1     
deliv]$ to ! ,man*e/] ,society by ,dr4  
,bew1 x appe>s1 t me*anical ex]cises 7 !
 fav\rite employm5t ( 8 infant ye>s3 & t
 at a v e>ly age he 0 s well acqua9t$ ) 
! use ( edge-tools1 z to be able to     
con/ruct little w9dmills1 & ev5 a loom4 
,by ! s\nd1 & ! diff]5t voices ( !      
p]sons t 7 pres5t1 he 0 direct$ 9 8     
judgm5t ( ! dim5sions ( ! room 9 :i* !y 
7 assembl$2 & 9 ?is respect he det]m9$ )
 su* a degree ( accuracy1 z seldom to be
 mi/ak54 ,8 memory 0 s+ul>ly ret5tive2 s
 t he 0 capable ( recogniz+ a p]son on 8
 fir/ speak+1 ?\gh he _h n be5 9 company
 ) him = two ye>s4 ,he det]m9$ )        
surpris+ exactness ! /ature ( ^? ) :om  
he conv]s$1 by ! direction ( _! voices2 
& he made tol]able conjectures conc]n+  

_! dispositions1 by ! mann] 9 :i* !y    
conduct$ _! conv]sation4 ,8 eyes1 ?\gh  
he nev] recollect$ hav+ se51 7 n totally
 ins5sible to int5se light3 b ! rays    
refract$ ?r\gh a prism1 :5 suffici5tly  
vivid1 produc$ di/+ui%able effects ^u   
!m4 ,! r$ produc$ a disagreeable        
s5sation1 :i* he comp>$ to ! t\* ( a    
saw4 ,z ! col\rs decl9$ 9 viol5ce1 !    
h>%ness less5$1 until ! gre5 af=d$ a    
s5sation t 0 highly pleas+ to him1 & :i*
 he describ$ z convey+ an idea simil> to
 t :i* he ga9$ by runn+ 8 h& ov] smoo?  
poli%$ surfaces4 ,su* surfaces1 me&]+   
/reams1 & g5tle declivities1 7 ! figures
 by :i* he express$ 8 ideas ( beauty2   
rugg$ rocks1 irregul> po9ts1 & boi/]\s  
elem5ts1 furni%$ him ) expressions =    
t]ror & disgu/4 ,he excell$ 9 ! *>ms (  
conv]sation2 0 happy 9 8 allusions to   
visual objects1 & disc\rs$ on ! nature1 
composition1 & beauty ( col\rs1 )       
p]t95ce & precision4  ,?is in/ance1 & "s
 o!rs :i* h occurr$1 seem to furni% a   
presumption1 t ! feel+ or t\* ( bl9d    

p]sons may be s improv$ z to enable !m  
to p]ceive t texture & disposition (    
col\r$ surfaces by :i* "s rays ( light  
are reflect$1 & o!rs absorb$2 & 9 ?is   
mann] to di/+ui% col\rs4  ,9 music1 !re 
are at pres5t liv+ in/ances ( h[ f> !   
bl9d may proce$4 ,9 =m] p]iods we %all  
f9d illu/ri\s examples1 h[ amply nature 
has capacitat$ ! bl9d to excel1 bo? 9 ! 
sci5tific & practical dep>tm5ts ( music4
  ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! progress (  
improvem5t bo? 9 melody & h>mony 0 rapid
 & conspicu\s1 ,,francis ,,sal9as 0     
em95tly di/+ui%$4 ,he 0 born ,a4 ,d4    
#aeac1 at ,burgos 9 ,spa92 & 0 son to ! 
treasur] ( t city4 ,?\gh afflict$ )     
incurable bl9dness1 he 0 pr(\ndly skill$
 bo? 9 ! !ory & practice ( music4 ,z a  
p]=m]1 he is celebrat$ by 8             
contempor>ies ) ! highe/ encomiums4 ,z a
 !ori/1 ,sir ,john ,hawk9s says1 8 book 
is equal 9 value to any n[ extant 9 any 
language4 ,?\gh he 0 depriv$ ( sight 9 8
 e>lie/ infancy1 he did n cont5t himself
 to del9eate ! v>i\s ph5om5a 9 music1 b 

! pr9ciples f :5ce !y result1 !         
relations ( s\nd1 ! nature (            
ari?metical1 geometrical1 & h>monical   
ratios1 :i* 7 !n e/eem$ ess5tial to !   
!ory ( music1 ) a degree ( intellig5ce  
:i* w\ld h des]v$ admiration1 ?\gh he _h
 be5 9 full possession ( e s5se         
requisite = ^! disquisitions4 ,he 0 tak5
 to ,rome 9 ! ret9ue ( ,petrus ,s>m5tus1
 ar*bi%op ( ,compo/ella1 & hav+ pass$   
tw5ty ye>s 9 ,italy1 he return$ to      
,salamanca1 :]e he obta9$ ! pr(essor%ip 
( music1 an (fice at t "t equally       
respectable & lucrative4 ,hav+ dis*>g$ x
 ) reputation & success = "s "t1 he di$ 
at ! v5]able age ( sev5ty-sev54  ,9 !   
same p]iod fl\ri%$ ,,casp> ,,crumbhom1  
bl9d f ! ?ird ye> ( 8 age2 yet he       
compos$ sev]al pieces 9 _m p>ts ) s mu* 
success1 & p]=m$ bo? ^u ! flute & viol9 
s exquisitely1 t he 0 di/+ui%$ by       
,augu/us1 elector ( ,saxony4 ,b pref]r+ 
8 native c\ntry1 ,silesia1 to e o!r1 he 
return$ to x1 & 0 appo9t$ organi/ ( !   
*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,paul 9 ,lignitz1 :]e

 he _h (t5 ! direction ( ! musical      
college1 & di$ ,june #aa1 #afba4  ,to ^!
 might be add$ ,,m>t9 ,,pes5ti ( ,v5ice1
 a compos] ( vocal & in/rum5tal music   
almo/ ( all k9ds1 ?\gh bl9d f 8         
nativity2 ) o!r examples equally wor?y (
 public att5tion4 ,b if vulg> prejudice 
is capable ( blu%+ at its own           
contemptible "*1 or ( yield+ to         
conviction1 ^? already quot$ are m ?an  
suffici5t to %ew ! musical juggl]s ( our
 "t t _! art is no monopoly1 ) :i* ^?   
alone :o see are inve/$1 by !           
irrevocable decree ( heav54  ,9 !       
,annual ,regi/] = #agfb1 ! foll[+       
n>rative ( ! surpris+ acquisitions ( a  
bl9d lady is ins]t$4 ,a "y g5tlewoman ( 
a good family 9 ,france1 n[ 9 h]        
eighte5? ye>1 lo/ h] sight :5 only two  
ye>s old1 h] "m hav+ be5 advis$ to lay  
"s pigeon's blood on h] eyes1 to pres]ve
 !m 9 ! small-pox2 :]eas1 s f> f answ]+ 
! end1 x eat into !m4 ,nature1 h[ev]1   
may be said to h comp5sat$ = ! unhappy  
mi/ake1 by beauty ( p]son1 sweetness (  

temp]1 vivacity ( g5ius1 quickness (    
conception1 & _m tal5ts :i* c]ta9ly mu* 
alleviate h] mis=tune4 ,%e plays at c>ds
 ) ! same read9ess z o!rs ( ! p>ty4 ,%e 
fir/ prep>es ! pack allott$ to h]1 by   
prick+ !m 9 sev]al p>ts2 yet s          
imp]ceptibly1 t ! close/ inspection c   
sc>ce disc]n h] indexes3 %e sorts !     
suits1 & arranges ! c>ds 9 _! prop]     
sequ5ce1 ) ! same precision1 & ne>ly !  
same facility1 z !y :o h _! sight4 ,all 
%e requires ( ^? :o play ) h]1 is to "n 
e c>d z x is play$2 & ^! %e reta9s s    
exactly1 t %e frequ5tly p]=ms "s notable
 /rokes1 su* z %ew a great comb9ation & 
/rong memory4 ,! mo/ wond]ful           
circum/ance is1 t %e %\ld h le>n$ to    
read & write2 b ev5 ?is is readily      
believ$ on kn[+ h] me?od4 ,9 writ+ to   
h]1 no ink is us$1 b ! lett]s are prick$
 d[n on ! pap]1 & by ! delicacy ( h]    
t\*1 feel+ ea* lett]1 %e foll[s !m      
successively1 & reads e ^w ) h] f+]     
ends4 ,%e h]self 9 writ+ makes use ( a  
p5cil1 z %e c\ld n "k :5 h] p5 0 dry2 h]

 guide on ! pap] is a small ?9 rul]1 & (
 ! bread? ( ! writ+4 ,on f9i%+ a lett]1 
%e wets x1 s z to fix ! traces ( h]     
p5cil1 t !y are n obscur$ or effac$2 !n 
proce$s to fold & seal x1 & write !     
direction2 all by h] own address1 & )\t 
! assi/ance ( any o!r p]son4 ,h] writ+  
is v /raight1 well cut1 & ! spell+ no   
less correct4 ,to rea* ?is s+ul>        
me*anism1 ! indefatigable c>es ( h]     
affectionate "m 7 long employ$1 :o      
accu/om$ h] daught] to feel lett]s cut 9
 c>ds ( pa/ebo>d1 br\ght h] to di/+ui%  
an ,a f a ,b1 & ?us ! :ole alphabet1 &  
aft]w>ds to spell words2 !n1 by !       
remembrance ( ! %ape ( ! lett]s1 to     
del9eate !m on pap]2 &1 la/ly1 to       
arrange !m s z to =m words & s5t5ces4   
,%e has le>n$ to play on ! guit>1 & has 
ev5 contriv$ a way ( prick+ d[n ! tunes1
 z an assi/ance to h] memory4 ,s        
delicate are h] organs1 t 9 s++ a tune1 
?\gh new to h]1 %e is able to "n !      
notes4 ,9 figur$ dances %e acquits      
h]self extremely well1 & 9 a m9uet1 )   

inimitable ease & gracefulness4 ,z = !  
works ( h] sex1 %e has a ma/]ly h&2 %e  
sews & hems p]fectly well2 & 9 all h]   
works %e ?reads h] ne$les = h]self1     
h[ev] small4 ,by ! wat* h] t\* nev]     
fails tell+ h] exactly ! h\r & m9ute4   
,did]ot gives a v curi\s acc\nt ( a bl9d
 lady4 ,x is s rem>kable1 t we %all     
di/+ui% x by ! sep>ate title (          
,,wond]ful ,,p]=mances ,,( ,a ,,female1 
,,bl9d ,,almo/ ,,f ,,infancy4  ,! "n (  
?is rem>kable p]son 01 ,mademoiselle    
,melanie de ,salignac1 a "y lady1 :o _h 
be5 bl9d almo/ f h] bir?4 ,h] feel+1    
he>+1 & smell1 7 exquisite4 ,%e c\ld    
di/+ui%1 by ! impression ( ! air1 :e!r x
 0 f9e or cl\dy1 :e!r %e 0 9 an op5     
place or a /reet1 & :e!r ! /reet 0 op5  
at ! end2--also1 :e!r %e 0 9 a room or  
n1 & ( :at size x 04 ,hav+ once gone ov]
 a h\se1 %e became s well acqua9t$ ) !  
diff]5t p>ts1 z to be able to w>n o!rs (
 any dang] !y 7 expos$ to1 by ! exi/5ce 
( a /ep1 or ! l[ness ( a door4 ,%e c\ld 
?read ! smalle/ ne$le1 ) ! greate/      

dext]ity2 & c\ld execute e sort (       
ne$le-"w4 ,%e play$ v well at _m games  
at c>ds1 :i* %e di/+ui%$ by "s little   
m>k1 kn[n to h]self by ! t\*1 b         
imp]ceptible to ! sight ( any o!r p]son4
 ,%e _h le>nt1 & und]/ood v well1 music1
 geography1 geometry1 & danc+4 ,%e 01   
inde$1 extremely clev]2 :at made h] m   
int]e/+1 %e 0 mode/1 mild1 *e]ful1 &    
affectionate4 ,%e wrote ) a p91 by      
prick+ a %eet ( pap]1 /ret*$ on a frame1
 & read :at %e _h writt51 by feel+ !    
p9-m>ks on ! o!r side ( ! pap]4 ,%e c\ld
 read a book1 pr9t$ on "o side only2 "s 
7 pr9t$ expressly = h]1 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 
a piece ( twelve or fifte5 l9es1 if !   
numb] ( lett]s 9 ea* ^w1 toge!r ) !     
lett] :i* x began )1 0 giv5 h]1 %e c\ld 
tell e ^w1 h[ev] oddly compos$4 ,?is    
fact1 says ,did]ot1 0 atte/$ by e "o (  
h] family1 by myself1 & tw5ty o!r       
p]sons1 /ill alive4 ,%e di$ at ! age (  
tw5ty-two4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,madame de 
,blacy1 a woman di/+ui%$ = ! em95ce ( h]
 moral qualities1 & mov+ 9 a respectable

 sph]e ( life4--,see ,grimn's ,memoirs4 
,we n[ proce$ to detail ! foll[+        
,,wond]ful ,,in/ances ,,( ,,adroitness  
,,( ,,p]sons ,,born ,,defective ,,9 ,,_!
 ,,limbs4  ,sev]al in/ances ( su* bir?s 
h occurr$1 & ! wond]ful acquirem5ts (   
p]sons ?us maim$ by nature h (t5 be5 !  
subject ( public a/oni%m5t1 & prov$ a   
s\rce ( ga9 to !mselves or _! relations4
  ,giraldus ,cambri5sis speaks ( a "y   
woman born )\t arms1 :om he saw at      
,*e/]1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he      
m5tions h] work+ v dext]\sly ) h] ne$le4
  ,/[e gives an acc\nt ( a ,dut*man born
 )\t arms1 :o 9 #aeha1 exhibit$ surpris+
 feats ( activity 9 ,london2 su* z      
fl\ri%+ ) a rapi]1 %oot+ an arr[ ne> a  
m>k1 c4  ,bulw]1 9 8 ,artificial        
,*angel+1 speaks ( ,john ,simons1 a     
native ( ,b]k%ire1 born )\t arms or h&s1
 :o c\ld write ) 8 m\?2 ?read a ne$le2  
tie a knot2 %uffle1 cut1 & deal a pack (
 c>ds1 c4 ,he 0 %ewn 9 public 9 #afec4  
,john ,se>1 a ,spani>d1 born )\t arms1 0
 %ewn 9 ,london 9 ,k+ ,william's reign1 

:o c\ld comb & %ave himself1 fill a     
glass1 ?read a ne$le1 embroid]1 write   
six sorts ( h&s1 & play on sev]al       
in/rum5ts ( music4  ,mat!w ,buck+]1 a   
,g]man1 born )\t arms or legs1 :o came  
to ,engl&1 wrote a good h&1 7_m specim5s
 ( :i* are extant17 & p]=m$ sev]al      
wond]ful feats4 ,he di$ 9 #agbb1 ag$    
=ty-eight4  ,?omas ,p9n+ton1 a native ( 
,liv]pool1 born )\t legs or arms1 p]=m$ 
mu* ! same feats z ,se>1 9 #agdd1 &     
sev]al ye>s ensu+2 s9ce :i*1 a ,miss    
,hawt91 f ,cov5try1 born )\t arms1 &    
o!rs ^: names h n be5 m5tion$1 h        
exhibit$ !mselves at ,b>?olomew ,fair & 
o!r places4  ,?omas ,+lefield1 born )\t 
arms or legs1 at ,hook1 9 ,hamp%ire1    
7anno #agfi7 di$ a few ye>s ago 9       
,london4 ,he 0 n publicly %ewn1 b got 8 
bread by writ+ & draw+4 ,!re are two    
portraits ( him1 "o ( :i* 0 et*$ by     
himself4  ,!re 01 a %ort "t s9ce1 a f>m]
 liv+ at ,dit*-heat 9 ,som]set%ire1 born
 )\t arms1--,william ,k+/on1 ( :om      
frequ5t m5tion has be5 made 9 ! public  

pap]s4 ,he surpasses1 accord+ to acc\nts
 :i* seem v well atte/$1 all t h be5 yet
 spok5 (4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt 0 giv5 a few
 ye>s s9ce1 9 ! pap]s1 by a p]son :o    
visit$ him4 ,9 ord] to give ! public a  
satisfactory acc\nt ( ,william ,k+/on1  
says ! writ]1 ,i w5t to ,dit*eat & !    
next morn+ got him to breakfa/ ) me at  
,mrs4 ,goodfell['s1 & _h ocul> pro( ( 8 
dext]ity4 ,he highly ent]ta9$ u at      
breakfa/1 by putt+ 8 half-nak$ feet ^u !
 table z he sat1 & c>ry+ 8 tea & toa/   
betwe5 8 great & second toe to 8 m\?1 ) 
z mu* facility z if 8 foot _h be5 a h&1 
& 8 toes f+]s4 ,i put half a %eet ( pap]
 ^u ! floor1 ) a p5 & ink-horn4 ,he ?rew
 (f 8 %oes z he sat1 took ! ink-horn 9 !
 toes ( 8 left foot1 & held ! p5 9 ^? ( 
8 "r4 ,he !n wrote ?ree l9es z well z   
mo/ ord9>y writ]s1 & z swiftly4 ,he     
writes all 8 own bills & o!r acc\nts4   
,he !n %ew$ me h[ he %aves himself ) !  
razor 9 8 toes2 & he c comb 8 own hair4 
,he c dress & undress himself1 except   
button+ 8 clo!s4 ,he fe$s himself1 & c  

br+ bo? 8 meat or 8 bro? to 8 m\?1 by   
hold+ ! =k or spoon 9 8 toes4 ,he cleans
 8 own %oes1 lights ! fire1 & does almo/
 any dome/ic bus9ess z well z any o!r   
man4 ,he c make h5-coops4 ,he is a f>m] 
by occupation4 ,he c milk 8 c[s ) 8     
toes1 & cuts 8 own hay1 b9ds x up 9     
bundles1 & c>ries x ab\t ! field = 8    
cattle4 ,la/ w9t] he _h eight heif]s    
con/antly to fodd]4 ,! la/ summ] he made
 all 8 hay-ricks4 ,he c d all ! bus9ess 
( ! hay-field 7except m[+7 z fa/ & z    
well ) 8 feet z o!rs c ) rakes & =ks4   
,he goes to ! field1 & cat*es 8 horse4  
,he saddles & bridles him ) 8 tee? &    
toes4 ,if he has a %eep among 8 flock t 
ails any ?+1 he c sep>ate x f ! re/1 &  
drive x into a corn] :5 nobody else c3  
he !n exam9es x1 & applies a rem$y to x4
 ,he is s /rong 9 8 tee?1 t he c lift t5
 pecks ( beans ) !m4 ,he c ?r[ a great  
sl$ge-hamm] z f> ) 8 feet1 z o!r m5 c ) 
_! h&s4 ,9 a ^w1 he c ne>ly d z mu* )\t 
z o!rs c ) _! arms4  ,he began ! _w ) a 
h5 & *ick5s4 ,) ! pr(it on ^! he procur$

 a ewe4 ,! sale ( ^! procur$ a ragg$    
colt 7z he t]m$ x7 & a %eep1 & he n[    
occupies a small f>m4  ,necessity is !  
"m ( inv5tion4 ,?is prov]b 0 nev] m     
fully exemplifi$ ?an 9 ! cases above    
m5tion$4 ,habit1 e>ly acquir$ & long    
practis$1 may r5d] ! toes almo/ z useful
 z ! f+]s3 ! lips are also endu$ ) acute
 feel+ & great flexibility1 & may become
 p[]ful assi/ants :]e ! h&s are want+4  
,"o lesson1 at lea/1 may be taught by   
?is maim$ tribe3--t few ?+s are s       
difficult1 t !y _c be acquir$ by        
p]sev]ance & application4   ,:ile "s    
p]sons are not$ = _! extraord9>y &      
wond]ful faculties1 o!rs are rem>kable =
 defects 9 natural capacities4 ,! read] 
w feel int]e/$ 9 ! foll[+ ,,curi\s      
,,acc\nt ,,( ,,incapacity ,,( ,,di/+ui%+
 ,,col\rs4  ,( ?is extraord9>y defect 9 
vision1 we h ! foll[+ in/ances 9 !      
,philosophical ,transactions = #aggg4   
,"o ( ! p]sons liv$ at ,m>yport 9       
,cumb]l&4 ,! acc\nt 0 communicat$ by    
,mr4 ,hudd>t to ,dr4 ,prie/ley2 & is z  

foll[s3--,8 "n 0 ,h>ris2 by trade a     
%oemak]4 ,i _h (t5 he>d f o!rs t he c\ld
 disc]n ! =m & magnitude ( all objects v
 di/9ctly1 b c\ld n di/+ui% col\rs4 ,?is
 report _h excit$ my curiosity2 ,i      
conv]s$ ) him frequ5tly on ! subject4 ,!
 acc\nt he gave 0 ?is3 ,t he _h reason  
to believe o!r p]sons saw some?+ 9      
objects :i* he c\ld n see3 t _! language
 seem$ to m>k qualities ) precision &   
confid5ce1 :i* he c\ld only guess at )  
hesitation1 & frequ5tly ) error4 ,8 fir/
 suspicion ( ?is arose :5 he 0 ab\t f\r 
ye>s old4 ,hav+ by accid5t f\nd 9 !     
/reet1 a *ild's /ock+1 he c>ri$ x to a  
neighb\r+ h\se to inquire = ! own]3 he  
obs]v$ ! p call$ x a r$ /ock+1 ?\gh he  
did n und]/& :y !y gave x t d5om9ation1 
z he himself ?\ght x completely describ$
 by be+ call$ a /ock+4 ,?is circum/ance1
 h[ev]1 rema9$ 9 8 memory1 & toge!r )   
subsequ5t obs]vations1 l$ him to ! k (  
?is defect4 ,he also obs]v$1 t :5 "y1   
o!r *ildr5 c\ld disc]n *]ries on a tree 
by "s pret5d$ diff]5ce ( col\r1 ?\gh he 

c\ld only di/+ui% !m f ! leaves1 by !   
diff]5ce ( _! size & %ape4 ,he obs]v$   
also1 t by means ( ?is diff]5ce ( col\r 
!y c\ld see ! *]ries at a great] di/ance
 ?an he c\ld1 ?\gh he c\ld see o!r      
objects at z great a di/ance z !y1 t is1
 :]e ! sight 0 n assi/$ by ! col\r4     
,l>ge objects he c\ld see z well z o!r  
p]sons2 & ev5 ! small] ones1 if !y 7 n  
envelop$ 9 o!r ?+s1 z 9 ! case ( *]ries 
among ! leaves4 ,i believe he c\ld nev] 
d m ?an guess ! "n ( any col\r2 yet he  
c\ld di/+ui% :ite f black1 or black f   
any light or bright col\r4 ,dove or /raw
 col\r he call$ :ite1 & diff]5t col\rs  
he frequ5tly call$ by ! same "n2 yet he 
c\ld disc]n a diff]5ce betwe5 !m :5     
plac$ toge!r4 ,9 g5]al1 col\rs ( an     
equal degree ( brightness1 h[ev] !y     
might o!rwise diff]1 he conf\nd$ toge!r4
 ,yet a /rip$ ribbon he c\ld di/+ui% f a
 pla9 "o2 b he c\ld n tell :at ! col\rs 
7 ) any tol]able exactness4 ,d>k col\rs1
 9 g5]al1 he (t5 mi/ook = black2 b nev] 
imag9$ :ite to be a d>k col\r1 nor d>k  

to be a :ite col\r4 ,he 0 an intellig5t 
man1 & v desir\s ( und]/&+ ! nature (   
light & col\rs1 = :i* end he _h att5d$ a
 c\rse ( lectures 9 natural philosophy4 
,he _h two bro!rs 9 ! same circum/ances 
z to sight2 & two o!rs 7bro!rs & si/]s7 
:o1 z well z _! p>5ts1 _h no?+ ( ?is    
defect4 ,"o ( ! fir/ m5tion$ bro!rs1 :o 
is n[ liv+1 ,i met ) at ,dubl91 & wi%$  
to try 8 capacity to di/+ui% ! col\rs 9 
a prism2 b n hav+ "o by me1 ,i ask$ him1
 :e!r he _h ev] se5 a ra9b[8 he repli$1 
he _h (t52 & c\ld di/+ui% ! diff]5t     
col\rs2 mean+ only1 t x 0 compos$ (     
diff]5t col\rs1 = he c\ld n tell :at !y 
74 ,i !n procur$1 & %ew$ him a piece (  
ribbon3 he imm$iately1 & )\t any        
difficulty1 pron\nc$ x a /rip$1 & n a   
pla91 ribbon4 ,he !n attempt$ to "n !   
diff]5t /ripes3 ! sev]al /ripes ( :ite  
he uni=mly1 & )\t hesitation1 call$     
:ite3 ! f\r black /ripes he 0 deceiv$ 92
 = ?ree ( !m he ?\ght br[n1 ?\gh !y 7   
exactly ( ! same %ade ) ! o!r1 :i* he   
prop]ly call$ black4 ,he spoke1 h[ev]1 )

 diffid5ce1 z to all ^? /ripes2 & x mu/ 
be own$1 t ! black 0 n v di/9ct3 ! light
 gre5 he call$ yell[2 b he 0 n v        
positive3 he said1 ,i ?9k ?is :at y call
 yell[4 ,! middle /ripe1 :i* _h a slight
 t+e ( r$1 he call$ a sort ( blue4 ,b he
 0 mo/ ( all deceiv$ by ! orange col\r3 
( ?is he spoke v confid5tly1 say+1 ,?is 
is ! col\r ( grass1 ?is is gre54 ,i also
 %ew$ him a great v>iety ( ribbons1 !   
col\r ( :i* he sometimes nam$ rightly1 &
 sometimes z diff]5tly z possible f !   
true col\r4 ,i ask$ him1 :e!r he imag9$ 
x possible = all ! v>i\s col\rs he saw  
to be m]e diff]5ce ( light & %ade2 & t  
all col\rs c\ld be compos$ ( ^! two     
mixtures only8 ,) "s hesitation he      
repli$1 ,no1 he did imag9e !re 0 "s o!r 
diff]5ce4 ,x is prop] to add1 t !       
exp]im5t ( ! /rip$ ribbon 0 made 9 !    
day-"t1 & 9 a good light4  ,incr$ible z 
! above ph5om5a may appe>1 we c add !   
foll[+ fact 9 confirmation ( !m1 f      
p]sonal k4 ,!re is a g5tleman n[ liv+ 9 
,ed9burgh1 ^: optical n]ves h lab\r$ "u 

a defect p]fectly simil>1 s9ce 8        
infancy2 b ^: p[]s ( vision are 9 o!r   
respects s mu* sup]ior to ^? ( mo/ o!r  
p1 t he draws ! mo/ /rik+ lik5esses1 be+
 a limn] by pr(ession1 & requires = ?is 
purpose only once to see ! p]son ^:     
portrait is int5d$ to be drawn1 sc>cely 
desir+ a s+le sitt+1 mu* less repeat$   
visit+4 ,& :at is /ill m extraord9>y1 he
 c1 f su* a mom5t>y glance1 reta9 ! idea
 ( ! features1 & ev5 ! gait & mann] ( ! 
p]son1 = ye>s aft]w>ds1 s exactly z to  
be able to f9i% ei!r a m9iature head1 or
 full portrait1 at t di/ant p]iod1 z    
well z if ! p]son 7 pres5t4 ,8 fri5ds1  
incr$ul\s ( ?is ph5om5on1 h1 by plac+ 8 
col\rs out ( ! ord] 9 :i* he keeps !m1  
sometimes made him give a g5tleman a    
gre5 be>d1 & pa9t a beautiful "y lady ) 
a pair ( blue *eeks4   ,we n[ proce$ to 
! consid]ation ( a v rem>kable          
acquirem5t ( man1 call$ ,,v5triloquism4 
,?is is an art ( speak+1 by means ( :i* 
! human voice & o!r s\nds are r5d]$     
audible1 z if !y proce$$ f sev]al       

diff]5t places2 ?\gh ! utt]] does n     
*ange 8 place1 & 9 _m in/ances does n   
appe> to speak4 ,x has be5 suppos$ to be
 a natural peculi>ity2 because few1 if  
any p]sons1 h le>n$ x by be+ taught1 &  
we h _h no rules laid d[n = acquir+ x4  
,x seems to h be5 9 consequ5ce ( ?is    
notion1 t ! "n ',v5triloquism' has be5  
appli$ to x1 f a supposition t ! voice  
proce$s f ! ?orax or *e/4 ,x has seldom 
be5 practis$ b by p]sons ( ! l[] classes
 ( society2 & z x does n seem to pres5t 
any advantages beyond t ( caus+ surprise
 & ent]ta9m5t1 & _c be exhibit$ on an   
ext5d$ !atre1 ! probability is1 t x w   
cont9ue among/ !m4  ,mr4 ,g\gh1 9 8     
,man*e/] ,memoirs1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts (     
,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 has ent]ta9$ !     
op9ion t ! voice ( v5triloqui/s is made 
to proce$1 9 appe>ance1 f diff]5t p>ts (
 a room1 by ! managem5t ( an e*o4 ,b !  
facts !mselves d n support ?is hypo!sis1
 z a great & sudd5 v>iety & *ange (     
e*oes w\ld be requir$2 & 8 own judici\s 
rem>ks1 9 ! same "w1 on ! facility ) :i*

 we are deceiv$ z to ! direction ( s\nd1
 are adv]se to 8 !ory4 ,f num]\s        
att5tive obs]vations1 x appe>s manife/ t
 ! art is n peculi> to c]ta9            
individuals1 b may ) facility be acquir$
 by any p]son ( accurate obs]vation4 ,x 
consi/s m]ely 9 an imitation ( s\nds1 z 
!y occur 9 nature1 accompani$ )         
appropriate action1 ( su* a description 
z may be/ concur 9 lead+ ! m9ds ( !     
obs]v]s to fav\r ! deception4  ,any "o  
:o %all try1 w be a little surpris$ to  
f9d h[ easy x is to imitate ! noise made
 by a saw1 or by a snuff-box :5 op5$ &  
%ut1 or by a l>ge h&-bell1 or           
cork-cutt]'s knife1 a wat* :ile go+1 &  
numb]less o!r inanimate objects2 or !   
voices ( animals1 9 _! v>i\s situations 
& necessities1 su* z a cat1 a dog1 or a 
h5 enrag$1 intimidat$1 conf9$1 c42 or to
 v>y ! "* ( ! human voice by %rillness  
or dep? ( tone1 rapidity or drawl+ (    
execution1 & di/9ctness or imp]fection (
 articulation1 :i* may be in/antly *ang$
 by hold+ ! m\? a little m op5$ or m    

clos$ ?an usual1 alt]+ ! position ( !   
jaw1 keep+ ! tongue 9 any det]m9ate     
situation1 c4 ,& e "o ( ! imitations ( !
 v5triloqui/ w be r5d]$ m p]fect by     
practis+ !m at ! v "t ! s\nds are he>d1 
in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! memory4 ,! lead+   
condition ( p]=mance is1 t ! voices &   
s\nds ( ! dramatic dialogue to be       
exhibit$1 %\ld succe$ ea* o!r s rapidly 
t ! audi5ce %\ld lose sight ( !         
probability t "o actor gives effect to !
 :ole1 & t :]e ! bus9ess is simple1 !   
aid ( sc5]y or local circum/ance %\ld be
 call$ 94  ,we h se5 an em95t philosoph]
 ( our own "t1 :o _h no previ\s practice
 ( ?is art1 b :5 speak+ on ! subject 9 a
 mix$ company1 took up a hat1 & fold+ ! 
flaps toge!r1 said1 by way ( example1   
,suppose ,i _h a small monkey 9 ?is hat2
 & !n cauti\sly putt+ 8 h& 91 z if to   
cat* x1 he imitat$ ! *att] ( ! suppos$  
/ruggl+ animal1 at ! same "t t 8 own    
ef=ts to secure x _h a mom5t>y          
impression on ! spectators1 :i* left no 
"t to "q :e!r !re 0 a monkey 9 x or n3  

?is impression 0 complet$ :51 ! in/ant  
aft]w>ds1 he pull$ out 8 h& z if hurt1 &
 exclaim$1 ,he has bit me6 ,x 0 n till  
!n t ! impression ( ! reality gave way  
to ! div]sion aris+ f ! mimic art2 & "o 
( ! company1 ev5 !n1 cri$ out1 ,is !re  
really a monkey 9 ! hat8  ,9 ?is mann] x
 0 t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 !     
fam\s ,tom ,k+1 :o is said to h be5 !   
fir/ man :o deliv]$ public lectures on  
exp]im5tal philosophy 9 ! c\ntry1 0     
att5d$ by ! :ole fa%ionable _w1 = a     
succession ( _m nights1 to he> him kill 
a calf4 ,?is p]=mance 0 done 9 a sep>at$
 "p ( ! place ( exhibition1 into :i* !  
exhibit] retir$ alone2 & ! imag9ation ( 
8 polite he>]s 0 tax$ to supply ! calf &
 ?ree but*]s1 besides a dog :o sometimes
 rais$ 8 voice1 & 0 *eck$ = 8 unnecess>y
 ex]tions4 ,x appe>s1 f traditional     
n>rative1 t ! calf 0 he>d to be dragg$  
91 n )\t "s ef=ts & conv]sation on ! "p 
( ! but*]s1 & noisy resi/ance f ! calf2 
t !y conv]s$ on ! qualities ( ! animal1 
& ! pr(its to be expect$ f ! veal2 & t1 

z !y proce$$1 all ! noises ( knife &    
/eel1 ( susp5d+ ! creature1 & ( ! la/   
fatal cata/rophe1 7 he>d 9 rapid        
succession1 to ! nev]-fail+ satisfaction
 ( ! att5dants2 :o1 ^u ! rise ( !       
curta91 saw t all ^! imag9>y p]sonages  
_h vani%$1 & ,tom ,k+ alone rema9$ to   
claim ! applause4  ,a simil> fact may be
 quot$ 9 ! p]son ( t faceti\s g5tleman1 
:o has assum$ & giv5 celebrity to ! "n (
 ,pet] ,p9d>4 ,?is great poet1 laugh+ at
 ! prov]bial pov]ty ( 8 pr(ession1 is   
sometimes pleas$ to ent]ta9 8 fri5ds )  
s+ul> effusions ( ! art we speak (4 ,"o 
( ^! is manag$ by a mess5g] ann\nc+ to !
 ,doctor 79 ! mid/ ( company7 t a p]son 
wants to speak ) him3 he accord+ly goes 
out1 leav+ ! door a-j>1 & imm$iately a  
female voice is he>d1 :i*1 f ! nature ( 
! subject1 appe>s to be t ( ! ,poet's   
laundress1 :o compla9s ( h] press+      
wants1 disappo9t$ claims1 & ( brok5     
promises no long] to be borne ) pati5ce4
 ,x is m easy to imag9e ?an describe !  
mix$ emotions ( ! audi5ce4 ,! sc5e1     

h[ev]1 goes on by ! ,doctor's reply2 :o 
remon/rates1 promises1 & is r angry at !
 "t & place ( ?is unwelcome visit4 ,8   
antagoni/ un=tunately is nei!r mollifi$ 
nor dispos$ to quit h] gr\nd4 ,passion  
increases on bo? sides1 & ! ,doctor     
=gets himself s f> z to ?reat5 !        
irritat$ female2 %e defies him1 & ?is   
la/ promise1 v unlike ! =m] ones1 is    
foll[$ by paym5t2 a sev]e smack on !    
face is he>d2 ! poor woman falls d[n    
/airs1 ) horrid outcries2 ! company1 (  
c\rse1 rises 9 al>m1 & ! ,doctor is f\nd
 9 a /ate ( p]fect tranquillity1        
app>5tly a /rang] to ! :ole transaction4
  ,a v able v5triloqui/1 ,fitz-,james1  
p]=m$ 9 public1 9 ,soho-squ>e1 ab\t f\r 
ye>s ago4 ,he p]sonat$ v>i\s *>act]s by 
appropriate dresses2 & by a comm& ( !   
muscles ( 8 face he c\ld v mu* alt] 8   
appe>ance4 ,he imitat$ _m inanimate     
noises1 & among o!rs1 a repetition (    
noises ( ! wat] ma*9e at ,m>li4 ,he     
conv]s$ ) "s /atues1 :i* repli$ to him2 
& also ) "s p]sons suppos$ to be 9 !    

room above1 & on ! l&+-place2 gave !    
wat*man's cry1 gradually approa*+1 & :5 
he seem$ opposite ! w9d[1 ,fitz-,james  
op5$ x & ask$ :at ! "t 01 receiv$ !     
answ]1 & dur+ 8 proce$+ ) 8 cry1        
,fitz-,james %ut ! w9d[1 imm$iately ^u  
:i* ! s\nd became weak]1 & at la/       
ins5sible4 ,9 ! :ole ( 8 p]=mance1 x 0  
cle> t ! notions ( ! audi5ce 7 gov]n$ by
 ! auxili>y circum/ances1 z to          
direction1 c4 ,?is mimic _h1 at lea/1   
six diff]5t habitual modes ( speak+1 :i*
 he c\ld in/antly adapt "o aft] ! o!r1 &
 ) s mu* rapidity1 t :5 9 a small       
closet1 p>t$ (f 9 ! room1 he gave a     
long1 confus$1 & impassion$ debate (    
democrats 79 ,fr5*1 z almo/ ! :ole ( 8  
p]=mance 027 x seem$ to proce$ f a      
multitude ( speak]s3 & an inaccurate    
obs]v] might h ?\ght t sev]al 7 speak+  
at once4 ,a ludicr\s sc5e ( draw+ a too?
 0 p]=m$ 9 ! same mann]4  ,^! examples1 
& _m m :i* might be add$1 are suffici5t1
 9 pro( t v5triloquism is ! art (       
mimicry1 an imitation appli$ to s\nds ( 

e description1 & att5d$ ) circum/ances  
:i* produce an ent]ta9+ deception1 &    
lead ! he>]s to imag9e t ! voice proce$s
 f diff]5t situations4 ,:5 di/ant l[    
voices are to be imitat$1 ! articulation
 may be giv5 ) suffici5t di/9ctness1 )\t
 mov+ ! lips1 or alt]+ ! c\nt5ance4 ,x 0
 by a suppos$ sup]natural voice ( ?is   
k9d1 f a v5triloqui/1 t ! fam\s musical 
small-coal man1 ,?omas ,britton1 receiv$
 a w>n+ ( 8 dea?1 :i* s greatly affect$ 
him1 t he did n survive ! affright4  ,! 
foll[+ quotation f ,ri*]&'s ,physiology 
w be suffici5t to give ! read] a fur!r  
idea ( ! me*anism ( ?is s+ul> art4 ,at  
fir/1 says ,ri*]&1 ,i _h conjectur$ t a 
great portion ( ! air driv5 out by      
expiration did n pass out by ! m\? &    
no/rils1 b 0 swall[$ & c>ri$ into !     
/oma*1 reflect$ 9 "s "p ( ! dige/ive    
canal1 & gave rise to a real e*o2 b aft]
 hav+ att5tively obs]v$ ?is curi\s      
ph5om5on1 9 ,mr4 ,fitz-,james1 :o       
repres5ts x 9 its greate/ p]fection1 ,i 
0 enabl$ to conv9ce myself t ! "n       

v5triloquism is by no means applicable1 
s9ce ! :ole ( its me*anism consi/s 9 a  
sl[ gradual expiration1 drawn 9 su* a   
way t ! arti/ ei!r makes use ( !        
influ5ce ex]t$ by volition ov] ! muscles
 or p>ietis ( ! ?orax1 or t he keeps !  
epiglottis d[n by ! base ( ! tongue1 !  
apex ( :i* is n c>ri$ beyond ! d5tal    
ar*es4  ,he always makes a /rong        
inspiration j be=e ?is long expiration1 
& ?us conveys a consid]able mass ( air  
into ! lungs1 ! exit ( :i* he aft]w>ds  
manages ) su* address4 ,!re=e1 repletion
 ( ! /oma* greatly incommodes ! tal5t ( 
,mr4 ,fitz-,james1 by prev5t+ !         
diaphragm f desc5d+ suffici5tly to admit
 ( a dilatation ( ! ?orax1 9 proportion 
to ! quantity ( air t ! lungs %\ld      
receive4 ,by accel]at+ or ret>d+ ! exit 
( ! air1 he c imitate diff]5t voices1 & 
induce 8 auditors to a belief t !       
int]locutors ( a dialogue1 :i* is kept  
up by himself alone1 are plac$ at       
diff]5t di/ances2 & ?is illusion is ! m 
complete 9 proportion to ! p]fection ( 8

 peculi> tal5t4 ,no man possesses1 to   
su* a degree z ,mr4 ,fitz-,james1 ! art 
( deceiv+ p]sons :o are lea/ liable to  
delusion1 he c c>ry 8 execution to five 
or six diff]5t tones1 pass rapidly f "o 
to ano!r1 z he does :5 repres5t+ an     
animat$ dispute 9 ! mid/ ( a popul>     
assembly4  ,"s p]sons are ( op9ion t !  
wit* ( ,endor 0 a v5triloqui/1 & t %e   
practis$ ?is art be=e ,k+ ,saul1 &      
deceiv$ him 9 ! resurrection ( ,samuel2 
! pres5t writ]1 h[ev]1 does n v\* = ?is 
op9ion4   ,ano!r v extraord9>y          
acquirem5t1 & :i* ! pres5t writ] has be5
 witness to1 is1 ,,sword-,,swall[+4     
,?is surpris+ act is p]=m$ by ! ,indian 
,juggl]s2 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( :i*1 is     
extract$ f ,=bes's ,ori5tal ,memoirs4   
,i h else:]e m5tion$ "s feats ( !       
,indian ,juggl]s3 at ,z9ore ,i saw "o   
:i* surpass$ e ?+ ( ! k9d ,i _h be=e    
witness$1 ,i mean ! swall[+ a sword up  
to ! hilt4 ,_h ,i n aft]w>ds met ) !    
same set on ! isl& ( ,salsette1 exhibit+
 be=e ! ,engli% *ief at ,tannah1 ,i %\ld

 h d\bt$ ! evid5ce ( my s5ses4 ,i       
witness$ ! fact m ?an once1 & am conv9c$
 !re 0 no deception4 ,f9d+ my tale      
g5]ally disbeliev$ 9 ,europe1 ,i        
suppress$ x2 b hav+ s9ce read a cle> &  
satisfactory acc\nt ( ?is extraord9>y   
transaction1 drawn up by ,mr4 ,johnson1 
surgeon 9 ! navy1 :o1 9 ! ye> #ahjd1 0  
an eye-witness ( ?is p]=mance1 & hav+   
describ$ x z a pr(essional man1 ,i %all 
transcribe ! acc\nt f 8 memoir3--       
',hav+ be5 visit$ by "o ( ^! conjur]s1  
,i resolv$ to see cle>ly 8 mode ( p]=m+ 
?is op]ation2 & = t purpose ord]$ him to
 seat himself on ! floor ( ! v]&a4 ,!   
sword he int5d$ to use has "s           
resemblance to a common spit 9 %ape1    
except at ! h&le1 :i* is m]ely a "p ( ! 
blade itself1 r\nd$ & elongat$ into a   
little rod4 ,x is f tw5ty-two to        
tw5ty-six in*es 9 l5g?1 ab\t an in* 9   
bread?1 & ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* 9       
?ickness2 ! edges & po9t are blunt1 be+ 
r\nd$1 & ( ! same ?ickness z ! re/ ( !  
blade2 x is ( iron or /eel1 smoo?1 & a  

little bright4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself ) 
respect to ! sword1 by attempt+ to b5d  
x2 & by /rik+ x aga9/ a /one1 ,i firmly 
grasp$ x by ! h&le1 & ord]$ him to      
proce$4 ,he fir/ took a small phial (   
oil1 & ) "o ( 8 f+]s rubb$ a little ( x 
ov] ! surface ( ! in/rum5t2 !n1 /ret*+  
up 8 neck z mu* z possible1 & b5d+      
himself a little backw>ds1 he introduc$ 
! po9t ( x into 8 m\?1 & pu%$ x g5tly   
d[n 8 ?roat1 until my h&1 :i* 0 on !    
h&le1 came 9 contact ) 8 lips4 ,he !n   
made a sign to me ) "o ( 8 h&s1 to feel 
! po9t ( ! in/rum5t betwe5 8 brea/ &    
navel3 :i* ,i c\ld d1 by b5d+ him a     
little m backw>ds1 & press+ my f+]s on 8
 /oma*1 he be+ a v ?9 & lean fell[4 ,on 
lett+ g ! h&le ( ! sword1 he in/antly   
fix$ on x a little ma*9e t spun r\nd1 & 
dis5gag$ a small fire-"w1 :i* encircl+ 8
 head ) a blue flame1 gave him1 z he !n 
sat1 a truly diabolical appe>ance4 ,on  
)draw+ ! in/rum5t1 sev]al p>ts ( its    
surface 7 cov]$ ) blood1 :i* %ew$ t he 0
 /ill oblig$ to use a degree ( viol5ce 9

 ! introduction4  ',i 0 at fir/ a good  
deal surpris$ at ?is transaction        
altoge!r2 b :5 ,i came to reflect a     
little ^u x1 !re appe>$ no?+ at all     
improbable1 mu* less impossible1 9 !    
bus9ess4 ,he told me1 on giv+ him a     
trifle1 t he _h be5 accu/om$1 f 8 e>ly  
ye>s1 to introduce at fir/ small ela/ic 
in/rum5ts d[n 8 ?roat1 & into 8 /oma*2 t
 by degrees he _h us$ l>g] ones1 until  
at l5g? he 0 able to use ! pres5t iron  
sword4' ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 pp4 
#eae-eag4  ,two ( ^! juggl]s h lately   
visit$ ,engl&1 & p]=m$ ! above exploit1 
) _m o!rs1 almo/ equally surpris+1 to ! 
satisfaction ( cr[d$ audi5ces4  ,we may 
le>n f v>i\s in/ances 9 ?is *apt] !     
value ( p]sev]ance2 ?is w ov]come       
difficulties1 :i* at fir/ appe>         
insup]able2 & x is amaz+ to consid]1 h[ 
great & num]\s ob/acles may be remov$ by
 a cont9ual att5tion to any p>ticul>    
po9t4 ,by su* att5tion & p]sev]ance1 :at
 may n man effect6 ,any man1 unless he  
be an absolute idiot1 may by ^! means   

raise himself to excell5ce 9 "s bran* or
 o!r2 & :at is be/ ( all1 by div9e      
assi/ance1 & by unwe>i$ & ke5           
application1 he may resi/ temptation1   
conqu] ! evil pr9ciple1 rise sup]ior to 
all ! difficulties & trials ( life1     
excel 9 wisdom & goodness1 & ?us be     
fitt$ = a bett] c\ntry1 :5 dea? summons 
him away f ! pres5t _w4                 
--------------------------------,man mu/
 so>4   ,an ob/9ate activity )91   ,an  
insuppressive spr+1 w toss him up1   ,9 
spite ( =tune's load4 ,n k+s alone1     
,ea* villag] has 8 ambition too2   ,no  
sultan pr\d] ?an 8 fett]'d slave4       
,slaves build _! little ,babylons (     
/raw1   ,e*o ! pr\d ,assyrian1 9 _!     
he>ts1   ,& cry--,behold ! wond]s ( my  
might6   ,& :y8 ,because immortal z _!  
"l2   ,& s\ls immortal mu/ = ev] heave  
,at some?+ great2 ! glitt]1 or ! gold2  
,! praise ( mortals1 or ! praise (      
heav'n4                                 
,"y4     ,,*ap4 ,,iv4  ,,curiosities    
,,respect+ ,,man4--7,cont9u$47          

,in/ances ( ,extraord9>y                
,gluttony--,in/ances ( ,extraord9>y     
,fa/+--,wond]s ( ,ab/95ce--,sleep       
,walk+--,sleep+ ,woman (                
,dunn9ald--,in/ances ( ,extraord9>y     
,dreams--,poetical1 ,grammatical1     & 
,sci5tific ,dea?s--,an?ropophagi1 or    
,m5-,eat]s--,acc\nt ( a ,wild     ,man4 
,,in/ances ,,( ,,extraord9>y ,,gluttony4
  ,habitual gluttons may be reckon$     
among ! mon/]s ( nature1 & ev5 puni%able
 = endeav\r+ to br+ a fam9e into !      
places :]e !y live4 ,k+ ,james ,i4 :5 a 
man 0 pres5t$ to him :o c\ld eat a :ole 
%eep at "o meal1 ask$1 ,:at "w c\ld he d
 m ?an ano!r man8 & be+ answ]$1 ,he c\ld
 n d s mu*1 said1 ,hang him1 !n2 = x is 
unfit a man %\ld live1 t eats z mu* z   
tw5ty m51 & _c d s mu* z "o4  ,! emp]or 
,clodius ,alb9us dev\r$ m ?an a bu%el ( 
apples at once4 ,he ate #ejj figs to 8  
breakfa/1 #ajj pea*es1 #aj melons1      
#bjlbs4 ( grapes1 #ajj gnat-snapp]s1 &  
#djj oy/]s4  ,h>di ,canute1 ! la/ ( !   
,dani% k+s 9 ,engl&1 0 s great a        

glutton1 t an hi/orian calls him ,bocca 
di ,porco1 ,sw9e's-m\?4 ,8 tables 7     
cov]$ f\r times a day ) ! mo/ co/ly vi&s
 t ei!r ! air1 sea1 or l&1 c\ld furni%2 
& z he liv$ he di$2 =1 revell+ at a     
banquet at ,lambe?1 he fell d[n dead4   
,"o ,phagon1 9 ! reign ( ,aurelianus1 at
 "o meal1 ate a :ole bo>1 #ajj loaves ( 
bread1 a %eep1 & a pig1 & drank above   
?ree gallons ( w9e4  ,"o ,mallet1 a     
c\nsellor at law1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4
 ate at "o "t a d9n] provid$ 9 ,we/m9/] 
= #cj m54 ,8 practice n be+ suffici5t to
 supply him ) bett] meat1 he f$ g5]ally 
on (fals1 ox liv]s1 he>ts1 c4 ,he liv$  
to ne> #fj ye>s ( age1 b dur+ ! sev5 la/
 ye>s ( 8 life ate z mod]ately z o!r m54
  ,among ! _m acc\nts ( extraord9>y     
eat]s1 !re are1 p]haps1 none t h exce$$ 
^? ( ,ni*olas ,wood1 ( ,h>rison1 9 ,k5t1
 relat$ 9 ,full]'s ,wor?ies1 p4 #hf1 ^: 
enorm\s appetite appe>s to exce$ all    
probability4  ,he ate at "o meal a :ole 
%eep1 ( sixte5 %ill+s price1 raw2 at    
ano!r "t1 ?irty doz5 ( pigeons4 ,at ,sir

 ,william ,sidley's1 9 ! same c\nty1 he 
ate z mu* victuals z w\ld h suffic$     
?irty m54 ,at ,"l ,wotton's             
mansion-h\se1 9 ,k5t1 he dev\r$1 at "o  
d9n]1 #hd rabbits1 :i*1 at ! rate ( half
 a rabbit a man1 w\ld h s]v$ #afh m54   
,he ate to 8 breakfa/ #ah y>ds (        
black-pudd+4 ,he dev\r$ at "o meal a    
:ole hog2 & aft] x1 be+ accommodat$ )   
fruit1 he ate ?ree pecks ( damsons4     
,gluttony is a mo/ degrad+ vice4 ,be    
sob]2 be temp]ate2 be virtu\s2 =        
,heal? consi/s ) temp]ance alone4   ,&  
peace1 ,o ,virtue6 peace is all ?y own4 
,pope4   ,we %all1 ) ! read]s p]mission1
 n[ introduce "s ,,extraord9>y          
,,in/ances ,,( ,,fa/+4  ,a full acc\nt (
 a v uncommon case is giv5 9 ! ,phil4   
,trans1 vol4 lxvii4 "p ,i4 ,janet       
,m',leod1 an inhabitant 9 ! p>i% (      
,k9c>d9e1 9 ,ross-%ire1 cont9u$ heal?y  
till %e 0 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :5 %e _h a 
pretty sev]e epileptic fit2 aft] ?is %e 
_h an int]val ( heal? = f\r ye>s1 & !n  
ano!r epileptic fit1 :i* cont9u$ a :ole 

day & a night4 ,a few days aft]w>ds %e 0
 seiz$ ) a fev]1 :i* cont9u$ ) viol5ce  
sev]al weeks1 & f :i* %e did n p]fectly 
recov] = "s mon?s4 ,at ?is "t %e lo/ !  
use ( h] eyelids2 s t %e 0 "u !         
necessity ( keep+ !m op5 ) ! f+]s ( "o  
h&1 :5ev] %e want$ to look ab\t h]4 ,9  
o!r respects %e cont9u$ 9 pretty good   
heal?2 only %e p]iodically spit up blood
 9 pretty l>ge quantities1 & at ! same  
"t x fl[$ f ! nose4 ,?is dis*>ge cont9u$
 sev]al ye>s2 b at la/ x ceas$2 & soon  
aft] %e _h a ?ird epileptic fit1 & aft] 
t a fev]1 f :i* %e recov]$ sl[ly4 ,six  
weeks aft] ! crisis1 %e /ole out ( !    
h\se unkn[n to h] p>5ts1 :o 7 busi$ 9 _!
 h>ve/ "w1 & b\nd ! %eaves ( a ridge    
be=e %e 0 obs]v$4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e took to  
h] b$1 compla9+ mu* ( h] he>t 7probably 
mean+ h] /oma*7 & h] head4 ,f t "t %e   
nev] rose = five ye>s1 b 0 occasionally 
lift$ out ( b$4 ,%e seldom spoke a ^w1 &
 took s little food1 t x seem$ sc>cely  
suffici5t to support a suck+ infant4    
,ev5 ?is small quantity 0 tak5 by       

compulsion2 & at la/1 ab\t ,:itsunday1  
#agfc1 %e totally refus$ e k9d ( food or
 dr9k4 ,h] jaws n[ became s fa/ lock$1 t
 x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty h] fa!r 0   
able to op5 h] tee? a little1 9 ord] to 
admit a small quantity ( gruel or :ey2 b
 ( ?is s mu* g5]ally run out at ! corn]s
 ( h] m\?1 t !y c\ld n be s5sible any _h
 be5 swall[$4 ,ab\t ?is "t !y got "s    
wat] f a not$ m$ical spr+ 9 ,brae-,m>1  
"s ( :i* !y attempt$ to make h] swall[1 
b )\t effect4 ,!y cont9u$ _! trials1    
h[ev]1 = ?ree morn+s2 rubb+ h] ?roat ) !
 wat] :i* ran out at ! corn]s ( h] m\?4 
,on ! ?ird morn+1 dur+ ! op]ation1 %e   
cri$ out1 ,give me m wat]2 & swall[$ )  
ease all t rema9$ 9 ! bottle4 ,%e spoke 
no m intelligibly = a ye>1 ?\gh %e      
cont9u$ to mutt] "s words1 = #ad days1  
:i* h] p>5ts only und]/ood4 ,%e cont9u$ 
to reject all k9ds ( food & dr9k till   
,july1 #agfe4 ,at ?is "t h] si/] ?\ght1 
by "s signs %e made1 t %e want$ h] jaws 
op5$2 & ?is be+ done1 n )\t viol5ce1 %e 
call$ intelligibly = "s liquid1 & drank 

) ease ab\t an ,engli% p9t ( wat]4 ,h]  
fa!r !n ask$ :y %e w\ld n make "s signs 
:5 %e want$ to dr9k8 ,to :i* %e         
answ]$1--:y %\ld %e1 :5 %e _h no desire8
 ,x 0 n[ suppos$ t %e _h rega9$ !       
faculty ( spee*2 & h] jaws 7 kept op5 = 
ab\t ?ree weeks1 by means ( a w$ge4 ,b 9
 f\r or five days %e became totally     
sil5t1 & ! w$ge 0 remov$1 because x made
 h] lips sore4 ,%e /ill1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ 
s5sible2 & :5 h] eyelids 7 op5$1 knew e 
body4 ,?is c\ld be guess$ f ! signs %e  
made4 ,by cont9u+ _! attempts to =ce op5
 h] jaws1 two ( ! "u =e tee? 7 driv5    
out2 & ( ?is op5+ h] p>5ts endeav\r$ to 
avail !mselves1 by putt+ "s ?9 n\ri%+   
dr9k into h] m\?1 b )\t effect1 z x     
always return$ by ! corn]s4 ,sometimes  
!y ?\ght ( ?ru/+ a little d\gh ( oatmeal
 ?r\gh ?is gap ( ! tee?1 :i* %e w\ld    
reta9 a few seconds1 & !n return )      
some?+ l a /ra9+ to vomit1 )\t "o       
p>ticle go+ d[n4 ,nor 7 ! family s5sible
 ( any ?+ l swall[+ = f\r ye>s1 except+ 
! small draught ( ,brae-,m> wat]1 & an  

,engli% p9t ( common wat]4 ,= ! la/ ?ree
 ye>s %e _h no natural dis*>ge1 except t
 once or twice a week %e pass$ a few    
drops ( wat]4  ,9 ?is situation %e 0    
visit$ by ,dr4 ,mack5zie1 :o communicat$
 ! acc\nt to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he f\nd
 h] n at all emaciat$2 h] knees 7 b5t1 &
 ! ham/r+s tight1 s t h] heels 7 drawn  
up beh9d h] body4 ,%e slept mu*1 & 0 v  
quiet2 b :5 awake1 kept a con/ant :imp]+
 l a new-born weakly infant4 ,%e nev]   
c\ld rema9 a mom5t on h] back1 b always 
fell to "o side or ano!r2 & h] *9 0     
drawn close to h] brea/1 nor c\ld x by  
any =ce be mov$ backw>ds4 ,! ,doctor    
paid 8 fir/ visit 9 ,octob]1 #agfg2 &   
five ye>s aft]w>ds1 viz1 9 ,octob]1     
#aggb1 0 induc$ to pay h] a second      
visit1 by he>+ t %e 0 recov]+1 & _h     
begun to eat & dr9k4 ,! acc\nt giv5 him 
0 mo/ extraord9>y4  ,h] p>5ts "o day    
return+ f _! c\ntry lab\rs1 7hav+ left  
_! daught] fix$ to h] b$ z usual17 7    
greatly surpris$ to f9d h] sitt+ ^u h]  
hams1 9 a "p ( ! h\se opposite to h]    

b$-place1 sp9n+ ) h] "m's di/aff4 ,all !
 food %e took at t "t 0 only to crumble 
a little oat or b>ley cake 9 ! palm ( h]
 h&1 z if to fe$ a *ick54 ,%e put little
 crumbs ( ?is into ! gap ( h] tee?2     
roll$ !m ab\t = "s "t 9 h] m\?2 & !n    
suck$ out ( ! palm ( h] h& a little     
wat]1 :ey1 or milk2 & ?is only once or  
twice a day1 & ev5 t by compulsion4 ,%e 
nev] attempt$ to speak2 h] jaws 7 fa/   
lock$1 & h] eyes %ut4 ,on op5+ h]       
eyelids1 ! balls 7 f\nd to be turn$ up  
"u ! edge ( ! os frontis2 h] c\nt5ance 0
 gha/ly1 h] complexion pale1 & h] :ole  
p]son emaciat$4 ,%e seem$ s5sible &     
tractable1 except 9 tak+ food4 ,?is %e  
did ) ! utmo/ reluctance1 & ev5 cri$    
be=e %e yield$4 ,! great *ange ( h]     
looks1 ,dr4 ,mack5zie attribut$ to h]   
sp9n+ flax on ! di/aff1 :i* exhau/$ too 
mu* ( ! saliva2 & !re=e he recomm5d$ to 
h] p>5ts to conf9e h] totally to ! sp9n+
 ( wool4 ,9 #agge1 %e 0 visit$ aga91 &  
f\nd to be greatly improv$ 9 h] looks z 
well z /r5g?2 h] food 0 also consid]ably

 increas$ 9 quantity2 ?\gh ev5 !n %e did
 n take m ?an w\ld be suffici5t to su/a9
 an infant ( two ye>s ( age4  ,9 !      
,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 = #aghi1 p4 #abaa1
 is record$ ! dea? ( "o ,caleb ,elliot1 
a vision>y en?usia/1 :o meant to h fa/$ 
#dj days1 & actually surviv$ #af )\t    
food1 hav+ ob/9ately refus$ su/5ance ( e
 k9d4   ,at ! same "t t we %\ld gu>d    
aga9/ sup]/iti\s fa/+1 we %\ld be       
cauti\s n to transgress ! b\nds (       
temp]ance4 ,occasional ab/95ce is useful
 & praisewor?y1 & we %all n[ give "s    
in/ances ( ,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,ab/95ce4   
,_m wond]s are relat$ ( ! effects (     
ab/95ce1 9 ! cure ( sev]al disord]s1 & 9
 protract+ ! t]m ( life4 ,! noble       
,v5etian1 ,corn>o1 aft] all imag9able   
means _h prov$ va91 s t 8 life 0        
despair$ ( at #dj1 recov]$1 & liv$ to   
ne> #ajj1 by m]e d9t ( ab/95ce2 z he    
himself gives acc\nt4 ,x is inde$       
surpris+ to :at a great age ! primitive 
,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/1 :o retir$ f !       
p]secutions into ! des]ts ( ,arabia &   

,egypt1 liv$1 heal?ful & *e]ful1 on a v 
little food4 ,cassian assures u1 t !    
common rate = #bd h\rs 0 #ab ounces (   
bread1 & m]e wat]2 ) ?is1 ,/4 ,an?ony   
liv$ #aje ye>s2 ,james ! h]mit1 #ajd2   
,ars5ius1 tutor ( ! ,emp]or ,arcadius1  
#abc2 ,s4 ,epiphanius1 #aae2 ,simeon1 ! 
,/ylite1 #aab2 & ,romauld1 #acj4 ,inde$1
 we c mat* ^! in/ances ( longevity at   
home4 ,bu*anan writes1 t "o ,lawr5ce    
pres]v$ himself to #adj1 by =ce (       
temp]ance & lab\r2 & ,spottiswood       
m5tions "o ,k5tig]n1 aft]w>ds call$ ,/4 
,mongah1 or ,mungo1 :o liv$ to #ahe1 by 
! same means4 ,ab/95ce1 h[ev]1 is to be 
recomm5d$ only z x means a prop] regim52
 = 9 g5]al x mu/ h bad consequ5ces1 :5  
obs]v$ )\t a due reg>d to con/itution1  
age1 /r5g?1 c4  ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,*eyne1
 mo/ ( ! *ronical diseases1 !           
infirmities ( old age1 & ! %ort lives ( 
,engli%m51 are ow+ to repletion2 & may  
be ei!r cur$1 prev5t$1 or rem$i$1 by    
ab/95ce3 b !n ! k9ds ( ab/95ce :i* ought
 to obta91 ei!r 9 sickness or heal?1 are

 to be d$uc$ f ! laws ( diet & regim54  
,among ! brute creation1 we see         
extraord9>y in/ances ( long ab/95ce4 ,! 
s]p5t k9d1 9 p>ticul>1 be> ab/95ce to a 
wond]ful degree4 ,rattlesnakes are      
report$ to h subsi/$ _m mon?s )\t any   
food1 yet /ill reta9$ _! vig\r &        
fi]c5ess4 ,dr4 ,%aw speaks ( a c\ple (  
c]a/es1 7a sort ( ,egyptian s]p5ts17 :i*
 _h be5 kept five ye>s 9 a bottle close 
cork$1 )\t any sort ( food1 unless a    
small quantity ( s&1 :]e9 !y coil$      
!mselves up 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel1 may  
be reckon$ z su*3 yet :5 he saw !m1 !y  
_h newly ca/ _! sk9s1 & 7 z brisk &     
lively z if j tak54  ,b x is ev5 natural
 = div]s species ( creatures to pass    
f\r1 five1 or six mon?s' e ye>1 )\t ei!r
 eat+ or dr9k+4 ,accord+ly1 ! tortoise1 
be>1 dorm\se1 s]p5t1 c4 are obs]v$      
regul>ly to retire1 at ^? seasons1 to _!
 respective cells1 & hide !mselves1--"s 
9 ! cav]ns ( rocks or ru9s2 o!rs dig    
holes "u gr\nd2 o!rs get into woods1 &  
lay !mselves up 9 clefts ( trees2 o!rs  

bury !mselves "u wat]1 c4 ,& yet ^!     
animals are f\nd z fat & fle%y aft] "s  
mon?s' ab/95ce z be=e4--,a g5tleman     
7,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #aid47 weigh$ 8    
tortoise sev]al ye>s successively1 at   
its go+ to e>? 9 ,octob]1 & com+ out    
aga9 9 ,m>*2 & f\nd t1 ( f\r p\nds f\r  
ounces1 x only us$ to lose ab\t "o      
ounce4--,inde$1 we h in/ances ( m5 pass+
 sev]al mon?s z /rictly ab/95t z o!r    
creatures4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! records ( !   
,t[] m5tion a ,scot*man imprison$ =     
felony1 & /rictly wat*$ 9 t =tress = six
 weeks2 9 all :i* "t he took n ! lea/   
su/5ance2 = :i* he _h 8 p>don4          
,numb]less in/ances ( extraord9>y       
ab/95ce1 p>ticul>ly f morbid causes1 are
 to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t p]iodical       
,memoirs1 ,transactions1 ,ephem]ides1 c4
 ,x is to be add$1 t1 9 mo/ in/ances (  
extraord9>y human ab/95ce relat$ by     
naturali/s1 !re 7 said to h be5 app>5t  
m>ks ( a texture ( blood & hum\r1 mu* l 
t ( ! animals above m5tion$2 ?\gh x is n
 an improbable op9ion1 t ! air itself   

may furni% some?+ = nutrition4 ,x is    
c]ta91 !re are sub/ances ( all k9ds1    
animal1 vegetable1 c4 float+ 9 !        
atmosph]e1 :i* mu/ be cont9ually tak5 9 
by respiration4 ,& t an animal body may 
be n\ri%$ !reby1 is evid5t f ! in/ance (
 vip]s1 :i*1 if tak5 :5 fir/ br\ght =?1 
& kept f e ?+ b air1 w yet gr[ v        
consid]ably 9 a few days4 ,! eggs (     
liz>ds1 also1 are obs]v$ to increase 9  
bulk aft] !y are produc$1 ?\gh !re be   
no?+ to furni% ! increm5t b air alone1 9
 l mann] z ! eggs or spawn ( fi% gr[ &  
are n\ri%$ by ! wat]4 ,& h5ce1 say "s1 x
 is1 t cooks1 turnspit dogs1 c4 ?\gh !y 
eat b little1 yet are usually fat4   ,we
 %all next (f] ! read] a few rem>ks on  
,,sleep-,,walk+4  ,_m in/ances are      
relat$ ( p]sons :o 7 addict$ to ?is     
practice4 ,a v rem>kable "o has be5     
publi%$ f a report made to ! ,physical  
,society ( ,lausanne1 by a committee (  
g5tlem5 appo9t$ to exam9e a "y man :o 0 
accu/om$ to walk 9 8 sleep4  ,!         
disposition to sleep-walk+ seems1 9 !   

op9ion ( ?is committee1 to dep5d on a   
p>ticul> affection ( ! n]ves1 :i* bo?   
seizes & quits ! pati5t dur+ sleep4 ,"u 
! influ5ce ( ?is affection1 ! imag9ation
 repres5ts to him ! objects t /ruck him 
:ile awake1 ) z mu* =ce z if !y really  
affect$ 8 s5ses2 b x does n make him    
p]ceive any ( ^? t are actually pres5t$ 
to 8 s5ses1 except 9 s f> z !y are      
connect$ ) ! dreams :i* engross him at !
 "t4 ,if1 dur+ ?is /ate1 ! imag9ation   
has no det]m9$ purpose1 he receives !   
impression ( objects z if he 7 awake2   
only1 h[ev]1 :5 ! imag9ation is excit$  
to b5d its att5tion t[>ds !m4 ,!        
p]ceptions obta9$ 9 ?is /ate are v      
accurate1 &1 :5 once receiv$1 !         
imag9ation r5ews !m occasionally ) z mu*
 =ce z if !y 7 aga9 acquir$ by means ( !
 s5ses4 ,la/ly1 ^! academicians suppose1
 t ! impressions receiv$ dur+ ?is /ate (
 ! s5ses1 disappe> entirely :5 ! p]son  
awakes1 & d n return till ! recurr5ce ( 
! same disposition 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4     
,our next article is1 ,a ,,curi\s       

,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sleep+ ,,woman ,,(   
,,dunn9ald1 ,,ne> ,,montrose4  ,! foll[+
 n>rative 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal     
,society ( ,ed9burgh1 by ,dr4 ,brew/]4  
,m>g>et ,lyall1 ag$ #ba1 daught] ( ,john
 ,lyall1 lab\r] at ,dunn9ald1 0 fir/    
seiz$ ) a sleep+ fit on ! #bg? ( ,june1 
#ahae1 :i* cont9u$ to ! #cj? ( ,june2   
next morn+ %e 0 aga9 f\nd 9 a deep      
sleep3 9 ?is /ate %e rema9$ = sev5 days1
 )\t motion1 food1 or ! use ( any animal
 function4 ,b at ! end ( ?is "t1 by !   
mov+ ( h] left h&1 & by pluck+ at !     
cov]let ( ! b$ & po9t+ to h] m\?1 a wi% 
= food be+ und]/ood1 x 0 giv5 h]4 ,?is  
%e took2 b /ill rema9$ 9 h] le?>gic /ate
 till ,tuesday ! #h? ( ,augu/1 be+ six  
weeks f ! "t %e 0 seiz$ ) ! le?>gy1 )\t 
appe>+ to be awake1 except on ! aft]noon
 ( ,friday ! #cj? ( ,june4 ,dur+ ! fir/ 
two weeks1 h] pulse 0 g5]ally ab\t #ej1 
! ?ird week ab\t #fj1 & previ\s to h]   
recov]y1 at #gj to #gb4 ,?\gh extremely 
feeble = "s days aft] h] recov]y1 %e    
ga9$ /r5g? s rapidly1 t be=e ! end (    

,augu/1 %e began to "w at ! h>ve/1 on ! 
l&s ( ,mr4 ,arkley1 & cont9u$ )\t       
inconv5i5ce to p]=m h] lab\r4  ,! acc\nt
 is drawn up by ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i%1 &  
is accompani$ ) ! m$ical report ( !     
surgeons :o att5d$2 to ^: atte/ations   
are add$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,arkley1 ! proprietor
 ( ,dunn9ald1 & ,lyall1 ! fa!r2 & !     
/atem5t is1 9 e respect1 entitl$ to !   
fulle/ cr$it4   ,we %all proce$ to "s   
,,in/ances ,,( ,,extraord9>y ,,dreams4  
,! foll[+ acc\nt is by no means int5d$  
ei!r to re/ore ! reign ( sup]/ition1 or 
to induce ! read] to put fai? 9 !       
numb]less ridicul\s int]pretations1 giv5
 by "s pret5d]s to div9ation1 ( ! ord9>y
 run ( dreams4 ,! absurdity ( ! _m      
traditional rules1 laid d[n by su*      
p]sons2 su* z1 t dream+ ( eggs          
progno/icates ang]2 ( ! wa%+ ( l95s1    
=ebodes flitt+2 ( gre5 fields1 sickness2
 ( hang+1 hon\r2 ( dea?1 m>riage2 ( fi%1
 *ildr52 & ( raw fle%1 dea?1 c4 c4 c    
only be exce$$ by ! folly ( ^? :o put   
fai? 9 su* fool]ies4 ,b in/ances h      

occurr$ ( p>ticul> p]sons1 ^: v]acity _c
 be d\bt$1 hav+ dreams ( s s+ul> a      
nature1 & s lit]ally & exactly fulfill$1
 t x may be well to m5tion "o or two (  
!m1 = ! ent]ta9m5t1 at lea/1 ( ! read]1 
if !y %\ld n contribute to 8            
improvem5t4--  ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,boyle1      
manufactur]1 resid+ 9 ,/irl+1 ab\t      
#agha1 dream$ t he saw a beautiful "y   
woman1 ) a w9d+ %eet ov] h] arm1 ^:     
image made a deep impression on 8 m9d4  
,^u tell+ 8 "m ! dream1 %e said1 y w    
probably m>ry t woman1 & if y d1 %e w   
bury y4 ,go+ to ,glasg[ 9 #aghc1 he met 
) a "y woman 9 a fri5d's h\se1 exactly  
resembl+ ! p]son he _h dream$ (2 &      
not)/&+ ! di%e>t5+ int]pretation he _h  
got1 & ! additional disc\rag+           
circum/ance told him1 t %e 0 already    
engag$ ) ano!r "y man1 0 sure %e 0 to be
 8 wife1 & did n give up 8 pursuit till 
he made h] 8 own4 ,! melan*oly "p ( 8   
dream 0 soon fulfill$4 ,he liv$ only #ae
 mon?s ) h]2 a %ort1 b happy p]iod4 ,8  
wid[1 dur+ 8 life1 dream$ ) equal       

exactness ( h] second husb&1 :om %e did 
n see till ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 !     
sight ( him1 at *ur*1 9 ,montrose1      
di/urb$ h] devotion s mu*1 ^u recollect+
 h] dream1 t %e h>dly knew a ^w ! m9i/] 
said aft]w>ds4 ,)9 less ?an two mon?s1  
!y 7 introduc$ to ea* o!r2 & )9 f\r1 7  
m>ri$4--,ano!r "y lady _h dream$ s (t51 
& s p>ticul>ly1 ab\t ! g5tleman :o      
aft]w>ds m>ri$ h]1 t at _! fir/ meet+1  
%e />t$ back1 z if %e _h se5 a gho/4--,!
 editors ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,p]!nsis      
decl>e !y knew ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 !     
=ego+ relations4 ,b ^! in/ances (       
prophetic dreams1 !y obs]ve1 are trifl+1
 comp>$ to "o n>rat$ 9 ! ,weekly        
,mirror1 pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh1 9 #agha1 & 
sign$ ,v]ax2 & :i*1 !y say1 !y quote ! m
 readily1 z also1 f p]sonal acqua9tance 
) ! p>ties1 !y "k ! n>rative to be true3
  ,9 ,june1 #ageb1 ,mr4 ,rob]t          
,aik5head1 f>m]1 9 ,d5/ra?1 ( ,arnhall1 
9 ! ,me>ns1 ab\t #e miles nor? ( ,bre*91
 & #g f ,montrose1 w5t to a m>ket call$ 
,t>r5ty-fair1 :]e he _h a l>ge sum (    

money to receive4 ,8 elde/ son1 ,rob]t1 
a boy ab\t #h ye>s ( age1 0 s5t to take 
c>e ( ! cattle1 &1 happ5+ to lie d[n ^u 
a grassy bank be=e sun-set1 fell fa/    
asleep4 ,al?\gh ! boy _h nev] be5 f> f  
home1 he 0 imm$iately c>ri$ 9 8         
imag9ation to ,t>r5ty m>ket1 :]e1 he    
dream$1 t 8 fa!r1 aft] receiv+ ! money1 
set out on 8 return home1 & 0 foll[$ all
 ! way by two ill-look+ fell[s1 :o1 :5  
he _h got to ! we/]n dykes (            
,+lis-,mauldy1 7! seat ( ! !n ,"l       
,halk]ton1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,k9tore17 &  
little m ?an a mile f home1 attack$ &   
attempt$ to rob him4 ,:]eupon ! boy     
?\ght he ran to 8 assi/ance1 &1 :5 he   
came )9 a gun-%ot ( ! place1 call$ out  
"s p1 :o 7 j go+ to b$1 :o put ! robb]s 
to flight4 ,he imm$iately awoke 9 a     
fright1 &1 )\t wait+ to consid] :e!r x 0
 a vision or a reality1 ran z fa/ z he  
c\ld to ! place he _h dream$ (1 & _h no 
soon] rea*$ x1 ?an he saw 8 fa!r 9 ! v  
spot & situation he _h se5 9 8 dream1   
def5d+ himself ) 8 /ick aga9/ !         

assass9s4 ,he !re=e imm$iately realiz$ 8
 own "p ( ! vision>y sc5e1 by ro>+ out1 
,murd]6 :i* soon br\ght out ! p1 :o     
runn+ up to ,mr4 ,aik5head's assi/ance1 
f\nd him victor ov] "o ( ! villa9s1 :om 
he _h previ\sly knock$ d[n ) a /one1    
aft] !y _h pull$ him (f 8 horse2 b almo/
 ov]p[]$ by ! o!r1 :o repeat$ly attempt$
 to /ab him ) a sword2 aga9/ :i* he _h  
no o!r def5ce ?an 8 /ick & 8 h&s1 :i* 7 
consid]ably mangl$ by grasp+ ! blade4   
,^u sight ( ! c\ntry p1 ! villa9 :o _h !
 sword ran (f2 b ! o!r n be+ able1 0    
appreh5d$ & lodg$ 9 gaol4 ,meantime !re 
0 no small hue & cry aft] "y ,rob]t1 ^: 
"m miss+ him1 & f9d+ ! cattle among !   
corn1 0 9 ! utmo/ anxiety1 conclud+ t he
 _h fall5 into "s wat] or peat moss4 ,b 
h] joy & surprise 7 equally great1 :5 h]
 husb& return$ ) ! boy1 & told h] h[    
miracul\sly bo? 8 money & life _h be5   
pres]v$ by 8 son's dream2 al?\gh %e 0 at
 fir/ />tl$ at see+ h] husb&'s h&s      
bloody4  ,to ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( a    
,god1 7adds ! writ]17 or ! sup]9t5d5ce (

 a div9e provid5ce1 ! above n>rative w  
appe> z fabul\s z any /ory 9 ,ovid4 ,to 
^? :o measure ! greatness & littl5ess ( 
ev5ts by ! arbitr>y rules ( human pride 
& vanity1 x w p]haps appe> incr$ible t  
su* a miracle %\ld h be5 wr\ght = !     
pres]vation ( ! life ( a c\ntry f>m]4 ,b
 all :o f\nd _! op9ions ^u ! un]r+ rule 
( "r & tru?1 :i* assures u t a sp>r[ _c 
fall to ! gr\nd )\t ! p]mission ( our   
heav5ly ,fa!r1 7& :o "k1 t 9 ! sight (  
,him1 ) :om !re is no respect ( p]sons  
or dignities1 ! life ( ! greate/ mon>*  
on e>?1 & t ( ! l[e/ ( 8 subjects1 are (
 equal value17 w laugh at su* silly     
objections1 :5 oppos$ to well-atte/$    
facts4 ,t ! above is "o1 c\ld be atte/$ 
^u oa?1 7 x necess>y1 by ,mr4 & ,mrs4   
,aik5head1 f :om ,i _h all ! p>ticul>s  
above n>rat$ ab\t #ae mon?s             
ago4--,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #ab1              
#agha4--;,inde$1 :oev] c p]suade himself
 t su* facts z are /at$ above1 c happ5  
by *ance1 may easily adopt ! sy/em ( ^? 
philosoph]s1 :o tell u t ! univ]se 0 =m$

 by ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4   ,!    
title ( our next subject is             
curi\s1--,,poetical1 ,,grammatical1 ,,& 
,,sci5tific ,,dea?s4  ,! ,emp]or        
,adrian1 dy+1 made t celebrat$ address  
to 8 s\l1 :i* is s happily translat$ by 
,pope1 9 ! foll[+ words3      ,vital    
sp>k ( heav'nly flame1     ,quit1 oh    
quit ?is mortal frame4     ,trembl+1    
hop+1 l+'r+1 fly+1     ,oh ! pa91 !     
bliss ( dy+6   ,cease1 fond ,nature1    
cease ?y /rife1   ,& let me langui% into
 life4      ,h>k6 !y :isp]2 angels say1 
,si/] _s1 come away4     ,:at is ?is    
absorbs me q8     ,/eals my s5ses1 %uts 
my sight8     ,dr[ns my spirits1 draws  
my brea?8     ,tell me1 my s\l1 c ?is be
 dea?6    ,! _w rec$es2 x disappe>s6    
,heav'n op5s on my eyes6 my e>s       ,)
 s\nds s]aphic r+3   ,l5d1 l5d y\r w+s6 
,i m\nt6 ,i fly6   ,o ,grave6 :]e is ?y 
victory8       ,o ,dea?6 :]e is ?y /+8  
,lucan1 :5 he _h 8 ve9s op5$ by ord] (  
,n]o1 expir$ recit+ a passage f 8       
,ph>salia1 9 :i* he has describ$ ! w\nd 

( a dy+ soldi]4 ,petronius did ! same ?+
 on ! same occasion4  ,patris1 a poet ( 
,ca51 p]ceiv+ himself expir+1 compos$ "s
 v]ses :i* are ju/ly admir$4 ,9 ?is     
little poem he relates a dream1 9 :i* he
 appe>$ to be plac$ next to a begg>1 :51
 hav+ address$ him 9 ! haughty /ra9 he  
w\ld probably h employ$ on ?is side ( ! 
grave1 he receiv$ ! foll[+ reprim&3     
,"h all are equal2 n[ ?y lot is m9e6    
,i on my dunghill1 z ?\ art on ?9e4     
,des ,b>reaux1 x is said1 wrote1 on 8   
dea?-b$1 t sonnet :i* is well kn[n1 &   
:i* is translat$ 9 ! ,spectator4        
,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 :5 %e 0 ne>ly p]i%+ 9
 a /orm at sea1 compos$ = h]self !      
foll[+ epitaph 9 v]se3    ,b5ea? ?is    
tomb is high-born ,m>g>et laid1   ,:o _h
 two husb&s1 & yet di$ a maid4  ,%e 0   
betro!d to ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france1 :o 
=sook h]4 ,be+ next int5d$ = ! ,spani%  
,infant1 9 h] voyage to ,spa9 %e wrote  
^! l9es 9 a /orm4  ,roscommon1 at !     
mom5t he expir$1 ) an en]gy ( voice     
7says 8 biograph]7 t express$ ! mo/     

f]v5t devotion1 utt]$ two l9es ( 8 own  
v]sion ( ,dies ,ir6  ,wall]1 9 8 la/    
mom5ts1 repeat$ "s l9es f ,virgil3 &    
,*auc] took 8 f>ewell ( all human       
vanities by a moral ode1 entitl$1 ,a    
ballad made by ,geffrey ,*auyc] ^u 8    
de!-b$de ly+ 9 8 grete anguysse4  ,!    
muse t has att5d$ my c\rse 7says ! dy+  
,gleim1 9 a lett] to ,klop/ock#d7 /ill  
hov]s r\nd my /eps to ! v v]ge ( !      
grave4 ,a collection ( songs1 compos$ by
 old ,gleim on 8 dea?-b$1 x is said1 7  
int5d$ to be publi%$4  ,*atell>d1 a     
,fr5* g5tleman1 behead$ 9 ,scotl&1 =    
hav+ lov$ ! ,que51 & ev5 = hav+ attempt$
 h] hon\r1 ,brantome says1 w\ld n h any 
o!r viaticum ?an a poem ( ,rons>d4 ,:5  
he asc5d$ ! scaffold1 he took ! hymns ( 
?is poet1 & = 8 consolation read t on   
dea?2 :i*1 he says1 is well adapt$ to   
conqu] its fe>4 ,he pref]r$ ! poems (   
,rons>d to ei!r a pray]-book or 8       
confessor3 su* 0 8 passion4  ,! ,m>quis 
( ,montrose1 :5 he 0 condemn$ by 8      
judges to h 8 limbs nail$ to ! gates (  

f\r cities1 ! brave soldi] said t1 he 0 
sorry he _h n limbs suffici5t to be     
nail$ to all ! gates ( ! cities 9       
,europe1 z monum5ts ( 8 loyalty4 ,z he  
proce$$ to 8 execution1 he put ?is ?\ght
 into beautiful v]se4  ,philip ,/rozzi1 
:5 imprison$ by ,cosmo ! ,fir/1 great   
,duke ( ,tuscany1 0 appreh5sive ( !     
dang] to :i* he might expose 8 fri5ds1  
7:o _h jo9$ 9 8 conspiracy aga9/ !      
duke17 f ! confessions :i* ! rack might 
extort f him4 ,hav+ attempt$ e ex]tion =
 ! lib]ty ( 8 c\ntry1 he consid]$ x no  
crime !re=e to die4 ,he resolv$ on      
suicide4 ,) ! po9t ( ! sword1 ) :i* he  
kill$ himself1 he fir/ engrav$ on !     
mantle-piece ( ! *imney1 ?is v]se (     
,virgil3    ,exori>e aliquis no/ris ex  
ossibus ultor4   ,rise1 "s av5g]1 f our 
blood6  ,su* p]sons realize t beautiful 
fiction ( ! anci5ts1 :o repres5t ! swans
 ( ,cay/] s++ at _! dea?2 & h be5 comp>$
 to ! night+ale s++ ) a ?orn on its     
brea/4   ,! foll[+ anecdotes are ( a    
diff]5t complexion3 !y may p]haps excite

 a smile4 ,we h giv5 !m ! title (       
,,grammatical ,,dea?s4  ,p]e ,b\h\rs 0 a
 ,fr5* gramm>ian1 :o _h be5 ju/ly accus$
 ( pay+ too scrupul\s an att5tion to !  
m9uti ( lett]s4 ,he 0 m solicit\s ( 8   
words ?an 8 ?\ghts4 ,x is said1 t :5 he 
0 dy+1 he call$ out to 8 fri5ds 7a      
correct gramm>ian to ! la/17 ,je ,,vas1 
ou je ,,vais m\rir2 l'un ou l'autre se  
dit6  ,:5 ,malh]be 0 dy+1 he reprim&$ 8 
nurse = mak+ use ( a solecism 9 h]      
language6 ,& :5 8 confessor repres5t$ to
 him ! felicities ( a future /ate 9 l[  
expressions1 ! dy+ critic int]rupt$ him3
 ,hold y\r tongue1 he said1 y\r wret*$  
/yle only makes me out ( conceit ) !m6  
,sev]al p]sons ( sci5ce h di$ 9 a       
sci5tific mann]4--,hall]1 ! greate/ (   
physicians1 beheld 8 end approa* ) !    
utmo/ composure4 ,he kept feel+ 8 pulse 
to ! la/ mom5t1 & :5 he f\nd t life 0   
almo/ gone1 he turn$ to 8 bro!r         
physician1 & obs]v$1 ,my fri5d1 ! art]y 
ceases to beat1--& almo/ in/antly       
expir$4  ,de ,lagny1 :o 0 int5d$ by 8   

fri5ds = ! /udy ( ! law1 hav+ fall5 on  
an ,euclid1 f\nd x s cong5ial to 8      
disposition1 t he devot$ himself to     
ma!matics4 ,9 8 la/ mom5ts1 :5 he reta9$
 no fur!r recollection ( ! fri5ds :o    
surr\nd$ 8 b$1 "o ( !m1 p]haps to make a
 philosophical exp]im5t1 ?\ght prop] to 
ask him ! squ>e ( #ab2 ! dy+ ma!matician
 in/antly1 & p]haps )\t kn[+ t he answ]$
 x1 repli$1 #add4  ,! foll[+ l9es1 f !  
p5 ( ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 9 an address to !  
,deity1 express ! desires & hopes ( a   
real ,*ri/ian 9 ! contemplation ( dea?3 
,o :5 ! la/1 ! clos+ h\r draws nigh1    
,& e>? rec$es be=e my swimm+ eye2   ,:5 
trembl+ on ! d\btful edge ( fate1   ,i  
/&1 & /ret* my view to ei!r /ate2       
,tea* me to quit ?is transitory sc5e    
,) dec5t triumph & a look s]5e2   ,tea* 
me to fix my ard5t hopes on high1   ,&1 
hav+ liv'd to !e1 9 !e to die6   ,!     
foll[+ article is n ( a pleas+          
description1 b nev]!less prop] to be    
ins]t$ 9 ,! ,book ( ,curiosities4 ,x is 
,,an?ropophagi1 ,,or ,,m5-,,eat]s3  ,!  

,cyclops1 ! ,le/rygons1 & ,scylla1 are  
all repres5t$ 9 ,hom] z ,an?ropophagi1  
or man-eat]s1 & ! female phantoms1      
,circe & ! ,syr5s1 fir/ bewit*$ ) a %[ (
 pleasure1 & !n de/roy$4 ,?is1 l ! o!r  
p>ts ( ,hom]'s poetry1 _h a f\ndation 9 
! mann]s ( ! times prec$+ 8 own4 ,x 0   
/ill 9 _m places ! age spok5 ( by       
,orpheus1    ,:5 m5 dev\r'd ea* o!r l ! 
bea/s1   ,gorg+ on human fle%4  ,hi/ory 
gives u div]s in/ances ( p]sons driv5 by
 excess ( hung] to eat _! own relations4
 ,& also out ( rev5ge & hatr$1 :]e      
soldi]s1 9 ! heat ( battle1 h be5 kn[n  
to be c>ri$ to su* an excess ( rage1 z  
to te> _! enemies ) _! tee?4  ,! viol5ce
 ( love has sometimes produc$ ! same    
effect z ! excess ( hatr$4  ,among !    
,ess$onian ,scy?ians1 :5 a man's fa!r   
di$1 8 neighb\rs br\ght him sev]al      
bea/s1 :i* !y kill$1 mix$ up _! fle% ) t
 ( ! deceas$1 & made a fea/4  ,among !  
,massageti1 :5 any p]son grew old1 !y   
kill$ him1 & ate 8 fle%2 b if ! p>ty di$
 ( sickness1 !y buri$ him1 e/eem+ him   

unhappy4  ,idolatry & sup]/ition h caus$
 ! eat+ m human fle%1 ?an bo? love &    
hatr$ put toge!r4  ,!re are few nations 
b h (f]$ human victims to _! deities2 & 
x 0 an e/abli%$ cu/om to eat "p ( !     
sacrifices !y (f]$4  ,x appe>s pretty   
c]ta91 f ,dr4 ,hawkeswor?'s acc\nt ( !  
voyages to ! ,s\? ,seas1 t ! inhabitants
 ( ,new ,zeal& ate ! bodies ( _!        
enemies4 ,mr4 ,petit has a le>n$        
diss]tation on ! nature & mann]s ( !    
,an?ropophagi4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he       
disputes :e!r or no ! ,an?ropophagi act 
contr>y to nature8 ,! philosoph]s1      
,diog5es1 ,*rysippus1 & ,z5o1 foll[$ by 
! :ole body ( ,/oics1 held x a v        
reasonable ?+ = m5 to eat ea* o!r4      
,accord+ to ,sextus ,empiricus1 ! fir/  
laws 7 ^? made to prev5t m5 f eat+ ea*  
o!r1 z _h be5 done until t "t4  ,!      
,greek writ]s repres5t ,an?ropophagi z  
univ]sal be=e ,orpheus4  ,leon>dus      
,florov5tius in=ms u1 t hav+ f$ a hog ) 
hog's fle%1 & a dog ) dog's fle%1 he    
f\nd a repugnance 9 nature to su* food2 

! =m] lo/ all 8 bri/les2 ! latt] its    
hair1 & ! :ole body broke out 9 blot*es4
  ,if ev5 ?is horrid practice ( eat+    
human fle% orig9ates f hung]1 /ill x mu/
 be p]petuat$ f rev5ge3 z dea? mu/ lose 
mu* ( its horror among ^? :o are        
accu/om$ to eat ! dead2 & :]e !re is    
little horror at ! sight ( dea?1 !re mu/
 be less repugnance to murd]4   ,we %all
 conclude ?is *apt] ) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( 
,a ,,wild ,,man1 giv5 by ,m4 ,le ,roy4  
,9 #aggd1 a wild man 0 discov]$ 9 !     
neighb\rhood ( ,yu>y4 ,?is man1 :o      
inhabit$ ! rocks ne> a =e/1 0 v tall1   
cov]$ ) hair l a be>1 v nimble1 & ( a   
gay hum\r4 ,he nei!r did1 nor seem$ to  
int5d1 h>m to any body4 ,he (t5 visit$ !
 cottages1 )\t ev] attempt+ to c>ry (f  
any ?+4 ,he _h no k ( bread1 milk1 or   
*eese4 ,8 greate/ amusem5t 0 to see !   
%eep runn+1 & to scatt] !m2 & he te/ifi$
 8 pleasure at ?is sight by l\d fits (  
laught]1 b nev] attempt$ to hurt !m4 ,:5
 ! %eph]ds 7z 0 frequ5tly ! case7 let   
loose _! dogs at him1 he fl$ ) !        

swiftness ( an arr[1 & nev] all[$ ! dogs
 to come too ne> him4 ,"o morn+ he came 
to ! cottage ( "s workm51 & "o ( !m     
endeav\r+ to cat* him by ! leg1 he      
laugh$ he>tily1 & !n made 8 escape4 ,he 
seem$ to be ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,z ! 
=e/ is v ext5sive1 & _h a communication 
) a va/ wood t belongs to ! ,spani%     
t]ritories1 x is natural to suppose t   
?is solit>y1 b *e]ful creature1 _h be5  
lo/ 9 8 infancy1 & subsi/$ on h]bs4     
,,*ap4 ,v4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+    
,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,/rik+         
,in/ances ( ,integrity--,%ock+ ,in/ances
 (     ,+ratitude--,extraord9>y         
,in/ances ( ,hon\r--,surpris+ ,effects (
     ,ang]--,rem>kable ,effects (       
,fright1 or ,t]ror--,notable ,in/ance ( 
! ,p[] ( ,consci5ce4   ,,/rik+          
,,in/ances ,,( ,,integrity4  ,a man (   
integrity w nev] li/5 to any reason1 or 
give way to any measure1 or be misl$ by 
any inducem5t1 aga9/ consci5ce4 ,!      
inhabitants ( a great t[n (f]$ ,m>%al de
 ,tur5ne #ajj1jjj cr[ns1 ^u condition he

 w\ld take ano!r road1 & n m>* 8 troops 
_! way4 ,he answ]$ !m1 ,z y\r t[n is n  
on ! road ,i int5d to m>*1 ,i _c accept 
! money y (f] me4--,! ,e>l ( ,d]by1 9 ! 
reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 mak+ a desc5t 9   
,gui5ne1 c>ri$ by /orm ! t[n ( ,b]g]ac1 
& gave x up to be plund]$4--,a ,wel%    
,knight happ5+ to light ^u ! receiv]'s  
(fice1 f\nd su* a quantity ( money1 t he
 ?\ght himself oblig$ to acqua9t 8 g5]al
 ) x1 imag9+ t s great a booty belong$  
to him4 ,b he 0 agreeably surpris$1 :5 !
 ,e>l wi%$ him joy ( 8 good =tune1 &    
said he did n make ! keep+ ( 8 ^w dep5d 
on ! great or little value ( :at he _h  
promis$4--,9 ! siege ( ,falisci1 by     
,camillus1 ,g5]al ( ! ,romans1 !        
s*oolma/] ( ! t[n1 :o _h ! *ildr5 ( !   
s5ators "u 8 c>e1 l$ !m abroad1 "u !    
pretext ( recreation1 & c>ri$ !m to !   
,roman camp2 say+ to ,camillus1 t1 by   
?is artifice1 he _h deliv]$ ,falisci    
into 8 h&s4 ,camillus1 abhorr+ 8        
trea*]y1 said1 ,t !re 7 laws = w> z well
 z = peace2 & t ! ,romans 7 taught to   

make w> ) integrity1 n less ?an )       
c\rage4 ,he ord]$ ! s*oolma/] to be     
/ripp$1 8 h&s to be b\nd beh9d 8 back1 &
 to be deliv]$ to ! boys1 to be la%$    
back into ! t[n4 ,! ,fal]ians1 hi!rto   
ob/9ate 9 resi/ance1 /ruck ) an act (   
ju/ice s illu/ri\s1 deliv]$ !mselves up 
to ! ,romans2 conv9c$ t !y w\ld be f>   
bett] to h ! ,romans = _! allies1 ?an _!
 enemies4   ,,%ock+ ,,in/ances ,,(      
,,+ratitude4--,h]odotus in=ms u1 t :5   
,x]xes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 0 at ,cel5e1 a city
 ( ,phrygia1 ,py?ius1 a ,lydian1 :o     
resid$ !re1 &1 next to ,x]xes1 0 ! mo/  
opul5t pr9ce ( ^? times1 ent]ta9$ him & 
8 :ole army ) an incr$ible magnific5ce1 
& made him an (f] ( all 8 weal? t[>ds   
defray+ ! exp5ses ( 8 exp$ition4 ,x]xes1
 surpris$ at s g5]\s an (f]1 inquir$ to 
:at sum 8 ri*es am\nt$4 ,py?ius answ]$1 
t hav+ ! design ( (f]+ !m to 8 s]vice1  
he _h tak5 an exact acc\nt ( !m1 & t !  
silv] he _h by him1 am\nt$ to #bjjj     
tal5ts1 7ab\t #bee1jjj /]l+71 & ! gold  
to #c1iic1jjj d>ics 7ab\t #a1gjj1jjj    

/]l+74 ,all ?is money he (f]$ him1 tell+
 him1 t 8 rev5ue 0 suffici5t = ! support
 ( 8 h\sehold4 ,x]xes made him v he>ty  
ackn[l$gm5ts1 & ent]$ into a p>ticul>   
fri5d%ip ) him1 & decl9$ accept+ 8      
pres5t4 ,"s "t aft] ?is1 ,py?ius hav+   
desir$ a fav\r ( him1 t out ( 8 five    
sons1 :o s]v$ 9 8 army1 he w\ld be      
pleas$ to leave him ! elde/1 to com=t   
him 9 8 old age2 ,x]xes 0 s enrag$ at ! 
proposal1 ?\gh s reasonable 9 itself1 t 
he caus$ ! elde/ son to be kill$ be=e 8 
fa!r's eyes1 giv+ ! latt] to und]/&1 t x
 0 a fav\r he sp>$ him & ! re/ ( 8      
*ildr54 ,yet1 ?is is ! same ,x]xes :o is
 s mu* admir$ = 8 humane reflection at !
 head ( 8 num]\s army4--,! emp]or       
,basilius ,i4 ex]cis$ himself 9 hunt+3 a
 great /ag runn+ furi\sly aga9/ him1    
fa/5$ "o ( ! bran*es ( 8 horns 9 !      
emp]or's girdle1 &1 pull+ him f 8 horse1
 dragg$ him a good di/ance1 to ! imm95t 
dang] ( 8 life2 :i* a g5tleman ( 8      
ret9ue p]ceiv+1 drew 8 sword1 & cut !   
emp]or's girdle asund]1 :i* dis5gag$ him

 f ! bea/1 ) little or no hurt to 8     
p]son4 ,b1 obs]ve 8 rew>d6 ,he 0 s5t5c$ 
to lose 8 head = putt+ ! sword s ne> !  
body ( ! emp]or2 & suff]$ dea?          
accord+ly4 7,zonor4 ,annal4 tom4 #c4 p4 
#aee47--;,9 a little "w entitl$ ,fri5dly
 ,cautions to ,(fic]s1 ! foll[+ atroci\s
 in/ance is relat$4 ,an opul5t city1 9 !
 we/ ( ,engl&1 _h a regim5t s5t to be   
qu>t]$ !re3 ! pr9cipal inhabitants1 glad
 to %ew _! hospitality & atta*m5t to _! 
sov]eign1 got acqua9t$ ) ! (fic]s1      
invit$ !m to _! h\ses1 & %ew$ !m e      
civility 9 _! p[]4 ,a m]*ant1 extremely 
easy 9 8 circum/ances1 took s prodigi\s 
a lik+ to "o (fic] 9 p>ticul>1 t he gave
 him an ap>tm5t 9 8 own h\se1 & made him
 9 a mann] ma/] ( x1 ! (fic]'s fri5ds   
be+ always welcome to 8 table4 ,! m]*ant
 0 a wid[]1 & _h two fav\rite daught]s3 
! (fic] ca/ 8 wanton eyes ^u !m1 & too  
fatally ru9$ !m bo?4 ,dreadful return to
 ! m]*ant's misplac$ fri5d%ip6 ,!       
consequ5ce ( ?is ung5]\s action 01 t all
 (fic]s ev] aft] 7 %unn$ z pe/s to      

society2 nor h ! inhabitants yet conqu]$
 _! av]sion to a r$ coat4--,we read 9   
,rap9's ,hi/ory1 t dur+ ,monm\?'s       
rebellion1 9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii4 a   
c]ta9 p]son1 kn[+ ! humane disposition (
 "o ,mrs4 ,gaunt1 ^: life 0 "o cont9u$  
ex]cise ( b5efic5ce1 fl$ to h] h\se1 :]e
 he 0 conceal$ & ma9ta9$ = "s "t4 ,he>+1
 h[ev]1 ( ! proclamation1 :i* promis$ an
 indemnity & rew>d to ^? :o discov]$ su*
 z h>b\r$ ! rebels1 he betray$ 8        
b5efactress3 & su* 0 ! _s ( ju/ice &    
equity :i* prevail$ among ! m9i/ry1 t he
 0 p>don$1 & recomp5s$ = 8 trea*]y1 :ile
 %e 0 burnt alive = h] *>ity6--,! foll[+
 in/ance is also to be f\nd 9 ! same    
hi/ory4 ,humphrey ,banni/] & 8 fa!r 7   
bo? s]vants to1 & rais$ by1 ! ,duke (   
,buck+ham2 :o be+ driv5 to abscond by an
 un=tunate accid5t befall+ ! army he _h 
rais$ aga9/ ! usurp] ,ri*>d ,,iii4 he   
retir$ to ,banni/]'s h\se ne>           
,%rewsbury1 z to a place :]e he might be
 q safe4 ,banni/]1 h[ev]1 ^u ! k+'s     
proclamation promis+ #ajjjl4 rew>d to   

him t %\ld appreh5d ! duke1 betray$ 8   
ma/] to ,john ,m]ton1 high %]iff (      
,%rop%ire1 :o s5t him "u a /rong gu>d to
 ,salisbury1 :]e ! k+ !n 02 & !re1 9 !  
m>ket-place1 ! duke 0 behead$4 ,b ,div9e
 v5geance pursu$ ! traitor ,banni/]2 =1 
dem&+ ! #ajjjl4 t 0 ! price ( 8 ma/]'s  
blood1 ,ri*>d refus$ to pay x him1 say+1
 ,he t w\ld be false to s good a ma/]1  
ought n to be enc\rag$4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds  
hang$ = manslaught]2 8 elde/ son w5t    
mad1 & di$ 9 a hog-/y2 8 second became  
de=m$ & lame2 & 8 ?ird son 0 dr[n$ 9 a  
small puddle ( wat]2 8 elde/ daught]    
became pregnant by "o ( 8 c>t]s1 & 8    
second 0 seiz$ ) a leprosy :]e( %e di$4 
,hi/4 ( ,eng4 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,let u gu>d   
aga9/ ?is odi\s vice1 +ratitude1 be+    
assur$ t soon] or lat] ! bitt] effects (
 ?is1 z well z ( all o!r s9s1 w f9d u   
out4   ,our foll[+ article consi/s ( "s 
,,extraord9>y ,,in/ances ,,( ,,hon\r4   
,! ,spani% hi/orians relate a memorable 
in/ance ( inviolable reg>d to !         
pr9ciples ( hon\r & tru?4 ,a ,spani%    

cavali]1 9 a sudd5 qu>rel1 slew a       
,moori% g5tleman1 & fl$4 ,8 pursu]s soon
 lo/ sight ( him1 = he _h1 unp]ceiv$1   
leap$ ov] a g>d5 wall4 ,! own]1 a ,moor1
 happ5+ to be 9 8 g>d51 0 address$ by ! 
,spani>d on 8 knees1 :o acqua9t$ him ) 8
 case1 & implor$ concealm5t4 ,eat ?is1  
said ! ,moor 7giv+ him half a pea*71 y  
n[ "k t y may confide 9 my protection4  
,he !n lock$ him up 9 8 g>d51 tell+ him1
 z soon z x 0 night he w\ld provide = 8 
escape to a place ( great] safety4 ,!   
,moor !n w5t into 8 h\se1 :]e he _h b j 
seat$ himself1 :5 a great cr[d1 ) l\d   
lam5tations1 came to 8 gate1 br++ !     
corpse ( 8 son1 :o _h j be5 kill$ by a  
,spani>d4 ,:5 ! fir/ %ock ( surprise 0 a
 little ov]1 he le>n$1 f ! description  
giv51 t ! fatal de$ 0 done by ! v p]son 
!n 9 8 p[]4 ,he m5tion$ ?is to no "o2 b1
 z soon z x 0 d>k1 retir$ to 8 g>d51 z  
if to grieve alone1 giv+ ord]s t none   
%\ld foll[ him4 ,!n acco/+ ! ,spani>d1  
he said1 ,*ri/ian1 ! p]son y h kill$ is 
my son1 8 body is n[ 9 my h\se4 ,y ought

 to suff]2 b y h eat5 ) me1 & ,i h giv5 
y my fai?1 :i* mu/ n be brok54 ,he !n l$
 ! a/oni%$ ,spani>d to 8 /ables1 m\nt$  
him on "o ( 8 fleete/ horses1 & said1   
,fly f> :ile ! night c cov] y2 y w be   
safe 9 ! morn+4 ,y are inde$ guilty ( my
 son's blood2 b ,god is j & good2 & ?ank
 him1 ,i am innoc5t ( y\r's1 & t my fai?
 giv5 is pres]v$4 ,?is po9t ( hon\r is  
mo/ religi\sly obs]v$ by ! ,arabs &     
,s>ac5s1 f :om x 0 adopt$ by ! ,moors ( 
,africa1 & by !m 0 br\ght into          
,spa94--,! foll[+ in/ance ( ,spani%     
hon\r may /ill be 9 ! memory ( _m liv+1 
& des]ves to be h&$ d[n to ! late/      
po/]ity4 ,9 #agdf1 :5 ,brita9 0 at w> ) 
,spa91 ! ,elizabe? ( ,london1 capta9    
,william ,edw>ds1 com+ ?r\gh ! gulf f   
,jamaica1 ri*ly lad51 met ) a mo/ viol5t
 /orm1 9 :i* ! %ip sprung a leak1 t     
oblig$ !m to run into ! ,havannah1 a    
,spani% port1 to save _! lives4 ,!      
capta9 w5t on %ore1 & directly wait$ on 
! gov]nor1 told ! occasion ( 8 putt+ 91 
& t he surr5d]$ ! %ip z a prize1 &      

himself & 8 m5 z prison]s ( w>1 only    
reque/+ good qu>t]4 ,no1 ,sir1 repli$ ! 
,spani% gov]nor1 if we _h tak5 y 9 fair 
w> at sea1 or approa*+ our coa/ ) ho/ile
 int5tions1 y\r %ip w\ld !n h be5 a     
prize1 & y\r p prison]s2 b :51 di/ress$ 
by a tempe/1 y come into our ports = !  
safety ( y\r lives1 we1 ?\gh enemies1   
be+ m51 are b\nd1 z su*1 by ! laws (    
humanity1 to af=d relief to di/ress$ m5 
:o ask x ( u4 ,we _c1 ev5 aga9/ our     
enemies1 take advantage ( an act ( ,god4
 ,y h leave !re=e to unload y\r %ip1 if 
t be necess>y1 & to /op ! leak2 y may   
refit h] "h1 & traffic s f> z %all be   
necess>y to pay ! *>ges2 y may !n dep>t1
 & ,i w give y a pass to be 9 =ce till y
 are beyond ,b]muda3 if aft] t y are    
tak51 y w !n be a lawful prize2 b n[ y  
are only a /rang]1 & h a /rang]'s "r to 
safety & protection4 ,! %ip accord+ly   
dep>t$1 & arriv$ safe 9 ,london4--,a    
rem>kable in/ance ( hon\r is also       
record$ ( an ,african negro1 9 capta9   
,snelgrave's acc\nt ( 8 voyage to       

,gu9ea4 ,a ,new-,engl& sloop1 trad+ !re 
9 #ageb1 left h] second mate1 ,william  
,murray1 sick on %ore1 & sail$ )\t him4 
,murray 0 at ! h\se ( a black1 nam$     
,cudjoe1 ) :om he _h contract$ an       
acqua9tance dur+ _! trade4 ,he recov]$2 
& ! sloop be+ gone1 he cont9u$ ) 8 black
 fri5d till "s o!r opportunity %\ld (f] 
( 8 gett+ home4 ,9 ! mean "t a ,dut* %ip
 came into ! road1 & "s ( ! blacks com+ 
on bo>d h]1 7 trea*]\sly seiz$ & c>ri$  
(f z slaves4 ,! relations & fri5ds1     
transport$ ) sudd5 rage1 ran to ! h\se (
 ,cudjoe1 to take rev5ge by kill+       
,murray4 ,cudjoe /opp$ !m at ! door1 &  
dem&$ :at !y want$4 ,! :ite m51 said !y1
 h c>ri$ away our bro!rs & sons1 & we w 
kill all :ite m54 ,give u ! :ite man y h
 9 y\r h\se1 = we w kill him4 ,nay1 said
 ,cudjoe1 ! :ite m5 t c>ri$ away y\r    
relations are bad m51 kill !m :5 y c    
take !m2 b ?is :ite man is a good man1 &
 y mu/ n kill him4--,b he is a :ite man1
 !y cri$1 & ! :ite m5 are all bad m51 we
 w kill !m all4--,nay1 says he1 y mu/ n 

kill a man t has done no h>m1 only = be+
 :ite4 ,?is man is my fri5d1 my h\se is 
8 po/1 ,i am 8 soldi]1 & mu/ fight =    
him2 y mu/ kill me be=e y c kill him4   
,:at good man w ev] come aga9 "u my ro(1
 if ,i let my floor be /a9$ ) a good    
man's blood8 ,! negroes1 see+ 8         
resolution1 & be+ conv9c$ by 8 disc\rse 
t !y 7 wrong1 w5t away a%am$4 ,9 a few  
days ,murray w5t abroad aga9 ) 8 fri5d  
,cudjoe1 :5 sev]al ( !m took him by !   
h&1 & told him1 !y 7 glad !y _h n kill$ 
him2 =1 z he 0 a good man1 _! god w\ld h
 be5 v angry1 & w\ld h spoil$ _! fi%+4  
,z x is our int5tion to record :atev] we
 meet )1 t is curi\s or wond]ful1 we    
hesitate n 9 ins]t+ ! foll[+ ,,surpris+ 
,,effects ,,( ,,ang]4  ,physicians &    
naturali/s af=d in/ances ( v extraord9>y
 effects ( ?is passion4 ,borri*ius cur$ 
a woman ( an invet]ate t]tian ague1 :i* 
_h baffl$ ! art ( physic1 by putt+ !    
pati5t 9 a furi\s fit ( ang]4 ,val]iola 
made use ( ! same means1 ) ! l success1 
9 a qu>tan ague4 ,! same passion has be5

 equally salut>y to p>alytic1 g\ty1 &   
ev5 dumb p]sons2 to :i* la/ x has       
sometimes giv5 ! use ( spee*4 ,etmull]  
gives div]s in/ances ( v s+ul> cures    
wr\ght by ang]2 among o!rs1 he m5tions a
 p]son laid up 9 ! g\t1 :o1 be+ provok$ 
by 8 physician1 flew ^u him1 & 0 cur$4  
,x is true1 ! rem$y is some:at dang]\s 9
 ! application1 :5 a pati5t does n "k h[
 to use x ) mod]ation4 ,we meet ) sev]al
 in/ances ( pr9ces1 to :om x has prov$  
mortal2 e4 g4 ,val5t9ian ,i4 ,w5ceslaus1
 ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 &     
o!rs4 ,!re are also in/ances :]e9 x has 
produc$ ! epilepsy1 jaundice1 *ol]a     
morbus1 di>rhoea1 c4 ,9 fact1 ?is       
passion is ( su* a nature1 t x quickly  
?r[s ! :ole n]v\s sy/em into            
pret]natural commotions1 by a viol5t    
/ricture ( ! n]v\s & muscul> p>ts2 &    
surpris+ly augm5ts1 n only ! sy/ole ( ! 
he>t1 & its contigu\s vessels1 b also ! 
tone ( ! fibr\s p>ts 9 ! :ole body4 ,x  
is also c]ta91 t ?is passion1 by !      
spasmodic /ricture x produces 9 ! p>ts1 

ex]ts its p[] pr9cipally on ! /oma* &   
inte/9es1 :i* are highly n]v\s &        
membrane\s p>ts2 :5ce ! symptoms are m  
dang]\s1 9 proportion to ! great] cons5t
 ( ! /oma* & inte/9es ) ! o!r n]v\s     
p>ts1 & almo/ ) ! :ole body4 ,! unhappy 
influ5ce ( ang] likewise on ! bili>y &  
hepatic ducts1 is v surpris+2 s9ce1 by  
an int5se con/riction ( ^!1 ! liv] is n 
only r5d]$ scirrh\s1 b /ones also are   
(t5 g5]at$ 9 ! gall-bladd] & bili>y     
ducts3 ^! accid5ts h sc>cely any o!r    
orig9 ?an an ob/ruction ( ! free motion 
& efflux ( ! bile1 by means ( ?is viol5t
 /ricture4 ,f su* a /ricture1 likewise1 
proce$s ! jaundice1 :i*1 9 process ( "t1
 lays a f\ndation = calcul\s concretions
 9 ! gall-bladd]4 ,by increas+ ! motion 
( ! fluid1 or ! spasms ( ! fibr\s p>ts1 
by means ( ang]1 a l>ge quantity ( blood
 is =cibly propell$ to c]ta9 p>ts2 :5ce 
x happ5s1 t !y are too mu* di/5d$1 & !  
orifices ( ! ve9s di/ribut$ !re1 op5$4  
,x is evid5t1 f exp]i5ce1 t ang] has a  
great t5d5cy to excite enorm\s          

hemorrhages1 ei!r f ! nose1 ! ap]ture ( 
! pulmon>y art]y1 c4 ,! effects ( ?is   
passion are well describ$ by ,arm/rong 9
 ! foll[+ l9es3--    ,b !re's a passion1
 ^: tempe/u\s sway   ,te>s up ea* virtue
 plant$ 9 ! he>t1   ,& %akes to ru9 pr\d
 philosophy3   ,= pale & trembl+ ang]   
ru%es 9   ,) falt'r+ spee*1 & eyes t    
wildly />e1   ,fi]ce z ! tig]1 madd] ?an
 ! seas1   ,desp'rate1 & arm'd ) m ?an  
human /r5g?2   ,b he :om ang] /+s1      
drops1 if he dies1   ,at once1 & ru%es  
apoplectic d[n2   ,or a fi]ce fev]      
hurries him to hell4   ,n[ foll[s an    
acc\nt ( "s ,,rem>kable ,,effects ,,(   
,,fright1 ,,or ,,t]ror4  ,out ( _m      
in/ances ( ! fatal effects ( fe>1 !     
foll[+ is select$ z "o ( ! mo/          
s+ul>3--,george ,gro*antzy1 a ,pol&]1 :o
 _h enli/$ z a soldi] 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ 
( ,prussia1 des]t$ dur+ ! la/ w>4 ,a    
small p>ty 0 s5t 9 pursuit ( him1 &1 :5 
he lea/ expect$ x1 surpris$ him s++ &   
danc+ among a company ( peasants 9 an   
inn4 ,?is ev5t1 s sudd51 & s dreadful 9 

its consequ5ces1 /ruck him 9 su* a      
mann]1 t1 giv+ a great cry1 he became   
altoge!r /upid & ins5sible1 & 0 seiz$   
)\t ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,!y c>ri$ him away
 to ,glocau1 :]e he 0 br\ght be=e !     
c\ncil ( w>1 & receiv$ s5t5ce z a       
des]t]4 ,he suff]$ himself to be l$ &   
dispos$ ( at ! w ( ^? ab\t him1 )\t     
utt]+ a ^w1 or giv+ ! lea/ sign t he    
knew :at _h happ5$ or w\ld happ5 to him4
 ,he rema9$ immoveable z a /atue :]ev]  
he 0 plac$1 & 0 :olly reg>dless ( all t 
0 done to him or ab\t him4 ,dur+ all !  
"t t he 0 9 cu/ody1 he nei!r ate1 nor   
drank1 nor slept1 nor _h any evacuation4
 ,"s ( 8 comrades 7 s5t to see him2 aft]
 t1 he 0 visit$ by "s (fic]s ( 8 corps1 
& by "s prie/s2 b he /ill cont9u$ 9 !   
same /ate1 )\t discov]+ ! lea/ signs (  
s5sibility4 ,promises1 entreaties1 &    
?reat5+s1 7 equally ineffectual4 ,x 0 at
 fir/ suspect$ t ^! appe>ances 7 feign$2
 b su* suspicions gave way1 :5 x 0 kn[n 
t he took no su/5ance1 & t ! involunt>y 
functions ( nature 7 9 a great measure  

susp5d$4 ,! physicians conclud$ t he 0 9
 a /ate ( hopeless idiocy2 & aft] "s "t 
!y knock$ (f 8 fett]s1 & left him at    
lib]ty to g :]e he w\ld4 ,he receiv$ 8  
lib]ty ) ! same ins5sibility t he _h    
%ewn on o!r occasions2 he rema9$ fix$ & 
immoveable1 8 eyes turn$ wildly "h &    
!re1 )\t tak+ cognizance ( any object1 &
 ! muscles ( 8 face 7 fall5 & fix$1 l ^?
 ( a dead body4 ,he pass$ tw5ty days 9  
?is condition1 )\t eat+1 dr9k+1 or any  
evacuation1 & di$ on ! #bj? day4 ,he _h 
be5 sometimes he>d to fet* deep sighs2 &
 once he ru%$ ) great viol5ce on a      
soldi] :o _h a mug ( liquor 9 8 h&1 =c$ 
! mug f him1 & hav+ drank ! liquor )    
great eag]ness1 let ! mug drop to !     
gr\nd4--,among ! ludicr\s effects ( fe>1
 ! foll[+ in/ance1 quot$ f a ,fr5*      
au?or1 by ,mr4 ,&rews1 9 8 volume (     
,anecdotes1 %ews ^u :at slight occasions
 ?is passion may be sometimes excit$ 9 a
 v high degree1 & ev5 9 p]sons ! mo/    
unlikely to ent]ta9 fe>4 ,*>les ,gu/avus
 7successor to ,*ri/9a1 que5 ( ,sw$517 0

 besieg+ ,prague1 :5 a boor ( a mo/     
extraord9>y visage desir$ admittance to 
8 t5t2 & be+ all[$ entrance1 (f]$1 by   
way ( amus+ ! k+1 to dev\r a :ole hog ( 
#ajj weight 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! old g5]al1  
,konigsm>c1 :o /ood by ! k+'s side1 &   
:o1 soldi] z he 01 _h n got rid ( !     
prejudices ( 8 *ildhood1 h9t$ to 8 royal
 ma/] t ! peasant ought to be burnt z a 
sorc]]4 ',sir1' said ! fell[1 irritat$  
at ! rem>k1 'if y\r maje/y w b make t   
old g5tleman take (f 8 sword & 8 spurs1 
,i w eat him1 be=e ,i beg9 ! hog4'      
,konigsm>c 7:o _h1 at ! head ( a body ( 
,sw$es1 p]=m$ wond]s aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 
& :o 0 look$ ^u z "o ( ! brave/ m5 ( !  
age17 c\ld n /& ?is proposal2 especially
 z x 0 accompani$ by a mo/ hide\s &     
pret]natural expansion ( ! frightful    
peasant's jaws4 ,)\t utt]+ a ^w1 !      
vet]an turn$ r\nd1 ran out ( ! c\rt1 nor
 ?\ght himself safe until he _h arriv$  
at 8 qu>t]s1 :]e he rema9$ above #bd    
h\rs lock$ up securely1 be=e he _h got  
rid ( ! panic :i* _h s sev]ely affect$  

him4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( fright or     
t]ror4   ,! foll[+ is a notable in/ance 
( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,consci5ce4  ,x is a   
say+1 t no man ev] (f5d$ 8 own          
consci5ce1 b fir/ or la/ x 0 rev5g$ ^u  
him4 ,! p[] ( consci5ce inde$ has be5   
rem>k$ 9 all ages1 & ! examples ( x ^u  
record are num]\s & /rik+4--,! foll[+ is
 relat$ by ,mr4 ,=dyce1 9 8 ,dialogues  
on ,education1 7vol4 ii4 p4 #eja47 z a  
real occurr5ce1 :i* happ5$ 9 a neighb\r+
 /ate n _m ye>s ago4 ,a jewell]1 a man (
 good "* & consid]able weal?1 hav+      
occasion1 9 ! way ( 8 bus9ess1 to travel
 to "s di/ance f ! place ( 8 abode1 took
 along ) him a s]vant1 9 ord] to take   
c>e ( 8 portmanteau4 ,he _h ) him "s ( 8
 be/ jewels1 & a l>ge sum ( money1 to   
:i* 8 s]vant 0 likewise privy4 ,! ma/]  
hav+ occasion to dism\nt on ! road1 !   
s]vant wat*+ 8 opportunity1 took a pi/ol
 f 8 ma/]'s saddle1 & %ot him dead on ! 
spot2 !n rifl$ him ( 8 jewels & money1  
&1 hang+ a l>ge /one to 8 neck1 ?rew him
 into ! ne>e/ canal4 ,) 8 booty he made 

(f to a di/ant "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e he _h 
reason to believe t nei!r he nor 8 ma/] 
7 kn[n4 ,!re he began to trade 9 a v l[ 
way at fir/1 t 8 obscurity might scre5  
him f obs]vation1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a good  
_m ye>s seem$ to rise1 by ! natural     
progress ( bus9ess1 into weal? &        
consid]ation2 s t 8 good =tune appe>$ at
 once ! effect & rew>d ( indu/ry &      
virtue4 ,( ^! he c\nt]feit$ ! appe>ance 
s well1 t he grew into great cr$it1     
m>ri$ into a good family1 & by lay+ out 
8 sudd5 /ores discreetly1 z he saw      
occasion1 & jo9+ to all an univ]sal     
affability1 he 0 admitt$ to a %>e ( !   
gov]nm5t ( ! t[n1 & rose f "o po/ to    
ano!r1 till at l5g? he 0 *os5 *ief      
magi/rate4 ,9 ?is (fice he ma9ta9$ a    
fair "*1 & cont9u$ to fill x ) no small 
applause1 bo? z a gov]nor & a judge2    
till "o day1 z he sat on ! b5*1 ) "s ( 8
 bre?r51 a crim9al 0 br\ght be=e him1 :o
 0 accus$ ( murd]+ 8 ma/]4 ,! evid5ce   
came out full1 ! jury br\ght 9 _! v]dict
 t ! prison] 0 guilty1 & ! :ole assembly

 wait$ ! s5t5ce ( ! presid5t ( ! c\rt   
7:i* he happ5$ to be t day7 ) great     
susp5se4 ,mean:ile he appe>$ to be 9    
unusual disord] & agitation ( m9d1 & 8  
col\r *ang$ (t52 at l5g? he rose f 8    
seat1 & com+ d[n f ! b5*1 plac$ himself 
by ! un=tunate man at ! b>4 ,y see be=e 
y 7said he1 address+ himself to ^? :o _h
 sat on ! b5* ) him17 a /rik+ in/ance ( 
! j aw>ds ( heav51 :i*1 ?is day1 aft]   
#cj ye>s' concealm5t1 pres5ts to y a    
great] crim9al ?an ! man j n[ f\nd      
guilty4 ,!n he made an ample confession 
( 8 guilt1 & ( all ! aggravations3 ,nor 
c ,i feel 7cont9u$ he7 any relief f !   
agonies ( an awak5$ consci5ce1 b by     
requir+ t ju/ice be =?) done aga9/ me 9 
! mo/ public & solemn mann]4 ,we may    
easily suppose ! amazem5t ( all !       
assembly1 & especially ( 8 fell[ judges4
 ,h[ev]1 !y proce$$1 ^u ?is confession1 
to pass s5t5ce ^u him1 & he di$ ) all ! 
symptoms ( a p5it5t m9d4 ,let x be our  
con/ant aim to keep a consci5ce void (  
(f5ce t[>ds ,god1 & t[>ds man2 be+      

assur$ t1    ,"o self-approv+ h\r :ole  
ye>s outweighs   ,( /upid />]s1 & ( l\d 
huzzas4                                 
,pope4     ,,*ap4 ,,vi4  ,,curiosities  
,,respect+ ,,man4--7,cont9u$47          
,rem>kable ,in/ance ( ,memory--,surpris+
 ,in/ance ( ,skill 9                    
,numb]s--,extraord9>y ,ari?metical ,p[]s
 ( a ,*ild--,curi\s     ,in/ance (      
,ma!matical ,tal5t--,/one ,eat]--,poison
     ,eat]--,bletonism--,longevity4     
,,rem>kable ,,in/ance ,,( ,,memory4     
,:5ce came ! active & sagaci\s m9d1     
,self-consci\s1 & ) faculties endu$   ,(
 und]/&+1 w1 & memory1   ,& reason1 to  
di/+ui% true f false8                   
------------,:5ce1 b ?r\gh an inf9ite1  
,almighty ,god1 supremely wise & j8     
,newl]4  ,,hort5sius1 "o ( ! mo/        
celebrat$ orators ( anci5t ,rome1 _h s  
happy a memory1 t aft] /udy+ a disc\rse1
 ?\gh he _h n writt5 d[n a s+le ^w ( x1 
he c\ld repeat x exactly 9 ! same mann] 
9 :i* he _h compos$ x4 ,8 p[]s ( m9d 9  
?is respect 7 really a/oni%+2 & we are  

told1 t 9 consequ5ce ( a wag] ) "o      
,si5na1 he sp5t a :ole day at an        
auction1 &1 :5 x 0 end$1 recapitulat$ e 
article t _h be5 sold1 toge!r ) !       
prices1 & ! names ( ! pur*as]s1 9 _!    
prop] ord]1 )\t err+ 9 "o po9t1 z 0     
prov$ by ! cl]k1 :o foll[$ him ) 8 book4
   ,! foll[+ is a v ,,surpris+ ,,in/ance
 ,,( ,,skill ,,9 ,,numb]s4  ,j$idiah    
,buxton1 0 a prodigy1 ) respect to skill
 9 numb]s4 ,8 fa!r1 ,william ,buxton1 0 
s*oolma/] ( ! p>i% :]e he 0 born1 9     
#agjd3 yet ,j$$iah's education 0 s mu*  
neglect$1 t he 0 nev] taught to write2 &
 ) respect to any o!r k b t ( numb]s1   
seem$ always z ignorant z a boy ( t5    
ye>s ( age4 ,h[ he came fir/ to "k !    
relative proportions ( numb]s1 & _!     
progressive d5om9ations1 he did n       
rememb]2 b to ?is he appli$ ! :ole =ce (
 8 m9d1 & ^u ?is 8 att5tion 0 con/antly 
fix$1 s t he frequ5tly took no          
cognizance ( ext]nal objects1 &1 :5 he  
did x1 x 0 only ) respect to _! numb]s4 
,if any space ( "t 0 m5tion$1 he w\ld   

soon aft] say x 0 s _m m9utes2 & if any 
di/ance ( way1 he w\ld assign ! numb] ( 
hair-bread?s1 )\t any "q be+ ask$1 or   
any calculation expect$ by ! company4   
,:5 he once und]/ood a "q1 he began to  
"w ) amaz+ facility1 aft] 8 own me?od1  
)\t ! use ( a p51 p5cil1 or *alk1 or ev5
 und]/&+ ! common rules ( ari?metic1 z  
taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,he w\ld /ride ov] a 
piece ( l&1 or a field1 & tell ! cont5ts
 ( x almo/ z exactly z if "o _h measur$ 
x by ! *a94 ,9 ?is mann] he measur$ !   
:ole lord%ip ( ,elmton1 belong+ to ,sir 
,john ,rhodes1 & br\ght him ! cont5ts1 n
 only ( "s ?\s&s 9 acres1 roods1 &      
p]*es1 b ev5 9 squ>e in*es4 ,aft] ?is1 =
 8 own amusem5t1 he r$uc$ !m into squ>e 
hair-bread?s1 comput+ #dh to ea* side ( 
! in*4 ,8 memory 0 s great1 t :ile      
resolv+ a "q1 he c\ld leave (f1 & resume
 ! op]ation aga91 :]e he left (f1 ! next
 morn+1 or at a week1 a mon?1 or sev]al 
mon?s1 & proce$ regul>ly till x 0       
complet$4 ,8 memory w\ld d\btless h be5 
equally ret5tive ) respect to o!r       

objects1 if he _h att5d$ to !m ) equal  
dilig5ce2 b 8 p]petual application to   
figures prev5t$ ! smalle/ acquisition ( 
any o!r k4 ,he 0 sometimes ask$1 on 8   
return f *ur*1 :e!r he rememb]$ ! text1 
or any "p ( ! s]mon3 b x nev] appe>$ t  
he br\ght away "o s5t5ce2 8 m9d1 ^u a   
clos] exam9ation1 be+ f\nd to h be5     
busi$1 ev5 dur+ div9e s]vice1 9 8       
fav\rite op]ation1 ei!r divid+ "s "t1 or
 "s space1 into ! smalle/ kn[n p>ts1 or 
resolv+ "s "q t _h be5 giv5 him z a te/ 
( 8 abilities4 ,z ?is extraord9>y p]son 
liv$ 9 labori\s pov]ty1 8 life 0 uni=m &
 obscure4 ,"t1 ) respect to him1 *ang$  
no?+ b 8 age2 nor did ! seasons v>y 8   
employm5t1 except t 9 w9t] he us$ a     
flail1 & 9 summ] a l+-hook4 ,9 #aged1 he
 came to ,london1 :]e he 0 introduc$ to 
! ,royal ,society1 :o1 9 ord] to prove 8
 abilities1 ask$ him sev]al que/ions 9  
ari?metic2 & he gave !m su*             
satisfaction1 t !y dismiss$ him ) a     
h&some gratuity4 ,9 ?is visit to !      
metropolis1 ! only object ( 8 curiosity1

 except figures1 0 to see ! k+ & royal  
family2 b !y be+ at ,k5s+ton1 ,j$idiah 0
 disappo9t$4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,london1 he 0
 tak5 to see ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,iii4 p]=m$ at 
,drury-,lane playh\se2 & x 0 expect$1   
ei!r t ! novelty & ! spl5d\r ( ! %[ w\ld
 h fix$ him 9 a/oni%m5t1 or kept 8      
imag9ation 9 a cont9ual hurry1 or t 8   
passions w\ld1 9 "s degree1 h be5 t\*$  
by ! p[] ( action1 ?\gh he did n        
p]fectly und]/& ! dialogue4 ,b          
,j$idiah's m9d 0 employ$ 9 ! playh\se j 
z x 0 employ$ 9 e o!r place4 ,dur+ !    
dance1 he fix$ 8 att5tion ^u ! numb] (  
/eps2 he decl>$1 aft] a f9e piece (     
music1 t ! innum]able s\nds produc$ by !
 in/rum5ts _h p]plex$ him beyond        
measure2 & he att5d$ ev5 to ,mr4        
,g>rick1 only to c\nt ! words t he      
utt]$1 9 :i*1 he said1 he p]fectly      
succe$$4 ,j$idiah return$ to ! place ( 8
 bir?1 :]e1 if 8 enjoym5ts 7 few1 8     
wi%es did n seem to be great]4 ,he      
appli$ to 8 lab\r ) *e]fulness2 he      
regrett$ no?+ t he left beh9d him 9     

,london2 & x cont9u$ to be 8 op9ion1 t a
 slice ( ru/y bacon af=d$ ! mo/ delici\s
 repa/4   ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( !          
,extraord9>y ,ari?metical ,p[]s ( a     
,*ild1 is extract$ f ! ,annual ,regi/] (
 #ahab4 ,x is entitl$1 ,,"s ,,p>ticul>s 
,,respect+ ,,! ,,ari?metical ,,p[]s ,,( 
,,z]ah ,,colburn1 ,a ,,*ild ,,"u ,,eight
 ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age4  ,! att5tion ( !     
philosophical _w1 7says ! writ]17 has   
be5 lately attract$ by ! mo/ s+ul>      
ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 t    
p]haps ev] exi/$4 ,x is ! case ( a *ild1
 "u eight ye>s ( age1 :o1 )\t any       
previ\s k ( ! common rides ( ari?metic1 
or ev5 ( ! use & p[] ( ! ,arabic        
num]als1 & )\t hav+ giv5 any p>ticul>   
att5tion to ! subject1 possesses1 z if  
by intuition1 ! s+ul> faculty ( solv+ a 
great v>iety ( ari?metical que/ions by !
 m]e op]ation ( ! m9d1 & )\t ! usual    
assi/ance ( any visible symbol or       
contrivance4  ,! "n ( ! *ild is ,z]ah   
,colburn1 :o 0 born at ,cabut1 7a t[n   
ly+ at ! head ( ,onion riv]1 9 ,v]mont1 

9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica17 on ! #a/ (
 ,septemb]1 #ahjd4 ,ab\t two ye>s ago   
7,augu/1 #ahaj17 al?\gh at t "t n six   
ye>s ( age1 he fir/ began to %ew ^?     
wond]ful p[]s ( calculation1 :i* h s9ce 
s mu* attract$ ! att5tion1 & excit$ !   
a/oni%m5t1 ( e p]son :o has witness$ 8  
extraord9>y abilities4 ,! discov]y 0    
made by accid5t4 ,8 fa!r1 :o _h n giv5  
him any o!r in/ruction ?an su* z 0 to be
 obta9$ at a small s*ool e/abli%$ 9 t   
unfrequ5t$ & remote "p ( ! c\ntry1 7&   
:i* did n include ei!r writ+ or ciph]+17
 0 mu* surpris$ "o day to he> him       
repeat+ ! products ( sev]al numb]s4     
,/ruck ) amazem5t at ! circum/ance1 he  
propos$ a v>iety ( ari?metical que/ions 
to him1 all ( :i* ! *ild solv$ )        
rem>kable facility & correctness4 ,!    
news ( ?is infant prodigy soon circulat$
 ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood2 & _m p]sons came 
f di/ant p>ts to witness s s+ul> a      
circum/ance4 ,! fa!r1 enc\rag$ by !     
unanim\s op9ion ( all :o came to see    
him1 0 induc$ to und]take1 ) ?is *ild1 !

 t\r ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 7 e :]e     
receiv$ ) ! mo/ flatt]+ expressions2 & 9
 ! sev]al t[ns :i* !y visit$1 v>i\s     
plans 7 sugge/$1 to educate & br+ up !  
*ild1 free f all exp5se to 8 family4    
,yield+1 h[ev]1 to ! press+             
solicitations ( 8 fri5ds1 & urg$ by !   
mo/ respectable1 & p[]ful               
recomm5dations1 z well z by a view to 8 
son's m complete education1 ! fa!r has  
br\ght ! *ild to ?is c\ntry1 :]e !y     
arriv$ on ! #ab? ( ,may la/3 & !        
inhabitants ( ?is metropolis h = ^! la/ 
?ree mon?s _h an opportunity ( see+ &   
exam9+ ?is wond]ful ph5om5on1 & v]ify+ !
 reports t h be5 circulat$ respect+ him4
 ,_m p]sons ( ! fir/ em95ce = _! k 9    
ma!matics1 & well kn[n = _!             
philosophical inquiries1 h made a po9t (
 see+ & conv]s+ ) him2 & !y h all be5   
/ruck ) a/oni%m5t at 8 extraord9>y p[]s4
 ,x is correctly true1 z /at$ ( him1    
t--',he w n only det]m9e1 ) ! greate/   
facility & despat*1 ! exact numb] (     
m9utes or seconds 9 any giv5 p]iod ( "t2

 b w also solve any o!r "q ( a simil>   
k9d4 ,he w tell ! exact product aris+ f 
! multiplication ( any numb]1 consi/+ ( 
two1 ?ree1 or f\r figures1 by any o!r   
numb]1 consi/+ ( ! l numb] ( figures2 or
 any numb]1 consi/+ ( six or sev5 places
 ( figures1 be+ propos$1 he w det]m9e1 )
 equal exp$ition & ease1 all ! factors (
 :i* x is compos$4 ,?is s+ul> faculty   
consequ5tly ext5ds n only to ! rais+ (  
p[]s1 b also to ! extraction ( ! squ>e &
 cube roots ( ! numb] propos$2 &        
likewise to ! means ( det]m9+ :e!r x be 
a prime numb] 7or a numb] incapable (   
division by any o!r numb]27 = :i* case  
!re does n exi/1 at pres5t1 any g5]al   
rule among/ ma!maticians4' ,all ^!1 & a 
v>iety ( o!r que/ions connect$ !re)1 are
 answ]$ by ?is *ild ) su* promptness &  
accuracy 7& 9 ! mid/ ( 8 juv5ile        
pursuits7 z to a/oni% e p]son :o has    
visit$ him4  ,at a meet+ ( 8 fri5ds1 :i*
 0 held = ! purpose ( conc]t+ ! be/     
me?ods ( promot+ ! views ( ! fa!r1 ?is  
*ild und]took1 & completely succe$$ 9   

rais+ ! numb] #h progressively up to !  
sixte5? p[]666 &1 9 nam+ ! la/ result1  
viz4 #bha1dgd1igf1gaj1fef1 he 0 "r 9 e  
figure4 ,he 0 !n tri$ z to o!r numb]s1  
consi/+ ( "o figure2 all ( :i* he rais$ 
7by actual multiplication1 & n by       
memory7 z high z ! t5? p[]1 ) s mu*     
facility & despat*1 t ! p]son appo9t$ to
 take d[n ! results1 0 oblig$ to enjo9  
him n to be s rapid6 ,) respect to      
numb]s consi/+ ( two figures1 he w\ld   
raise "s ( !m to ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? 
p[]2 b n always ) equal facility3 = !   
l>g] ! products became1 ! m difficult he
 f\nd x to proce$4 ,he 0 ask$ ! squ>e   
root ( #ajfibi2 & be=e ! numb] c\ld be  
writt5 d[n1 he imm$iately answ]$ #cbg4  
,he 0 !n requir$ to "n ! cube root (    
#bfh1ccf1abe2 & ) equal facility &      
promptness he repli$1 #fde4 ,v>i\s o!r  
que/ions ( a simil> nature1 respect+ !  
roots & p[]s ( v high numb]s1 7 propos$ 
by sev]al ( ! g5tlem5 pres5t2 to all (  
:i* he answ]$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,"o ( ! 
p>ty reque/$ him to "n ! factors :i*    

produc$ ! numb] #bdg1dhc3 ?is he        
imm$iately did1 by m5tion+ ! two numb]s 
#ida & #bfc2 :i* inde$ are ! only two   
numb]s t w produce x1 viz4 #e  #cdbgi1  
#g  #bddhe1 #ei  #bije1 #hc  #bjfe1 #ce 
#dhig1 #bie  #eha1 & #dac  #dae4 ,he 0  
!n ask$ to give ! factors ( #cfjhc3 b he
 imm$iately repli$ t x _h none2 :i*1 9  
fact1 0 ! case1 z #cfjhc is a prime     
numb]4 ,o!r numb]s 7 indiscrim9ately    
propos$ to him1 & he always succe$$ 9   
giv+ ! correct factors1 except 9 ! case 
( prime numb]s1 :i* he discov]$ almo/ z 
soon z propos$4 ,"o ( ! g5tlem5 ask$ him
 h[ _m m9utes !re 7 9 =ty-eight ye>s3 & 
be=e ! "q c\ld be writt5 d[n1 he repli$1
 #be1bbh1hjj2 & in/antly add$1 t ! numb]
 ( seconds 9 ! same p]iod 0             
#a1eac1gbh1jjj4 ,v>i\s que/ions ( ! l   
k9d 7 put to him2 & to all ( !m he      
answ]$ ) ne>ly equal facility &         
promptitude1 s z to a/oni% e "o pres5t1 
& to excite a desire t s extraord9>y a  
faculty %\ld 7if possible7 be r5d]$ m   
ext5sive & useful4  ,x 0 ! wi% ( !      

g5tlem5 pres5t1 to obta9 a k ( ! me?od  
by :i* ! *ild 0 enabl$ to answ]1 ) s mu*
 facility & correctness1 ! que/ions ?us 
put to him2 b to all _! inquiries ^u ?is
 subject 7& he 0 closely exam9$ ^u ?is  
po9t7 he 0 unable to give !m any        
in=mation4 ,he positively decl>$ 7& e   
obs]vation t 0 made seem$ to ju/ify !   
ass]tion7 t he did n "k h[ ! answ]s came
 into 8 m9d4 ,9 ! act ( multiply+ two   
numb]s toge!r1 & 9 ! rais+ ( p[]s1 x 0  
evid5t 7n only f ! motion ( 8 lips1 b   
also f "s s+ul> facts :i* w be          
h]eaft]-m5tion$7 t "s op]ation 0 go+    
=w>d 9 8 m9d2 yet t op]ation c\ld n1 f !
 read9ess ) :i* ! answ]s 7 furni%$1 be  
at all alli$ to ! usual mode ( proce$+ )
 su* subjects3 &1 moreov]1 he is        
entirely ignorant ( ! common rules (    
ari?metic1 & _c p]=m1 ^u pap]1 a simple 
sum 9 multiplication or division4 ,b 9 !
 extraction ( roots1 & 9 m5tion+ !      
factors ( high numb]s1 x does n appe> t 
any op]ation c take place1 s9ce he w    
give ! answ] imm$iately1 or 9 a v few   

seconds1 :]e x w\ld require1 accord+ to 
! ord9>y me?od ( solution1 a v difficult
 & labori\s calculation2 & moreov]1 ! k 
( a prime numb] _c be obta9$ by any kn[n
 rule4  ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t x 0
 evid5t1 f "s s+ul> facts1 t ! *ild     
op]at$ by c]ta9 rules kn[n only to      
himself4 ,?is discov]y 0 made 9 "o or   
two in/ances1 :5 he _h be5 closely      
press$ ^u t po9t4 ,9 "o case he 0 ask$  
to tell ! squ>e ( #dcie3 he at fir/     
hesitat$1 fe>ful t he %\ld n be able to 
answ] x correctly2 b :5 he appli$       
himself to x1 he said1 x 0 #ai1caf1jbe4 
,on be+ que/ion$ z to ! cause ( 8       
hesitation2 he repli$1 t he did n l to  
multiply f\r figures by f\r figures3 b1 
said he1 ',i f\nd out ano!r way2 ,i     
multipli$ #bic by #bic1 & !n multipli$  
?is product twice by ! numb] #ae1 :i*   
produc$ ! same result4' ,on ano!r       
occasion1 8 highness ! duke ( ,gl\ce/]  
ask$ him ! product ( #ba1gcd1 multipli$ 
by #edc3 he imm$iately repli$1          
#aa1hja1efb2 b1 ^u "s rem>k be+ made on 

! subject1 ! *ild said t he _h1 9 8 own 
m9d1 multipli$ #febjb by #aha4 ,n[1     
al?\gh1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x mu/ be      
evid5t to e ma!matician1 t #dcie is     
equal to #bic  #ae1 & consequ5tly t     
7#dcie7b  7#bic7b  7#ae7b2 &1 fur!r1 t 9
 ! second case1 #edc is equal to #aha   
#c1 & consequ5tly t #bagcd  7#aha  #c7  
7#bagcd  #c7  #aha2 yet x is n ! less   
rem>kable1 t ?is comb9ation %\ld be     
imm$iately p]ceiv$ by ! *ild1 & we _c ! 
less admire 8 +5uity 9 ?us seiz+        
in/antly ! easie/ me?od ( solv+ ! "q    
propos$ to him4  ,x mu/ be evid5t1 f :at
 has "h be5 /at$1 t ! s+ul> faculty :i* 
?is *ild possesses is n altoge!r dep5d5t
 ^u 8 memory4 ,9 ! multiplication (     
numb]s1 & 9 ! rais+ ( p[]s1 he is       
d\btless consid]ably assi/$ by t        
rem>kable quality ( ! m9d3 & 9 ?is      
respect he might be consid]$ z be>+ "s  
resemblance 7if ! diff]5ce ( age did n  
prev5t ! ju/ness ( ! comp>ison7 to !    
celebrat$ ,j$idiah ,buxton1 & o!r p]sons
 ( simil> note4 ,b1 9 ! extraction ( !  

roots ( numb]s1 & 9 det]m9+ _! factors1 
7if any17 x is cle>1 to all ^? :o h     
witness$ ! a/oni%+ quickness & accuracy 
( ?is *ild1 t ! memory has little or    
no?+ to d ) ! process4 ,& 9 ?is p>ticul>
 po9t consi/s ! rem>kable diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! pres5t & all =m] in/ances ( an 
app>5tly simil> k9d4  ,x has be5 record$
 z an a/oni%+ ef=t ( memory1 t !        
celebrat$ ,cul] 7:o1 9 ! sci5ce (       
analysis1 might vie ev5 ) ,newton       
himself17 c\ld rememb] ! fir/ six p[]s (
 e numb] "u #ajj4 ,?is1 probably1 mu/ be
 tak5 ) "s re/rictions3 b1 if true to ! 
fulle/ ext5t1 x is n m a/oni%+ ?an !    
ef=ts ( ?is *ild2 ) ?is additional      
circum/ance 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 t he is  
capable ( v]ify+1 9 a v few seconds1 e  
figure :i* he may h occasion =4 ,x has  
be5 fur!r rem>k$1 by ! biograph] ( t    
em95t ma!matician1 t 'he p]ceiv$1 almo/ 
at a s+le glance1 ! factors ( :i* 8 =mul
 7 compos$2 ! p>ticul> sy/em ( factors  
belong+ to ! "q "u consid]ation2 ! v>i\s
 artifices by :i* t sy/em may be        

simplifi$ & r$uc$2 & ! relation ( !     
sev]al factors to ! conditions ( !      
hypo!sis4 ,8 exp]tness 9 ?is p>ticul>   
probably result$1 9 a great measure1 f !
 ease ) :i* he p]=m$ ma!matical         
inve/igations by head4 ,he _h always    
accu/om$ himself to t ex]cise2 &1 hav+  
practis$ x ) assiduity1 7ev5 be=e ! loss
 ( sight1 :i* aft]w>ds r5d]$ x a matt] (
 necessity17 he is an in/ance to :at an 
a/oni%+ degree x may be acquir$1 & h[   
mu* x improves ! intellectual p[]s4 ,no 
o!r discipl9e is s effectual 9 /r5g!n+ !
 faculty ( att5tion3 x gives a facility 
( appreh5sion1 an accuracy & /ead9ess to
 ! conceptions2 & 7:at is a /ill m      
valuable acquisition7 x habituates ! m9d
 to arrangem5t 9 its reason+s &         
reflections4'  ,x is n int5d$ to draw a 
comp>ison betwe5 ! humble1 ?\gh a/oni%+1
 ef=ts ( ?is infant prodigy1 & !        
gigantic p[]s ( t illu/ri\s "*1 to :om a
 ref]5ce has j be5 made3 yet we may be  
p]mitt$ to hope & expect t ^? wond]ful  
tal5ts1 :i* are s conspicu\s at ?is e>ly

 age1 may1 by a suitable education1 be  
consid]ably improv$ & ext5d$2 & t "s new
 light w ev5tually be ?r[n ^u ^?        
subjects1 = ! elucidation ( :i* 8 m9d   
appe>s to be peculi>ly =m$ by nature1   
s9ce he ent]s ! _w ) all ^? p[]s &      
faculties :i* are n ev5 atta9able by !  
mo/ em95t1 at a m advanc$ p]iod ( life4 
,e ma!matician mu/ be aw>e ( ! important
 advantages :i* h sometimes be5 d]iv$ f 
! mo/ simple & trifl+ circum/ance2 !    
full effect ( :i* has n always be5      
evid5t at fir/ sight4 ,to m5tion "o     
s+ul> in/ance ( ?is k9d3--,! v simple   
improvem5t ( express+ ! p[]s & roots (  
quantities by means ( indices1 introduc$
 a new & g5]al ari?metic ( expon5ts3 &  
?is algori?m ( p[]s l$ ! way to !       
inv5tion ( log>i?ms1 by means ( :i* all 
ari?metical computations are s mu*      
facilitat$ & abridg$4 ,p]haps ?is *ild  
possesses a k ( "s m important prop]ties
 connect$ ) ?is subject3 al?\gh he is   
incapable at pres5t ( giv+ any          
satisfactory acc\nt ( ! /ate ( 8 m9d1 or

 ( communicat+ to o!rs ! k :i* x is s   
evid5t he does possess2 yet !re is e    
reason to believe1 t1 :5 8 m9d is m     
cultivat$1 & 8 ideas m exp&$1 he w be   
able n only to divulge ! mode by :i* he 
at pres5t op]ates1 b also po9t out "s   
new s\rces ( in=mation on ?is int]e/+   
subject4  ,! case is c]ta9ly "o ( great 
novelty & importance2 & e lit]>y "*1 & e
 fri5d to sci5ce1 mu/ be anxi\s to see !
 exp]im5t fairly tri$1 z to ! effect :i*
 a suitable education may produce on a  
m9d con/itut$ z 8 appe>s to be4 ,) ?is  
view1 a numb] ( g5tlem5 h tak5 ! *ild "u
 _! patronage1 & h =m$ !mselves into a  
committee = ! purpose ( sup]9t5d+ 8     
education4 ,application has be5 made to 
a g5tleman ( sci5ce1 well kn[n = 8      
ma!matical abilities1 :o has cons5t$ to 
take ! *ild "u 8 imm$iate tuition3 !    
committee1 !re=e1 propose to )draw him =
 ! pres5t f public exhibition1 9 ord] t 
he may fully devote himself to 8 /udies4
 ,b :e!r !y %all be able to accompli% ! 
object !y h 9 view1 w dep5d ^u !        

assi/ance :i* !y may receive f ! public4
 ,:at fur!r progress ?is *ild made "u ! 
patronage & tuition ( 8 k9d & b5evol5t  
fri5ds1 ! editor is n1 at pres5t1 able  
to asc]ta94   ,we proce$ to a ,,curi\s  
,,in/ance ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,tal5t4  ,a 
s+ul> in/ance ( e>ly ma!matical tal5t   
has be5 made kn[n by ,mr4 ,g\gh1 9 !    
,philosophical ,magaz9e4--,?omas ,gask+1
 ! son ( a j\rneyman %oemak] ( ,p5ri?1 0
 b n9e ye>s ( age :5 ! acc\nt 0 writt53 
he 01 7says ! writ]71 h[ev]1 9          
consequ5ce ( ! education giv5 him by 8  
fa!r1 7an acute & indu/ri\s man17 become
 well acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ propositions ( 
,euclid1 reads & works algebra )        
facility1 und]/&s & uses log>i?ms1 & has
 ent]$ on ! /udy ( fluxions4 ,on be+    
exam9$1 he demon/rat$ propositions f !  
fir/ books ( ,euclid2 discov]$ ! unkn[n 
side ( a triangle1 f ! two sides & !    
angle giv52 & solv$ cases 9 sph]ical    
trigonometry4 ,9 algebra1 he gave !     
solutions ( a numb] ( quadratic         
equations2 answ]$ que/ions :i* conta9$  

two unkn[n quantities2 & appli$ algebra 
to geometry4 ,he answ]$ problems relat+ 
to ! maxima ( numb]s & ( geometrical    
magnitudes1 ) ease2 &1 on _m o!r        
ma!matical po9ts1 gave v high promises (
 future excell5ce4   ,! foll[+ rem>kable
 acc\nt ( a ,,/one ,,eat]1 is giv5 z a  
fact 9 sev]al respectable works4  ,9    
#agfj1 0 br\ght to ,avignon1 a true     
li?ophagus1 or /one-eat]4 ,he n only    
swall[$ fl9ts ( an in* & a half long1 a 
full in* broad1 & half an in* ?ick2 b   
su* /ones z he c\ld r$uce to p[d]1 su* z
 m>ble1 pebbles1 c4 he made into pa/e1  
:i* 0 to him a mo/ agreeable & :olesome 
food4 ,i exam9$ ?is man1 says ! writ]1 )
 all ! att5tion ,i possibly c\ld2 ,i    
f\nd 8 gullet v l>ge1 8 tee? exce$+ly   
/rong1 8 saliva v corrosive1 & 8 /oma*  
l[] ?an ord9>y1 :i* ,i imput$ to ! va/  
numb] ( fl9ts he _h swall[$1 be+ ab\t   
five-&-tw5ty1 "o day ) ano!r4 ,^u       
int]rogat+ 8 keep]1 he told me ! foll[+ 
p>ticul>s3 ,?is /one-eat]1 says he1 0   
f\nd ?ree ye>s ago1 9 a nor!rn un9habit$

 isl&1 by "s ( ! crew ( a ,dut* %ip4    
,s9ce ,i h _h him1 ,i make him eat raw  
fle% ) ! /ones2 ,i c\ld nev] get him to 
swall[ bread4 ,he w dr9k wat]1 w9e1 &   
br&y1 :i* la/ liquor gives him inf9ite  
pleasure4 ,he sleeps at lea/ twelve h\rs
 9 a day1 sitt+ on ! gr\nd1 ) "o knee   
ov] ! o!r1 & 8 *9 re/+ on 8 "r knee4 ,he
 smokes almo/ all ! "t he is n asleep1  
or is n eat+4 ,! fl9ts he has swall[$1  
he voids some:at corrod$1 & dim9i%$ 9   
weight2 ! re/ ( 8 excrem5ts resembles   
mort>4   ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( a ,,poison  
,,eat] is said to be an und\bt$ fact4   
,a man1 ab\t #ajf ye>s ( age1 =m]ly liv+
 9 ,con/ant9ople1 0 kn[n all ov] t city 
by ! "n ( ,solyman1 ! eat] ( corrosive  
sublimate4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 he    
accu/om$ himself1 l o!r ,turks1 to ! use
 ( opium2 b n feel+ ! desir$ effect1 he 
augm5t$ 8 dose to a great quantity1 )\t 
feel+ any inconv5i5ce1 & at l5g? took a 
dra*m ( sixty gra9s daily4 ,he w5t into 
! %op ( a ,jew apo!c>y1 to :om he 0     
unkn[n1 ask$ = a dra*m ( sublimate1 :i* 

he mix$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 & drank       
directly4  ,! apo!c>y 0 dreadfully      
al>m$1 because he knew ! consequ5ce (   
be+ accus$ ( poison+ a ,turk3 b :at 0 8 
a/oni%m5t1 :5 he saw ! same man return !
 next day = a dose ( ! same quantity4 ,x
 is said t ,"l ,elg91 ,mr4 ,smi?1 & o!r 
,engli%m51 knew ?is man1 & h he>d him   
decl>e1 t 8 enjoym5t aft] hav+ tak5 ?is 
active poison1 is ! greate/ he ev] felt 
f any cause :atev]4   ,we n[ proce$ to  
give an acc\nt ( a v extraord9>y        
faculty1 entitl$ ,,bletonism4  ,?is is a
 faculty ( p]ceiv+ & indicat+           
subt]rane\s spr+s & curr5ts by s5sation4
 ,! t]m is mod]n1 & d]iv$ f a ,mr4      
,bleton1 :o excit$ univ]sal att5tion by 
possess+ ?is faculty1 :i* seems to dep5d
 ^u "s peculi> organization4 ,conc]n+ ! 
reality ( ?is extraord9>y faculty1 !re  
occurr$ great d\bts among ! le>n$4 ,b   
,m4 ,?\v5el1 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 seems  
to h put ! matt] beyond dispute1 9 two  
memoirs :i* he publi%$ ^u ! subject4 ,he
 0 *>g$ by ,l\is ,,xvi4 ) a commission  

to analyze ! m9]al & m$ic9al wat]s (    
,france2 &1 by repeat$ trials1 he _h be5
 s fully conv9c$ ( ! capacity ( ,bleton 
to assi/ him ) efficacy 9 ?is important 
und]tak+1 t he solicit$ ! m9i/ry to jo9 
him 9 ! commission ^u advantage\s t]ms4 
,all ?is %ews t ! op]ations ( ,bleton h 
a m solid support ?an ! tricks (        
impo/ure or ! delusions ( fancy4 ,9     
fact1 a great numb] ( 8 discov]ies are  
asc]ta9$ by respectable affidavits4 ,!  
foll[+ is a /rong in/ance 9 fav\r (     
,bletonism4--,= a long "t ! traces (    
sev]al spr+s & _! res]voirs 9 ! l&s ( ! 
,abbey de ,v]ve9s _h be5 entirely lo/4  
,x appe>$1 nev]!less1 by anci5t de$s &  
titles1 t ^! spr+s & res]voirs _h exi/$4
 ,a neighb\r+ abbey 0 suppos$ to h turn$
 _! wat]s = its b5efit into o!r *annels1
 & a lawsuit 0 comm5c$ ^u ?is           
supposition4 ,m4 ,bleton 0 appli$ to3 he
 discov]$ at once ! new c\rse ( ! wat]s 
9 "q2 8 discov]y 0 asc]ta9$2 & ! lawsuit
 t]m9at$4 ,m4 ,?\v5el assigns pr9ciples 
^u :i* ! impressions made by subt]rane\s

 wat]s & m9es may be acc\nt$ =4 ,hav+   
asc]ta9$ a g5]al law1 by :i* subt]rane\s
 electricity ex]ts an influ5ce on !     
bodies ( c]ta9 individuals1 em95tly     
susceptible ( t influ5ce1 & %ewn t ?is  
law is ! same :e!r ! electrical action  
arise f curr5ts ( w>m or cold wat]1 f   
curr5ts ( humid air1 f coal or metallic 
m9es1 f sulphur1 & s on1 he obs]ves1 t  
!re is a div]sity 9 ! physical &        
organical impressions :i* are produc$ by
 ?is electrical action1 accord+ z x     
proce$s f diff]5t fossile bodies1 :i*   
are m or less conductors ( electrical   
emanations4 ,!re are also artificial    
processes1 :i* concur 9 lead+ u to      
di/+ui% ! diff]5t conductors ( m9]al    
electricity2 & 9 ^! processes ! use (   
electrometrical rods des]ves ! att5tion 
( philosoph]s1 :o might p]haps1 9       
process ( "t1 sub/itute 9 _! place a m  
p]fect in/rum5t4 ,_! physical &         
spontane\s mobility1 & its electrical   
causes1 are demon/rat$ by indisputable  
exp]im5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,?\v5el    

proves1 by v plausible argum5ts1 !      
influ5ce ( subt]rane\s electrical       
curr5ts1 comp>es !m ) ! electrical      
curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 po9ts out !      
diff]5t impressions !y produce1 accord+ 
to ! numb] & quality ( ! bodies :i* act1
 & ! div]sity ( ^? :i* are act$ ^u4 ,!  
ord9>y s\rces ( cold wat] make          
impressions proportional to _! volume1 !
 velocity ( _! curr5ts1 & o!r           
circum/ances4 ,_! /agnation de/roys e   
species ( electrical influ5ce2 at lea/1 
9 ?is /ate !y h none t is p]ceptible4   
,_! dep? is indicat$ by geometrical     
processes1 f\nd$ ^u ! motion & div]g5ce 
( ! electrical rays4   ,we %all conclude
 ?is *apt] ) "s ,,extraord9>y ,,in/ances
 ,,( ,,longevity4  ,9 ,octob]1 #agab1 a 
prodigy is said to h appe>$ 9 ,france1 9
 ! p]son ( "o ,ni*olas ,pet\rs1 :o "o   
day ent]$ ! t[n ( ,c\tances4 ,8         
appe>ance excit$ curiosity1 z x 0 obs]v$
 t he _h travell$ on foot3 he !re=e gave
 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( himself1 viz4 ,t he 0
 "o hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s ( age1 be+    

born at ,granville1 ne> ! sea1 9 ! ye>  
#aeid2 t he 0 by trade a %oemak]2 & _h  
walk$ f ,/4 ,malo's to ,c\tances1 :i* is
 tw5ty-f\r leagues di/ant1 9 two days4  
,he seem$ z active z a "y man4 ,he said1
 ,he came to att5d ! ev5t ( a lawsuit1 &
 t he _h _h f\r wives2 ) ! fir/ ( :om he
 liv$ fifty ye>s1 ! second only tw5ty   
mon?s1 & ! ?ird tw5ty-eight ye>s & two  
mon?s1 & t to ! f\r? he _h be5 m>ri$ two
 ye>s2 t he _h _h *ildr5 by ! ?ree =m]1 
& c\ld boa/ a po/]ity :i* consi/$ ( "o  
hundr$ & n9ete5 p]sons1 & ext5d$ to !   
sev5? g5]ation4 ,he fur!r /at$1 t 8     
family _h be5 z rem>kable = longevity z 
himself2 t 8 "m liv$ until #afia2 & t 8 
fa!r1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ be5 w\nd$1 di$
 at ! age ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree1 t 8 
uncle & godfa!r1 ,ni*olas ,pet\rs1      
curate ( ! p>i% ( ,balc9e1 & aft]w>d    
canon & treasur] ( ! ca!dral (          
,c\tances1 di$ !re1 ag$ above "o hundr$ 
& ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 hav+ celebrat$ mass  
five days be=e 8 decease4 ,jacquel9e    
,fauvel1 wife to ! p>k-keep] ( ! bi%op (

 ,c\tances1 7he said17 di$ 9 consequ5ce 
( a fright1 9 ! village ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 
ag$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o ye>s1 & t %e 0 
able to sp9 eight days be=e h] decease4 
,among ! refugees f ?is "p ( ,france1 we
 h kn[n & he>d ( _m in/ances (          
longevity1 b c]ta9ly none equal to ^!4  
,,*ap4 ,,vii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,combu/ion ( ! 
,human ,body1 produc$ by ! long         
immod]ate ,use (     ,spiritu\s         
,liquors4 ,f ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1    
,pluviose1 ,ye> #h3     writt5 by ,pi]re
 ,aime ,lair4   ,9 natural z well z     
civil hi/ory1 !re are facts pres5t$ to !
 m$itation ( ! obs]v]1 :i*1 ?\gh        
confirm$ by ! mo/ conv9c+ te/imony1     
seem1 on ! fir/ view1 to be de/itute (  
probability4 ,( ?is k9d is t ( p consum$
 )\t com+ into contact ) common fire1 & 
( bodies be+ ?us r$uc$ to a%es4 ,h[ c we
 conceive t fire1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 
c ex]cise s p[]ful an action on ! human 
body z to produce ?is effect8 ,"o might 
be induc$ to give less fai? to ^!       

in/ances ( combu/ion1 z !y seem to be   
r>e4 ,i confess1 t at fir/ !y appe>$ to 
me wor?y ( v little cr$it2 b !y are     
pres5t$ to ! public z true1 by m5 ^:    
v]acity seems unque/ionable4 ,bian*9i1  
,mossei1 ,rolli1 ,le ,cat1 ,vicq4       
d',azyr1 & sev]al m5 di/+ui%$ by _!     
le>n+1 h giv5 c]ta9 te/imony ( ! facts4 
,besides1 is x m surpris+ to exp]i5ce   
su* inc9]ation ?an to void sac*>9e ur9e1
 or to see ! bones s(t5$1 or ( !        
diabetes mellitus4 ,?is m>bific         
disposition1 !re=e1 w\ld be "o m sc\rge 
to afflict humanity2 b 9 physics1 facts 
be+ always pref]able to reason+1 ,i %all
 "h collect ^? :i* appe> to me to be> ! 
impression ( tru?2 &1 le/ ,i %\ld alt] !
 s5se1 ,i %all quote !m j z !y are giv5 
9 ! works f :i* ,i h extract$ !m4  ,we  
read 9 ! transactions ( ,cop5hag51 t 9  
#afib1 a woman ( ! l[] class1 :o = ?ree 
ye>s _h us$ spiritu\s liquors to su*    
excess t %e w\ld take no o!r n\ri%m5t1  
hav+ sat d[n "o ev5+ on a /raw *air to  
sleep1 0 consum$ 9 ! night-"t1 s t next 

morn+ no "p ( h] 0 f\nd1 b ! skull1 & ! 
extreme jo9ts ( ! f+]s2 all ! re/ ( h]  
body1 says ,jacobeus1 0 r$uc$ to a%es4  
,! foll[+ extract ( ! memoir ( ,bian*9i1
 is tak5 f ! ,annual ,regi/] =          
#agfc3--,! ,c\ntess ,cornelia ,b&i1 ( ! 
t[n ( ,ces5a1 ag$ #fb1 enjoy$ a good    
/ate ( heal?4 ,"o ev5+1 hav+ exp]i5c$ a 
sort ( dr[s9ess1 %e retir$ to b$1 & h]  
maid rema9$ ) h] till %e fell asleep4   
,next morn+1 :5 ! girl ent]$ to awak5 h]
 mi/ress1 %e f\nd no?+ b ! rema9s ( h]  
mi/ress1 9 a mo/ horrid condition4 ,at !
 di/ance ( f\r feet f ! b$ 0 a heap (   
a%es1 9 :i* c\ld be di/+ui%$ ! legs &   
arms unt\*$4 ,betwe5 ! legs lay ! head1 
! bra9 ( :i*1 toge!r ) half ! po/]ior "p
 ( ! cranium1 & ! :ole *91 _h be5       
consum$2 ?ree f+]s 7 f\nd 9 ! /ate ( a  
coal2 ! re/ ( ! body 0 r$uc$ to a%es1 & 
conta9$ no oil2 ! tall[ ( two c&les 0   
melt$ on a table1 b ! wicks /ill rema9$1
 & ! feet ( ! c&le/icks 7 cov]$ ) a     
c]ta9 moi/ure4 ,! b$ 0 n damag$2 !      
b$-clo!s & cov]lid 7 rais$ up & ?r[n on 

"o side1 z is ! case :5 a p]son gets up4
 ,! furniture & tape/ry 7 cov]$ ) a moi/
 k9d ( soot1 ( ! col\r ( a%es1 :i* _h   
p5etrat$ ! draw]s & dirti$ ! l954 ,?is  
soot hav+ be5 convey$ to a neighb\r+    
kit*51 adh]$ to ! walls & ! ut5sils4 ,a 
piece ( bread 9 ! cupbo>d 0 cov]$ ) x1 &
 no dog w\ld t\* x4 ,! infecti\s od\r _h
 be5 communicat$ to o!r ap>tm5ts4 ,!    
,annual ,regi/] /ates1 t ! ,c\ntess     
,ces5a 0 accu/om$ to ba! all h] body 9  
camphorat$ spirits ( w9e4 ,bian*9i caus$
 ! detail ( ?is deplorable ev5t to be   
publi%$ at ! "t :5 x took place1 & no "o
 contradict$ x3 x 0 also atte/$ by      
,sapio ,maffei1 a le>n$ contempor>y (   
,bian*9i1 :o 0 f> f be+ cr$ul\s3 &1 9 ! 
la/ place1 ?is surpris+ fact 0 confirm$ 
to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 by ,paul
 ,rolli4 ,! ,annual ,regi/] m5tions also
 two o!r facts ( ! same k9d1 :i* occurr$
 9 ,engl&2 "o at ,s\?ampton1 & ! o!r at 
,cov5try4  ,an in/ance ( ! l k9d is     
pres]v$ 9 ! same "w1 9 a lett] ( ,mr4   
,wilm]1 surgeon3--,m>y ,clues1 ag$ #ej1 

0 mu* addict$ to intoxication4 ,h]      
prop5sity to ?is vice _h increas$ aft] !
 dea? ( h] husb&1 :i* happ5$ a ye> & a  
half be=e3 = ab\t a ye>1 sc>cely a day  
_h pass$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e did n dr9k 
at lea/ half a p9t ( rum or anise$-wat]4
 ,h] heal? gradually decl9$1 & ab\t !   
beg9n+ ( ,febru>y %e 0 attack$ by !     
jaundice1 & conf9$ to h] b$4 ,?\gh %e 0 
incapable ( mu* action1 & n 9 a         
condition to "w1 %e /ill cont9u$ h] old 
habit ( dr9k+ e day1 & smok+ a pipe (   
tobacco4 ,! b$ 9 :i* %e lay1 /ood       
p>allel to ! *imney ( ! ap>tm5t1 !      
di/ance f x ab\t ?ree feet4 ,on         
,saturday morn+1 ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 %e fell  
on ! floor2 & h] extreme weakness hav+  
prev5t$ h] f gett+ up1 %e rema9$ 9 t    
/ate till "s "o ent]$ & put h] to b$4 ,!
 foll[+ night %e wi%$ to be left alone3 
a woman quitt$ h] at half pa/ elev51 &1 
accord+ to cu/om1 %ut ! door & lock$ x4 
,%e _h put on ! fire two l>ge pieces (  
coal1 & plac$ a light 9 a c&le/ick1 on a
 *air1 at ! head ( ! b$4 ,at half aft]  

five 9 ! morn+1 a smoke 0 se5 issu+     
?r\gh ! w9d[2 & ! door be+ spe$ily brok5
 op51 "s flames :i* 7 9 ! room 7 soon   
ext+ui%$4 ,betwe5 ! b$ & ! *imney 7 f\nd
 ! rema9s ( ! un=tunate ,clues2 "o leg &
 a ?igh 7 /ill entire1 b !re rema9$ no?+
 ( ! sk91 ! muscles1 or ! visc]a4 ,!    
bones ( ! cranium1 ! brea/1 ! sp9e1 & ! 
upp] extremities1 7 entirely calc9$1 &  
cov]$ ) a :iti% effloresc5ce4 ,! p 7 mu*
 surpris$ t ! furniture _h su/a9$ s     
little injury4 ,! side ( ! b$ :i* 0 next
 to ! *imney1 _h suff]$ ! mo/2 ! wood ( 
x 0 slightly burnt1 b ! fea!r-b$1 !     
clo!s1 & cov]+1 7 safe4 ,i ent]$ !      
ap>tm5t ab\t two h\rs aft] x _h be5     
op5$1 & obs]v$ t ! walls & e ?+ 9 x 7   
black5$2 t x 0 fill$ ) a v disagreeable 
vap\r2 b t no?+ except ! body exhibit$  
any /rong traces ( fire4  ,?is in/ance  
has great simil>ity to t relat$ by      
,vicq4 d',azyr1 9 ! ,encyclop$ie        
,me?odique1 "u ! head ( ,pa?ologic      
,anatomy ( ,man4 ,a woman1 ab\t #ej ye>s
 ( age1 :o indulg$ to excess 9 spiritu\s

 liquors1 & got drunk e day be=e %e w5t 
to b$1 0 f\nd entirely burnt1 & r$uc$ to
 a%es4 ,"s ( ! osse\s p>ts only 7 left1 
b ! furniture ( ! ap>tm5t _h suff]$ v   
little damage4 ,vicq4 d',azyr1 in/ead ( 
disbeliev+ ?is ph5om5on1 adds1 t !re has
 be5 _m o!r in/ances ( ! l nature4  ,we 
f9d also a circum/ance ( ?is k9d1 9 a "w
 entitl$1 ,acta ,m$ica et ,philosophica 
,hafni5sia1 & 9 ! "w ( ,h5ry ,bohans]1  
entitl$1 ,le ,n\veau ,phosphore         
,enflamme4--,a woman at ,p>is1 :o _h be5
 accu/om$1 = ?ree ye>s1 to dr9k _s ( w9e
 to su* a degree t %e us$ no o!r liquor1
 0 "o day f\nd entirely r$uc$ to a%es1  
except ! skull & ! extremities ( ! f+]s4
  ,! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society (
 ,london pres5t also an in/ance ( human 
combu/ion1 no less extraord9>y4 ,x 0    
m5tion$ at ! "t x happ5$1 9 all !       
j\rnals2 x 0 !n atte/$ by a great numb] 
( eye-witnesses1 & became ! subject ( _m
 le>n$ discussions4 ,?ree acc\nts ( ?is 
ev5t1 by diff]5t au?ors1 all ne>ly      
co9cide4 ,! fact is relat$ z            

foll[s3--,grace ,pitt1 ! wife ( a       
fi%mong]1 ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,clem5t1       
,ipswi*1 ag$ ab\t #fj1 _h contract$ a   
habit1 :i* %e cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 (  
com+ d[n e night f h] b$-room1          
half-dress$1 to smoke a pipe4 ,on !     
night ( ! #i? ( ,april1 #agdd1 %e got up
 f h] b$ z usual4 ,h] daught]1 :o slept 
) h]1 did n p]ceive %e 0 abs5t till next
 morn+ :5 %e awoke1 soon aft] :i* %e put
 on h] clo!s1 &1 go+ d[n into ! kit*51  
f\nd h] "m /ret*$ out on ! "r side1 ) h]
 head ne> ! grate1 ! body ext5d$ on !   
he>?1 ) ! legs on ! floor1 :i* 0 ( deal1
 hav+ ! appe>ance ( a log ( wood1       
consum$ by a fire )\t app>5t flames4 ,on
 behold+ ?is spectacle1 ! girl ran 9    
great ha/e1 & p\r$ ov] h] "m's body "s  
wat]1 conta9$ 9 two l>ge vessels1 9 ord]
 to ext+ui% ! fire2 :ile ! fetid od\r & 
smoke :i* exhal$ f ! body1 almo/        
suffocat$ "s ( ! neighb\rs :o _h ha/5$  
to ! girl's assi/ance4 ,! trunk 0 9 "s  
measure inc9]at$1 & resembl$ a heap (   
coals1 cov]$ ) :ite a%es4 ,! head1 !    

arms1 ! legs1 & ! ?ighs1 _h also        
p>ticipat$ 9 ! burn+4 ,?is woman1 x is  
said1 _h drunk a l>ge quantity (        
spiritu\s liquor1 9 consequ5ce ( be+    
ov]joy$ to he> t "o ( h] daught]s _h    
return$ f ,gibralt>4 ,!re 0 no fire 9 ! 
grate1 & ! c&le _h burnt entirely out 9 
! socket ( ! c&le/ick1 :i* 0 close to   
h]4 ,besides1 !re 7 f\nd ne> ! consum$  
body1 ! clo!s ( a *ild1 & a pap] scre51 
:i* _h su/a9$ no injury by ! fire4 ,!   
dress ( ?is woman consi/$ ( a cotton    
g[n4  ,le ,cat1 9 a memoir on spontane\s
 burn+1 m5tions sev]al o!r in/ances (   
combu/ion ( ! human body4--,hav+ 7says  
he7 sp5t sev]al mon?s at ,rheims 9 ! ye>
 #agbd & #agbe1 ,i lodg$ ) ,sieur       
,millet1 ^: wife got intoxicat$ e day4  
,! dome/ic economy ( ! family 0 manag$  
by a pretty "y girl2 :i* ,i mu/ n omit  
to rem>k1 9 ord] t ! circum/ances :i*   
accompani$ ! fact ,i am ab\t to relate1 
may be bett] und]/ood4--,?is woman 0    
f\nd consum$ on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1      
#agbe1 at ! di/ance ( a foot & a half f 

! he>? 9 h] kit*54 ,a "p ( ! head only1 
) a portion ( ! l[] extremities1 & a few
 ( ! v]tebr1 _h escap$ combu/ion4 ,a    
foot & a half ( ! floor+ "u ! body _h   
be5 consum$1 b a knead+-tr\gh & a       
p[d]+-tub1 :i* 7 ne> ! body1 su/a9$ no  
injury4 ,m4 ,crite51 a surgeon1 exam9$ !
 rema9s ( ! body ) e judicial =mality4  
,jean ,millet1 ! husb&1 be+ int]rogat$  
by ! judges :o in/itut$ ! inquiry into !
 affair1 decl>$1 t ab\t eight 9 ! ev5+  
on ! #ai? ,febru>y1 he _h retir$ to re/ 
) 8 wife1 :o n be+ able to sleep1 _h    
gone into ! kit*51 :]e he ?\ght %e 0    
w>m+ h]self2 t1 hav+ fall5 asleep1 he 0 
awak5$ ab\t two o'clock ) a disagreeable
 od\r1 & t1 hav+ run to ! kit*51 he f\nd
 ! rema9s ( 8 wife 9 ! /ate describ$ 9 !
 report ( ! physicians & surgeons4 ,!   
judges hav+ no suspicion ( ! real cause 
( ?is ev5t1 prosecut$ ! affair ) ! utmo/
 dilig5ce4 ,x 0 v un=tunate = ,millet t 
he _h a h&some s]vant-maid1 = nei!r 8   
probity nor innoc5ce 0 able to save him 
f ! suspicion ( hav+ got rid ( 8 wife by

 a conc]t$ plot1 & ( hav+ arrang$ ! re/ 
( ! circum/ances 9 su* a mann] z to give
 x ! appe>ance ( an accid5t4 ,he        
exp]i5c$1 !re=e1 ! :ole sev]ity ( ! law2
 & ?\gh1 by an appeal to a sup]ior & v  
enlight5$ c\rt1 :i* discov]$ ! cause ( !
 combu/ion1 he came (f victori\s1 he    
suff]$ s mu* f uneas9ess ( m9d1 t he 0  
oblig$ to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 melan*oly  
days 9 a hospital4  ,le ,cat relates    
ano!r in/ance1 :i* has a mo/ p]fect     
resemblance to ! prec$+3 ,m4 ,bo9nean1  
cur ( ,pl]qu]1 ne> ,dol1 7says he17     
wrote to me ! foll[+ lett]1 dat$        
,febru>y #bb1 #agdi3--';,all[ me to     
communicate to y a fact :i* took place  
"h ab\t a =tnight ago4 ,madame de       
,boiseon1 #hj ye>s ( age1 exce$+ly      
meagre1 :o _h drunk no?+ b spirits =    
sev]al ye>s1 0 sitt+ 9 h] elb[ *air be=e
 ! fire1 :ile h] wait+-maid w5t out ( ! 
room = a few mom5ts4 ,on h] return1 see+
 h] mi/ress on fire1 %e imm$iately gave 
an al>m2 & "s p hav+ come to h]         
assi/ance1 "o ( !m endeav\r$ to ext+ui% 

! flames ) 8 h&1 b !y adh]$ to x z if x 
_h be5 dipp$ 9 br&y or oil on fire4     
,wat] 0 br\ght1 & ?r[n on ! lady 9      
abundance1 yet ! fire appe>$ m viol5t1 &
 0 n ext+ui%$ until ! :ole fle% _h be5  
consum$4 ,h] skeleton1 exce$+ly black1  
rema9$ entire 9 ! *air1 :i* 0 only a    
little scor*$2 "o leg only1 & ! two h&s1
 deta*$ !mselves f ! re/ ( ! bones4 ,x  
is n kn[n :e!r h] clo!s _h caught fire  
by approa*+ ! grate4 ,! lady 0 9 ! same 
place 9 :i* %e sat e day2 !re 0 no      
extraord9>y fire1 & %e _h n fall54 ,:at 
makes me suppose t ! use ( spirits might
 h produc$ ?is effect is1 my hav+ be5   
assur$1 t at ! gate ( ,d9an an accid5t (
 ! l k9d happ5$ to ano!r woman1 "u      
simil> circum/ances4'  ,to ^! in/ances1 
:i* ,i h multipli$ to /r5g!n ! evid5ce1 
,i %all add two o!r facts ( ! same k9d1 
publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,m$ic9e4 ,! fir/ 
took place at ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 & is ?us
 relat$ by ,muraire1 a surgeon3--,9 !   
mon? ( ,febru>y1 #aggi1 ,m>y ,jauffret1 
wid[ ( ,ni*olas ,gravi]1 %oemak]1 ( a   

small size1 exce$+ly corpul5t1 & addict$
 to dr9k+1 hav+ be5 burnt 9 h] ap>tm5t1 
,m4 ,rocas1 my colleague1 :o 0          
commission$ to make a report respect+ h]
 body1 f\nd only a mass ( a%es1 & a few 
bones1 calc9$ 9 su* a mann]1 t on ! lea/
 pressure !y 7 r$uc$ to du/4 ,! bones ( 
! cranium1 "o h&1 & a foot1 _h 9 "p     
escap$ ! action ( ! fire4 ,ne> ^! rema9s
 /ood a table unt\*$1 & "u ! table a    
small wood5 /ove1 ! grat+ ( :i*1 hav+   
be5 long burnt1 af=d$ an ap]ture1 ?r\gh 
:i*1 x is probable1 ! fire t occasion$ !
 melan*oly accid5t _h be5 communicat$3  
"o *air1 :i* /ood too ne> ! flames1 _h !
 seat & =e feet burnt4 ,9 o!r respects1 
!re 0 no appe>ance ( fire1 ei!r 9 !     
*imney or 9 ! ap>tm5ts2 s t1 except ! =e
 "p ( ! *air1 x appe>s to me1 t no o!r  
combu/ible matt] contribut$ to ?is spe$y
 inc9]ation1 :i* 0 effect$ 9 ! space (  
sev5 or eight h\rs4  ,! o!r in/ance     
m5tion$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,m$ic9e1 took    
place at ,ca51 & is ?us relat$ by       
,m]ille1 a surgeon ( t city1 /ill alive3

 ,be+ reque/$1 on ! #c;d ( ,june1 #aghb1
 by ! k+'s (fic]s1 to draw up a report (
 ! /ate 9 :i* ,i f\nd ,mademoiselle     
,?u>s1 :o 0 said to h be5 burnt1 ,i made
 ! foll[+ obs]vations3--,! body lay ) ! 
cr[n ( ! head re/+ aga9/ "o ( !         
h&-irons1 at ! di/ance ( eighte5 in*es f
 ! fire1 ! rema9d] ( ! body 0 plac$     
obliquely be=e ! *imney1 ! :ole be+ no?+
 b a mass ( a%es4 ,ev5 ! mo/ solid bones
 _h lo/ _! =m & consi/5ce2 none ( !m    
c\ld be di/+ui%$ except ! coronal1 ! two
 p>ietal bones1 ! two lumb> v]tebr1 a   
portion ( ! tibia1 & a "p ( ! omoplate2 
& ev5 ^! 7 s calc9$1 t !y became du/ by 
! lea/ pressure4 ,! "r foot 0 f\nd      
entire1 & scor*$ at its upp] junction1 !
 left 0 m burnt4 ,! day 0 cold1 b !re 0 
no?+ 9 ! grate1 except two or ?ree bits 
ab\t an in* diamet]1 burnt 9 ! middle4  
,none ( ! furniture 9 ! ap>tm5t 0       
damag$4 ,! *air on :i* ,mademoiselle    
,?u>s _h be5 sitt+1 0 f\nd at ! di/ance 
( a foot f h]1 & absolutely unt\*$4 ,i  
mu/ "h obs]ve1 t ?is lady 0 exce$+ly    

corpul5t1 t %e 0 ab\t sixty ye>s ( age1 
& mu* addict$ to spiritu\s liquors2 t ! 
day ( h] dea? %e _h drunk ?ree bottles (
 w9e1 & ab\t a bottle ( br&y2 & t !     
consumption ( ! body _h tak5 place 9    
less ?an sev5 h\rs1 ?\gh1 accord+ to    
appe>ance1 no?+ ar\nd ! body 0 burnt b !
 clo!s4  ,! t[n ( ,ca5 af=ds sev]al o!r 
in/ances ( ! same k9d4 ,i h be5 told by 
_m p1 & p>ticul>ly a physician (        
,arg5tan1 nam$ ,b\ffet1 au?or ( an      
,essay on ,int]mitt5t ,fev]s1 t a woman 
( ! l[] class1 :o liv$ at ,place        
,vill>s1 & :o 0 kn[n to be mu* addict$  
to /rong liquors1 _h be5 f\nd 9 h] h\se 
burnt4 ,! extremities ( h] body only 7  
sp>$1 b ! furniture 0 v little damag$4  
,! t[n ( ,ca5 records ! hi/ory ( ano!r  
old woman1 addict$ to dr9k+4 ,i 0       
assur$1 by ^? :o told me ! fact1 t !    
flames :i* proce$$ f ! body1 c\ld n be  
ext+ui%$ by wat]3 b ,i ?9k x ne$less to 
relate ?is1 & ! p>ticul>s ( ano!r ev5t  
:i* took place 9 ! same t[n1 because !y 
7 n atte/$ by a procs v]bal1 & n hav+   

be5 communicat$ by pr(essional m51 !y d 
n inspire ! same degree ( confid5ce4    
,?is collection ( in/ances is support$1 
!re=e1 by all ^? au!ntic pro(s1 :i* c be
 requir$ to =m human te/imony2 = :ile we
 admit ! prud5t d\bt ( ,desc>tes1 we    
ought to reject ! univ]sal d\bt ( !     
,pyrrhoni/s4 ,! multiplicity & uni=mity 
ev5 ( ^! facts1 :i* occurr$ 9 diff]5t   
places1 & 7 atte/$ by s _m enlight5$ m51
 c>ry ) !m conviction2 !y h su* a       
relation to ea* o!r1 t we are incl9$ to 
ascribe !m to ! same cause4             
,difficulties w\ld1 no d\bt1 be (f]$ f  
reason+ aga9/ ^! facts2 b ! writ]       
rem>ks1 t human te/imony is n to be     
reject$1 unless ! probability t ! facts 
mu/ be impossible1 %all be great] ?an t 
aris+ f ! concurr5ce ( evid5ce3 & he    
adds1 t ! n>ratives1 ?\gh v>y+ s widely 
z to "t & place1 d v rem>kably agree 9  
_! t5or4 ,! circum/ances are1 t1 7#a7 ,!
 combu/ion has usually de/roy$ ! p]son  
by r$uc+ ! body to a mass ( pulv]ul5t   
fatty matt]1 resembl+ a%es4 7#b7 ,!re 7 

no signs ( combu/ion 9 surr\nd+ bodies1 
by :i* x c\ld be occasion$1 z ^! 7      
little1 if at all1 injur$2 ?\gh1 7#c7 ,!
 combu/ion did n seem to be s p]fectly  
spontane\s1 b t "s slight cause1 su* z !
 fire ( a pipe1 or a tap]1 or a c&le1   
seems to h begun x4 7#d7 ,! p]sons 7    
g5]ally mu* addict$ to ! use ( spiritu\s
 liquors2 7 v fat2 9 mo/ in/ances wom51 
& old4 7#e7 ,! extremities1 su* z !     
legs1 h&s1 or cranium1 escap$ ! fire4   
7#f7 ,wat]1 in/ead ( ext+ui%+ ! fire1   
gave x m activity1 z happ5s :5 fat is   
burn$4 7#g7 ,! residue 0 oily & fetid   
a%es1 ) a greasy soot1 ( a v p5etrat+ & 
disagreeable smell4  ,! !ory ( ! au?or  
may be consid]$ z hypo!tical1 until     
matur] obs]vations %all ?r[ m light on !
 subject4 ,! pr9cipal fact is1 t *>coal 
& oil1 or fat1 are kn[n 9 "s in/ances to
 take fire spontane\sly1 & he supposes !
 c>bon ( ! alcohol to be deposit$ 9 !   
fat p>ts ( ! human sy/em1 & to produce  
?is effect4     ,,*ap4 ,,viii4          
,,curiosities ,,respect+                

,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,john          
,elwes--,daniel ,danc]--,h5ry           
,wolby--,john ,h5ley--,simon ,br[n1 &   
8 ,curi\s ,d$ication to ,que5           
,c>ol9e--,edw>d ,wortley                
,montague--,blaise ,pascal--,old        
,p>r--,george ,psalmanaz>--,john        
,case--,john     ,lewis ,c>diac--,john  
,smeaton--,george ,morl&--,h5ry ,*ri/ian
     ,he9eck5--,?omas ,topham--,zeuxis4 
,,biographical4  ,,john ,,elwes4--,!    
family "n ( ?is extraord9>y mis] 0      
,meggot1 :i* he alt]$ 9 pursuance ( ! w 
( ,sir ,h>vey ,elwes1 8 uncle1 :o left  
him at lea/ #bej1jjj1 & he 0 possess$ ( 
ne>ly z mu* ( 8 own4 ,at ?is "t he      
att5d$ ! mo/ not$ gam+ h\ses1 & aft]    
sitt+ up a :ole night at play = ?\s&s1  
he w\ld proce$ to ,smi?field to meet 8  
cattle1 :i* 7 com+ to m>ket f 8 seat 9  
,essex1 & !re w\ld he /& disput+ ) a    
cattle-but*] = a %ill+4 ,if ! cattle did
 n arrive1 he w\ld walk on to meet !m2 &
 m ?an once he has gone ! :ole way to 8 
f>m )\t /opp+1 :i* 0 sev5te5 miles f    

,london4 ,he w\ld walk 9 ! ra9 9        
,london1 soon] ?an pay a %ill+ = a coa*2
 sit 9 wet clo!s1 to save ! exp5se ( a  
fire2 eat 8 provisions 9 ! la/ /age (   
putrefaction2 & he wore a wig = a       
=tnight1 :i* he pick$ up 9 a lane4 ,9   
#aggd he 0 *os5 knight ( ! %ire =       
,b]k%ire1 & 8 conduct 9 p>liam5t 0      
p]fectly indep5d5t4 ,he di$ 9 #aghi1 ag$
 ab\t #gg1 leav+ a =tune ( #ejj1jjj1    
besides entail$ e/ates4   ,ano!r        
extraord9>y mis] 0 ,,daniel ,,danc]4 ,he
 0 born 9 #agaf1 ne> ,h>r[1 9           
,middlesex4 ,9 #agcf he succe$$ to 8    
family e/ate1 :i* 0 consid]able2 b 8    
fa!rs be=e him 7 too great lov]s ( money
 to lay out any 9 improvem5ts3 ,daniel  
foll[$ _! example1 & ! f>m w5t worse &  
worse4 ,he l$ ! life ( a h]mit = above  
half a c5tury2 8 only deal+ ) mank9d    
arose f ! sale ( 8 hay2 & he 0 seldom   
se51 except :5 he 0 out ga!r+ logs (    
wood f ! common1 or old iron1 or %eep's 
dung "u ! h$ges4 ,he 0 frequ5tly robb$2 
to prev5t :i*1 he fa/5$ 8 door up1 & got

 into 8 h\se ?r\gh ! upp] w9d[1 to asc5d
 :i* he made use ( a ladd]1 :i* he drew 
up aft] him4 ,8 si/]1 :o liv$ ) him _m  
ye>s1 left him at h] dea? a consid]able 
increase to 8 weal?2 on :i* he b\ght a  
second-h& pair ( black /ock+s1 to put   
himself 9 dec5t m\rn+4 ,?is 0 an article
 ( luxury1 = at o!r times ,daniel wore  
hay-b&s on 8 legs4 ,he di$ 9 #agid1 &   
left 8 e/ates to ,lady ,tempe/1 :o _h   
be5 v *>itable to ! poor man & 8 si/]4  
,ano!r extraord9>y "* 0 ,,h5ry ,,wolby1 
,esq4--,he 0 a native ( ,l9coln%ire1 &  
inh]it$ a cle> e/ate ( m ?an #ajjjl4 a  
ye>4 ,he 0 regul>ly br$ at ! univ]sity1 
/udi$ = "s "t 9 "o ( ! inns ( c\rt1 & 9 
! c\rse ( 8 travels _h sp5t sev]al ye>s 
abroad4 ,on 8 return1 ?is v accompli%$  
g5tleman settl$ on 8 pat]nal e/ate1 liv$
 ) great hospitality1 mat*$ to 8 lik+1 &
 _h a beautiful & virtu\s daught]1 :o 0 
m>ri$1 ) 8 entire approbation1 to a ,sir
 ,*ri/oph] ,hilli>d1 9 ,york%ire4  ,he  
_h n[ liv$ to ! age ( =ty1 respect$ by !
 ri*1 pray$ = by ! poor1 hon\r$ & belov$

 by all2 :51 "o day1 a y\ng/]1 ) :om he 
_h "s diff]5ce 9 op9ion1 meet+ him 9 !  
field1 snapp$ a pi/ol at him1 :i*       
happily fla%$ 9 ! pan4 ,?9k+ t ?is 0    
done only to fright5 him1 he coolly     
dis>m$ ! ruffian1 &1 putt+ ! weapon     
c>elessly 9 8 pocket1 ?\ghtfully return$
 home2 b1 aft] exam9ation1 ! discov]y ( 
bullets 9 ! pi/ol _h su* an effect on 8 
m9d1 t he in/antly conceiv$ an          
extraord9>y resolution ( retir+ entirely
 f ! _w1 9 :i* he p]si/$ to ! end ( 8   
life4 ,he took a v fair h\se 9 ! l[] end
 ( ,grub-/reet1 ne> ,cripplegate1       
,london1 & contract+ a num]\s ret9ue    
into a small family1 hav+ ! h\se prep>$ 
= 8 purpose1 he select$ ?ree *amb]s =   
himself2 ! "o = 8 diet1 ! o!r = 8 lodg+1
 ! o!r = 8 /udy4 ,z !y 7 "o )9          
ano!r1--:ile 8 diet 0 set on ! table by 
an old maid1 he retir$ into 8 lodg+     
room2 & :5 8 b$ 0 mak+1 into 8 /udy2    
/ill do+ s till all 0 cle>4 ,out ( ^!   
*amb]s1 f ! "t ( 8 entry into !m1 he    
nev] issu$1 till he 0 c>ri$ !nce1 #dd   

ye>s aft]1 on m5's %\ld]s2 nei!r1 9 all 
t "t1 did 8 son-9-law1 daught]1 or      
gr&-*ild1 bro!r1 si/]1 or k9sman1 "y or 
old1 ri* or poor1 ( :at degree or       
condition soev]1 look ^u 8 face1 save ! 
anci5t maid1 ^: "n 0 ,elizabe?4 ,%e only
 made 8 fire1 prep>$ 8 b$1 provid$ 8    
diet1 & dress$ 8 *amb]s4 ,%e saw him b  
seldom1 nev] b 9 cases ( extraord9>y    
necessity1 & di$ n six days be=e him4   
,9 all ! "t ( 8 retirem5t1 he nev] ta/$ 
fi% or fle%2 8 *ief food 0 oatmeal      
gruel2 n[ & !n1 9 summ]1 he _h a salad (
 "s *oice cool h]bs2 & = da9ties1 :5 he 
w\ld fea/ himself ^u a high day1 he w\ld
 eat ! yoke ( a h5's egg1 b no "p ( !   
:ite2 :at bread he did eat1 he cut out (
 ! middle ( ! loaf1 b ! cru/ he nev]    
ta/$2 8 con/ant dr9k 0 f\r-%ill+ be]1 & 
no o!r1 = he nev] ta/$ w9e or /rong     
dr9k4 ,n[ & !n1 :5 8 /oma* s]v$1 he w\ld
 eat "s k9d ( sack]s1 & he sometimes    
drank r$ c['s milk1 :i* 0 fet*$ hot f ! 
c[4 ,nev]!less1 he kept a b\ntiful table
 = 8 s]vant1 & suffici5t ent]ta9m5t =   

any /rang] or t5ant1 :o _h occasion (   
bus9ess at 8 h\se4 ,e book t 0 pr9t$ 0  
b\ght = him1 & convey$ to him2 b su* z  
relat$ to controv]sy he always laid     
aside1 & nev] read4  ,9 ,*ri/mas        
holidays1 at ,ea/]1 & o!r fe/ivals1 he 0
 provid$ ) all di%es 9 season1 s]v$ into
 8 own *amb]1 ) /ores ( w9e1 :i* 8 maid 
br\ght 94 ,!n1 aft] ?anks to ,god = 8   
good b5efits1 he w\ld p9 a clean napk9  
be=e him1 & putt+ on a pair ( clean     
holl& sleeves1 :i* rea*$ to 8 elb[s1    
cutt+ up di% aft] di% 9 ord]1 he w\ld   
s5d "o to a poor neighb\r1 ! next to    
ano!r1 :e!r x 7 brawn1 beef1 capon1     
goose1 c4 till he _h left ! :ole table  
empty2 :51 giv+ ?anks aga91 he laid by 8
 l951 & caus$ ! di%es to be tak5 away3 &
 ?is he w\ld d1 at d9n] & supp]1 ^u ^!  
days1 )\t ta/+ ( any ?+ :atsoev]4 ,:5   
any clam\r$ impud5tly at 8 gate1 !y 7 n1
 !re=e1 imm$iately reliev$2 b :51 f 8   
private *amb]1 he espi$ any sick1 weak1 
or lame1 he w\ld pres5tly s5d aft] !m1  
to com=t1 *]i%1 & /r5g!n !m1 & n a      

trifle to s]ve !m = ! pres5t1 b s mu* z 
w\ld relieve !m _m days aft]4 ,he w\ld  
moreov] inquire :i* ( 8 neighb\rs 7     
indu/ri\s 9 _! call+s1 & :o _h great    
*>ge ( *ildr52 & )al1 if _! lab\r &     
indu/ry c\ld n suffici5tly supply _!    
families3 to su* he w\ld lib]ally s5d1 &
 relieve !m accord+ to _! necessities4  
,he di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,grub-/reet1 aft] an
 an*oretical conf9em5t ( =ty-f\r ye>s1  
,octob] #bi1 #afcf1 ag$ #hd4 ,at 8 dea?1
 8 hair & be>d 0 s ov]gr[n1 t he appe>$ 
r l a h]mit ( ! wild]ness1 ?an !        
inhabitant ( "o ( ! fir/ cities 9 ! _w4 
,a v s+ul> "* 0 ,,john ,,h5ley1 ,m4 ,a4 
commonly call$ ,orator ,h5ley4 ,he 0    
born at ,melton-,m[bray1 ,leice/]%ire1 9
 #afia4 ,8 fa!r1 ! ,rev4 ,simon ,h5ley1 
& 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r1 ,john ,d[el1 ,m4   
,a4 7 bo? vic>s ( t p>i%4 ,hav+ pass$ 8 
ex]cises at ,cambridge1 & obta9$ !      
degree ( ,b4 ,a4 he return$ to 8 native 
place1 :]e he 0 desir$ by ! tru/ees to  
take ! direction ( ! s*ool1 :i* he soon 
rais$ to a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,"h he    

began 8 ,univ]sal ,gramm>2 f9i%$ t5     
languages1 ) diss]tations prefix$2 &    
wrote 8 poem on ,e/h]1 :i* 0 well       
receiv$4 ,he 0 orda9$ a deacon by ,dr4  
,wake1 !n ,bi%op ( ,l9coln2 & hav+ tak5 
8 degree ( ,m4 ,a4 0 admitt$ to prie/'s 
ord]s by ,dr4 ,gibson4 ,aft] prea*+ _m  
occasional s]mons1 he w5t to ,london1   
recomm5d$ by above ?irty lett]s f ! mo/ 
consid]able m5 9 ! c\ntry1 bo? ( ! cl]gy
 & laity4 ,he !re publi%$ ,translations 
( ,pl9y's ,epi/les1 ( sev]al works (    
,abb ,v]tot1 ( ,montfaucon's ,italian   
,travels1 9 folio1 & _m orig9al         
lucubrations4 ,8 mo/ g5]\s patron 0 !   
,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 :o gave him a     
b5efice 9 ! c\ntry1 ! value ( :i*1 to a 
resid5t1 w\ld h be5 above #hj a ye>2 he 
_h likewise a lecture 9 ! city2 s]mons  
ab\t t[n2 0 m num]\sly foll[$1 & rais$ m
 = ! poor *ildr51 ?an any o!r prea*]1   
except ! celebrat$ ,george ,:itfield4 ,b
 :5 he press$ 8 promise f a great man1 (
 be+ fix$ 9 t[n1 x 0 negativ$4 ,he !n   
gave up 8 b5efice & lecture1 believ+ !  

public w\ld be a m hospitable protector 
( le>n+ & sci5ce1 ?an "s ( ! high] ranks
 9 8 own ord]4 ,he prea*$ on ,sundays on
 !ological matt]s1 & on ,w$nesdays ^u   
all o!r sci5ces4 ,he declaim$ sev]al    
ye>s aga9/ ! greate/ p]sons1 &          
occasionally1 says ,w>burton1 did ,pope 
t hon\r4 ,t great poet1 h[ev]1 retaliat$
 9 ! foll[+ satirical l9es3    ,imbr[n'd
 ) native bronze1 lo1 ,h5ley /&s1       
,tun+ 8 voice1 & balanc+ 8 h&s4   ,h[   
flu5t nons5se trickles f 8 tongue6   ,h[
 sweet ! p]iods1 nei!r said nor sung6   
,/ill break ! b5*es1 ,h5ley1 ) ?y /ra91 
,:ile ,k5net1 ,h>e1 & ,gibson1 prea* 9  
va91   ,o great re/or] ( ! good old age1
   ,prea*] at once1 & zany1 ( ?y age6   
,in/ead ( tickets1 ?is extraord9>y p]son
 /ruck m$als1 :i* he disp]s$ among 8    
subscrib]s3 ,a /> ris+ to ! m]idian1 )  
?is motto1 ,ad ,summa2 & bel[1 ,inv5iam 
viam1 aut faciam4 ,ea* auditor paid u4  
,he 0 au?or ( a weekly pap]1 call$ ,!   
,hyp ,doctor1 = :i* he _h #ajj a ye>4 ,9
 8 adv]tisem5ts & lectures1 he (t5      

introduc$ satirical & humor\s rem>ks on 
! public transactions ( ! times4 ,he    
once collect$ an audi5ce ( a great numb]
 ( %oemak]s1 by ann\nc+ t he c\ld tea*  
!m a spe$y mode ( op]ation 9 _! bus9ess2
 :i* prov$ only to be1 ! mak+ ( %oes f  
ready-made boots4 ,he di$ on ! #ad? (   
,octob]1 #agef1 9 8 #fe? ye>4   ,! next 
"* we introduce is ,,simon ,,br[ne1 ) 8 
,curi\s ,d$ication to ,que5 ,c>ol9e4    
,simon ,br[ne 0 a mo/ extraord9>y       
diss5t+ m9i/]1 & began to prea* be=e he 
0 tw5ty1 at ,portsm\?1 b aft]w>ds became
 ! pa/or at ,old ,jewry4 ,9 #agbc1 he   
lo/ 8 wife & son1 :i* s affect$ him1 t  
he quitt$ 8 (fice1 & w\ld n ev5 att5d   
public wor%ip1 alleg+1 t he _h fall5 "u 
! displeasure ( ,god1 :o _h caus$ 8     
rational s\l to p]i%1 & left him only an
 animal life1 common ) brutes2 t ?\gh he
 might appe> rational to o!rs1 he knew  
no m :at he said ?an a p>rot2 t x 0 9   
va9 = him to pray2 & z su*1 he no long] 
acc\nt$ himself a moral ag5t4 ,yet he   
frequ5tly amus$ himself ) translat+ !   

anci5t ,lat9 & ,greek poets4 ,at ! same 
"t1 he wrote two v able works 9 def5ce (
 ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ,wool/on & ,t9dal4   
,he d$icat$ "o ( ^! works to ! ,que51 b 
! ,d$ication 0 suppress$ by 8 fri5ds4   
,be+ a curiosity ( its k9d1 we %all     
annex x4  ,to ! ,que54--,madam3 ,( all !
 extraord9>y ?+s t h be5 t5d]$ to y\r   
royal h&s1 s9ce y\r fir/ happy arrival 9
 ,brita91 x may be boldly said1 :at n[  
bespeaks y\r maje/y's acceptance is !   
*ief4 ,n 9 itself inde$2 x is a trifle  
unwor?y y\r exalt$ rank1 & :at w h>dly  
prove an ent]ta9+ amusem5t to "o ( y\r  
maje/y's deep p5etration1 exact judgm5t1
 & f9e ta/e2 b on acc\nt ( ! au?or1 :o  
is ! fir/ be+ ( ! k9d1 & yet )\t a "n4  
,he 0 once a man1 & ( "s little "n2 b ( 
no wor?1 z 8 pres5t unp>allel$ case     
makes b too manife/3 =1 by ! imm$iate h&
 ( an av5g+ ,god1 8 v ?9k+ sub/ance has 
= m ?an sev5 ye>s be5 cont9ually wa/+   
away1 till x is :olly p]i%$ out ( him1  
if x be n utt]ly come to no?+4 ,none1   
no1 n ! lea/ remembrance ( its v ru9s1  

rema92 n ! %ad[ ( an idea is left1 nor  
any s5se1 s mu* z "o s+le "o1 p]fect or 
imp]fect1 :ole or dim9i%$1 ev] did appe>
 to a m9d )9 him1 or 0 p]ceiv$ by x4    
,su* a pres5t1 f su* a ?+1 h[ev]        
wor?less 9 itself1 may n be :olly       
unacceptable to y\r maje/y1 ! au?or be+ 
su* z hi/ory _c p>allel2 & if ! fact1   
:i* is real1 & no fiction1 or wrong     
conceit1 obta9s cr$it1 x mu/ be record$ 
z ! mo/ memorable1 & inde$1 a/oni%+     
ev5t1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii4 t a     
tract compos$ by su* a ?+1 0 pres5t$ to 
! illu/ri\s ,c>ol9e2--8 royal consort   
ne$ n be add$2 fame1 if ,i am n mis9=m$1
 w tell t ) pleasure to all succe$+     
times4 ,he has be5 in=m$1 t y\r maje/y's
 piety is g5u9e & em95t1 z y\r excell5t 
qualities are great & conspicu\s4 ,?is  
c1 inde$1 be truly kn[n to ! great se>*]
 ( he>ts only4 ,he alone1 :o c look into
 !m1 c disc]n if !y are s9c]e1 & ! ma9  
int5tion corresponds ) ! appe>ance2 &   
y\r maje/y _c take x amiss1 if su* an   
au?or h9ts1 t 8 secret approbation is ( 

inf9itely great] value ?an ! comm5dation
 ( m51 :o may be easily mi/ak51 & are   
too apt to flatt] _! sup]iors4 ,b1 if he
 has be5 told ! tru?1 su* a case z 8 w  
c]ta9ly /rike y\r maje/y ) a/oni%m5t2 & 
may raise t commis]ation 9 y\r royal    
brea/1 :i* he has 9 va9 endeav\r$ to    
excite 9 ^? ( 8 fri5ds2 :o1 by ! mo/    
unreasonable & ill-f\nd$ conceit 9 ! _w1
 h imag9$ t a ?9k+ be+ c\ld n1 = sev5   
ye>s toge!r1 live a /rang] to its own   
p[]s1 ex]cises1 op]ations1 & /ate2 & to 
:at ! great ,god has be5 do+ 9 x1 & to  
x4 ,if y\r maje/y1 9 y\r mo/ retir$     
address to ! ,k+ ( k+s1 %\ld ?9k ( s    
s+ul> a case1 y may p]haps make x y\r   
dev\t reque/1 t ! reign ( y\r belov$    
sov]eign & consort may be r5[n$ to all  
po/]ity1 by ! recov]y ( a s\l n[ 9 !    
utmo/ ru91 ! re/oration ( "o utt]ly lo/ 
at pres5t among/ m52 & %\ld ?is case    
affect y\r royal brea/1 y w comm5d x to 
! piety & pray]s ( all ! truly dev\t1 :o
 h ! hon\r to be kn[n to y\r maje/y3 _m 
su* d\btless !re are2 ?\gh c\rts are n  

usually ! places :]e ! dev\t resort1 or 
:]e devotion reigns4 ,& x is n          
improbable1 t multitudes ( ! pi\s       
?r\gh\t ! l& may take a case to he>t1 t1
 "u y\r maje/y's patronage1 comes ?us   
recomm5d$4  ,c\ld su* a fav\r z ?is     
re/oration be obta9$ f heav51 by !      
pray]s ( y\r maje/y1 ) :at transport (  
gratitude w\ld ! recov]$ be+ ?r[ himself
 at y\r maje/y's feet1 &1 ador+ ! div9e 
p[] & grace1 pr(ess himself4    ,i am1  
c4   ,,simon ,,br[ne4   ,! next curi\s  
"* we %all exhibit is ,,edw>d ,,wortley 
,,montague4  ,he 0 son ( ! celebrat$    
,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montague4 ,he pass$
 ?r\gh su* v>i\s sc5es1 t he is well    
entitl$ to a place 9 ?is collection (   
curiosities4 ,f ,we/m9/] s*ool1 :]e he 0
 plac$ = education1 he ran away ?rice4  
,he ex*ang$ clo!s ) a *imney-sweep]1 &  
foll[$ = "s "t t sooty occupation4 ,he  
next jo9$ a fi%]man1 & cri$ fl\nd]s 9   
,ro!rhi!4 ,he !n sail$ z a cab9-boy =   
,spa92 :]e he _h no soon] arriv$1 ?an he
 ran away f ! vessel1 & hir$ himself to 

a driv] ( mules4 ,aft] ?us vagabondiz+ x
 = "s "t1 he 0 discov]$ by ! consul1 :o 
return$ him to 8 fri5ds 9 ,engl&4 ,!y   
receiv$ him ) joy1 & a private tutor 0  
employ$ to recov] ^? rudim5ts ( le>n+   
:i* a life ( dissipation1 blackgu>dism1 
& vulg>ity1 might h oblit]at$4 ,wortley 
0 s5t to ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e he rema9$  
"s "t2 !n return$ to ,engl&1 act$       
accord+ to ! dignity ( 8 bir?1 0 *os5 a 
memb]1 & s]v$ 9 two successive          
p>liam5ts4 ,8 exp5ses exce$+ 8 income1  
he became involv$ 9 debt1 quitt$ 8      
native c\ntry1 & comm5c$ t w&]+ travell]
 he cont9u$ to ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,hav+     
visit$ mo/ ( ! ea/]n c\ntries1 he       
contract$ a p>tiality = _! mann]s4 ,he  
drank little w9e1 b a great deal (      
c(fee2 wore a long be>d2 smok$ mu*2 &   
ev5 :il/ at ,v5ice1 0 habit$ 9 ! ea/]n  
/yle4 ,he sat cross-legg$ 9 ! ,turki%   
fa%ion1 f *oice4 ,) ! ,hebrew1 !        
,arabic1 ! ,*aldaic1 & ! ,p]sian        
languages1 he 0 z well acqua9t$ z ) 8   
native tongue4 ,he publi%$ sev]al       

pieces3 "o on ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,roman
 ,empire2 ano!r on ! ,causes (          
,e>?quakes4 ,he _h s]aglios ( wives2 b !
 lady :om he m>ri$ 9 ,engl& 0 a         
wa%]woman1 ) :om he did n cohabit4 ,:5  
%e di$ )\t leav+ issue to him1 be+      
unwill+ t 8 e/ate %\ld g to ! ,bute     
family1 he set out = ,engl&1 to m>ry a  
"y woman already pregnant1 :om a fri5d  
_h provid$ = him2 b he di$ on 8 j\rney4 
,! next "* t comes be=e u is ,,blaise   
,,pascal4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sublime/ g5iuses 
! _w ev] produc$2 0 born at ,cl]mont1 9 
,auv]gne1 9 #afbc4 ,he nev] _h any      
preceptor b 8 fa!r4 ,s great a turn _h  
he = ! ma!matics1 t he le>n$1 or r      
inv5t$1 geometry1 :5 b twelve ye>s old2 
= 8 fa!r 0 unwill+ to initiate him 9 t  
sci5ce e>ly1 = fe> ( its div]t+ him f ! 
/udy ( ! languages4 ,at sixte51 he      
compos$ a curi\s ma!matical piece4 ,ab\t
 n9ete51 he inv5t$ 8 ma*9e ( ari?metic1 
:i* has be5 mu* admir$ by ! le>n$4 ,he  
aft]w>ds employ$ himself assidu\sly 9   
mak+ exp]im5ts accord+ to ! new         

philosophy1 & p>ticul>ly improv$ ^u ^? (
 ,toricellius4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r 8  
m9d took a diff]5t turn2 =1 all at once1
 he became z great a devotee z any age  
has ev] produc$1 & gave himself up      
entirely to pray] & mortification4   ,! 
next is a "* fam\s =                    
longevity4--,,?omas1 or ,,old ,,p>r1 a  
rem>kable ,engli%man1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign 
( t5 k+s & que5s4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,john   
,p>r1 a husb&man1 ( ,w9n+ton1 9 ! p>i% (
 ,ald]bury1 ,salop4 ,foll[+ ! pr(ession 
( 8 fa!r1 he lab\r$ h>d1 & liv$ on co>se
 f>e4 ,be+ tak5 up to ,london by ! ,e>l 
( ,arundel1 ! j\rney prov$ fatal to him4
 ,ow+ to ! alt]ation ( 8 diet1 to !     
*ange ( ! air & 8 g5]al mode ( life1 he 
liv$ b a v %ort "t2 ?\gh "o ,rob]t      
,samb] says1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,long       
,liv]s1 t ,p>r liv$ #af ye>s aft] 8     
pres5tation to ,*>les ,,ii4 ,he 0 buri$ 
9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 body 0
 op5$1 & an acc\nt 0 drawn up by !      
celebrat$ ,dr4 ,h>vey1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is
 an extract3 ,he _h a l>ge brea/1 n     

fung\s1 b /ick+ to 8 ribs1 & di/5d$ )   
blood2 a lividness 9 8 face1 z he _h a  
difficulty ( brea?+ a little be=e 8     
dea?2 & a long la/+ w>m? 9 8 arm-pits & 
brea/ aft] x2 :i* sign1 toge!r ) o!rs1 7
 s evid5t 9 8 body z !y use to be on ^? 
:o die by suffocation4 ,8 he>t 0 great1 
?ick1 fibr\s1 & fat2 ! blood 9 ! he>t1  
blacki% & dilut$2 ! c>tilages ( ! /]num 
n m bony ?an 9 o!rs1 b flexile & s(t4 ,8
 visc]a 7 s\nd & /rong1 especially !    
/oma*2 & he us$ to eat (t51 by night &  
day1 ?\gh cont5t$ ) old *eese1 milk1    
co>se bread1 small be]1 & :ey2 &1 :i* is
 m rem>kable1 he ate at midnight a      
little be=e he di$4 ,8 kidneys 7 cov]$ )
 fat1 & pretty s\nd2 only on ! int]ior  
surface 7 f\nd "s aque\s or s]\s        
abscesses1 :]e( "o 0 ne> ! bigness ( a  
h5's egg1 ) a yell[i% wat] 9 x1 hav+    
made a r\ndi% cavity1 impress$ on t     
kidney2 :5ce "s ?\ght x came1 t1 a      
little be=e 8 dea?1 a suppression ( ur9e
 _h befall5 him2 ?\gh o!rs 7 ( op9ion1 t
 8 ur9e 0 suppress$ ^u ! regurgitation (

 all ! s]osity into 8 lungs4 ,!re 0 n ! 
lea/ appe>ance ( any /ony matt]1 ei!r 9 
! kidneys or bladd]4 ,8 b[els 7 also    
s\nd1 a little :iti% )\t4 ,8 sple5 v    
little1 h>dly equal to ! bigness ( "o   
kidney4 ,9 %ort1 all 8 inw>d p>ts appe>$
 s heal?y1 t if he _h n *ang$ 8 diet &  
air1 he might1 p]haps1 h liv$ a good    
:ile long]4 ,! cause ( 8 dea? 0 imput$  
*iefly to ! *ange ( food & air2 =asmu* z
 com+ out ( a cle>1 ?91 & free air1 he  
came into ! ?ick air ( ,london2 &1 aft] 
a con/ant1 pla91 & homely c\ntry diet1  
he 0 tak5 into a spl5did family1 :]e he 
f$ high1 & drank pl5tifully ( ! be/     
w9es1 :]eupon ! natural functions ( !   
p>ts ( 8 body 7 ov]*>g$1 8 lungs        
ob/ruct$1 & ! habit ( ! :ole body q     
disord]$2 ^u :i* !re c\ld n b ensue a   
dissolution4 ,8 bra9 0 s\nd1 entire1 &  
firm2 & ?\gh he _h n ! use ( 8 eyes1 nor
 mu* ( 8 memory1 sev]al ye>s be=e he    
di$1 yet he _h 8 he>+ & appreh5sion v   
well2 & 0 able1 ev5 to ! #acj? ye> ( 8  
age1 to d any husb&man's "w1 ev5 ?re%+ (

 corn4--,! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 life is f  
,oldy's ,,ms4 ,notes on ,full]'s        
,wor?ies3  ,old ,p>r 0 born #adhc2 liv$ 
at home until #aejj1 ag$ #ag1 :5 he w5t 
out to s]vice4 #aeah1 ag$ #ce1 return$  
home f 8 ma/]4 #aebb1 ag$ #ci1 sp5t f\r 
ye>s on ! rema9d] ( 8 fa!r's lease4     
#aedc1 ag$ #fj1 end$ ! fir/ lease he    
r5ew$ ( ,mr4 ,lewis ,port]4 #aefc1 ag$  
#hj1 m>ri$ ,jane1 daught] ( ,john       
,taylor1 a maid52 by :om he _h a son & a
 daught]1 :o bo? di$ v "y4 #aefd1 ag$   
#ha1 end$ ! second lease :i* he r5ew$ ( 
,mr4 ,john ,port]4 #aehe1 ag$ #ajb1 end$
 ! ?ird lease he _h r5ew$ ( ,mr4 ,hugh  
,port]4 #aehh1 ag$ #aje1 did p5ance 9   
,ald]bury *ur*1 = hav+ a crim9al        
connection ) ,ka!r9e ,milton1 by :i* %e 
prov$ ) *ild4 #aeie1 ag$ #aab1 he buri$ 
8 wife ,jane1 aft] !y _h liv$ #cb ye>s  
toge!r4 #afje1 ag$ #abb1 hav+ liv$ t5   
ye>s a wid[]1 he m>ri$ ,jane1 wid[ (    
,an?ony ,adda1 daught] ( ,john ,lloyd1 (
 ,gilsells1 9 ,montgom]y%ire1 :o surviv$
 him4 #afce1 ag$ #aeb & #i mon?s1 he    

di$1 aft] !y _h liv$ toge!r #cj ye>s1 & 
aft] #ej ye>s' possession ( 8 la/       
lease4--,l5g? ( ye>s are ( no use1      
unless !y be sp5t 9 ! practice ( virtue4
   ,! next "* is a not$ impo/or1 "u !   
assum$ "n ( ,,george ,,psalmanaz>4 ,he 0
 a v extraord9>y g5ius1 born 9 ,france1 
& educat$ 9 a ,jesuit's college2 ^u     
leav+ :i*1 he fell into a mean1 rambl+  
way ( life4 ,at ,liege1 he ent]$ into ! 
,dut* s]vice1 & aft]w>ds into t (       
,cologne4 ,hav+ /ol5 ! habit & /aff ( a 
pilgrim out ( a *ur*1 he begg$ ?r\gh    
sev]al c\ntries1 9 elegant ,lat91 &1    
acco/+ only g5tlem5 & cl]gym51 receiv$  
lib]al supplies1 :i* he sp5t z freely4  
,9 ,g]many1 he pass$ = a native (       
,=mosa1 a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 & a    
suff]] = x4 ,at ,rott]dam he liv$ ^u raw
 fle%1 roots1 & vegetables4 ,at ,sluys  
he fell 9 ) ,brigadi] ,laud]1 a ,scots  
colonel1 :o introduc$ him to ! *apla92  
:o1 to recomm5d himself to ! bi%op (    
,london1 took him ov] to t city4 ,!     
bi%op patronis$ him ) cr$ul\s humanity1 

& a l>ge circle ( 8 great fri5ds        
consid]$ him z a prodigy4 ,he publi%$ a 
,hi/ory ( ,=mosa1 &1 :at 0 mo/          
extraord9>y1 inv5t$ a "* & language = t 
isl&1 & translat$ ! ,*ur* ,cate*ism 9 to
 x1 :i* 0 exam9$ by le>n$ critics1 &    
approv$4 ,"s ( ! le>n$1 h[ev]1 d\bt$    
him1 p>ticul>ly ,drs4 ,halley1 ,mead1 & 
,woodw>d4 ,he 0 all[$ ! use ( ! ,ox=d   
,libr>y1 & employ$ 9 compil+ ,!         
,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,"s errors 9 8 hi/ory
 fir/ l$ him to be suspect$ z an        
impo/or4 ,he di$ 9 #agec2 & 9 8 la/ w   
confess$ ! impo/ure4   ,! next subject  
is a celebrat$ ,quack ,doctor1 nam$     
,,john ,,case4 ,he 0 a native ( ,lyme   
,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire1 0 a not$ empyric 
& a/rolog]1 & look$ ^u z ! successor ( !
 fam\s ,lilly1 ^: magical ut5sils he    
possess$4 ,he is said to h got m by ?is 
di/i* ov] 8 door1 ?an ,dryd51 by all 8  
poetry3    ,)9 ?is place   ,lives       
,doctor ,case4  ,& he 01 d\btless1 well 
paid = compos+ t :i* he affix$ to 8 pill
 boxes3    ,"h's f\rte5 pills = ?irte5  

p5ce1   ,en\gh 9 any man's own          
consci5ce4  ,!re is a /ory told ( him & 
,dr4 ,radcliff3 be+ toge!r at a tav]n1  
,radcliff said1 ,"h1 bro!r ,case2 ,i    
dr9k to all ! fools y\r pati5ts4--,?ank 
ye1 quo? ,case2 let me h all ! fools1 & 
y are welcome to ! re/4 ,he wrote a     
nons5sical rhapsody1 call$ ! ,angelical 
,guide1 %ew+ m5 & wom5 _! lot & *ance 9 
?is elem5t>y life4   ,our next "* is    
fam\s = prematurity ( g5ius1 & nam$     
,,john ,,lewis ,,c&iac4 ,he 0 born at   
,c&iac1 9 ! diocese ( ,nismes1 9        
,france1 9 #agai4 ,9 ! cradle he        
di/+ui%$ 8 lett]s2 at ?irte5 mon?s he   
knew !m p]fectly2 at ?ree ye>s ( age he 
read ,lat91 ei!r pr9t$ or 9 manuscript2 
at f\r1 he translat$ f t tongue2 at six1
 he read ,greek & ,hebrew1 0 ma/] ( !   
pr9ciples ( ari?metic1 hi/ory1          
geography1 h]aldry1 & ! sci5ce ( m$als2 
& _h read ! be/ au?ors on almo/ e bran* 
( lit]ature4 ,he di$ ( a complication ( 
disord]s1 at ,p>is1 9 #agbf4   ,! next  
"* des]ves to be record$ z "o t 0       

em95tly useful 9 8 day & g5]ation4      
,,john ,,smeaton1 born ne> ,le$s1 9     
#agbd1 0 an em95t civil eng9e]4 ,! /r5g?
 ( 8 und]/&+1 & ! orig9ality ( 8 g5ius1 
appe>$ at an e>ly age3 8 play?+s 7 n !  
play?+s ( *ildr51 b ! tools :i* m5      
employ3 & he appe>$ to h great]         
ent]ta9m5t 9 see+ ! m5 9 ! neighb\rhood 
"w1 & 9 ask+ !m que/ions1 ?an 9 any ?+  
else4 ,"o day he 0 se5 7to ! di/ress ( 8
 fri5ds7 on ! top ( 8 fa!r's b>n1 fix+  
up some?+ l a w9dmill3 ano!r "t he      
att5d$ "s m5 fix+ a pump1 at a neighb\r+
 village1 & obs]v+ !m cut (f a piece (  
bor$ pipe1 he 0 s lucky z to procure x1 
& he actually made ) x a work+ pump t   
rais$ wat]4 ,?is happ5$ :ile he 0 9     
petticoats1 & mo/ likely be=e he _h     
atta9$ 8 six? ye>4   ,:ile we admire !  
+5uity ( ! next "*1 we mu/ lam5t t 8    
conduct 0 lic5ti\s4 ,x is ! well-kn[n   
,,george ,,morl&1 an +5i\s1 dissipat$1 &
 un=tunate pa9t]4 ,z he _h no o!r       
education ?an :at 0 connect$ ) ! p5cil &
 pallet1 he %unn$ ! society ( !         

well-in=m$ & well-br$2 & 8 pictures     
accord+ly are tak51 = ! mo/ "p1 f l[    
life1 & f ! mo/ humble1 if n ! mo/      
%ock+1 situations 9 :i* mank9d consort4 
,! foll[+ anecdote w give a suffici5t   
view ( ,morl&'s "*1 ^u :i* x w\ld give u
 pa9 to dwell at great] l5g?4 ,he 0 f\nd
 7says 8 biograph]7 at "o "t 9 a lodg+ 9
 ,som]'s-,t[n1 9 ! foll[+ extraord9>y   
circum/ances3 8 infant *ild1 t _h be5   
dead ne>ly ?ree weeks1 lay 9 its c(f9 9 
"o corn] ( ! room2 an ass & foal /ood   
mun*+ b>ley /raw out ( ! cradle2 a s[ & 
pigs 7 solac+ !mselves 9 ! recess ( an  
old cupbo>d2 & himself :i/l+ ov] a      
beautiful picture t he 0 f9i%+ at 8     
easel1 ) a bottle ( g9 hung ^u ! side1 &
 a live m\se sitt+ 7or if y please1     
kick+7 = its portrait4 ,8 con/itution1  
exhau/$ by dissipation1 rapidly gave    
way1 & he di$ be=e he _h rea*$ 8 =tie?  
ye>4   ,! next "* 0 inde$ a prodigy1 t  
%one l a meteor1 & soon vani%$ away4 ,we
 %all introduce him "u ! "n ( ,,*ri/ian 
,,h5ry ,,he9eck54  ,he 0 born at        

,lubeck1 ,febru>y #f1 #agba1 & di$ !re1 
,june #bg1 #agbe1 aft] hav+ display$ !  
mo/ amaz+ pro(s ( intellectual p[]s4 ,he
 c\ld talk at t5 mon?s old1 & _h sc>cely
 complet$ 8 fir/ ye>1 :5 he already knew
 & recit$ ! pr9cipal facts conta9$ 9 !  
five books ( ,moses1 ) a numb] ( v]ses  
on ! creation3 at ?irte5 mon?s1 he knew 
! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ! ,new1 at
 f\rte52 9 8 ?irtie? mon?1 ! hi/ory ( ! 
nations ( antiquity1 geography1 anatomy1
 ! use ( maps1 & ne>ly #ejjj ,lat9      
words4 ,be=e ! end ( 8 ?ird ye>1 he 0   
well acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,d5m>k1 & !  
g5ealogy ( ! cr[n$ heads ( ,europe2 9 8 
f\r? ye> he _h le>n$ ! doctr9es (       
div9ity1 ) _! pro(s f ! ,bible2         
ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 ! in/itutes2 #bjj 
hymns1 ) _! tunes2 #hj psalms2 entire   
*apt]s ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 #aejj 
v]ses & s5t5ces f anci5t ,lat9 classics2
 almo/ ! :ole ,orbis ,pictus ( ,com5ius1
 :5ce he _h d]iv$ all 8 k ( ! ,lat9     
language2 ari?metic2 ! hi/ory ( !       
,european empires & k+doms2 c\ld po9t   

out1 9 ! maps1 :atev] place he 0 ask$ =1
 or pass$ by 9 8 j\rneys2 & recit$ all !
 anci5t & mod]n hi/orical anecdotes     
relat+ to x4 ,8 /up5d\s memory caught & 
reta9$ e ^w he 0 told3 8 ev] active     
imag9ation us$1 :atev] he saw or he>d1  
in/antly to apply "s example or s5t5ce f
 ! ,bible1 geography1 pr(ane or         
ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ! ,orbis ,pictus1 
or f anci5t classics4 ,at ! c\rt (      
,d5m>k1 he deliv]$ twelve spee*es )\t   
once falt]+2 & und]w5t public exam9ation
 on a v>iety ( subjects1 especially !   
hi/ory ( ,d5m>k4 ,he spoke ,g]man1      
,lat91 ,fr5*1 & l[ ,dut*1 & 0 exce$+ly  
good-natur$1 & well-behav$1 b ( a mo/   
t5d] & delicate bodily con/itution2 nev]
 ate any solid food1 b *iefly subsi/$ on
 nurse's milk1 n be+ wean$ till )9 a v  
few mon?s ( 8 dea?1 at :i* "t he 0 n q  
f\r ye>s old4 ,!re is a diss]tation on  
?is1 publi%$ by ,m4 ,m>t9i1 at ,lubeck1 
#agcj1 :]e ! au?or attempts to assign ! 
natural causes = ! a/oni%+ capacity (   
?is great man 9 embryo1 :o 0 j %ewn to !

 _w1 & snat*$ away4   ,! next "* is ( a 
diff]5t description1 be+ fam\s = /r5g? (
 body2 he is nam$ ,,?omas ,,topham4     
,?is p]son 0 rem>kable = muscul> /r5g?4 
,he kept a public-h\se at ,isl+ton1 &   
us$ to p]=m surpris+ feats1 su* z break+
 a broom/ick ( ! fir/ magnitude1 by     
/rik+ x aga9/ 8 b>e arm2 lift+ two      
hog%eads ( wat]2 heav+ 8 horse ov] !    
turnpike-gate2 c>ry+ ! beam ( a h\se z a
 soldi] w\ld 8 firelock1 c4 ,he also    
c\ld roll up a pewt] di% ( sev5 p\nds1 z
 a man rolls up a %eet ( pap]2 squeeze a
 pewt] qu>t toge!r at arms' l5g?2 & lift
 two hundr$ weight ) 8 little f+]1 ov] 8
 head4 ,at ,d]by1 he broke a rope fa/5$ 
to ! floor1 t w\ld su/a9 tw5ty hundr$   
weight2 & lift$ an oak table1 six feet  
long1 ) 8 tee?1 ?\gh half a hundr$      
weight 0 hung at ! extremity4 ,he took  
,mr4 ,*amb]s1 vic> ( ,all ,sa9ts1 :o    
weigh$ tw5ty-sev5 /one1 & rais$ him ) "o
 h&4 ,he /abb$ himself1 aft] qu>rell+ )1
 & w\nd+ 8 wife1 #agdi4--;,extraord9>y  
/r5g? ( body is ( little value1 if /r5g?

 ( virtue be want+4   ,we %all conclude 
?is *apt] ) a celebrat$ ,pa9t] (        
,antiquity1 nam$ ,,zeuxis4  ,?is        
celebrat$ pa9t] fl\ri%$ ab\t #djj ye>s  
,b4 ,c4 ,he 0 born at ,h]aclea2 b z !re 
h be5 _m cities ( t "n1 x _c be c]ta9ly 
det]m9$ :i* ( !m _h ! hon\r ( 8 bir?4   
,"s conjecture1 t x 0 ,h]aclea1 ne>     
,crotona1 9 ,italy4 ,he c>ri$ pa9t+ to a
 mu* high] degree ( p]fection ?an       
,apollodorus _h left x2 discov]$ ! art (
 prop]ly dispos+ ( lights & %ades1 &    
p>ticul>ly excell$ 9 col\r+4 ,he amass$ 
imm5se ri*es2 & !n resolv$ to sell no m 
( 8 pictures1 b gave !m away2 say+1 ,t  
he c\ld n set a price on !m equal to _! 
value4 ,pl9y obs]ves1 t ?is admirable   
pa9t]1 disput+ = ! prize ( pa9t+ )      
,p>rhasius1 pa9t$ "s grapes s naturally1
 t ! birds flew d[n to peck !m3         
,p>rhasius1 on ! o!r h&1 pa9t$ a curta9 
s v artfully1 t ,zeuxis1 mi/ak+ x = a   
real "o1 t hid 8 rival's "w1 ord]$ !    
curta9 to be drawn aside1 to %ew :at    
,p>rhasius _h done2 b hav+ f\nd 8       

mi/ake1 he +5u\sly confess$ himself     
vanqui%$1 s9ce he _h only impos$ ^u     
birds1 :ile ,p>rhasius _h deceiv$ ev5 a 
ma/] ( ! art4 ,ano!r "t he pa9t$ a boy  
load$ ) grapes2 :5 ! birds also flew to 
?is picture1--at :i* he 0 vex$1 &       
confess$ t 8 "w 0 n suffici5tly f9i%$1  
s9ce1 _h he pa9t$ ! boy z p]fectly z !  
grapes1 ! birds w\ld h be5 afraid ( him4
 ,ar*elaus1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 made use (    
,zeuxis's p5cil = ! embelli%m5t ( 8     
palace4 ,"o ( ?is pa9t]'s f9e/ pieces 0 
a ,h]cules /rangl+ two ,s]p5ts 9 8      
,cradle1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 affright$ ,"m2 
b he himself *iefly e/eem$ 8 ,a?leta1 or
 ,*ampion1 "u :i* he plac$ a ,greek     
v]se1 t aft]w>ds became v fam\s1 & 9 :i*
 he says1 ,t x 0 easi] to criticize ?an 
to imitate ! picture4 ,he made a pres5t 
( 8 ,alcm5a to ! ,agrig5t9es4 ,zeuxis   
did n value himself on spe$ily f9i%+ 8  
pictures2 b kn[+ t ,aga?>cus glori$ 9 8 
be+ able to pa9t ) ease & 9 a little "t1
 he said1 ,t = 8 "p1 he1 on ! contr>y1  
glori$ 9 8 sl[ness2 & if he 0 long 9    

pa9t+1 x 0 because he pa9t$ = et]nity4  
,,*ap4 ,,ix4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+  
,,man4--7,cont9u$47      ,ni*olas       
,pesce--,paul ,sc>ron--,m>ia ,gaetana   
,agnesi--,anna ,m>ia                    
,s*urman--,samuel ,bisset1 ! not$       
,animal ,in/ructor--,john ,philip       
,b>ati]--,buonap>te4   ,,biographical4  
,,ni*olas ,,pesce1 ! fir/ extraord9>y "*
 we %all introduce1 0 a fam\s div]1 (   
:om ,f4 ,kir*] gives ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,9
 ! "t ( ,fr$]ick k+ ( ,sicily1 7says    
,kir*]17 liv$ ,ni*olas1 :o1 f 8 amaz+   
skill 9 swimm+1 & 8 p]sev]ance "u wat]1 
0 surnam$ ! ,fi%4 ,?is man _h f 8       
infancy be5 us$ to ! sea2 & e>n$ 8      
scanty subsi/5ce by div+ = coral &      
oy/]s1 :i* he sold to villag]s on %ore4 
,8 long acqua9tance ) ! sea1 at la/     
br\ght x to be almo/ 8 natural elem5t4  
,he 0 frequ5tly kn[n to sp5d five days 9
 ! mid/ ( ! waves1 )\t any o!r          
provisions ?an ! fi% :i* he caught !re1 
& ate raw4 ,he (t5 swam ov] f ,sicily to
 ,calabria1 a tempe/u\s & dang]\s       

passage1 c>ry+ lett]s f ! k+4 ,he 0     
frequ5tly kn[n to swim among ! gulfs ( !
 ,lip>i isl&s1 no way appreh5sive (     
dang]4 ,"s m>9]s out at sea1 "o day     
obs]v$ some?+ at "s di/ance f !m1 :i* !y
 reg>d$ z a sea-mon/]2 b1 ^u its        
approa*1 x 0 kn[n to be ,ni*olas1 :om !y
 took into _! %ip4 ,:5 !y ask$ him :i!r 
he 0 go+ 9 s /rong & r\gh a sea1 & at   
su* a di/ance f l&2 he %ew$ !m a packet 
( lett]s1 :i* he 0 c>ry+ to "o ( ! t[ns 
( ,italy1 exactly done up 9 a lea!r bag1
 9 su* a mann] t !y c\ld n be wett$ by !
 sea4 ,he kept !m ?us company = "s "t 9 
_! voyage1 conv]s+ & ask+ que/ions2 &   
aft] eat+ a he>ty meal ) !m1 he took 8  
leave1 &1 jump+ into ! sea1 pursu$ 8    
voyage alone4  ,9 ord] to aid 8 p[]s (  
endur+ 9 ! deep1 nature seem$ to h      
assi/$ him 9 a v extraord9>y mann]3 = ! 
spaces betwe5 8 f+]s & toes 7 webb$1 z 9
 a goose2 & 8 *e/ became s v capaci\s1 t
 he c\ld take 9 at "o inspiration z mu* 
brea? z w\ld s]ve him = sev]al h\rs4 ,! 
acc\nt ( s extraord9>y a p]son did n    

fail to rea* ! k+ himself2 :o comm&$    
,ni*olas to be br\ght be=e him4 ,x 0 no 
easy matt] to f9d ,ni*olas1 :o g5]ally  
sp5t 8 "t 9 ! solitudes ( ! deep2 b1 at 
la/1 aft] mu* se>*+1 he 0 f\nd1 & br\ght
 be=e 8 maje/y4 ,! curiosity ( ?is mon>*
 _h be5 long excit$ by ! acc\nts he _h  
he>d ( ! bottom ( ! gulf ( ,*>ybdis4 ,he
 n[1 !re=e1 conceiv$ t x w\ld be a prop]
 opportunity to h m c]ta9 in=mation4    
,accord+ly1 he comm&$ our poor div] to  
exam9e ! bottom ( ?is dreadful :irlpool2
 & z an incitem5t to 8 ob$i5ce1 he ord]$
 a gold5 cup to be flung into x4        
,ni*olas 0 n ins5sible ( ! dang] to :i* 
he 0 expos$3 dang]s be/ kn[n only to    
himself2 & !re=e he presum$ to          
remon/rate2 b ! hopes ( ! rew>d1 !      
desire ( pleas+ ! k+1 & ! pleasure (    
%ew+ 8 skill1 at la/ prevail$4 ,he      
in/antly jump$ into ! gulf1 & 0 z       
in/antly swall[$ up 9 its bosom4 ,he    
cont9u$ = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r bel[1    
dur+ :i* "t ! k+ & 8 att5dants rema9$ on
 %ore1 anxi\s = 8 fate2 b he at la/     

appe>$1 hold+ ! cup 9 triumph 9 "o h&1 &
 mak+ 8 way good among ! waves ) ! o!r4 
,x may be suppos$ he 0 receiv$ )        
applause :5 he came on %ore2 ! cup 0    
made ! rew>d ( 8 adv5ture2 ! k+ ord]$   
him to be tak5 prop] c>e (2 &1 z he 0   
some:at fatigu$ & debilitat$ by 8 lab\r1
 aft] a he>ty meal1 he 0 put to b$1 &   
p]mitt$ to refre% himself by sleep+4 ,:5
 8 spirits 7 ?us re/or$1 he 0 aga9      
br\ght1 to satisfy ! k+'s curiosity ) a 
n>rative ( ! wond]s he _h se51 & 8      
acc\nt 0 to ! foll[+ effect4  ,he w\ld  
nev]1 he said1 h obey$ ! k+'s comm&s1 _h
 he be5 appris$ ( half ! dang]s t 7 be=e
 him4 ,^! 7 f\r ?+s1 he said1 :i* r5d]$ 
! gulf dreadful1 n only to m51 b to     
fi%es !mselves3 #a4 ,! great =ce ( !    
wat] bur/+ up f ! bottom1 :i* requir$   
great /r5g? to resi/4 #b4 ,! abruptness 
( ! rocks1 t on e side ?reat5$          
de/ruction4 #c4 ,! =ce ( ! :irlpool da%+
 aga9/ ^? rocks4 ,&1 #d4 ,! numb] &     
magnitude ( ! polyp\s fi%1 "s ( :i*     
appe>$ z l>ge z a man2 & :i*1 e :]e     

/ick+ aga9/ ! rocks1 project$ _! long & 
fibr\s arms to entangle him4 ,be+ ask$  
h[ he 0 able s readily to f9d ! cup t _h
 be5 ?r[n 91 he repli$1 t x happ5$ to be
 flung by ! waves into ! cavity ( a     
rock1 aga9/ :i* he himself 0 urg$ 9 8   
desc5t4  ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 did n      
satisfy ! k+'s curiosity4 ,be+ reque/$  
to v5ture once m into ! gulf = fur!r    
discov]ies1 he at fir/ refus$2 b ! k+1  
desir\s ( hav+ ! mo/ exact in=mation    
possible ( all ?+s to be f\nd 9 ! gulf1 
repeat$ 8 solicitations2 &1 to give !m  
/ill great] weight1 produc$ a l>g] cup  
?an ! =m]1 & add$ also a purse ( gold4  
,^u ^! consid]ations1 ! un=tunate div]  
once aga9 plung$ into ! :irlpool1 & 0   
nev] he>d ( m4   ,,paul ,,sc>ron4--,?is 
fam\s ,fr5* burlesque writ]1 0 ! son ( a
 c\nsellor 9 p>liam5t1 & 0 born at      
,p>is1 ab\t ! end ( #afaj1 or beg9n+ (  
#afaa4 ,8 fa!r m>ry+ a second wife1 he 0
 compell$ to assume ! ecclesia/ical     
pr(ession4 ,at ! age ( #bd1 he visit$   
,italy1 & freely indulg$ 9 lic5ti\s     

pleasures4 ,aft] 8 return to ,p>is1 he  
p]si/$ 9 a life ( dissipation1 till a   
long & pa9ful disease conv9c$ him t 8   
con/itution 0 almo/ worn out4 ,at l5g?1 
:5 engag$ 9 a p>ty ( pleasure1 at ! age 
( #bg1 he lo/ ! use ( ^? legs :i* _h    
danc$ s gracefully1 & ( ^? h&s :i* once 
c\ld pa9t1 & play on ! lute1 ) s mu*    
elegance4  ,?is happ5$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3
 ,9 #afch he 0 att5d+ ! c>nival at      
,m5tz1 ( :i* he 0 canon4 ,hav+ dress$   
himself "o day z a savage1 8 s+ul>      
appe>ance excit$ ! curiosity ( ! *ildr5 
( ! t[n4 ,!y foll[$ him 9 multitudes1 & 
he 0 oblig$ to take %elt] 9 a m>%4 ,?is 
wet & cold situation produc$ a numbness 
:i* totally depriv$ him ( ! use ( 8     
limbs2 yet he cont9u$ gay & *e]ful4 ,he 
took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,p>is1 & by 8      
pleasant hum\r soon attract$ to 8 h\se  
all ! m5 ( wit ab\t ! city4 ,! loss ( 8 
heal? 0 foll[$ by ! loss ( 8 =tune4 ,on 
! dea? ( 8 fa!r he ent]$ into a process 
) 8 /ep-"m2 & plead$ 8 own cause 9 a    
ludicr\s mann]1 ?\gh 8 :ole =tune dep5d$

 on ! decision4 ,he 0 unsuccessful1 & 0 
ru9$4 ,mademoiselle de ,haute=t1        
compassionat+ 8 mis=tunes1 procur$ = him
 an audi5ce ( ! que54 ,! poet reque/$ to
 h ! title ( ,valetud9>ian to h] maje/y3
 ! que5 smil$1 & ,sc>ron consid]$ !     
smile z a commission to 8 new (fice4    
,c>d9al ,maz>9e gave him a p5sion ( #ejj
 cr[ns2 b t m9i/] hav+ receiv$          
disda9fully ! d$ication ( 8 ,typhon1 !  
poet imm$iately wrote a ,maz>9ade1 & !  
p5sion 0 )drawn4 ,he !n atta*$ himself  
to ! pr9ce ( ,cond1 & celebrat$ 8       
victories4 ,he at l5g? =m$ ! extraord9>y
 resolution ( m>ry+1 & 0 accord+ly1 9   
#afea1 m>ri$ to ,madame d',aubigne1     
aft]w>ds celebrat$ by ! "n ( ,ma9t5on4  
,at ?is "t 7says ,voltaire7 x 0 consid]$
 z a great acquisition = h] to ga9 = a  
husb&1 a man :o 0 disfigur$ by nature1  
impot5t1 & v little enri*$ by =tune4 ,%e
 re/ra9$ by h] mode/y 8 indec5t         
buffoon]ies2 & ! good company :i* _h    
=m]ly resort$ to 8 h\se aga9 frequ5t$ x4
 ,sc>ron n[ became m dec5t 9 8 mann]s & 

conv]sation2 & 8 gaiety 0 ?us m         
agreeable4 ,b he liv$ ) s little        
economy1 t 8 income 0 soon r$uc$ to a   
small annuity1 & 8 m>quisate ( ,qu9et1  
i4 e4 ! pr(its ( 8 publications1 :i* 7  
pr9t$ by "o ,qu9et4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to   
talk to 8 sup]iors ) great fre$om 9 8   
jocul> /yle1 z appe>s f ! d$ication ( 8 
,don ,japhet d',arm5ie to ! k+4 ,?\gh   
,sc>ron wrote com$ies1 he _h n pati5ce  
to /udy ! rules ( dramatic poetry4      
,ari/otle & ,horace1 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 
w\ld h fright5$ him4 ,he saw an op5 pa? 
be=e him1 & he foll[$ x4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion (
 ! times to pillage ! ,spani% writ]s4   
,sc>ron 0 acqua9t$ ) t language1 & he   
f\nd x easi] to use mat]ials already    
prep>$1 ?an to rack 8 bra9 by inv5t+    
subjects4 ,z he borr[$ lib]ally f !m1 a 
dramatic piece co/ him little lab\r4 ,! 
great success ( 8 ,jodelet ,maitre 0 a  
va/ allurem5t to him4 ,! com$ians :o    
act$ x1 reque/$ m ( 8 productions4 ,!y 7
 writt5 ) little toil1 & !y procur$ him 
l>ge sums4 ,!y also s]v$ to amuse him4  

,he d$icat$ 8 books to 8 si/]'s greyh\nd
 bit*4 ,f\quet gave him a p5sion ( #afjj
 livres4 ,*ri/iana1 que5 ( ,sw$51 hav+  
come to ,p>is1 0 anxi\s to see ,sc>ron1 
,i p]mit y 7said %e to ,sc>ron7 to fall 
9 love ) me4 ,! que5 ( ,france has made 
y h] ,valetud9>ian1 & ,i create y my    
,rol&4 ,sc>ron did n long enjoy t title2
 he 0 seiz$ ) a viol5t hicc\gh4 ,he     
reta9$ 8 gaiety to 8 la/ mom5t4 ,he di$ 
on ! #ad? ( ,octob]1 #affj1 ag$ #ea4 ,8 
works h be5 collect$1 & publi%$ by      
,bruz5 de la ,m>t9i]e1 9 #aj vols4      
#abmo4 #agcg4 ,8 ,comic ,romance1 9     
prose1 m]its att5tion4 ,x is writt5 )   
mu* hum\r & purity ( /yle1 & contribut$ 
to ! improvem5t ( ! ,fr5* language4 ,x  
_h a prodigi\s run2 x 0 ! only "o ( 8   
works t ,boileau c\ld submit to read4   
,sc>ron c raise a laugh on ! mo/ s]i\s  
subjects2 b 8 sallies are r ^? ( a      
buffoon1 ?an ! effusions ( +5uity &     
ta/e4 ,he is cont9ually fall+ into !    
mean & ! obsc5e4 ,/]ne seems to h       
imitat$ ,sc>ron 9 8 ,tri/ram ,%&y4   ,we

 %all n[ introduce two female *>act]s ( 
note4 ,! fir/ is ,,m>ia ,,gaetana       
,,agnesi1 a lady ( extraord9>y g5ius1 & 
mo/ ext5sive acquirem5ts1 :o 0 born at  
,milan1 on ! #af? ( ,may1 #agah4 ,h]    
fa!r1 ,pietro ,agnesi1 ( ,milan1 0 royal
 feudatory ( ,monteveglia1 & its        
dep5d5cies2 & be+ a man ( "s rank &     
consequ5ce1 he 0 dispos$1 f pat]nal     
affection1 to provide suitably = !      
education ( 8 infant daught]1 :o gave ! 
mo/ /rik+ indications ( tal5t4 ,f h]    
t5d]e/ ye>s1 %e discov]$ a wond]ful     
aptness1 & a vehem5t desire1 = acquir+  
languages4 ,"u ! direction ( prop]      
ma/]s1 %e /udi$ at ! v same "t ! ,lat9 &
 ,greek1 ! ,fr5* & ,g]man2 & :ile !     
rapidity ( h] progress excit$ a/oni%m5t1
 su* 7 ! prodigi\s p[]s ( h] memory1 t  
%e c\ld easily pursue ^? div]sifi$      
objects )\t feel+ ! smalle/ degree (    
confusion4 ,:5 yet sc>cely n9e ye>s old1
 ?is surpris+ *ild deliv]$ a ,lat9      
oration1 to prove t ! cultivation (     
lett]s is n inconsi/5t ) ! female       

"*1--be=e an assembly ( le>n$ p]sons1   
invit$ to h] fa!r's h\se4  ,at ! age (  
elev51 ! "y ,agnesi c\ld n only read    
,greek1 & translate x in/antly into     
,lat91 b c\ld ev5 speak t ref9$ language
 ) ! same app>5t ease & flu5cy z if x _h
 be5 h] native tongue4 ,nor did ^!      
acquisitions absorb h] :ole att5tion2 a 
nobl] field 0 op5$ to ! ex]cise ( h]    
m5tal faculties4 ,%e n[ began to read   
,euclid's ,elem5ts1 & proce$$ 9 algebra 
z f> z quadratic equations4 ,?us prep>$1
 %e advanc$ ) ard\r to ! /udy ( natural 
philosophy2 b n cont5t ) ! sob] pro(s   
!re unfold$1 %e so>$ to ! height (      
metaphysics1 & engag$ 9 ! mo/ abtruse & 
intricate disquisitions ( t cont5ti\s   
sci5ce4 ,aft] ?is "y lady _h atta9$ !   
age ( #ad1 h] fa!r1 anxi\s to =w>d h]   
ard\r = improvem5t1 & will+ to gratify  
h] ambition = lit]>y di/9ction1 invit$  
occasionally to 8 h\se a numb] ( p]sons1
 ! mo/ respectable 9 ,milan = _! rank & 
le>n+4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is grave auditory1  
,donna ,agnesi made h] appe>ance2 &1 )\t

 resign+ ! native delicacy ( h] sex1 %e 
ma9ta9$ a succession ( new !ses on v>i\s
 difficult p>ts ( philosophy1 & h&l$ !  
argum5ts ) su* dext]ity & comm&+        
eloqu5ce1 z s+ly to vanqui% e oppon5t t 
ent]$ ! field ( controv]sy4 ,^!         
disputations 7 all ( !m c>ri$ on 9 !    
,lat9 language1 :i* %e spoke ) ! utmo/  
ease1 purity1 & copi\s elegance4 ,e ?+  
conspir$ to height5 ! impression produc$
 on ! admir+ spectators4 ,9 ! full bloom
 ( y\?1 h] p]son agreeable1 h] mann]    
graceful1 an air ( g5tl5ess & mode/y    
gave irresi/ible *>ms to h] :ole        
demean\r4 ,su*1 = sev]al ye>s1 0 ! great
 !atre ( h] glory4 ,b hav+ ne>ly        
complet$ ! circle ( philosophy1 &       
exhau/$ ! *ief topics ( discussion1 %e  
resolv$ at l5g? to close t c>e] ) a     
solemnity suitable to ! occasion4  ,9 ! 
ye> #agch1 ,agnesi made h] la/ brilliant
 display1 be=e an augu/ assembly1       
compos$ ( ! mo/ le>n$ & illu/ri\s ( !   
,milanese nobility1 ! s5ators1 & =eign  
m9i/]s1 ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors 9 all

 ! bran*es ( sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,!     
sub/ance ( ^! philosophical conf]5ces 0 
aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 a qu>to volume1      
entitl$1 ,propositiones ,philosophic1   
quas1 crebris ,disputationibus domi     
habitis1 coram cl>issimis viris1        
explicabat extempore1 et ab objectis    
v9dicabat ,m>ia ,cajetana de ,agnesi    
,m$iolan5sis4 ,agnesi n[ b5t h] :ole    
att5tion to ! culture ( ma!matics2 &1   
)\t guide or assi/ance1 %e compos$ a v  
useful comm5t>y on ,l',hospital's ,conic
 ,sections1 :i* is said to exi/ /ill 9  
manuscript4 ,9 ! sublim] dep>tm5ts ( t  
sci5ce1 h] /udies 7 direct$ by ! matur$ 
exp]i5ce ( ,ramp9elli1 pr(essor (       
ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity ( ,pisa2 b %e   
soon gave pro(s ( h] amaz+ pr(ici5cy1 9 
dige/+ a complete body ( ! mod]n        
calculus4 ,?is excell5t "w1 entitl$1    
,analytical ,in/itutions1 = ! ,use ( !  
,italian ,y\?1 appe>$ 9 #agdh1 9 two    
volumes qu>to1 & 0 highly e/eem$ by !   
be/ judges1 & ju/ly reg>d$ z exhibit+ ! 
fulle/ & cle>e/ view ( ! /ate ( ! sci5ce

 at t p]iod4 ,%e 01 9 consequ5ce1 elect$
 by acclamation a memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( 
,sci5ces ( ,bologna2 & ! pope f>!r      
conf]r$ on h] ! title ( ,pr(essor (     
,ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity ( t city4  ,b  
,agnesi 0 already sat$ ) lit]>y fame4 ,t
 sun1 :i* 9 its asc5t _h %one =? ) su*  
dazzl+ radiance1 01 ?r\gh ! re/ ( its   
c\rse1 %r\d$ 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,! fev] 
( g5ius _h prey$ on h] m9d1 & ! high fit
 ( excitem5t 0 quickly succe$$ by a     
hopeless depression ( spirits4 ,%e      
repell$ ! s$uctions ( human le>n+1 &    
ab&on$ = ev] h] fav\rite ma!matical     
pursuits4 ,r5\nc+ ! vanities ( ?is _w1  
%e )drew f society1 embrac$ a life (    
religi\s seclusion1 & sunk by degrees   
into ! languor ( religi\s melan*oly4 ,%e
 /udi$ no?+ b ,hebrew1 & ! rhapsodies ( 
! ,greek fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 ,= upw>ds (    
tw5ty ye>s %e d5i$ all access to        
/rang]s4 ,! fam\s ,lal&e compla9s1 9 8  
,travels ?r\gh ,italy1 t he 0 n all[$ ! 
hon\r ( visit+ t prodigy2 & ,fa!r       
,boscovick himself1 ^: religi\s         

pr9ciples mu/ h be5 unexceptionable1    
exp]i5c$1 not)/&+ 8 repeat$             
importunities1 a simil> refusal4        
,indulg+ t gloomy temp]1 %e retir$ into 
a conv5t1 & assum$ ! habit ( a ,blue    
,nun4 ,%e s\ght to =get ! _w1 & 0 h]self
 =gott54 ,%e di$ ab\t ! ye> #aggj4 ,!   
,in%hizioni ,analyti*e ( ,agnesi 7      
translat$ into ,engli%1 _m ye>s ago1 by 
,mr4 ,colson1 ,lucasian pr(essor (      
ma!matics at ,cambridge4 ,! translation 
0 discov]$ among ! pap]s ( t +5i\s      
ma!matician1 by ! le>n$ ,b>on ,mas]es1  
:o put ! manuscript into ! h&s ( ,mr4   
,hell9s1 z editor1 & g5]\sly defray$ !  
exp5ses att5d+ ! publication4   ,,anna  
,,m>ia ,,s*urman1 ! o!r di/+ui%$ female 
"*1 0 born at ,cologne1 #afjg1 ( p>5ts  
sprung f noble ,prote/ant families4 ,f  
h] infancy %e discov]$ an uncommon      
dext]ity ( h&2 =1 at six ye>s ( age1 %e 
cut ) h] scissors all sorts ( figures ^u
 pap]1 )\t any patt]n or model4 ,at     
eight1 %e le>n$ 9 a few days to design  
fl[]s 9 a v agreeable mann]2 & two ye>s 

aft]1 took no m ?an ?ree h\rs 9 le>n+ to
 embroid]4 ,%e 0 aft]w>ds in/ruct$ 9    
music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & engrav+2 &   
succe$$ to admiration 9 all ^! arts4 ,h]
 h&-writ+ 9 all languages 0 inimitable2 
& "s curi\s p]sons h pres]v$ specim5s ( 
x 9 _! cab9ets4 ,mr4 ,joby1 9 8 j\rney  
to ,mun/]1 relates1 t he _h a view ( !  
beauty ( h] writ+ 9 ,fr5*1 ,greek1      
,hebrew1 ,syriac1 & ,arabic2 & 0 an     
eye-witness ( h] skill 9 draw+ 9        
m9iature1 & mak+ portraits ^u glass ) ! 
po9t ( a diamond4 ,%e pa9t$ h] own      
picture2 & made artificial pe>ls1 s     
ne>ly resembl+ natural ones1 t !y c\ld n
 be di/+ui%$1 except by prick+ !m ) a   
ne$le4  ,! p[]s ( h] und]/&+ 7 equally  
capaci\s2 =1 at elev5 ye>s ( age1 :5 h] 
bro!rs 7 exam9$ 9 _! ,lat9 ex]cises1 %e 
frequ5tly :isp]$ !m :at to answ]1 ?\gh  
%e _h only he>d !m say _! lessons en    
passant1 :i* h] fa!r obs]v+1 & p]ceiv+  
%e _h a g5ius = lit]ature1 det]m9$ to   
cultivate ^? tal5ts he saw %e 0 possess$
 (1 & accord+ly assi/$ h] 9 ga9+ t noble

 /ock ( le>n+1 = :i* %e 0 aft]w>ds s    
em95t4 ,! ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew      
languages 7 s famili> to h]1 t %e n only
 wrote1 b spoke !m flu5tly1 to !        
surprise ( ! mo/ le>n$ m54 ,%e made a   
great progress also 9 ! ,ori5tal        
languages :i* _h an aff9ity ) ! ,hebrew1
 z ! ,syriac1 ,*aldee1 ,arabic1 &       
,e?iopic2 und]/ood ! liv+ languages     
p]fectly well1 & c\ld conv]se readily 9 
,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,italian4 ,%e 0       
likewise compet5tly v]s$ 9 geography1   
a/ronomy1 philosophy1 & ! sci5ces2 b z  
h] m9d 0 naturally ( a religi\s ca/1 ^! 
le>n$ amusem5ts gave h] b little        
satisfaction2 & at l5g? %e appli$ h]self
 to div9ity1 & ! /udy ( ! holy          
scriptures4  ,:ile %e 0 an infant1 h]   
fa!r _h settl$ at ,utre*t1 b aft]w>ds1 =
 ! m conv5i5t education ( 8 *ildr51     
remov$ to ,pranek]1 :]e he di$ #afbc4   
,^u :i* 8 wid[ return$ to ,utre*t1 :]e  
,anna ,m>ia cont9u$ h] /udies v         
int5sely2 :i* und\bt$ly kept h] f m>ry+1
 z %e might advantage\sly h done ) ,mr4 

,cotts1 p5sion>y ( ,holl&1 & a celebrat$
 poet1 :o wrote v]ses 9 h] praise1 :5 %e
 0 no m ?an f\rte5 ye>s ( age4  ,h]     
mode/y1 :i* 0 z rem>kable z h] k1 w\ld h
 kept h] m]it & le>n+ 9 obscurity1 if   
,rivetus1 ,spanheim1 & ,vossius1 _h n   
produc$ h]1 contr>y to h] own           
incl9ation1 ^u ! /age ( ! _w4 ,to ^!    
?ree div9es we may add ,salmasius1      
,bev]onicius1 & ,huyg5s1 :o ma9ta9$ a   
lit]>y correspond5ce ) h]1 &1 by %ew+ h]
 lett]s1 spread h] fame into =eign      
c\ntries4 ,?is procur$ h] lett]s f em95t
 m52 & h] "n became s fam\s1 t p]sons ( 
! fir/ di/9ction1 ev5 pr9cesses1 paid h]
 visits2 & c>d9al ,ri*elieu %ew$ h] m>ks
 ( 8 e/eem4  ,ab\t ! ye> #afej1 %e made 
a visible alt]ation 9 h] religi\s sy/em4
 ,%e no long] w5t to public wor%ip1 b   
p]=m$ h] devotions 9 private2 :i*       
occasion$ a report t %e 0 incl9$ to     
pop]y3 b ! tru? 01 %e _h atta*$ h]self  
to ,labadie1 ! fam\s ,quieti/1 & embrac+
 8 pr9ciples & practices1 accompani$ him
 :]ev] he w5t4 ,%e liv$ "s "t ) him at  

,alt5a1 9 ,hol/e91 :]e %e att5d$ him at 
8 dea? 9 #afgd4 ,%e aft]w>ds retir$ to  
,weim>t1 9 ,friesl&1 :]e ,mr4 ,william  
,p5n1 ! quak]1 visit$ h] 9 #afgg2 & di$ 
at ?is place1 #afgh4 ,%e took = h]      
device ^! words ( ,/4 ,ignatius1 ,amor  
meus crucifixus e/1 ,my ,love is        
crucifi$4   ,,samuel ,,bisset1 ! not$   
animal in/ructor1 next foll[s4--,a mo/  
s+ul> "*1 fam\s = tea*+ quadrup$s to    
p]=m v rem>kable actions4 ,he 0 born at 
,p]?1 9 #agba4 ,he fir/ tri$ 8 skill on 
a horse & a dog :i* he b\ght 9 ,london1 
& he succe$$ beyond all expectation4    
,two monkeys 7 ! next pupils he took 9  
h&2 "o ( ^! he taught to dance & tumble 
on ! rope1 :il/ ! o!r held a c&le ) "o  
paw = 8 companion1 & ) ! o!r play$ a    
b>rel organ4 ,^! antic animals he also  
in/ruct$ to play sev]al fanciful tricks1
 su* z dr9k+ to ! company1 rid+ & tumbl+
 ^u ! horse's back1 & go+ ?r\gh sev]al  
regul> dances ) ! dog4  ,be+ a man (    
unwe>i$ pati5ce1 ?ree "y cats 7 ! next  
objects ( 8 tuition4 ,he taught ^?      

dome/ic tig]s1 to /rike _! paws 9 su*   
directions on ! dulcim]1 z to produce   
sev]al tunes1 hav+ music-books be=e !m1 
& squall+ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t keys or
 tones1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 by way (  
conc]t4 ,9 su* a city z ,london1 ^!     
feats c\ld n fail ( excit+ att5tion4 ,! 
well-kn[n ,cat's ,op]a 0 p]=m$ at !     
,haym>ket2 ! horse1 ! dog1 ! monkeys1 & 
! cats1 w5t ?r\gh _! sev]al p>ts )      
uncommon applause1 to cr[d$ h\ses2 & 9 a
 few days ,bisset f\nd himself 9        
possession ( ne>ly a ?\s& p\nds to rew>d
 8 +5uity4  ,?is success excit$ a desire
 ( ext5d+ 8 dom9ion ov] o!r animals1    
includ+ ev5 ! fea!r$ k9d4 ,he procur$ a 
lev]et1 & re>$ x to beat sev]al m>*es on
 ! drum ) its h9d-legs1 until x became a
 good /\t h>e4 ,?is creature1 :i* is    
always set d[n z ! mo/ timid1 he decl>$ 
to be z mis*iev\s & bold an animal1 to !
 ext5t ( its p[]1 z any ) :i* he 0      
acqua9t$4 ,he taught can>y-birds1       
l9nets1 & sp>r[s1 to spell ! "n ( any   
p]son 9 company1 to di/+ui% ! h\r &     

m9ute ( "t1 & play _m o!r surpris+      
tricks2 he tra9$ six turkey cocks to g  
?r\gh a regul> c\ntry dance4 ,9 ! c\rse 
( six mon?s' tea*+1 he made a turtle    
fet* & c>ry l a dog2 & hav+ *alk$ !     
floor1 & black5$ 8 claws1 c\ld direct x 
to trace out any giv5 "n 9 ! company4   
,! foll[+ is a surpris+ in/ance (       
premature g5ius1 9 ! p]son ( ,,john     
,,philip ,,b>ati]4 ,a mo/ extraord9>y   
p]son1 born #agba1 9 ! m>gravate (      
,anspa*1 ( su* extraord9>y p[]s (       
memory1 t1 at ! age ( f\r1 he conv]s$ ) 
8 "m 9 ,fr5*1 ) 8 fa!r 9 ,lat91 & ) 8   
s]vants 9 ,g]man4 ,! rapidity ( 8       
improvem5t augm5t$ ) 8 ye>s1 s t he     
became acqua9t$ ) ,greek at six1 )      
,hebrew at eight1 & 9 8 elev5? ye>      
translat$ f ! ,hebrew into ,fr5* !      
,travels ( ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 :i* he    
enri*$ ) valuable annotations4 ,8       
pr(ici5cy 9 ma!matics 0 s great1 t he   
submitt$ to ! ,london ,royal ,society1 a
 s*eme = f9d+ ! longitude1 :i*1 ?\gh    
insuffici5t1 exhibit$ ! /ronge/ m>ks (  

sup]ior abilities4 ,he visit$ ,halle ) 8
 fa!r 9 #agce1 :]e he 0 (f]$ by !       
univ]sity ! degree ( ,m4 ,a4 ,! "y      
philosoph] drew up #ad !ses1 :i* he     
pr9t$1 & ! next morn+ disput$ ^u !m )   
su* logical precision1 t he a/oni%$ a   
mo/ cr[d$ audi5ce4 ,at ,b]l9 he 0       
receiv$ ) k9dness by ! k+ ( ,prussia1 & 
hon\r$ ) m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,8 abilities1
 h[ev]1 %one b l a meteor3 a            
con/itution1 naturally delicate1 0 r5d]$
 /ill m weak by excessive application2 &
 a c\gh1 spitt+ ( blood1 & fev] on !    
spirits1 put an end to 8 life at ,halle1
 #agdj1 9 8 #bj? ye>4  ,b>ati] is       
m5tion$ z a prodigy ( le>n+ & ( g5ius2 8
 memory 0 univ]sally ret5tive1 & 8      
application sc>cely cr$ible1 :5 x is    
recollect$ t he sp5t twelve h\rs 9 b$   
till 8 t5? ye>1 & t5 aft]w>ds4 ,9 "o    
w9t] he read tw5ty great folios1 ) all !
 att5tion ( a va/ compreh5sive m9d2 & ! 
l>ge "w :i* he prep>$ on ,egyptian      
antiquities1 %ew$ ! mo/ judici\s &      
labori\s arrangem5t4 ,9 8 dome/ic       

economy he 0 v temp]ate2 he ate little  
fle%1 liv$ totally on milk1 tea1 bread1 
& fruit2 he dislik$ w9e2 he _h an       
av]sion to danc+1 music1 & ! sports ( ! 
field2 s t he wi%$ = no recreation f    
/udy1 b 9 walk+1 or 9 ! conv]sation ( a 
few fri5ds4  ,we %all conclude ?is *apt]
 ) an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! life
 (--   ,,buonap>te4--#agfi1 ,born at    
,ajaccio1 ,corsica1 ,aug4 #ae4--aggi1   
,plac$ at ! ,milit>y ,s*ool ( ,bri5ne1  
,m>*4--#agid1 ,an ,(fic] ( artill]y at !
 siege ( ,t\lon1 & appo9t$ ,g5]al (     
,brigade4--#agid1 ,comm&s ! ,conv5tional
 ,troops1 & defeats ! ,p>isians1 ,oct4  
#d4--agif1 ,appo9t$ to ! comm& ( ! ,army
 ( ,italy4 ,battle ( ,lodi1 ,may #aj4   
,battle ( ,ca/iglione1 ,aug4 #c4 ,battle
 ( ,arcola1 ,nov4 #af4--agig1 ,surr5d] (
 ,mantua1 ,feb4 #b4 ,trie/e surr5d]s1   
,m>* #bc4 ,prelim9>ies ) ,au/ria sign$  
at ,leob51 ,april #ah4 ,fr5* take       
possession ( ,v5ice1 ,may #af4 ,treaty (
 ,campo ,=meo1 ) ,au/ria1 #ag4--agih1   
,buonap>te sails = ,egypt1 ,may #bj4    

,battle ( ,embabe1 or ( ! ,pyramids1    
,july #ba4 ,insurrection at ,cairo1     
,oct4 #bd4--agii1 ,siege ( ,acre rais$1 
,may #ba4 ,sails f ,egypt = ,france1    
,aug4 #bc4 ,l&s at ,frejus1 ,oct4 #g4   
,dissolves ! ,conv5tional ,gov]nm5t1    
,nov4 #i4 ,decl>$ ,fir/ ,consul1        
#aj4--ahjj1 ,peace ) ! ,*\ans1 ,feb4    
#ae4 ,buonap>te crosses ,m\nt ,/4       
,b]n>d1 ,may4 ,battle ( ,m>5go1 ,june   
#af4 ,prelim9>ies ) ,au/ria sign$ at    
,p>is4 ,battle ( ,hoh5l9d51 ,dec4 #c4   
,explosion ( ! ,inf]nal ,ma*9e1         
#bd4--ahja1 ,treaty ( ,luneville )      
,au/ria1 ,feb4 #i4 ,nelson attacks !    
,buologne ,flotilla1 ,aug4 #af4         
,prelim9>ies ) ,engl&1 ,oct4 #h4--ahjb1 
,! ,cisalp9e ,republic plac$ "u         
,buonap>te1 ,jan4 #bf4 ,def9itive       
,treaty ) ,engl&1 ,m>* #bg4 ,legion (   
,hon\r in/itut$1 ,may #ae4 ,decl>$      
,consul = ,life1 ,aug4 #b4 ,swiss =m (  
,gov]nm5t *ang$ by ! int]f]5ce ( !      
,fr5*1 #bh4--ahjc1 ,engli% ,decl>ation (
 ,w>1 ,may #ah4 ,hanov] conqu]$1 ,june  

#e4--ahjd1 ,moreau arre/$1 ,feb4 ,duc   
,d',enghi5 %ot1 ,m>* #bj4 ,pi*egru dies 
9 prison1 ,april #h4 ,buonap>te made    
,emp]or1 ,may #ah4 ,cr[n$ by ! ,pope1   
,nov4 #ai4--ahje1 ,writes a pacific     
lett] to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ,feb4 ,treaty (
 ,pet]sburgh1 betwe5 ,engl&1 ,russia1   
,au/ria1 & ,sw$51 ,april #aa4 ,buonap>te
 decl>$ ,k+ ( ,italy1 ,may #bf4         
,buonap>te heads 8 army aga9/ ,au/ria1  
,sept4 #bd4 ,mack's army surr5d]s at    
,ulm1 ,oct4 #bj4 ,fr5* ent] ,vi5na1     
,nov4 #ac4 ,battle ( ,au/]litz1 ,dec4   
#b4 ,treaty ( ,vi5na ) ,prussia1 #ae4   
,treaty ( ,presburg ) ,au/ria1          
#bf4--ahjf1 ,joseph ,buonap>te decl>$   
,k+ ( ,naples1 ,m>* #cj4 ,l\is          
,buonap>te decl>$ ,k+ ( ,holl&1 ,june   
#e4 ,convocation ( ! ,jews1 ,july #bf4  
,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e publi%$1 #bg4    
,buonap>te m>*es aga9/ ,prussia1 ,sept4 
#bd4 ,battle ( ,au]/adt1 or ,j5a1 ,oct4 
#ad4 ,buonap>te ent]s ,b]l91 #bg4       
,hamburgh tak51 ,nov4 #ai4 ,b]l9        
,decree4--#ahjg1 ,battle ( ,eylau1 ,feb4

 #h4 ,battle ( ,fri$l&1 ,june #ad4      
,treaty ( ,tilsit1 ,july #g4--ahjh1     
,joseph ,buonap>te decl>$ ,k+ ( ,spa91  
,july #g4 ,surr5d] ( ,dupont's army at  
,bayl51 #bj4 ,joseph ,buonap>te         
evacuates ,madrid1 #bi4 ,battle (       
,vimeira1 ,augu/ #ba4 ,conf]5ces at     
,erfur?1 ,sept4 #bj4 ,buonap>te arrives 
at ,vittoria1 ,nov4 #e4 ,surr5d] (      
,madrid1 ,dec4 #d4--ahji1 ,battle (     
,corunna1 ,jan4 #af4 ,buonap>te returns 
to ,p>is1 #bb4 ,w> decl>$ by ,au/ria1   
,april #f4 ,bonap>te heads 8 army aga9/ 
,au/ria1 #ac4 ,fr5* ent] ,vi5na1 ,may   
#aj4 ,battle ( ,esl+1 or ,asp]ne1 #bb4  
,battle ( ,wagram1 ,july #f4 ,flu%+ tak5
 by ! ,engli%1 ,augu/ #ad4 ,treaty (    
,vi5na1 ,oct4 #ad4 ,luci5 ,buonap>te    
arrives 9 ,engl&1 ,dec4 #ac4            
,buonap>te's m>riage ) ,joseph9e        
dissolv$1 #af4 ,wal*]5 evacuat$ by !    
,engli%1 #bc4--ahaj1 ,buonap>te m>ries  
,m>ia ,l\isa1 daught] ( ,francis ,,ii4  
,m>* #aa4 ,holl& & ! ,hanse ,t[ns annex$
 to ,france1 ,july #i4 ,b]nadotte elect$

 ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$51 ,aug4 #ba4       
,decree = re/ra9+ ! lib]ty ( ! ,press1  
,dec4--#ahaa1 ,hamburgh annex$ to !     
empire1 ,jan4 #a4 ,! ,empress deliv]$ ( 
a son1 :o is /yl$ ,k+ ( ,rome1 ,april   
#bj4 ,buonap>te pres5t at an engagem5t  
betwe5 ! ,b\logne flotilla & an ,engli% 
cruis]1 ,sept4 #b4--ahab1 ,sw$i%        
,pom]ania seiz$ by ,buonap>te1 ,jan4    
#bb4 ,he heads ! army aga9/ ,russia1    
,may #b4 ,arrives at ,konigsb]g1 ,june  
#aa4 ,ent]s ,wilna1 #bh4 ,smol5sko tak51
 ,aug4 #ah4 ,battle ( ,moskwa1 ,sept4   
#g4 ,fr5* ent] ,mosk[1 #ad4 ,evacuate x1
 ,octob] #bb4 ,buonap>te at ,smol5sko1  
,nov4 #i4 ,des]ts ! army1 ,dec4 #e4     
,arrives at ,p>is1 #ah4--ahac1 ,takes ! 
comm& ( ! army on ! ,elbe1 ,april4      
,battle ( ,lutz51 ,may #a4 ,battle (    
,bautz51 #bj4 ,armi/ice agre$ on1 ,june 
#d4 ,battle ( ,vittoria1 #ba4           
,ho/ilities re-comm5ce1 ,aug4 #ag4      
,battle ( ,dresd51 ,moreau kill$1 #bh4  
,engli% ent] ,france1 ,sept4 #g1        
,buonap>te evacuates ,dresd51 #bh4      

,battle ( ,leipsic1 ,oct4 #ah4          
,revolution 9 ,holl&1 ,nov4 #ae4        
,decl>ation ( ! ,allies at ,frank=t1    
,dec4 #a4 ,engli% army cross ! ,nive1   
#h4--ahad1 ,allies cross ! ,rh9e1 ,jan4 
#d4 ,battle ( ,montm>tre1 ,m>* #cj4     
,allies ent] ,p>is1 #ca4 ,buonap>te     
abdicates ! ?rone1 ,april #aa4 ,arrives 
at ,elba1 ,may #h4--ahae1 ,sails f ,elba
 to ,france1 ,m>* #a4 ,arrives at ,p>is1
 & reasc5ds ! ?rone1 #bj4 ,is decl>$ an 
outlaw by ! ,sov]eigns ( ,europe !n     
assembl$ at ,vi5na1 #be4 ,calls a new   
,h\se ( ,pe]s & ,*amb] ( ,repres5tatives
 ( ! p4 ,calls a ,*amp de ,mai1 ,april4 
,defeats ! ,prussians1 ,june #af4 ,loses
 8 army 9 ! great battle ( ,wat]loo1    
#ah4 ,abdicates ! ?rone a second "t1    
#ba4 ,surr5d]s himself to ,capt4        
,maitl&1 comm&+ ! ,engli% %ip ( w>1 !   
,bell]ophon1 9 ,basque ,roads1 ,july    
#ae4 ,arrives at ,torbay1 #bb4 ,sail$ f 
,engl& 9 ! ,nor?umb]l&1 = ,/4 ,hel5a1   
,aug4 #aa4--ahba1 ,di$ at ,/4 ,hel5a1   
,may #e4 ,buri$ !re1 #i4     ,,*ap4 ,x4 

,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,man4--7,cont9u$47   ,,ri*>d ,,savage1 
"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s t is to  
be met ) 9 all ! records ( biography1 0 
! son ( ,anne1 c\ntess ( ,macclesfield1 
by ! e>l ( ,riv]s1 accord+ to h] own    
confession2 & 0 born 9 #afih4 ,?is      
confession ( adult]y 0 made1 to procure 
a sep>ation f h] husb&1 ! e>l (         
,macclesfield3 yet1 hav+ obta9$ ?is end1
 no soon] 0 a spuri\s (fspr+ br\ght into
 ! _w1 ?an %e resolv$ to dis[n him2 &1 z
 long z he liv$1 %e treat$ him ) ! mo/  
unnatural cruelty4 ,%e deliv]$ him ov]  
to a poor woman to educate z h] own2    
malici\sly prev5t$ ! e>l ( ,riv]s f     
leav+ him a legacy ( #fjjj1 by decl>+   
him dead2 & depriv$ him ( ano!r legacy  
:i* 8 godmo!r1 ,mrs4 ,lloyd1 _h left    
him1 by conceal+ f him 8 bir?1 & !reby  
r5d]+ x impossible = him to prosecute 8 
claim4 ,%e endeav\r$ to s5d him secretly
 to ! plantations2 b ?is plan be+       
fru/rat$1 %e plac$ him appr5tice ) a    
%oemak]4 ,9 ?is situation1 h[ev]1 he did

 n long cont9ue2 = 8 nurse dy+1 he w5t  
to take c>e ( ! effects ( 8 suppos$ "m1 
& f\nd 9 h] boxes "s lett]s1 :i*        
discov]$ to "y ,savage 8 bir?1 & ! cause
 ( its concealm5t4 ,f ! mom5t ( ?is     
discov]y he became dissatisfi$4 ,he     
conceiv$ t he _h a "r to %>e 9 !        
afflu5ce ( 8 real "m2 & !re=e he appli$ 
to h]1 & tri$ e art to attract h] reg>d4
 ,b 9 va9 did he solicit ?is unnatural  
p>5t2 %e avoid$ him ) ! utmo/           
precaution1 & took measures to prev5t 8 
ev] ent]+ h] h\se4 ,meantime1 :ile he 0 
endeav\r+ to r\se ! affections ( a "m1 9
 :om all natural affection 0 ext9ct1 he 
0 de/itute ( ! means ( support4 ,hav+ a 
/rong incl9ation to lit]>y pursuits1    
especially poetry1 he wrote poems2 &    
aft]w>ds two plays1 ,woman's a ,riddle1 
&1 ,love 9 a ,veil3 he 0 all[$ no "p ( !
 pr(its f ! fir/2 b by ! second he      
acquir$ ! acqua9tance ( ,sir ,ri*>d     
,/eel & ,mr4 ,wilkes1 by :om he 0 piti$1
 c>ess$1 & reliev$4 ,b ! k9dness ( 8    
fri5ds n af=d+ him a con/ant supply1 he 

wrote ! trag$y ( ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury2  
:i* n only procur$ him ! e/eem ( _m     
p]sons ( wit1 b br\ght him #bjj4 ,!     
celebrat$ ,a>on ,hill1 ,esq4 0 ( great  
s]vice to him 9 correct+ & fitt+ ?is    
piece = ! /age & ! press2 & ext5d$ 8    
patronage /ill f>!r4 ,b ,savage 01 l _m 
o!r wits1 a bad economi/4 ,z fa/ z 8    
fri5ds rais$ him out ( "o difficulty1 he
 sunk into ano!r2 & :5 he f\nd himself  
greatly involv$1 he rambl$ ab\t l a     
vagabond1 ) sc>cely a %irt on 8 back4   
,he 0 9 "o ( ^! situations all ! "t he  
wrote 8 trag$y above m5tion$2 )\t a     
lodg+1 & (t5 )\t a d9n]4 ,mr4 ,hill also
 promot$ a subscription to a volume ( 8 
,miscellanies1 & furni%$ "p ( ! poems ( 
:i* x 0 compos$4 ,to ?is ,miscellany    
,savage wrote a preface1 9 :i* he gives 
an acc\nt ( 8 "m's cruelty1 9 a v       
uncommon /ra9 ( hum\r4 ,! pr(its ( 8    
trag$y & 8 ,miscellanies _h n[ some:at  
rais$ him1 bo? 9 circum/ances & cr$it1 s
 t ! _w began to behold him ) a m       
fav\rable eye1 :5 bo? 8 fame & life 7   

endang]$ by a mo/ unhappy ev5t3 a drunk5
 frolic1 9 :i* he "o night engag$1 end$ 
9 a fray1 & ,savage un=tunately kill$ a 
man1 = :i* he 0 condemn$ to be hang$3 8 
fri5ds e>ne/ly solicit$ ! m]cy ( ! cr[n1
 :ile 8 "m z e>ne/ly ex]t$ h]self to    
prev5t 8 receiv+ x4 ,! ,c\ntess (       
,h]t=d1 at l5g?1 laid 8 :ole case be=e  
,que5 ,c>ol9e1 & ,savage obta9$ a p>don4
 ,savage n[ lo/ t affection = 8 "m :i* !
 :ole s]ies ( h] cruelty _h n be5 able  
:olly to repress2 & consid]+ h] z an    
implacable enemy1 :om no?+ b 8 blood    
c\ld satisfy1 ?reat5$ to h>ass h] )     
lampoons1 & to publi% a copi\s n>rative 
( h] conduct1 unless %e cons5t$ to all[ 
him a p5sion4 ,?is exp$i5t prov$        
successful2 & ,"l ,tyrconnel1 ^u 8      
promise ( lay+ aside 8 design ( expos+ 8
 "m's cruelty1 took him into 8 family1  
treat$ him z an equal1 & engag$ to all[ 
him a p5sion ( #bjj a ye>4 ,?is 0 !     
happy p]iod ( ,savage's life4 ,he 0     
c\rt$ by all :o wi%$ to be ?\ght m5 (   
g5ius & ta/e4 ,at ?is "t he publi%$ !   

,temple ( ,heal? & ,mir?1 on ! recov]y (
 ,lady ,tyrconnel f a langui%+ illness2 
& ! ,w&]]1 a moral poem1 :i* he d$icat$ 
to ,"l ,tyrconnel1 9 /ra9s ( ! highe/   
panegyric3 b ^! praises he soon 0 incl9$
 to retract1 be+ disc>d$ by ! man on :om
 !y 7 be/[$4 ,( ?is qu>rel1 ,"l         
,tyrconnel & ,mr4 ,savage gave v diff]5t
 acc\nts4 ,b our au?or's conduct 0 ev]  
su* z made all 8 fri5ds1 soon] or lat]1 
gr[ we>y ( him1 & ev5 =c$ mo/ ( !m to   
become 8 enemies4  ,be+ ?us once m turn$
 adrift ^u ! _w1 ,savage1 ^: passions 7 
v /rong1 & ^: gratitude 0 v small1      
expos$ ! faults ( ,"l ,tyrconnel4 ,he   
also took rev5ge ^u 8 "m1 by publi%+ !  
,ba/>d1 a poem1 rem>kable = ! vivacity (
 its beg9n+ 7:]e he humor\sly enum]ates 
! imag9>y advantages ( base bir?27 & = !
 pa!tic conclusion1 :]e9 he rec\nts !   
real calamities :i* he suff]$ by ! crime
 ( 8 p>5ts4 ,! foll[+ l9es1 9 ! op5+ ( !
 poem1 are a specim5 ( ?is writ]'s _s & 
v]sification3    ,ble/ be ! ba/>d's     
bir?6 ?ro' wondr\s ways   ,he %9es      

ecc5tric1 l a comet's blaze4   ,no      
sickly fruit ( fa9t compliance he2      
,he6 /amp'd 9 nature's m9t ) ec/asy6    
,he lives to build1 n boa/1 a g5]\s     
race2   ,no t5? transmitt] ( a fooli%   
face4   ,he1 k9dl+ f )91 requires no    
flame2   ,he glories 9 a ba/>d's gl[+   
"n4   ,nature's unb\nd$ son1 he /&s     
alone1   ,8 he>t unbias'd1 & 8 m9d 8    
own4   ,o "m6 yet no "m6--'tis to y     
,my ?anks = "s di/+ui%'d claims are due4
  ,?is poem _h an extraord9>y sale2 &   
its appe>ance happ5+ at ! "t :5 8 "m 0  
at ,ba?1 _m p]sons !re repeat$ passages 
f x 9 h] he>+4 ,?is 0 p]haps ! fir/ "t t
 ev] %e discov]$ a s5se ( %ame1 &1 on   
?is occasion1 ! p[] ( wit 0 v           
conspicu\s4 ,! wret*1 :o _h )\t scruple 
proclaim$ h]self an adult]ess1 & :o _h  
fir/ endeav\r$ to />ve h] son1 !n to    
transport him1 & aft]w>ds to hang him1 0
 n able to be> ! repres5tation ( h] own 
conduct1 b fl$ f reproa*1 ?\gh %e felt  
no pa9 f guilt2 & left ,ba? 9 ha/e1 to  
%elt] h]self among ! cr[ds ( ,london4   

,"s "t aft] ?is1 ,savage =m$ !          
resolution ( apply+ to ! ,que52 :o1 hav+
 once giv5 him life1 he hop$ %e might   
ext5d h] goodness to him1 by enabl+ him 
to support x4 ,) ?is view1 he publi%$ a 
poem on h] bir?-day1 :i* he entitl$ ,!  
,volunte] ,laureat2 = :i* %e 0 pleas$ to
 s5d him #ej1 accompani$ ) an intimation
 t he might annually expect ! same      
b\nty4 ,b ?is annual all[ance 0 no?+ to 
a man ( 8 /range & s+ul> extravagance4  
,8 usual cu/om 01 z soon z he _h receiv$
 8 p5sion1 to disappe> ) x1 & secrete   
himself f 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 till e 
%ill+ ( x 0 sp5t2 :i* done1 he aga9     
appe>$ p5niless z be=e3 b he w\ld nev]  
in=m any p]son :]e he _h be51 nor 9 :at 
mann] 8 money _h be5 dissipat$4 ,f !    
reports1 h[ev]1 ( "s :o p5etrat$ 8      
haunts1 he exp5d$ bo? 8 "t & 8 ca% 9 !  
mo/ sordid & despicable s5suality2      
p>ticul>ly 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 9 :i* he w\ld
 indulge 9 ! mo/ unsocial mann]1 sitt+  
:ole days & nights by himself1 9 obscure
 h\ses ( ent]ta9m5t1 ov] 8 bottle &     

tr5*]1 imm]s$ 9 fil? & slo?1 ) sc>cely  
dec5t app>el2 g5]ally wrapp$ up 9 a     
horseman's great coat2 &1 on ! :ole1 ) 8
 v homely c\nt5ance1 exhibit+ an object 
! mo/ disgu/+ to ! sight1 if n to "s o!r
 ( ! s5ses4  ,8 wit & p>ts1 h[ev]1 /ill 
rais$ him new fri5ds1 z fa/ z 8         
misbehavi\r lo/ him 8 old ones4 ,yet su*
 0 8 conduct1 t occasional relief only  
furni%$ ! means ( occasional excess2 &  
he defeat$ all attempts made by 8 fri5ds
 to fix him 9 a dec5t way4 ,he 0 ev5    
r$uc$ s l[ z to be de/itute ( a lodg+2  
insomu* t he (t5 pass$ 8 nights 9 ^?    
mean h\ses t are set op5 = casual w&]]s2
 sometimes 9 cell>s1 amid/ ! riot & fil?
 ( ! mo/ pr(ligate ( ! rabble2 & n      
seldom w\ld he walk ! /reets till he 0  
we>y1 & !n lie d[n1 9 summ]1 on a       
bulk1--or1 9 w9t]1 ) 8 associates1 among
 ! a%es ( a glas%\se4 ,yet1 amid/ all 8 
p5ury & wret*$ness1 ?is man _h s mu*    
pride1 & s high an op9ion ( 8 own m]it1 
t he 0 always ready to repress1 ) scorn 
& contempt1 ! lea/ appe>ance ( any      

slight t[>ds himself1 9 ! behavi\r ( 8  
acqua9tance2 among :om he look$ ^u none 
z 8 sup]ior4 ,he w\ld be treat$ z an    
equal1 ev5 by p]sons ( ! highe/ rank4   
,he once refus$ to wait ^u a g5tleman1  
:o 0 desir\s ( reliev+ him1 :5 at ! l[e/
 di/ress1 only because ! message        
signifi$ ! g5tleman's desire to see him 
at n9e 9 ! morn+4 ,8 life 0 r5d]$ /ill m
 unhappy1 by ! dea? ( ! ,que51 9 #agch4 
,8 p5sion 0 discont9u$2 & ! insol5t     
mann] 9 :i* he dem&$ ( ,sir ,rob]t      
,walpole to h x re/or$1 = ev] cut (f 8  
supply1 :i* probably might h be5 recov]$
 by prop] application4  ,8 di/ress n[   
became s notori\s1 t a s*eme 0 at l5g?  
conc]t$ = procur+ him a p]man5t relief4 
,x 0 propos$ t he %\ld retire into      
,wales1 ) an all[ance ( #ej a ye>1 on   
:i* he 0 to live privately1 9 a *eap    
place1 = ev] quitt+ 8 t[n haunts1 &     
resign+ all f>!r pret5sions to fame4    
,?is (f] he seem$ gladly to accept2 b 8 
int5tions 7 only to deceive 8 fri5ds1 by
 retir+ = a:ile to write ano!r trag$y1 &

 !n to return ) x to ,london4 ,9 #agci1 
he set out = ,swansey1 9 ! ,bri/ol      
/age-coa*1 & 0 furni%$ ) #ae gu9eas1 to 
be> ! exp5se ( 8 j\rney4 ,b1 on ! #ad?  
day ( 8 dep>ture1 8 fri5ds & b5efactors1
 ! pr9cipal ( :om 0 ,mr4 ,pope1 :o      
expect$ to he> ( 8 arrival 9 ,wales1 7  
surpris$ ) a lett] f ,savage1 in=m+ !m t
 he 0 yet ^u ! road1 & c\ld n proce$ =  
want ( money4 ,!re 0 no o!r rem$y ?an a 
remittance1 :i* 0 s5t him1 & by ! help (
 :i* he 0 enabl$ to rea* ,bri/ol1 :5ce  
he 0 to proce$ to ,swansey by wat]4 ,at 
,bri/ol1 h[ev]1 he f\nd an emb>go laid  
^u ! %ipp+2 s t he c\ld n imm$iately    
obta9 a passage4 ,"h1 !re=e1 be+ oblig$ 
to /ay = "s "t1 he s +ratiat$ himself ) 
! pr9cipal inhabitants1 t he 0 (t5      
invit$ to _! h\ses1 di/+ui%$ at _!      
public ent]ta9m5ts1 & treat$ ) a reg>d t
 highly gratifi$ 8 vanity4 ,at l5g?1 )  
great reluctance1 he proce$$ to         
,swansey2 :]e he liv$ ab\t a ye>1 v mu* 
dissatisfi$ ) ! dim9ution ( 8 sal>y1 =  
he _h1 9 8 lett]s1 treat$ 8 contributors

 s insol5tly1 t mo/ ( !m )drew _!       
subscriptions4 ,"h he f9i%$ 8 trag$y1 & 
resolv$ to return ) x to ,london2 :i* 0 
/r5u\sly oppos$ by 8 con/ant fri5d ,mr4 
,pope2 :o propos$ t ,savage %\ld put ?is
 play into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,?omson & ,mr4  
,mallet1 t !y might fit x = ! /age2 t 8 
fri5ds %\ld receive ! pr(its x might br+
 92 & t ! au?or %\ld receive ! produce  
by way ( annuity4 ,?is k9d & prud5t     
s*eme 0 reject$ by ,savage ) contempt4  
,he decl>$ he w\ld n submit 8 works to  
any "o's correction2 & t he w\ld no     
long] be kept 9 lead+-/r+s4 ,accord+ly1 
he soon return$ to ,bri/ol1 9 8 way to  
,london2 b at ,bri/ol1 meet+ ) a        
repetition ( ! same k9d treatm5t he _h  
be=e f\nd !re1 he 0 tempt$ to make a    
second /ay 9 t opul5t city = "s "t4 ,"h 
he 0 n only c>ess$ & treat$1 b ! sum (  
#cj 0 rais$ = him2 ) :i* x w\ld h be5   
happy if he _h imm$iately dep>t$ =      
,london4 ,b he nev] consid]$ t a frequ5t
 repetition ( su* k9dness 0 n to be     
expect$4 ,9 %ort1 he rema9$ "h till 8   

company 0 no long] welcome4 ,8 visits 9 
e family 7 too (t5 repeat$1 8 wit _h lo/
 its novelty1 & 8 irregul> behavi\r grew
 tr\blesome4 ,necessity came ^u him be=e
 he 0 aw>e2 8 money 0 sp5t1 8 clo!s 7   
worn out1 8 appe>ance 0 %abby1 & 8      
pres5ce 0 disgu/ful at e table4 ,he n[  
began to f9d e man f home at ^: h\se he 
call$1 & he f\nd x difficult to obta9 a 
d9n]4  ,?us r$uc$1 x w\ld h be5 prud5t 9
 him to h )drawn f ! place2 b prud5ce & 
,savage 7 nev] acqua9t$4 ,he /aid1 9 !  
mid/ ( pov]ty1 hung]1 & contempt1 till !
 mi/ress ( a c(fee-h\se1 to :om he ow$  
ab\t #hl4 arre/$ him = ! debt4 ,he      
rema9$ = "s "t at ! h\se ( ! %]iff's    
(fic]1 9 hopes ( procur+ bail2 :i*      
exp5se he 0 enabl$ to defray by a pres5t
 ( five gu9eas f ,mr4 ,na% at ,ba?4 ,no 
bail1 h[ev]1 0 to be f\nd2 s t poor     
,savage 0 at la/ lodg$ 9 ,newgate1 a    
prison 9 ,bri/ol4 ,b x 0 ! =tune ( ?is  
extraord9>y mortal always to f9d m      
fri5ds ?an he des]v$4 ,! keep] ( !      
prison took compassion on him1 & greatly

 s(t5$ ! rig\rs ( 8 conf9em5t by e k9d (
 indulg5ce2 he support$ him at 8 own    
table1 gave him a commodi\s room to     
himself1 all[$ him to /& at ! door ( !  
gaol1 & (t5 took him into ! fields = !  
b5efit ( ! air & ex]cise2 s t1 9        
reality1 ,savage endur$ few] h>d%ips "h 
?an he _h usually suff]$ dur+ ! greate/ 
"p ( 8 life4  ,:ile he rema9$ 9 ?is     
agreeable prison1 8 +ratitude aga9 broke
 out1 9 a bitt] satire on ! city (      
,bri/ol2 to :i* he c]ta9ly ow$ great    
obligations1 not)/&+ 8 arre/1 :i* 0 b ! 
lawful act ( an individual4 ,?is satire 
is entitl$1 ,london & ,bri/ol del9eat$2 
& 9 x he abus$ ! inhabitants ( ! latt] )
 su* a _s ( res5tm5t1 t ! read] w\ld    
imag9e he _h nev] receiv$ any o!r ?an ! 
wor/ ( treatm5t 9 t city4 ,:5 ,savage _h
 rema9$ ab\t six mon?s 9 ?is hospitable 
prison1 he receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,pope1
 7:o /ill all[$ him #bj a ye>17 conta9+ 
a *>ge ( v atroci\s +ratitude2 & ?\gh ! 
p>ticul>s h n transpir$1 yet1 f !       
notori\s "* ( ! man1 !re is reason to   

fe> t ,savage 0 b too ju/ly accus$3 ,he1
 h[ev]1 solemnly prote/$ 8 innoc5ce2 b  
he 0 v unusually affect$ on ?is         
occasion3--9 a few days aft]1 he 0 seiz$
 ) a disord]1 :i*1 at fir/1 0 n suspect$
 to be dang]\s2 b gr[+ daily m languid &
 deject$1 at la/ a fev] seiz$ him1 & he 
di$ on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #agdc1 9 ! #df?  
ye> ( 8 age4  ,?us liv$1 & ?us di$1     
,ri*>d ,savage1 ,esq4 leav+ beh9d him a 
"* /rangely *equ]$ ) vices & good       
qualities4 ,( ! =m] we h m5tion$ a      
v>iety ( in/ances2 ( ! latt]1 8 peculi> 
situation 9 ! _w gave him b few         
opportunities ( mak+ any consid]able    
display4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly a man (
 excell5t p>ts2 & _h he receiv$ ! full  
b5efits ( a lib]al education1 & _h 8    
natural tal5ts be5 cultivat$ to ! be/   
advantage1 he might h made a respectable
 figure 9 life4 ,he 0 happy 9 a quick   
disc]nm5t1 a ret5tive memory1 & a lively
 fl[ ( wit1 :i* made 8 company mu*      
covet$2 nor 0 8 judgm5t ( m5 & writ+s   
inf]ior to 8 wit3 b he 0 too mu* a slave

 to 8 passions1 & 8 passions 7 too      
easily excit$4 ,he 0 w>m 9 8 fri5d%ips1 
b implacable 9 8 enmity2 & 8 greate/    
fault 0 +ratitude4 ,he seem$ to ?9k e ?+
 due to 8 m]it1 & t he 0 little oblig$  
to any "o = ^? fav\rs :i* he ?\ght x _! 
duty to conf] ^u him4 ,he !re=e nev]    
rightly e/imat$ ! k9dness ( 8 _m fri5ds 
& b5efactors1 or pres]v$ a grateful s5se
 ( _! g5]osity t[>ds him4 ,! works ( ?is
 orig9al writ]1 aft] hav+ long la9      
disp]s$ 9 magaz9es & fugitive           
publications1 7 collect$ & publi%$ 9 an 
elegant edition1 9 #b vols4 #hvo4 to :i*
 are prefix$ ! admirable ,memoirs (     
,savage1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,samuel         
,johnson4     ,,*ap4 ,,xi4              
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,man4--7,conclud$47   ,,william        
,,hunt+don1 a v ecc5tric p]sonage1 :o 0 
orig9ally a coal-heav]1 & aft]w>ds      
became a popul> prea*] ( ! ,calv9i/ic   
p]suasion4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 =m$        
pr9cipally f ! prea*]'s own words1 0    
fir/ pres5t$ to ! public 9 ! fir/ volume

 ( ,! ,pulpit1 #ahji4 ,except+ !        
circum/ance ( enl>g+ 8 "n f ,hunt to    
,hunt+don1 :i* is /at$ z "o ( !         
inevitable consequ5ces ( ! follies ( 8  
y\?1 ,mr4 ,hunt+don has already writt51 
) tol]able tru?1 ! great] portion ( !   
hi/ory ( himself4  ,he 0 born1 he says1 
9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t2 & suff]$ mu* f 8     
p>5ts' pov]ty1 :5 "y4 ,he long felt o!r 
disadvantages att5d+ 8 bir?4 ,be+ born 9
 none ( ! mo/ polite p>ts ( ! _w1 he    
reta9$ a good deal ( 8 prov9cial        
dialect2 s t _m ( 8 expressions s\nd$ v 
h>% & unc\?4 ,( ?is he compla9s1 ) "s   
cause1 z x aft]w>ds occasion$ numb]s (  
unsanctifi$ critics to laugh & cavil at 
him4 ,he 0 fir/ an err& boy1 !n a daily 
lab\r]1 !n a cobbl]2 &1 ?\gh he work$ by
 day1 & cobbl$ by night1 he1 at "o "t1  
liv$ ^u b>ley4 ,8 fir/ m9i/]ial         
prep>ation is ?us told3  ,i _h n[ 7says 
,mr4 ,h47 five times a week to prea*    
con/antly3 on :i* acc\nt ,i 0 =c$ to lay
 ! ,bible 9 a *air by me1 & n[ & !n read
 a little1 9 ord] to furni% myself )    

matt] = ! pulpit4 ,x sometimes happ5$ t 
,i 0 "u sore temptations & des]tions3 ! 
,bible1 too1 appe>$ a seal$ book1       
insomu* t ,i c\ld n furni% myself ) a   
text2 nor dur/ ,i leave my "w 9 ord] to 
/udy or read ! ,bible2 if ,i did1 my    
little ones w\ld soon want bread2 my    
bus9ess w\ld also run v cross at ^?     
times4 ,8 e>n+s did n !n am\nt to m ?an 
eight %ill+s p] week4 ,ev5 :5 8 /ate    
grew bett]1 :5 he got 8 fir/ p>sonic    
liv]y on 8 back1 he c\ld n /udy at 8    
ease4 ,my little cot 7he says7 0 plac$ 9
 a v vulg> neighb\rhood1 & ! w9d[s 7 s v
 l[1 t ,i c\ld n /udy at any ( !m1 )\t  
be+ expos$ to ! view ( my enemies2 :o   
(t5 ?rew /ones ?r\gh ! glass1 or salut$ 
me ) a volley ( oa?s or imprecations4   
,?is mu/ h be5 pa9ful en\gh to "o ^:    
memory 0 naturally bad4 ,provid5ce _h   
long furni%$ him ) v sup]ior            
accommodations4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( it9]ant 
& irregul> prea*+1 ,william ,hunt+don1  
we>y ( liv+ at ,?ames ,ditton1 secretly 
long$ to leave x1 fully p]suad$ t he    

%\ld end 8 m9i/ry 9 ,london4  ,hav+     
unsuccessfully lab\r$ 9 ! v9ey>d ( !    
c\ntry1 & z he did n see t ,god _h any  
?+ m = him to d !re1 he1 l "o ,durant ( 
late1 saw ! ,"l himself op5 ! door = 8  
removal4 ,he _h resolv$ to be (f2 & he  
contriv$ to get (f4 ,he 0 n[1 z he      
himself says1 to p]* ^u ! ?ick b\ghs4   
,ditton 0 to be left = ,london4 ,yet _h 
poor ,ditton n be5 s unk9d to him4 ,"s  
few ye>s be=e ,i 0 m>ri$1 says ,mr4 ,h4 
all my p]sonal effects us$ to be c>ri$ 9
 my h&1 or on my %\ld]s1 9 "o or two    
l>ge h&k]*iefs2 b aft] m>riage1 = "s few
 ye>s1 ,i us$ to c>ry all ! goods t we  
_h gott51 on my %\ld]s1 9 a l>ge sack3 b
 :5 we remov$ f ,?ames ,ditton to       
,london1 we load$ two l>ge c>ts )       
furniture & o!r necess>ies2 besides a   
po/-*aise1 well fill$ ) *ildr5 & cats4  
,be+ view$ z ludicr\s :ile 9 ! c\ntry1  
he 0 fe>ful ( be+ consid]$ z ridicul\s  
else:]e4 ,i "h transcribe 8 words3 ,at  
?is 7says ,mr4 ,h4--hav+ be5 adv]tis$ 9 
,m>g>et-/reet ,*apel17 ,i 0 sorely      

(f5d$1 be+ v mu* av]se to prea*+ 9      
,london1 = sev]al reasons4 ,fir/1       
because ,i _h be5 told x ab\nd$ s mu* ) 
all sorts ( errors1 t ,i 0 afraid (     
fall+ into !m1 !re 7 s _m t lay 9 wait  
to deceive4 ,secondly1 because ,i _h no 
le>n+1 & !re=e fe>$ ,i %\ld n be able to
 deliv] myself ) any degree ( propriety2
 & z ,i knew no?+ ( ,greek or ,hebrew1  
nor ev5 ( ! ,engli% ,gramm>1 t ,i %\ld  
be expos$ to ! sc\rg+ tongue ( e critic 
9 ,london4  ,dur+ _m weeks1 7he adds17  
,i lab\r$ "u mu* di/ress ( m9d respect+ 
my want ( abilities to prea* 9 ?is great
 metropolis4 ,i ?9k ?is "o ( ! few      
rational passages to be f\nd 9 ! ,bank (
 ,fai?4 ,mr4 ,hunt+don "h c&idly        
confesses 8 own conviction ( 8 !n       
m9i/]ial incompet5cy1 & expresses 8     
appreh5sion z to ! probable nullity ( 8 
div9e mission4 ,8 call seems to fail him
 n[4 ,he feels j z mo/ m5 w\ld feel 9 ! 
same /ate1--fe>s j z !y w\ld fe>1--&    
takes ! same *ance z to ! great end he  
_h 9 view4 ,dur+ ! space ( ?ree ye>s1   

7says ,mr4 ,hunt+don17 ,i secretly wi%$ 
9 my s\l1 t ,god w\ld fav\r me ) a *apel
 ( my own1 be+ sick ( ! errors t 7      
p]petually broa*$ by "s "o or o!r 9     
,m>g>et-/reet ,*apel1 :]e ,i !n prea*$4 
,b ?\gh ,i s mu* desir$ ?is1 yet ,i c\ld
 n ask ,god = su* a fav\r1 ?9k+ x 0 n to
 be br\ght ab\t by "o s v mean1 l[1 &   
poor z myself4 ,h[ev]1 ,god s5t a p]son1
 unkn[n to me1 to look at a c]ta9 spot1 
:o aft]w>ds took me to look at x2 b ,i  
trembl$ at ! v ?\ght ( su* an imm5se    
und]tak+4 ,!n ,god /irr$ up a wise man  
to (f] to build a *apel1 & to manage !  
:ole "w )\t fee or rew>d4 ,god drew !   
patt]n on 8 imag9ation1 :ile he 0 he>+  
me prea* a s]mon4 ,i !n took ! gr\nd2   
?is p]son execut$ ! plan2 & ! *apel     
sprung up l a mu%room4 ,z soon z x 0    
f9i%$1 ?is preci\s scripture came sweet 
to my s\l1 ',he w fulfil ! desire ( !m t
 fe> him3' ,psa4 cxlv4 #ai4  ,i w n[    
in=m my read] ( ! k9d provid5ce ( my    
,god at ! "t ( build+ ! *apel1 :i* ,i   
nam$ ,provid5ce ,*apel 7#aghh72 & also  

m5tion a few free-w-(f]+s :i* ! p       
br\ght4 ,!y fir/ (f]$ ab\t elev5 p\nds1 
& laid x on ! f\ndation at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
build+4 ,a good g5tleman1 ) :om ,i _h b 
little acqua9tance1 & ( :om ,i b\ght a  
load ( timb]1 s5t x 9 ) a bill &        
receipt-9-full1 z a pres5t to ! ,*apel (
 ,provid5ce4 ,ano!r good man came ) te>s
 9 8 eyes1 & bless$ me1 & desir$ to pa9t
 my pulpit1 desk1 c4 z a pres5t to !    
*apel4 ,ano!r p]son gave half a doz5    
*airs = ! ve/ry2 & my fri5ds1 ,mr4 &    
,mrs4 ,lyon1 furni%$ me ) a tea-*e/1    
well /or$1 & a set ( *9a4 ,my good      
fri5ds1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,smi?1 furni%$ me )
 a v h&some b$1 b$/ead1 & all its       
furniture & necess>ies1 t ,i might n be 
"u ! necessity ( walk+ home 9 ! cold    
w9t] nights4 ,a daught] ( m9e 9 ! fai?1 
gave me a look+-glass = my *apel /udy4  
,ano!r fri5d gave me my pulpit-cu%ion1 &
 a book-case = my /udy4 ,ano!r gave me a
 book-case = ! ve/ry4 ,& my good fri5d1 
,mr4 ,e4 seem$ to level all 8           
displeasure at ! devil2 = he 0 9 hopes  

,i %\ld be enabl$1 ?r\gh ! graci\s arm (
 ! ,"l1 to cut ,rahab 9 pieces2 !re=e he
 furni%$ me ) a sword ( ! ,_s--a new    
,bible1 ) ,morocco b9d+ & silv] clasps4 
,i _h got "o old c>t-horse1 7says ,w4   
,h47 t ,i _h b\ght ) ! re/ ( ! /ock on !
 f>m1 & ,i want$ two m1 b money ran     
%ort2 & ,i det]m9$ also to h a l>ge     
tilt$ c>t1 to take my family to *apel1 &
 ! man %\ld drive x on ! ,sunday & on   
lecture nights1 & ,i w\ld ride my little
 horse4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ eligible plan t ,i 
c\ld adopt2 & on ?is ,i det]m9$1 z soon 
z ,god %\ld s5d money to procure !m4 ,i 
came to ?is conclusion on a ,friday2 &  
on ! next day1 t[>d ev5+1 came two or   
?ree fri5ds f t[n to see me4 ,i wond]$ n
 a little at _! com+1 z !y knew t on a  
,saturday ,i nev] l to see any body1 &  
!re=e ,i conceiv$ t !y mu/ be come ) "s 
heavy tid+s2 "s fri5d 0 dead1 or some?+ 
bad _h happ5$4 ,b !y came to in=m me t  
"s fri5ds _h agre$ among !mselves1 &    
b\ght me a coa* & a pair ( horses1 :i*  
!y int5d$ to make me a pres5t (4 ,i     

in=m$ !m t ! assess$ taxes ran s high1 t
 ,i %\ld n be able to keep x4 ,b !y     
/opp$ my m\? by in=m+ me1 t ! money =   
pay+ ! taxes = ! coa* & horses 0        
subscrib$ also2 s t no?+ lay ^u me1 b ! 
keep ( ! horses4 ,?us1 in/ead ( be+ at !
 exp5se ( a tilt$ c>t1 ,god s5t me a    
coa* )\t co/1 & two horses )\t my       
pur*as+ !m2 & :i*1 ) my o!r old horse1  
w\ld d ! "w ( ! f>m1 z well z ! "w ( !  
coa*2 & my bailiff in=m$ me t he c\ld   
drive x1 hav+ =m]ly drove "o4 ,?us 0 ,i 
set up4 ,b at ?is "t ! pocket 0 b>e1 &  
_m ?+s 7 want+1 bo? 9 ! h\se & on ! f>m1
 & a place to fit up = my bailiff &     
dairy-woman to live 94 ,& x 0 b a few   
days aft]w>d be=e a g5tleman out ( !    
c\ntry call$ ^u me2 &1 be+ up 9 my /udy 
) me1 he said1 ',my fri5d1 ,i (t5 told  
y1 y w\ld keep y\r coa* be=e y di$2 & ,i
 always promis$1 t :5ev] y _h a coa*1 ,i
 w\ld give y a pair ( horses2 & ,i w n  
be worse ?an my ^w4 ,i h inquir$ ( ,fa!r
 ,gre51 & he tells me t ! horses co/    
=ty-five p\nds1 & !re is ! money4' ,9 a 

day or two aft]1 ! coa*1 horses1 &      
h>ness1 came2 &1 hav+ n[ a little money1
 ,i wrote to a fri5d 9 ! c\ntry to s5d  
me twelve ewes1 & a male ) !m2 & he s5t 
me twelve excell5t ones1 & ! male ) !m1 
b w\ld n be paid = !m2 !y 7 a pres5t to 
! f>m4 ',:oso is wise & w obs]ve ^! ?+s1
 ev5 !y %all und]/& ! lov+-k9dness ( !  
,"l4' ,ps4 cvii4 #dc4  ,mu* did ,mr4    
,hunt+don owe to ! s+ul>ity ( 8 ways4   
,s+ul> 9 8 outset & c>e]1 s+ul> 9 8     
op9ions1 s+ul> 9 8 own appe>ance1 s+ul> 
9 8 *apel1 s+ul> 9 8 /yle ( prea*+1 he  
seem$ to "k1 z well z mo/ m51 ! value ( 
s+ul>ity4 ,he n only excell$ 9 extempore
 eloqu5ce1 b 8 peculi>ities di/+ui%$ him
 f mo/ o!r prea*]s4 ,hav+ =mally ann\nc$
 8 text1 he laid 8 ,bible at once aside1
 & nev] ref]r$ to x aga94 ,hav+ laid on 
"o side ! volume ( inspiration1 &       
disda9+ ! trammels ( transcription1 he  
proce$$ directly to 8 object2 &1 except+
 incid5tal digressions1 z1 ,take c>e (  
y\r pockets6 ,wake t snor+ s9n]6 ,sil5ce
 t noisy numscull6 ,turn out t drunk5   

dog6 except+ su* occasional digressions1
 :i*1 l ! episodes ( poetry1 mu/1 :5    
skilfully introduc$1 be und]/ood to     
height5 ! effect ( ! :ole1 our orator   
nev] deviat$ f ! c\rse 9 :i* he comm5c$ 
8 ecc5tric c>e] ( m9i/]ial lab\r4  ,he  
_h o!r advantages ov] _m ( 8 pulpit     
compe]s4 ,be+ ( ! metaphorical &        
allegorical s*ool1 z well z possess+ 8  
citations by rote1 !re is seldom to be  
f\nd ! passage1 f ! book ( ,g5esis to ! 
,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 t may n h1     
remotely or allusively1 "s connection ) 
! subject imm$iately "u 8 inve/igation4 
,h5ce ! v>iety1 z well z ! f]tility1 ( 8
 eloqu5ce4 ,h5ce ! novelty ( 8          
comm5t>ies2 8 truly a/oni%+ tal5t (     
reconcil+ texts1 else und\bt$ly         
incongru\s2 & ( discov]+ dissimil>ities1
 & ass]t+ difficulties1 :]e none 7      
believ$ to exi/4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ !     
dictatorial dogmatism ( ?is fam\s       
prea*]4 ,believe him1 none b him1--& t  
is en\gh4 ,if he aim$ ?us to p9 ! fai? (
 ^? :o he> him1 he w\ld say ov] & ov]1  

,z sure z ,i am born1 'tis1 c4 or1 ,i   
believe ?is1 or1 ,i "k ?is1 ,i am sure (
 x1 or1 ,i believe ! pla9 ,engli% ( x   
7"s difficult text7 to be1 c4 ,:5 he    
adds1 z he 0 wont1 by way ( fix+ 8 po9t1
 ,n[1 y c't help x1 or1 ,s x is1 or1 ,x 
mu/ be s 9 spite ( y1 he did ?is ) a mo/
 significant %ake ( 8 head1 ) a sort (  
beldam hauteur1 ) all ! dignity (       
defiance4 ,action he seem$ to h none1   
except t ( %ift+ 8 h&k]*ief f h& to h&1 
& hugg+ 8 cu%ion z ?\gh x 7 8 bol/]4 ,he
 !re=e ow$ 8 di/9ction to ! abs5ce ( ^? 
qualities by :i* mo/ m5 rise4 ,self has 
done great ?+s = him3 self-taught1      
self-rais$1 all ( self4 ,god 7says ,mr4 
,h47 enabl$ me to put out sev]al little 
books1 :i* 7 almo/ univ]sally exclaim$  
aga9/1 bo? by prea*]s & pr(essors1 & by 
^! means ,god s5t !m into all w9ds2 s t 
,i soon rubb$ (f "o hundr$1 & soon aft] 
ano!r1 s t1 9 a %ort "t1 ,i _h r$uc$ my 
?\s& p\nds 7debt7 d[n to sev5 hundr$4   
,( 8 works1 he adds1 t !y are calculat$ 
7z he ?9ks17 to suit ! e>ne/ inquir]2 ! 

s\l 9 bondage1 9 ! furnace1 9 ! pa? (   
tribulation1 or 9 ! /rong hold ( ,satan2
 & 7says he7 ,i h he>d ( !m f ,wales1 f 
,scotl&1 f ,irel&1 f v>i\s p>ts (       
,am]ica1 f ,cadiz 9 ,spa91 f ,alex&ria 9
 ,egypt1 &1 ,i believe1 f bo? ! ,ea/ &  
,we/ ,indies4  ,8 ,bank ( ,fai? has     
prov$ a bank ( gold6 ,:5 he wrote s mu* 
( :at came to him z gifts1 0 x n to r\se
 m to give8 ,! man :o says he lives by  
gifts1 w1 z he gets 8 fri5ds1 f9d gifts 
by :i* he may live4 ,he di$ at ,london1 
9 #ahac2 & su* 0 ! avidity ( 8 adh]5ts  
to obta9 a relic ( him1 t 8 furniture   
sold at t5 times ! orig9al value4 ,an   
old *air w5t (f at =ty p\nds4     ,,*ap4
 ,,xii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+       
,,animals4      ,animal                 
,g5]ation--,=mation (                   
,animals--,pres]vation (                
,animals--,de/ruction (                 
,animals--,animal ,reproductions4       
,see1 ?ro' ?is air1 ?is ocean1 & ?is    
e>?1     ,all matt] quick1 & bur/+ into 
bir?4     ,above1 h[ high progressive   

life may g6     ,ar\nd1 h[ wide6 h[ deep
 ext5d bel[6     ,va/ *a9 ( ,be+6 :i* f 
,god began1     ,natures e!real1 human1 
angel1 man1     ,bea/1 bird1 fi%1       
insect1 :at no eye c see1     ,no glass 
c rea*2 f ,inf9ite to !e1     ,f !e to  
no?+4                                   
,pope4   ,9 ent]+ ^u ! subject (        
,curiosities respect+ ,animals1 we %all 
fir/ introduce to ! read] "s int]e/+    
obs]vations respect+ ! g5]ation1        
=mation1 pres]vation1 de/ruction1 &     
reproduction1 ( animals 9 g5]al2 &1     
fir/1 ( animal g5]ation4  ,animal       
g5]ation holds ! fir/ place among all t 
raise our admiration :5 we consid] !    
,works ( ! ,creator1 & *iefly t         
appo9tm5t by :i* he has regulat$ !      
propagation1 :i* is wisely adapt$ to !  
disposition & mode ( life ( e diff]5t   
species ( animals1 t p e>?1 air1 or sea4
  ,increase & multiply1 said ! b5evol5t 
,au?or ( nature1 :5 he pron\nc$ 8 bless+
 on ! new made _w4 ,by virtue ( ?is     
p[]ful m&ate1 all ! v>i\s tribes (      

s5ti5t be+s h n only be5 pres]v$1 b     
increas$ 9 an a/oni%+ degree4  ,x is n 9
 our prov9ce to describe ! laws (       
ge/ation2 we w cont5t ourselves ) a few 
brief h9ts ^u ?is subject2 & we %all    
f9d1 t 9 diff]5t animals1 nature op]ates
 9 diff]5t ways1 9 ord] to produce !    
same g5]al end4  ,! human female1 & !   
female ( quadrup$s1 are possess$ ( a    
temp]ate *]i%+ w>m?2 ?is fits !m = easy 
ge/ation1 & enables !m to af=d prop]    
n\ri%m5t to _! "y1 till ! "t ( bir?4    
,birds are int5d$ to so> 9 ! air1 or to 
flit f place to place 9 se>* ( food4    
,ge/ation1 !re=e1 w\ld be burd5some to  
!m4 ,= ?is reason1 !y lay eggs1 cov]$ ) 
a h>d %ell3 ^!1 by natural in/9ct1 !y   
sit ^u1 & *]i% till ! "y be exclud$4 ,! 
o/ri* & ! cass[>y are said to be exempt 
f ?is law2 z !y commit _! eggs to ! s&1 
:]e ! int5se heat ( ! sun hat*es !m4    
,fi%es inhabit ! wat]s1 & mo/ ( !m h    
cold blood1 unfit = n\ri%+ _! "y4 ,!    
all-wise ,creator1 !re=e1 has orda9$ t  
mo/ ( !m %\ld lay _! eggs ne> ! %ore2   

:]e1 by means ( ! sol> rays1 ! wat] is  
w>m]1 & also fitt] = t purpose2 & also  
because wat] insects ab\nd m !re1 :i*   
af=d n\ri%m5t to ! "y fry4  ,salmon1 :5 
!y are ab\t to deposit _! eggs1 are l$  
by in/9ct to asc5d ! /ream1 :]e purity &
 fre%ness are to be f\nd 9 ! wat]s3 & to
 procure su* a situation = its "y1 ?is  
fi% w endure incr$ible toil & haz>d4  ,!
 butt]fly-fi% is an exception to ?is    
g5]al law1 = t br+s =? its "y alive4 ,! 
species ( fi% ^: resid5ce is 9 ! middle 
( ! ocean1 are also exempt4 ,provid5ce  
has giv5 to ^!1 eggs t swim2 s t !y are 
hat*$ among ! sea-we$s1 :i* also swim on
 ! surface4  ,! v>i\s k9ds ( :ales h w>m
 blood1 & !re=e br+ =? _! "y alive1 &   
suckle !m ) _! teats4  ,"s amphibi\s    
animals also br+ =? _! "y alive1 z !    
vip]1 c4 ,b su* species z lay eggs1     
deposit !m 9 places :]e ! heat ( ! sun  
supplies ! want ( w>m? 9 ! p>5t4 ,?us ! 
frog1 & ! liz>d1 drop _!'s 9 %all[      
wat]s1 :i* soon receive a g5ial heat by 
! rays ( ! sun2 ! common snake1 9       

dunghills1 or o!r w>m places4 ,!        
crocodile & sea-tortoise g a%ore to lay 
_! eggs 9 ! s&2 9 ^! cases1 ,nature1 z a
 provid5t nurse1 takes c>e ( all4  ,!   
multiplication ( animals is n re/ra9$ to
 ! same rule 9 all2 = "s h a rem>kable  
p[] ( increase1 :ile o!rs are1 9 ?is    
respect1 conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,yet1 
9 g5]al1 we f9d1 t nature obs]ves ?is   
ord]1 t ! lea/ animals1 & ^? :i* are mo/
 useful = food to o!rs1 usually increase
 ) ! greate/ rapidity4 ,! mite1 & _m o!r
 insects1 w multiply to a ?\s& )9 !     
compass ( a few days2 :ile ! elephant   
h>dly produces a "y "o 9 two ye>s4      
,birds ( ! hawk-k9d seldom lay m ?an two
 eggs2 :ile p\ltry w produce f fifte5 to
 ?irty4 ,! div]1 or loon1 :i* is eat5 by
 few animals1 lays also only two eggs2 b
 ! duck-k9d1 moor game1 p>tridges1 c4 & 
small birds 9 g5]al1 lay a great _m4    
,mo/ ( ! insect tribes nei!r be> "y nor 
hat* eggs2 yet !y are ! mo/ num]\s ( all
 liv+ creatures2 & 7 _! bulk            
proportionable to _! numb]s1 !re w\ld n 

be room on ! e>? = any o!r animals4 ,!  
,creator has wisely orda9$ ! pres]vation
 ( ^! m9ute creatures4 ,! females lay n 
_! eggs indiscrim9ately1 b are endu$ )  
in/9ct to *oose su* places z may supply 
_! infant (fspr+ ) prop] n\ri%m5t3 9 _! 
case1 ?is is absolutely necess>y1 = ! "m
 dies z soon z %e has deposit$ h] eggs1 
! male p>5t hav+ di$ be=e ?is ev5t takes
 place2 s t no p>5tal c>e ev] falls to !
 lot ( ?is orphan race4 ,& inde$1 7 !   
p>5ts to live1 x does n appe> t !y w\ld 
possess any p[] to assi/ _! "y4         
,butt]flies1 weevils1 tree-bugs1        
gall-insects1 & _m o!rs1 lay _! eggs on 
! leaves ( plants2 & e diff]5t tribe    
*ooses its own species ( plants4 ,nay1  
!re is sc>ce any plant :i* does n af=d  
n\ri%m5t to "s insect2 & /ill m1 !re is 
h>dly any "p ( a plant :i* is n pref]r$ 
by "s ( !m4 ,?us "o fe$s ^u ! fl[]2     
ano!r ^u ! leaves2 ano!r ^u ! trunk2 &  
/ill ano!r ^u ! root4 ,b x is p>ticul>ly
 curi\s to obs]ve h[ ! leaves ( "s trees
 ( plants are =m$ into dwell+s = !      

conv5i5ce ( ^! creatures4 ,?us !        
gall-insect1 fixes h] eggs 9 ! leaves ( 
an oak2 ! w\nd$ leaf swells1 & a knob   
arises l an apple1 :i* includes1        
protects1 & n\ri%es ! embryo4 ,9 ! same 
mann] are ! galls produc$1 :i* are      
br\ght f ,asiatic ,turkey1 & :i* are us$
 bo? z a m$ic9e1 & z a dye 9 sev]al (   
our manufactories4  ,:5 ! tree-bug has  
deposit$ its eggs 9 ! b\ghs ( !         
fir-tree1 excresc5ces arise1 %ap$ l     
pe>ls4 ,:5 ano!r insect ( ! same species
 has deposit$ its eggs 9 ! m\se-e>1     
*ick-we$1 or spe$well plants1 ! leaves  
contract 9 a wond]ful mann] into ! %ape 
( a head4 ,! wat] spid] excludes eggs   
ei!r on ! extremities ( junip]1 :i* f   
!nce =ms a lodg+ t resembles !          
arr[-head$ grass2 or on ! leaves ( !    
popl>1 f :5ce a r$ globe is produc$4 ,! 
tree-l\se lays its eggs on ! leaves ( ! 
black popl>1 :i* turn into a k9d (      
inflat$ bag2 & s 9 _m o!r in/ances4     
,nor is x only ^u plants t insects live 
& lay _! eggs4 ,! gnat commits h]'s to  

/agnant wat]s2 ! fle%-fly1 9 putrifi$   
fle%2 ano!r k9d ( insect deposits h]'s 9
 ! cracks ( *eese4  ,"s insects exclude 
_! eggs on c]ta9 animals2 ! mill-beetle1
 betwe5 ! scales ( fi%es2 a species ( ! 
gadfly1 on ! back ( bullocks2 ano!r ( ! 
same species1 on ! back ( ! re9-de]2    
ano!r1 9 ! noses ( %eep2 ano!r /ill1 9 !
 inte/9al tube1 or ! ?roat ( horses4    
,nay1 ev5 insects !mselves are g5]ally  
surr\nd$ ) ! eggs ( o!r insects2 s t !re
 is1 p]haps1 no animal to be f\nd1 b :at
 af=ds bo? lodg+1 & n\ri%m5t1 & food1 to
 o!r animals3 ev5 man himself1 ! haughty
 "l ( ?is l[] _w1 is n exempt f ?is     
g5]al law4   ,we %all next call !       
read]'s att5tion to "s p>ticul>s        
respect+ ! ,,=mation ,,( ,,animals4     
,:atev] matt] may be 9 itself z to its  
ess5ce1 x is c]ta9 t x appe>s to our    
s5ses z v>i\s & het]og5e\s3 h[ev]1 !    
modus ( ! =mation ( animals is /ill     
unkn[n4 ,! inspir$ writ]s express       
!mselves "h1 at lea/1 accord+ to !      
capacity ( ! le>n$1 z well z ! vulg>1 :5

 !y ackn[l$ge ! ignorance ( mank9d1--h[ 
! bones d at fir/ gr[ 9 _! embryo       
/ate1--& t we are fe>fully & wond]fully 
made1 :5 we are fa%ion$ secretly 9 ! l[]
 p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,h[ev]1 x seems n        
probable1 t "o "p ( matt] act+ ^u ano!r1
 %\ld produce animal exi/5ce1 ?\gh we   
grant x may h a /range & unacc\ntable   
p[] 9 ! alt]ation ( matt] purely        
ins5sible or inanimate4 ,f]m5tation may 
dilate1 & extremely alt] ! p>ts (       
animat$ matt]1 :5 !y are del9eat$ & m>k$
 out by ! f+] ( ! ,almighty2 b /ill1    
matt] be+ a pr9ciple purely passive &   
irrational1 we _c conceive h[ x %\ld    
become an animal1 any m ?an a _w1 x be+ 
mu* m easy = /ones to leap out ( a      
qu>ry1 & make an ,escurial1 )\t ask+ !  
ar*itect's leave1 or call+ = ! mason1 ) 
8 mort> & tr[el1 to assi/ !m4  ,nor     
seems x necess>y1 or rational1 t ! fir/ 
se$ ( e creature %\ld =mally include all
 ^? se$s t %\ld be aft]w>ds produc$ f x2
 s9ce x is1 we ?9k1 suffici5t t x %\ld  
pot5tially include !m1 j z ,abraham did 

,levi2 or z "o k]nel does all ^?        
indet]m9ate k]nels t may be !nce        
aft]w>ds rais$2 ! fir/ se$s be+ d\btless
 ( ! same nature ) ^? t n[ exi/1 aft] s 
_m ?\s& ye>s1 ! ord] ( "t mak+ only an  
accid5tal diff]5ce2 :i* if we d n grant1
 we mu/ run into ?is absurdity1 t e ?+  
does n produce its l1--a bird a bird1 or
 a horse a horse1--:i* w\ld be to fill  
all ! _w ) mon/]s1 :i* nature does s mu*
 abhor4  ,b e vegetable se$1 or k]nel1 =
 example1 does n[ actually & =mally     
conta9 all ! se$s or k]nels :i* may be  
at any "t aft]w>ds produc$ f !m4 ,a     
k]nel has inde$1 z we h f\nd by         
microscopes1 a pretty fair & di/9ct     
del9eation ( ! tree & bran*es into :i* x
 may be aft]w>ds =m$ by ! f]m5tation (  
its p>ts1 & addition ( suitable matt]2 z
 9 ! tree are pot5tially conta9$ all !  
?\s&s & millions ( k]nels1 & s ( trees1 
t %all or may be !nce rais$ aft]w>ds3 & 
"s are apt to believe x mu/ be simil> 9 
! fir/ animals2 :]eas ! f9e/ glasses1   
:i* are br\ght to an almo/ incr$ible    

p]fection1 _c discov] actual se$s 9     
se$s1 or k]nels 9 k]nels2 ?\gh1 if !re 7
 any su* ?+ z an actual lea/ atom1 !y   
might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be discov]$ by !m1  
s9ce !y h %ewn u n only se$s1 b ev5 new 
animals1 9 _m p>ts ( matt] :]e we nev]  
suspect$ !m1 & ev5 9 "s ( ! smalle/     
animals !mselves1 :]e( our nak$ sight c 
take no cognizance4 ,z = ! p>ts ( matt]1
 be !y h[ !y w1 f9ite or inf9ite1 x     
makes no great alt]ation2 =1 if ^! p>ts 
are n all sem9al1 we are no ne>]4 ,nay1 
at be/1 an absurdity seems to be !      
consequ5ce ( ?is hypo!sis2 because1 if  
^? p>ts are inf9ite1 & include all      
successive g5]ations ( animals1 x w\ld  
foll[ t ! numb] ( animals too %\ld be   
inf9ite2 &1 in/ead ( "o1 we %\ld h a    
?\s& inf9ites2 & x w\ld be /range too if
 !y %\ld n1 "s ( !m1 be great] or less  
?an "o ano!r4  ,= t pleasant fancy1 t   
all ! se$s ( animals 7 di/9ctly creat$  
at ! beg9n+ ( "t & ?+s1 t !y are m+l$ ) 
all ! elem5ts1 t we take !m 9 ) our     
food1 & ! he & %e atoms ei!r fly (f or  

/ay1 z !y l _! lodg+s2 we hope !re is no
 ne$ ( be+ s]i\s to confute x4 ,& we may
 ask ( ?is1 z well z ! =m]              
hypo!sis1--:at ne$ ( !m1 :5 ! "w may be 
done )\t !m8 ,! k]nel1 z be=e1 conta9s !
 tree1 ! tree a ?\s& o!r fruits1 & t5   
?\s& k]nels2 ! fir/ animal sev]al o!rs2 
& z _m ( !m z ,nature c dispose (1 &    
provide fit n\ri%m5t =1 are produc$ into
 :at we may call actual be+1 9 comp>ison
 to :at !y be=e enjoy$4 ,if x be ask$1  
:e!r ^! imp]fect creatures h all di/9ct 
s\ls :ile lurk+ yet 9 _! p>5t8 we answ]1
 t !re is no ne$ ( x2 !y are n yet s mu*
 z well-def9$ bodies1 b r p>ts ( ! p>5t3
 !re is requir$ yet a great deal m ( !  
*emi/ry & me*anism ( nature1 & t 9 bo?  
sexes1 to make "o or m ( ^! embryo be+s1
 ! (fspr+ ( man1 capable ( receiv+ a    
rational s\l2 b :5 t capacity comes1 &  
:]e9 x consi/s1 p]haps he only kn[s1 :o 
is ! ,fa!r ( spirits1 z well z ! =m] ( !
 univ]se4   ,,on ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,(  
,,animals4--,) respect to ! pres]vation 
( animals1 x maybe obs]v$1 t 9 t5d] age1

 :ile ! "y are unable to provide =      
!mselves1 ! p>5t possesses ! mo/ anxi\s 
c>e = !m4 ,! lioness1 ! tigress1 & e o!r
 savage ( ! wild]ness1 are g5tle & t5d] 
t[>ds _! (fspr+2 !y sp>e no pa9s1 no    
lab\r1 = _! helpless prog5y2 !y sc\r !  
=e/ ) indescribable rage2 de/ruction    
m>ks _! pa?2 !y be> _! victim to !      
cov]t1 & tea* _! :elps to quaff ! blood 
( ! sla94 ,!re is "o great law1 :i* !   
all-wise ,creator has implant$ 9 animals
 t[>ds _! (fspr+1 :i* is1 t1 accord+ to 
_! nature1 !y %\ld provide = _!         
n\ri%m5t1 def5ce1 & com=t4  ,all        
quadrup$s give suck to _! "y1 & support 
!m by a liquor ( a mo/ delicate ta/e1 & 
p]fectly easy ( dige/ion1 till !y are   
capable ( receiv+ n\ri%m5t f m solid    
food4  ,birds build _! ne/s 9 ! mo/     
artificial mann]1 & l9e !m z s(t z      
possible1 t ! eggs or "y may n be       
injur$4 ,nor d !y build promiscu\sly1 b 
*use su* places z are mo/ conceal$1 &   
likely to be free f ! attacks ( _!      
enemies3 ?us ! hang+-bird ( ! tropical  

c\ntries1 makes its ne/ ( ! fibres ( )]$
 plants l9$ ) d[n1 & fixes x at !       
extremity ( "s b\gh hang+ ov] ! wat]1 t 
x may be out ( rea*2 & ! div] places its
 swimm+ ne/ ^u ! wat] itself1 among !   
ru%es4  ,! male rooks & cr[s1 dur+ ! "t 
( incubation1 br+ food to ! females4    
,pigeons1 & mo/ ( ! small birds :i*     
pair1 sit by turns2 b :]e polygamy      
prevails1 ! males sc>cely take any c>e (
 ! "y4  ,birds ( ! duck k9d pluck !     
fea!rs (f _! brea/1 & cov] _! eggs ) !m1
 le/ !y %\ld be injur$ by cold :5 !y    
quit _! ne/ = food2 & :5 ! "y are hat*$1
 !y %ew ! utmo/ solicitude 9 provid+ =  
!m1 till !y are able to fly1 & %ift =   
!mselves4  ,"y pigeons are f$ ) h>d     
se$s1 :i* ! p>5ts fir/ h prep>$ 9 _! own
 crops1 t s ! infant bird may dige/ !m  
easily4 ,& ! eagle makes its ne/ on !   
highe/ precipices ( m\nta9s1 & 9 ! w>me/
 spot1 fac+ ! sun2 "h ! prey :i* x br+s 
is corrupt$ by ! heat1 & made dige/ible 
to ! "y4  ,!re is1 inde$1 an exception  
to ?is fo/]+ c>e ( animals 9 ! cuckoo1  

:i* lays its eggs 9 ! ne/ ( "s small    
bird1 g5]ally ! wagtail1 yell[-hamm]1 or
 :ite-?roat1 & leaves bo? ! incubation &
 pres]vation ( ! "y to !m4 ,b naturali/s
 in=m u t ?is app>5t want ( in/9ct 9 !  
cuckoo proce$s f ! /ructure & situation 
( its /oma*1 :i* disqualifies x =       
incubation2 /ill its c>e is conspicu\s 9
 provid+ a prop]1 ?\gh a =eign          
situation1 = its eggs4  ,amphibi\s      
animals1 fi%es1 & insects1 :i* _c come  
"u ! c>e ( _! p>5ts1 yet owe ?is to !m1 
t !y are deposit$ 9 places :]e !y easily
 f9d prop] n\ri%m5t4  ,:5 animals come  
to t maturity z no long] to want p>5tal 
c>e1 !y ex]cise ! utmo/ lab\r & indu/ry 
= ! pres]vation ( _! own lives4 ,b !    
diff]5t species are _m1 & ! individuals 
( ea* species are v num]\s4 ,9 ord]1    
!re=e1 t all may be support$1 ! ,creator
 has assign$ to ea* class its prop]     
food1 & set b\nds & limits to _!        
appetites4 ,"s live on p>ticul> species 
( plants1 :i* are produc$ only 9        
p>ticul> animalcula2 o!rs on c>cases1 & 

"s ev5 on mud & dung4 ,= ?is reason1    
,provid5ce has orda9$ t "s %\ld swim 9  
c]ta9 regions ( ! wat]y elem5t2 t o!rs  
%\ld fly2 & t "s %\ld inhabit ! torrid1 
! frigid1 or ! temp]ate zones4 ,diff]5t 
animals also are conf9$ to c]ta9 spots 9
 ! same zone3 "s frequ5t ! des]ts1 o!rs 
! mead[s1 or ! cultivat$ gr\nds2 ?us !  
m\nta9s1 ! woods1 ! pools1 ! g>d5s1 h _!
 prop] inhabitants4 ,by ?is means !re is
 no t]re/rial tract1 no sea1 no riv]1 no
 c\ntry1 b :at teems ) life4 ,h5ce "o   
species ( animals does n injuri\sly     
invade ! alim5t ( ano!r2 & h5ce ! _w at 
all times af=ds support to s _m1 & su*  
v>i\s inhabitants1 & no?+ :i* x produces
 is 9 va94  ,we ought to rem>k1 also1 ! 
wisdom & goodness ( ,provid5ce 9 =m+ !  
/ructure ( ! bodies ( animals = _!      
peculi> mann] ( life1 & 9 giv+ !m clo?+ 
:i* is suitable bo? to ! c\ntry & elem5t
 9 :i* !y live4  ,?us ! elephant1 !     
rh9oc]os1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( monkeys1 are 
de/9$ to live 9 ! torrid regions1 :]e ! 
sun d>ts its fi]ce/ rays2 _! sk9s are   

!re=e nak$1 = 7 !y cov]$ ) hair1 !y w\ld
 p]i% ) heat4 ,!y are also ( su*        
con=mation ( body z to suit _! diff]5t  
mann] ( life4 ,! re9-de] has 8          
habitation 9 ! colde/ p>ts ( ,lapl&2 8  
food is ! liv]wort1 :i* gr[s n[h]e else 
s abundantly2 & z ! cold is 9 t c\ntry  
int5se1 ?is useful animal is cov]$ )    
hair ( ! d5se/ k9d2 by ?is means he     
easily defies ! ke5ness ( ! arctic      
regions4 ,! r\gh-legg$ p>tridge passes  
its life 9 ! ,lapl& ,alps1 :]e x fe$s on
 ! se$s ( ! dw>f bir*3 :ile1 to )/& !   
cold1 & to enable x to run freely among 
! sn[1 ev5 its feet are ?ickly beset )  
fea!rs4  ,! camel is a native ( ! arid  
s&y des]ts1 :i*1 ) _! dreadful /]ility1 
are yet capable ( yield+ him support4   
,h[ wisely has ! ,creator =m$ him6 8    
foot is made to trav]se ! burn+ s&s2 & z
 ! place ( 8 habitation af=ds b little  
wat]1 he is made capable ( endur+ long  
j\rneys1 & go+ _m days )\t qu5*+ 8 ?ir/2
 = he is furni%$ ) a natural res]voir1 9
 :i*1 :5 he dr9ks1 he /ores up a        

quantity ( wat]1 & has ! p[] ( us+ x 9 a
 frugal & sp>+ mann]1 :51 = 8 food1 he  
crops ! dry ?i/le ( ! des]t4 ,! bullock 
delights 9 l[ ri* gr\nds1 because !re he
 f9ds ! food :i* is mo/ palatable to    
him4 ,! wild horse *iefly resorts to    
woods1 & fe$s ^u leafy plants4 ,%eep    
pref] hills ( mod]ate elevation1 :]e !y 
f9d a %ort sweet grass1 ( :i* !y are v  
fond4 ,goats climb up ! precipices (    
m\nta9s1 t !y may br\se on ! t5d] %rubs2
 &1 9 ord] to fit !m = _! situation1 _! 
feet are made = jump+4  ,sw9e *iefly get
 provision by turn+ up ! e>?2 = :i*     
purpose _! sn\ts are peculi>ly =m$4 ,9  
?is employm5t !y f9d succul5t roots1    
insects1 & reptiles4  ,s v>i\s is !     
appetite ( animals1 t !re is sc>cely any
 plant :i* is n *os5 by "s1 & left      
unt\*$ by o!rs4 ,?us ! horse refuses !  
wat] hemlock1 :i* ! goat w eat3 ! goat w
 n fe$ on monk%ood1 b ! horse eats x )  
avidity4 ,! long-leaf$ wat] hemlock is  
avoid$ by ! bullock2 yet ! %eep is fond 
( x4 ,! spurge is poison\s to man2 b !  

cat]pill> f9ds x a :olesome n\ri%m5t4   
,"s animals live on ! leaves ( c]ta9    
plants1 o!rs on ! /alks1 & o!rs /ill on 
! r9d1 or ev5 ! roots ( ! same          
vegetable4  ,x %\ld seem f h5ce1 t no   
plant is absolutely poison\s1 b only    
relatively s3 t is1 !re is no plant b   
:at is :olesome food to "s animal or    
o!r4 ,?us div9e wisdom has assign$ an   
use = all its productions4  ,! c>e (    
,provid5ce is fur!r evid5t 9 giv+ to ea*
 animal an in/9ctive k ( its prop]      
alim5t2 b t delicacy ( ta/e & smell1 by 
:i* !y accurately di/+ui% ! :olesome f !
 p]nici\s1 is n s evid5t 9 dome/ic      
animals z 9 ^? :i* are 9 a /ate (       
nature4  ,all birds ( ! goose k9d pass  
great "p ( _! lives 9 wat]1 fe$+ on     
wat]-insects1 fi%es1 & _! eggs4 ,x is   
evid5t t !y are calculat$ = ?is mode (  
exi/5ce2 _! beaks1 _! necks1 _! feet1 & 
_! fea!rs1 are =m$ = x4 ,all o!r birds  
are z aptly fitt$ = _! mann] ( life z   
^!4  ,! sea-swall[ is said to get 8 food
 9 a v s+ul> way4 ,fi% are 8 support1 b 

he is n capable ( div+ 9 ord] to cat* !m
 l o!r aquatic birds2 ! sea-gull1 !re=e1
 is 8 cat]]3 :5 ?is la/ has gorg$       
himself1 he is pursu$ by ! =m]1 :o      
buffets him till he ca/s up a "p ( 8    
prey1 :i* ! o!r cat*es be=e x rea*es !  
wat]2 b 9 ^? seasons :5 ! fi%es hide    
!mselves 9 deep wat]1 ! m]gans] supplies
 ev5 ! gull himself ) food1 be+ capable 
( plung+ deep] into ! sea4  ,small birds
 are g5]ally suppos$ to live pr9cipally 
^u ! b]ries ( ivy & haw?orn2 b mod]n    
naturali/s contradict ?is1 & affirm t _!
 w9t] food is ! knot-grass1 :i* be>s    
heavy se$s1 l ^? ( ! black b9d-we$4 ,?is
 is a v common plant1 n easily de/roy$2 
x gr[s 9 great abundance by ! sides (   
roads1 & trampl+ on x w n kill x2 x is  
extremely pl5tiful 9 corn-fields aft]   
h>ve/1 & gives a r$di% hue to !m by !   
multitude ( its se$s4 ,:]ev] ! husb&man 
pl\ghs1 ?is plant w gr[1 nor c all 8 art
 prev5t x3 ?us a "p ( 8 lab\rs are      
necess>ily de/9$ = ! propagation ( a    
plant :i* our heav5ly ,fa!r has design$ 

imm$iately = ! support ( ! f[ls ( ! air2
 = ?\gh !y s[ n1 nei!r ga!r into b>ns1  
yet are !y f$ by him4  ,"s birds :o live
 on insects1 migrate e ye> to =eign     
regions1 9 ord] to seek food 9 a mild]  
climate2 :ile all ! nor!rn c\ntries1 :]e
 !y live well 9 summ]1 are cov]$ ) sn[4 
,"s naturali/s reckon ! diff]5t species 
( ! ,hirundo1 or swall[1 among ! birds (
 passage2 :ile o!rs affirm t !y d n     
migrate1 b1 at ! approa* ( w9t]1 seek an
 asylum f ! cold 9 ! clefts ( rocks1 )  
:i* our isl& is surr\nd$1 or take refuge
 9 ! bottom ( pools & lakes1 among !    
re$s & ru%es2 o!rs /ill1 :o h made _!   
obs]vations ) m att5tion & pati5ce ?an  
ei!r ( ! =m]1 all[ t ! old swall[s ) _! 
e>ly brood d migrate2 b t ! latt]       
hat*es1 :i* are incapable ( di/ant      
flight1 lay !mselves up1 & become torpid
 dur+ ! w9t]2 & at ! approa* ( spr+1 by 
! wond]ful appo9tm5t ( ,nature1 !y come 
=? aga9 ) r5ew$ life & activity4 ,9 ^!1 
& all o!r animals :i* become torpid 9 ! 
w9t]1 ! p]i/altic motion ( ! b[els      

ceases :ile !y are dormant1 s t !y d n  
suff] by hung]4 ,dr4 ,li/] rem>ks1      
conc]n+ ?is class ( animals1 t _! blood1
 :5 p\r$ into a vessel1 does n          
coagulate1 l t ( all o!r animals2 &     
!re=e is no less fit = circulation :5 !y
 revive1 ?an be=e4  ,! birds call$      
moor-f[l1 dur+ great sn[s1 "w out pa?s =
 !mselves "u its surface1 :]e !y live 9 
safety1 & get _! food4 ,!y m\lt 9 summ]1
 s t ab\t ! latt] end ( ,augu/ !y _c    
fly1 & are !re=e oblig$ to run 9 !      
woods2 b !n ! blackb]ries & bilb]ries   
are ripe1 f :5ce !y are abundantly      
suppli$ ) food3 b ! "y d n m\lt ! fir/  
ye>1 & !re=e1 ?\gh !y _c run s well1 are
 enabl$ to escape dang] by flight4  ,!  
migration ( birds is n only a fact1 b1 z
 x relates to _m k9ds ( !m1 is an useful
 fact to mank9d4 ,?is rem>k applies to  
su* ( !m z fe$ on insects1 ! numb] ( :i*
 is s great1 t if ^! birds did n de/roy 
!m1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible = u to   
live4  ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( wat]-f[l t are 
kn[n 9 ,europe1 !re is h>dly any b :at1 

9 ! spr+1 are f\nd to repair to ,lapl&4 
,?is is a c\ntry ( lakes1 riv]s1 swamps1
 & m\nta9s1 cov]$ ) ?ick & gloomy =e/s1 
t af=d %elt] dur+ summ] to ^! birds4  ,9
 ^! arctic regions1 by reason ( !       
?ickness ( ! woods1 ! gr\nd rema9s moi/ 
& p5etrable1 & ! wat]s conta9 ! l>v ( ! 
gnat 9 innum]able quantities4 ,! days   
!re are long1 & ! beautiful & spl5did   
meteors ( ! night indulge !m ) e        
opportunity ( collect+ s m9ute a food2  
at ! same "t1 m5 are v sp>+ly scatt]$   
ov] t va/ nor!rn wa/e4 ,yet1 ,l9nu1 t   
great explor] ( nature1 9 8 excursion to
 ,lapl&1 0 a/oni%$ at ! myriads (       
wat]-f[l t migrat$ ) him out ( t c\ntry1
 :i* exce$$ 9 multitude ! army ( ,x]xes1
 cov]+1 = eight :ole days & nights1 !   
surface ( ! riv] ,calix6 ,! surprise (  
,l9nu 0 occasion$ by 8 suppos+ _!       
support to be furni%$ *iefly by !       
vegetable k+dom1 almo/ d5i$ to ! ,lapl& 
wat]s2 n kn[+ t ! all-b\ntiful ,creator 
_h pl5te\sly provid$ insect food = !m 9 
t dre>y wild]ness4  ,c]ta9 bea/s1 also1 

z well z birds1 become torpid1 or at    
lea/ inactive1 :5 !y are1 by ! rig\r ( !
 season1 exclud$ f ! necess>ies ( life4 
,?us ! be>1 at ! end ( autumn1 collects 
a quantity ( moss1 into :i* he creeps1 &
 !re lies all ! w9t]1 subsi/+ ^u no o!r 
n\ri%m5t ?an 8 fat1 collect$ dur+ !     
summ] 9 ! cellul\s membrane1 & :i*1 )\t 
d\bt1 dur+ 8 fa/1 circulates ?r\gh 8    
vessels1 & supplies ! place ( food4  ,! 
h$ge-hog1 badg]1 & "s k9ds ( mice1 fill 
_! w9t] qu>t]s ) vegetables1 :i* !y eat 
dur+ mild wea!r 9 ! w9t]1 & sleep dur+ !
 fro/s4 ,! bat seems cold & q dead1 b   
revives 9 ! spr+3 :ile mo/ ( ! amphibi\s
 animals get into d5s1 or ! bottom (    
lakes & pools4  ,among o!r in/ances ( ! 
pres]vation ( animals1 we ought to      
m5tion t ( ! pole-cat ( ,am]ica1        
commonly call$ ! squa% or sk9k4 ,?is is 
a small animal ( ! weasel k9d1 :i* "s ( 
! plant]s ( t c\ntry keep ab\t _!       
premises to p]=m ! (fice ( a cat4 ,?is  
creature has always a v /rong &         
disagreeable smell1 b :5 affright$ or   

enrag$1 x emits s horrible a /5*1 z to  
prev5t any o!r creature f approa*+ x3   
ev5 dogs 9 pursuit ( x1 :5 !y f9d ?is   
extraord9>y mode ( def5ce made use (1 w 
in/antly turn1 & leave him undisput$    
ma/] ( ! field2 nor c any attempts ev]  
br+ !m to rally aga94 ,kalm1 z quot$ by 
,buffon1 says1 ,"o ( ^! animals came ne>
 ! f>m :]e ,i liv$ 9 ! ye> #agdi4 ,x 0 9
 ! w9t] season1 dur+ ! night2 & ! dogs t
 7 ^u ! wat*1 pursu$ x = "s "t1 until x 
dis*>g$ aga9/ !m4 ,al?\gh ,i 0 9 b$ a   
good way (f1 ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h be5     
suffocat$2 & ! c[s & ox5 !mselves1 by _!
 l[+s1 %ew$ h[ mu* !y 7 affect$ by !    
/5*4  ,nor is ev5 ! s]p5t1 9 its v>i\s  
k9ds1 de/itute ( ! c>e ( ! common ,fa!r 
( nature4 ,?is reptile1 :i* has nei!r   
w+s to fly1 nor ! p[] to run ) mu* spe$1
 w\ld n h ! means to take its prey1 7 x 
n end[$ ) sup]ior cunn+ to mo/ o!r      
creatures4 ,9 fav\r ( ! s]p5t1 also1 !re
 is a t]ror att5d+ its appe>ance1 :i*   
op]ates ) su* p[] ^u birds & o!r small  
animals1 z (t5 to cause !m to fall an   

easy prey to x4 ,h5ce1 probably1 has    
aris5 ! fiction ( ! p[] ( fasc9ation1   
:i* has be5 confid5tly ascrib$ to !     
rattlesnake & "s o!r s]p5ts4   ,on !    
,,de/ruction ,,( ,,animals4  ,9 consid]+
 ! de/ruction ( animals1 we may obs]ve t
 ,nature is cont9ually op]at+3 %e       
produces1 pres]ves = a "t1 & !n de/roys 
all h] productions4 ,man himself is     
subject to ?is g5]al ord]2 = he also1 l 
o!r creatures1 returns to ! du/ f :5ce  
he 0 tak54  ,?is process ( nature is    
m>k$ ev5 9 ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons4  
,spr+1 l ! jovial1 playful infancy ( all
 liv+ creatures1 repres5ts *ildhood &   
y\?2 = !n plants spread =? _! fl[]s1    
fi%es play 9 ! wat]s1 birds s+1 &       
univ]sal nature rejoices4 ,summ]1 l     
middle age1 exhibits plants & trees full
 clo!d 9 gre52 fruits rip52 & e ?+ is   
full ( life4 ,b autumn is comp>atively  
gloomy2 = !n ! leaves fall f ! trees1 & 
plants beg9 to )]1 insects gr[ torpid1 &
 _m animals retire to _! w9t] qu>t]s4   
,! day proce$s ) /eps simil> to ! ye>4  

,9 ! morn+ e ?+ is fre% & playful2 at   
noon all is en]gy & action2 ev5+ foll[s1
 & e ?+ is in]t & sluggi%4  ,?us ! age (
 man beg9s f ! cradle2 pleas+ *ildhood  
succe$s2 !n sprightly y\?2 aft]w>ds     
manhood1 firm1 sev]e1 & int5t on        
self-pres]vation2 la/ly1 old age creeps 
on1 debilitates1 &1 at l5g?1 totally    
de/roys our tott]+ bodies4  ,b we mu/   
consid] ! de/ruction ( animals m at     
l>ge4 ,we h be=e obs]v$1 t all animals d
 n live on vegetables1 b !re are "s :i* 
fe$ on animalcula2 o!rs on insects4     
,nay1 "s !re are :i* subsi/ only by     
rap9e1 & daily de/roy "s or o!r ( !     
peaceable k9d4  ,! de/ruction ( animals 
by ea* o!r1 is g5]ally 9 progression1--!
 /rong prevail+ aga9/ ! weak4 ,?us1 !   
tree-l\se lives on plants2 ! fly call$  
musca amphidivora1 lives on ! tree-l\se2
 ! hornet & wasp-fly1 on ! musca        
amphidivora2 ! dragon-fly1 on ! hornet &
 wasp-fly2 ! l>g] spid]1 on !           
dragon-fly2 small birds fe$ on ! spid]2 
& la/ly1 ! hawk k9d on ! small birds4   

,9 l mann]1 ! monoculus delights 9      
putrid wat]s2 ! gnat eats ! monoculus2 !
 frog eats ! gnat2 ! pike eats ! frog2 &
 ! sea-calf eats ! pike4  ,! bat & !    
goat-suck] make _! excursions only at   
night1 t !y may cat* ! mo?s1 :i* at t "t
 fly ab\t 9 great quantities4  ,!       
woodpeck] pulls out ! insects :i* lie   
hid 9 ! trunks ( trees4 ,! swall[       
pursues ^? :i* fly ab\t 9 ! op5 air4 ,! 
mole fe$s on worms & grubs 9 ! e>?4 ,!  
l>ge fi%es dev\r ! small ones4 ,& p]haps
 !re is n an animal 9 exi/5ce1 :i* has n
 an enemy to cont5d )4  ,among          
quadrup$s1 wild bea/s are mo/ rem>kably 
p]nici\s & dang]\s to o!rs4 ,b t !y may 
n1 by _! cruelty1 de/roy a :ole species1
 ^! are circumscrib$ )9 c]ta9 b\nds3 z  
to ! fi]ce/ ( !m1 !y are few 9 numb]1 :5
 comp>$ ) o!r animals2 sometimes !y fall
 ^u & de/roy ea* o!r2 & x is rem>k$     
also1 t !y seldom live to a great age1 =
 !y are subject1 f ! nature ( _! diet1  
to v>i\s diseases1 :i* br+ !m soon] to  
an end ?an ^? animals :i* live on       

vegetables4 ,x has be5 ask$1 :y has !   
,supreme ,be+ con/itut$ su* an ord] 9   
nature1 t1 x %\ld seem1 "s animals are  
creat$ only to be de/roy$ by o!rs8 ,to  
?is x has be5 answ]$1 t ,provid5ce n    
only aim$ at su/a9+1 b also keep+ a j   
proportion among/ all ! species1 & s    
prev5t+ any "o ( !m f increas+ too mu*1 
to ! detrim5t ( m5 & o!r animals4 ,= if 
x be true1 z x assur$ly is1 t ! surface 
( ! e>? c support only a c]ta9 numb] (  
creatures1 !y mu/ all p]i%1 if ! same   
numb] 7 d\bl$ or trebl$4  ,!re are _m   
k9ds ( flies1 :i* br+ =? s abundantly1 t
 !y w\ld soon fill ! air1 &1 l cl\ds1   
int]cept ! light ( ! sun1 unless !y 7   
dev\r$ by birds1 spid]s1 & o!r animals4 
,/orks & cranes free ,egypt f frogs1    
:i*1 aft] ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 cov] !
 :ole c\ntry4 ,falcons cle> ,pale/9e f  
mice4 ,bellonius1 on ?is subject1 says1 
,! /orks come to ,egypt 9 su* abundance1
 t ! fields & mead[s are q :ite ) !m4   
,yet ! ,egyptians are n displeas$ ) !m1 
z frogs are g5]at$ 9 su* numb]s1 t1 did 

n ! /orks dev\r !m1 !y w\ld ov]-run e   
?+4 ,besides1 !y also cat* & eat s]p5ts4
 ,betwe5 ,belba & ,gaza1 ! fields (     
,pale/9e are (t5 injur$ by mice & rats2 
& 7 ^! v]m9 n de/roy$ by ! falcons1 t   
come "h by in/9ct1 ! inhabitants c\ld h 
no h>ve/4  ,! :ite fox is ( equal       
advantage 9 ! ,lapl& ,alps2 z he de/roys
 ! ,norway rat1 :i*1 by its prodigi\s   
increase1 w\ld o!rwise entirely de/roy  
vegetation 9 t c\ntry4  ,x is suffici5t 
= u to believe t ,provid5ce is wise 9   
all its works1 & t no?+ is made 9 va94  
,:5 rapaci\s animals d u mis*ief1 let u 
n ?9k t ! ,creator plann$ ! ord] (      
nature accord+ to our private pr9ciples 
( economy2 = ! ,lapl&] has "o way (     
liv+1 ! ,european husb&man ano!r1 & !   
,hott5tot diff]s f !m bo?2 :]eas !      
/up5d\s ,deity is "o ?r\gh\t ! globe2 & 
if ,provid5ce d n always calculate      
accord+ to our me?od ( reckon+1 we ought
 to consid] ?is affair 9 ! same light z 
:5 diff]5t seam5 wait = a fair w9d1 e "o
 ) respect to ! port to :i* he is b\nd3 

^! we pla9ly see _c all be satisfi$4    
,we %all conclude ?is bran*1 by turn+   
once m to ,man1 & trac+ him ?r\gh 8     
progressive /ages ( decay1 until dea?   
puts a f9al p]iod to 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4   
,! human =m has no soon] arriv$ at its  
/ate ( p]fection1 ?an x beg9s to decl9e4
 ,! alt]ation is at fir/ ins5sible1 &   
(t5 sev]al ye>s are elaps$ be=e we f9d  
ourselves gr[n old4 ,! news ( ?is       
unwelcome *ange too g5]ally comes f )\t2
 & we le>n f o!rs t we gr[ old1 be=e we 
are will+ to believe ! report4  ,:5 !   
body is come to its full height1 & is   
ext5d$ into its j dim5sions1 x !n also  
beg9s to receive an additional bulk1 :i*
 r loads ?an assi/s x4 ,?is is =m$ (    
fat1 :i*1 g5]ally1 at ab\t ! age ( =ty1 
cov]s all ! muscles1 & int]rupts _!     
activity4 ,e ex]tion is !n p]=m$ )      
great] lab\r1 & ! increase ( size only  
s]ves z ! =]unn] ( decay4  ,! bones also
 become e day m solid4 ,9 ! embryo !y   
are almo/ z s(t z ! muscles & ! fle%1 b 
by degrees !y h>d51 & acquire _! prop]  

vig\r2 b /ill1 = ! purpose (            
circulation1 !y are furni%$ ?r\gh all _!
 sub/ance ) _! prop] canals4 ,nev]!less1
 ^! canals are ( v diff]5t capacities   
dur+ ! diff]5t /ages ( life4 ,9 infancy 
!y are capaci\s1 & ! blood fl[s almo/ z 
freely ?r\gh ! bones z ?r\gh any o!r "p 
( ! body2 9 manhood _! size is greatly  
dim9i%$1 ! vessels are almo/            
imp]ceptible1 & ! circulation is        
proportionably sl[4 ,b 9 ! decl9e (     
life1 ! blood :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! bones1 no
 long] contribut+ to _! gr[?1 mu/       
necess>ily s]ve to increase _! h>dness4 
,! *annels :i* run ?r\gh ! human frame  
may be comp>$ to ^? pipes t we see cru/$
 on ! inside1 by ! wat]1 = a long       
cont9uance1 runn+ ?r\gh !m4 ,bo? e day  
gr[ less & less1 by ! small rigid       
p>ticles :i* are deposit$ )9 !m4 ,?us1 z
 ! vessels are by degrees dim9i%$1 !    
juices also1 :i* circulate ?r\gh !m1 are
 dim9i%$ 9 proportion2 till at l5g?1 9  
old age1 ^! props ( ! human frame are n 
only m solid1 b m brittle4  ,!          

c>tilages1 likewise1 gr[ m rigid2 !     
juices circulat+ ?r\gh !m1 e day        
contribute to make !m h>d]1 s t ^? p>ts 
:i* 9 y\? are ela/ic & pliant1 9 age    
become h>d & bony1 consequ5tly ! motion 
( ! jo9ts mu/ become m difficult4 ,?us1 
9 old age1 e action ( ! body is p]=m$ ) 
lab\r1 & ! c>tilages1 =m]ly s supple1 w 
n[ soon] break ?an b5d4  ,z ! c>tilages 
acquire h>dness1 & unfit ! jo9ts =      
motion1 s also t muc\s liquor1 :i* is   
always secret$ betwe5 ! jo9ts1 & :i*    
s]ves1 l oil to a h+e1 to give !m an    
easy & ready play1 is n[ gr[n m scanty4 
,x becomes ?ick] & m clammy1 m unfit =  
answ]+ ! purposes ( motion1 & f !nce1 9 
old age e jo9t is /iff & awkw>d4 ,at e  
motion ?is clammy liquor is he>d to     
crack2 & x is n )\t a great ef=t ( !    
muscles1 t its resi/ance is ov]come4    
,old p]sons h be5 kn[n1 t seldom mov$ a 
s+le jo9t )\t ?us giv+ notice ( !       
viol5ce t 0 done to x4  ,! membranes t  
cov] ! bones1 jo9ts1 & ! re/ ( ! body1  
become1 z we gr[ old1 m d5se & m dry4   

,^? :i* surr\nd ! bones soon cease to be
 ductile4 ,! fibres1 ( :i* ! muscles or 
fle% is compos$1 become e day m rigid2 &
 :ile1 to ! t\*1 ! body seems1 z we     
advance 9 ye>s1 to gr[ s(t]1 x is 9     
reality increas+ 9 h>dness4 ,x is ! sk91
 & n ! fle%1 t we feel on su* occasions4
 ,! fat1 & ! flabb9ess ( x1 seem to give
 an appe>ance ( s(tness1 :i* ! fle%     
itself is v f> f hav+4 ,none c d\bt ?is 
aft] try+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fle% ( "y 
& old animals4 ,! fir/ is s(t & t5d]1 ! 
la/ is h>d & dry4  ,! sk9 is ! only "p (
 ! body t age does n h>d52 t /ret*es to 
e degree ( t5sion2 & we h (t5 frightful 
in/ances ( its pliancy1 9 _m disord]s   
:i* are incid5t to humanity4 ,9 y\?1    
:ile ! body is vigor\s & increas+1 x    
cont9ues to give way to its gr[?4 ,b    
al?\gh x ?us adapts itself to our       
increase1 its does n 9 ! same mann]     
con=m to our decay4 ,! sk91 9 y\? &     
heal?1 is plump1 glossy1 ve9$1 & cle>2 b
 :5 ! body beg9s to decl9e1 x has n     
ela/icity en\gh to %r9k entirely ) its  

dim9ution2 x becomes d>k or yell[1 &    
hangs 9 wr9kles1 :i* no cosmetic c      
remove4 ,! wr9kles ( ! body 9 g5]al     
proce$ f ?is cause2 b ^? ( ! face seem  
to proce$ f ano!r1 namely1 f t v>iety ( 
positions into :i* x is put by ! spee*1 
! food1 or ! passions4 ,e grimace1 e    
passion1 & e gratification ( appetite1  
puts ! visage into diff]5t =ms4 ,^! are 
visible en\gh 9 "y p]sons2 b :at at fir/
 0 accid5tal or transitory1 becomes1 by 
habit1 unalt]ably fix$ 9 ! visage z x   
gr[s old]4  ,h5ce1 z we advance 9 age1 !
 bones1 ! c>tilages1 ! membranes1 !     
fle%1 & e fibre ( ! body1 becomes m     
solid1 m dry1 & m brittle4 ,e "p %r9ks1 
motion becomes m sl[1 ! circulation ( ! 
fluids is p]=m$ ) less fre$om2          
p]spiration dim9i%es2 ! secretions alt]2
 ! dige/ion becomes labori\s2 & ! juices
 no long] s]ve to convey _! accu/om$    
n\ri%m5t4 ,?us ! body dies by little &  
little1 & all its functions are dim9i%$ 
by degrees2 life is driv5 f "o "p ( !   
frame to ano!r2 univ]sal rigidity       

prevails2 & dea?1 at la/1 seizes ^u !   
remnant t is left4  ,z ! bones1 !       
c>tilages1 ! muscles1 & all o!r p>ts ( !
 body1 are s(t] 9 wom5 ?an 9 m51 ^! p>ts
 mu/1 ( consequ5ce1 require a long] "t  
to arrive at t /ate ( h>dness :i*       
occasions dea?4 ,wom51 !re=e1 ought to  
be long] 9 gr[+ old ?an m51 & ?is is1   
g5]ally speak+1 ! case4 ,if we consult !
 tables :i* h be5 drawn up respect+     
human life1 we %all f9d t1 aft] a c]ta9 
age1 !y are m long-liv$ ?an m51 all o!r 
circum/ances ! same4 ,?us a woman (     
sixty has a great] probability1 ?an a   
man ( ! same age1 ( liv+ till eighty4   
,we %all close ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt (  
,,animal ,,reproductions4  ,"h we       
discov] a new field ( wond]s1 t seems   
entirely to contradict ! pr9ciples t we 
_h adopt$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( organiz$  
bodies4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t animals c\ld  
only be multipli$ by eggs1 or by "y     
ones4 ,b x is n[ f\nd t !re are "s      
exceptions to ?is g5]al rule1 s9ce c]ta9
 animal bodies h be5 discov]$1 t may be 

divid$ into z _m complete bodies z y    
please2 = ea* "p ?us sep>at$ f ! p>5t   
body1 soon repairs :at is defici5t1 &   
becomes a complete animal4 ,x is n[ no  
long] d\btful t ! polypus belongs to !  
class ( animals1 ?\gh x mu* resembles   
plants1 bo? 9 =m1 & 9 its mode (        
propagat+4 ,! bodies ( ^! creatures may 
be ei!r cut across or longitud9ally1 & !
 pieces w become s _m complete polypi4  
,ev5 f ! sk91 or lea/ "p1 cut (f f !    
body1 "o or m polypi w be produc$2 & if 
sev]al pieces cut (f be jo9$ toge!r by !
 extremities1 !y w p]fectly unite1 n\ri%
 ea* o!r1 & become "o body4 ,?is        
discov]y has giv5 rise to o!r exp]im5ts1
 & x has be5 f\nd t polypi are n ! only 
animals :i* live & gr[ aft] be+ cut 9   
pieces4 ,! e>?-worm w multiply aft] be+ 
cut 9 two2 to ! tail !re gr[s a head1 & 
! two pieces !n become two worms4 ,aft] 
hav+ be5 divid$1 !y _c be jo9$ toge!r   
aga92 !y rema9 = "s "t 9 ! same /ate1 or
 gr[ r small]2 we !n see at ! extremity 
:i* 0 cut1 a little :ite button beg9 to 

appe>1 :i* increases & gradually l5g!ns4
 ,soon aft]1 we may obs]ve r+s at fir/ v
 close toge!r1 b ins5sibly ext5d+ on all
 sides2 a new /oma*1 & o!r organs1 are  
!n =m$4 ,we may at any "t make ! foll[+ 
exp]im5t ) snails3 cut (f _! heads close
 by ! horns1 & 9 a c]ta9 space ( "t !   
head w be reproduc$4 ,a simil>          
circum/ance takes place 9 crabs2 if "o (
 _! claws is torn (f1 x w aga9 be       
entirely reproduc$4  ,a v rem>kable     
exp]im5t 0 made by ,duhamel1 on ! ?igh (
 a *ick54 ,aft] ! ?igh-bone :i* _h be5  
brok5 0 p]fectly re/or$1 & a callus     
completely =m$1 he /ripp$ (f ! fle% d[n 
to ! bone2--! p>ts 7 gradually          
reproduc$1 & ! bone1 & ! circulation ( !
 blood1 aga9 r5ew$4 ,we "k !n t "s      
animals may be multipli$ by divid+ !m   
into pieces2 & we no long] d\bt t ! "y (
 c]ta9 insects may be produc$ 9 ! same  
mann] z a bran* is f a tree2 t1 be+ cut 
9 pieces1 !y w live aga9 9 ! smalle/    
piece2 t !y may be turn$ inside out l a 
glove1 divid$ into pieces1 !n turn$     

aga91 & yet live1 eat1 gr[1 & multiply4 
,"h a "q (f]s itself1 :i* p]haps no     
naturali/ c resolve 9 a satisfactory    
mann]3 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! p>ts ?us cut
 (f1 c be aga9 reproduc$8 ,we mu/       
suppose t g]ms are di/ribut$ to e "p ( !
 body2 :il/ 9 o!r animals !y are only   
conta9$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,^! g]ms unfold   
!mselves :5 !y receive prop] n\ri%m5t4  
,?us1 :5 an animal is cut 9 pieces1 !   
g]m is suppli$ ) ! necess>y juices1 :i* 
w\ld h be5 convey$ to o!r p>ts1 if !y _h
 n be5 div]t$ into a diff]5t *annel4 ,! 
sup]flu\s juices develop ^? p>ts :i* )\t
 !m w\ld h cont9u$ atta*$ to ea* o!r4 ,e
 "p ( ! polypus & worm1 conta9s 9       
itself1 z ! bud does ! rudim5ts ( a     
tree1 all ! visc]a necess>y to ! animal4
 ,! p>ts ess5tial to life are di/ribut$ 
?r\gh\t ! body1 & ! circulation is c>ri$
 on ev5 9 ! smalle/ p>ticles4 ,z we d n 
und]/& all ! means t ! ,au?or ( nature  
makes use ( to di/ribute life & feel+ to
 su* a numb] ( animals1 we h no reason  
to ma9ta91 t ! creatures ( :i* we h be5 

speak+1 are ! only ones t are exceptions
 to ! g5]al rule 9 _! mode ( propagat+4 
,! fecundity ( nature1 & ! inf9ite      
wisdom ( ! ,creator1 always surpass our 
feeble conceptions4 ,! same h& t has =m$
 ! polypus & ! worm1 has %ewn u t x is  
able to simplify ! /ructure ( animals4  
,,*ap4 ,,xiii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,animals4--7,cont9u$47      ,! ,beav]1
 & its ,habitations--,! ,mole--,!       
,frog--,! ,toad--,!                     
,rh9oc]os--,crocodiles &                
,alligators--,fossil ,crocodile--,!     
,orni?orhyn*us ,p>adoxus--,! ,m>mot1 or 
,m\nta9 ,rat1 (     ,switz]l&4          
,nature's unnumb]'d family comb9e     ,9
 "o b5efic5t1 "o va/ design2     ,e'en f
 inanimates to brea?+ man1--     ,a     
heav5-conceiv'd1 heav5-execut$ plan2    
,onw>d1 f ^? :o so> or l[ly creep1      
,! :olesome equipoise ?r\gh all to keep1
     ,z fai?ful ag5ts 9 e>?1 sea1 & air1
     ,! l[] _w to wat* ) con/ant c>e2   
,h] due proportion wisely to cons]ve3-- 
,a wondr\s tru/1 f :i* !y nev] sw]ve4   

,pratt4   ,x w\ld n be consi/5t ) ! plan
 ( ?is "w to embrace ! :ole natural     
hi/ory ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom4    
,?is is a ,book ( ,curiosities2 & x is  
our int5tion to pres5t ! read] ) a sket*
 ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s 9 ! univ]se3 our 
pres5t subject1 !re=e1 be+ curiosities  
respect+ animals1 we %all comm5ce )--   
,,! ,,beav]4--,?is animal 0 kn[n to !   
anci5ts = its possession ( t sebace\s   
matt] call$ ca/or1 secret$ by two l>ge  
gl&s ne> its g5itals & anus1 & ( :i* ea*
 animal has ab\t two ounces2 b !y appe> 
to h be5 unacqua9t$ ) its habits &      
economy1 ) t m5tal contrivance &        
practical dext]ity1 :i* 9 its natural   
/ate s /rik+ly di/+ui% x4 ,beav]s are   
f\nd 9 ! mo/ nor!rn latitudes ( ,europe 
& ,asia1 b are mo/ abundant 9 ,nor?     
,am]ica4  ,9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 !y
 assemble 9 l>ge companies to ! numb] ( 
two hundr$1 on ! banks ( "s wat]1 &     
proce$ to ! =mation ( _! e/abli%m5t4 ,if
 ! wat] be subject to ris+s & fall+s1 !y
 erect a dam1 to pres]ve x at a con/ant 

level2 :]e ?is level is naturally       
pres]v$1 ?is lab\r is sup]s$$4 ,! l5g? (
 ?is dam is occasionally eight feet4 ,9 
! prep>ation ( x1 !y beg9 ) fell+ "s v  
high1 b n extremely ?ick tree1 on !     
bord] ( a riv]1 :i* c be made to fall   
into ! wat]2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ?is is     
effect$ by ! unit$ op]ation ( _m1 ) _!  
=e-tee?1 ! bran*es be+ aft]w>ds cle>$ by
 ! same process4 ,a multitude ( small]  
trees are f\nd necess>y to complete !   
fabric1 & _m ( ^! are dragg$ f "s       
di/ance by l&1 & =m$ into /akes2 ! fix+ 
( :i* is a "w ( extreme difficulty &    
p]sev]ance1 "s ( ! beav]s ) _! tee?     
rais+ _! l>ge ends aga9/ ! crossbeam1   
:ile o!rs at ! bottom dig ) _! =e-feet !
 holes 9 :i* ! po9ts are to be sunk4 ,a 
s]ies ( ^! /akes1 9 sev]al r[s1 is      
e/abli%$ f "o bank ( ! riv] to ! o!r1 9 
connection ) ! cross-tree1 & ! int]vals 
betwe5 !m are fill$ up by va/ quantities
 ( e>?1 br\ght f a di/ance1 & pla%$ )   
mat]ials adapt$ to give x t5acity1 &    
prev5t its be+ c>ri$ (f4 ,! b>k is =m$  

at ! bottom1 ( ab\t ! wid? ( twelve     
feet1 dim9i%+ z x approa*es ! surface ( 
! wat]1 to two or ?ree2 be+ ?us         
judici\sly con/ruct$ to resi/ its weight
 & ef=ts by ! incl9$ plane in/ead (     
p]p5dicul> opposition4  ,^! prep>ations1
 ( su* imm5se magnitude & toil1 be+     
complet$1 !y proce$ to ! con/ruction (  
_! mansions1 :i* are rais$ on piles ne> 
! m>g9 ( ! /ream or lake1 & h "o op5+ f 
! l&1 & ano!r by :i* !y h in/ant access 
to ! wat]4 ,^! build+s are usually ( an 
orbicul> =m1 9 g5]al ab\t ! diamet] ( t5
 feet1 & compreh5d+ frequ5tly sev]al    
/ories4 ,! f\ndation walls are ne>ly two
 feet 9 ?ickness1 re/+ ^u planks or     
/akes1 :i* con/itute also _! floors4 ,9 
! h\ses ( "o /ory only1 ! walls1 :i* 9  
all cases are pla/]$ ) extreme neatness 
bo? ext]nally & )91 aft] ris+ ab\t two  
feet p]p5dicul>ly1 approa* ea* o!r1 s z 
at l5g? to con/itute1 9 clos+1 a species
 ( dome4 ,9 ! application ( ! mort> to  
_! habitations1 ! tails z well z feet ( 
! beav]s are ( ess5tial s]vice4 ,/one1  

wood1 & a s&y k9d ( e>?1 are employ$ 9  
_! /ructures1 :i*1 by _! compactness &  
/r5g?1 completely preclude injury f w9ds
 & ra94 ,! ald]1 popl>1 & will[1 are !  
pr9cipal trees :i* !y employ2 & !y      
always beg9 _! op]ations on ! trunk1 at 
ne>ly two feet above ! gr\nd2 nor d !y  
ev] desi/ f ! process till its fall is  
complet$4 ,!y sit in/ead ( /&1 at ?is   
lab\r1 & :ile r$uc+ ! tree to ! gr\nd1  
d]ive a pleasure at once f ! success (  
_! toils1 & f ! gratification ( _!      
palate & appetite by ! b>k1 :i* is a    
fav\rite species ( food to !m1 z well z 
! "y & t5d] p>ts ( ! wood itself4  ,= _!
 support 9 w9t]1 ample /ores are laid up
 ne> ea* sep>ate cab92 & occasionally to
 give v>iety & luxury to _! repa/s dur+ 
a long season1 9 :i* _! /ores mu/ h     
become dry & ne>ly ta/eless1 !y w make  
excursions into ! neighb\r+ woods = fre%
 supplies4 ,depr$ations by ! t5ants ( "o
 cab9 on ! magaz9es ( ano!r are unkn[n1 
& ! /ricte/ notions ( prop]ty & hone/y  
are univ]sal4 ,"s ( _! habitations w    

conta9 six only1 o!rs twelve1 & "s ev5  
tw5ty or ?irty inhabitants2 & ! :ole    
village or t[n%ip conta9s 9 g5]al ab\t  
twelve or f\rte5 habitations4 ,/rang]s  
are n p]mitt$ to intrude on ! vic9ity2  
b1 amid/ ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! society   
itself1 !re appe>s to prevail t atta*m5t
 & t fri5d%ip :i* are ! natural result (
 mutual co-op]ation1 & ( active &       
successful /ruggles aga9/ difficulty4 ,!
 approa* ( dang] is ann\nc$ by ! viol5t 
/rik+ ( _! tails aga9/ ! surface ( !    
wat]1 :i* ext5ds ! al>m to a great      
di/ance2 &1 :ile "s ?r[ !mselves =      
security into ! wat]1 o!rs retire )9 !  
prec9cts ( _! cab9s1 :]e !y are safe f e
 enemy b man4  ,! neatness z well z !   
security ( _! dwell+s is rem>kable1 !   
floors be+ /rew$ ov] ) box & fir1 &     
display+ ! mo/ admirable cleanness &    
ord]4 ,_! g5]al position is t ( sitt+1 !
 upp] "p ( ! body1 ) ! head1 be+        
consid]ably rais$1 :ile ! l[] t\*es1 &  
is some:at inde$ imm]s$ 91 ! wat]4 ,?is 
elem5t is n only indisp5sable to !m 9 ! 

same way z to o!r quadrup$s1 b !y       
c>efully pres]ve access to x ev5 :5 !   
ice is ( v consid]able dep?1 = ! purpose
 ( regal+ !mselves by excursions to a   
great ext5t "u ! froz5 surface4 ,! mo/  
g5]al me?od ( tak+ !m is by attack+ _!  
cab9s dur+ ^! rambles1 & wat*+ _!       
approa* to a hole dug 9 ! ice at a small
 di/ance1 to :i* !y are oblig$1 aft] a  
c]ta9 "t1 to resort = respiration4  ,if 
a man1 :o _h nev] be5 in=m$ ( ! indu/ry 
( beav]s & _! mann] ( build+1 7 %ewn !  
edifices t !y con/ruct1 he w\ld suppose 
!m to be ! "w ( mo/ em95t ar*itects4 ,e 
?+ is wond]ful 9 ! lab\rs ( ^! amphibi\s
 animals2 ! regul> plan1 ! size1 !      
solidity1 & ! admirable art ( ^!        
build+s1 mu/ fill e att5tive obs]v] )   
a/oni%m5t4  ,! works ( beav]s h a great 
resemblance to ^? ( m52 & ^u _! fir/    
appe>ance we may imag9e !m to be produc$
 by rational & ?9k+ be+s2 b :5 we exam9e
 !m ne>]1 we %all f9d t 9 all _!        
proce$+s1 ^! animals d n act ^u !       
pr9ciples ( reason1 b by an in/9ct :i*  

is implant$ 9 !m by nature4 ,if reason  
guid$ _! lab\rs1 we %\ld naturally      
conclude t ! build+s :i* !y n[ con/ruct 
w\ld be v diff]5t f ^? !y =m]ly made1 & 
t !y w\ld gradually advance t[>ds       
p]fection4 ,b we f9d t !y nev] v>y 9 !  
lea/ f ! rules ( _! =efa!rs1 nev]       
deviate f ! circle prescrib$ to !m by   
nature1 & ! beav]s ( to-day build       
exactly aft] ! same plan z ^? :i* liv$  
be=e ! deluge4 ,b !y are n ! less wor?y 
( our admiration4 ,9 ^! sagaci\s        
creatures we h an example ( ! great     
div]sity !re is 9 ! in/9ct ( animals--h[
 sup]ior is ! in/9ct ( ! beav] to t ( ! 
%eep6  ,! fle% ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! bodies
 ( beav]s resembles t ( l& animals 9    
sub/ance & flav\r2 :ile t ( ! l[]       
possesses ! ta/e1 & smell1 & lightness (
 fi%4  ,! sexual union among ^! animals 
is connect$ ) consid]able individual    
*oice1 s5tim5t1 & con/ancy4--,e c\ple   
pass toge!r ! autumn & w9t]1 ) ! mo/    
p]fect com=t & affection4 ,ab\t ! close 
( w9t]1 ! females1 aft] a ge/ation ( f\r

 mon?s1 produce1 9 g5]al1 ea* two or    
?ree "y1 & soon aft] ?is p]iod !y are   
quitt$ by ! males1 :o ramble into !     
c\ntry to enjoy ! return ( spr+2        
occasionally return+ to _! cab9s1 b no  
long] dwell+ 9 !m4 ,:5 ! females h re>$ 
_! "y1 :i* happ5s 9 ! c\rse ( a few     
weeks1 to a /ate 9 :i* !y c foll[ _!    
dams1 ^! also quit _! w9t] resid5ce1 &  
resort to ! woods1 to enjoy ! op5+ bloom
 & r5ovat$ supplies ( nature4 ,if _!    
habitations on ! wat] %\ld be impair$ by
 floods1 or w9ds1 or enemies1 ! beav]s  
assemble ) great rapidity to repair !   
damage4 ,if no al>m ( ?is nature occurs1
 ! summ] is pr9cipally sp5t by !m 9 !   
woods1 & on ! advance ( autumn !y       
assemble 9 ! sc5e ( _! =m] lab\rs &     
fri5d%ips1 & prep>e ) assiduity = !     
conf9em5t & rig\rs ( approa*+ w9t]4  ,:5
 tak5 "y1 ! beav] may be tam$ )\t       
difficulty2 b x exhibits few or no      
indications ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,"s  
beav]s are av]se to t association :i* s 
/rik+ly *>act]izes ^! animals 9 g5]al1 &

 satisfy !mselves ) digg+ holes 9 !     
banks ( riv]s1 in/ead ( erect+ elaborate
 habitations4 ,! fur ( ^! is            
comp>atively ( little value4   ,ano!r   
subject ( animal curiosity is1 ,,!      
,,mole4--,?is animal is ab\t six in*es 9
 l5g?1 )\t ! tail4 ,its body is l>ge &  
cyl9drical1 & its sn\t /rong &          
c>tilag9\s4 ,its sk9 is ( extraord9>y   
?ickness1 & cov]$ ) a fur1 %ort1 b      
yield+ to t ( no o!r animal 9 f95ess4 ,x
 he>s ) p>ticul> acut5ess1 &1 not)/&+ ! 
popul> op9ion to ! contr>y1 possesses   
eyes1 :i* x is /at$ to be able to )draw 
or project at pleasure4 ,x lives p>tly  
on ! roots ( vegetables1 b pr9cipally on
 animal food1 su* z worms & insects1 &  
is extremely voraci\s & fi]ce4 ,%aw     
relates1 f ,sir ,?omas ,br[n1 t a mole1 
a toad1 & a s]p5t1 h be5 repeat$ly      
inclos$ 9 a l>ge glass vase1 & t ! mole 
has n only kill$ ! o!rs1 b has dev\r$ a 
v consid]able "p ( !m4 ,x ab\nds 9 s(t  
gr\nd1 9 :i* x c dig ) ease1 & :i*      
furni%es x ) a great supply ( food4 ,x  

=ms its subt]rane\s ap>tm5ts ) great    
facility by its sn\t & feet1 & ) a v    
judici\s ref]5ce to escape & com=t4 ,x  
produces f\r or five "y 9 ! spr+1 9 a   
ne/ a little b5ea? ! surface1 compos$ ( 
moss & h]bage4 ,x is an animal injuri\s 
to ! gr\nds ( ! f>m]1 by ?r[+ up        
innum]able hills ( m\ld1 9 ! con/ruction
 ( its habitation1 or ! pursuit ( its   
food1 & _m p]sons obta9 _! subsi/5ce f !
 premiums1 :i* are1 on ?is acc\nt1 giv5 
= _! de/ruction4 ,moles c swim )        
consid]able dext]ity1 & are ?us furni%$ 
) ! means ( escape 9 sudd5 inundations1 
to :i* !y are frequ5tly expos$4 ,9      
,irel&1 ! mole is unkn[n4   ,,! ,,common
 ,,frog4--,?is is an animal s well kn[n1
 t x ne$s no description3 b "s ( its    
prop]ties are v s+ul>4 ,its spr+1 or p[]
 ( tak+ l>ge leaps1 is rem>kably great1 
& x is ! be/ swimm] ( all f\r-foot$     
animals4 ,its p>ts are f9ely adapt$ = ^?
 ends1 ! =e memb]s ( ! body be+ v       
lightly made1 ! h9d legs & ?ighs v long1
 & furni%$ ) v /rong muscles4 ,:ile 9 a 

tadpole /ate1 x is entirely a wat]      
animal1 = 9 ?is elem5t ! spawn is ca/4  
,z soon z frogs are releas$ f _! tadpole
 /ate1 !y imm$iately take to l&2 & if ! 
wea!r has be5 hot1 & !re fall any       
refre%+ %[]s1 ! gr\nd = a consid]able   
space is p]fectly black5$ by myriads (  
^! animalcules1 seek+ = "s secure lurk+ 
places4 ,"s p]sons n tak+ "t to exam9e  
into ?is ph5om5on1 imag9$ !m to h be5   
g5]at$ 9 ! cl\ds1 & %[]$ on ! e>?3 b _h 
!y1 l ,mr4 ,d]ham1 trac$ !m to ! next   
pool1 !y w\ld h f\nd a bett] solution ( 
! difficulty4 ,z frogs adh]e closely to 
! backs ( _! own species1 s we "k !y w d
 ! same by fi%4 ,t !y w injure1 if n    
entirely kill c>p1 is a fact            
indisputable1 f ! foll[+ relation4  ,n  
_m ye>s ago1 on fi%+ a pond belong+ to  
,mr4 ,pitt1 ( ,encomb1 ,dorset%ire1     
great numb]s ( ! c>p 7 f\nd1 ea* ) a    
frog m\nt$ on x1 ! h9d legs cl++ to !   
back1 & ! =e legs fix$ to ! corn] ( ea* 
eye ( ! fi%1 :i* 7 ?9 & greatly wa/$1   
teas$ by c>ry+ s disagreeable a load4 ,!

 croak+ ( frogs is well kn[n2 & f t1 9  
f5ny c\ntries1 !y are di/+ui%$ by       
ludicr\s titles1--?us !y are /yl$ ,dut* 
night+ales1 & ,bo/on waites4 ,yet !re is
 a "t ( ! ye> :5 !y become mute1 nei!r  
croak+ nor op5+ _! m\?s = a :ole mon?2  
?is happ5s 9 ! hot season1 & t is 9 _m  
places kn[n to ! c\ntry p by ! "n ( !   
paddock-moon4 ,x is said1 t dur+ t p]iod
 _! m\?s are s clos$1 t no =ce 7)\t     
kill+ ! animal7 w be capable ( op5+ !m4 
,^!1 z well z o!r reptiles1 fe$ b a     
small space ( ! ye>4 ,_! food is flies1 
insects1 & snails4 ,dur+ w9t]1 frogs &  
toads rema9 9 a torpid /ate2 ! la/ ( :i*
 w dig into ! e>?1 & cov] !mselves )    
almo/ ! same agility z ! mole4   ,n less
 rem>kable is ,,! ,,common ,,toad4--,?is
 is ! mo/ de=m$ & hide\s ( all animals4 
,! body is broad1 ! back flat1 & cov]$ )
 a pimply dusky hide2 ! belly l>ge1     
swagg+1 & swell+ out2 ! legs %ort1 & its
 pace lab\r$ & crawl+2 its retreat      
gloomy & fil?y3 9 %ort1 its g5]al       
appe>ance is su* z to /rike "o ) disgu/ 

& horror4 ,yet x is said t its eyes are 
f9e4 lian & o!r anci5t writ]s tell _m   
ridicul\s fables ( ! poison ( ! toad4   
,?is animal 0 believ$ by "s old writ]s  
to h a /one 9 its head fraught ) great  
virtues1 m$ical & magical3 x 0 di/+ui%$ 
by ! t]m (1 ! reptile1 & call$ !        
toad-/one1 bufonites1 krott5/]n1 & o!r  
names1 b all its fanci$ p[]s vani%$ on !
 discov]y ( its be+ no?+ b ! fossil too?
 ( ! sea-wolf1 or ( "s o!r flat-too!d   
fi%1 n unfrequ5t 9 our isl&1 z well z   
sev]al o!r c\ntries4 ,b ^! fables h be5 
long explod$4 ,& z to ! notion ( its be+
 a poison\s animal1 x is probable t its 
excessive de=mity1 jo9$ to ! faculty x  
has ( emitt+ a juice f its pimples1 & a 
dusky liquid f its h9d p>ts1 is !       
f\ndation ( ! report4 ,t x has any      
noxi\s qualities1 !re seem to be no     
pro(s 9 ! smalle/ degree satisfactory1  
?\gh we h he>d _m /range relations on t 
po9t4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m h tak5 !m 9 _!  
nak$ h&s1 & held !m long )\t receiv+ !  
lea/ injury4 ,x is also well kn[n t     

quacks h eat5 !m1 & h squeez$ _! juices 
into a glass1 & drank !m ) impunity4 ,!y
 are also a common food to _m animals2  
to buzz>ds1 owls1 ,norfolk plov]s1      
ducks1 & snakes1 :i* w\ld n t\* !m1 7 !y
 9 any degree noxi\s4  ,! fulle/        
in=mation conc]n+ ! nature & qualities (
 ?is animal is conta9$ 9 lett]s f ,mr4  
,arscott & ,mr4 ,pitfield to ,dr4       
,milles1 communicat$ to ,mr4 ,p5nant2   
conc]n+ a toad t liv$ above ?irty-six   
ye>s ) !m1 0 completely tame1 & became s
 great a fav\rite t mo/ ( ! ladies 9 !  
neighb\rhood got ! bett] ( _! prejudices
 s f> z to be anxi\s to see x f$4 ,its  
food 0 insects1 su* z millep$es1 spid]s1
 ants1 flies1 c4 b x 0 p>ticul>ly fond (
 fle% worms1 :i* 7 br$ on purpose = x4  
,x nev] appe>$ 9 w9t]1 b regul>ly made  
its appe>ance 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! w>m wea!r  
comm5c$1 climb+ up a few /eps1 & wait+  
to be tak5 up1 c>ri$ into ! h\se1 & f$  
^u a table4 ,be=e x attack$ ! insects1 x
 fix$ its eyes on !m1 & rema9$          
motionless = a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 :5 x    

attack$ !m by an in/antane\s motion (   
its tongue1 d>t$ on ! insect ) su*      
rapidity t ! eye c\ld n foll[ x1 :]eby !
 insect /uck to ! tip ( its tongue1 & 0 
in/antly convey$ to its m\?4 ,?is       
fav\rite toad at la/ lo/ its life1 9    
consequ5ce ( be+ attack$ by a tame rav51
 :i* pick$ out "o ( its eyes2 & al?\gh !
 toad 0 rescu$1 & liv$ a ye> long]1 x   
nev] recov]$ its heal? or _s4 ,x nev]   
%[$ any signs ( rage1 be+ nev] provok$4 
,our next subject is an animal ( great  
bulk1 ,,! ,,rh9oc]os4--,?is quadrup$ is 
exce$$ 9 size only by ! elephant4 ,its  
usual l5g?1 n includ+ ! tail1 is twelve 
feet1 & ! circumf]5ce ( its body ne>ly !
 same4 ,its nose is arm$ ) a horny      
sub/ance1 project+1 9 ! full-gr[n       
animal1 ne>ly ?ree feet1 & is a weapon (
 def5ce1 :i* almo/ secures x f e attack4
 ,ev5 ! tig]1 ) all 8 f]ocity1 is b v   
r>ely d>+ en\gh to assail ! rh9oc]os4   
,its upp] lip is ( consid]able l5g? &   
pliability1 act+ l a species ( sn\t1    
grasp+ ! %oots ( trees & v>i\s          

sub/ances1 & convey+ !m to ! m\?2 & x is
 capable ( ext5sion & contraction at !  
animal's conv5i5ce4 ,! sk9 is1 9 "s     
p>ts1 s ?ick & h>d z sc>cely to be      
p5etrable by ! %>pe/ sabre1 or ev5 by a 
musket-ball4 ,^! animals are f\nd 9     
,b5gal1 ,siam1 ,*9a1 & 9 sev]al c\ntries
 ( ,africa2 b are f> less num]\s ?an !  
elephant1 & ( seque/]$ solit>y habits4  
,! female produces only "o at a bir?2 & 
at ! age ( two ye>s ! horn is only an   
in* long1 & at six only ( ! l5g? ( n9e  
in*es4 ,! rh9oc]os is n f]oci\s1 unless 
provok$1 :5 he exhibits p>oxysms ( rage 
& madness1 & is highly dang]\s to ^? :o 
enc\nt] him4 ,he runs ) great swiftness1
 & ru%es ?r\gh brakes & woods ) an en]gy
 to :i* e ?+ yields4 ,he is g5]ally1    
h[ev]1 quiet & in(f5sive4 ,its food     
consi/s entirely ( vegetables1 ! t5d]   
bran*es ( trees1 & succul5t h]bage1 (   
:i* x w dev\r imm5se quantities4 ,x     
delights 9 retir$ & cool situations1 ne>
 lakes & /reams1 & appe>s to d]ive "o ( 
! highe/ satisfactions f ! practice (   

roll+ & wall[+ 9 mud1--9 ?is respect    
be>+ a /rik+ resemblance to ! hog4      
,illu/ration3 ,,rh9oc]os4--,page #afb4  
,_m v>ieties ( ?is =midable animal are  
f\nd 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,! above figure 
repres5ts ! ,asiatic v>iety1 :i* has b  
"o horn4  ,illu/ration3                 
,,rh9oc]os4--,page #afb4  ,( ! ,african 
rh9oc]os1 ,mr4 ,cumm+1 ! fam\s hunt]1   
describes sev]al k9ds4 ,! above figure  
repres5ts ! two-horn$ k9d1 :i* is f\nd  
n[h]e b 9 ,africa4 ,mr4 ,cumm+ kill$ _m 
( ?is k9d4  ,?is animal 0 exhibit$1 by  
,augu/us1 to ! ,romans1 & is suppos$ to 
be ! unicorn ( ! scripture1 z x         
possesses ! prop]ties ascrib$ to t      
animal1 ( magnitude1 /r5g?1 & swiftness1
 9 addition to t peculi>ity ( a s+le    
horn1 :i* may be consid]$ z e/abli%+ _! 
id5tity4 ,?is animal c di/+ui%1 by its  
sight1 only :at is directly be=e x1 &   
always1 :5 pursu$1 takes ! c\rse        
imm$iately be=e x1 almo/ )\t ! slighte/ 
deviation f a "r l9e1 remov+ e imp$im5t4
 ,its s5se ( smell+ is v acute1 & also (

 he>+1 &1 on bo? ^! acc\nts1 ! hunt]s   
approa* him aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 g5]al1 !y   
wat* 8 ly+ d[n to sleep1 :51 advanc+ ) !
 greate/ circumspection1 !y dis*>ge _!  
muskets into 8 belly4 ,! fle% is eat5   
bo? 9 ,africa & ,india4   ,we n[ proce$ 
to ,,! ,,crocodile4--,?is animal is a   
native bo? ( ,africa & ,asia1 b is mo/  
frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! =m]1 inhabit+ its va/
 riv]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,nig] & ! ,nile4 
,x has occasionally be5 se5 ( ! l5g? (  
ev5 ?irty feet1 & in/ances ( its atta9+ 
t ( tw5ty are by no means uncommon4 ,x  
pr9cipally subsi/s on fi%1 b su* is its 
voracity1 t x seizes almo/ e ?+ t comes 
)9 its rea*4 ,! upp] "p ( its body is   
cov]$ ) a species ( arm\r1 s ?ick &     
firm1 z to be sc>cely p5etrable ) a     
musket-ball2 & ! :ole body has !        
appe>ance ( an elaborate cov]+ ( c>v$   
"w4 ,x is an ovip>\s animal1 & its eggs 
sc>cely exce$ 9 size ^? ( a goose4 ,^!  
eggs are reg>d$ z luxuries by ! natives 
( "s c\ntries ( ,africa1 :o w also )    
great reli% p>take ( ! fle% ( !         

crocodile itself4 ,:5 "y1 ! small size &
 weak /ate ( ! crocodile prev5t its be+ 
injuri\s to any animal ( consid]able    
bulk or /r5g?2 & ^? :i* h be5 br\ght    
liv+ to ,engl& h by no means indicat$ t 
f]oci\s & dev\r+ "* :i* !y h be5 g5]ally
 describ$ to possess2 a circum/ance     
probably ow+ to ! *ange ( climate1 & !  
r$uc+ effect ( conf9em5t4  ,9 its native
 climate its p[] & prop5sity to         
de/ruction are unque/ionably great1 &   
excite 9 ! inhabitants ( ! t]ritories   
ne> its haunts a high degree ( t]ror4 ,x
 lies 9 wait ne> ! banks ( riv]s1 &1 ) a
 sudd5 spr+1 seizes any animal t        
approa*es )9 its rea*1 swall[+ x ) an   
in/antane\s ef=t1 & !n ru%+ back into   
its wat]y recesses1 till r5ew$ appetite 
/imulates ! repetition ( its insidi\s   
ex]tions4 ,^! animals 7 occasionally    
exhibit$ by ! ,romans among _!          
collections ( ! natural wond]s ( !      
prov9ces2 & ,scaurus & ,augu/us are bo? 
record$ to h ent]ta9$ ! p ) a sight ( ^!
 new & =midable objects4  ,x is report$ 

by "s travell]s1 t crocodiles are       
capable ( be+ tam$1 & are actually kept 
9 a condition ( h>mless dome/ication at 
! gr\nds & artificial lakes ( "s        
,african pr9ces1 *iefly z app5dages (   
royal spl5d\r & magnific5ce4 ,a s+le    
negro w (t5 attack a crocodile1 & by    
spe>+ x betwe5 ! scales ( ! belly1 :]e x
 is easily p5etrable1 secure its        
de/ruction4 ,9 "s regions ^! animals are
 hunt$ by dogs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are c>efully
 discipl9$ to ! ex]cise1 & are arm$ )   
coll>s ( iron spikes4  ,ari/otle appe>s 
to h be5 ! fir/ :o ass]t$ t ! "u jaw ( !
 crocodile 0 immoveable1 & f him x 0    
transmitt$ & believ$ = a long succession
 ( ages4 ,b ! motion ( ! jaw 9 ?is      
animal is simil> to t ( all o!r         
quadrup$s4 ,! anci5ts also ?\ght x      
de/itute ( a tongue2 an idea equally    
false4 ,! tongue1 h[ev]1 is m fix$ 9 ?is
 ?an 9 o!r animals1 to ! sides ( its    
m\?1 & less capable1 !re=e1 ( be+       
protrud$4--,! eggs ( ! crocodile are    
deposit$ 9 ! mud or s& ( ! banks (      

riv]s1 & imm$iately on be+ hat*$1 ! "y  
move t[>ds ! wat]2 9 _! passage to :i*1 
h[ev]1 va/ numb]s are int]cept$ by      
i*neumons & birds1 :i* wat* _! progress4
   ,! ,,alligator1 or ,,am]ican         
,,crocodile1 has a va/ m\?1 furni%$ )   
%>p tee?2 f ! back to ! end ( ! tail1 x 
is s]rat$2 its sk9 is t\gh & br[n1 &    
cov]$ on ! sides ) tub]cles4 ,?is       
dreadful species1 :i* gr[s to ! l5g? (  
#ag or #ah feet1 is f\nd 9 ! w>m] p>ts (
 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is mo/ num]\s1 fi]ce1 
& rav5\s1 t[>ds ! s\?4 ,yet1 9 ,c>ol9a1 
x nev] dev\rs ! human species1 b on !   
contr>y1 %uns mank9d2 x1 h[ev]1 kills   
dogs z !y swim ! riv]s1 & hogs :i* fe$ 9
 ! swamps4 ,x is (t5 se5 float+ l a log 
( wood on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & is      
mi/ak5 = su* by dogs & o!r animals1 :i* 
x seizes1 draws "u wat]1 & dev\rs4 ,l ! 
wolf1 :5 press$ by long hung]1 x w      
swall[ mud1 & ev5 /ones1 & pieces (     
wood4 ,!y (t5 get into ! we>s 9 pursuit 
( fi%1 & d mu* mis*ief by te>+ !m to    
pieces4 ,!y are torpid dur+ w9t]1 9     

,c>ol9a1 & retire into _! d5s1 :i* !y =m
 by burr[+ f> "u gr\nd4 ,!y make !      
entrance "u wat]1 & "w upw>ds4 ,9 spr+  
!y quit _! retreats1 & resort to !      
riv]s1 & *iefly seek _! prey ne> ! m\?1 
:]e ! wat] is bracki%4 ,!y ro> & make a 
dreadful noise at fir/ leav+ _! d5s1 &  
aga9/ bad wea!r4 ,! female lays a va/   
numb] ( eggs 9 ! s&1 ne> ! banks ( lakes
 & riv]s1 & leaves !m to be hat*$ by !  
sun3 multitudes are de/roy$ z soon z    
hat*$1 ei!r by _! own species1 or by fi%
 ( prey4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! c>rion      
vulture is ! in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce to   
de/roy multitudes2 & x ?us prev5ts !    
c\ntry f be+ r5d]$ un9habitable4   ,!   
foll[+ acc\nt ( ,,ea/]n ,,alligators is 
extract$ f ,=bes's ,ori5tal ,memoirs4   
,! ea/]n di/ricts ( ,travancore1        
int]sect$ by lakes & riv]s1 ab\nd )     
amphibi\s animals1 especially alligators
 & seals4 ,!re seems to be no ess5tial  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! alligator ( ,india1 & 
! ,egyptian crocodile2 lac]ta alligator1
 & lac]tus crocodilus4 ,naturali/s seem 

to conf9e ! alligator to ,s\? ,am]ica1 !
 crocodile to ,asia & ,africa2 b 9      
,india ! lac]ta crocodilus1 g5]ally     
call$ ! alligator1 is f five to tw5ty   
feet long1 %ap$ l ! g5us to :i* he      
belongs2 ! back is cov]$ ) imp5etrable  
scales2 ! legs %ort1 ) five spread+ toes
 on ! =e feet1 & f\r 9 a /raight l9e on 
! h9d]1 arm$ ) claws3 ! alligator moves 
sl[ly1 its :ole =mation be+ calculat$ = 
/r5g?1 ! back bone firmly jo9t$1 & !    
tail a mo/ =midable weapon3 9 ! riv]1 he
 eag]ly spr+s on ! wret* un=tunately    
ba?+ )9 8 rea*1 & ei!r knocks him d[n ) 
8 tail1 or op5s 8 wide m\? = 8          
de/ruction1 arm$ ) num]\s %>p tee? (    
v>i\s l5g?s2 by :i*1 l ! %>k1 he        
sometimes sev]s ! human body at a s+le  
bite3 ! annals ( ! ,nile & ,ganges1     
al?\gh wond]ful1 are n fabul\s4 ,! upp] 
jaw only ( ! alligator 0 ?\ght to be    
moveable2 b t is n[ completely disprov$3
 ! eyes are ( a dull gre51 ) a brilliant
 pupil1 cov]$ by a transp>5t pellicle1  
moveable z 9 birds3 f ! heads ( ^? (    

l>ge size1 musk is frequ5tly extract$4  
,x may n be improp] 9 ?is place to      
introduce to ! read]'s notice1 "o ( !   
greate/ curiosities ( its k9d1 :i* late 
ages h produc$2 t is1 a ,,fossil        
,,crocodile4  ,?is is ! skeleton ( a    
l>ge crocodile1 almo/ entire1 f\nd at a 
great dep? "u gr\nd1 b$d$ 9 /one4 ,?is 0
 9 ! possession ( ,l9kius1 :o wrote _m  
pieces 9 natural hi/ory1 & p>ticul>ly an
 accurate description ( ?is curi\s      
fossil4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! side ( a l>ge     
m\nta9 9 ! midl& "p ( ,g]many1 & 9 a    
/ratum ( black fossil /one1 some:at l   
our common slate1 b ( a co>s] texture1 !
 same ) t 9 :i* ! fossil fi%es 9 _m p>ts
 ( ! _w are f\nd4 ,?is skeleton _h !    
back & ribs v pla91 & 0 ( a mu* deep]   
black ?an ! re/ ( ! /one2 z is also !   
case ) ! fossil fi%es1 :i* are pres]v$ 9
 ?is mann]4 ,! "p ( ! /one :]e ! head   
lay 0 n f\nd2 ?is be+ brok5 (f j at !   
%\ld]s1 b t irregul>ly2 s t 9 "o place a
 "p ( ! back ( ! head 0 visible 9 its   
natural =m4 ,! two %\ld]-bones 7 v fair1

 & ?ree ( ! feet 7 well pres]v$3 ! legs 
7 ( _! natural %ape & size2 & ! feet    
pres]v$ ev5 to ! extremities ( ! five   
toes ( ea*4   ,our next subject is nam$ 
,,! ,,orni?orhyn*us ,,p>adoxus1 & is a v
 s+ul> quadrup$1 rem>kable = its        
/ructure4 ,! head is simil> to t ( a    
duck1 :i* w\ld lead to ! supposition t x
 belong$ to an aquatic bird4 ,bo? jaws  
are z broad & l[ z ^? 9 a duck1 & !     
calv>ia has no traces ( a suture1 z is  
g5]ally ! case 9 full-gr[n birds4 ,9 !  
cavity ( ! skull !re is a consid]ably   
bony falx1 :i* is situat$ along ! middle
 ( ! os frontis1 & ! ossa bregmatis4 ,! 
m&ible ( ?is animal consi/s ( a beak1 ! 
"u "p ( :i* has its m>g9 ind5t$ z 9     
ducks1 & ( ! prop] in/rum5t = *ew+ t is 
situat$ beh9d )9 ! *eeks4 ,dr4 ,%aw says
 x has no tee?1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,home f\nd1 9 
a specim5 exam9$ by him1 two small &    
flat mol> tee? on ea* side ( ! jaws4 ,! 
=e "p ( ?is m&ible1 or beak1 is cov]$ & 
bord]$ ) a coriace\s sk91 9 :i* ?ree    
p>ts are to be di/+ui%$1 )9 ! prop]     

integum5t ( ! beak4 ,into ^! ?ree p>ts (
 t membrane num]\s n]ves are di/ribut$1 
int5d$1 probably1 z ! organs ( feel+1 a 
s5se :i*1 besides m51 few mammalia      
enjoy2 t is1 few animals possess !      
faculty ( di/+ui%+ ! =m ( ext]nal       
objects & _! qualities1 by organs de/9$ 
= t purpose1--a prop]ty v diff]5t f !   
common feel+1 by :i* e animal is able to
 p]ceive ! temp]ature & pres5ce (       
s5sible objects1 b )\t be+ in=m$1 by !  
t\*1 ( _! peculi> qualities4 ,?us ! sk9 
9 ! w+s ( ! bat1 & its e>1 are suppos$ !
 organs ( common feel+1 by means ( :i*  
!y are enabl$ to flutt]1 aft] be+ bl9d$1
 )\t fly+ aga9/ any ?+4 ,! :isk]s ( _m  
animals appe> likewise to s]ve ! same   
purpose ( in=m+ !m ( ! pres5ce ( s5sible
 bodies1 & h5ce !y h be5 comp>$ to !    
ant5n ( insects4  ,b to return to !     
orni?orhyn*us3 ,x is an animal :i* f !  
simil>ity ( its abode1 & ! mann] ( se>*+
 = food1 agrees mu* ) ! duck1 on :i*    
acc\nt x has be5 provid$ ) an organ =   
t\*+1 viz4 ) ! integum5t ( ! beak1 ri*ly

 end[$ ) n]ves4 ,?is in/ance ( analogy 9
 ! /ructure ( a s+ul> organ ( s5se 9 two
 species ( animals1 f classes q diff]5t1
 is a mo/ curi\s circum/ance 9          
comp>ative physiology1 & h5ce !         
orni?orhyn*us is look$ ^u z "o ( ! mo/  
rem>kable ph5om5a 9 zoology4   ,we %all 
close ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,,!       
,,m>mot1 or ,,m\nta9-,,rat ,,(          
,,switz]l&4--,?is rat is almo/ ! size ( 
a lev]et1 & resembles a common rat v mu*
 9 appe>ance4 ,^! little creatures live 
toge!r 9 societies1 & h diff]5t dwell+s 
= w9t] & summ]2 _! =e paws are rem>kably
 /rong1 :i* qualifies !m = scoop+ out _!
 burr[s4 ,! same =m is always pres]v$ 9 
! con/ruction ( _! dwell+s1 :i* consi/ (
 a long passage1 j big en\gh to let !   
m>mot ent]1 lead+ to two ap>tm5ts2 !    
l>ge/ ( ^! s]ves ! :ole family = a      
*amb]1 :]e !y lie close toge!r1 9 a     
torpid /ate1 roll$ up l h$ge-hogs1 dur+ 
! cold season1 z dormice d 9 ,engl&4 ,:5
 !y betake !mselves to _! w9t] qu>t]s1  
aft] hav+ l9$ _! *amb] ) s(t hay1 !y    

c>efully /op up ! entrance ) a sort (   
cem5t1 :i* !y make ( e>?1 mix$ ) /ones &
 dry grass4 ,be=e !y collect ! grass1   
ei!r = food1 or = _! w9t] habitations1  
!y =m !mselves into a circle1 sitt+ on  
_! h9d legs1 look+ ) a cauti\s eye on e 
side4 ,if ! lea/ ?+ /irs t al>ms !m1 !  
fir/ :i* p]ceives x makes a p>ticul> k9d
 ( cry1 :i* its next neighb\r repeats1 &
 s on till x goes r\nd1 :5 !y ha/ily    
make _! escape4 ,!y are (t5 se5 ^u !    
slopes ( ! ,alps1 :]e grass is 9 pl5ty2 
b !y love a w>m %elt]$ situation1 &     
*ange _! resid5ce accord+ to ! season4  
,,*ap4 ,,xiv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,animals4--7,cont9u$47      ,!         
,elephant--,fossil ,elephant--,!        
,*ameleon--,! ,common                   
,tortoise--,orang-,outang--,!           
,unicorn--,! ,common ,seal--,! ,urs9e   
,seal--,am]ican ,natural ,hi/ory4       
,let no presum+ impi\s rail] tax        
,creative wisdom1 z if aught 0 =m'd     
,9 va91 or n = admirable ends4          
,?omson4   ,,! ,,elephant4--,?is is a v 

wond]ful animal2 & has1 bo? 9 anci5t &  
mod]n times1 be5 duly e/imat$ 9 ! ,ea/]n
 _w4 ,8 virtues are ?us enum]at$ by     
,buffon3--,to =m a j e/imation ( !      
elephant1 he mu/ be all[$ to possess !  
sagacity ( ! beav]1 ! address ( ! ape1 !
 s5tim5t ( ! dog1 toge!r ) ! peculi>    
advantages ( /r5g?1 l>g5ess1 & long     
duration ( life4 ,nei!r %\ld we ov]look 
8 arms or tusks1 :i* enable him to      
transfix & conqu] ! lion6 ,we %\ld also 
consid] t ! e>? %akes "u 8 feet2 t ) 8  
trunk1 z ) a h&1 he te>s up trees2 t by 
a pu% ( 8 body he makes a brea* 9 a     
wall2 t1 ?\gh trem5d\s 9 /r5g?1 he is   
r5d]$ /ill m inv9cible by 8 enorm\s     
mass1 & by ! ?ickness ( 8 sk92 t he c   
c>ry on 8 back an arm$ t[]1 fill$ ) _m  
w>riors2 t he works ma*9es1 & c>ries    
burd5s1 :i* six horses are unable to    
move2 t to ?is prodigi\s /r5g? he adds  
c\rage1 prud5ce1 coolness1 & punctual   
ob$i5ce2 t he pres]ves mod]ation ev5 9 8
 mo/ viol5t passions2 t he is con/ant & 
impetu\s 9 love2 t :5 9 ang]1 he mi/akes

 n 8 fri5ds2 t he nev] attacks any b ^? 
:o (f5d him2 t he rememb]s fav\rs z long
 z injuries2 t hav+ no appetite = fle%1 
he fe$s on vegetables alone1 & is born  
an enemy to no liv+ creature2 &1 9 f9e1 
t he is univ]sally belov$1 because all  
animals respect1 & none h any reason to 
fe> him6  ,! foll[+ acc\nt is extract$ f
 ,=bes's ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 a highly    
int]e/+ "w4  ,! l>ge/ ,elephants are f  
t5 to elev5 feet 9 height1 "s are said  
to exce$ x2 ! av]age is eight or n9e    
feet4 ,!y are fifty or sixty ye>s be=e  
!y arrive at _! full gr[?2 ! female goes
 ) "y eighte5 mon?s1 & seldom produces m
 ?an "o at a bir?1 :i* %e suckles until 
x is five ye>s old3 its natural life is 
ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s4 ,! ,indians
 are rem>kably fond ( ^! animals1       
especially :5 !y h be5 long 9 _! s]vice4
 ,i h se5 an elephant valu$ at tw5ty    
?\s& rupees3 ! common price ( a docile  
well-tra9$ elephant is five or six ?\s&2
 & 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are indig5\s1 !  
,company contract = !m at five hundr$   

rupees ea*1 :5 !y mu/ be sev5 feet high 
at ! %\ld]s4 ,! mode ( cat*+ & tra9+ !  
wild elephants is n[ well kn[n2 _! price
 increases ) _! m]it dur+ ! c\rse (     
education4 ,"s1 = _! extraord9>y        
qualities1 become 9 a mann] invaluable2 
:5 ^! are pur*as$1 no comp5sation       
induces a weal?y own] to "p ) !m4  ,!   
sk9 ( ! elephant is g5]ally ( a d>k     
grey1 sometimes almo/ black2 ! face     
frequ5tly pa9t$ ) a v>iety ( col\rs2 & !
 abundance & spl5d\r ( 8 trapp+s add mu*
 to 8 consequ5ce4 ,! ,mogul pr9ces all[$
 five m5 & a boy to ea* elephant3 ! *ief
 ( !m1 call$ ! mahawut1 rode ^u 8 neck1 
to guide him2 ano!r sat ^u 8 rump1 &    
assi/$ 9 battle2 ! re/ suppli$ him )    
food & wat]1 & p]=m$ ! necess>y s]vices4
 ,elephants br$ to w>1 & well discipl9$1
 w /& firm aga9/ a volley ( musketry1 & 
nev] give way unless sev]ely w\nd$4 ,i h
 se5 "o ( ^? animals1 ) upw>ds ( ?irty  
bullets 9 ! fle%y p>ts ( 8 body1        
p]fectly recov]$ f 8 w\nds4 ,all are n  
equally docile2 & :5 an enrag$ elephant 

retreats f battle1 no?+ c )/& 8 fury2 ! 
driv] hav+ no long] a comm&1 fri5ds &   
foes are involv$ 9 undi/+ui%$ ru94  ,!  
elephants 9 ! army ( ,antio*us 7 provok$
 to fight by %ew+ !m ! blood ( grapes & 
mulb]ries4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,maccabees     
in=ms u1 t to e elephant !y appo9t$ a   
?\s& m51 arm$ ) coats ( mail1 & five    
hundr$ horsem5 ( ! be/3 ^! 7 ready at e 
occasion2 :]ev] ! bea/ 01 & :i!rsoev] he
 w5t1 !y w5t also2 & ^u ! elephant 7    
/rong t[]s ( wood1 fill$ ) arm$ m51     
besides ! ,indian t rul$ !m4  ,elephants
 9 peace & w> "k _! duty1 & are m ob$i5t
 to ! ^w ( comm& ?an _m rational be+s4  
,x is said !y c travel1 on an em]g5cy1  
two hundr$ miles 9 =ty-eight h\rs2 b w  
hold out = a mon? at ! rate ( =ty or    
fifty miles a day1 ) *e]fulness &       
alacrity4 ,i p]=m$ _m long j\rneys ^u an
 elephant giv5 by ,ragobah to ,colonel  
,keat+4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! sagacity1    
docility1 & affection1 ( ?is noble      
quadrup$3 if ,i /opp$ to enjoy a        
prospect1 he rema9$ immoveable until my 

sket* 0 f9i%$2 if ,i wi%$ = ripe mangoes
 gr[+ out ( ! common rea*1 he select$ ! 
mo/ fruitful bran*1 & break+ x (f ) 8   
trunk1 (f]$ x to ! driv] = ! company 9 !
 h\dah1 accept+ ( any "p giv5 to himself
 ) a respectful salem1 by rais+ 8 trunk 
?ree times above 8 head1 9 ! mann] ( !  
,ori5tal obeisance1 & z (t5 did he      
express 8 ?anks by a murmur+ noise4 ,:5 
a b\gh ob/ruct$ ! h\dah1 he twi/$ 8     
trunk ar\nd x1 &1 ?\gh ( consid]able    
magnitude1 broke x (f ) ease1 & (t5     
ga!r$ a leafy bran*1 ei!r to keep (f !  
flies1 or z a fan to agitate ! air ar\nd
 him1 by wav+ x ) 8 trunk2 he g5]ally   
paid a visit at ! t5t door dur+         
breakfa/1 to procure sug>-c&y or fruit1 
& be *e]$ by ! encomiums & c>esses he   
des]v$ly met )2 no spaniel c\ld be m    
innoc5t1 playful1 or fond] ( ^? :o      
notic$ him1 ?an ?is docile animal1 t on 
p>ticul> occasions appe>$ consci\s ( 8  
exaltation above ! brute creation4  ,!  
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! docility ( ! elephant1
 f anci5t writ]s1 w int]e/ ! read]4  ,!y

 h be5 taught to adore ! k+1 says       
,ari/otle1 to dance1 to ?r[ /ones at a  
m>k1 to ca/ up /ones at a m>k1 to cat*  
!m aga9 9 _! fall1 & to walk ^u ropes3  
,galba 0 ! fir/1 says ,suetonius1 t     
exhibit$ ?is at ,rome4 ,& ^! ?+s !y     
le>n$ ) su* c>e1 t !y h (t5 be5 f\nd    
practis+ 9 ! night :at _h be5 taught !m 
9 ! day4 ,!y write too1 says ,pl9y1     
speak+ ( "o :i* wrote 9 ! ,greek tongue1
 ,ipse ego hc scripsi et spolia lettica 
dicavi4 ,i myself saw1 says lian1 "o (  
!m writ+ ,roman lett]s on a tablet ) 8  
trunk2 & ! lett]s he made 7 n ragg$1 b  
/raight & ev52 & 8 eyes 7 fix$ ^u !     
tablet1 z "o t 0 s]i\s4 ,& 9 ! plays t  
,g]manicus ,cs> %ew$ at ,rome1 !re 7    
twelve elephants1 six males & six       
females2 ^! 7 clo!d z m5 & wom54 ,at !  
comm& ( _! keep]1 !y danc$1 & p]=m$ all 
! ge/ures ( a mimic4 ,at la/ !y 7 br\ght
 :]e !y 7 to fea/2 a table 0 cov]$ ) all
 k9ds ( da9ties1 & b$s 7 cov]$ ) purple 
c>pets1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,roman eat+1 = 
!m to lie ^u4 ,^u ^! !y lay d[n1 &1 at !

 signal giv51 !y rea*$ out _! trunks to 
! table1 & ) great mode/y fell to eat+1 
& ate & drank z civil m5 w\ld d4   ,?is 
seems to be ! mo/ prop] place =         
introduc+ an acc\nt ( ,,! ,,mammo?4  ,! 
,mammo? is a fossil ,elephant2 a mo/    
rem>kable "o ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ice1 at ! 
m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a1 9 ,sib]ia4  ,! foll[+
 acc\nt is extract$ f an abridgm5t ( a  
pap] by ,dr4 ,tilesius1 f ! ,j\rnal (   
,sci5ce4  ,9 ! ye> #ahje1 :5 ! ,russian 
exp$ition "u ,krus5/]n return$ = ! ?ird 
"t to ,kams*atka1 ,patag(1 ma/] ( a     
,russian %ip1 br++ victuall+ /ores f    
,okotsk1 relat$ t he _h lately se5 a    
mammo? elephant1 dug up on ! %ores ( !  
,froz5 ,ocean1 clo!d ) a hairy sk92 &   
%ew$1 9 confirmation ( ! fact1 "s hair  
?ree or f\r in*es long1 ( a r$di% black 
col\r1 a little ?ick] ?an horse hair1   
:i* he _h tak5 f ! sk9 ( ! animal3 ?is  
he gave to me1 says ,dr4 ,tilesius1 & ,i
 s5t x to pr(essor ,blumemba*4 ,no fur!r
 k has be5 obta9$ on ?is subject1 &     
un=tunately ,patag( 0 n employ$ by any (

 our ,societies to return to ,sib]ia4   
,?us 0 ?is curi\s fact consign$ to      
oblivion2 nor %\ld we n[ possess any    
in=mation respect+ ! c>case ( ! mammo?1 
if ! rum\r ( its discov]y _h n rea*$    
,mr4 ,adams1 a man ( great ard\r 9      
pursuit ( sci5ce1 :o und]took ! lab\r ( 
a j\rney to ^! froz5 regions1 & ( prep>+
 ^! gigantic rema9s1 & transport+ !m to 
a great di/ance4  ,! pres]vation ( !    
fle% ( ! mammo? ?r\gh a long s]ies (    
ages1 is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 we       
recollect ! con/ant cold & fro/ ( !     
climate 9 :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,x is a common  
practice to pres]ve meat & b]ries       
?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 by freez+ !m1 & to s5d  
fi%1 & all o!r provisions1 annually at t
 p]iod1 f ! mo/ remote ( ! nor!rn       
prov9ces1 to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & o!r p>ts 
( ! empire4  ,i 0 told1 at ,jakutsk1    
says ,mr4 ,adams1 by ! m]*ant ,pap(f1   
*ief ( ! body ( m]*ants 9 t t[n1 t !re  
_h be5 discov]$ on ! %ores ( ! ,froz5   
,ocean1 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a1 an     
animal ( extraord9>y magnitude4 ,! fle%1

 ! sk91 & ! hair1 7 9 a /ate (          
pres]vation1 & x 0 suppos$ t ! fossil   
production kn[n "u ! "n ( mammo?'s      
horns1 mu/ h belong$ to an animal ( ?is 
species4 ,! news ( ?is int]e/+ discov]y 
det]m9$ me to ha/5 ! j\rney :i* ,i _h 9 
contemplation1 = ! purpose ( visit+ !   
%ores ( ! ,l5a1 z f> z ! ,froz5 ,ocean2 
wi%+ to pres]ve ^! preci\s rema9s1 :i*  
might o!rwise be lo/4  ,! ?ird day ( our
 j\rney we pit*$ our t5ts1 at "s hundr$ 
paces di/ant f ! mammo?1 on a hill1     
call$ ,kembisaga-,%ta4 ,s*uma*(1 a      
,tungusian *ief1 relat$ to me1 ne>ly 9  
^! t]ms1 ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( !      
mammo?4  ,! ,tungusians1 :o are a w&]+  
p1 rema9 b a little "t 9 ! same place4  
,^? :o live 9 ! =e/s1 (t5 take t5 ye>s  
or m1 to travel ov] ! va/ regions betwe5
 ! m\nta9s3 dur+ ?is "t1 !y d n once    
return to _! habitations4 ,ea* family   
lives isolat$1 & kn[s no o!r society4   
,if1 dur+ ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s1 two    
fri5ds meet by *ance1 !y !n communicate 
to ea* o!r _! adv5tures1 _! diff]5t     

successes 9 hunt+1 & ! numb] ( sk9s !y h
 obta9$4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ "s days       
toge!r1 & consum$ ! few provisions !y   
_h1 !y sep>ate *e]fully1 c>ry+ ea* o!r's
 complim5ts to _! acqua9tance1 & tru/+  
to ,provid5ce = ano!r meet+4 ,!         
,tungusians inhabit+ ! coa/ diff] f !   
=m]1 9 hav+ m regul> & fix$ habitations1
 & 9 collect+ toge!r at c]ta9 seasons = 
fi%+ & hunt+4 ,dur+ w9t]1 !y inhabit    
cottages1 built side by side1 s t !y =m 
villages4 ,x is to "o ( ^! annual trips 
t we owe ! discov]y ( ! mammo?4  ,t[>ds 
! end ( ! mon? ( ,augu/1 :5 ! fi%+      
season 9 ! ,l5a is ov]1 ,s*uma*( g5]ally
 goes ) 8 bro!rs to ! p59sula ( ,tamut1 
:]e !y employ !mselves 9 hunt+1 & :]e ! 
fre% fi% ( ! sea (f] !m a :olesome &    
agreeable food4 ,9 #agii1 he _h         
con/ruct$ = 8 wife "s cab9s on ! banks (
 ! lake ,onc\l1 & _h emb>k$1 to seek    
along ! coa/s = mammo? horns4 ,"o day1  
he p]ceiv$ along ! blocks ( ice a       
%apeless mass1 n at all resembl+ ! l>ge 
pieces ( float+ wood :i* are commonly   

f\nd !re4 ,to obs]ve x ne>]1 he l&$1    
climb$ up a rock1 & exam9$ ?is new      
object on all sides1 b )\t be+ able to  
discov] :at x 04  ,! foll[+ ye>1 #ahjj1 
he f\nd ! c>case ( a ,walrus1 7,tri*ecus
 ,rosm>us47 ,he p]ceiv$1 at ! same "t1 t
 ! mass he _h be=e se5 0 m dis5gag$ f ! 
blocks ( ice1 & _h two project+ p>ts1 b 
0 /ill unable to make out its nature4   
,t[>ds ! end ( ! foll[+ summ]1 #ahja1 ! 
entire side ( ! animal1 & "o ( 8 tusks1 
7 q free f ! ice4 ,on 8 return to !     
bord]s ( ! lake ,onc\l1 he communicat$  
?is extraord9>y discov]y to 8 wife & "s 
( 8 fri5ds2 b ! way 9 :i* !y consid]$ ! 
matt] fill$ him ) grief4 ,! old m5      
relat$1 on ?is occasion1 _! hav+ he>d _!
 fa!rs say1 t a simil> mon/] _h be5     
=m]ly se5 9 ! same p59sula1 & t all !   
family ( ! discov]] _h di$ soon         
aft]w>ds4 ,! mammo? 0 !re=e consid]$ z  
an augury ( future calamity1 & !        
,tungusian *ief 0 s al>m$1 t he fell    
s]i\sly ill2 b becom+ convalesc5t1 8    
fir/ idea 0 ! pr(it :i* he might obta9  

by sell+ ! tusks ( ! animal1 :i* 7 (    
extraord9>y size & beauty4 ,he ord]$ t !
 place :]e ! mammo? 0 f\nd %\ld be      
c>efully conceal$1 & t /rang]s %\ld1 "u 
diff]5t pretexts1 be div]t$ f x1 at !   
same "t *>g+ tru/-wor?y p to wat* t !   
treasure 0 n c>ri$ (f4  ,b ! summ] (    
#ahjb1 :i* 0 less w>m & m w9dy ?an      
common1 caus$ ! mammo? to rema9 buri$ 9 
! ice1 :i* _h sc>cely melt$ at all4 ,at 
l5g?1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? ye>1 #ahjc1 !
 ard5t wi%es ( ,s*uma*( 7 happily       
accompli%$2 = ! "p ( ! ice betwe5 ! e>? 
& ! mammo? hav+ melt$ m rapidly ?an !   
re/1 ! plane ( its support became       
incl9$1 & ?is enorm\s mass fell1 by its 
own weight1 on a bank ( s&4 ,( ?is1 two 
,tungusians1 :o accompani$ me1 7        
witnesses4  ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahjd1    
,s*uma*( came to 8 mammo?1 & hav+ cut (f
 8 horns 7or tusks7 he ex*ang$ !m ) !   
m]*ant ,bultun(1 = goods ( ! value (    
fifty rubles4  ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 or ! 
sev5? aft] ! discov]y ( ! mammo?1 ,i    
=tunately trav]s$ ^! di/ant & des]t     

regions1 & ,i congratulate myself 9 be+ 
able to prove a fact :i* appe>s s       
improbable4 ,i f\nd ! mammo? /ill 9 !   
same place1 b altoge!r mutilat$4 ,!     
prejudices be+ dissipat$1 because !     
,tungusian *ief _h recov]$ 8 heal?1 !re 
0 no ob/acle to prev5t approa* to !     
c>case ( ! mammo?2 ! proprietor 0 cont5t
 ) 8 pr(it f ! tusks1 & ! ,jakutski ( ! 
neighb\rhood seiz$ ^u ! fle%1 ) :i* !y  
f$ _! dogs dur+ ! sc>city4 ,wild bea/s1 
su* z :ite be>s1 wolves1 wolv]5es1 &    
foxes1 also f$ ^u x1 & ! traces ( _!    
foot/eps 7 se5 ar\nd4 ,! skeleton1 almo/
 entirely cle>$ ( its fle%1 rema9$ :ole1
 ) ! exception ( "o =e leg4 ,! head 0   
cov]$ ) a dry sk92 "o ( ! e>s1 well     
pres]v$1 0 furni%$ ) a tuft ( hairs4    
,all ^! p>ts h necess>ily be5 injur$ 9  
transport+ !m a di/ance ( #aa1jjj w]/s  
7#g1ccj miles37 yet ! eyes h be5        
pres]v$1 & ! pupil ( ! left eye c /ill  
be di/+ui%$4 ,! po9t ( ! l[] lip _h be5 
gnaw$2 & ! upp] "o hav+ be5 de/roy$1 !  
tee? c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! bra9 0 /ill 9 !

 cranium1 b appe>$ dri$ up4  ,! p>ts    
lea/ injur$ are "o =e foot & "o h9d     
foot2 !y are cov]$ ) sk91 & h /ill !    
sole atta*$4 ,accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ! 
,tungusian *ief1 ! animal 0 s fat & well
 f$1 t its belly hung d[n bel[ ! jo9ts (
 ! knees4  ,?is mammo? 0 a male1 ) a    
long mane on ! neck1 b )\t tail or      
proboscis4#e ,! sk91 ( :i* ,i possess   
?ree-f\r?s1 is ( a d>k grey col\r1 cov]$
 ) a r$di% wool1 & black hairs4 ,!      
dampness ( ! spot :]e ! animal _h la9 s 
long1 _h 9 "s degree de/roy$ ! hair4 ,! 
entire c>case1 ( :i* ,i collect$ ! bones
 on ! spot1 is f\r ar*9es 7#i ft4 #d 947
 high1 & sev5 ar*9es 7#af ft4 #d 947    
long1 f ! po9t ( ! nose to ! end ( !    
tail1 )\t includ+ ! tusks1 :i* are a    
toise & a half#f 9 l5g?2 ! two toge!r   
weigh$ #cfj lbs4 avoirdupois2 ! head    
alone1 )\t ! tusks1 weighs #aa poods & a
 half1 #dad lbs4 avoirdupois4  ,!       
pr9cipal object ( my c>e 0 to sep>ate ! 
bones1 to arrange !m1 & put !m up       
safely1 :i* 0 done ) p>ticul> att5tion4 

,i _h ! satisfaction to f9d ! o!r       
scapula1 :i* _h rema9$ n f> (f4 ,i next 
deta*$ ! pres]v$ p>ts4 ,! sk9 0 ( su*   
extraord9>y weight1 t t5 p]sons f\nd    
great difficulty 9 transport+ x to !    
%ore4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i dug ! gr\nd 9       
diff]5t places1 to asc]ta9 :e!r any (   
its bones 7 buri$1 b pr9cipally to      
collect all ! hairs1#g :i* ! :ite be>s  
_h trod into ! gr\nd1 :ile dev\r+ !     
fle%4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 difficult1 = ! want 
( prop] in/rum5ts1 ,i succe$$ 9 collect+
 m ?an a pood 7#cf p\nds7 ( hair 9 a few
 days ! "w 0 complet$1 & ,i f\nd myself 
9 possession ( a treasure :i* amply     
recomp5s$ me = ! fatigues & dang]s ( !  
j\rney1 & ! consid]able exp5ses ( !     
ent]prise4  ,! place :]e ,i f\nd !      
mammo? is ab\t sixty paces di/ant f !   
%ore1 & ne>ly #ajj paces f ! esc>pm5t ( 
! ice f :i* x _h fall54 ,?is esc>pm5t   
occupies exactly ! middle betwe5 ! two  
po9ts ( ! p59sula1 & is ?ree w]/s long  
7two miles71 & 9 ! place :]e ! mammo? 0 
f\nd1 ?is rock has a p]p5dicul>         

elevation ( #cj or #dj toises4 ,its     
sub/ance is a cle> pure ice2 x incl9es  
t[>ds ! sea2 its top is cov]$ ) a lay] (
 moss & friable e>?1 half an ar*9e 7#ad 
in*es7 9 ?ickness4 ,dur+ ! heat ( ! mon?
 ( ,july a "p ( ?is cru/ is melt$1 b !  
re/ rema9s froz54 ,curiosity induc$ me  
to asc5d two o!r hills at "s di/ance f !
 sea2 !y 7 ( ! same sub/ance1 & less    
cov]$ ) moss4 ,9 v>i\s places 7 se5     
enorm\s pieces ( wood1 ( all ! k9ds     
produc$ 9 ,sib]ia2 & also mammo?s'      
horns1 9 great numb]s1 appe>$ betwe5 !  
holl[s ( ! rocks2 !y all 7 ( a/oni%+    
fre%ness4  ,h[ all ^! ?+s c\ld become   
collect$ !re1 is a "q z curi\s z x is   
difficult to resolve4 ,! inhabitants ( !
 coa/ call ?is k9d ( wood ,adams*9a1 &  
di/+ui% x f ! float+ pieces ( wood :i*  
are br\ght d[n by ! l>ge riv]s to !     
ocean1 & collect 9 masses on ! %ores ( !
 ,froz5 ,sea4 ,! latt] are call$        
,noa*9a4 ,i h se51 :5 ! ice melts1 l>ge 
lumps ( e>? deta*$ f ! hills1 mix ) !   
wat]1 & =m ?ick muddy torr5ts1 :i* roll 

sl[ly t[>ds ! sea4 ,?is e>? =ms w$ges1  
:i* fill up ! spaces betwe5 ! blocks (  
ice4  ,! esc>pm5t ( ice 0 #ce to #dj    
toises high2 &1 accord+ to ! report ( ! 
,tungusians1 ! animal 01 :5 !y fir/ saw 
x1 sev5 toises bel[ ! surface ( ! ice1  
c4  ,on arriv+ ) ! mammo? at ,bon*aya1  
our fir/ c>e 0 to sep>ate ! rema9+ fle% 
& ligam5ts f ! bones1 :i* 7 !n pack$ up4
 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,jakutsk1 ,i _h ! good
 =tune to re-pur*ase ! tusks1 & f !nce  
exp$it$ ! :ole to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4  ,!   
skeleton is n[ put up 9 ! museum ( !    
,academy1 & ! sk9 /ill rema9s atta*$ to 
! head & feet4 ,! mammo? is describ$ by 
,m4 ,cuvi] z a diff]5t species f ei!r ( 
! two elephants liv+ at ! pres5t day1 ! 
,african or ! ,indian4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f 
!m by ! tee?1 & by ! size ( ! tusks1 :i*
 are f t5 to fifte5 feet long1 mu*      
curv$1 & h a spiral turn outw>ds4 ,!    
alveali ( ! tusks are also l>g]1 & are  
protrud$ f>!r4 ,! neck is %ort]1 ! sp9al
 processes l>g]1 all ! bones ( !        
skeleton are /rong]1 & ! scabr\s        

surfaces = ! ins]tion ( ! muscles m     
prom95t1 ?an 9 ! o!r species4 ,! sk9 be+
 cov]$ ) ?ick hair1 induces ,m4 ,cuvi]  
to consid] t x 0 ! inhabitant ( a cold  
region4 ,! =m ( ! head is also diff]5t f
 t ( ! liv+ species1 z well z !         
arrangem5t ( ! l9es ( ! enamel ( ! tee?4
  ,! mammo? m ne>ly resembles ! ,indian 
?an ! ,african species ( elephant4  ,a  
"p ( ! sk91 & "s ( ! hair ( ?is animal1 
0 s5t by ,mr4 ,adams to ! late ,sir     
,joseph ,banks1 :o pres5t$ !m to !      
museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 
,f ,=bes's "w we extract ! foll[+       
p>ticul>s respect+ ,,! ,,*ameleon4  ,!  
greate/ curiosity 9 ! ,ea/1 says ,=bes1 
is ! ,*ameleon1 f\nd 9 e ?icket4 ,i kept
 "o = sev]al weeks1 ( :i*1 z x diff]$ 9 
_m respects f ^? describ$ 9 ,arabia1 &  
o!r places1 ,i %all m5tion a few        
p>ticul>s4 ,! *ameleon ( ! ,concan1     
includ+ ! tail1 is ab\t n9e in*es long2 
! body only half t l5g?1 v>y+ 9         
circumf]5ce1 z x is m or less inflat$2 !
 head1 l t ( a fi%1 is immoveably fix$  

to ! %\ld]s2 b e inconv5i5ce is remov$  
by ! /ructure ( its eyes1 :i*1 l sph]es 
roll+ on an invisible axis1 are plac$ 9 
deep cavities1 project+ f ! head2 ?r\gh 
a small p]=ation 9 ! ext]ior convexity1 
appe>s a bright pupil1 surr\nd$ ) a     
yell[ iris1 :i*1 by ! s+ul> =mation &   
motion ( ! eye1 enables ! animal to see 
:at passes be=e1 beh9d1 or on ei!r side2
 & x c give "o eye all ^! motions1 :ile 
! o!r rema9s p]fectly /ill2 a h>d ris+  
protects ^! delicate organs1 ano!r      
ext5ds f ! =ehead to ! no/rils3 ! m\? is
 l>ge1 & furni%$ ) tee?1 ) a tongue half
 ! l5g? ( ! body1 & holl[ l an          
elephant's trunk2 x d>ts nimbly at flies
 & o!r insects1 :i* x seems to pref] to 
! arial food g5]ally suppos$ to be its  
su/5ance4 ,! legs are long] ?an usual 9 
! lic]ta g5us2 on ! =e feet are ?ree    
toes ne>e/ ! body1 & two )\t2 ! h9d]    
exactly ! rev]se2 ) ^! claws x cl+s fa/ 
to ! bran*es1 to :i* x sometimes entw9es
 itself by ! tail1 & rema9s susp5d$2 !  
sk9 is granulat$ l %agre51 except a     

range ( h>d excresc5ces1 or             
d5ticulations1 on ! ridge ( ! back1 :i* 
are always ( ! same col\r z ! body2     
:]eas a r[ ( simil> projections b5ea?   
cont9ue p]fectly :ite1 not)/&+ any      
metamorphosis ( ! animal4  ,! g5]al     
col\r ( ! *ameleon s long 9 my          
possession1 0 a pleasant gre51 spott$ ) 
pale blue2 f ?is x *ang$ to a bright    
yell[1 d>k olive1 & a dull gre52 b nev] 
appe>$ to su* advantage z :5 irritat$1  
or a dog approa*$ x2 ! body 0 !n        
consid]ably inflat$1 & ! sk9 cl\d$ l    
tortoise-%ell1 its %ades ( yell[1       
orange1 gre51 & black4 ,a black object  
always caus$ an almo/ in/antane\s       
trans=mation3 ! room appropriat$ = its  
accommodation 0 skirt$ by a bo>d pa9t$  
black2 ?is ! *ameleon c>efully avoid$2 b
 if he accid5tally drew ne> x1 or we    
plac$ a black hat 9 8 way1 he 0 r$uc$ to
 a hide\s skeleton1 &1 f ! mo/ lively   
t9ts1 became black z jet3 on remov+ !   
cause1 ! effect z sudd5ly ceas$2 ! sable
 hue 0 succe$$ by a brilliant col\r+1 & 

! body 0 aga9 inflat$4   ,our next      
subject is ,,! ,,common ,,tortoise4--,! 
weight ( ?is animal is ?ree p\nds1 & !  
l5g? ( its %ell ab\t sev5 in*es4 ,x     
ab\nds 9 ! c\ntries surr\nd+ !          
,m$it]ranean1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,greece1   
:]e ! inhabitants n only eat its fle% & 
eggs1 b frequ5tly swall[ its w>m blood4 
,9 ,septemb] or ,octob] x conceals      
itself1 rema9+ torpid till ,febru>y1 :5 
x re-appe>s4 ,9 ,june x lays its eggs1 9
 holes expos$ to ! full beams ( ! sun1  
by :i* !y are matur$4 ,! males frequ5tly
 engage 9 sev]e conflicts1 & /rike _!   
heads aga9/ ea* o!r ) great viol5ce1 & v
 l\d s\nds4 ,tortoises atta9 mo/        
extraord9>y longevity1 & "o 0 asc]ta9$  
to h liv$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,lambe? to ! age (
 ne>ly #abj ye>s4 ,its %ell is pres]v$ 9
 ! ar*iepiscopal palace4 ,s reluctant is
 ! vital pr9ciple to quit ^! animals1 t 
,%aw in=ms u1 f ,r$i1 t "o ( !m liv$ =  
six mon?s aft] all its bra9 0 tak5 out1 
mov+ its limbs1 & walk+1 z be=e4 ,ano!r 
liv$ tw5ty-?ree days aft] its head 0 cut

 (f1 & ! head itself op5$ & clos$ its   
jaws = a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] its        
sep>ation f ! body4 ,x may n only be    
tam$1 b has 9 sev]al in/ances exhibit$  
pro(s1 9 t /ate1 ( consid]able sagacity 
9 di/+ui%+ its b5efactors1 & ( grateful 
atta*m5t 9 return = _! k9dness1 not)/&+ 
its g5]al sluggi%ness & torpor4 ,x w    
answ] ! purpose ( a b>omet]1 & uni=mly  
indicates ! fall ( ra9 be=e night1 :5 x 
takes its food ) great rapidity1 & walks
 ) a sort ( m9c+ & elate /ep4 ,x appe>s 
to dislike ra9 ) extreme av]sion1 & is  
discomfit$ & driv5 back by only a few & 
sc>cely p]ceivable drops4  ,! foll[+    
p>ticul>s respect+ ! ,in/9ct ( !        
,tortoise1 are copi$ f ,vaillant's      
,travels 9 ,africa4--,x is v rem>kable1 
t :5 ! wat]s are dri$ up by excessive   
heat1 ! tortoises1 :i* always seek =    
moi/ure1 bury !mselves "u ! e>?1 9      
proportion z ! surface ( x becomes dry4 
,to f9d !m1 x is !n suffici5t to dig to 
a consid]able dep?1 9 ! spot :]e !y h   
conceal$ !mselves4 ,!y rema9 z if       

asleep1 & nev] awake1 or make _!        
appe>ance1 until ! ra9y season has fill$
 ! ponds & small lakes1 on ! bord]s (   
:i* !y deposit _! eggs1 :]e !y cont9ue  
expos$ to ! air2 !y are z l>ge z ^? ( a 
pigeon2 !y leave to ! heat & ! sun ! c>e
 ( hat*+ !m4 ,^! eggs h an excell5t     
ta/e2 ! :ite1 :i* nev] gr[s h>d by ! =ce
 ( fire1 pres]ves ! transp>5cy ( a blui%
 jelly4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is in/9ct be    
common to e species ( wat] tortoises1 & 
:e!r !y all employ ! same means2 b ?is  
,i c ass]t1 t e "t1 dur+ ! great        
dr\ghts1 :5 ,i wi%$ to procure any ( !m1
 by digg+ 9 ^? places :]e !re _h be5    
wat]1 ,i always f\nd z _m z ,i _h       
occasion =4 ,?is me?od ( fi%+1 or :atev]
 else x may be call$1 0 n new to me2 =  
at ,sur9am a /ratagem ( ! same k9d is   
employ$ to cat* two species ( fi%1 :i*  
bury !mselves also2 & :i* are call$1 "o 
! v>appe1 & ! o!r ! gorret or ! kevikwi4
   ,! next curi\s animal :i* we %all    
consid]1 is1 ,,! ,,orang-,,outang4--,?is
 animal is sometimes call$ ! satyr1     

great ape1 or man ( ! woods4 ,x is a    
native ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ,africa & ,india1
 z well z ( "s ( ! ,indian isl&s1 :]e x 
resides pr9cipally 9 woods1 & is suppos$
 to fe$1 l mo/ o!rs ( ?is g5us1 on      
fruits4 ,! orang-outang appe>s to admit 
( consid]able v>iety 9 po9t ( col\r1    
size1 & proportions2 & !re is reason to 
believe1 t1 9 reality1 !re may be two or
 ?ree k9ds1 :i*1 ?\gh ne>ly approximat$ 
z to g5]al similitude1 are yet          
specifically di/9ct4 ,! specim5s import$
 into ,europe h r>ely exce$$ ! height ( 
two or ?ree feet1 & 7 suppos$ to be "y  
animals2 b x is said ! full-gr[n ones   
are1 at lea/1 six feet 9 height4 ,!     
g5]al col\r seems to be dusky or br[n1 9
 "s f]rug9\s or r$di% br[n2 & 9 o!rs    
coal-black1 ) ! sk9 itself :ite4 ,! face
 is b>e2 ! e>s1 h&s1 & feet1 ne>ly      
simil> to ! human1 & ! :ole appe>ance   
su* z to exhibit ! mo/ /rik+            
approximation to ! human figure4 ,!     
lik5ess1 h[ev]1 is only a g5]al "o1 & ! 
/ructure ( ! h&s & feet1 :5 exam9$ )    

anatomical exactness1 seems to prove1 9 
! op9ion ( ^? mo/ capable ( judg+ )     
accuracy on ! subject1 t ! animal 0     
pr9cipally design$ by nature = !        
quadrup$al mann] ( walk+1 & n = an      
upright po/ure1 :i* is only occasionally
 assum$1 & :i*1 9 ^? exhibit$ to !      
public1 is1 p]haps1 r ow+ to in/ruction1
 ?an truly natural4  ,! ,c\nt de        
,buffon1 inde$1 makes x "o ( ! di/9ctive
 *>act]s ( ! real or prop] apes1 7among 
:i* ! orang-outang is ! *ief17 to walk  
erect on two legs only2 & x mu/ be      
grant$1 t ^! animals support an upright 
position mu* m easily & readily ?an mo/ 
o!r quadrup$s1 & may probably be v (t5  
se5 9 ?is attitude ev5 9 a /ate (       
nature4  ,! mann]s ( ! orang-outang1 :5 
9 captivity1 are g5tle1 & p]fectly void 
( t disgu/+ f]ocity s conspicu\s 9 "s ( 
! l>g] baboons & monkeys4 ,!            
orang-outang is mild & docile1 & may be 
taught to p]=m1 ) dext]ity1 a v>iety (  
actions 9 dome/ic life4 ,?us1 x has be5 
taught to sit at table1 &1 9 its mann] (

 fe$+ & g5]al behavi\r1 to imitate !    
company 9 :i* x 0 plac$2 to p\r out tea1
 & dr9k x1 )\t awkw>dness or con/ra9t2  
to prep>e its b$ ) exactness1 & compose 
itself to sleep 9 a prop] mann]4 ,su*   
are ! actions ( "o :i* 0 exhibit$ 9     
,london1 9 ! ye> #agch2 & ! ,c\nt de    
,buffon relates ne>ly simil> p>ticul>s (
 t :i* he saw at ,p>is4  ,dr4 ,tyson1   
:o1 ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 gave a 
v exact description ( a "y orang-outang1
 !n exhibit$ 9 ! metropolis1 assures u1 
t 9 _m ( its actions x seem$ to display 
a v high degree ( sagacity1 & 0 ( a     
disposition uncommonly g5tle2 ! mo/     
g5tle & lov+ creature t c\ld be4 ,^? t  
he knew on %ipbo>d1 he w\ld come &      
embrace ) ! greate/ t5d]ness1 op5+ _!   
bosoms1 & clasp+ 8 h&s ab\t !m2 &1 z ,i 
0 in=m$1 ?\gh !re 7 monkeys on bo>d1 yet
 x 0 obs]v$1 he w\ld nev] associate )   
!m1 &1 z if no?+ ak9 to !m1 w\ld always 
avoid _! company4  ,b1 h[ev] docile &   
g5tle :5 tak5 "y1 & in/ruct$ 9 its      
behavi\r1 x is said to be possess$ (    

great f]ocity 9 its native /ate1 & is   
consid]$ z a dang]\s animal1 capable (  
readily ov]p[]+ ! /ronge/ man4 ,its     
swiftness is equal to its /r5g?1 & = ?is
 reason x is b r>ely to be obta9$ 9 its 
full-gr[n /ate1 ! "y alone be+ tak54    
,! next is1 ,,! ,,unicorn4--,! foll[+   
acc\nt is extract$ f ! ,/4 ,james's     
,*ronicle ( ,dec4 #ai to #ba1 #ahbj4    
,we h no d\bt t a little "t w br+ to    
light _m objects ( natural hi/ory1      
peculi> to ! elevat$ regions ( c5tral   
,asia1 & hi!rto unkn[n 9 ! animal1      
vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 p>ticul>ly 9 
! two =m]4 ,?is is an op9ion :i* we h   
long ent]ta9$2 b we are l$ to !         
expression ( x on ! pres5t occasion1 by 
hav+ be5 fav\r$ ) ! p]usal ( a mo/      
int]e/+ communication f ,major ,latt]1  
comm&+ 9 ! ,rajah ( ,sikkim's           
t]ritories1 9 ! hilly c\ntry ea/ (      
,nepaul1 address$ to ,adjutant-,g5]al   
,nicol1 & transmitt$ by him to ! ,m>quis
 ( ,ha/+s4 ,?is important pap]          
explicitly /ates1 t ! ,unicorn1 s long  

consid]$ a fabul\s animal1 actually     
exi/s at ?is mom5t 9 ! int]ior ( ,?ibet1
 :]e x is well kn[n to ! inhabitants4   
,?is 7we copy f ! ,major's lett]7 is a v
 curi\s fact1 & x may be necess>y to    
m5tion h[ ! circum/ance became kn[n to  
me4 ,9 a ,?ibetian manuscript1 conta9+ !
 names ( diff]5t animals1 procur$ ! o!r 
day f ! hills1 ! ,unicorn is class$ "u !
 head ( ^? ^: ho(s are divid$2 x is     
call$ ! ,"o-horn$ ,tso'-po4 ,^u inquir+ 
:at k9d ( animal x 01 to our a/oni%m5t1 
! p]son :o br\ght me ! manuscript1      
describ$ exactly ! ,unicorn ( ! anci5ts3
 say+1 t x 0 a native ( ! int]ior (     
,?ibet1 ab\t ! size ( a tattoo 7a horse 
f #ab to #ac h&s high17 fi]ce1 &        
extremely wild2 seldom1 if ev]1 caught  
alive1 b frequ5tly %ot2 & t ! fle% 0 us$
 = food4  ,! p]son 7,major ,latt] adds7 
:o gave me ?is in=mation1 has repeat$ly 
se5 ^! animals1 & eat5 ! fle% ( !m4 ,!y 
g toge!r 9 h]ds1 l our wild buffaloes1 &
 are v frequ5tly to be met ) on ! bord]s
 ( ! great des]t1 ab\t a mon?'s j\rney f

 ,lassa1 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by !
 w&]+ ,t>t>s4 ,?is communication is     
accompani$ by a draw+1 made by ! mess5g]
 f recollection3 x be>s "s resemblance  
to a horse1 b has clov5 ho(s1 a long    
curv$ horn gr[+ out ( ! =ehead1 & a     
bo>-%ap$ tail1 l t ( ! 'f]a monoc]os1'  
describ$ by ,pl9y4#h ,f _! h]d+ toge!r1 
z ! ,unicorns ( ! scripture are said to 
d1 z well z f ! re/ ( ! description1 x  
is evid5t t ?is s+ul> animal _c be !    
rh9oc]os1 :i* is a solit>y creature2    
besides t1 9 ! ,?ibetian manuscript1 !  
rh9oc]os is describ$ "u ! "n ( ,s]vo1 & 
class$ ) ! elephant4 ,nei!r c x be !    
wild horse1 well kn[n 9 ,?ibet1 = t also
 has a diff]5t "n1 & is class$ 9 ! ,,ms4
 ) ! animals :i* h ! ho(s undivid$4--,i 
h writt5 7he subjo9s7 to ! ,sa*ia ,lama1
 reque/+ him to procure me a p]fect sk9 
( ! animal1 ) ! head1 horn1 & ho(s2 b x 
w be a long "t be=e ,i c get x d[n1 = !y
 are n to be met ) ne>] ?an a mon?'s    
j\rney f ,lassa4   ,we n[ make a few    
rem>ks on ,,seals4--,fir/1 ! ,,common   

,,seal4  ,^! animals are f\nd on ! coa/s
 ( ! pol> regions1 bo? to ! nor? & s\?1 
(t5 9 extreme abundance1 & are g5]ally  
ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 closely cov]$ )  
%ort hair4 ,!y swim ) great vig\r &     
rapidity1 & subsi/ on v>i\s k9ds ( fi%1 
:i* !y are (t5 obs]v$ to pursue )9 a    
%ort di/ance ( ! %ore4 ,!y possess no   
inconsid]able sagacity1 & may1 )\t mu*  
difficulty1 if tak5 "y1 be famili>iz$ to
 _! keep]s1 & in/ruct$ 9 v>i\s          
ge/iculations4 ,!y are suppos$ to atta9 
great longevity4 ,! female is p>ticul>ly
 att5tive to h] "y1 & sc>cely ev]       
produces m ?an two at a bir?1 :i*1 aft] 
be+ suckl$ a =tnight on ! %ore1 :]e !y  
are always born1 are conduct$ to ! wat]1
 & taught by _! dam ! means ( def5ce &  
subsi/5ce2 & :5 !y are fatigu$ by _!    
excursions1 are reliev$ by be+ tak5 on  
h] back4 ,!y di/+ui% h] voice1 & att5d  
at h] call4 ,! fle% ( seals is sometimes
 eat51 b !y are almo/ always de/roy$ =  
_! oil & sk9s4 ,! latt] are manufactur$ 
into v valuable lea!r1 & ! =m] is       

s]viceable 9 a va/ v>iety (             
manufactures4 ,a "y seal w supply ab\t  
eight gallons ( oil4 ,! smell ( ^!      
animals1 9 any great numb] ^u ! %ore1 is
 highly disagreeable4 ,9 ! mon? (       
,octob]1 !y are g5]ally consid]$ z mo/  
valuable2 & z !y ab\nd 9 ext5d$ cav]ns  
on ! coa/1 :i* are wa%$ by ! tide1 !    
hunt]s proce$ to ^! retreats ab\t       
midnight1 advanc+ ) _! boat z f> into ! 
recess z !y are able1 arm$ ) spe>s &    
bludgeons1 & furni%$ ) tor*es1 to enable
 !m to explore ! cav]n4 ,!y beg9 _!     
op]ations by mak+ ! mo/ viol5t noises1  
:i* soon r\se ! seals f _! slumb]s1 &   
awak5 !m to a s5se ( extreme dang]1 :i* 
!y express by ! mo/ hide\s yell+s (     
t]ror4 ,9 _! eag]ness to escape1 !y come
 d[n f all p>ts ( ! cav]n1 runn+ 9 a    
promiscu\s & turbul5t mass along ! av5ue
 to ! wat]4 ,! m5 engag$ 9 ?is p]il\s   
adv5ture oppose no imp$im5t to ?is ru%+ 
cr[d1 b1 z ?is beg9s to dim9i%1 apply _!
 weapons ) great activity & success1    
de/roy+ va/ numb]s1 & pr9cipally ! "y   

ones4 ,! bl[ ( ! hunt] is always levell$
 at ! nose ( ! seal1 :]e a slight /roke 
is almo/ in/antly fatal4   ,?is leads u 
to ! consid]ation ( ,,! ,,urs9e         
,,seal4--,?is animal gr[s to ! l5g? (   
eight feet1 & to ! weight ( an hundr$   
p\nds4 ,^! are f\nd 9 va/ abundance 9 ! 
isl&s betwe5 ,am]ica & ,kams*atka1 f    
,june till ,septemb]1 :5 !y return to ! 
,asiatic or ,am]ican %ores4 ,!y are     
extremely /rong1 surviv+ w\nds &        
lac]ations :i* almo/ in/antly de/roy    
life 9 o!r animals1 = days1 & ev5 weeks4
 ,!y may be obs]v$1 n me>ly by hundr$s1 
b by ?\s&s1 on ! %ore1 ea* male surr\nd$
 by 8 females1 f eight to fifty1 & 8    
(fspr+1 am\nt+ frequ5tly to m ?an t     
numb]4 ,ea* family is pres]v$ sep>ate f 
e o!r4 ,! urs9e seals are extremely fat 
& indol5t1 & rema91 ) little ex]cise1 or
 ev5 motion1 = mon?s toge!r1 ^u ! %ore4 
,b if jeal\sy1 to :i* !y are ev] alive1 
once /rongly op]ates1 !y are r\s$ to    
animation by all ! fi]c5ess ( res5tm5t &
 v5geance2 & conflicts aris+ f ?is cause

 betwe5 individuals1 soon spread ?r\gh  
families1 till at l5g? ! :ole %ore      
becomes a sc5e ( ! mo/ horrid ho/ility &
 havoc4 ,:5 ! conflict is f9i%$1 !      
survivors plunge into ! wat]1 to wa% (f 
! blood1 & recov] f _! exhau/ion4  ,^?  
:i* are old1 & h lo/ ! solace (         
connubial life1 are report$ to be       
extremely capti\s1 fi]ce1 & malignant1 &
 to live ap>t f all o!rs1 & s t5aci\sly 
to be atta*$ to ! /ation :i*            
pre-occupancy may be suppos$ to give ea*
 a "r to call 8 own1 t any attempt at   
usurpation is res5t$ z ! f\le/          
indignity1 & ! mo/ furi\s conte/s       
frequ5tly occur 9 consequ5ce ( ! sev]al 
claims = a fav\rite position4 ,x is     
/at$1 t 9 ^! combats two nev] fall ^u   
"o4 ,^! seals are said1 9 grief1 to %$  
te>s v copi\sly4 ,! male def5ds 8 "y ) !
 mo/ intrepid c\rage & fondness1 & w (t5
 beat ! dam1 not)/&+ h] mo/ supplicat+  
tones & ge/ures1 "u ! idea t %e has be5 
! cause ( ! de/ruction or injury :i* may
 h occurr$ to any ( !m4 ,! fle% ( ! old 

male seal is intol]ably /rong2 t ( !    
female & ! "y is consid]$ z delicate &  
n\ri%+1 & comp>$1 9 t5d]ness & flav\r1  
to ! fle% ( "y pigs4  ,! bottle-nos$    
seal is f\nd on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 is    
tw5ty feet long2 & w produce a butt (   
oil1 & dis*>ge1 :5 /ruck to ! he>t1 two 
hog%eads ( blood4   ,we %all close ?is  
*apt] ) an extract f ! ,public ,j\rnals 
( #ahba1 on ,,am]ican ,,natural         
,,hi/ory4  ,on ! unfrequ5t$1 solit>y1   
remote banks ( ! ,miss\ri1 gr[s "o ( !  
mo/ ornam5tal trees t adorn creation--! 
,t5-petall$ ,b>tonia4 ,its height is f\r
 feet2 fl[]s1 beautifully :ite1 exp& z !
 sun sets1 & close at ! approa* (       
morn+4--,%all we say t all ?+s 7 made = 
! gratification ( man only1 :5 he is    
daily taught t "s ( ! lovelie/ objects !
 _w conta9s1 he is de/9$ nev] to        
behold8--,%all we believe t ! sylvan    
natives are n =m$ ) ta/e1 & enjoy !     
sc5]y ) :i* ! great ,arti/ has decorat$ 
_! abode8  ,a ,leop>d 0 kill$ on ! #f?  
day ( ,june1 #ahbj1 by ,john ,six1 liv+ 

on ! wat]s ( ,gre5 riv]1 t5 miles       
s\?-ea/ ( ,h>t=d1 9 ! ,ohio c\nty3 l5g? 
f ! end ( ! nose to ! buttock1 five     
feet1 & a tail two feet long2 "u ! jaw !
 col\r 0 black1 ) :ite spots equally    
proportion$2 ! sides & back are yell[1 )
 black spots1 curi\sly arrang$2 a r[ (  
black spots on its back1 mu* l>g] ?an ^?
 on its sides1 ext5d+ half way ( ! tail2
 small r\nd e>s1 black outside1 :ite    
inside2 ar\nd its nose & m\? 7 long /iff
 bri/les2 "s appe>$ to gr[ out black    
half ! l5g?1 !n :ite six in*es long4 ,! 
hair on ! end ( ! tail is long] ?an     
else:]e2 tail slim2 its legs %ort1 & its
 feet l a cat's1 only mu* l>g]1 ) l>ge  
claws2 l>ge tee?2 suppos$ to weigh ab\t 
"o hundr$ & fifty p\nds4  ,two-head$    
,snake4--,an extraord9>y snake 0 rec5tly
 kill$ 9 ,mason1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x 0    
fir/ discov]$ bask+ 9 ! sun1 &1 aft] mu*
 ex]tion1 al?\gh its a/oni%+ agility    
baffl$ = a consid]able "t its pursu]s'  
ef=ts1 x 0 tak54 ,x measur$ two feet 9  
l5g?1 _h two heads1 & two legs4 ,! legs 

7 ne>ly ?ree in*es long1 7 plac$ ab\t   
f\r in*es f ! heads1 & appe>$ well      
calculat$ to assi/ ! animal 9 runn+4  ,a
 l>ge ,black ,snake 0 lately kill$ ne>  
,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia1 :i* measur$    
elev5 feet n9e in*es4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$  
by a slight crack :i* x made ) its tail1
 n unlike ! crack+ ( a horse-:ip1 &     
appe>$ to be 9 great agony2 jump+ up f !
 gr\nd1 twi/+1 coil+1 c4 ,aft] x 0      
kill$1 ?is 0 acc\nt$ = satisfactorily4  
,out ( its m\? ! tail ( ano!r snake 0   
obs]v$ to be /ick+2 on pull+ x out1 x   
actually measur$ five feet ?ree in*es4  
,?is 0 ! cause ( ! uneas9ess 9 ! liv+   
snake2 hav+ no d\bt be5 p>tly /rangl$ by
 its l>ge m\?ful4 ,?is great snake 0    
long ! t]ror ( ! c[-hunt]s 9 !          
neighb\rhood ( ! place :]e x 0 kill$1 & 
no d\bt w\ld h cont9u$ s = a long "t1 _h
 x n be5 = its voraci\sness1 :i* prev5t$
 x f runn+4 ,x 0 fleet] ?an any horse1 &
 bade defiance to ! puny ef=ts ( man to 
ov]take x4     ,,*ap4 ,,xv4             
,,curiosities ,,respect+                

,,animals4--7,conclud$47      ,rem>kable
 ,/r5g? ( ,affection 9                  
,animals--,surpris+ ,in/ances (     _!  
,sociality--,unacc\ntable ,faculties    
possess$ by "s     ,animals--,rem>kable 
,in/ances ( ,fa/+ 9                     
,animals--,extraord9>y     ,adv5tures ( 
a ,%eep--,sagacity ( a ,monkey--,a/oni%+
 ,in/ance (     ,sagacity 9 a           
,horse--,sagacity ( ,dogs--,curi\s      
,anecdotes ( a     ,dog--,rem>kable     
,dog4      ,f> z creation's ample range 
ext5ds1     ,! scale ( s5sual1 m5tal    
p[]s1 asc5ds3     ,m>k1 h[ x m\nts to   
man's imp]ial race1     ,f ! gre5       
myriads 9 ! peopl$ grass6     ,:at modes
 ( sight1 betwixt ea* wide extreme1     
,! mole's dim curta91 & ! lynx's beam3  
,( smell1 ! headlong lioness betwe51    
,& h\nd sagaci\s1 on ! ta9t$ gre53      
,( he>+1 f ! life t fills ! flood4      
,to t :i* w>bles ?ro' ! v]nal wood3     
,! spid]'s t\*1 h[ exquisitely f9e6     
,feels at ea* ?read1 & lives along !    
l9e3     ,9 ! nice bee1 :at s5se s      

subtly true1     ,f pois'n\s h]bs       
extracts ! heal+ dew3     ,h[ in/9ct    
v>ies 9 ! grovell+ sw9e1     ,comp>'d1  
half-reason+ elephant1 ) ?9e6           
',twixt t & reason1 :at a nice b>ri]1   
,= ev] sep>ate1 yet = ev] ne>6          
,pope4   ,,rem>kable ,,/r5g? ,,(        
,,affection ,,9 ,,animals4--,mr4 ,:ite1 
9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ,selborne1   
speak+ ( ! natural affection ( brutes1  
says1 ,! m ,i reflect on x1 ! m ,i am   
a/oni%$ at its effects4 ,nor is !       
viol5ce ( ?is affection m wond]ful1 ?an 
! %ortness ( its duration4 ,?us1 e h5 is
 9 h] turn ! virago ( ! y>d1 9          
proportion to ! helplessness ( h] brood2
 & w fly 9 ! face ( a dog or s[ 9 def5ce
 ( ^? *ick5s1 :i*1 9 a few weeks1 %e w  
drive be=e h] ) rel5tless cruelty4 ,?is 
affection sublimes ! passions1 quick5s !
 inv5tion1 & %>p5s ! sagacity1 ( ! brute
 creation4 ,?us1 a h51 j become a "m1 is
 no long] t placid bird %e us$ to be1 b1
 ) fea!rs /&+ on end1 w+s hov]+1 &      
cluck+ note1 %e runs ab\t l "o possess$4

 ,dams w ?r[ !mselves 9 ! way ( !       
greate/ dang]1 9 ord] to av]t x f _!    
prog5y4 ,?us a p>tridge w tumble along  
be=e a sportsman1 9 ord] to draw away ! 
dogs f h] helpless covey4 ,9 ! "t (     
nidification1 ! mo/ feeble birds w      
assault ! mo/ rapaci\s4 ,all ! hirund9es
 ( a village are up 9 arms at ! sight ( 
a hawk1 :om !y w p]secute till he leaves
 t di/rict4 ,a v exact obs]v] has (t5   
rem>k$1 t a pair ( rav5s1 ne/l+ 9 ! rock
 ( ,gibralt>1 w\ld suff] no vulture or  
eagle to re/ ne> _! /ation1 b w\ld drive
 !m f ! hill ) amaz+ fury2 ev5 ! blue   
?ru%1 at ! season ( bre$+1 w\ld d>t out 
f ! clefts ( ! rocks1 to *ase away !    
ke/rel or ! sp>r[-hawk4 ,if y /& ne> !  
ne/ ( a bird t has "y1 %e w n be induc$ 
to betray !m by an inadv]t5t fondness1 b
 w wait ab\t at a di/ance ) meat 9 h]   
m\? = an h\r toge!r4 ,! fly-cat*] builds
 e ye> 9 ! v9es t gr[ on ! walls ( my   
h\se4 ,a pair ( ^! little birds _h "o   
ye> inadv]t5tly plac$ _! ne/ on a nak$  
b\gh1 p]haps 9 a %ady "t1 n be+ aw>e ( !

 inconv5i5ce t foll[$2 b a hot sunny    
season com+ on be=e ! brood 0 half      
fl$g$1 ! reflection ( ! wall became     
insupportable1 & mu/ inevitably h       
de/roy$ ! t5d] "y1 _h n affection       
sugge/$ an exp$i5t1 & prompt$ ! p>5t    
birds to hov] ov] ! ne/ all ! hott]     
h\rs1 :ile1 ) w+s exp&$ & m\?s gap+ =   
brea?1 !y scre5$ (f ! heat f _! suff]+  
(fspr+4 ,a f>!r in/ance ,i once saw (   
notable sagacity 9 a will[-wr51 :i* _h  
built 9 a bank 9 my fields4 ,?is bird1 a
 fri5d & myself _h obs]v$ z %e sat 9 h] 
ne/2 b we 7 p>ticul>ly c>eful n to      
di/urb h]1 ?\gh we saw %e ey$ u ) "s    
degree ( jeal\sy4 ,"s days aft]1 z we   
pass$ t way1 we 7 desir\s ( rem>k+ h[   
?is brood w5t on2 b no ne/ c\ld be f\nd1
 till ,i happ5$ to take up a l>ge bundle
 ( long gre5 moss z x 7 c>elessly ?r[n  
ov] ! ne/1 9 ord] to deceive ! eye ( any
 imp]t95t intrud]4   ,next 9 ord] is !  
acc\nt ( ,,surpris+ ,,in/ances ,,(      
,,sociality ,,9 ,,animals4--,a wond]ful 
_s ( sociality 9 ! brute creation1      

indep5d5t ( sexual atta*m5t1 has be5    
frequ5tly rem>k$4 ,_m horses1 ?\gh quiet
 ) company1 w n /ay "o m9ute 9 a field  
by !mselves2 ! /ronge/ f5ces _c re/ra9  
!m4 ,a horse has be5 kn[n to leap out ( 
a /able w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* dung 0 ?r[n1    
aft] company2 & yet 9 o!r respects 0    
rem>kably quiet4 ,ox5 & c[s w n fatt5 by
 !mselves1 b w neglect ! f9e/ pa/ure t  
is n recomm5d$ by society4 ,x w\ld be   
ne$less to in/ance 9 %eep1 :i* con/antly
 flock toge!r4 ,b ?is prop5sity seems n 
to be conf9$ to animals ( ! same        
species4 ,mr4 ,:ite m5tions a doe t 0   
br\ght up f a little fawn ) a dairy (   
c[s4 ,) !m x goes to ! field1 & ) !m x  
returns to ! y>d4 ,! dogs ( ! h\se take 
no notice ( ?is doe1 be+ us$ to h]2 b if
 /range dogs come by1 a *ase ensues2    
:ile ! ma/] smiles to see 8 fav\rite    
securely lead+ h] pursu]s ov] h$ge1 or  
gate1 or /yle1 till %e returns to ! c[s1
 :o ) fi]ce l[+s & m5ac+ horns drive !  
assailants q out ( ! pa/ure4--,ev5 great
 disp>ity ( k9d & size does n always    

prev5t social advances & mutual         
fell[%ip4 ,( ?is ! foll[+ rem>kable     
in/ance is giv5 by ! same au?or4  ,a v  
intellig5t & obs]vant p]son has assur$  
me1 t 9 ! =m] "p ( 8 life1 keep+ b "o   
horse1 he happ5$ also on a "t to h b "o 
solit>y h54 ,^! two incongru\s animals  
sp5t mu* ( _! "t toge!r 9 a lonely      
or*>d1 :]e !y saw no creature b ea* o!r4
 ,by degrees an app>5t reg>d began to   
take place betwe5 ^! two seque/]$       
individuals4 ,! f[l w\ld approa* !      
quadrup$ ) notes ( complac5cy1 rubb+    
h]self g5tly aga9/ 8 legs2 :ile ! horse 
w\ld look d[n ) satisfaction1 & move ) !
 greate/ caution & circumspection1 le/  
he %\ld trample on 8 dim9utive          
companion4 ,?us by mutual good (fices   
ea* seem$ to console ! vacant h\rs ( !  
o!r4  ,9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 
#aghh1 we h ! foll[+ anecdotes ( a rav51
 communicat$ by a correspond5t :o does n
 sign 8 "n1 b says x is at ! s]vice ( ! 
d\btful4 ,! rav5 allud$ to liv$ at ! ,r$
 ,lion at ,hung]=d2 8 "n 0 ,ralph4 ,y   

mu/ "k !n1 7says ! writ]17 t com+ into t
 inn1 my *aise ran ov] or bruis$ ! leg (
 my ,newf\ndl& dog1 & :ile we 7 exam9+ !
 injury done to ! dog's foot1 ,ralph 0  
evid5tly a conc]n$ spectator2 =1 ! m9ute
 ! dog 0 ti$ up "u ! mang] ) my horse1  
,ralph n only visit$ him1 b fet*$ him   
bones1 & att5d$ ^u him ) p>ticul> &     
repeat$ pro(s ( k9dness4 ,! bird's      
notice ( ! dog 0 s m>k$1 t ,i obs]v$ x  
to ! ho/l]2 = ,i _h n he>d a ^w be=e ( !
 hi/ory ( ?is b5evol5t creature4 ,john  
!n told me1 t he _h be5 br$ f 8 p9-fea!r
 9 intimacy ) a dog2 t ! affection      
betwe5 !m 0 mutual2 & t all !           
neighb\rhood _h (t5 be5 witnesses ( !   
innum]able acts ( k9dness !y _h conf]r$ 
^u ea* o!r4 ,ralph's poor dog1 aft] a   
:ile1 un=tunately broke 8 leg2 & dur+ ! 
long "t he 0 conf9$1 ,ralph wait$ ^u him
 con/antly1 c>ri$ him provisions daily1 
& sc>cely ev] left him alone6 ,"o night 
by accid5t ! ho/l] _h %ut ! /able-door1 
& ,ralph 0 depriv$ ( 8 fri5d ! :ole     
night2 b ! ho/l] f\nd 9 ! morn+ ! bottom

 ( ! door s peck$ away1 t _h x n be5    
op5$1 ,ralph w\ld 9 ano!r h\r h made 8  
own entrance-port4 ,i !n inquir$ ( my   
l&lady1 7a s5sible woman17 & he>d :at ,i
 h relat$ confirm$ by h]1 ) sev]al o!r  
s+ul> traits ( ! k9dnesses ?is bird %ews
 to all dogs 9 g5]al1 b p>ticul>ly to   
maim$ or w\nd$ ones4 ,i hope & believe1 
h[ev]1 ,ralph is /ill liv+2 & ! travell]
 w f9d ,i h n ov]-rat$ ?is wond]ful     
bird's m]it4  ,to ^! in/ances ( atta*m5t
 betwe5 incongru\s animals f a _s (     
sociality1 or ! feel+s ( sympa?y1 may be
 add$ ! foll[+ in/ance ( fondness f a   
diff]5t motive1 rec\nt$ by ,mr4 ,:ite1 9
 ! "w already s (t5 quot$4  ,my fri5d _h
 a little helpless lev]et br\ght to him1
 :i* ! s]vants f$ ) milk 9 a spoon2 &   
ab\t ! same "t 8 cat kitt5$1 & ! "y 7   
dispat*$ & buri$4 ,! h>e 0 soon lo/1 &  
suppos$ to be gone ! way ( mo/ f\ndl+s1 
or to be kill$ by "s dog or cat4 ,h[ev]1
 9 ab\t a =tnight1 z ! ma/] 0 sitt+ 9 8 
g>d5 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+1 he obs]v$ 8 cat1
 ) tail erect1 trott+ t[>ds him1 & call+

 ) little %ort inw>d notes ( complac5cy1
 su* z !y use t[>ds _! kitt5s1 & some?+ 
gamboll+ aft]1 :i* prov$ to be ! lev]et1
 :i* ! cat _h support$ ) h] milk1 &     
cont9u$ to support ) great affection4   
,?us 0 a gram9ivor\s animal nurtur$ by a
 c>nivor\s & pr$aci\s "o6 ,:y s cruel & 
sangu9>y a bea/ z a cat1 ( ! f]oci\s    
g5us ( ,felis1 ! murian leo1 7! lion ( !
 mice17 z ,l9nu calls x1 %\ld be affect$
 ) any t5d]ness t[>ds an animal :i* is  
its natural prey1 is n s easy to        
det]m9e4 ,! /range affection probably 0 
occasion$ by t sympa?y1 & ^? t5d]       
mat]nal feel+s1 :i* ! loss ( h] kitt5s  
_h awak5$ 9 h] brea/2 & by ! complac5cy 
& ease %e d]iv$ to h]self f ! procur+ h]
 teats to be drawn1 :i* 7 too mu* di/5d$
 ) milk2 till f habit %e became z mu*   
delight$ ) ?is f\ndl+1 z if x _h be5 h] 
real (fspr+4 ,?is incid5t is no bad     
solution ( t /range circum/ance :i*     
grave hi/orians1 z well z poets1 ass]t1 
( expos$ *ildr5 be+ sometimes nurtur$ by
 female wild bea/s1 t probably _h lo/ _!

 "y2 = x is n "o :it m m>vell\s t       
,romulus & ,remus1 9 _! infant /ate1    
%\ld be nurs$ by a %e-wolf1 ?an t a poor
 little suckl+ lev]et %\ld be fo/]$ &   
*]i%$ by a bloody grimalk94   ,we %all  
n[ give ! hi/ory ( ! ,,unacc\ntable     
,,faculties ,,possess$ ,,by ,,"s        
,,animals4--,besides reflection &       
sagacity1 (t5 9 an a/oni%+ degree1 &    
besides ! s5tim5ts & actions prompt$ by 
social or natural atta*m5ts1 brutes seem
 on _m occasions inspir$ ) a sup]ior    
faculty1 a k9d ( pres5tim5t or second   
sight1 z x 71 ) reg>d to ev5ts & designs
 altoge!r un=ese5 by ! rational be+s :om
 !y conc]n4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is (       
unque/ionable au!nticity4  ,at ! seat ( 
! late ,e>l ( ,lit*field1 ?ree miles f  
,bl5heim1 !re is a portrait 9 ! d9+-room
 ( ,sir ,h5ry ,lee1 by ,john/on1 ) t ( a
 ma/iff dog :i* sav$ 8 life4 ,a s]vant  
_h =m$ ! design ( assass9at+ 8 ma/]1 &  
robb+ ! h\se2 b ! night he _h fix$ on1 !
 dog1 :i* _h nev] be5 mu* notic$ by ,sir
 ,h5ry1 = ! fir/ "t foll[$ him up /airs1

 got "u 8 b$1 & c\ld n be got f !nce by 
ei!r ma/] or man3 9 ! dead ( night1 !   
same s]vant ent]$ ! room to execute 8   
horrid design1 b 0 in/antly seiz$ by !  
dog1 &1 be+ secur$1 confess$ 8          
int5tions4 ,^u :at hypo!sis c we acc\nt 
= a degree ( =esight & p5etration su* z 
?is8 ,w x be sugge/$1 z a solution ( !  
difficulty1 t a dog may possibly become 
capable 9 a great measure ( und]/&+     
human disc\rse1 & ( reason+ & act+      
accord+ly2 & t1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 !   
villa9 _h ei!r utt]$ 8 design 9         
soliloquy1 or imp>t$ x to an accomplice1
 9 ! he>+ ( ! animal8  ,x has be5       
disput$ :e!r ! brutes h any language    
:]eby !y c express _! m9ds to ea* o!r2  
or :e!r all ! noise !y make consi/s only
 ( cries1 in>ticulate & un9telligible   
ev5 to !mselves4 ,fa!r ,b\geant gives ! 
foll[+ in/ance1 among o!rs1 to prove t  
brutes are capable ( =m+ designs1 & (   
communicat+ ^? designs to o!rs4--,a     
sp>r[1 f9d+ a ne/ t a m>t9 _h j built1  
/&+ v conv5i5tly = him1 possess$ himself

 ( x4 ,! m>t91 see+ ! usurp] 9 h] h\se1 
call$ = help to expel him4 ,a ?\s& m>t9s
 came full spe$1 & attack$ ! sp>r[2 b ! 
latt] be+ cov]$ on e side1 & pres5t+    
only 8 l>ge beak at ! entrance ( ! ne/1 
0 invuln]able1 & made ! bolde/ ( !m :o  
dur/ approa* him rep5t ( _! tem]ity4    
,aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r's combat1 all !  
m>t9s disappe>$3 ! sp>r[ ?\ght he _h got
 ! bett]1 & ! spectators judg$ t ! m>t9s
 _h ab&on$ ! und]tak+4 ,n 9 ! lea/2     
imm$iately !y return$ to ! *>ge1 & ea* (
 !m hav+ procur$ a little ( t temp]$ e>?
 ) :i* !y make _! ne/s1 !y all at once  
fell ^u ! sp>r[1 & enclos$ him 9 ! ne/1 
to p]i% !re1 ?\gh !y c\ld n drive him   
!nce4--,c x be imag9$ t ! m>t9s c\ld h  
be5 able to hat* & conc]t ?is design all
 ( !m toge!r1 )\t speak+ to ea* o!r1 or 
)\t "s m$ium ( communication equival5t  
to language8   ,rem>kable ,in/ances (   
,,fa/+ ,,9 ,,animals4--,! foll[+        
rem>kable in/ances ( brutes be+ able to 
live long )\t food1 are relat$ by ,sir  
,william ,hamilton1 9 8 acc\nt ( !      

e>?quakes 9 ,italy1 7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4
 #gc47 ,at ,soriano1 two fatt5$ hogs1 t 
_h rema9$ buri$ "u a heap ( ru9s1 7 tak5
 out alive ! #db;d day2 !y 7 lean &     
weak1 b soon recov]$4--,at ,mess9a1 two 
mules belong+ to ! ,duke de ,belviso1   
rema9$ "u a heap ( ru9s1 "o ( !m #bb    
days1 & ! o!r #bc3 !y w\ld n eat = "s   
days1 b drank wat] pl5tifully1 & are n[ 
recov]$4--,!re are numb]less in/ances ( 
dogs rema9+ _m days 9 ! same situation2 
& a h5 belong+ to ! ,briti% vice-consul 
at ,mess9a1 t _h be5 closely %ut up "u !
 ru9s ( 8 h\se1 0 tak5 out ! #bb;d day1 
& is n[ recov]$3 x did n eat = "s days1 
b drank freely2 x 0 emaciat$1 & %ew$    
little signs ( life at fir/4 ,f ^!      
in/ances1 & sev]al o!rs ( ! same k9d t h
 be5 relat$ to me1 b :i*1 be+ less      
rem>kable1 ,i omit1 "o may conclude1 t  
long fa/+ is always att5d$ ) great ?ir/ 
& total loss ( appetite4  ,an in/ance n 
less rem>kable ?an any ( ^!1 we f9d 9 ! 
,g5t4 ,mag4 = ,jan4 #aghe4 ,dur+ ! heavy
 sn[ :i* fell 9 ! night ( ! #g? (       

,janu>y1 #aggf1 a p>cel ( %eep belong+  
to ,mr4 ,john ,wolley1 ( ,matlock1 9    
,d]by%ire1 :i* 7 pa/ur$ on t "p ( ! ,ea/
 ,moor t lies )9 ! manor ( ,matlock1 7  
cov]$ ) ! drift$ sn[4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day
 or two all ! %eep t 7 cov]$ ) ! sn[ 7  
f\nd aga91 except two1 :i* 7 consequ5tly
 giv5 up z lo/1 b on ! #ad? ( ,feb4     
foll[+ 7"s "t aft] ! break ( ! sn[ 9 !  
valleys1 & #ch days aft] ! fall7 z a    
s]vant 0 walk+ ov] a l>ge p>cel ( drift$
 sn[1 :i* rema9$ on ! declivity ( a     
hill1 a dog he _h ) him discov]$ "o ( ! 
two %eep t _h be5 lo/1 by w9d+ 7or      
sc5t+7 x1 ?r\gh a small ap]ture :i* !   
brea? ( ! %eep _h made 9 ! sn[4 ,!      
s]vant !reupon dug away ! sn[1 & releas$
 ! captive f its prison2 x imm$iately   
ran to a neighb\r+ spr+1 at :i* x drank 
= a consid]able "t1 & aft]w>ds rejo9$   
its old companions1 z ?\gh no su*       
accid5t _h befall5 x4 ,on inspect+ !    
place :]e x 0 f\nd1 x appe>$ to h /ood  
betwe5 two /ones :i* lay p>allel ) ea*  
o!r1 at ab\t two feet & a half di/ance1 

& probably 7 ! means ( protect+ x f !   
great weight ( ! sn[1 :i* 9 t place lay 
sev]al y>ds ?ick3 f ! numb] ( /ones     
ar\nd x1 x did n appe> t ! %eep _h be5  
able to pick up any food dur+ its       
conf9em5t4 ,soon aft]w>ds its own]      
remov$ x to "s l[ l&s2 b z x _h ne>ly   
lo/ its appetite1 x 0 f$ ) bread & milk 
= "s "t3 9 ab\t a =tnight aft] its      
enl>gem5t1 x lo/ its sight & wool2 b 9 a
 few weeks aft]w>ds !y bo? return$ aga91
 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ summ] x 0 q     
recov]$4 ,! rema9+ %eep 0 f\nd dead1    
ab\t a week aft] ! discov]y ( ! o!r4    
,! foll[+ au!ntic hi/ory ( !            
,,extraord9>y ,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,%eep1
 :i* 0 transmitt$ to a respectable      
p]iodical j\rnal1 f ,salisbury1 :]e !   
animal di$1 w1 we d\bt n1 prove int]e/+ 
to our read]s1 z x af=ds an in/ance (   
animal sagacity1 9 t species on :i*     
,nature has be/[$ x ) a sp>+ h&4  ,%e 0 
born 9 ! ,nor? ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2      
emb>k$1 9 #ahjd1 9 ! ,arab1 & visit$    
,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,norway3 "h %e 0 s5t 

on %ore to graze2 ! next day1 see+ !    
boat r[ pa/ ! place :]e %e 0 fe$+1 %e   
leap$ into ! wat]1 & swam to ! boat3 ?is
 circum/ance protect$ h] ev] aft] f !   
but*]1 & h] life 0 "o sc5e ( gratitude4 
,%e 0 9 f\rte5 diff]5t actions ) !      
enemy's flotilla & batt]ies (f ,b\logne1
 9 ! la/ ( :i* %e lo/ "p ( "o ( h]      
horns4 ,aft] t %e trav]s$ ! :ole ( !    
we/]n ext5t ( ,africa1 across ! equator 
to ! ,brazils1 & along ! ,guiana coa/ ( 
,s\? ,am]ica to ! ,we/ ,indies2 f !nce  
to ,irel&1 & !n home4 ,%e 0 s tame z to 
fe$ f ! h&1 &1 l ! dog1 foll[$ h]       
protector2 w\ld dance = a cabbage leaf2 
pref]r$ ! h\se & fire-side to ! /able2 =
 sev]al mon?s 0 nev] kn[n to t\* hay or 
grass1 liv+ ) ! sailors on pudd+ & grog1
 & nibbl+ ! ends ( rope or canvass4 ,!  
p>+ ( an apple or a potato 0 h] highe/  
luxury4 ,! docility ( ! animal 0 highly 
amus+3 putt+ h] head "u y\r arm1 %e w\ld
 eat (f y\r plate at d9n]2 w\ld dr9k w9e
 or spirits1 & tea1 if well sweet5$2 run
 up & d[n ! /airs2 &1 if %e got into !  

kit*51 w\ld take ! cov] f ! pot1 & peep 
into x4 ,h] wool 0 ( a s(t & silky      
nature4  ,aft] hav+ wea!r$ s _m /orms & 
h>d%ips1 %e 0 br\ght z a pres5t by      
,lieut4 ,bagnold1 ( ! royal navy1 to a  
lady 9 ,salisbury2 :]e1 alas6 _! fleecy 
fri5d di$ ( a b[el compla9t ! second day
 aft] h] arrival1 mo/ s9c]ely lam5t$1 ! 
#bb;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahjh4  ,l9es writt5 on
 ! prec$+ mo/ rem>kable ,%eep4    ,sc>ce
 ?irty suns _h bright5'd o'er h] head1  
,:5 to ,arab's deck "y ,jack#i 0 l$2    
,"h f h] ma/]'s side %e ne'er w\ld /ray1
   ,ate ( 8 meat1 & on 8 hammock lay4   
,grateful = ?is1 :5 left on ,norway's   
bea*1   ,%e brav'd ! sea1 ! di/ant %ip  
to rea*4   ,?is act h]oic /ays !        
murd'r\s knife1   ,& all ! crew dem& to 
save h] life4   ,?us sp>'d1 %e visits   
ea* f> di/ant ma93   ,9 f\rte5 battles1 
amid h]oes sla94   ,%e 'scapes unhurt2  
save t ! :izz+ lead   ,be>s (f "o horn1 
!n g5tly graz'd h] head4   ,all p]ils   
pa/1 %e rea*'d h] native %ore1   ,to    
tempt ! rage ( w> & seas no m4--   ,g1  

my de> ,jack1 h] grateful ma/] said1    
7,z on h] sn[-:ite head 8 h& he laid27  
,g seek ! %ady grove1 ! v]dant mead2    
,!re re/ securely1 & securely fe$4   ,a 
?\s& joys %all ?y long life att5d1      
,ble/ ) t greate/ good1 a fai?ful       
fri5d4--   ,va9 7 ^! hopes6 at ,s>um    
safe arriv'd1   ,sudd5 %e sick5'd1 & z  
sudd5 di$4--   ,well1 !n1 de> ,jack1    
s9ce fate has seal'd ?y doom1   ,be ?9e 
! hon\rs ( ! sculptur'd tomb4   ,!re too
 %all ?is j eulogy appe>1   ,a %eep1 a  
mu*-lov'd %eep1 reposes "h4   ,m]its 9  
!e "s future b>d %all trace1   ,su* z   
ne'er yet adorn'd ! fleecy race4   ,a   
pati5t temp]1 to all ills resign'd1     
,s5se almo/ human1 to good nature jo9'd4
   ,no *>ms = h] _h fl['ry lawn or      
grove1   ',twas man %e s\ght--to man    
gave all h] love4   ,_h %e b liv'd 9    
fiction's classic days1   ,! muse _h    
sung h] fame 9 dea?less lays2   ,_h     
fondly told1 t h] n mortal frame        
,return'd f e>? to heav'n1 f :5ce x     
came2   ,advanc'd to %>e ) ,aries on    

high1   ,! space assign'd him 9 h]      
native sky4   ,! foll[+ is a notable    
in/ance ( ! ,,sagacity ,,( ,a           
,,monkey4--,"s /roll+ %[m51 be+ at      
,/on91 a t[n ( ,li?uania1 belong+ to    
,c\nt ,ogi5ski1 gr& g5]al ( t prov9ce1  
div]t$ ! inhabitants by exhibit+ !      
tricks & gambols ( half a doz5 monkeys  
!y _h along ) !m3 ?is new spectacle r\s$
 ! curiosity ( p ( all degrees1 insomu* 
t ! ov]se]s ( ! improvem5ts :i* 7 c>ry+ 
on 9 t neighb\rhood saw !mselves des]t$ 
by all _! workm54 ,desir\s to recall !m 
to _! duty1 yet unwill+ to drive !      
/roll]s away by ma9 =ce1 !y (f]$ ! *ief 
a r\nd sum ( money1 on condition ( 8    
leav+ ! t[n imm$iately3 ! man agre$ to  
?is2 &1 ) 8 two assi/ants1 & company (  
f\r-foot$ com$ians1 set (f f ,/on94  ,!y
 _h h>dly proce$$ out ( t[n1 :5 !y 7    
beset by "s b&itti1 :o robb$ & murd]$ n 
only !m1 b all _! h>mless foll[]s1      
except "o1 :o escap$ ! g5]al slaught]1  
&1 unp]ceiv$1 climb$ up a tree1 :5ce he 
c\ld spy all ! proce$+s ( ! villa9s1 :o 

_h no soon] made sure ( _! spoils1 ?an  
!y proce$$ to int] ! bodies1 bo? ( ! m5 
& bea/s1 cov]+ ! place ) e>? & b\ghs1 & 
!n made (f4  ,sometime aft]1 a          
coa*-&-f\r approa*$2 :i* ! surviv+      
monkey no soon] descri$1 ?an he set up a
 mo/ dismal yell4 ,! g5tleman1 :o1 z x  
aft]w>ds prov$1 0 go+ on a visit to !   
gr&-g5]al1 amaz$ at s unusual a noise1  
ord]$ ! coa*man to /op1 :51 alight+1 he 
0 /ill m surpris$ to see ! animal com+  
d[n ! tree1 & mak+ t[>ds him2 ! monkey1 
taught p]haps to rev]5ce p ( rank1 began
 to lick 8 feet1 &1 by sev]al ge/ures1  
seem$ to intimate t he _h some?+        
extraord9>y to discov]2 ! animal l$ !   
way1 & ! g5tleman foll[$ ) 8 s]vant4 ,z 
soon z !y came to ! place1 ! monkey r5t 
! air ) ! mo/ pite\s acc5ts2 !n tak+ up 
"s ( ! bran*es1 he began to scrat* !    
e>?1 & ?r[ x up ) all 8 might3 !        
g5tleman see+ ?is1 ord]$ 8 man to fall  
to "w1 & 9 a few m9utes ! :ole sc5e (   
horror op5$ to 8 view4  ,fe>+ a simil>  
fate1 ! ,li?uanian1 =gett+ ! sagaci\s   

animal1 got into 8 c>riage1 & po/$ to ! 
gr&-g5]al z fa/ z 8 horses c\ld c>ry    
him4 ,poor pug1 r ?an be left beh9d1    
fa/5$ ab\t ! coa* z well z he c\ld1 &   
arriv$ likewise at ! c\nt's1 :o1 hav+   
he>d ! g5tleman's report1 s5t a prop]   
=ce aft] ! b&itti3 !y 7 ov]tak51 &      
committ$ to prison4 ,! gr&-g5]al ord]$ !
 monkey to be tak5 into 8 palace1 & kept
 ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,?is surpris+ m>k (   
in/9ct & gratitude is deem$ ! m         
wond]ful1 z t animal g5]ally turns 8    
natural sagacity to mis*ief & trea*]y4  
,we %all 9 ! next place give an a/oni%+ 
in/ance ( ,,sagacity ,,9 ,a ,,horse4    
,at ,*ep/[1 9 ,monm\?%ire1 !re is a     
bridge1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is extremely
 curi\s1 z ! planks t =m ! floor rise ) 
! tide1 :i*1 at c]ta9 times1 is said to 
atta9 to ! height ( sev5ty feet4  ,?is  
floor ( ! bridge x 0 necess>y at "o "t  
to remove2 :i* 0 accord+ly done1 & only 
"o or two ( ! planks rema9$ = !         
conv5i5ce ( ! foot pass5g]s4 ,?is way 0 
well light$1 & a man plac$ at ! end to  

w>n ^? t approa*$ ( _! dang]4 ,b x s    
happ5$1 t "o dreadful /ormy night !     
lamps blew out1 & ! monitor1 suppos+ t  
no "o w\ld 9 su* a hurricane attempt to 
pass1 wisely retir$ to %elt]4  ,aft]    
midnight1 a travell] knock$ at ! door ( 
an inn at ,*ep/[4  ,:o is !re8 said !   
l&lord1 :o _h long retir$ to re/1 & 0 n[
 call$ out ( b$4  ,! travell] m5tion$ 8 
"n1 :i* 0 well kn[n4  ,h[ did y come8   
said ! l&lord4  ,h[ did ,i come8 ,:y1   
ov] ! bridge to be sure6  ,:at6 on      
horseback8  ,yes4  ,no6 said ! l&lord1 t
 is impossible6 h[ev]1 z y are "h1 ,i'll
 let y 94  ,! ho/1 :5 ! travell] repeat$
 8 ass]tion1 0 /agg]$4 ,he 0 c]ta9 t he 
mu/ h come ov] ! bridge1 because !re 0  
no o!r way2 b also kn[+ ! /ate 9 :i* !  
passage 01 he c\ld only attribute !     
escape ( ! travell] & 8 horse to        
wit*craft4 ,he1 h[ev]1 said no?+ to him 
t night2 b ! next morn+ took him to !   
bridge1 & %[$ him ! plank t 8 horse mu/ 
h pass$ ov]1 at ! same "t t he po9t$ to 
! rag+ torr5t b5ea?4  ,/ruck ) ?is      

circum/ance1 ! travell]1 x is said1 0   
seiz$ ) an illness f :i* he did n       
spe$ily recov]4   ,x is f a respectable 
s\rce t we ins]t ! foll[+ n>rative ( !  
,,sagacity ,,( ,,dogs4  ,m4 ,la ,valee1 
9 8 ,j\rney ?r\gh ! ,dep>tm5ts (        
,france1 publi%$ 9 #agib1 gives ! foll[+
 curi\s acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! c\ntry 
p1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p]onne & ,d\l5s1 
_h tra9$ _! dogs to elude ! vigilance ( 
! (fic]s ( ! rev5ue4--,at night1 ^!     
animals 7 lad51 ea* ) a p>cel ( goods   
proportion$ to its size2 except "o      
alone1 :o 0 _! lead]1 & w5t )\t any     
burd54 ,a crack ( a :ip 0 a signal = !m 
to set out4 ,! lead] travell$ a little  
di/ance be=e ! re/2 &1 if he p]ceiv$ !  
traces ( any /rang]1 he return$ to ! o!r
 dogs3 ^! ei!r took a diff]5t way1 or1  
if ! dang] 0 press+1 conceal$ !mselves  
beh9d ! h$ges1 & lay close till !       
patrole _h pass$4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at !    
habitation ( _! ma/]'s associate1 !y hid
 !mselves 9 ! neighb\r+ fields & h$ges1 
:ile _! lead] w5t to ! h\se1 & scrat*$  

at ! door1 or b>k$1 till he 0 admitt$1  
:5 he lay quietly d[n1 z at home3 by ?is
 ! smuggl] knew t ! c>avan 0 come2 &1 if
 ! coa/ 0 cle>1 he w5t out1 :5 he gave a
 l\d :i/le1 & ! dogs came runn+ to him f
 _! sev]al hid+-places6  ,pelti]1 9 8   
,annals ( ,p>is1 ,no4 #afd1 = ,decemb]1 
#agih1 records ! foll[+ anecdote3--,at !
 beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution1 a dog w5t daily
 to ! p>ade be=e ! palace ( !           
,?uill]ies1 ?ru/ himself betwe5 ! legs (
 ! musicians1 m>*$ ) !m1 halt$ ) !m1 &  
aft] ! p>ade1 disappe>$ until ! next    
morn+1 :5 he resum$ 8 occupation4 ,!    
con/ant appe>ance ( ?is dog1 & !        
pleasure :i* he seem$ to take 9 ! music1
 made him a fav\rite ) ! b&1 :o nicknam$
 him1 ,p>ade4 ,"o gave him food to-day1 
ano!r to-morr[2 & he und]/ood1 by a     
slight signal1 & a ^w or two1 :om he 0  
to foll[ = 8 d9n]2 aft] :i*1 fai?ful to 
8 indep5d5ce1 ! dog always )drew1 9     
spite ( any c>esses or ?reats4          
,sometimes he w5t to ! op]a1 sometimes  
to ! ,com$ie ,itali5ne1 & sometimes to !

 ,!atre ,feydeau2 9 ea* ( :i* h\ses he  
f\nd 8 way to ! or*e/ra1 & w\ld lie d[n 
sil5tly 9 "o corn] ( x1 until ! p]=mance
 0 ov]4 ,i "k n1 7says ,pelti]7 :e!r ?is
 dog be n[ alive3 b ,i "k _m musicians1 
to :om 8 "n1 8 figure1 & ! s+ul>ity ( 8 
habits1 are p]fectly famili>4  ,9       
,petit's ,campaign ( ,italy1 "u ! *ief  
consul ,buonap>te1 publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 we h
 ! foll[+ anecdote1 :i* places ?is      
animal 9 ! mo/ engag+ light3 ,9 trav]s+ 
! ,alps ov] ! m\nta9 ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d1 
_m p p]i% among ! almo/ inaccessible    
rocks1 ^: summits are cov]$ ) et]nal    
sn[4 ,at ! "t we cross$ !m1 ! *apel ( ! 
mona/]y ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 0 fill$ ) dead     
bodies1 :i* _! dogs _h discov]$         
suffocat$ & b5umb$ "u ! sn[4 ,) :at     
emotions ( pleasure did ,i c>ess ^!     
dogs1 s useful to travell]s6 h[ c "o    
speak ( !m )\t be+ mov$ by _! *>itable  
in/9ct6 ,not)/&+ ! paucity ( our        
eatables1 !re 0 n a ,fr5* soldi] :o did 
n manife/ an eag]ness to give !m "s     
biscuit1 "s bread1 & ev5 a %>e ( _!     

meat4 ,morn+ & ev5+1 ^! dogs g out on   
discov]y2 & if 9 ! mid/ ( _! w&]+ c\rses
 ! e*o ( "s un=tunate creature ready to 
p]i% rea*es _! att5tive e>s1 !y run     
t[>ds ^? :o call out1 express _! joy1 & 
seem to bid ! suff]] take c\rage1 till  
!y h be5 to procure assi/ance2 9 fact1  
!y ha/5 back to ! conv5t1 &1 ) an air ( 
inquietude & sadness1 ann\nce 9 a v     
disc]nible mann] :at !y h se54 ,9 t     
case1 a small basket is fa/5$ r\nd !    
dog's neck1 fill$ ) food prop] =        
reanimat+ life almo/ exhau/$2 &1 by     
foll[+ ! b5evol5t mess5g]1 an unhappy   
creature is ?us frequ5tly snat*$ f      
imp5d+ de/ruction4  ,a ,flor5t9e        
nobleman possess$ a dog1 :i* w\ld att5d 
8 table1 *ange 8 plates1 & c>ry 8 w9e to
 him1 ) ! utmo/ /ead9ess1 & ! mo/       
accurate att5tion to 8 ma/]'s notices4  
,x is relat$ by ! illu/ri\s ,leibnitz1 t
 a ,saxon peasant 0 9 possession ( a dog
 ( ! middl+ size1 !n ab\t ?ree ye>s (   
age4 ,! peasant's son1 p]ceiv+          
accid5tally1 z he imag9$1 "s resemblance

 9 its s\nds to ^? ( ! human voice1     
attempt$ to tea* x to speak4 ,by !      
p]sev]ance ( ! lad1 ! dog acquir$ ! p[]1
 we are told1 ( pron\nc+ ab\t ?irty     
words4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 ex]cise ?is      
extraord9>y faculty only ) reluctance1 !
 words be+ always fir/ spok5 by !       
preceptor1 & !n e*o$ by ! pupil4 ,?is   
circum/ance is atte/$ by ,leibnitz1 :o  
himself he>d x speak2 & x 0 communicat$ 
by him 9 a memoir to ! ,royal ,academy (
 ,france4  ,9 ! !atre ( ,m>cellus1 a    
case occurr$1 :i* _m w consid] m        
probable1 b :i* is almo/ z extraord9>y1 
z m5tion$ by ,plut>*4--,a dog 0 "h      
exhibit$ :i* excell$ 9 v>i\s dances (   
great complication & difficulty1 &      
repres5t$ also ! effects ( disease & pa9
 ^u ! frame1 9 all ! contortions (      
c\nt5ance & wri?+s ( ! body1 f ! fir/   
access1 to t p>oxysm :i* (t5 imm$iately 
prec$es dissolution4 ,hav+ ?us app>5tly 
expir$ 9 agony1 he w\ld suff] himself to
 be c>ri$ ab\t motionless1 z 9 a /ate ( 
dea?2 & aft] a suffici5t cont9uance ( ! 

je/1 he w\ld bur/ ^u ! spectators ) an  
animation & sportiv5ess1 :i* =m$ a v    
int]e/+ conclusion ( ?is curi\s         
int]lude1 by :i* ! animal seem$ to enjoy
 ! success ( 8 sc5ic ef=ts1 & to be     
delight$ ) ! admiration :i* 0 lib]ally &
 univ]sally be/[$ ^u him4  ,a t9k] 7says
 ,pezelius7 br\ght a wond]ful dog to    
,con/ant9ople2 & a numb] ( p be+        
assembl$ to behold him1 _m ( !m laid _! 
r+s 9 a heap confus$ly be=e him4 ,at !  
comm& ( 8 ma/]1 he w\ld re/ore to e man 
8 own1 )\t any mi/ake4 ,also1 :5 8 ma/] 
ask$ him :i* ( ! company 0 a capta91 :i*
 a poor man1 :i* a wife1 :i* a wid[1 & !
 l1 he w\ld discov] all ?is )\t error1  
by tak+ ! g>m5t ( ! p>ty inquir$ aft] 9 
8 m\?4     ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4  ,,curiosities 
,,respect+ ,,fi%es4      ,!             
,frog-fi%--,bird-cat*+ ,fi%--,!         
,nautilus--,! ,air-bladd] 9             
,fi%es--,respiration 9 ,fi%es--,%[] (   
,fi%es4      ----------------,! scaly   
brood     ,9 c\ntless myriads cleave !  
cry/al flood4      ,:o c old ,ocean's   

pa?less b$ explore1     ,& c\nt h]      
tribes t p ev'ry %ore4   ,,!            
,,frog-,,fi%4--,!re is a v s+ul> animal 
( ,sur9am1 be>+ ?is "n1 ( :i* a figure  
is giv5 by ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 9 8 ,hi/ory (  
,birds1 vol4 ,i4 b ( :i* no specim5 is  
to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 or 
9 any private collection1 except t (    
,dr4 ,fo!rgill4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,sur9am1 9
 ,s\? ,am]ica4  ,frogs1 bo? 9 ,asia &   
,africa1 accord+ to ,m]ian1 *ange       
gradually f fi%es to frogs1 z ^? 9      
,europe2 b aft] _m ye>s1 rev]t aga9 into
 fi%es1 ?\gh ! mann] ( _! *ange has nev]
 be5 inve/igat$4 ,9 ,sur9am ^! fi%es are
 call$ ,jakjes3 !y are c>tilag9\s1 ( a  
sub/ance l our mu/ela1 & exquisite food2
 !y are =m$ ) regul> v]tebr1 & small    
bones all ov] ! body1 divid$ into equal 
p>ts2 are fir/ d>ki%1 & !n gray2 & _!   
scales make a beautiful appe>ance4 ,:e!r
 ?is animal is1 9 its p]fect /ate1 a    
species ( frog ) a tail1 or a k9d (     
wat]-liz>d1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds does n pret5d  
to det]m9e2 b he obs]ves1 t :5 its size 

is consid]$1 if x %\ld be deem$ a       
tadpole1 at fir/ produc$ f spawn1 & 9   
its progress t[>ds a frog1 su* an       
animal1 :5 full-gr[n2 if x be>s ! same  
proportion to its tadpole /ate t ^? 9   
,europe d to !irs1 x mu/ be ( enorm\s   
size2 = our full-gr[n frogs exce$ !     
tadpoles at lea/ fifty times4   ,ano!r  
curiosity is1 ,,! ,,bird-,,cat*+        
,,fi%4--,?is fi% is call$ by ! natives (
 ,canada1 ,*a\s>on2 its body is ne>ly ! 
%ape ( a jack or pike1 b is cov]$ )     
scales t are pro( aga9/ ! /ab ( a dagg]2
 its col\r is a silv] gray1 & !re gr[s  
"u its m\? a f9 t is flat1 jagg$ at !   
edges1 & pi]c$ at ! end1 :i* gives      
reason to conjecture t x brea!s by t "p4
 ,?is fi% is ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 & z 
?ick z a man's ?igh2 b "s ( !m1 x is    
said1 are eight or t5 feet long4 ,9 ord]
 to cat* birds1 x hides itself among !  
re$s 9 su* a mann]1 t no "p ( x c be se5
 b ! f9 j m5tion$2 ?is x erects upright 
out ( ! wat]1 & birds t want to re/     
!mselves1 take ?is f9 = a re$1 or a dry 

piece ( wood2 b no soon] h !y alight$ on
 x1 ?an ! fi% op5s 8 m\?1 & makes su* a 
quick motion to seize its prey1 t x     
seldom escapes4   ,ano!r curi\s object  
is1 ,,! ,,nautilus4    ,le>n ( ! little 
,nautilus to sail1   ,spread ! ?9 o>1 & 
cat* ! driv+ gale4                      
,pope4  ,! %ell ( ?is animal consi/s (  
"o spiral valve1 divid$ into sev]al     
ap>tm5ts4 ,!re are sev5te5 species1     
*iefly di/+ui%$ by peculi>ities 9 _!    
%ells4  ,! mo/ rem>kable division ( !   
,nautilus is into ! ?9 & ?ick-%ell$     
k9ds4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,nautilus        
,papyraceus2 & its %ell is inde$ no     
?ick] ?an a piece ( pap]1 :5 out ( !    
wat]4 ,?is species is n at all fa/5$ to 
its %ell2 b !re is an op9ion1 z old z ! 
days ( ,pl9y1 t ?is creature creeps out 
( its %ell1 & goes on %ore to fe$4 ,:5  
?is species is to sail1 x exp&s two (   
its arms on high1 & betwe5 ^! supports a
 membrane1 :i* x ?r[s out on ?is        
occasion3 ?is s]ves = its sail1 & ! two 
o!r arms x hangs out ( its %ell1 to s]ve

 occasionally ei!r z o>s or z a /e]age2 
b ?is la/ (fice is g5]ally s]v$ by !    
tail4 ,:5 ! sea is calm1 numb]s ( ^!    
creatures may frequ5tly be se5 div]t+   
!mselves 9 ?is mann]1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean3 
b z soon z a /orm rises1 or any ?+ gives
 !m di/urbance1 !y draw 9 _! legs1 &    
take 9 z mu* wat] z makes !m            
specifically heavi] ?an t 9 :i* !y      
float2 & !n !y s9k to ! bottom4 ,:5 !y  
rise aga91 !y void ?is wat] by a numb] (
 holes1 ( :i* _! legs are full4  ,! o!r 
nautilus1 ^: %ell is ?ick1 nev] quits   
its habitation4 ,?is %ell is divid$ into
 =ty or m p>titions1 :i* gr[ small] &   
small] z !y approa* ! extremity or c5tre
 ( ! %ell3 betwe5 ea* ( ^! cells !re is 
a communication by means ( a hole 9 !   
c5tre ( ! p>titions4 ,?r\gh ?is hole !re
 runs a pipe1 ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,x
 is suppos$ by _m1 t by means ( ?is pipe
 ! fi% occasionally passes f "o cell to 
ano!r2 b ?is seems by no means probable1
 z ! fi% mu/ und\bt$ly be cru%$ to dea? 
by attempt+ to pass ?r\gh x4 ,x is mu* m

 likely t ! fi% always occupies ! l>ge/ 
*amb] 9 its %ell2 t is1 t x lives 9 !   
cavity betwe5 ! m\? & ! fir/ p>tition1 &
 t x nev] removes out ( ?is2 b t all !  
app>atus ( cells1 & a pipe (            
communication1 :i* we s mu* admire1 s]ve
 only to admit occasionally air or wat] 
into ! %ell1 9 su* proportion z may s]ve
 ! creature 9 its int5tions ( swimm+4   
,"s au?ors call ?is %ell ! con*a        
m>g>itif]a3 b ?is c be only on acc\nt ( 
! f9e col\r on its inside1 :i* is m     
beautiful ?an any o!r "m-(-pe>l2 = x has
 n be5 obs]v$ ?an ?is species ( fi% ev] 
produc$ pe>ls4  ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t !   
polypus is by no means to be conf\nd$ ) 
! pap]-%ell$ nautilus1 not)/&+ ! great  
resemblance 9 ! arms & body ( ! inclos$ 
fi%2 nor is ! cornu ammonis1 s frequ5tly
 f\nd fossil1 to be conf\nd$ ) !        
?ick-%ell$ nautilus1 ?\gh !             
concam]ations & g5]al /ructure ( ! %ell 
are alike 9 bo?3 = !re are great &      
ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 all ^! g5]a4  
,!re is a pretty copi\s & m9ute acc\nt (

 ?is curi\s animal 9 ! ,g5tleman's      
,magaz9e1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #f1 #g1 #h1 &   
#cja1 & vol4 xxv4 p4 #abh4   ,we n[     
proce$ to describe t de/ructive         
inhabitant ( ! mighty deep1 ,,!         
,,%>k4--,%>ks1 ?\gh voraci\s creatures1 
are seldom de/ructive 9 ! temp]ate      
regions2 x is 9 ! torrid zone t _!      
ravages are mo/ frequ5t4 ,9 ! ,we/      
,indies1 accid5ts happ5 f !m daily4     
,dur+ ! ,am]ican w> 9 #aghj1 :ile !     
,pallas frigate 0 ly+ 9 ,k+/on h>b\r1 a 
"y ,nor? ,am]ican jump$ ov]bo>d "o ev5+1
 to make 8 escape1 & p]i%$ by a %>k 9 a 
%ock+ mann]4 ,he _h be5 captur$ 9 a     
small vessel1 lo/ all 8 prop]ty1 & 0    
deta9$ by compulsion 9 ! ,engli% navy1  
to s]ve 9 a pr$atory w> aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 
,b he1 animat$ ) t _s :i* p]vad$ e bosom
 9 ,am]ica1 resolv$1 z soon z he arriv$ 
at "s port1 to release himself f !      
mortify+ /ate ( employ+ 8 life aga9/ 8  
c\ntry1 :i*1 z he said :5 dy+1 he 0     
happy to lay d[n1 z he c\ld n employ x  
aga9/ h] enemies4 ,he plung$ into !     

wat]3 ! ,pallas 0 a qu>t] ( a mile f !  
%ore4 ,a %>k p]ceiv$ him1 & foll[$ him v
 quietly1 till he came ne> ! %ore2 :]e1 
z he 0 hang+ by a rope t moor$ a vessel 
to a :>f1 sc>cely out ( 8 dep?1 ! %>k   
seiz$ 8 "r leg1 /ripp$ ! fle% entirely f
 ! bones1 & took ! foot (f at ! ancle4  
,he /ill kept 8 hold1 & call$ to ! p 9 !
 vessel ne> him1 :o 7 /&+ on ! deck1 &  
saw ! affair4 ,! %>k !n seiz$ 8 o!r leg1
 :i* ! man by 8 /ruggl+ dis5gag$ f 8    
tee?1 b ) ! fle% cut ?r\gh d[n to !     
bone1 into a multitude ( n>r[ slips4 ,! 
p 9 ! vessel ?rew billets ( wood into ! 
wat]1 & fright5$ ! %>k away4 ,! "y man 0
 br\ght on %ore4 ,dr4 ,mosely 0 call$ to
 him2 b he _h lo/ s mu* blood be=e any  
assi/ance c\ld be giv5 him1 t he expir$ 
be=e ! mangl$ limbs c\ld be tak5 (f4 ,a 
few weeks be=e ?is1 a %>k ( twelve feet 
9 l5g? 0 caught 9 ! h>b\r2 & on be+     
op5$1 ! entire head ( a man 0 f\nd 9 8  
/oma*4 ,! scalp & fle% ( ! face 7       
mac]at$ to a s(t pulpy sub/ance2 :i*1 on
 be+ t\*$1 sep>at$ entirely f ! bones4  

,! bones 7 some:at s(t5$1 & ! sutures   
loos5$4--7,moseley on ,tropical         
,diseases47  ,illu/ration3 ,,t]rible    
,,adv5ture ,,) ,a ,,%>k--,page #aii4  ,a
 v extraord9>y in/ance ( intrepidity &  
fri5d%ip is giv5 by ,m4 ,hughes1 9 8    
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,b>badoes4 ,x happ5$ 
ab\t ! end ( ,que5 ,anne's w>s1 at      
,b>badoes4--,! sailors ( ! ,york        
,m]*ant1 hav+ v5tur$ into ! sea to wa%  
!mselves1 a l>ge %>k made t[>ds !m2 ^u  
:i* !y swam back1 & all rea*$ ! boat    
except "o1 :om ! mon/] ov]took1 &1 grip+
 him by ! small ( 8 back1 soon cut him  
asund]1 & swall[$ ! l[] "p ( 8 body2 !  
rema9+ "p 0 tak5 up & c>ri$ on bo>d1 :]e
 0 a comrade ( ! deceas$1 betwe5 :om    
fri5d%ip _h be5 long reciprocal4 ,:5 he 
saw ! sev]$ trunk ( 8 fri5d1 ) a horror 
& emotion too great = words to pa9t1 he 
v[$ t he w\ld make ! dev\r] disgorge1 or
 be swall[$ himself 9 ! same grave1 &   
plung$ into ! deep1 arm$ ) a %>p-po9t$  
knife4 ,! %>k no soon] saw him1 ?an he  
made furi\sly t[>d him3 bo? 7 equally   

eag]1 ! "o ( 8 prey1 ! o!r ( rev5ge4 ,! 
mom5t ! %>k op5$ 8 rapaci\s jaws1 8     
adv]s>y dext]\sly div+1 & grasp+ him ) 8
 left h& some:at bel[ ! upp] f9s1       
successfully employ$ 8 knife 9 8 "r h&1 
giv+ him repeat$ /abs 9 ! belly4 ,!     
enrag$ %>k1 aft] _m unavail+ ef=ts1 f9d+
 himself ov]mat*$ 9 8 own elem5t1       
endeav\r$ to dis5gage himself1 sometimes
 plung+ to ! bottom1 !n1 mad ) pa91 re>+
 8 unc\? =m1 n[ /a9$ ) 8 own /ream+     
blood1 above ! foam+ waves4 ,! crews ( !
 surr\nd+ vessels saw ! d\btful combat1 
unc]ta9 f :i* ( ! combatants ! /reams ( 
blood issu$2 till at l5g? ! %>k1 mu*    
weak5$ by ! loss ( blood1 made t[>ds !  
%ore1 & ) him 8 conqu]or2 :o1 n[ assur$ 
( victory1 pu%$ 8 foe ) r$\bl$ ard\r1 &1
 by ! help ( an ebb+ tide1 dragg$ him on
 %ore1 ripp$ up 8 b[els1 & unit$ & buri$
 ! sev]$ c>case ( 8 fri5d4  ,x is       
evid5t1 7says ,dr4 ,moseley17 t dige/ion
 9 ^! animals is n p]=m$ by trituration1
 nor by ! muscul> action ( ! /oma*2 ?\gh
 nature has furni%$ !m ) a /oma* (      

wond]ful =ce & ?ickness1 & f> exce$+ t (
 any o!r creature4 ,:atev] _! =ce (     
dige/ion is1 x has no effect ^u _! "y   
ones1 :i* always retreat into _! /oma*s 
9 "t ( dang]4 ,t dige/ion is n p]=m$ by 
heat 9 fi%1 is equally evid5t4 ,!       
coolness ( ! /oma* ( ^! fi%es is f>     
great] ?an ! temp]ature ( ! wat] out (  
:i* !y are tak52 or ( any o!r "p ( !    
fi%1 or ( any o!r sub/ance ( animat$    
nature ,i ev] felt4 ,on wrapp+ "o ( !m  
r\nd my h&1 imm$iately on be+ tak5 out (
 ! fi%1 x caus$ s mu* a*+ & numbness t  
,i c\ld n endure x long4 ,( ^! voraci\s 
sea mon/]s1 !re are ?irty ?ree species4 
,,! ,,torp$o4--,! torp$o inhabits !     
,m$it]ranean & ! ,nor? ,seas1 & gr[s to 
! weight ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,?is fi%        
possesses a /rong electrical p[]1 & is  
capable ( giv+ a v consid]able %ock     
?r\gh a numb] ( p]sons =m+ a            
communication ) x4 ,?is p[] 0 kn[n to ! 
anci5ts1 b exagg]at$ by !m ) all !      
fables natural to ignorance2 & x is only
 rec5tly t ! p[] has be5 asc]ta9$ to be 

truly electric4 ,x is conduct$ by ! same
 sub/ances z electricity1 & int]cept$ by
 ! same4 ,9 a m9ute & a half1 no few]   
?an fifty %ocks h be5 receiv$ f ?is     
animal1 :5 insulat$4 ,! %ocks deliv]$ by
 x 9 air1 are ne>ly f\r times z /rong z 
^? receiv$ f x 9 wat]4 ,?is p[] appe>s  
to be always volunt>ily ex]cis$ by !    
torp$o1 :i* occasionally may be t\*$ &  
h&l$ )\t its caus+ ! slighte/ agitation4
 ,:5 ! fi% is irritat$1 h[ev]1 ?is      
quality is ex]cis$ ) proportional effect
 to ! degree ( irritation2 & its ex]cise
 is /at$1 9 e in/ance1 to be accompani$ 
by a depression ( ! eyes4 ,:5 t animal  
ex]ts ! b5umb+ p[]1 f :i* x d]ives its  
"n1 & :5 x op]ates by sep>ate & repeat$ 
ef=ts1 ?is is always ! case4 ,bo? 9 !   
cont9u$1 & 9 ! in/antane\s process1 !   
eyes1 :i* are at o!r times prom95t1 are 
)drawn into _! sockets2 a circum/ance v 
naturally atta*+ bo? to ! cond5sation & 
dis*>ge ( ! subtle fluid4 ,specim5s h   
be5 kn[n ( ?is fi% weigh+ fifty1 & ev5  
eighty p\nds4 ,x commonly lies 9 =ty    

fa?oms ( wat]1 & is suppos$ to /upify   
its prey by ?is extraord9>y faculty4 ,x 
is sometimes ne>ly imb$d$ 9 ! s&s (     
%all[s2 & x is /at$1 9 ^! cases1 to give
 to any :o happ5s to tread ^u x1 an     
a/oni%+ & ov]:elm+ %ock4 ,on dissection1
 x 0 f\nd to exhibit no mat]ial diff]5ce
 f ! g5]al /ructure ( ! ray1 except+ )  
respect to ! electric or galvanic       
organs1 :i* h be5 m9utely exam9$ &      
detail$ by ! celebrat$ anatomi/1 ,john  
,hunt]3 he /ates !m to be plac$ on ea*  
side ( ! cranium & gills1 rea*+ !nce to 
ea* great f91 & ext5d+ longitud9ally f !
 ant]ior extremity ( ! animal1 to !     
transv]se c>tilage :i* divides ! ?orax f
 ! abdom54  ,f ! :ole description1 x    
appe>s t ^! organs1 z ,mr4 ,%aw obs]ves1
 con/itute a pair ( galvanic batt]ies1  
dispos$ 9 ! =m ( p]p5dicul> hexagonal   
columns2 :ile1 9 ! gymnotus electricus1 
! galvanic batt]y is dispos$ l5g?wise on
 ! l[] "p ( ! animal4 ,x is /at$1 t !   
torp$o1 9 its dy+ /ate1 communicates    
%ocks 9 m ?an usually rapid succession1 

b 9 proportional weakness2 & 9 sev5     
m9utes1 9 ^! circum/ances1 ?ree hundr$ &
 sixty small %ocks 7 di/9ctly felt4 ,on 
! same au?ority 7t ( ,spallanzani7 x is 
report$1 t ! "y torp$o c ex]cise ?is p[]
 at ! mom5t aft] its bir?1 & ev5        
possesses x :ile a foetus1 sev]al ( ^!  
hav+ be5 tak5 f ! p>5t fi%1 & be+ f\nd  
to communicate p]ceivable %ocks1 :i*1   
h[ev]1 7 mo/ di/9ctly felt :5 ^! animals
 7 insulat$ on a plate ( glass4   ,a v  
curi\s object is1 ,,! ,,air-,,bladd] ,,9
 ,,fi%es4--,!re is no d\bt t fi%es      
extract air f wat] by means ( _! gills1 
s9ce x is ?r\gh !m t !y r5ew ! air ( _! 
air-bladd]4 ,?is bladd] is an oblong    
bag1 consi/+ ( two or ?ree membranes    
easily sep>at$2 sometimes x has only a  
s+le lobe or cavity1 z 9 ! case ( pikes1
 :it+s1 tr\ts1 c42 at o!r times x has   
two lobes1 z 9 ! case ( b>bel & c>p2    
?ree1 z 9 t ( ! sea t5*2 or f\r1 z 9 !  
,*9ese gold fi%4 ,x is by exp&+ or      
compress+ ?is bladd]1 t ! fi% occupies m
 or less space 9 ! wat]1 becomes m or   

less heavy1 & asc5ds or desc5ds z x     
*ooses4 ,! division ( ! bladd] into     
diff]5t lobes has proce$$ f a v         
suffici5t reason4 ,:5 ! bladd] has only 
"o cavity1 z 9 ! case ( fi%es ( prey1 ! 
motion ( asc5t or desc5t takes place    
sl[ly1 & )\t a break2 because1 z !y     
compress ! :ole bladd] at once1 ! :ole  
body is mov$ horizontally1 upw>ds or    
d[nw>ds1 z ! case may be2 a circum/ance 
:i* has ! effect ( less5+1 9 consequ5ce 
( ! resi/ance ( ! wat]1 ! swiftness ( ^?
 tyrants ( ! deep4 ,:5 ! bladd] has two 
lobes1 z 9 ! case ( ! c>p1 :i* lives on 
insects1 t fi%1 by exp&+ ! ant]ior &    
compress+ ! po/]ior lobe1 rises rapidly 
) ! head =emo/ to ! surface ( ! wat]1 or
 s9ks to ! bottom ) equal exp$ition1 by 
compress+ its two lobes 9 diff]5t ways4 
,! consequ5ce is1 an increas$           
promptitude ( movem5t1 & additional     
means ( escap+ f its enemies4 ,:5 !     
bladd] has f\r lobes1 z 9 ! case ( !    
gold fi%1 t fi% is ?us enabl$ to v>y    
greatly its contractions & expansions4  

,x rises1 s9ks1 b5ds1 erects1 or turns  
itself 9 a ?\s& ways1 & plays 9 ! wat]1 
l a bird 9 ! air4 ,x displays all !     
ri*ness ( ! col\rs ( gold1 silv]1 or    
purple1 ) :i* ,nature has adorn$ x4 ,its
 attitudes are s graceful1 & its        
movem5ts s v>i$1 t ! ,*9ese1 f :om we   
orig9ally receiv$ x1 are said to pass   
:ole days 9 look+ at x1 9 ! bas9s ( !   
f\nta9s 9 _! g>d5s1 or 9 cry/al vessels4
 ,x is evid5tly indebt$ = ! ease & grace
 ( its motions1 to ! modulations        
consequ5t on ! f\r divisions ( its      
air-bladd]4   ,ano!r subject ( curiosity
 is1 ,,! ,,respiration ,,9              
,,fi%es4--,fi% d]ive air f ! wat] :i* !y
 are inaccessantly swall[+ ?r\gh ! m\?1 
& ?r[+ out by ! gills4 ,! gills are =m$ 
) inf9ite skill1 & may be call$ a       
delicate k9d ( sieve1 adapt$ = sep>at+  
air f wat]4 ,_! op]ation proves !       
radical diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two elem5ts1 
& leads to ! conclusion1 t !y are n jo9$
 ev5 :5 mix$4 ,! gills are plac$ 9 !    
back "p ( ! sides ( ! head1 & are       

conta9$ 9 a cavity adapt$ = !m4 ,!y are 
a k9d ( r$ & flexible leaflets1 consi/+ 
( a r[ ( ?9 plates1 l ! blade ( a knife1
 press$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & =m+ a          
succession ( b>bs or fr+$ sub/ances1    
simil> to ^? on ! side ( a goose-quill4 
,^! gills are cov]$ ) a small lid1 & ) a
 membrane1 support$ by c>tilag9\s       
?reads4 ,bo? are capable ( be+ rais$ &  
l[]$2 &1 by be+ ?us op5$1 !y af=d a     
passage to ! wat] swall[$ by ! animal4  
,a prodigi\s numb] ( muscles give motion
 to ^! m9ute p>ticles4 ,x may appe>     
almo/ incr$ible1 t ! numb] ( p>ticles   
connect$ ) ! respiration ( ! c>p is n   
few] ?an #dchf4 ,( ^!1 sixty-n9e are    
muscles2 :ile ! art]ies ( ! gills1 9    
addition to eight pr9cipal bran*es1 ?r[ 
=? #dcbj small] ramifications1 :ile ea* 
( ! latt] gives bir? to a numb] ( cross 
art]ies4 ,add to ?is1 t ! quantity (    
n]ves is n small] ?an t ( ! art]ies2 & t
 ! ve9s are divid$ & subdivid$1 l !     
art]ies1 inasmu* z !y d n give rise to  
any transv]se capill>y vessels4 ,9 ?is  

mann] ! blood fl[+ f ! he>t ( ! fi% is  
spread ov] all ! plates or blades ( :i* 
! gills are compos$2 s t a v small      
quantity ( blood is expos$ to ! action (
 ! wat]1 = ! purpose1 no d\bt1 t ea* "p 
may be easily p5etrat$ by ! p>ticles (  
air deta*$ f ! wat]4  ,x is n easy to   
expla9 9 :at mann] ^! p>ticles are      
deta*$ f ! wat] by ! op]ation ( ! gills2
 b !re seems no d\bt ( ! fact1 nor ( !  
r$ness ( ! gills be+ a consequ5ce ( !   
op]ation ( ! air4 ,t r$ness is exactly  
simil> to ! v]milion ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s 
( animals ) lungs1 a v]milion           
consid]ably bright] ?an t ( ! art]ies4  
,we %all conclude ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt 
( a ,,%[] ,,( ,,fi%es4--,9 !            
,philosophical ,transactions = #afih1   
,mr4 ,rob]t ,conny gives ! foll[+ acc\nt
 ( a ph5om5on ( ?is k9d4  ,on ,w$nesday 
be=e ,ea/]1 anno #afff1 a pa/ure field  
at ,cran/ead1 ne> ,wro?am1 9 ,k5t1 ab\t 
two acres1 :i* is f> f any "p ( ! sea1  
or bran* ( x1 & a place :]e !re are no  
fi%-ponds1 b a sc>city ( wat]1 0 all    

ov]spread ) little fi%es1 conceiv$ to be
 ra9$ d[n1 !re hav+ be5 at t "t a great 
tempe/ ( ?und] & ra93 ! fi%es 7 ab\t !  
l5g? ( a man's little f+]1 & judg$ by   
all :o saw !m to be "y :it+s4 ,_m ( !m 7
 tak5 up1 & %ew$ to sev]al p]sons4 ,!   
field belong$ to "o ,w>e1 a yeoman1 :o 0
 at t ,ea/] sessions "o ( ! gr& inque/1 
& :o c>ri$ "s ( ! fi% to ! sessions (   
,maid/one1 9 ,k5t1 & %ew$ !m1 among     
o!rs1 to ,mr4 ,lake1 a b5*] ( ! ,middle 
,temple1 :o procur$ "o ( !m1 & br\ght x 
to ,london4 ,! tru? ( x 0 av]r$ by _m t 
saw ! fi%es lie scatt]$ all ov] ! field4
 ,!re 7 none 9 ! o!r fields adjo9+3 !   
quantity ( !m 0 e/imat$ to be ab\t a    
bu%el4  ,x is probable t ^! fi%es 7     
absorb$ f ! surface ( ! wat] by !       
electric p[] ( a wat]-sp\t2 or bru%$ (f 
by ! viol5ce ( a hurricane4 ,! ph5om5on1
 ?\gh surpris+1 has occurr$ 9 v>i\s     
c\ntries1 & occasionally 9 situations f>
 m remote f ! coa/ ?an t be=e u4        
,,*ap4 ,,xvii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,fi%es4--7,conclud$47      ,!         

,:ale--,:ale ,fi%]y--,! ,krak54         
----------------------------,! :ales    
,toss 9 foam _! la%+ tails4     ,wall[+ 
unwieldly1 enorm\s 9 _! gait1     ,!y   
seem a mov+ l&1 & at _! gills     ,draw 
91 & at _! trunk sp\t out1 a sea4   ,!  
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! great ,nor!rn1 or     
,,gre5l& ,,:ale1 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,mr4 
,w4 ,scoresby1 jun4 ,m4 ,w4 ,s4 9 !     
,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society1 vol4 ,i4
  ,! :ale1 :5 fullgr[n1 is f #ej to #fe 
feet 9 l5g?1 & f #cj to #dj 9           
circumf]5ce1 imm$iately be=e ! f9s4 ,x  
is ?icke/ a little beh9d ! f9s1 & f !nce
 gradually tap]s t[>ds ! tail1 &        
slightly t[>ds ! neck4 ,x is cyl9drical 
f ! neck until ne> ! junction ( ! tail &
 body1 :]e x becomes rigid4  ,! head has
 a triangul> %ape4 ,! bones ( ! head are
 v por\s1 & full ( a f9e k9d ( oil4 ,:5 
! oil is dra9$ out1 ! bone is s light z 
to swim 9 wat]4 ,! jaw-bones1 ! mo/     
/rik+ portions ( ! head1 are f #bj to   
#be feet 9 l5g?1 are curv$1 & ! space   
betwe5 !m is #i or #aj feet1 by #ah or  

#bj4 ,!y give %ape to ! "u "p ( ! head1 
:i* is almo/ p]fectly flat1 & is ab\t   
#bj feet 9 l5g? by #ab 9 bread?4 ,!     
tongue is ( great size1 & yields a ton  
or m ( oil4 ,! lips1 :i* are at "r      
angles to ! flat "p ( ! base ( ! head1  
are firm & h>d1 & yield ab\t two tons ( 
oil4  ,to ! upp] jaw is atta*$ !        
sub/ance call$ :alebone1 :i* is /raight 
9 "s individuals1 & 9 o!rs convex4 ,!   
lam91 or blades1 are n all ( equal l5g?3
 nei!r are ! l>ge/ exactly 9 ! middle ( 
! s]ies1 b some:at ne>] ! ?roat2 f ?is  
po9t !y become gradually %ort] ea* way4 
,9 ea* side ( ! m\? are ab\t #bjj lam9 (
 :alebone4 ,!y are n p]fectly flat2 =   
besides ! longitud9al curvature already 
m5tion$1 !y are curv$ transv]sely4 ,!   
l>ge/ lam9 are f t5 to f\rte5 feet1 v   
r>ely fifte5 feet1 9 l5g?4 ,! bread? ( !
 l>ge/1 at ! ?ick ends1 or :]e !y are   
atta*$ to ! jaw1 is ab\t a foot4 ,!     
,gre5l& fi%]s e/imate ! size ( ! :ale by
 ! l5g? ( ! :alebone3 :]e ! :alebone is 
six feet long1 !n ! :ale is said to be a

 size-fi%4 ,9 suck]s1 or "y :ales /ill  
"u ! protection ( ! "m1 ! :alebone is   
only a few in*es long4 ,! :alebone is   
imm$iately cov]$ by ! two "u lips1 !    
edges ( :i*1 :5 ! m\? is %ut1 ov]lap !  
upp] "p 9 a squam\s mann]4  ,on ! upp]  
"p ( ! head !re is a d\ble op5+1 call$ !
 sp\t-holes1 or bl[-holes4 ,_! ext]nal  
orifices are l two slits1 :i* d n lie   
p>allel1 b =m an acute angle ) ea* o!r4 
,?r\gh ^! op5+s ! animal brea!s4  ,!    
eyes are v small1 n l>g] ?an ^? ( an ox2
 yet ! :ale appe>s to be quick ( sight4 
,!y are situat$ ab\t a foot above :]e ! 
upp] & "u lip jo94  ,9 ! :ale1 ! s5se ( 
he>+ seems to be r obtuse4  ,! ?roat is 
s n>r[ z sc>cely to admit a h5's egg4   
,! f9s are f f\r to five feet broad1 &  
eight to t5 feet long1 & seem only to be
 us$ 9 be>+ (f _! "y1 9 turn+1 & giv+ a 
direction to ! velocity produc$ by !    
tail4  ,! tail is horizontal1 f #bj to  
#cj feet 9 bread?1 ind5t$ 9 ! middle1 & 
! two lobes po9t$ & turn$ outw>ds4 ,9 x 
lies ! :ole /r5g? ( ! animal4 ,by means 

( ! tail1 ! :ale advances itself 9 !    
wat] ) great] or less rapidity2 if !    
motion is sl[1 ! tail cuts ! wat]       
obliquely1 l =c+ a boat =w>d by !       
op]ation ( scull+2 b if ! motion is v   
rapid1 x is effect$ by an undulat+      
motion ( ! rump4  ,! sk9 9 "s :ales is  
smoo? & %9+2 9 o!rs1 x is furr[$1 l !   
wat]-l9es 9 laid pap]1 b co>s]4  ,!     
col\r is black1 gray1 & :ite1 & a t+e ( 
yell[ ab\t ! l[] p>ts ( ! head4 ,! back1
 upp] "p ( ! head1 mo/ ( ! belly1 ! f9s1
 tail1 & "p ( ! "u jaw1 are deep black4 
,! =e "p ( ! "u jaw1 & a little ( !     
belly1 are :ite1 & ! junction ( ! tail )
 ! body gray4 ,su* are ! common col\rs (
 ! adult :ale4 ,i h se5 piebald :ales4  
,su* :ales z are bel[ size are almo/    
entirely ( a blui% black col\r4 ,! sk9 (
 suck]s is ( a pale blui% col\r4 ,!     
cuticle1 or sc>f-sk91 is no ?ick] ?an   
p>*m5t2 ! true sk9 is f ?ree-f\r?s to an
 in* 9 ?ickness all ov] ! body4         
,imm$iately b5ea? ! sk9 lies ! blubb]1  
or fat1 f #aj to #bj in*es 9 ?ickness1  

v>y+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 z well z 9
 diff]5t individuals4 ,! col\r1 also1 is
 n always ! same1 be+ :ite1 r$1 & yell[2
 & x also v>ies 9 d5s5ess4 ,x is        
pr9cipally = ! blubb] t ! ,gre5l& fi%]y 
is c>ri$ on4 ,x is cut f ! body 9 l>ge  
lumps1 & c>ri$ on bo>d ! %ip1 & !n cut  
into small] pieces4 ,! fle%y p>ts1 & sk9
 connect$ ) ! blubb]1 are next sep>at$ f
 x1 & x is aga9 cut into su* pieces z w 
admit ( its be+ pass$ into casks by !   
bung-hole1 :i* is only ?ree or f\r in*es
 9 diamet]4 ,9 ^! casks x is convey$    
home1 :]e x is boil$ 9 vessels capable (
 conta9+ f ?ree to six tons1 = ! purpose
 ( extract+ ! oil f ! fritt]s1 :i* are  
t5d9\s fibres1 runn+ 9 v>i\s directions1
 & conta9+ ! oil1 or r connect+ toge!r !
 cellul> sub/ance :i* conta9s x4 ,^!    
fibres are f9e/ next ! sk91 ?9ne/ 9 !   
middle1 & co>se/ ne> ! fle%4  ,! :ales1 
accord+ to _! size1 produce f two to    
tw5ty tons ( oil4 ,! fle% ( ! "y :ale is
 ( a f9e r$ col\r2 t ( ! old approa*es  
to black1 & is co>se1 l t ( a bull1 & is

 said to be dry & lean :5 boil$1 because
 !re is little fat int]mix$ ) ! fle%4   
,! food ( ! :ale is g5]ally suppos$ to  
consi/ ( diff]5t k9ds ( sepi1 m$us1 or !
 clio limac9a ( ,l9nu2 b ,i h great     
reason to believe1 t x is *iefly1 if n  
altoge!r1 ( ! squill or %rimp tribe2 =1 
on exam9+ ! /oma* ( "o ( l>ge size1 no?+
 else 0 f\nd 9 x2 !y 7 ab\t half an in* 
long1 semi-transp>5t1 & ( a pale r$     
col\r4 ,i also f\nd a great quantity 9 !
 m\? ( ano!r1 hav+ be5 app>5tly vomit$  
by x4 ,:5 ! :ale fe$s1 x swims )        
consid]able velocity "u wat]1 ) its m\? 
wide op52 ! wat] ent]s by ! =ep>t1 b is 
p\r$ out aga9 at ! sides1 & ! food is   
entangl$ & sift$ z x 7 by ! :alebone1   
:i* does n suff] any ?+ to escape4  ,x  
seldom rema9s long] bel[ ! surface ?an  
tw5ty to ?irty m9utes2 :5 x comes up    
aga9 to bl[1 x w p]haps rema9 t51 tw5ty1
 or ?irty m9utes at ! surface ( ! wat]1 
:5 no?+ di/urbs x4 ,9 calm wea!r1 x     
sometimes sleeps 9 ?is situation4 ,x    
sometimes asc5ds ) s mu* =ce1 z to leap 

entirely out ( ! wat]2 :5 swimm+ at its 
greate/ velocity1 x moves at ! rate (   
sev5 to n9e miles an h\r4  ,its mat]nal 
affection des]ves notice4 ,! "y "o is   
frequ5tly /ruck = ! sake ( its "m1 :i* w
 soon come up close by x1 enc\rage x to 
swim (f1 assi/ x by tak+ x "u its f91 & 
seldom des]ts x :ile life rema9s4 ,x is 
!n v dang]\s to approa*1 z %e loses all 
reg>d = h] own safety 9 anxiety = !     
pres]vation ( h] cub1 da%+ ab\t mo/     
viol5tly1 & n dread+ to rise ev5 amid/ !
 boats4 ,except1 h[ev]1 :5 ! :ale has "y
 to protect1 ! male is 9 g5]al m active 
& dang]\s ?an ! female1 especially males
 ( ab\t n9e feet bone4  ,to ! above     
acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,scoresby's1 we %all add !
 foll[+ p>ticul>s3  ,! fidelity ( :ales 
to ea* o!r exce$s :atev] we are told ev5
 ( ! con/ancy ( birds4 ,"s fi%]s1 z     
,&]son in=ms u1 hav+ /ruck "o ( two     
:ales1 a male & a female1 t 7 9 company 
toge!r1 ! w\nd$ fi% made a long &       
t]rible resi/ance2 x /ruck d[n a boat ) 
?ree m5 9 x1 ) a s+le bl[ ( its tail1 by

 :i* all w5t to ! bottom4 ,! o!r /ill   
att5d$ its companion1 & l5t x e         
assi/ance2 till1 at la/1 ! fi% t 0 /ruck
 sunk "u ! numb] ( its w\nds2 :ile its  
fai?ful associate1 disda9+ to survive ! 
loss1 ) great bell[+ /ret*$ itself ^u ! 
dead fi%1 & %>$ its fate4  ,in(f5sive z 
! :ale is1 x is n )\t enemies4 ,!re is a
 small animal1 ( ! %ell-fi% k9d1 call$ !
 :ale-l\se1 t /icks to its body1 z we   
see %ells /ick+ to ! f\l bottom ( a %ip4
 ,?is ins9uates itself *iefly "u ! f9s2 
& :atev] ef=ts ! great animal makes1 x  
/ill keeps its hold1 & lives ^u ! fat1  
:i* x is provid$ ) in/rum5ts to arrive  
at4  ,! sword-fi% is1 h[ev]1 ! :ale's   
mo/ t]rible enemy4 ,at ! sight ( ?is    
little animal1 ! :ale seems agitat$ 9 an
 extraord9>y mann]1 leap+ f ! wat] z if 
) affright1 :]ev] x appe>s2 ! :ale      
p]ceives x at a di/ance1 & flies f x 9 !
 opposite direction4 ,! :ale has no     
in/rum5t ( def5ce except ! tail2 ) t x  
endeav\rs to /rike ! enemy1 & a s+le bl[
 tak+ place w\ld effectually de/roy its 

adv]s>y2 b ! sword-fi% is z active z !  
o!r is /rong1 & easily avoids ! /roke2  
!n b\nd+ into ! air1 x falls ^u its     
enemy1 & endeav\rs n to pi]ce ) its     
po9t$ beak1 b to cut ) its too!d edges4 
,! sea all ab\t is soon dy$ ) blood1    
proce$+ f ! w\nds ( ! :ale2 :ile !      
enorm\s animal va9ly endeav\rs to rea*  
its invad]1 & /rikes ) its tail aga9/ ! 
surface ( ! wat] ) impot5t fury1 mak+ a 
report at ea* bl[ l\d] ?an ! noise ( a  
cannon4  ,!re is /ill ano!r p[]ful enemy
 ( ?is fi%1 :i* is call$ ! oria1 or     
kill]4 ,a numb] ( ^! are said to surr\nd
 ! :ale 9 ! same mann] z dogs get r\nd a
 bull4 ,"s attack x ) _! tee? beh9d2    
o!rs attempt x be=e2 until1 at la/1 !   
great animal is torn d[n1 & its tongue  
is said to be ! only "p !y dev\r1 :5 !y 
h made x _! prey4  ,b ( all ! enemies ( 
^! enorm\s fi%es1 man is ! greate/ & mo/
 =midable2 he alone de/roys m 9 a ye>   
?an ! re/ 9 an age1 & actually has ?9n$ 
_! numb]s 9 t "p ( ! _w :]e !y are      
*iefly s\ght4   ,! read] w be int]e/$ 9 

! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,,! ,,:ale ,,fi%]y4   
,z :5 enclos+ h>poon]s assail1   ,9     
hyp]borean seas1 ! slumb]+ :ale2   ,soon
 z _! javel9s pi]ce ! scaly side1   ,he 
groans1 he d>ts impetu\s d[n ! tide2    
,& rack'd all o'er ) lac]at+ pa91   ,he 
flies remote b5ea? ! flood 9 va94       
,falcon]4  ,:ales are *iefly caught 9 ! 
,nor? ,sea3 ! l>ge/ sort are f\nd ab\t  
,gre5l&1 or ,spitzb]g54 ,at ! fir/      
discov]y ( ?is c\ntry1 :ales n be+ us$  
to be di/urb$1 frequ5tly came into ! v  
bays1 & 7 accord+ly kill$ almo/ close to
 ! %ore1 s t ! blubb] be+ cut (f1 0     
imm$iately boil$ into oil on ! spot4 ,! 
%ips1 9 ^? times1 took 9 no?+ b ! pure  
oil & ! f9s1 & all ! bus9ess 0 execut$ 9
 ! c\ntry2 by :i* means1 a %ip c\ld br+ 
home ! product ( _m m :ales1 ?an %e c   
accord+ to ! pres5t me?od ( conduct+ ?is
 trade4 ,! fi%]y also 0 !n s pl5tiful1 t
 !y 7 oblig$ sometimes to s5d o!r %ips  
to fet* (f ! oil !y _h made1 ! quantity 
be+ m ?an ! fi%+ %ips c\ld br+ away4 ,b 
"t & *ange ( circum/ances h %ift$ !     

situation ( ?is trade4 ,! %ips com+ 9   
great numb]s f ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1          
,hamburgh1 & o!r nor!rn c\ntries1 all   
intrud]s ^u ! ,engli%1 :o 7 ! fir/      
discov]]s ( ,gre5l&1 di/urb$ ! :ales1   
:i* gradually1 z o!r fi% (t5 d1 =sak+ ! 
place1 7 n to be kill$ s ne> ! %ore z   
be=e2 b !y are n[ f\nd1 & h be5 s ev]   
s9ce1 9 ! op5+s & spaces among ! ice1   
:]e !y h deep wat]1 & :]e !y g sometimes
 a great _m leagues f ! %ore4  ,! :ale  
fi%]y beg9s 9 ,may1 & cont9ues all ,june
 & ,july2 b :e!r ! %ips h good or bad   
success1 !y mu/ come away1 & get cle> ( 
! ice by ! end ( ,augu/1 s t 9 ! mon? ( 
,septemb]1 at f>!/1 !y may be expect$   
home2 b a %ip t meets ) a =tunate & e>ly
 fi%]y 9 ,may1 may return 9 ,june or    
,july4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ale        
,,fi%]y4--,page #bjh4  ,! engrav+       
repres5ts ! lanc+ ( ! :ale1 :o has      
already be5 h>poon$1 & is 9 a dy+ /ate4 
,9 8 la/ /ruggles he has brok5 "o ( !   
:al]s' boats4  ,! mann] ( tak+ :ales at 
pres5t is z foll[s3 ,z soon z ! fi%]m5  

he> ! :ale bl[1 !y cry out1 ,fall6 fall6
 & e %ip gets out its long-boat1 9 ea* (
 :i* !re are six or sev5 m51 :o r[ till 
!y become pretty ne> ! :ale2 !n !       
h>poon] /rikes x ) ! h>poon3 ?is        
requires great dext]ity1 = ?r\gh ! bone 
( 8 head !re is no /rik+1 b ne> 8 sp\t  
!re is a s(t piece ( fle%1 into :i* !   
iron s9ks ) ease4 ,z soon z he is /ruck1
 !y take c>e to give him rope en\gh1    
o!rwise1 :5 he goes d[n1 z he frequ5tly 
does1 he w\ld inevitably s9k ! boat3 ?is
 rope he draws ) su* viol5ce1 t1 if x 7 
n well wat]$1 x w\ld1 by its friction   
aga9/ ! sides ( ! boat1 be soon set on  
fire4 ,! l9e fa/5$ to ! h>poon is six or
 sev5 fa?oms long1 & is call$ !         
=e-runn]2 x is made ( ! f9e/ & s(te/    
hemp1 t x may slip ! easi]3 to ?is !y   
jo9 a heap ( l9es ( #ij or #ajj fa?oms  
ea*1 & :5 !re are n en\gh 9 "o          
long-boat1 !y borr[ f ano!r4 ,! man at !
 helm obs]ves :i* way ! rope goes1 &    
/e]s ! boat accord+ly1 t x may run      
exactly out be=e2 = ! :ale runs away ) !

 l9e ) s mu* rapidity1 t he w\ld ov]set 
! boat if x 7 n kept /raight4 ,:5 ! :ale
 is /ruck1 ! o!r long-boats r[ be=e1 &  
obs]ve :i* way ! l9e /&s1 & sometimes   
pull x3 if !y feel x /iff1 x is a sign !
 :ale /ill pulls 9 /r5g?2 b if x hangs  
loose1 & ! boat lies equally high be=e &
 beh9d ^u ! wat]1 !y pull x 9 g5tly1 b  
take c>e to coil x1 t ! :ale may h x    
aga9 easily1 if he recov]s /r5g?3 !y    
take c>e1 h[ev]1 n to give him too mu*  
l9e1 because he sometimes entangles x   
ab\t a rock1 & pulls out ! h>poon4 ,!   
fat :ales d n s9k z soon z dead1 b !    
lean ones d1 & come up "s days aft]w>ds4
 ,z long z !y see :ales1 !y lose no "t 9
 cutt+ up :at !y h tak51 yet keep fi%+ =
 o!rs3 :5 !y see no m1 or h tak5 en\gh1 
!y beg9 ) tak+ (f ! fat & :isk]s 9 !    
foll[+ mann]4 ,! :ale be+ la%$          
alongside1 !y lay x on "o side1 & put   
two ropes1 "o at ! head & ! o!r 9 !     
place ( ! tail1 7:i*1 toge!r ) ! f9s1 is
 /ruck (f z soon z he is tak517 to keep 
^? extremities above wat]4 ,on ! (f-side

 ( ! :ale are two boats1 to receive !   
pieces ( fat1 ut5sils1 & m51 t might    
o!rwise fall into ! wat] on t side4 ,^! 
precautions be+ tak51 ?ree or f\r m51 ) 
irons at _! feet to prev5t slipp+1 get  
on ! :ale1 & beg9 to cut out pieces (   
ab\t ?ree feet ?ick & eight long1 :i*   
are haul$ up at ! cap/an or w9dlass4 ,:5
 ! fat is all cut (f1 !y cut (f ! :isk]s
 ( ! upp] jaw ) an axe1 previ\sly la%+  
!m toge!r to keep !m firm1 :i* also     
facilitates ! cutt+1 & prev5ts !m f     
fall+ into ! sea2 :5 on bo>d1 five or   
six ( !m are bundl$ toge!r1 & prop]ly   
/[$3 & aft] all is got (f1 ! c>case is  
turn$ adrift1 & dev\r$ by ! be>s1 :o are
 v fond ( x4 ,9 proportion z ! l>ge     
pieces ( fat are cut (f1 ! re/ ( ! crew 
are employ$ 9 slic+ !m small]1 & pick+  
out all ! lean4 ,:5 ?is is prep>$1 !y /[
 x "u ! deck1 :]e x lies till ! fat (   
all ! :ales is on bo>d2 !n cutt+ x /ill 
small]1 !y put x up 9 tubs 9 ! hold1    
cramm+ !m v full & close4 ,no?+ n[      
rema9s b to sail homew>ds1 :]e ! fat is 

to be boil$1 & melt$ d[n into tra9 oil4 
,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahba1 an attempt 0 made
 to kill :ales ) ,sir ,william          
,congreve's rockets4 ,! trial 0 conduct$
 by ,william ,scoresby1 ,esq4 :o took   
out ) him1 on bo>d ( ! ,fame1 9 :i* he  
sail$1 sev]al rockets1 by way (         
exp]im5t4 ,success att5d$ 8 expectation2
 & little d\bt c rema91 if !y cont9ue to
 be skilfully appli$1 t ! dang] att5d+ !
 h>poon w be ne>ly done away2 &1        
consequ5tly1 ?is valuable bran* (       
comm]ce w be ess5tially b5efit$ by !    
discov]y4   ,we %all conclude ?is %ort  
sket* ( "s ( ! curiosities respect+     
fi%es1 ) an acc\nt ( ,,! ,,krak54--,?is 
is a mo/ amaz+ly l>ge sea animal1 said  
to be seem+ly ( a crab-l =m2 ! cr$it (  
^: exi/5ce re/s ^u ! evid5ce produc$ by 
,bi%op ,pontoppidan1 9 8 ,natural       
,hi/ory ( ,norway4  ,our fi%]m5 7says ! 
au?or7 unanim\sly & inv>iably affirm1 t1
 :5 !y are sev]al miles f ! l&1         
p>ticul>ly 9 ! hot summ] days1 &1 by _! 
di/ance1 & ! be>+s ( "s po9ts ( l&1     

expect f eighty to a hundr$ fa?oms dep?1
 & d n f9d b f tw5ty to ?irty1--&       
especially if !y f9d a m ?an usual pl5ty
 ( cod & l+1--!y judge ! krak5 to be at 
! bottom3 b if !y f9d by _! l9es t !    
wat] 9 ! same place /ill %all[s on !m1  
!y "k he is ris+ to ! surface1 & r[ (f )
 ! greate/ exp$ition till !y come into !
 usual s\nd+s ( ! place2 :51 ly+ on _!  
o>s1 9 a few m9utes ! mon/] em]ges1 &   
%ews himself suffici5tly1 ?\gh ! :ole   
body does n appe>4 ,its back or upp] "p1
 :i* seems an ,engli% mile & a half 9   
circumf]5ce1 7"s h affirm$1 consid]ably 
m ?an ?is17 looks at fir/ l a numb] (   
small isl&s1 surr\nd$ ) some?+ t floats 
l sea-we$s2 at la/ sev]al bright po9ts (
 horns appe>1 :i* gr[ ?ick] ! high] !y  
em]ge1 & sometimes /& up z high & l>ge z
 ! ma/s ( middle-siz$ vessels4 ,9 a %ort
 "t x sl[ly s9ks1 :i* is ?\ght z dang]\s
 z its ris+2 z x causes su* a swell &   
:irlpool z draws e ?+ d[n ) x1 l t (    
,mael/rom4  ,! ,bi%op ju/ly regrets !   
omission ( probably ! only opportunity t

 ev] has or may be pres5t$ ( survey+ x  
alive1 or see+ x entire :5 dead4 ,?is1  
he in=ms u1 once did occur1 on ! cr$it (
 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,frs1 m9i/] at ,nordl&1 & 
vic> ( ! college = promot+ ,*ri/ian k2  
:o in=m$ him1 t 9 #afhj1 a krak5 7p]haps
 a "y & c>eless "o1 z !y g5]ally keep   
sev]al leagues f l&7 came into ! wat]s t
 run betwe5 ! rocks & cliffs ne>        
,al/ahong2 :]e1 9 turn+ ab\t1 "s ( its  
long horns caught hold ( "s adjo9+      
trees1 :i* x might easily h torn up1 b t
 x 0 also entangl$ 9 "s clefts ( !      
rocks1 :5ce x c\ld n extricate itself1 b
 putrefi$ on ! spot4  ,our au?or has    
he>d ( no p]son de/roy$ by ?is mon/]2 b 
he relates a report ( ! dang] ( two     
fi%]m51 :o came ^u a "p ( ! wat] full ( 
! creature's ?ick slimy excrem5ts1 7:i* 
he voids = "s mon?s1 z he fe$s = "s     
o!r27 !y imm$iately /rove to r[ (f1 b 7 
n quick en\gh 9 turn+ to save ! boat f  
"o ( ! krak5's horns1 :i* s cru%$ ! head
 ( x1 t x 0 ) difficulty !y sav$ _!     
lives on ! wreck1 ?\gh ! wea!r 0        

p]fectly calm1 ! mon/] nev] appe>+ at   
o!r times4 ,8 excrem5t is said to be    
attractive ( o!r fi% on :i* he fe$s2 :i*
 exp$i5t 0 probably necess>y1 on acc\nt 
( 8 sl[ unwieldy motion1 to 8 subsi/5ce2
 z ?is sl[ motion aga9 may be necess>y  
to ! security ( %ips ( ! greate/ =ce &  
burd51 :i* mu/ be ov]:elm$ on enc\nt]+  
su* an imm5se animal1 if 8 velocity 7   
equal to 8 weight2 ! ,norwegians        
suppos+1 t if 8 arms1 on :i* he moves1 &
 ) :i* he takes 8 food1 7 to lay hold ( 
! l>ge/ man ( w>1 !y w\ld pull x d[n to 
! bottom4  ,9 confirmation ( ! reality (
 ?is animal1 our le>n$ au?or cites      
,debes's ,description ( ,f>oe1 = !      
exi/5ce ( c]ta9 isl&s1 :i* sudd5ly appe>
 & z sudd5ly vani%4 ,_m seaf>+ p1 he    
adds1 give acc\nts ( su*1 p>ticul>ly 9 !
 ,nor? ,sea2 :i* _! sup]/ition has ei!r 
attribut$ to ! delusion ( ! ,devil1 or  
consid]$ z inhabit$ by evil spirits4 ,b 
our hone/ hi/orian1 :o is n = wrong+ ev5
 ! ,devil himself1 supposes su* mi/ak5  
isl&s to be no?+ b ! krak51 call$ by "s 

! soe trold51 or sea-mis*ief2 9 :i*     
op9ion he 0 greatly confirm$ by ! foll[+
 quotation ( ,dr4 ,hi]ne1 a le>n$ ,sw$e1
 f ,b>on ,gripp5heilm2 & :i* is c]ta9ly 
a v rem>kable passage1 viz4 ,among !    
rocks ab\t ,/ockholm1 !re is sometimes  
se5 a tract ( l&1 :i* at o!r times      
disappe>s1 & is se5 aga9 9 ano!r place4 
,buru has plac$ x z an isl&1 9 8 map4 ,!
 peasants1 :o call x ,gumm>s-ore1 say1 t
 x is n always se51 & t x lies out 9 !  
op5 sea2 b ,i c\ld nev] f9d x4 ,"o      
,sunday1 :5 ,i 0 out among/ ! rocks1    
s\nd+ ! coa/1 x happ5$1 t 9 "o place ,i 
saw some?+ l ?ree po9ts ( l& 9 ! sea1   
:i* surpris$ me a little1 & ,i ?\ght ,i 
_h inadv]t5tly pass$ !m ov] be=e4 ,^u   
?is1 ,i call$ to a peasant1 to inquire =
 ,gumm>s-ore2 b :5 he came1 we c\ld see 
no?+ ( x2 ^u :i*1 ! peasant said1 all 0 
well1 & t ?is progno/icat$ a /orm1 or a 
great quantity ( fi%4 ,to :i* our au?or 
subjo9s1 ,:o _c discov] t ?is           
,gumm>s-ore1 ) its po9ts &              
progno/ications ( fi%1 0 ! krak51 mi/ak5

 by ,buru = an isl&1 :i* may keep itself
 ab\t t spot :]e he rises8 ,he takes !  
krak51 d\btless1 f 8 num]\s t5taculi1   
:i* s]ve him z feet1 to be ( ! polypus  
k9d2 & ! contemplation ( its enorm\s    
bulk l$ him to adapt a passage f        
,ecclesia/icus1 xliii4 #ca1 #cb4 to x4  
,:e!r by x may be int5d$ ! dragon t is 9
 ! sea1 m5tion$ ,isaiah xxvii4 #a4 we   
ref] to ! conjecture ( ! read]4  ,aft]  
pay+ b a j respect to ! moral "*1 !     
rev]5d function1 & dilig5t              
inve/igations1 ( our au?or1 we mu/ admit
 ! possibility ( its exi/5ce1 z x       
implies no contradiction2 ?\gh x seems  
to enc\nt] a g5]al prepossession ( !    
:ale's be+ ! l>ge/ animal on or 9 our   
globe1 & ! eradication ( any long       
prepossession is att5d$ ) some?+ irksome
 to u4 ,b 7 we to suppose a salmon or a 
/urgeon ! l>ge/ fi% any numb] ( p]sons  
_h se5 or he>d (1 & ! :ale _h discov]$  
himself z seldom1 & b 9 "p1 z ! krak51 x
 is easy to conceive t ! exi/5ce ( !    
:ale _h be5 z indige/ible to su* p]sons 

!n1 z t ( ! krak5 may be to o!rs n[4    
,"s may incl9e to ?9k su* an ext5sive   
mon/] w\ld encroa* on ! symmetry (      
nature1 & w\ld be ov] proportionate to !
 size ( ! globe itself2 z a little      
calculation w in=m u1 t ! bread? ( :at  
is se5 ( him1 suppos+ him ne>ly r\nd1   
mu/ be full #bfjj feet1 7if m oval1 or  
crab-l1 full #bjjj feet17 & 8 ?ickness1 
:i* may r be call$ altitude1 at lea/    
#cjj feet2 our au?or decl>+ he has *os5 
! lea/ circumf]5ce m5tion$ ( ?is animal1
 = ! great] c]ta9ty4 ,^! va/ dim5sions1 
nev]!less1 we appreh5d w n argue        
conclusively aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! animal1
 ?\gh consid]ably aga9/ a num]\s        
increase or propagation ( x4 ,9 fact1 ! 
great sc>city ( ! krak51 8 conf9em5t to 
! ,nor? ,sea1 & p]haps to equal         
latitudes 9 ! s\?2 ! small numb]        
propagat$ by ! :ale1 :i* is vivip>\s2 & 
by ! l>ge/ l& animals1 ( :i* ! elephant 
is said to g ne>ly two ye>s ) "y2 all   
induce u to conclude1 f analogy1 t ?is  
creature is n num]\s2 :i* co9cides ) a  

passage 9 a manuscript ascrib$ to ,sv]e1
 k+ ( ,norway1 & x is cit$ by ,ol4      
,wormius1 9 8 ,museum1 p4 #bhj1 9 ,lat91
 :i* we %all exactly translate3--  ,!re 
rema9s "o k9d1 :i* !y call hasgufe1 ^:  
magnitude is unkn[n1 z x is seldom se54 
,^? :o affirm !y h se5 its body1 decl>e1
 x is m l an isl& ?an a bea/1 & t its   
c>case 0 nev] f\nd2 :5ce "s imag9e t !re
 are b two ( ! k9d 9 nature4  ,:e!r !   
vani%+ isl& ,lemair1 ( :i* capta9       
,rodney w5t 9 se>*1 0 a krak51 we submit
 to ! fancy ( our read]s4 ,9 f9e1 if !  
exi/5ce ( ! creature is admitt$1 x w    
seem a fair inf]5ce1 t he is ! sc>ce/ z 
well z ! l>ge/ 9 our _w2 & t if !re are 
l>g] 9 ! univ]se1 !y probably inhabit "s
 sph]e or planet m ext5d$ ?an our own1 &
 su* we h no pret5ce to limit2 b t      
fiction c devise a mu* great] ?an ?is1  
is evid5t f ! cock ( ,mahomet1 & ! :ale 
9 ! ,bava ,ba?ra ( ! ,talmud1 :i* 7     
int5d$ to be cr$it$2 & to ei!r ( :i*1   
our krak5 is a v %rimp 9 dim5sions4  ,we
 conclude ?is acc\nt 9 ! words (        

,goldsmi?3 ,to believe all t has be5    
said ( ^! animals1 w\ld be too cr$ul\s2 
& to reject ! possibility ( _! exi/5ce1 
w\ld be a presumption unbecom+ mank9d4  
,,*ap4 ,,xviii4  ,,curiosities          
,,respect+ ,,s]p5ts ,,& ,,worms4      ,!
 ,scorpion--,! ,boa ,con/rictor--,!     
,am]ican ,sea ,s]p5t--     ,fasc9at+    
,s]p5ts--,!                             
,cat]pill>--,cat]pill>-,eat]s--,!       
,silk-,worm--,! ,tape-,worm--,!         
,%ip-,worm--,! ,liz>d imb$d$ 9 ,coal4   
,,! ,,scorpion4    ,_! flam+ cre/s above
 ! waves !y %ew1   ,_! bellies seem to  
burn ! seas bel[2   ,_! speckl$ tails   
advance to /e] _! c\rse1   ,& on ! s\nd+
 %ore ! fly+ bill[s =ce4   ,& n[ ! /r& &
 n[ ! pla9 !y held2   ,_! ard5t eyes )  
bloody /reaks are fill'd2   ,_! nimble  
tongues !y br&i%'d z !y came1   ,&      
lick'd _! hiss+ jaws t sputt]'d flame4  
,dryd54  ,( all ! classes ( noxi\s      
insects1 ! scorpion is ! mo/ t]rible4   
,its %ape is hide\s2 its size among !   
insects is enorm\s2 & its /+ is g5]ally 

fatal4 ,happily = ,brita91 ! scorpion is
 entirely unkn[n among u4 ,9 sev]al p>ts
 ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 x is too well   
kn[n1 ?\gh x seldom gr[s above f\r in*es
 long2 b 9 ! w>m tropical climates1 x is
 se5 a foot 9 l5g?1 & 9 e respect z l>ge
 z a lob/]1 :i* x some:at resembles 9   
%ape4 ,!re h be5 enum]at$ n9e diff]5t   
k9ds ( ?is dang]\s insect1 includ+      
species & v>ieties1 *iefly di/+ui%$ by  
_! col\r2 !re be+ scorpions yell[1 br[n1
 & a%-col\r$2 o!rs t are ! col\r ( ru/y 
iron1 gre51 pale yell[1 black1 cl>et    
col\r1 :ite1 & gray4 ,!re are f\r       
pr9cipal p>ts di/+ui%able 9 ?is         
creature2 ! head1 ! brea/1 ! belly1 & ! 
tail4 ,! scorpion's head seems1 z x 71  
jo9t$ to ! brea/1 9 ! middle ( :i* are  
se5 two eyes2 & a little m =w>d1 two    
eyes m1 plac$ 9 ! =e "p ( ! head2 ^!    
eyes are s small1 t !y are sc>cely      
p]ceivable1 & x is probable ! creature  
has b little occasion = !m4 ,! m\? is   
furni%$ ) two jaws2 ! und]mo/ is divid$ 
into two1 & ! p>ts not*$ into ea* o!r1  

:i* s]ve ! creature z tee?1 & ) :i* x   
breaks its food1 & ?ru/s x into its m\?2
 ^! ! scorpion c at pleasure pull back  
into its m\?1 s t no "p ( !m c be se54  
,on ea* side ( ! head are two arms1 ea* 
compos$ ( f\r jo9ts2 ! la/ ( :i* is     
l>ge1 ) /rong muscles1 & made 9 ! mann] 
( ! claw ( a lob/]4 ,bel[ ! brea/ are   
eight articulat$ legs1 ea* divid$ into  
six jo9ts2 ! two h9dmo/ ( :i* are ea*   
provid$ ) two crook$ claws1 "h & !re    
cov]$ ) hair4 ,! belly is divid$ into   
sev5 little r+s2 f ! l[e/ ( :i* is      
cont9u$ a tail1 compos$ ( six jo9ts1 :i*
 are bri/ly1 & =m$ l little globes2 !   
la/ be+ arm$ ) a crook$ /+4 ,?is is t   
fatal in/rum5t :i* r5d]s ?is insect s   
=midable2 x is long1 po9t$1 h>d1 &      
holl[2 x is pi]c$ ne> ! base ) two small
 holes1 ?r\gh :i*1 :5 ! creature /+s1 x 
ejects a drop ( poison1 :i* is :ite1    
cau/ic1 & fatal4 ,! res]voir 9 :i* ?is  
poison is kept1 is a small bladd] ne> ! 
tail1 into :i* ! v5om is di/ill$ by a   
peculi> app>atus4 ,if ?is bladd] be     

greatly press$1 ! v5om w be se5 issu+   
out ?r\gh ! two holes above m5tion$2 x  
!re=e appe>s1 t :5 ! creature /+s1 !    
bladd] is press$1 & ! v5om issues ?r\gh 
! two ap]tures into ! w\nd4  ,!re are   
few animals m =midable1 or m truly      
mis*iev\s1 ?an ! scorpion4 ,z x takes   
refuge 9 a small place1 & is g5]ally    
f\nd %elt]+ 9 h\ses1 x mu/ frequ5tly /+ 
^? among :om x resides4 ,9 "s ( ! t[ns (
 ,italy1 & 9 ,france1 9 ! ci-devant     
prov9ce ( ,langu$oc1 x is "o ( ! greate/
 pe/s t torm5t mank9d2 b its malignity 9
 ,europe is trifl+1 :5 comp>$ to :at !  
natives ( ,africa & ! ,ea/ are kn[n to  
exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,batavia1 :]e !y gr[ twelve
 in*es long1 !re is no remov+ any piece 
( furniture )\t ! utmo/ dang] ( be+ /ung
 by !m4 ,bosman assures u1 t along !    
,gold ,coa/ !y are (t5 f\nd l>g] ?an a  
lob/]1 & t _! /+ is inevitably fatal4   
,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 !y are by no means s 
l>ge1 s v5om\s1 or s num]\s4 ,! g5]al   
size ( ?is animal does n exce$ two or   
?ree in*es1 & its /+ is v seldom fatal4 

,no animal 9 ! creation seems endu$ )   
su* an irascible nature2 !y h (t5 be5   
se51 :5 tak5 & put into a place (       
security1 to ex]t all _! rage aga9/ !   
sides ( ! glass vessel t conta9$ !m4 ,!y
 w attempt to /+ a /ick :5 put ne> !m1 &
 attack a m\se or a frog1 :ile ^!       
animals are f> f (f]+ any injury4       
,maup]tuis put ?ree scorpions & a m\se  
into ! same vessel toge!r1 & !y soon    
/ung ! little animal 9 diff]5t places4  
,! m\se1 ?us assault$1 /ood = "s "t ^u !
 def5sive1 & at la/ kill$ !m all1 "o    
aft] ano!r4 ,he tri$ ^! exp]im5ts1 9    
ord] to see :e!r ! m\se1 aft] x _h      
kill$1 w\ld eat ! scorpions2 b ! little 
quadrup$ seem$ satisfi$ ) ! victory1 &  
ev5 surviv$ ! sev]ity ( ! w\nds x _h    
receiv$4  ,wolkem> tri$ ! c\rage ( !    
scorpion aga9/ ! l>ge spid]1 & inclos$  
sev]al ( bo? k9ds 9 glass vessels = t   
purpose4 ,! success ( ?is combat 0 v    
rem>kable4 ,! spid] at fir/ us$ all 8   
ef=ts to entangle ! scorpion 9 8 web1   
:i* x imm$iately began sp9n+2 b !       

scorpion rescu$ itself f ! dang]1 by /++
 its adv]s>y to dea?2 & soon aft] cut   
(f1 ) its claws1 all ! legs ( ! spid]1 &
 !n suck$ all ! int]nal p>ts at its     
leisure4 ,if ! scorpion's sk9 _h n be5 s
 h>d1 ,wolkem> is ( op9ion t ! spid]    
w\ld h obta9$ ! victory2 = he _h (t5 se5
 "o ( ^! spid]s de/roy a toad4  ,! fi]ce
 _s ( ?is animal is equally dang]\s to  
its own species1 = scorpions are !      
cruelle/ enemies to ea* o!r4 ,maup]tuis 
put ab\t a hundr$ ( !m toge!r 9 ! same  
glass2 & !y sc>cely came 9 contact be=e 
!y began to ex]t all _! rage 9 mutual   
de/ruction3 !re 0 no?+ to be se5 b "o   
univ]sal c>nage1 )\t any di/9ction ( age
 or sex2 s t 9 a few days !re rema9$    
only f\rte51 :i* _h kill$ & dev\r$ all !
 re/4 ,b _! unnatural malignity is /ill 
m app>5t1 9 _! cruelty to _! (fspr+4 ,he
 inclos$ a female scorpion1 big ) "y1 9 
a glass vessel1 & %e 0 se5 to dev\r !m z
 fa/ z !y 7 exclud$2 !re 0 b "o ( !     
numb] t escap$ ! g5]al de/ruction1 by   
tak+ refuge on ! back ( its p>5t2 & ?is 

soon aft] rev5g$ ! cause ( its bre?r51  
by kill+ ! old "o 9 its turn4 ,su* is ! 
t]rible & unrel5t+ nature ( ?is insect1 
t x is ass]t$1 :5 driv5 to an extremity1
 t ! scorpion w ev5 de/roy itself4 ,!   
foll[+ exp]im5t 0 ineffectually tri$ by 
,maup]tuis3 ,b 7says ,mr4 ,goldsmi?7 ,i 
am s well assur$ ( x by _m              
eye-witnesses1 :o h se5 x bo? 9 ,italy &
 ,am]ica1 t ,i h no d\bt rema9+ ( its   
v]acity4 ,a scorpion newly caught is    
plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a circle ( burn+       
*>coal1 & ?us an egress prev5t$ on e    
side2 ! scorpion1 z ,i am assur$1 runs  
ab\t a m9ute r\nd ! circle1 9 hopes (   
escap+1 b f9d+ t impossible1 x /+s      
itself on ! back ( ! head1 & 9 ?is mann]
 ! undaunt$ suicide in/antly expires4   
,x is happy = mank9d t ^! animals are s 
de/ructive to ea* o!r2 s9ce o!rwise !y  
w\ld multiply 9 s great a degree z to   
r5d] "s c\ntries un9habitable4 ,! male &
 female ( ?is insect are v easily       
di/+ui%able2 ! male be+ small]1 & less  
hairy4 ,! female br+s =? h] "y alive1 & 

p]fect 9 _! k9d4 ,r$i hav+ b\ght a      
quantity ( scorpions1 select$ _!        
females1 &1 putt+ !m 9 sep>ate glass    
vessels1 kept !m = "s days )\t food4 ,9 
ab\t five days "o ( !m br\ght =?        
?irty-eight "y ones1 well %ap$1 & ( a   
milk-:ite col\r1 :i* *ang$ e day m & m  
into a d>k ru/y hue4 ,ano!r female1 9 a 
diff]5t vessel1 br\ght =? tw5ty-sev5 ( !
 same col\r2 & ! day foll[+1 ! "y ones  
seem$ all fix$ to ! back & belly ( !    
female4 ,= ne> a =tnight all ^! cont9u$ 
alive & well1 b aft]w>ds "s ( !m di$    
daily2 until1 9 ab\t a mon?1 !y all di$1
 except two4 ,7 x wor? ! tr\ble1 ^!     
animals might be kept liv+ z long z     
curiosity %\ld ?9k prop]4 ,_! *ief food 
is worms & insects2 & ^u a prop] supply 
( ^!1 _! lives might be l5g!n$ to _!    
natural ext5t3 h[ long t may be we are n
 told2 b1 if we may argue f analogy1 x  
_c be less ?an sev5 or eight ye>s1 &    
p]haps1 9 ! l>g] k9d1 d\ble t duration4 
,z !y h some:at ! =m ( a lob/]1 s !y    
resemble t animal 9 ca/+ _! %ell2 or1 m 

prop]ly1 _! sk91 s9ce x is s(t] by f>   
?an ! cov]+ ( ! lob/]1 & set ) hairs1   
:i* gr[ f x 9 great abundance1          
p>ticul>ly at ! jo9+s4 ,! "y1 prior to  
_! bir?1 lie ea* cov]$ up 9 its own     
membrane to ! numb] ( =ty or fifty1 &   
unit$ to ea* o!r by an oblong ?read1 s z
 to exhibit altoge!r ! =m ( a *aplet4   
,su* is ! mann] 9 :i* ! common scorpion 
produces its "y2 b !re is a scorpion (  
,am]ica1 produc$ f ! egg1 9 ! mann] ( ! 
spid]4 ,! eggs are no l>g] ?an p9's     
po9ts2 & !y are deposit$ 9 a web1 :i* !y
 sp9 f _! bodies1 & c>ry ab\t ) !m till 
!y are hat*$4 ,z soon z ! "y ones are   
exclud$ f ! %ell1 !y get ^u ! back ( !  
p>5t1 :o turns h] tail ov] !m1 & def5ds 
!m ) h] /+4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t 
captivity produces t unnatural          
disposition 9 ! scorpion1 :i* induces x 
to de/roy its "y2 s9ce1 at lib]ty1 x is 
f\nd to protect !m ) su* unceas+        
assiduity4   ,ano!r subject ( curiosity 
belong+ to ?is class1 is1 ,,! ,,boa     
,,con/rictor4--,a s]p5t v rem>kable =   

its va/ size2 "s ( ! pr9cipal species ( 
:i* are met ) 9 ,india1 ,africa1 & ,s\? 
,am]ica1 & h be5 se5 betwe5 ?irty & =ty 
feet long1 possess$ ( s mu* /r5g? z to  
be able to kill cattle by twi/+ ar\nd   
!m1 & cru%+ !m to dea? by pressure1 aft]
 :i* !y dev\r !m1 eat+ till !y are almo/
 unable to move2 & 9 t /ate !y may be   
easily %ot4 ,dr4 ,%aw obs]ves1 t ^!     
gigantic s]p5ts are become less common1 
9 proportion to ! increas$ population ( 
! p>ts :]e !y are f\nd2 !y are1 h[ev]1  
/ill to be se51 & !y w approa* ! abodes 
( man 9 ! vic9ity ( _! resid5ce4 ,?is   
species is beautifully v>iegat$ )       
rhombic spots2 ! belly is :iti%2 x is ( 
va/ /r5g?1 & f ?irty to ?irty-six feet  
long4 ,) respect to age1 sex1 & climate1
 x is subject to great v>iations4  ,x is
 suppos$ t an individual ( ?is species  
once diffus$ t]ror & dismay ?r\gh a :ole
 ,roman army2 a fact allud$ to by ,livy 
9 "o ( ! books t h n come to u1 b :i* is
 quot$ by ,val]ius ,maximus1 9 words to 
! foll[+ effect3 ,s9ce we are on !      

subject ( uncommon ph5om5a1 we may "h   
m5tion ! s]p5t s eloqu5tly record$ by   
,livy1 :o says1 t ne> ! riv] ,bagrada1 9
 ,africa1 a snake 0 se5 ( su* enorm\s   
magnitude1 z to prev5t ! army (         
,attilius ,regulus f ! use ( ! riv]2 &  
aft] snat*+ up sev]al soldi]s ) its     
enorm\s m\?1 & dev\r+ !m1 & kill+ sev]al
 m by /rik+ & squeez+ !m ) ! spires (   
its tail1 x 0 at l5g? de/roy$ by assail+
 x ) all ! =ce ( milit>y eng9es & %[]s (
 /ones1 aft] x _h )/ood ! attack ( _!   
spe>s & d>ts2 t x 0 reg>d$ by ! :ole    
army z a m =midable enemy ?an ev5       
,c>?age itself2 & t ! :ole adjac5t      
region be+ ta9t$ ) ! pe/il5tial effluvia
 proce$+ f its rema9s1 & ! wat]s ) its  
blood1 ! ,roman army 0 oblig$ to remove 
its /ation4 ,! sk9 ( ! mon/] 0 #abj feet
 long1 & 0 s5t to ,rome z a trophy4     
,ano!r acc\nt says1 t x caus$ s mu*     
tr\ble to ,regulus1 t he f\nd x necess>y
 to conte/ ! possession ( ! riv] ) x1 by
 employ+ ! :ole =ce ( ! army1 dur+ :i* a
 consid]able numb] ( soldi]s 7 lo/1 :ile

 ! s]p5t c\ld nei!r be vanqui%$ nor     
w\nd$2 ! /rong arm\r ( its scales easily
 repell+ ! =ce ( all ! weapons t 7      
direct$ aga9/ x3 ^u :i* rec\rse 0 _h to 
batt]+ eng9es1 ) :i* ! animal 0 attack$ 
9 ! mann] ( a =tifi$ t[]1 & 0 ?us at    
l5g? ov]p[]$4 ,sev]al dis*>ges 7 made   
aga9/ x )\t success1 till its back be+  
brok5 by an imm5se /one1 ! mon/] began  
to lose its p[]s1 & 0 ) difficulty      
de/roy$1 aft] hav+ diffus$ su* a horror 
among ! army1 t !y confess$ !y w\ld r   
attack ,c>?age itself1 ?an su* ano!r    
mon/]4  ,! fle% ( ! s]p5t is eat5 by !  
,indians & ,negroes ( ,africa1 & !y make
 its sk9 into g>m5ts4   ,! foll[+ acc\nt
 ( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,sea ,,s]p5t1 is giv5 
9 ! words ( an eye-witness3--,i1 !      
und]sign$ ,joseph ,woodw>d1 capta9 ( !  
,adamant s*oon]1 ( ,h+ham1 be+ on my r\t
 f ,p5obscot to ,h+ham1 /e]+ ,w4 ,n4    
,w41 & be+ ab\t t5 leagues f ! coa/1    
p]ceiv$1 la/ ,sunday1 at two ,p4 ,m4    
some?+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* seem$ 
to me to be ( ! size ( a l>ge boat4     

,suppos+ t x might be "p ( ! wreck ( a  
%ip1 ,i approa*$2 b :5 ,i 0 )9 a few    
fa?oms ( x1 x appe>$1 to my great       
surprise1 & t ( my :ole crew1 t x 0 a   
mon/r\s s]p5t4 ,:5 ,i approa*$ ne>]1 x  
coil$ itself up1 in/antly uncoil+ itself
 aga91 & )drew ) extreme rapidity4 ,on  
my approa*+ aga91 x coil$ itself up a   
second "t1 & plac$ itself at ! di/ance (
 sixty feet at mo/1 f ! b[ ( ! %ip4  ,i 
_h "o ( my guns load$ ) a cannon ball & 
musket bullets4 ,i fir$ x at ! head ( ! 
mon/]2 my crew & myself di/9ctly he>d ! 
ball & bullets /rike aga9/ ! body1 f :i*
 !y reb\nd$1 z if !y _h /ruck aga9/ a   
rock4 ,! s]p5t %ook 8 head & tail 9 an  
extraord9>y mann]1 & advanc$ t[>d ! %ip 
) op5 jaws4 ,i _h caus$ ! cannon to be  
reload$1 & po9t$ x at 8 ?roat2 b he _h  
come s ne>1 t all ! crew 7 seiz$ )      
t]ror1 & we ?\ght only ( gett+ out ( 8  
way4 ,he almo/ t\*$ ! vessel1 & _h n ,i 
tack$ z ,i did1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h come  
on bo>d4 ,he div$2 b 9 a mom5t we saw   
him appe> aga91 ) 8 head on "o side ( ! 

vessel1 & 8 tail on ! o!r1 z if he 0 go+
 to lift u up & upset u4 ,h[ev]1 we did 
n feel any %ock4 ,he rema9$ five h\rs   
ne> u1 only go+ backw>d & =w>d4  ,! fe>s
 ) :i* he at fir/ inspir$ u hav+        
subsid$1 we 7 able to exam9e him        
att5tively4 ,i e/imate1 t 8 l5g? is at  
lea/ twice t ( my s*oon]1 t is to say1  
#acj feet2 8 head is full twelve or     
f\rte52 ! diamet] ( ! body bel[ ! neck1 
is n less ?an six feet2 ! size ( ! head 
is 9 proportion to t ( ! body4 ,he is ( 
a blacki% col\r1 8 e>-holes1 7ornes17   
are ab\t twelve feet f ! extremity ( 8  
head4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole has a t]rible     
look4 ,:5 he coils himself up1 he places
 8 tail 9 su* a mann]1 t x aids him 9   
d>t+ =w>d ) great =ce3 he moves 9 all   
directions ) ! greate/ facility &       
a/oni%+ rapidity4    7,sign$17          
,joseph ,woodw>d4  ,h+ham1 ,may #ab1    
#ahah4  ,?is decl>ation is atte/$ by    
,pet] ,holmes & ,john ,mayo1 :o made    
affidavit ( ! tru? ( x be=e a ju/ice (  
peace4   ,on ! ,,fasc9at+ ,,p[] ,,(     

,,s]p5ts4--,major ,alex&] ,g>d51 ( ,s\? 
,c>ol9a1 has1 9 a pap] read to ! ,new   
,york ,hi/orical ,society1 attribut$ !  
suppos$ p[] ( fasc9ation possess$ by    
s]p5ts1 to a vap\r :i* !y c spread ar\nd
 !m1 & to objects at a little di/ance1  
at pleasure4 ,he fir/ r$uces ! exagg]at$
 idea :i* has be5 ent]ta9$ ( ?is p[]1 & 
!n adduces in/ances ( ! effect ( a      
sick5+ & /upify+ vap\r1 p]ceiv$ to issue
 f ! animal4 ,a negro is m5tion$1 :o1 f 
a v peculi> acut5ess 9 smell1 c\ld      
discov] ! rattlesnake at a di/ance ( two
 hundr$ feet1 :5 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]2 
& on foll[+ ?is indication1 always f\nd 
"s animal suff]+ f its influ5ce4   ,we  
%all n[ give "s curiosities respect+    
,worms2 & fir/1 ( ,,! ,,cat]pill>4--,!  
l>v ( butt]flies are univ]sally kn[n by 
! "n ( cat]pill>s1 & are extremely v>i\s
 9 _! =ms & col\rs1 "s be+ smoo?1 o!rs  
beset ) ei!r simple or ramifi$ sp9es1 & 
"s are obs]v$ to protrude f _! front1 :5
 di/urb$1 a pair ( %ort t5tacula1 or    
feel]s1 some:at analog\s to ^? ( a      

snail4 ,a cat]pill>1 :5 gr[n to its full
 size1 retires to "s conv5i5t spot1 &1  
secur+ itself prop]ly by a small        
quantity ( silk5 filam5ts1 ei!r susp5ds 
itself by ! tail1 hang+ ) its head      
d[nw>ds1 or else 9 an upright position1 
) ! body fa/5$ r\nd ! middle by a numb] 
( filam5ts4 ,x !n ca/s (f !             
cat]pill>-sk91 & comm5ces *rysalis1 9   
:i* /ate x cont9ues till ! butt]fly is  
ready = bir?1 :i*1 lib]at+ itself f !   
sk9 ( ! *rysalis1 rema9s till its w+s1  
:i* are at fir/ %ort1 weak1 & cov]$ )   
moi/ure1 are fully ext5d$2 ?is happ5s 9 
ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 :5 ! animal      
sudd5ly quits ! /ate ( inactivity to :i*
 x _h be5 s long conf9$1 & becomes at   
pleasure an inhabitant ( ! air4   ,x w  
n[ be prop] to give "s acc\nt ( ,,!     
,,cat]pill>-,,eat]s4--,cat]pill>-eat]s  
are a species ( worms br$ 9 ! body ( !  
cat]pill>1 & :i* eat its fle%4 ,^! are  
produc$ by a c]ta9 k9d ( fly1 t lodges  
h] eggs 9 ! body ( ?is insect2 & !y1    
aft] _! prop] *anges1 become flies l _! 

p>5ts4 ,mr4 ,reaumur has giv5 u1 9 8    
,hi/ory ( ,insects1 "s v curi\s         
p>ticul>s respect+ ^! little worms4 ,ea*
 ( !m sp9s itself a v beautiful case1 ( 
a cyl9dric figure1 ( a v /rong sort (   
silk1 9 :i* ?is animal sp5ds its /ate ( 
*rysalis2 & !y h a m>k by :i* !y may be 
kn[n f all o!r animal productions ( ?is 
k9d1 :i* is1 t !y h always a broad /ripe
 or b& surr\nd+ _! middle1 :i* is black 
:5 ! re/ ( ! case is :ite1 & :ite :5 t  
is black4 ,mr4 ,reaumur has _h ! pati5ce
 to f9d out ! reason ( ?is s+ul>ity4 ,! 
:ole %ell is spun ( a silk produc$ out (
 ! creature's body2 ?is at fir/ runs all
 :ite1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! sp9n+ turns    
black4 ,! outside ( ! case mu/          
necess>ily be =m$ fir/1 z ! creature    
works f )92 consequ5tly ?is is truly    
:ite all ov]1 b x is transp>5t1 & %ews !
 la/ spun1 or black silk1 ?r\gh x4 ,x   
might be suppos$ t ! :ole inside ( !    
%ell %\ld be black2 b ?is is n ! case3 !
 :ole is fa%ion$ be=e ?is black silk    
comes2 & ?is is employ$ by ! creature1 n

 to l9e ! :ole1 b to =tify c]ta9 p>ts   
only2 & !re=e is all appli$ ei!r to !   
middle1--or to ! two ends1 omitt+ !     
middle1--or a blackness at bo? ends1    
leav+ ! :ite 9 ! middle to appe>4 ,x is 
n uncommon to f9d a sort ( small cases1 
9 g>d5 walks1 :i* appe> to move (       
!mselves2 :5 ^! are op5$1 !y are f\nd to
 conta9 a small liv+ worm4 ,?is is "o ( 
! species ( ^! cat]pill>-eat]s2 :i*1 z  
soon z x comes out ( ! body ( t animal1 
sp9s itself a case = its trans=mation1 &
 lives 9 x )\t food till t *ange comes  
on1 :5 x becomes a fly1 l t to :i* x ow$
 its bir?4   ,9 ! next place we %all    
introduce a subject ( great curiosity1  
well kn[n by ! "n ( ,,!                 
,,silk-,,worm4--,! silk-worm is a       
species ( cat]pill>1 &1 l x1 is =m$ (   
sev]al moveable r+s1 & is well furni%$ )
 feet & claws1 to re/ & fix itself :]e x
 pleases4 ,x has two r[s ( tee?1 :i* d n
 move upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 b f "r to left1 
:i* enables x to press1 cut1 & te> !    
leaves 9 e direction4 ,along ! :ole l5g?

 ( its back we p]ceive ?r\gh its sk9 a  
vessel :i* p]=ms ! functions ( a he>t4  
,on ea* side ( ?is insect are n9e       
orifices1 :i* answ] to z _m lungs1 &    
assi/ ! circulation ( ! *yle1 or        
nutritive juice4 ,"u ! m\? x has a k9d (
 reel ) two holes1 ?r\gh :i* pass two   
drops ( ! gum ) :i* its bag is fill$2 !y
 act l two di/affs1 cont9ually furni%+ x
 ) ! mat]ials ( :i* x makes its silk4 ,!
 gum :i* di/ils ?r\gh ! two holes takes 
_! =m1 l5g!ns into a d\ble ?read1 :i*   
sudd5ly loses ! fluidity ( ! liquid gum1
 & acquires ! consi/5ce necess>y to     
support or to envelope ! worm4 ,:5 t "t 
arrives1 x jo9s ! two ?reads toge!r1 by 
glu+ !m "o ov] ! o!r ) its =e feet4 ,?is
 d\ble ?read is n only v f9e1 b also v  
/rong1 & ( great l5g?4 ,ea* bag has a   
?read :i* is ne>ly five hundr$ ells     
long2 & z ?is ?read is d\ble1 & jo9$    
toge!r ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 ea* bag w be   
f\nd to conta9 a ?\s& ells ( silk1 ?\gh 
! :ole weight does n exce$ two gra9s & a
 half4  ,! life ( ?is insect 9 its      

v]mi=m /ate is v %ort1 & x passes ?r\gh 
diff]5t /ates till x gradually arrives  
at its greate/ degree ( p]fection4 ,:5 x
 fir/ em]ges f ! egg1 x is extremely    
small1 p]fectly black1 & its head ( a   
/ill bright] black ?an ! re/ ( its body3
 9 a few days x beg9s to gr[ :ite1 or ( 
an a% col\r2 its coat becomes dirty &   
ruffl$2 x ca/s x (f1 & appe>s 9 a new   
dress2 x becomes l>g] & mu* :it]1 ?\gh a
 little t+$ ) gre51 f fe$+ ^u gre5      
leaves4 ,aft] a few m days 7! l5g? ( "t 
v>y+ accord+ to ! degree ( heat &       
quality ( its n\ri%m5t7 x ceases to eat1
 & sleeps = ab\t two days2 x !n agitates
 & frets itself extremely1 becom+ r$ ) !
 ef=ts x makes2 its sk9 wr9kles &       
%rivels up1 & x ?r[s x (f a second "t1  
toge!r ) its feet4 ,)9 ! space ( ?ree   
weeks or a mon?1 we see x fre% dress$   
?ree times4 ,x n[ beg9s to eat aga91 &  
might be tak5 = a diff]5t creature1 s   
mu* is ! appe>ance ( its head1 col\r1 & 
figure1 alt]$4 ,aft] cont9u+ to eat = "s
 days1 x falls aga9 into a le?>gic /ate2

 on recov]+ f :i*1 x once m *anges its  
coat1 :i* makes ! ?ird s9ce x issu$ f   
its %ell4 ,x cont9ues to eat = "s "t1   
!n1 entirely ceas+ to take any nutrim5t1
 prep>es = itself a retreat1 & draws out
 a silk5 ?read1 :i* x wraps r\nd its    
body 9 ! same mann] z we might w9d ?read
 r\nd an oval piece ( wood4 ,x rema9s   
quietly 9 ! bag x has =m$1 & at ! end ( 
fifte5 days w\ld pi]ce x1 to issue =?1  
if x 0 n kill$ by be+ expos$ to ! heat (
 ! sun1 or %ut up 9 an ov54 ,! silk-bags
 are ?r[n into hot wat]1 & /irr$ ab\t ) 
bir* twigs to draw out ! heads or beg9n+
 ( ! ?reads1 & ! silk is aft]w>ds w\nd  
^u reels made = ! purpose4 ,?us we are  
indebt$ to ?is little insect = our      
greate/ luxury 9 clo?+3 a reflection :i*
 ought to humble our pride2 = h[ c we be
 va9 ( ! silk :i* cov]s u1 :5 we reflect
 to :at we are indebt$ = x1 & h[ little 
we are in/rum5tal 9 ! =mation ( ^?      
beauties 9 our clo?+1 ( :i* we are va98 
,?us we f9d ! mo/ insignificant &       
despicable objects are ! in/rum5ts (    

ornam5t & advantage to man2 an insect t 
we sc>cely condesc5d$ to look at1       
becomes a bless+ to ?\s&s ( human be+s1 
=ms an important article ( trade1 & is !
 s\rce ( great ri*es4   ,our next       
subject is1 ,,! ,,tape-,,worm4--,?is    
g5us ( worms is de/9$ to fe$ on ! juices
 ( v>i\s animals1 & !y inhabit ! int]nal
 p>ts ( almo/ e species ( liv+ be+s4 ,! 
/ructure & physiology ( ! tnia are      
curi\s1 & x may be amus+ z well z       
in/ructive to consid] x ) att5tion4 ,!  
tnia appe>s de/9$ to fe$ ^u su* juices (
 animals z are already animaliz$2 & x is
 !re=e mo/ commonly f\nd 9 ! alim5t>y   
canal1 & 9 ! upp] "p1 :]e !re is !      
greate/ abundance ( *yle1 = *yle seems  
to be ! natural food ( ! tnia4 ,z x is  
?us support$ by food :i* is already     
dige/$1 x is de/itute ( ! complicat$    
organs ( dige/ion4 ,z ! tnia solium is  
mo/ frequ5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 x may be prop]
 to describe x m p>ticul>ly4  ,x is f   
?ree to ?irty feet long2 "s say sixty   
feet4 ,x is compos$ ( a head1 9 :i* are 

a m\? adapt$ to dr9k up fluids1 & an    
app>atus = giv+ ! head a fix$ situation4
 ,! body is compos$ ( a great numb] (   
di/9ct pieces articulat$ toge!r1 ea*    
jo9t hav+ an organ by :i* x atta*es     
itself to ! neighb\r+ "p ( ! inn] c\rt (
 ! inte/9e4 ,! jo9ts ne>e/ ! head are   
always small1 & !y become gradually     
enl>g$ z !y are f>!r remov$ f x2 b t[>ds
 ! tail a few ( ! la/ jo9ts aga9 become 
dim9i%$ 9 size4 ,! extremity ( ! body is
 t]m9at$ by a small semicircul> jo9t1   
:i* has no op5+ 9 x4  ,! head ( ?is     
animal is compos$ ( ! same k9d (        
mat]ials z ! o!r p>ts ( its body2 x has 
a r\nd$ op5+ at its extremity1 :i* is   
consid]$ to be its m\?4 ,?is op5+ is    
cont9u$ by a %ort duct into two canals2 
^! canals pass r\nd e jo9t ( ! animal's 
body1 & convey ! alim5t4 ,surr\nd+ !    
op5+ ( ! m\?1 are plac$ a numb] (       
project+ radii1 :i* are ( a fibr\s      
texture1 & ^: direction is longitud9al4 
,^! radii appe> to s]ve ! purpose (     
t5tacula1 = fix+ ! orifice ( ! m\?1 f _!

 be+ ins]t$ along ! brim ( t op5+4 ,aft]
 ! r\nd$ extremity or head has be5 n>r[$
 into ! neck1 ! l[] "p becomes flatt$1 &
 has two small tub]cles plac$ on ea*    
flatt$ side2 ! tub]cles are concave 9 ! 
middle1 & appe> de/9$ to s]ve ! purpose 
( suck]s1 = atta*+ ! head m effectually4
 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! jo9ts compos+ !
 body ( ?is animal is p>tly vascul> &   
p>tly cellul>2 ! sub/ance itself is     
:ite1 & some:at resembles 9 its texture 
! coagulat$ lymph ( ! human blood4 ,!   
alim5t>y canal passes along ea* side ( !
 animal1 s5d+ a cross canal ov] ! bottom
 ( ea* jo9t1 :i* connects ! two lat]al  
canals toge!r4  ,mr4 ,c>lisle inject$1 )
 a col\r$ size1 at a s+le pu% ) a small 
syr+e1 ?ree feet 9 l5g? ( ^! canals1 9 !
 direction f ! m\? d[nw>ds4 ,he tri$ !  
injection ! contr>y way1 b x seem$ to be
 /opp$ ) valves4 ,! alim5t>y canal is   
imp]vi\s at ! extreme jo9t1 :]e x       
t]m9ates )\t any op5+ analog\s to an    
anus4 ,ea* jo9t has a vascul> jo9t      
occupy+ ! middle "p1 :i* is compos$ ( a 

longitud9al canal1 f :i* a great numb] (
 lat]al canals bran* (f at "r angles4   
,^! canals conta9 a fluid l milk4  ,!   
tnia seems to be "o ( ! simple/ vascul> 
animals 9 nature4 ,! way 9 :i* x is     
n\ri%$ is s+ul>2 ! food be+ tak5 9 by ! 
m\?1 passes into ! alim5t>y canal1 & is 
?us made to visit 9 a g5]al way !       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal4 ,z x has no    
excretory ducts1 x w\ld appe> t ! :ole (
 its alim5t>y fluid is fit = n\ri%m5t2 !
 decay$ p>ts probably dissolve into a   
fluid1 :i* transudes ?r\gh ! sk91 :i* is
 extremely por\s4  ,?is animal has no?+ 
resembl+ a bra9 or n]ves1 & seems to h  
no organs ( s5se1 b ^? ( t\*4 ,x is mo/ 
probably propagat$ by ova1 :i* may      
easily pass along ! circulat+ vessels ( 
o!r animals4 ,we _c o!rwise expla9 !    
ph5om5a ( worms be+ f\nd 9 ! eggs (     
f[ls1 & 9 ! inte/9es ( a foetus be=e    
bir?1 except by suppos+ _! ova to h     
pass$ ?r\gh ! circulat+ vessels ( ! "m1 
& by ?is means to h be5 convey$ to !    
foetus4  ,! *ance ( an ovum be+ plac$ 9 

a situation :]e x w be hat*$1 & ! "y f9d
 conv5i5t subsi/5ce1 mu/ be v small2    
h5ce ! necessity = _! be+ v prolific4   
,if !y _h ! same p[]s ( fecundity :i* !y
 n[ possess1 & _! ova 7 aft]w>ds v      
readily hat*$1 !n ! multiplication ( ^! 
animals w\ld be imm5se1 & become a      
nuisance to ! o!r p>ts ( ! creation4    
,ano!r mode ( increase all[$ to tnia1   
7if we may call x increase17 is by an   
addition to ! numb] ( _! jo9ts4 ,if we  
consid] ! individual jo9ts z di/9ct     
be+s1 x is s2 & :5 we reflect ^u ! p[] (
 individuality giv5 to ea* jo9t1 x makes
 ?is conjecture ! m probable4 ,we c     
h>dly suppose t an ovum ( a tnia1 :i* at
 its full gr[? is ?irty feet long1 &    
compos$ ( f\r hundr$ jo9ts1 conta9$ a "y
 tnia compos$ ( ?is numb] ( pieces2 b we
 h se5 "y tnia n half a foot long1 & n  
possess$ ( fifty jo9ts1 :i* /ill 7      
entire worms4 ,we h also _m reasons to  
believe1 t :5 a "p ( ?is animal is brok5
 (f f ! re/1 x is capable ( =m+ a head =
 itself1 & ( becom+ an indep5d5t be+4 ,!

 simple con/ruction ( ! head makes its  
reg5]ation a mu* m easy op]ation ?an t (
 ! tails & feet ( liz>ds1 :i* are       
compos$ ( bones & complicat$ vessels2 b 
?is la/ op]ation has be5 prov$ by !     
exp]im5ts ( ,spallanzani1 & _m o!r      
naturali/s4   ,an article ( great       
curiosity is1 ,,! ,,%ip-,,worm4--,?is   
worm has a v sl5d]1 smoo?1 cyl9drical   
%ell2 x inhabits ! ,indian seas1 :5ce x 
0 import$ into ,europe4 ,x p5etrates    
easily into ! /\te/ oak planks1 &       
produces dreadful de/ruction to ! %ips1 
by ! holes x makes 9 _! sides3 & x is to
 avoid ! effects ( ?is insect t vessels 
require %ea?+4  ,! head ( ?is creature  
is coat$ ) a /rong arm\r1 & furni%$ ) a 
m\? l t ( ! lee*4 ,a little above ?is x 
has two horns1 :i* seem a k9d (         
cont9uation ( ! %ell2 ! neck is furni%$ 
) sev]al /rong muscles2 ! re/ ( ! body  
is only cov]$ by a v ?9 transp>5t sk91  
?r\gh :i* ! motion ( ! inte/9es is      
pla9ly se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,?is creature 
is wond]fully m9ute :5 newly exclud$ f !

 egg1 b x gr[s to ! l5g? ( f\r or six   
in*es1 & sometimes m4 ,:5 ! bottom ( a  
vessel1 or any piece ( wood :i* is      
con/antly "u wat]1 is inhabit$ by ^!    
worms1 x is full ( small holes2 b no    
damage appe>s till ! out] p>ts are cut  
away4 ,!n _! %elly habitations come into
 view1 9 :i* !re is a l>ge space =      
inclos+ ! animal1 & surr\nd+ x ) wat]4  
,!re is an evid5t c>e 9 ^! creatures    
nev] to injure ea* o!r's habitations2 by
 :i* means ea* case or %ell is pres]v$  
entire4 ,^! worms w appe>1 on a v little
 consid]ation1 to be mo/ important be+s 
9 ! great *a9 ( creation1 & pleas+      
demon/rations ( ! inf9itely wise &      
graci\s ,p[]1 :i* =m$1 & /ill pres]ves !
 :ole1 9 su* wond]ful ord] & beauty2 =  
if x 7 n = ! rapacity ( ^! & su*        
animals1 tropical riv]s1 & inde$ ! ocean
 itself1 w\ld be *ok$ ) ! bodies ( trees
 :i* are annually c>ri$ d[n by ! rapid  
torr5ts1 z _m ( !m w\ld la/ = ages1 &   
probably be productive ( evils1 ( :i*1  
happily1 we _c 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s =m 

any idea2 :]eas1 be+ consum$ by ^!      
animals1 !y are m easily brok5 9 pieces 
by ! waves2 & ! fragm5ts :i* are n      
dev\r$ become specifically light]1 & are
 consequ5tly m readily & m effectually  
?r[n on %ore1 :]e ! sun1 w9d1 insects1 &
 v>i\s o!r in/rum5ts1 spe$ily promote _!
 entire dissolution4   ,we %all conclude
 ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( a s+ul>        
curiosity t 0 f\nd 9 a colli]y4 ,x is ,a
 ,,liv+ ,,liz>d1 ,,imb$d$ ,,9           
,,coal4--,?is animal1 pres]v$ 9 spirits1
 is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,james     
,s*oles1 eng9e] to ,mr4 ,f5ton's        
colli]y1 ne> ,wakefield4 ,x is ab\t five
 in*es long2 its back ( a d>k br[n      
col\r1 & x appe>s r\gh & scaly2 its     
sides are ( a light] col\r1 & spott$ )  
yell[2 ! belly yell[1 /reak$ ) b&s ( !  
same col\r z ! back4 ,mr4 ,s4 relat$ to 
me ! foll[+ circum/ances ( its be+ f\nd4
 ,9 ,augu/ la/1 !y 7 s9k+ a new pit or  
%aft1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh measures (     
/one1 gray-b9d1 & blue /one1 & "s ?9 b$s
 ( coal1 to ! dep? ( "o hundr$ & fifty  

y>ds1 !y came ^u t int5d$ to be work$1  
:i* is ab\t f\r feet ?ick4 ,:5 !y _h    
excavat$ ab\t ?ree in*es ( x1 "o ( !    
m9]s 7z he suppos$7 /ruck 8 pick1 or    
mattock1 into a crevice1 & %att]$ ! coal
 ar\nd into small pieces2 he !n discov]$
 ! animal 9 "q1 & imm$iately c>ri$ x to 
,mr4 ,s43 x cont9u$ v brisk & lively =  
ab\t t5 m9utes1 !n droop$ & di$4 ,ab\t  
f\r in*es above ! coal 9 :i* ! animal 0 
f\nd1 numb]s ( muscle-%ells1 9 a fossil 
/ate1 lay scatt]$ 9 a loose gray e>?4   
,,*ap4 ,,xix4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,birds4      ,! ,common ,peacock--,!   
,egyptian ,vulture--,! ,secret>y        
,vulture--,!     ,/ork--,! ,great       
,pelican--,! ,bird ( ,p>adise--,!       
,o/ri*--,!     ,mock+-,bird (           
,am]ica--,! ,social ,grosbeak--,! ,b5gal
 ,grosbeak--,!     ,humm+-,bird--,!     
,gold5 ,eagle4   ,,! ,,peacock4    ,h[  
ri* ! peacock6 :at bright glories run   
,f plume to plume1 & v>y 9 ! sun6   ,he 
pr\dly spreads !m to ! gold5 ray1   ,&  
gives 8 col\rs to adorn ! day2   ,)     

consci\s /ate ! spaci\s r\nd displays1  
,& sl[ly moves amid ! wav+ blaze4       
,"y4  ,?is v beautiful & int]e/+ bird   
has a compress$ cre/ & solit>y spurs4 ,x
 is ab\t ! size ( a turkey2 ! l5g? f !  
top ( ! bill to ! end ( ! tail be+ ?ree 
feet eight in*es4 ,! bill is ne>ly two  
in*es long1 & is ( a br[n col\r4 ,!     
irides are yell[4 ,on ! cr[n !re is a   
sort ( cre/1 compos$ ( tw5ty-f\r fea!rs1
 n webb$1 except at ! ends1 :i* are     
gild$ gre54 ,! %afts are ( a :iti%      
col\r2 & ! head1 neck1 & brea/1 are ( a 
gre5 gold col\r4 ,ov] ! eye !re is a    
/reak ( :ite1 & b5ea? !re is ! same4 ,! 
back & rump are ( a gre5 gold col\r1    
gloss$ ov] ) copp]2 ! fea!rs are di/9ct1
 & lie ov] ea* o!r l %ells4 ,above !    
tail spr+s an inimitable set ( long     
beautiful fea!rs1 adorn$ ) a v>iegat$   
eye at ! end ( ea*2 ^! rea* consid]ably 
beyond ! tail1 & ! longe/ ( !m 9 _m     
birds are f\r feet & a half long4 ,?is  
beautiful tra91 or tail1 z x is         
improp]ly call$1 may be exp&$ 9 ! mann] 

( a fan1 at ! w ( ! bird4 ,! true tail  
is hid b5ea? ?is gr\p ( fea!rs1 &       
consi/s ( eighte5 gray-br[n fea!rs1 "o  
foot & a half long1 m>k$ on ! sides )   
ruf\s gray2 ! scapul>s1 & less] w+      
cov]ts1 are r$di% cream col\r1 v>iegat$ 
) black2 ! middle cov]ts deep blue1     
gloss$ ) gre5 gold2 ! greate/ & ba/>d   
w+1 ruf\s2 ! quills are also ruf\s1 "s (
 !m v>iegat$ ) ruf\s1 blacki%1 & gre52 !
 belly & v5t are gre5i% black1 ! ?ighs  
yell[i%1 ! legs /\t1 ^? ( ! male furni%$
 ) a /rong spur1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 
l5g?1 ! col\r ( :i* is gray-br[n4  ,^!  
birds1 n[ s common 9 ,europe1 are (     
,ea/]n orig94 ,!y are f\nd wild 9 !     
isl&s ( ,ceylon & ,java1 9 ! ,ea/       
,indies2 & at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,b>buda1 & o!r
 ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,!y are n natural to
 ,*9a2 b !y are f\nd 9 _m places 9 ,asia
 & ,africa4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 no :]e s    
l>ge or s f9e z 9 ,india1 9 !           
neighb\rhood ( ! ,ganges1 :5ce !y h     
spread into all p>ts1 increas+ 9 a wild 
/ate 9 ! w>m] climates1 b requir+ c>e 9 

! cold] regions4 ,9 ours1 ?is species   
does n come to its full plumage till !  
?ird ye>4 ,! female lays five or six    
grayi% :ite eggs2 9 hot climates tw5ty1 
! size ( ^? ( a turkey4 ,^!1 if let     
alone1 %e lays 9 "s secret place1 at    
di/ance f ! usual resort1 to prev5t _!  
be+ brok5 by ! male1 :i* he is apt to d 
if he f9d !m4 ,! "t ( sitt+ is f        
tw5ty-sev5 to ?irty days4 ,! "y may be  
f$ ) curds1 *opp$ leeks1 b>ley-meal1 c4 
moi/5$2 & !y are fond ( gras%opp]s1 & "s
 o!r insects4 ,9 five or six mon?s !y w 
fe$ z ! old ones1 on :eat & b>ley1 ) :at
 else !y c pick up 9 ! circuit ( _!     
conf9em5t4 ,!y seem to pref] ! mo/      
elevat$ places to roo/ on dur+ ! night2 
su* z high trees1 tops ( h\ses1 & ! l4  
,_! cry is l\d & inh>moni\s1--a p]fect  
contra/ to _! ext]nal beauty4 ,!y are   
caught 9 ,india1 by c>ry+ lights to !   
trees :]e !y roo/1 & hav+ pa9t$         
repres5tations ( ! bird pres5t$ to !m at
 ! same "t2 :5 !y put out ! neck to look
 at ! figure1 ! sportsman slips a noose 

ov] ! head1 & secures 8 game4 ,9 mo/    
ages !y h be5 e/eem$ a salut>y food4    
,hort5sius gave ! example at ,rome1 :]e 
x 0 c\nt$ ! highe/ luxury1 & sold de>1 &
 a "y peacock is ?\ght a da9ty1 ev5 9 ! 
pres5t times4 ,! life ( ^! birds is     
reckon$ by "s at ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s2  
by o!rs a hundr$4  ,s beautiful a       
species ( birds z ! peacock c\ld n long 
rema9 unkn[n3 s e>ly z ! days (         
,solomon1 we f9d1 among ! articles      
import$ 9 8 ,t>%i% navies1 apes &       
peacocks4 lian relates1 t !y 7 br\ght   
into ,greece f "s b>b>\s c\ntry2 & t !y 
7 held 9 su* high e/eem1 t a male &     
female 7 valu$ at ,a!ns at #ajjj dra*m1 
or #cb4 #es4 #aj;d4 ,at ,samos !y 7     
pres]v$ ab\t ! temple ( ,juno1 be+ sacr$
 to t goddess2 & ,gellius1 9 8 ,noctes  
,attic1 c4 xvi4 comm5ds ! excell5cy ( ! 
,samian peacocks4 ,:5 ,alex&] 0 9       
,india1 he f\nd va/ numb]s ( wild ones  
on ! banks ( ! ,hy>otis2 & 0 s /ruck )  
_! beauty1 z to appo9t a sev]e puni%m5t 
on any p]son t kill$ !m4 ,peacocks'     

cre/s1 9 anci5t times1 7 among !        
ornam5ts ( ! k+s ( ,engl&4 ,ernald de   
,acl5t 0 f9$ to k+ ,john 9 "o hundr$ &  
=ty palfreys1 ) sackbuts1 lorams1 gilt  
spurs1 & peacocks' cre/s1 su* z w\ld be 
= 8 cr$it4   ,we %all n[ introduce ,,!  
,,egyptian ,,vulture4--,! appe>ance (   
?is bird is z horrid z c well be imag9$4
 ,! face is nak$ & wr9kl$2 ! eyes are   
l>ge & black2 ! beak black & hook$2 !   
talons l>ge1 & ext5d$1 ready = prey2 & !
 :ole body pollut$ ) fil?3 ^! are       
qualities en\gh to make ! behold] %udd] 
) horror4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! inhabitants ( 
,egypt _c be ?ankful en\gh to ,provid5ce
 = ?is bird4 ,all ! places r\nd ,cairo  
are fill$ ) ! dead bodies ( asses &     
camels1 & ?\s&s ( ^! birds fly ab\t &   
dev\r ! c>cases be=e !y putrefy1 & fill 
! air ) noxi\s exhalations4 ,!          
inhabitants ( ,egypt say1 7& aft] !m    
,maillet1 9 8 description ( ,egypt17 t  
!y ye>ly foll[ ! c>avan to ,mecca1 &    
dev\r ! fil? ( ! slaught]$ bea/s1 & !   
c>cases ( ! camels :i* die on ! j\rney4 

,!y d n fly high1 nor are !y afraid (   
m54 ,if "o ( !m is kill$1 all ! re/     
surr\nd x 9 ! same mann] z d ! ,roy/on  
cr[s2 !y d n quit ! places !y frequ5t1  
?\gh fright5$ by ! explosion ( a gun1 b 
imm$iately return4   ,,! ,,secret>y     
,,vulture4--,?is is a mo/ s+ul> species1
 be+ p>ticul>ly rem>kable f ! great l5g?
 ( its legs1 :i* at fir/ sight w\ld     
induce u to ?9k x belong$ to wad]s3 b ! 
*>act]s ( ! vulture are s /rongly m>k$  
?r\gh\t1 z to leave no d\bt to :i* class
 x belongs4 ,?is bird1 :5 /&+ erect1 is 
full ?ree feet f ! top ( ! head to !    
gr\nd4 ,! bill is black1 %>p1 & crook$1 
l t ( an eagle2 ! head1 neck1 brea/1 &  
upp] p>ts ( ! body1 are ( a blui%       
a%-col\r2 ! legs are v long1 /\t] ?an ^?
 ( a h]on1 & ( a br[n col\r2 claws      
%orti%1 b crook$1 n v %>p1 & ( a black  
col\r4 ,f beh9d ! head spr+ a numb] (   
long fea!rs1 :i* hang loose beh9d1 l a  
p5d5t cre/2 ^! fea!rs rise by pairs1 &  
are long] z !y are l[] d[n on ! neck2   
?is cre/1 ! bird c erect or depress at  

pleasure2 x is ( a d>k col\r1 almo/     
black2 ! webs are equal on bo? sides1 & 
r curl$1 & ! fea!rs1 :5 erect$1 some:at 
incl9e t[>ds ! neck2 ! two middle fea!rs
 ( ! tail are twice z long z any ( !    
re/4 ,?is s+ul> species inhabits !      
int]nal p>ts ( ,africa1 & is frequ5tly  
se5 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x is also
 met ) 9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s4 ,z to !    
mann]s ( ?is bird1 x is on all h&s all[$
 t x pr9cipally fe$s on rats1 liz>ds1   
snakes1 & ! l2 & t x w become famili>2  
:5ce ,sonn]at is ( op9ion1 t x might be 
made useful 9 "s ( our colonies1 if     
enc\rag$1 t[>ds ! de/ruction ( ^? pe/s4 
,!y call x at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1    
flang-eat]1 i4 e4 snake-eat]4 ,a great  
peculi>ity belongs to x1 p]haps obs]v$ 9
 no o!r1 :i* is1 ! faculty ( /rik+ =w>ds
 ) its legs1 nev] backw>ds4 ,dr4 ,sol&] 
saw "o ( ^! birds take up a snake1 small
 tortoise1 or su* l1 9 its claws2 :51   
da%+ x aga9/ ! gr\nd ) great viol5ce1 if
 ! victim 7 n kill$ at fir/1 x repeat$ !
 op]ation till t end 0 answ]$2 aft] :i* 

x ate x up quietly4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,=/]   
m5tion$ a fur!r circum/ance1 :i* he says
 0 suppos$ to be peculi> to ?is bird1--t
 %\ld x by any accid5t break ! leg1 !   
bone w\ld nev] unite aga94   ,! curi\s  
read] w be int]e/$ by ! foll[+ s+ul>    
p>ticul>s respect+ ,,! ,,/ork4--,!      
v5]ation %ewn by ! ,g]mans = /orks1 is a
 v rem>kable sup]/ition4 ,! h\ses :i* ^!
 birds light ^u1 are consid]$ z "u !    
special fav\r ( ,heav54 ,x is usual to  
contrive a small flat squ>e spot on !   
top ( ! ro(1 = !m to re/ ^u1 & build _! 
ne/s4 ,ca?olic curates1 z well z        
,prote/ant m9i/]s1 endeav\r to allure !m
 to _! *ur*es4 ,i obs]v$ 7says a ,fr5*  
travell]7 f\r or five /eeples dignifi$  
by su* visitors4 ,!re are p s lucky z to
 attract "s ( !m into _! p\ltry-y>d1 :]e
 !y /alk ab\t ) ! h5s1 b )\t yield+ up  
any p>ticle ( _! fre$om4 ,7 any "o to   
kill a /ork1 he w\ld be pursu$ l an     
,egyptian ( old = kill+ an ibis1 or =   
fricasee+ a cat4  ,9 a fire1 by :i* !   
t[n ( ,delft 9 ,holl& 0 burnt to a%es1 a

 /ork1 :i* _h built h] ne/ ^u a *imney1 
/rove all %e c\ld to save h] little     
ones3 %e 0 se5 spread+ h] w+s ar\nd !m1 
to keep (f ! sp>ks & burn+ emb]s4       
,already ! flame began to seize ^u h]1  
b1 unm9dful ( h]self1 %e c>$ only = h]  
(fspr+1 bemoan+ _! loss1 & at l5g? fell 
a prey to ! fire1 "u ! eyes ( a         
sympa?iz+ cr[d2 pref]+ dea? ) ! pl$ges (
 h] love1 to life )\t !m4 ,?is int]e/+  
anecdote 0 celebrat$ by a ,flemi% poet1 
:o liv$ 9 #aejc1 9 an effusion be>+ !   
title ( ! ,/ork ( ,delft2 or1 ! ,model (
 ,mat]nal ,love4   ,,! ,,great          
,,pelican4--,?is bird is sometimes ( !  
weight ( tw5ty-five p\nds1 & ( ! wid?1  
betwe5 ! extreme po9ts ( ! w+s1 ( fifte5
 feet2 ! sk91 betwe5 ! sides ( ! upp]   
m&ible1 is extremely dilatable1 rea*+ m 
?an half a foot d[n ! neck1 & capable ( 
conta9+ _m qu>ts ( wat]4 ,! sk9 is (t5  
us$ by sailors = tobacco-p\*es1 & has   
be5 occasionally conv]t$ into ladies'   
elegant "w bags4 ,ab\t ! ,caspian &     
,black seas1 ^! birds are v num]\s2 & !y

 are *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! w>m] regions1
 inhabit+ almo/ e c\ntry ( ,africa4 ,!y 
build 9 ! small isles ( lakes1 f> f !   
habitations ( man4 ,! ne/ is a foot & a 
half 9 diamet]2 & ! female1 if mole/$1 w
 remove h] eggs into ! wat] till ! cause
 ( annoyance is remov$1 & !n return !m  
to h] ne/ ( re$s & grass4 ,^! birds1    
?\gh liv+ pr9cipally ^u fi%1 (t5 build 9
 ! mid/ ( des]ts1 :]e t elem5t is r>ely 
to be f\nd4 ,!y are extremely dext]\s 9 
div+ = _! prey1 &1 aft] hav+ fill$ _!   
p\*1 w retire to "s rock1 & swall[ :at  
!y h tak5 at _! leisure4 ,!y are said to
 unite ) o!r birds 9 ! pursuit ( fi%4 ,!
 pelicans dive1 & drive ! fi% into !    
%all[s2 ! cormorants assi/ by flapp+ _! 
w+s on ! surface1 &1 =m+ a cresc5t1     
p]petually contract+1 !y at l5g?        
accompli% _! object1 & compel va/ numb]s
 into creeks & %all[s1 :]e !y gratify _!
 voracity ) p]fect ease1 & to ! mo/     
a/oni%+ excess4   ,ano!r curiosity is1  
,,! ,,bird ,,( ,,p>adise4--,9 natural   
hi/ory1 a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ,pic4   

,g5]ic "*3 bill cov]$ at ! base ) d[ny  
fea!rs2 no/rils cov]$ by ! fea!rs2 tail 
( t5 fea!rs1 two ( !m1 9 "s species1 v  
long2 legs & feet v l>ge & /rong4 ,^!   
birds *iefly inhabit ,nor? ,gu9ea1 :5ce 
!y emigrate 9 ! dry season to !         
neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,_! fea!rs are us$ 9 ^!
 c\ntries z ornam5ts = ! head-dress2 & !
 ,japanese1 ,*9ese1 & ,p]sians1 import  
!m = ! same purpose4 ,! ri* & great     
among ! latt] atta* ^! brilliant        
collections ( plumage1 n only to _! own 
turbans1 b to ! h\s+s & h>nesses ( _!   
horses4 ,!y are f\nd only )9 a few      
degrees ( ! equator4 ,gmel9 enum]ates   
twelve species1 & ,la?am eight4 ,p4     
apoda1 or ! great] ,p>adise bird1 is    
ab\t z l>ge z a ?ru%4 ,!y pass 9        
companies ( ?irty or =ty toge!r1 head$  
by "o ^: flight is high] ?an t ( ! re/4 
,!y are (t5 di/ress$ by means ( _! long 
fea!rs1 9 sudd5 %ift+s ( ! w9d1 & unable
 to proce$ 9 _! flight2 are easily tak5 
by ! natives1 :o cat* !m ) bird-lime1 & 
%oot !m ) blunt$ arr[s4 ,!y are sold at 

,aroo = an iron nail ea*1 & at ,b&a =   
half a rix-doll>4 ,_! food is n         
asc]ta9$1 & !y _c be kept alive 9       
conf9em5t4 ,! small] bird ( ,p>adise is 
suppos$1 by ,la?am1 to be a m]e v>iety (
 ! above4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ! ,papuan   
isl&s1 :]e x is caught by ! natives (t5 
by ! h&1 & ex5t]at$ & se>$ ) a hot iron 
9 ! inside1 & !n put into ! holl[ ( a   
bamboo1 to secure its plumage f injury4 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great               
,,bu/>d4--,page #bdc4  ,f\nd 9 ,europe1 
,asia1 & ,africa1 b 9 no "p ( ! ,new    
,_w4  ,illu/ration3 ,,o/ri*es ,,( ,,s\? 
,,africa--,page #bca4  ,!y are s fleet z
 easily to di/ance ! swifte/ horse4   ,!
 foll[+ acc\nt ( ! curiosities ( ,,!    
,,o/ri*1 is tak5 f ,li*t5/e9's ,travels 
9 ,s\? ,africa1 vol4 ,,ii4--,! habits ( 
! o/ri* are s rem>kable1 & h be5 s      
imp]fectly describ$ by travell]s 9      
g5]al1 t ,i _c =be> br++ toge!r "h all !
 k ,i acquir$ ^u ! subject1 bo? 9 ?is & 
subsequ5t j\rneys4 ,i h notic$1 on a =m]
 occasion1 a l>ge flock ( o/ri*es1 :i*  

we met 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,komb]g4 ,9 t 
c\ntry1 ! dr\ght & heat sometimes compel
 ^! gigantic birds to leave ! pla9s1 &  
!n !y pursue _! c\rse toge!r 9 l>ge     
flocks to ! heights1 :]e !y f9d !mselves
 m commodi\sly lodg$4 ,at ! "t ( sitt+1 
!re are seldom m ?an f\r or five se5    
toge!r1 ( :i* only "o is a cock1 ! re/  
are h5s4 ,^! h5s lay _! eggs all toge!r 
9 ! same ne/1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a r\nd  
cavity made 9 ! clay1 ( su* a size z to 
be cov]$ by "o ( ! birds1 :5 sitt+ ^u x4
 ,a sort ( wall is scrap$ up r\nd ) _!  
feet1 aga9/ :i* ! eggs 9 ! out]mo/      
circle re/4 ,e egg /&s ^u its po9t 9 !  
ne/1 t ! greate/ possible numb] may be  
/[$ )9 ! space4 ,:5 t5 or twelve eggs   
are laid1 !y beg9 to sit1 ! h5s tak+ _! 
turns1 & reliev+ ea* o!r dur+ ! day2 at 
night ! cock alone sits1 to gu>d ! eggs 
aga9/ ! jackals & wild cats1 :o w run   
almo/ any risk to procure !m4 ,great    
numb]s ( ^! small] bea/s ( prey h (t5   
be5 f\nd cru%$ to dea? ab\t ! ne/s2 a   
pro( t ! o/ri* does n fight ) !m1 b kn[s

 v well h[ to conqu] !m at once by h]   
own resi/less p[]2 = x is c]ta91 t a    
/roke ( h] l>ge foot trampl+ ^u !m1 is  
en\gh to cru% any su* animal4  ,! h5s   
cont9ue to lay dur+ ! "t !y are sitt+1 &
 t1 n only till ! ne/ is full1 :i*      
happ5s :5 ab\t ?irty eggs are laid1 b = 
"s "t aft]4 ,! eggs laid aft] ! ne/ is  
fill$ are deposit$ r\nd ab\t x1 & seem  
design$ by nature to satisfy ! crav+s ( 
! above-m5tion$ enemies1 s9ce !y v mu*  
pref] ! new-laid eggs to ^? :i* h be5   
brood$4 ,b !y seem also to h a m        
important designation1 t is1 to assi/ 9 
! n\ri%m5t ( ! "y birds4 ,^!1 :5 fir/   
hat*$1 are z l>ge z a common pullet1 &  
s9ce _! t5d] /oma*s _c dige/ ! h>d food 
eat5 by ! old ones1 ! sp>e eggs s]ve z  
_! fir/ n\ri%m5t4 ,! increase ( ! o/ri* 
race w\ld be incalculable1 _h !y n s _m 
enemies1 by :i* great numb]s ( ! "y are 
de/roy$ aft] !y quit ! ne/4  ,! o/ri* is
 a v prud5t1 w>y creature1 :i* is n     
easily ensn>$ 9 ! op5 field1 s9ce x sees
 to a v great di/ance1 & takes to flight

 ^u ! lea/ idea ( dang]4 ,= ?is reason !
 quaggas g5]ally atta* !mselves1 z x 7  
in/9ctively1 to a troop ( o/ri*es1 & fly
 ) !m1 )\t ! lea/ idea t !y are foll[$4 
,x5ophon relates1 t ! army ( ,cyrus met 
o/ri*es & wild asses toge!r1 9 ! pla9s (
 ,syria4  ,! o/ri*es are p>ticul>ly     
c>eful to conceal1 if possible1 ! places
 :]e _! ne/s are made4 ,!y nev] g       
directly to !m1 b run r\nd 9 a circle at
 a consid]able di/ance be=e !y attempt  
to approa* ! spot4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y    
always run directly up to ! spr+s :]e !y
 dr9k1 & ! impressions !y make on !     
gr\nd1 9 ! desolate places !y inhabit1  
are (t5 mi/ak5 = ! foot/eps ( m54 ,!    
females1 9 sitt+1 :5 !y are to relieve  
ea* o!r1 ei!r bo? remove a:ile to a     
di/ance f ! ne/1 or *ange s ha/ily1 t   
any "o :o might by *ance be spy+ ab\t1  
c\ld nev] see bo? at once4 ,9 ! day-"t1 
!y occasionally quit ! ne/ entirely1 &  
leave ! c>e ( w>m+ ! eggs to ! sun      
alone4 ,if at any "t !y f9d t ! place ( 
_! ne/ is discov]$1 t ei!r a man or a   

bea/ ( prey has be5 at x1 & has di/urb$ 
! arrangem5t ( ! eggs1 or tak5 any away1
 !y imm$iately de/roy ! ne/ !mselves1   
break all ! eggs to pieces1 & seek out  
"s o!r spot to make a new "o4 ,:5 !     
coloni/ !re=e f9ds a ne/1 he cont5ts    
himself ) tak+ "o or two ( ! sp>e eggs t
 are ly+ ne>1 obs]v+ c>efully to smoo?  
ov] any foot/eps :i* may h be5 made1 s t
 !y may n be p]ceiv$ by ! birds4 ,?us   
visits to ! ne/ may be (t5 repeat$1 & x 
may be conv]t$ into a /oreh\se ( v      
pleasant food1 :]e1 e two or ?ree days1 
z _m eggs may be procur$ z are want$ to 
regale ! :ole h\sehold4  ,an o/ri*'s egg
 weighs commonly ne> ?ree p\nds1 & is   
consid]$ z equal 9 its squ>e cont5ts to 
tw5ty-f\r h5's eggs4 ,! yolk has a v    
pleasant flav\r1 yet1 x mu/ be own$1 n !
 delicacy ( a h5's egg4 ,x is s n\ri%+ &
 s soon satisfies1 t no "o c eat a great
 deal at once4 ,f\r v hungry p]sons w\ld
 be requisite to eat a :ole o/ri*'s egg2
 & eight ,africans1 :o are us$ to s mu* 
h>d] liv+1 might make a meal ( x4 ,^!   

eggs w keep = a v long "t3 !y are (t5   
br\ght to ! ,cape ,t[n1 :]e !y are sold 
at ! price ( half a doll> ea*4  ,9 !    
summ] mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 &          
,septemb]1 ! greate/ numb] ( o/ri*es'   
ne/s are to be f\nd2 b ! fea!rs1 :i* are
 always scatt]$ ab\t ! ne/ at ! "t (    
sitt+1 are ( v little value4 ,i h1      
h[ev]1 at all times ( ! ye>1 f\nd ne/s )
 eggs t h be5 brood$3 ! contra/s ( !    
seasons be+ mu* less =cible 9 ?is "p ( !
 _w ?an 9 ,europe1 ! habits ( animals   
are consequ5tly mu* less fix$ & regul>4 
,! o/ri* sits f ?irty-six to =ty days   
be=e ! "y are hat*$4  ,x is well kn[n t 
! male alone furni%es ! beautiful :ite  
fea!rs :i* h = s long a "t be5 a        
fav\rite ornam5t 9 ! head-dress ( our   
,european ladies4 ,!y are pur*as$ f ! p 
:o collect !m1 = z high z ?ree or f\r   
%ill+s ea*2 !y are1 h[ev]1 giv5 at a l[]
 price1 9 ex*ange = ,european w>es &    
clo?+4 ,almo/ all ! coloni/s ^u ! bord]s
 h a little magaz9e ( ^! fea!rs laid by1
 & :5 !y w\ld make a fri5dly pres5t to a

 gue/1 x is g5]ally an o/ri*'s fea!r4   
,few ( !m are1 h[ev]1 prep>$ 9 su* a    
mann] z to be :olly fit = ! use ( !     
,european deal]s4 ,! female o/ri*es are 
entirely black1 or r1 9 _! y\?1 ( a v   
d>k gray1 b h no :ite fea!rs 9 ! tail4  
,9 e o!r respect1 ! col\r except$1 _!   
fea!rs are z good z ^? ( ! males4 ,x is 
v true1 z ,mr4 ,b>r[ says1 t small /ones
 are sometimes f\nd 9 ! o/ri*'s eggs2 x 
is n1 h[ev]1 v common2 &1 among all t ,i
 ev] saw op5$1 ,i nev] met ) "o4   ,we  
mu/ n omit to give "s acc\nt ( ,,!      
,,mock+-,,bird ,,( ,,am]ica4--,^? :o h n
 he>d ! mock+-bird1 c h no conception ( 
8 great sup]iority ( song3 he seems !   
m]ry&rew among birds1 & ! mo/ s]i\s &   
lab\r$ ef=ts ( ! be/ p]=m]s appe> to him
 only sport3 he p]=ms an antic dance to 
! s\nd ( 8 own music2 l jack-pudd+1 too1
 he seems to make game ( 8 audi5ce1 =   
(t51 :5 he has secur$ ! att5tion by !   
mo/ delightful w>bl+s1 he w /op sudd5ly1
 & surprise !m by ! quack ( a duck1 !   
hiss ( a goose1 ! mon/r\s note ( !      

:ip-poor-w1 or any o!r unexpect$ s\nd3  
he possesses also ! p[] ( a v5triloqui/1
 9 be+ able to deceive 8 he>]s z to !   
direction ( ! s\nd4 ,:5 he is n se51 &  
:ile 8 li/5]s are look+ = ! en*ant] on !
 ro( ( _! own h\ses1 he is p]haps play+ 
8 antic tricks on ! *imney-top ( "s h\se
 at a consid]able di/ance4 ,:51 h[ev]1  
!re are no spectators dur+ ! /illness ( 
night1 he lays aside 8 frolic1 & p\rs 8 
love-lab\r$ songs2 & surely1 if !re is  
fasc9ation 9 sweet s\nds1 x mu/ be 9 !  
song ( ?is delightful bird1 p]*$ on !   
*imney-top1 or on "s tree ne> to !      
dwell+ ( man4 ,he seems nev] to tire4   
,! next subject ( curiosity is ,,!      
,,social ,,grosbeak4--,?is bird inhabits
 ! int]ior c\ntry ( ! ,cape ( ,good     
,hope1 :]e x 0 discov]$ by ,mr4         
,pat]son4 ,^! birds live toge!r 9 l>ge  
societies1 & _! mode ( nidification is  
extremely uncommon4 ,!y build 9 a       
species ( mimosa1 :i* gr[s to an        
uncommon size1 & :i* !y seem to select =
 t purpose1 z well on acc\nt ( its ample

 head1 & ! great /r5g? ( its bran*es1   
calculat$ to admit & to support !       
ext5sive build+s :i* !y h to erect1 z = 
! tallness & smoo?ness ( its trunk1 :i* 
_! great enemies1 ! s]p5t tribe1 are    
unable to climb4  ,! me?od 9 :i* ! ne/s 
!mselves are fabricat$1 is highly       
curi\s4 ,9 ! "o describ$ by ,mr4        
,pat]son1 !re c\ld be no less a numb]   
7he says7 ?an f eight hundr$ to a ?\s&1 
resid+ "u ! same ro(4 ,he calls x a ro(1
 because x p]fectly resembles t ( a     
?at*$ h\se2 & ! ridge =ms an angle s    
acute & s smoo?1 project+ ov] ! entrance
 ( ! ne/ bel[1 t x is impossible = any  
reptile to approa* !m4 ,! indu/ry ( ^!  
birds is almo/ equal1 9 8 op9ion1 to t (
 ! bee3 ?r\gh\t ! day !y appe> to be    
busily employ$ 9 c>ry+ a f9e species (  
grass1 :i* is ! pr9cipal mat]ial !y     
employ = ! purpose ( erect+ ?is         
extraord9>y "w1 z well z = additions &  
repairs4--,?\gh my %ort /ay 9 ! c\ntry 0
 n suffici5t to satisfy me1 by ocul>    
pro(1 t !y add$ to _! ne/ z !y annually 

increas$ 9 numb]s1 /ill1 f ! _m trees   
:i* ,i h se5 borne d[n ) ! weight1 &    
o!rs :i* ,i h obs]v$ ) _! b\ghs         
completely cov]$ ov]1 x w\ld appe>1 t   
?is is really ! case2 :5 ! tree1 :i* is 
! support ( ?is arial city1 is oblig$ to
 give way to ! increase ( weight1 x is  
obvi\s !y are no long] protect$1 & are  
"u ! necessity ( build+ 9 o!r trees4    
,"o ( ^! des]t$ ne/s ,i _h ! curiosity  
to break d[n1 s z to in=m myself ( !    
int]nal /ructure ( x1 & f\nd x equally  
+5i\s ) t ( ! ext]nal4 ,!re _m          
entrances1 ea* ( :i* =ms a regul> /reet1
 ) ne/s on bo? sides1 at ab\t two in*es 
di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! grass ) :i* !y     
build1 is call$1 ! ,bo%man's grass2 & ,i
 believe ! se$ ( x to be _! pr9cipal    
food2 ?\gh1 on exam9+ _! ne/s1 ,i f\nd !
 w+s & legs ( diff]5t insects4 ,f e     
appe>ance1 ! ne/ :i* ,i dissect$ _h be5 
inhabit$ = _m ye>s2 & "s p>ts ( x 7 mu* 
m complete ?an o!rs3 ?is !re=e ,i       
conceive ne>ly to am\nt to a pro(1 t !  
animals add$ to x at diff]5t times1 z !y

 f\nd necess>y f ! increase ( ! family1 
or r ( ! nation or community4   ,,!     
,,b5gal ,,grosbeak4--,?is is an ,indian 
bird1 & is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,la?am4 
,?is little bird 7call$ bay1 9 ,h9du2   
b]b]a1 9 ,sanscrit2 bbi1 9 ! dialect (  
,b5gal2 cb1 9 ,p]sian2 & t5auwit1 9     
,arabic1 f its rem>kably p5d5t ne/7 is r
 l>g] ?an a sp>r[1 ) yell[ br[n plumage1
 a yell[i% head & feet1 a light col\r$  
brea/1 & a conic beak1 v ?ick 9         
proportion to 8 body4 ,?is bird is      
exce$+ly common 9 ,h9do/an2 he is       
a/oni%+ly s5sible1 fai?ful1 & docile1   
nev] volunt>ily des]t+ ! place :]e 8 "y 
7 hat*$1 b n av]se1 l mo/ o!r birds1 to 
! society ( mank9d1 & easily taught to  
p]* on ! h& ( 8 ma/]4 ,9 a /ate (       
nature1 he g5]ally builds 8 ne/ on !    
highe/ tree t he c f9d1 especially on ! 
palmyra1 or on ! ,indian fig-tree1 & he 
pref]s t :i* happ5s to ov]hang a well or
 rivulet3 he makes x ( grass1 :i* he    
weaves l clo?1 & %apes l a l>ge bottle1 
susp5d+ x firmly on ! bran*es1 b s z to 

rock ) ! w9d1 & plac+ x ) its entrance  
d[nw>ds1 to secure x f birds ( prey4 ,8 
ne/ usually consi/s ( two or ?ree       
*amb]s2 & x is ! popul> belief t he     
lights !m ) fire-flies1 :i* he cat*es   
alive at night1 & conf9es ) moi/ clay or
 c[-dung4 ,t su* flies are (t5 f\nd 9 8 
ne/1 :]e pieces ( c[-dung are also /uck1
 is indubitable3 b z _! light c\ld be ( 
little use to him1 x seems probable t he
 only fe$s on !m4 ,he may be taught )   
ease to fet* any small ?+ t 8 ma/] po9ts
 out to him3 x is an atte/$ fact1 t if a
 r+ be dropp$ into a deep well1 & a     
signal be giv5 to him1 he w fly d[n )   
amaz+ cel]ity1 cat* ! r+ be=e x t\*es ! 
wat]1 & br+ x up ) app>5t exultation2 & 
x is ass]t$1 t if a h\se or any o!r     
place be %ewn to him once or twice1 he w
 c>ry a note ?i!r imm$iately on a prop] 
signal4  ,"o in/ance ( 8 docility1 ,i c 
myself m5tion ) confid5ce1 hav+ (t5 be5 
an eye-witness ( x4 ,! "y ,h9doo wom5 at
 ,b5>es1 & 9 o!r places1 we> v ?9 plates
 ( gold1 call$ ticas1 slightly fix$ by  

way ( ornam5t betwe5 _! eye-br[s2 & :5  
!y pass ?r\gh ! /reets1 x is n uncommon 
= ! y\?ful lib]t9es1 :o amuse !mselves )
 tra9+ bayas1 to give !m a signal1 :i*  
!y und]/&1 & s5d !m to pluck ! pieces ( 
gold f ! =eheads ( _! mi/resses1 :i* !y 
br+ 9 triumph to ! lov]s4 ,! baya fe$s  
naturally on gras%opp]s & o!r insects1 b
 w subsi/1 :5 tame1 on pulse mac]at$ 9  
wat]3 8 fle% is w>m & dry+1 & easy (    
dige/ion4 ,! female lays _m beautiful   
eggs1 resembl+ l>ge pe>ls2 ! :ite ( !m1 
:5 boil$1 is transp>5t1 & ! flav\r is   
exquisitely delicate4 ,:5 _m bayas are  
assembl$ on a high tree1 !y make a      
lively d91 b x is r *irp+ ?an s++2 _!   
want ( musical tal5ts is1 h[ev]1 amply  
suppli$ by _! wond]ful sagacity1 9 :i*  
!y are n excell$ by any fea!r$          
inhabitant ( ! =e/4   ,ano!r subject (  
ackn[l$g$ curiosity is1 ,,! ,,humm+     
,,bird4--,!re are sixty species enum]at$
 by ,la?am1 & ,gmel9 has sixty-five4 ,! 
birds ( ?is g5us are ! smalle/ ( all    
birds4 ,^! dim9utive creatures subsi/ on

 ! juices ( fl[]s1 :i* !y extract1 l    
bees1 :ile on ! w+1 flutt]+ ov] _!      
delicate repa/1 & mak+ a consid]able    
humm+ s\nd1 f :i* !y d]ive _!           
designation4 ,!y are greg>i\s1 & build  
_! ne/s ) great neatness & elegance1 l9+
 !m ) ! s(te/ mat]ials !y c possibly    
procure4  ,! r$-?roat$ humm+-bird is r m
 ?an ?ree in*es long1 & is frequ5t 9    
v>i\s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,its plumage
 is highly spl5did & v>y+2 x extracts ! 
nect> ( fl[]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( a long   
tube1 l ! convolvulus or tulip4 ,!y w   
suff] !mselves to be approa*$ v ne>1 b  
on obs]v+ an ef=t to seize !m1 d>t (f ) 
! rapidity ( an arr[4 ,a fl[] is        
frequ5tly ! subject ( bitt] conflict    
betwe5 two ( ^! birds2 !y w (t5 ent] an 
op5 w9d[1 &1 aft] a %ort conte/1 retire4
 ,!y sometimes so> p]p5dicul>ly to a    
consid]able height1 ) a viol5t scream4  
,if a fl[] :i* !y ent] furni%es !m ) no 
supply1 !y pluck x1 z x 7 9 puni%m5t &  
rev5ge1 f its /alk4 ,!y h be5 kept alive
 9 cages = sev]al weeks1 b soon p]i% =  

want ( ! usual food1 = :i* no adequate  
sub/itute has yet be5 f\nd4 ,la?am1     
h[ev]1 m5tions a curi\s circum/ance ( _!
 be+ pres]v$ alive by ,capta9 ,davies = 
f\r mon?s1 by ! exp$i5t ( imitat+ tubul>
 fl[]s ) pap] appropriately pa9t$1 &    
fill+ ! bottom ( ! tubes ) sug> & wat] z
 (t5 z !y 7 empti$4 ,!y !n took _!      
n\ri%m5t 9 ! same mann] z :5 unconf9$1 &
 soon appe>$ famili>iz$ & happy4 ,!y    
build on ! middle ( ! bran* ( a tree1 & 
lay two eggs 9 an extremely small &     
admirably con/ruct$ ne/4  ,! smalle/ (  
all ! species is said1 :5 j kill$1 to   
weigh no m ?an tw5ty gra9s4 ,its total  
l5g? is an in* & a qu>t]4 ,x is f\nd 9 !
 ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is      
exce$$ bo? 9 weight & magnitude by      
sev]al species ( bees4   ,we %all close 
?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,,! ,,gold5     
,,eagle4--,?is bird weighs above twelve 
p\nds1 & is ab\t ?ree feet long1 ! w+s1 
:5 ext5d$1 measur+ sev5 feet f\r in*es4 
,! sight & s5se ( smell+ are v acute2 ! 
head & neck are clo!d ) n>r[1 %>p-po9t$ 

fea!rs1 ( a deep br[n col\r1 bord]$ )   
tawny2 ! h9d "p ( ! head is ( bright ru/
 col\r4 ,^! birds are v de/ructive to   
fawns1 lambs1 kids1 & all k9ds ( game1  
p>ticul>ly 9 ! bre$+ season1 :5 !y br+ a
 va/ quantity ( prey to _! "y4 ,smi?1 9 
8 ,hi/ory ( ,k]ry1 relates1 t a poor man
 9 t c\ntry got a com=table subsi/5ce = 
8 family1 dur+ a summ] ( fam9e1 out ( an
 eagle's ne/1 by robb+ ! eaglets ( !    
food ! old ones br\ght1 ^: att5dance he 
protract$ beyond ! natural "t1 by clipp+
 ! w+s & ret>d+ ! flight ( ! =m]4 ,x is 
v unsafe to leave infants 9 places :]e  
eagles frequ5t2 !re hav+ be5 in/ances 9 
,scotl& ( two be+ c>ri$ (f by !m2 b1    
=tunately1 ! !fts 7 discov]$ 9 "t1 & !  
*ildr5 7 re/or$ unhurt out ( ! eagles'  
ne/s4 ,9 ord] to extirpate ^! p]nici\s  
birds1 !re is a law 9 ! ,orkney isles1  
:i* entitles e p]son t kills an eagle to
 a h5 out ( e h\se 9 ! p>i% :]e x 0     
kill$4 ,eagles seem to give ! pref]5ce  
to ! c>cases ( dogs & cats4 ,p :o make x
 _! bus9ess to kill ^? birds1 lay "o (  

^! c>cases by way ( bait2 & !n conceal  
!mselves )9 gun-%ot4 ,!y fire ! in/ant !
 eagle alights2 = %e t mom5t looks ab\t 
be=e %e beg9s to prey4 ,yet1 quick z h] 
sight may be1 h] s5se ( he>+ seems /ill 
m exquisite4 ,if hood$ cr[s or rav5s    
happ5 to be ne>] ! c>rion1 & resort to x
 fir/1 & give a s+le croak1 ! eagle     
in/antly repairs to ! spot4 ,^! eagles  
are rem>kable = _! longevity1 & = su/a9+
 a long ab/95ce f food4 ,mr4 ,keysl]    
relates1 t an eagle di$ at ,vi5na aft] a
 conf9em5t ( #ajd ye>s4 ,?is pre-em95t  
l5g? ( days is allud$ to by ! ,psalmi/1 
,?y y\? is r5ew$ l ! eagle's4  ,"o ( ?is
 species1 :i* 0 n9e ye>s 9 ! possession 
( ,ow5 ,holl&1 ,esq4 ( ,conway1 liv$    
?irty-two ye>s ) ! g5tleman :o made him 
a pres5t ( x2 b :at its age 01 :5 !     
latt] receiv$ x f ,irel&1 is unkn[n4 ,! 
same bird also furni%es u ) a pro( ( !  
tru? ( ! o!r rem>k2 hav+ once1 ?r\gh !  
neglect ( s]vants1 endur$ hung] =       
tw5ty-"o days )\t any su/5ance :atev]4  
,"h x is prop] to take notice ( a v     

s+ul> v>iety ( ! ,gold5 ,eagle1 describ$
 by ,mr4 ,bruce1 9 8 ,travels 9         
,abyss9ia2 =1 :e!r x prop]ly belongs to 
?is species or n1 we d n f9d t x has    
be51 z yet1 ei!r arrang$ "u any o!r1 or 
rank$ z a diff]5t g5us1 7:i* inde$ x    
appe>s to be17 by ,mr4 ,k]r1 or any o!r 
orni?ologi/4 ,mr4 ,bruce says1 x is n   
only ! l>ge/ ( ! eagle k9d1 b ! l>ge/   
bird t flies4 ,by ! natives x is vulg>ly
 call$ abon du*em1 or1 fa!r long-be>d4  
,x is n an object ( any *ase1 nor /&s 9 
ne$ ( any /ratagem to br+ x )9 rea*4 ,^u
 ! highe/ top ( m\nt ,lamalmon1 :ile    
,mr4 ,bruce's s]vants 7 refre%+ !mselves
 aft] _! toilsome asc5t1 & enjoy+ !     
pleasure ( a mo/ delightful climate1    
eat+ _! d9n] 9 ! op5 air1 ) sev]al l>ge 
di%es ( boil$ goat's fle% be=e !m1 ?is  
eagle sudd5ly made its appe>ance2 he did
 n /oop rapidly f a height1 b came fly+ 
sl[ly along ! gr\nd1 & sat d[n close to 
! meat1 )9 ! r+ ! m5 _h made ar\nd x4 ,a
 great %\t1 or r cry ( di/ress1 :i* !y  
rais$1 made ! bird /& = a m9ute z if to 

recollect himself2 b :ile ! s]vants ran 
= _! lances & %ields1 8 att5tion 0 fully
 fix$ ^u ! fle%4 ,he put 8 foot into !  
pan1 :]e 0 a l>ge piece 9 wat] ne>ly    
boil+2 b feel+ ! sm>t1 he )drew x1 &    
=sook ! piece :i* he held4 ,!re 7 two   
l>ge pieces1 a leg & a %\ld]1 ly+ on a  
wood5 platt]3 into ^! he /ruck 8 claws1 
& c>ri$ !m (f1 skimm+ sl[ly along !     
gr\nd1 z he _h come1 till he disappe>$  
beh9d a cliff4 ,b be+ obs]v$1 at 8      
dep>ture1 to look wi/fully at ! l>ge    
piece :i* rema9$ 9 ! w>m wat]1 x 0      
conclud$ t he w\ld soon return2 9       
expectation ( :i*1 ,mr4 ,bruce load$ a  
rifle gun ) ball1 & sat d[n close to !  
platt] by ! meat4 ,x 0 n _m m9utes be=e 
he came2 & a prodigi\s %\t 0 rais$ by ! 
att5dants1 ,he is com+1 he is com+6     
en\gh to h disc\rag$ a less c\rage\s    
animal4 ,:e!r he 0 n q s hungry z at 8  
fir/ visit1 or suspect+ some?+ f ,mr4   
,bruce's appe>ance1 he made a small     
turn1 & sat d[n ab\t t5 y>ds f him1 !   
pan ) ! meat be+ betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is      

situation ,mr4 ,bruce fir$1 & %ot him ) 
! ball ?r\gh ! middle ( 8 body1 ab\t two
 in*es bel[ ! w+1 s t he lay d[n ^u !   
grass )\t a s+le flutt]4 ,^u lay+ hold (
 8 mon/r\s c>case1 our au?or 0 n a      
little surpris$ at see+ 8 h&s cov]$ &   
t+$ ) yell[ du/4 ,^u turn+ him ^u 8     
belly1 & exam9+ ! fea!rs ( 8 back1 !y   
produc$ a br[n du/1 ! col\r ( ! fea!rs  
!re4 ,! du/ 0 n 9 small quantities1 =1  
^u /rik+ 8 brea/1 ! yell[ p[d] flew 9 a 
great] quantity ?an f a hair-dress]'s   
p[d]-puff4 ,! fea!rs ( ! belly & brea/1 
:i* 7 ( a gold col\r1 did n appe> to h  
any ?+ extraord9>y 9 _! =mation1 b !    
l>ge fea!rs 9 ! %\ld]s & w+s seem$      
app>5tly to be f9e tubes1 :i*1 ^u       
pressure1 scatt]$ ! br[n du/ ^u ! f9] "p
 ( ! fea!rs4 ,^u ! side ( ! w+1 ! ribs1 
or h>d "p ( ! fea!r1 seem$ to be b>e1 z 
if worn1 or1 9 our au?or's op9ion1 7 r  
r5ew+ !mselves1 hav+ be=e fail$ 9 _!    
function4 ,:at ! reason is ( ?is        
extraord9>y provision ( nature1 ,mr4    
,bruce does n attempt to det]m9e4 ,b z x

 is an unusual "o1 x is probably meant1 
he ?9ks1 = a def5ce aga9/ ! climate 9   
fav\r ( ^? birds1 :i* live 9 ^? almo/   
inaccessible heights ( a c\ntry1 doom$  
ev5 9 its l[] p>ts to sev]al mon?s' (   
excessive ra94  ,?is bird1 f w+ to w+1 0
 eight feet f\r in*es2 & f ! tip ( 8    
tail to ! po9t ( 8 beak1 f\r feet sev5  
in*es4 ,he 0 rem>kably %ort 9 ! legs1   
be+ only f\r in*es f ! foot to !        
junction ( ! leg ) ! ?igh2 & f t to !   
body six in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( 8 ?igh 0  
little less ?an f\r in*es2 x 0 extremely
 muscul>1 & cov]$ ) fle%4 ,8 middle claw
 0 ab\t two in*es & a half long1 n v %>p
 at ! po9t1 b extremely /rong4 ,f ! root
 ( ! bill to ! po9t 0 ?ree in*es & a    
qu>t]1 & "o in* & ?ree-qu>t]s 9 bread?  
at ! root4 ,a =k$ bru% ( /rong hair1    
divid$ at ! po9t into two1 proce$$ f !  
cavity ( 8 l[] jaw at ! beg9n+ ( 8      
?roat4 ,8 eye 0 rem>kably small 9       
proportion to 8 bulk1 ! ap]ture be+     
sc>cely half an in*4 ,! cr[n ( 8 head1 &
 ! front1 :]e ! bill & skull jo9$1 7    

bald4     ,,*ap4 ,,xx4  ,,curiosities   
,,respect+ ,,birds4--7,cont9u$47      ,!
 ,cuckoo--,! ,cormorant--,! ,great      
,bu/>d--,! ,al>m-,bird--,!     ,c>ri]1  
or ,c\ri]1 ,pigeon--,! ,wild ,pigeon1   
its multiply+     ,p[]--,s+ul> ,bird1   
inhabit+ a ,volcano 9                   
,guadal\pe--,curi\s     ,adv5ture ( an  
,owl--,curi\s ,facts 9 ,natural         
,hi/ory--,! ,*ick 9     ! ,egg4   ,,!   
,,cuckoo4--,we %all introduce ?is curi\s
 bird1 ) ! foll[+ well-kn[n beautiful   
piece ( poetry3--    ,hail1 beaute\s    
/rang] ( ! wood1     ,att5dant on !     
spr+6   ,n[ heav'n repairs ?y rural     
seat1     ,& woods ?y welcome s+4       
,soon z ! daisy decks ! gre51     ,?y   
c]ta9 voice we he>3   ,ha/ ?\ a /> to   
guide ?y pa?1     ,or m>k ! roll+ ye>8  
,delightful visitant6 ) !e     ,i hail !
 "t ( fl['rs1   ,:5 heav5 is fill'd )   
music sweet     ,( birds among ! b['rs4 
,! s*ool-boy1 w&'r+ 9 ! wood1     ,to   
pull ! fl['rs s gay1   ,/>ts1 ?y curi\s 
voice to he>1     ,& imitates ?y lay4   

,soon z ! pea puts on ! bloom1     ,?\  
fly'/ ?y vocal vale1   ,an annual gue/1 
9 o!r l&s1     ,ano!r spr+ to hail4     
,sweet bird6 ?y b['r is ev] gre51       
,?y sky is ev] cle>2   ,?\ ha/ no sorr[ 
9 ?y song1     ,no w9t] 9 ?y ye>6    ,o 
c\ld ,i fly1 ,i'd fly ) !e2     ,we'd   
make1 ) social w+   ,our annual visit   
o'er ! globe1     ,companions ( ! spr+4 
,?is bird is describ$1 9 natural hi/ory1
 z a g5us ( ! ord] ( ,pic4 ,g5]ic "*3   
bill smoo?1 some:at b5d+ & weak2 no/rils
 surr\nd$ by a small rim2 tongue %ort & 
arr[$2 toes1 two =w>d & two backw>d2    
tail w$ge-=m$1 ( t5 s(t fea!rs4 ,gmel9  
enum]ates fifty-five species1 & ,la?am  
=ty-six4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ g5]al      
*>act]i/ics ( ! ,cuckoo3--  ,?is bird is
 ab\t f\rte5 in*es long4 ,x is f\nd 9   
,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,its food    
consi/s ( insects & ! l>v ( mo?s1 b :5  
dome/icat$1 :i* x may be )\t mu*        
difficulty1 x w eat bread1 fruits1 eggs1
 & ev5 fle%4 ,:5 fatt5$1 x is said to be
 excell5t = ! table4 ,x is 9 ?is c\ntry 

a bird ( passage1 appe>+ fir/ ab\t !    
middle ( ,april1 & *e]+ ! vic9ity ( its 
habitation ) t well-kn[n note1 ) :i* s  
_m exquisite ideas & feel+s are         
associat$4 ,?is note is us$ only by !   
male bird1 & ?is is ! intimation ( love4
 ,x has be5 he>d1 7?\gh v r>ely17 l !   
song ( ! night+ale1 9 ! middle ( !      
night4 ,ab\t ! close ( ,june ?is note   
ceases1 b ! cuckoo rema9s 9 ,engl& till 
t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,x is imag9$   
sometimes to cont9ue 9 ! c\ntry = ! :ole
 ( ! ye>1 z x has occasionally be5 se5  
"h s e>ly z ,febru>y4 ,cuckoos are      
suppos$ to w9t] 9 ,africa1 z !y are se5 
twice a ye> 9 ! isl& ( ,malta4  ,) !    
hi/ory ( ^! birds h be5 bl5d$ mu* fable 
& sup]/ition2 _! mann]s1 h[ev]1 are     
unque/ionably v curi\s2 & fable 9 ?is1 z
 9 _m o!r cases1 is 9 a great degree    
connect$ ) fact4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally 
agre$ by naturali/s1 t ! cuckoo does n  
hat* its own eggs1 b deposits !m 9 ! ne/
 ( "s o!r bird4 ,buffon m5tions ! names 
( tw5ty birds1 or m1 on :i* ! cuckoo    

passes ?is fraud4 ,^? mo/ frequ5tly dup$
 by x1 h[ev]1 9 ?is mann]1 are !        
yell[-hamm]1 ! wat]-wagtail1 & !        
h$ge-sp>r[2 & ( ^! ?ree1 by f> m ?an !  
o!r two1 ! h$ge-sp>r[4 ,! mo/ m9ute &   
att5tive exam9] into ?is extraord9>y    
peculi>ity1 is ,mr4 ,edw>d ,j5n]2 f ^:  
obs]vations on ?is int]e/+ subject we   
%all select a few ( ! mo/ important4    
,he /ates1 t ! h$ge-sp>r[ is g5]ally f\r
 or five days 9 complet+ h] numb] (     
eggs1 dur+ :i* "t ! cuckoo f9ds an      
opportunity ( introduc+ "o ( its own    
into ! ne/1 leav+ ! future managem5t ( x
 to ! h$ge-sp>r[2 & t1 ?\gh x frequ5tly 
occurs t ! latt] is mu* discompos$ by   
?is intrusion1 & sev]al ( ! eggs are    
injur$ by h]1 & oblig$ to be remov$ f ! 
ne/1 yet ! egg ( ! cuckoo is nev] ( ?is 
numb]4 ,:5 ! usual "t ( incubation is   
complet$1 & ! "y sp>r[s & cuckoo are    
dis5gag$ f ! eggs1 ! =m] are eject$ f ! 
ne/1 & ! /rang] obta9s exclusive        
possession4 ,a ne/1 built 9 a situation 
extremely conv5i5t = m9ute obs]vation1  

fell "u ! p>ticul> exam9ation ( ?is     
g5tleman1 & 0 f\nd on ! fir/ day to     
conta9 a cuckoo's & ?ree h$ge-sp>r[s'   
eggs4 ,on ! day foll[+1 he obs]v$ a "y  
cuckoo & a h$ge-sp>r[1 & z he c\ld      
di/9ctly p]ceive e ?+ pass+1 he 0       
resolv$ to wat* ! ev5ts :i* might take  
place4 ,he soon1 ) extreme surprise1 saw
 ! "y cuckoo1 hat*$ only ! day be=e1    
ex]t+ itself ) its rump & w+s to take ! 
"y sp>r[ on its back1 :i* x actually    
accompli%$1 & !n climb$ backw>ds ) its  
burd5 to ! v]ge ( ! ne/1 f :i*1 ) a     
sudd5 j]k1 x cle>ly ?rew (f its load2   
aft] :i* x dropp$ back into ! ne/1 hav+ 
fir/1 h[ev]1 felt ab\t ) ! extremities (
 its w+s1 z if to asc]ta9 :e!r !        
cle>ance 7 completely effect$4 ,sev]al  
eggs 7 aft]w>ds put 9 to ! "y usurp]1   
:i* 7 all simil>ly dispos$ (4--,he      
obs]ves1 t 9 ano!r in/ance1 two cuckoos 
& a h$ge-sp>r[ 7 hat*$ 9 ! same ne/1 &  
"o h$ge-sp>r['s egg rema9$ unhat*$4 ,)9 
a few h\rs1 a conflict began betwe5 !   
two cuckoos = ! possession ( ! ne/1 :i* 

0 conduct$ ) extreme _s & vig\r1 & 9 :i*
 ea* appe>$ occasionally to h !         
advantage1 lift+ its adv]s>y to ! v br9k
 ( ! ne/1 & !n1 f exhau/ion ( /r5g?1    
s9k+ ) x aga9 to ! bottom4 ,^!          
vicissitudes ( success 7 repeat$ &      
reit]at$2 b t[>ds ! close ( ! foll[+    
day1 ! conte/ 0 decid$ by "o ( !m1 :i* 0
 r ! l>g] ( ! two1 completely expell+ 8 
rival2 aft] :i*1 ! egg & ! "y h$ge-sp>r[
 7 dislodg$ ) extreme facility4 ,!      
infant conqu]or 0 br\ght up by ! /ep-"m 
) ! mo/ assidu\s affection4 ,! sagacity 
( ! female cuckoo appe>s n              
inconsid]able1 9 h] introduc+ h] egg    
into ! ne/s ( birds ^: "y are inf]ior 9 
size & /r5g? to ! "y cuckoo1 & :i* !    
latt] is consequ5tly able to exclude )\t
 difficulty f its usurp$ dom9ions4   ,we
 %all n[ call ! read]'s att5tion to ,,! 
,,cormorant4--,?is bird1 :i* is ne>ly z 
l>ge z a goose1 is f\nd 9 _m places bo? 
( ! old & ! new _w2 x is to be met ) 9 !
 nor!rn p>ts ( ?is isl&1 & "o ( !m1 n v 
long s9ce1 0 %ot :ile p]*$ on ! ca/le ( 

,c>lisle4 ,^! birds are %y & crafty1 b  
frequ5tly eat to s great an excess1 z to
 induce a species ( le?>gy1 9 :i* !y are
 caught by nets ?r[n ov] !m )\t _! mak+ 
an ef=t to escape4 ,!y are tra9$ by !   
,*9ese to fi% = !m4 ,by a r+ plac$ r\nd 
_! necks1 !y are prev5t$ f swall[+ :at  
!y take1 &1 :5 _! p\*es are fill$1 !y   
unload !m1 & at ! comm& ( _! own]s1 r5ew
 _! div+s4 ,two w sometimes be se5      
comb9+ _! ef=ts to secure a fi% too l>ge
 = ! managem5t ( "o only4 ,:5 _! "w is  
f9i%$ to ! employ]'s satisfaction1 !    
birds h a full allotm5t ( ! spoil1 = _! 
rew>d & enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ,macao1 also1 ^!
 birds are ?us dome/icat$1 tak+ extreme 
delight 9 ! ex]cise1 & con/itut+ a s\rce
 ( v consid]able pr(it to _! own]s4 ,!y 
7 =m]ly tra9$1 & us$ 9 ! same mann] 9   
,engl&2 & ,*>les ,i4 _h an (fic] ( 8    
h\sehold1 call$ ma/] ( ! cormorants4    
,! next curiosity among birds :i* we    
%all introduce1 is1 ,,! ,,great         
,,bu/>d4--,?is bird is f\nd 9 ! pla9s ( 
,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 b x has nev] 

be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,9 ,engl&1
 x is occasionally met ) on ,salisbury  
,pla91 & on ! wolds ( ,york%ire1 & =m]ly
 x 0 n uncommonly se5 9 flocks ( =ty or 
fifty4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ,briti% l& birds1
 weigh+ (t5 tw5ty-five or ?irty p\nds4  
,x runs ) great rapidity1 s z to escape 
! pursuit ( common dogs1 b falls spe$ily
 a victim to ! greyh\nd1 :i* (t5        
ov]takes x be=e x has p[] to comm5ce its
 flight1 ! prep>ation = :i*1 9 ?is bird1
 is sl[ & labori\s4 ,! female lays h]   
eggs on ! b>e gr\nd1 nev] m ?an two 9   
numb]1 9 a hole scrat*$ by h] = !       
purpose1 & if ^! are t\*$ or soil$ dur+ 
h] occasional abs5ce1 %e imm$iately     
ab&ons !m4 ,! male is di/+ui%$ by a l>ge
 p\*1 beg9n+ "u ! tongue1 & rea*+ to !  
brea/1 capable ( hold+1 accord+ to      
,l9nu1 sev5 qu>ts ( wat]4 ,?is is       
sometimes useful to ! female dur+       
incubation1 & to ! "y be=e !y quit _!   
ne/2 & x has be5 obs]v$ to be em95tly   
advantage\s to ! male bird himself1 :o1 
on be+ attack$ by birds ( prey1 has (t5 

discomfit$ 8 enemies by ! sudd5 & viol5t
 dis*>ge ( wat] ^u !m4 ,^! birds are    
solit>y & %y1 & fe$ pr9cipally ^u       
grasses1 worms1 & gra94 ,!y 7 =m]ly mu* 
hunt$ ) dogs1 & consid]$ z supply+ no   
un9t]e/+ div]sion4 ,!y swall[ /ones1    
pieces ( metal1 & o!r h>d sub/ances4    
,buffon /ates1 t "o 0 op5$ by !         
academicians ( ,france1 :i* conta9$ 9   
its /oma* n9ety d\bloons1 & v>i\s /ones1
 all highly smoo!d by ! attrition ( !   
/oma*4   ,! foll[+ des]ves to be rank$  
among ! curiosities ( ! fea!r$ tribe2   
,,! ,,al>m-,,bird4--,ne> ! ,copp]m9e    
,riv]1 :i* falls into ,hudson's ,bay1   
live a tribe ( ,indians1 :o trav]se !   
imm5se & dre>y solitudes t surr\nd !m1 9
 pursuit ( de] or o!r game1 f :i* !y    
d]ive _! only subsi/5ce4 ,! animals1    
h[ev]1 taught by exp]i5ce to %un !      
haunts ( m51 & in/9ctively l$ to conceal
 !mselves 9 ! mo/ seque/]$ spots1 w\ld )
 difficulty be discov]$1 7 x n = "o ( ! 
w+$ tribe ( ! owl g5us1 call$ !         
al>m-bird4  ,no soon] does ?is bird     

descry man or bea/1 ?an x directs its   
flight t[>ds !m1 &1 hov]+ ov] !m1 =ms   
gyrations r\nd _! head4 ,%\ld two       
objects at once arre/ its att5tion1 x   
flies f "o to ! o!r alt]nately1 ) a l\d 
scream+1 resembl+ ! cry+ ( a *ild2 & 9  
?is mann] x w foll[ travell]s1 or att5d 
a h]d ( de]1 = ! space ( a day4  ,by    
means ( ?is guide1 ^: qualities s well  
correspond ) its "n1 ! ,copp] ,indians  
are appris$ ( ! approa* ( /rang]s1 or   
direct$ to ! h]ds ( de] & musk-ox51 :i* 
o!rwise !y w\ld frequ5tly miss4 ,is x to
 be wond]$ at1 !n1 t !y hold ! al>m-bird
 9 ! highe/ v5]ation8 ,x seems1 inde$1  
to h be5 int5d$ by ,provid5ce = ! solace
 & fri5d ( ! mis]able inhabitants ( ^?  
wild & /]ile regions2 & w furni% a new  
evid5ce ( t sup]9t5d+ c>e :i* wat*es ov]
 all4  ,! ,cuculus ,indicator1 s        
celebrat$ 9 ! w>m] climates = detect+ ! 
treasures ( ! bees1 9 ! deep recesses ( 
! woods1 )9 ! holl[ trunks ( trees1 has1
 or may be ?\ght to h1 a view & an      
object 9 its s]vices4 ,x feels ! want ( 

human assi/ance1 to enable x to enjoy ! 
fruits ( its discov]ies1 & !re=e        
in/9ctively calls = x1 9 hopes ( be+    
recomp5s$ ) a %>e ( ! honey1 :i*1 we are
 told1 ! natives readily all[ x2 b !    
al>m-bird appe>s p]fectly dis9t]e/$ 9   
its lab\rs1 x answ]s no purpose ( its   
own1 & !re=e may be consid]$ z "o ( !   
b\nties ( ,heav51 to a p & a c\ntry     
almo/ %ut out f ! p>ticipation ( !      
common bless+s ( life4 ,x conf]s b5efits
 )\t ! prospect ( a rew>d2 &1 = ?is     
reason1 is entitl$ to ! great] reg>d4   
,to contemplate ! v>i\s animals t are   
disp]s$ ov] ! globe1 & ! v>i\s bless+s &
 advantages ( diff]5t climates1 w       
naturally lead u to ! ,s\rce & ,disp5s] 
( all2 & ?\gh "s p>ts ( ! works (       
,creation are m conspicu\sly b5eficial1 
& _c escape ! mo/ common obs]v]1 yet we 
may1 f analogy & reason1 conceive t no?+
 0 made 9 va94   ,a subject ( great     
curiosity1 & pleas+ admiration1 is1 ,,! 
,,c>ri]1 or1 ,,c\ri] ,,pigeon4--,^!     
birds1 ?\gh c>ri$1 hoodw9k$1 tw5ty1     

?irty1 or ev5 a hundr$ miles1 w f9d _!  
way 9 a v little "t to ! place :]e !y 7 
br$4 ,!y are tra9$ to ?is s]vice 9      
,turkey & ,p]sia2 & are c>ri$ fir/1 :ile
 "y1 %ort flights ( half a mile1        
aft]w>ds m1 till at l5g? !y w return f !
 f>!/ "p ( ! k+dom4 ,e ba%aw has a      
basket ( ^! pigeons br$ 9 ! s]aglio1 :i*
 f a di/ance1 ^u any em]g5t occasion1 7z
 an insurrection1 or ! l17 he dispat*es1
 ) lett]s brac$ "u _! w+s1 to ! s]aglio2
 :i* proves a m spe$y me?od1 z well z a 
m safe "o1 ?an any o!r3 he s5ds out m   
?an "o pigeon1 h[ev]1 = fe> ( accid5ts4 
,li?g[ assures u1 t "o ( ^! birds w c>ry
 a lett] f ,babylon to ,aleppo1 :i* is  
?irty days' j\rney1 9 =ty-eight h\rs4   
,?is practice is v anci5t3 ,hirtius &   
,brutus1 at ! siege ( ,mod5a1 held a    
correspond5ce by pigeons2 & ,ovid tells 
u1 t ,tauro/h5es1 by a pigeon /a9$ )    
purple1 gave notice to 8 fa!r ( 8       
victory at ! ,olympic games1 s5d+ x to  
him at g9a4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! mo/ not$ 7
 ! pigeons ( ,aleppo1 :i* s]v$ z c\ri]s 

at ,alex&retta & ,bagdad4 ,b ?is use (  
!m has be5 laid aside = ! la/ ?irty or  
=ty ye>s1 because ! ,curd robb]s kill$ !
 pigeons4 ,! mann] ( s5d+ advice by !m1 
0 ?is3 !y took pairs :i* _h "y ones1 &  
c>ri$ !m on horseback to ! place :5ce !y
 wi%$ !m to return1 tak+ c>e to let !m h
 a full view4 ,:5 ! news arriv$1 !      
correspond5t ti$ a billet to ! pigeon's 
foot1 & let h] loose4 ,! bird1 impati5t 
to see its "y1 flew (f l lightn+1 &     
arriv$ at ,aleppo 9 t5 h\rs f           
,alex&retta1 & 9 two days f ,bagdad4 ,x 
0 easy = !m to f9d _! way back1 z       
,aleppo may be discov]$ at an imm5se    
di/ance4 ,?is pigeon has no?+ peculi> 9 
its =m1 except its no/rils1 :i*1 in/ead 
( be+ smoo? & ev51 are swell$ & r\gh4   
,x is presum$ x w n be out ( place to   
ins]t ! foll[+ curi\s p>ticul>s respect+
 ! ,,multiply+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,wild     
,,pigeon4--,! foll[+ acc\nt is extract$ 
f ,janson's ,/rang] 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4     
,ri*>d ,haz51 a l&-surveyor1 :o1 9      
#agda1 drew ! l9e :i* divides           

,massa*usetts f ,v]mont1 gives an       
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! multiply+ p[] (      
nature 9 ! wild pigeon3 ,= ?ree miles   
toge!r1 7says he17 ! pigeons' ne/s 7 s  
?ick1 t five hundr$ might be reckon$ on 
bee*-trees at "o "t1 &1 c\ld !y h be5   
c\nt$ on ! hemlocks z well1 he did n    
d\bt t five ?\s& might be se5 at "o turn
 r\nd4 ,tw5ty-five ne/s 7 frequ5tly f\nd
 9 "o bee*-tree1 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! e>? 0
 cov]$ ) ^! trees & ) hemlocks1 ?us     
load$ ) ! ne/s ( pigeons4 ,= "o hundr$  
acres toge!r1 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) _! dung1
 to ! dep? ( two in*es4 ,_! noise 9 !   
ev5+ 0 extremely tr\blesome1 & s great1 
t ! travell] c\ld n get any sleep :]e _!
 ne/s ab\nd$4 ,ab\t an h\r be=e sun-rise
 !y rose 9 su* quantities z to d>k5 !   
air4 ,:5 ! "y pigeons 7 gr[n to a prop] 
size1 x 0 common = ! fir/ settl]s to cut
 d[n ! trees1 & ga!r a horse-load 9 a   
few m9utes4 ,! m>kets at ?is season1 ev5
 at ,philadelphia1 are (t5 ov]/ock$ )   
!m2 a score ( !m h lately be5 pur*as$ = 
sixp5ce4 ,b z ! l& becomes settl$1 !y   

retire into ! back =e/s1 :]e !y are at  
?is day 9 equal numb]s6 ,9 ,nor?        
,c>ol9a1 wild pigeons or doves pass ov] 
! c\ntry 9 su* numb]s z to d>k5 ! air1  
dev\r+ all k9ds ( gra9 9 _! progress4 ,a
 l>ge musket1 load$ ) small %ot1 fir$   
among !m1 has kill$ scores2 & boys knock
 !m d[n ) /icks & /ones4 ,i did n see   
?is de/ructive ph5om5on2 b 0 cr$ibly    
in=m$ at ,ed5ton1 t x occurs once 9     
sev51 & sometimes 9 t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ my   
resid5ce 9 t /ate1 ,i cut holes 9 ! top 
( my b>n1 &1 by plac+ food on ! ro(1    
soon entic$ ab\t half a doz5 f ! adjac5t
 woods4 ,9 a %ort "t !y became          
dome/icat$1 & f$ ) ! f[l1 af=d+ a       
con/ant & an agreeable food4 ,:5 ,i left
 my resid5ce1 !y _h1 not)/&+ ! use ,i   
made ( ! "y ones1 increas$ to _m scores4
 ,!y grew s famili>1 t !y w\ld wat* my  
appe>ance 9 ! morn+1 & p]* ^u me1 9     
hopes ( obta9+ food1 ) :i* x 0 my       
practice to supply !m4 ,!y di/+ui%$ me f
 my dome/ics1 :om !y w\ld n suff] to    
approa* !m4 ,!y w\ld p]mit me to g into 

_! dovecot1 )\t retreat+2 b ! dam w\ld  
(t5 oppose my tak+ h] "y ones4   ,!     
foll[+ acc\nt ( ,a ,,s+ul> ,,bird       
,,inhabit+ ,a ,,volcano ,,9 ,,guadal\pe1
 is tak5 f a respectable s\rce4  ,fa!r  
,dut]tre1 9 8 ,description ( ,guadal\pe1
 ! be/ & mo/ beautiful1 9 8 op9ion1 (   
all ! ,leew>d isl&s1 speaks ( an        
extraord9>y bird :i* inhabits its       
volcanic m\nta91 call$ ,la ,s\ffri]e4   
,?is creature1 call$ ! ,devil by !      
inhabitants1 on acc\nt ( its de=mity1 is
 bo? a night & sea bird4 ,dur+ ! day1   
its vision appe>s to be indi/9ct1 & x   
takes refuge ne> ! top ( ! m\nta91 :]e x
 has its ne/ 9 ! gr\nd1 & :]e x hat*es  
its eggs4 ,dur+ ! night1 x flies ab\t1 &
 goes to prey on fi%4 ,its fle% is s    
delicate1 7adds ,fa!r ,dut]tre17 t no   
huntsman returns f ! ,s\ffri]e )\t      
ard5tly desir+ to h a doz5 ( ^! birds   
susp5d$ at 8 neck4 ,labat1 ! colleague (
 ,dut]tre1 confirms & adds to ! acc\nt (
 ! latt]4 ,! bird call$ ! ,devil1 ( ,la 
,s\ffri]e1 has 7he says7 membranes at 8 

feet l a duck1 & claws l a bird ( prey1 
a %>p & curv$ beak1 l>ge eyes1 :i* _c   
be> ! light ( day1 or disc]n almo/ any  
object1 s t :5 surpris$ 9 ! day-"t1 at a
 di/ance f 8 ne/1 he runs aga9/ e ?+ 9 8
 way1 & falls to ! gr\nd2 b dur+ ! night
 he is active 9 extract+ 8 prey f ! sea4
 ,he adds1 t he is a bird ( passage1 &  
is consid]$ a k9d ( petrel4 ,i h tak5   
pleasure 9 occasionally obs]v+ fi%]m5   
cat* fi% dur+ ! night by ! light ( a    
/raw tor*2 b "h we h a sea-bird ( mu*   
great] +5uity1 :i* fi%es by ! light ( a 
volcano1 & hat*es 8 eggs by ! w>m? ( its
 sulphure\s dis*>ge4   ,! foll[+ /ory is
 record$ 9 hi/ory z a fact1 "u ! title (
 ,a ,,curi\s ,,adv5ture ,,( ,,an ,,owl4 
,9 a c\ncil held at ,rome by ,pope ,john
 ,,xxiii4 at ! fir/ session1 happ5$ !   
,adv5ture ( ! ,owl4--,aft] ! mass ( !   
,holy ,gho/1 all be+ seat$1 & ,john     
sitt+ on 8 ?rone1 sudd5ly a frightful   
owl came scream+ out ( 8 hole1 & plac$  
himself j be=e ! pope1 />+ e>ne/ly ^u   
him4 ,! arrival ( ?is nocturnal bird 9 !

 day-"t1 caus$ _m speculations3 "s took 
x = an ill om51 & 7 t]rifi$2 o!rs smil$1
 & :isp]$ to ea* o!r4 ,z to ! ,pope1 he 
blu%$1 0 9 a sweat1 arose1 & brake up ! 
assembly4 ,b at ! next session1 ! owl   
took 8 place aga91 fix+ 8 eyes ^u ,john2
 :o 0 m dismay$ ?an be=e1 & ord]$ ! bird
 to be driv5 away4 ,a pleasant sight x  
01 to behold ! prelates occupi$ 9 hunt+ 
him1 = he w\ld n decamp6 ,at la/ !y     
kill$ him1 z an incorrigible h]etic1 by 
?r[+ _! canes at him4--,jort9's         
,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 vol4 v4 p4 #dhe1
 #dhf4   ,we %all next record "s        
,,curi\s ,,facts ,,9 ,,natural          
,,hi/ory4--,we (t5 meet 9 our avi>ies ) 
:at are call$ mule can>y birds1 t is1 ! 
(fspr+ ( ! gray l9net & ! can>y4 ,9 !   
c\ntry1 :]e ! dome/ic f[ls are accu/om$ 
to w&] to a consid]able di/ance f !     
f>m-y>d1 ,i believe x is no uncommon    
occurr5ce = a *ick5 to make its         
appe>ance1 t is evid5tly ! (fspr+ ( !   
p>tridge & common h54 ,inde$1 ,i am     
incl9$ to ?9k t ! bre$ betwe5 f[ls ( !  

same g5us are (t5] cross$ ?an we are    
aw>e (4  ,x is a common practice 9 !    
c\ntry1 to set a h51 z x is call$1 )    
ducks' eggs2 & ! agony :i* %e suff]s1 :5
 %e sees h] "y *>ge fir/ take to _!     
natural elem5t1 ! wat]1 has (t5 be5     
obs]v$ ) sympa?y4 ,! foll[+ anecdote may
 be reli$ ^u1 z ! circum/ance 0 obs]v$  
by a g5tleman ( sci5ce3--  ,a h51 :i* 0 
employ$ to hat* "s ducks' eggs 9 !      
neighb\rhood ( a dy]'s mill1 :]e !re 0 a
 small pond1 0 obs]v$ to exhibit ! usual
 symptoms ( t]ror & al>m :5 ! duckl+s   
fir/ took to ! wat]2 b by degrees %e    
became q reconcil$ to _! habits1 & 0    
accu/om$ to enjoy h]self1 9 great       
quietness1 on ! banks1 :ile !y gambol$ 9
 ! pool4 ,= two or ?ree ye>s %e uni=mly 
br\ght out duckl+s1 & at la/1 z regul>ly
 l$ !m to ! wat] z _! natural dam w\ld h
 done4  ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 %e      
br\ght out a brood ( *ick5s4 ,^! %e     
imm$iately l$ to ! side ( ! pool also2  
b1 on f9d+ !y did n ent] ! wat]1 %e     
became q uneasy1 invit$ !m close to x1  

made e motion = !m to ent] x1 flew ov] !
 pond1 & !n call$ !m to foll[1 b all to 
no purpose4 ,:5 %e f\nd t no?+ w\ld     
entice !m to ent] ! wat]1 %e actually   
seiz$ ^u "o or two ( !m1 & ?rew !m into 
x2 &1 if %e _h n be5 prev5t$1 x is      
believ$ %e w\ld h dr[n$ h] :ole prog5y4 
,?is %ews h[ mu* ! native habits1 ev5 ( 
f[ls1 may be *ang$ by circum/ances2 &   
proves1 9 "s degree1 ! exi/5ce ( memory 
)\t judgm5t 9 ! fea!r$ tribes4  ,"s ye>s
 ago1 a f>m] 9 ! l[] di/rict ( ,ann&ale1
 took x into 8 head to rob a wild duck (
 h] eggs1 & to place !m "u "o ( 8 tame  
ducks1 t 0 sitt+ at t "t4 ,! "y brood   
7twelve 9 numb]7 came into ! _w at !    
usual p]iod1 b "o only cont9u$ ) h]     
/epdame4 ,?is extraord9>y bird1 h[ev]1  
nev] p]fectly acquir$ ! habits or       
dispositions ( h] new si/]hood3 %e nev] 
w\ld associate ) ! tame drakes1 b e spr+
 left ! f>m-y>d1 & proce$$ to ! wilds 9 
que/ ( mates2 &1 :at 0 rem>kably s+ul>1 
%e seem$ to h a malici\s pleasure 9     
lead+ !m into a sn>e1 & 0 at great pa9s 

to draw !m into su* situations z admitt$
 ( _! be+ easily %ot1 or o!rwise        
de/roy$4 ,%e always hat*$ h] "y 9 a peat
 moss1 at "s di/ance f ! h\se1 b nev]   
fail$ to br+ !m to ! f>m-y>d1 z soon z  
!y 7 able to foll[ h]4 ,:5 ?is duck 0   
ab\t f\r ye>s old1 ! own] 0 visit$ by a 
k9sman f ,fife1 :o 0 s mu* tak5 up ) h]1
 t he begg$ =1 & obta9$ h]1 z a pres5t4 
,%e 0 put into a cage1 & by him convey$ 
to 8 h\se ne> ,k9ross4 ,%e 0 kept 9     
conf9em5t = a night & a day2 :51 seem+  
p]fectly cont5t$1 %e 0 let out into !   
y>d1 :]e %e set ab\t adju/+ h]self = "s 
"t2 %e !n sudd5ly took w+1 & 9 ! c\rse (
 a few h\rs 0 among h] old companions 9 
,ann&ale4 ,%e 0 a second "t convey$ to  
,fife1 & h] w+s clipp$4  ,%e cont9u$    
p]fectly happy1 to appe>ance1 till h]   
fea!rs grew1 :5 %e aga9 bade h] new     
fri5ds f>ewell4 ,%e 0 %ot 9 !           
neighb\rhood ( ,bigg>1 by a g5tleman1 :o
 communicat$ ! circum/ance to ! own]1 ^:
 "n he le>n$ f ! coll> t 0 f\nd ab\t h] 
neck1 conta9+ 8 "n & place ( abode4     

,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,*ick ,,9 ,,!        
,,egg4--,sc>cely has ! h5 sat ^u ! eggs 
twelve h\rs1 be=e "s l9eam5ts ( ! head &
 body ( ! *ick are disc]nible 9 !       
embryo2 at ! end ( ! second day1 ! he>t 
beg9s to beat1 b no blood is to be se54 
,9 =ty-eight h\rs we may di/+ui% two    
vesicles ) blood1 ! pulsation ( :i* is  
evid5t2 "o ( !m is ! left v5tricle1 !   
o!r1 ! root ( ! great art]y2 soon aft]1 
"o ( ! auricles ( ! he>t is p]ceptible1 
9 :i* pulsation may be rem>k$ z well z 9
 ! v5tricle4 ,s e>ly z ! sev5? h\r1 !   
w+s may be di/+ui%$1 & on ! head two    
globules = ! bra91 "o = ! beak1 & two   
o!rs = ! front & h9d "p ( ! head4 ,t[>ds
 ! end ( ! f\r? day1 ! two auricles1 n[ 
di/9ctly visible1 approa* ne>] ! he>t   
?an !y did be=e4 ,ab\t ! fif? day ! liv]
 may be p]ceiv$2 at ! end ( "o hundr$ & 
?irty-eight h\rs1 ! lungs & /oma* become
 visible2 & 9 a few h\rs m1 ! inte/9es1 
ve9s1 & upp] jaw4 ,on ! sev5? day1 !    
bra9 beg9s to assume a m consi/5t =m4   
,"o hundr$ & n9ety h\rs aft] incubation1

 ! beak op5s1 & fle% appe>s on ! brea/4 
,9 two hundr$ & t51 ! ribs are =m$1 & ! 
gall bladd] is visible4 ,! bile1 9 a few
 h\rs m1 is se5 ( a gre5 col\r2 & if !  
*ick be sep>at$ f its cov]+s1 x w be se5
 to move4 ,! fea!rs beg9 to %oot t[>ds !
 two hundr$ & =tie? h\r1 & at ! same "t 
! skull becomes c>tilag9\s2 9 tw5ty-f\r 
h\rs m1 ! eyes appe>2 at ! two hundr$ & 
eighty-eigh?1 ! ribs are p]fect$2 & at !
 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-fir/1 ! lungs1 !   
/oma*1 & ! brea/1 assume _! natural     
appe>ance4 ,on ! eighte5? day (         
incubation1 ! fir/ fa9t pip+ ( ! *ick is
 he>d4 ,x !n cont9ually increases 9 size
 & 9 /r5g? till x em]ges f its prison4  
,by s _m diff]5t gradations does !      
adorable wisdom ( ,god conduct ^!       
creatures into life2 all _! progressive 
evolutions are arrang$ ) ord]1 & !re are
 none )\t suffici5t cause4 ,if ! liv] is
 always =m$ on ! fif? day1 x is f !     
prec$+ /ate ( ! *ick4 ,no "p ( its body 
c\ld appe> soon] or lat]1 )\t "s injury 
to ! embryo1 & ea* ( its memb]s appe>s  

at ! mo/ conv5i5t mom5t4 ,! wise &      
inv>iable ord] 9 ! production ( ?is     
little body1 is evid5tly ! "w ( sup]nal 
p[]2 & we %all be m conv9c$ ( x1 if we  
consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! *ick is =m$ f ! 
p>ts :i* compose ! egg4  ,h[ admirable  
is t pr9ciple ( life1 ! s\rce ( a new   
be+1 conta9$ 9 ! egg2 all ! p>ts ( !    
animal be+ invisible till !y become     
develop$ by w>m?6 ,:at a wond]ful ord] &
 regul>ity is obs]v$ 9 ?is amaz+        
process1--! same evolutions tak+ place  
at once 9 tw5ty eggs6 ,nei!r does *ang+ 
! position ( ! egg at all injure !      
embryo1 or ret>d ! =mation ( ! *ick2    
:i*1 at ! "t :5 x breaks ! %ell1 is f\nd
 to be heavi] ?an ! :ole egg 0 at fir/4 
,^!1 h[ev] admirable1 are f> f be+ all !
 wond]s display$ 9 ! progress (         
incubation4 ,! microscope1 & ! p5etrat+ 
inve/igations ( ! curi\s1 h only        
discov]$ :at comes m imm$iately "u !    
obs]vation ( our s5ses2 :il/ ! discov]y 
( _m ?+s rema9s = ^? :o are to foll[ u1 
or p]haps !y may nev] be kn[n 9 ?is /ate

 ( our exi/5ce4 ,mu* might be ask$      
conc]n+ ! my/]y connect$ ) ! =mation (  
animal bodies1 :i* at pres5t is         
imp5etrable to our rese>*es2 b let n ?is
 disc\rage u2 let u only endeav\r to    
improve1 & make a good use (1 ! little k
 we are p]mitt$ to acquire1 & we %all h 
a suffici5cy to discov] at e /ep !      
wisdom & p[] ( ,god1 & en\gh to employ =
 ! b5efit ( our fell[-creatures4        
,,*ap4 ,,xxi4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,birds4--7,conclud$47      ,birds'     
,ne/s--,migration ( ,birds--,curi\s     
,me?od ( ,bird-,cat*+ 9     ! ,f>o      
,isles--,song ( ,birds4   ,,birds'      
,,ne/s4    ----------,x w9s my          
admiration1   ,to view ! /ructure ( t   
little "w1   ,a bird's ne/3 m>k x well  
)91 )\t2   ,no tool _h he t wr\ght1 no  
knife to cut1   ,no nail to fix1 no     
bodk9 to ins]t1   ,no glue to jo96 8    
little beak 0 all2   ,& yet h[ neatly   
f9i%'d6                                 
,hurdis4  ,! /ructure ( ,bird's ,ne/s   
discov]s to u _m curi\s objects1 :i* _c 

be un9t]e/+ to ! reflect+ m9d4 ,& :o    
does n admire ^? little regul> edifices 
compos$ ( s _m diff]5t mat]ials1        
collect$ & arrang$ ) s mu* pa9s & skill1
 & con/ruct$ ) s mu* indu/ry1 elegance1 
& neatness1 ) no o!r tools ?an a bill & 
two feet8 ,t m5 c erect great build+s   
accord+ to c]ta9 rules ( art1 is n      
surpris+1 :5 we consid] t !y enjoy !    
reason+ faculty1 & t !y possess tools & 
in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 to facilitate _!
 "w2 b t a delicate little bird1 9 want 
( almo/ e ?+ necess>y = su* an und]tak+1
 ) only its bill & claws1 %\ld "k h[ to 
comb9e s mu* skill1 regul>ity ( =m1 &   
solidity ( composition1 9 con/ruct+ its 
ne/1 is truly wond]ful1 & nev] en\gh to 
be admir$4 ,we %all !re=e consid] x m   
m9utely4  ,no?+ is m curi\s ?an ! ne/ ( 
a goldf9* or a *aff9*4 ,! inside ( x is 
l9$ ) cotton1 wool1 & f9e silky ?reads1 
:ile ! outside is int]wov5 ) ?ick moss2 
& t ! ne/ may be less rem>kable1 & less 
expos$ to ! eye ( obs]v]s1 ! col\r ( !  
moss resembles t ( ! b>k ( ! tree1 or ( 

! h$ge1 :]e ! ne/ is built4 ,9 "s ne/s1 
! hair1 ! d[n1 & ! /raws1 are curi\sly  
laid across ea* o!r1 & int]wov5 toge!r4 
,!re are o!rs1 all ! p>ts ( :i* are     
neatly jo9$ & fa/5$ toge!r by a ?read   
:i* ! bird makes ( flax1 horse or c[    
hair1 & (t5 ( spid]s' webs4 ,o!r birds1 
z ! blackbird & ! lapw+1 aft] hav+      
con/ruct$ _! ne/1 pla/] ! outside ) a ?9
 coat+ ( mort>1 :i* cem5ts & b9ds toge!r
 all ! l[] p>ts1 & :i*1 ) ! help ( "s   
c[-hair or moss1 /uck to x :il/ ! pla/] 
is wet1 keeps x compact & w>m4 ,! ne/s (
 swall[s are diff]5tly con/ruct$ f !    
re/4 ,!y use nei!r /icks1 /raws1 nor    
/r+s2 b !y compose a sort ( cem5t1 ) :i*
 !y make !mselves ne/s1 p]fectly neat1  
secure1 & conv5i5t4 ,to moi/5 ! du/ (   
:i* !y =m _! ne/s1 !y frequ5tly skim ov]
 ! surface ( "s lake or riv]1 &1 dipp+  
_! brea/s into ! wat]1 %ake _! wet      
fea!rs ^u ! du/ till x is suffici5tly   
moi/1 & !n knead x up into a k9d ( clay 
) _! bills4  ,b ! ne/s mo/ wor?y ( our  
admiration are ^? ( c]ta9 ,indian birds1

 :i* susp5d !m ) great art f ! bran*es (
 trees1 t !y may be secure f ! pursuit (
 sev]al animals & insects4 ,9 g5]al1 ea*
 species ( bird has a peculi> mode (    
fix+ its ne/2 "s build !m on h\ses1 o!rs
 9 trees1 "s 9 ! grass1 o!rs on ! gr\nd1
 & always 9 t way :i* is mo/ adapt$ = ! 
re>+ ( _! "y1 & ! pres]vation ( _!      
species4 ,su*1 !re=e1 is ! wond]ful     
in/9ct ( birds1 ev5 9 ! /ructure &      
disposition ( _! ne/s alone1 t we may   
safely conclude !y _c be m]e ma*9es4 ,b 
is x n also app>5t1 t 9 all _! works !y 
propose to !mselves c]ta9 ends8 ,!y     
con/ruct _! ne/s holl[1 =m+ ! half ( a  
sph]e1 t ! heat may be m conc5tric4 ,!  
ne/ is cov]$ )\t by sub/ances m or less 
co>se1 n only to s]ve z a f\ndation1 b  
to prev5t ! w9d & insects f ent]+4 ,)91 
x is l9$ ) ! mo/ delicate mat]ials1 su* 
z wool & fea!rs1 t ! ne/l+s may be s(t &
 w>m4 ,is x n some?+ ne>ly approa*+ to  
reason1 :i* tea*es ! bird to place its  
ne/ 9 su* a mann] z to be %elt]$ f ra91 
& out ( ! rea* ( de/ructive animals8    

,:]e h !y le>n$ t !y are to produce     
eggs1 :i* w require a ne/ to prev5t !m f
 be+ brok51 & to keep !m 9 ! necess>y   
temp]ature8 t ! heat w\ld n be          
suffici5tly conc5trat$ if ! ne/ 7 l>g]2 
& t1 if x 7 small]1 all ! "y ones c\ld n
 be conta9$ 9 x8 ,:o has taught !m n to 
mi/ake ! "t1 b to calculate s exactly1 t
 ! eggs are n laid be=e ! ne/ is f9i%$8 
,^! que/ions h nev] be5 satisfactorily  
answ]$1 nei!r c ?is my/]y 9 nature be   
cle>ly expla9$2 all we c d is1 to ref] x
 to an in/9ct1 :i* "s animals seem to   
possess 9 a mann] almo/ equal to reason3
 & in/9ct to !m is mu* m happy &        
b5eficial ?an reason w\ld be2 = !y seem 
to enjoy all ! sweets ( life )\t _!     
mom5ts be+ imbitt]$ by ! consid]ation ( 
_! inf]ior rank 9 ! creation1 & )\t !   
pa9 ( anticipat+ evil4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt
 is pr9cipally abridg$ f t v int]e/+ "w1
 ,! ,contemplative ,philosoph]4 ,!      
pres5t compil] ackn[l$ges 8 obligations 
to t "w on _m occasions1 & gives x 8    
w>me/ recomm5dations to ! public4       

,,migration ,,( ,,birds4--,! migration (
 birds has be5 ju/ly consid]$ z "o ( !  
mo/ wond]ful exhibitions ( nature4 ,?is 
migration1 :i* is common to ! quail1 !  
/ork1 ! crane1 ! fieldf>e1 ! woodcock1 !
 cuckoo1 ! m>t91 ! swall[1 & v>i\s o!rs1
 is1 inde$1 a v curi\s article 9 natural
 hi/ory1 & furni%es a v /rik+ in/ance ( 
a p[]ful in/9ct impress$ by ! ,creator4 
,dr4 ,d]ham obs]ves two circum/ances    
rem>kable 9 ?is migration3 ! fir/1 t ^! 
untaught1 un?9k+ creatures1 %\ld "k !   
prop] times = _! passage1 :5 to come &  
:5 to g2 z also1 t "s %\ld come :5 o!rs 
retire4 ,no d\bt1 ! temp]ature ( ! air z
 to heat & cold1 & _! natural prop5sity 
to bre$ _! "y1 are ! great inc5tives to 
^! creatures to *ange _! habitations4 ,b
 :y %\ld !y at all *ange _! habitations8
 ,& :y is "s c]ta9 place to be f\nd1 9  
all ! t]raque\s globe1 t1 all ! ye>     
r\nd1 c af=d !m conv5i5t food &         
habitation8--,! second rem>kable        
circum/ance is1 t !y %\ld "k :i* way to 
/e] _! c\rse1 & :i!r to g4 ,:at in/9ct  

is x t c induce a poor fooli% bird to   
v5ture ov] va/ tracts ( l& & sea4 ,if x 
be said1 t by _! high asc5ts into ! air1
 !y c see across ! seas2 yet :at %all   
in/ruct or p]suade !m1 t ano!r l& is m  
prop] = _! purpose ?an ?is8 t ,great    
,brita91 = in/ance1 %\ld af=d !m bett]  
accommodation ?an ,egypt1 ! ,can>ies1   
,spa91 or any ( ! o!r int]m$iate        
c\ntries8--,physico-,!ology1 book vii4  
*ap4 #c4  ,birds ( passage1 moreov]1 are
 all peculi>ly accommodat$1 by !        
/ructure ( _! p>ts1 = long flights2 & x 
is rem>k$1 t 9 _! migrations1 !y obs]ve 
a wond]ful ord] & polity3 !y fly 9      
troops1 & /e] _! c\rse1 )\t ! aid ( a   
compass1 to va/ unkn[n regions4 ,!      
flight ( ! wild geese1 9 a w$ge-l       
figure1 has be5 (t5 obs]v$2 to :i* x is 
add$1 by ! natural hi/orian ( ,norway1 t
 ! ?ree =emo/1 :o are ! soone/ tir$1    
retreat beh9d1 & are reliev$ by o!rs1 :o
 are aga9 succe$$ by ! re/ 9 ord]4 ,b   
?is circum/ance has be5 obs]v$1 _m ages 
be=e1 by ,pl9y1 :o describes c]ta9 birds

 ( passage fly+ 9 ! =m ( a w$ge1 &      
spread+ wid] & wid]2 ^? beh9d re/+ ^u ^?
 be=e1 till ! lead]s be+ tir$1 are1 9 _!
 turn1 receiv$ into ! re>4  ,wild ducks 
& cranes 7says ,abb de la ,plu*e7 fly1  
at ! approa* ( w9t]1 9 que/ ( m         
fav\rable climates4 ,!y all assemble at 
a c]ta9 day1 l swall[s & quails4 ,!y    
decamp at ! same "t1 & x is v agreeable 
to obs]ve _! flight4 ,!y g5]ally range  
!mselves 9 a long column l an ,i1 or 9  
two l9es unit$ 9 a po9t l a  rev]s$4 ,& 
?us1 z ,milton says    ,rang'd 9 figure1
 w$ge ! way4  ,! duck or quail t =ms !  
po9t 7adds ! ,abb7 cuts ! air1 &        
facilitates a passage to ^? t foll[3 b  
he is *>g$ ) ?is commission only = a    
c]ta9 "t1 at ! conclusion ( :i* he :eels
 into ! re>1 & ano!r takes 8 po/4 ,& ?us
 aga91 z ,milton says1    ----------,)  
mutual w+   ,eas+ _! flight4  ,x has be5
 obs]v$ ( ! /orks1 t = ab\t ! space ( a 
=tnight be=e !y pass f "o c\ntry to     
ano!r1 !y con/antly resort toge!r1 f all
 ! circumjac5t p>ts1 to a c]ta9 pla91 & 

!re =m+ !mselves once e day into a      
d\-wanne1 7accord+ to ! phrase ( ! p17  
are said to det]m9e ! exact "t ( _!     
dep>ture1 & ! places ( _! future abode4 
,mr4 ,bib]g1 an +5i\s naturali/ ( ,sw$51
 has obs]v$1 t ! />l+1 f9d+1 aft] !     
middle ( summ]1 t worms are less        
pl5tiful 9 t c\ntry1 goes annually into 
,scania1 ,g]many1 & ,d5m>k4 ,! female   
*aff9*es1 e w9t]1 ab\t ,mi*aelmas1 g 9  
flocks to ,holl&2 b z ! males /ay 9     
,sw$51 ! females come back next spr+4 ,9
 ! same mann]1 ! female ,c>ol9a         
yell[-hamm]1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 :ile 
! rice on :i* %e fe$s is laid up 9      
gran>ies1 goes t[>ds ! s\?1 & returns 9 
! spr+ to seek h] mate4 ,our aquatic    
birds 7cont9ues he7 are =c$ by necessity
 to fly t[>d ! s\? e autumn1 be=e ! wat]
 is froz54 ,?us we "k1 t ! lakes ( ,pol&
 & ,li?uania are fill$ ) swans & geese e
 autumn1 at :i* "t !y g 9 great flocks1 
along _m riv]s1 z f> z ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,b
 9 ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 z soon z ! heat ( ! 
sun mole/s !m1 !y return back1 & g aga9 

to ! nor!rn ponds & lakes1 9 ord] to lay
 _! eggs4 ,= !re1 & especially 9 ,lapl&1
 !re is a va/ abundance ( gnats1 :i*    
af=d !m excell5t n\ri%m5t1 z all ( ?is  
k9d live 9 ! wat] be=e !y get _!        
w+s4--,mr4 ,bib]g proce$s to enum]ate _m
 o!r birds t migrate to diff]5t regions2
 & he !n adds3 ,by ^! migrations1 birds 
become useful to _m diff]5t c\ntries1 & 
are di/ribut$ almo/ ov] all ! globe2 &  
,i _c "h =be> express+ my admiration1 t 
all ( !m exactly obs]ve ! times ( com+ &
 go+1 & t !y nev] mi/ake _! way4--,bib]g
 on ! ,economy ( ,nature1 9             
,/ill+fleet's ,misc4 ,tracts4  ,!       
pr9cipal food ( ! birds ( passage1 :ile 
9 ,great ,brita91 is ! fruit ( !        
:ite?orn1 or haws1 :i* hang on our h$ges
 9 w9t] 9 prodigi\s pl5ty2 b :]e !y     
bre$1 & seem to be mo/ at ease1 z 9     
,sw$51 c4 !re are no haws2 nor inde$ 9  
_m ( ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y j\rney on  
_! way3 s t x is evid5t !y *ange _! food
 9 _! passage4  ,! mann] 9 :i* ! birds (
 passage j\rney to _! s\!rn abodes is   

suppos$ to v>y1 accord+ to ! diff]5t    
/ructure ( _! bodies1 & _! p[] (        
support+ !mselves 9 ! air4 ,! birds )   
%ort w+s1 su* z ! r$-/>t1 black-cap1 c4 
?\gh !y are incapable ( su* long flights
 z ! swall[1 or ( fly+ ) su* cel]ity1   
yet may pass to less di/ant places1 & by
 sl[] movem5ts4 ,swall[s & cuckoos may  
p]=m _! passage 9 a v %ort "t2 b !re is 
= !m no necessity = spe$1 s9ce e day's  
passage af=ds !m an increase ( w>m?1 & a
 cont9uance ( food4  ,swall[s are (t5   
obs]v$1 9 innum]able flocks1 on *ur*es1 
rocks1 & trees1 previ\s to _! dep>ture  
h5ce2 & ,mr4 ,coll9son proves _! return 
"h1 p]haps 9 equal numb]s1 by two curi\s
 relations ( und\bt$ cr$it2 ! "o        
communicat$ to him by ,mr4 ,wright1 !   
ma/] ( a %ip1 & ! o!r by ,admiral ,sir  
,*>les ,wag]4--,return+ home1 7says ,sir
 ,*>les17 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 z ,i came   
into s\nd+s 9 our *annel1 a great flock 
( swall[s came & settl$ on my rigg+2 e  
rope 0 cov]$2 !y hung on "o ano!r1 l a  
sw>m ( bees2 ! decks & awn+ 7 fill$ )   

!m4 ,!y seem$ almo/ fami%$ & sp5t1 & 7  
only fea!rs & bones2 b1 be+ recruit$ ) a
 night's re/1 !y took _! flight 9 !     
morn+4 ,?is app>5t fatigue proves t !y  
mu/ h _h a long j\rney1 consid]+ ! amaz+
 swiftness ( ^! birds2 s t1 9 all       
probability1 !y _h cross$ ! ,atlantic   
,ocean1 & 7 return+ f ! %ores ( ,s5egal1
 or o!r p>ts ( ,africa4  ,naturali/s are
 mu* divid$ 9 _! op9ion conc]n+ !       
p]iodical appe>ance & disappe>ance (    
swall[s4--,"s ass]t1 t !y remove f      
climate to climate1 at ^? p>ticul>      
seasons :5 w+$ insects1 _! natural food1
 fail 9 "o c\ntry & are pl5tiful 9      
ano!r1 :]e !y likewise f9d a temp]ature 
( air bett] suit$ to _! con/itution4 ,9 
support ( ?is op9ion1 we h ! te/imony ( 
,sir ,*>les ,wag]1 & ( ,mr4 ,adamson1   
:o1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 voyage1 in=ms u1 t1  
ab\t fifty leagues f ! coa/ ( ,s5egal1  
f\r swall[s settl$ ^u ! %ip1 on ! #f?   
day ( ,octob]2 t ^! birds 7 tak52 & t he
 knew !m to be ! true swall[ ( ,europe1 
:i* he conjectures 7 !n return+ to !    

coa/ ( ,africa4  ,b ,mr4 ,da9es         
,b>r+ton1 9 a curi\s essay on ?is       
subject1 has adduc$ _m argum5ts & facts1
 to prove t no birds1 h[ev] /rong &     
swift 9 _! flight1 c possibly fly ov]   
su* l>ge tracts ( ocean z has be5       
commonly suppos$4 ,he is ( op9ion1      
!re=e1 t ! swall[s m5tion$ by ,mr4      
,adamson1 in/ead ( be+ on _! passage f  
,europe1 7 only flutt]+ f ! ,cape de    
,v]de isl&s to ! cont95t ( ,africa2 a   
mu* ne>] flight1 b to :i* !y seem$ to be
 unequal1 z !y 7 oblig$1 f fatigue1 to  
alight ^u ! %ip1 & fall into ! h&s ( !  
sailors4 ,& ,mr4 ,kalm1 ano!r advocate =
 ! torpidity ( swall[s dur+ ! w9t]1 hav+
 rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t he himself _h met ) !m
 n9e hundr$ & tw5ty miles f any l&2 ,mr4
 ,b>r+ton endeav\rs to expla9 ^!1 &     
simil> facts1 by suppos+ t birds        
discov]$ 9 su* situations1 in/ead (     
attempt+ to cross l>ge bran*es ( !      
ocean1 h be5 =cibly driv5 f "s coa/ by  
/orms1 & t !y w\ld naturally p]* ^u !   
fir/ vessel !y c\ld see4  ,9 a ^w1 ,mr4 

,b>r+ton is fur!r ( op9ion1 ) "s o!r    
naturali/s1 t ! swall[s d n leave ?is   
isl& at ! end ( autumn1 b t !y lie 9 a  
torpid /ate1 till ! beg9n+ ( summ]1 9 ! 
banks ( riv]s1 9 ! holl[s ( decay$      
trees1 ! recesses ( old build+s1 ! holes
 ( s&-banks1 & 9 simil> situations4     
,among o!r facts1 ,mr4 ,b>r+ton         
communicat$ "o to ,mr4 ,p5nant1 t numb]s
 ( swall[s h be5 f\nd 9 old dry walls1 &
 9 s&-hills1 ne> ! seat ( ! late ,"l    
,belhav51 9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian2 n once only1 b
 f ye> to ye>2 & t1 :5 !y 7 expos$ to ! 
w>m? ( a fire1 !y reviv$4  ,^!1 & o!r   
facts ( ! same k9d1 are all[$ to be     
incontrov]tible2 & ,mr4 ,p5nant1 9      
p>ticul>1 inf]s f !m1 t we mu/ divide   
our belief relative to ^! two s diff]5t 
op9ions1 & conclude1 t "o "p ( ! swall[ 
tribe migrate1 & t o!rs h _! w9t] qu>t]s
 ne> home4  ,b !re are /ill m wond]ful  
facts relat$4 ,mr4 ,kalm rem>ks1 t      
swall[s appe> 9 ! ,j]seys ab\t ! beg9n+ 
( ,april2 t1 on _! fir/ arrival1 !y are 
wet1 because !y h j em]g$ f ! sea or    

lakes1 at ! bottom ( :i* !y _h rema9$1 9
 a torpid /ate1 dur+ ! :ole w9t]4 ,o!r  
naturali/s h ass]t$1 t swall[s pass !   
w9t] imm]s$ "u ! ice1 at ! bottom (     
lakes1 or b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,olaus 
,magnus1 ar*bi%op ( ,upsal1 seems to h  
be5 ! fir/ :o adopt$ ?is op9ion4 ,he    
in=ms u1 t swall[s are f\nd 9 great     
clu/]s at ! bottoms ( ! nor!rn lakes1 ) 
m\? to m\?1 w+ to w+1 foot to foot1 & t 
9 autumn !y creep d[n ! re$s to _!      
subaque\s retreats4 ,9 o!r in/ances1    
,mr4 ,p5nant rem>ks1 ! good ar*bi%op did
 n want cr$ulity4 ,b ! subm]sion ( !    
swall[s "u wat] does n re/ ^u 8 te/imony
 alone4 ,kle9 ass]ts ! same2 & gives !  
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] ( _! retir+1 :i*
 he _h f "s c\ntrym53  ,!y ass]t$1 t !  
swall[s sometimes assembl$ 9 numb]s on a
 re$1 till x broke1 & sunk !m to !      
bottom2 t _! imm]sion 0 prec$$ by a k9d 
( dirge1 :i* la/$ m ?an a qu>t] ( an    
h\r2 t o!rs unit$1 laid hold ( a /raw ) 
_! bills1 & plung$ d[n 9 society2 t     
o!rs1 by cl++ toge!r ) _! feet1 =m$ a   

l>ge mass1 & 9 ?is mann] committ$       
!mselves to ! deep4 ,bi%op ,pontoppidan 
ass]ts1 t clu/]s ( swall[s1 9 _! torpid 
w9t] /ate1 h sometimes be5 f\nd by      
fi%]m51 among re$s & bu%es 9 lakes2 & he
 *>ges ,mr4 ,edw>ds ) hav+1 9 8 ,natural
 ,hi/ory ( ,birds1 gr\ndlessly          
contradict$ ?is inconte/able tru?4 ,&   
,mr4 ,he]k5s1 a celebrat$ ,dut*         
naturali/1 9 a poem on ! birds (        
,friesl&1 speaks 9 positive t]ms ( !    
torpid /ate1 & subm]sion1 ( ! swall[s3  
,ere w9t] 8 somnif'r\s p[] ex]ts1   ,six
 dre>y mon?s ! swall[-tribes are se5    
,9 v>i\s haunts conceal'd2 9 rocks1 &   
caves1   ,& /ructures rude1 by cold     
b5umb'd1 asleep2   ,bill )9 bill ins]t$1
 clu/'r+ ?ick3   ,or solit>y "s1 ( mate 
b]eft4   ,b1 wond]ful to tell6 "s lie   
imm]s'd1   ,inanimate1 b5ea? ! frigid   
waves1   ,z if a species ( ! f9ny k9ds4 
,mr4 ,he]k5s1 aft] recit+ _m in/ances1 &
 produc+ 9 8 notes _m au?orities1 (     
swall[s hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a torpid /ate1  
proce$s1 9 8 poem1 to describe1 v       

m9utely1 _! asc5t out ( ! wat]4 ,! dr[sy
 birds appe> on ! %ore1 z if unconsci\s 
/ill ( life4 ,"s inhale ! s(t breeze1 l 
"o ( ! f9ny tribe exil$ f its /ream4 ,"s
 beg9 to adju/ _! di%evell$ w+s4--,o!rs1
 almo/ reviv$1 essay1 ) busy bill1 to   
assi/ _! ag$ companions4 ,all1 at l5g?1 
re/or$ to ! unre/ra9$ use ( _! w+s1     
range1 9 num]\s flights1 ! arial way4   
,two reasons h1 be5 adduc$ to prove ?is 
suppos$ subm]sion ( swall[s impossible4 
,9 ! fir/ place1 7says ,mr4 ,smellie17  
no l& animal c exi/ s long )\t "s degree
 ( respiration4 ,! ott]1 ! seal1 & wat] 
f[ls ( all k9ds1 :5 conf9$ "u ! ice1 or 
entangl$ 9 nets1 soon p]i%2 yet x is    
well kn[n1 t animals ( ?is k9d c rema9  
mu* long] "u wat] ?an ^? :o are de/itute
 ( t peculi> /ructure ( ! he>t1 :i* is  
necess>y = any consid]able resid5ce     
b5ea? t p5etrat+ elem5t4  ,mr4 ,john    
,hunt]1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,p5nant1 in=ms
 u1 t he _h dissect$ _m swall[s1 b f\nd 
no?+ 9 !m diff]5t f o!r birds1 z to !   
organs ( respiration2 t all ^? animals  

:i* he _h dissect$1 ( ! class t sleep   
dur+ ! w9t]1 su* z liz>ds1 frogs1 c4 _h 
a v diff]5t con=mation z to ^? organs2 t
 all ^? animals1 he believes1 d brea! 9 
_! torpid /ate1 &1 z f> z 8 exp]i5ce    
rea*es1 he kn[s !y d2 & t1 !re=e1 he    
e/eems x a v wild op9ion1 t t]re/rial   
animals c rema9 any long "t "u wat] )\t 
dr[n+4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ _! subm]sion
 arises f ! specific gravity ( ! animals
 !mselves4 ,( all birds1 ! swall[ tribes
 are p]haps ! lighte/4 ,_! plumage1 & ! 
comp>ative smallness ( _! weight1       
indicates t ,nature de/9$ !m to be almo/
 p]petually on ! w+1 9 que/ ( food4 ,f  
?is specific lightness1 ! subm]sion (   
swall[s1 & _! cont9u+ = mon?s und]wat]1 
am\nt to a physical impossibility4 ,ev5 
wat] f[ls1 :5 !y wi% to dive1 are oblig$
 to rise & plunge ) consid]able ex]tion1
 9 ord] to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! wat]4
 ,kle9's idea ( swall[s employ+ re$s &  
/raws z means ( subm]sion1 is r         
ludicr\s2 = ^! light sub/ances1 in/ead (
 be+ prop] in/rum5ts = assi/+ !m to rea*

 ! bottom1 w\ld infallibly contribute to
 support !m on ! surface1 & prev5t ! v  
object ( _! int5tion4 ,besides1 admitt+ 
! possibility ( _! rea*+ ! bottom (     
lakes & seas1 & suppos+ !y c\ld exi/ =  
sev]al mon?s )\t respiration1 :at w\ld  
be ! consequ5ce8 ,! :ole w\ld soon be   
dev\r$ by ott]s1 seals1 & fi%es1 ( v>i\s
 k9ds4 ,nature is always anxi\s = !     
pres]vation ( its species4 ,b if !      
swall[ tribes 7 de/9$ to rema9 torpid   
dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 at ! bottom ( lakes &
 seas1 %e w\ld act 9 opposition to h]   
own int5tions2 =1 9 a season or two1 !  
:ole g5us w\ld be annihilat$4  ,?is     
reason+ is v +5i\s1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !   
facts relat$ above are v /ubborn2 & !   
celebrat$ ,buffon does n hesitate to    
yield to ! =ce ( su* /rong & concurr5t  
evid5ce4 ,he _h procur$ "s              
*imney-swall[s1 & kept !m "s "t 9 an    
iceh\se1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 ( !
 torpid k9d1 & he ?us relates ! result (
 8 exp]im5ts4 ,none ( !m fell into !    
torpid /ate2 ! great] "p di$1 & n "o (  

!m reviv$ by be+ mov$ into ! w>m? ( !   
sun4 ,^? t _h n long suff]$ ! cold ( !  
iceh\se1 _h all _! movem5ts1 & w5t out  
briskly4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,i ?\ght ,i    
might conclude1 t ?is species ( ! swall[
 0 n liable to t /ate ( torpor &        
ins5sibility1 :i* supposes1 not)/&+1 & v
 necess>ily1 ! fact ( _! rema9+ at !    
bottom ( ! wat] dur+ ! w9t]4 ,hav+ _h   
rec\rse1 moreov]1 to ! mo/ cr$itable    
travell]s1 ,i f\nd !m agre$ z to !      
passage ( swall[s ov] ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,&
 ,mr4 ,adamson has positively assur$ me1
 t dur+ ! long /ay he made 9 ,s5egal1 he
 obs]v$ ! long-tail$ swall[1 ! same ) ! 
*imney-swall[ we are n[ speak+ (1 arrive
 con/antly 9 ,s5egal ab\t ! "t x leaves 
,france1 & z con/antly leave ,s5egal 9 !
 spr+4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be d\bt$1 t ?is    
species ( ! swall[ passes f ,europe into
 ,africa 9 ! autumn1 & f ,africa to     
,europe 9 ! spr+2 ( consequ5ce1 x nei!r 
sleeps nor hides itself 9 holes1 nor    
plunges into ! wat] on ! approa* ( w9t]4
 ,!re is1 besides1 ano!r well au!nticat$

 fact1 :i* comes 9 pro( "h1 & %ews t ?is
 swall[ is n r$uc$ to a torpid /ate by  
cold1 :i* x c be> to a c]ta9 degree1 7& 
if t degree is exce$$1 x dies17 = if we 
obs]ve ^! birds t[>ds ! end ( ! w>m     
season1 we %all see !m1 a little be=e _!
 dep>ture1 fly+ toge!r 9 families1 !    
fa!r1 ! "m1 & ! "y brood4 ,aft]w>ds     
sev]al families unite1 & =m !mselves    
into flocks1 m or less num]\s 9         
proportion z ! "t ( _! dep>ture draws   
ne>4 ,at la/ !y g all toge!r1 ?ree or   
f\r days be=e ! end ( ,septemb]1 or ab\t
 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 "s   
rema91 & d n set (f till a week1 a      
=tnight1 or ?ree weeks aft] ! re/3 & "s 
too !re are :i* d n g at all1 b /ay &   
p]i% "u ! fir/ rig\rs ( ! cold4 ,^!     
swall[s t delay _! flight1 or nev]      
und]take x1 are su* z f9d _! "y too weak
 to foll[ !m2 su* z h _h ! mis=tune to h
 _! ne/s de/roy$ aft] lay+1 & h be5     
oblig$ to rebuild !m a second or a ?ird 
"t4 ,!y /ay = ! love ( _! little ones1 &
 *oose r to endure ! rig\r ( ! season1  

?an to ab&on _! (fspr+4 ,?us !y rema9 "s
 "t aft] ! re/ = ! purpose ( tak+ _! "y 
) !m2 & if !y are unable to c>ry !m (f 9
 ! end1 !y p]i% ) !m4  ,^! facts !n     
pla9ly demon/rate 7concludes ,mr4       
,buffon7 t ! *imney-swall[s pass        
successively & alt]nately f our climate 
to ano!r t is w>m]2 t !y sp5d _! summ]  
"h1 & _! w9t] !re2 & ( consequ5ce nev]  
fall into a /ate ( ins5sibility4 ,b1 on 
! o!r h&1 :at h we to oppose to !       
precise te/imony ( ^?1 :o1 on ! approa* 
( w9t]1 h se5 ^! swall[s 9 troops ?r[   
!mselves into ! wat]2 nay1 n only ?is1 b
 h se5 !m tak5 out 9 ne/s f b5ea? ! ice8
 ,:at answ] %all we make to ^? :o h     
beheld !m 9 ! torpid /ate1 & se5 !m     
gradually recov] motion & life1 :5 !y 7 
br\ght into ! w>m?1 & mov$ cauti\sly    
t[>ds a fire8 ,i "k b ( "o means (      
reconcil+ ^! facts3 we mu/ suppose t !  
sleep+ & travell+ swall[ are ( diff]5t  
species1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce1 = want (      
att5tion1 has n be5 obs]v$4  ,?us ?is   
great philosoph] concurs ) ,mr4 ,p5nant1

 9 8 solution1 already m5tion$1 ( !     
difficulty1 by suppos+ two species--!   
migrat+1 & ! sleep+ swall[4 ,) respect  
to ! pr9cipal objects ( ?is wond]ful    
in/9ct1 t tea*es su* v>i\s k9ds ( !     
fea!r$ race to migrate to diff]5t       
c\ntries1 x is obvi\s1 f :at has already
 be5 said1 t !y are gov]n$ by _! food1  
temp]ature ( air1 & conv5i5t situations 
= bre$+4   ,we %all n[ give an acc\nt ( 
! ,,curi\s ,,me?od ,,( ,,bird-,,cat*+   
,,9 ,,! ,,f>o ,,isles4--,! mann] (      
bird-cat*+ 9 ! ,f>o ,isl&s1 is exce$+ly 
/range & haz>d\s4 ,necessity compels man
 to wond]ful attempts4 ,! cliffs :i*    
conta9 ! objects ( _! se>*1 are (t5 two 
hundr$ fa?oms 9 height1 & are attempt$  
bo? f above & bel[4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !   
f[l]s provide !mselves ) a rope eighty  
or a hundr$ fa?oms 9 l5g?4 ,! f[l] fa/5+
 "o end ab\t 8 wai/1 & betwe5 8 legs1   
recomm5ds himself to ! protection ( !   
,almighty1 & is l[]$ d[n by six o!rs1 :o
 place a piece ( timb] on ! m>g9 ( !    
rock1 to pres]ve ! rope f we>+ aga9/ !  

%>p edge4 ,!y h1 besides1 a small l9e   
fa/5$ to ! body ( ! adv5tur]1 by :i* he 
gives signals1 t !y may l[] or raise    
him1 or %ift him f place to place4 ,!   
la/ op]ation is att5d$ ) great dang]1 by
 ! loos5+ ( ! /ones1 :i* (t5 fall on 8  
head1 & w\ld infallibly de/roy him1 7 he
 n protect$ by a /rong ?ick cap2 b ev5  
?is is f\nd unequal to save him aga9/ ! 
weight ( ! l>g] fragm5ts ( rock4 ,!     
dext]ity ( ! f[l]s is amaz+2 !y w place 
_! feet aga9/ ! front ( ! precipice1 &  
d>t !mselves "s fa?oms f x2 ) a cool eye
 survey ! places :]e ! birds ne/le1 &   
aga9 %oot into _! haunts4 ,9 "s places !
 birds lodge 9 deep recesses4 ,! f[l] w 
alight !re1 dis5gage himself f ! rope1  
fix x to a /one1 & at 8 leisure collect 
! booty1 fa/5 x to 8 girdle1 & resume 8 
p5dul\s seat4 ,at times he w aga9 spr+ f
 ! rock1 & 9 t attitude1 ) a f[l+-net   
plac$ on a /aff1 cat* ! old birds t are 
fly+ to & f _! retreats4 ,:5 he has     
f9i%$ 8 dreadful employ1 he gives a     
signal to 8 fri5ds above1 :o pull him   

up1 & %>e 8 h>d-e>n$ pr(it4 ,! fea!rs   
are pres]v$ = exportation3 ! fle% is    
p>tly eat5 fre%1 b ! great] "p is dri$ =
 w9t]'s provision4  ,illu/ration3       
,,p]il\s ,,adv5ture ,,( ,a              
,,bird-,,cat*]4  ,! engrav+ repres5ts ! 
situation ( a bird-cat*] at ,/4 ,kilda4 
,a tale is told ( "o ( ^! m5 :o _h ent]$
 su* a cav]n1 & 9 ! excitem5t produc$ by
 f9d+ its floor all /rewn ov] ) eggs1   
=got ! rope & loos5$ 8 hold3 9 a mom5t x
 0 gone1 & z he turn$ he saw x sw++ at !
 m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,9 va9 he tri$ to rea*  
x1 x 0 beyond 8 grasp2 he tri$ aga9 &   
aga91 b all to no purpose1 :ile1 z if 9 
mock]y ( 8 dismay1 x swung idly 9 ! air1
 j pass+ beyond 8 rea*4 ,:at 0 he to d8 
,a projection ( rock conceal$ him f !   
obs]vation ( ^? above1 :ile ! ro> ( !   
sea prev5t$ _! he>+ 8 cries4 ,if !y drew
 up ! rope & f\nd him n !re1 he knew !y 
w\ld conclude he _h lo/ 8 hold & dropp$ 
into ! sea1 & he w\ld !n be left to />ve
 9 ! cave4 ,! rope /ill kept pass+      
backw>ds & =w>ds1 z if tantaliz+ him ) !

 hope ( escape4 ,e m9ute n[ seem$ an    
age2 at l5g?1 almo/ wild ) despair1 he  
=m$ ! desp]ate resolution to spr+ at !  
rope z x pass$ by him4 ,he wat*$ = a    
favorable opportunity & leap$ f ! cave3 
=tunately he 0 successful 9 cat*+ x ) a 
firm grasp1 & 0 safely drawn aga9 to !  
top4  ,! f[l+ f bel[ has also its %>e ( 
dang]4 ,! p>ty goes on ! exp$ition 9 a  
boat2 & :5 x has atta9$ ! base ( !      
precipice1 "o ( ! mo/ d>+1 hav+ fa/5$ a 
rope ab\t 8 wai/1 & furni%$ himself ) a 
long pole1 ) an iron hook at "o end1    
ei!r climbs or is ?ru/ up by 8          
companions1 :o place a pole "u 8 bree*1 
to ! next foot+ spot he c rea*4 ,he1 by 
means ( ! rope1 br+s up "o ( ! boat's   
crew2 ! re/ are drawn up 9 ! same mann]1
 & ea* is furni%$ ) 8 rope & f[l+-/aff4 
,!y !n cont9ue _! progress upw>ds 9 !   
same mann]1 till !y arrive at ! regions 
( ! birds1 & w&] ab\t ! face ( ! cliff 9
 se>* ( !m4 ,!y !n act 9 pairs2 "o fa/5s
 himself to ! end ( 8 associate's rope1 
&1 9 places :]e ! birds h ne/l$ b5ea? 8 

foot+1 he p]mits himself to be l[]$ d[n1
 dep5d+ = 8 security on ! /r5g? ( 8     
companion1 :o has to haul him up aga92 b
 x sometimes happ5s t ! p]son above is  
ov]p[]$ by ! weight1 & bo? inevitably   
p]i%4 ,!y fl+ ! f[l into ! boat1 :i*    
att5ds _! motions1 & receives ! booty4  
,!y (t5 pass sev5 or eight days 9 ?is   
trem5d\s employ1 & lodge 9 ! crannies   
:i* !y f9d 9 ! face ( ! precipice4   ,we
 %all close ?is division ( our "w ) ,a  
,,curi\s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,song ,,(    
,,birds4--,we introduce ! subject by !  
foll[+ poetical quotations2 :i*1 we h no
 d\bt1 w int]e/ e admir] ( nature1 &    
nature's ,god4                          
--------------------------,e copse      
,deep-tangl$1 tree irregul>1 & bu%      
,b5d+ ) dewy moi/ure1 o'er ! heads   ,( 
! coy *ori/]s t lodge )91   ,are        
prodigal ( h>mony4                      
,?omson4                                
----------------------------,ea* bird1  
,or high 9 air1 or secret 9 ! %ade1     
,rejoic+1 w>bles wild 8 grateful hymn4  

,mallet4    ,f bran* to bran* ! small]  
birds ) song   ,solace ! woods1 & spread
 _! pa9t$ w+s   ,till ev52 nor !n !     
solemn night+ale   ,ceases to w>ble3 9  
%adie/ cov]t hid1   ,%e all ! night     
tunes h] s(t lays4                      
,milton4  ,aga93--    ----------------,!
 sweet poet ( ! v]nal groves   ,melts   
all ! night 9 /ra9s ( am'r\s woe4       
,arm/rong4  ,aga93--    --------,:5 !   
spr+ r5ews ! fl['ry field1   ,& w>ns !  
pregnant night+ale to build1   ,%e seeks
 ! safe/ %elt] ( ! wood1   ,:]e %e may  
tru/ h] little tuneful brood4   ,fond ( 
! *os5 place1 %e views x o'er1   ,sits  
!re1 & w&]s ?r\gh ! grove no m3         
,w>bl+1 %e *>ms x ea* return+ night2--  
,& gives ! p5sive m9d a calm delight4   
,r[e4    ,! l>k1 t %uns on l(ty b\ghs to
 build   ,h] humble ne/1 sits sil5t 9 ! 
field2   ,b if ! promise ( a cl\dless   
day1   7,aurora smil+17 bids h] rise &  
play1   ,!n /raight %e %ews 'twas n =   
want ( voice1   ,or p['r to climb1 %e   
made s l[ a *oice2   ,s++ %e m\nts1 h]  

airy w+s are /ret*'d   ,t['rds heav51 z 
if f heav'n h] note %e fet*'d4          
,wall]4    --------------------,birds ( 
sweete/ song   ,attune f native b\ghs _!
 v>i\s lay1   ,& *e] ! =e/2 ^? ( bright]
 plume   ,) busy p9ion skim ! glitt'r+  
wave1   ,or tempt ! sun1 ambiti\s to    
display   ,_! sev]al m]it4              
,%5/one4  ,! ,song ( ,birds is def9$1 by
 ! ,hon4 ,da9es ,b>r+ton1 to be a       
succession ( ?ree or m diff]5t notes1   
:i* are cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 dur+ ! 
same int]val1 ) a musical b> ( f\r      
crot*ets1 9 an adagio movem5t1 or :il/ a
 p5dulum sw+s f\r seconds4 ,x is        
affirm$1 t ! notes ( birds are no m     
innate ?an language 9 man1 & t !y dep5d 
^u imitation1 z f> z _! organs w enable 
!m to imitate ! s\nds :i* !y h frequ5t  
opportunities ( he>+3 & _! adh]+ s      
/eadily1 ev5 9 a wild /ate1 to ! same   
song1 is ow+ to ! ne/l+ att5d+ only to !
 in/ruction ( ! p>5t bird1 :il/ !y      
disreg>d ! notes ( all o!rs t may be s++
 ar\nd !m4 ,birds 9 a wild /ate d n     

usually s+ above t5 weeks 9 ! ye>2 :]eas
 birds t h pl5ty ( food 9 a cage1 s+ !  
greate/ "p ( ! ye>3 ! female ( no       
species ( birds ev] s+s4 ,?is is a wise 
provision1 because h] song w\ld discov] 
h] ne/4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we may acc\nt =
 h] inf]iority ( plumage4 ,! faculty (  
s++ is conf9$ to ! cock birds2 &        
accord+ly ,mr4 ,hunt]1 9 dissect+ birds 
( sev]al species1 f\nd ! muscles ( !    
l>ynx to be /rong] 9 ! night+ale ?an 9  
any o!r bird ( ! same size2 & 9 all ^?  
in/ances :]e he dissect$ bo? cock & h51 
! same muscles 7 /rong] 9 ! cock4  ,x is
 an obs]vation z anci5t z ! "t ( ,pl9y1 
t a capon does n cr[4 ,"s ascribe ! s++ 
( ! cock 9 ! spr+ solely to ! motive (  
pleas+ 8 mate dur+ incubation2 o!rs1 :o 
all[ t x is p>tly = ?is end1 believe x  
is p>tly ow+ to ano!r cause1 viz4 !     
great abundance ( plants & insects 9    
spr+1 :i* are ! prop] food ( s++ birds  
at t "t ( ! ye>1 z well z se$s4 ,mr4    
,b>r+ton rem>ks1 t !re is no in/ance (  
any s++ bird :i* exce$s our blackbird 9 

size2 & ?is1 he supposes1 may arise f ! 
difficulty ( conceal+ itself1 %\ld x    
call ! att5tion ( its enemies1 n only by
 its bulk1 b by ! proportionate l\dness 
( its notes4 ,he fur!r obs]ves1 t "s    
passages ( ! song 9 a few k9ds ( birds  
correspond ) ! int]vals ( our musical   
scale1 ( :i* ! cuckoo is a /rik+ & kn[n 
in/ance2 b ! great] "p ( _! song _c be  
r$uc$ to a musical scale2 p>tly because 
! rapidity is (t5 s great1 & x is also s
 unc]ta9 :5 !y may /op1 t we _c r$uce ! 
passages to =m a musical b> 9 any "t    
:atsoev]2 p>tly also1 because ! pit* (  
mo/ birds is consid]ably high] ?an ! mo/
 %rill notes ( ^? in/rum5ts :i* h !     
greate/ compass2 & pr9cipally1 because !
 int]vals us$ by birds are commonly s   
m9ute1 t we _c judge ( !m f ! m gross   
int]vals into :i* we divide our musical 
octave4 ,?is writ] appreh5ds1 t all     
birds s+ 9 ! same key2 & he f\nd by a   
night+ale1 z well z a rob9 :i* 0 educat$
 "u him1 t ! notes r$ucible to our      
int]vals ( ! octave 7 always precisely !

 same4 ,mo/ p1 :o h n att5d$ to ! notes 
( birds1 suppose1 t e species s+ exactly
 ! same notes & passages3 b ?is is n    
true2 ?\gh !re is a g5]al resemblance4  
,?us ! ,london bird-cat*]s pref] ! song 
( ! ,k5ti% goldf9*es1 & ,essex *aff9*es2
 & "s ( ! night+ale fanci]s pref] a     
,surrey bird to ^? ( ,middlesex4  ,( all
 s++ birds1 ! song ( ! night+ale has be5
 mo/ univ]sally admir$2 & its sup]iority
 consi/s 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 its tone 
is mu* m mell[ ?an t ( any o!r bird1    
?\gh1 at ! same "t1 by a prop] ex]tion (
 its musical p[]s1 x c be v brilliant4  
,ano!r sup]iority is1 its cont9uance (  
song )\t a pause1 :i* is sometimes tw5ty
 seconds2 & :5 respiration becomes      
necess>y1 x takes x ) z mu* judgm5t z an
 op]a s+]4 ,! skyl>k1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 z 
well z 9 compass & v>iety1 is only      
second to ! night+ale4 ,! night+ale also
 s+s ) judgm5t & ta/e4 ,mr4 ,b>r+ton    
says1 t 8 night+ale began s(tly1 l !    
anci5t orators1 res]v+ its brea? to     
swell c]ta9 notes1 :i* ?us _h a mo/     

a/oni%+ effect4 ,he adds1 t ! notes (   
birds :i* are annually import$ f ,asia1 
,africa1 & ,am]ica1 bo? s+ly & 9 conc]t1
 are n to be comp>$ to ^? ( ,european   
birds4 ,he has also =m$ a table1 to     
exhibit ! comp>ative m]its ( ! ,briti%  
s++ birds2 :]e9 tw5ty be+ ! po9t (      
p]fection1 he /ates ! night+ale at      
n9ete52 ! woodl>k & skyl>k at eighte52 !
 blackcap at f\rte52 ! titl>k1 l9net1   
goldf9*1 & rob91 at twelve2 ) "s        
v>iations respect+ mell[ness1           
sprightl9ess1 execution1 c4 = :i*1 ) !  
proportional diff]5ces ( o!r birds1 we  
ref] to 8 "w4   ,we _c resi/ !          
temptation to ins]t ! foll[+ well-kn[n  
,,invitation ,,to ,,! ,,fea!r$ ,,race4  
,writt5 at ,clav]ton1 ne> ,ba?    ,aga9 
! balmy zephyr bl[s1     ,fre% v]dure   
decks ! grove2   ,ea* bird ) v]nal      
rapture gl[s1     ,& tunes 8 notes to   
love4    ,ye g5tle w>bl]s1 hi!r fly1    
,& %un ! noontide heat2   ,my %rubs a   
cool+ %ade supply1     ,my groves a safe
 retreat4    ,"h freely hop f spray to  

spray1     ,or weave ! mossy ne/1   ,"h 
rove & s+ ! live-long day1     ,at night
 "h sweetly re/4    ,amid/ ?is cool     
transluc5t rill1     ,t trickles d[n !  
glade1   ,"h ba! y\r plumes1 "h dr9k y\r
 fill1     ,& revel 9 ! %ade4    ,no    
s*oolboy rude1 to mis*ief prone1        
,e'er %[s 8 ruddy face1   ,or twangs 8  
b[1 or hurls a /one1     ,9 ?is         
seque/]'d place4    ,hi!r ! vocal ?ru%  
repairs1     ,secure ! l9net s+s3   ,!  
goldf9* dreads no slimy sn>es1     ,to  
clog h] pa9t$ w+s4    ,sad ,philomel6   
ah1 quit ?y haunt1     ,yon di/ant woods
 among1   ,& r\nd my fri5dly grotto     
*aunt     ,?y sweetly pla9tive song4    
,let n ! h>mless r$brea/ fe>1           
,dome/ic bird1 to come   ,& seek a sure 
asylum "h1     ,) "o t loves 8 home4    
,my trees = y1 ye artless tribe1        
,%all /ore ( fruit pres]ve3   ,o let me 
?us y\r fri5d%ip bribe6     ,come1 fe$  
)\t res]ve4    ,= y ^! *]ries ,i        
protect1     ,to y ^! plums belong2     
,sweet is ! fruit t y h pick'd1     ,b  

sweet] f> y\r song4    ,let !n ?is      
league betwixt u made1     ,our mutual  
int're/ gu>d2   ,m9e be ! gift ( fruit &
 %ade1     ,y\r songs be my rew>d4      
,graves4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxii4             
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,insects4     
,to _! delici\s task ! f]v5t bees1   ,9 
sw>m+ millions1 t5d2 ar\nd1 a?w>t1      
,?r\gh ! s(t air ! busy nations fly1    
,cl+ to ! bud1 & ) ins]t$ tube   ,suck  
its pure ess5ce1 its e!real s\l2   ,&   
(t1 ) bold] w+1 !y1 so>+1 d>e   ,!      
purple hea?1 or :]e ! wild ?yme gr[1    
,& yell[ load !m ) ! lusci\s spoil4     
,?omson4    ,:at v>i\s wond]s may       
obs]v]s see   ,9 a small insect--!      
sagaci\s bee6   ,m>k h[ ! little        
untaught build]s squ>e   ,_! rooms1 & 9 
! d>k _! lodg+s re>2   ,nature's        
me*anics1 !y unwe>i$ /rive   ,& fill1 ) 
curi\s labyr9?s1 ! hive4   ,see :at bold
 /rokes ( ar*itecture %9e   ,?r\gh !    
:ole frame1 :at beauty1 :at design6     
,blackmore4   ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4  ,?is  
important insect has be5 long & ju/ly   

celebrat$ = its wond]ful polity1 !      
neatness & precision ) :i* x con/ructs  
its cells1 & ! dilig5ce ) :i* x         
provides1 dur+ ! w>m? ( summ]1 a supply 
( food = ! support ( ! hive dur+ !      
rig\rs ( ! succe$+ w9t]4 ,! g5]al hi/ory
 ( ?is int]e/+ insect has be5 amply     
detail$ by v>i\s au?ors1 z ,swamm]dam1  
,reaumur1 c4 c4 ,among ! mo/ elaborate  
acc\nts ( lat] times1 may be m5tion$ t (
 ,mr4 ,john ,hunt]1 :i* made its        
appe>ance 9 ! ,philosophical            
,transactions = ! ye> #agib2 & t ( ,m4  
,hub]1 conta9$ 9 8 ,n\velles            
,obs]vations sur les ,abeilles1 address$
 to ,m4 ,bonnet1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( !  
,contemplations de la ,nature4 ,! foll[+
 acc\nt is drawn pr9cipally f ,hunt] &  
,hub]4  ,!re are ?ree p]iods1 obs]ves   
,hunt]1 at :i* ! hi/ory ( ! bee may     
comm5ce3 fir/1 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! que5 beg9s
 to lay h] eggs2 9 ! summ]1 at !        
comm5cem5t ( a new colony2 or 9 !       
autumn1 :5 !y g into w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,we   
%all beg9 ! p>ticul> hi/ory ( ! bee ) ! 

new colony1 :5 no?+ is =m$4 ,:5 a hive  
s5ds (f a colony1 x is commonly 9 ! mon?
 ( ,june2 b t w v>y accord+ to ! season1
 =1 9 a mild spr+1 bees sometimes sw>m 9
 ! middle ( ,may1 & v (t5 at ! latt] end
 ( x4 ,be=e !y come (f1 !y commonly hang
 ab\t ! m\? ( ! hole or door ( ! hive = 
"s days1 z if !y _h n suffici5t room )9 
= su* hot wea!r1 :i* we believe is v mu*
 ! case2 = if cold or wet wea!r come on1
 !y /[ !mselves v well1 & wait = f9e    
wea!r4 ,b sw>m+ appe>s to be r an       
op]ation aris+ f necessity2 = !y d n    
seem to remove volunt>ily1 because if !y
 h an empty space to fill1 !y d n sw>m2 
!re=e1 by increas+ ! size ( ! hive1 !   
sw>m+ is prev5t$4 ,?is p]iod is mu*     
long] 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,= "s ev5+s be=e 
!y come (f1 is (t5 he>d a s+ul> noise1 a
 k9d ( r+1 or s\nd ( a small trumpet2 by
 comp>+ x ) ! notes ( a piano-=te1 x    
seem$ to be ! same s\nd ) ! l[] ,a ( !  
treble4 ,! sw>m commonly consi/s ( ?ree 
classes2 a female or females1 males1 &  
^? commonly call$ mules1 :i* are suppos$

 to be ( no sex1 & are ! lab\r]s2 !     
:ole1 ab\t two qu>ts 9 bulk1 mak+ ab\t  
six or sev5 ?\s&4 ,x is a "q t _c easily
 be det]m9$1 :e!r ?is old /ock s5ds (f  
only "y ( ! same season1 & :e!r ! :ole (
 _! "y ones1 or only a "p4  ,z ! males  
are entirely br$ 9 ! same season1 "p g  
(f2 b "p mu/ /ay1 & mo/ probably x is s 
) ! o!rs4 ,!y commonly come (f 9 ! heat 
( ! day1 (t5 imm$iately aft] a %[]4 ,:5 
"o goes (f1 !y all imm$iately foll[1 &  
fly ab\t1 seem+ly 9 great confusion1    
al?\gh !re is "o pr9ciple actuat+ !     
:ole4 ,!y soon appe> to be direct$ to "s
 fix$ place2 su* z ! bran* ( a tree or  
bu%1 ! cavities ( old trees1 or holes ( 
h\ses lead+ into "s holl[ place2 & :5ev]
 ! /& is made1 !y imm$iately repair to x
 till !y are all collect$4 ,b x w\ld    
seem1 9 "s cases1 t !y _h n fix$ ^u any 
re/+-place be=e !y come (f1 or1 if !y   
_h1 t !y 7 ei!r di/urb$1 if x 0 ne>1 or 
t x 0 at a great di/ance2 =1 aft] hov]+ 
"s "t1 z if undet]m9$1 !y fly away1 m\nt
 up into ! air1 & g (f ) great velocity4

 ,:5 !y h fix$ ^u _! future habitation1 
!y imm$iately beg9 to make _! combs = !y
 h ! mat]ials )9 !mselves4 ,i h reason1 
says ,mr4 ,hunt]1 to believe t !y fill  
_! crops ) honey :5 !y come away1       
probably f ! /ock 9 ! hive4 ,i kill$    
sev]al ( ^? t came away1 & f\nd _! crops
 full1 :ile ^? t rema9$ 9 ! hive _h _!  
crops n ne> s full3 "s ( !m came away ) 
f>9a on _! legs1 :i* ,i conceive to be r
 accid5tal4 ,i may j obs]ve "h1 t a hive
 commonly s5ds (f two1 sometimes ?ree   
sw>ms 9 a summ]1 b t ! second is        
commonly less ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird less 
?an ! second2 & ?is la/ has seldom "t to
 provide = ! w9t]4  ,! mat]ials ( _!    
dwell+ or comb1 :i* is ! wax1 is ! next 
consid]ation1 ) ! mode ( =m+1 prep>+1 or
 dispos+ ( x4 ,9 giv+ a totally new     
acc\nt ( ! wax1 ,i %all fir/ %ew x c    
h>dly be :at x has be5 suppos$ to be4   
,fir/1 ,i %all obs]ve t ! mat]ials1 z !y
 are f\nd compos+ ! comb1 are n to be   
f\nd 9 ! same /ate 7z a composition7 9  
any vegetable1 :]e !y h be5 suppos$ to  

be got4 ,! sub/ance br\ght 9 on ! legs1 
:i* is ! f>9a ( ! fl[]s ( plants1 is1 9 
common1 ,i believe1 imag9$ to be !      
mat]ials ( :i* ! wax is made1 = x is    
call$ by mo/1 ! wax3 b x is ! f>9a1 = x 
is always ( ! same col\r z ! f>9a ( !   
fl[] :]e !y are ga!r+2 &1 inde$1 we see 
!m ga!r+ x1 & we also see !m cov]$ almo/
 all ov] ) x l a du/3 nev]!less1 x has  
be5 suppos$ to be ! wax1 or t ! wax 0   
extract$ f x4 ,reaumur is ( ?is op9ion4 
,i made sev]al exp]im5ts1 to see if !re 
0 su* a quantity ( oil 9 x1 z w\ld      
acc\nt = ! quantity ( wax to be =m$1 &  
to le>n if x 0 compos$ ( oil4 ,i held x 
ne> ! c&le2 x burnt1 b did n smell l    
wax1 & _h ! same smell :5 burn+1 z f>9a 
:5 x 0 burnt4 ,i obs]v$1 t ?is sub/ance 
0 ( diff]5t col\rs on diff]5t bees1 b   
always ( ! same col\r on bo? legs ( !   
same bee2 :]eas a new-made comb 0 all ( 
"o col\r4 ,i obs]v$1 t x 0 ga!r$ ) m    
avidity = old hives1 :]e ! comb is      
complete1 ?an = ^? hives :]e x 0 only   
begun1 :i* we c\ld h>dly conceive1      

admitt+ x to be ! mat]ials ( wax4 ,also 
we may obs]ve1 t at ! v beg9n+ ( a hive1
 ! bees seldom br+ 9 any sub/ance on _! 
legs = two or ?ree days1 & aft] t1 !    
f>9a ga!r]s beg9 to increase2 = n[ "s   
cells are =m$ to hold x z a /ore1 & "s  
eggs are laid1 :i*1 :5 hat*$1 w require 
?is sub/ance z food1 & :i* w be ready :5
 ! wea!r is wet4  ,! wax is =m$ by !    
bees !mselves2 x may be call$ an ext]nal
 secretion ( oil1 & ,i h f\nd t x is =m$
 betwe5 ea* scale ( ! "u side ( ! belly4
 ,:5 ,i fir/ obs]v$ ?is sub/ance1 9 my  
exam9ation ( ! work+ bee1 ,i 0 at a loss
 to say :at x 03 ,i ask$ myself if x 7  
scales =m+1 & :e!r !y ca/ ! old1 z !    
lob/]1 c4 does8 b x 0 to be f\nd only   
betwe5 ! scales on ! l[] side ( ! belly4
 ,on exam9+ ! bees ?r\gh glass hives1   
:ile !y 7 climb+ up ! glass1 ,i c\ld see
 t mo/ ( !m _h ?is sub/ance1 = x look$ z
 if ! l[] or po/]ior edge ( ! scale 0   
d\ble1 or t !re 7 d\ble scales2 b ,i    
p]ceiv$ x 0 loose1 n atta*$4 ,f9d+ t !  
sub/ance br\ght 9 on _! legs 0 f>9a1    

int5d$1 z appe>$ f e circum/ance1 to be 
! food ( ! bee1 & n to make wax2 & n    
hav+ yet p]ceiv$ any ?+ t c\ld give me !
 lea/ idea ( wax2 ,i conceiv$ ^! scales 
might be x1 at lea/ ,i ?\ght x necess>y 
to inve/igate !m4 ,i !re=e took sev]al  
on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 & held !m to a     
c&le1 :]e !y melt$1 & imm$iately =m$    
!mselves into r\nd globules2 ^u :i* ,i  
no long] d\bt$ t ?is 0 ! wax1 :i* op9ion
 0 confirm$ to me by n f9d+ ^? scales b 
9 ! build+ season4  ,! cells1 or r !    
cong]ies ( cells1 :i* compose ! comb1   
may be said to =m p]p5dicul> plates1 or 
p>titions1 :i* ext5d f top to bottom ( !
 cavity 9 :i* !y build1 & "w d[nw>ds2 b 
if ! upp] "p ( ?is vault to :i* _! combs
 are fix$1 is remov$1 & a dome is put   
ov]1 !y beg9 at ! upp] edge ( ! old     
comb1 & "w up into ! new cavity at !    
top4 ,!y g5]ally may be guid$1 z to !   
directions ( _! new plates1 by =m+      
ridges at top1 to :i* !y beg9 to atta*  
_! combs4 ,9 a long hive1 if ^! ridges  
are longitud9al1 _! plates ( comb w be  

longitud9al2 if plac$ transv]sely1 s w  
be ! plates2 & if obliquely1 ! plates ( 
comb w be oblique also4 ,ea* plate      
consi/s ( a d\ble set ( cells1 ^:       
bottoms =m ! p>tition betwe5 ea* set4 ,!
 plates !mselves are n v regul>ly       
arrang$1 n =m+ a regul> plane :]e !y    
might h done s1 b are (t5 adapt$ to !   
situation or %ape ( ! cavity 9 :i* !y   
are built4  ,! bees d n endeav\r to %ape
 _! cavity to _! "w1 z ! wasps d1 nor   
are ! cells ( equal dep?s1 also fitt+ !m
 to _! situation2 b z ! bre$+ cells mu/ 
all be ( a giv5 dep?1 !y res]ve a       
suffici5t numb] = bre$+ 91 & !y put !   
honey into ! o!rs1 z also into ! %all[  
ones4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! comb r\nd ! cavity
 is n cont9u$1 b int]rupt$1 s z to =m   
passages 9 ! middle ( ! plates1         
especially if !re be a cross-/ick to    
support ! comb2 ^! all[ ( bees to g     
across f plate to plate4 ,! sub/ance :i*
 !y use = atta*+ _! combs to surr\nd+   
p>ts1 is n ! same z ! common wax2 x is  
s(t] & t\gh]1 a good deal l ! sub/ance )

 :i* !y cov] 9 _! *rysalis1 or !        
humblebee surr\nds h] eggs4 ,x is       
probably a mixture ( wax ) f>9a4 ,!     
cells are plac$ ne>ly horizontal1 b n   
exactly s2 ! m\? rais$ a little1 :i*    
probably may be to reta9 ! honey !      
bett]3 h[ev]1 ?is rule is n /rictly     
obs]v$1 = (t5 !y are horizontal1 & t[>ds
 ! l[] edge ( a plane ( comb !y are (t5 
decl9+4 ,! fir/ combs t a hive =ms are !
 smalle/1 & mu* neat] ?an ! la/ or      
l[]mo/4 ,_! sides or p>titions1 betwe5  
cell & cell1 are mu* ?9n]1 & ! hexagon  
is mu* m p]fect4 ,! wax is pur]1 be+    
probably little else b wax1 & x is m    
brittle4 ,! l[] combs are consid]ably   
l>g]1 & conta9 mu* m wax1 or p]haps1 m  
prop]ly1 m mat]ials2 & ! cells are at   
su* di/ances z to all[ !m to be ( a r\nd
 figure2 ! wax is s(t]1 & !re is some?+ 
mix$ ) x4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! cells are n   
all ( equal size1 "s be+ a degree l>g]  
?an o!rs2 & t ! small are ! fir/ =m$1 & 
( c\rse at ! upp] "p1 :]e ! bees beg92 &
 ! l>g] are ne>] ! l[] "p ( ! comb1 or  

la/ made3 h[ev]1 9 hives ( a p>ticul>   
con/ruction1 :]e ! bees may beg9 to "w  
at "o end1 & c "w bo? d[n & t[>ds ! o!r 
end1 we (t5 f9d ! l>g] cells bo? on !   
l[] "p ( ! combs1 & also at ! opposite  
end2 ^! are =m$ = ! males to be br$ 93 9
 ! hornet & wasp combs !re are l>g]     
cells = ! que5s to be br$ 92 ^! are also
 =m$ 9 ! l[] ti]1 & are ! la/ =m$4  ,!  
fir/ comb made 9 a hive is all ( "o     
col\r1 viz4 almo/ :ite2 b is n s :ite   
t[>ds ! end ( ! season1 hav+ !n m ( a   
yell[ ca/4  ,:at foll[s is pr9cipally   
abridg$ f ,hub]1 :o 9 _m in/ances is m  
correct ?an ,hunt]4--,a hive conta9s    
?ree k9d ( bees4 #a4 ,a s+le que5 bee1  
di/+ui%able by ! great l5g? ( h] body1 &
 ! proportional %ortness ( h] w+s4 #b4  
,work+-bees1 female non-bre$]s1 or1 z !y
 7 =m]ly call$1 neut]s1 to ! am\nt ( _m 
?\s&s2 ^! are ! smalle/ bees 9 ! hive1 &
 are arm$ ) a /+4 #c4 ,drones1 or males1
 to ! numb] p]haps ( fifte5 hundr$ or   
two ?\s&2 ^! are l>g] ?an ! work]s1 & ( 
a d>k col\r2 !y make a great noise 9    

fly+1 & h no /+4 ,! :ole lab\r ( !      
community is p]=m$ by ! work]s3 !y      
elaborate ! wax1 & con/ruct ! cells2 !y 
collect ! honey1 & fe$ ! brood4 ,!      
drones1 num]\s z !y are1 s]ve no o!r    
purpose ?an to ensure ! increase ( !    
hive1 & are regul>ly massacr$ by !      
work]s at ! beg9n+ ( autumn4  ,x is !   
(fice ( ! que5-bee to lay ! eggs4 ,^!   
rema9 ab\t ?ree days 9 ! cells be=e !y  
are hat*$4 ,a small :ite worm !n makes  
its appe>ance1 7call$ indiff]5tly1 worm1
 l>va1 maggot1 or grub27 ?is l>va is f$ 
) honey = "s days1 & !n *anges into a   
nymph or pupa4 ,aft] pass+ a c]ta9 p]iod
 9 ?is /ate1 x comes =? a p]fect w+$    
insect4  ,m4 ,hub]1 aft] notic+ !       
propagation ( ?is indu/ri\s race1 next  
/ates ! accid5tal discov]y ( ! v s+ul> &
 unexpect$ consequ5ces :i* foll[ f      
ret>d+ ! impregnation ( ! que5-bee      
beyond ! tw5tie? or tw5ty-fir/ day ( h] 
life4 ,9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 or :5    
impregnation is n ret>d$1 ! que5 beg9s  
to lay ! eggs ( work]s =ty-six h\rs     

aft]1 & %e cont9ues = ! subsequ5t elev5 
mon?s to lay none b ^!2 & x is only aft]
 ?is p]iod1 t a consid]able & un9t]rupt$
 lay+ ( ! eggs ( drones comm5ces4 ,:51  
on ! contr>y1 impregnation is ret>d$    
aft] ! tw5ty-eigh? day1 ! que5 beg9s1 f 
! =ty-six? h\r1 to lay ! eggs ( drones2 
& %e lays no o!r k9d dur+ h] :ole life4 
,x w\ld be t$i\s to detail ! exp]im5ts2 
!y 7 num]\s1 & ! results uni=m4 ,i      
occupi$ myself 7says ,m4 ,hub]7 !       
rema9d] ( #aghg1 & ! two subsequ5t ye>s1
 ) exp]im5ts on ret>d$ fecundation1 & _h
 con/antly ! same results4 ,x is        
und\bt$1 !re=e1 t :5 ! c\rse ( natural  
in/9ct is ret>d$ beyond ! tw5tie? day1  
only an imp]fect g5]ation is produc$2 z 
! que51 in/ead ( lay+ ! eggs ( work]s & 
( males equally1 w lay ^? ( males only4 
,?is discov]y is entirely ,m4 ,hub]'s   
own3 & s difficult is x to (f] any      
plausible explanation ( ! fact1 t he    
himself has sc>cely attempt$ x4  ,!     
work+-bees _h be5 = ages consid]$ z     
entirely de/itute ( sex2 & h5ce1 9 !    

writ+s ( _m au?ors1 !y are d5om9at$     
neut]s1 b f ! exp]im5ts ( ,s*ira* &     
,hub]1 x seems n[ to be cle>ly asc]ta9$1
 t ! work]s are really ( ! female sex4  
,m4 ,hub] confirms ! curi\s discov]y (  
,m4 ,s*ira*1 t :5 bees are by any       
accid5t depriv$ ( _! que51 !y h ! p[] ( 
select+ "o or two grubs ( work]s1 & (   
conv]t+ !m into que5s2 & t !y accompli% 
?is by greatly enl>g+ ! cells ( ^?      
select$ l>v1 by supply+ !m m copi\sly ) 
food1 & ) t ( a m pung5t sort ?an is    
giv5 to ! common l>v4  ,m4 ,hub] gives !
 foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i*   
bees proce$ 9 =m+ capaci\s cells = !    
work]s' grubs de/9$ to royalty4--,bees  
soon become s5sible ( hav+ lo/ _! que51 
& 9 a few h\rs comm5ce ! lab\r necess>y 
to repair _! loss4 ,fir/ !y select ! "y 
common worms1 :i* ! requisite treatm5t  
is to conv]t into que5s1 & imm$iately   
beg9 ) enl>g+ ! cells :]e !y are        
deposit$4 ,_! mode ( proce$+ is curi\s2 
& ! bett] to illu/rate x1 ,i %all       
describe ! lab\r be/[$ on a s+le cell1  

:i* w apply to all ! re/ conta9+ worms  
de/9$ = que5s4 ,hav+ *os5 a worm1 !y    
sacrifice ?ree ( ! contigu\s cells2 next
 !y supply x ) food1 & raise a          
cyl9drical enclosure ar\nd1 by :i* !    
cell becomes a p]fect tube1 ) a         
rhomboidal bottom2 = ! p>ts =m+ ! bottom
 are left unt\*$4 ,if ! bees damag$ x1  
!y w\ld lay op5 ?ree correspond+ cells  
on ! opposite surface ( ! comb1 &       
consequ5tly de/roy _! worms1 :i* w\ld be
 an unnecess>y sacrifice1 & nature has  
oppos$ x4 ,!re=e1 leav+ ! bottom        
rhomboidal1 !y are satisfi$ ) rais+ a   
cyl9drical tube ar\nd ! worm1 :i*1 l !  
o!r cells 9 ! comb1 are horizontal4 ,b  
?is habitation rema9s suitable to ! worm
 call$ to ! royal /ate1 only dur+ ! fir/
 ?ree days ( its exi/5ce3 ano!r         
situation is requisite = ! o!r two days 
x is a worm4 ,dur+ t "t1 ?\gh s small a 
portion ( its life1 x mu/ inhabit a cell
 ne>ly ( a pyramidical figure1 & hang+  
p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! work]s1 !re=e gnaw away
 ! cells surr\nd+ ! cyl9drical tube1    

m]cilessly sacrifice _! worms1 & use !  
wax 9 con/ruct+ a new pyramidical tube1 
:i* !y sold] at "r angles to ! fir/1 &  
"w x d[nw>ds4 ,! diamet] ( ?is pyramid  
decreases ins5sibly f ! base1 :i* is v  
wide1 to ! po9t4 ,9 proportion z ! worm 
gr[s1 ! bees lab\r 9 ext5d+ ! cell1 &   
br+ food1 :i* !y place be=e its m\?1 &  
ne> its body1 =m+ a k9d ( cord ar\nd x4 
,! worm1 :i* c move only 9 a spiral     
direction1 turns incessantly to take !  
food be=e its head3 x ins5sibly desc5ds1
 & at l5g? arrives at ! orifice ( !     
cell4 ,n[ is ! "t ( trans=mation to a   
nymph4 ,z any fur!r c>e is unnecess>y1 !
 bees close ! cell ) a peculi> sub/ance 
appropriat$ = x1 & !re ! worm und]goes  
bo? its metamorphoses4  ,m4 ,hub]       
relates "s exp]im5ts :i* confirm ! s+ul>
 discov]y ( ,m4 ,riems1 conc]n+ common  
work+ bees t are capable ( lay+         
eggs1--:i*1 we may rem>k1 is c]ta9ly a  
mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( _! be+ ( ! female    
sex4 ,eggs 7 obs]v$ to increase 9 numb] 
daily1 9 a hive 9 :i* !re 7 no que5s ( !

 usual appe>ance2 b small que5s         
consid]ably resemble work]s1 & to       
discrim9ate !m1 requir$ m9ute           
inspection4 ,my assi/ant1 7says ,m4     
,hub]17 !n (f]$ to p]=m an op]ation t   
requir$ bo? c\rage & pati5ce1 & :i* ,i  
c\ld n resolve to sugge/1 ?\gh ! same   
exp$i5t _h occurr$ to myself4 ,he       
propos$ to exam9e ea* bee 9 ! hive      
sep>ately1 to discov] :e!r "s small que5
 _h n ins9uat$ h]self among !m1 & escap$
 our fir/ rese>*es4 ,x 0 necess>y1      
!re=e1 to seize e "o ( ! bees1 not)/&+  
_! irritation1 & to exam9e _! specific  
"* ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,?is my assi/ant      
und]took1 & execut$ ) great address4    
,elev5 days 7 employ$ 9 x2 &1 dur+ all t
 "t1 he sc>cely all[$ himself any       
relaxation b :at ! relief ( 8 eyes      
requir$4 ,he took e bee 9 8 h&2 he      
att5tively exam9$ ! trunk1 ! h9d limbs1 
& ! /+2 & he f\nd t !re 0 n "o )\t !    
*>act]i/ics ( ! common bee1 t is1 !     
little basket on ! h9d legs1 ! long     
trunk1 & ! /raight /+4  ,:5 a sup]num]>y

 que5 is produc$ 9 a hive1 or is        
introduc$ into x 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5t1  
ei!r %e or ! rightful own] soon p]i%es4 
,! ,g]man naturali/s1 ,s*ira* & ,riems1 
imag9$ t ! work+ bees assail$ ! /rang]1 
& /ung h] to dea?4 ,reaumur consid]$ x z
 m probable1 t ! sceptre 0 made to dep5d
 on ! issue ( a s+le combat betwe5 !    
claimants2 & ?is conjecture is v]ifi$ by
 ! obs]vations ( ,hub]4 ,! same ho/ility
 t[>ds rivals1 & de/ructive v5geance    
aga9/ royal cells1 animates all que5s1  
:e!r !y be virg9s1 or 9 a /ate (        
impregnation1 or mo!rs ( num]\s broods4 
,! work+ bees1 x may "h be rem>k$1 rema9
 quiet spectators ( ! de/ruction1 by !  
fir/-hat*$ que51 ( ! rema9+ royal cells2
 !y approa* only to %>e 9 ! plund]      
pres5t$ by _! havock-mak+ mi/ress1      
gre$ily dev\r+ any food f\nd at ! bottom
 ( ! cells1 & ev5 suck+ ! fluid f !     
abdom5 ( ! nymphs be=e !y toss out !    
c>case4  ,! foll[+ fact1 connect$ ) ?is 
subject1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s p]haps 9 !
 :ole hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful insect4     

,:5ev] ! work]s p]ceive t !re are two   
rival que5s 9 ! hive1 numb]s ( !m cr[d  
ar\nd ea*2 !y seem to be p]fectly aw>e (
 ! approa*+ deadly conflict1 & will+ to 
prompt _! ,amazonian *iefta9s to !      
battle2 = z (t5 z ! que5s %ew a         
dis9cl9ation to fight1 or seem incl9$ to
 rec$e f ea* o!r1 or to fly (f1 ! bees  
imm$iately surr\nd & deta9 !m2 b :5 ei!r
 combatant %ews a disposition to approa*
 h] antagoni/1 all ! bees =m+ ! clu/]s  
in/antly give way1 to all[ h] full      
lib]ty = ! attack4 ,x seems /range t ^? 
bees1 :o 9 g5]al %ew s mu* anxiety ab\t 
! safety ( _! que51 %\ld1 9 p>ticul>    
circum/ances1 oppose h] prep>ations to  
avoid imp5d+ dang]1--%\ld seem to       
promote ! battle1 & to excite ! fury ( !
 combatants4  ,:5 a que5 is remov$ f a  
hive1 ! bees d n imm$iately p]ceive x2  
!y cont9ue _! lab\rs1 wat* ov] _! "y1 & 
p]=m all _! ord9>y occupations4 ,b1 9 a 
few h\rs1 agitation ensues2 all appe>s a
 sc5e ( tumult 9 ! hive4 ,a s+ul> humm+ 
is he>d2 ! bees des]t _! "y1 & ru% ov] !

 surface ( ! combs ) a deliri\s         
impetuosity4 ,!y h n[ evid5tly discov]$ 
t _! sov]eign is gone2 & ! rapidity )   
:i* ! bad news spreads ?r\gh ! hive1 to 
! opposite side ( ! combs1 is v         
rem>kable4 ,on replac+ ! que5 9 ! hive1 
tranquillity is almo/ in/antly re/or$4  
,! bees1 x is wor?y ( notice1 recognize 
! individual p]son ( _! own que54 ,if   
ano!r be palm$ ^u !m1 !y seize & surr\nd
 h]1 s t %e is ei!r suffocat$1 or p]i%es
 by hung]2 = x is v rem>kable1 t !      
work]s are nev] kn[n to attack a que5   
bee ) _! /+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 m ?an eighte5 
h\rs h elaps$ be=e ! /rang] que5 be     
introduc$1 %e has "s *ance to escape3 ! 
bees at fir/ seize & conf9e h]1 b less  
rigidly2 & !y soon beg9 to disp]se1 & at
 l5g? leave h] to reign ov] a hive1 9   
:i* %e 0 at fir/ treat$ z a prison]4 ,if
 tw5ty-f\r h\rs h elaps$1 ! /rang] w be 
well receiv$ f ! fir/1 & at once admitt$
 to ! sov]eignty ( ! hive4 ,9 %ort1 x   
appe>s t ! bees1 :5 depriv$ ( _! que51  
are ?r[n into great agitation2 t !y wait

 ab\t tw5ty h\rs1 app>5tly 9 hopes ( h] 
return2 b t1 aft] ?is int]regnum1 !     
agitation ceases1 & !y set ab\t supply+ 
_! loss by beg9n+ to con/ruct royal     
cells4 ,x is :5 !y are 9 ?is temp]1 & n 
soon]1 t a /rang] que5 w be graci\sly   
receiv$2 & ^u h] be+ pres5t$ to !m1 !   
royal cells1 9 :atev] /ate ( =w>dness !y
 may happ5 to be1 are in/antly ab&on$1 &
 ! l>v de/roy$4 ,reaumur mu/ !re=e h    
mi/ak5 ! result ( 8 own exp]im5ts1 :5 he
 ass]ts1 t a /rang] que5 is in/antly    
well receiv$1 ?\gh pres5t$ at ! mom5t :5
 ! o!r is )drawn4 ,he _h se5 ! bees     
cr[d+ ar\nd h] at ! entrance ( ! hive1 &
 lay+ _! ant5n ov] h]2 & ?is he seems to
 h tak5 = c>ess+4 ,! /ructure ( ! hives 
he employ$ prev5t$ him f see+ fur!r3 _h 
he us$ ! leaf-hive1 or "o ( simil>      
con/ruction1 he w\ld h p]ceiv$ t !      
app>5t c>esses ( ! gu>ds 7 only !       
prelude to actual imprisonm5t4  ,x is   
well kn[n1 t aft] ! season ( sw>m+1 a   
g5]al massacre ( ! drones is comm5c$4   
,sev]al au?ors ass]t1 9 _! writ+s1 t !  

work]s d n /+ ! drones to dea?1 b m]ely 
h>ass !m till !y are bani%$ f ! hive &  
p]i%4 ,m4 ,hub] contriv$ a glass table1 
on :i* he plac$ sev]al hives1 & he 0 ?us
 able to see di/9ctly :at pass$ at !    
bottom ( ! hive1 :i* is g5]ally d>k &   
conceal$3 he witness$ a real & furi\s   
massacre ( ! males1 ! work]s ?ru/+ _!   
/+s s deep into ! bodies ( ! def5celess 
drones1 t !y 7 oblig$ to turn on        
!mselves z on a pivot1 be=e !y c\ld     
extricate !m4 ,! "w ( dea? comm5c$ 9 all
 ! hives mu* ab\t ! same "t4 ,x is n1   
h[ev]1 by a bl9d or indiscrim9at+       
in/9ct1 t ! work]s are impell$ ?us to   
sacrifice ! males2 = if a hive be       
depriv$ ( its que51 no massacre ( !     
males takes place 9 x1 :ile ! hotte/    
p]secution rages 9 all ! surr\nd+ hives4
 ,9 ?is case1 ! males are all[$ to      
survive ! w9t]4 ,mr4 ,bonn] _h obs]v$   
?is fact2 he suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! work]s 
?us tol]at$ ! drones = ! sake ( !       
additional heat !y g5]at$ 9 ! hive2 b we
 n[ see ! true reason to be1 t )\t !m ! 

new que5 w\ld n be fruitful4 ,! drones  
are also suff]$ to exi/ 9 hives t       
possess f]tile work]s1 b no prop] que52 
&1 :at is rem>kable1 !y are likewise    
sp>$ 9 hives gov]n$ by a que5 ^:        
fecundity has be5 ret>d$4 ,"h1 !n1 we   
p]ceive a c\nt]-in/9ct oppos$ to t :i*  
w\ld h impell$ !m to ! usual massacre4  
,^u ! subject ( sw>m+1 ,m4 ,hub]        
comm5ces ) an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! hat*+ (
 ! que5 bee4 ,:5 ! pupa is ab\t to *ange
 into ! p]fect insect1 ! bees r5d] !    
cov] ( ! cell ?9n]1 by gnaw+ away "p ( !
 wax2 & ) s mu* nicety d !y p]=m ?is    
op]ation1 t ! cov] at la/ becomes       
pellucid1 ow+ to its extreme ?9ness4    
,?is mu/ n only facilitate ! exit ( !   
fly1 b1 ,m4 ,hub] rem>ks1 x may possibly
 be useful 9 p]mitt+ ! evaporation ( !  
sup]abundant fluids ( ! nymph4 ,aft] !  
trans=mation is complete1 ! "y que5s    
w\ld1 9 common c\rse1 imm$iately em]ge f
 _! cells1 z work]s & drones d2 b ! bees
 always keep !m prison]s = "s days 9 _! 
cells1 supply+ !m 9 ! mean "t ) honey = 

food2 a small hole be+ made 9 ! door (  
ea* cell1 ?r\gh :i* ! conf9$ bee ext5ds 
its proboscis to receive x4 ,! royal    
prison]s cont9ually utt] a k9d ( song1 !
 modulations ( :i* are said to v>y4 ,!  
f9al cause ( ?is tempor>y imprisonm5t1 x
 is sugge/$1 may possibly be1 t !y may  
be able to take flight at ! in/ant !y   
are lib]at$4 ,:5 a "y que5 at la/ gets  
out1 %e meets ) r an awkw>d reception2  
%e is pull$1 bitt51 & *as$1 z (t5 z %e  
happ5s to approa* ! o!r royal cells 9 ! 
hive4 ,! purpose ( nature "h seems to   
be1 t %e %\ld be impell$ to g (f ) a    
sw>m z soon z possible4 ,a curi\s fact 0
 obs]v$ on ^! occasions3 :5 ! que5 f\nd 
h]self mu* h>ass$1 %e _h only to utt] a 
peculi> noise1 7! comm&+ voice1 we may  
presume1 ( sov]eignty17 & all ! bees 7  
in/antane\sly con/ra9$ to submission &  
ob$i5ce4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$
 in/ances 9 :i* ! que5 ex]ts h] sov]eign
 p[]4  ,! conclusions at :i* ,m4 ,hub]  
arrives on ! subject ( sw>ms are !      
foll[+3--  ,fir/1 ,a sw>m is always l$  

(f by a s+le que51 ei!r ! sov]eign ( !  
p>5t hive1 or "o rec5tly br\ght into    
exi/5ce4 ,if1 at ! return ( spr+1 we    
exam9e a hive well peopl$1 & gov]n$ by a
 f]tile que51 we %all see h] lay a      
prodigi\s numb] ( male eggs 9 ! c\rse ( 
,may1 & ! work]s w *oose t mom5t =      
con/ruct+ sev]al royal cells4 ,?is lay+ 
( male eggs 9 ,may1 ,m4 ,hub] calls !   
great lay+2 & he rem>ks1 t no que5 ev]  
has a great lay+ till %e be elev5 mon?s 
old4 ,x is only aft] f9i%+ ?is lay+1 t  
%e is able to und]take ! j\rney impli$ 9
 lead+ a sw>m2 =1 previ\sly to ?is1     
latum trahit alvum1 :i* unfits h] =     
fly+4 ,!re appe>s to be a secret        
relation betwe5 ! production ( ! male   
eggs1 & ! con/ruction ( royal cells4 ,! 
great lay+ commonly la/s ?irty days2 &  
regul>ly1 on ! tw5tie? or tw5ty-fir/1   
sev]al royal cells are f\nd$4           
,secondly1 ,:5 ! l>v hat*$ f ! eggs laid
 by ! que5 9 ! royal cells are ready to 
trans=m to nymphs1 ?is que5 leaves !    
hive1 conduct+ a sw>m along ) h]2 & !   

fir/ sw>m t proce$s f ! hive is uni=mly 
conduct$ by ! old que54 ,m4 ,hub]       
rem>ks1 t x 0 necess>y t in/9ct %\ld    
impel ! old que5 to lead =? ! fir/ sw>m3
 =1 t %e be+ ! /ronge/1 w\ld nev] h     
fail$ to h ov]?r[n ! y\ng] competitors =
 ! ?rone4 ,an old que51 z has already   
be5 said1 nev] quits a hive at ! head ( 
a sw>m1 till %e has f9i%$ h] lay+ ( male
 eggs2 b ?is is ( importance1 n m]ely t 
%e may be light] & fitt] = flight1 b t  
%e may be ready to beg9 ) ! lay+ (      
work]s' eggs 9 h] new habitation1 work]s
 be+ ! bees fir/ ne$$1 9 ord] to secure 
! cont9uance & prosp]ity ( ! newly-f\nd$
 commonweal?4  ,?irdly1 ,aft] ! old que5
 has conduct$ ! fir/ sw>m f ! hive1 !   
rema9+ bees take p>ticul> c>e ( ! royal 
cells1 & prev5t ! "y que5s1 successively
 hat*$1 f leav+ !m1 unless at an int]val
 ( sev]al days betwe5 ea*4 ,"u ?is head 
he introduces a numb] ( g5]al rem>ks1 "s
 ( :i* may prove useful4 ,a sw>m 7he    
obs]ves7 is nev] se5 unless 9 a f9e day1
 or1 to speak m correctly1 at a "t ( !  

day :5 ! sun %9es1 & ! air is calm4     
,sometimes we h obs]v$ all ! precursors 
( sw>m+1 disord] & agitation3 b a cl\d  
pass$ be=e ! sun1 & tranquillity 0      
re/or$2 ! bees ?\ght no m ( sw>m+4 ,an  
h\r aft]w>ds1 ! sun hav+ aga9 appe>$1 ! 
tumult 0 r5ew$2 x rapidly augm5t$1 & !  
sw>m dep>t$4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( tumult   
comm5ces z soon z ! "y que5s are hat*$1 
& beg9 to trav]se ! hive3 ! agitation   
soon p]vades ! :ole bees2 & su* a f]m5t 
soon rages1 t ,m4 ,hub] has (t5 obs]v$ !
 !rmomet] 9 ! hive to rise sudd5ly f    
ab\t #ib to above #ajd3 ?is suffocat+   
heat he consid]s z "o ( ! means employ$ 
by nature = urg+ ! bees to g (f 9 sw>ms4
 ,9 w>m wea!r1 "o /rong hive has be5    
kn[n to s5d (f f\r sw>ms 9 eighte5 days4
  ,! cause ( ! bees1 :i* has be5 s      
eloqu5tly & pa!tically plead$ by ! ,poet
 ( ! ,seasons1 is support$ by ,m4 ,hub]1
 on a pr9ciple m intelligible1 p]haps1 &
 m p]suasive1 to mo/ c\ntry bee-ma/]s1  
viz4 int]e/4 ,he deprecates ! de/ruction
 ( bees1 & recomm5ds to ! cultivator to 

be cont5t ) a reasonable %>e ( ! weal? (
 ! hive2 argu+ v ju/ly1 we believe1 t a 
little tak5 f ea* ( a numb] ( hives1 is 
ultimately mu* m pr(itable ?an a great] 
quantity obta9$ by a total de/ruction ( 
a few4  ,we conclude our obs]vations on 
?is curi\s insect by two poetical       
quotations4    ,( all ! race ( animals1 
alone   ,! bees h common cities ( _!    
own4   ,m9dful ( com+ cold1 !y %>e !    
pa91   ,& ho>d = w9t]'s use ! summ]'s   
ga94   ,"s o'er ! public magaz9es       
preside1   ,& "s are s5t new =age to    
provide2   ,^! drudge 9 fields abroad1 &
 ^? at home   ,lay deep f\ndations = !  
lab\r'd comb2   ,to pit* ! wax5 floor+  
"s contrive2   ,"s nurse ! future nation
 ( ! hive4   ,_! toil is common1 common 
is _! sleep2   ,!y %ake _! w+s :5 morn  
beg9s to peep3   ,ru% ?r\gh ! city gates
 )\t delay1   ,nor ends _! "w b ) decl9+
 day4  ,*ur*ill1 aft] ! foll[+ beautiful
 & picturesque description1 introduces a
 sov]eign1 draw+ f x1 9 a soliloquy1 !  
mo/ natural reflections on ! mom5t\s    

duties ( 8 /ation4     99       99      
99       99       99       99   ,/r5g? 9
 h] limbs1 & on h] w+s dispat*1   ,! bee
 goes =?2 f h]b to h]b %e flies1   ,f   
fl['r to fl['r1 & loads h] lab'r+ ?ighs 
,) treasur'd sweets1 robb+ ^? fl['rs1   
:i* left1   ,f9d n !mselves made poor]  
by ! !ft1   ,_! sc5ts z lively1 & _!    
looks z fair1   ,z if ! pillag] _h n be5
 !re4   ,ne'er do? %e flit on pleasure's
 silk5 w+1   ,ne'er do? %e loit'r+ let !
 bloom ( spr+   ,unrifl$ pass1 & on !   
d[ny brea/   ,( "s fair fl['r indulge   
untimely re/4   ,ne'er do? %e1 dr9k+    
deep ( ^? ri* dews   ,:i* *emi/ ,night  
prep>'d1 t fai? abuse   ,due to ! hive1 
&1 selfi% 9 h] toils1   ,to h] own      
private use conv]t ! spoils4   ,love ( !
 /ock fir/ call'd h] =? to roam1   ,& to
 ! /ock %e br+s h] honey home4          
,,*ap4 ,,xxiii4  ,,curiosities          
,,respect+ ,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      
,! ,clo?i] ,bee4--,! ,c>p5t] ,bee4--,!  
,mason ,bee4--,!     ,uphol/]] ,bee4--,!
 ,leaf-cutt] ,bee4--,curi\s ,acc\nt ( an

 ,idiot     ,boy & ,bees4--,mr4         
,wildman's ,curi\s ,exhibitions ( ,bees 
expla9$4   ,,wild ,,bees4   ,,! ,,clo?i]
 ,,bee4    ,le>n ea* small p's g5ius1   
policies1   ,! ants' republic1 & ! realm
 ( bees2   ,h[ ^? 9 common all _! weal? 
be/[   ,& an>*y )\t confusion "k2   ,&  
^! = ev]1 ?\gh a mon>* reign1   ,_!     
sep>ate cells & prop]ties ma9ta94   ,m>k
 :at unv>y'd laws pres]ve ea* /ate1     
,laws1 wise z ,nature1 & z fixt z ,fate4
                                        
,pope4  ,! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( wild  
bees is pr9cipally abridg$ f ,kirby &   
,sp5ce's v int]e/+ "w on entomology4  ,!
 clo?i] bee is a lively & gay insect4 ,x
 does n excavate holes = _! reception1 b
 places !m 9 ! cavities ( old trees1 or 
( any o!r object t suits its purpose4   
,sir ,?omas ,cullum discov]$ ! ne/ ( "o 
9 ! inside ( ! lock ( a g>d5 gate1 9 :i*
 ,mr4 ,kirby also s9ce twice f\nd !m4 ,x
 %\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t su* situations w\ld
 be too cold = ! grubs )\t a coat+ ( "s 
non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,! p>5t bee1     

!re=e1 aft] hav+ con/ruct$ ! cells1 laid
 an egg 9 ea*1 & fill$ !m ) a /ore (    
suitable food1 pla/]s !m ) a cov]+ (    
v]mi=m masses1 app>5tly compos$ ( honey 
& poll52 & hav+ done ?is1 aw>e 7long    
be=e ,c\nt ,rum=d's exp]im5ts7 :at      
mat]ials conduct heat mo/ sl[ly1 %e     
attacks ! woolly leaves ( ,/a*y's       
lanata1 ,agro/emma coron>ia1 & simil>   
plants1 & ) h] m&ibles indu/ri\sly      
scrapes (f ! wool1 :i* ) h] =e legs %e  
rolls into a little ball1 & c>ries to h]
 ne/4 ,?is wool %e /icks ^u ! pla/] t   
cov]s h] cells1 & ?us closely envelopes 
!m ) a w>m coat+ ( d[n1 imp]vi\s to e   
*ange ( temp]ature4   ,,! ,,c>p5t]      
,,bee4--,a num]\s family ( wild bees may
 prop]ly be comp>$ to c>p5t]s1 bor+ )   
incr$ible lab\r1 out ( ! solid wood1    
long cyl9drical tubes1 & divid+ !m into 
v>i\s cells4 ,among/ ^!1 "o ( ! mo/     
rem>kable is ! ,apis violacea1 ,l4      
7,xylacopa1 ,latr47 a l>ge species1 a   
native ( s\!rn ,europe1 di/+ui%$ by     
beautiful w+s ( a deep violet col\r1 &  

f\nd commonly 9 g>d5s1 9 ! upright      
putresc5t espali]s1 or v9e props1 ( :i*1
 & occasionally 9 ! g>d5 seats1 doors1 &
 w9d[-%utt]s1 %e makes h] ne/4 ,9 !     
beg9n+ ( spr+1 aft] repeat$ & c>eful    
surveys1 %e fixes ^u a piece ( wood     
suitable = h] purpose1 & ) h] /rong     
m&ibles beg9s ! process ( bor+4 ,fir/   
proce$+ obliquely d[nw>ds1 %e soon po9ts
 h] c\rse 9 a direction p>allel ) !     
sides ( ! wood1 & at l5g? ) unwe>i$     
ex]tion =ms a cyl9drical hole or tunnel 
n less ?an twelve or fifte5 in*es long1 
& half an in* broad4 ,sometimes1 :]e !  
diamet] w admit ( x1 ?ree or f\r ( ^!   
pipes1 ne>ly p>allel ) ea* o!r1 are bor$
 9 ! same piece4 ,h]culean z ?is task   
7:i* is ! lab\r ( sev]al days7 appe>s1 x
 is b a small "p ( :at our indu/ri\s bee
 *e]fully und]takes4 ,z yet %e has      
complet$1 b ! %ell ( ! de/9$ habitation 
( h] (fspr+2 ea* ( :i*1 to ! numb] ( t5 
or twelve1 w require a sep>ate & di/9ct 
ap>tm5t4 ,9 excavat+ h] tunnel1 %e has  
deta*$ a l>ge quantity ( fibres1 :i* lie

 on ! gr\nd l a heap ( saw-du/4 ,?is    
mat]ial supplies all h] wants4 ,hav+    
deposit$ an egg at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 
along ) ! requisite /ore ( poll5 &      
honey1 %e next1 at ! height ( ab\t      
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 7:i* is ! dep? (  
ea* cell17 con/ructs ( p>ticles ( !     
saw-du/ glu$ toge!r1 & also to ! sides (
 ! tunnel1 :at may be call$ an annul>   
/age or scaffold+4 ,:5 ?is is           
suffici5tly h>d5$1 its int]ior edge     
af=ds support = a second r+ ( ! same    
mat]ials1 & ?us ! ceil+ is gradually =m$
 ( ^! conc5tric circles1 till !re rema9s
 only a small orifice 9 its c5tre1 :i*  
is also clos$ ) a circul> mass (        
agglut9at$ p>ticles ( saw-du/4 ,:5 ?is  
p>tition1 :i* s]ves z ! ceil+ ( ! fir/  
cell1 & ! floor+ ( ! second1 is f9i%$1 x
 is ab\t ! ?ickness ( a cr[n piece1 &   
exhibits ! appe>ance ( z _m conc5tric   
circles z ! animal has made pauses 9 h] 
lab\r4 ,"o cell be+ f9i%$1 %e proce$s to
 ano!r1 :i* %e furni%es & completes 9 ! 
same mann]1 & s on1 until %e has divid$ 

h] :ole tunnel into t5 or twelve        
ap>tm5ts4  ,su* a labori\s und]tak+ z ! 
con/ruct+ & furni%+ ^! cells1 _c be ! "w
 ( "o1 or ev5 ( two days4 ,consid]+ t e 
cell requires a /ore ( honey & poll51 n 
to be collect$ b ) long toil1 & t a     
consid]able int]val mu/ be sp5t 9       
agglut9at+ ! floors ( ea*1 x w be v     
obvi\s t ! la/ egg 9 ! la/ cell mu/ be  
laid _m days aft] ! fir/4 ,we are c]ta91
 !re=e1 t ! fir/ egg w become a grub1 & 
consequ5tly a p]fect bee1 _m days be=e !
 la/4 ,:at !n becomes ( x8 ,x is        
impossible t x %\ld make its escape     
?r\gh elev5 sup]9cumb5t cells1 )\t      
de/roy+ ! immature t5ants2 & x seems    
equally impossible t x %\ld rema9       
pati5tly 9 conf9em5t bel[ !m until !y   
are all disclos$4 ,?is dilemma our      
heav5-taught ar*itect has provid$ aga9/4
 ,) =e?\ght1 nev] en\gh to be admir$1 %e
 has n con/ruct$ h] tunnel ) "o op5+    
only1 b at ! f>!r end has pi]c$ ano!r   
orifice1 a k9d ( back door1 ?r\gh :i* ! 
insects produc$ by ! fir/-laid eggs     

successively em]ge into day4 ,9 fact1   
all ! "y bees1 ev5 ! upp]mo/1 g out by  
?is road2 =1 by an exquisite in/9ct1 ea*
 grub1 :5 ab\t to become a pupa1 places 
itself 9 its cell1 ) its head d[nw>ds1 &
 ?us is necessitat$1 :5 arriv$ at its   
la/ /ate1 to pi]ce its cell 9 ?is       
direction4   ,we %all n[ describe ,,!   
,,mason-,,bee4--,!re is a family ( wild 
bees :i* c>ry on ! trade ( masons1      
build+ _! solid h\ses solely (          
artificial /one4 ,! fir/ /ep ( ! "m bee1
 ,apis mururia1 ,oliv4 7,an?oph>a1 ,f4  
,mega*ile1 ,latr47 is to fix ^u a prop] 
situation = ! future mansion ( h]       
(fspr+4 ,= ?is %e usually selects an    
angle1 %elt]$ by any projection1 on !   
s\? side ( a /one wall4 ,h] next c>e is 
to provide mat]ials = ! /ructure4 ,!    
*ief ( ^! is s&1 :i* %e c>efully        
selects1 gra9 by gra91 f su* z conta9 "s
 mixture ( e>?2 ^! gra9s %e glues toge!r
 ) h] viscid saliva into masses ! size (
 small %ot1#aj & transports by means (  
h] jaws to ! site ( h] ca/le4 ,) a numb]

 ( ^! masses1 :i* are ! artificial /one 
( :i* h] build+ is to be compos$1 unit$ 
by a cem5t pref]able to ours1 %e fir/   
=ms ! basis or f\ndation ( ! :ole4 ,next
 %e raises ! walls ( a cell1 :i* is an  
in* long & half an in* broad1 &1 be=e   
its orifice is clos$1 9 =m resembles a  
?imble4 ,?is1 aft] deposit+ an egg1 & a 
supply ( honey & poll51 %e cov]s 91 & !n
 proce$s to ! erection ( a second1 :i*  
%e f9i%es 9 ! same mann]1 until ! :ole  
numb]1 :i* v>ies f f\r to eight1 is     
complet$4 ,! vacuities betwe5 ! cells1  
:i* are n plac$ 9 any regul> ord]1 "s   
be+ p>allel to ! wall1 o!rs be+         
p]p5dicul> to x1 & o!rs incl9$ to x at  
diff]5t angles1 ?is labori\s ar*itect   
fills up ) ! same mat]ial ( :i* ! cells 
are compos$1 & !n be/[s ^u ! :ole gr\p a
 common cov]+ ( co>s] gra9s ( s&4 ,! =m 
( ! :ole ne/1 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 is a solid 
mass ( /one1 s h>d z n to be easily     
p5etrat$ ) ! blade ( a knife1 is an     
irregul> oblong1 ( ! same col\r z ! s&1 
&1 to a casual obs]v]1 m resembl+ a     

spla% ( mud ?an an artificial /ructure4 
,^! bees sometimes are m economical ( _!
 lab\r1 & repair old ne/s1 = !          
possession ( :i* !y h v desp]ate        
combats4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t !         
inhabitants ( a ca/le s =tifi$ might    
defy ! attack ( an insect m>aud]4 ,yet  
an i*neumon1 & a beetle 7,cl]ius        
api>ius1 ,f47 bo? contrive to introduce 
_! eggs into ! cells1 & ! l>v proce$+ f 
!m dev\r _! inhabitants4--,reaum4 vi4   
#eg1 #eh4 ,mon4 ,ap4 ,angl4 i4 #agi4    
,o!r bees ( ! same family use diff]5t   
mat]ials 9 ! con/ruction ( _! ne/s4 ,"s 
employ f9e e>? made into a k9d ( mort>  
made ) glut54 ,ano!r1 7,a4 co]ulesc5s1  
,l47 z we le>n f ,de ,ge]1 =ms its ne/ (
 argillace\s e>?1 mix$ ) *alk1 ^u /one  
walls1 & sometimes probably builds 9    
*alk-pits4 ,apis bicornis1 ,l4 selects !
 holl[s ( l>ge /ones = ! site ( its     
dwell+2 :il/ o!rs pref] ! holes 9 wood4 
,we n[ proce$ to ,,!                    
,,uphol/]]-,,bee4--,su* may ^? be       
d5om9at$ :i* l9e ! holes excavat$ 9 !   

e>? = ! reception ( _! "y1 ) an elegant 
coat+ ( fl[]s or ( leaves4 ,among/ ! mo/
 int]e/+ ( ^! is ,apis ,papav]is1       
7,mega*ile1 ,latr41 ,an?ophora1 ,f47 a  
species ^: mann]s h be5 admirably       
describ$ by ,reaumur4 ,?is little bee1 z
 ?\gh fasc9at$ ) ! col\r mo/ attractive 
to our eyes1 inv>iably *ooses = ! hang+s
 ( h] ap>tm5ts ! mo/ brilliant sc>let1  
select+ = its mat]ial ! petals ( ! wild 
poppy1 :i* %e dext]\sly cuts into !     
prop] =m4 ,h] fir/ process is to        
excavate 9 "s pa?way a burr[1 cyl9drical
 at ! entrance1 b swell$ out bel[1 to ! 
dep? ( ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,hav+ poli%$ !  
walls ( ?is little ap>tm5t1 %e next     
flies to a neighb\r+ field1 cuts out    
oval portions ( ! fl[]s ( poppies1      
seizes !m betwe5 h] legs1 & returns ) !m
 to h] cell2 & ?\gh sep>at$ f ! wr9kl$  
petal ( a half-exp&$ fl[]1 %e kn[s h[ to
 /raight5 _! folds1 &1 if too l>ge1 to  
fit !m = h] purpose by cutt+ (f !       
sup]flu\s p>ts4 ,beg9n+ at ! bottom1 %e 
ov]lays ! walls ( h] mansion ) ?is      

brilliant tape/ry1 ext5d+ x also on !   
surface ( ! gr\nd r\nd ! m>g9 ( !       
orifice4 ,! bottom is r5d]$ w>m by ?ree 
or f\r coats1 & ! sides h nev] less ?an 
two4 ,! little uphol/]]1 hav+ complet$ !
 hang+s ( h] ap>tm5t1 next fills x )    
poll5 & honey to ! height ( ab\t half an
 in*2 !n1 aft] committ+ an egg to x1 %e 
wraps ov] ! poppy l9+1 s t ev5 ! ro( may
 leave ?is mat]ial2 & la/ly1 closes its 
m\? ) a small hillock ( e>?4--,reaum4   
#f4 #aci to #adh4 ,! great dep? ( !     
cell1 comp>$ ) ! space :i* ! s+le egg & 
! accompany+ food deposit$ 9 x occupy1  
des]ves p>ticul> notice4 ,?is is n m ?an
 half an in* at ! bottom1 ! rema9+ two  
in*es & a half be+ subsequ5tly fill$ )  
e>?4   ,,! ,,leaf-,,cutt] ,,bee4--,!re  
is a species ( wild bee1 t cov] ! walls 
( _! cells ) coat+s ( sob]-col\r$       
mat]ials1 g5]ally select+ = _! hang+s ! 
leaves ( trees1 especially ( ! rose1    
:5ce !y h be5 kn[n by ! "n ( !          
leaf-cutt] bees4 ,!y diff] also f ,a4   
,papav]is 9 excavat+ long] burr[s1 &    

fill+ !m ) sev]al ?imble-%ap$ cells1    
compos$ ( portions ( leaves s curi\sly  
convolut$1 t1 if we 7 ignorant 9 :at    
s*ool !y h be5 taught to con/ruct !m1 we
 %\ld nev] cr$it _! be+ ! "w ( an       
insect4 ,_! ent]ta9+ hi/ory1 s long ago 
z #afgj1 attract$ ! att5tion ( our      
c\ntrym51 ,ray1 ,li/]1 ,will\ghby1 &    
,sir ,edw4 ,k+2 b we are indebt$ = ! mo/
 complete acc\nt ( ! proc$ure1 to       
,reaumur4  ,! "m bee fir/ excavates a   
cyl9drical hole eight or t5 in*es long1 
9 a horizontal direction1 ei!r 9 ! gr\nd
 or 9 ! trunk ( a rott5 will[-tree1 or  
occasionally 9 o!r decay+ wood4 ,?is    
cavity %e fills ) six or sev5 cells1    
:olly compos$ ( portions ( leaf 9 ! %ape
 ( a ?imble1 ! convex end ( "o closely  
fitt+ into ! op5 end ( ano!r4 ,h] fir/  
process is to =m ! ext]ior coat+1 :i* is
 compos$ ( ?ree or f\r pieces1 ( l>g]   
dim5sions ?an ! re/1 & ( an oval =m4 ,! 
second coat+ is =m$ ( portions ( equal  
size1 n>r[ at "o end1 b gradually wid5+ 
t[>ds ! o!r1 :]e ! wid? equals half !   

l5g?4 ,"o side ( ^! pieces is ! s]rate  
m>g9 ( ! leaf f :i* x 0 tak51 :i*1 z !  
pieces are made to lap "o ov] ! o!r1 is 
kept on ! outside1 & t :i* has be5 cut  
)94 ,! little animal n[ =ms a ?ird coat+
 ( simil> mat]ials1 ! middle ( :i*1 z ! 
mo/ skilful workman w\ld d 9 simil>     
circum/ances1 %e places ov] ! m>g9s ( ^?
 t =m ! fir/ tube1 ?us cov]+ & /r5g!n+ !
 junctures4 ,repeat+ ! same process1 %e 
gives a f\r? & sometimes a fif? coat+ to
 h] ne/1 tak+ c>e1 at ! clos$ end or    
n>r[ extremity ( ! cell1 to b5d ! leaves
 s z to =m a convex t]m9ation4 ,hav+ ?us
 f9i%$ a cell1 h] next bus9ess is to    
fill x1 to )9 half a l9e ( ! orifice1 ) 
a rose-col\r$ cons]ve1 compos$ ( honey &
 poll51 usually collect$ f ! fl[]s (    
?i/les2 & !n hav+ deposit$ h] egg1 %e   
closes ! orifice ) ?ree pieces ( leaf s 
exactly circul>1 t a pair ( compasses   
c\ld n def9e _! m>g9 ) m tru?1 & co9cid+
 s precisely ) ! walls ( ! cell1 z to be
 reta9$ 9 _! situation m]ely by ! nicety
 ( _! adaptation4 ,aft] ?is cov]+ is    

fitt$ 91 !re rema9s /ill a concavity1   
:i* receives ! convex end ( ! succe$+   
cell2 & 9 ?is mann] ! indefatigable     
little animal proce$s until %e has      
complet$ ! six or sev5 cells compos+ h] 
cyl9d]4  ,! process :i* "o ( ^! bees    
employs 9 cutt+ ! pieces ( leaf t       
compose h] ne/1 is wor?y ( att5tion4    
,no?+ c be m exp$iti\s2 %e is n long]   
ab\t x ?an we %\ld be ) a pair (        
scissors4 ,aft] hov]+ = "s mom5ts ov] a 
rose bu%1 z if to reconnoitre ! gr\nd1 !
 bee alights ^u ! leaf :i* %e has       
select$1 usually tak+ h] /ation ^u its  
edge1 s t ! m>g9 passes betwe5 h] legs4 
,) h] /rong m&ibles %e cuts )\t         
int]mission 9 a curve l9e1 s z to deta* 
a triangul> portion4 ,:5 ?is hangs by ! 
la/ fibre1 le/ its weight %\ld c>ry h]  
to ! gr\nd1 %e balances h] little w+s = 
flight1 & ! v mom5t x p>ts f ! leaf1    
flies (f ) x 9 triumph2 ! deta*$ portion
 rema9+ b5t betwe5 h] legs 9 a direction
 p]p5dicul> to h] body4 ,?us )\t rule or
 compasses d ^! dim9utive creatures mete

 out ! mat]ials ( _! "w into portions ( 
an ellipse1 into ovals or circles1      
accurately accommodat+ ! dim5sions ( !  
sev]al pieces ( ea* figure to ea* o!r4  
,:at o!r ar*itect c\ld c>ry impress$ ^u 
! tablet ( 8 memory ! entire idea ( !   
edifice :i* he has to erect1 &1 de/itute
 ( squ>e or plumb-l9e1 cut out 8        
mat]ials 9 _! exact dim5sions )\t mak+ a
 s+le mi/ake8 ,yet ?is is :at our little
 bee inv>iably does4 ,s f> are human art
 & reason excell$ by ! tea*+ ( !        
,almighty4--,reaum4 vi4 #iga-id4 ,mor4  
,ap4 ,angl4 i4 #aeg4 ,apis c4 #b4   ,a  
,,curi\s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,an ,,idiot      
,,boy1 ,,& ,,bees4--,mr4 ,:ite has giv5 
! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( an idiot boy4  
,f a *ild he %ew$ a /rong prop5sity to  
bees4 ,!y 7 8 food1 8 amusem5t1 8 sole  
object4 ,9 ! w9t] he doz$ away 8 "t 9 8 
fa!r's h\se1 by ! fire-side1 9 a torpid 
/ate1 seldom leav+ ! *imney-corn]3 b 9  
summ] he 0 all al]t1 & 9 que/ ( 8 game4 
,hive-bees1 humble-bees1 & wasps1 7 8   
prey1 :]ev] he f\nd !m4 ,he _h no       

appreh5sion f _! /+s1 b w\ld seize !m ) 
nak$ h&s1 & at once dis>m !m ( _!       
weapons1 & suck _! bodies = ! sake ( _! 
honey-bags4 ,sometimes he w\ld fill 8   
bosom betwe5 8 %irt & sk9 ) ^! insects2 
& sometimes he endeav\r$ to conf9e !m 9 
bottles4 ,he 0 v injuri\s to m5 t kept  
bees1 = he w\ld glide into _! bee-g>d5s1
 &1 sitt+ d[n be=e ! /ools1 w\ld rap ) 8
 f+]s1 & s take ! bees z !y came out4   
,he has ev5 be5 kn[n to ov]turn ! hives 
= ! sake ( ! honey1 ( :i* he 0          
passionately fond4 ,:]e me!gl9 0 mak+1  
he w\ld l+] r\nd ! tubs & vessels1 begg+
 a draught ( :at he call$ bee-w9e4 ,z he
 ran ab\t1 he us$ to make a humm+ noise 
) 8 lips1 resembl+ ! buzz+ ( bees4 ,?is 
lad 0 lean & sall[1 & ( a cadav]\s      
complexion2 &1 except 9 8 fav\rite      
pursuit1 9 :i* he 0 wond]fully adroit1  
discov]$ no mann] ( und]/&+4 ,_h 8      
capacity be5 bett]1 & direct$ to ! same 
object1 he _h p]haps abat$ mu* ( our    
wond] at ! feats ( a m mod]n exhibit] ( 
bees2 & we may ju/ly say ( him n[1      

--------------------------,?\   ,_h ?y  
presid+ /> propiti\s   ,%\ld/ ,wildman  
be4                                     
,:ite's ,natural ,hi/ory4  ,we conclude 
?is *apt] ) an explanation ( ! prec$+   
l9es4   ,,mr4 ,,wildman',s ,,curi\s     
,,exhibitions ,,( ,,bees4--,mr4         
,wildman1 by 8 dext]ity 9 ! managem5t ( 
bees1 "s ye>s ago1 surpris$ ! :ole      
k+dom4 ,he caus$ sw>ms to light :]e he  
pleas$1 almo/ in/antane\sly2 he ord]$ !m
 to settle on 8 head1 !n remov$ !m to 8 
h&1 & comm&$ !m to settle on a w9d[1    
table1 c4 at pleasure4 ,we subjo9 !     
me?od ( p]=m+ ^! feats1 9 8 own words3  
,long exp]i5ce has taught me1 t z soon z
 ,i turn up a hive1 & give x "s taps on 
! sides & bottom1 ! que5 imm$iately     
appe>s1 to "k ! cause ( ?is al>m2 b soon
 retires aga9 among h] p4 ,be+ accu/om$ 
to see h] s (t51 ,i readily p]ceive h]  
at fir/ glance2 & long practice has     
enabl$ me to seize h] in/antly1 ) a     
t5d]ness t does n 9 ! lea/ endang] h]   
p]son4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ importance2 = !

 lea/ injury done to h] br+s imm$iate   
de/ruction to ! hive1 if y h n a sp>e   
que5 to put 9 h] place1 z ,i h too (t5  
exp]i5c$ 9 my fir/ attempts4 ,:5        
possess$ ( h]1 ,i c1 )\t injury to h]1  
or excit+ t degree ( res5tm5t t may     
tempt h] to /+ me1 slip h] into my o!r  
h&1 &1 return+ ! hive to its place1 hold
 h] !re1 till ! bees miss+ h]1 are all  
on w+1 & 9 ! utmo/ confusion4 ,:5 ! bees
 are ?us di/ress$1 ,i place ! que5 :]ev]
 ,i w\ld h ! bees to settle4 ,! mom5t a 
few ( !m discov] h]1 !y give notice to  
^? ne> !m1 & ^? to ! re/2 ! k ( :i*     
becomes s g5]al1 t 9 a few m9utes !y all
 collect !mselves r\nd h]1 & are s happy
 9 hav+ recov]$ ?is sole support ( _!   
/ate1 t !y w long rema9 quiet 9 _!      
situation3 nay1 ! sc5t ( h] body is s   
attractive ( !m1 t ! slighte/ t\* ( h]  
along any place or sub/ance1 w atta* !  
bees to x1 & induce !m to any pa? %e    
takes4--,?is 0 ! only wit*craft us$ by  
,mr4 ,wildman1 & is t alone :i* is      
practis$ by o!rs1 :o h s9ce made simil> 

exhibitions4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxiv4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,! ,wasp4  
,! laws ( life1 :y ne$ ,i call to m9d1  
,obey'd by insects1 too1 ( ev'ry k9d6   
,( ^!1 none uncontroll'd & lawless rove1
     ,b to "s de/9'd end spontane\s     
move3     ,l$ by t in/9ct ,heav'n itself
 inspires1     ,or s mu* reason z _!    
/ate requires4     ,see all ) skill     
acquire _! daily food1     ,all use ^?  
arms :i* nature has be/['d2     ,produce
 _! t5d] prog5y1 & fe$     ,) c>e       
p>5tal1 :ile t c>e !y ne$4     ,9 ^!    
lov'd (fices completely ble/1     ,no   
hopes beyond !m1 nor va9 fe>s mole/4    
,j5yns4   ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,,wasp1
 we are indebt$ to ,kirby & ,sp5ce2 & we
 take ?is opportunity ( mak+ a g5]al    
ackn[l$gm5t ( our obligations to ^?     
g5tlem51 = ! assi/ance we h d]iv$ f _!  
highly int]e/+ treatise1 9 draw+ up ?is 
acc\nt ( ! curiosities respect+ insects4
  ,comp>$ ) hive-bees1 wasps may be     
consid]$ z a horde ( ?ieves & brig&s3   

:ile ! bees are peaceful1 hone/1 &      
indu/ri\s subjects2 ! wasps attack _!   
p]sons1 & plund] _! prop]ty4 ,yet1 ) all
 ?is love ( pillage & o!r bad           
prop5sities1 !y are n altoge!r          
disagreeable or unamiable2 !y are brisk 
& lively2 !y d n usually attack         
unprovok$2 & _! object 9 plund]+ u is n 
purely selfi%1 b is pr9cipally to       
provide = ! support ( ! "y brood ( _!   
colonies4  ,! societies ( wasps1 l ^? ( 
ants1 & o!r social ,hym5opt]a1 consi/ ( 
females1 males1 & work]s4 ,! females may
 be consid]$ z ( two sorts3 fir/1 !     
females1 by way ( em95ce1 are mu* l>g]  
?an any o!r individuals ( ! community2  
!y equal six ( ! work]s 7f :i* 9 o!r    
respects !y d n mat]ially diff]7 9      
weight1 & lay bo? male & female eggs3 !n
 ! small females1 n l>g] ?an ! work]s1  
:i* lay only male eggs4 ,?is la/        
description ( females1 :i* are f\nd also
 bo? among/ ! humble-bees & hive-bees1 7
 fir/ obs]v$ among wasps1 by ,m4 ,p]rot1
 a fri5d ( ,hub]'s4 ,! l>ge females are 

produc$ lat] ?an ! work]s1 & make _!    
appe>ance 9 ! next spr+2 & :oev] !n     
de/roys "o ( !m1 de/roys an entire      
colony1 ( :i* %e w\ld be ! f\nd]4       
,diff]5t f ! que5-bee1 ! female wasp is 
at fir/ an insulat$ be+1 t has _h !     
=tune to survive ! rig\rs ( w9t]4 ,:5 9 
! spr+ %e lays ! f\ndation ( h] future  
empire1 %e has n a s+le work] at h]     
disposal2 ) h] own h&s & tee? %e (t5    
holl[s out a cave :]e9 %e may lay ! fir/
 f\ndations ( h] pap] metropolis3 %e mu/
 h]self build ! fir/ h\ses1 & produce f 
h] own body _! fir/ inhabitants2 :i* 9  
_! infant /ate %e mu/ fe$ & educate1    
be=e !y c assi/ h] 9 h] great design4   
,at l5g? %e receives ! rew>d ( h]       
p]sev]ance & lab\r2 & f be+ a solit>y   
unconnect$ individual1 9 ! autumn is    
enabl$ to rival ! que5 ( ! hive 9 !     
numb] ( h] *ildr5 & subjects1 & 9 !     
edifices :i* !y inhabit--! numb] ( cells
 9 a vespi>y sometimes am\nt+ to m ?an  
sixte5 ?\s&1 almo/ all ( :i* conta9 ei!r
 an egg1 a grub1 or a pupa1 & ea* cell  

s]v+ = ?ree g5]ations 9 a ye>2 :i*1 aft]
 mak+ e all[ance = failures & o!r       
casualties1 w give a population ( at    
lea/ ?irty ?\s&4 ,ev5 at ?is "t1 :5 %e  
has s num]\s an army ( coadjutors1 !    
indu/ry ( ?is creature does n cease1 b  
%e cont9ues to set an example ( dilig5ce
 to ! re/ ( ! community4 ,if by any     
accid5t1 be=e ! o!r females are hat*$1 !
 que5-"m p]i%es1 ! neut]s cease _!      
lab\rs1 lose _! in/9cts1 & die4  ,!     
numb] ( females 9 a popul\s vespi>y is  
consid]able1 am\nt+ to sev]al hundr$s2  
!y em]ge f ! pupa ab\t ! latt] end (    
,augu/1 at ! same "t ) ! males1 & fly 9 
,septemb] & ,octob]1 :5 !y pair4 ,( ?is 
l>ge numb] ( females1 v few survive !   
w9t]4 ,^? t are s =tunate1 rema9 torpid 
till ! v]nal sun recalls !m to life &   
action4 ,!y !n fly =?1 collect provision
 = _! "y brood1 & are engag$ 9 ! o!r    
lab\rs necess>y = lay+ ! f\ndation ( _! 
empire2 b 9 ! summ] mon?s !y are nev]   
se5 out ( ! ne/4  ,! male wasps are mu* 
small] ?an ! female1 b !y weigh z mu* z 

two work]s4 ,_! ant5n are long] ?an ^? (
 ei!r1 n1 l !irs1 ?ick] at ! end1 b     
p]fectly fili=m2 & _! abdom5 is di/+ui%$
 by an additional segm5t4 ,_! numb]s    
ab\t equal ^? ( ! females1 & !y are     
produc$ at ! same "t4 ,!y are n s :olly 
giv5 to pleasure & idl5ess z ! drones ( 
! hive4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 assi/ 9 build+ !
 ne/1 & 9 ! c>e ( ! "y brood2 b !y are !
 scav5g]s ( ! community1 = !y sweep !   
passages & /reets1 & c>ry (f all ! fil?4
 ,!y also remove ! bodies ( ! dead1 :i* 
are sometimes heavy burd5s = !m2 9 :i*  
case two unite _! /r5g?1 to accompli% ! 
"w2 or1 if a p>tn] be n at h&1 ! wasp   
?us employ$ cuts (f ! head ( ! defunct1 
& s effects its purpose4 ,z !y make     
!mselves s useful1 !y are n1 l ! male   
bees1 devot$ by ! work]s to an univ]sal 
massacre :5 ! great end ( _! creation is
 answ]$2 b !y %>e ! g5]al lot ( !       
community1 & are suff]$ to survive till 
! cold cuts (f !m & ! work]s toge!r4  ,!
 work]s are ! mo/ num]\s1 & to u ! only 
tr\blesome "p ( ! community2 ^u :om     

devolves ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! ne/4 ,9 !    
summ] & autumnal mon?s !y g =? by       
myriads into ! neighb\r+ c\ntry to      
collect provisions2 & on _! return to ! 
common d51 aft] res]v+ a suffici5cy = ! 
nutrim5t ( ! "y brood1 !y divide ! spoil
 ) great imp>tiality2 "p be+ giv5 to !  
females1 "p to ! males1 & "p to ^?      
work]s t h be5 engag$ 9 ext5d+ & =tify+ 
! vespi>y4 ,?is division is volunt>ily  
made1 )\t ! slighte/ symptom (          
compulsion4 ,sev]al wasps assemble r\nd 
ea* ( ! return+ work]s1 & receive _!    
respective portions4 ,x is curi\s &     
int]e/+ to obs]ve _! motions on ?is     
occasion4 ,z soon z a wasp t has be5    
fill+ itself ) ! juice ( fruits arrives 
at ! ne/1 x p]*es ^u ! top1 &1 disgorg+ 
a drop ( its sac*>9e fluid1 is att5d$   
sometimes by two at once1 :o %>e !      
treasure2 ?is be+ ?us di/ribut$1 a      
second1 & sometimes a ?ird drop1 is     
produc$1 :i* falls to ! lot ( o!rs4     
,wasps1 ?\gh f]oci\s & cruel t[>ds _!   
fell[-insects1 are civiliz$ & poli%$ 9  

_! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & =m a community
 ^: ar*itectural lab\rs w n suff] on    
comp>ison ev5 ) ^? ( ! peaceful         
inhabitants ( a bee-hive4 ,l ^!1 ! great
 object ( _! indu/ry is ! erection ( a  
/ructure = _! belov$ prog5y1 t[>ds :i*  
!y discov] ! greate/ affection &        
t5d]ness1 &1 l bees1 con/ruct combs     
consi/+ ( hexagonal cells = _!          
reception2 b ! sub/ance :i* !y make use 
( is v dissimil> to ! wax employ$ by    
bees1 & ! g5]al plan ( _! city diff]s 9 
_m respects f t ( a bee-hive4 ,! common 
wasp's ne/1 usually situat$ 9 a cavity  
"u gr\nd1 is ( an oval figure1 ab\t     
sixte5 or eighte5 in*es long1 by twelve 
or ?irte5 broad4 ,ext]nally1 x is       
surr\nd$ by a ?ick coat+ ( num]\s leaves
 ( a sort ( grayi% pap]1 :i* d n t\* ea*
 o!r1 b h a small int]val betwe5 ea*1 s 
t if ! ra9 %\ld *ance to p5etrate "o or 
two ( !m1 its progress is spe$ily       
arre/$4 ,on remov+ ?is ext]nal cov]+1 we
 p]ceive t ! int]ior consi/s ( f twelve 
to sixte5 circul> combs ( diff]5t sizes1

 n rang$ v]tically1 z 9 a bee-hive1 b   
horizontally1 s z to =m s _m di/9ct &   
p>allel /ories4 ,ea* comb is compos$ ( a
 num]\s assembiage ( hexagonal cells1   
=m$ ( ! same pap]-l sub/ance z ! ext]ior
 cov]+ ( ! ne/1 &1 accord+ to a discov]y
 ( ,dr4 ,b>clay1 ea*1 z 9 ^? ( bees1 a  
di/9ct cell1 ! p>tition walls be+       
d\ble4--,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society1 
ii4 #bfj4 ,^! cells1 :i*1 z wasps d n   
/ore up any food1 s]ve m]ely z !        
habitations ( _! "y1 are n1 l ^? ( !    
honey-bee1 arrang$ 9 two opposite lay]s1
 b 9 "o only1 _! entrance be+ always    
d[nw>ds3 consequ5tly ! upp] "p ( ! comb1
 compos$ ( ! bases ( ! cells1 :i* are n 
pyramidal1 b slightly convex1 =ms a     
ne>ly level floor1 on :i* ! inhabitants 
c conv5i5tly pass & repass1 spaces (    
ab\t half an in* high be+ left betwe5   
ea* comb4 ,al?\gh ! combs are fix$ to ! 
sides ( ! ne/1 !y w\ld n be suffici5tly 
/rong )\t fur!r support4 ,! +5i\s       
build]s1 !re=e1 connect ea* comb to t   
bel[ x by a numb] ( /rong cyl9drical    

columns or pill>s1 hav+1 accord+ to !   
rules ( ar*itecture1 _! base & capital  
wid] ?an ! %aft1 & compos$ ( ! same     
pap]-l mat]ial us$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ne/1 b
 ( a m compact sub/ance4 ,! middle combs
 are connect$ by a ru/ic colonnade ( f  
=ty to fifty ( ^! pill>s2 ! upp] & l[]  
combs by a small] numb]4  ,! cells are (
 diff]5t sizes1 correspond+ to t ( !    
?ree ord]s ( individuals :i* compose !  
community2 ! l>ge/ = ! grubs ( females1 
! smalle/ = ^? ( work]s4 ,! la/ always  
occupy an entire comb1 :ile ! cells ( ! 
males & females are (t5 int]mix$4       
,besides op5+s :i* are left betwe5 !    
walls ( ! combs to admit ( access f "o  
to ! o!r1 !re are at ! bottom ( ea* ne/ 
two holes1 by "o ( :i* ! wasps uni=mly  
ent]1 & ?r\gh ! o!r issue f ! ne/1 & ?us
 avoid all confusion or int]ruption ( _!
 common lab\rs4 ,z ! ne/ is (t5 a foot &
 a half "u gr\nd1 x is requisite t a    
cov]$ way %\ld lead to its entrance4    
,?is is excavat$ by ! wasps1 :o are     
excell5t m9]s1 & is (t5 v long &        

tortu\s1 =m+ a beat5 road to !          
subt]ranean city1 well kn[n to !        
inhabitants1 ?\gh its entrance is       
conceal$ f curi\s eyes4 ,! cavity       
itself1 :i* conta9s ! ne/1 is ei!r !    
ab&on$ habitation ( moles or field-mice1
 or a cav]n purposely dug out by !      
wasps1 :i* ex]t !mselves ) su* indu/ry z
 to accompli% ! ardu\s und]tak+ 9 a few 
days4  ,:5 ! cavity & entrance to x are 
complet$1 ! next "p ( ! process is to   
lay ! f\ndations ( ! city to be includ$ 
9 x1 :i*1 contr>y to ! usual cu/oms (   
build]s1 wasps beg9 at ! top1 cont9u+   
d[nw>ds4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t ! 
coat+s :i* compose ! dome1 are a sort ( 
r\gh b ?9 pap]1 & t ! re/ ( ! ne/ is    
compos$ ( ! same sub/ance v>i\sly       
appli$4 ,:5ce d ! wasps d]ive x8 ,!y are
 manufactur]s ( ! article1 & prep>e x f 
a mat]ial ev5 m s+ul> ?an any ( ^? :i* h
 ( late be5 propos$ = ?is purpose2      
namely1 ! fibres ( wood4 ,^! !y deta* by
 means ( _! jaws f w9d[-frames1 po/s1 & 
rails1 c4 &1 :5 !y h amass$ a heap ( !  

filam5ts1 moi/5 ! :ole ) a few drops ( a
 viscid glue f _! m\?1 &1 knead+ x ) _! 
jaws into a sort ( pa/e1 or papi] m*1   
fly (f ) x to _! ne/4 ,?is ductile mass 
!y atta* to t "p ( ! build+ ^u :i* !y   
are at "w1 walk+ backw>ds1 & spread+ x  
into lam9 ( ! requisite ?9ness by means 
( _! jaws1 tongue1 & legs4 ,?is op]ation
 is repeat$ sev]al times1 until at l5g?1
 by aid ( fre% supplies ( ! mat]ial1 & !
 comb9$ ex]tions ( s _m workm51 ! prop] 
numb] ( lay]s ( pap]1 t are to compose !
 ro(1 is f9i%$4 ,?is pap] is z ?9 z !   
leaf y are read+2 & y may =m an idea ( !
 lab\r :i* ev5 ! ext]ior ( a wasp's ne/ 
requires1 on be+ told t no few] ?an     
fifte5 or sixte5 %eets ( x are usually  
plac$ above ea* o!r1 ) slight int]v5+   
spaces1 mak+ ! :ole upw>ds ( an in* & a 
half 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 ! dome is complet$1
 ! upp]mo/ comb is next begun1 9 :i*1 z 
well z all ! o!r p>ts ( ! build+1       
precisely ! same mat]ial & ! same       
process1 ) little v>iation1 are employ$4
 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! connect+ pill>s1 !re 

seems a great] quantity ( glue made use 
( ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! "w1 d\btless ) ! view 
( giv+ !m sup]ior solidity4 ,:5 ! fir/  
comb is f9i%$1 ! cont9uation ( ! ro( or 
walls ( ! build+ is br\ght d[n l[]2 a   
new comb is erect$2 & ?us ! "w          
successively proce$s until ! :ole is    
f9i%$4 ,z a comp>atively small          
proportion ( ! society is engag$ 9      
con/ruct+ ! ne/1 its entire completion  
is ! "w ( sev]al mon?s3 yet1 ?\gh !     
fruit ( su* sev]e lab\r1 x has sc>cely  
be5 f9i%$ a few weeks be=e w9t] comes   
on1 :5 x m]ely s]ves = ! abode ( a few  
b5umb$ females1 & is entirely ab&on$ at 
! approa* ( spr+1 z wasps are nev] kn[n 
to use ! same ne/ = m ?an "o season4    
,!re is good reason = ?9k+1 & ! op9ion  
_h ! sanction ( ! late ,sir ,joseph     
,banks1 t wasps h s5t9els plac$ at !    
entrances ( _! ne/s1 :i*1 if y c once   
seize & de/roy1 ! rema9d] w n attack y4 
,?is is confirm$ by an obs]vation ( ,mr4
 ,knight1 9 ! ,philosophical            
,transactions1 7vol4 #a4 #b;d ,ed4 p4   

#eje27 t if a ne/ ( wasps be approa*$   
)\t al>m+ ! inhabitants1 & all          
communication be sudd5ly cut (f betwe5  
^? out ( ! ne/ & ^? )9 x1 no provocation
 w induce ! =m] to def5d x & !mselves4  
,b if "o escapes f )91 x comes ) a v    
diff]5t temp]1 & appe>s commission$ to  
av5ge public wrongs1 & prep>$ to        
sacrifice its life 9 ! execution ( its  
ord]s4 ,he discov]$ ?is :5 q a boy4  ,9 
,octob]1 wasps seem to become less      
savage & sangu9>y2 = ev5 flies1 ( :i*1  
e>li] 9 ! summ]1 !y are ! pitiless      
de/roy]s1 may be se5 to ent] _! ne/s )  
impunity4 ,x is !n1 probably1 t !y beg9 
to be fir/ affect$ by ! approa* ( ! cold
 season1 :5 nature tea*es !m x is       
useless long] to att5d to _! "y4 ,!y    
!mselves all p]i%1 except a few ( !     
females1 ^u ! fir/ attack ( fro/4       
,reaumur1 f :om mo/ ( ^! obs]vations are
 tak51 put ! ne/s ( wasps "u glass      
hives1 & succe$$ s effectually 9        
reconcil+ ^! little re/less creatures to
 !m1 t !y c>ri$ on _! v>i\s works "u 8  

eye4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxv4  ,,curiosities   
,,respect+ ,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      
,ants--,:ite ,ants--,gre5 ,ants--,visit+
 ,ants--,! ,ant-,lion4      ,^! emmets1 
h[ little !y are 9 our eyes6     ,we    
tread !m to du/1 & a troop ( !m dies    
,)\t our reg>d or conc]n3     ,yet1 z   
wise z we are1 if we w5t to _! s*ool1   
,!re's _m a slugg>d1 & _m a fool1       
,a lesson ( wisdom might le>n4          
,watts4   ,! societies ( ,,ants1 z also 
( o!r ,hym5opt]a1 diff] f ^? ( !        
,t]mites1 9 hav+ inactive l>v & pup1 !  
neut]1 or work]s1 comb9+ 9 !mselves bo? 
! milit>y & civil functions4 ,besides ! 
helpless l>v & pup1 :i* h no locomotive 
p[]s1 ^! societies consi/ ( females &   
work]s4 ,! (fice ( ! females1 at _! fir/
 exclusion di/+ui%$ by a pair ( ample   
w+s1 7:i* h[ev]1 !y soon ca/17 is !     
f\ndation ( new colonies1 & ! furni%+ ( 
a con/ant supply ( eggs1 = ! ma9t5ance (
 ! population 9 ! old ne/s1 z well z 9 !
 new4 ,^! are usually ! lea/ num]\s "p (
 ! community4  ,g\ld inde$ says1 t !    

males & females are ne>ly equal 9 numb]1
 p4 #fb2 b f ,hub]'s obs]vations x seems
 to foll[ t ! =m] are ! mo/ num]\s1 p4  
#if4  ,^u ! work]s devolves1 except 9   
nasc5t colonies1 all ! "w1 z well z !   
def5ce ( ! community1 ( :i* !y are ! mo/
 num]\s portion4  ,9 ! w>m days t occur 
f ! end ( ,july to ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1
 & sometimes lat]1 ! habitations ( !    
v>i\s species ( ants may be se5 to sw>m 
) w+$ insects1 :i* are ! males &        
females1 prep>+ to quit = ev] ! sc5e (  
_! nativity & education4 ,e ?+ is 9     
motion3 & ! silv] w+s1 contra/$ ) ! jet 
bodies :i* compose ! animat$ mass1 add a
 degree ( spl5d\r to ! int]e/+ sc5e4 ,! 
bu/le increases1 till at l5g? ! males   
rise1 z x 7 by a g5]al impulse1 into !  
air1 & ! females accompany !m4 ,! :ole  
sw>m alt]nately rises & falls ) a sl[   
movem5t to ! height ( ab\t t5 feet1 !   
males fly+ obliquely ) a rapid zigzag   
motion2 & ! females1 ?\gh !y foll[ !    
g5]al movem5t ( ! column1 appe>+ susp5d$
 9 ! air1 l balloons1 seem+ly ) no      

individual motion1 & hav+ _! heads turn$
 t[>ds ! w9d4  ,sometimes ! sw>ms ( a   
:ole di/rict unite _! inf9ite myriads1  
&1 se5 at a di/ance1 produce an effect  
resembl+ ! fla%+ ( an aurora borealis4  
,ris+ ) incr$ible velocity 9 di/9ct     
columns1 !y so> above ! cl\ds4 ,ea*     
column looks l a k9d ( sl5d] net-"w1 &  
has a tremul\s undulat+ motion1 :i* has 
be5 obs]v$ to be produc$ by ! regul>    
alt]nate ris+ & fall+ j allud$ to4 ,!   
noise emitt$ by myriads & myriads ( ^!  
creatures1 does n exce$ ! hum ( a s+le  
wasp4 ,! slighte/ zephyr disp]ses !m2 & 
if 9 _! progress !y *ance to be ov] y\r 
head1 if y walk sl[ly on1 !y w accompany
 y1 & regulate _! motions by y\rs4      
,capta9 ,hav]field1 ,r4 ,n4 gives an    
acc\nt ( an extraord9>y appe>ance ( ants
 obs]v$ by him 9 ! ,m$way1 9 ! autumn ( 
#ahad1 :5 he 0 fir/-lieut5ant ( !       
,clor9de2 :i* is confirm$ by ! foll[+   
lett]1 address$ by ! surgeon ( t %ip1 n[
 ,dr4 ,bromley1 to ,mr4 ,mac ,leay4  ,9 
,septemb]1 #ahad1 be+ on ! deck ( ! bulk

 to ! ,clor9de1 my att5tion 0 drawn to !
 wat] by ! fir/-lieut5ant 7,hav]field7  
obs]v+ !re 0 some?+ black float+ d[n ) !
 tide4 ,on look+ ) a glass1 ,i discov]$ 
!y 7 insects4 ,! boat 0 s5t1 & br\ght a 
bucket full ( !m on bo>d2 !y prov$ to be
 a l>ge species ( ant1 & ext5d$ f ! upp]
 "p ( ,salt-pan ,rea* out t[>ds ! ,great
 ,nore1 a di/ance ( five or six miles4  
,! column appe>$ to be 9 bread? eight or
 t5 feet1 & 9 height ab\t six in*es1 :i*
 ,i suppose mu/ h be5 f _! re/+ "o ^u   
ano!r4 ,pur*as seems to h witness$ a    
simil> ph5om5on on %ore4 ,o!r sorts 7(  
ants71 says he1 !re are _m1 ( :i* "s    
become w+$1 & fill ! air ) sw>ms1 :i*   
sometimes happ5s 9 ,engl&4 ,on          
,b>?olomew-day1 #afac1 ,i 0 9 ! isl& (  
,f\lness1 on our ,essex %ore1 :]e 7 su* 
cl\ds ( ^! fly+ pismires1 t we c\ld no  
:]e flee f !m1 b !y fill$ our clo!s2    
yea1 ! floors ( "s h\ses :]e !y fell 7 9
 a mann] cov]$ ) a black c>pet ( creep+ 
ants2 :i*1 !y say1 dr[n !mselves ab\t t 
"t ( ! ye> 9 ! sea4--,pilgrimage1 #ajij4

 ,^! ants 7 w+$2 b :5ce ?is imm5se      
column came1 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,f ! numb]s  
"h accumulat$1 "o w\ld ?9k t all !      
ant-hills ( ! c\nties ( ,k5t & ,surrey  
c\ld sc>cely h furni%$ a suffici5t numb]
 ( males & females to =m x4  ,:5        
,colonel ,sir ,augu/us ,fraz]1 ( !      
,horse ,artill]y1 0 survey+1 on ! #f? ( 
,octob]1 #ahac1 ! sc5e ( ! battle ( !   
,pyr5ees1 f ! summit ( ! m\nta9 call$   
,p5a de ,aya1 or ,les ,quatre ,c\ronnes1
 he & 8 fri5ds 7 envelop$ ) a sw>m (    
ants1 s num]\s z entirely to int]cept _!
 view1 s t !y 7 glad to remove to ano!r 
/ation1 9 ord] to get rid ( ^!          
tr\blesome little creatures4  ,! females
 t escape f ! injury ( ! elem5ts & _!   
v>i\s enemies1 become ! f\nd]s ( new    
colonies1 do+ all ! "w t is usually done
 by ! neut]s4 ,m4 ,p4 ,hub] has f\nd    
incipi5t colonies1#aa 9 :i* 7 only a few
 work]s engag$ ) _! "m 9 ! c>e ( a small
 numb] ( l>v2 & ,m4 ,p]rot1 8 fri5d1    
once discov]$ a small ne/1 occupi$ by a 
solit>y female1 :o 0 att5d+ ^u f\r pupa 

only4 ,su* is ! f\ndation & fir/        
e/abli%m5t ( ^? popul\s nations ( ants )
 :i* we e :]e meet4  ,b ?\gh ! majority 
( females produc$ 9 a ne/ probably ?us  
des]t x1 all are n all[$ ?is lib]ty4 ,! 
prud5t work]s are taught by _! in/9ct1 t
 ! exi/5ce ( _! community dep5ds ^u !   
pres5ce ( a suffici5t numb] ( females4  
,"s1 !re=e1 t are fecundat$ 9 or ne> !  
spot1 !y =cibly deta91 pull+ (f _! w+s1 
& keep+ !m prison]s till !y are ready to
 lay _! eggs1 or are reconcil$ to _!    
fate4 ,de ,ge]1 9 a ne/ ( ,f4 rufa1     
obs]v$ t ! work]s compell$ "s females t 
7 come out ( ! ne/ to re-ent] x2 7vol4  
ii4 #ajga17--;& f ,m4 ,p4 ,hub] we le>n1
 t1 be+ seiz$ at ! mom5t ( fecundation1 
!y are conduct$ into ! int]ior ( !      
=mic>y1 :5 !y become entirely dep5d5t ^u
 ! neut]s1 :o1 hang+ p]t9aci\sly to ea* 
leg1 prev5t _! go+ out1 b at ! same "t  
att5d ^u !m ) ! greate/ c>e1 fe$+ !m    
regul>ly1 & conduct+ !m :]e ! temp]ature
 is suitable to !m1 b nev] quitt+ !m a  
s+le mom5t4 ,by degrees ^! females      

become reconcil$ to _! condition1 & lose
 all desire ( mak+ _! escape2 _! abdom5 
enl>ges1 & !y are no long] deta9$ z     
prison]s1 yet ea* is /ill att5d$ by a   
body-gu>d1 a s+le ant1 :i* always       
accompanies h]1 & prev5ts h] wants4 ,its
 /ation is rem>kable1 be+ m\nt$ ^u h]   
abdom51 ) its po/]ior legs ^u ! gr\nd4  
,^! s5t9els are con/antly reliev$2 & to 
wat* ! mom5t :5 ! female beg9s !        
important "w ( oviposition1 & c>ry (f ! 
eggs1 ( :i* %e lays f\r or five ?\s& or 
m 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 seems to be _!     
pr9cipal (fice4  ,:5 ! female is        
ackn[l$g$ z a "m1 ! work]s beg9 to pay  
h] a homage v simil> to t :i* ! bees    
r5d] to _! que54 ,all press r\nd h]1 (f]
 h] food1 conduct h] by h] m&ibles ?r\gh
 ! difficult or /eep passages ( !       
=mic>y2 nay1 !y sometimes ev5 c>ry h]   
ab\t _! city3 %e is !n susp5d$ ^u _!    
jaws1 ! ends ( :i* are cross$2 &1 be+   
coil$ up l ! tongue ( a butt]fly1 %e is 
pack$ s close z to incommode ! c>ri] b  
little4 ,:5 ^! set h] d[n1 o!rs surr\nd 

& c>ess h]1 "o aft] ano!r tapp+ h] on ! 
head ) _! ant5n4  ,9 :atev] ap>tm5t     
7says ,g\ld7 a que5 condesc5ds to be    
pres5t1 %e comm&s ob$i5ce & respect4 ,a 
univ]sal gladness spreads itself ?r\gh !
 :ole cell1 :i* is express$ by p>ticul> 
acts ( joy & exultation4 ,!y h a        
p>ticul> way ( skipp+1 leap+1 & /&+ ^u  
_! h9d-legs1 & pranc+ ) ! o!rs4 ,^!     
frolics !y make use (1 bo? to           
congratulate ea* o!r :5 !y meet1 & to   
%ew _! reg>d = ! que53 "s ( !m walk     
g5tly ov] h]1 o!rs dance r\nd h]2 %e is 
g5]ally encircl$ ) a clu/] ( att5dants1 
:o1 if y sep>ate !m f h]1 soon collect  
!mselves into a body1 & inclose h] 9 !  
mid/4 ,nay1 ev5 if %e dies1 z if !y 7   
unwill+ to believe x1 !y cont9ue        
sometimes = mon?s ! same att5tions to   
h]1 & treat h] ) ! same c\rtly =mality z
 if %e 7 alive1 & !y w bru% h] & lick h]
 incessantly4  ,t ! ants1 ?\gh !y are   
mute animals1 h ! means ( communicat+ to
 ea* o!r in=mation ( v>i\s occurr5ces1 &
 use a k9d ( language :i* is mutually   

und]/ood1 w appe> evid5t f ! foll[+     
facts4  ,if ^? at ! surface ( a ne/ are 
al>m$1 x is wond]ful 9 h[ %ort a "t !   
al>m spreads ?r\gh ! :ole ne/4 ,x runs f
 qu>t] to qu>t]2 ! greate/ inquietude   
seems to possess ! community2 & !y c>ry 
) all possible dispat* _! treasures1 !  
l>v & pup1 d[n to ! l[e/ ap>tm5ts4      
,among/ ^? species ( ants t d n g mu* f 
home1 s5t9els seem to be /ation$ at !   
av5ues ( _! city4 ,di/urb+ once ! little
 heaps ( e>? ?r[n up at ! entrances into
 ! ne/ ( ,f4 flava1 :i* is ( ?is        
description1 7says ,hub]17 ,i 0 /ruck by
 obs]v+ a s+le ant imm$iately come out1 
z if to see :at 0 ! matt]1 & ?is ?ree   
sep>ate times4  ,! ,f4 h]culanea1 ,l4   
inhabits ! trunks ( holl[ trees on !    
,cont95t1 = x has n yet be5 f\nd 9      
,engl&1 ^u :i* !y are (t5 pass+ to &    
fro4 ,m4 ,hub] obs]v$1 t :5 he di/urb$  
^? t 7 at ! greate/ di/ance f ! re/1 !y 
ran t[>ds !m1 &1 /rik+ _! head aga9/ !m1
 communicat$ _! cause ( fe> or ang] t   
^!1 9 _! turn1 convey$ 9 ! same way !   

intellig5ce to o!rs1 till ! :ole colony 
0 9 a f]m5t1 ^? neut]s :i* 7 )9 ! tree  
runn+ out 9 cr[ds to jo9 _! companions 9
 ! def5ce ( _! habitation4 ,! same      
signals t excit$ ! c\rage ( ! neut]s1   
produc$ fe> 9 ! males & females1 :i*1 z 
soon z ! news ( ! dang] 0 ?us           
communicat$ to !m1 retreat$ into ! tree 
z to an asylum4  ,! legs ( "o ( ?is     
g5tleman's artificial =mic>ies 7 plung$ 
into pans ( wat]1 to prev5t ! escape ( !
 ants2 ?is prov$ a s\rce ( great        
enjoym5t to ^! little be+s1 = !y are a v
 ?ir/y race1 & lap wat] l dogs4--7,g\ld1
 #ib4 ,de ,ge]1 ii4 #ajhg4 ,hub]1 #e1   
#acb47 ,"o day1 :5 he obs]v$ _m ( !m    
tippl+ v m]rily1 he 0 s cruel z to      
di/urb !m1 :i* s5t mo/ ( ! ants 9 a     
fright to ! ne/2 b "s1 m ?ir/y ?an !    
re/1 cont9u$ _! potations3 ^u ?is1 "o ( 
^? t _h retreat$1 returns to in=m 8     
?\ghtless companions ( _! dang]2 "o he  
pu%es ) 8 jaws2 ano!r he /rikes fir/ ^u 
! belly1 & !n ^u ! brea/2 & s obliges   
?ree ( !m to leave (f _! c>\s+1 & m>*   

homew>ds2 b ! f\r?1 m resolute to dr9k x
 out1 is n to be discomfit$1 & pays n ! 
lea/ reg>d to ! k9d bl[s ) :i* 8 compe]1
 solicit\s = 8 safety1 repeat$ly        
belab\rs him2 at l5g?1 det]m9$ to h 8   
way1 he seizes him by "o ( 8 h9d-legs1 &
 gives him a viol5t pull3 ^u ?is1 leav+ 
8 liquor1 ! loit]] turns r\nd1 & op5+ 8 
?reat5+ jaws ) e appe>ance ( ang]1 goes 
v coolly to dr9k+ aga92 b 8 monitor1 )\t
 fur!r c]emony1 ru%+ be=e him1 seizes   
him by 8 jaws1 & at la/ drags him (f 9  
triumph to ! =mic>y4--,hub]1 #acc4  ,!  
language ( ants1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$     
m]ely to giv+ intellig5ce ( ! approa* or
 pres5ce ( dang]2 x is also co-ext5sive 
) all _! o!r occasions = communicat+ _! 
ideas to ea* o!r1 or hold+ any          
int]c\rse4 ,"s engage 9 milit>y         
exp$itions1 & (t5 previ\sly s5d out     
spies1 to collect in=mation4 ,^!1 z soon
 z !y return f explor+ ! vic9ity1 ent] !
 ne/2 ^u :i*1 z if !y _h communicat$ _! 
intellig5ce1 ! army imm$iately assembles
 9 ! suburbs ( _! city1 & beg9s its m>* 

t[>ds t qu>t] :5ce ! spies _h arriv$4   
,^u ! m>*1 communications are p]petually
 mak+ betwe5 ! van & ! re>2 & :5 arriv$ 
at ! camp ( ! enemy1 & ! battle beg9s1  
if necess>y1 c\ri]s are dispat*$ to !   
=mic>y = re9=cem5ts4--,hub]1 #afg1 #bag1
 #bcg4  ,if y scatt] ! ru9s ( an ant's  
ne/ 9 y\r ap>tm5t1 y w be furni%$ )     
ano!r pro( ( _! language4 ,! ants w take
 a ?\s& diff]5t pa?s1 ea* go+ by itself1
 to increase ! *ance ( discov]y2 !y w   
meet & cross ea* o!r 9 all directions1 &
 p]haps w w&] long be=e !y c f9d a spot 
conv5i5t = _! re-union4 ,no soon] does  
any "o discov] a little *9k 9 ! floor1  
?r\gh :i* x c pass bel[1 ?an x returns  
to its companions1 &1 by means ( c]ta9  
motions ( its ant5n1 makes "s ( !m      
compreh5d :at r\te !y are to pursue to  
f9d x1 sometimes ev5 accompany+ !m to ! 
spot2 ^!1 9 _! turn1 become ! guides (  
o!rs1 till all "k :i* way to direct _!  
/eps4--,hub]1 #acg4  ,x is well kn[n    
also1 t ants give ea* o!r in=mation :5  
!y h discov]$ any /ore ( provision4     

,bradley relates a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is4 
,a ne/ ( ants 9 a nobleman's g>d5       
discov]$ a closet1 _m y>ds )9 ! h\se1 9 
:i* cons]ves 7 kept1 :i* !y con/antly   
att5d$ till ! ne/ 0 de/roy$4 ,"s 9 _!   
rambles mu/ h fir/ discov]$ ?is dept (  
sweets1 & in=m$ ! re/ ( x4 ,x is        
rem>kable t !y always w5t to x by ! same
 track1 sc>cely v>y+ an in* f x1 ?\gh !y
 _h to pass ?r\gh two ap>tm5ts2 nor c\ld
 ! sweep+ & clean+ ( ! rooms discomfit  
!m1 or cause !m to pursue a diff]5t     
r\te4--,bradley1 #acd4  ,"h may be      
relat$ a v amus+ exp]im5t ( ,g\ld's4    
,hav+ deposit$ sev]al colonies ( ants   
7,f4 fusca7 9 fl[]pots1 he plac$ !m 9 "s
 e>!n pans ( wat]1 :i* prev5t$ !m f mak+
 excursions f _! ne/4 ,:5 !y _h be5     
accu/om$ "s days to ?is imprisonm5t1 he 
fa/5$ small ?reads to ! upp] "p ( !     
pots1 & ext5d+ !m ov] ! wat]-pans1 fix$ 
!m 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! sagaci\s ants soon f\nd
 out t by ^! bridges !y c\ld escape f _!
 moat$ ca/le4 ,! discov]y 0 communicat$ 
to ! :ole society1 & 9 a %ort "t !      

?reads 7 fill$ ) tra9s ( busy work]s    
pass+ to & fro4--,g\ld1 #he4  ,legion's 
acc\nt ( ! ants 9 ,b>badoes1 af=ds ano!r
 mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ?is3 z he has told 8
 tale 9 a v lively & int]e/+ mann]1 x   
%all be giv5 ne>ly 9 8 own words4  ,!   
next ( ^! mov+ little animals are ants1 
or pismires3 ^! are b ( a small size1 b 
great 9 indu/ry2 & t :i* gives !m means 
to atta9 to ?is end is1 !y h all "o s\l4
 ,if ,i %\ld say !y are "h or !re1 ,i   
%\ld d !m wrong1 = !y are e :]e3--"u    
gr\nd1 :]e any holl[ or loose e>? is2   
among/ ! roots ( trees2 ^u ! bodies1    
bran*es1 leaves1 & fruit ( all trees2 9 
all places )\t ! h\ses & )92 ^u ! sides1
 walls1 w9d[s1 & ro(s1 )\t2 & on !      
floors1 side-walls1 ceil+s1 & w9d[s1 )92
 tables1 cupbo>ds1 b$s1 /ools1 all are  
cov]$ ) !m1 s t !y are a k9d (          
ubiquit>ies4 ,we sometimes kill a       
cockroa*1 & ?r[ him on ! gr\nd2 & m>k   
:at !y w d ) him3 8 body is bigg] ?an a 
hundr$ ( !m1 & yet !y w f9d ! means to  
take hold ( him1 & lift him up2 & hav+  

him above gr\nd1 away !y c>ry him1 & "s 
g by z ready assi/ants1 if any be we>y2 
& "s are ! (fic]s t lead & %ew ! way to 
! hole into :i* he mu/ pass2 & if !     
vanc\ri]s p]ceive t ! body ( ! cockroa* 
lies across1 & w n pass ?r\gh ! hole or 
ar* ?r\gh :i* !y mean to c>ry him1 ord] 
is giv51 & ! body turn$ endwise1 & ?is  
is done a foot be=e !y come to ! hole1 &
 t )\t any /op or /ay2 & x is obs]vable1
 t !y nev] pull contr>y ways4 ,a table  
be+ cle>$ ) great c>e1 7by way (        
exp]im5t17 ( all ! ants t are ^u x1 &   
sug> be+ put ^u x1 "s1 aft] a circuit\s 
r\te1 w be obs]v$ to arrive at x2 & aga9
 dep>t+1 )\t ta/+ ! treasure1 w ha/5    
away to in=m _! fri5ds ( ! discov]y1 :o1
 ^u ?is1 w come by myriads3 y may !n1   
:ile !y are ?icke/ ^u ! table1 clap a   
l>ge book1 or any ?+ fit = t purpose1 ^u
 !m1 s h>d z to kill all t are "u x2 &  
:5 y h done s1 take away ! book1 & leave
 !m to !mselves b a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & :5
 y come aga91 y %all f9d all ^! bodies  
c>ri$ away4--,o!r trials we make ( _!   

+5uity1 z ?us3 ,take a pewt] di%1 & fill
 x half full ( wat]1 into :i* put a     
little gallipot fill$ ) sug>1 & ! ants w
 pres5tly f9d x1 & come ^u ! table1 b :5
 !y p]ceive x environ$ ) wat]1 !y try   
ab\t ! brims ( ! di% :]e ! gallipot is  
ne>e/2 & !re ! mo/ v5tur\s among/ !m    
commits himself to ! wat]1 ?\gh he be   
consci\s h[ bad a swimm] he is1 & is    
dr[n$ 9 ! adv5ture2 ! next is n w>n$ by 
8 example1 b v5tures too1 & is alike    
dr[n$2 & _m m1 s t !re is a small       
f\ndation ( _! bodies to v5ture2 & !n !y
 come fa/] ?an ev]1 & s make a bridge ( 
_! own bodies4--,hi/4 ( ,b>badoes1 p4   
#fc4  ,! fact be+ c]ta91 t ants imp>t _!
 ideas to ea* o!r1 we are next l$ to    
inquire by :at means ?is is accompli%$4 
,x does n appe> t1 l ! bees1 !y emit any
 significant s\nds2 _! language1 !re=e1 
mu/ consi/ ( signs or ge/ures1 "s ( :i* 
,i %all n[ detail4 ,9 communicat+ _!    
fe>1 or express+ _! ang]1 !y run f "o to
 ano!r 9 a semicircle1 & /rike ) _! head
 or jaws ! trunk or abdom5 ( ! ant to   

:i* !y mean to give in=mation on any    
subject ( al>m4 ,b ^? rem>kable organs1 
_! ant5n1 are ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ( _! 
spee*1 if ,i may s call x1 supply+ !    
place bo? ( voice & words4 ,:5 ! milit>y
 ants be=e allud$ to g ^u _! exp$itions1
 & are out ( ! =mic>y1 previ\sly to     
sett+ (f1 !y t\* ea* o!r on ! trunk ) _!
 ant5n & =ehead2 ?is is ! signal = m>*+1
 =1 z soon z any "o has receiv$ x1 he is
 imm$iately 9 motion4 ,:5 !y h any      
discov]y to communicate1 !y /rike ) !m  
^? t !y meet 9 a p>ticul>ly impressive  
mann]4 ,if a hungry ant wants to be f$1 
x t\*es ) its two ant5n1 mov+ !m v      
rapidly1 ^? ( ! individual f :i* x      
expects its meal3--& n only ants und]/& 
?is language1 b ev5 aphides & cocci1 :i*
 are ! mil* k9e ( our little pismires1 d
 ! same1 & w yield !m _! sac*>9e fluid  
at ! t\* ( ^! imp]ative organs4 ,!      
helpless l>v also ( ! ants are in=m$1 by
 ! same means1 :5 !y may op5 _! m\?s to 
receive _! food4  ,next to _! language1 
& sc>cely diff]5t f x1 are ! modes by   

:i* !y express _! affections & av]sions4
 ,:e!r ants1 ) man & "s ( ! l>g]        
animals1 exp]i5ce any ?+ l atta*m5t to  
individuals1 is n easily asc]ta9$2 b t  
!y feel ! full =ce ( ! s5tim5t :i* we   
t]m patriotism1 or ! love ( ! community 
to :i* !y belong1 is evid5t f ! :ole    
s]ies ( _! proce$+s1 :i* all t5d to     
promote ! g5]al good4 ,di/ress or       
difficulty fall+ ^u any memb] ( _!      
society1 g5]ally excites _! sympa?y1 &  
!y d _! utmo/ to relieve x4 ,m4         
,latreille once cut (f ! ant5n ( an ant2
 & its companions1 evid5tly pity+ its   
suff]+s1 ano9t$ ! w\nd$ "p ) a drop (   
transp>5t fluid f _! m\?3 & :oev] att5ds
 to :at is go+ =w>d 9 ! neighb\rhood (  
"o ( _! ne/s1 w be pleas$ to obs]ve !   
read9ess ) :i* !y seem dispos$ to assi/ 
ea* o!r 9 difficulties4 ,:5 a burd5 is  
too heavy = "o1 ano!r w soon come to    
ease x ( "p ( ! weight2 & if "o is      
?reat5$ ) an attack1 all ha/5 to ! spot1
 to jo9 9 repell+ x4  ,! satisfaction !y
 express at meet+ aft] abs5ce is v      

/rik+1 & gives "s degree ( individuality
 to _! atta*m5t4 ,m4 ,hub] witness$ !   
ge/iculations ( "s ants1 orig9ally      
belong+ to ! same ne/1 t1 hav+ be5      
entirely sep>at$ f ea* o!r f\r mon?s1 7 
aft]w>ds br\ght toge!r4 ,?\gh ?is 0     
equal to "o-f\r? ( _! exi/5ce z p]fect  
insects1 !y imm$iately recogniz$ ea*    
o!r1 salut$ mutually ) _! ant5n1 & unit$
 once m to =m "o family4  ,!y are also  
ev] int5t to promote ea* o!r's welf>e1 &
 ready to %>e ) _! abs5t companions any 
good ?+ t !y may meet )4 ,^? t g abroad 
fe$ ^? :i* rema9 9 ! ne/1 & if !y       
discov] any /ock ( fav\rite food1 !y    
in=m ! :ole community1 z we h se5 above1
 & tea* !m ! way to x4 ,m4 ,hub]1 = a   
p>ticul> reason1 hav+ produc$ heat1 by  
means ( a flambeau1 9 a c]ta9 "p ( an   
artificial =mic>y1 ! ants t happ5$ to be
 9 t qu>t]1 aft] enjoy+ x = a "t1 ha/5$ 
to convey ! welcome intellig5ce to _!   
compatriots1 :om !y ev5 c>ri$ susp5d$ ^u
 _! jaws 7_! usual mode ( transport+ ea*
 o!r7 to ! spot1 till hundr$s might be  

se5 ?us lad5 ) _! fri5ds4  ,if ants feel
 ! =ce ( love1 !y are equally           
susceptible ( ! emotions ( ang]2 & :5 !y
 are m5ac$ or attack$1 no insects %ew a 
great] degree ( x4 ,provid5ce1 moreov]1 
has furni%$ !m ) weapons & faculties :i*
 r5d] !m extremely =midable to _! insect
 enemies1 & sometimes1 z ,i h relat$ on 
a =m] occasion1 a great annoyance to man
 himself1 7vol4 i4 #b;d ed4 p4 #abc47   
,two /rong m&ibles arm _! m\?1 ) :i* !y 
sometimes fix !mselves s ob/9ately to ! 
object ( _! attack1 t !y w soon] be torn
 limb f limb ?an let g _! hold2 &1 aft] 
_! battles1 ! head ( a conqu]$ enemy may
 (t5 be se5 susp5d$ to ! ant5n or legs (
 ! victor1 a trophy ( 8 val\r1 :i*1     
h[ev] tr\blesome1 he w be compell$ to   
c>ry ab\t ) him to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,_!  
abdom5 is also furni%$ ) a poison-bag1  
7iot]ium17 9 :i* is secret$ a p[]ful &  
v5om\s fluid1 long celebrat$ 9 *emical  
rese>*es1 & once call$ =mic acid1 ?\gh  
n[ consid]$ a modification ( ! acetic & 
malic2#ab :i*1 :5 _! enemy is beyond !  

rea* ( _! m&ibles1 7x is spok5 "h       
p>ticul>ly ( ! hill ant1 or ,f4 rufa17  
/&+ erect on _! h9d legs1 !y dis*>ge f  
_! anus ) consid]able =ce1 s t f !      
surface ( ! ne/ asc5ds a %[] ( poison1  
exhal+ a /rong sulphur\s od\r1 suffici5t
 to ov]p[] or repel any insect or small 
animal4 ,su* is ! fury ( "s species1 t )
 ! acid1 accord+ to ,g\ld1 p4 #cd4 !y   
sometimes p>tly eject ! poison-bag      
itself4 ,if a /ick be /uck into "o ( !  
ne/s ( ! hill ant1 x is s saturat$ ) !  
acid z to reta9 ! sc5t = _m h\rs4 ,a m  
=midable weapon arms ! species ( ! g5us 
,myrmica latr42 =1 besides ! poison-bag1
 !y are furni%$ ) a /+2 & _! aspect is  
also (t5 r5d]$ peculi>ly revolt+1 by !  
extraord9>y l5g? ( _! jaws1 & by ! sp9es
 :i* def5d _! head & trunk4  ,b weapons 
)\t val\r are ( b little use2 & ?is is  
"o di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is pigmy race4   
,_! c\rage & p]t9acity are unconqu]able1
 & are (t5 sublim$ into ! mo/           
inconceivable rage & fury4 ,x makes no  
diff]5ce to !m :e!r !y attack a mite or 

an elephant2 & man himself in/ils no    
t]ror into _! w>like brea/s4 ,po9t y\r  
f+] t[>ds any individual ( ,f4 rufa2    
in/ead ( runn+ away1 x in/antly faces   
ab\t1 &1 t x may make ! mo/ ( itself1   
/iff5+ its legs into a ne>ly /raight    
l9e1 x gives its body ! utmo/ elevation 
x is capable (2 & ?us--    ,collect+ all
 its might1 dilat$ /&s1  prep>$ to repel
 y\r attack4 ,put y\r f+] a little ne>]1
 x imm$iately op5s its jaws to bite y1 &
 re>+ ^u its h9d legs1 b5ds its abdom5  
betwe5 !m1 to eject its v5om into !     
w\nd4#ac  ,?is angry p1 s well arm$ & s 
c\rage\s1 we may readily imag9e1 are n  
always at peace ) _! neighb\rs2 causes (
 diss5sion may arise1 to light ! flame (
 w> betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ne/s n f>    
di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,to ^! little bu/l+   
creatures1 a squ>e foot ( e>? is a      
t]ritory wor? cont5d+ =2 _! droves (    
aphides be+ equally valuable ) ! flocks 
& h]ds t cov] our pla9s2 & ! body ( a   
fly or a beetle1 or a c>go ( /raws &    
bits ( /ick1 an acquisition z important 

z ! treasures ( a ,lima fleet to our    
seam54 ,_! w>s are usually betwe5 ne/s (
 diff]5t species2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 ^? (
 ! same1 :5 s ne> z to int]f]e ) &      
incommode ea* o!r1 h _! battles2 & )    
respect to ants ( "o species1 ,myrmica  
rubra1 combats occasionally take place1 
contr>y to ! g5]al habits ( ! tribe (   
ants1 betwe5 ^? ( ! same ne/4  ,! w>s ( 
! r$ ant 7,m4 rubra7 are usually betwe5 
a small numb] ( ! citiz5s2 & ! object1  
accord+ to ,g\ld1 is to get rid ( a     
useless memb] ( ! community1 7x does n  
argue mu* 9 fav\r ( _! humanity1 t x is 
all "o if x be by sickness t ?is memb]  
is disabl$17 r ?an any real civil       
conte/4 ,! r$ colonies1 7says ?is       
au?or17 are ! only ones ,i c\ld ev]     
obs]ve to fe$ ^u _! own species4 ,y may 
frequ5tly disc]n a p>ty ( f five or six 
to tw5ty1 surr\nd+ "o ( _! own k9d1 or  
ev5 frat]nity1 & pull+ x to pieces4 ,!  
ant !y attack is g5]ally feeble1 & ( a  
languid complexion1 occasion$ p]haps by 
"s accid5t or o!r4--,g\ld1 #ajd4  ,i    

once saw "o ( ^! ants dragg$ out ( ! ne/
 by ano!r1 )\t its head2 x 0 /ill alive1
 & c\ld crawl ab\t4 ,a lively imag9ation
 might h fanci$ t ?is poor ant 0 a      
crim9al1 condemn$ by a c\rt ( ju/ice to 
suff] ! extreme s5t5ce ( ! law4 ,x 0 m  
probably1 h[ev]1 a *ampion t _h be5     
decapitat$ 9 an unequal combat1 unless  
we admit ,g\ld's idea1 & suppose x to h 
suff]$ because x 0 an unpr(itable memb] 
( ! community4#ad ,at ano!r "t ,i f\nd  
?ree individuals t 7 fight+ ) great     
fury1 *a9$ toge!r by _! m&ibles2 "o ( ^!
 _h lo/ two ( ! legs ( "o side1 yet x   
appe>$ to walk well1 & 0 z eag] to      
attack & seize its oppon5ts1 z if x 0   
unhurt4 ,?is did n look l languor or    
sickness4  ,! w>s ( ants t are n ( !    
same species take place usually betwe5  
^? t diff] 9 size2 & ! great endeav\r+  
to oppress ! small1 are nev]!less (t5   
outnumb]$ by !m1 & defeat$4 ,_! battles 
h long be5 celebrat$2 & ! dates ( !m1 z 
if !y 7 ev5ts ( ! fir/ importance1 h be5
 =mally record$4 neas ,sylvius1 aft]    

giv+ a v circum/antial acc\nt ( "o      
conte/$ ) mu* ob/9acy by a great & small
 species1 on ! trunk ( a pe>-tree1      
gravely /ates1 ,?is action 0 f\ght 9 !  
pontificate ( ,eug5ius ! ,f\r?1 9 !     
pres5ce ( ,ni*olas ,pi/ori5sis1 an em95t
 lawy]1 :o relat$ ! :ole hi/ory ( !     
battle ) ! greate/ fidelity6 ,a simil>  
engagem5t betwe5 great & small ants is  
record$ by ,olaus ,magnus1 9 :i* ! small
 ones be+ victori\s1 are said to h buri$
 ! bodies ( _! own soldi]s1 b left ^? ( 
_! giant enemies a prey to ! birds4 ,?is
 ev5t happ5$ previ\s to ! expulsion ( ! 
tyrant ,*ri/ian ! ,second f             
,sw$54--,m\ffet1 ,!atr4 ,ins4 #bdb4  ,m4
 ,p4 ,hub] is ! only mod]n au?or t      
appe>s to h be5 witness to ^! combats4  
,he tells u1 t :5 ! great attack !      
small1 !y seek to take !m by surprise1  
7probably to avoid _! fa/5+ !mselves to 
_! legs17 &1 seiz+ !m by ! upp] "p ( !  
body1 !y /rangle !m ) _! m&ibles2 b :5 !
 small h "t to =esee ! attack1 !y give  
notice to _! companions1 :o ru% 9 cr[ds 

to _! succ\r4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 aft]   
suff]+ a signal defeat1 ! small] species
 are oblig$ to %ift _! qu>t]s1 & to seek
 an e/abli%m5t m out ( ! way ( dang]4 ,9
 ord] to cov] _! m>*1 _m small bodies   
are !n po/$ at a little di/ance f ! ne/4
 ,z soon z ! l>ge ants approa* ! camp1 !
 =emo/ s5t9els in/antly fly at !m ) !   
greate/ rage2 a viol5t /ruggle ensues1  
multitudes ( _! fri5ds come to _!       
assi/ance1 &1 ?\gh no mat* = _! enemies 
s+ly1 by d9t ( numb]s !y prevail1 & !   
giant is ei!r sla9 or l$ captive to !   
ho/ile camp4 ,! species ^: proce$+s ,m4 
,hub] obs]v$1 7 ,f4 h]culanea1 ,l4 & ,f4
 sangu9ea1 ,latr42 nei!r ( :i* h yet be5
 discov]$ 9 ,brita94--,hub]1 #afj4   ,,!
 ,,:ite ,,ants1 or ,,t]mites4--,!       
majority ( ^! animals are natives (     
tropical c\ntries1 ?\gh two species are 
indig5\s to ,europe2 "o ( :i*1 ?\ght to 
h be5 import$1 is come s ne> to u z     
,b\rdeaux4 ,_! society consi/s ( five   
diff]5t descriptions ( individuals3     
work]s or l>v1 nymphs or pup1 neut]s or 

soldi]s1 males1 & females4  #a4 ,!      
work]s or l>v1 answ]+ to ! hym5opt]\s   
neut]s1 are ! mo/ num]\s1 &1 at ! same  
"t1 mo/ active "p ( ! community2 ^u :om 
devolves ! (fice ( erect+ & repair+ !   
build+s1 collect+ provision1 att5d+ ^u !
 female1 convey+ ! eggs1 :5 laid1 to !  
nurs]ies1 & fe$+ ! "y l>v till !y are   
old en\gh to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,!y   
are di/+ui%$ f ! soldi]s by _! dim9utive
 size1 by _! r\nd heads1 & %ort]        
m&ibles4  #b4 ,! nymphs1 or pup1 diff] 9
 no?+ f ! l>v1 & probably are equally   
active1 except t !y h rudim5ts ( w+s1 or
 r w+s fold$ up 9 cases4  #c4 ,! neut]s 
are mu* less num]\s ?an ! work]s1 be>+ !
 proportion ( "o to "o hundr$1 & exce$+ 
!m greatly 9 bulk4 ,!y are also         
di/+ui%able by _! long & l>ge heads1    
arm$ ) v long tubulate m&ibles4 ,_!     
(fice is t ( s5t9els2 & :5 ! ne/ is     
attack$1 to !m is committ$ ! task (     
def5d+ x4 ,^! neut]s seem to be a k9d ( 
abortive females1 & !re is no?+ analog\s
 to !m 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( entomology4 

#d & #e4 ,males & females1 or ! insects 
arriv$ at a /ate ( p]fection1 & capable 
( cont9u+ ! species4 ,!re is only "o (  
ea* 9 e sep>ate society2 !y are exempt$ 
f all p>ticipation 9 ! lab\rs &         
employm5ts occupy+ ! re/ ( ! community1 
t !y may be :olly devot$ to ! furni%+ ( 
a con/ant accession to ! population ( ! 
colony4 ,?\gh at _! fir/ disclosure f ! 
pup !y h f\r w+s1 l ! female ants1 !y   
soon ca/ !m2 b !y may !n be di/+ui%$ f !
 bl9d l>v1 pup1 & neut]s1 by _! l>ge &  
prom95t eyes4  ,! diff]5t species (     
,t]mites1 :i* are num]\s1 build ne/s ( v
 v>i\s =ms4 ,"s con/ruct ^u ! gr\nd a   
cyl9drical turret ( clay1 ab\t          
?ree-qu>t]s ( a y>d high1 surr\nd$ by a 
project+ conical ro(1 s z 9 %ape        
consid]ably to resemble a mu%room1 &    
compos$ int]iorly ( innum]able cells1 ( 
v>i\s figures & dim5sions4 ,o!rs pref] a
 m elevat$ site1 & build _! ne/s1 :i*   
are ( diff]5t sizes1 f t ( a hat to t ( 
a sug>-cask1 & compos$ ( pieces ( wood  
glu$ toge!r1 among/ ! bran*es ( trees1  

(t5 sev5ty or eighty feet high4 ,b by f>
 ! mo/ curi\s habitations1 are ^? =m$ by
 ! ,t]mes bellicosus1 a species v common
 9 ,gu9ea1 & o!r p>ts ( ! coa/s (       
,africa1 ( ^: proce$+s we h a v p>ticul>
 & int]e/+ acc\nt 9 ! #ga/ volume ( !   
,philosophical ,transactions4  ,^! ne/s 
are =m$ entirely ( clay1 & are g5]ally  
twelve feet high1 & broad 9 proportion2 
s t :5 a clu/] ( !m1 z is (t5 ! case 9  
,s\? ,am]ica1 are plac$ toge!r1 !y may  
be tak5 = an ,indian village1 & are 9   
fact sometimes l>g] ?an ! huts :i* !    
natives inhabit4 ,! fir/ process 9 !    
erection ( ^! s+ul> /ructures1 is !     
elevation ( two or ?ree turrets ( clay1 
ab\t a foot high1 & 9 %ape l a          
sug>-loaf4 ,^!1 :i* seem to be !        
scaffolds ( ! future build+1 rapidly    
increase 9 numb] & height1 until at l5g?
 be+ wid5$ at ! base1 jo9$ at ! top into
 "o dome1 & consolidat$ all ar\nd into a
 ?ick wall ( clay1 !y =m a build+ ( !   
size above-m5tion$1 & ( ! %ape ( a      
haycock1 :i*1 :5 clo!d1 z x g5]ally soon

 becomes1 ) a coat+ ( grass1 x at a     
di/ance v mu* resembles4 ,:5 ! build+   
has assum$ ?is its f9al =m1 ! inn]      
turrets1 all b ! tops1 :i* project l    
p9nacles f diff]5t p>ts ( x1 are remov$1
 & ! clay employ$ ov] aga9 9 o!r        
s]vices4 ,x is ! l[] "p alone ( ! build+
 t is occupi$ by ! inhabitants2 ! upp]  
portion1 or dome1 :i* is v /rong &      
solid1 is left empty1 s]v+ pr9cipally z 
a def5ce f ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r & ! 
attacks ( natural or accid5tal enemies1 
& to keep up 9 ! l[] "p a g5ial w>m? &  
moi/ure1 necess>y to ! hat*+ ( ! eggs & 
*]i%+ ( ! "y ones4 ,! inhabit$ portion  
is occupi$ by ! royal *amb]1 or         
habitation ( ! k+ & que52 ! nurs]ies = !
 "y2 ! /oreh\ses = food2 & innum]able   
gall]ies1 passages1 & empty rooms1      
arrang$ accord+ to ! foll[+ plan3--  ,9 
! c5tre ( ! build+1 j "u ! apex1 & ne>ly
 on a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 is   
plac$ ! royal *amb]1 an ar*$ vault ( a  
semi-oval %ape1 or n unlike a long ov52 
at fir/ n above an in* long1 b enl>g$1 z

 ! que5 increases 9 bulk1 to ! l5g? (   
eight in*es or m4 ,9 ?is ap>tm5t ! k+ & 
que5 con/antly reside1 &1 f ! smallness 
( ! entrances1 :i* are b>ely l>ge en\gh 
to admit _! m dim9utive subjects1 c nev]
 possibly come out2 ?us1 l _m human     
pot5tates1 pur*as+ _! sov]eignty at !   
de> rate ( ! sacrifice ( lib]ty4        
,imm$iately adjo9+ ! royal *amb]1 &     
surr\nd+ x on all sides to ! ext5t ( a  
foot or m1 are plac$ ! royal ap>tm5ts1  
an inextricable labyr9? ( innum]able    
ar*$ rooms1 ( diff]5t %apes & sizes1    
ei!r op5+ into ea* o!r1 or communicat+  
by common passages1 & int5d$ = !        
accommodation ( ! soldi]s & att5dants1 (
 :om _m ?\s&s are always 9 wait+ on _!  
royal ma/] & mi/ress4  ,next to ! royal 
ap>tm5ts come ! nurs]ies & ! magaz9es4  
,! =m] are inv>iably occupi$ by ! eggs &
 "y ones1 &1 9 ! infant /ate ( ! ne/1   
are plac$ close to ! royal *amb]2 b :5 !
 que5's augm5t$ size requires a l>g]    
ap>tm5t1 z well z additional rooms = !  
increas$ numb] ( att5dants want$ to     

remove h] eggs1 ! small nurs]ies are    
tak5 to pieces1 rebuilt at a great]     
di/ance1 a size l>g]1 & _! numb]        
increas$ at ! same "t4 ,9 sub/ance !y   
diff] f all ! o!r ap>tm5ts1 be+ =m$ (   
p>ticles ( wood1 app>5tly jo9$ toge!r ) 
gums4 ,a collection ( ^! compact1       
irregul>1 & small wood5 *amb]s1 n "o (  
:i* is half an in* 9 wid?1 is inclos$ 9 
a common *amb] ( clay1 sometimes z big z
 a *ild's head4 ,int]mix$ ) ! nurs]ies1 
lie ! magaz9es1 :i* are *amb]s ( clay1  
always well /or$ ) provisions1 consi/+ (
 p>ticles ( wood1 gums1 & ! inspissat$  
juices ( plants4  ,^! magaz9es &        
nurs]ies1 sep>at$ by small empty *amb]s 
& gall]ies1 :i* run r\nd !m1 or         
communicate f "o to ! o!r1 are cont9u$  
on all sides to ! out] wall ( ! build+1 
& rea* up )9 x two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s (
 its height4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 fill up !  
:ole ( ! l[] "p ( ! hill1 b are conf9$  
to ! sides1 leav+ an op5 area 9 !       
middle1 "u ! dome1 v mu* resembl+ ! nave
 ( an old ca!dral1 hav+ its ro( support$

 by two v l>ge ,go?ic ar*es1 ( :i* ^? 9 
! middle ( ! area are sometimes two &   
?ree feet high1 b z !y rec$e on ea*     
side1 rapidly dim9i%1 l ! ar*es ( aisles
 9 p]spective4 ,a flatti% ro(1 imp]=at$1
 9 ord] to keep out ! wet1 if ! dome    
%\ld *ance to be injur$1 cov]s ! top ( !
 assemblage ( *amb]s1 nurs]ies1 c42 & ! 
area1 :i* is a %ort height above ! royal
 *amb]1 has a flatti% floor1 also       
wat]pro(1 & s contriv$ z to let any ra91
 t may *ance to get 91 run (f into !    
subt]rane\s passages4  ,^! passages or  
gall]ies1 :i* are ( an a/oni%+ size1 "s 
be+ above a foot 9 diamet]1 p]fectly    
cyl9drical1 & l9$ ) ! same k9d ( clay ( 
:i* ! hill is compos$1 s]v$ orig9ally1 l
 ! catacombs ( ,p>is1 z ! qu>ries :5ce !
 mat]ials ( ! build+ 7 d]iv$1 & aft]w>ds
 z ! gr& outlets by :i* ! t]mites c>ry  
on _! depr$ations at a di/ance f _!     
habitations4 ,!y run 9 a slop+          
direction1 "u ! bottom ( ! hill1 to !   
dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet1 & !n bran*+ out
 horizontally on e side1 are c>ri$ "u   

gr\nd1 ne> to ! surface1 to a va/       
di/ance4 ,at _! entrance into ! int]ior1
 !y communicate ) o!r small gall]ies1   
:i* asc5d ! outside ( ! out] %ell 9 a   
spiral mann]1 &1 w9d+ r\nd ! :ole body  
to ! top1 int]sect ea* o!r at diff]5t   
heights1 op5+ ei!r imm$iately 9 ! dome 9
 v>i\s places1 & into ! l[] half ( !    
build+1 or communicat+ ) e "p ( x by o!r
 small] circul> or oval gall]ies (      
diff]5t diamet]s4 ,! necessity = ! va/  
size ( ! ma9 und]gr\nd gall]ies1        
evid5tly arises f ! circum/ance ( _! be+
 ! great ?or\ghf>es = ! inhabitants1 by 
:i* !y fet* _! clay1 wood1 wat]1 or     
provision2 & _! spiral & gradual asc5t  
is requisite = ! easy access ( !        
t]mites1 :i* _c1 b ) great difficulty1  
asc5d a p]p5dicul>4 ,to avoid ?is       
inconv5i5ce1 9 ! int]ior v]tical p>ts ( 
! build+1 a flat pa?way1 half an in*    
wide1 is (t5 made to w9d gradually1 l a 
road cut out ( ! side ( a m\nta92 by :i*
 !y travel ) great facility up asc5ts   
o!rwise impracticable4 ,! same +5i\s    

prop5sity to %ort5 _! lab\r1 seems to h 
giv5 bir? to a contrivance /ill m       
extraord9>y3 ?is is a k9d ( bridge1 or  
va/ ar*1 sprung f ! floor ( ! area to ! 
upp] ap>tm5ts at ! side ( ! build+1 :i* 
answ]s ! purpose ( a flight ( /airs1 &  
mu/ %ort5 ! di/ance exce$+ly 9          
transport+ eggs f ! royal *amb]s to !   
upp] nurs]ies1 :i* 9 "s hills w\ld be   
f\r or five feet 9 ! /raighte/ l9e1 &   
mu* m if c>ri$ ?r\gh all ! w9d+ passages
 :i* lead ?r\gh ! inn] *amb]s &         
ap>tm5ts4 ,mr4 ,smea?man measur$ "o ( ^!
 bridges1 :i* 0 half an in* broad1 a    
qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & t5 in*es long1   
mak+ ! size ( an elliptic ar* (         
proportionable dim5sions1 s t x is      
wond]ful x did n fall ov]1 or break by  
its own weight1 be=e !y got x jo9$ to ! 
side ( ! column above4 ,x 0 /r5g!n$ by a
 small ar* at ! bottom1 & _h a holl[ or 
groove all ! l5g? ( ! upp] surface1 ei!r
 made purposely = ! great] safety ( !   
pass5g]s1 or else worn by frequ5t       
tread+4 ,x is n ! lea/ surpris+         

circum/ance att5d+ ?is bridge1 ! ,go?ic 
ar*es be=e spok5 (1 & 9 g5]al all !     
ar*es ( ! v>i\s gall]ies & ap>tm5ts1 t1 
z ,mr4 ,smea?man saw e reason = believ+1
 ! t]mites project !m1 & d n1 z "o w\ld 
h suppos$1 excavate !m4  ,consid] :at   
incr$ible lab\r & dilig5ce1 accompani$  
by ! mo/ unremitt+ activity1 & ! mo/    
unwe>i$ cel]ity ( movem5t1 mu/ be       
necess>y to enable ^! creatures to      
accompli% 7_! size consid]$7 ^! truly   
gigantic works4 ,t su* dim9utive        
insects1 = !y are sc>cely ! f\r? ( an   
in* 9 l5g?1 h[ev] num]\s1 %\ld1 9 !     
space ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 be able to    
erect a build+ twelve feet high1 & (    
proportionable bulk1 cov]$ by a va/     
dome1 adorn$ )\t by num]\s p9nacles &   
turrets1 & %elt]+ "u its ample ar*      
myriads ( vault$ ap>tm5ts1 ( v>i\s      
dim5sions1 & con/ruct$ ( diff]5t        
mat]ials1--t !y %\ld moreov] excavate1 9
 diff]5t directions & at diff]5t dep?s1 
innum]able subt]ranean roads or tunnels1
 "s twelve or ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 or

 ?r[ an ar* ( /one ov] o!r roads lead+ f
 ! metropolis into ! adjo9+ c\ntry1 to !
 di/ance ( sev5 hundr$ feet1--t !y %\ld 
project & f9i% ! va/ int]ior /aircases  
or bridges1 lately describ$1--& f9ally1 
t ! millions necess>y to execute su*    
,h]culean lab\rs1 p]petually pass+ to & 
fro1 %\ld nev] int]rupt & int]f]e ) ea* 
o!r1 is a miracle ( nature1 f> exce$+ ! 
mo/ boa/$ works & /ructures ( man2 =1   
did ^! creatures equal him 9 size1      
reta9+ _! usual in/9cts & activity1 _!  
build+s w\ld so> to ! a/oni%+ height (  
half a mile1 & _! tunnels w\ld exp& to a
 magnific5t cyl9d] ( m ?an ?ree hundr$  
feet 9 diamet]2 be=e :i*1 ! pyramids (  
,egypt1 & ! aqu$ucts ( ,rome1 w\ld lose 
_! celebrity1 & dw9dle into no?+4  ,!   
mo/ elevat$ ( ! pyramids ( ,egypt is n m
 ?an six hundr$ feet high1 :i*1 sett+ ! 
av]age height ( man at only five feet1  
is n m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty times !     
height ( ! workm5 employ$4 ,:]eas1 !    
ne/s ( ! t]mites be+ at lea/ twelve feet
 high1 & ! insects !mselves n exce$+ a  

qu>t] ( an in* 9 /ature1 _! edifices are
 upw>ds ( five hundr$ times ! height ( !
 build]s2 :i*1 suppos+ !m ( human       
dim5sions1 w\ld be m ?an half a mile4 ,!
 %aft ( ! ,roman aqu$ucts 0 l(ty en\gh  
to p]mit a man on horseback to travel 9 
!m4  ,! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( a colony (    
t]mites takes place 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9
 ! ev5+1 soon aft] ! fir/ tornado1 :i*  
at ! latt] end ( ! dry season proclaims 
! approa* ( ! ensu+ ra9s1 ^! animals1   
hav+ atta9$ to _! p]fect /ate1 9 :i* !y 
are furni%$ & adorn$ ) two pair ( w+s1  
em]ge f _! clay-built citadels by       
myriads & myriads1 to seek _! =tune4    
,borne on ^! ample w+s1 & c>ri$ by !    
w9d1 !y fill ! air1 ent]+ ! h\ses1      
ext+ui%+ ! lights1 & are sometimes driv5
 on bo>d ! %ips t are n f> f ! %ore4 ,! 
next morn+1 !y are discov]$ cov]+ ! e>? 
& wat]s1 depriv$ ( ! w+s :i* enabl$ !m  
to avoid _! num]\s enemies1 & :i* 7 only
 calculat$ to c>ry !m a few h\rs4 ,!y n[
 look l l>ge maggots2 &1 f ! mo/ active1
 indu/ri\s1 & rapaci\s creatures1 !y are

 become ! mo/ helpless & c[>dly be+s 9  
nature1 ! prey ( innum]able enemies1 to 
! smalle/ ( :i* !y make n ! lea/        
resi/ance4 ,insects1 especially ants1   
:i* are always on ! hunt = !m1 leave no 
place unexplor$3 birds1 reptiles1 bea/s1
 & ev5 man himself1 look ^u ?is ev5t z  
_! h>ve/1 &1 z ! read] has be5 told     
be=e1 make !m _! food1 s t sc>cely a    
pair 9 _m millions get into a place (   
safety4  ,! work]s1 :o are cont9ually   
pr[l+ ab\t 9 _! cov]$ ways1 occasionally
 meet ) "o ( ^! pairs1 & be+ impell$ by 
_! in/9ct1 pay !m homage1 & !y are      
elect$ z x 7 to be k+ & que51 or r      
f\nd]s1 ( a new colony3 all t are n s   
=tunate1 inevitably p]i%2 &1 consid]+ ! 
inf9ite ho/ ( _! enemies1 probably 9 !  
c\rse ( ! foll[+ day4 ,! work]s1 z soon 
z ?is election takes place1 beg9 to     
inclose _! new rul]s 9 a small *amb] (  
clay1 be=e describ$1 suit$ to _! size1 !
 entrances to :i* are only l>ge en\gh to
 admit !mselves & ! neut]s1 b mu* too   
small = ! royal pair to pass ?r\gh2--s t

 _! /ate ( royalty is a /ate (          
conf9em5t1 & s cont9ues dur+ ! rema9d] (
 _! exi/5ce4 ,! female1 aft] ?is        
conf9em5t1 soon beg9s to furni% ! infant
 colony ) new inhabitants4 ,! c>e ( fe$+
 h] & h] companion1 devolves ^u !       
indu/ri\s l>v1 :i* supply !m bo? ) e ?+ 
t !y want4 ,z %e increases 9 dim5sions1 
!y cont9ue to enl>ge ! cell 9 :i* %e is 
deta9$4 ,:5 ! bus9ess ( oviposition     
comm5ces1 !y take ! eggs f h]1 & deposit
 !m 9 _! nurs]ies4 ,h] abdom5 n[ beg9s  
gradually to ext5d1 till 9 process ( "t 
x is enl>g$ to fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s&
 times ! size ( ! re/ ( h] body1 & h]   
bulk equals t ( tw5ty or ?irty ?\s&     
work]s4 ,?is "p1 (t5 m ?an ?ree in*es 9 
l5g?1 is n[ a va/ matrix ( eggs1 :i*    
make long circumvolutions ?r\gh         
numb]less sl5d] s]p5t9e vessels3 x is   
also rem>kable = its p]i/altic motion1  
79 ?is resembl+ ! female ant2 see       
,g\ld's ,acc\nt ( ,engli% ,ants1 p4     
#bb47 :i*1 l ! undulations ( wat]1      
produces a p]petual & successive rise & 

fall ov] ! :ole surface ( ! abdom51 &   
occasions a con/ant extrusion ( ! eggs1 
am\nt+ sometimes 9 old females to sixty 
9 a m9ute1 or eighty ?\s& & upw>ds 9    
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z ^! females live two  
ye>s 9 _! p]fect /ate1 h[ a/oni%+ mu/ be
 ! numb] produc$ 9 t "t6  ,?is incessant
 extrusion ( eggs mu/ call = ! att5tion 
( a l>ge numb] ( ! work]s 9 ! royal     
*amb]1 7& inde$ x is always full ( !m17 
to take !m z !y come =?1 & c>ry !m to ! 
nurs]ies1 9 :i*1 :5 hat*$1 !y are       
provid$ ) food1 & receive e necess>y    
att5tion1 till !y are able to %ift =    
!mselves4 ,"o rem>kable circum/ance     
att5ds ^! nurs]ies2 !y are always cov]$ 
) a k9d ( m\ld1 among/ :i* arise num]\s 
globules1 ab\t ! size ( a p9's head4    
,?is is probably a species ( mucor2 & by
 ,mr4 ,kenig1 :o f\nd !m also 9 ne/s (  
an ,ea/ ,indian species ( t]mes1 is     
conjectur$ to be ! food ( ! l>v4  ,!    
royal cell has also "s soldi]s 9 x1 a   
k9d ( body-gu>d to ! royal pair t       
inhabit x2 & ! surr\nd+ ap>tm5ts conta9 

always _m1 bo? lab\r]s & soldi]s1 9     
wait+1 t !y may successively att5d ^u & 
def5d ! common fa!r & "m1 on ^: safety  
dep5d ! happ9ess & ev5 exi/5ce ( ! :ole 
community2 & :om ^! fai?ful subjects    
nev] ab&on ev5 9 ! la/ di/ress4  ,^!    
little busy creatures are taught by     
,provid5ce always to "w "u cov]4 ,if !y 
h to travel ov] a rock1 or up a tree1 !y
 vault1 ) a cop+ ( e>?1 ! r\te !y mean  
to pursue1 & !y =m subt]ranean pa?s &   
tunnels1 "s ( a diamet] wid] ?an ! bore 
( a l>ge cannon1 on all sides f _!      
habitation1 to _! v>i\s objects (       
attack1 or :i* slop+ d[n1 7= !y _c well 
m\nt a surface q p]p5dicul>17 p5etrate  
to ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet "u _! ne/s 
into ! e>?1 till !y arrive at a soil    
prop] to be us$ 9 ! erection ( _!       
build+s4 ,7 !y1 inde$1 to expose        
!mselves1 ! race w\ld soon be annihilat$
 by _! innum]able enemies4 ,if any      
accid5t happ5 to _! v>i\s /ructures1 or 
if !y are dislodg$ f any ( _! cov]$     
ways1 !y are active & exp$iti\s 9       

repair+ x2 & 9 a s+le night !y w re/ore 
a gall]y ( ?ree or f\r y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,if1
 attack+ ! ne/1 y divide x into halves1 
leav+ ! royal *amb]1 & ?us lay op5 ?\s&s
 ( ap>tm5ts1 all w be %ut up ) _! %eets 
( clay by ! next morn+2 nay1 ev5 if !   
:ole be demoli%$1 provid$ ! k+ & ! que5 
be left1 e int]/ice betwe5 ! ru9s1 at   
:i* ei!r cold or wet c possibly ent]1 w 
be cov]$1 &1 9 a ye>1 ! build+ w be     
rais$ ne>ly to its pri/9e size & gr&eur4
  ,besides build+ & repair+1 a great    
deal ( _! "t is occupi$ 9 mak+ necess>y 
alt]ations 9 _! mansion & its approa*es4
 ,! royal pres5ce *amb]1 z ! female     
increases 9 size1 mu/ be gradually      
enl>g$2 ! nurs]ies mu/ be remov$ to a   
great] di/ance2 ! *amb]s & int]ior ( !  
ne/ receive daily accessions1 to provide
 = a daily increas+ population2 & !     
direction ( _! cov]$ ways mu/ (t5 be    
v>i$1 :5 ! old /ock ( provision is      
exhau/$1 & new s\rces are discov]$4  ,! 
collection ( provisions = ! use ( !     
colony is ano!r employm5t1 :i*          

necess>ily calls = incessant att5tion3  
^!1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe> l rasp+s (     
wood2 b :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 !y   
are f\nd to consi/ *iefly ( gums & !    
inspissat$ juices ( plants1 :i*1 =m$    
into little masses1 are /or$ up 9       
magaz9es made ( clay4  ,:5 any "o is    
bold en\gh to attack _! ne/1 & make a   
brea* 9 its walls1 ! lab\r]s1 :o are    
incapable ( fight+1 retire )91 & give   
way to ano!r description ( its          
inhabitants1 ^: (fice x is to def5d !   
=tress :5 assail$ by enemies2 ^!1 z     
obs]v$ be=e1 are ! neut]s or soldi]s4   
,if ! brea* be made 9 a slight "p ( !   
build+1 "o ( ^! comes out to            
reconnoitre2 he !n retires & gives !    
al>m4 ,two or ?ree o!rs next appe>1     
scrambl+ z fa/ z !y c "o aft] ! o!r2 to 
^! succe$ a l>ge body1 :o ru% =? ) z mu*
 spe$ z ! brea* w p]mit1 _! numb]s      
cont9ually increas+ dur+ ! attack4 ,x is
 n easy to describe ! rage & fury by :i*
 ^! dim9utive h]oes seem actuat$4 ,9 _! 
ha/e !y frequ5tly miss _! hold1 & tumble

 d[n ! sides ( _! hill3 !y soon1 h[ev]1 
recov] !mselves1 &1 be+ bl9d1 bite e ?+ 
!y run aga9/4 ,if ! attack proce$s1 !   
bu/le & agitation increase to a t5fold  
degree1 & _! fury is rais$ to its highe/
 pit*4 ,wo to him ^: h&s or legs !y c   
come at6 = !y w make _! fang$ jaws meet 
at ! v fir/ /roke1 draw+ z mu* blood z w
 c\nt]poise _! :ole body1 & nev] quitt+ 
_! hold1 ev5 ?\gh !y are pull$ limb f   
limb4 ,! nak$ legs ( ! negroes expose !m
 frequ5tly to ?is injury2 & ! /ock+s ( !
 ,europeans are n ?ick en\gh to def5d   
!m4  ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 aft] ! fir/      
attack1 y get a little out ( ! way1 giv+
 !m no fur!r int]ruption1 suppos+ !     
assailant ( _! citadel is gone beyond _!
 rea*1 9 less ?an half an h\r !y w      
retire into ! ne/2 & be=e !y h all      
ent]$1 y w see ! lab\r]s 9 motion1 ha/5+
 9 v>i\s directions t[>ds ! brea*1 e "o 
c>ry+ 9 8 m\? a mass ( mort>1 half z big
 z 8 body1 ready temp]$2 ?is mort> is   
made ( ! f9e/ p>ts ( ! gravel1 :i* !y   
probably select 9 ! subt]ranean pits or 

passages be=e describ$1 :i*1 work$ up to
 a prop] consi/5ce1 h>d5s to ! solid    
sub/ance resembl+ /one1 ( :i* _! ne/s   
are con/ruct$3 !y nev] appe> to emb>rass
 or int]rupt "o ano!r4 ,by ! unit$      
lab\rs ( su* an inf9ite ho/ ( creatures1
 ! wall soon rises1 & ! brea* is        
repair$4  ,:ile ! lab\r]s are ?us       
employ$1 almo/ all ! soldi]s h retir$ q 
out ( sight1 except "h & !re "o1 :o     
saunt]s ab\t among/ ! lab\r]s1 b nev]   
assi/s 9 ! "w4 ,"o 9 p>ticul> places    
himself close to ! wall :i* !y are      
build+2 & turn+ himself leisurely on all
 sides1 z if to survey ! proce$+s1      
appe>s to act ! "p ( an ov]se] ( !      
works4 ,e n[ & !n1 at ! int]val ( a     
m9ute or two1 by lift+ up 8 head & /rik+
 8 =ceps ^u ! wall ( ! ne/1 he makes a  
p>ticul> noise1 :i* is answ]$ by a l\d  
hiss f all ! lab\r]s1 & appe>s to be a  
signal = dispat*2 =1 e "t x is he>d1 !y 
may be se5 to r$\ble _! pace1 & apply to
 _! "w ) increas$ dilig5ce4 ,r5ew !     
attack1 & ?is amus+ sc5e w be repeat$3 9

 ru% ! lab\r]s1 all disappe>+ 9 a few   
seconds1 & out m>* ! milit>y1 z num]\s &
 v9dictive z be=e4 ,:5 all is once m    
quiet1 ! busy lab\r]s re-appe>1 & resume
 _! "w1 & ! soldi]s vani%4 ,repeat !    
exp]im5t a hundr$ times1 & ! same w     
always be ! result2 y w nev] f9d1 be !  
p]il or em]g5cy ev] s great1 t "o ord]  
attempts to fight1 or ! o!r to "w4  ,we 
h se5 h[ solicit\s ! t]mites are to move
 & "w "u cov]1 & conceal$ f obs]vation3 
?is1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case2 !re is a
 species l>g] ?an ,t4 bellicosus1 ^:    
proce$+s we h be5 pr9cipally describ+1  
:i* ,mr4 ,smea?man calls ! m>*+ ,t]mes  
7,t]mes vi>um74 ,he 0 once pass+ ?r\gh a
 ?ick =e/1 :5 on a sudd51 a l\d hiss1 l 
t ( s]p5ts1 /ruck him ) al>m4 ,! next   
/ep produc$ a repetition ( ! s\nd1 :i*  
he !n recogniz$ to be t ( :ite ants2 yet
 he 0 surpris$ at see+ none ( _! hills  
or cov]+ ways4 ,foll[+ ! noise1 to 8    
great a/oni%m5t & delight1 he saw an    
army ( ^! creatures em]g+ f a hole 9 !  
gr\nd2 _! numb] 0 prodigi\s1 & !y m>*$ )

 ! utmo/ cel]ity4 ,:5 !y _h proce$$ ab\t
 a y>d1 !y divid$ into two columns1     
*iefly compos$ ( lab\r]s1 ab\t fifte5   
abrea/1 & foll[+ ea* o!r 9 close ord]1 &
 go+ /raight =w>d4 ,"h & !re 0 se5 a    
soldi]1 c>ry+ 8 va/ head ) app>5t       
difficulty1 & look+ l an ox 9 a flock ( 
%eep1 :o m>*$ on 9 ! same mann]4 ,at !  
di/ance ( a foot or two f ! columns1 _m 
o!r soldi]s 7 to be se51 /&+ /ill or    
pac+ ab\t z if ^u ! look-out1 le/ "s    
enemy %\ld sudd5ly surprise _! unw>like 
comrades2 o!r soldi]s1 7:i* 0 ! mo/     
extraord9>y & amus+ "p ( ! sc5e17 hav+  
m\nt$ "s plants1 & plac$ !mselves on !  
po9ts ( _! leaves1 elevat$ f t5 to      
fifte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 hung ov] ! army 
m>*+ bel[1 & by /rik+ _! =ceps ^u !     
leaf1 produc$ at int]vals ! noise       
above-m5tion$4 ,to ?is signal ! :ole    
army return$ a hiss1 & obey$ x by       
increas+ _! pace4 ,! soldi]s at ^!      
signal-/ations sat q /ill dur+ ! int]val
 ( sil5ce1 except n[ & !n mak+ a slight 
turn ( ! head1 & seem$ z solicit\s to   

keep _! po/s z regul> s5t9els4 ,! two   
columns ( ?is army unit$1 aft] cont9u+  
sep>ate f twelve to fifte5 paces1 hav+ 9
 no "p be5 above ?ree y>ds asund]1 & !n 
desc5d$ into ! e>? by two or ?ree holes4
 ,mr4 ,smea?man cont9u$ wat*+ !m = above
 an h\r1 dur+ :i* "t _! numb]s appe>$   
nei!r to increase nor dim9i%3 ! soldi]s1
 h[ev]1 :o quitt$ ! l9e ( m>* & act$ z  
s5t9els1 became mu* m num]\s be=e he    
quitt$ ! spot4 ,! l>v & neut]s ( ?is    
species are furni%$ ) eyes4  ,!         
societies ( ,t]mes lucif]gus1 discov]$  
by ,latreille1 at ,b\rdeaux1 are v      
num]\s2 b in/ead ( erect+ artificial    
ne/s1 !y make _! lodgm5t 9 ! trunks (   
p9es & oaks1 :]e ! bran*es div]ge f !   
tree4 ,!y eat ! wood ne>e/ ! b>k1 or !  
alburnum1 )\t attack+ ! int]ior1 & bore 
a va/ numb] ( holes & irregul> gall]ies4
 ,t "p ( ! wood appe>s moi/1 & is cov]$ 
) little gelat9\s p>ticles1 n unlike    
gum-arabic4 ,^! insects seem to be      
furni%$ ) an acid ( a v p5etrat+ od\r1  
:i*1 p]haps1 is useful to !m = p5etrat+ 

! wood4 ,! soldi]s 9 ^! societies are z 
ab\t "o to tw5ty-five ( ! lab\r]s4  ,!  
anonym\s au?or ( ! obs]vations on !     
t]mites ( ,ceylon1 seems to h discov]$ a
 s5try-box 9 8 ne/s4 ,i f\nd1 says he1 9
 a v small cell 9 ! middle ( ! solid    
mass1 7a cell ab\t half an in* 9 height1
 & v n>r[17 a l>va ) an enorm\s head4   
,two ( ^! individuals 7 9 ! same cell2  
"o ( ! two seem$ plac$ z s5t9el at !    
entrance ( ! cell4 ,i amus$ myself by   
=c+ ! door two or ?ree times2 ! s5t9el  
imm$iately appe>$1 & only retreat$ :5 ! 
door 0 on ! po9t ( be+ /opp$ up1 :i* 0  
done by ! lab\r]s4   ,,! ,,gre5         
,,ants4--,capta9 ,cook gives ! foll[+   
acc\nt ( a v peculi> k9d ( ants1 :i* he 
met ) at ,botany ,bay4--,!y are z gre5 z
 a leaf4 ,!y live ^u trees1 :]e !y build
 _! ne/s4 ,! ne/s are ( a v curi\s      
/ructure3 !y are =m$ by b5d+ d[n sev]al 
( ! leaves1 ea* ( :i* is z broad z a    
man's h&2 !y glue ! po9ts ( !m toge!r1 s
 z to =m a purse4 ,! viscus us$ = ?is   
purpose is an animal juice1 :i* nature  

has enabl$ !m to elaborate4 ,_! me?od ( 
fir/ b5d+ d[n ! leaves1 our naturali/s  
_h n an opportunity ( obs]v+2 b !y saw  
?\s&s unit+ all _! /r5g? to hold !m 9   
?is position1 :ile o!r busy multitudes 7
 employ$ )91 9 apply+ ! glut5 t 0 to    
prev5t _! return+ back4 ,to satisfy     
!mselves t ! leaves 7 b5t & held d[n by 
! ef=ts ( ^! dim9utive artific]s1 our p 
di/urb$ !m 9 _! "w1 &1 z soon z !y 7    
driv5 f _! /ation1 ! leaves on :i* !y 7 
employ$ sprang up ) a =ce mu* great] ?an
 !y c\ld h ?\ght !m able to conqu]1 by  
any comb9ation ( _! /r5g?4   ,,!        
,,visit+ ,,ants4--,at ,p>am>ibo1 a ,dut*
 colony 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sur9am1 !re is a 
species ( ants1 :i* ! ,portuguese call  
visit+ ants3 !y m>* 9 troops1 & z soon z
 !y appe>1 all ! c(f]s & *e/s ( draw]s  
are laid op51 :i* !y cle> ( rats1 mice1 
& a peculi> sort ( insect 9 t c\ntry1   
call$ cack]lacks1 & ( o!r noxi\s        
animals4 ,if any "o *ance to mole/ !m1  
!y fall ^u him1 & te> 9 pieces 8 /ock+s 
& %oes4 ,_! visits are r>e2 & sometimes 

!y d n appe> = ?ree ye>s4--,templeman's 
,obs4 vol4 i4 p4 #cf4   ,we conclude ?is
 *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,,!                
,,ant-,,lion4--,!re is no insect m      
rem>kable = its dext]ity ?an ! ant-lion1
 ?\gh its figure ann\nces no?+          
extraord9>y4 ,x ne>ly resembles !       
woodl\se2 its body be+ provid$ ) six    
feet1 compos$ ( sev]al membran\s r+s1 & 
t]m9at$ 9 a po9t4 ,its head1 flat &     
squ>e1 is arm$ ) two moveable crook$    
horns1 ^: s+ul> /ructure %ews h[        
admirable ,nature is1 ev5 9 ! lea/ ( h] 
works4  ,?is insect is ! mo/ subtle &   
dang]\s enemy ! ant has2 ! plans :i* he 
=ms to ensn>e 8 prey1 are v +5i\s4 ,he  
m9es a portion ( l& 9 ! =m ( a funnel1  
at ! bottom ( :i* he waits to seize !   
ants1 :i* com+ by *ance to ! edge ( !   
precipice1 are !nce hurri$ d[n to _!    
m]ciless foe4 ,9 ord] to dig x1 he fir/ 
traces 9 ! s& a circul> furr[1 ^:       
circumf]5ce =ms precisely ! m\? ( !     
funnel1 ! diamet] ( :i* is always equal 
to ! dep? he gives to 8 dit*4 ,:5 he has

 det]m9$ ! space ( ?is op5+1 & trac$ !  
fir/ furr[1 he imm$iately digs a second1
 conc5tric to ! o!r1 9 ord] to ?r[ out  
all ! s& conta9$ 9 ! fir/ circle4 ,he   
makes all ^! op]ations ) 8 head1 :i*    
s]ves him in/ead ( a %ovel1 & its flat &
 squ>e =m admirably adapts x to ?is     
purpose4 ,he also takes "s s& ) "o ( 8  
=e feet1 to ?r[ x beyond ! fir/ furr[2 &
 ?is "w is repeat$ till ! insect has    
rea*$ a c]ta9 dep? ( s&4 ,sometimes1 9  
digg+1 he meets ) gra9s ( s& l>g] ?an   
usual1 or ) little bits ( dry e>?1 :i*  
he w n suff] to rema9 9 8 tunnel2 ( ^!  
he dis5cumb]s himself by a sudd5 &      
well-tim$ manoeuvre ( 8 head4 ,%\ld he  
f9d p>ticles yet l>g]1 he endeav\rs to  
pu% !m away ) 8 back1 & he is s assidu\s
 9 ?is lab\r1 t he repeats x six or sev5
 times4  ,at l5g? ! ant-lion comes to   
collect ! fruits ( 8 toil4 ,8 nets be+  
once well laid1 he has no?+ to d b to   
put himself on ! wat*2 accord+ly1       
immoveable & conceal$ at ! bottom ( !   
dit* :i* he has dug1 he pati5tly waits =

 ! prey :i* he _c pursue4 ,if "s unhappy
 ant is inadv]t5tly drawn to ! bord]s ( 
?is fatal precipice1 %e is almo/ sure to
 roll d[n to ! bottom1 because ! br9k is
 made slop+1 & ?us ! s& giv+ way b5ea?  
h] feet1 %e is =c$ to foll[ ! dang]\s   
declivity till %e falls into ! p[] ( h] 
de/roy]1 :o1 by means ( 8 horns1 draws  
h] "u ! s&1 & fea/s ^u h] blood4 ,:5 he 
has suck$ all ! juices f h] body1 he    
contrives to eject f 8 habitation ! dry 
& holl[ c>case1 repairs any damage 8    
tr5* may h su/a9$1 & puts himself aga9 9
 ambu%4 ,he does n always succe$ 9 seiz+
 8 prey at ! mom5t ( its fall2 x        
frequ5tly escapes him1 & endeav\rs to   
rem\nt ! funnel2 b !n ! ant-lion works )
 8 head1 & causes a %[] ( s& to desc5d  
^u 8 captive1 & precipitate x once m to 
! bottom4  ,all ! actions ( ?is little  
animal display an art s extraord9>y1 t  
we might (t5 exam9e !m )\t be+ we>i$4 ,!
 ant-lion employs itself 9 prep>+ tr5*es
 ev5 be=e hav+ se5 ! animal :i* !y are  
to ensn>e1 & :i* is to s]ve x =         

n\ri%m5t2 & yet its actions are regulat$
 9 a mann] ! be/ adapt$ to accompli% ^! 
purposes4  ,h[ w\ld an animal1 s        
de/itute ( agility1 h be5 able to entrap
 its prey m easily ?an by digg+ 9 a     
moveable s&1 & giv+ a slop+ declivity to
 ?is funnel8 ,:at bett] /ratagem c\ld x 
h devis$ = recov]+ ! ants :i* 7 on !    
po9t ( escap+ ev5 f ?is skilfully       
con/ruct$ sn>e1 ?an 9 ov]:elm+ !m ) %[]s
 ( s&1 & ?us cutt+ (f all hopes ( a     
retreat8 ,all its actions h fix$        
pr9ciples by :i* !y are direct$4 ,! tr5*
 mu/ be dug 9 ! s&1 or x c\ld n answ] ! 
desir$ purpose2 & x mu/1 accord+ to !   
/ructure ( its body1 "w backw>ds1 us+   
its horns l a pair ( p9c]s1 9 ord] to   
?r[ ! s& ov] ! br9k ( ! funnel4 ,!      
in/9ct :i* gov]ns ?is insect1 discov]s  
to u a ,fir/ ,cause1 ^: intellig5ce has 
=ese5 & orda9$ e ?+ t 0 necess>y = !    
pres]vation & well-be+ ( su* an animal4 
,,*ap4 ,,xxvi4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,!        
,spid]--,+5uity ( ! ,spid]--,spid]      

tam$--,curi\s ,anecdote     ( a ,spid]1 
c4   ,,! ,,spid]4    ,! spid]'s t\*1 h[ 
exquisitely f9e6   ,feels at ea* ?read1 
& lives along ! l9e4                    
,pope4  ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,european     
spid]s is ! ,aranea diadema ( ,l9nu1 :i*
 is extremely common 9 our own c\ntry1 &
 is *iefly se5 dur+ ! autumnal season1 9
 g>d5s1 c4 ,! body ( ?is species1 :5    
full gr[n1 is n mu* inf]ior 9 size to a 
small hazel-nut3 ! abdom5 is beautifully
 m>k$ by a longitud9al s]ies ( r\nd or  
drop-%ap$ milk-:ite spots1 cross$ by    
o!rs ( simil> appe>ance1 s z to         
repres5t1 9 "s degree1 ! patt]n ( a     
small diadem4 ,?is spid]1 9 ! mon?s (   
,septemb] & ,octob]1 =ms1 9 "s conv5i5t 
spot or %elt]1 a l>ge r\nd close or ?ick
 web ( yell[ silk1 9 :i* x deposits its 
eggs1 gu>d+ ! r\nd web ) a second>y "o (
 a loos] texture4 ,! "y are hat*$ 9 !   
ensu+ ,may1 ! p>5t insects dy+ t[>ds !  
close ( autumn4 ,! aranea diadema be+ "o
 ( ! l>ge/ ( ! common spid]s1 s]ves to  
exemplify "s ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s ( !   

g5us 9 a cle>] mann] ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,at !
 tip ( ! abdom5 are plac$ five papill1  
or teats1 ?r\gh :i* ! insect draws its  
?read2 & z ea* ( ^! papill is furni%$ ) 
a va/ numb] ( =am9a or outlets1 dispos$ 
ov] its :ole surface1 x foll[s1 t :at we
 commonly t]m a spid]'s ?read1 is 9     
reality =m$ ( a collection ( a great _m 
di/9ct ones2 ! animal possess+ ! p[] (  
draw+ out m or few] at pleasure2 & if x 
%\ld draw f all ! =am9a at once1 ! ?read
 might consi/ ( _m hundr$ di/9ct        
filam5ts4 ,! eyes1 :i* are situat$ on ! 
upp] "p or front ( ! ?orax1 are eight 9 
numb]1 plac$ at a small di/ance f ea*   
o!r1 & h ! appe>ance ( ! /emmata 9 !    
g5]ality ( insects4 ,! fangs1 or pi]c]s1
 ) :i* ! animal w\nds its prey1 are     
/rong1 curv$1 %>p-po9t$1 & ea* furni%$  
on ! inside1 ne> ! tip1 ) a small oblong
 hole or slit1 ?r\gh :i* is inject$ a   
poison\s fluid into ! w\nd made by !    
po9t itself1 ^! organs op]at+ 9 m9iature
 on ! same pr9ciple ) ! fangs 9 poison\s
 s]p5ts4 ,! feet are highly curi\s1 !   

two claws1 ) :i* ea* is t]m9at$1 be+    
furni%$ on its "u side ) sev]al p>allel 
processes1 resembl+ ! tee? ( a comb1 &  
enabl+ ! animal to dispose & manage1 ) !
 utmo/ facility1 ! disposition ( !      
?reads 9 its web1 c4  ,! ,aranea        
t>antula1 or ,t>antula spid]1 ( :i* s _m
 idle recitals h be5 detail$ 9 ! works (
 ! le>n$1 & :i*1 ev5 to ?is day1        
cont9ues 9 "s c\ntries to ex]cise ! fai?
 & ignorance ( ! vulg>1 is a native ( ! 
w>m] p>ts ( ,italy1 & o!r w>m ,european 
regions1 & is g5]ally f\nd 9 dry & sunny
 pla9s4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( all ! ,european 
spid]s2 b ! extraord9>y symptoms suppos$
 to ensue f ! bite ( ?is insect1 z well 
z _! suppos$ cure by ! p[] ( music      
alone1 are entirely fabul\s1 & are n[   
suffici5tly explod$ among all rational  
philosoph]s4 ,! gigantic ,aranea        
avicul>ia1 or ,bird-cat*+ spid]1 is n   
uncommon 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies &   
,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x resides among trees1
 frequ5tly seiz+ on small birds1 :i* x  
de/roys by w\nd+ ) its fangs1 & suck+ _!

 blood4  ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1
 a project 0 ent]ta9$ by a ,fr5*        
g5tleman1 ,monsieur ,bon1 ( ,montpelli]1
 ( in/itut+ a manufacture ( spid]s'     
silk2 & ! ,royal ,academy1 to :i* !     
s*eme 0 propos$1 appo9t$ ! +5i\s        
,reaumur to repeat ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4    
,bon1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! propos$ 
plan might be c>ri$3 b1 aft] mak+ !     
prop] trials1 ,m4 ,reaumur f\nd x to be 
impracticable1 on acc\nt ( ! natural    
disposition ( ^! animals1 :i* is su* z w
 by no means admit ( _! liv+ peaceably  
toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,m4 ,reaumur also 
comput$ t #ffc1ebb spid]s w\ld sc>cely  
furni% a s+le p\nd ( silk4 ,monsieur    
,bon1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ projector1 c>ri$ 8  
exp]im5ts s f> z to obta9 two or ?ree   
pairs ( /ock+s & gloves ( ?is silk1 :i* 
7 ( an elegant gray col\r1 & 7 pres5t$1 
z samples1 to ! ,royal ,academy4 ,x mu/ 
be obs]v$1 t 9 ?is manufacture x is !   
silk ( ! egg-bags alone t c be us$1 be+ 
f> /rong] ?an t ( ! webs4 ,monsieur ,bon
 collect$ twelve or ?irte5 ounces ( ^!1 

& hav+ caus$ !m to be well cle>$ ( du/1 
by prop]ly beat+ ) /icks1 he wa%$ !m    
p]fectly clean 9 w>m wat]4 ,aft] ?is1 !y
 7 laid to /eep1 9 a l>ge vessel1 )     
soap1 saltpetre1 & gum-arabic4 ,! :ole 0
 left to boil ov] a g5tle fire = ?ree   
h\rs1 & 0 aft]w>ds aga9 wa%$ to get out 
! soap2 !n laid to dry = "s days1 aft]  
:i* x 0 c>d$1 b ) mu* small] c>ds ?an   
ord9>y4 ,! silk is easily spun into a   
f9e & /rong ?read2 ! difficulty be+ only
 to collect ! silk-bags 9 suffici5t     
quantity4  ,!re rema9s "o m p>ticul>ity 
9 ! hi/ory ( spid]s1 viz4 ! p[] (       
flight4 ,x is pr9cipally 9 ! autumnal   
season t ^! dim9utive adv5tur]s asc5d ! 
air1 & contribute to fill x ) t inf9ity 
( float+ cobwebs1 :i* are s peculi>ly   
conspicu\s at t p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,:5      
incl9$ to make ^! arial excursions1 !   
spid] asc5ds "s slight em95ce1 z ! top (
 a wall1 or ! bran* ( a tree2 & turn+   
itself ) its head t[>ds ! w9d1 protrudes
 sev]al ?reads1 &1 ris+ f its /ation1   
commits itself to ! gale1 & is ?us c>ri$

 f> beyond ! height ( ! l(tie/ t[]s1 &  
enjoys ! pleasure ( a cle>] atmosph]e4  
,dur+ _! flight1 x is probable t spid]s 
employ !mselves 9 cat*+ su* m9ute w+$   
insects z may happ5 to occur 9 _!       
progress2 & :5 satisfi$ ) _! j\rney & _!
 prey1 !y suff] !mselves to fall1 by    
contract+ _! limbs1 & gradually dis5gag+
 !mselves f ! ?read4  ,^! insects are b 
ill calculat$ to live 9 society4 ,:5ev] 
?us /ation$1 !y nev] fail to wage w> )  
ea* o!r4 ,! females1 9 p>ticul>1 are ( a
 disposition peculi>ly caprici\s &      
malignant2 & x is obs]v$1 t !y sometimes
 spr+ ^u ! males1 & de/roy !m4 ,on ?is  
occasion1 says ,l9nu1 if ev]1 may be    
ju/ly appli$ ! ,ovidian l9e3--    ,res  
e/ solliciti pl5a timoris amor6   ,!    
foll[+ is a notable in/ance ( ! ,,+5uity
 ,,( ,,! ,,spid]4 ,t4 ,a4 ,knight1 ,esq4
 ( ,h]e=d%ire1 has1 9 a ,treatise on !  
,culture ( ! ,apple & ,pe>1 introduc$ ! 
foll[+ conc]n+ ?is curi\s insect4--  ,i 
h frequ5tly plac$ a spid] on a small    
upright /ick1 ^: base 0 surr\nd$ by     

wat]1 to obs]ve its mo/ s+ul> mode (    
escape4 ,aft] hav+ discov]$ t ! ord9>y  
means ( escape are cut (f1 x asc5ds !   
po9t ( ! /ick1 &1 /&+ ne>ly on its head1
 ejects its web1 :i* ! w9d readily      
c>ries to "s contigu\s object4 ,along   
?is1 ! sagaci\s insect effects its      
escape1 n h[ev] till x has previ\sly    
asc]ta9$1 by sev]al ex]tions ( its :ole 
/r5g?1 t its web is prop]ly atta*$ to ! 
opposite end4 ,i d n "k t ?is in/ance ( 
sagacity has be5 m5tion$ by any         
entomological writ]1 & ,i ins]t x "h 9  
consequ5ce ( ! errone\s acc\nts ( "s    
p]iodical publications1 ( ! spid]'s     
?reads1 :i* are obs]v$ to pass f "o tree
 or bu% to ano!r 9 dewy morn+s4   ,!    
read] w be pleas$ ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,a
 ,,spid] ,,tam$1 giv5 by ! ,abb         
d',olivet1 au?or ( ! ,life ( ,pelisson1 
9 ! foll[+ passage3--  ,conf9$ at t "t 9
 a solit>y place1 & :]e ! light ( day   
only p5etrat$ ?r\gh a m]e slit1 hav+ no 
o!r s]vant ?an a /upid & dull cl[n1 a   
,basque1 :o 0 cont9ually play+ on !     

bagpipes1 ,pelisson /udi$ by :at means  
to secure himself aga9/ an enemy1 :i* a 
good consci5ce alone _c always repel2 ,i
 mean1 ! attacks ( unemploy$ imag9ation1
 :i*1 :5 x once exce$s prop] limits1    
becomes ! mo/ cruel torture ( a recluse 
individual4 ,he adopt$ ! foll[+         
/ratagem3--,p]ceiv+ a spid] sp9n+ h] web
 at ! spiracle1 he und]took to tame h]2 
& to effect ?is1 he plac$ "s flies on ! 
edge ( ! op5+1 :ile ! ,basque 0 play+ on
 8 fav\rite bagpipe4 ,! spid] by degrees
 accu/om$ h]self to di/+ui% ! s\nd ( t  
in/rum5t1 & to run f h] hole to seize h]
 prey2 ?us1 by means ( always call+ h]  
out by ! same tune1 & plac+ ! flies ne>]
 & ne>] 8 own seat1 aft] sev]al mon?s'  
ex]cise1 he succe$$ 9 tra9+ ! spid] s   
well1 t %e w\ld />t at ! fir/ signal1 to
 seize a fly at ! f>!/ end ( ! room1 &  
ev5 on ! knees ( ! prison]4  ,x has be5 
/at$1 t a prison] conf9$ 9 ! ,ba/ile1   
reta9$ 8 s5ses1 contr>y to expectation1 
by play+ daily s _m games at pu%-p92 he 
hav+1 unkn[n to 8 keep]s1 secret$ a     

battalion or two ( ^! ho/ile implem5ts4 
,! device ( ,pelisson is m int]e/+ to u1
 z we le>n f x1 t ! spid]1 ?\gh among/ !
 mo/ qu>relsome ( insects1 yet is       
capable ( be+ r5d]$ famili> by ! reason 
& p]sev]ance ( man4  ,9 ! introduction  
to a mod]n ,entomology !re is a         
description ( ! process by :i* ! spid]  
weaves its web4 ,aft] describ+ ! f\r    
sp9n]s1 z !y are t]m$1 f :i* ! visible  
?reads proce$1 ! writ] makes ! foll[+   
curi\s obs]vations3--,^! are ma*9]y1    
?r\gh :i*1 by a process m s+ul> ?an t ( 
rope-sp9n+1 ! ?read is drawn4 ,ea* sp9n]
 is pi]c$1 l ! plate ( a wire-draw]1 ) a
 multitude ( holes1 s num]\s1 &         
exquisitely f9e1 t a space (t5 n l>g]   
?an a p9's po9t includes a ?\s&4 ,?r\gh 
ea* ( ^! holes proce$s a ?read (        
inconceivable t5uity1 :i*1 imm$iately   
aft] issu+ f ! orifice1 unites ) all !  
o!r ?reads f ! sp9n]1 into "o4 ,h5ce1 f 
ea* sp9n] proce$s a comp\nd ?read2 & ^! 
f\r ?reads1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t "o-t5? (
 an in* f ! apex ( ! sp9n]1 aga9 unite1 

& =m ! ?read we are accu/om$ to see1 :i*
 ! spid] uses 9 =m+ its web4 ,?us1 a    
spid]'s web1 ev5 spun by ! smalle/      
species1 & :5 s f9e t x is almo/        
imp]ceptible to our s5ses1 is n1 z we   
suppose1 a /raight l9e1 b a rope1       
compos$ ( at lea/ #djj y>ns4   ,we %all 
close ?is *apt] ) a ,,curi\s ,,anecdote 
,,( ,a ,,spid]1 connect$ ) obs]vations  
on ! utility ( ants 9 de/roy+ v5om\s    
creatures2 by ,capta9 ,bagnold4         
,desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! natural food ( !  
scorpion1 ,i inclos$ "o 7:i* measur$    
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f ! head to !      
ins]tion ( ! tail7 9 a wide-m\!d phial1 
toge!r ) "o ( ^? l>ge spid]s s common 9 
! ,we/ ,indies1 & clos$ x ) a cork1     
p]=at$ by a quill = ! admission ( air4  
,! insects seem$ c>efully to avoid ea*  
o!r1 retir+ to opposite ends ( ! bottle1
 :i* 0 plac$ horizontally4 ,by giv+ x a 
gradual incl9ation1 ! scorpion 0 =c$    
into contact ) ! spid]1 :5 a %>p enc\nt]
 took place1 ! latt] receiv+ repeat$ /+s
 f 8 v5om\s adv]s>y1 app>5tly )\t ! lea/

 injury2 :ile1 ) 8 web1 he soon la%$ !  
scorpion's tail to 8 back1 & aft]w>ds   
secur$ 8 legs & claws ) ! same mat]ials4
 ,9 ?is /ate ,i left !m "s "t1 9 ord] to
 obs]ve :at effect w\ld be produc$ on ! 
spid]1 by ! w\nds he _h receiv$4 ,on my 
return1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 disappo9t$1 ! ants  
hav+ ent]$1 & de/roy$ !m bo?4  ,9 ! ,we/
 ,indies ,i h daily witness$ cr[ds ( ^! 
little insects de/roy+ ! spid] or       
cockroa*1 :i*1 z soon z he is dispat*$1 
!y c>ry to _! ne/4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 !m
 drag _! prey p]p5dicul>ly up ! wall1 &1
 al?\gh ! weight w\ld ov]come _! unit$  
ef=ts1 & fall to ! gr\nd1 p]haps tw5ty  
times 9 succession1 yet1 by unremitt+   
p]sev]ance1 & ! aid ( re9=cem5ts1 !y    
always succe$$4  ,a /ruggle ( ?is       
description once amus$ ! (fic]s ( 8     
maje/y's %ip ,retribution1 = ne>ly half 
an h\r3 a l>ge c5tip$e ent]$ ! gun-room1
 surr\nd$ by an imm5se conc\rse ( ants2 
! deck1 = f\r or five feet r\nd1 0 cov]$
 ) !m2 8 body & limbs 7 encru/$ ) 8     
lilliputian enemies2 & al?\gh ?\s&s 7   

de/roy$ by 8 ex]tions to escape1 !y     
ultimately c>ri$ him 9 triumph to _!    
dwell+4  ,9 ! woods ne> ,si]ra ,leone1  
,i h sev]al times se5 ! entire skeletons
 ( ! snake beautifully dissect$ by ^!   
m9ute anatomi/s4  ,f ^! circum/ances x  
w\ld appe>1 t ants are a consid]able    
*eck to ! increase ( ^? v5om\s reptiles1
 s tr\blesome 9 ! torrid zone2 & _!     
indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 c\rage1 & num]ical 
=ce1 seem to /r5g!n ! conjecture3 9 :i* 
case !y amply remun]ate u = _! own      
depr$ations4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxvii4        
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,lum9\s    
,insects4   ,_m insects are possess$ ( a
 lum9\s prep>ation or secretion1 :i* has
 all ! advantages ( our lamps & c&les1  
)\t _! inconv5i5ces2 :i* gives light    
suffici5t to direct our motion2 :i* is  
incapable ( burn+2 & ^: lu/re is ma9ta9$
 )\t ne$+ fre% supplies ( oil1 or !     
application ( snuff]s4  ,( ! insects ?us
 s+ul>ly provid$1 ! common ,,gl[-,,worm 
7,lampyris noctiluca7 is ! mo/ famili>  

in/ance4--,?is insect 9 %ape some:at    
resembles a cat]pill>1 only x is mu* m  
depress$2 & ! light proce$s f a         
pale-col\r$ pat* t t]m9ates1 ! "u side (
 ! abdom54  ,x has be5 suppos$ by _m1 t 
! males ( ! diff]5t species ( lampyris d
 n possess ! prop]ty ( giv+ out any     
light2 b x is n[ asc]ta9$ t ?is         
supposition is inaccurate1 ?\gh _! light
 is mu* less vivid ?an t ( ! female4    
,ray fir/ po9t$ out ?is fact ) respect  
to 7,l4 noctiluca47 ,ge(frey also       
obs]v$1 t ! male ( ?is species has f\r  
small lum9\s po9ts1 two on ea* ( ! two  
la/ segm5ts ( ! belly3 & 8 obs]vation   
has be5 rec5tly confirm$ by ,mill]4 ,?is
 la/ entomologi/1 inde$1 saw only two   
%9+ spots2 b f ! insects hav+ ! p[] (   
)draw+ !m out ( sight1 s t n ! smalle/  
trace ( light rema9s1 he ?9ks x is n    
improbable t at times two o!r po9ts1    
/ill small]1 may be exhibit$1 z ,ge(frey
 has describ$4 ,9 ! males ( ,l4         
spl5didula1 & ( ,l4 hemipt]a1 ! light is
 v di/9ct1 & may be se5 9 ! =m] :ile    

fly+4 ,! females h ! same faculty (     
ext+ui%+ or conceal+ _! light2 a v      
necess>y provision to gu>d !m f !       
attacks ( nocturnal birds4 ,mr4 ,:ite   
ev5 ?9ks t !y regul>ly put x out betwe5 
elev5 & twelve e night1 & !y h also !   
p[] ( r5d]+ x = a :ile m vivid ?an      
ord9>y4  ,?\gh _m ( ! females ( !       
diff]5t species ( lampyris are )\t w+s1 
& ev5 elytra1 79 ,coleopt]a17 ?is is n !
 case ) all4 ,! female ( ,l4 ,italica1 a
 species common 9 ,italy1 & :i*1 if we  
may tru/ to ! accuracy ( ! acc\nt giv5  
by ,mr4 ,wall]1 9 ! ,philosophical      
,transactions = #afhd1 w\ld seem to h   
be5 tak5 by him 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 is w+$2 & 
:5 a numb] ( ^! mov+ />s are se5 to d>t 
?r\gh ! air 9 a d>k night1 no?+ c h a m 
beautiful effect4 ,dr4 ,smi? says1 t !  
beaus ( ,italy are accu/om$ 9 an ev5+ to
 adorn ! heads ( ! ladies ) ^!          
artificial diamonds1 by /ick+ !m into _!
 hair2 & a simil> cu/om prevails among/ 
! ladies ( ,india4  ,besides ! gold5    
species ( ! g5us ,lampyris1 all ( :i*   

are probably m or less lum9\s1 ano!r    
insect ( ! beetle tribe1 ,elat]         
noctilucus1 is end[$ ) ! same prop]ty1 &
 t 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,?is insect1   
:i* is an in* long1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( an 
in* broad1 gives out its pr9cipal light 
f two transp>5t eye-l tub]cles plac$ ^u 
! ?orax2 b !re are also two lum9\s      
pat*es conceal$ "u ! elytra1 :i* are n  
visible except :5 ! insect is fly+1 at  
:i* "t x appe>s adorn$ ) f\r brilliant  
gems ( ! mo/ beautiful gold5-blue lu/re3
 9 fact1 ! :ole body is full ( light1   
:i* %9es out betwe5 ! abdom9al segm5ts  
:5 /ret*$4 ,! light emitt$ by ! two     
?oracic tub]cles alone is s consid]able1
 t ! smalle/ pr9t may be read by mov+ "o
 ( ^! insects along ! l9es2 & 9 ! ,we/  
,india isl&s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1  
:]e !y are v common1 ! natives 7 =m]ly  
accu/om$ to employ ^? liv+ lamps1 :i* !y
 call$ cucuij1 in/ead ( c&les1 9 p]=m+  
_! ev5+ h\sehold occupations4 ,9        
travell+ at night1 !y us$ to tie "o to  
ea* great toe2 & 9 fi%+ & hunt+1 requir$

 no o!r flambeau4--,pietro ,m>tire's    
,decades ( ! ,new ,_w1 quot$ 9 ,madoc1  
p4 #edc4 ,s\!y has happily introduc$ ?is
 insect 9 8 ,madoc1 z furni%+ ! lamp by 
:i* ,coatel rescu$ ! ,briti% h]o f ! h&s
 ( ! ,mexican prie/s4    ,%e beckon'd & 
desc5d$1 & drew out1   ,f und]nea? h]   
ve/1 a cage1 or net   ,x r might be     
call$1 s f9e ! twigs   ,:i* knit x1 :]e1
 conf9$1 two fire-flies gave   ,_!      
lu/re4 ,by t light did ,madoc fir/      
,behold ! features ( 8 lovely guide4    
,pietro ,m>tire tells u1 t cucuij s]ve !
 natives ( ! ,spani% ,we/ ,india isl&s n
 only in/ead ( c&les1 b z extirpators ( 
! gnats1 :i* are a dreadful pe/ to !    
inhabitants ( ! l[ gr\nds4 ,!y introduce
 a few fire-flies1 to :i* ! gnats are a 
grateful food1 into _! h\ses1 & by means
 ( ^! commodi\s hunt]s1 are soon rid ( !
 intrud]s4 ,h[ !y are a rem$y 7says ?is 
au?or7 = s great a mis*iefe1 x is a     
pleasant ?+ to he>4 ,hee :o und]/&e? t  
he has ^? tr\blesome gue/es 7! gnattes7 
at home1 dilig5tly hunte? aft] ! cucuij4

 ,:oso wante? cucuij1 goe? out ( ! h\se 
9 ! fir/ twilight ( ! night1 c>ry+ a    
burn+ fire-br&e 9 8 h&e1 & asc5de? !    
next hillock1 t ! cucuij may see x1 &   
hee sw+e? ! fire-br&e ab\t1 call+       
,cucuie al\d1 & beat+ ! ayre ) (t5 call+
 out1 ,cucuie1 ,cucuie4 ,he goes on to  
obs]ve1 t ! simple p believe ! insect is
 attract$ by _! invitations2 b t1 = 8   
"p1 he is r incl9$ to ?9k t ! fire is ! 
magnet4 ,hav+ obta9$ a suffici5t numb] (
 cucuij1 ! beetle-hunt] returns home1 & 
lets !m fly loose 9 ! h\se1 :]e !y      
dilig5tly seek ! gnats ab\t ! b$s & !   
faces ( ^? asleep1 & dev\r !m4--,m>tire 
ubi supr4 ,colonies1 i4 #abh4 ,^!       
insects are also appli$ to purposes (   
decoration4 ,on c]ta9 fe/ival-days1 9 ! 
mon? ( ,june1 !y are collect$ 9 great   
numb]s1 & ti$ all ov] ! g>m5ts ( "y p1  
:o gallop ?r\gh ! /reets on horses      
simil>ly ornam5t$1 produc+ on a d>k ev5+
 ! effect ( a l>ge mov+ body ( light4   
,on su* occasions1 ! lov] displays 8    
gallantry by deck+ 8 mi/ress ) ^! liv+  

gems4--,walton's ,pres5t ,/ate ( !      
,spani% ,colonies4 ,& accord+ to ,p4    
,m>tire1 _m wanton wilde fell[es rub _! 
faces ) ! fle% ( a kill$ cucuij1 z boys 
) u use phosphorus1 ) purpose to meet _!
 neighb\rs ) a flam+ c\nt5ance1 & d]ive 
amusem5t f _! fright4  ,besides ,elat]  
noctilucus1 ,e4 ignitus1 & sev]al o!rs (
 ! same g5us1 are lum9\s3 n few] ?an    
twelve species ( ?is family are describ$
 by ,illig] 9 ! ,b]l9 ,naturali/        
,society's ,magaz9e4  ,! brilliant      
nocturnal spectacle pres5t$ by ^!       
insects to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries   
:]e !y ab\nd1 _c be bett] describ$ ?an 9
 ! language ( ! poet above ref]r$ to1 :o
 has ?us relat$ its fir/ effect ^u      
,briti% visitors ( ! new _w3            
------------------------sorr[+ we beheld
   ,! night come on3 b soon did night   
display   ,m wond]s ?an x veil'd2       
innum]able tribes   ,f ! wood-cov]      
sw>m'd1 & d>kness made   ,_! beauties   
visible2 "o :ile !y /ream'd   ,a bright 
blue radiance ^u fl[]s t clos'd   ,_!   

gorge\s col\rs f ! eye ( day2   ,n[     
motionless & d>k1 elud+ se>*1           
,self-%r\d$2 & anon />r+ ! sky1   ,rose 
l a %[] ( fire4  ,if we are to believe  
,m\ffet1 7& ! /ory is n incr$ible17 !   
appe>ance ( ! tropical fire-flies on "o 
occasion l$ to a m important result ?an 
might h be5 expect$ f su* a cause4 ,he  
tells u1 t :5 ,sir ,?os4 ,cav5di% & ,sir
 ,john ,dudley fir/ l&$ 9 ! ,we/        
,indies1 & saw 9 ! ev5+ an inf9ite numb]
 ( mov+ lights 9 ! woods1 :i* 7 m]ely ^!
 insects1 !y suppos$ t ! ,spani>ds 7    
advanc+ ^u !m1 & imm$iately betook      
!mselves to _! %ips3 a result z well    
entitl+ ! elat]a to a commemoration     
fea/1 z a simil> good (fice by !        
l&-crabs ( ,hispaniola1 :i*1 z !        
,spani>ds tell1 7& ! /ory is confirm$ by
 an anniv]s>y ,fie/a de los ,cangrejos17
 by _! clatt]+ be+ mi/ak5 = ! s\nd (    
,spani% cavalry close ^u _! heels1 9 l  
mann] sc>$ away a body ( ,engli% invad]s
 f ! city ( ,/4 ,dom+o4--,walton's      
,hispaniola1 i4 #ci4  ,an anecdote less 

improbable1 p]haps1 & c]ta9ly m         
ludicr\s1 is relat$ by ,sir ,james      
,smi?1 ( ! effect ( ! fir/ sight ( !    
,italian fire-flies ^u "s ,moori%       
ladies1 ignorant ( su* appe>ances4 ,^!  
females _h be5 tak5 prison]s at sea1 &1 
until !y c\ld be ransom$1 liv$ 9 a h\se 
9 ! outskirts ( ,g5oa1 :]e !y 7         
frequ5tly visit$ by ! respectable       
inhabitants ( ! city2 a p>ty ( :om1 on  
go+ "o ev5+1 7 surpris$ to f9d ! h\se   
closely %ut up1 & _! ,moori% fri5ds 9 ! 
greate/ grief & con/]nation4 ,on inquir+
 into ! cause1 !y asc]ta9$ t "s ( !     
,lampyris ,italica _h f\nd _! way into !
 dwell+1 & t ! ladies )9 _h tak5 x into 
_! heads t ^! brilliant gue/s 7 no o!r  
?an ! tr\bl$ spirits ( _! relations2 &  
"s "t elaps$ be=e !y c\ld be dive/$ (   
?is idea4 ,! common p 9 ,italy h a      
sup]/ition respect+ ^! insects some:at  
simil>1 believ+ t !y are ( a spiritual  
nature1 & proce$ out ( ! graves2 & h5ce 
c>efully avoid !m4--,t\r on ! ,cont95t1 
#b;d ed4 iii4 #he4  ,! insects hi!rto   

adv]t$ to h be5 beetles1 or ( ! ord]    
,coleopt]a4 ,b1 besides ^!1 a g5us 9 !  
ord] ,hemipt]a1 call$ ,fulgora1 includes
 sev]al species1 :i* emit s p[]ful a    
light1 z to h obta9$ 9 ,engli% ! g5]ic  
appellation ( lant]n-flies4 ,two ( ! mo/
 conspicu\s ( ?is tribe are ! ,f4       
lant]n>ia & ,f4 c&el>ia2 ! =m] a native 
( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! latt] ( ,*9a4 ,bo?1 z 
inde$ is ! case ) ! :ole g5us1 h !      
mat]ial :i* diffuses _! light includ$ 9 
a holl[ subtransp>5t projection ( !     
head4 ,9 ,f4 c&el>ia ?is projection is (
 a subcyl9drical %ape1 recurv$ at !     
apex1 above an in* 9 l5g?1 & ! ?ickness 
( a small quill4 ,we may easily         
conceive1 z travell]s assure u1 t a tree
 /udd$ ) multitudes ( ^! liv+ sp>ks1 "s 
at re/ & o!rs 9 motion1 mu/ dur+ ! night
 h a sup]latively spl5did appe>ance4  ,9
 ,f4 lant]n>ia1 :i* is an insect two or 
?ree in*es long1 ! sn\t is mu* l>g] &   
broad]1 & m ( an oval %ape1 & %$s a     
light1 ! brilliancy ( :i* transc5ds t ( 
any o!r lum9\s insect4 ,madam ,m]ian    

in=ms u1 t ! fir/ discov]y %e made ( ?is
 prop]ty caus$ h] no small al>m4 ,!     
s]vants _h br\ght h] sev]al ( ^!        
insects1 :i* by day-light exhibit$ no   
extraord9>y appe>ance1 & %e inclos$ !m 9
 a box till %e %\ld h an opportunity (  
draw+ !m1 plac+ !m ^u a table 9 h]      
lodg+-room4 ,9 ! middle ( ! night !     
conf9$ insects made su* a noise z to    
awake h]1 & %e op5$ ! box1 ! inside (   
:i*1 to h] great a/oni%m5t1 appe>$ all 9
 a blaze2 & 9 h] fright lett+ x fall1 %e
 0 n less surpris$ to see ea* ( !       
insects app>5tly on fire4 ,%e soon1     
h[ev]1 div9$ ! cause ( ?is unexpect$    
ph5om5on1 & re-inclos$ h] brilliant     
gue/s 9 _! place ( conf9em5t4 ,%e adds1 
t ! light ( "o ( ^! fulgora 0           
suffici5tly bright to read a newspap]   
by4 ,ano!r species1 ,f4 pyrrhoryn*us1 is
 describ$ by ,donovan1 9 8 ,insects (   
,india2 ( :i* ! light1 ?\gh f a small]  
sn\t ?an t ( ,f4 lant]n>ia1 mu/ assume a
 m spl5did & /rik+ appe>ance1 !         
projection be+ ( a ri* deep purple f !  

base to ne> ! apex1 :i* is ( a f9e      
transp>5t sc>let2 & ^! t9ts w ( c\rse be
 imp>t$ to ! transmitt$ light4  ,) reg>d
 to ! imm$iate s\rce ( ! lum9\s         
prop]ties ( ^! insects1 ,mr4 ,mac>tney1 
to :om we are indebt$ = ! mo/ rec5t     
inve/igation on ! subject1 has asc]ta9$1
 t 9 ! common gl[-worm1 & 9 ,elat]      
noctilucus & ignitus1 ! light proce$s f 
masses ( a sub/ance n g5]ally diff]+1   
except 9 its yell[ col\r1 f ! int]/itial
 sub/ance corps graisseux1 ( ! re/ ( !  
body1 closely appli$ und]nea? ^?        
transp>5t p>ts ( ! insects' sk9 :i* af=d
 ! light4 ,9 ! gl[worm1 besides !       
la/-m5tion$ sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 ! season =
 giv+ light is pass$1 is absorb$1 &     
replac$ by ! common int]/itial sub/ance1
 he obs]v$ on ! inn] side ( ! la/       
abdom9al segm5t two m9ute oval sacks1   
=m$ ( an ela/ic spirally-w\nd fibre1    
simil> to t ( ! tra*ea1 conta9+ a s(t   
yell[ sub/ance1 ( a clos] texture ?an t 
:i* l9es ! adjo9+ region1 & af=d+ a m   
p]man5t & brilliant light4 ,?is light he

 f\nd to be less "u ! control ( ! insect
 ?an t f ! adjo9+ lum9\s sub/ance1 :i* x
 has ! p[] ( volunt>ily ext+ui%+1 n by  
retract+ x "u a membrane1 z ,c>radori   
imag9$1 b by "s inscrutable *ange :i*   
dep5ds ^u its w3 & :5 ! latt] sub/ance 0
 extract$ f liv+ gl[worms1 x af=d$ no   
light1 :ile ! two sacks 9 l circum/ances
 %one un9t]rupt$ly = sev]al h\rs4 ,mr4  
,mac>tney conceives1 f ! radiat$        
/ructure ( int]/itial sub/ance surr\nd+ 
! oval yell[ masses imm$iately "u !     
transp>5t spot 9 ! ?orax ( ,elat]       
noctilucus1 & ! subtransp>5cy ( ! adjo9+
 cru/1 t ! int]/itial sub/ance 9 ?is    
situation has also ! prop]ty ( %9+2 a   
supposition :i*1 if ,de ,ge] & o!r      
au?ors be correct 9 /at+1 t ?is insect  
has two lum9\s pat*es ov] its elytra1 & 
t ! incisures betwe5 ! abdom9al segm5ts 
%9e :5 /ret*$1 may probably be ext5d$ to
 ! :ole ( ! int]/itial sub/ance ( its   
body4  ,) respect to ! remote cause ( ! 
lum9\s prop]ty ( insects1 philosoph]s   
are consid]ably divid$ 9 op9ion4 ,!     

disciples ( mod]n *emi/ry h 9 g5]al1 )  
,dr4 ,d>w91 ref]r$ x to ! sl[ combu/ion 
( "s comb9ation ( phosphorus secret$ f  
_! fluids by an appropriate             
organization1 & ent]+ into comb9ation ) 
! oxyg5 suppli$ 9 respiration4 ,?is     
op9ion is v plausibly built ^u !        
asc]ta9$ exi/5ce ( phosphoric acid z an 
animal secretion2 ! great resemblance   
betwe5 ! light ( phosphorus 9 sl[       
combu/ion1 & animal light2 ! rem>kably  
l>ge spiracula 9 gl[worms2 & ^u !       
/atem5t1 t ! gl[worm is r5d]$ m         
brilliant by ! application ( heat &     
oxyg5 gas1 & is ext+ui%$ by cold & by   
hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gases4 ,f ^! la/ 
facts1 ,spallanzani 0 l$ to reg>d !     
lum9\s matt] z a comp\nd ( hydrog5 &    
c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,c>radori hav+   
f\nd t ! lum9\s portion ( ! belly ( !   
,italian gl[worm1 lampyris ,italica1    
%one 9 vacuo1 9 oil1 9 wat]1 & :5 "u o!r
 circum/ances :]e ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 gas 
0 preclud$1--) ,brugnatelli1 ascrib$ !  
prop]ty 9 "q to ! imbibition ( light1   

sep>at$ f ! food or air tak5 9 ! body1 &
 aft]w>ds secret$ 9 a s5sible =m4#ae    
,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,mac>tney hav+ asc]ta9$1 by
 exp]im5t1 t ! light ( a gl[worm is n   
dim9i%$ by imm]sion 9 wat]1 or increas$ 
by ! application ( heat2 t ! sub/ance   
af=d+ x1 ?\gh poetically employ$ =      
light+ ! fairies' tap]s1#af is incapable
 ( inflammation1 if appli$ to ! flame ( 
a c&le or r$-hot iron2 & :5 sep>at$ f ! 
body1 exhibits no s5sible heat on !     
!rmomet]'s be+ appli$ to x1--rejects !  
prec$+ hypo!sis z unsatisfactory1 b )\t 
sub/itut+ any o!r explanation2 sugge/+1 
h[ev]1 t ! facts he obs]v$ are m        
fav\rable to ! supposition ( light be+ a
 quality ( matt]1 ?an a sub/ance4  ,:i* 
( ^! op9ions is ! m correct1 is left =  
future philosoph]s to decide4  ,! g5]al 
use ( ?is s+ul> provision is n mu* m    
satisfactorily asc]ta9$ ?an its nature4 
,x is conjectur$ t x may be a means (   
def5ce aga9/ its enemies4 ,9 diff]5t    
k9ds ( insects1 h[ev]1 x may probably h 
a diff]5t object4 ,?us 9 ! lant]n-flies1

 7,fulgora17 ^: light prec$es !m1 x may 
act ! "p t _! "n imports1 enable !m to  
discov] _! prey1 & to /e] !mselves      
safely 9 ! night4 ,9 ! fire-flies1      
7,elat]17 if we consid] ! inf9ite       
numb]s1 t 9 c]ta9 climates & situations 
pres5t !mselves e :]e 9 ! night1 x may  
di/ract ! att5tion ( _! enemies1 or al>m
 !m4 ,& 9 ! gl[worm1 s9ce _! light is   
usually m brilliant 9 ! female1 x is mo/
 probably int5d$ to conduct ! sexes to  
ea* o!r4    ,?9e is an unobtrusive      
blaze1     ,cont5t 9 l[ly %ades to %9e2 
,& mu* ,i wi%1 :ile yet ,i gaze1     ,to
 make ?y mode/ m]it m9e6                
,mrs4 ,opie4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxviii4       
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,!         
,flea--,on ! ,duration ( ! ,life ( a    
,flea--,! ,l\se4   ,,! ,,flea1--has two 
eyes & six feet1 fitt$ = leap+2 ! feel]s
 are l ?reads2 ! ro/rum is inflect$1    
setace\s1 & arm$ ) a /+2 & ! belly is   
compress$4 ,fleas br+ =? eggs1 :i* !y   
deposit on animals t af=d !m a prop]    

food4 ,( ^! eggs are hat*$ :ite worms ( 
a %9+ pe>l col\r1 :i* fe$ on ! scurfy   
sub/ance ( ! cuticle1 ! d[ny matt] ga!r$
 9 ! piles or folds ( clo!s1 or o!r     
simil> sub/ances4 ,9 a =tnight !y come  
to a tol]able size1 & are v lively &    
active2 &1 if at any "t di/urb$1 !y     
sudd5ly roll !mselves into a k9d ( ball4
 ,soon aft] ?is1 !y come to creep1 aft] 
! mann] ( silk-worms1 ) a v swift       
motion4 ,:5 arriv$ at _! size1 !y hide  
!mselves z mu* z possible1 & sp9 a silk5
 ?read out ( _! m\?1 :]e) !y =m !mselves
 a small r\nd bag1 or case1 :ite )9 z   
pap]1 b )\t always dirty1 & f\l$ ) du/4 
,"h1 aft] a =tnight's re/1 ! animalcule 
bur/s out1 trans=m$ into a p]fect flea1 
leav+ its exuvi 9 ! bag4 ,:ile x rema9s 
9 ! bag1 x is milk-:ite till ! second   
day be=e its eruption1 :5 x becomes     
col\r$1 gr[s h>d1 & gets /r5g?2 s t1 ^u 
its fir/ deliv]y1 x spr+s nimbly away4  
,! flea is cov]$ all ov] ) black1 h>d1 &
 %elly scales or plates1 :i* are        
curi\sly jo9t$1 & fold$ ov] ea* o!r 9   

su* a mann] z to comply ) all ! nimble  
motions ( ! creature4 ,^! scales are    
f9ely poli%$1 & beset ab\t ! edges )    
%ort spikes1 9 a v beautiful & regul>   
ord]4 ,its neck is f9ely ar*$1 &        
resembles ! tail ( a lob/]3 ! head is   
also v extraord9>y2 = f ! sn\t-"p ( x   
proce$ ! two =e-legs1 & betwe5 ^! is    
plac$ ! pi]c]1 or suck]1 ) :i* x        
p5etrates ! sk9 to get its food4 ,its   
eyes are v l>ge & beautiful1 & x has two
 %ort horns1 or feel]s4 ,x has f\r o!r  
legs1 jo9$ all at ! brea/4 ,^!1 :5 x    
leaps1 fold %ort1 "o )9 ano!r2 & !n1    
ex]t+ _! spr+ all at ! same in/ant1 !y  
c>ry ! creature to a surpris+ di/ance4  
,! legs h sev]al jo9ts1 are v hairy1 &  
t]m9ate 9 two long & hook$ %>p claws4 ,!
 pi]c]1 or suck]1 ( ! flea1 is lodg$    
betwe5 its =e-legs1 & includes a c\ple (
 d>ts or lancets1 :i*1 aft] ! pi]c] has 
made an entrance1 are ?ru/ f>!r into !  
fle%1 to make ! blood fl[ f ! adjac5t   
p>ts1 & occasion t r\nd r$ spot1 ) a    
hole 9 ! c5tre ( x1 vulg>ly call$ a     

flea-bite4  ,?is pi]c]1 its %ea? op5+   
sidewise1 & ! two lancets )9 x1 are v   
difficult to be se51 unless ! two       
=e-legs1 betwe5 :i* !y are hid1 be cut  
(f close to ! head2 = ! flea r>ely puts 
out its pi]c]1 except at ! "t ( fe$+1 b 
keeps x fold$ inw>ds2 & ! be/ way ( see+
 x1 is by cutt+ (f fir/ ! head1 & !n !  
=e-legs1 & !n x is usually se5 ?ru/ out 
9 convulsions4 ,by keep+ fleas 9 a glass
 tube cork$ up at bo? ends1 b s z to    
admit fre% air1 _! sev]al actions may be
 obs]v$4 ,!y may be ?us se5 to lay _!   
eggs1 c4 ,!y d n lay _! eggs all at     
once1 b by t5 or twelve 9 a day1 =      
sev]al days successively1 :i* eggs w be 
aft]w>ds f\nd to hat* successively1 9 ! 
same ord]4 ,! flea may easily be        
dissect$ 9 a drop ( wat]2 & ?us ! /oma* 
& b[els1 ) _! p]i/altic motion1 may be  
discov]$ v pla9ly1 ) ! ve9s & art]ies1  
?\gh m9ute beyond all conception4 ,?is  
blood?ir/y insect1 :i* fatt5s at !      
exp5se ( ! human species1 pref]s ! m    
delicate sk9 ( wom51 b preys nei!r ^u   

epileptic p]sons1 nor ^u ! dead or dy+4 
,x loves to ne/le 9 ! fur ( dogs1 cats1 
& rats4 ,! ne/s ( riv]-swall[s are      
sometimes pl5tifully /or$ ) !m4 ,fleas  
are apt]\s1 walk b little1 b leap to a  
height equal to two hundr$ times t ( _! 
own body4 ,?is amaz+ motion is p]=m$ by 
means ( ! ela/icity ( _! feet1 !        
articulations ( :i* are s _m spr+s4 ,?us
 x eludes1 ) surpris+ agility1 ! pursuit
 ( ! p]son on :om x riots4 ,m]curial    
o9tm5t1 brim/one1 a fumigation ) !      
leaves ( p5nyroyal1 or fre%-ga!r$ leaves
 ( t plant1 sew$ up 9 a bag1 & laid 9 ! 
b$1 are rem$ies po9t$ out z de/ructive (
 fleas4  ,9 ! ,a!nian ,oracle1 a lady   
desires to "k :e!r fleas h /+s1 or :e!r 
!y only suck or bite1 :5 !y draw blood f
 ! body8 ,to :i* an +5i\s au?or returns 
! foll[+ humor\s answ]3  ,n to tr\ble y1
 madam1 ) ! ,hebrew or ,arabic "n ( a   
flea1 or to transcribe ,bo*>t's le>n$   
diss]tations on ! little animal1 we     
%all1 = y\r satisfaction1 give su* a    
description !re( z we h yet be5 able to 

discov]4--  ,its sk9 is ( a lovely deep 
r$ col\r1 mo/ neatly poli%$1 & arm$ )   
scales1 :i* c resi/ any ?+ b fate1 & y\r
 lady%ip's unm]ciful f+]s3 ! neck ( x is
 exactly l ! tail ( a lob/]1 &1 by !    
assi/ance ( ^? /rong scales x is cov]$  
)1 spr+s backw>ds & =w>ds mu* 9 ! same  
mann]1 & ) equal viol5ce3 x has two eyes
 on ea* side ( its head1 s pretty1 t ,i 
w\ld pref] !m to any1 madam1 b y\rs2 &  
:i* x makes use ( to avoid its fate1 &  
flee f its enemies1 ) z mu* nimbl5ess & 
success1 z y\r sex manage ^? fatal      
weapons1 lovely basilisks z y are1 = !  
ru9 ( y\r ador]s4 ,nature has provid$ x 
six sub/antial legs1 ( great /r5g?1 &   
incomp>able agility1 jo9t$ l a cane1    
cov]$ ) l>ge hairs1 & arm$ ea* ( !m )   
two claws1 :i* appe> ( a horny sub/ance1
 m %>p ?an lancets1 or ! f9e/ ne$le y h 
9 y\r ne$le-book4 ,x 0 a long :ile be=e 
we c\ld discov] its m\?1 :i*1 we        
confess1 we h n yet s exactly p]ceiv$ z 
we c\ld wi%1 ! little ba%ful creature   
always hold+ up its two =e-feet be=e x1 

:i* x uses in/ead ( a fan or mask1 :5 x 
has no m9d to be kn[n2 & we 7 =c$ to be 
guilty ( an act bo? uncivil & cruel1 )\t
 :i* we c\ld nev] h resolv$ y\r "q4 ,we 
7 oblig$ to unmask ?is mode/ "o1 & cut  
(f its two =e-legs to get to ! face2 :i*
 be+ p]=m$1 ?\gh x makes our t5d] he>ts1
 z well z y\rs1 almo/ ble$ to ?9k ( x1  
we imm$iately discov]$ :at y\r lady%ip  
desir$1 & f\nd ,nature _h giv5 x a /rong
 proboscis1 or trunk1 z a gnat or       
mus*etto1 ?\gh mu* ?ick] & /\t]1 ) :i*  
we may v well suppose x p5etrates y\r   
fair h&1 fea/s itself on ! nect> ( y\r  
blood1 & !n1 l a little fai?less        
fugitive ( a lov]1 skips away1 almo/    
invisibly1 nobody kn[s :i!r4   ,we close
 our rem>ks on ?is well-kn[n insect1 ) !
 foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s on !          
,,duration ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,flea2
 by ,borri*ius2 f ! ,acts (             
,cop5hag54--,pl9y repres5ts to u a      
,greek philosoph]1 ^: *ief occupation1 =
 sev]al ye>s toge!r1 0 to measure !     
space skipp$ ov] by fleas4 ,)\t giv+ 9  

to su* ridicul\s rese>*es1 ,i c relate  
an anecdote1 :i* *ance discov]$ to me 9 
reg>d to ?is insect4  ,be+ s5t = to     
att5d a =eign lady1 :o 0 greatly        
afflict$ ) ! g\t1 & hav+ /aid1 by h]    
desire1 to d9e ) h]1 %e bade me take    
notice ( a flea on h] h&4 ,surpris$ at  
su* disc\rse1 ,i look$ at ! h&1 & saw   
inde$ a plump & pamp]$ flea suck+       
gre$ily1 & kept fa/ to x by a little    
gold *a94 ,! lady assur$ me1 %e _h nurs$
 & kept ! little animal1 at t "t1 full  
six ye>s1 ) exce$+ great c>e1 hav+ f$ x 
twice e day ) h] blood2 & :5 x _h       
satisfi$ its appetite1 %e put x up 9 a  
little box1 l9$ ) silk4 ,9 a mon?'s "t1 
be+ recov]$ f h] illness1 %e set out f  
,cop5hag5 ) h] flea2 b hav+ return$ 9   
ab\t a ye> aft]1 ,i took an opportunity 
( wait+ ^u h]1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 ask$   
aft] h] little insect4 ,%e answ]$ me )  
great conc]n1 t x di$ ?r\gh ! neglect ( 
h] wait+-woman4 ,:at ,i f\nd rem>kable 9
 ?is /ory 01 t ! lady1 be+ attack$ by   
*ronical pa9s 9 h] limbs1 _h rec\rse 9  

,france to v p[]ful m$ic9es dur+ six    
weeks2 & all ?is "t ! flea _h n ceas$ to
 fe$ ^u h] blood1 imbu$ ) ! vap\rs1 &   
yet 0 n ! worse = x4   ,,! ,,l\se4--,?is
 insect has six feet1 two eyes1 & a sort
 ( /+ 9 ! m\?2 ! feel]s are z long z !  
?orax2 & ! belly is depress$ &          
sublobat$4 ,x is an ovip>\s animal4 ,!y 
are n peculi> to man alone1 b infe/ o!r 
animals1 z quadrup$s & birds1 & ev5     
fi%es & vegetables2 b ^! are ( peculi>  
species on ea* animal1 accord+ to !     
p>ticul> nature ( ea*1 "s ( :i* are     
diff]5t f ^? :i* infe/ ! human body4    
,nay1 ev5 insects are infe/$ ) v]m91 :i*
 fe$ on & torm5t !m4 ,sev]al k9ds (     
beetles are subject to lice1 b          
p>ticul>ly t k9d call$ by way ( em95ce !
 l\sy beetle4 ,! lice on ?is are v      
num]\s1 & w n be %ook (f4 ,! e>wig is   
(t5 infe/$ ) lice1 j at ! sett+ on ( its
 head3 ^! are :ite & %9+1 l mites1 b !y 
are mu* small]2 !y are r\nd-back$1      
flat-belli$1 & h long legs1 p>ticul>ly !
 =emo/ pair4 ,snails ( all k9ds1 b      

especially ! l>ge nak$ sorts1 are v     
subject to lice2 :i* are cont9ually se5 
runn+ ab\t !m1 & dev\r+ !m4 ,numb]s (   
little r$ lice1 ) a v small head1 & 9   
%ape resembl+ a tortoise1 are (t5 se5   
ab\t ! legs ( spid]s1 & !y nev] leave ! 
animal :ile he lives2 b if he be kill$1 
!y almo/ in/antly =sake him4 ,a sort (  
:iti% lice is f\nd on humblebees2 !y are
 also f\nd ^u ants2 & fi%es are n less  
subject to !m ?an o!r animals4 ,kir*]   
tells u1 t he f\nd lice also on flies1 &
 ,m4 de la ,hire has giv5 a curi\s      
acc\nt ( ! creature :i* he f\nd on !    
common fly4 ,hav+ occasion to view a    
liv+ fly ) ! microscope1 he obs]v$ on   
its head1 back1 & %\ld]s1 a great numb] 
( small animals crawl+ v nimbly ab\t1 & 
(t5 climb+ up ! hairs :i* gr[ at ! orig9
 ( ! fly's legs4 ,he ) a f9e ne$le took 
up "o ( ^!1 & plac$ x be=e ! microscope 
us$ to view ! animalcules 9 fluids4 ,x  
_h eight legs1 f\r on ea* side2 ^! 7 n  
plac$ v di/ant f ea* o!r1 b ! f\r t[>ds 
! head 7 sep>at$ by a small space f !   

f\r t[>ds ! tail4 ,! feet 7 ( a p>ticul>
 /ructure1 be+ compos$ ( sev]al f+]s1 z 
x 71 & fitt$ = tak+ fa/ hold ( any ?+1 b
 ! two ne>e/ ! head 7 also m rem>kable 9
 ?is p>ticul> ?an ^? ne> ! tail2 !      
extremities ( ! legs = a little way     
above ! feet 7 dry1 & void ( fle%1 l !  
legs ( birds1 b above ?is "p !y appe>$  
plump & fle%y4 ,x _h two small horns ^u 
its head1 =m$ ( sev]al hairs arrang$    
closely toge!r2 & !re 7 "s o!r clu/]s ( 
hairs by ! side ( ^! horns1 b !y _h n ! 
same figure2 & t[>ds ! orig9 ( !        
h9d-legs !re 7 two o!r su* clu/]s (     
hairs1 :i* took _! orig9 at ! middle ( !
 back4 ,! :ole creature 0 ( a bright    
yell[i% r$2 ! legs1 & all ! body1 except
 a l>ge spot 9 ! c5tre1 7 p]fectly      
transp>5t4 ,9 size1 he comput$ x to be  
ab\t #a_/djjj? "p ( ! head ( ! fly2 & he
 obs]ves1 t su* k9d ( v]m9 are r>ely    
f\nd on flies4  ,! l\se :i* infe/s !    
human body1 makes a v curi\s appe>ance  
?r\gh a microscope4 ,x has su* a        
transp>5t %ell or sk91 t we are able to 

discov] m ( :at passes )9 its body1 ?an 
9 mo/ o!r liv+ creatures4 ,x has        
naturally ?ree divisions1 ! head1 !     
brea/1 & ! tail "p4 ,9 ! head appe> two 
f9e black eyes1 ) a horn t has five     
jo9ts1 & is surr\nd$ ) hairs /&+ be=e   
ea* eye2 & f ! end ( ! nose1 or sn\t1   
!re is a po9t$ project+ "p1 :i* s]ves z 
a %ea? or case to a pi]c]1 or suck]1 :i*
 ! creature ?ru/s into ! sk9 to draw out
 ! blood & hum\rs :i* are its de/9$     
food2 = x has no m\? t op5s 9 ! common  
way4 ,?is pi]c]1 or suck]1 is judg$ to  
be sev5 hundr$ times small] ?an a hair1 
& is conta9$ 9 ano!r case )9 ! fir/1 & c
 be drawn 9 or ?ru/ out at pleasure4 ,! 
brea/ is v beautifully m>k$ 9 ! middle2 
! sk9 is transp>5t1 & full ( little     
pits2 & f ! "u "p ( x proce$ six legs1  
ea* hav+ five jo9ts1 & _! sk9 all ! way 
resembl+ %agre51 except at ! ends1 :]e x
 is smoo!r4 ,ea* leg is t]m9at$ by two  
claws1 :i* are hook$1 & are ( an unequal
 l5g? & size4 ,^! x uses z we w\ld a    
?umb & middle f+]2 & !re are hairs      

betwe5 ^! claws1 z well z all ov] !     
legs4 ,on ! back "p ( ! tail !re may be 
discov]$ "s r+-l divisions1 & a sort (  
m>ks :i* look l ! /rokes ( a rod on !   
human sk92 ! belly looks l %agre51 &    
t[>ds ! l[] end x is v cle>1 & full (   
pits3 at ! extremity ( ! tail !re are   
two semicircul> p>ts1 all cov]$ ov] )   
hairs4 ,:5 ! l\se moves its legs1 !     
motion ( ! muscles1 :i* all unite 9 an  
oblong d>k spot 9 ! middle ( ! brea/1   
may be di/+ui%$ p]fectly2 & s may !     
motion ( ! muscles ( ! head1 :5 x moves 
its horns4 ,we may likewise see ! v>i\s 
ramifications ( ! ve9s & art]ies1 :i*   
are :ite1 ) ! pulse regul>ly beat+ 9 !  
art]ies4 ,! p]i/altic motion ( !        
inte/9es may be di/9ctly se51 f ! /oma* 
d[n to ! anus4  ,if "o ( ^! creatures1  
:5 hungry1 be plac$ on ! back ( ! h&1 x 
w ?ru/ its suck] into ! sk91 & ! blood  
:i* x sucks may be se5 pass+ 9 a f9e    
/ream to ! =e "p ( ! head2 :]e1 fall+   
into a r\ndi% cavity1 x passes aga9 9 a 
f9e /ream to ano!r circul> receptacle 9 

! middle ( ! head2 f !nce x runs ?r\gh a
 small vessel to ! brea/1 & !n to a gut 
:i* rea*es to ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 :]e1 9
 a curve1 x turns aga9 a little upw>d 9 
! brea/ & gut2 ! blood is mov$ )\t      
int]mission ) great =ce1 especially 9 ! 
=m]1 :]e x occasions a surpris+         
contraction4  ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! crook$   
asc5d+ gut above-m5tion$1 ! propell$    
blood /&s /ill1 & seems to und]go a     
sep>ation1 "s ( x becom+ cle> & wat]i%1 
:ile o!r black p>ticles are pu%$ =w>d to
 ! anus4 ,if a l\se is plac$ on its     
back1 two bloody d>ki% spots appe>2 !   
l>g] 9 ! middle ( ! body1 ! small] t[>ds
 ! tail2 ! motions ( :i* are foll[$ by !
 pulsation ( ! d>k bloody spot1 9 or ov]
 :i* ! :ite bladd] seems to lie4 ,?is   
motion ( ! sy/ole & dia/ole is be/ se5  
:5 ! creature beg9s to gr[ weak2 & on   
prick+ ! :ite bladd]1 :i* seems to be ! 
he>t1 x in/antly dies4 ,! l[] d>k spot  
is suppos$ to be ! excrem5t4     ,,*ap4 
,,xxix4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+       
,,insects4--7,cont9u$47    ,9 ! va/1 & !

 m9ute1 we see   ,?' unambigu\s foot/eps
 ( a ,god1   ,:o gives its lu/re to an  
insect's w+1   ,& :eels 8 ?rone ^u !    
roll+ worlds4                           
,c[p]4   ,,! ,,aphis4  ,?is is an insect
 :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s 
= v>i\s reasons3 _! g5]ation is         
equivocal1 & _! in/9ctive economy       
diff]s1 9 "s respects1 f t ( mo/ o!r    
animals4 ,l9nu def9es ! g5]ic "* ( !    
aphis ?us3 beak inflect$1 %ea? ( five   
articulations1 ) a s+le bri/le2 ant5n   
setace\s1 & long] ?an ! ?orax2 ei!r f\r 
erect w+s1 or none2 feet =m$ = walk+2   
po/]ior "p ( ! abdom5 usually furni%$ ) 
two little horns4 ,ge(frey says1 !      
aphides h two beaks1 "o ( :i* is seat$ 9
 ! brea/1 ! o!r 9 ! head2 ?is la/ ext5ds
 to1 & is laid ^u1 ! base ( ! pectoral  
"o1 & s]ves1 z t writ] imag9es1 to      
convey to ! head a "p ( t n\ri%m5t :i* !
 insect takes or sucks 9 by means ( !   
pectoral beak4  ,gmel9 enum]ates ab\t   
sev5ty species1 all ( :i*1 & d\btless _m
 o!rs1 are f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts (        

,europe4 ,!y infe/ an endless v>iety (  
plants2 & x is believ$ t ea* species is 
p>ticul>ly atta*$ to "o k9d ( vegetable 
only3 h5ce ea* sort has be5 hi!rto nam$ 
aft] ! individual species or g5us (     
plants on :i* x fe$s2 or if t c\ld n be 
asc]ta9$1 t on :i* x _h be5 f\nd2 = "s  
species are r uncommon & little kn[n1   
?\gh o!rs are inf9itely too num]\s4 ,!  
aphides are suffici5tly kn[n by !       
indiscrim9ate t]m ( plant-lice2 !y ab\nd
 ) a sweet & grateful moi/ure1 & are    
!re=e eag]ly dev\r$ by ants1 ! l>v      
cocc9ell1 & _m o!r creatures1 or !y w\ld
 become1 v probably1 m de/ructive to !  
:ole vegetable creation ?an any o!r race
 ( insects kn[n4 ,if ,bonnet 0 n ! fir/ 
naturali/ 7z is g5]ally ackn[l$g$7 :o   
discov]$ ! my/]i\s c\rse ( g5]ation 9 ! 
aphides1 or1 z he calls !m1 puc]ons1 8  
exp]im5ts1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8 c\ntryman1   
,trembley1 t5d$ at lea/ to confirm1 9 a 
mo/ satisfactory mann]1 ! almo/         
incr$ible circum/ances respect+ x1 t an 
aphis1 or puc]on1 br\ght up 9 ! mo/     

p]fect solitude f ! mom5t ( its bir?1 9 
a few days w be f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a num]\s
 family2 & t if ! exp]im5t be aga9      
repeat$ on "o ( ! individuals ( ?is     
family1 a second g5]ation w multiply l  
its p>5t2 & ! l exp]im5t may be _m times
 repeat$ ) ! same effect4  ,! hi/ory (  
aphides has also be5 v copi\sly treat$  
^u by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 9 a pap] pr9t$ 9 !
 #da/ vol4 ( ! ,philosophical           
,transactions1 & by ! late +5i\s ,mr4   
,curtis1 9 ! #f? vol4 ( ! ,transactions 
( ! ,l9nan ,society4 ,! t5or ( ,dr4     
,ri*>dson's rem>ks is briefly ?is3 ,!   
great v>iety ( species :i* occur 9 !    
insects n[ "u consid]ation1 may r5d] an 
inquiry into _! p>ticul> natures n a    
little p]plex+2 b by r$uc+ !m "u _!     
prop] g5us1 ! difficulty is consid]ably 
dim9i%$4 ,we may reasonably suppose all 
! insects compreh5d$ "u any di/9ct g5us1
 to p>take ( "o g5]al nature2 & by      
dilig5tly exam9+ any p>ticul> species1  
we may !nce ga9 "s insight into ! nature
 ( all ! re/4 ,) ?is view1 ,dr4         

,ri*>dson *ose out ( ! v>i\s sorts (    
aphides1 ! l>ge/ ( ^? f\nd on !         
rose-tree2 n only z its size makes x m  
conspicu\s1 b z !re are few ( s long    
duration4 ,?is sort appe>s e>ly 9 !     
spr+1 & cont9ues late 9 autumn2 :ile    
sev]al are limit$ to a mu* %ort] t]m1 9 
con=mity to ! diff]5t trees & plants    
:5ce !y draw _! n\ri%m5t4  ,if1 at !    
beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 ! wea!r happ5s to be 
s w>m z to make ! buds ( ! rose-tree    
swell & appe> gre51 small aphides are   
frequ5tly to be f\nd on !m1 ?\gh n l>g] 
?an ! "y ones 9 summ]1 :5 fir/ produc$4 
,x w be f\nd1 t ^? aphides :i* appe>    
only 9 spr+1 proce$ f small black oval  
eggs1 :i* 7 deposit$ on ! la/ ye>'s     
%oot2 ?\gh x happ5s t1 :5 ! insects make
 too e>ly an appe>ance1 ! great] "p     
suff] f ! %>p wea!r t usually succe$s1  
by :i* means ! rose-trees are "s ye>s   
fre$ f !m4 ,! same k9d ( animal is !n at
 "o "t ( ! ye> vivip>\s1 & at ano!r     
ovip>\s4 ,^? aphides :i* )/& ! sev]ity (
 ! wea!r1 seldom come to _! full gr[?   

be=e ! mon? ( ,april1 at :i* "t !y      
usually beg9 to bre$1 aft] twice ca/+ (f
 _! exuvia1 or outw>d cov]+4  ,:5 !y    
fir/ come f ! p>5t1 !y are envelop$ 9 a 
?9 membrane1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( an oval 
egg2 ^! egg-l appe>ances adh]e by "o    
extremity to ! "m1 :ile ! "y ones       
conta9$ 9 !m ext5d to ! o!r1 & by t     
means gradually draw ! ruptur$ membrane 
ov] ! head & body to ! h9d-feet4 ,be+   
?us susp5d$ 9 ! air1 ! insect soon frees
 itself f ! membrane 9 :i* x 0 conf9$1  
&1 aft] its limbs are a little /r5g!n$1 
is set d[n on "s t5d] %oots1 & left to  
provide = itself4 ,9 ! spr+ mon?s !re   
appe> on ! rose-trees b two g5]ations ( 
aphides1 includ+ ^? :i* proce$          
imm$iately f ! la/ ye>'s eggs2 ! w>m? ( 
! summ] adds s mu* to _! f]tility1 t no 
less ?an five g5]ations succe$ ea* o!r 9
 ! int]val4 ,"o is produc$ 9 ,may1 :i*  
ca/s (f _! cov]+2 :ile ! mon?s ( ,june &
 ,july ea* supply two m1 :i* ca/ (f _!  
cov]+s ?ree or f\r times1 accord+ to !  
diff]5t w>m? ( ! season4 ,?is frequ5t   

*ange ( _! outw>d coat is ! m           
extraord9>y1 because x is repeat$ m (t5 
:5 ! insects come ! soone/ to _! gr[?1  
:i* sometimes happ5s 9 t5 days1 :5 !y h 
_h pl5ty ( w>m? & n\ri%m5t4 ,e>ly 9 !   
mon? ( ,june1 "s ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 :i* 
7 produc$ ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 aft]    
ca/+ (f ! la/ cov]+1 discov] f\r erect  
w+s1 mu* long] ?an _! bodies2 & ! same  
is obs]vable 9 all ! succe$+ g5]ations  
:i* are produc$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 b1 l
 all ! o!rs1 )\t any div]sity ( sex3 =  
"s "t be=e ! aphides come to _! full    
gr[?1 x is easy to di/+ui% :i* w h w+s1 
by a rem>kable fulness ( ! brea/1 :i* 9 
! o!rs is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! body4
 ,:5 ! la/ cov]+ is eject$1 ! w+s1 :i* 7
 be=e fold$ up 9 a v n>r[ compass1 are  
gradually ext5d$ 9 a surpris+ mann]1    
till _! dim5sions are at la/ v          
consid]able4 ,! increase ( ^! insects 9 
! summ] "t is s v great1 t by w\nd+ &   
exhau/+ ! t5d] %oots1 !y w\ld frequ5tly 
suppress all vegetation1 _h !y n _m     
enemies to re/ra9 !m4  ,not)/&+ ^!      

insects h a num]\s tribe ( enemies1 !y  
are n )\t _! fri5ds1 if ^? maybe        
consid]$ z su*1 :o are (fici\s 9 _!     
att5dance1 = ! good ?+s !y expect to    
reap !reby4 ,! ant & bee are ( ?is k9d1 
collect+ ! honey 9 :i* ! aphides ab\nd1 
b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ants are con/ant  
visitors1 ! bee only :5 fl[]s are sc>ce2
 ! ants w suck 9 ! honey :ile ! aphides 
are 9 ! act ( dis*>g+ x2 ! bees only    
collect x f ! leaves on :i* x has fall54
 ,9 ! autumn1 ?ree m g5]ations ( aphides
 are produc$1 two ( :i* g5]ally make _! 
appe>ance 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & ! ?ird   
be=e ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! two fir/  
diff] 9 no respect f ^? :i* are f\nd 9  
summ]1 b ! ?ird diff]s greatly f all !  
re/4  ,?\gh all ! aphides :i* h hi!rto  
appe>$ 7 female1 9 ?is g5]ation sev]al  
male insects are f\nd1 b n by any means 
s num]\s z ! females4 ,! females h1 at  
fir/1 ! same appe>ance z ^? ( ! =m]     
g5]ations1 b 9 a few days _! col\r      
*anges f a gre5 to a yell[1 :i* is      
gradually conv]t$ into an orange be=e !y

 come to _! full gr[?2 !y diff] also1 9 
ano!r respect1 f ^? :i* occur 9 summ]1 =
 all ^! yell[ females are )\t w+s4 ,!   
male insects are1 h[ev]1 /ill m         
rem>kable1 _! outw>d appe>ance readily  
di/+ui%+ !m f ?is & all o!r g5]ations4  
,:5 fir/ produc$1 !y are n ( a gre5     
col\r l ! re/1 b ( a r$di% br[n1 & h    
aft]w>ds a d>k l9e along ! back2 !y come
 to _! full gr[? 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 & !n
 ca/ (f _! la/ cov]+1 ! :ole insect be+1
 aft] ?is1 ( a bright yell[ col\r1 ! w+s
 only except$1 b aft] ?is *ange !y      
become a deep] yell[1 &1 9 a v few h\rs1
 ( a d>k br[n1 if we except ! body1 :i* 
is some?+ light] col\r$1 & has a r$di%  
ca/4 ,:]e !re are a numb] cr[d$ toge!r1 
!y ( c\rse int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 9 :i* case
 !y w frequ5tly deposit _! eggs on o!r  
p>ts ( ! bran*es4 ,x is highly probable 
t ! aphides d]ive consid]able advantages
 by liv+ 9 society3 ! reit]at$ punctures
 ( a great numb] ( !m may attract a l>g]
 quantity ( nutriti\s juices to t "p ( !
 tree or plant :]e !y h tak5 up _!      

abode4  ,! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,curtis1  
on ! aphides1 are *iefly int5d$ to %ew t
 !y are ! pr9cipal cause ( blights 9    
plants1 & ! sole cause ( ! honey-dew4   
,he !re=e calls ?is insect ! aphis1 or  
blight]2 & aft] obs]v+1 t1 9 po9t (     
numb]s1 ! individuals ( ! sev]al species
 compos+ x surpass ^? ( any o!r g5us 9 !
 c\ntry1 speaks ?us1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ( !  
:ole tribe4--,^! insects live entirely  
on vegetables4 ,! l(tie/ tree is no less
 liable to _! attacks1 ?an ! mo/ humble 
plant4 ,!y pref] ! "y %oots on acc\nt ( 
_! t5d]ness1 &1 on ?is pr9ciple1 (t5    
ins9uate !mselves into ! v he>t ( !     
plant1 & d irrep>able mis*ief be=e !y   
are discov]$4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y beset !
 foliage1 & are always f\nd on ! "u side
 ( ! leaf1 :i* !y pref]1 n only on      
acc\nt ( its be+ ! mo/ t5d]1 b z x af=ds
 !m protection f ! wea!r1 & v>i\s       
injuries to :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be      
expos$4 ,sometimes ! root is ! object ( 
_! *oice1 :i*1 f ! nature ( ^! insects1 
"o w\ld n1  priori1 expect3 yet ,i h se5

 ! roots ( lettuces ?ickly beset ) !m1 &
 ! :ole crop r5d]$ sickly & ( little    
value2 b su* in/ances are r>e4 ,!y      
seldom atta* !mselves to ! b>k ( trees1 
l ! aphis salicis1 :i* be+ "o ( our     
l>ge/ species1 & h5ce possess+ sup]ior  
/r5g?1 is enabl$ to p5etrate a sub/ance 
h>d] ?an ! leaves !mselves4  ,9 !       
quality ( ! excrem5t void$ by ^!        
insects1 !re is some?+ wond]fully       
extraord9>y4 ,7 a p]son accid5tally to  
take up a book1 9 :i* x is gravely      
ass]t$1 t 9 "s c\ntries !re 7 c]ta9     
animals t void$ liquid sug>1 he w\ld lay
 x d[n1 reg>d+ x z a fabul\s tale1      
calculat$ to impose on ! cr$ulity ( !   
ignorant2 & yet su* is lit]ally ! tru?4 
,mr4 ,curtis collect$ "s on a piece (   
writ+-pap]1 f a brood ( ! aphis salicis1
 & f\nd x to be z sweet z sug>2 &       
obs]ves1 t 7 x n = ! wasps1 ants1 flies1
 & o!r insects1 t dev\r x z quickly z x 
is produc$1 x might1 no d\bt1 be        
collect$ 9 consid]able quantities1 &1 by
 ! processes us$ ) o!r sac*>9e juices1  

might be conv]t$ into ! *oice/ sug> or  
sug>-c&y4 ,! sweetness ( ?is            
excrem5titi\s sub/ance1 ! glossy        
appe>ance x gave ! leaves x fell ^u1 & !
 sw>ms ( insects ?is matt] attracts1 l$ 
him to imag9e ! honey-dew ( plants 0 no 
o!r ?an ?is secretion1 :i* fur!r        
obs]vation has s9ce be5 fully confirm$2 
& n1 z its "n implies1 a sweet sub/ance 
fall+ f ! atmosph]e4 ,on ?is op9ion x is
 fur!r rem>k$1 t x nei!r falls f !      
atmosph]e1 nor issues f ! plant itself1 
z is easily demon/rat$4 ,if x fell f !  
atmosph]e1 x w\ld cov] e ?+ x fell ^u   
indiscrim9ately2 :]eas we nev] f9d x b  
on c]ta9 liv+ plants & trees4 ,we f9d x 
also on plants 9 /oves & gre5h\ses cov]$
 ) glass4 ,if x exud$ f ! plant1 x w\ld 
appe> on all ! leaves g5]ally & uni=mly2
 :]eas its appe>ance is extremely       
irregul>1 n alike on any two leaves ( ! 
same tree or plant1 "s hav+ none ( x1 & 
o!rs be+ cov]$ ) x b p>tially4  ,x is   
probable t !re nev] exi/s any honey-dew 
b :]e !re are aphides2 ?\gh su* (t5 pass

 unnotic$1 be+ hidd5 on ! "u side ( !   
leaf3 & :]ev] honey is obs]vable ^u a   
leaf1 aphides w be f\nd on ! und]side ( 
! leaf or leaves imm$iately above x1 &  
"u no o!r circum/ance :atev]4 ,if by    
accid5t any ?+ %\ld int]v5e betwe5 !    
aphides & ! leaf next b5ea? !m1 !re w be
 no honey-dew on t leaf3 & ?us he       
conceives x is incontrov]tibly prov$1 t 
aphides are ! true & only s\rce (       
honey-dew4  ,( ! ,briti% species (      
aphides1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable is
 ! aphis salicis1 :i* is f\nd on !      
diff]5t k9ds ( will[s4 ,:5 bruis$1 ^!   
insects /a9 ! f+]s ) r$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 
,septemb]1 multitudes ( ! full-gr[n     
insects ( ?is species1 bo? ) & )\t w+s1 
des]t ! will[s on :i* !y fe$1 & ramble  
ov] e neighb\r+ object 9 su* numb]s1 t  
we c h&le no?+ 9 _! vic9ity )\t cru%+ "s
 ( !m2 :ile ^? 9 a y\ng] or less advanc$
 /ate1 /ill rema9 9 l>ge masses ^u !    
trees4 ,aphis ros is v frequ5t1 dur+ !  
summ] mon?s1 on "y %oots & buds ( roses2
 x is ( a bright gre5 col\r3 ! males are

 furni%$ ) l>ge transp>5t w+s4 ,aphis   
vitis is mo/ de/ructive to v9es1 z      
,aphis ulmi is to ! elm-tree4  ,x is    
f\nd t :]e ! sac*>9e sub/ance has dropp$
 f aphides = a l5g? ( "t1 z f ! aphis   
salicis 9 p>ticul>1 x gives to ! surface
 ( ! b>k1 foliage1 c4 t sooty k9d (     
appe>ance :i* arises f ! explosion (    
gunp[d]2 x looks l1 & is sometimes tak5 
=1 a k9d ( black mildew4 ,9 mo/ seasons1
 ! natural enemies ( ! aphis are        
suffici5t to keep !m 9 *eck1 & to prev5t
 !m f do+ ess5tial injury to plants 9 ! 
op5 air2 b !re are times1 once p]haps 9 
f\r1 five1 or six ye>s1 9 :i* !y are    
multipli$ to su* an excess1 t ! usual   
means ( dim9ution fail 9 prev5t+ !m f   
do+ irrep>able injury to c]ta9 crops4   
,to prev5t ! calamities :i* w\ld        
infallibly result f an accumulat$       
multiplication ( ! m prolific animals1 x
 has be5 orda9$ by ! ,au?or ( nature1 t 
su* %\ld be dim9i%$ by s]v+ z food =    
o!rs4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 mo/ animals (   
?is k9d h "o or m natural enemies4 ,!   

helpless aphis1 :i* is ! sc\rge ( !     
vegetable k+dom1 has to cont5d ) _m3 !  
pr9cipal are ! cocc9ella1 ! i*neumon    
aphidum1 & ! musca aphidivora4 ,!       
greate/ de/roy] ( ! aphides is !        
cocc9ella1 or common lady-bird4  ,dur+ !
 w9t]1 ?is insect secures itself "u !   
b>k ( trees1 & else:]e4 ,:5 ! spr+ exp&s
 ! foliage ( plants1 ! female deposits  
h] eggs on !m 9 great numb]s1 f :5ce1 9 
a %ort "t1 proce$s ! l>va1 a small grub1
 ( a d>k lead-col\r1 spott$ ) orange4   
,^! may be obs]v$ 9 summ] runn+ pretty  
briskly ov] all k9ds ( plants2 &1 if    
n>r[ly wat*$1 !y w be f\nd to dev\r !   
aphides :]ev] !y f9d !m4 ,! same may be 
obs]v$ ( ! lady-bird1 9 its p]fect /ate4
 ,ano!r mo/ =midable enemy to ! aphis1  
is a v m9ute1 black1 & sl5d] i*neumon   
fly1 :i* eats its way out ( ! aphis1    
leav+ ! dry inflat$ sk9 ( ! insect adh]+
 to ! leaf l a small pe>l3 su* may      
always be f\nd :]e aphides are 9 pl5ty4 
,diff]5t species ( aphides are infe/$ ) 
diff]5t i*neumons4 ,!re is sc>cely a    

division ( nature1 9 :i* ! musca1 or    
fly1 is n f\nd3 ( ^!1 "o division1 !    
aphidivora1 fe$s entirely on aphides4   
,( ! diff]5t species ( aphidivor\s      
flies1 :i* are num]\s1 hav+ mo/ly bodies
 v>iegat$ ) transv]se /ripes1 _! females
 may be se5 hov]+ ov] plants infe/$ )   
aphides1 among :i* !y deposit _! eggs on
 ! surface ( ! leaf4 ,! l>va1 or maggot1
 produc$ f su* eggs1 fe$s1 z soon z     
hat*$1 on ! y\ng] k9ds ( aphis1 &1 z x  
increases 9 size1 attacks & dev\rs ^?   
:i* are l>g]4 ,! l>va ( ! hem]olicus    
fe$s also on ! aphides1 & deposits its  
eggs on ! leaves ( su* plants z are     
beset ) !m4 ,! e>wig is likewise an     
enemy to !m1 especially su* z reside 9 !
 curl$ leaves ( fruit-trees1 & ! purses 
=m$ by c]ta9 aphides on ! popl>s & o!r  
trees4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! small]      
s(t-bill$ birds t fe$ on insects4       
,,*ap4 ,,xxx4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,! ,common 
,h\se ,fly--,! ,hessian ,fly--,! ,may   
,fly--,! ,vegetable     ,fly--,! ,boat  

,fly--,! ,ephem]al                      
,flies--,butt]flies--,metamorphoses (   
,insects--,! ,dea?-,wat*4      ,:at     
atom-=ms ( insect life appe>6     ,& :o 
c foll[ ,nature's p5cil "h8     ,_! w+s 
) azure1 gre51 & purple gloss'd1        
,/udd$ ) col\r'd eyes1 ) gems emboss'd2 
,inlaid ) pe>l1 & m>k'd ) v>i\s /a9s    
,( lively crimson ?r\gh _! dusky ve9s4  
,b>bauld4   ,,! ,,common ,,h\se ,,fly4  
,gord>t has reckon$ up =ty-eight        
v>ieties ( ! fly1 )\t includ+ !m all 9  
?is enum]ation4 ,! multitude ( ^! lively
 insects1 :i* ! fir/ g5ial sun%9e calls 
=? into life1 has limits :i* ! human eye
 is incapable ( explor+4 ,! female fly  
is easily di/+ui%able f ! male3 %e is   
l>g] ?an ! latt]1 full] 9 ! body1 ( a   
light] col\r1 &1 :5 %e is ne>ly ready to
 deposit h] eggs1 ! abdom5 is s         
transp>5t1 t !y may be p]ceiv$ ly+ on   
bo? sides1 opposite to ea* o!r4 ,nature 
has in/ruct$ h] n to deposit h] eggs 9  
dry1 b 9 damp sub/ances1 :i* keep !m f  
be+ dri$ up1 & at ! same "t af=d        

n\ri%m5t to ! maggot or worm4 ,! latt]  
issues f ! egg g5]ally 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1
 b1 9 ! sun1 )9 twelve h\rs aft] x is   
laid4 ,ab\t half an h\r be=e1 annul>    
circles become visible 9 ! egg1 an      
undulatory motion succe$s1 ! egg op5s at
 ! end1 & ! worm makes its appe>ance4   
,its entrance into ! _w is extremely    
t$i\s2 = ! ?ree or f\r m9utes tak5 by ! 
worm to "w its way out ( ! egg1 are1 =  
x1 c]ta9ly s _m days4 ,x is end[$1 on ! 
o!r h&1 ) vital p[]s1 :i* enable x to   
defy inconv5i5ces :i* co/ o!r animals _!
 lives4 ,no?+ b turp5t9e1 ! g5]al       
de/roy] ( insects1 kills x 9 half an    
h\r4 ,on ! f\rte5? or fifte5? day1 x    
beg9s to prep>e = its trans=mation into 
a nymph1 & 9 ?is =m appe>s at fir/ ( a  
light yell[1 & aft]w>ds ( a d>k r$4 ,y  
w\ld take x1 9 ?is /ate1 = "s k9d ( se$1
 r ?an = ! habitation ( a liv+ creature4
 ,! *ange ( ! nymph into a fly requires 
z mu* "t z ! prec$+ trans=mation4 ,a    
?ru/ ) ! head !n bur/s ! prison 9 :i* x 
is conf9$1 & ! fly1 p]fectly =m$1       

sallies =?4 ,! sun ha/5s its bir?1 :i*  
is !n ! bus9ess ( b a mom5t2 b 9        
unfav\rable wea!r1 ?is probably pa9ful  
op]ation (t5 takes f\r or five h\rs4 ,! 
insect is n[ z p]fect z its p>5ts1 & n  
to be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,z soon z x issues 
f ! nymph1 x flies away2 & only ^? are  
unable to use _! w+s imm$iately1 :i* h !
 mis=tune to come out 9 gloomy wea!r4   
,leuw5hock reckons1 t e fly has eight   
?\s& hexagons or eyes1 on ea* ( !       
hemisph]es compos+ its face1 &          
consequ5tly sixte5 ?\s& on bo?4 ,m4 ,von
 ,glei*51 a ,g]man naturali/1 obs]ves1 t
 ! law ( retaliation is 9 "s measure    
e/abli%$1 9 reg>d to ^! animals2 = if !y
 annoy u1 !y are 9 _! turn p]secut$ by  
o!rs4 ,small yell[ insects1 discov]$ by 
means ( ! magnify+ glass1 crawl+ among !
 hairs t gr[ on _! bodies1 are suppos$  
to be de/9$ = ?is purpose4  ,! fecundity
 ( flies is prodigi\s4 ,on ?is head1 !  
la/-m5tion$ naturali/ has made ! foll[+ 
calculation3--    ,a fly lays f\r times 
dur+ ! summ]1 ea* "t       eighty eggs1 

:i* makes                               
#cbj   ,half ( ^! are suppos$ to be     
females1 s t ea*       ( ! f\r broods   
produces =ty3   #a4 ,fir/ eigh?1 or !   
=ty females ( ! fir/       brood1 also  
lay f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( !       summ]1
 :i* makes                              
#ab1hjj   ,! fir/ eigh? ( ^!1 or #a1fjj 
females1 ?ree times     #chd1jjj   ,!   
second eigh?1 twice                     
#bef1jjj   ,! ?ird & f\r? eigh?1 at lea/
 "o ea*               #bef1jjj   #b4 ,! 
second eigh?1 or ! =ty females ( !      
second       brood1 lay ?ree times1 !   
produce ( :i* is            #i1fjj   ,"o
 six? ( ^!1 or #a1fjj females1 ?ree     
times            #chd1jjj   ,! second   
six?1 twice                             
#bef1jjj   ,! ?ird six?1 once           
#abh1jjj   #c4 ,! ?ird eigh?1 or ! =ty  
females ( ! ?ird       brood1 lay twice1
 & produce                              
#f1djj   ,"o f\r? ( ^!1 or #a1fjj       
females1 lay twice m        #bef1jjj    
#d4 ,! f\r? eigh?1 or =ty females ( !   

f\r?       brood1 once                  
#c1bjj   ,half ( ^!1 or #a1fjj females1 
at lea/ once               #abh1jjj     
---------   ,total produce ( a s+le fly1
 9 "o summ]               #b1jhj1cbj    
,ano!r curi\s insect is1 ,,! ,,hessian  
,,fly4--,?is is a v mis*iev\s insect1   
:i* a few ye>s ago appe>$ 9 ,nor?       
,am]ica1 & ^: depr$ations ?reat5$ !n to 
de/roy ! crops ( :eat 9 t c\ntry        
entirely4 ,x is1 9 its p]fect /ate1 a   
small w+$ insect1 b ! mis*ief x does1 is
 :ile 9 ! =m ( a cat]pill>2 & !         
difficulty ( de/roy+ x is increas$1 by  
its be+ z yet unkn[n :]e x deposits its 
eggs1 to be hat*$ be=e ! fir/ appe>ance 
( ! cat]pill>s4 ,^! mis*iev\s insects   
beg9 _! depr$ations 9 autumn1 z soon z !
 :eat beg9s to %oot up ?r\gh ! gr\nd4   
,!y dev\r ! t5d] leaf & /em ) great     
voracity1 & cont9ue to d s till /opp$ by
 ! fro/2 b no soon] is ?is ob/acle      
remov$ by ! w>m? ( ! spr+1 ?an ! fly    
appe>s aga91 lay+ its eggs n[1 z has be5
 suppos$1 ^u ! /ems ( ! :eat j beg9n+ to

 spire4 ,! cat]pill>s hat*$ f ^! eggs1  
p]=ate ! /ems ( ! rema9+ plants at !    
jo9ts1 & lodge !mselves 9 ! holl[ )9 !  
corn1 :i* %ews no sign ( disease till ! 
e>s beg9 to turn heavy4 ,! /ems !n      
break1 & be+ no long] able to p]=m _!   
(fice 9 support+ & supply+ ! e>s )      
n\ri%m5t1 ! corn p]i%es ab\t ! "t t x   
goes into a milky /ate4 ,^! insects     
attack also rye1 b>ley1 & timo?y-grass1 
?\gh !y seem to pref] :eat4 ,!          
de/ruction occasion$ by !m1 is describ$ 
9 ! ,am]ican ,museum1 7publi%$ at       
,philadelphia17 = ,feb4 #aghg1 9 !      
foll[+ words3--  ,x is well kn[n t all !
 crops ( :eat 9 all ! l& ov] :i* x has  
ext5d$1 h fall5 be=e x1 & t ! f>m]s     
beyond x dread its approa*2 ! prospect  
is1 t unless means are discov]$ to      
prev5t its progress1 ! :ole cont95t w be
 ov]run2--a calamity m to be dread$1 ?an
 ! ravages ( w>4 ,?is t]rible insect    
appe>$ fir/ 9 ,long ,isl&1 dur+ !       
,am]ican w>1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght
 f ,g]many by ! ,hessians2 :5ce its "n4 

,f !nce x proce$$ inl& at ! rate ( ab\t 
fifte5 or tw5ty miles annually2 &1 9    
#aghi1 _h rea*$ two hundr$ miles f !    
place :]e x 0 fir/ obs]v$4 ,at t "t x   
cont9u$ to proce$ ) unabat+ increase2   
be+ app>5tly /opp$ nei!r by riv]s nor   
m\nta9s4 ,9 ! fly /ate x is likewise    
exce$+ly tr\blesome1 by gett+ into h\ses
 9 sw>ms1 fall+ into victuals & dr9k1   
fill+ ! w9d[s1 & fly+ p]petually into ! 
c&les4   ,,! ,,may ,,fly4--,?is insect  
is call$ ! ,may fly1 f its annual       
appe>ance 9 t mon?4 ,x lies all ! ye>1  
except a few days1 at ! bottom or sides 
( riv]s1 ne>ly resembl+ ! nymph ( !     
small libella2 b :5 x is mature1 x rises
 up to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & splits op5 
its case2 !n1 ) great agility1 up spr+s 
! new animal1 hav+ a sl5d] body1 ) f\r  
black-ve9$1 transp>5t1 %9+ w+s1 ) f\r   
black spots 9 ! upp] w+s2 ! "u w+s are  
mu* small] ?an ! upp] ones2 & ) ?ree    
long hairs 9 its tail4  ,! husk x leaves
 beh9d floats ^u ! wat]4 ,aft] ?is      
creature is dis*>g$ f ! wat]1 x flies   

ab\t to f9d a prop] place to fix on1 7z 
trees1 bu%es1 c47 to wait = its approa*+
 *ange1 :i* is effect$ 9 two or ?ree    
days4  ,! fir/ h9t ,i receiv$ ( ?is     
wond]ful op]ation1 0 by see+ _! exuvi   
hang+ on a h$ge4 ,i !n collect$ a great 
_m1 & put !m into boxes2 & by /rictly   
obs]v+ !m1 ,i c\ld tell :5 !y 7 ready = 
?is surpris+ *ange4  ,i _h ! pleasure to
 %ew my fri5ds "o1 :i* ,i held 9 my f+]s
 all ! "t x p]=m$ ?is great "w2 x 0     
surpris+ to see h[ easily ! back "p ( ! 
fly split op51 & produc$ ! a/oni%+      
trans=mation4 ,9 ! new fly1 a rem>kable 
diff]5ce is se5 9 _! sexes1 :i* is n s  
easy to be p]ceiv$ 9 _! fir/ /ate1 !    
male & female be+ mu* ( a size2 b       
aft]w>ds ! male is mu* ! smalle/1 & !   
hairs ( _! tails mu* ! longe/4  ,:5 !   
females are ab\t to deposit _! eggs1 !y 
seek ! riv]s1 keep+ con/antly play+ up &
 d[n ^u ! wat]4 ,x is v pla9ly se51 t e 
"t !y d>t d[n1 !y eject a clu/] ( eggs1 
:i* appe>s l a little blui% speck1 or a 
small drop ( milk1 z !y s9k to ! bottom 

( ! riv]4 ,?us !y cont9ue until !y h    
sp5t _! /r5g?1 be+ s weak1 t !y c rise  
no m1 b fall a prey to ! fi%4 ,b by mu* 
! greate/ numb] p]i% on ! wat]s1 :i* are
 cov]$ ) !m4 ,?is is ! end ( ! females4 
,! males nev] resort to ! riv]1 b1 aft] 
a "t1 drop d[n1 langui%1 & die1 "u !    
trees & bu%es4  ,! species ( libella    
ab\nds mo/ ) females1 :i* is v necess>y1
 consid]+ ! _m enemies !y h 9 _! %ort   
appe>ance2 = bo? birds & fi%es are fond 
( !m1 &1 no d\bt1 "u wat] !y are ! prey 
( aquatic animals4  ,:at is fur!r       
surpris+ 9 ?is rem>kable creature is1 t 
dur+ a life :i* consi/s only ( ?ree or  
f\r days1 x eats no?+1 & seems to h no  
app>atus = ?is purpose1 b br+s up ) x1  
out ( ! wat]1 suffici5t support to      
enable x to %$ its sk91 & p]=m !        
pr9cipal ends ( life ) great vivacity4  
,,! ,,vegetable ,,fly4--,?is is a v     
curi\s natural production1 *iefly f\nd 9
 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x resembles ! drone1  
bo? 9 size & col\r1 m ?an any o!r       
,briti% insect1 except+ t x has no w+s4 

,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 x buries itself 9 !   
e>?1 & beg9s to vegetate4 ,by ! end (   
,july1 ! tree has arriv$ at its full    
gr[?1 & resembles a coral bran*2 x is   
ab\t ?ree in*es 9 height1 & be>s sev]al 
little pods1 :i*1 dropp+ (f1 become     
worms1 & !nce flies1 l ! ,briti%        
cat]pill>4 ,su* 0 ! acc\nt orig9ally    
giv5 ( ?is extraord9>y production4 ,b   
sev]al boxes ( ^! flies hav+ be5 s5t to 
,dr4 ,hill = exam9ation1 8 report 0 z   
foll[s3--,!re is 9 ,m>t9ique a fungus ( 
! clav>ia k9d1 diff]5t 9 species f ^?   
hi!rto kn[n4 ,x produces soboles f its  
sides2 ,i call x !re=e clav>ia          
sobolif]a4 ,x gr[s on putrid animal     
bodies1 z our fungus 7ex p$e equ9o7 f ! 
dead horse's ho(4 ,! cicada is common 9 
,m>t9ique1 & 9 its nymph /ate1 9 :i* !  
old au?ors call x tettigometra1 x buries
 itself "u ! dead leaves1 to await its  
*ange2 &1 :5 ! season is unfav\rable1 _m
 p]i%4 ,! se$s ( ! clav>ia f9d a prop]  
b$ 9 ^! dead insects1 & gr[4 ,!         
tettigometra is among ! cicada 9 !      

,briti% ,museum2 ! clav>ia is b j n[    
kn[n4 ,?is is ! fact1 & all ! fact2 ?\gh
 ! untaught inhabitants suppose a fly to
 vegetate1 & ?\gh !re is a ,spani% draw+
 ( ! plants gr[+ into a trifoliate tree2
 & x has be5 figur$ ) ! creature fly+ ) 
?is tree ^u its back4--,?us does        
ignorance delight 9 ! m>vell\s6   ,,!   
,,boat ,,fly4--,?is insect1 call$       
,notonecta glauca1 is ?us describ$ by   
,b>but4 ,x has a head some:at r\nd1 (   
:i* ! eyes seem to take up ! greate/ "p4
 ,^! eyes are br[n1 & v l>ge1 ! re/ ( ! 
head be+ yell[4 ,9 ! =e-"p x has a %>p  
trunk1 t projects1 & is inflect$ betwe5 
! =e feet4 ,on ! sides are se5 ! ant5n1 
v small1 yell[i%1 & :i* spr+ f "u !     
head4 ,! ?orax1 :i* is broad1 %ort1 &   
smoo?1 is yell[ on ! =e1 & black on !   
back "p4 ,! escut*eon is l>ge1 ( a r\gh 
black1 & z x 7 nappy4 ,! elytra1 r l>ge1
 & cross$ ov] ea* o!r1 are a mixture (  
br[n & yell[1 n unlike ! col\r ( ru/1   
:i* makes x look cl\dy4 ,! "u "p ( !    
body is br[n2 & at ! extremity ( !      

abdom5 are to be se5 a few hairs4 ,!    
feet1 six 9 numb]1 are ( a light br[n1 !
 two h9d]mo/ hav+ on ! leg & t>sus hairs
 t give !m ! %ape ( f9s1 nor are !y     
t]m9at$ by nails4 ,! f\r ant]ior ones   
are some:at flat1 & s]ve ! animal to    
swim )2 b at _! extremity !y h nails1 & 
no hairs4 ,?is insect is se5 9 /agnat+  
wat]s1 :]e x swims on its back1 &       
pres5ts its abdom5 upw>ds2 = :i* reason 
x has be5 call$ by ! ,greek "n (        
notonecta4 ,! h9d] feet1 long] ?an !    
re/1 s]ve x z paddles4 ,x is v nimble1 &
 dives d[n :5 y g to take hold ( x2 aft]
 :i*1 x rises aga9 to ! surface ( !     
wat]4 ,x mu/ be cauti\sly h&l$1 if "o   
w\ld avoid be+ prick$ by x1 = ! po9t (  
its ro/rum is exce$+ly %>p1 & intol]ably
 pa9ful1 b x goes (f 9 a few m9utes4 ,! 
l>va v mu* resembles ! p]fect insect4   
,su* is ! acc\nt t ,mr4 ,b>but gives (  
?is beautiful nimble little creature4   
,to ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 we %all add !    
foll[+3--,its legs are long2 :5 tak5 out
 ( ! wat]1 x hops2 x is v common 9 !    

ponds ( wat] 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 & 9 sev]al   
o!r places ab\t ,london4 ,x is ( a v    
p>ticul> =m1 be+ flatti% at ! belly1 &  
ris+ to a ridge on ! middle ( ! back2 s 
t :5 x swims1 :i* is almo/ always on !  
back1 its body has mu* ! resemblance ( a
 boat 9 figure1--:5ce its vulg> "n4 ,x  
is eight l9es long1 ?ree broad1 & two & 
a half ?ick4 ,! belly is jo9t$1 /riat$1 
&1 z ,b>but obs]ves1 hairy4 ,nature has 
provid$ x ) an (f5sive weapon resembl+ a
 /+1 :i* x ?ru/s out :5 hurt1 f a l>ge  
op5+ at ! tail4 ,! head is l>ge & h>d2 !
 eyes ne>ly ( a triangul> =m4 ,! nose is
 a long1 gre51 holl[ proboscis1 end+ 9 a
 h>d & %>p po9t1 :i* 9 its natural      
po/ure rema9s "u ! belly1 & rea*es to ! 
middle pair ( legs4 ,! out] "p ( its w+s
 are ( a pale fle%-col\r1 ) spots ( a   
dead :ite2 ^! are long1 n>r[1 & some:at 
transp>5t2 !y t]m9ate 9 a r\ndi% po9t1 &
 p]fectly cov] ! :ole body4 ,! triangul>
 piece :i* /&s betwe5 ! top ( ! w+s is  
h>d1 & p]fectly black2 ! inn] w+s are   
broad] & %ort] ?an ! out] ones2 !y are  

?9 & p]fectly transp>5t1 & are ( a pale 
pe>l-col\r4 ,! h9d] pair be+ greatly    
long] ?an all ! re/1 !y s]ve z o>s2 &   
nature has tuft$ !m ) hair at ! end = t 
purpose4 ,?is creature mo/ly lives 9 !  
wat]1 :]e x preys on small insects1     
kill+ !m1 & suck+ _! juices ) its       
proboscis1 9 ! mann] ( ! wat] scorpion &
 _m o!r aquatic insects3 x seizes its   
prey viol5tly1 & d>ts ) incr$ible       
swiftness to a consid]able di/ance aft] 
x4  ,?\gh x g5]ally lives 9 ! wat]1 x   
sometimes1 h[ev]1 crawls out 9 good     
wea!r2 & dry+ its w+s by exp&+ !m 9 !   
sun1 takes flight1 & becomes an         
inhabitant ( ! air1 n to be kn[n z !    
same creature1 unless to ^? :o _h       
accurately obs]v$ x be=e3 :5 tir$ (     
fly+1 or 9 dang] ( an enemy1 x          
imm$iately plunges into ! wat]4 ,we are 
told t !re are f\rte5 species ( x1 sev5 
( :i* are common 9 ,europe1 9 wat]s1 c4 
,,ephem]al ,,flies4--,?is species (     
insect is nam$ ephem]al1 because ( its v
 %ort exi/5ce 9 ! fly /ate4 ,x is "o ( !

 mo/ beautiful species ( flies1 &       
und]goes five *anges4 ,at fir/1 ! egg   
conta9s its vital pr9ciple2 x comes =? a
 small cat]pill>1 :i* is trans=m$ into a
 *rysalis1 !n into a nympha1 & la/ly1   
into a fly1 :i* deposits its eggs ^u !  
surface ( wat]1 :]e ! sun's rays br+ !m 
to life4 ,ea* egg produces a little r$  
worm1 :i* moves 9 a s]p5t9e mann]4 ,!y  
are f\nd 9 abundance dur+ ! summ]1 9    
ponds & m>%es2 & z soon z cold wea!r    
sets 91 ! little worm makes = itself a  
%ell or lodg+1 :]e x passes ! w9t]2 at !
 end ( :i* x ceases to be a worm1 &     
ent]s into its ?ird /ate1 t ( a         
*rysalis4 ,x !n sleeps till spr+1 &     
gradually becomes a beautiful nympha1 or
 a sort ( mummy1 some?+ 9 ! =m ( a fi%4 
,at ! "t ( its metamorphosis1 ! nympha  
at fir/ seems inactive & lifeless2 9 six
 days1 ! head appe>s1 rais+ itself      
gradually above ! surface ( ! wat]2 !   
body next dis5gages itself sl[ly & by   
degrees1 till at l5g? ! :ole animal     
comes out ( its %ell4 ,! new-born fly   

rema9s = "s m9utes motionless ^u ! wat]1
 !n gradually revives1 & feebly %akes   
its w+s1 !n moves !m quick]1 & attempts 
fir/ to walk1 !n to fly4 ,z ^! insects  
are all hat*$ ne>ly at ! same "t1 !y are
 se5 9 sw>ms = a few h\rs flitt+ & play+
 ^u ! surface ( ! wat]2 !y !n lay _!    
eggs1 & soon aft] die4 ,?us !y t]m9ate  
_! %ort life 9 ! space ( a few h\rs1 & !
 same day t saw !m born1 witnesses _!   
dea?4   ,,! ,,butt]fly4    ,behold1 ye  
pilgrims ( ?is e>?1 behold6   ,see all b
 man ) une>n'd pleasure gay   ,see h]   
bright robes ! butt]fly unfold1   ,broke
 f h] w9try tomb 9 prime ( ,may6   ,:at 
y\?ful bride c equal h] array8   ,:o c )
 h] = easy pleasure vie8   ,f mead to   
mead ) g5tle w+ to /ray1   ,f fl[] to   
fl[] on balmy gales to fly1   ,is all %e
 has to d b5ea? ! radiant sky4          
,?omson4  ,! fir/ ?+ :i* fixes our      
att5tion on behold+ ^! arial            
inhabitants1 is1 ! clo?+ ) :i* !y are   
adorn$4 ,yet "s ( !m h no?+ 9 ?is       
respect to engage our notice1 _! ve/m5t 

is simple & uni=m2 o!rs h a few ornam5ts
 on ! w+s2 b ) "s1 ^? ornam5ts am\nt to 
pr(usion1 & !y are cov]$ ) !m all ov]4  
,?is la/ species w occupy u = a %ort    
int]val4 ,h[ beautiful are ! gradations 
( col\r :i* decorate !m6 :at h>mony 9 ^?
 spots :i* relieve ! o!r p>ts ( _!      
attire6 ) :at delicacy has nature       
p5cill$ !m6 ,b1 :atev] may be my        
admiration :5 ,i consid] ?is insect by !
 nak$ eye1 h[ greatly is x augm5t$1 :5  
,i behold ?is beautiful object ?r\gh !  
m$ium ( ! microscope6 ,w\ld any "o ev] h
 imag9$1 t ! w+s ( butt]flies 7 furni%$ 
) fea!rs8 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is m true2 & :at
 we commonly call du/1 is f\nd 9 reality
 to be fea!rs4 ,_! /ructure & arrangem5t
 are adju/$ to z p]fect symmetry1 z _!  
col\rs are s(t & brilliant4 ,! p>ts :i* 
=m ! c5tre ( ^! little fea!rs1 & :i*    
imm$iately t\* ! w+1 are ! /ronge/2 ^?1 
on ! contr>y1 :i* compose ! ext]ior     
circumf]5ce1 are mu* m delicate1 & ( an 
extraord9>y f95ess4 ,all ^! fea!rs h a  
quill at _! base1 b ! sup]ior "p is m   

transp>5t ?an ! quill f :i* x proce$s4  
,if we lay hold ( ! w+ too rudely1 we   
de/roy ! mo/ delicate "p ( ! fea!rs2 b  
if we remove all t we t]m du/1 !re      
rema9s only a ?9 transp>5t sk91 :]e may 
be di/+ui%$ ! little orifices 9 :i* !   
quill ( ea* fea!r 0 lodg$4 ,?is sk91 f !
 nature ( its texture1 may be z easily  
disc]n$ f ! re/ ( ! w+1 z a f9e gauze f 
! clo? on :i* x is fa/5$2 x is m por\s1 
m delicate1 & seems z if embroid]$ by ! 
ne$le2 to complete its beauty1 its      
extremity f9i%es by a fr+e1 ^: m9ute    
?reads succe$ ea* o!r ) ! utmo/         
regul>ity4  ,:at are our mo/ lab\r$     
dresses1 :at is all _! boa/$ ornam5t1 9 
comp>ison ( t ref9$ tissue ) :i* nature 
has inve/$ ?is simple insect8 ,our f9e/ 
laces are only l co>se clo?1 :5 br\ght  
to vie ) t luxuri\s clo?+ :i* cov]s !   
w+s ( ! butt]fly2 & our smalle/ ?read1  
by _! inf9itely delicate fibres1 swells 
into hemp5 cord4 ,su* is ! wond]ful     
diff]5ce to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! works (  
nature & ^? ( art1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a     

microscope4 ,! =m] are f9i%$ to all     
imag9able p]fection2 ! o!rs1 ev5 ! mo/  
beautiful ( _! k9d1 appe> incomplete &  
co>sely wr\ght4 ,h[ f9e a piece (       
delicate cambric appe>s to u6 no?+ m    
sl5d] ?an ! ?reads1 no?+ m uni=m ?an !  
texture3 & yet 9 ! microscope ^! ?reads 
resemble hemp5 /r+s1 & we %\ld r be     
tempt$ to believe t !y _h be5 int]lac$  
by ! h& ( a basket-mak]1 ?an wr\ght on !
 loom ( a skilful weav]4  ,:at is mo/   
a/oni%+ 9 ?is brilliant insect1 is1 t x 
proce$s f a worm1 ?an :i* no?+ has a m  
abject & vile appe>ance4 ,behold h[ !   
butt]fly displays to ! sun 8 spl5did    
w+s1 h[ he sports 9 8 rays1 h[ he       
rejoices 9 8 exi/5ce1 &1 9 respir+ !    
v]nal airs1 h[ he flutt]s 9 ! mead[ f   
fl[] to fl[]4 ,8 ri* w+s pres5t to u !  
magnific5ce ( ! ra9b[4 ,h[ beautiful is 
he n[1 :o b a little :ile ago crept a   
worm 9 ! du/1 9 p]petual dang] ( be+    
cru%$ to dea?6 ,:o has rais$ him above !
 e>?8 ,:o has giv5 to him ! faculty (   
inhabit+ ! e!real regions8 ,:o has      

furni%$ him ) 8 pa9t$ w+s8 ,x is ,god4  
,9 d[n ( ev'ry v>iegat$ dye1   ,%9es1   
flutt'r+ s(t1 ! gaudy butt]fly2   ,t    
p[d]1 :i* ?y spoil+ h& di/a9s1   ,! =m (
 quills & pa9t$ plumes conta9s3   ,n    
c\rts c m magnific5ce express1   ,9 all 
_! blaze ( gems & pomp ( dress4         
,br[ne4    ,_! w+s1 all glori\s to      
behold1   ,b$ropt ) azure1 jet1 & gold1 
,wide !y display2 ! spangl$ dew         
,reflects _! eyes & v>i\s hue4          
,gay4   ,we %all n[ briefly describe ,,!
 ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects4 ,& fir/1
 ,,! ,,butt]fly3    ,f =m to =m !y pass 
9 wondr\s *ange4                        
,virgil4  ,at ! fir/ exclusion f ! egg1 
& = "s mon?s ( its exi/5ce aft]w>ds1 !  
creature :i* is to become a butt]fly1 is
 a worm-l cat]pill>1 crawl+ ^u sixte5   
%ort legs1 gre$ily dev\r+ leaves ) two  
jaws1 & see+ by means ( twelve eyes1 s  
m9ute1 z to be ne>ly imp]ceptible )\t ! 
aid ( a microscope4 ,we n[ view x       
furni%$ ) w+s capable ( rapid & ext5sive
 flights2 ( its sixte5 feet1 t5 h       

disappe>$1 & ! rema9+ six are 9 mo/     
respects :olly unlike ^? to :i* !y h    
succe$$2 its jaws hav+ vani%$1 are      
replac$ by a curl$-up proboscis1 suit$  
only = sipp+ liquid sweets2 ! =m ( its  
head is entirely *ang$1 two long horns  
project+ f its upp] surface2 &1 in/ead (
 twelve invisible eyes1 y behold two1 v 
l>ge1 & compos$ ( at lea/ tw5ty ?\s&    
convex l5ses1 ea* suppos$ to be a di/9ct
 & effective eye6  ,7 we to pu% our     
exam9ation fur!r1 &1 by dissection1 to  
comp>e ! int]nal con=mation ( !         
cat]pill> ) t ( ! butt]fly1 we %\ld     
witness *anges ev5 m extraord9>y4 ,9 !  
=m] we %\ld f9d "s ?\s&s ( muscles1 :i* 
9 ! latt] are replac$ by o!rs1 ( a =m & 
/ructure entirely diff]5t4 ,ne>ly ! :ole
 body ( ! cat]pill> is occupi$ by a     
capaci\s /oma*4 ,9 ! butt]fly1 ?is has  
become conv]t$ into an almo/            
imp]ceptible ?read-l viscus2 & ! abdom5 
is n[ fill$ by two l>ge packets ( eggs1 
or o!r organs1 n visible 9 ! fir/ /ate4 
,9 ! =m]1 two spirally-convolut$ tubes 7

 fill$ ) a silky gum2 9 ! latt]1 bo?    
tubes & silk h almo/ totally vani%$1 &  
*anges equally great h tak5 place 9 !   
economy & /ructure ( ! n]ves & o!r      
organs4  ,:at a surpris+ trans=mation6  
,nor 0 ?is all4 ,! *ange f "o =m to !   
o!r 0 n direct2 an int]m$iate /ate1 n   
less s+ul>1 int]v5$4 ,aft] ca/+ its sk91
 ev5 to its v jaws1 sev]al times1 &     
atta9+ its full gr[?1 ! cat]pill> atta*$
 itself to a leaf by a silk5 gir?4 ,its 
body became greatly contract$2 its sk9  
once m split asund]1 & disclos$ an ovi=m
 mass1 )\t ext]ior m\?1 eyes1 or limbs1 
& exhibit+ no o!r symptom ( life ?an a  
slight motion :5 t\*$4 ,9 ?is /ate (    
dea?-l torpor1 & )\t ta/+ food1 ! insect
 exi/$ = sev]al mon?s1 until at l5g? !  
tomb bur/1 & out ( a case n m ?an an in*
 long1 & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1    
proce$$ ! butt]fly1 :i* cov]s a surface 
( ne>ly f\r in*es squ>e4   ,,! ,,common 
,,fly4--,?is w+$ insect1 ^: delicate    
palate selects out ! *oice/ vi&s1 "o    
:ile ext5d+ 8 proboscis to ! m>g9 ( a   

drop ( w9e1 & !n gaily fly+ to take a m 
solid repa/ f a pe> or a pea*2 n[       
gamboll+ ) 8 comrades 9 ! air1 n[       
gracefully c>ry+ 8 furl$ w+s ) 8 tap]   
feet2--0 b ! o!r day a disgu/+ grub1 )\t
 w+s1 )\t legs1 )\t eyes1 wall[+1 well  
pleas$1 9 ! mid/ ( a mass ( excrem5t4   
,,! ,,greycoat$ ,,gnat4--,?is creature1 
^: humm+ salutation1 :ile %e makes h]   
airy circles ab\t our b$1 gives t]rific 
w>n+ ( ! sangu9>y op]ation 9 :i* %e is  
ready to engage1 0 a few h\rs ago !     
inhabitant ( a /agnant pool1 m 9 %ape l 
a fi% ?an an insect4 ,!n to h be5 tak5  
out ( ! wat] w\ld h be5 spe$ily fatal2  
n[ x c\ld z little exi/ 9 any o!r elem5t
 ?an air4 ,!n x brea!d ?r\gh its tail2  
n[ ?r\gh op5+s 9 its sides4 ,its        
%apeless head1 9 t p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 
is n[ ex*ang$ = "o adorn$ ) elegantly   
tuft$ ant5n1 & furni%$1 in/ead ( jaws1 )
 an app>atus m artfully con/ruct$ ?an ! 
cupp+-glasses ( ! phlebotomi/2 an       
app>atus1 :i*1 at ! same "t t x /rikes 9
 ! lancets1 composes a tube = pump+ up !

 fl[+ blood4   ,,! ,,%>dhorn            
,,beetle4--,?is species ( beetle1 ^:    
sull5 hum1 z he directs 8 dron+ flight  
close pa/ our e>s 9 our ev5+ walk1 0 n 9
 8 infancy an inhabitant ( air1 ! fir/  
p]iod ( 8 life be+ sp5t 9 gloomy        
solitude1 z a grub1 "u ! surface ( !    
e>?4 ,! %apeless maggot1 :i* we sc>cely 
fail to meet ) 9 "s "o ( e h&ful ( nuts 
we crack1 w\ld n always h grovell$ 9 t  
humble /ate4 ,if our unlucky intrusion  
^u its vault$ dwell+ _h n left x to p]i%
 9 ! wide _w1 x w\ld h cont9u$ to reside
 !re until its full gr[? _h be5 atta9$4 
,!n x w\ld h gnaw$ itself an op5+1 &1   
hav+ ent]$ ! e>?1 & pass$ a few mon?s 9 
a /ate ( inaction1 w\ld at l5g? h em]g$ 
an elegant beetle1 furni%$ ) a sl5d] & v
 long ebony beak2 two w+s1 & two        
w+-cases1 ornam5t$ ) yell[ b&s2 six     
feet2 & 9 e respect unlike ! worm f :i* 
x proce$$4   ,,! ,,dea?-,,wat*4--,?is   
appall+ "n is appli$ to a h>mless1      
dim9utive insect1 because x emits a s\nd
 resembl+ ! tick+ ( a wat*1 & is suppos$

 to pr$ict ! dea? ( "s "o ( ! family1 9 
! h\se 9 :i* x is he>d4 ,?us s+s ! muse 
( ! witty ,dean ( ,/4 ,patrick on ?is   
subject3--                              
------------------------------,a wood   
worm   ,t lies 9 old wood1 l a h>e 9 h] 
=m3   ,) tee? or ) claws1 x w bite or w 
scrat*1   ,& *amb]maids *ri/5 ?is worm a
 dea?-wat*2   ,because l a wat* x always
 cries click3   ,!n woe be to ^? 9 !    
h\se :o are sick6   ,=1 sure z a gun1 !y
 w give up ! gho/1   ,if ! maggot cries 
click1 :5 x scrat*es ! po/3   ,b a      
kettle ( scald+-hot wat] inject$        
,infallibly cures ! timb] affect$2   ,! 
om5 is brok51 ! dang] is ov]1   ,!      
maggot w die1 & ! sick w recov]4  ,to   
add to ! effect ( ?is noise1 x is said  
to be made only :5 !re is a pr(\nd      
sil5ce 9 an ap>tm5t1 & e "o is /ill4    
,au?ors 7 =m]ly n agre$ conc]n+ ! insect
 f :i* ?is s\nd ( t]ror proce$$1 "s     
attribut+ x to a k9d ( woodl\se1 & o!rs 
to a spid]2 b x is n[ a receiv$ op9ion1 
adopt$ ^u satisfactory evid5ce1 t x is  

produc$ by "s little beetles belong+ to 
! timb]-bor+ g5us1 ,anobium1 ,f4        
,swamm]dam obs]ves1 t a small beetle1   
:i* he _h 9 8 collection1 hav+ firmly   
fix$ its =e-legs1 & put its inflex$ head
 betwe5 !m1 makes a cont9ual noise 9 old
 pieces ( wood1 walls1 & ceil+s1 :i* is 
sometimes s l\d1 t ^u he>+ x1 p h fanci$
 t hobgobl9s1 gho/s1 or fairies1 7 w&]+ 
ar\nd !m4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 "o ( !        
dea?-wat*es4 ,latreille obs]v$ ,anobium 
/riatum1 ,f4 produce ! s\nd 9 "q1 by a  
/roke ( its m&ibles ^u ! wood1 :i* 0    
answ]$ by a simil> noise f )9 x4 ,b !   
species ^: proce$+s h be5 mo/ notic$ by 
,briti% obs]v]s1 is1 ,a4 tessellatum1   
,f4 ,:5 spr+ is f> advanc$1 ^! insects  
are said to comm5ce _! tick+1 :i* is    
only a call to ea* o!r1 to :i*1 if no   
answ] be return$1 ! animal repeats x 9  
ano!r place4 ,x is ?us produc$3 ,rais+  
itself ^u its h9d-legs1 ) ! body some:at
 incl9$1 x beats its head ) great =ce & 
agility ^u ! plane ( its position2 & its
 /rokes are s p[]ful1 z to make a       

consid]able impression if !y fall ^u any
 sub/ance s(t] ?an wood4 ,! g5]al numb] 
( di/9ct /rokes 9 succession1 is f sev5 
to n9e or elev52 !y foll[ ea* o!r       
quickly1 & are repeat$ at unc]ta9       
int]vals4 ,9 old h\ses1 :]e ^! insects  
ab\nd1 !y may be he>d 9 w>m wea!r dur+ !
 :ole day4 ,! noise exactly resembles t 
produc$ by tapp+ mod]ately ) ! nail ^u a
 table2 &1 :5 famili>iz$1 ! insect w    
answ] v readily ! tap ( ! nail4         
,,*ap4 ,,xxxi4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,insects4--7,cont9u$47      ,locu/s & 
,mosquitoes1 & _! ,uses 9 !             
,creation2--f ,kirby1     ,sp5ce1 &     
,fo!rgill4   ,,locu/s4--,if we c\ld     
discov] ! use ( e animal 9 ! creation1  
we %\ld ga9 a v cle> insight into ! gr& 
designs ( ! ,almighty1 respect+         
creatures inf]ior to ourselves1 &       
p]ceive ! imm$iate cause & necessity (  
_! exi/5ce1 & h[ f> we h a "r to int]f]e
 ) _! economy4 ,t man %\ld ev] atta9 !  
:ole ext5t ( ?is k1 9 ?is /ate (        
exi/5ce1 c sc>cely be hop$ =2 b1 t he   

may le>n mu*1 !re c be no d\bt4         
,because ! utility ( "s animals1 9 a    
g5]al view1 is n palpably obvi\s1 we    
ought n petti%ly or hopelessly to give  
up ! inquiry4 ,"s ( ! mo/ num]\s are    
app>5tly ! mo/ noxi\s1 & ! lea/ useful1 
z ! locu/ 7gryllus migratorius7 =       
example4 ,x has nev] be5 my =tune to    
visit c\ntries subject to ! deva/ations 
( ^! insects2 & ! travell]s :o describe 
!m1 seem1 ei!r ?r\gh want ( incl9ation1 
or a/oni%m5t at ! desolat+ effects      
produc$ by _! incursions1 unable to give
 ^? facts :i* an indu/ri\s & att5tive   
naturali/1 ) enl>g$ views1 might collect
 & apply to "s useful purpose2 = !re c  
be no d\bt t ,inf9ite ,wisdom w\ld n h  
p]mitt$ ^! insects to be s num]\s z !y  
are1 if _! exi/5ce 0 n absolutely       
necess>y4 ,to look at a locu/ 9 a cab9et
 ( insects1 we %\ld n1 at fir/ sight1   
deem x capable ( be+ ! s\rce ( s mu*    
evil to mank9d z /&s on record aga9/ x4 
,yet1 al?\gh ?is animal be n v trem5d\s 
= its size1 nor v t]rific 9 its         

appe>ance1 x is ! v same ^: ravages h   
be5 ! !me ( naturali/s & hi/orians 9 all
 ages1 &1 ^u a close exam9ation1 x w be 
f\nd to be peculi>ly fitt$ & furni%$ = !
 execution ( its (fice4  ,x is arm$ )   
two pair ( v /rong jaws1 ! upp] t]m9at+ 
9 %ort1 & ! l[] 9 long tee?1 by :i* x c 
bo? lac]ate & gr9d its food2 its /oma*  
is ( extraord9>y capacity & p[]s2 its   
h9d-legs enable x to leap to a          
consid]able di/ance1 & its ample vans   
are calculat$ to cat* ! w9d z sails1 & s
 c>ry x sometimes ov] ! sea2 & al?\gh a 
s+le individual c effect b little evil1 
yet1 :5 ! entire surface ( a c\ntry is  
cov]$ by !m1 & e "o makes b>e ! spot on 
:i* x /&s1 ! mis*ief produc$ may be z   
ext5sive z _! numb]s4 ,s well d !       
,arabians "k _! p[]1 t !y make a locu/  
say to ,mahomet1 ,we are ! army ( !     
,great ,god2 we produce n9ety-n9e eggs3 
if ! hundr$ 7 complet$1 we %\ld consume 
! :ole e>?1 & all t is 9 x4--,bo*>t4  ,!
 e>lie/ plague produc$ by ! locu/s1 :i* 
has be5 record$1 appe>s also to h be5 ! 

mo/ direful 9 its imm$iate effects1 t   
ev] 0 inflict$ ^u any nation4 ,x is t ) 
:i* ! ,egyptian tyrant & 8 p 7 visit$ = 
_! oppression ( ! ,israelites4 ,only    
conceive ( a c\ntry s cov]$ by !m1 t no 
"o c see ! face ( ! gr\nd--a :ole l&    
d>k5$1 & all its produce1 :e!r h]b or   
trees1 s dev\r$1 t n ! lea/ ve/ige (    
gre5 is left 9 ei!r4--,exod4 x4 #e1 #ad1
 #ae4 ,b x is n necess>y to enl>ge ^u a 
hi/ory1 ! circum/ances ( :i* are s well 
kn[n4 ,to ?is species ( deva/ation1     
,africa 9 g5]al seems always to h be5   
peculi>ly subject4 ,?is may be ga!r$ f !
 law 9 ,cyr5aica m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 by   
:i* ! inhabitants 7 enjo9$ to de/roy !  
locu/s 9 ?ree diff]5t /ates1 ?ree times 
9 ! ye>2 fir/ _! eggs1 !n _! "y1 & la/ly
 ! p]fect insect4#ag ,& n )\t reason 0  
su* a law enact$2 = ,orosius tells u1 t 
9 ! ye> ( ! _w #c1hjj1 ,africa 0 infe/$ 
by su* inf9ite myriads ( ^! animals1 t1 
hav+ dev\r$ e gre5 ?+1 aft] fly+ (f to  
sea !y 7 dr[n$1 &1 be+ ca/ ^u ! %ore1 !y
 emitt$ a /5* great] ?an c\ld h be5     

produc$ by ! c>cases ( #ajj1jjj         
m56--,oros4 contra ,pag4 l4 v4 c4 #b4   
,/4 ,augu/9e also m5tions a plague to h 
aris5 9 t c\ntry f ! same cause1 :i*    
de/roy$ no less ?an #hjj1jjj p]sons     
7octog9ta hom9um millia7 9 ! k+dom (    
,masanissa alone1 & _m m 9 ! t]ritories 
bord]+ ^u ! sea4--,less4 l4 #bdg4 note  
#df4 ,f ,africa ?is plague 0            
occasionally import$ into ,italy &      
,spa92 & an hi/orian quot$ 9 ,m\ffet    
relates1 t 9 ! ye> #eia an inf9ite army 
( locu/s1 ( a size unusually l>ge1      
griev\sly ravag$ "p ( ,italy2 & be+ at  
la/ ca/ into ! sea1 f _! /5* arose a    
pe/il5ce :i* c>ri$ (f ne> a million ( m5
 & bea/s4 ,9 ! ,v5etian t]ritory also1 9
 ! ye> #adgh1 m ?an #cj1jjj p]sons are  
said to h p]i%$ 9 a fam9e occasion$ by  
^! t]rific sc\rges4 ,_m o!r in/ances (  
_! deva/ations 9 ,europe1 9 ,france1    
,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries1 
are record$ by ! same au?or4 ,9 #afej a 
cl\d ( !m 0 se5 to ent] ,russia 9 ?ree  
diff]5t places1 :i* f !nce pass$ ov]    

into ,pol& & ,li?uania1 :]e ! air 0     
d>k5$ by _! numb]s4 ,9 "s places !y 7   
se5 ly+ dead1 heap$ "o ^u ano!r to !    
dep? ( f\r feet2 9 o!rs !y cov]$ !      
surface l a black clo?2 ! trees b5t ) _!
 weight2 & ! damage !y did exce$$ all   
computation4--,b+ley1 iii4 #beh4 ,at a  
lat] p]iod1 9 ,langu$oc1 :5 ! sun became
 hot1 !y took w+1 & fell ^u ! corn1     
dev\r+ bo? leaf & e>1 & t ) su*         
exp$ition1 t 9 ?ree h\rs !y w\ld consume
 a :ole field4 ,aft] hav+ eat5 up !     
corn1 !y attack$ ! v9es1 ! pulse1 !     
will[s1 & la/ly1 ! hemp1 not)/&+ its    
bitt]ness4--,philos4 ,trans4 #afhf4 ,sir
 ,h4 ,davy in=ms u 7,elem5ts (          
,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 #bcc47 t ! ,fr5*
 gov]nm5t 9 #ahac issu$ a decree ) a    
view to occasion ! de/ruction (         
gras%opp]s4  ,ev5 ?is happy isl&1 s     
rem>kably di/+ui%$ by its exemption f   
mo/ ( ^? sc\rges to :i* o!r nations are 
expos$1 0 once al>m$ by ! appe>ance (   
locu/s4 ,9 #agdh !y 7 obs]v$ "h 9       
consid]able numb]s1 b provid5tially !y  

soon p]i%$ )\t propagat+4 ,^! 7 evid5tly
 /raggl]s f ! va/ sw>ms :i* 9 ! prec$+  
ye> did su* inf9ite damage 9 ,walla*ia1 
,moldavia1 ,transylvania1 ,hung>y1 &    
,pol&4 ,"o ( ^! sw>ms1 :i* ent]$        
,transylvania 9 ,augu/1 0 sev]al hundr$ 
fa?oms 9 wid?1 7at ,vi5na ! bread? ( "o 
( !m 0 ?ree miles17 & ext5d$ to s great 
a l5g?1 z to be f\r h\rs 9 pass+ ov] !  
,r$ ,t[]2 & su* 0 its d5sity1 t x       
totally int]cept$ ! sol> light1 s t :5  
!y flew l[1 "o p]son c\ld n see ano!r at
 ! di/ance ( tw5ty paces4--,philos4     
,trans4 xlvi4 #cj4 ,a simil> acc\nt has 
be5 giv5 by ,major ,moor1 long resid5t 9
 ,india4 ,he relates1 t :5 at ,poonah1  
he 0 witness to an imm5se army ( locu/s 
:i* ravag$ ! ,mahratta c\ntry1 & 0      
suppos$ to come f ,arabia3 ?is1 if      
correct1 is a /rong pro( ( _! p[] to    
pass ! sea "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,!
 column !y compos$1 ext5d$ five hundr$  
miles2 & s compact 0 x1 :5 on ! w+1 t1 l
 an eclipse1 x completely hid ! sun1 s t
 no %ad[ 0 ca/ by any object2 & "s l(ty 

tombs1 di/ant f 8 resid5ce n m ?an two  
hundr$ y>ds1 7 r5d]$ q invisible4 ,?is 0
 n ! ,gryllus migratorius1 ,l4 b a r$   
species2 :i* circum/ance mu* increas$ ! 
horror ( ! sc5e1 =1 clu/]+ ^u ! trees   
aft] !y _h /ripp$ !m ( _! foliage1 !y   
imp>t$ to !m a sangu9e hue4 ,! pea* 0 ! 
la/ tree !y t\*$4  ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 to give 
"s idea ( ! inf9ite numb]s ( ^! animals1
 comp>es !m to a flight ( sn[ :5 !      
flakes are c>ri$ obliquely by ! w9d4 ,!y
 cov]$ 8 c>riage & horses2 & ! ,t>t>s   
ass]t1 t p are sometimes suffocat$ by   
!m4 ,! :ole face ( nature might h be5   
describ$ z cov]$ by a liv+ veil4 ,!y    
consi/$ ( two species1 ,g4 t>t>icus1 &  
migratorius1 ,l42 ! fir/ is almo/ twice 
! size ( ! second1 &1 because x prec$es 
x1 is call$ by ! ,t>t>s1 ! h]ald or     
mess5g]4--,travels1 i4 #cdh4 ,! acc\nt (
 ano!r travell]1 ,mr4 ,b>r[1 ( _!       
ravages 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,africa1 9     
#aghd1 & #agig1 is /ill m /rik+3 an area
 ( ne>ly two ?\s& squ>e miles might be  
said lit]ally to be cov]$ by !m4 ,:5    

driv5 into ! sea by a ,n4 ,w4 w9d1 !y   
=m$ ^u ! %ore1 = fifty miles1 a bank    
?ree or f\r feet high2 & :5 ! w9d 0 ,s4 
,e4 ! /5* 0 s p[]ful1 z to be smelt at !
 di/ance ( a hundr$ & fifty             
miles4--,travels1 c4 #beg4  ,f #aggh to 
#aghj1 ! empire ( ,morocco 0 t]ribly    
deva/at$ by !m2 e gre5 ?+ 0 eat5 up1 n  
ev5 ! bitt] b>k ( ! orange & pomegranate
 escap+4 ,a mo/ dreadful fam9e ensu$3 ! 
poor 7 se5 to w&] ov] ! c\ntry1 d]iv+ a 
mis]able subsi/5ce f ! roots ( plants2 &
 wom5 & *ildr5 foll[$ ! camels1 f ^:    
dung !y pick$ ! undige/$ gra9s ( b>ley1 
:i* !y dev\r$ ) avidity3 9 consequ5ce ( 
?is1 va/ numb]s p]i%$1 & ! roads &      
/reets exhibit$ ! unburi$ c>cases ( !   
dead4 ,on ?is sad occasion1 fa!rs sold  
_! *ildr51 & husb&s _! wives4--,s\!y's  
,?alaba1 i4 #aga4  ,:5 !y visit a       
c\ntry1 7says ,mr4 ,jackson1 speak+ ( ! 
same empire17 x behoves e "o to lay 9   
provision = a fam9e1 = !y /ay f ?ree to 
sev5 ye>s4 ,:5 !y h dev\r$ all o!r      
vegetables1 !y attack ! trees1 consum+  

fir/ ! leaves & !n ! b>k4 ,f ,mogad> to 
,tangi]1 be=e ! plague 9 #agii1 ! face (
 ! e>? 0 cov]$ by !m3 at t "t a s+ul>   
incid5t occurr$ at ,el ,aris*4 ,! :ole  
region f ! conf9es ( ,sah>a 0 ravag$ by 
!m2 b on ! o!r side ( ! riv] ,el ,kos1 n
 "o ( !m 0 to be se51 ?\gh !re 0 no?+ to
 prev5t _! fly+ ov] x4 ,till !n1 !y _h  
proce$$ nor?w>d2 b1 ^u arriv+ at its    
banks1 !y turn$ to ! ea/1 ?\gh all !    
c\ntry nor? ( ,aris* 0 full ( pulse1    
fruits1 & gra91 exhibit+ a mo/ /rik+    
contra/ to ! desolation ( ! adjo9+      
di/rict4 ,at l5g? !y 7 all c>ri$ by a   
viol5t hurricane into ! we/]n ocean2 !  
%ore1 z 9 =m] in/ances1 0 cov]$ by _!   
c>cases1 & a pe/il5ce 0 caus$ by !      
horrid /5* :i* !y emitt$3 b :5 ?is evil 
ceas$1 _! deva/ations 7 foll[$ by a mo/ 
abundant crop4 ,! ,arabs ( ! des]t1 ^:  
h&s are aga9/ e man1 ,g54 xvi4 #ab4 & :o
 rejoice 9 ! evil t befalls o!r nations1
 :5 !y behold ! cl\ds ( locu/s proce$+ f
 ! nor?1 are fill$ ) gladness1          
anticipat+ a g5]al mortality1 :i* !y    

call el kh]e1 7! b5$iction27 =1 :5 a    
c\ntry is ?us laid wa/e1 !y em]ge f _!  
arid des]ts1 & pit* _! t5ts 9 ! desolat$
 pla9s4--,jackson's ,travels 9 ,morocco1
 #ed4  ,! noise ! locu/s make :5 engag$ 
9 ! "w ( de/ruction1 has be5 comp>$ to !
 s\nd ( a flame ( fire driv5 by ! w9d1 &
 ! effect ( _! bite to t (              
fire4--,bo*>t4 ,a poet ( our own day has
 v /rik+ly describ$ ! noise produc$ by  
_! flight & approa*3--    ,onw>d !y     
came1 a d>k cont9u\s cl\d   ,(          
congregat$ myriads1 numb]less1   ,! ru%+
 ( ^: w+s 0 z ! s\nd   ,( a broad riv]1 
headlong 9 its c\rse   ,plung'd f a     
m\nta9 summit1 or ! ro>   ,( a wild     
ocean 9 ! autumn /orm1   ,%att]+ its    
bill[s on a %ore ( rocks6               
,s\!y's ,?alaba1 i4 #afi4  ,b no acc\nt 
( ! appe>ance & ravages ( ^! t]rific    
insects1 = correctness & sublimity1     
comes ne> to t ( ! prophet ,joel3 ,a day
 ( d>kness & ( gloom9ess1 a day ( cl\ds 
& ( ?ick d>kness1 z ! morn+ spread ^u ! 
m\nta9s3 a great p & a /rong2 !re ha? n 

be5 ev] ! l1 nei!r %all be any m aft] x1
 ev5 to ! ye>s ( _m g5]ations4 ,a fire  
dev\re? be=e !m2 & beh9d !m a flame     
burne?3 ! l& is z ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 be=e !m1
 & beh9d !m a desolate wild]ness2 yea1 &
 no?+ %all escape !m4 ,! appe>ance ( !m 
is z ! appe>ance ( horses2 & z horsem51 
s %all !y run4 ,l ! noise ( *>iots#ah on
 ! tops ( m\nta9s %all !y leap1 l !     
noise ( a flame ( fire t dev\re? !      
/ubble1 z a /rong p set 9 battle-array4 
,be=e _! face ! p %all be mu* pa9$2 all 
faces %all ga!r blackness4 ,!y %all run 
l mighty m52 !y %all climb ! wall l m5 (
 w>2 & !y %all m>* e "o on 8 ways1 & !y 
%all n break _! ranks3 nei!r %all "o    
?ru/ ano!r2 !y %all walk e "o 9 8 pa?3 &
 :5 !y fall ^u ! sword1 !y %all n be    
w\nd$4 ,!y %all run to & fro 9 ! city2  
!y %all run ^u ! wall1 !y %all climb up 
^u ! h\ses2 !y %all ent] 9 at ! w9d[s l 
a ?ief4 ,! e>? %all quake be=e !m1 !    
heav5s %all tremble3 ! sun & ! moon %all
 be d>k1 & ! />s %all )draw _! %9+6 ,!  
usual way 9 :i* !y are de/roy$1 is also 

notic$ by ! prophet4 ,i w remove f> (f f
 y ! nor!rn army1 & w drive him into a  
l& b>r5 & desolate1 ) 8 face t[>d ! ea/ 
sea1 & 8 h9d] "p t[>d ! utmo/ sea1 & 8  
/9k %all come up1 because he ha? done   
great ?+s6--,joel ii4 #b-aj1 #bj4  ,!   
be/ me?od ( de/roy+ locu/s1 w\ld be to  
recomm5d !m z an article ( food4 ,9 !   
,crimea1 !y are (t5 eat5 by !           
inhabitants4 ,"s ,fr5* emigrants1 :o _h 
be5 direct$ 9 ?is mann]1 assur$ me1 t :5
 fri$1 !y 7 v palatable & v :olesome4 ,!
 ,arabs1 accord+ to ,hasselqui/1 eat !m 
roa/$1 & are glad to get !m4  ,x is q   
c]ta9 t !re is no?+ endu$ by nature )   
peculi> functions1 9 va92 & x is equally
 c]ta91 t matt]1 h[ev] modifi$1 :e!r 9 !
 =m ( animat$ or inanimat$ bodies1 is   
cont9ually und]go+ *ange4 ,! m deeply we
 inve/igate ! works ( creation1 ! m     
/rong w be our conviction ( ^! tru?s4   
,we "k t _m animals1 & p>ticul>ly       
insects1 h app>5tly no o!r employm5t1   
?an t ( cle>+ or purify+ ! surface ( !  
e>? ( sup]flu\s matt]1 ! residuum (     

decay$ bodies1 or ( reconv]t+ x into    
useful =ms1 z ,i %all attempt to        
illu/rate h]eaft]4 ,n[1 if we survey ^? 
regions :i* give bir? to1 & support1 !  
va/ cl\ds ( locu/s allud$ to1 our view w
 be conf9$ pr9cipally to ! ext5sive     
des]ts ( ,africa & ,asia2 ! vegetation (
 _m ( :i*1 accord+ to ! reports (       
travell]s1 is abundant & luxuriant1     
beyond ! conception ( ^? :o h n beheld  
!m2 insomu*1 t ! crops ( grass1 & o!r   
annual vegetables1 absolutely load !    
e>?2 & ^!1 p]i%+ ^u ea* o!r1 w\ld =m an 
imp5etrable1 putrid mass1 if n consum$  
by "s animals appo9t$ = ! purpose4  ,t  
locu/s support exi/5ce by vegetable     
food1 is well kn[n2 b :e!r !y h no o!r  
object ?an to consume ! sup]abundant    
produce ( ! regions !y frequ5t1 & to    
procreate1 is n s easily prov$4 ,"o :o  
has _h no opportunity ( witness+ _!     
mann]s1 f _! bir? to _! f9al de/ruction1
 c sc>cely be able positively to decide2
 b ,i h no d\bt t an intellig5t         
naturali/1 7gov]n$ by ! pr9ciples ?is   

*apt] is int5d$1 9 "s measure1 to       
illu/rate17 ) ! necess>y opportunities1 
su* z ,dr4 ,%aw1 9 p>ticul>1 _h1 w\ld be
 able to get at facts t w\ld            
indisputably prove ! exi/5ce ( locu/s to
 be a bless+ r ?an a curse4  ,:atev] may
 be ! direct object ( _! exi/5ce1 locu/s
 are ( great use to _m o!r animals1 =   
!re are "s1 p>ticul>ly birds1 t entirely
 prey ^u !m2 &1 if man himself refuses  
?is food1 x is r f ! prejudice1 p]haps1 
( an absurd education1 ?an f any improp]
 or bad quality ( ! food itself4#ai ,!  
inhabitants ( sev]al ea/]n nations h a  
reli% = ?is diet3 & x is record$ ( him  
:o cri$ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way 
( ! ,"l1 t 8 meat 0 locu/s & wild       
honey4--,mat!w iii4 #d4 ,aft] ?is1 we _c
 li/5 to ! feeble remon/rances ( any    
mod]n epicure4   ,,mosquitoes1 ,,& ,,_! 
,,uses4--,! mosquito is acc\nt$ "o ( !  
mo/ noxi\s & ! mo/ num]\s ( insects2 at 
lea/ ( su* z are e/eem$ noxi\s by !     
vulg> & ! ignorant4 ,9 "s c\ntries1     
inde$1 _! numb]s1 & ! effects produc$ by

 !m1 are wond]ful4 ,!re is no in/ance on
 record m /rik+ ?an ! foll[+1 z relat$  
by ,dr4 ,cl>ke3--  ,no contrivance on   
our "p c\ld prev5t millions ( mosquitoes
 f fill+ ! inside ( our c>riage1 :i*1 9 
spite ( gloves1 clo!s1 & h&k]*iefs1     
r5d]$ our bodies "o entire w\nd4 ,!     
,cossacks light num]\s fires1 to drive  
!m f ! cattle dur+ ! night2 b s         
insatiate is _! ?ir/ ( blood1 t hundr$s 
w attack a p]son attempt+ to %elt]      
himself ev5 9 ! mid/ ( smoke4 ,at ! same
 "t1 ! noise !y make 9 fly+ _c be       
conceiv$ by p]sons :o h only be5        
accu/om$ to ! humm+ ( su* insects 9 our 
c\ntry4--,almo/ exhau/$ by fatigue1 pa91
 & heat1 ,i s\ght %elt] 9 ! c>riage1    
sitt+ 9 wat] & mud4 ,x 0 ! mo/ sultry   
night ,i ev] exp]i5c$2 n a brea? ( air 0
 /irr+2 nor c\ld ,i v5ture to op5 !     
w9d[s1 ?\gh almo/ suffocat$1 ?r\gh fe> (
 ! mosquitoes4 ,sw>ms1 nev]!less1 f\nd  
_! way to my hid+-place2 & :5 ,i op5$ my
 m\?1 x 0 fill$ ) !m4 ,my head 0 b\nd 9 
h&k]*iefs2 yet !y =c$ _! way into my e>s

 & no/rils4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is torm5t1 ,i  
succe$$ 9 light+ a lamp ov] !           
sword-case2 :i* 0 in/antly ext+ui%$ by  
su* a prodigi\s numb] ( ^! insects1 t _!
 dead bodies actually rema9$ heap$ 9 a  
l>ge cone ov] ! burn] = sev]al days     
aft]w>d3 & ,i "k n any mode (           
description :i* c convey a m adequate   
idea ( _! afflict+ visitation1 ?an by   
simply relat+ ?is fact3 to ! tru? ( :i*1
 ^? :o travell$ ) me1 & :o are n[ liv+1 
be> indisputable te/imony4  ,^? :o h    
lab\r$ "u s pa9ful a visitation1 z t to 
:i* ?is lively acc\nt ref]s1 may n      
p]haps be s ready to admit ! g5]al      
utility ( ^! irritat+ insects1 ?\gh _!  
usefulness is m evid5t1 & f> m easily   
prov$1 ?an t ( ! locu/1 or inde$ ( mo/  
o!r animals ( a simil> nature4 ,br$ 9 ! 
mid/ ( /agnant pools1 ( bogs1 & m>%es1 9
 regions un:olesome to man1 & :]e !     
effluvia aris+ f animal bodies1 & f rank
 decay+ vegetable sub/ances1 are s      
abundant1 z to =m ?ick pe/il5tial       
vap\rs1 t w\ld inflict almo/ in/ant     

de/ruction on ! human inhabitant1 & mo/ 
o!r creatures1 if n remov$ z quickly z  
!y 7 =m$2--br$ 9 su* regions1 & gift$ ) 
functions & prop5sities direct$ to !    
prop] ends1 ! mosquito supports its     
exi/5ce by consum+ ! noxi\s p>ticles    
exhal$ f ! swamps2 & ! bodies ( animals1
 z rapidly z !y are g5]at$2--!reby      
prev5t+ t horrible putrefaction ( ! air1
 & consequ5t pe/il5ce1 :i* w\ld         
infallibly take place1 if ! mosquitoes1 
& simil> insects1 7 n employ$ to purify 
! atmosph]e4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxxii4        
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,insects4--7,conclud$47                
,animalcules--,! ,*eese ,mite--,!       
,hydra1 or ,polypes4      ,! smalle/    
creature 9 exi/5ce     ,has limbs &     
s9ews1 blood1 & he>t1 & bra91     ,life 
& h] prop] functions to su/a91          
,?r\gh ! :ole fabric1 small] ?an a gra96
     ,:at m c our p5uri\s reason grant  
,to ! l>ge :ale1 or ca/l$ elephant2--   
,to ^? enorm\s t]rors ( ! ,nile1     ,! 
cre/$ snake1 & long-tail'd crocodile2-- 

,?an t all diff] b 9 %ape & "n1     ,ea*
 de/9'd to a less or l>g] frame8        
,prior's ,solomon4   ,,animalcules4  ,! 
microscope discov]s legions (           
animalcules 9 mo/ liquors1 z wat]1      
v9eg>1 be]1 dew1 c4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 
ra91 & sev]al *alybeate wat]s1 & 9      
infusions ( bo? animal & vegetable      
sub/ances1 z ! sem9al fluids ( animals1 
pepp]1 oats1 :eat1 & o!r gra91 tea1 c4  
c4 ,! contemplation ( animalcules has   
r5d]$ ! t]m1 inf9itely small bodies1    
extremely famili> to u4 ,a mite 0       
anci5tly ?\ght ! limits ( littl5ess2 b  
we are n n[ surpris$1 to be told (      
animals tw5ty-sev5 millions ( times     
small] ?an a mite4 ,m9ute animals are   
f\nd proportionably mu* /rong]1 m active
 & vivaci\s1 ?an l>ge ones4 ,! spr+ ( a 
flea 9 its leap1 h[ va/ly does x outskip
 any ?+ ! l>g] animals are capable (6 ,a
 mite1 h[ va/ly swift] does x run ?an a 
race-horse6 ,m4 ,de4 ,l',isle has giv5 !
 computation ( ! velocity ( a little    
creature1 sc>cely visible by its        

smallness2 :i* he f\nd to run ?ree in*es
 9 half a second3 suppos+ n[ its feet to
 be ! fifte5? "p ( a l9e1 x mu/ make    
five hundr$ /eps 9 ! space ( ?ree in*es2
 t is1 x mu/ %ift its legs five hundr$  
times 9 a second1 or 9 ! ord9>y         
pulsation ( an art]y4 ,! excessive      
m9ut5ess ( microscopical animalcules    
conceals !m f ! human eye4 ,"o ( !      
wond]s ( mod]n philosophy is1 to h      
inv5t$ means = br++ objects1 to u s     
imp]ceptible1 "u our cognizance &       
inspection3 creatures1 a ?\s& times too 
little to be able to affect our s5se1   
%\ld seem to h be5 v safe2 yet we h     
ext5d$ our views ov] animals1 to :om ^! 
w\ld be m\nta9s4 ,9 reality1 mo/ ( our  
microscopical animalcules are ( s small 
a magnitude1 t ?r\gh a l5s1 ^: focal    
di/ance is ! t5?-"p ( an in*1 !y only   
appe> z s _m po9ts2 t is1 _! p>ts _c be 
di/+ui%$1 s t !y appe> f ! v]tex ( t l5s
 "u an angle n exce$+ a m9ute4  ,if we  
inve/igate ! magnitude ( su* an object1 
x w be f\nd ne>ly equal to #c_/ajjjjj ( 

an in* long4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 ^!        
animalcules ( a cubic figure1 t is1 ( ! 
same l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 _!       
magnitude w\ld be express$ by ! cube ( !
 fraction #c_/ajjjjj1 t is1 by ! numb]  
#bg_/ajjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj t is1 s _m    
p>ts ( a cubic in*1 is ea* animalcule   
equal to4 ,leuw5hoek calculates1 t a    
?\s& millions ( animalcules1 :i* are    
discov]$ 9 common wat]1 are n altoge!r s
 l>ge z a gra9 ( s&4 ,9 ! milt ( a s+le 
cod-fi%1 !re are m animals ?an !re are  
^u ! :ole e>?2 = a gra9 ( s& is bigg]   
?an f\r millions ( !m4 ,! :ite matt] t  
/icks to ! tee? also ab\nds )           
animalcules ( v>i\s figures1 to :i*     
v9eg> is fatal2 & x is kn[n1 t v9eg>    
conta9s animalcules 9 ! %ape ( eels4 ,9 
%ort1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 !re is      
sc>cely any ?+ :i* corrupts1 )\t produc+
 animalcules4 ,animalcules are said to  
be ! cause ( v>i\s disord]s4 ,! it* is  
kn[n to be a disord] aris+ f !          
irritation ( a species ( animalcules    
f\nd 9 ! pu/ules ( ! body2 :5 !         

communication ( x by contact f "o to    
ano!r is easily conceiv$1 z also !      
reason ( ! cure be+ effect$ by cutane\s 
applications4  ,9 ! ,philosophical      
,transactions1 vol4 #hi1 is a curi\s    
acc\nt ( animalcules produc$ f an       
infusion ( potatoes1 & ano!r ( hemp-se$1
 by ! late ,mr4 ,ellis4  ,on ! #be? (   
,may1 #agfh1 he says1 ,fahr5heit's      
!rmomet] #gj1 ,i boil$ a potato 9 !     
,new-,riv] wat]1 till x 0 r$uc$ to a    
mealy consi/5ce3 ,i put "p ( x1 ) an    
equal proportion ( ! boil+ liquor1 into 
a cyl9drical glass vessel1 t held some?+
 less ?an half a w9e p9t1 & imm$iately  
cov]$ x close ) a glass cov]4 ,at ! same
 "t ,i slic$ an unboil$ potato1 &1 z ne>
 z ,i c\ld judge1 put ! same quantity   
into a glass vessel ( ! same k9d1 ) !   
same proportion ( ,new-,riv] wat]1 n    
boil$2 &1 cov]+ x ) a glass cov]1 plac$ 
bo? vessels toge!r4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,may1  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds1 ,i exam9$ a    
small drop ( ea* by ! fir/ magnifi] (   
,wilson's microscope1 ^: focal di/ance  

is reckon$ #a_/ej? "p ( an in*2 &1 to my
 amazem5t1 !y 7 bo? full ( animalcules1 
( a l9e> %ape1 v di/+ui%able1 mov+ to & 
fro ) great cel]ity1 s t !re appe>$ to  
be m p>ticles ( animal ?an vegetable    
life 9 ea* drop4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h     
repeat$ly tri$1 & always f\nd x to      
succe$ 9 proportion to ! heat ( !       
circumambi5t air2 s t ev5 9 w9t]1 if !  
liquors are kept prop]ly w>m = two or   
?ree days1 ! exp]im5t w succe$4 ,i      
procur$ hemp-se$ f diff]5t se$sm51 9    
diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n2 "s ( x ,i put into
 ! ,new-,riv] wat]1 "s into di/ill$     
wat]1 & "s into v h>d pump-wat]3 !      
result 01 t 9 proportion to ! heat ( !  
wea!r1 or w>m? 9 :i* !y 7 kept1 !re 0 an
 appe>ance ( millions ( m9ute           
animalcules 9 all ! infusions2 &1 "s "t 
aft]1 oval ones made _! appe>ance1 mu*  
l>g] ?an ! fir/1 :i* /ill cont9u$2 ^!   
wriggl$ to & fro 9 an undulatory motion1
 turn+ !mselves r\nd v quick all ! "t !y
 mov$ =w>ds4   ,,! ,,*eese-,,mite4--,?is
 m9ute creature is a fav\rite subject = 

microscopic obs]vations4 ,x is cov]$ )  
hairs or bri/les1 :i* resemble 9 _!     
/ructure ! awns ( b>ley1 be+ b>b$ on ea*
 side ) num]\s %>p-po9t$ processes4 ,!  
mite is ovip>\s3 f ! eggs proce$ ! "y   
animals1 resembl+ ! p>5ts 9 all         
respects1 except 9 ! numb] ( legs1 :i*  
at fir/ am\nt only to six1 ! pair f !   
head n mak+ _! appe>ance till aft] ca/+ 
_! fir/ sk94 ,! eggs1 9 w>m wea!r1 hat* 
9 ab\t a week1 & ! "y animal may be se5 
sometimes = a day toge!r /ruggl+ to get 
rid ( its egg-%ell4 ,! mite is a v      
voraci\s animal1 fea/+ equally ^u animal
 & vegetable sub/ances4 ,x is also      
extremely t5aci\s ( life3 =1 ^u !       
au?ority ( ,leuw5hoek1 ?\gh highly      
discr$itable to 8 s5se ( humanity1 we   
are assur$ t a mite liv$ elev5 weeks    
aft] he _h glu$ x to a p91 9 ord] to    
make 8 obs]vations4   ,we %all close !  
acc\nt ( ! curiosities ( insects ) a    
description ( ,,! ,,hydra1 or           
,,polypes4--,9 natural hi/ory1 ?is is a 
g5us ( ! ,v]mes ,zoophyta class & ord]2 

an animal fix+ itself by ! base2 l9e>1  
gelat9\s1 nak$1 contractile1 & furni%$ )
 setace\s t5tacul1 or feel]s2 inhabit+  
fre% wat]s1 & produc+ its decidu\s      
(fspr+1 or eggs1 f ! sides4 ,!re are    
five species1 ,h4 gelat9osa1 m9ute &    
gelat9\s1 milk-:ite1 cyl9drical1 )      
twelve t5tacul %ort] ?an ! body3 x      
inhabits ,d5m>k1 9 clu/]s on ! "u side (
 ,fuci4 ,b on ! viridis1 ! fusca1 & !   
grisca1 ! greate/ numb] ( exp]im5ts h   
be5 made by naturali/s1 to asc]ta9 _!   
true nature & v wond]ful habits4 ,!y are
 g5]ally f\nd 9 dit*es4 ,:oev] has      
c>efully exam9$ ^!1 :5 ! sun is v       
p[]ful1 w f9d _m little transp>5t lumps 
( ! appe>ance ( jelly1 ! size ( a pea1 &
 flatt$ ^u "o side4 ,! same k9d (       
sub/ances are likewise to be met ) on ! 
"u side ( ! leaves ( plants t gr[ 9 su* 
places4 ,^! are ! polypes 9 a quiesc5t  
/ate1 & app>5tly inanimate4 ,!y are     
g5]ally fix$ by "o end to "s solid      
sub/ance1 ) a l>ge op5+1 :i* is ! m\?2 !
 o!r hav+ sev]al arms fix$ r\nd x1      

project+ z rays f ! c5tre4 ,!y are      
sl5d]1 pellucid1 & capable ( contract+  
!mselves into a v small compass1 or (   
ext5d+ to a consid]able l5g?4 ,! arms   
are capable ( ! same contraction &      
expansion z ! body1 & ) ^! !y lay hold (
 m9ute worms & insects1 br++ !m to !    
m\?1 & swall[+ !m4 ,! indige/ible p>ts  
are aga9 ?r[n out by ! m\?4  ,! gre5    
polype 0 t fir/ discov]$ by ,m4         
,trembley3 & ! fir/ appe>ances (        
spontane\s motion 7 p]ceiv$ 9 its arms1 
:i* x c contract1 exp&1 & twi/ ab\t 9   
v>i\s directions4 ,on ! fir/ appe>ance (
 dang]1 !y contract to su* a degree1 t  
!y seem little long] ?an a gra9 ( s&1 ( 
a f9e gre5 col\r1 ! arms disappe>+      
entirely4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 he f\nd !     
grisca1 & aft]w>ds ! fusca4 ,! bodies ( 
! viridis & grisca dim9i% almo/         
ins5sibly f ! ant]ior to ! po/]ior      
extremity2 b ! fusca is = ! mo/ "p ( an 
equal size1 = two-?irds ( its l5g?1 f ! 
ant]ior to ! po/]ior extremities1 f :i* 
x becomes abruptly small]1 & !n cont9ues

 ( a regul> size to ! end4 ,^! ?ree k9ds
 h at lea/ six1 & at mo/ twelve or      
?irte5 arms4 ,!y c contract !mselves    
till _! bodies d n exce$ "o-f\r? ( an   
in* 9 l5g?1 & !y c /op at any int]m$iate
 degree ( expansion or contraction4 ,!y 
are ( v>i\s sizes1 f an in* to an in* & 
a half long4 ,_! arms are seldom long]  
?an _! bodies1 ?\gh "s h !m an in*1 & "s
 ev5 eight in*es long4 ,! ?ickness ( _! 
bodies decreases z !y ext5d !mselves1 & 
vice v]s2 & !y may be made to contract  
!mselves1 ei!r by agitat+ ! wat] 9 :i*  
!y are conta9$1 or by t\*+ ! animals    
!mselves4 ,:5 tak5 out ( ! wat]1 !y all 
contract s mu*1 t !y appe> only l a     
little lump ( jelly4 ,!y c contract or  
exp& "o arm1 or any numb] ( arms1       
indep5d5tly ( ! re/2 & !y c likewise b5d
 _! bodies or arms 9 all possible       
directions4 ,!y c also dilate or        
contract _! bodies 9 v>i\s places1 &    
sometimes appe> ?ick set ) folds1 :i*1  
:5 c>elessly view$1 appe> l r+s4 ,_!    
progressive motion is p]=m$ by t p[] :i*

 !y h ( contract+ & dilat+ _! bodies4   
,:5 ab\t to move1 !y b5d d[n _! heads & 
arms2 lay hold by means ( !m1 or "s o!r 
sub/ance to :i* !y design to fa/5       
!mselves2 !n !y loos5 _! tail1 & draw x 
t[>ds ! head2 !n ei!r fix x 9 t place1  
or /ret*+ =w>d _! head z be=e1 repeat ! 
same op]ation4 ,!y asc5d or desc5d at   
pleasure 9 ?is mann] ^u aquatic plants1 
or ^u ! sides ( ! vessel 9 :i* !y are   
kept2 !y sometimes hang by ! tail f !   
surface ( ! wat]1 or sometimes by "o (  
_! arms2 & !y c walk ) ease ^u ! surface
 ( ! wat]4 ,on exam9+ ! tail ) a        
microscope1 a small "p ( x w be f\nd to 
be dry above ! surface ( ! wat]1 &1 z x 
71 9 a little concave space1 ( :i* !    
tail =ms ! bottom2 s t x seems to be    
susp5d$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 on ! same
 pr9ciple t a small p9 or ne$le is made 
to swim4 ,:5 a polype1 !re=e1 means to  
pass f ! sides ( ! glass to ! surface ( 
! wat]1 x has only to put t "p out ( !  
wat] by :i* x is support$1 & to give x  
"t to dry1 :i* x always does ^u ^!      

occasions2 & !y atta* !mselves s firmly 
by ! tail to aquatic plants1 /ones1 c4 t
 !y _c be easily dis5gag$3 !y (t5 fur!r 
/r5g!n ^! atta*m5ts by means ( "o or two
 ( _! arms1 :i* s]ve z a k9d ( an*ors = 
fix+ !m to ! adjac5t sub/ances4  ,!     
fusca has ! longe/ arms1 & makes use ( !
 mo/ curi\s manoeuvres to seize its     
prey4 ,!y are be/ view$ 9 a glass sev5  
or eight in*es deep1 :5 _! arms commonly
 hang d[n to ! bottom4 ,:5 ?is or any   
o!r k9d is hungry1 x spreads its arms 9 
a k9d ( circle to a consid]able ext5t1  
inclos+ 9 ?is1 z 9 a net1 e insect :i*  
has ! mis=tune to come )9 ! circumf]5ce4
 ,:ile ! animal is contract$ by seiz+   
its prey1 ! arms are obs]v$ to swell l !
 muscles ( ! human body :5 9 action4    
,?\gh no appe>ance ( eyes c be obs]v$ 9 
! polype1 !y c]ta9ly h "s k ( ! approa* 
( _! prey1 & %ew ! greate/ att5tion to x
 z soon z x comes ne> !m4 ,x seizes a   
worm ! mom5t x is t\*$ by "o ( ! arms1 &
 9 convey+ x to ! m\?1 x frequ5tly twi/s
 ! arm into a spiral l9e l a corkscrew1 

by :i* means ! insect is br\ght to ! m\?
 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an o!rwise x w\ld be2
 & s soon are ! insects on :i* ! polypes
 fe$ kill$ by !m1 t ,m4 ,fontana ?9ks !y
 mu/ conta9 ! mo/ p[]ful k9d ( poison2 =
 ! lips sc>cely t\* ! animal1 :5 x      
expires1 ?\gh !re _c be any w\nd p]ceiv$
 on x :5 dead4 ,! worm1 :5 swall[$1     
appe>s sometimes s+le1 sometimes d\ble1 
accord+ to circum/ances4 ,:5 full1 !    
polype contracts itself1 hangs d[n z 9 a
 k9d ( /upor1 b ext5ds aga9 9 proportion
 z ! food is dige/$1 & ! excrem5titi\s  
"p is dis*>g$4  ,! mann] 9 :i* ! polypes
 propagate1 is mo/ p]ceptible 9 ! grisca
 & fusca1 z be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an !  
viridis4 ,if we exam9e "o ( !m 9 summ]1 
:5 ! animals are mo/ active1 & prep>$ = 
propagation1 "s small tub]cles w be f\nd
 proce$+ f its sides1 :i* con/antly     
increase 9 bulk1 until at la/1 9 two or 
?ree days1 !y assume ! figure ( small   
polypes4 ,:5 !y fir/ beg9 to %oot1 !    
excresc5ce becomes po9t$1 assum+ a      
conical figure & deep] col\r ?an ! re/ (

 ! body4 ,9 a %ort "t x becomes         
truncat$1 & !n cyl9drical1 aft] :i* !   
arms beg9 to %oot f ! ant]ior end4 ,!   
tail adh]es to ! body ( ! p>5t animal1 b
 gradually gr[s small]1 until at la/ x  
hangs only by a po9t1 & is !n ready to  
be sep>at$4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 bo? ! "m 
& "y ones fix !mselves to ! sides ( !   
glass1 & are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a     
sudd5 j]k4 ,! "t requisite = ! =mation (
 ! "y ones is v diff]5t1 accord+ to !   
w>m? ( ! wea!r1 & ! nature ( ! food eat5
 by ! "m4 ,sometimes !y are fully =m$1 &
 ready to drop (f1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 9  
o!r cases1 :5 ! wea!r is cold1 fifte5   
days h be5 requisite = br++ !m to       
p]fection4 ,! polypes produce "y ones   
indiscrim9ately f all p>ts ( _! bodies1 
& five or six "y ones h frequ5tly be5   
produc$ at once2 nay1 ,m4 ,trembley has 
obs]v$ n9e or t5 produc$ at ! same "t4  
,:5 a polype is cut transv]sely1 or     
longitud9ally1 into two or ?ree p>ts1   
ea* "p 9 a %ort "t becomes a p]fect     
animal2 & s great is ?is prolific p[]1 t

 a new animal w be produc$1 ev5 f a     
small portion ( ! sk9 ( ! old "o4 ,if ! 
"y ones be mutilat$ :ile !y gr[ ^u !    
p>5t1 ! p>ts s cut (f w be re-produc$2 &
 ! same prop]ty belongs to ! p>5t4 ,a   
truncat$ portion w s5d =? "y ones be=e x
 has acquir$ a new head & tail ( its    
own1 & sometimes ! head ( ! "y "o       
supplies ! place ( t :i* %\ld h gr[n out
 ( ! old "o4 ,if we slit a polype       
longitud9ally ?r\gh ! head to ! middle (
 ! body1 we %all h "o =m$ ) two heads2 &
 by aga9 slitt+ ^! 9 ! same mann]1 we   
may =m "o ) z _m heads z we please4 ,a  
/ill m surpris+ prop]ty ( ^! animals is1
 t !y may be graft$ toge!r4 ,if !       
truncat$ portions ( a polype be plac$   
end to end1 & g5tly pu%$ toge!r1 !y w   
unite into a s+le "o4 ,! two portions   
are fir/ jo9$ toge!r by a sl5d] neck1   
:i* gradually fills up & disappe>s1 !   
food pass+ f "o "p into ! o!r2 & ?us we 
may =m polypes1 n only f diff]5t        
portions ( ! same animal1 b f ^? (      
diff]5t animals4 ,we may fix ! head ( "o

 to ! body ( ano!r1 & ! comp\nd animal w
 gr[1 eat1 & multiply1 z if x _h nev]   
be5 divid$4 ,by pu%+ ! body ( "o into ! 
m\? ( ano!r1 s f> t _! heads may be     
br\ght into contact1 & kept 9 t         
situation = "s "t1 !y w at la/ unite    
into "o animal1 only hav+ d\ble ! usual 
numb] ( arms4 ,! hydra fusca may be     
turn$ inside out l a glove1 at ! same "t
 t x cont9ues to eat & live z be=e4 ,!  
l9+ ( ! /oma* n[ =ms ! out] sk91 & ! =m]
 epid]mis con/itutes ! l9+ ( ! /oma*4   
,,*ap4 ,,xxxiii4  ,,curiosities         
,,respect+ ,,vegetables4                
,curiosities 9 ! ,vegetable             
,k+dom--,g]m9ation (                    
,se$s--,dissem9ation ( ,plants--,numb] (
 ,plants ^u !     ,e>?--,s5sibility (   
,plants--,! ,s5sitive ,plant4      ,y\r 
contemplation fur!r yet pursue2     ,!  
wondr\s _w ( vegetables view6     ,see  
v>i\s trees _! v>i\s fruits produce1    
,"s = delightful ta/e1 & "s = use4      
,see spr\t+ plants enri* ! pla9 & wood1 
,= physic "s1 & "s design'd = food4     

,see fragrant fl['rs1 ) diff]5t col\rs  
dy'd1     ,on smil+ meads unfold _!     
gaudy pride4                            
,blackmore4   ,,curiosities ,,9 ,,!     
,,vegetable ,,k+dom4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5
 animals & vegetables is s great1 t at  
fir/ we d n p]ceive any resemblance     
betwe5 !m4 ,"s animals only live 9 wat]2
 o!rs on ! e>?1 or 9 ! air2 & "s are    
amphibi\s1 or live equally well 9 wat] z
 ^u l&4 ,& ?is is lit]ally ! case )     
vegetables3 "s ( !m only gr[ ^u l&1 o!rs
 9 ! wat]2 "s c sc>cely be> any moi/ure1
 o!rs live ei!r 9 e>? or wat]2 & "s ev5 
are f\nd t exi/ 9 ! air4  ,!re is a tree
 9 ! isl& ( ,japan1 :i*1 contr>y to !   
nature ( all o!rs1 to :i* moi/ure is    
necess>y1 _c be> ! lea/ portion4 ,z soon
 z x is wat]$ x p]i%es3 ! only way to   
pres]ve x 9 su* a case1 is to cut x (f  
by ! root1 :i* is to be dri$ 9 ! sun1 & 
aft]w>ds plant$ 9 a dry & s&y soil4 ,a  
peculi> species ( mu%room1 "s mosses1 & 
o!r small plants1 float 9 ! air2 b :at  
is /ill m extraord9>y1 a bran* (        

rosem>y1 :i*1 z is ! cu/om ( "s         
c\ntries1 0 put 9 ! h& ( a corpse1      
spr\t$ out to ! "r & left s vigor\sly1 t
 aft] a lapse ( "s ye>s1 ! grave be+    
op5$1 ! face ( ! defunct 0 ov]%ad[$ )   
rosem>y leaves4 ,! vegetation ( !       
truffle is /ill m s+ul>3 ?is extraord9>y
 tub]cle has nei!r roots1 /em1 leaves1  
fl[]s1 nor se$s2 x d]ives its n\ri%m5t  
?r\gh ! pores ( its b>k4 ,b x may be    
ask$1 h[ is x produc$8 :y is !re        
commonly no k9d ( h]b 9 ! places :]e ?is
 species ( fungus gr[s8 & :y is ! l& !re
 dry & full ( crevices8 ,^! ?+s h nev]  
be5 expla9$4 ,no plant s mu* resembles  
animals1 z t species ( membran\s moss   
call$ no/o*2 x is an irregul> sub/ance1 
( a pale gre5 col\r1 & some:at          
transp>5t2 x trembles ^u ! slighte/ t\*1
 & easily breaks4 ,x c only be se5 aft] 
ra91 & is !n f\nd 9 _m places1          
p>ticul>ly 9 uncultivat$ soils & s&y    
roads4 ,x exi/s 9 all seasons1 ev5 9    
w9t]2 b is nev] s abundant z aft] ra9 9 
summ]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance ab\t

 x is1 its spe$y gr[?1 be+ =m$ almo/    
in/antane\sly3 sometimes walk+ 9 ! g>d5 
9 summ]1 n a trace ( x is se51 :5 a     
sudd5 %[] ( ra9 fall+1 if ! same place  
is visit$ 9 an h\r1 ! walks are entirely
 cov]$ ) x4 ,! no/o* 0 long suppos$ to h
 desc5d$ f ! sky2 b x is n[ kn[n to be a
 leaf1 :i* attracts & imbibes wat] )    
great avidity4 ,?is leaf1 to :i* no root
 appe>s to belong1 is 9 its natural /ate
 :5 impregnat$ ) wat]2 b a /rong w9d or 
great heat soon dissipat+ ! wat]1 ! leaf
 contracts1 & loses its col\r &         
transp>5cy3 h5ce x appe>s to gr[ s      
sudd5ly1 & to be s miracul\sly produc$  
by a %[] ( ra92 = :5 ! ra9 falls ^u x 9 
its dri$ & imp]ceptible /ate1 x becomes 
reanimat$1 & appe>s a fre% production4  
,we might readily enum]ate a v>iety (   
plants t be> a resemblance to animals2 b
 !re are o!r peculi>ities 9 vegetables1 
:i* solicit our att5tion4 ,! :ole       
atmosph]e is pregnant ) plants &        
invisible se$s1 & ev5 ! l>ge/ gra9s are 
disp]s$ by ! w9d ov] ! e>?2 & z soon z  

!y are transport$ to ! places :]e !y may
 g]m9ate1 !y become plants1 & (t5 s     
little soil is necess>y = ?is purpose1 t
 we c sc>cely conceive :5ce !y d]ive !  
necess>y degree ( n\ri%m5t4 ,!re are    
plants1 & ev5 trees1 :i* take root & gr[
 9 ! clefts ( rocks1 )\t any soil4      
,vegetation is sometimes v rapid2 ( :i* 
we h in/ances 9 mu%rooms1 & ! common    
cresses1 ! se$ ( :i*1 if put into a wet 
clo?1 w be fit = a salad 9 tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs4 ,!re are plants t exi/ ) sc>cely  
any p]ceptible vitality4 ,we (t5 see    
will[s1 :i* are n only holl[$ & decay$  
)91 b _! ext]nal b>k is s mu* injur$ t v
 little ( x rema9s2 yet f ^! seem+ly    
sapless trunks1 buds spr\t 9 ! spr+1 &  
!y are cr[n$ ) leaves & bran*es4 ,h[    
admirable1 t plants %\ld n only imbibe  
nutrim5t by _! roots1 b t _! leaves also
 %\ld assi/ 9 ?is important function1 by
 inspir+ air6 & an inv]t$ tree w fl\ri% 
z well z :5 9 its prop] position1 = !   
bran*es w gr[ 9 ! e>? & become roots6 ,!
 advanc$ age t "s trees atta91 is also v

 wond]ful4 ,"s apple-trees are above a  
?\s& ye>s old2 & if we calculate ! am\nt
 ( ! annual produce ( su* a tree = !    
above space ( "t1 we %all f9d t a s+le  
pipp9 might supply all ,europe ) trees &
 fruit4   ,,! ,,g]m9ation ,,(           
,,se$s4--,se$s are compos$ ( diff]5t    
p>ts1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( species1 !  
pr9cipal ( :i* p>ts is ! g]m4 ,ea* g]m  
has two p>ts3 ! "o simple1 :i* becomes !
 root2 & ! o!r lam9at$1 :i* becomes !   
/em ( ! plant4 ,! sub/ance ( mo/ se$s is
 compos$ ( two pieces1 call$ lobes1 :i* 
conta9 a f>9ace\s matt]1 & s]ve z sem9al
 leaves to ! plants4 ,mosses h ! mo/    
simple se$1 consi/+ only ( ! g]m1 )\t   
pellicle1 & )\t lobes4 ,to make se$s    
g]m9ate1 air1 & a c]ta9 degree ( heat & 
moi/ure1 are necess>y4 ,! augm5t$ heat1 
& ! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! ta/e & smell1
 seem to d5ote a degree ( f]m5tation2 & 
! f>9ace\s sub/ance becomes fitt$ to    
n\ri% ! t5d] g]m4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by
 exp]im5ts made ) col\r$ fluids1 t ?is  
sub/ance imbibes a moi/ure1 :i*1 9      

conjunction ) ! air & heat1 =ms a prop] 
n\ri%m5t till ! plant has acquir$ /r5g? 
en\gh to make use ( ! juices furni%$ by 
! root4 ,! lobes1 exhau/$ ( _! f>9ace\s 
matt]1 gradually dry1 & fall (f (       
!mselves 9 a few weeks1 :5 ! plant has  
no fur!r ne$ ( _! assi/ance4--,c]ta9    
h]bs :i* gr[ on ! m\nta9s are ( a v     
peculi> nature3 _! duration be+ v %ort1 
x (t5 happ5s t ! se$ has n "t to rip52  
&1 t ! species may n be lo/1 ! bud :i*  
conta9s ! g]m is =m$ ^u ! top ( ! plant1
 puts =? leaves1 falls1 & takes root4   
,:5 ! delicate plant %oots up f ! e>?1 x
 w\ld run too great a risk1 if x 7      
imm$iately expos$ to ! air1 & to !      
influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,its p>ts !re=e rema9 
fold$ close to ea* o!r1 ne>ly ! same z  
:5 9 ! se$4 ,b z ! root gr[s /rong &    
bran*es out1 x furni%es ! sup]ior       
vessels ) an abundance ( juice1 by means
 ( :i* all ! organs are develop$4 ,at   
fir/ ! plant is ne>ly gelat9\s2 b x soon
 acquires m firmness1 & cont9ually      
increases 9 size4  ,?is %ort acc\nt ( ! 

g]m9ation ( se$s may suffice to %ew1 to 
! inquisitive 9 ! wond]s ( nature1 :at  
prep>ations & means nature uses to      
produce a s+le plant4 ,:51 !re=e1 we see
 a se$ t we h plac$ 9 ! e>? spr\t1 we   
%all no long] consid] x z b5ea? our     
notice1 b %all r be dispos$ to reg>d x z
 "o ( ^? wond]s ( nature :i* h excit$ ! 
obs]vation & att5tion ( "s ( ! greate/ (
 m54    ,g1 m>k ! mat*less work+s ( t   
,p[]   ,t %uts )9 ! se$ ! future fl[]2  
,bids ^! 9 elegance ( =m excel2   ,9    
col\r ^!1 & ^? delight ! smell   ,s5ds  
nature =?1 ! daught] ( ! skies1   ,to   
dance on e>?1 & *>m all human eyes4     
,c[p]4   ,,dissem9ation ,,(             
,,plants4--,:5 se$s are come to         
maturity1 _! dissem9ation is absolutely 
necess>y1 s9ce )\t x no future crop w\ld
 foll[4 ,! great ,au?or ( nature has    
wisely provid$ = ?is 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!   
/ems ( _m plants are long & sl5d]1 & be+
 rais$ above ! gr\nd1 ! w9d %akes !m to 
& fro1 & by ?is means are ! ripe se$s   
convey$ to a di/ance4 ,! se$-vessels (  

mo/ plants are %ut till ! se$s are ripe1
 t s ! w9ds may n scatt] !m prematurely2
 & :5 ! prop] season arrives1 _m ( ^!   
op5 ) su* a degree ( ela/icity z to ?r[ 
! se$s to a consid]able di/ance4 ,o!r   
se$s h a k9d ( w+s giv5 !m1 by :i* !y   
are convey$ to a di/ance ( "s miles f ! 
p>5t plant4 ,^! w+s consi/ ei!r ( a d[n1
 z 9 mo/ ( ! composite-fl[]$ plants1 or 
( a membrane1 z 9 ! bir*1 ald]1 a%1 elm1
 c4 ,h5ce woods1 :i* happ5 to be de/roy$
 by fire1 or any o!r accid5t1 are soon  
re/or$ aga9 by new plants4  ,"s se$s are
 r\gh1 or provid$ ) a sort ( hooks1 by  
means ( :i* !y are apt to /ick to       
animals t pass by !m1 & by ?is means are
 c>ri$ to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 :]e !y    
meet ) prop] soil & manure = _! gr[?4   
,b]ries & o!r p]ic>pies are by nature   
allott$ = alim5t to animals2 b x is on  
condition t !y %all s[ ! se$ :ile !y eat
 x3 ?is !y d by disp]s+ ! se$s z !y are 
eat+2 & also aft] eat+1 by void+ _m ( !m
 unhurt1 & ev5 9 a bett] /ate =         
vegetation ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,?us _m k9ds (

 nuts are s[n2 & ?us did ! doves ( !    
,moluccas replant ) nutmegs ^? isl&s ( !
 ,ea/1 :i* ! sordid av>ice ( ! ,dut* _h 
de/roy$3 ,provid5ce !reby fru/rat+1 by  
feeble b c]ta9 means1 ! contemptible    
selfi%ness ( t comm]cial p4  ,9 ?is     
mann] ! woods ( nor!rn c\ntries are s[n 
) junip]s1 by ! ?ru%es & o!r birds :i*  
fe$ ^u ^! heavy b]ries4 ,! cross-bill   
lives ^u fir-cones1 & ! hawf9* ^u       
p9e-cones2 by means ( :i* ! fir & ! p9e1
 ( v>i\s species1 are cont9ually plant$ 
9 va/ abundance4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 !   
common rook has be5 obs]v$1 n only to   
fe$ on acorns1 b to make holes 9 ! gr\nd
 ) ! bill1 & hide _m3 probably !y mean  
only to lay 9 a /ock = future necessity 
by ?is process2 b c]ta9 x is1 t ?\s&s ( 
oaks are annually plant$ by ?is means4  
,sw9e1 also1 9 se>*+ = food1 turn up !  
e>?2 & moles1 by ?r[+ up hillocks1      
prep>e ! gr\nd = se$s ( v>i\s k9ds4     
,seas1 lakes1 & riv]s1 by _! /reams &   
curr5ts1 (t5 convey se$s unhurt to      
di/ant c\ntries4  ,9 assimilat+ ! animal

 & vegetable k+doms1 ,l9nu d5om9ates    
se$s ! eggs ( plants4 ,! fecundity (    
plants is frequ5tly m>vell\s3 f a s+le  
plant or /alk ( ,indian ,turkey :eat1   
are produc$1 9 "o summ]1 #bjjj se$s2 (  
elecampane1 #cjjj2 ( sun-fl[]1 #djjj2 ( 
poppy1 #cb1jjj2 ( a spike ( cat's-tail1 
#aj1jjj & upw>ds2 a s+le fruit or       
se$-vessel ( tobacco1 conta9s #ajjj     
se$s2 t ( :ite poppy1 #hjjj4 ,mr4 ,ray  
relates1 f exp]im5ts made by himself1 t 
#ajab tobacco se$s are equal 9 weight to
 "o gra92 & t ! weight ( ! :ole quantum 
( se$s 9 a s+le tobacco plant1 is su* z 
mu/1 accord+ to ! above proportion1     
det]m9e _! numb] to be #cfj1jjj4 ,! same
 au?or e/imates ! annual produce ( a    
s+le /alk ( sple5-wort to be upw>ds (   
#a1jjj1jjj ( se$s4   ,,prodigi\s ,,numb]
 ,,( ,,plants ,,^u ,,! ,,e>?4--,x is    
said1 t !re are ab\t #dd1jjj diff]5t    
plants already discov]$1 to :i* new ones
 are daily add$4 ,by means ( !          
microscope1 "s h be5 f\nd :]e !y 7 lea/ 
expect$4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( mosses & 

sponges h be5 class$ among vegetables1 &
 h pres5t$ to ! obs]vation ( !          
naturali/1 se$s & fl[]s be=e unkn[n4    
,free/one is sometimes cov]$ ) br[n &   
blacki% spots2 ! m\ldy sub/ance :i*     
composes !m adh]es to v>i\s o!r matt]s1 
& may be consid]$ z a little g>d5 9     
vegetation4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! quantity
 ( moss :i* cov]s ! h>de/ /ones1 !      
trunks ( trees1 & ! mo/ b>r5 places2--:5
 we consid] ! quantity ( vegetables ^u !
 surface ( ! e>?2 ! diff]5t species (   
fl[]s :i* delight & refre% u2 ! trees & 
bu%es1 add to ^! ! aquatic plants1 "s ( 
:i* exce$ a hair 9 f95ess2--we may be   
able to =m "s idea ( ! multitude (      
plants 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,all ^!     
species gr[ up1 & are pres]v$ )\t       
detrim5t or injury1 ea* hav+ t place    
assign$ x1 :i* is mo/ suit$ to its      
prop]ties4 ,su* is ! wisdom display$ 9  
_! di/ribution ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 t 
!re is no "p ( x :olly de/itute1 & no "p
 enjoys !m 9 too great abundance4 ,"s   
plants require ! op5 field1 :]e1        

un%elt]$ by trees1 !y may receive !     
sun's rays2 o!rs c only exi/ 9 wat]2 "s 
gr[ 9 ! s&2 o!rs 9 m>%es & f5s1 :i* are 
frequ5tly cov]$ ) wat]1 & "s bud on !   
surface ( ! e>?1 :il/ o!rs unfold       
!mselves 9 its bosom4 ,! diff]5t /rata  
:i* compose ! soil ( ! e>?1 z s&1 clay1 
*alk1 c4 fav\r diff]5t vegetables2 &    
h5ce x is1 t 9 ! va/ g>d5 ( nature no?+ 
is absolutely /]ile2 f ! f9e/ s& to !   
fl9ty rock1 f ! torrid to ! froz5 zone1 
ea* soil & climate supports plants      
peculi> to itself4 ,ano!r circum/ance   
highly wor?y ( att5tion is3 ! ,creator  
has s ord]$1 t1 among ?is imm5se v>iety 
( plants1 ^? :i* are mo/ prop] = food or
 m$ic9e multiply 9 great] abundance ?an 
^? :i* are ( less utility4 ,h]bs are mu*
 m num]\s ?an trees & brambles2 grass is
 9 great] abundance ?an oaks2 &         
*]ry-trees m pl5tiful ?an apricots3 _h  
oaks be5 m frequ5t ?an grass1 or trees  
?an h]bs & roots1 x w\ld h be5          
impossible = animals to subsi/4         
,accord+ to ! calculation ( ,b>on ,von  

,humboldt1 #fjjj plants are agam\s1 t   
is1 plants :i* h no sexual organs1 su* z
 *ampignons1 li*5s1 c4 ,( ! rema9d] !re 
are f\nd--    ,9 ,europe                
#g1jjj   ,9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,asia  
#a1ejj   ,9 ,equ9oxial ,asia1 & !       
adjac5t ,isl&s               #d1ejj   ,9
 ,africa                                
#c1jjj   ,9 ! temp]ate regions (        
,am]ica1 9 bo? hemisph]es   #d1jjj   ,9 
,equ9oxial ,am]ica                      
#ac1jjj   ,9 ,new ,holl&1 & ! ,isl&s ( !
 ,pacific ,ocean       #e1jjj           
------                                  
,total            #ch1jjj               
------   ,,s5sibility ,,(               
,,plants4--,!re are c]ta9 motions       
obs]vable 9 plants1 t make x d\btful    
:e!r !y are n possess$ ( s5sibility4 ,"s
 plants %r9k & contract _! leaves ^u be+
 t\*$2 o!rs op5 & %ut _! fl[]s at c]ta9 
fix$ h\rs 9 ! day1 s regul>ly z to d5ote
 ) precision ! "t ( day2 "s assume a    
peculi> =m dur+ ! night1 fold+ up _!    
leaves2 & ^! diff]5t *anges take place  

:e!r !y are 9 ! op5 air1 or %ut up 9    
close ap>tm5ts4 ,^? :i* live "u wat]    
dur+ ! "t ( fecundation1 raise _! fl[]s 
above ! surface4  ,! motions ( a m>%y   
plant discov]$ "s "t s9ce1 9 ! prov9ce (
 ,c>ol9a1 are /ill m s+ul>4 ,its r\nd   
leaves are furni%$ above1 & on ! sides1 
) a multitude ( not*es t are extremely  
irritable4 ,:5 an insect happ5s to creep
 ^u ! sup]ior surface ( ! leaves1 !y    
fold up1 & inclose ! insect till x dies2
 ! leaves !n op5 ( !mselves4 ,we may    
daily obs]ve regul> motions 9 "s plants 
9 our g>d5s4 ,tulips exp& _! petals :5 !
 wea!r is f9e1 & close !m aga9 at       
sun-set1 or dur+ ra94 ,vegetables )     
pods1 su* z peas & beans1 op5 _! %ells  
:5 dry1 & curl !mselves up l %av+s (    
wood4 ,wild oats1 :5 plac$ ^u a table1 w
 move spontane\sly1 m especially if w>m$
 9 ! h&4 ,& ! heliotrope1 or sunfl[]1 ) 
v>i\s o!r plants1 always turns t[>ds !  
sun4 ,^! are inconte/able facts1 ( !    
c]ta9ty ( :i* e p]son may be easily     
conv9c$4 ,f !m1 "s conclude t we ought n

 to d5y s5sibility to be an attribute ( 
plants2 & c]ta9ly ! facts :i* are alleg$
 9 fav\r ( su* an op9ion1 give x great  
appe>ance ( probability4 ,b1 on ! o!r   
h&1 plants h no o!r sign ( s5sibility2 &
 all t !y h is entirely me*anical4 ,we  
plant a %rub & de/roy x1 )\t f9d+ any   
analogy betwe5 x & an animal1 t we br+  
up & kill4 ,we see a plant bud1 blossom1
 & be> se$1 ins5sibly1 z ! h& ( a wat*  
runs r\nd ! po9ts ( ! dial4 ,! mo/ exact
 anatomy ( a plant does n unfold to u   
any organ :i* has ! lea/ relation to ^? 
( animal s5sibility4 ,:5 we oppose ^!   
obs]vations to ^? f :i* we might inf] ! 
s5sibility ( plants1 we rema9 9         
unc]ta9ty1 & we _c expla9 ! ph5om5a     
relat$ above4 ,our k ^u ?is subject is v
 imp]fect1 & is conf9$ to simple        
conjecture4 ,we nei!r attribute         
s5sibility to plants1 nor d5y x to !m1 )
 c]ta9ty4   ,,! ,,s5sitive              
,,plant4--,?is s+ul> plant rises f a    
sl5d] woody /alk sev5 or eight feet 9   
height1 arm$ ) %ort recurv$ ?orns2 !    

leaves gr[ ^u long foot/alks1 :i* are   
prickly1 ea* su/a9+ two pair ( w+s2 f ! 
place :]e ^! are ins]t$1 come out small 
bran*es1 hav+ ?ree or f\r globul> heads 
( pale purpli% fl[]s com+ out f ! side1 
on %ort p$uncles2 ! pr9cipal /alk has _m
 ( ^? heads ( fl[]s on ! upp] "p1 = m   
?an a foot 9 l5g?2 ?is1 z also !        
bran*es1 is t]m9at$ by l heads ( fl[]s2 
! leaves move b sl[ly :5 t\*$1 b !      
foot/alks fall1 :5 !y are press$ pretty 
h>d4 ,x is a native ( ,brazil1 7,m4     
pudica1 humble plant17 hav+ ! roots     
compos$ ( _m hairy fibres1 :i* mat sl[ly
 toge!r2 f ^! come out sev]al woody     
/alks1 decl9+ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 unless     
support$2 !y are arm$ ) %ort recurv$    
sp9es1 hav+ w+$ or p9nate leaves2 fl[]s 
f ! axils1 on %ort p$uncles1 collect$ 9 
small globul> heads1 ( a yell[ col\r4   
,naturali/s 7says ,dr4 ,d>w97 h n       
expla9$ ! imm$iate cause ( ! collaps+ ( 
! s5sitive plant2 ! leaves meet & close 
9 ! night1 dur+ ! sleep ( ! plant1 or :5
 expos$ to mu* cold 9 ! day-"t1 9 ! same

 mann] z :5 !y are affect$ by ext]nal   
viol5ce1 fold+ _! upp] surfaces toge!r1 
& 9 "p ov] ea* o!r l scales or tiles1 s 
z to expose z little ( ! upp] surface z 
may be to ! air1 b d n1 inde$1 collapse 
q s f>2 = :5 t\*$ 9 ! night dur+ _!     
sleep1 !y fall /ill fur!r1 especially :5
 t\*$ on ! foot/alks betwe5 ! /ems & !  
leaflets1 :i* seem to be _! mo/ s5sitive
 or irritable "p4 ,n[1 z _! situation   
aft] be+ expos$ to ext]nal viol5ce      
resembles _! sleep1 b ) a great] degree 
( collapsion1 may x n be ow+ to a       
numbness or p>alysis consequ5t to too   
viol5t irritation1 l ! pant+s ( animals 
f pa9 or fatigue8 ,a s5sitive plant be+ 
kept 9 a d>k room till "s h\rs aft]     
day-break1 its leaves & leaf-/alks 7    
collaps$ z 9 its mo/ pr(\nd sleep1 & on 
expos+ x to ! light1 above tw5ty m9utes 
pass$ be=e ! plant 0 ?or\ghly awake1 &  
_h q exp&$ itself4 ,dur+ ?is night !    
upp] surfaces ( ! leaves 7 oppress$2 ?is
 w\ld seem to %ew t ! (fice ( ?is       
surface ( ! leaf 0 to expose ! fluids ( 

! plant to ! light1 z well z to ! air4  
,dr4 ,d>w9 has ?us *>act]iz$ ^!         
plants4--    ,weak ) nice s5se ! *a/e   
,mimosa /&s1   ,f ea* rude t\* )draws h]
 timid h&s   ,(t z light cl\ds o'erpass 
! summ] glade1   ,al>m'd1 %e trembles at
 ! mov+ %ade2   ,& feels alive ?r\gh all
 h] t5d] =m1   ,! :isp]'d murmurs ( !   
ga!r+ /orm2   ,%uts h] sweet eyelids to 
approa*+ night1   ,& hails ) fre%5'd    
*>ms ! ris+ light4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxxiv4  
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,vegetables4--7,cont9u$47      ,!      
,cocoa-,nut ,tree--,! ,bread-,fruit     
,tree--,! ,bannian ,tree--,f\nta9       
,trees--,! ,tall[ ,tree--,! ,pap]       
,tree--,! ,calaba% ,tree--,rem>kable    
,oak--,dim5sions1 c4 ( "s ( ! l>ge/     
,trees n[ gr[+ 9     ,engl&--,upas1 or  
,poison ,tree4      ,admiration1 fe$+ at
 ! eye1     ,& /ill unsat$1 dwells ^u ! 
!me4                                    
,c[p]4   ,,! ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,tree4  ,(  
all ! gifts :i* ,provid5ce has be/[$ on 
! ,ori5tal _w1 ! cocoa-nut tree mo/     

des]ves our notice3 9 ?is s+le          
production ( nature1 :at bless+s are    
convey$ to man6 ,x gr[s a /ately column1
 f ?irty to fifty feet 9 height1 cr[n$  
by a v]dant capital ( wav+ bran*es1     
cov]$ ) long spiral leaves2 "u ?is      
foliage1 bran*es ( blossoms1 clu/]s (   
gre5 fruit1 & o!rs arriv$ at maturity1  
appe> 9 m+l$ beauty4 ,! trunk1 ?\gh     
por\s1 furni%es beams & raft]s = our    
habitations2 & ! leaves1 :5 platt$      
toge!r1 make an excell5t ?at*1 common   
umbrellas1 co>se mats = ! floor1 &      
brooms2 :ile _! f9e/ fibres are wov5    
into v beautiful mats = ! ri*4 ,! cov]+ 
( ! "y fruit is extremely curi\s1       
resembl+ a piece ( ?ick clo?1 9 a       
conical =m1 close & firm z x came f !   
loom2 x exp&s aft] ! fruit has bur/     
?r\gh its inclosure1 & !n appe>s ( a    
co>s] texture4 ,! nuts conta9 a delici\s
 milk1 & a k]nel sweet z ! almond3 ?is1 
:5 dri$1 af=ds abundance ( oil2 & :5 t  
is express$1 ! rema9s fe$ cattle &      
p\ltry1 & make good manure4 ,! %ell ( ! 

nut furni%es cups1 ladles1 & o!r dome/ic
 ut5sils1 :ile ! husk :i* incloses x is 
( ! utmo/ importance2 x is manufactur$  
into ropes & cordage ( e k9d1 f !       
smalle/ tw9e to ! l>ge/ cable1 :i* are  
f> m durable ?an ^? ( hemp4 ,9 ! ,nicob>
 isl&s1 ! natives build _! vessels1 make
 ! sails & cordage1 supply !m )         
provisions & necess>ies1 & provide a    
c>go ( arrack1 v9eg>1 oil1 gagpree or   
co>se sug>1 cocoa-nuts1 coir1 cordage1  
black pa9t1 & sev]al inf]ior articles1 =
 =eign m>kets1 entirely f ?is tree4  ,_m
 ( ! trees are n p]mitt$ to be> fruit2 b
 ! embryo bud1 f :i* ! blossoms & nuts  
w\ld spr+1 is ti$ up1 to prev5t its     
expansion2 & a small incision be+ !n    
made at ! end1 !re oozes 9 g5tle drops a
 cool pleasant liquor1 call$ ,trace1 or 
,toddy1 ! palm w9e ( ! poets4 ,?is1 :5  
fir/ drawn1 is cool+ & salut>y2 b :5    
f]m5t$ & di/ill$1 produces an intoxicat+
 _s4 ,?us1 a plantation ( cocoa-nut     
trees yields ! proprietor consid]able   
pr(its1 & g5]ally =ms "p ( ! gov]nm5t   

rev5ue4   ,,! ,,bread-,,fruit           
,,tree4--,! sy/ematic "n ( ?is plant is 
,artoc>pus1 :i* is m]ely ! ,engli% "n   
translat$ into ,greek4 ,!re are sev]al  
species2 p>ticul>ly ,a4 incisa1 & ,a4   
integrifolia4  ,! g5u9e bread-fruit tree
 is ! artoc>pus incisa4 ,9 capta9       
,cook's ,voyage1 x is obs]v$1 t !       
bread-fruit tree is ab\t ! size ( a     
middl+ oak2 its leaves are frequ5tly a  
foot & a half long1 oblong1 deeply      
s9uat$1 l ^? ( ! fig-tree1 :i* !y       
resemble 9 consi/5ce & col\r1 & 9 exud+ 
a milky juice :5 brok54 ,! fruit is !   
size & %ape ( a *ild's head1 & ! surface
 is reticulat$1 n mu* unlike a truffle2 
x is cov]$ ) a ?9 sk91 & has a core ab\t
 z big z ! h&le ( a small knife2 !      
eatable "p lies betwe5 ! sk9 & core2 x  
is z :ite z sn[1 & ( ! consi/5ce ( new  
bread4 ,x mu/ be roa/$ be=e x is eat51  
be+ fir/ divid$ into ?ree or f\r p>ts2  
its ta/e is insipid1 ) a slight         
sweetness1 some:at resembl+ t ( ! crumb 
( :eat5 bread1 mix$ ) ,j]usalem         

arti*oke4 ,! fruit n be+ 9 season all ! 
ye>1 !re is a me?od ( supply+ ?is       
defect1 by r$uc+ x to s\r pa/e1 call$   
makie2 & besides ?is1 cocoa-nuts1       
bananas1 planta9s1 & a great v>iety (   
o!r fruits1 come 9 aid ( x4 ,?is tree n 
only supplies food1 b also clo?+1 = !   
b>k is /ripp$ (f ! suck]s1 & =m$ into a 
k9d ( clo?4 ,to procure ! fruit = food  
co/s ! ,otaheiteans no tr\ble or lab\r1 
b climb+ a tree4 ,?is mo/ useful tree is
 di/ribut$ v ext5sively ov] ! ,ea/      
,indian cont95t & isl&s1 z well z !     
innum]able isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,9     
,otaheite1 h[ev]1 & "s o!rs1 ! evid5t   
sup]iority ( ! se$less v>iety = food has
 caus$ ! o!r to be neglect$1 & x is     
consequ5tly almo/ worn out4  ,we are    
in=m$ by ,capta9 ,k+1 t 9 ! ,s&wi* isl&s
 ^! trees are plant$1 & fl\ri% ) great  
luxuriance on ris+ gr\nds2 t !y are n   
inde$ 9 su* abundance1 b t !y produce   
d\ble ! quantity ( fruit to ^? gr[+ on !
 ri* pla9s ( ,otaheite2 t ! trees are   
ne>ly ( ! same height1 b t ! bran*es    

beg9 to /rike out f ! trunk mu* l[]1 & )
 great] luxuriance2 & t ! climate ( ^!  
isl&s diff]s v little f t ( ! ,we/      
,indian isl&s :i* lie 9 ! same latitude4
 ,?is reflection probably fir/ sugge/$ !
 idea ( convey+ ?is valuable tree to our
 isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,= ?is purpose 
8 ,maje/y's %ip ! ,b\nty sail$ = ! ,s\? 
,seas1 on ! #bc;d ( ,decemb]1 #aghg1 "u 
! comm& ( ,lieut5ant ,william ,bligh4 ,b
 a fatal mut9y prev5t$ ! accompli%m5t ( 
?is b5evol5t design4 ,8 ,maje/y1 h[ev]1 
n disc\rag$ by ! un=tunate ev5t ( !     
voyage1 & fully impress$ ) ! importance 
( secur+ s useful an article ( food z ! 
bread-fruit to our ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 
det]m9$1 9 ! ye> #agia1 to employ ano!r 
%ip1 = a second exp$ition on ?is s]vice2
 &1 9 ord] to secure ! success ( !      
voyage z mu* z possible1 x 0 ?\ght prop]
 t two vessels %\ld proce$ toge!r on ?is
 important bus9ess4 ,accord+ly1 a %ip ( 
#djj tons1 nam$ ! ,provid5ce1 0 engag$ =
 ! purpose1 & ! comm& ( h] giv5 to      
,capta9 ,bligh2 & a small t5d]1 call$ ! 

,assi/ant1 comm&$ by ,lieut4 ,na?aniel  
,portlock4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 z 9 !   
=m] voyage1 direct$ ! equipm5t ( ! %ip =
 ?is p>ticul> purpose4 ,two skilful     
g>d5]s 7 appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! trees &  
plants1 f _! transplantation at         
,otaheite1 to _! deliv]y at ,jamaica2 & 
,capta9 ,bligh set sail on ! #b;d (     
,augu/1 #agia4 ,! numb] ( plants tak5 on
 bo>d at ,otaheite1 0 #bfcd1 9 #abha    
pots1 tubs1 & cases2 & ( ^! #aaea 7     
bread-fruit trees4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at     
,c\pang1 #bjj plants 7 dead1 b ! re/ 7 9
 good ord]4 ,"h !y procur$ n9ety-two    
pots ( ! fruits ( t c\ntry4 ,!y arriv$  
at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ) #hcj f9e bread-fruit   
trees1 besides o!r plants4 ,"h !y left  
"s ( !m1 ) diff]5t fruits ( ,otaheite & 
,timor1 besides m\nta9 rice & o!r se$s2 
& h5ce ! ,ea/ ,indies may be suppli$ )  
!m4  ,on _! arrival at ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 !y 
_h #eea cases1 conta9+ #fgh bread-fruit 
trees1 besides a great numb] ( o!r      
fruits & plants1 to ! numb] ( #abde4    
,ne> half ?is c>go 0 deposit$ "h "u !   

c>e ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,&]son1 ! sup]9t5dant
 ( 8 ,maje/y's botanic g>d51 = ! use ( !
 ,w9dw>d isl&s2 & ! rema9d]1 int5d$ = ! 
,leew>d isl&s1 0 convey$ to ,jamaica1 & 
di/ribut$ z ! gov]nor & c\ncil (        
,jamaica 7 pleas$ to direct4 ,! exact   
numb] ( bread-fruit trees br\ght to     
,jamaica1 0 #ceb2 out ( :i*1 five only 7
 res]v$ = ! botanic g>d5 at ,kew4       
,capta9 ,bligh _h ! satisfaction1 be=e  
he quitt$ ,jamaica1 ( see+ ! trees1 :i* 
he _h br\ght ) s mu* success1 9 a mo/   
fl\ri%+ /ate2 insomu* t no d\bt rema9$ (
 _! gr[+ well1 & spe$ily produc+ fruit3 
an op9ion :i* subsequ5t reports h       
confirm$4  ,! bread-fruit1 :5 p]fectly  
ripe1 is pulpy1 sweeti%1 putresc5t1 & 9 
?is /ate is ?\ght to be too laxative2 b 
:5 gre5 x is f>9ace\s1 & e/eem$ a v     
:olesome food1 ei!r bak$ "u ! coals1 or 
roa/$ ov] !m4 ,! ta/e is n unlike t (   
:eat5 bread1 b ) "s resemblance to t (  
,j]usalem arti*okes or potatoes4 ,x 0   
m5tion$ be=e1 t a sort ( clo? 0 made ( !
 inn] b>k3 to ?is we may add1 t ! wood  

is us$ 9 build+ boats & h\ses2 ! male   
catk9s s]ve = t9d]2 ! leaves = wrapp+ _!
 food 91 & = wip+ _! h&s in/ead ( t[els2
 & ! juice = mak+ bird-lime1 & z a cem5t
 = fill+ up ! cracks ( _! vessels1 & =  
hold+ wat]4 ,?ree trees are suppos$ to  
yield suffici5t n\ri%m5t = "o p]son4    
,,! ,,bannian ,,tree4--,! bannian1 or   
,indian fig-tree1 is a native ( sev]al  
p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & has a woody    
/em1 bran*+ to a great height & va/     
ext5t4 ,x is univ]sally consid]$ z "o ( 
! mo/ beautiful ( nature's productions2 
&1 contr>y to mo/ o!r ?+s 9 animal &    
vegetable nature1 appe>s exempt$ f      
decay4 ,e bran* f ! ma9 body ?r[s out   
its own roots1 at fir/ 9 small t5d]     
fibres1 sev]al y>ds f ! gr\nd1 b :i*    
?ick5 consid]ably be=e !y rea* !        
surface1 & !n1 /rik+ 91 !y increase to  
l>ge trunks1 & become p>5t trees1 %oot+ 
out new bran*es f ! top2 ^! 9 "t susp5d 
_! roots1 :i*1 swell+ into trunks1      
produce o!r bran*es1 ?us cont9u+ 9 a    
progressive /ate z long z ! e>?1 !      

common p>5t ( !m all1 cont9ues h]       
su/5ance4 ,! ,h9doos are peculi>ly fond 
( ! bannian tree2 !y reg>d x z an emblem
 ( ! ,deity1 f its long duration &      
ov]%ad[+ b5efic5ce1 & almo/ pay x div9e 
hon\rs4 ,ne> ?is tree _! mo/ e/eem$     
pagodas are g5]ally erect$2 & "u _! %ade
 ! ,brahm9s sp5d _! days 9 religi\s     
solitude1 w&]+ among ! cool recesses &  
beautiful walks ( ?is umbrage\s canopy1 
imp]vi\s to ! hotte/ beams ( a tropical 
sun4  ,a rem>kably f9e tree ( ?is k9d   
gr[s on an isl& 9 ! riv] ,n>b$da1 9 !   
prov9ce ( ,guz]at4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!rs
 ( ! same species by ! "n ( ,cubbe]     
,bur1 :i* 0 giv5 x 9 hon\r ( a fam\s    
sa9t4 ,x 0 once mu* l>g] ?an x is at    
pres5t1 high & viol5t floods hav+ c>ri$ 
away ! banks ( ! isl& on :i* x grew1 & )
 !m su* p>ts ( ! tree z h ?us f> ext5d$ 
its roots4 ,:at rema9s1 is two ?\s& feet
 9 circumf]5ce1 measur$ r\nd ! pr9cipal 
/ems2 ! ov]hang+ bran*es1 :i* h n yet   
/ruck d[n1 cov] a mu* l>g] space4 ,!    
*ief trunks ( ?is s+le tree1 ea* ( :i* 9

 size exce$s our ,engli% oaks or elms1  
am\nt to #cej1 ! small] /ems to m ?an   
#cjjj1 all ca/+ out new bran*es & hang+ 
roots1 to =m 9 "t p>5t trunks4 ,cubbe]  
,bur is fam$ ?r\gh ,india = its amaz+   
ext5t & beauty4 ,! ,indian armies       
frequ5tly encamp ar\nd x1 & at /at$     
p]iods solemn fe/ivals are held "u its  
bran*es1 :]e ?\s&s ( vot>ies repair f   
v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire4 ,x is ev5 said t 
#gjjj p]sons f\nd ample room "u its     
%ade4 ,! ,engli% g5tlem5 sometimes =m   
elegant & ext5sive encampm5ts1 :]e !y   
sp5d :ole weeks toge!r "u ?is delightful
 pavilion1 :i* is inhabit$ by gre5      
wood-pigeons1 doves1 & peacocks1 & also 
a v>iety ( fea!r$ song/]s2 families (   
monkeys are also 9 e qu>t] play+ _!     
antic tricks2 & bats1 to ! a/oni%+ size 
( six feet1 f ! extremity ( "o w+ to t (
 ! o!r4 ,?is tree n only %elt]s1 b af=ds
 su/5ance to ^! num]\s inhabitants1 be+ 
cov]$1 amid/ its bright leaves1 ) small 
figs ( a ri* sc>let1 on :i* !y regale4  
,,f\nta9 ,,trees4--,^! are v extraord9>y

 vegetables1 gr[+ 9 "o ( ! ,can>y       
,isl&s1 & likewise said to exi/ 9 "s o!r
 places1 :i* di/il wat] f _! leaves 9   
su* pl5ty1 z to answ] all ! purposes ( !
 inhabitants :o live ne> !m4 ,( ^! trees
 we h ! foll[+ acc\nt1 9 ,glasse's      
,hi/ory ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,!re are ?ree
 f\nta9s ( wat] 9 ! :ole isl& ( ,hi]o1  
:]e9 ! f\nta9 tree gr[s4 ,! l>g] cattle 
are wat]$ at ^? f\nta9s1 & at a place   
:]e wat] di/ils f ! leaves ( a tree4 ,_m
 writ]s h made m5tion ( ?is fam\s tree1 
"s 9 su* a mann] z to make x appe>      
miracul\s3 o!rs aga9 d5y ! exi/5ce ( any
 su* tree2 among :om is ,fa!r ,feyjoo1 a
 mod]n ,spani% au?or4 ,b he1 & ^? :o    
agree ) him 9 ?is matt]1 are z mu*      
mi/ak5 z ^? :o w\ld make x appe> to be  
miracul\s4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( !     
,discov]y & ,conque/1 has giv5 u a      
p>ticul> acc\nt ( x1 :i* ,i %all "h     
relate at l>ge4--  ,! di/rict 9 :i* ?is 
tree /&s is call$ ,tigulabe2 ne> to :i*1
 & 9 ! cliff or /eep rocky asc5t t      
surr\nds ! :ole isl&1 is a gutt] or     

gully1 :i* comm5ces at ! sea1 & cont9ues
 to ! summit ( ! cliff1 :]e x jo9s or   
co9cides ) a valley1 :i* is t]m9at$ by !
 /eep front ( a rock4 ,on ! top ( ?is   
rock gr[s a tree1 call$1 9 ! language ( 
! anci5t inhabitants1 g>se1 sacr$ or    
holy tree1 :i* = _m ye>s has be5 pres]v$
 s\nd1 entire1 & fre%4 ,its leaves      
con/antly di/il su* a quantity ( wat] z 
is suffici5t to furni% dr9k to e liv+   
creature 9 ,hi]o1 nature hav+ provid$   
?is rem$y = ! dr\ght ( ! isl&4 ,x is    
situat$ ab\t a league & a half f ! sea4 
,nobody kn[s ( :at species x is1 only t 
x is call$ til4 ,x is di/9ct f o!r      
trees1 & /&s by itself4 ,! circumf]5ce (
 ! trunk is ab\t twelve spans1 ! diamet]
 f\r1 & 9 height1 f ! gr\nd to ! top ( !
 highe/ bran*1 =ty spans3 ! circumf]5ce 
( all ! bran*es toge!r is #abj feet4 ,! 
bran*es are ?ick & ext5d$1 ! l[e/       
comm5ce ab\t ! height ( an ell f !      
gr\nd4 ,its fruit resembles ! acorn1 &  
ta/es some?+ l ! k]nel ( a p9e-apple1 b 
is s(t] & m aromatic4 ,! leaves ( ?is   

tree resemble ^? ( ! laurel1 b are l>g]1
 wid]1 & m curv$2 !y come =? 9 a        
p]petual succession1 s t ! tree always  
rema9s gre54 ,ne> to x gr[s a ?orn1 :i* 
fa/5s on _m ( its bran*es1 & int]weaves 
) !m2 & at a small di/ance f ! g>se are 
"s bee*-trees1 bresoes1 & ?orns4 ,on !  
nor? side ( ! trunk are two l>ge tanks  
or ci/]ns1 ( r\gh /one1 or r "o ci/]n   
divid$1 ea* half be+ tw5ty feet squ>e1 &
 sixte5 spans 9 dep?4 ,"o ( ^! conta9s  
wat] = ! dr9k+ ( ! inhabitants2 & ! o!r1
 t :i* !y use = _! cattle1 wa%+1 & su* l
 purposes4  ,e morn+1 ne> ?is "p ( !    
isl&1 a cl\d or mi/ arises f ! sea1 :i* 
! s\? or ea/]ly w9ds =ce aga9/ !        
=em5tion$ /eep cliff2 s t ! cl\d1 hav+  
no v5t b by ! gutt]1 gradually asc5ds x1
 & f !nce advances sl[ly to ! extremity 
( ! valley1 :]e x is /opp$ & *eck$ by ! 
front ( ! rock :i* t]m9ates ! valley2 & 
!n re/s ^u ! ?ick leaves & wide spread+ 
bran*es ( ! tree1 f :5ce x di/ils 9     
drops dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day1 until x is
 at l5g? exhau/$1 9 ! same mann] t we   

see wat] drip f ! leaves ( trees aft] a 
heavy %[] ( ra94  ,?is di/illation is n 
peculi> to ! g>se or til1 = ! bresoes1  
:i* gr[ ne> x1 likewise drop wat]2 b _! 
leaves be+ b few & n>r[1 ! quantity is s
 trifl+1 t1 ?\gh ! natives save "s ( x1 
yet !y make little or no acc\nt ( any b 
:at di/ils f ! til2 :i*1 toge!r ) ! wat]
 ( "s f\nta9s1 & :at is sav$ 9 ! w9t]   
season1 is suffici5t to s]ve !m & _!    
flocks4 ,a p]son lives on ! spot ne> :i*
 ?is tree gr[s1 to take c>e ( x & its   
wat]s2 & is all[$ a h\se to live 91 ) a 
c]ta9 sal>y4 ,he e day di/ributes to ea*
 family ( ! di/rict1 sev5 pots or       
vessels full ( wat]1 besides :at he     
gives to ! pr9cipal p ( ! isl&4  ,:e!r !
 tree :i* yields wat] at ?is pres5t "t1 
be ! same z t m5tion$ 9 ! above         
description1 ,i _c det]m9e3 b x is      
probable !re has be5 a succession ( !m2 
= ,pl9y1 describ+ ! ,=tunate ,isl&1     
says1 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,ombrion1 are trees
 resembl+ ! plant f]ula1 f :i* wat] may 
be procur$ by pressure4 ,:at comes f !  

black k9d is bitt]1 b t :i* ! :ite      
yields is sweet & potable4 ,trees yield+
 wat] are n peculi> to ! isl& ( ,hi]o2 =
 travell]s in=m u ( "o ( ! same k9d on !
 isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ! bight or gulf ( 
,gu9ea4 ,9 ,cockburn's ,voyages1 we f9d 
! foll[+ acc\nt ( a dropp+ tree1 ne> !  
m\nta9s ( ,f]a ,paz1 9 ,am]ica4--  ,on !
 morn+ ( ! f\r? day1 we came out on a   
l>ge pla91 :]e 7 great numb]s ( f9e de]2
 & 9 ! middle /ood a tree ( unusual     
size1 spread+ its bran*es ov] a va/     
compass ( gr\nd4 ,curiosity l$ u up to  
x4 ,we _h p]ceiv$1 at "s di/ance1 !     
gr\nd ab\t x to be wet2 at :i* we began 
to be some:at surpris$1 z well kn[+ !re 
_h no ra9 fall5 = ne>ly six mon?s pa/1  
accord+ to ! c]ta9 c\rse ( ! season 9 t 
latitude3 t x 0 impossible to be        
occasion$ by ! fall ( dew on ! tree1 we 
7 conv9c$1 by ! sun's hav+ p[] to exhale
 away all moi/ure ( t nature a few      
m9utes aft] its ris+4 ,at la/1 to our   
great amazem5t1 z well z joy1 we saw    
wat] dropp+1 or z x 7 di/ill+1 fa/ f !  

end ( e leaf ( ?is wond]ful1 7nor _h x  
be5 amiss if ,i _h said miracul\s7 tree2
 at lea/ x 0 s ) respect to u1 :o _h be5
 lab\r+ f\r days ?r\gh extreme heat1 )\t
 receiv+ ! lea/ moi/ure1 & 7 n[ almo/   
expir+ = ! want ( x4 ,we c\ld n help    
look+ on ?is z liquor s5t f heav51 to   
com=t u "u great extremity4 ,we cat*$   
:at we c\ld ( x 9 our h&s1 & drank v    
pl5tifully ( x2 & lik$ x s well1 t we   
c\ld h>dly prevail ) ourselves to give  
ov]4 ,a matt] ( ?is nature c\ld n b     
incite u to make ! /ricte/ obs]vations  
conc]n+ x2 & accord+ly we /aid "u ! tree
 ne> ?ree h\rs1 & f\nd we c\ld n fa?om  
its body 9 five times4 ,we obs]v$ ! soil
 :]e x grew to be v /rong2 & ^u ! nice/ 
inquiry we c\ld aft]w>ds make1 bo? ( !  
natives ( ! c\ntry & ! ,spani%          
inhabitants1 we c\ld n le>n !re 0 any   
su* tree kn[n ?r\gh\t ,new ,spa91 nor   
p]haps all ,am]ica ov]3 b ,i d n relate 
?is z a prodigy 9 nature1 because ,i am 
n philosoph] en\gh to ascribe any       
natural cause = x2 ! le>n$ may p]haps   

give sub/antial reasons 9 nature1 = :at 
appe>$ to u a great & m>vell\s secret1 &
 f> beyond our p[] to acc\nt =4   ,,!   
,,tall[ ,,tree4--,?is is a rem>kable    
tree1 gr[+ 9 great pl5ty 9 ,*9a2 s call$
 f its produc+ a sub/ance l tall[1 & :i*
 s]ves = ! same purpose3 x is ab\t !    
height ( a *]ry-tree1 its leaves 9 =m ( 
a he>t1 ( a deep %9+ r$ col\r1 & its b>k
 v smoo?4 ,its fruit is inclos$ 9 a k9d 
( pod1 or cov]1 l a *esnut1 & consi/s ( 
?ree r\nd :ite gra9s1 ( ! size & =m ( a 
small nut1 ea* hav+ its peculi> capsule1
 & a little /one )94 ,?is /one is       
encompass$ ) a :ite pulp1 :i* has all ! 
prop]ties ( true tall[1 bo? z to        
consi/5ce1 col\r1 & ev5 smell1 &        
accord+ly ! ,*9ese make _! c&les ( x2   
:i* w\ld d\btless be z good z ^? 9      
,europe1 if !y knew h[ to purify _!     
vegetable1 z well z we d our animal     
tall[4 ,all ! prep>ation !y give x1 is  
to melt x d[n1 & mix a little oil ) x1  
to make x s(t] & m pliant4 ,x is true1 !
 c&les made ( x yield a ?ick] smoke & a 

dimm] light ?an ours2 b ^? defects are  
ow+ 9 a great measure to ! wicks1 :i*   
are n ( cotton1 b only a little rod (   
dry light wood1 cov]$ ) ! pi? ( a ru%   
w\nd r\nd x2 :i*1 be+ v por\s1 s]ves to 
filtrate ! m9ute p>ts ( ! tall[1        
attract$ by ! burn+ /ick1 & by ?is means
 is kept alive4   ,,! ,,pap] ,,tree4--,!
 "n ( ?is tree is ,a\ta4 ,x is a        
mulb]ry-tree1 f\nd at ,otaheite1 9 !    
,s\? ,sea1 f :i* a clo? is manufactur$1 
t is worn by ! pr9cipal inhabitants4 ,! 
b>k ( ! trees is /ripp$ (f1 & deposit$  
to soak 9 runn+ wat]2 :5 x is           
suffici5tly s(t5$1 ! fibres ( ! inn]    
coat are c>efully sep>at$ f ! re/ ( !   
b>k2 !y are !n plac$ 9 l5g?s ( ab\t     
elev5 or twelve y>ds1 "o by ! side (    
ano!r1 till !y are ab\t a foot broad2 & 
two or ?ree lay]s are put "o ^u ano!r4  
,?is is done 9 ! ev5+2 & next morn+ !   
wat] is dra9$ (f1 & ! sev]al fibres     
adh]e toge!r 9 "o piece4 ,x is aft]w>ds 
beat5 on a smoo? piece ( wood )         
in/rum5ts m>k$ l5g?ways1 ) small grooves

 ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess2 & by means 
( ?is x becomes z ?9 z musl94 ,aft]     
blea*+ x 9 ! air1 to :it5 x1 x is fit = 
use4   ,ano!r article wor?y ( ! read]'s 
att5tion1 is ! ,,adansonia1 ,,e?iopian  
,,s\r ,,g\rd1 ,,monkeys' ,,bread1 or    
,,african ,,calaba% ,,tree4--,!re is b  
"o kn[n species belong+ to ?is g5us1 !  
baobal1 :i* is p]haps ! l>ge/ production
 ( ! :ole vegetable k+dom4 ,x is a      
native ( ,africa4 ,! trunk is n above   
twelve or fifte5 feet high1 b f sixty to
 sev5ty feet r\nd4 ,! l[e/ bran*es ext5d
 almo/ horizontally1 & z !y are ab\t    
sixty feet 9 l5g?1 _! own weight b5ds _!
 extremities to ! gr\nd1 & ?us =m an    
hemisph]ical mass ( v]dure ( ab\t #abj  
or #acj feet diamet]4 ,! roots ext5d z  
f> z ! bran*es3 t 9 ! middle =ms a      
pivot1 :i* p5etrates a great way into ! 
e>?2 ! re/ spread ne> ! surface4 ,!     
fl[]s are 9 proportion to ! size ( !    
tree1 & are foll[$ by an oblong po9t$   
fruit1 t5 in*es long1 five or six broad1
 & cov]$ ) a k9d ( gre5i% d[n1 "u :i* is

 a ligne\s r9d1 h>d1 & almo/ black1 m>k$
 ) rays1 :i* divide x l5g?wise into     
sides4 ,x is v common 9 ,s5egal1 & !    
,cape de ,v]d isl&s2 & is f\nd #ajj     
leagues up ! c\ntry1 at ,gulam1 & ^u !  
sea-coa/ z f> z ,si]ra ,leone4  ,! age (
 ?is tree is no less rem>kable ?an its  
enorm\s size4 ,mr4 ,adanson relates1 t1 
9 a botanical excursion to ! ,magdal5   
,isl&s1 he discov]$ "s calaba%-trees1 f 
five to six feet diamet]1 on ! b>k ( :i*
 7 engrav$1 or cut to a consid]able     
dep?1 a numb] ( ,european names4 ,two ( 
^! names1 :i* he 0 at ! tr\ble to       
repair1 7 dat$1 "o 9 ! f\rte5?1 ! o!r 9 
! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! inscrib$ trees1    
m5tion$ by ?is +5i\s ,fr5*man1 _h be5   
se5 9 #aeee1 almo/ two c5turies be=e1 by
 ,!vet1 :o m5tions !m 9 8 relation ( 8  
,voyage to ,t]ra ,ant>ctia1 or          
,au/ralis4 ,adanson saw !m 9 #agdi4 ,!  
virtues & uses ( ?is tree & its fruits  
are v>i\s4 ,! negroes ( ,s5egal dry !   
b>k & leaves 9 ! %ad$ air1 & !n r$uce !m
 to p[d]1 :i* is ( a pretty good gre5   

col\r4 ,?is p[d] !y pres]ve 9 bags ( l95
 or cotton1 & call x lillo4 ,!y use x e 
day1 putt+ ?ree or f\r p9*es ( x into a 
mess1 :atev] x happ5s to be1 z we d     
pepp] & salt3 b _! view is1 n to give a 
reli% to _! food1 b to pres]ve a        
p]petual & pl5tiful p]spiration1 & to   
attemp] ! too great heat ( ! blood2     
purposes to :i* x c]ta9ly answ]s1 z     
sev]al ,europeans h prov$ by repeat$    
exp]im5ts2 pres]v+ !mselves f ! epidemic
 fev]1 :i*1 9 t c\ntry1 is z fatal to !m
 z ! plague1 & g5]ally rages dur+ !     
mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob]3 :5 ! ra9s h
 sudd5ly ceas$1 ! sun exhales ! wat]    
left by !m on ! gr\nd1 & fills ! air ) a
 noxi\s vap\r4 ,m4 ,adanson1 9 !        
critical season1 made a light ptisan ( !
 leaves ( ! baobal2 :i* he _h ga!r$ 9 ! 
,augu/ ( ! prec$+ ye>1 & _h dri$ 9 !    
%ade2 & drank con/antly ab\t a p9t ( x e
 morn+1 ei!r be=e or aft] breakfa/1 & ! 
same quantity ( x e ev5+1 aft] ! heat ( 
! sun began to abate3 he also took !    
same quantity 9 ! middle ( ! day1 b ?is 

0 only :5 he felt "s symptoms ( an      
approa*+ fev]4 ,by ?is precaution he    
pres]v$ himself1 dur+ ! five ye>s he    
resid$ at ,s5egal1 f ! di>rha & fev]1   
:i* are s fatal !re1 & :i* are1 h[ev]1 !
 only diseases ( ! place2 :ile o!r      
(fic]s suff]$ v sev]ely1 only "o ( !m   
except$1 ^u :om ,m4 ,adanson prevail$ to
 use ?is rem$y1 :i* = its simplicity 0  
despis$ by ! re/4 ,?is ptisan alone     
prev5ts t heat ( ur9e :i* is common 9 ^!
 p>ts1 f ! mon? ( ,july to ,novemb]1    
provid$ ! p]son ab/a9s f w9e4 ,! fruit  
is n less useful ?an ! leaves & ! b>k4  
,! pulp t envelopes ! se$s has an       
agreeable acid ta/e1 & is eat5 =        
pleasure3 x is also dri$ & p[d]$1 & us$ 
m$ic9ally 9 pe/il5tial fev]s1 ! dys5t]y1
 & bloody flux3 ! dose is a dra*m1 pass$
 ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 tak5 ei!r 9 common  
wat]1 or 9 an infusion ( ! planta94 ,?is
 p[d] is br\ght into ,europe "u ! "n (  
t]ra sigillata ,lemnia4 ,! woody b>k ( !
 fruit1 & ! fruit itself1 :5 spoil$1    
help to supply ! negroes ) an excell5t  

soap1 :i* !y make by draw+ a lie f !    
a%es1 & boil+ x ) palm-oil t beg9s to be
 rancid4 ,! trunks ( su* ( ^! trees z   
are decay$1 ! negroes holl[ out into    
bury+ places = _! poets1 musicians1 &   
buffoons4 ,p]sons ( ^! *>act]s !y e/eem 
greatly :ile !y live1 suppos+ !m to     
d]ive _! sup]ior tal5ts f sorc]y1 or a  
comm]ce ) demons2 b !y reg>d _! bodies )
 horror :5 dead1 & w n give !m burial 9 
! usual mann]1 nei!r suff]+ !m to be put
 into ! gr\nd1 nor ?r[n into ! sea or   
any riv]1 because !y imag9e t ! wat]    
w\ld n !n n\ri% ! fi%1 nor ! e>? produce
 its fruits4 ,! bodies %ut up 9 ^!      
trunks become dry )\t rott+1 & =m a k9d 
( mummies )\t ! help ( embalm+4 ,!      
baobal is v di/9ct f ! calaba%-tree (   
,am]ica1 ) :i* x has be5 conf\nd$ by    
,fa!r ,labat4   ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt (
 a ,,rem>kable ,,oak ,,tree3--          
,behold ! oak does "y & v]dant /&       
,above ! grove1 all o!rs to comm&2   ,8 
wide-ext5d$ limbs ! =e/ cr[n'd1   ,%ad+ 
! trees1 z well z !y ! gr\nd3   ,"y     

murm'r+ tempe/s 9 8 b\ghs are br$1   ,& 
ga!r+ cl\ds f r\nd 8 l(ty head2         
,outrage\s ?und]1 /ormy w9ds1 & ra91    
,dis*>ge _! fury on 8 head 9 va92       
,e>?quakes bel[1 & lightn+s f above1    
,r5d n 8 trunk1 nor 8 fix'd root remove4
                                        
,blackmore4  ,mr4 ,gilp91 9 8 =e/ sc5]y1
 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an ag$ oak3--  
,close by ! gate ( ! ,wat]-walk1 at     
,magdal5 ,college 9 ,ox=d1 grew an oak1 
:i* p]haps /ood !re a sapl9 :5 ,alfr$ ! 
,great f\nd$ ! univ]sity4 ,?is p]iod    
only includes a space ( n9e hundr$ ye>s1
 :i* is no great age = an oak4 ,x is a  
difficult matt] inde$ to asc]ta9 ! age (
 a tree4 ,! age ( a ca/le or abbey is ! 
object ( hi/ory3 ev5 a common h\se is   
record$ by ! family t built x4 ,all ^!  
objects arrive at maturity 9 _! y\?1 if 
,i may s speak4 ,b ! tree gradually     
complet+ its gr[?1 is n wor? record+ 9 !
 e>ly "p ( its exi/5ce3 x is !n only a  
common tree2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 x becomes   
rem>kable = its age1 all memory ( its   

y\? is lo/4 ,?is tree1 h[ev]1 c almo/   
produce hi/orical evid5ce = ! age       
assign$ to x4  ,ab\t five hundr$ ye>s   
aft] ! "t ( ,alfr$1 ,william (          
,wa9fleet1 ,dr4 ,/ukely tells u1        
expressly ord]$ ?is college to be f\nd$ 
ne> ! great oak2 7,it9]4 ,curios47 & an 
oak c\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be less ?an five    
hundr$ ye>s ( age1 to m]it t title1     
toge!r ) ! hon\r ( fix+ ! site ( a      
college4 ,:5 ! magnific5ce ( ,c>d9al    
,wolsey erect$ t h&some t[] :i* is s    
ornam5tal to ! :ole build+1 ?is tree    
might probably be 9 ! m]idian ( its     
glory2 or r1 p]haps x _h atta9$ a gre5  
old age4 ,b x mu/ h be5 manife/ly 9 its 
decl9e1 at t memorable ra1 :5 ! tyranny 
( ,james gave ! fell[s ( ,magdal5 s     
noble an opportunity ( )/&+ bigotry &   
sup]/ition4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds mu* injur$ 9 !
 "t ( ,*>les ,,ii1 :5 ! pres5t walks 7  
laid out3 its roots 7 di/urb$2 & f t    
p]iod x decl9$ fa/1 & became r$uc$ by   
degrees to little m ?an a m]e trunk4 ,! 
olde/ memb]s ( ! univ]sity c sc>cely    

recollect x 9 bett] plight3 b ! fai?ful 
records ( hi/ory#bj h h&$ d[n its anci5t
 dim5sions4  ,x once flung its b\ghs    
?r\gh a space ( sixte5 y>ds on e side f 
its trunk2 & "u its magnific5t pavilion 
c\ld h %elt]$ ) ease ?ree ?\s& m53 ?\gh 
9 its decay$ /ate1 x c\ld1 = _m ye>s1 d 
little m ?an %elt] "s luckless          
individual1 :om ! driv+ %[] _h ov]tak5 9
 8 ev5+ walk4 ,9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #aghh1 
?is magnific5t ru9 fell to ! gr\nd1     
al>m+ ! college ) its cra%+ s\nd4 ,x !n 
appe>$ h[ prec>i\sly x _h /ood = _m     
ye>s4 ,its gr& taproot 0 decay$2 & x _h 
hold ( ! e>? only by two or ?ree roots1 
( :i* none 0 m ?an a c\ple ( in*es 9    
diamet]4 ,f a "p ( its ru9s1 a *air has 
be5 made = ! presid5t ( ! college1 :i* w
 long cont9ue its memory4   ,?is w be a 
prop] place = introduc+ ! hi/ory ( ,,"s 
,,( ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,trees ,,n[ ,,gr[+ ,,9 
,,engl&4--,9 ,ha9ault ,=e/1 ne> ,b>k+ 9 
,essex1 !re is an oak :i* has atta9$ !  
enorm\s bulk ( ?irty-six feet 9         
circumf]5ce4 ,?is extraord9>y tree has  

be5 kn[n = ages by ! "n ( ,fairlop4 ,!  
tradition ( ! c\ntry traces x half way  
up ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,b5ea? its %ade1 :i*  
ov]spreads an area ( ?ree hundr$ feet 9 
circuit1 an annual fair has long be5    
held on ! fir/ ,friday 9 ,july1 & no    
boo? is suff]$ to be erect$ beyond !    
ext5t ( its b\ghs4  ,at ,cromwell ,p>k1 
ne> ,letbury 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ! seat (   
,"l ,dacre1 is a huge *esnut tree1      
probably z rem>kable = antiquity z size2
 hav+ be5 m5tion$ 7accord+ to ,sir      
,ri*>d ,atk9s7 9 k+ ,john's days1 six   
c5turies ago1 z ! wond] ( !             
neighb\rhood1 & measur+ at pres5t1 at ! 
foot1 fifty-sev5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 
is suppos$ to be at lea/ eight hundr$   
ye>s old4  ,9 ,d>ley *ur*-y>d1 ne>      
,matlock 9 ,d]by%ire1 is a yew tree1    
?irty-?ree feet 9 girt4  ,9 ! *ur*-y>d (
 ,aldwor?1 9 ,b]k%ire1 is a yew tree1 ! 
trunk ( :i*1 f\r feet f ! gr\nd1        
measures n9e y>ds 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x is (
 consid]able height3 all recollection ( 
its age is lo/4   ,,! ,,%elton          

,,oak4--,ab\t a mile & a half f         
,%rewsbury1 :]e ! ,pool road div]ges f t
 :i* leads to ,oswe/ry1 !re /&s an      
anci5t decay$ oak4 ,!re is a tradition1 
t ,ow5 ,gl5dwr 7,glynd]7 asc5d$ ?is tree
 to reconnoitre2 & f9d+ t ! k+ 0 9 great
 =ce1 & t ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& _h n jo9$
 8 son ,hotspur1 he fell back to        
,oswe/ry1 & imm$iately aft] ! battle (  
,%rewsbury1 retreat$ precipitately to   
,wales4 ,?is tree is n[ 9 a complete    
/ate ( decay1 & holl[1 ev5 9 ! l>g]     
ramifications4 ,! foll[+ are ! dim5sions
 ( ! ,%elton ,oak3                      
ft4 94   ,girt1 at bottom1 close to !   
gr\nd       #dd   #c   ,ditto1 #e feet f
 ditto                   #be   #a       
,ditto1 #h feet f ditto                 
#bg   #d   ,height ( ! tree             
#da   #f    ,vide ,g5t4 ,mag4 vol4      
lxxxi4 p4 #cje4   ,,! ,,b[?orpe ,,oak1  
situate 9 ! p>k betwe5 ,b\rne & ,/am=d--
    ,on a f9e em95ce1 ( sl[ asc5t1   ,! 
l&scape r\nd /ret*'d to a va/ ext5t1    
--is ! prop]ty ( ,philip ,duncombe      

,paunce=t1 ,esq4 ,! trunk is ?irty-n9e  
feet six in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! inside 
( ! body is holl[1 & ! l[] "p ( x 0     
=m]ly us$ z a fe$+ place = calves1 !    
upp]1 z a pigeon-h\se4 ,! late          
possessor1 ,george ,paunce=t1 ,esq4 79  
^: family x has be5 = _m c5turies17 9   
#agfh _h x floor$1 ) b5*es plac$ r\nd1 &
 a door ( entrance3 frequ5tly twelve    
p]sons h d9$ 9 x ) ease4                
--------------cr[ds ye>ly flock to see  
,9 leafy pomp ! celebrat$ tree2   ,*>m'd
 to contemplate ,nature's giant son1    
,f$ by ! g5ial seasons z !y run4  ,no   
tradition is to be f\nd respect+ x1 x   
hav+1 ev] s9ce ! memory ( ! olde/       
inhabitants1 or _! ance/ors1 be5 9 !    
same /ate ( decay4   ,we conclude ?is   
*apt] ) an essay on ! ,,upas1 or        
,,poison-,,tree ,,( ,,java2 by ,?omas   
,horsefield1 ,m4 ,d4--,f ! ,sev5?       
,volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,lit]>y & 
,philosophical ,society ( ,java4  ,!    
lit]>y & sci5tific _w has 9 few in/ances
 be5 m grossly & impud5tly impos$ ^u1   

?an by ! acc\nt ( ! ,bohan ,upas1       
publi%$ 9 ,holl& ab\t ! ye> #aghj4 ,!   
hi/ory & orig9 ( ?is celebrat$ =g]y /ill
 rema9s a my/]y4 ,fo]s*1 :o put 8 "n to 
! publication1 c]ta9ly 0 7accord+ to !  
in=mation ,i h receiv$ f cr$ible p]sons1
 :o h long resid$ on ! isl&17 a surgeon 
9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company's s]vice1
 ab\t ! "t ! acc\nt ( ! ,upas appe>$4 ,x
 w\ld be 9 "s degree int]e/+ to become  
acqua9t$ ) 8 "*4 ,i h be5 l$ to suppose 
t 8 lit]>y abilities 7 z mean1 z 8      
contempt ( tru? 0 consummate4  ,hav+    
ha/ily pick$ up "s vague in=mation      
conc]n+ ! ,upas1 he c>ri$ x to ,europe1 
:]e 8 notes 7 arrang$1 d\btlessly by a  
diff]5t h&1 9 su* a =m z1 by _!         
plausibility & appe>ance ( tru?1 to be  
g5]ally cr$it$4  ,b ?\gh ! acc\nt j     
m5tion$1 9 s f> z relates to ! situation
 ( ! ,poison ,tree1 to its effects on ! 
surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & to ! application said
 to h be5 made ( ! ,upas on crim9als 9  
diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&1 z well z !       
description ( ! poison\s sub/ance       

itself1 & its mode ( collection1 has be5
 demon/rat$ to be an extravagant        
=g]y1--! exi/5ce ( a tree 9 ,java1 f ^: 
sap a poison is prep>$1 equal 9         
fatality1 :5 ?r[n into ! circulation1 to
 ! /ronge/ animal poisons hi!rto kn[n1  
is a fact1 :i* x is at pres5t my object 
to e/abli% & to illu/rate4  ,! tree :i* 
produces ?is poison1 is call$ ,ant%>1 & 
gr[s 9 ! ea/]n extremity ( ! isl&4  ,!  
,ant%> is "o ( ! l>ge/ trees 9 ! =e/s ( 
,java4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 p]p5dicul>1
 & rises completely nak$ to ! height (  
sixty1 sev5ty1 or eighty feet4 ,ne> !   
surface ( ! gr\nd x spreads obliquely1  
divid+ into num]\s broad app5dages or   
w+s1 mu* l ! ,can>ium commune1 & sev]al 
o!rs ( our l>ge =e/ trees4 ,x is cov]$ )
 a :iti% b>k1 slightly bur/+ 9          
longitud9al furr[s4 ,ne> ! gr\nd ?is b>k
 is1 9 old trees1 m ?an half an in*     
?ick2 &1 ^u be+ w\nd$1 x yields         
pl5tifully ! milky juice f :i* !        
celebrat$ poison is prep>$4 ,a puncture 
or incision be+ made 9 ! tree1 ! juice  

or sap appe>s ooz+ out1 ( a yell[i%     
col\r1 some:at fro?y2 f old trees1 pal]2
 & ne>ly :ite f "y ones3 :5 expos$ to ! 
air1 its surface becomes br[n4 ,!       
consi/5ce v mu* resembles milk1 only x  
is ?ick] & viscid4 ,?is sap is conta9$ 9
 ! true b>k1 or cortex1 :i*1 :5         
punctur$1 yields a consid]able quantity1
 s t 9 a %ort "t a cupful may be        
collect$ f a l>ge tree4 ,! inn] b>k1 or 
lib]1 is ( a close fibr\s texture1 l t (
 ! ,morus papyrif]a1 & :5 sep>at$ f !   
o!r b>k1 & cleans$ f ! adh]+ p>ticles1  
resembles a co>se piece ( l954 ,x has   
be5 work$ into ropes1 :i* are v /rong1 &
 ! poor] class ( p employ ! inn] b>k (  
y\ng] trees1 :i* is m easily prep>$1 = !
 purpose ( mak+ a co>se /uff1 :i* !y we>
 :5 work+ 9 ! fields4 ,b x requires mu* 
bruis+1 wa%+1 & a long imm]sion 9 wat]1 
be=e x c be us$2 & ev5 :5 x appe>s      
completely purifi$1 p]sons we>+ ?is     
dress1 on be+ expos$ to ! ra91 are      
affect$ ) an intol]able it*+1 :i* r5d]s 
_! flimsy cov]+ almo/ insupportable4  ,x

 w appe>1 f ! acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* !  
poison is prep>$1 t ! delet]i\s quality 
exi/s 9 ! gum1 a small portion ( :i*    
/ill adh]+ to ! b>k1 produces1 :5 x     
becomes wet1 ?is irritat+ effect2 & x is
 s+ul>1 t ?is prop]ty ( ! prep>$ b>k is 
kn[n to ! ,javanese1 9 all places :]e ! 
tree gr[s1 7= in/ance1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! 
prov9ces ( ,bangil & ,malang1 & ev5 at  
,on>ang17 :ile ! prep>ation ( a poison f
 its juice1 :i* produces a mortal effect
 :5 introduc$ into ! body by po9t$      
weapons1 is an exclusive art ( !        
inhabitants ( ! ea/]n extremity ( !     
isl&4  ,"o ( ! reg5ts 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts
 in=m$ me1 t hav+ _m ye>s ago prep>$    
caps or bonnets f ! inn] b>k ( ! ,ant%>1
 :i* 7 /iff5$ 9 ! usual mann] ) ?ick    
rice-wat]1 & h&somely pa9t$1 = ! purpose
 ( decorat+ 8 mantries1 !y all decid$ly 
refus$ to we> !m1 ass]t+ t !y w\ld cause
 _! hair to fall (f4  ,i fir/ met ) !   
,ant%> 9 ! prov9ce ( ,poeg>1 on my way  
to ,bango[angee3 9 ! prov9ce (          
,blambangan1 ,i visit$ f\r or five      

diff]5t trees1 f :i* ?is description has
 be5 made1 :ile two ( !m furni%$ ! juice
 = ! prep>ation ( ! upas4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! 
trees _h1 :]e ! oblique app5dages ( !   
/em ent]$ ! gr\nd1 a diamet] ( at lea/  
t5 feet2 & :]e ! regul>ly r\nd & /raight
 /em began1 a di/ance ( at lea/ t5 feet 
f ! po9ts ( ! two opposite app5dages at 
! surface ( ! gr\nd1 its diamet] 0 full 
?ree feet4 ,i h s9ce f\nd a v tall tree 
9 ,passooro[ang1 ne> ! b\nd>y ( ,malang1
 & v lately ,i h discov]$ sev]al "y     
trees 9 ! =e/s ( ,jap>a1 & "o tree 9 !  
vic9ity ( ,on>ang4 ,9 all ^! places1    
?\gh ! inhabitants are unacqua9t$ ) !   
prep>ation & effect ( ! poison1 !y      
di/+ui% ! tree by ! "n ( ,ant%>4 ,f !   
tree ,i f\nd 9 ! prov9ce (              
,passooro[ang1 ,i collect$ "s juice1 :i*
 0 ne>ly equal 9 its op]ation to t (    
,blambangan4 ,"o ( ! exp]im5ts to be    
relat$ bel[1 0 made ) ! upas prep>$ by  
myself1 aft] my return to ! *ief        
village4 ,i _h "s difficulty 9 induc+ ! 
inhabitants to assi/ me 9 collect+ !    

juice1 z !y fe>$ a cutane\s eruption &  
inflammation1 resembl+1 accord+ to !    
acc\nt !y gave ( x1 t produc$ by ! ,+as 
( ?is isl&1 ! ,rhus v]nix ( ,japan1 & ! 
,rhus radicans ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 b !y 7  
only affect$ by a slight heat & it*+ ( !
 eyes4 ,9 cle>+ ! new gr\nds 9 !        
environs ( ,bango[angee = cultivation1 x
 is ) mu* difficulty ! inhabitants c be 
made to approa* ! tree1 z !y dread !    
cutane\s eruption :i* x is kn[n to      
produce :5 newly cut d[n4  ,b except :5 
! tree is l>gely w\nd$1 or :5 x is      
fell$1 by :i* a l>ge portion ( ! juice  
is dis5gag$1 ! effluvia ( :i*1 mix+ ) ! 
atmosph]e1 affects ! p]sons expos$ to x 
) ! symptoms j m5tion$1 ! tree may be   
approa*$ & asc5d$ l ! o!r trees 9 !     
=e/s4  ,! ,ant%>1 l trees 9 its         
neighb\rhood1 is on all sides surr\nd$  
by %rubs & plants2 9 no in/ance h ,i    
obs]v$ ! gr\nd nak$ or b>r5 9 its       
imm$iate circumf]5ce4  ,! l>ge/ tree ,i 
met ) 9 ,blambangan1 0 s closely        
environ$ by ! common trees & %rubs ( !  

=e/ 9 :i* x grew1 t x 0 ) difficulty ,i 
c\ld approa* x4 ,sev]al v9es & climb+   
%rubs1 9 complete heal? & vig\r1 adh]$  
to x1 & asc5d$ to ne>ly half its height4
 ,& at ! "t ,i visit$ ! tree & collect$ 
! juice1 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck ) ! egregi\s 
misrepres5tation ( ,fo]s*4 ,sev]al "y   
trees1 spontane\sly sprung f se$s t _h  
fall5 f ! p>5t1 rem9d$ me ( a l9e 9     
,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d51    ,*a9$ at 8   
root two scion demons dwell2  :ile 9    
recall+ 8 beautiful description ( !     
,upas1 my vic9ity to ! tree gave me     
reason to rejoice t x is f\nd$ on       
fiction4 ,! wood ( ! ,ant%> is :ite1    
light1 & ( a spongy appe>ance4          
,,*ap4 ,,xxxv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,vegetables4--7,cont9u$47      ,curi\s
 ,plant ne> ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope--,!   
,m&rake--,*angeable     ,fl[]--,*9ese   
,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,tea--,antiquity (     
,sug>--,curi\s     ,effects ( ,c9*ona1  
or ,p]uvian ,b>k--,curi\s ,p>ticul>s ( a
 ,p\nd     ,weight (                    
,cotton-wool--,animat$ ,/alk--,animal   

,fl[]4      ,s(t roll y\r inc5se1 h]bs1 
& fruits1 & fl[]s1     ,9 m+l$ cl\ds to 
,him1 ^: sun exalts1     ,^: brea?      
p]fumes y1 & ^: p5cil pa9ts4   ,,curi\s 
,,plant ,,ne> ,,! ,,cape ,,( ,,good     
,,hope4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( a curi\s    
plant is tak5 f ,?unb]g's ,travels3--   
,! fruit ( a species ( ,mesembryan      
,!rmum1 7says ! writ]17 0 sometimes     
br\ght to ! tav]n z a r>ity1 & 0 call$  
,rosa de ,j]i*o4 ,:5 x is put into wat]1
 x gradually op5s all its se$-vessels1 &
 exactly resembles a sun2 & :5 x becomes
 dry aga91 x contracts itself1 & closes 
by degrees4 ,?is is a no less necess>y  
?an s+ul> prop]ty1 :i* po9ts out !      
admirable in/itution ( an all-wise      
,creator2 inasmu* z ?is plant1 :i* is   
f\nd 9 ! mo/ arid pla9s1 keeps its se$s 
fa/ lock$ up 9 "t ( dr\ght1 b :5 ! ra9y 
season comes1 & ! se$s c gr[1 x op5s its
 receptacles1 & lets fall ! se$s1 9 ord]
 t !y may be disp]s$ abroad4 ,! wat] 9  
:i* ?is fruit has la91 is sometimes giv5
 to wom5 t are ne> _! "t1 & is ?\ght to 

procure !m an easy deliv]y4   ,,!       
,,m&rake4--,?is plant possesses a long  
tap] root resembl+ ! p>snip1 runn+ ?ree 
or f\r feet into ! gr\nd2 imm$iately f !
 cr[n ( ! root arises a circle ( leaves1
 at fir/ /&+ erect1 b :5 gr[n to ! full 
size1 !y spread op5 & lie ^u ! gr\nd2 ^!
 leaves are m ?an a foot 9 l5g?1 & ab\t 
five in*es broad 9 ! middle1 ( a d>k    
gre5 col\r1 & a fetid sc5t2 among ^!    
come out ! fl[]s1 ea* on a scape ?ree   
in*es 9 l5g?2 !y are five-corn]$1 ( an  
h]bace\s :ite col\r1 spread+ op5 at top 
l a primrose1 hav+ five hairy /am5s1 & a
 globul> g]m support+ an awl-%ap$ /yle1 
:i* becomes a globul> s(t b]ry1 :5      
full-gr[n z l>ge z a nutmeg1 ( a yell[i%
 gre5 col\r1 & :5 ripe1 full ( pulp4    
,_m s+ul> facts are relat$ ( ?is plant1 
among :i* we select ! foll[+3 ! roots h 
be5 suppos$ to be> a resemblance to !   
human =m1 & are figur$ z su* 9 ! old    
h]bals1 be+ di/+ui%$ into ! male ) a    
long be>d1 & ! female ) a prolix head ( 
hair4 ,m\ntebanks c>ry ab\t fictiti\s   

images1 %ap$ f roots ( bryony & o!r     
plants1 cut into =m1 or =c$ to gr[ ?r\gh
 m\lds ( e>!nw>e1 z m&rake-roots4 ,x 0  
fabl$ to gr[ "u a gall[s1 :]e ! matt]   
fall+ f ! dead body1 gave x ! %ape ( a  
man2 to utt] a great %riek1 or t]rible  
groans1 at ! digg+ up3 & x 0 ass]t$1 t  
he :o w\ld take up a plant ( m&rake1    
%\ld 9 common prud5ce tie a dog to x = t
 purpose1 =1 if a man %\ld d x himself1 
he w\ld surely die soon aft]4 ,to ?is   
curi\s vegetable ! poet alludes 9 !     
foll[+ l9es3--    ,m>k h[ t root$ m&rake
 we>s     ,8 human feet1 8 human h&s2   
,(t z 8 %apely =m he re>s1     ,agha/ ! 
fright$ pl\ghman /&s4   ,,! ,,*angeable 
,,fl[]4--,on ! isl& ( ,lew*ew1 7says    
,mr4 ,m',leod17 is f\nd a rem>kable     
production1 ab\t ! size ( a *]ry-tree1  
be>+ fl[]s1 :i*1 alt]nately on ! same   
day1 assume ! t9t ( ! rose or lily1 z !y
 are expos$ to sun%9e or ! %ade4 ,! b>k 
( ?is tree is ( a d>k gre51 & ! fl[]s   
be> a resemblance to our common roses4  
,"s ( our p>ty1 ^: p[]s ( vision 7      

/rong1 7assi/$ by a vigor\s imag9ation47
 fanci$ t1 by att5tive wat*+1 ! *ange ( 
hue1 f :ite to r$1 "u ! influ5ce ( !    
sol> ray1 0 actually p]ceptible to !    
eye3 t1 h[ev]1 !y alt]$ _! col\r 9 !    
c\rse ( a few h\rs1 0 v obvi\s4   ,z ?is
 is a *apt] devot$ to miscellane\s      
articles ( ?is class1 x may n be amiss  
to ins]t ,,! ,,*9ese ,,me?od ,,(        
,,prep>+ ,,tea4--,tea gr[s on a small   
%rub1 ! leaves ( :i* are collect$ twice 
or ?rice e ye>4 ,^? :o collect ! leaves 
?ree times a ye>1 beg9 at ! new moon :i*
 prec$es ! v]nal equ9ox1 :e!r x falls at
 ! end ( ,febru>y or ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*4   
,at t p]iod mo/ ( ! leaves are p]fectly 
gre51 & h>dly fully exp&$3 b ^! small & 
t5d] leaves are acc\nt$ ! be/ ( all2 !y 
are sc>ce1 & exce$+ly de>4  ,! second   
crop1 or ! fir/ ) ^? :o collect ! leaves
 only twice a ye>1 is ga!r$ ab\t ! end (
 ,m>* or beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,"p ( ! leaves
 h !n atta9$ to maturity2 & ?\gh ! re/ h
 acquir$ only half _! size1 !y are bo?  
collect$ )\t any di/9ction4  ,! ?ird 7or

 second ) "s7 & la/ crop1 is m abundant1
 & is collect$ ab\t ! end ( ,april1 :5 !
 leaves h atta9$ _! full gr[?1 bo? (    
size & numb]4 ,"s p neglect ! two fir/  
crops1 & conf9e !mselves entirely to    
?is1 ! leaves ( :i* are select$ ) great 
c>e1 & di/ribut$ into classes1 accord+  
to _! size or goodness4--,tea ought to  
be reject$ z ( a bad quality1 :5 old1 & 
)]$ leaves are f\nd among/ x1 :i* may be
 easily kn[n by infus+ a little ( x 9   
wat]1 = !n ! leaves dilate1 & return to 
_! natural /ate4  ,! leaves ( ! tea %rub
 are oblong1 %>p-po9t$1 ind5t$ on !     
edges1 & ( a v beautiful gre5 col\r4 ,! 
fl[] is compos$ ( five :ite petals1     
dispos$ 9 ! =m ( a rose1 & is succe$$ by
 a pod1 ( ! size ( a filb]t1 conta9+ two
 or ?ree small gre5 se$s1 :i* are       
wr9kl$1 & h a disagreeable ta/e4 ,its   
root is fibr\s1 & spreads itself out ne>
 ! surface ( ! gr\nd4  ,?is %rub gr[s   
equally well 9 a ri*1 z 9 a poor soil4  
,x is to be f\nd all ov] ,*9a1 b !re are
 c]ta9 places :]e ! tea is ( a bett]    

quality ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"s p give !        
pref]5ce to ! tea ( ,japan1 b we h      
reason to d\bt :e!r !re is any real     
diff]5ce4  ,! mann] ( prep>+ tea is v   
simple4 ,:5 ! leaves are collect$1 !y   
are expos$ to ! /eam ( boil+ wat]1 9    
ord] to s(t5 !m2 & !y are !n spread out 
^u metal plates1 & plac$ ov] a mod]ate  
fire1 :]e !y acquire t %rivell$         
appe>ance :i* !y h :5 br\ght to ,europe4
  ,9 ,*9a1 !re are only two k9ds ( ! tea
 %rub2 b ! ,*9ese1 by _! indu/ry1 h     
consid]ably multipli$ ea* ( !m4 ,if !re 
are1 !re=e1 l>ge quantities ( tea 9 t   
c\ntry :i* are excessively de>1 !re is  
"s also v common1 & sold at a l[ rate4  
,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 are v fond ( good tea1
 & take z mu* pa9s to procure x ( an    
excell5t quality1 z ! ,europeans d to   
procure excell5t w9e4  ,bohea ,tea4--,! 
,*9ese "n ( ?is tea is v\-y-t*a1 t is to
 say1 tea ( ! ?ird k9d1 call$ v\-y4 ,x  
takes its "n f a m\nta9 9 ! prov9ce (   
,foki54 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ?is tea3 ! 
fir/ ( :i*1 call$ common ,bohea1 gr[s at

 ! bottom ( ! m\nta92 ! second1 call$   
cong f\1 or camph\1 gr[s at ! top2 & !  
?ird1 nam$ saot-*aon1 gr[s 9 ! middle4  
,^! names 9 ,engl& are corrupt$ into    
congo1 & s\*ong4  ,bohea teas 9 g5]al   
ought to be dry1 & heavy 9 ! h&3 ?is is 
a sign t ! leaves h be5 full & juicy4   
,:5 infus$1 !y ought to communicate to !
 wat] a yell[ col\r1 incl9+ a little to 
gre51 :i* indicates t !y are fre%1 = old
 tea produces a r$ col\r4 ,c>e mu/ be   
tak5 above all to avoid r$ leaves1 & to 
*oose su* z are l>ge & entire4 ,?is is  
also a sign ( fre%ness2 = ! long] tea is
 kept1 ! m x is %ak51 :i* breaks !      
leaves1 & mixes !m ) a great deal ( du/4
 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! tea-du/
 is ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is put into !
 box1 z ! ,*9ese tread ^u x ) _! feet1  
to make ! box hold a l>ge quantity4 ,!  
leaves ( ! cong-f\ & saot-*aon ought to 
h a beautiful black %9+ t9t1 & to       
communicate to wat] a v bright yell[ & a
 mild ta/e4  ,! ,pekoe is a p>ticul> k9d
 ( tea-%rub1 ! leaves ( :i* are all     

black on ! "o side1 & all :ite on ! o!r4
 ,z ! real ,pekoe tea is v sc>ce & de>1 
! ,*9ese adult]ate x1 by mix+ ) x "s ( !
 small half-gr[n leaves1 z yet :ite1 :i*
 gr[ on ! top ( ! common ,bohea tea4    
,?is *anges ! quality ( ! ,pekoe1 = ^!  
leaves be+ sc>cely =m$1 c h v little sap
 or flav\r4  ,gre5 ,teas4--,gre5 teas d 
n gr[ 9 ! same place z ! ,bohea tea4 ,!y
 are br\ght f ! prov9ce ( ,nank91 & are 
di/+ui%$ into ?ree sorts4 ,! fir/ is    
kn[n "u ! "n ( songlo tea1 b (t5] "u t (
 gre5 t\kay2 ! second is call$ b+ tea2 &
 ! ?ird hayssu5 tea1 or hyson4 ,!re are 
also "s o!r k9ds1 b ! great] "p ( !m are
 unkn[n1 or ( little importance to      
=eign]s4  ,! songlo & hayssu5 teas come 
f ! same %rub2 _! only diff]5ce is 9 !  
mann] ( _! be+ prep>$4 ,b+ tea gr[s on a
 diff]5t %rub1 ! leaves ( :i* are ?ick] 
& l>g] ?an ^? ( o!r k9ds4 ,all teas     
ought to h a gre5 lead5 t9t3 ! old] !y  
are1 ! leaves become m yell[1 :i* is a v
 great fault4 ,!y ought also to h a     
burnt or scor*$ smell1 n too /rong1 b   

agreeable2 = :5 !y h be5 long kept1 !y h
 a fil?y smell1 some:at l t ( pil*>ds4  
,! ,fr5* wi% to f9d 9 gre5 teas1 &      
p>ticul>ly 9 songlo & imp]ial1 an od\r  
simil> to t ( soap4 ,9 ^! sev]al k9ds ( 
tea1 !re is a p>ticul> di/9ction to be  
made1 z !y are g5]ally class$ into "o1  
two1 or ?ree k9ds1 accord+ to ! p]iods  
at :i* !y 7 ga!r$4   ,,antiquity ,,(    
,,sug>4--,f ! few rema9s ( ! ,grecian & 
,roman au?ors :i* h surviv$ ! ravages ( 
"t1 we c f9d no pro( t ! juice ( !      
sug>-cane 0 kn[n at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,!re
 c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 ^? c\ntries   
:]e x 0 indig5\s1 its value 0 n long    
conceal$4 ,x is n improbable t x 0 kn[n 
to ! anci5t ,jews2 = !re is "s reason to
 suppose1 t ! ,hebrew ^w1 :i* occurs    
frequ5tly 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & :i* is by
 our translators r5d]$ sometimes        
calamus1 & sometimes sweet-cane1 does 9 
fact mean ! sug>-cane4 ,! sug>-cane 0   
fir/ made kn[n to ! we/]n p>ts ( ! _w1  
by ! conque/ ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,/rabo 
relates1 t ,ne>*us's admiral f\nd x 9 ! 

,ea/ ,indies1 ,a4 ,c4 #cbe4 ,x is       
evid5tly allud$ to 9 a fragm5t (        
,!ophra/us1 pres]v$ 9 ,photius4 ,v>ro1  
:o liv$ ,a4 ,c4 #fh4 describes x 9 a    
fragm5t quot$ by ,isidorus1 z a fluid   
press$ f re$s ( a l>ge size1 :i* 0      
sweet] ?an honey4 ,dioscorides1 ab\t ,a4
 ,c4 #ce1 says1 t !re is a k9d ( honey  
call$ sac*>on1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,india &   
,arabia ,felix4 ,x has ! appe>ance (    
salt1 & is brittle :5 *ew$4 ,if dissolv$
 9 wat]1 x is b5eficial to ! b[els &    
/oma*1 is useful 9 diseases ( ! bladd] &
 kidneys1 &1 :5 spr9kl$ on ! eye1       
removes ^? sub/ances t obscure ! sight4 
,?is is ! fir/ acc\nt we h ( its m$ic9al
 qualities4 ,gal5 (t5 prescrib$ x z a   
m$ic9e4 ,lucan relates1 t an ,ori5tal   
nation 9 alliance ) ,pompey us$ ! juice 
( ! cane z a common dr9k4 ,pl9y says x 0
 produc$ 9 ,arabia & ,india1 b t ! be/  
came f ! latt] c\ntry4 ,x is also       
m5tion$ by ,arrian1 9 8 ,petiplus ( !   
,r$ ,sea1 by ! "n ( ,greek3 ,sa*> 7sa*>7
 z an article ( comm]ce f ,india to !   

,r$ ,sea4 lian1 ,t]tullian1 & ,alex&]   
,aphrodisu1 m5tion x z a species ( honey
 procur$ f canes4   ,,curi\s ,,effects  
,,( ,,c9*ona1 or ,,p]uvian ,,b>k4--,an  
acc\nt has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de   
,ph>macie1 = ,may #ahai1 ( "s curi\s    
effects produc$ by ,p]uvian ,b>k4 ,a    
,fr5* m]*ant1 ,m4 ,delpe*1 resid+ at    
,guayra1 9 ! ,c>accas1 _h /or$ up a l>ge
 quantity ( fre% c9*ona1 9 ap>tm5ts :i* 
7 aft]w>ds requir$ = ! reception ( "s   
travell]s z gue/s4 ,^! ap>tm5ts conta9$ 
ea* eight or t5 ?\s& p\nds ( b>k2 & 9   
consequ5ce ( its f]m5tation1 ! heat 0   
mu* great] "h ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! h\se1
 r5d]+ ! place some:at disagreeable4 ,"o
 ( ! b$s plac$ 9 ^! rooms1 0 occupi$ by 
a travell]1 ill ( a malignant fev]3 aft]
 ! fir/ day he f\nd himself mu* bett]1  
?\gh he _h tak5 no m$ic9e2 9 a few days 
he felt himself q recov]$1 )\t any      
m$ical treatm5t :atsoev]4 ,?is unexpect$
 success induc$ ,m4 ,delpe* to make "s  
o!r trials3 sev]al p]sons ill ( fev]1 7 
plac$ successively 9 8 magaz9e ( c9*ona1

 & !y 7 all spe$ily cur$1 simply by !   
effluvia ( ! b>k4  ,x happ5$ t a bale ( 
c(fee1 & "s common ,fr5* br&y1 7 kept 9 
! same place = "s mon?s3 "o ( ! br&y    
bottles happ5$ to be uncork$1 &1 on     
exam9ation1 0 f\nd to possess a slight  
aromatic ta/e1 to be m tonic1 & v       
sup]ior to common br&y4 ,! c(fee 0 also 
mu* alt]$2 :5 roa/$1 x 0 m bitt] ?an    
common c(fee1 & left 9 ! m\? a ta/e     
simil> to t ( an infusion ( b>k4  ,x is 
to be obs]v$1 t ! b>k :i* produc$ all ^!
 effects 0 fre%2 & ! "q :e!r t ( comm]ce
 w\ld produce ! same effects c only be  
answ]$ by exp]im5t4   ,,curi\s          
,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,a ,,p\nd ,,weight ,,(  
,,cotton-,,wool4--,! wool came f ! ,ea/ 
,indies to ,london2 f ,london x w5t to  
,man*e/]1 :]e x 0 manufactur$ into y>n2 
f ,man*e/] x 0 s5t to ,paisley1 :]e x 0 
wov52 x 0 !n s5t to ,ayr%ire1 :]e x 0   
tamb\r$2 x came back to ,paisley1 & 0   
!re ve9$2 aft]w>ds x 0 s5t to ,dumb>ton1
 :]e x 0 h&-sew$1 & aga9 br\ght to      
,paisley1 :5ce x 0 s5t to ,r5frew to be 

blea*$2 & 0 return$ to ,paisley1 :5ce x 
w5t to ,glasg[ & 0 f9i%$2 & f ,glasg[ 0 
s5t p] coa* to ,london4 ,! "t tak5 to   
br+ ?is article to m>ket 0 ?ree ye>s1 f 
! "t x 0 pack$ 9 ,india1 till ! "t x    
arriv$ 9 clo? at ! m]*ant's w>eh\se 9   
,london2 :5 x mu/ h be5 convey$ #ejjj   
miles by sea1 & #ibj by l&1 & contribut$
 to support no less ?an #aej p1 by :i* !
 value _h be5 increas$ #bjjj p]         
c5t4--,?us1 f mat]ials ( little value 9 
_! native /ate1 d arts & manufactures   
adm9i/] to individual com=t & national  
rev5ue4  ,we %all close ?is *apt] ) an  
acc\nt ( two curi\s articles1 n /rictly 
vegetable1 d5om9at$ ! animat$ /alk1 & ! 
animal fl[]4   ,,! ,,animat$            
,,/alk4--,?is v rem>kable animal 0 f\nd 
by ,mr4 ,ives1 at ,cuddalore1 & he      
m5tions sev]al k9ds ( x3 "s appe>+ l dry
 /raws ti$ toge!r1 o!rs l grass2 "s h   
bodies mu* l>g] ?an o!rs1 ) ! addition (
 two scaly imp]fect w+s2 _! neck is no  
bigg] ?an a p91 b twice z long z _!     
body2 _! heads are l ^? ( a h>e1 & _!   

eyes v]tical & v brisk4 ,!y live ^u     
flies1 & cat* ^! insects v dext]\sly ) !
 two =e feet1 :i* !y keep d\bl$ up 9    
?ree p>ts1 close to _! head1 & d>t out v
 quick on ! approa* ( _! prey2 & :5 !y h
 caught x1 !y eat x v voraci\sly1 hold+ 
x 9 ! same mann] z a squirrel does its  
food4 ,on ! out] jo9ts ( ! =e feet are  
sev]al v %>p hooks1 = ! easi] cat*+ &   
hold+ ( _! prey2 :ile1 ) ! o!r feet1 :i*
 are f\r 9 numb]1 !y take hold ( trees1 
or any o!r ?+1 ! bett] to surprise      
:atev] !y lie 9 wait =4 ,!y dr9k l a    
horse1 putt+ _! m\?s into ! wat]4 ,_!   
excrem5ts1 :i* are v :ite1 are almo/ z  
l>ge z ! body ( ! animal1 &1 z ! natives
 say1 dang]\s to ! eyes4   ,,! ,,animal 
,,fl[]4--,animal fl[]1 9 zoology1 is a  
"n giv5 to sev]al species ( animals     
belong+ to ! g5us ( ,act9ia ( ,l9nu4 ,!y
 h likewise be5 di/+ui%$ by ! names (   
,urtica m>9a1 or ,sea-nettle1 &         
,sea-anemone1 f _! claws or t5tacles be+
 dispos$ 9 regul> circles1 & t+$ ) a    
v>iety ( bright lively col\rs1 resembl+ 

! petals ( "s ( our mo/ beautiful fl[]s4
 ,z to "o species p>ticul>ly1 m5tion$ by
 ,abb ,diequem>re1 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = 
#aggc1 article #cg1 ! pure/ :ite1 c>m9e1
 & ultram>9e1 are said to be sc>cely    
suffici5t to express _! brilliancy4 ,!  
bodies ( "s ( !m are hemisph]ical1 (    
o!rs cyl9drical1 & o!rs are %ap$ l a    
fig4 ,_! sub/ance likewise diff]s3 "s   
are /iff & gelat9\s1 o!rs fle%y &       
muscul>2 b all ( !m are capable ( alt]+ 
_! figure1 :5 !y ext5d _! bodies & claws
 9 se>* ( food4 ,!y are f\nd 9 _m ( !   
rocky coa/s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 &   
likewise on "s p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,engl&4  
,!y h only "o op5+1 :i* is ! c5tre ( !  
upp]mo/ "p ( ! animal2 r\nd ?is are     
plac$ r[s ( fle%y claws2 ?is op5+ is !  
m\? ( ! animal1 & is capable ( great    
ext5sion4 ,! animals !mselves1 ?\gh     
exce$+ly voraci\s1 w be> long fa/+4 ,!y 
may be pres]v$ alive a :ole ye>1 or     
p]haps long]1 9 a vessel ( sea wat]1 )\t
 any visible food2 b1 :5 food is        
pres5t$1 "o ( !m w successively dev\r   

two muscles 9 _! %ells1 or ev5 swall[ a 
:ole crab z l>ge z a h5's egg4 ,9 a day 
or two ! crab-%ell is void$ at ! m\?1   
p]fectly cle>$ ( all ! meat4 ,!         
muscle-%ells are likewise dis*>g$ :ole1 
) ! two %ells jo9$ toge!r1 b entirely   
empty1 s t n ! lea/ p>ticle ( fi% is to 
be p]ceiv$ on op5+ !m4 ,an anemone ( "o 
species1 w ev5 swall[ an individual (   
ano!r species2 b1 aft] reta9+ x t5 or   
twelve h\rs1 w ?r[ x up alive & un9jur$4
 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ also1 x produces its "y
 ones alive1 already furni%$ ) little   
claws1 :i*1 z soon z !y fix !mselves1 !y
 beg9 to ext5d 9 se>* ( food4  ,9       
,hughes's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,b>badoes1 
an acc\nt is also giv5 ( sev]al species 
( animal fl[]s4 ,!y are describ$ z only 
f\nd 9 a bason 9 "o p>ticul> cave2 & ( !
 mo/ rem>kable species m5tion$ by him1  
we h ! foll[+ description3--,9 ! middle 
( ! bason1 !re is a fix$ /one or rock1  
:i* is always "u wat]4 ,r\nd its sides1 
at diff]5t dep?s1 seldom exce$+ eighte5 
in*es1 are se5 at all times ( ! ye>1    

issu+ out ( little holes1 c]ta9         
sub/ances t h ! appe>ance ( f9e radiat$ 
fl[]s1 ( a pale yell[ or a bright /raw  
col\r1 slightly t+$ ) gre51 hav+ a      
circul> bord] ( ?ick-set petals1 ab\t ! 
size (1 & mu* resembl+ ^? ( a s+le g>d5 
m>igold1 except t ?is seem+ fl[] is     
n>r[] at ! discus1 or sett+ on ( !      
leaves1 ?an any fl[] ( t k9d4 ,i h      
attempt$ to pluck "o ( ^! f ! rock1 to  
:i* !y are always fix$1 b nev] c\ld     
effect x2 = z soon z my f+]s came )9 two
 or ?ree in*es ( x1 x w\ld imm$iately   
contract close toge!r its yell[ bord]1 &
 %r9k back into ! hole ( ! rock2 b1 if  
left undi/urb$ = ab\t f\r m9utes1 x w\ld
 come gradually 9 sight1 exp&+1 ?\gh at 
fir/ v cauti\sly1 its seem+ leaves1 till
 at la/ x appe>$ 9 its =m] bloom4       
,h[ev]1 x w\ld aga9 recoil ) a surpris+ 
quickness1 :5 my h& came )9 a small     
di/ance ( x4 ,hav+ tri$ ! same exp]im5t 
by attempt+ to t\* x ) my cane1 & a     
small sl5d] rod1 ! effect 0 ! same4     
,?\gh ,i c\ld n by any means contrive to

 take or pluck f ! rock "o ( ^! animals 
entire1 yet ,i once cut (f 7) a knife1  
:i* ,i _h held = a long "t out ( sight1 
ne> ! m\? ( a hole out ( :i* "o ( ^!    
animals appe>$7 two ( ^! seem+ leaves4  
,^!1 :5 out ( ! wat]1 reta9$ _! %ape &  
col\r1 b1 be+ compos$ ( a membrane-l    
sub/ance surpris+ly ?91 x soon %rivell$ 
up & decay$4  ,! ,abb ,diequem>re1 by _m
 curi\s1 ?\gh cruel exp]im5ts1 relat$ 9 
! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #aggc1 has %ewn1 t ^!
 animals possess1 9 a mo/ extraord9>y   
degree1 ! p[] ( reproduction1 s t sc>ce 
any ?+ m is necess>y to produce z _m sea
 anemones z we please1 ?an to cut a s+le
 "o into z _m pieces4 ,a sea anemone be+
 cut 9 two by a section ?r\gh ! body1 t 
"p :]e ! limbs & m\? are plac$1 ate a   
piece ( a muscle1 (f]$ to x soon aft] ! 
op]ation1 & cont9u$ to fe$ & gr[ daily =
 ?ree mon?s aft]4 ,! food sometimes     
pass$ ?r\gh ! animal1 b 0 g5]ally ?r[n  
up aga91 consid]ably *ang$1 z 9 ! p]fect
 sea anemone4 ,9 ab\t two mon?s1 two r[s
 ( limbs 7 p]ceiv$ gr[+ out ( ! "p :]e !

 incision 0 made4 ,on (f]+ food to ?is  
new m\?1 x 0 laid hold (1 eat51 &1 !    
limbs cont9ually increas+1 ! animal     
gradually became z p]fect z ^? :i* _h   
nev] be5 cut4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 he 
f\nd t :5 "o ( ^! creatures 0 cut ?r\gh1
 new limbs w\ld be produc$ f ! cut      
place1 ^? at ! m\? rema9+ z be=e2 s t a 
mon/r\s animal 0 ! consequ5ce1 hav+ two 
m\?s1 & fe$+ at bo? ends4  ,hav+ put "s 
( !m into a pan ( wat]1 set ov] a sl[   
fire1 he f\nd t !y lo/ _! life at fifty 
degrees ( ,reaumur's !rmomet]4 ,to avoid
 ! imputation ( cruelty 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 
! au?or argues ! fav\rable consequ5ces t
 h att5d$ 8 op]ations on ! sea anemones1
 :i* h be5 s =tunate z to fall into 8   
h&s3 z he has n only multipli$ _!       
exi/5ce1 b also r5ew$ _! y\?1 :i* la/1  
he adds1 is surely no small advantage4  
,! reproductive p[] ( ! ,b>badoes animal
 fl[] is prodigi\s4 ,_m p com+ to see ^!
 /range creatures1 & occasion+ "s       
inconv5i5ce to a p]son ?r\gh ^: gr\nds  
!y 7 oblig$ to pass1 he resolv$ to      

de/roy ! objects ( _! curiosity2 &1 t he
 might d s effectually1 he caus$ all !  
holes out ( :i* !y appe>$1 to be        
c>efully bor$ & drill$ ) an iron        
in/rum5t1 s t we _c suppose b _! bodies 
mu/ h be5 entirely cru%$ to a pulp3     
nev]!less1 !y aga9 appe>$ 9 a few weeks1
 f ! v same places4  ,animal fl[]s are  
f\nd 9 z great beauty & v>iety on ! coa/
 ( ,gall[ay1 z any :]e 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4
 ,!y are repeat$ly tak5 notice ( 9 ,sir 
,j4 ,s9clair's ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt (     
,scotl&4 ,mr4 ,little1 m9i/] ( ,colv5d1 
m5tions ! polypus1 or sea anemone1 among
 ! productions ( t coa/4 ,mr4 ,muirhead1
 m9i/] ( ,urr1 gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>  
description ( !m3--,ab\t five ye>s ago1 
,i discov]$ 9 ! p>i% ( ,colv5d1 ! animal
 fl[]1 9 z great p]fection & v>iety z x 
is 9 ,jamaica4 ,! lively col\rs1 & !    
v>i\s & elegant =ms ( ! polypus on ?is  
coa/1 are truly equal to any ?+ relat$  
by natural hi/orians1 respect+ !        
sea-fl[]s ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,to see a   
fl[] ( purple1 ( gre51 blue1 yell[1 c4  

/riv+ to cat* a worm1 is really amus+4  
,& ,mr4 ,m>%all1 m9i/] ( ,brittle1 has  
allott$ a section ( 8 ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt
 ( 8 p>i%1 to animal fl[]s2 :]e9 he     
says1 ,till ( late p]haps x has n be5   
mu* adv]t$ to1 t ! animal fl[]1 or wat] 
polypus1 is ev5 common along ! %ores (  
,brittle1 ,colv5d1 & v likely r\nd !    
:ole coa/ ( ! /ew>try ( ,gall[ay4 ,! =m 
( ^! polypi is elegant1 & pleasantly    
div]sifi$4 ,"s are f\nd resembl+ !      
sunfl[]1 "s ! hundr$-leav$ rose1 b !    
great] numb] be> ! lik5ess ( ! poppy4 ,!
 col\rs diff] z mu* z ! =m4 ,sometimes !
 animal fl[] is ( a deep purple1        
frequ5tly ( a rose col\r1 b mo/ly ( a   
light r$ or fle%y hue4 ,! mo/ beautiful 
( !m1 t c\ld be pick$ up1 h (t5 be5     
c>ri$ f ! %ore ( ,colv5d1 twelve or     
fifte5 miles up into ! c\ntry1 :]e !y h 
liv$1 f$ on worms1 & ev5 br$ = sev]al   
weeks1 & might h exi/$ mu* long]1 if !y 
c\ld h be5 suppli$ ) sea-wat]4          
,,*ap4 ,,xxxvi4  ,,curiosities          
,,respect+ ,,vegetables4--7,conclud$47  

,if to ?is l[] planet we adv]t1   ,seat 
( our bir? & nurture1 pro(s ab\nd   ,(  
inf9ite contrivance1 mat*less skill4    
,:e!r ! site or figure we reg>d1   ,or  
di/ribution ( ! v>i\s p>ts   ,p]fective 
( ! sy/em1 /rokes appe>   ,too exquisite
 = bungl+ *ance to hit4                 
,bally4   ,,fungus1 ,,or ,,mu%room4  ,by
 fungus1 we mean ! mu%room tribe4 ,!    
anci5ts call$ !m ! *ildr5 ( ! e>?1 to   
indicate ! obscurity ( _! orig94 ,!     
mod]ns h likewise be5 at a loss 9 :at   
rank to place !m2 "s ref]r+ !m to !     
animal1 "s to ! vegetable1 & o!rs to !  
m9]al k+dom4 ,messrs4 ,wilck & ,m9*aus51
 h n scrupl$ to rank ^! bodies among    
animal productions2 because1 :5 fragm5ts
 ( !m or _! se$s 7 mac]at$ 9 wat]1 ^!   
g5tlem5 p]ceiv$ a quantity ( animalcules
 dis*>g$1 :i* !y suppos$ capable ( be+  
*ang$ into ! same sub/ance4 ,x 0 an     
anci5t op9ion1 t beef c\ld produce bees2
 b x 0 res]v$ = ,messrs4 ,wilck &       
,m9*aus51 to suppose t bees c\ld produce
 beef4 ,! =m] ass]ts1 t fungi consi/ (  

innum]able cavities1 ea* inhabit$ by a  
polype2 & he does n hesitate to ascribe 
! =mation ( !m to _! inhabitants1 9 !   
same way z x has be5 said t ! coral1 !  
li*51 & ! mucor1 7 =m$4 ,h$wig has      
lately %ewn h[ ill-f\nd$ ?is op9ion is )
 respect to ! li*52 & ,m4 ,dur&e has    
demon/rat$ its falsity ) reg>d to !     
corall9es4  ,inde$1 7says ,m4 ,bonnet1  
speak+ ( ! animality ( fungi17 no?+ b ! 
rage = p>adox c\ld induce any "o to     
publi% su* a fable2 & ,i regret t       
po/]ity w be able to reproa* our times )
 x4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t %\ld enable u
 to ov]come ! prejudices ( mod]n        
philosophy1 n[ t ^? ( ! anci5t h        
disappe>$ & are =gott54 ,x _c be d5i$1 t
 ! mu%room is "o ( ! mo/ p]i%able ( all 
plants1 & x is !re=e ! mo/ fav\rable = !
 g5]ation ( insects4 ,consid]+ !        
quickness ( its gr[?1 x mu/ be furni%$ )
 ! p[] ( copi\s absorption2 ! extremity 
( its vessels mu/ be m dilat$ ?an 9 o!r 
plants4 ,its root seems1 9 _m cases1 to 
be m]ely int5d$ = its support2 = "s     

species gr[ ^u /ones1 or moveable s&1 f 
:i* x is impossible !y c draw mu*       
n\ri%m5t4 ,we mu/ !re=e suppose1 t x is 
*iefly by ! /alk t !y absorb4 ,^! /alks 
gr[ 9 a moi/ & ta9t$ air1 9 :i* float   
multitudes ( eggs1 s small1 t ! v       
insects !y produce are ) difficulty se5 
by ! microscope4 ,^! eggs may be comp>$ 
to ! p>ticles ( ! byssus1 #ajj1jjj (    
:i*1 z ,m4 ,gl$its* says1 are n equal to
 "o-f\r? ( a gra94  ,may we n suppose t 
a quantity ( su* eggs are absorb$ by !  
vessels ( ! fungus1 & t !y rema9 !re )\t
 any *ange1 till ! plant beg9s to decay8
 ,besides1 ! eggs may be only deposit$  
on ! surface ( ! plant1 or !y may exi/ 9
 wat]1 into :i* !y are ?r[n =           
exam9ation4 ,d n we see t su* eggs1     
disp]s$ ?r\gh ! air1 are hat*$ 9 v9eg>1 
9 pa/e1 c4 & :]ev] !y f9d a conv5i5t    
nidus = _! developm5t8 ,c x be surpris+1
 !n1 t ! corruption ( ! mu%room %\ld    
make ! wat] capable ( disclos+ c]ta9    
be+s t are really =eign to bo?8 ,x is n 
m easy to acquiesce 9 ! op9ions ( ^?    

naturali/s :o place ! fungi 9 ! m9]al   
k+dom1 because !y are f\nd gr[+ on por\s
 /ones1 !nce call$ lapides fung>ii2 :i*1
 h[ev]1 mu/ be cov]$ ) a little e>?1 &  
be wat]$ ) tepid wat]1 9 ord] to fav\r !
 gr[?4 ,su* mu%rooms are no m ! produce 
( ! /one1 ?an ! li*5 is ( ! rock to :i* 
x adh]es1 or ! moss1 ( ! tree on :i* x  
is f\nd4  ,we h only to obs]ve ! gr[? ( 
mu%rooms1 to be conv9c$ t ?is happ5s by 
developm5t1 & n by addition or          
comb9ation ( p>ts1 z 9 m9]als4 ,! op9ion
 ( ,boccone1 :o attribut$ !m to an      
unctu\s matt] p]=m+ ! function ( se$1 & 
acquir+ ext5sion by apposition ( simil> 
p>ts2 & t ( ,morison1 :o conceiv$ t !y  
grew spontane\sly out ( ! e>? by a c]ta9
 mixture ( salt & sulphur1 jo9$ ) oils f
 ! dung ( quadrup$s2 h n[ no long] any  
adh]5ts4 ,fungi are produc$1 !y live1 !y
 gr[ by developm5t2 !y are expos$ to ^? 
vicissitudes natural to ! diff]5t p]iods
 ( life :i* *>act]ize liv+ sub/ances2 !y
 p]i% & die2 !y extract1 f ! extremity (
 _! vessels1 ! juices ) :i* !y are      

n\ri%$2 !y elaborate & assimilate !m to 
_! own sub/ance3 !y are1 !re=e1 organiz$
 & liv+ be+s1 & consequ5tly belong to ! 
vegetable k+dom4  ,b :e!r !y are real   
plants1 or only ! production ( plants1  
is /ill a matt] 9 dispute ) ! able/     
naturali/s4 ,"s anci5t au?ors h pret5d$ 
to discov] ! se$ ( mu%rooms2 b ! op9ion 
0 nev] g5]ally receiv$4 ,petronius1 :5  
he is laugh+ at ! ridicul\s magnific5ce 
( 8 h]o ,trimalcio1 relates1 t he _h    
writt5 to ! ,indies = ! se$ ( morelle4  
,^! productions 7 g5]ally attribut$ to !
 sup]flu\s humidity ( rott5 wood1 or o!r
 putrid sub/ances4 ,! op9ion took its   
rise f obs]v+ t !y grew mo/ copi\sly 9  
ra9y wea!r4 ,su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,trajus1  
k+ ( ,bauh91 & ev5 ( ,columna1 :o1 talk+
 ( ! peziza1 says1 t its sub/ance 0 m   
solid & h>d]1 because x did n orig9ate f
 rott5 wood1 b f ! pituita ( ! e>?4 ,x  
is n surpris+1 t1 9 times :5 ! want (   
exp]im5t & obs]vation made p believe t  
insects c\ld be g5]at$ by putrefaction1 
we %\ld f9d ! op9ion g5]al1 t fungi ow$ 

_! orig9 to ! putresc5ce ( bodies1 or to
 a visc\s hum\r analog\s to putridity4  
,malpighi c\ld n satisfy himself z to ! 
exi/5ce ( se$s1 :i* o!r botani/s h      
pret5d$ to discov]4 ,he only says1 t ^! 
plants mu/ h !m1 or t !y p]petuate      
!mselves1 & %oot by fragm5ts4 ,mi*eli1  
among ! mod]ns1 appe>s to h employ$     
himself mo/ successfully on ?is subject4
 ,he imag9$1 t he n only saw ! se$s1 b  
ev5 ! /am9a1 z well z ! little transp>5t
 bodies de/9$ to fav\r ! dissem9ation & 
fecundation ( ^! se$s4 ,be=e ?is au?or1 
,li/] ?\ght he p]ceiv$ se$s 9 ! ,fungus 
p]osus crassus magnus ( ,john ,bauh93 ! 
little r\nd bodies t are f\nd 9 ! peziz 
& belvell1 at t "t1 pass$ = se$s2 :i*   
did n appe> at all probable to ,m>sigli1
 consid]+ t ! eye1 :5 assi/$ ) ! v be/  
microscopes1 c\ld p]ceive no?+ simil> 9 
mu* l>g] fungi4 ,inde$1 ^! bodies may be
 ! capsules or cov]s ( ! se$s1 if !y are
 n ! se$s !mselves4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1  
,m>sigli1 obs]v+ t fungi 7 (t5 )\t roots
 or bran*es1 & t !y want$ fl[]s & se$s1 

! means :i* nature employs = !          
production ( p]fect plants1 ?\ght       
himself w>rant$ 9 d\bt+ :e!r ^! be+s    
c\ld be rank$ 9 ! numb] ( vegetables4 ,!
 d\bts ( ,m>sigli prompt$ him to obs]ve 
! =mation ( fungi4 ,_! matrix he call$  
situs3 he imag9$ !y grew 9 places :]e !y
 met ) an unctu\s matt]1 compos$ ( oil  
mix$ ) nitr\s salt1 :i*1 by f]m5tation1 
produc$ heat & moi/ure1 & ins9uat$      
itself betwe5 ! fibres ( wood2 t is1 he 
imag9$ !m ! production ( a visc\s &     
putresc5t hum\r4 ,lancisi1 9 l mann]1   
consid]$ fungi z ow+ _! exi/5ce to !    
putrefaction ( vegetables1 & suppos$ !m 
a disease 9 ! plants2 b he imag9$ t !   
fibres ( ! trees 7 necess>y to _!       
production1 z is ! case 9 ! =mation (   
galls2 & comp>$ !m to ! w>ts & o!r      
excresc5ces ( ! human body4 ,he add$1 t 
su* fung\s vegetable tumors mu/         
necess>ily assume v>i\s =ms & figures1 f
 ! fluids :i* di/5d ! tubes & vessels   
relax$ by putresc5ce1 f ! ductility ( ! 
fibres & _! direction1 & f ! action ( ! 

air4 ,?is op9ion has be5 refut$ by !    
celebrat$ naturali/ ,m4 de ,jussieu1 9 !
 ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces =     
#agbh4 ,he ma9ta9s1 t ! fungi h a great 
analogy ) ! li*51 :i* is all[$ to be a  
vegetable2 t1 l ! li*51 !y are dive/$ ( 
/alks1 bran*es1 & leaves2 t1 l x1 !y gr[
 & are n\ri%$ ^u ! trunks ( trees1 on   
pieces ( rott5 wood1 & on all sorts (   
putrid vegetables2 t !y resemble ! li*5 
too 9 ! rapidity ( _! gr[?1 & ! facility
 ) :i* _m ( !m may be dri$1 & re/or$ to 
_! =m] figure ^u be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]2 &   
la/ly1 t !re is a great simil>ity 9 !   
mann] 9 :i* _! se$s are produc$4 ,he    
affirms1 t only ! w>ts & excresc5ces :i*
 gr[ on animal bodies1 & ! knots & o!r  
tumors t are to be f\nd on trees1 c be  
comp>$ ) ea* o!r2 = !y are compos$      
equally ( ! solid & liquid sub/ance ( ! 
plant or animal on :i* !y gr[2 :]eas1 ! 
matt] ( ! fungi is n only q di/9ct f t (
 ! plants on :i* !y are f\nd1 b (t5     
entirely simil> to ! sub/ance ( ^? t    
spr+ imm$iately f ! e>?4  ,!            

organization 7says ,m4 de ,jussieu7 :i* 
di/+ui%es plants & o!r productions (    
nature1 is visible 9 ! fungi1 & !       
p>ticul> organization ( ea* species is  
con/ant at all times1 & 9 all places2 a 
circum/ance :i* c\ld n happ51 if !re 7 n
 an animal reproduction ( species1 &    
consequ5tly a multiplication &          
propagation by se$4 ,?is is n1 he says1 
an imag9>y supposition1 = ! se$s may be 
felt l meal ^u mu%rooms ) gills1        
especially :5 !y beg9 to decay2 !y may  
be se5 ) a magnify+ glass1 9 ^? t h     
gills ) black m>g9s3 &1 la/ly1 says he1 
botani/s c h no d\bt t fungi are a      
di/9ct class ( plants2 because1 by      
comp>+ ! obs]vations made 9 diff]5t     
c\ntries1 ) ! figures & descriptions (  
su* z h be5 engrav$1 ! same g5]a & !    
same species are e :]e f\nd4  ,not)/&+  
?is refutation by ,m4 de ,jussieu1 ano!r
 naturali/1 ,m4 de ,neck]1 has lately   
ma9ta9$1 9 8 ,mycitologia1 ,t ! fungi   
ought to be exclud$ f ! ?ree k+doms (   
nature1 & be consid]$ z int]m$iate be+s4

 ,he has obs]v$1 l ,m>sigli1 ! matrix ( 
! fungi2 & has sub/itut$ ! ^w c>*te     
7initium faci5s7 in/ead ( situs2 imag9+ 
t ! rudim5t ( ! fungus _c exi/ beyond t 
po9t 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ! filam5ts (  
fibr\s roots is p]ceiv$4 ,he all[s1 t   
fungi are n\ri%$ & gr[ l vegetables2 b  
he ?9ks t !y diff] v mu* f !m 9 respect 
( _! orig91 /ructure1 nutrition1 &      
rapidity ( gr[?4 ,he says1 t ! v>i\s    
vessels :i* compose ! organization (    
vegetables1 are n to be f\nd 9 ! fungi1 
& t !y seem entirely compos$ ( cellul>  
sub/ance & b>k2 s t ?is simple          
organization is no?+ m ?an an           
aggregation ( vessels end[$ ) a common  
nature1 t suck up ! moi/ure 9 ! mann] ( 
a sponge2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! moi/ure is
 assimilat$ into a "p ( ! fungus1 & n   
m]ely imbib$ = nutrition4  ,la/ly1 ,t ! 
fructification1 ! only ess5tial "p ( a  
vegetable1 & :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r  
organiz$ bodies1 be+ want+1 fungi _c be 
consid]$ z plants4 ,?is1 he ?9ks1 is    
confirm$ by ! con/ant obs]vation ( ^? p 

:o ga!r ! morelle & ! mu%room1 & :o nev]
 f9d !m 9 ! same spots :]e !y _h =m]ly  
gr[n4 ,z ! g5]ation ( fungi 7says ,m4   
,neck]7 is always p]=m$ :5 ! p>5*ymat\s 
cellul> sub/ance has *ang$ its nature1  
=m1 & function1 we mu/ conclude t x is !
 deg5]ation ( t "p :i* produces ^!      
bodies4  ,b if fungi 7 ow+ m]ely to !   
deg5]ation ( plants1 !y w\ld be /ill    
bett] entitl$ to con/itute a new k+dom4 
,!y w\ld !n be a decomposition1 n a new 
=mation1 or new bodies4 ,besides1 we _c 
d5y1 t 9 ^? bodies :i* =m ! limit betwe5
 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 !         
organization becomes simple1 z ! organs 
de/9$ = nutrition are multipli$2 b1 z ! 
la/ 9 ! class ( insects belongs to !    
animal k+dom1 fungi ought1 not)/&+ !    
simplicity ( _! organization1 /ill to   
belong to ! vegetable k+dom4  ,!        
p>5*ymat\s1 or cellul> sub/ance1 :i*1 z 
,m4 ,bonnet says1 is univ]sally ext5d$1 
embraces ! :ole fibr\s sy/em1 & becomes 
! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( gr[?1 mu/         
naturally be m abundant 9 ^?            

productions2 & ?is acc\nts = ! rapidity 
( _! enl>gem5t4 ,besides1 gr[?1 :e!r sl[
 or rapid1 nev] 0 employ$ to det]m9e !  
pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! vegetable or      
animal "*4 ,! draba v]ma1 :i*1 9 a few  
weeks1 %oots1 & puts =? its leaves1     
fl[]s1 & fruit1 is n less a plant ?an ! 
palm4 ,! insect t exi/s b = a day1 is z 
mu* an animal1 z ! elephant t lives =   
c5turies4 ,z to ! se$s ( ! fungi1 x is  
probable t nature meant to )draw f our  
eyes ! dissem9ation ( ^! plants1 by mak+
 ! se$s almo/ imp]ceptible2 & x is      
likewise probable1 t naturali/s h se5   
no?+ b _! capsules4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 f !   
imp]fection ( our s5ses1 we are unable  
to p]ceive ^! se$s1 because ^? bodies   
:i* h be5 call$ _! se$s1 & ! fragm5ts or
 cutt+s ( ! plants !mselves1 h n produc$
 o!rs ( ! same species2 ,nature seems to
 h res]v$ = h]self ! c>e ( dissem9at+   
c]ta9 plants3 x is 9 va91 = in/ance1 t !
 botani/ s[s ! du/ f\nd 9 ! capsules ( !
 or*is1 ?\gh e "o all[s x to be ! se$4  
,b1 aft] all1 :at are ^? p>ts 9 ! fungi 

casually obs]v$ by naturali/s1 & :i* !y 
h tak5 = ! p>ts ( fructification8 ,^!   
are q di/9ct f ! o!r p>ts2 & :atev] may 
be _! use1 !y _c h be5 =m$ by !         
prolongation ( ! cellul> sub/ance1 or ( 
! fibres ( ! tree on :i* ! fungus gr[s3 
!y are1 !re=e1 ow+1 l fl[] & fruit1 to !
 prop] organization ( ! plant4 ,!       
plants1 h[ev]1 h a p>ticul> exi/5ce1    
indep5d5t ( _! putrefy+ nidus4 ,! gills 
( c]ta9 fungi1 :i* diff] ess5tially f ! 
re/ ( ! plant 9 _! con=mation1 w\ld be  
suffici5t to au?orize ?is latt] op9ion4 
,b c putrefaction create an organic     
sub/ance8 ,nature und\bt$ly dissem9ates 
?r\gh ! air1 & ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1   
innum]able se$s ( fungi1 z well z eggs (
 insects4 ,! plant & ! animal are       
exclud$1 :5 ! nidus1 9 :i* !y are       
deposit$1 or ! temp]ature1 is fav\rable 
= _! developm5t4 ,no =tuit\s conc\rse1  
ei!r ( atoms or fluids1 c\ld produce    
bodies s exquisitely & s regul>ly       
organiz$4 ,x is suffici5t1 to ?r[ "o's  
eye on ! beautiful plates :i* ,s*oeff]  

has publi%$ ( !m1 & comp>e !m1 by !     
glass1 ) ! w>ts & o!r excresc5ces (     
animals1 to be conv9c$ t !y h n ! same  
orig94 ,! function ( ! cellul> sub/ance 
9 vegetables mu/ be greatly sup]ior to t
 9 animals1 if x c\ld produce any ?+ b  
de=mities4 ,! great] "p ( fungi exhibit 
a configuration mu* too regul>1 con/ant1
 & uni=m1 to be ! effect ( *ance or     
putrefaction4 ,z ?is =m is pres]v$ !    
same 9 all places :]e fungi h be5 f\nd1 
x foll[s1 t !y conta9 9 !mselves !      
pr9ciples ( reproduction4 ,!y resemble !
 misletoe1 & o!r p>asitic plants1 :i*   
are p]fectly di/9ct f ! trees on :i* !y 
gr[4 ,! fungi1 !re=e1 are organiz$ &    
liv+ sub/ances1--or true plants4        
,,*ap4 ,,xxxvii4  ,,curiosities         
,,respect+ ,,/ones4      ,! ,meteoric   
,/one--,labrador                        
,/one--,asbe/os--,mu%room ,/one--,!     
,*angeable ,/one--,a ,wond]ful          
,diamond--,a ,s+ul> ,curiosity4         
,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?     ,?an   
are dreamt ( 9 our philosophy4          

,%akspe>e4   ,,! ,,meteoric ,,/one4  ,! 
foll[+ description ( a meteoric /one1   
:i* fell 9 ! ye> #aeaa1 is tak5 f a set 
( obs]vations on natural hi/ory1        
meteorology1 c4 made 9 ! e>ly "p ( !    
sixte5? c5tury1 by ,&rea da ,prato1 (   
,milan4 ,^! h n be5 publi%$2 b v>i\s    
copies ( !m exi/4 ,!y h be5 comm5t$ ^u  
by ,dr4 ,l\is ,rossi1 9 ! ,giomale di   
,fisica1 ,*emica1 c4 f :5ce ?is         
description is tak54--,on ! #d? (       
,septemb]1 #aeaa1 at ! second h\r ( !   
night1 & also at ! sev5?1 !re appe>$ 9 !
 air1 at ,milan1 a runn+ fire1 ) su*    
spl5d\r1 t1 ! day seem$ to h return$2 & 
"s p]sons beheld ! appe>ance ( a l>ge   
head1 :i* caus$ great wond] & fe> 9 !   
city4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ on ! foll[+     
night at ! n9? h\r4 ,a few days aft]1   
beyond ! riv] ,adela1 !re fell f heav5  
_m /ones1 :i* be+ collect$ at ,cremasco 
7,crema71 7 f\nd to weigh eight1 & ev5  
elev5 p\nds ea*4 ,_! col\r 0 simil> to t
 ( burnt /ones4--,dr4 ,bossi consid]s   
?is z an au!ntic description ( ! fall ( 

an arolite4   ,,! ,,labrador ,,/one1 is 
a curi\s species ( ,feld-sp>1 or        
,rhombic ,qu>tz1 :i* exhibits all !     
col\rs ( a peacock's tail4 ,x 0 discov]$
 "s ye>s ago by ! ,moravians1 :o h a    
colony among ! ,esquimaux1 9 ,labrador4 
,x is f\nd ( a light or deep gray col\r1
 b = ! mo/ "p ( a blacki% gray4 ,:5 held
 9 ! light 9 v>i\s positions1 x discov]s
 a div]sity ( col\rs1 su* z ! blue (    
lapis lazuli1 grass-gre51 apple-gre51   
pea-gre51 & sometimes1 b m seldom1 a    
citron yell[4 ,sometimes x has a col\r  
betwe5 t ( r$ copp] & tornbuck-gray2 at 
o!r times ! col\rs are betwe5 gray &    
violet4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! col\rs are 9    
spots1 b sometimes 9 /ripes on ! same   
piece4 ,! /ones are f\nd 9 pretty l>ge  
angul> pieces1 appe> foliat$ :5 brok51 &
 ! fragm5ts are ( a rhomboidal figure4  
,we %all next introduce ,,!             
,,asbe/os4--,?is is a /one f\nd 9 sev]al
 places 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & p>ticul>ly 
9 ,sw$51 ,corsica1 ,cornwall1 & ! isl& (
 ,anglesea 9 ,wales4 ,x is ( a silky    

nature1 v f9e1 & ( a grayi% col\r1      
insipid1 & indissoluble 9 wat]4 ,x may  
be split into ?reads & filam5ts1 f "o to
 t5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is inde/ructible by
 fire2 :5ce x may be employ$ = _m useful
 purposes4 ,!re are "s sorts ^: filam5ts
 are rigid & brittle1 & o!rs m flexible4
 ,! =m] _c be spun into clo?1 & ! latt] 
) difficulty4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its       
incombu/ibility1 x 0 v mu* valu$ by !   
anci5ts = wrapp+ up ! bodies ( ! dead4  
,9 ! ye> #agjb1 an urn 0 discov]$ at    
,rome1 ) ! bones ( a human body wrapp$ 9
 a clo? made ( flexible asbe/os4 ,!     
me?od ( prep>+ x is z foll[s3 ! /one is 
laid to soak 9 w>m wat]1 !n op5$ &      
divid$ by ! h&s1 t ! e>?y matt] may be  
wa%$ out4 ,?is e>? is :ite l *alk1 &    
makes ! wat] ?ick & milky4 ,?is be+     
sev]al times repeat$1 ! filam5ts are    
aft]w>ds collect$ & dri$3 !y are        
commodi\sly spun ) flax4 ,:5 ! clo? is  
wov51 x is be/ pres]v$ by oil f break+4 
,x is !n put into ! fire2 & ! flax be+  
burnt out1 ! clo? rema9s pure & :ite4 ,x

 might also be made into pap]2 &1 f its 
incombu/ibility1 wills1 or any o!r ?+ ( 
importance1 c\ld be writt5 on x4 ,!     
,*9ese make furnaces ( ?is m9]al1 :i*   
are v portable4   ,,! ,,mu%room ,,/one1 
or /one capable ( produc+ mu%rooms4--,9 
! ,ephem]ides ( ! ,curi\s m5tion is     
made1 ( a /one1 s call$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 
,wolckam]us1 :o saw "o 9 ,italy1 :i*    
nev] ceases to produce1 9 a few days1   
mu%rooms ( an excell5t flav\r1 by ! mo/ 
simple & easy process imag9able4 ,x is  
7says he7 ( ! bigness ( an ox's head1   
r\gh & unev5 on its surface1 & on :i*   
are also p]ceiv$ "s clefts & crevices4  
,x is black 9 "s p>ts1 & 9 o!rs ( a     
light] & grayi% col\r4 ,int]nally x is  
por\s1 & ne>ly ( ! nature ( pumice /one1
 b mu* heavi]2 & x conta9s a small piece
 ( fl9t1 :i* is s incorporat$ ) x z to  
appe> to h be5 =m$ at ! same "t ! /one  
itself receiv$ its =m4 ,?is gives room  
to judge1 t ^! /ones h be5 produc$ by a 
fat & viscid juice1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( 
indurat+ :atev] matt] x filtrates into4 

,! /one1 :5 lightly cov]$ ) e>?1 &      
spr9kl$ ) w>m wat]1 produces mu%rooms ( 
an exquisite flav\r1 :i* are usually    
r\nd1 sometimes oval1 & ^: bord]s1 by _!
 inflections & diff]5t curvities1       
repres5t 9 "s measure human e>s4 ,!     
pr9cipal col\r ( ^! mu%rooms is         
sometimes yell[i%1 & sometimes ( a      
bright purple1 b !y are always div]sifi$
 ) spots ( a deep orange col\r1 or r$di%
 br[n2 & :5 ^! spots are rec5t1 & /ill 9
 full bloom1 !y produce a v agreeable   
effect to ! sight4 ,b :at appe>s        
admirable is1 t ! "p ( ! /alk :i* rema9s
 adh]+ to ! /one :5 ! mu%room has be5   
sep>at$ f x1 gr[s gradually h>d1 &      
petrifies 9 "t2 s t x seems t ?is fungus
 re/ores to ! /one ! nutritive juice x  
receiv$ f x1 & t x ?us contributes to   
its increase4 ,john ,bapti/ ,porta says1
 t ?is /one is f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts (     
,italy2 & t x is n only to be met ) at  
,naples1 tak5 out ( m\nt ,vesuvius1 b   
also on m\nt ,pan!rico1 9 ! pr9cipality 
( ,arell9o2 on m\nt ,g>ganus1 9 ,apulia2

 & on ! summit ( "s o!r high m\nta9s4 ,z
 to ! =m ( ^! mu%rooms1 _! root is      
/rong1 unev51 divid$ accord+ to its     
longitud9al direction1 & compos$ (      
fibres z f9e z hairs1 int]wov5 "o )     
ano!r4 ,_! =m1 on fir/ %oot+ out1       
resembles a small bladd]1 sc>cely l>g]  
?an ! bud ( a v9e2 & if 9 ?is /ate !y   
are squeez$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 an aque\s    
subacid liquor issues out4 ,:5 at _!    
full gr[?1 _! p$icle is ( a f+]'s l5g?1 
l>g] at top ?an at bottom1 & becomes    
ins5sibly sl5d]] 9 proportion z x is    
ne>] ! e>?4 ,^! mu%rooms are also =m$ 9 
an umbrella %ape1 & v>iegat$ ) an       
inf9ity ( little specks1 situat$ v ne>  
"o ano!r4 ,!y are smoo? & ev5 on ! upp] 
"p1 b und]nea? leafy1 l ! common        
mu%rooms4 ,_! ta/e is likewise v        
agreeable1 & ! sick are n deb>r$ f eat+ 
!m :5 dress$ 9 a prop] mann]4--,"s      
naturali/s & physicians submitt$ ^!     
/ones to *emical analysis1 9 ord] to be 
m compet5t judges ( ! uses !y might be  
put to 9 m$ic9e2 :5 !re fir/ came =?1 by

 di/illation1 an insipid wat]1 &        
aft]w>ds a spiritu\s liquor4 ,! retort  
hav+ be5 heat$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 !re     
arose an oil1 :i* _h ne>ly ! smell &    
ta/e ( t ( guaiacum2 & a v acid salt 0  
extract$ f ! a%es4   ,we mu/ n omit ,,! 
,,*angeable ,,/one4--,!re are ?ree ( ^! 
rem>kable /ones 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 !  
l>ge/ ( !m ab\t ! size ( a *]ry-/one1 b 
( an oval =m4 ,x is opaque1 & col\r$ l a
 common yell[ pea2 x may be scrat*$1    
?\gh n )\t difficulty1 by a common      
knife1 not)/&+ :i*1 x seems to leave a  
m>k ^u glass4 ,x does n f]m5t ) nitr\s  
acid4 ,:5 x has la9 "s h\rs 9 wat]1 x   
becomes transp>5t1 & ( a yell[ amb]     
col\r4 ,! *ange beg9s soon aft] !       
imm]sion1 & at "o end1 9 =m ( a little  
%ot2 b 9 a small "o ( ! same k9d1 !     
transp>5cy beg9s r\nd ! edges4 ,by      
degrees ! spot increases1 until ! :ole  
/one becomes uni=mly cle> ?r\gh\t3 :5   
out ( ! wat] x loses its transp>5cy1    
fir/ at "o end1 & !n gradually ov] !    
rema9d]1 until ! :ole has become opaque1

 :i* *ange happ5s 9 less ?an x takes to 
become transp>5t4 ,?is *ange is n       
entirely peculi> to ! hydrophanes4      
,b]gman in=ms u1 t "s /eatites produce !
 same effect2 & ,m4 ,magellan1 t ! cru/ 
( *alc$onies & agates frequ5tly produce 
! same appe>ance4 ,messrs4 ,buckman &   
,vel!im 7 ! fir/ :o p>ticul>ly inquir$  
into ! nature ( ?is /one1 & inve/igat$  
its prop]ties4 ,_! acc\nt is z          
foll[s3--,z soon z ! /one is put into   
wat]1 x exhales a mu/y smell1 sev]al    
air-bubbles arise1 & x becomes gradually
 transp>5t4 ,"s ( ! /ones become        
col\rless z soon z !y are ?or\ghly      
transp>5t2 o!rs h a m or less deep yell[
 col\r1 "s acquire a beautiful ruby     
col\r2 & o!rs ga9 a f9e col\r (         
"m-(-pe>l1 or ( a blui% opal4 ,:atev] be
 ! col\r ( ! liquor 9 :i* ! hydrophanes 
is imm]s$1 x ga9s only its usual degree 
( transp>5cy ) ! col\r peculi> to x4 ,:5
 we look at x 9 its moi/ /ate1 we       
p]ceive a lum9\s po9t1 v>y+ its         
situation z ! position ( ! eye is alt]$4

 ,?is lum9\s po9t is n1 accord+ to ,mr4 
,bruckman1 ! imm$iate image ( ! sun1 b a
 reflection ( t image refract$ 9 !      
sub/ance ( ! /one itself2 a ph5om5on :i*
 probably gave rise to its "n ( ,,oculus
 ,,mundi4 ,mr4 ,bruckman left a piece ( 
?is /one1 weigh+ #ce gra9s1 sev5 h\rs 9 
wat]1 ! space requisite to make x       
p]fectly transp>5t2 & 9 t "t he f\nd t x
 _h ga9$ ?ree gra9s 9 weight4 ,!        
hydrophanes becomes mu* soon] transp>5t 
:5 put into hot wat]2 & ! same happ5s if
 x be dipp$ 9 a v dilute acid1 or r a v 
dilute solution ( alkali4 ,:5 dipp$ 9   
oil ( vitriol1 x becomes v quickly      
transp>5t1 & w cont9ue s on acc\nt ( !  
/rong attraction ( t acid = moi/ure1 :i*
 takes z mu* f ! atmosph]e z is necess>y
 to keep ! /one transp>5t2 b its opacity
 w return1 if x be dipp$ 9 an alkal9e   
liquor1 & !n dri$4   ,an acc\nt ( a     
,,wond]ful ,,diamond1 ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,(
 ,,born\4--,! rajah ( ,ma?an possesses !
 f9e/ & l>ge/ diamond 9 ! _w1 t has     
hi!rto be5 discov]$4 ,?is diamond1 :i*  

is said to be ( ! f9e/ wat]1 weighs #cfg
 c>ats4 ,! celebrat$ ,pitt diamond      
weighs only #abg c>ats4 ,! ,ma?an       
diamond is %ap$ l an egg1 ) an ind5t$   
holl[ ne> ! small] end4 ,x 0 discov]$ at
 ,l&ak1 ab\t n9ety ye>s ago2 & ?\gh !   
possession ( x has occasion$ num]\s w>s1
 x has be5 ab\t eighty ye>s 9 !         
possession ( ! ,ma?an family4 ,_m ye>s  
ago1 ! gov]nor ( ,batavia s5t a ,mr4    
,/uv>t to asc]ta9 ! weight1 quality1 &  
value ( ?is diamond1 & to endeav\r to   
pur*ase x2 & 9 8 mission1 he 0          
accompani$ by ! sultan ( ,pontiana4     
,aft] exam9+ x1 ,mr4 ,/uv>t (f]$        
#aej1jjj doll>s = ! diamond1 ! sum to   
:i* he 0 limit$2 &1 9 addition to ?is   
sum1 two w>-brigs1 ) _! guns &          
ammunition1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 numb] (    
great guns1 & a quantity ( p[d] & %ot4  
,! rajah1 h[ev]1 refus$ to deprive 8    
family ( s valuable an h]$it>y          
possession1 to :i* ! ,malays atta* !    
miracul\s p[] ( cur+ all k9ds (         
diseases1 by means ( ! wat] 9 :i* x is  

dipp$1 & ) :i* !y imag9e ! =tune ( !    
family is connect$4   ,we %all close our
 dep>tm5t ( rem>kable ,/ones1 ) ! foll[+
 acc\nt ( ,a ,,s+ul> ,,curiosity4--,mr4 
,sl\ghton1 ! ,spani% ,consul at ,bo/on1 
9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 has 9 8 possession a   
fl9t pebble1 obta9$ among/ balla/ /one1 
?r[n f a vessel at an ea/]n port4 ,:5   
brok51 x pres5t$ two half heads 9       
pr(ile2 all ! outl9es ( feature & hair 7
 p]fectly di/9ct1 & ! heads 7 ( a d>k]  
col\r ?an ! re/ ( ! /one4 ,:at is mo/   
surpris+ is1 t ! "o face 0 male & ! o!r 
female2 & ev5 ! putt+ up ( ! hair 0     
appropriate to ! sexes3 !y 7 situat$1 9 
! /one1 face to face4     ,,*ap4        
,,xxxviii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+    
,,m\nta9s4      ,natural ,description ( 
,m\nta9s--,! ,peak 9 ,d]by%ire--,sn[d5 9
     ,wales--,skiddaw 9 ,cumb]l&4       
--------,sublime ! uplift$ m\nta9s rise1
     ,& ) _! po9t$ heads invade ! skies2
     ,:ile ! high cliffs _! craggy arms 
ext5d1     ,di/+ui% /ates1 & sev]'d     
realms def5d4                           

,blackmore4   ,,natural ,,description   
,,( ,,m\nta9s4  ,almo/ all ! tops ( !   
highe/ m\nta9s are b>e & po9t$2 :i*     
proce$s f _! be+ cont9ually assault$ by 
/orms & tempe/s4 ,all ! e>?y sub/ances )
 :i* !y might h be5 once cov]$1 h = ages
 be5 wa%$ away f _! summits2 & no?+ is  
left b imm5se rocks1 :i* no tempe/ has  
hi!rto be5 able to de/roy4 ,nev]!less1  
"t is e day mak+ depr$ations1 & huge    
fragm5ts are se5 tumbl+ d[n !           
precipices1 ei!r loos5$ f _! summits by 
! ra9s & fro/1 or /ruck d[n by lightn+4 
,no?+ c exhibit a m t]rible picture ?an 
"o ( ^! enorm\s masses1 commonly l>g]   
?an a h\se1 fall+ f its height1 & roll+ 
d[n ! side ( ! m\nta9 ) a noise l\d] ?an
 ?und]4 ,dr4 ,plot tells u ( "o 9       
p>ticul>1 :i* be+ loos5$ f its b$1 roll$
 d[n ! precipice1 & 0 p>tly %att]$ into 
a ?\s& pieces4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ fragm5ts1  
h[ev]1 /ill pres]v+ its motion1 travell$
 ov] ! pla9 bel[1 cross$ a rivulet 9 !  
mid/1 & at la/ /opp$ on ! o!r side ( !  
bank6 ,^! fragm5ts are (t5 /ruck (f by  

lightn+1 & sometimes und]m9$ by ra9s2 b 
! mo/ usual mann] 9 :i* !y are disunit$ 
f ! m\nta9 is by fro/3 ! ra9s fir/      
ins9uate & f9d _! way betwe5 ! int]/ices
 ( ! m\nta91 & cont9ue !re until by !   
int5se cold !y are conv]t$ into ice1 :5 
! wat] swells ) an irresi/ible =ce1 &   
produces ! same effect z gunp[d]1       
splitt+ ! mo/ solid rocks1 & ?us %att]+ 
_! summits4 ,sometimes :ole m\nta9s are1
 by v>i\s causes1 disunit$ f ea* o!r4 ,9
 _m p>ts ( ! ,alps1 !re are amaz+       
clefts1 ! sides ( :i* s exactly         
correspond ) ! opposite1 t no d\bt c be 
ent]ta9$ ( _! hav+ be5 once jo9$4 ,at   
,cajeta1 9 ,italy1 a m\nta9 0 split 9   
?is mann] by an e>?quake2 & !re is a    
passage op5$ ?r\gh x1 t appe>s z if done
 by ! indu/ry ( man4  ,9 ! ,&es ^!      
brea*es are (t5 se54 ,t at ,!rmopyl 9   
,greece has be5 long fam\s4 ,! m\nta9 ( 
! ,troglodytes 9 ,arabia has ?us a      
passage ?r\gh x2 & t 9 ! late du*y (    
,savoy1 :i* ,nature began1 & :i* ,victor
 ,amadeus complet$1 is an in/ance ( !   

same k9d4 ,9 ,june1 #agad1 a "p ( !     
m\nta9 ( ,diabl]et1 9 ! di/rict (       
,valais1 9 ,france1 sudd5ly fell d[n1   
betwe5 two & ?ree ,p4 ,m4 ! wea!r be+ v 
calm & s]5e4 ,?is m\nta91 :i* 0 ( a     
conical figure1 de/roy$ fifty-five      
cottages 9 its fall4 ,fifte5 p]sons1 )  
ab\t "o hundr$ bea/s1 7 also cru%$ b5ea?
 its ru9s1 :i* cov]$ an ext5t ( gr\nd ( 
a league squ>e4 ,! du/ x occasion$      
in/antly envelop$ all ! neighb\rhood 9  
d>kness4 ,! heaps ( rubbi% 7 m ?an ?ree 
hundr$ feet high4 ,!y /opp$ ! curr5t ( a
 riv] t ran along ! pla91 :i* n[ is =m$ 
into sev]al new & deep lakes4 ,!re      
appe>$1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is rubbi%1 none 
( ^? sub/ances t seem$ to indicate t ?is
 cata/rophe _h be5 occasion$ by means ( 
subt]rane\s fires4 ,mo/ probably1 ! base
 ( ?is rocky m\nta9 _h be5 decompos+    
?r\gh ! lapse ( _m ages1 & ?us fell )\t 
any extrane\s viol5ce4  ,9 #afah1 ! t[n 
( ,fleurs1 9 ,france1 0 buri$ b5ea? a   
rocky m\nta91 at ! foot ( :i* x 0       
situat$4 ,su* accid5ts are produc$ by   

v>i\s causes3 by e>?quakes2 by be+      
decay$ at ! bottom2 or by ! f\ndation ( 
"o "p ( ! m\nta9 be+ holl[$ by wat]s1 &1
 ?us want+ a support1 break+ f ! o!r4   
,?us x g5]ally has be5 f\nd 9 ! great   
*asms 9 ! ,alps2 & x is almo/ always !  
case 9 ^? disruptions ( hills1 call$    
l&-slips3 ^! are no?+ m ?an ! slid+ d[n 
( a high] piece ( gr\nd1 driv5 f its    
situation by subt]rane\s inundations1 & 
settl+ ^u ! pla9 bel[4 ,!re is n an     
appe>ance 9 nature t s mu* a/oni%$ our  
ance/ors z ^! l&-slips4 ,to behold a    
l>ge upl&1 ) its h\ses1 corn1 & cattle1 
at once loos5$ f its place1 & float+ z x
 7 ^u ! subjac5t wat]1--to see x quitt+ 
its anci5t situation1 & sail+ =w>d l a  
%ip1--is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y 
appe>ances t c be imag9$1 &1 to a p     
ignorant ( ! p[]s ( nature1 might well  
be consid]$ z a prodigy4 ,accord+ly1 we 
f9d all our old hi/orians m5tion+ x z an
 om5 ( approa*+ calamities4 ,9 ?is m    
enlight5$ age1 h[ev]1 its cause is well 
kn[n2 &1 in/ead ( excit+ om9\s          

appreh5sions 9 ! populace1 x only gives 
rise to "s v ridicul\s law-suits among !
 sev]al claimants1 ^: ! prop]ty ?us     
divid$ f its k9dr$ soil %all be2 :e!r ! 
l& %all belong to ! orig9al possessor1  
or to him ^u ^: gr\nds x has encroa*$ & 
settl$4  ,9 ! l&s ( ,hatb]g1 9 ,irel&1  
!re /ood a declivity gradually asc5d+ = 
ne>ly half a mile4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,m>*1   
#agac1 ! inhabitants p]ceiv$ a crack on 
its side1 l a furr[ made ) a pl\gh1 :i* 
!y imput$ to ! effects ( lightn+1 z !re 
_h be5 a ?und]-/orm ! night be=e4       
,h[ev]1 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 !y 7    
surpris$ to he> a hide\s confus$ noise  
issu+ all ar\nd f ! side ( ! hill2 & _! 
curiosity be+ awak5$1 !y resort$ to !   
place4 ,!re1 to _! amazem5t1 !y f\nd an 
ext5t ( gr\nd1 ( ne>ly five acres1 all 9
 g5tle motion1 & slid+ d[n ! hill ^u !  
subjac5t pla94 ,?is motion1 toge!r ) !  
noise1 cont9u$ ! rema9+ "p ( ! day1 & ! 
:ole ( ! foll[+ night2 ! noise proce$+1 
probably1 f ! attrition ( ! gr\nd b5ea?4
 ,! day foll[+1 ?is /range j\rney d[n ! 

hill ceas$2 & above an acre ( ! mead[   
bel[ 0 f\nd cov]$ ) :at be=e compos$ a  
"p ( ! declivity4 ,b su* trem5d\s       
l&-slips1 :5 a :ole m\nta9's side       
desc5ds1 happ5 v r>ely4  ,!re are "s (  
ano!r k9d1 h[ev]1 mu* m common2 & z !y  
are always sudd51 mu* m dang]\s4 ,^! are
 sn[-slips1 or avalan*es1 well kn[n1 &  
greatly dread$ by travell]s4 ,!y are    
ju/ly describ$ 9 ! foll[+ beautiful l9es
 ( "o ( our poets3--    ,by an hundr$   
w9t]s pil$1   ,:]e ! glaci]s1 d>k )     
dea?1   ,hang o'er precipices wild1     
,hang susp5d$ by a brea?4    ,if a pulse
 b ?rob al>m1   ,headlong d[n ! /eeps !y
 fall2   ,= a pulse w break ! *>m1      
,b\nd+1 bur/+1 bury+ all4  ,x (t5       
happ5s1 t :5 sn[ has long be5 accumulat$
 on ! tops & on ! sides ( m\nta9s1 x is 
borne d[n ! precipice ei!r by tempe/s1  
or by its own melt+4 ,at fir/1 :5       
loos5$1 ! volume 9 motion is b small1 b 
x ga!rs z x cont9ues to roll2 & by ! "t 
x has rea*$ ! habitable p>ts ( ! m\nta91
 x is g5]ally gr[n to an enorm\s bulk4  

,:]ev] x rolls1 x levels all ?+s 9 its  
way1 or buries !m 9 unavoidable         
de/ruction4 ,in/ead ( roll+1 x sometimes
 is f\nd to slide along f ! top2 yet ev5
 ?us1 x is g5]ally fatal4 ,nev]!less1 we
 _h an in/ance a few ye>s ago1 ( a small
 family 9 ,g]many1 t liv$ = above a     
=tnight "u "o ( ^! sn[-slips4 ,al?\gh !y
 7 buri$ dur+ ! :ole ( t "t 9 utt]      
d>kness1 & "u a b$ ( "s hundr$s ( feet  
deep1 yet !y 7 provid5tially tak5 out   
alive2 ! weight ( ! sn[ be+ support$ by 
a beam t kept up ! ro(1 & n\ri%m5t      
suppli$ to !m by ! milk ( a %e-goat1 t 0
 buri$ "u ! same ru94   ,a ,,description
 ,,( ,,! ,,peak ,,9 ,,d]by%ire1 f       
,moritz's ,travels 9 sev]al p>ts (      
,engl&4  ,hav+ arriv$ 9 ,d]by%ire1 a    
di/ance ( #agj miles f ,london1 ! au?or 
?us describes ! t[n ( ,ca/leton1 9 :i* !
 ,peak is situat$3--  ,i asc5d$ "o ( !  
highe/ hills1 & all at once p]ceiv$ a   
beautiful vale bel[ me1 :i* 0 trav]s$ by
 riv]s & brooks1 & inclos$ on all sides 
by hills4 ,9 ?is vale lies ,ca/leton1 a 

small t[n1 ) l[ h\ses2 s nam$ f an old  
ca/le1 ^: ru9s are /ill to be se5 "h4   
,a n>r[ pa?1 :i* w\nd itself d[n ! side 
( ! rock1 l$ me ?r\gh ! vale into !     
/reet ( ,ca/leton1 :]e ,i f\nd an inn1 &
 d9$4 ,aft] d9n]1 ,i made ! be/ ( my way
 to ! cav]n4  ,a little rivulet1 :i*    
runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ! t[n1 l$ me to   
its entrance4  ,i /ood "h a few mom5ts1 
full ( wond] & a/oni%m5t at ! amaz+     
height ( ! /eep rock be=e me1 cov]$ on  
ea* side ) ivy & o!r %rubs4 ,at its     
summit are ! decay$ walls & t[]s ( an   
anci5t ca/le1 :i* =m]ly /ood on ?is     
rock2 & at its foot ! mon/r\s ap]ture1  
or m\? to ! entrance ( ! cav]n2 :]e x is
 totally d>k1 ev5 at mid-day4  ,z ,i 0  
/&+ "h full ( admiration1 ,i p]ceiv$ at 
! entrance ( ! cav]n1 a man ( a rude &  
r\gh appe>ance1 :o ask$ me if ,i wa%$ to
 see ! ,peak2 & an e*o /rongly rev]b]at$
 8 co>se voice4  ,answ]+ him 9 !        
affirmative1 he next inquir$ if ,i %\ld 
want to be c>ri$ to ! o!r side ( !      
/ream2 tell+ me at ! same "t :at ! sum  

w\ld be :i* ,i mu/ pay = x4  ,?is man   
_h1 along ) 8 black /r+y hair1 & 8 dirty
 & tatt]$ clo!s1 su* a s+ul>ly wild &   
inf]nal look1 t he actually /ruck me z a
 real ,*>on3 8 voice1 & ! que/ions he   
ask$ me1 7 n ( a k9d to remove ?is      
notion2 s t f> f its requir+ any ef=t ( 
imag9ation1 ,i f\nd x n easy to avoid   
believ+1 t at l5g? ,i _h actually rea*$ 
,av]nus1--0 ab\t to cross ,a*]on1--& to 
be f]ri$ by ,*>on6  ,i _h no soon] agre$
 to 8 dem&1 ?an he told me1 all ,i _h to
 d 0 boldly to foll[ him1--& ?us we     
ent]$ ! cav]n4  ,9 ! entrance ( ! cav]n 
lay ! trunk ( a tree t _h be5 cut d[n1  
on :i* sev]al ( ! boys ( ! t[n 7 play+4 
,our way seem$ to be altoge!r on a      
desc5t1 ?\gh n /eep2 s t ! light1 :i*   
came 9 at ! m\? ( ! cav]n ne> !         
entrance1 gradually =sook x2 & :5 we _h 
gone =w>d a few /eps f>!r1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ 
by a sight1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 ,i "h !    
lea/ expect$3 ,i p]ceiv$ to ! "r1 9 !   
holl[ ( ! cav]n1 a :ole subt]ranean     
village1 :]e ! inhabitants1 on acc\nt ( 

its be+ ,sunday1 7 re/+ f _! "w1 & )    
happy & *e]ful looks 7 sitt+ at ! doors 
( _! huts along ) _! *ildr54  ,we _h    
sc>cely pass$ ^! small subt]ranean      
h\ses1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$ a numb] ( l>ge     
:eels1 on :i* on weekdays ^! human      
moles1 ! inhabitants ( ! cav]n1 made    
ropes4  ,i fanci$ ,i "h saw ! :eel (    
,ixion1 & ! incessant lab\r ( !         
,danades4  ,! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! light    
came1 seem$1 z we desc5d$1 e mom5t to   
become less & less1 & ! d>kness at e /ep
 to increase1 till at l5g? only a few   
rays appe>$1 z if d>t+ ?r\gh a crevice1 
& j t+e+ ! small cl\ds ( smoke :i* at   
dusk rais$ !mselves to ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 
,?is gradual increase ( d>kness awak5s 9
 a contemplative m9d a s(t melan*oly4 ,z
 y g d[n ! g5tle desc5t ( ! cav]n1 y c  
h>dly help fancy+ ! mom5t is come :5 y  
are ab\t to bid a f9al f>ewell to !     
abodes ( mortals4  ,at l5g? ! great     
cav]n 9 ! rock clos$ itself1 9 ! same   
mann] z heav5 & e>? seem to jo9 9 !     
horizon4 ,we !n approa*$ a little door1 

:]e an old woman came out ( "o ( ! huts1
 & br\ght two c&les1 ( :i* we ea* took  
"o4  ,my guide n[ op5$ ! door1 :i*      
completely %ut out ! fa9t glimm]+ (     
daylight1 :i* till !n x 0 /ill possible 
to p]ceive1 & l$ u to ! inmo/ c5tre (   
?is dre>y temple ( old ,*aos & ,night1 z
 if till n[ we _h only be5 trav]s+ !    
out] coa/s ( _! dom9ions4 ,! rock 0 "h s
 l[ t we 7 oblig$ to /oop v mu* = "s few
 /eps1 9 ord] to get ?r\gh2 b h[ great 0
 my a/oni%m5t1 :5 we _h pass$ ?is n>r[  
passage1 & aga9 /ood upright1 at once to
 p]ceive1 z well z ! feeble light ( !   
c&les w\ld p]mit1 ! amaz+ l5g?1 bread?1 
& height ( ! cav]n1 comp>$ to :i*1 !    
mon/r\s op5+ ?r\gh :i* we _h already    
pass$ 0 no?+4  ,aft] we _h w&]$ "h m ?an
 an h\r1 z b5ea? a d>k & dusky sky1 on a
 level s&y soil1 ! rock gradually l[]$  
itself1 & we sudd5ly f\nd ourselves on !
 edge ( a broad riv]1 :i*1 f ! glimm]+ (
 our c&les amid ! total d>kness1 sugge/$
 a v>iety ( int]e/+ reflections4 ,to !  
side ( ?is riv] a small boat 0 moor$1 ) 

"s /raw 9 its bottom4 ,into ?is vehicle 
my guide desir$ me to /ep1 & lay myself 
d[n 9 x q flat1 because1 z he said1     
t[>ds ! middle ( ! riv] ! rock w\ld     
almo/ t\* ! wat]4  ,:5 ,i _h laid myself
 d[n z direct$1 he himself jump$ into ! 
wat]1 & drew ! boat aft] him4 ,all ar\nd
 u 0 "o /ill1 solemn1 & deadly sil5ce2 &
 z ! boat advanc$1 ! rock seem$ to /oop1
 & come ne>] & ne>] to u1 till at l5g? x
 ne>ly t\*$ my face2 &1 z ,i lay1 ,i    
c\ld h>dly hold ! c&le upright4 ,i seem$
 to myself to be 9 a c(f9 r ?an 9 a     
boat1 z ,i _h no room to /ir h& or foot 
till we _h pass$ ?is frightful /rait1 & 
! rock rose aga9 on ! o!r side1--:]e my 
guide once m h&$ me a%ore4  ,! cav]n 0  
n[ become all at once broad & high1 & !n
 sudd5ly x 0 aga9 l[ & n>r[4 ,i obs]v$  
on bo? sides1 z we pass$ along1 a       
prodigi\s numb] ( great & small petrifi$
 plants & animals2 b ^! we c\ld n       
exam9e1 unless we _h be5 dispos$ to sp5d
 "s days 9 ! cav]n4  ,& ?us we arriv$ at
 ! opposite side1 at ! second riv] or   

/ream1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n s broad z ! fir/1
 z "o may see across x to ! o!r side3   
ov] ?is /ream my guide c>ri$ me on 8    
%\ld]s1 because !re 0 "h no boat to f]ry
 u4  ,f !nce we only w5t a few /eps     
f>!r1 :5 we came to a v small piece (   
wat]1 :i* ext5d$ itself l5g?ways1 & l$ u
 to ! end ( ! cav]n4  ,! pa? along !    
edge ( ?is wat] 0 wet & slipp]y1 &      
sometimes s v n>r[ t ,i c\ld h>dly set  
"o foot be=e ! o!r4  ,not)/&+1 ,i w&]$ )
 pleasure on ?is subt]rane\s %ore1 & 0  
regal+ myself ) ! int]e/+ contemplation 
( all ^! v>i\s wond]ful objects1 9 ?is  
l& ( d>kness1 & %ad[ ( dea?1--:51 all at
 once1 some?+ l music at a di/ance s\nd$
 9 my e>s4 ,i in/antly /opp$1 full (    
a/oni%m5t1 & eag]ly ask$ my guide :at   
?is might mean4 ,he answ]$1 ,only h     
pati5ce1 & y %all soon see4 ,b z we     
advanc$1 ! s\nds ( h>mony seem$ to die  
away1 ! noise became weak]1 & at l5g? x 
appe>$ to dw9dle into a g5tle hiss+ or  
hum1 l di/ant drops ( fall+ ra94  ,x is 
n difficult to imag9e h[ great 0 my     

wond]1 :5 ere long ,i actually saw &    
felt a viol5t %[] ( ra9 fall+ f ! rock z
 f a ?ick cl\d1 ?reat5+ to ext+ui% our  
c&les1 & leave u 9 entire d>kness4 ,x 0 
?is t _h caus$ ! melan*oly s\nd :i* ,i  
_h he>d at a di/ance1 ! s(t notes ( :i* 
_h be5 assi/$ by ! di/ant e*o4  ,to ?is 
%[] :i* fell f ! ceil+ or ro( ( ! cav]n 
?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! rock1 ! inhabitants _h 
giv5 ! "n ( a mizzl+ ra94  ,we cont9u$  
our m>* along ! sides ( ! wat]1 & (t5   
saw on its banks l>ge ap]tures ( ! rock1
 :i* seem$ to be new or subord9ate      
cav]ns1 all ( :i* we pass$ )\t look+    
into4 ,at l5g? my guide prep>$ me = "o (
 ! f9e/ sights we _h yet beheld1 & :i* 0
 n[ soon to bur/ on our view4  ,we _h   
gone b a few paces f>!r1 :5 we ent]$ :at
 might easily be tak5 = a maje/ic       
temple1 ) l(ty ar*es1 support$ by       
beautiful pill>s1 =m$ by ! pla/ic h& (  
"s +5i\s arti/4  ,?is subt]rane\s       
temple1 9 ! /ructure ( :i* no human h&  
_h borne a "p1 appe>$ to me at t mom5t  
to surpass all ! mo/ /up5d\s build+s ,i 

_h ev] se51 9 po9t ( regul>ity1         
magnific5ce1 & beauty4  ,deeply impress$
 ) awe & rev]5ce at ?is gr& display ( ! 
,creator's works1 my m9d became         
ins5sibly solemniz$2 & ,i felt t x      
became me sil5tly to adore ! ,au?or (   
all1 & ackn[l$ge ! h& ( ! div9e         
,ar*itect4   ,f ! ,peak 9 ,d]by%ire1 we 
%all conduct our read] to ,,sn[d5 ,,9   
,,wales2 to ! top ( :i* ,miss ,elizabe? 
,smi?1 a "y lady ( uncommon atta9m5ts1  
made an excursion1 & publi%$ an acc\nt (
 h] adv5ture1 9 ne>ly ! foll[+ language4
  ,sn[d5 is ! l(tie/ ( ! ,wel% m\nta9s1 
be+ #cjbj feet above ! level ( ! sea4   
,we set (f1 ab\t elev5 at night1 = !    
foot ( ,sn[d51 & travell$ eight miles   
?r\gh a f9e m\nta9\s c\ntry1 by         
moon-light4 ,be=e "o1 we arriv$ at a    
little hut :]e ! guide lives2 & aft]    
hav+ him call$ up1 & load$ ) a basket ( 
bread & milk1 & a t9 box = specim5s1 we 
began our m>* at a qu>t] pa/ "o4 ,!     
cl\ds 7 ga!r+ ov] ! m\nta9s1 & ?reat5+ u
 ) ei!r d>kness or ra94 ,we h[ev] escap$

 bo?1 & 7 only amus$ ) e v>iety !y c\ld 
give ! l&scape1 by hid+ or obscur+ !    
moon1 & blott+ out n[ "o m\nta91 & n[   
ano!r1 f our view2 till ab\t two        
o'clock1 :5 ! dawn began to appe>1 !y   
cov]$ ! moon1 & we saw h] no m4 ,we     
proce$$ by a v easy asc5t ov] boggy     
gr\nd till half pa/ two1 :51 com+       
sudd5ly to ! top ( ! fir/ range ( hills1
 & meet+ ) a viol5t w9d :i* blew f !    
qu>t] :]e ! sun 0 to rise1 7= we asc5d$ 
! m\nta9 on ! s\? we/17 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,s4 0 
fright5$1 & see+ a v /eep asc5t be=e h]1
 said %e w\ld sit d[n & wait our return4
 ,my "m said %e w\ld /ay ) h]1 & ,i     
propos$ our all go+ back toge!r2 b my "m
 v k9dly insi/$ on my proce$+4 ,we !re=e
 divid$ our provisions2 ! ladies return$
 to ! hut f :i* !y _h set out1 & ,i w5t 
on ) ! guide1 :o c\ld n speak a ^w (    
,engli%4 ,we /e]$ our c\rse m t[>ds !   
s\?1 & toil$ up sev]al m\nta9s1 9 "s    
p>ts cov]$ ) loose /ones1 :i* _h fall5 f
 _! brok5 summits1 b 9 g5]al ov]gr[n )  
diff]5t sorts ( moss1 & a k9d ( %ort    

grass1 mix$ ) imm5se quantities ( !     
galium pusillum4 ,i pick$ up a few o!r  
plants1 b on ! :ole 0 disappo9t$ 9 !    
botanical way1 z ,i f\nd v little t ,i  
_h n be=e met ) on ! m\nta9s 9 ?is      
neighb\rhood2 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! "t ( !  
ye> 7,july7 = m\nta9 curiosities4 ,i w5t
 on z fa/ z ,i c\ld1 )\t /opp+1 except  
n[ & !n = a mom5t to look d[n on !      
m\nta9s "u my feet1 z cl\ds pass$ ov]   
!m1 ?9k+ ea* summit ,i saw be=e me 0 !  
la/1 & unable to ga9 any in=mation f my 
guide to satisfy my impati5ce1 = ,i wi%$
 to be at ! top be=e sun-rise1 & p9k    
cl\ds n[ began to appe> ov] ! /eep ,i 0 
climb+4 ,i also knew t ! ladies w\ld be 
v impati5t = my return2 nor 0 ,i )\t    
anxiety on _! acc\nt1 z ,i 0 n sure !y  
w\ld f9d _! way back to ! hut4 ,^! ideas
 occupi$ my m9d all ! way up2 & if t    
deceitful1 b com=t+ lady1 ,hope1 _h n   
cont9ually pres5t$ to me ! range ( hills
 ,i 0 asc5d+ z ! la/ /ep 9 ambition's   
ladd]1 ,i am n sure t1 ) all my eag]ness
 to get on ! top1 ,i %\ld n h return$   

back4  ,i 0 debat+ ?is po9t v e>ne/ly ) 
myself1 9 asc5d+ an almo/ p]p5dicul>    
gre5 slope1 :51 on a sudd51 ,i saw at my
 feet an imm5se *asm1 all 9 d>kness1 & (
 a dep? ,i _c guess1 c]ta9ly n less ?an 
a hundr$ feet2 ,i %\ld suppose mu* m4 ,x
 answ]s 9 "s respects to ! idea ,i h =m$
 ( ! crat] ( a viol5t valcano1 b        
evid5tly is n t1 z !re is no m>k ( fire1
 ! rock be+ compos$1 z x is 9 g5]al     
?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 ( a sort ( slate4   
,nor does ! m\nta9 appe> to h be5 ?r[n  
d[n1 b ! pit to h sunk 92 :i* mu/       
probably has be5 occasion$ by           
subt]ranean wat]s1 z !re is wat] at !   
bottom ( ! pit1 & ! m\nta9 is full (    
spr+s4 ,y ?9k n[ y are at ! top1 b y are
 mi/ak54 ,i am /&+ inde$ at ! top ( !   
abyss1 b ) a high rocky peak on ea* side
 ( me1 & desc5d+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly into
 ! lake at ! bottom4 ,i h be5 tak+ a    
r\gh sket* ( "o ( ^! peaks1 ) ! lake 9 !
 deepe/ %ad[2 ,i am turn+ ov] my pap]1  
:i* ! w9d r5d]s v difficult1 9 ord] to  
draw ano!r2 ,i look up1 & ! upp] "p     

illum9at$ by a beautiful rose-col\r$    
light1 :ile ! opposite "p /ill ca/s a   
d>k %ade ov] its base1 & conceals ! sun 
f my view4 ,if ,i 7 ready to jump into !
 pit ) delight at fir/ see+ x1 my ec/asy
 n[ 0 /ill great]4 ,! guide seem$ q     
delight$ to see me s mu* pleas$1 & took 
c>e1 9 desc5d+1 to lead me to ! edge ( e
 precipice1 :i* he _h n done 9 go+ up4  
,i1 h[ev]1 pres5tly recollect$1 t ,i 0 9
 a great hurry to get back1 & set (f    
along ! br9k ( ! cavity = ! highe/ peak1
 :]e ,i arriv$ at a qu>t] pa/ f\r1 & saw
 a view1 ( :i* x is impossible to =m any
 idea f description4 ,= _m miles ar\nd1 
x 0 compos$ ( tops ( high m\nta9s1 ( all
 ! v>i\s =ms t c be imag9$3 "s appe>$   
swimm+ 9 an ocean ( vap\r2 on o!rs1 !   
cl\ds lay l a cap ( sn[1 appe>+ z s(t z 
d[n4 ,!y 7 all f> bel[ ,sn[d51 & ,i 0   
enjoy+ ! f9e/ blue sky1 & ! pure/ air ,i
 ev] brea!d4 ,! :ole prospect 0 b\nd$ by
 ! sea1 except to ! ea/ & s\?-ea/1 & !  
greate/ "p ( ! l&s 9 ^? p>ts 7 blott$   
out by cl\ds4 ,! sun1 h[ev]1 rose s f>  

t[>d ! nor?-ea/1 z to be /ill hang+ ov] 
! sea4 ,i took a sket* ( a small "p ( ! 
m\nta9s1 ) "s ( ! little lakes :i* appe>
 at _! feet1--sat d[n1 = ! fir/ "t1 on a
 circle ( /ones :i* is built on ! top ( 
! hill1--& made great havock 9 ! bread &
 milk1 9 :i* a*ievem5t ! guide equall$1 
if n surpass$ me1--& at half pa/ f\r1   
almo/ froz51 ,i began to desc5d4 ,my    
anxiety ab\t my fri5ds increas$1 z ,i   
came ne> ! spot :]e ,i _h left !m2 ,i   
made all possible ha/e1 & f\nd !m safe 9
 ! hut1 at t5 m9utes pa/ six4 ,x c]ta9ly
 w\ld h be5 pleasant] to h _h m "t1 & "s
 "o to enjoy ! exp$ition ) me2 b ,i am  
delight$ t ,i h be51 & w\ld n = any ?+  
give up ! recollection ( ! sublime sc5e4
   ,we %all close ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt 
( ,,skiddaw4--,?is is a m\nta9 ( ,engl&1
 9 ,cumb]l&1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 !   
k+dom1 be+ above #cjjj feet 9 p]p5dicul>
 height1 f ! surface ( ! ,d]w5t-wat]1   
:i* lake is f> di/ant f ! sea1 & high   
above its level f ?is circum/ance4      
,skiddaw is reckon$ ! highe/ m\nta9 9   

,engl&4 ,! prospect f its top is v      
ext5sive1 &1 be+ deta*$ f o!r m\nta9s1  
=ms a gr& object f v>i\s po9ts ( view4  
,x is easy ( access1 & ! sides are cov]$
 ) grass4 ,at ! top1 ! atmosph]e is     
uncommonly r>e4 ,x is cov]$ ) loose br[n
 slate-/one4     ,,*ap4 ,,xxxix4        
,,curiosities ,,respect+                
,,m\nta9s4--7,cont9u$47      ,!         
,&es--,pi*9ca--,monte                   
,bolea--,pausilipo--,monte              
,nuovo--,spectre (     ! ,brok5--,gauts1
 or ,indian ,app59es--,pico--,writt5    
,m\nta9s--,a?os--,sulphur ,m\nta9s4     
----,8 pr\d head ! airy m\nta9 hides1   
,among ! cl\ds2 8 %\ld]s & 8 sides1     
,a %ady mantle clo!s4                   
,d5ham4   ,,! ,,&es4  ,! ,&es is a great
 *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i*1     
runn+ f ! mo/ nor!rn "p ( ,p]u1 to !    
,/raits ( ,magellan1 betwe5 #cjjj &     
#djjj miles1 are ! longe/ & mo/         
rem>kable 9 ! _w4 ,! ,spani>ds call !m !
 ,cordill]as de los ,&es3 !y =m two     
ridges2 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* is ov]spread )   

woods & groves1 & ! upp]mo/ cov]$ )     
ev]la/+ sn[4 ,^? :o h be5 at ! top1     
affirm t ! sky is always s]5e & bright1 
! air cold & pi]c+1 & yet s ?9 t !y 7   
sc>ce able to brea!4 ,:5 !y look$       
d[nw>ds1 ! c\ntry 0 hid by ! cl\ds t    
hov]$ on ! m\nta9's sides4  ,! m\nta9s j
 m5tion$1 :i* h be5 frequ5tly asc5d$1   
are mu* inf]ior 9 height to _m o!rs 9   
?is enorm\s *a94  ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt 
giv5 ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,pi*9*a1 by ,don  
,george ,juan1 & ,don ,antonio de       
,ulloa1 two ma!maticians1 s5t by ! k+s (
 ,france & ,spa91 to make obs]vations 9 
relation to ! figure ( ! e>?4 ,^!       
ma!maticians suff]$ extremely1 z well f 
! sev]ity ( ! cold1 z f ! impetuosity ( 
! w9ds1 :i* on ^! heights bl[ )         
incessant viol5ce2 difficulties ! m     
pa9ful1 z !y _h be5 little us$ to su*   
s5sations4 ,?us1 9 ! torrid zone1 ne>ly 
"u ! equ9octial l9e1 :]e x is natural to
 suppose !y _h mo/ to fe> f ! heat1 _!  
greate/ pa9 0 caus$ by ! excessiv5ess ( 
! cold4 ,_! fir/ s*eme1 = %elt] & lodg+ 

9 ^! uncom=table regions1 0 to pit* a   
field-t5t = ea* company3 b on ,pi*9ca1  
?is c\ld n be done1 f ! n>r[ness ( !    
summit2 !y 7 !re=e oblig$ to be cont5t$ 
) a hut s small1 t ! :ole ( ! company   
c\ld sc>cely creep into x4 ,nor w ?is   
appe> /range1 if ! read] consid]s ! bad 
situation & smallness ( ! place1 x be+  
"o ( ! l(tie/ crags ( a rocky m\nta91   
#ajj fa?oms above ! highe/ des]t (      
,pi*9ca4 ,su* 0 ! position ( _! mansion1
 :5 all ! o!r adjac5t p>ts soon became  
cov]$ ) ice & sn[4 ,! asc5t up ?is      
/up5d\s rock1 f ! base1 or ! place :]e !
 mules c\ld come to _! habitation1 0 s  
craggy1 z only to be climb$ on foot2 &  
to p]=m x1 co/ !m f\r h\rs' cont9ual    
lab\r & pa91 aris+ n only f ! viol5t    
ef=ts ( ! body1 b ! subtilty ( ! air1   
:i* 0 s ?91 & probably ov]*>g$ ) !      
light] respirable gases1 z to r5d]      
respiration difficult4  ,our philosoph]s
 g5]ally kept )9 _! hut4 ,inde$1 !y 7   
oblig$ to d ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! int5s5ess
 ( ! cold1 ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 & _! be+  

cont9ually involv$ 9 s ?ick a fog1 t an 
object at six or eight paces 0 h>dly    
disc]nible4 ,:5 ! mi/ cle>$ up1 ! cl\ds1
 by _! gravity1 mov$ ne>] to ! surface (
 ! e>?1 & on all sides surr\nd$ !       
m\nta9s to a va/ di/ance1 =m+ no bad    
repres5tation ( ! sea1 ) _! rock1 l an  
isl&1 /ation$ 9 its c5tre4 ,:5 ?is      
happ5$1 !y he>d ! horrid noises ( !     
tempe/s1 :i* !n sp5t _! fury on ,quito &
 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,!y saw ! lightn+s 
issue f ! cl\ds1 & he>d ! ?und]s roll f>
 b5ea? !m2 & :il/ ! l[] p>ts 7 involv$ 9
 tempe/s ( ?und] & ra91 !y enjoy$ a     
delightful s]5ity1 ! w9d 0 hu%$1 ! sky  
became cle>1 & ! enliv5+ rays ( ! sun   
mod]at$ ! sev]ity ( ! cold4 ,b _!       
circum/ances 7 v diff]5t1 :5 ! cl\ds    
reasc5d$3 _! ?ickness r5d]$ respiration 
difficult2 ! sn[ & hail fell cont9ually2
 & ! w9d return$ ) all its viol5ce2 s t 
x 0 impossible entirely to ov]come !    
fe>s ( be+1 toge!r ) _! hut1 bl[n d[n ! 
precipice1 on ! edge ( :i* x 0 built1 or
 ( be+ buri$ by ! daily accumulations ( 

ice & sn[4  ,! w9d 0 (t5 s viol5t 9 ^!  
regions1 t its velocity dazzl$ ! sight1 
:il/ _! fe>s 7 increas$1 f ! dreadful   
concussions ( ! precipice1 caus$ by !   
all ( enorm\s fragm5ts ( rocks4 ,^!     
cra%es 7 ! m al>m+1 z no o!r noises are 
he>d 9 su* solit>y abodes3 & dur+ !     
night1 _! re/1 :i* !y s greatly want$1 0
 frequ5tly di/urb$ by ^! sudd5 s\nds4   
,:5 ! wea!r 0 fair ne> _! hut1 & ! cl\ds
 ga!r$ ab\t "s ( ! o!r m\nta9s :i* !y _h
 select$ = _! obs]vations1 s t !y c\ld n
 make all ! use !y desir$ ( ?is int]val 
( good wea!r1 !y left _! hut1 to ex]cise
 !mselves4 ,sometimes !y desc5d$ to a   
small di/ance2 &1 at o!r times1 amus$   
!mselves ) roll+ l>ge fragm5ts ( rocks  
d[n ! precipice2 & ^! frequ5tly requir$ 
! jo9t /r5g? ( !m all1 ?\gh !y (t5 saw !
 same effect$ by ! m]e =ce ( ! w9d4 ,b  
!y always took c>e1 9 _! excursions1 n  
to g s f> out1 b t1 on ! lea/ appe>ance 
( ! cl\ds ga!r+ ab\t _! cottage1 :i* (t5
 happ5$ v sudd5ly1 !y c\ld rega9 _!     
%elt]4 ,! door ( _! hut 0 fa/5$ ) ?ongs 

( lea!r1 & on ! inside n ! smalle/      
crevice 0 left un/opp$2 besides :i*1 x 0
 v compactly cov]$ ) /raw3 b1 not)/&+   
all _! c>e1 ! w9d p5etrat$ ?r\gh4  ,!   
days 7 (t5 little bett] ?an ! nights2 & 
all ! light !y enjoy$1 0 t ( a lamp or  
two1 :i* !y kept cont9ually burn+4 ,?\gh
 _! hut 0 small1 & cr[d$ ) inhabitants1 
besides ! heat ( ! lamps1 yet !         
int5s5ess ( ! cold 0 su*1 t e "o ( !m 0 
oblig$ to h a *af+-di% ( coals4 ,^!     
precautions w\ld h r5d]$ ! rig\r ( !    
climate supportable1 _h n ! imm95t dang]
 ( p]i%+1 by be+ bl[n d[n ! precipice1  
r\s$ !m e "t x sn[$1 to enc\nt] !       
sev]ity ( ! outw>d air1 & sally out1 )  
%ovels1 to =ce f ! ro( ( _! hut1 !      
masses ( sn[ :i* 7 ga!r+ on x4 ,nor w\ld
 x1 )\t ?is precaution1 h be5 able to   
support ! weight4 ,!y 7 n inde$ )\t     
s]vants & ,indians1 b ^! 7 s b5umb$ ) ! 
cold1 t x 0 ) great difficulty !y c\ld  
get !m out ( a small t5t1 :]e !y kept a 
cont9ual fire4 ,s t1 all our arti/s c\ld
 obta9 f !m1 0 to take _! turns 9 ?is   

lab\r2 & ev5 !n !y w5t v unwill+ly ab\t 
x1 & consequ5tly p]=m$ x b sl[ly4  ,!   
read] may easily judge :at our          
philosoph]s suff]$ f ! asp]ities ( su* a
 climate4 ,_! feet 7 swell$1 & s t5d]1 t
 !y c\ld n ev5 be> ! heat ( ! fire1 &   
walk+ 0 att5d$ ) extreme pa94 ,_! h&s 7 
cov]$ ) *ilbla9s2 _! lips swell$ &      
*opp$1 s t e motion 9 speak+ drew blood2
 consequ5tly !y 7 oblig$ to obs]ve /rict
 taciturnity1 & 7 little dispos$ to     
laugh1 z1 by caus+ an ext5sion ( ! lips1
 x produc$ su* w\nds z 7 v pa9ful = two 
or ?ree days aft]4  ,_! common food 9   
?is inhospitable region 0 a little rice 
boil$ ) "s fle% or f[l1 procur$ f       
,quito2 &1 in/ead ( fluid wat]1 _! pot 0
 fill$ ) ice3 !y _h ! same res\rce )    
reg>d to :at !y drank2 & :ile !y 7 eat+1
 e "o 0 oblig$ to keep 8 plate ov] a    
*af+-di% ( coals1 to prev5t 8 provisions
 f freez+4 ,! same 0 done respect+ !    
wat]4 ,at fir/ !y imag9$ ! dr9k+ ( /rong
 liquors w\ld diffuse a heat ?r\gh !    
body1 & consequ5tly r5d] x less s5sible 

( ! pa9ful %>pness ( ! cold2 b1 to _!   
surprise1 !y felt no mann] ( /r5g? 9 su*
 liquors1 nor 7 !y any great]           
pres]vatives aga9/ ! cold ?an ev5 common
 wat]4  ,x is affirm$1 t !re are 9 !    
,&es sixte5 volcanoes1 or burn+ m\nta9s1
 :i* ?r[ out fire & smoke ) a t]rible   
noise4 ,! height ( ,*imborazo1 said to  
be ! highe/ peak ( ! ,&es1 has be5      
det]m9$ by geometrical calculations to  
be #bj1bhb feet4 ,z all or mo/ riv]s h  
_! s\rce 9 m\nta9s1 x is no wond] a     
great numb] run d[n ! sides ( ! ,&es4   
,"s hurry along ) a prodigi\s rapidity1 
:ile o!rs =m beautiful cascades1 or run 
?r\gh holes 9 rocks1 :i* look l bridges 
( a /up5d\s height4 ,!re is a public    
road ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 #ajjj miles 9     
l5g?1 "p ( :i* runs f ,quito to ,cusco4 
,,monte ,,bolea4--,?is is a hill or m\nt
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]ona1 9 ! nor? (  
,italy1 celebrat$ = ! uncommon abundance
 & rem>kable v>iety ( ! organic rema9s  
:i* x exhibits1 z well z = ! /rik+      
relations ^! be> to m9]als ( volcanic   

orig94 ,?is spot has long attract$ !    
att5tion ( philosophic inquir]s1 & ev5  
excit$ ! curiosity ( ! vulg>4 ,v>i\s    
collections ( its petrifactions h be5   
made1 & a consid]able numb] ( lab\r]s   
are occasionally employ$ 9 digg+ &      
prep>+ specim5s4 ,!re are _m treatises  
purposely devot$ to ! description &     
arrangem5t ( its fossils1 to a m9ute    
exam9ation ( its geogno/ic relations1 & 
to labori\s disquisitions on ! mann] 9  
:i* x mu/ h be5 =m$4  ,9 ! neighb\rhood 
( ! m\nt1 & ov] a great "p ( ! t]ritory 
( ,v]ona1 !re are se5 und\bt$ products (
 volcanic eruptions1 toge!r ) masses (  
petrifi$ animal & vegetable sub/ances4  
,! hill itself pres5ts a great v>iety & 
s+ul> comb9ation ( m9]al ph5om5a1 (     
diff]5t orig9 & nature4 ,its great]     
proportion is compos$ ( an aggregation (
 organic rema9s1 & seems a cemet]y (    
%ells1 fi%es1 m>9e animals1 birds1 &    
quadrup$s4 ,"s ( its b$s consi/ ( a     
range ( c]ta9 species possess+ a        
consid]able simil>ity2 :ile 9 o!rs1     

animals ( ! mo/ opposite habits1 &      
inhabit+ diff]5t regions ( ! globe1 z   
well z diff]5t elem5ts ( nature1 are    
/rangely br\ght into contact1 &         
confus$ly bl5d$ 9 "o het]og5e\s mass4   
,%ell-fi% ( ! riv]s & ( ! sea1 corals1  
fi%es ( v>i\s k9ds1 insects1 bones (    
diff]5t species ( birds1 rema9s (       
elephants1 be>s1 & o!r quadrup$s1       
requir+ = _! exi/5ce diff]5t climates1  
are "h unit$ 9 an extraord9>y           
assemblage4 ,connect$ ) ^!1 we f9d      
basaltic columns1 scori1 lava1 & o!r    
volcanic productions4 ,^! facts lead u  
to conclude1 t ?is spot has witness$    
wond]ful revolutions1 & t x has be5     
subject1 at diff]5t p]iods ( its hi/ory1
 or p]haps ne>ly at ! same "t1 to !     
dom9ion ( two p[]ful elem5ts1 ( :i* !   
ravages only are n[ visible4            
,,pausilipo1--:i* is ! next we w\ld     
speak (1 is a celebrat$ m\nta9 (        
,naples1 five miles f ,puzzoli1 fam\s = 
its grotto1 or r a subt]rane\s passage  
?r\gh x1 :i* is ne> a mile long1 ab\t   

tw5ty feet broad1 & f ?irty to =ty 9    
height4 ,! g5try :o g !re to gratify _! 
curiosity1 g5]ally drive ?r\gh x )      
light$ tor*es2 b ! c\ntry p f9d _! way )
 little difficulty1 by ! light :i* ent]s
 at ea* end1 & by two holes pi]c$ ?r\gh 
! m\nta9 f ! top1 ne> ! middle ( !      
passage4 ,?is m\nta9 is r5d]$ an object 
( /ill great] fame & v5]ation1 by       
possess+ ! tomb ( ,virgil1 :i* is       
ov]gr[n ) ivy1 & %ad[$ ) ! spread+ b\ghs
 ( an anci5t laurel tree4   ,,monte     
,,nuovo1--is a m\nta9 9 ! environs (    
,naples1 :i* blocks up ! valley (       
,av]no4 ,?is m\nta9 7,mr4 ,sw9burne     
tells u7 arose 9 #aech3 aft] repeat$    
quak+s ! e>? bur/ asund]1 & made way = a
 deluge ( hot a%es & flames1 :i* ris+   
extremely high1 & d>k5+ ! atmosph]e1    
fell d[n aga9 & =m$ a circul> m\nd f\r  
miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & "o ?\s& feet     
high1 ) a l>ge cup 9 ! middle4 ,! w9d   
ris+ aft]w>ds1 waft$ ! light] p>ticles  
ov] ! c\ntry1 bla/$ vegetation1 & kill$ 
! animals :i* graz$2 ! consequ5ce 01 t !

 place 0 des]t$1 till ,don ,p$ro de     
,tol$o1 vic]oy ( ,naples1 enc\rag$ !    
inhabitants by 8 example to return4  ,"p
 ( ,monte ,nuovo is cultivat$1 b ! l>g] 
portion ( its declivity is wildly       
ov]gr[n ) prickly broom1 & rank we$s t  
emit a v fetid sulphure\s smell4 ,! wat]
 9 ! valley is %all[1 its inside t[>ds !
 m\nta9 is clad ) %rubs1 & ! little area
 at ! bottom plant$ ) fig & mulb]ry     
trees2 a mo/ /rik+ specim5 ( ! amaz+    
vicissitudes t take place 9 ?is         
extraord9>y c\ntry4 ,i saw no traces (  
lava1 or melt$ matt]1 & few /ones )94   
,ne> ! foot ( ?is m\nta9 ! subt]rane\s  
fires act ) su* imm$iate p[]1 t ev5 ! s&
 at ! bottom ( ! sea is heat$ to an     
intol]able degree4   ,! next object t   
claims our att5tion is ,,! ,,spectre ,,(
 ,,! ,,brok54--,a curi\s ph5om5on obs]v$
 on ! ,brok51 "o ( ! ,h>tz m\nta9s 9    
,hanov]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5  
by ,m4 ,h>ee1 ,on be+ "h1 says he1 = !  
?irtie? "t1 & hav+ procur$ in=mation    
respect+ ! above-m5tion$ atmosph]ic     

ph5om5on1 ,i 0 at l5g?1 on ! #bc;d (    
,may1 #agig1 s =tunate z to h ! pleasure
 ( see+ x = myself2 & p]haps a          
description ( x may af=d satisfaction to
 o!rs :o visit ! ,brok5 ?r\gh curiosity4
 ,! sun rose ab\t f\r o'clock1 & !      
atmosph]e be+ q s]5e t[>ds ! ea/1 8 rays
 c\ld pass )\t any ob/ruction ov] !     
,he9ri*%he4  ,9 ! ,s4 ,w4 h[ev]1 t[>ds  
,a*t]mann%e1 a brisk we/ w9d c>ri$ be=e 
x ?9 transp>5t vap\rs1 :i* 7 n yet =m$  
into ?ick heavy cl\ds4 ,ab\t a qu>t] pa/
 f\r ,i w5t t[>ds ! inn1 & look$ r\nd to
 see :e!r ! atmosph]e w\ld p]mit me to h
 a free prospect to ! ,s4 ,w42 :5 ,i    
obs]v$1 at a v great di/ance1 t[>ds     
,a*t]mann%he1 a human figure ( a mon/r\s
 size4 ,a viol5t gu/ ( w9d hav+ almo/   
c>ri$ away my hat1 ,i clapp$ my h& to x1
 by mov+ my arm t[>ds my head2 & !      
colossal figure did ! same4 ,! pleasure 
:i* ,i felt on ?is discov]y c h>dly be  
describ$1 = ,i _h already walk$ _m a    
we>y /ep 9 ! hopes ( see+ ?is %ad[y     
image1 )\t be+ able to gratify my       

curiosity4 ,i imm$iately made ano!r     
movem5t by b5d+ my body2 & ! colossal   
figure be=e me repeat$ x4 ,i 0 desir\s (
 do+ ! same ?+ once m1--b my colossus _h
 vani%$4  ,i rema9$ 9 ! same position1  
wait+ to see :e!r x w\ld return2 & 9 a  
few m9utes x aga9 made its appe>ance on 
! ,a*t]mann%he4 ,i paid my respects to x
 a second "t2 & my complim5t 0 return$  
by a simil> incl9ation ( ! body1 9 !    
figure be=e me4 ,i !n call$ ! l&lord ( !
 ,brok51 & hav+ bo? put ourselves 9 !   
same position ,i _h tak5 alone1 we look$
 t[>ds ! ,a*t]mann%he1 b saw no?+4 ,we  
_h n1 h[ev]1 /ood long1 be=e two simil> 
colossal figures 7 =m$ ov] ! above      
em95ce1 :i*1 aft] repeat+ ! v>i\s       
ge/iculations ( our bodies1 vani%$4 ,we1
 h[ev]1 /ill reta9$ our position1 keep+ 
our eyes fix$ on ! same spot1 & 9 a     
little :ile ! two figures aga9 /ood be=e
 u1 & 7 jo9$ by a ?ird1 :o _h by ?is "t 
add$ himself to our company4 ,e movem5t 
t we made by b5d+ our bodies1 ^! figures
 imitat$1--b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !        

ph5om5on sometimes 0 weak & fa9t1 & at  
o!rs /rong & well def9$4  ,illu/ration3 
,,! ,,giant',s ,,causeway4  ,a /up5d\s  
collection ( natural columns ( basalt1  
on ! coa/ ( ,irel&4--,page #eij4        
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectre ,,( ,,!     
,,brok54--,page #dbj4  ,?is wond]ful &  
/>tl+ ph5om5on is (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,h>tz  
,m\nta9s 9 ,g]many4  ,hav+ ?us _h an    
opportunity ( discov]+ ! :ole secret (  
?is extraord9>y appe>ance1 ,i c give !  
foll[+ in=mation to su* ( my read]s z   
may be desir\s ( see+ x = !mselves4 ,:5 
! ris+ sun1 &1 accord+ to analogy1 !    
case w be ! same :5 ! sett+ sun ?r[s 8  
rays ov] ! ,brok51 ^u ! body ( a man /&+
 opposite to f9e light cl\ds float+     
ar\nd1 or hov]+ pa/ him1 he ne$s only   
fix 8 eyes /$fa/ly ^u !m1 & 9 all       
probability he w see ! s+ul> spectacle (
 8 own %ad[1 ext5d+ to ! l5g? ( five or 
six hundr$ feet1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t two
 miles be=e him4 ,x is said1 !re is1 9 !
 ,man*e/] ,transactions1 an acc\nt ( a  
simil> ph5om5on obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,f]ri]1  

on a hill 9 ,engl&4   ,,! ,,gauts1 or   
,,indian ,,app59es4--,^! =m a /up5d\s   
wall ( m\nta9s1 :i* ext5ds f ,cape      
,comor91 ! s\!rn po9t ( ! ,p59sula (    
,h9doo/an1 to ! ,tapty1 or ,surat riv]1 
at unequal di/ances f ! sea coa/2 x is  
seldom m ?an sixty miles1 commonly ab\t 
=ty1 & 9 "o "p approa*es )9 six miles4  
,^! m\nta9s rise abruptly f ! c\ntry (  
,concan1 b\nd+1 9 ! =m ( a t]race1 a va/
 ext5t ( f]tile & popul\s pla9s1 :i* are
 s elevat$ z to r5d] ! air cool &       
pleasant4 ,! height is suppos$ to be f  
#cjjj to #djjj feet4  ,?is celebrat$    
ridge does n t]m9ate 9 a po9t :5 x      
approa*es ! ,tapty2 b1 dep>t+ 9 ?is     
place f its m]idional c\rse1 x b5ds     
ea/w>d 9 a s]p5t9e l9e1 p>allel to !    
riv]1 & is aft]w>ds lo/ among ! hills 9 
! neighb\rhood ( ,burrhamp\r4 ,9 its    
c\rse along ! ,tapty1 x =ms sev]al      
passes or desc5ts t[>ds t riv]1 f :5ce x
 d]ives ! "n ( ,gauts1 :i* means a      
l&+-place4 ,! alt]nate ,n4 ,e4 & ,s4 ,w4
 w9ds1 call$ monsoons1 occasion a ra9y  

season only on "o side1 viz4 on ! w9dw>d
 side ( ^! m\nta9s4  ,we w\ld n[ wi% to 
draw ! att5tion ( ! read] f ! ,indian   
,app59es1 to ,pico1 a m\nta9 :i* re>s   
its l(ty head 9 an isl& ( ! same "n4--,x
 is fill$ ) dismal d>k cav]ns1 or       
volcanoes1 :i* frequ5tly emit flame1    
smoke1 & a%es1 to a great di/ance4 ,at !
 foot ( x1 t[>ds ! ea/1 is a spr+ ( fre%
 wat]1 :i* is g5]ally cold1 b sometimes 
is s heat$ ) subt]rane\s fire1 z to ru% 
=? 9 torr5ts1 ) a k9d ( ebullition l    
boil+ wat]2 equall+ t 9 heat1 & s5d+ =? 
a /eam ( sulphure\s fetid vap\rs1 mix$ )
 liquefi$ /ones1 m9]als1 & flakes ( e>?1
 all on fire1 9 su* quantities1 & ) su* 
viol5ce1 z to =m a k9d ( promontory1 on 
! declivity ( ! coa/1 & at ! di/ance (  
#abjj paces f ! f\nta91 :i* is vulg>ly  
call$ ,my/]i\s4--,su* is ! acc\nt giv5  
by ,ortelius4   ,,writt5 ,,m\nta9s1     
,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,inscriptions1 or        
,,jibbel ,,el ,,mokatteb4--,?is is a    
m\nta91 or *a9 ( m\nta9s1 said to be 9 !
 wild]ness ( ,s9ai2 & ! m>ble1 ( :i* x  

is compos$1 is report$ to be inscrib$ to
 a consid]able ext5t ) innum]able       
*>act]s1 rea*+ f ! gr\nd sometimes to ! 
height ( twelve or f\rte5 feet4 ,^! 7   
m5tion$ by a ,greek au?or 9 ! ?ird      
c5tury2 b al?\gh "s ( !m h be5 copi$ by 
,pococke1 ,montague1 & o!r late writ]s1 
"s h affect$ to ent]ta9 d\bts :e!r ev5 !
 m\nta9s !mselves really exi/4  ,! va/  
numb] ( ^! inscriptions1 ! des]t place 9
 :i* !y are f\nd1 & ! l5g? ( "t         
requisite = execut+ ! task1 induc$ a    
notion t !y are ! "w ( ! ,israelites    
dur+ _! =ty ye>s' w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness4   
,o!rs are ( op9ion1 t !y consi/ m]ely ( 
! names ( travell]s1 & ! dates ( _!     
j\rneys4 ,m4 ,niebuhr1 :o visit$ ?is    
c\ntry 9 ,septemb]1 #agfb1 made e       
attempt 9 8 p[]1 ?\gh )\t success1 to   
obta9 a sight ( ?is celebrat$ m\nta94   
,aft] mu* va9 inquiry1 he 0 at la/      
conduct$ to "s rocks1 ^u :i* !re 7      
inscriptions 9 unkn[n *>act]s4 ,!y are  
mo/ num]\s 9 a n>r[ pass betwe5 two     
m\nta9s1 nam$ ,om]-rid/e92 &1 says ,m4  

,niebuhr1 ! pret5d$ ,jibbel ,el         
,mokatteb1 may possibly be 9 its        
neighb\rhood4 ,"s ( ^! inscriptions 7   
copi$ by our au?or1 b he does n look ^u 
!m to be ( any consequ5ce4 ,at l5g?1 :5 
,m4 ,niebuhr arriv$ at ! m\nta9 to :i* !
 %iek _h promis$ to conduct him1 he f\nd
 no inscription2 b on climb+ up to !    
top1 he discov]$ an ,egyptian cemet]y1 !
 /ones ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,! 
tomb-/ones 7 f five to sev5 feet long1  
"s be+ erect1 & o!rs ly+ flat2 & ! m    
c>efully !y are exam9$1 7says he17 ! m  
c]ta9ly d !y appe> to be sepul*ral      
/ones1 hav+ epitaphs inscrib$ on !m4 ,! 
translator ( ,volney's ,travels ascribes
 ^! inscriptions to ! pilgrims :o h     
visit$ ,m\nt ,s9ai2 b !y ought surely to
 h be5 writt5 9 a language :i* somebody 
c\ld und]/&2 yet f ! copies t h be5 tak5
 ( !m by ,dr4 ,pococke & o!rs1 x does n 
appe> t !y c\ld be expla9$ by any p]son4
 ,:5 ,dr4 ,clayton1 bi%op ( ,clogh]1    
visit$ ?is "p ( ! _w1 ab\t #agbc1 he    
express$ ! greate/ desire to h ! matt]  

conc]n+ ^! writt5 m\nta9s asc]ta9$1 &   
ev5 made an (f] ( #ejj /]l+ to any      
lit]>y p]son1 :o w\ld und]take ! j\rney1
 & endeav\r to deciph] ! inscriptions2 b
 no su* p]son appe>$4   ,! next object t
 rises 9 our view is ,,m\nt ,,a?os1--a  
m\nta9 ( ,*alcidia 9 ,mac$onia1 equally 
celebrat$ 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,!    
anci5ts ent]ta9$ extravagant notions    
conc]n+ its height4 ,mela affirm$ x to  
be s high z to rea* above ! cl\ds1 :i*  
at t "t might h be5 consid]$ a bold     
ass]tion2 & ,m>tianus ,capell9us says1 t
 its elevation 0 six miles4 ,x 0 a      
receiv$ op9ion1 t m\nt ,a?os 0 above !  
middle region ( ! air1 & t x nev] ra9$  
^u or ne> its summit1 because ! a%es    
left on ! alt>s !re1 7 always f\nd z !y 
_h be5 left1 dry & unscatt]$4  ,! mod]n 
,greeks1 /ruck ) its s+ul> situation1 & 
! v5]able appe>ance ( its t[]+ asc5t1   
erect$ s _m *ur*es1 mona/]ies1          
h]mitages1 c4 ^u x1 t x became 9 a mann]
 inhabit$ by a company ( religi\s       
devotees2 & f !nce receiv$ ! "n ( ,monte

 ,santo1 or ! ,holy ,m\nta92 :i*        
appellation x /ill reta9s1 ?\gh _m ( ^? 
consecrat$ build+s are n[ fall5 into ru9
 & decay4  ,accord+ to ! acc\nts ( mod]n
 travell]s1 ?is m\nta9 advances into !  
,ar*ipelago1 on ! s\? ( ! gulf (        
,contessa1 & is jo9$ to ! cont95t by an 
i/hmus ab\t half a league 9 bread?4 ,x  
is e/imat$ to be ?irty miles 9          
circumf]5ce1 & two 9 p]p5dicul> height4 
,x may be travell$ ov] 9 ab\t ?ree days1
 & is to be se5 at ! great di/ance (    
n9ety miles4 ,!re is a f9e prospect f ! 
top2 b1 l all o!r high m\nta9s1 ! cold  
on its summit is excessive4 ,x ab\nds ) 
_m diff]5t k9ds ( plants & trees1       
p>ticul>ly ! p9e & fir4 ,9 ! valleys    
gr[s a plant call$ elegia1 ^: bran*es   
s]ve to make p5s = writ+4 ,9 %ort1 ?is  
m\nta9 is said to be adorn$ ) a v>iety (
 h]bage & ev]gre5s1 a multitude ( spr+s 
& /reams1 ) woods ext5d+ almo/ to ! sea 
%ore1 :i* happy comb9ation (            
circum/ances r5d]s x "o ( ! mo/         
agreeable places 9 ! _w4 ,!re are       

tw5ty-f\r l>ge old mona/]ies ^u x1      
surr\nd$ ) high walls1 & inhabit$ by    
,camoy]s1 a c]ta9 description ( ,greek  
monks4  ,?r\gh ?is m\nta91 or r ?r\gh ! 
i/hmus beh9d x1 ,x]xes k+ ( ,p]sia is   
said to h cut a passage = 8 fleet1 :5   
ab\t to invade ,greece4 ,9 ?is ardu\s   
task he sp5t ?ree :ole ye>s1 & employ$ 9
 x all ! =ces on bo>d 8 fleet4 ,he is   
also said1 be=e ! "w begun1 to h writt5 
! foll[+ ridicul\s lett] to ! m\nta93   
,a?os1 ?\ pr\d & aspir+ m\nta91 t lifte/
 up ?y head to ! v skies1 ,i advise !e n
 to be s audaci\s1 z to put rocks &     
/ones1 t _c be cut1 9 ! way ( my workm54
 ,if ?\ make/ t opposition1 ,i w cut !e 
entirely d[n1 & ?r[ !e headlong into !  
sea6 ,! directors ( ?is ent]prise are   
said to h be5 ,bub>is1 ! son (          
,megabysus1 & ,arta*eus1 ! son (        
,arbeus1 bo? ,p]sians2 b z no traces (  
su* a great "w rema9s1 ! tru? ( ! :ole  
relation has ju/ly be5 que/ion$4 ,?is   
v5]able m\nta9 con/itutes "o entire *a91
 ext5d+ sev5 miles 9 l5g?1 & ?ree 9     

bread?1 & is situat$ ab\t sev5ty miles  
ea/ ( ,saloni*i1 ! anci5t ,!ssalonica4  
,we w n[ accompany ,sir ,george         
,mack5zie to ,,! ,,sulphur ,,m\nta9s1   
,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,icel&4--,hav+ tak5 
an e>ly breakfa/1 7says he17 we set out 
t[>ds ! ,sulphur ,m\nta91 :i* is ab\t   
?ree miles di/ant f ,krisuvik4 ,at !    
foot ( ! m\nta9 0 a small bank1 compos$ 
*iefly ( :ite clay mix$ ) sulphur1 f all
 p>ts ( :i* /eam issu$4 ,asc5d+ x1 we   
got ^u a ridge imm$iately above a deep  
holl[1 f :i* a pr(usion ( vap\r arose1 &
 he>d a confus$ noise ( boil+ & spla%+1 
jo9$ to ! ro>+ ( /eam excap+ f n>r[     
crevices 9 ! rock4 ,?is holl[1 toge!r ) 
! :ole side ( ! m\nta9 opposite1 z f> up
 z we c\ld see1 0 cov]$ ) sulphur &     
clay1 *iefly ( a :ite or yell[i% col\r4 
,walk+ ov] ?is s(t & /eam+ surface1 we  
f\nd to be v haz>d\s1 & we 7 frequ5tly v
 uneasy :5 ! vap\r conceal$ u f ea* o!r4
  ,! day1 h[ev]1 be+ dry & w>m1 !       
surface 0 n s slipp]y z to occasion mu* 
risk ( our fall+4 ,! dang] ( ! cru/ (   

sulphur break+1 or ( ! clay s9k+ ) u1 0 
great2 & we 7 sev]al times 9 imm95t p]il
 ( be+ scald$4 ,mr4 ,bright ran at "o "t
 a great haz>d1 & suff]$ consid]able pa9
 f accid5tally plung+ "o ( 8 legs into !
 hot clay4  ,f :atev] spot ! sulphur 0  
remov$1 /eam in/antly escap$2 & 9 _m    
places1 ! sulphur 0 s hot t we c\ld     
sc>cely h&le x4 ,f ! smell1 we p]ceiv$ t
 ! /eam 0 mix$ ) a small quantity (     
sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,:5 ! !rmomet] 
0 sunk a few in*es into ! clay1 x rose  
g5]ally to )9 a few degrees ( ! boil+   
po9t4 ,by /epp+ cauti\sly1 & avoid+ e   
little hole f :i* /eam issu$1 we soon   
discov]$ h[ f> we might v5ture4 ,our    
good =tune1 h[ev]1 ought n to tempt any 
p]son to exam9e ?is wond]ful place1 )\t 
be+ provid$ ) two bo>ds1 ) :i* e "p ( ! 
banks may be trav]s$ 9 p]fect safety4   
,at ! bottom ( ?is holl[1 we f\nd a     
caldron ( boil+ mud1 ab\t fifte5 feet 9 
diamet]1 simil> to t on ! top ( !       
m\nta91 :i* we _h se5 ! ev5+ be=e2 b ?is
 boil$ ) mu* m vehem5ce4 ,we w5t )9 a   

few y>ds ( x1 ! w9d happ5+ to be        
rem>kably fav\rable = our view+ e "p (  
?is s+ul> place4 ,! mud 0 9 con/ant     
agitation1 & (t5 ?r[n up to ! height (  
six or eight feet4 ,ne> ?is spot 0 an   
irregul> space1 fill$ ) wat] boil+      
briskly4 ,at ! foot ( ! hill1 is a holl[
 =m$ by a bank ( clay & sulphur1 :5ce   
/eam ru%$ ) great =ce & noise f among ! 
loose fragm5ts ( rock4  ,fur!r up !     
m\nta91 we met ) a spr+ ( cold wat]1 a  
circum/ance little expect$ 9 a place l  
?is4 ,asc5d+ /ill high]1 we came to a   
ridge compos$ entirely ( sulphur & clay1
 jo9+ two summits ( ! m\nta9 ,"h we f\nd
 a mu* great] quantity ( sulphur ?an on 
any o!r "p ( ! surface1 ov] :i* we _h   
yet gone4 ,x =m$ a smoo? cru/1 f a qu>t]
 ( an in* to sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,!
 cru/ 0 beautifully cry/alliz$1 &       
imm$iately b5ea? x we f\nd a quantity ( 
loose granul> sulphur1 :i* appe>$ to be 
collect+ & cry/alliz+1 z x 0 sublim$    
along ) ! /eam4 ,sometimes we met ) clay
 ( diff]5t col\rs1 :ite1 r$1 & blue1 "u 

! cru/2 b we c\ld n exam9e ?is place to 
any dep?1 z1 ! mom5t ! cru/ 0 remov$1   
/eam issu$1 & prov$ extremely annoy+4   
,we f\nd sev]al pieces ( wood1 :i* 7    
probably ! rema9s ( planks t _h be5     
=m]ly us$ 9 collect+ ! sulphur1 small   
cry/als ( :i* p>tially cov]$ !m4  ,!re  
appe>$ to be a con/ant sublimation ( ?is
 sub/ance2 & 7 artificial *amb]s        
con/ruct$ = ! reception & cond5sation ( 
vap\rs1 mu* ( x might probably be       
collect$4 ,z x is1 !re is a l>ge        
quantity on ! surface2 &1 by se>*+1 !re 
is little d\bt t great /ores may be     
f\nd4 ,! inconv5i5ce proce$+ f ! /eam   
issu+ on e side1 & f ! heat1 is c]ta9ly 
consid]able2 b1 by prop] precautions1   
nei!r w\ld be felt s mu* z to r5d] !    
collection ( ! sulphur a matt] ( any    
great difficulty4 ,! *ief ob/acle to    
work+ ^! m9es1 is _! di/ance f a port   
:5ce ! produce c\ld be %ipp$4 ,b !re are
 s _m horses 9 ! c\ntry1 ^: orig9al     
price is trifl+1 & ^: ma9t5ance dur+    
summ] co/s no?+1 t ! conveyance (       

sulphur to ,reikiavik1 pres5ts no       
difficulties :i* might n probably be    
surm\nt$4  ,bel[ ! ridge on ! f>!r side 
( ?is great b$ ( sulphur1 we saw a great
 deal ( vap\r escap+ ) mu* noise4 ,we   
cross$ to ! opposite side ( ! m\nta91 & 
f\nd ! surface suffici5tly firm to admit
 ( walk+ cauti\sly ^u x4 ,we _h n[ to   
make our way t[>ds ! pr9cipal spr+1 z x 
is call$2 & ?is 0 a task ( mu* app>5t   
dang]1 z ! side ( ! m\nta91 = ! ext5t ( 
ab\t half a mile1 is cov]$ ) loose clay1
 into :i* our feet sunk at e /ep4 ,9 _m 
places !re 0 a ?9 cru/1 bel[ :i* ! clay 
0 wet1 & extremely hot4 ,good =tune     
att5d$ u2 & )\t any s]i\s inconv5i5ce1  
we rea*$ ! object we _h 9 view4 ,a d5se 
column ( /eam1 mix$ ) a little wat]1 0  
=c+ its way impetu\sly ?r\gh a crevice 9
 ! rock1 at ! head ( a n>r[ valley1 or  
break 9 ! m\nta94 ,! viol5ce ) :i* x    
ru%es out is s great1 t ! noise ?us     
occasion$1 may (t5 be he>d at ! di/ance 
( sev]al miles2 &1 dur+ night1 :ile ly+ 
9 our t5t at ,krisuvik1 we m ?an once   

li/5$ to x ) m+l$ emotions ( awe &      
a/oni%m5t4 ,beh9d ! column ( vap\r 0 a  
d>k-col\r$ rock1 :i* gave x its full    
effect4  ,x is q beyond our p[] to (f]  
su* a description ( ?is extraord9>y     
place1 z to convey adequate ideas ( its 
wond]s or its t]rors4 ,! s5sations ( a  
p]son1 ev5 ( firm n]ves1 /&+ on a       
support :i* feebly su/a9s him1 ov] an   
abyss1 :]e1 lit]ally1 fire & brim/one   
are 9 dreadful & incessant action1--hav+
 be=e 8 eyes trem5d\s pro(s ( :at is go+
 on b5ea? him1--envelop$ 9 ?ick         
vap\rs1--& 8 e>s /unn$ ) ?und]+ noises2 
mu/ be exp]i5c$ be=e !y c be und]/ood4  
,,*ap4 ,,xl4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+  
,,m\nta9s4--7,cont9u$47    ,s pleas'd at
 fir/ ! t['r+ m\nts we try1   ,m\nt o'er
 ! vales1 & seem to tread ! sky2   ,?'  
et]nal sn[s appe> already pa/1   ,& !   
fir/ cl\ds & m\nta9s seem ! la/4   ,b1  
^? atta9'd1 we tremble to survey   ,!   
gr[+ lab\rs ( ! l5g!n'd way2   ,?'      
increas+ prospect tires our w&'r+ eyes1 
,hills peep o'er hills1 & m\nts on m\nts

 arise4   ,,mont ,,blanc1 ,,9 ,,savoy4  
,n>rative ( a ,j\rney f ! village (     
,*am\ni1 to ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1    
und]tak5 on ,augu/ #h1 #aghg2 by        
,colonel ,beaufoy4 ,f ! ,annals (       
,philosophy4--  ,! desire ( asc5d+ to ! 
highe/ "p ( rem>kably elevat$ l& is s   
natural to e man1 & ! hope ( repeat+    
v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air
 is s invit+ to ^? :o wi% well to !     
int]e/s ( sci5ce1 t1 be+ lately 9       
,switz]l&1 ,i c\ld n resi/ ! incl9ation 
,i felt to rea* ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4
 ,"o ( ! motives1 h[ev]1 :i* prompt$ !  
attempt1 0 mu* weak5$ by ! consid]ation 
t ,i did n possess1 & 9 t c\ntry c\ld n 
obta91 ! in/rum5ts t 7 requisite = _m ( 
! exp]im5ts :i* ,i 0 anxi\s to make2 & !
 ard\r ( uncommon curiosity 0 dim9i%$1  
:5 ,i le>n$ t ,dr4 ,paec>d & 8 guide1 :o
 9 ! ye> #aghf _h rea*$ ! suppos$       
inaccessible summit ( ! hill1 7 n ! only
 p]sons :o _h succe$$ 9 ! attempt2 = t1 
five days be=e my arrival at ! foot ( ! 
m\nta91 ,m4 de ,saussure1 a pr(essor 9 !

 univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 _h ga9$ ! top ( !  
asc5t4  ,b :ile ,i 0 in=m$ ( ! success  
:i* _h att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ,m4 de          
,saussure1 ,i 0 told ( ! difficulties & 
dang]s t accompani$ ! und]tak+2 & 0 (t5 
assur$1 ) mu* labori\s dissuasion1 t1 to
 all ! usual ob/acles1 ! lat5ess ( !    
season w\ld add ! p]ils ( ^? /up5d\s    
masses ( sn[ :i* are (t5 dislodg$ f !   
/eeps ( ! m\nta91 toge!r ) ! haz>d ( ^? 
frightful *asms :i* pres5t immeasurable 
gulfs to ! /eps ( ! travell]1 & ! wid? (
 :i* 0 h\rly increas+4 ,m4 ,b\rrt1 ^: "n
 has (t5 be5 ann\nc$ to ! _w by a v>iety
 ( tracts1 & by _m excell5t draw+s1     
confirm$ ! acc\nt1 & assur$ me t he     
himself _h made ! attempt on ! next day 
to t on :i* ,m4 de ,saussure desc5d$1 b 
0 oblig$1 z on _m =m] occasions1 to     
ab&on ! ent]prise4 ,hav+1 h[ev]1 =m$ my 
resolution1 ,i s5t to ! diff]5t cottages
 ( ! vale ( ,*am\ni1 f ! skirts ( :i* ! 
m\nta9 takes its rise1 to inquire if any
 ( !m 7 will+ to g ) me z my assi/ants &
 guides2 & _h soon ! satisfaction to f9d

 t t5 7 ready to accept ! proposal4 ,i  
engag$ !m all4 ,hav+ ann\nc$ to !m my   
int5tion ( sett+ out ! next morn+1 ,i   
divid$ among !m provisions = ?ree days1 
toge!r ) a kettle1 a *af+-di%1 a        
quantity ( *>coal1 a pair ( bell[s1 a   
c\ple ( blankets1 a long rope1 a hat*et1
 & a ladd]1 :i* =m$ ! /ores t 7         
requisite = ! j\rney4 ,aft] a night (   
mu* solicitude1 le/ ! summit ( ,mont    
,blanc %\ld be cov]$ ) cl\ds1 9 :i* case
 ! guides w\ld h refus$ ! und]tak+ z    
impracticable1 ,i rose at five 9 !      
morn+1 & saw1 ) great satisfaction1 t ! 
m\nta9 0 free f vap\r1 & t ! sky 0 e :]e
 s]5e4 ,my dress 0 a :ite flannel       
jacket1 )\t any %irt b5ea?1 & :ite l95  
tr[s]s1 )\t draw]s4 ,! dress 0 :ite1 t !
 sunbeams might be ?r[n (f2 & x 0 loose1
 t ! limbs might be unconf9$4 ,besides a
 pole = walk+1 ,i c>ri$ ) me cramp-irons
 = ! heels ( my %oes1 by means ( :i* !  
hold on ! froz5 sn[ is firm1 & 9 /eep   
asc5ts ! poise ( ! body is pres]v$4  ,my
 guides be+ at l5g? assembl$1 ea* ) 8   

allott$ burd52 "o ( !m1 a fell[ ( great 
bodily /r5g? & vig\r ( m9d1 ,mi*ael     
,ca*et by "n1 :o _h accompani$ ,m4 de   
,saussure1 desir$ to take ! lead4 ,we   
rang$ ourselves 9 a l9e1 & at sev5      
o'clock1 9 ! mid/ ( ! wives1 & *ildr51 &
 fri5ds1 ( my companions1 & inde$ ( !   
:ole village ( ,*am\ni1 we began our    
m>*4 ,! end ( ! fir/ h\r br\ght u to !  
,glaci] des ,boissons1 at :i* place !   
rapid asc5t ( ! m\nta9 fir/ beg9s1 & f  
:i*1 pursu+ our c\rse along ! edge ( !  
rocks t =m ! ea/]n side ( ?is froz5     
lake1 we arriv$ 9 f\r h\rs m at ! second
 glaci]1 call$ ! ,glaci] de la ,cot4    
,"h1 by ! side ( a /ream ( wat] :i* !   
melt+ ( ! sn[ _h =m$1 we sat d[n to a   
%ort repa/4  ,to ?is place ! j\rney is  
nei!r rem>kably labori\s1 nor expos$ to 
dang]1 except t "n %\ld be giv5 to !    
trifl+ haz>d t arises f ! /ones & loose 
pieces ( ! brok5 rock1 :i* ! goats1 9   
leap+ f "o projection to ano!r1         
occasionally ?r[ d[n4 ,our d9n] be+     
f9i%$1 we fix$ our cramp-irons to our   

%oes1 & began to cross ! glaci]2 b we _h
 n proce$$ f>1 :5 we discov]$ t ! froz5 
sn[1 :i* lay 9 ! ridges betwe5 ! waves (
 ice1 (t5 conceal$1 ) a cov]+ ( unc]ta9 
/r5g?1 ! fa?omless *asms :i* trav]se ?is
 solid sea2 yet ! dang] 0 soon 9 a great
 degree remov$ by ! exp$i5t ( ty+       
ourselves toge!r ) our long rope1 :i*   
be+ fa/5$ at prop] di/ances to our      
wai/s1 secur$ f ! pr9cipal haz>d su* z  
might fall )9 ! op5+ ( ! gulf4 ,tru/+ to
 ! same precaution1 we also cross$ ^u   
our ladd]1 )\t appreh5sion1 su* ( !     
*asms z 7 expos$ to view2 &1 sometimes  
/opp+ 9 ! middle ( ! ladd]1 look$ d[n 9 
safety ^u an abyss :i* baffl$ ! rea* (  
vision1 & f :i* ! s\nd ( ! masses ( ice 
t we repeat$ly let fall1 9 no in/ance   
asc5d$ to ! e>4 ,9 "s places we 7 oblig$
 to cut foot-/eps ) our hat*et2 yet1 on 
! :ole1 ! difficulties 7 f> f great1 = 9
 two h\rs & a half we _h pass$ ! glaci]4
  ,we n[1 ) m ease1 & mu* m exp$ition1  
pursu$ our way1 hav+ only sn[ to cross1 
& 9 two h\rs arriv$ at a hut :i* _h be5 

erect$ 9 ! ye> #aghf1 by ! ord]1 & at ! 
exp5se1 ( ,m4 de ,saussure4 ,! hut 0    
situat$ on ! ea/]n side ( a rock1 :i* _h
 all ! appe>ance ( be+ rott5 ) age1 &   
:i* 9 fact 0 9 a /ate ( su* complete    
decay1 t on my return ! next ev5+1 ,i   
saw scatt]$ on ! sn[ _m tons ( its      
fragm5ts1 :i* _h fall5 9 my abs5ce2 b ! 
ru9 0 n on ! side on :i* ! hut 0 built4 
,imm$iately on our arrival1 :i* 0 at    
five 9 ! aft]noon1 ! guides began to    
empty ! hut ( its sn[1 & at sev5 we sat 
d[n to eat2 b our /oma*s _h little reli%
 = food1 & felt a p>ticul> di/a/e = w9e 
& spirits4 ,wat]1 :i* we obta9$ by melt+
 sn[ 9 a kettle1 0 ! only palatable     
dr9k4 ,"s ( ! guides compla9$ ( a heavy 
di%e>t5+ sickness2 & my ,swiss s]vant1  
:o _h accompani$ me at 8 own reque/1 0  
seiz$ ) excessive vomit+1 & ! pa9s ( !  
sev]e/ heada*4 ,b f ^! compla9ts1 :i*   
app>5tly arose f ! extreme lightness ( !
 air 9 ^? elevat$ regions1 ,i myself &  
"s ( ! guides 7 free1 except1 z be=e    
obs]v$1 t we _h little appetite = food1 

& a /rong av]sion to ! ta/e ( spiritu\s 
liquors4 ,we n[ prep>$ = re/2 on :i* two
 ( ! guides1 pref]r+ ! op5 air1 ?rew    
!mselves d[n at ! entrance ( ! hut1 &   
slept ^u ! rock4 ,i too 0 desir\s (     
sleep2 b my ?\ghts 7 tr\bl$ ) !         
appreh5sion t1 al?\gh ,i _h n[ complet$ 
"o half ( ! road1 ! vap\rs might collect
 on ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & fru/rate all 
my hopes4 ,or if at any "t ! re/ ,i wi%$
 = came1 my repose 0 soon di/urb$ by !  
noise ( ! masses ( sn[1 :i* 7 loos5$ by 
! w9d f ! heights ar\nd me1 & :i*1      
accumulat+ 9 bulk z !y roll$1 tumbl$ at 
l5g? f ! precipices into ! vales bel[1 &
 produc$ ^u ! e> ! effect ( r$\bl$ bur/s
 ( ?und]4  ,at two o'clock ,i ?rew aside
 my blankets1 & w5t out ( ! hut to      
obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s4 ,! />s   
%one ) a lu/re t f> exce$$ ! brightness 
:i* !y exhibit :5 se5 f ! usual level2 &
 _h s little tremor 9 _! light1 z to    
leave no d\bt on my m9d1 t1 if view$ f !
 summit ( ! m\nta91 !y w\ld h appe>$ z  
fix$ po9ts4 ,h[ improv$ 9 ^? altitudes  

w\ld be ! aids :i* ! telescope gives to 
vision6 inde$1 ! cle>ness ( ! air 0 su* 
z l$ me to ?9k t ,jupit]'s satellites   
might be di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye2 & _h he
 n be5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! moon1 ,i    
might possibly h succe$$4 ,he cont9u$   
di/9ctly visible = sev]al h\rs aft] !   
sun 0 ris51 & did n :olly disappe> till 
almo/ eight4  ,at ! "t ,i rose1 my      
!rmomet]1 :i* 0 on ,fahr5heit's scale1 &
 :i* ,i _h hung on ! side ( ! rock )\t !
 hut1 0 #h bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,impati5t
 to proce$1 & hav+ ord]$ a l>ge quantity
 ( sn[ to be melt$1 ,i fill$ a small    
cask ) wat] = my own use1 & at ?ree     
o'clock we left ! hut4 ,our r\te 0      
across ! sn[2 b ! *asms :i* ! ice b5ea? 
_h =m$1 ?\gh less num]\s ?an ^? t we _h 
pass$ on ! prec$+ day1 emb>rass$ our    
asc5t4 ,"o 9 p>ticul> _h op5$ s mu* 9 ! 
few days t int]v5$ betwe5 ,m4 de        
,saussure's exp$ition & our own1 z = !  
"t to b> ! hope ( any fur!r progress2 b 
at l5g?1 aft] hav+ w&]$ ) mu* anxiety   
along its bank1 ,i f\nd a place :i* ,i  

hop$ ! ladd] 0 suffici5tly long to      
cross4 ,! ladd] 0 accord+ly laid d[n1 & 
0 se5 to re/ ^u ! opposite edge1 b its  
be>+ did n exce$ an in* on ei!r side4   
,we n[ consid]$ t1 %\ld we pass ! *asm1 
& %\ld its op5+1 :i* _h enl>g$ s mu* 9 !
 c\rse ( a few prec$+ days1 increase 9 !
 lea/ degree be=e ! "t ( our desc5t1 no 
*ance ( return rema9$4 ,we also consid]$
 t1 if ! cl\ds :i* s (t5 envelop ! hill 
%\ld rise1 ! hope ( f9d+1 amid/ ! ?ick  
fog1 our way back to ?is only place 9   
:i* ! gulf1 ev5 9 its pres5t /ate1 0    
passable1 0 little less ?an desp]ate4   
,yet1 aft] a mom5t's pause1 ! guides    
cons5t$ to g ) me1 & we cross$ ! *asm4  
,we _h n proce$$ f>1 :5 ?ir/1 :i*1 s9ce 
our arrival 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air1 _h
 be5 always tr\blesome1 became almo/    
intol]able4 ,no soon] _h ,i drank ?an ! 
?ir/ return$1 & 9 a few m9utes my ?roat 
became p]fectly dry4 ,aga9 ,i _h rec\rse
 to ! wat]1 & aga9 my ?roat 0 p>*$4 ,!  
air itself 0 ?ir/y2 its extreme (       
dryness _h robb$ my body ( its moi/ure4 

,! guides 7 equally affect$3 w9e !y w\ld
 n ta/e1 b ! mom5t my back 0 turn$1 _!  
m\?s 7 equally appli$ to my cask ( wat]4
 ,yet we cont9u$ to proce$ till sev5    
o'clock1 :51 hav+ pass$ ! place :]e ,m4 
de ,saussure1 :o 0 provid$ ) a t5t1 _h  
slept ! second night1 we sat d[n to     
breakfa/4  ,all ?is "t ! !rmomet] 0 #d  
bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,we 7 n[ at ! foot (
 ,mont ,blanc itself2 =1 ?\gh x is usual
 to apply t t]m to ! :ole assemblage (  
sev]al successive m\nta9s1 yet ! "n     
prop]ly belongs only to a small m\nta9 (
 a pyramidal =m1 t rises f a n>r[ pla91 
:i* at all times is cov]$ ) sn[4 ,"h !  
?9ness ( ! atmosph]e began to affect my 
head ) a dull & heavy pa94 ,i also f\nd1
 to my great surprise1 an acute s5sation
 ( pa91 v diff]5t f t ( we>9ess1        
imm$iately above my knees4 ,hav+ f9i%$  
our repa/1 we pursu$ our j\rney1 & soon 
arriv$ at a *asm :i* c\ld n h exi/$ _m  
days1 = x 0 n =m$ at ! "t ( ,m4 de      
,saussure's asc5t4 ,misl$ by ?is la/    
circum/ance1 7= we conclud$1 t z he _h  

se5 no r5ts :atev] f ! "t t he pass$ !  
place :]e he slept ! second night1 none 
7 likely to be =m$17 we _h left our     
ladd] ab\t a league beh9d2 b z ! *asm 0 
f> f wide1 we pass$ x on ! poles t we   
us$ = walk+1 an exp$i5t :i* sugge/$ to  
me t ! l5g? ( our ladd] might be easily 
increas$ by ! addition ( sev]al poles   
laid p>allel1 & fa/5$ to its end2 & t ! 
haz>d ( f9d+ our retreat cut (f f !     
enl>gem5t ( ! *asms1 might by ?is means 
be mat]ially dim9i%$4  ,at ?is place ,i 
_h an opportunity ( measur+ ! height ( !
 sn[ :i* _h fall5 dur+ ! prec$+ w9t]1 & 
:i* 0 di/+ui%$ by its sup]ior :it5ess f 
t ( ! =m] ye>4 ,i f\nd x to be five     
feet4 ,! sn[ ( ea* p>ticul> ye> appe>$ z
 a sep>ate /ratum2 t :i* 0 m ?an a      
twelvemon? old1 0 p]fect ice1 :ile t ( !
 la/ w9t] 0 fa/ approa*+ to a simil>    
/ate4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a difficult asc5t1 
:i* lay among precipices1 & dur+ :i* we 
7 (t5 oblig$ to employ ! hat*et 9 mak+ a
 foot+ = our feet1 we rea*$1 & repos$   
ourselves ^u1 a n>r[ flat1 :i* is ! la/ 

( ?ree f ! foot ( ! small m\nta91 & :i*1
 accord+ to ,m4 de ,saussure1 is b #aej 
fa?oms bel[ ! level ( ! summit4 ,^u ?is 
plat=m ,i f\nd a beautiful dead         
butt]fly1 ! only appe>ance :i*1 f ! "t  
,i ent]$ on ! sn[1 ,i _h se5 ( any      
animal4 ,! p]nici\s effects ( ! ?9ness (
 ! air 7 n[ evid5t on u all2 a desire1 (
 sleep1 almo/ irresi/ible1 came on2 my  
spirits _h left me3 sometimes indiff]5t 
to ! ev5t1 ,i wi%$ to lie d[n2 at o!rs1 
,i blam$ myself = ! exp$ition2 &1 ?\gh j
 at ! summit1 _h ?\ghts ( turn+ back1   
)\t accompli%+ my purpose4 ,( my guides1
 _m 7 9 a worse situation2 =1 exhau/$ by
 excessive vomit+1 !y seem$ to h lo/ all
 /r5g?1 bo? ( m9d & body4  ,b %ame at   
l5g? came to our relief4 ,i drank ! la/ 
p9t ( wat] t 0 left1 & f\nd myself      
amaz+ly refre%$1 & invigorat$ = r5ew$   
toil4 ,yet ! pa9 9 my knees _h increas$ 
s mu*1 t at ! end ( e tw5ty or ?irty    
paces ,i 0 oblig$ to re/ till its       
%>pness 0 abat$4 ,my lungs ) difficulty 
p]=m$ _! (fice1 & my he>t 0 affect$ )   

viol5t palpitation4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 b ) 
a sort ( apa?y :i* sc>cely admitt$ !    
s5se ( joy1 we rea*$ ! summit ( ?is     
m\nta92 :5 six ( our guides1 & ) !m my  
s]vant1 ?rew !mselves on _! faces1 & 7  
imm$iately asleep4 ,i envi$ !m _!       
repose1 b my anxiety to obta9 a good    
obs]vation = ! latitude subdu$ my wi%es 
= indulg5ce4 ,! "t ( my arrival 0 half  
an h\r aft] t51 s t ! h\rs :i* elaps$ f 
our dep>ture f ,*am\ni1 7 only          
tw5ty-sev5 & a half1 t5 ( :i* we _h     
pass$ 9 ! hut4 ,! summit ( ! hill is =m$
 ( sn[1 :i* spreads into a sort ( pla91 
:i* is mu* wid] f ea/ to we/ ?an f nor? 
to s\?1 & 9 its greate/ wid? is p]haps  
?irty y>ds4 ,! sn[ is e :]e h>d1 & 9 _m 
places is cov]$ ) a %eet ( ice4  ,:5 !  
spectator beg9s to look ar\nd him f ?is 
elevat$ height1 a confus$ impression (  
imm5sity is ! fir/ effect produc$ ^u 8  
m9d2 b ! blue col\r ( ! canopy above    
him1 deep almo/ to blackness1 soon      
arre/s 8 att5tion4 ,he next surveys !   
m\nta9s1 _m ( :i*1 f ! cle>ness ( ! air1

 are to 8 eye )9 a /one's ?r[ f him2 &  
ev5 ^? ( ,lomb>dy 7"o ( :i* appe>s ( an 
altitude b little inf]ior to t ( ,mont  
,blanc7 seem to approa* 8 neighb\rhood2 
:ile ^? on ! o!r side ( ! vale (        
,*am\ni1 glitt]+ ) ! sunbeams1 are to ! 
view directly bel[ 8 feet1 & affect 8   
head ) gidd9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all      
objects1 ( :i* ! di/ance is great1 & !  
level l[1 are hid f 8 eye by ! blue     
vap\r :i* int]v5es1 & ?r\gh :i* ,i c\ld 
n disc]n ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 7at ! height 
( #ae1gjj ,engli% feet1 :i*1 accord+ to 
,m4 de ,saussure1 0 ! level on :i* ,i   
/ood17 ?\gh ev5 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea mu/ 
h be5 )9 ! l9e ( vision4 ,! air 0 /ill1 
& ! day s rem>kably f9e1 t ,i c\ld n    
discov] 9 any "p ( ! heav5s ! appe>ance 
( a s+le cl\d4  ,z ! "t ( ! sun pass+ ! 
m]idian n[ approa*$1 ,i prep>$ to take  
my obs]vation4 ,i _h ) me an admirable  
,hadley's sextant1 & an artificial      
horizon1 & ,i correct$ ! mean refraction
 ( ! sun's rays4 ,?us ,i 0 enabl$ to    
asc]ta9 ) accuracy1 t ! latitude ( !    

summit ( ,mont ,blanc is #de #di' #ei   
nor?4  ,i n[ proce$$ to su* o!r         
obs]vations z ! few in/rum5ts :i* ,i _h 
br\ght p]mitt$ me to make4 ,at twelve   
o'clock ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] /ood at   
#ch 9 ! %ade2 at ,*am\ni1 at ! same h\r1
 x /ood1 :5 9 ! %ade1 at #gh4 ,i tri$ ! 
effect ( a burn+-glass on pap]1 & on a  
piece ( wood1 :i* ,i _h br\ght ) me = ! 
purpose1 & f\nd 7contr>y1 ,i believe1 to
 ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion17 t its p[] 0 
mu* great] ?an 9 ! l[] regions ( ! air4 
,hav+ cont9u$ two h\rs on ! summit ( !  
m\nta91 ,i began my desc5t at half an   
h\r aft] twelve4 ,i f\nd t1 %ort z my   
abs5ce _h be51 _m new r5ts 7 op5$1 & t  
sev]al ( ^? :i* ,i _h pass$ 9 my asc5t 7
 consid]ably wid]4 ,9 less ?an six h\rs 
we arriv$ at ! hut 9 :i* we _h slept !  
ev5+ be=e1 & %\ld h proce$$ mu* fur!r   
d[n ! m\nta91 _h we n be5 afraid ( pass+
 ! ,glaci] de la ,cot at ! close ( !    
day1 :5 ! sn[1 f ! effect ( ! sunbeams1 
0 extremely rott54 ,our ev5+'s repa/ be+
 f9i%$1 ,i 0 soon asleep2 b 9 a few h\rs

 ,i 0 awak5$ ) a torm5t+ pa9 9 my face &
 eyes4 ,my face 0 "o cont9u$ bli/]1 & my
 eyes ,i 0 unable to op52 nor 0 ,i )\t  
appreh5sions ( los+ my sight = ev]1 till
 my guides told me1 t if ,i _h          
condesc5d$ to h tak5 _! advice1 ( we>+1 
z !y did1 a mask ( black crape1 !       
accid5t w\ld n h befall5 me1 b t a few  
days w\ld p]fectly re/ore ! use ( my    
eyes4 ,aft] ,i _h ba!d !m ) w>m wat] =  
half an h\r1 ,i f\nd1 to my great       
satisfaction1 t ,i c\ld op5 !m a little2
 on :i* ,i det]m9$ ^u an in/ant         
dep>ture1 t ,i might cross ! ,glaci] de 
la ,cot be=e ! sun 0 suffici5tly high = 
its beams to be /rongly reflect$ f !    
sn[4 ,b1 unluckily1 ! sun 0 already     
above ! horizon2 s t ! pa9 ( =c+ op5 my 
eyes 9 ! bright sun%9e1 9 ord] to avoid 
! *asms & o!r haz>ds ( my way1 r5d]$ my 
return m irksome ?an my asc5t4          
,=tunately1 "o ( ! guides1 soon aft] ,i 
_h pass$ ! glaci]1 pick$ up 9 ! sn[ a   
pair ( gre5 spectacles1 :i* ,m4 ,b\rret 
_h lo/1 & :i* gave me wond]ful relief4  

,at elev5 o'clock ( ,augu/ #aj1 aft] an 
abs5ce ( fifty-two h\rs1 ( :i* tw5ty 7  
pass$ 9 ! hut1 ,i return$ aga9 to !     
village ( ,*am\ni4 ,f ! want (          
in/rum5ts1 7! scale ( ! b>omet] ,i _h   
be+ graduat$ no l[] ?an tw5ty in*es1 :i*
 0 n suffici5tly ext5d$17 ! obs]vations 
,i made 7 b few1 yet ! effects :i* ! air
 9 ! heights ,i visit$ produc$ on !     
human body1 may n p]haps be consid]$ z  
altoge!r un9t]e/+2 nor w ! pro( ,i made 
( ! p[] ( ! l5s on ! summit ( ,mont     
,blanc1 if confirm$ by future exp]im5ts1
 be reg>d$ z ( no acc\nt 9 ! !ories (   
light & heat4 ,at any rate1 ! hav+      
det]m9$ ! latitude ( ,mont ,blanc may   
assi/ 9 "s p>ticul>s ! obs]vations ( su*
 p]sons z %all visit x 9 future2 & ! k  
:i* my j\rney has af=d$1 9 addition to t
 :i* is furni%$ by ,m4 de ,saussure1 may
 facilitate ! asc5t ( ^? :o1 ) prop]    
in/rum5ts1 may wi% to make on t elevat$ 
level1 exp]im5ts 9 natural philosophy4  
,,*ap4 ,,xli4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,m\nta9s4--7,conclud$47                

,description ( ,vesuvius--,hecla--,etna4
      ----------,! fluid lake t works   
bel[1     ,bitum51 sulphur1 salt1 & iron
 scum1     ,heaves up its boil+ tide4 ,!
 lab'r+ m\nt     ,is torn ) agoniz+     
?roes4 ,at once1     ,=? f its side     
disp>t$1 blaz+1 p\rs     ,a mighty riv]1
 burn+ 9 prone waves1     ,t glimm] ?ro'
 ! night1 to yond] pla94     ,divid$    
!re1 a hundr$ torr5t /reams1     ,ea*   
pl\gh+ up its b$1 roll dreadful on1     
,resi/less4 ,villages1 & woods1 & rocks1
     ,fall flat be=e _! sweep4 ,! region
 r\nd1     ,:]e myrtle walks1 & groves (
 gold5 fruit     ,rose fair1 :]e h>ve/  
wav'd 9 all its pride1     ,& :]e !     
v9ey>d spread its purple /ore1          
,matur+ into nect>1--n[ despoil'd     ,(
 h]b1 leaf1 fruit1 & fl['r1 f end to end
     ,lies buri$ "u fire1 a gl[+ sea6   
,mallet4   ,,volcanic ,,m\nta9s4        
,,vesuvius1--is a celebrat$ volcano (   
,italy1 six miles ea/ ( ,naples4 ,?is   
m\nta9 has two tops2 "o only ( :i* goes 
by ! "n ( ,vesuvius1 ! o!r be+ n[ call$ 

,somma2 b ,sir ,william ,hamilton is (  
op9ion1 t ! latt] is :at ! anci5ts call$
 ,vesuvius4  ,! p]p5dicul> height (     
,vesuvius is only ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ 
feet1 ?\gh ! asc5t f ! foot to ! top is 
?ree ,italian miles4 ,"o side ( ! m\nta9
 is well cultivat$ & f]tile1 produc+    
great pl5ty ( v9es2 b ! s\? & we/ sides 
are entirely cov]$ ) c9d]s & a%es1 :ile 
a sulphure\s smoke con/antly issues f ! 
top1 sometimes att5d$ ) ! mo/ viol5t    
explosions ( /ones1 ! emission ( great  
/reams ( lava1 & all ! o!r att5dants ( a
 mo/ =midable volcano4  ,! fir/ eruption
 record$ 9 hi/ory1 took place 9 ! ye>   
#gi2 at :i* "t ! two cities ( ,pompeii &
 ,h]culaneum 7 entirely buri$ "u ! /ones
 & a%es ?r[n out4 ,incr$ible mis*ief 0  
also done to ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 &      
numb]s ( p lo/ _! lives1 among :om 0    
,pl9y ! eld]4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! be/    
judges1 h[ev]1 t ?is eruption 0 by no   
means ! fir/ t _h ev] happ5$3 ! v /reets
 ( ^? cities :i* 7 at t "t ov]:elm$1 are
 unque/ionably pav$ ) lava4 ,s9ce t "t  

?irty diff]5t eruptions h be5 record$1  
"s ( :i* h be5 extremely viol5t4 ,9     
#aech1 a m\nta9 ?ree miles 9            
circumf]5ce1 & a qu>t] ( a mile 9       
p]p5dicul> height1 0 ?r[n up 9 ! c\rse (
 "o night4  ,9 #agff1 ,sir ,william     
,hamilton began to obs]ve ! ph5om5a (   
?is m\nta92 & s9ce t "t ! public h be5  
fav\r$ ) m exact & au!ntic acc\nts ( !  
v>i\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9         
,vesuvius1 ?an 7 to be obta9$ be=e4 ,!  
fir/ great eruption tak5 notice ( by ?is
 g5tleman 0 t ( #agfi1 :5 ,vesuvius nev]
 ceas$ = t5 ye>s to s5d =? smoke1 nor 7 
!re _m mon?s 9 :i* x did n ?r[ out      
/ones1 scori & c9d]s1 :i* increas+ to a 
c]ta9 degree1 7 usually foll[$ by lava2 
s t f ! ye> #agfg to #agfi !re 7 n9e    
eruptions1 "s ( :i* 7 v consid]able4  ,9
 ! mon? ( ,augu/ t ye>1 an eruption took
 place1 :i*1 = its extraord9>y & t]rible
 appe>ance1 may be reckon$ among ! mo/  
rem>kable ( any record$ conc]n+ ?is or  
any o!r volcano4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ,july1 !
 m\nta9 cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation4  

,subt]rane\s explosions & rumbl+ noises 
7 he>d2 quantities ( smoke 7 ?r[n up )  
great viol5ce1 sometimes ) r$-hot /ones1
 scori1 & a%es2 & t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?1 
^! symptoms increas$ to su* a degree1 z 
to exhibit1 9 ! night1 ! mo/ beautiful  
fireworks4  ,on ,?ursday ! fif? (       
,augu/1 ! volcano appe>$ mo/ viol5tly   
agitat$3 a :ite & sulphure\s smoke issu$
 ) unceas+ impetuosity f its crat]1 "o  
puff seem+ to impel ano!r2 s t a mass ( 
vap\r 0 soon accumulat$1 to all         
appe>ance1 f\r times ! height & size ( !
 volcano itself4 ,^! cl\ds ( smoke 7    
exce$+ly :ite1 resembl+ an imm5se       
accumulation ( bales ( ! :ite/ cotton4  
,9 ! mid/ ( ?is v :ite smoke1 va/       
quantities ( /ones1 scori1 & a%es1 7    
?r[n up to ! height ( two ?\s& feet2 & a
 quantity ( liquid lava1 seem+ly v      
heavy1 0 lift$ up j high en\gh to cle> !
 rim ( ! crat]1 & take its way d[n !    
sides ( ! m\nta94 ,?is lava1 hav+ run   
viol5tly = "s h\rs1 sudd5ly ceas$1 j    
be=e x _h rea*$ ! cultivat$ p>ts ( !    

m\nta91 ne> f\r miles f ! spot :5ce x   
issu$4  ,! heat1 all ?is day1 0         
intol]able at ! t[ns ( ,somma &         
,ottaiano2 & 0 s5sibly felt at ,palma & 
,lauri1 :i* are mu* f>!r (f4 ,r$di% a%es
 fell s ?ick on ! two =m]1 t ! air 0    
d>k5$ to su* a degree1 t objects c\ld n 
be di/+ui%$ at ! di/ance ( t5 feet4     
,long filam5ts ( a vitrifi$ matt]1 l    
spun-glass1 7 mix$1 & fell ) ^! a%es2   
sev]al birds 9 cages 7 suffocat$2 & !   
leaves ( ! trees 9 ! neighb\rhood (     
,somma 7 cov]$ ) :ite & v corrosive     
salt4 ,ab\t twelve at night1 on ! sev5?1
 ! f]m5tation ( ! m\nta9 seem$ greatly  
to increase4 ,our au?or 0 wat*+ !       
motions ( ! volcano f ! mole at ,naples1
 :i* has a full view ( x4 ,sev]al       
awfully f9e & picturesque effects _h be5
 obs]v$ f ! reflection ( ! deep r$ fire 
)9 ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 & :i* m\nt$ high
 among/ ^? huge cl\ds on ! top ( x2 :5 a
 summ] /orm1 call$ 9 t c\ntry a tropea1 
came on sudd5ly1 & bl5d$ its heavy wat]y
 cl\ds ) ! sulphure\s & m9]al ones1 :i* 

7 already1 l s _m o!r m\nta9s1 pil$ up  
on ! top ( ! volcano4 ,at ?is mom5t a   
f\nta9 ( fire 0 %ot up to an incr$ible  
height1 ca/+ s bright a light1 t !      
smalle/ objects 7 cle>ly di/+ui%able at 
any place )9 six miles or m ( ,vesuvius4
 ,! black /ormy cl\ds1 pass+ swiftly    
ov]1 & at times cov]+ ! :ole or "p ( !  
bright column ( fire1 at o!r times cle>+
 away & giv+ a full view ( x1 ) ! v>i\s 
t9ts produc$ by its rev]b]at$ light on !
 :ite cl\ds above1 9 contra/ ) ! pale   
fla%es ( =k$ lightn+ t att5d$ ! tropea1 
=m$ su* a sc5e z no comb9ation (        
language c express4 ,"o ( ! k+'s        
gamekeep]s1 :o 0 out 9 ! fields ne>     
,ottaiano :ile ?is /orm 0 at its height1
 0 surpris$ to f9d ! drops ( ra9 scald 8
 face & h&s2 a ph5om5on probably        
occasion$ by ! cl\ds hav+ acquir$ a     
great degree ( heat 9 pass+ ?r\gh !     
above-m5tion$ column ( fire4  ,on !     
eigh?1 ! m\nta9 0 quiet till t[>ds six  
,p4 ,m4 :5 a great smoke began to ga!r  
ov] its crat]2 & ab\t an h\r aft]1 a    

rumbl+ subt]ranne\s noise 0 he>d 9 !    
neighb\rhood ( ! volcano2 ! usual ?r[s (
 r$-hot /ones & scori began & increas$ e
 in/ant4 ,! crat]1 view$ ?r\gh a        
telescope1 seem$ mu* enl>g$ by ! viol5ce
 ( ! explosions on ! prec$+ night2 & !  
little m\nta9 on ! top 0 entirely gone4 
,ab\t n9e1 a mo/ viol5t report 0 he>d at
 ,portici & its neighb\rhood1 :i* %ook !
 h\ses to su* a degree z made !         
inhabitants run out into ! /reets4 ,_m  
w9d[s 7 brok51 & walls crack$1 by !     
concussion ( ! air on ?is occasion1 ?\gh
 ! noise 0 b fa9tly he>d at ,naples4 ,9 
an in/ant1 a f\nta9 ( liquid transp>5t  
fire began to rise1 &1 gradually        
increas+1 arriv$ at la/ to ! amaz+      
height ( t5 ?\s& feet & upw>ds4 ,puffs (
 smoke1 z black z c possibly be imag9$1 
rapidly succe$$ "o ano!r1 &1 accompany+ 
! r$-hot transp>5t & liquid lava1       
int]rupt$ its spl5did brightness "h &   
!re by pat*es ( ! d>ke/ hue4 ,)9 ^!     
puffs ( smoke1 at ! v mom5t ( emission1 
a bright b pale electrical fire 0 obs]v$

 play+ briskly ab\t 9 zigzag l9es4 ,!   
w9d 0 s\?-we/1 &1 ?\gh g5tle1 0         
suffici5t to c>ry ^! puffs ( smoke out (
 ! column ( fire1 & a collection ( !m by
 degrees =m$ a black & ext5sive curta9  
beh9d x2 9 o!r p>ts ( ! sky x 0 p]fectly
 cle>1 & ! />s bright4 ,a fi]y f\nta9 ( 
su* imm5se magnitude1 on ! d>k gr\nd j  
m5tion$1 made ! f9e/ contra/ imag9able2 
& ! blaze ( x1 reflect$ f ! surface ( ! 
sea1 :i* 0 at t "t p]fectly smoo?1 add$ 
greatly to ?is sublime spectacle4 ,!    
lava1 mix$ ) /ones & scori1 hav+ ris5 to
 ! amaz+ height already m5tion$1 0 p>tly
 direct$ by ! w9d t[>ds ,ottaiano1 &    
p>tly fall+1 /ill r$-hot & liquid1 ^u ! 
top ( ,vesuvius1 cov]$ its :ole cone1 z 
well z t ( ! summit ( ,somma1 & ! valley
 betwe5 !m4  ,! fall+ matt] be+ ne>ly z 
inflam$ & vivid z t :i* 0 cont9ually    
issu+ fre% f ! crat]1 =m$ ) x "o        
complete body ( fire1 :i* c\ld n be less
 ?an two miles & a half 9 bread?1 & ( ! 
extraord9>y height above m5tion$1 ca/+ a
 heat to ! di/ance ( at lea/ six miles  

r\nd4 ,! bru%wood on ! m\nta9 ( ,somma 0
 soon 9 a blaze2 & ! flame ( x be+ ( a  
diff]5t col\r1 f ! deep r$ ( ! matt]    
?r[n out by ! volcano1 & f ! silv]y blue
 ( ! electrical fire1 /ill add$ to !    
contra/ ( ?is mo/ extraord9>y sc5e4 ,!  
black cl\d increas+ greatly1 spread ov] 
,naples1 & ?reat5$ ! city ) spe$y       
de/ruction2 = x 0 *>g$ ) electrical     
fire1 :i* kept con/antly d>t+ ab\t 9    
bright zigzag l9es4 ,?is fire1 h[ev]1   
r>ely quitt$ ! cl\d1 b usually return$  
to ! great column ( fire :5ce x proce$$2
 ?\gh once or twice x 0 se5 to fall on !
 top ( ,somma1 & set fire to "s dry     
grass & bu%es4 ,=tunately1 ! w9d c>ri$  
back ! cl\d j z x rea*$ ! city1 & _h    
begun to occasion great al>m4 ,! column 
( fire1 h[ev]1 /ill cont9u$1 & diffus$  
su* a /rong light1 t ! mo/ m9ute objects
 c\ld be disc]n$ at ! di/ance ( t5 miles
 or m f ! m\nta94 ,mr4 ,morris in=m$ our
 au?or1 t at ,sorr5to1 :i* is twelve    
miles di/ant f ,vesuvius1 he read !     
title page ( a book by t volcanic light4

  ,all ?is "t ! mis]able inhabitants (  
,ottaiano 7 involv$ 9 ! utmo/ di/ress & 
dang] by ! %[]s ( /ones :i* fell ^u !m1 
& :i*1 _h ! eruption cont9u$ = a long]  
"t1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly h r$uc$ _! t[n to !
 same situation ) ,h]culaneum &         
,pompeii4  ,! m\nta9 ( ,somma1 at ! foot
 ( :i* ! t[n ( ,ottaiano is situat$1    
hides ,vesuvius f ! view ( its          
inhabitants2 s t till ! eruption became 
consid]able1 x 0 n visible to !m4 ,on   
,sunday night1 :5 ! noise increas$1 & ! 
fire began to appe> above ! m\nta9 (    
,somma1 _m ( ! inhabitants flew to !    
*ur*es1 & o!rs 7 prep>+ to quit ! t[n1  
:5 a sudd5 & viol5t report 0 he>d2 soon 
aft] :i*1 !y f\nd !mselves involv$ 9 a  
?ick cl\d ( smoke & a%es1 a horrid cla%+
 noise 0 he>d 9 ! air1 & pres5tly fell a
 va/ %[] ( /ones & l>ge pieces ( scori1 
"s ( :i* 7 ( ! diamet] ( sev5 or eight  
feet1 :i* mu/ h weigh$ m ?an #ajjlbs4   
be=e !y 7 brok51 z "s ( ! fragm5ts :i*  
,sir ,william ,hamilton f\nd 9 ! /reets 
/ill weigh$ upw>ds ( #fjlbs4 ,:5 ^! l>ge

 vitrifi$ masses ei!r /ruck aga9/ "o    
ano!r 9 ! air1 or fell on ! gr\nd1 vivid
 sp>ks ( fire proce$$ f !m1 :i*         
communicat$ to e ?+ t 0 combu/ible4 ,^! 
masses 7 =m$ ( ! liquid lava2 ! ext]ior 
p>ts ( :i* 7 become black & por\s1 by   
cool+ 9 _! fall ?r\gh su* a va/ space2  
:il/ ! int]ior p>ts1 less expos$1 reta9$
 an extreme heat1 & 7 p]fectly r$4 ,9 an
 in/ant1 ! t[n & c\ntry ab\t x 7 on fire
 9 _m p>ts1 = !re 7 sev]al /raw huts 9 !
 v9ey>ds1 :i* _h be5 erect$ = ! wat*m5 (
 ! grapes1 all ( :i* 7 burnt to ! gr\nd4
 ,a great magaz9e ( wood 9 ! he>t ( !   
t[n became "o %eet ( fire2 & _h !re be5 
mu* w9d1 ! flames mu/ h spread          
univ]sally1 & ! inhabitants h p]i%$ 9 _!
 h\ses2 = x 0 impossible = !m to make _!
 escape by flight4 ,"s1 :o attempt$ x ) 
pill[s1 tables1 *airs1 ! tops ( w9e     
casks1 c4 on _! heads1 7 ei!r knock$ d[n
 by ! fall+ masses1 or soon driv5 to    
make a spe$y retreat "u ar*es1 & 9 !    
cell>s ( _! h\ses4 ,_m 7 w\nd$1 b only  
two p]sons di$ ( _! w\nds4 ,to add to ! 

horror ( ! sc5e1 incessant volcanic     
lightn+ 0 d>t+ its corruscations ab\t ! 
black cl\d t surr\nd$ ! inhabitants1 & !
 sulphure\s smell & heat w\ld sc>cely   
all[ !m to draw _! brea?4  ,9 ?is       
dreadful situation !y rema9$ ab\t       
tw5ty-five m9utes1 :5 ! volcanic /orm   
ceas$ all at once1 & ,vesuvius assum$ a 
sull5 sil5ce4 ,sometime aft] ! eruption 
_h ceas$1 ! air cont9u$ greatly         
impregnat$ ) electrical matt]4 ,! duke (
 ,cottosiano told our au?or1 t hav+1    
ab\t half an h\r aft] ! great eruption  
_h ceas$1 held a lead5 bottle1 arm$ ) a 
po9t$ wire1 out at 8 w9d[ at ,naples1 x 
soon became consid]ably *>g$3 b :il/ !  
eruption 0 9 =ce1 its appe>ance 0 too   
al>m+ to all[ any "o to ?9k ( su*       
exp]im5ts4 ,he 0 in=m$ also by ! pr9ce (
 ,monte ,mileto1 t 8 son1 ! duke (      
,populi1 :o 0 at ,monte ,mileto on ! #h?
 ( ,augu/1 _h be5 al>m$ by a %[] ( c9d]s
 t fell !re1 "s ( :i* he _h s5t to      
,naples1 weigh+ two ounces2 & t /ones ( 
an ounce weight _h fall5 ^u an e/ate (  

81 t5 miles f>!r (f4 ,monte ,mileto is  
ab\t ?irty miles f ! volcano4 ,! ,abb   
,cagliani also relat$1 t 8 si/]1 a nun 9
 a conv5t at ,manfr$onia1 _h writt5 to  
inquire aft] him1 imag9+ t ,naples mu/ h
 be5 de/roy$1 :5 !y1 at s great a       
di/ance1 _h be5 s mu* al>m$ by a %[] (  
a%es :i* fell on ! city at elev5 ,p4 ,m4
 z to op5 all ! *ur*es1 & g to pray]s4  
,z ! great eruption began at n9e1 ^!    
a%es mu/ h travell$ #ajj miles 9 two    
h\rs4  ,no?+ c\ld be m dismal ?an !     
appe>ance ( ,ottaiano aft] ?is eruption4
 ,_m ( ! h\ses 7 unro($1 & "s lay half  
buri$ "u ! black scori & a%es2 all !    
w9d[s t[>d ! m\nta9 7 brok51 & "s ( !   
h\ses !mselves burnt2 ! /reets 7 *ok$ up
 ) a%es1 & 9 "s n>r[ places x 0 n less  
?an f\r feet deep4 ,a few ( !           
inhabitants1 :o _h j return$1 7 employ$ 
9 cle>+ !m away1 & pil+ !m up 9         
hillocks1 to get at _! ru9$ h\ses4  ,!  
palace ( ! pr9ce ( ,ottaiano is situat$ 
on an em95ce above ! t[n1 & ne>] !      
m\nta94 ,! /eps lead+ up to x 7 deeply  

cov]$ ) volcanic matt]2 ! ro( 0 totally 
de/roy$1 & ! w9d[s brok52 b ! h\se      
itself be+ /rongly built1 _h n suff]$   
mu* dilapidation4 ,an incr$ible numb] ( 
fragm5ts ( lava 7 ?r[n out dur+ !       
eruption1 "s ( :i* 7 ( imm5se magnitude4
 ,! l>ge/ measur$ by ,sir ,william      
,hamilton 0 #ajh feet 9 circumf]5ce1 &  
sev5te5 9 height3 ?is 0 ?r[n at lea/ a  
qu>t] ( a mile cle> ( ! m\? ( ! volcano4
 ,ano!r1 sixty-six feet 9 circumf]5ce1 &
 n9ete5 9 height1 be+ ne>ly ( a sph]ical
 figure1 0 ?r[n out at ! same "t1 & fell
 ne> ! =m]3 ?is la/ _h all ! m>ks ( be+ 
r\nd$1 nay1 almo/ poli%$1 by cont9ual   
exposure to roll+ torr5ts1 or ! /ill    
r\gh] beat ( a sea-%ore4 ,our au?or     
conjectures t x might be a sph]ical     
volcanic salt1 su* z t ( =ty-five feet 9
 circumf]5ce m5tion$ by ,m4 de ,/4      
,fond1 9 8 ,treatise on ,ext+ui%$       
,volcanoes4 ,a ?ird1 ( sixte5 feet 9    
height1 & n9ety-two 9 circumf]5ce1 0    
c>ri$ mu* f>!r1 & lay 9 ! valley betwe5 
,vesuvius & ! ,h]mitage3 x appe>$1 also1

 f ! l>ge fragm5ts t surr\nd$ ?is mass1 
t x _h be5 mu* l>g] :ile 9 ! air4       
,vesuvius cont9u$ to emit smoke = a     
consid]able "t aft] ?is great eruption1 
s t our au?or 0 appreh5sive t ano!r w\ld
 soon ensue2 b f t "t no?+ comp>able to 
! above has tak5 place4 ,f ! p]iod ( ?is
 great eruption1 to #aghf1 our in=mant  
kept an exact di>y ( ! op]ations (      
,vesuvius1 ) draw+s2 :i* %ew$1 by !     
comp>ative quantity ( smoke emitt$ ea*  
"t1 ! degree ( f]m5tation )9 ! volcano4 
,! op]ations ( ^! subt]rane\s fires1    
h[ev]1 appe> to be v caprici\s &        
unc]ta93 "o day !re w be ! appe>ance ( a
 viol5t f]m5tation1 & ! next e ?+ w be  
calm$2 b :5ev] !re has be5 a consid]able
 ejection ( scori & c9d]s1 x has be5    
con/antly obs]v$1 t ! lava soon made its
 appe>ance1 ei!r by boil+ ov] ! crat]1  
or =c+ its way ?r\gh ! crevices 9 !     
conical "p ( ! m\nta94  ,9 ! ye> #agid1 
!re 0 a v trem5d\s eruption1 & ! mis*ief
 done 0 v consid]able3 ! lava cov]$ &   
totally de/roy$ #ejjj acres ( ri*       

v9ey>ds & cultivat$ l&1 & drove !       
inhabitants ( ,torre del ,greco f ! t[n1
 a great "p ( ! h\ses be+ ei!r buri$1 or
 s injur$ z to be un9habitable2 ! damage
 done 9 ! v9ey>ds by ! a%es 0 also      
imm5se4 ,eruptions ( ?is volcano also   
took place 9 #ahjd & #ahje2 b ?is       
article w conclude by notic+ only !     
eruption t happ5$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #ca/ (  
,may1 #ahjf1 :5 a bright flame rose f ! 
m\nta9 to ! height ( ab\t #fjj feet1    
s9k+ & ris+ alt]nately1 & af=d+ s cle> a
 light1 t a lett] might h be5 read at ! 
di/ance ( a league r\nd ! m\nta94 ,on ! 
foll[+ morn+1 )\t any e>?quake prec$+1 z
 _h be5 cu/om>y1 ! volcano began to     
eject inflam$ sub/ances f ?ree new m\?s1
 pretty ne> to ea* o!r1 & ab\t #fej feet
 f ! summit4 ,! lava took ! direction ( 
,torre del ,greco & ,annunciata1        
approa*+ ,portici on ! road lead+ f     
,naples to ,pompeii4  ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 
! #b;d ( ,june1 a noise 0 he>d1 resembl+
 t ( two armies engag$1 :5 ! dis*>ges ( 
artill]y & musketry are v brisk4 ,!     

curr5t ( lava n[ resembl$ a wall ( glass
 9 a /ate ( fusion2 sp>ks & fla%es issu+
 f x f "t to "t ) a p[]ful detonation4  
,v9es1 trees1 h\ses1 9 %ort1 :atev]     
objects x enc\nt]$ on its way1 7        
in/antly ov]?r[n & de/roy$4 ,9 "o "p1   
:]e x met ) ! resi/ance ( a wall1 x =m$ 
a cascade ( fire4 ,9 a few days1        
,portici1 ,res9a1 & ,torre del ,greco1 7
 cov]$ ) a%es ?r[n out by ! volcano2 &  
on ! #i?1 ! two =m] places 7 delug$ ) a 
?ick black ra91 consi/+ ( a species (   
mud1 fill$ ) sulphure\s p>ticles4  ,on !
 #a/ ( ,july1 ! anci5t crat] _h :olly   
disappe>$1 be+ fill$ ) a%es & lava1 & a 
new "o 0 =m$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! m\nta91   
ab\t #fjj feet 9 dep?1 & hav+ ab\t !    
same wid? at ! op5+4 ,sev]al p]sons1 on 
! above day1 desc5d$ ab\t half way d[n  
?is new m\?1 & rema9$ half an h\r v ne> 
! flames1 admir+ ! spectacle pres5t$ by 
! liquid lava1 :i* bubbl$ up at ! bottom
 ( ! crat]1 l ! fus$ matt] 9 a glas%\se4
 ,?is eruption cont9u$ until ,septemb]1 
made great ravages1 & 0 consid]$ z "o ( 

! mo/ t]rible t occurr$ )9 ! memory ( ! 
olde/ inhabitants4 ,sir ,william        
,hamilton obs]ves1 t ! inhabitants (    
,naples1 9 g5]al1 pay s little att5tion 
to ! op]ations ( ?is volcano1 t _m ( its
 eruptions pass unnotic$ by at lea/     
two-?irds ( !m4 ,x is rem>kable to      
obs]ve1 ) :at read9ess & sang froid !y  
inhabit ! t[ns & villas on ! br[ ( !    
m\nta91 & h[ quickly !y return to spots 
:i* h suff]$ ! mo/ sev]ely4 ,!          
inhabitants are n mu* al>m$ by a /ream (
 lava1 :i* moves sl[ly1 f :i* !y c      
always remove1 & c>ry (f _! moveable    
prop]ty2 _! greate/ dang] consi/s 9 !   
cl\ds ( burn+ a%es1 :i* fly to a great  
di/ance1 & ! fall ( :i* c nei!r be      
anticipat$ nor avoid$4   ,,m\nt         
,,hecla4--,?is is a volcano ( ,icel&1 & 
"o ( ^? ^: op]ations are ! mo/ p[]ful ( 
any 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 visit$ 9 #agbb1 by ,dr4
 ,van ,troil1 a ,sw$i% g5tleman1 toge!r 
) ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,joseph7 ,banks1  
,dr4 ,sol&]1 & ,dr4 ,james ,l9d1 (      
,ed9burgh4 ,on _! fir/ l&+1 !y f\nd a   

tract ( l& sixty or sev5ty miles 9      
ext5t1 entirely ru9$ by lava1 :i* appe>$
 to h be5 9 ! highe/ /ate (             
liquefaction4 ,hav+ und]tak5 a j\rney to
 ! top ( ! m\nta91 !y travell$ f #cjj to
 #cfj ,engli% miles1 ov] an un9t]rupt$  
tract ( lava1 & _h at l5g? ! pleasure ( 
be+ ! fir/ :o _h arriv$ at ! summit ( ! 
m\nta94  ,hecla1 accord+ to _! acc\nts1 
is situat$ 9 ! s\? "p ( ! isl&1 ab\t f\r
 miles f ! sea coa/2 & is divid$ into   
?ree p>ts at ! top1 ! middle po9t be+ ! 
highe/4 ,f an exact obs]vation )        
,ramsd5's b>omet]1 x is #ejjj feet above
 ! level ( ! sea4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to quit  
_! horses at ! fir/ op5+ f :i* ! fire _h
 bur/4 ,!y describe ?is z a place ) l(ty
 walls & high glaz$ cliffs1 unlike any  
?+ :i* !y _h ev] se5 be=e4 ,a little    
high] up !y f\nd a l>ge quantity ( grit 
& /ones2 & /ill f>!r1 ano!r op5+1 :i*1  
?\gh n deep1 desc5d$ l[] ?an t ( !      
highe/ po9t4 ,"h1 !y imag9$1 !y pla9ly  
disc]n$ ! effects ( boil+ wat]2 ?\gh n  
f> f !nce ! m\nta9 0 cov]$ ) sn[1       

except+ "s spots1 :i* diff]5ce !y       
p]ceiv$ to be occasion$ by ! hot vap\r  
issu+ f ! crevices 9 ! m\nta94 ,z !y    
asc5d$ t[>ds ! top1 !y f\nd ! spots     
become l>g]2 & ab\t #bjj y>ds bel[ !    
summit1 a hole ab\t a y>d & a half 9    
diamet] 0 obs]v$1 :5ce issu$ s hot a    
/eam1 t !y c\ld n measure ! degree (    
heat ) ! !rmomet]4  ,! cold began n[ to 
be v int5se2 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 :i* 
at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 0 at fifty-f\r1 n[ 
fell to tw5ty-f\r2 ! w9d also became s  
viol5t1 t !y 7 sometimes oblig$ to lie  
d[n1 = fe> ( be+ bl[n d[n ! mo/ dreadful
 precipices4 ,on ! v summit1 !y exp]i5c$
 at ! same "t a high degree ( heat & (  
cold2 =1 9 ! air1 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] 
/ood con/antly at tw5ty-f\r1 b :5 set on
 ! gr\nd1 rose to #aec2 ! b>omet] /ood  
at #bb4bdg4 ,?\gh !y wi%$ v mu* to rema9
 "h = "s "t1 !y f\nd t !y c\ld n effect 
_! purpose ) safety2 !y !re=e desc5d$   
quickly4  ,! m\nta9 seems to be made up1
 n ( lava1 b ( s&1 grit1 & a%es2 :i* are
 ?r[n up ) discol\r$ /ones1 p>tly melt$ 

by ! fire4 ,sev]al sorts ( pumice /ones 
7 f\nd on x1 among :i* 0 "o ) "s        
sulphur4 ,sometimes ! pumice 0 s mu*    
burnt1 t x 0 z light z t[4 ,its =m &    
col\r 7 sometimes v f9e1 b at ! same "t 
s s(t1 t x 0 difficult to remove x f "o 
place to ano!r4 ,! common lava 0 f\nd 9 
bo? l>ge & small pieces2 z well z a     
quantity ( black jasp]1 burn$ at !      
extremities1 & resembl+ trees & bran*es4
 ,"s slate1 ( a /rong r$ col\r1 0 obs]v$
 among ! /ones ?r[n out by ! volcano4 ,9
 "o place ! lava _h tak5 ! =m (         
*imney-/acks half brok5 d[n4  ,z !y     
desc5d$ ! m\nta91 !y obs]v$ ?ree op5+s4 
,9 "o1 e ?+ look$ z r$ z brick2 f ano!r1
 ! lava _h fl[$ 9 a /ream ab\t fifty    
y>ds broad1 &1 aft] proce$+ "s l5g?1 _h 
divid$ into ?ree l>ge bran*es4 ,fur!r on
 !y p]ceiv$ an op5+1 at ! bottom ( :i* 0
 a m\nt 9 =m ( a sug> loaf2 9 ?r[+ up ( 
:i*1 ! fire appe>$ to h exhau/$ itself4 
,! reason t no "o be=e !m _h ev] asc5d$ 
to ! top ( ?is m\nta91 0 p>tly ow+ to   
sup]/ition1 & p>tly to ! /eepness &     

difficulty ( ! asc5t1 :i* 0 9 a great   
measure remov$ by an eruption 9 #agff4  
,we n[ proce$ to describe ! celebrat$   
,,m\nt ,,etna4--    ,n[ ,etna ro>s )    
dreadful ru9s nigh1   ,n[ hurls a bur/+ 
cl\d ( c9d]s high1   ,involv'd 9 smoky  
:irlw9ds to ! sky2   ,) l\d displosion  
to ! />ry frame1   ,%oots fi]y globes & 
furi\s floods ( flame2   ,n[ f h] bell[+
 cav]ns bur/ away   ,va/ piles ( melt$  
rocks 9 op5 day4   ,h] %att]'d entrails 
wide ! m\nta9 ?r[s1   ,& deep z hell h] 
flam+ c5tre gl[s4                       
,w>ton4  ,etna is a fam\s volcanic or   
burn+ m\nta9 9 ,sicily1 situat$ on !    
ea/]n coa/1 n f> f ,catania4 ,! height (
 ?is m\nta9 is m ?an #aj1jjj feet above 
! level ( ! sea1 & its circumf]5ce at ! 
base is #ahj miles4 ,ov] its sides are  
sev5ty-sev5 cities1 t[ns1 & villages1 ! 
numb] ( ! inhabitants ( :i* is ab\t     
#aae1jjj4 ,f ,catania to ! summit1 !    
di/ance is ?irty miles2 & ! travell] mu/
 pass ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct climates1 :i*   
may be d5om9at$ ! torrid1 ! temp]ate1 & 

! frigid4 ,accord+ly1 ! :ole m\nta9 is  
divid$ into ?ree di/9ct regions1 call$ !
 f]tile1 ! woody1 & ! b>r54  ,! fir/1 or
 l[e/ region1 ext5ds ?r\gh a beautiful  
asc5t f twelve to eighte5 miles4 ,! city
 ( ,catania1 & sev]al villages1 are     
situat$ 9 ?is fir/ zone1 & x ab\nds 9   
pa/ures1 or*>ds1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fruit   
trees4 ,its great f]tility is ascrib$ to
 ! decomposition ( lava1 & ( ^?         
vegetables :i* h be5 introduc$ by ! arts
 ( agriculture1 & ! ex]tions ( human    
indu/ry4 ,! figs & fruit 9 g5]al1 9 ?is 
"p1 are reckon$ ! f9e/ 9 ,sicily4 ,!    
lava ( ?is region fl[s f a numb] ( small
 m\nta9s1 :i* are disp]s$ ov] ! imm5se  
declivity ( ,etna4  ,! woody region1 or 
temp]ate zone1 ext5ds f eight to t5     
miles 9 a direct l9e1 t[>ds ! top ( !   
m\nta92 & compreh5ds a surface ( ab\t   
=ty or =ty-five squ>e leagues4 ,x =ms a 
zone ( ! brighte/ gre5 all ar\nd !      
m\nta91 :i* exhibits a pleas+ contra/ to
 its :ite & ho>y summits4 ,x is call$ ! 
woody region1 because x ab\nds ) oaks1  

bee*es1 & firs4 ,! soil is simil> to t (
 ! l[] region2 ! air is cool & refre%+1 
& e breeze is load$ ) a ?\s& p]fumes1 ! 
:ole gr\nd be+ cov]$ ov] ) ! ri*e/      
aromatic plants4 ,_m p>ts ( ?is space   
are ! mo/ heav5ly spots ^u e>?2 & if    
,etna resemble ,hell )91 x may ) equal  
ju/ice be said to resemble ,p>adise )\t4
  ,! upp] region1 call$ ! frigid zone1  
is m>k$ out by a circle ( sn[ & ice4 ,! 
surface ( ?is zone is = ! mo/ "p flat & 
ev51 & ! approa* to x is indicat$ by !  
decl9e ( vegetation1 by uncov]$ rocks ( 
lava & heaps ( s&1 by ne> views ( an    
expanse ( sn[ & ice1 z well z ( torr5ts 
( smoke issu+ f ! crat] ( ! m\nta91 & by
 ! difficulty & dang] ( advanc+ amid/   
/reams ( melt$ sn[1 %eets ( ice1 & gu/s 
( *ill+ w9d4 ,! curi\s travell]1 h[ev]1 
?9ks himself amply recomp5s$1 ^u ga9+ ! 
summit1 = ! p]il :i* he has enc\nt]$4   
,at night1 ! numb] ( />s seem increas$1 
& _! light appe>s bright] ?an usual4 ,! 
lu/re ( ! milky-way is l a pure flame1 t
 %oots across ! heav5s1 & ) ! nak$ eye  

we may obs]ve clu/]s ( />s totally      
invisible 9 ! l[] regions4  ,dr4        
,woodw>d m5tions ! exi/5ce ( volcanoes z
 a special fav\r ( ,provid5ce1 & says1  
,!re are sc>cely any c\ntries1 t are mu*
 annoy$ ) e>?quakes1 t h n "o ( ^! fi]y 
v5ts4 ,& ^! are con/antly all 9 flames  
:5ev] any e>?quake happ5s1 z !y disgorge
 t fire1 :i*1 :il/ und]nea?1 0 ! cause (
 ! disa/]4 ,inde$1 7sai? he17 7 x n = ^!
 div]ticula1 :]eby x ?us ga9s an exit1 x
 w\ld rage 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? mu* m      
furi\sly1 & make great] havock ?an x n[ 
does4 ,s t1 ?\gh ^? c\ntries :]e !re are
 su* volcanoes are usually m or less    
tr\bl$ ) e>?quakes2 yet1 7 ^! volcanoes 
want+1 !y w\ld be mu* m annoy$ ) !m ?an 
!y n[ are1 yea1 9 all probability1 to t 
degree z to r5d] ! e>?1 = a va/ space   
ar\nd !m1 p]fectly un9habitable4 ,9 "o  
^w1 s b5eficial are ^! to ! t]ritories  
:]e !y are1 t !re d n want in/ances ( "s
 :i* h be5 rescu$ f e>?quakes by !      
break+ =? ( a new volcano !re2 ?is      
cont9ually dis*>g+ t matt]1 :i* be+ till

 !n b>ricad$ up & imprison$ 9 ! b[els ( 
! e>?1 0 ! occasion ( v great & frequ5t 
calamities4  ,9 e case1 :]e we _c disc]n
 ! b5efic5t t5d5cy ( p>ticul> ph5om5a 9 
! univ]se1 we ought to attribute ?is to 
our limit$ capacities1 & n arraign !    
almighty ,sov]eign4 ,h[ev] dreadful &   
de/ructive subt]rane\s fires may appe>2 
on prop] reflection1 x may be inf]r$ t  
!y are z necess>y 9 promot+ & su/a9+ !  
op]ations ( ?is "p ( ! univ]se1 z !     
natural heat 9 m5's bodies is to !      
pres]vation & support ( _! be+4         
,,*ap4 ,,xlii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,grottos1 ,,caves1 c4      ,grotto 9  
,s\? ,africa--,grotto del ,cani--,grotto
 ( ,antip>os--,grotto     (             
,gua*>o--,sn[ ,grotto--,cave (          
,f+al--,cave ne> ,mexico--,! ,nitre     
,caves ( ,miss\ri--,okey                
,hole--,borr[dale--,ne$le's ,eye4       
----------------------------,sweet      
int]*ange     ,( hill & valley1 riv]s1  
woods1 & pla9s1     ,n[ l&1 n[ sea1 &   
%ores ) =e/s cr[n'd4                    

,milton4   ,,grotto ,,9 ,,s\? ,,africa4 
,f ,?om's acc\nt ( 8 ,j\rney to ,s\?    
,africa4--,9 ! c\ntry ( ,kango is !     
greate/ natural curiosity ( ,s\?        
,africa1 a grotto ( unkn[n ext5t4 ,?is  
,i visit$1 & sp5t f\r or five h\rs 9 x4 
,x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ! end ( x _h be5 
discov]$1 b we prov$ x to be /ill       
unkn[n2 ?\gh1 f ! in=mation ,i receiv$1 
we proce$$ into x fur!r ?an any o!rs1 & 
our entrance into ! ?ird newly discov]$ 
*amb]s1 or cave1 0 only prev5t$ by a    
desc5t ( f\rte5 feet4 ,?is great &      
a/oni%+ "w ( ,god is divid$ into v>i\s  
ap>tm5ts1 f f\rte5 to sev5ty feet 9     
l5g?1 & eight to "o hundr$ 9 bread?4 ,by
 measurem5t1 ,i f\nd t we _h proce$$    
ab\t n9e hundr$ feet into ! cav]n ( a   
m\nta91 ( five hundr$ feet 9 p]p5dicul> 
height2 ! grotto is ab\t two hundr$ feet
 above ! level ( ! riv] runn+ by ! hill4
  ,! /alactites1 unit$ or disunit$1 =m a
 hundr$ figures1 s t1 )\t any ef=t (    
imag9ation1 nature w\ld seem "h to h    
assum$ ! prov9ce ( art3 = h] canopies1  

organs1 pulpits1 va/ c&les1 imm5se      
pill>s1 heads ev5 ( m5 & animals1 meet !
 a/oni%$ visitor on all sides2 s t he   
supposes himself 9 a new "p ( ! univ]se4
 ,eye1 ?\ght1 & feel+1 are equally      
ov]p[]$2 &1 to complete ?is rem>kable   
assemblage1 !re are v>i\s ba?s1 or      
ci/]ns ( wat]1 z cle> z cry/al1 divid$  
by p>titions1 z if a mo/ +5i\s sculptor 
_h wr\ght = "s weeks 9 ?is subt]rane\s  
place ( nature4 ,t5 "y coloni/s1 ) two  
slave guides1 & my s]vant1 7 ) me4 ,we  
_h a flambeau & a numb] ( l>ge c&les2 b 
ev5 ^! did n *ase away ! d>kness :i*    
eclips$ ! beauties ( ?is great "w (     
nature1 :i* _h be5 =m+ f age to age1 & 0
 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ye> #aghh4 ,x is a   
rem>kable circum/ance1 t no travell]    
appe>s to h visit$ x1 or ! v>i\s        
sub-di/ricts :i* ,i h describ$ above1   
s9ce t "t till we ent]$ x4   ,,!        
,,grotto ,,del ,,cani4--,?is is a little
 cav]n ne> ,pozzuoli1 f\r leagues f     
,naples3 ! air conta9$ 9 x is ( a       
mephitical or noxi\s quality2 x is 9    

tru? c>bonic acid gas1 :5ce also x is   
call$ ,bocca ,v55osa1 ! ,poison\s ,m\?4 
,two miles f ,naples1 7says ,dr4 ,mead17
 j by ! ,lago de ,agnano1 is a celebrat$
 m(eta1 commonly call$ ,la ,grotto del  
,cani1 :i* is de/ructive ( all animal   
life t comes )9 ! rea* ( its vap\rs4 ,x 
is a small grotto1 ab\t eight feet high1
 twelve long1 & six broad2 f ! gr\nd    
arises a ?91 subtile1 w>m fume1 visible 
en\gh to a disc]n+ eye1 :i* does n spr+ 
up 9 little p>cels "h & !re1 b 9 "o     
cont9u$ /ream1 cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! 
bottom ( ! cave2 hav+ ?is rem>kable     
diff]5ce f common vap\rs1 t x does n1 l 
smoke1 disp]se into ! air1 b quickly    
aft] its rise falls back aga91 & returns
 to ! e>?1 or hov]s to a c]ta9 height1  
above :i* x nev] rises4 ,?is fact is    
asc]ta9$ by ! col\r ( ! sides ( !       
grotto1 :i*1 z high z ! vap\r asc5ds1 is
 ( a d>ki% gre51 b above ?is x has only 
! appe>ance ( common e>?4 ,z ,i f\nd no 
inconv5i5ce f /&+ 9 x myself1 s ,i      
believe no animal1 if its head 7 kept   

above ?is m>k1 w\ld be 9 ! lea/ injur$4 
,b :51 z is (t5 ! case1 a dog1 or any   
o!r creature1 is =cibly kept bel[ x1 or 
! animal is s small t x _c hold its head
 above ?is noxi\s vap\r1 x pres5tly     
loses all volunt>y motion1 falls d[n z  
dead1 or 9 a swoon2 ! limbs at fir/     
become convuls$ & trembl+1 till at la/  
no m signs ( life appe>1 ?an a v weak & 
almo/ ins5sible beat+ ( ! he>t &        
art]ies2 :i*1 if ! animal is left a     
little long]1 quickly ceases also1 & !n 
its fate is irrevocable2 b if x be      
snat*$ out & laid 9 ! air1 x soon       
revives1 &1 if ?r[n into ! adjac5t lake1
 resuscitation is /ill m rapid4   ,we n[
 proce$ to ! fam\s ,,grotto ,,(         
,,antip>os4--,?is grotto takes its "n f 
! small isl& 9 :i* x is situat$4 ,!     
foll[+ is ,mr4 ,*>les ,saund]s's acc\nt 
( 8 desc5t into ?is celebrat$ grotto4   
,its entrance lies 9 ! side ( a rock1 & 
is a spaci\s ar*1 =m$ ( r\gh crags1     
ov]hung ) fanta/ic wrea?s ( climb+      
%rubs4 ,our p>ty am\nt$ to six1 att5d$  

by ! same numb] ( guides1 furni%$ )     
light$ tor*es4 ,we pres5tly lo/ e ray ( 
daylight1 b foll[+ our lead]s1 we ent]$ 
into a l[ n>r[ passage1 l9$ on all sides
 ) /ones1 t1 f ! reflection ( ! tor*es1 
glitt]$ l diamonds1 & display$ ! col\rs 
( ! ra9b[4 ,at ! end ( ?is passage1 our 
guides desir$ u to tie a rope ab\t our  
wai/s1 & !n l$ u to ! br9k ( a frightful
 precipice4 ,! desc5t 0 /eep1 & ! place 
d>k & gloomy4 ,! ex*ange ( ! lane (     
diamonds = ?is abyss ( d>kness 0 v      
unwelcome2 b ,i _h travell$ f> to       
gratify my curiosity1 & ,i haz>d$ !     
ev5t4 ,! rope be+ held by ! guides at   
top1 ,i 0 fir/ let d[n1 &1 aft] dangl+ a
 m9ute or two1 rea*$ ! bottom ) my feet4
  ,my fri5ds1 enc\rag$ by my example1   
foll[$2 & we pursu$ our way "u a ro( (  
ragg$ rocks = ?irty y>ds1 hop+ e mom5t  
to see ! op5+ ( ! expect$ grotto2 b our 
guides pla9ly told u we _h f> to g1 &   
mu* to enc\nt]1 be=e we %\ld rea* x1 &  
^? :o want$ c\rage & p]sev]ance _h bett]
 return4 ,none ( u1 h[ev]1 w\ld act s   

c[>dly a "p1 ?\gh ! sight ( ano!r       
precipice1 mu* deep] & m =midable ?an ! 
fir/1 almo/ %ook our resolution4 ,by !  
light ( ! tor*es1 we c\ld p]ceive t we 7
 to plunge into a place encumb]$ ) va/  
pieces ( r\gh rugg$ rocks1 & t we %\ld  
be =c$ sometimes to climb ov]1 &        
sometimes to creep "u !m2 :ile on ! o!r 
side 7 num]\s d>k cav]ns1 l s _m wells1 
:i* if "o's foot %\ld slip1 w\ld swall[ 
u up4 ,two ( our guides w5t be=e u1 & z 
we /ood on ! edge1 we 7 t]rifi$ to see  
!m g l[]1 till !y appe>$ at a frightful 
dep? b5ea? u4 ,:5 !y 7 at ! bottom1 !y  
halloo$ to u1 & we v reluctantly foll[$4
 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! way1 we came to a place  
:]e a rock t 0 p]p5dicul>1 & a va/      
cav]n1 on "o side ?reat5$ u )           
de/ruction1 :il/ a wall ( rugg$ rock    
seem$ impassable on ! o!r4 ,"h aga9 we  
hesitat$ :e!r to proce$ or n3 b ! guides
 assur$ u !y _h (t5 gone ! same way )   
safety1 we !re=e took fre% resolution1 &
 on we w5t to a corn]1 :]e 0 plac$ an   
old1 slipp]y1 rott5 ladd]1 :i* we v5tur$

 to desc5d4  ,at ! bottom we p]ceiv$    
ourselves at ! entrance ( ano!r passage1
 :i* 0 r dismal1 b n :olly )\t beauty4  
,a wide gradual desc5t l$ u into a noble
 vault1 ) a bottom ( f9e1 gre51 glossy  
m>ble1 ov] :i* we 7 to slide on our     
seats2 & x 0 ) difficulty we c\ld keep  
ourselves f go+ too fa/1 & tumbl+ ov] "o
 ano!r4 ,! walls & ar* ( ! ro( is z     
smoo? 9 mo/ places z if *isell$ by a    
skilful workman1 & are =m$ ( a gli/]+ r$
 & :ite granite1 support$ 9 sev]al      
places ) columns ( a deep blood-col\r$  
%9+ porphyry4 ,"h1 to our t]ror1 we lo/ 
sight ( ! two guides t w5t be=e u1 & at 
! end ( ! passage f\nd ourselves at !   
br9k ( ano!r precipice1 ! bottom ( :i*  
we rea*$ by ! help ( a ladd]1 n mu*     
bett] ?an ! =m]4  ,_h n ! dread ( fall+ 
tak5 up my att5tion1 ,i %\ld h admir$ _m
 ( ! natural ornam5ts ( ?is obscure     
cavity4 ,! rock to :i* ! ladd] 0 fix$ 0 
"o mass ( r$ m>ble1 cov]$ ) :ite bran*es
 ( rock cry/al1 & might be comp>$1 f !  
hue ( ! rock beh9d1 to an imm5se %eet ( 

ame?y/s4 ,f ! foot ( ?is ladd]1 we 7    
compell$ to slide1 face d[nw>ds1 ?r\gh  
ano!r %all[ vault ( poli%$ gre5 & :ite  
m>ble1 = ab\t tw5ty feet2 & we !n rejo9$
 our guides1 :o prud5tly gave u "s      
refre%m5t1 to enable u to face ! dang]s 
we _h yet to enc\nt]4  ,we n[ advanc$   
?r\gh a n>r[ slant+ passage ( r\gh co>se
 /one1 s mu* resembl+ snakes curl$ r\nd1
 t no?+ 0 want+ b a hiss+ s\nd1 to make 
u fancy t ?\s&s ( ^? noisome reptiles   
surr\nd$ u4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r t]rible   
precipice to pass2 b z we he>d t x 0 !  
la/1 we made no hesitation 9 desc5d+ !  
ladd]4 ,aft] ?is1 we proce$$ ^u ev5     
gr\nd = ab\t =ty y>ds1 :5 we 7 aga9     
entreat$ by our guides to fa/5 ! ropes  
ab\t our wai/s2 n = ! purpose ( susp5d+ 
u ov] a height1 b z a means ( security  
aga9/ ! lakes & deep wat]s t are num]\s 
9 ?is "p ( ! cav]n4 ,at l5g? we rea*$ ! 
la/ passage1 ! dismal gloom ( :i* might 
furni% images = a poetical description (
 ,t>t>us4 ,! sides & ro( 7 =m$ ( black  
/one1 & ! way 0 s rugg$1 t we 7 (t5     

oblig$ to slide ^u our backs4 ,! angles 
( ! rocks cut our clo!s1 & bruis$ our   
fle% 9 a mis]able mann]4  ,?\gh ,i      
believ$ myself s ne> ! object ( my      
curiosity1 ,i wi%$ s9c]ely t ,i _h nev] 
be5 allur$1 by ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 to
 v5ture into su* a horrible place1 :5   
sudd5ly we lo/ sight ( f\r out ( our six
 guides4 ,! want ( _! tor*es increas$ ! 
melan*oly gloom2 & ! supposition t !y _h
 fall5 into "s ( ! black pools ( wat] t 
ab\nd "h1 add$ to ! appreh5sion = our   
own safety1 z well z conc]n = _! fate4  
,! two rema9+ guides assur$ u1 t _!     
companions 7 safe1 & t we %\ld soon be  
rew>d$ = all t we _h suff]$1 if we w\ld 
b advance4 ,our passage 0 n[ become v   
n>r[1 & we 7 oblig$ to crawl on all f\rs
 ov] rugg$ rocks1 :51 he>+ a little     
hiss+ noise1 9 an in/ant we 7 left 9    
utt] d>kness4 ,to our inexpressible     
t]ror1 ! guides told u t !y _h          
accid5tally dropp$ _! tor*es into "o ( !
 pools2 b t !re 0 no dang] 9 crawl+     
=w>d1 z we %\ld soon ov]take _! fell[s4 

,i n[ gave myself up = lo/1 & expect$ t 
,i mu/ p]i% 9 ?is dreadful cav]n4 ,:il/ 
,i ?us yield$ to despair1 "o ( ! guides 
came to me1 bl9dfold$ me ) 8 h&1 &      
dragg$ me a few paces =w>d4 ,i imag9$ 8 
design 0 to rob & murd] me2 h[ev]1 9 !  
mid/ ( my panic1 he lift$ me ov] a huge 
/one1 & set me on my feet1 )draw+ 8 h& f
 my eyes at ! same "t4  ,:at words c    
express my transport & a/oni%m5t3 in/ead
 ( d>kness & despair1 all 0 spl5d\r &   
magnific5ce4 ,! six guides welcom$ me   
into ! ,grotto ( ,antip>os4 ,^? :om we  
_h miss$1 only w5t be=e to prep>e !     
grotto = our reception1 :i* 0 illum9at$ 
) fifty tor*es1 & produc$ an effect no  
words c describe4 ,imag9e y\rself 9 an  
ar*$ cav]n1 #dhe y>ds deep1 #abj y>ds   
wide1 #aac long1 &1 z ne> z we c\ld     
measure by ! eye1 ab\t #fj y>ds high1   
l9$ on e "p ) brilliant cry/alliz$ :ite 
m>ble1 & well illum9at$4 ,! ro( is a gr&
 vault$ ar*1 hung all ov] ) p5d5t       
icicles ( %9+ :ite m>ble1 "s ( !m t5    
feet long1 & cov]$ ) clu/]s ( ! same    

mat]ial1 resembl+ fe/oons & g>l&s (     
fl[]s1 glitt]+ l preci\s /ones4 ,f !    
sides ( ! ar* proce$ fanta/ic =ms ( !   
same glitt]+ sp>1 t fancy c easily %ape 
into trees1 entw9$ ) fl[]s & climb+     
%rubs2 & 9 "s p>ts ! congelations h tak5
 ! appe>ance ( ! me&]s ( a w9d+ /ream4  
,! floor1 ?\gh r\gh & unev51 is full (  
cry/als ( all col\rs4  ,x is impossible 
to convey any adequate idea ( ! spl5d\rs
 ( ?is natural temple1 ! ornam5ts ( :i* 
are =m$ ( ! dropp+s ( wat]1 t1 9 great  
l5g? ( "t1 become congeal$ into a k9d ( 
brilliant sp>4  ,hav+ contemplat$ ?is   
*>m+ spectacle ) delight1 & rais$ our   
aspiration to t ,be+1 ^: creative p[]s  
are display$ 9 ! mo/ obscure1 z well z 9
 ! mo/ visible "p ( 8 works1 we return$1
 impress$ ) ! conviction1 t no good c be
 atta9$ )\t difficulty & p]sev]ance4    
,,! ,,grotto ,,( ,,gua*>o4--,! gulf (   
,c>ia*o is frequ5t$ by innum]able flocks
 ( m>9e birds1 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,:5 !      
natives wi% to cat* any ( ^! wild f[l1  
7says ,m4 ,lavayse17 !y g into ! wat]1  

hav+ _! heads cov]$ ea* ) a calaba%1 9  
:i* !y make two holes = see+ ?r\gh4 ,!y 
?us swim t[>ds ! birds1 ?r[+ a h&ful (  
maize on ! wat] f "t to "t1 :i* becomes 
scatt]$ on ! surface4 ,! ducks & o!r    
birds approa* to fe$ on ! maize1 & at t 
mom5t ! swimm] seizes !m by ! feet1     
pulls !m "u wat]1 & wr+s _! necks be=e  
!y c make ! lea/ movem5t1 or1 by _!     
noise1 spread an al>m among ! flock4 ,! 
swimm] atta*es ^? he has caught to 8    
girdle1 & he g5]ally takes z _m z are   
necess>y = 8 family4  ,among/ ! natural 
curiosities ( ?is neighb\rhood1 is a    
lake full ( crocodiles1 & v>i\s o!r     
reptiles1 "o ( :i*1 if we are to believe
 a common tradition ( ! p1 resembles !  
w+$ dragon ( ! poets4 ,9 go+ f ,c>upano 
to ,guiria1 our au?or pass$ ?r\gh !     
smil+ valley ( ,rio ,corbe1 wat]$ by    
num]\s /reams1 & :i* he calls ! ,temple 
& ,compagna ( ,v5ezuela4 ,speak+ ( !    
celebrat$ ,grotto ( ,gua*>o1 9 ! m\nta9s
 ( ,b]gant91 ,m4 ,lavayse obs]ves1 ,9 e 
c\ntry ! same causes h produc$ simil>   

effects on ! imag9ation ( our species4  
,! grotto ( ,gua*>o is1 9 ! op9ion ( !  
,indians1 a place ( trial & expiation3  
s\ls1 :5 sep>at$ f _! bodies1 g to ?is  
cav]n2 ^? m5 :o die )\t reproa* d n     
rema9 9 x1 b imm$iately asc5d1 to reside
 ) ! great ,manit\ 9 ! dwell+s ( !      
bless$2 & su* m5 z h committ$ b slight  
faults1 ( a v5ial nature1 are kept !re =
 a long] or %ort] p]iod1 accord+ to _!  
crime2 :ile ^? ( ! wick$ are reta9$ !re 
et]nally4  ,imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( _! 
p>5ts & fri5ds1 ! ,indians proce$ to !  
entrance ( ?is cav]n1 to li/5 to _!     
groans4 ,if !y ?9k !y he> _! voices1 !y 
also lam5t1 & address a pray] to !      
,great ,_s1 & ano!r to ! devil1 ,muboya2
 aft] :i* !y dr[n _! grief ) intoxicat+ 
bev]ages3 b1 if !y d n he> ! voices ( _!
 fri5ds1 !y express _! joy by dances &  
fe/ivals4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is b "o       
circum/ance t creates surprise2 x is1 t 
! ,indian prie/s h n avail$ !mselves (  
su* cr$ulity to augm5t _! rev5ues4 ,_m  
,indians1 ?\gh o!rwise conv]t$ to       

,*ri/ianity1 h n ceas$ to believe1 t to 
be 9 ! cave ( ,gua*>o is synonym\s )    
dy+4  ,?us1 9 ! maje/ic =e/s ( ,s\?     
,am]ica1 z 9 ! anci5t civilization (    
,h9doo/an2 "u ! h>% climates ( ! nor? ( 
,europe & ,canada1 z 9 ! burn+ regions (
 ,africa2 9 all p>ts1 m5 ( e col\r are  
di/+ui%$ f o!r animals by ?is           
irresi/ible =ebod+ ( a future life1 9   
:i* an ,omnipot5t ,be+ recomp5ses ! good
 & puni%es evil do]s4 ,:atev] may be !  
modifications1 diff]5ces1 or            
absurdities1 ) :i* imag9ation1          
ignorance1 & gre$y impo/ure1 h envelop$ 
?is belief1 x appe>s to be "o ( !       
/ronge/ moral pro(s ( ! id5tity ( our   
species1 & to be a natural consequ5ce ( 
reflection4--,sket*es ( ,s\? ,am]ica4   
,we w n[ beg ! att5tion ( our read]s1   
:ile we relate "s p>ticul>s respect+ ,,!
 ,,sn[ ,,grotto4--,?is is an excavation 
made by ! wat]s on ! side ( ,m\nt ,etna1
 by mak+ _! way "u ! lay]s ( lava1 &    
c>ry+ away ! b$ ( pozzolano bel[ !m4 ,x 
occurr$ to ! proprietor1 t ?is place 0 v

 suitable = a magaz9e ( sn[2 = 9        
,sicily1 at ,naples1 & p>ticul>ly at    
,malta1 !y are oblig$1 = want ( ice1 to 
make use ( sn[ = cool+ _! w9e1 %]bet1 & 
o!r liquors1 & = mak+ sweetmeats4 ,?is  
grotto 0 hir$1 or b\ght1 by ! knights ( 
,malta1 :o hav+ nei!r ice nor sn[ on !  
burn+ rock :i* !y inhabit1 h hir$ sev]al
 cav]ns on ,etna1 into :i*1 p :om !y    
employ1 collect & pres]ve quantities (  
sn[1 to be s5t to ,malta :5 ne$$4 ,?is  
grotto has !re=e be5 repair$ )91 at !   
exp5se ( ! ord]2 flights ( /eps are cut 
into x1 z well z two op5+s f above1     
?r\gh :i* !y ?r[ 9 ! sn[1 & by means (  
:i* ! grotto is enlight5$4 ,above !     
grotto !y h also levell$ a piece ( gr\nd
 ( consid]able ext5t3 ?is !y h inclos$ )
 ?ick & l(ty walls1 s t :5 ! w9ds1 :i*  
at ?is elevation bl[ ) great viol5ce1   
c>ry ! sn[ f ! high] p>ts ( ! m\nta91 & 
deposit x 9 ?is inclosure1 x is reta9$ &
 amass$ by ! walls4 ,! p !n remove x    
into ! grotto1 ?r\gh ! two op5+s2 & x is
 !re laid up & pres]v$ 9 su* a mann] z  

to resi/ ! =ce ( ! summ] heats1 z !     
lay]s ( lava1 ) :i* ! grotto is ar*$    
above1 prev5t !m f mak+ any impression4 
,:5 ! season = export+ ! sn[ comes on1 x
 is put into l>ge bags1 into :i* x is   
press$ z closely z possible2 x is !n    
c>ri$ by m5 out ( ! grotto1 & laid ^u   
mules1 :i* convey x to ! %ore1 :]e small
 vessels are wait+ to c>ry x away4 ,b   
be=e ^? lumps ( sn[ are put into bags1  
!y are wrapp$ 9 fre% leaves2 s t :ile !y
 are convey$ f ! grotto to ! %ore1 !    
leaves may prev5t ! rays ( ! sun f mak+ 
any impression ^u !m4  ,! ,sicilians    
c>ry on a consid]able trade 9 sn[1 :i*  
af=ds employm5t to "s ?\s&s ( m51       
horses1 & mules4 ,!y h magaz9es ( x on !
 summits ( _! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 f :i* !y  
di/ribute x ?r\gh all _! cities1 t[ns1 &
 h\ses2 = e p]son 9 ! isl& makes use ( !
 sn[4 ,!y consid] ! practice ( cool+ _! 
liquors z absolutely necess>y = !       
pres]vation ( heal?2 & 9 a climate1 !   
heat ( :i* is con/antly relax+ ! fibres1
 cool+ liquors1 by communicat+ a prop]  

tone to ! fibres ( ! /oma*1 mu/ greatly 
/r5g!n !m = ! p]=mance ( _! functions4  
,9 ?is climate a sc>city ( sn[ is no    
less dread$ ?an a sc>city ( corn1 w9e1  
or oil4 ,we are in=m$ by a g5tleman :o 0
 at ,syracuse 9 #aggg1 :5 !re 0 a       
sc>city ( sn[1 t ! p ( ! t[n le>n$ t a  
small vessel lad5 ) t article 0 pass+ ! 
coa/3 )\t a mom5t's delib]ation1 !y ran 
9 a body to ! %ore1 & dem&$ h] c>go2 :i*
 :5 ! crew refus$ to deliv] up1 !       
,syracusans attack$ & took1 ?\gh ) !    
loss ( sev]al m54   ,! next object t    
claims our reg>d is ,,! ,,cave ,,(      
,,f+al1 or ,,an-,,ua-,,v9e1 ,,9 ,,!     
,,isl& ,,( ,,/affa4 ,f ,faujas ,/4      
,fond's ,travels 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ! 
,hebrides4  ,?is sup]b & magnific5t     
monum5t ( a gr& subt]rane\s combu/ion1 !
 date ( :i* has be5 lo/ 9 ! lapse (     
ages1 pres5ts an appe>ance ( ord] &     
regul>ity s wond]ful1 t x is difficult =
 ! colde/ obs]v]1 & a p]son ! lea/      
s5sible to ! ph5om5a :i* relate to !    
convulsions ( ! globe1 n to be s+ul>ly  

a/oni%$ by ?is prodigy1 :i* may be      
consid]$ z a k9d ( natural palace4  ,to 
%elt] myself f all critical obs]vation  
on ! emotions :i* ,i exp]i5c$ :ile      
contemplat+ ! mo/ extraord9>y ( any     
cav]n kn[n1 ,i %all borr[ ! expressions 
( him :o fir/ describ$ x4 ,^? :o are    
acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ?is illu/ri\s         
naturali/1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 w n be  
apt to accuse him ( be+ liable to be    
hurri$ away by ! =ce ( a too ard5t      
imag9ation2 b ! s5sation :i* he felt at 
! view ( ?is magnific5t sc5e 0 su*1 t x 
0 impossible to escape a degree ( j     
en?usiasm4  ,! impati5ce :i* e body felt
 to see ! wond]s we h he>d s l>gely     
describ$1 prev5t$ our morn+'s re/2 e "o 
0 up & 9 motion be=e ! break ( day1 & ) 
! fir/ light arriv$ at ! s\?-we/ "p ( ! 
isl&1 ! seat ( ! mo/ rem>kable pill>s4  
,we 7 no soon] arriv$ at ?is place1 ?an 
we 7 /ruck ) a sc5e ( magnific5ce :i*   
exce$$ our expectation1 ?\gh =m$ z we   
?\ght ^u ! mo/ sangu9e f\ndations4 ,!   
:ole ( t end ( ! isl& is support$ by    

ranges ( natural pill>s1 mo/ly above    
fifty feet high1 /&+ 9 natural          
colonnades1 accord+ z ! bays or po9ts ( 
l& =m$ !mselves1 ^u a firm basis ( solid
 %apeless masses ( rock4 ,9 a %ort "t we
 arriv$ at ! m\? ( ! cave1 ! mo/        
magnific5t1 ,i suppose1 t has ev] be5   
describ$ by travell]s4  ,! m9d c h>dly  
=m an idea ( any ?+ m magnific5t ?an su*
 a space1 support$ on ea* side by ranges
 ( columns1 & ro($ by ! bottoms ( ^? f  
:i* !y h be5 brok51 9 ord] to =m x1     
betwe5 ! angles ( :i* a yell[ /alagmitic
 matt] has exud$2 ?is s]ves to def9e !  
angles precisely1 & at ! same "t v>y !  
col\r ) a great deal ( elegance1 &1 to  
r5d] x /ill m agreeable1 ! :ole is      
light$ f )\t2 s t ! f>!/ extremity is v 
pla9ly se5 f ! outside1 & ! air )91 be+ 
agitat$ by ! flux & reflux ( ! tides1 is
 p]fectly dry & :olesome1 entirely free 
f ! vap\rs ) :i* natural cav]ns 9 g5]al 
ab\nd4  ,! foll[+ description ( ! same  
place by ,mr4 ,troil1 is also wor?y (   
our notice3--  ,h[ spl5did 7says ?is    

prelate7 d ! porticos ( ! anci5ts appe> 
9 our eyes1 f ! o/5tati\s magnific5ce ( 
! descriptions we h receiv$ ( !m6 & )   
:at admiration are we seiz$1 on see+ ev5
 ! colonnades ( our mod]n edifices6 b :5
 we behold ! cave ( ,f+al1 =m$ by nature
 9 ! isle ( ,/affa1 x is no long]       
possible to make a comp>ison1 & we are  
=c$ to ackn[l$ge t ?is piece (          
ar*itecture1 execut$ by nature1 f>      
surpasses t ( ! ,l\vre1 t ( ,/4 ,pet] at
 ,rome1 & ev5 :at rema9s ( ,palmira &   
,pe/um1 & all t ! g5ius1 ! ta/e1 & !    
luxury ( ! ,greeks1 7 ev] capable (     
inv5t+4--,lett]s on ,icel&4  ,su* also 0
 ! impression made by ! cave ( ,f+al1 on
 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & on ! ,bi%op (   
,l9ckoep+4--  ,i h se5 _m anci5t        
volcanoes1 & h giv5 descriptions (      
sev]al sup]b basaltic causeways &       
delightful cav]ns 9 ! mid/ ( lavas2 b ,i
 h nev] f\nd any ?+ :i* comes ne> ?is1  
or c be> any comp>ison ) x1 ei!r = !    
admirable regul>ity ( ! columns1 !      
height ( ! ar*1 ! situation1 ! =ms1 !   

elegance ( ?is production ( nature1 or =
 its resemblance to ! ma/]pieces ( art1 
?\gh ?is _h no %>e 9 its con/ruction4 ,x
 is !re=e n at all surpris+ t tradition 
%\ld h made x ! abode ( a h]o4  ,?is    
amaz+ monum5t ( nature is ?irty-five    
feet wide at ! entrance1 fifty-six feet 
high1 & a hundr$ & =ty feet long4  ,!   
upright columns :i* compose !           
frontispiece1 are ( ! mo/ p]fect        
regul>ity4 ,_! height1 to ! beg9n+ ( !  
curvature1 is =ty-five feet4  ,! ar* is 
compos$ ( two unequal segm5ts ( a       
circle1 :i* =m a sort ( natural p$im5t4 
,! mass :i* cr[ns1 or r :i* =ms ! ro(1  
is tw5ty feet ?ick 9 ! l[e/ "p4 ,x      
consi/s ( small prisms1 m or less       
regul>1 incl9+ 9 all directions1 closely
 unit$ & cem5t$ und]nea?1 & 9 ! jo9ts1 )
 a yell[i% :ite calc>e\s matt]1 & "s    
zeolitic infiltrations1 :i* give ?is f9e
 ceil+ ! appe>ance ( mozaic "w4  ,! sea 
rea*es to ! v extremity ( ! cave4 ,x is 
fifte5 feet deep at ! m\?2 & its waves1 
incessantly agitat$1 beat ) great noise 

aga9/ ! bottom & walls ( ! cav]n1 & e   
:]e break into foam4 ,! light also      
p5etrates ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 dim9i%+  
gradually inw>ds1 & exhibit+ ! mo/      
wond]ful v>ieties ( col\r4  ,! "r side (
 ! entrance pres5ts1 on its ext]ior "p1 
a va/ amphi!atre1 =m$ ( diff]5t ranges (
 l>ge truncat$ prisms1 ! top ( :i* may  
be easily walk$ on4 ,sev]al ( ^! prisms 
are jo9t$1 t is1 concave on ! "o side1 &
 convex on ! o!r2 & "s ( !m are divid$  
by simple transv]se int]sections4  ,^!  
prisms1 consi/+ ( a v durable & pure    
black basaltes1 are f "o to ?ree feet 9 
diamet]4 ,_! =ms are triangul>1         
tetrap$ral1 p5tagonal1 & hexagonal2 & "s
 ( !m h sev5 or eight sides4 ,i saw     
sev]al l>ge prisms1 on ! truncatures (  
:i* are di/9ctly trac$ ! outl9es ( a    
numb] ( small] prisms2 t is1 ^! prisms  
are =m$ ( a basaltes1 :i* has a t5d5cy  
to subdivide itself likewise into       
prisms4 ,i _h be=e obs]v$ ! same        
ph5om5on 9 ! basaltic prisms ( ,viv>ais4
  ,! cave c be ent]$ only by proce$+    

along ! plat=m on ! "r side1 :i* ,i h   
m5tion$ above4 ,b ! way gr[s v n>r[ &   
difficult z x advances2 = ?is sort (    
int]ior gall]y1 rais$ ab\t fifte5 feet  
above ! level ( ! sea1 is =m$ entirely (
 truncat$ p]p5dicul> prisms ( a great]  
or less height1 betwe5 :i* consid]able  
address is necess>y to *oose "o's /eps1 
! passages be+ s /rait & s slipp]y1 ow+ 
to ! dropp+s f ! ro(1 t ,i took ! v     
prud5t resolution1 sugge/$ by our two   
guides1 to proce$ b>efoot$1 & take      
advantage ( _! assi/ance1 especially 9 a
 p>ticul> place1 :]e ,i _h room only to 
plant "o foot1 :il/ ,i clung ) my "r h& 
to a l>ge prism to support myself1 &    
held ! h& ( "o ( ! guides by ! o!r4 ,?is
 difficult op]ation took place at !     
d>ke/ "p ( ! cave2 & "o half ( ! body 0 
at ! "t susp5d$ ov] an abyss1 :]e ! sea 
da%$ itself into a cl\d ( foam4  ,i 0   
desir\s ( p5etrat+ to ! f>!/ extremity1 
& ,i accompli%$ my purpose1 ?\gh n )\t  
consid]able difficulty & dang]4 ,i m ?an
 once f\nd my att5tion di/ract$ f !     

obs]vations :i* ,i 0 happy to h an      
opportunity ( mak+1 to ! ?\ght ( h[ ,i  
%\ld get back aga94  ,z ,i drew ne> to !
 bottom ( ! cave1 ! bold balcony1 on :i*
 ,i walk$1 exp&$ into a l>ge slop+      
space1 compos$ ( ?\s&s ( brok5 v]tical  
columns4 ,! bottom 0 b\nd$ by a compact 
range ( pill>s ( an unequal height1 &   
resembl+ ! front ( an organ4  ,x is     
wor?y ( rem>k1 t at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,troil 
visit$ ! cave1 ! sea1 by "o ( ^?        
uncommon *ances :i* d n happ5 once 9 t5 
ye>s1 0 s calm1 t x p]mitt$ him to ent] 
) a boat4  ,at ! v bottom ( ! cave1     
7says he17 & a little above ! surface ( 
! wat]1 !re is a k9d ( small cave1 :i*  
s5ds =? a v agreeable noise e "t t !    
wat] ru%es into x4--,lett]s on ,icel&4  
,z ! sea 0 f> f be+ completely /ill :5  
,i visit$ x1 ,i he>d a noise ( a v      
diff]5t nature e "t t ! waves1 9 a rapid
 succession1 broke aga9/ its bottom4    
,?is s\nd resembl$ t :i* is produc$ by  
/rik+ a l>ge h>d body ) great weight &  
=ce aga9/ ano!r h>d body 9 a subt]rane\s

 cavity4 ,! %ock 0 s viol5t1 t x 0 he>d 
at "s di/ance1 & ! :ole cav]n seem$ to  
%ake ) x4 ,be+ close to ! place :5ce !  
s\nd issu$1 & :]e ! wat] is n s deep1 ^u
 ! retreat ( ! wave1 ,i endeav\r$ to    
discov] ! cause ( ?is t]rible collision4
 ,i soon obs]v$1 t1 a little bel[ !     
basis :i* support$ ! organ-front$       
colonnade1 !re 0 an ap]ture :i* =m$ !   
outlet ( a holl[1 or p]haps a small     
cave4 ,x 0 impossible to p5etrate into  
?is cavity2 b x may be presum$ t !      
trem5d\s noise 0 occasion$ by a brok5   
rock1 driv5 by ! viol5t impetuosity ( ! 
surge aga9/ its sides4 ,by ! boil+      
motion ( ! wat]1 h[ev]1 9 ! same place1 
x is evid5t t !re are sev]al o!r small  
passages1 ?r\gh :i* x issues1 aft] ru%+ 
into ! pr9cipal ap]ture 9 a mass4 ,x is 
!re=e n impossible1 :5 ! sea is n       
suffici5tly agitat$ to put ! imprison$  
rock 9 motion1 t ! air1 /rongly         
compress$ by ! weight ( ! wat]1 :i* is 9
 incessant fluctuation1 %\ld1 on ru%+   
out by ! small lat]al passages1 produce 

a p>ticul>ly /range s\nd4 ,x might !n be
 truly reg>d$ z an organ creat$ by ! h& 
( nature2 & ?is circum/ance w\ld fully  
expla9 :y ! anci5t & real "n ( ?is cave1
 9 ! ,erse language1 is1 ,! ,melodi\s   
,cave4  ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 9 !        
description :i* he has giv5 u ( ! cave (
 ,/affa1 says1 t betwe5 ! angles a yell[
 /alagmitic matt] has exud$1 :i* seem$  
to def9e ! angles precisely4 ,t is true2
 b ! le>n$ naturali/ has n told u !     
nature ( ?is yell[i% matt]4  ,mr4 ,troil
 m5tions x also3 he says1 t ! col\r ( ! 
columns is a d>k gray1 b t ! jo9ts are  
fill$ ) a qu>tzose /alactites1 :i*      
di/9ctly m>ks ! sep>ation ( ! columns1 &
 :i*1 by ! v>iety ( its t9ts1 has ! mo/ 
agreeable effect on ! eye4 ,on break+ (f
 sev]al pieces ( x1 :i* x is n v easy to
 d1 ow+ to ! height ( ! vault1 ,i f\nd t
 x 0 no?+ b a calc>e\s matt]1 col\r$ by 
! decomposition ( ! iron ( ! lava1 &    
int]mix$ ) a little argillace\s e>?4    
,?is /alactites has also v little       
adhesion1 & is1 9 g5]al1 ( an e>?y      

nature4 ,9 sev]al ( ! prisms ,i f\nd "s 
globules ( zeolites1 b 9 v small        
quantity4 ,i also broke (f f betwe5 two 
prisms1 :i* 7 s ap>t z to admit (       
introduc+ my h&1 an incru/ation 9 :i* ! 
:ite & transp>5t zeolites 0 =m$ into v  
p]fect small cubical cry/als1 sev]al (  
:i* 7 col\r$ r$ by ! f]rug9\s lime aris+
 f ! decomposition ( ! lava4 ,b ,i mu/  
repeat1 t zeolites is v r>e 9 ?is cave1 
& hav+ myself brok5 (f all ! specim5s t 
,i 0 able to see1 ,i d\bt :e!r ^? :o may
 visit ! place aft] me w f9d any        
quantity ( x4  ,dim5sions ( ! ,cave (   
,f+al4--,bread? ( ! entrance1 tak5 at ! 
m\? & at ! level ( ! sea1 ?irty-five    
feet2 height1 f ! level ( ! sea to !    
pit* ( ! ar*1 fifty-six feet2 dep? ( !  
sea1 opposite to ! entrance1 & twelve   
feet di/ant f x1 at noon ( ! #bg? (     
,septemb]1 fifte5 feet2 ?ickness ( !    
ro(1 measur$ f ! pit* ( ! ar* )\t to its
 highe/ "p1 tw5ty feet2 int]ior l5g? ( !
 cave f ! entrance to ! extremity1 "o   
hundr$ & =ty feet2 height ( ! talle/    

columns on ! "r side ( ! entrance1      
=ty-five feet2 dep? ( ! sea 9 ! int]ior 
"p ( ! cave1 t5 feet n9e in*es1 9 "s    
places eight feet1 & t[>ds ! bottom     
some:at less4   ,,cave ,,ne>            
,,mexico4--,a travell] ( cr$it gives u  
an acc\nt1 9 ! ,philosophical           
,transactions1 ( a rem>kable cave1 "s   
leagues to ! nor?-we/ ( ,mexico1 gild$  
all ov] ) a sort ( leaf-gold1 :i* _h    
delud$ _m ,spani>ds by its promis+      
col\r1 b !y c\ld nev] r$uce x into a    
body1 ei!r by quicksilv] or fusion4 ,?is
 travell] w5t ?i!r "o morn+ ) an ,indian
 = 8 guide1 & f\nd its situation 0      
pretty high1 & 9 a place v prop] = !    
g5]ation ( metals4  ,z he ent]$ into x1 
! light ( ! c&le soon discov]$ on all   
sides1 b especially ov] 8 head1 a       
glitt]+ canopy ( ^! m9]al leaves1 at :i*
 he gre$ily snat*+1 !re fell d[n a great
 lump ( s&1 t n only put out 8 c&le1 b  
almo/ bl9d$ him1 & call+ al\d to 8      
,indian1 :o /ood at ! entrance ( ! cave1
 z be+ afraid ( spirits & hobgobl9s1 x  

occasion$ su* ?und]+ & r$\bl$ e*oes1 t !
 poor fell[1 imag9+ he _h be5 wre/l+ )  
"s inf]nal gho/s1 soon quitt$ 8 /ation1 
& !reby left a free passage = "s rays ( 
light to ent]1 & s]ve him = a bett]     
guide4 ,! travell]'s sight 0 some:at    
affect$ by ! corrosive acrimony ( !     
m9]al du/2 b hav+ relight$ 8 c&le1 he   
proce$$ 9 ! cave1 heap$ toge!r a        
quantity ( ! m9]al mix$ ) s&1 & scrap$  
(f f ! surface ( ! e>? "s ( ! glitt]+   
leaves1 none ( :i* exce$$ ! bread? ( a  
man's nail1 b ) ! lea/ t\* 7 divid$ into
 _m less] spangles1 & ) a little rubb+  
!y left 8 h& gild$ all ov]4   ,we mu/ n 
neglect to notice ,,! ,,nitre ,,caves   
,,( ,,miss\ri4--,on ! banks ( !         
,m]rimack & ! ,gasconade are f\nd num]\s
 caves1 :i* yield an e>? impregnat$     
l>gely ) nitre1 :i* is procur$ f x by   
lixiviation4 ,on ! head ( ,curr5t's riv]
 are also f\nd sev]al caves f :i* nitre 
is procur$1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ,a%ley's
 cave1 or ,cave ,creek1 ab\t eighty     
miles s\?-we/ ( ,potosi4 ,?is is "o ( ^?

 /up5d\s & ext5sive cav]ns1 t _c be     
view$ )\t excit+ our wond] & a/oni%m5t1 
:i* is increas$ by behold+ ^? complete  
works = ! manufacture ( nitre1 situat$ 9
 its int]ior4  ,! native nitrate ( pota%
 is f\nd 9 beautiful :ite cry/als1      
inve/+ ! fissures ( ! lime/one rock :i* 
=ms ! walls ( ?is cave2 & sev]al ( ^? 9 
its vic9ity exhibit ! same              
ph5om5on4--,s*oolcr(t1 on ! ,lead ,m9es 
( ,miss\ri4   ,,okey ,,hole4--,?is is a 
fam\s natural cav]n ( ,engl&1 on ! s\?  
side ( ,m5dip hills4 ,! entrance is 9 ! 
fall ( ^? hills1 :i* is beset all ab\t )
 rocks1 & !re is ne> x a precipitate    
desc5t ( twelve fa?oms deep1 at ! bottom
 ( :i* !re cont9ually issues f ! rocks a
 consid]able curr5t ( wat]4 ,! nak$     
rocks above ! entrance are ab\t ?irty   
fa?oms high1 & ! :ole asc5t ( ! hill    
above1 :i* is v /eep1 is ab\t a mile4 ,!
 entrance into ?is vault is at fir/ ^u a
 level1 b advanc+ f>!r1 ! way is rocky &
 unev51 sometimes asc5d+1 & sometimes   
desc5d+4  ,! ro( ( ?is cav]n1 9 ! highe/

 "p1 is ab\t eight fa?oms f ! gr\nd1 b 9
 _m places x is s l[1 t "o mu/ /oop to  
get along4 ,! bread? is n less v>i\s ?an
 ! height1 = 9 "s places x is five or   
six fa?oms wide1 & 9 o!rs n m ?an "o or 
two4 ,x is 9 l5g? ab\t two hundr$ y>ds4 
,at ! f>!/ "p ( ! cav]n !re is a /ream (
 wat]1 l>ge en\gh to drive a mill1 :i*  
passes all along "o side ( ! cav]n1 & at
 l5g? slides d[n ab\t six or eight      
fa?oms among ! rocks1 &1 f9d+ its way   
?r\gh ! clefts1 falls into ! valley     
b5ea?4 ,! riv] )9 ! cav]n is well /or$ )
 eels1 & has "s tr\ts4 ,9 dry summ]s1 a 
great numb] ( frogs are se5 all along   
?is cav]n1 ev5 to ! f>!/ "p ( x2 & on ! 
ro( are va/ numb]s ( bats4   ,f ,okey   
,hole we proce$ to ,,borr[dale1--:i* is 
a mo/ romantic valley among !           
,d]w5t-,wat] ,fells1 9 ! c\nty (        
,cumb]l&4 ,^! fells or hills are "s ( ! 
l(tie/ 9 ,engl&1 & x is 9 "o ( !m t !   
black lead1 or wadd1 is f\nd1 f :i* all 
p>ts ( ! _w are suppli$4 ,! m9es are    
op5$ once 9 sev5 ye>s1 & :5 a suffici5t 

quantity ( ?is valuable & s+ul> m9]al is
 tak5 out1 !y are c>efully clos$ aga94  
,9 travell+ among ^! m\nta9s1 ! idea t  
pres5ts itself to ! a/oni%$ spectator1  
is t ( ! e>? hav+ be5 agitat$ l ! ocean 
9 a /orm2 ! hills appe> l waves1 "o     
beh9d ano!r1 & 7 x n = ! abrupt & sudd5 
sc>ps1 & ! imm5se masses ( rugg$ rocks1 
t give ! idea ( fix$ness & /ability1 !  
fancy might be bewild]$ s f> z to imag9e
 !y 7 9 a /ate ( undulation1 & ready to 
m+le ) ea* o!r4  ,borr[dale is wat]$ by 
! cle>e/ brooks1 :i*1 precipitat$ f !   
hills1 =m _m beautiful wat]falls1 & !n  
meet toge!r 9 ! dale 9 "o l>ge /ream1 & 
pass out ( x "u ! "n ( ,borr[dale ,beck1
 :5 !y spread out into an ext5sive lake1
 =m+ _m beautiful isl&s2 ! lake is call$
 ,d]w5t-wat]1 or ,keswick ,lake4        
,borr[dale is f\r miles f ,keswick1 9   
pass+ f :i*1 ! travell] has ! lake on 8 
left h&1 & /up5d\s rocky precipices on !
 o!r2 ) huge /ones1 or rugg$ masses (   
rock1 :i* h tumbl$ f above1 p]haps r5t f
 ! m\nta9 by ! expansion ( ! wat] 9 its 

crevices or fissures1 :i*1 congeal+ into
 ice1 occasions ! scatt]$ fragm5ts t lie
 9 8 way4 ,z he approa*es ! dale1 he    
sees ! %elves1 or l$ges ( ! rocks1 cov]$
 ) h]bage1 %rubs1 & trees1 & villages & 
f>ms rise 9 8 view2 ! l>g] cattle are   
se5 fe$+ 9 ! l[] gr\nds1 & ! %eep 9 v   
l>ge flocks ^u ! m\nta9s4   ,we %all    
close ?is division ) an acc\nt ( ,,!    
,,ne$le',s ,,eye4--,?is "n is giv5 to a 
subt]rane\s passage on ! coa/ (         
,banff%ire1 "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds long 
f sea to sea1 b ?r\gh :i* a man c )     
difficulty creep4 ,at ! nor? end ( x is 
a cave1 tw5ty feet high1 ?irty broad1 & 
"o hundr$ & fifty long1 conta9+ a space 
( n9ety ?\s& cubic feet4 ,! :ole is     
support$ by imm5se columns ( rocks1 is  
exce$+ly gr&1 & has a surpris+ly f9e    
effect on ! spectator1 aft] creep+ ?r\gh
 ! n>r[ passage4     ,,*ap4 ,,xliii4    
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,m9es4        
,diamond ,m9e 9 ! ,brazils--,m9es (     
,p]u--,volcanic ,eruptions ( ,mud     & 
,salt--,pit* ,wells--,visit to a        

,coal-,pit4      ,?r\gh d>k retreats    
pursue ! w9d+ ore1     ,se>* ,nature's  
dep?s1 & view h] b\ndless /ore2     ,!  
secret cause 9 tuneful numb]s s+1       
,h[ metals fir/ 7 fram'd1 & :5ce !y spr+
     ,:e!r ! active sun1 ) *emic flames1
     ,?r\gh por\s e>? transmits its     
g5ial beams2     ,) heat impregnat+ !   
womb ( night1     ,! (fspr+ %9es ) its  
pat]nal light3     ,or :e!r1 urg$ by    
subt]rane\s flames1     ,! e>? f]m5ts1 &
 fl[s 9 liquid /reams     ,purg'd f _!  
dross1 ! nobl] p>ts ref9e1     ,receive 
new =ms1 & ) fre% beauties %9e3     ,or 
:e!r by creation fir/ !y sprung1     ,:5
 yet unpois'd ! _w's great fabric hung3 
,metals ! basis ( ! e>? 7 made1     ,!  
b>s on :i* its fix'd f\ndations laid2   
,all second causes !y disda9 to own1    
,& f ?' ,almighty's fiat sprung alone4  
,yald54   ,description ( a ,,diamond    
,,m9e on ! riv] ,tigitonhonha1 9 !      
,brazilian t]ritory2 by ,mr4 ,mawe4  ,i 
c\ld n 7says ! writ]7 resi/ ! fav\rable 
opportunity n[ (f]$ me ( gratify+ !     

curiosity :i* _h s long occupi$ my m9d1 
by visit+ ! diamond m9es1 9 company ) ! 
pr9cipal (fic] 9 ! adm9i/ration ( !m1 :o
 0 !re=e qualifi$ to furni% me ) !      
ample/ in=mation4 ,a f9e horse 0 wait+ =
 me at ! door1 & ,i rode up to ! h\se ( 
! gov]nor1 :o introduc$ me to 8 amiable 
lady1 daught]s1 & family1 ) :om ,i _h ! 
hon\r to take breakfa/4 ,sev]al (fic]s (
 ! diamond e/abli%m5t arriv$ on         
horseback to accompany u1 _! pres5ce be+
 requir$ on ?is occasion4  ,hav+ arriv$ 
at ! place1 ,i rema9$ "h five days1 dur+
 :i* ,i 0 occupi$ 9 view+ & exam9+ v>i\s
 p>ts ( ! works1 ( :i* ,i %all "h       
attempt to give a g5]al description4  ,!
 riv] ,tigitonhonha is =m$ by a numb] ( 
/reams1 & is z wide z ! ,?ames at       
,w9dsor1 & 9 g5]al f ?ree to n9e feet   
deep4 ,! "p n[ 9 work+ is a curve or    
elb[1 f :i* ! curr5t is div]t$ into a   
canal cut across ! tongue ( l& r\nd :i* 
x w9ds1 ! riv] be+ /opp$1 j bel[ ! head 
( ! canal1 by an embankm5t =m$ ( sev]al 
?\s& bags ( s&4 ,?is is a "w (          

consid]able magnitude1 & requires !     
co-op]ation ( all ! negroes to complete 
x2 = ! riv] be+ wide & n v %all[1 & also
 occasionally subject to ov]fl[1 !y h to
 make ! embankm5t s /rong z to resi/ !  
pressure ( ! wat]1 admitt+ x to rise f\r
 or five feet4  ,! deep] p>ts ( ! *annel
 ( ! riv] are laid dry by means ( l>ge  
caissons or *a9-pumps1 work$ by a       
wat]-:eel4 ,! mud is !n c>ri$ (f1 & !   
cascalhao is dug up1 & remov$ to a      
conv5i5t place = wa%+4 ,?is lab\r 01    
until lately1 p]=m$ by ! negroes1 :o    
c>ri$ ! cascalhao 9 gamellas on _!      
heads2 b ,mr4 ,cam>a has =m$ two incl9$ 
planes1 ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1     
along :i* c>ts are drawn by a l>ge      
wat]-:eel1 divid$ into two p>ts1 !      
ladles or buckets ( :i* are s con/ruct$1
 t ! rot>y motion may be alt]$ by *ang+ 
! curr5t ( wat] f "o side to ! o!r2 ?is 
:eel1 by means ( a rope made ( untann$  
hides1 works two c>ts1 "o ( :i* desc5ds 
empty on "o incl9$ plane1 :ile ! o!r1   
load$ ) cascalhao1 is drawn to ! top ( !

 o!r1 :]e x falls into a cradle1 empties
 itself1 & desc5ds 9 its turn4 ,at a "w 
call$ ,canjeca1 =m]ly ( great           
importance1 ab\t a mile up ! riv] on !  
opposite side1 !re are ?ree cyl9drical  
eng9es = draw+ ! cascalhao1 l ^? us$ 9 !
 m9+ c\ntry ( ,d]by%ire1 & also railways
 ov] "s unev5 gr\nd4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ &    
only ma*9]y ( consequ5ce1 :i* ,i saw 9 !
 diamond di/rict1 & !re appe> _m        
ob/acles to ! g5]al introduction ( x4   
,timb]1 :5 want$ ( l>ge size1 has to be 
fet*$ a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles1 at a 
v heavy exp5se2 !re are few p]sons      
compet5t to ! con/ruction ( ma*9es1 & ! 
workm5 dislike to make !m1 fe>+ t ?is is
 only "p ( a g5]al plan = susp5d+ manual
 lab\r4  ,! /ratum ( cascalhao consi/s (
 ! same mat]ials ) t 9 ! gold di/rict4  
,on _m p>ts1 by ! edge ( ! riv]1 are    
l>ge conglom]ate masses ( r\nd$ pebbles 
cem5t$ by oxide ( iron1 :i* sometimes   
envelop gold & diamonds4 ,!y calculate  
on gett+ z mu* cascalhao 9 ! dry season1
 z w occupy all _! h&s dur+ ! mon?s :i* 

are m subject to ra94 ,:5 c>ri$ f ! b$ (
 ! riv] :5ce x is dug1 x is laid 9      
heaps1 conta9+ app>5tly f five to fifte5
 tons ea*4  ,wat] is convey$ f a        
di/ance1 & is di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s p>ts 
( ! works by means ( aqu$ucts1 con/ruct$
 ) great +5uity & skill4 ,! me?od ( wa%+
 = diamonds at ?is place1 is z          
foll[s3--,a %$ is erect$ 9 ! =m ( a     
p>allelogram1 tw5ty-five or ?irty y>ds  
long1 & ab\t fifte5 wide1 consi/+ (     
upright po/s1 :i* support a ro( ?at*$ ) 
long grass4 ,d[n ! middle ( ! area ( ?is
 %$1 a curr5t ( wat] is convey$ ?r\gh a 
canal1 cov]$ ) /rong planks1 on :i* !   
cascalhao is laid two or ?ree feet ?ick4
 ,on ! o!r side ( ! area is a floor+ (  
planks1 f f\r to five y>ds long1 imb$d$ 
9 clay1 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! %$1 &    
hav+ a slope1 f ! canal1 ( ?ree or f\r  
in*es to a y>d4 ,?is floor+ is divid$   
into ab\t tw5ty comp>tm5ts or tr\ghs1   
ea* ab\t ?ree feet wide1 by means (     
planks plac$ on _! edge4 ,! upp] ends ( 
all ^! tr\ghs 7"h call$ canoes7         

communicate ) ! canal1 & are s =m$ t    
wat] is admitt$ into !m betwe5 two      
planks t are ab\t an in* sep>ate4 ,?r\gh
 ?is op5+ ! curr5t falls ab\t six in*es 
into ! tr\gh1 & may be direct$ to any "p
 ( x1 or /opp$1 at pleasure1 by means ( 
a small quantity ( clay4 ,= in/ance1    
sometimes wat] is requir$ only f "o     
corn] ( ! ap]ture1 !n ! rema9+ "p is    
/opp$2 sometimes x is want$ f ! c5tre1  
!n ! extremes are /opp$2 & sometimes    
only a g5tle rill is want$1 !n ! clay is
 appli$ accord+ly4 ,along ! l[] ends ( !
 tr\ghs a small *annel is dug1 to c>ry  
(f ! wat]4 ,on ! heap ( cascalhao1 at   
equal di/ances1 are plac$ ?ree high     
*airs1 = ! (fic]s or ov]se]s4 ,aft] !y  
are seat$1 ! negroes ent] ! tr\ghs1 ea* 
provid$ ) a rake ( a peculi> =m1 & %ort 
h&le1 ) :i* he rakes into ! tr\gh ab\t  
fifty or eighty p\nds weight (          
cascalhao4 ,! wat] be+ !n let 9 ^u x1 ! 
cascalhao is spread abroad1 & cont9ually
 rak$ up to ! head ( ! tr\gh1 s z to be 
kept 9 con/ant motion4 ,?is op]ation be+

 p]=m$ = ! space ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !  
wat] !n beg9s to run cle>]2 hav+ wa%$ ! 
e>?y p>ticles away1 ! gravel-l matt] is 
rak$ up to ! end ( ! tr\gh2 aft] !      
curr5t fl[s away q cle>1 ! l>ge/ /ones  
are ?r[n out1 & aft]w>ds ^? ( inf]ior   
size1 !n ! :ole is exam9$ ) great c>e = 
diamonds4 ,:5 a negro f9ds "o1 he       
imm$iately /&s upright & claps 8 h&s1 !n
 ext5ds !m1 hold+ ! gem betwe5 8 =e f+] 
& ?umb2 an ov]se] receives x f him1 &   
deposits x 9 a gamella or b[l1 susp5d$ f
 ! c5tre ( ! /ructure1 half full ( wat]4
 ,9 ?is vessel all ! diamonds f\nd 9 !  
c\rse ( ! day1 are plac$1 & at ! close (
 "w are tak5 out1 & deliv]$ to !        
pr9cipal (fic]1 :o1 aft] !y h be5       
weigh$1 regi/]s ! p>ticul>s 9 a book    
kept = t purpose4 ,:5 a negro is s      
=tunate z to f9d a diamond ( ! weight ( 
#ag-a_/b c>ats1 mu* c]emony imm$iately  
takes place2 he is cr[n$ ) a wrea? (    
fl[]s1 & c>ri$ 9 procession to !        
adm9i/rator1 :o gives him 8 fre$om1 by  
pay+ 8 own] = x4 ,he also receives a    

pres5t ( new clo!s1 & is p]mitt$ to "w  
on 8 own acc\nt4 ,:5 a /one ( eight or  
t5 c>ats is f\nd1 ! negro receives two  
new %irts1 a complete new suit1 ) a hat1
 & a h&some knife4 ,= small] /ones (    
trivial am\nt1 proportionate premiums   
are giv54 ,dur+ my /ay at ,tejuco1 a    
/one ( #af-a_/b c>ats 0 f\nd3 x 0 pleas+
 to see ! anxi\s desire manife/$ by !   
(fic]s t x might prove heavy en\gh to   
entitle ! poor negro to 8 fre$om2 & :51 
on be+ deliv]$ & weigh$1 x prov$ only a 
c>at %ort ( ! requisite weight1 all     
seem$ to sympa?ize 9 8 disappo9tm5t4    
,_m precautions are tak5 to prev5t !    
negroes f embezzl+ diamonds4 ,al?\gh !y 
"w 9 a b5t position1 & consequ5tly nev] 
"k :e!r ! ov]se]s are wat*+ !m or n1 yet
 x is easy = !m to omit ga!r+ any :i* !y
 see1 & to place !m 9 a corn] ( ! tr\gh 
= ! purpose ( secret+ !m at leisure     
h\rs2 to prev5t :i* !y are frequ5tly    
*ang$ :ile ! op]ation is go+ on4 ,a ^w (
 comm& be+ giv5 by ! ov]se]s1 !y        
in/antly move into ea* o!rs' tr\ghs1 s t

 no opportunity ( collusion c take      
place4 ,if a negro be suspect$ ( hav+   
swall[$ a diamond1 he is conf9$ 9 a     
/rong room until ! fact c be asc]ta9$4  
,=m]ly1 ! puni%m5t inflict$ ^u a negro =
 smuggl+ diamonds1 0 confiscation ( 8   
p]son to ! /ate3 b x be+ ?\ght too h>d =
 ! own] to suff] = ! (f5ce ( 8 s]vant1 !
 p5alty has be5 commut$ = p]sonal       
imprisonm5t & *a/isem5t4 ,?is is a mu*  
light] puni%m5t ?an t :i* _! own]s1 or  
any :ite man1 w\ld suff] = a simil>     
(f5ce4  ,!re is no p>ticul> regulation  
respect+ ! dress ( ! negroes3 !y "w 9 ! 
clo!s mo/ suitable to ! nature ( _!     
employm5t1 g5]ally 9 a wai/coat & a pair
 ( draw]s1 & n nak$1 z "s travell]s h   
/at$4 ,_! h\rs ( lab\r are f a little   
be=e sunrise until sunset1 half an h\r  
be+ all[$ = breakfa/1 & two h\rs at     
noon4 ,:ile wa%+1 !y *ange _! po/ure z  
(t5 z !y please1 :i* is v necess>y1 z ! 
"w requires !m to place _! feet on !    
edges ( ! tr\gh1 & to /oop consid]ably4 
,?is po/ure is p>ticul>ly prejudicial to

 "y gr[+ negroes1 z x r5d]s !m 9-kne$4  
,f\r or five times dur+ ! day1 !y all   
re/1 :5 snuff1 ( :i* !y are v fond1 is  
giv5 to !m4  ,! negroes are =m$ into    
work+ p>ties1 call$ troops1 conta9+ #bjj
 ea*1 "u ! direction ( an adm9i/rator & 
inf]ior (fic]s4 ,ea* troop has a        
cl]gyman & a surgeon to att5d x4 ,)     
respect to ! subsi/5ce ( ! negroes1     
al?\gh ! pres5t gov]nor has 9 "s degree 
improv$ x1 by all[+ a daily portion (   
fre% beef1 :i* 0 n all[$ by 8           
pr$ecessors1 yet ,i am sorry to obs]ve t
 x is /ill poor & scanty2 & t 9 o!r     
respects !y are m h>dly dealt ) ?an ^? (
 any o!r e/abli%m5t :i* ,i visit$3      
not)/&+ ?is1 ! own]s are all anxi\s to  
get _! negroes into ! s]vice1 d\btless f
 s9i/] motives4  ,! (fic]s are lib]ally 
paid1 & live 9 a /yle ( consid]able     
elegance1 :i* a /rang] w\ld n be l$ to  
expect 9 s remote a place4 ,our tables 7
 daily cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( excell5t    
vi&s1 s]v$ up on f9e ,w$gewood w>e1 & ! 
/ate ( _! h\sehold g5]ally correspond$ )

 ?is ess5tial "p ( x4 ,!y 7 ev] ready to
 assi/ me 9 my exam9ation ( ! works1 &  
freely gave me all ! necess>y in=mation 
respect+ !m4  ,hav+ detail$ ! process ( 
wa%+ = diamonds1 ,i proce$ to a g5]al   
description ( ! situation 9 :i* !y are  
f\nd4 ,! flat pieces ( gr\nd on ea* side
 ! riv] are equally ri* ?r\gh\t _!      
ext5t1 & h5ce ! (fic]s are enabl$ to    
calculate ! value ( an unwork$ place1 by
 comp>ison ) ! am\nt f\nd on work+ ) !  
"p adjo9+4 ,^! kn[n places are left 9   
res]ve1 & trial is made ( m unc]ta9     
gr\nds4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation ,i (t5 he>d
 f ! int5dant3 ',t piece ( gr\nd 7speak+
 ( an unwork$ flat by ! side ( ! riv]7 w
 yield me t5 ?\s& c>ats ( diamonds1     
:5ev] we %all be requir$ to get !m 9 !  
regul> c\rse ( work+1 or :51 on any     
p>ticul> occasion1 an ord] f gov]nm5t   
arrives1 dem&+ an extraord9>y & imm$iate
 supply4'  ,! sub/ances accompany+      
diamonds1 & consid]$ good indications ( 
!m1 are bright bean-l iron ore1 a slaty 
fl9t-l sub/ance1 approa*+ ,lydian /one1 

( f9e texture1 black oxide ( iron 9     
great quantities1 r\nd$ bits ( blue     
qu>tz1 yell[ cry/als1 & o!r mat]ials    
entirely diff]5t f any?+ kn[n to be     
produc$ 9 ! adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,diamonds  
are by no means peculi> to ! b$s ( riv]s
 or deep rav9es2 !y h be5 f\nd 9        
cavities & wat]c\rses on ! summits ( !  
mo/ l(ty m\nta9s4 ,i _h "s conv]sation )
 ! (fic]s1 respect+ ! matrix ( !        
diamond1 n a ve/ige ( :i* c\ld ,i trace4
 ,!y in=m$ me1 t !y (t5 f\nd diamonds   
cem5t$ 9 pudd+-/one1 accompani$ ) gra9s 
( gold1 b t !y always broke !m out1 z !y
 c\ld n ent] !m 9 ! treasury1 or weigh  
!m ) matt] adh]+ to !m4 ,i obta9$ a mass
 ( pudd+-/one1 app>5tly ( v rec5t       
=mation1 cem5t$ by f]rug9\s matt]       
envelop+ _m gra9s ( gold2 & likewise a  
few p\nds weight ( ! cascalhao 9 its    
unwa%$ /ate4 ,?is riv]1 & o!r /reams 9  
its vic9ity1 h be5 9 wa%+ _m ye>s1 & h  
produc$ great quantities ( diamonds1 :i*
 h ev] be5 reput$ ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,!y 
v>y 9 size3 "s are s small t f\r or five

 are requir$ to weigh "o gra91          
consequ5tly sixte5 or tw5ty to ! c>at3  
!re are seldom f\nd m ?an two or ?ree   
/ones ( f sev5te5 to tw5ty c>ats 9 !    
c\rse ( a ye>1 & n once 9 two ye>s is   
!re f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole wa%+s a /one (  
?irty c>ats4 ,dur+ ! five days ,i 0 "h1 
!y 7 n v successful2 ! :ole quantity    
f\nd am\nt$ only to =ty1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0
 only f\r c>ats1 & ( a light gre5 col\r4
  ,f ! great quantity ( debris1 or work$
 cascalhao1 9 e "p ne> ! riv]1 x is     
reasonable to calculate t ! works h be5 
9 op]ation above =ty ye>s2 ( c\rse !re  
mu/ arrive a p]iod at :i* !y w be       
exhau/$1 b !re are gr\nds 9 !           
neighb\rhood1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,c]ro de   
,/4 ,antonio1 & 9 ! c\ntry n[ inhabit$  
by ! ,indians1 :i* w probably af=d ^!   
gems 9 equal abundance4   ,,! ,,m9es ,,(
 ,,p]u4--,!re are great numb]s ( v ri*  
m9es :i* ! wat]s ( ! ocean h invad$4 ,! 
disposition ( ! gr\nd1 :i* f ! summit ( 
! ,cordill]as goes cont9ually %elv+ to !
 ,s\? ,sea1 r5d]s su* ev5ts m common at 

,p]u ?an 9 o!r places4 ,?is has be5 9 "s
 in/ances rem$i$4 ,joseph ,salc$o1 ab\t 
#affj1 discov]$1 ne> ,puna1 ! m9e (     
,laycacoto4 ,x 0 s ri* t !y (t5 cut !   
silv] ) a *isel4 ,x 0 at la/ ov]fl[$ )  
wat]2 b 9 #agdj1 ,diego de ,bacua       
associat$ ) o!rs to div]t ! spr+s4 ,!   
lab\rs :i* ?is difficult und]tak+       
requir$1 7 n f9i%$ till #aged4 ,! m9e   
yields z mu* z x did at fir/4 ,b m9es   
/ill ri*] h be5 discov]$2 su* z t (     
,potosi1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! same c\ntry :]e 
! ,incas work$ t ( ,p>co4 ,an ,indian1  
nam$ ,hualpa1 9 #aede1 pursu+ "s de]1 9 
ord] to climb c]ta9 /eep rocks1 _h hold 
( a bu%1 ! roots ( :i* loos5$ f ! e>?1 &
 br\ght to view an +ot ( silv]4 ,!      
indian _h rec\rse to x = 8 own use4 ,!  
*ange 9 8 =tunes 0 rem>k$ by "o ( 8     
c\ntrym51 & he discov]$ to him ! secret4
 ,! two fri5ds c\ld n keep _! c\nsel &  
enjoy _! good =tune4 ,!y qu>rell$2 on   
:i* ! indiscreet confidant discov]$ !   
:ole to 8 ma/] ,vill>oel1 a ,spani>d4   
,^u ?is ! m9e 0 work$1 & a great numb] (

 o!rs 7 f\nd 9 its vic9ity1 ! pr9cipal (
 :i* are 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! m\nta91 & _! 
direction is f nor? to s\?4 ,! fame (   
,potosi soon spread abroad2 & !re 0     
quickly built at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 a    
t[n1 consi/+ ( #fj1jjj ,indians1 &      
#aj1jjj ,spani>ds4 ,! /]ility ( ! soil  
did n prev5t its be+ imm$iately peopl$4 
,corn1 fruit1 flocks1 ,am]ican /uffs1 & 
,european luxuries1 arriv$ f e qu>t]4 ,9
 #agch ^! m9es produc$ annually ne>     
#igh1jjj1 )\t reckon+ ! silv] :i* 0 n   
regi/]$1 & :at _h be5 c>ri$ (f by fraud4
 ,f t "t ! produce has be5 s mu*        
dim9i%$1 t n above "o-eigh? "p ( ! co9  
:i* 0 =m]ly /ruck1 is n[ made4 ,at all !
 m9es ( ,p]u1 ! ,spani>ds1 9 purify+ _! 
gold & silv]1 use m]cury1 ) :i* !y are  
suppli$ f ,guanca ,velica4 ,! common    
op9ion is1 t ?is m9e 0 discov]$ 9 #aefd4
 ,! trade ( m]cury 0 !n free2 x became  
an exclusive trade 9 #aega4 ,at ?is     
p]iod all ! m9es ( m]cury 7 %ut2 & t (  
,guanca ,velica alone 0 work$2 ! prop]ty
 ( :i* ! k+ res]v$ to himself4 ,x is n  

f\nd to dim9i%4 ,! m9e is dug 9 ! v l>ge
 m\nta9 ( ,potosi1 sixty leagues f      
,lima4 ,9 its pr(\nd abyss are se5      
/reets1 squ>es1 & a *apel1 :]e ! my/]ies
 ( religion on all fe/ivals are         
celebrat$4 ,millions ( flambeaus are    
cont9ually kept to enlight5 x4 ,! m9e ( 
,guanca ,velica g5]ally affects ^? :o "w
 9 x ) convulsions2 & ! o!r m9es1 :i*   
are n less unheal?y1 are all work$ by ! 
,p]uvians4 ,^! un=tunate victims ( an   
insatiable av>ice are cr[d$ all toge!r1 
& plung$ nak$ into ^! abysses1 ! greate/
 "p ( :i* are deep1 & all excessively   
cold4 ,tyranny has inv5t$ ?is ref9em5t 9
 cruelty1 to r5d] x impossible = any ?+ 
to escape its re/less vigilance4 ,if !re
 are any wret*es :o long survive su*    
b>b>ity1 x is ! use ( cocoa t pres]ves  
!m4   ,we %all incorporate 9 ?is *apt]1 
! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,,volcanic    
,,eruptions ,,( ,,mud ,,& ,,salt1 9 !   
,isl& ( ,java2 by ,t4 ,s4 ,goad1 ,esq4 (
 ! ,hon\rable ,company's ,b5gal ,civil  
,s]vice4  ,hav+ receiv$ 7says ! writ]7  

an extraord9>y acc\nt ( a natural       
ph5om5on 9 ! pla9s ( ,grobogan1 fifty   
pals 7or miles7 nor?-ea/ ( ,solo1 a     
p>ty1 ( :i* ,i 0 "o1 set (f f ,solo on !
 eigh? ( ,septemb]1 #ahae1 to exam9e x4 
,on approa*+ ! village ( ,kuhoo1 we saw1
 betwe5 two trees 9 a pla91 an appe>ance
 l ! surf break+ ov] rocks1 ) a /rong   
spray fall+ to leew>d4 ,! spot 0        
completely surr\nd$ by huts1 = !        
manufacture ( salt1 & at a di/ance look$
 l a l>ge village4 ,alight+1 we w5t to !
 ,bludugs1 z ! ,javanese call !m4 ,!y   
are situat$ 9 ! village ( ,kuhoo1 & by  
,europeans are call$ by t "n4 ,we f\nd  
!m to be on an elevat$ pla9 ( mud1 ab\t 
two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 9 ! c5tre ( :i*
 imm5se bodies ( salt mud 7 ?r[n up1 to 
! height ( f t5 to fifte5 feet1 9 ! =m (
 l>ge globes1 :i*1 bur/+1 emitt$ volumes
 ( d5se :ite smoke4 ,^! l>ge globes or  
bubbles1 ( :i* !re 7 two1 cont9u$ ?r[+  
up1 & bur/+ sev5 or eight times 9 a     
m9ute ,at times !y ?r[ up two or ?ree   
tons ( mud4 ,we got to leew>d ( ! smoke1

 & f\nd x to smell l ! wa%+ ( a         
gun-b>rel4  ,z ! globes bur/1 !y ?rew ! 
mud out f ! c5tre ) a pretty l\d noise1 
occasion$ by ! fall+ ( ! mud ^u t :i*   
surr\nd$ x1 & ( :i* ! pla9 is compos$4  
,x 0 difficult & dang]\s to approa* !   
l>ge globes or bubbles1 z ! gr\nd 0 all 
a quagmire1 except :]e ! surface ( ! mud
 _h become h>d5$ by ! sun2 ^u ?is we    
approa*$ cauti\sly to )9 fifty y>ds ( ! 
l>ge/ bubble1 or mud pudd+1 z x might v 
prop]ly be call$1 = x 0 ( ! consi/5cy ( 
a cu/>d-pudd+1 & ( v consid]able        
diamet]3 "h & !re1 :]e ! foot           
accid5tally re/$ on a spot n suffici5tly
 h>d5$1 x sunk1 to ! no small di/ress ( 
! walk]4  ,we also got close to a small 
globe or bubble1 7! pla9 be+ full ( !m (
 diff]5t sizes17 & obs]v$ x closely = "s
 "t4 ,x appe>$ to heave & swell1 & :5 ! 
int]nal air _h rais$ x to "s height1 x  
bur/1 & fell d[n 9 conc5tric circles1 9 
:i* %ape x rema9$ quiet until a         
suffici5t quantity ( air 0 aga9 =m$     
int]nally1 to raise & bur/ ano!r bubble4

 ,?is cont9u$ at int]vals f ab\t "o-half
 to two m9utes4 ,f v>i\s o!r p>ts ( !   
quagmire r\nd ! l>ge globes or bubbles1 
!re 7 occasionally small quantities (   
mud %ot up l rockets to ! height ( tw5ty
 or ?irty feet1 & accompani$ by smoke4  
,?is 0 9 p>ts :]e ! mud 0 ( too /iff a  
consi/5cy to rise 9 globes or bubbles4  
,! mud at all ! places we came ne> 0    
cold on ! surface1 b we 7 told x 0 w>m  
b5ea?4 ,! wat] :i* dra9s f ! mud is     
collect$ by ! ,javanese1 & by be+ expos$
 9 ! holl[s ( split bamboos to ! rays ( 
! sun1 deposits cry/als ( salt4 ,! salt 
?us made is res]v$ exclusively = !      
,emp]or ( ,solo4 ,9 dry wea!r x yields  
?irty dudj9s1 ( "o hundr$ catties ea*1 e
 mon?2 b 9 wet or cl\dy wea!r1 less4  ,9
 ! aft]noon we rode to a place 9 a =e/1 
call$ ,ramsam1 to view a salt lake1 a   
mud hillock1 & v>i\s boil+1 or r bubbl+1
 pools4 ,! lake 0 ab\t half a mile 9    
circumf]5ce1 ( a dirty look+ wat]1 boil+
 up all ov] 9 gurgl+ bodies1 b m        
p>ticul>ly 9 ! c5tre1 :i* appe>$ l a    

/rong spr+2 ! wat] 0 q cold1 & ta/$     
bitt]1 salt1 & s\r1 & _h an (f5sive     
smell4 ,ab\t ?irty y>ds f ! lake /ood ! 
mud hillock1 :i* 0 ab\t fifte5 feet high
 f ! level ( ! e>?4 ,! diamet] ( its    
base 0 ab\t tw5ty-five y>ds1 its top    
ab\t eight feet1 & 9 =m an exact cone4  
,! top is op51 & ! int]ior keeps        
con/antly work+1 & heav+ up mud 9       
globul> =ms1 l ! ,bludugs4 ,! hillock is
 entirely =m$ ( mud :i* has fl[$ out ( !
 top2 e rise ( ! mud 0 accompani$ by a  
rumbl+ noise f ! bottom ( ! hillock1 :i*
 0 di/9ctly he>d = "s seconds be=e !    
bubbles bur/4 ,! outside ( ! hillock 0 q
 firm4 ,we /ood on ! edge ( ! op5+ &    
s\nd$ x1 & f\nd x to be elev5 fa?oms    
deep4 ,! mud 0 m liquid ?an at !        
,bludugs1 & no smoke 0 emitt$ f ! lake1 
hillock1 or pools4  ,close to ! foot ( !
 hillock 0 a small pool ( ! same wat] z 
! lake1 :i* appe>$ exactly l a pot (    
wat] boil+ viol5tly2 x 0 %all[1 except 9
 ! c5tre1 into :i* we ?ru/ a /ick twelve
 feet long1 b f\nd no bottom4 ,! hole n 

be+ p]p5dicul>1 we c\ld n s\nd x ) a    
l9e4  ,ab\t #bjj y>ds f ! lake1 7 sev]al
 l>ge pools or spr+s1 two ( :i* 7 eight 
or t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 l ! small   
pool1 b boil$ m viol5tly1 & smelt       
excessively4 ,! gr\nd ar\nd !m 0 hot to 
! feet1 & ! air :i* issu$ f !m q hot1 s 
t x 0 mo/ probably inflammable2 b we did
 n asc]ta9 ?is4 ,we he>d ! boil+ at !   
di/ance ( ?irty y>ds f ! pools1 resembl+
 9 noise a wat]fall4 ,! pools did n     
ov]fl[2 ( c\rse ! bubbl+ 0 occasion$ by 
! ris+ ( air alone4 ,! wat] ( "o ( !    
pools appe>$ to conta9 a mixture ( e>? &
 lime1 &1 f ! ta/e1 to be comb9$ )      
alkali4 ,! wat] ( ! ,bludugs & ! lake is
 us$ m$ic9ally by ! ,javanese1 & cattle 
dr9k+ ( ! wat] are poison$4   ,n[ foll[s
 an acc\nt ( ,,pit*-,,wells2 f ,dr4     
,holl&'s ,travels 9 ! ,ionian ,isles1   
c4--,! pit*-wells ( ,zante are a natural
 ph5om5on1 :i* may be reg>d$ z among !  
antiquities ( ! isle2 s9ce !y 7 kn[n &  
describ$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 &   
are m5tion$ s9ce by ,pausanias1 ,pl9y1 &

 o!r au?ors4 ,!y are situat$ ab\t t5    
miles f ! city1 & ne> ! %ore ( ! bay1 on
 ! s\!rn side ( ! isl&4 ,we visit$ ?is  
spot1 :i* is call$ ,*i]i1 a day or two  
aft] our arrival 9 ,zante4 ,a small     
tract ( m>%y gr\nd1 /ret*+ d[n to ! sea1
 & surr\nd$ on o!r sides by l[ em95ces (
 lime/one1 or a bitum9\s %ale1 is !     
imm$iate situation ( ! spr+s2 !y are    
f\nd 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t places ( !   
morass1 appe>+ z small pools1 ! sides & 
bottom ( :i* are ?ickly l9$ ) petroleum1
 9 a viscid /ate1 &1 by agitation1      
easily rais$ 9 l>ge flakes to ! surface4
 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! pools is "o ( a  
circul> =m1 ab\t fifty feet 9           
circumf]5ce1 & a few feet 9 dep?1 9 :i* 
! petroleum has accumulat$ to a         
consid]able quantity4 ,! wat] ( ! spr+1 
:i* is d\btless ! means ( convey+ !     
m9]al upw>ds to ! surface1 =ms a small  
/ream f ! pool1 s5sibly impregnat$ )    
bitum9\s matt]1 :i* x deposits 9 p>ts z 
x fl[s ?r\gh ! morass3 ! o!r pools are (
 simil> "*4 ,! petroleum is collect$    

g5]ally once 9 ! ye>2 & ! av]age        
quantity obta9$ f ! spr+s is said to be 
ab\t #ajj b>rels2 x is *iefly us$ = !   
caulk+ ( vessels1 n be+ f\nd to answ]   
equally well = cordage4   ,we close ?is 
*apt] ) ,mrs4 ,wakefield's acc\nt ( h]  
,,visit to a ,,coal-,,pit4--,ne> ! t[n (
 ,newca/le1 9 ! c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 are
 va/ b$s ( coal1 :i* lie f> b5ea? !     
surface ( ! e>?3 !y are (t5 f\nd at !   
dep? ( #ajj feet4 ,our visit to "o ( !m 
0 r a droll adv5ture4 ,! fir/ c]emony 01
 to put on a k9d ( frock t cov]$ u all  
ov]1 to prev5t spoil+ our clo!s4 ,we 7  
!n %ewn a prodigi\s /eam-eng9e at "w1 at
 ! m\? ( ! pit1 9 ord] to dra9 (f !     
wat]2 & close to x1 a v5tilator =       
purify+ ! air 9 ! pit4 ,our guides n[   
seat$ u on a piece ( bo>d1 slung 9 a    
rope l ! seat ( a sw+1 & hook$ to an    
iron *a91 :i* 0 let g5tly d[n !         
suffocat+ hole by ! assi/ance ( six     
horses4 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i did n l ?is  
mode ( travell+3 my spirits 71 h[ev]1 r 
*e]$ :5 ,i rea*$ ! solid bottom1 & saw  

my fri5d at my side4 ,he congratulat$ me
 on my safe arrival2 & po9t$ to a huge  
fire1 burn+ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! air 9 
prop] temp]ature4 ,ga9+ c\rage by a ne>]
 exam9ation1 ,i walk$ ab\t ! *amb]s ) z 
mu* ease z if !y _h be5 ! ap>tm5ts ( a  
dwell+-h\se4 ,! coal is holl[$ out 9    
spaces ( f\r y>ds wide1 betwe5 :i* are  
left pill>s ( coal to support ! ro(1 t5 
y>ds broad1 & tw5ty deep4 ,aft] explor+ 
a doz5 or two ( ^! little ap>tm5ts1 our 
curiosity 0 satisfi$1 z !re 0 no?+ m to 
be se5 b a repetition ( ! same objects  
to a va/ ext5t4 ,a numb] ( horses live  
"h = ye>s toge!r1 & seem to enjoy       
!mselves v com=tably3 !y are employ$ to 
draw ! coal f ! subt]rane\s passages to 
! bottom ( ! op5+ ( ! pit4 ,! ma*9e :i* 
raises ! coal to ! surface ( ! e>?1 is  
work$ by /\t horses4 ,! coal is br\ght 9
 /rong baskets1 made ( osi]2 !y conta9  
ea* #ab cwt4 & :ile "o asc5ds1 ! o!r    
desc5ds4 ,a man receives ^! baskets z !y
 arrive at ! top1 & places !m on a dray1
 hav+ hook$ an empty basket on1 in/ead (

 ! full "o4 ,be=e he drives ! dray to a 
%$ at a little di/ance1 :]e he empties 8
 load1 ! du/ passes ?r\gh holes prep>$  
to receive x2 :ile ! l>ge coals roll d[n
 ! declivity 9 heaps1 :]e !y are load$ 9
 waggons1 & c>ri$ to :>fs on ! riv]     
side1 to be put on bo>d ! vessels t wait
 to convey !m to di/ant p>ts4 ,!        
waggons1 v heavily lad51 run )\t horses 
to ! wat] side1 along a road +5i\sly =m$
 9 a slop+ direction1 ) grooves to fit !
 waggon :eels1 & make !m g m readily4 ,!
 du/1 :i* is too small = common fires1  
is put into a kiln well heat$1 & :5 x is
 burnt1 ! p>ticles unite1 & run into    
l>ge cakes or masses3 9 t /ate x is     
call$ coke1 & ?is sub/ance is us$ 9 _m  
manufactories1 :]e a /rong heat is      
requir$4  ,!re are also coal-m9es 9     
sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,ne>          
,:itehav51 9 ! c\nty ( ,cumb]l&1 are "s 
t ext5d half a mile "u ! sea4 ,!        
colli]ies employ a great numb] ( h>dy   
sailors1 :o1 9 _! frequ5t coa/+-voyages1
 are accu/om$ to face all ! dang]s ( a  

sea-life4 ,9 "t ( w> !y contribute to   
man our navy2 &1 f _! c\rage & skill1 =m
 a v valuable "p ( ! crews4     ,,*ap4  
,,xliv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,!   
,,sea4      ,g5]al ,obs]vations respect+
 ! ,sea1 or ,ocean--,p>ticul>           
,curiosities ( ! ,sea--,on ! ,saltness (
 ! ,sea--,on !     ,tides--,waves /ill$ 
by ,oil4      ------------------,& ?\1  
maje/ic ma91     ,a secret _w ( wond]s 9
 ?yself6     ,s\nd ,8 /up5d\s praise1 ^:
 great] voice     ,or bids y ro>1 or    
bids y\r ro>+ fall6   ,,g5]al           
,,obs]vations ,,respect+ ,,! ,,sea1 ,,or
 ,,ocean4  ,! sea1 or ocean1 is t va/   
tract ( wat] :i* encompasses ! :ole e>?4
 ,:at proportion ! sup]ficies ( ! sea   
be>s to t ( ! l&1 is n precisely kn[n1  
?\gh x is said to be some:at m ?an      
two-?irds4 ,z ! wat]s ( ! e>? mu/       
necess>ily rise to ! surface !re(1 x be+
 specifically light] ?an ! e>?1 x 0     
necess>y !re %\ld be l>ge cavities !re91
 z receptacles to conta9 !m1 o!rwise !y 
w\ld h ov]spread all ! surface ( ! e>?1 

& s h r5d]$ x utt]ly un9habitable =     
t]re/rial animals3 x is well kn[n1 t !  
c5tre ( ! e>? is ! common c5tre (       
gravity1 & t ! nature ( fluids is su*1 t
 !y equally yield to equal p[]s2 h5ce x 
foll[s1 t :]e ! p[] ( attraction is e   
:]e ! same at equal di/ances f ! c5tre1 
! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! wat] w e :]e con=m
 !mselves to ?is attractive p[]1 at an  
equidi/ant situation f ! c5tre1 &1 x is 
evid5t1 w =m ! surface ( a sph]e1 s f> z
 !y ext5d4 ,! reason !n t ! sea seems   
high] ?an ! l&1 results f ! fallacy (   
vision1 :]eby all objects1 :e!r on ! l& 
or sea1 appe> high] z !y become m       
di/ant3 & ! reason w be pla9 to ^? :o   
are acqua9t$ ) optics2 = x is well kn[n1
 t ! d5s] any m$ium is1 ?r\gh :i* we    
behold objects1 ! great] is !           
refraction1 or ! m _! images appe> above
 ! horizontal level2 :ile ! great] !    
quantity ( m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! rays pass1 
! m !y w be b5t f _! fir/ direction3 on 
bo? ^! acc\nts1 ! appe>ances ( ?+s at a 
great di/ance1 bo? on ! l& & ! sea1 w be

 some:at above ! horizon1 & ! m s z !y  
are ! m remote4  ,) reg>d to ! dep? or  
pr(undity ( ! sea1 ,v>5ius affirms1 t x 
is 9 "s places unfa?omable1 9 o!r places
 v v>i\s1 be+ f fifty y>ds to f\r & a   
half ,engli% miles1 9 "s places deep]1 &
 t ! dep? is mu* less 9 bays ?an 9      
oceans4 ,9 g5]al1 ! dep?s ( ! sea be> a 
great analogy to ! height ( m\nta9s on !
 l&1 s f> z discov]ies h hi!rto ext5d$4 
,x is a g5]al rule among sailors1 & is  
f\nd to hold true 9 _m in/ances1 t ! m !
 %ores ( any place are /eep & high1 =m+ 
p]p5dicul> cliffs1 ! deep] ! sea is     
bel[2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 level %ores    
d5ote %all[ wat]s4 ,?us1 ! deepe/ "p ( !
 ,m$it]ranean is g5]ally all[$ to be "u 
! heights ( ,malta4 ,& ! obs]vation ( ! 
/rata ( e>? & o!r fossils1 on & ne> !   
%ores1 may s]ve to =m a good judgm5t z  
to ! mat]ials to be f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! 
sea2 = ! ve9s ( salt & bitum5 d\btless  
run on 9 ! same ord] z we see !m on !   
%ore4 ,if we may reason f analogy1 !    
/rata ( rocks1 t s]ve z a f\ndation =   

hills & elevat$ places on %ore1 s]ve    
also1 9 ! same cont9u$ *a91 to support !
 imm5se quantity ( wat] 9 ! bas9 ( !    
sea4  ,! coral fi%]ies h giv5 occasion  
to obs]ve1 t !re are _m1 & ^? v l>ge    
cav]ns or holl[s 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1    
especially :]e x is rocky1 & t ! l      
cav]ns are sometimes f\nd 9 ! p]p5dicul>
 rocks :i* =m ! /eep sides ( ^? fi%]ies4
 ,^! cav]ns are (t5 ( great dep? z well 
z ext5t1 & h sometimes wide m\?s1 &     
sometimes only n>r[ entrances1 into l>ge
 & spaci\s holl[s4  ,! bottom ( ! sea is
 cov]$ ) a v>iety ( mat]ials1 su* z c\ld
 n be imag9$ by any b ^? :o h exam9$    
into !m1 especially 9 deep wat]1 :]e !  
surface only is di/urb$ by tides &      
/orms2 ! l[] "p1 & consequ5tly its b$ at
 ! bottom1 rema9+1 = ages p]haps1       
undi/urb$4 ,! s\nd+s1 :5 ! plummet fir/ 
t\*es ! gr\nd1 on approa*+ ! %ores1 give
 "s idea ( ?is4 ,! bottom ( ! plummet is
 holl[$1 & 9 t holl[ !re is plac$ a lump
 ( tall[1 :i* is ! fir/ "p t t\*es !    
gr\nd2 & ! s(t nature ( ! fat receives  

into x "s "p ( ^? sub/ances :i* x meets 
) at ! bottom3 ! sub/ances ?us br\ght   
up1 are sometimes pure s&1 sometimes a  
k9d ( s& made ( ! fragm5ts ( %ells beat5
 to a sort ( p[d]1 sometimes !y are     
compos$ ( a l p[d] to ! sev]al sorts (  
corals1 & sometimes !y are compos$ (    
fragm5ts ( rocks2 b besides ^!          
appe>ances1 :i* are natural en\gh1 & are
 :at might well be expect$1 x br+s up   
sub/ances :i* are ( ! mo/ beautiful     
col\rs4  ,dr4 ,donati1 9 an ,italian "w1
 conta9+ an essay on a natural hi/ory ( 
! ,adriatic ,sea1 has relat$ _m curi\s  
obs]vations on ?is subject3 hav+        
c>efully exam9$ ! soil & productions ( !
 v>i\s c\ntries t surr\nd ! ,adriatic   
,sea1 & comp>$ !m ) ^? :i* he took up f 
! bottom ( ! sea1 he f\nd t !re 0 v     
little diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]4 
,at ! bottom ( ! wat] !re are m\nta9s1  
pla9s1 valleys1 & cav]ns1 simil> to ^?  
^u l&4 ,! soil consi/s ( diff]5t /rata1 
plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 & mo/ly p>allel &    
correspond5t to ^? ( ! rocks1 isl&s1 &  

neighb\r+ cont95ts4 ,!y conta9 /ones (  
diff]5t sorts1 m9]als1 metals1 v>i\s    
petrifi$ bodies1 pumice /ones1 & lavas  
=m$ by volcanoes4 ,"o ( ! objects :i*   
mo/ excit$ 8 att5tion1 0 a cru/1 :i* he 
discov]$ "u ! wat]1 compos$ ( cru/ace\s 
& te/ace\s bodies1 ) b$s ( polypes (    
diff]5t k9ds1 confus$ly bl5d$ ) e>?1 s&1
 & gravel3 ! diff]5t m>9e bodies1 :i* =m
 ?is cru/1 are f\nd at ! dep? ( a foot  
or m1 entirely petrifi$1 & r$uc$ into   
m>ble2 ^!1 he supposes1 are ! natural   
b$s ( ! sea1 & n made s by means (      
volcanoes & e>?quakes1 z "s h           
conjectur$4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 he imag9es t
 ! bottom ( ! sea is con/antly ris+     
high] & high]1 ) :i* o!r obvi\s causes (
 increase concur2 & f ?is ris+ ( !      
bottom ( ! sea1 t ( its level or surface
 naturally results2 9 pro( ( :i*1 ?is   
writ] recites a great numb] ( facts4    
,m4 ,dassie has be5 at great pa9s to    
prove1 t ! sea has a g5]al motion1      
indep5d5tly ( w9ds & tides1 & t x is ( m
 consequ5ce 9 navigation ?an is g5]ally 

suppos$4 ,he affirms1 t ?is motion is f 
ea/ to we/2 incl9+ t[>ds ! nor?1 :5 !   
sun has pass$ ! equ9octial nor?w>d1 dur+
 ! "t he is pass+ ?r\gh ! nor!rn signs2 
b ! contr>y way1 aft] ! sun has pass$ ! 
said equ9octial s\?w>d3 add+1 t :5 ?is  
g5]al motion is *ang$1 ! diurnal flux is
 *ang$ also2 :5ce x happ5s1 t 9 sev]al  
places ! tides come 9 dur+ "o "p ( !    
ye>1 & g out dur+ ! o!r1 z on ! coa/s ( 
,norway1 9 ! ,indies at ,goa1 ,co*9-*9a1
 c4 :]e1 :ile ! sun is 9 ! summ] signs1 
! sea runs to ! %ore2 & :5 9 ! w9t]     
signs1 runs f x4 ,on ! mo/ s\!rn coa/s (
 ,tonqu9 & ,*9a1 = ! six summ] mon?s1 ! 
diurnal c\rse runs f ! nor? ) ! ocean2 b
 ! sun hav+ repass$ ! l9e t[>d ! s\?1 ! 
c\rse decl9es also s\?w>d4  ,!re are two
 pr9cipal reasons :y ! sea does n       
increase by means ( riv]s1 c4 fall+ e   
:]e into x4 ,! fir/ is1 because wat]s   
return f ! sea by subt]ranean cavities &
 aqu$ucts1 ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?4    
,secondly1 because ! quantity ( vap\rs  
rais$ f ! sea1 & fall+ on ! l&1 only    

cause a circulation1 b no increase (    
wat]4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by calculation1 t
 9 a summ]'s day !re may be rais$ 9     
vap\rs1 f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1          
#e1bhj1jjj1jjj tons ( wat]1 & yet ?is   
sea receive? n1 f all its n9e great     
riv]s1 above #a1hbg1jjj1jjj tons p] day1
 :i* is b a ?ird "p ( :at is exhau/$ 9  
vap\rs4  ,! asc5t ( ! sea = ! =mation ( 
spr+s1 by a subt]ranean circulation (   
its wat] to _! s\rces1 has be5 a great  
objection1 ) _m1 aga9/ ! sy/em :i*      
ascribes _! orig9 to ! ocean2 b ,dr4    
,plot has obs]v$1 t !re are _m ways by  
:i* ! wat] may asc5d above its own      
level3 #a4 ,by ! means ( subt]ranean    
heat4 #b4 ,by filtration4 #c4 ,by !     
unequal height ( sev]al seas4 #d4 ,by ! 
di/ance ( ! c5tre ( magnitude f ! c5tre 
( gravity 9 ! t]raque\s globe2 !        
sup]ficies ( ! ,pacific ,sea be+ said to
 be fur!r f ! c5tre ( gravity ?an ! top 
( ! highe/ hill on ! adv]se "p ( !      
globe4 ,&1 #e4 ,by ! help ( /orms4 ,!   
sea wat] actually asc5ds above its own  

level1 & f9ds its way into wells1 ^:    
bottoms lie high] ?an ! surface ( ! sea 
at high-wat] m>k4   ,we %all n[ ent] m  
p>ticul>ly on ,,! ,,curiosities ,,( ,,! 
,,sea4--,= ! foll[+ obs]vations we are  
pr9cipally indebt$ to ,/urm4  ,in/ead ( 
reg>d+ ! sea z an object ( t]ror1 let u 
consid] ! wond]s & ! b5efits :i* x      
pres5ts to u4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t :5 !   
waves swell into m\nta9s1 & ! tempe/    
ro>s1 its aspect is t]rific2 & we mu/ be
 h>dy inde$1 n to consid] x z a mo/     
=midable elem5t 9 su* times ( awful     
visitation1 :5 %ips1 break+ f _! an*or1 
or driv5 f _! c\rse1 ru% be=e ! w9ds t  
beat ^u !m ) ungov]nable fury1 till1    
disma/$1 & _! rigg+ %iv]$ 9 fragm5ts1 !y
 s9k1 ov]:elm$ ) a weight ( wat]s1 or   
/rike "s s&-bank1 or %elv+ rock1 & are  
at once da%$ to pieces4 ,sometimes      
:irlpools1 or va/ masses ( wat] ) a     
viol5tly circul> motion1 :irl !         
un=tunate vessel t fate urges into _!   
vortex1 ) irresi/ible =ce1 till !       
helpless victim s9ks an easy prey to !  

trem5d\s gulf1 & ! cries ( ! un=tunate  
wret*es are lo/ 9 ! ro> ( ! waves3 ^!   
:irlpools are occasion$ by rocks 9 !    
ocean1 & ! meet+ ( num]\s curr5ts &     
eddies4 ,n less dang]\s are ! wat]sp\ts1
 t ! w9d raises f ! sea to ! cl\ds2 !y  
hov] 9 ! air high above ! ocean1 & ! w9d
 :irls !m r\nd ) viol5ce4 ,!y (t5 bur/ )
 a great cra%1 & occasion mu* mis*ief2 =
 if !y fall ^u a vessel1 !y de/roy its  
rigg+1 & sometimes s9k x to ! bottom4   
,b x w\ld be highly unju/ & ungrateful1 
only to consid] ! losses occasion$ by ! 
sea1 )\t reflect+ ^u ! magnific5t &     
/up5d\s works ( ,god1 & t goodness :i*  
ev5 visits ! unfa?omable dep?s ( !      
ocean4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u1 ^u !      
inve/igation ( sea wat]1 is its         
saltness2 a p\nd ( ! wat] conta9+ ab\t  
two ounces ( salt4 ,sea salt appe>s     
light] ?an t we commonly use1 & yet x is
 n attract$ by ! air1 nor less5$ by !   
cont9ual influx ( fre% wat]2 ! cause (  
?is is unkn[n4 ,if ?is peculi> quality  
arose f m\nta9s ( salt conta9$ 9 ! sea1 

x w\ld be salt] 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 
( :i* we h no pro(4 ,b :atev] is !      
occasion ( ?is sal9e prop]ty ( ! sea1 x 
is absolutely necess>y to accompli%     
c]ta9 ends4 ,x is t :i* pres]ves su* a  
va/ body ( wat] f corruption1 & r5d]s x 
capable ( support+ a great] weight4 ,!  
col\r ( sea wat] is also des]v+ (       
att5tion3 x is n e :]e alike1 :i* p]haps
 arises 9 "p f its reflect+ ! col\r ( ! 
bottom & t ( ! sky4 ,x (t5 appe>s d>k & 
black 9 deep abysses1 :ite & foam+ dur+ 
a /orm1 silv]y1 & gild$ ) reflections ( 
! mo/ beautiful hue1 :5 ! la/ rays ( !  
sett+ sun play ^u ! unruffl$ surface3 ! 
col\r ( ! sea1 9 addition to ^!1 v>ies1 
f numb]less insects1 m>9e plants1 & !   
comb9ation ( ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* !  
riv]s & torr5ts c>ry ) !m into ! ocean4 
,:5 x is calm1 & n a breeze skims ov]   
its bosom1 x sometimes glitt]s ) ! mo/  
brilliant />s2 & ! track ( a %ip cleav+ 
! waves has (t5 a lum9\s appe>ance1 l a 
riv] ( fire4  ,! creatures :i* inhabit !
 sea excite our surprise & admiration2  

we !re discov] a new _w1 & ! numb] (    
be+s :i* compose x is prodigi\s4        
,aquatic animals are n s num]\s 9 _!    
species z ! l& animals2 b !y surpass !m 
9 size & duration4 ,! elephant & o/ri*  
yield 9 bulk to ! :ale1 ! l>ge/ fi% ( ! 
ocean1 its l5g? be+ (t5 f sixty to      
sev5ty feet2 & no l& animal c vie ) x 9 
longevity1 = x lives z long z ! oak4 ,if
 we may rely ^u c]ta9 acc\nts1 !re are  
creatures 9 ! ocean1 f> exce$+ ! size ( 
! :ale2 z ! animal call$ krak51 said to 
exi/ 9 ! nor!rn seas1 & ^: circumf]5ce  
is half a ,g]man league4 ,:o is able to 
numb] ! diff]5t species ( animals :i* p 
! seas8 or :o c det]m9e _! =m1 /ructure1
 size1 & prop]ties8 ,h[ inf9itely great 
is t ,god :o has creat$ ! sea6 w be !   
conclusion ( all :o inve/igate !        
subject1 & x is n )\t ! wise/ reasons t 
! ,creator has made ! ocean & ! seas to 
occupy two-?irds ( ! :ole globe4 ,! seas
 7 design$ n only to =m great res]voirs 
( wat]1 b by means ( _! evaporation to  
be ! s\rces ( ra91 sn[1 & v>i\s meteors4

 ,:at wisdom is display$ 9 ! connection 
:i* ! seas h ) ea* o!r1 & 9 _! cont9ual 
motion6 ,& x is n less wond]ful t !     
bottom ( ! ocean is ( ! same nature z ! 
surface ( ! e>?4 ,!re are f\nd 9 ! sea1 
rocks1 cav]ns1 pla9s1 spr+s1 plants1 &  
animals2 & ! isl&s are only ! summits ( 
a long *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,:5 we consid] t !
 seas =m a "p ( ! globe ! lea/          
inve/igat$1 we are dispos$ to believe t 
!y conta9 _m m wond]s1 :i* nei!r ! s5ses
 nor ! und]/&+ ( man c p5etrate1 :ile   
all ackn[l$ge ! adorable wisdom & p[] ( 
! ,mo/ ,high4 ,to ,him !n1 :o has       
e/abli%$ ! monum5ts ( 8 gr&eur & !      
sceptre ( 8 glory 9 ! ocean1 z ^u ! e>?1
 be ascrib$ all admiration & praise6    
,! foll[+ op9ions ( a late celebrat$    
philosoph] & div9e1 ,,on ,,! ,,saltness 
,,( ,,! ,,sea1 may n be unacceptable to 
our read]s3--,!re are few que/ions1     
7obs]ves ,bi%op ,watson17 respect+ !    
natural hi/ory ( our globe1 :i* h be5   
discuss$ ) m att5tion1 or decid$ ) less 
satisfaction1 ?an t conc]n+ ! prim>y    

cause ( ! saltness ( ! sea4 ,! solution 
( x _h p]plex$ ! philosoph]s be=e ! "t (
 ,ari/otle2 x surpass$ 8 own great      
g5ius2 & ^? ( 8 foll[]s1 :o h attempt$  
to support 8 argum5ts1 h be5 betray$    
into v ill-gr\nd$ conclusions conc]n+ x4
 ,fa!r ,kir*]1 aft] hav+ consult$ ?ree &
 ?irty au?ors ^u ! subject1 c\ld n help 
rem>k+1 t ! fluctuations ( ! ocean      
itself 7 sc>cely m v>i\s ?an ! op9ions (
 m5 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( its sal9e         
impregnation4 ,! "q does n seem capable 
( admitt+ an illu/ration f exp]im5t2 at 
lea/ no exp]im5ts h hi!rto be5 made = t 
purpose1 & !re=e we may be ! less       
surpris$ at its rema9+ ne>ly z          
problematical 9 ! pres5t age1 z x has   
be5 9 ! prec$+4 ,_h !re1 inde$1 be5 any 
obs]vation made ?ree or f\r c5turies    
ago1 asc]ta9+ ! saltness ( ! sea at any 
p>ticul> "t & place2 we might1 by simil>
 obs]vations at ! same place & ! same   
season1 h be5 able to "k :e!r ! saltness
 at t p>ticul> place 0 an increas+1     
decreas+1 or an inv>iable quantity2 &   

?is k9d & degree ( k w\ld h s]v$ z a    
clue to direct u to a full inve/igation 
( ?is matt] 9 g5]al2 b x is to be       
regrett$1 t no su* obs]vations h1 till v
 lately1 be5 made ) any tol]able        
precision4--,!re are ?ree pr9cipal      
op9ions on ?is subject1 :i* h be5       
ma9ta9$ by philosoph]s ( mod]n date2 "s1
 obs]v+ t riv] wat]1 almo/ 9 e "p ( !   
globe1 is 9 a great] or less degree     
impregnat$ ) sea salt1 h ?\ght t ! sea  
has gradually acquir$ its pres5t quality
 ( salt f ! long-cont9u$ influx ( riv]s4
  ,o!r philosoph]s1 obs]v+ t l>ge b$s ( 
fossil salt are n unfrequ5t 9 any qu>t] 
( ! globe2 & conceiv+1 ) great          
probability1 ! bottom ( ! sea to be     
analog\s 9 its =mation to ! surface ( ! 
e>?1 h und]tak5 to d]ive its saltness f 
! b$s ( rock salt1 :i* !y h suppos$ to  
be situat$ at its bottom2 & !y are fur!r
 ( op9ion1 t )\t su* a p]man5t sal9e    
pr9ciple1 ! sea w\ld long s9ce h become 
insipid f ! fre% wat] p\r$ into x by an 
inf9ity ( riv]s4 ,/range6 t :at1 accord+

 to ! =e-m5tion$ hypo!sis1 0 ?\ght      
suffici5t to acc\nt = ! saltness ( !    
sea1 %\ld 9 ?is be e/eem$ in/rum5tal 9  
annihilat+ ! saltness already suppos$ to
 exi/4  ,boyle unites1 z x 71 & takes ! 
two prec$+ hypo!ses1 & imag9es !        
saltness ( ! sea to be suppli$1 n only f
 rocks & o!r masses ( salt1 :i* at !    
beg9n+ 71 & 9 "s c\ntries may yet be    
f\nd1 ei!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or at ! 
sides1 :]e ! wat] c rea* !m1 b also f ! 
salt :i* ! riv]s1 ra9s1 & o!r wat]s1    
dissolve 9 _! passage ?r\gh div]s p>ts (
 ! e>?1 & at l5g? c>ry ) !m into ! sea4 
,buffon1 & ! g5]ality ( philosoph]s1    
acquiesce 9 ! op9ion ( ,boyle4--,aft]   
all1 7says he17 x may be obs]v$1 t we   
are inquir+ into ! cause ( a ph5om5on1  
:i* x may be said _h no second>y cause  
at all4 ,x is tak5 = grant$1 9 ?is      
disquisition1 t ! wat] :i* cov]$ ! globe
 9 its *aotic /ate1 0 n impregnat$ )    
salt z at pres5t1 b q fre%3 n[ ?is is an
 op9ion conc]n+ a matt] ( fact1 :i* c   
nev] be prov$ ei!r way2 & surely we     

ext5d our speculations v f>1 :5 we      
attempt to expla9 a ph5om5on1 primeval  
to1 or coeval )1 ! =mation ( ! e>?4     
,?is s5sible writ] !n /ates ! diff]5t   
exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made to discov] !   
saltness ( ! sea1 r\nd ! %ores (        
,brita92 & proposes ! foll[+ simple     
me?od ( asc]ta9+ x ) tol]able c]ta9ty3--
  ,z x is n e p]son :o c make himself   
exp]t 9 ! use ( common means ( e/imat+ !
 quantity ( salt conta9$ 9 sea wat]1 ,i 
w m5tion a me?od ( do+ x1 :i* is s easy 
& simple1 t e common sailor may und]/& &
 practise x2 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 f !   
trials ,i h made ( x1 seems to be z     
exact a me?od z any t has yet be5 ?\ght 
(4--,take a clean t[el1 or any o!r piece
 ( clo?2 dry x well be=e ! sun or be=e !
 fire1 !n weigh x accurately1 & note d[n
 its weight2 dip x 9 ! sea wat]1 &1 :5  
tak5 out1 wr+ x a little till x w n drip
 :5 hung up to dry2 weigh x 9 ?is wet   
/ate1 !n dry x 9 ! sun or at ! fire1 &  
:5 x is p]fectly dry1 weigh x aga93 !   
excess ( ! weight ( ! wett$ clo? above  

its orig9al weight1 is ! weight ( ! sea 
wat] imbib$ by ! clo?2 & ! excess ( !   
weight ( ! clo? aft] be+ dri$1 above its
 orig9al weight1 is ! specific gravity (
 ! salt reta9$ by ! clo?2 & by comp>+   
?is weight ) ! weight ( ! sea wat]      
imbib$ by ! clo?1 we obta9 ! proportion 
( salt conta9$ 9 t species ( sea wat]4  
,:oev] und]takes to asc]ta9 ! quantity (
 salt conta9$ 9 sea wat]1 ei!r by ?is or
 any o!r me?od1 w\ld d well to obs]ve ! 
/ate ( ! wea!r prec$+ ! "t :5 ! sea wat]
 is tak5 out ( ! sea2 = ! quantity (    
salt conta9$ 9 ! wat] ne> ! surface1 may
 be influ5c$1 bo? by ! antec$5t moi/ure1
 & ! antec$5t heat ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& ?is
 leads to ! consid]ation ( a "q propos$ 
by ,ari/otle1--,:y are ! upp] p>ts ( !  
sea salt] & w>m] ?an ! l[]8 ,"s         
philosoph]s1 admitt+ ! fact1 h foll[$   
him 9 attempt+ to expla9 x2 :il/ o!rs h 
?\ght !mselves au?oriz$ by exp]im5t to  
d5y ! tru? ( ! position2 & ^?1 p]haps1 w
 argue ) ! greate/ ju/ness1 :o %all     
affirm t x is nei!r g5]ally to be       

admitt$1 nor g5]ally to be reject$1 b t 
! sea 9 "s places1 & "u c]ta9           
circum/ances1 is salt] & w>m] at !      
surface1 ?an at any consid]able dep?    
b5ea? x1 :ile 9 _m o!rs ! rev]se is     
true4 ,! "q consi/s ( two p>ts1 betwixt 
:i*1 ?\gh !re probably is a connection1 
yet x is n s necess>y a "o z to h9d] u f
 consid]+ ea* "p by itself4  ,) reg>d to
 ! use ( ?is salt prop]ty ( sea wat]1 x 
is obs]v$1 t ! saltness ( ! sea pres]ves
 its wat]s pure & sweet1 :i* o!rwise    
w\ld corrupt1 & emit a /5* l a fil?y    
lake1 & consequ5tly t none ( ! myriads (
 creatures :i* n[ live !re9 c\ld exi/4  
,f !nce also ! sea wat] becomes mu*     
heavi]1 & !re=e %ips ( great] size &    
burd5 are safely borne !reon4 ,salt wat]
 also does n freeze s soon z fre% wat]1 
h5ce ! seas are m free = navigation4    
,we %all n[ make a few obs]vations on   
,,! ,,tides3--    ,say1 :y %\ld !       
collect$ ma9   ,itself )9 itself conta98
   ,:y to its cav]ns %\ld x sometimes   
cree   ,& ) delight$ sil5ce sleep   ,on 

! lov'd bosom ( its p>5t deep8   ,:y    
%\ld its num'r\s wat]s /ay   ,9 comely  
discipl9e & fair array1   ,till w9ds &  
tides ex]t _! high comm&s8       ,!n    
prompt & ready to obey1       ,:y d !   
ris+ surges spread   ,_! op'n+ ranks    
o'er e>?'s submissive head1   ,m>*+     
?r\gh diff]5t pa?s to diff]5t l&s8      
,prior4  ,! tides consi/ ( two p]iodical
 motions ( ! wat]s ( ! sea1 call$ ! flux
 & reflux1 or ! fl[ & ebb4 ,! cause ( ! 
tides is ! attraction ( ! sun & moon1 b 
*iefly ( ! latt]2 ! wat]s ( ! imm5se    
ocean1 =getful1 z x 71 ( _! natural re/1
 move & roll 9 tides1 obsequi\s to !    
/rong attractive p[] ( ! moon1 & weak]  
influ5ce ( ! sun4  ,t ! tides may h _!  
full motion1 ! ocean 9 :i* !y are       
produc$ ought to be ext5d$ f ea/ to we/ 
#ij1 or a qu>t] ( a great circle ( !    
e>?1 at lea/2 because ! places :]e !    
moon raises mo/1 & mo/ depresses ! wat]1
 are at t di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,h5ce x   
appe>s1 t x is only 9 ! great oceans t  
su* tides c be produc$1 & :y1 9 ! l>ge  

,pacific ocean1 !y exce$ ^? 9 !         
,atlantic4 ,f ?is x is also obvi\s :y ! 
tides are n s great 9 ! torrid zone1    
betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica1 :]e ! ocean is
 n>r[]1 z 9 ! temp]ate zones on ei!r    
side2 & f ?is also1 we may und]/& :y !  
tides are s small 9 isl&s t are v f>    
di/ant f ! %ore4 ,x is manife/1 t1 9 !  
,atlantic ocean1 ! wat] _c rise on "o   
%ore1 b by desc5d+ on ! o!r2 s t1 on ^! 
%ores1 at an int]m$iate di/ance1 x mu/  
cont9ue at ab\t a mean height betwe5 its
 elevation on ! "o1 & desc5t on ! o!r   
%ore4 ,z ! tides pass ov] %oals1 & run  
?r\gh /reights into bays ( ! sea1 _!    
motion becomes m v>i\s1 & _! height     
dep5ds on a great _m circum/ances4 ,!   
tide t is produc$ 9 ! we/]n coa/ (      
,europe corresponds to ! !ory above     
describ$3 ?us1 x is high wat] on ! coa/ 
( ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! we/ ( ,irel&1   
ab\t ! ?ird h\r aft] ! moon has pass$ ! 
m]idian2 f !nce x fl[s into ! adjac5t   
*annels1 z x f9ds ! easie/ passage4 ,"o 
curr5t f x1 = example1 runs up by ! s\? 

( ,engl&1 & ano!r comes 9 by ! nor? (   
,scotl&3 !y take a consid]able "t to    
move all ?is way1 & x is high wat] soon]
 9 ! places to :i* !y fir/ come2 & !    
tides ev5 beg9 to fall at ^? places1    
:ile ! two curr5ts are yet go+ on to    
o!rs t are fur!r 9 _! c\rse4 ,z !y      
return1 !y are n able to raise a tide2  
because ! wat] runs fa/] (f ?an x       
returns1 till by a new tide propagat$ f 
! ocean1 ! return ( ! curr5t is /opp$1 &
 ! wat] beg9s to rise aga94 ,! tide     
takes twelve h\rs to come f ! ocean to  
,london bridge1 s t1 :5 x is high wat]  
!re1 a new tide is already come to its  
height 9 ! ocean1 &1 9 "s int]m$iate    
place1 x mu/ be l[ wat] at ! same "t4   
,9 *annels1 !re=e1 & n>r[ seas1 !       
progress ( ! tides may be1 9 "s         
respects1 comp>$ to ! motion ( ! waves (
 ! sea4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t :5 ! tide   
runs ov] %oals1 & fl[s ^u flat %ores1 ! 
wat] is rais$ to a great] height ?an 9 !
 op5 & deep oceans t h /eep banks2      
because ! =ce ( its motion _c be brok5  

^u ^! level %ores1 till ! wat] rises to 
a great] height4 ,if a place            
communicates ) two oceans1 7or two      
diff]5t ways ) ! same ocean1 "o ( :i* is
 a readi] & easi] passage ?an ! o!r17   
two tides may arrive at t place 9       
diff]5t times1 :i*1 int]f]+ ) ea* o!r1  
may produce a great] v>iety ( ph5om5a4  
,an extraord9>y in/ance ( ?is k9d is    
m5tion$ at ,ba?%a1 a port 9 ! k+dom (   
,tonqu9 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ( nor!rn      
latitude #bj #ej'4 ,! day 9 :i* ! moon  
passes ! equator1 ! wat] /agnates !re   
)\t any motion3 z ! moon removes f !    
equator1 ! wat] beg9s to rise & fall    
once a day2 & x is high wat] at ! sett+ 
( ! moon1 & l[ wat] at h] ris+4 ,?is    
daily tide increases = ab\t sev5 or     
eight days1 & !n decreases = z _m days  
by ! same degrees1 till ?is motion      
ceases :5 ! moon has return$ to !       
equator4 ,:5 %e has pass$ ! equator1 &  
decl9es t[>ds ! s\? pole1 ! wat] rises &
 falls aga91 z be=e2 b x is high wat] n[
 at ! ris+1 & l[ wat] at ! sett+1 ( !   

moon4   ,we %all close ?is *apt] ) an   
acc\nt ( ! rem>kable fact ( ,,waves     
,,/ill$ ,,by ,,oil4--,?is wond]ful      
prop]ty1 ?\gh well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 z 
appe>s f ! writ+s ( ,pl9y1 0 = _m ages  
ei!r q unnotic$1 or treat$ z fabul\s by 
succe$+ philosoph]s1 till ,dr4 ,frankl9 
aga9 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! le>n$ to   
?is subject2 ?\gh x appe>s1 f "s        
anecdotes1 t seaf>+ p h always be5      
acqua9t$ ) x4 ,mr4 ,p5nant1 9 8 ,briti% 
,zoology1 vol4 iv4 "u ! article ,seal1  
takes notice1 t :5 ^! animals are dev\r+
 a v oily fi%1 :i* !y always d "u wat]1 
! waves above are rem>kably smoo?2 & by 
?is ! fi%]m5 "k :]e to f9d !m4 ,sir     
,gilb]t ,lawson1 :o s]v$ long 9 ! army  
at ,gibralt>1 assur$ ,dr4 ,frankl91 t ! 
fi%]m5 9 t place are accu/om$ to p\r a  
little oil on ! sea1 9 ord] to /ill its 
motion1 t !y may be enabl$ to see !     
oy/]s ly+ at its bottom1 :i* are !re v  
l>ge1 & :i* !y take up ) a prop]        
in/rum5t4 ,a simil> practice is foll[$  
among fi%]m5 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts2 & ,dr4   

,frankl9 0 in=m$ by an old sea capta91 t
 ! fi%]m5 ( ,lisbon1 :5 ab\t to return  
into ! riv]1 if !y saw too great a surf 
^u ! b>1 w\ld empty a bottle or two (   
oil into ! sea1 :i* w\ld suppress !     
break]s1 & all[ !m to pass freely4 ,!   
,doctor hav+ revolv$ 9 8 m9d all ^!     
pieces ( in=mation1 became impati5t to  
try ! exp]im5t himself4 ,at la/1 hav+ an
 opportunity ( obs]v+ a l>ge pond v r\gh
 ) ! w9d1 he dropp$ a small quantity (  
oil ^u x4 ,b hav+ at fir/ appli$ x on ! 
lee side1 ! oil 0 driv5 back aga9 ^u !  
%ore4 ,he !n w5t to ! w9dw>d side1 &    
p\r$ on ab\t a tea-spoonful ( oil2 ?is  
produc$ an in/ant calm ov] a space      
sev]al y>ds squ>e1 :i* spread amaz+ly1 &
 ext5d$ itself gradually till x came to 
! lee-side2 mak+ all t qu>t] ( ! pond1  
p]haps half an acre1 z smoo? z glass4   
,?is exp]im5t 0 (t5 repeat$ 9 diff]5t   
places1 & 0 always att5d$ ) success4    
,,*ap4 ,,xlv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,! ,,sea4--7,conclud$47                
--------------------,ador+1 own   ,! h& 

,almighty1 :o its *annel'd b$           
,immeasurable sunk1 & p\r'd abroad1     
,f5c'd ) et]nal m\nds1 ! fluid sph]e2   
,) e w9d to waft l>ge comm]ce on1   ,jo9
 pole to pole1 consociate sev]'d worlds1
   ,& l9k 9 bonds ( int]c\rse & love    
,e>?'s univ]sal family4   ,,on ,,!      
,,p]fection ,,( ,,navigation4  ,! foll[+
 acc\nt ( ! pres5t wond]ful p]fection ( 
navigation1 is tak5 f a ,hi/ory (       
,voyages & ,discov]ies made 9 ! ,nor?2  
translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,john ,re9hold   
,fo/]1 ,,ll4,d4--  ,( all ! arts &      
pr(essions :i* h at any "t attract$     
notice1 none has ev] appe>$ to be m     
a/oni%+ & m>vell\s ?an t ( navigation1 9
 ! /ate 9 :i* x is at pres5t2 an art :i*
 d\btless af=ds "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9        
irrefragable pro(s ( ! amaz+ p[]s ( !   
human und]/&+4 ,?is _c be made m evid5t1
 ?an :51 tak+ a retrospective view ( !  
tott]+ in>tificial craft to :i*         
navigation owes its orig91 we comp>e x  
to a noble & maje/ic edifice1 conta9+   
#ajjj m51 toge!r ) _! provisions1 dr9k1 

furniture1 we>+-app>el1 & o!r           
necess>ies1 = _m mon?s1 besides #ajj    
pieces ( heavy ordnance2 & be>+ all ?is 
va/ app>atus safely1 & z x 7 on ! w+s ( 
! w9d1 across imm5se seas to ! mo/      
di/ant %ores4 ,! foll[+ example may s]ve
 = ! pres5t to del9eate at full l5g?1 z 
x 71 ! idea above allud$ to4 ,b fir/ ,i 
mu/ premise1 t a huge unwieldy log (    
wood1 ) ! greate/ difficulty1 & 9 ! mo/ 
unc\? mann]1 holl[$ out 9 ! inside1 &   
some:at po9t$ at bo? ends1 & 9 ?is way  
set on a riv] = ! purpose ( transport+  
two or ?ree p]sons belong+ to "o & !    
same family1 across a piece ( wat] a few
 feet deep1 by ! assi/ance ( a pole pu%$
 aga9/ ! gr\nd1 _c ) any propriety be   
consid]$ z ! image ( navigation 9 its   
fir/ & e>lie/ /age4 ,= x seems evid5t to
 me1 t p 9 ! beg9n+ only took ?ree or   
f\r trunks ( trees1 & fa/5$ !m toge!r1 &
 !n1 by means ( ?is k9d ( raft1 got     
across su* wat]s z 7 too deep = !m to   
=d1 & across :i* !y c\ld n well swim1 ) 
_! *ildr51 & v>i\s k9ds ( goods :i* !y  

might wi% to pres]ve f be+ wet4 ,!      
canoe1 h[ev]1 is a specim5 ( ! art 9 a m
 advanc$ /ate1 z ?is k9d ( craft is     
capable ( hav+ direction giv5 to x1 &   
ev5 ( s capital an improvem5t z t ( hav+
 a sail add$ to x4 ,= ?is reason ,i     
*oose ?is vehicle = a /&>d1 9 pref]5ce  
to a m]e raft1 to :i*1 imp]fect z x is1 
x is s mu* sup]ior4  ,let u1 !n1 comp>e 
?is ) a l>ge maje/ic float+ edifice1 !  
result ( ! +5uity & lab\r ( _m hundr$s (
 h&s1 & compos$ ( a numb] (             
well-proportion$ pieces1 nicely fa/5$   
toge!r by iron nails & bolts2 & r5d]$ s 
tight ) t[ & pit*1 t no wat] c p5etrate 
x4 ,n[1 9 ord] to give motion &         
direction to ?is enorm\s ma*9e1 "s      
a/oni%+ly l(ty pieces ( timb] h be5 fix$
 upright 9 x1 & s _m moveable cross     
pieces h be5 add$ to x1 toge!r ) su* a  
v>iety ( pieces ( /rong l95 clo?1 = !   
purpose ( cat*+ ! w9d1 & ( receiv+ its  
impulse & propell+ p[]1 t ! numb] ( !m  
am\nts to upw>ds ( ?irty4 ,= *ang+ !    
direction ( ! y>ds & sails1 accord+ to  

p>ticul> circum/ances1 x has also be5   
requisite to add a va/ quantity (       
cordage & tackl+2 & nev]!less1 ev5 all  
?is w\ld n be suffici5t = ! p]fect      
direction & gov]nm5t ( ! vessel1 if !re 
7 n fa/5$ to ! h9d] "p ( x1 by means (  
h+es & hooks1 a moveable piece ( wood1 v
 small inde$1 9 proportion to ! :ole    
ma*9e1 b ! lea/ incl9ation ( :i* to ei!r
 side is suffici5t to give imm$iately a 
diff]5t direction to ?is enorm\sly l>ge 
mass1 & t ev5 9 a /orm1 s t two m5 may  
direct & gov]n ?is swimm+ isl& ) ! same1
 or ) great] ease1 ?an a s+le man c d a 
boat4 ,b if1 besides1 we consid]1 t1 9 a
 vessel l ?is1 n a s+le piece is put 9  
at r&om1 b t e "p ( x has its det]m9ate 
measure & proportion1 & is fix$         
precisely 9 t place :i* is ! mo/        
advantage\s = x2 t1 ?r\gh\t e "p ( x1   
!re is di/ribut$ an a/oni%+ quantity (  
blocks1 /ays1 & pulleys1 = ! purpose (  
dim9i%+ ! friction1 & ( accel]at+ !     
motion ( ^! p>ts2 t ev5 ! belly+ &      
vault$ "p ( ! fabric1 toge!r ) its %>p  

t]m9ation und]nea?1 are proportion$     
accord+ to ! nice/ calculations1 & ! mo/
 accurately det]m9$ rules2 t ! l5g? & ! 
?ickness ( ! ma/s1 ! size ( ! booms &   
y>ds1 ! l5g?1 wid?1 & /r5g? ( ! sails & 
tackl+1 are all 9 due proportion to ea* 
o!r1 accord+ to c]ta9 rules f\nd$ ^u !  
pr9ciples ( motion3 :5 we consid] all   
?is1 ,i say1 our admiration increases m 
& m at ?is great ma/]piece ( human p[] &
 und]/&+4  ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are want+ a
 few traits to complete ?is description4
 ,a man 9 heal? consumes1 9 ! space (   
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ab\t eight p\nds (      
victuals & dr9k3 consequ5tly1 #hjjjlb4 (
 provisions are requir$ daily 9 su* a   
%ip4 ,n[1 let u suppose a %ip to be     
fitt$ out = ?ree mon?s only1 & we %all  
f9d t %e mu/ be lad5 ) #gbj1jjjlb4 (    
provisions4 ,a l>ge =ty-two p\nd] weighs
 ab\t #fajjlb4 if made ( brass1 & ab\t  
#eejjlb4 if iron2 & g5]ally !re are     
tw5ty-eight or ?irty ( ^! on bo>d a %ip 
( #ajj guns1 ! weight ( :i*1 exclusive (
 t ( _! c>riages1 am\nts to             

#ahc1jjjlb4--on ! second deck1 ?irty    
tw5ty-f\r p\nd]s1 ea* ( :i* weighs ab\t 
#eajjlb4 & !re=e altoge!r #aec1jjjlb4--!
 weight ( ! tw5ty-six or tw5ty-eight    
twelve-p\nd]s on ! l[] deck1 am\nts to  
ab\t #ge1djjlb4--t ( ! f\rte5 six-p\nd]s
 on ! upp] deck1 to ab\t                
#bf1fjjlb4--besides :i*1 on ! r\nd tops1
 !re are ev5 ?ree-p\nd]s & swivels4 ,n[1
 if to ?is we add1 t ! complete *>ge ( a
 =ty-two p\nd] weighs ab\t #fdlb4 & t at
 lea/ upw>ds ( #ajj *>ges are requir$ = 
ea* gun1 we %all f9d ?is to am\nt ne>ly 
to ! same weight z ! guns !mselves4 ,9  
addition to ?is1 we mu/ reflect1 t e %ip
 mu/ h1 by way ( provid+ aga9/          
exig5cies1 at lea/ a second set ( sails1
 cables1 cordage1 & tackl+s1 :i*        
altoge!r am\nt to a consid]able weight4 
,! /ores1 likewise1 consi/+ ( planks1   
pit*1 & t[2 ! *e/s belong+ to ! (fic]s &
 sailors2 ! surgeon's /ores1 & v>i\s o!r
 articles requisite on a long voyage2 z 
also ! small arms1 bayonets1 swords1 &  
pi/ols1 are no inconsid]able load2 to   

:i* we mu/ f9ally add ! weight ( ! crew1
 :i* is n v trifl+3 s t "o ( ^! l>ge    
%ips c>ries at lea/ #bafb tons burd51 or
 #d1cbd1jjjlb4 & at ! same "t is /e]$ & 
gov]n$ ) z mu* ease z ! smalle/ boat4   
,n[1 ! consid]ation ( ^! circum/ances   
alone1 is suffici5t to excite ! mo/     
s]i\s reflections 9 a contemplative m9d2
 & yet1 if su* a %ip sail$ along ! coa/ 
only1 & nev] lo/ sight ( ! %ore1 z !    
navigators ( old us$ to d1 we might /ill
 be tempt$ to look ^u navigation z an   
easy & trifl+ bus9ess4 ,b ! f9d+ !      
/raighte/ & %orte/ way ov] an ocean ( m 
?an sixty or eighty degrees 9 longitude1
 & ?irty or =ty 9 latitude2 or across a 
track f #djjj to #fjjj miles 9 ext5t1 by
 day & by night1 9 fair wea!r or 9 f\l2 
z well :5 ! sky is ov]ca/ z :5 x is     
cle>1 & (t5 ) no o!r guide ?an !        
compass1 & ! be+ able to det]m9e ! true 
position ( ! %ip at sea1 by ! height ( !
 sun1 ?\gh ?is latt] be envelop$ 9      
cl\ds1 or to direct its c\rse by ! moon 
& />s ) su* exactness & precision1 z n  

to make a mi/ake ( ! value ( half a     
degree1 or ?irty miles2 ?is at lea/ %ews
 ! progress & great p]fection ( an art  
practis$ by a class ( p1 ( ^: und]/&+ _m
 conceit$ & sup]cili\s l&sm5 h b a mean 
op9ion1 & ^: pla9 & simple mann]s !y    
frequ5tly take ! lib]ty ( turn+ into    
ridicule1 =gett+ h[ mu* !y are indebt$  
to _! skill & pr[ess4  ,a viol5t /orm ( 
w9d w make u tremble ) fe>1 ev5 9 a     
/rong well-built h\se1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a   
popul\s city2 yet we h seldom or nev]   
ei!r se5 or exp]i5c$ ! va/ p[] ( !      
enrag$ waves1 :5 beat ab\t by ! w9ds1 & 
da%$ aga9/ ea* o!r till !y seem trans=m$
 into fro? & vap\r1 & ! :ole surface ( !
 ocean pres5ts to ! eye a confus$ sc5e (
 imm5se wat]y m\nta9s & bottomless      
precipices2 & yet on su* a sea z ?is !  
true seaman1 provid$ he has b a good    
%ip1 rides ) calm & un%ak5 c\rage1 &    
?9ks himself z safe 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean z
 9 ! be/ =tifi$ ca/le4    ,) gallant    
pomp & beaute\s pride1   ,! float+ pile 
9 h>b\r rode2   ,pr\d ( h] freight1 !   

swell+ tide   ,reluctant left ! vessel's
 side1     ,& rais'd x z x fl['d4    ,! 
waves1 ) ea/]n breezes curl'd1   ,_h    
silv]'d half ! liquid pla92   ,! an*ors 
weigh'd1 ! sails unfurl'd1   ,s]5ely    
mov'd ! wood5 _w1     ,& /ret*'d along !
 ma94     ,,*ap4 ,,xlvi4  ,,curiosities 
,,respect+ ,,wat]falls1 ,,lakes1        
,,gulfs1 ,,:irlpools1 c4      ,! ,falls 
( ,niag>a--,lake ( ,kill>ney--,lake     
,solfat>a--,:irlpool     ne>            
,sud]oe--,mael/rom--,gulf ,/ream--,new  
,isl& />t+ f !     ,sea4      ,f\nta9s &
 ponds he adds1 & lakes imm5se1         
,desc5d+ /reams ! w9d+ bord]s f5ce2     
,?is1 deep-absorb'd1 ! d>ksome cav]n    
laves1     ,^! to ! ocean roll _! azure 
waves2     ,!re1 uncontroll'd1 !y meet !
 ro>+ tide1     ,& da%1 = v]dant banks1 
! ho> cliff's side4                     
,ovid4   ,,niag>a is a riv] ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 :i* fl[s f ,lake ,erie1 & runs  
by a nor?-we/ c\rse into ! s\?-we/ end (
 ,lake ,ont>io1 con/itut+ "p ( ! b\nd>y 
betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,x is 

?irty-f\r miles long1 includ+ its me&]s4
 ,ab\t tw5ty miles bel[ ,lake ,erie is !
 great cat>act1 call$ ,,! ,,falls ,,(   
,,niag>a1 :i* is ju/ly reckon$ "o ( !   
greate/ natural curiosities 9 ! _w4 ,^! 
falls run f s\?-s\?-ea/ to              
nor?-nor?-we/2 & ! rock ( ! falls       
crosses !m1 n 9 a "r l9e1 b =ms a k9d ( 
figure l a holl[ semicircle1 or         
horse-%oe4 ,above ! falls1 9 ! middle ( 
! riv]1 is an isl& call$ ,gr& ,isle1    
ab\t n9e hundr$ or "o ?\s& feet long1 ! 
l[] end ( :i* is j at ! p]p5dicul> edge 
( ! fall4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is isl& runs 
all ! wat] t comes f ! lakes ( ,canada2 
viz4 ,lakes ,sup]ior1 ,mi*igan1 ,huron1 
& ,erie4 ,be=e ! wat] comes to ?is isl&1
 x runs b sl[ly1 comp>$ ) its motion    
aft]w>ds1 :5 x gr[s ! mo/ rapid 9 ! _w1 
runn+ ) a surpris+ swiftness be=e x     
comes to ! fall4 ,x is p]fectly :ite1 & 
9 _m places is ?r[n high up into ! air4 
,at ?is isl&1 ! riv] divides into two   
*annels3 ! p]p5dicul> desc5t ( !        
nor?-ea/ *annel1 z measur$ by ,dr4      

,m',causl91 is "o hundr$ & sixty-?ree   
feet2 t ( ! nor?-we/1 "o hundr$ &       
=ty-?ree2 & ! bread? ( ! cat>act & isl&1
 above a mile4  ,! wat] t runs d[n on ! 
we/ side is m rapid1 fl[s 9 great]      
abundance1 & is :it]1 ?an t on ! ea/    
side1 & seems to outfly an arr[ 9       
swiftness4 ,at ! pr9cipal fall1 on look+
 up ! riv]1 "o may see t ! wat] is e :]e
 exce$+ly /eep1 almo/ l ! side ( a hill2
 b ^u look+ at ! fall itself1 x is      
impossible to express ! amazem5t x      
occasions4 ,! height ( x1 z measur$ by  
ma!matical in/rum5ts1 is exactly "o     
hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 feet2 & :5 ! wat] is
 come to ! bottom1 x reb\nds back to a v
 great height 9 ! air4 ,! noise is he>d 
at ! di/ance ( =ty-five miles4 ,at =t   
,niag>a1 :5 !y he> ! noise ( ! fall m   
l\d ?an ord9>y1 !y are sure t a nor?-ea/
 w9d w foll[2 :i* is ! mo/ surpris+1 z !
 =t lies s\?-we/ f ! fall4 ,sometimes ! 
fall makes a mu* great] noise ?an at    
o!rs1 & ?is is held = an infallible sign
 ( approa*+ ra9 or bad wea!r4 ,f ! place

 :]e ! wat] falls1 !re arises a great   
quantity ( vap\r1 l v ?ick smoke1       
insomu*1 t :5 view$ at a di/ance1 "o    
w\ld ?9k t ! ,indians _h set ! =e/s on  
fire4 ,^! vap\rs rise high 9 ! air :5 x 
is calm1 b are disp]s$ by ! w9d :5 x    
bl[s h>d4 ,9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 su*   
quantities ( dead wat]-f[l are f\nd e   
morn+ bel[ ! fall1 on ! %ore1 t !       
g>rison ( ! =t live *iefly ^u !m4       
,besides ! f[ls1 !y f9d sev]al sorts (  
dead fi%1 also de]1 be>s1 & o!r animals1
 :i* h tri$ to cross ! wat] above !     
fall3 ! l>g] animals are g5]ally f\nd   
brok5 to pieces4 ,j bel[1 a little way f
 ! great fall1 ! wat] is n rapid1 b goes
 9 circles1 & :irls l a boil+ pot2 :i*  
h[ev] does n h9d] ! ,indians go+ ^u x 9 
small canoes a fi%+2 b a little fur!r1 &
 l[]1 ! o!r small] falls beg94  ,!re is 
an isl& 9 ! middle ( ! riv] above !     
fall1 :]e ! ,indians g (t5 to kill de]1 
:i* h tri$ to cross ! riv]1 & are driv5 
^u x by ! /ream4 ,on ! we/ side ( ?is   
isl& are "s small isl&s or rocks ( no   

consequ5ce4 ,! ea/ side ( ! riv] is     
almo/ p]p5dicul>1 ! we/ side m slop+4 ,9
 =m] times1 a "p ( ! rock1 at ! fall :i*
 is on ! we/ side ( ! isl&1 hung ov] 9  
su* a mann]1 t ! wat] :i* fell          
p]p5dicul>ly f x1 left a vacancy bel[1 s
 t p c\ld g "u betwe5 ! rock & ! wat]2 b
 ! prom95t "p "s ye>s ago broke (f1 &   
fell d[n4 ,! bread? ( ! great fall1 z x 
runs 9 a semicircle1 is reckon$ to be   
ab\t #cjj feet4 ,bel[ ! fall1 9 ! holes 
( ! rocks1 are great pl5ty ( eels1 :i* !
 ,indians & ,fr5* cat* ) _! h&s4 ,e day1
 :5 ! sun %9es1 may be se5 f t5 ,a4 ,m4 
till two ,p4 ,m4 bel[ ! fall1 a glori\s 
ra9b[1 & sometimes two1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,! 
m vap\rs t float1 ! bright] & cle>] is !
 ra9b[4 ,:5 ! w9d c>ries ! vap\rs f t   
place1 ! ra9b[ is gone1 b appe>s aga9 z 
soon z new vap\rs arise4 ,f ! fall to ! 
l&+ above x1 :]e ! canoes f ! ,lake     
,erie put a%ore1 7or f ! fall to ! upp] 
end ( ! c>ry+ place17 is half a mile4   
,l[] ?an ?is1 ! canoes d>e n v5ture4 ,!y
 h (t5 f\nd bel[ ! fall1 fragm5ts (     

human bodies1 t h unhappily be5         
precipitat$ ov] ! fall4 ,! ,fr5* say1 t 
!y h (t5 ?r[n great trees into ! wat]   
above1 to see !m c>ri$ ov] ?is precipice
 ) ! va/ body ( wat]1 :i* no?+ c resi/3 
^! g d[n ) surpris+ swiftness1 b c nev] 
be se5 aft]w>ds2 f :5ce has aris5 !     
conjecture t !re 0 a bottomless abyss j 
"u ! fall4 ,b ! mo/ reasonable          
supposition is1 t1 by ! p[]ful ag5cy ( !
 wat]1 !y 7 brok5 into su* dim9utive    
fragm5ts1 z to r5d] x impossible t !y   
%\ld ev] be recogniz$ = ! same4 ,! rock 
( ! fall is compos$ ( a gray lime/one4  
,we %all next take a view ( "s ( ! mo/  
rem>kable lakes2 & ! fir/ we w\ld       
notice1 is ! ,,lake ,,(                 
,,kill>ney4--,?is is a beautiful lake ( 
,irel&1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k]ry1 o!rwise call$
 ,,l\gh ,,lean1 f its be+ surr\nd$ by   
high m\nta9s4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree    
p>ts1 call$ ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp]    
,lake4 ,! nor!rn1 or l[] lake1 is six   
miles 9 l5g?1 & f ?ree to f\r 9 bread?4 
,on ! side ( "o ( ! m\nta9s is          

,o',sullivan's ,cascade1 :i* falls into 
! lake ) a ro> t /rikes ! timid ) awe4  
,! view ( ?is %eet ( wat] is uncommonly 
f9e2 x appe>s z if x 7 desc5d+ f an ar* 
( wood1 :i* ov]hangs x above sev5ty feet
 9 height4 ,! promontory ( ,mucruss1 :i*
 divides ! upp] f ! l[] lake1 is q      
en*ant+2 & a road is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! c5tre
 ( its promontory1 :i* unfolds all !    
int]ior beauties ( ! place4 ,among !    
di/ant m\nta9s1 ,turk appe>s an object (
 magnific5ce2 :ile ,mang]ton's m l(ty1  
?\gh less int]e/+ summit1 so>s above !  
:ole4 ,! passage to ! upp] lake is r\nd 
! extremity ( ,mucruss1 :i* conf9es x on
 "o side1 & ! approa*+ m\nta9s on ! o!r4
 ,"h is a celebrat$ rock1 call$ !       
,eagle's ,ne/1 :i* produces wond]ful    
e*oes2 ! report ( a s+le cannon is      
answ]$ by a succession ( peals resembl+ 
! l\de/ ?und]1 & at l5g? dies away among
 ! di/ant m\nta9s4 ,! upp] is f\r miles 
long1 & f two to ?ree broad4 ,x is almo/
 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 f :i* desc5d a    
numb] ( beautiful cascades4 ,! isl&s 9  

?is lake are num]\s1 & af=d an amaz+    
v>iety ( picturesque views4 ,! c5tre    
lake1 :i* communicates ) ! upp]1 is     
small 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r two1 & _c boa/
 ( equal v>iety2 b ! %ores are1 9 _m    
places1 ind5t$ ) beautiful bays1        
surr\nd$ by d>k groves ( trees4 ,! ea/  
b\nd>y is =m$ by ! base ( ,mang]ton1 d[n
 ! /eep side ( :i* desc5ds a cascade1   
visible = #aej y>ds4 ,?is fall ( wat] is
 suppli$ by a circul> lake1 ne> ! summit
 ( ! m\nta91 call$ ! ,devil's ,pun*     
,b[l2 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its imm5se dep?1 
& ! cont9ual ov]fl[ ( wat]1 is consid]$ 
z "o ( ! greate/ curiosities 9          
,kill>ney4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delightful       
prospects :i* ?is univ]sally admir$ lake
 af=ds1 is f a ris+ gr\nd ne> ! ru9$    
ca!dral ( ,aghadoe4   ,,lake            
,,solfat>a4--,?is lake is 9 ! ,compagna 
( ,rome1 ne> ,tivoli1 anci5tly call$    
,albulus4 ,x has :at are call$ ?ree     
float+ isl&s1 b !y are only app>5tly s1 
be+ compos$ ( bun*es ( s$ges & bulru%es1
 glu$ toge!r by ! bitum5 :i* swims on ! 

lake1 & ! sulphur ) :i* x is impregnat$1
 & cov]$ ) s& & du/ bl[n f ! adjac5t    
banks ( ! lake4 ,^! isl&s are f twelve  
to fifte5 y>ds long1 & ! soil is /rong  
en\gh to be> six p]sons1 :o1 by a pole1 
may move to diff]5t p>ts ( ! lake4 ,?is 
lake has an outlet1 :5ce its wat]s run1 
=m+ a :iti% muddy /ream1 into !         
,tev]one1 ! anci5t ,anio1 emitt+ a vap\r
 ( a sulphure\s smell z !y fl[4 ,! gr\nd
 ne> ?is rivulet1 z well z on ! banks ( 
! lake1 res\nds ) a holl[ s\nd :5 a     
horse gallops ov] x4 ,! wat] has also a 
petrify+ quality1 cov]+ e sub/ance t x  
passes ov] ) a h>d :ite /ony sub/ance4  
,on ?r[+ a bundle ( /icks or %rubs into 
! lake1 !y w 9 a few days be cov]$ ) ?is
 /ony cru/2 & ?is petrify+ quality is   
ev5 /rong] 9 ! rivulet t runs f x1 ?an 9
 ! lake itself1 & /ill increases till x 
falls into ! ,tev]one4 ,^! small :ite   
incru/ations t cov] ! pebbles 9 ! bottom
 ( ! lake & rivulet1 be+ some:at l      
sug>-plums1 are call$ ,confections (    
,tivoli4 ,fi% ab\nd 9 ! ,tev]one above &

 bel[ ,tivoli1 till x receives !        
petrify+ wat]2 aft] :i*1 dur+ ! rema9d] 
( its c\rse to ! ,tib]1 !re are none4   
,our next object ( curiosity is a       
,,:irlpool ne> ,,sud]oe4--,sud]oe is "o 
( ! ,f]o isles1 situat$ to ! nor? (     
,scotl&4 ,ne> ?is place !re is a        
rem>kable :irlpool1 occasion$ by a crat]
 sixty-"o fa?oms deep 9 ! c5tre1 & f    
fifty to fifty-five on ! sides4 ,! wat] 
=ms f\r fi]ce circumgyrations4 ,! po9t  
!y beg9 at is on ! side ( a l>ge bason1 
:]e comm5ces a range ( rocks1 runn+     
spirally1 & t]m9at+ at ! v]ge ( ! crat]4
 ,?is range is extremely rugg$1 & cov]$ 
) wat]1 f ! dep? ( twelve to eight      
fa?oms only4 ,x =ms f\r equidi/ant      
wrea?s1 ) a *annel f ?irty-five to tw5ty
 fa?oms deep betwe5 ea*4 ,on ! outside1 
beyond t dep?1 ! sea sudd5ly s9ks to    
eighty & n9ety4 ,on ! s\? bord] ( !     
bason is a l(ty rock1 call$ ,sumboe     
,munk1 not$ = ! multitude ( birds :i*   
frequ5t x4 ,on "o side ! wat] is only   
?ree or f\r fa?oms deep1 on ! o!r       

fifte54 ,! dang] at mo/ times1          
especially 9 /orms1 is v great4 ,%ips   
are irresi/ibly drawn 92 ! rudd] loses  
its p[]2 & ! waves beat z high z ! ma/s2
 s t an escape is almo/ miracul\s3 yet  
at ! reflux1 9 f9e wea!r1 ! inhabitants 
v5ture = ! sake ( fi%+4   ,our next     
subject is ! celebrat$ ,,mael/rom4--,?is
 is a v dang]\s :irlpool on ! coa/ (    
,norway1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,nordl&1 &       
di/rict ( ,l(od51 ne> ! isl& ( ,moskoe1 
:5ce x also has its "n ( ,moskoe-/rom4  
,( ?is amaz+ :irlpool1 ,jonas ,ramus    
gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3--,! m\nta9 (     
,helsegg51 9 ,l(od51 lies a league f !  
isl& ( ,v]1 & betwixt ^! two runs t l>ge
 & dreadful /ream call$ ,moskoe-/rom1 f 
! isl& ( ,moskoe1 :i* is 9 ! middle ( x2
 toge!r ) sev]al circumjac5t isles1 z   
,amba>an1 half a qu>t] ( a league nor?1 
,ifles51 ,hoeholm1 ,ki$holm1 ,su>v51 &  
,buckholm4 ,moskoe lies ab\t half a     
qu>t] ( a mile s\? ( ! isl& ( ,v]1 &    
betwixt !m ^! small isl&s1 ,ott]holm1   
,flim51 ,s&fies51 & ,/ockholm4 ,betwixt 

,l(od5 & ,moskoe1 ! dep? ( ! wat] is    
betwe5 ?irty-six & =ty fa?oms2 b on !   
side t[>ds ,v]1 ! dep? decreases s z n  
to af=d a conv5i5t passage = a vessel1  
)\t ! risk ( splitt+ on ! rocks1 :i*    
sometimes happ5s ev5 9 ! calme/ wea!r3  
:5 x is flood1 ! /ream runs up ! c\ntry 
betwe5 ,l(od5 & ,moskoe ) a boi/]\s     
rapidity2 b ! ro> ( its impetu\s ebb to 
! sea is sc>ce equall$ by ! l\de/ & mo/ 
dreadful cat>acts1 ! noise be+ he>d     
sev]al leagues (f2 & ! vortices1 or     
pits1 are ( su* an ext5t & dep?1 t if a 
%ip comes )9 its attraction1 x is       
inevitably absorb$ & c>ri$ d[n to !     
bottom1 & !re beat5 to pieces aga9/ !   
rocks2 & :5 ! wat] relaxes1 ! fragm5ts  
!re( are ?r[n up aga93 b ^! int]vals (  
tranquillity are only at ! turn ( ! ebb 
& flood1 9 calm wea!r1 & la/ b a qu>t] (
 an h\r1 its viol5ce gradually return+4 
,:5 ! /ream is mo/ boi/]\s1 & its fury  
height5$ by a /orm1 x is dang]\s to come
 )9 a ,norway mile ( x2 boats1 %ips1 &  
ya*ts1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ away1 by n gu>d+  

aga9/ x be=e !y 7 )9 its rea*4 ,x       
likewise happ5s frequ5tly1 t :ales come 
too ne> ! /ream1 & are ov]p[]$ by its   
viol5ce2 & !n x is impossible to        
describe _! h[l+s & bell[+s1 9 _!       
fruitless /ruggles to dis5gage !mselves4
 ,a be>1 once attempt+ to swim f ,l(od5 
to ,moskoe1 ) a design ( prey+ ^u ! %eep
 at pa/ure 9 ! isl&1 af=d$ ! l spectacle
 to ! p2 ! /ream caught him1 & bore him 
d[n1 :il/ he ro>$ t]ribly1 s z to be    
he>d on %ore4 ,l>ge /ocks ( fir & p9e   
trees1 aft] be+ absorb$ by ! curr5t1    
rise aga91 brok5 & torn to su* a degree 
z if bri/les grew on !m4 ,?is pla9ly    
%ews ! bottom to consi/ ( craggy rocks1 
among :i* !y are :irl$ to & fro4 ,?is   
/ream is regulat$ by ! flux & reflux ( !
 sea1 x be+ con/antly high & l[ wat] e  
six h\rs4 ,9 #afde1 e>ly 9 ! morn+ (    
,sexagesima ,sunday1 x rag$ ) su* noise 
& impetuosity1 t on ! isl& ( ,moskoe1 ! 
v /ones ( ! h\ses fell to ! gr\nd4 ,:5  
?is :irlpool is agitat$ by a /orm1 its  
vortex w rea* vessels five or six miles 

di/ant4   ,,gulf-,,/ream4--,?is is a    
rem>kable curr5t 9 ! ocean1 :i* runs    
along ! coa/1 at unequal di/ances1 f    
,cape ,florida to ! ,isle ( ,sables & ! 
banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 :]e x turns (f &    
runs ?r\gh ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 !nce to !   
coa/ ( ,africa1 & along t coa/ 9 a s\!rn
 direction till x arrives at & supplies 
! place ( ^? wat]s c>ri$ by ! con/ant   
trade-w9ds f ! coa/ ( ,africa t[>ds !   
we/2 ?us produc+ a con/ant circulat+    
curr5t4 ,?is /ream is ab\t sev5ty-five  
miles f ! %ores ( ! s\!rn /ates1 & !    
di/ance increases z y proce$ nor?w>d4 ,!
 bread? ( x is ab\t =ty or fifty miles1 
wid5+ t[>ds ! nor?4 ,its common rapidity
 is ?ree miles an h\r4 ,a nor?-ea/ w9d  
n>r[s ! /ream1 r5d]s x m rapid1 & drives
 x ne>] ! coa/4 ,nor?-we/ & we/ w9ds    
produce a contr>y effect4 ,! ,gulf-/ream
 is suppos$ to be occasion$ by !        
trade-w9ds1 t are con/antly driv+ ! wat]
 to ! we/w>d1 :i* be+ compress$ 9 ! gulf
 ( ,mexico1 f9ds a passage betwe5       
,florida & ! ,bahama isl&s1 & runs to ! 

nor?-ea/ along ! ,am]ican coa/4  ,a *>t 
( ?is ,gulf-/ream 0 publi%$ by ,dr4     
,frankl91 9 #agfh1 pr9cipally f !       
in=mation ( ,capta9 ,folg]4 ,?is 0      
confirm$ by ! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,dr4    
,blagd51 publi%$ 9 #agha1 :o f\nd t !   
wat] ( ! gulf-/ream 0 f six to elev5    
degrees w>m] ?an ! wat] ( ! sea1 ?r\gh  
:i* x runs2 :i* mu/ h be5 occasion$ by  
its be+ br\ght f a hott] climate4   ,we 
close ! pres5t *apt] ) an ,,acc\nt ,,(  
,a ,,new ,,isl& ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,!         
,,sea4--,! description is tak5 f !      
,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #df1 ,septemb]1 
#ahad4  ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,oonala%ca1 
:i* is situat$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! ,al5tian
 *a91 a new isl&1 ne>ly tw5ty miles 9   
circumf]5ce1 has be5 =m$ )9 ^! tw5ty    
ye>s4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt ( x1 :i* ,m4
 ,lisiansky collect$ f eye-witnesses at 
,cad9ck3--  ,9 ! ev5+1 :ile ,i 0 alone1 
employ$ 9 writ+ ! memor&ums ( my j\rnal1
 a ,russian introduc$ himself1 :o _h    
resid$ on ! isl& ( ,oonala%ca1 :5 a new 
isl& />t$ up 9 its vic9ity4 ,i _h he>d (

 ?is ph5om5on1 & 0 !re=e desir\s to le>n
 :at he knew respect+ x4 ,he said1 t    
ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 #agig1 a small  
isl& 0 se5 :]e none _h be5 se5 be=e3 t !
 fir/ intimation ( its appe>ance _h be5 
br\ght by "s ,al5tians to ,capta9's     
,h>b\r1 :o1 return+ f fi%+1 obs]v$ a    
great smoke issu+ out ( ! sea3 t ?is 0 !
 smoke ( ! volcano1 :i* 0 !n gradually  
ris+ above ! surface ( ! sea1 & :i*1 9  
,may1 #agih1 bur/ =? ) a blaze1 t 0     
di/9ctly se5 f a settlem5t call$        
,macoo%9a1 on ! isl& ( ,oonala%ca1 at ! 
di/ance ( no less ?an =ty miles to !    
nor?-we/4 ,?is new isl& is tol]ably     
high1 & ab\t tw5ty miles 9 circumf]5ce4 
,x has be5 rem>k$1 t x has n increas$ 9 
size s9ce ! ye> #agii2 & t no alt]ation 
has tak5 place 9 its appe>ance1 except t
 "s ( ! highe/ po9ts h be5 ?r[n d[n by  
viol5t eruptions4     ,,*ap4 ,,xlvii4   
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,burn+        
,,spr+s4      ,naph?a ,spr+s--,burn+    
,spr+s 9 ,k5tucky--,hot ,spr+s (        
,icel&--,hot ,spr+s ( ,oua*itta--,o!r   

,burn+ ,spr+s4      ,ador$ ,artific]6   
:at skill div9e1     ,:at wond]s1 9 !   
wide creation %9e6   ,,naph?a           
,,spr+s4--,dr4 ,james ,m\nsey1 & ,jonas 
,hanway1 ,esq41 h giv5 a p>ticul> acc\nt
 ( ^! spr+s4 ,bo? g5tlem51 by _!        
travels1 _! resid5ce 9 ,muscovy1 & _!   
acqua9tance ) sev]al p :o h be5 ^u !    
spot1 h _h great opportunities ( becom+ 
p]fectly in=m$ ( e ?+ relat+ to !       
subject2 & ^: judgm5t & v]acity may be  
dep5d$ on4 ,bo? _! acc\nts agree1 t on !
 we/]n coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 n f> f ! 
city ( ,baku1 !re is a l>ge spot (      
gr\nd1 :]e1 on tak+ (f two or ?ree in*es
 ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 & !n apply+ a live
 coal1 & bl[+1 a flame imm$iately issues
 =?1 )\t ei!r burn+ ! re$ or pap]1      
provid$ ! edges be cov]$ ) clay4 ,?is   
me?od supplies ! want ( c&le 9 _! h\ses4
 ,?ree or f\r ( ^! w also boil wat] 9 a 
pot1 & !y dress _! victuals 9 ?is way4  
,! flame may be bl[n out l t ( a lamp1 b
 o!rwise x cont9ues burn+2 x smells     
some:at sulphure\s1 or r l naph?a1 b v  

little (f5sive4 ,! gr\nd is dry & /ony1 
& ! m /ony ! gr\nd1 ! /rong] & cle>] !  
flame4 ,ne> ?is place !y dig out        
brim/one1 & "h are also ! naph?a spr+s4 
,b ! *ief place = naph?a is ,swiet5     
,isl&1 a small tract ( l& on ! we/]n    
coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & un9habit$1    
except at su* seasons z !y fet* naph?a f
 !nce1 :i* ! ,p]sians load 9 _! wret*$  
emb>kations1 )\t b>rels or any o!r      
vessels1 s t sometimes y see ! sea cov]$
 ) x = leagues toge!r4 ,! spr+s boil up 
highe/ 9 ?ick & heavy wea!r1 & ! naph?a 
sometimes takes fire on ! surface1 &    
runs light$ or burn+ into ! sea 9 great 
quantities1 & to great di/ances4 ,9 cle>
 wea!r1 x does n bubble above two or    
?ree feet4 ,p make ci/]ns ne> ! spr+s1  
into :i* !y convey :at ov]fl[s by       
tr\ghs1 tak+ (f ! naph?a f ! surface1 "u
 :i* !re is a mixture ( wat]1 or "s o!r 
heavi] fluid4 ,! great] "p is ( a d>k   
gray col\r1 v unpleasant to ! smell1 b  
us$ 9 lamps by ! poor] sort4 ,!re are   
also spr+s ( black naph?a1 :i* is ?ick1 

& 9 di/illation gr[s n cle>1 b yell[2 b 
! mo/ valuable is ! :ite naph?a1 :i* is 
naturally cle> & yell[i%1 & be>s a great
 price4 ,! ,russians dr9k x z a cordial1
 b x does n intoxicate3 x is us$        
ext]nally 9 p>alytic disord]s1 & is     
c>ri$ into ,india z a great r>ity1 :]e  
!y make ) x ! mo/ beautiful & la/+      
,japan t has ev] yet be5 kn[n4  ,:at !  
,indians call ! ,ev]la/+ ,fire1 lies    
ab\t t5 ,engli% miles nor?-ea/-by-ea/ f 
! city ( ,baku1 on dry rocky gr\nd4 ,!re
 are sev]al anci5t temples1 built )     
/one1 suppos$ to h be5 all d$icat$ to   
,fire3 mo/ ( !m are l[ ar*$ vaults1 f t5
 to fifte5 feet high4 ,among/ ! re/1 !re
 is a temple 9 :i* ! ,indians n[ wor%ip2
 ne> ! alt>1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 !re is
 a l>ge holl[ cave1 f ! end ( :i* issues
 a flame1 9 col\r & g5tl5ess1 n unlike a
 lamp t burns ) spirits4 ,! ,indians    
affirm t ?is flame has cont9u$ burn+ "s 
?\s&s ( ye>s1 & believe x w la/ to ! end
 ( ! _w2 & t if x 0 resi/$ or suppress$ 
9 ?is place1 x w\ld rise 9 "s o!r4 ,by !

 numb] ( temples1 x is probable !re 7   
=m]ly a great numb] ( wor%ipp]s ( fire1 
z well ,indians z ,p]sians3 !y are call$
 ,g\]s4 ,at pres5t !re are ab\t tw5ty   
p]sons1 :o reside !re con/antly1 & g    
almo/ nak$4 ,9 summ] x is v hot2 & 9    
w9t] !y dwell )9 doors1 & keep :at fire 
!y please1 9 ! mann] above describ$3 !y 
live ^u roots & h]bs = ! mo/ "p1 & are  
suppos$ to att5d z m$iators = ! s9s ( _m
 :o are abs5t2 & by _! applications to  
?is fire1 9 :i* ! ,deity is suppos$ to  
be pres5t & visible1 !y atone = ! s9s ( 
o!rs4 ,a little way f ! temple j n[     
m5tion$1 ne> ,baku1 is a l[ cliff ( a   
rock1 9 :i* !re is a horizontal gap1 two
 feet f ! gr\nd1 betwe5 five & six long1
 & ab\t ?ree feet broad1 out ( :i*      
issues a con/ant flame1 mu* ( ! col\r   
m5tion$ already1 be+ a light blue4 ,x   
rises sometimes eight feet high1 b is   
l[] 9 /ill wea!r4 ,!y d n p]ceive ! rock
 wa/e 9 ! lea/4 ,?is also ! ,indians    
wor%ip1 & say x _c be put out4 ,ab\t    
tw5ty y>ds on ! back ( ?is cliff is a   

well1 & a rock twelve or f\rte5 fa?oms  
deep1 ) exce$+ly good wat]4   ,we %all  
next introduce an acc\nt ( a ,,burn+    
,,spr+ ,,9 ,,k5tucky4--,?is is a        
ph5om5on :i* has = sev]al ye>s excit$ ! 
att5tion ( travell]s1 "u ! "n ( a burn+ 
spr+3 x exi/s 9 "o ( ! pr9cipal =ks (   
,lick+ riv] 9 ,k5tucky4 ,x is situat$   
ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile f ! banks ( !  
riv]1 & ab\t eighty miles above its     
junction ) ,ohio1 opposite ,c9c9nati4 ,a
 spr+ "h breaks out at ! foot ( a hill1 
=m+ a bas9 ( wat] ab\t six feet 9       
diamet] & two feet deep1 at ! bottom (  
:i* issues a /ream ( gas1 :i* 9 volume &
 =ce is ab\t equal to ! bla/ =c$ f a    
common smi?'s bell[s2 b !re is no       
cessation ( its =ce1 :i* is su* z to    
create a viol5t ebullition 9 ! wat]4    
,be+ heavi] ?an common atmosph]ic air1 !
 gas1 on pass+ up ?r\gh ! wat]1         
con/antly occupies ! surface1 :i* is    
/ill ! l[] "p ( an ind5ture 9 ! e>? at t
 place4 ,on pres5t+ a tap]1 ?is gas     
in/antly takes fire1 & burns ) great    

brilliancy4 ,!re is no absorption ( x by
 ! wat]1 :i* possesses ! purity ( common
 spr+ wat]1 nei!r is any (f5sive od\r   
?r[n (f4 ,?is spr+ has be5 kn[n to dry  
up entirely 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! air ru%es   
out ) increas$ =ce1 accompani$ by a     
hiss+ noise4 ,!re is no?+ l smoke       
emitt$4--,s*oolcr(t1 on ! ,lead ,m9es ( 
,miss\ri1 p4 #baf4   ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,(  
,,icel&4--,f ,sir ,g4 ,mack5zie's       
,travels 9 ,icel&4  ,! hot spr+s 9 !    
valley ( ,reikholt1 or ,reikiadal1 ?\gh 
n ! mo/ magnific5t1 are n ! lea/ curi\s 
among ! num]\s ph5om5a ( ?is sort t are 
f\nd 9 ,icel&4 ,on ent]+ ! valley1 we   
saw num]\s columns ( vap\r asc5d+ f     
diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,! fir/ spr+s we      
visit$1 issu$ f a numb] ( ap]tures 9 a  
sort ( plat=m ( rock1 cov]$ by a ?9     
coat+ ( calc>e\s incru/ations4 ,f sev]al
 ( ! ap]tures ! wat] rose ) great =ce1 &
 0 ?r[n two or ?ree feet into ! air4 ,on
 plung+ ! !rmomet] into su* ( !m z we   
c\ld approa* ) safety1 we f\nd t x /ood 
at #bab4  ,a little fur!r up ! valley1  

!re is a rock 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 ab\t 
t5 feet high1 twelve y>ds long1 & six or
 eight feet 9 bread?3 f ! highe/ "p (   
?is rock a jet ( boil+ wat] proce$$ )   
viol5ce2 da%+ ! wat] up to ! height (   
sev]al feet4 ,ne> ! middle1 & n m ?an   
two feet f ! edge ( ! rock1 !re is a    
hole1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 full (   
wat] boil+ /rongly4 ,!re is a ?ird hole 
ne> ! o!r end ( ! rock1 9 :i* wat] also 
boils briskly4 ,at ! "t we saw ^! spr+s1
 !re happ5$ to be less wat] 9 ! riv] ?an
 usual1 & a bank ( gravel 0 left dry a  
little high] up ?an ! rock4 ,f ?is bank 
a consid]able quantity ( boil+ wat]     
issu$4  ,ab\t a mile fur!r d[n1 at !    
foot ( ! valley1 is ! ,tungahv]1 an     
assemblage ( spr+s ! mo/ extraord9>y1   
p]haps1 9 ! :ole _w4 ,a rock 7waoke 87  
rises f ! bog1 ab\t tw5ty feet1 & is    
ab\t fifty y>ds 9 l5g?1 ! bread? n be+  
consid]able4 ,?is seems =m]ly to h be5 a
 hillock1 "o side ( :i* rema9s cov]$ )  
grass1 :ile ! o!r has be5 worn away1 or 
p]haps de/roy$ at ! "t :5 ! hot wat]    

bur/ =?4 ,along ! face ( ! rock are     
arrang$ no few] ?an sixte5 spr+s1 all ( 
!m boil+ furi\sly1 & "s ( !m ?r[+ ! wat]
 to a consid]able height4 ,"o ( !m1     
h[ev]1 des]ves p>ticul> notice4 ,on     
approa*+ ?is place1 we obs]v$ a high jet
 ( wat] ne> "o extremity ( ! rock4      
,sudd5ly ?is jet disappe>$1 & ano!r1    
?ick] b n s high1 rose )9 a v %ort      
di/ance ( x4 ,at fir/ we suppos$ t a    
piece ( ! rock _h giv5 way1 & t ! wat]  
_h at t mom5t f\nd a m conv5i5t passage4
 ,hav+ left our horses1 we w5t directly 
to ! place :]e ?is _h app>5tly happ5$2 b
 we _h sc>cely rea*$ ! spot1 :5 ?is new 
jet disappe>$1 & ! "o we _h se5 be=e 0  
r5ew$4 ,we obs]v$ t !re 7 two irregul>  
holes 9 ! rock1 )9 a y>d ( ea* o!r2 &   
:ile f "o a jet proce$$ to ! height (   
twelve or f\rte5 feet1 ! o!r 0 full (   
boil+ wat]4 ,we _h sc>cely made ?is     
obs]vation1 :5 ! fir/ jet began to      
subside1 & ! wat] 9 ! o!r hole to rise2 
& z soon z ! fir/ _h entirely sunk d[n1 
! o!r atta9$ its greate/ height1 :i* 0  

ab\t five feet4 ,9 ?is extraord9>y      
mann]1 ^! two jets play$ alt]nately4 ,! 
smalle/ & highe/ jet cont9u$ ab\t f\r   
m9utes & a half1 & ! o!r ab\t ?ree      
m9utes4 ,we rema9$ admir+ ?is v         
rem>kable ph5om5on = a consid]able "t1  
dur+ :i* we saw _m alt]nations ( ! jets1
 :i* happ5$ regul>ly at ! int]vals      
already m5tion$4  ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to 
give a "n to ?is spr+1 & to call x ',!  
,alt]nat+ ,geys]4'  ,^! spr+s h be5     
=m]ly obs]v$1 ?\gh ! s+ul>ity ( !       
alt]nations does n seem to h be5 att5d$ 
to z any ?+ rem>kable4 ,olafson &       
,paulson m5tion1 t ! jets appe> &       
disappe> successively1 9 ! second1 ?ird1
 & f\r? op5+s4 ,we obs]v$ no cessations 
9 any ( ! spr+s1 except 9 ! two "u      
consid]ation4  ,to =m a !ory ( ?is      
regul> alt]nation is no easy matt]2 & x 
seems to require a k9d ( me*anism v     
diff]5t f ! simple app>atus usually     
employ$ by nature 9 ord9>y int]mitt5t or
 sp\t+ spr+s4 ,! prime mov] 9 ?is case  
is evid5tly /eam1 an ag5t suffici5tly   

p[]ful = ! ph5om5a4 ,! two orifices are 
manife/ly connect$2 =1 z ! "o jet s9ks  
t[>ds ! surface1 ! o!r rises1 & ?is 9 a 
regul> & uni=m mann]4 ,i obs]v$ once1 t 
:5 "o ( ! jets 0 s9k+1 & ! o!r beg9n+ to
 rise1 ! fir/ rose aga9 a little be=e x 
0 q sunk d[n1 & !n :5 ?is happ5$1 ! o!r 
ceas$ to make any ef=ts to rise1 &      
return$ to its =m] /ate1 till ! fir/    
aga9 sunk1 :5 ! second rose & play$ z   
usual4 ,?is communication mu/ be =m$ 9  
su* a mann]1 t x is nev] complete1 b    
alt]nately int]rupt$1 fir/ on "o side1 &
 !n on ! o!r4 ,to effect ?is )\t !      
int]v5tion ( valves1 seems to be        
impossible2 & yet x is difficult to     
conceive ! natural =mation ( a set (    
p]man5t valves3 s t ?is f\nta9 becomes  
"o ( ! greate/ curiosities ev] pres5t$  
by nature1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 attempt+ to      
expla9 ! appe>ances x exhibits1 we take 
e advantage t ma*9]y c give u4 ,if x is 
occasion$ by natural valves1 ^! mu/ be (
 v durable mat]ials1 9 ord] to )/& !    
cont9ual agitation & consequ5t          

attrition4   ,we next proce$ to a       
description ( ! ,,hot ,,spr+s ,,(       
,,oua*itta1 7,,wa%itaw47--,^! spr+s1 :i*
 h be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 are situat$ on a 
/ream call$ ,hot ,spr+ ,creek1 :i* falls
 into ! ,wa%itaw ,riv]1 eight miles     
bel[4 ,!y lie fifty miles s\? ( !       
,arkansa ,riv]1 9 ,cl>k c\nty1 t]ritory 
( ,arkansa1 7lately ,miss\ri17 & six    
miles we/ ( ! road f ,cadron to ,m\nt   
,prairie1 on ,r$ ,riv]4  ,! approa* to !
 spr+s lies up ! valley ( ! creek4 ,on !
 "r ( ! valley rises ! hot m\nta91 ) !  
spr+s issu+ at its foot2 on ! left1 !   
cold m\nta91 :i* is little m ?an a      
confus$ & mighty pile ( /ones4 ,! hot   
m\nta9 is ab\t #cjj feet high1 ris+ q   
/eep1 & pres5t+ occasionally l$ges (    
rocks2 x t]m9ates above 9 a confus$ mass
 ( brok5 rocks4 ,! /eep & o!rwise /]ile 
sides are cov]$ ) a luxuriant gr[? (    
v9es4 ,! valley betwe5 ?is & ! cold     
m\nta9 is ab\t fifty y>ds wide4  ,!     
spr+s issue at ! foot ( ! hot m\nta91 at
 an elevation ( ab\t t5 feet above !    

level ( ! creek2 !y are v num]\s all    
along ! hill-side1 & ! wat]1 :i* runs 9 
copi\s /reams1 is q hot2 x w scald ! h&1
 & boil an egg h>d 9 t5 m9utes4 ,its    
temp]ature is consid]$ t ( boil+ wat]1 b
 ,dr4 ,&rews1 ( ,r$ ,riv]1 ?9ks x is n  
above #bjj ,fahr4 ,!re is a solit>y     
spr+1 situat$ sev5ty feet high] ?an !   
o!rs on ! side ( ! m\nta91 b x is ( an  
equal temp]ature1 & diff]s 9 no respect 
f ^? bel[4 ,a d5se fog cont9ually hangs 
ov] ! spr+s & ^u ! side ( ! hill1 :i* at
 a di/ance looks l a numb] ( furnaces 9 
bla/4 ,to ?is fog1 cond5s$ into wat]1 is
 attribut$ ! rank gr[? ( ! v9es on !    
side ( ! m\nta94  ,v little is kn[n ( ! 
*emical nature ( ! wat]2 an analysis is 
said to h be5 made1 :i* indicat$ a      
little c>bonate ( lime4 ,an abundance ( 
beautiful gre5 moss gr[s at ! edges ( ! 
spr+s1 & ! pa?s ( _! wat]s are m>k$ by a
 bright] vegetation ?an occurs else:]e4 
,! sub/ance ( ! rocks "h1 are1 lime/one1
 slate1 & qu>tz4--,s*oolcr(t1 ,lead     
,m9es ( ,miss\ri1 p4 #beh4   ,we %all   

conclude ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,,v>i\s
 ,,o!r ,,burn+ ,,spr+s4--,!re are _m    
burn+ spr+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1      
p>ticul>ly "o 9 ,france1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( 
,is]e1 ne> ,gr5oble2 ano!r ne>          
,h]man/adt1 9 ,transylvania2 a ?ird at  
,*]may1 a village ne> ,switz]l&2 a f\r? 
9 ! canton ( ,friburg2 & a fif? n f> f !
 city ( ,crac[1 9 ,pol&4 ,!re also is1  
or 01 a fam\s spr+ ( ?is k9d at ,wigan1 
9 ,lanca%ire1 :i*1 ^u ! approa* ( a     
light$ c&le1 w\ld take fire & burn l _s 
( w9e = a :ole day4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable  
"o 9 ,engl&1 or at lea/ t ( :i* we h !  
m9ute/ description1 0 discov]$ 9 #agaa1 
at ,brosely1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,! foll[+     
acc\nt ( ?is rem>kable spr+ 0 giv5 by ! 
,rev4 ,mr4 ,mason ,woodw>d91 ,pr(essor  
at ,cambridge1 dat$ ,feb4 #ah?4         
#agdf3--,! well1 = f\r or five feet     
deep1 is six or sev5 feet wide2 )9 t1 is
 ano!r less hole ( l dep?1 dug 9 ! clay1
 9 ! bottom :]e( is plac$ a cyl9dric    
e>!n vessel1 ( ab\t f\r or five in*es   
diamet] at ! m\?1 hav+ ! bottom tak5 (f1

 & ! sides well fix$ 9 ! clay1 :i* is   
ramm$ close ab\t x4 ,)9 ! pot is a br[n 
wat]1 ?ick & puddly1 cont9ually =c$ up )
 a viol5t motion beyond t ( boil+ wat]1 
& a rumbl+ holl[ noise1 ris+ or fall+ by
 fits1 five or six in*es2 b !re 0 no    
appe>ance ( any vap\r ris+1 :i* p]haps  
might h be5 visible1 _h n ! sun %one s  
bright4 ,^u putt+ a c&le d[n at ! end ( 
a /ick1 at ab\t a qu>t] ( a y>d di/ance1
 x took fire1 d>t+ & fla%+ aft] a v     
viol5t mann] = ab\t half a y>d high1 mu*
 9 ! mann] ( spirits 9 a lamp1 b ) great
 agitation4 ,x 0 said1 t a teakettle _h 
be5 made to boil 9 n9e m9utes1 & t x _h 
be5 left burn+ = =ty-eight h\rs )\t any 
s5sible dim9ution4 ,x 0 ext+ui%$ by     
putt+ a wet mop ^u x2 :i* mu/ be kept   
!re = a little "t1 o!rwise x w\ld n g   
out4 ,^u ! removal ( ! mop1 !re arises a
 sulphure\s smoke1 la/+ ab\t a m9ute1 & 
yet ! wat] is v cold to ! t\*4 ,9 #agee1
 ?is well totally disappe>$1 by ! s9k+ (
 a coal-pit 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,! cause
 ( ! inflammable prop]ty ( su* wat]s is 

) great probability suppos$ to be _!    
mixture ) petroleum1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/  
inflammable sub/ances 9 nature1 & has ! 
prop]ty ( burn+ on ! surface ( wat]4    
,,*ap4 ,,xlviii4  ,,curiosities         
,,respect+ ,,e>?quakes4    ,e>?quakes1  
,nature's agoniz+ pangs1   ,(t %ake !   
a/oni%'d isles2 ! ,solfat]re   ,or s5ds 
=? ?ick1 blue1 suffocat+ /eams1   ,or   
%oots to tempor>y flames4 ,a d91        
,wild1 ?ro' ! m\nta9's quiv]+ rocky     
caves1   ,l ! dread cra% ( tumbl+       
planets1 ro>s4   ,:5 tremble ?us !      
pill>s ( ! globe1   ,l ! tall cocoa by !
 fi]ce nor? bl[n1   ,c ! poor brittle   
t5em5ts ( man   ,)/& ! dread convulsion8
 ,_! de> homes1   ,:i* %ak+1 tott]+1    
cra%+1 bur/+1 fall1   ,! bolde/ fly2 &1 
on ! op5 pla9   ,appall'd 9 agony1 !    
mom5t wait1   ,:51 ) disrupture va/1 !  
wav+ e>?   ,%all :elm !m 9 h]           
sea-disgorg+ womb4   ,nor less affright$
 are ! be/ial k9d3   ,! bold /e$ quiv]s 
9 ea* pant+ ve91   ,& /agg]s1 ba?'d 9   
deluges ( sweat3   ,! l[+ h]ds =sake _! 

grassy food1   ,& s5d =? fright$1 w(ul1 
holl[ s\nds3   ,! dog1 ?y tru/y c5t9el (
 night1   ,des]ts ! po/ assign'd1 &     
pite\s h[ls4   ,wide ocean feels--------
   ,! m\nta9 waves1 pass+ _! cu/om'd    
b\nds1   ,make direful l\d incursions on
 ! l&1   ,all ov]:elm+3 sudd5 !y        
retreat1   ,) _! :ole tr\bl$ wat]s2 b   
anon   ,sudd5 return1 ) l\d]1 mighti]   
=ce2   ,! black rocks :it51 ! vext %ores
 res\nd2   ,& yet1 m rapid1 di/ant !y   
retire4   ,va/ corruscations light5 all 
! sky   ,) volum'd flames1 :ile ?und]'s 
awful voice1   ,f =? 8 %r9e by night &  
horror girt1   ,a/\nds ! guilty1 &      
appals ! good4                          
,gra+]4   ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,_!          
,,causes4--,f ,a4 de ,humboldt's        
,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels1 translat$
 by ,hel5 ,m>ia ,williams4  ,x is a v   
old & commonly receiv$ op9ion at        
,cumana1 ,acapulca1 & ,lima1 t a        
p]ceptible connection exi/s betwe5      
e>?quakes1 & ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e t     
prec$es ^! ph5om5a4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,new   

,&alusia1 ! inhabitants are al>m$1 :51 9
 excessively hot wea!r1 & aft] long     
dr\ghts1 ! breeze sudd5ly ceases to bl[1
 & ! sky1 cle> & )\t cl\ds at ! z5i?1   
exhibits ne> ! horizon1 at six or eight 
degrees elevation1 ! appe>ance ( a r$di%
 vap\r4 ,^! progno/ics are h[ev] v      
unc]ta92 & :5 ! :ole ( ! meteorological 
v>iations1 at ! times :5 ! globe has be5
 ! mo/ agitat$1 are call$ to m9d1 x is  
f\nd1 t viol5t %ocks take place equally 
9 dry & 9 wet wea!r1 :5 ! coole/ w9ds   
bl[1 or dur+ a dead & suffocat+ calm4 ,f
 ! great numb] ( e>?quakes1 :i* ,i h    
witness$ to ! nor? & s\? ( ! equator2 on
 ! cont95t1 & 9 ! bason ( ! seas2 on !  
coa/s1 & at #bejj toises height2 x      
appe>s to me1 t ! oscillations are      
g5]ally v indep5d5t ( ! previ\s /ate ( !
 atmosph]e4 ,?is op9ion is embrac$ by a 
numb] ( enlight5$ p]sons1 :o inhabit !  
,spani% colonies2 & ^: exp]i5ce ext5ds1 
if n ov] a great] space ( ! globe1 at   
lea/ to a great] numb] ( ye>s ?an m9e4  
,on ! contr>y1 9 p>ts ( ,europe :]e     

e>?quakes are r>e comp>$ to ,am]ica1    
natural philosoph]s are incl9$ to admit 
an intimate connection betwe5 !         
undulations ( ! gr\nd1 & c]ta9 meteors1 
:i* usually take place at ! same epo*a4 
,9 ,italy1 = in/ance1 ! sirocco &       
e>?quakes are suspect$ to h "s          
connection2 & at ,london1 ! frequ5cy (  
fall+ />s1 & ^? s\!rn lights :i* h s9ce 
be5 (t5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,dalton1 7       
consid]$ z ! =]unn]s ( ^? %ocks :i* 7   
felt f #agdh to #agef4  ,illu/ration3   
,,effects ,,( ,,an ,,e>?quake4--,page   
#dii4  ,! engrav+ repres5ts ! great     
e>?quake ( #agee1 9 :i* ! city (        
,lisbon1 9 ,portugal1 0 entirely        
de/roy$1 & #bj1jjj p]sons 7 kill$4      
,illu/ration3 ,,s& ,,/orm ,,or ,,s&     
,,flood ,,9 ,,! ,,des]ts ,,(            
,,arabia4--,page #eba4  ,9 ^! t]rible   
:irlw9ds ( s&1 :ole c>avans are         
sometimes ov]:elm$ & de/roy$4  ,on !    
days :5 ! e>? is agitat$ by viol5t      
%ocks1 ! regul>ity ( ! hor>y v>iations (
 ! b>omet] is n di/urb$ "u ! tropics4 ,i

 h v]ifi$ ?is obs]vation at ,cumana1 at 
,lima1 & at ,riobamba2 & x is s mu* ! m 
wor?y ( fix+ ! att5tion ( natural       
philosoph]s1 z 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 at ! t[n ( 
,cape ,franois1 x is ass]t$ t a wat]    
b>omet] 0 obs]v$ to s9k two in*es & a   
half imm$iately be=e ! e>?quake ( #aggj4
 ,x is also relat$1 t at ! "t ( !       
de/ruction ( ,oran1 a druggi/ fl$ ) 8   
family1 because1 obs]v+ accid5tally1 a  
few m9utes be=e ! e>?quake1 ! height ( !
 m]cury 9 8 b>omet]1 he p]ceiv$ t !     
column sunk 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,i  
"k n :e!r we c give cr$it to ?is        
ass]tion3 b z x is ne>ly impossible to  
exam9e ! v>iations ( ! weight ( !       
atmosph]e dur+ ! %ocks1 we mu/ be       
satisfi$ 9 obs]v+ ! b>omet] be=e or aft]
 ^! ph5om5a h tak5 place4 ,9 ! temp]ate 
zone1 ! aurora borealis does n always   
modify ! v>iation ( ! ne$le1 & !        
int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces3 p]haps also 
e>?quakes d n act con/antly 9 ! same    
mann] on ! air t surr\nds u4  ,we c     
sc>cely d\bt1 t ! e>?1 :5 op5$ & agitat$

 by %ocks1 occasionally s5ds =? gase\s  
exhalations ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 9 places 
remote f ! m\?s ( volcanoes n ext9ct4   
,at ,cumana1 z we h already obs]v$1     
flames & vap\rs1 mix$ ) sulphure\s acid1
 spr+ up f ! mo/ arid soil4 ,9 o!r p>ts 
( ! same prov9ce1 ! e>? ejects wat] &   
petroleum4 ,at ,riobamba1 a muddy &     
inflammable mass1 :i* is call$ moya1    
issues f crevices t close aga91 &       
accumulates into elevat$ hills4 ,at sev5
 leagues f ,lisbon1 ne> ,col>es1 dur+ ! 
t]rible e>?quake ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1    
#agee1 flames1 & a column ( ?ick smoke1 
7 se5 to issue f ! flanks ( ! rocks (   
,alvidras1 &1 accord+ to "s witnesses1 f
 ! bosom ( ! sea4 ,?is smoke la/$ sev]al
 days1 & x 0 ! m abundant 9 proportion z
 ! subt]rane\s noise1 :i* accompani$ !  
%ocks1 0 l\d]4  ,ela/ic fluids ?r[n into
 ! atmosph]e may act locally on !       
b>omet]1 n by _! mass1 :i* is v small   
comp>$ to ! mass ( ! atmosph]e2 b       
because1 at ! mom5t ( ! great           
explosions1 an asc5d+ curr5t is probably

 =m$1 :i* dim9i%es ! pressure ( ! air4  
,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t 9 ! great] numb] 
( e>?quakes1 no?+ escapes f ! agitat$   
e>?1 & t1 :5 gase\s exhalations & vap\rs
 take place1 !y (t5] accompany or foll[1
 ?an prec$e1 ! %ocks4 ,?is la/          
circum/ance expla9s a fact1 :i* seems   
indubitable2 ,i mean t my/]i\s influ5ce1
 9 equ9octial ,am]ica1 ( e>?quakes      
accompany+ a *ange ( climate1 & ! ord] (
 ! dry & ra9y seasons4 ,if ! e>? g5]ally
 acts on ! air only at ! mom5t ( !      
%ocks1 we c conceive :y x is s r>e t a  
s5sible meteorological *ange becomes !  
presage ( ^! great revolutions ( nature4
  ,! hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i*1 9 !      
e>?quakes ( ,cumana1 ela/ic fluids      
escape f ! surface ( ! soil1 seems      
confirm$ by ! obs]vation ( ! dreadful   
noise :i* is he>d dur+ ! %ocks at !     
bord]s ( ! wells 9 ! pla9 ( ,*>as4 ,wat]
 & s& are sometimes ?r[n out tw5ty feet 
high4 ,simil> ph5om5a h n escap$ !      
obs]vation ( ! anci5t inhabitants (     
,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 ab\nd+ ) cav]ns1 

crevices1 & subt]rane\s riv]s4 ,nature1 
9 its uni=m progress1 e :]e sugge/s !   
same ideas ( ! causes ( e>?quakes1 & !  
means by :i* man1 =gett+ ! measure ( 8  
/r5g?1 pret5ds to dim9i% ! effect ( !   
subt]rane\s explosions4 ,:at a great    
,roman naturali/ has said ( ! utility ( 
wells & cav]ns1 is repeat$ 9 ! ,new ,_w 
by ! mo/ ignorant ,indians ( ,quito1 :5 
!y %ew travell]s ! guaicos1 or crevices 
( ,pi*9*a4  ,! subt]rane\s noise1 s     
frequ5t dur+ e>?quakes1 is g5]ally n 9 !
 ratio ( ! /r5g? ( ! %ocks4 ,at ,cumana 
x con/antly prec$es !m2 :ile at ,quito1 
& lately at ,c>accas1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,india 
,isl&s1 a noise l ! dis*>ge ( a batt]y 0
 he>d a long "t aft] ! %ocks _h ceas$4  
,a ?ird k9d ( ph5om5on1 ! mo/ rem>kable 
( ! :ole1 is ! roll+ ( ^? subt]rane\s   
?und]s1 :i* la/ sev]al mon?s1 )\t be+   
accompani$ by ! lea/ oscillat+ motion ( 
! gr\nd4  ,9 e c\ntry subject to        
e>?quakes1 ! po9t :]e 7probably by a    
disposition ( ! /ony /rata7 ! effects   
are ! mo/ s5sible1 is consid]$ z ! cause

 & ! focus ( ! %ocks4 ,?us1 at ,cumana1 
! hill ( ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,antonio1 &      
p>ticul>ly ! em95ce on :i* ! conv5t (   
,/4 ,francis is plac$1 are believ$ to   
conta9 an enorm\s quantity ( sulphur1 & 
o!r inflammable matt]4 ,we =get1 t !    
rapidity ) :i* ! undulations are        
propagat$ to great di/ances1 ev5 across 
! bas9 ( ! ocean1 proves t ! c5tre (    
action is v remote f ! surface ( !      
globe4 ,f ?is same cause1 no d\bt1      
e>?quakes are n re/ra9$ to c]ta9 species
 ( rocks1 z "s naturali/s pret5d1 b all 
are fitt$ to propagate ! movem5t4 ,9    
ord] to keep )9 ! limits ( my own       
exp]i5ce1 ,i %all "h cite ! granites (  
,lima & ,acapulco2 ! gneiss ( ,c>accas2 
! mica-slate ( ! p59sula ( ,araya2 !    
primitive ?ons*ief] ( ,tepecuacuilco1 9 
,mexico2 ! second>y lime/ones ( !       
,ap5n9es2 ,spa91 & new ,&alusia2 &      
f9ally1 ! trappean porphyries ( ,quito &
 ,popayan4 ,9 ^! diff]5t places ! gr\nd 
is frequ5tly agitat$ by ! mo/ viol5t    
%ocks2 b sometimes1 9 ! same rock1 !    

sup]ior /rata =m inv9cible ob/acles to !
 propagation ( ! motion4 ,?us1 9 ! m9es 
( ,saxony1 we h se5 workm5 ha/5 up1     
affright$ by oscillations :i* 7 n felt  
at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4  ,if1 9 regions 
! mo/ remote f ea* o!r1 primitive1      
second>y1 & volcanic rock1 %>e equally 9
 ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! globe2 we _c 
b admire also1 t 9 gr\nd ( little ext5t1
 c]ta9 classes ( rocks oppose !mselves  
to ! propagation ( ! %ocks4 ,at ,cumana1
 = in/ance1 be=e ! cata/rophe ( #agig1 !
 e>?quakes 7 felt only along ! s\!rn &  
calc>e\s coa/ ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 z f> z
 ! t[n ( ?is "n2 :ile 9 ! p59sula (     
,araya1 & at ! village ( ,m>9aquez1 !   
gr\nd did n p>take ( ! same agitation4  
,! inhabitants ( ?is nor!rn coa/1 :i* is
 compos$ ( mica-slate1 built _! huts on 
a motionless e>?2 a gulf ?ree or f\r    
?\s& fa?oms 9 bread? sep>at$ !m f a pla9
 cov]$ ) ru9s1 & ov]turn$ by e>?quakes4 
,?is security1 f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce (    
sev]al ages1 has vani%$2 & s9ce !       
f\rte5? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 new          

communications appe> to h be5 op5$ 9 !  
int]ior ( ! globe4 ,at pres5t ! p59sula 
( ,araya is n m]ely subject to !        
agitation ( ! soil ( ,cumana2 !         
promontory ( mica-slate is become 9 its 
turn a p>ticul> c5tre ( ! movem5ts4 ,!  
e>? is sometimes /rongly %ak5 at !      
village ( ,m>9aquez1 :5 on ! coa/ (     
,cumana ! inhabitants enjoy ! mo/ p]fect
 tranquillity4 ,! gulf ( ,c>iaco        
nev]!less is only sixty or eighty fa?oms
 deep4  ,x is ?\ght1 f obs]vations made 
bo? on ! cont95t & 9 ! isl&s1 t ! we/]n 
& s\!rn coa/s are mo/ expos$ to %ocks4  
,?is obs]vation is connect$ ) ! ideas   
:i* geologi/s h long =m$ ( ! position ( 
! high *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & ! direction (  
_! /eepe/ declivities3 ! volcanic       
ph5om5a ( ! ,cordill]as & ,c>accas1 & ! 
frequ5cy ( ! oscillations on ! ea/]n &  
nor!rn coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma1 9 ! gulf (  
,p>ia1 at ,c>upano1 at ,c>iaco1 & at    
,cumana1 are pro(s ( ! c]ta9ty ( ?is    
op9ion4 ,9 ,new ,&alusia1 z well z 9    
,*ili & ,p]u1 ! %ocks foll[ ! c\rse ( ! 

%ore1 & ext5d b little inl&4 ,?is       
circum/ance1 z we %all soon f9d1        
indicates an intimate connection betwe5 
! causes t produce e>?quakes & volcanic 
eruptions4 ,if ! e>? 0 mo/ agitat$ on ! 
coa/s1 because !y are ! l[e/ "p ( ! l&1 
:y %\ld n ! oscillations be equally     
/rong & frequ5t on ^? va/ savannas or   
mead[s1 :i* are sc>cely eight or t5     
toises above ! level ( ! ocean8  ,!     
e>?quakes ( ,cumana are connect$ ) ^? ( 
! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 & x has ev5 be5   
suspect$1 t !y h "s connection ) !      
volcanic ph5om5a ( ! ,cordill]as ( !    
,&es4 ,on ! f\r? ( ,novemb]1 #agig1 !   
soil ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito und]w5t su* a 
de/ructive commotion1 t1 not)/&+ !      
extreme ?9ness ( ! population ( t       
c\ntry1 ne> =ty ?\s& natives p]i%$1     
buri$ "u ! ru9s ( _! h\ses1 swall[$ up 9
 ! crevices1 or dr[n$ 9 lakes t 7       
sudd5ly =m$4 ,at ! same p]iod1 !        
inhabitants ( ! ea/]n ,antilles 7 al>m$ 
by %ocks1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ eight mon?s1 
:5 ! volcano ( ,guadal\pe ?rew out      

pumice /ones1 a%es1 & gu/s ( sulphure\s 
vap\rs4 ,?is eruption ( ! tw5ty-sev5? ( 
,septemb]1 dur+ :i* v long-cont9u$      
subt]rane\s noises 7 he>d1 0 foll[$ on !
 f\rte5? ( ,decemb] by ! great e>?quake 
( ,cumana4 ,ano!r volcano ( ! ,we/      
,india ,isl&s1 t ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 has    
lately giv5 a fre% in/ance ( ^!         
extraord9>y connections4 ,?is volcano _h
 n emitt$ flames s9ce #agah1 :5 !y bur/ 
=? anew1 9 #ahab4 ,! total ru9 ( ! city 
( ,c>accas prec$$ ?is explosion         
?irty-five days1 & viol5t oscillations (
 ! gr\nd 7 felt1 bo? 9 ! isl&s1 & on !  
coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma4  ,x has long be5  
rem>k$1 t ! effects ( great e>?quakes   
ext5d mu* f>!r ?an ! ph5om5a aris+ f    
burn+ volcanoes4 ,9 /udy+ ! physical    
revolutions ( ,italy1 & c>efully exam9+ 
! s]ies ( ! eruptions ( ,vesuvius &     
,etna1 we c sc>cely recognize1 not)/&+ !
 proximity ( ^! m\nta9s1 any traces (   
simultane\s action4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1
 und5iable1 t at ! p]iod ( ! la/ &      
prec$+ de/ruction ( ,lisbon1 ! sea 0    

viol5tly agitat$ ev5 z f> z ! ,new ,_w1 
= in/ance1 at ! isl& ( ,b>badoes1 m ?an 
twelve hundr$ leagues di/ant f ! coa/s (
 ,portugal4  ,sev]al facts t5d to prove1
 t ! causes :i* produce e>?quakes h a   
ne> connection ) ^? t act 9 volcanic    
eruptions4 ,we le>nt at ,pa/o1 t !      
column ( black & ?ick smoke1 :i* 9 #agig
 issu$ = sev]al mon?s f ! volcano ne>   
?is %ore1 disappe>$ at ! v h\r :51 sixty
 leagues to ! s\?1 ! t[ns ( ,riobamba1  
,hambato1 & ,tacunga1 7 ov]turn$ by an  
enorm\s %ock4 ,:51 9 ! int]ior ( a burn+
 crat]1 we are seat$ ne> ^? hillocks =m$
 by ejections ( scoria & a%es1 we feel !
 motion ( ! gr\nd sev]al seconds be=e   
ea* p>tial eruption takes place4 ,we    
obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on at ,vesuvius 9      
#ahje1 :ile ! m\nta9 ?rew out scoria2 we
 7 witnesses ( x 9 #ahab1 on ! br9k ( ! 
imm5se crat] ( ,pi*9*a1 f :i* nev]!less 
at t "t cl\ds ( sulphure\s acid vap\rs  
only issu$4  ,e ?+ 9 e>?quakes seems to 
indicate ! action ( ela/ic fluids seek+ 
an outlet to spread !mselves 9 !        

atmosph]e4 ,(t51 on ! coa/s ( ! ,s\?    
,sea1 ! action is almo/ in/antane\sly   
communicat$ f ,*ili to ! gulf (         
,guayaquil1 a di/ance ( six hundr$      
leagues2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 ! %ocks 
appe> to be s mu* ! /rong]1 z ! c\ntry  
is m di/ant f burn+ volcanoes4 ,!       
granitic m\nta9s ( ,calabria1 cov]$ ) v 
rec5t breccia1 ! calc>e\s *a9 ( !       
,ap5n9es1 ! c\ntry ( ,pign]ol1 ! coa/s (
 ,portugal & ,greece1 & ^? ( ,p]u &     
,t]ra ,firma1 af=d /rik+ pro(s ( ?is    
ass]tion4 ,! globe1 x may be said1 is   
agitat$ ) great] =ce1 9 proportion z !  
surface has a small] numb] ( funnels    
communicat+ ) ! cav]ns ( ! int]ior4 ,at 
,naples & ,mess9a1 at ! foot ( ,cotopaxi
 & ( ,tunguragua1 e>?quakes are dread$  
only :5 vap\rs & flames d n issue f !   
crat]4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 ! great     
cata/rophe ( ,riobamba1 :i* we h be=e   
m5tion$1 has l$ sev]al well-in=m$ p]sons
 to ?9k1 t ?is un=tunate c\ntry w\ld be 
less (t5 desolate1 if ! subt]rane\s fire
 w\ld break ! porphyritic dome (        

,*imborazo2 & ?is colossal m\nta9 %\ld  
become a burn+ volcano4 ,at all times   
analog\s facts h l$ to ! same hypo!sis4 
,! ,greeks1 :o1 l ourselves1 attribut$ !
 oscillations ( ! gr\nd to ! action (   
ela/ic fluids1 cit$1 9 fav\r ( _!       
op9ion1 ! total cessation ( ! %ocks at !
 isl& ( ,euboea1 by ! op5+ ( a crevice 9
 ! ,lelant9e pla94   ,! foll[+ is an    
acc\nt ( an ,e>?quake ( ,c>accas2 by ,m4
 ,palacio ,fax>3--  ,! ridge ( m\nta9s1 
:i* bran*es out f ! ,&es ne> ! i/hmus ( 
,panama1 & :i*1 tak+ ! direction ( !    
ea/]n coa/1 crosses "p ( ,new ,granada &
 ,v5ezuela1 seems to h be5 ! seat ( t   
e>?quake1 :i*1 on ! #bf? ,m>*1 #ahab1   
de/roy$ _m popul\s t[ns ( ! prov9ce (   
,c>accas4 ,x is ?is bran* ( !           
,cordill]as1 t =ms ! ,si]ra-nevada (    
,*ita1 t ( ,m]ida de ,m>acaybo1 & !     
height call$ ,la ,silla de ,c>acca2 & x 
is betwe5 ^! ?ree rem>kable po9ts t !   
gold m9es ( ,pamplona1 ! m9]al wat] (   
,m]ida de ,m>acaybo1 & ! copp] m9es (   
,aroa1 are f\nd4 ,betwe5 ! picturesque  

,si]ra-nevada ( ,m]ida de ,m>acaybo1 &  
,la ,silla de ,c>acca1 :]e spr+ is      
p]petual1 ! e>?quake 0 mo/ /rongly felt4
  ,at ! s\?-ea/ ( ?is ridge ( m\nta9s1  
!re are pla9s ( an imm5se ext5t1 cov]$ )
 diff]5t species ( grasses1 & wat]$ by  
innum]able torr5ts1 :i* fall+ f !       
m\nta9s1 & unit+ 9 diff]5t bodies1      
maje/ically ent] ! ,or9oco4 ,^! pla9s 7 
likewise convuls$ = above #abj leagues 9
 ,v5ezuela3 ! t[ns situate imm$iately at
 ! foot ( ! ,cordilli]a1 or 9 ! valleys 
betwe5 !m1 suff]$ mo/ sev]ely3 ^? seat$ 
9 ! pla9s did n suff] consid]able       
injury1 ?\gh viol5tly %ak54 ,= five     
mon?s a cont9u$ dr\ght _h p>*$ ! e>?1 no
 ra9 hav+ fall51 & 9 ! prec$+ mon? (    
,decemb]1 a slight %ock ( an e>?quake _h
 be5 felt at ,c>accas4 ,x 0 on ! eve ( !
 ,crucifixion1 :5 ,ca?olics assembl$    
toge!r 9 _! *ur*es1 to commemorate1 )   
public pray]s & processions1 ! suff]+s &
 m]its ( _! ,r$eem]1 t ?is sad          
cata/rophe _h happ5$4 ,! wea!r 0 f9e1 & 
! air s]5e1 :5 betwe5 f\r & five ,p4 ,m4

 a holl[ s\nd l ! ro> ( a cannon 0 he>d1
 :i* 0 foll[$ by a viol5t oscillatory   
motion f we/ to ea/1 :i* la/$ ab\t      
sev5te5 seconds1 & :i* /opp$ all !      
public clocks2 ! convulsion dim9i%$ = "s
 mom5ts1 b 0 succe$$ by a m viol5t %ock 
?an ! fir/1 = ne>ly tw5ty seconds1 keep+
 ! same direction2 a calm foll[$1 :i*   
la/$ ab\t f\rte5 seconds1 aft] :i*1 a   
mo/ al>m+ trepidation ( ! e>? took place
 = fifte5 seconds3 ! total duration ab\t
 "o m9ute & fifte5 seconds4 ,!          
inhabitants ( ,c>accas1 /ruck ) t]ror1  
unit$ly & l\dly implor$ ! protection (  
,heav53 "s ran wildly ?r\gh ! /reets2 "s
 rema9$ immoveable ) a/oni%m5t2 :ile    
o!rs1 cr[d+ into ! *ur*es1 s\ght refuge 
at ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,! cra% ( fall+     
build+s1 ! cl\ds ( du/ :i* fill$ ! air1 
& ! anxi\s cries ( mo!rs1 :o inquir$ 9  
va9 = _! *ildr5 lo/ 9 ! tumult1 increas$
 ! horrors ( ?is sad day4 ,to ?is sc5e (
 disord] succe$$ ! mo/ horrible despair4
 ,dead bodies1 w\nd$ p]sons cry+ =      
protection1 pres5t$ !mselves e :]e to ^?

 :o _h escap$ f ! cata/rophe1 & :o c\ld 
n turn _! eyes f ^! objects ( pity &    
horror1 )\t meet+ ) heaps ( ru91 :i* _h 
buri$ hundr$s ( un=tunate p]sons1 ^:    
lam5tations uselessly pi]c$ _! he>ts1 = 
x 0 impossible to give relief or        
assi/ance to all4  ,x has be5 comput$1 t
 9 ?is calamit\s day1 ne> #bj1jjj p]sons
 p]i%$ at ,v5ezuela4 ,a great "p ( !    
vet]an troops 7 ( ?is numb]2 & all !    
arms de/9$ = ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry1 7    
buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! b>racks4 ,! t[ns (  
,c>accas1 ,m]ida de ,m>acaybo1 &        
,laguaira1 7 totally de/roy$2 ^? (      
,b>quir9eto1 ,sanfelipe1 & o!rs1 suff]$ 
consid]ably4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 t      
,truxillo1 :i* is situate betwe5 ,m]ida 
de ,m>acaybo & ,sanfelipe1 exp]i5c$ v   
little damage4 ,at ! la/ place1 ne> !   
m9es ( ,aroa1 ! fir/ signal !y _h ( !   
e>?quake 0 an electric %ock1 :i* depriv$
 _m p]sons ( _! p[] ( motion2 & 9       
,val5cia1 ,c>accas1 & ! neighb\r+       
c\ntry1 ! inhabitants 71 = ab\t tw5ty   
days aft] ! e>?quake1 9 an extraord9>y  

/ate ( irritability4 ,_m p]sons1 :o     
suff]$ f int]mitt5t fev]s1 recov]$      
imm$iately1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect ( ! 
e>?quake4  ,at ,vallecillo1 ne>         
,val5cia1 a rivulet sp\t$ out f a hill1 
:i* cont9u$ to fl[ = "s h\rs aft] !     
e>?quake1 & :i* ,i visit$ a few days    
aft]4 ,! riv] ,guaire1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! 
valley ( ,c>accas1 0 greatly swell$ soon
 aft] ! e>?quake1 & rema9$ 9 t /ate =   
sev]al days4 ,! wat] ( ! bay ( ,m>acaybo
 )drew consid]ably1 & x is said t !     
m\nta9 ,avila1 :i* sep>ates ,c>accas f  
,laguaira1 sunk sev]al feet into ! e>?4 
,! e>?quakes cont9u$ = _m days1 we may  
say1 )\t int]ruption3 !y dim9i%$ z x 7  
by degrees1 ?\gh ! la/ 7 rem>kably      
/rong4 ,s late z ! mon? ( ,octob] 9 !   
same ye>1 !re 0 a viol5t %ock4 ,!       
e>?quake ( ! #bf? ,m>* 0 felt at ,santaf
 de ,bogot1 & ev5 at ,c>?ag5a1 ?\gh x 0 
v little felt at ,cumana4  ,9 ! foll[+  
,april1 a volcano bur/ out 9 ! isl& (   
,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! eruption1 a  
noise l t occasion$ by ! dis*>ge ( a    

cannon 0 he>d at ,c>accas & ,laguaira1  
:i* caus$ a g5]al al>m1 ! inhabitants ( 
ea* place suppos+ t ! neighb\r+ t[n 0   
attack$ by ! enemy4 ,?is ro>+ noise 0   
di/9ctly he>d :]e ! riv] ,nula falls    
into ! ,apure1 :i* is m ?an #ajj leagues
 f ,c>accas4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahab1 _m   
/rong %ocks ( an e>?quake 7 felt at     
,samaica & ,curaoa4  ,! e>?quake ( !    
#bf? ,m>* al>m$ s deeply ! inhabitants (
 ,v5ezuela1 t !y expect$ to see ! e>?   
op5 & swall[ !m at e convulsion2 & z x  
happ5$ on ! anniv]s>y ( _! political    
revolution1 !y suppos$ t ev5t _h incurr$
 ! displeasure ( ! ,almighty4 ,! cl]gy1 
:o 7 enemies to ! revolution1 z _!      
privileges _h be5 dim9i%$ by ! new      
con/itution ( ,v5ezuela1 avail$ !mselves
 ( ! disposition ( ! p1 & prea*$ e :]e  
aga9/ ! new republic4 ,su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( 
! civil w> at ,v5ezuela2 a w>1 :i* has  
desolat$ ^? beautiful c\ntries1 & :i*   
has de/roy$ ! t5? "p ( _! population4   
,! celebrat$ poet ,c[p]1 9 ! second book
 ( 8 admirable poem1 ,! ,task1 has giv5 

u a v accurate & sublime description ( !
 effects ( ,e>?quakes1 f :i* ! foll[+ is
 an extract3--    ,! rocks fall         
headlong1 & ! valleys rise1   ,! riv]s  
die into (f5sive pools1   ,&1 *>g'd )   
putrid v]dure1 brea! a gross   ,& mortal
 nuisance into all ! air4   ,:at solid  
01 by trans=mation /range1   ,gr[s      
fluid2 & ! fixt & root$ e>?1   ,torm5t$ 
into bill[s1 heaves & swells1   ,or )   
vortig9\s & hide\s :irl   ,sucks d[n its
 prey insatiable4 ,imm5se   ,! tumult & 
! ov]?r[1 ! pangs   ,& agonies ( human &
 ( brute   ,multitudes1 fugitive on     
ev'ry side1   ,& fugitive 9 va94 ,!     
sylvan sc5e   ,migrates uplift$2 &1 )   
all its soil1   ,alight+ on f> di/ant   
fields1 f9ds out   ,a new possessor1 &  
survives ! *ange4   ,ocean has caught ! 
fr5zy1 &1 upwr\ght   ,to an enorm\s &   
o'erbe>+ height1   ,n by a mighty w9d1 b
 by t voice   ,:i* w9ds & waves obey1   
invades ! %ore   ,resi/less4 ,nev] su* a
 sudd5 flood1   ,upridg'd s high1 & s5t 
on su* a *>ge1   ,possess'd an inl&     

sc5e4 ,:]e n[ ! ?rong   ,t press'd !    
bea*1 &1 ha/y to dep>t1   ,look'd to !  
sea = safety8 ,!y are gone1   ,gone ) ! 
reflu5t wave into ! deep--   ,a pr9ce ) 
half 8 p4  ,x is a consolation to e good
 man1 to consid] t ! _w is gov]n$ by a  
wise & good1 z well z p[]ful ,,be+1 :o  
gives lib]ty to ! p[]s ( nature to      
range1 or re/ra9s !m1 z may be/ suit 8  
div9e purposes2 :i* h always ! ultimate 
good ( ! :ole creation 9 view4          
,,*ap4 ,,xlix4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,w9ds1 ,,hurricanes1 c4               
,rem>kable ,w9ds 9 ,egypt--,:irlw9ds (  
,egypt--,tornado--,h>mattan--           
,hurricane--,monsoons--,velocity ( !    
,w9d4      ,b\nd z !y are1 &            
circumscrib'd 9 place1     ,!y r5d ! _w1
 resi/less :]e !y pass1     ,& mighty   
m>ks ( mis*ief leave beh9d2     ,su* is 
! rage ( _! tempe/u\s k9d4     ,fir/1   
,eurus1 to ! ris+ morn is s5t1     ,!   
regions ( ! balmy cont95t1     ,& ea/]n 
realms1 :]e e>ly ,p]sians run     ,to   
greet ! ble/ appe>ance ( ! sun4         

,we/w>d ! wanton ,zephyr w+s 8 flight1  
,pleas'd ) ! remnant ( dep>t+ light2    
,fi]ce ,boreas1 ) 8 (fspr+1 issues =?   
,t' invade ! froz5 waggon ( ! nor?2     
,:ile fr[n+ ,au/] seeks ! s\!rn sph]e4  
,ovid4   ,,rem>kable ,,w9ds ,,9 ,,egypt4
  ,egypt is infe/$ ) ! de/ructive bla/s 
common to all w>m c\ntries :i* h des]ts 
9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,^! h be5 di/+ui%$ by
 v>i\s names1 su* z ,poison\s w9ds1 ,hot
 w9ds ( ! des]t1 ,samiel1 ! w9d (       
,damascus1 ,camse51 & ,simoom4 ,9 ,egypt
 !y are d5om9at$ ,w9ds ( fifty days1    
because !y mo/ commonly prevail dur+ !  
fifty days prec$+ & foll[+ ! equ9ox1    
?\gh1 %\ld !y bl[ con/antly dur+ "o half
 ( t "t1 an univ]sal de/ruction w\ld be 
! consequ5ce4 ,( ^!1 travell]s h giv5   
v>i\s descriptions4 ,m4 ,volney says1 t 
! viol5ce ( _! heat may be comp>$ to t (
 a l>ge ov5 at ! mom5t ( draw+ out !    
bread4 ,!y always bl[ f ! s\?1 & are    
und\bt$ly ow+ to ! motion ( ! atmosph]e 
ov] su* va/ tracts ( hot s&1 :i* _c be  
suppli$ ) a suffici5t quantity (        

moi/ure4 ,:5 !y beg9 to bl[1 ! sky loses
 its usual s]5ity1 & assumes a d>k1     
heavy1 & al>m+ aspect1 ! sun lay+ aside 
8 usual spl5d\r1 & becom+ ( a violet    
col\r4 ,?is t]rific appe>ance seems n to
 be occasion$ by any real haze or cl\d 9
 ! atmosph]e at t "t1 b solely by ! va/ 
quantity ( f9e s& c>ri$ along by ^?     
w9ds1 & :i* is s excessively subtile t x
 p5etrates e :]e4 ,! motion ( ?is w9d is
 always rapid1 b its heat is n          
intol]able till x has cont9u$ = "s "t4  
,its p]nici\s qualities are evid5tly    
occasion$ by its excessive aridity2 = x 
dries & %rivels up ! sk91 &1 by affect+ 
! lungs 9 a simil> mann]1 soon produces 
suffocation & dea?4 ,! dang] is greate/ 
to ^? ( a ple?oric habit1 or :o h be5   
exhau/$ by fatigue2 & putrefaction v    
soon takes place 9 ! bodies ( su* z are 
de/roy$ by x4 ,its extreme dryness is   
su*1 t wat] spr9kl$ on ! floor          
evaporates 9 a few m9utes2 all ! plants 
are )]$ & /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 & a fev]  
is in/antly produc$ 9 ! human species by

 ! suppression ( p]spiration4 ,x usually
 la/s ?ree days1 b is altoge!r          
insupportable if x cont9ue beyond t "t4 
,! dang] is greate/ :5 ! w9d bl[s 9     
squalls1 & to travell]s :o happ5 to be  
expos$ to its fury )\t any %elt]4 ,! be/
 me?od1 9 ?is case1 is to /op ! nose &  
m\? ) a h&k]*ief3 camels1 by a natural  
in/9ct1 bury _! noses 9 ! s&1 & keep !m 
!re till ! squall is ov]4 ,!            
inhabitants1 :o h an opportunity (      
retir+ to _! h\ses1 in/antly %ut        
!mselves up 9 !m1 or g into pits made 9 
! e>?1 till ! de/ructive bla/ is ov]4   
,! description ( a bla/ ( ?is k9d1 :i*  
ov]took ,mr4 ,bruce1 9 ! des]t ( ,nubia1
 is /ill m t]rible4--,! sun 0 n[ obscur$
 by !m1#ba & ! transmission ( 8 rays    
gave !m a dreadful appe>ance1 resembl+  
pill>s ( fire4 ,?is 0 pron\nc$ by !     
guide to be a sign ( ! approa*+ simoom1 
or hot w9d2 & he direct$1 t :5 x came1 !
 p %\ld fall ^u _! faces1 & keep _! m\?s
 on ! s&1 to avoid draw+ 9 ?is p]nici\s 
bla/ ) _! brea?4 ,on 8 call+ out t !    

simoon 0 com+1 ,mr4 ,bruce turn$ = a    
mom5t to ! qu>t] f :5ce x came1 :i* 0 ! 
s\?-ea/4 ,x appe>$ l a haze or fog ( a  
purple col\r1 b less bright ?an ! purple
 "p ( ! ra9b[2 seem+ly ab\t tw5ty y>ds 9
 bread?1 & ab\t twelve feet high f !    
gr\nd4 ,x mov$ ) su* rapidity1 t be=e he
 c\ld turn ab\t & fall d[n1 he felt !   
vehem5t heat ( its curr5t ^u 8 face2 &  
ev5 aft] x pass$ ov]1 :i* 0 v quickly1 !
 air :i* foll[$ 0 ( su* a heat z to     
?reat5 suffocation4 ,mr4 ,bruce _h      
un=tunately inspir$ "s "p ( ! p]nici\s  
bla/2 by :i* means he almo/ entirely lo/
 8 voice1 & became subject to an        
a/hmatic compla9t1 f :i* he did n get   
free = two ye>s4  ,! same ph5om5on      
occurr$ twice ov] on _! j\rney ?r\gh ?is
 des]t4 ,! second "t x came f ! s\? a   
little to ! ea/1 b x seem$ to h a %ade (
 blue along ) ! purple1 & its edges 7   
less p]fectly def9$1 resembl+ r a ?9    
smoke1 & hav+ ab\t a y>d 9 ! middle t+$ 
) blue & purple4  ,! ?ird "t1 x 0 prec$$
 by an appe>ance ( s&y pill>s1 m        

magnific5t ?an any !y _h yet obs]v$2 !  
sun %9+ ?r\gh !m 9 su* a mann] z to give
 ^? :i* 7 ne>e/ a resemblance ( be+     
spangl$ ) />s ( gold4 ,! simoom :i*     
foll[$ _h ! same blue & purple appe>ance
 z be=e1 & 0 foll[$ by a mo/ suffocat+  
w9d = two h\rs1 :i* r$uc$ our travell]s 
to ! l[e/ degree ( weakness &           
despond5cy4  ,x 0 rem>kable1 t ?is w9d  
always came f ! s\?-ea/1 :ile ! s&y     
pill>s1 :i* progno/icat$ its approa*1   
seem$ to keep to ! we/w>d1 & to occupy !
 va/ circul> space inclos$ by ! ,nile to
 ! we/ ( _! r\te1 go+ r\nd by ,*aigie   
t[>ds ,dongola4 ,! heaps ( s& left by !m
 :5 !y fell1 or rais$ by ! :irlw9ds :i* 
c>ri$ !m up1 7 twelve or ?irte5 feet    
high1 exactly conical1 tap]+ to a f9e   
po9t1 & _! bases well proportion$4   ,! 
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,,:irlw9ds ,,(        
,,egypt1 is f ,belzoni's ,n>rative3--,a 
/rong w9d :i* arose ?is day leads me to 
m5tion "s p>ticul>s ( ! ph5om5a t (t5   
happ5 9 ,egypt4 ,! fir/ ,i %all notice  
is ! :irlw9ds1 :i* occur all ! ye> r\nd1

 b especially at ! "t ( ! camse5 w9d1   
:i* beg9s 9 ,april1 & la/s fifty days4  
,h5ce ! "n ( camse51 :i* 9 ,arabic      
signifies fifty4 ,x g5]ally bl[s f !    
s\?-we/1 & la/s f\r1 five1 or six days  
)\t v>y+1 s v /rong t x raises ! s&s to 
a great height1 =m+ a g5]al cl\d1 s ?ick
 t x is impossible to keep ! eyes op51  
if n "u cov]4 ,x is tr\blesome1 ev5 to !
 ,arabs2 x =ces ! s& into ! h\ses ?r\gh 
e cranny1 & fills e ?+ ) x4 ,! c>avans  
_c proce$ 9 ! des]ts2 ! boats _c cont9ue
 _! voyages2 & travell]s are oblig$ to  
eat s&1 9 spite ( _! tee?4 ,! :ole is l 
a *aos4 ,(t5 a quantity ( s& & small    
/ones gradually asc5ds to a great       
height1 & =ms a column ( sixty or sev5ty
 feet 9 diamet]1 & s ?ick1 t 7 x /eady  
on "o spot1 x w\ld appe> a solid mass4  
,?is n only revolves )9 its own         
circumf]5ce1 b runs 9 a circul>         
direction ov] a great space ( gr\nd1    
sometimes ma9ta9+ itself 9 motion = half
 an h\r1 & :]ev] x falls x accumulates a
 small hill ( s&4 ,god help ! poor      

travell] :o is caught "u x6   ,we %all  
n[ describe a ,,tornado4--,?is is a     
sudd5 & vehem5t gu/ ( w9d f all po9ts ( 
! compass1 & frequ5t on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4
 ,a tornado seems to p>take mu* ( !     
nature ( a :irlw9d1 or p]haps ( a       
wat]-sp\t1 b is m viol5t 9 its effects4 
,x comm5ces v sudd5ly3 sev]al cl\ds be+ 
previ\sly drawn toge!r1 a sp\t ( w9d1   
proce$+ f !m1 /rikes ! gr\nd1 9 a r\nd  
spot ( a few rods or p]*es 9 diamet]1 & 
proce$s ?us half a mile or a mile4 ,!   
pron5ess ( its desc5t makes x reb\nd f !
 e>?1 ?r[+ su* ?+s z are moveable be=e  
x1 sideways1 or 9 a lat]al direction f  
x4 ,a vap\r1 mi/1 or ra91 desc5ds ) x1  
by :i* ! pa? ( x is m>k$ ) wet4  ,!     
foll[+ is a description ( "o :i* happ5$ 
a few ye>s s9ce at ,leice/]1 ab\t fifty 
miles f ,bo/on1 9 ,new ,engl&3 x happ5$ 
9 ,july1 on a hot day1 ab\t f\r o'clock 
9 ! aft]noon4 ,a few cl\ds hav+ ga!r$   
we/w>d1 & com+ ov]-head1 a sudd5 motion 
( _! runn+ toge!r 9 a po9t1 be+ obs]v$1 
imm$iately a sp\t ( w9d /ruck ! we/ end 

( a h\se1 & in/antly c>ri$ x away1 ) a  
negro man 9 x1 :o 0 aft]w>ds f\nd dead 9
 its pa?4 ,two m5 & a woman1 by ! brea* 
( ! floor1 fell into ! cell>2 & "o man 0
 driv5 =cibly up into ! *imney corn]4   
,^! 7 pres]v$1 ?\gh mu* bruis$2 !y 7 wet
 ) a vap\r or mi/1 z 7 ! rema9s ( !     
floor1 & ! :ole pa? ( ! sp\t4 ,?is w9d  
rais$ bo>ds1 timb]s1 c4 ,a joi/ 0 f\nd  
on "o end1 driv5 ne>ly ?ree feet into ! 
gr\nd4 ,! sp\t probably took x 9 its    
elevat$ /ate1 & drove x =cibly d[n4 ,!  
tornado mov$ ) ! cel]ity ( a mod]ate    
w9d1 & decl9$ 9 /r5g? till x entirely   
ceas$4   ,,h>mattan4--,?is is a "n giv5 
to a s+ul> w9d1 :i* bl[s p]iodically f !
 int]ior p>ts ( ,africa1 t[>ds !        
,atlantic ocean4 ,x prevails 9 ,decemb]1
 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 & is g5]ally      
accompani$ by a fog or haze1 t conceals 
! sun = :ole days toge!r4 ,extreme      
dryness is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is w9d3 no   
dew falls dur+ its cont9uance1 :i* is   
sometimes = a =tnight or m4 ,! :ole     
vegetable creation is )]$1 & ! grass    

becomes at once l hay4 ,! natives take !
 opportunity :i* ?is w9d gives !m1 (    
cle>+ ! l&1 by sett+ fire to trees &    
plants 9 ?is _! exhau/$ /ate4 ,! dryness
 is s extreme1 t h\sehold furniture is  
damag$1 & ! wa9scot ( ! rooms flies to  
pieces4 ,! human body is also affect$ by
 x1 s z to cause ! sk9 to peel (f2 b 9  
o!r respects x is deem$ salut>y to !    
con/itution1 by /opp+ ! progress (      
infection1 & cur+ almo/ all cutane\s    
diseases4   ,we n[ proce$ to "s curi\s  
p>ticul>s1 "u ! t]m ,,hurricane4--,?is  
is inde$ a g5]al "n = any viol5t /orm ( 
w9d1 b is peculi>ly appli$ to ^? /orms  
:i* happ5 9 ! w>m] climates1 & :i*      
greatly exce$ ! mo/ viol5t ones kn[n 9  
?is c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,mosely1 9 8 ,treatise 
on ,tropical ,diseases1 obs]ves1 t ! ru9
 & desolation accompany+ a hurricane c  
sc>cely be describ$4 ,l fire1 its       
resi/less =ce consumes e ?+ 9 its track1
 9 ! mo/ t]rible & rapid mann]4 ,x is   
g5]ally prec$$ by an awful /illness ( ! 
elem5ts1 & a clos5ess & mi/9ess 9 !     

atmosph]e1 :i* makes ! sun appe> r$1 & !
 />s l>g]4 ,b a dreadful rev]se succe$s3
 ! sky is sudd5ly ov]ca/ & wild2 ! sea  
rises at once f a pr(\nd calm into      
m\nta9s2 ! w9d rages & ro>s l ! noise ( 
cannon2 ! ra9 desc5ds 9 a deluge2 a     
dismal obscurity envelops ! e>? )       
d>kness2 & ! sup]ior regions appe> r5t )
 lightn+ & ?und]4 ,! e>? on ^! occasions
 (t5 does1 & always seems to tremble2   
:il/ t]ror & con/]nation di/ract all    
nature3 birds are c>ri$ f ! woods into !
 ocean2 & ^? ^: elem5t is ! sea1 seek = 
refuge on l&2 ! fright5$ animals 9 !    
field assemble toge!r1 & are almo/      
suffocat$ by ! impetuosity ( ! w9d 9    
se>*+ = %elt]1 :i*1 :5 f\nd1 is b !     
prelude to de/ruction4 ,! ro(s ( h\ses  
are c>ri$ to va/ di/ances f _! walls1   
:i* are beat to ! gr\nd1 bury+ _!       
inhabitants "u !m4 ,l>ge trees are torn 
up by ! roots1 & huge bran*es %iv]$ (f1 
& driv5 ?r\gh ! air 9 e direction )     
imm5se velocity4 ,e tree & %rub t )/&s !
 %ock is /ripp$ ( its b\ghs & foliage2  

plants & grass are laid flat on ! e>?2 &
 luxuriant spr+ is *ang$ 9 a mom5t to   
dre>y w9t]4 ,?is direful trag$y end$1   
7:5 x happ5s 9 a t[n17 ! deva/ation is  
survey$ ) accumulat$ horror3 ! h>b\r is 
cov]$ ) wrecks ( boats & vessels2 & !   
%ore has n a ve/ige ( its =m] /ate      
rema9+4 ,m\nds ( rubbi% & raft]s 9 "o   
place2 heaps ( e>? & trunks ( trees 9   
ano!r2 deep gullies f torr5ts ( wat]2 & 
! dead & dy+ bodies ( m51 wom51 &       
*ildr51 half buri$1 & scatt]$ ab\t1 :]e 
/reets /ood b an h\r be=e1--pres5t !    
mis]able survivors ) ! %ock+ conclusion 
( a spectacle1 to be foll[$ by fam9e1 &1
 :5 accompani$ by an e>?quake1 by mortal
 diseases4  ,philosoph]s are n[ incl9$  
to attribute ^! t]rible ph5om5a to      
electricity1 ?\gh ! mann] 9 :i* x acts 9
 ?is case is by no means kn[n4 ,x seems 
probable1 inde$1 t n only hurricanes1 b 
ev5 ! mo/ g5tle gales ( w9d1 are produc$
 by ! action ( ! electric fluid4   ,9 ! 
next place we %all treat ( ,,monsoons1  
or ,,trade-,,w9ds4    ,trade-w9ds1      

obs]v+ well _! /at$ c\rse1   ,to human  
good employ _! p['rful =ce2   ,! load$  
%ips across ! ocean fann'd   ,by /eady  
gales1 spread comm]ce ?r\gh ! l&3   ,^! 
y obs]ve--b h y no desire   ,! hidd5    
spr+ ( su* effects t'inquire8   ,or1 :5 
cont5d+ w9ds ar\nd y bl[1   ,d y ne'er  
wi% ! cause ( !m to "k8  ,monsoons are  
^? w9ds :i* bl[ six mon?s con/antly !   
same way1 & ! contr>y way ! o!r six     
mon?s4  ,mr4 ,ol9?us ,gregory obs]ves1 t
 ?\gh ! w9ds 9 a temp]ate zone ( ! e>?  
are v incon/ant & *angeable1 yet ?is is 
n ! case 9 e "p ( ! t]re/rial globe2 = 9
 ! torrid zone1 & "s o!r p>ts1 ! w9ds   
are g5]ally v uni=m & con/ant 9 _!      
direction1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ facts   
relative !reto3--  #a4 ,ov] ! ,atlantic1
 & ,pacific oceans1 p>ticul>ly betwe5   
?irty degrees ( nor? & ?irty degrees (  
s\? latitude1 ! trade-w9ds1 z !y are    
call$1 bl[ uni=mly f ea/ to we/1 all !  
ye> r\nd1 ) a small v>iation 9 ! diff]5t
 seasons4  #b4 ,:5 ! sun is on !        
equator1 ! trade-w9ds1 9 sail+ nor?w>d1 

ve] m & m f ! ea/ t[>ds ! nor?2 s t ab\t
 _! limit !y become ne>ly nor?-ea/2 &   
vice v]sa 9 sail+ s\?w>d1 !y become at  
la/ ne>ly s\?-ea/4 #c4 ,:5 ! sun is ne> 
! tropic ( ,canc]1 ! trade-w9ds nor? ( !
 equator become m ne>ly ea/ ?an at o!r  
times1 & ^? s\? ( ! equator m ne>ly s\?2
 & vice v]sa1 :5 ! sun is ne> ! tropic (
 ,capricorn4 #d4 ,! trade-w9ds are n due
 ea/ ^u ! equator1 b ab\t f\r degrees to
 ! nor? ( x4  ,to acc\nt = ^! facts     
relative to ! w9ds1 is a mo/ curi\s &   
important1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 inquiry2 hav+  
employ$ ! p5s ( sev]al v em95t          
philosoph]s3 b among/ all ! explanations
 ,i h se51 !re is none 9 my op9ion m    
agreeable to nature ?an "o giv5 by ,mr4 
,john ,dalton1 ( ,man*e/]1 9 8          
,meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays4 
,! me?od ( reason+ appli$ to ! subject 9
 t "w1 ,i %all "h make use (4  ,!       
inequality ( heat 9 ! diff]5t climates &
 places1 & ! e>?'s rotation on its axis1
 appe>s to be ! pr9cipal causes ( all   
w9ds1 regul> & irregul>4 ,x may be      

obs]v$1 t :5ev] ! heat is greate/1 !re !
 air w asc5d1 & a supply ( cold] air w  
be receiv$ f ! neighb\r+ p>ts3 x w be   
will+ly all[$1 t ! heat is at all times 
greate/ 9 ! torrid zone1 & decreases    
gradually 9 proce$+ nor?w>d or s\?w>d2  
also t ! poles may at all times be      
consid]$ z ! c5tres ( cold4 ,h5ce x     
reasonably foll[s1 t ab/ract+ f         
accid5tal circum/ances1 !re w be a      
con/ant asc5t ( air ov] ! torrid zone1  
:i* air w aft]w>ds fall nor?w>d &       
s\?w>d1 :il/ ! cold] air bel[ is det]m9$
 by a cont9ual impulse t[>ds ! equator4 
,:5 ! effects ( ! e>?'s rotation are    
tak5 into consid]ation1 our reason+ mu/ 
be z foll[s3 ! air ov] any "p ( ! e>?'s 
surface1 :5 app>5tly at re/1 or calm1 w 
h ! same rotatory velocity z t "p2 b if 
a quantity ( air 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e   
receive an impulse 9 ! direction ( !    
m]idian1 ei!r nor?w>d or s\?w>d1 its    
rotatory velocity w be great] 9 ! =m]   
case1 & less 9 ! latt]1 ?an t ( ! air   
into :i* x moves2 consequ5tly1 if x move

 nor?w>d1 x w h a great] velocity ea/w>d
 ?an ! air1 or surface ( ! e>? ov] :i* x
 moves1 & w !re=e become a s\?-we/ w9d1 
or a w9d betwe5 ! s\? & we/2 &1 vice    
v]sa1 if x move s\?w>d1 x becomes a     
nor?-ea/ w9d4 ,f simil> consid]ations x 
w appe>1 t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! w9ds w 
be nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ respectively4  ,! 
trade-w9ds may !re=e be expla9$ ?us3 ,! 
two g5]al masses ( air proce$+ f bo?    
hemisph]es t[>ds ! equator1 z !y advance
 are con/antly deflect$ m & m t[>ds !   
ea/1 by reason ( ! e>?'s rotation2 t f !
 s\!rn hemisph]e1 orig9ally a s\? w9d1  
is made to ve] m & m t[>ds ! ea/2 9 l   
mann]1 t f ! nor!rn hemisph]e is made to
 *ange its directions f ! nor? t[>ds !  
ea/3 ^! two masses meet+ ne> ! equator1 
_! velocities s\? & nor? de/roy ea* o!r1
 & !y proce$ aft]w>ds ) _! common       
velocity f ea/ to we/ r\nd ! torrid     
zone1 except+ ! irregul>ities produc$ by
 ! cont95ts4 ,! equator is n 9 reality !
 place ( conc\rse1 b ! nor!rn p>allel ( 
f\r degrees2 because ! c5tre ( heat is  

!reab\ts1 ! sun be+ long] on ! nor? side
 ( ! equator1 ?an on ! s\? side4        
,moreov]1 :5 ! sun is ne> "o ( !        
tropics1 ! c5tre ( heat ^u ! e>?'s      
surface is !n ne>] t tropic ?an usual1 &
 !re=e ! w9ds ab\t ! tropic are m ne>ly 
ea/ at t "t1 & ^? ab\t ! o!r tropic m   
ne>ly nor? & s\?4  ,if all ! t]re/rial  
globe 7 cov]$ ) wat]1 or if ! v>iations 
( ! e>?'s surface 9 heat 7 regul> &     
con/ant1 s t ! heat 0 ! same 9 e "p ( ! 
same p>allel ( latitude1 ! w9ds w\ld !n 
be v ne>ly regul> also3 b ?is is n !    
case2 = we f9d ! irregul>ities ( heat1  
aris+ f ! int]sp]sion ( l& & sea1 are   
su*1 t ?\gh all ! p>ts ( ! atmosph]e 9  
"s measure conspire to produce regul>   
w9ds ab\t ! torrid zone1 yet v /rik+    
irregul>ities are (t5 f\nd to take      
place4 ,a rem>kable in/ance we h 9      
monsoons1 :i* are w9ds t 9 ! ,indian    
ocean1 c4 bl[ = six mon?s toge!r "o way1
 & ! next six mon?s ! contr>y way3 ^!1 )
 sea & l& breezes1 d n seem easily to be
 acc\nt$ = on any o!r pr9ciple ?an t (  

r>efaction4  ,p]haps "s p]sons may be l$
 to suppose1 t ! w9ds 9 ! nor!rn        
temp]ate zone %\ld be betwe5 ! nor? &   
ea/ t[>ds ! poles1 & betwe5 ! s\? & we/ 
ne>] ! equator1 almo/ z regul> z !      
trade-w9ds3 b :5 ! *ange ( seasons1 !   
diff]5t capacities ( l& & wat] = heat1 !
 int]f]5ce & opposition ( ! two g5]al   
curr5ts1 be consid]$1 x might be        
conclud$ almo/ next to impossible t !   
w9ds 9 ! temp]ate zone %\ld exhibit any 
?+ l regul>ity3 h[ev]1 not)/&+ ?is1     
obs]vations suffici5tly ev9ce1 t ! w9ds 
!re9 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! direction ( "o
 ( ! g5]al curr5ts2 namely1 some:]e     
betwe5 ! s\? & we/1 or m commonly betwe5
 ! nor? & ea/2 & t w9ds 9 o!r directions
 happ5 only z accid5tal v>ieties1 *iefly
 9 unsettl$ wea!r4  ,illu/ration3       
,,fall+ ,,or ,,%oot+ ,,/>s4--,page #fha4
  ,! engrav+ repres5ts an extraord9>y   
%[] ( ^! rem>kable meteors1 :i* took    
place at ! ,falls ( ,niag>a4 ,! view    
comprises ! entire falls1 ) ,goat ,isl& 
9 ! c5tre4  ,illu/ration3 ,,comm5cem5t  

,,( ,,! ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,monsoon ,,9       
,,india4--,page #eae4  ,we may h        
frequ5tly tak5 notice1 t sev]al w9ds1   
p>ticul>ly /ormy ones1 are att5d$ ) a   
cl\dy sky2 to ?is x may be add$1 t we h 
m w9ds ?an usually occur 9 r less       
latitudes1 :]e ! atmosph]e is g5]ally m 
s]5e3 ^! consid]$1 make x exce$+ly      
probable1 t ! aque\s vap\rs :i* are     
su/a9$ by ! air1 f :5ce come cl\ds &    
ra9s1 may be "o great cause ( irregul>  
w9ds4 ,x has be5 det]m9$1 f v accurate  
exp]im5ts1 t "o in* ( wat] :5 evaporat$ 
w fill m ?an #bjjj in*es ( space3 h5ce x
 appe>s t ! wat] :i* falls 9 drops (    
ra91 c4 occupi$ m ?an #bjjj times !     
space :5 x float$ 9 ! atmosph]e 9       
vap\rs2 ! cond5sation !re( mu/ !re=e    
occasion vacua ( su* a nature1 z w cause
 w9ds ( diff]5t k9ds & degrees1 accord+ 
to ! defici5cy :i* is to be suppli$4  ,!
 economy ( w9ds1 an illu/ration ( :i*   
has be5 "h attempt$1 is admirably adapt$
 to ! v>i\s purposes ( nature1 & to !   
g5]al int]c\rse ( mank9d3--if ! e>? _h  

be5 fix$1 & ! sun _h revolv$ ab\t x1 !  
air ov] ! torrid zone1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t
 ! equator1 w\ld h be5 almo/ always     
/agnant2 & 9 ! o!r zones ! w9ds w\ld h  
_h little v>iation ei!r 9 direction or  
/r5g?2 9 ?is case navigation w\ld h be5 
greatly imp$$1 & a communication betwe5 
! two hemisph]es by sea1 r5d]$          
impracticable4 ,on ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s1
 h[ev]1 ! irregul>ity ( w9ds is ( !     
happie/ consequ5ce1 by be+ subs]vi5t to 
navigation3 & a g5]al circulation ( air 
con/antly takes place betwe5 ! ea/]n &  
we/]n hemisph]es1 z well z betwe5 ! pol>
 & equatorial regions2 by reason ( :i*1 
t diffusion & int]mixture ( ! diff]5t   
arial fluids1 s necess>y = ! life1      
heal?1 & prosp]ity ( ! animal &         
vegetable k+doms1 is accompli%$3--su* is
 ! transc5d5t wisdom & provid5tial c>e (
 ! b5efic5t ,fa!r ( all6   ,! foll[+    
int]e/+ description ( ! ,,s\?-,,we/     
,,monsoon ,,9 ,,india1 is tak5 f        
,elph9/one's ,acc\nt ( ,cabul4--,! mo/  
rem>kable ra9y season1 is t call$ 9     

,india ! ,s\?-we/ ,monsoon4 ,x ext5ds f 
,africa to ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & deluges 
all ! int]m$iate c\ntries )9 c]ta9 l9es 
( latitude1 = f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,9 !   
s\? ( ,india1 ?is monsoon comm5ces ab\t 
! beg9n+ ( ,june1 b x gets lat] z we    
advance t[>ds ! nor?4 ,its approa* is   
ann\nc$ by va/ masses ( cl\ds t rise f !
 ,indian ocean1 & advance t[>ds !       
nor?-ea/1 ga!r+ & ?ick5+ z !y approa* ! 
l&4 ,aft] "s ?reat5+ days1 ! sky assumes
 a tr\bl$ appe>ance 9 ! ev5+s1 & !      
monsoon 9 g5]al sets 9 dur+ ! night4 ,x 
is att5d$ ) su* a ?und]-/orm z c sc>cely
 be imag9$ by ^? :o h only se5 t        
ph5om5on 9 a temp]ate climate4 ,x       
g5]ally beg9s ) viol5t bla/s ( w9d1 :i* 
are succe$$ by floods ( ra94 ,= "s h\rs1
 lightn+ is se5 almo/ )\t int]mission2  
sometimes x only illum9ates ! sky1 &    
%ews ! cl\ds ne> ! horizon2 at o!rs1 x  
discov]s ! di/ant hills1 & aga9 leaves  
all 9 d>kness2 :5 9 an in/ant x         
re-appe>s 9 vivid & successive fla%es1 &
 exhibits ! ne>e/ objects 9 all !       

brightness ( day4 ,dur+ all ?is "t !    
di/ant ?und] nev] ceases to roll1 & is  
only sil5c$ by "s ne>] peal1 :i* bur/s  
on ! e> ) su* a sudd5 & trem5d\s cra%1 z
 c sc>cely fail to /rike ! mo/ ins5sible
 he>t ) awe4 ,at l5g? ! ?und] ceases1 & 
no?+ is he>d b ! cont9u$ p\r+ ( ! ra91 &
 ! ru%+ ( ! ris+ /reams4 ,! next day    
pres5ts a gloomy spectacle3 ! ra9 /ill  
desc5ds 9 torr5ts1 & sc>cely all[s a    
view ( ! black5$ fields2 ! riv]s are    
swoll5 & discol\r$1 & sweep d[n along ) 
!m ! h$ges1 ! huts1 & ! rema9s ( !      
cultivation1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! dry  
season1 into _! b$s4  ,?is la/s = "s    
days1 aft] :i* ! sky cle>s1 & discov]s !
 face ( nature1 *ang$ z if by en*antm5t4
 ,be=e ! /orm1 ! fields 7 p>*$ up1 &1   
except 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s1 sc>ce a blade 
( vegetation 0 to be se52 ! cle>ness ( !
 sky 0 n int]rupt$ by a s+le cl\d1 b !  
atmosph]e 0 load$ ) du/1 :i* 0 suffici5t
 to r5d] di/ant objects dim1 z 9 a mi/1 
& to make ! sun appe> dull & discol\r$1 
till he atta9$ a consid]able elevation3 

a p>*+ w9d blew l a bla/ f a furnace1 & 
heat$ wood1 iron1 & e o!r solid mat]ial1
 ev5 9 ! %ade2 & imm$iately be=e !      
monsoon1 ?is w9d _h be5 succe$$ by /ill 
m sultry calms4 ,b :5 ! fir/ viol5ce ( !
 /orm is ov]1 ! :ole e>? is cov]$ ) a   
sudd5 b luxuriant v]dure3 ! riv]s are   
full & tranquil1 ! air is pure &        
delici\s2 & ! sky is v>i$1 & embelli%$ )
 cl\ds4 ,! effect ( ! *ange is visible  
on all ! animal creation1 & c only be   
imag9$ 9 ,europe1 by suppos+ ! dep? ( a 
dre>y w9t] to />t at once into all !    
fre%ness & brilliancy ( spr+4 ,f ?is "t 
! ra9 falls at int]vals = ab\t a mon?1  
:5 x comes on aga9 ) great viol5ce1 & 9 
,july ! ra9s are at _! height2 dur+ !   
?ird mon?1 !y r dim9i%1 b are /ill      
heavy2 & 9 ,septemb] !y gradually abate1
 & are (t5 entirely susp5d$ till ne> !  
end ( ! mon?1 :5 !y dep>t amid/ ?und]s &
 tempe/s1 z !y came4   ,! foll[+ ,table1
 :i* gives "s p>ticul>s respect+ !      
,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,w9d1 0 calculat$ by
 ,mr4 ,john ,smeaton1 ! celebrat$       

eng9e]1 & is f\nd$ on a correct s]ies ( 
practical obs]vations3--     ,miles     
,feet   p] h\r4    p] second4     #a    
#a4dg     #b             #b4ic          
,light airs4     #c             #d4dj   
#d             #e4hg     ,breeze4     #e
             #g4cc     #aj              
#ad4fg     ,brisk gale4    #ae          
#bb4       #bj            #bi4cd        
,fre% gale4    #be            #cf4fg    
#cj            #dj4ja     ,/rong gale4  
#ce            #ea4cd     #dj           
#eh4fh     ,h>d gale4    #de            
#ff4ja     #ej            #gc4ce        
,/orm4    #fj            #hh4jb     #hj 
#aag4cf     ,hurricane1 te>+   #ajj     
#adf4gj       up trees1 c4  ,we conclude
 ?is *apt] ) a poetical enum]ation ( !  
b5efits aris+ f ! w9d3--    ,( :at      
important use to human k9d1   ,to :at   
great ends subs]vi5t1 is ! w9d6         
,:]e'er ! arial active vap\r flies1   ,x
 drives ! cl\ds1 & v5tilates ! skies2   
,sweeps f ! e>? infection's noxi\s tra91
   ,& swells to :olesome rage ! sluggi% 

ma94   ,= %\ld ! sea unagitat$ /&1      
,dea?1 ) huge /rides1 w\ld desolate !   
l&2   ,! scor*+ sun1 ) unpropiti\s beam1
   ,w\ld give to grief an ev]la/+ !me2  
,& baneful vap\rs1 lurk+ 9 ! ve9s1      
,w\ld fi]cely burn ) unabat+ pa9s4      
,nor ?us alone air purities ! seas1     
,o'er torrid climes x p\rs ! heal?ful   
breeze3   ,climes :]e ! sun direct fl+s 
scor*+ day1   ,feel cool+ air 8 sultry  
rage allay2   ,unceas+ goodness1 )      
unceas+ skill1   ,educ+ c]ta9 good f    
seem+ ill4   ,8 gu>dian c>e ext5ds o'er 
ev'ry %ore1   ,& bl5ds 8 fav\rs ) :at m5
 deplore2   ,! sable nations h5ce1 &    
burn+ skies1   ,see lusci\s fruits 9    
v>y+ beauty rise2   ,spontane\s ,nature 
laugh at culture's toil1   ,& ri*       
luxuriance bless ! grateful soil4       
,,*ap4 ,l4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+    
,,%[]s1 ,,/orms1 c4      ,surpris+ ,%[]s
 ( ,hail--,s+ul> ,effects ( a ,/orm--,! 
,mirage--,s& ,floods--,%[]s (           
,gossam]s--,w9t] 9 ,russia4      ,ye    
vap\rs1 hail1 & sn[1     ,praise ye ?'  

,almighty ,"l1     ,& /ormy w9ds t bl[  
,to execute 8 ^w4                       
,watts4      ,!n f arial treasures      
d[nw>ds p\rs     ,%eets ( unsully'd sn[ 
9 lucid %['rs2     ,flake aft] flake1   
?ro' air ?ick wav'r+ flies     ',till "o
 va/ %9+ wa/e all nature lies4     ,!n !
 pr\d hills a virg9 :it5ess %$1     ,a  
dazzl+ brightness glitt]s f ! mead2     
,! ho>y trees reflect a silv] %[1     ,&
 groves b5ea? ! lovely burd5 l[4        
,broome4   ,,surpris+ ,,%[]s ,,( ,,hail4
  ,natural hi/orians record v>i\s       
in/ances ( surpris+ %[]s ( hail1 9 :i* !
 hail/ones 7 ( extraord9>y magnitude4   
,mez]ay1 speak+ ( ! w> ( ,lewis ,,xii4 9
 ,italy1 9 #aeaj1 relates1 t !re 0 = "s 
"t a horrible d>kness1 ?ick] ?an t (    
night2 aft] :i* ! cl\ds broke into ?und]
 & lightn+1 & !re fell a %[] (          
hail/ones1 or r 7z he calls !m7         
pebble-/ones1 :i* de/roy$ all ! fi%1    
birds1 & bea/s1 ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 att5d$ 
) a /rong smell ( sulphur2 & ! /ones 7 (
 a blui% col\r1 "s ( !m weigh+          

#ajjlb4--,hi/4 de ,france1 tom4 ii4 p4  
#cci4  ,at ,lisle1 9 ,fl&]s1 9 #afhf1   
hail/ones fell ( a v l>ge size2 "s ( :i*
 conta9$ 9 ! middle1 a d>k br[n matt]1  
:i*1 ?r[n on ! fire1 gave a v great     
report4--,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #bjc4  ,dr4
 ,halley & o!rs relate1 t 9 ,*e%ire1    
,lanca%ire1 c4 ,april #bi1 #afig1 a ?ick
 black cl\d1 com+ f ,c>n>von%ire1       
dispos$ ! vap\rs to congeal 9 su* a     
mann]1 t = ab\t ! bread? ( two miles1   
:i* 0 ! limit ( ! cl\d1 9 its progress =
 sixty miles x did inconceivable damage2
 n only kill+ all sorts ( f[ls & o!r    
small animals1 b splitt+ trees1 knock+  
d[n horses & m51 & ev5 pl\gh+ up ! e>?1 
s t ! hail/ones buri$ !mselves und]gr\nd
 an in* or an in* & a half deep4 ,!     
hail/ones1 _m ( :i* weigh$ five ounces1 
& "s half a p\nd1 be+ five or six in*es 
9 circumf]5ce1 7 ( v>i\s figures2 "s    
r\nd1 o!rs half r\nd2 "s smoo?1 o!rs    
emboss$ & cr5at$2 ! icy sub/ance ( !m 0 
v transp>5t & h>d1 b !re 0 a sn[y k]nel 
9 ! c5tre4  ,9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,may #d1     

#afig1 aft] a sev]e /orm ( ?und] &      
lightn+1 a %[] ( hail succe$$1 :i* f>   
exce$$ ! =m]3 "s p]sons 7 kill$ by x1 _!
 bodies beat all black & blue2 va/ oaks 
7 split1 & fields ( rye cut d[n z ) a   
scy!4 ,! /ones measur$ f t5 to f\rte5   
in*es r\nd4 ,_! figures 7 v>i\s1 "s     
oval1 "s flat1 c4--,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4  
#bbi4   ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,,s+ul>    
,,effects ,,( ,a ,,/orm1 0 communicat$  
to ! ,dubl9 ,philosophical ,society1 by 
! secret>y3--  ,mrs4 ,close gave ,mr4   
,molyneux ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! effects ( 
?und] & lightn+ on h] h\se at ,new ,=ge1
 9 ! c\nty ( ,d[n1 9 ,irel&1 on ,augu/  
#i1 #agjg3 ,%e obs]v$1 t ! :ole day 0   
close1 hot1 & sultry1 ) little or no w9d
 /irr+ till t[>ds ! ev5+1 :5 !re 0 a    
small breeze1 ) "s mizzl+ ra91 :i* la/$ 
ab\t an h\r2 t z ! air d>k5$ aft]       
sunset1 %e saw sev]al fa9t fla%es (     
lightn+1 & he>d "s ?und]-claps at a     
di/ance2 t betwe5 t5 & elev5 o'clock1   
bo? 7 v viol5t & t]rible1 & s increas$1 
& came on m frequ5tly until a little    

be=e twelve o'clock2 t "o fla% ( lightn+
 & clap ( ?und] came bo? at ! same "t1  
l\d] & m dreadful ?an ! re/1 :i*1 z %e  
?\ght1 %ook & inflam$ ! :ole h\se2 & be+
 s5sible at t in/ant ( a viol5t /rong   
sulphure\s smell 9 h] *amb]1 & feel+ a  
?ick gross du/ fall+ on h] h&s & face z 
%e lay 9 b$1 %e conclud$ t "p ( h] h\se 
0 ?r[n d[n by ! ?und]1 or set on fire by
 ! lightn+2 t1 aris+ 9 ?is fright1 %e   
call$ up h] family1 & c&les be+ light$1 
%e f\nd h] b$*amb]1 & ! kit*5 b5ea? x1  
full ( smoke & du/1 & ! look+-glass 9 h]
 *amb] 0 brok54  ,! next day %e f\nd1 t 
"p ( ! cornice ( ! *imney1 :i* /ood )\t 
! gabel-end ( ! h\se :]e h] *amb] 01 _h 
be5 /ruck (f2 t "p ( ! cop+ ( ! splay ( 
! gable-end itself 0 brok5 d[n1 & twelve
 or sixte5 ( ! %+les on ! adjo9+ ro( 7  
rais$ or ruffl$1 b none %att]$ or c>ri$ 
away2 t a "p ( ! ceil+ 9 h] *amb] b5ea? 
^? %+les 0 =c$ d[n1 & "p ( ! pla/] &    
p9n+ /ones ( ! adjo9+ wall 0 also brok5 
(f & loos5$1 ! :ole brea* be+ sixte5 or 
tw5ty in*es broad2 t at ?is place !re 0 

left on ! wall a smutt$ sc> or trace1 z 
if black$ by ! smoke ( a c&le1 :i* po9t$
 d[nw>ds t[>ds ano!r place on ! same    
wall1 :]e a l brea* 0 made1 p>tly beh9d 
! place ( ! look+-glass2 t ! bo>ds on ! 
back ( a l>ge hair-trunk1 full ( l951   
/&+ b5ea? ! look+-glass1 7 =c$ 91 &     
spl9t]$ z if by ! bl[ ( a smi?'s sl$ge2 
t two-?irds ( ! l95 )9 ?is trunk 7 pi]c$
 or cut ?r\gh1 ! cut appe>+ ( a         
quadrangul> figure1 & betwe5 two or ?ree
 in*es ov]2 t "o end ( ! trunk 0 =c$    
out1 z ! back 0 driv5 92 t at ab\t two  
feet di/ance f ! end ( ! trunk1 :]e !   
floor & ! side-wall ( ! h\se jo9$1 !re 0
 a brea* made 9 ! pla/]1 :]e a small *9k
 or crevice 0 to be se5 betwe5 !        
sidebo>d ( ! floor & ! wall1 s wide t a 
man c\ld ?ru/ 8 l+]s d[n2 & t j b5ea?   
?is1 9 ! kit*51 ! ceil+ 0 =c$ d[n1 & "s 
( ! pla/] ( ! wall brok5 (f2 t exactly  
"u ?is !re /ood a l>ge tub or vessel (  
wood1 inclos$ ) a crib ( brick & lime1  
:i* 0 brok5 & spl9t]$ all to pieces1 &  
mo/ ( ! brick & lime "w ( x scatt]$ ab\t

 ! kit*54  ,! look+-glass 0 brok5 ) su* 
viol5ce1 t !re 0 n a piece ( x to be    
f\nd ( ! size ( half-a-cr[n1 & sev]al   
pieces ( x 7 /ick+ l hail-%ot 9 ! *amb] 
door1 :i* 0 ( oak1 & on ! o!r side ( !  
room2 sev]al ( ! edges & corn]s ( "s ( !
 pieces ( ! brok5 glass 7 t+$ ( a light 
flame col\r1 z if heat$ 9 ! fire2 !     
curta9s ( ! b$ 7 cut 9 sev]al places1   
suppos$ to be done by ! pieces ( !      
glass4 ,sev]al pieces ( musl9 & we>+    
l951 left on ! l>ge hair-trunk1 7 ?r[n  
ab\t ! room1 no way s+$ or scor*$1 & yet
 ! hair on ! back ( ! trunk1 :]e ! brea*
 0 made1 0 s+$2 ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! l95 )9 
! trunk 0 n t\*$1 & ! l[]mo/ p>cel1     
consi/+ ( m ?an #cej ply ( l951 0 pi]c$ 
?r\gh1 ( :i* none 0 anywise smutt$1     
except ! upp]mo/ ply ( a tableclo?1 t   
lay ov] all ! re/2 !re 0 a yell[ t+e or 
/a9 p]ceivable on "s "p ( ! damag$ l951 
& ! :ole smelt /rongly ( sulphur2 !     
glass ( two w9d[s 9 ! b$-*amb] above1 & 
two w9d[s 9 ! kit*5 bel[1 7 s %att]$1 t 
!re 0 sc>cely "o :ole frame left1 9 _m (

 !m4 ,! pewt]1 brass1 & iron furniture 9
 ! kit*51 7 ?r[n d[n1 & scatt]$ ab\t2   
p>ticul>ly1 a l>ge girdle1 ab\t tw5ty   
p\nds weight1 t hung ^u an iron hook ne>
 ! ceil+1 0 f\nd ly+ on ! floor4 ,a cat 
0 f\nd dead next morn+ 9 ! kit*51 ) h]  
legs ext5d$ 9 a mov+ po/ure1 ) no o!r   
sign ( be+ hurt1 ?an t ! fur 0 s+$ a    
little ab\t ! rump4  ,x 0 fur!r         
rem>kable1 t ! wall1 bo? above & bel[ a 
little w9d[ 9 ! same gable-end1 0 s     
%att]$1 t ! light c\ld be se5 ?r\gh !   
crevices 9 ! wall1 & ^u a l>ge /one on !
 outside ( ! wall2 b5ea? ?is w9d[ 0 a   
m>k1 z if made by ! /roke ( a smi?'s1   
sl$ge1 & a spl9t] ( ! /one 0 brok5 (f1 (
 "s p\nds weight4 ,i 0 fur!r in=m$1 t f 
! "t ( ! great ?und]-clap1 bo? ! ?und] &
 lightn+ dim9i%$ gradually1 s t 9 an    
h\r's "t all 0 /ill & quiet aga94   ,we 
proce$ to give an acc\nt ( ,,!          
,,mirage4--,f ,belzoni's ,n>rative4     
,?is ph5om5on is (t5 describ$ by        
travell]s1 :o ass]t hav+ be5 deceiv$ by 
x1 z at a di/ance x appe>s to !m l wat]4

 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! fact1 & ,i mu/       
confess t ,i h be5 deceiv$ myself1 ev5  
aft] ,i 0 aw>e ( x4 ,! p]fect           
resemblance to wat]1 & ! /rong desire = 
?is elem5t1 made me conclude1 9 spite ( 
all my caution n to be deceiv$1 t x 0   
really wat] ,i saw4 ,x g5]ally appe>s l 
a /ill lake1 s unmov$ by ! w9d1 t e ?+  
above x is to be se5 mo/ di/9ctly       
reflect$1 :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( !   
deception4 ,if ! w9d agitate any ( !    
plants t rise above ! horizon ( !       
mirage1 ! motion is se5 p]fectly at a   
great di/ance4 ,if ! travell] /&s       
elevat$ mu* above ! mirage1 ! wat] seems
 less unit$ & less deep1 =1 z ! eyes    
look d[n ^u x1 !re is n ?ickness en\gh 9
 ! vap\r ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd to       
conceal ! e>? f ! sight2 b if ! travell]
 be on a level ) ! horizon ( ! mirage1  
he _c see ?r\gh x1 s t x appe>s to him  
cle> wat]4 ,by putt+ my head fir/ to !  
gr\nd1 & !n m\nt+ a camel1 ! height (   
:i* f ! gr\nd might h be5 t5 feet at !  
mo/1 ,i f\nd a great diff]5ce 9 !       

appe>ance ( ! mirage4 ,on approa*+ x1 x 
becomes ?9n]1 & appe>s z if agitat$ by !
 w9d1 l a field ( ripe corn4 ,x         
gradually vani%es z ! travell]          
approa*es1 & at la/ entirely disappe>s  
:5 he is on ! spot4   ,we %all n[       
introduce to ! read] a curi\s acc\nt (  
,,s& ,,floods2 a "n giv5 to ! fl[+ ( s& 
s common 9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia4 ,mr4     
,bruce gives ! foll[+ description ( "s t
 he saw 9 travell+ ?r\gh t long & dre>y 
des]t4--,at "o o'clock 7says he7 we     
alight$ among "s acacia trees at ,waadi 
el ,halb\b1 hav+ gone tw5ty-"o miles4   
,we 7 "h at once surpris$ & t]rifi$ by a
 sight1 surely "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t 9 !
 _w4 ,9 t va/ expanse ( des]t f we/ to  
nor?-we/ ( u1 we saw a numb] ( prodigi\s
 pill>s ( s& at diff]5t di/ances1 at    
times mov+ ) great cel]ity1 at o!rs     
/alk+ on ) a maje/ic sl[ness3 at        
int]vals we ?\ght !y 7 com+ 9 a few     
m9utes to ov]:elm u2 & small quantities 
( s& did actually m ?an once rea* u4    
,aga9 !y w\ld retreat s z to be almo/   

out ( sight1 _! tops rea*+ to ! v cl\ds4
 ,"h ! tops (t5 sep>at$ f ! bodies2 &   
^!1 once disjo9$1 disp]s$ 9 ! air1 & did
 n appe> m4 ,sometimes !y 7 brok5 ne> ! 
middle1 z if /ruck ) a l>ge cannon-%ot4 
,ab\t noon !y began to advance )        
consid]able swiftness ^u u1 ! w9d be+ v 
/rong at nor?4 ,elev5 ( !m rang$        
alongside ( u ab\t ! di/ance ( ?ree     
miles4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ! l>ge/     
appe>$ to me1 at t di/ance1 z if x w\ld 
measure t5 feet4 ,!y retir$ f u ) a w9d 
at s\?-ea/1 leav+ an impression ^u my   
m9d to :i* ,i c give no "n1 ?\gh surely 
"o +r$i5t 9 x 0 fe>1 ) a consid]able    
deal ( wond] & a/oni%m5t4 ,x 0 9 va9 to 
?9k ( fly+2 ! swifte/ horse1 or fa/e/   
sail+ %ip1 c\ld n c>ry u out ( ?is      
dang]2 & ! full p]suasion ( ?is rivet$  
me z if to ! spot :]e ,i /ood1 & let !  
camels ga9 on me s mu* 9 my /ate (      
lam5ess1 t x 0 ) "s difficulty ,i c\ld  
ov]take !m4 ,! same appe>ance ( mov+    
pill>s ( s& pres5t$ !mselves to u ?is   
day1 9 =m & disposition l ^? we _h se5  

at ,waadi el ,halb\b1 only !y seem$ to  
be m 9 numb] & less 9 size4 ,!y came    
sev]al times 9 a direction close ^u u1 t
 is1 ,i believe1 )9 less ?an two miles4 
,!y became1 imm$iately aft] sun-rise1 l 
a ?ick wood1 & almo/ d>k5$ ! sun3 8 rays
 %9+ ?r\gh !m = ne> an h\r1 gave !m an  
appe>ance ( pill>s ( fire4 ,our p n[    
became desp]ate3 ! ,greek %riek$ out1 & 
said x 0 ! day ( judgm5t2 ,ismael       
pron\nc$ x to be hell2 & ! ,tucorories1 
t ! _w 0 on fire4 ,i ask$ ,idris if ev] 
he _h be=e se5 su* a sight8 ,he said he 
_h (t5 se5 !m z t]rible1 ?\gh nev]      
worse2 b :at he fe>$ mo/ 0 t extreme    
r$ness 9 ! air1 :i* 0 a sure presage ( !
 com+ ( ! simoom4  ,! fl[+ ( s&1 ?\gh f>
 f be+ s trem5d\s & hurtful z 9 ,arabia1
 is ( v bad consequ5ces 9 ,brita91 z _m 
valuable pieces ( l& h ?us be5 entirely 
lo/2 ( :i* we give ! foll[+ in/ances f  
,mr4 ,p5nant1 toge!r ) a probable means 
( prev5t+ !m 9 future4--,i h m ?an once 
7says he7 on ! ea/ coa/s ( ,scotl&1     
obs]v$ ! calamit\s /ate ( sev]al        

ext5sive tracts1 =m]ly 9 a mo/ fl\ri%+  
condition1 at pres5t cov]$ ) s&s1       
un/able z ^? ( ! des]ts ( ,arabia4 ,!   
p>i% ( ,fyrie1 9 ! c\nty ( ,ab]de51 is  
n[ r$uc$ to two f>ms1 & above five      
hundr$ p\nds a ye> lo/ to ! ,errol      
family1 z appe>s by ! oa? ( ! factor 9  
#afjj1 made be=e ! c\rt ( session1 to   
asc]ta9 ! m9i/]'s sal>y3 n a ve/ige is  
to be se5 ( any build+s1 unless a       
fragm5t ( ! *ur*4 ,! e/ate ( ,c\b91 ne> 
,=res1 is ano!r melan*oly in/ance4 ,?is 
tract 0 once wor? ?ree hundr$ p\nds a   
ye>1 b at ?is "t is ov]:elm$ ) s&4 ,?is 
/range inundation 0 /ill 9 motion 9     
#agfi1 *iefly :5 a /rong w9d prevail$4  
,its motion is s rapid1 t ,i h be5      
assur$1 t an apple-tree has be5 s cov]$ 
) x "o season1 t only ! v summit appe>$4
 ,?is di/ress 0 br\ght on ab\t n9ety    
ye>s ago & 0 occasion$ by ! cutt+ d[n "s
 trees1 & pull+ up ! b5t or /> :i* grew 
on ! s&-hills2 :i* at la/ gave rise to !
 act ( #ae ,george ,,ii4 c4 #cc4 to     
prohibit ! de/ruction ( ?is useful      

plant4  ,i beg leave to sugge/ to !     
public a possible means ( putt+ a /op to
 ^! de/ructive ravages4 ,provid5ce has  
k9dly =m$ ?is plant to gr[ only 9 pure  
s&4 ,mank9d 0 left to make1 9 aft]      
times1 an application ( x suitable to _!
 wants4 ,! s&-hills on a portion ( !    
,fl9t%ire %ores1 9 ! p>i% ( ,llanasa1   
are cov]$ ) x naturally1 & kept firm 9  
_! place4 ,! ,dut* p]haps owe ! exi/5ce 
( "p at lea/ ( _! c\ntry1 to ! s[+ ( x  
on ! mobile solum1 _! s&-banks4 ,my     
humane & amiable fri5d1 ! late ,b5jam9  
,/ill+fleet1 ,esq4 recomm5d$ ! s[+ ( ?is
 plant on ! s&y wilds ( ,norfolk1 t its 
matt$ roots might prev5t ! deluges ( s& 
:i* t c\ntry exp]i5ces4 ,x has be5      
already rem>k$1 t :]esoev] ?is plant    
gr[s1 ! salut>y effects are soon obs]v$ 
to foll[4 ,a s+le plant w fix ! s&1 &   
ga!r x into a hillock2 ^!1 by ! increase
 ( vegetation1 are =m$ into l>g]1 till  
by degrees a b>ri] is (t5 made aga9/ !  
encroa*m5ts ( ! sea1 & might (t5 prove  
prev5tive ( ! calamity 9 "q4 ,i _c1     

!re=e1 b recomm5d ! trial to !          
inhabitants ( _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,brita93 !
 plant gr[s 9 mo/ places ne> ! sea1 & is
 kn[n to ! ,highl&]s by ! "n ( murah1 & 
to ! ,engli% by t ( b5t-/>4   ,! foll[+ 
is a s+ul> b au!ntic acc\nt ( ! curi\s  
ph5om5on ( a ,,%[] ,,( ,,gossam]s4--,f  
,:ite's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne4   
,on ,septemb] #ba1 #agda1 be+ int5t on  
field div]sions1 ,i rose be=e daybreak3 
:5 ,i came into ! inclosures1 ,i f\nd ! 
/ubbles & clov] gr\nds matt$ all ov] ) a
 ?ick coat ( cobweb1 9 ! me%es ( :i* a  
copi\s & heavy dew hung s pl5tifully1 t 
! :ole face ( ! c\ntry seem$1 z x 71    
cov]$ ) two or ?ree sett+ nets1 drawn "o
 ov] ano!r4 ,:5 ! dogs attempt$ to hunt1
 _! eyes 7 s bl9d$ & hoodw9k$1 t !y c\ld
 n proce$1 b 7 oblig$ to lie d[n &      
scrape ! incumbrances f _! faces ) _! =e
 feet4 ,z ! morn+ advanc$1 ! sun became 
bright & w>m1 & ! day turn$ out "o ( ^? 
mo/ lovely ones1 :i* no season b !      
autumn produces2 cl\dless1 calm1 s]5e1 &
 wor?y ! s\? ( ,france itself4 ,ab\t    

n9e1 an appe>ance1 v unusual1 began to  
dem& our att5tion2 a %[] ( cobwebs fall+
 f v elevat$ regions1 & cont9u+ )\t any 
int]ruption till ! close ( day4 ,!re    
webs 7 n s+le filmy ?reads1 float+ 9 !  
air 9 all directions1 b p]fect flakes or
 rags1 "s ne> an in* broad1 & five or   
six long4 ,on e side1 z ! obs]v] turn$ 8
 eyes1 might he behold a cont9ual       
succession ( fre% flakes fall+ into 8   
sight1 & tw9kl+ l />s z !y turn$ _!     
sides t[>ds ! sun4 ,nei!r be=e nor aft]1
 0 any %[] obs]v$2 b on ?is day ! flakes
 hung on ! trees & h$ges s ?ick1 t a    
dilig5t p]son might h ga!r$ baskets     
full4   ,?is *apt] closes ) a           
description ( ,,w9t] ,,9 ,,russia4--,!  
w9t]1 9 ! climate ( ,russia1 approa*es v
 sudd5ly4 ,!re is some?+ v wond]ful 9 ! 
in/antane\s *ange ( wea!r ab\t ! "t (   
w9t]4 ,on "o day ! w>m? %all be t (     
spr+1 :ile on ! foll[+ day ! w9t] %all  
break =? 9 all its horrors2 sn[ & ice   
are spread 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 & !  
abruptness ( ?is in/ant *ange affects   

ev5 a ,russian con/itution4 ,no?+ c     
def5d ! %iv]+ inhabitant1 b ! artificial
 heat ( 8 own h\se2 :]e he seals himself
 up dur+ ! hib]nal rig\rs1 yet ev5 !re  
!y rea* him4  ,!re is a pleas+          
description ( ^! sudd5 w9t]s 9 "o ( !   
lett]s ( ! poet ,meta/asio1 :ile resid+ 
at ,vi5na4 ,! passage is v int]e/+1 &   
f9ely describes ! in/antane\s *ange :i* 
occurr$4  ,)9 ^! few days ! ,teutonic   
w9t] has unexpect$ly appe>$1 ) all 8    
magnific5t tra91 & )\t ! lea/ precursor 
to ann\nce 8 arrival4 ,all is cov]$ )   
sn[4 ,! riv]s1 z well z lakes1 7        
in/antly froz5 9 a mo/ solid mann]2 & ! 
cold bl[n f ! sev5 neighb\r+ hills is s 
subtle & p5etrat+1 t we _c exclude x f  
our w>me/ ap>tm5t4 ,b not)/&+ all ?is   
un=ese5 & viol5t *ange ( nature1 ,i /ill
 f9d mu* amusem5t "h1 hav+ be5 m =m$ =  
,arcadian tranquillity ?an ! bu/le &    
magnific5ce ( c\rts4 ,i am pleas$ ) !   
sil5t concord ( all exi/5ce2 ! rov+ ab\t
 9 se>* ( well-kn[n pa?s1 fields1 bu%es1
 pa/oral bord]s1 & e kn[n object1 ( :i*1

 ?\gh ! fall ( sn[ has *ang$ ! col\r+1  
yet ! design is /ill fai?fully pres]v$4 
,i reflect ) s5tim5ts ( gratitude1 t !  
fri5dly =e/1 :i* by its %ade b lately   
def5d$ me f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 n[    
af=ds me mat]ials = combat+ ! extreme   
fury ( ! season4 ,i laugh at w9t] ) all 
its horrors1 :i* ,i see )\t feel+1 hav+ 
x 9 our p[] to compose an artificial    
spr+ 9 our ap>tm5ts at pleasure2 b by an
 impulse ( self-love1 :at pleases me m  
is1 ! f9d+ out1 t1 comp>$ ) o!r seasons1
 w9t] has /ill its conv5i5ces1 beauties1
 & advantages4     ,,*ap4 ,,li4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,ice4      ,on
 ! ,gre5l&1 or ,pol> ,ice--,on !        
,trem5d\s ,concussion (     ,fields (   
,ice--,iceb]gs--,magnitude (            
,iceb]gs--,! ,glaci]s--,%[]     (       
,ice--,rem>kable ,fro/s4      ,!re w9t]1
 arm'd ) t]rors "h unkn[n1     ,sits    
absolute on 8 un%ak5 ?rone2     ,piles  
up 8 /ores amid ! froz5 wa/e1     ,&    
bids ! m\nta9s he has built1 /& fa/2    
,beckons ! legions ( 8 /orms away     ,f

 happi] sc5es1 to make ?is l& a prey2   
,proclaims ! soil a conque/ he has won1 
,& scorns to %>e x ) ! di/ant sun4      
,c[p]4  ,ano!r poet ?us describes ! pol>
 regions3--      ,va/ regions1 dre>y1   
bleak1 & b>e6     ,!re on an icy        
m\nta9's height1     ,se5 only by !     
moon's pale light1     ,/]n w9t] re>s 8 
giant =m1     ,8 robe a mi/1 8 voice a  
/orm3     ,8 fr[n ! %iv'r+ nations fly1 
,&1 hid = half ! ye>1 9 smoky cav]ns    
lie4                                    
,scott4   ,,! ,,gre5l&1 ,,or ,,pol>     
,,ice4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,gre5l&1 or
 ,pol> ,ice1 is abridg$ by ! ,editor (  
?is "w f a pap]1 by ,w4 ,scoresby1 jun4 
,m4 ,w4 ,s4 publi%$ 9 ,! ,memoirs ( !   
,w]n]ian ,natural-,hi/ory ,society3--   
,gre5l& is a c\ntry :]e e object is     
/rik+ly s+ul>1 or highly magnific5t4 ,! 
atmosph]e1 ! l&1 & ! ocean1 ea* exhibit 
rem>kable or sublime appe>ances4  ,)    
reg>d to ! atmosph]e1 sev]al            
peculi>ities may be notic$1 viz4 its    
d>kness ( col\r1 & d5sity2 its frequ5t  

production ( cry/alliz$ sn[ 9 a wond]ful
 p]fection & v>iety ( =m & texture2 &   
its a/oni%+ly sudd5 *anges f calm to    
/orm1 f fair wea!r to f\l1 & vice v]s4  
,! l& is ( itself a sublime object2 its 
/up5d\s m\nta9s ris+ by /eep acclivities
 f ! v m>g9 ( ! ocean to an imm5se      
height1 t]m9at+ 9 rigid1 conical1 or    
pyramidical summits2 its surface1       
contra/+ its native protrud+ d>k-col\r$ 
rocks1 ) its burd5 ( pure/ sn[2--! :ole 
view$1 "u ! d5sity ( a gloomy sky1 =ms a
 picture impressive & gr&4  ,( !        
inanimate productions ( ,gre5l&1 none   
p]haps excites s mu* int]e/ & a/oni%m5t 
9 a /rang]1 z ! ice1 9 its great        
abundance & v>iety4 ,! /up5d\s masses   
kn[n by ! "n ( ,ice ,isl&s1 ,float+     
,m\nta9s1 or ,iceb]gs1 common to ,davis'
 ,/raits1 & sometimes met ) "h1 f _!    
height1 v>i\s =ms1 & ! dep? ( wat] 9 :i*
 !y gr\nd1 are calculat$ to /rike !     
behold] ) wond]3 yet ! fields ( ice1 m  
peculi> to ,gre5l&1 are n less a/oni%+4 
,_! defici5cy 9 elevation is suffici5tly

 comp5sat$ by _! amaz+ ext5t ( surface4 
,"s ( !m h be5 obs]v$ ne> #ajj miles 9  
l5g?1 & m ?an half t bread?2 ea* consi/+
 ( a s+le %eet ( ice1 hav+ its surface  
rais$ 9 g5]al f\r or six feet above !   
level ( ! wat]1 & its base depress$ to !
 dep? ( ne>ly tw5ty feet b5ea?4  ,!     
v>i\s k9ds ( ,ice describ$4--,! ice 9   
g5]al is designat$ by a v>iety (        
appellations1 di/+ui%+ x accord+ to !   
size or numb] ( pieces1 _! =m (         
aggregation1 ?ickness1 transp>5cy1 c4 ,i
 p]haps _c bett] expla9 ! t]ms 9 common 
acceptation among/ ! :ale-fi%]s1 ?an by 
m>k+ ! disruption ( a field4 ,! ?icke/ &
 /ronge/ field _c resi/ ! p[] ( a heavy 
swell2 inde$1 su* are mu* less capable (
 b5d+ )\t be+ dissev]$1 ?an ! ?9n] ice1 
:i* is m pliable4 ,:5 a field1 by ! set 
( ! curr5t1 drives to ! s\?w>d1 &1 be+  
des]t$ by ! loose ice1 becomes expos$ to
 ! effects ( a gr\nd swell1 x pres5tly  
breaks into a great _m pieces1 few ( :i*
 w exce$ =ty or fifty y>ds 9 diamet]4   
,n[1 su* a numb] ( ^! pieces collect$   

toge!r 9 close contact1 s t !y _c1 f !  
top ( ! %ip's ma/1 be se5 ov]1 are t]m$ 
a pack4  ,:5 ! collection ( pieces c be 
se5 across1 if x assume a circul> or    
polygonal =m1 ! "n ( pat* is appli$1 & x
 is call$ a /ream :5 its %ape is m ( an 
oblong1 h[ n>r[ soev] x may be1 provid$ 
! cont9uity ( ! pieces is pres]v$4      
,pieces ( v l>ge dim5sions1 b small] ?an
 fields1 are d5om9at$ floes3 ?us1 a     
field may be comp>$ to a pack1 & a floe 
to a pat*1 z f> z reg>ds _! size &      
ext]nal =m4  ,small pieces :i* break (f1
 & are sep>at$ f ! l>g] masses by !     
effect ( attrition are call$ bra%-ice1 &
 may be collect$ into /reams or pat*es4 
,ice is said to be loose or op51 :5 !   
pieces are s f> sep>at$ z to all[ a %ip 
to sail freely among/ !m3 ?is has       
likewise be5 call$ drift-ice4  ,a       
hummock is a protub]ance rais$ ^u any   
plane ( ice above ! common level4 ,x is 
frequ5tly produc$ by pressure1 :]e "o   
piece is squeez$ ^u ano!r1 (t5 set ^u   
its edge1 & 9 t position cem5t$ by !    

fro/4 ,hummocks are likewise =m$ by     
pieces ( ice mutually cru%+ ea* o!r1 !  
wreck be+ heap$ ^u "o or bo? ( !m4 ,to  
hummocks1 ! ice is indebt$ = its v>iety 
( fanciful %apes1 & its picturesque     
appe>ance4 ,!y occur 9 great numb]s 9   
heavy packs1 on ! edges1 & occasionally 
9 ! middle (1 fields & floes4 ,!y (t5   
atta9 ! height ( ?irty feet or upw>ds4  
,a calf1 is a portion ( ice :i* has be5 
depress$ by ! same means z a hummock is 
elevat$4 ,x is kept d[n by "s l>g] mass1
 f b5ea? :i* x %ews itself on "o side4  
,i h se5 a calf s deep & broad1 t ! %ip 
sail$ ov] x )\t t\*+1 :5 x might be     
obs]v$ on bo? sides ( ! vessel at ! same
 "t3 ?is1 h[ev]1 is att5d$ ) consid]able
 dang]1 & necessity alone w>rants !     
exp]im5t1 z calves h n unfrequ5tly 7by a
 %ip's t\*+ !m1 or di/urb+ ! sea ne> !m7
 be5 call$ f _! subm>9e situation to !  
surface1 & ) su* an accel]at$ velocity1 
z to /ave ! planks & timb]s ( ! %ip1 & 9
 "s in/ances to r$uce ! vessel to a     
wreck4  ,any "p ( ! upp] sup]ficies ( a 

piece ( ice1 :i* comes to be imm]s$     
b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]1 obta9s ! "n ( 
a tongue4  ,a bight signifies a bay or  
s9uosity1 on ! bord] ( any l>ge mass or 
body ( ice4 ,x is suppos$ to be call$   
bight1 f ! l[ ^w bite1 to take 91 or    
entrap2 because1 9 ?is situation1 %ips  
are sometimes s caught by a *ange ( w9d1
 t ! ice _c be cle>$ on ei!r tack2 & 9  
"s cases1 a total loss has be5 !        
consequ5ce4   ,,on ,,! ,,trem5d\s       
,,concussions ,,( ,,fields ,,(          
,,ice4--,! occasional rapid motion (    
fields1 ) ! /range effects produc$ on   
any oppos+ sub/ance1 exhibit$ by su*    
imm5se bodies1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+      
objects ?is c\ntry pres5ts1 & is c]ta9ly
 ! mo/ t]rific4 ,!y n unfrequ5tly       
acquire a rot>y movem5t1 :]eby !        
circumf]5ce atta9s a velocity ( sev]al  
miles p] h\r4 ,a field1 ?us 9 motion1   
com+ 9 contact ) ano!r at re/1 or1 m    
especially1 ) a contr>y direction (     
movem5t1 produces a dreadful %ock4 ,!   
consequ5ces ( a body ( m ?an t5 ?\s&    

millions ( tons 9 weight1 meet+ )       
resi/ance :5 9 motion1 may be bett]     
conceiv$ ?an express$6 ,! weak] field is
 cru%$ ) an awful noise2 sometimes !    
de/ruction is mutual3 pieces ( huge     
dim5sions & weight are n unfrequ5tly    
pil$ ^u ! top1 to ! height ( tw5ty or   
?irty feet1 :il/ d\btless a             
proportionate quantity is depress$      
b5ea?4 ,! view ( ^! /up5d\s effects1 9  
safety1 exhibits a picture sublimely    
gr&2 b :]e !re is dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$1 
t]ror & dismay mu/ be ! pr$om9ant       
feel+s4 ,! :ale-fi%]s at all times      
require unremitt+ vigilance to secure _!
 safety1 b sc>cely 9 any situation s    
mu*1 z :5 navigat+ amid/ ^? fields3 9   
foggy wea!r1 !y are p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 
z _! motions _c !n be di/9ctly obs]v$4  
,x may easily be imag9$1 t ! /ronge/ %ip
 c no m )/& ! %ock ( two fields1 ?an a  
%eet ( pap] c /op a musket-ball4 ,numb]s
 ( vessels1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fi%]y1
 h be5 ?us de/roy$2 "s h be5 ?r[n ^u !  
ice1 "s h _h _! hulls completely torn   

op51 & o!rs h be5 buri$ b5ea? ! heap$   
fragm5ts ( ! ice4   ,,iceb]gs4--,! t]m  
iceb]gs has commonly be5 appli$ to ^?   
imm5se bodies ( ice situat$ on ! l&1    
'fill+ ! valleys betwe5 ! high m\nta9s1'
 & g5]ally exhibit+ a squ>e p]p5dicul>  
t[>ds ! sea4 ,!y rec$e backw>d inl& to  
an ext5t nev] explor$4 ,m>t91 ,crantz1  
,phipps1 & o!rs1 h describ$ ^? wond]s ( 
nature1 & all agree z to _! mann] (     
=mation1 9 ! congelation ( ! sleet &    
ra9s ( summ]1 & ( ! accumulat$ sn[1     
p>tly dissolv$ by ! summ] sun1 :i*1 on  
its decl9e1 freezes to a transp>5t ice4 
,!y are z p]man5t z ! rocks on :i* !y   
re/3 = al?\gh l>ge portions may be      
frequ5tly sep>at$1 yet ! annual gr[?    
replaces ! loss1 & probably on ! :ole1  
produces a p]petual increase4 ,i h se5  
^? /yl$ ! ,sev5 ,iceb]gs1 situat$ 9 !   
valleys ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,spitzb]g52 
_! p]p5dicul> front maybe ab\t #cjj feet
 9 height1 ! gre5 col\r1 & gli/5+       
surface ( :i*1 =m a pleas+ v>iety 9     
prospect1 ) ! magnific5ce ( ! encompass+

 sn[-clad m\nta9s1 :i*1 z !y rec$e f !  
eye1 seem to rise 'crag above crag1' 9  
endless p]spective4  ,illu/ration3      
,,iceb]gs ,,( ,,gre5l&4--,page #ebf4    
,illu/ration3 ,,iceb]gs ,,(             
,,spitzb]g54--,page #ebh4  ,l>ge pieces 
may be sep>at$ f ^? iceb]gs 9 ! summ]   
season1 :5 !y are p>ticul>ly fragile1 by
 _! pond]\s ov]hang+ masses ov]com+ !   
=ce ( cohesion2 or o!rwise1 by ! p[]ful 
expansion ( ! wat]1 fill+ any excavation
 or deep-seat$ cavity1 :5 its dim5sions 
are enl>g$ by freez+1 !reby ex]t+ a     
trem5d\s =ce1 & bur/+ ! :ole asund]4    
,pieces ?us or o!rwise deta*$1 are hurl$
 into ! sea ) a dreadful cra%3 if !y are
 receiv$ into deep wat]1 !y are liable  
to be drift$ (f ! l&1 &1 "u ! =m (      
ice-isl&s1 or ice-m\nta9s1 !y likewise  
/ill reta9 _! p>5t "n ( iceb]gs4 ,i mu* 
"q1 h[ev]1 if all ! float+ b]gs se5 9 ! 
seas we/ ( ,old ,gre5l&1 ?us d]ive _!   
orig91 _! numb] be+ s great1 & _!       
dim5sions s va/4   ,,magnitude ,,(      
,,iceb]gs4--,if all ! float+ isl&s ( ice

 ?us proce$ f disruptions ( ! iceb]gs   
g5]at$ on ! l&1 h[ is x t s few are met 
) 9 ,gre5l&1 & ^? comp>atively s        
dim9utive1 :il/ ,baff9's ,bay af=ds !m s
 pl5tifully1 & ( su* amaz+ size8 ,!     
l>ge/ ,i ev] saw 9 ,gre5l&1 0 ab\t #ajjj
 y>ds 9 circumf]5ce1 ne>ly squ>e1 ( a   
regul> flat surface1 tw5ty feet above ! 
level ( ! sea2 & z x 0 compos$ ( ! mo/  
d5se k9d ( ice1 x mu/ h be5 #aej or #afj
 feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 weight ab\t       
#b1jjj1jjj ( tons4 ,b masses h be5      
repeat$ly se5 9 ,davis' ,/raits1 ne>ly  
two miles 9 l5g?1 & "o-?ird z broad1 ^: 
rugg$ m\nta9 summits 7 re>$ ) v>i\s     
spires to ! height ( m ?an #ajj feet1   
:il/ _! base mu/ h rea*$ to ! dep? (    
#aej y>ds b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea4      
,o!rs1 aga91 h be5 obs]v$1 possess+ an  
ev5 surface ( five or six squ>e miles 9 
area1 elevat$ ?irty y>ds above ! sea1 & 
fairly run agr\nd 9 wat] ( #ij or #ajj  
fa?oms 9 dep?2 ! weight ( :i* mu/ h be5 
upw>ds ( two ?\s& millions ( tons4   ,,!
 ,,glaci]s4--,^? va/ piles ( et]nal ice 

) :i* x has pleas$ ! ,au?or ( nature to 
cr[n ! imm5se *asms betwe5 ! summits ( !
 ,alps1 are objects m gr&1 sublime1 &   
t]rific1 ?an any o!rs ( ! ph5om5a (     
nature :i* rema9 /ation>y4 ,^! trem5d\s 
spires & t[]s1 ( unc]ta9 & brittle      
fabric1 seem to =bid ! attempts (       
travell]s to explore ! dep? betwe5 !m1  
or ev5 ! rocks & ri* valleys ar\nd !m2 b
 c\rage & p]sev]ance h be5 att5d$ )     
comm5surate success1 & we are enabl$ by 
_! lab\rs to le>n previ\sly conceal$    
wond]s1 & to reason ^u ! causes :i*     
produc$ !m4  ,mr4 ,b\rrit1 prec5tor ( ! 
ca!dral *ur* at ,g5eva1 m5tions1 9 !    
relation ( 8 j\rney to ! glaci]s (      
,savoy1 ! ent]prise ( ,messrs4 ,w9dham &
 ,pocock1 9 #agda1 :o1 inspir$ by !     
artless relations ( ! peasants1         
descriptive ( ! sublimity ( _! c\ntry1  
:5 !y desc5d$ ) honey & cry/als = sale1 
det]m9$ to visit ^? frightful regions ( 
ice :i* _h receiv$ ! appellation ( ,les 
,montagnes ,maudites2 or ! ,accurs$     
,m\nta9s4 ,! g5tlem5 allud$ to took e   

precaution = secur+ _! safety2 b        
ent]ta9+ _m well-gr\nd$ fe>s1 naturally 
aris+ f a fir/ attempt1 !y did n rea*   
any consid]able di/ance beyond ! edge ( 
! ice 9 ! valley ( ,montanv]t1 yet _!   
example op]at$ s p[]fully z to induce   
sev]al o!rs to imitate !m1 & proce$ to !
 b\nd>y :5ce !y return$3 at l5g? ,m4 de 
,saussure _h ! resolution & c\rage to   
p5etrate across ! ice to ! v extremities
 ( ! valleys2 ,mr4 ,coxe foll[$ soon    
aft]3 & f _! publications e possible    
in=mation may be obta9$1 ( :i* ! nature 
( ! subject w admit4  ,! mo/ a/oni%+    
ph5om5on att5d+ ! glaci]s1 is _! ne>    
approa* to ! usual vegetation ( summ]2 =
 :at c be m wond]ful ?an to view :eat   
ready = ! sickle1 p>*$ br[n by ! rays ( 
! sun1 & sep>at$ only by ! int]v5tion ( 
a few feet1 f ! *ill+ influ5ce ( an     
endless b$ ( ice1 :i* seems imp5etrable 
to its rays4  ,_m sy/ems & !ories h be5 
+5i\sly sugge/$1 to asc]ta9 ! fir/ cause
 ( ! glaci]s1 _! ma9t5ance1 & :e!r !y   
increase or dim9i% 9 ext5t2 ( :i*1      

,grun]'s1 improv$ & illu/rat$ ) actual  
obs]vations by ,m4 de ,saussure1 is !   
mo/ rational & probable1 & ,mr4 ,coxe   
implicitly adopts x4 ,admitt+ t a p]son 
c\ld be rais$ suffici5tly above !       
summits ( ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 &
 ,dauph9y1 to compreh5d ! :ole at "o    
view1 he w\ld obs]ve a va/ *aos (       
m\nta9s & valleys1 ) sev]al p>allel     
*a9s1 ! highe/ ( :i* are situat$ 9 !    
c5tre1 & ! rema9d] gradually less5+ z !y
 retire f x4 ,! c5tral *a9 he w\ld f9d  
to be surm\nt$ by /up5d\s fragm5ts (    
rock1 t[]+ 9 rude masses1 :i* be> va/   
accumulations ( sn[ & ice1 :]e !y are n 
decid$ly p]p5dicul>1 or d n ov]hang _!  
bases3 on ea* side he w\ld see ! int]v5+
 *asms & gulfs1 fill$ ) ice1 desc5d+    
!nce ev5 into ! v]dant valleys1 ri* )   
foliage & cultivation4 ,! inf]ior ranges
 ( m\nta9s1 next ! c5tral1 pres5t ! same
 appe>ance 9 a less degree2 b 9 ^? m    
remote1 ! sn[ & ice are conf9$ to ! mo/ 
elevat$ po9ts2 & o!rs1 /ill f>!r remov$1
 are cov]$ ) grass & plants1 :i*1 9 _!  

turn1 give place to su* hills & valleys 
z are common 9 any "p ( ! _w4  ,mr4     
,coxe divides ! glaci]s1 9 ! above g5]al
 survey1 into two classes3 ! fir/ occupy
 ! deep valleys situat$ 9 ! bosom ( !   
,alps1 & ! second adh]e to ! sides &    
summits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,^? 9 ! valleys are
 f> m ext5sive ?an ! upp] glaci]s2 "s   
are sev]al leagues 9 l5g?2 & t ( ,des   
,bois is ?ree miles broad & fifte5 long3
 b !y d n communicate ) ea* o!r1 & !re  
are few p>allel to ! c5tral *a92 _! upp]
 extremities are connect$ ) inaccessible
 precipices1 & ! l[] proce$1 z already  
m5tion$1 q into ! vales4 ,! dep? ( ^!   
a/oni%+ accumulations ( froz5 fluid v>y 
f eighty to six hundr$ feet1 & !y       
g5]ally re/ on an incl9$ plane1 :]e1    
urg$ =w>d by _! own enorm\s weight1 & b 
weakly support$ by ! po9t$ rocks ins]t$ 
9 _! bases1 !y are univ]sally int]sect$ 
by yawn+ *asms1 ( dreadful aspect to !  
curi\s inve/igator1 :o beholds fanciful 
repres5tations ( walls1 t[]s1 &         
pyramids1 on e side ( him2 b ^u rea*+ ^?

 p>ts :]e ! glaci] re/s ^u an horizontal
 plane1 8 progress is seldom imp$$ by   
consid]able fissures1 & he walks 9      
safety ov] a surface ne>ly uni=m1 & n s 
p]fectly poli%$ z t ( ponds & riv]s     
sudd5ly & viol5tly froz54  ,! abs5ce (  
transp>5cy1 ! v>i\s m>ks ( air-bubbles1 
& ! g5]al r\ghness1 s p]fectly resemble 
! congelation ( sn[ :5 half re/or$ to   
fluidity1 t ,m4 de ,saussure 0          
imm$iately l$ to =m ! foll[+ probable   
!ory ( ! =mation ( ! glaci]s4 ,sn[ is   
con/antly accumulat+ 9 ! recesses or    
dep?s ( ! m\nta9s1 dur+ n9e mon?s ( !   
ye>1 by ! usual fall ( moi/ure1 & !     
desc5t ( va/ masses1 borne d[n by _!    
weight1 f ! precipices & crags above4   
,"p ( ?is is necess>ily r$uc$ to wat] by
 slight ?aws & casual ra9s1 &1 be+ froz5
 9 ?is /ate1 ! glaci] is compos$ ( a    
por\s opaque ice4  ,! upp] glaci]s ,mr4 
,coxe subdivides into ^? :i* cov] !     
summits1 & ^? :i* ext5d along ! sides ( 
! ,alps2 ! =m] orig9ate f ! sn[         
frequ5tly fall+ & congeal+ into a firm  

body1 ?\gh n becom+ actual ice1 :i* !   
brilliancy ( ! projections has induc$ "s
 philosoph]s to suppose x to be4 ,m4 de 
,saussure1 hav+ explor$ ,mont ,blanc1   
asc]ta9$ t ! top 0 encru/$ ) ice1 7:i*  
might be p5etrat$ by a /ick17 cov]+ a   
mass ( sn[ on ! declivities1 s *ill$ &  
dry z to be incapable ( coh]5ce4  ,!    
sides ( ! ,alps support a congelation ( 
half-dissolv$ sn[1 :i* is diff]5t f !   
pure sn[ ( ! summits1 & ! ice ( ! l[]   
glaci]s4 ,two causes op]ate to produce  
?is effect2 ! fir/ is ! desc5t ( wat] f 
! high] regions1 :]e a dissolution ( sn[
 sometimes occurs2 & ! second arises f !
 m fav\rable situation ( ^! p>ts =      
reflect+ ! rays ( ! sun1 & ! consequ5t  
melt+ ( ! sn[4 ,f h5ce d[nw>ds1 ! ice   
adh]+ to ! cavities becomes gradually m 
solid by ! freez+ ( ! sn[-wat]1 !n ne>ly
 dive/$ ( t air :i* 9 ! less dissolv$   
portions r5d]s ! ice1 =m$ f x1 por\s1   
opaque1 & full ( bubbles4  ,an idea ( ! 
sublimity ( ! glaci]s may be =m$ by     
read+ ! acc\nt ( ,m4 ,b\rrit1 :o appe>s 

to h view$ & describ$ !m ) all t        
en?usiasm :i* su* spl5did objects mu/ h 
inspir$4--,to come at ?is collect$ mass 
( ice1 7,des ,bois17 we cross$ ! ,arve1 
& travell+ 9 a tol]able road1 pass$ "s  
villages or hamlets1 ^: inhabitants     
behav$ ) mu* polit5ess2 !y invit$ u to g
 9 & re/ ourselves1 apologiz$ = our     
reception1 & (f]$ u a ta/e ( _! honey4  
,aft] amus+ ourselves "s "t among/ !m1  
we resum$ our road1 & ent]$ a beautiful 
wood ( l(ty firs1 inhabit$ by squirrels4
 ,! bottom is a f9e s&1 left !re by !   
inundations ( ! ,arv]on2 x is a v       
agreeable walk1 & exhibits "s           
extraord9>y appe>ances4 ,9 proportion z 
we advanc$ into ?is wood1 we obs]v$ !   
objects gradually to vani% f our sight2 
surpris$ at ?is circum/ance1 we 7 e>ne/ 
to discov] ! cause1 & our eyes s\ght 9  
va9 = satisfaction1 till1 hav+ pass$    
?r\gh x1 ! *>m ceas$4 ,judge ( our      
a/oni%m5t1 :5 we saw be=e u an enorm\s  
mass ( ice1 tw5ty times z l>ge z ! front
 ( our ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & s         

con/ruct$1 t we h only to *ange our     
situation to make x resemble :atev] we  
please4 ,x is a magnific5t palace1 cas$ 
ov] ) ! pure/ cry/al2 a maje/ic temple1 
ornam5t$ ) a portico2 & columns ( sev]al
 %apes & col\rs2 x has ! appe>ance ( a  
=tress1 flank$ ) t[]s & ba/ions to ! "r 
& left2 & at ! bottom is a grotto1      
t]m9at+ 9 a dome ( bold con/ruction4    
,?is fairy dwell+1 ?is en*ant$ resid5ce1
 or cave ( fancy1 is ! s\rce ( !        
,arv]on1 & ( ! gold :i* is f\nd 9 !     
,arve4 ,& if we add to all ?is ri*      
v>iety1 ! r++ t9kl+ s\nd ( wat] dropp+ f
 its sides1 ) ! glitt]+ refraction ( !  
sol> rays1 :il/ t9ts ( ! mo/ lively     
gre51 blue1 yell[1 or violet1 h ! effect
 ( diff]5t comp>tm5ts 9 ! sev]al        
divisions ( ! grotto1 ! :ole is s       
!atrically spl5did1 s completely        
picturesque1 s great & beautiful beyond 
imag9ation1 t ,i c h>dly believe ! art (
 man has ev] yet produc$1 or ev] w      
produce1 a build+ s gr& 9 its           
con/ruction1 or s v>i$ 9 its ornam5ts4  

,desir\s ( survey+ e side ( ?is mass1 we
 cross$ ! riv] ab\t f\r hundr$ y>ds f   
its s\rce1 &1 m\nt+ ^u ! rocks & ice1   
approa*$ ! vault2 b :ile we 7 att5tively
 employ$ 9 view+ all its p>ts1 a/oni%$  
at ! sportiv5ess ( nature1 we ca/ our   
eyes at "o consid]able memb] ( ! pile   
above u1 :i* 0 mo/ unacc\ntably         
support$1 = x seem$ to be held by almo/ 
no?+3 our imprud5ce 0 too evid5t1 & we  
ha/5$ to retreat2 yet sc>cely _h we     
/epp$ back ?irty paces1 be=e x broke (f 
all at once ) a prodigi\s noise1 &      
tumbl$1 roll+ to ! v spot :]e we 7 /&+ j
 be=e4   ,,%[] ,,( ,,ice4--,a v uncommon
 k9d ( %[] fell 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 9     
,decemb] #afgb1 :]e( we h v>i\s acc\nts 
9 ! ,philos4 ,trans4--,?is ra91 z soon z
 x t\*$ any ?+ above gr\nd1 z a b\gh or 
! l1 imm$iately settl$ into ice2 &1 by  
multiply+ & enl>g+ ! icicles1 broke e ?+
 d[n by its weight4 ,! ra9 t fell on !  
gr\nd imm$iately became froz51 )\t s9k+ 
into ! sn[ at all4 ,x made an incr$ible 
de/ruction ( trees1 beyond any ?+       

m5tion$ 9 hi/ory4 ,_h x conclud$ ) a gu/
 ( w9d1 7says a g5tleman :o 0 on !      
spot17 x might h be5 ( t]rible          
consequ5ce4 ,i weigh$ ! sprig ( an a%   
tree1 ( j ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd1 ! ice on
 :i* weigh$ sixte5 p\nds4 ,"s 7 fright5$
 ) ! noise 9 ! air1 till !y disc]n$ t x 
0 ! clatt] ( icy b\ghs1 da%$ aga9/ ea*  
o!r4  ,dr4 ,beale rem>ks1 t !re 0 no    
consid]able fro/ obs]v$ on ! gr\nd dur+ 
! above3 :5ce he concludes1 t a fro/ may
 be v int5se & dang]\s on ! tops ( "s   
hills & pla9s2 :ile at o!r places x     
keeps at two1 ?ree1 or f\r feet di/ance 
above ! gr\nd1 riv]s1 lakes1 c4 & may   
w&] ab\t v furi\sly 9 "s places1 & be   
mild 9 o!rs n f> (f4 ,! fro/ 0 foll[$ by
 gl[+ heats1 & a wond]ful =w>dness (    
fl[]s & fruits4   ,we close ?is division
 ) an acc\nt ( ,,rem>kable ,,fro/s4--,9 
! ye> #bbj1 a fro/ 9 ,brita9 la/$ five  
mon?s4--,9 #bej1 ,! ,?ames 0 froz5 n9e  
weeks4--#bia1 ,mo/ riv]s 9 ,brita9 froz5
 six weeks4--#cei4 ,sev]e fro/ 9 ,scotl&
 = f\rte5 weeks4--#ejh1 ,! riv]s 9      

,brita9 froz5 = two mon?s4--#eeh1       
,danube q froz5 ov]4--#fie1 ,?ames froz5
 six weeks1 & boo?s built on x4--#gei1  
,fro/ f ,oct4 #a till ,feb4 #bf         
foll[+4--#hbg1 ,fro/ 9 ,engl& = n9e     
weeks4--#hei1 ,c>riages us$ on !        
,adriatic4--#ijh1 ,mo/ riv]s 9 ,engl&   
froz5 two mon?s4--#ibc1 ,! ,?ames froz5 
?irte5 weeks4--#ihg1 ,fro/ la/$ #acj    
days2 begun ,dec4 #bb4--iih1 ,?ames     
froz5 five weeks4--#ajce1 ,sev]e fro/ on
 ,june #bd3 ! corn & fruits             
de/roy$4--#ajfc1 ,! ,?ames froz5 f\rte5 
weeks4--#ajgf1 ,fro/ 9 ,engl& f ,nov4   
till ,april4--#aaad1 ,sev]al wood5      
bridges c>ri$ away by ice4--#abje1 ,fro/
 f ,jan4 #ae till ,m>* #bb4--adjg1 ,fro/
 t la/$ fifte5 weeks4--#adcd1 ,f ,nov4  
#bd till ,feb4 #aj1 ,?ames froz5 d[n to 
,graves5d4--#afhc1 ,fro/ = ?irte5       
weeks4--#agjh-i1 ,an extraord9>y fro/   
?r\gh\t ! mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 ?\gh      
sc>cely felt 9 ,scotl& or               
,irel&4--#agae1 ,sev]e fro/ = _m        
weeks4--#agci1 ,"o = n9e weeks2 begun   

,dec4 #ad4--agdb1 ,sev]e fro/ = _m      
weeks4--#agdg1 ,sev]e fro/ 9            
,russia4--#aged1 ,sev]e "o 9            
,engl&4--#agfj1 ,! same 9               
,g]many4--#aggf1 ,! same 9              
,engl&4--#aghh1 ,! ,?ames froz5 bel[    
,london bridge2 & boo?s erect$ on       
x4--#agie1 ,! ,zuyd] ,zee froz5 ov]1 & !
 riv]s ( ,holl& pass$ by ! ,fr5*4       
,,*ap4 ,,lii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,ru9s4      ,ru9 at ,siwa1 9           
,egypt--,ru9s ( ,palmyra--,ru9s (       
,h]culaneum1 &     ,pompeii--,anci5t    
,ru9s ( ,balbec--,ru9s ( ,agrig5tum1 9  
,sicily--,anci5t ,gr&eur ( ,c>?age4     
,! cl\d-capt t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1   
,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1
     ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all       
dissolve4                               
,%akspe>e4   ,,ru9 ,,at ,,siwa1 ,,9     
,,egypt4--,a great curiosity ab\t ,siwa1
 is a ru91 ( und\bt$ antiquity1 :i*1    
accord+ to ,mr4 ,br[ne1 resembles       
exactly ^? ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & 0 erect$ & 
adorn$ by ! same intellig5t race ( m54  

,! figures ( ,isis & ,anubis are        
conspicu\s among ! sculptures2 & !      
proportions are ^? ( ! ,egyptian        
temples1 ?\gh 9 m9iature4 ,:at rema9s ( 
x1 is a s+le ap>tm5t1 built ( massy     
/ones1 ( ! same k9d z ^? ( :i* !        
pyramids consi/4 ,! l5g? is ?irty-two   
feet1 ! height eighte51 ! wid? fifte54  
,a gate at "o end =ms ! pr9cipal        
entrance2 & two doors op5 opposite to   
ea* o!r4 ,! o!r end is q ru9\s4 ,9 !    
int]ior are ?ree r[s ( emblematical     
figures1 repres5t+ a procession2 & !    
space betwe5 !m is fill$ ) hi]oglyphic  
*>act]s4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 ) "s degree
 ( probability1 t ,siwa is ! ,siropum ( 
,pl9y1 & t ?is build+ 0 coeval ) ! fam\s
 temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 & a dep5d5cy  
on x4   ,,ru9s ,,( ,,palmyra4--,^!      
celebrat$ ru9s consi/ ( temples1        
palaces1 & porticos1 ( ,grecian         
ar*itecture2 & lie scatt]$ ov] an ext5t 
( sev]al miles4 ,!y 7 accid5tally       
discov]$ by "s ,engli% travell]s f      
,aleppo1 above a c5tury ago4 ,! mo/     

rem>kable ( !m is ! temple ( ! sun1 (   
:i* ! ru9s are spread ov] a squ>e ( #bbj
 y>ds4 ,x 0 encompass$ ) a /ately wall1 
built ( l>ge squ>e /ones1 & adorn$ )    
pila/]s )9 & )\t1 to ! numb] ( sixty-two
 on a side4 ,)9 ! c\rt are ! rema9s (   
two r[s ( noble m>ble pill>s1 ?irty-sev5
 feet high1 ) _! capitals1 ( mo/        
exquisite workman%ip4 ,( ^!1 only       
fifty-eight rema9 entire1 b !y appe> to 
h gone r\nd ! :ole c\rt1 & to h support$
 a d\ble piazza4 ,! walks opposite !    
ca/le appe> to h be5 spaci\s4 ,at ea*   
end ( ?is l9e are two ni*es = /atues1 ) 
_! p$e/als1 bord]s1 support]s1 &        
canopies1 c>v$ ) ! utmo/ propriety &    
elegance4 ,! space )9 ?is inclosure     
seems to h be5 an op5 c\rt1 9 ! middle (
 :i* /ood ! temple1 encompass$ ) ano!r  
r[ ( pill>s ( a diff]5t ord] & mu*      
tall]1 be+ fifty feet high2 b ( ^!1     
sixte5 only rema94 ,! :ole space conta9$
 )9 ^! pill>s is fifty-n9e y>ds 9 l5g?1 
& ne> tw5ty-eight 9 bread?4  ,! temple  
is ?irty-?ree y>ds long1 & ?irte5 or    

f\rte5 broad4 ,x po9ts nor? & s\?2 &    
exactly 9 ! middle ( ! build+ on ! we/  
side1 is a mo/ magnific5t entry1 on !   
rema9s ( :i* are "s v9es & clu/]s (     
grapes1 c>v$ 9 ! mo/ ma/]ly imitation ( 
nature t c be conceiv$4 ,j ov] ! door   
are disc]n$ a pair ( w+s1 :i* ext5d its 
:ole bread?2 b ! body1 :e!r ( an eagle  
or an angel1 is de/roy$4 ,! nor? end (  
?is temple is adorn$ ) ! mo/ curi\s     
fret-"w 9 bas-relief2 & 9 ! middle is a 
dome1 or cupola1 ab\t t5 feet diamet]4  
,nor? ( ?is place is an obelisk1 consi/+
 ( sev5 l>ge /ones1 besides its capital4
 ,x is ab\t fifty feet high1 & j above !
 p$e/al is twelve feet 9 circumf]5ce4   
,ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ?is pill>1 to !
 ea/ & we/1 are two o!rs1 besides !     
fragm5t ( a ?ird4 ,ab\t #ajj paces f !  
middle obelisk1 is a magnific5t entry to
 a piazza1 :i* is =ty feet broad1 & m   
?an half a mile long1 inclos$ ) two r[s 
( m>ble pill>s tw5ty-six feet high1 &   
eight or n9e 9 compass4 ,( ^! !re /ill  
rema9 #abi1 b !re mu/ orig9ally h be5 no

 less ?an #efj4 ,! upp] end ( ! piazza 0
 clos$ by a r[ ( pill>s4  ,to ! left are
 ! ru9s ( a /ately banquet+-h\se1 built 
( bett] m>ble1 & f9i%$ ) yet great]     
elegance1 ?an ! piazza4 ,! pill>s :i*   
support$ x 7 ( "o entire /one4 ,x       
measures tw5ty-two feet 9 l5g?1 & 9     
compass eight feet n9e in*es4  ,9 ! we/ 
side ( ! piazza are sev]al ap]tures =   
gates into ! c\rt ( ! palace4 ,ea* ( ^! 
7 adorn$ ) f\r porphyry pill>s1 plac$ by
 c\ples 9 ! front ( ! gate fac+ !       
palace1 two on ea* side4 ,two ( ^! only 
rema9 entire4 ,!y are ?irty feet long1 &
 n9e 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on ! ea/ side ( !  
piazza /&s a great numb] ( m>ble pill>s1
 "s p]fect1 b ! great] "p mutilat$4  ,at
 a little di/ance are ! rema9s ( a small
 temple1 )\t a ro(4 ,be=e ! entry1 :i*  
looks to ! s\?1 is a piazza support$ by 
six pill>s1 two on ea* side ( ! door1 & 
"o at ea* end4 ,! p$e/als ( ^? 9 front h
 be5 fill$ ) inscriptions1 bo? 9 !      
,greek & ,palmyr5e languages1 :i* are   
become totally illegible4  ,among ^!    

ru9s are _m sepul*res4 ,!y are all squ>e
 t[]s1 f\r or five /ories high4 ,!re is 
a walk across ! :ole build+2 ! space on 
ea* h& is subdivid$ into six p>titions  
by ?ick walls4 ,! space betwe5 !        
p>titions is wide en\gh to receive !    
l>ge/ corpse2 & 9 ^! ni*es !re are six  
or sev5 pil$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,_m           
inscriptions h be5 f\nd at ,palmyra1 :i*
 h occupi$ mu* ( ! att5tion ( ! le>n$4  
,,ru9s ,,( ,,h]culaneum ,,&             
,,pompeii1--two anci5t cities (         
,campania 9 ,italy1 :i* 7 de/roy$ by an 
eruption ( ,vesuvius1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( !  
emp]or ,titus1 or ! #gi? ( ! ,*ri/ian   
ra1 & lately r5d]$ fam\s on acc\nt ( !  
curi\s monum5ts ( antiquity discov]$ 9  
_! ru9s2 an acc\nt ( :i* has be5 publi%$
 by ord] ( ! k+ ( ,naples1 9 a "w ( six 
volumes folio4 ,! epo*a ( ! f\ndation ( 
,h]culaneum is unkn[n4 ,dionysius (     
,halic>nassus conjectures t x maybe     
ref]r$ to sixty ye>s be=e ! w> ( ,troy1 
or ab\t #acdb ,b4 ,c42 & !re=e t x la/$ 
ab\t #adjj ye>s4 ,! ?ickness ( ! heaps (

 lava1 by :i* ! city 0 ov]:elm$1 has be5
 mu* increas$ by fi]y /reams vomit$ s9ce
 t cata/rophe1 & n[ =ms a mass tw5ty-f\r
 feet deep1 ( d>k grey /one1 :i* is     
easily brok5 9 pieces4 ,by its          
non-adhesion to =eign bodies1 m>bles &  
bronzes are pres]v$ 9 x z 9 a case made 
to fit !m1 & exact m\lds ( ! faces &    
limbs ( /atues are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ?is 
sub/ance4  ,! precise situation ( ?is   
subt]rane\s city 0 n kn[n till #agac1 :5
 x 0 accid5tally discov]$ by "s lab\r]s1
 :o1 9 digg+ a well1 /ruck ^u a /atue on
 ! b5*es ( ! !atre4 ,_m o!rs 7 aft]w>ds 
dug out1 & s5t to ,france by ! pr9ce (  
,elboeuf4 ,b little progress 0 made 9 ! 
excavations1 till ,*>les1 infant (      
,spa91 asc5d$ ! ,neapolitan ?rone1 by ^:
 unwe>i$ ef=ts & lib]ality a v          
consid]able "p ( ,h]culaneum has be5    
explor$1 & su* treasures ( antiquity    
drawn out1 z =m ! mo/ curi\s museum 9 ! 
_w4  ,x be+ too ardu\s a task to attempt
 remov+ ! cov]+1 ! k+ cont5t$ himself ) 
cutt+ gall]ies to ! pr9cipal build+s1 & 

caus+ ! ext5t ( "o or two ( !m to be    
cle>$4 ,( ^!1 ! !atre is ! mo/          
consid]able4 ,on a balu/rade :i* divid$ 
! or*e/ra f ! /age1 0 f\nd a r[ (       
/atues2 &1 on ea* side ( ! pulpitum1 !  
eque/rian figure ( a p]son ( ! ,nonian  
family4 ,!y are n[ plac$ "u porticos ( !
 palace2 & f ! great r>ity ( eque/rian  
/atues 9 m>ble1 w\ld be v valuable      
objects1 7 ! workman%ip ev5 less        
excell5t ?an x is3 "o ( !m 9 p>ticul> is
 a v f9e piece ( sculpture4 ,!          
collection ( curiosities br\ght out (   
,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 consi/ n only ( 
/atues1 bu/s1 alt>s1 inscriptions1 & o!r
 ornam5tal app5dages ( opul5ce & luxury2
 b also compreh5d an entire assortm5t ( 
! dome/ic1 musical1 & *irurgical        
in/rum5ts us$ by ! anci5ts2 tripods (   
elegant =m & exquisite execution1 lamps 
9 endless v>iety1 vases & basons ( noble
 dim5sions1 *&eli]s ( ! mo/ beautiful   
%apes1 pat]as & o!r appurt5ances (      
sacrifice2 look+-glasses ( poli%$ metal2
 col\r$ glass1 s h>d1 cle>1 & well /a9$1

 z to appe> l em]alds1 sapphires1 & o!r 
preci\s /ones2 a kit*5 completely fitt$ 
up ) copp] pans l9$ ) silv]1 ci/]ns =   
heat+ wat]1 & e ut5sil necess>y = cul9>y
 purposes2 specim5s ( v>i\s sorts (     
combu/ibles1 reta9+ _! =m1 ?\gh burnt to
 a c9d]2 corn1 bread1 fi%1 oil1 w9e1 &  
fl\r2 a lady's toilet1 fully furni%$ )  
combs1 ?imbles1 r+s1 pa9t1 e>-r+s1 & o!r
 articles4  ,among ! /atues1 :i* are    
num]\s1 a ,m]cury & a sleep+ fawn are   
mo/ admir$ by connoisseurs4 ,! bu/s fill
 sev]al rooms2 b v few ( ! orig9als :om 
!y 7 meant to imitate are kn[n4 ,!      
floors are pav$ ) anci5t mosaic4 ,few   
r>e m$als h be5 f\nd 9 ^! ru9s3 ! mo/   
curi\s is a gold m$allion ( ,augu/us1   
/ruck 9 ,sicily1 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( 8    
reign4 ,! fresco pa9t+s1 :i*1 = ! sake (
 pres]vation1 h be5 torn (f ! walls1 &  
fram$ & glaz$1 are to be se5 9 ano!r "p 
( ! palace4  ,! /reets ( ! city (       
,pompeii are said to be daily           
dis5cumb]$4 ,mr4 ,williams1 a late      
travell]1 in=ms u1 t he ent]$ by !      

,appian ,way ?r\gh a n>r[ /reet ( small 
tombs1 beautifully execut$1 ) ! names ( 
! deceas$1 pla9 & legible4 ,at ! gate 0 
a s5try-box1 9 :i* ! skeleton ( a soldi]
 0 f\nd1 ) a lamp 9 8 h&4 ,! /reets are 
l9$ ) public build+s1 ! pa9t$           
decorations ( :i* are fre% & entire4    
,!re 7 sev]al tradesm5's %ops also      
discov]$--su* z1 a bak]'s1 an oilman's1 
an ironmong]'s1 a w9e %op1 ) money 9 !  
till1 & a surgeon's h\se1 ) *irurgical  
in/rum5ts2 also a great !atre1 a temple 
( ju/ice1 an amphi!atre #bbj feet long1 
v>i\s temples1 a b>rack = soldi]s1 7!   
columns ( :i* are scribbl$ ) _! names & 
je/s17 & /ocks = prison]s1 9 "o ( :i* a 
skeleton 0 likewise discov]$4 ,!        
pr9cipal /reets are ab\t sixte5 feet    
wide2 ! subord9ate ones f six to t5     
feet4   ,,! ,,anci5t ,,ru9s ,,(         
,,balbec4--,to give a j idea ( ^! ru9s1 
we mu/ suppose ourselves desc5d+ f !    
int]ior ( ! t[n4 ,aft] hav+ cross$ !    
rubbi% & huts ) :i* x is fill$1 we      
arrive at a vacant place1 :i* appe>s to 

h be5 a squ>e2 !re1 9 front1 t[>ds !    
we/1 we p]ceive a gr& ru91 :i* consi/s (
 two pavilions ornam5t$ ) pila/]s1 jo9$ 
at _! bottom angle by a wall "o hundr$ &
 sixty feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is front comm&s ! 
op5 c\ntry f a t]race1 on ! edge ( :i*  
we di/+ui% ) difficulty ! bases ( twelve
 columns1 :i* =m]ly ext5d$ f "o pavilion
 to ! o!r1 & =m$ a portico4 ,! pr9cipal 
gate is ob/ruct$ by heaps ( /ones2 b1 t 
ob/acle surm\nt$1 we ent] an empty      
space1 :i* is an hexagonal c\rt ( "o    
hundr$ & eighty feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is    
c\rt is /rew$ ) brok5 columns1 mutilat$ 
capitals1 & ! rema9s ( pila/]s1         
entablatures1 & cornices2 ar\nd x is a  
r[ ( ru9$ edifices1 :i* display all !   
ornam5ts ( ! ri*e/ ar*itecture4  ,at !  
end ( ?is c\rt1 opposite ! we/1 is an   
outlet1 :i* =m]ly 0 a gate1 ?r\gh :i* we
 p]ceive a /ill m ext5sive range ( ru9s1
 ^: magnific5ce /rongly excites         
curiosity4 ,to h a full prospect ( ^!1  
we mu/ asc5d a slope1 up :i* 7 ! /eps to
 ?is gate2 & we !n arrive at ! entrance 

( a squ>e c\rt1 mu* m spaci\s ?an ! =m]1
 be+ ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet wide1 &   
?ree hundr$ & ?irty-six 9 l5g?4 ,! eye  
is fir/ attract$ by ! end ( ?is c\rt1   
:]e six enorm\s & maje/ic columns r5d] !
 sc5e a/oni%+ly gr& & picturesque4      
,ano!r object1 n less int]e/+1 is a     
second range ( columns to ! left1 :i*   
appe> to h be5 "p ( ! p]i/yle ( a       
temple2 b be=e we pass ?i!r1 we _c      
refuse p>ticul> att5tion to ! edifices  
:i* inclose ?is c\rt on ea* side4 ,!y =m
 a sort ( gall]y1 :i* conta9s v>i\s     
*amb]s1 sev5 ( :i* may be reckon$ 9 ea* 
( ! pr9cipal w+s1 viz4 two 9 a          
semicircle1 & five 9 an oblong squ>e4 ,!
 bottom ( ^! ap>tm5ts /ill reta9s       
p$im5ts ( ni*es & tab]nacles1 !         
support]s ( :i* are de/roy$4 ,on ! side 
( ! c\rt !y are op51 & pres5t only five 
or six columns totally de/roy$4 ,!      
beauty ( ! pila/]s1 & ! ri*ness ( !     
frieze ( ! entablature1 are admirable4  
,! s+ul> effect :i* results f ! mixture 
( ! g>l&s1 ! l>ge foliage ( ! capitals1 

& ! sculpture ( wild plants ) :i* !y are
 e :]e ornam5t$1 is peculi>ly pleas+4 ,9
 trav]s+ ! l5g? ( ! c\rt1 we f9d 9 !    
middle a little squ>e esplanade1 :]e 0 a
 pavilion1 ( :i* no?+ rema9s b !        
f\ndation4 ,on arriv+ at ! foot ( ! six 
columns1 we p]ceive all ! boldness ( _! 
elevation1 & ! ri*ness ( _! workman%ip4 
,_! %afts are tw5ty-"o feet eight in*es 
9 circumf]5ce1 & fifty-eight high2 s t !
 total height1 includ+ ! entablature1 is
 f sev5ty-"o to sev5ty-two feet4  ,!    
sight ( ?is sup]b ru91 ?us solit>y &    
unaccompani$1 at fir/ /rikes u )        
a/oni%m5t2 b1 on a m att5tive           
exam9ation1 we discov] a s]ies (        
f\ndations1 :i* m>k an oblong squ>e (   
two hundr$ & sixty-eight feet 9 l5g?1 & 
"o hundr$ & =ty-six wide1 & :i*1 x seems
 probable1 0 ! p]i/yle ( a gr& temple1 !
 prim>y purpose ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,x   
pres5t$ to ! great c\rt1 on ! ea/1 a    
front ( t5 columns1 ) n9ete5 on ea*     
side1 :i*1 ) ! o!r six1 made 9 all      
fifty-f\r4 ,! gr\nd on :i* x /ood is an 

oblong squ>e1 on a level ) ?is c\rt1 b  
n>r[]1 s t !re 0 only a t]race (        
tw5ty-sev5 feet wide r\nd ! colonnade2 !
 esplanade ?is produces fronts ! op5    
c\ntry t[>ds ! we/1 by a slop+ wall (   
ab\t ?irty feet4 ,?is desc5t1 ne> !     
city1 becomes less /eep1 s t ! f\ndation
 ( ! pavilion is level ) ! foot ( !     
hill2 :5ce x is evid5t t ! :ole gr\nd ( 
! c\rts has be5 artificially rais$4     
,su* 0 ! =m] /ate ( ?is edifice2 b !    
s\!rn side ( ! gr& temple 0 aft]w>ds    
block$ up to build a small] "o1 !       
p]i/yle & walls ( :i* are /ill rema9+4  
,?is temple1 situat$ some:at l[] ?an !  
o!r1 pres5ts a side ( ?irte5 columns by 
eight 9 front1 79 all ?irty-f\r17 :i*   
are likewise ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]2 _!     
%afts are fifte5 feet eight in*es 9     
circumf]5ce1 & =ty-f\r 9 height4 ,!     
build+ !y surr\nd is an oblong squ>e1 ! 
front ( :i*1 turn$ t[>ds ! ea/1 is out (
 ! l9e ( ! left w+ ( ! great c\rt4 ,to  
rea* x1 we mu/ cross trunks ( columns1  
heaps ( /one1 & a ru9\s wall1 by :i* x  

is n[ hid4 ,aft] surm\nt+ ^! ob/acles1  
we arrive at ! gate1 :]e we may survey !
 inclosure1 :i* 0 once ! habitation ( a 
god2 b in/ead ( ! solemn sc5e ( a       
pro/rate p1 & sacrifices (f]$ by a      
multitude ( prie/s1 ! sky1 :i* is op51 f
 ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(1 only lets 9 light to
 %ew a *aos ( ru9s cov]$ ) du/ & we$s4  
,! walls1 =m]ly enri*$ ) all ! ornam5ts 
( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 n[ pres5t no?+ b    
p$im5ts ( ni*es & tab]nacles1 ( :i*     
almo/ all ! support]s are fall5 to !    
gr\nd4 ,betwe5 ^! ni*es is a range (    
flut$ pila/]s1 ^: capitals support a    
brok5 entablature2 b :at rema9s ( x     
displays a ri* frieze ( foliage1 re/+ on
 ! heads ( satyrs1 horses1 bulls1 c4    
,ov] ?is entablature 0 ! anci5t ro(1 :i*
 0 fifty-sev5 feet wide1 & "o hundr$ &  
t5 9 l5g?4 ,! walls :i* support$ x are  
?irty-"o feet high1 & )\t a w9d[4 ,x is 
impossible to =m any idea ( ! ornam5ts (
 ?is ro(1 except f ! fragm5ts ly+ on !  
gr\nd2 b x c\ld n h be5 ri*] ?an !      
gall]y ( ! p]i/yle3 ! pr9cipal rema9+   

p>ts conta9 tablets 9 ! =m ( tables1 on 
:i* are repres5t$ ,jupit] seat$ on 8    
eagle1 ,l$a c>ess$ by ! swan1 ,diana )  
h] b[ & cresc5t1 & sev]al bu/s1 :i* seem
 to be figures ( emp]ors & empresses4   
,,ru9s ,,( ,,agrig5tum1 ,,9             
,,sicily4--,! pres5t t[n1 ,girg5ti1     
occupies ! m\nta9 on :i* ! anci5t       
citadel /ood4 ,at ! nor?-ea/ angle ( !  
anci5t limits1 ^u "s f\ndations ( l>ge  
irregul> /ones1 a *ur* has be5 erect$2 a
 road appe>s hewn 9 ! solid rock1 = !   
conv5i5ce ( vot>ies1 :o visit$ ?is      
temple 9 anci5t days4 ,x 0 !n d$icat$ to
 ,c]es & h] daught] ,pros]p9e1 ! peculi>
 patronesses ( ,sicily4 ,bi%op ,blaise  
has succe$$ to _! hon\rs4  ,at ! s\?-ea/
 corn]1 :]e ! gr\nd1 ris+ gradually1    
ends 9 a bold em95ce1 :i* is cr[n$ )    
maje/ic columns1 are ! ru9s ( a temple1 
said to h be5 consecrat$ to ,juno4 ,to !
 we/ ( ?is1 /&s ! build+ commonly call$ 
! ,temple ( ,concord2 ! /one ( :i*1 & ! 
o!r build+s1 is ! same z t ( ! neighb\r+
 m\nta9s & cliffs1 a conglut9ation (    

sea-s& & %ells1 full ( p]=ations1--( a  
h>d & durable texture1 & a deep r$di%   
br[n col\r4 ,?is ,doric temple has all  
its columns1 entablature1 p$im5ts1 &    
walls1 entire2 only "p ( ! ro( is want+4
 ,x owes its pres]vation to ! piety ( "s
 ,*ri/ians1 :o h cov]$ half ! nave1 &   
conv]t$ x into a *ur*1 consecrat$ "u !  
invocation ( ,/4 ,gregory1 bi%op (      
,girg5ti4  ,9 ! same direction are r[s (
 sepul*res cut 9 ! rock4 ,"s masses ( x 
are hewn into ! %ape ( c(f9s2 o!rs are  
drill$ full ( small squ>e holes1 employ$
 9 a diff]5t mode ( int]m5t1 & s]v+ z   
receptacles ( urns4 ,"o pond]\s piece ( 
x lies 9 an extraord9>y position2 by !  
failure ( its f\ndation1 or ! %ock ( an 
e>?quake1 x has be5 loos5$ f ! g5]al    
qu>ry1 & roll$ d[n ! declivity1 :]e x n[
 rema9s sup9e1 ) ! cavities turn$       
upw>ds4  ,only a s+le column m>ks !     
confus$ heap ( moss-gr[n ru9s belong+ to
 ! temple ( ,h]cules4 ,x /ood on a      
project+ rock above a *asm 9 ! ridge1   
:i* 0 cut ?r\gh = a passage to ! port4  

,9 ! same tract1 ov] "s hills1 is       
situat$ ! ,tomb ( ,!ro4 ,x is surr\nd$  
by ag$ olive-trees1 :i* ca/ a wild      
irregul> %ade ov] ! ru94 ,! edifice     
incl9es to ! pyramidal %ape1 & consi/s  
at pres5t ( a triple pl9?1 & a base     
support+ a squ>e p$e/al3 ^u ?is pla9    
solid f\ndation is rais$ a second ord]1 
hav+ a w9d[ 9 ea* front1 & at ea* angle 
two ,ionic pila/]s1 cr[n$ ) an          
entablature ( ! ,doric ord]4 ,its inside
 is divid$ into a vault1 a gr\nd room1 &
 "o 9 ! ,ionic /ory1 communicat+ ) ea*  
o!r by means ( a small int]nal /aircase4
  ,9 ! pla9 are se5 ! fragm5ts ( !      
temple ( sculapius3 "p ( two columns &  
two pila/]s1 ) an int]m$iate wall1      
support ! end ( a f>m-h\se1 & 7 probably
 ! front ( ! cells4  ,t[>ds ! we/ are ! 
gigantic rema9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit]    
,olympus1 m9utely describ$ by ,diodorus 
,siculus4 ,x may lit]ally be said1 t x  
has n "o /one left ^u ano!r2 & x is     
b>ely possible1 ) ! help ( mu*          
conjecture1 to discov] ! traces ( its   

plan & dim5sions4 ,diodorus calls x !   
l>ge/ temple 9 ! :ole isl&2 b adds1 t ! 
calamities ( w> caus$ ! "w to be ab&on$ 
be=e ! ro( c\ld be put on2 & t !        
,agrig5t9es 7 ev] aft] r$uc$ to su* a   
/ate ( pov]ty & dep5d5ce1 t !y nev] _h x
 9 _! p[] to f9i% ?is sup]b monum5t ( ! 
ta/e & opul5ce ( _! ance/ors4 ,! l5g? ( 
?is temple 0 #cgj ,greek feet1 its      
bread? #fj1 & its height #bbj1 exclusive
 ( ! f\ndation2 ! ext5t & solidity ( its
 vaults & und]works1 its spaci\s        
porticos & exquisite sculpture1 7 suit$ 
to ! gr&eur ( ! :ole4  ,! next ru9      
belongs to ! temple ( ,ca/or & ,pollux3 
vegetation has cov]$ ! l[] p>ts ( !     
build+1 & only a few fragm5ts ( columns 
appe> betwe5 ! v9es4 ,?is 0 ! po9t ( !  
hill :]e ! wall /opp$ on ! br9k ( a l>ge
 fi%pond1 spok5 ( by ,diodorus3 x 0 cut 
9 ! solid rock ?irty feet deep1 & wat] 0
 convey$ to x f ! hills4 ,9 x 0 br$ a   
great quantity ( fi%1 = ! use ( public  
ent]ta9m5ts2 swans1 & v>i\s o!r k9ds (  
wild f[l1 swam along its surface1 = !   

amusem5t ( ! citiz5s2 & ! great dep? (  
wat] prev5t$ an enemy f surpris+ ! t[n  
on t side4 ,x is n[ dry1 & us$ z a g>d54
  ,on ! opposite bank are two tap]+     
columns )\t _! capitals1 plac$ 9 a tuft 
( c>ob trees4 ,monte ,toro1 :]e ,hanna  
encamp$ ) ! ,c>?ag9ian army1 be=e !     
,roman consuls drew him into an         
engagem5t t ru9$ 8 def5sive plan1 is a  
noble back-gr\nd 9 ?is picturesque gr\p 
( objects4  ,! :ole space1 compreh5d$ )9
 ! walls ( ! anci5t city1 ab\nds )      
traces ( antiquity1 f\ndations1 brick   
ar*es1 & little *annels = ! conveyance (
 wat]2 b 9 no "p are !re any ru9s t c be
 presum$ to h belong$ to places ( public
 ent]ta9m5t4 ,?is is ! m extraord9>y1 z 
! ,agrig5t9es 7 fond ( %[s & dramatic   
p]=mances2 & ! ,romans nev] dwelt 9 any 
place long1 )\t introduc+ _! savage     
games4   ,we conclude ?is division (    
,curiosities by a description ( !       
,,anci5t ,,gr&eur ,,( ,,c>?age4--,at !  
?ird ,punic w>1 ,c>?age appe>s to h be5 
"o ( ! fir/ cities 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 no less 

?an #cfj /adia1 or =ty-five miles1 9    
circumf]5ce1 & 0 jo9$ to ! cont95t by an
 i/hmus1 tw5ty-?ree /adia1 or ?ree miles
 & a furlong1 9 bread?4 ,on ! we/ side  
project$ a long tract ( l&1 half a      
/adium broad2 :i* %oot+ out into ! sea1 
sep>at$ x f a lake1 or morass1 & 0      
/rongly =tifi$ on all sides by rocks & a
 s+le wall4 ,9 ! middle ( ! city /ood ! 
citadel ( ,byrsa1 hav+ on ! top ( x a   
temple sacr$ to sculapius1 seat$ ^u     
rocks1 to :i* ! asc5t 0 by sixty /eps4  
,on ! s\? side ! city 0 surr\nd$ by a   
triple wall1 ?irty cubits high2 flank$  
all r\nd by p>apets & t[]s1 at equal    
di/ances ( #dhj feet4 ,e t[] _h its     
f\ndation sunk ?irty-two feet deep1 & 0 
f\r /ories high1 ?\gh ! walls 7 b two3  
!y 7 ar*$2 & 9 ! l[] "p1 correspond+ 9  
dep? ) ! f\ndations above-m5tion$1 7    
/alls1 l>ge en\gh to hold #cjj          
elephants1 ) _! fodd]1 c4 ,ov] ^! 7     
/alls & o!r conv5i5ces = #djjj horses2 &
 !re 0 likewise room = lodg+ #bj1jjj    
foot & #djjj cavalry1 )\t incommod+ !   

inhabitants4 ,!re 7 two h>b\rs1 :i* _h  
"o common entrance1 sev5ty feet broad1 &
 %ut up ) *a9s4 ,! fir/ 0 appropriat$ to
 ! m]*ants1 & includ$ 9 x a va/ numb] ( 
places ( refre%m5t1 & all k9ds (        
accommodations = seam54 ,! second1 z    
well z ! isl& ( ,co?on 9 ! mid/ ( x1 0  
l9$ ) l>ge quays1 9 :i* 7 receptacles = 
%elt]+ #bbj %ips ( w>4 ,ov] ^! 7        
magaz9es ( all sorts ( naval /ores4 ,!  
entrance into ea* ( ^! receptacles 0    
adorn$ ) two m>ble pill>s ( ! ,ionic    
ord]1 s t bo? ! h>b\r & isl& repres5t$  
on ea* side two magnific5t gall]ies4    
,ne> ?is isl& 0 a temple ( ,apollo1 9   
:i* 0 a /atue ( ! god1 ( massy gold2 & !
 inside ( ! temple 0 l9$ ) plates ( !   
same metal1 weigh+ #ajjj tal5ts4 ,! city
 0 tw5ty-?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce1 &    
conta9$ #gjj1jjj inhabitants4  ,all t   
rema9s1 7says ,dr4 ,%aw17 ( ?is once    
fam\s city1 are1--! area ( a spaci\s    
room ^u "o ( ! hills on :i* x /ood1     
comm&+ ! s\?-ea/ %ore1 ) sev]al small]  
ones at a little di/ance f x2 ! common  

sew]s1 :i* "t has n 9 ! lea/ injur$ or  
impair$2 & ! ci/]ns1 :i* h %>$ only 9 a 
small degree ! g5]al ru9 ( ! city4      
,,*ap4 ,,liii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,anci5t ,,build+s1 ,,temples1  ,,o!r  
,,monum5ts ,,( ,,antiquity4             
,,egyptian ,,curiosities3--,pompey's    
,pill>--,build+s1 & ,libr>y1 (          
,alex&ria--,temple ( ,t5tyra--,palace ( 
,memnon--,temple ( ,osiris4      ,if    
glori\s /ructures & immortal de$s       
,enl>ge ! ?\ght1 & set our s\ls on fire2
     ,my tongue has be5 too cold 9      
,egypt's praise1     ,! que5 ( nations1 
& ! boa/ ( times1     ,"m ( sci5ce1 & ! 
h\se ( gods6     ,sc>ce c ,i op5 wide my
 lab\r+ m9d1     ,to compreh5d ! va/    
idea1 big     ,) arts & arms1 s b\ndless
 is its fame4                           
,"y4   ,,pyramids ,,( ,,egypt--,f       
,cabillia's ,rese>*es1 z record$ 9      
,belzoni's ,n>rative4--  ,! ent]prise ( 
,capta9 ,cabillia 0 haz>d\s & bold1 &   
no?+ b an en?usiasm = discov]y c\ld     
induce a man to take su* a /ep4 ,!      

consul1 ) ,mr4 ,briggs1 ,mr4 ,bee*ey1 & 
myself1 w5t to see ! op]ations t 7 go+  
on4 ,capta9 ,cabillia's circum/ances 7  
mu* bett] ?an m9e2 b he _h no sup]flu\s 
weal? at comm&1 to cont9ue :at he _h    
begun1 :i* requir$ a supply beyond 8    
means4 ,mr4 ,briggs 0 ! fir/ :o g5]\sly 
(f]$ to furni% money = ?is purpose2 &1  
aft] a consultation ) ,mr4 ,salt1 !y    
agre$ to support ! "w to any ext5t t    
might be requir$4 ,?is g5tleman n only  
enc\rag$ ! und]tak+ at ! pyramid1 b has 
ex]t$ 8 influ5ce ) ,mohamm$ ,ali1 = !   
g5]al advantage ( ! comm]ce ( ,europe4  
,! ent]prise ( ,capta9 ,cabillia is     
wor?y ! att5tion ( e "o int]e/$ 9       
antiquities1 z he _h solv$ a "q by :i* !
 le>n$ _w has be5 puzzl$ = _m c5turies4 
,! fam\s well1 :i* has giv5 rise to s   
mu* conjecture1 turns out to be a       
communication ) a l[] passage1 lead+    
into an inf]ior *amb]1 discov]$ & op5$  
by himself4 ,he fir/ desc5d$ ! well to !
 dep? ( ?irty-eight feet1 :]e 8 progress
 0 /opp$ by f\r l>ge /ones4 ,?ree ( ^!  

be+ remov$1 !re 0 space en\gh = a man to
 pass ?r\gh2 b ! f\r? he c\ld n /ir1    
?\gh he _h ! help ( ,mr4 ,kabits*1 a "y 
man 9 ! employm5t ( ,mr4 ,baghos1 :o    
bore a %>e ( ! exp5se ) ! capta94       
,tw5ty-"o feet bel[ ?is place !y f\nd a 
grotto1 sev5te5 feet long & f\r high2 & 
sev5 feet bel[ ?is1 a plat=m1 f :i* !   
well desc5d$ two hundr$ feet l[]4 ,!    
capta9 w5t d[n1 & at ! bottom f\nd e>? &
 s&2 b f ! holl[ s\nd "u 8 feet1 he     
judg$ t ! passage mu/ communicate ) "s  
o!r ap>tm5t bel[4 ,he !n set "s ,arabs  
at "w to remove ! s&2 b ! heat 0 s      
great1 & ! c&les s incapable ( burn+1 = 
want ( oxyg51 t !y 7 compell$ to desi/4 
,! capta9 !n turn$ 8 rese>*es to ano!r  
qu>t]1 & began to enl>ge ! entrance into
 ! fir/ passage ( ! pyramid4 ,= ?is     
op]ation he 0 well rew>d$2 = by x he    
f\nd t ! passage cont9u$ d[nw>d1 & hav+ 
employ$ sev]al m51 & tak5 out a great   
deal ( e>? & rubbi%1 at la/1 aft] a long
 & ard5t toil1 he came 9 contact ) !    
bottom ( ! well1 :]e he f\nd ! baskets &

 rope :i* _h be5 left !re4 ,! same day t
 ?is occurr$1 0 t on :i* we _h agre$ to 
visit ! pyramids1 & ,i _h ! pleasure to 
be an eye-witness ( ! ardu\s task (     
,capta9 ,cabillia4 ,proce$+ 9 8 labori\s
 rese>*es1 he f\nd t ! passage l$ into a
 *amb] cut out ( ! rock1 "u ! c5tre ( ! 
pyramid4  ,capta9 ,cabillia made sev]al 
rese>*es r\nd ! pyramids also1 b none   
exce$$ 8 toil 9 uncov]+ ! temple sph9x4 
,he f\nd a small temple betwe5 ! two    
paws1 & a l>ge tablet ( granite on its  
brea/4 ,! tablet is adorn$ ) sev]al     
figures & hi]oglyphics1 & two           
repres5tations ( sph9xes are sculptur$  
on x4 ,be=e ! entrance into ! small     
temple 0 a lion1 plac$ z if to gu>d !   
approa*4 ,f>!r on f ! front ( ! sph9x1  
is a /aircase ( ?irty-two /eps1 at !    
bottom ( :i* is an alt>1 ) a ,greek     
inscription1 ( ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,at 
ea* side ( ! alt> 0 a sph9x ( calc>e\s  
/one1 mu* mutilat$4 ,f ! base ( ! temple
 to ! summit ( ! head1 is sixty-five    
feet2 ! legs ( ! sph9x are fifty-sev5   

feet long1 f ! brea/ to ! extremity ( ! 
paws1 :i* are eight feet high4 ,=ty-five
 feet f ! fir/ alt>1 he f\nd ano!r1 ) an
 inscription1 allud+ to ! emp]or        
,septimus ,sev]us2 & ne> to ! fir/ /ep 0
 a /one1 ) ano!r ,greek inscription1    
allud+ to ,anton9us4  ,not)/&+ 8 own    
occupation ab\t ! sph9x1 ,capta9        
,cabillia employ$ o!r p to c>ry on      
rese>*es4 ,he op5$ "s ( ! mausoleums :i*
 7 *ok$ up ) s&1 & f\nd sev]al small    
*amb]s1 ) hi]oglyphics & figures1 "s (  
!m pretty well execut$1 & 9 good        
pres]vation4 ,9 "o ( ! pits he f\nd "s  
mummies1 9 _! l95 envelopes1 & v>i\s    
fragm5ts ( ,egyptian antiquity4 ,he also
 op5$ "s ( ! small] pyramids1 & f !     
sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,briggs to foll[ a     
c]ta9 direction1 he succe$$ 9 f9d+ !    
entrance into "o ( !m2 b x appe>s1 t x 0
 s decay$ 9 ! int]ior1 he c\ld advance  
only a few feet4 ,no d\bt ?is l$ into "s
 *amb] or ap>tm5t1 conta9+ p]haps a     
s>cophagus1 c4  ,belzoni's own          
,rese>*es4--,m4 ,belzoni det]m9$ on     

p5etrat+ "o ( ! fam\s pyramids1 &1 aft] 
an imm5se lab\r1 succe$$ 9 discov]+ !   
entrance1 & rea*$ a portcullis2 b "h a  
l>ge block ( /one />$ him 9 ! face1 &   
appe>$ to say1 ,ne plus ultra4 ,he      
p]sev]$ until ! /one 0 remov$ & !       
passage op5$1 :i* is only f\r feet high1
 & ?ree feet six in*es wide4 ,aft] ?irty
 days' ex]tion1 he rea*$ ! c5tral *amb]1
 :]e he f\nd a s>cophagus4 ,?is *amb] is
 =ty-six feet ?ree in*es long1 sixte5   
feet ?ree in*es wide1 & tw5ty-?ree feet 
six in*es high4 ,x is cut out ( ! solid 
rock1 f ! floor to ! ro(1 :i* is compos$
 ( l>ge blocks ( calc>e\s /one1 meet+ 9 
! c5tre1 & =m+ a ro( ( ! same slope z ! 
pyramid itself4 ,! s>cophagus is eight  
feet long1 ?ree feet six in*es wide1 &  
two feet ?ree in*es deep 9 ! inside4 ,x 
is surr\nd$ by l>ge blocks ( granite1   
app>5tly to prev5t its removal1 :i* c\ld
 n be effect$ )\t great lab\r4 ,! lid _h
 be5 brok5 at ! side1 s t ! s>cophagus 0
 q op54 ,x is ( ! f9e/ granite2 b1 l !  
o!r1 9 ! fir/ pyramid1 !re is n "o      

hi]oglyphic on x4  ,on ! wall1 at ! we/ 
end ( ! *amb]1 0 an inscription 9       
,arabic1 :i* has be5 ?us translat$ by   
,mr4 ,salame3--  ,! ma/] ,mohamm$ ,ahm$1
 lapicide1 has op5$ !m2 & ! ma/]        
,ottoman att5d$ ?is 7op5+27 & ! ,k+     
,alij ,mohamm$ at fir/ 7f ! beg9n+7 to !
 clos+ up4  ,m4 ,belzoni refutes ! g5]al
 ass]tion1 t ! pyramids 7 built ( /one  
br\ght f ! ea/ side ( ! ,nile2 s9ce     
/ones ( imm5se size h be5 cut f ! v     
rocks ar\nd ! pyramids1 & !re is yet    
/one en\gh to build _m o!rs if requir$4 
,he is ( op9ion1 t ! pyramids 7 erect$  
be=e writ+ 9 hi]oglyphics 0 inv5t$1 & t 
!y 7 erect$ z sepul*res4 ,by !          
measurem5t :i* he took ( ! second       
pyramid1 he f\nd x to be z foll[s3--    
,feet4   ,! base                        
#fhd   ,apotome1 or c5tral l9e d[n !    
front1 f !     top to ! base            
#efh   ,p]p5dicul>                      
#def   ,coat+1 f ! top to ! place :]e x 
ends         #adj   ,,pompey',s ,,pill> 
,,at ,,alex&ria2 ) an acc\nt ( a        

surpris+ ,exploit ( "s ,briti% ,sailors4
  ,! ,pill>4--,?is pill> is situat$ a   
qu>t] ( a league f ! s\!rn gate4 ,x is  
compos$ ( r$ granite4 ,! capital is     
,cor9?ian1 ) palm leaves1 & n ind5t$4 ,x
 is n9e feet high4 ,! %aft & upp] memb] 
( ! base are ( "o piece ( n9ety feet    
long1 & n9e 9 diamet]4 ,! base is a     
squ>e ( ab\t fifte5 feet on ea* side4   
,?is block ( m>ble1 sixty feet 9        
circumf]5ce1 re/s on two lay]s ( /one1  
b\nd toge!r ) lead2 :i*1 h[ev]1 has n   
prev5t$ ! ,arabs f =c+ out sev]al ( !m1 
to se>* = an imag9>y treasure4 ,! :ole  
column is "o hundr$ & f\rte5 feet high4 
,x is p]fectly well poli%$1 & only a    
little %iv]$ on ! ea/]n side4 ,no?+ c   
equal ! maje/y ( ?is monum5t3 se5 f a   
di/ance1 x ov]tops ! t[n1 & s]ves z a   
signal = vessels2 approa*+ x ne>]1 x    
produces an a/oni%m5t mix$ ) awe4 ,"o c 
nev] be tir$ ) admir+ ! beauty ( !      
capital1 ! l5g? ( ! %aft1 & !           
extraord9>y simplicity ( ! p$e/al4 ,?is 
la/ has be5 some:at damag$ by !         

in/rum5ts ( travell]s1 :o are curi\s to 
possess a relic ( ?is antiquity4 ,le>n$ 
m5 & travell]s h made _m fruitless      
attempts to discov]1 9 hon\r ( :at pr9ce
 x 0 erect$4 ,! be/ in=m$ h conclud$ t x
 c\ld n be 9 hon\r ( ,pompey1 s9ce nei!r
 ,/rabo nor ,diodorus ,siculus has spok5
 ( x4 ,! ,arabian ,abulf$a1 9 8         
description ( ,egypt1 calls x ! ,pill> (
 ,sev]us4 ,& hi/ory in=ms u1 t ?is      
emp]or 'visit$ ! city ( ,alex&ria2' t he
 grant$ a s5ate to its inhabitants1 :o1 
until t "t1 "u ! subjection ( a ,roman  
magi/rate1 _h liv$ )\t any national     
c\ncil1 z "u ! reign ( ! ,ptolemies1 :5 
! w ( ! pr9ce 0 _! only law2 & t he did 
n t]m9ate 8 b5efactions "h1 b *ang$     
sev]al laws 9 _! fav\r4 ,?is column1    
!re=e1 ,mr4 ,savoy concludes to h be5   
erect$ by ! inhabitants z a m>k ( _!    
gratitude to ,sev]us2 & 9 a ,greek      
inscription1 n[ half defac$1 b visible  
on ! we/ side :5 ! sun %9es ^u x1 & :i* 
probably 0 legible 9 ! "t ( ,abulf$a1 he
 supposes ! "n ( ,sev]us to h be5       

pres]v$4 ,he fur!r obs]ves1 t ?is 0 n ! 
only monum5t erect$ to him by !         
gratitude ( ! ,alex&rians1 = !re is /ill
 se51 9 ! ru9s ( ,ant9e1 built by       
,adrian1 a magnific5t pill>1 !          
inscription ( :i* is /ill rema9+1       
d$icat$ to ,alex&] ,sev]us4  ,! exploit 
( "s ,briti% ,seam54--,"o ( ! volutes ( 
! column 0 prematurely br\ght d[n "s    
ye>s ago1 by a prank ( "s ,engli%       
capta9s2 :i* is ?us relat$ by ,mr4      
,irw94 ,^! jolly sons ( ,neptune _h be5 
pu%+ ab\t ! c on bo>d "o ( ! %ips 9 !   
h>b\r1 until a /range freak ent]$ into  
"o ( _! bra9s4 ,! ecc5tricity ( ! ?\ght 
occasion$ x imm$iately to be adopt$3 &  
its app>5t impossibility 0 b a spur = ! 
putt+ x into execution4 ,! boat 0 ord]$2
 & ) prop] implem5ts = ! attempt1 ^!    
ent]pris+ h]oes pu%$ a%ore1 to dr9k a   
b[l ( pun* on ! top ( ,pompey's pill>6  
,at ! spot !y arriv$1 & _m contrivances 
7 propos$ to accompli% ! desir$ po9t4 ,b
 _! lab\r 0 va92 & !y began to despair (
 success1 :5 ! g5ius :o /ruck out !     

frolic1 happily sugge/$ ! means ( p]=m+ 
x4  ,a man 0 dispat*$ to ! city = a pap]
 kite2 & ! inhabitants1 by ?is "t       
appris$ ( :at 0 go+ =w>d1 flock$ 9 cr[ds
 to be witnesses ( ! address & boldness 
( ! ,engli%4 ,! gov]nor ( ,alex&ria 0   
told t ^! seam5 7 ab\t to pull d[n      
,pompey's pill>4 ,b :e!r he gave !m     
cr$it = _! respect to ! ,roman w>rior1  
or to ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 he left !m to 
!mselves2 & politely answ]$1 t ! ,engli%
 7 too great patriots to injure ! rema9s
 ( ,pompey4 ,he knew little1 h[ev]1 ( ! 
disposition ( ! p :o 7 engag$ 9 ?is     
und]tak+4 ,_h ! ,turki% empire ris5 9   
opposition1 x w\ld n at t mom5t h det]r$
 !m4 ,! kite 0 br\ght1 & fl[n directly  
ov] ! pill>2 s t :5 x fell on ! o!r     
side1 ! /r+ lodg$ ^u ! capital4 ,! *ief 
ob/acle 0 n[ ov]come4 ,a two-in* rope 0 
ti$ to "o end ( ! /r+1 & drawn ov] !    
pill> by ! end to :i* ! kite 0 affix$4  
,by ?is rope1 "o ( ! seam5 asc5d$ to !  
top2 & 9 less ?an an h\r1 a k9d ( %r\d 0
 con/ruct$1 by :i* ! :ole company w5t   

up1 & drank _! pun*1 amid/ ! %\ts ( !   
a/oni%$ multitude4  ,to ! eye bel[1 !   
capital ( ! pill> does n appe> capable (
 hold+ m ?an "o man ^u x2 b our seam5   
f\nd x c\ld conta9 no less ?an eight    
p]sons v conv5i5tly4 ,x is a/oni%+ t no 
accid5t befel ^! madcaps1 9 a situation 
s elevat$1 t x w\ld h turn$ a l&man     
giddy 9 8 sob] s5ses4 ,! only detrim5t  
:i* ! pill> receiv$1 0 ! loss ( ! volute
 be=e-m5tion$1 :i* came d[n ) a ?und]+  
s\nd1 & 0 c>ri$ to ,engl& by "o ( !     
capta9s1 z a pres5t to a lady :o _h     
commission$ him to procure h] a piece ( 
x4 ,! discov]y :i* !y made amply        
comp5sat$ = ?is mis*ief2 z )\t _!       
evid5ce1 ! _w w\ld n h kn[n at ?is h\r1 
t !re 0 orig9ally a /atue on ?is pill>1 
"o foot & ancle ( :i* are /ill rema9+4  
,! /atue mu/ h be5 ( a gigantic size1 to
 h appe>$ ( a man's proportion at s     
great a height4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 
?is /ory :i* might give x an air (      
fiction1 7 x n prov$ beyond all d\bt4   
,besides ! te/imonies ( _m              

eye-witnesses1 ! adv5tur]s !mselves h   
left a tok5 ( ! fact1 by ! initials ( _!
 names1 :i* are v legibly pa9t$ 9 black 
j b5ea? ! capital4   ,,build+s1 ,,&     
,,libr>y1 ,,( ,,alex&ria4--,! ar*itect  
employ$ by ,alex&]1 9 ?is und]tak+1 0 ! 
celebrat$ ,d9ocrates1 :o _h acquir$ s   
mu* reputation by rebuild+ ! temple (   
,diana at ,ephesus4 ,! city 0 fir/ r5d]$
 popul\s by ,ptolemy ,sot]1 "o (        
,alex&]'s capta9s1 :o1 aft] ! dea? ( !  
,mac$onian mon>*1 be+ appo9t$ gov]nor ( 
,egypt1 soon assum$ ! title ( k+1 & took
 up 8 resid5ce at ,alex&ria1 ab\t ?ree  
hundr$ & f\r ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 !      
?irtie? ye> ( 8 reign he made 8 son1    
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 p>tn] ) him 9 ! 
empire2 & by ?is pr9ce ! city (         
,alex&ria 0 mu* embelli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>
 ( 8 reign1 ! fam\s wat*-t[] ( ,ph>os 0 
f9i%$4 ,x _h be5 begun sev]al ye>s be=e 
by ,ptolemy ,sot]2 &1 :5 f9i%$1 0 look$ 
^u z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4  ,! same ye>1
 ! isl& ( ,ph>os itself1 orig9ally sev5 
furlongs di/ant f ! cont95t1 0 jo9$ to x

 by a causeway4 ,?is 0 ! "w (           
,dexiphanes1 :o complet$ x at ! same "t 
t 8 son put ! la/ h& to ! t[]4 ,! t[] 0 
a l>ge squ>e /ructure ( :ite m>ble1 on !
 top ( :i*1 fires 7 kept con/antly burn+
 = ! direction ( sailors4 ,! build+ co/ 
#hjj tal5ts2 :i*1 if ,attic1 am\nt$ to  
#afe1jjj2 if ,alex&rian1 to twice t sum4
 ,! ar*itect employ$ 9 ?is fam\s        
/ructure1 fell ^u ! foll[+ contrivance  
to usurp ! :ole glory to himself4 ,be+  
ord]$ to engrave ^u x ! foll[+          
inscription1 ,k+ ,ptolemy1 to ! ,gods ! 
,savi\rs1 = ! ,b5efit ( ,sailors2 in/ead
 ( ! k+'s "n1 he sub/itut$ 8 own1 & !n  
fill+ up ! m>ble ) mort>1 wrote ^u x !  
above-m5tion$ inscription4 ,9 process ( 
"t1 ! mort> be+ worn (f1 ! foll[+       
inscription appe>$3 ,so/ratus !         
,cnidian1 ! son ( ,dexiphanes1 to !     
,gods ! ,savi\rs1 = ! ,b5efit (         
,sailors4  ,?is ye>1 also1 0 rem>kable =
 br++ ! image ( ,s]apis f ,pontus to    
,alex&ria4 ,x 0 set up 9 "o ( ! suburbs 
( ! city call$ ,rhacotis1 :]e a temple 0

 aft]w>ds erect$ to 8 hon\r1 suitable to
 ! greatness ( t /ately metropolis1 &   
call$1 f ! god wor%ipp$ !re1 ,s]apium4  
,?is /ructure1 accord+ to ,ammianus     
,m>cell9us1 surpass$ 9 beauty !         
magnific5ce ( all o!rs 9 ! _w1 except ! 
capitol at ,rome4  ,)9 ! v]ge ( ?is     
temple 0 ! fam\s ,alex&rian libr>y4 ,x 0
 f\nd$ by ,ptolemy ,sot]1 = ! use ( an  
academy he in/itut$ 9 ?is city2 &1 f    
cont9ual additions by 8 successors1     
became at la/ ! f9e/ libr>y 9 ! _w1     
conta9+ no few] ?an sev5 hundr$ ?\s&    
volumes4 ,"o me?od adopt$ 9 collect+    
books = ?is libr>y1 01 to seize all ^?  
:i* 7 br\ght into ,egypt by ! ,greeks1  
or o!r =eign]s4 ,! books 7 transcrib$ 9 
! museum by p]sons appo9t$ = t purpose2 
! copies 7 !n deliv]$ to ! proprietors1 
& ! orig9als laid up 9 ! libr>y4        
,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 hav+ borr[$ f !     
,a!nians ! works ( ,sophocles1          
,euripides1 & s*ylus1 return$ !m only ! 
copies1 :i* he caus$ to be transcrib$ 9 
z beautiful a mann] z possible1 pres5t+ 

! ,a!nians at ! same "t ) #ac tal5ts    
7upw>ds ( #cjjj /]l+7 = ! ex*ange4 ,z ! 
museum 0 at fir/ 9 t qu>t] ( ! city     
call$ ,bru*ion1 ne> ! royal palace1 !   
libr>y 0 plac$ !re likewise2 b :5 x came
 to conta9 f\r hundr$ ?\s& volumes1     
ano!r libr>y )9 ! ,s]apium 0 erect$1 by 
way ( supplem5t to x1 & on t acc\nt     
call$ ! ,daught] ( ! =m]4 ,9 ?is second 
libr>y1 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 9     
process ( "t1 7 deposit$2 & bo? libr>ies
 toge!r conta9$ ! sev5 hundr$ ?\s&      
volumes already m5tion$4 ,9 ! w> c>ri$  
on by ,julius ,cs> aga9/ ! inhabitants (
 ?is city1 ! libr>y 9 ! ,bru*ion1 ) !   
f\r hundr$ ?\s& volumes x conta9$1 0    
r$uc$ to a%es4 ,! libr>y 9 ! ,s]apium1  
h[ev]1 /ill rema9$2 & "h ,cleopatra     
deposit$ two hundr$ ?\s& volumes ( !    
,p]magean libr>y1 ) :i* ,m>c ,antony    
pres5t$ h]4 ,^!1 & o!rs add$ f "t to "t1
 r5d]$ ! new libr>y at ,alex&ria m      
num]\s & consid]able ?an ! =m]2 & ?\gh x
 0 (t5 plund]$ dur+ ! revolutions &     
tr\bles ( ! ,roman ,empire1 yet x 0 aga9

 & aga9 repair$1 & fill$ ) ! same numb] 
( books4   ,,temple ,,( ,,t5tyra1 ,,9   
,,egypt4--,f ,belzoni's ,n>rative4      
,little c\ld be se5 ( ! temple1 till we 
came ne> to x1 z x is surr\nd$ by high  
m\nds ( rubbi% ( ! old ,t5tyra4 ,on our 
arriv+ be=e x1 ,i 0 = "s "t at a loss to
 "k :]e ,i %\ld beg9 my exam9ation2 !   
num]\s objects be=e me1 all equally     
attractive1 leav+ me = a :ile 9 a /ate (
 susp5se & a/oni%m5t4 ,! enorm\s masses 
( /one employ$ 9 ! edifice1 are s well  
dispos$1 t ! eye discov]s ! mo/ j       
proportion e :]e4 ,! maje/ic appe>ance (
 its con/ruction1 ! v>iety ( its        
ornam5ts1 &1 above all1 ! s+ul>ity ( its
 pres]vation1 _h su* an effect on me1 t 
,i seat$ myself on ! gr\nd1 &1 = a      
consid]able "t1 0 lo/ 9 admiration4 ,x  
is ! fir/ ,egyptian temple ! travell]   
sees on asc5d+ ! ,nile1 & x is c]ta9ly !
 mo/ magnific5t4 ,x has an advantage ov]
 mo/ o!rs1 f ! good /ate ( pres]vation x
 is 92 & ,i %\ld h no scruple 9 say+1 t 
x is ( a mu* lat] date ?an any o!r4 ,!  

sup]iority ( ! workman%ip gives u       
suffici5t reason to believe x to be ( ! 
"t ( ! fir/ ,ptolemy2 & x is n          
improbable1 t he :o laid ! f\ndation ( !
 ,alex&rian libr>y1 in/itut$ !          
philosophical society ( ! museum1 &     
/udi$ to r5d] himself belov$ by 8 p1    
might erect su* an edifice1 to conv9ce !
 ,egyptians ( 8 sup]iority ( m9d ov] !  
anci5t k+s ( ,egypt1 ev5 9 religi\s     
devotion4  ,?is is ! cab9et ( !         
,egyptian arts1 ! product ( /udy = _m   
c5turies1 & x 0 "h t ,d5on ?\ght himself
 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,!    
front is adorn$ ) a beautiful cornice1 &
 a frieze cov]$ ) figures &             
hi]oglyphics1 ov] ! c5tre ( :i* ! w+$   
globe is pr$om9ant1 & ! two sides are   
embelli%$ ) comp>tm5ts ( sacrifices &   
(f]+s4 ,! columns t =m ! portico are    
tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 divid$ into f\r r[s1 
includ+ ^? 9 ! front4 ,on ent]+ ! gate1 
! sc5e *anges1 & requires m m9ute       
obs]vation4 ,! quadrangul> =m ( !       
capitals fir/ /rikes ! eye4 ,at ea* side

 ( ! squ>e !re is a colossal head ( !   
goddess ,isis1 ) c['s e>s4 ,!re is n "o 
( ^! heads b is mu* mutilat$1 p>ticul>ly
 ^? on ! columns 9 ! front ( ! temple1  
fac+ ! outside3 b1 not)/&+ ?is          
disadvantage1 & ! flatness ( _! =m1 !re 
is a simplicity 9 _! c\nt5ance t        
approa*es to a smile4 ,! %afts ( !      
columns are cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics &      
figures1 :i* are 9 basso relievo1 z are 
all ! figures 9 ! front & lat]al walls4 
,! front ( ! door-way1 :i* is 9 a       
/raight l9e ) ! entrance1 & ! sanctu>y1 
is ri*ly adorn$ ) figures ( small] size 
?an ! re/ ( ! portico4 ,! ceil+ conta9s 
! zodiac1 inclos$ by two long female    
figures1 :i* ext5d f "o side to ! o!r ( 
x4 ,! walls are divid$ into sev]al squ>e
 comp>tm5ts1 ea* conta9+ figures        
repres5t+ deities1 & prie/s 9 ! act (   
(f]+ or immolat+ victims4 ,on all !     
walls1 columns1 ceil+1 or ar*itraves1   
!re is n[h]e a space ( two feet t is n  
cov]$ ) "s figures ( human be+s1        
animals1 plants1 emblems ( agriculture1 

or ( religi\s c]emony4 ,:]ev] ! eyes    
turn1 :]ev] ! att5tion is fix$1 e ?+    
inspires respect & v5]ation1 height5$ by
 ! solit>y situation ( ?is temple1 :i*  
adds to ! attraction ( ^! spl5did       
recesses4 ,! inn] ap>tm5ts are mu* !    
same z ! portico1 all cov]$ ) figures 9 
basso relievo4  ,on ! top ( ! temple !  
,arabs _h built a village2 ,i suppose1  
to be ! m elevat$1 & expos$ to ! air3 b 
x is all 9 ru9s1 z no "o n[ lives !re4  
,f ! top ,i desc5d$ into "s ap>tm5ts on 
! ea/ side ( ! temple2 !re ,i saw !     
fam\s zodiac on ! ceil+4 ,! circul> =m (
 ?is zodiac l$ me to suppose1 9 "s      
measure1 t ?is temple 0 built at a lat] 
p]iod ?an ! re/1 z no?+ l x is se5 any  
:]e else4 ,9 ! front ( ! edifice !re is 
a propylon1 n inf]ior to ! works 9 !    
temple1 &1 ?\gh p>tly fall51 x /ill %ews
 its anci5t gr&eur4 ,on ! left1 go+ f ! 
portico1 !re is a small temple1 surr\nd$
 by columns4 ,9 ! inside is a figure (  
,isis sitt+ ) ,orus 9 h] lap2 & o!r     
female figures1 ea* ) a *ild 9 h] arms1 

are obs]vable4 ,! capitals ( ! columns  
are adorn$ ) ! figures ( ,typhon4 ,!    
gall]y1 or portico1 t surr\nds ! temple1
 is fill$ up ) rubbi%1 to a great       
height1 & walls ( unburnt bricks h be5  
rais$ f "o column to ano!r4  ,f>!r on1 9
 a "r l9e ) ! propylon1 are ! rema9s (  
an hyp?ral temple1 :i* =m a squ>e (     
twelve columns1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by a 
wall1 except at ! door-way1 :i* fronts !
 propylon4 ,! ea/]n wall ( ! great      
temple is ri*ly adorn$ ) figures 9      
intaglio relevato2 !y are p]fectly      
f9i%$2 ! female figures are ab\t f\r    
feet high1 dispos$ 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts4
  ,beh9d ! temple is a small ,egyptian  
build+1 q deta*$ f ! l>ge edifice2 &1 f 
its con/ruction1 ,i w\ld v5ture to say1 
t x 0 ! habitation ( ! prie/s4 ,at "s   
di/ance f ! great temple are !          
f\ndations ( ano!r1 n s l>ge z ! fir/4  
,! propylon is /ill /&+1 9 good         
pres]vation4   ,two objects ( great     
curiosity are1 ,,! ,,palace ,,(         
,,memnon1 ,,& ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,osiris1

 ,,at ,,abidos4--,abidos1 an inl& t[n ( 
,egypt1 betwe5 ,ptolemais & ,diospolis  
,p>va1 t[>ds ,cyr5e1 is fam\s = !       
,palace ( ,memnon1 & ! ,temple (        
,osiris1 & inhabit$ by a colony (       
,milesians4 ,x 0 ! only "o 9 ! c\ntry   
into :i* ! s+]s & danc]s 7 =bid to ent]4
 ,?is city1 r$uc$ to a village "u !     
empire ( ,augu/us1 n[ pres5ts to our    
view only an heap ( ru9s1 )\t           
inhabitants2 b to ! we/ ( ^! ru9s is    
/ill f\nd ! celebrat$ ,tomb ( ,ism&es4  
,! entrance is "u a portico sixty feet  
high1 & support$ by two r[s ( massy     
columns4 ,! immoveable solidity ( !     
edifice1 ! huge masses :i* compose x1 ! 
hi]oglyphics x is load$ )1 /amp x z a "w
 ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4  ,beyond x1 is a
 temple ?ree hundr$ feet long1 & "o     
hundr$ & fifty-five wide4 ,^u ent]+ !   
monum5t1 we meet ) an imm5se hall1 ! ro(
 ( :i* is support$ by tw5ty-eight       
columns1 sixty feet high1 & n9ete5 9    
circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,!y are twelve   
feet di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! enorm\s /ones 

t =m ! ceil+1 p]fectly jo9$ & incru/$ z 
x 7 "o into ! o!r1 (f] to ! eye no?+ b  
"o solid plat=m ( m>ble1 "o hundr$ &    
tw5ty-six feet long1 & tw5ty-six wide4  
,! walls are cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,"h  
are se5 a multitude ( animals1 birds1 & 
human figures ) po9t$ caps on _! heads1 
& a piece ( /uff hang+ d[n beh9d1 dress$
 9 loose robes1 t come d[n only to !    
wai/4 ,! sculpture1 h[ev]1 is clumsy2 & 
! =ms ( ! body1 ) ! attitudes &         
proportions ( ! memb]s1 are ill obs]v$4 
,among/ ^! we may di/+ui% "s wom5 suckl+
 _! *ildr51 & m5 pres5t+ (f]+s to !m4   
,"h also we meet ) ! div9ities ( ,india4
  ,monsieur ,*evali]1 =m]ly gov]nor (   
,*&]nagore1 :o resid$ tw5ty ye>s 9 t    
c\ntry1 c>efully visit$ ?is monum5t on 8
 return f ,b5gal4 ,he rem>k$ "h ! gods  
,jugg]naut1 ,gonez1 & ,ve*non1 or       
,wi/n\1 su* z !y are repres5t$ 9 !      
temples ( ,indo/an4  ,a great gate op5s 
at ! bottom ( ! fir/ hall1 :i* leads to 
an ap>tm5t1 =ty-six feet long by        
tw5ty-two wide4 ,six squ>e pill>s       

support ! ro( ( x1 & at ! angles are !  
doors ( f\r o!r *amb]s1 b s *ok$ up )   
rubbi% t !y _c n[ be ent]$4 ,! la/ hall1
 sixty-f\r feet long by tw5ty-f\r wide1 
has /airs :i* =m a desc5t into !        
subt]rane\s ap>tm5ts ( ?is gr& edifice4 
,! ,arabs1 9 se>*+ aft] treasure1 h pil$
 up heaps ( e>? & rubbi%4 ,9 ! "p we are
 able to p5etrate1 sculpture &          
hi]oglyphics are discov]able1 z 9 ! upp]
 /ory4 ,! natives say t !y correspond   
exactly ) ^? above gr\nd1 & t ! columns 
are z deep 9 ! e>?1 z !y are l(ty above 
gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be dang]\s to g f> into  
^? vaults2 = ! air ( !m is s load$ ) a  
mephitic vap\r1 t a c&le c sc>cely be   
kept burn+ 9 !m4  ,six lions' heads1    
plac$ on ! two sides ( ! temple1 s]ve z 
sp\ts to c>ry (f ! wat]4 ,"o m\nts to ! 
top by a /aircase ( a v s+ul> /ructure4 
,x is built ) /ones incru/$ 9 ! wall1 & 
project+ six feet out2 s t1 be+ support$
 only at "o end1 !y appe> to be susp5d$ 
9 ! air4 ,! walls1 ! ro(1 & ! columns ( 
?is edifice1 h suff]$ no?+ f ! injuries 

( "t2 & did n ! hi]oglyphics1 by be+    
corrod$ 9 "s places1 m>k its antiquity1 
x w\ld appe> to h be5 newly built4 ,!   
solidity is su*1 t unless p make a po9t 
( de/roy+ x1 ! build+ mu/ la/ a great   
numb] ( ages4 ,except ! colossal        
figures1 ^: heads s]ve z an ornam5t to !
 capitals ( ! columns1 & :i* are        
sculptur$ 9 relievo1 ! re/ ( !          
hi]oglyphics :i* cov] ! inside are c>v$ 
9 /one4  ,to ! left ( ?is great build+  
we meet ) ano!r mu* small]1 at ! bottom 
( :i* is a sort ( alt>4 ,?is 0 probably 
! sanctu>y ( ! temple ( ,osiris4        
,,*ap4 ,,liv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,build+s1 ,,etc4--7,cont9u$47          
,temple ( ,diana at                     
,ephesus--,laocoon--,babylon--,alhambra4
   ,,temple ,,( ,,diana1 ,,at           
,,ephesus4--,! *ief ornam5t ( ,ephesus 0
 ! temple ( ,diana1 built at ! common   
*>ge ( all ! /ates 9 ,asia1 &1 = its    
/ructure1 size1 & furniture1 acc\nt$    
among ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,?is great       
edifice 0 situat$ at ! foot ( a m\nta91 

& at ! head ( a m>%2 :i* place !y *ose1 
if we believe ,pl9y1 z ! lea/ subject to
 e>?quakes4 ,?is site d\bl$ ! *>ges2 =  
!y 7 oblig$ to be at a va/ exp5se 9 mak+
 dra9s to convey ! wat] t came d[n !    
hill into ! morass & ! ,cay/]4 ,philo   
,byzantius tells u1 t 9 ?is "w !y us$   
su* a quantity ( /one1 z almo/ exhau/$  
all ! qu>ries 9 ! c\ntry2 & ^! dra9s1 or
 vaults1 are :at ! pres5t inhabitants   
take = a labyr9?4 ,to secure !          
f\ndations ( ! conduits or sew]s1 :i* 7 
to be> a build+ ( su* prodigi\s weight1 
!y laid b$s ( *>coal1 says ,pl9y1 well  
ramm$1 & ^u !m o!rs ( wood3 ,pl9y says1 
f\r hundr$ ye>s 7 sp5t 9 build+ ?is     
wond]ful temple1 by all ,asia3 o!rs say1
 only two hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,x 0 f\r      
hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & two  
hundr$ 9 bread?1 support$ by "o hundr$ &
 tw5ty-sev5 m>ble pill>s1 sev5ty feet   
high1 ( :i* tw5ty-sev5 7 mo/ curi\sly   
c>v$1 & ! re/ poli%$4 ,^! pill>s 7 !    
works ( s _m k+s1 & ! bas-reliefs ( "o 7
 done by ,scopas1 ! mo/ fam\s sculptor (

 antiquity2 ! alt> 0 almo/ :olly ! "w ( 
,praxiteles4 ,*eiromocrates1 :o built ! 
city ( ,alex&ria1 & (f]$ to =m ,m\nt    
,a?os into a /atue ( ,alex&ria1 0 !     
ar*itect employ$ on ?is occasion4  ,!   
temple enjoy$ ! privilege ( an asylum1  
:i* at fir/ ext5d$ to a furlong1 0      
aft]w>ds enl>g$ by ,mi?ridates to a     
b[-%ot1 & d\bl$ by ,m>c ,antony1 s t x  
took 9 "p ( ! city3 b ,tib]ius1 to put a
 /op to ! _m abuses & disord]s t att5d$ 
privileges ( ?is k9d1 revok$ !m all1 &  
decl>$ t no man1 guilty ( any wick$ or  
di%one/ action1 %\ld escape ju/ice1 ?\gh
 he fl$ to ! alt> itself4  ,! prie/s :o 
(ficiat$ 9 ?is temple 7 held 9 great    
e/eem1 & entru/$ ) ! c>e ( sacr$ virg9s1
 or prie/esses1 b n till !y 7 made      
eunu*s4 ,!y 7 call$ ,e/iatores & ,ess51 
_h a p>ticul> diet1 & 7 n all[$ to g    
into any private h\se4 ,!y 7 ma9ta9$ out
 ( ! pr(its accru+ f ! lake ,sel9usius1 
& ano!r t fell into x2 :i* mu/ h be5 v  
consid]able1 s9ce !y erect$ a gold5     
/atue to "o ,artemidorus1 :o be+ s5t to 

,rome1 recov]$ !m1 aft] !y _h be5 seiz$ 
by ! f>m]s ( ! public rev5ues4  ,all !  
,ionians resort$ ye>ly to ,ephesus1 ) _!
 wives & *ildr51 :]e !y solemniz$ !     
fe/ival ( ,diana ) great pomp &         
magnific5ce1 mak+ on t occasion ri*     
(f]+s to ! goddess1 & valuable pres5ts  
to h] prie/s4  ,! ,asi>*1 m5tion$ by ,/4
 ,luke1 7,acts xix4 #ca17 71 accord+ to 
,beza1 prie/s :o regulat$ ! public      
sports annually p]=m$ at ,ephesus1 9    
hon\r ( ,diana2 & 7 ma9ta9$ ) !         
collections dur+ ! sports1 = all ,asia  
flock$ to see !m4  ,! great ,diana ( !  
,ephesians1 z %e 0 /yl$ by h] bl9d      
ador]s1 01 accord+ to ,pl9y1 a small    
/atue ( ebony1 made by "o ,canitia1 ?\gh
 believ$ by ! sup]/iti\s to h be5 s5t   
d[n f heav5 by ,jupit]4 ,?is /atue 0    
fir/ plac$ 9 a ni*e1 :i*1 z we are told1
 ! ,amazons caus$ to be made 9 ! trunk (
 an elm4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ rise ( ! v5]ation
 t 0 paid to ,diana 9 ?is place4 ,9     
process ( "t ! v5]ation = ! goddess     
daily increas+ among ! inhabitants (    

,asia1 a mo/ /ately & magnific5t temple 
0 built ne> ! place :]e ! elm /ood1 & ! 
/atue ( ! goddess plac$ 9 x4 ,?is 0 !   
fir/ temple & 0 n q s sumptu\s z !      
second1 ?\gh reckon$1 z well z x1 "o ( !
 wond]s ( ! _w4  ,! second temple ( !   
great ,diana1 0 rema9+ 9 ! times ( ,pl9y
 & ,/rabo2 & is suppos$ to h be5 de/roy$
 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 pursuant to !  
edict ( t emp]or1 comm&+ all ! temples (
 ! hea!ns to be demoli%$3--! =m] 0 burnt
 ! same day t ,alex&] 0 born1 by "o     
,ero/ratus1 :o own$ on ! rack1 t ! only 
?+ :i* _h prompt$ him to de/roy s       
excell5t a "w1 0 ! desire ( transmitt+ 8
 "n to future ages4 ,:]eupon ! common   
c\ncil ( ,asia made a degree1 =bidd+ any
 "o to "n him2 b ?is prohibition s]v$   
only to make 8 "n ! m memorable1 su* a  
rem>kable extravagance1 or r madness1   
be+ tak5 notice ( by all ! hi/orians :o 
h writt5 ( ^? times4 ,alex&] (f]$ to    
rebuild ! temple at 8 own exp5se1       
provid$ ! ,ephesians w\ld agree to put 8
 "n on ! front2 b !y receiv$ 8 (f] 9 su*

 a mann] z prev5t$ ! res5tm5t ( t va9   
pr9ce1 tell+ him1 x 0 n fit t "o god    
%\ld build a temple to ano!r4 ,! pill>s1
 & o!r mat]ials1 t _h be5 sav$ out ( !  
flames1 7 sold1 ) ! jewels ( ! ,ephesian
 wom51 :o on t occasion will+ly p>t$ )  
!m2 & ! sum ?us rais$ s]v$ = ! c>ry+ on 
( ! "w till o!r contributions came 91   
:i*1 9 a %ort "t1 am\nt$ to an imm5se   
treasure4 ,?is is ! temple :i* ,/rabo1  
,pl9y1 & o!r ,roman writ]s1 speak (4 ,x 
/ood betwe5 ! city & ! port1 & 0 built1 
or r f9i%$1 z ,livy tells u1 9 ! reign (
 k+ ,s]vius4 ,( ?is wond]ful /ructure   
!re is no?+ at pres5t rema9+ b "s ru9s1 
& a few brok5 pill>s1 =ty feet long1 &  
sev5 9 diamet]4   ,ano!r curi\s monum5t 
( antiquity1 :i* dem&s ! read]'s        
att5tion1 is1 ,,laocoon4--,?is is a     
celebrat$ monum5t ( ,greek sculpture1   
exhibit$ 9 m>ble1 by ,polydorus1        
,a!nodorus1 & ,ages&]1 ! ?ree fam\s     
arti/s ( ,rhodes4 ,?is relic ( antiquity
 0 f\nd at ,rome1 among ! ru9s ( !      
palace ( ,titus1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? 

c5tury1 "u ! pontificate ( ,julius ,,ii4
 & s9ce deposit$ 9 ! ,f>nese palace4    
,laocoon is repres5t$ ) 8 two sons1 )   
two hide\s s]p5ts cl++ r\nd 8 body1     
gnaw+ x1 & inject+ _! poison4 ,virgil   
has giv5 u a beautiful description ( !  
fact1 n4 lib4 ii4 #bja-bbb4  ,?is /atue 
exhibits ! mo/ a/oni%+ dignity &        
tranquillity ( m9d1 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/    
excruciat+ torm5ts4 ,pl9y says ( x1 t x 
is1 opus omnibus pictur et /atu>i artis 
prf]5dum4--,lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #e4 ,!       
,laocoon 7,dr4 ,giles obs]ves7 may be   
reg>d$ z ! triumph ( ,grecian sculpture2
 s9ce bodily pa91 ! grosse/ & mo/       
ungov]nable ( all our passions1 & t pa9 
unit$ ) angui% & torture ( m9d1 are yet 
express$ ) su* propriety & dignity1 z   
af=d lessons ( =titude sup]ior to any   
taught 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy4 ,!      
horrible %riek :i* ,virgil's ,laocoon   
emits1 is a prop] circum/ance = poetry2 
b ! expression ( ?is %riek w\ld h       
totally degrad$ ! /atue4 ,x is s(t5$1   
!re=e1 into a pati5t sigh1 ) eyes turn$ 

to heav5 9 se>* ( relief4 ,! intol]able 
agony ( suff]+ nature is repres5t$ 9 !  
l[] "p1 & p>ticul>ly ! extremity ( !    
body2 b ! manly brea/ /ruggles aga9/    
calamity4 ,! cont5tion is /ill m pla9ly 
p]ceiv$ 9 8 furr[$ =ehead2 & 8 langui%+ 
pat]nal eye dem&s assi/ance1 less =     
himself ?an = 8 mis]able *ildr51 :o look
 up to him = help4--,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ii4
 #agg4  ,! ,laocoon 0 s5t to ,p>is by   
,bonap>te1 9 #agig4   ,,babylon4--,!    
foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is city1 9 its greate/ 
spl5d\r1 is borr[$ pr9cipally f         
,h]odotus1 :o _h be5 on ! spot1 & is !  
olde/ au?or :o has treat$ ( ! subject4  
,! city ( ,babylon 0 squ>e1 be+ a hundr$
 & tw5ty furlongs1 t is1 fifte5 miles1  
or five leagues1 e way2 & ! :ole circuit
 ( x 0 f\r hundr$ & eighty furlongs1 or 
tw5ty leagues4 ,! walls 7 built ) l>ge  
bricks1 cem5t$ ) bitum51 a ?ick glut9\s 
fluid1 :i* rises out ( ! e>? 9 !        
neighb\r+ c\ntry1 & :i* b9ds /rong] ?an 
mort>1 & becomes h>d] ?an brick itself4 
,^! walls 7 eighty-sev5 feet ?ick1 &    

?ree hundr$ & fifty high4 ,^? :o m5tion 
!m z only fifty cubits high1 ref] to _! 
condition aft] ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 
_h comm&$ !m to be r$uc$ to t height1 to
 puni% a rebellion ( ! ,babylonians4  ,!
 city 0 encompass$ ) a va/ dit*1 :i* 0  
fill$ ) wat]1 & ! sides ( :i* 7 built up
 ) brick-"w4 ,! e>? :i* 0 dug out1 0 us$
 9 mak+ bricks = ! walls ( ! city2 s t !
 dep? & wid? ( ! dit* may be e/imat$ by 
! extreme height & ?ickness ( ! walls4  
,!re 7 a hundr$ gates to ! city1        
tw5ty-five on ea* ( ! f\r sides4 ,^!    
gates1 ) _! po/s1 c4 7 all ( brass4     
,betwe5 e two gates 7 ?ree t[]s1 rais$  
t5 feet above ! walls1 :]e necess>y2 = !
 city be+ encompass$ 9 sev]al places )  
m>%es1 :i* def5d$ ! approa* to x1 ^?    
p>ts /ood 9 no ne$ ( t[]s4  ,a /reet    
correspond$ ) ea* gate2 s t !re 7 fifty 
/reets1 :i* cut "o ano!r at "r angles1 &
 ea* ( :i* 0 fifte5 miles 9 l5g?1 & "o  
hundr$ & fifty-"o feet 9 wid?4 ,f\r o!r 
/reets1 :i* _h h\ses on "o side1 & !    
ramp>ts on ! o!r1 encompass$ ! :ole     

city1 & 7 ea* ( !m two hundr$ feet wide4
 ,by ! /reets cross+ ea* o!r1 ! :ole    
city 0 divid$ into six hundr$ &         
sev5ty-six squ>es1 ea* ( :i* 0 f\r      
furlongs & a half on e side1 & two miles
 & a qu>t] 9 circuit4 ,! h\ses ( ^!     
squ>es 7 ?ree or f\r /ories high1 & _!  
fronts 7 embelli%$2 & ! inn] space 0    
fill$ ) c\rts & g>d5s4  ,! city 0 divid$
 into two p>ts by ! ,euphrates1 :i* ran 
f nor? to s\?4 ,a bridge ( admirable    
/ructure1 ab\t a furlong 9 l5g?1 & sixty
 feet 9 wid?1 =m$ ! communication across
 ! riv]2 & at ! two extremities ( ?is   
bridge 7 two palaces on ! ea/1 & ! new  
palace on ! we/ side ( ! riv]4 ,!       
,temple ( ,belus1 :i* /ood ne> ! old    
palace1 occupi$ "o entire squ>e4 ,! city
 0 situat$ 9 a va/ pla91 ! soil ( :i* 0 
extremely fat & fruitful4  ,to p ?is    
imm5se city1 ,nebu*adnezz> transplant$  
hi!r an inf9ite numb] ( captives1 f ! _m
 nations t he subdu$4 ,x w\ld appe>1    
h[ev]1 t ! :ole ( x 0 nev] inhabit$4  ,!
 fam\s ,hang+ ,g>d5s1 :i* adorn$ !      

palace 9 ,babylon1 7 rank$ among !      
wond]s ( ! _w4 ,!y conta9$ f\r hundr$   
feet squ>e1 & 7 compos$ ( sev]al l>ge   
t]races2 & ! plat=m ( ! highe/ t]race 0 
equal 9 height to ! walls ( ,babylon1 t 
is1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! ass5t f
 t]race to t]race 0 by /eps t5 feet     
wide4 ,! :ole mass 0 support$ by l>ge   
vaults1 built ^u ea* o!r1 & /r5g!n$ by a
 wall tw5ty-two feet ?ick4 ,! tops ( ^! 
ar*es 7 cov]$ ) /ones1 ru%es & bitum51 &
 plates ( lead1 to prev5t leakage4 ,!   
dep? ( e>? 0 s great1 t 9 x ! l>ge/     
trees might take root4 ,"h 0 e ?+ t c\ld
 please ! sight2 z1 l>ge trees1 fl[]s1  
plants1 & %rubs4 ,^u ! highe/ t]race 0 a
 res]voir1 suppli$ ) wat] f ! riv]4  ,! 
pr$ictions ( ! prophets aga9/ ,babylon1 
gradually receiv$ _! accompli%m5t4      
,b]osus relates1 t ,cyrus1 hav+ tak5 ?is
 city1 demoli%$ its walls1 le/ !        
inhabitants %\ld revolt4 ,d>ius1 son (  
,hy/aspes1 de/roy$ ! gates1 c4 ,alex&] !
 ,great int5d$ to rebuild x1 b 0 prev5t$
 by dea? f accompli%+ 8 design4         

,seleucus ,nicator built ,seleucia on ! 
,tigris1 & ?is city ins5sibly depriv$   
,babylon ( its inhabitants4 ,/rabo      
assures u1 t "u ,augu/us1 ,babylon 0    
almo/ =sak52 & t x 0 no long] any ?+ m  
?an a great des]t4 ,/4 ,j]ome relates1  
on ! te/imony ( a monk :o dwelt at      
,j]usalem1 t 9 8 "t1 ,babylon & its     
anci5t prec9cts 7 conv]t$ into a great  
p>k1 9 :i* ! k+s ( ,p]sia 7 accu/om$ to 
hunt4  ,a ,g]man travell]1 nam$         
,rauwolf1 :o 9 #aegd pass$ ?r\gh ! place
 :]e ,babylon =m]ly /ood1 speaks ( its  
ru9s z foll[s3 ,! village ( ,elugo n[   
/&s :]e ,babylon ( ,*aldea 0 =m]ly      
situat$4 ,! h>b\r is di/ant f x a qu>t] 
( a league1 & p g on %ore to proce$ by  
l& to ! celebrat$ city ( ,bagdad1 :i* is
 di/ant a j\rney ( a day & a half       
ea/w>d1 on ! ,tigris4 ,! soil is s dry &
 b>r51 t !y _c till x2 & s nak$1 t ,i   
c\ld sc>cely believe1 t ?is p[]ful city1
 once ! mo/ /ately & r5[n$ 9 all ! _w1 &
 situat$ 9 ! mo/ fruitful c\ntry ( ,%9>1
 c\ld ev] h /ood 9 ?is place4 ,my d\bts1

 h[ev]1 on ?is po9t1 7 remov$1 by !     
situation1 & by _m antiquities ( great  
beauty1 :i* are /ill to be se51 &       
p>ticul>ly by ! old bridge ov] !        
,euphrates1 ( :i* "s piles & ar*es (    
brick rema91 s /rong z to excite        
admiration4 ,! :ole front ( ! village ( 
,elugo is ! hill ^u :i* ! ca/le /ood2 & 
! ru9s ( its =tifications1 ?\gh demoli%$
 & un9habit$1 are /ill visible4 ,beh9d1 
& at a small di/ance beyond1 0 ! t[] (  
,babylon1 :i* is /ill to be se51 & is   
half a league 9 diamet]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s
 ru9\s1 s l[1 & s full ( v5om\s         
creatures1 :i* lodge 9 holes made by !m 
9 ! rubbi%1 t no "o d>es approa* ne>] to
 x ?an )9 half a league1 except dur+ two
 mon?s 9 w9t]1 :5 ^! animals nev] leave 
_! holes4 ,9 p>ticul>1 "o sort1 :i* !   
inhabitants ( ! c\ntry call eglo1       
possesses a v active poison1 & is l>g]  
?an our liz>d4   ,we %all close ?is     
*apt] ) a full description ( an anci5t  
=tress call$ ,,alhambra4  ,?is place 0 !
 resid5ce ( ! ,moori% mon>*s ( ,gr5ada4 

,x d]ives its "n f ! r$ col\r ( !       
mat]ials ) :i* x 0 orig9ally built1     
,alhambra signify+ a r$ h\se4 ,x appe>s 
to a travell] z huge a heap ( ugly      
build+s z c well be se51 all huddl$     
toge!r1 seem+ly )\t ! lea/ int5tion (   
=m+ "o habitation out ( !m4 ,! walls are
 entirely unornam5t$1 consi/+ *iefly (  
gravel & pebbles1 daub$ ov] ) pla/] 9 a 
v co>se mann]3 yet ?is 0 ! palace ( !   
,moori% k+s ( ,gr5ada1 & x is           
indisputably ! mo/ curi\s place t exi/s 
9 ,spa91 p]haps 9 ! _w4 ,9 _m c\ntries  
may be se5 excell5t mod]n1 z well z     
anci5t ar*itecture1 bo? entire & 9 ru9s2
 b no?+ to be met ) any :]e else1 c     
convey an idea ( ?is edifice1 except !  
decorations ( an op]a1 or ! tales ( !   
g5ii4  ,pass+ r\nd ! corn] ( ! emp]or's 
palace1 "o is admitt$ at a pla9         
unornam5t$ door 9 a corn]4 ,on my fir/  
visit1 7says ,mr4 ,sw9burne1 9 8        
,travels 9 ,spa917 ,i confess ,i 0 /ruck
 ) amazem5t1 z ,i /epp$ ov] ! ?re%old1  
to f9d myself on a sudd5 transport$ into

 a species ( fairy l&4 ,! fir/ place y  
come to is ! c\rt call$ ! ,communa1 or  
,delmesuc>1 t is1 ! common ba?s2 an     
oblong squ>e1 ) a deep bason ( cle> wat]
 9 ! middle2 two flights ( m>ble /eps   
lead+ d[n to ! bottom2 on ea* side a    
p>t]re ( fl[]s1 & a r[ ( orange trees4  
,r\nd ! c\rt runs a p]i/yle pav$ )      
m>ble2 ! ar*es be> ^u v slight pill>s1 9
 proportions & /yle diff]5t f all !     
regul> ord]s ( ar*itecture4 ,! ceil+s & 
walls are incru/$ ) fretwork 9 /ucco1 s 
m9ute & intricate1 t ! mo/ pati5t       
draughtsman w\ld f9d x difficult to     
foll[ x1 unless he made himself ma/] ( !
 g5]al plan4 ,?is w\ld facilitate !     
op]ation exce$+ly2 = all ?is "w is      
frequ5tly & regul>ly repeat$ at c]ta9   
di/ances1 & has be5 execut$ by means (  
squ>e m\lds appli$ successively1 & !    
p>ts jo9$ toge!r ) ! utmo/ nicety4 ,9 e 
division are ,arabic s5t5ces ( diff]5t  
l5g?s1 mo/ ( !m expressive ( ! foll[+   
mean+s2 ',!re is no conqu]or b ,god2'   
or1 ',ob$i5ce & hon\r to our "l         

,ab\abd\la4' ,! ceil+s are gilt or      
pa9t$1 & "t has caus$ no dim9ution 9 !  
fre%ness ( _! col\rs1 ?\gh con/antly    
expos$ to ! air4 ,! l[] "p ( ! wall is  
mosaic1 dispos$ 9 fanta/ic knots &      
fe/oons4 ,! por*es at ! end are m l     
grotto-"w ?an any ?+ else to :i* !y c be
 comp>$4 ,t on ! "r h& op5s into an     
octagon vault1 "u ! emp]or's palace1 &  
=ms a p]fect :isp]+ gall]y1 meant to be 
a communication betwe5 ! (fices ( bo?   
h\ses4 ,opposite to ! door ( ! ,communa 
?r\gh :i* y ent]1 is ano!r lead+ into ! 
,qu>to de los leones1 or ap>tm5t ( !    
lions1 :i* is an oblong c\rt1 "o hundr$ 
feet 9 l5g?1 & fifty 9 bread?1 environ$ 
) a colonnade1 sev5 feet broad on !     
sides1 & t5 at ! end4 ,two porticos or  
cab9ets1 ab\t fifte5 feet squ>e1 project
 into ! c\rt at ! two extremities4 ,!   
squ>e is cov]$ ) col\r$ tiles2 !        
colonnade1 ) :ite m>ble4 ,! walls are   
cov]$1 five feet up f ! gr\nd1 ) blue & 
yell[ tiles1 dispos$ *equ]wise4 ,above &
 bel[ is a bord] ( small escut*eons1    

enamell$ blue & gold1 ) an ,arabic motto
 on a b5d1 signify+1 ,no conqu]or b     
,god4 ,! columns t support ! ro( &      
gall]y are ( :ite m>ble1 v sl5d]1 &     
fanta/ically adorn$4 ,!y are n9e feet   
high1 includ+ base & capital1 & eight & 
a half in*es diamet]4 ,!y are v         
irregul>ly plac$2 sometimes s+ly1 at    
o!rs1 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 b m frequ5tly two 
toge!r4 ,! wid? ( ! horse-%oe ar*es     
above !m1 is f\r feet two in*es = ! l>ge
 ones1 & ?ree = ! small]4 ,! ceil+ ( !  
portico is f9i%$ 9 a mu* f9] & m        
complicat$ mann] ?an t ( ! ,communa1 & !
 /ucco laid on ! walls ) inimitable     
delicacy2 9 ! ceil+ x is s artfully     
fro/$ & h&l$1 z to exce$ belief4 ,!     
capitals are ( v>i\s designs1 ?\gh ea*  
design is repeat$ sev]al times 9 !      
circumf]5ce ( ! c\rt1 b n ! lea/        
att5tion has be5 paid to plac+ !m       
regul>ly1 or opposite to ea* o!r4 ,n !  
smalle/ repres5tation ( animal life c be
 discov]$ amid/ ! v>iety ( foliages1    
grotesques1 & /range ornam5ts4 ,ab\t ea*

 ar* is a l>ge squ>e ( arabesques1      
surr\nd$ ) a rim ( *>act]s1 t are       
g5]ally quotations f ! ,koran4 ,ov] !   
pill>s is ano!r squ>e ( delightful      
foliage "w4 ,high] up is a wood5 rim1 or
 k9d ( cornice1 z mu* enri*$ ) c>v+ z ! 
/ucco t cov]s ! "p und]nea?4 ,ov] ?is   
projects a ro( ( r$ tiles1 ! only ?+ t  
disfigures ?is beautiful squ>e4 ,?is    
ugly cov]+ is mod]n1 put on by ord] (   
,mr4 ,wall1 ! late prime m9i/]4 ,9 !    
c5tre ( ! c\rt are twelve ill-made      
lions1 muzzl$1 _! =e p>ts smoo?1 _! h9d 
p>ts r\gh2 :i* be> ^u _! backs an       
enorm\s bason1 out ( :i* a less] rises4 
,:ile ! pipes 7 kept 9 good ord]1 a     
great volume ( wat] 0 ?r[n up1 t1 fall+ 
d[n into ! basons1 pass$ ?r\gh ! bea/s1 
& issu$ out ( _! m\?s into a l>ge       
res]voir1 :]e x communicat$ by *annels )
 ! jets d'eau 9 ! ap>tm5ts4 ,?is f\nta9 
is ( :ite m>ble1 embelli%$ ) _m fe/oons 
& ,arabic di/i*s1 complim5t+ ! mon>* & 8
 pr9cess4  ,pass+ along ! colonnade1 &  
keep+ on ! s\? side1 y come to a circul>

 room1 us$ by ! m5 z a place = dr9k+    
c(fee & =bets 94 ,a f\nta9 9 ! middle   
refre%$ ! ap>tm5t 9 summ]4 ,! =m ( ?is  
hall1 ! elegance ( its cupola1 ! *e]ful 
di/ribution ( light f above1 & !        
exquisite mann] 9 :i* ! /ucco is        
design$1 pa9t$1 & f9i%$1 exce$ all p[]s 
( description4 ,e ?+ 9 x inspires ! mo/ 
pleas+ voluptu\s ideas2 yet 9 ?is sweet 
retreat1 !y say1 t ,ab\abd\la assembl$ !
 ,abb5c>rages1 & caus$ _! heads to be   
/ruck (f into ! f\nta94  ,cont9u+ y\r   
walk r\nd1 y are next br\ght to a c\ple 
( rooms at ! head ( ! c\rt1 :i* are     
suppos$ to h be5 tribunals1 or audi5ce  
*amb]s4  ,opposite to ! ,sala de los    
,abb5c>rages1 is ! entrance into !      
,torre de las dos ,h]manas1 or ! t[] ( !
 ,two ,si/]s2 s nam$ f two v beautiful  
pieces ( m>ble laid z flags 9 ! pavem5t4
 ,?is gate exce$s all ! re/ 9 pr(usion (
 ornam5ts1 & 9 ! beauty ( prospect :i* x
 af=ds ?r\gh a range ( ap>tm5ts1 :]e a  
multitude ( ar*es t]m9ate 9 a l>ge w9d[ 
op5 to ! c\ntry4 ,9 a gleam ( sun%9e1 ! 

v>iety ( t9ts & lights ?r[n ^u ?is      
enfilade1 are uncommonly ri*4 ,! fir/   
hall is ! conc]t-room1 :]e ! wom5 sat2 !
 musicians play$ above 9 f\r balconies4 
,9 ! middle is a jet d'eau4 ,! m>ble    
pavem5t is equal to ! f9e/ exi/+1 = !   
size ( ! flags & ev5ness ( ! col\r4 ,!  
two si/]s are slabs1 t measure fifte5   
feet by sev5 & a half1 )\t flaw or /a94 
,! walls1 up to a c]ta9 height1 are     
mosaic1 & above are divid$ into v neat  
comp>tm5ts ( /ucco1 all ( "o design1 :i*
 is also foll[$ 9 _m ( ! adjac5t halls &
 gall]ies4 ,! ceil+ is a frett$ cove4   
,to pres]ve ?is vault$ ro(1 z well z "s 
( ! o!r pr9cipal cupolas1 ! outw>d walls
 ( ! t[]s are rais$ t5 feet above ! top 
( ! dome1 & support ano!r ro( ov] all1  
by :i* means no damage c ev] be caus$ by
 wet wea!r1 or excessive heat & cold4   
,f ?is hall y pass r\nd ! little myrtle 
g>d5 ( ,l9d>ax1 into an additional      
build+ made to ! ea/ end by ,*>les ,v4  
,! rooms are small & l[4 ,8 fav\rite    
motto1 ',plus outr1' appe>s on e beam4  

,?is leads to a t[]1 project+ f ! l9e ( 
! nor? wall1 call ,el ,tocador1 or !    
dress+-room ( ! sultana4 ,x is a small  
squ>e cab9et1 9 ! middle ( an op5       
gall]y1 f :i* x receiv$ light by a door 
& ?ree w9d[s4 ,! view is *>m+4 ,9 "o    
corn] is a l>ge m>ble flag1 drill$ full 
( holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke ( p]fumes    
asc5d$ f furnaces bel[2 & "h1 x is      
presum$1 ! ,moori% que5 0 wont to sit1  
to fumigate & sweet5 h] p]son4 ,! emp]or
 caus$ ?is pretty room to be pa9t$ )    
repres5tations ( 8 w>s1 & a great v>iety
 ( grotesques1 :i* appe> to be copies1  
or at lea/ imitations1 ( ^? 9 ! lobby ( 
! ,vatican4  ,f h5ce y g ?r\gh a long   
passage to ! hall ( ambassadors1 :i* is 
magnific5tly decorat$ ) innum]able      
v>ieties ( mosaics1 & ! mottos ( all !  
k+s ( ,gr5ada4 ,?is long n>r[ anti*amb] 
op5s into ! ,communa on ! left h&1 & on 
! "r into ! great audi5ce hall 9 ! t[] (
 ,com>es2 a noble ap>tm5t1 ?irty-six    
feet squ>e1 ?irty-six high up to !      
cornice1 & eighte5 f !nce to ! c5tre ( !

 cupola4 ,! walls on ?ree sides are     
fifte5 feet ?ick1 on ! o!r n9e2 ! l[]   
range ( w9d[s ?irte5 feet high4 ,! wall 
is inlaid ) mosaic ( _m col\rs1 dispos$ 
9 intricate knots1 />s1 & o!r figures4  
,9 e "p1 v>i\s ,arabic s5t5ces are      
repeat$4  ,hav+ complet$ ! t\r ( ! upp] 
ap>tm5ts1 :i* are ^u a level ) ! (fices 
( ! new palace1 y desc5d to ! l[] floor1
 :i* consi/$ ( b$*amb]s & summ] rooms3 !
 back /airs & passages1 t facilitat$ !  
int]c\rse betwe5 !m1 are )\t numb]4 ,!  
mo/ rem>kable room bel[ is ! k+'s       
b$*amb]1 :i* communicat$1 by means ( a  
gall]y1 ) ! upp] /ory4 ,! b$s 7 plac$ 9 
two alcoves1 ^u a rais$ pavem5t ( blue &
 :ite tiles2 b z x 0 repair$ by ,philip 
,v4 :o pass$ "s "t "h1 x _c be said h[ x
 may h be5 9 =m] times4 ,a f\nta9 play$ 
9 ! middle1 to refre% ! ap>tm5t 9 hot   
wea!r4  ,beh9d ! alcoves are small      
doors1 t conduct y to ! royal ba?s4 ,^! 
consi/ ( "o small closet1 ) m>ble ci/]ns
 = wa%+ *ildr51 two rooms = gr[n-up     
p]sons1 & vaults = boil]s & furnaces1 t 

suppli$ ! ba?s ) wat]1 & ! /oves )      
vap\r4 ,! tr\ghs are =m$ ( l>ge slabs ( 
:ite m>ble2 ! walls are ornam5t$ )      
p>ty-col\r$ e>!nw>e1 & light is admitt$ 
by holes 9 ! ceil+4 ,h>d by1 is a :isp]+
 gall]y1 & a k9d ( gall]y1 said to h be5
 made = ! div]sion ( ! wom5 & *ildr54   
,"o ( ! passages ( communication is f5c$
 (f ) a /rong iron gate1 & call$ !      
,prison ( ! ,sultana2 b x seems m       
probable t x 0 put up to prev5t any body
 f climb+ up into ! wom5's qu>t]4  ,"u !
 c\ncil-room is a long slip1 call$ !    
,k+'s ,/udy3 & adjo9+ to x are sev]al   
vaults1 said to be ! place ( burial ( ! 
royal family4 ,9 ! ye> #aegd1 f\r       
sepul*res 7 op5$1 b1 z !y conta9$ no?+ b
 bones & a%es1 7 imm$iately clos$ aga94 
,?is description ( ! ,alhambra1         
concludes by obs]v+ h[ admirably e ?+ 0 
plann$ & calculat$ = r5d]+ ?is palace ! 
mo/ voluptu\s ( all retirem5ts3 :at     
pl5tiful supplies ( wat] 7 br\ght to    
refre% x 9 ! hot mon?s ( summ]2 :at a   
free circulation ( air 0 contriv$1 by ! 

judici\s disposition ( doors & w9d[s2   
:at %ady g>d5s ( aromatic trees2 :at    
noble views ov] ! beautiful hills &     
f]tile pla9s6 ,no wond] ! ,moors        
regrett$ ,granada2 no wond] !y /ill (f] 
up pray]s to ,god e ,friday1 = ! recov]y
 ( ?is city1 :i* !y e/eem a t]re/rial   
p>adise4     ,,*ap4 ,,lv4  ,,curiosities
 ,,respect+ ,,temples1                  
,,etc4--7,cont9u$47                     
,s]aglio--,museum--,colossus--&         
,obelisk4   ,,s]aglio4--,?is ^w is      
commonly us$ to express ! h\se or palace
 ( a pr9ce4 ,9 ?is s5se x is frequ5tly  
us$ at ,con/ant9ople3 ! h\ses ( =eign   
ambassadors are call$ s]aglios4 ,b x is 
commonly us$1 by way ( em95ce1 = !      
palace ( ! gr& seignior at              
,con/ant9ople2 :]e he keeps 8 c\rt1--:]e
 8 concub9es are lodg$--& :]e ! y\? are 
tra9$ up = ! *ief po/s ( ! empire4 ,x is
 a triangle1 ab\t ?ree ,italian miles   
r\nd1 :olly )9 ! city1 at ! end ( !     
promontory ,*rysoc]as1 n[ call$ !       
,s]aglio ,po9t4 ,! build+s run back to !

 bottom ( ! hill1 & !nce are g>d5s t    
rea* to ! edge ( ! sea4 ,x is inclos$ ) 
a v high & /rong wall1 ^u :i* !re are   
sev]al wat*-t[]s2 & x has _m gates1 "s (
 :i* op5 t[>ds ! sea-side1 & ! re/ into 
! city3 b ! *ief gate is "o ( ! latt]1  
:i* is con/antly gu>d$ by a company (   
capoo*es1 or port]s3 & 9 ! night x is   
well gu>d$ t[>ds ! sea4 ,! outw>d       
appe>ance is n elegant2 ! ar*itecture   
be+ irregul>1 consi/+ ( sep>ate edifices
 9 ! =m ( pavilions & domes4 ,! ladies (
 ! s]aglio are a collection ( beautiful 
"y wom51 *iefly s5t z pres5ts f !       
prov9ces & ,greek isl&s1 & mo/ ( !m !   
*ildr5 ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts4 ,! brave pr9ce 
,h]aclicus = "s ye>s aboli%$ ! infam\s  
tribute ( *ildr5 ( bo? sexes1 :i*       
,georgia =m]ly paid e ye> to ! ,porte4  
,! numb] ( wom5 9 ! ,h>em dep5ds on !   
ta/e ( ! reign+ sultan4 ,selim _h two   
?\s&1 ,a*met _h b ?ree hundr$1 & ! late 
sultan _h ne>ly "o ?\s& six hundr$4 ,on 
_! admission1 !y are committ$ to ! c>e (
 ! old ladies1 taught sew+1 embroid]y1  

music1 danc+1 c4 & furni%$ ) ! ri*e/    
clo!s & ornam5ts4 ,!y all sleep 9       
sep>ate b$s1 & betwe5 e fif? !re is a   
preceptress4 ,_! *ief gov]ness is call$ 
,katon ,kiaga1 or gov]ness ( ! noble "y 
ladies4 ,!re is no s]vant1 = !y are     
oblig$ to wait on "o ano!r by rotation2 
! la/ t is ent]$ s]ves h] :o prec$$ h]1 
& h]self4  ,^! ladies are sc>cely ev]   
suff]$ to g abroad1 except :5 ! gr&     
seignior removes f "o place to ano!r1 :5
 a troop ( black eunu*s convey !m to !  
boats1 :i* are inclos$ ) lattices & l95 
curta9s2 & :5 !y g by l& !y are put into
 close *>iots1 & signals are made at    
c]ta9 di/ances1 to give notice t none   
approa* ! roads ?r\gh :i* !y m>*4 ,!    
boats ( ! ,h>em1 :i* c>ry ! gr&         
seignior's wives1 are mann$ ) tw5ty-f\r 
r[]s1 & h :ite cov]$ tilts1 %ut         
alt]nately by ,v5etian bl9ds4 ,among !  
emp]or's att5dants are a numb] ( mutes1 
:o act & conv]se by signs ) great       
quickness1 & "s dw>fs1 :o are exhibit$ =
 ! sultan's amusem5t4  ,:5 he p]mits !  

wom5 to walk 9 ! g>d5s ( ! s]aglio1 all 
p are ord]$ to retire1 & on e side is a 
gu>d ( black eunu*s1 ) sabres 9 _! h&s1 
:ile o!rs g _! r\nds to h9d] any p]son f
 see+ !m4 ,if any "o is f\nd 9 ! g>d51  
ev5 ?r\gh ignorance or inadv]t5ce1 he is
 in/antly kill$1 & 8 head br\ght to !   
feet ( ! gr& seignior1 :o rew>ds ! gu>d 
= _! vigilance4  ,sometimes ! gr&       
seignior passes into ! g>d5s to amuse   
himself :5 ! wom5 are !re1 & x is !n !y 
make use ( all _! utmo/ ef=ts1 by danc+1
 s++1 s$uc+ ge/ures1 & amor\s bl&i%m5ts1
 to attract 8 affections4 ,x is n       
p]mitt$ t ! mon>* %\ld take a virg9 to 8
 b$1 except dur+ ! solemn fe/ivals1 & on
 occasion ( "s extraord9>y rejoic+s1 or 
! arrival ( "s good news4 ,^u su*       
occasions1 if ! sultan *ooses a new     
companion to 8 b$1 he ent]s into !      
ap>tm5t ( ! wom51 :o are rang$ 9 files  
by ! gov]nesses1 to :om he speaks1 &    
intimates ! p]son he likes be/4 ,z soon 
z ! gr& seignior has *os5 ! girl de/9$  
to be ! p>tn] ( 8 b$1 all ! o!rs foll[  

h] to ! ba?1 wa%+ & p]fum+ h]1 & dress+ 
h] sup]bly1 & ?us conduct h]1 ) s++1    
danc+1 & rejoic+1 to ! b$*amb] ( ! gr&  
seignior2 & if by a c]ta9 "t %e becomes 
pregnant1 & is deliv]$ ( a boy1 %e is   
call$ asaki-sultaness1 t is to say1     
sultaness-"m4 ,= ! fir/ son %e has !    
hon\r to be cr[n$1 & %e has ! lib]ty (  
=m+ h] c\rt3 eunu*s are also assign$ =  
h] gu>d1 & = h] p>ticul> s]vice4 ,no o!r
 ladies1 ?\gh deliv]$ ( boys1 are ei!r  
cr[n$ or ma9ta9$ ) su* co/ly di/9ction  
at ! fir/2 b !y h _! s]vice ap>t1 &     
h&some appo9tm5ts4 ,at ! dea? ( !       
sultan1 ! mo!rs ( ! male *ildr5 are %ut 
up 9 ! old s]aglio1 :5ce !y c nev] come 
out any m1 unless any ( _! sons asc5d ! 
?rone4  ,b>on de ,tott in=ms u1 t !     
female slave :o becomes ! "m ( ! sultan1
 & lives long en\gh to see h] son m\nt !
 ?rone1 is ! only woman :o at t p]iod   
acquires ! di/9ction ( sultana-"m2 %e is
 till !n 9 ! int]ior ( h] prison ) h]   
son4 ,! title ba*l-kadun1 or pr9cipal   
woman1 is ! fir/ dignity ( ! gr&        

seignior's ,h>em2 & %e has a l>g]       
all[ance ?an ^? :o h ! title ( second1  
?ird1 & f\r? woman1 :i* are ! f\r free  
wom5 ! ,koran all[s4  ,x mu/ /rike e    
read]1 t ! pres5t happy condition (     
females 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries is directly 
attributable to ,*ri/ianity2 & ?is /amps
 an ine/imable value on ! gospel4       
,females %\ld consid] x z ! *>t] ( _!   
privileges4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion has1 by
 its lett] or _s1 explod$ cu/oms &      
practices :i* 7 ! imm$iate causes (     
female degradation & wret*$ness4 ,x has 
made m>riage pure & hon\rable1 by       
prohibit+ polygamy1 & re/rict+ )9 v n>r[
 limits ! dang]\s lib]ty ( divorce2 two 
cu/oms :i* violate ! pla9 ord] & design 
( ,provid5ce 9 creation1 :i* degrade    
woman to insignificance & slav]y1 & :i* 
br\ght on t dissolut5ess & corruption ( 
mann]s 9 mo/ anci5t & "s mod]n nations4 
,,museum1--is a collection ( r>e &      
int]e/+ objects1 select$ f ! :ole circle
 ( natural hi/ory & ! arts1 & deposit$ 9
 ap>tm5ts or build+s1 ei!r by !         

comm5dable g5]osity ( ri* individuals1  
g5]al gov]nm5ts1 or mon>*s1 = !         
inspection ( ! le>n$1 & ! great mass ( !
 public4  ,! t]m1 :i* means lit]ally a  
/udy1 or place ( retirem5t1 is said to h
 be5 giv5 orig9ally to t "p ( ! royal   
palace at ,alex&ria1 appropriat$ = ! use
 ( le>n$ m51 & ! reception ( ! lit]>y   
works !n extant4 ,accord+ to anci5t     
writ]s1 !y 7 =m$ into classes or        
colleges1 ea* ( :i* _h a compet5t sum   
assign$ = _! support2 & we are fur!r    
in=m$1 t ! e/abli%m5t 0 f\nd$ by        
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 :o add$ a mo/   
ext5sive libr>y4  ,x w\ld answ] little  
purpose to trace ! hi/ory ( ,museums1 z 
! e>li] "p ( x is involv$ 9 obscurity2 &
 z we approa* our own times1 !y multiply
 beyond a possibility ( notic+ ev5 ! mo/
 important4 ,)9 our brief limits we     
%all1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to ^? at !
 ,vatican1 ,flor5ce1 ,p>is1 ,ox=d1 &    
,london4  ,! ,museum ( ! ,vatican might 
orig9ally h be5 said to occupy all !    
ap>tm5ts ( ! palace1 :i* are m num]\s   

?an 9 any o!r royal resid5ce 9 ! _w3 !  
pictures1 ! books1 ! manuscripts1       
/atues1 bas-reliefs1 & e o!r description
 ( ! lab\rs ( anci5t arti/s1 7 select1  
uncommon1 & valuable 9 ! extreme1       
p>ticul>ly ! ,laocoon1 already describ$1
 & said1 by ,pl9y1 to h be5 made f a    
s+le mass ( m>ble2 :i* circum/ance has  
s9ce caus$ a d\bt :e!r t ( ! ,vatican is
 really ! orig9al1 z ,mi*ael ,angelo    
discov]$ t x is compos$ ( m ?an "o      
piece4 ,x 0 f\nd1 9 #aejf1 ne> ! ba?s ( 
,titus1 &1 :e!r an orig9al or a copy1   
has obta9$ & des]ves e possible         
admiration4--,?is invaluable collection 
cont9u$ to increase = sev]al c5turies1 &
 till ne>ly ! pres5t p]iod4  ,! gr&     
dukes ( ,tuscany 7 = a long s]ies ( ye>s
 ard5t admir]s ( ! arts1 anci5t & mod]n1
 & regrett$ no exp5se 9 obta9+ ! mo/ r>e
 & beautiful objects :i* va/ treasures 7
 capable ( procur+2 consequ5tly _!      
,museum at ,flor5ce vi$ ) t ( ,rome1 &1 
9 "s in/ances1 ! value ( p>ticul>       
articles exce$$ any possibility (       

rival%ip3 we allude to ! ,v5us de       
,m$icis1 ( :i* ,keysl] speaks ?us1 9 8  
excell5t acc\nt ( t "p ( ! cont95t3 ,i  
%all conclude ?is %ort criticism on !   
celebrat$ ,v5us de ,m$icis1 ) ! foll[+  
obs]vation1 made by "s able             
connoisseurs1 namely1 t if ! diff]5t    
p>ts ( ?is fam\s /atue be exam9$        
sep>ately1 z ! head1 nose1 c4 & comp>$ )
 ! l p>ts ( o!rs1 x w\ld n be impossible
 to f9d simil> p>ts equal1 if n sup]ior1
 to ^? ( ! ,v5us de ,m$icis2 b if !     
delicacy ( ! %ape1 ! attitude1 &        
symmetry ( ! :ole1 be consid]$ z an     
assemblage ( beauties1 x _c be p>allel$ 
9 ! :ole _w4 ,?is beautiful /atue is    
plac$ betwe5 two o!rs ( ! same goddess1 
bo? :i* w\ld be admir$ by spectators 9  
any o!r place2 b "h all _! beauties are 
eclips$ by ^? ( ! ,v5us de ,m$icis1 to  
:i* !y c be consid]$ only z foils to    
augm5t ! lu/re ( t admir$ /atue4 ,little
 is kn[n 9 ,engl& ( ! pres5t /ate ( !   
,flor5t9e ,museum1 b x is fe>$ to be    
deplorable4  ,we %all n[ turn our       

att5tion to ! ,muse ,c5tral des ,arts1  
=m$ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is1 compos$ ) ! be/
 collections on ! cont95t1 & consequ5tly
 consi/+ ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( human art4 
,! me?od adopt$ = arrang+ ! pa9t+s "h   
assembl$ is judici\s1 z !y are class$ 9 
nations1 by :i* means ! eye is conduct$ 
gradually to ! acme ( ! art1 9 ! works (
 ! ,italian ma/]s4  ,! gall]y (         
antiquities is directly bel[ ! gall]y ( 
pictures2 &1 to give "s idea ( ! nature 
( ! g5]al cont5ts1 we %all m5tion !     
names ( ! sev]al divisions1 :i* are3 ,la
 ,salle de ,saisons1--,la ,salle des    
,hommes illu/res1--,la ,salle des       
,roma9s1--,la ,salle de ,laocoon1--,la  
,salle de l',apollon1--& ,la ,salle des 
,muses4 ,! ,laocoon1 :i* we h notic$ 9  
our acc\nt ( ! ,vatican1 "h receiv$     
di/+ui%$ hon\rs1 )9 a space rail$ 92 & !
 ,apollo ,belvid]e is equally hon\r$1 9 
giv+ "n to "o ( ! halls4  ,^! exquisite 
works are describ$ 9 a catalogue1 :i*   
may be obta9$ 9 ! gall]y2 & ( ! mann] we
 %all v5ture to give a specim51 hop+ t a

 simil> me?od may be adopt$1 to expla9 !
 objects (f]$ to view 9 our national    
repository4 ,"u ! head ',py?ian         
,apollo1' call$ ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 !  
au?or ( ! catalogue obs]ves1 ,?is /atue1
 ! mo/ sublime ( ^? pres]v$ by "t1 0    
f\nd1 ne> ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1   
twelve leagues f ,rome1 at ,cape        
d',anzo1 on ! bord]s ( ! sea1 9 ! ru9s (
 anci5t ,antium1 a city equally         
celebrat$ = its ,temple ( ,=tune1 & =   
its pleasant mansions1 erect$ by        
successive emp]ors1 :i*1 emul\s ( ea*   
o!r1 !y decorat$ ) ! mo/ r>e & excell5t 
works ( art4 ,julius ,,ii4 :5 a c>d9al1 
obta9$ ?is /atue1 & plac$ x 9 ! palace  
:]e he resid$1 ne> ! *ur* ( ! ,holy     
,apo/les4 ,aft] 8 elevation to !        
pontificate1 he _h x remov$ to !        
,belvid]e ( ! ,vatican1 :]e x rema9$    
?ree c5turies an object ( univ]sal      
admiration4 ,a h]o1 conduct$ by victory1
 drew x f ! ,vatican1 & caus+ x to be   
convey$ to ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 has fix$ x
 "h = ev]4  ,ano!r ,museum e/abli%$ at  

,p>is aft] ! return ( ord]1 is t ( !    
,national ,monum5ts4 ,^! 7              
indiscrim9ately de/roy$1 or mutilat$1   
dur+ ! fir/ frantic emotions ( !        
revolution2 & ?is act contribut$ n a    
little to ! g5]al dislike x excit$3 at  
l5g? ! mo/ enlight5$ "p ( ! ,national   
,conv5tion decre$ imprisonm5t 9 *a9s to 
^? :o %\ld !nce=w>d injure or de/roy !  
m>ble & bronze records ( _! c\ntry4 ,le 
,noir1 a man ( ta/e & le>n+1 seiz$ ?is  
opportunity ( rescu+ ! ,fr5* nation f ! 
reproa* x _h incurr$ by de/roy+ :at 0   
hon\rable to !mselves2 & conceiv$ t1    
?\gh late1 x might /ill be possible to  
collect :ole monum5ts 9 "s in/ances1 &  
fragm5ts 9 o!rs1 suffici5t to int]e/    
=eign]s 9 fav\r ( 8 c\ntry1 or at lea/  
to ev9ce to !m t a *ange 9 s5tim5t _h   
tak5 place4 ,=tunately 8 plan receiv$   
public enc\ragem5t1 & he has1 ?r\gh !   
assi/ance ( gov]nm5t1 procur$ an a/oni%+
 numb] ( specim5s f all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 
,mr4 ,p9k]ton obs]ves ( ?is collection1 
,x w n escape ! att5tion ( ! read] (    

ta/e1 t ! arrangem5t is confus$1 nay1   
(t5 caprici\s1 & is capable ( great     
improvem5t4 ,& ,le ,maitre says1 ^u !   
same subject1 ,aft] sev]al h\rs employ$ 
9 ?is second view1 ,i cont9ue ( my =m]  
op9ion1 t ! spot 7=m]ly a conv5t7 9 :i* 
^! monum5ts are collect$1 is inf9itely  
too small2 t ! g>d51 meant to be !      
tranquil site ( sepul*ral hon\rs1 & !   
calm retreat ( dep>t$ gr&eur1 is on s   
limit$ a scale1 s surr\nd$ ) adjo9+     
h\ses1 & altoge!r s ill arrang$1 t      
in/ead ( pres5t+ ! model (    ,^? deep  
solitudes 444   ,:]e heav'nly p5sive    
contemplation dwells1   ,& ev] mus+     
melan*oly reigns2  x might easily be    
mi/ak5 = ! work+ y>d ( a /atu>y1 or !   
pleasure gr\nd ( a ta/eless citiz51     
deck$ out ) ,cupids1 ,m]curies1 &       
,fawns4 ,bo? ^! au?ors1 h[ev]1 agree 9  
prais+ ! motives & p]sev]ance ( ,le     
,noir4  ,ox=d has ! hon\r ( produc+ !   
fir/1 & n ! lea/ important ,museum 9    
,engl&2 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #afgi1 & ! build+ 
complet$ 9 #afhc1 at ! exp5se ( !       

univ]sity4 ,! /ud5ts1 ! public1 & !     
pr(essors1 are indebt$ to ,elias        
,a%mole1 ,esq4 = an invaluable          
collection ( int]e/+ objects pres5t$ by 
him = _! use1 & imm$iately plac$ )9 x2  
s9ce :i* p]iod x has be5 call$ !        
,a%molean ,museum4 ,! /ructure1 9 !     
,cor9?ian ord] ( ar*itecture1 has a     
magnific5t portal2 & ! v>iety & value ( 
! articles conta9$ 9 x1 r5d]s a visit to
 ! ap>tm5ts highly gratify+1 p>ticul>ly 
z !y are increas$ f "t to "t1 z (t5 z   
r>e objects c be procur$4  ,! ,briti%   
,museum1 9 ,london1 a repository "u !   
imm$iate c>e ( gov]nm5t1 & itself gov]n$
 by fifte5 tru/ees1 select$ f ! highe/ &
 mo/ hon\rable (fices ( ! /ate1 promises
 to exce$ e o!r national in/itution1 :i*
 is n support$ by ! spoliation & plund] 
( o!rs4 ,h[ev] inf]ior x may appe> to ^?
 spl5did collections1 :i* consi/ ( ! mo/
 exquisite productions ( ! *isel & !    
p5cil ev] accompli%$ by man1 we h !     
consolation to reflect1 t1 _h x be5     
possible to procure !m by pur*ase1 !    

lib]ality ( ! ,briti% nation is su*1 t  
,italy & _m o!r c\ntries w\ld h long    
s9ce be5 dra9$2 b z ! case is1 ea*      
inhabitant ( ,engl& may exclaim1 ) 8    
*>act]i/ic integrity1 z he views ! va/  
collection :i* he 9 common ) all 8      
c\ntrym5 possesses1 ,^! are individually
 our own by fair pur*ase or gift6 ,sir  
,rob]t ,cotton may be said to h laid !  
f\ndation ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 by 8     
pres5t+ 8 excell5t collection (         
manuscripts to ! public2 ^?1 & ! (f] (  
,sir ,hans ,sloane's books1 manuscripts1
 & curi\s articles 9 antiquity & natural
 hi/ory1 = #bj1jjj1 sugge/$ ! propriety 
( accept+ ! latt]1 & provid+ a place = !
 reception ( bo?3 f ?is "t gov]nm5t     
proce$$ rapidly 9 =m+ ! plan1 & at l5g? 
e int]ior regulation = (fic]s1 tru/ees1 
c4 be+ made1 ,montague ,h\se1 situat$ 9 
,russell-/reet1 ,bloomsbury1 0 pur*as$ =
 #aj1bej1 & fitt$ = ! reception ( !     
articles !n possess$1 & to be b\ght at !
 fur!r exp5se ( #ad1dhd4 #fs4 #d;d43    
aft] :i* ,"l ,ox=d's manuscripts 7      

procur$ = #aj1jjj1 to :i* ! ,k+ add$    
o!rs2 & s9ce ! above p]iod1 va/ numb]s (
 int]e/+ ?+s h be5 plac$ !re1--,sir     
,william ,hamilton's discov]ies1 a va/  
v>iety ( valuable m$als1 fossils1       
m9]als1 manuscripts1 & pr9t$ books1     
toge!r ) sev]al ,egyptian antiquities1 &
 ! late ,mr4 ,t[nsley's m>bles &        
bas-reliefs f ,italy4 ,! latt] 7 giv5 to
 ! public "u ! express condition t a    
prop] place %\ld be built = _!          
reception1 :i* has be5 compli$ )1 & !y  
are n[ exhibit$1 ) ! re/ ( ! ,museum1 to
 an admir+ p4  ,v>i\s alt]ations h tak5 
place 9 ! regulations adopt$ = !        
conv5i5ce ( ^? :o read at ! ,museum1 & !
 visitors1 s9ce #ageg1 :5 x 0 fir/ op5$ 
= inspection & /udy2 & x is b ju/ice to 
say1 ea* 0 int5d$ well1 ?\gh till lately
 x 0 ?\ght t too _m imp$im5ts exi/$ 9 ! 
way ( visit+ t :i* 0 solely int5d$ = !  
use ( ! community3 at pres5t1 h[ev]1 no 
su* compla9t c be made ) tru?1 z any    
dec5tly dress$ p]sons1 pres5t+ !mselves 
at c]ta9 h\rs1 are admitt$ free ( e k9d 

( exp5se4 ,admission ev5 to ! read+     
room1 is att5d$ ) no o!r difficulty ?an 
necess>ily foll[s ! asc]ta9+ :e!r !     
applicant is des]v+ ( ! indulg5ce1 or   
likely to injure ! int]e/s ( !          
in/itution2 :5 !re1 e facility is af=d$ 
him by commodi\s tables1 ) p5s & ink =  
writ+1 & a mess5g] 9 wait+ to br+ him   
any books he may ?9k prop] to select f !
 va/ /ores ( lit]ature submitt$ 9 ?is   
g5]\s way to 8 use4   ,,colossus1--is a 
/atue ( va/ or gigantic size4 ,! mo/    
em95t ( ?is k9d 0 ! ,colossus ( ,rhodes1
 a braz5 /atue ( ,apollo1 "o ( ! wond]s 
( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! workman%ip ( ,*>es1 a    
disciple ( ,lysippus1 :o sp5t twelve    
ye>s 9 mak+ x2 & 0 at l5g? ov]?r[n by an
 e>?quake1 ,b4 ,c4 #bbd1 aft] hav+ /ood 
ab\t sixty-six ye>s4 ,its height 0 a    
hundr$ & five feet2 !re 7 few p :o c\ld 
encompass its ?umb1 :i* is said to h be5
 a fa?om 9 circumf]5ce1 & its f+]s 7    
l>g] ?an mo/ /atues4 ,x 0 holl[1 & 9 its
 cavities 7 l>ge /ones1 employ$ by !    
artific] to c\nt]balance its weight1 &  

r5d] x /eady on its p$e/al4             
,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa-,,nut             
,,trees4--,page #ega4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!
 ,,pyramids ,,( ,,egypt4--,page #edd4   
,on occasion ( ! damage :i* ! city (    
,rhodes su/a9$ by ! above-m5tion$       
e>?quake1 ! inhabitants s5t ambassadors 
to all ! pr9ces & /ates ( ,greek orig91 
9 ord] to solicit assi/ance = repair+ x2
 & !y obta9$ l>ge sums1 p>ticul>ly f !  
k+s ( ,egypt1 ,mac$on1 ,syria1 ,pontus1 
& ,bi?ynia1 :i* am\nt$ to a sum five    
times exce$+ ! damages :i* !y _h suff]$4
 ,b in/ead ( sett+ up ! ,colossus aga91 
= :i* purpose ! greate/ "p ( x 0 giv51  
!y pret5d$ t ! oracle ( ,delphos _h     
=bidd5 x1 & conv]t$ ! money to o!r uses4
 ,accord+ly1 ! ,colossus lay neglect$ on
 ! gr\nd = ! space ( eight hundr$ &     
n9ety-f\r ye>s1 at ! expiration ( :i*   
p]iod1 or ab\t ! ye> ( our ,"l #fec or  
#fgb1 ,moawyas1 ! six? caliph1 or emp]or
 ( ! ,s>ac5s1 made himself ma/] (       
,rhodes1 & aft]w>ds sold ! /atue1 r$uc$ 
to fragm5ts1 to a ,jewi% m]*ant1 :o     

load$ n9e hundr$ camels ) ! metal2 s t1 
all[+ eight hundr$ p\nds weight = ea*   
load1 ! brass ( ! ,colossus1 aft] !     
dim9ution :i* x _h su/a9$ by ru/1 &     
probably by !ft1 am\nt$ to sev5 hundr$ &
 tw5ty ?\s& p\nds weight4 ,! basis t    
support$ x 0 ( a triangul> figure3 its  
extremities 7 su/a9$ by sixty pill>s (  
m>ble4 ,!re 0 a w9d+ /aircase to g up to
 ! top ( x2 :]e might be discov]$       
,syria1 & ! %ips t w5t to ,egypt1 9 a   
great look+-glass t 0 hung ab\t ! neck (
 ! /atue4  ,?is enorm\s /atue 0 n ! only
 "o t attract$ att5tion 9 ! city (      
,rhodes4 ,pl9y reckons "o hundr$ o!r    
colossuses1 n s l>ge1 :i* rose          
maje/ically 9 its diff]5t qu>t]s4       
,,obelisk1--9 ar*itecture1 is a         
truncat$1 quadrangul>1 & sl5d] pyramid1 
rais$ = ! purpose ( ornam5t1 & frequ5tly
 *>g$ ei!r ) inscriptions or            
hi]oglyphics4 ,obelisks appe> to be ( v 
great antiquity1 & to h be5 fir/ rais$  
to transmit to po/]ity precepts (       
philosophy1 :i* 7 cut 9 hi]oglyphical   

*>act]s3 aft]w>ds !y 7 us$ to           
immortalize ! great actions ( h]oes1 & !
 memory ( p]sons belov$ & v5]at$ = hav+ 
p]=m$ em95t s]vices to _! c\ntry4  ,!   
fir/ obelisk m5tion$ 9 hi/ory 0 t (     
,rameses1 k+ ( ,egypt1 9 ! "t ( !       
,trojan w>1 :i* 0 =ty cubits high2      
,phuis1 ano!r k+ ( ,egypt1 rais$ "o (   
fifty-five cubits2 & ,ptolemy           
,philadelphus1 ano!r ( eighty eight     
cubits1 9 memory ( ,ars9o4 ,augu/us     
erect$ "o at ,rome1 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1
 :i* s]v$ to m>k ! h\rs on an horizontal
 dial1 drawn on ! pavem5t4 ,!y 7 call$  
by ! ,egyptian prie/s1 ! ,f+]s ( ! ,sun1
 because !y 7 made 9 ,egypt to s]ve also
 z /iles or gnomons1 to m>k ! h\rs on ! 
gr\nd4 ,! ,arabs /ill call !m ,ph>aoh's 
,ne$les2 :5ce ! ,italians call !m       
,aguglia1 & ! ,fr5* ,aiguilles4  ,!     
fam\s obelisks call$ ! ,devil's ,arr[s1 
n[ r$uc$ to ?ree1 ! f\r? hav+ be5 tak5  
d[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 /& ab\t half a 
mile f ! t[n ( ,bor\ghbridge1 to !      
s\?-we/1 9 ?ree fields1 sep>at$ by a    

lane1 ne>ly two hundr$ feet asund]1 on  
elevat$ gr\nd1 slop+ e way4 ,mr4 ,drake 
urges _m argum5ts = _! ,roman antiquity1
 & pla9ly proves !m to be natural1 &    
br\ght f ,plumpton qu>ries1 ab\t five   
miles (f2 or f ,tekly1 sixte5 miles (f4 
,! cross 9 ! t[n1 twelve feet high1 is (
 ! same k9d ( /one4 ,! ea/]nmo/1 or     
highe/1 is tw5ty-two feet & a half high1
 by f\r broad1 & f\r & a half 9 gir?2 ! 
second1 tw5ty-"o & a half by fifty-five 
& a qu>t]2 ! ?ird1 sixte5 & a half by   
eighty-f\r4 ,/ukeley's measures diff]4  
,! flut+s are cut 9 ! /one1 b n ?r\gh3 !
 talle/ /&s alone1 & leans to ! s\?4    
,plot & ,/ukeley affirm !m to be ,briti%
 monum5ts1 orig9ally hewn squ>e4 ,dr4   
,gale suppos$ t !y 7 ,m]curies1 :i* _h  
lo/ _! heads & inscriptions2 b 9 a      
manuscript note 9 8 ,anton9us1 he       
ackn[l$ges t he 0 mis9=m$1 & t !re 0 no 
cavity to receive a bu/4  ,on ! nor?    
side ( ,p5ri?1 9 ! *ur*-y>d1 are two    
squ>e obelisks1 ( a s+le /one ea*1 elev5
 or twelve feet high1 ab\t twelve in*es 

diamet]1 & twelve by eight at ! sides2 !
 highe/ ab\t eighte5 in*es diamet]1 )   
some?+ l a transv]se piece to ea*1 &    
mortis$ into a r\nd base4 ,!y are f\rte5
 feet asund]1 & betwe5 !m is a grave1   
:i* is inclos$ betwe5 f\r semicircul>   
/ones1 ( ! unequal l5g?s ( five1 six1   
f\r & a half1 & two feet high1 hav+ on !
 outsides rude c>v+1 & ! tops not*$4    
,?is is call$ ! ,giant's ,grave1 &      
ascrib$ to ,sir ,evan ,cs>ius1 :o is    
said to h be5 z tall z "o ( ! columns1 &
 capable ( /ret*+ 8 arms f "o to ! o!r2 
to h de/roy$ robb]s & wild bo>s 9       
,englewood =e/2 & to h _h an h]mitage1  
call$ ,sir ,hugh's ,p>l\r4  ,a little   
we/ ( ^! is a /one call$ ! ,giant's     
,?umb1 six feet high1 f\rte5 in*es at ! 
base1 contract$ to t51 :i* is only a    
rude cross4   ,we %all conclude ?is     
*apt] ) a description ( a ,,rem>kable   
,,obelisk1 ,,ne> ,,=res1 ,,9 ,,scotl&4  
,ab\t a mile f ,=res1 on ! left-h& side 
( ! road1 is a rem>kable obelisk1 said  
to be ! mo/ /ately monum5t ( ! ,go?ic   

k9d 9 ,europe2 & suppos$ to h be5 erect$
 9 memory ( ! treaty betwe5 ,malcolm    
,,ii4 & ,canute ! ,great1 9 #ajjh4 ,x   
has be5 ! subject ( _m able p5s2 & is   
?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,cord9]1 9 a lett] 
to ,mr4 ,p5nant3 ,9 ! fir/ division1    
und]nea? ! ,go?ic ornam5ts1 at ! top are
 n9e horses1 ) _! rid]s1 m>*+ =? 9 ord]3
 9 ! next is a l9e ( w>riors on foot1   
br&i%+ _! weapons1 & appe> to be %\t+ = 
! battle4 ,! import ( ! attitudes 9 !   
?ird division is v dubi\s1 _! expression
 indef9ite4 ,! figures1 :i* =m a squ>e 9
 ! middle ( ! column1 are pretty        
complex1 b di/9ct2 f\r s]geants ) _!    
halb]ts1 gu>d+ a company1 "u :i* are    
plac$ sev]al human heads1 :i* h belong$ 
to ! dead bodies pil$ up at ! left ( !  
division3 "o appe>s 9 ! "* ( execution]1
 sev]+ ! head f ano!r body2 beh9d him   
are ?ree trumpet]s s\nd+ _! trumpets1 & 
be=e him two pair ( combatants fight+ ) 
sword & t>get4 ,a troop ( horse next    
appe>1 put to flight by infantry1 ^:    
fir/ l9es h b[s & arr[s1 & ! ?ree foll[+

 swords & t>gets4 ,9 ! l[]mo/ division  
n[ visible1 ! horses seem to be seiz$ by
 ! victori\s p>ty1 _! rid]s behead$1 & !
 head ( _! *ief hung 9 *a9s1 or plac$ 9 
a frame2 ! o!rs be+ ?r[n toge!r beside !
 dead bodies1 "u an ar*$ cov]4 ,!       
greate/ "p ( ! o!r side ( ! obelisk1    
occupi$ by a sumptu\s cross1 is cov]$   
ov] ) a uni=m figure1 elaborately rais$1
 & int]wov5 ) great ma!matical          
exactness4 ,"u ! cross are two augu/    
p]sonages1 ) "s att5dants1 mu*          
oblit]at$1 b evid5tly 9 an attitude (   
reconciliation2 & if ! monum5t 0 erect$ 
9 memory ( ! peace conclud$ betwe5      
,malcolm & ,canute1 ^u ! f9al retreat ( 
! ,danes1 ^! l>ge figures may repres5t !
 reconcil$ mon>*s4 ,on ! edge1 bel[ !   
fretwork1 are "s r[s ( figures jo9$ h& 9
 h&1 :i* may also imply ! new degree (  
confid5ce & security t took place aft] !
 feuds 7 compos$1 :i* are *>act]iz$ on !
 front ( ! pill>4 ,b to :atev] p>ticul> 
transaction x may allude1 x c h>dly be  
imag9$1 t 9 s e>ly an age ( ! arts 9    

,scotl&1 z x mu/ h be5 rais$1 s         
elaborate a p]=mance w\ld h be5         
und]tak51 b 9 consequ5ce ( an ev5t ( !  
mo/ g5]al importance2 x is !re=e        
surpris+1 t no m di/9ct tradition ( x   
arriv$ at ! ra :5 lett]s 7 kn[n4 ,!     
height ( ?is monum5t1 call$ ,k+ ,su5o's 
,/one1 above ! gr\nd1 is tw5ty-?ree     
feet1 besides twelve or fifte5 feet "u  
gr\nd4 ,its bread? is ?ree feet t5      
in*es1 by "o foot ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness4
     ,,*ap4 ,,lvi4  ,,curiosities       
,,respect+ ,,temples1                   
,,etc4--7,conclud$47      ,inv]lo*y     
,ca/le--,magdal5's                      
,h]mitage--,curiosities (               
,friburg--,curiosities (                
,augsburg--,escurial--,flor5ce          
,/atues--,great     ,wall (             
,*9a--,float+ ,g>d5s--,curiosity at     
,pal]mo4   ,,inv]lo*y ,,ca/le1--is an   
anci5t ca/le ne> ,=t ,william1 9        
,inv]ness-%ire4 ,x is adorn$ ) l>ge     
t[]s1 :i*1 by ! mode ( build+1 seem to h
 be5 ! "w ( ! ,engli%1 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d  

,i4 :o laid l>ge f9es on ! ,scot*       
,b>ons1 = ! purpose ( erect+ ca/les4 ,! 
l>ge/ ( ^! is call$ ,cumm9's ,t[]4 ,!   
ca/le1 7says ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,ross1 9 8  
,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,kilmanivaig7 has  
surviv$ ! burgh1 & n[ /&s alone 9 anci5t
 magnific5ce1 aft] hav+ se5 ! riv]      
,lo*y1 t =m]ly fill$ its dit*es1 run 9  
ano!r c\rse1 & has outliv$ all hi/ory & 
tradition ( its own build] & age4 ,x is 
a quadrangul> build+1 ) r\nd t[]s at !  
angles1 measur+ ?irty y>ds e way )9 !   
walls4 ,! t[]s & ramp>ts are solidly    
built ( /one & lime1 n9e feet ?ick at ! 
bottom1 & eight feet above4 ,! t[]s are 
n entire1 nor are !y all equally high4  
,! we/]n is ! highe/ & l>ge/1 & does n  
seem to h be5 less ?an fifty feet :5    
entire2 ! ramp>t betwe5 !m1 f tw5ty-five
 to ?irty4 ,t5 or twelve y>ds )\t !     
walls ! dit* beg9s1 :i* surr\nd$ !      
ca/le1 f ?irty to =ty feet broad4 ,!    
:ole build+ cov]s ab\t "o ?\s& six      
hundr$ y>ds2 & )9 ! outside ( ! dit* are
 sev5 ?\s& squ>e y>ds1 ne>ly an acre & a

 half ,engli%4 ,! :ole build+ w\ld      
require f five hundr$ to six hundr$ m5  
to def5d x4 ,f ! "n ( ! we/]n t[]1 x is 
probable ?is ca/le 0 occupi$ by !       
,cumm9s 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i4 & previ\s to
 t p]iod by ! ,?anes ( ,lo*ab]2 among   
o!rs by ! not$ ,ban*o1 pr$ecessor ( !   
race ( ,/u>t4 ,!re is a tradition t ?is 
ca/le 0 once a royal resid5ce1 & t !    
fam\s league betwixt ,*>les ! ,great (  
,france1 & ,a*aius k+ ( ,scots1 _h be5  
sign$ !re on ! "p ( ! ,scot* mon>*1 ,a4 
,d4 #gij4   ,,magdal5',s                
,,h]mitage4--,?is place is situat$ ab\t 
a league f ,friburg1 9 ,switz]l&1 & is  
describ$ by ,mr4 ,bla9ville1 & also by  
,mr4 ,addison4 ,!y bo? say x is situat$ 
among woods & rocks1 9 ! prettie/       
solitude imag9able4 ,! h]mit1 7!y say17 
:o 0 !n alive1 _h work$ out ( ! rock a  
pretty *apel1 ) an alt>1 sacri/y1 &     
/eeple2 also five *amb]s1 a p>l\r1      
refectory1 kit*51 cell>1 & o!r          
conv5i5ces4 ,! funnel ( 8 *imney1 :i*   
pi]ces f 8 kit*5 to ! top ( ! rock1     

slant+ all ! way1 is n9ety feet high1 & 
co/ him s mu* toil1 t he 0 a :ole ye>   
ab\t x1 & (t5 despair$ ( f9i%+ 8 design4
 ,all ?is mu/ appe> ! m surpris+1 :5 we 
consid] ! dim5sions ( ! diff]5t p>ts (  
?is h]mitage1 ! *apel be+ sixty-?ree    
feet 9 l5g?1 ?irty-six 9 bread?1 &      
tw5ty-two 9 height4 ,! sacri/y1 or      
ve/ry1 is tw5ty-two feet squ>e1 & !     
height ( ! /eeple sev5ty feet4 ,! *amb] 
betwe5 ! *apel & ! refectory1 is above  
=ty feet long2 ! refectory itself is    
tw5ty-"o long2 & ! cell> is tw5ty-five  
feet long1 & t5 feet deep4 ,b ! hall or 
p>l\r is p>ticul>ly admir$1 be+         
tw5ty-eight paces 9 l5g?1 twelve 9      
bread?1 & tw5ty feet 9 height1 ) f\r    
op5+s = w9d[s1 mu* high] & wid] ?an ^? (
 our be/ h\ses4 ,at "o end ( ?is hall 0 
! h]mit's cab9et1 ) a small collection (
 books & o!r curiosities4 ,to add to !  
pleasantness & conv5i5ce ( ?is          
habitation1 he _h cut ! side ( ! rock   
into a flat1 & hav+ cov]$ x ) good m\ld1
 _h =m$ a pretty g>d51 plant$ ) div]s   

sorts ( fruit-trees1 h]bs1 & fl[]s2 & by
 foll[+ ! ve9s ( wat] t dropp$ f sev]al 
p>ts ( ! rock1 he _h made himself two or
 ?ree f\nta9s1 :i* suppli$ 8 table1 &   
wat]$ 8 little g>d54  ,?is h]mit1 ^: "n 
0 ,jean du ,pre1 began ?is labori\s     
und]tak+ at ! age ( ?irty1 & said he 0  
tw5ty-five ye>s 9 complet+ x1 hav+ _h no
 sort ( assi/ance f any p]son :atsoev]1 
except "o s]vant4 ,he int5d$ to h c>ri$ 
on 8 "w /ill f>!r1 b 0 dr[n$ 9 #agjh1 z 
he 0 cross+ a neighb\r+ riv] 9 a boat1 )
 "s company t came to visit him on ,/4  
,an?ony's day1 ! patron ( 8 *apel4 ,8   
place is suppli$ by a prie/1 :o subsi/s 
by ! g5]osity ( /rang]s t come to see ! 
h]mitage1 :om he g5]ally ent]ta9s )     
bread & w9e1 & a nosegay4               
,,curiosities ,,( ,,friburg4--,friburg  
is a l>ge t[n ( ,switz]l&1 seat$ on !   
,san51 9 a mo/ s+ul> & picturesque      
situation4 ,mr4 ,cox1 9 8 ,travels 9    
,switz]l&1 ?us describes x3 ,x /&s p>tly
 9 a small pla91 p>tly on bold          
acclivities on a ridge ( rugg$ rocks1   

half encircl$ by ! riv] ,san51 & is s   
entirely conceal$ by ! circumjac5t      
hills1 t ! travell] sc>cely cat*es !    
smalle/ glimpse1 until he bur/s ^u a    
view ( ! :ole t[n f ! ov]hang+ em95ce4  
,! =tifications1 :i* consi/ ( high /one 
walls & t[]s1 inclose a circumf]5ce (   
ab\t f\r miles2 )9 :i* space ! eye      
compreh5ds a s+ul> mixture ( h\ses1     
rocks1 ?ickets1 & mead[s1 v>y+ in/antly 
f wild to agreeable1 f ! bu/le ( a t[n  
to ! solitude ( ! deepe/ retirem5t4 ,!  
,san5 w9ds 9 su* a s]p5t9e mann]1 z to  
=m 9 its c\rse1 )9 ! space ( two miles1 
five obtuse angles1 betwe5 :i* ! int]v5+
 p>ts ( ! curr5t are p>allel to ea* o!r4
 ,on all sides ! desc5t to ! t[n is     
extremely /eep2 9 "o place ! /reets (t5 
pass ov] ! ro(s ( ! h\ses4 ,_m ( !      
edifices are rais$ 9 regul> gradation1 l
 ! seats ( an amphi!atre2 & _m ov]hang !
 edge ( a precipice 9 su* a mann]1 t1 on
 look+ d[n1 a weak head w\ld be apt to  
turn giddy4 ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y po9t ( 
view is f ! ,pont-neuf4 ,on ! nor?-we/ a

 "p ( ! t[n /&s boldly on ! sides & !   
pik$ back ( an abrupt ridge2 & f ea/ to 
we/1 a semicircle ( high p]p5dicul>     
rocks is se51 ^: base is wa%$ & und]m9$ 
by ! w9d+ ,san51 & ^: tops & sides are  
?9ly scatt]$ ) %rubs & und]wood4 ,on !  
highe/ po9ts ( ! rocks1 & on ! v edge ( 
! precipice1 appe>s1 half hang+ 9 ! air1
 ! gate call$ ,b\rguillon3 a /rang] /&+ 
on ! bridge w\ld comp>e x to ,laputa1 or
 ! ,fly+ ,isl&1 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels2 &
 w\ld n conceive x to be accessible1 b  
by means ( a cord & pulleys4 ,! h\ses1  
con/ruct$ ) a gray s&/one1 are neat &   
well built2 & ! public edifices1        
p>ticul>ly ! ca!dral1 are extremely     
elegant4   ,,curiosities ,,(            
,,augsburg4--,9 ! squ>e1 ne> ! t[n-h\se1
 is ! ,f\nta9 ( ,augu/us1 :i* is a m>ble
 bason1 surr\nd$ ) iron balu/rades f9ely
 wr\ght3 at ! f\r corn]s are f\r brass  
/atues z l>ge z life1 two ( wom51 & two 
( m52 9 ! middle ( ! bason is a p$e/al1 
at ! foot :i* are f\r sph9xes1 squirt+  
wat]2 a little above ^!1 are f\r infants

 hold+ f\r dolph9s 9 _! arms1 :i* p\r   
wat] out ( _! m\?s2 & ov] ^! are fe/oons
 & p9e-apples ( brass2 ^u ! p$e/al is ! 
/atue ( ,augu/us1 z l>ge z life4 ,!     
f\nta9 mo/ rem>kable next to ?is1 is t (
 ,h]cules1 :i* is an hexagon bason )    
sev]al brass figures1 p>ticul>ly        
,h]cules engag+ ! hydra4--,ano!r        
curiosity is ! ,secret ,gate1 :i* 0     
contriv$ to let 9 p]sons safely 9 "t (  
w>3 x has s _m eng9es & divisions )     
gates & keys1 & ap>tm5ts = gu>ds1 at "s 
di/ance f ea* o!r1 :]e pass5g]s are     
exam9$1 t x is impossible = ! t[n to be 
surpris$ ?is way2 ! gates are bolt$ &   
unbolt$1 op5$ & %ut1 by unse5 op]ators1 
s t x looks l en*antm5t4--,! ,wat] ,t[]s
 are also v curi\s1 ( :i* !re are ?ree1 
seat$ on a bran* ( ! ,le*1 :i* runs     
?r\gh ! city 9 su* a torr5t1 z to drive 
_m mills1 :i* "w a numb] ( pumps1 t     
raise ! wat] 9 l>ge lead5 pipes to ! top
 ( ! t[]s4 ,"o ( ^! s5ds wat] to !      
public f\nta9s2 & ! re/1 to ne> "o ?\s& 
h\ses 9 ! city4   ,,! ,,escurial1--is a 

royal resid5ce ( ,spa91 fifte5 miles    
nor?-we/ ( ,madrid4 ,x is ! l>ge/ & mo/ 
sup]b /ructure 9 ! k+dom1 & "o ( ! f9e/ 
9 ,europe4 ,! ^w is ,arabic1 mean+ a    
place full ( rocks4 ,x is built 9 a dry 
b>r5 spot1 surr\nd$ ) rugg$ m\nta9s1    
insomu* t e ?+ :i* gr[s !re is ow+ to   
art4 ,?is place 0 *os51 x is said1 = !  
sake ( ! /one :]e) ! fabric is built1   
:i* is got f a m\nta9 j by1 & is v      
durable2 & ! design ( erect+ x 0 to     
commemorate a victory :i* ,philip ,,ii4 
obta9$ ov] ! ,fr5* 7by ! assi/ance ( !  
,engli% =ces7 at ,/4 ,qu9t91 on ,/4     
,lawr5ce's day1 9 ! ye> #aeeg4  ,!      
,spani% description ( ?is /ructure =ms a
 sizeable qu>to volume4 ,its f\nd]      
exp5d$ ^u x six millions ( ducats4 ,!   
ap>tm5ts are decorat$ ) an a/oni%+      
v>iety ( pa9t+s1 sculpture1 tape/ry1    
ornam5ts ( gold & silv]1 m>ble1 jasp]1  
gems1 & o!r curi\s /ones1 surpass+ all  
imag9ation4 ,?is build+1 besides its    
palace1 conta9s a *ur*1 l>ge & ri*ly    
ornam5t$2 a mausoleum2 cloi/]s2 a       

conv5t2 a college2 & a libr>y1 conta9+  
ab\t ?irty ?\s& volumes2 besides l>ge   
ap>tm5ts = all k9ds ( arti/s & me*anics1
 noble walks1 ) ext5sive p>ks & g>d5s1  
beautifi$ ) f\nta9s & co/ly ornam5ts4 ,!
 fa!rs t live 9 ! conv5t are two hundr$1
 & !y h an annual rev5ue ( #ab1jjj4  ,x 
0 begun by ,philip 9 #aefb1 five ye>s   
aft] ! battle1 & complet$ 9 tw5ty-two   
ye>s4 ,x consi/s ( sev]al c\rts &       
quadrangles1 :i* all toge!r are dispos$ 
9 ! %ape ( a gridiron1 ! in/rum5t ( !   
m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 ! ap>tm5t :]e !
 k+ resides1 =m+ ! h&le4 ,! build+ is a 
long squ>e1 ( six hundr$ & =ty by five  
hundr$ & eighty feet1 & ! height up to !
 ro( is sixty feet all r\nd1 except on !
 g>d5 side1 :]e ! gr\nd is m tak5 away4 
,at ea* angle is a squ>e t[]1 two hundr$
 feet high4 ,! numb] ( w9d[s 9 ! we/    
front is exactly #bjj2 9 ! ea/ front1   
#cff4 ,! ord]s are ,doric & ,ionic4 ,!re
 are ?ree doors 9 ! pr9cipal front4 ,ov]
 ! gr& entrance are ! arms ( ,spa91 c>v$
 9 /one2 & a little high]1 9 a ni*e1 a  

/atue ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 a deacon's habit1
 ) a gilt gridiron 9 8 "r h&1 & a book 9
 8 left4 ,directly ov] ! door is a      
basso-relievo ( two enorm\s gridirons1 9
 /one4  ,?is va/ /ructure1 h[ev]1 ) its 
n>r[ high t[]s1 small w9d[s1 & /eep     
slop+ ro(1 exhibits a v unc\? /yle (    
ar*itecture2 at ! same "t t ! domes1 & !
 imm5se ext5t ( its fronts1 r5d] x a    
wond]fully gr& object f e po9t ( view4  
,! *ur* is 9 ! c5tre1 is l>ge1 awful1 & 
ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,! cupola is bold &     
light4 ,! high alt> is compos$ ( ri*    
m>bles1 agates1 & jasp]s ( great r>ity1 
! produce ( ?is k+dom4 ,two magnific5t  
catafalcos fill up ! side arcades ( ?is 
sanctu>y3 on "o1 ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 8  
wife1 daught]1 & two si/]s1 are         
repres5t$ 9 bronze1 l>g] ?an life1      
kneel+2 opposite are ! effigies (       
,philip ,,ii4 & ( 8 ?ree wives1 ( ! same
 mat]ials1 & 9 ! same dev\t attitude4   
,und]nea?1 is ! burial-place ( ! royal  
family1 call$ ! ,pan!on3 tw5ty-five /eps
 lead d[n to ?is vault1 ov] ! door ( :i*

 is a ,lat9 inscription1 d5ot+1 t ?is   
place1 sacr$ to ! rema9s ( ! ,ca?olic   
k+s1 0 int5d$ by ,*>les ! emp]or1       
resolv$ ^u by ,philip ,,ii4 begun by    
,philip ,,iii4 & complet$ by ,philip    
,,iv4 ,! mausoleum is circul>1 ?irty-six
 feet 9 diamet]1 & incru/$ ) f9e m>bles 
9 an elegant ta/e4 ,! bodies ( ! k+s &  
que5s lie 9 tombs ( m>ble1 9 ni*es1 "o  
above ! o!r4 ,! plan ( ^! sepul*res is  
gr&1 & execut$ ) a pr9cely magnific5ce2 
b1 z a mod]n travell] obs]ves1 9 a /yle 
r too gay1 too light1 & too delicately  
fitt$ up1 = ! idea we are apt to =m ( a 
*apel de/9$ = ! reception ( ! dead4 ,!  
collection ( pictures disp]s$ ab\t v>i\s
 p>ts ( ! *ur*1 sacri/y1 & conv5t1 has  
be5 consid]$ z equal1 if n sup]ior1 to  
any gall]y 9 ,europe1 except t (        
,dresd54 ,=m$ out ( ! spoils ( ,italy1 &
 ! wa/$ cab9et ( t un=tunate mon>*1     
,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&1 x conta9s "s ( !   
mo/ capital works ( ! greate/ pa9t]s t h
 fl\ri%$ s9ce ! revival ( ! art4 ,9 !   
sacri/y is an alt> call$ ,la ,santa     

,=ma3 ?is is a k9d ( tab]nacle ( gems1  
m>bles1 woods1 & o!r preci\s mat]ials1  
inlaid 9 gilt bronze2 9 :i*1 r ?an 9 !  
excell5ce ( ! workman%ip1 or ta/e ( !   
design1 consi/s ! m]it ( ?is rock (     
ri*es4 ,be=e x hangs a curta91 on :i*   
,coello has repres5t$ ,*>les ,,ii4 & all
 8 c\rt1 9 procession1 com+ to place ?is
 ,=ma4 ,?is is e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s 
collections ( portraits 9 ! _w2 = all ! 
p]sons are drawn ) ! greate/ /r5g? (    
col\r & tru? ( expression1 & are said to
 be p]fect resemblances1 n only ( !     
mon>* & gr&ees1 b ev5 ( ! monks1        
s]vants1 & gu>ds4 ,! /atues1 bu/s1 & !  
m$allions ( ! ,escurial1 are nei!r v    
num]\s1 nor rem>kable = _! excell5ce2 b 
! libr>y conta9s a mo/ preci\s          
collection ( manuscripts1 _m f9e draw+s1
 & o!r curiosities4  ,not)/&+ ! coldness
 ( ! exposure1 ! late k+1 = ! sake (    
hunt+1 us$ to pass sev]al mon?s ( ! ye> 
at ?is palace4   ,,flor5ce ,,/atues4--,9
 ! ,duke ( ,flor5ce's g>d5 at ,pratol9e1
 is ! /atue ( ,pan2 sitt+ on a /ool1 ) a

 wrea!d pipe 9 8 h&1 & t ( ,syr9x1      
beckon+ him to play on 8 pipe4 ,pan1    
putt+ away 8 /ool1 & /&+ up1 plays on 8 
pipe2 ?is done1 he looks on 8 mi/ress1 z
 if he expect$ ?anks f h]1 takes ! /ool 
aga91 & sits d[n ) a sad                
c\nt5ance4--,!re is also ! /atue ( a    
,laundress at h] "w1 turn+ ! clo!s up & 
d[n ) h] h& & battl$ore1 :]e) %e beats  
!m 9 ! wat]4--,!re is ! /atue ( ,fame1  
l\dly s\nd+ h] trumpet2 an artificial   
toad creep+ to & fro2 a dragon b[+ d[n 8
 head to dr9k wat]1 & !n vomit+ x up    
aga92 ) div]s o!r pieces ( art1 t       
adm9i/] wond] & light to ! behold]s4    
,,! ,,great ,,wall ,,( ,,*9a4--,!       
pr9cipal def5ce ( ! empire aga9/ a =eign
 enemy is ! ,great ,wall1 :i* sep>ates  
,*9a f ,t>t>y1 ext5d+ m ?an fifte5      
hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & ( su* ?ickness1 t
 six horsem5 may easily ride abrea/ ^u  
x4 ,x is flank$ ) t[]s1 two b[-%ots     
di/ant f "o ano!r3 ,walk] says1 !re are 
=ty-five ?\s& ( ^! t[]s1 7a numb] r     
incr$ible17 & t ! wall ext5ds two ?\s&  

miles4 ,x is said1 t a ?ird ( !         
able-bodi$ m5 9 ! empire 7 employ$ 9    
con/ruct+ ?is wall4 ,! workm5 7 ord]$1  
"u pa9 ( dea?1 to place ! mat]ials s    
closely1 t n ! lea/ entrance might be   
af=d$ = any in/rum5t ( iron2 & ?us ! "w 
0 con/ruct$ ) su* solidity1 t x is /ill 
almo/ entire1 ?\gh two ?\s& ye>s h      
elaps$ s9ce x 0 con/ruct$4              
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,wall ,,(    
,,*9a4--,page #egi4  ,erect$ to protect 
! empire f ! incursions ( ! ,t>t>       
cavalry4  ,?is extraord9>y "w is c>ri$1 
n only ?r\gh ! l[ l&s & valleys1 b ov]  
hills & m\nta9s2 ! height ( "o ( :i* 0  
comput$ by ,f4 ,v]bie/1 at "o ?\s& two  
hundr$ & ?irty-six feet above ! level ( 
! spot :]e he /ood4 ,accord+ to ,f4     
,m>t9i1 x beg9s at ! gulf ( ,leatong1 & 
rea*es to ! m\nta9s ne> ! city ( ,k91 on
 ! ,yell[ ,riv]2 betwe5 :i* places x    
meets ) no int]ruption except to ! nor? 
( ! city ( ,su51 9 ,pe*e-li1 :]e x is   
int]rupt$ by a ridge ( inaccessible     
m\nta9s1 to :i* x is closely unit$4 ,x  

is likewise int]rupt$ by ! riv]         
,hoang-ho2 b = o!rs ( an inf]ior size1  
ar*es h be5 con/ruct$1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] 
passes freely4 ,mr4 ,bell in=ms u1 t x  
is c>ri$ across riv]s1 & ov] ! tops ( ! 
highe/ hills1 )\t ! lea/ int]ruption1   
keep+ ne>ly along t circul> range ( b>r5
 rocks :i* incloses ! c\ntry2 &1 aft]   
runn+ ab\t "o ?\s& two hundr$ miles1    
ends 9 impassable m\nta9s & s&y des]ts4 
,! f\ndation consi/s ( l>ge blocks (    
/one laid 9 mort>2 b all ! re/ is (     
brick4 ,! :ole is s /rong & well-built1 
t x sc>cely ne$s any repairs2 & 9 ! dry 
climate 9 :i* x /&s1 may rema9 9 ! same 
condition = _m ages4 ,:5 c>ri$ ov] /eep 
rocks1 :]e no horse c pass1 x is ab\t   
fifte5 or tw5ty feet high2 b :5 runn+   
?r\gh a valley1 or cross+ a riv]1 x is  
ab\t ?irty feet high1 ) squ>e t[]s &    
embrasures at equal di/ances4 ,! top is 
flat1 & pav$ ) cut /one2 & :]e x rises  
ov] a rock or em95ce1 !re is an asc5t   
made by an easy /one /air4  ,?is wall   
7our au?or adds7 0 begun & completely   

f9i%$ 9 ! %ort space ( five ye>s2 & x is
 report$1 t ! lab\r]s /ood s close = _m 
miles1 t !y c\ld h& ! mat]ials f "o to  
ano!r4 ,?is seems ! m probable1 z !     
rugg$ rocks among :i* x is built mu/ h  
prev5t$ all use ( c>riages2 & nei!r clay
 = mak+ bricks1 nor any k9d ( cem5t1 are
 to be f\nd among !m4   ,,float+        
,,g>d5s4--,abb ,clavig]o1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( 
,mexico1 says1 t :5 ! ,mexicans 7 br\ght
 "u subjection to ! ,colhuan &          
,tapanecan nations1 & conf9$ to !       
mis]able little isl&s on ! ,lake (      
,mexico1 !y _h no l& to cultivate1 until
 necessity compell$ !m to =m moveable   
fields & g>d5s1 :i* float$ on ! wat]s ( 
! lake4 ,! me?od :i* !y adopt$ to make  
^!1 & :i* !y /ill practise1 is extremely
 simple4 ,!y plat & twi/ toge!r will[s &
 roots ( m>% plants1 or o!r mat]ials1   
:i* are light1 b capable ( support+ !   
e>? firmly unit$4 ,^u ?is f\ndation !y  
lay ! light bu%es :i* float on ! lake2 &
 ov] all1 ! mud & dirt :i* !y draw up f 
! bottom4 ,_! regul> figure is          

quadrangul>2 _! l5g? & bread? v>i\s2 b  
g5]ally !y are ab\t eight p]*es long1 & 
n m ?an ?ree 9 bread?1 & h less ?an a   
foot ( elevation above ! surface ( !    
wat]4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ fields :i* !         
,mexicans _h aft] ! f\ndation ( ,mexico2
 !re !y fir/ cultivat$ maize1 pepp]1 &  
o!r plants4 ,9 "t1 z ^! fields became   
num]\s f ! indu/ry ( ! p1 !y cultivat$  
g>d5s ( fl[]s & odorif]\s plants1 :i* !y
 employ$ 9 ! wor%ip ( _! gods1 & = !    
recreation ( _! nobles4 ,at pres5t !y   
cultivate fl[]s1 & e sort ( g>d5 h]bs1  
^u !m4 ,e day at sunrise1 innum]able    
vessels load$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s &    
h]bs1 cultivat$ 9 ^? g>d5s1 arrive by ! 
canals1 at ! great m>ket-place ( t      
capital4 ,all plants ?rive 9 !m         
surpris+ly2 ! mud ( ! lake af=ds a v    
f]tile soil1 & requires no wat] f !     
cl\ds4 ,9 ! l>ge g>d5s !re is commonly a
 little tree1 & ev5 a little hut1 to    
%elt] ! cultivator1 & def5d him f ra9 or
 ! sun4 ,:5 ! *9ampa1 or own] ( a g>d51 
wi%es to *ange 8 situation1 to remove f 

a disagreeable neighb\r1 or to come ne>]
 to 8 own family1 he gets into 8 little 
vessel1 & by 8 own /r5g? alone1 if !    
g>d5 is small1 he t[s x aft] him1 &     
conducts x :]ev] he pleases4 ,t "p ( !  
lake1 :]e ^! float+ g>d5s are1 is a     
place ( high recreation1 :]e ! s5ses    
receive all possible gratification4     
,we conclude ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,a 
,,curi\s ,,sight ,,at ,,pal]mo4  ,among 
! rem>kable objects 9 ! vic9ity (       
,pal]mo1 po9t$ out to /rang]s1 !y fail n
 to p>ticul>ize a conv5t ( ,capu*9s1 at 
a small di/ance f ! t[n1 ! beautiful    
g>d5s ( :i* s]ve z a public walk4 ,y are
 %ewn "u ! fabric a vault1 divid$ into  
f\r great gall]ies1 into :i* ! light is 
admitt$ by w9d[s cut out at ! top ( ea* 
extremity4 ,9 ?is vault are pres]v$1 n 9
 fle%1 b 9 sk9 & bone1 all ! ,capu*9s :o
 h di$ 9 ! conv5t s9ce its f\ndation1 z 
well z ! bodies ( sev]al p]sons f !     
city4 ,!re are "h private tombs belong+ 
to opul5t families1 :o1 ev5 aft] dea?1  
disda9 to be conf\nd$ ) ! vulg> "p (    

mank9d4  ,x is said1 t 9 ord] to secure 
! pres]vation ( ! bodies1 !y are prep>$ 
by be+ gradually dri$ be=e a sl[ fire1 s
 z to consume ! fle% )\t greatly injur+ 
! sk94 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 !y are inve/$ )
 ! ,capu*9 habit1 & plac$ upright on    
tablets1 dispos$ /ep above /ep along !  
sides ( ! vault2 ! head1 ! arms1 & !    
feet1 are nak$4 ,a pres]vation l ?is is 
horrid4 ,! sk91 discol\r$1 dry1 & z if x
 _h be5 tann$1 nay1 torn 9 "s places1 is
 glu$ close to ! bone4 ,x is easy to    
imag9e1 f ! diff]5t grimaces ( ?is      
num]\s assemblage ( fle%less figures1   
r5d]$ /ill m frightful by a long be>d on
 ! *91 :at a hide\s spectacle ?is mu/   
exhibit2 & :oev] has se5 a ,capu*9      
alive1 may =m an idea ( ! s+ul> effect  
produc$ by ?is repository ( dead fri>s4 
,,*ap4 ,,lvii4      ,curiosities        
respect+ ! ,ark ( ,noah--,! ,galley (   
,hi]o--& !     ,bridge ( ,x]xes4   ,,!  
,,ark ,,( ,,noah4--,t su* a wond]ful    
/ructure z ?is once exi/$1 admits n (   
any d\bt 9 ! ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 &        

,mahomm$an _w2 yet its dim5sions f>     
exce$ any vessel ( mod]n date1 ev5 ( !  
mo/ ext5sive range1 & appe> to h be5    
equally unrivall$ 9 anci5t times4  ,!re 
are nev]!less v>i\s difficulties :i* h  
be5 propos$ 9 reg>d to x1 among ^? by   
:om its exi/5ce has be5 admitt$4 ,"o "q 
is1 z to ! "t employ$ by ,noah 9 build+ 
x4 ,int]pret]s g5]ally believe1 t he 0  
an hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s 9 =m+ ?is va/    
/ructure2 b "s all[ only fifty-two ye>s2
 "s no m ?an sev5 or eight1 & o!rs /ill 
mu* less4 ,! ,mahomm$ans say1 he _h b   
two ye>s all[$ him = ?is "w4 ,ano!r "q  
sometimes agitat$ is1 :at k9d ( wood is 
meant by goph] wood8 ,"s ?9k c$>1 or    
box2 o!rs cypress1 ! p9e1 fir-tree1 & ! 
turp5t9e tree4 ,pelleti] pref]s ! op9ion
 ( ^? :o hold ! ark to be made ( c$>3 ! 
reasons he urges = ?is pref]5ce are1 !  
incorruptibilty ( t wood2 ! great pl5ty 
!re( 9 ,asia2 :5ce ,h]odotus &          
,!ophra/us relate1 t ! k+s ( ,egypt &   
,syria built :ole fleets ( x 9 lieu (   
deal3 & ! common tradition ?r\gh\t !    

,ea/ imports1 t ! ark is pres]v$ entire 
to ?is day on m\nt ,ar>at4  ,! dim5sions
 ( ! ark1 z deliv]$ by ,moses1 are ?ree 
hundr$ cubits 9 l5g?1 fifty 9 bread?1 & 
?irty 9 height2 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! great   
numb] ( ?+s x 0 to conta91 seem to _m to
 h be5 too scanty4 ,& h5ce an argum5t   
has be5 drawn aga9/ ! au?ority ( !      
relation4 ,celsus long ago laugh$ at x1 
call+ x ! absurd ark4 ,?is difficulty is
 solv$ by ,buteo & ,kir*]1 :o1 suppos+ !
 common cubit ( a foot & a half1 prove1 
geometrically1 t ! ark 0 abundantly     
suffici5t = all ! animals suppos$ to be 
lodg$ !re94 ,! capacity ( ! ark w be    
d\bl$1 if we admit1 ) ,cumb]l&1 c4 t !  
,jewi% cubit 0 tw5ty-"o ?\s& eight      
hundr$ & eighty-eight in*es4 ,smellius  
computes ! ark to h be5 above half an   
acre 9 area4 ,cuneus1 & o!rs1 h also    
calculat$ ! capacity ( ! ark4 ,dr4      
,arbu?not computes x to h be5 eighty-"o 
?\s& & sixty-two tons4 ,fa!r ,lamy says1
 t x 0 an hundr$ & t5 feet long] ?an !  
*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y at ,p>is1 & sixty-f\r   

feet n>r[]2 to :i* 8 ,engli% translator 
adds1 t x mu/ h be5 long] ?an ,/4       
,paul's *ur* 9 ,london1 f we/ to ea/1   
broad] ?an t *ur* is high 9 ! inside1 & 
ab\t fifty-f\r feet 9 height ( our      
measure4  ,! va/ assemblage ( ?+s       
conta9$ 9 ! ark1 besides eight p]sons ( 
,noah's family1 consi/$ ( "o pair ( e   
species ( unclean animals1 ) provisions 
= !m all1 dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! =m]       
appe>s1 at fir/ view1 almo/ inf9ite1 b  
if we come to a calculation1 ! numb] (  
species ( animals w be f\nd mu* small]  
?an is g5]ally imag9$2 out ( :i*1 9 ?is 
case1 are to be except$ su* animals z c 
live 9 ! wat]2 & ,bi%op ,wilk9s imag9es1
 t only sev5ty-two ( ! quadrup$ k9d ne$$
 a place 9 ! ark4  ,x appe>s to h be5   
divid$ into ?ree /ories2 & x is agre$   
on1 z mo/ probable1 t ! l[e/ /ory 0     
de/9$ = ! bea/s1 ! middle = ! food1 & ! 
upp] = ! birds1 ) ,noah & 8 family2 ea* 
/ory be+ subdivid$ into diff]5t         
ap>tm5ts1 /alls1 c4 ,?\gh ,josephus1    
,philo1 & o!r comm5tators1 add a k9d (  

f\r? /ory1 "u all ! re/2 be+1 z x 71 !  
hold ( ! vessel1 to conta9 ! balla/1 &  
receive ! fil? & ordure ( s _m animals4 
,drexelius makes ?ree hundr$ ap>tm5ts2  
fa!r ,f\rni]1 ?ree hundr$ & ?ree2 !     
anonym\s au?or ( ! ,que/ions ( ,g5esis1 
f\r hundr$2 ,buteo1 ,tempor>ius1 ,arias 
,montanus1 ,wilk9s1 ,lamy1 & o!rs1      
suppose z _m p>titions z !re 7 diff]5t  
sorts ( animals4 ,pelleti] only makes   
sev5ty-two1 viz4 ?irty-six = ! birds1 & 
z _m = ! bea/s3 8 reason is1 t if we    
suppose a great] numb]1 z ?ree hundr$ & 
?irty-?ree1 or f\r hundr$1 ea* ( ! eight
 p]sons 9 ! ark mu/ h _h ?irty-sev51    
=ty-"o1 or fifty /alls to att5d &       
cleanse daily1 :i* he ?9ks impossible4  
,b !re is n mu* 9 ?is3 to dim9i% ! numb]
 ( /alls1 )\t a dim9ution ( ! animals1  
is va92 x be+1 p]haps1 m difficult to   
take c>e ( ?ree hundr$ animals 9        
sev5ty-two /alls1 ?an 9 ?ree hundr$4    
,buteo computes1 t all ! animals conta9$
 9 ! ark1 c\ld n be equal to five hundr$
 horses2 he ev5 r$uces ! :ole to !      

dim5sions ( fifty-six pair ( ox54 ,fa!r 
,lamy enl>ges x to sixty-f\r pair1 or an
 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ox52 s t1 suppos+ 
"o ox equal to two horses1 if ! ark _h  
room = two hundr$ & fifty-six horses1   
!re mu/ h be5 room = all ! animals4 ,& !
 same au?or demon/rates1 t "o floor ( x 
w\ld suffice = five hundr$ horses1 all[+
 n9e squ>e feet to a horse4  ,( ! food  
conta9$ 9 ! second /ory1 x is obs]v$ by 
,beauteo1 f ,columella1 t ?irty or =ty  
p\nds ( hay ord9>ily suffices an ox = a 
day2 & t a solid cubit ( hay1 z usually 
press$ d[n 9 our hay-ricks1 weighs ab\t 
=ty p\nds2 s t a squ>e cubit ( hay is m 
?an en\gh p] day = an ox4 ,n[ x appe>s1 
t ! second /ory conta9$ "o hundr$ &     
fifty ?\s& squ>e cubits2 :i*1 divid$    
betwe5 two hundr$ & six ox51 w af=d to  
ea*1 m hay by two-?irds ?an he c eat 9 a
 ye>4  ,bi%op ,wilk9s computes all !    
c>nivor\s animals equival5t1 z to ! bulk
 ( _! bodies1 & _! food1 to tw5ty-sev5  
wolves2 & all ! re/ to two hundr$ &     
eighty beeves4 ,= ! =m] he all[s !      

su/5ance ( eighte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-five  
%eep2 & = ! latt]1 "o hundr$ & n9e ?\s& 
five hundr$ cubits ( hay3 all :i* w be  
easily conta9$ 9 ! two fir/ /ories1 &   
mu* room to sp>e4 ,z to ! ?ird /ory1    
nobody d\bts ( its be+ suffici5t = !    
f[ls1 ) ,noah1 8 sons1 & daught]s4  ,^u 
! :ole1 ! le>n$ ,bi%op rem>ks1 t ( !    
two1 x appe>s mu* m difficult to assign 
a suffici5t numb] & bulk ( necess>y ?+s 
to answ] ! capacity ( ! ark1 ?an to f9d 
room en\gh = ! sev]al species ( animals 
already kn[n to h be5 !re4 ,?is he      
attributes to ! imp]fection ( our li/s (
 animals1 especially ^? ( ! unkn[n p>ts 
( ! e>?2 add+1 t ! mo/ exp]t            
ma!matician1 at ?is day1 c\ld n assign !
 proportions ( a vessel bett]           
accommodat$ to ! purpose1 ?an is "h     
done2 & h5ce f9ally concludes1 t !      
capacity ( ! ark1 :i* has be5 made an   
objection aga9/ scripture1 ought to be  
e/eem$ a confirmation ( its div9e       
au?ority3 s9ce1 9 ^? rud] ages1 m51 be+ 
less v]s$ 9 arts & philosophy1 7 m      

obnoxi\s to vulg> prejudices ?an n[2 s  
t1 _h x be5 ( human inv5tion1 x w\ld h  
be5 contriv$ accord+ to ^? wild         
appreh5sions :i* arise f a confus$ &    
g5]al view ( ?+s2 z mu* too big1 z x has
 be5 repres5t$ too little4   ,,!        
,,galley ,,( ,,hi]o4--,x is to ,hi]o t  
,syracuse 0 indebt$ = ^? amaz+ ma*9es ( 
w>1 :i* ! ,syracusans made use ( :5     
besieg$ by ! ,romans4 ,! public build+s1
 su* z palaces1 temples1 ars5als1 c4 :i*
 7 erect$ 9 ,syracuse1 by 8 ord]1 & "u !
 direction ( ,ar*im$es1 7 ! greate/     
ornam5ts ( t /ately metropolis4 ,he     
caus$ also an inf9ite numb] ( %ips to be
 built1 = ! exportation ( corn1 9 :i* ! 
:ole ri*es ( ! isl& consi/$4 ,we are    
told ( a galley built by 8 ord]1 :i* 0  
look$ ^u z "o ( ! wond]s ( t age4       
,ar*im$es1 :o 0 ov]se] ( ! "w1 sp5t a   
:ole ye> 9 f9i%+ x1 ,hi]o daily animat+ 
! workm5 ) 8 pres5ce4 ,?is %ip _h tw5ty 
b5*es ( o>s1 ?ree spaci\s ap>tm5ts1 &   
all ! conv5i5ces ( a l>ge palace4 ,!    
floors ( ! middle ap>tm5t 7 all inlaid1 

& repres5t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs ! /ories (   
,hom]'s ,iliad4 ,! ceil+s1 w9d[s1 & all 
o!r p>ts1 7 f9i%$ ) wond]ful art1 &     
embelli%$ ) all k9ds ( ornam5ts4 ,9 !   
upp]mo/ ap>tm5t !re 0 a spaci\s         
gymnasium1 or place ( ex]cise1 & walks1 
) g>d5s1 & plants ( all k9ds1 dispos$ 9 
wond]ful ord]4 ,pipes1 "s ( h>d5$ clay1 
& o!rs ( lead1 convey$ wat] all r\nd to 
refre% !m4 ,b ! f9e/ ( ! ap>tm5ts 0 t ( 
,v5us3 ! floors 7 inlaid ) agates1 & o!r
 preci\s /ones2 ! inside 0 l9$ )        
cypress-wood2 & ! w9d[s 7 adorn$ )      
ivory1 pa9t+s1 & small /atues4 ,9 ?is   
ap>tm5t !re 0 a libr>y1 a ba? ) ?ree    
great copp]s1 & a ba?+ vessel made ( "o 
s+le /one1 ( v>i\s col\rs1 conta9+ two  
hundr$ & fifty qu>ts4 ,x 0 suppli$ )    
wat] f a great res]voir at ! head ( !   
%ip1 :i* held a hundr$ ?\s& qu>ts4 ,!   
vessel 0 adorn$ on all sides ) f9e      
pa9t+s1 & _h eight t[]s ( equal         
dim5sions1 two at ! head1 two at ! /]n1 
& f\r 9 ! middle4 ,r\nd ^! t[]s 7       
p>apets1 f :5ce /ones might be dis*>g$  

aga9/ ! enemy's vessels :5 !y approa*$4 
,ea* t[] 0 con/antly gu>d$ by f\r "y m5 
completely arm$1 & two ar*]s4 ,to ! side
 ( ! vessel 0 fa/5$ an eng9e1 made by   
,ar*im$es1 :i* ?rew a /one ( ?ree hundr$
 p\nds weight1 & an arr[ eighte5 feet 9 
l5g?1 ! di/ance ( a /adium1 or a hundr$ 
& tw5ty-five feet4 ,?\gh ! hold ( ?is   
vessel 0 exce$+ly deep1 a s+le man c\ld 
soon cle> x ( wat]1 ) a ma*9e inv5t$ = t
 purpose by ,ar*im$es4  ,! /ory ( ?is   
magnific5t vessel 0 celebrat$ 9 poetic  
numb]s by an ,a!nian poet1 = :i* he 0   
rew>d$ by ,hi]o1 :o und]/ood ! value (  
v]se1 ) a ?\s& m$imni1 t is1 six ?\s&   
bu%els ( :eat1 :i* he caus$ to be c>ri$ 
to ! ,pyru1 or port ( ,a!ns4 ,hi]o      
aft]w>ds made a pres5t ( ?is great      
vessel to ,ptolemy1 7probably           
,philadephus17 k+ ( ,egypt1 & s5t x to  
,alex&ria4 ,z !re 0 at t "t a great     
fam9e 9 ,egypt1 good k+ ,hi]o s5t along 
) x sev]al o!r %ips ( less burd51 ) ?ree
 hundr$ ?\s& qu>t]s ( corn1 t5 ?\s&     
great e>!n j>s ( salt fi%1 tw5ty ?\s&   

qu9tals ( salt meat1 & an imm5se        
quantity ( o!r provisions4   ,,x]xes'   
,,bridge ,,( ,,boats ,,ov] ,,!          
,,hellespont4--,x]xes1 hav+ resolv$ to  
attack ,greece1 t he might omit no?+ :i*
 c\ld contribute to ! success ( 8       
und]tak+1 ent]$ into an alliance ) !    
,c>?ag9ians1 :o 71 at t "t1 ! mo/ p[]ful
 p ( ! we/2 :]eby x 0 agre$1 t1 :ile !  
,p]sians invad$ ,greece1 ! ,c>?ag9ians  
%\ld fall ^u ! ,greek colonies 9 ,sicily
 & ,italy1 t !reby !y might be div]t$ f 
help+ ea* o!r4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians appo9t$   
,hamilc> _! g5]al1 :o n only rais$ :at  
=ces he c\ld 9 ,africa1 b ) ! money s5t 
him by ,x]xes1 hir$ a great _m m]c5>ies 
9 ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ,italy2 s t 8 army    
consi/$ ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m51 besides a
 proportionable numb] ( %ips =          
transport+ 8 =ces1 & ! necess>y         
provisions4 ,?us ,x]xes1 agreeable to ! 
prophecy ( ,daniel1 hav+1 by 8 /r5g?    
?r\gh 8 ri*es1 /irr$ up all ! nations ( 
! !n kn[n _w1 aga9/ ! realm ( ,greece1 t
 is1 all ! we/ "u ! comm& ( ,hamilc>1 & 

all ! ea/ "u 8 own bann]s1 set out f    
,susa1 to ent] ^u ?is w>1 9 ! fif? ye> (
 8 reign1 aft] hav+ sp5t ?ree ye>s 9    
mak+ va/ prep>ations ?r\gh\t all !      
prov9ces ( 8 wide-spread+ empire4 ,f    
,susa he m>*$ to ,s>dis1 :i* 0 ! place  
appo9t$ = ! g5]al r5dezv\s ( all 8 l&   
=ces1 :ile 8 navy advanc$ along ! coa/s 
( ,asia ,m9or1 t[>ds ! ,hellespont4     
,two ?+s ,x]xes comm&$ to be done be=e  
he came to ! sea-side2 "o ( :i* 01 t a  
passage %\ld be cut ?r\gh ,m\nt ,a?os4  
,?is m\nta9 rea*es a great way into !   
sea1 9 ! =m ( a p59sula1 & is jo9$ to ! 
l& by an i/hmus twelve furlongs ov]4 ,! 
sea 9 ?is place is v tempe/u\s1 & !     
,p]sian fleet _h =m]ly suff]$ %ipwreck 9
 d\bl+ ?is promontory4 ,to prev5t ! l   
disa/]1 ,x]xes caus$ ?is passage to be  
cut ?r\gh ! m\nta91 broad en\gh to let  
two galleys1 ) ?ree banks ( o>s ea*1    
pass 9 front4 ,by ?is means1 he sev]$ f 
! cont95t ! cities ( ,dion1 ,olophyxus1 
,acro?oon1 ,?ysus1 & ,cleone4 ,x is     
said1 h[ev]1 t ,x]xes und]took ?is      

ent]prise only out ( o/5tation1 & to    
p]petuate ! memory ( 8 "n1 s9ce he      
might1 ) f> less tr\ble1 h caus$ 8 fleet
 to be convey$ ov] ! i/hmus1 z 0 !      
practice 9 ^? days4  ,he likewise comm&$
 a bridge ( boats to be laid ov] !      
,hellespont1 = ! pass+ ( 8 =ces f ,asia 
into ,europe4 ,! sea :i* sep>ates ,se/os
 & ,abydos1 :]e ! bridge 0 built1 is    
sev5 furlongs ov]4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on )   
great exp$ition by ! ,pho5icians &      
,egyptians1 :o _h no soon] f9i%$ x1 b a 
viol5t /orm aris+1 broke x 9 pieces1 &  
disp]s$ or da%$ aga9/ ! %ore ! vessels (
 :i* x 0 compos$3 :i* :5 ,x]xes he>d1 he
 fell into su* a viol5t transport (     
ang]1 t he comm&$ ?ree hundr$ /ripes to 
be inflict$ on ! sea1 & a pair ( fett]s 
to be ?r[n into x2 enjo9+ ^? :o 7 tru/$ 
) ! execution ( 8 ord]s1 to pron\nce ^! 
words3--,?\ salt & bitt] elem5t1 ?y ma/]
 has condemn$ !e to ?is puni%m5t1 =     
(f5d+ him )\t cause2 & is resolv$ to    
pass ov] !e1 9 spite ( ?y bill[s1 &     
insol5t resi/ance4 ,! extravagant folly 

& madness ( ?is pr9ce did n /op "h1 =1  
to cr[n ! :ole1 he comm&$ ! heads ( ^?  
:o _h ! direction ( ! "w to be /ruck (f4
  ,9 _! room he appo9t$ m exp]i5c$      
ar*itects to build two o!r bridges1 "o =
 ! army1 ! o!r = ! bea/s ( burd51 & !   
baggage4 ,:5 ! :ole "w 0 complet$1 & !  
vessels :i* =m$ ! bridges secure aga9/ !
 viol5ce ( ! w9ds1 & ! curr5t ( ! wat]1 
,x]xes dep>t$ f ,s>dis1 :]e ! army _h   
w9t]$1 & direct$ 8 m>* to ,abydos4 ,:5  
he arriv$ at t city1 he desir$ to see   
all 8 =ces toge!r2 &1 to t end1 asc5d+ a
 /ately edifice ( :ite /one1 :i* !      
,abyd5ians _h built1 on purpose to      
receive him 9 a mann] suitable to 8     
greatness1 he _h a free prospect to !   
coa/1 see+ at "o view bo? 8 fleet & l&  
=ces4 ,! sea 0 cov]$ ) 8 %ips1 & ! l>ge 
pla9s ( ,abydos ) 8 troops1 q d[n to !  
%ore4 ,:ile he 0 survey+ ! va/ ext5t ( 8
 p[]1 & deem+ himself ! mo/ happy (     
mortals1 8 joy 0 sudd5ly turn$ into     
grief2 he bur/ into a flood ( te>s3 :i* 
,artabanus p]ceiv+1 ask$ him :at _h made

 him1 9 a few mom5ts1 pass f an excess (
 joy to s great a grief4 ,! k+ repli$1  
t1 consid]+ ! %ortness ( human life1 he 
c\ld n re/ra9 8 te>s2 =1 ( all ^! numb]s
 ( m51 n "o1 said he1 w be alive a      
hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,artabanus1 :o        
neglect$ no opportunity ( in/ill+ into !
 "y pr9ce's m9d s5tim5ts ( k9dness t[>ds
 8 p1 f9d+ him t\*$ ) a s5se ( t5d]ness 
& humanity1 endeav\r$ to make him       
s5sible ( ! obligation t is incumb5t ^u 
pr9ces1 to alleviate ! sorr[s1 & sweet5 
! bitt]ness1 :i* ! lives ( _! subjects  
are liable to1 s9ce x is n 9 _! p[] to  
prolong !m4 ,9 ! same conv]sation1      
,x]xes ask$ 8 uncle1 :e!r1 if he _h n   
se5 ! vision :i* made him *ange 8 m9d1  
he w\ld /ill p]si/ 9 ! same op9ion1 &   
dissuade him f mak+ w> ^u ,greece4      
,artabanus s9c]ely own$1 t he /ill _h 8 
fe>s1 & 0 v uneasy conc]n+ two ?+s1 !   
sea & ! l&2 ! sea1 because !re 7 no     
ports capable ( receiv+ & %elt]+ su* a  
fleet1 if a /orm %\ld arise2 & ! l&1    
because no c\ntry c\ld ma9ta9 s num]\s  

an army4 ,! k+ 0 v s5sible ( ! /r5g? ( 8
 reason+2 b z x 0 n[ too late to g back1
 he made answ]1 t1 9 great ent]prises1  
m5 ought n to ent] into s nice a        
discussion ( all ! inconv5i5ces t may   
att5d !m3 t bold & d>+ und]tak+s1 ?\gh  
subject to _m evils & dang]s1 are       
pref]able to inaction1 h[ev] safe3 t    
great successes are n o!rwise to be     
obta9$ ?an by v5tur+ boldly2 & t1 if 8  
pr$ecessors _h obs]v$ su* scrupul\s &   
timor\s rules ( politics1 ! ,p]sian     
empire w\ld nev] h atta9$ to s high a   
degree ( glory & gr&eur4  ,all ?+s be+  
n[ 9 read9ess1 & a day appo9t$ = ! pass+
 ov] ( ! army1 z soon z ! fir/ rays ( ! 
sun began to appe>1 all sorts ( p]fumes 
7 burnt ^u ! bridge1 & ! way /rew$ )    
myrtle4 ,at ! same "t1 ,x]xes1 p\r+ a   
libation into ! sea out ( a gold5 cup1 &
 address+ ! sun1 implor$ ! assi/ance ( t
 deity1 begg+ t he might meet ) no      
imp$im5t s great1 z to h9d] him f c>ry+ 
8 conqu]+ arms to ! utmo/ limits (      
,europe4 ,?is done1 he ?rew ! cup into !

 ,hellespont1 ) a gold5 b[l1 & a ,p]sian
 cimet]2 & ! foot & horse began to pass 
ov] t bridge :i* 0 next to ! ,eux9e1    
:ile ! c>riages & bea/s ( burd5 pass$   
ov] ! o!r1 :i* 0 plac$ ne>] ! gean sea4 
,! bridges 7 bo>d$1 & cov]$ ov] ) e>?1  
hav+ rails on ea* side1 t ! horses &    
cattle might n be fright5$ at ! sight ( 
! sea4 ,! army sp5t sev5 days & nights 9
 pass+ ov]1 ?\gh !y m>*$ day & night1   
)\t int]mission1 & 71 by frequ5t bl[s1  
oblig$ to quick5 _! pace4 ,at ! same "t1
 ! fleet made to ! coa/s ( ,europe4     
,aft] ! :ole army 0 pass$1 ,x]xes       
advanc$ ) 8 l& =ces1 ?r\gh ! ,?racian   
,*]sonessus to ,doricus1 a city at ! m\?
 ( ! riv] ,hebrus1 9 ,?race3 b ! fleet  
/e]$ a q diff]5t c\rse1 /&+ to ! we/w>d 
= ! promontory ( ,s>p$on1 :]e !y 7      
comm&$ to att5d f>!r ord]s4 ,x]xes1 hav+
 encamp$ 9 ! l>ge pla9s ( ,doriscus1 &  
judg+ !m conv5i5t = review+ & numb]+ 8  
troops1 dispat*$ ord]s to 8 admirals to 
br+ ! fleet to ! adjac5t %ore1 t he     
might take an acc\nt bo? ( 8 sea & l&   

=ces4 ,8 l& army1 ^u ! mu/]1 0 f\nd to  
consi/ ( "o million sev5 hundr$ ?\s&    
foot1 & f\rscore ?\s& horse2 :i*1 toge!r
 ) tw5ty ?\s& m5 t conduct$ ! camels1 & 
took c>e ( ! baggage1 am\nt$ to "o      
million eight hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,8 fleet  
consi/$ ( twelve hundr$ & sev5 l>ge     
%ips1 & ?ree ?\s& galleys & transports3 
on bo>d ( all ^! vessels1 !re 7 f\nd to 
be five hundr$ & sev5te5 ?\s& six hundr$
 & t5 m54 ,s t ! :ole numb] ( sea & l&  
=ces1 :i* ,x]xes l$ out ( ,asia to      
invade ,greece1 am\nt$ to two millions  
?ree hundr$ & sev5te5 ?\s& six hundr$ & 
t5 m54  ,we are told1 t1 on 8 pass+ !   
,hellespont1 to ent] ,europe1 an        
inhabitant ( t c\ntry cri$ out3 ,o      
,jupit]1 :y art ?\ come to de/roy       
,greece1 9 ! %ape ( a ,p]sian1 & "u ! "n
 ( ,x]xes1 ) all mank9d foll[+ !e2 :]eas
 ?y own p[] is suffici5t to d ?is1 )\t  
_! assi/ance8 ,aft] he _h ent]$ ,europe1
 ! nations on ?is side ! ,hellespont t  
submitt$ to him1 add$ to 8 l& =ces ?ree 
hundr$ ?\s& m1 & two hundr$ & tw5ty %ips

 to 8 fleet1 on bo>d ( :i* 7 tw5ty-f\r  
?\s& m54 ,s t ! :ole numb] ( 8 =ces1 :5 
he arriv$ at ,!rmopyl1 0 two millions   
six hundr$ & =ty-"o ?\s& six hundr$ & t5
 m51 )\t includ+ s]vants1 eunu*s1 wom51 
sutl]s1 & o!r p ( t sort1 :o 7 comput$  
to equal ! numb] ( ! =ces3 s t ! :ole   
multitude ( p]sons t foll[$ ,x]xes 9 ?is
 exp$ition1 am\nt$ to five millions two 
hundr$ & eighty-?ree ?\s& two hundr$ &  
tw5ty4 ,among ^! millions ( m51 !re 0 n 
"o t c\ld vie ) ,x]xes1 ei!r 9 comel9ess
 or /ature1 or t seem$ m wor?y ( t great
 empire4 ,b ?is is a poor recomm5dation1
 :5 unaccompani$ ) o!r qualifications ( 
m /]l+ wor?4 ,accord+ly1 ,ju/91 aft] he 
has m5tion$ ! numb] ( 8 troops1         
emphatically concludes1 b ?is va/ body  
want$ a head4 ,besides ! subord9ate     
g5]als ( ea* nation1 :o comm&$ ! troops 
( _! respective c\ntries1 ! :ole army 0 
"u ! comm& ( six ,p]sian g5]als3 viz4   
,m>donius1 ! son ( ,gobryus3            
,triatat*mes1 ! son ( ,artabanus2       
,sm]dones1 ! son ( ,otanes 7! two latt] 

7 c\s9s to ,x]xes27 ,masi/us1 ! son (   
,d>ius by ,atossa2 ,g]ges1 ! son (      
,ariazus2 & ,megabyzus1 ! son ( !       
celebrat$ ,zopyrus4 ,! t5 ?\s& ,p]sians1
 :o 7 call$ ! ,immortal ,b&1 obey$ no   
o!r comm&] b ,hyd>nes4 ,! fleet 0 comm&$
 by f\r ,p]sian admirals3 & likewise !  
cavalry _h _! p>ticul> g5]als & comm&]s4
     ,,*ap4 ,,lviii4  ,,basaltic ,,&    
,,rocky ,,curiosities4      ,giant's    
,causeway--,/oneh5ge4   ,,giant',s      
,,causeway1 ,,9 ,,irel&4--,! foll[+     
acc\nt is tak5 f notes ( a m9]alogical  
excursion to ! ,giant's ,causeway1 by ! 
,rev4 ,dr4 ,gri]son1 z publi%$ 9 !      
,annals ( ,philosophy4  ,i left 7says ! 
,doctor7 ,col]a9 on ! morn+ ( ,sept4    
#ag1 9 company ) a g5tleman ( t place1  
^: oblig+ness1 intellig5ce1 hospitality1
 & k9dness1 af=d$ me a mo/ agreeable    
specim5 ( ! ,iri% "*1 & proce$$ to      
,giant's ,causeway4 ,! day 0 *>m+2 & x  
is n easy = me to express !             
gratification ,i felt1 z we made our way
 ?r\gh a f9e & g5tly v>i$ di/rict1 at ! 

idea ( hav+ x 9 my p[] soon to          
contemplate 9 fav\rable circum/ances "o 
( ! mo/ /up5d\s & int]e/+ natural       
ph5om5a1 t are any :]e to be se54 ,f    
,col]a9e to ! ,causeway is eight miles 9
 a nor!rly direction1 & ,i c\ld obs]ve  
no rock on our way1 b ! trap =mation4   
,on cross+ ! riv] ,bu%1 at ! village    
call$ ,bu%mills1 ! c\ntry beg9s         
gradually to rise1 & we descry1 ab\t two
 miles be=e u1 a ridge ( consid]able    
height1 seem+ to t]m9ate q abruptly on !
 o!r side4 ,:at we p]ceive is ! l& side 
( ! precipice ( ! ,giant's ,causeway4 ,x
 seems to h be5 a hill ( basalt1 ) ne>ly
 p]p5dicul> column> concretions1 cut 9  
two1 z x 71 by a v]tical section1 & !   
half ( ! hill next ! sea c>ri$ away4 ,on
 gett+ 9 front ( ?is precipice1 :i* y d 
by a pass on ! we/ side ( x1 a mo/      
/up5d\s sc5e pres5ts itself4 ,!         
precipice1 ext5d+ = a mile or two along 
! %ore1 is 9 _m places q p]p5dicul>1 &  
(t5 ?ree hundr$ & fifty & f\r hundr$    
feet high1 consi/+ ( pure column>       

basalt1 "s ( ! columns fifty feet 9     
p]p5dicul> height1 /raight & smoo?1 z if
 poli%$ ) a *isel4 ,9 o!r p>ts ! columns
 are small]1 incl9$1 or b5t2 & a less   
l5g? ( !m /rikes ! eye4 ,f ! bottom (   
?is precipice issues1 ) a g5tle slope ( 
ab\t "o foot 9 ?irty t[>ds ! sea1 an    
imm5se & surpris+ pavem5t1 z x 71       
consi/+ ( ! upp] ends ( ! fragm5ts (    
v]tical columns ( basalt1 t h be5 left  
:5 ! seaw>d half ( ! basaltic hill 0    
c>ri$ (f4 ,! ends ( ^! columns are 9    
g5]al fifte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1  
"s ( !m ( ?ree sides1 "s f\r1 five1 six1
 sev51 eight1 or ev5 n9e4 ,five or six  
sides seem to prevail mo/4 ,f ! bottom (
 ! precipice to ! sea at l[ wat]1 along 
?is pavem5t or causeway1 :i*1 f !       
artificial appe>ance x puts on1 has     
d\btless1 9 a rude age1 giv5 "n to !    
place1 is a l5g? ( sev5 hundr$ & ?irty  
feet4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ to proce$ into !
 ocean z f> z c be trac$ by ! eye 9 a   
calm & cle> day4 ,to any p]son :o has   
se5 bo? ?is place & ,/affa1 ! idea      

naturally en\gh sugge/s itself1 t !y are
 p>ts ( ! same once cont9u\s imm5se b$ (
 column> basalt4  ,!re are prop]ly ?ree 
pavem5ts proce$+ into ! sea1 di/+ui%$ by
 ! names ( ! ,great ,causeway1 ! ,middle
 ,causeway1 & ! ,we/ ,causeway4 ,^! are 
?ree l>ge g5tly slop+ ridges ( ! ends ( 
basaltic columns1 ) depressions betwe5  
!m1 cov]$ ) l>ge blocks or masses1 t    
seem to h be5 f "t to "t deta*$1 & roll$
 f ! precipice4 ,i _h no opportunity (  
p]ceiv+ ) :at rocks ! basalt ( !        
,giant's ,causeway is connect$4 ,i am   
told con*oidal :ite lime-/one meets x on
 bo? ! ea/ & we/ sides4 ,!re is 9 "o    
place1 ne> ! ea/ side ( ! ,great        
,causeway1 a gre5-/one ve91 eight or t5 
feet wide1 int]sect+ ! basalt f nor?-we/
 to s\?-ea/4  ,!re 0 n[ po9t$ out to u  
by ! guides a v r>e & curi\s ph5om5on1 &
 :i* is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 z x has be5 
?\ght1 by ^? :o hold ! igne\s orig9 (   
basalt1 to be a confirmation ( _!       
doctr9e4 ,ne>ly opposite to ! ,we/      
,causeway1 & )9 ab\t eighty feet ( ! top

 ( ! cliff1 is f\nd to exi/ a quantity (
 slags & a%es1 unque/ionably !          
production ( fire4 ,on asc5d+ to ?is    
spot1 :i* c be easily done1 ,i f\nd !   
slags & a%es deposit$ 9 a sort ( b$ ab\t
 f\r feet ?ick1 & runn+ horizontally    
along ! face ( ! basaltic precipice     
tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,! a%es are 9 g5]al
 obs]v$ to lie und]mo/1 & ! slags above 
!m4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a consid]able       
quantity ( e>? & /ones1 :i* all consi/ (
 basalt1 are ( a l>ge size1 "s ( !m ?ree
 or f\r feet or m 9 diamet]1 & ! a%es   
likewise re/ on ! same sort ( mat]ials4 
,:at /ruck me "h 01 t ^! a%es & slags   
are entirely unconnect$ ) any rock or   
=mation :i* seems to be 9 situ1 or 9 its
 orig9al position4 ,!y are !re=e1 9 my  
op9ion1 di/9ctly artificial1 & no?+ m   
?an ! rema9s ( "s l>ge & p[]ful fire1   
:i* _h be5 kept burn+ = a long :ile on !
 top ( ?is precipice1 us$ ei!r z a      
signal1 or = "s o!r purpose :i* we _c n[
 asc]ta92 & t1 ow+ to ! "p ( ! cliff on 
:i* ! a%es 7 ly+ hav+ giv5 way & tumbl$ 

d[n1 !y h be5 ?us buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s1 & 
!re rema94  ,a consid]able way f !      
repository ( ! a%es & slags1 & to ! ea/ 
( ! ,great ,causeway1 is ano!r curi\s   
appe>ance4 ,"h1 9 ! pure basalt1 sev5ty 
or eighty feet f ! top ( ! cliff1 is a  
horizontal b$ ( wood coal1 eight feet   
?ick4 ,! coal to all appe>ance re/s     
imm$iately on ! basalt bel[1 & ! ends ( 
p]p5dicul> basaltic columns are se5     
di/9ctly to re/ on x above4 ,! basalt is
 n 9 ! lea/ *ang$ by ! contact ( ! coal1
 nor ! coal by t ( ! basalt4 ,! coal is 
v beautiful & di/9ct1 & 9 "o place is   
se5 a coalifi$ tree1 7if ,i may use !   
^w17 t5 or twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 runn+
 directly 9 bel[ ! basalt4  ,)9 sight ( 
?is spot1 & ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds to !  
ea/ ( x1 are ! beautifully conspicu\s   
basaltic pill>s1 =ty-five feet long1 &  
v]tical1 ) ! longe/ ones 9 ! middle1 &  
o!rs gradually %ort5+ t[>ds ea* side1 l 
! columns ( an organ4 ,f ?is appe>ance  
!y h receiv$ ! appropriate "n ( ,!      
,organ4  ,at ! bottom ( ?is cliff1 by   

exam9+ & break+ ! loose column> pieces (
 ! rock t h fall5 d[n1 we f\nd _m f9e   
specim5s ( calc$ony1 zeolite1 &         
semi-opal4 ,^! occur 9 cavities 9 !     
basalt4 ,sometimes ! cavity is n        
completely fill$ ) ! calc$ony or opal2 &
 :5 t is ! case1 ! empty space is obs]v$
 to be always ! upp] "p ( ! cavity1 :ile
 ! rock is 9 situ4 ,moreov]1 ! surface (
 ! calc$ony or opal1 next to ! empty    
space1 is always f\nd to be flat &      
horizontal1 :i* w\ld %ew t ! sub/ance   
mu/ h be5 filt]$ into its situation 9 a 
fluid /ate1 & aft]w>ds consolidat$4     
,,/oneh5ge1--a celebrat$ monum5t (      
antiquity1 /&s 9 ! middle ( a flat area1
 ne> ! summit ( a hill six miles f      
,salisbury4 ,x is inclos$ by a circul>  
d\ble bank & dit* ne> ?irty feet broad1 
aft] cross+ :i*1 we asc5d ?irty y>ds    
be=e we rea* ! "w4 ,! :ole fabric       
consi/$ ( two circles & two ovals4 ,!   
out] circle is ab\t "o hundr$ & eight   
feet diamet]1 consi/+1 :5 entire1 (     
sixty /ones1 ?irty uprights1 & ?irty    

impo/s1 ( :i* rema9 only tw5ty-f\r      
uprights1 sev5te5 /&+1 & sev5 d[n1 ?ree 
& a half feet asund]2 & eight impo/s4   
,elev5 uprights h _! five impo/s on !m  
by ! gr& entrance4 ,^! /ones are f      
?irte5 to tw5ty feet high4 ,! less]     
circle is some:at m ?an eight feet f !  
inside ( ! out] "o1 & consi/$ ( =ty     
less] /ones 7! highe/ six feet17 ( :i*  
only n9ete5 rema91 & only elev5 /&+3 !  
walk betwe5 ^! two circles is ?ree      
hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! adytum1 or
 cell1 is an oval =m$ ( t5 /ones1 7f    
sixte5 to tw5ty-two feet high17 9 pairs1
 ) impo/s1 :i* ,dr4 ,/ukeley calls      
trili?ons1 & above ?irty feet high1 ris+
 9 height z !y g r\nd1 & ea* pair       
sep>ate1 & n connect$ z ! out] pair2 !  
highe/ eight feet4 ,)9 ^! are n9ete5    
small] s+le /ones1 ( :i* only six are   
/&+4 ,?ree ( ! five trili?ons at ! we/  
end fell flat we/w>d1 levell+ also 9 _! 
desc5t1 a /one ( ! second circle t /ood 
9 ! l9e ( _! precipitation1 on ! #c;d ( 
,janu>y1 #agig4 ,at ! upp] end ( !      

adytum is ! alt>1 a l>ge slab ( blue    
co>se m>ble1 tw5ty in*es ?ick1 sixte5   
feet long1 & f\r broad2 press$ d[n by ! 
weight ( ! va/ /ones t h fall5 ^u x4 ,! 
:ole numb] ( /ones1 uprights & alt>1 is 
exactly "o hundr$ & =ty4 ,! /ones are f>
 f be+ artificial1 b 7 mo/ probably     
br\ght f ^? call$ ! ,grey ,wea!rs1 on   
,m>lbor\gh ,d[ns1 fifte5 or sixte5 miles
 (f2 & if tri$ ) a tool1 !y appe> ( !   
same h>dness1 gra91 & col\r1 g5]ally    
r$di%4 ,! heads ( ox51 de]1 & o!r bea/s1
 h be5 f\nd on digg+ 9 & ab\t ,/oneh5ge2
 & human bones 9 ! circumjac5t b>r[s4   
,!re are ?ree entrances f ! pla9 to ?is 
/ructure1 ! mo/ consid]able ( :i* is f !
 nor?-ea/1 & at ea* ( !m 7 rais$1 on !  
outside ( ! tr5*1 two huge /ones1 ) two 
small] )91 p>allel to !m4  ,x has long  
be5 a dispute among ! le>n$1 by :at     
nation1 & = :at purpose1 ^! enorm\s     
/ones 7 collect$ & arrang$4 ,! fir/     
acc\nt ( ?is /ructure we meet )1 is 9   
,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ 
,/eph51 wrote ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,britons1 9 

,lat94 ,he tells u1 t x 0 erect$ by !   
c\nsel ( ,m]l91 ! ,briti% en*ant]1 at ! 
comm& ( ,aurelius ,ambrosius1 ! ,briti% 
k+1 9 memory ( f\r hundr$ & sixty       
,britons1 :o 7 murd]$ by ,h5gi/ !       
,saxon4 ,! next acc\nt is t ( ,polydore 
,virgil1 :o says t ! ,britons erect$ ?is
 z a sepul*ral monum5t ( ,boadicea1 !   
fam\s ,briti% que54 ,inigo ,jones is (  
op9ion1 t x 0 a ,roman temple1 f a /one 
sixte5 feet long1 & f\r broad1 plac$ 9  
an exact position to ! ea/1 alt>-fa%ion4
 ,mr4 ,*>lton attribut$ x to ! ,danes1  
:o :]e two ye>s ma/]s ( ,wilt%ire3 a t9 
tablet1 on :i* 7 "s unkn[n *>act]s1     
suppos$ to be ,runic1 0 dug up ne> x1 9 
! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 b is lo/4  ,its 
common "n1 ,/oneh5ge1 is ,saxon1 &      
signifies a ,/one ,gall[s1 to :i* ^!    
/ones1 hav+ transv]se impo/s1 be> "s    
resemblance4 ,x is also call$1 9 ,wel%1 
,*oir ,gawr1 or ! ,giant's ,dance4 ,mr4 
,grose ?9ks t ,dr4 ,/ukeley has         
completely prov$ ?is /ructure to h be5 a
 ,briti% temple1 9 :i* ! ,druids        

(ficiat$4 ,he supposes x to h be5 !     
metropolitan temple ( ,great ,brita91 & 
translates ! words *oir gawr1 ! great   
*oir1 or temple4 ,mr4 ,bryant is (      
op9ion1 t x 0 erect$ by a colony (      
,cu?ites1 probably be=e ! "t ( !        
,druids2 because x 0 usual ) !m to place
 "o va/ /one ^u ano!r1 = a religi\s     
memorial2 & ^! !y (t5 plac$ s equally1 t
 a brea? ( w9d w\ld sometimes make !m   
vibrate4 ,( su* /ones1 "o rema9s 9 !    
pile ( ,/oneh5ge4 ,! anci5ts di/+ui%$   
/ones erect$ ) a religi\s view1 by ! "n 
( ,amb]2 by :i* 0 signifi$ any ?+ sol> &
 div9e4 ,! ,grecians call$ !m petr      
ambrosi4 ,/oneh5ge1 accord+ to ,mr4     
,bryant1 is compos$ ( ^! amb] /ones3    
h5ce ! next t[n is d5om9at$ ,ambresbury2
 n f a ,roman ,ambrosius1 b f ! ambrosia
 petr1 9 ^: vic9ity x /ood4 ,"s ( ^! 7  
,rock+ ,/ones2 & !re 0 a wond]ful       
monum5t ( ?is sort ne> ,p5zance1 9      
,cornwall1 :i* /ill reta9s ! "n (       
,ma9-amb]1 or ! ,sacr$ ,/ones4 ,su* a "o
 is m5tion$ by ,apollonius ,rhodius1    

suppos$ to h be5 rais$ 9 ! "t ( !       
,argonauts1 9 ! isl& ( ,t5os1 z !       
monum5t ( ! two-w+$ sons ( ,boreas1 sla9
 by ,h]cules2 & !re are o!rs 9 ,*9a1 &  
o!r c\ntries4     ,,*ap4 ,,lix4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,! ,,v>i\s    
,,cu/oms ,,( ,,mank9d4      ,curi\s     
,demon/rations ( ,fri5d%ip--,s+ul>ities 
( diff]5t     ,nations 9 ,eat+--,female 
,beauty & ,ornam5ts--,v>i\s ,modes (    
,salutation--,maid5--,lady ( !          
,lamb--,curi\s ,cu/om respect+          
,cat*+ a ,h>e--,extraord9>y ,anci5t     
,cu/om4                                 
----------------------------,cu/oms1    
,?\gh !y be nev] s ridicul\s1     ,nay1 
let e'm be unmanly1 yet are foll['d4    
,%akspe>e4   ,,curi\s ,,demon/rations   
,,( ,,fri5d%ip4--,! demon/rations (     
fri5d%ip 9 a rude /ate h a savage &     
gross "*1 :i* x is n a little curi\s to 
obs]ve4 ,! ,t>t>s pull a man by ! e> to 
press him to dr9k1 & !y cont9ue torm5t+ 
him till he op5s 8 m\?2 & :5 !y h       
accompli%$ _! object1 !y clap _! h&s &  

dance be=e him4  ,no cu/oms seem m      
ridicul\s1 ?an ^? practis$ by a         
,kamts*adale1 :5 he wi%es to make ano!r 
8 fri5d4 ,he fir/ invites him to 8 hut  
to eat4 ,if ! invitation is accept$1 !  
ho/ & 8 gue/ /rip !mselves 9 a cab91 :i*
 is heat$ to an uncommon degree4 ,:ile !
 gue/ dev\rs ! food ) :i* !y s]ve him1 !
 o!r cont9ually /irs ! fire4 ,! /rang]  
mu/ be> ! excess ( ! heat1 z well z ( ! 
repa/4 ,he dis*>ges ! food f 8 /oma* t5 
times be=e he w yield2 b at l5g?1 oblig$
 to ackn[l$ge himself ov]come1 he beg9s 
to comp\nd matt]s4 ,he pur*ases a       
mom5t's respite by a pres5t ( clo!s or  
dogs2 = 8 ho/ ?reat5s to heat ! cab91 & 
to oblige him to eat till he dies4 ,!   
/rang] has ! "r ( retaliation all[$ to  
him3 he treats ! o!r 9 ! same mann]1 &  
exacts ! same pres5ts4 ,%\ld 8 ho/ n    
accept ! invitation ( 8 gue/1 :om he has
 s h&somely regal$1 he w\ld come &      
inhabit 8 cab91 till he _h obta9$ f him 
! pres5ts he _h 9 s s+ul> a mann] giv5  
to him4  ,= ?is extravagant cu/om a     

curi\s reason has be5 alleg$4 ,x is     
meant to put ! p]son to a trial1 :]e    
fri5d%ip is s\ght4 ,! ,kamts*adale1 :o  
is at ! exp5se ( ! fires & ! repa/1 is  
desir\s to "k if ! /rang] has ! /r5g? to
 support pa9 ) him1 & if he is g5]\s    
en\gh to %>e ) him "s "p ( 8 prop]ty4   
,:ile ! gue/ is employ$ on 8 meal1 he   
cont9ues heat+ ! cab9 to an             
insupportable degree1 &1 z a la/ pro( ( 
! /rang]'s con/ancy & atta*m5t1 he      
exacts m clo!s & m dogs4 ,! ho/ passes  
?r\gh ! same c]emonies 9 ! cab9 ( !     
/rang]2 & he %ews 9 8 turn1 ) :at degree
 ( =titude he c def5d 8 fri5d4--,x is   
?us ! mo/ s+ul> cu/oms w\ld appe>       
simple1 if x 7 possible = ! philosoph]  
to contemplate !m on ! spot4  ,z a      
di/+ui%+ m>k ( e/eem1 two fri5dly       
,negroes ( ,ardra dr9k out ( "o cup at !
 same "t4 ,! k+ ( ,loango eats 9 "o     
h\se1 & dr9ks 9 ano!r4 ,a ,kamts*adale  
kneels be=e 8 gue/2 he cuts an enorm\s  
slice f a sea-calf2 he crams x entire   
into ! m\? ( 8 fri5d1 furi\sly cry+ out1

 ,tana6 7,!re67 & cutt+ away :at hangs  
ab\t 8 lips1 snat*es & swall[s x )      
avidity4   ,,s+ul>ities ,,( ,,diff]5t   
,,nations ,,9 ,,eat+4--,! ,maldivian    
isl&]s eat alone4 ,!y retire into ! mo/ 
hidd5 p>ts ( _! h\ses2 :5 !y draw d[n ! 
clo?s t s]ve z bl9ds to _! w9d[s1 t !y  
may eat unobs]v$4 ,?is cu/om probably   
arises f ! savage1 9 ! e>ly p]iods (    
society1 conceal+ himself to eat1 f a   
fe> t ano!r ) z %>p an appetite1 b      
possess+ m bodily /r5g? ?an himself1    
%\ld come & ravi% 8 meal f him4 ,!      
p[]ful ideas ( wit*craft1 too1 are      
widely spread among b>b>ians2 & !y are n
 a little fe>ful t "s incantation may be
 made use ( :ile dev\r+ _! victuals4  ,9
 notic+ ! solit>y meal ( ! ,maldivian   
isl&]1 ano!r reason may be alleg$ = ?is 
misan?ropical repa/4 ,!y nev] w eat )   
any "o :o is inf]ior to !m 9 bir?1 9    
ri*es1 or 9 dignity2 & z x is a         
difficult matt] to settle ?is equality1 
!y are condemn$ to lead ?is unsociable  
life4  ,on ! contr>y1 ! isl&]s ( !      

,philipp9es are rem>kably sociable4     
,:5ev] "o ( !m f9ds himself )\t a       
companion to p>take ( 8 meal1 he runs   
till he meets ) "o2 & we are assur$1 t1 
h[ev] ke5 8 appetite may be1 he v5tures 
n to satisfy x )\t a gue/4  ,! tables ( 
! ri* ,*9ese %9e ) a beautiful v>ni%1 & 
are cov]$ ) silk c>pets v elegantly     
work$4 ,!y d n make use ( plates1 or    
knives & =ks3 e gue/ has two little     
ivory or ebony /icks1 :i* he h&les v    
adroitly4  ,! ,otaheiteans1 :o are lov]s
 ( society1 & v g5tle 9 _! mann]s1 fe$  
sep>ately f ea* o!r4 ,at ! h\r ( repa/1 
! memb]s ( ea* family divide2 two       
bro!rs1 two si/]s1 & ev5 husb& & wife1  
fa!r & "m1 h ea* _! respective basket4  
,!y place !mselves at ! di/ance ( two or
 ?ree y>ds f ea* o!r2 !y turn _! backs  
to _! companions1 & take _! meal 9      
pr(\nd sil5ce4   ,v>i\s are ! op9ions & 
cu/oms ( mank9d ) respect to ,,female   
,,beauty ,,& ,,ornam5ts1--z w be p]ceiv$
 f ! foll[+ prejudices ( diff]5t        
nations4  ,! ladies 9 ,japan gild _!    

tee?2 & ^? ( ! ,indies pa9t !m r$4 ,!   
blacke/ tee? are e/eem$ ! mo/ beautiful 
9 ,guz]at1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,9    
,gre5l& ! wom5 col\r _! faces ) blue &  
yell[2 & a ,muscovite lady w\ld consid] 
h] beauty incomplete1 unless %e 7 pla/]$
 ov] ) pa9t1 h[ev] prodigal nature may h
 be5 9 h] gifts4 ,! ,*9ese mu/ h _! feet
 z dim9utive z ^? ( ! %e-goats1 & to    
r5d] !m ?us1 _! y\? is pass$ 9 tortures4
 ,9 anci5t ,p]sia1 an aquil9e nose 0 (t5
 ?\ght wor?y ( ! cr[n2 & if !re 0 any   
competition betwe5 two pr9ces1 ! p      
g5]ally w5t by ?is crit]ion ( maje/y4 ,9
 "s c\ntries1 ! mo!rs break ! noses ( _!
 *ildr52 & o!rs press ! head betwe5 two 
bo>ds1 t x may become squ>e4 ,! mod]n   
,p]sians h a /rong av]sion to r$ hair3 !
 ,turks1 on ! contr>y1 are w>m admir]s (
 x4 ,! ,indian beauty is ?ickly sme>$ ) 
be>'s fat2 :ile ! female ,hott5tot      
regrets n ! abs5ce ( silks & wrea?s (   
fl[]s1 if %e c b receive f ! h& ( h]    
lov] ! w>m entrails & reek+ tripe (     
animals he has j slaught]$1 t %e may    

deck h]self ) ^! enviable ornam5ts4  ,9 
,*9a1 small eyes are lik$2 & ! girls are
 cont9ually pluck+ _! eyebr[s1 t !y may 
be small & long4 ,! ,turki% wom5 dip a  
gold bru% 9 ! t9cture ( a black drug1   
:i* !y pass ov] _! eyebr[s4 ,?is is too 
visible by day1 b x looks %9+ by night4 
,!y also t+e _! nails ) a rose col\r4   
,an ornam5t = ! nose appe>s to u        
p]fectly unnecess>y4 ,! ,p]uvians1      
h[ev]1 ?9k o!rwise2 & !y hang on x a    
weighty r+1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is regulat$
 by ! rank ( _! husb&s4 ,! cu/om ( bor+ 
! nose1 z our ladies d _! e>s1 is v     
common 9 sev]al nations4 ,?r\gh !       
p]=ation are hung v>i\s mat]ials2 su* z 
gre5 cry/al1 gold1 /ones1 a s+le &      
sometimes a great numb] ( gold r+s1 :i* 
become at times r tr\blesome to !m4  ,! 
female head-dress is c>ri$ 9 "s c\ntries
 to s+ul> extravagance4 ,! ,*9ese fair  
c>ries on h] head ! figure ( a c]ta9    
bird4 ,?is bird is compos$ ( copp] or ( 
gold1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! p]son3 ! 
w+s spread out1 fall ov] ! front ( !    

head-dress1 & conceal ! temples2 ! tail1
 long & op51 =ms a beautiful tuft (     
fea!rs2 ! beak cov]s ! top ( ! nose2 !  
neck is fa/5$ to ! body ( ! artificial  
animal by a spr+1 t x may ! m freely    
play1 & tremble at ! slighte/ motion4   
,! extravagance ( ! ,myantses is f> m   
ridicul\s ?an ! above4 ,!y c>ry on _!   
heads a slight bo>d1 r long] ?an ! foot1
 & ab\t six in*es broad3 ) ?is !y cov]  
_! hair1 & seal x ) wax4 ,!y _c lie d[n1
 nor lean1 )\t keep+ ! neck v /raight2 &
 ! c\ntry be+ v woody1 x is n uncommon  
to f9d !m ) _! head-dress entangl$ 9 !  
trees4 ,:5ev] !y comb _! hair1 !y pass  
an h\r by ! fire 9 melt+ ! wax2 b ?is   
comb+ is only p]=m$ once or twice a ye>4
  ,to ?is curi\s acc\nt1 extract$ f     
,duhalde1 we mu/ jo9 t ( ! inhabitants (
 ! l& ( ,natal4 ,!y we> caps or bonnets1
 f six to t5 in*es high1 compos$ ( ! fat
 ( ox54 ,!y !n gradually ano9t ! head ) 
a pur] grease1 :i* mix+ ) ! hair1 fa/5s 
^! bonnets = _! lives4   ,! read] w be  
amus$ ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,,! ,,v>i\s   

,,modes ,,( ,,salutation4--,:5 m51 says 
! compil] ( ,l',esprit des ,usages et   
des ,c\tumes1 salute ea* o!r 9 an       
amicable mann]1 x signifies little :e!r 
!y move a p>ticul> "p ( ! body1 or      
practise a p>ticul> c]emony4 ,9 ^!      
actions !re mu/ exi/ diff]5t cu/oms4 ,e 
nation imag9es x employs ! mo/          
reasonable ones4 ,?is inf9ite numb] (   
c]emonies may be r$uc$ to two k9ds2 to  
rev]5ces or salutations1 & to ! t\* ( "s
 "p ( ! human body4 ,modes ( salutation 
h v diff]5t *>act]s1 & x is n un9t]e/+  
to exam9e _! %ades4 ,_m display a       
ref9em5t ( delicacy2 :ile o!rs are      
rem>kable = _! simplicity1 or           
s5sibility4  ,! isl&]s ne> ! ,philipp9es
 take ! h& or foot ( him !y salute1 & ) 
x !y g5tly rub _! face4 ,! ,lapl&]s     
apply _! nose /rongly aga9/ t ( ! p]sons
 !y salute4 ,dampi] says1 t at ,new     
,gu9ea !y are satisfi$ 9 plac+ on _!    
heads ! leaves ( trees1 :i* h ev] pass$ 
= symbols ( fri5d%ip & peace4 ,o!r      
salutations are v incommodi\s3 x        

requires great practice to enable a man 
to be polite 9 an isl& 9 ! /raits ( !   
,s\nd4 ,h\tman tells u1 !y rais$ 8 left 
foot1 :i* !y pass$ g5tly ov] ! "r leg1 &
 !nce ov] 8 face4 ,! inhabitants ( !    
,philipp9es b5d _! bodies v l[1 9 plac+ 
_! h&s on _! *eeks1 & rais+ at ! same "t
 "o foot 9 ! air1 ) _! knee b5t4 ,an    
,e?iopian takes ! robe ( ano!r1 & ties x
 ab\t 8 own wai/1 s t he leaves 8 fri5d 
half nak$4 ,?is cu/om ( undress+ takes  
o!r =ms3 sometimes m5 place !mselves    
nak$ be=e ! p]son :om !y salute1 to %[  
_! humility1 & t !y are unwor?y ( a     
cov]+ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,?is 0 practis$ be=e 
,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :5 he receiv$ !    
visit ( two ,otaheitan ladies4 ,_!      
innoc5t simplicity did n appe> immode/ 9
 ! eyes ( ! virtuoso4 ,sometimes !y only
 undress p>tially4 ,! ,japanese only    
take (f a slipp]2 ! p ( ,arracan _!     
s&als 9 ! /reet1 & _! /ock+s 9 ! h\se4  
,! gr&ees ( ,spa9 claim ! "r ( appe>+   
cov]$ be=e ! k+1 to %ew t !y are n s mu*
 subject$ to him z ! re/ ( ! nation4    

,snelgrave gives an odd repres5tation ( 
! embassy :i* ! k+ ( ,dahomy s5t to him4
 ,! c]emonies ( salutations consi/$ 9 ! 
mo/ ridicul\s contortions4 ,:5 two negro
 mon>*s visit1 !y salute by snapp+ ?ree 
times ! middle f+]4 ,b>b>\s nations     
frequ5tly impr9t on _! salutations _!   
"*4 ,:5 ! inhabitants ( ,c>m5a 7says    
,a!nu7 w\ld %ew a peculi> m>k ( e/eem1  
!y brea!d a ve91 & pres5t$ = ! bev]age (
 _! fri5d ! blood z x issu$4 ,! ,franks 
tore hair f _! head1 & pres5t$ x to !   
p]son :om !y salut$4 ,! slave cut 8     
hair1 & (f]$ x to 8 ma/]4 ,! ,*9ese are 
s+ul>ly affect$ 9 _! p]sonal civilities3
 !y ev5 calculate ! numb] ( _! rev]5ces4
 ,! m5 move _! h&s 9 an affectionate    
mann]1 :ile !y are jo9$ toge!r on _!    
brea/1 & b[ _! head a little4 ,if two   
p]sons meet aft] a long sep>ation1 !y   
bo? fall on _! knees & b5d _! faces to !
 e>?1 & ?is !y repeat two or ?ree times4
 ,!y sub/itute artificial c]emonies =   
natural actions4 ,_! expressions mean z 
little z _! c]emonies4 ,if a ,*9ese is  

ask$ h[ he f9ds himself 9 heal?8 ,he    
answ]s1 ,v well1 ?anks to y\r abundant  
felicity4 ,if !y w\ld tell a man t he   
looks well1 !y say1 ,prosp]ity is pa9t$ 
on y\r face2 or1 ,y\r air ann\nces y\r  
happ9ess4 ,all ^! & _m o!r answ]s are   
prescrib$ by ! ,*9ese academy (         
complim5ts4 ,!re are det]m9$ ! numb] (  
b[s1 ! expressions to be employ$1 !     
g5uflections1 & ! incl9ations to be made
 to ! "r or left h&1 ! salutations ( !  
ma/] be=e ! *air1 :]e ! /rang] is to be 
seat$1 = he salutes x mo/ pr(\ndly1 &   
wipes ! du/ away ) ! skirts ( 8 robe4 ,!
 l[] class ( p are equally nice 9 ^!    
punctilios2 & ambassadors pass =ty days 
9 practis+ !m be=e !y c appe> at c\rt4  
,a tribunal ( c]emonies has be5 erect$1 
& e day v odd decrees are issu$1 to :i* 
! ,*9ese mo/ religi\sly submit4 ,! m>ks 
( hon\r are frequ5tly arbitr>y3 to be   
seat$1 ) u1 is a m>k ( repose &         
famili>ity2 to /& up1 t ( respect4 ,!re 
are c\ntries1 h[ev]1 9 :i* pr9ces w only
 be address$ by p]sons :o are seat$1 & x

 is consid]$ z a fav\r to be p]mitt$ to 
/& 9 _! pres5ce4 ,?is cu/om prevails 9  
despotic c\ntries3 a despot _c suff]1   
)\t disgu/1 ! elevat$ figure ( 8        
subjects2 he is pleas$ to b5d _! bodies 
) _! g5ius2 8 pres5ce mu/ lay ^? :o     
behold him pro/rate on ! e>?2 he desires
 no eag]ness1 no att5tion2 he w\ld only 
inspire t]ror4   ,we %all next give an  
acc\nt ( ,,! ,,maid54--,?is t]m is      
appli$ to an anci5t ,engli% cu/om1 or1 m
 prop]ly1 to an in/rum5t = behead+      
crim9als2 ( ! use & =m ( :i* ,mr4       
,p5nant gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,x seems 
to h be5 conf9$ to ! limits ( ! =e/ (   
,h>dwick1 or ! eighte5 t[ns & hamlets )9
 its prec9cts4 ,! "t :5 ?is cu/om took  
place is unkn[n2 :e!r ,e>l ,w>r51 "l (  
?is =e/1 might h e/abli%$ x among !     
sangu9>y laws !n 9 use aga9/ ! invad]s (
 ! hunt+ rights1 or :e!r x might n take 
place aft] ! wooll5 manufactures at     
,halifax began to ga9 /r5g?1 is unc]ta94
 ,! la/ is v probable1 = ! wild c\ntry  
ar\nd ! t[n 0 inhabit$ by a lawless set1

 ^: depr$ations on ! clo?-t5t]s might   
soon /ifle ! ef=ts ( infant indu/ry4 ,= 
! protection ( trade1 & = ! great] t]ror
 ( (f5d]s by spe$y execution1 ?is cu/om 
seems to be e/abli%$1 s z at la/ to     
receive ! =ce ( law1 :i* 0 ',t if a     
felon be tak5 )9 ! lib]ty ( ! =e/ (     
,h>dwick1 ) goods /ol5 out1 or )9 ! said
 prec9cts1 ei!r h&hab&1 backb]&1 or     
confession$1 to ! value (               
?irte5-p5ce-halfp5ny1 he %all1 aft] ?ree
 m>ket days1 or meet+ days1 )9 ! t[n (  
,halifax1 next aft] su* 8 appreh5sion1 &
 be+ condemn$1 be tak5 to ! gibbet1 &   
!re h 8 head cut f 8 body4' ,! (f5d] _h 
always a fair trial2 = z soon z he 0    
tak51 he 0 br\ght to ! "l's bailiff1 at 
,halifax3 he 0 !n expos$ to ! ?ree      
m>kets1 7:i* "h 7 held ?rice 9 a week17 
plac$ 9 ! /ocks1 ) ! goods /ol5 on 8    
back1 or1 if ! !ft 0 ( ! cattle k9d1 !y 
7 plac$ by him2 & ?is 0 done bo? to     
/rike t]ror into o!rs1 & to produce new 
in=mations aga9/ him4  ,! bailiff !n    
summon$ f\r freehold]s ( ea* t[n )9 !   

=e/1 to =m a jury4 ,! felon &           
prosecutors 7 br\ght face to face2 & !  
goods1 ! c[1 or horse1 or :atsoev] 0    
/ol51 produc$4 ,if he 0 f\nd guilty1 he 
0 rem&$ to prison1 _h a week's "t all[$ 
= prep>ation1 & !n 0 convey$ to ?is     
spot1 :]e 8 head 0 /ruck (f ) ?is ma*9e4
 ,i %\ld h premis$1 t if ! crim9al1 ei!r
 on appreh5sion1 or 9 ! way ( execution1
 %\ld escape out ( ! limits ( ! =e/1 7"p
 be+ close to ! t[n17 ! bailiff _h no   
fur!r p[] ov] him2 b if he %\ld be      
caught )9 ! prec9cts at any "t aft]1 he 
0 imm$iately execut$ on 8 =m] s5t5ce4   
,?is privilege 0 v freely us$ dur+ !    
reign ( ,elizabe?2 ! records be=e t "t  
are lo/4 ,tw5ty-five suff]$ 9 h] reign1 
& at lea/ twelve f #afbc to #afej2 aft] 
:i*1 ,i believe1 ! privilege 0 no m     
ex]t$4  ,?is ma*9e ( dea? is n[ de/roy$2
 b ,i saw "o ( ! same k9d 9 a room "u ! 
p>liam5t-h\se at ,ed9burgh1 :]e x 0     
introduc$ by ! reg5t ,morton1 :o took a 
model ( x z he pass$ ?r\gh ,halifax1 &  
at l5g? suff]$ by x himself4 ,x is 9 =m 

( a pa9t]'s easel1 & ab\t t5 feet high3 
at f\r feet f ! bottom is a cross b>1 on
 :i* ! felon lays 8 head1 :i* is kept   
d[n by ano!r plac$ above4 ,9 ! inn]     
edges ( ! frames are grooves2 9 ^! is   
plac$ a %>p axe1 ) a va/ weight ( lead1 
support$ at ! v summit ) a peg3 to t peg
 is fa/5$ a cord1 :i* ! execution]      
cutt+1 ! axe falls1 & does ! affair     
effectually1 )\t suff]+ ! unhappy       
crim9al to und]go a repetition ( /rokes1
 z has be5 ! case 9 ! common me?od4 ,i  
mu/ add1 t if ! suff]] is condemn$ =    
/eal+ a horse or a c[1 ! /r+ is ti$ to !
 bea/1 :i*1 on be+ :ipp$1 pulls out !   
peg1 & becomes ! execution]4 ,?is       
app>atus is n[ 9 possession ( ! ,scotti%
 ,antiqu>ian ,society4   ,,lady ,,( ,,! 
,,lamb4--,at ,kidl+ton1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 !re
 is a cu/om1 t on ! next ,monday aft]   
,:itsun-week1 !re is a fat live lamb    
provid$1 & ! maids ( ! t[n1 hav+ _!     
?umbs ti$ beh9d !m1 run aft] x2 & %e t )
 h] m\? takes & holds ! lamb1 is decl>$ 
,lady ( ! ,lamb1--:i* be+ dress$ by !   

but*]1 ) ! sk9 hang+ on1 is c>ri$ on a  
long pole be=e ! lady & h] companions to
 ! gre51 att5d$ ) music1 & a            
morisco-dance ( m51 & ano!r ( wom51 :]e 
! re/ ( ! day is sp5t 9 danc+1 mir?1 &  
m]ry glee4 ,! next day ! lamb is "p     
bak$1 boil$1 & roa/$1 = ! lady's fea/2  
:]e %e sits maje/ically1 at ! upp] end (
 ! table1 & h] companions ) h]1 ) music 
& o!r att5dants1 :i* ends ! c]emony4    
,! foll[+ is a ,,curi\s ,,cu/om         
,,respect+ ,,cat*+ ,a ,,h>e4--,!y h an  
anci5t cu/om at ,cole%ill1 9 ! c\nty (  
,w>wick1 t if ! "y m5 ( ! t[n c cat* a  
h>e1 & br+ x to ! p>son ( ! p>i%1 be=e  
t5 ( ! clock on ,ea/] ,monday1 ! p>son  
is b\nd to give !m a calf's head1 & an  
hundr$ ( eggs = _! breakfa/1 & a groat 9
 money4   ,?is *apt] concludes ) an     
acc\nt ( an ,,extraord9>y ,,anci5t      
,,cu/om4--,a c\rt1 call$ ,lawless ,c\rt1
 is held annually on ,k+%ill1 at ,ro*=d1
 9 ,essex1 on ,w$nesday morn+ next aft] 
,mi*aelmas-day1 at cock-cr[+1 at :i*    
c\rt ! :ole ( ! bus9ess is transact$ 9 a

 :isp]2 no c&le is all[$ 9 ! c\rt1 nor  
any p5 & ink1 b ! proce$+s are writt5 ) 
a piece ( *>coal2 & he t holds suit &   
s]vice !re1 & does n appe>1 =feits d\ble
 ! am\nt ( 8 r5t to ! "l ( ! manor ,?is 
c\rt is m5tion$ by ,camd51 :o says1 !   
s]vile att5dance 0 impos$ on ! t5ants = 
conspir+ at ! l unseasonable "t to raise
 a commotion4 ,x belongs to ! hon\r (   
,raleigh1 & is call$ ,lawless1 because  
held at an unlawful h\r1 or1 quia dicta 
s9e lege4     ,,*ap4 ,,lx4              
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,! ,,cu/oms   
,,( ,,mank9d4--7,cont9u$47      ,m>riage
 ,c]emonies ( diff]5t ,nations--,m>riage
 ,cu/om ( !     ,japanese--,bacon ,flit*
 ,cu/om at ,dunm[1 ,essex--,on ! ,orig9 
( ,r+s     9 g5]al--,matrimonial        
,r+--,extraord9>y ,m>riage              
,cu/om--,h&-,fa/+4      ,?o' fools spurn
 ,hym5's g5tle p['rs1     ,!y :o improve
 8 gold5 h\rs1         ,by sweet        
exp]i5ce "k1     ,t m>riage1 rightly    
und]/ood1     ,gives to ! t5d] & ! good 
,a p>adise bel[4                        

,cotton4   ,,m>riage ,,c]emonies ,,(    
,,diff]5t ,,nations4--,m>riage c]emonies
 v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & at diff]5t   
times4 ,:]e ! practice is to pur*ase a  
wife1 :e!r among savages1 or among      
luxuri\s p 9 hot climates1 paym5t ( !   
price completes ?is m>riage1 )\t any o!r
 c]emony4 ,o!r c]emonies1 h[ev]1 are    
sometimes practis$4 ,9 old ,rome1 !     
bride 0 att5d$ to ! bridegroom's h\se1 )
 a female slave c>ry+ a di/aff & a      
sp9dle1 import+ t %e ought to sp9 = !   
family4 ,among ! savages ( ,canada1 & ( 
neighb\r+ c\ntries1 a /rap1 a kettle1 & 
a faggot1 are put 9 ! bride's cab91 z   
symbols ( h] duty1 viz4 to c>ry burd5s1 
to dress victuals1 & to provide wood4   
,on ! o!r h&1 ! bride1 9 tok5 ( h]      
slav]y1 takes h] axe1 cuts wood1 bundles
 x up1 & lays x be=e ! door ( !         
bridegroom's hut4 ,all ! salutation %e  
receives is1 ,x is "t to g to re/4 ,!   
inhabitants ( ,si]ra ,leone1 on ! coa/ (
 ,africa1 h 9 all _! t[ns a bo>d+-s*ool1
 :]e "y ladies are educat$ = a ye>1 "u !

 c>e ( a v5]able old g5tleman4 ,:5 _!   
education is complet$1 !y are c>ri$ 9 _!
 be/ attire to a public assembly2 :i*   
may be t]m$ a matrimonial m>ket1 because
 !re "y m5 conv5e to make a *oice4 ,^?  
:o fit !mselves to _! fancy pay ! d[ry2 
&1 ov] & above1 rew>d ! old sup]9t5dant 
= 8 extraord9>y c>e 9 educat+ ! bride4  
,9 ! isl& ( ,java1 ! bride1 9 tok5 (    
subjection1 wa%es ! bridegroom's feet2 &
 ?is is a capital c]emony4 ,9 ,russia1 !
 bride pres5ts to ! bridegroom a bundle 
( rods1 to be us$ aga9/ h] :5 %e des]ves
 to be *a/is$2 & at ! same "t %e pulls  
(f 8 boots4 ,v diff]5t 7 ! mann]s ( ,p]u
 be=e ! ,spani% conque/4 ,! bridegroom  
c>ri$ %oes to ! bride1 & put !m on ) 8  
own h&s2 b !re1 pur*as+ wives is unkn[n4
 ,m>riage c]emonies 9 ,lapl& are direct$
 by ! same pr9ciple4 ,x is ! cu/om !re1 
= a man to make pres5ts to 8 *ildr5 (   
re9-de]2 & "y wom5 :o h a l>ge /ock ( ^!
 animals1 h lov]s 9 pl5ty4 ,a "y man    
looks = su* a wife at a fair1 or at a   
meet+ = pay+ taxes4 ,be+ solicit\s1 9   

p>ticul>1 to h an eloqu5t plead]1 he    
c>ries to ! h\se ( ! "y woman "s ( 8    
relations4 ,!y are all admitt$ except ! 
lov]1 :o mu/ wait till he be call$ 94   
,aft] dr9k+ "s spirits1 br\ght ) !m = ! 
purpose1 ! spokesman addresses ! fa!r 9 
humble t]ms1 b[+ ! knee1 z if he 7      
introduc$ to a pr9ce4 ,he /yles him !   
wor%ipful fa!r1 ! high & mighty fa!r1 ! 
be/ & mo/ illu/ri\s fa!r1 c4  ,! m>riage
 c]emonies among ! ,hott5tots are ( a   
s+ul> nature4 ,aft] all matt]s are      
adju/$ among ! old p1 ! "y c\ple are %ut
 up by !mselves2 & pass ! night 9       
/ruggl+ = sup]iority1 :i* proves a v    
s]i\s "w1 :]e ! bride is reluctant4 ,if 
%e p]sev]e to ! la/ )\t yield+1 ! "y man
 is disc>d$2 b1 if he prevail1 :i*      
commonly happ5s1 ! m>riage is complet$  
by ano!r c]emony1 no less s+ul>4 ,! m5 &
 wom5 squat on ! gr\nd 9 diff]5t        
circles1 ! bridegroom 9 ! c5tre ( "o1 & 
! bride 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r1 :]e c]emonies
 ( a mo/ indelicate nature take place4  
,! c]emonies among ! pres5t ,greeks are 

no less rem>kable4 ,among o!r p>ticul>s1
 ! bridegroom & bride walk ?ree r\nds2  
dur+ :i* !y are kick$ & cuff$ he>tily4  
,t\rne=t adds1 t he only & 8 companions 
=bore to jo9 9 ! c]emony2 :i* 0 ascrib$ 
to _! ru/icity1 & ignorance ( polite    
mann]s4 ,m>riage c]emonies among !      
,kamts*adales are extremely :imsical4 ,a
 "y man1 aft] mak+ 8 proposals1 ent]s   
into ! pres5ce ( 8 int5d$ fa!r-9-law4   
,if he prove agreeable1 he is admitt$ to
 ! trial ( ! t\*4 ,! "y woman is swaddl$
 up 9 lea!rn ?ongs1 & 9 t condition is  
put "u ! gu>d ( "s old wom54 ,wat*+ e   
opportunity ( a slack gu>d1 he endeav\rs
 to uncase h]1 9 ord] to t\* :at is     
always ! mo/ conceal$4 ,! bride mu/     
resi/1 9 appe>ance at lea/2 & !re=e     
cries out = h] gu>ds1 :o fall ) fury on 
! bridegroom1 te> 8 hair1 scrat* 8 face1
 & act 9 viol5t opposition4 ,! attempts 
( ! lov] sometimes prove unsuccessful = 
mon?s2 b ! mom5t ! t\* is a*iev$1 !     
bride te/ifies h] satisfaction1 by      
pron\nc+ ! ^w ,ni1 ,ni1 ) a s(t & lov+  

voice4 ,! next night !y associate toge!r
 )\t any opposition4  ,"o m>riage       
c]emony among ! isl& negroes is s+ul>4  
,z soon z prelim9>ies are adju/$1 !     
bridegroom1 ) a numb] ( 8 companions1   
set out at night1 & surr\nd ! h\se ( !  
bride1 z if int5d+ to c>ry h] (f by =ce4
 ,%e & h] female att5dants1 pret5d+ to  
make all possible resi/ance1 cry al\d = 
help1 b no p]son appe>s4 ,?is resembles 
/rongly a m>riage c]emony t is1 or 01   
cu/om>y 9 ,wales4 ,on ! morn+ ( !       
w$d+-day1 ! bridegroom1 accompani$ ) 8  
fri5ds on horseback1 dem&s ! bride4 ,h] 
fri5ds1 :o are likewise on horseback1   
give a positive refusal2 ^u :i* a mock  
scuffle ensues4 ,! bride1 m\nt$ beh9d h]
 ne>e/ k9sman1 is c>ri$ (f1 & is pursu$ 
by ! bridegroom & 8 fri5ds1 ) l\d %\ts4 
,x is n uncommon on su* an occasion to  
see two or ?ree hundr$ /urdy            
,cambro-,britons rid+ at full spe$1     
cross+ & jo/l+1 to ! no small amusem5t (
 ! spectators4 ,:5 !y h fatigu$ !mselves
 & _! horses1 ! bridegroom is suff]$ to 

ov]take 8 bride4 ,he leads h] away 9    
triumph1 & ! sc5e is conclud$ ) fea/+ & 
fe/ivity4 ,! same m>riage c]emony 0     
usual 9 ,muscovy1 ,li?uania1 & ,livonia1
 z report$ by ,olaus ,magnus4           
,,m>riage ,,cu/om ,,( ,,!               
,,japanese4--,a v s+ul> cu/om at !      
m>riages ( ! ,japanese1 is1 t ! tee? ( !
 bride are made black by "s corrosive   
liquid4 ,! tee? rema9 black ev] aft]1 & 
s]ve to %ew t a woman is m>ri$1 or a    
wid[4 ,ano!r circum/ance is1 at ! bir? (
 e *ild1 to plant a tree 9 a g>d5 or    
c\rt-y>d1 :i* atta9s its full gr[? 9 z  
_m ye>s z a man requires to be mature = 
! duties ( m>riage4 ,:5 he m>ries1 !    
tree is cut d[n1 & ! wood is made into  
*e/s & boxes1 to conta9 ! clo!s & o!r   
?+s :i* are made = ! new-m>ri$ c\ple4   
,! ,japanese may m>ry z (t5 z !y please3
 m>riages ) si/]s are prohibit$1 b !y c 
m>ry any o!r relative4   ,,bacon ,,flit*
 ,,cu/om ,,at ,,dunm[1 ,,essex4--,_m    
p]sons :o are s (t5 jocul> ab\t a c]ta9 
,flit* ( ,bacon1 ) ^? :o are suppos$ to 

be 9 a mu* happi] /ate ?an !mselves1 are
 n always famili> ) ! orig9 ( ?is       
in/itution1 & ) ! :imsical rhym+ oa? to 
be tak5 ) ! flit*4 ,old ,full] has      
pres]v$ x1 9 8 v sc>ce "w ( ! ,wor?ies2 
& x w probably amuse ^? :o h m wit ?an  
read+ on ?is occasion4  ,! celebrat$    
flit* ( bacon ( ,dunm[1 9 ,essex1 :i* c 
only be claim$1 )\t p]jury1 by a select 
few 9 ! m>ri$ /ate1 0 a jocul>          
in/itution by ! monks ( a mona/]y1 9 !  
priory ( ,dunm[1 9 ,essex4 ,full]       
obs]ves1 t ^! mortifi$ m5 w\ld be       
mir?ful at times1 z h]eby may appe>4--  
,any p]son f any "p ( ,engl&1 com+ hi!r1
 & humbly kneel+ on two /ones at ! *ur* 
door 7:i* are yet to be se517 be=e !    
priory or conv5t1 might dem& a gammon or
 flit* ( bacon1 ^u ! solemn tak+ ( !    
prescrib$ oa?4  ,! foll[+ is a copy ( ! 
regi/] ( ! =m & c]emony obs]v$ on a     
claim made m ?an a c5tury ago1 to ?is   
flit* ( bacon1 by ,william ,p>sley1 (   
,mu*-,ea/on1 & ,jane1 8 wife4  ,dunm[1  
,nup]4--,at a c\rt b>on ( ! ,priorat' "r

 wor%ipful ,sir ,?omas ,may1 knight1 !re
 hold5 ^u ,friday ! sev5? ( ,june1 9 !  
?irte5? ye> ( ! reign ( our sov]eign ,"l
 ,william ,,iii4 by ! grace ( ,god1 c4 &
 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #agja1 be=e ,?omas  
,:eel]1 g5t /ew>d ( ! said manor4 ,x is 
?us enroll$3--            ,,elizabe?    
,,beaumont1 sp9/]1           ,,h5rietta 
,,beaumont1 sp9/]1    ,homage4          
,,annabella ,,beaumont1 sp9/]1  ,jurat4 
,,jane ,,beaumont1 sp9/]1               
,,m>y ,,:el]1 sp9/]1          ,be x     
rememb]$1 t at ?is c\rt1 9 full & op5   
c\rt1 x is f\nd1 & pres5t$ by ! homage  
a=esaid1 t ,william ,p>sley1 (          
,mu*-,ea/on1 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex1 but*]1 
& ,jane 8 wife1 h be5 m>ri$ = ! space ( 
?ree ye>s ! la/ pa/1 & upw>d2 & x is    
likewise f\nd1 pres5t$1 & adjudg$1 by ! 
homage a=esaid1 t ! said ,william       
,p>sley1 & ,jane 8 wife1 by means ( _!  
quiet1 peaceable1 t5d]1 & lov+          
cohabitation1 = ! space ( "t a=esaid1 7z
 appe>s by ! said homage17 are fit &    
qualifi$ p]sons to be admitt$ by ! c\rt 

to receive ! anci5t & accu/om$ oa?1     
:]eby to entitle !mselves to h ! bacon (
 ,dunm[ deliv]$ unto !m1 accord+ to !   
cu/om ( ! manor4  ,:]eupon1 at ?is c\rt1
 9 full & op5 c\rt1 came ! said ,william
 ,p>sley1 & ,jane 8 wife1 9 _! prop]    
p]sons1 & humbly pray$1 !y might be     
admitt$ to take ! oa? a=esaid2 :]eupon !
 said /ew>d1 ) ! jury1 suitors1 & o!r   
(fic]s ( ! c\rt1 proce$$1 ) ! usual     
solemnity1 to ! anci5t & accu/om$ place 
= ! adm9i/ration ( ! oa? & receiv+ !    
gammon a=esaid1 7t is to say7 ! two     
great /ones ly+ ne> ! *ur* door1 )9 !   
said manor2 :]e ! said ,william ,p>sley1
 & ,jane 8 wife1 kneel+ d[n on ! said   
two /ones1 & ! said /ew>d did adm9i/]   
unto !m ! above-m5tion$ oa? 9 ^! words1 
or to ?is effect foll[+1 viz4    ,y d   
swe> by cu/om ( confession4   ,t y ne'er
 made nuptial transgression2   ,nor s9ce
 y 7 m>ri$ man & wife1   ,by h\sehold   
brawls1 or cont5ti\s /rife1   ,or       
o!rwise1 9 b$ or at bo>d1   ,(f5d$ ea*  
o!r 9 de$ or 9 ^w2   ,or 9 a twelve     

mon?s' "t & a day1   ,rep5t$ n 9 ?\ght  
any way2   ,or s9ce ! *ur* cl]k said    
,am51   ,wi%'d y\rselves unm>ri$ aga92  
,b cont9ue true1 & 9 desire   ,z :5 y   
jo9'd h&s 9 holy quire4  ,& imm$iately  
!reupon1 ! said ,william ,p>sley1 &     
,jane 8 wife1 claim+ ! same gammon (    
bacon1 ! c\rt pron\nc$ ! s5t5ce = !     
same1 9 ^! words1 or to ! effect foll[+3
    ,s9ce to ^! conditions1 )\t any fe>1
   ,( y\r own accord y d freely swe>1   
,a :ole gammon ( bacon y d receive1   ,&
 be> x away ) love & good leave1   ,=   
?is is ! cu/om ( ,dunm[ well kn[n2--    
,?\gh ! pleasure be ours1 ! bacon's y\r 
own4  ,& accord+ly a gammon ( bacon 0   
deliv]$ unto ! said ,william ,p>sley1 & 
,jane 8 wife1 ) ! usual solemnity4      
,exam9$ p] ,?omas ,:eel]1 /ew>d4 ,! same
 day a gammon 0 deliv]$ to ,mr4         
,reynolds1 /ew>d to ,sir ,*>les ,b>+ton1
 ( ,hatfield1 ,broad ,oak4   ,,! ,,orig9
 ,,( ,,r+s ,,9 ,,g5]al4--,! orig9 ( r+s1
 _! matt] & uses1 toge!r ) ! suppos$    
virtue ( ! preci\s /ones set 9 !m1 af=d 

a subject well des]v+ ! notice ( !      
curi\s4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ! hea!n 
my?ology1 ,prome!us1 :o 9 ! fir/ times  
_h discov]$ a great numb] ( secrets1    
hav+ be5 deliv]$ f ! *a9s by :i* he 0   
fa/5$ to ,m\nt ,caucasus = /eal+ fire f 
heav52 9 memory or ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fav\r
 he receiv$ f ,jupit]1 made himself1 (  
"o ( ^? *a9s1 a r+1 9 ^: collet he      
repres5t$ ! figure ( "p ( ! rock :]e he 
_h be5 deta9$1 or r1 z ,pl9y says1 set 9
 x a bit ( ! same rock1 & put x on 8    
f+]4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ r+1 & ! fir/ /one4 ,b
 we o!rwise le>n t ! use ( r+s is v     
anci5t1 & t ! ,egyptians 7 ! fir/       
inv5tors ( !m2 :i* seems confirm$ by !  
hi/ory ( ,joseph1 :o1 z we read 9       
,g5esis1 *ap4 xli4 = hav+ int]pret$     
,ph>aoh's dream1 receiv$ n only 8       
lib]ty1 b 0 rew>d$ ) ?is pr9ce's r+1 & !
 sup]9t5d5cy ( ,egypt4 ,josephus1 9 !   
?ird book ( ! ,jewi% ,antiquities1 says1
 ! ,israelites _h ! use ( !m aft] pass+ 
! ,r$ ,sea1 because ,moses1 on 8 return 
f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 f\nd t !y _h =g$ ! gold5 

calf f _! wives' r+s4 ,! same ,moses    
7:i* 0 upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e !  
w>s ( ,troy7 p]mitt$ ! prie/s to h      
e/abli%$ ! use ( gold r+s1 enri*$ )     
preci\s /ones4 ,! high-prie/ wore ^u 8  
ephod1 :i* 0 a k9d ( camaieu1 r+s1 t    
s]v$ him z clasps2 a l>ge em]ald 0 set1 
& engrav$ ) my/]i\s names4 ,! r+ he wore
 on 8 f+] 0 ( e/imable value & cele/ial 
virtue4 ,_h n ,a>on1 ! high prie/ ( !   
,hebrews1 a r+ on 8 f+]1 :]e( ! diamond1
 by its virtue1 op]at$ prodigi\s ?+s8 = 
x *ang$ its vivid lu/re into a d>k      
col\r1 :5 ! ,hebrews 7 to be puni%$ by  
dea? = _! s9s3 :5 !y 7 to fall by !     
sword1 x appe>$ ( a blood col\r2 if !y 7
 innoc5t1 x sp>kl$ z usual4 ,x is       
obs]vable1 t ! anci5t ,hebrews us$ r+s 9
 ! "t ev5 ( ! w> ( ,troy4 ,que5         
,jezebel1 to de/roy ,naba?1 z x is      
relat$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ,k+s1 made use ( 
! r+ ( ,ahab1 k+ ( ! ,israelites1 h]    
husb&1 to seal ! c\nt]feit lett]s t     
ord]$ ! dea? ( t un=tunate man4 ,did n  
,judah1 z m5tion$ 9 ! ?irty-eigh? *apt] 

( ,g5esis1 deceive 8 daught]-9-law      
,tam>1 7:o _h disguis$ h]self17 by giv+ 
h] 8 r+ & bracelets z a pl$ge ( ! fai?  
he _h promis$ h]8 ,?\gh ,hom] is sil5t 9
 reg>d to r+s bo? 9 8 ,iliad & ,odyssey1
 !y 71 not)/&+1 us$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,greeks &
 ,trojans2 & x is f !m t sev]al o!r     
nations receiv$ !m4 ,! ,lac$emonians1 z 
relat$ by ,alex&] ab ,alex&ro1 pursuant 
to ! ord]s ( _! k+ ,lycurgus1 _h only   
iron r+s1 despis+ ^? ( gold2 probably   
because _! k+ 0 will+ !reby to retr5*   
luxury1 & disc\rage ! use ( effem9ate   
ornam5ts among 8 subjects1 z inconsi/5t 
) ! manly pla9ness ( ,sp>tan virtue4  ,!
 r+ 0 reput$1 by "s nations1 a symbol ( 
lib]ality1 e/eem1 & fri5d%ip1 p>ticul>ly
 among ! ,p]sians1 none be+ p]mitt$ to  
we> any1 except giv5 to him f ! k+      
himself4 ,?is is :at may also be rem>k$ 
9 ! p]son ( ,apollonius ,?yaneus1 :o1 z 
a tok5 ( s+ul> e/eem & great lib]ality1 
receiv$ "o f ! great ,j>*as1 pr9ce ( !  
gymnosophi/s1 :o 7 ! anci5t prie/s ( !  
,indies1 & dwelt 9 =e/s1 z our b>ds &   

,druids1 :]e !y appli$ !mselves to !    
/udy ( wisdom1 & to ! speculation ( !   
heav5s & />s4 ,?is philosoph]1 by !     
means ( t r+1 le>n$ e day ! greate/     
secrets 9 nature4  ,?\gh ! r+ f\nd by   
,gyges1 %eph]d to ! k+ ( ,lydia1 has m (
 fable ?an tru? 9 x1 x w n1 h[ev]1 be   
amiss to relate :at is said conc]n+     
,h]odotus1 ,clius aft] ,plato1 & ,cic]o1
 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,(fices4 ,?is ,gyges1
 aft] a great flood1 pass$ into a v deep
 cavity 9 ! e>?1 :]e hav+ f\nd1 9 !     
belly ( a bras5 horse1 ) a l>ge ap]ture 
9 x1 a human body ( enorm\s size1 he    
pull$ f (f "o ( ! f+]s1 a r+ ( surpris+ 
virtue2 = ! /one on ! collet r5d]$ him  
:o wore x invisible1 :5 ! collet 0 turn$
 t[>ds ! palm ( ! h&2 s t ! p>ty c\ld   
see1 )\t be+ se51 all mann] ( p]sons &  
?+s4 ,gyges1 hav+ made trial ( its      
efficacy1 be?\ght himself t x w\ld be a 
means = asc5d+ ! ?rone ( ,lydia1 & =    
ga9+ ! que5 by x4 ,he succe$$ 9 8       
designs1 hav+ kill$ ,c&aules1 h] husb&4 
,! dead body ?is r+ belong$ to 0 t ( an 

anci5t ,brahm91 :o 9 8 "t 0 *ief ( all4 
,! r+s ( ! anci5ts (t5 s]v$ = seals4    
,alex&] ! ,great1 aft] ! defeat & dea? (
 ,d>ius1 us$ 8 r+ = seal+ ! lett]s he   
s5t into ,asia1 & 8 own = ^? he s5t to  
,europe4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 ,rome = !       
bridegroom to s5d ! bride1 be=e m>riage1
 a r+ ( iron1 )\t ei!r /one or collet1  
to d5ote h[ la/+ _! union ought to be1 &
 ! frugality !y 7 to obs]ve toge!r2 b   
luxury h]e9 soon ga9$ gr\nd1 & !re 0 a  
necessity ( mod]at+ x4 ,caius ,m>ius did
 n we> "o ( gold till 8 ?ird consul%ip3 
& ,tib]ius1 z ,suetonius says1 made "s  
regulation 9 ! au?ority ( we>+ r+s2 =   
besides ! lib]ty ( bir?1 he requir$ a   
consid]able rev5ue1 bo? on ! fa!r &     
gr&fa!r's side4   ,9 ! prec$+           
diss]tation we h anticipat$ !           
,,matrimonial ,,r+1 !re=e our fur!r     
obs]vations ne$ be b few4  ,sw9burne    
says1 ! iron r+ 0 adorn$ ) an adamant2 !
 metal h>d & durable1 signify+ !        
duration & prosp]ity ( ! contract4      
,h[beit1 he says1 x skille? n at ?is day

 :at metal ! r+ be (4 ,! =m ( x be+     
f\nd1 & )\t end1 do? import t _! love   
%\ld circulate & fl[ cont9ually4 ,! f+] 
on :i* ?is r+ is to be worn1 is ! f\r?  
f+] on ! left h&1 next unto ! little    
f+]1 because !re 0 suppos$ a ve9 ( blood
 to pass f !nce into ! he>t4   ,we %all 
conclude ?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( an     
anci5t cu/om1 call$ ,,h&-,,fa/+4  ,?is  
cu/om =m]ly took place at an annual     
fair1 9 ! p>i% ( ,eskdale-muir1 9       
,dumfries%ire1 ?us describ$ by ! ,rev4  
,w4 ,br[n1 9 8 ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( t   
p>i%3 ,at t fair x 0 ! cu/om = ! unm>ri$
 p]sons ( bo? sexes1 to *oose companions
 ) :om !y 7 to live till t "t next ye>4 
,if !y 7 pleas$ ) ea* o!r at t "t1 !n !y
 cont9u$ toge!r = life2 if n1 !y        
sep>at$1 & 7 free to make ano!r *oice1 z
 at fir/4 ,! fruit ( _! connection1 if  
!re 7 any1 0 always atta*$ to !         
disaffect$ p]son4 ,a prie/1 :om !y nam$ 
,book-i'-bosom1 7because he c>ri$ 9 8   
bosom a ,bible1 or a regi/] ( !         
m>riages17 came f "t to "t to confirm ! 

m>riages4 ,mr4 ,br[n traces ?is cu/om f 
! ,romans4--,see ,sir ,j4 ,s9clair's    
,/ati/ical ,acc\nt1 vol4 xii4 p4 #fae4  
,,*ap4 ,,lxi4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,! ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,mank9d4--7,cont9u$47 
,fun]al ,c]emonies ( ! ,anci5t          
,e?iopians--,fun]al ,c]emonies (     !  
,*9ese--,anci5t ,fun]al ,c]emonies ( !  
,dajakkese--,anci5t     ,modes (        
,m\rn+--,fea/s among ! ,anci5ts ( v>i\s 
,nations--,fea/     ( ,lant]ns4         
,,fun]al ,,c]emonies ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t   
,,e?iopians4--,! ,e?iopians _h v        
p>ticul> c]emonies 9 _! fun]als4        
,accord+ to ,ctesias1 aft] hav+ salt$ ! 
bodies1 !y put !m into a holl[ /atue (  
gold1 :i* resembl$ ! deceas$1 & are     
plac$ 9 a ni*e1 on a pill> set up = t   
purpose4 ,! rema9s ( ! ri*e/ ,e?iopians 
7 ?us hon\r$3 ! bodies ( ^? ( ! next    
class 7 conta9$ 9 silv] /atues2 ! poor 7
 en%r9$ 9 /atues ( e>!nw>e4 ,h]odotus   
in=ms u1 t ! ne>e/ relations ( ! dead   
kept ! body a ye> 9 _! h\ses1 & (f]$    
sacrifice & fir/-fruits dur+ t "t to _! 

deceas$ fri5d2 & at ! end ( ! ye>1 !y   
fix$ ! corpse 9 a place set ap>t = !    
purpose ne> _! t[n4 ,! inhabitants ( !  
c\ntry above ,m]o _h v>i\s me?ods ( pay+
 respect to _! deceas$ fri5ds4 ,"s ?rew 
_! bodies into ! riv]1 ?9k+ t ! mo/     
hon\rable sepul*re4 ,o!rs kept !m 9 _!  
h\ses 9 ni*es1 ?9k+ t _! *ildr5 w\ld be 
/imulat$ to virtu\s de$s by ! sight ( _!
 ance/ors2 & t gr[n p1 by ! same        
objects1 w\ld reta9 _! p>5ts 9 _!       
memories4 ,o!rs put _! dead bodies into 
c(f9s ( e>!nw>e1 & buri$ !m ne> _!      
temples4 ,to swe> ) _! h& laid ^u a     
corpse1 0 _! mo/ sacr$ & inviolable oa?4
   ,,fun]al ,,c]emonies ,,or ,,!        
,,*9ese4--,! fun]al c]emonies are       
consid]$ by ! ,*9ese z ! mo/ important (
 any4 ,a few mom5ts aft] a p]son has    
expir$1 he is dress$ out 9 8 ri*e/      
attire1 & adorn$ ) e badge ( 8 dignity2 
aft] :i* he is plac$ 9 ! c(f94 ,!       
prep>ation ( a c(f91 9 :i* 8 body may be
 inclos$ aft] dea?1 is "o ( ! *ief      
objects ( att5tion to a ,*9ese dur+ 8   

life1 & great exp5se is (t5 ?r[n away ^u
 x2 insomu* t ! poor w give all !y are  
wor?1 & ! ri* exp5d "o ?\s& cr[ns2 nay1 
a son w sell himself = a slave1 to      
pur*ase a c(f9 = 8 fa!r4 ,sometimes !   
c(f91 :5 pur*as$ ) all ?is lab\r &      
exp5se1 w rema9 tw5ty ye>s useless 9 !  
family2 b x is consid]$ z ! mo/ valuable
 piece ( furniture 9 8 possession4 ,!   
mann] ( int]m5t is z foll[s3--,fir/1 !y 
spr9kle "s lime 9 ! bottom ( ! c(f92 !n 
!y lay ! body 9 x1 tak+ c>e to place !  
head on a pill[1 & to add a great deal (
 cotton1 t x may rema9 /eady4 ,! body   
rema9s ?us expos$ sev5 days2 b ! "t may 
be r$uc$ to ?ree1 if any weighty reason 
makes x necess>y2 &1 dur+ ?is int]val1  
all ! relations & fri5ds1 :o are        
purposely invit$1 come & pay _! respects
 to ! deceas$1 ! ne>e/ relations rema9+ 
9 ! h\se4 ,! c(f9 is expos$ 9 ! hall (  
c]emony1 :i* is !n hung ) :ite1 b "s    
pieces ( black or violet-col\r$ silk are
 "h & !re int]sp]s$1 z well z "s o!r    
ornam5ts ( m\rn+4 ,be=e ! c(f9 is plac$ 

a table1 on :i* /&s ! image ( ! deceas$1
 or a c>v$ ornam5t inscrib$ ) 8 "n2 & ^!
 are always accompani$ ) fl[]s1 p]fumes1
 & light$ wax c&les4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ^? :o
 ent] ! hall salute ! deceas$1 z if /ill
 9 life4 ,!y pro/rate !mselves be=e !   
table1 & knock _! =eheads sev]al times  
aga9/ ! e>?2 aft] :i* !y place on !     
table "s p]fumes & wax c&les4 ,_!       
salutations are return$ by ! elde/ son1 
accompani$ by 8 bro!rs4 ,! latt] come =?
 f beh9d a curta91 :i* hangs on "o side 
( ! c(f91 creep+ along ! gr\nd until !y 
rea* ! spot :]e ^? /& :om !y are go+ to 
salute2 aft] :i*1 !y return )\t ris+ up4
 ,! wom5 are also conceal$ beh9d ! same 
curta91 f :5ce !y e n[ & !n s5d =?      
dismal cries4  ,! fun]al procession at  
la/ comm5ces4 ,a troop ( m5 m>* 9 a     
file1 c>ry+ diff]5t figures made (      
pa/ebo>d1 & repres5t+ slaves1 lions1    
tig]s1 horses1 c4 ,o!rs foll[1 m>*+ 9   
two files2 "s ( :om c>ry /&>ds1 "s      
flags1 or c5s]s fill$ ) p]fumes2 :ile   
melan*oly & pla9tive airs are play$ by  

o!rs1 on musical in/rum5ts4 ,^!         
musicians imm$iately prec$e ! c(f91 :i* 
is cov]$ ) a canopy1 9 =m ( a dome1 (   
violet-col\r$ silk3 its f\r corn]s are  
ornam5t$ ) tufts ( :ite silk1 neatly    
embroid]$1 & cov]$ at ! top ) net-"w4 ,!
 c(f9 is plac$ on ! bottom ( ?is ma*9e1 
& is c>ri$ by sixty-f\r m54 ,! elde/    
son1 clo!d 9 a frock ( canvass1 hav+ 8  
body b5t1 & lean+ on a /aff1 foll[s ne> 
! c(f92 & beh9d him 8 bro!rs & nephews1 
b none ( !m clo!d 9 canvass4 ,!n come ! 
relations & fri5ds1 all clad 9 m\rn+1 & 
foll[$ by a great numb] ( *airs1 cov]$ )
 :ite /uff1 conta9+ ! wives & female    
slaves ( ! deceas$4 ,^! make great %[ ( 
sorr[1 by doleful1 yet me?odical cries4 
,:5 !y arrive at ! bury+-place1 ! c(f9  
is deposit$ 9 a tomb appropriat$ = x1 n 
f> f :i* !re are tables arrang$ 9       
diff]5t halls1 on :i* ! assi/ants are   
ent]ta9$ ) great spl5d\r4 ,! ent]ta9m5t 
is sometimes foll[$ by fre% m>ks (      
homage to ! corpse2 b ^! are (t5 *ang$  
into ?anks to ! elde/ son1 :o1 h[ev]1   

answ]s only by signs4 ,b if ! deceas$ 0 
a gr&ee ( ! empire1 a c]ta9 numb] ( 8   
relations d n leave ! tomb = a mon? or  
two2 b reside 9 ap>tm5ts provid$ = !m1 &
 e day r5ew _! m>ks ( grief1 ) ! *ildr5 
( ! deceas$4 ,! magnific5ce ( ^! fun]al 
c]emonies is proportion$ to ! weal? or  
dignity ( ! deceas$4 ,t ( "o ( ! bro!rs 
( ! emp]or1 0 att5d$ by sixte5 ?\s& p1  
ea* ( :om _h a p>ticul> (fice assign$   
him relat+ to ! c]emony4 ,m\rn+ cont9ues
 9 ,*9a = ?ree ye>s2 dur+ all :i* "t !y 
mu/ ab/a9 f fle% & w9e1 nor c !y assi/  
at any ent]ta9m5t1 or att5d any public  
assembly4 ,at fir/ !y are n ev5 p]mitt$ 
to g abroad2 & :5 !y d s1 !y are c>ri$ 9
 a *air1 cov]$ ) a :ite clo?4 ,sometimes
 ! filial piety ( ! ,*9ese is c>ri$ to  
su* a l5g?1 t !y pres]ve ! bodies ( _!  
fa!rs 9 _! h\ses = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 &  
impose ^u !mselves a great numb] ( o!r  
duties1 us+ no o!r seat dur+ ! day1 b a 
/ool cov]$ ) a :ite s]ge1 & no o!r b$ b 
a pla9 mat made ( re$s1 :i* is plac$ ne>
 ! c(f94   ,,fun]al ,,& ,,m>riage       

,,c]emonies ,,( ,,! ,,dajakkese         
,,inhabitants ,,( ,,borneo4--,! corpse  
is plac$ 9 a c(f91 & rema9s 9 ! h\se    
till ! son1 ! fa!r1 or ! ne>e/ ( blood1 
c procure or pur*ase a slave1 :o is     
behead$ at ! "t t ! corpse is burnt1 9  
ord] t he may become ! slave ( ! deceas$
 9 ! next _w4 ,! a%es ( ! deceas$ are !n
 plac$ 9 an e>!n urn1 on :i* v>i\s      
figures are exhibit$2 & ! head ( ! slave
 is dri$1 & prep>$ 9 a peculi> mann] )  
camphor & drugs1 & deposit$ ne> x4 ,x is
 said t ?is practice (t5 induces !m to  
pur*ase a slave guilty ( "s capital     
crime1 at five-fold 8 value1 9 ord] t !y
 may be able to put him to dea? on su*  
occasions4  ,m>riage                    
,c]emonies4--,nobody c be p]mitt$ to    
m>ry till he c pres5t a human head ( "s 
o!r tribe to 8 propos$ bride1 9 :i* case
 %e is n p]mitt$ to refuse him4 ,x is n1
 h[ev]1 necess>y t ?is %\ld be obta9$   
entirely by 8 own p]sonal pr[ess4 ,:5 a 
p]son is det]m9$ to g a head-hunt+1 z x 
is (t5 a v dang]\s s]vice1 he consults )

 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances1 :o frequ5tly  
accompany him1 or s5d _! slaves along ) 
him4 ,! head-hunt] !n proce$s ) 8 p>ty 9
 ! mo/ cauti\s mann] to ! vic9ity ( !   
villages ( ano!r tribe1 & lies 9 ambu%  
till !y surprise "s he$less unsuspect+  
wret*1 :o is in/antly decapitat$4       
,sometimes1 too1 !y surprise a solit>y  
fi%]man 9 a riv]1 or on ! %ore1 :o      
und]goes ! same fate4 ,:5 ! hunt]       
returns1 ! :ole village is fill$ ) joy1 
& old & "y1 m5 & wom51 hurry out to meet
 him1 & conduct him ) ! s\nd ( bras5    
cymbals1 danc+ 9 long l9es to ! h\se ( !
 female he admires1 ^: family likewise  
come out to greet him ) dances1 provide 
him a seat1 & give him meat & dr9k4 ,he 
/ill holds ! bloody head 9 8 h&1 & puts 
"p ( ! food into its m\?1 aft] :i*1 !   
females ( ! family receive ! head f him1
 :i* !y hang up to ! ceil+ ov] ! door4  
,if a man's wife die1 he is n p]mitt$ to
 make proposals ( m>riage to ano!r1 till
 he has provid$ ano!r head ( a diff]5t  
tribe1 z if to rev5ge ! dea? ( 8 deceas$

 wife4 ,! heads procur$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y 
pres]ve ) great c>e1 & sometimes consult
 9 div9ation4 ,! religi\s op9ions       
connect$ ) ?is practice1 are by no means
 correctly und]/ood4 ,"s ass]t1 t !y    
believe t e p]son :om a man kills 9 ?is 
_w1 becomes 8 slave 9 ! next4 ,! ,idaan1
 x is said1 ?9k t ! entrance into       
p>adise is ov] a long tree1 :i* s]ves = 
a bridge1 ov] :i* x is impossible to    
pass )\t ! assi/ance ( a slave sla9 9   
?is _w4  ,! practice ( /eal+ heads      
causes frequ5t w>s among ! diff]5t      
tribes ( ! ,idaan4 ,_m p]sons nev] c    
obta9 a head1 9 :i* case !y are g5]ally 
despis$ by ! w>riors & ! wom54 ,to su* a
 height is x c>ri$1 h[ev]1 t a p]son :o 
_h obta9$ elev5 heads1 has be5 se5 by   
,mr4 ,burn2 & he po9t$ out 8 son1 a "y  
lad1 :o _h procur$ ?ree4   ,,anci5t     
,,modes ,,( ,,m\rn+4--,among/ ! anci5t  
,jews1 on ! dea? ( _! relations or      
intimate fri5ds1 m\rn+ 0 express$ by    
weep+1 te>+ _! clo!s1 smit+ _! brea/s1  
or lac]at+ !m ) _! nails1 pull+ or cutt+

 (f _! hair & be>ds1 walk+ s(tly1 i4 e4 
b>efoot1 ly+ ^u ! gr\nd1 fa/+1 or eat+  
^u ! gr\nd4 ,!y kept !mselves close %ut 
up 9 _! h\ses1 cov]$ _! faces1 & ab/a9$ 
f all "w1 ev5 read+ ! law1 & say+ _!    
usual pray]s4 ,!y nei!r dress$ !mselves1
 nor made _! b$s1 nor cut _! nails1 nor 
w5t into ! ba?1 nor salut$ any body4 ,! 
"t ( m\rn+ 0 g5]ally sev5 days1 less or 
m1 accord+ to circum/ances1 b ?irty days
 7 ?\ght suffici5t ^u ! sev]e/          
occasions4 ,! diff]5t p]iods ( ! "t (   
m\rn+ requir$ diff]5t degrees ( grief1 &
 diff]5t tok5s ( x4  ,! ,greeks1 on !   
dea? ( _! fri5ds1 %ew$ _! sorr[ by      
seclud+ !mselves f all gaiety1          
ent]ta9m5ts1 games1 public solemnities1 
w9e1 & music4 ,!y sat 9 gloomy & solit>y
 places1 /ripp$ !mselves ( all ext]nal  
ornam5ts1 put on a co>se black /uff by  
way ( m\rn+1 tore _! hair1 %av$ _!      
heads1 roll$ !mselves 9 ! du/ & mire1   
spr9kl$ a%es on _! heads1 smote _!      
brea/s ) _! palms1 tore _! faces1 &     
frequ5tly cri$ out ) a lam5table voice &

 drawl+ tone4 ,at ! fun]als ( soldi]s1  
_! fell[ soldi]s1 z a te/imony ( _!     
affliction1 held _! %ields1 _! spe>s1 & 
! re/ ( _! arm\r1 inv]t$4  ,! tok5s (   
private grief among ! ,romans1 7 ! same 
z ^? among ! ,greeks4 ,black or d>k br[n
 7 ! col\rs ( ! m\rn+ habits worn by !  
m52 !y 7 also common to ! wom54 ,! m\rn+
 ( ! emp]ors at fir/ 0 black4 ,9 ! "t ( 
,augu/us1 ! wom5 wore :ite veils1 & !   
re/ ( _! dress 0 black4 ,f ! "t (       
,domitian1 !y wore no?+ b :ite habits1  
)\t any ornam5ts ( gold1 jewels1 or     
pe>ls4 ,! m5 let _! hair & be>ds gr[1 & 
wore no wrea?s ( fl[]s on _! heads1 :ile
 ! days ( m\rn+ cont9u$4 ,! longe/ "t ( 
m\rn+ 0 t5 mon?s3 ?is 0 ,numa's         
e/abli%m5t1 & took 9 8 :ole ye>4 ,= a   
wid[ to m>ry dur+ ?is "t1 0 infam\s4    
,m\rn+ 0 n us$ = *ildr5 :o di$ "u ?ree  
ye>s ( age4 ,f ?is age to t51 !y m\rn$ z
 _m mon?s z ! *ild 0 ye>s old4 ,a       
rem>kable victory1 or o!r happy ev5t1   
occasion$ ! %ort5+ ( ! "t ( m\rn+4 ,!   
bir? ( a *ild1 or ! atta9m5t ( any      

rem>kable hon\r 9 ! family1 c]ta9 fea/s 
9 hon\r ( ! gods1 or ! consecration ( a 
temple1 _h ! same effect4 ,aft] ! defeat
 at ,cann1 ! commonweal? decre$ t m\rn+ 
%\ld n be worn = m ?an ?irty days1 t !  
loss might be =got z soon z possible4   
,:5 public magi/rates di$1 or p]sons (  
great note1 also :5 any rem>kable       
calamity happ5$1 all public meet+s 7    
int]mitt$1 ! s*ools ( ex]cise1 ba?s1    
%ops1 temples1 & all places ( conc\rse1 
7 %ut up1 & ! :ole city put on a face ( 
sorr[2 ! s5ators laid aside ! laticlave1
 & ! consuls sat 9 a l[] seat ?an       
ord9>y4 ,?is 0 ! cu/om ( ,a!ns also1 & 0
 obs]v$ ^u ! dea? ( ,socrates1 :5 !     
fickle ,a!nians became s5sible ( !      
calamity _! /ate _h suff]$ 9 ! loss ( t 
great & virtu\s man4  ,! modes ( m\rn+  
diff] 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 z well z !      
col\rs us$ = t end4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ord9>y
 col\r = m\rn+ is black2 9 ,*9a1 x is   
:ite2 9 ,turkey1 blue or violet2 9      
,egypt1 yell[2 9 ,e?iopia1 br[n4 ,:ite  
obta9$ =m]ly 9 ,ca/ile1 on ! dea? ( _!  

pr9ces4 ,h]r]a obs]ves1 t ! la/ "t x 0  
us$ 0 9 #adih1 at ! dea? ( pr9ce ,john4 
,ea* p assign _! reasons = ! p>ticul>   
col\r ( _! m\rn+3 :ite is suppos$ to    
d5ote purity2 yell[1 t dea? is ! end (  
human hopes1 9 reg>d t leaves :5 !y     
fall1 & fl[]s :5 !y fade1 become yell[2 
br[n d5otes ! e>?1 :i!r ! dead return2  
black1 ! privation ( light2 blue        
expresses ! happ9ess :i* x is hop$ !    
deceas$ does enjoy2 & purple or violet1 
sorr[ on ! "o side1 & hope on ! o!r1 z  
be+ a mixture ( black & blue4   ,,fea/s 
,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,( ,,v>i\s       
,,nations4--,all nations1 :e!r savage or
 civiliz$1 h reg>d$ ! pleasures ( !     
table z ! occasion ( ! mo/ agreeable    
society4 ,?is species ( enjoym5t        
7ab/ract$ f its susceptibility ( abuse7 
makes b "o family ( all t x br+s toge!r4
 ,x levels ! di/9ctions introduc$ by    
policy or prejudice1 & disposes m5 to   
reg>d "o ano!r z bre?r54 ,"h p feel !   
equality e/abli%$ by nature2 "h !y =get 
! evils ( life2 ext+ui% _! animosities1 

& drop _! enmities4 ,= ?is reason       
,ari/otle consid]s z a brea* ( ! social 
pr9ciple1 t cu/om ( ! ,egyptians ( eat+ 
ap>t1 & praises ! convivial repa/s      
e/abli%$ by ,m9os & ,lycurgus4  ,we le>n
 f ,h]odotus1 t ! anci5ts _h nei!r cups 
nor b[ls at _! fea/s1 b t !y drank out (
 little horns tipt ) silv] or gold4 ,!  
,greeks & ,romans kept a dome/ic1 = !   
purpose ( read+ dur+ _! meals & fea/s4  
,sometimes ! *ief ( ! family himself    
p]=m$ ! (fice ( read]2 & hi/ory in=ms u1
 t ! ,emp]or ,sev]us (t5 read :ile 8    
family ate4 ,! "t ( read+ 0 g5]ally at  
supp]2 & gue/s 7 invit$ to a read+ z !y 
are n[-a-days to play at c>ds4  ,!      
,greeks1 9 _! fl\ri%+ times1 did n      
pr(ane1 7accord+ to _! own expression7 !
 hol9ess ( ! table1 b r adorn$ x ) +5i\s
 & elegant conv]sation3 !y propos$ moral
 topics1 ( :i* ,plut>* has pres]v$ a    
collection4 ,h]oes r>ely assembl$       
convivially1 )\t br++ affairs (         
consequ5ce into disc\rse1 or delib]at+  
^u ^? t reg>d$ ei!r pres5t ev5ts or     

future cont+5cies4 ,! ,scy?ians1 :ile at
 meat1 us$ to make ! /r+s ( _! b[s      
res\nd1 le/ _! w>like virtues might be  
enfeebl$ or lo/ 9 ! season ( pleasure4  
,p ( rank among ! ,rhodians1 by a       
fundam5tal law ( ! /ate1 7 oblig$ to d9e
 daily ) ^? :o _h ! managem5t ( affairs1
 9 ord] to delib]ate ) !m conc]n+ su*   
?+s z 7 necess>y or useful = ! c\ntry2 &
 on ?is acc\nt ! pr9cipal m9i/]s ( !    
k+dom 7 oblig$ to keep op5 table = all  
:o c\ld be ( use to ! /ate4 ,! ,p]sians 
also g5]ally delib]at$ on bus9ess at    
table1 b nev] det]m9$1 or put _!        
det]m9ations 9 execution1 except 9 !    
morn+ be=e eat+4  ,among ! ,romans1 !   
place :]e !y supp$ 0 g5]ally ! ve/ibule1
 t a m retir$ "p ( ! h\se might n       
enc\rage lic5ti\sness & disord]4 ,!re 7 
sev]al laws t re/rict$ _! meals to ^!   
ve/ibules4 ,:5 luxury reign$ 9 ,rome1 !y
 _h sup]b halls = _! ent]ta9m5ts4       
,lucullus _h _m1 ea* ( :i* bore ! "n (  
"s deity2 & ?is "n 0 a m>k :i* indicat$ 
to ! s]vants ! exp5se ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,!

 exp5se ( a supp] 9 ,lucullus's hall (  
,apollo1 am\nt$ to fifty ?\s& dra*mas4  
,s+]s1 danc]s1 musicians1 /age-play]s1  
je/]s1 & buffoons1 7 br\ght into ^!     
halls to amuse ! gue/s4  ,plut>* in=ms  
u1 t ,cs>1 aft] 8 triumphs1 treat$ !    
,roman p at tw5ty-two ?\s& tables2 & by 
calculation x w\ld seem1 t !re 7 at ^!  
tables upw>ds ( two hundr$ ?\s& p]sons4 
,! hall 9 :i* ,n]o fea/$1 by ! circul>  
motion ( its walls & ceil+1 imitat$ !   
revolutions ( ! heav5s1 & repres5t$ !   
diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 *ang+ at e     
c\rse1 & %[]+ d[n fl[]s & p]fumes on !  
gue/s4 ,! ,romans did n1 z we d1 use b  
"o table at _! fea/s2 !y _h g5]ally two3
 ! fir/ 0 = ! s]vice ( animal food1 :i* 
0 aft]w>ds remov$1 & ano!r introduc$ )  
fruits2 at ?is la/ !y sung1 & p\r$ out  
_! libations4 ,! ,greeks & ea/]n nations
 _h ! same cu/om1 & ev5 ! ,jews 9 _!    
solemn fea/s1 & at sacrifices4 ,!       
,romans1 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 _h tables made (
 citron-wood br\ght f ,mauritania2 !y 7 
v>ni%$ ) purple & gold4 ,dion ,cassius  

affirms1 t ,s5eca _h five hundr$ ( ^!1  
:i* he made use ( "o aft] ano!r2 &      
,t]tullian tells u1 t ,cic]o _h b "o4 ,!
 ,romans *ose ! k+ ( ! fea/ by a ?r[ ( !
 dice4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fea/ !y     
drank out ( a l>ge cup1 z (t5 z !re 7   
lett]s 9 ! names ( _! mi/resses4  ,fea/+
 seems to h be5 ! *ief delight ( !      
,britons1 ,g]mans1 ,gauls1 & all ! o!r  
,celtic nations2 9 :i* !y indulg$       
!mselves to ! utmo/1 z (t5 z !y _h      
opportunity4 ,among ^! nations 7says ,m4
 ,pellonti]1 9 8 ,hi/4 ,celt4 lib4 ii4  
c4 #ab4 p4 #dfc47 !re is no public      
assembly1 ei!r = civil or religi\s      
purposes1 duly held2 no bir?-day1       
m>riage1 or fun]al1 prop]ly celebrat$2  
no treaty ( peace or alliance rightly   
cem5t$1--)\t a great fea/4 ,:5 !        
,g]mans1 says ,tacitus1 want$ to        
reconcile enemies1 to make alliances1 to
 "n *iefs1 or to treat ( w> & peace1 x 0
 dur+ ! repa/ t !y took c\nsel2 a "t 9  
:i* ! m9d is mo/ op5 to ! impressions ( 
simple tru?s1 or mo/ easily animat$ to  

great attempts4 ,^! artless p1 dur+ !   
conviviality ( ! fea/1 spoke )\t        
disguise4 ,next day !y weigh$ ! c\nsels 
( ! =m] ev5+3 !y delib]at$ at a "t :5 !y
 7 n dispos$ to feign1 & took _!        
resolution :5 !y 7 lea/ liable to be    
deceiv$4 ,x 0 by frequ5t ent]ta9m5ts (  
?is k9d1 t ! great m5 or *iefta9s ga9$ !
 affections & rew>d$ ! s]vices ( _!     
foll[]s2 & ^? :o made ! greate/ fea/s 7 
sure to be mo/ popul>1 & to h ! greate/ 
ret9ue4 ,^! fea/s1 9 :i* pl5ty 0 m      
reg>d$ ?an elegance1 la/$ commonly      
sev]al days1 & ! gue/s seldom retir$    
until !y _h consum$ all ! provisions &  
exhau/$ all ! liquors4  ,a!nu describes 
an ent]ta9m5t t 0 giv5 by ,arcamnes1 a v
 weal?y pr9ce ( ,gaul1 :i* cont9u$ a    
:ole ye> )\t int]ruption1 & at :i* all !
 p ( ,gaul1 & ev5 all /rang]s :o pass$  
?r\gh t c\ntry1 7 made welcome4 ,at ^!  
fea/s !y sometimes consult$ ab\t ! mo/  
important affairs ( /ate1 & =m$         
resolutions relat+ to peace & w>2 imag9+
 t m5 spoke _! real s5tim5ts ) ! greate/

 fre$om1 & 7 apt to =m ! bolde/ designs1
 :5 _! spirits 7 exhil>at$ ) ! pleasures
 ( ! table4 ,! conv]sation at ^!        
ent]ta9m5ts v frequ5tly turn$ on ! great
 exploits1 :i* ! gue/s !mselves1 or _!  
ance/ors1 _h p]=m$ 9 w>2 :i* sometimes  
occasion$ qu>rels1 & ev5 blood%$4 ,x 0  
at a fea/ t ! two illu/ri\s ,briti%     
pr9ces1 ,c>b> & ,osc>1 qu>rell$ ab\t _! 
own brav]y & t ( _! ance/ors1 & fell by 
mutual w\nds4--,ossian1 vol4 ii4 p4 #h1 
c4  ,z to ! dr9k us$ at ^? fea/s1       
p>ticul>ly 9 ,brita91 x seems probable1 
t be=e ! introduction ( agriculture into
 ! isl&1 mead1 or honey dilut$ ) wat]1 0
 ! only /rong liquor kn[n to its        
inhabitants1 z x 0 to _m o!r anci5t     
nations 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,?is     
cont9u$ to be a fav\rite bev]age among !
 anci5t ,britons & _! po/]ity1 long aft]
 !y _h become acqua9t$ ) o!r liquors1   
7,see ,mead47 ,aft] ! introduction (    
agriculture1 ale or be] became ! mo/    
g5]al dr9k ( all ! ,briti% nations :o   
practis$ t art1 z x _h long be5 ( all ! 

,celtic p on ! cont95t1 7,see ,ale47 ,if
 ! ,pho5icians or ,greeks import$ any   
w9e into ,brita91 x 0 only 9 v small    
quantities2 t liquor be+ v little kn[n 9
 ?is isl& be=e x 0 conqu]$ by ! ,romans4
 ,! dr9k+ vessels ( ! ,gauls1 ,britons1 
& o!r ,celtic nations1 7 = ! mo/ "p made
 ( ! horns ( ox5 & o!r animals2 b ^? ( !
 ,cal$onians consi/$ ( l>ge %ells1 :i*  
are /ill us$ by "s ( _! po/]ity 9 !     
,highl&s ( ,scotl&4  ,! di%es 9 :i* !   
meat 0 s]v$ up 7 ei!r ( wood or e>!nw>e1
 or a k9d ( baskets made ( osi]s4 ,^!   
la/ 7 mo/ us$ by ! ,britons1 z !y v mu* 
excell$ 9 ! art ( mak+ !m1 bo? = _! own 
use & = exportation4 ,! gue/s sat 9 a   
circle ^u ! gr\nd1 ) a little hay1      
grass1 or ! sk9 ( "s animal1 "u !m4 ,a  
l[ table or /ool 0 set be=e ea* p]son1 )
 ! portion ( meat allott$ to him ^u x4  
,9 ?is di/ribution1 !y nev] neglect$ to 
set ! l>ge/ & be/ pieces be=e ^? :o 7   
mo/ di/+ui%$ = _! rank1 _! exploits1 or 
_! ri*es4 ,e gue/ took ! meat set be=e  
him 9 8 h&s1 &1 te>+ x ) 8 tee?1 f$ ^u x

 9 ! be/ mann] he c\ld4 ,if any "o f\nd 
difficulty 9 sep>at+ any "p ( 8 meat ) 8
 h&s & tee?1 he made use ( a l>ge knife1
 t lay 9 a p>ticul> place = ! b5efit ( !
 :ole company4 ,s]vants1 or "y boys &   
girls1 ! *ildr5 ( ! family1 /ood beh9d !
 gue/s1 ready to help !m to dr9k1 or any
 ?+ !y want$4  ,z ! anci5t ,britons     
greatly excell$1 & v mu* delight$ 91    
music1 all _! fea/s 7 accompani$ ) !    
joys ( song1 & ! music ( h>ps4 ,9 !     
words ( ,ossian1 7vol4 ii4 p4 #i1 c47   
:5ev] ! fea/ ( %ells is prep>$1 ! songs 
( b>ds arise4 ,! voice ( sprightly mir? 
is he>d4 ,! trembl+ h>ps ( joy are      
/rung4 ,!y s+ ! battles ( h]oes1 or !   
heav+ brea/s ( love4 ,"s ( ! poems ( t  
illu/ri\s ,briti% b>d appe> to h be5    
compos$ 9 ord] to be sung by ! hundr$   
b>ds ( ,f+al1 at ! fea/s ( ,selma1 7see 
vol4 i4 p4 #hg1 #bji47 ,_m ( ! songs ( !
 b>ds1 :i* 7 sung & play$ at ! fea/s ( !
 anci5t ,britons1 7 ( a grave & solemn  
/ra91 celebrat+ ! brave actions ( !     
gue/s1 or ( ! h]oes ( o!r times2 b ^! 7 

sometimes int]mix$ ) sprightly & *e]ful 
airs1 to :i* ! y\? ( bo? sexes danc$4 ,x
 has be5 obs]v$ by "s au?ors1 t no      
nation comes ne> ! ,engli% 9 !          
magnific5ce ( _! fea/s4 ,^? made at our 
coronations1 in/alm5ts1 consecrations1  
c4 transc5d ! belief ( =eign]s2 & yet x 
is d\bt$ :e!r ^? n[ 9 use are comp>able 
to ! fea/s ( =m] ages4  ,william !      
,conqu]or1 aft] he 0 peaceably settl$ on
 ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 s5t ag5ts into       
diff]5t c\ntries1 to collect ! mo/      
admir$ & r>e di%es = 8 table2 by :i*    
means1 says ,john ( ,salisbury1 ?is     
isl&1 :i* is naturally productive (     
pl5ty & v>iety ( provisions1 0 ov]fl[$ )
 e ?+ t c\ld inflame a luxuri\s         
appetite4 ,! same writ] tells u1 t he 0 
pres5t at an ent]ta9m5t :i* la/$ f ?ree 
,p4 ,m4 to midnight1 at :i* delicacies 7
 s]v$ up1 :i* _h be5 br\ght f           
,con/ant9ople1 ,babylon1 ,alex&ria1     
,pale/9e1 ,tripoli1 ,syria1 & ,pho5icia4
 ,^! delicacies 7 d\btless v exp5sive4  
,?omas ,becket 7says 8 hi/orian         

,fitz-,/eph57 gave #e1 equival5t to #ge 
at pres5t1 = "o di% ( eels4 ,! sumptu\s 
ent]ta9m5ts :i* ! k+s ( ,engl& gave to  
_! nobles & prelates1 at ! fe/ivals (   
,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,:itsuntide1 9 :i* !y
 sp5t a great "p ( _! rev5ues1          
contribut$ v mu* to diffuse a ta/e =    
pr(use & exp5sive banquet+4 ,x 0 natural
 = a pr\d & weal?y b>on to imitate1 9 8 
own ca/le1 ! ent]ta9m5ts he _h se5 9 !  
palace ( 8 pr9ce4 ,_m ( ! cl]gy1 too1   
bo? secul>s & regul>s1 be+ v ri*1 kept  
excell5t tables4  ,! monks ( ,/4 ,s)9's1
 at ,w9*e/]1 made a =mal compla9t to    
,h5ry ,,ii4 aga9/ _! abbot1 = tak+ away 
?ree ( ! #ac di%es !y us$ to h e day at 
d9n]4 ,! monks ( ,cant]bury 7 /ill m    
luxuri\s3 = !y _h at lea/ #ag di%es e   
day1 besides a dess]t2 & ^! di%es 7     
dress$ ) spic]ies & sauces1 :i* excit$ !
 appetite z well z pleas$ ! ta/e4 ,great
 m5 _h "s k9ds ( provisions at _!       
tables1 t are n n[ to be f\nd 9 ,brita94
  ,:5 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ent]ta9$ 8 own c\rt1 !
 great (fic]s ( 8 army1 ) all ! k+s &   

great m5 ( ,irel&1 9 ,dubl91 at ! fea/ (
 ,*ri/mas1 ,a4 ,d4 #aaga1 ! ,iri% pr9ces
 & *iefta9s 7 q a/oni%$ at ! pr(usion & 
v>iety ( provisions :i* !y beheld1 & 7 )
 difficulty prevail$ ^u by ,h5ry to eat 
! fle% ( cranes1 a k9d ( food to :i* !y 
_h n be5 accu/om$4 ,9 ! rema9+ monum5ts 
( ?is p]iod1 we meet ) ! names ( sev]al 
di%es1 z dellegr\t1 maupigyrnum1        
k>umpie1 c4 ! composition ( :i* is n[   
unkn[n4  ,! coronation fea/ ( ,edw>d    
,,iii4 co/ #bhce4 #ahs4 #b;d4 equival5t 
to ab\t #dj1jjj ( our money4 ,at !      
in/allation ( ,ralph1 abbot ( ,/4       
,augu/9e1 ,cant]bury1 ,a4 ,d4 #acji1    
#fjjj gue/s 7 ent]ta9$ ) a d9n]1 consi/+
 ( #cjjj di%es1 :i* co/ #bhg4 #es4 equal
 9 value to #dcjj 9 our times4 ,x w\ld  
require a long treatise 7says ,mat!w    
,p>is7 to describe ! a/oni%+ spl5d\r1   
magnific5ce1 & fe/ivity1 ) :i* !        
nuptials ( ,ri*>d ,e>l ( ,cornwall1 &   
,c9cia daught] ( ,raymund ,e>l (        
,prov5ce1 7 celebrat$ at ,london1 ,a4   
,d4 #abdc4 ,to give ! read] "s idea ( x1

 9 a few words1 above #cj1jjj di%es 7   
s]v$ up at ! m>riage d9n]4  ,! nuptials 
( ,alex&] ,,iii4 ( ,scotl&1 & ! pr9cess 
,m>g>et ( ,engl&1 7 solemniz$ at ,york1 
,a4 ,d4 #abea1 ) /ill great] pomp &     
pr(usion4 ,if ,i attempt$ 7says ,m4     
,p>is7 to display all ! gr&eur ( ?is    
solemnity1--! numb]s ( ! noble &        
illu/ri\s gue/s1--! ri*ness & v>iety ( !
 dresses1--! sumptu\sness ( ! fea/s1--! 
multitudes ( ! m9/rels1 mimics1 & o!rs  
^: bus9ess x 0 to amuse & div]t !       
company1 ^? ( my read]s :o 7 n pres5t1  
w\ld imag9e t ,i 0 impos+ ^u _!         
cr$ulity4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul> w enable !m
 to =m a judgm5t ( ! :ole4 ,! ar*bi%op (
 ,york made ! ,k+ ( ,engl& a pres5t (   
#fj fat ox52 :i* made only "o article ( 
provision = ! m>riage fea/1 & 7 all     
consum$ at t ent]ta9m5t4 ,! m>riage fea/
 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 & 8 que51 ,jane (        
,nav>re1 consi/$ ( six c\rses2 ?ree (   
fle% & f[l1 & ?ree ( fi%4 ,all ^! c\rses
 7 accompani$ & adorn$ ) suttleties1 z  
!y 7 call$4 ,^! suttleties 7 figures 9  

pa/ry1 ( m51 wom51 bea/s1 birds1 c4     
plac$ on ! table1 to be admir$1 b n     
t\*$4 ,ea* figure _h a label affix$ to  
x1 conta9+ "s wise or witty say+1 suit$ 
to ! occasion ( ! fea/1 :i* 0 ! reason  
!y 7 call$ suttleties4  ,! in/allation  
fea/ ( ,george ,neville1 ar*bi%op (     
,york1 & *ancellor ( ,engl&1 exce$$ all 
o!rs 9 spl5d\r & exp5se1 & 9 ! numb] &  
quality ( ! gue/s4 ,! read] may =m "s   
idea ( ?is enorm\s fea/1 f ! foll[+ li/ 
( provisions prep>$ = x4 ,9 :eat1 #cjj  
qu>t]s2 9 ale1 #cjj tuns2 9 w9e1 #ajj   
tuns2 9 ypocrasse pipes1 #a2 9 ox51     
#ajd2 9 wild bulls1 #f2 9 muttons1      
#ajjj2 9 veals1 #cjd2 9 porks1 #cjd2 9  
swans1 #djj2 9 geese1 #bjjj2 9 capons1  
#ajjj2 9 pigs1 #bjjj2 9 plov]s1 #djj2 9 
quails1 #abjj2 9 f[ls call$ rees1 #bdjj2
 9 peacocks1 #ajd2 9 mall>ds & teals1   
#djjj2 9 cranes1 #bjd2 9 kids1 #bjd2 9  
*ick5s1 #bjjj2 9 pigeons1 #bjjj2 9      
conies1 #djjj2 9 bitt]ns1 #bjd2 9       
h]on%aws1 #djj2 9 pheasants1 #bjj2 9    
p>tridges1 #ejj2 9 woodcocks1 #djj2 9   

curlews1 #ajj2 9 egritis1 #ajjj2 9 /ags1
 bucks1 & roes1 #ejj & m2 9 pa/ies (    
v5ison1 cold1 #djjj2 9 p>t$ di%es (     
jellies1 #ajjj2 9 pla9 di%es ( jellies1 
#cjjj2 9 cold t>ts1 bak$1 #djjj2 9 cold 
cu/>ds1 bak$1 #cjjj2 9 hot pa/ies (     
v5ison1 #aejj2 9 hot cu/>ds1 #bjjj2 9   
pikes & breams1 #cjh2 9 porpoises &     
seals1 #ab3 spices1 sug>$ delicates1 &  
waf]s1 pl5ty4 ,no turkeys are m5tion$ 9 
?is enorm\s bill ( f>e1 because !y 7 n  
!n kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,cranes1 h]on%aws1    
porpoises1 & seals1 are seldom se5 at   
mod]n ent]ta9m5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exp5sive 
s+ul>ities att5d+ ! royal fea/s 9 ^?    
days1 consi/$ 9 :at !y call$ ,int]meats4
 ,^! 7 repres5tations ( battles1 sieges1
 c4 introduc$ betwe5 ! c\rses1 = !      
amusem5t ( ! gue/s4 ,! ,fr5* excell$ 9  
exhibitions ( ?is k9d4 ,at a d9n] giv5  
by ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france to ! emp]or     
,*>les ,,iv4 ,a4 ,d4 #acgh1 ! foll[+    
int]meat 0 exhibit$3 a %ip1 ) ma/s1     
sails1 & rigg+1 0 se5 fir/2 %e _h =     
col\rs ! arms ( ! city ( ,j]usalem3     

,godfrey ( ,b\illon appe>$ ^u deck1     
accompani$ by sev]al knights arm$       
cap-a-pi3 ! %ip advanc$ into ! middle ( 
! hall1 )\t ! ma*9e :i* mov$ x be+      
p]ceptible4 ,!n ! city ( ,j]usalem      
appe>$1 ) all its t[]s l9$ ) ,s>ac5s4 ,!
 %ip approa*$ ! city2 ! ,*ri/ians l&$1 &
 began to assault1 :ile ! besieg$ made a
 good def5ce3 sev]al scal+-ladd]s 7 ?r[n
 d[n2 b at l5g? ! city 0 tak54          
,int]meats at ord9>y banquets consi/$ ( 
c]ta9 delicate di%es1 introduc$ betwe5 !
 c\rses1 & design$ r = gratify+ ! ta/e1 
?an = satisfy+ hung]4 ,at ^? fea/s1     
besides ale & cid]1 !re 7 great         
quantities ( w9e ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,( ^!1 a 
poet :o wrote 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 gives 
an ample enum]ation2 :]e9 he m5tions    
ypocrasse1 malesp9e1 algrade1 g>nade1 & 
o!r k9ds n[ h>dly kn[n4 ,"s ( ^!        
liquors1 z ypocrasse1 pym5t1 & cl>et1 7 
comp\nd$ ( w9e1 honey1 & spices1 (      
diff]5t k9ds1 & 9 diff]5t proportions4  
,! *apt] concludes ) ! ,,fea/ ,,(       
,,lant]ns4--,9 ,*9a1 ?is is a celebrat$ 

fe/ival1 held f ! ?irte5? to ! sixte5?  
day ( ! fir/ mon?2 s call$ f ! imm5se   
numb] ( lant]ns hung out ( ! h\ses &    
/reets2 :i*1 x is said1 is no less ?an  
two hundr$ millions4 ,on ?is day are    
expos$ lant]ns ( all prices1 :]e( "s are
 said to co/ two ?\s& cr[ns4 ,"s ( _!   
gr&ees retr5* some:at e day out ( !     
regul> exp5ses ( _! table1 dress1       
equipage1 c4 to appe> ! m magnific5t 9  
_! lant]ns4 ,!y are adorn$ ) gild+1     
sculpture1 pa9t+1 japann+1 c4 & _! size 
is extravagant2 "s be+ f tw5ty-five to  
?irty feet diamet]1 repres5t+ halls &   
*amb]s4 ,two or ?ree su* ma*9es toge!r  
w\ld make h&some h\ses2 s t 9 ,*9a !y   
are able to eat1 lodge1 receive visits1 
hold balls1 & act plays1 9 a lant]n4 ,to
 illum9ate !m1 !y light up 9 !m an      
incr$ible numb] ( tor*es or lamps1 :i*  
at a di/ance h a beautiful effect4 ,9 ^!
 !y exhibit v>i\s k9ds ( %[s1 to div]t !
 p4 ,besides ^! enorm\s lant]ns1 !re is 
a multitude ( small] ones1 ea* ab\t f\r 
feet high1 & "o & a half broad4         

,,*ap4 ,,lxii4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+
 ,,! ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,mank9d4--7,cont9u$47
      ,orig9 ( ! ,%]iff's c\nt+         
,hobnails--,orig9 ( ! ,ord] ( !         
,g>t]--,orig9 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,claim &    
,all[ance ( ! ',b5efit     ( ,cl]gy' 9  
,crim9al ,convictions--,curi\s          
,t5ures--,! ,orig9 ( ,may     ,poles &  
,g>l&s--,curi\s ,cu/om at               
,oakham--,curi\s ,practice 9     ,nor?  
,holl&4   ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,%]iff',s    
,,c\nt+ ,,hobnails4--,?is is n an absurd
 cu/om ( antiquity1 su* z nobody kn[s :5
 x begun1 or :y x is cont9u$2 b x       
orig9at$ f ! foll[+ circum/ances3--  ,9 
=m] times1 :5 money 0 v sc>ce1 & :5 we  
_h no l>g] co9 ?an a p5ny1 ! res]v$ r5ts
 or grants ( l&s or t5em5ts1 especially 
small ones1 7 usually paid 9 some?+ t _h
 a ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! ?+ grant$1 or
 ! occupation ( ! grantee4  ,! two      
foll[+ extracts f records 9 ! ,ex*equ]1 
) ! translation1 w cle> up ! po9t4      
,walt] de ,brun ,m>es*allus1 de ,/r&a1  
r$it compotum de sex femis equorum1 pro 

hab5da quadam placea 9 ,p>o*ia ,/4      
,clem5tis1 ad fabrica quam ibidem       
loc&am4--,mag4 ,rot4 #ai4 ,h5ry ,,iii4  
,walt] ,m>es*allus1 ad ,crucem          
,lapideam1 r$it sex f]ra equorum cum    
clavibus1 pro quadam fabrica quam de    
,rege t5et 9 capite ex opposito crucis  
lapidea4--,memor4 #a4 ,edw>d ,i4  ,walt]
 le ,brun1 ,m>e%all1 or f>ri]1 ( ! ,/r&1
 r5d]s six horse-%oes1 to h a c]ta9     
place 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,clem5t's1 to build
 a =ge !re4--,great ,rolls ( ! #ai?     
,h5ry ,,iii4  ,walt] ,m>e%all1 or !     
f>ri] at ! ,/one ,cross1 r5d]s six      
horse-%oes ) _! nails1 = 7or z a res]v$ 
r5t7 a c]ta9 =ge1 opposite to ! /one    
cross1 :i* he holds ( ! k+ 9            
capite4--,memor&a ,rolls 9 ! ,ex*equ] ( 
! fir/ ye> ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,fir/4  ,!    
fir/ ( ^! po9ts out ! beg9n+1 z well z !
 reason1 ( ! paym5t ( ^! horse-%oes &   
nails2 = x 0 to h a piece ( gr\nd to    
build a =ge on1 !re=e t mu/ be ! fir/   
paym5t4 ,! n9ete5? ye> ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird  
falls 9 ) #abcd1 n[ five hundr$ &       

eighty-eight ye>s ago4 ,9 process ( "t1 
?is piece ( gr\nd1 & build+s on x1 came 
to ! mayor & citiz5s ( ,london2 & !y1 by
 ! %]iffs1 h cont9u$ to r5d] !m into !  
,ex*equ] annually to ?is day4  ,! spot  
:]e ! /one cross once /ood _h aft]w>ds a
 ,maypole erect$ on x1 :i* _m n[ liv+ c 
well rememb]4   ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ord]  
,,( ,,! ,,g>t]4--,?is is v>i\sly relat$ 
by hi/orians4 ,! common & n improbable  
acc\nt is1 t ! ,c\ntess ( ,salisbury1   
happ5+ at a ball to drop h] g>t]1 ! ,k+ 
took x up1 & pres5t$ x to h] 9 ^! words1
 ,honi soit qui mal y p5se2 i4 e4 ,evil 
to him t evil ?9ks4 ,?is accid5t gave   
rise to ! ord] & ! motto2 x be+ ! _s ( !
 times to mix love & w> toge!r4 ,9 !    
orig9al /atutes1 h[ev]1 !re is n ! lea/ 
h9t ( allusion to su* a circum/ance1    
f>!r ?an is convey$ 9 ! motto4--,camd51 
,f]n1 c4 take ! ord] to h be5 in/itut$  
on occasion ( ! victory obta9$ by ,edw>d
 ov] ! ,fr5*1 at ! battle ( ,cressy4 ,t 
pr9ce1 says "s hi/orians1 ord]$ 8 g>t]  
to be display$ z a signal ( battle2 9   

commemoration :]e(1 he made a g>t] !    
pr9cipal ornam5t ( ! ord] erect$ 9      
memory ( ?is signal victory1 & ! symbol 
( ?is indissoluble union ( ! knights4 ,&
 !y acc\nt = ! motto1 t k+ ,edw>d hav+  
laid claim to ! k+dom ( ,france1 d5\nc$ 
%ame & defiance ^u him t %\ld d>e to ?9k
 amiss ( ! j ent]prise he _h und]tak5 = 
recov]+ 8 lawful rights to t cr[n2 & t !
 brav]y ( ^? knights :om he _h elect$   
into ?is ord] 0 su* z w\ld enable him to
 ma9ta9 ! qu>rel aga9/ ^? t ?\ght ill ( 
x4 ,?is int]pretation1 h[ev]1 appe>s to 
be r =c$4--,a /ill m anci5t orig9 ( ?is 
ord] is giv5 9 ,ro/el's ,*ronicle1 lib4 
vi4 quot$ by ,grang]1 9 ! ,supplem5t to 
8 ,biographical ,hi/ory3 viz4 t x 0     
devis$ by ,ri*>d ,i4 at ! siege ( ,acre1
 :5 he caus$ tw5ty-six knights1 :o      
firmly /ood by him1 to we> ?ongs ( blue 
lea!r ab\t _! legs2 & t x 0 reviv$ &    
p]fect$ 9 ! n9ete5? ye> ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 
,,orig9 ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,claim ,,&
 ,,all[ance ,,( ,,! ',,b5efit ,,(       
,,cl]gy' ,,9 ,,crim9al ,,convictions4   

,! foll[+ le>n$ diss]tation is extract$ 
f ',*itty's ,practical ,treatise on !   
,crim9al ,law4'  ,by f> ! mo/ important 
circum/ance int]v5+ betwe5 conviction & 
judgm5t1 is ! claim & all[ance ( !      
,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 9 ^? cases :]e x is by
 law to be grant$4 ,x is ( c\rse claim$ 
imm$iately be=e judgm5t at ! assizes4   
,?is is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> relics ( old   
sup]/ition1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ important4  
,t1 by a m]e =m1 )\t ! %ad[ ( exi/+     
reason to support x1 ! sev]ity ( !      
common law %\ld be temp]$1 may seem     
/range to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d 
our crim9al law z a regul> fabric1 n    
only atta9+ great practical b5efit1 b   
built ^u solid & consi/5t pr9ciples4 ,! 
,b5efit ( ,cl]gy is1 no d\bt1 ( great   
practical advantage1 comp>$ to !        
dreadful li/ ( (f5ces :i* w\ld o!rwise  
be puni%$ z capital2 b x w\ld be well   
wor?y ( an enlight5$ age to =sake su* a 
subt]fuge1 & at once1 )\t resort+ to x1 
to apportion ! degree ( suff]+ to !     
atrocity & ! dang] ( ! crimes4  ,!      

hi/ory ( ?is s+ul> mode ( p>don1 if s x 
c be t]m$1 is bo? curi\s & in/ructive4  
,9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ,european            
civilization1 aft] ! f9al de/ruction ( !
 ,roman empire1 ! *ur* obta9$ an        
influ5ce 9 ! political affairs (        
nations1 :i* ?rew a peculi> col\r+ ov]  
_! orig9al in/itutions4 ,mon>*s :o 7    
desir\s ( aton+ = atroci\s (f5ces1 or ( 
obta9+ ! sanction ( heav5 to _! projects
 ( ambition1 7 easily p]suad$ to conf]  
immunities on ! cl]gy1 :om !y reg>d$ z !
 viceg]5ts ( ,god4 ,presum+ on ^!       
fav\rs1 t aspir+ body soon began to     
claim z a "r :at _h be5 orig9ally       
conf]r$ z a boon1 & to f\nd _! dem& to  
civil exemptions on a div9e &           
indefeasible *>t]1 d]iv$ f ! text (     
scripture1 ,t\* n m9e ano9t$1 & d my    
prophets no h>m4 ,x ne$ exce$ no        
surprise t !y 7 anxi\s to take advantage
 ( _! dom9ion ov] ! consci5ce1 to exempt
 !mselves f ! usual consequ5ces ( crime4
 ,to ! prie/s1 impunity 0 a privilege ( 
no inconsid]able value4 ,& s successful 

0 ! pi\s zeal to %ield ^? :o 7 d$icat$  
to religion f ! consequ5ces ( any brea* 
( temporal enactm5ts1 t 9 sev]al        
c\ntries !y obta9$ complete exemption f 
all civil liabilities1 & decl>$ !mselves
 responsible only to ! pope & 8         
ecclesia/ical m9i/]s4 ,!y erect$        
!mselves into an indep5d5t community1 & 
ev5 laid ! temporal au?orities "u       
subjection4 ,nobles 7 intimidat$ into   
va/ pecuni>y b5efactions1 & pr9ces      
trembl$ at ! t]rors ( spiritual         
d5unciation4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ?is      
au?ority 0 always comp>atively feeble4  
,! complete exemption ( ! cl]gy f secul>
 puni%m5ts1 ?\gh (t5 claim$1 0 nev]     
univ]sally admitt$3 = repeat$ objections
 7 made to ! dem& ( ! bi%op & ord9>y to 
h ! cl]ks remitt$ to !m z soon z !y 7   
indict$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x 0 f9ally    
settl$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 t !      
prison] %\ld fir/ be arraign$ & might !n
 claim ! ,b5efit ( ! ,cl]gy z an excuse 
= plead+1 or might dem& x aft]          
conviction3 & ! latt] ( ^! c\rses has   

be5 almo/ inv>iably adopt$1 to all[ !   
prison] ! *ance ( a v]dict ( acquittal4 
,b if ! privileges ( ! *ur* 7 less      
dang]\s 9 ,engl& ?an on ! cont95t1 !y   
soon became m ext5sive4 ,!y n only      
embrac$ e ord] ( cl]gym51 b 7 claim$ = e
 subord9ate (fic] ( religi\s h\ses1 ) ! 
num]\s classes ( _! reta9]s4 ,& s lib]al
 0 ! application ( ^! dang]\s b5efits1  
t1 at l5g?1 e "o :o 9 ^? days (         
ignorance 0 able to read1 ?\gh n ev5    
initiat$ 9 holy ord]s1 began to dem& !m1
 su* read+ be+ deem$ evid5ce ( 8 cl]ical
 pr(ession4 ,! privileges ( ! cl]gy 7   
recogniz$ & confirm$ by /atute 9 ! reign
 ( ,edw>d ! ,?ird4 ,x 0 !n enact$1 t all
 mann] ( cl]ks1 secul> z well z         
religi\s1 %\ld enjoy ! privileges ( holy
 *ur* = all treasons or felonies except 
^? imm$iately affect+ 8 maje/y4 ,to !   
advantage ( ?is provision1 all :o c\ld  
read 7 admitt$4 ,b z le>n+ became m     
common1 ?is ext5sive int]pretation 0    
f\nd s injuri\s to ! security ( social  
life1 t ! legislature1 not)/&+ !        

opposition ( ! *ur*1 7 compell$ to af=d 
a p>tial rem$y4  ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry !   
,sev5?1 a di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5      
p]sons actually 9 holy ord]s1 & ^? :o1 9
 o!r respects secul>1 7 able to read2 by
 :i* ! latt] 7 only all[$ ! b5efit ( _! 
le>n+ once1 &1 on receiv+ x1 to be br&$ 
9 ! left ?umb ) a hot iron1 9 ord] to   
af=d evid5ce aga9/ !m on any future     
occasion4 ,! *ur* seems to h lo/ gr\nd 9
 ! succe$+ reign1 probably 9 consequ5ce 
( ! sep>ation ( ,engl& f ! sway ( !     
,roman pontiff2 = all p]sons1 ?\gh      
actually 9 ord]s1 7 r5d]$ liable to be  
br&$1 9 ! same way z ! le>n$ class (    
laym54 ,b1 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,six?1 !   
cl]gy 7 re/or$ to all ! rights ( :i* !y 
7 depriv$ by 8 pr$ecessor1 except z to  
c]ta9 atroci\s crimes1 :i* x became     
necess>y m uni=mly to puni%4 ,at ! same 
"t1 "s ( ! m enorm\s evils att5dant on  
?is g5]al impunity 7 done away4 ,murd]1 
poison+1 burgl>y1 highway-robb]y1 &     
sacrilege1 7 except$ f all t privilege  
:i* 0 confirm$ z to inf]ior (f5ces4 ,b  

pe]s ( ! realm1 = ! fir/ (f5ce 7 to be  
dis*>g$1 9 e case1 except murd] &       
poison+1 ev5 ?\gh unable to read4  ,b "h
 we mu/ pause1 be=e we proce$ to foll[ !
 gradual improvem5t ( ?is privilege1 to 
inquire :at 0 orig9ally done ) an (f5d] 
to :om x 0 all[$ by ^? ecclesia/ical    
au?orities :o claim$ ! "r ( judg+ him1 &
 9 :at mann] ! p[] ( ! *ur* 9 ?is       
respect 0 ultimately de/roy$4 ,x appe>s1
 t aft] a layman 0 burnt 9 ! h&1 a cl]k 
dis*>g$ on read+1 or a pe] )\t ei!r     
burn+ or p5alty1 he 0 deliv]$ to !      
ord9>y1 to be dealt ) accord+ to !      
ecclesia/ical canons4 ,^u ?is1 ! cl]ical
 au?orities in/itut$ a k9d ( purgation1 
! real object ( :i* 0 to make him appe> 
innoc5t1 :o _h already be5 %ewn to be   
guilty1 & to re/ore him to all ^?       
capacities ( :i* 8 conviction _h depriv$
 him4 ,to effect ?is1 ! p>ty himself 0  
requir$ to make oa? ( 8 innoc5ce1 ?\gh  
be=e he might h confess$ himself guilty4
 ,!n twelve compurgators 7 call$ to     
te/ify _! belief 9 ! falsehood ( !      

*>ges4 ,aft]w>ds he br\ght =w>d         
witnesses completely to e/abli% t       
innoc5ce1 ( :i* he _h induc$ s weighty a
 presumption4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ! (fice ( !  
jury to acquit him2 & !y seldom fail$ 9 
_! duty4 ,if1 h[ev]1 f any s+ul>        
circum/ance1 !y agre$ 9 ! ju/ice ( !    
conviction1 ! culprit 0 degrad$1 &      
compell$ to d p5ance4 ,z ?is seldom     
occurr$1 & ! mo/ d>+ p]juries 7 ?us     
p]petually committ$1 ! c\rts ( common   
law 7 soon ar\s$ to abridge ! p[] ( ^!  
cl]ical tribunals4 ,!y1 !re=e1 sometimes
 deliv]$ ov] ! privileg$ ( felony1 :5 8 
guilt 0 v atroci\s1 )\t all[+ him to    
make purgation2 ! effect ( :i* proce$+s 
01 8 p]petual imprisonm5t1 & incapacity 
to acquire p]sonal or to enjoy real     
e/ate1 unless releas$ by 8 maje/y's     
p>don4 ,b ! sev]ity ( ?is proce$+ almo/ 
r5d]$ x useless2 & x became absolutely  
necess>y = ! legislature to int]f]e1 9  
ord] to prev5t ! contemptible p]juries  
:i* ?is absurd c]emony produc$ "u !     
sanction & pret5ce ( religion4 ,?is     

desirable object 0 effect$ 9 ! reign (  
,elizabe?2 & ! p>ty1 aft] be+ all[$ 8   
cl]gy1 & burnt 9 ! h&1 0 to be dis*>g$  
)\t any int]f]5ce ( ! *ur* to annul 8   
conviction4  ,! cl]ical process be+ ?us 
aboli%$1 x 0 ?\ght prop]1 at ! same "t1 
to emp[] ! temporal judges to inflict a 
fur!r puni%m5t :]e !y %\ld reg>d x z    
prop]4 ,! eighte5? ,elizabe?1 c4 vii4   
emp[]$ !m1 !re=e1 to direct ! convict to
 be imprison$ = a ye> or any %ort]      
p]iod4 ,b ! law on ?is subject 0 /ill 9 
_m respects imp]fect4 ,females 7 /ill   
liable to ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 )\t any    
exemption1 9 all cases ( simple felony2 
because1 be+ nev] eligible to ! cl]ical 
(fice1 !y 7 n includ$ 9 any ( !         
ext5sions ( ! ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,no o!r 
pro( ne$ be adduc$ to %ew ! absurdity ( 
! v f\ndations ( ! sy/em4 ,at l5g? x 0  
enact$ t wom5 convict$ ( simple l>c5ies 
"u ! value #ajs4 %\ld be puni%$ ) burn+ 
9 ! h& & :ipp+1 exposure 9 ! /ocks1 or  
imprisonm5t = any p]iod less ?an a ye>4 
,& 9 ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y !y 7     

admitt$ to all ! privileges ( m51 9     
cl]giable felonies1 on pray+ ! b5efit ( 
! /atute2 ?\gh !y c only once be all[$  
?is means ( escap+4 ,9 ! same reign1 !  
puni%m5t ( burn+ 9 ! h& 0 *ang$ = a m   
visible /igma on ! *eek1 b 0 soon       
aft]w>ds br\ght back to ! orig9al       
practice4  ,hi!rto all laym5 except     
pe]s1 :o1 on _! conviction1 7 f\nd      
unable to read1 7 liable to suff] dea? =
 e cl]giable felony4 ,b x 0 at l5g?     
discov]$1 t ignorance1 in/ead ( an      
aggravation1 0 an excuse = guilt1 & t ! 
ability to read 0 no ext5uation ( crime2
 &1 !re=e1 by fif? ,ann1 c4 vi4 ! idle  
c]emony ( read+ 0 aboli%$1 & all ^? :o 7
 be=e entitl$ to cl]gy on read+1 7 n[ to
 be admitt$ )\t any su* =m to its       
b5efits4 ,at ! same "t x 0 s5sibly felt 
t ! br&+1 :i* _h dw9dl$ into a m]e =m1 &
 ! ye>'s imprisonm5t :i* ! judges 7     
emp[]$ to inflict1 7 v inadequate       
puni%m5ts = _m cl]giable (f5ces2 &1     
!re=e1 ! c\rt 7 au?oriz$ to commit !    
(f5d]s to ! h\se ( correction = any "t n

 less ?an six mon?s nor exce$+ two ye>s1
 & to d\ble x 9 case ( escap+4  ,fur!r  
alt]ations h s9ce be5 made 9 ! p5alties 
consequ5t ^u cl]gy4 ,! f\r? ,geo4 ,i4 c4
 xi4 & six? ,geo4 ,i4 c4 xxiii4 provide1
 t ! c\rt1 on ! all[ance ( ?is b5efit = 
any l>c5y :e!r gr& or petty1 or o!r     
feloni\s !ft n exclud$ f ! /atutable    
indulg5ce1 may1 in/ead ( judgm5t ( burn+
 9 case ( m51 & :ipp+ 9 t ( females1    
direct ! (f5d] to be transport$ = sev5  
ye>s to ,am]ica1 :i* has be5 s9ce alt]$ 
to any "p ( 8 maje/y's colonies4 ,to    
return )9 ! p]iod1 01 at ! same "t1 made
 felony )\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,& by     
sev]al subsequ5t provisions1 _m wise    
alt]ations h be5 made respect+          
transportation1 & ! mode ( treat+ (f5d]s
 :ile "u its s5t5ce4  ,at l5g? ! burn+ 9
 ! h& 0 entirely done away1 & ! judges 7
 emp[]$ to s5t5ce ! crim9al1 9 its room1
 & 9 addition to ! =m] p5alties1 to a   
pecuni>y f9e1 or1 except 9 ! case (     
manslaught]1 to private :ipp+1 n m ?an  
?rice to be inflict$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?ree

 witnesses4 ,provisions 7 at ! same "t  
made = ! employm5t ( ?is description (  
convicts 9 p5it5ti>y h\ses1 :]e a sy/em 
( re=mation might be adopt$1 & an       
exp]im5t made h[ f> puni%m5t might      
become conducive to its noble/ & mo/    
legitimate use--! re=mation & b5efit ( !
 (f5d]4 ,b ?is regulation1 ?\gh applaud$
 by ,black/one & o!r humane writ]s1 aft]
 hav+ be5 cont9u$ by sev]al subsequ5t   
acts1 0 rec5tly suff]$ to expire4 ,x    
appe>s f ^! sev]al mod]n regulations1 t1
 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,fo/]1 we n[  
consid] ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 or r ! b5efit 
( ! /atutes1 z a relaxation ( ! rig\r ( 
! law1 a condesc5sion to ! infirmities (
 ! human frame1 exempt+ (f5d+           
individuals 9 "s cases f ! puni%m5t (   
dea?1 & subject+ !m to mild] puni%m5t2 &
 !re=e1 9 ! case ( cl]giable felonies1  
we n[ pr(ess to measure ! degree (      
puni%m5t by ! real enormity ( ! (f5ce1 &
 n1 z ! ignorance & sup]/ition ( =m]    
times sugge/$1 by a bl9d respect = sacr$
 p]sons or sacr$ functions1 nor by an   

absurd di/9ction betwe5 subject &       
subject1 orig9ally ow+ to impud5t       
pret5sion on "o h&1 & to m]e fanaticism 
on ! o!r4   ,,curi\s ,,t5ures4--,a f>m  
at ,broadh\se1 9 ,langsett1 9 ! p>i% (  
,p5i/on1 & c\nty ( ,york1 pays ye>ly to 
,godfrey ,bosville1 ,esq4 'a sn[-ball at
 ,midsumm]1 & a r$ rose at ,*ri/mas4'   
,william de ,alb]m>le holds ! manor (   
,lo/on1 'by ! s]vice ( f9d+1 = our "l ! 
k+1 two arr[s1 & "o loaf ( oat bread1 :5
 he %\ld hunt 9 ! =e/ ( ,e>tmoor4'      
,solomon ,attefield held l& at ,repl& & 
,att]ton1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 ^u condition
 't z (t5 z our "l ! k+ w\ld cross !    
sea1 ! said ,solomon & 8 heirs ought to 
g along ) him1 to hold 8 head on ! sea1 
if x 0 ne$ful4'  ,john ,compes _h !     
manor ( ,f9*field giv5 him by ,edw>d    
,,iii4 = ! s]vice ( 'turn+ ! spit at 8  
coronation4'  ,ge(frey ,frumbr& held    
sixty acres ( l& 9 ,w+field1 9 ! c\nty (
 ,suffolk1 by ! s]vice ( pay+ ye>ly to  
our "l ! k+ two :ite doves4 ,john de    
,ro*es holds ! manor ( ,w9t]slew1 9     

,wilt%ire1 by ! s]vice t :5 ! k+ %\ld   
abide at ,cl>5don1 he %\ld g into !     
butl]y ( ! k+'s palace !re1 & draw1 out 
( :atev] vessel be *ose1 z mu* w9e z    
%\ld be ne$ful = mak+ a pit*] ( cl>et1  
:i* he %\ld make at ! k+'s exp5se1 & t  
he %\ld s]ve ! k+ ) a cup1 & %\ld h !   
vessel :5ce he took ! w9e1 ) all ! w9e  
!n 9 x1 toge!r ) ! cup :5ce ! k+ %\ld   
dr9k ! cl>et4  ,! t[n ( ,y>m\? is1 by   
*>t]1 b\nd to s5d ! %]iffs ( ,norwi* a  
hundr$ h]r+s1 :i* are to be bak$ 9      
tw5ty-f\r pies or patties1 & deliv]$ to 
! "l ( ! manor ( ,ea/ ,c>lton1 :o is to 
convey !m to ! k+4  ,at ! coronation (  
,james ,,ii4 ! "l ( ! manor ( ,heyd51 9 
,essex1 claim$ to hold ! bas9 & ew] to !
 k+ by virtue ( "o moiety1 & ! t[el by  
virtue ( ! o!r moiety ( ! manor1 :5ev] !
 k+ wa%$ be=e d9n]2 b ! claim 0 all[$   
only z to ! t[el4  ,! privileges ( !    
great (fic]s ( ! anci5t ,briti% c\rt1 7 
p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,ea* 0 annually       
pres5t$ by ! k+ & que5 ) a piece ( l95 &
 wooll5 clo?1 besides "s old clo!s f !  

royal w>drobe4 ,! k+'s rid+-coat 0 ?ree 
times a ye> giv5 to ! ma/] ( ! mews2 8  
caps1 saddles1 bits1 & spurs1 became !  
p]quisite ( ! ma/] ( ! horse2 & !       
*amb]la9 appropriat$ to himself 8 old   
clo!s & b$-quilts4  ,! ?ird 9 rank1 9 ! 
c\rt ( ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s1 01 ! /ew>d1 
:o _h a v>iety ( p]quisites1 ( :i* !    
foll[+ 7 ! mo/ rem>kable3--',z mu* ( e  
cask ( pla9 ale1 & z mu* ( e cask ( ale 
) spic]ies1 z he c\ld rea* ) ! second   
jo9t ( ! middle f+]2 & z mu* ( e cask ( 
mead1 z he c\ld rea* ) ! fir/ jo9t ( !  
same f+]4'   ,our next article is on ,,!
 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,may ,,poles ,,&          
,,g>l&s4--,x 0 a cu/om among ! anci5t   
,britons1 be=e !y 7 conv]t$ to          
,*ri/ianity1 to erect ,may-poles1 adorn$
 ) fl[]s1 9 hon\r ( ! goddess ,flora2 & 
! danc+ ( milkmaids on ! fir/ ( ,may    
be=e g>l&s1 ornam5t$ ) fl[]s1 is only a 
corruption ( ! anci5t cu/om1 9          
compliance ) o!r ru/ic amusem5ts4  ,!   
leisure days aft] se$-"t _h be5 *os5 by 
our ,saxon ance/ors = folk-motes1 or    

conv5tions ( ! p4 ,x 0 n till aft] !    
,norman conque/ t ! ,pagan fe/ival (    
,:itsuntide fully melt$ into ! ,*ri/ian 
holiday ( ,p5teco/4 ,its orig9al "n is  
,:itt5tide1 ! "t ( *oos+ ! wits or      
wisem5 to ! witt5agemotte4 ,x 0         
consecrat$ to ,h]?a1 ! goddess ( peace &
 f]tility2 & no qu>rels might be        
ma9ta9$1 no blood %$1 dur+ ?is truce ( !
 goddess4 ,ea* village1 9 ! abs5ce ( !  
b>on at ! assembly ( ! nations1 enjoy$ a
 k9d ( saturnalia4 ,! vassals met ^u !  
common gre5 ar\nd ! ,may-poles1 :]e !y  
erect$ a village "l1 or k+1 z he 0      
call$1 :o *ose 8 que54 ,he wore an oak51
 & %e a haw?orn wrea?2 & toge!r !y gave 
laws to ! ru/ic sports dur+ ^! sweet    
days ( fre$om4 ,! ,maypole1 !n1 0 !     
,engli% tree ( lib]ty4 ,h[ are ^! times 
( village simplicity & m]rim5t vani%$6  
,,curi\s ,,cu/om ,,at ,,oakham4--,oakham
 is rem>kable = ! foll[+ curi\s cu/om4  
,e pe] ( ! realm1 ! fir/ "t he comes )9 
! prec9cts1 =feits a %oe f 8 horse to ! 
"l ( ! manor & ca/le1 unless he agrees  

to r$eem x ) money2 9 :i* case a %oe is 
made accord+ to 8 direction1 ornam5t$ 9 
proportion to ! sum giv5 by way ( f9e1 &
 nail$ on ! ca/le hall door4 ,"s %oes   
are ( curi\s workman%ip1 & /amp$ ) !    
names ( ! donors3 "s are made v l>ge1 & 
"s gilt4 ,an anci5t poet says ( ?is     
c\nty1    ,small %ire t c produce to ?y 
proportion good1   ,"o vale ( special   
"n1 "o =e/1 & "o flood4   ,a ,,curi\s   
,,practice ,,9 ,,nor? ,,holl&4--,to e   
h\se1 ( :atev] quality1 !re is an       
artificial door1 elevat$ ne> ?ree feet  
above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & nev] op5$ b  
^u two occasions4 ,:5 any "p ( ! family 
m>ries1 ! bride & bridegroom ent] ! h\se
 by ?is door2 & :5 ei!r ( ! p>ties die1 
! corpse is c>ri$ out by ! same door4   
,imm$iately aft] ! due c]emonies are    
p]=m$ 9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 ?is door is    
fa/5$ up1 nev] to turn on its h+es aga91
 till "s new ev5t ( a simil> nature     
dem&s its s]vices4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxiii4  
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,! ,,cu/oms   
,,( ,,mank9d4--7,cont9u$47              

,%rovetide--,c&lemas ,day--,orig9 (     
,val5t9e's ,day--,orig9 (     ,pl\gh    
,monday--,new ,ye>s ,gifts--,orig9 (    
,*ri/mas ,boxes--,*ilt]n                
,hundr$s--,orig9 ( ! ,t]m ,john         
,bull--,orig9 ( ! ,old ,adage1 ,if     x
 ra9s on ,/4 ,s)9's ,day1 x w ra9 ,=ty  
,days     aft]w>ds--,curfew ,bell4      
,,%rovetide1--9 its orig9al mean+1      
signifies ! "t ( confess+ s9s to a      
prie/4 ,tide ref]s to "t2 & %rove1      
%rive1 or %rift1 are d]iv$ f ! ,saxon1 &
 signify confession4 ,9 ! e>li]         
con/itution ( ! *ur*1 x is ord]$1 ,t on 
! week next be=e ,l5t1 e man %\ld g to 8
 %rift1 & 8 %rift %\ld %rive him 9 su* a
 mann] z ! de$s :i* he _h done requir$4 
,?is cu/om ( confess+ to ! prie/ at ?is 
season1 0 laid aside at ! ,re=mation4   
,fitz/eph5 in=ms u1 t anci5tly1 on      
,%rove-,tuesday1 s*oolboys us$ to br+   
cocks ( ! game to _! ma/]s1 & ent]ta9   
!mselves ) cock-fight+4 ,! ma/]s presid$
 at ! battle1 & claim$ ! runaway cocks z
 _! p]quisite4  ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ at cocks

 on ?is day is n ( v anci5t in/itution3 
x is gradually gr[+ out ( use2 to :i*   
am5dm5t ( our mann]s1 ! +5i\s p5cil (   
,hog>? probably contribut$4             
,%rove-,tuesday is1 9 ! nor?1 call$     
,fa/]n's ,e'en1 because ! foll[+ day is 
! comm5cem5t ( ,l5t4  ,%rove-,monday is 
also t]m$ ,collop-,monday2 9 ! nor?1    
collops & eggs be+ on t day a con/ant   
di%1 z on ! next day ! ,papi/s take     
leave ( fle%4  ,our cu/om ( eat+        
pancakes on ,%rove-,tuesday1 0 probably 
borr[$ f ! ,greek *ur*4 ,! ,russians    
beg9 _! ,l5t always eight weeks be=e    
,ea/]2 ! fir/ week !y eat eggs1 milk1   
*eese1 & butt]1 & make great *e] )      
pancakes1 & su* o!r ?+s4  ,9 ! ,ox=d    
almanacks1 ! ,saturday prec$+ ?is day is
 t]m$ ,fe/um ,ov]um1 ,egg fea/4  ,on    
,%rove-,tuesday1 ! p 9 e p>i% ?r\gh\t   
,engl& 7 oblig$1 "o by "o1 to confess _!
 s9s to _! own p>i% prie/s1 9 _! own    
p>i% *ur*es4 ,& t ?is might be done m   
regul>ly1 ! great bell 9 e p>i% 0 rung  
at t5 o'clock1 or p]haps soon]1 t x     

might be he>d by all1 & t !y might att5d
 accord+ to ! cu/om !n 9 use4 ,& ?\gh we
 are n[ ,prote/ants1 yet ! cu/om ( r++ !
 great bell 9 an anci5t p>i% *ur* /ill  
cont9ues1 & has ! "n ( ! pancake bell1  
probably1 because aft] ! confession x 0 
cu/om>y to d9e on pancakes or fritt]s2 &
 _m p ev5 n[ h ^! articles z "p ( _!    
d9n] on ?is day4  ,?is us$ to be a great
 holiday among/ appr5tices2 b a contempt
 ( old cu/oms seems ga9+ gr\nd 9 ?is    
c\ntry1 & ^?1 or _m ( !m above-m5tion$1 
w probably soon be =gott54  ,ano!r      
acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( fry+ pancakes on     
,%rove-,tuesday1 has be5 giv54 ,x is    
said t "o ,simon ,eyre1 a %oemak]1 be+  
*os5 "l-mayor ( ,london1 made a pancake 
fea/ on ,%rove-,tuesday = all !         
appr5tices 9 ,london2 & f t x became a  
cu/om4  ,he ord]$1 t ^u r++ ( a bell 9 e
 p>i%1 ! appr5tices %\ld leave "w1 & %ut
 up _! %ops = t day2 :i* be+ ev] s9ce   
ye>ly obs]v$1 is call$ ! pancake bell3  
he made !m a l>ge fea/ ( pudd+s1 pies1 &
 pancakes1 & :at rema9$1 :5 all _h d9$1 

0 giv5 to ! poor3 aft]w>ds 9 t ye>      
7#addf17 he built ,lead5hall4           
,,c&lemas ,,day4--,?is is ! fea/ ( !    
purification1 :i* 0 =m]ly celebrat$ ) _m
 lights 9 *ur*es4 ,! cu/om ( go+ 9      
procession on ,c&lemas-day ) light$     
c&les 9 ! h&1 is said to h be5 d]iv$ f !
 ,romans1 :o w5t ab\t ,rome ) tor*es1 & 
c&les br5n+ 7burn+7 9 wor%ip ( ,februa1 
! "m ( ,m>s4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds1 by ,pope  
,f]gius1 conv]t$ into ! wor%ip ( our    
,lady1 & h] ,son1 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4   
,:eatley says1 ,! practice ( us+        
abundance ( lights1 bo? 9 *ur*es &      
processions1 cont9u$ 9 ,engl& till !    
second ye> ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 :5 ,bi%op     
,cranm] =bade x1 by ord] ( ! ,privy     
,c\ncil4   ,,val5t9e',s ,,day4--,val5t9e
 0 a pope1 or bi%op ( ,rome1 t liv$ 9 ! 
n9? c5tury2 :o1 on ?is day1 e/abli%$ an 
annual cu/om ( ! poor] cl]gy draw+      
patrons by lots = ! comm5c$ ye>2 & ^!   
patrons1 or b5efactors1 7 call$         
,val5t9es4 ,aft] 8 dea? he 0 canoniz$ = 
a sa9t1 & 8 fea/-day kept on ! f\rte5?  

day ( ,febru>y1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be 8     
bir?-day4 ,mr4 ,john ,gordon1 9 8       
memoirs & acc\nt ( ! popes1 says1 t     
,val5t9e 0 too good a man to be a good  
pope1 & di$ =ty days aft] 8             
consecration1 or in/alm5t2 be+ *ok$ ) a 
fi%-bone4  ,?is cu/om1 9 ,brita91       
evid5tly appe>s to h be5 copi$ by !     
laity f ! cl]gy1 9 ! days ( pop]y1 & is 
a v anci5t cu/om1 be+ almo/ ( a ?\s&    
ye>s /&+4 ,! birds too are suppos$ to   
*oose _! mates1 & pair1 on ?is day2 :i*1
 no d\bt1 is an additional reason to our
 y\? ( bo? sexes :o are approa*+ to     
maturity1 to write _! v]ses1 & ) mu*    
+5uity ply sciss>s1 p51 & p5cil1 9 hon\r
 ( _! select$ or allott$ lov]s4         
,,pl\gh-,,monday4--,?is day is held on !
 n9? ( ,janu>y1 ! ,monday aft]          
,twelf?-day4 ,! pl\ghm51 9 ! nor?       
c\ntry1 draw a pl\gh f door to door1 &  
beg money = dr9k2 f :5ce ?is took its   
"n4 ,pl\gh-day _h its orig9 :5 ! feudal 
sy/em prevail$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 ! lords 
& b>ons _h _! l&s till$ by _! vassals1  

or t5ants4 ,! ,*ri/mas holidays t]m9at$ 
on ,twelf?-day1 & ! pl\gh+ season = !   
new ye> comm5c$ ! fir/ ,monday aft]2 on 
:i* day1 ! sock-m5 7z ?is sort ( pl\ghm5
 7 !n call$7 7 oblig$ to appe> ) _!     
pl\ghs1 c4 at a place appo9t$ !re1 to h 
!m exam9$1 :e!r !y 7 9 a prop] condition
 to p]=m _! "l's "w2 = pl\ghs 7 !n      
sc>ce1 & x 0 a m>k ( "s consequ5ce to   
possess "o 9 good ord]4 ,h5ce !         
appellation ( ,pl\gh-,monday has ev]    
s9ce be+ appli$ to ! fir/ ,monday aft]  
,twelf?-day4 ,x is conjectur$1 t ! sy/em
 ( begg+ money arose at a "t :5 !y c\ld 
n pl\gh ! l& on acc\nt ( its be+ froz51 
z wat]m5 drag ab\t a boat 9 sev]e fro/s1
 & beg money1 because !y are !n unable  
to ply on ! riv]4   ,,new ,,ye>',s      
,,gifts4--,nonius ,m>cellus ref]s !     
orig9 ( ,new ,ye>'s ,gifts among !      
,romans to ,titus ,tatius1 k+ ( !       
,sab9es1 :o reign$ at ,rome conjo9tly ) 
,romulus1 & :o1 hav+ consid]$ z a good  
om5 a pres5t ( "s bran*es cut 9 a wood  
consecrat$ to ,/r5ua1 ! goddess ( /r5g?1

 :i* he receiv$ on ! fir/ day ( ! new   
ye>1 au?oriz$ ?is cu/om aft]w>ds1 & gave
 to ^! p]sons ! "n ( ,/r54 ,! ,romans on
 t day celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 hon\r (    
,janus1 & paid _! respects at ! same "t 
to ,juno2 b !y did n pass x 9 idl5ess1  
le/ !y %\ld become indol5t dur+ ! re/ ( 
! ye>4 ,!y s5t pres5ts to "o ano!r (    
figs1 dates1 honey1 c4 to %ew _! fri5ds 
t !y wi%$ !m a happy & agreeable life4  
,cli5ts1 or ^? :o 7 "u ! protection ( ! 
great1 c>ri$ pres5ts ( ?is k9d to _!    
patrons1 add+ to !m a small piece (     
silv]4 ,"u ,augu/us1 ! s5ate1 ! knights1
 & ! p1 pres5t$ su* gifts to him1 & 9 8 
abs5ce deposit$ !m 9 ! capitol4 ,( !    
succe$+ pr9ces1 "s adopt$ ?is cu/om1 &  
o!rs aboli%$ x2 b x always cont9u$ among
 ! p4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians condemn$ x1     
because x appe>$ to be a relic (        
paganism1 & a species ( sup]/ition2 b :5
 x began to h no o!r object ?an t ( be+ 
a m>k ( e/eem1 ! *ur* ceas$ to          
disapprove ( x4   ,,*ri/mas             
,,boxes4--,on look+ into hi/ory1 we f9d 

t ?is cu/om d]iv$ its exi/5ce mu* ab\t !
 "t t mass 0 fir/ said by a ,ca?olic    
prie/4 ,rome1 :i* orig9ally gave bir? to
 sup]/ition1 _h an incr$ible numb] (    
cl]gy to support1 &1 among o!r devices1 
?is 0 inv5t$ z "o1 & took its "n ( ,mass
 f ! ,lat9 ^w mitto1 to s5d4 ,?is ^w    
mitto 0 a k9d ( remembranc]1 or r       
dictator1 :i* said1 ,s5d gifts1 (f]+s1 &
 oblations to ! prie/s1 t !y may int]c$e
 ) ,*ri/ to save y\r s\l by say+ s _m   
masses4  ,h5ce x 0 call$ ,*ri/'s mass1  
or1 z x is n[ abbreviat$1 ,*ri/mas4 ,?us
 f> ! etymology ( ! ^w is indisputable1 
& e man :o has att5d$ to ! m9uti ( sacr$
 hi/ory1 mu/ "k ! fact to be z "h       
relat$4 ,! ^w box1 is a "p ( ! same     
prie/craft trade1 & took its orig9 f !  
foll[+ circum/ance3--  ,:5ev] a %ip     
sail$ f any ( ^? ports :]e ! religi\s   
pr(ession 0 "u ! au?ority ( ,rome1 a    
c]ta9 sa9t 0 always nam$1 unto ^:       
protection x's safety 0 committ$1 & 9 t 
%ip !re 0 a box1 & into t box e poor    
p]son put some?+1 9 ord] to induce !    

prie/s to pray to t sa9t = ! safe return
 ( ! vessel2 :i* box 0 lock$ up by !    
prie/s1 :o said ! money %\ld n be tak5  
out until ! vessel came back4   ,,*ilt]n
 ,,hundr$s4--,frequ5t m5tion is made (  
memb]s ( p>liam5t accept+ ! ,*ilt]n     
,hundr$s4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation3-- 
,! ,*ilt]n ,hundr$s are hundr$s1 or     
divisions ( c\nties1 p>cell$ out by !   
wise ,alfr$1 & n[ annex$ to ! cr[n2 !y  
/ill reta9 _! peculi> c\rts4  ,! /ew>ds 
( ^! c\rts are appo9t$ by ! ,*ancellor (
 ! ,ex*equ]2 _! sal>y is #bjs4 a ye>4 ,z
 ! law enacts t a memb] ( p>liam5t :o   
receives a place "u ! ,cr[n1 may n sit1 
unless re-elect$1--accept+ ! /ew>d%ip ( 
! ,*ilt]n ,hundr$s is m]ely a =mal mann]
 ( resign+ a seat1 :5 ! memb] wi%es to  
be re*os54   ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,t]m      
,,john ,,bull4--,dr4 ,john ,bull 0 !    
fir/ ,gre%am pr(essor ( music1 & organi/
 & compos] to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,john1 l 
a true ,engli%man1 travell$ =           
improvem5t2 & hav+ he>d ( a fam\s       
musician at ,/4 ,om]'s1 he plac$ himself

 "u him z a novice2 b a circum/ance v   
soon conv9c$ ! ma/]1 t he 0 inf]ior to !
 s*ol>4 ,! musician %ew$ ,john a song1  
:i* he _h compos$ 9 =ty p>ts6 tell+ him 
at ! same "t1 t he defi$ all ! _w to    
produce a p]son capable ( add+ ano!r "p 
to 8 composition4 ,bull desir$ to be    
left alone1 & to be indulg$ = a %ort "t 
) p5 & ink4 ,9 less ?an ?ree h\rs1 he   
add$ =ty p>ts m to ! song4 ,^u :i* !    
,fr5*man 0 s mu* surpris$1 t he swore 9 
great ec/asy1 he mu/ be ei!r ! ,devil1  
or ,john ,bull2 :i* has ev] s9ce be5    
prov]bial 9 ,engl&4   ,orig9 ( ! ,old   
,adage1 ,,if ,,x ,,ra9s ,,on ,,sa9t     
,,s)9',s ,,day1 ,,x ,,w ,,ra9 ,,= ,,=ty 
,,days ,,aft]w>ds4  ,9 ! ye> #hje1 ,/4  
,s)91 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 dy+1 0 canoniz$  
by ! !n pope4 ,he 0 s+ul> 9 8 desire to 
be buri$ 9 ! op5 *ur*-y>d1 & n 9 !      
*ancel ( ! m9i/]1 z 0 cu/om>y ) !       
bi%ops2 :i* reque/ 0 compli$ )3 b !     
monks1 on 8 be+ canoniz$1 tak+ x into _!
 heads t x 0 disagreeable = ! sa9t to   
lie 9 ! op5 *ur*-y>d1 resolv$ to move 8 

body into ! *oir1 :i* 0 to h be5 done 9 
solemn procession on ! #ae? ( ,july4 ,x 
ra9$1 h[ev]1 s viol5tly on t day1 & =   
=ty days succe$+1 z _h h>dly ev] be5    
kn[n1 :i* made !m set aside _! design1 z
 contr>y to ! w ( ,heav52 & in/ead (    
remov+ ! body1 !y %ew$ _! v5]ation by   
erect+ a *apel ov] 8 grave4   ,orig9 ( !
 ,say+1 :5 p speak improp]ly1 ,,t',s ,a 
,,bull4--,?is became a prov]b f !       
repeat$ blund]s ( "o ,obadiah ,bull1 a  
lawy] ( ,london1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( k+ 
,h5ry ,,vii4   ,,curfew ,,bell4--,!     
curfew bell 7call$1 9 ! l[ ,lat9 ( !    
middle ages1 ignitegium1 or p]itegium1 &
 9 ,fr5*1 c\vrefew7 0 a signal = all    
p]sons to ext+ui% _! fires at a c]ta9   
h\r4 ,9 ^? ages1 p made fires 9 _! h\ses
 9 a hole or pit 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor1 "u
 an op5+ =m$ 9 ! ro(2 & :5 ! fire 0     
burnt out1 or ! family w5t to b$1 ! hole
 0 %ut by a cov] ( wood or e>?4 ,?is    
practice /ill prevails among ! cottag]s 
9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & p]haps 9 o!r p>ts
 ( ! k+dom4 ,9 ! d>k ages1 :5 all ranks 

( p 7 turbul5t1 a law 0 almo/ e :]e     
e/abli%$1 t ! fire %\ld be ext+ui%$ at a
 c]ta9 "t 9 ! ev5+2 t ! cov] %\ld be put
 ov] ! fire-place1 & t all ! family %\ld
 retire to re/1 or at lea/ keep )9      
doors4 ,! "t :5 ?is ought to be done1 0 
signifi$ by ! r++ ( a bell1 call$ !re=e 
! curfew bell1 or ignitegium4 ,?is 0 !  
law ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 :o fir/     
introduc$ ! practice into ,engl&1 & :i* 
0 aboli%$ by ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 9 #aajj4  ,!
 r++ ( ! curfew bell gave rise to !     
,pray] ,bell1 z x is call$1 :i* is /ill 
reta9$ 9 "s ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,pope  
,john ! ,tw5ty-?ird1 ) a view to av]t   
c]ta9 appreh5d$ mis=tunes :i* r5d]$ 8   
life uncom=table1 gave ord]s1 t e p]son1
 on he>+ ! ignitegium1 %\ld repeat !    
,ave ,m>ia ?ree times4 ,:5 ! appe>ance (
 a comet1 & ! dread ( ,turks1 al>m$ all 
,*ri/5dom1 ,pope ,calixtus ! ,?ird      
increas$ ^! p]iodical times ( pray]1 by 
ord]+ ! pray] bell to be rung also at   
noon4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxiv4  ,,curiosities 
,,respect+ ,,! ,,cu/oms ,,(             

,,mank9d4--7,conclud$47      ,romi%     
,indulg5ces--,act ( ,fai?--,baptism (   
,bells--,curi\s     ,baptism--,kalmuck  
,pray+ ,ma*9es--,curi\s ,p5ance at      
,calcutta4   ,,religi\s ,,cu/oms4       
,,romi% ,,indulg5ces4--,9 ! ,romi% *ur*1
 indulg5ces are a remission ( ! puni%m5t
 due to s9s1 grant$ by ! *ur*1 & suppos$
 to save ! s9n] f purgatory4 ,accord+ to
 ! ,romi% doctr9e1 all ! good works ( ! 
sa9ts1 ov] & above ^? :i* 7 necess>y    
t[>ds _! own ju/ification1 are deposit$1
 toge!r ) ! inf9ite m]its ( ,jesus      
,*ri/1 9 "o inexhau/ible treasury4 ,!   
keys ( ?is 7 committ$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 & to
 8 successors ! popes1 :o may op5 x at  
pleasure1 & by transf]r+ a portion ( ?is
 sup]abundant m]it to any p>ticul>      
p]son1 = a sum ( money1 may convey to   
him ei!r ! p>don ( 8 own s9s1 or a      
release = any "o 9 :om he is int]e/$1 f 
! pa9s ( purgatory4 ,indulg5ces 7 fir/  
inv5t$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 by ,urban     
,,ii4 z a recomp5se = ^? :o w5t 9 p]son 
^u ! glori\s ent]prise ( conqu]+ ! ,holy

 ,l&4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds grant$ to ^? :o    
hir$ a soldi] = t purpose2 & 9 process (
 "t 7 be/[$ on su* z gave money =       
accompli%+ any pi\s "w enjo9$ by ! pope4
 ,?is p[] ( grant+ indulg5ces 0 greatly 
abus$4  ,pope ,leo ,x4 9 ord] to c>ry on
 ! magnific5t /ructure ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at 
,rome1 publi%$ indulg5ces1 & pl5>y      
remission1 to all :o %\ld contribute    
money t[>ds x4 ,f9d+ ! project take1 he 
grant$ to ,alb]t1 elector ( ,m5tz1 &    
ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg1 ! b5efit ( !     
indulg5ces ( ,saxony & ! neighb\r+ p>ts1
 & f>m$ out ^? ( o!r c\ntries to !      
highe/ bidd]s2 :o1 to make ! be/ ( _!   
b>ga91 procur$ ! able/ prea*]s to cry up
 ! value ( ! w>e4 ,! =m ( ^! indulg5ces 
0 z foll[s3 ,may our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ h 
m]cy ^u !e1 & absolve !e by ! m]its ( 8 
mo/ holy passion4 ,& ,i1 by 8 au?ority1 
t ( 8 bless$ apo/les ,pet] & ,paul1 & ( 
! mo/ holy ,pope1 grant$ & committ$ to  
me 9 ^! p>ts1 d absolve !e1 fir/ f all  
ecclesia/ical c5sures1 9 :atev] mann] !y
 h be5 incurr$1 !n f all ?y s9s1        

transgressions1 & excesses1 h[ enorm\s  
soev] !y may be1 ev5 = su* z are res]v$ 
= ! cognizance ( ! holy see1 & z f> z ! 
keys ( ! holy *ur* ext5d3 ,i remit to y 
all puni%m5t :i* y des]ve 9 purgatory on
 _! acc\nt2 & ,i re/ore y to ! holy     
sacram5ts ( ! *ur*1 to ! unity ( !      
fai?ful1 & to t innoc5ce & purity :i* y 
possess$ at baptism2 s t :5 y die1 !    
gates ( puni%m5t %all be %ut1 & ! gates 
( ! p>adise ( delight %all be op5$2 & if
 y %all n die at pres5t1 ?is grace %all 
rema9 9 full =ce :5 y are at ! po9t (   
dea?4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & (
 ! ,holy ,gho/4  ,! t]ms 9 :i* !        
retail]s ( indulg5ces describ$ _!       
b5efits1 & ! necessity ( pur*as+ !m1 are
 s extravagant1 t !y appe> almo/        
incr$ible4 ,!y ma9ta91 t if any man     
pur*ase lett]s ( indulg5ce1 8 s\l may   
re/ secure ) respect to its salvation4  
,t ! s\ls conf9$ 9 purgatory1 = ^:      
r$emption indulg5ces are pur*as$1 z soon
 z ! money t9kles 9 ! *e/1 in/antly     
escape f t place ( torm5t1 & asc5d into 

heav53 ,t ! efficacy ( indulg5ces is s  
great1 t ! mo/ he9\s s9s1 ev5 if "o %\ld
 violate 7:i* 0 impossible7 ! ,"m (     
,god1 w\ld be remitt$ & expiat$ by !m1 &
 ! p]son be fre$ bo? f puni%m5t & guilt3
 ,t ?is 0 ! unspeakable gift ( ,god1 9  
ord] to reconcile m5 to himself3 ,t !   
cross erect$ by ! prea*]s ( indulg5ces 0
 equally efficaci\s ) ! cross ( ,*ri/4  
,lo6 7say !y7 ! heav5s are op52 if y    
ent] n n[1 :5 w y ent]8 ,= twelve-p5ce y
 may r$eem ! s\l ( y\r fa!r out (       
purgatory2 & are y s ungrateful1 t y w n
 rescue y\r p>5t f torm5t8 ,if y _h b "o
 coat1 y ought to /rip y\rself in/antly1
 & sell x1 9 ord] to pur*ase su*        
b5efits1 c4--,?is mon/r\s abuse (       
indulg5ces contribut$ greatly to !      
,re=mation ( religion 9 ,g]many1 :]e    
,m>t9 ,lu!r fir/ began to declaim aga9/ 
! prea*]s ( indulg5ces1 & aft]w>ds aga9/
 indulg5ces !mselves4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 !  
popes h be5 m sp>+ 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is    
p[]3 h[ev]1 !y /ill c>ry on a great     
trade ) !m to ! ,indies1 :]e !y are     

pur*as$ at two rials apiece1 & sometimes
 m4 ,! pope likewise grants indulg5ces  
to p]sons at ! po9t ( dea?2 t is1 he    
grants !m1 by a brief1 p[] to *oose :at 
confessor !y please1 :o is au?oriz$     
!reby to absolve !m f all _! s9s 9      
g5]al4   ,we proce$ to ano!r cu/om ( !  
,romi% *ur*1 call$ ! ,,act ,,(          
,,fai?4--,auto da ,f1 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1  
is a solemn day obs]v$ by !             
,inquisition1 = ! puni%m5t ( h]etics1 & 
! absolution ( ! innoc5t p]sons :o h be5
 accus$4 ,x is usually contriv$ to fall 
on "s gr& fe/ival1 t ! execution may    
take place ) ! great] pomp & solemnity4 
,at lea/1 x is always on a ,sunday4 ,!  
auto da f may be consid]$ z ! la/ act ( 
! inquisitorial trag$y2 x is a k9d (    
gaol deliv]y1 appo9t$ z (t5 z a         
suffici5t numb] ( prison]s 9 !          
,inquisition are convict$ ( h]esy1 ei!r 
by _! own volunt>y or extort$           
confession1 or on ! evid5ce ( witnesses4
 ,! process is z foll[s3--,9 ! morn+ !y 
are br\ght into a great hall1 :]e !y are

 clo!d 9 c]ta9 habits1 :i* !y are to we>
 9 ! procession1 & by :i* !y "k _! doom4
 ,! procession is l$ on by ! ,dom9ican  
fri>s1 :o enjoy ?is privilege1 because  
,/4 ,dom9ic1 _! f\nd]1 in/itut$ !       
,inquisition4 ,be=e !m is c>ri$ ! /&>d (
 ! holy (fice1 9 :i* ! image ( ! f\nd]  
is wr\ght 9 ri* embroid]y1 hold+ a sword
 9 "o h&1 & an olive bran* 9 ! o!r1 ) ! 
inscription1 ,ju/ice & ,m]cy4 ,^! fri>s 
are foll[$ by ! p5it5ts1 :o h n>r[ly    
escap$ burn+1 & :o ov] _! black coats h 
flames pa9t$1 ) _! po9ts turn$ d[nw>ds4 
,next come ! negative & relaps$ :o are  
int5d$ to be burnt1 & :o h flames on _! 
habits po9t+ upw>ds4 ,aft] ^! foll[ su* 
z pr(ess doctr9es contr>y to ! fai? (   
,rome1 & :o1 besides flames po9t+       
upw>ds1 h _! pictures pa9t$ on _!       
brea/s1 & surr\nd$ by dogs1 s]p5ts1 &   
devils1 all op5-m\!d4 ,ea* prison] is   
att5d$ by a famili> ( ! ,inquisition2 & 
^? int5d$ to be burnt1 h also on ea*    
side a ,jesuit1 :o is cont9ually advis+ 
!m to abjure4 ,aft] ! prison]s1 foll[ a 

troop ( famili>s on horseback2 aft] !m1 
! ,inquisitors1 & o!r (fic]s1 ^u mules2 
& la/ly1 ! inquisitor-g5]al1 ^u a :ite  
horse1 l$ by two m5 ) black hats & gre5 
hatb&s4 ,a scaffold is erect$           
suffici5tly l>ge = conta9+ two or ?ree  
?\s& p2 at "o end ( ! scaffold are !    
prison]s1 at ! o!r end ! inquisitors4   
,aft] a s]mon1 consi/+ ( encomiums on ! 
,inquisition1 & ( invectives aga9/      
h]etics1 a prie/ asc5ds a desk ne> !    
scaffold1 &1 hav+ receiv$ ! abjuration (
 ! p5it5ts1 recites ! f9al s5t5ce ( ^?  
:o are to be put to dea?1 & deliv]s !m  
to ! secul> p[]1 at ! same "t e>ne/ly   
besee*+ t _! blood be n t\*$1 nor _!    
lives put 9 dang]666  ,! prison]s be+   
?us 9 ! h&s ( ! civil magi/rate1 are    
imm$iately load$ ) *a9s1 & c>ri$ fir/ to
 ! secul> gaol1 & !nce1 9 an h\r or two1
 br\ght be=e ! civil judge4 ,aft]       
inquir+ 9 :at religion !y int5d to die1 
! civil judge pron\nces s5t5ce on su* z 
decl>e !y die 9 ! communion ( ! *ur* (  
,rome1 t !y %all be fir/ /rangl$1 & !n  

burnt to a%es2 on su* z die 9 any o!r   
fai?1 t !y be burnt alive4 ,bo? are     
imm$iately c>ri$ to ! place ( execution1
 :]e z _m /akes are set up z !re are    
prison]s to be burnt1 & ab\t ea* /ake is
 laid a quantity ( dry furze4 ,! /akes (
 ! pr(ess$1 or ( su* z p]si/ 9 _! h]esy1
 are ab\t f\r y>ds 9 height1 & t[>ds !  
top h a small bo>d1 on :i* ! prison] is 
seat$4 ,! negative & relaps$ be+ fir/   
/rangl$ & burnt1 ! pr(ess$ m\nt _! /akes
 by a ladd]2 & ! ,jesuits1 aft]         
repeat$ly exhort+ !m to be reconcil$ to 
! *ur*1 "p ) !m1 & say t !y leave !m to 
! devil1 :o is /&+ at _! elb[ to receive
 _! s\ls1 & to c>ry !m ) him to ! flames
 ( hell4 ,on he>+ ?is1 a great %\t is   
rais$ by ! p1 :o cry1 ',let ! dogs'     
be>ds be made6' ,?is is p]=m$ by ?ru/+  
flam+ furze1 fa/5$ to long poles1 aga9/ 
_! *9s1 till _! faces are burn$ to a    
coal4 ,?is inhuman act is accompani$ ) !
 l\de/ acclamations ( joy4 ,at la/1 fire
 is set to ! furze at ! bottom ( !      
/akes1 ov] :i* ! pr(ess$ are *a9$ s     

high1 t ! top ( ! flame seldom rea*es   
high] ?an ! seat ^u :i* !y sit1 & !y    
seem r roa/$ ?an burnt4 ,!re _c be a m  
lam5table spectacle3 ! suff]]s          
cont9ually cry out1 :ile !y are able1   
',pity1 = ! love ( ,god6' ,yet x is     
beheld by all ages1 & by bo? sexes1 )   
transports ( joy & admiration6   ,ano!r 
curi\s cu/om 9 ! same *ur*1 is1 ,,!     
,,baptism ,,( ,,bells4--,be+ come to    
,veletre1 ! abbot took up 8 lodg+ ) "o (
 8 fri5ds1 & ,i betook myself to an inn1
 ne> ! ,piazza4 ,my ho/ ask$ me if ,i _h
 n a m9d to see ! c]emony :i* 0 to be   
celebrat$ ! next day at ! dome1 7s !y   
call ! ca!dral *ur*es 9 ,italy27 he told
 me !re 0 a bell to be baptiz$1 :]e( a  
great "l 0 to be ! godfa!r1 & a lady (  
quality ! godmo!r2 & t !re w\ld be a    
great appe>ance ( ! nobility1 :o _h be5 
invit$ to ! solemnity f all p>ts4 ,i _h 
be=e ?is se5 bells baptiz$ 9 ,france2 b 
because ,i knew t ! ,italians surpass   
all o!r nations 9 ! magnific5ce ( _!    
c]emonies1 & t !y commonly season !m ) a

 d\ble portion ( sup]/ition1 ,i resolv$ 
) myself to see x baptiz$1 & ) t design 
,i /aid all ! next day at ,veletre4 ,i  
w5t to ! *ur* 9 ! morn+1 to take a view 
( ! prep>atives t _h tak5 up a :ole     
week's "t1 :i* ,i f\nd to be great &    
sumptu\s inde$4 ,! bell 0 plac$ at ! l[]
 end ( ! body ( ! *ur*1 hang+ ^u two    
gudgeons1 cov]$ ) ri* hang+s ( velvet ( 
a violet col\r1 & ! bell itself 0       
acc\tr$ ) a k9d ( robe ( ! same /uff4   
,!re 7 two !atres built on ea* side ( x 
= ! musicians1 & an amphi!atre = !      
ladies :o 7 to be pres5t at ! c]emony4  
,! pill>s & walls ( ! *ur* 7 ri*ly      
adorn$ ) curi\s %eets ( silk1 &         
pictures4 ,ne> to ! bell 0 erect$ an    
alt> v neatly set =?1 & on x lay a :ite 
sat9 robe1 :i* 0 to be put ^u ! bell z  
soon z x %\ld be baptiz$1 ) a great &   
*oice g>l& ( fl[]s3 !re 0 also ^u ! alt>
 a ,roman ritual1 a c5s]1 & a vessel )  
holy wat]1 & r\nd ab\t ! alt> ri* elb[  
*airs = ! prie/s :o 7 to p]=m ! c]emony4
 ,j ov] aga9/ x a ?rone 0 se51 mo/      

magnific5tly hung1 = ! godfa!r & godmo!r
 ( ! bell4  ,ab\t t5 o'clock ! company  
came1 & hav+ tak5 _! sev]al places1 !   
prie/s began _! function4 ,he :o        
(ficiat$ 0 a bi%op 9 p>tibus1 :om !     
bi%op ( ,veletre1 be+ at t "t v sick1 _h
 deput$ = ?is purpose1 & 8 *air 0 plac$ 
^u ! /eps ( ! high alt>4 ,he /ruck up ! 
fir/ ,psalm1 :i* 0 cont9u$ by ! music4  
,! psalms1 by ! way1 :i* may be se5 9 ! 
,roman ritual1 h z mu* ref]5ce to !     
baptiz+ ( ! moon1 z to ! baptiz+ ( a    
bell3 = ! prophet ,david v probably _h n
 ! lea/ notion ( ! baptism ( bells4     
,aft] ! psalms 7 end$1 ! bi%op began !  
bless+ ( holy wat]1 to sanctify x 9 !   
fir/ place1 to ! end t aft]w>ds x might 
sanctify ! bell also4 ,?is b5$iction is 
v long1 & no less ridicul\s2 :i* be+    
f9i%$1 ! bi%op & prie/s dipp$ spunges 9 
x1 ) :i* !y rubb$ ov] ! bell1 f ! top to
 ! bottom1 )9 & )\t1 be+ 9 ?is reg>d    
c]ta9ly mu* bett] baptiz$ ?an *ildr5    
are1 ^u ^: heads only !y p\r or spr9kle 
x4 ,!y repeat$1 9 ! mean "t1 abundance (

 pray]s1 :i* speak ( no?+ else b heav5ly
 bless+s1 t are to purify1 sanctify1 &  
consecrate ! bell4 ,ut hoc t9t9nabulum  
7say !y7 coele/e b5$ictione p]fund]e1   
purific>e1 sanctific>e1 et consecr>e    
dign]is3 ',t ?\ w\lde/ be pleas$ to     
r9se1 purify1 sanctify1 & consecrate ?is
 bell ) ?y heav5ly b5$iction4'  ,! bell 
be+ ?us wa%$1 !y dri$ x ) clean napk9s2 
& ! bi%op hav+ tak5 ! vial ( holy oils1 
:i* are ^? !y bless on ,holy ,?ursday = 
! :ole ye> foll[+1 he !re) ano9t$ !     
cross ( metal1 :i* is on ! top ( ! bell1
 9 ord] to make ! devils flee at ! s\nd 
or r++ ( x3 ,ut hoc audi5tes            
t9t9nabulum1 tremiscant et fugiant ante 
crucis 9 eo depictum vexillum3 ',t he>+ 
?is bell1 !y may tremble & flee be=e !  
bann] ( ?y cross design$ ^u x4' ,he     
aft]w>ds made sev5 o!r crosses ) ! said 
oil ^u ! outside ( ! bell1 & f\r on !   
inside4 ,?is done1 he made ! godfa!r &  
godmo!r draw ne>1 & dem&$ ( !m 9        
,italian1 ',:e!r !y 7 ! p]sons t pres5t$
 ?is bell to be consecrat$8' ,:o hav+   

answ]$ t !y did1 he !n ask$ !m1 ',:e!r !
 metal ( ! bell1 & ! workman%ip ( x1 _h 
be5 paid = to ! artific]s8' ,to :i* !y  
answ]$1 ',yea4'--,!y make ?is dem&1     
because x _h sometimes happ5$1 t = want 
( prop] paym5t1 ! workm5 h seiz$ & fet*$
 away _! bells ! same day1 or ! day aft]
 !y _h be5 baptiz$1 & h melt$ !m d[n to 
be employ$ to pr(ane uses4 ,! ?ird "q he
 ask$ ( !m 01 ',:e!r !y believ$ all t ! 
,ca?olic apo/olic *ur*es believes       
conc]n+ ! hol9ess & virtue ( bells8' ,! 
answ] to :i* 0 affirmative also4 ,9 !   
la/ place1 he dem&$ ( !m1 ',:at "n !y   
desir$ %\ld be put ^u ! bell8' ,to :i* !
 lady repli$1 ',m>y4' ,!n ! bi%op took  
two great silk rib&s1 :i* _h be5 fa/5$  
to ! gudgeons ( ! bell1 & gave ea* ( !m 
"o 9 _! h&s1 & pron\nc$1 ) a l\d        
intelligible voice1 ! words (           
consecration1 :i* are ^!1--,consecretur 
et sanctificetur signum i/ud1 9 nom9e   
,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus        
,sancti4 ,am54 ',let ?is sign be        
consecrat$ & sanctifi$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1

 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4 ,am54' ,!n turn+  
himself to ! p1 he said1 ',! "n ( ?is   
bell is ,m>y4' ,he !n takes ! c5s]1 &   
c5se? x on ! outside r\nd ab\t1 &       
aft]w>ds puts ! c5s] "u ! bell1 fill+ x 
) sacr$ fumes1 & repeat+ pray]s &       
invocations1 t x might be fill$ ) ! dew 
( ! ,holy ,_s1 t at ! s\nd ( x ! enemy (
 all good may take 8 flight4  ,! (fice 0
 c>ri$ on ) a great numb] ( psalms1 :i* 
!y repeat$1 ! music all ! :ile p]=m+    
wond]s2 & !n ! bi%op1 to sum up ! :ole  
c]emony1 array$ ! bell ) ! :ite robe ( a
 proselyte1 or conv]t1 & ) a l\d voice  
read ! gospel ( ',m>y & ,m>?a4' ,i      
suppos$ at t "t t ! reason ( _! read+   
?is gospel 01 because ! bell 0 call$    
,m>y2 b ,i h s9ce se51 9 ! ,roman       
ritual1 t ! same gospel is read at !    
consecration ( all bells1 :atev] _!     
names be4 ,?is is :at ,i am a/oni%$ at1 
because t gospel ha? no ref]5ce at all  
to ! c]emony4 ,! :ole solemnity be+ ?us 
end$1 ! bi%op gave 8 b5$iction1 & !     
prie/s receiv$ great pres5ts f ! godfa!r

 & godmo!r4   ,a ,,curi\s ,,baptism1 :i*
 took place at ,,dubl91 9 ! ye>         
#ahjg4--;,a ,moor1 a native ( ,mogadore1
 9 ,africa1 a /rict obs]v] ( ! religion 
( ,mahomet1 we>+ always1 ( c\rse1 !     
co/ume ( 8 c\ntry1 resid$ a few mon?s 9 
! above city4 ,a family1 :]e he         
occasionally visit$1 be+ ab\t to baptize
 _! infant1 solicit$ ! /rang] to /&     
godfa!r1 :i* 0 imm$iately cons5t$ to2 & 
on ! appo9t$ day1 he appe>$ spl5didly   
array$ 9 8 turban & robes1 at ! sacr$   
font1 :]e1 ) due solemnity1 he answ]$ to
 ! accu/om$ int]rogatives1--,all ?is ,i 
/$fa/ly believe4 ,to add /ill fur!r to !
 oddity ( ! circum/ance1 ! fa!r 0 a     
memb] ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 & ! "m (
 ! ,e/abli%$ "o4   ,"s acc\nt (         
,,kalmuck ,,pray+ ,,ma*9es3 f ,travels 9
 ! ,caucasus & ,georgia4--,among ! mo/  
rem>kable ( ! sacr$ ut5sils ( ! temples1
 is ! ,krd1 a cyl9drical vessel ( wood  
or metal1 ei!r v small1 or ( imm5se     
size4 ,9 its c5tre is fix$ an iron axle2
 b ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is q holl[1

 is fill$ ) sacr$ writ+s1 ! leaves ( :i*
 are all /uck "o to ano!r at ! edge1    
?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?4 ,?is pap] is roll$ 
tightly r\nd ! axis ( ! cyl9d] till !   
:ole space is fill$ up4 ,a close cov] is
 fix$ on at ea* end1 & ! :ole krd is v  
neatly f9i%$1 pa9t$ on ! outside )      
allegorical repres5tations1 or ,indian  
pray]s1 & v>ni%$4 ,?is cyl9d] is fa/5$  
upright 9 a frame by ! axis2 s t !      
latt]1 by means ( a :eel atta*$ to x    
bel[1 may be set a-go+ ) a /r+1 & ) a   
slight pull kept 9 a con/ant rotatory   
motion4 ,:5 ?is cyl9d] is l>ge1 ano!r1  
twice z small1 & fill$ ) writ+1 is fix$ 
= ornam5t at ! top ( x4 ,! inscription  
on su* pray]-:eels commonly consi/s (   
masses = s\ls1 psalms1 & ! six great    
g5]al litanies1 9 :i* ! mo/ mov+        
petitions are pref]r$ = ! welf>e ( all  
creatures4 ,! text !y sometimes repeat a
 hundr$1 or ev5 a ?\s& times1 attribut+1
 f sup]/ition1 a proportionably augm5t$ 
effect to ?is repetition1 & believ+ t by
 ^! frequ5t copies1 comb9$ ) _! ?\s&s ( 

revolutions1 !y w prove s mu* ! m       
efficaci\s4 ,y frequ5tly see1 z well on 
! habitations ( ! prie/s1 z on ! :ole   
ro( ( ! temple1 small krd plac$ close to
 ea* o!r1 9 r[s1 by way ( ornam5t2 & n  
only ov] ! gates1 b likewise 9 ! fields1
 frames set up expressly = ^!           
pray+-ma*9es1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ mov$ by 
a /r+1 are turn$ by ! w9d1 by means (   
f\r sails1 %ap$ & holl[$ out l spoons4  
,o!r simil> krd are fa/5$ to /icks (    
mod]ate ?ickness2 a lead5 weight is !n  
fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] by a /r+1 :i*1 :5 x is
 once set a-go+1 keeps x1 ) ! help ( !  
/ick1 9 con/ant motion4 ,su* l          
pray]-:eels1 neatly wr\ght1 are fa/5$ ^u
 %ort /icks to a small wood5 p$e/al1 &  
/& ^u ! alt>s1 = ! use ( pi\s p]sons4   
,:ile ! pray]-:eel is ?us turn$ r\nd )  
"o h&1 ! devotee takes ! ros>y 9 ! o!r1 
& at ! same "t repeats p5it5tial psalms4
  ,a f\r? k9d ( ^! krd is con/ruct$ on !
 same pr9ciple z ^? :i* are turn$ by    
w9d1 only x is some:at small]1 & ! frame
 is adapt$ to be hung up by a cord1 9 ! 

*imneys ( ! habitations or huts ( !     
,monguls4 ,:5 !re is a good fire1 !y are
 likewise set 9 motion by ! smoke & !   
curr5t ( air1 & cont9ue to turn r\nd z  
long z ! fire is kept up4  ,a fif? k9d (
 krd is erect$ on a small /ream ( wat]1 
^u a f\ndation l t ( a mill1 ov] :i* a  
small h\se is built to protect x f !    
wea!r4 ,by means ( ! :eel atta*$ to x1 &
 ! curr5t1 ! cyl9d] is 9 l mann] kept 9 
a con/ant circul> motion4 ,^! wat] krd  
are commonly con/ruct$ on a l>ge scale1 
& ma9ta9$ at ! jo9t exp5se ( !          
inhabitants ( a :ole di/rict4 ,!y h a   
ref]5ce to all aquatic animals1 :e!r    
alive or dead1 ^: temporal & et]nal     
happ9ess is ! aim ( ! writ+s conta9$ 9  
!m1 9 l mann] z ! object ( ! fire4 ,krd 
is ! salvation ( ! s\ls ( all animals   
suff]+ by fire4   ,,curi\s ,,acc\nt ,,( 
,,an ,,expiatory ,,p5ance ,,at          
,,calcutta4--,ab\t a mile f ! t[n is a  
pla91 :]e ! natives annually und]go a v 
/range k9d ( p5ance on ! #i? ( ,april2  
"s = ! s9s !y h committ$1 o!rs = ^? !y  

may commit1 & o!rs 9 consequ5ce ( a v[  
made by _! p>5ts4 ,?is c]emony is p]=m$ 
9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,?irty bamboos1 ea*   
ab\t ! height ( tw5ty feet1 are erect$ 9
 ! pla9 above-m5tion$4 ,on ! top ( ^! !y
 contrive to fix a swivel1 & ano!r      
bamboo ( ?irty feet or m crosses x1 at  
bo? ends ( :i* hangs a rope4 ,! p pull  
d[n "o end ( ?is rope1 & ! devotee1     
plac+ himself "u x1 ! brahm9 p9*es up a 
l>ge piece ( sk9 "u bo? ! %\ld] blades1 
sometimes 9 ! brea/s1 & ?ru/s a /rong   
iron hook ?r\gh ea*4 ,^! hooks h l9es ( 
,indian grass hang+ to !m1 :i* ! prie/  
makes fa/ to ! rope at ! end ( ! cross  
bamboo1 & at ! same "t puts a sa% r\nd !
 body ( ! devotee1 lay+ x loosely 9 !   
holl[ ( ! hooks1 le/1 by ! sk9 giv+ way1
 he %\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! p !n haul  
d[n ! o!r end ( ! bamboo3 by :i* !      
devotee is imm$iately lift$ up ?irty    
feet or m f ! gr\nd1 & !y run r\nd z fa/
 z _! legs c c>ry !m4 ,?us ! devotee is 
?r[n out ! :ole l5g? ( ! rope1 :]e1 z he
 sw+s1 he plays a ?\s& antic tricks2 be+

 pa9t$ & dress$ 9 a v p>ticul> mann]1 on
 purpose to make him look m ridicul\s4  
,"s ( !m cont9ue sw++ half an h\r1 o!rs 
less4 ,! devotees und]go a prep>ation ( 
f\r days = ?is c]emony4 ,on ! fir/ &    
?ird1 !y ab/a9 f all k9ds ( food2 b eat 
fruit on ! o!r two4 ,dur+ ?is "t (      
prep>ation !y walk ab\t ! /reets 9 _!   
fanta/ical dresses1 danc+ to ! s\nd (   
drums & horns2 & "s1 to express ! great]
 ard\r ( devotion1 run a wire ( iron q  
?r\gh _! tongues1 & sometimes ?r\gh _!  
*eeks4  ,happy are ,*ri/ians 9 be+      
deliv]$ f ! d>kness1 absurdities1 &     
horrors ( sup]/ition1 by ! bright       
effulg5ce ( ! ,sun ( righte\sness6      
,,*ap4 ,,lxv4  ,,curiosities ,,respect+ 
,,v>i\s ,,ph5om5a ,,or ,,appe>ances ,,9 
,,nature4    ----------------,a w&'r+   
fire   ,compact ( unctu\s vap\r1 :i* !  
night   ,cond5ses1 & ! cold environs    
r\nd1   ,k9dl$ ?r\gh agitation to a     
flame1   7,:i* (t1 !y say1 "s evil _s   
att5ds17   ,hov]+1 & blaz+ ) delusive   
light1   ,misleads ?' amaz'd night-w&]] 

f 8 way   ,?r\gh bogs & mire4           
,milton4   ,,on ,,! ,,ignis ,,fatuus4   
,! ,ignis ,fatuus is a lum9\s appe>ance1
 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 boggy    
di/ricts & ne> riv]s1 ?\gh sometimes    
also 9 dry places4 ,by its appe>ance1   
b5ight$ travell]s are said to h be5     
sometimes l$ into imm95t dang]1 tak+ x =
 a c&le at a di/ance2 f :i* seem+ly     
mis*iev\s prop]ty x has be5 ?\ght by !  
vulg> to be a _s ( a malignant nature1 &
 be5 nam$ accord+ly1 ,w-)-a-,wisp1 or   
,jack-)-a-,lant]n2 = ! same reason t x  
_h its ,lat9 "n ,ignis ,fatuus4 ,?is    
light is frequ5tly se5 ab\t bury+-places
 & dunghills4 ,"s c\ntries are also     
rem>kable = x1 z ab\t ,bologna 9 ,italy1
 & "s p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,e?iopia4 ,its =ms 
are s unc]ta9 & v>iable1 t !y c sc>cely 
be describ$1 especially z philosophical 
obs]v]s seldom meet ) x4 ,dr4 ,d]ham1   
h[ev]1 "o night p]ceiv$ "o ( !m1 & got s
 ne> t he _h a v advantage\s view ( x4  
,?is is v difficult to be obta9$2 =1    
among o!r s+ul>ities ( ! ignis fatuus1 x

 avoids ! approa* ( any p]son1 & flies f
 place to place z if x 7 animat$4 ,t :i*
 ,dr4 ,d]ham obs]v$1 0 9 "s boggy gr\nd 
betwixt two rocky hills2 & ! night 0 d>k
 & calm1 by :i* means he 0 enabl$ to    
advance )9 two or ?ree y>ds ( x4 ,x     
appe>$ l a complete body ( light )\t any
 division1 s t he 0 sure x c\ld n be    
occasion$ by insects4 ,x kept danc+ ab\t
 a dead ?i/le1 till a v slight motion ( 
! air1 occasion$1 z he suppos$1 by 8 ne>
 approa* to x1 made x jump to ano!r     
place2 aft] :i* x kept fly+ be=e him z  
he advanc$4  ,becc>i obta9$ in=mation1 t
 two ( ^! lights appe>$ 9 ! pla9s ab\t  
,bologna1 ! "o nor?1 ! o!r s\? ( t city1
 & 7 to be se5 almo/ e d>k night1       
especially t to ! ea/w>d1 giv+ a light  
equal to an ord9>y faggot4 ,! latt]     
appe>$ to a g5tleman ( 8 acqua9tance1 z 
he 0 travell+2 mov$ con/antly be=e him =
 ab\t a mile1 & gave a bett] light ?an a
 tor* :i* 0 c>ri$ be=e him4 ,bo? ^!     
appe>ances gave a v /rong light1 & 7    
con/antly 9 motion4 ,sometimes !y w\ld  

rise1 sometimes s9k2 b commonly !y w\ld 
hov] ab\t six feet f ! gr\nd2 !y w\ld   
also frequ5tly disappe> on a sudd51 &   
appe> aga9 9 "s o!r place4 ,!y diff]$   
also 9 size & figure1 sometimes spread+ 
pretty wide1 & !n contract+ !mselves2   
sometimes break+ into two1 & !n jo9+    
aga94 ,sometimes !y w\ld appe> l waves1 
at o!rs !y w\ld seem to drop sp>ks (    
fire3 !y 7 b little affect$ by ! w9d2 & 
9 wet or ra9y wea!r1 7 frequ5tly obs]v$ 
to ca/ a /rong] light ?an 9 dry wea!r3  
!y 7 also obs]v$ m frequ5tly :5 sn[ lay 
^u ! gr\nd1 ?an 9 ! hotte/ summ]2 b he 0
 assur$1 t !re 0 n a d>k night ?r\gh\t !
 :ole ye>1 9 :i* !y 7 n to be se54 ,!   
gr\nd ea/ ( ,bologna1 :]e ! l>ge/ ( ^! 0
 obs]v$1 is a h>d *alky soil mix$ )     
clay1 :i* reta9s moi/ure long1 b breaks 
& cracks 9 hot wea!r4 ,on ! m\nta9s1 :]e
 ! soil is loos]1 ! ignes fatui 7 less4 
,f ! be/ in=mation1 ,m4 ,becc>i f\nd t  
^! lights 7 v frequ5t ab\t riv]s &      
brooks4 ,he concludes 8 n>rative ) !    
foll[+ s+ul> acc\nt4--  ,an intellig5t  

g5tleman travell+ 9 ! ev5+1 betwe5 eight
 & n9e o'clock1 9 a hilly road ab\t t5  
miles s\? ( ,bologna1 p]ceiv$ a light   
:i* %one v /rongly ^u "s /ones :i* lay  
on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,v]de4 ,x seem$ to  
be ab\t two feet above ! /ones1 & ne> ! 
wat]4 ,9 size & figure x _h ! appe>ance 
( a p>allelo-pip$1 above a foot 9 l5g?1 
& half a foot high1 ! l>ge/ side be+    
p>allel to ! horizon4 ,its light 0 s    
/rong1 t he c\ld pla9ly see by x "p ( a 
neighb\r+ h$ge & ! wat] ( ! riv]2 only 9
 ! ea/ corn] ( x ! light 0 r fa9t1 & !  
squ>e figure less p]fect1 z if x 7 cut  
(f or d>k5$ by ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,on 
exam9+ x a little ne>]1 he 0 surpris$ to
 f9d t x *ang$ gradually f a bright r$  
to a yell[i%1 & !n to a pale col\r1 9   
proportion z he drew ne>]2 & :5 he came 
to ! place itself x q vani%$4 ,^u ?is1  
he /epp$ back1 & n only saw x aga91 b   
f\nd t ! f>!r he w5t f x1 ! /rong] &    
bright] x grew4 ,:5 he exam9$ ! place ( 
?is lum9\s appe>ance1 he c\ld p]ceive no
 smell1 nor any o!r m>k ( fire1 ,ano!r  

g5tleman in=m$ ,m4 ,becc>i1 t he _h se5 
! same light five or six diff]5t times 9
 spr+ & autumn2 & t x always appe>$ ( ! 
same %ape1 & 9 ! v same spot4 ,"o night 
9 p>ticul>1 he obs]v$ x come out ( a    
neighb\r+ field to settle 9 ! usual     
place4  ,a v rem>kable acc\nt ( an ignis
 fatuus is giv5 by ,dr4 ,%aw1 9 8       
,travels to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,x appe>$ 9 !  
valleys ( m\nt ,ephraim1 & att5d$ him & 
8 company = above an h\r4 ,sometimes x  
appe>$ globul>1 or l ! flame ( a c&le1  
at o!rs x spread to su* a degree z to   
involve ! :ole c\ntry 9 a pale in(f5sive
 light1 !n contract$ itself1 & sudd5ly  
disappe>$1 b 9 less ?an a m9ute x w\ld  
appe> aga92 sometimes1 runn+ swiftly    
along1 x w\ld exp& itself at c]ta9      
int]vals ov] m ?an two or ?ree acres ( !
 adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,! atmosph]e f !      
beg9n+ ( ! ev5+ _h be5 rem>kably ?ick & 
hazy2 & ! dew1 z !y felt x on ! bridles 
( _! horses1 0 v clammy & unctu\s4      
,lights resembl+ ! ignis fatuus are     
sometimes obs]v$ at sea1 skipp+ ab\t !  

ma/s & rigg+ ( %ips2 & ,dr4 ,%aw in=ms  
u1 t he has se5 ^! 9 su* wea!r z t j    
m5tion$1 :5 he saw ! ignis fatuus 9     
,pale/9e4 ,simil> appe>ances h be5      
obs]v$ 9 v>i\s o!r situations2 & we are 
told ( "o :i* appe>$ ab\t ! b$ ( a woman
 9 ,milan1 surr\nd+ x1 z well z h] body1
 entirely4 ,?is light fl$ f ! h& :i*    
approa*$2 b 0 at l5g? entirely disp]s$  
by ! motion ( ! air4  ,( ! same k9d     
also1 mo/ probably1 are ^? small lum9\s 
appe>ances :i* sometimes appe> 9 h\ses1 
or ne> !m1 call$1 9 ,scotl&1 ,elf-c&les1
 & :i* are suppos$ to port5d ! dea? ( "s
 p]son ab\t ! h\se4 ,9 g5]al ^! lights  
are h>mless1 ?\gh n always2 = "s ( !m h 
encompass$ /acks ( hay & corn1 & set !m 
on fire2 s t !y became objects ( great  
t]ror to ! c\ntry p4 ,( ^!1 x 0 obs]v$1 
t !y w\ld avoid a drawn sword1 or       
%>p-po9t$ iron in/rum5t2 & t !y w\ld be 
driv5 away by a great noise4  ,sev]al   
philosoph]s h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ^!  
appe>ances1 b hi!rto ) no great success2
 nor inde$ does !re seem to be suffici5t

 data = solv+ all _! ph5om5a4 ,sir      
,isaac ,newton calls x a vap\r %9+ )\t  
heat2 & supposes t !re is ! same        
diff]5ce betwe5 a vap\r ( ! ignis fatuus
 & flame1 t !re is betwe5 ! %9+ ( rott5 
wood & burn+ coals4 ,b ?\gh ?is seems   
g5]ally to be ! case1 !re are           
exceptions1 z has be5 in/anc$ 9 ! vap\rs
 :i* set fire to ! /acks ( corn4 ,dr4   
,prie/ley supposes t ! light is ( ! same
 nature ) t produc$ by putresc5t        
sub/ances2 o!rs1 t ! electrical fluid is
 pr9cipally conc]n$2 b none h attempt$  
to give any p>ticul> solution ( !       
ph5om5a4  ,f ! frequ5t appe>ance ( !    
ignis fatuus 9 m>%es1 moi/ gr\nd1       
bury+-places1 & dunghills1 putrefaction 
seems to be conc]n$ 9 ! production ( x4 
,?is process is att5d$ ) ! emission ( an
 aque\s /eam1 toge!r ) a quantity ( fix$
 inflammable & alkal9e air1 bl5d$ toge!r
 9 "o common vap\r4 ,x is likewise      
att5d$ ) "s degree ( heat1 & !re are "s 
vap\rs1 t ( sulphur p>ticul>ly1 :i*     
becomes lum9\s ) a degree ( heat mu*    

less ?an t suffici5t to set fire to     
combu/ibles4 ,! putrid vap\r1 !re=e1 may
 be capable ( %9+ ) a /ill small] degree
 ( heat ?an t ( sulphur1 & consequ5tly  
may become lum9\s by t :i* putrefaction 
alone af=ds4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! ignis 
fatuus1 7 x only a /eady lum9\s vap\r   
aris+ f places :]e putrid matt]s are    
conta9$2 b its extreme mobility1 & fly+ 
f "o place to ano!r on ! approa* ( any  
p]son1 _c be acc\nt$ = on ?is pr9ciple4 
,if "o quantity ( ! putrid vap\r becomes
 lum9\s by means ( heat1 all ! re/ ought
 to d s likewise2 s t ?\gh we may all[  
heat & putrefaction to be conc]n$1 yet (
 necessity we mu/ h rec\rse to "s o!r   
ag5t1 :i* c be no o!r ?an electricity4  
,)\t ?is1 x is impossible to conceive h[
 any body ( moveable vap\r %\ld n be    
c>ri$ away by ! w9d2 b s f> is ?is f be+
 ! case1 t ! ignes fatui describ$ by ,m4
 ,becc>i1 7 b little affect$ by ! w9d4  
,x is1 besides1 prov$ by und\bt$        
exp]im5t1 t electricity is always att5d$
 ) "s degree ( heat2 & ?is1 h[ev] small1

 may be suffici5t to give a lum9\s      
prop]ty to any vap\r on :i* x acts      
/rongly3 n to add1 t ! electric fluid   
itself is no o!r ?an light1 & may !re=e 
by its action easily produce a lum9\s   
appe>ance indep5d5t ( any vap\r4 ,we h a
 /rong pro( t electricity is conc]n$1 or
 inde$ ! pr9cipal ag5t1 9 produc+ !     
ignis fatuus1 f an exp]im5t relat$ by   
,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ( a flame ( ?is k9d be+ 
artificially produc$4  ,a g5tleman1 :o  
_h be5 mak+ _m electrical exp]im5ts = a 
:ole aft]noon 9 a small room1 on go+ out
 ( x1 obs]v$ a flame foll[+ him at "s   
little di/ance4 ,?is 0 d\btless a true  
ignis fatuus1 & ! circum/ances necess>y 
to produce x 7 !n pres5t1 viz4 an       
atmosph]e impregnat$ ) animal vap\r1 &  
likewise /rongly electrifi$1 = !        
quantity ( p]spiration emitt$ by a human
 body is by no means inconsid]able2 & x1
 z well z ! electricity1 w\ld be        
collect$ by reason ( ! smallness ( !    
room4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re seems to h
 be5 a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 !    

artificial ignis fatuus1 & ^? commonly  
met )2 = ?is flame foll[$ ! g5tleman z  
he w5t out ( ! room1 b ! natural ones   
commonly fly f ^? :o approa* !m4 ,?is   
may be acc\nt$ =1 f a diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
electricity ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! "o room & 
! o!r2 9 :i* case ! flame w\ld naturally
 be attract$ t[>ds t place :]e !        
electricity 0 ei!r diff]5t 9 quality or 
9 quantity2 b 9 ! natural way1 :]e all  
bodies may be suppos$ equally electrifi$
 = a great way r\nd1 a repulsion w z    
naturally take place4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ?is 
does n seem to be always ! case4 ,9 ^?  
in/ances :]e travell]s h be5 att5d$ by  
an ignis fatuus1 we _c suppose x to h   
be5 influ5c$ by any o!r p[] ?an :at we  
call attraction1 & :i* electricity is v 
capable ( produc+4 ,its keep+ at "s     
di/ance1 is likewise easily acc\nt$ =2 z
 we "k t bodies possess$ ( diff]5t      
quantities ( electricity may be made to 
attract "o ano!r = a c]ta9 space1 & !n  
repel )\t hav+ ev] come into contact4   
,on ?is pr9ciple we may acc\nt = ! light

 :i* surr\nd$ ! woman at ,milan1 b fl$ f
 ! h& ( any o!r p]son4 ,on ! same       
pr9ciple may we acc\nt = ^? mis*iev\s   
vap\rs :i* set fire to ! hay & corn     
/acks1 b 7 driv5 away by pres5t+ to !m a
 po9t$ iron in/rum5t1 or by mak+ a      
noise4 ,bo? ^! are kn[n to h a great    
effect ^u ! electric matt]2 & by means (
 ei!r1 lightn+ may occasionally be made 
to fall ^u1 or to avoid1 p>ticul>       
places1 accord+ to ! circum/ances by :i*
 ! g5]al mass happ5s to be effect$4 ,on 
! :ole1 !re=e1 x seems mo/ probable1 t !
 ignis fatuus is a collection ( vap\rs (
 ! putresc5t k9d1 v mu* affect$ by      
electricity2 accord+ to ! degree ( :i*1 
x w ei!r give a weak or /rong light1 or 
ev5 set fire to c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,?is   
op9ion seems to be confirm$ f "s lum9\s 
appe>ances obs]v$ 9 privies1 :]e !      
putrid vap\rs h be5 collect$ into balls1
 & explod$ viol5tly on ! approa* ( a    
c&le4 ,?is la/ effect1 h[ev]1 we _c s   
well ascribe to ! electricity1 z to !   
asc5sion ( ! inflammable air :i* ab\nds 

9 su* places4  ,9 ! ,app5dix to ,dr4    
,prie/ley's ?ird volume ( ,exp]im5ts &  
,obs]vations on ,air1 ,mr4 ,w>ltire     
gives an acc\nt ( "s v rem>kable ignes  
fatui1 :i* he obs]v$ on ! road to       
,bromsgrove1 ab\t five miles f          
,birm+ham4 ,! "t ( obs]vation 0 ! #ab? (
 ,decemb]1 #aggf1 be=e daylight4 ,_m (  
^! lights 7 play+ 9 an adjac5t field1 9 
diff]5t directions2 f "s ( :i* sudd5ly  
sprang up bright bran*es ( light1       
some:at resembl+ ! explosion ( a rocket 
t conta9$ _m brilliant />s1 if ! dis*>ge
 0 upw>ds1 in/ead ( ! usual direction2 &
 ! h$ge1 & trees on ea* side ( ! h$ge1 7
 illum9at$4 ,?is appe>ance cont9u$ b a  
few seconds1 & !n ! jack-)-a-lant]n     
play$ z be=e4 ,mr4 ,w>ltire 0 n ne>     
en\gh to obs]ve if ! app>5t explosion 0 
att5d$ ) any report4  ,cron/$t gives x z
 8 op9ion1 t ignes fatui1 z well z fall+
 />s1 are ow+ to collections (          
inflammable air rais$ to a great height 
9 ! atmosph]e4 ,b1 ) reg>d to ! latt]1 !
 va/ height at :i* !y move1 evid5tly    

%ews t !y _c be ! effect ( any gravitat+
 vap\r :atev]2 = ! lighte/ inflammable  
air is "o-twelf? ( t ( ! common         
atmosph]e3 & we h no reason to believe1 
t at ! di/ance ( =ty or fifty miles f ! 
e>?1 ! latt] has ne> "o-twelf? ( its    
weight at ! surface4 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 by
 ,mr4 ,w>ltire1 we %\ld be apt to       
conclude1 t !re is a /rong aff9ity      
betwixt ! ignes fatui & fireballs1      
insomu* t ! "o might be v easily conv]t$
 into ! o!r4 ,electricity c assume bo?  
^! appe>ances1 z is evid5t 9 ! case (   
po9ts2 or ev5 :5 ! atmosph]e is viol5tly
 electrifi$1 z ar\nd ! /r+ ( an         
electrifi$ kite1 :i* always w appe> to  
be surr\nd$ ) a blue flame 9 ! night1 if
 ! electricity be v /rong4 ,on ! :ole1 x
 appe>s t electricity1 act+ ^u a small  
quantity ( atmosph]ical air ) a c]ta9   
degree ( vig\r1 w produce an appe>ance  
resembl+ an ignis fatuus2 ) a sup]ior   
=ce x w produce a fire-ball2 & a sudd5  
increase ( electrical p[] might produce 
^? sp>ks & app>5t explosions obs]v$ by  

,mr4 ,w>ltire4 ,?is appe>ance has       
produc$ _m sup]/iti\s fe>s 9 ! ignorant 
& un$ucat$4  ,to ^? :o h1 un=tunately1  
be5 badly educat$ 9 ?is respect1 a      
fri5dly act w\ld be1 to endeav\r ) s\nd 
reason+ to conv9ce !m ( _! error1 &     
dissuade !m f giv+ he$1 9 future1 to    
idle1 sup]/iti\s1 or inconsi/5t /ories (
 any k9d2 advis+ !m to furni% !mselves )
 su* k1 z may h a t5d5cy to produce true
 pleasure & happ9ess ?r\gh life1 & :i*1 
:5 dy+1 !y c reflect ^u )\t uneas9ess4  
,! natural (fspr+ ( prevail+ sup]/ition 
is infidelity4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is1 ! pres5t
 times af=d u a lam5table example4 ,:]e 
ignorance & fe> once rul$ supreme1 !re  
has ra% philosophy b too successfully   
plant$ presumption & a!ism4 ',tis !     
diffusion ( pure & solid k1 :i* alone c 
pres]ve u f ! dom9ion ( ^! opposite     
tyrants4 ,h[ %\ld ?is consid]ation      
increase our zeal & /imulate our        
endeav\rs6 ,! imm$iate sph]e ( our      
action may be circumscrib$1 b our       
ex]tions w n on t acc\nt be entirely    

lo/4 ,9 t circumscrib$ sph]e let u lab\r
 to root out e sup]/iti\s ly+ vanity1 & 
plant pure religion & unsophi/icat$ tru?
 9 its /ead4  ,h[ *>m+1 h[ enliv5+ to ! 
s\l1 to gaze ^u ! dawn+ beams ( op5+    
light1 to behold !m irradiate t dismal  
gloom ( intellectual d>kness1 :i* long  
ov]:elm$ ! millions ( mank9d3 h[        
supremely pleas+1 to view !m wid] & wid]
 spread+ _! invigorat+ influ5ce3 h[     
raptur\sly transport+1 to contemplate ! 
respl5d5t prospect ( pure & p]fect day6 
--------------,p[] supreme6   ,o ev]la/+
 ,k+6 to !e we kneel1   ,to !e we lift  
our voice6--  ,o spread ?y b5ign1 ?y    
vivify+ light ov] ! dwell+s ( ! sons (  
m52 dispel ! yet imp5d+ mi/s ( ignorance
 & sup]/ition3 &1 ,o pres]ve u f !      
dismal gulf ( infidelity & a!ism2 let ?y
 tru? run & prevail glori\sly2 let pure 
cele/ial wisdom ov]spread ! e>? z !     
wat]s cov] ! sea6--,!n %all millions    
kneel be=e !e ) grateful & enraptur$    
he>ts2 !n %all !y rejoice to s+ !       
praises ( !e1 _! ,b5efactor1 _! ,fa!r1 &

 _! ,god3 !n %all ?is vale ( te>s be    
fill$ ) ! mansions ( joy & gladness1 &  
become a blissful =eta/e ( ^? regions1  
:]e ?y sa9ts1 cr[n$ ) unfad+ glory &    
felicity1 surr\nd ?y ?rone ) nev]-ceas+ 
hallelujahs6  ,see ,naylor on ,vulg>    
,sup]/itions4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxvi4        
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,v>i\s        
,,ph5om5a ,,or ,,appe>ances ,,9         
,,nature4--7,cont9u$47      ,extraord9>y
 ,prop]ties & ,effects ( ,light+--,?und]
 ,rod--,fire     ,balls--,t]rible       
,effects ( ,electrifi$ ,cl\ds--,surpris+
 ,effects (     extreme ,cold--,a/oni%+ 
,expansive ,=ce ( ,freez+4      ----,by 
conflict+ w9ds toge!r da%$1     ,! ?und]
 holds 8 black trem5d\s ?rone3     ,f   
cl\d to cl\d ! r5d+ lightn+s rage2      
,till1 9 ! furi\s elem5tal w>           
,dissolv'd1 ! :ole precipitat$ mass     
,unbrok5 floods & solid torr5ts p\rs4   
,?omson4   ,,extraord9>y ,,prop]ties ,,&
 ,,effects ,,( ,,lightn+4--,a v surpris+
 prop]ty ( lightn+ ( ! zigzag k9d1      
especially :5 ne>1 is1 its seem+        

omnipres5ce4 ,if two p]sons are /&+ 9 a 
room look+ diff]5t ways1 & a l\d clap ( 
?und]1 accompani$ ) zigzag lightn+1     
happ5s1 !y w bo? di/9ctly see ! fla%1 n 
only by t indi/9ct illum9ation ( !      
atmosph]e :i* is occasion$ by fire ( any
 k9d1 b ! v =m ( ! lightn+ itself1 & e  
angle x makes 9 its c\rse1 w be z       
di/9ctly p]ceptible z if bo? _h look$   
directly at ! cl\d f :5ce x proce$$4 ,if
 a p]son happ5$ at t "t to be look+ on a
 book1 or o!r object :i* he held 9 8 h&1
 he w\ld di/9ctly see ! =m ( ! lightn+  
betwe5 him & ! object at :i* he look$4  
,?is prop]ty seems peculi> to lightn+1 &
 to belong to no o!r k9d ( fire :atev]4 
,9 ,augu/ #agfc1 a mo/ viol5t /orm (    
?und]1 ra91 & hail1 happ5$ at ,london1  
:i* did damage 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry to !  
am\nt ( #ej1jjj4 ,hail/ones fell ( an   
imm5se size1 f two to t5 in*es 9        
circumf]5ce1 b ! mo/ surpris+           
circum/ance att5d+ ! hurricane 01 !     
sudd5 flux & reflux ( ! tide 9 ,plym\?  
pool1 exactly correspond+ ) ! l         

agitation 9 ! same place1 at ! "t ( !   
great e>?quake at ,lisbon4 ,in/ances h  
also occurr$ :]e lightn+1 by its own    
prop] =ce1 )\t any assi/ance f ^? less  
common agitations ( ! atmosph]e or      
electric fluid1 has ?r[n /ones ( imm5se 
weight to consid]able di/ances2 torn up 
trees by ! roots1 & broke !m 9 pieces2  
%att]$ rocks2 beat d[n h\ses1 & set !m  
on fire1 c4 ,! foll[+ s+ul> effect (    
lightn+1 ^u a pi$ bullock1 is record$ 9 
! sixty-six? volume ( ! ,philosophical  
,transactions4--  ,9 ! ev5+ ( ,sunday ! 
#bh? ( ,augu/1 #aggd1 !re 0 an appe>ance
 ( a ?und] /orm1 b we he>d no report4 ,a
 g5tleman :o 0 rid+ ne> ! m>%es n f> f  
?is t[n1 7,lewes7 saw two /rong fla%es (
 lightn+ runn+ along ! gr\nd ( ! m>%1 at
 ab\t n9e o'clock ,p4 ,m4 ,on ,monday   
morn+1 :5 ! s]vants ( ,mr4 ,rog]1 a f>m]
 at ,swanbor\gh1 w5t into ! m>% to fet* 
! ox5 to _! "w1 !y f\nd "o ( !m1 a      
f\r-ye>-old /e]1 /&+ up1 to appe>ance   
mu* burnt1 & s weak z to be sc>cely able
 to walk4 ,! animal seem$ to h be5 /ruck

 by lightn+ 9 a v extraord9>y mann]4 ,he
 0 ( a :ite & r$ col\r2 ! :ite 9 l>ge   
m>ks1 beg9n+ at ! rump bone1 & runn+ 9  
v>i\s directions along bo? sides2 !     
belly 0 all :ite1 & ! :ole head & horns 
:ite likewise4 ,! lightn+1 ) :i* he mu/ 
h be5 und\bt$ly /ruck1 fell ^u ! rump   
bone1 :i* 0 :ite1 & di/ribut$ itself    
along ! sides 9 su* a mann] z to take (f
 all ! hair f ! :ite m>ks z l[ z !      
bottom ( ! ribs1 b s z to leave a li/ ( 
:ite hair1 ab\t half an in* broad1 all  
r\nd :]e x jo9$ to ! r$1 & n a s+le hair
 ( ! r$ appe>s to h be5 t\*$4 ,! :ole   
belly 0 unhurt1 b ! end ( ! %ea? ( !    
p5is _h ! hair tak5 (f2 x 0 also tak5 (f
 f ! dewlap3 ! horns & ! curl$ hair on !
 =ehead 7 un9jur$2 b ! hair 0 tak5 (f f 
! sides ( ! face1 f ! flat "p ( !       
jaw-bones1 & f ! front ( ! face1 9      
/ripes4 ,!re 7 a few :ite m>ks on ! side
 & neck1 :i* 7 surr\nd$ ) r$2 & ! hair 0
 tak5 (f f !m1 leav+ half an in* ( :ite 
adjo9+ to ! r$4 ,! f>m] ano9t$ ! ox )   
oil = a =tnight2 ! animal purg$ v mu* at

 fir/1 & 0 greatly r$uc$ 9 fle%1 b      
aft]w>ds recov]$4 ,9 ano!r acc\nt ( ?is 
accid5t1 ! au?or supposes t ! bullock _h
 be5 ly+ d[n at ! "t he 0 /ruck2 :i*    
%ews ! reason t ! "u p>ts 7 n t\*$4 ,!  
lightn+1 conduct$ by ! :ite hair1 f !   
top ( ! back d[n ! sides1 came to !     
gr\nd at ! place :]e ! :ite hair 0 left 
entire4  ,! au?or ( ?is acc\nt says1 t  
he inquir$ ( ,mr4 ,too?1 a f>ri]1 :e!r  
he ev] knew ( a simil> accid5t2 & t he  
told him ! circum/ance 0 n new to him2 t
 he _h se5 _m pi$ bullocks /ruck by     
lightn+ 9 ! same mann]2 t ! texture ( ! 
sk9 "u ! :ite hair 0 always de/roy$1    
?\gh look+ fair at fir/2 b aft] a :ile x
 became sore1 ?r[+ out a putrid matt] 9 
pu/ules1 l ! small-pox ) u1 :i* 9 "t    
falls (f1 :5 ! hair gr[s aga91 & !      
bullocks receive no f>!r injury2 :i* 0 !
 case ) ! bullock 9 "q4 ,9 a subsequ5t  
lett]1 h[ev]1 ! v same au?or in=ms u1 t 
he _h inquir$ ( ,mr4 ,too?1 :e!r he ev] 
saw a /roke ( lightn+ actually fall ^u a
 pi$ bullock1 s z to de/roy ! :ite hair1

 & %ew evid5t m>ks ( burn+1 leav+ ! r$  
hair un9jur$8 ,he said he nev] did2 nor 
did he recollect any "o t _h4 ,he gave  
an acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( a pi$ horse1 belong+
 to himself1 :i* _h be5 /ruck dead by   
lightn+ 9 ! night "t4 ,! explosion 0 s  
viol5t1 t ,mr4 ,too? imag9$ 8 h\se _h   
be5 /ruck1 & !re=e imm$iately got up4   
,on go+ into ! /able1 he f\nd ! horse   
almo/ dead1 ?\gh x kept on its legs ne> 
half an h\r be=e x expir$4 ,! horse 0   
pi$ :ite on ! %\ld]1 & greate/ "p ( !   
head1 viz4 ! =ehead & nose1 :]e !       
greate/ =ce ( ! /roke came4 ,! hair 0 n 
burnt nor discol\r$1 only s loos5$ at ! 
root1 t x came (f ) ! lea/ t\*4 ,& ?is  
is ! case1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,too?'s      
obs]vation1 ) all t he has se5 or he>d  
(1 viz4 ! hair is nev] burnt1 b ! sk9   
always affect$4 ,9 ! horse1 all ! blood 
9 ! ve9s "u ! :ite p>ts ( ! head 0 q    
/agnat$1 ?\gh he c\ld p]ceive x to fl[ 9
 o!r p>ts z usual2 & ! sk91 toge!r ) "o 
side ( ! tongue1 0 p>*$ & dri$ up to a  
great] degree ?an he _h ev] se5 be=e4   

,ano!r in/ance is m5tion$ ( ?is         
extraord9>y effect ( lightn+ ^u a       
bullock1 9 :i* ev5 ! small r$ spots on !
 sides 7 unaffect$2 & 9 ?is1 z well z ! 
=m]1 ! :ite hair on ! "u "p ( ! belly1 &
 on ! legs1 0 left unt\*$4  ,"o v s+ul> 
effect ( lightn+ is1 t x has be5 obs]v$ 
to kill alt]nately1 t is1 suppos+ a     
numb] ( p /&+ 9 a l9e2 if ! fir/ p]son 0
 kill$1 ! second w\ld be safe2 ! ?ird   
w\ld be kill$1 & ! f\r? safe2 ! fif?    
kill$1 c4 ,effects ( ?is k9d are g5]ally
 produc$ by ! mo/ viol5t k9d ( lightn+2 
namely1 t :i* appe>s 9 ! =m ( balls1 :i*
 frequ5tly divide !mselves into sev]al  
p>ts be=e !y /rike4 ,if "o ( ^! p>ts ( a
 fire-ball /rike a man1 ano!r w n /rike 
! p]son :o /&s imm$iately close to him2 
because !re is always a repulsion betwe5
 bodies electrifi$ ! same way4 ,n[1 z ^!
 p>ts into :i* ! balls break h all !    
same k9d ( electricity1 x is evid5t t !y
 mu/ = t reason repel "o ano!r1 & ?is   
repulsion is s /rong1 t a man may be    
int]pos$ )9 ! /roke ( two ( !m1 )\t be+ 

hurt by ei!r4   ,,?und] ,,rod4--,dr4    
,frankl9 has demon/rat$ ! id5tity (     
?und] ) ! electric explosion4 ,he avail$
 himself ( _m curi\s discov]ies :i* he  
_h made ( electrical laws3 9 p>ticul>1  
hav+ obs]v$ t electricity 0 drawn (f at 
a great di/ance1 & )\t ! lea/ viol5ce ( 
action1 by a %>p metallic po9t1 he      
propos$ to philosoph]s to erect a tall  
ma/ or pole on ! highe/ "p ( a build+1 &
 to furni% ! top ( x ) a f9e metallic   
po9t1 prop]ly insulat$1 ) a wire lead+  
to an insulat$ app>atus = exhibit+ !    
common electrical appe>ances4 ,to ! :ole
 ( ?is contrivance he gave ! "n ( ,?und]
 ,rod1 :i* x /ill reta9s4 ,he _h n a    
prop] opportunity ( do+ ?is himself1 at 
! "t ( 8 writ+ 8 diss]tation 9 a lett] f
 ,philadelphia to ! ,royal ,society (   
,london2 b ! cont5ts 7 s sci5tific1 & s 
int]e/+1 t 9 a few weeks !y 7 kn[n ov]  
all ,europe4 ,8 directions 7 foll[$ 9 _m
 places4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,fr5*           
academicians1 enc\rag$ by ! pres5ce ( _!
 mon>*1 & ! great satisfaction :i* he   

express$ at ! repetition ( ,dr4         
,frankl9's mo/ in/ructive exp]im5ts1 :i*
 discov]$ & made kn[n ! !ory ( positive 
& negative electricity1 z x is n[       
receiv$1 7 eag] to execute 8 ord]s1 &   
make 8 gr& exp]im5t1 :i* promis$ s      
fairly to br+ ?is trem5d\s op]ation (   
nature1 n only )9 ! pole ( sci5ce1 b 9 !
 managem5t ( human p[]4 ,b 9 ! mean "t1 
,dr4 ,frankl91 impati5t ( delay1 &      
p]haps incit$ by ! hon\rable desire (   
well-des]v$ fame1 put 8 own s*eme 9     
practice4 ,8 inv5tive m9d sugge/$ to him
 a me?od ( pres5t+ a po9t to a ?und]    
cl\d at a consid]able di/ance4 ,?is 01  
by fix+ 8 po9t on ! head ( a pap] kite1 
:i* ! w9d %\ld raise to ! cl\ds1 :ile ! 
wet /r+ t held x %\ld s]ve = a conductor
 ( ! electricity4 ,) a palpitat+ he>t1  
,dr4 ,frankl91 unkn[n to 8 neighb\rs1 & 
accompani$ only by 8 son1 w5t into !    
fields1 & s5t up 8 mess5g] t 0 to br+   
him news f ! heav5s4 ,he obta9$ only a  
few sp>ks f 8 app>atus t day2 b return$ 
to 8 h\se 9 a /ate ( p]fect satisfaction

 ) 8 success4 ,we may ju/ly consid] ?is 
z "o ( ! greate/ ( philosophical        
discov]ies1 & z do+ ! highe/ hon\r to ! 
inv5tor2 = x 0 n a sugge/ion f an       
accid5tal obs]vation1 b arose f a       
sci5tific comp>ison ( facts1 & a        
sagaci\s application ( ! doctr9e (      
positive & negative electricity2 a      
doctr9e :olly ,dr4 ,frankl9's1 & !      
result ( ! mo/ acute & discrim9at+      
obs]vation4 ,x 0 ?is alone1 t sugge/$ ! 
:ole2 &1 by expla9+ to 8 satisfaction ! 
curi\s prop]ty ( %>p po9ts1 gave him !  
c\rage to h&le ! ?und]bolt ( ! heav5s4  
,x is n[ a po9t fully asc]ta9$1 t ?und] 
& lightn+ are ! electric snap & sp>k1 z 
mu* sup]ior to our puny imitations z we 
c conceive f ! imm5se ext5t ( !         
in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ,nature4  ,if 7says 
,dr4 ,frankl917 a conductor1 "o foot    
?ick1 & five feet long1 w produce su*   
snaps z agitate ! :ole human frame1 :at 
may we n expect f a surface ( t5 ?\s&   
acres ( electrifi$ cl\ds8 ,h[ l\d mu/ be
 ! explosion6 h[ t]rible ! effects6  ,to

 ?is wond]ful discov]y1 ,dr4 ,d>w9      
alludes 9 ! foll[+ l9es3--    ,l$ by !  
phosphor light1 ) d>+ tread   ,immortal 
,frankl9 s\ght ! fi]y b$2   ,:]e1 nurs'd
 9 night1 incumb5t tempe/ %r\ds   ,!    
se$s ( ?und] 9 circumflu5t cl\ds1       
,besieg'd ) iron po9ts 8 airy cell1   ,&
 pi]c'd ! mon/] slumb'r+ 9 8 %ell4      
,,fire ,,balls1--are a k9d ( lum9\s     
bodies1 commonly appe>+ at a great      
height above ! e>?1 ) a spl5d\r surpass+
 t ( ! moon1 & sometimes equall+ h]     
app>5t size4 ,!y g5]ally proce$ 9 ?is   
hemisph]e f nor? to s\? ) va/ velocity1 
frequ5tly break+ into sev]al small]     
ones1 sometimes vani%+ ) a report1 &    
sometimes n4 ,^! lum9\s appe>ances1 no  
d\bt1 con/itute "o bran* ( ! anci5t     
prodigies1 or blaz+ />s4 ,!y sometimes  
resemble comets1 9 be+ att5d$ ) a tra92 
b frequ5tly !y appe> ) a r\nd well-def9$
 disk4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ( :i* we h any     
accurate acc\nt1 0 obs]v$ by ,dr4       
,halley & o!rs1 at diff]5t places1 9    
#agai4 ,f ! slight obs]vations !y c\ld  

take ( its c\rse among ! />s1 its       
p]p5dicul> height 0 comput$ at ab\t     
sev5ty miles f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,!    
height ( o!rs has also be5 comput$1 &   
f\nd to be v>i\s2 ?\gh 9 g5]al x is     
suppos$ to be beyond ! limits assign$ to
 our atmosph]e1 or :]e x loses its      
refractive p[]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! on
 record appe>$ on ! #ah? ( ,augu/1      
#aghc1 ab\t n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,x 0  
se5 to ! nor?w>d ( ,%etl&1 & took a     
s\!rly direction = an imm5se space1 be+ 
obs]v$ z f> z ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,france
 & ,rome4 ,dur+ its c\rse1 x appe>s     
frequ5tly to h *ang$ its %ape2 sometimes
 appe>+ 9 ! =m ( "o ball1 sometimes two 
or m2 sometimes ) a tra91 sometimes )\t 
"o4 ,x pass$ ov] ,ed9burgh ne>ly 9 !    
z5i?1 & _h !n ! appe>ance ( a well-def9$
 r\nd body1 extremely lum9\s1 & ( a     
gre5i% col\r2 ! light :i* x diffus$ on !
 gr\nd giv+ likewise a gre5i% ca/ to    
objects4 ,aft] pass+ ! z5i?1 x 0 att5d$ 
by a tra9 ( consid]able l5g?1 :i*1      
cont9ually augm5t+1 at la/ oblit]at$ !  

head entirely2 s t x look$ l a w$ge1    
fly+ ) ! obtuse end =emo/4 ,! motion 0 n
 app>5tly swift1 by reason ( its great  
height2 ?\gh 9 reality x mu/ h mov$ )   
great rapidity1 on acc\nt ( ! va/ space 
x travell$ ov] 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 o!r      
places its appe>ance 0 v diff]5t4 ,at   
,gre5wi*1 we are told1 t two bright     
balls1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 l$ ! way1 !  
diamet] ( :i* appe>$ to be ab\t two     
feet2 ^! 7 foll[$ by an expulsion (     
eight o!rs1 n elliptical1 seem+         
gradually to fall to pieces1 = ! la/ 0  
small4 ,betwe5 ea* two balls a lum9\s   
s]rat$ body ext5d$1 & at ! la/ a blaze  
issu$1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a po9t4 ,m9ute     
p>ticles dilat$ f ! :ole4 ,! balls 7    
t9t$ fir/ by a pure bright light1 !n    
foll[$ a delicate yell[1 mix$ ) azure1  
r$1 gre51 c4 :i*1 ) a coalition ( bold] 
t9ts1 & a reflection f ! o!r balls1 gave
 ! mo/ beautiful rotundity & v>iation ( 
col\rs1 t ! human eye c\ld be *>m$ )4 ,!
 sudd5 illum9ation ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! =m
 & s+ul> transition ( ?is bright lum9>y1

 contribut$ mu* to r5d] x awful3        
nev]!less1 ! amaz+ly vivid appe>ance ( !
 diff]5t balls1 & o!r ri* connect+ p>ts1
 n v easy to del9eate1 gave an effect   
equal to ! ra9b[ 9 ! z5i? ( its glory4  
,,t]rible ,,effects ,,( ,,electrifi$    
,,cl\ds4--,! mo/ extraord9>y in/ance (  
?is k9d p]haps on record1 happ5$ 9 !    
isl& ( ,java1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9       
,augu/1 #aggb4 ,on ! #aa? ( t mon?1 at  
midnight1 a bright cl\d 0 obs]v$ cov]+ a
 m\nta9 9 ! di/rict call$ ,*]ib\1 & at !
 same "t sev]al reports 7 he>d l ^? ( a 
gun4 ,! p :o dwelt on ! upp] p>ts ( !   
m\nta91 n be+ able to fly fa/ en\gh1 a  
great "p ( ! cl\d1 almo/ ?ree leagues 9 
circumf]5ce1 deta*$ itself "u !m1 & 0   
se5 at a di/ance1 ris+ & fall+ l ! waves
 ( ! sea1 & emitt+ globes ( fire s      
lum9\s1 t ! night became z cle> z day4  
,! effects ( x 7 a/oni%+3 e ?+ 0 de/roy$
 = sev5 leagues r\nd2 ! h\ses 7         
demoli%$2 plantations 7 buri$ 9 ! e>?2 &
 two ?\s& "o hundr$ & =ty p lo/ _!      
lives1 besides fifte5 hundr$ head (     

cattle1 & a va/ numb] ( horses1 goats1  
c4  ,ano!r in/ance ( a v de/ructive     
cl\d1 ! electric qualities ( :i* at     
pres5t c sc>cely be d\bt$1 is relat$ by 
,mr4 ,brydone1 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ,malta4 ,x
 appe>$ on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 #ageg4     
,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r aft]         
midnight1 !re 0 se51 to ! s\?-we/ ( !   
city ( ,valetta1 a great black cl\d1    
:i*1 z x approa*$1 *ang$ its col\r1 till
 at la/ x became l a flame ( fire mix$ )
 black smoke4 ,a dreadful noise 0 he>d  
on its approa*1 :i* al>m$ ! :ole city4  
,x pass$ ov] ! port1 & came fir/ on an  
,engli% %ip1 :i* 9 an in/ant 0 torn 9   
pieces1 & no?+ left b ! hull2 "p ( !    
ma/s1 sails1 & cordage1 7 c>ri$ to a    
consid]able di/ance ) ! cl\d4 ,! small  
boats & selloques1 t fell 9 its way1 7  
all brok5 to pieces & sunk4 ,! noise    
increas$1 & became m frightful4 ,a      
s5t9el1 t]rifi$ at its approa*1 ran into
 8 box2 b bo? he & x 7 lift$ up & c>ri$ 
into ! sea1 :]e he p]i%$4 ,x !n trav]s$ 
a consid]able "p ( ! city1 & laid 9 ru9s

 almo/ e ?+ t /ood 9 its way4 ,sev]al   
h\ses 7 laid level ) ! gr\nd1 & x did n 
leave "o /eeple 9 its passage4 ,! bells 
( "s ( !m1 toge!r ) ! spires1 7 c>ri$ to
 a consid]able di/ance2 ! ro(s ( !      
*ur*es demoli%$ & beat d[n1 c4 ,x w5t (f
 at ! nor?-ea/ po9t ( ! city1 &1        
demoli%+ ! ligh?\se1 is said to h m\nt$ 
up into ! air ) a frightful noise1 &    
pass$ ov] ! sea to ,sicily1 :]e x tore  
up "s trees1 & did o!r inconsid]able    
damage2 b no?+ mat]ial1 z its fury _h   
be5 sp5t at ,malta4 ,! numb] ( kill$ &  
w\nd$ am\nt$ to ne> two hundr$2 & ! loss
 ( %ipp+1 c4 0 v consid]able4--,!       
effects ( ?und] /orms1 & ! va/ quantity 
( electric matt] =m$ 9 ! cl\ds :i*      
produce ^! /orms1 are s well kn[n1 t x  
is sup]flu\s to m5tion !m4 ,x appe>s1   
h[ev]1 t ev5 ^! cl\ds are n s highly    
electrifi$ z to produce _! fatal effects
 on ^? :o are imm]s$ 9 !m4 ,x is only ! 
dis*>ge ( "p ( _! electricity ^u su*    
bodies z are ei!r n electrifi$ at all1  
or n s highly electrifi$ z ! cl\d1 t    

does all ! mis*ief4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 only !
 foll[+ in/ance on record1 ( any p]sons'
 be+ imm]s$ 9 ! body ( a ?und] cl\d4    
,pr(essor ,saussure1 & "y ,mr4 ,jalab]t1
 :5 travell+ ov] "o ( ! high ,alps1 7   
caught among cl\ds ( ?is k9d2 &1 to _!  
a/oni%m5t1 f\nd _! bodies s full (      
electrical fire1 t spontane\s fla%es    
d>t$ f _! f+]s ) a crackl+ noise1 & !   
same k9d ( s5sation z :5 /rongly        
electrifi$ by art4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,among ! awful    
ph5om5a ( nature1 none h excit$ m t]ror 
?an lightn+ & ?und]4 ,"s ( ! pr(ligate  
,roman emp]ors1 ( :om hi/ory records t  
!y procur$ !mselves to be deifi$1       
confess$1 by _! trembl+ & hid+ !mselves1
 :5 !y he>d ! ?und]1 t !re 0 a div9e p[]
 great] ?an _! own--,coela tonantem     
,jovem4 ,! greate/ security aga9/ !     
t]rors ( a ?und]-/orm1 al?\gh no c]ta9  
"o aga9/ its effects1 is t life ( piety 
& virtue1 :i* is ! be/ gu>dian ( e e>?ly
 bless+4 ,! good man1 :o kn[s t e ev5t  
is "u ! direction ( an ov]rul+          

,provid5ce1 & t ?is life is only a "p ( 
8 exi/5ce1 introductory to ! blissful   
sc5es ( immortality1 w behold ! t]rors (
 ! /orm ) un%ak5 resolution3 grateful to
 ! ,supreme ,be+1 if p]mitt$ to escape f
 ! dang]2 & acquiesc+ 9 ! ,div9e ,w1 if 
?us to be convey$1 by an easy &         
in/antane\s passage1 to t heav5 :]e 8   
conv]sation _h long be51 & to t ,god )  
:om he delight$ to walk4  ,^! s5tim5ts  
are beautifully express$ 9 ! foll[+     
l9es1 writt5 9 a midnight ?und]-/orm1 by
 ! celebrat$ ,mrs4 ,c>t]1 & address$ to 
a lady3--    ,let c[>d guilt ) pallid   
fe>     ,to %elt'r+ cav]ns fly1   ,&    
ju/ly dread ! v5geful fate     ,t ?und]s
 ?ro' ! sky3    ,protect$ by t h&1 ^:   
law     ,! ?reat'n+ /orms obey1         
,intrepid virtue smiles secure1     ,z 9
 ! blaze ( day4    ,9 ! ?ick cl\d's     
trem5d\s gloom1     ,! lightn+'s lurid  
gl>e1   ,x views ! same ,all-graci\s    
,p['r1     ,t brea!s ! v]nal air4       
,?ro' nature's ev]-v>y+ sc5e1     ,by   
diff'r5t ways pursu'd1   ,! "o et]nal   

end ( ,heav'n     ,is univ]sal good4    
,! same un*ang+ m]cy rules     ,:5 flam+
 e!r gl[s1   ,z :5 x tunes ! l9net's    
voice1     ,or blu%es 9 ! rose4    ,by  
reason taught to scorn ^? fe>s     ,t   
vulg> m9ds mole/1   ,let no fanta/ic    
t]rors break     ,my de> ,n>cissa's re/4
    ,?y life may all ! t5d're/ c>e      
,( ,provid5ce def5d1   ,& delegat$      
angels r\nd     ,_! gu>dian w+s ext5d4  
,:5 ?ro' creation's va/ expanse     ,!  
la/ dread ?und]s roll1   ,untune !      
concord ( ! sph]es1     ,& %ake ! ris+  
s\l2    ,unmov'd may'/ ?\ ! f9al /orm   
,( j>r+ worlds survey1   ,t u%]s 9 !    
glad s]5e     ,( ev]la/+ day4  ,! foll[+
 l9es on ! same subject 7 writt5 by     
,mrs4 ,*apone3--    ,9 gloomy pomp1 :il/
 awful midnight reigns1   ,& wide o'er  
e>? h] m\rnful mantle spreads2   ,:il/  
deep-voic$ ?und]s ?reat5 guilty heads1  
,& ru%+ torr5ts dr[n ! fright$ pla9s2   
,& quick-glanc'd lightn+s1 to my dazzl$ 
sight1   ,betray ! d\ble horrors ( !    
night3    ,a solemn /illness creeps ^u  

my s\l1   ,& all its p[]s 9 deep        
att5tion die2   ,my he>t =gets to beat2 
my /$fa/ eye   ,cat*es ! fly+ gleam2 !  
di/ant roll1   ,advanc+ gradual1 swells 
^u my e>   ,) l\d] peals1 m dreadful z m
 ne>4    ,awake1 my s\l1 f ?y =getful   
trance6   ,! /orm calls l\d1 & m$itation
 wakes3   ,h[ at ! s\nd pale sup]/ition 
%akes1   ,:il/ all h] tra9 ( frantic    
fe>s advance6   ,*ildr5 ( d>kness1 h5ce6
 fly f> f me6   ,& dwell ) guilt &      
infidelity6    ,b come1 ) look compos'd 
& sob] pace1   ,calm ,contemplation1    
come6 & hi!r lead   ,devotion1 t on e>? 
disda9s to tread2   ,h] inw>d flame     
illumes h] gl[+ face1   ,h] upca/ eye1 &
 spread+ w+s1 prep>e   ,h] flight =     
heav51 to f9d h] treasure !re4    ,%e   
sees1 enraptur'd ?r\gh ! ?icke/ gloom1  
,cele/ial beauty beam1 & 'mid/ ! h[l    
,( w>r+ w9ds1 sweet music *>ms h] s\l2  
,%e sees1 :ile rift$ oaks 9 flames      
consume1   ,a ,fa!r ,god1 t o'er ! /orm 
presides1   ,?reat5s to save1--& loves  
:5 mo/ he *ides4   ,,surpris+ ,,effects 

,,( ,,extreme ,,cold4--,by extreme      
degrees ( cold1 trees are bur/1 rocks   
r5t1 & riv]s & lakes froz5 sev]al feet  
deep3 metallic sub/ances bli/] ! sk9 l  
r$-hot iron3 ! air1 :5 drawn 9 by       
respiration1 hurts ! lungs1 & excites a 
c\gh3 ev5 ! effects ( fire 9 a great    
measure seem to cease2 & metals1 ?\gh   
kept = a consid]able "t be=e a /rong    
fire1 w /ill freeze wat] :5 ?r[n ^u !m4 
,:5 ! ,fr5* ma!maticians w9t]$ at       
,tornea1 9 ,lapl&1 ! ext]nal air1 :5    
sudd5ly admitt$ into _! rooms1 conv]t$ !
 moi/ure ( ! air into :irls ( sn[2 _!   
brea/s seem$ to be r5t :5 !y brea!d x2 !
 contact ( x 0 intol]able to _! bodies2 
& ! _s ( w9e1 :i* _h n be5 highly       
rectifi$1 bur/ "s ( _! !rmomet]s by !   
congelation ( ! aque\s p>ts4  ,extreme  
cold v (t5 proves fatal to animals1 9   
c\ntries :]e ! w9t]s are v sev]e4 ,?us  
sev5 ?\s& ,sw$es p]i%$ at once1 9       
attempt+ to pass ! m\nta9s :i* divide   
,norway f ,sw$54 ,x is n necess>y1      
inde$1 t ! cold1 9 ord] to prove fatal  

to human life1 %\ld be s v int5se z has 
be5 j m5tion$4 ,!re is only requisite a 
degree some:at bel[ #cb ( ,fahr5heit1   
accompani$ ) sn[ or hail1 f :i* %elt] _c
 be obta9$4 ,! sn[ :i* falls ^u ! clo!s1
 or ! uncov]$ p>ts ( ! body1 !n melts1  
&1 by a cont9ual evaporation1 c>ries (f 
! animal heat to su* a degree1 t a      
suffici5t quantity is n left = ! support
 ( life4 ,9 su* cases1 ! p]son fir/     
feels himself extremely *ill & uneasy2  
he beg9s to gr[ li/less1 unwill+ to walk
 or use ex]cise to keep himself w>m2 &  
at la/ turns dr[sy1 sits d[n to refre%  
himself ) sleep1 b wakes no m4  ,an     
in/ance ( ?is 0 se5 n _m ye>s ago at    
,t]ra del ,fuego2 :]e ,dr4 ,sol&]1 ) "s 
o!rs1 hav+ tak5 an excursion up !       
c\ntry1 ! cold 0 s int5se1 t "o ( _!    
numb] di$4 ,! ,doctor himself1 ?\gh he  
_h w>n$ 8 companions ( ! dang] ( sleep+ 
9 t situation1 yet c\ld n be prev5t$ f  
mak+ t dang]\s exp]im5t himself2 & ?\gh 
he 0 awak$ ) all possible exp$ition1 8  
body 0 s mu* %runk 9 bulk1 t 8 %oes fell

 (f 8 feet1 & x 0 ) ! utmo/ difficulty t
 he 0 recov]$4  ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :]e   
va/ masses ( ice are produc$1 !         
accumulation ( x1 by absorb+ ! heat ( ! 
atmosph]e1 occasions an absolute /]ility
 9 ! adjac5t c\ntries1 z is p>ticul>ly !
 case ) ! isl& ( ,icel&2 :]e ! va/      
collections ( ice float+ out f ! ,nor!rn
 ,ocean1 & /opp$ on t coa/1 are         
sometimes sev]al ye>s 9 ?aw+4 ,inde$1   
:]e great quantities ( ice are collect$1
 x w\ld seem to h a p[] l fire1 ( bo?   
augm5t+ its own int5s5ess & t ( !       
adjac5t bodies4   ,,a/oni%+ly           
,,expansive ,,=ce ,,( ,,freez+          
,,wat]4--,al?\gh cold1 9 g5]al1         
contracts mo/ bodies1 & heat exp&s !m1  
yet !re are "s in/ances to ! contr>y1   
especially 9 ! extreme cases or /ates ( 
^! qualities ( bodies4 ,?us1 ?\gh iron1 
9 common ) o!r bodies1 exp&s ) heat2    
yet1 :5 melt$1 x is always f\nd to exp& 
9 cool+ aga94 ,?us also1 ?\gh wat] exp&s
 gradually z x is heat$1 & contracts z x
 cools1 yet 9 ! act ( freez+ x sudd5ly  

exp&s aga91 & t ) an enorm\s =ce1       
capable ( r5d+ rocks1 or bur/+ ! v ?ick 
%ells ( metal1 c4 ,a computation ( ! =ce
 ( freez+ wat]1 has be5 made by !       
,flor5t9e academicians1 f ! bur/+ ( a v 
/rong brass globe or %ell by freez+ wat]
 9 x2 :51 f ! kn[n ?ickness & t5acity ( 
! metal1 x 0 f\nd t ! expansive p[] ( a 
sph]ule ( wat] only "o in* 9 diamet]1 0 
suffici5t to ov]come a resi/ance ( m ?an
 tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& p\nds1 or ?irte5 tons &
 a half4  ,su* a prodigi\s effect (     
expansion1 almo/ d\ble t ( ! mo/ p[]ful 
/eam-eng9es1 & ex]t$ 9 s small a mass1  
seem+ly by ! =ce ( cold1 0 ?\ght a v    
mat]ial argum5t 9 fav\r ( ^? :o suppos$ 
t cold1 l heat1 is a positive sub/ance4 
,dr4 ,black's discov]y ( lat5t heat1    
h[ev]1 has af=d$ a v easy & natural     
explication ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,he has     
%ewn1 t1 9 ! act ( congelation1 wat] is 
n cool$ m ?an x 0 be=e1 b r gr[s w>m]3 t
 z mu* heat is dis*>g$ & passes f a     
lat5t & a s5sible /ate1 z1 _h x be5     
appli$ to wat] 9 its fluid /ate1 w\ld h 

heat$ x to #ace4 ,9 ?is process1 !      
expansion is occasion$ by a great numb] 
( m9ute bubbles sudd5ly produc$4 ,=m]ly 
^! 7 suppos$ to be cold 9 ! ab/ract1 &  
to be s subtile1 t1 ins9uat+ !mselves   
into ! sub/ances ( ! fluid1 !y augm5t$  
its bulk1 at ! same "t t1 by imp$+ !    
motion ( its p>ticles ^u ea* o!r1 !y    
*ang$ x f a fluid to a solid4 ,b ,dr4   
,black %ews1 t ^! are only air extricat$
 dur+ ! congelation2 & to ! extrication 
( ?is air he ascribes ! prodigi\s       
expansive =ce ex]t$ by freez+ wat]4 ,!  
only "q1 !re=e1 is1 by :at means ?is air
 comes to be extricat$1 & to take up m  
room ?an x naturally does 9 ! fluid8 ,to
 ?is x may be answ]$1 t p]haps "p ( !   
heat1 :i* is dis*>g$ f ! freez+ wat]1   
comb9es ) air 9 its unela/ic /ate1 &1 by
 re/or+ its ela/icity1 gives x t        
extraord9>y =ce2 z is se5 9 ! case ( air
 sudd5ly extricat$ 9 ! explosion (      
gunp[d]4 ,! degree ( expansion ( wat]1 9
 ! /ate ( ice1 is by "s au?ors comput$  
at "o t5? ( its volume4 ,oil &          

quicksilv] %r9k & contract aft] freez+4 
,mr4 ,boyle relates sev]al exp]im5ts (  
vessels made ( metals1 v ?ick & /rong2 9
 :i*1 :5 fill$ ) wat]1 closely /opp$1 & 
expos$ to ! cold1 ! wat] be+ exp&$ 9    
freez+1 & n f9d+ ei!r room or v5t1 bur/ 
! vessels4 ,a /rong b>rel ( a gun1 )    
wat] 9 x1 close /opp$ & froz51 0 r5t !  
:ole l5g?4 ,huyg5s1 to try ! =ce ) :i* x
 exp&s1 fill$ a cannon ) x1 ^: sides 7  
an in* ?ick1 & !n clos$ up ! m\? & v5t1 
s t none c\ld escape2 ! :ole be+ expos$ 
to a /rong freez+ air1 ! wat] froze 9   
ab\t twelve h\rs1 & bur/ ! piece 9 two  
places4 ,h5ce ma!maticians h comput$ !  
=ce ( ! ice ^u ?is occasion2 & !y say1 t
 su* a =ce w\ld equal tw5ty-sev5 ?\s&   
sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4  ,major      
,edw>d ,williams1 ( ! ,royal ,artill]y1 
made _m exp]im5ts on ! =ce ( freez+     
wat]1 at ,quebec1 9 #aghd-aghe4 ,he     
fill$ all sizes ( bomb %ells ) wat]1 !n 
plugg$ ! fuze-hole close up1 & expos$ !m
 to ! /rong freez+ air ( ! w9t] 9 t     
climate2 sometimes driv+ 9 ! iron plugs 

z h>d z possible ) a sl$ge hamm]2 & yet 
!y 7 all ?r[n out by ! sudd5 expansion (
 ! wat] 9 ! act ( freez+1 l a ball %ot  
by gunp[d]1 sometimes to ! di/ance (    
betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ feet1 ?\gh !y  
weigh$ ne> ?ree p\nds2 & :5 ! plugs 7   
screw$ 91 or furni%$ ) hooks or b>bs to 
lay hold ( ! inside ( ! %ell by1 s t !y 
c\ld n possibly be =c$ out1 9 ?is case !
 %ell 0 always split 9 two1 ?\gh !      
?ickness ( ! metal ( ! %ell 0 ab\t an   
in* & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,?r\gh ! circul>     
crack1 r\nd ab\t ! %ells1 :]e !y bur/1  
!re /ood out a ?9 film or %eet ( ice1 l 
a f92 & 9 ! cases :]e ! plugs 7 project$
 by freez+ wat]1 !re sudd5ly issu$ out f
 ! fuze-hole a bolt ( ice ( ! same      
diamet]1 & /ood ov] x to ! height       
sometimes ( eight in*es & a half4       
,,*ap4 ,,lxvii4  ,,curiosities          
,,respect+ ,,v>i\s ,,ph5om5a1 ,,or      
,,appe>ances ,,9 ,,nature4--7,cont9u$47 
,wat] ,sp\t--,fata ,morgana--,fairy     
,r+s--,%eet ( ,phosphoric               
,fire--,phosphorus4      --------,e     

object ( creation     ,c furni% h9ts to 
contemplation4                          
,gay4   ,,wat] ,,sp\t4--,?is extraord9>y
 meteor is mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ at sea4 
,x g5]ally beg9s by a cl\d1 :i* appe>s v
 small1 & :i* is call$1 by sailors1 !   
,squall4 ,?is augm5ts 9 a little "t into
 an enorm\s cl\d ( a cyl9drical =m1 or t
 ( a cone on its apex1 & produces a     
noise l ! ro>+ ( an agitat$ sea1        
sometimes accompani$ ) ?und] & lightn+1 
& also l>ge quantities ( ra9 or hail1   
suffici5t to inundate l>ge vessels2 & to
 c>ry away 9 _! c\rse1 7:5 !y occur by  
l&17 trees1 h\ses1 & e ?+ t opposes _!  
impetuosity4 ,sailors1 dread+ ! fatal   
consequ5ces ( wat]-sp\ts1 endeav\r to   
dissipate !m by fir+ a cannon into !m j 
be=e !y approa* ! %ip4 ,we %all give an 
acc\nt ( "o1 z describ$ by ,m4 ,t\rne=t1
 9 8 ,voyage to ! ,levant4              
,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,sp\ts4--,page    
#ffc4  ,^! ph5om5a are ! great t]ror (  
sailors1 :o endeav\r to dissipate !m by 
fir+ cannon into !m4  ,! fir/ ( ^! 7says

 ?is travell]7 t we saw1 0 ab\t a       
musket-%ot f our %ip4 ,!re we p]ceiv$ ! 
wat] beg9 to boil1 & to rise ab\t a foot
 above its level4 ,! wat] 0 agitat$1 &  
:iti%2 & above its surface !re seem$ to 
/& a smoke1 su* z might be imag9$ to    
come f wet /raw be=e x beg9s to blaze4  
,x made a sort ( a murmur+ s\nd1 l t ( a
 torr5t he>d at a di/ance1 mix$1 at !   
same "t1 ) a hiss+ noise1 l t ( a s]p5t3
 %ortly aft] we p]ceiv$ a column ( ?is  
smoke rise up to ! cl\ds1 at ! same "t  
:irl+ ab\t ) great rapidity4 ,x appe>$  
to be z ?ick z "o's f+]2 & ! =m] s\nd   
/ill cont9u$4 ,:5 ?is disappe>$1 aft]   
la/+ = ab\t eight m9utes1 ^u turn+ to ! 
opposite qu>t] ( ! sky1 we p]ceiv$      
ano!r1 :i* began 9 ! mann] ( ! =m]2     
pres5tly aft]1 a ?ird appe>$ 9 ! we/2 & 
in/antly beside x1 /ill ano!r arose4 ,! 
mo/ di/ant ( ^! ?ree c\ld n be above a  
musket-%ot f ! %ip4 ,!y all appe>$ l s  
_m heaps ( wet /raw set on fire1 &      
cont9u$ to smoke1 & to make ! same noise
 z be=e4 ,we soon aft] p]ceiv$ ea*1 )   

its respective canal1 m\nt+ up 9 !      
cl\ds2 & spread+1 :]e x t\*$ ! cl\d1 l !
 m\? ( a trumpet2 mak+ a figure 7to     
express x intelligibly7 z if ! tail ( an
 animal 0 pull$ at "o end by a weight4  
,^! canals 7 ( a :iti% col\r1 & s t+$1 z
 ,i suppose1 by ! wat] :i* 0 conta9$ 9  
!m2 =1 previ\s to ?is1 !y 7 app>5tly    
empty1 & ( ! col\r ( transp>5t glass4   
,^! canals 7 n /raight1 b b5t 9 "s p>ts1
 & f> f be+ p]p5dicul>1 by ris+ 9 _!    
cl\ds ) a v incl9$ asc5t4  ,b :at is v  
rem>kable1 ! sp\ts cross$ ea* o!r1 9 !  
=m ( a ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !y
 7 all ab\t z ?ick z "o's f+]1 except at
 ! top1 :]e !y 7 broad]1 & two ( !m     
disappe>$2 b %ortly aft]1 ! la/ ( ! ?ree
 increas$ consid]ably1 & its canal1 :i* 
0 at fir/ s small1 soon became z ?ick z 
a man's arm1 !n z 8 leg1 & at la/ ?ick] 
?an 8 :ole body4 ,we saw di/9ctly1 ?r\gh
 ?is transp>5t body1 ! wat]1 :i* rose up
 ) a k9d ( spiral motion2 & x sometimes 
dim9i%$ a little ( its ?ickness1 & aga9 
resum$ ! same1 sometimes wid5+ at top1 &

 sometimes at ! bottom1 exactly resembl+
 a gut fill$ ) wat]1 press$ ) ! f+]s to 
make ! fluid rise or fall2 & ,i am well 
conv9c$ t ?is alt]ation 9 ! sp\t 0 caus$
 by ! w9d1 :i* press$ ! cl\d1 & compell$
 x to give up its cont5ts4 ,aft] "s "t  
its bulk 0 s dim9i%$ z to be no ?ick]   
?an a man's arm aga91 & ?us swell+ &    
dim9i%+1 x at la/ became v small4 ,9 !  
end1 ,i obs]v$ ! sea :i* 0 rais$ ab\t x 
to resume its level by degrees1 & ! end 
( ! canal t t\*$ x to become z small z  
if x _h be5 ti$ r\nd ) a cord2 & ?is    
cont9u$ till ! light1 /rik+ ?r\gh !     
cl\d1 took away ! view4 ,i /ill1 h[ev]1 
cont9u$ to look1 expect+ t its p>ts w\ld
 jo9 aga91 z ,i _h be=e se5 9 "o ( !    
o!rs1 9 :i* ! sp\t 0 m ?an once brok51 &
 yet ! p>ts aga9 came toge!r2 b ,i 0    
disappo9t$1 = ! sp\t appe>$ no m4  ,9 ! 
,philosophical ,transactions1 7volume   
xxii4 & xxiii47 we h descriptions (     
sev]al ( ^! ph5om5a3 _! effects1 9 "s   
in/ances1 are probably mu* exagg]at$4   
,"o at ,top%am is said to h cut d[n an  

apple-tree1 sev]al in*es 9 diamet]3     
ano!r1 we are told1 seem$ to be produc$ 
by a conc\rse ( w9ds1 turn+ l a screw1 !
 cl\ds dropp+ into x3 x ?rew trees &    
bran*es ab\t ) a gyratory motion4--,"o 9
 ,deep+ ,f51 ,l9coln%ire1 0 fir/ se5    
mov+ across ! l& & wat] ( ! f53 x rais$ 
! du/1 broke "s gates1 & de/roy$ a field
 ( turnips3 x vani%$ ) an appe>ance (   
fire4--,dr4 ,frankl9 supposes t a vacuum
 is made by ! rotatory motion ( ! asc5d+
 air1 z :5 wat] is runn+ ?r\gh a funnel1
 & t ! wat] ( ! sea is ?us rais$4 ,b    
,dr4 ,"y says1 no su* cause c\ld d m ?an
 produce a slight r>efaction ( ! air1   
mu* less raise ! wat] to ! height (     
?irty or =ty feet1 or m4  ,illu/ration3 
,,! ,,fata ,,morgana1 ,z obs]v$ 9 !     
h>b\r ( ,mess9a4--,page #ffe4           
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fata ,,morgana1 ,z  
obs]v$ at ,reggio4--,page #fff4         
,pr(essor ,wolke describes a wat]-sp\t1 
:i* pass$ imm$iately ov] ! %ip 9 :i* he 
0 sail+1 9 ! gulf ( ,f9l&3 x appe>$ to  
be tw5ty-five feet 9 diamet]1 consi/+ ( 

drops ab\t ! size ( *]ries4 ,! sea 0    
agitat$ r\nd its base1 ?r\gh a space (  
ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 diamet]4  
,"o ( ! late/ acc\nts ( ! ph5om5on ( a  
wat]-sp\t1 is t read to ! ,royal        
,society 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 f a lett] writt5
 to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 by ,capta9     
,ricketts1 ( ! royal navy4 ,9 ! mon? (  
,july1 #ahjj1 ,capta9 ,ricketts 0 call$ 
on deck1 on acc\nt ( ! rapid approa* ( a
 wat]-sp\t1 among ! ,lip>i isl&s4 ,x _h 
! appe>ance ( a viscid fluid1 tap]+ 9   
its desc5t1 proce$+ f ! cl\d to jo9 !   
sea4 ,x mov$ at ! rate ( ab\t two miles 
an h\r1 ) a l\d s\nd ( ra94 ,x pass$ !  
/]n ( ! %ip1 & wett$ ! aft]p>t ( !      
ma9-sail3 h5ce x 0 inf]r$1 t wat]-sp\ts 
are n cont9u\s columns ( wat]2 &        
subsequ5t obs]vations confirm$ ! op9ion4
 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahja1 ab\t tw5ty miles f 
,trie/e1 a wat]-sp\t 0 se5 eight miles  
to ! s\?2 r\nd its l[] extremity 0 a    
mi/1 ab\t twelve feet high1 some:at 9 ! 
=m ( an ,ionian capital1 ) v l>ge       
volutes1 ! sp\t re/+ obliquely on its   

cr[n4 ,at "s di/ance f ?is sp\t ! sea   
began to be agitat$1 & a mi/ rose to !  
height ( ab\t f\r feet2 !n a projection 
desc5d$ f ! black cl\d t 0 imp5d+1 & met
 ! asc5d+ mi/ ab\t tw5ty feet above !   
sea2 ! la/ t5 y>ds ( ! di/ance 7        
describ$ ) v great rapidity4 ,a cl\d ( a
 light col\r appe>$ to asc5d 9 ?is sp\t1
 some?+ l quicksilv] 9 a tube4 ,! fir/  
sp\t !n snapp$ at ab\t "o-?ird ( its    
height1 ! inf]ior "p subsid+ gradually1 
& ! sup]ior curl+ upw>ds4 ,sev]al o!r   
projections f ! cl\d appe>$1 )          
correspond+ agitations ( ! wat] bel[1 b 
n always 9 spots v]tically "u !m3 sev5  
sp\ts 9 all 7 =m$2 two o!r projections  
be+ re-absorb$4 ,"s ( ! sp\ts 7 n only  
oblique1 b curv$3 ! asc5d+ cl\d mov$ mo/
 rapidly 9 ^? :i* 7 v]tical3 !y la/$ f  
?ree to five m9utes1 & _! dissipation 0 
att5d$ by no fall ( ra94   ,,fata       
,,morgana4--,?is is a v rem>kable arial 
ph5om5on1 :i* is sometimes obs]v$ f !   
h>b\r ( ,mess9a1 & adjac5t places1 at a 
c]ta9 height 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! "n1 :i*  

signifies ! ,fairy ,morgana1 is d]iv$ f 
an op9ion ( ! sup]/iti\s ,sicilians1 t !
 :ole spectacle is produc$ by fairies1  
or su* l vision>y invisible be+s4 ,!    
populace are delight$ :5ev] x appe>s2 & 
run ab\t ! /reets %\t+ = joy1 call+ e   
body out to p>take ( ! glori\s sight4   
,?is s+ul> meteor has be5 describ$ by   
v>i\s au?ors2 b ! fir/ :o m5tion$ x )   
any degree ( precision 0 ,fa!r          
,angelucci1 ^: acc\nt is ?us quot$ by   
,mr4 ,sw9burne 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ,sicily3  
,on ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 #afdc1 z ,i /ood at
 my w9d[1 ,i 0 surpris$ ) a mo/ wond]ful
 delectable vision4 ,! sea t wa%es !    
,sicilian %ore swell$ up1 & became1 = t5
 miles 9 l5g?1 l a *a9 ( d>k m\nta9s2   
:ile ! wat]s ne> our ,calabrian coa/    
grew q smoo?1 & 9 an in/ant appe>$ z "o 
cle> poli%$ mirror1 recl9+ aga9/ !      
a=esaid ridge4 ,on ?is glass 0 depict$1 
9 *airo scuro1 a /r+ ( sev]al ?\s&s (   
pila/]s1 all equal 9 altitude1 di/ance1 
& degree ( light & %ade4 ,9 a mom5t !y  
lo/ half _! height1 & b5t into arcades1 

l ,roman aqu$ucts4 ,a long cornice 0    
next =m$ on ! top1 & above x arose      
ca/les innum]able1 all p]fectly alike4  
,^! soon split into t[]s1 :i* 7 %ortly  
aft] lo/ 9 colonnades1 !n w9d[s1 & at   
la/ end$ 9 p9es1 cypresses1 & o!r trees1
 ev5 & simil>4 ,?is is ! ,fata ,morgana1
 :i* = tw5ty-six ye>s ,i _h ?\ght a m]e 
fable4 ,to produce ?is pleas+ deception1
 _m circum/ances mu/ concur1 :i* are n  
kn[n to exi/ 9 any o!r situation4 ,!    
spectator mu/ /& ) 8 back to ! ea/1 9 "s
 elevat$ place beh9d ! city1 t he may   
comm& a view ( ! :ole bay2 beyond :i* ! 
m\nta9s ( ,mess9a rise l a wall1 & d>k5 
! back gr\nd ( ! picture4 ,! w9ds mu/ be
 hu%$1 ! surface q smoo!d1 ! tide at its
 height1 & ! wat]s press$ up by curr5ts 
to a great elevation 9 ! middle ( !     
*annel4 ,all ^! ev5ts co9cid+1 z soon z 
! sun surm\nts ! ea/]n hills beh9d      
,reggio1 & rises high en\gh to =m an    
angle ( =ty-five degrees on ! wat] be=e 
! city1 e object exi/+ or mov+ at       
,reggio1 w be repeat$ "o ?\s&-fold ^u   

?is m>9e look+-glass1 :i*1 by its       
tremul\s motion1 is z x 7 cut into      
facets4 ,ea* image w pass rapidly (f 9  
succession1 z ! day advances1 & ! /ream 
c>ries d[n ! wave on :i* x appe>$4 ,?us 
! p>ts ( ?is mov+ picture w vani% 9 !   
tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,sometimes ! air is at 
t mom5t s impregnat$ ) vap\rs1 &        
undi/urb$ by w9ds1 z to reflect objects 
9 a k9d ( arial scre51 ris+ ab\t ?irty  
feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 cl\dy    
heavy wea!r1 !y are drawn on ! surface (
 ! wat]1 bord]$ ) f9e prismatical       
col\rs4  ,to ! above acc\nt we %all add 
! foll[+1 giv5 by ,m4 ,h\el1 ^: judgm5t 
& v]acity r5d] 8 au?ority highly        
respectable4  ,9 f9e summ] days1 :5 !   
wea!r is calm1 !re rises above ! great  
curr5t a vap\r1 :i* acquires a c]ta9    
d5sity1 s z to =m 9 ! atmosph]e         
horizontal prisms1 ^: sides are dispos$ 
9 su* a mann]1 t :5 !y come to _! prop] 
degree ( p]fection1 !y reflect &        
repres5t successively1 = "s "t1 7l a    
moveable mirror17 ! objects on ! coa/1  

or 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,!y exhibit by   
turns1 ! city & suburbs ( ,mess9a1      
trees1 animals1 m51 & m\nta9s4 ,!y are  
c]ta9ly beautiful arial mov+ pictures4  
,!re are sometimes two or ?ree prisms1  
equally p]fect2 & !y cont9ue 9 ?is /ate 
eight or t5 m9utes4 ,aft] ?is1 "s %9+   
inequalities are obs]v$ ^u ! surface ( !
 prism1 :i* r5d] confus$ to ! eye1 !    
objects :i* _h be5 be=e s accurately    
del9eat$1 & ! picture vani%es4 ,! vap\r 
=ms o!r comb9ations1 & is disp]s$ 9 !   
air4 ,diff]5t acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ?is  
s+ul> appe>ance2 :i* = my "p ,i         
attribute to a bitum5 t issues f c]ta9  
rocks at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* is (t5 
se5 to cov] a "p ( its surface 9 ! canal
 ( ,mess9a4 ,! subtile p>ts ( ?is bitum5
 be+ att5uat$1 comb9$1 & exhal$ ) !     
aque\s globules t are rais$ by ! air1 & 
=m$ into bodies ( vap\r1 give to ?is    
cond5s$ vap\r m consi/5ce2 & contribute1
 by _! smoo? & poli%$ p>ticles1 to !    
=mation ( a k9d ( arial cry/al1 :i*     
receives ! light1 reflects x to ! eye1 &

 transmits to x all ! lum9\s po9ts :i*  
col\r ! objects exhibit$ 9 ?is ph5om5on1
 & r5d] !m visible4   ,,fairy           
,,r+s1--are circles ( d>k gre5 grass    
frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 old pa/ures2 !y h    
long be5 kn[n "u ! "n ( fairy r+s1 & h  
g5]ally be5 suppos$ to be occasion$1 9  
"s way or o!r1 by electricity4 ,dr4     
,wolla/on has1 9 a late volume ( !      
,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 giv5 
a new & v +5i\s !ory1 ( :i* we %all     
pres5t our read]s ) a brief acc\nt1     
premis+1 t ,mr4 ,davy1 9 ! c\rse ( 8    
lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 _h    
occasion to ref] to ! subject1 & seem$  
to co9cide 9 op9ion ) ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,t
 :i* fir/ attract$ 8 notice 0 ! position
 ( c]ta9 fungi1 :i* are always f\nd gr[+
 ^u ^! circles1 if exam9$ 9 a prop]     
season4 ,! position ( ^! fungi l$ him to
 imag9e t ! progressive increase f a    
c5tral po9t 0 ! probable mode ( =mation 
( ! r+3 h5ce he conjectur$ t ! soil1 :i*
 _h once contribut$ to ! support ( !    
fungi1 might be s exhau/$ ( "s peculi>  

pabulum necess>y = _! production1 z to  
be r5d]$ incapable ( produc+ a second   
crop4 ,! second ye>'s crop w\ld1 if ?is 
!ory be j1 appe> 9 a small r+ surr\nd+ !
 orig9al c5tre ( vegetation2 & at e     
succe$+ ye> ! defect ( nutrim5t on "o   
side1 w\ld necess>ily cause ! new roots 
to ext5d !mselves solely 9 ! opposite   
direction1 & w\ld occasion ! circle (   
fungi cont9ually to proce$1 by an annual
 enl>gem5t1 f ! c5tre outw>ds4 ,an      
appe>ance ( luxuriance ( ! grass w\ld   
foll[ z a natural consequ5ce1 z ! soil (
 an int]ior circle w\ld always be       
enri*$1 by ! decay$ roots ( fungi ( !   
ye>'s gr[?4 ,?is !ory is support$ by "s 
obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,)]+2 & ,dr4         
,wolla/on says1 by way ( confirmation1 t
 :5ev] two adjac5t circles are f\nd to  
int]f]e1 !y n only d n cross ea* o!r1 b 
bo? circles are inv>iably oblit]at$     
betwe5 ! po9ts ( contact3 ! exhau/ion   
occasion$ by ea* ob/ructs ! progress ( !
 o!r1 & bo? are />v$4--,philosophical   
,transactions1 #ahjg1 ,"p ,,ii4  ,?\gh x

 _c be d\bt$ t mo/ fairy r+s1 if n all (
 !m1 h consid]able relation to ! runn+ (
 a fungus2 !re1 nev]!less1 seems reason 
to conclude t electricity may likewise  
be conc]n$ 9 _! production4 ,!          
electrical effect may relate to fairy   
r+s ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? occasion$ by ! 
fungus1 or x may h be5 antec$5t to !    
production ( ! vegetable4 ,x is a       
famili> effect 9 our exp]im5ts1 t ! sp>k
 proce$+ f a positive conductor1 breaks 
or radiates at ab\t "o-?ird ( its c\rse1
 & /rikes ! receiv+ conductor by a      
c5tral sp>k surr\nd$ by o!r small] ones4
 ,! conc5tric r+s produc$ ^u poli%$     
metallic surfaces by ! /rong explosion (
 a batt]y1 z fir/ obs]v$ by ,dr4        
,prie/ley1 appe>s to be a fact ( ! same 
k9d2 & ! =k$ radiations ( lightn+ are   
well kn[n4 ,!re is relat$1 9 !          
,philosophical ,j\rnal1 volume ,i4 #dto1
 "s ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s 9
 ,june1 #agha1 :5 a p[]ful ?und]-/orm   
pass$ ov] ! we/]n extremity ( ,london4  
,! explosions 7 v m>k$ & di/9ct1 & 9 _m 

in/ances =k$ at ! l[] end1 b nev] at !  
top2 f :i* x seems prop] to conclude1 t 
! g5]al mass ( cl\ds1 or1 at lea/1 t    
extremity :i* pass$ ov] ,london1 0 9 !  
/ate call$ positive4  ,five days        
aft]w>ds1 ^u visit+ ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 x 0
 obs]v$1 t e "p ( t ext5sive piece (    
gr\nd %ew$ m>ks ( ! ag5cy ( ! lightn+1  
*iefly by discoloration ( ! grass 9     
zigzag /reaks1 "s ( :i* 7 fifty or sixty
 y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,in/ances ( ?is sup]ficial
 c\rse ( ! lightn+ along ! gr\nd1 be=e x
 ent]s ! e>?1 are suffici5tly frequ5t4  
,b ! circum/ance applicable to our      
pres5t subject is1 t sev]al trees _h be5
 /ruck by ! lightn+4 ,two ( !m1 :i* /ood
 on ! outside to ! we/w>d1 _h holes torn
 9 ! gr\nd1 close to ! trunk2 & r\nd "o 
( ^! trees 0 a space ( six feet 9       
diamet]1 9 :i* ! grass 0 v mu* scor*$4  
,ano!r tree on ! we/ 0 surr\nd$ by a    
fa9t r+ ( burnt or fad$ grass1 :i* seem$
 to be occasion$ by "s e>li] /roke1 z ! 
vegetation _h begun to %oot up aga94    
,ano!r tree1 /&+ on ! out side to ! s\?1

 0 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( twelve feet       
diamet]1 & eighte5 in*es broad4 ,)9 ! r+
 ! grass 0 fre%2 b on ! surface ( ! r+1 
! grass & ! gr\nd 7 mu* burn$4 ,to !    
ea/w>d ( ! tree1 ^u ! r+ itself1 7 two  
holes1 9 :i* ! gr\nd _h ! appe>ance (   
a%es4 ,ano!r tree1 on ! ea/ side ( !    
grove1 _h ! half ( a fa9t r+ to !       
we/w>d4 ,&1 la/ly1 a tree :i* /ood 9 !  
middle 0 surr\nd$ by a fa9t r+ ( twelve 
feet diamet]1 )9 :i* ! grass 0 unhurt2 &
 to ! we/w>d1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree  
feet f ! inn] r+1 0 "p ( ano!r simil>   
r+1 ( ne>ly ! same appe>ance2 ! v]dure  
be+ unhurt 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! r+s4    
,a ,,%eet ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,fire4--,a  
curi\s in/ance ( ?is occurr$ to         
,monsieur ,p]on1 9 8 voyage f ,europe to
 ! ,isle ( ,france4 ,betwe5 ?ree & f\r  
degrees nor? latitude1 dur+ ! obscurity 
( a night int5sely d>k1 ! w9d bl[+ a    
hurricane1 & ! vessel mak+ a rapid      
progress1 he 0 /ruck by ! sudd5         
appe>ance ( a va/ %eet ( phosphoric     
fire1 float+ be=e ! %ip1 & cov]+ a      

consid]able space4 ,! vessel pres5tly   
made its way ?r\gh ?is inflam$ "p ( !   
sea1 :i* enabl$ ! obs]vant navigator to 
discov] t ?is prodigi\s light 0         
occasion$ entirely by an imm5se numb] ( 
small animalcules1 :i* swam at diff]5t  
dep?s1 & appe>$ to assume v>i\s =ms4 ,^?
 :i* 7 mo/ imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 look$ l     
great r$-hot cannon balls3 :il/ ^? on ! 
surface resembl$ cyl9d]s ( r$-hot iron4 
,"s ( !m 7 soon caught1 & f\nd to v>y 9 
size1 f ?ree to sev5 in*es4 ,all !      
outside surface ( ! animal 0 bri/l$ )   
?ick oblong tub]cles1 %9+ l s _m        
diamonds2 & ^! seem$ to be ! pr9cipal   
seat ( its wond]ful phosphoresc5ce4 ,!  
inside1 also1 appe>$ furni%$ ) a        
multitude ( little1 n>r[1 oblong gl&s1  
:i* possess$ ! phosphoric virtue 9 a    
high degree4  ,:5 9 a tranquil /ate1 !  
col\r ( ^! brilliant inhabitants ( !    
ocean is an opal yell[1 mix$ ) gre52 b1 
on ! slighte/ movem5t ( ^? volunt>y     
contractions ex]cis$ by ! creature1 or  
^? :i* ! obs]v] c at pleasure excite by 

! lea/ irritation1 ! animal seems to    
inflame1 & x becomes in/antly l a piece 
( r$-hot iron ( ! mo/ vivid brilliancy4 
,:5 its phosphoresc5cy decl9es1 x       
assumes a succession ( light elegant    
t9ts1 t are v pleas+ to ! eye1 su* z r$1
 aurora1 orange1 gre51 & azure blue2 !  
la/ is p>ticul>ly lively & pure4 ,!     
organization ( ?is animal1 :i* is call$ 
! ,pyrosoma ,atlanticum1 ranks x among/ 
! mo/ s+ul> ( ! zoophite tribe2 :il/ its
 extraord9>y phosphoric p[]s r5d] x !   
mo/ beautiful t has yet be5 se54   ,x   
may be n amiss to conclude ?is *apt] )  
an acc\nt ( t v curi\s sub/ance1        
,,phosphorus4--,?is s+ul> production 0  
accid5tally discov]$1 9 #afgg1 by an    
al*ymi/ ( ,hamburgh1 nam$ ,br&t1 :5 he 0
 engag$ 9 se>*+ = ! philosoph]'s /one4  
,kunkel1 ano!r *emi/1 :o _h se5 ! new   
product1 associat$ himself ) "o ( 8     
fri5ds1 nam$ ,krafft1 to pur*ase !      
secret ( its prep>ation2 b ! latt]      
deceiv+ 8 fri5d1 made ! pur*ase =       
himself1 & refus$ to communicate x4     

,kunkel1 :o at ?is "t knew no?+ fur!r ( 
its prep>ation1 ?an t x 0 obta9$ by     
c]ta9 processes f ur9e1 und]took ! task1
 & succe$$4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t !     
sub/ance long w5t "u ! "n ( ,kunkel's   
phosphorus4 ,mr4 ,boyle is also consid]$
 z "o ( ! discov]]s ( phosphorus4 ,he   
communicat$ ! secret ( ! process =      
prep>+ x1 to ! ,royal ,society (        
,london1 9 #afhj4 ,x is ass]t$1 inde$1  
by ,krafft1 t he discov]$ ! secret to   
,mr4 ,boyle1 hav+1 9 ! ye> #afgh1 c>ri$ 
a small piece ( x to ,london1 to %ew x  
to ! royal family2 b !re is little      
probability t a man ( su* integrity z   
,mr4 ,boyle w\ld claim ! discov]y ( !   
process z 8 own1 & communicate x to !   
,royal ,society1 if ?is _h n be5 ! case4
 ,mr4 ,boyle communicat$ ! process to   
,godfrey ,hankwitz1 an apo!c>y (        
,london1 :o = _m ye>s suppli$ ,europe ) 
phosphorus1 & h5ce x w5t "u ! "n (      
,engli% ,phosphorus4 ,9 ! ye> #aggd1 !  
,sw$i% *emi/s1 ,gahn & ,s*eele1 made !  
important discov]y1 t phosphorus is     

conta9$ 9 ! bones ( animals2 & !y       
improv$ ! processes = procur+ x4  ,:5   
phosphorus is heat$ to ! temp]ature (   
#adh1 x takes fire1 burns ) a bright    
flame1 & gives out a great quantity (   
:ite smoke4 ,phosphorus ent]s into      
comb9ation ) oxyg51 azote1 hydrog51 &   
c>bon4 ,phosphorus is soluble 9 oils1 &1
 :5 ?us dissolv$1 =ms :at has be5 call$ 
liquid phosphorus1 :i* may be rubb$ on !
 face & h&s )\t injury4 ,x dissolves too
 9 e!r2 & a v beautiful exp]im5t consi/s
 9 p\r+ ?is phosphoric e!r 9 small      
portions1 & 9 a d>k place1 on ! surface 
( hot wat]4 ,! phosphoric mat*es consi/ 
( phosphorus extremely dry1 m9utely     
divid$1 & p]haps a little oxyg5iz$4 ,!  
simple/ mode ( mak+ !m1 is to put a     
little phosphorus1 dri$ by blott+ pap]1 
into a small phial2 heat ! phial1 & :5 !
 phosphorus is melt$1 turn x r\nd1 s t !
 phosphorus may adh]e to ! sides4 ,cork 
! phial closely1 & x is prep>$4 ,on     
putt+ a common sulphur mat* into !      
bottle1 & /irr+ x ab\t1 ! phosphorus w  

adh]e to ! mat*1 & w take fire :5 br\ght
 out into ! air4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxviii4   
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,v>i\s        
,,ph5om5a1 ,,or ,,appe>ances ,,9        
,,nature4--7,cont9u$47      ,spots 9 !  
,sun--,dim9ution ( ! ,sun--,p>helia1 or 
,mock     ,suns--,eclipses--,halo1 or   
,corona2 & simil> ,appe>ances--,fall+ or
     ,%oot+ ,/>--,volcanoes 9 ! ,moon4  
,hail1 sacr$ s\rce ( inexhau/$ light6   
,prodigi\s in/ance ( creat+ might6      
,8 di/ance man's imag9ation foils2      
,numb]s w sc>ce avail to c\nt ! miles4  
,8 globose body h[ imm5sely great6      
,h[ fi]ce 8 burn+s6 h[ int5se 8 heat6   
,z swift z ?\ght1 he d>ts 8 radiance    
r\nd     ,to di/ant worlds1 8 sy/em's   
utmo/ b\nd2     ,( all ! planets !      
direct+ s\l1     ,t height5s &          
invigorates ! :ole4                     
,br[n4   ,,spots ,,9 ,,! ,,sun4--,!     
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! spots 9 ! sun is tak5 
f a ,fr5* pap]4  ,! spots 7 se5 = ! fir/
 "t 9 #afaa2 & ne>ly ab\t ! same "t by  
,j4 ,fabricius1 at ,witt5b]g1 by !      

,jesuit ,s*e9]1 & by ,galileo4 ,?is     
great man wat*$ _! c\rse ) s mu*        
att5tion1 & s well develop$ _! ph5om5a1 
t v little has be5 s9ce add$ to !       
descriptions :i* he gave1 except m      
precise measures4 ,! spots ( ! sun are  
at pres5t view$ ) a/ronomical           
telescopes1 9 :i* ! great brilliancy ( t
 lum9>y is mitigat$1 & n effac$1 by !   
col\r$ glass plac$ betwe5 ! telescope & 
! eye4 ,!re are 9 ! int]ior ( !         
telescope1 at ! focus ( ! object1 "s v  
f9e ?reads /ret*$ crosswise1 & moveable 
p>allel to ea* o!r1 by means ( :i* !    
di/ance ( ! spot f ! ne>e/ bord] ( !    
sun's disk may be asc]ta9$1 :i* det]m9es
 its position on ! disk at ! mom5t (    
obs]vation4 ,by foll[+ 9 ?is mann] !    
same spot = sev]al days1 x is p]ceiv$ to
 *ange its place4 ,its size also v>ies  
mu*4 ,! spots sometimes gr[ ?9n]1 &     
disp]se f "o day to ano!r3 & h5ce x is1 
t1 ?\gh 9 "o mon? r a l>ge numb] 0      
visible1 9 ! foll[+ only two are to be  
se54 ,b dur+ ! :ole "t ( _! pres5ce !y  

pursue a regul> c\rse1 ( :i* ! aspects  
are common to all4  ,:5 !y fir/ come 9  
sight1 !y appe> on ! sun's bord]1 l a   
sl5d] ?read4 ,9 proportion z !y advance 
t[>ds ! middle ( ! disk1 !y appe>1 f day
 to day1 to enl>ge 9 ! direction ( _!   
movem5t4 ,!y !n decrease p]iodically2 & 
if !y la/ long en\gh to trav]se ! :ole  
disk1 !y g (f by ! opposite side1 n>r[+ 
to a s+le ?read4 ,^! appe>ances are     
evid5tly su* z a small body1 adh]+ to a 
sph]ical surface1 & revolv+ ) or ^u t   
surface1 mu/ pres5t4 ,! dim9ution ( !   
spots1 9 proportion z !y approximate !  
bord]s ( ! disk1 results f ?is--t !y !n 
project m obliquely1 & are only se5     
sidewise2 b :5 9 ! middle ( ! disk1 !y  
are se5 9 _! full ext5t4 ,9 f9e1 ^u     
comp>+ ! direction & rapidity ( _!      
c\rse1 x soon becomes evid5t1 t !       
supposition ( _! adh]+ to ! body ( ! sun
 is ! only admissible "o4 ,on ?us trac+ 
! r\te ( all ^? :i* appe>1 x is asc]ta9$
 t !y move 9 c\rses exactly p>allel1    
describ+ circles :i* all h _! c5tre on a

 common axis1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( !   
sun4 ,! size ( ^! circles v>ies on      
diff]5t po9ts ( ! disk1 accord+ to !    
same laws z on a sph]e2 & ! rate (      
movem5t is modifi$ 9 su* a way1 t all ! 
circles are run ?r\gh 9 equal times4    
,?is p]fect concordance ( revolution 9  
spots s *angeable 9 o!r respects1       
evid5tly %ews t !y mu/ be atta*$ to "o &
 ! same r\nd body1 :i* makes !m revolve 
altoge!r ) a common motion4 ,h5ce x has 
be5 conclud$1 t ! sun revolves ^u itself
 ) ! g5]al motion ( ^! spots1 t is1 9   
tw5ty-five days & a half1 9 l mann] z   
our e>? revolves 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!   
same calculation1 appli$ to ! spots :i* 
h be5 discov]$ on ! o!r planets1 has 9 l
 mann] made u acqua9t$ ) _! rotation4   
,illu/ration3 ,,p>helia1 ,,or ,,mock    
,,sun4--,page #fgc4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,ignis ,,fatuus1 ,w-)-a-,wisp1 or      
,jack-)-a-,lant]n4--,page #fdd4  ,z to !
 nature ( ^! sol> spots1 x is absolutely
 unkn[n4 ,h]s*el is ( op9ion1 t lum9\s  
cl\ds float 9 ! inflam$ atmosph]e ( ?is 

lum9>y1 z cl\ds ( vap\r float 9 ours4   
,he supposes t ! body ( ! sun is opaque 
& d>k2 & t ! black spots obs]v$ !re at  
int]vals1 are m]ely ! summits ( v       
elevat$ m\nta9s1 :i* ! sol> cl\ds p]mit 
u to see betwe5 _! op5+s4 ,o!r a/ronom]s
 ?9k t ! globe ( ! sun is on fire1 & t !
 spots are m]ely imm5se scoria1 laun*$  
on ! surface ( t mass by "s t]rible     
explosions1 ( :i* our t]re/rial         
volcanoes af=d b a feeble picture4 ,b   
:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! conjectures1 x 
seems suffici5t = u to "k1 t ! sol>     
spots are trifl+ comp>$ ) ! imm5se mass 
( t body2 & t ! eruptions1 ( :i* !y are 
p]haps ! effect1 take place at too great
 a di/ance f our e>? to produce ! lea/  
effect ^u x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! physical
 /ate ( our little _w is incomp>ably m  
/able & /eady ?an its moral /ate4       
,,dim9ution ,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,b>on       
,l9d5eau1 :o rec5tly publi%$ a "w on !  
dim9ution ( ! sol> mass1 says1 t ! sun  
may h be5 imp]ceptibly subject to       
successive dim9ution s9ce ! sci5ce (    

a/ronomy has be5 cultivat$4 ,b>on       
,l9d5eau supposes ! sun's diamet] to be 
#hjj1jjj miles1 #d1bjd1jjj1jjj feet1 or 
ne>ly #bjjj seconds4 ,we h n1 he        
obs]ves1 hi!rto possess$ any in/rum5t = 
measur+ ! diamet] ( ! heav5ly bodies to 
a second4 ,! sun may !re=e dim9i%       
#ab1jjj ( its diamet]1 or #b1ajb1jjj    
feet1 )\t ! possibility ( be+ p]ceiv$4  
,suppos+ ! sun to dim9i% daily two feet1
 x w\ld require ?ree ?\s& ye>s to r5d] !
 dim9ution ( a second ( its diamet]     
visible4   ,acc\nt ( ^? s+ul>           
,appe>ances1 call$1 ,,p>helia1 ,,or     
,,mock ,,suns4--    ,z :5 two suns appe>
 9 ?' azure sky1   ,m\nt$ 9 ,phoebus'   
*>iot fi]ie bright3   ,bo? d>t+ =? fair 
beams to ea* man's eye2   ,& bo? adorn'd
 ) lamps ( flam+ light1   ,all t behold 
su* /range prodigi\s sight1   ,n kn[+   
nature's "w1 nor :at to we5e1   ,are    
wrapt ) wond]1 & ) r>e affrighte4       
,sp5s]4  ,a ,p>helion is a meteor 9 =m (
 a bright light1 appe>+ on "o side ( !  
sun4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d h be5 m5tion$   

bo? by ! anci5ts & mod]ns4 ,ari/otle    
obs]ves1 t 9 g5]al !y are se5 only :5 ! 
sun is ne> ! horizon1 ?\gh he takes     
notice ( two t 7 se5 9 ,bosphorus f     
morn+ till ev5+2 & ,pl9y has relat$ !   
times :5 su* ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ at ,rome4 
,gass5di says1 t 9 #afce-afcf he (t5 saw
 "o mock sun4 ,two 7 obs]v$ by ,m4 de la
 ,hire 9 #afhi2 & ! same numb] by       
,cass9i 9 #afic2 by ,mr4 ,grey 9 #agjj1 
& by ,dr4 ,halley 9 #agjb2 b ! mo/      
celebrat$ ph5om5a ( ?is k9d 7 se5 at    
,rome by ,s*e9]2 by ,mus*5broek at      
,utre*t2 & by ,hevelius at ,l$an4 ,by ! 
two =m]1 f\r mock suns 7 obs]v$2 & by ! 
latt]1 sev54 ,p>helia are app>5tly ( !  
same size ) ! sun1 ?\gh n always ( !    
same brightness1 nor ev5 ( ! same %ape2 
& :5 a numb] appe> at once1 !re is "s   
diff]5ce 9 bo? respects among !m4       
,ext]nally !y are t+$ ) col\rs l !      
ra9b[2 & _m h a long fi]y tail opposite 
! sun1 b pal] t[>ds ! extremity4        
,p>helia are g5]ally accompani$ )       
coronas1 "s ( :i* are t+$ ) ra9b[       

col\rs1 b o!rs are :ite4 7,see ,halo47  
,!y diff] 9 numb] & size2 b all agree 9 
bread?1 :i* is t ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! 
sun4 ,a v l>ge :ite circle1 p>allel to !
 horizon1 g5]ally passes ?r\gh all !    
p>helia2 &1 if x 7 entire1 x w\ld g     
?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! sun4 ,sometimes !re   
are arcs ( less] circles conc5tric to   
?is1 t\*+ ^? col\r$ circles :i* surr\nd 
! sun4 ,!y are also t+$ ) col\rs1 &     
conta9 o!r p>helia4 ,o!r circles are    
said to h be5 obliquely situat$ )       
respect to all ^!4 ,! ord] ( ! col\rs 9 
^! circles is ! same z 9 ! ra9b[2 b on !
 inside1 ) respect to ! sun1 !y are r$1 
z is also obs]v$ 9 _m haloes4 ,p>helia h
 be5 visible = "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r h\rs
 toge!r2 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y are said 
to cont9ue "s days1 & to be visible f   
sunrise to sunset4 ,:5 ! p>helia        
disappe>1 x sometimes ra9s1 or sn[ falls
 9 ! =m ( oblong spicul1 z ,m>aldi1     
,weidl]1 ,krafft1 & o!rs1 h obs]v$2 &   
because ! air 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ab\nds )  
su* froz5 spicul1 :i* are ev5 visible to

 ! eye1 accord+ to ,ellis & ,middleton1 
su* p>ticles h be5 ?\ght to be ! cause (
 all coronas & p>helia4  ,mr4 ,wales    
says1 t at ,*ur*ill1 9 ,hudson's ,bay1 !
 ris+ ( ! sun is always prec$$ by two   
long /reams ( r$ light1 "o on ea* side1 
& ab\t tw5ty degrees di/ant f him4 ,^!  
rise z ! sun rises2 & z !y gr[ long]1 !y
 beg9 to b5d t[>ds ea* o!r1 till !y meet
 directly ov] ! sun1 j z he rises1 =m+  
!re a p>helion1 or mock sun4 ,^! two    
/reams ( light1 he says1 seem to h _!   
s\rce 9 two o!r p>helia1 :i* rise ) !   
true sun2 & 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sun nev] rises 
above ! haze or fog1 :i* he says is     
con/antly se5 ne> ! horizon1 all ^!     
accompany him ! :ole day1 & set ) him4  
,once or twice he saw a f\r? p>helion1  
directly "u ! sun2 b ?is is n common4   
,^! facts be+ con/ant1 are v valuable1 &
 may ?r[ great light on ! !ory ( ^!     
rem>kable ph5om5a4 ,sometimes p>helia   
appe> 9 a diff]5t mann]2 z :5 ?ree suns 
h be5 se5 9 ! same v]tical circle1 well 
def9$1 & t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,! true sun 0 9 

! middle1 & ! l[e/ t\*$ ! horizon1 & !y 
set "o aft] ! o!r4 ,?is appe>ance 0 se5 
by ,maleziew1 9 #agbb4 ,o!r appe>ances  
simil> to ?is are recit$ by ,mr4        
,mus*5broek4 ,sometimes ! sun has ris5  
or set ) a lum9\s tail project+ f him1 (
 ! same bread? ) 8 diamet]1 & p]p5dicul>
 to ! horizon4 ,su* an appe>ance 0 se5  
by ,cass9i 9 #afgb & #afib2 by ,de la   
,hire 9 #agjb2 & by ,mr4 ,ellis 9       
,hudson's ,bay4 ,z ,m4 ,feuile 0 walk+  
on ! banks ( ! riv] ,la ,plata1 he saw !
 sun ris+ ov] ! riv]1 ) a lum9\s tail   
project+ d[nw>ds1 :i* cont9u$ till he 0 
six degrees high4 ,p>asel1 or mock      
moons1 h also be5 se51 accompani$ )     
tails & col\r$ circles1 l ^? :i*        
accompany ! p>helia4 ,an acc\nt (       
sev]al1 & a p>ticul> description ( a f9e
 appe>ance ( ?is k9d1 may be se5 9      
,mus*5broek4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is    
ph5om5on is extract$ f a pamphlet1      
entitl$1 ',some:at writt5 by occasion ( 
,?ree ,sunnes' se5e1 at ,tregorie1 9    
,cornwall1 ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] la/2 ) o!r

 memorable occurr5ts 9 o!r places4      
,impr9t$ #afbb3 #bj pages small #dto4'  
,s9ce ?is /range app>ition1 namely1 ^u !
 #aj? ( ,janu>y la/1 !re happ5$ 9       
,devon%ire1 yet n f>re f ! o!r place1   
be+ on ! edge ( ,cornwalle1 ano!r wond]1
 :i*1 did z mu* affrighte ! e>es ( m51 z
 ?is did _! eyes3 = 9 ! aft]noone ( t   
day1 be+ ! ,?ursday aft] ,twelf?-day1   
!re 7 he>d 9 ! aire unusuall cracks or  
claps ( ?und]1 resembl+ 9 all po9ts !   
s\nd ( _m drums toge!r1 sometimes beat+ 
*>ges1 sometimes retreats1 sometimes    
m>*es1 & all o!r po9ts ( w>re3 :i*1 aft]
 x _h cont9u$ a good "t1 x seem$ t !    
same ?und] did mo/ lively expresse _m   
volleyes ( small-%ot1 & aft]w>ds ! l    
volleyes ( ordnance1 ) s great & yet s  
di/9ct noyse1 t _m ( !m :o dwelt ne>e ! 
sea1 w5t t[>d ! %ore to see :at x might 
meane1 z v]ily suppos+ !re _h be5e "s   
sea fight ne]e ^u t coa/4 ,^! sev]all   
fe>full noyses 7 aga9e & aga9e r5ew$ 9 !
 same ord]1 till at l5g? ) an horrible &
 extraord9>y cracke ( ?und]1 !re fell 9 

a gr\nd ( "o ,rob]t ,pi]ce1 :]e !re 7   
div]s workem5 plant+ apple-trees1 7:i*  
gr\nd lay ne]e ! h\se ( "o ,ma/] ,george
 ,*idley17 a ?und]-bolt1 if ,i may s    
call x1 be+ a /one ( ?ree foot & an     
halfe 9 l5g?1 ( two foot & an halfe 9   
bread?1 & "o foot & an halfe 9          
?icknesse1 ! sub/ance :]e( 0 9 h>dnesse 
& col\r n mu* unlike a fl9t1 z appe>es  
by _m pieces !re(1 :i* are %ew$ up &    
d[ne by _m cr$ible & hone/ g5tlem51 :o1 
) _! own h&s1 brake !m (f f ! ma9e /one4
 ,aft] ! fall ( ?is /one1 :i* ) ! weight
 !re( 0 cleane buri$ 9 ! gr\nd above a  
y>d deepe1 ! ?und] ceas$1 & p began z   
mu* to won--at t :i* !y n[ saw1 z !y _h 
lately done at t1 :i* ) s mu* fe>e &    
amazem5t !y _h he>d4   ,obs]vations on  
,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,moon4--  
,give me ! ways ( w&'r+ />s to "k1   ,! 
dep?s ( heav'n above & e>? bel[2   ,tea*
 me ! v>i\s lab\rs ( ! ,moon1   ,& :5ce 
proce$ ?' ,eclipses ( ! ,sun4           
,virg4 ,georg4 ii  ,! deprivation ( !   
light ( ! sun1 or "s heav5ly body1 by ! 

int]position ( ano!r heav5ly body betwe5
 our sight & x is1 call$ an ,eclipse4   
,?us1 eclipses ( ! sun happ5 by ! moon's
 int]v5+ betwe5 x & ! e>?2 by :i* means 
! %ad[ ( ! moon falls ^u ! e>?1 :5 !    
latitude ( ! moon does n prev5t x1 by   
elevat+ h] orb above1 or depress+ x bel[
 ! e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an eclipse ( !    
moon c only happ5 :5 ! e>? is int]pos$  
betwe5 ! sun & x2 = !n1 if ! latitude ( 
! moon does n prev5t x1 ! %ad[ ( ! e>?  
may fall on ! moon1 & !reby cause ei!r a
 p>tial1 or total eclipse4 ,a total     
eclipse ( ! sun or moon1 is :5 _! :ole  
bodies are obscur$2 & a p>tial "o1 is :5
 "p only ( _! bodies is d>k5$3 aga91 a  
c5tral eclipse is :5 x is n only total1 
b ! eclips$ body passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( 
! %ad[4  ,z total sol> eclipses are by  
no means common1 we %all give an int]e/+
 description ( "o1 by ,dr4 ,/ukeley1 s5t
 to 8 fri5d1 ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,edmund   
,halley4  ,accord+ to my promise1 ,i s5d
 y :at ,i obs]v$ ( ! sol> eclipse1 ?\gh 
,i fe> x w n be ( any great use to y4 ,i

 0 n prep>$ ) any in/rum5ts = measur+ "t
 or ! l1 & propos$ to myself only to    
wat* all ! appe>ances t nature w\ld     
pres5t to ! nak$ eye ^u s rem>kable an  
occasion1 & :i* g5]ally are ov]look$1 or
 b grossly reg>d$4 ,i *ose = my /ation a
 place call$ ,h>adon ,hill1 two miles   
ea/w>d f ,amsbury1 & full ea/ f ! op5+ (
 ,/oneh5ge av5ue1 to :i* x is z ! po9t (
 view4 ,be=e me lay ! va/ pla9 :]e t    
celebrat$ "w /&s1 & ,i knew t ! eclipse 
w\ld appe> directly ov] x2 besides1 ,i  
_h ! advantage ( a v ext5sive prospect e
 way1 ?is be+ ! highe/ hill h]eab\ts1 & 
ne>e/ ! middle ( ! %ad[4 ,full we/ ( me1
 & beyond ,/oneh5ge1 is a pretty copp$  
hill1 l ! top ( a cone1 lift+ itself    
above ! horizon2 ?is is ,clay-hill1 ne> 
,w>m9/]1 tw5ty miles di/ant1 & ne> !    
c5tral l9e ( d>kness1 :i* mu/ come f    
!nce1 s t ,i c\ld h notice en\gh be=eh& 
( its approa*4 ,abraham ,/urgis & ,/eph5
 ,ew5s1 bo? ( ?is place1 & s5sible m51 7
 ) me4 ,?\gh x 0 v cl\dy1 yet n[ & !n we
 _h gleams ( sun%9e1 r m ?an ,i c\ld    

p]ceive at any o!r place ar\nd u4 ,^!   
two p]sons1 look+ ?r\gh smok$ glasses1  
:ile ,i 0 tak+ "s be>+s ( ! c\ntry ) a  
circumf]5tor1 bo? confid5tly affirm$ !  
eclipse 0 begun1 :51 by my wat*1 ,i f\nd
 x j half an h\r aft] five2 & accord+ly 
f !nce ! progress ( x 0 visible1 & v (t5
 to ! nak$ eye2 ! ?9 cl\ds do+ ! (fice (
 glasses4 ,f ! "t ( ! sun's body be+    
half cov]$1 !re 0 a v conspicu\s circul>
 iris r\nd ! sun1 ) p]fect col\rs4 ,on  
all sides we beheld ! %eph]ds hurry+ _! 
flocks into fold1 ! d>kness com+ on2 =  
!y expect$ no?+ less ?an a total eclipse
 = an h\r & a qu>t]4  ,:5 ! sun look$ v 
%>p l a new moon1 ! sky 0 pretty cle> 9 
t spot2 b soon aft] a ?ick] cl\d cov]$  
x1 at :i* "t ! iris vani%$2 ! copp$ hill
 be=e-m5tion$ grew v d>k1 toge!r ) !    
horizon on bo? sides1 t is1 to ! nor? & 
s\?1 & look$ blue1 j z x appe>s at !    
decl5sion ( day4 ,we _h sc>cely "t to   
tell !m1 :5 ,salisbury /eeple1 six miles
 (f s\?w>d1 became v black2 ! copp$ hill
 0 q lo/1 & a mo/ gloomy night ) full   

c>e] came ^u u3 at ?is in/ant we lo/    
sight ( ! sun1 ^: place among ! cl\ds 0 
hi!rto suffici5tly di/+ui%able1 b n[ n !
 lea/ trace ( x 0 to be f\nd1 any m ?an 
if really abs5t3 !n ,i saw by my wat*1  
?\gh ) difficulty1 & only by help ( "s  
light f ! nor!rn qu>t]1 t x 0 six h\rs  
?irty-five m9utes3 j be=e ?is1 ! :ole   
compass ( ! heav5s & e>? look$ ( a lurid
 complexion1 prop]ly speak+1 = x 0 black
 & blue1 only on ! e>? ^u ! horizon !   
blue prevail$2 !re 0 likewise 9 !       
heav5s1 among ! cl\ds1 mu* gre5         
int]sp]s$1 s t ! :ole appe>ance 0 really
 v dreadful1 & z symptoms ( sick5+      
nature4  ,n[ ,i p]ceiv$ we 7 involv$ 9  
total & palpable d>kness1 z ,i may aptly
 call x2 = ?\gh x came quickly1 yet ,i 0
 s int5t1 t ,i c\ld p]ceive its /eps1 & 
feel x z x 7 drop ^u u1 & fall on ! "r  
%\ld] 7we look+ we/w>d7 l a great d>k   
mantle1 or cov]let ( a b$1 ?r[n ov] u1  
or l ! draw+ ( a curta9 on t side4 ,!   
horses we held 9 our h&s 7 v s5sible (  
x1 & cr[d$ close to u1 />tl+ ) great    

surprise2 & z mu* z ,i c\ld see ( ! m5's
 faces t /ood by me1 !y _h a horrible   
aspect4 ,at ?is in/ant ,i look$ ar\nd   
me1 n )\t exclamations ( admiration1 &  
c\ld disc]n col\rs 9 ! heav5s1 b ! e>?  
_h lo/ its blue1 & 0 :olly black4 ,= "s 
"t1 among ! cl\ds1 !re 7 visible /reaks 
( rays1 t5d+ to ! place ( ! sun z _!    
c5tre2 b imm$iately aft]1 ! :ole        
appe>ance ( e>? & sky 0 entirely black3 
( all ?+s ,i ev] saw 9 my life1 or c by 
imag9ation fancy1 x 0 a sight ! mo/     
trem5d\s4  ,t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 :5ce !    
eclipse came1 ,i c\ld n 9 ! lea/ f9d any
 di/9ction 9 ! horizon betwe5 heav5 &   
e>?1 = a good bread? ( ab\t sixty       
degrees1 or m2 nor ! t[n ( ,amsbury     
und]nea? u1 nor sc>cely ! gr\nd we trod 
on4 ,i turn$ myself r\nd sev]al times   
dur+ ?is total d>kness1 & rem>k$ at a   
good di/ance f ! we/ on bo? sides1 t is1
 to ! nor? & s\?1 ! horizon v p]fectly2 
! e>? be+ black1 ! l[] p>ts ( ! heav5s  
light2 = ! d>kness above hung ov] u l a 
canopy1 almo/ rea*+ ! horizon 9 ^? p>ts1

 or z if made ) skirts ( a light] col\r2
 s t ! upp] edges ( all ! hills 7 z a   
black l9e1 & ,i knew !m v di/9ctly by _!
 %ape or pr(ile2 & nor?w>d1 ,i saw      
p]fectly1 t ! int]val ( light & d>kness 
9 ! horizon 0 betwe5 ,m>t9sal-hill & ,/4
 ,ann's-hill2 b s\?w>d x 0 m indef9ite4 
,i d n mean t ! v]ge ( ! %ad[ pass$     
betwe5 ^? hills1 :i* 7 b twelve miles   
di/ant f u2 b1 s f> ,i c\ld di/+ui% !   
horizon2 beyond x n at all4 ,! reason ( 
x 0 ?is2 ! elevation ( gr\nd ,i 0 ^u    
gave me an opportunity ( see+ ! light ( 
! heav5s beyond ! %ad[2 nev]!less1 ?is  
v]ge ( light look$ ( a dead yell[i%1 &  
gre5i% col\r2 x 0 broad] to ! nor? ?an  
s\?2 b ! s\!rn 0 ( a tawny col\r3 at ?is
 "t beh9d u1 or ea/w>d t[>d ,london1 x 0
 d>k too1 :]e o!rwise ,i c\ld see !     
hills beyond ,&ov]2 = ! =emo/ end ( !   
%ad[ 0 pa/ ?i!r2 s t ! :ole horizon 0 n[
 divid$ into f\r p>ts ( unequal bulk1 & 
degrees ( light & d>k2 ! "p to !        
nor?-we/ broade/ & blacke/1 to ! s\?-we/
 lighte/ & longe/4 ,all ! *ange ,i c\ld 

p]ceive dur+ ! totality1 01 t ! horizon 
by degrees drew into two p>ts1 light &  
d>k3 ! nor!rn hemisph]e gr[+ /ill long]1
 light]1 & broad]2 & ! two opposite d>k 
p>ts unit+ into "o1 & swall[+ up ! s\!rn
 enlight5$ "p4  ,z at ! beg9n+ ! %ade   
came feel+ly ^u our "r %\ld]s1 s n[ !   
light f ! nor?1 :]e x op5$ z x 72 ?\gh  
,i c\ld disc]n no def9$ light or %ade ^u
 ! e>? t way1 :i* ,i e>ne/ly wat*$ =1   
yet x 0 manife/ly by degrees1 & )       
oscillation1 go+ back a little1 &       
quickly advanc+ fur!r1 till at l5g?1 ^u 
! fir/ lucid po9t appe>+ 9 ! heav5s1 :]e
 ! sun 01 ,i c\ld di/+ui% pretty pla9ly 
a rim ( light runn+ alongside ( u a good
 :ile toge!r1 or sweep+ by at our elb[s 
f we/ to ea/4 ,j !n1 hav+ reason to     
suppose ! totality end$ ) u1 ,i look$ on
 my wat*1 & f\nd x to be full ?ree      
m9utes & a half m4 ,n[ ! hill-tops *ang$
 _! black into blue aga91 & ,i c\ld     
di/+ui% an horizon :]e ! c5tre ( d>kness
 0 be=e3 ! m5 cri$ out1 !y saw !        
copp$-hill aga91 :i* !y _h eag]ly look$ 

=2 b /ill x cont9u$ d>k to ! s\?-ea/1   
yet ,i _c say t ev] ! horizon t way 0   
undi/+ui%able4 ,imm$iately we he>d !    
l>ks *irp+1 & s++ v briskly1 = joy ( !  
re/or$ lum9>y1 aft] all ?+s _h be5 hu%$ 
into a mo/ pr(\nd & univ]sal sil5ce4 ,! 
heav5s & e>? n[ appe>$ exactly l morn+  
be=e sunrise1 ( a greyi% ca/1 b r m blue
 int]sp]s$2 & ! e>?1 s f> z ! v]ge ( !  
hill rea*$1 0 ( a d>k gre51 or russet   
col\r4  ,z soon z ! sun em]g$1 ! cl\ds  
grew ?ick]1 & ! light 0 v little am5d$ =
 a m9ute or m1 l a cl\dy morn+ sl[ly    
advanc+4 ,aft] ab\t ! middle ( !        
totality1 & s aft] ! em]sion ( ! sun1 we
 saw ,v5us v pla9ly1 b no o!r />4       
,salisbury /eeple n[ appe>$2 b ! cl\ds  
nev] remov+1 we c\ld take no acc\nt ( x 
aft]w>ds2 b 9 ! ev5+ x light5$ v mu*4 ,i
 ha/5$ home to write ?is lett]1 & !     
impression 0 s vivid ^u my m9d1 t ,i am 
sure1 ,i c\ld = "s days aft] h writt5 ! 
same acc\nt ( x1 & v precisely4 ,aft]   
supp] ,i made a draw+ ( x f my          
imag9ation1 ^u ! same pap] on :i* ,i _h 

tak5 a prospect ( ! c\ntry be=e4  ,i mu/
 confess to y1 t ,i 0 7,i believe7 !    
only p]son 9 ,engl&1 t regrett$ n !     
cl\d9ess ( ! day1 :i* add$ s mu* to !   
solemnity ( ! sight1 & :i* incomp>ably  
exce$$1 9 my appreh5sion1 t ( #agae1 :i*
 ,i saw v p]fectly f ! top ( ,bo/on     
/eeple1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :]e ! air 0 v    
cle>2 b ! night ( ?is 0 m complete &    
dreadful3 !re1 inde$1 ,i saw bo? sides (
 ! %ad[ come f a great di/ance1 & pass  
beyond u to a consid]able ext5t2 b ?is  
eclipse _h mu* m ( v>iety & maje/ic     
t]ror2 s t ,i _c b felicitate myself ^u 
! opportunity ( see+ ^! two r>e accid5ts
 ( nature1 9 s diff]5t a mann]4 ,yet ,i 
%\ld will+ly h lo/ ?is pleasure1 = y\r m
 valuable advantage ( p]fect+ ! noble   
!ory ( ! cele/ial bodies1 :i*1 la/ "t1 y
 gave ! _w s nice a calculation (2 & ,i 
wi% ! sky _h n[ z mu* fav\r$ u = an     
addition to y\r hon\r & great skill1 :i*
 ,i d\bt n to be z exact 9 ?is z be=e4  
,we n[ proce$ to describe ,,! ,,halo1   
,,or ,,corona2 ,,& ,,simil>             

,,appe>ances4--,an ,halo is a lum9\s    
circle surr\nd+ ! sun1 moon1 planets1 or
 fix$ />s4 ,occasionally ^! circles are 
:ite1 & sometimes !y are col\r$ l !     
ra9b[4 ,sometimes "o only is visible1 & 
at o!rs sev]al conc5tric halos appe> at 
! same "t4 ,mr4 ,huyg5s obs]v$ r$ next !
 sun1 & a pale blue outw>ds4 ,sometimes 
!y are r$ on ! inside1 & :ite on !      
outside4 ,9 ,france1 "o 0 obs]v$ 9      
#afhc1 ! middle ( :i* 0 :ite2 aft] :i*  
foll[$ a bord] ( r$1 next to x 0 blue1  
!n gre51 & ! out]mo/ circle 0 a bright  
r$4 ,9 #agbh1 "o 0 se5 ( a pale r$      
outw>dly1 !n foll[$ yell[1 & !n gre51   
t]m9at$ by a :ite4 ,9 ,holl&1 ,m4       
,mus*5broek says1 fifty may be se5 9 !  
day-"t1 almo/ e ye>2 b !y are difficult 
to be obs]v$1 except ! eye be s situat$1
 t n ! body ( ! sun1 b only ! neighb\r+ 
p>ts ( ! heav5s1 c be se54 ,mr4         
,middleton says1 t ?is ph5om5on is v    
frequ5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 = t !re is     
g5]ally "o or two ab\t ! sun e week1 & z
 _m ab\t ! moon e mon?4 ,halos r\nd !   

sun are v frequ5t 9 ,russia4 ,m4 p9us   
says1 t f ! #bc;d ( ,april1 #ageh1 to ! 
#bj? ( ,septemb]1 he himself _h obs]v$  
no less ?an tw5ty-six1 & t he has       
sometimes se5 twice z _m 9 ! same space 
( "t4  ,simil>1 9 "s respects1 to !     
halo1 0 ! rem>kable appe>ance :i* ,m4   
,b\gu] describes1 z obs]v$ on ! top (   
,m\nt ,pi*9ca1 9 ! ,cordill]as4 ,:5 !   
sun 0 j ris+ beh9d !m1 s z to appe>     
:ite1 ea* ( !m saw 8 own %ad[ project$  
^u x1 & no o!r4 ,! di/ance 0 su*1 t all 
! p>ts ( ! %ad[ 7 easily di/+ui%able1 z 
! arms1 ! legs1 & ! head2 b :at surpris$
 !m mo/ 01 t ! head 0 adorn$ ) a k9d (  
glory1 consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r small      
conc5tric cr[ns1 ( a v lively col\r1 ea*
 exhibit+ all ! v>ieties ( ! prim>y     
ra9b[1 & hav+ ! circle ( r$ on !        
outside4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ^! circles  
cont9u$ equal1 ?\gh ! diamet]s ( !m all 
7 con/antly *ang+4 ,! la/ ( !m 0 v fa9t2
 & at a consid]able di/ance 0 ano!r     
great :ite circle1 :i* surr\nd$ ! :ole4 
,?is ph5om5on nev] appe>$ b 9 a cl\d    

consi/+ ( froz5 p>ticles1 & nev] 9 drops
 ( ra9 l ! ra9b[4 ,:5 ! sun 0 n 9 !     
horizon1 only "p ( ! :ite circle 0      
visible1 z ,m4 ,b\qu] frequ5tly obs]v$  
aft]w>ds4 ,simil> to ?is curi\s         
appe>ance1 0 "o se5 by ,dr4 ,m',fait 9  
,scotl&2 :o obs]v$ a ra9b[ r\nd 8 %ad[ 9
 ! mi/1 :5 he 0 ^u an em95ce above x4 ,9
 ?is situation ! :ole c\ntry r\nd seem$ 
buri$ "u a va/ deluge1 & no?+ b ! tops (
 di/ant hills appe>$ "h & !re above !   
flood4 ,9 ^? upp] regions1 ! air1 he    
says1 is at t "t v pure & agreeable4 ,at
 ano!r "t he obs]v$ a d\ble range (     
col\rs r\nd 8 %ad[4 ,! col\rs ( !       
out]mo/ range 7 broad & v di/9ct1 & e   
:]e ab\t two feet di/ant f ! %ad[4 ,!n  
!re 0 a d>ki% int]val1 & aft] t ano!r   
n>r[] range ( col\rs1 closely surr\nd+ !
 %ad[1 :i* 0 v mu* contract$4 ,he ?9ks t
 ^! ranges ( col\rs are caus$ by !      
inflection ( ! rays ( light1 ! same t   
occasions ! r+ ( light :i* surr\nds !   
%ad[ ( all bodies1 obs]v$ by ,m4        
,m>aldi1 & o!rs4   ,we next proce$ to ! 

ph5om5on g5]ally call$ ,,fall+ ,,or     
,,%oot+ ,,/>4--,?is is a lum9\s meteor1 
d>t+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 & resembl+ a  
/> fall+ f ! heav5s4 ,! explication (   
?is ph5om5on _h puzzl$ all philosoph]s1 
till ! mod]n discov]ies 9 electricity l$
 to ! mo/ probable acc\nt ( x4 ,signior 
,becc>i makes x pretty evid5t1 t x is an
 electrical appe>ance1 & recites !      
foll[+ fact 9 pro( ( 8 op9ion4 ,ab\t an 
h\r aft] sunset1 he1 & "s fri5ds t 7 )  
him1 obs]v$ a fall+ /> direct+ its c\rse
 t[>ds !m1 & app>5tly gr[+ l>g] & l>g]1 
b x disappe>$ n f> f !m4 ,:5 x vani%$1 x
 left _! faces1 h&s1 & clo!s1 ) ! e>?1 &
 all ! neighb\r+ objects1 sudd5ly       
illum9at$ ) a diffus$ & lamb5t light1 b 
n att5d$ ) any noise4 ,dur+ _! surprise 
at ?is appe>ance1 a s]vant in=m$ !m1 t  
he _h se5 a light %9e sudd5ly 9 ! g>d51 
& especially ^u ! /reams :i* he 0 ?r[+  
to wat] x4 ,all ^! appe>ances 7 evid5tly
 electrical2 & ,becc>i 0 confirm$ 9 8   
conjecture1 t electricity 0 ! cause (   
!m1 by ! quantity ( electric matt] :i*  

he _h se5 gradually advanc+ t[>ds a kite
 he _h elevat$1 :i* _h v mu* ! appe>ance
 ( a fall+ />4 ,sometimes1 also1 he saw 
a k9d ( glory r\nd ! kite1 :i* foll[$ x 
:5 x *ang$ its place1 b left "s light1 =
 a small space ( "t1 9 ! place x _h     
quitt$4  ,capta9 ,bagnold says1 :il/    
pass+ ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,bahama1 9 !     
autumn ( #agii1 he witness$ ! foll[+    
s+ul> atmosph]ic ph5om5on4  ,x 0 a f9e  
/>-light morn+1 ab\t two o'clock1 !     
atmosph]e rem>kably cle>1 ) a light air 
f ! nor?-ea/2 ! sky to w9dw>d1 f        
nor?-nor?-ea/ to s\?-s\?-ea/1 0         
illum9at$ by a pr(usion ( ^? meteors1   
vulg>ly d5om9at$ fall+ />s1 b ( a       
description f> m vivid ?an ^? usually   
se5 9 ! high] latitudes2 ! head ( ea* 0 
an oblong ignit$ mass1 foll[$ by a long 
lum9\s tail1 :i*1 aft] ?ree or f\r      
seconds1 gradually vani%$4 ,!y 7 =m$1 to
 all appe>ance1 9 ! air1 at an elevation
 ( f ?irty-five to sixty-f\r degrees1   
none be+ obs]v$ 9 ! z5i?1 & few to      
comm5ce ne>] ! horizon ?an !            

fir/-m5tion$ angles4 ,at ! mean ( ^!    
elevations1 ! greate/ numb]s 7 se5 d>t+ 
9 diff]5t directions1 =m+ portions ( a  
l>ge curve1 all slightly incl9$ to !    
horizon4 ,multitudes 7 con/antly visible
 at ! same mom5t1 & !y succe$$ ea* o!r s
 rapidly1 t ! eye ( ! spectator 0 kept 9
 motion betwe5 ! above po9ts ( !        
compass4 ,9 ab\t t5 m9utes !y became    
less frequ5t1 & at l5g? ceas$ altoge!r4 
,! app>5t di/ance ( ?is ph5om5on w\ld1  
by a seaman1 be e/imat$ at fifte5 or    
tw5ty miles2 & if x really 0 :at ,i h   
always consid]$ x1 namely1 a nocturnal  
%[] ( meteoric /ones1 x 0 p]haps =tunate
 = all on bo>d1 t we 7 n )9 ! sph]e (   
its action3 :atev] x 01 nev] %all ,i    
=get ! spl5d\r ( ! spectacle4--,see     
,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 volume  
,,iii4 page #cca1 #cce4   ,we close ?is 
*apt] ) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,?ree        
,,volcanoes ,,9 ,,! ,,moon2 by ,dr4     
,h]s*el4  ,x w be necess>y to say a few 
words by way ( introduction to ! acc\nt 
,i h to give ( "s appe>ances ^u ! moon4 

,! ph5om5a ( nature1 especially ^? t    
fall "u ! inspection ( ! a/ronom]1 are  
to be view$1 n only ) ! usual att5tion  
to facts z !y occur1 b ) ! eye ( reason 
& exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is we are1 h[ev]1 n     
all[$ to dep>t f pla9 appe>ances1 ?\gh  
_! orig9 & signification %\ld be        
indicat$ by ! mo/ *>act]iz+ features4   
,?us1 :5 we see on ! surface ( ! moon a 
great numb] ( elevations1 f half a mile 
to a mile & a half 9 height1 we are     
/rictly entitl$ to call !m m\nta9s2 b :5
 we att5d to _! p>ticul> %ape1 9 :i* _m 
( !m resemble ! crat]s ( our volcanoes1 
& !nce argue t !y owe _! orig9 to ! same
 cause :i* has modell$ _m ( ^!1 we may  
be said to see by analogy1 or ) ! eye ( 
reason4 ,n[1 9 ?is latt] case1 ?\gh x   
may be conv5i5t1 9 speak+ ( ph5om5a1 to 
use expressions t c only be ju/ifi$ by  
reason+ ^u ! facts !mselves1 x w c]ta9ly
 be ! safe/ way n to neglect a full     
description ( !m1 t x may appe> to o!rs 
h[ f> we h be5 au?oriz$ to use ! m5tal  
eye4 ,?is be+ premis$1 ,i may safely    

proce$ to give my obs]vations4  ,april  
#ai?1 #aghg1 #aj;h4 #cf'1 sid]eal "t3 ,i
 p]ceive ?ree volcanoes 9 diff]5t places
 ( ! d>k "p ( ! new moon4 ,two ( !m are 
ei!r already ne>ly ext9ct1 or o!rwise 9 
a /ate ( go+ to break out2 :i*1 p]haps1 
may be decid$ next lunation4 ,! ?ird    
%ews an actual eruption ( fire1 or      
lum9\s matt]4 ,i measur$ ! di/ance ( !  
crat] f ! nor!rn limb ( ! moon1 & f\nd x
 #c' #eg4c4 ,its light is mu* bright]   
?an ! nucleus ( ! comet :i* ,m4 ,me*a9  
discov]$ at ,p>is ! #aj? ( ?is          
mon?4--,april #bj?1 #aghg1 #aj;h4 #b'1  
sid]eal "t3 ,! volcano burns ) great]   
viol5ce ?an la/ night4 ,i believe its   
diamet] _c be less ?an #c1 by comp>+ x )
 t ( ! ,georgian planet3 z ,jupit] 0 ne>
 at h&1 ,i turn$ ! telescope to 8 ?ird  
satellite1 & e/imat$ ! diamet] ( ! burn+
 "p ( ! volcano to be equal to at lea/  
twice t ( ! satellite4 ,h5ce we may     
compute t ! %9+ or burn+ matt] mu/ be   
above ?ree miles 9 diamet]4 ,x is ( an  
irregul> r\nd figure1 & v %>ply def9$ on

 ! edges4 ,! o!r two volcanoes are mu*  
f>!r t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! moon1 & resemble 
l>ge pretty fa9t nebul1 t are gradually 
mu* bright] 9 ! middle2 b no well-def9$ 
lum9\s spot c be disc]n$ 9 !m4 ,^! ?ree 
spots are pla9ly to be di/+ui%$ f ! re/ 
( ! m>ks ^u ! moon2 = ! reflection ( !  
sun's rays f ! e>? is1 9 its pres5t     
situation1 suffici5tly bright1 ) a      
t5-feet reflector1 to %ew ! moon's      
spots1 ev5 ! d>ke/ ( !m2 nor did ,i     
p]ceive any simil> ph5om5a la/ lunation1
 ?\gh ,i !n view$ ! same places ) ! same
 in/rum5t4  ,! appe>ance ( :at ,i h     
call$ ! actual fire1 or eruption ( a    
volcano1 exactly resembl$ a small piece 
( burn+ *>coal1 :5 x is cov]$ by a v ?9 
coat ( :ite a%es1 :i* frequ5tly adh]e to
 x aft] x has be5 "s "t ignit$2 & x _h a
 degree ( brightness ab\t z /rong z t ) 
:i* su* a coal w\ld be se5 to gl[ 9 fa9t
 daylight4 ,all ! adjac5t p>ts ( !      
volcanic m\nta9 seem$ to be fa9tly      
illum9at$ by ! eruption1 & 7 gradually m
 obscure z !y lay at a great] di/ance f 

! crat]4  ,?is eruption resembl$ mu* t  
:i* ,i saw on ! f\r? ( ,may1 9 ! ye>    
#aghc2 an acc\nt ( :i*1 ) _m rem>kable  
p>ticul>s relat+ to volcanic m\nta9s 9 !
 moon1 ,i %all take an e>ly opportunity 
( communicat+ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,x  
diff]$1 h[ev]1 consid]ably 9 magnitude &
 brightness2 = ! volcano ( ! ye> #aghc1 
?\gh mu* bright] ?an t :i* is n[ burn+1 
0 n ne> s l>ge 9 ! dim5sions ( its      
eruption2 ! =m] se5 9 ! telescope       
resembl$ a /> ( ! f\r? magnitude1 z x   
appe>s to ! natural eye3 ?is1 on !      
contr>y1 %ews a visible disk ( lum9\s   
matt]1 v diff]5t f ! sp>kl+ brightness (
 />-light4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxix4           
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,v>i\s        
,,ph5om5a1 ,,or ,,appe>ances ,,9        
,,nature4--7,conclud$47      ,! ,aurora 
,borealis4      --------------,sil5t f !
 nor?     ,a blaze ( meteors %oots3     
ensweep+ fir/     ,! l[] skies1 !y all  
at once conv]ge     ,high to ! cr[n (   
heav'n1 & all at once     ,relaps+      
quick1 z quickly reasc5d1     ,& mix &  

?w>t1 ext+ui% & r5ew1     ,all e!r c\rs+
 9 a maze ( light                       
,?omson4   ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis1     
sometimes call$ ,/ream]s1 is an         
extraord9>y meteor1 or lum9\s appe>ance1
 %ew+ itself 9 ! night "t 9 ! nor!rn "p 
( ! heav5s2 & mo/ usually 9 fro/y wea!r4
 ,x is g5]ally ( a r$di% col\r1 incl9+  
to yell[1 & s5ds out frequ5t            
corruscations ( pale light1 :i* seem to 
rise f ! horizon 9 a pyramidical        
undulat+ =m1 & %oot ) great velocity up 
to ! z5i?4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis appe>s  
frequ5tly 9 =m ( an ar*1 *iefly 9 ! spr+
 & autumn1 aft] a dry ye>4 ,! ar* is    
p>tly bright1 p>tly d>k1 b g5]ally      
transp>5t3 & ! matt] ( :i* x consi/s1 is
 also f\nd to h no effect on rays (     
light :i* pass ?r\gh x4 ,dr4 ,hamilton  
obs]ves1 t he c\ld pla9ly disc]n !      
smalle/ speck 9 ! ,pleiades ?r\gh !     
d5sity ( ^? cl\ds :i* =m$ ! ,aurora     
,borealis 9 #agfc1 )\t ! lea/ dim9ution 
( its spl5d\r1 or increase ( tw9kl+4    
,illu/ration3 ,,aurora                  

,,borealis4--,page #fhd4  ,?is is an    
extraord9>y appe>ance ( ! ,aurora       
,borealis1 obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,p>ry 9 8  
exp$ition to ! ,arctic regions4         
,illu/ration3 ,,aurora                  
,,borealis4--,page #fhd4  ,?is is an    
aspect ( ! ,aurora ,borealis sometimes  
obs]v$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,! view embraces a    
portion ( ,lo* ,lev51 ) ! isl& & ! ca/le
 9 :i* ! un=tunate ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots 0
 imprison$4  ,?is k9d ( meteor1 :i* is m
 uncommon z we approa* t[>ds ! equator1 
is almo/ con/ant dur+ ! long w9t]1 &    
appe>s ) ! greate/ lu/re 9 ! pol>       
regions4 ,9 ! ,%etl& isles1 ! ,m]ry     
,danc]s1 z ! nor!rn lights are !re      
call$1 are ! con/ant att5dants ( cle>   
ev5+s1 & af=d great relief amid/ ! gloom
 ( ! long w9t] nights4 ,!y commonly     
appe> at twilight1 ne> ! horizon1 ( a   
dun col\r1 approa*+ to yell[2 !y        
sometimes cont9ue 9 t /ate = sev]al     
h\rs1 )\t any p]ceptible motion2 &      
sometimes !y break out into /reams (    
/rong] light1 spread+ into columns1 &   

alt]+ sl[ly into t5 ?\s& diff]5t %apes1 
& v>y+ _! col\rs f all ! t9ts ( yell[1  
to ! mo/ obscure russet4 ,!y (t5 cov] ! 
:ole hemisph]e1 & !n exhibit ! mo/      
brilliant appe>ance4 ,_! motions at ?is 
"t are mo/ amaz+ly quick2 & !y a/oni% ! 
spectator ) ! rapid *anges ( _! =m4 ,!y 
break out 9 places :]e none 7 se5 be=e1 
skimm+ briskly among ! heav5s1 are      
sudd5ly ext+ui%$1 & are succe$$ by a    
uni=m dusky tract4 ,?is aga9 is         
brilliantly illum9at$ 9 ! same mann]1 & 
z sudd5ly left a d>k space4 ,9 "s       
nights1 !y assume ! appe>ance ( l>ge    
columns1 on "o side ( ! deepe/ yell[1 & 
on ! o!r1 gradually *ang+1 till x       
becomes undi/+ui%$ f ! sky4 ,!y h       
g5]ally a /rong tremul\s motion f "o end
 to ! o!r1 & ?is cont9ues till ! :ole   
vani%es4  ,z = u1 :o see only !         
extremities ( ^! nor!rn ph5om5a1 we c h 
b a fa9t idea ( _! spl5d\r & motions4   
,accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 !y    
diff] 9 hue2 & sometimes assum+ ! col\r 
( blood1 !y make a dreadful appe>ance4  

,! ru/ic sages :o obs]ve !m1 become     
prophetic1 & t]rify ! spectators ) al>ms
 ( w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e4 ,nor1 inde$1 7
 ^! sup]/iti\s presages peculi> to !    
nor!rn isl&s3 appe>ances ( a simil>     
nature are ( anci5t date2 & !y 7        
di/+ui%$ by ! appellations ( phasmata1  
trabes1 & balides1 accord+ to _! =ms &  
col\rs4 ,9 old times !y 7 ei!r m r>e1 or
 less frequ5tly notic$3 !y 7 suppos$ to 
port5d great ev5ts1 & ! timid imag9ation
 =m$ ( !m arial conflicts4  ,9 ! nor!rn 
latitudes ( ,sw$5 & ,lapl&1 ! ,auror    
,boreales are n only s+ul>ly beautiful 9
 _! appe>ance1 b !y af=d travell]s1 by  
_! almo/ con/ant effulg5ce1 a v         
beautiful light dur+ ! :ole night4 ,9   
,hudson's ,bay ! ,aurora ,borealis      
diffuses a v>iegat$ spl5d\r1 :i* is said
 to equal t ( ! full moon4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n
 p>ts ( ,sib]ia1 accord+ to !           
description ( ,gmel91 ^! nor!rn lights  
are obs]v$ to beg9 ) s+le bright pill>s1
 ris+ 9 ! nor?1 & almo/ at ! same "t 9 !
 nor?-ea/1 :i*1 gradually increas+1     

compreh5d a l>ge space ( ! heav5s1 ru%  
ab\t f place to place ) incr$ible       
velocity1 &1 f9ally1 almo/ cov] ! :ole  
sky up to ! z5i?1 & produce an appe>ance
 z if a va/ t5t 7 exp&$ 9 ! heav5s1     
glitt]+ ) gold1 rubies1 & sapphire4 ,a m
 beautiful spectacle _c be pa9t$2 b     
:oev] %\ld see su* a nor!rn light = !   
fir/ "t1 c\ld n behold x )\t t]ror4 ,=1 
h[ev] f9e ! illum9ation may be1 x is    
att5d$1 z ,i h le>n$ f ! relation ( _m  
p]sons1 ) su* a hiss+1 crackl+1 & ru%+  
noise ?r\gh ! air1 z if ! l>ge/         
fire-works 7 play$ (f4 ,to describe :at 
!y !n he>1 !y make use ( ! expression1  
',! rag+ ho/ is pass+4' ,! hunt]s1 :o   
pursue ! :ite & blue foxes 9 ! conf9es (
 ! ,icy ,sea1 are (t5 al>m$ 9 _! c\rse  
by ^! nor!rn lights4 ,_! dogs are !n s  
mu* fright5$1 t !y w n move1 b lie      
ob/9ately on ! gr\nd1 till ! noise has  
pass$4 ,commonly1 cle> & calm wea!r     
foll[s ?is k9d ( nor!rn lights4 ,?is    
acc\nt has be5 confirm$ by ! uni=m      
te/imony ( _m1 :o h sp5t "p ( sev]al    

ye>s 9 ^! nor!rn regions1 & inhabit$    
diff]5t c\ntries f ! ,y5isei to ! ,l5a2 
s t no d\bt ( its tru? c rema94 ,?is    
seems1 inde$1 to be ! real bir?-place ( 
! ,aurora ,borealis4  ,a p]son :o resid$
 sev5 ye>s at ,hudson's ,bay1 confirms  
,m4 ,gmel9's relation ( ! f9e appe>ance 
& brilliant col\rs ( ! nor!rn lights1 & 
p>ticul>ly ( _! ru%+ noise1 :i* he      
affirms he has frequ5tly he>d1 & he     
comp>es x to ! s\nd produc$ by :irl+    
r\nd a /ick swiftly at ! end ( a /r+4 ,a
 simil> noise has likewise be5 notic$ 9 
,sw$54 ,mr4 ,nairne also1 be+ 9         
,nor?ampton at ! "t :5 ! nor!rn lights 7
 rem>kably bright1 is confid5t he he>d a
 hiss+ or :izz+ s\nd4 ,mr4 ,belknap1 (  
,dov]1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 
te/ifies to ?is fact4 ,m4 ,cavallo says1
 t ! crack+ noise is di/9ctly audible1 &
 t he has he>d x m ?an once4 ,simil>    
lights1 call$ ,auror ,au/rales1 h be5   
long s9ce obs]v$ t[>ds ! s\? pole1 & _! 
exi/5ce has be5 lately asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 
,=/]1 :o assures u1 t 9 8 voyage r\nd ! 

_w ) ,capta9 ,cook1 he obs]v$ !m 9 high 
s\!rn latitudes1 ?\gh att5d$ ) ph5om5a  
some:at diff]5t f ^? :i* are se5 "h4    
,on ,febru>y #ag1 #aggc1 9 s\? latitude 
#eh1 a beautiful ph5om5on 7he says7 0   
obs]v$ dur+ ! prec$+ night1 :i* appe>$  
aga9 ?is & sev]al foll[+ nights4 ,x     
consi/$ ( long columns ( a cle> :ite    
light1 %oot+ up f ! horizon to ! ea/w>d1
 almo/ to ! z5i?1 & gradually spread+ on
 ! :ole s\!rn "p ( ! sky4 ,! columns 7  
sometimes b5t sideways at _! upp]       
extremities2 & ?\gh 9 mo/ respects      
simil> to ! nor!rn lights 7,aurora      
,borealis7 ( our hemisph]e1 yet !y      
diff]$ f !m 9 be+ always ( a :iti%      
col\r1 :]eas ours assume v>i\s t9ts1    
especially ^? ( a fi]y & purple hue4 ,! 
sky 0 g5]ally cle> :5 !y appe>$1 & ! air
 %>p & cold1 ! !rmomet] /&+ at ! freez+ 
po9t4  ,! p]iods ( ! appe>ance ( ^!     
nor!rn lights are v incon/ant4 ,9 "s    
ye>s !y occur v frequ5tly1 & 9 o!rs !y  
are m r>e2 & x has be5 obs]v$1 t !y are 
m common ab\t ! "t ( ! equ9oxes ?an at  

o!r seasons ( ! ye>4 ,dr4 ,halley 7see  
,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #cdg1 p4 #djf17   
has collect$ toge!r sev]al obs]vations1 
:i* =m a k9d ( hi/ory ( ?is ph5om5on4   
,aft] hav+ p>ticul>ly describ$ ! v>i\s  
circum/ances :i* att5d$ t obs]v$ by     
himself1 & _m o!rs1 9 ,m>*1 #agaf1 & :i*
 0 s+ul>ly brilliant1 he proce$s ) in=m+
 u1 t ! fir/ acc\nt ( simil> ph5om5a    
record$ 9 ! ,engli% annals1 is t ( !    
appe>ance notic$ ,janu>y #cj1 #aefj1 &  
call$1 ,burn+ ,spe>s1 by ! au?or ( a    
book entitl$1 ,a ,description (         
,meteors1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,d4,d42 repr9t$ at 
,london1 9 #afed4 ,! next appe>ance ( a 
l k9d1 record$ by ,/[1 occurr$ on       
,octob] #g1 #aefd4 ,9 #aegd1 z ,camd5 & 
,/[ in=m u1 an ,aurora ,borealis 0 se5 =
 two successive nights1 viz4 on ! #ad? &
 #ae? ( ,novemb]1 ) appe>ances simil> to
 ^? obs]v$ 9 #agaf1 & :i* are n[        
commonly notic$4 ,! same ph5om5on 0     
twice se5 9 ,brabant1 9 #aege1 viz4 on !
 #ac? ( ,febru>y1 & ! #bh? ( ,septemb]2 
& ! circum/ances att5d+ x 7 describ$ by 

,cornelius ,gemma1 :o comp>es !m to     
spe>s1 =tifi$ cities1 & armies fight+ 9 
! air4 ,9 ! ye> #aehj1 ,m4 ,masl9e      
obs]v$ ^! phasmata1 z he calls !m1 at   
,baknang1 9 ! c\nty ( ,wirtemb]g1 9     
,g]many1 no less ?an sev5 times 9 !     
space ( twelve mon?s2 & aga9 at sev]al  
diff]5t times1 9 #aeha4 ,on ,septemb]   
#b;d1 #afba1 ! same ph5om5on 0 se5 ov]  
all ,france2 & x 0 p>ticul>ly describ$  
by ,gass5dus1 9 8 ,physics1 :o gave x ! 
"n ( ,aurora ,borealis4 ,ano!r 0 se5 all
 ov] ,g]many1 9 ,novemb]1 #afbc1 & 0    
describ$ by ,kepl]4 ,s9ce t "t1 = m ?an 
eighty ye>s1 we h no acc\nt ( any su*   
ph5om5on1 ei!r at home or abroad4 ,9    
#agjg1 ,mr4 ,neve obs]v$ "o ( small     
cont9uance 9 ,irel&2 & 9 ! same ye>1 a  
simil> appe>ance 0 se5 by ,rom]1 at     
,cop5hag52 & dur+ an int]val ( eighte5  
mon?s1 9 ! ye>s #agjg & #agjh1 ?is sort 
( light _h be5 se5 no less ?an five     
times4  ,h5ce x %\ld seem1 7says ,dr4   
,halley17 t ! air or e>?1 or bo?1 are n 
at all times dispos$ to produce ?is     

ph5om5on1 ?\gh x is possible x may happ5
 9 ! day-"t1 9 bright moon%9e1 or 9     
cl\dy wea!r1 & s pass unobs]v$4 ,dr4    
,halley fur!r obs]ves1 t ! ,aurora      
,borealis ( #agaf1 :i* he describ$1 0   
visible f ! we/ ( ,irel& to ! conf9es ( 
,russia1 & to ! ea/ ( ,pol&2 ext5d+ at  
lea/ ne> ?irty degrees ( longitude1 & f 
ab\t ! fiftie? degree ( nor? latitude1  
ov] almo/ all ! nor? ( ,europe2 & 9 all 
places at ! same "t1 x exhibit$         
appe>ances simil> to ^? :i* he obs]v$ 9 
,london4 ,he regrets1 h[ev]1 t he 0     
unable to det]m9e its height1 = want (  
contempor>y obs]vations at diff]5t      
places4  ,fa!r ,boscovi* has det]m9$ !  
height ( an ,aurora ,borealis1 obs]v$ on
 ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #agcg1 by ! ,m>quis 
( ,pol5i1 to h be5 eight hundr$ &       
tw5ty-five miles2 & ,mr4 ,b]gman1 f a   
mean ( ?irty computations1 makes !      
av]age height ( ! ,aurora ,borealis to  
be sev5ty-two ,sw$i%1 or 7suppos+ a     
,sw$i% mile to be ab\t six & a half     
,engli% miles7 f\r hundr$ & sixty-eight 

,engli% miles4 ,eul] supposes ! height  
to be sev]al ?\s&s ( miles2 & ,mairan   
also assigns to ^! ph5om5a a v elevat$  
region1 ! f> great] numb] ( !m be+1     
accord+ to him1 ab\t two hundr$ leagues 
above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,dr4 ,blagd51  
speak+ ( ! height ( "s fi]y meteors1    
7,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxxiv4 p4 #bbg17   
says1 t ! ,aurora ,borealis appe>s to   
occupy z high1 if n a high] region1     
above ! surface ( ! e>?1 z may be judg$ 
f ! v di/ant c\ntries to :i* x has be5  
visible at ! same "t3 he adds1 t ! great
 accumulation ( electric matt] seems to 
lie beyond ! v]ge ( our atmosph]e1 z    
e/imat$ by ! cessation ( twilight4 ,b z 
x is difficult to make su* obs]vations  
on ?is ph5om5on z are suffici5t to af=d 
a j e/imate ( its altitude1 !y mu/ be   
subject to consid]able v>iation1 & to   
mat]ial error4  ,dr4 ,blagd5 in=ms u1 t 
in/ances are record$1 9 :i* ! nor!rn    
lights h be5 se5 to jo91 & =m lum9\s    
balls1 d>t+ ab\t ) great velocity1 & ev5
 leav+ a tra9 beh9d !m l ! common       

fire-balls4 ,?is +5i\s au?or1 h[ev]1    
conjectur+ t di/9ct regions are allott$ 
to ! electrical ph5om5a ( our atmosph]e1
 assigns ! appe>ance ( fire-balls to t  
region :i* lies beyond ! limits ( our   
crepuscul> atmosph]e2 & a great]        
elevation above ! e>?1 to t accumulation
 ( electricity 9 a light] & less cond5s$
 =m1 :i* produces ! wond]fully div]sifi$
 /reams & coruscations ( ! ,aurora      
,borealis4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxx4            
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,galvanism4   
,nature1 exhau/les /ill1 has p[] to w>m1
   ,& e *ange pres5ts a novel *>m4      
,,galvani1 a pr(essor ( anatomy 9 !     
univ]sity ( ,bologna1 0 "o day mak+     
exp]im5ts on electricity4 ,9 8          
laboratory1 ne> ! ma*9e1 7 "s frogs t _h
 be5 flay$2 ! limbs ( :i* became        
convuls$ e "t a sp>k 0 drawn f !        
app>atus4 ,galvani1 surpris$ at ?is     
ph5om5on1 made x a subject (            
inve/igation1 & discov]$ t metals1      
appli$ to ! n]ves & muscles ( ^!        
animals1 occasion$ p[]ful & sudd5       

contractions1 :5 dispos$ 9 a c]ta9      
mann]4 ,he gave ! "n ( ,animal          
,electricity to ?is ord] ( new ph5om5a1 
f ! analogy t he consid]$ exi/+ betwe5  
^! effects & ^? produc$ by electricity4 
,! "n1 ,animal ,electricity1 has be5    
sup]s$$1 not)/&+ ! great analogy t exi/s
 betwe5 ! effects ( electricity & (     
,galvanism1 9 fav\r ( ! latt] t]m2 :i*  
is n only applicable to ! g5]ality ( !  
ph5om5a1 b likewise s]ves to p]petuate !
 memory ( ! discov]]4  ,9 ord] to give  
rise to galvanic effects1 x is necess>y 
to e/abli% a communication betwe5 two   
po9ts ( "o s]ies ( n]v\s & muscul>      
organs4 ,9 ?is mann] a circle is =m$1 "o
 ar* ( :i* consi/s ( ! animal p>ts1     
r5d]$ ! subject ( exp]im5t1 :ile ! o!r  
ar* is compos$ ( excit+ in/rum5ts1 :i*  
g5]ally consi/s ( ^? animal p>ts call$  
support]s2 o!rs1 de/9$ to e/abli% a     
communication betwe5 ! latt]1 are call$ 
conductors4 ,to =m a complete galvanic  
circle1 take ! ?igh ( a frog1 depriv$ ( 
its sk92 deta* ! crural n]ve1 z f> z !  

knee2 put x on a piece ( z9c2 lay !     
muscles ( ! leg on a piece ( silv]2 !n  
f9i% ! excit+ ar*1 & complete ! galvanic
 circle by e/abli%+ a communication by  
means ( ! two support]s1 by iron or     
copp] wire1 pewt]1 or lead4 ,! in/ant t 
! communicators t\* ! two support]s1 a  
"p ( ! animal ar* =m$ by ! two support]s
 w be convuls$4 ,al?\gh ?is disposition 
( ! animal p>ts1 & ( galvanic in/rum5ts1
 be mo/ fav\rable to ! developm5t ( !   
ph5om5a1 yet ! composition ( ! animal & 
excitatory ar* may be mu* v>i$4 ,?us    
contractions are obta9$1 by plac+ ! two 
support]s "u ! n]ve1 & leav+ ! muscle   
out ( ! circle2 :i* proves t n]ves      
ess5tially con/itute ! animal ar*4  ,x  
is n necess>y = n]ves to be entire1 9   
ord] to produce contractions4 ,!y take  
place :e!r ! organs be ti$ or cut ?r\gh1
 provid$ !re exi/s a simple contiguity  
betwe5 ! divid$ ends4 ,?is proves t we  
_c /rictly conclude :at happ5s 9 muscul>
 action1 f t :i* takes place 9 galvanic 
ph5om5a2 s9ce1 if a n]ve be ti$ or      

divid$1 ! muscles on :i* ! en]gy is     
di/ribut$ lose ! p[] ( action4  ,!      
cuticle is an ob/acle to galvanic       
effects2 !y are always feebly manife/$ 9
 p>ts cov]$ by x4 ,:5 x is moi/1 f9e1 & 
delicate1 ! effect is n entirely        
int]rupt$4 ,humboldt1 aft] hav+ deta*$ !
 cuticle f ! po/]ior "p ( ! neck & back1
 by means ( two bli/]s1 appli$ plates ( 
metal to ! b>e cutis1 &1 at ! mom5t (   
e/abli%+ a communication1 he exp]i5c$   
%>p prick+s1 accompani$ ) a s]osangu9\s 
dis*>ge4  ,if a plate ( z9c be plac$ "u 
! tongue1 & a flat piece ( silv] on its 
sup]ior surface1 on mak+ !m t\* ea* o!r1
 an ac]b ta/e w be p]ceiv$1 accompani$ )
 a slight trembl+4  ,! excit+ ar* may be
 con/ruct$ ) two or ?ree metals1 or ev5 
"o metal only2 ) alloys1 amalgams1 or   
o!r metallic or m9]al comb9ations1      
c>bonat$ sub/ances1 c4 ,x is obs]v$1 t  
metals1 :i* are 9 g5]al ! mo/ p[]ful    
excit]s1 induce contractions s mu* ! m z
 !y h an ext5t ( surface4 ,metals are   
all m or less excitants2 & x has be5    

notic$ t z9c1 gold1 silv]1 & pewt]1 are 
( ! highe/ rank2 !n copp]1 lead1 nickel1
 antimony1 c4  ,galvanic susceptibility 
is exhau/$ by too long-cont9u$ ex]cise1 
& is recruit$ by repose4 ,imm]sion (    
n]ves 9 alkohol & opiate solutions      
dim9i%es1 & ev5 de/roys1 ?is            
susceptibility2 9 ! same mann]1         
d\btless1 z ! immod]ate use ( ^!        
sub/ances 9 ! liv+ man1 blunts1 &       
induces p>alysis 9 muscul> action4      
,imm]sion 9 oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1     
reve/s ! fatigu$ p>ts1 9 be+ act$ on by 
! /imulus4 ,animals kill$ by ! repeat$  
dis*>ge ( an electric batt]y1 acquire an
 increase ( galvanic susceptibility2 &  
?is prop]ty subsi/s un*ang$ 9 animals   
de/roy$ by subm]sions 9 m]cury1 pure    
hydrog5 gas1 azote1 & ammoniac2 &       
f9ally1 x is totally annihilat$ 9       
animals suffocat$ by ! vap\r ( *>coal4  
,galvanic susceptibility is ext9ct 9 !  
muscles ( animals ( w>m blood1 9        
proportion z vital heat is dissipat$2   
sometimes ev5 :5 life is t]m9at$ 9      

convulsions1 contractibility _c be put  
into action1 al?\gh w>m? be n completely
 gone1 z ?\gh ! vital prop]ty 7 consum$ 
by ! convulsions amid/ :i* ! animals _h 
expir$4 ,9 ^? ( cold blood1 on !        
contr>y1 x is m durable4 ,! ?ighs (     
frogs1 long aft] be+ sep>at$ f e ?+1 &  
ev5 to ! in/ant ( incipi5t putrefaction1
 are influ5c$ by galvanic /imuli2       
d\btless1 because irritability1 9 ^!    
animals1 is less intimately connect$ )  
respiration1 & life m divid$ among !    
diff]5t organs1 :i* h less occasion to  
act on ea* o!r = ! execution ( its      
ph5om5a4 ,! galvanic *a9 does n produce 
s5sible actions 7t is1 contractions7    
until ! mom5t x is complet$1 by e/abli%+
 a communication ) ! p>ts con/itut+ x4  
,dur+ ! "t x is complete1 t is1 ?r\gh\t 
! :ole space ( "t t ! communication     
rema9s e/abli%$1 e ?+ rema9s tranquil2  
nev]!less1 galvanic influ5ce is n       
susp5d$2 9 fact1 excitability is        
evid5tly increas$ or dim9i%$1 9 muscles 
t h be5 long cont9u$ 9 ! galvanic *a91  

accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! reciprocal    
situation ( ! connect+ metals4  ,if     
silv] has be5 appli$ to ! n]ves1 & z9c  
to ! muscles1 ! irritability ( ! latt]  
increases 9 proportion to ! "t !y h     
rema9$ 9 ! *a94 ,by ?is me?od1 ! ?ighs (
 frogs h be5 revivifi$ 9 "s degree1 &   
aft]w>ds became s5sible to /imuli t be=e
 _h ceas$ to act on !m4 ,by di/ribut+ ! 
metals 9 an inv]se mann]1 apply+ z9c to 
! n]ves1 & silv] to ! muscles1 an effect
 absolutely contr>y is obs]v$2 & !      
muscles t possess$ ! mo/ lively         
irritability :5 plac$ 9 ! *a91 seem to  
be r5d]$ entirely p>alytic if !y rema9  
long 9 ?is situation4  ,?is diff]5ce    
evid5tly dep5ds on ! direction ( !      
galvanic fluid1 det]m9$ t[>ds ! muscles 
or n]ves1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ^!   
metals are dispos$2 & ?is is ( "s       
importance to be kn[n = ! application ( 
galvanic means to ! cure ( diseases4    
,m4 ,volta's app>atus is z              
foll[s3--,raise a pile1 by plac+ a plate
 ( z9c1 a flat piece ( wet c>d1 & a     

plate ( silv]1 successively2 !n a second
 piece ( z9c1 c4 until ! elevation is   
sev]al feet high2 = ! effects are great]
 9 proportion to its height2 !n t\* bo? 
extremities ( ! pile1 at ! same in/ant1 
) "o piece ( iron wire3 at ! mom5t (    
contact1 a sp>k is excit$ f !           
extremities ( ! pile1 & lum9\s po9ts are
 (t5 p]ceiv$ at diff]5t heights1 :]e !  
z9c & silv] come into mutual contact4 ,!
 z9c end ( ?is pile appe>s to be        
negatively electrifi$2 t =m$ by ! silv]1
 on ! contr>y1 indicates m>ks ( positive
 electricity4  ,if we t\* bo?           
extremities ( ! pile1 aft] hav+ dipp$   
our h&s into wat]1 or1 :at is bett]1 a  
sal9e solution1 a commotion1 foll[$ by a
 disagreeable prick+ 9 ! f+]s & elb[1 is
 felt4  ,if we place1 9 a tube fill$ )  
wat]1 & h]metically clos$ by two corks1 
! extremities ( two wires ( ! same      
metal1 :i* are 9 contact at ! o!r       
extremity1 "o ) ! summit1 ! o!r ) ! base
 ( ! pile2 ^! ends1 ev5 :5 sep>at$ only 
by ! space ( a few l9es1 exp]i5ce evid5t

 *anges at ! in/ant ! extremities ( !   
pile are t\*$3 ! wire 9 contact ) t "p (
 ! pile compos$ ( z9c1 becomes cov]$ )  
bull ( hydrog5 gas2 t :i* t\*es !       
extremity =m$ by silv]1 becomes oxydat$4
 ,f\rcroy attributes ?is ph5om5on to !  
decomposition ( wat] by ! galvanic      
fluid1 :i* ab&ons ! oxyg5 to ! iron t   
t\*es ! positive extremity ( ! pile2 !n 
conducts ! o!r gas invisibly to ! end ( 
! o!r wire1 !re to be dis5gag$4  ,f !   
num]\s exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,davy1 _m new & 
important facts h be5 e/abli%$1 &       
,galvanism has be5 f\nd to be "o ( ! mo/
 p[]ful ag5ts 9 *emi/ry4 ,by its        
influ5ce1 plat9a wire has be5 melt$2    
gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & mo/ ( ! metals1 h 
easily be5 burnt6 ! fix$ alkalis1 & _m (
 ! e>?s1 h be5 made to appe> z consi/+ (
 a metallic base & oxyg52 comp\nd       
sub/ances1 :i* 7 be=e extremely         
difficult to decompose1 are n[1 by ! aid
 ( ,galvanism1 easily resolv$ into _!   
con/itu5t4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxi4           
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,magnetism4   

,almighty ,cause6 'tis ?y pres]v+ c>e   
,t keeps ?y works = ev] fre% & fair3    
,h5ce life ackn[l$ges its glori\s       
,cause1   ,& matt] owns its great       
,dispos]'s laws2   ,h5ce fl[ ! =ms &    
prop]ties ( ?+s2   ,h5ce rises h>mony1 &
 ord] spr+s4   ,?y wat*ful provid5ce    
o'er all int5ds2   ,?y works obey _!    
great ,creator's ends4   ,!e1 ,inf9ite6 
:at f9ite c explore8   ,imag9ation s9ks 
b5ea? ?y p[]4   ,yet pres5t to all s5se 
t p[] rema9s1   ,reveal'd 9 nature1     
,nature's ,au?or reigns4                
,boyse4    ,! ob$i5t /eel ) liv+ in/9ct 
moves1   ,& ve]s = ev] to ! pole x      
loves1   ,s turns ! fai?ful ne$le to !  
pole1   ,?o' m\nta9s rise betwe51 &     
oceans roll4                            
,d>w94   ,,magnetism is suppos$ to h be5
 fir/ r5d]$ useful ab\t ! end ( !       
twelf?1 or at lea/ v e>ly 9 ! ?irte5?1  
c5tury1 by ,john de ,gioja1 a h&icraft (
 ,naples1 :o notic$ ! peculi> attraction
 ( metals1 & iron 9 p>ticul>1 t[>ds     
c]ta9 masses ( rude ore2 ! t\* ( :i*    

communicat$ to o!r sub/ances ( a        
f]rug9\s nature1 especially iron or /eel
 b>s1 ! prop]ty ( attraction3 ^! t\*$   
b>s he obs]v$ to h a peculi> & simil>   
t5d5cy t[>ds "o p>ticul> po9t2 t :5     
susp5d$ 9 equilibrio1 by means ( ?reads 
ar\nd _! c5tres1 !y inv>iably turn$     
t[>ds ! same po9t2 & t1 :5 plac$ 9 a r[1
 h[ev] adv]sely direct$1 !y soon dispos$
 !mselves 9 p]fectly p>allel ord]4 ,9   
?is in/ance he improv$ ^u ! prop]ty long
 kn[n to1 b n compreh5d$ or appli$ to   
use by1 ! anci5ts1 :o consid]$ !        
load/one simply z a rude species ( iron 
ore1 & curi\s only s f> z x might s]ve  
to amuse4  ,gioja be+ possess$ ( a quick
 und]/&+1 & ( a /rong m9d1 0 n long 9   
fur!r asc]ta9+ ! m s5sible purposes to  
:i* ! magnet might be appropriat$4 ,he  
accord+ly fix$ v>i\s magnets ^u pivots1 
support+ _! c5tres 9 su* a mann] z all[$
 ! b>s to trav]se freely4 ,f9d+ t1 h[ev]
 situat$ )9 ! rea* ( obs]vation &       
comp>ison1 !y all _h ! same t5d5cy1 he  
naturally conclud$ !m to be gov]n$ by "s

 attraction1 :i* might be ultimately    
asc]ta9$ & act$ ^u4 ,he !re=e remov$    
into v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 to satisfy    
himself :e!r or n ! extraord9>y impulse 
:i* agitat$ ^! b>s1 t _h be5 magnetiz$  
by friction1 exi/$ only 9 ! vic9ity (   
,naples1 or 0 g5]al4 ,! result ( 8      
rese>*es appe>s to be1 t ! influ5ce 0   
g5]al1 b t ! magnets 7 r5d]$ extremely  
v>iable1 & fluctuat$ mu*1 :5 ne> l>ge   
masses ( iron4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,gioja    
gave bir? to _m o!rs1 & at l5g? to a    
trial ( ! magnetic influ5ce on ! surface
 ( ! wat]4 ,to e/abli% ?is1 a vessel 0  
moor$ out at sea1 9 a direction         
correspond+ ) t ( ! magnet2 & a boat1   
hav+ a magnet equipois$ on a pivot at   
its c5tre1 0 s5t out at night 9 ! exact 
l9e indicat$ !reby2 :i*1 be+ duly       
foll[$1 c>ri$ !m close to ! vessel t 0  
at an*or4 ,?us ! active p[] ( attraction
 appe>$ to be e/abli%$ on bo? elem5ts1 &
 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! magnet 0 fix$ to a    
c>d1 m>k$ ) ?irty-two po9ts1 :]eby !    
m>9]'s compass 0 pres5t$ to u4 ,! po9ts 

to :i* ! magnet always turn$ itself1 be+
 g5]ally 9 correspond5ce ) ! m]idian ( !
 place :]e x act$1 occasion$ !          
extremities ( ! b>s to be call$ poles4  
,succe$+ exp]im5ts prov$1 t ! magnetic  
b> nev] reta9$ an exactly horizontal    
position2 b t "o ( its poles inv>iably  
=m$ an angle ) any p]fect level1 ov] :i*
 x 0 plac$3 ?is 0 n s v measurable 9 a  
%ort b>1 b 9 "o ( a y>d 9 l5g? 0 =m$ to 
give sev]al degrees ( incl9ation4 ,?is1 
:i* is call$ ! dip ( ! ne$le1 7or       
magnet17 seems to indicate t ! attract+ 
p[] is plac$ )9 ! e>?4 ,:at t attract+  
p[] is1 we _c det]m9e2 "s consid] x to  
be a fluid1 :ile o!rs conjecture x to be
 an imm5se mass ( load/one1 situat$     
some:]e ab\t ! nor? pole4 ,! difficulty 
is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably increas$ by !    
kn[n fact ( ! ne$les ( compasses n      
always po9t+ due nor?2 b 9 _m places    
v>y+ greatly f ! m]idional l9es         
respectively2 & f ea* o!r at diff]5t    
times & places4  ,! facility ) :i* a    
m]idional l9e may be drawn by sol>      

obs]vation1 & especially by tak+ an     
azimu?1 =tunately enables navigators to 
e/abli% ! v>iation betwe5 ! true nor!rn 
direction1 & t indicat$ by ! magnet     
atta*$ to ! c>d ( ! compass4 ,nev]!less1
 we h great reason to believe1 t1 = want
 ei!r ( accurate k ( ! preval5t         
v>iations1 or f inatt5tion !reto1 _m    
vessels1 ( :i* no tid+s 7 ev] he>d1 h   
be5 ca/ away2 x be+ obvi\s1 t a false   
indication ( ! nor!rn po9t1 9 _m places 
am\nt+ to ne>ly ! ext5t ( tw5ty-five    
degrees1 mu/ produce s important an     
error 9 a vessel's c\rse1 z to subject  
h] to de/ruction on ^? v %oals1 rocks1  
c4 ( :i* ! navigator unhappily ?9ks he  
/e]s p]fectly cle>4 ,to obviate su*     
dang]1 z f> z possible1 all mod]n       
sea-*>ts h ! v>iations ( ! compass 9 _! 
sev]al p>ts duly not$ d[n2 & 9 reckon+  
^u ! c\rse /e]$ by ! compass1 an        
all[ance is usually made = ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! app>5t c\rse by ! compass1 & ! 
real c\rse1 z asc]ta9$ by cele/ial      
obs]vation4 ,"u circum/ances s          

completely contradictory1 ! pr9ciple (  
magnetism mu/ rema9 unkn[n3 we "k n (   
any hypo!sis :i* /rikes conviction on   
our m9ds1 or :i* seems to convey any    
adequate idea ( ! orig91 or modus op]&i1
 ( ?is wondr\s influ5ce4 ,all we c treat
 ( is1 ! effect2 also ( ! appe>ances :i*
 guide our practice1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !
 attractive p[] may be g5]at$ &         
increas$4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] po9t1     
namely1 ! g5]ation & increase ( !       
magnetic attraction1 we %all endeav\r to
 give a brief b di/9ct view ( :at       
relates !reto3 obs]v+1 t :]e volcanic   
eruptions are frequ5t1 & 9 ^? latitudes 
:]e ! ,aurora ,borealis is di/9ctly se51
 ! ne$le or magnet is s5sibly affect$4  
,previ\sly to e>?quakes1 z well z dur+  
_! action1 & :ile ! nor!rn lights are 9 
full display1 no reliance c be plac$ on 
! compass2 ! c>d ( :i* w appe> mu*      
agitat$4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! op9ion 
held by "s1 t ! p[] is a fluid3 to ?is1 
h[ev]1 !re appe> s _m objections1 t we  
are m dispos$ to reject ?an to fav\r x1 

al?\gh "u ! necessity ( confess+1 t we  
are n able to (f] "o t may acc\nt       
satisfactorily = ! v>i\s ph5om5a        
att5dant ^u magnetism4  ,we h already   
/at$1 t e magnet has two poles2 t is1 "o
 end is call$ ! nor?1 ! o!r ! s\? pole3 
! =m] be+ consid]$ z capable (          
attraction2 ! o!r1 z we %all inf] f !   
subjo9$ explanations1 be+ f> m in]t1 if 
at all possess$ ( an attractive p[]4 ,:5
 two magnets are br\ght toge!r ) _! nor?
 poles 9 contact1 !y w1 in/ead ( coh]+1 
be obvi\sly repell$ to a di/ance        
correspond+ ) _! respective p[]s (      
attraction1 :5 appli$ individually to   
unmagnetiz$ ne$les4 ,! s\? poles w1 9 l 
mann]1 repel ea* o!r2 b ! nor? pole (   
"o1 & ! s\? pole ( ! o!r1 w1 :5         
approximat$1 be evid5tly attract$1 & w  
coh]e s z to su/a9 consid]able weights4 
,iron is ! only metal1 hi!rto kn[n1 :i* 
is capable ( receiv+ & communicat+ !    
magnetic p[]2 b quiet1 & ! abs5ce (     
contact1 9 "s respects1 are indisp5sably
 necess>y t[>ds its p]fect ret5tion4    

,?us1 :5 a b> has be5 impregnat$1 h[ev] 
abundantly1 ) ! magnetic pr9ciple1 if x 
be heat$ or hamm]$1 ! p[] ( attraction w
 be dissipat$2 or if a tube fill$ ) iron
 fil+s h _! surface magnetiz$1 by %ak+ !
 tube ! magnetic influ5ce w likewise be 
lo/4 ,9 "s respects ! magnetic influ5ce 
resembles caloric2 = x v rapidly        
communicates to iron1 devoid (          
magnetism1 a c]ta9 portion ( its own    
p[]s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe> to be reproduc$ 
in/antane\sly4 ,z v>i\s small fires "u  
"o l>ge vessel w !reby heat x1 & cause !
 wat] x conta9s to boil1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m
 individually w\ld produce t effect2 s1 
_m weak magnets may1 by be+ unit$1      
communicate a p[] equal to its own1 & be
 made to create an accumulat$ p[]1 l>g] 
?an t conta9$ by ei!r ( !m individually4
  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a seem+ contradiction 
to be f\nd 9 "s au?ors1 :o recomm5d t ! 
weake/ magnets %\ld be fir/ appli$1--&  
^? m =cible1 9 succession1 accord+ to ! 
p[] !y may possess2 ! reason assign$    
be+1 t ! weak] magnets w\ld else1 9 all 

probability1 draw (f "s ( ! accumulat$  
p[] f ! new magnet4 ,b ( ?is !re appe>s 
no dang]1 s9ce exp]i5ce proves t magnets
 r ga9 ?an lose effici5cy by contact1 n 
only ) ea* o!r1 b ev5 ) common iron4 ,9 
fact1 ! magnetic p[] may at any "t be   
creat$ by v>i\s means3 ! friction ( two 
pieces ( flat & poli%$ b>s ( iron1 w    
cause !m = a %ort "t to attract & to    
susp5d light weights4 ,s(t iron is m    
easily influ5c$1 b /eel w reta9 !       
influ5ce long]4 ,lightn+1 electricity1 &
 galvanism1 be+ all ( ! same nature1    
equally r5d] iron magnetic4 ,x is also  
peculi>1 t :5 two or m magnets are left 
= any "t ) _! sev]al nor? poles 9       
contact1 ! :ole w be !reby weak5$2      
:]eas1 by leav+ a piece ( common iron   
atta*$ to a magnet1 ! latt] w acquire   
/r5g?4 ,x is also well kn[n t "s pieces 
( /eel quickly receive ! magnetic       
influ5ce1 :ile o!rs require consid]able 
lab\r1 & aft] all are sc>cely           
impregnat$4 ,! oxide ( iron _c be       
impregnat$1 & ^? b>s t h be5 s1 :5 !y   

become p>tially oxydiz$1 lose _! p[]4   
,h5ce we see ! necessity ( pres]v+ !    
ne$les ( compasses f ru/4  ,magnets h ! 
p[] to act not)/&+ ! int]v5tion (       
sub/ances 9 any degree por\s betwe5 !m &
 ! body to be act$ ^u3 ?us1 if a ne$le  
be put on a %eet ( pap]1 & a magnet be  
drawn "u x1 ! ne$le w foll[ ! c\rse ( ! 
magnet4 ,! peculi> aff9ity ( ! load/one 
= iron1 is employ$ ) great success1 by  
^? :o "w 9 preci\s metals1 = ! sep>ation
 ( fil+s1 c4 ( iron f ! small] p>ticles 
( gold1 c4 ,a magnet be+ dipp$ into !   
vessel1 9 :i* ! :ole are bl5d$1 w       
attract all f]rug9\s p>ticles4  ,to     
communicate ! magnetic p[] to a ne$le1  
let x be plac$ horizontally2 & ) a      
magnet 9 ea* h&1 let ! nor? pole ( "o1 &
 ! s\? pole ( ! o!r1 be br\ght obliquely
 9 contact ov] ! c5tre ( ! ne$le3 draw  
!m asund]1 tak+ c>e to press firmly1 &  
pres]v+ ! same angle or incl9ation to ! 
v ends ( ! ne$les1 :i* %\ld be support$ 
by two magnets1 ^: ends ought to        
correspond 9 pol>ity ) ^? ( ! ne$le4    

,obs]ve to c>ry ! magnets y press ) cle>
 away f ! ends ( ! ne$le1 at lea/ a foot
 !refrom2 repeat ! friction 9 ! same    
mann] sev]al times1 p]haps six1 eight1  
or t51 & ! ne$le w be p]man5tly         
magnetiz$2 &1 z we h already /at$1 by   
us+ o!r magnets 9 succession1 ! p[]s ( !
 ne$le w be proportionably increas$4  ,b
 no effect w result f ! friction if !   
b>s are ru/y1 or1 inde$1 n highly       
poli%$2 _! angles mu/ be p]fect1 & _!   
sev]al sides & ends completely flat4 ,x 
is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( !       
ph5om5a att5dant on ?is occult prop]ty1 
t ! c5tre ( e magnet is devoid (        
attraction2 yet1 t :5 a ne$le is plac$ 9
 a l9e ) a magnet1 & )9 ! influ5ce ( its
 pole1 t ne$le almo/ becomes magnetic1  
or r1 a conductor1 possess+ a c]ta9     
portion ( attractive p[]3 & x is no less
 extraord9>y1 t ! magnet reta9s its p[] 
ev5 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump2  
:i* seems to be a =midable objection to 
its be+ influ5c$ by any fluid4 ,p]haps !
 op9ion ent]ta9$ by _m ( our mo/ popul> 

lectur]s on ?is subject1 viz4 t ! e>?   
itself is ! great attractor1 may be     
ne>e/ ! tru?4 ,we are ! m incl9$ t[>ds  
su* an hypo!sis1 kn[+ t1 at ! true      
magnetic equator1 ! ne$le does n dip2 & 
f ! well-asc]ta9$ fact1 t b>s ( iron1   
plac$ = a l5g? ( "t exactly p]p5dicul>1 
receive a /rong magnetic p[]1 _! l[]    
ends repell+ ! s\?1 b attract+ ! nor?   
poles ( magnets appli$ to !m            
respectively4 ,! direction ( ! dipp+    
ne$le 0 asc]ta9$ by "o ,rob]t ,norman1  
ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,he   
susp5d$ a small magnetic ne$le1 by means
 ( a f9e ?read r\nd its c5tre1 s z to   
balance p]fectly1 ov] a l>ge magnet3 !  
s\? pole ( ! =m] 0 in/antly attract$ by 
! nor? pole ( ! latt]4 ,he f\nd1 t s    
long z ! ne$le 0 held exactly c5trical1 
at ab\t two in*es above ! magnet1 x     
rema9$ horizontal2 b s soon z )drawn a  
little m t[>ds "o end ?an ! o!r ( !     
magnet1 ! equilibrium 0 de/roy$1 & t    
pole ( ! ne$le :i* 0 ne>e/ to ei!r pole 
( ! magnet 0 in/antly attract$1 & po9t$ 

d[nw>ds !reto4 ,by ! magnetic equator1  
we mean a circle pass+ r\nd ! e>? at "r 
angles ) ! magnetic poles1 :i* d n      
correspond ) ! geographical poles1 z may
 be fully und]/ood by ! indications (   
all compasses to po9ts diff]+ f ! latt]2
 & z ! indications ( compasses v>y s mu*
 bo? at diff]5t times & places1 we may  
reasonably conclude1 t ! magnetic poles 
are n fix$4 ,! v>iation ( ! dipp+-ne$le 
has n1 9 our latitude at lea/1 v>i$ m   
?an half a degree s9ce its depressive   
t5d5cy 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,norman4  ,by 
means ( ! m>9]'s compass1    ,tall      
navies h5ce _! d\btful way explore1   ,&
 ev'ry product waft f ev'ry %ore2       
,h5ce meagre want expell'd1 & sangu9e   
/rife1   ,= ! mild *>ms ( cultivat$     
life4                                   
,blacklock4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxii4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,! ,,arts1 c4 
,e>ly ,inv5tion ( sev]al useful         
,arts--,automaton--,&roides--           
,extraord9>y ,pieces (                  
,clockwork--,heidelb]g ,clock--,/rasburg

     ,clock--,clepsydra--,inv5tion (    
,wat*es4      ,:at _c art & indu/ry     
p]=m1     ,:5 sci5ce plans ! progress ( 
_! toil6     ,!y smile at p5ury1        
disease1 & /orm2     ,& oceans f _!     
mighty m\nds recoil4     ,:5 tyrants    
sc\rge1 or demagogues embroil     ,a l&1
 or :5 ! rabble's headlong rage         
,ord] trans=ms to an>*y & spoil2        
,deep v]s'd 9 man1 ! philosophic sage   
,prep>es ) l5i5t h& _! fr5zy t' assuage2
     ',tis he alone1 ^: compreh5sive    
m9d1     ,f situation1 temp]1 soil1 &   
clime     ,explor'd1 a nation's v>i\s   
p['rs c b9d1     ,& v>i\s ord]s1 9 "o =m
 sublime     ,( polity1 t 'mid/ ! wrecks
 ( "t1     ,secure %all lift its head on
 high1 nor fe>     ,?' assault ( =eign  
or dome/ic crime1     ,:ile public fai?1
 & public ,,love s9c]e1     ,& indu/ry &
 law ma9ta9 _! sway sev]e4              
,beattie4   ,,e>ly ,,inv5tion ,,(       
,,sev]al ,,useful ,,arts4--,"s useful   
arts mu/ be ne>ly coeval ) ! human race2
 = food1 clo?+1 & habitation1 ev5 9 _!  

orig9al simplicity1 require "s display (
 +5uity4 ,_m arts are ( su* antiquity z 
to place ! inv5tors beyond ! rea* (     
tradition2 :ile sev]al h gradually crept
 into exi/5ce )\t an inv5tor4 ,! busy   
m9d1 h[ev]1 accu/om$ to date ! progress 
( sci5ce f "s p>ticul> era1 _c re/ till 
x f9ds or conjectures a beg9n+ to e art4
 ,9 all c\ntries :]e ! p are illit]ate1 
! progress ( arts is extremely sl[4 ,x  
is v\*$ by an old ,fr5* poem1 t !       
virtues ( ! load/one 7 kn[n 9 ,france   
be=e ! ye> #aahj4 ,! m>9]'s compass 0   
exhibit$ at ,v5ice1 ,a4 ,d4 #abfj1 by   
,paulus ,v5etus1 z 8 own inv5tion4 ,john
 ,goya1 ( ,amalphi1 0 ! fir/1 :o1 _m    
ye>s aft]w>ds1 us$ x 9 navigation1 &    
also pass$ = be+ ! inv5tor4 ,?\gh x 0   
us$ 9 ,*9a = navigation long be=e x 0   
kn[n to ! we/]n nations1 yet to ?is day 
x is n s p]fect z 9 ,europe4 ,in/ead (  
susp5d+ x 9 ord] to make x act freely1 x
 is plac$ ^u a b$ ( s&1 by :i* e motion 
( ! %ip di/urbs its op]ation4           
,h&-mills1 t]m$ qu]ns1 7 e>ly us$ = !   

gr9d+ ( corn2 & :5 corn came to be rais$
 9 great] quantities1 horse-mills       
succe$$4 ,wat]-mills = gr9d+ corn are   
describ$ by ,vitruvius4 ,w9dmills 7 kn[n
 9 ,greece & ,arabia1 s e>ly z ! sev5?  
c5tury2 & yet no m5tion is made ( !m 9  
,italy till ! f\rte5?4 ,t !y 7 n kn[n 9 
,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 appe>s 
f a h\sehold book ( an e>l (            
,nor?umb]l&1 contempor>y ) t k+1 /at+ an
 all[ance = ?ree mill horses1 two to    
draw 9 ! mill1 & "o to c>ry /uff to !   
mill4 ,wat]-mills = corn mu/ 9 ,engl& h 
be5 ( a late date4  ,! anci5ts _h mirror
 glasses1 & employ$ glass to imitate    
cry/al vases & goblets2 yet !y nev]     
?\ght ( us+ x 9 w9d[s4 ,9 ! ?irte5?     
c5tury1 ! ,v5etians 7 ! only p :o _h !  
art ( mak+ cry/al glass = mirrors4 ,a   
clock t /rikes ! h\rs 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe
 till ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,& h5ce !
 cu/om ( employ+ m5 to proclaim ! h\rs  
dur+ night2 :i* to ?is day cont9ues 9   
,g]many1 ,fl&]s1 & ,engl&4 ,galileo 0 ! 
fir/ :o conceiv$ an idea t a p5dulum    

might be useful = measur+ "t2 & ,huyg5s 
0 ! fir/ :o put ! idea 9 execution1 by  
mak+ a p5dulum clock4 ,hook1 9 #affj1   
inv5t$ a spiral spr+ = a wat*1 ?\gh a   
wat* 0 f> f be+ a new inv5tion4 ,pap] 0 
made no e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ! 
inv5tion ( pr9t+ 0 a c5tury lat]4 ,silk 
manufactures 7 long e/abli%$ 9 ,greece1 
be=e silk-worms 7 introduc$ !re4 ,!     
manufactur]s 7 provid$ ) raw silk f     
,p]sia2 b t comm]ce be+ frequ5tly       
int]rupt$ by w>1 two monks1 9 ! reign ( 
,ju/9ian1 br\ght eggs ( ! silk-worm f   
,h9doo/an1 & taught _! c\ntrym5 ! me?od 
( manag+ !m4  ,! art ( read+ made a v   
sl[ progress4 ,to enc\rage t art 9      
,engl&1 ! capital puni%m5t = murd] 0    
remitt$1 if ! crim9al c\ld b read1 :i* 9
 law language is t]m$ b5efit ( cl]gy4   
,"o w\ld imag9e t ! art mu/ h made a v  
rapid progress :5 s greatly fav\r$3 b   
!re is a signal pro( ( ! contr>y1 = s   
small an edition ( ! ,bible z six hundr$
 copies1 translat$ into ,engli% 9 !     
reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 n :olly sold (f 

9 ?ree ye>s4 ,! p ( ,engl& mu/ h be5    
pr(\ndly ignorant 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s   
"t1 :5 a =g$ clause1 add$ to ! tw5tie?  
article ( ! ,engli% cre$1 pass$ unnotic$
 till ab\t sixty ye>s ago4  ,!          
discov]ies ( ! ,portuguese on ! we/ coa/
 ( ,africa1 af=d a rem>kable in/ance ( !
 sl[ progress ( ! arts4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! 
fifte5? c5tury1 !y 7 totally ignorant ( 
t coa/ beyond ,cape ,non1 9 #bh degrees1
 nor? latitude4 ,9 #adaj1 ! celebrat$   
,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,portugal fitt$ out a    
fleet = discov]ies1 :i* proce$$ along ! 
coa/ to ,cape ,bajadore1 9 #bf degrees1 
b _h n c\rage to d\ble x3 & sev5ty-six  
ye>s elaps$ be=e ?is 0 done by          
,b>?olomew ,diaz1 9 #adhf6              
,description ( ,,an ,,automaton4--,?is  
is a ma*9e1 s con/ruct$ by means (      
weights1 lev]s1 spr+s1 :eels1 c4 z to   
move = a consid]able "t1 z if x 7 endu$ 
) animal life4 ,accord+ to ?is          
def9ition1 clocks1 wat*es1 & all ma*9es 
( t k9d1 may be rank$ z a species (     
automata4 ,b ! ^w is mo/ commonly appli$

 to su* ma*9es z are made 9 ! =m ( m5 & 
o!r animals1 at ! same "t t _! int]nal  
ma*9]y is s contriv$1 t !y seem         
volunt>ily to act l ! animals !y        
repres5t4 ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 :o liv$   
,a4 ,c4 #djj1 is said to h made a wood5 
pigeon t c\ld fly4 ,x is also record$1 t
 ,ar*im$es made simil> automata2 t      
,regiomontanus made a wood5 eagle1 :i*  
flew =? f ! city ( ,nuremburg1 met !    
emp]or1 salut$ him1 & return$2 also t he
 made an iron fly1 :i* flew out ( 8 h&  
at a fea/1 & return$ aga9 aft] fly+ ab\t
 ! room4 ,dr4 ,hook made ! model ( a    
fly+ *>iot1 capable ( support+ itself 9 
! air4 ,_m o!r surpris+ automata h be5  
exhibit$ 9 ! pres5t age4 ,m4 ,vaucanson 
made a duck1 :i* c\ld eat1 dr9k1 &      
imitate exactly ! voice ( a natural "o2 
& :at is /ill m surpris+1 ! food x      
swall[$ 0 evacuat$ 9 a dige/$ /ate1 or  
at lea/ consid]ably alt]$1 on !         
pr9ciples ( solution4 ,! w+s1 visc]a1 & 
bones1 7 s =m$1 z greatly to resemble ^?
 ( a liv+ duck2 & ! actions ( eat+ &    

dr9k+ %ew$ ! /ronge/ resemblance1 ev5 to
 muddl+ ! wat] ) its bill4  ,m4 de      
,droz1 ( la ,*aux de ,fonds1 9 ! prov9ce
 ( ,neu*atel1 has also execut$ "s curi\s
 pieces ( me*anism4 ,"o 0 a clock1      
pres5t$ to ! k+ ( ,spa91 :i* _h1 among  
o!r curiosities1 a %eep t imitat$ !     
bleat+ ( a natural "o1 & a dog t wat*$ a
 basket ( fruit1 & :i* b>k$ & sn>l$ if  
any "o attempt$ to take x away2 if x 0  
actually tak51 x w\ld b>k till x 0      
re/or$4 ,a son ( ?is g5tleman has also  
made "s extraord9>y pieces1 p>ticul>ly  
an oval gold snuff-box1 ab\t f\r in*es  
long1 ?ree broad1 & "o & a half ?ick4 ,x
 is d\ble1 hav+ an horizontal p>tition1 
) a lid to ea* ( its p>ts4 ,"o conta9s  
snuff2 b 9 ! o!r1 z soon z ! lid is     
op5$1 !re rises up a v small bird1 7= x 
is only ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f ! beak to
 ! extremity ( ! tail17 ( gre5-enamell$ 
gold1 sitt+ on a gold /&1 :i* imm$iately
 wagg+ its tail & %ak+ its w+s1 & op5+  
its bill ( :ite-enamell$ gold1 p\rs =? a
 cle> melodi\s song1 capable ( fill+ a  

room ( tw5ty or ?irty feet squ>e ) its  
melody4 ,! same g5tleman exhibit$ an    
automaton 9 ,engl&1 ( ! figure ( a man1 
z l>ge z life4 ,x held 9 its h& a metal 
/yle1 "u :i* 0 a c>d ( ,dut* vellum4 ,a 
spr+ 0 !n t\*$1 & ! int]nal ma*9]y be+  
?us set a-go+1 ! figure began to draw   
elegant portraits1 & lik5esses ( ! k+ & 
que5 fac+ ea* o!r2 & x 0 curi\s to      
obs]ve1 ) :at precision ! figure lift$  
up its p5cil1 9 ! transition ( x f "o   
po9t ( ! picture to ano!r1 )\t mak+ !   
lea/ blund] :atev]2 = in/ance1 9 pass+ f
 ! =ehead to ! eye1 nose1 & *91 or f !  
wav+ curls ( ! hair to ! e>1 c4 ,! fir/ 
c>d be+ f9i%$1 ! figure re/$1 until a   
second 0 complet$1 & s on ?r\gh five    
sep>ate c>ds put to x1 on all ( :i* x   
del9eat$ diff]5t subjects1 b five or six
 0 ! ext5t ( its surpris+ p[]s4         
,,&roides4--,?is is an automaton1 9 !   
figure ( a man1 :i*1 by virtue ( c]ta9  
spr+s1 c4 duly contriv$1 walks1 & p]=ms 
o!r ext]nal functions ( a man4 ,alb]tus 
,magnus is record$ z hav+ made a fam\s  

&roides1 :i* is said n only to h mov$1 b
 to h spok54 ,?omas ,aqu9as is said to h
 be5 s fright5$ :5 he saw ?is head1 t he
 broke x to pieces2 ^u :i* ,alb]t       
exclaim$1 ,p]iit opus trig9ta annorum6  
,artificial puppets1 :i*1 by int]nal    
spr+s1 run ^u a table1 &1 z !y advance1 
move _! heads1 eyes1 or h&s1 7 common   
among ! ,greeks1 & f !nce !y 7 br\ght to
 ! ,romans4 ,figures1 or puppets1 :i*   
appe> to move ( !mselves1 7 =m]ly       
employ$ to "w miracles2 b ?is use is n[ 
sup]s$$1 & !y s]ve only to display      
+5uity1 & to answ] ! purposes (         
amusem5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ figures 
( ?is k9d1 0 con/ruct$ & exhibit$ at    
,p>is1 9 #agch2 & a p>ticul> acc\nt ( x 
0 publi%$ 9 ! memoirs ( ! academy = t   
ye>4 ,?is figure repres5ts a            
flute-play]1 :i* 0 capable ( p]=m+ v>i\s
 pieces ( music1 by w9d issu+ f its m\? 
into a ,g]man flute1 ! holes ( :i* x    
op5$ & %ut ) its f+]s3 x 0 ab\t five & a
 half feet high1 plac$ ^u a squ>e p$e/al
 f\r & a half feet high1 & ?ree & a half

 broad4 ,! air ent]$ ! body by ?ree     
sep>ate pipes1 into :i* x 0 convey$ by  
n9e pairs ( bell[s1 t exp&$ & contract$1
 9 regul> succession1 by means ( an axis
 ( /eel turn$ by clock-"w4 ,^! bell[s   
p]=m$ _! functions )\t any noise1 :i*   
might h discov]$ ! mann] by :i* ! air 0 
convey$ to ! ma*9e4  ,! ?ree tubes1 :i* 
receiv$ ! air f ! bell[s1 pass$ into    
?ree small res]voirs 9 ! trunk ( !      
figure4 ,"h !y unit$1 &1 asc5d+ t[>ds ! 
?roat1 =m$ ! cavity ( ! m\?1 :i* t]m9at$
 9 two small lips1 adapt$ 9 "s measure  
to p]=m _! prop] functions4 ,)9 ?is     
cavity 0 a small moveable tongue1 :i* by
 its motion1 at prop] int]vals1 admitt$ 
! air1 or int]cept$ x 9 its passage to !
 flute4 ,! f+]s1 lips1 & tongue1 d]iv$  
_! prop] movem5ts f a /eel cyl9d]1 turn$
 by clock-"w4 ,?is 0 divid$ into fifte5 
equal p>ts1 :i*1 by means ( pegs1 press+
 ^u ! ends ( fifte5 diff]5t lev]s1 caus$
 ! o!r extremities to asc5d4 ,sev5 ( ^! 
lev]s direct$ ! f+]s1 hav+ wires & *a9s 
fix$ to _! asc5d+ extremities1 :i*1 be+ 

atta*$ to ! f+]s1 made !m to asc5d 9    
proportion z ! o!r extremity 0 press$   
d[n by ! motion ( ! cyl9d]1 & vice v]s2 
!n ! asc5t or desc5t ( "o end ( a lev]  
produc$ a simil> asc5t or desc5t 9 !    
correspond+ f+]s1 by :i* "o ( ! holes ( 
! flute 0 occasionally op5$ or /opp$1 z 
x might h be5 by a liv+ p]=m]4 ,?ree ( !
 lev]s s]v$ to regulate ! +ress ( ! air1
 be+ s contriv$ z to op5 & %ut1 by means
 ( valves1 ! ?ree res]voirs             
above-m5tion$1 s t m or less /r5g? might
 be giv51 & a high] or l[] note produc$1
 z occasion requir$4 ,! lips 71 by a    
simil> me*anism1 direct$ by f\r lev]s1  
"o ( :i* op5$ !m1 to give ! air a fre]  
passage1 ! o!r contract$ !m1 ! ?ird drew
 !m backw>d1 & ! f\r? pu%$ !m =w>d4 ,!  
lips 7 project$ ^u t "p ( ! flute :i*   
receives ! air1 &1 by ! diff]5t motions 
already m5tion$1 modifi$ ! tune 9 a     
prop] mann]4 ,! rema9+ lev] 0 employ$ 9 
! direction ( ! tongue1 :i* x easily    
moves s z to %ut or op5 ! m\? ( ! flute4
 ,! j succession ( ! sev]al motions1    

p]=m$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ?is ma*9e1 0    
regulat$ by ! foll[+ simple contrivance4
  ,! extremity ( ! axis ( ! cyl9d]      
t]m9at$ on ! "r side by an endless      
screw1 consi/+ ( twelve ?reads1 ea*     
plac$ at ! di/ance ( a l9e & a half f ! 
o!r4 ,above ?is screw 0 fix$ a piece (  
copp]1 & 9 x a /eel pivot1 :i*1 fall+ 9 
betwe5 ! ?reads ( ! screw1 oblig$ !     
cyl9d] to foll[ ! ?reads2 &1 in/ead (   
turn+ directly r\nd1 x 0 cont9ually pu%$
 to "o side4 ,h5ce1 if a lev] 0 mov$1 by
 a peg plac$ on cyl9d]1 9 any "o        
revolution1 x c\ld n be mov$ by ! same  
peg 9 ! succe$+ revolution1 because !   
peg w\ld be mov$ a l9e & a half beyond x
 by ! lat]al motion ( ! cyl9d]4  ,?us1  
by an artificial disposition ( ^! pegs 9
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cyl9d]1 ! /atue 0     
made1 by ! successive elevation ( !     
prop] lev]s1 to exhibit all ! diff]5t   
motions ( a flute-play]1 to ! admiration
 ( e "o :o saw x4 ,ano!r figure1        
con/ruct$ by ! same arti/1 ,vaucanson1  
play$ on ! %eph]d's pipe1 held 9 its    

left h&1 & ) ! "r beat ^u a drum4  ,!   
p]=mances ( ,vaucanson 7 imitat$1 & ev5 
exce$$1 by ,m4 de ,kempel91 ( ,presburg1
 9 ,hung>y4 ,! &roides con/ruct$ by ?is 
g5tleman 9 #agfi1 0 capable ( play+ at  
*ess4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght ov] to ,engl& 9  
#aghc1 & has (t5 be5 exhibit$ s9ce t    
p]iod4 ,x is ?us describ$3 ,! figure is 
z l>ge z life1 9 a ,turki% dress1 seat$ 
beh9d a table1 ) doors ?ree & a half    
feet long1 two deep1 & two & a half     
high4 ,! *air on :i* x sits is fix$ to !
 table1 :i* is made to run on f\r :eels4
 ,x leans its "r arm on ! table1 & 9 its
 left h& holds a pipe2 ) ?is h& x plays 
aft] ! pipe is remov$4 ,a *ess-bo>d (   
eighte5 in*es is fix$ be=e x4 ,! table1 
or r *e/1 conta9s :eels1 lev]s1 cyl9d]s1
 & o!r pieces ( me*anism1 all ( :i* are 
publicly display$4 ,! ve/m5ts ( ! figure
 7 !n lift$ ov] its head1 & ! body 0 se5
 full ( simil> :eels4 ,!re is a little  
door 9 its ?igh1 :i* is likewise op5$3 &
 ) ?is1 & ! table also op51 & ! figure  
uncov]$1 ! :ole is :eel$ ab\t ! room4 ,!

 doors are !n %ut1 & ! automaton is     
ready to play2 b x always takes ! fir/  
move4 ,at e motion ! :eels are he>d2 !  
image moves its head1 & looks ov] e "p (
 ! *ess-bo>d4 ,:5 x *ecks ! que51 x     
%akes its head twice2 & ?rice 9 giv+    
*eck to ! k+4 ,x likewise %akes its head
 :5 a false move is made1 replaces !    
piece1 & makes its own move1 by :i*     
means ! adv]s>y loses "o4 ,m4 de        
,kempel9 exhibit$ 8 automaton at        
,pet]sburg1 ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 & ,london1   
be=e ?\s&s1 _m ( :om 7 ma!maticians1 &  
*ess play]s1 & yet ! secret by :i* he   
gov]n$ ! motion ( its arm 0 nev]        
discov]$4 ,he valu$ himself ^u !        
con/ruction ( a me*anism1 by :i* ! arm  
c\ld p]=m t5 or twelve moves4 ,x !n ne$$
 to be w\nd up l a wat*1 aft] :i* x 0   
capable ( cont9u+ ! same numb] (        
motions4 ,?is automaton c\ld n play     
unless ,m4 de ,kempel91 or 8 assi/ant1 0
 ne> x to direct its movem5ts4 ,a small 
squ>e box 0 frequ5tly consult$ by !     
exhibit] dur+ ! game1 & 9 ?is consi/$ ! 

secret1 :i* ! inv5tor decl>$ he c\ld    
communicate 9 a mom5t4 ,any p]son :o    
c\ld beat ,m4 de ,kempel9 at *ess1 0    
sure ( conqu]+ ! automaton4             
,,extraord9>y ,,pieces ,,(              
,,clock-,,"w4--,among/ ! mod]n clocks1  
^? at ,/rasburg & ,lyons are v em95t = !
 ri*ness & v>iety ( _! furniture1 & = _!
 motions & figures4 ,9 ! =m]1 a cock    
claps 8 w+s1 & proclaims ! h\r1 & an    
angel op5s a door1 & salutes ! ,virg92  
:ile ! ,holy ,_s desc5ds on h]1 c4 ,9 ! 
latt]1 two horsem5 enc\nt]1 & beat ! h\r
 on ea* o!r2 a door op5s1 & !re appe>s  
on ! !atre ! ,virg91 ) ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 h]
 arms2 ! ,magi1 ) _! ret9ue1 m>*+ 9     
ord]1 & pres5t+ _! gifts2 two trumpet]s 
s\nd+ all ! :ile to proclaim !          
procession4  ,^!1 h[ev]1 are excell$ by 
two :i* 7 lately made by ,engli% arti/s1
 & s5t z a pres5t f ! ,ea/ ,india       
,company to ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,^! clocks
 are 9 ! =m ( *>iots1 9 :i* are plac$1 9
 a f9e attitude1 a lady1 lean+ h] "r h& 
^u a "p ( ! *>iot1 "u :i* is a clock (  

curi\s workman%ip1 little l>g] ?an a    
%ill+1 t /rikes & repeats1 & goes eight 
days4 ,^u h] f+] sits a bird f9ely      
modell$1 & set ) diamonds & rubies1 )   
its w+s exp&$ 9 a fly+ po/ure1 & x      
actually flutt]s = a consid]able "t on  
t\*+ a diamond button bel[ x2 ! body ( !
 bird 7:i* conta9s "p ( ! :eels t 9 a   
mann] give life to x7 is n ! bigness ( !
 #af? "p ( an in*4 ,! lady holds 9 h]   
left h& a gold tube n mu* ?ick] ?an a   
l>ge p91 on ! top ( :i* is a small r\nd 
box1 to :i* a circul> ornam5t1 set )    
diamonds n l>g] ?an a sixp5ce1 is fix$1 
:i* goes r\nd ne>ly ?ree h\rs 9 a       
con/ant regul> motion4 ,ov] ! lady's    
head1 support$ by a small flut$ pill> n 
bigg] ?an a quill1 are two umbrellas1 "u
 ! l>ge/ ( :i* a bell is fix$1 at a     
consid]able di/ance f ! clock1 & seems  
to h no connection ) x2 b f :i* a       
communication is secretly convey$ to a  
hamm] t regul>ly /rikes ! h\r1 & repeats
 ! same to ! clock bel[4 ,at ! feet ( ! 
lady is a gold5 dog2 be=e :i*1 f ! po9t 

( ! *>iot1 are two birds fix$ on spiral 
spr+s1 ! w+s & fea!rs ( :i* are set )   
/ones ( v>i\s col\rs1 & appe> z if fly+ 
away ) ! *>iot1 :i*1 f ano!r secret     
motion1 is cont9u$ to run 9 a /raight1  
circul>1 or any o!r direction2 :ile a   
boy t lays hold ( ! *>iot beh9d1 seems  
also to pu% x =w>d4 ,above ! umbrella   
are fl[]s & ornam5ts ( preci\s /ones2 & 
x t]m9ates ) a fly+ dragon set 9 ! same 
mann]4 ,! :ole is ( gold1 mo/ curi\sly  
execut$1 & embelli%$ ) rubies & pe>ls4  
,,heidelb]g ,,clock4--,at ,heidelb]g1 9 
,g]many1 ^u ! t[n-h\se1 0 a clock )     
div]s motions2 & :5 ! clock /ruck1 !    
figure ( an old man pull$ (f 8 hat1 a   
cock cr[$1 & clapp$ 8 w+s1 soldi]s f\ght
 ) "o ano!r1 c43 b ?is curi\s piece (   
workman%ip1 ) ! ca/le & t[n1 7 burnt by 
! ,fr5*1 :o committ$ at ! same "t ! mo/ 
inhuman b>b>ities ^u ! p1 :5 !y took ^? 
g>risons1 9 ! ye> #afic4   ,,/rasburg   
,,clock4--,at ,/rasburg1 !re is a clock1
 ( all o!rs ! mo/ fam\s1 inv5t$ by      
,conradus ,dasipodius1 9 ! ye> #aegc4   

,be=e ! clock /&s a globe on ! gr\nd1   
%ew+ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!   
heav5s are c>ri$ ab\t by ! fir/ mov]1 9 
tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ,saturn1 by 8 prop]     
motion1 is c>ri$ ab\t 9 ?irty ye>s2     
,jupit] 9 twelve1 ,m>s 9 two1 ! ,sun1   
,m]cury1 & ,v5us1 9 "o ye>2 & ! ,moon 9 
"o mon?4 ,9 ! clock itself !re are two  
tables on ! "r & left h&1 %ew+ !        
eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon f ! ye> #aegc1
 to ! ye> #afbd4 ,! ?ird table 9 !      
middle is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,9 !   
fir/ "p1 ! /atue ( ,apollo & ,diana %ews
 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 & ! day !re(1 be+     
c>ri$ ab\t 9 "o ye>2 ! second "p %ews ! 
ye> ( our ,"l1 & ! equ9octial days1 !   
h\rs ( ea* day1 ! m9utes ( ea* h\r1     
,ea/]-day1 & all o!r fea/s1 & !         
,dom9ical ,lett]4 ,! ?ird "p has !      
geographical description ( all ,g]many1 
& p>ticul>ly ( ,/rasburg1 ) ! names ( ! 
inv5tor1 & ( all ! workm54 ,9 ! middle  
frame ( ! clock is an a/rolabe1 %ew+ !  
sign 9 :i* ea* planet is e day1 & !re   
are ! /atues ( ! sev5 planets1 ^u a r\nd

 piece ( iron1 ly+ flat2 s t e day !    
/atue ( ! planet t rules ! day comes =?1
 ! re/ be+ hid )9 ! frames1 till !y come
 out by c\rse at _! day1 z ! sun ^u     
,sunday1 & s = all ! week4 ,& !re is    
also a t]re/rial globe1 :i* %ews !      
qu>t]1 ! half h\r1 & ! m9utes4 ,!re is  
also ! skull ( a dead man1 & /atues (   
two boys1 "o ( :om turns ! h\r-glass :5 
! clock has /ruck1 ! o!r puts =? ! rod 9
 8 h& at ea* /roke ( ! clock4 ,moreov]1 
!re are ! /atues ( ! ,spr+1 ,summ]1     
,autumn1 & ,w9t]1 & _m obs]vations ( !  
moon4  ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! clock are f\r   
old m5's /atues1 :i* /rike ! qu>t]s ( ! 
h\r2 ! /atue ( ,dea? comes out at ea*   
qu>t] to /rike1 b is driv5 back by !    
/atue ( ,*ri/1 ) a spe> 9 8 h&1 =       
?ree-qu>t]s2 b 9 ! f\r? qu>t]1 t ( ,*ri/
 goes back1 & t ( ,dea? /rikes ! h\r1 ) 
a bone 9 8 h&1 & !n ! *imes s\nd4 ,on ! 
top ( ! clock is an image ( a cock1 :i* 
twice 9 ! day cries al\d1 & claps 8 w+s4
 ,besides1 ?is clock is deck$ ) _m r>e  
pictures3 & be+ on ! inside ( ! *ur*1   

c>ries ano!r frame to ! outside ( !     
wall1 :]e9 ! h\rs ( ! sun1 ! c\rses ( ! 
moon1 ! l5g? ( ! day1 & su* o!r ?+s1 are
 set out ) great art4   ,,clepsydra--is 
a wat]-clock1 or in/rum5t to measure "t 
by ! fall ( a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 &  
is con/ruct$ on ! foll[+                
pr9ciples4--,suppose a cyl9drical       
vessel1 ^: *>ge ( wat] fl[s out 9 twelve
 h\rs1 7 requir$ to be divid$ into p>ts1
 to be dis*>g$ ea* h\r4 #a4 ,z ! "p ( "t
 is to ! :ole "t1 ,twelve1 s is ! same  
"t ,twelve to a f\r? proportional       
,hundr$-&-=ty-f\r4 ,divide ! altitude ( 
! vessel into "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r equal 
p>ts3 "h ! la/ w fall to ! la/ h\r2 !   
?ree next above1 to ! la/ "p b "o2 !    
five next1 to ! t5? h\r2 la/ly1 !       
tw5ty-?ree la/ to ! fir/ h\r4 ,= s9ce ! 
times increase 9 ! s]ies ( ! natural    
numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c4 & !       
altitudes1 if ! num]ation be 9 a        
retrograde ord] f ! twelf? h\r1 increase
 9 ! s]ies ( ! unequal numb]s #a1 #c1   
#e1 #g1 #i1 c4 ! altitudes comput$ f !  

twelf? h\r w be z ! squ>es ( ! times #a1
 #d1 #i1 #af1 #be1 c4 ,!re=e ! squ>es ( 
! :ole "t1 "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r1         
compreh5d all ! p>ts ( ! altitude ( !   
vessel to be empti$4 ,b a ?ird          
proportional to #a & #ab1 is ! squ>e (  
twelve1 & consequ5tly x is ! numb] (    
equal p>ts 9 :i* ! altitude is to be    
di/ribut$1 accord+ to ! s]ies ( !       
unequal numb]s1 ?r\gh ! equal int]val ( 
h\rs4  ,!re 7 _m k9ds ( clepsydr among !
 anci5ts2 b !y all _h ?is 9 common1 t ! 
wat] ran g5]ally ?r\gh a n>r[ passage1 f
 "o vessel to ano!r1 & 9 ! l[] 0 a piece
 ( cork1 or light wood1 :i*1 z ! vessel 
fill$1 rose up by degrees1 & %ew$ ! h\r4
   ,we %all 9 ! next place make a few   
rem>ks on ! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,wat*es4--,!
 inv5tion ( spr+ or pocket wat*es       
belongs to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,x is true1 we
 f9d m5tion made ( a wat* pres5t$ to    
,*>les ,v4 9 ! hi/ory ( t pr9ce3 b ?is1 
9 all probability1 0 no m ?an a k9d (   
clock to be set on a table1 "s          
resemblance :]e( we h /ill rema9+ 9 !   

anci5t pieces made be=e ! ye> #afgj4    
,!re 0 also a /ory ( a wat* hav+ be5    
discov]$ 9 ,scotl&1 belong+ to ,k+      
,rob]t ,bruce2 b ?is we believe has     
turn$ out altoge!r errone\s4 ,! glory ( 
?is v useful inv5tion lies betwe5 ,dr4  
,hooke & ,m4 ,huyg5s2 b to :i* ( !m x   
prop]ly belongs1 has be5 greatly        
disput$2 ! ,engli% ascrib+ x to ! =m]1 &
 ! ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 c4 to ! latt]4 ,mr4    
,d]ham1 9 8 ,artificial ,clockmak]1     
says1 r\ndly1 t ,dr4 ,hooke 0 ! inv5tor2
 & adds1 t he contriv$ v>i\s ways (     
regulation4 ,"o way 01 ) a load/one2    
ano!r ) a t5d] /raight spr+1 "o end :]e(
 play$ backw>ds & =w>ds ) ! balance1 s t
 ! balance 0 to ! spr+ z ! bob to a     
p5dulum1 & ! spr+ z ! rod !re(4 ,a ?ird 
me?od 01 ) two balances1 ( :i* !re 7    
div]s sorts2 "s hav+ a spiral spr+ to ! 
balance = a regulator1 & o!rs n4 ,b !   
way t prevail$1 & :i* /ill cont9ues to  
prevail1 01 ) "o balance1 & "o spr+     
runn+ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! v]ge2 ?\gh ?is 
has a disadvantage1 f :i* ^? ) two      

spr+s1 c4 7 free1 s9ce a sudd5 j]k1 or  
confus$ %ake1 w alt] its vibrations1 &  
di/urb its motion4  ,! "t ( ^! inv5tions
 0 ab\t ! ye> #afeh2 z appe>s1 among o!r
 evid5ces1 f an inscription on "o ( !   
d\ble-balance wat*es pres5t$ to ,k+     
,*>les ,,ii4 viz4 ,rob4 ,hooke inv54    
#afeh4 ,t4 ,tompion fecit1 #afge4 ,!    
inv5tion pres5tly got into reputation1  
bo? at home & abroad3 & two ( !m 7 s5t =
 by ! dauph9 ( ,france4 ,soon aft] ?is1 
,m4 ,huyg5s' wat* ) a spiral spr+ got   
abroad1 & made a great noise 9 ,engl&1 z
 if ! longitude c\ld be f\nd by x4 ,x is
 c]ta91 h[ev]1 t 8 inv5tion 0 lat] ?an !
 ye> #afgc1 :5 8 book ,de ,horol4       
,oscillat4 0 publi%$2 :]e9 he has n "o  
^w ( ?is1 ?\gh he has ( sev]al o!r      
contrivances 9 ! same way4  ,"o ( ^! !  
,"l ,br\nck] s5t = out ( ,france1 :]e   
,m4 ,huyg5s _h got a pat5t = !m4 ,?is   
wat* agre$ ) ,dr4 ,hooke's1 9 !         
application ( ! spr+ to ! balance2 only 
,m4 ,huyg5s' _h a long spiral spr+1 & ! 
pulses & beats 7 mu* sl[]4 ,! balance1  

in/ead ( turn+ q r\nd1 z ,dr4 ,hooke's1 
turns sev]al r\nds e vibration4  ,mr4   
,d]ham sugge/s1 t he has reason to ?9k  
,m4 ,huyg5s' fancy 0 fir/ set to "w by  
"s intellig5ce he might h ( ,dr4        
,hooke's inv5tion f ,mr4 ,old5swor?1 or 
"s o!r ( 8 correspond5ts 9 ,engl&2 &    
?is1 not)/&+ ,mr4 ,old5swor?'s attempt  
to v9dicate himself 9 ! ,philosophical  
,transactions1 appe>s to be ! tru?4     
,huyg5s inv5t$ div]s o!r k9ds ( wat*es1 
"s ( !m )\t any /r+ or *a9 at all2 :i*  
he call$ p>ticul>ly1 p5dulum wat*es4    
,,*ap4 ,,lxxiii4  ,,curiosities         
,,respect+ ,,! ,,arts4--7,cont9u$47     
,telegraph--,spectacle ( a ,sea ,fight  
at ,rome--,wood5 ,eagle2 & ,iron        
,fly--,:itehead's ,%ip--,scaliot's      
,lock1 c4--,praxiteles' ,v5us--,weav+   
,eng9e--,hydraulic ,birds--,h]s*ell's   
,gr& ,telescope--,bov]ick's             
,curiosities--,bunzlau                  
,curiosities--,artificial ,fly+4        
,,telegraph4--,?is is a ^w d]iv$ f !    
,greek1 & :i* is v prop]ly giv5 to an   

in/rum5t1 by means ( :i* in=mation may  
be almo/ in/antane\sly convey$ to a     
consid]able di/ance4 ,! telegraph1 ?\gh 
x has be5 g5]ally kn[n & us$ by ! mod]ns
 only = a few ye>s1 is by no means a    
mod]n inv5tion4 ,!re is reason to       
believe1 t among/ ! ,greeks !re 0 "s    
sort ( telegraph 9 use4 ,! burn+ ( ,troy
 0 c]ta9ly kn[n 9 ,greece v soon aft] x 
happ5$1 & be=e any p]son _h return$ f   
!nce4 ,n[ t 0 altoge!r s t$i\s a piece (
 bus9ess1 t conjecture nev] c\ld h      
suppli$ ! place ( in=mation4 ,a ,greek  
play beg9s ) a sc5e1 9 :i* a wat*man    
desc5ds f ! top ( a t[] 9 ,greece1 &    
gives ! in=mation t ,troy 0 tak54 ,i h  
be5 look+ out ^! t5 ye>s 7says he7 to   
see :5 t w\ld happ51 & ?is night x is   
done4 ,( ! antiquity ( a mode ( convey+ 
intellig5ce quickly to a great di/ance1 
?is is c]ta9ly a pro(4 ,! ,*9ese1 :5 !y 
s5d c\ri]s on ! great canal1 or :5 any  
great man travels !re1 make signals by  
fire1 f "o day's j\rney to ano!r1 to h e
 ?+ prep>$2 & mo/ ( ! b>b>\s nations us$

 =m]ly to give ! al>m ( w> by fires     
light$ on ! hills1 or ris+ gr\nds4  ,x  
does n appe> t ! mod]ns _h ?\ght ( su* a
 ma*9e z a telegraph1 till ! ye> #affc1 
:5 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 8 ,c5tury (  
,inv5tions1 affirm$1 t he _h discov]$ a 
me?od by :i*1 at a w9d[1 z f> z eye c   
discov] black f :ite1 a man may hold    
disc\rse ) 8 correspond5t1 )\t noise    
made1 or notice tak51 be+1 accord+ to   
occasion giv51 or means af=d$1 ex re    
nata1 & no ne$ ( provision be=eh&2 ?\gh 
mu* bett] if =ese51 & c\rse tak5 by     
mutual cons5t ( p>ties4 ,?is c\ld be    
done only by means ( a telegraph1 :i*1 9
 ! next s5t5ce1 is decl>$ to h be5 r5d]$
 s p]fect1 t by means ( x !             
correspond5ce c\ld be c>ri$ on by night 
z well z by day1 ?\gh z d>k z pit* is   
black4  ,ab\t =ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,m4    
,amontons propos$ a new telegraph4 ,8   
me?od 0 ?is3--,let !re be p plac$ 9     
sev]al /ations1 at su* a di/ance f "o   
ano!r1 t1 by ! help ( a telescope1 a man
 9 "o /ation may see a signal made 9 !  

next be=e him2 he mu/ imm$iately make ! 
same signal1 t x may be se5 by p]sons 9 
! /ation next aft] him1 :o are to       
communicate x to ^? 9 ! foll[+ /ation1 &
 s on4 ,^! signals may be z lett]s ( !  
alphabet1 or z a ciph]1 und]/ood only by
 ! two p]sons :o are 9 ! di/ant places1 
& n by ^? :o make ! signals4 ,! p]son 9 
! second /ation mak+ ! signal to ! p]son
 9 ! ?ird1 ! v mom5t he sees x 9 ! fir/2
 ! news may be c>ri$ to ! greate/       
di/ance 9 z little "t z is necess>y to  
make ! signals 9 ! fir/ /ation4 ,!      
di/ance ( ! sev]al /ations1 :i* mu/ be z
 few z possible1 is measur$ by ! rea* ( 
a telescope4 ,amontons tri$ ?is me?od 9 
a small tract ( l&1 be=e sev]al p]sons (
 ! highe/ rank at ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,x 0
 n1 h[ev]1 till ! ,fr5* revolution1 t ! 
telegraph 0 appli$ to useful purposes4  
,:e!r ,m4 ,*appe1 :o is said to h inv5t$
 ! telegraph fir/ us$ by ! ,fr5* ab\t ! 
end ( #agic1 knew any ?+ ( ,amonton's   
inv5tion or n1 x is impossible to say2 b
 8 telegraph 0 con/ruct$ on pr9ciples   

ne>ly simil>4 ,! mann] ( us+ ?is        
telegraph 0 z foll[s3--,at ! fir/       
/ation1 :i* 0 on ! ro( ( ! palace (     
,l\vre1 at ,p>is1 ,m4 ,*appe1 ! inv5tor1
 receiv$ 9 writ+ f ! ,committee (       
,public ,welf>e1 ! words to be s5t to   
,lisle1 ne> :i* ! ,fr5* army at t "t 04 
,an upright po/ 0 erect$ on ! ,l\vre1 at
 ! top ( :i* 7 two transv]se arms1      
moveable 9 all directions by a s+le     
piece ( me*anism1 & ) inconceivable     
rapidity4 ,he inv5t$ a numb] ( positions
 = ^! arms1 :i* /ood z signs = ! lett]s 
( ! alphabet2 & ^!1 = ! great] cel]ity &
 simplicity1 he r$uc$ 9 numb] z mu* z   
possible4 ,! gramm>ian w easily conceive
 t sixte5 signs may amply supply all !  
lett]s ( ! alphabet1 s9ce "s lett]s may 
be omitt$1 n only )\t detrim5t1 b )     
advantage4 ,^! signs1 z !y 7 arbitr>y1  
c\ld be *ang$ e week2 s t ! sign ( ,b = 
"o day1 might be ! sign ( ,m ! next2 & x
 0 only necess>y t ! p]sons at !        
extremities %\ld "k ! key4 ,! int]m$iate
 op]ators 7 only in/ruct$ g5]ally 9 ^!  

sixte5 signals2 :i* 7 s di/9ct1 s m>k$1 
s diff]5t ! "o f ! o!r1 t !y 7 rememb]$ 
) ! greate/ ease4  ,! con/ruction ( !   
ma*9e 0 su*1 t ea* signal 0 uni=mly giv5
 9 precisely ! same mann] at all times3 
x did n dep5d on ! op]ator's manual     
skill2 & ! position ( ! arm c\ld nev]1 =
 any "o signal1 be a degree high] or a  
degree l[]1 its movem5t be+ regulat$    
me*anically4 ,m4 ,*appe hav+ receiv$1 at
 ! ,l\vre1 ! s5t5ce to be convey$1 gave 
a kn[n signal to ! second /ation 7:i* 0 
,mont ,m>tre7 to prep>e4 ,at ea* /ation 
!re 0 a wat*-t[]1 :]e telescopes 7 fix$1
 & ! p]son on wat* gave ! signal (      
prep>ation :i* he _h receiv$1 & ?is     
communicat$ successively ?r\gh all !    
l9e1 :i* br\ght !m all into a /ate (    
read9ess4 ,! p]son at ,mont ,m>tre !n   
receiv$1 lett] by lett]1 ! s5t5ce f !   
,l\vre1 :i* he repeat$ ) 8 own ma*9e2 & 
?is 0 aga9 repeat$ f ! next height1 )   
inconceivable rapidity1 to ! f9al /ation
 at ,lisle4  ,v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 9       
consequ5ce tri$ ^u telegraphs 9 ?is     

c\ntry2 & "o 0 soon aft] set up by      
gov]nm5t1 9 a *a9 ( /ations f !         
admiralty-(fice to ! sea-coa/4 ,x       
consi/s ( six octagon bo>ds1 ea* ( :i*  
is pois$ ^u an axis 9 a frame1 9 su* a  
mann] t x c be ei!r plac$ v]tically1 s z
 to appe> ) its full size to ! obs]v] at
 ! ne>e/ /ation1 or x becomes invisible 
to him by be+ plac$ horizontally1 or )  
only ! n>r[ edge expos$4 ,^! six bo>ds  
make ?irty-six *anges1 by ! mo/ pla9 &  
simple mode ( work+2 & !y w make _m m1  
if m 7 necess>y4   ,we submit to ! read]
 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a ,,spectacle ,,( ,a 
,,sea ,,fight ,,at ,,rome4--,augu/us1 to
 div]t 8 m9d f fix+ on 8 dome/ic        
mis=tunes1 exhibit$ ! mo/ magnific5t &  
exp5sive %[s t _h ev] be5 se5 at ,rome4 
,*>iot-races 9 ! circus1 repres5tations 
on ! /age1 combats by gladiators1 c4 7  
n[ become common4 ,augu/us1 !re=e1 !    
bett] to div]t bo? himself & ! p1 reviv$
 ^! sports1 :i* _h be5 = a consid]able  
"t laid aside1 on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y
 *>ges t att5d$ !m4 ,he caus$ a canal to

 be dug1 eighte5 hundr$ paces 9 l5g?1 & 
two hundr$ 9 bread?1 convey+ into x !   
,flam9ian wat]s1 & build+ scaffolds q   
r\nd x1 capable ( hold+ a prodigi\s     
multitude ( spectators4 ,& inde$ !      
conc\rse ( p 0 s great1 t ! emp]or 0    
oblig$ to place gu>ds 9 all qu>t]s ( !  
city1 le/ ! ?ieves %\ld lay hold ( t    
opportunity to plund] ! empty & ab&on$  
h\ses4 ,augu/us _h frequ5tly ent]ta9$ ! 
p ) fights ( lions1 tig]s1 elephants1   
rh9oc]oses1 c4 b n[ ! new canal appe>$  
all on a sudd5 cov]$ ) crocodiles1 ( :i*
 ?irty-six 7 kill$ by ,egyptians1 br\ght
 f ! banks ( ! ,nile = t purpose4 ,!    
multitude 7 highly delight$ by ?is      
sight1 :i* 0 q new2 b ! sea-fight :i*   
ensu$1 af=d$ !m /ill great] div]sion3 =1
 at ! opposite ends ( ! lake1 or canal1 
two fleets appe>$1 ! galleys ( "o be+   
built aft] ! ,greek1 & ^? ( ! o!r aft] !
 ,p]sian mann]4 ,bo? fleets engag$2 &1 z
 !y f\ght 9 good e>ne/1 mo/ ( !         
combatants be+ p]sons s5t5c$ to dea?1 ! 
battle prov$ v bloody4   ,a ,,wood5     

,,eagle1 ,,& ,,an ,,iron ,,fly4--,petrus
 ,ramus tells u ( a ,wood5 ,eagle & an  
,iron ,fly1 made by ,regiomontanus1 a   
fam\s ma!matician at ,nuremb]g3 :]e( !  
fir/ flew =? out ( ! city1 al(t 9 ! air1
 met ! ,emp]or ,maximilian a good way   
(f1 com+ t[>ds x2 &1 hav+ salut$ him1   
return$ aga91 wait+ on him at ! city    
gates4 ,! second1 at a fea/1 :]eto !    
,emp]or _h invit$ 8 famili> fri5ds1 flew
 =? f 8 h&1 &1 tak+ a r\nd1 return$ ?i!r
 aga91 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( !         
behold]s3 bo? :i*1 ! excell5t p5 ( !    
noble ,du ,b>tas has express$ 9 ! foll[+
 l9es3    ,:y %\ld ,i n t ,wood5 ,eagle 
m5tion1   ,a le>n$ ,g]man's late admir'd
 inv5tion1   ,:i*1 m\nt+ f 8 fi/ t      
fram'd h]1   ,flew f> to meet ! ,g]man  
,emp]or8   ,&1 hav+ met him1 ) h] nimble
 tra9   ,& pliant w+s turn+ ab\t aga91  
,foll['d him close unto ! ca/le gate    
,( ,nuremb]g2 :om all _! %[s ( /ate1    
,/reets hung ) arras1 ar*es curi\s      
built1   ,grey-head$ s5ate1 & y\?'s     
gallantries1   ,grac'd n s mu* z only   

?is device4  ,he goes on1 & ?us         
describes ! ,fly3    ,once1 z ?is arti/1
 m ) mir? ?an meat2   ,fea/$ "s fri5ds  
:om he e/eem$ great1   ,=? f 8 h& an    
,iron ,fly flew out2   ,:i* hav+ fl[n a 
p]fect r\nd ab\t1   ,) we>y w+s return$ 
to 8 ma/]1   ,& z judici\s on 8 arm he  
plac'd h]4   ,oh6 wit div9e1 t 9 ! n>r[ 
womb   ,( a small ,fly c\ld f9d         
suffici5t room   ,= all ^? spr+s1 :eels1
 c\nt]poise1 & *a9s1   ,:i* /ood in/ead 
( life1 & blood1 & ve9s4   ,,:itehead',s
 ,,%ip4--,george ,:itehead1 an          
,engli%man1 made a %ip1 ) all h] tackl+1
 to move itself on a table1 ) r[]s ply+ 
! o>s1 a woman play+ on ! lute1 & a     
little :elp cry+ on ! deck1--says       
,scottus1 9 8 ,it9]>y4   ,,scaliot',s   
,,lock1 c4--,9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,que5    
,elizabe?1 ,m>k ,scaliot1 a blacksmi?1  
made a lock1 consi/+ ( elev5 pieces (   
iron1 /eel1 & brass1 all :i*1 toge!r ) a
 pipe-key to x1 weigh$ b "o gra9 ( gold3
 he made also a *a9 ( gold1 consi/+ (   
=ty-?ree l9ks1 :]eunto hav+ fa/5$ ! lock

 & key be=e m5tion$1 he put ! *a9 ab\t a
 flea's neck1 :i* drew !m all ) ease4   
,all ^! toge!r1 lock & key1 *a9 & flea1 
be+ weigh$1 ! weight ( !m 0 b "o gra9 & 
a half4   ,,praxiteles'                 
,,v5us4--,praxiteles1 :o 0 an +5i\s     
work] 9 imag]y1 made a /atue ( ,v5us = !
 ,cnidians1 s mu* resembl+ life1 t a    
c]ta9 "y man became enam\r$ ( x to su* a
 degree1 t ! excess ( 8 love depriv$ him
 ( 8 s5ses4 ,?is piece ( art 0 s eag]ly 
covet$ by k+ ,nicom$es1 t1 ?\gh !       
,cnidians ow$ him an imm5se sum ( money1
 he (f]$ to take ! /atue 9 full         
satisfaction = 8 debt2 b 0 refus$4   ,! 
next subject is a curi\s ,,weav+        
,,eng9e4--,at ,dantzic 9 ,pol&1 !re 0   
set up a r>e inv5tion = weav+ f\r or    
five webs at a "t1 )\t any human help4  
,x 0 an eng9e t mov$ ( itself1 & w\ld "w
 night & day4 ,?is inv5tion 0 suppress$1
 because x w\ld h ru9$ ! poor p ( ! t[n2
 & ! artific] 0 secretly de/roy$1 z     
,lancelotti1 ! ,italian abbot1 relates f
 ! m\? ( ,m4 ,mull]1 a ,pole1 :o _h se5 

! device4   ,,hydraulic ,,birds4--,at   
,tibur1 9 ,tivoli1 ne> ,rome1 9 ! g>d5s 
( ,hippolitus d',e/e1 ,c>d9al ( ,f]r>a1 
!re are ! repres5tations ( sundry birds 
sitt+ on ! tops ( trees1 :i*1 by        
hydraulic art1 & secret conveyances (   
wat] ?r\gh ! trunks & bran*es ( ! trees1
 are made to s+ & clap _! w+s2 b at !   
sudd5 appe>ance ( an owl out ( a bu% ( !
 same artifice1 !y imm$iately become all
 mute & sil5t4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,claudius    
,gallus1 z ,possiv5us in=ms u4          
,,h]s*ell',s ,,gr& ,,telescope4--,! tube
 ( ?is telescope is ?irty-n9e feet f\r  
in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\r feet t5 in*es 9     
diamet]1 e "p be+ made ( iron4 ,x /&s 9 
! op5 air1 appe>s to be consid]ably     
elevat$1 & is encircl$ ) a complicat$   
scaffold+1 by :i* its /ead9ess is       
secur$4 ,! concave face ( its speculum  
is =ty-eight in*es ( poli%$ surface 9   
diamet]1 & x weighs ne>ly two ?\s& "o   
hundr$ & eighte5 p\nds6 ,) prop]        
eye-glasses x magnifies above six ?\s&  
times3 x is ! l>ge/ in/rum5t1 & has !   

greate/ magnify+ p[]1 ( any t has be5   
made4 ,by its aid1 ,dr4 ,h]s*ell has be5
 able to obs]ve ! lightn+ 9 ! atmosph]e 
( ! moon1 & has f\nd out sev]al cele/ial
 bodies1 unkn[n to prec$+ a/ronom]s4 ,! 
:ole 0 f9i%$ on ,augu/ ! #bh?1 #aghi1 on
 :i* day ! six? satellite ( ,saturn 0   
discov]$4 ,! obs]v]1 susp5d$ at ! end ( 
! in/rum5t1 ) 8 back t[>ds ! object he  
views1 looks d[n ! tube1 & sees ! image 
reflect$ f ! mirror2 :il/ a man bel[    
turns g5tly r\nd ! in/rum5t1 to accord )
 ! app>5t rotatory motion ( ! heav5s1   
?us pres]v+ ! image ( ! object on !     
mirror ) /ability4   ,,bov]ick',s       
,,curiosities4--,mr4 ,bak]1 9 8         
,treatise on ! ,microscope1 says1 ,i    
myself h se51 ne> ,durham ,y>d1 9 !     
,/r&1 & h exam9$ ) my microscope1 a     
*aise1 7made by "o ,mr4 ,bov]ick1 a     
wat*-mak]17 hav+ f\r :eels1 ) all !     
prop] app>atus belong+ to !m1 turn+     
readily on _! axles1 toge!r ) a man     
sitt+ 9 ! *aise1 all =m$ ( ivory1 &     
drawn along by a flea1 )\t any seem+    

difficulty4 ,i weigh$ x ) ! greate/ c>e 
,i 0 able2 & f\nd ! *aise1 man1 & flea1 
7 b>ely equal to a s+le gra94 ,i weigh$ 
also1 at ! same "t & place1 a brass *a9 
made by ! same h&1 ab\t two in*es long1 
conta9+ two hundr$ l9ks1 ) a hook at "o 
end1 & a padlock & key at ! o!r2 & f\nd 
x less ?an ! ?ird "p ( a gra94 ,i h se5 
7made by ! same arti/7 a quadrille table
 ) a draw] 9 x1 an eat+-table1 a        
sidebo>d table1 a look+-glass1 twelve   
*airs1 ) skeleton backs1 two doz5 (     
plates1 six di%es1 a doz5 knives1 & z _m
 =ks1 twelve spoons1 two salts1 a frame 
& ca/ors1 toge!r ) a g5tleman1 lady1 &  
footman1 all conta9$ 9 a *]ry-/one1 & n 
fill+ mu* m ?an half ( x4   ,,bunzlau   
,,curiosities4--,mr4 ,adams1 9 8 ,lett]s
 on ,silesia1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt (   
two +5i\s me*anics he met ) at ,bunzlau4
 ,_! names 7 ,jacob1 & ,huttig2 ! "o 0 a
 c>p5t]1 ! o!r a weav]1 & !y 7 next-door
 neighb\rs to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ 7says    
,mr4 ,adams7 has made a ma*9e1 9 :i*1 by
 ! means ( c]ta9 clock-"w1 a numb] (    

puppets1 ab\t six in*es high1 are made  
to move ^u a k9d ( /age1 s z to repres5t
 9 sev]al successive sc5es ! passion (  
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ exhibits him 9 !  
g>d5 at pray]1 :ile ! ?ree apo/les are  
sleep+ at a di/ance4 ,9 ! la/1 he is    
%ewn dead 9 ! sepul*re1 gu>d$ by two    
,roman soldi]s4 ,! int]v5+ sc5es        
repres5t ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 !          
exam9ation ( ,jesus be=e ,caiaphas1 !   
dialogue betwe5 ,pilate & ! ,jews       
conc]n+ him1 ! d5ial ( ,pet]1 ! sc\rg+1 
& ! crucifixion4 ,x is all accompani$ by
 a m\rnful dirge ( music2 & ! mak]1 by  
way ( explanation1 repeats ! passages ( 
,scripture :i* relate ! ev5ts he has    
und]tak5 to %ew4 ,i nev] saw a /rong]   
pro( ( ! /r5g? ( ! impression ( objects1
 :i* are br\ght imm$iately home to !    
s5ses4 ,i h he>d & read m ?an "o eloqu5t
 s]mon ^u ! passion2 b ,i confess1 none 
( _! mo/ lab\r$ ef=ts at ! pa!tic ev]   
t\*$ my he>t ) "o-half ! =ce ( ?is      
puppet-%[4 ,! traitor's kiss1 ! bl[     
/ruck by ! high-prie/'s s]vant1 !       

sc\rg+1 ! nail+ to ! cross1 ! sponge (  
v9eg>1 e indignity (f]$1 & e pa9        
inflict$1 occasion$ a s5sation1 :5 ?us  
made p]ceptible to ! eye1 :i* ,i _h nev]
 felt at m]e description4  ,hultig1 !   
weav]1 ) an equal1 or sup]ior me*anical 
g5ius1 has appli$ x 9 a diff]5t mann]1 &
 devot$ x to geographical1 a/ronomical1 
& hi/orical pursuits4 ,9 ! int]vals ( 8 
leisure f ! common weav]'s "w1 :i* af=ds
 him subsi/5ce1 he has become a v le>n$ 
man4 ,! walls ( 8 rooms are cov]$ ) maps
 & draw+s ( 8 own1 repres5t+1 "h ! c\rse
 ( ! ,od]1 ) all ! t[ns & villages ?r\gh
 :i* x runs2 !re1 ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1
 & ^? ( ,silesia1 ov] bo? ( :i* he has  
travell$ 9 p]son4 ,9 "o room he has two 
v l>ge tables1 "o rais$ above ! o!r3 on 
"o ( !m he has rang$ all ! t[ns &       
rem>kable places ( ,g]many2 & on ! o!r1 
( all ,europe3 !y are plac$ accord+ to  
_! respective geographical be>+s4 ,!    
names ( ! t[ns are writt5 on a small    
squ>e piece ( pap]1 & fix$ 9 a slit on !
 top ( a peg1 :i* is /uck into ! table4 

,! rem>kable m\nta9s are %ewn by "s     
pyramidical black /ones2 & little :ite  
pyramids are /ation$ at all ! spots :i* 
h be5 di/+ui%$ by any great battle1 or  
o!r rem>kable incid5t4 ,! man himself1 9
 expla9+ 8 "w1 %ews abundance ( le>n+1  
relative to ! anci5t names ( places1 & !
 =m] inhabitants ( ! c\ntries to :i* he 
po9ts2 & amus$ u ) anecdotes ( v>i\s    
k9ds1 connect$ ) ! l&s he has m>k$ out4 
,?us1 9 %ew+ u ! ,alps1 he po9t$ to ! v 
spot ov] :i* ! ,fr5* army ( res]ve s    
lately pass$1 & :]e ,buonap>te s        
=tunately escap$ be+ tak5 by an ,au/rian
 (fic]2 & !n he gave u a %ort comm5t ( 8
 own1 ^u ! "* & extraord9>y good =tune (
 ! ,fir/ ,consul4 ,9 a second room he   
has a l>ge ma*9e1 repres5t+ ! ,cop]nican
 sy/em ( ! univ]se3 x is made 9 su* a   
mann]1 t ! :ole firmam5t ( fix$ />s     
moves r\nd our sol> sy/em once 9 e      
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ?us always exhibits ! 
/>s1 9 ! exact position1 relative to our
 e>?1 9 :i* !y really /&4 ,int]nally1 he
 has /ation$ all ! planets :i* belong to

 our sy/em1 ) _! sev]al satellites1 &   
all ! comets t h be5 obs]v$ dur+ ! la/  
?ree c5turies4 ,9 a ?ird room he has    
ano!r ma*9e1 exhibit+ 9 diff]5t p>ts !  
v>i\s phases ( ! moon1 & ^? ( ,jupit]'s 
satellites1 ! app>5t motion ( ! sun r\nd
 ! e>?1 & ! real motion ( ! e>? r\nd !  
sun4  ,9 8 g>ret he has ano!r "w1 ^u :i*
 he is yet occupi$1 & :i*1 be+ 8 la/    
lab\r1 seems to be t 9 :i* he takes !   
mo/ delight4 ,^u a v l>ge table1 simil> 
to t 9 ! fir/ room1 he has inlaid a     
numb] ( ?9 plates ( wood1 =m$ s z to    
repres5t a projection ( ! e>? "u        
,m]cator's plan4 ,all ! int]vals betwe5 
! plates ( wood designate t portion ( ! 
_w :i* is cov]$ ) wat]4 ,he has us$ a   
numb] ( v small ropes ( two col\rs1     
drawn ov] ! surface 9 su* a mann] z to  
describe ! tracks ( all ! celebrat$     
circumnavigators ( ! globe4 ,! col\rs ( 
! ropes di/+ui% ! sev]al voyages :i*    
claim especial pre-em95ce above ! re/4  
,to ,columbus1 ,anson1 & ,cook1 he has  
%ewn a special hon\r by ?ree little     

models ( %ips be>+ _! names1 :i* are    
plac$ ^u ! surface ( 8 ocean1 9 "s spot 
( _! respective c\rses4 ,! names ( all !
 o!r voyag]s1 & ! times at :i* _!       
voyages 7 p]=m$1 are m>k$ by pap]s fix$ 
at ! po9ts ( _! dep>ture4 ,su* is !     
imp]fect description ,i c give y1 f a   
%ort view ( ! lab\rs ( ?is really curi\s
 man4 ,he mu/ be ne>ly1 or q sev5ty ye>s
 old1 & has all 8 lifetime be5 ( an     
infirm con/itution4 ,b ?is ta/e = !     
sci5ces1 he told u1 0 h]$it>y 9 8       
family1 & _h be5 common to !m all1 f 8  
great-gr&fa!r d[n to himself4 ,8 dress &
 appe>ance 7 ^? ( a common weav]3 b 8   
expressive c\nt5ance1 at once full (    
en?usia/ic fire & ( amiable good-nature1
 0 a model1 ^u :i* ,lavat] might        
expatiate ) exultation4 ,! hone/ & +5i\s
 weav]1 on our tak+ leave1 made u smile 
by exclaim+1 t n[1 if he c\ld b h a     
travell] f ,africa come to see 8 works1 
he c\ld boa/ ( hav+ _h visitors f all ! 
f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe4   ,,artificial    
,,fly+4--,! art ( fly+ has be5 attempt$ 

by sev]al p]sons 9 all ages4 ,!         
,leucadians1 out ( sup]/ition1 are      
report$ to h _h a cu/om ( precipitat+ a 
man f a high cliff into ! sea1 fir/ fix+
 fea!rs1 v>i\sly exp&$1 r\nd 8 body1 9  
ord] to break 8 fall4 ,fri> ,bacon1 :o  
liv$ ne> five hundr$ ye>s ago1 n only   
affirms ! art ( fly+ possible1 b assures
 u1 t he himself knew h[ to make an     
eng9e1 :]e9 a man1 sitt+1 might be able 
to c5vey himself ?r\gh ! air1 l a bird2 
& fur!r adds1 t !re 0 "o :o _h !n tri$ x
 ) success3 b ?is me?od1 :i* consi/$ ( a
 c\ple ( l>ge ?9 holl[ copp] globes1    
exhau/$ ( ! air1 & su/a9+ a p]son :o sat
 !reon1 ,dr4 ,hooke %ews to be          
impracticable4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,k+     
,*>les ! ,second's reign 7 mightily     
busi$ ab\t ?is art4 ,bi%op ,wilk9s 0 s  
confid5t ( success 9 x1 t he says1 he   
does n "q b1 9 future ages1 x w be z    
usual to he> a man call = 8 w+s1 :5 he  
is go+ a j\rney1 z x is n[ to call = 8  
boots4  ,! art ( fly+ has 9 "s measure  
be5 br\ght to be> 9 ! con/ruction & use 

( balloons4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxiv4         
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,!            
,,arts4--7,conclud$47      ,burn+       
,glasses--,ductility (                  
,glass--,rem>kable ,ductility &         
,ext5sibility ( ,gold--,p9              
,mak+--,ne$les--,%oes--,! ,great ,bell (
     ,mosc[4   ,,burn+ ,,glasses4--,we h
 "s extraord9>y in/ances & surpris+     
acc\nts ( prodigi\s effects (           
burn+-glasses4 ,^? made ( reflect+      
mirrors are m p[]ful ?an ^? made )      
l5ses1 because ! rays f a mirror are    
reflect$ all to "o po9t ne>ly2 :]eas by 
a l5s1 !y are refract$ to diff]5t po9ts1
 & are !re=e n s d5se or ard5t4 ,! :it] 
also ! metal or sub/ance is1 ( :i* !    
mirror is made1 ! /rong] w be ! effect4 
,! mo/ rem>kable burn+-glasses1 or r    
mirrors1 among ! anci5ts1 7 ^? (        
,ar*im$es & ,proclus2 by ! fir/ ( :i* ! 
,roman %ips1 besieg+ ,syracuse1 7accord+
 to ! te/imony ( sev]al writ]s17 & by ! 
o!r1 ! navy ( ,vitalian besieg+         
,byzantium1 7 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,among !   

mod]ns1 ! burn+ mirrors ( greate/       
em95ce1 are ^? ( ,vilette1 &            
,ts*irnhaus51 & ! new complex "o ( ,m4  
de ,buffon4  ,t ( ,m4 de ,vilette 0 ?ree
 feet elev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & its focal
 di/ance 0 ?ree feet two in*es4 ,its    
sub/ance is a composition ( t91 copp]1 &
 t9 glass4 ,"s ( its effects1 z f\nd by 
,dr4 ,h>ris & ,dr4 ,desaguli]s1 are1 t a
 silv] sixp5ce melt$ 9 sev5 seconds & a 
half2 a k+ ,george's halfp5ny melt$ 9   
sixte5 seconds1 & ran 9 ?irty-f\r       
seconds2 t9 melt$ 9 ?ree seconds2 & a   
diamond weigh+ f\r gra9s1 lo/           
sev5-eigh?s ( its weight4 ,t ( ,m4 de   
,buffon is a polyh$ron1 six feet broad1 
& z _m high1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ &      
sixty-eight small mirrors1 or flat      
pieces ( look+-glass1 ea* six in*es     
squ>e2 by means ( :i*1 ) ! fa9t rays ( !
 sun 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 he set on fire    
bo>ds ( bee*wood at "o hundr$ & fifty   
feet di/ance4 ,besides1 8 ma*9e has !   
conv5i5cy ( burn+ d[nw>ds1 or           
horizontally1 at pleasure2 ea* speculum 

be+ moveable1 s z1 by ! means ( ?ree    
screws1 to be set to a prop] incl9ation 
= direct+ ! rays t[>ds any giv5 po9t2 & 
x turns ei!r 9 its great] focus1 or 9   
any ne>] int]val1 :i* our common        
burn+-glasses _c d1 _! focus be+ fix$ & 
det]m9$4 ,m4 de ,buffon1 at ano!r "t1   
burnt wood at ! di/ance ( two hundr$    
feet4 ,he also melt$ t9 & lead at !     
di/ance ( above "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 
& silv] at fifty4  ,mr4 ,p>k]1 (        
,fleet-/reet1 ,london1 0 induc$1 at an  
exp5se ( upw>ds ( #gjj1 to contrive1 &  
at l5g? to complete1 a l>ge transp>5t   
l5s1 t w\ld s]ve ! purpose ( fus+ &     
vitrify+ su* sub/ances z resi/ ! fires (
 ord9>y furnaces1 & m especially (      
apply+ heat 9 vacuo1 & 9 o!r            
circum/ances 9 :i* x _c be appli$ by any
 o!r means4 ,aft] direct+ 8 att5tion =  
sev]al ye>s to ?is object1 & p]=m+ a    
great v>iety ( exp]im5ts 9 ! prosecution
 ( x1 he at la/ succe$$ 9 ! con/ruction 
( a l5s1 ( fl9t-glass1 ?ree feet 9      
diamet]1 :i*1 :5 fix$ 9 its frame1      

exposes a surface two feet eight in*es &
 a half 9 ! cle>1 )\t any o!r mat]ial   
imp]fection1 except a disfigurem5t ( "o 
( ! edges by a piece ( ! scoria ( !     
m\ld1 :i* un=tunately f\nd its way into 
its sub/ance4 ,?is l5s 0 d\ble-convex1  
bo? sides ( :i* 7 a portion ( a sph]e ( 
eighte5 feet radius4 ,x is difficult to 
=m an accurate e/imate ( ! burn+ p[] (  
?is l5s2 inasmu* z x is next to         
impossible to discov] :at %\ld be d$uct$
 = ! loss ( p[]1 9 consequ5ce ( !       
imp$im5ts t ! glass ( :i* x 0 made mu/  
occasion1 z well z ! f\r reflections1 & 
two m by way ( dim9ution2 b we w        
endeav\r to appreciate x1 aft] a full   
all[ance = ^! d$uctions1 :i* mu/        
necess>ily result f e means ( conc5trat+
 ! sol> rays1 & mu/ be consid]$ z !     
friction ( an eng9e1 ( :i* nature !y    
really p>take4  ,! sol> rays receiv$ on 
a circul> surface ( two feet eight in*es
 & a half1 :5 conc5trat$ )9 ! diamet] ( 
an in*1 w be #aje1fbf times its         
int5sity1 or ?is numb] ( times great]   

?an ! heat ( ! sun z x is exp]i5c$ on ! 
surface ( ! e>?4 ,we w suppose1 t z !   
heat ( ! air1 9 ord9>y summ] wea!r1 is  
#fe degrees1 & 9 sultry wea!r is #ge    
degrees1 ! av]age ( :i* is #gj degrees1 
& t we take ?is z ! av]age effect1 !    
accumulat$ p[] ( ! l5s1 on ! supposition
 ( an uni=m heat ov] ! :ole surface ( ! 
focus1 w be equal to #gc1ich degrees4 ,x
 mu/ be recollect$1 by ^? :o h an       
opportunity ( exam9+ ! effects ( ?is    
l5s1 t ! ext]nal "p ( ! focal light 0   
less int5se ?an t "p :i* 0 ne> ! c5tre (
 x2 or r1 t ! effect 0 v mu* accumulat$ 
9 ! c5tre2 b z x is possible t !        
refraction ( ! light & ( ! caloric fluid
 may n take place 9 ! same angles1 we   
?9k x safe/ to consid] x z ( uni=m      
effect1 & alt] d$uct+ "o f\r? "p !re( z 
a comp5sation1 !re rema9s #eede z !     
expression ( its p[]4 ,z ! application (
 ! second l5s r$uc$ ! diamet] ( ! focus 
to half an in*1 ! effect1 )\t all[+ = ! 
r$uction ( its p[]1 w\ld be equal to    
#bba1haf degrees2 b d$uct+ "o-f\r? = !  

second transmission1 !re rema9s #aff1cfb
 degrees1 z ! expression ( its p[]4     
,mr4 ,p>k] fur!r in=ms u1 t a diamond1  
weigh+ t5 gra9s1 expos$ to ?is l5s =    
?irty m9utes1 0 r$uc$ to six gra9s2 dur+
 :i* op]ation x op5$ & foliat$ l !      
leaves ( a fl[]1 :i* emitt$ :iti% fumes1
 & :5 clos$ aga91 bore a poli%1 & reta9$
 its =m4 ,gold rema9$ 9 its metallic    
/ate )\t app>5t dim9ution1 not)/&+ an   
exposure at int]vals ( _m h\rs3 b :at is
 rem>kable1 ! re/1 or cupel1 :i* 0      
compos$ ( bone-a%1 0 t9ctur$ ) a        
beautiful p9k col\r4  ,! exp]im5ts on   
plat9a ev9ce t ! specim5s 7 9 diff]5t   
/ates ( approa* to a complete metallic  
=m2 sev]al ( !m ?rew (f _! p>ts 9 sp>ks1
 :i* 9 mo/ in/ances 7 metallic4 ,copp]1 
aft] ?ree m9utes' exposure1 0 n f\nd to 
h lo/ 9 weight4  ,:at is rem>kable )    
reg>d to exp]im5ts on iron1 is1 t ! l[] 
"p1 i4 e4 t "p 9 contact ) ! *>coal1 0  
fir/ melt$1 :5 t "p :i* 0 expos$ to !   
focus rema9$ unfus$2 an evid5ce ( !     
effect ( flux on ?is metal4  ,sev]al ( !

 semi-cry/all9e sub/ances1 expos$ to !  
focal heat1 exhibit$ symptoms ( fusion2 
su* z ! agate1 ori5tal fl9t1 cornelian1 
& jasp]3 b z ! probability is1 t ^!     
sub/ances 7 n capable ( complete        
vitrification1 x is en\gh t !y 7 r5d]$  
ext]nally ( a glassy =m4 ,g>net         
completely fus$ on black lead 9 #abj    
seconds1 lo/ a qu>t] ( a gra91 became   
d>k] 9 col\r1 & 0 attract$ by ! magnet4 
,t5 cut g>nets tak5 f a bracelet began  
to run ! "o into ! o!r 9 a few seconds1 
& at la/ =m$ into "o globul> g>net4 ,!  
clay us$ by ,mr4 ,w$gwood to make 8     
pyrometric te/1 run 9 a few seconds into
 a :ite enamel4 ,sev5 o!r k9ds ( clay1  
s5t by ,mr4 ,w$gwood1 7 all vitrifi$4   
,sev]al exp]im5ts 7 made on lime/one1 "s
 ( :i* 7 vitrifi$1 b all ( :i* 7        
agglut9at$2 x is1 h[ev]1 suspect$ t "s  
extrane\s sub/ance mu/ h be5 int]mix$4  
,a globule produc$ f "o ( ! specim5s1 on
 be+ put into ! m\?1 flew into a ?\s&   
pieces1 occasion$1 x is presum$1 by !   
moi/ure4  ,a subscription 0 propos$ =   

rais+ ! sum ( sev5 hundr$ gu9eas1 t[>ds 
indemnify+ ! *>ges ( ! inv5tor1 & reta9+
 ! v curi\s & useful ma*9e above        
describ$ 9 our own c\ntry2 b f ! failure
 or ! subscription1 & "s o!r concurr+   
circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,p>k] 0 induc$ to    
dispose ( x to ,capt4 ,mack9to%1 :o     
accompani$ ,"l ,mac>tney 9 ! embassy to 
,*9a3 & x 0 left1 mu* to ! regret (     
philosoph]s 9 ,europe1 at ,pek92 :]e x  
rema9s 9 ! h&s ( p]sons1 :o mo/ probably
 "k nei!r its value nor use4            
,,ductility ,,( ,,glass4--,we all "k1 t 
:5 glass is well p5etrat$ ) ! heat ( !  
fire1 ! workm5 c figure & manage x l s(t
 wax2 b1 :at is mo/ rem>kable1 x may be 
drawn1 or spun out1 into ?reads exce$+ly
 long & f9e4 ,our ord9>y sp9n]s d n =m  
_! ?reads ( silk1 flax1 or ! l1 ) half !
 ease & exp$ition ! glass-sp9n]s d      
?reads ( ?is brittle matt]4 ,we h "s (  
!m us$ 9 plumes = *ildr5's heads1 &     
div]s o!r works1 mu* f9] ?an any hair1 &
 :i* b5d & wave1 l hair1 ) e w9d4 ,no?+ 
is m simple & easy ?an ! me?od ( mak+   

!m4 ,!re are two workm5 employ$3 ! fir/ 
holds "o end ( a piece ( glass ov] !    
flame ( a lamp2 & :5 ! heat has s(t5$ x1
 a second op]ator applies a glass hook  
to ! metal ?us 9 fusion1 &1 )draw+ !    
hook aga91 x br+s ) x a ?read ( glass1  
:i* /ill adh]es to ! mass2 !n1 fitt+ 8  
hook on ! circumf]5ce ( a :eel ab\t two 
feet & a half 9 diamet]1 he turns ! :eel
 z fa/ z he pleases1 :i*1 draw+ out !   
?read1 w9ds x on its run1 till1 aft] a  
c]ta9 numb] ( revolutions1 x is cov]$ ) 
a ske9 ( glass-?read4 ,! mass 9 fusion  
ov] ! lamp dim9i%es ins5sibly1 be+ w\nd 
out l a clue ( silk ^u ! :eel2 & ! p>ts 
cool+ z !y rec$e f ! flame1 become m    
coh]5t to ^? next to !m1 & ?is by _m    
degrees3 ! p>ts ne>e/ ! fire are always 
! lea/ coh]5t1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 mu/ give
 way to ! ef=t ! re/ make to draw !m    
t[>ds ! :eel4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ^! ?reads
 is usually a flat oval1 be+ ?ree or f\r
 times z broad z ?ick3 "s ( !m seem     
sc>cely bigg] ?an ! ?read ( a silkworm1 
& are surpris+ly flexible4 ,if ! two    

ends ( su* ?reads are knott$ toge!r1 !y 
may be drawn & b5t1 till ! ap]ture1 or  
space 9 ! middle ( ! knot1 does n exce$ 
"o-f\r? ( a l9e1 or "o =ty-eigh? ( an   
in* 9 diamet]4 ,h5ce ,m4 ,reaumur       
ma9ta9s1 t ! flexibility ( glass        
increases 9 proportion to ! f95ess ( !  
?reads2 & t1 probably1 _h we b ! art (  
draw+ ?reads z f9e z a spid]'s web1 we  
might weave /uffs & clo?s ( !m = we>4   
,accord+ly1 he made "s exp]im5ts ?is    
way2 & f\nd t he c\ld make ?reads f9e   
en\gh1 viz4 z f9e1 9 8 judgm5t1 z       
spid]'s ?read1 b n long en\gh = !       
purposes ( any manufacture4             
,,rem>kable ,,ductility ,,&             
,,ext5sibility ,,( ,,gold4--,gold is !  
mo/ ductile1 z well z ! mo/ malleable1 (
 all metals4 ,accord+ to ,cron/$t1 "o   
gra9 ( x may be /ret*$ out s z to cov]  
#ih ,sw$i% ells1 equal to #fc4ff ,engli%
 y>ds ( silv] wire2 b ,wall]ius ass]ts1 
t a gra9 may be /ret*$ out 9 su* a      
mann]1 z to cov] #ejj ells ( wire4 ,at  
any rate1 ! ext5sion is prodigi\s2 =1   

accord+ to ! lea/ ( ! calculations1 !   
million? "p ( a gra9 ( gold may be made 
visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,nor is its      
malleability inf]ior to its ductility4  
,boyle1 quot$ by ,apligny1 9 8 treatise 
on ,col\rs1 says1 t "o gra9 & a half (  
gold may be beat5 into #ej leaves ( an  
in* squ>e1 :i*1 if int]sect$ by p>allel 
l9es drawn at "r angles to ea* o!r1 &   
di/ant only ! hundr$? "p ( an in* f ea* 
o!r1 w produce tw5ty-five millions (    
little squ>es1 ea* v easily disc]nible  
by ! nak$ eye4 ,mr4 ,magellan tells u1 t
 its surface may be ext5d$ by ! hamm]   
#aei1jib times4 ,i am in=m$1 7says he7  
by an intellig5t goldbeat] 9 ,engl&1 t !
 f9e/ gold leaf is t made 9 new sk9s1 & 
mu/ h an alloy ( ?ree gra9s ( copp] to !
 ounce ( pure gold1 or else x w\ld be   
too s(t to pass ov] ! irregul>ities ( ! 
sk9s4 ,he affirms1 t #hj books1 or #bjjj
 leaves ( gold1 ea* leaf conta9+ #aj4hi 
squ>e in*es1 weigh less ?an #chd gra9s4 
,ea* book1 !re=e1 ( #be leaves1 or      
#bgb4be in*es1 weighs less ?an #d4h     

gra9s2 s t ea* gra9 ( ! metal w produce 
ab\t #eg squ>e in*es ( gold leaf4 ,f    
fur!r calculation x appe>s1 t ! ?ickness
 ( ^! leaves is less ?an ! #bhb1jjj? "p 
( an in*2 & t #af ounces ( gold w\ld be 
suffici5t to gild a silv] wire1 equal 9 
l5g? to ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! globe we 
inhabit6   ,,p9-,,mak+4--,?\gh p9s are  
app>5tly simple1 _! manufacture is n a  
little curi\s & complex4 ,:5 ! brass    
wire1 ( :i* ! p9s are =m$1 is fir/      
receiv$ at ! manufactory1 x is g5]ally  
too ?ick = ! purpose ( be+ cut into p9s4
 ,! fir/ op]ation1 !re=e1 is t ( w9d+ x 
(f f "o :eel to ano!r ) great velocity1 
& caus+ x to pass betwe5 ! two1 ?r\gh a 
circle 9 a piece ( iron ( small]        
diamet]4 ,! wire be+ ?us r$uc$ to its   
prop] dim5sions1 is /raight5$ by draw+ x
 betwe5 iron p9s1 fix$ 9 a bo>d 9 a     
zigzag mann]1 b s z to leave a /raight  
l9e betwe5 !m3 aft]w>ds x is cut into   
l5g?s ( ?ree or f\r y>ds1 & !n into     
small] ones1 e l5g? be+ suffici5t to    
make six p9s4 ,ea* end ( ^! is gr\nd to 

a po9t1 :i* 0 p]=m$1 7:]e ^! obs]vations
 7 made17 by boys1 :o sat ea* ) two     
small gr9d+-/ones be=e him1 turn$ by a  
:eel4 ,tak+ up a h&ful1 he appli$ ! ends
 to ! co>se/ ( ! two /ones1 be+ c>eful  
at ! same "t to keep ea* piece mov+ r\nd
 betwe5 8 f+]s1 s t ! po9ts may n become
 flat3 he !n gives !m a smoo!r & %>p]   
po9t by apply+ !m to ! o!r /one1 & by t 
means a lad ( twelve or f\rte5 ye>s (   
age1 is able to po9t ab\t sixte5 ?\s&   
p9s 9 an h\r4 ,:5 ! wire is ?us po9t$1 a
 p9 is tak5 (f at ea* end1 & ?is is     
repeat$ till x is cut into six pieces4  
,! next op]ation is1 t ( =m+ ! heads1   
or1 z !y t]m x1 head-sp9n+1 :i* is done 
by means ( a sp9n+-:eel1 "o piece ( wire
 be+ ?us ) a/oni%+ rapidity w\nd r\nd   
ano!r1 & ! int]ior "o be+ drawn out1    
leaves a holl[ tube betwe5 !            
circumvolutions3 x is !n cut ) %e>s1 e  
two circumvolutions1 or turns ( ! wire1 
=m+ "o head2 ^! are s(t5$ by ?r[+ !m    
into iron pans1 & plac+ !m 9 a furnace  
till !y are r$ hot4 ,z soon z !y are    

cold1 !y are di/ribut$ to *ildr51 :o sit
 ) hamm]s & anvils be=e !m1 & cat*+ "o  
at ! extremity1 !y apply !m imm$iately  
to ! anvil & hamm]1 & by a motion or two
 ( ! foot1 ! top & ! head are fix$      
toge!r 9 mu* less "t ?an x c be         
describ$1 & ) a dext]ity only to be     
acquir$ by practice4 ,! p9 is n[ f9i%$ z
 to its =m1 b /ill x is m]ely brass2 x  
is !re=e ?r[n into a copp] conta9+ a    
solution ( t9 & ! lees ( w9e4 ,"h x     
rema9s = "s "t1 &1 :5 tak5 out1 assumes 
a :ite1 ?\gh dull appe>ance3 9 ord]     
!re=e to give x a poli%1 x is put into a
 tub conta9+ a quantity ( bran1 :i* is  
set 9 motion by turn+ a %aft t runs     
?r\gh its c5tre1 & ?us1 by means (      
friction1 x becomes p]fectly bright4 ,! 
p9 be+ complete1 no?+ rema9s b to       
sep>ate x f ! bran1 :i* is p]fectly     
simil> to ! w9n[+ ( corn1 ! bran fly+   
(f1 & leav+ ! p9 beh9d x = imm$iate     
sale4   ,we mu/ n =get to pres5t to !   
read] "s curi\s p>ticul>s respect+ !    
manufacture ( ,,ne$les4--,ne$les make a 

v consid]able article 9 comm]ce1 ?\gh   
!re is sc>cely any commodity *eap]1 !   
consumption ( !m be+ almo/ incr$ible4 ,!
 sizes are f ,no4 #a1 ! l>ge/1 to ,no4  
#be1 ! smalle/4 ,9 ! manufacture (      
ne$les1 ,g]man & ,hung>ian /eel are (   
mo/ repute4  ,9 ! mak+ ( !m1 ! fir/ ?+  
is1 to pass ! /eel ?r\gh a coal fire1 & 
"u a hamm]1 to br+ x out ( its squ>e    
figure into a cyl9drical "o4 ,?is done1 
x is drawn ?r\gh a l>ge hole ( a        
wire-draw+ iron1 & return$ into ! fire1 
& drawn ?r\gh a second hole ( ! iron1   
small] ?an ! fir/2 & ?us successively f 
hole to hole1 till x has acquir$ !      
degree ( f95ess requir$ = t species (   
ne$les2 obs]v+1 e "t x is to be drawn1 t
 x be greas$ ov] ) l>d1 to r5d] x m     
manageable4 ,! /eel1 ?us r$uc$ to a f9e 
wire1 is cut 9 pieces ( ! l5g? ( !      
ne$les int5d$4 ,^! pieces are flatt$ at 
"o end on ! anvil1 by =ce ( a pun*eon ( 
well-temp]$ /eel1 & laid on a lead5     
block to br+ out1 ) ano!r pun*eon1 !    
little piece ( /eel rema9+ 9 ! eye4 ,!  

corn]s are !n fil$ (f ! squ>e ( ! heads1
 & a little cavity fil$ on ea* side ( ! 
flat ( ! head2 ?is done1 ! po9t is =m$ )
 a file1 & ! :ole fil$ ov]3 !y are !n   
laid to heat r$-hot on a long n>r[ iron1
 crook$ at "o end1 9 a *>coal fire2 & :5
 tak5 out !nce1 are ?r[n into a bason ( 
cold wat] to h>d54 ,on ?is op]ation a   
good deal dep5ds2 too mu* heat burns !m1
 & too little leaves !m s(t2 ! m$ium is 
le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,:5 !y are ?us h>d5$1
 !y are laid 9 an iron %ovel on a fire m
 or less brisk 9 proportion to !        
?ickness ( ! ne$les2 tak+ c>e to move !m
 f "t to "t4 ,?is s]ves to temp] !m1 &  
take (f _! brittl5ess2 great c>e "h too 
mu/ be tak5 ( ! degree ( heat4 ,!y are  
!n /raight5$ "o aft] ano!r ) ! hamm]1 ! 
coldness ( ! wat] us$ 9 h>d5+ !m hav+   
twi/$ ! greate/ "p ( !m4  ,! next       
process is ! poli%+ ( !m4 ,to d ?is1 !y 
take #ab1jjj or #ae1jjj ne$les1 & range 
!m 9 little heaps aga9/ ea* o!r1 on a   
piece ( new buckram spr9kl$ ) em]y-du/4 
,! ne$les be+ ?us dispos$1 em]y-du/ is  

?r[n ov] !m1 :i* is aga9 spr9kl$ ) oil (
 olives2 at la/ ! :ole is made up into a
 roll1 well b\nd at bo? ends4 ,?is roll 
is !n laid on a poli%+ table1 & ov] x a 
?ick plank load$ ) /ones1 :i* two m5 "w 
backw>ds & =w>ds a day & a half1 or two 
days1 successively2 by :i* means ! roll 
?us cont9ually agitat$ by ! weight &    
motion ( ! plank ov] x1 ! ne$les )9side 
be+ rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) oil & em]y1   
are ins5sibly poli%$4 ,aft] poli%+1 !y  
are tak5 out1 & ! fil? wa%$ (f !m ) hot 
wat] & soap3 !y are !n wip$ 9 hot bran1 
a little moi/5$1 plac$ ) ! ne$les 9 a   
r\nd box susp5d$ 9 ! air by a cord1 :i* 
is kept /irr+ till ! bran & ne$les are  
dry4 ,! ne$les ?us wip$ 9 two or ?ree   
diff]5t brans1 are tak5 out & put 9     
wood5 vessels1 to h ! good sep>at$ f ^? 
^: po9ts or eyes h be5 brok5 ei!r 9     
poli%+ or wip+2 ! po9ts are !n all turn$
 ! same way1 & smoo!d ) an em]y-/one    
turn$ ) a :eel4 ,?is op]ation f9i%es !m1
 & !re rema9s no?+ b to make !m into    
packets4  ,ne$les 7 fir/ made 9 ,engl&  

by a native ( ,india1 9 #aede1 b ! art 0
 lo/ at 8 dea?2 x 01 h[ev]1 recov]$ by  
,*ri/oph] ,gre5+1 9 #aefj1 :o 0 settl$1 
) 8 ?ree *ildr51 ,elizabe?1 ,john1 &    
,?omas1 by ,dr4 ,dam>1 ance/or ( !      
pres5t ,"l ,milton1 at ,long ,cr5don1 9 
,bucks1 :]e ! manufactory has be5 c>ri$ 
on f t "t to ! pres5t day4              
,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,%oes4--,among
 ! ,jews1 %oes 7 made ( lea!r1 l951 ru%1
 or wood2 ^? ( soldi]s 7 sometimes (    
brass or iron4 ,!y 7 ti$ ) ?ongs1 :i*   
pass$ "u ! soles ( ! feet4 ,to put (f _!
 %oes1 0 an act ( v5]ation2 x 0 also a  
sign ( m\rn+ & humiliation3 to be> "o's 
%oes1 or to untie ! lat*ets ( !m1 0     
consid]$ z ! meane/ s]vice1 z appe>s 9 !
 ,bapti/'s decl>ation ( 8 own inf]iority
 to ,*ri/4  ,among ! ,greeks1 %oes (    
v>i\s k9ds 7 us$4 ,s&als 7 worn by wom5 
( di/9ction4 ,! ,lac$emonians wore r$   
%oes4 ,! ,grecian %oes g5]ally rea*$ to 
! middle ( ! leg4 ,! ,romans us$ two    
k9ds ( %oes3 ! calceus1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole
 foot1 some:at l our %oes1 & 0 ti$ above

 ) lat*ets or /r+s2 & ! solea1 or       
slipp]1 :i* cov]$ only ! sole ( ! foot1 
& 0 fa/5$ ) lea!rn ?ongs4 ,! calceus 0  
always worn along ) ! toga1 :5 a p]son  
w5t abroad3 slipp]s 7 put on dur+ a     
j\rney1 & at fea/s1 b x 0 reckon$       
effem9ate to appe> 9 public ) !m4 ,black
 %oes 7 worn by ! citiz5s ( ord9>y rank1
 & :ite ones by ! wom54 ,r$ %oes 7      
sometimes worn by ! ladies1 & purple    
ones by ! coxcombs ( ! o!r sex4 ,r$ %oes
 7 put on by ! *ief magi/rates ( ,rome1 
on days ( c]emony & triumphs4 ,! %oes ( 
s5ators1 patricians1 & _! *ildr51 _h a  
cresc5t ^u !m1 :i* s]v$ = a buckle2 ^! 7
 call$ calcei lunati4 ,slaves wore no   
%oes2 h5ce !y 7 call$ cretori1 f _! du/y
 feet4 ,phocion also1 & ,cato ,utic5sis1
 w5t )\t %oes4 ,! toes ( ! ,roman %oes 7
 turn$ up 9 ! po9t2 h5ce !y 7 call$     
calcei ro/rati1 rep&i1 c4  ,9 ! n9? &   
t5? c5turies1 ! greate/ pr9ces ( ,europe
 wore wood5 %oes1 or ! upp] "p ( lea!r1 
& ! sole ( wood4 ,9 ! reign ( ,william  
,rufus1 a great beau1 ,rob]t1 surnam$ ,!

 ,horn$1 us$ %oes ) long %>p po9ts1     
/uff$ ) t[1 & twi/$ l a ram's horn4 ,x  
is said1 ! cl]gy be+ highly (f5d$1      
declaim$ aga9/ ! long-po9t$ %oes ) great
 vehem5ce4 ,! po9ts1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to  
increase1 till1 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4
 !y 7 ( s enorm\s a l5g?1 t !y 7 ti$ to 
knees ) *a9s1 sometimes ( gold1         
sometimes ( silv]4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ^!    
%oes1 9 ,*auc]'s "t1 7 cut 9 imitation (
 a *ur* w9d[4 ,! long-po9t$ %oes 7 call$
 crack[es1 & cont9u$ 9 fa%ion = ?ree    
c5turies1 9 spite ( ! bulls ( popes1 !  
decrees ( c\ncils1 & ! declamations ( ! 
cl]gy4 ,at l5g? ! p>liam5t ( ,engl&     
int]pos$1 by an act ,a4 ,d4 #adfc1      
prohibit+ ! use ( %oes or boots ) pikes 
exce$+ two in*es 9 l5g?1 & prohibit+ all
 %oemak]s f mak+ %oes or boots ) long]  
pikes1 "u sev]e p5alties4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n
 suffici5t3 x 0 necess>y to d5\nce !    
dreadful s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ 
all :o wore %oes or boots ) po9ts long] 
?an two in*es4 ,! pres5t fa%ion ( %oes 0
 introduc$ 9 #afcc1 b ! buckle 0 n us$  

till #afgj4  ,9 ,norway1 !y use %oes ( a
 p>ticul> con/ruction1 consi/+ ( two    
pieces1 & )\t heels2 9 :i* ! upp]-lea!r 
sits close to ! foot1 ! sole be+ jo9$ to
 x by _m plates or folds4  ,! %oes or   
slipp]s ( ! ,japanese1 z we are in=m$ by
 ,pr(essor ,?unb]g1 are made (          
rice-/raw1 wov52 b sometimes1 = p (     
di/9ction1 ( f9e slips ( ratan4 ,! %oe  
consi/s ( a sole1 )\t upp]-lea!r or     
h9d-piece3 =w>ds1 x is cross$ by a /rap1
 ( ! ?ickness ( "o's f+]1 :i* is l9$ )  
l952 f ! tip ( ! %oe to ! /rap1 a       
cyl9drical /r+ is c>ri$1 :i* passes     
betwe5 ! great & second toe1 & keeps !  
%oe fa/ on ! foot4 ,z ^! %oes h no      
h9d-piece1 !y make a noise1 :5 p walk 9 
!m1 l slipp]s4 ,:5 ! ,japanese travel1  
_! %oes are furni%$ ) ?ree /r+s made (  
twi/$ /raw1 ) :i* !y are ti$ to ! legs &
 feet1 to prev5t !m f fall+4 ,"s p c>ry 
"o or m pairs ( %oes ) !m on _! j\rneys1
 9 ord] to put on new :5 ! old ones are 
worn out4 ,:5 x ra9s1 or ! roads are v  
dirty1 ^! %oes are soon wett$ ?r\gh2 & a

 great numb] ( worn-out %oes are        
cont9ually se5 ly+ on ! roads1          
especially ne> ! brooks1 :]e travell]s h
 *ang$ _! %oes aft] wa%+ _! feet4       
,in/ead ( ^!1 9 ra9y or dirty wea!r1 !y 
we> high wood5 clogs1 :i* und]nea? are  
holl[$ out 9 ! middle1 & at top h a b&  
across1 l a /irrup1 & a /r+ = ! great   
toe2 s t !y c walk )\t soil+ _! feet4   
,"s ( !m h _! /raw %oes fa/5$ to ^!     
wood5 clogs4 ,! ,japanese nev] ent] _!  
h\ses ) _! %oes on2 b leave !m 9 !      
entry1 or place !m on ! b5* ne> ! door1 
& ?us are always b>efoot$ 9 _! h\ses1 s 
z n to dirty _! neat mats4   ,,great    
,,bell ,,( ,,mosc[4 ,f ,dr4 ,cl>ke's    
,travels4--,! great bell ( ,mosc[1 kn[n 
to be ! l>ge/ ev] f\nd$1 is 9 a deep pit
 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,kreml94 ,! hi/ory ( its  
fall is a fable2 & z writ]s are accu/om$
 to copy ea* o!r1 ! /ory cont9ues to be 
propagat$4 ,! fact is1 ! bell rema9s 9 !
 place :]e x 0 orig9ally ca/4 ,x nev] 0 
susp5d$2 ! ,russians might z well       
attempt to susp5d a fir/-rate           

l9e-(-battle %ip1 ) all h] guns & /ores4
 ,a fire took place 9 ! ,kreml92 !      
flames caught ! build+ erect$ ov] ! pit 
:]e ! bell yet rema9s2 9 consequ5ce (   
?is1 ! bell became hot1 & wat] be+ ?r[n 
to ext+ui% ! fire1 fell ^u ! bell1 caus+
 ! fracture :i* has tak5 place4 ,! bell 
rea*es f ! bottom ( ! cave to ! ro(4 ,! 
entrance is by a trap-door1 plac$ ev5 ) 
! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we f\nd ! /eps v    
dang]\s2 "s 7 want+1 & o!rs brok54 ,9   
consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,i _h a sev]e fall d[n
 ! :ole ext5t ( ! fir/ flight1 & a n>r[ 
escape = my life1 9 n hav+ my skull     
fractur$ ^u ! bell4 ,aft] ?is accid5t1 a
 s5t9el 0 plac$ at ! trap-door1 to      
prev5t p becom+ victims to _! curiosity4
 ,he might h be5 z well employ$ 9 m5d+ !
 ladd]s1 z 9 wait+ all day to say !y 7  
brok54 ,! bell is truly a m\nta9 (      
metal4 ,x is said to conta9 a v l>ge    
proportion ( gold & silv]4 ,:ile x 0 9  
fusion1 ! nobles & ! p ca/ 91 z votive  
(f]+s1 _! plate & money3 ,i endeav\r$ 9 
va9 to assay a small "p3 ! natives reg>d

 x ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 & !y w\ld n   
all[ ev5 a gra9 to be fil$ (f4 ,at !    
same "t1 x may be said1 ! comp\nd has a 
:ite %9+ appe>ance1 unlike bell-metal 9 
g5]al2 &1 p]haps1 its silv]y aspect has 
/r5g!n$1 if n excit$1 a conjecture      
respect+ ! co/l9ess ( its con/itu5ts4   
,on fe/ival days1 peasants visit ! bell 
z !y w\ld resort to a *ur*2 consid]+ x  
an act ( devotion1 & cross+ !mselves z  
!y desc5d & asc5d ! /eps4 ,! bottom ( ! 
pit is cov]$ ) wat]1 mud1 & l>ge pieces 
( timb]2 ^!1 add$ to ! d>kness1 r5d] x  
always an unpleasant & un:olesome place2
 9 addition to ! dang] aris+ f ! ladd]s 
lead+ to ! bottom4 ,i w5t frequ5tly !re1
 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! dim5sions ( ! bell 
) exactness4 ,to my great surprise1 dur+
 "o ( ^? visits1 half a doz5 ,russian   
(fic]s1 :om ,i f\nd 9 ! pit1 agre$ to   
assi/ me 9 ! admeasurem5t4 ,x s ne>ly   
agre$ ) ! acc\nt publi%$ by ,jonas      
,hanway1 t ! diff]5ce is n wor? notice4 
,?is is some:at rem>kable1 consid]+ !   
difficulty ( exactly measur+ :at is     

p>tly buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & ! circumf]5ce (  
:i* is n entire4 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 has
 yet asc]ta9$ ! size ( ! base2 ?is w\ld 
af=d /ill great] dim5sions ?an ^? we    
obta9$2 b x is entirely buri$4 ,ab\t t5 
p]sons 7 pres5t :5 ,i measur$ ! "p      
expos$ to obs]vation4 ,we appli$ a /rong
 cord close to ! metal1 9 all p>ts ( its
 p]iph]y1 & r\nd ! l[] "p1 :]e x t\*es !
 gr\nd1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t n to /ret*
 ! cord4 ,f ! piece ( ! bell brok5 (f1 x
 0 asc]ta9$ t we _h ?us measur$ )9 two  
feet ( its l[] extremity4 ,! circumf]5ce
 obta9$ 0 sixty-sev5 feet f\r in*es2    
all[+ a diamet] ( tw5ty-two feet five   
in*es1 & "o-?ird4 ,we !n took !         
p]p5dicul> height f ! top1 & f\nd x to  
correspond exactly ) ! /atem5t made by  
,hanway2 namely1 tw5ty-"o feet f\r in*es
 & a half4 ,9 ! /\te/ "p1 t 9 :i* x %\ld
 h receiv$ ! bl[ ( ! hamm]1 its ?ickness
 equall$ tw5ty-?ree in*es4 ,we 7 able to
 asc]ta9 ?is1 by plac+ our h&s "u wat]1 
:]e ! fracture has tak5 place2 ?is is   
above sev5 feet high f ! lip ( ! bell4  

,! weight ( ?is enorm\s mass ( metal has
 be5 comput$ to be #ddc1ggb cwt4 :i*1 if
 valu$ at ?ree %ill+s a p\nd1 am\nts to 
#ff1efe #afs4 ly+ unemploy$1 & ( no use 
to any "o4  ,x 0 f\nd$1 accord+ to      
,augu/9e1 9 #afec1 dur+ ! reign (       
,alexis4 7,see ,voyage de ,mosc[1 page  
#aag47 ,! ,russians & p ( ,mosc[ ma9ta91
 t x 0 ca/ dur+ ! reign ( _! empress    
,anne1 probably f ! female figure       
repres5t$4 ,augu/9e proves t x is l>g]  
?an ! fam\s bell ( ,er=d1 & ev5 ?an t ( 
,pek94     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxv4  ,,curiosities
 ,,9 ,,hi/ory1 c4   ,,man ,,) ,,! ,,iron
 ,,mask4--,!re 0 a rem>kable p]sonage1 s
 d5om9at$1 :o exi/$ z a /ate prison] 9  
,france dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5?    
c5tury4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is p]son =m  
an hi/orical enigma1 :i* has occasion$  
mu* inquiry1 & _m conjectures4 ,!       
au!nticat$ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! ,iron    
,mask are z foll[s3--,a few mon?s aft] !
 dea? ( ,c>d9al ,maz>91 !re arriv$ at ! 
isle ( ,sa9t ,m>gu]ite1 9 ! sea (       
,prov5ce1 a "y prison] ^: appe>ance 0   

peculi>ly attract+3 8 p]son 0 above !   
middle size1 & elegantly =m$2 8 mi5 &   
deportm5t 7 noble1 & 8 mann]s graceful2 
& ev5 ! s\nd ( 8 voice _h 9 x some?+    
uncommonly int]e/+4 ,on ! road he       
con/antly wore a mask made ) iron spr+s1
 to enable him to eat )\t tak+ x (f4 ,x 
0 at fir/ believ$ t ?is mask 0 made     
entirely ( iron1 :5ce he acquir$ ! title
 ( ,! ,man ) ! ,iron ,mask4 ,8 att5dants
 _h receiv$ ord]s to dispat* him1 if he 
attempt$ to take (f 8 mask or discov]   
himself4 ,he _h be5 fir/ conf9$ at      
,pign]ol1 "u ! c>e ( ! gov]nor1 ,m4 de  
,/4 ,m>s2 & be+ s5t !nce to ,/4         
,m>gu]ite1 he 0 accompani$ ?i!r by !    
same p]son1 :o cont9u$ to h ! *>ge (    
him4 ,he 0 always treat$ ) ! utmo/      
respect3 he 0 s]v$ con/antly 9 plate2 & 
! gov]nor himself plac$ 8 di%es on !    
table1 retir+ imm$iately aft]1 & lock+ !
 door beh9d him4 ,he tu-to' yoit 7!e'd &
 ?\'d7 ! gov]nor2 :o1 on ! o!r h&1      
behav$ to him 9 ! mo/ respectful mann]1 
& nev] wore 8 hat be=e him1 nor ev] sat 

d[n 9 8 pres5ce )\t be+ desir$4 ,!      
,m>quis ( ,l\voisis1 :o w5t to see him  
at ,/4 ,m>gu]ite1 spoke to him /&+1 & ) 
^? m>ks ( att5tion :i* d5ote high       
respect4  ,dur+ 8 resid5ce !re1 he      
attempt$ twice1 9 an indirect mann]1 to 
make himself kn[n4 ,"o day he wrote     
some?+ ) 8 knife on a plate1 & ?rew x   
out ( 8 w9d[1 to a boat t 0 drawn on    
%ore ne> ! foot ( ! t[]4 ,a fi%]man     
pick$ x up1 & c>ri$ x to ! gov]nor4 ,m4 
de ,/4 ,m>s 0 al>m$ at ! sight2 & ask$ !
 man ) great anxiety1 :e!r he c\ld read1
 & :e!r any "o else _h se5 ! plate8 ,!  
man answ]$1 t he c\ld n read1 t he _h b 
j f\nd ! plate1 & t no "o else _h se5 x4
 ,he 01 h[ev]1 conf9$ till ! gov]nor 0  
well assur$ ( ! tru? ( 8 ass]tions4     
,ano!r attempt to discov] himself prov$ 
equally unsuccessful4 ,a "y man :o liv$ 
9 ! isle1 "o day p]ceiv$ some?+ float+  
"u ! prison]'s w9d[2 & on pick+ x up1 he
 discov]$ x to be a v f9e %irt writt5   
all ov]4 ,he c>ri$ x imm$iately to !    
gov]nor2 :o1 hav+ look$ at "s p>ts ( !  

writ+1 ask$ ! lad1 ) "s appe>ance (     
al>m1 if he _h n _h ! curiosity to read 
x8 ,he prote/$ repeat$ly t he _h n2 b   
two days aft]w>ds he 0 f\nd dead 9 8 b$4
 ,! ,masque de ,f] rema9$ 9 t isle till 
#afih1 :5 ,m4 ,/4 ,m>s1 be+ promot$ to !
 gov]nm5t ( ! ,ba/ile1 conduct$ 8       
prison] to t =tress4 ,9 8 way ?i!r1 he  
/opt ) him at 8 e/ate ne> ,palteau4 ,!  
,mask arriv$ !re 9 a litt]1 surr\nd$ by 
a num]\s gu>d on horseback4 ,m4 de ,/4  
,m>s ate at ! same table ) him all ! "t 
!y resid$ at ,palteau2 b ! latt] 0      
always plac$ ) 8 back t[>ds ! w9d[s2 & !
 peasants1 :o came to pay _! complim5ts 
to _! ma/]1 :om curiosity kept con/antly
 on ! wat*1 obs]v$ t ,m4 de ,/4 ,m>s    
always sat opposite to him1 ) two pi/ols
 by ! side ( 8 plate4 ,!y 7 wait$ on by 
"o s]vant only1 :o br\ght 9 & c>ri$ out 
! di%es1 always c>efully %utt+ ! door1  
bo? 9 go+ out & return+4 ,! prison] 0   
always mask$1 ev5 :5 he pass$ ?r\gh !   
c\rt2 b ! p saw 8 tee? & lips1 & obs]v$ 
t 8 hair 0 grey4 ,! gov]nor slept 9 !   

same room ) him1 9 a second b$1 t 0     
plac$ 9 x on t occasion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 
j\rney1 ! ,mask 0 "o day he>d to ask 8  
keep]1 :e!r ! k+ _h any design on 8     
life8 ,no1 ,pr9ce1 he repli$2 provid$ t 
y quietly all[ y\rself to be conduct$1  
y\r life is p]fectly secure4  ,! /rang] 
0 accommodat$ z well z x 0 possible to  
be 9 ! ,ba/ile4 ,an ap>tm5t _h be5      
prep>$ = him by ord] ( ! gov]nor be=e 8 
arrival1 fitt$ up 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t /yle2
 & e ?+ he express$ a wi% =1 0 in/antly 
procur$ him4 ,8 table 0 ! be/ t c\ld be 
provid$1 & he 0 suppli$ ) z ri* clo!s z 
he desir$2 b 8 *ief ta/e 9 ?is la/      
p>ticul> 0 = lace1 & = l95 rem>kably    
f9e4 ,he 0 all[$ ! use ( su* books z he 
reque/$1 & he sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 read+4  
,he also amus$ himself ) play+ on !     
guit>4 ,he _h ! lib]ty ( go+ to mass2 b 
0 !n /rictly =bid to speak1 or uncov] 8 
face3 ord]s 7 ev5 giv5 to ! soldi]s to  
fire ^u him1 if he attempt$ ei!r2 & _!  
pieces 7 always po9t$ t[>ds him z he    
pass$ ?r\gh ! c\rt4 ,:5 he _h occasion  

to see a surgeon or a physician1 he 0   
oblig$1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 con/antly to we> 
8 mask4 ,an old physician ( ! ,ba/ile1  
:o _h (t5 att5d$ him :5 he 0 indispos$1 
said1 t he nev] saw 8 face1 ?\gh he _h  
frequ5tly exam9$ 8 tongue1 & diff]5t    
p>ts ( 8 body2 & t he nev] compla9$ ( 8 
conf9em5t1 nor let fall any h9t1 by :i* 
x might be guess$ :o he 04 ,he (t5 pass$
 ! night 9 walk+ up & d[n 8 room4 ,?is  
un=tunate pr9ce di$ on ! #ai? (         
,novemb]1 #agjc1 aft] a %ort illness2 & 
0 int]r$ next day1 9 ! bury+-place ( !  
p>i% ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! exp5se ( 8 fun]al  
am\nt$ only to =ty livres4 ,! "n giv5   
him 0 ,m>*iali2 & ev5 8 age1 z well z 8 
real "n1 x seem$ ( importance to        
conceal1 = 9 ! regi/] made ( 8 fun]al1 x
 0 m5tion$ t he 0 ab\t =ty ye>s old1    
?\gh he _h told 8 apo!c>y1 "s "t be=e 8 
dea?1 t he ?\ght he mu/ be sixty4       
,imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 8 app>el1 l95  
clo!s1 mattresses1 & 9 %ort1 e ?+ t _h  
be5 us$ by him1 7 burnt2 ! walls ( 8    
room 7 scrap$1 & ! floor tak5 up1       

evid5tly f ! appreh5sion t he might h   
f\nd means ( writ+ some?+ t w\ld h      
discov]$ :o he 04 ,nay1 su* 0 ! fe> ( 8 
hav+ left a lett]1 or any m>k :i* might 
lead to a discov]y1 t 8 plate 0 melt$   
d[n2 ! glass 0 tak5 out ( ! w9d[ ( 8    
room1 & p\nd$ to du/2 ! w9d[-frames &   
doors burnt2 & ! ceil+ ( ! room1 & !    
pla/] ( ! inside ( ! *imney1 demoli%$4  
,sev]al writ]s h affirm$1 t ! body ( ?is
 un=tunate p]sonage 0 buri$ )\t a head2 
& ,m4 de ,/4 ,foix in=ms u1 9 8 ,essais 
,hi/oriques1 t a g5tleman hav+ brib$ !  
sexton1 _h ! body tak5 up 9 ! night1 b  
f\nd a /one in/ead ( ! head4 ,! natural 
inf]5ce f ^! extraord9>y acc\nts1 is1 t 
! ,iron ,mask 0 n only a p]son ( high   
bir?1 b t he mu/ h be5 ( great          
consequ5ce2 & t 8 be+ conceal$ 0 ( !    
utmo/ importance to ! k+ & m9i/ry4      
,among ! v>i\s conjectures t h be5 =m$1 
conc]n+ ! real "n & condition ( ?is     
rem>kable man1 none appe>s to h any     
probability except ! foll[+3--,t he 0 a 
son ( ,anne ( ,au/ria1 que5 to ,l\is    

,,xiii4 & consequ5tly t he 0 a bro!r (  
,l\is ,,xiv2 b :e!r a ba/>d-bro!r1 a    
bro!r-g]man1 or a half-bro!r1 is a "q t 
has giv5 rise to ?ree sev]al op9ions1   
viz4 #a4 ,t ! que5 prov$ ) *ild at a "t 
:5 x 0 evid5t x c\ld n h be5 by h]      
husb&1 :o1 = "s mon?s be=e1 _h nev] be5 
) h] 9 private4 ,! suppos$ fa!r ( ?is   
*ild is said to h be5 ! duke (          
,buck+ham1 :o came to ,france1 9 ,may1  
#afbe1 to conduct ! pr9cess ,h5rietta1  
wife ( ,*>les ,i4 to ,engl&4 ,! private 
lett]s & memoirs ( ^? times speak v     
suspici\sly ( ! ,que5 & ,buck+ham3 8    
behavi\r at ,ami5s1 :i!r ! que5 &       
que5-"m accompani$ ! pr9cess 9 h] way to
 ,b\logne1 occasion$ mu* :isp]+2 & x    
appe>s1 t ! k+1 on ?is occasion1 0      
extremely (f5d$ at h]1 & t x requir$ all
 ! influ5ce & address ( ! que5-"m to    
effect a reconciliation4 ,x is said1 t  
?is *ild 0 privately br\ght up 9 !      
c\ntry2 t :5 ,maz>9 became a fav\rite1  
he 0 entru/$ ) ! c>e ( him2 & t ,l\is   
,,xiv4 hav+ discov]$ ! secret on ! dea? 

( ! c>d9al1 ?\ght x necess>y to conf9e  
him 9 ! mann] above relat$4  ,! second1 
& ! mo/ probable op9ion1 is1 t he 0 !   
tw9-bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 born "s h\rs   
aft] him4 ,?is op9ion fir/ appe>$ 9 a   
%ort anonym\s "w1 publi%$ )\t date1 or  
"n ( place1 or pr9t]4 ,x is !re9 said1  
,l\is ,,xiv4 0 born at ,/4              
,g]ma9s-en-,laye1 on ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 
#afch1 ab\t noon2 & ! illu/ri\s prison]1
 kn[n by ! appellation ( ! ,iron ,mask1 
0 born ! same day1 :ile ,l\is ,,xiii4 0 
at supp]4 ,! k+ & ! c>d9al1 fe>+ t !    
pret5sions ( a tw9-bro!r might "o day be
 employ$ to r5ew ^? civil w>s ) :i*     
,france _h be5 s (t5 afflict$1 cauti\sly
 conceal$ 8 bir?1 & s5t him away1 to be 
br\ght up privately4 ,?is op9ion 0      
confirm$1 9 a "w1 entitl$1 ,memoires de 
,m>e*al ,duc de ,ri*elieu1 writt5 by !  
,abb ,s\lavie2 9 :i* x is ass]t$1 t ,!  
bir? ( ! prison] happ5$ 9 ! ev5+ ( ! #e?
 ,septemb]1 #afch1 9 pres5ce ( !        
*ancellor1 ! bi%op ( ,meaux1 ! au?or ( !
 ,,ms4 a midwife1 nam$ ,p]onte1 & a     

sieur ,honorat4 ,?is circum/ance greatly
 di/urb$ ! k+'s m9d2 he obs]v$1 t !     
,salic law _h made no provision = su* a 
case4 ,by ! advice ( c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 x
 0 !re=e resolv$ to conceal 8 bir?1 b to
 pres]ve 8 life1 9 case1 by ! dea? ( 8  
bro!r1 x %\ld be necess>y to av[ him4 ,a
 decl>ation 0 drawn up1 & sign$ & sworn 
to by all pres5t2 9 :i* e circum/ance 0 
m5tion$1 & sev]al m>ks on 8 body        
describ$4 ,?is docum5t be+ seal$ by !   
*ancellor ) ! royal seal1 0 deliv]$ to !
 k+2 & all took an oa? nev] to speak on 
! subject1 n ev5 9 private & among      
!mselves4 ,! *ild 0 deliv]$ to ! c>e (  
,madame ,p]onte1 to be "u ! direction ( 
c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 at ^: dea? ! *>ge     
devolv$ to c>d9al ,maz>94 ,maz>9 appo9t$
 ! au?or ( ! ,,ms4 8 gov]nor1 & entru/$ 
to him ! c>e ( 8 education4 ,b z !      
prison] 0 extremely atta*$ to ,madame   
,p]onte1 & %e equally s to him1 %e      
rema9$ ) him till h] dea?4 ,8 gov]nor   
c>ri$ him to 8 h\se 9 ,burgundy1 :]e he 
paid ! greate/ att5tion to 8 education4 

,z ! prison] grew up1 he became impati5t
 to discov] 8 bir?1 & (t5 importun$ 8   
gov]nor on t subject4 ,8 curiosity _h   
be5 r\s$1 by obs]v+ t mess5g]s f ! c\rt 
frequ5tly arriv$ at ! h\se2 & a box1    
conta9+ lett]s f ! que5 & ! c>d9al1 hav+
 "o day be5 inadv]t5tly left out1 he    
op5$ x1 & saw en\gh to guess at !       
secret4 ,f t "t he became ?\ghtful &    
melan*oly1 :i*1 7says ! au?or17 ,i c\ld 
n !n acc\nt =4 ,he %ortly aft] ask$ me  
to get him a portrait ( ! late & pres5t 
k+2 b ,i put him (f1 by say+1 t ,i c\ld 
n procure any t 7 good4 ,he !n desir$ me
 to let him g to ,dijon2 :i* ,i h kn[n  
s9ce 0 ) an int5tion ( see+ a portrait (
 ! k+ !re1 & ( go+ secretly to ,/4 ,john
 de ,las1 :]e ! c\rt !n 01 on occasion (
 ! m>riage ) ! ,infanta4 ,he 0          
beautiful1 & love help$ him to accompli%
 8 wi%es4 ,he _h captivat$ ! affections 
( a "y h\sekeep]1 :o procur$ him a      
portrait ( ! k+4 ,x might h s]v$ = ei!r 
( ! bro!rs2 & ! discov]y put him into s 
viol5t a passion1 t he imm$iately came  

to me ) ! portrait 9 8 h&1 say+1 ,voila 
mon fr]e1 et voila qui je suis1 %ew+ me 
at ! same "t a lett] ( ! c>d9al de      
,maz>9 t he _h tak5 out ( ! box6 ,^u ?is
 discov]y1 8 gov]nor imm$iately s5t an  
express to c\rt1 to communicate :at _h  
happ5$1 & to desire new in/ructions2 !  
consequ5ce ( :i* 01 t ! gov]nor1 & ! "y 
pr9ce "u 8 c>e1 7 arre/$ & conf9$4 ,!   
au?or ( ?is memoir concludes1 ,i h      
suff]$ ) him 9 our common prison3 ,i am 
n[ summon$ to appe> be=e my ,judge on   
high2 & = ! peace ( my s\l1 ,i _c b make
 ?is decl>ation1 :i* may po9t out to him
 ! means ( free+ himself f 8 pres5t     
ignom9i\s situation1 9 case ! k+ 8 bro!r
 %\ld die )\t *ildr54 ,c an extort$ oa? 
compel me to obs]ve secrecy on a ?+ s   
incr$ible1 b :i* ought to be left on    
record to po/]ity8  ,! ?ird op9ion is1 t
 he 0 a son ( ! que5 by c>d9al ,maz>91  
born ab\t a ye> aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 
,l\is ,,xiii42 t he 0 br\ght up         
secretly2 & t1 soon aft] ! dea? ( !     
c>d9al1 on ! #i? ( ,m>*1 #affa1 he 0 s5t

 to ,pign]ol4 ,to ?is acc\nt ,fa!r      
,griffet ju/ly objects1 t x 0 ne$less to
 mask a face t 0 unkn[n2 & !re=e ?is    
op9ion does n m]it discussion4--7,traite
 de la ,v]it de l',hi/oire1 p4 #cah47   
,inde$1 x seems totally unacc\ntable1 t 
s mu* c>e %\ld h be5 tak5 to conceal a  
*ild ( ! que5 by ! c>d9al1 :o1 :e!r !y 7
 privately m>ri$ or n1 c\ld nev] h _h ! 
mo/ di/ant claim to ! cr[n ( ,france4 ,!
 conjectures advanc$ by o!r au?ors1 t he
 0 ! duke ( ,monm\?'s1 ! c\nt (         
,v]m&ois'1 or ! duke ( ,beau=t's1 c4 are
 /ill m improbable4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxvi4 
,,curiosities ,,9 ,,hi/ory1             
,,etc4--7,cont9u$47   ,,gipsies4--,mr4  
,lyons1 9 8 ent]ta9+ "w ( ! ,environs ( 
,london1 has giv5 ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt
 ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,gipsies1 & ! extraord9>y
 p "u h] dom9ion4  ,f ! regi/] ( ! p>i% 
( ,bock5ham1 9 ,k5t2 extract3 ',m>g>et  
,f9*1 buri$ ,octob] #bd1 #agdj4'--,?is  
rem>kable p]son liv$ to ! age ( "o      
hundr$ & n9e ye>s4 ,%e 0 "o ( ! p call$ 
,gipsies2 & _h f !m ! title ( ,que54    

,aft] travell+ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom1
 dur+ ! great] "p ( a c5tury1 %e settl$ 
at ,norwood1 :i!r h] age1 & ! fame ( h] 
=tune-tell+1 attract$ num]\s visitors4  
,f a habit ( sitt+ on ! gr\nd ) h] *9   
re/+ on h] knees1 ! s9ews at l5g? became
 s contract$1 t %e c\ld n rise f t      
po/ure4 ,aft] h] dea?1 !y 7 oblig$ to   
enclose h] body 9 a deep squ>e box4 ,h] 
fun]al 0 att5d$ by two m\rn+ coa*es1 a  
s]mon 0 prea*$ on ! occasion1 & a great 
conc\rse ( p att5d$ ! c]emony4 ,h]      
portrait adorns ! sign-po/ ( a h\se (   
ent]ta9m5t 9 ,norwood1 call$ !          
,gipsy-,h\se4 ,9 an adjo9+ cottage lives
 an old woman1 gr&-daught] ( que5       
,m>g>et1 :o inh]its h] title4 ,%e is    
niece ( que5 ,bridget1 :o 0 buri$ at    
,dulwi*1 9 #agfh4 ,h] rank seems to be  
m]ely titul>3 ,i d n f9d t ! gypsies pay
 h] any p>ticul> def]5ce2 or t %e diff]s
 9 any o!r respect f ! re/ ( h] tribe1  
?an t ( be+ a h\sehold]4 ,to ! above he 
adds "s lead+ facts conc]n+ ?is         
extraord9>y race ( p1 :o are scatt]$ ov]

 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4  
,! gipsies1 7cont9ues he17 9 mo/ places 
on ! ,cont95t are call$ ,c+>i1 or ,z+>i3
 ! ,spani>ds call !m ,gitanos4 ,x is n  
c]ta9 :5 !y fir/ appe>$ 9 ,europe2 b    
m5tion is made ( !m1 9 ,hung>y &        
,g]many1 s e>ly z ! ye> #adag4 ,)9 t5   
ye>s aft]w>ds1 !y made _! appe>ance 9   
,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy4 ,! date ( 
_! arrival 9 ,engl& is m unc]ta93 x is  
mo/ probable1 t x 0 n till ne>ly a      
c5tury aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! ye> #aecj1 !y are 
?us spok5 ( 9 ! p5al /atutes3 ',=asmu* z
 be=e ?is "t1 div]s & _m outl&i% p1     
call+ !mselves ,egyptians1 us+ no craft 
nor feat ( m]*&ise1 h come into ?is     
realm1 & gone f %ire to %ire1 & f place 
to place1 9 great companies1 & us$ great
 subtilty & crafty means to deceive ! p2
 be>+ !m 9 h&1 t !y1 by palmi/ry1 c\ld  
tell m5's & wom5's =tunes2 & s1 _m      
times1 by craft & subtilty1 h deceiv$ ! 
p ( _! money2 & also h committ$ _m he9\s
 felonies & robb]ies1 to ! great hurt & 
deceit ( ! p !y h come among1 c4'  ,x 0 

aft]w>ds made dea? to !m to cont9ue 9 ! 
k+dom2 & x rema9s on record1 t ?irte5 7 
execut$ = a violation ( ?is law1 a few  
ye>s be=e ! ,re/oration3 nor 0 ?is cruel
 act repeal$ till ab\t ! ye> #aghc4  ,! 
gipsies 7 expell$ f ,france 9 #aefj1 & f
 ,spa9 9 #aeia2 b x does n appe> t !y h 
be5 entirely extirpat$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,_!
 collective numb]s1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1
 h be5 calculat$ at sev5 or eight hundr$
 ?\s&4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ,asia1 & 9 !
 nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,v>i\s h be5 !  
op9ions relat+ to _! orig94 ,t !y came f
 ,egypt has be5 ! mo/ preval5t4 ,?is    
op9ion 7:i* has procur$ !m "h ! "n (    
,gipsies1 & 9 ,spa9 t ( ,gitanos17      
arose1 f "s ( ! fir/ :o arriv$ 9        
,europe1 pret5d+ t !y came f t c\ntry2  
:i* ass]tion !y made1 p]haps1 to height5
 _! reputation = skill 9 palmi/ry#bb & !
 occult sci5ces4 ,x is n[1 ,i believe1  
pretty g5]ally agre$1 t !y came         
orig9ally f ,h9do/an2 s9ce _! language s
 f> co9cides ) ! ,h9do/anic1 t ev5 n[1  
aft] a lapse ( m ?an ?ree c5turies1 dur+

 :i* !y h be5 disp]s$ 9 v>i\s =eign     
c\ntries1 ne>ly "o half ( _! words are  
precisely ^? ( ,h9do/an2 & sc>cely any  
v>iation is to be f\nd 9 vocabul>ies    
procur$ f ! gipsies 9 ,turkey1 ,hung>y1 
,g]many1 & ^? 9 ,engl&4  ,_! mann]s1 = !
 mo/ "p1 co9cide1 z well z _! language1 
9 e qu>t] ( ! _w :]e !y are f\nd2 be+ ! 
same idle1 w&]+ race ( be+s1 & seldom   
pr(ess+ any o/5sible mode ( livelihood1 
except t ( =tune-tell+4 ,?\gh !y are no 
great frequ5t]s ei!r ( mosques or       
*ur*es1 !y g5]ally con=m to rites &     
c]emonies z !y f9d !m e/abli%$4  ,^u !  
:ole1 we may c]ta9ly agree ) ,grellman1 
:o has writt5 _! hi/ory1 by reg>d+ !m z 
a s+ul> ph5om5on 9 ,europe4 ,= ! space (
 betwe5 ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s1 !y h   
gone w&]+ ab\t l pilgrims & /rang]s1 yet
 nei!r "t nor example has made 9 !m any 
alt]ation3 !y rema9 ev]1 & e :]e1 :at _!
 fa!rs 74 ,africa makes !m no black]1   
nor does ,europe make !m :it]4  ,x is n 
! lea/ s+ul> feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is   
w&]+ & vagabond race1 t !y %\ld h s long

 ma9ta9$ _! cr$it = =etell+ ev5ts1 :5 ! 
fallacy ( _! pr$ictions mu/ h be5 s (t5 
exp]i5c$1 & _! ignorance & want (       
pr9ciple s well kn[n4 ,:at reliance c be
 plac$ on ! oracul> decisions ( a man1  
:o has n suffici5t =esight ( 8 own      
affairs1 to escape ! h&s ( ju/ice =     
robb+ a h5-roo/8  ,! desire ( pry+ into 
futurity seems to be a natural prop5sity
 9 ! human m9d4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 !       
consultation ( oracles1 soo?say]s1 &    
augurs1 div9+ by ! flight ( birds1 !    
entrails ( ! victims1 or ! fe$+ (       
*ick5s1 7 s _m ef=ts ( a weak endeav\r  
to )draw t veil1 :i* 9 m]cy is appo9t$  
to conceal f our view ! ev5ts t are to  
befal u4  ,9 mod]n times1 ! impud5t     
pret5sions ( a/rolog]s1 conjur]s1 &     
=tune-tell]s1 h delud$ ! cr$ul\s1 ev5 ( 
t rank1 9 :i* m5 %\ld set a m rational  
example4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 a        
celebrat$ pr(essor ( ?is d>k sci5ce liv$
 9 ,london1 9 a place call$ ,fry+-pan   
,alley2 & cr[ds ( c>riages 7 daily se5  
wait+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :il/ ! artful   

impo/or 0 di/ribut+ diff]5t allotm5ts to
 _! own]s1 accord+ to 8 arbitr>y        
caprice1 or :at he ?\ght w\ld br+ mo/   
money into 8 purse4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt is
 tak5 f a ,liv]pool weekly magaz9e1     
entitl$ ',! ,freeman1' publi%$ "s ye>s  
s9ce3--  ,( late ye>s "s attempts h be5 
made to r$uce ! numb]s1 or at any rate  
to civilize ! habits1 ( t vagabond &    
useless race1 ! gipsies4 ,9 pursuance ( 
su* purpose1 a society ( g5tlem5 h be5  
mak+ all ! prelim9>y inquiries requisite
 to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,a     
s]ies ( que/ions h be5 propos$ to       
compet5t p]sons 9 ! diff]5t c\nties (   
,engl& & ,scotl&2 & answ]s h be5        
receiv$4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s ( ^!    
replies3  #a4 ,all gipsies believe t    
,egypt 0 ! resid5ce ( _! mo/ remote     
ance/ors4  #b4 ,!y _c =m any idea ( _!  
numb] 9 ,engl&4  #c4 ,! gipsies (       
,b$=d%ire1 ,h]t=d%ire1 "s p>ts (        
,buck+ham%ire1 ,cambridge%ire1 &        
,hunt+don%ire1 are cont9ually mak+      
revolutions )9 ! ranges ( ^? c\nties4   

#d4 ,!y are ei!r ignorant ( ! numb] (   
gipsies 9 ! c\nties ?r\gh :i* !y travel1
 or unwill+ to disclose _! k4  #e4 ,!   
mo/ common names are ,smi?1 ,coop]1     
,drap]1 ,taylor1 ,boswell1 ,lee1 ,lovel1
 ,lov]s$ge1 ,all51 ,mansfield1 ,glov]1  
,williams1 ,c>ew1 ,m>t91 ,/anley1       
,buckley1 ,plunkett1 & ,corrie4  #f4 &  
#g4 ,! gangs 9 diff]5t t[ns h n any     
regul> connection or organization2 b ^? 
:o take up _! w9t] qu>t]s 9 ! same city 
or t[n1 appe> to h "s k ( ! diff]5t     
r\tes ea* horde w pursue2 probably ) a  
desire to prev5t int]f]5ce ) ea* o!r4   
#h4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,h]ts1 x is comput$ !re
 may be sixty families1 hav+ _m *ildr54 
,:e!r !y are q s num]\s 9 ,buck+ham%ire1
 ,b$=d%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire1 ! answ]s 
are n suffici5tly def9ite to det]m9e4 ,9
 ,cambridge%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1
 ,wilt%ire1 & ,dorset%ire1 great] numb]s
 are calculat$ ^u4 ,9 v>i\s c\nties1 !  
att5tion has n be5 compet5t to ! procur+
 data = any e/imate ( families or       
individuals4  #i4 ,m ?an half _! numb]  

foll[ no bus9ess3 "s are deal]s 9 horses
 & asses3 :ile o!rs pr(ess !mselves to  
be f>ri]s1 smi?s1 t9k]s1 brazi]s1 gr9d]s
 ( cutl]y1 basket-mak]s1 *air-bottom]s1 
& musicians4  #aj4 ,! *ildr5 are br\ght 
up 9 ! habits ( _! p>5ts1 p>ticul>ly to 
music & danc+1 & are ( dissolute habits4
  #aa4 ,! wom5 mo/ly c>ry baskets )     
tr9kets & small w>es2 & tell =tunes4    
#ab4 ,!y are too ignorant to h acquir$  
acc\nts ( g5ealogy1 & p]haps indispos$  
by ! irregul>ity ( _! habits4  #ac4 ,9  
mo/ c\nties !re are p>ticul> situations 
to :i* !y are p>tial4 ,!re is a m>%1 ne>
 ,newbury 9 ,b]k%ire1 mu* frequ5t$ by   
!m2 & ,dr4 ,cl>k /ates1 t 9             
,cambridge%ire1 _! pr9cipal r5dezv\s is 
ne> ! we/]n villages4  #ad4 ,x _c be    
asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is atta*m5t to p>ticul>  
places has prevail$ f _! fir/ com+ into 
! nation4  #ae1 #af1 & #ag4 ,:5 among   
/rang]s1 !y elude inquiries respect+ _! 
peculi> language1 call+ x ,gibb]i%4 ,!y 
"k ( no p]son t c write x1 or ( any     
writt5 specim5 ( x4  #ah4 ,_! habits &  

cu/oms 9 all places are peculi>4  #ai4  
,^? :o pr(ess any religion1 repres5t x  
to be t ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y reside3 b _!
 description ( x seldom goes beyond     
repeat+ ! ,"l's ,pray]2 & only a few (  
!m are capable ( t4 ,in/ances ( _!      
att5d+ any place = wor%ip are v r>e4    
#bj4 ,!y m>ry = ! mo/ "p by pl$g+ to ea*
 o!r1 )\t any c]emony4 ,a few exceptions
 h occurr$1 :5 money 0 pl5tiful4  #ba4  
,!y d n tea* _! *ildr5 religion4  #bb1 &
 #bc4 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& c read4     ,,*ap4 
,,lxxvii4  ,,curiosities ,,9 ,,hi/ory1  
,,etc4--7,cont9u$47   ,,free ,,&        
,,accept$ ,,masons4--,?is v anci5t      
society is s call$1 ei!r f "s           
extraord9>y k ( masonry1 ( :i* !y are   
suppos$ to be ma/]s1 or because ! fir/  
f\nd]s ( ! society 7 p]sons ( ?is       
pr(ession4 ,!y are n[ v consid]able1 bo?
 on acc\nt ( _! numb]s1 & ! rank !y hold
 9 society1 be+ f\nd 9 e c\ntry 9       
,europe1 z well z ,nor? ,am]ica2 & !y   
consi/ pr9cipally ( p]sons ( m]it &     
consid]ation4 ,!y make no small         

pret5sions to antiquity1 = !y claim a   
/&+ ( "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,:at ! design (  
_! in/itution is1 seems /ill 9 "s       
measure a secret3 ! memb]s are said to  
be admitt$ into ! frat]nity by be+ put 9
 possession ( a great numb] ( secrets1  
call$ ! mason's ^w1 :i* h be5 religi\sly
 kept f age to age4 ,9 a treatise on    
,masonry1 publi%$ 9 #agib1 by ,william  
,pre/on1 ma/] ( ! ,lodge ( ,antiquity1 !
 orig9 ( masonry is trac$ f ! creation4 
,ev] s9ce symmetry began1 & h>mony      
display$ h] *>ms1 7says he17 our ord]   
has _h a be+4 ,by o!r acc\nts !         
antiquity ( masonry has only be5 trac$ z
 f> back z ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple4
  ,9 ,dr4 ,h5ry's hi/ory ( ,great       
,brita91 we f9d ! orig9 ( ! ,free ,mason
 ,society attribut$ to ! difficulty f\nd
 9 =m] times to procure workm5 to build 
! va/ numb] ( *ur*es1 mona/]ies1 & o!r  
religi\s edifices1 :i* ei!r ! pret5d$   
piety or ! sup]/ition ( ^? ages prompt$ 
! p to raise4 ,h5ce ! masons 7 greatly  
fav\r$ by ! popes1 & _m indulg5ces 7    

grant$1 to augm5t _! numb]s4 ,9 ^?      
times1 x may well be suppos$1 t su*     
enc\ragem5t f ! supreme pa/ors ( ! *ur* 
mu/ h be5 productive ( ! mo/ b5eficial  
results to ! frat]nity2 & h5ce ! society
 rapidly increas$4 ,an anci5t au?or1 :o 
0 well acqua9t$ ) _! hi/ory &           
con/itution1 says1 ,! ,italians1 ) "s   
,greek refugees1 & ) !m ,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 
& ,flem+s1 jo9$ into a frat]nity (      
ar*itects1 procur+ papal bulls = _!     
enc\ragem5t2 !y /yl$ !mselves ,free     
,masons1 & rang$ f "o nation to ano!r1 z
 !y f\nd *ur*es to be built3 _! gov]nm5t
 0 regul>2 & :]e !y fix$ ne> ! build+ 9 
h&1 !y made a camp ( huts4 ,a surveyor  
gov]n$ 9 *ief2 :ile e t5? man 0 call$ a 
w>d51 & sup]9t5d$ ! o!r n9e4  ,masonry  
_h a v e>ly introduction into ,brita91 b
 nev] atta9$ to any degree ( importance1
 until ! ye> #eeg ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 :5  
,/4 ,au/91 ) =ty monks1 among :om !     
sci5ces _h be5 pres]v$1 came into       
,engl&4 ,by ^! ,*ri/ianity 0 propagat$2 
all ! k+s ( ! hept>*y 7 conv]t$2 masonry

 0 patroniz$ by ,/4 ,au/92 & ! ,go?ic   
/yle ( build+ 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1  
by num]\s =eign]s1 :o resort$ at ?is "t 
to ! k+dom4 ,au/9 appe>$ at ! head ( !  
frat]nity 9 f\nd+ ! old ca!dral (       
,cant]bury1 9 #fjj2 t ( ,ro*e/]1 9 #fjb2
 ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,london1 9 #fjd2 ,/4     
,pet]'s 9 ,we/m9/]1 9 #fje3 to :i* may  
be add$ _m o!rs4 ,! numb] ( masons 0 ?us
 greatly increas$1 z well z by o!r      
build+s1 su* z ca/les1 c4 ?r\gh\t !     
k+dom4  ,masonry f\nd a zeal\s protector
 9 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ! lib]al patron (   
all arts & manufactures4 ,he appropriat$
 a sev5? "p ( 8 rev5ue = ma9ta9+ a numb]
 ( masons1 :om he employ$ 9 rebuild+ !  
cities1 ca/les1 c4 ru9$ by ! ,danes4 ,"u
 8 successor1 ,edw>d1 ! masons cont9u$  
to hold _! lodges2 !y 7 patroniz$ by    
,e?r$1 husb& to ! k+'s si/]1 & ,e!lwald 
8 bro!r1 to :om ! c>e ( ?is frat]nity 0 
entru/$4 ,! latt] 0 a great ar*itect1 & 
f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,!      
complete re-e/abli%m5t ( masonry 9      
,engl&1 h[ev]1 is dat$ f ! reign ( k+   

,a!l/an3 & ! gr& masons at ,york trace  
_! exi/5ce f ?is p]iod4  ,! ,gr& ,lodge 
( ,york1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,engl&1 0 f\nd$ 
9 #ibf1 "u ! patronage ( ,edw9 ! k+'s   
bro!r1 :o obta9$ = !m a *>t] f ,a!l/an1 
& became gr&-ma/] himself4 ,by virtue ( 
?is *>t] all ! masons 9 ! k+dom 7 conv5$
 at a g5]al assembly 9 t city1 :]e !y   
e/abli%$ a gr& lodge = _! gov]nm5t2 & = 
_m c5turies aft]w>ds1 no g5]al meet+s 7 
held 9 any o!r place4 ,h5ce !           
appellation ( ,anci5t ,york ,masons is  
well kn[n bo? 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&2 & !   
g5]al tradition is1 t !y orig9at$ at    
,auldby ne> ,york1 :i* 0 a seat belong+ 
to ,edw94  ,x 0 ! glory & boa/ ( !      
bre?r51 9 almo/ e c\ntry :]e masonry 0  
e/abli%$1 to be acc\nt$ desc5dants ( !  
orig9al ,york masons2 & f ! univ]sality 
( ! idea t masonry 0 fir/ e/abli%$ at   
,york by *>t]1 ! masons ( ,engl& h      
receiv$ tribute f ! fir/ /ates 9        
,europe4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is social  
int]c\rse is aboli%$4 ,! duke (         
,buccleugh1 :o1 9 #agbc1 succe$$ ! duke 

( ,:>ton z gr&-ma/]1 fir/ propos$ !     
s*eme ( rais+ a g5]al fund = di/ress$   
masons4 ,! duke's motion 0 support$ by  
,"l ,paisley1 ,colonel ,h\ghton1 & a few
 o!r bre?r52 & ! gr& lodge appo9t$ a    
committee to consid] ( ! mo/ effectual  
means ( c>ry+ ! s*eme into execution4 ,!
 disposal ( ! *>ity 0 fir/ ve/$ 9 sev5  
bre?r52 b ?is numb] be+ f\nd too small1 
n9e m 7 add$4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds resolv$1 t  
twelve ma/]s ( contribut+ lodges1 9     
rotation ) ! gr& (fic]s1 %\ld =m !      
committee2 & by ano!r regulation s9ce   
made1 x has be5 det]m9$ t all pa/ &     
pres5t gr& (fic]s1 ) ! ma/]s ( all      
regul> lodges1 :i* %all h contribut$ )9 
twelve mon?s to ! *>ity1 %all be memb]s 
( ! committee4 ,?is committee meets f\r 
times 9 ! ye>1 by virtue ( a summons f !
 gr&-ma/] or 8 deputy4 ,! petitions ( ! 
di/ress$ bre?r5 are consid]$ at ^!      
meet+s2 & if ! petition] be consid]$ z a
 des]v+ object1 he is imm$iately reliev$
 ) five p\nds4 ,if ! circum/ances ( !   
case are ( a peculi> nature1 8 petition 

is ref]r$ to ! next communication1 :]e  
he is reliev$ ) any sum ! committee may 
h specifi$1 n exce$+ tw5ty gu9eas at "o 
"t4 ,?us ! di/ress$ h always f\nd ready 
relief f ?is g5]al *>ity1 :i* is        
support$ by ! volunt>y contributions (  
diff]5t lodges out ( _! private funds1  
)\t be+ burd5some to any memb] 9 !      
society4 ,?us has ! committee ( *>ity = 
free masons be5 e/abli%$2 & s lib]al h !
 contributions be51 t ?\gh ! sums       
annually exp5d$1 = ! relief ( ! di/ress$
 bre?r51 h = sev]al ye>s pa/ am\nt$ to  
_m ?\s& p\nds1 !re /ill rema9s a        
consid]able fund4  ,! mo/ rem>kable ev5t
 :i* ( late has tak5 place 9 ! affairs (
 masonry1 is ! initiation ( ,omitul     
,omrah ,bahaud]1 elde/ son ( ! nabob ( !
 ,c>natic1 :o 0 receiv$ by ! lodge (    
,tr9*9opoly1 9 ! ye> #aggi4 ,! news be+ 
(ficially transmitt$ to ,engl&1 ! gr&   
lodge det]m9$ to s5d a congratulatory   
lett] to 8 highness on ! occasion1      
accompani$ ) an apron elegantly         
decorat$1 & a copy ( ! book (           

,con/itutions sup]bly b\nd4 ,! execution
 ( ?is commission 0 entru/$ to ,sir     
,john ,duy1 advocate-g5]al ( ,b5gal2 & 9
 ! beg9n+ ( #aghj1 an answ] 0 receiv$ f 
8 highness1 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( !     
pres5t1 & express+ ! w>me/ atta*m5t &   
b5evol5ce to 8 bre?r5 9 ,engl&4 ,! lett]
 0 writt5 9 ! ,p]sian language1 &       
inclos$ 9 an elegant cov] ( clo? ( gold1
 & address$ to ! gr&-ma/] & gr& lodge ( 
,engl&4 ,a prop] reply 0 made2 & a      
translation ( 8 highness's lett] 0 ord]$
 to be copi$ on vellum2 &1 ) ! orig9al1 
elegantly fram$ & glaz$1 & hung up 9 !  
hall at e public meet+ ( ! society4  ,x 
mu/ be natural to inquire into ! uses ( 
! in/itution1 & = :at purpose x has be5 
patroniz$ by s _m great & illu/ri\s     
p]sonages4 ,! pr(\nd secrecy1 h[ev]1 9  
:i* e ?+ relat+ to masonry is involv$1  
prev5ts u f be+ v p>ticul> on ?is head4 
,! masons !mselves say 9 g5]al1 t x     
promotes philan?ropy1 fri5d%ip1 &       
morality2 t 9 proportion z masonry has  
be5 cultivat$1 c\ntries h become        

civiliz$1 c4 ,h[ f> ?is c be dep5d$ ^u1 
! frat]nity be/ "k4 ,ano!r advantage1   
h[ev]1 seems less equivocal1 viz4 t its 
signs s]ve z a k9d ( univ]sal language2 
s t by means ( !m1 p ( ! mo/ di/ant     
nations may become acqua9t$1 & ent] into
 fri5d%ip ) "o ano!r4 ,?is c]ta9ly mu/  
be acc\nt$ a v important circum/ance2 & 
consid]+ ! great numb]s t h be51 & daily
 are1 admitt$ to ! society1 & _!        
inviolable atta*m5t to ! art1 we mu/    
c]ta9ly conclude1 t if x conta9s no?+ ( 
great importance to mank9d at l>ge1 x   
mu/ at lea/ be extremely agreeable1 &   
ev5 fasc9at+1 to ^? :o are once         
initiat$4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxviii4         
,,curiosities ,,9 ,,hi/ory1             
,,etc4--7,cont9u$47      ,peep+ ,tom (  
,cov5try--,long abs5t ,husb&            
return$--,curi\s     ,hi/orical         
,fact--,! mo/ ,extraord9>y ,fact on     
,record4   ,,peep+ ,,tom ,,(            
,,cov5try4--,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s ( 
! ev5t :i*1 x is said1 gave bir? to !   
above appellation4  ,! wife ( ,le(ric1  

e>l ( ,m]cia1 ) h] husb&1 f\nd$ a       
mona/]y1 = an abbot & tw5ty-f\r         
,b5$ict9e monks1 at ,cov5try1 9 #ajdc2  
:i* 0 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,/4     
,pet]1 & ,/4 ,osburg4 ,le(ric & 8 ,lady1
 :o bo? di$ ab\t ! latt] end ( ! reign (
 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 7 buri$ 9 ! *ur* (
 ! abbey :i* !y _h f\nd$4 ,! =m] seems  
to h be5 ! fir/ "l ( ,cov5try1 & ! latt]
 its greate/ b5efactress1 z w appe> f ! 
foll[+ extraord9>y & inde$ romantic     
tradition1 :i* is n only firmly believ$ 
at ,cov5try1 b is record$ by _m ( our   
own hi/orians3--  ,! e>l _h grant$ !    
conv5t & city _m valuable privileges2 b 
! inhabitants hav+ (f5d$ him1 he impos$ 
on !m v heavy taxes2 = ! great lords to 
:om ! t[n belong$1 "u ! ,anglo-,saxons1 
_h ^? privileges1 :i* _c be ex]cis$ at  
pres5t by any b ! h\se ( commons4 ,! p  
compla9$ griev\sly ( ! sev]ity ( !      
taxes1 & appli$ to ,godeva1 ! e>l's     
lady1 a woman ( great piety & virtue1 to
 int]c$e 9 _! fav\r4 ,%e will+ly compli$
 ) ! reque/2 b ! e>l rema9$ inexorable6 

he told 8 lady1 t 7 %e to ride nak$     
?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 he w\ld remit !
 tax2 mean+1 t no p]suasion :atev] %\ld 
prevail ) him1 & ?9k+ to sil5ce h] by ! 
/range proposal3 b %e1 s5sibly t\*$ by !
 di/ress ( ! city1 g5]\sly accept$ !    
t]ms4 ,%e !re=e s5t notice to !         
magi/rates ( ! t[n1 ) ! /ricte/ ord]s t 
all doors & w9d[s %\ld be %ut1 & t no   
p]son %\ld attempt to look out on pa9 ( 
dea?4 ,^! precautions be+ tak51 ! lady  
rode ?r\gh ! city1 cov]$ only ) h] f9e  
fl[+ locks4 ,:ile rid+ 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh
 ! /reets1 no "o d>$ to look at h]1     
except a poor tailor1 :o1 z a puni%m5t1 
x is said1 = 8 violat+ ! injunctions ( !
 noble lady1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ ) s pi\s
 & b5evol5t a design1 0 /ruck bl9d4 ,?is
 tailor has be5 ev] s9ce rememb]$ by !  
"n ( ,peep+ ,tom2 & 9 memory ( ! ev5t1 8
 figure is /ill kept up 9 ! w9d[ ( !    
h\se1 f :5ce1 x is said1 he gratifi$ 8  
curiosity4 ,! lady hav+ ?us dis*>g$ h]  
engagem5ts1 ! e>l p]=m$ 8 promise1 &    
grant$ ! city a *>t]1 by :i* !          

inhabitants 7 exempt$ f all taxes4 ,z a 
pro( ( ?is circum/ance1 9 a w9d[ (      
,tr9ity *ur* are ! figures ( ! ,e>l & 8 
,lady1 & b5ea? ! foll[+ inscription3--  
,i1 ,luri*e1 = ! love ( !e1   ,doe set  
,cov5tre toll free4  ,to ?is day1 ! love
 ( ,godeva is annually commemorat$ on   
,friday 9 ,tr9ity week1 :5 a valiant    
fair "o rides1 n lit]ally l ! good      
c\ntess1 b 9 silk1 closely fitt$ to h]  
limbs1 & ( col\r emulat+ h] complexion4 
,! figure ( ,peep+ ,tom1 9 ! great      
/reet1 is also new dress$ on ! occasion4
 ,mr4 ,o',keefe has produc$ a musical   
ent]ta9m5t on ?is subject1 writt5 ) all 
! delicacy ! subject w\ld admit4   ,,!  
,,long ,,abs5t ,,husb& ,,return$3 7,f   
,dr4 ,k+'s ,anecdotes47--,ab\t ! ye>    
#agjf1 ,i knew1 said ,dr4 ,k+1 "o ,mr4  
,h[e1 a s5sible well-natur$ man1        
possess$ ( an e/ate ( #gjj or #hjj p]   
annum2 he m>ri$ a "y lady ( good family1
 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&2 h] maid5 "n 0        
,mallet2 %e 0 agreeable 9 h] p]son &    
mann]s1 & prov$ a v good wife4 ,sev5 or 

eight ye>s aft] !y _h be5 m>ri$1 he     
arose "o morn+ v e>ly1 & told 8 wife he 
0 oblig$ to g to ! ,t[] to transact "s  
p>ticul> bus9ess3 ! same day1 at noon1 8
 wife receiv$ a note f him1 9 :i* he    
in=m$ h] t he 0 "u ! necessity ( go+ to 
,holl&1 & %\ld probably be abs5t ?ree   
weeks or a mon?4 ,he 0 abs5t f h]       
sev5te5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t %e nev] he>d f
 him or ( him4 ,! ev5+ be=e he return$1 
:ile %e 0 at supp]1 & ) "s ( h] fri5ds &
 relations1 p>ticul>ly "o ,dr4 ,rose1 a 
physician1 :o _h m>ri$ h] si/]1 a       
billet1 )\t any "n subscrib$1 0 deliv]$ 
to h]1 9 :i* ! writ] reque/$ ! fav\r (  
h] to give him a meet+ ! next ev5+1 9 ! 
,birdcage-walk1 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k4 ,:5
 %e _h read ! billet1 %e toss$ x to ,dr4
 ,rose1 & laugh+1 said1 ',y see1 bro!r1 
old z ,i am1 ,i h got a gallant4' ,rose1
 :o p]us$ ! note ) m att5tion1 decl>$ x 
to be ,mr4 ,h[e's h&-writ+3 ?is surpris$
 all ! company1 & s mu* affect$ ,mrs4   
,h[e1 t %e fa9t$ away2 h[ev]1 %e soon   
recov]$1 :5 x 0 agre$ t ,dr4 ,rose & 8  

wife1 ) ! o!r g5tlem5 & ladies :o 7 !n  
at supp]1 %\ld att5d ,mrs4 ,h[e ! next  
ev5+ to ! ,birdcage-walk3 !y _h n be5   
!re m ?an five or six m9utes1 :5 ,mr4   
,h[e came to !m1 & aft] salut+ 8 fri5ds1
 & embrac+ 8 wife1 walk$ home ) h]1 & !y
 liv$ toge!r 9 great h>mony f t "t to ! 
day ( 8 dea?4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s "p ( my   
tale rema9s to be relat$4  ,:5 ,h[e left
 8 wife1 !y liv$ 9 a h\se 9             
,j]myn-/reet1 ne> ,/4 ,james's *ur*2 he 
w5t no f>!r ?an a little /reet 9        
,we/m9/]1 :]e he took a room1 = :i* he  
paid five or six %ill+s a week1 & *ang+ 
8 "n1 & disguis+ himself by we>+ a black
 wig1 7= he 0 a fair man17 he rema9$ 9  
?is habitation dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8       
abs5ce6 ,he _h two *ildr5 by 8 wife :5  
he dep>t$ f h]1 :o 7 bo? liv+ at t "t2 b
 !y bo? di$ "y1 9 a few ye>s aft]4      
,h[ev]1 dur+ _! lives1 ! second or ?ird 
ye> aft] _! fa!r disappe>$1 ,mrs4 ,h[e 0
 oblig$ to apply = an act ( p>liam5t1 to
 procure a prop] settlem5t ( h] husb&'s 
e/ate1 & a provision = h]self out ( x1  

dur+ 8 abs5ce1 z x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r he 0  
alive or dead2 ?is act he suff]$ to be  
solicit$ & pass$1 & enjoy$ ! pleasure ( 
read+ ! progress ( x 9 ! votes1 9 a     
little c(fee-h\se :i* he frequ5t$1 ne> 8
 lodg+4  ,^u quitt+ 8 h\se & family 9 ! 
mann] ,i h m5tion$1 ,mrs4 ,h[e at fir/  
imag9$1 z %e c\ld n conceive any o!r    
cause = su* an abrupt elopem5t1 t he _h 
contract$ a l>ge debt unkn[n to h]1 & by
 t means involv$ himself 9 difficulties 
:i* he c\ld n easily surm\nt2 & = "s    
days %e liv$ 9 cont9ual appreh5sion (   
dem&s f cr$itors1 or seizures1          
executions1 c4 ,b no?+ ( ?is k9d happ5$2
 on ! contr>y1 he did n only leave 8    
e/ate free & un5cumb]$1 b he paid !     
bills ( e tradesman ) :om he _h any     
deal+s2 & ^u exam9+ 8 pap]s1 9 due "t   
aft] he 0 gone1 prop] receipts &        
dis*>ges 7 f\nd f all p]sons1 :e!r      
tradesm5 or o!rs1 ) :om he _h any mann] 
( transactions or money conc]ns4 ,mrs4  
,h[e1 aft] ! dea? ( h] *ildr51 ?\ght    
prop] to less5 h] e/abli%m5t ( s]vants1 

& ! exp5ses ( h] h\sekeep+3 & !re=e     
remov$ f h] h\se 9 ,j]myn-/reet1 to a   
little h\se 9 ,brew]-/reet1 ne>         
,gold5-squ>e4 ,j ov]-aga9/ h] liv$ "o   
,salt1 a corn-*&l]4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s aft]  
,h[e's abdication1 he contriv$ to =m an 
acqua9tance ) ,salt1 & 0 at l5g? 9 su* a
 degree ( intimacy ) him1 t he usually  
d9$ ) ,salt once or twice a week4 ,f !  
room 9 :i* !y sat1 x 0 n difficult to   
look into ,mrs4 ,h[e's d9+-room1 :]e %e 
g5]ally ate1 & receiv$ h] company2 &    
,salt1 :o believ$ ,h[e to be a ba*elor1 
frequ5tly recomm5d$ ,mrs4 ,h[e z a      
suitable mat*4 ,dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s (  
?is g5tleman's abs5ce1 he w5t e ,sunday 
to ,/4 ,james's *ur*1 & us$ to sit 9    
,mr4 ,salt's seat1 :]e he _h a view ( 8 
wife1 b c\ld n be easily se5 by h]4     
,aft] he return$ home1 he nev] w\ld     
confess1 ev5 to 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1  
:at 0 ! real cause ( su* a s+ul>        
conduct3 app>5tly !re 0 none2 b :atev]  
!re 01 he 0 c]ta9ly a%am$ to own x4     
,dr4 ,rose has (t5 said to me1 t he     

believ$ 8 bro!r ,h[e w\ld nev]#bc h     
return$ to 8 wife1 if ! money :i* he    
took ) him1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 #ajjj
 or #bjjj1 _h n be5 all sp5t3 inde$1 he 
mu/ h be5 a good economi/1 & frugal 9 8 
mann] ( liv+1 o!rwise 8 money w\ld      
sc>cely h held out2 = ,i imag9e he _h 8 
:ole =tune by him2 ,i mean :at he c>ri$ 
away ) him 9 money & bank-bills3 & he   
daily took out ( 8 bag1 l ! ,spani>d 9  
,gil ,blas1 :at 0 suffici5t = 8 exp5ses4
   ,a ,,curi\s ,,hi/orical              
,,fact4--,dur+ ! tr\bles 9 ! reign (    
,*>les ,i4 a c\ntry girl came to        
,london1 9 se>* ( a place z a s]vant    
maid2 b n succe$+1 %e hir$ h]self to    
c>ry out be] f a bre:\se1 & 0 "o ( ^?   
call$ tub-wom54 ,! brew]1 obs]v+ a good 
look+ girl 9 ?is l[ occupation1 took h] 
into 8 family z a s]vant1 &1 aft] a %ort
 "t1 m>ri$ h]2 b he di$ :ile %e 0 yet a 
"y woman1 & left h] ! bulk ( 8 =tune4 ,!
 bus9ess ( ! brew]y 0 dropp$1 & ! "y    
wid[ 0 recomm5d$ to ,mr4 ,hyde1 z a     
skilful lawy] to arrange h] husb&'s     

affairs4 ,hyde1 7:o 0 aft]w>ds ! great  
,e>l ( ,cl>5don17 f9d+ h] =tune         
consid]able1 m>ri$ h]4 ,( ?is m>riage   
!re 0 no o!r issue ?an a daught]1 :o 0  
aft]w>ds ! wife ( ,james ,,ii41 & "m (  
,m>y & ,anne1 que5s ( ,engl&4   ,!      
foll[+ is said to be ,,! ,,mo/          
,,extraord9>y ,,fact ,,on ,,record4--,9 
! app5dix to ! ,rev4 ,john ,campbell's  
,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 is record$ "o (
 ! /range/ occurr5ces 9 ! moral annals (
 mank9d4 ,x w be recollect$1 t "s ye>s  
ago ! ,grosv5or1 ,ea/ ,indiaman1 0      
wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,caffr>ia1 7a di/rict
 divid$ f ! c\ntry ( ! ,hott5tots by !  
,great ,fi% ,riv]17 & t ne>ly ! :ole ( !
 pass5g]s & crew p]i%$ on ! occasion4 ,x
 01 h[ev]1 discov]$1 t two "y ladies _h 
surviv$ ! mis]ies ( ?is dreadful ev5t1 &
 7 resid5t 9 ! int]ior ( a c\ntry       
un9habit$ by ,europeans4 ,mr4 ,campbell 
does n relate ?is occurr5ce f p]sonal   
evid5ce1 b we _c d\bt ! extraord9>y     
fact4  ,! ,l&dro/ ( ,graaf ,ragrel _h   
be5 deput$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to pay 

a visit to ! k+ ( ,caffr>ia1 = ! purpose
 ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !re 7 any survivors f !
 wreck ( ! ,grosv5or4 ,f9d+ !re 7 two   
females1 he succe$$ 9 procur+ an        
introduction to !m4 ,he saw !m habit$ l 
,caffre wom52 _! bodies 7 pa9t$ aft] !  
fa%ion ( ! native inhabitants2 & _!     
mann]s & appe>ance 7 altoge!r           
anti-,european4 ,! ,l&dro/1 h[ev]1 s\ght
 to obta9 _! confid5ce by a lib]al (f] (
 8 be/ s]vices to re/ore !m to _! c\ntry
 & fri5ds4 ,b !y 7 unmov$ by 8          
solicitations4 ,!y /at$ t !y _h fall5   
into ! h&s ( ! natives aft] !y _h be5   
ca/ a%ore f ! wreck2 t _! companions _h 
be5 murd]$1 & t !y _h be5 compell$ to   
give !mselves 9 m>riage2 t hav+         
affectionate husb&s1 *ildr51 &          
gr&-*ildr51 _! atta*m5ts 7 b\nd$ by _!  
actual enjoym5ts4 ,^u be+ repeat$ly urg$
 to dep>t ) ! ,l&dro/1 !y repli$1 t     
probably at _! return to ,engl& !y might
 f9d !mselves )\t connections or fri5ds1
 & t _! acquir$ habits ill fitt$ !m to  
m+le ) poli%$ society2 9 %ort1 t !y w\ld

 n quit ,caffr>ia4  ,su*1 !n1 is !      
p[]ful influ5ce ( habit6 ,two "y ladies1
 highly educat$1 & 9 all probability    
lovely 9 _! p]sons1 are taught by habit 
to =get ^? sc5es ( gaiety !y 7 s well   
calculat$ to ornam5t1 & ! anticipat$    
enjoym5ts ( high matrimonial            
connections2 to =get _! p>5ts1 _!       
relations1 ! accompli%$ companions ( _! 
y\?1 & all ! ref9em5ts ( life6 ,among a 
savage p1 !y acquire cong5ial feel+s1 & 
_! vitiat$ nature ceases to rep9e3 !y   
love ! untutor$ husb&s giv5 to !m by    
fate2 !y re> _! *ildr5 9 ! /upidity (   
,hott5tot fai?2 !y designate _! wret*$  
hovel ) ! sacr$ "n ( ,home2 !y expel    
memory f _! occupations2 & regret no    
long] m+les ) _! r\t9e ( b>b>\s         
pleasures4 ,is ?is1 9 reality1 a picture
 ( ! human m9d1 ) all its boa/$         
attributes1 its delicacies1 its         
ref9em5ts1 its civiliz$ sup]iority8     
,yes6 = cu/om is a second nature4  ,?is 
fact is also relat$ by ,vaillant1 9 8   
,travels 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,africa4 ,he

 says1 volume i4 page #bhf1 ,i 0 told1  
almo/ six weeks prior to my visit+ t    
coa/1 t an ,engli% vessel _h be5 wreck$ 
on ^! b>b>\s %ores2 t be+ driv5 on !    
s&s1 a "p ( ! crew _h fall5 into ! h&s (
 ! ,caffres1 :o _h put !m all to dea?1  
except a few wom51 :om !y _h cruelly    
res]v$4   ,,un=tunate ,,artific]4--,!re 
0 an artific] 9 ,rome1 :o made vessels (
 glass ( s t5aci\s a temp]1 t !y 7 z    
little liable to be brok5 z ^? t are    
made ( gold & silv]3 :5 !re=e he _h made
 a vial ( ! pur] sort1 & su* z he ?\ght 
a pres5t wor?y ( ,cs> alone1 he 0       
admitt$ into ! pres5ce ( _! !n ,emp]or  
,tib]ius4 ,! gift 0 prais$1 ! skilful h&
 ( ! arti/ applaud$1 & ! donation ( !   
giv] accept$4 ,! arti/1 t he might      
enhance ! wond] ( ! spectators1 &       
promote himself yet fur!r 9 ! fav\r ( ! 
,emp]or1 desir$ ! vial out ( ,cs>'s h&1 
& ?rew x ) su* =ce aga9/ ! floor1 t !   
mo/ solid metal w\ld h receiv$ "s damage
 or bruise !reby4 ,cs> 0 n only amaz$1 b
 affright$ ) ! act2 b he1 tak+ up ! vial

 f ! gr\nd1 7:i* 0 n brok51 b only      
bruis$ toge!r1 z if ! sub/ance ( ! glass
 _h put on ! temp]ature ( brass17 he    
drew out an in/rum5t f 8 bosom1 & beat x
 out to its =m] figure4 ,?is done1 he   
imag9$ t he _h conqu]$ ! _w1 z believ+ t
 he _h m]it$ an acqua9tance ) ,cs>1 &   
rais$ ! admiration ( all ! behold]s2 b x
 fell out o!rwise1 = ! ,emp]or inquir$  
if any o!r p]son besides himself 0 privy
 to ! l temp]+ ( glass8 ,:5 he _h told  
him1 ,no1 he comm&$ 8 att5dants to /rike
 (f 8 head1 say+1 ,t %\ld ?is artifice  
come once to be kn[n1 gold & silv] w\ld 
be ( z little value z ! dirt ( ! /reet4 
,long aft] ?is1 viz4 9 #afaj1 we read1 t
 among/ o!r r>e pres5ts1 !n s5t f !     
,sophy ( ,p]sia to ! k+ ( ,spa91 7 six  
mirrors ( malleable glass1 s exquisitely
 temp]$ t !y c\ld n be brok54     ,,*ap4
 ,,lxxix4  ,,curiosities ,,9 ,,hi/ory1  
,,etc4--7,conclud$47      ,great ,ev5ts 
f ,little ,causes--,dreadful ,in/ances (
 ! ,plague1 9     ,europe--,fire (      
,london--,vic> ( ,bray--,curi\s ,acc\nt 

( !     ,c]emonies at ,que5 ,elizabe?'s 
,d9n]--,a ,blacksmi?'s ,wife become a   
,que5--,sw9e's ,conc]t4   ,,great       
,,ev5ts ,,f ,,little ,,causes4--,! mo/  
important ev5ts sometimes take place f  
little & insignificant causes4  #a4 ,sir
 ,isaac ,newton's sublime g5ius1 set    
a-go+ by ! fall ( an apple1 nev] /opp$  
till x _h expla9$ ! laws ( nature4  #b4 
,hosp9ian 7:o wrote s successfully aga9/
 ! ,popi% c]emonies7 0 fir/ conv9c$ ( ! 
necessity ( su* a "w by ! talk ( an     
ignorant c\ntry l&lord1 :o ?\ght t      
religi\s frat]nities 7 z old z !        
creation1 t ,adam 0 a monk1 & t ,eve 0 a
 nun4  #c4 ,metius 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( 
optic glasses1 by obs]v+ "s s*oolboys   
play ^u ! ice1 :o made use ( _!         
copy-books1 roll$ up 9 ! %ape ( tubes1  
to look at ea* o!r1 to :i* !y sometimes 
add$ pieces ( ice at ! end1 to view     
di/ant objects4  #d4 ,lu!r's qu>rell+ ) 
,pope ,leo4 ,x4 & br++ himself into     
difficult & dang]\s circum/ances1 p]haps
 l$ him to se>*1 ?9k1 & judge = himself1

 & consult ! scriptures2 by :i* he      
ov]?rew errors1 :i* _h be5 receiv$ z    
tru?s = ages4  #e4 ,to ?is we may add ! 
m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ) ,ann ,boleyn1 
:i* 0 ! occasion ( ,engl&'s r5\nc+ !    
supremacy ( ! ,pope1 & ( br++ ab\t !    
,re=mation4  #f4 ,an apo!c>y's *>iot    
7says "o7 v probably produc$ ,no4 #de4 (
 ! ,nor? ,briton1 & its consequ5ces !   
,am]ican w>1 ! ,fr5* revolution1 & !    
dreadful ev5ts t h s9ce tak5 place 9    
,europe4   ,,dreadful ,,in/ances ,,( ,,!
 ,,plague1 ,,9 ,,europe4--,?ucydides1   
lib4 ii4 gives an acc\nt ( a dreadful   
plague :i* happ5$ 9 ,a!ns ab\t ,b4 ,c4  
#dcj1 & ) :i* he 0 himself infect$1 :ile
 ! ,peloponnesians "u ! comm& (         
,ar*idamus wa/$ all h] t]ritory abroad2 
b ( ^! two enemies ! plague 0 by f> !   
mo/ sev]e4 ,! mo/ dreadful plague t ev] 
rag$ at ,rome1 0 9 ! reign ( ,titus1 ,a4
 ,d4 #hj4 ,! emp]or left no rem$y       
unattempt$ to abate ! malignity ( !     
di/emp]1 act+ dur+ its cont9uance l a   
fa!r to 8 p4 ,! same fatal disease rag$ 

9 all ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 9 ! 
reign ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,a4 ,d4 #afg1 & 0
 foll[$ by a dreadful fam9e1 e>?quakes1 
inundations1 & o!r calamities4 ,ab\t ,a4
 ,d4 #dcj1 ! plague visit$ ,brita91 j   
aft] ! ,picts & ,scots _h made a        
=midable invasion ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl&4
 ,x rag$ ) uncommon fury1 & swept away  
mo/ ( ^? :om ! sword & fam9e _h sp>$1 s 
t ! liv+ 7 sc>cely suffici5t to bury !  
dead4 ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #acdh1 ! plague     
became almo/ g5]al ov] ,europe4 ,_m     
au?ors give an acc\nt ( ?is plague1 :i* 
is said to h appe>$ fir/ 9 ! k+dom (    
,ka?ay1 9 #acdf1 & to h proce$$         
gradually we/ to ,con/ant9ople & ,egypt4
 ,f ,con/ant9ople x pass$ into ,greece1 
,italy1 ,france1 & ,africa1 & by degrees
 along ! coa/ ( ! ocean into ,brita9 &  
,irel&1 & aft]w>ds into ,g]many1        
,hung>y1 ,pol&1 ,d5m>k1 & ! o!r nor!rn  
k+doms4 ,accord+ to ,antonius1 ar*bi%op 
( ,flor5ce1 ! di/emp] c>ri$ (f #fj1jjj p
 9 t city4 ,9 #afef1 ! plague 0 br\ght f
 ,s>d9ia to ,naples1 be+ introduc$ into 

! city by a transport ) soldi]s on bo>d4
 ,x rag$ ) excessive viol5ce1 c>ry+ (f1 
9 less ?an six mon?s1 #djj1jjj ( !      
inhabitants4 ,9 #agbj1 ! city (         
,m>seilles 0 visit$ ) ?is de/ructive    
disease1 br\ght 9 a %ip f ! ,levant2 & 9
 sev5 mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t x cont9u$1 x   
c>ri$ (f n less ?an #fj1jjj p4 ,!       
ravages ( ?is disease h be5 dreadful    
:]ev] x has made its appe>ance4 ,on !   
fir/ arrival ( ! ,europeans at ! isl& ( 
,gr& ,can>ia1 x conta9$ #ad1jjj fight+  
m52 soon aft] :i*1 two-?irds ( ^!       
inhabitants fell a sacrifice to !       
plague4 ,! de/ruction x has made 9      
,turkey 9 ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9       
,con/ant9ople1 mu/ be kn[n to e read]2 &
 its fatal effects h be5 p>ticul>ly     
height5$ !re by t firm belief :i*       
prevails among ! p ( pr$e/9ation1 c4 ,x 
is g5]ally br\ght into ,european ,turkey
 f ,egypt2 :]e x is v frequ5t1          
especially at ,gr& ,cairo4 ,to give ev5 
a li/ ( all ! plagues :i* h desolat$ _m 
fl\ri%+ c\ntries1 w\ld ext5d ?is article

 beyond all b\nds1 & m9utely to describe
 !m all is impossible4 ,respect+ !      
plague :i* rag$ 9 ,syria 9 #agfj1 we    
ref] to ! ,abbe ,m>iti's ,travels ?r\gh 
,cyprus1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e1 volume i4  
pages #bgh1 #bif4 ,?is plague 0 "o ( !  
mo/ malignant & fatal t ,syria ev]      
exp]i5c$2 = x sc>cely _h made its       
appe>ance 9 any "p ( ! body1 be=e x     
c>ri$ (f ! pati5t4   ,"s p>ticul>s      
respect+ ,,! ,,great ,,fire ,,(         
,,london4--,! foll[+ is "p ( !          
inscription on ! ,monum5t1 :i* records  
?is calamit\s ev5t4 ,! second day (     
,septemb]1 #afff1 at ! di/ance ( two    
hundr$ & two feet1 ! height ( ?is       
column1 a t]rible fire broke out ab\t   
midnight4 ,x consum$ 9 its progress     
eighty-n9e *ur*es1 ! city gates1        
,guildhall1 _m public /ructures1        
hospitals1 s*ools1 libr>ies1 a va/ numb]
 ( /ately edifices1 ?irte5 ?\s& two     
hundr$ dwell+-h\ses1 & f\r hundr$       
/reets4 ,! ru9s ( ! city 7 f\r hundr$ & 
?irty-six acres1 f ! ,t[] by ! ,?ames   

side to ! ,temple *ur*1 & f ! nor?-ea/  
gate along ! city wall1 to ,holborn     
bridge4 ,?ree days aft]1 :5 ?is fatal   
fire _h baffl$ all human c\nsels &      
endeav\rs1 x /opp$1 z x 7 by a comm& f  
,heav51 & 0 on e side ext+ui%$4   ,,vic>
 ,,( ,,bray4--,e "o has frequ5tly he>d  
?is rev]5d son ( ! *ur* m5tion$2        
probably 8 "n may h outliv$ !           
recollection ( 8 pi\s manoeuvres3 he 0 9
 8 pr9ciples a ,,sixtus ,,! ,,fif?4 ,!  
vic> ( ,bray1 9 ,b]k%ire1 0 a ,papi/ "u 
! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 & a ,prote/ant
 "u ,edw>d ! ,six?2 he 0 a ,papi/ aga9  
"u ,m>y1 & once m became a ,prote/ant 9 
! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,:5 ?is sc&al to ! 
g[n 0 reproa*$ = 8 v]satility ( religi\s
 cre$s1 & tax$ = be+ a turn-coat & an   
incon/ant *angel+1 z ,full] expresses x1
 he repli$1 ,n s1 nei!r6 = if ,i *ang$  
my religion1 ,i am sure ,i kept true to 
my pr9ciple2 :i* is1 to live & die !    
,vic> ( ,bray6  ,?is vivaci\s & rev]5d  
h]o has giv5 bir? to a prov]b peculi> to
 8 c\nty1 ,! ,vic> ( ,bray w be ,vic> ( 

,bray /ill4 ,full] tells u1 9 8 faceti\s
 *ronicle ( 8 ,wor?ies1 t ?is vic> _h   
se5 "s m>tyrs burnt two miles (f at     
,w9dsor1 & f\nd ?is fire too hot = 8    
t5d] temp]4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o1 ?\gh !y _c
 turn ! w9d1 w turn _! mills1 & set !m  
s1 t :]esoev] x bl[e?1 _! gri/ %all     
c]ta9ly be gr\nd4   ,! foll[+ ,,acc\nt  
,,( ,,! ,,c]emonies ,,at ,,que5         
,,elizabe?',s ,,d9n]1 des]ves to be     
record$4--,a ,g]man travell]1 7,h5tzn]7 
talk+ ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ?us describes !
 solemnity ( h] d9n]4 ,:ile %e 0 at     
pray]s1 we saw h] table set out 9 !     
foll[+ solemn mann]3 a g5tleman ent]$ ! 
room1 be>+ a rod1 & along ) him ano!r :o
 _h a table-clo?1 :i*1 aft] !y _h bo?   
kneel$ ?ree times ) ! utmo/ v5]ation1 he
 spread ^u ! table2 &1 aft] kneel+ aga91
 !y bo? retir$4 ,!n came two o!rs1 "o ) 
! rod aga91 ! o!r ) a salt-cell>1 a     
plate1 & bread3 :5 !y _h kneel$1 z !    
o!rs _h done1 & plac$ :at 0 br\ght ^u ! 
table1 !y too retir$ ) ! same c]emonies 
p]=m$ by ! fir/4 ,at la/ came an unm>ri$

 lady1 7we 7 told %e 0 a c\ntess17 &    
along ) h] a m>ri$ "o1 be>+ a la/+      
knife3 ! =m]1 :o 0 dress$ 9 :ite silk1  
:5 %e _h pro/rat$ h]self ?ree times 9 ! 
mo/ graceful mann]1 approa*$ ! table1 & 
rubb$ ! plates ) bread & salt1 ) z mu*  
c>e z if ! que5 _h be5 pres5t3 :5 !y _h 
wait$ !re a little :ile1 ! yeom5 ( !    
gu>d ent]$1 b>ehead$1 clo!d 9 sc>let1 ) 
a gold5 rose ^u _! backs1 br++ 9 at ea* 
turn a c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r di%es1 s]v$ 9  
plate1 mo/ ( x gilt2 ^! di%es 7 receiv$ 
by a g5tleman 9 ! same ord] !y 7 br\ght1
 & plac$ ^u ! table1 :ile ! lady-ta/]   
gave to ea* ( ! gu>ds a m\?ful to eat1 (
 ! p>ticul> di% he _h br\ght1 = fe> (   
any poison4 ,dur+ ! "t t ?is gu>d1 :i*  
consi/s ( ! talle/ & /\te/ m5 t c\ld be 
f\nd 9 all ,engl&1 7 br++ d9n]1 twelve  
trumpets & two kettl$rums made ! hall r+
 = half an h\r toge!r4 ,at ! end ( ?is  
c]emonial1 a numb] ( unm>ri$ ladies     
appe>$1 :o1 ) p>ticul> solemnity1 lift$ 
! meat (f ! table1 & convey$ x into !   
que5's inn] & m private *amb]1 :]e1 aft]

 %e _h *os5 = h]self1 ! re/ w5t to !    
ladies ( ! c\rt4   ,a ,,blacksmi?',s    
,,wife ,,become ,a ,,que54--,x is a     
curi\s circum/ance1 t ! pres5t que5 ( ! 
,s&wi* isl&s1 0 =m]ly1 or r is at ?is   
"t1 ! wife ( a ,russian blacksmi?4 ,an  
,engli% vessel ly+ (f :at we usually    
call ! ,fox ,isl&1 sev]al ye>s ago1 "o (
 ! (fic]s became enam\r$ ( ! fair sp\se 
( a son ( ,vulcan !re2 &1 8 passion be+ 
return$1 he contriv$ to smuggle h] on   
bo>d ! vessel1 & keep h] !re conceal$   
)\t ! k ( 8 capta91 till !y _h cle>$ !  
port4  ,9 ! c\rse ( ! voyage1 h[ev]1 !  
circum/ance became kn[n to ! capta91 :o 
be+ highly enrag$ at su* a brea* ( fai? 
& discipl9e1 kept h] conf9$ till !y     
arriv$ at ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e %e 0 put 
on %ore4 ,! =lorn ,ariadne1 h[ev]1 f\nd 
a ,bac*us = h] ,!seus1--a royal lov]1 to
 replace h] lo/ lieut5ant4 ,! k+ ( !    
isl& became enam\r$ ( ! fair ,russian1  
made h] 8 wife1 & rais$ h] to 8 ?rone4  
,he 0 no e-day k+4 ,he 0 a /atesman & a 
h]o1 ?\gh we %\ld call him a savage4 ,he

 progressively creat$ a respectable navy
 ( sev]al well-built frigates2 taught 8 
subjects to be excell5t sailors2 rais$  
armies2 subdu$ ! surr\nd+ isl&s2 & at ! 
close ( a prosp]\s reign1 left 8        
possessions & 8 sov]eignty to 8 que51 :o
 n[ reigns z 8 successor4 ,%e is well   
obey$ by h] subjects2 possesses great   
weal? 9 flocks1 h]ds1 & rice-gr\nd2 &   
s5ds frequ5t pres5ts to h] =m] des]t$   
husb&1 :o /ill cont9ues to hamm] horses'
 %oes 9 a ,russian colony1 :ile 8       
fai?less1 b x seems n q ungrateful      
sp\se1 /ret*es h] sceptre ov] sev]al    
prosp]\s isles4   ,,! ,,sw9e',s         
,,conc]t4--,! abbot ( ,baigne1 a man (  
great wit1 & :o _h ! art ( inv5t+ new   
musical in/rum5ts1 be+ 9 ! s]vice (     
,l\is ,,xi4 k+ ( ,france1 0 ord]$ by t  
pr9ce to get him a conc]t ( sw9e's      
voices1 ?9k+ x impossible4 ,! abbot 0 n 
surpris$1 b ask$ money = ! p]=mance1 :i*
 0 imm$iately deliv]$ him2 & he wr\ght a
 ?+ z s+ul> z ev] 0 se54 ,= out ( a     
great numb] ( hogs1 ( sev]al ages1 :i*  

he got toge!r1 & plac$ "u a t5t or      
pavilion cov]$ ) velvet1 be=e :i* he _h 
a table ( wood pa9t$1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( 
keys1 he made an organical in/rum5t2 & z
 he play$ ^u ! said keys1 he1 by means (
 little spikes1 :i* prick$ ! hogs1 made 
!m cry 9 su* ord] & consonance1 z highly
 delight$ ! k+ & all 8 company4         
,,*ap4 ,,lxxx4  ,,curiosities ,,(       
,,lit]ature4      ,orig9 ( ! ,mat]ials (
 ,writ+--,m9ute ,writ+--,titles (       
,books--,lit]>y ,lab\r &                
,p]sev]ance--,curi\s ,acc\nt ( !        
,sc>city ( ,books--,celebrat$           
,libr>ies--,book ( ,blund]s--,curi\s    
,acc\nt ( ! ,means ( ,intellectual      
,improvem5t 9 ,london4      ,( all !    
pleasures1 noble & ref9'd1     ,:i* =m !
 ta/e & cultivate ! m9d2     ,9 ev'ry   
realm :]e sci5ce d>ts its beam1     ,f  
,zembla's ice to ,afric's gold5 /ream2  
,f climes :]e ,phoebus p\rs 8 ori5t ray1
     ,to ! fair regions ( decl9+ day3   
,! 'fea/ ( reason' :i* f read+ spr+s1   
,to reas'n+ man ! highe/ solace br+s4   

',tis books a la/+ pleasure c supply1   
,*>m :ile we live1 & tea* u h[ to die4  
,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,(          
,,writ+4--,! mo/ anci5t mode ( writ+ 0  
on bricks1 & on tables ( /one2 aft]w>ds 
on plates ( v>i\s mat]ials1 on ivory1 on
 ! b>k ( trees1 & on _! leaves4         
,specim5s ( mo/ ( ^! modes ( writ+ may  
be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,no4 #cdgh1 
9 ! ,sloanian libr>y1 is a ,nabob's     
lett]1 on a piece ( b>k ab\t two y>ds   
long1 & ri*ly ornam5t$ ) gold4 ,no4     
#cbjg1 is a book ( ,mexican             
hi]oglyphics1 pa9t$ on b>k4 ,9 ! same   
collection are v>i\s species1 _m f !    
,malab> coa/1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,!   
latt] writ+s are *iefly on leaves4 ,!   
prophecies ( ! ,sibyls 7 on leaves4 ,!re
 are sev]al copies ( ,bibles writt5 on  
palm-leaves1 /ill pres]v$ 9 v>i\s       
collections 9 ,europe4 ,! anci5ts1      
d\btless1 wrote on any leaves !y f\nd   
adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,h5ce ! leaf ( a    
book1 z well z t ( a tree1 is d]iv$4  ,9
 ! book ( ,job1 m5tion is made ( writ+  

on /one1 & on %eets ( lead4 ,! law (    
,moses 0 writt5 on /one4 ,hesiod's works
 7 writt5 on lead5 tables2 lead 0 us$ = 
writ+1 & roll$ up l a cyl9d]1 z ,pl9y   
/ates4 ,! laws ( ! ,greeks 7 engrav5 on 
bronze tables4 ,9 ! %eph]d /ate1 !y     
wrote _! songs ) ?orns & awls1 on lea!r4
 ,! ,icel&]s wrote on walls2 & ,olaf1   
accord+ to "o ( ! sagas1 built a l>ge   
h\se1 on ! balks & sp>s ( :i* he _h     
engrav5 ! hi/ory ( 8 own & m anci5t     
times2 :ile ano!r nor!rn h]o appe>s to h
 _h no?+ bett] ?an 8 own *air & b$1 on  
:i* to p]petuate 8 own h]oic acts4 ,!   
,arabs took ! %\ld]-bones ( %eep1 on :i*
 !y c>v$ rem>kable ev5ts ) a knife1 &   
aft] ty+ !m ) a /r+1 !y hung ^!         
*ronicles up 9 _! cab9ets4  ,^! e>ly    
inv5tions l$ to ! discov]y ( tablets (  
wood2 & z c$> is incorruptible1 f its   
bitt]ness1 !y *ose ?is wood = cases or  
*e/s to pres]ve _! mo/ important writ+s4
 ,f ?is cu/om arises ! celebrat$        
expression ( ! anci5ts1 :5 !y meant to  
give ! highe/ eulogium ( an excell5t "w1

 et c$ro digna locuti2 t x 0 wor?y to be
 writt5 on c$>4 ,^! tablets 7 made ( !  
trunks ( trees2 ! use ( !m /ill exi/s1 b
 9 g5]al !y are made ( o!r mat]ials ?an 
wood4 ,! same reason :i* l$ !m to pref] 
! c$> to o!r trees1 induc$ !m to write  
on wax1 :i* is incorruptible f its      
nature4 ,m5 g5]ally us$ x to write _!   
te/am5ts1 9 ord] ! bett] to pres]ve !m3 
?us ,juv5al says1 ,c]as impl]e capaces4 
,?is ?9 pa/e ( wax 0 also spread on     
tablets ( wood1 t x might m easily admit
 ( erasure4  ,!y wrote ) an iron bodk91 
z !y did on ! o!r sub/ances we h notic$4
 ,! /ylus 0 made %>p at "o end to write 
)1 & blunt & broad at ! o!r1 to deface &
 correct easily2 h5ce ! phrase v]t]e    
/ylum1 to turn ! /ylus1 0 us$ to express
 blott+ out4 ,b ! ,romans =bade ! use ( 
?is %>p in/rum5t1 f ! circum/ance ( _m  
p]sons hav+ us$ !m z dagg]s4 ,a         
s*oolma/] 0 kill$ by ! pugill>es1 or    
table-book1 & ! /yles ( 8 own s*ol>s4   
,!y sub/itut$ a /ylus made ( ! bone ( a 
bird1 or o!r animal1 s t _! writ+s      

resembl$ engrav+s4 ,:5 !y wrote on s(t] 
mat]ials1 !y employ$ re$s & canes1 split
 l our p5s at ! po9ts1 :i* ! ,ori5tali/s
 /ill use to lay _! col\r or ink neat]  
on ! pap]4  ,by ! ^w p5 9 ! translation 
( ! ,bible1 we are to und]/& an iron    
/yle4 ,table-books ( ivory are /ill us$ 
= memor&a1 writt5 by black-lead p5cils4 
,! ,romans us$ ivory to write ! edicts (
 ! s5ate on2 & ! expression ( libris    
elephant9is1 :i*1 "s au?ors imag9e1     
alludes to books :i* = _! size 7 call$  
elephant9e1 o!rs m rationally conclude1 
7 compos$ ( ivory1 ! tusk ( ! elephant4 
,pumice 0 likewise a writ+ mat]ial ( !  
anci5ts1 :i* !y us$ to smoo? ! r\ghness 
( ! p>*m5t1 or to %>p5 _! re$s4  ,9 !   
progress ( "t1 ! art ( writ+ consi/$ 9  
pa9t+ ) diff]5t k9ds ( ink4 ,?is novel  
mode ( writ+ occasion$ !m to inv5t o!r  
mat]ials prop] to receive _! writ+4 ,!y 
n[ *ose ! ?9 b>k ( c]ta9 trees & plants2
 !y wrote on l951 & at l5g?1 :5 ?is 0   
f\nd apt to become m\ldy1 !y prep>$ !   
sk9s ( animals4 ,^? ( asses are /ill 9  

use2 & on ^? ( s]p5ts1 c4 7 once writt5 
! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,! fir/ place :]e  
!y began to dress ^! sk9s 0 ,p]gamus1 9 
,asia2 :5ce ! ,lat9 "n is d]iv$ (       
,p]gam51 or p>*m5t4 ,^! sk9s are1 h[ev]1
 bett] kn[n among/ ! au?ors ( ! pure/   
,lat91 "u ! "n ( membrana1 s call$ f !  
membranes ( animals ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 
,! anci5ts _h p>*m5ts ( ?ree diff]5t    
col\rs1 :ite1 yell[1 & purple4 ,at      
,rome1 :ite p>*m5t 0 dislik$1 because x 
0 m subject to be soil$ ?an ! o!rs1 &   
dazzl$ ! eye4 ,!y g5]ally wrote lett]s (
 gold & silv] on purple or violet       
p>*m5t4 ,?is cu/om cont9u$ 9 ! e>ly ages
 ( ! *ur*2 & copies ( ! ,evangeli/s (   
?is k9d are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4
  ,:5 ! ,egyptians employ$ = writ+ ! b>k
 ( a plant or re$1 call$ papyrus1#bd or 
pap]-ru%1 x sup]s$$ all =m] modes1      
because ?is 0 ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,=m]ly !re
 grew great quantities ( x on ! sides ( 
! ,nile4 ,x is ?is plant :i* has giv5 ! 
"n to our pap]1 al?\gh ! latt] is       
compos$ ( l95 or rags4 ,aft] ! eigh?    

c5tury ! papyrus 0 sup]s$$ by p>*m5t4 ,!
 ,*9ese make _! pap] ) silk4 ,! use (   
pap] is ( great antiquity2 x is :at !   
anci5t ,lat9i/s call *>ta1 or *>t4 ,be=e
 ! use ( p>*m5t & pap] pass$ to !       
,romans1 !y contriv$ to use ! ?9 peel   
:i* 0 f\nd on trees1 betwe5 ! wood ( ^! 
trees & _! b>k4 ,?is second sk9 !y call$
 lib]1 :5ce ! ,lat9 ^w lib]1 a book1 &  
libr>y & libr>ian1 9 ! ,european        
languages1 & ! ,fr5* livre = book2 b we 
( nor!rn orig9 d]ive our book f ! ,dani%
 bog1 ! bee*-tree1 because t be+ ! mo/  
pl5tiful 9 ,d5m>k1 0 us$ to engrave on4 
,anci5tly1 in/ead ( fold+ ?is b>k1 ?is  
p>*m5t1 or pap]1 z we fold ours1 !y     
roll$ x accord+ z !y wrote on x2 & !    
,lat9 "n :i* !y gave ^! rolls has pass$ 
into our language z well z ! o!rs4 ,we  
say a volume or volumes1 al?\gh our     
books are compos$ ( pages cut & b\nd    
toge!r4 ,! books ( ! anci5ts on ! %elves
 ( _! libr>ies1 7 roll$ up on a p91 &   
plac$ erect1 titl$ on ! outside 9 r$    
lett]s1 or rubrics1 & appe>$ l a numb] (

 small pill>s on ! %elves4   ,curi\s    
in=mation respect+ small1 or ,,m9ute    
,,writ+4--,! ,iliad ( ,hom] 9 a         
nut-%ell1 :i* ,pl9y says t ,cic]o once  
saw1 x is pret5d$ might h be5 a fact1   
h[ev] to "s x may appe> impossible4 lian
 notices an arti/ :o wrote a di/i* 9    
lett]s ( gold1 :i* he inclos$ 9 ! r9d ( 
a gra9 ( corn4  ,antiquity1 & mod]n     
times1 h record$ _m p5m51 ^: glory      
consi/$ 9 writ+ s small a h&1 t x c\ld n
 be legible to ! nak$ eye4 ,"o wrote a  
v]se ( ,hom] on a gra9 ( millet2 &      
ano!r1 m indefatigably indu/ri\s 9 ?is  
important trifl+1 is said by ,m5age to h
 writt5 :ole s5t5ces :i* 7 n p]ceptible 
to ! eye )\t ! microscope3 pictures &   
portraits1 also1 appe>$ at fir/ to be   
l9es & scrat*es ?r[n d[n at r&om2 "o (  
^! =m$ ! face ( ! ,dauph9ess1 ) ! mo/   
pleas+ delicacy & correct resemblance4  
,he read an ,italian poem 9 praise ( ?is
 pr9cess1 conta9+ "s ?\s&s ( v]ses1     
writt5 by an (fic]1 9 ! space ( a foot &
 a half4 ,?is species ( curi\s idl5ess  

has n be5 lo/ 9 our own c\ntry3 ab\t a  
c5tury ago1 ?is m9ute writ+ 0 a         
fa%ionable curiosity4 ,a draw+ ( ! head 
( ,*>les ,i4 is 9 ! libr>y ( ,/4 ,john's
 college1 at ,ox=d4 ,x is :olly compos$ 
( m9ute writt5 *>act]s1 :i* at a small  
di/ance resemble ! l9es ( engrav+4 ,!   
l9es ( ! head & ruff1 are said to conta9
 ! book ( ,psalms1 ! ,cre$1 & ! ,"l's   
,pray]4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum we f9d a   
draw+ repres5t+ ! portrait ( ,que5      
,anne1 n mu* above ! size ( ! h&4 ,on   
?is draw+ appe> a numb] ( l9es &        
scrat*es1 :i*1 ! libr>ian assures !     
m>vell+ spectator1 includes ! entire    
cont5ts ( a ?9 folio volume1 t on ?is   
occasion is c>ri$ 9 ! h&1 z if to v\* = 
! tru? ( a /atem5t s liable to be       
receiv$ ) hesitation4  ,on ?is subject x
 may be wor? notic+1 t ! le>n$ ,huet    
ass]ts t he1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 = a long "t
 consid]$ z a fiction ! /ory ( t        
indu/ri\s writ]1 :o is said to h inclos$
 ! ,iliad 9 a nut-%ell4 ,b hav+ exam9$ !
 matt] m closely1 he ?\ght x possible4  

,"o day1 9 company at ! ,dauph9's1 ?is  
le>n$ man trifl$ half a h\r 9 prov+ x4  
,a piece ( vellum1 ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g? 
& eight 9 wid?1 pliant & firm1 c be     
fold$ up & enclos$ 9 ! %ell ( a l>ge    
walnut4 ,x c hold 9 its bread? "o l9e1  
:i* c conta9 #cj v]ses1 & 9 its l5g?    
#bej l9es4 ,) a cr[-quill ! writ+ c be  
p]fect4 ,a page ( ?is vellum w !n conta9
 #gejj v]ses1 & ! rev]se z mu*2 ! :ole  
#ae1jjj v]ses ( ! ,iliad4 ,& ?is he     
prov$ 9 _! pres5ce1 by us+ a piece (    
pap]1 & ) a common p54 ,! ?+ is possible
 to be effect$2 & if "s occasion %\ld   
happ51 :5 pap] is excessively r>e1 x may
 be useful to "k1 t a volume ( matt] may
 be conta9$ 9 a v small space4   ,we    
submit ! foll[+ curi\s p>ticul>s        
respect+ ! ,,titles ,,( ,,books4--,!    
,jewi%1 & _m ,ori5tal au?ors1 7 fond (  
allegorical titles1 :i* always %ews !   
mo/ pu]ile age ( ta/e4 ,! titles 7      
usually adapt$ to _! obscure works4 ,x  
might ex]cise an able enigmati/ to      
expla9 _! allusions2 = we mu/ und]/& by 

,! ,he>t ( ,a>on1 a comm5t>y on sev]al (
 ! prophets4 ,! ,bones ( ,joseph is an  
introduction to ! ,talmud4 ,! ,g>d5 (   
,nuts1 & ,! ,gold5 ,apples1 are         
!ological que/ions1 & ,! ,pomegranate ) 
its ,fl[]1 is a treatise ( c]emonies no 
long] practis$4 ,jort9 gives a title1   
:i* he says1 ( all ! fanta/ical titles  
he c recollect1 is "o ( ! prettie/4 ,a  
,rabb9 publi%$ a catalogue ( ,rabb9ical 
writ]s1 & call$ x ,labia ,dormi5tium1 f 
,cantic4 vii4 #i4 ,l ! be/ w9e ( my     
belov$1 t goe? d[n sweetly1 caus+ ! lips
 ( ^? t are asleep to speak4 ,x has a   
d\ble mean+1 ( :i* he 0 n aw>e1 = mo/ ( 
8 ,rabb9ical bre?r5 talk v mu* l m5 9 _!
 sleep4  ,almo/ all _! works be> su*    
titles z1 ,bread1 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,roses1
 ,eyes1 c42 9 a ^w1 any ?+ t meant no?+4
  ,affect$ title-pages 7 n peculi> to ! 
,ori5tali/s2 b ! ,greeks & ! ,romans h  
%ewn a f9] ta/e4 ,!y _h _! ,cornucopias1
 or horns ( abundance2 ,limones1 or     
mead[s2 ,p9akidions1 or tablets2        
,panc>pes1 or all sorts ( fruits3 titles

 n unhappily adapt$ = ! miscellani/s4 ,!
 n9e books ( ,h]odotus1 & ! n9e epi/les 
( s*9es1 7 respectively hon\r$ by ! "n (
 a ,muse2 & ?ree orations ( ! latt]1 by 
^? ( ! ,graces4  ,! mod]n fanatics h _h 
a mo/ b>b>\s ta/e = titles4 ,we c\ld    
produce numb]s f abroad1 & also at home4
 ,"s works h be5 call$1 ,mat*es ,light$ 
at ! ,div9e ,fire1 & "o ,! ,gun (       
,p5it5ce3 a collection ( passages f !   
,fa!rs1 is call$1 ,! ,%op ( ! ,spiritual
 ,apo!c>y3 we h ,! ,bank ( ,fai?1 & ,!  
,sixp5nywor? ( ,div9e ,_s3 "o ( ^! works
 be>s ! foll[+ elaborate "o2 ,"s f9e    
,baskets bak$ 9 ! ,ov5 ( ,*>ity1        
c>efully cons]v$ = ! ,*ick5s ( ! ,*ur*1 
! ,sp>r[s ( ! ,_s1 & ! sweet ,swall[s ( 
,salvation4 ,sometimes _! qua9tness has 
"s hum\r4 ,"o ,sir ,humphrey ,l9d1 a    
zeal\s puritan1 publi%$ a "w1 :i* a     
,jesuit answ]$ by ano!r1 entitl$1 ,a    
,pair ( ,spectacles = ,sir ,humphrey    
,l9d4 ,! d\ghty knight retort$1 by ,a   
,case = ,sir ,humphrey ,l9d's           
,spectacles4  ,"s ( ^! obscure titles h 

an ent]ta9+ absurdity2 z1 ,! ,?ree      
,daught]s ( ,job1 :i* is a treatise on !
 ?ree virtues ( pati5ce1 =titude1 & pa94
 ,! ,innoc5t ,love1 or ! ,holy ,knight1 
is a description ( ! ard\rs ( a sa9t = !
 ,virg94 ,! ,s\nd ( ! ,trumpet1 is a "w 
on ! day ( judgm5t2 & ,a ,fan to drive  
away ,flies1 is a !ological treatise on 
purgatory4  ,! title :i* ,george        
,gascoigne1 :o _h great m]it 9 8 day1   
has giv5 to 8 collection1 may be        
consid]$ z a specim5 ( ! titles ( 8     
times4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 #aegf4 ,he calls x  
,a hundr$ sundrie ,fl\res b\nde up 9 "o 
small ,poesie2 ga!r$ p>tly by           
translation 9 ! fyne & outl&i% g>d5s (  
,euripides1 ,ovid1 ,petr>*e1 ,ario/o1 & 
o!rs2 & p>tly by inv5tion out ( our own 
fruitefull or*>des 9 ,engl&e2 yield+    
sundrie sweet sav\rs ( tragicall1       
comicall1 & morall disc\rses1 bo?       
pleasaunt & pr(itable to ! well-swell+  
noses ( le>n$ read]s4   ,,lit]>y ,,lab\r
 ,,& ,,p]sev]ance4--,! ,rev4 ,william   
,davy1 curate ( ,lu/leigh1 ,devon1 9 !  

ye> #ahjg1 f9i%$ a "w 9 tw5ty-six       
volumes1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ! title3--   
,a ,sy/em ( ,div9ity1 9 a ,c\rse (      
,s]mons on ! fir/ ,in/itutions (        
,religion--on ! ,be+ & ,attributes (    
,god--on "s ( ! mo/ important ,articles 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 ,connection--&
 on ! sev]al ,virtues & ,vices (        
,mank9d2 ) ,occasional ,disc\rses4 ,be+ 
a ,compilation ( ! be/ ,s5tim5ts ( !    
,polite ,writ]s & em95t s\nd ,div9es1   
bo? anci5t & mod]n1 on ! same subjects1 
prop]ly connect$1 ) ,improvem5ts2       
p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ! ,use ( ,*ief      
,families1 & ,/ud5ts 9 ,div9ity1 =      
,*ur*es1 & = ! ,b5efit ( ,mank9d 9      
g5]al4  ,! au?or ( ! "w be>+ ?is a/\nd+ 
title1 once attempt$ to publi% x by     
subscription2 9 :i* he fail$3 he be+    
poor1 & unable to v5ture its            
publication1 resolv$ to pr9t x himself2 
= :i* purpose he procur$ z _m worn-out  
types f a c\ntry pr9t+-(fice z enabl$   
him to pr9t two pages at once2 :i*1 ) ! 
addition ( a press ( 8 own manufacture1 

he set to "w 9 ! ye> #agie1 s]v+ e (fice
 himself1 f compositor to pr9t]'s-devil2
 & proce$+ regul>ly page by page1 he    
/ruck (f =ty copies ( ! fir/ ?ree hundr$
 pages1 half ( :i* he di/ribut$ among ! 
reviews1 ! bi%ops1 & ! univ]sities1 ) a 
view ( attract+ public att5tion2 b "h   
also he fail$3 :5 he became det]m9$ to  
treat a misjudg+ _w ) contempt1 &       
accord+ly cont9u$ to pr9t (f f\rte5     
copies ( ea*1 & at ! end ( twelve ye>s  
f9i%$ ! :ole six-&-tw5ty volumes4       
,curi\s acc\nt ( ! ,,sc>city ,,(        
,,books--,( ! sc>city & value ( books   
dur+ ! sev5? & _m subsequ5t c5turies1 ! 
foll[+ curi\s acc\nt is giv5 by ,mr4    
,w>ton1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1  
vol4 i4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury1
 7says he17 ev5 9 ! papal libr>y at     
,rome1 ! numb] ( books 0 s              
inconsid]able1 t pope ,/4 ,m>t9 reque/$ 
,sanctam&1 bi%op ( ,mae/ri*t1 if        
possible1 to supply ?is defect f !      
remote/ p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,9 #hee1 ,lupus1
 abbot ( ,f]ri]s1 9 ,france1 s5t two ( 8

 monks to pope ,b5$ict ,,iii4 to beg a  
copy ( ,cic]o de ,oratore1 &            
,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes1 & "s o!r books3
 '= 7says ! abbot7 al?\gh we h "p ( ^!  
books1 yet !re is no :ole or complete   
copy ( !m 9 all ,france4' ,alb]t1 abbot 
( ,gembl\rs1 :o ) incr$ible lab\r &     
imm5se exp5se _h collect$ "o hundr$     
volumes on !ological1 & fifty on pr(ane 
subjects1 imag9$ he _h =m$ a spl5did    
libr>y4 ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #gij1 ,*>lemagne  
grant$ an unlimit$ "r ( hunt+1 to !     
abbot & monks ( ,si?91 = mak+ cov]s = _!
 books ( ! sk9s ( ! de] !y kill$4 ,^!   
religi\s 7 probably m fond ( hunt+ ?an  
read+2 &1 "u ^! circum/ances1 did n     
manufacture _m volumes4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !
 t5? c5tury1 books 7 s sc>ce 9 ,spa91 t 
"o copy ( ! ,bible1 ,/4 ,j]ome's        
epi/les1 & "s volumes ( ecclesia/ical   
(fices & m>tyrologies1 (t5 s]v$ sev]al  
diff]5t mona/]ies4 ,9 an inv5tory ( !   
goods ( ,john de ,pontiss>a1 bi%op (    
,w9*e/]1 9 8 palace ( ,wulvesey1 all !  
books are only septemdecim speciem      

librorum de div]sis sci5tiis4 ,?is 0 9  
#abid4 ,! same prelate1 9 #abii1 borr[s 
( 8 ca!dral conv5t ( ,/4 ,s)91 at       
,w9*e/]1 ,bibliam b5e glossatam2 i4 e4 !
 ,bible ) m>g9al annotations1 9 two l>ge
 folio volumes2 b gives a bond = due    
return ( ! loan1 drawn up ) great       
solemnity4 ,?is ,bible _h be5 bequea!d  
to ! conv5t by ,pontiss>a's pr$ecessor1 
bi%op ,ni*olas de ,ely3 & 9 consid]ation
 ( s important a beque/1 pro bona       
,biblia dicti episcopi b5e glossata1 &  
"o hundr$ m>ks 9 money1 ! monks f\nd$ a 
daily mass = ! s\l ( ! donor4 ,:5 a s+le
 book 0 bequea!d to a fri5d1 x 0 seldom 
)\t _m re/rictions4 ,if any p]son gave a
 book to a religi\s h\se1 he believ$ t s
 valuable a donation m]it$ et]nal       
salvation2 & he (f]$ x on ! alt> ) great
 c]emony4 ,! mo/ =midable ana!mas 7     
p]emptorily d5\nc$ aga9/ ^? :o %\ld d>e 
to ali5ate a book pres5t$ to ! cloi/]1  
or libr>y ( a religi\s h\se4 ,! prior & 
conv5t ( ,ro*e/] decl>e1 t !y w e ye>   
pron\nce ! irrevocable s5t5ce (         

damnation on him :o %all purlo9 or      
conceal a ,lat9 translation (           
,ari/otle's ,physics1 or ev5 oblit]ate !
 title4 ,sometimes a book 0 giv5 to a   
mona/]y1 on condition t ! donor %\ld h !
 use ( x dur+ 8 life2 & sometimes to a  
private p]son1 on ! t]ms t he :o receiv$
 x %\ld pray = ! s\l ( 8 b5efactor4 ,:5 
a book 0 b\ght1 ! affair 0 ( s mu*      
importance1 t x 0 cu/om>y to assemble   
p]sons ( consequ5ce & "*1 & to make a   
=mal record t !y 7 pres5t4  ,among !    
royal manuscripts 9 ! book ( ! ,s5t5ces 
( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 an ar*deacon ( ,l9coln 
has left ?is entry3 ,?is book ( !       
,s5t5ces belongs to ma/] ,rob]t1        
ar*deacon ( ,l9coln1 :i* he b\ght (     
,ge(frey ! *apla91 bro!r ( ,h5ry1 vic> (
 ,nor!lk+ton1 9 ! pres5ce ( ma/] ,rob]t 
de ,lee1 ma/] ,john ( ,lirl+1 ,ri*>d (  
,luda1 cl]k1 ,ri*>d ! almon]1 ! said    
,h5ry ! vic>1 & 8 cl]k1 & o!rs3 & ! said
 ar*deacon gave ! said book to ,god &   
,/4 ,oswald1 & to ,pet] abbot ( ,b>ton1 
& ! conv5t ( ,b>d54 ,! disput$ prop]ty (

 a book (t5 occasion$ ! mo/ viol5t      
alt]cations4 ,_m claims appe> to h be5  
made to a manuscript ( ,mat!w ,p>is1    
belong+ to ! la/ m5tion$ libr>y2 9 :i*  
,john ,russel1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1         
conditionally def5ds or expla9s 8 "r (  
possession2 & concludes ?us1 ,a4 ,d4    
#adhh1 ,:oev] %all oblit]ate or de/roy  
?is writ+1 let him be ana!ma4  ,ab\t    
#abbe1 ,rog] de ,insula1 dean ( ,york1  
gave sev]al ,lat9 ,bibles to ! univ]sity
 ( ,ox=d1 on ! condition1 t ! /ud5ts :o 
p]us$ !m %\ld deposit a caution>y pl$ge4
 ,! libr>y ( t univ]sity1 be=e ,a4 ,d4  
#acjj1 consi/$ only ( a few tracts1 *a9$
 or kept 9 *e/s 9 ! *oir ( ,/4 ,m>y's   
*ur*4 ,9 #acbg1 ! s*ol>s & citiz5s (    
,ox=d pillag$ ! opul5t ,b5$ict9e abbey (
 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,ab+don4 ,among !    
books !y f\nd !re1 7 "o hundr$ psalt]s1 
z _m grayles1 =ty missals1 :i* und\bt$ly
 belong$ to ! *oir ( ! *ur*1 & tw5ty-two
 codices1 on common subjects4 ,& al?\gh 
! inv5tion ( pap]1 at ! close ( ! elev5?
 c5tury1 contribut$ to multiply         

manuscripts1 & consequ5tly to facilitate
 k1 yet1 ev5 s late z ! reign ( ,h5ry   
,,vi4 ! foll[+ rem>kable in/ance occurr$
 ( ! inconv5i5ces & imp$im5ts to /udy1  
:i* mu/ h be5 produc$ by a sc>city (    
books4 ,x is 9 ! /atutes ( ,/4 ,m>y's   
college at ,ox=d1 f\nd$ z a sem9>y to   
,os5ey abbey1 9 #addf3 ,let no s*ol>    
occupy a book 9 ! libr>y above "o h\r1  
or two h\rs at mo/2 s t o!rs %all n be  
h9d]$ f ! use ( ! same6 ,! fam\s libr>y 
e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 by t    
munific5t patron ( lit]ature1 ,humphrey 
duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 conta9$ only six hundr$
 volumes4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5?
 c5tury1 !re 7 only f\r classics 9 !    
royal libr>y at ,p>is4 ,!re 0 "o copy ( 
,cic]o1 ,ovid1 ,lucan1 & ,boetius4 ,!   
re/ 7 *iefly books ( devotion1 :i*      
includ$ b few ( ! ,fa!rs3 _m treatises (
 a/rology1 geomancy1 *iromancy1 &       
m$ic9e1 orig9ally writt5 9 ,arabic1 &   
translat$ into ,lat9 or ,fr5*3 p&ects1  
*ronicles1 & romances4 ,?is collection 0
 pr9cipally made by ,*>les ,v4 :o began 

8 reign 9 #acfe4 ,?is mon>* 0           
passionately fond ( read+2 & x 0 !      
fa%ion to s5d him pres5ts ( books f e "p
 ( ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,^! he ord]$ to be
 elegantly transcrib$1 & ri*ly          
illum9at$2 & he plac$ !m 9 a t[] ( !    
,l\vre1 f !nce call$ ,la ,t\re de la    
,libraire4 ,! :ole consi/$ ( n9e hundr$ 
volumes4 ,!y 7 deposit$ 9 ?ree *amb]s1  
wa9scot$ ) ,iri% oak1 & ceil$ ) cypress 
curi\sly c>v$4 ,! w9d[s 7 ( pa9t$ glass1
 f5c$ ) iron b>s & copp] wire4 ,!       
,engli% became ma/]s ( ,p>is 9 ! ye>    
#adbe2 on :i* ev5t ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1     
reg5t ( ,france1 s5t ! :ole libr>y1 !n  
consi/+ ( only eight hundr$ & fifty-?ree
 volumes1 & valu$ at #bbbc livres1 into 
,engl&2 :]e p]haps !y became ! gr\ndwork
 ( ,duke ,humphrey's libr>y4 ,ev5 s late
 z ! ye> #adga1 :5 ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france
 borr[$ ! works ( ! ,arabian physician1 
,rhasis1 f ! faculty ( m$ic9e at ,p>is1 
he n only deposit$ by way ( pl$ge a     
quantity ( valuable plate1 b 0 oblig$ to
 procure a nobleman to jo9 ) him z a    

surety 9 a de$1 by :i* he b\nd himself  
to return x1 "u a consid]able =feiture4 
,! excessive prices ( books 9 ! middle  
ages af=d num]\s & curi\s pro(s ( !     
caution ) :i* lit]>y prop]ty 0 secur$ 9 
^? times ( g5]al ignorance4  ,9 #aagd1  
,walt]1 prior ( ,/4 ,s)9's at ,w9*e/]1 a
 writ] 9 ,lat9 ( ! lives ( ! bi%ops :o 7
 8 patrons1 pur*as$ ( ! monks (         
,dor*e/]1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,b$e's ,homilies 
& ,/4 ,au/9's ,psalt]1 = twelve measures
 ( b>ley1 & a pall1 on :i* 0 ri*ly      
embroid]$ 9 silv] ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,bir9us
 conv]t+ a ,saxon k+4 ,among ! royal    
manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re is 
,come/or's ,s*ola/ic ,hi/ory 9 ,fr5*2   
:i*1 z x is record$ 9 a blank page at ! 
beg9n+1 0 tak5 f ! k+ ( ,france at !    
battle ( ,poicti]s2 & be+ pur*as$ by    
,william ,montague1 ,e>l ( ,salisbury1 =
 #ajj m>cs1 0 ord]$ to be sold by ! la/ 
w ( 8 c\ntess1 ,elizabe?1 = #dj livres4 
,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #adjj1 a copy ( ,john (   
,meun's ,romance de la ,rose1 0 sold    
be=e ! palace gate at ,p>is = a sum     

equal to #cc4 #fs4 #f;d4   ,,celebrat$  
,,libr>ies4--,! fir/ :o erect$ a libr>y 
at ,a!ns 0 ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus4 ,?is 0 
transport$ by ,x]xes into ,p]sia1 &     
aft]w>ds br\ght back by ,seleucus       
,nicanor to ,a!ns4 ,plut>* says1 t "u   
,eum5es !re 0 a libr>y at ,p]gamus :i*  
conta9$ two hundr$ ?\s& books4 ,t (     
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 accord+ to ,a4  
,gellius1 conta9$ =ty ?\s&1 :i* 7 all   
burnt by ,cs>'s soldi]s4 ,! celebrat$   
libr>y ( ,alex&ria1 begun by ,ptolemy   
,sot]1 & enl>g$ by 8 successors1 consi/+
 ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 conta9$    
ne>ly all ! lit]>y treasures ( ! _w4    
,?is 0 burnt by ord] ( ! ,caliph ,om>1 9
 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! loss mu/ = ev]     
rema9 irrep>able4 ,on ?is calamity1     
lit]ature c nev] reflect )\t a sigh4    
,con/ant9e & 8 successor erect$ a       
magnific5t "o at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* 9 ! 
eigh? c5tury conta9$ ?ree hundr$ ?\s&   
volumes1 & among ! re/1 "o 9 :i* !      
,iliad & ,odyssey 7 writt5 9 lett]s (   
gold1 on ! entrails ( a s]p5t2 b ?is    

libr>y 0 burnt1 by ord] ( ,leo ,isaurus4
 ,! mo/ celebrat$ libr>ies ( anci5t     
,rome1 7 ! ,ulpian & ! ,palat9e2 & 9    
mod]n ,rome1 t ( ! ,vatican1 ! f\ndation
 ( :i* 0 laid by ,pope ,ni*olas 9 ! ye> 
#adej4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds dim9i%$ 9 ! sack+ (
 ,rome by ! con/able ( ,b\rbon1 & re/or$
 by ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 & has be5         
consid]ably enri*$ ) ! ru9s ( t (       
,heidelb]g1 plund]$ by c\nt ,tilly 9    
#afhb4 ,"o ( ! mo/ complete libr>ies 9  
,europe1 0 t erect$ by ,cosmo de        
,m$icis2 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds exce$$ by t (
 ! ,fr5* k+1 :i* 0 begun by ,francis ,i4
 augm5t$ by c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 & complet$
 by ,m4 ,colb]t4 ,! emp]or's libr>y at  
,vi5na1 accord+ to ,lambecius1 consi/s (
 eighty ?\s& volumes1 & fifte5 ?\s& n9e 
hundr$ & =ty curi\s m$als4 ,! ,bodleian 
libr>y at ,ox=d exce$s t ( any univ]sity
 9 ,europe1 & ev5 ^? ( any ( !          
sov]eigns1 except ^? ( ! emp]ors (      
,france & ,g]many1 :i* are ea* ( !m old]
 by a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 fir/ op5$ 9     
#afjb1 & has s9ce be5 increas$ by a     

great numb] ( b5efactors3 inde$ !       
,m$icean libr>y1 t ( ,bess>ion at       
,v5ice1 & ^? j m5tion$1 exce$ x 9 ,greek
 manuscripts1 b x outdoes !m all 9      
,ori5tal manuscripts2 & z to pr9t$      
books1 ! ,ambrosian at ,milan1 & t (    
,wolf5buttle1 are two ( ! mo/ fam\s     
libr>ies on ! cont95t1 & yet bo? are    
consid]ably inf]ior to ! ,bodleian4 ,!  
,cottonian libr>y consi/s :olly (       
manuscripts1 p>ticul>ly ( su* z relate  
to ! hi/ory & antiquities ( ,engl&2 :i*1
 z !y are n[ b\nd1 make ab\t "o ?\s&    
volumes4   ,,book ,,( ,,blund]s4--,"o ( 
! mo/ egregi\s1 %all we add illu/ri\s1 (
 all lit]>y blund]s1 is t ( ! edition ( 
! ,vulgate1 by ,sixtus ,v4 ,8 hol9ess   
c>efully sup]9t5d$ e %eet z x pass$     
?r\gh ! press2 &1 to ! amazem5t ( ! _w1 
! "w rema9$ )\t a rival--x sw>m$ )      
errata6 ,a multitude ( scraps 7 pr9t$1  
to pa/e ov] ! errone\s passages1 9 ord] 
to give ! true text4 ,! book makes a    
:imsical appe>ance ) ^! pa/$            
corrections2 & ! h]etics exult$ 9 !     

demon/ration ( papal infallibility6 ,!  
copies 7 call$ 91 & viol5t attempts made
 to suppress x2 h[ev]1 a few /ill rema9 
= ! pursuit ( biblical collectors3 at a 
late sale1 ! ,bible ( ,sixtus ,v4 fet*$ 
above sixty gu9eas--a tol]able sum = a  
m]e book ( blund]s6 ,! _w 0 highly amus$
 at ! bull ( ! ,pope & editor prefix$ to
 ! fir/ volume1 :i* excommunicates all  
pr9t]s1 c4 :o 9 repr9t+ ! "w %\ld make  
any alt]ation 9 ! text6   ,curi\s acc\nt
 ( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,intellectual       
,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,london4--,! foll[+ is
 an e/imate made ( ! means (            
intellectual improvem5t 9 ,london4 ,!re 
are f\r hundr$ & sev5 places ( public   
wor%ip2 f\r ?\s& & fifty sem9>ies =     
education1 includ+ two hundr$ &         
?irty-sev5 p>i% *>ity s*ools2 eight     
societies = ! express purpose ( promot+ 
good morals2 twelve societies = promot+ 
! le>n$1 ! useful1 & ! polite arts2 "o  
hundr$ & tw5ty-two asylums & alms-h\ses 
= ! helpless & indig5t1 includ+ !       
,philan?ropic ,society = reclaim+       

crim9al *ildr52 ?irty hospitals &       
disp5s>ies = sick & lame1 & = ! deliv]y 
( poor pregnant wom52 sev5 hundr$       
fri5dly or b5efit societies2 ab\t ?irty 
in/itutions = *>itable & humane         
purposes2 ab\t ?irty in/itutions = tea*+
 "s ?\s&s ( poor *ildr5 ! arts ( read+1 
writ+1 & ari?metic1 on ! plans ( ,mr4   
,lanca/] & ,dr4 ,bell2 & ^! sev]al      
e/abli%m5ts1 includ+ ! poor's rate1 are 
support$ at ! almo/ incr$ible co/ ( "o  
million p] annum4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxxi4   
,,curiosities ,,(                       
,,lit]ature4--7,cont9u$47      ,orig9 ( 
! ,^w ,news--,orig9 (                   
,newspap]s--,in/ances ( ,new     ,/udies
 9 ,old ,age--,lit]>y                   
,%oemak]s--,imprisonm5t ( !             
,le>n$--,s+ul> ,cu/oms annually obs]v$  
by ! ,company (     ,/ation]s--,book (  
,sports--,orig9 ( ,c>ds--,explanation ( 
all !     ,lett]s on a ,gu9ea4   ,,orig9
 ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,news4--,! f\r c>d9al    
po9ts ( ! compass1 m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,n4  
,e4 ,w4 ,s4 /&+ = ,nor?1 ,ea/1 ,we/1 &  

,s\?1 =m ! ^w ,news1 :i* com+ f all p>ts
 ( ! _w1 gave d]ivation to ! ^w4        
,,orig9 ,,( ,,newspap]s4--,we are       
indebt$ to ! ,italians = ! idea (       
,newspap]s4 ,! title ( ! ,gazettas1 0   
p]haps d]iv$ f ,gazz]a1 a magpie or     
*att]]2 or m probably f a f>?+ co91     
peculi> to ! city ( ,v5ice1 call$       
,gazetta1 :i* 0 ! common price ( !      
newspap]s4 ,ano!r le>n$ etymologi/ is = 
d]iv+ x f ! ,lat9 ,gaza1 :i* w\ld       
colloquially l5g!n into ,gazetta1 &     
signify a little treasury ( news4 ,!    
,spani% d]ive x inde$ f ! ,lat9 ,gaza2 &
 likewise _! ,gazat]o1 & our ,gazette]1 
= a writ] ( ! ,gazette2 &1 :at is       
peculi> to !mselves1 ,gazeti/a1 = a lov]
 ( ! ,gazette4  ,newspap]s !n took _!   
bir? 9 t pr9cipal l& ( mod]n            
politicians1 ,italy1 & "u ! gov]nm5t ( t
 ari/ocratical republic1 ,v5ice4 ,! fir/
 pap] 0 a ,v5etian "o1 & only mon?ly3 b 
x 0 ! newspap] ( ! gov]nm5t only4 ,o!r  
gov]nm5ts aft]w>ds adopt$ ! ,v5etian "n 
= x2 & f "o solit>y gov]nm5t ,gazette1  

we see :at an inundation ( newspap]s has
 bur/ out ^u u 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,mr4      
,*alm]s gives1 9 8 life ( ,ruddiman1 a  
curi\s p>ticul> ( ^! ,v5etian ,gazettes4
 ,a jeal\s gov]nm5t did n all[ a pr9t$  
newspap]2 & ! ,v5etian ,gazetta cont9u$ 
long aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ to ! close 
( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ev5 to our own    
days1 to be di/ribut$ 9 manuscript4 ,9 !
 ,magliabe*ian libr>y at ,flor5ce are   
?irty volumes ( ,v5etian ,gazettas1 all 
9 manuscript4  ,^? :o fir/ wrote        
newspap]s1 7 call$ by ! ,italians       
,m5anti2 because1 says ,vossius1 !y     
int5d$ commonly by ^! loose pap]s to    
spread ab\t defamatory reflections1 & 7 
!re=e prohibit$ 9 ,italy by ,gregory    
,,xiii4 9 a p>ticul> bull1 "u ! "n (    
,m5antes1 f ! ,lat9 ,m9antes1 ?reat5+4  
,m5age1 h[ev]1 d]ives x f ! ,italian    
,m5>e1 :i* signifies1 to lead at l>ge1  
or spread af>4  ,mr4 ,*alm]s discov]s 9 
,engl& ! fir/ newspap]4 ,x may gratify  
national pride1 says he1 to be told1 t  
mank9d are indebt$ to ! wisdom (        

,elizabe? & ! prud5ce ( ,burleigh = !   
fir/ newspap]4 ,! epo* ( ! ,spani%      
,armada is also ! epo* ( a g5u9e        
newspap]4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are      
sev]al newspap]s :i* _h be5 pr9t$ :ile !
 ,spani% fleet 0 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel1   
dur+ ! ye> #aehh4 ,x 0 a wise policy to 
prev5t1 dur+ a mom5t ( g5]al anxiety1 ! 
dang] ( false reports1 by publi%+ real  
in=mation4 ,! e>lie/ newspap] is entitl$
 ,! ,engli% ,m]curie1 :i* by au?ority 0 
impr9t$ at ,london by h] highness's     
pr9t]1 #aehh4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 b           
extraord9>y ,gazettes1 n regul>ly       
publi%$4   ,! foll[+ are curi\s         
,,in/ances ,,( ,,new ,,/udies ,,9 ,,old 
,,age4--,socrates le>nt to play on      
musical in/rum5ts 9 8 old age2 ,cato1 at
 eighty1 ?\ght prop] to le>n ,greek2 &  
,plut>*1 almo/ z late 9 life1 ,lat94    
,!ophra/us began 8 admirable "w on !    
*>act]s ( m51 at ! extreme age ( n9ety4 
,he only t]m9at$ 8 lit]>y lab\rs by 8   
dea?4  ,pet] ,rons>d1 "o ( ! fa!rs (    
,fr5* poetry1 appli$ himself late to    

/udy4 ,8 acute g5ius1 & ard5t           
application1 rivall$ ^? poetic models   
:i* he admir$4  ,! great ,arnauld reta9$
 ! vig\r ( 8 g5ius1 & ! comm& ( 8 p51 to
 8 la/ day2 & at ! age ( eighty-two 0   
/ill ! great ,arnauld4  ,sir ,h5ry      
,spelman neglect$ ! sci5ces 9 8 y\?1 b  
cultivat$ !m at fifty ye>s ( age1 &     
produc$ good fruit4 ,8 e>ly ye>s 7      
*iefly pass$ 9 f>m+1 :i* greatly div]t$ 
him f 8 /udies2 b a rem>kable           
disappo9tm5t respect+ a conte/$ e/ate1  
disgu/$ him ) ^! ru/ic occupations1 &   
resolv+ to atta* himself to regul>      
/udies & lit]>y society1 he sold 8 f>ms1
 & became a mo/ le>n$ antiqu>y & lawy]4 
,colb]t1 ! fam\s ,fr5* m9i/]1 almo/ at  
sixty return$ to 8 ,lat9 & law /udies4  
,telli]1 ! *ancellor ( ,france1 le>nt   
logic1 m]ely = an amusem5t1 to dispute )
 8 gr&*ildr54  ,dr4 ,johnson appli$     
himself to ! ,dut* language b a few ye>s
 be=e 8 dea?4 ,b on ?is head ! ,m>quis  
de ,sa9t ,anlaire may be reg>d$ z a     
prodigy2 at ! age ( sev5ty he began to  

c\rt ! ,muses1 & !y cr[n$ him ) _!      
fre%e/ fl[]s4 ,8 v]ses are full ( fire1 
delicacy1 & sweetness4 ,voltaire says1 t
 ,anacreon1 less old1 produc$ less *>m+ 
compositions4  ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury      
,tales 7 ! composition ( 8 late/ ye>s3  
!y 7 begun 9 8 fifty-f\r? ye>1 & f9i%$ 9
 8 sixty-fir/3 x is on ^! works 8 fame  
is e/abli%$1 at lea/ !y are ^? :i* are  
mo/ adapt$ to attract all classes (     
poetical read]s4  ,! celebrat$ ,boccacio
 0 ?irty-five ye>s ( age :5 he began 8  
/udies 9 polite lit]ature4 ,he has1     
h[ev]1 excell$ _m ^: :ole life has be5  
devot$ to ?is bran* ( lett]s4 ,su* is ! 
privilege ( g5ius4  ,ludovico           
,monaldesco1 at ! extraord9>y age (     
#aae1 wrote ! memoirs ( 8 "t3 a s+ul>   
ex]tion1 notic$ by ,voltaire1 :o himself
 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( !   
progress ( age 9 new /udies4  ,koonh]t  
began at =ty to le>n ! ,lat9 & ,greek   
languages1 ( :i* he became a ma/]2      
sev]al /ud5ts1 :o aft]w>ds di/+ui%$     
!mselves1 h comm5c$ z late 9 life _!    

lit]>y pursuits4 ,ogilby1 ! translator (
 ,hom] & ,virgil1 knew little ( ,lat9 or
 ,greek1 till he 0 pa/ fifty2 &         
,frankl9's philosophical pursuits began 
:5 he _h ne>ly rea*$ 8 fiftie? ye>4     
,accorso1 a great lawy]1 be+ ask$ :y he 
began ! /udy ( ! law s late1 answ]$1 t  
inde$ he began x late1 b %\ld !re=e ma/]
 x ! soon]4  ,dryd5's complete works =m 
! l>ge/ body ( poetry f ! p5 ( "o writ] 
9 ! ,engli% language2 yet he gave no    
public te/imony ( poetical abilities    
till 8 tw5ty-sev5? ye>4 ,9 8 sixty-eigh?
 ye> he propos$ to translate ! :ole     
,ilias2 8 mo/ pleas+ productions 7      
writt5 9 8 old age4  ,mi*ael ,angelo    
pres]v$ 8 creative g5ius ev5 9 extreme  
old age2 = he work$ almo/ to 8 la/ day1 
& he rea*$ 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,he alludes1  
d\btless1 to himself 9 an +5i\s device1 
if x be ( 8 own inv5tion3 ,a v5]able old
 man is repres5t$ 9 a g-c>t1 an         
h\r-glass ^u x1 ) ! inscription1        
,,ancora ,,imp>o6 ,,yet ,i ,,am ,,le>n+6
   ,,lit]>y ,,%oemak]s4--,! frat]nity ( 

%oemak]s h unque/ionably giv5 rise to "s
 *>act]s ( wor? & g5ius4 ,! late ,mr4   
,holcr(t 0 orig9ally a %oemak]4 ,8      
dramatic pieces mu/ rank among ! be/ (  
^? on ! ,engli% /age4 ,rob]t ,bloomfield
 wrote 8 poem ( ,! ,f>m]'s ,boy1 :ile   
employ$ at ?is bus9ess1 & ,dr4 ,william 
,c>ey1 pr(essor ( ,sanscrit & ,b5galee  
at ! college ( ,=t ,william1 ,calcutta1 
& ! able & indefatigable translator ( ! 
,scriptures into _m ( ! ,ea/]n          
languages1 0 9 e>ly life a %oemak] 9    
,nor?ampton%ire4 ,! pres5t ,mr4 ,gif=d1 
! translator ( ,juv5al1 & ! suppos$     
editor ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 sp5t "s ( 8
 e>ly days 9 le>n+ ! craft & my/]y ( a  
%oemak]2 z he tells u1 9 "o ( ! mo/     
int]e/+ pieces ( auto-biography ev]     
p5n$1 & prefix$ to 8 n]v\s & elegant    
v]sion ( ! great ,roman satiri/4        
,,imprisonm5t ,,( ,,!                   
,,le>n$4--,imprisonm5t seems n mu* to h 
di/urb$ ! m5 ( lett]s 9 ! progress ( _! 
/udies4  ,x 0 9 prison t ,boe?ius       
compos$ 8 excell5t book on !            

,consolations ( ,philosophy4  ,grotius  
wrote1 9 8 conf9em5t1 8 ,comm5t>y on ,/4
 ,mat!w4  ,bu*anan1 9 8 dungeon ( a     
mona/]y 9 ,portugal1 compos$ 8 excell5t 
,p>aphrases on ! ,psalms ( ,david4      
,pelisson1 dur+ five ye>s' conf9em5t =  
"s /ate affairs1 pursu$ ) ard\r 8 /udies
 9 ! ,greek language1 9 philosophy1 &   
p>ticul>ly 9 !ology1 & produc$ sev]al   
good compositions4  ,mi*ael ,c]vantes   
compos$ ! be/ & mo/ agreeable book 9 !  
,spani% language1 dur+ 8 captivity 9    
,b>b>y4  ,fleta1 a well-kn[n & v        
excell5t little law production1 0 writt5
 by a p]son conf9$ 9 ! fleet prison =   
debt1 b ^: "n has n be5 pres]v$4  ,l\is 
,,xii4 :5 he 0 ,duke ( ,orleans1 be+    
tak5 prison] at ! battle ( ,/4 ,aub91 0 
long conf9$ 9 ! t[] ( ,b\rges1 & apply+ 
himself to 8 /udies1 :i* he _h hi!rto   
neglect$1 he became1 9 consequ5ce1 an   
able & enlight5$ mon>*4  ,m>g>et1 ,que5 
( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,k+ ( ,france1 conf9$ 9 ! 
,l\vre1 pursu$ v w>mly ! /udy ( elegant 
lit]ature1 & compos$ a v skilful apology

 = ! irregul>ities ( h] conduct4  ,*>les
 ,i4 dur+ 8 cruel conf9em5t at ,holmsby1
 wrote t excell5t book1 entitl$ ,!      
,portrait ( a ,k+1 :i* he address$ to 8 
son1 & :]e ! political reflections w be 
f\nd n unwor?y ( ,tacitus4 ,?is "w1     
h[ev]1 has be5 attribut$1 by 8 enemies1 
to a ,dr4 ,g[d51 :o 0 incapable ( writ+ 
a s+le p>agraph ( x4  ,que5 ,elizabe?1  
:ile conf9$ by h] si/] ,m>y1 wrote "s v 
*>m+ poems1 :i* we d n f9d %e ev] c\ld  
equal aft] h] enl>gem5t3 & ,m>y ,que5 ( 
,scots1 dur+ h] long imprisonm5t by     
,elizabe?1 produc$ _m beautiful poetic  
compositions4   ,,s+ul> ,,cu/om         
,,annually ,,obs]v$ ,,by ,,! ,,company  
,,( ,,/ation]s4--,on ! annual aquatic   
procession ( ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london to  
,we/m9/]1 ! b>ge ( ! ,company (         
,/ation]s1 :i* is usually ! fir/ 9 ! %[1
 proce$s to ,lambe? palace1 :]e = "t    
immemorial !y h receiv$ a pres5t (      
sixte5 bottles ( ! ,ar*bi%op's prime    
w9e4 ,?is cu/om orig9at$ at ! beg9n+ ( !
 la/ c5tury4 ,:5 ar*bi%op ,t5ison enjoy$

 ! see1 a v ne> relation ( 81 :o happ5$ 
to be ma/] ( ! ,/ation]s' ,company1     
?\ght x a complim5t to call !re 9 full  
/ate1 & 9 8 b>ge3 :5 ! ar*bi%op 0 in=m$ 
t ! numb] ( ! company )9 ! b>ge 0       
?irty-two1 he ?\ght t a p9t ( w9e = ea* 
w\ld n be disagreeable2 & ord]$1 at !   
same "t1 t a suffici5t quantity ( new   
bread & old *eese1 ) pl5ty ( /rong ale1 
%\ld be giv5 to ! wat]m5 & att5dants3 & 
f t accid5tal circum/ance x has gr[n    
into a settl$ cu/om4 ,! ,company1 9     
return1 pres5ts to ! ,ar*bi%op a copy ( 
! sev]al almanacks :i* !y h ! peculi>   
privilege ( publi%+4   ,,book ,,(       
,,sports4--,a book1 or decl>ation1 drawn
 up by bi%op ,morton1 9 ! reign ( k+    
,james ,i4 to enc\rage recreations &    
sports on ! ,"l's day4 ,x 0 to ?is      
effect3 ,t = 8 good p's recreation1 8   
maje/y's pleasure 01 t1 aft] ! end (    
div9e s]vice1 !y %\ld n be di/urb$1     
lett$1 or disc\rag$1 f any lawful       
recreations2 su* z danc+1 ei!r ( m5 or  
wom52 ar*]y = m52 leap+1 vault+1 or any 

su* h>mless recreations2 nor hav+ (     
may-games1 :itsun-ales1 or              
morrice-dances2 or sett+ up ( may-poles1
 or o!r sports !re) us$1 s z ! same may 
be _h 9 due & conv5i5t "t1 )\t imp$im5t 
or let ( div9e s]vice2 & t wom5 %\ld h  
leave to c>ry ru%es to ! *ur* = !       
decorat+ ( x1 accord+ to _! old cu/oms3 
)al prohibit+ all unlawful games to be  
us$ on ,sundays only2 z be>-bat+1       
bull-bat+1 int]ludes1 & at all times 79 
! mean] sort ( p prohibit$7 b[l+4 ,two  
or ?ree re/ra9ts 7 annex$ to !          
decl>ation1 :i* des]ve notice3--#a4 ,no 
recusant 7i4 e4 papi/7 0 to h ! b5efit (
 ?is decl>ation4 #b4 ,nor su* z 7 n     
pres5t at ! :ole ( div9e s]vice4 #c4    
,nor su* z did n keep to _! own p>i%    
*ur*es1 t is1 puritans4  ,?is decl>ation
 0 ord]$ to be read 9 all ! p>i%es (    
,lanca%ire1 :i* ab\nd$ ) papi/s2 &      
,wilson adds1 t x 0 to h be5 read 9 all 
! *ur*es ( ,engl&1 b t ar*bi%op ,abbot1 
be+ at ,croydon1 flatly =bade its be+   
read !re4 ,9 ! reign ( k+ ,*>les ,i4    

ar*bi%op ,laud put ! k+ ^u republi%+ ?is
 decl>ation1 :i* 0 accord+ly done4 ,!   
c\rt _h _! balls1 masqu]ades1 & plays1  
on ! ,sunday ev5+s2 :ile ! y\? ( !      
c\ntry 7 at _! morrice-dances1          
may-games1 *ur* & cl]k ales1 & all su*  
k9d ( revell+4 ,! sev]e press+ ( ?is    
decl>ation made sad havock among !      
puritans1 z x 0 to be read 9 ! *ur*es4  
,_m poor cl]gym5 /ra9$ _! consci5ces 9  
submission to _! sup]iors4 ,"s1 aft]    
publi%+1 imm$iately read ! f\r? comm&m5t
 to ! p3--,rememb] ! sabba? day1 to keep
 x holy3 add+1 ,?is is ! law ( ,god2 !  
o!r1 ,! injunction ( man4 ,"s put x ^u  
_! curates2 :il/ great numb]s absolutely
 refus$ to comply3 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 01
 t sev]al cl]gym5 7 actually susp5d$ = n
 read+ x4   ,,orig9 ,,( ,,c>ds4--,ab\t !
 ye> #acij1 c>ds 7 inv5t$1 to div]t     
,*>les ,,vi4 !n k+ ( ,france1 :o 0 fall5
 into a melan*oly disposition4  ,t !y 7 
n 9 use be=e1 appe>s highly probable1   
#a/4 ,because no c>ds are to be se5 9   
any pa9t+s1 sculpture1 tape/ry1 c4 m    

anci5t ?an ! prec$+ p]iod1 b are        
repres5t$ 9 _m works ( +5uity s9ce t    
age4  #b;dly4 ,no prohibitions relative 
to c>ds1 by ! k+'s edicts1 are m5tion$1 
al?\gh1 "s few ye>s be=e1 a mo/ sev]e "o
 0 publi%$1 =bidd+ by "n1 all mann] (   
sports & pa/imes1 9 ord] t ! subjects   
might ex]cise !mselves 9 %oot+ ) b[s &  
arr[s1 & be 9 a condition to oppose !   
,engli%4 ,n[ x is n to be presum$1 t s  
lur+ a game z c>ds w\ld h be5 omitt$ 9 !
 enum]ation1 _h !y be5 9 use4  #c;dly4  
,9 all ! ecclesia/ical canons prior to !
 said "t1 !re occurs no m5tion ( c>ds2  
al?\gh1 tw5ty ye>s aft] t date1         
c>d-play+ 0 int]dict$ by ! cl]gy1 by a  
,gallican synod4 ,ab\t ! same "t is     
f\nd1 9 ! acc\nt book ( ! k+'s c(f]]1 ! 
foll[+ *>ge3--,paid = a pack ( pa9t$    
leaves b\ght = ! k+'s amusem5t1 ?ree    
livres4 ,pr9t+ & /amp+ be+ !n n         
discov]$1 ! c>ds 7 pa9t$1 :i* made !m s 
de>4 ,!nce1 9 ! above synodical canons1 
!y are call$ gill pict1 pa9t$ little    
leaves4  #d?ly4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s aft]   

?is1 came a sev]e edict aga9/ c>ds 9    
,france2 & ano!r by ,emanuel1 duke (    
,savoy2 only p]mitt+ ! ladies ?is       
pa/ime1 pro sp9ulis1 = p9s & ne$les4  ,(
 _! design4--,! inv5tor propos$1 by !   
figures ( ! f\r suits1 or col\rs1 z !   
,fr5* call !m1 to repres5t ! f\r /ates1 
or classes1 ( m5 9 ! k+dom4  ,by ! ,cs>s
 7,he>ts7 are meant ! g5s de *oeur1 *oir
 m51 or ecclesia/ics2 & !re=e !         
,spani>ds1 :o c]ta9ly receiv$ ! use (   
c>ds f ! ,fr5*1 h copas1 or *alices1    
in/ead ( he>ts4  ,! nobility1 or prime  
milit>y "p ( ! k+dom1 are repres5t$ by !
 ends or po9ts ( lances or pikes2 & our 
ignorance ( ! mean+ or resemblance ( !  
figure induc$ u to call !m ,spades4 ,!  
,spani>ds h espaces 7swords7 9 lieu (   
pikes1 :i* is ( simil> import4  ,by     
,diamonds1 are design$ ! ord] ( citiz5s1
 m]*ants1 & tradesm51 c>reaux 7squ>e    
/one tiles or ! l47 ,! ,spani>ds h a co9
 d9]os1 :i* answ]$ to x2 & ! ,dut* call 
! ,fr5* ^w c>reaux /i5e51 /ones &       
diamonds1 f _! =m4  ,tre/e1 ! trefoil   

leaf1 or clov]-grass 7corruptly call$   
,clubs7 alludes to ! husb&m5 & peasants4
 ,h[ ?is suit came to be call$ clubs is 
n expla9$1 unless1 borr[+ ! game f !    
,spani>ds1 :o h ba/os 7/aves or clubs7  
in/ead ( ! trefoil1 we gave ! ,spani%   
signification to ! ,fr5* figure4  ,!    
hi/ory ( ! f\r ,k+s1 :i* ! ,fr5* 9      
droll]y sometimes call ! c>ds1 is       
,david1 ,alex&]1 ,cs>1 & ,*>les1 7:i*   
names 7 !n1 & /ill are1 on ! ,fr5*      
c>ds47 ,^! respectable names repres5t ! 
f\r celebrat$ mon>*ies ( ! ,jews1       
,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,franks "u          
,*>lemagne4  ,by ! ,que5s are int5d$    
,arg9e1 ,e/h]1 ,judi?1 & ,pallas1 7names
 reta9$ 9 ,fr5* c>ds17 typical ( bir?1  
piety1 =titude1 & wisdom1 !             
qualifications resid+ 9 ea* p]son4      
,arg9e is an anagram = ,reg9a1 que5 by  
desc5t4  ,by ! ,knaves 7 design$ !      
s]vants to knights 7= knave orig9ally   
meant only s]vant2 & 9 an old           
translation ( ! ,bible1 ,/4 ,paul is    
call$ ! knave ( ,*ri/7 b ,fr5* pages &  

valets1 n[ indiscrim9ately us$ by v>i\s 
ord]s ( p]sons1 7 =m]ly only all[$ to   
p]sons ( quality1 esquires1 7escui]s17  
%ield or arm\r-be>]s4  ,o!rs fancy t !  
knights !mselves 7 design$ by ^? c>ds1  
because ,hogi] & ,lahire1 two names on !
 ,fr5* c>ds1 7 fam\s knights at ! "t    
c>ds 7 suppos$ to be inv5t$4            
,,explanation ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,lett]s    
,,on ,a ,,gu9ea4--,! ,inscription on a  
,gu9ea runs ?us3--,,georgius ,,iii4     
,,dei ,,gratia1 ,m4 ,b4 ,f4 ,,et ,h4    
,,rex1 ,f4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,et ,l4 ,d4 ,s4 ,r4 
,i4 ,a4 ,t4 ,,et ,e4  ,t is1--,georgius 
,t]tius1 ,dei ,gratia1 ,magn ,brittanni1
 ,franci et ,hib]ni ,rex1 ,fidei        
,def5sor1 ,brunswicii et ,lun5burgi     
,dux1 ,sacri ,romani ,imp]ii            
,ar*i-,!saur>ius et ,elector4  ,9       
,engli%1--,george ! ,?ird1 by ! ,grace (
 ,god1 ,k+ ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & 
,irel&1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 ,duke (      
,brunswick & ,lun5burgh1 ,ar*-,treasur] 
& ,elector ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4    
,,*ap4 ,,lxxxii4  ,,curiosities ,,(     

,,lit]ature4--7,conclud$47      ,curi\s 
,address to ! late ,que5                
,*>lotte--,qua9t ,l9es on ,que5         
,elizabe?--,curi\s ,names adopt$ 9 !    
,civil ,w>s--,curi\s ,extracts     f !  
,w ( an ,e>l ( ,pembroke--,curi\s ,lett]
 f ,pom>e1 ,k+     ( ,otaheite1 to !    
,mission>y ,society--,curi\s ,love      
,lett] &     ,answ]--,cre$s ( !         
,jews--,! ,unbeliev]'s                  
,cre$--,explanation ( !     ,t]ms ,:ig &
 ,tory4   ,,curi\s ,,address ,,to ,,!   
,,late ,,que5 ,,*>lotte4      ,!        
,address ( ! ,burgoma/]1 ,magi/rates1 & 
,citiz5s (     ,/relitz1 to h] ,royal   
,highness ! ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,pr9cess    
,sophia     ,*>lotte1 ,du*ess (         
,meckl5burgh1 ,pr9cess ( ,w5d51 ,s*r\91 
&     ,piotzburgh1 & ,c\ntess ( ,s*w]91 
& ! c\ntries ( ,ro/ock &     ,slang>d1  
on h] leav+ ! ,t]ritories ( ! said ,city
 9 h] ,way     to ,engl&1 z ! ,royal    
,bride ( 8 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,maje/y      
,george     ! ,?ird1 ,k+ ( ,great       
,brita91 c4 c4 ,aug4 #bg1 #agfa4        

,illu/ri\s ,dut*ess1 mo/ graci\s        
,pr9cess & ,lady2 y\r ,royal ,highness  
is at pres5t leav+ t c\ntry ^: happ9ess 
x has hi!rto be5 to admire y1 ! model ( 
a p]fect ,pr9cess2 y leave x to %>e ) ! 
greate/ mon>* 9 ,europe1 a ?rone        
respect$ ?r\gh e "p ( ! univ]se4 ,!     
in/ant is at h& :5 y\r ,royal ,highness 
w = ev] be )drawn f our eyes3 b x       
affects u ! m s5sibly1 f ! appreh5sion t
 ! _m great & brilliant objects1 ) :i* y
 w h5ce=? be connect$1 w efface s small 
a place z ours f y\r ine/imable         
remembrance4 ,yet t goodness :i* we h   
hi!rto ) transport admir$ 9 y\r ,royal  
,highness1 revives our spirits2 x       
assures u1 t y w ev] f ! ?rone condesc5d
 graci\sly to look back on our t[n2 &   
cont9ue ! patroness ( ^? ^: happ9ess x  
is to be ! subjects ( y\r illu/ri\s     
,family4 ,we1 !re=e1 9 full confid5ce1  
give ourselves up to t lively joy excit$
 9 u all1 on ! glori\s union to :i* !   
,div9e ,provid5ce has call$ y\r ,royal  
,highness1 & beg leave to accompany y ) 

our mo/ cordial wi%es = y\r safe j\rney 
& cont9ual welf>e & prosp]ity4 ,may !   
,et]nal ,rul] ( all ?+s1 :o has appo9t$ 
?is great ev5t1 make y\r ,royal         
,highness ! mo/ p]fect in/ance (        
felicity1 ! delight ( t ,royal ,family  
into :i* y are n[ ent]+1 ! joy (        
,brita91 & ! glory ( ! illu/ri\s        
,meckl5burg6 ,may our illu/ri\s         
,sov]eign1 ! belov$ ,adolphus ,fr$]ic1  
long1 & 9 all e>?ly happ9ess1 toge!r ) 8
 fai?ful & happy subjects1 rejoice 9 ^! 
felicities6 ,y\r ,royal ,highness w     
graci\sly p]mit t ,twelve ( our         
,daught]s1 "h pres5t 9 ! attire (       
innoc5ce1 may1 z a memorial ( ?is       
=tunate ev5t1 second ! ard5t s5tim5ts ( 
_! ,fa!rs1 & 9 artless words1 mo/ humbly
 wi% y a safe & pleasant j\rney3--      
,eleonora ,doro!a ,m>ia ,b5tghov54      
,hail ,pr9cess6 ) ea* %9+ virtue bright1
   ,all pure )91 )\t all glori\s light1 
,^: =m div9e1 ^: goodness we adore2     
,heav5 bless ?y p>t+ f ! ,g]man %ore6   
,*ri/iana ,juliana ,elizabe? ,b]5dsd54  

,z ,consort ( a mighty ,mon>* %9e1      
,re/ore ! hon\r ( an anci5t l9e2   ,=   
?is ?y com+1 ,brita9's ,k+ invites1   ,=
 ?is he calls to ,hym5's s(t delights4  
,doro!a ,elizabe? ,tetl+ton4    ,?y s\l 
) ea* div9e/ virtue fraught1   ,?y      
wisdom p]fect1 bo? 9 ^w & ?\ght2   ,ea* 
,briti% bosom %all ) rapture fire1   ,& 
faction sleep :il/ gaz+ cr[ds admire4   
,sophia ,elizabe? ,gradh&lan4    ,:5    
seat$ by ?y royal ,consort's side1      
,new lu/re he %all ga9 f su* a ,bride2  
,h] wor? %all grace ! sacr$ nuptial     
ties1   ,& ,brita9's ?rone 9 dignity    
%all rise4    ,c>ol9a ,h5rietta         
,tangate4    ,o ,god6 ^: m]cies ?r\gh ! 
_w ab\nd1   ,^: p[] supports ! ,k+ ?y h&
 has cr[n'd1   ,waft o'er ! ma9 !       
,bride's transc5d5t *>ms1   ,9 safety to
 ! ,bridegroom's long+ arms4    ,doro!a 
,gav54    ,may %e1 ) ea* ende>+ art     
posse/1   ,to pleasure ev] soo! !       
,mon>*'s brea/6   ,may all ! royal      
virtues ( h] he>t1   ,to fai?ful        
subjects joy s9c]e imp>t6    ,anna ,m>ia

 ,elizabe? ,*ri/54    ,britons1 rejoice1
 receive ) l\d acclaim   ,sophia        
,*>lotte1 ev] de> to fame2   ,delight ( 
,meckl5burg6 %e comes to %[]   ,on      
,brita9's isle new bless+s e h\r4       
,madal5 ,elizabe? ,colt]jahn4    ,?rice 
happy ,bride6 :o soon %all cross ! ma91 
,:om to behold aga9 we wi% 9 va92   ,may
 happ9ess increas+ ) !e dwell1   ,to e  
age may fame ?y glory tell6    ,*ri/iana
 ,sophia ,sealon4    ,f ,ganges to :]e  
,mississippi fl[s1   ,diffus+ weal? &   
pl5ty z x goes2   ,f ,s5egal1 /ill      
scor*'d by ,phoebus' beams1   ,to :]e   
,/4 ,lawr5ce rolls 8 silv] /reams1      
,proclaim ,britannia's bliss ! _w ar\nd1
   ,f pole to pole1 to e>?'s remote/    
b\nd4    ,*ri/iana ,elizabe? ,phoel54   
,x's wi% auspici\s ,flavel ha/es to br+1
   ,= fair ,*>lotta & 8 ,brita9's ,k+2  
,on ,brita9's isle all bless+ he        
implores1   ,& rolls 8 fri5dly wave to  
,albion's %ores4    ,doro!a ,*ri/iana   
,elizabe? ,rexseh54    ,b5ea? ! ,"l's   
ano9t$ may %e ?rive1   ,/ill may 8      

influ5ce keep ! palm alive1   ,/ill may 
x fl\ri%1 bran*es /ill ext5d1   ,af=d u 
%elt]1 & f heat def5d4    ,ca?>9e       
,sophia ,b]tr[54    ,n\ght c our bro!rs'
 ard5t zeal re/ra91   ,fa9 w\ld !y tempt
 ) !e ! ro>+ ma92   ,p]mit !m1 ,que51 ?y
 p]son to be ne>1   ,t ( ?y safety tid+s
 we may he>4    ,*orus4    ,yet = "o    
fav\r m we mu/ apply1   ,b little c ^!  
b>r5 tracts supply2   ,p]mit u1 s9ce bo?
 gold & pe>ls y scorn1   ,y\r royal br[s
 ) myrtle to adorn6   ,,qua9t ,,l9es    
,,on ,,que5 ,,elizabe?4--,que5          
,elizabe?1 :o di$ at ,gre5wi*1 0 br\ght 
!nce to ,:itehall by wat]1 9 a gr&      
procession4 ,on ?is occasion1 z ,camd5  
in=ms u1 ! foll[+ qua9t l9es 7 writt53--
    ,! ,que5 0 br\ght by wat] to        
,:itehall2   ,at e /roke ! o>s did te>s 
let fall2   ,m clung ab\t ! b>ge2 fi% "u
 wat]   ,wept out _! eyes ( pe>l1 & swam
 bl9d aft]4   ,i ?9k ! b>gem5 might1 )  
easi] ?ighs1   ,h r['d h] ?i!r 9 h] p's 
eyes2   ,= h[soe'er1 ?us mu* my ?\ghts h
 scann'd1   ,%e _h come by wat]1 _h %e  

come by l&4   ,,curi\s ,,names ,,adopt$ 
,,9 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s4--,a curi\s /yle (
 nam+ individuals 0 exce$+ly common 9 ! 
"t ( ! civil w>s4 ,x 0 said t ! g5ealogy
 ( our ,savi\r might be le>n$ f ! names 
9 ,cromwell's regim5ts4 ,! mu/]-ma/] us$
 no o!r li/ ?an ! fir/ *apt] ( ,mat!w4  
,a ,jury 0 return$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,sussex (
 ! foll[+ names3    ,accept$ ,trevor1 ( 
,hor%am4   ,r$eem$ ,compton1 ( ,battle4 
,fa9t-n ,hewet1 ( ,hea?field4           
,make-peace ,heaton1 ( ,h>e4            
,god-rew>d ,sm>t1 ( ,fivehur/4          
,/&-fa/-on-high ,/r+]1 ( ,cr[hur/4      
,e>? ,adams1 ( ,w>bleton4   ,call$ ,l[]1
 ( ,w>bleton4   ,kill-s9 ,pimple1 (     
,)am4   ,return ,spelman1 ( ,watl+4     
,be-fai?ful ,jo9]1 ( ,britl+4           
,fly-debate ,rob]t1 ( ,britl+4          
,fight-!-good-fight-(-fai? ,:ite1 (     
,em]4   ,m-fruit ,f[l]1 ( ,ea/ ,hadley4 
,hope-= ,b5d+1 ( ,ea/ ,hadley4          
,graceful ,h>d+1 ( ,lewes4   ,weep-n    
,bill+s1 ( ,lewes4   ,meek ,brew]1 (    
,okeham4  ,a not$ "* 9 ^? days 0 a div9e

 ( ! "n ( ,praise-,god ,b>ebone4 ,he is 
little kn[n z a div9e1 b is celebrat$ = 
hav+ be5 an active memb] 9 ,cromwell's  
p>liam5t1 & inde$ = giv+ a "n to x :i*  
is yet pres]v$ 9 hi/ory4 ,praise-,god   
,b>ebone _h two bro!rs1 namely1         
,*ri/-came-into-!-_w-to-save ,b>ebone1 &
 ,if-,*ri/-_h-n-di$-?\-had/-be5-damn$   
,b>ebone3 "s are said to h omitt$ ! =m] 
"p ( ! latt] "n1 & to h call$ him only  
,damn$ ,b>ebone4   ,! read] w be amus$ )
 ! foll[+ ,,curi\s ,,extracts ,,f ,,!   
,,w ,,( ,,an ,,e>l ,,( ,,pembroke4      
,imprimis4--,= my s\l2 ,i confess ,i h  
he>d v mu* ( s\ls1 b :at !y are1 or :om 
!y are1 or :at !y are =1 ,god kn[s1 ,i  
"k n3 !y tell me n[ ( ano!r _w1 :]e ,i  
nev] 01 nor d ,i "k "o foot ( ! way     
?i!r4 ,:ile ! k+ /ood1 ,i 0 ( 8         
religion1 made my son we> a cassock1 &  
?\ght to make him a bi%op1 b !n came !  
,scots1 & made me a ,presbyt]ian2 & s9ce
 ,cromwell ent]$1 ,i h be5 an           
,indep5d5t4 ,^!1 ,i believe1 are !      
k+dom's ?ree e/ates2 & if any ( ^! c    

save a s\l1 ,i may claim "o2 !re=e if my
 executors d f9d ,i h a s\l1 ,i give x  
to him :o gave x me4  ,item4--,i give my
 body1 = ,i _c keep x1 to be buri$4 ,d n
 lay me 9 ! *ur*-por*1 = ,i 0 a ,"l1 &  
w\ld n be buri$ :]e ,colonel ,pride 0   
born4  ,item4--,my w is1 t ,i h no      
monum5t1 = !n ,i mu/ h epitaphs & v]ses1
 & all my life long ,i h _h too mu* (   
!m4  ,item4--,i give all my de] to !    
,e>l ( ,salisbury1 :o ,i "k w pres]ve   
!m1 because he d5i$ ! k+ a buck out ( "o
 ( 8 own p>ks4  ,item4--,i give no?+ to 
! ,"l ,say2 :i* legacy ,i give him1     
because ,i "k he w be/[ x on ! poor4    
,item4-,to ,tom ,may ,i give five       
%ill+s3 ,i int5d$ him m3 b :oev] has se5
 8 hi/ory ( ! p>liam5t1 ?9ks five %ill+s
 too mu*4  ,item4--,i give ,lieut5ant   
,g5]al ,cromwell "o ^w ( m9e1 because   
hi!rto he nev] kept 8 own4  ,item4--,i  
give up ! gho/1 concordat cum orig9ati4 
,,curi\s ,,lett] ,,f ,,pom>e1 ,,k+ ,,(  
,,otaheite1 ,,to ,,! ,,mission>y        
,,society4  7,translation47  ,matavae1  

,otaheite1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahjg4  ,,fri5ds1  
,i wi% y e bless+1 fri5ds1 9 y\r        
resid5ce 9 y\r c\ntry1 ) success 9 tea*+
 ?is bad l&1 ?is fooli% l&1 ?is wick$   
l&1 ?is l& :i* is ignorant ( good1 ?is  
l& t kn[e? n ! true ,god1 ?is reg>dless 
l&4  ,fri5ds1 ,i wi% y heal? &          
prosp]ity2 may ,i also live1 & may      
,jehovah save u all6  ,fri5ds1 ) respect
 to y\r lett] y wrote to me1 ,i h ?is to
 say to y1 t y\r bus9ess ) me1 & y\r    
wi%es1 ,i fully cons5t to1 & %all       
consequ5tly bani% ,ore 78 *ief idol7 &  
s5d him to ,racatea4  ,fri5ds1 ,i d     
!re=e believe & %all obey y\r ^w4       
,fri5ds1 ,i hope y also w cons5t to my  
reque/1 :i* is ?is2 ,i wi% y to s5d a   
great numb] ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 "h4   
,fri5ds1 s5d also prop]ty & clo? = u1 & 
we also w adopt ,engli% cu/oms4         
,fri5ds1 s5d also pl5ty ( muskets &     
p[d]1 = w>s are frequ5t 9 our           
c\ntry3--%\ld ,i be kill$1 y w h no?+ 9 
,tahete2 d n come "h :5 ,i am dead4     
,tahete is a reg>dless c\ntry2 & %\ld ,i

 die ) sickness1 d n come "h4 ,?is also 
,i wi%1 t y w\ld s5d me all ! curi\s ?+s
 t y h 9 ,engl&3 also s5d me e ?+       
necess>y = writ+2 pap]1 ink1 & p5s1 9   
abundance2 let no writ+ ut5sil be want+4
  ,fri5ds1 ,i h done1 & h no?+ at all m 
to ask y =3 z = y\r desire to in/ruct   
,tahete1 'tis :at ,i fully acquiesce 94 
',tis a common ?+ = p n to und]/& at    
fir/2 b y\r object is good1 & ,i fully  
cons5t to x2 & %all ca/ (f all evil     
cu/oms4  ,:at ,i say is tru?1 & no lie2 
x is ! real tru?4  ,?is is all ,i h to  
write4 ,i h done4 ,fri5ds1 write to me1 
t ,i may "k :at y h to say4 ,i wi% y    
life & e bless+4 ,may ,i also live1 &   
,jehovah save u all6    ,,pom>e1 ,k+ (  
,tahete1 c4 c4    ,= my ,fri5ds1 !      
,mission>y   ,society1 ,london4         
,,curi\s ,,love ,,lett]4  ,madam1--,mo/ 
wor?y ( e/imation6 ,aft] long           
consid]ation1 & mu* m$itation1 on !     
great reputation y possess 9 ! nation1  
,i h a /rong incl9ation to become y\r   
relation4 ,on y\r approbation ( ?is     

decl>ation1 ,i %all make prep>ation to  
remove my situation1 to a m conv5i5t    
/ation1 to pr(ess my admiration2 & if   
su* oblation is wor?y ( obs]vation1 & c 
obta9 commis]ation1 x w be an           
aggr&ization beyond all calculation ( ! 
joy & exultation1    ,( y\r's1   ,,sans 
,,dissimulation4   ,,! ,,answ]4         
,sir1--,i p]us$ y\r oration ) mu*       
delib]ation1 & a little con/]nation1 at 
! great infatuation ( y\r imag9ation1 to
 %ew su* v5]ation on s slight a         
f\ndation4 ,b aft] exam9ation & mu*     
s]i\s contemplation1 ,i suppos$ y\r     
animation 0 ! fruit ( recreation1 or _h 
sprung f o/5tation1 to display y\r      
education1 by an odd enum]ation1 or r   
multiplication1 ( words ( ! same        
t]m9ation1 ?\gh ( great v>iation 9 ea*  
respective signification4  ,n[ )\t      
disputation1 y\r labori\s application 9 
s t$i\s an occupation1 des]ves          
commemoration1 & ?9k+ imitation a       
suffici5t gratification1 ,i am1 )\t     
hesitation1    ,y\r's1   ,,m>y          

,,mod]ation4   ,,cre$s ,,( ,,!          
,,jews4--,! foll[+ piece is transcrib$ f
 ! ,common ,pray] n[ 9 use among !      
,jews1 & is entitl$ ! ,?irte5 ,cre$s4 ,x
 w give "s idea ( ! !oretic bran* (     
religion n[ prevail+ among ?is s+ul> p4 
#a4 ,i believe1 ) a firm & p]fect fai?1 
t ,god is ! ,creator ( all ?+s2 t he do?
 guide & support all creatures2 t he    
alone has made e ?+2 & t he /ill acts1 &
 w act1 dur+ ! :ole et]nity4  #b4 ,i    
believe1 ) a firm & p]fect fai?1 t ,god 
is "o2 !re is no unity l 83 he alone ha?
 be51 & %all be et]nally1 our ,god4  #c4
 ,i believe1 ) a firm & p]fect fai?1 t  
,god is n corporeal2 he _c h any mat]ial
 prop]ties2 & no corporeal ess5ce c be  
comp>$ ) him4  #d4 ,i believe1 ) a firm 
& p]fect fai?1 t ,god is ! beg9n+ & end 
( all ?+s4  #e4 ,i believe1 ) a firm &  
p]fect fai?1 t ,god alone ought to be   
wor%ipp$1 & none b he ought to be ador$4
  #f4 ,i believe1 ) a firm & p]fect     
fai?1 :atev] ha? be5 taught by !        
,prophets4  #g4 ,i believe1 ) a firm &  

p]fect fai?1 t ! doctr9e ( ,moses is    
true4 ,he is ! fa!r & ! head ( all !    
doctors t liv$ be=e or s9ce1 or %all    
live aft] him4  #h4 ,i believe1 ) a firm
 & p]fect fai?1 t ! law we h is ! same z
 0 giv5 by ,moses4  #i4 ,i believe1 ) a 
firm & p]fect fai?1 t ?is law %all nev] 
be alt]$1 & ,god w give no o!r4  #aj4 ,i
 believe1 ) a firm & p]fect fai?1 t ,god
 kn[e? all ! ?\ghts & actions ( m54     
#aa4 ,i believe1 ) a firm & p]fect fai?1
 t ,god w rew>d ! works ( all ^? :o p]=m
 8 comm&m5ts1 & puni% ^? :o transgress 8
 laws4  #ab4 ,i believe1 ) a firm &     
p]fect fai?1 t ! ,messiah is to come4   
,al?\gh he t>rie?1 ,i w wait1 & expect  
daily 8 com+6  #ac4 ,i believe1 ) a firm
 & p]fect fai?1 ! ,resurrection ( !     
,dead %all happ5 :5 ,god %all ?9k fit4  
,bless$1 & glorifi$ et]nally1 be ! "n ( 
! ,creator6 ,am54   ,,! ,,unbeliev]',s  
,,cre$4  ,i believe t !re is no ,god1 b 
t matt] is ,god1 & ,god is matt]1 & t x 
is no matt] :e!r !re is any ,god or n4  
,i believe1 also1 t ! _w 0 n made2 t !  

_w made itself2 t x _h no beg9n+2 t x w 
la/ = ev]1 _w )\t end4  ,i believe t a  
man is a bea/1 t ! s\l is ! body1 & !   
body is ! s\l2 & t aft] dea? !re is     
nei!r body nor s\l4  ,i believe !re is  
no religion2 t natural religion is !    
only religion2 & t all religion is      
unnatural4 ,i believe n 9 ,moses2 ,i    
believe 9 ! fir/ philosophy2 ,i believe 
n 9 ! ,evangeli/s2 ,i believe 9 ,*ubb1  
,coll9s1 ,tol&1 ,t9dal1 ,morgan1        
,m&eville1 ,wool/on1 ,hobbes1 &         
,%aftsbury2 ,i believe 9 "l ,bol+broke2 
,i believe n 9 ,/4 ,paul4  ,i believe n 
9 revelation2 ,i believe 9 tradition2 ,i
 believe 9 ! ,talmud2 ,i believe 9 !    
,alcoran2 ,i believe n 9 ! ,bible2 ,i   
believe 9 ,socrates2 ,i believe 9       
,confucius2 ,i believe 9 ,san*onea?on2  
,i believe 9 ,mahomet2 ,i believe n 9   
,*ri/4  ,la/ly1 ,i believe 9 all        
unbelief4   ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,t]ms
 ,,:ig ,,& ,,tory4--,burnet1 :o 0       
contempor>y ) ! introduction ( ^! t]ms1 
gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! =m]3--  ,!    

s\?-we/ c\nties ( ,scotl& h seldom corn 
en\gh to s]ve !m ?r\gh ! ye>2 & ! nor!rn
 p>ts produc+ m ?an !y ne$1 ^? 9 ! we/  
come 9 ! summ] to buy at ,lei?1 ! /ores 
t come f ! nor?2 & f a ^w 7:iggam7 us$ 9
 driv+ _! horses1 all t drove 7 call$   
,:iggamors1 &1 %ort]1 ! ,:igs4 ,n[ 9 t  
ye>1 be=e ! news came d[n ( ! duke (    
,hamilton's defeat1 ! m9i/]s animat$ ! p
 to rise & m>* to ,ed9burgh2 & !y came  
up1 m>*+ at ! head ( _! p>i%es ) an     
unhe>d-( fury1 pray+ & prea*+ all ! way 
z !y came4 ,?is 0 call$ ! ,:iggamor's   
inroad2 & ev] aft]1 all t oppos$ ! c\rt 
came 9 contempt to be call$ ,:igs4  ,dr4
 ,johnson1 9 8 ,diction>y1 quotes ?is   
passage2 yet by plac+ aga9/ ! t]m ,:ig1 
! ,saxon ^w ,:oeg1 synonym\s to :ey1 or 
s\r milk1 he seems n to reject ano!r    
d]ivation1 :i* has be5 assign$ to x by  
"s writ]s4  ,e*>d says--,great          
animosities 7 creat$ by ^! petition]s & 
abhorr]s1 & !y occasion$ _m feuds &     
qu>rels 9 private conv]sations2 & ab\t !
 same "t1 #afhj1 & f ! same cause1 arose

 ! p]nici\s t]ms & di/9ctions ( ,:ig &  
,tory1 bo? exotic names1 :i* ! p>ties   
invidi\sly be/[$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,all t     
adh]$ to ! int]e/ ( ! cr[n & l9eal      
succession1 7 by ! contr>y br&$ ) !     
title giv5 to ! ,iri% robb]s2 & !y1 9   
return1 gave ! o!rs ! appellation (     
,:ig1 or s\r milk1 =m]ly appropriat$ to 
! ,scot* presbyt]ians & rigid           
cov5ant]s4--p4 #ihh4  ,t9dal1 9 8       
introduction to ! ,cont9uation ( ,rap9's
 ,hi/ory1 notices ! di/9ction betwe5 !  
pr9ciples ( ! p>ties1 b does n inquire  
into ! etymology ( ! t]ms4--,vol4 i4 p4 
#ae4  ,tol&1 9 8 ,/ate ,anatomy1        
consid]s ! words z m]e t]ms ( reproa*1  
fir/ appli$ to ea* p>ty by its enemies1 
& !n adopt$ by ea* z a di/9ction4  ,!   
words !mselves are b late nicknames1    
giv5 by ea* p>ty to ! o!r 9 ,k+ ,*>les !
 ,second's reign3 ,tories 9 ,irel&1 &   
,:igs 9 ,scotl&1 be+ :at we 9 ,engl&    
call highwaym52 & y1 public robb]s4--,"p
 ,i4  ,hume1 ! hi/orian1 says--  ,?is   
ye>1 #afhj1 is rem>kable = be+ ! epo* ( 

! well-kn[n epi!ts ,:ig & ,tory1 by :i*1
 & sometimes )\t any mat]ial diff]5ce1  
?is isl& has be5 s long divid$4 ,! c\rt 
p>ty reproa*$ _! antagoni/s ) _! aff9ity
 to ! fanatical conv5ticl]s1 :o 7 kn[n  
by ! "n ( ,:igs2 & ! c\ntry p>ty f\nd a 
resemblance betwe5 ! c\rti]s & ! ,popi% 
b&itti 9 ,irel&1 :o 7 kn[n by ! "n (    
,tories4--,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #abe4  ,^!   
are ! pr9cipal writ]s 9 :i* ! orig9 ( ! 
t]ms is notic$4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxxiii4   
,,miscellane\s ,,curiosities4           
,mon/]--,individuation--,reproduction--,
p]uke--,c5taurs & ,lapi?4   ,,mon/]4--,a
 bir? or production ( a liv+ be+1       
deg5]at+ f ! prop] & usual disposition (
 p>ts 9 ! species to :i* x belongs2 z1  
:5 !re are too _m memb]s1 or too few2 or
 "s ( !m are extravagantly out (        
proportion1 ei!r on ! side ( defect or  
excess1--is g5]ally d5om9at$ a mon/]4   
,f4 ,malebran*e acc\nts = ! production (
 mon/]s 9 ! animal _w 9 ! foll[+        
mann]3--,! ,creator has e/abli%$ su* a  
communication betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts ( 8  

creation1 t we are naturally l$ to      
imitate "o ano!r1 i4 e4 to h a          
disposition to d ! same ?+s1 & assume ! 
same mann]s1 ) ^? ab\t :i* we conv]se2  
we h also c]ta9 natural dispositions1   
:i* incl9e u to compassion z well z     
imitation4 ,( ^! ?+s mo/ m5 are s5sible1
 & !re=e !y ne$ n be prov$4 ,! animal   
spirits1 !n1 are n only naturally c>ri$ 
into ! respective p>ts ( ! body to p]=m 
! same actions & ! same motions :i* we  
see o!rs d1 b also to receive 9 "s mann]
 _! w\nds1 & take "p 9 _! suff]+s4      
,exp]i5ce tells u1 t :5 we look         
att5tively on any p]son sev]ely beat51  
or t has a l>ge w\nd1 ulc]1 or ! l1 !   
spirits imm$iately fl[ into ^? p>ts (   
our bodies :i* answ] to ^? we see suff] 
9 ! o!r2 unless _! c\rse be /opp$ f "s  
o!r pr9ciple4 ,?is flux ( spirits is v  
s5sible 9 p]sons ( delicate             
con/itutions1 :o frequ5tly %udd]1 & f9d 
a k9d ( trembl+ 9 ! body on ^!          
occasions2 & ?is sympa?y 9 bodies       
produces compassion 9 ! m9d4  ,n[ x mu/ 

be obs]v$1 t ! view ( a w\nd1 c4 affects
 ! p]son :o views x ! m /rongly &       
s5sibly1 z ! p]son is m weak & delicate2
 ! spirits mak+ a /rong] impression on !
 fibres ( a delicate body1 ?an 9 ^? ( a 
robu/ "o4 ,?us1 /rong & vigor\s m51 c4  
see an execution )\t mu* conc]n1 :ile   
wom51 c4 are /ruck ) pity & horror4 ,z  
to *ildr5 t are unborn1 ! fibres ( _!   
fle% be+ incomp>ably f9] ?an ^? 9 wom51 
! c\rse ( ! animal spirits mu/          
necess>ily produce mu* great]           
alt]ations4  ,^! ?+s be+ laid d[n1      
mon/]s are easily acc\nt$ =4 ,suppose1 =
 in/ance1 a *ild to be born a fool1 &   
also ) its legs & arms brok5 9 ! same   
mann] z ^? are ( crim9als execut$2 !    
ph5om5a may be acc\nt$ = ?us3 ,e /roke  
giv5 to ! poor man /ruck =cibly !       
imag9ation ( ! "m1 &1 by a k9d (        
c\nt]-/roke1 ! t5d] & delicate bra9 ( ! 
*ild4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! fibres ( ! woman's    
bra9 7 /rongly %ak5 by ! viol5t flux (  
animal spirits on ?is occasion1 yet !y  
_h /r5g? & consi/5ce en\gh to prev5t an 

entire disord]2 :]eas ! fibres ( !      
*ild's bra91 be+ unable to be> ! %ock ( 
^? spirits1 7 q ru9$1 & ! ravage 0 great
 en\gh to deprive him ( reason all 8    
lifetime4  ,aga91 ! view ( an execution 
fright5+ ! "m1 ! viol5t c\rse ( ! animal
 spirits 0 direct$ =cibly f ! bra9 to   
all ^? p>ts ( ! body correspond+ to !   
suff]+ p>ts ( ! crim9al & ! same ?+ mu/ 
happ5 9 ! *ild4 ,b z ! bones 7 /rong    
en\gh to resi/ ! impulse ( ^? spirits1  
!y 7 n damag$2 & yet ! rapid c\rse ( ^! 
spirits c\ld easily ov]p[] & break !    
t5d] & delicate fibres ( ! bones ( !    
*ild2 ! bones be+ ! la/ p>ts ( ! body t 
are =m$1 & hav+ a v sl5d] consi/5ce1    
:ile ! *ild is yet 9 ! womb4  ,to ?is x 
may "h be add$1 t _h ! "m det]m9$ !     
c\rse ( ^! spirits t[>ds "s o!r "p ( h] 
body1 by tickl+ or scrat*+ h]self       
vehem5tly1 ! *ild w\ld n 9 all          
probability h _h its bones brok52 b ! "p
 answ]+ t to :i* ! motion ( ! spirits 0 
det]m9$1 w\ld h be5 ! suff]]4 ,h5ce     
appe>s ! reason :y wom51 9 ! "t (       

ge/ation1 see+ p]sons1 c4 m>k$ 9 su* a  
mann] 9 ! face1 impress ! same m>k on ! 
same p>ts ( ! *ild2 & :y1 ^u rubb+ "s   
o!r "p ( ! body :5 />tl$ at ! sight (   
any ?+1 or agitat$ ) any extraord9>y    
passion1 ! m>k or impression is fix$ on 
t hidd5 "p1 r ?an on ! face ( ! *ild4 ,f
 ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n1 mo/1 if n all1
 ( ! ph5om5a ( mon/]s1 may be easily    
acc\nt$ =4  ,v>i\s o!r !ories h be5 =m$ 
by diff]5t philosoph]s & phisiologi/s4  
,b1 aft] all1 x mu/ be confess$ t we    
seem z yet to be v little acqua9t$ )    
nature 9 h] num]\s v>iations4  ,mon/]s  
are m common & m extraord9>y 9 !        
vegetable ?an 9 ! animal k+dom1 because 
! diff]5t juices are m easily d]ang$ &  
conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,leaves are (t5 se51 f 
! int]nal "p ( :i* o!r leaves spr+ =?2 &
 x is n uncommon to see fl[]s ( !       
ranunculus1 f ! middle ( :i* issues a   
/alk be>+ ano!r fl[]4 ,m4 ,bonnet in=ms 
u1 t 9 c]ta9 w>m & ra9y ye>s he has     
frequ5tly met ) mon/]s ( ?is k9d 9      
rose-trees4 ,?is obs]v] saw a rose1 f ! 

c5tre ( :i* issu$ a squ>e /alk ( a :iti%
 col\r1 t5d]1 & )\t prickles1 :i* at its
 top bore two fl[]-buds opposite to ea* 
o!r1 & totally de/itute ( a calix2 a    
little above ! buds issu$ a petal ( a v 
irregul> %ape4 ,^u ! prickly /alk :i*   
support$ ! rose1 a leaf 0 obs]v$ :i* _h 
! %ape ( trefoil1 toge!r ) a broad flat 
p$icle4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy (    
,sci5ces1 = #agjg1 p4 #ddh1 m5tion is   
made ( a rose1 f ! c5tre ( ! leaves (   
:i* issu$ a rose-bran* two or ?ree in*es
 long1 & furni%$ ) leaves4 ,see ! same  
,memoirs = #agbd1 p4 #bj1 & = #agdi1 p4 
#dd4 ,9 ! ,memoirs = #agee1 a v s+ul>   
in/ance is m5tion$ ( a mon/rosity obs]v$
 by ,m4 ,duhamel1 9 an apple-tree +raft$
 ) clay4 ,at ! place ( ! ins]tion !re   
appe>$ a bud1 :i* produc$ a /alk & "s   
leaves2 ! /alk & ! p$icle ( ! leaves 7 (
 a pulpy sub/ance1 & _h ! mo/ p]fect    
resemblance bo? 9 ta/e & smell to ! pulp
 ( a gre5 apple4  ,an extraord9>y       
*ammelum is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acta           
,helvetica4 ,m4 ,bonnet1 9 8 ,re*]*es   

sur l',usage des ,feuilles1 m5tions     
likewise "s mon/r\s productions :i* h   
be5 f\nd 9 fruits ) k]nels1 analog\s 9  
_! nature to ^? :i* occur 9 ! fl[]s ( ! 
ranunculus & ( ! rose-tree4 ,he has se5 
a pe>1 f ! eye ( :i* issu$ a tuft (     
?irte5 or f\rte5 leaves1 v well %ap$1 & 
_m ( !m ( ! natural size4 ,he has se5   
ano!r pe> :i* gave rise to a ligne\s &  
knotty /alk1 on :i* grew ano!r pe>      
some:at l>g] ?an ! fir/4 ,! /alk _h     
probably fl\ri%$1 & ! fruit _h =m$4 ,!  
lilium album polyan?os1 obs]v$ "s ye>s  
ago at ,breslaw1 :i* bore on its top a  
bundle ( fl[]s1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ &   
two lilies1 all ( ! common %ape1 is     
well-kn[n4 ,m4 ,regni] has m5tion$ "s   
individuals mon/r\s ) respect to ! fl[]1
 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique et d',hi/oire 
,naturelle1 = ,novemb]1 #aghe4 ,he has  
likewise m5tion$ a mon/r\s tulip1 :i* is
 se5 9 ! g>d5s ( "s amateurs2 junip]    
b]ries ) horns2 a balsam9e ) ?ree spurs1
 c4   ,,individuation1--is ! unity ( a  
?+ ) itself1 or t :]eby a ?+ is :at x   

is4  ,to beg9 ) ^? species ( body t are 
n prop]ly organiz$1 :i* h nei!r life nor
 s5se1 z /ones1 metals1 c4 ,9 ^!1       
individuation seems to consi/ 9 no?+ b  
great] or less3 take ! less "p ( a /one 
away1 y may /ill call x ! same /one2    
take an equal "p ) ! rema9s1 t          
individuation ceases1 & !y are two new  
individuals4 ,divide a /one1 c4 z (t5 z 
y please1 e "p ( x w be a /one /ill1    
ano!r individual /one1 z mu* z any 9 !  
m\nta9 or qu>ry out ( :i* x 0 fir/ cut1 
ev5 ?\gh r$uc$ to ! m9ute/ s&1 or1 if   
possible1 a ?\s& times less4 ,b :5 we   
take "o /ep f>!r1 & proce$ a degree     
high]1 to ! vegetable k+dom1 ! case is  
f> o!rwise2 & inde$ ,nature seems to be 
/ill m di/9ct1 &1 z x 71 c>eful 9 its   
individuation1 ! high] x rises1 till at 
la/ x br+s u to t great transc5d5tal    
individual1 ! only prop] uncomp\nd$     
ess5ce1 ! ,"o ,god1 bless$ = ev]4  ,to  
return to plants3 _! individuation      
consi/s 9 t s+ul> =m1 contexture1 & ord]
 ( _! p>ts1 :]eby !y are dispos$ = ^?   

uses to :i* ,nature has design$ !m1 & by
 :i* !y receive & ma9ta9 _! be+s4 ,=    
example1 9 a tree1 ?\gh y take away !   
bran*es1 x gr[s1 receives n\ri%m5t f !  
e>?1 ma9ta9s itself1 & is /ill a tree1  
:i* ! p>ts !re( are n :5 sep>at$ f !    
re/2 = we _c say t e "p ( a tree is a   
tree1 z we c t e "p ( a /one is /ill a  
/one1 b if ?is tree be clov5 9 two or m 
pieces1 or fell$ by ! roots1 ?is        
contexture1 or ord]ly respect ( ! p>ts  
"o to ano!r1 ceases2 its ess5ce z a tree
 is de/roy$2 its individuation p]i%es2 &
 x is no m a tree1 b a /ump1 or piece ( 
timb]4  ,let u proce$ a degree high]1 to
 m]ely s5sible creatures1 :o are n s    
imm$iately dep5d+ on ! e>?1 ! common "m1
 z ! plants1 nor root$ to x z !y are1 b 
walk ab\t1 & h a k9d ( indep5d5t        
exi/5ce1 & are a sort ( _w by !mselves4 
,& "h ! individuation consi/s 9 su* a   
p>ticul> contexture ( _! ess5tial p>ts1 
& _! relation "o t[>d ano!r1 z enables  
!m to ex]t ! op]ations ( ! s5sible or   
animal life4 ,?us1 cut (f ! legs or any 

o!r p>ts ( an animal1 x is ! same animal
 /ill2 b cut (f its head1 or take away  
its life1 & x is no long] t individual  
animal1 b a m]e c>case1 & w1 by degrees1
 resolve itself into common matt] aga94 
,to asc5d n[ to ! highe/ rank ( visible 
be+s1--! rational4 ,! individuation (   
man appe>s to consi/ 9 ! union ( a      
rational s\l ) any conv5i5t portion (   
fitly organiz$ matt]4 ,any portion (    
matt] duly qualifi$1 & unit$ to ! s\l by
 su* a union z we exp]i5ce1 is          
imm$iately individuat$ by x1 &1 toge!r )
 t s\l1 makes a man2 s t1 if x 7        
possible = "o s\l to be clo!d ov] & ov] 
at diff]5t times ) all ! matt] 9 !      
univ]se1 x w\ld 9 all ^? di/9ct %apes be
 ! same individual man4 ,nor c a man be 
suppos$ 9 ?is case to diff] m f himself1
 ?an he does f :at he really 0 :5 an    
infant1 or j pass$ an embryo1 :5 comp>$ 
) :at he is :5 ( adult or decrepit age2 
he hav+1 dur+ t int]m$iate "t1 *ang$ 8  
portion ( matt] ov] & ov]2 z1 be+ fat & 
lean1 sick & well1 hav+ be5 exhau/$ by  

ble$+1 effluvia1 p]spiration1 c42 &     
reunit$ aga9 by alim5t2 s t p]haps n "o 
p>ticle1 or b v few ( ! fir/ matt] :i*  
he took f 8 p>5ts1 & br\ght ) him into !
 _w1 is n[ rema9+4   ,! prec$+ article  
is naturally foll[$ by                  
,,reproduction4--,reproduction is       
usually und]/ood to mean ! re/oration ( 
a ?+ be=e exi/+1 & s9ce de/roy$4 ,x is v
 well kn[n t trees & plants may be rais$
 f slips & cutt+s2 & "s late obs]vations
 h %ewn1 t !re are "s animals :i* h     
ne>ly ! same prop]ty4 ,! polype 7,see   
,hydra7 0 ! fir/ in/ance we _h ( ?is    
k9d2 b we _h sc>cely "t to wond] at !   
discov]y ,m4 ,trembley _h made1 :5 ,m4  
,bonnet discov]$ ! same prop]ty 9 a     
species ( wat]-worm4 ,among/ ! plants   
:i* may be rais$ f cutt+s1 !re are "s   
:i* seem to possess ?is quality 9 s     
em95t a degree1 t ! smalle/ portion ( !m
 w become a complete tree aga94 ,a twig 
( will[1 popl>1 or _m o!r trees1 be+    
plant$ 9 ! e>?1 takes root1 & becomes a 
tree1 e piece ( :i* w 9 ! same mann]    

produce o!r trees4 ,! case is ! same )  
^! worms3 !y are cut to pieces1 & ^!    
sev]al pieces become p]fect animals2 &  
ea* ( ^! may be aga9 cut into a numb] ( 
pieces1 ea* ( :i* w 9 ! same mann]      
produce an animal4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by
 "s1 t ^! worms 7 ovip>\s2 b1 ,m4       
,bonnet1 on cutt+ "o ( !m to pieces1    
hav+ obs]v$ a sl5d] sub/ance1 resembl+ a
 small filam5t1 to move at ! end ( "o ( 
! pieces1 sep>at$ x1 & on exam9+ x )    
glasses1 f\nd x to be a p]fect worm1 ( !
 same =m ) its p>5t1 :i* liv$ & grew    
l>g] 9 a vessel ( wat] into :i* he put  
x4 ,^! small bodies are easily divid$1 &
 v readily complete !mselves aga91 a day
 usually s]v+ = ! production ( a head to
 ! "p t wants "o2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! small] &
 m sl5d] ! worms are1 ! soon] !y        
complete !mselves aft] ?is op]ation4 ,:5
 ! bodies ( ! l>ge worms are exam9$ by !
 microscope1 x is v easy to see !       
appe>ance ( ! "y worms alive1 & mov+    
ab\t )9 !m2 b x requires great precision
 & exactness to be c]ta9 ( ?is1 s9ce !  

ramifications ( ! great art]y h v mu* ! 
appe>ance ( "y worms1 & !y are kept 9 a 
sort ( cont9ual motion by ! sy/oles &   
dia/oles ( ! sev]al portions ( ! art]y1 
:i* s]ve z s _m he>ts4 ,x is v c]ta91 t 
:at we =ce 9 reg>d to ^! animals by our 
op]ations1 is done also naturally e day 
9 ! brooks & dit*es :]e !y live4 ,a     
curi\s obs]v] w f9d 9 ^! places _m ( !m 
)\t heads or tails1 & "s )\t ei!r2 z    
also1 o!r fragm5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 all (  
:i* are 9 ! act ( complet+ !mselves2 b  
:e!r accid5ts h r$uc$ !m to ?is /ate1 or
 !y ?us purposely ?r[ (f p>ts ( _! own  
bodies = ! production ( m animals1 x is 
n easy to det]m9e4 ,!y are pla9ly liable
 to _m accid5ts1 by :i* !y lose ! sev]al
 p>ts ( _! bodies2 & !y mu/ p]i% v e>ly1
 if !y _h n a p[] ( reproduc+ :at 0 lo/4
 ,!y are (t5 brok5 into two p>ts1 by !  
resi/ance ( "s h>d piece ( mud :i* !y   
ent]2 & !y are subject to a disease1 a  
k9d ( gangr5e1 rott+ (f ! sev]al p>ts ( 
_! bodies1 by :i* !y mu/ inevitably     
p]i%1 7 !y n possess$ ( ?is surpris+    

prop]ty4  ,! reproduction ( sev]al p>ts 
( lob/]s1 crabs1 c4 is "o ( ! greate/   
curiosities 9 natural hi/ory4 ,x seems1 
inde$1 inconsi/5t ) ! mod]n             
philosophical sy/em ( g5]ation1 :i*     
supposes ! animal to be :olly =m$ 9 !   
egg2 t1 9 lieu ( an organical "p ( an   
animal cut (f1 ano!r %\ld arise p]fectly
 l x3 ! fact1 h[ev]1 is too well atte/$ 
to be d5i$4 ,! legs ( lob/]s1 c4 consi/ 
ea* ( five articulations2 n[1 :5 any ( !
 legs happ5 to break by any accid5t1 z  
by walk+1 c4 :i* frequ5tly occurs1 !    
fracture is always f\nd to be at !      
suture ne> ! f\r? articulation2 & :at !y
 ?us lose is exactly reproduc$ 9 "s "t  
aft]w>ds2 t is1 a "p ( ! leg %oots out1 
consi/+ ( f\r articulations1 ! fir/ :]e(
 has two claws1 z be=e2 s t ! loss is   
entirely repair$4  ,if ! leg ( a lob/]  
be brok5 (f by design at ! f\r? or fif? 
articulation1 :at is ?us brok5 (f is    
always reproduc$1 ev5 aft] a second or  
?ird accid5t4 ,b if ! fracture be made 9
 ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird articulation1 !

 reproduction is n s c]ta94 ,& x is v   
surpris+1 t if ! fracture be made at ^! 
articulations1 at ! end ( two or ?ree   
days1 all ! o!r articulations are       
g5]ally f\nd brok5 (f to ! f\r?1 :i*1 x 
is suppos$1 is done by ! creature       
itself1 to make ! reproduction c]ta94 ,!
 "p reproduc$1 is n only p]fectly simil>
 9 =m to t retr5*$1 b also1 9 a c]ta9   
space ( "t1 x gr[s equal to x4 ,!       
creature is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly tak5 be=e 
?is is accompli%$4 ,h5ce x is t we      
frequ5tly see lob/]s1 :i* h _! two l>ge 
legs unequal 9 all proportions4         
,,p]uke4--,x appe>s t ?is t]m 0         
orig9ally appli$ to describe a f9e      
natural head ( long hair1 & if ?is      
appellation _h be5 reta9$1 we %\ld nev] 
h associat$ wigs ) mon/]s4 ,b :atev] may
 h be5 ! anci5t use or mean+ ( ! ^w1 x  
has n[ almo/ become obsolete1 ?\gh x 0 =
 m ?an a c5tury 9 con/ant application to
 ^? artificial heads ( hair1 made       
probably at fir/ to conceal natural or  
accid5tal baldness1 b :i* aft]w>ds      

became s ridicul\sly fa%ionable1 z to be
 worn 9 pref]5ce to ! mo/ beautiful     
locks1 absurdly %av$ (f ! head to make  
room = !m4  ,anci5t au?ors might be     
quot$1 to prove1 t ! great & luxuri\s ( 
t "t1 _h rec\rse to ?is mode ( conceal+ 
defects1 & ( decorat+ ! head2 nay1 x    
might p]haps be prov$1 t ! p]uke ( !    
,emp]or ,commodus 0 m absurdly compos$  
?an any mod]n p]uke has ev] be52 & inde$
 x mu/ be admitt$1 t a wig p[d]$ )      
scrap+s ( gold1 9 addition to oils &    
glut9\s p]fumes1 mu/ h made a m wond]ful
 appe>ance ?an our imm$iate ance/ors ev]
 witness$4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( our ,*>les !
 ,fir/1 t p]ukes 7 introduc$ ?r\gh\t    
,europe1 :5 ! morali/s attack$ !m )\t   
m]cy1 z !y p]ceiv$ t ! folly ( y\? ev5  
ext5d$ to ! cutt+ (f nature's locks1 to 
be replac$ by ! hair ( ! dead1 & (      
horses1 wov5 into a fil?y piece (       
canvass4 ,admonition & ridicule 71      
h[ev]1 ( little avail1 & ! cl]gy began  
to be affect$ by ! g5]al mania4 ,^? on !
 ,cont95t be+ almo/ univ]sally ,roman   

,ca?olics1 7 s completely subject to _! 
sup]iors1 t ! p]uke 0 soon r\t$ f _!    
body2 b z ! dignifi$ cl]gy ( ,engl&     
conceive t _! consequ5ce is increas$ by 
! enorm\s bu%es ( hair ^u _! heads1 & ! 
judges h adopt$ _! s5tim5ts 9 ?is       
p>ticul>1 x is probable _m ye>s w elapse
 be=e ! %ape & absurdity ( two p>ticul> 
species ( p]ukes are =gott54  ,ab\t !   
close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! p]uke 0    
made to repres5t ! natural curl ( !     
hair1 b 9 su* pr(usion1 t t5 heads w\ld 
n h furni%$ an equal quantity1 z x fl[$ 
d[n ! back1 & hung ov] ! %\ld]s halfway 
d[n ! arms4 ,by #agba1 x _h become      
fa%ionable to tie "o half ( x on ! left 
side into a club4 ,betwe5 #agcj & #agdj1
 ! bag-wig came into fa%ion1 & ! p]uke 0
 dock$ consid]ably1 & sometimes plait$  
beh9d into a queue1 ?\gh ev5 till #ageb 
! long fl[+ locks ma9ta9$ _! influ5ce4  
,aft] #aggj ^? 7 r>ely se52 & s9ce t "t 
p]sons we>+ p]ukes h g5]ally _h         
sub/antial reasons = s do+1 f baldness1 
& compla9ts 9 ! head4 ,at "o "t1 inde$1 

:5 ! /]n virtues ( ,brutus 7 mu* 9      
vogue1 ! "y m5 ( ,europe wore p]ukes (  
black or d>k hair1 dress$ f 8 /atues4   
,_m p>ticul>s on ?is subject h be5      
pres]v$ by ,mr4 ,malcolm1 9 8 ,anecdotes
 ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,london1 f :i* 
we le>n1 t a "y c\ntrywoman obta9$ #fj =
 h] head ( hair 9 ! ye> #agjj1 :5 human 
hair sold at #c p] ounce2 & 9 #agbj1 !  
grey locks ( an ag$ woman sold = #ej    
aft] h] decease4 ,wigs ( peculi>        
excell5ce 7 sold at #dj ea*4  ,a        
petition f ! ma/] p]uke-mak]s ( ,london 
& ,we/m9/]1 pres5t$ to ! ,k+1 9 #agfc1  
po9ts out ! great decl9e ( _! use to h  
tak5 place at t "t4 ,9 ?is !y compla9 ( 
! public we>+ _! own hair2 & say1 ,t ?is
 mode1 p]nici\s en\gh 9 itself to _!    
trade1 is r5d]$ excessively m s by sw>ms
 ( ,fr5* hair-dress]s already 9 ^?      
cities1 & daily increas+4   ,we close   
?is *apt] ) an acc\nt ( ,,c5taurs ,,&   
,,lapi?4--,"u ! reign ( ,ixion1 k+ (    
,!ssaly1 a company ( bulls :i* f$ ^u    
,pelion ran mad1 by :i* means ! m\nta9 0

 inaccessible4 ,!y also desc5d$ into !  
inhabit$ p>ts1 ru9+ ! trees & fruits1 & 
kill+ ! l>g] cattle4 ,^u :i* ,ixion     
decl>$ t he w\ld give a great rew>d to  
any p]son t w\ld de/roy ^! bulls4 ,rid+ 
on horseback 0 nev] practis$ be=e t "t4 
,b "s "y m5 t liv$ 9 a village at ! foot
 ( ,pelion1 _h attempt$ successfully to 
tra9 horses fit to back1 & _h accu/om$  
!mselves to t ex]cise4 ,^! y\?s und]took
 to cle> ! m\nta9 ( ! bulls1 :i* !y     
effect$ by pursu+ !m on horseback1 &    
pi]c+ !m ) _! arr[s z !y fl$2 b :5 !    
bulls /opp$ or foll[$ !m1 !y retir$ )\t 
receiv+ any hurt4 ,& f h5ce !y 7 call$  
,c5taurs1 viz4 ,pi]ce bulls4 ,hav+      
receiv$ ( ,ixion ! recomp5se he promis$ 
!m1 !y became s fi]ce & pr\d1 t !y      
committ$ a ?\s& insol5ces 9 ,!ssaly1 n  
sp>+ ev5 ,ixion himself1 :o dwelt 9 !   
t[n ( ,l>issa4 ,! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry
 7 at t "t call$ ,lapi?1 :o "o day      
invit$ ! ,c5taurs to a fea/ :i* !y      
celebrat$3 b ! ,c5taurs abus$ _!        
civility2 =1 hav+ drunk too mu*1 !y took

 ! ,lapi?ites' wom5 f !m1 set !m on _!  
horses1 & c>ri$ !m away4 ,?is viol5ce   
k9dl$ a long w> betwe5 ! ,c5taurs & !   
,lapi?3 ! ,c5taurs 9 ! night came d[n   
into ! pla91 & laid ambu%es = _!        
enemies1 &1 z soon z day appe>$1 retir$ 
aga9 into ! m\nta91 ) :atev] !y _h tak54
 ,?us1 z !y retir$1 ! ,lapi? saw only ! 
h9d] p>ts ( _! horses1 & ! m5's heads2 s
 t !y seem$ b z "o animal1 :5ce !y      
believ$ ! ,c5taurs _h become half m5 &  
half horses1 & t !y 7 cl\ds1 because !  
village :]e !y dwelt 0 call$ ,nophelus1 
:i* signifi$ a cl\d4     ,,*ap4         
,,lxxxiv4  ,,miscellane\s               
,,curiosities4--7,cont9u$47             
,spontane\s ,inflammation--,diseases    
peculi> to ,p>ticul>                    
,c\ntries--,injuries f ,swall[+ ! ,/ones
 (     ,fruits--,extraord9>y ,surgical  
,op]ation--,extraord9>y ,cures by       
,burn+--,illum9ation by                 
,electricity--,divisibility ( ,matt]4   
,,spontane\s ,,inflammation4--,a pap] on
 ?is subject1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,rep]tory (

 ,arts1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbe1 induc$ ! ,rev4
 ,w4 ,tooke to publi% "s rem>ks 9 vol4  
iii4 p4 #ie1 ( t "w1 f :i* ! foll[+ is  
an extract1 respect+ ! spontane\s       
inflammation ( animal & vegetable       
sub/ances4 ,"o ,rde1 7says he17 an      
apo!c>y at ,bautz51 _h prep>$ a         
pyrophorus f rye-bran & alum4 ,n long   
aft] he _h made ! discov]y1 !re broke   
out1 9 ! next village ( ,nauslitz1 a    
great fire1 :i* did mu* mis*ief1 & 0    
said to h be5 occasion$ by ! treat+ ( a 
sick c[ 9 ! c[-h\se4 ,mr4 ,rde knew t ! 
c\ntrym5 7 accu/om$ to lay an           
application ( p>*$ rye-bran to _!       
cattle1 = cur+ ! ?ick neck2 he knew also
 t alum & rye-bran1 by a prop] process1 
yield$ a pyrophorus2 & n[1 to try :e!r  
p>*$ rye-bran alone w\ld h ! same       
effect1 he roa/$ a quantity ( x by !    
fire1 till x _h acquir$ ! col\r ( roa/$ 
c(fee4 ,?is roa/$ bran he wrapp$ up 9 a 
l95 clo?2 9 a few m9utes !re arose a    
/rong smoke1 ) a smell ( burn+4 ,soon   
aft]1 ! rag grew z black z t9d]1 & !    

bran1 n[ become hot1 fell ?r\gh x on !  
gr\nd 9 little balls4 ,mr4 ,rde repeat$ 
! exp]im5t1 & always ) ! same result4   
,:o n[ w d\bt1 t ! frequ5cy ( fires 9   
c[-h\ses1 :i* 9 ^? p>ts are mo/ly wood5 
build+s1 is occasion$ by ?is practice1 (
 b9d+ roa/$ bran ab\t ! necks ( !       
cattle8  ,montet relates1 9 ! ,memoires 
de l',acadmie de ,p>is1 #agdh1 t animal 
sub/ances k9dle into flame2 & t he      
himself has be5 witness to ! spontane\s 
acc5sion ( dunghills4 ,! wooll5 /uff    
prep>$ at ,sev5nes1 nam$ ,emp]or's /uff1
 has k9dl$ ( itself1 & burnt to a coal4 
,x is usual = ?is to happ5 to wooll5    
/uffs1 :5 9 hot summ]s !y are laid 9 a  
heap1 9 a room b little air$4 ,9 ,june1 
#agha1 ?is happ5$ at a woolcomb]'s 9    
,g]many1 :]e a heap ( wool-comb+s1 pil$ 
up 9 a close w>eh\se seldom air$1 took  
fire ( itself4 ,?is wool burnt f )9     
outw>ds1 & became q a coal2 ?\gh nei!r  
fire nor light _h be5 us$ at ! pack+4 ,9
 l mann] clo?-work]s h c]tifi$1 t aft]  
!y h b\ght wool t 0 become wet1 & pack$ 

x close 9 _! w>eh\se1 ?is wool has burnt
 ( itself4 ,! spontane\s acc5sion (     
v>i\s matt]s f ! vegetable k+dom1 z wet 
hay1 corn1 & madd]1 & at times wet meal 
& malt1 is well kn[n4 ,hemp1 flax1 &    
hemp-oil1 h also (t5 giv5 rise to       
dreadful conflagrations4  ,9 ! spr+ (   
#aghj1 a fire 0 discov]$ on bo>d a      
frigate ly+ 9 ! roads (f ,cron/adt1 :i* 
endang]$ ! :ole fleet4 ,aft] ! sev]e/   
scrut9y1 no cause ( ! fire 0 to be f\nd2
 & ! matt] rema9$ )\t explanation1 b )  
/rong surmises ( "s wick$ inc5di>y4--,9 
,augu/1 #aghj1 a fire broke out at !    
hemp magaz9e at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 by :i*  
sev]al hundr$ ?\s& poods 7ab\t #cflb4   
,engli%7 ( hemp & flax 7 consum$4 ,!    
walls ( ! magaz9e are ( brick1 ! floors 
( /one1 & ! raft]s & cov]+ ( iron2 x /&s
 alone on an isl& 9 ! ,neva1 on :i*1 z  
well z on bo>d ! %ips ly+ 9 ! ,neva1 no 
fire is p]mitt$4--,9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 !
 same ye>1 a fire 0 discov]$ 9 ! vault$ 
%op ( a furri]4 ,9 ^! %ops1 :i* are all 
vaults1 nei!r fire nor c&le is all[$1 & 

! doors ( !m are all ( iron4 ,at l5g? ! 
probable cause 0 f\nd to be1 t ! furri]1
 ! ev5+ be=e ! fire1 _h got a roll ( new
 c]eclo?1 & _h left x 9 8 vault1 :]e x 0
 f\nd almo/ consum$4--,9 ! night betwe5 
! #bj? & #ba/ ( ,april1 #agha1 a fire 0 
se5 on bo>d ! frigate ,m>ia1 at an*or1 )
 sev]al o!r %ips1 9 ! roads (f ! isl& ( 
,cron/adt2 ! fire 01 h[ev]1 soon        
ext+ui%$1 b1 by ! sev]e/ exam9ation1    
no?+ c\ld be extort$ conc]n+ ! mann] 9  
:i* x _h aris54 ,! g>rison 0 ?reat5$ ) a
 scrut9y t %\ld co/ !m de>2 & :ile !y 7 
9 ?is cruel susp5se1 ! wisdom ( !       
sov]eign gave a turn to ! affair1 :i*   
quiet$ ! m9ds ( all1 by po9t+ out !     
prop] me?od to be pursu$ by !           
commission]s ( inquiry1 9 ! foll[+ ord] 
to ,cz]ni*ef3 ,:5 we p]ceiv$1 by !      
report y h deliv]$ 9 ( ! exam9ation into
 ! accid5t t happ5$ on bo>d ! frigate   
,m>ia1 t1 9 ! cab9 :]e ! fire broke out1
 !re 7 f\nd p>cels ( matt+1 ti$ toge!r )
 pack?read1 9 :i* ! soot ( burnt        
fir-wood _h be5 mix$ ) oil1 = ! purpose 

( pa9t+ ! %ip's bottom1 x came into our 
m9d1 t1 = ! fire :i* happ5$ la/ ye> at !
 hemp-w>eh\ses1 ! foll[+ cause 0        
assign$2 t ! fire might h proce$$ f !   
hemp be+ b\nd up 9 greasy mats1 or ev5 f
 su* mats hav+ la9 ne> ! hemp3 !re=e1   
neglect n to guide y\r f>!r inquiries by
 ?is rem>k4  ,z1 ^u juridical exam9ation
 z well z private inquiry1 x 0 f\nd t1 9
 ! %ip's cab91 :]e ! smoke appe>$1 !re  
lay a bundle ( matt+1 conta9+ ,russian  
lamp-black1 prep>$ f fir-soot moi/5$ )  
hemp-oil v>ni%1 :i* 0 p]ceiv$ to h sp>ks
 ( fire 9 x at ! "t ( ! ext9ction1 !    
,russian admiralty gave ord]s to make   
v>i\s exp]im5ts1 to see :e!r a mixture (
 hemp-oil v>ni% & ! =em5tion$ ,russian  
black1 fold$ up 9 a mat & b\nd toge!r1  
w\ld k9dle ( itself4 ,!y %ook #djlb4 (  
fir-wood soot into a tub1 & p\r$ ab\t   
#celb4 ( hemp-oil v>ni% ^u x2 ?is !y let
 /& = an h\r1 aft] :i* !y p\r$ (f ! oil4
 ,! rema9+ mixture !y n[ wrapp$ up 9 a  
mat1 & ! bundle 0 laid close to ! cab9  
:]e ! mid%ipm5 _h _! bir?4 ,two (fic]s  

seal$ bo? ! mat & door ) _! own seals1 &
 /ation$ a wat* ( f\r (fic]s1 to take   
notice ( all t pass$ dur+ ! :ole night2 
& z soon z any smoke %\ld appe>1        
imm$iately to give in=mation to !       
comm&ant ( ! port4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made on
 ! #bf? ( ,april1 ab\t elev5 o'clock ,a4
 ,m4 9 pres5ce ( all ! (fic]s4 ,e>ly on 
! #bg?1 ab\t six o'clock ,a4 ,m4 a smoke
 appe>$1 ( :i* ! *ief comm&ant 0        
imm$iately in=m$3 he came ) spe$1 &1    
?r\gh a small hole 9 ! door1 saw ! mat  
smok+4 ,he dispat*$ a mess5g] to !      
memb]s ( ! commission2 b z ! smoke      
became /rong]1 & fire began to appe>1 he
 f\nd x necess>y to break ! seals & op5 
! door4 ,no soon] 0 ! air ?us admitt$1  
?an ! mat began to burn ) great] =ce1 & 
pres5tly x bur/ into a flame4  ,!       
,russian admiralty1 be+ n[ fully conv9c$
 ( ! self-enk9dl+ prop]ty ( ?is         
composition1 transmitt$ _! exp]im5t to !
 ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 :o       
appo9t$ ,mr4 ,georgi1 a v le>n$ adjunct 
( ! academy1 to make f>!r exp]im5ts on !

 subject4 ,?ree p\nds ( ,russian        
fir-black 7 sl[ly impregnat$ ) #elb4 (  
hemp-oil v>ni%2 & :5 ! mixture _h /ood  
op5 five h\rs1 x 0 b\nd up 9 l954 ,by   
?is process x became clott$2 b "s ( !   
black rema9$ dry4 ,:5 ! bundle _h la9   
sixte5 h\rs 9 a *e/1 x 0 obs]v$ to emit 
a v nause\s1 & r putrid smell1 n unlike 
t ( boil+ oil4 ,"s p>ts ( x became w>m1 
& /eam$ mu*2 eighte5 h\rs aft] ! mixture
 0 wrapt up1 "o place became br[n1      
emitt$ smoke1 & directly aft]w>ds gl[+  
fire appe>$4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ 9 a      
second or ?ird place2 ?\gh o!r places 7 
sc>cely w>m4 ,! fire crept sl[ly ar\nd1 
& gave a ?ick1 grey1 /9k+ smoke4 ,mr4   
,georgi took ! bundle out ( ! *e/1 &    
laid x on a /one pavem5t2 :51 on be+    
expos$ to ! free air1 !re arose a sl[   
burn+ flame1 a span high1 ) a /rong body
 ( smoke4 ,n long aft]w>ds1 !re appe>$1 
"h & !re1 sev]al *aps1 or clefts1 z f a 
little volcano1 ! vap\r issu+ f :i* bur/
 into flames4 ,on 8 break+ ! lump1 x    
bur/ into a v viol5t flame1 full ?ree   

feet high1 :i* soon grew less1 & !n w5t 
out4 ,! smok+ & gl[+ fire la/$ six h\rs2
 & ! rema9d] cont9u$ to gl[ )\t = two   
h\rs long]4 ,! grey e>?y a%es1 :5 cold1 
weigh$ five & a half ounces4 ,mr4 ,tooke
 concludes ) a case ( self-acc5sion1    
notic$ by ,mr4 ,hagemann1 an apo!c>y1 at
 ,brem54 ,he prep>$ a boil$ oil (       
hyoscyamus1 or h5bane1 9 ! usual way1 ) 
common oil4 ,! humidity ( ! h]b 0 ne>ly 
evaporat$1 :5 he 0 call$ away by o!r    
affairs1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ! oil on ! 
fire4 ,! evaporation ( ! humidity 0     
h]eby c>ri$ s f>1 t ! h]b c\ld easily be
 rubb$ to p[d]4 ,! oil _h lo/ its gre5  
col\r1 & _h become br[ni%4 ,9 ?is /ate x
 0 laid on ! /ra9+ clo?1 & plac$ 9 !    
g>d51 beh9d ! h\se1 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 half
 an h\r1 on com+ aga9 to ?is place1 he  
p]ceiv$ a /rong smoke !re1 ?\gh he ?\ght
 ! oil mu/ h long be5 cool$3 on clos]   
inspection1 he f\nd t ! smoke did n     
proce$ f ! oil1 b f ! h]b on ! /ra9+    
clo?2 at ! same "t ! smell betray$ a    
conceal$ fire4 ,he /irr$ ! h]b ab\t1 &  

blew into x ) a bell[s1 :]eupon x broke 
out into a bright flame4   ,,diseases   
,,peculi> ,,to ,,p>ticul>               
,,c\ntries4--,! inhabitants ( p>ticul>  
places are peculi>ly subject to p>ticul>
 diseases1 ow+ to _! mann] ( liv+1 or to
 ! air & effluvia ( ! e>? & wat]s4      
,h(fman has made "s curi\s obs]vations  
on diseases ( ?is k9d4 ,he rem>ks1 t    
swell+s ( ! ?roat h always be5 common to
 ! inhabitants ( m\nta9\s c\ntries3 & ! 
old ,roman au?ors say1 ',:o wond]s at a 
swell$ ?roat 9 ! ,alps8' ,! p (         
,switz]l&1 ,c>9?ia1 ,/iria1 ! ,h>tz =e/1
 ,transylvania1 & ! inhabitants (       
,cron/adt1 he obs]ves1 are all subject  
to ?is disease4 ,! ,fr5* are peculi>ly  
tr\bl$ ) fev]s1 worms1 hydroceles1 &    
s>coceles2 & all ^! disord]s seem to be 
ow+ orig9ally to _! eat+ v l>ge         
quantities ( *e/nuts4 ,! p ( ,brita9 are
 affect$ ) ho>s5esses1 cat>rhs1 c\ghs1  
dys5t]ies1 consumptions1 & ! scurvy2 !  
wom5 ) ! fluor albus2 & *ildr5 ) a      
disease sc>cely kn[n else:]e1 :i* we    

call ! rickets4  ,9 diff]5t p>ts (      
,italy1 diff]5t diseases reign4 ,at     
,naples1 ! v5]eal disease is m common   
?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,at ,v5ice1 p  
are peculi>ly subject to ! ble$+ piles4 
,at ,rome1 t]tian agues & le?>gic       
di/emp]s are mo/ common2 9 ,tuscany1 !  
epilepsy2 & 9 ,apulia1 burn+ fev]s1     
pleurisies1 & t sort ( madness :i* is   
attribut$ to ! bite ( ! t>antula1 &     
fanci$ to be cur$ by music4 ,9 ,spa91   
apoplexies are common1 z also melan*oly1
 hypo*ondriacal compla9ts1 & ble$+      
piles4 ,! ,dut* are peculi>ly subject to
 ! scurvy1 & to ! /one 9 ! kidneys4 ,! p
 ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,pom]ania1 & 
,livonia1 are all t]ribly afflict$ ) !  
scurvy3 & x is rem>kable1 t 9 ,d5m>k1   
,sw$51 & ,norway1 fev]s are v common2 b 
9 ,icel&1 ,lapl&1 & ,f9l&1 !re is       
sc>cely ev] su* a disease met )4 ,!     
,russians & ,t>t>s are afflict$ ) ulc]s1
 made by ! cold1 ( ! nature ( :at we    
call *ilbla9s1 b greatly worse2 & 9     
,pol& & ,li?uania1 !re reigns a peculi> 

disease1 call$ ! ,plica ,polonica1 s    
t]ribly pa9ful & (f5sive1 t sc>cely any 
?+ c be ?\ght worse4 ,! p ( ,hung>y are 
v subject to ! g\t & rheumatism3 !y are 
also m infe/$ ) lice & fleas ?an any o!r
 p 9 ! _w2 & !y h a peculi> disease :i* 
!y call cremor4 ,! ,g]mans1 9 diff]5t   
p>ts ( ! empire1 are subject to diff]5t 
reign+ diseases4 ,9 ,we/phalia1 !y are  
peculi>ly tr\bl$ ) p]ipneumonies & !    
it*4 ,9 ,silesia1 ,franconia1 ,au/ria1 &
 o!r places !reab\t1 !y are v liable to 
fev]s ( ! burn+ k9d1 to ble$+s at !     
nose1 & o!r hmorrhages2 & to ! g\t1     
inflammations1 & consumptions4 ,9       
,misnia !y h purple fev]s2 & ! *ildr5   
are peculi>ly infe/$ ) worms4 ,9        
,greece1 ,mac$onia1 & ,?race1 !re are v 
few diseases2 b :at !y h are pr9cipally 
burn+ fev]s & phr5zies4 ,anci5tly1 ! mo/
 common diseases 9 ,egypt 7 bl9dness1   
ulc]s 9 ! legs1 consumptions1 & !       
leprosy1 call$ elephantiasis1 :i* 0     
peculi> to t c\ntry2 z ,pl9y obs]ves1   
,egypti peculi>e hoc malum              

elephantiasis4 ,at ,con/ant9ople !      
plague always rages2 & 9 ! ,we/ ,indian 
isl&s1 malignant fev]s1 & ! mo/ t]rible 
colics4 ,^! diseases are call$ endemic4 
,9 g5]al1 x is obs]v$1 t ! cold] !      
c\ntry is1 ! few] & ! less viol5t are ! 
diseases4  ,s*oeff] tells u1 t !        
,lapl&]s "k no su* ?+ z ! plague1 or    
fev]s ( ! burn+ k9d2 nor are !y subject 
to half ! di/emp]s we are4 ,!y are robu/
 & /rong1 & live to eighty1 n9ety1 & _m 
( !m to m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s2 & at ?is  
great age !y are n feeble & decrepit1 b 
a man ( n9ety is able to "w or travel z 
well z a man ( sixty ) u4 ,!y are       
subject1 h[ev]1 to "s diseases1 m ?an   
o!r nations4 ,!y h (t5 di/emp]s ( !     
eyes1 ow+ to _! liv+ 9 smoke1 or be+    
bl9d$ by sn[4 ,pleurisies1 inflammations
 ( ! lungs1 & viol5t pa9s ( ! head1 are 
also v frequ5tly f\nd among ^! h>dy     
inhabitants ( ! nor?2 & ! small-pox     
rages ) great viol5ce4 ,!y h "o g5]al   
rem$y aga9/ ^! & all o!r int]nal        
diseases2 ?is is1 ! root ( t sort ( moss

 :i* !y call j]?4 ,!y make a decoction (
 ?is root 9 ! :ey ( re9-de]'s milk1 &   
dr9k v l>ge doses ( x w>m1 to keep up a 
brea?+ sweat2 if !y _c get ?is1 !y use !
 /alks ( angelica boil$ 9 ! same mann]3 
b ! keep+ 9 a sweat1 & dr9k+ pl5tifully 
( dilut+ liquors1 may g a great way 9 ! 
cure4 ,!y cure pleurisies by ?is me?od 9
 a v few days1 & get s well ?r\gh !     
small-pox ) x1 t v few die ( ! disease4 
,,injuries ,,f ,,swall[+ ,,! ,,/ones ,,(
 ,,fruits4--,! dang]s aris+ f swall[+ ! 
/ones ( plums & o!r fruits are v great4 
,! ,philosophical ,transactions give an 
acc\nt ( a woman :o suff]$ viol5t pa9s 9
 h] b[els = ?irty ye>s1 ! malady return+
 once 9 a mon? or less4 ,at l5g?1 a     
/rong purge be+ giv5 h]1 ! occasion (   
all ^! compla9ts 0 discov]$ to be a /one
 ( an oval figure1 ( ab\t t5 drams 9    
weight1 & measur+ five in*es 9          
circumf]5ce4 ,?is _h caus$ all ! viol5t 
fits ( pa91 :i* %e _h suff]$ = s _m     
ye>s2 aft] ?is1 %e became p]fectly well4
 ,! ball extract$ look$ l a /one1 & felt

 v h>d1 b swam 9 wat]4 ,on cutt+ x ?r\gh
 ) a knife1 !re 0 f\nd 9 ! c5tre1 a     
plum-/one1 r\nd :i* sev]al coats ( ?is  
h>d & t\gh matt] _h ga!r$4  ,ano!r      
in/ance is giv5 9 ! same pap]s1 ( a man1
 :o1 dy+ ( an incurable colic1 :i* _h   
torm5t$ him _m ye>s1 & baffl$ ! effects 
( m$ic9es1 0 op5$ aft] dea?2 & 9 8 b[els
 0 f\nd a ball simil> to t              
above-m5tion$1 b some:at l>g]1 be+ six  
in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & weigh+ an ounce &
 a half4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is1 z ( ! o!r1   
!re 0 f\nd ! /one ( a common plum1 & !  
coats 7 ( ! same nature ) ^? ( ! =m]4   
,^! & simil> in/ances m5tion$ 9 ! same  
"w1 suffici5tly %ew ! folly ( t common  
op9ion1 t ! /ones ( fruits are :olesome4
 ,ev5 *]ry /ones1 swall[$ 9 great       
quantities1 h occasion$ dea?4           
,,extraord9>y ,,surgical ,,op]ation4--,!
 mo/ surpris+ & hon\rable op]ation (    
surg]y ev] p]=m$1 01 )\t any            
contradiction1 t execut$ by ,m4 ,ri*]&1 
by tak+ away a "p ( ! ribs & ( ! pleura4
 ,! pati5t 0 himself a m$ical man1 & n  

ignorant ( ! dang] he ran 9 ?is op]ation
 be+ _h rec\rse to2 b he also knew t 8  
disord] 0 o!rwise incurable4 ,he 0      
attack$ ) a canc] on ! int]nal surface (
 ! ribs & ( ! pleura1 :i* cont9ually    
produc$ enorm\s fungosities1 t _h be5 9 
va9 attempt$ to be repress$ by ! actual 
caut]y4 ,m4 ,ri*]& 0 oblig$ to lay !    
ribs b>e1 to saw away two1 to deta* !m f
 ! pleura1 & to cut away all ! canc]\s  
"p ( t membrane4  ,z soon z he _h made !
 op5+1 ! air ru%+ into ! *e/1 occasion$ 
! fir/ day great suff]+1 & di/ress+     
%ortness ( brea?2 ! surgeon c\ld t\* &  
see ! he>t ?r\gh ! p]ic>dium1 :i* 0 z   
transp>5t z glass1 & c\ld assure himself
 ( ! total ins5sibility ( bo?4 ,mu* s]\s
 fluid fl[$ f ! w\nd1 z long z x rema9$ 
op52 b x fill$ up sl[ly by means ( !    
adhesion ( ! lung ) ! p]ic>dium1 & !    
fle%y granulations t 7 =m$ 9 x4 ,at l5g?
 ! pati5t got s well1 t on ! tw5ty-sev5?
 day aft] ! op]ation1 he c\ld n resi/ ! 
desire ( go+ to ! ,m$ic9al ,s*ool1 to   
see ! fragm5ts ( ! ribs t _h be5 tak5 f 

him2 & 9 ?ree or f\r days aft]w>ds he   
return$ home1 & w5t ab\t 8 ord9>y       
bus9ess4 ,! success ( ,m4 ,ri*]& is ! m 
important1 because x w au?orize1 9 o!r  
cases1 ent]prises1 :i*1 accord+ to      
receiv$ op9ions1 w\ld appe> impossible2 
& we %all be less afraid ( p5etrat+ into
 ! int]ior ( ! *e/4 ,m4 ,ri*]& ev5      
hopes1 t by op5+ ! p]ic>dium itself1 &  
us+ prop] injections1 we may cure a     
disease t has hi!rto always be5 fatal1 !
 dropsy ( t cavity4--,?omson's ,annals4 
,,extraord9>y ,,cures ,,by ,,burn+4--,! 
foll[+ case is record$ 9 ! memoirs ( !  
,academy ( ,sci5ces1 by ,m4 ,homb]g4 ,a 
woman1 ( ab\t ?irty-five1 became subject
 to a heada*1 :i* at times 0 s viol5t1 t
 x drove h] out ( h] s5ses1 mak+ h]     
sometimes /upid & fooli%1 at o!r times  
rav+ & furi\s4 ,! seat ( ! pa9 0 9 !    
=ehead1 & ov] ! eyes1 :i* 7 inflam$1 &  
look$ exce$+ly r$ & sp>kl+2 & ! mo/     
viol5t fits ( x 7 att5d$ ) nausea &     
vomit+4 ,9 ! "t ( ! fits1 %e c\ld take  
no food2 b at all o!rs %e _h a v good   

appetite4 ,m4 ,homb]g _h 9 va9 attempt$ 
h] cure = ?ree ye>s1 ) all k9ds (       
m$ic9es3 only opium succe$$2 & t b      
little1 all its effect be+ only to take 
(f ! pa9 = a few h\rs4 ,! r$ness ( h]   
eyes 0 always ! sign ( an approa*+ fit4 
,"o night1 feel+ a fit com+ on1 %e w5t  
to lie d[n ^u ! b$2 b fir/ walk$ up to !
 glass ) ! c&le 9 h] h&1 to see h[ h]   
eyes look$3 9 obs]v+ ?is1 ! c&le set    
fire to h] cap2 & z %e 0 alone1 h] head 
0 t]ribly burnt be=e ! fire c\ld be     
ext+ui%$4 ,m4 ,homb]g 0 s5t =1 & ord]$  
ble$+ & prop] dress+s3 b ! expect$ fit  
?is night nev] came on2 ! pa9 ( ! burn+ 
wore (f by degrees2 & ! pati5t f\nd     
h]self f t h\r cur$ ( ! heada*1 :i* _h  
nev] once return$ 9 f\r ye>s aft]2 su*  
be+ ! "t :5 ! acc\nt 0 communicat$4     
,ano!r case1 n less rem>kable1 0        
communicat$ to ,m4 ,homb]g by a         
physician at ,bruges4 ,a woman1 :o =    
sev]al ye>s _h h] legs & ?ighs swell$ 9 
an extraord9>y mann]1 f\nd "s relief f  
rubb+ !m be=e ! fire ) br&y e morn+ &   

ev5+4 ,"o ev5+1 ! br&y %e _h rubb$      
h]self ) took fire1 & slightly burnt h]4
 ,%e appli$ "s br&y to h] burn2 & 9 !   
night all ! wat] ) :i* ! afflict$ p>ts 7
 swell$1 0 entirely dis*>g$1 & ! swell+ 
did n aga9 return4   ,,illum9ation ,,by 
,,electricity4--,pr(essor ,me9ecke1 (   
,hall*as1 9 ,gilb]t's ,annals1 #ahai1   
,numb] #e1 propos$ to illum9ate halls1  
h\ses1 & /reets1 by ! electric sp>k2 &  
expresses 8 /rong p]suasion t "o day x w
 af=d a m p]fect & less exp5sive light  
?an gas-illum9ation1 & ultimately       
replace x4 ,8 plan is1 to arrange1 :at  
are call$1 9 electricity1 lum9\s tubes1 
glasses1 c42 i4 e4 insulat+ sub/ances1  
hav+ a s]ies ( metallic spangles at     
small di/ances f ea* o!r1 along ! place 
to be illum9at$2 & !n1 by a ma*9e1 s5d a
 curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh !m3         
sometimes also p>tially exhau/$ glasses1
 z ! lum9\s receiv]1 conductor1 c41 are 
us$4 ,9 ?is way ,pr(essor ,me9ecke      
obta9$ f a two-feet plate ma*9e1 a      
con/ant light 9 8 ap>tm5t equal to t ( !

 moon1 & ev5 surpass+ x2 & by enclos+ 8 
sy/em ( sp>ks 9 tubes fill$ ) r>ifi$    
hydrog5 gas1 9 :i* gas x is assum$ t !  
electric sp>k is m ?an d\bl$ 9          
brilliancy1 he ?9ks x w be easy to      
enl>ge ! plan to any ext5t4             
,,divisibility ,,( ,,matt]4--,we may be 
readily conv9c$ ( ! inf9ite divisibility
 ( bodies1 by simply walk+ 9 a g>d51 &  
inhal+ ! sweet inc5se t rises f a ?\s&  
fl[]s4 ,h[ inconceivably small mu/ be ! 
odorif]\s p>ticles ( a c>nation1 :i*    
diffuse !mselves ?r\gh a :ole g>d51 & e 
:]e /rike our s5se ( smell6 ,if ?is is n
 suffici5t1 let u consid] "s o!r objects
 ( nature2 z1 = in/ance1 "o ( ^? silk   
?reads1 ! "w ( a poor worm4 ,suppose ?is
 ?read is ?ree hundr$ & sixty feet long1
 x w weigh b a s+le gra94 ,aga91 consid]
 into h[ _m p]ceptible p>ts a l5g? (    
?ree hundr$ & sixty feet c be divid$4 ,a
 s+le in* may be divid$ into six hundr$ 
p>ts1 ea* z ?ick z a hair1 & consequ5tly
 be p]fectly visible4 ,h5ce a s+le gra9 
( silk c be divid$ into at lea/ two     

millions five hundr$ & n9ety-two ?\s&   
p>ts1 ea* ( :i* may be se5 )\t ! help ( 
a microscope4 ,& z e "o ( ^! p>ts may be
 aga9 divid$ into sev]al m millions (   
p>ts1 till ! division is c>ri$ beyond ! 
rea* ( ?\ght1 x is evid5t t ?is         
progression may be inf9ite4 ,! la/      
p>ticles1 :i* are no long] divisible by 
human indu/ry1 mu/ /ill h ext5sion1 & be
 consequ5tly susceptible ( division1    
?\gh we are no long] able to effect x4  
,if we exam9e ! animal k+dom1 we %all   
discov] /ill fur!r pro(s ( ! inf9ite    
divisibility ( matt]4 ,pepp] has be5 put
 into a glass ( wat]1 & on look+ ?r\gh a
 microscope1 a multitude ( animalcules 7
 se5 9 ! wat]1 a ?\s& million times less
 ?an a gra9 ( s&6 ,h[ inconceivably     
m9ute !n mu/ be ! feet1 muscles1        
vessels1 n]ves1 & organs ( s5se1 9 ^!   
animals6 ,& h[ small _! eggs & _! "y    
ones1 & ! fluids :i* circulate 9 !m6 ,"h
 ! imag9ation loses itself1 our ideas   
become confus$1 & we are incapable (    
giv+ =m to su* v small p>ticles4 ,:at   

/ill m claims our att5tion is1 t ! m we 
magnify1 by means ( glasses1 !          
productions ( nature1 ! m p]fect &      
beautiful d !y appe>3 :il/ ) works ( art
 x is g5]ally q contr>y2 = :5 ^! are se5
 ?r\gh a microscope1 we f9d !m r\gh1    
co>se1 & imp]fect1 ?\gh execut$ by ! mo/
 able arti/s1 & ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,?us !   
,almighty has impress$ ev5 ^u ! smalle/ 
atom ! /amp ( 8 inf9ity4 ,! mo/ subtile 
body is z a _w1 9 :i* millions ( p>ts   
unite & are arrang$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord]4
     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxxv4  ,,miscellane\s    
,,curiosities4--7,cont9u$47      ,!     
,jew's ,h>p--,rem>kable                 
,aqu$ucts--,cri*up ,l9n--,eddy/one      
,rocks--,dismal ,swamp--,curi\s ,w9e    
,cell>--,m9t ( ,segovia--,rem>kable     
,mills--,silk ,mill at ,d]by--,portl&   
,vase--,murd]+ ,/atue--,a ,curi\s       
,pulpit4   ,,! ,,jew',s ,,h>p4--,!      
,jew's trump1 or ,jew's h>p1 z x is (t5 
call$1 ?\gh n[ a boy's in/rum5t1 is (   
anci5t orig91 = ,mr4 ,p5nant in=ms u1   
7,t\r to ,scotl&1 p4 #aie17 t "o made ( 

gilt brass 0 f\nd 9 ,norway1 deposit$ 9 
an urn4 ,!re appe>s to be an allusion1 9
 ! "n1 to ! inhabitants ( ,judea2 & x is
 to be obs]v$1 t 9 ,dodsley's old plays1
 vol4 iv4 p4 #aga1 ,quick calls ! usur]1
 on acc\nt ( 8 ,jewi% av>ice1 a notable 
,jew's trump4 ,9 ! plate1 h[ev]1 (      
,jewi% musical in/rum5ts1 9 ,calmet's   
,diction>y1 no?+ ( ?is k9d occurs2 s t  
p]haps !re is a corruption "h (         
jeu-trompe1 a play?+1 or play-tromp1 z x
 is n[ only us$ by boys = t purpose2 or 
x may be a corruption ( ,jew's h>p1 f ! 
circum/ance ( its be+ plac$ betwe5 !    
tee? :5 play$4   ,,rem>kable            
,,aqu$ucts4--,aqu$ucts are conveyances =
 c>ry+ wat] f "o place to ano!r2 made on
 unev5 gr\nd1 to pres]ve ! level4       
,aqu$ucts ( e k9d 7 long ago ! wond]s ( 
,rome2 ! va/ quantity ( !m :i* !y _h2 ! 
prodigi\s exp5se employ$ 9 conduct+     
wat]s ov] arcades f "o place to ano!r1  
at ! di/ance ( ?irty1 =ty1 sixty1 & ev5 
"o hundr$ miles1 :i* 7 ei!r cont9u$ or  
suppli$ by o!r lab\rs1 z by cutt+       

m\nta9s & pi]c+ rocks3 all ?is may well 
surprise u1 z no?+ l x is und]tak5 9 our
 times2 we d>e n pur*ase conv5i5cy at s 
de> a rate4 ,appius ,claudius1 ! c5sor1 
devis$ & con/ruct$ ! fir/ aqu$uct4 ,8   
example gave ! public luxury a h9t to   
cultivate ^! objects2 & ! =ce (         
prodigi\s & indefatigable lab\r div]t$ !
 c\rse ( riv]s & floods to ,rome4       
,agrippa1 9 t ye> :5 he 0 edile1 put !  
la/ h& to ! magnific5ce ( ^! works4  ,! 
aqu$uct ( ! ,aqua ,m>tia1 _h an ar* (   
sixte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,! :ole 0 compos$
 ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( /one2 "o ( !m    
r$di%1 ano!r br[n1 & a ?ird ( an e>?    
col\r4 ,above1 !re appe>$ two canals1 ( 
:i* ! highe/ 0 f$ by ! new wat]s ( !    
,tiv]one1 & ! l[] by :at !y call$ !     
,claudian riv]4 ,! entire edifice is    
sev5ty ,roman feet high4 ,ne> ?is       
aqu$uct1 we h1 9 ,fa!r ,montfaucon1 !   
plan ( ano!r1 ) ?ree canals2 ! highe/   
suppli$ by ! ,aqua ,julia1 t 9 ! middle 
f ,tepula1 & ! l[e/ f ! ,aqua ,m>tia4 ,!
 ar* ( ! aqu$uct ( ! ,aqua ,claudia is (

 hewn /one1 v beautiful2 t ( ! aqu$uct (
 ! ,aqua ,n]onia is ( bricks3 !y are ea*
 ( !m sev5ty-two ,roman feet 9 height4  
,! canal ( ! aqu$uct :i* 0 call$ ,aqua  
,appia1 des]ves to be m5tion$ = a       
s+ul>ity :i* is obs]v$ 9 x2 = x is n1 l 
! o!rs1 pla91 nor gradual 9 its desc5t1 
b mu* n>r[] at ! l[] ?an ! high] end4 ,!
 consul ,front9us1 :o sup]9t5d$ !       
aqu$ucts "u ! emp]or ,n]va1 m5tions n9e 
( !m :i* _h ea* #ac1eid pipes ( an in* 9
 diamet]4 ,vig]us obs]ves1 t1 9 ! space 
( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ,rome receiv$ #ejj1jjj
 hog%eads ( wat]4 ,n to m5tion !        
aqu$ucts ( ,drusus & ,rhim9ius1 t :i*   
gives ! mo/ /rik+ idea ( ,roman         
magnific5ce1 is ! aqu$uct ( ,metz1 ( :i*
 a great numb] ( arcades /ill rema94 ,^!
 arcades cross$ ! ,moselle1 a riv] :i*  
is ( va/ bread? at t place4 ,! copi\s   
s\rces ( ,gorze furni%$ wat] = !        
repres5tation ( a sea-fight4 ,?is wat] 0
 collect$ 9 a res]voir2 :5ce x 0        
conduct$ by subt]rane\s canals =m$ (    
hewn-/one1 & s spaci\s1 t a man c\ld    

walk erect 9 !m3 x trav]s$ ! ,moselle ^u
 its sup]b & l(ty arcades1 :i* may /ill 
be se5 at ! di/ance ( two leagues f     
,metz2 s nicely wr\ght1 & s f9ely       
cem5t$1 t except ^? p>ts 9 ! middle :i* 
h be5 c>ri$ away by ! ice1 !y h resi/$1 
& w /ill resi/1 ! sev]e/ %ocks ( ! mo/  
viol5t seasons4 ,f ^! arcades1 o!r      
aqu$ucts convey$ ! wat]s to ! ba?s1 & to
 ! place :]e ! naval engagem5t 0        
exhibit$4  ,if we may tru/ ,colm5>us1 ! 
aqu$uct ( ,segovia may be comp>$ ) ! mo/
 admir$ lab\rs ( antiquity4 ,!re /ill   
rema9 "o hundr$ & fifty-n9e arcades1    
:olly consi/+ ( /ones enorm\sly l>ge1 & 
jo9$ )\t mort>4 ,^! arcades1 ) :at      
rema9s ( ! edifice1 are "o hundr$ & two 
feet high2 !y are =m$ 9 two ranges1 "o  
above ano!r4 ,! aqu$uct fl[s ?r\gh !    
city1 & runs b5ea? ! greate/ numb] (    
h\ses1 :i* are at ! l[] end4 ,aft] ^!   
enorm\s /ructures1 we may be believ$ :5 
we speak ( ! aqu$uct :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4   
caus$ to be built ne> ,ma9t5on1 = c>ry+ 
wat] f ! riv] ,bucq to ,v]sailles3 x is 

p]haps ! greate/ aqu$uct n[ 9 ! _w1 be+ 
#gjjj fa?oms 9 l5g?1 above #befj 9      
height1 & conta9+ no few] ?an two hundr$
 & =ty-two arcades4   ,,cri*up          
,,l9n4--,?is is a v beautiful cascade1  
=m$ by ! rivulet ,cri*up1 9 ,b]wick%ire4
 ,x falls ov] a precipice ab\t          
eighty-five or n9ety feet high1 & almo/ 
p]p5dicul>4 ,ab\t a half a mile bel[    
?is1 desc5ds a hill ( r$ free-/one1 =m+ 
a l9n1 or wat]fall1 peculi>ly romantic4 
,! l9n f top to bottom is upw>ds ( a    
hundr$ feet1 & ?\gh tw5ty deep1 x is yet
 s n>r[ at ! top1 t "o might easily leap
 across x1 7 x n = ! trem5d\s prospect  
bel[1 & ! noise ( ! wat] runn+ its d>k  
c\rse1 & by its deep murmur+1 affright+ 
! imag9ation4 ,9 ! "t ( p]secution1     
7says ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,yor/\n17 ! religi\s 
fly+ f _! p]secutors f\nd an excell5t   
hid+-place 9 ,cri*up ,l9n2 & !re is a   
seat1 cut out by nature 9 ! rock1 :i*1  
hav+ be5 ! retreat ( a %oemak] 9 ^?     
times1 has ev] s9ce borne ! "n ( !      
,sutor's ,seat4 ,no?+ c be m /rik+ ?an !

 appe>ance ( ?is l9n f its bottom4 ,!   
d>kness ( ! place1 ^u :i* ! sun nev]    
%9es2 ! ragg$ rocks ris+ ov] "o's head1 
& seem+ to meet at ! top1 ) "h & !re a  
bla/$ tree bur/+ f ! crevices2 ! ro>+ ( 
! wat]1 toge!r ) "s degree ( dang] to ! 
spectator1 :ile he surveys ! /rik+      
objects--all naturally t5d to "w ^u !   
imag9ation4 ,h5ce _m fabul\s /ories :i* 
are told1 7 once believ$ conc]n+ ?is    
curi\s l9n4   ,,eddy/one ,,rocks4--,?is 
is ! "n ( "s rocks 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 
s call$ f ! v>iety ( contr>y curr5ts 9  
_! vic9ity4 ,!y are situat$ ne>ly ,s4   
,s4 ,w4 f ! middle ( ,plym\? ,s\nd1 _!  
di/ance f ! port is ab\t f\rte5 miles1 &
 f ,rame ,head1 ! ne>e/ po9t ( l&1      
twelve & a half4 ,!y are almo/ 9 ! l9e  
:i* jo9s ! ,/>t & ,liz>d po9ts2 & z !y  
lie ne>ly 9 ! direction ( vessels coa/+ 
up & d[n ! *annel1 !y 7 v dang]\s1 &    
%ips 7 sometimes wreck$ on !m1 be=e !   
ligh?\se 0 e/abli%$4 ,!y are s expos$ to
 ! swells ( ! ocean1 f all ! s\? & we/  
po9ts ( ! compass1 t ! heavy seas come  

uncontroll$1 & break on !m ) ! utmo/    
fury4 ,sometimes aft] a /orm1 :5 ! sea 9
 g5]al is1 to all appe>ance1 q smoo?1 & 
its surface unruffl$ by ! slighte/      
breeze1 ! gr[+ swell or "u curr5t1 meet+
 ! slope ( ! rocks1 ! sea beats         
dreadfully ^u !m1 & ev5 rises above !   
ligh?\se 9 a magnific5t mann]1 ov]topp+ 
x1 = ! mom5t1 z ) a canopy ( fro?y wave4
 ,not)/&+ ?is trem5d\s swell1 ,mr4 ,h5ry
 ,w9/anley1 9 #afif1 und]took to build a
 ligh?\se on ! pr9cipal rock2 & he      
complet$ x #agjj4 ,?is +5i\s me*anic 0 s
 confid5t ( ! /ability ( 8 /ructure1 t  
he decl>$ 8 wi% to be 9 x dur+ ! mo/    
trem5d\s /orm t c\ld bl[4 ,un=tunately  
he obta9$ 8 wi%1 = he p]i%$ 9 x1 dur+ ! 
dreadful /orm :i* de/roy$ x on ! #bg? ( 
,novemb]1 #agjc4 ,9 #agji1 ano!r        
ligh?\se 0 erect$ ( wood on ?is rock1 b 
on a diff]5t con/ruction1 by ,mr4 ,john 
,rudy>d4 ,x /ood till #agee1 :5 x 0     
burnt4 ,a ?ird "o1 ( /one1 0 begun by ! 
late celebrat$ ,mr4 ,john ,smeaton1 on !
 #b;d ( ,april1 #ageg1 & f9i%$ #bd? (   

,augu/1 #agei2 & has )/ood ! rage ( all 
wea!rs ev] s9ce4 ,! rock :i* slopes     
t[>ds ! s\?-we/ is cut into horizontal  
/eps2 into :i* are dove-tail$1 & unit$  
by a /rong cem5t1 ,portl& /one1 &       
granite3 = ,mr4 ,smeaton discov]$1 t x 0
 impossible to make use ( ! =m]         
entirely1 z !re is a m>9e animal t c    
de/roy x2 & t he c\ld n use ! latt]     
solely1 z ! lab\r ( work+ x w\ld h be5  
too exp5sive4 ,he !re=e us$ ! "o = !    
int]nal1 & ! o!r = ! ext]nal "p ( !     
/ructure4 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( a broad base 
& accumulation ( matt]1 ! :ole1 to !    
height ( ?irty-five feet f ! f\ndation1 
is a solid mass ( /ones engraft$ into   
ea* o!r1 & unit$ by e k9d ( additional  
/r5g?4 ,! ligh?\se has f\r rooms1 "o ov]
 ano!r1 & at ! top a gall]y & lant]n4 ,!
 /one floors are flat above1 b concave  
bel[1 & are kept f press+ aga9/ ! sides 
( ! build+ by a *a9 let into ! walls4 ,!
 ligh?\se is ne>ly eighty feet high1 &  
)/&s ! mo/ viol5t /orms1 )\t su/a9+ !   
smalle/ injury4 ,x has n[ /ood above    

sixty-?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x has be5  
(t5 assault$ by all ! fury ( ! elem5ts2 
&1 9 all probability1 z ,mr4 ,smeaton   
said1 no?+ b an e>?quake c de/roy x4 ,! 
wood5 "p ( x1 h[ev]1 0 burnt 9 #aggj1 b 
r5ew$ 9 #aggd4   ,,dismal ,,swamp1--is a
 morass 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 rea*+ f        
,alb]m>le ,s\nd1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 to !  
neighb\rhood ( ,portsm\?1 on ! opposite 
side ( ! h>b\r to ,norfolk4 ,x is       
suppos$ to conta9 ab\t two hundr$ &     
fifty squ>e miles1 or "o hundr$ & fifty 
?\s& acres4  ,"s ( ! int]ior p>ts ( ?is 
va/ swampy pla9 are seldom explor$1 be+ 
full ( dang]2 yet sev]al adv5tur\s      
huntsm5 sometimes pursue _! game )9 its 
prec9cts1 b !y _c advance f> )\t great  
risk ( =feit+ _! lives to _! tem]ity4   
,mr4 ,janson1 a late travell]1 relates1 
t 9 "o ( ^! excursions he 0 (t5         
knee-deep1 ?\gh1 9 o!r p>ts1 ! gr\nd    
support$ him firmly4 ,9 endeav\r+ to    
pass "o ( ^! f5ny spots1 he attempt$ to 
avail himself ( a sort ( bridge1 =m$ ( !
 body ( a v l>ge tree2 :51 to 8         

surprise1 he 0 sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 du/ up  
to 8 wai/1 ! tree hav+ become rott51 or 
probably eat5 out by insects1 ?\gh x    
reta9$ its %ape1 & appe>ance ( solidity4
 ,wild bea/s lurk 9 ?is imp5etrable     
recess3 cattle also /ray !re1 & (t5     
become wild3 hogs are turn$ into x by _!
 own]s1 to fatt5 ^u ! acorns t fall f ! 
oaks4  ,lake ,drummond is situat$ ne> ! 
c5tre ( ! swamp1 & is =m$ by ! dra9+s ( 
?is imm5se bog4 ,x is cr[d$ ) fi% (     
v>i\s k9ds1 :i*1 liv+ unmole/$1 atta9 a 
prodigi\s size4   ,,curi\s ,,w9e        
,,cell>4--,! mona/]y ( ,arcadi1 9 ,c&ia1
 surpasses e o!r "p ( ! isl&1 ?\gh      
f]tile 9 religi\s h\ses1 bo? 9 ! numb] (
 monks1 & ! end[m5t ( ! conv5ts4 ,x is  
suppos$ to be built on ! spot :]e !     
anci5t ,arcadia once /ood4 ,! h\se      
itself conta9s ne>ly "o hundr$          
inhabitants1 :ile ab\t two hundr$ m are 
disp]s$ ov] ! l&s belong+ to ! mona/]y1 
& are employ$ 9 agriculture4 ,! cell> is
 by f> ! f9e/ "p ( ! build+4 ,x conta9s 
two hundr$ casks ( w9e1 ( :i* ! *oice/  

is m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! sup]ior1 & no "o may 
t\* x )\t 8 p]mission4 ,?is cell>       
receives a solemn annual b5$iction      
imm$iately aft] ! v9tage4 ,! pray]      
recit$ by ! sup]ior on ?is occasion1 is 
pr9t$ 9 ! ,greek ,spiritual2 x is z     
foll[s3--,"l ,god6 :o love/ mank9d1 look
 on ?is w9e1 & on ^? t %all dr9k x2     
bless ^? vessels z ?\ ha/ bless$ ! wells
 ( ,jacob1 ! fi%pool ( ,siloa1 & !      
bev]age ( ?y holy apo/les4 ,"l1 :o did/ 
condesc5d to be pres5t at ! m>riage (   
,cana1 :]e ?\ did/ manife/ ?y glory to  
?y disciples by *ang+ wat] into w9e1 s5d
 ?y holy ,_s on ?is w9e1 & bless x 9 ?y 
"n4   ,,m9t ,,( ,,segovia4--,at ! m9t ( 
,segovia1 9 ,spa91 !re is an eng9e mov$ 
by wat]1 b s artificially made1 t "o "p 
( x di/5ds an +ot ( gold into ! bread? &
 ?ickness requisite to make co94 ,x     
deliv]e? ! plate t x ha? wr\ght unto    
ano!r1 t pr9te? ! figure ( ! co9 ^u x2 &
 f !nce x is turn$ ov] to ano!r1 t      
cutte? x accord+ to ! pr9t 9 due %ape & 
weight4 ,& la/ly1 ! sev]al pieces fall  

into a c(f] 9 ano!r room1 :]e ! (fic]1  
^: *>ge x is1 f9ds treasure ready co9$4 
,,rem>kable ,,mills4--,at ,dantzic1 a   
city ( ,prussia1 ,mr4 ,morrison1 an     
+5i\s travell] ( ?is nation1 saw a mill1
 :i*1 )\t help ( h&s1 did saw bo>ds1    
hav+ an iron :eel1 :i* did n only drive 
! saw1 b also did hook 91 & turn ! bo>ds
 unto ! saw4 ,dr4 ,john ,dee m5tions ! l
 se5 by him at ,prague2 b :e!r ! mill   
mov$ by w9d or wat]1 is set d[n by nei!r
 ( !m4   ,,silk ,,mill ,,at             
,,d]by4--,?is mill1 situat$ on ! riv]   
,d]w5t1 0 erect$ by ,sir ,t4 ,loombe1   
:o1 at a va/ exp5se & great haz>d1      
br\ght ! model f ,italy4 ,x is fix$ 9 a 
l>ge h\se1 six /ories high1 & consi/s ( 
#bf1ehf :eels1 ) #ig1gdf movem5ts1 all  
driv5 by "o l>ge wat]-:eel1 fix$ on !   
outside ( ! h\se6 ,x goes r\nd ?ree     
times 9 "o m9ute1 & ea* "t works #gh1gbf
 y>ds ( silk ?read1 s t 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs
 x works #cah1dif1cbj y>ds ( silk ?read1
 "u ! managem5t ( only "o regulator6 ,x 
has be5 ( su* s]vice to ! silk trade1 t 

,sir ,?omas _h ! b5efit ( x dur+ 8 life2
 b ! p>liam5t hav+ all[$ him #ad1jjj1 z 
a fur!r rew>d = 8 s]vices1 he suff]$ a  
model ( x to be tak54 ,?is model n[ lies
 9 ! ,record-(fice at ! ,t[]1 = ! b5efit
 ( ! public1 any p]son be+ all[$ to     
inspect x1 s t !re are at pres5t sev]al 
mills ( ! k9d erect$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
k+dom4   ,,portl& ,,vase4--,?is is a    
celebrat$ fun]al vase1 :i* 0 long 9 !   
possession ( ! ,bab]9i family2 b :i* 0  
"s ye>s s9ce pur*as$ = #ajjj gu9eas by !
 duke ( ,portl&1 f :om x has d]iv$ its  
pres5t "n4 ,its height is ab\t t5 in*es2
 & its diamet]1 :]e broade/1 six4 ,!re  
are a v>iety ( figures ^u x1 ( mo/      
exquisite workman%ip1 9 bas relief1 9   
:ite opaque1 rais$ on a gr\nd ( deep    
blue glass1 :i* appe>s black1 except :5 
held aga9/ ! light4 ,x appe>s to h be5 !
 "w ( _m ye>s2 & !re are antiqu>ians :o 
date its production sev]al c5turies be=e
 ! ,*ri/ian era1 s9ce1 z has be5 said1  
sculpture 0 decl9+ 9 excell5ce 9 ! "t ( 
,alex&] ! ,great4 ,respect+ ! purpose ( 

?is vase1 & :at ! figures on x 7 meant  
to repres5t1 !re h be5 v>i\s            
conjectures4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 give a    
%ort acc\nt ( ! sev]al figures1 )\t     
notic+ any ( ! !ories or conjectures t h
 be5 made ab\t !m4 ,9 "o comp>tm5t1 ?ree
 exquisite figures are plac$ on a ru9$  
column1 ! capital ( :i* is fall51 & lies
 at _! feet among o!r disjo9t$ /ones3 !y
 sit "u a tree1 on loose piles ( /one4  
,! middle figure is a female 9 a recl9+ 
& dy+ attitude1 ) an inv]t$ tor* 9 h]   
left h&1 ! elb[ ( :i* supports h] z %e  
s9ks1 :ile ! "r h& is rais$1 & ?r[n ov] 
h] droop+ head4 ,! figure on h] "r h& is
 a man1 & t on ! left a woman1 bo?      
support+ !mselves on _! arms1 & app>5tly
 ?9k+ int5sely4 ,_! backs are to ! dy+  
figure1 & _! faces are turn$ t[>ds h]1 b
 )\t an attempt to assi/ h]4 ,on ano!r  
comp>tm5t ( ! vase is a figure com+     
?r\gh a portal1 & go+ d[n ) great       
timidity into a d>k] region1 :]e he is  
receiv$ by beautiful female1 :o /ret*es 
=? h] h& to help him3 betwe5 h] knees is

 a l>ge & playful s]p5t4 ,%e sits ) h]  
feet t[>ds an ag$ figure1 hav+ "o foot  
sunk into ! e>?1 & ! o!r rais$ on a     
column1 ) 8 *9 re/+ on 8 h&4 ,above !   
female figure is a ,cupid prec$+ ! fir/ 
figure1 & beckon+ him to advance4 ,?is  
fir/ figure holds a cloak or g>m5t1 :i* 
he seems anxi\s to br+ ) him1 b :i*     
adh]es to ! side ( ! portal ?r\gh :i* he
 has pass$4 ,9 ?is comp>tm5t !re are two
 trees1 "o ( :i* b5ds ov] ! female      
figure1 & ! o!r ov] ! ag$ "o4 ,on !     
bottom ( ! vase1 !re is ano!r figure on 
a l>g] scale ?an ! "o we h already      
m5tion$1 b n s well f9i%$ nor s elevat$4
 ,?is figure po9ts ) its f+] to its m\?4
 ,! dress appe>s to be curi\s &         
cumb]some1 & above !re is a foliage ( a 
tree4 ,on ! head ( ! figure !re is a    
,phrygian cap3 x is n easy to say :e!r  
?is figure be male or female4 ,on !     
h&les ( ! vase are repres5t$ two ag$    
heads ) ! e>s ( a quadrup$1 & f ! middle
 ( ! =ehead rises a k9d ( tree )\t      
leaves3 ^! figures are1 9 all           

probability1 m]e ornam5ts1 & h no       
connection ) ! /ory repres5t$ on ! vase4
   ,,murd]+ ,,/atue4--,k5i?1 k+ (       
,scotl&1 _h sla9 ,cru?l9tus ! son1 &    
,malcolmus ,duffus ! k+1 & k9sman (     
,f5ella3 %e1 to be rev5g$ ( ! murd]]1   
caus$ a /atue to be fram$ ) admirable   
art4 ,9 "o ( ! h&s ( x 0 an apple ( gold
 set full ( preci\s /ones1 :i*1 :osoev] 
t\*$1 0 imm$iately sla9 ) _m d>ts1 :i* !
 /atue ?rew or %ot at him4 ,k5i?1       
suspect+ no?+1 0 invit$ to ?is place1 & 
be+ sla9 9 ?is mann]1 ,f5ella escap$ ov]
 into ,irel&4   ,a ,,curi\s             
,,pulpit4--,! pulpit ( ! gr& p>o*ial    
*ur* at ,brussels1 a curi\s production (
 ,h5ry ,v]brugg51 ( ,antw]p1 is plac$ 9 
! middle ( ! nave4 ,at ! base are ,adam 
& ,eve1 l>ge z life1 ! expell+ ,angel & 
,dea? 9 ! re>6 ,our fir/ p>5ts1 ?\gh    
closely pursu$1 be> ^u _! %\ld]s !      
t]re/rial globe1 ! cavity ( :i* is fill$
 by ! prea*]6 ,f ! globe rises a tree1  
^: top ext5ds into a canopy su/a9+ an   
,angel1 & ,tru? exhibit$ z a female     

g5ius4 ,above are ! ,virg9 & ! infant   
,jesus1 cru%+ ! s]p5t's head ) a cross4 
,! /eps on ei!r side appe> z if cut f   
trunks ( trees1 & are accompani$ by     
c>v+s ( ! o/ri*1 eagle1 peacock1 p>rot1 
c4     ,,*ap4 ,,lxxxvi4  ,,miscellane\s 
,,curiosities4--7,cont9u$47             
,extraord9>y ,e*oes1 & ,:isp]+          
,places--,natural ,productions          
resembl+ ,artificial                    
,compositions--,rem>kable               
,lamps--,p]petual     ,fire--,magical   
,drum--,an ,extraord9>y ,cannon--,curi\s
 ,acc\nt ( ,old     ,bread--,sub/itute =
 ,spectacles--,w9t] ,sleep ( ,animals & 
,plants4   ,,extraord9>y ,,e*oes1 ,,&   
,,:isp]+ ,,places4--,^! are places :]e a
 :isp]1 or o!r l[ s\nd1 may be he>d f "o
 "p to ano!r1 to a great di/ance4 ,!y   
dep5d on a pr9ciple1 t ! voice1 c4 be+  
appli$ to "o end ( an ar*1 easily passes
 by repeat$ reflections to ! o!r4  ,h5ce
 s\nd is convey$ f "o side ( a :isp]+   
gall]y to ! opposite "o1 )\t be+ p]ceiv$
 by ^? :o /& 9 ! middle4 ,! =m ( a      

:isp]+-gall]y is t ( a segm5t ( a sph]e1
 or ! l ar*$ figure4 ,all ! contrivance 
9 :isp]+-places is1 t ne> ! p]son :o    
:isp]s !re may be a smoo? wall1 ar*$    
ei!r cyl9drically or elliptically4 ,a   
circul> ar* w d1 b n s well4  ,! mo/    
consid]able :isp]+-places 9 ,engl& are1 
! :isp]+-gall]y 9 ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's1 
,london1 :]e ! tick+ ( a wat* may be    
he>d f side to side1 & a v easy :isp] be
 s5t all r\nd ! dome4 ,! fam\s          
:isp]+-place 9 ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 is no 
o!r ?an a gall]y above ! ea/ end ( !    
*oir1 lead+ f "o side !re( to ! o!r4 ,x 
consi/s ( five angles & six sides2 !    
middlemo/ ( :i* is a nak$ w9d[1 yet two 
:isp]]s he> ea* o!r at ! di/ance (      
tw5ty-five y>ds4  ,9 ! ,philosophical   
,transactions = #agdf1 !re is a lett]   
ins]t$ f ,rob]t ,s\?well1 ,esq4 9 :i* he
 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "s extraord9>y 
:isp]+-places & e*oes4--,! be/          
:isp]+-place 9 ,engl&1 he obs]ves1 ,i   
ev] saw1 0 t at ,gl\ce/]3 b 9 ,italy1 9 
! way to ,naples1 two days f ,rome1 ,i  

saw1 9 a inn1 a room ) a squ>e vault1   
:]e a :isp] c\ld be easily he>d at !    
opposite corn]1 b n at all 9 ! side     
corn] t 0 ne> to y4  ,i saw ano!r1 9 !  
way f ,p>is to ,lyons1 9 ! por* ( a     
common inn1 :i* _h a r\nd vault3 b nei!r
 ( ^! 0 comp>able to t ( ,gl\ce/]2 only 
! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! la/ two 01 t to !  
latt]1 by hold+ y\r m\? to ! side ( !   
wall1 sev]al c\ld he> y on ! o!r side2 !
 voice be+ m diffus$3 b to ! =m]1 x be+ 
a squ>e room1 & y :isp]+ 9 ! corn]1 x 0 
only audible 9 ! opposite corn]1 & n to 
any di/ance f !nce1 z to di/9ction (    
words4 ,& ?is prop]ty 0 common to ea*   
corn] ( ! room4  ,z to ,e*oes1 !re is "o
 at ,brussels t answ]s fifte5 times3 b  
:5 at ,milan1 ,i w5t two miles f !nce to
 a nobleman's palace1 to notice "o /ill 
m extraord9>y4 ,! build+ is ( "s l5g? 9 
! front1 & has two w+s project+ =w>d2 s 
t x wants only "o side ( an oblong      
figure4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ paces be=e !    
h\se1 !re runs a small brook1 & t v     
sl[ly2 ov] :i* y pass f ! h\se into !   

g>d54 ,we c>ri$ "s pi/ols ) u1 &1 fir+  
"o ( !m1 ,i he>d fifty-six reit]ations (
 ! noise4 ,! fir/ tw5ty 7 ) "s          
di/9ction2 b !n1 z ! noise seem$ to fly 
away1 & ! answ]s 7 at a great di/ance1 !
 repetition 0 s d\bl$1 t y c\ld h>dly   
c\nt !m all1 seem+ z if ! pr9cipal s\nd 
0 salut$ 9 its passage by reports on ?is
 & t side at ! same "t4 ,"s ( our       
company reckon$ above sixty reit]ations1
 :5 a l\d] pi/ol 0 dis*>g$4  ,"s p]sons 
tell u1 t ! s\nd ( "o musical in/rum5t 9
 ?is place w seem l a great numb] (     
in/rum5ts play+ toge!r 9 conc]t4 ,?is   
e*o is ( ! multiple or tautological k9d1
 return+ "o s\nd sev]al times           
successively1 s z to make "o clap ( !   
h&s seem l _m1--"o ha1 l a laught]1--or 
"o in/rum5t l sev]al ( ! same k9d1      
imitat+ ea* o!r2 & by plac+ c]ta9 e*o+  
bodies 9 su* a mann]1 t any note play$  
%\ld be return$ 9 ?irds1 fif?s1 &       
eigh?s1 a musical room may be s         
contriv$1 t n only "o viol9 play$ !re9  
%all seem _m ( ! same sort & size1 b ev5

 a conc]t ( diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,^? e*oes
 :i* return ! voice b once are call$    
s+le2 :]e( "s are tonical1 only repeat+ 
:5 modulat$ into "s p>ticul> musical    
tone4 ,o!rs1 t repeat _m syllables or   
words1 are t]m$ polysyllabical2 ( :i*   
k9d is ! f9e e*o 9 ,wood/ock ,p>k1 :i*  
,dr4 ,plott assures u w return sev5te5  
syllables di/9ctly 9 ! day-"t1 & 9 !    
night tw5ty4 ,b>?ius likewise1 9 8 notes
 on ,/atius's ,!bais1 m5tions an e*o ne>
 ,b+5i 9 ,g]many1 :i* w\ld repeat words 
sev5te5 times1 z he himself _h prov$2 & 
:at is v /range 9 ?is e*o1 ! p]son :o   
speaks is sc>cely he>d at all1 b !      
repetition mo/ cle>ly1 & always 9       
surpris+ v>ieties1 ! e*o seem+ sometimes
 to approa* ne>]1 & sometimes to retire 
to a great] di/ance4 ,vitruvius tells u1
 t 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,greece & ,italy !re 
7 braz5 vessels artfully rang$ "u !     
seats ( ! !atres1 to r5d] ! s\nd ( !    
actors' voices m cle>1 & make a k9d (   
e*o2 by :i* means1 ( ! prodigi\s numb] (
 p]sons pres5t1 e "o might he> ) ease & 

pleasure4   ,,kn\t4--,?is is a puni%m5t 
inflict$ 9 ,russia1 ) a k9d ( :ip call$ 
kn\t1 & made ( a long /rap ( lea!r      
prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,) ?is :ip !      
execution]s dext]\sly c>ry a slip ( sk9 
f ! neck to ! bottom ( ! back1 laid b>e 
to ! wai/2 & repeat+ _! bl[s1 9 a little
 :ile r5d away all ! sk9 (f ! back 9    
p>allel /rips4 ,9 ! common kn\t1 !      
crim9al receives ! la%es susp5d$ on !   
back ( "o ( ! execution]s2 b 9 ! great  
kn\t1 :i* is g5]ally us$ on ! same      
occasions z rack+ on ! :eel 0 9 ,france1
 ! crim9al is rais$ into ! air by means 
( a pulley fix$ to ! gall[s1 & a cord   
fa/5$ to ! two wri/s1 :i* are ti$       
toge!r2 a piece ( wood is plac$ betwe5 8
 two legs1 :i* are also ti$ toge!r2 &   
ano!r ( a crucial =m "u 8 brea/4        
,sometimes 8 h&s are ti$ beh9d ov] 8    
back1 & :5 he is pull$ up 9 ?is         
position1 8 %\ld]s are dislocat$4 ,!    
execution]s c make ?is puni%m5t m or    
less cruel2 & x is said1 !y are s       
dext]\s1 t :5 a crim9al is condemn$ to  

die1 !y c make him expire ei!r by "o or 
sev]al la%es4   ,,natural ,,productions 
,,resembl+ ,,artificial                 
,,compositions4--,"s /ones are pres]v$  
by ! curi\s1 = repres5t+ di/9ctly       
figures trac$ by ,nature alone1 & )\t ! 
aid ( ,art4  ,pl9y m5tions an agate1 9  
:i* appe>$1 =m$ by ! h& ( ,nature1      
,apollo amid/ ! ,n9e ,muses1 hold+ a    
h>p4 ,majolus assures u1 t at ,v5ice    
ano!r is se51 9 :i* is naturally =m$ !  
p]fect figure ( a man4 ,at ,pisa1 9 !   
*ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 !re is a simil>       
natural production1 :i* repres5ts an old
 h]mit 9 a des]t1 seat$ by ! side ( a   
/ream1 & :o holds 9 8 h&s a small bell1 
z ,/4 ,an?ony is commonly pa9t$4 ,9 !   
temple ( ,/4 ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople1 
!re 0 =m]ly1 on a :ite m>ble1 ! image ( 
,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 cov]$ ) ! sk9 ( a  
camel1 ) ?is only imp]fection1 t nature 
_h giv5 b "o leg4--,at ,rav5na1 9 ! *ur*
 ( ,/4 ,vital1 a ,cordeli] is se5 on a  
dusky /one4 ,9 ,italy1 a m>ble 0 f\nd1 9
 :i* a crucifix 0 s elaborately f9i%$1 t

 !re appe>$ ! nails1 ! drops ( blood1 & 
! w\nds1 z p]fectly z ! mo/ excell5t    
pa9t] c\ld h p]=m$4--,at ,sneilb]g1 9   
,g]many1 !y f\nd 9 a m9e a c]ta9 r\gh   
metal1 on :i* 0 se5 ! figure ( a man1 :o
 c>ri$ a *ild on 8 back4--,9 ,prov5ce1 0
 f\nd1 9 a m9e1 a quantity ( natural    
figures ( birds1 trees1 rats1 & s]p5ts2 
& 9 "s places ( ! we/]n p>ts ( ,t>t>y1  
are se5 on div]s rocks1 ! figures (     
camels1 horses1 & %eep4 ,pancirollus1 9 
8 ,lo/ ,antiquities1 atte/s1 t 9 a *ur* 
at ,rome1 a m>ble p]fectly repres5t$ a  
prie/ celebrat+ mass1 & rais+ ! ho/4    
,paul ,,iii4 conceiv+ t art _h be5 us$1 
scrap$ ! m>ble to discov] :e!r any pa9t+
 _h be5 employ$2 b no?+ ( ! k9d 0       
discov]$4  ,!re is a species ( ! or*is  
f\nd 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,l9coln%ire1   
,k5t1 c4 ,nature has =m$ a bee1 app>5tly
 fe$+ 9 ! brea/ ( ! fl[]1 ) s mu*       
exactness1 t x is impossible at a v     
small di/ance to di/+ui% ! imposition4  
,h5ce ! plant d]ives its "n1 & is call$ 
! ,bee ,fl[]4 ,?is is elegantly express$

 by ,langhorne1 :o ?us notices its      
appe>ance3    ,see on t fl['ret's velvet
 brea/1     ,h[ close ! busy vagrant    
lies6   ,8 ?9-wr\ght plume1 8 d[ny      
brea/1     ,?' ambrosial gold t swells 8
 ?ighs4    ,p]haps 8 fragrant load may  
b9d     ,8 limbs2 we'll set ! captive   
free3--   ,i s\ght ! liv+ ,bee to f9d1  
,& f\nd ! picture ( a ,bee4             
,,rem>kable ,,lamps4--,c$r5us makes     
m5tion ( a lamp1 :i*1 toge!r ) an image 
( ,*ri/1 0 f\nd at ,edessa1 9 ! reign ( 
! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian4 ,x 0 set ov] a c]ta9
 gate !re1 & privily enclos$1 z appe>$  
by ! date ( x1 soon aft] ,*ri/ 0        
crucifi$3 x 0 f\nd burn+1 z x _h done = 
five hundr$ ye>s be=e1 by ! soldi]s (   
,cosroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 by :om also ! oil
 0 tak5 out1 & ca/ into ! fire2 :i*     
occasion$ su* a plague1 z br\ght dea? ^u
 almo/ all 8 =ces4--,at ! demolition (  
our mona/]ies "h 9 ,engl&1 !re 0 f\nd1 9
 ! suppos$ monum5t ( ,con/antius        
,*lorus1 7fa!r to ! ,great ,con/ant9e17 
a lamp1 :i* 0 ?\ght to h cont9u$ burn+  

!re ev] s9ce 8 burial1 :i* 0 ab\t ?ree  
hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/4 ,! anci5t       
,romans us$ 9 t mann] to pres]ve lights 
9 _! sepul*res a long "t1 by ! oil (    
gold1 resolv$ by art into a liquid      
sub/ance4   ,,p]petual ,,fire4--,9 !    
p59sula ( ,abeh]on1 9 ! prov9ce (       
,s*irwan1 =m]ly belong+ to ,p]sia1 b n[ 
9 ,russia1 !re is f\nd a p]petual1 or z 
x is !re call$1 an et]nal fire4 ,x      
rises1 & has ris5 f "t immemorial1 f an 
irregul> orifice 9 ! e>?1 ( ab\t twelve 
feet 9 dep?1 ) a con/ant flame4 ,! flame
 rises to ! height ( six or eight feet1 
unatt5d$ ) smoke1 & x yields no smell4  
,! ap]ture1 :i* is ab\t "o hundr$ &     
tw5ty feet 9 wid?1 consi/s ( a mass (   
rock1 ev] reta9+ ! same solidity & !    
same dep?4 ,! f9e/ turf gr[s ab\t !     
bord]s1 & at ! di/ance ( two toises1 are
 two spr+s ( wat]4 ,! neighb\r+         
inhabitants h a sort ( v5]ation = ?is   
fire1 :i* !y accompany ) religi\s       
c]emonies4   ,,magical ,,drum4--,?is is 
an in/rum5t ( sup]/ition1 us$ 9 ,lapl&1 

:i* is ?us describ$ by ,s*oeff]1 9 8    
,hi/ory ( t c\ntry3 ,x is made ( bee*1  
p9e1 or fir1 split 9 ! middle1 & holl[$ 
on ! flat side :]e ! drum is to be made4
 ,! holl[ is ( an oval figure1 & is     
cov]$ ) a sk9 clean dress$1 & pa9t$ )   
figures ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z />s1 suns & 
moons1 animals & plants1 & ev5 c\ntries1
 lakes1 & riv]s2 & ( lat] days1 s9ce !  
prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity among !m1 ! acts & 
suff]+s ( our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les are   
(t5 add$ among ! re/4 ,all ^! figures   
are sep>at$ by l9es into ?ree regions or
 clu/]s4 ,!re is1 besides ^! p>ts ( !   
drum1 an index & a hamm]4 ,! index is a 
bundle ( grass or iron r+s1 ! l>ge/ (   
:i* has a hole 9 its middle1 & ! small] 
ones are hung to x4 ,! hamm]1 or        
drum/ick1 is made ( ! horn ( a re9de]2 &
 ) ?is !y beat ! drum s z to make ^! r+s
 move1 !y be+ laid on ! top = t purpose4
 ,9 ! motion ( ^! r+s ab\t ! pictures   
figur$ on ! drum1 !y fancy to !mselves  
"s pr$iction 9 reg>d to ! ?+s !y inquire
 ab\t4 ,:at !y pr9cipally se>* into by  

?is in/rum5t1 are ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,:at    
sacrifices w prove mo/ acceptable to _! 
gods3 #b4 ,:at success !y %all h 9 _!   
occupations1 z hunt+1 fi%+1 cur+        
diseases1 & ! l3 & #c4 ,:at is done 9   
places remote f !m4 ,on ^! occasions !y 
use sev]al peculi> c]emonies1 & place   
!mselves 9 v>i\s odd po/ures z !y beat !
 drum1 :i* influ5ces ! r+s to ! "o or ! 
o!r side1 & to come ne>] to ! "o or !   
o!r set ( figures4 ,& :5 !y h done ?is1 
!y h a me?od ( calculat+ a discov]y1 :i*
 !y keep z a great secret1 b :i* seems  
m]ely ! bus9ess ( ! imag9ation 9 ! div9]
 or magician4   ,,an ,,extraord9>y      
,,cannon4--,at ,kubb]pore-na-,jeal1 9   
,india1 !re is a cannon two hundr$ &    
?irte5 in*es long1 sixty-six in*es r\nd 
! muzzle1 & eighte5 in*es r\nd !        
calibre4 ,x has five1 & _h orig9ally    
six1 equidi/ant r+s1 by :i* x 0 lift$   
up4 ,?is gun is call$ by ! natives1     
,jaun ,ku%all1 or ! de/roy] ( life1 &   
its ca/+ & position are attribut$ to !  
doctas or div9ities1 ?\gh its almo/     

oblit]at$ ,p]sian inscriptions decl>e   
its =mation by human means4 ,b :at is   
mo/ extraord9>y ab\t x is1 t two peepul 
trees h gr[n bo? cannon & c>riage into  
!mselves4 ,fragm5ts ( ! iron1 a spr+1 "o
 ( ! l9*es1 & "p ( ! wood-"w1 protrude f
 betwe5 ! roots & bodies ( ^! trees2 b !
 trees alone entirely support ! gun1 "o 
( ! r+s ( :i*1 & half ( its :ole l5g?1  
are completely hidd5 betwe51 & inside _!
 b>k & trunks4 ,a m curi\s sight1 or a  
cannon m firmly fix$1 ?\gh by ! m]e     
gradual gr[? ( two trees1 _c well be    
imag9$4 ,! ,indians ass]t t x 0 only    
once fir$1 & !n s5t ! ball tw5ty-f\r    
miles6--,asiatic ,j\rnal4   ,,old       
,,bread4--,b>?ol9us assures u1 t 9      
,norway ! inhabitants make bread :i*    
keeps ?irty or =ty ye>s2 & t !y are !re 
fond] ( _! old h>d bread1 ?an o!rs are (
 new or s(t2 s9ce ! old] x is1 ! m      
agreeable x gr[s4 ,= _! great fea/s1    
p>ticul> c>e is tak5 to h ! olde/ bread2
 s t at ! *ri/5+ ( a *ild1 !y h usually 
bread :i* _h be5 bak$ p]haps at ! *ri/5+

 ( 8 gr&fa!r6 ,x is made by a mixture ( 
b>ley & oatmeal1 bak$ betwe5 two holl[  
/ones4   ,! foll[+ is said to be ,a     
,,sub/itute ,,= ,,spectacles4--,a man1  
especially if accu/om$ to sp5d 8 "t     
among books1 w\ld be mu* to be piti$1 :5
 8 sight beg9s to fail1 c\ld he n 9 a   
great measure re/ore x by ! aid (       
spectacles2 b !re are "s m5 ^: sight _c 
be aid$ by ! use ei!r ( convex or       
concave glasses4 ,! foll[+ me?od1 adopt$
 by "o ( ^! to aid 8 sight1 is c]ta9ly  
wor?y ( notice4 ,:5 ab\t sixty ye>s (   
age1 ?is man _h almo/ entirely lo/ 8    
sight1 see+ no?+ b a k9d ( ?ick mi/1 )  
little black specks :i* appe>$ to float 
9 ! air4 ,he knew n any ( 8 fri5ds2 he  
c\ld n ev5 di/+ui% a man f a woman2 nor 
c\ld he walk 9 ! /reets )\t be+ l$4     
,glasses 7 ( no use to him2 ! be/ pr9t1 
se5 ?r\gh ! bell spectacles1 seem$ to   
him l a daub$ pap]4 ,we>i$ ) ?is        
melan*oly /ate1 he ?\ght ( ! foll[+     
exp$i5t4 ,he procur$ "s spectacles ) v  
l>ge r+s2 & tak+ out ! glasses1         

sub/itut$ 9 ea* circle a conic tube (   
black ,spani% copp]4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! l>ge
 end ( ! cone1 he c\ld read ! smalle/   
pr9t plac$ at its o!r extremity4 ,^!    
tubes 7 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & ! op5+s at ! 
end 7 also ( diff]5t sizes2 ! small] !  
ap]ture1 ! bett] c\ld he di/+ui% !      
smalle/ lett]s2 ! l>g] ! ap]ture1 ! m   
words or l9es x comm&$2 & consequ5tly1 !
 less occasion 0 !re = mov+ ! head & !  
h& 9 read+4 ,sometimes he us$ "o eye1   
sometimes ! o!r1 alt]nately reliev+ ea*2
 = ! rays ( ! two eyes c\ld n unite ^u !
 same object :5 ?us sep>at$ by two      
opaque tubes4 ,! ?9n] ^! tubes1 ! less  
tr\blesome are !y4 ,!y mu/ be totally   
black5$ )91 s z to prev5t all %9+1 & !y 
%\ld be made to l5g!n or contract1 &    
enl>ge or r$uce ! ap]ture1 at pleasure4 
,:5 he plac$ convex glasses 9 ^! tubes1 
! lett]s inde$ appe>$ l>g]1 b n s cle> &
 di/9ct z ?r\gh ! empty tube2 he also   
f\nd ! tubes m conv5i5t :5 n fix$ 9 !   
spectacle r+s2 = :5 !y hung loosely1 !y 
c\ld be rais$ or l[]$ ) ! h&1 & "o or   

bo? might be us$1 z occasion requir$4 ,x
 is almo/ ne$less to add1 t ! mat]ial ( 
! tubes is ( no importance1 & t !y may  
be made ( iron or t9 z well z ( copp]1  
provid$ ! insides ( !m be suffici5tly   
black5$4--,see ,la ,n\vell1 ,big>ur =   
,febru>y1 #aged1 or ,mon?ly ,magaz9e =  
,april1 #agii4   ,,w9t] ,,sleep ,,(     
,,animals ,,& ,,plants4--,! w9t] sleep  
is a v s+ul> prop]ty ( animals & plants2
 &1 ?\gh x occurs daily be=e our eyes1  
we are n able to expla9 ! ph5om5a ) :i* 
x is att5d$4 ,9 cold c\ntries1 _m       
animals1 on ! approa* ( w9t]1 retire to 
_! subt]rane\s abodes1 9 :i* !y bury    
!mselves "u ! sn[1 :]e !y rema9 five or 
six mon?s )\t n\ri%m5t or motion2 nay1  
almo/ )\t circulation ( _! blood1 :i*   
fl[s only sluggi%ly1 & 9 ! wide/        
vessels4 ,_! p]spiration is almo/       
imp]ceptible2 b /ill !y lose some?+ by  
x1 z !y ent] _! w9t] qu>t]s 9 v good    
condition1 & are exce$+ly ?9 :5 !y      
return f !m4  ,"s animals enjoy _! w9t] 
sleep "u ! e>?1 & o!rs are conceal$     

b5ea? ! sn[2 "s = ! same purpose creep  
into ! holes ( rocks1 & o!rs "u /ones1  
or ! b>k ( trees4  ,plants h _! w9t]    
sleep also2 =1 dur+ ! p]iod ( w9t]1 _!  
sap fl[s t[>ds ! roots1 & ! circulation 
( x1 :i* is v sl[1 takes place only 9 ! 
wide/ vessels4 ,7 ! expansion ( ! sap 9 
w9t] z consid]able z 9 summ]1 x w\ld    
bur/ all ! vessels1 on be+ froz54  ,"s  
obs]v]s h endeav\r$ to prove t ?is s+ul>
 circum/ance is m]ely accid5tal1 &1     
inde$1 no diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! int]nal  
organization ( ^? animals :i* h w9t]    
sleep1 & ^? :i* h n4 ,x is v rem>kable1 
t ?is prop]ty belongs 9 g5]al to animals
 ( prey4 ,z ^! h f> /rong] p[]s (       
dige/ion1 & /rong] dige/ive juices1 x   
w\ld appe> t ab/95ce f food = sev]al    
mon?s w\ld to !m be h>dly possible4  ,! 
common be>1 ! bat1 & ! h$gehog1 h w9t]  
sleep1 b ! :ite be> has n4 ,z ! latt] is
 secur$ f ! cold by 8 long hair1 he f9ds
 n\ri%m5t 9 ! dead :ales & seals :i* are
 ca/ on %ore by ! waves4  ,! e>?worms h 
w9t] sleep2 b aquatic worms v seldom4   

,insects1 z well z _! l>v1 h w9t] sleep4
 ,butt]flies may be (t5 se5 flutt]+ ab\t
 9 ! w>m days ( spr+1 aft] hav+ sp5t !  
:ole w9t] 9 t condition4 ,amphibi\s     
animals h w9t] sleep1 ^? :i* live m]ely 
9 ! ocean except$4 ,few birds1 on ! o!r 
h&1 are expos$ to ?is /ate4 ,! great] "p
 ( ^!1 on ! approa* ( w9t]1 retire to a 
mild] climate1 :]e !y c f9d m abundant  
n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ,icel&1 ! %eep h w9t]      
sleep4 ,9 t c\ntry !y are suff]$ to     
range 9 p]fect fre$om4 ,9 ! w9t] season1
 !re=e1 !y may be f\nd buri$ "u ! sn[1  
:]e x w\ld be impossible = !m to rema91 
7 !y n 9 t condition4     ,,*ap4        
,,lxxxvii4  ,,miscellane\s              
,,curiosities4--7,conclud$47            
,lama--,nun--,mahometan                 
,p>adise--,op9ions respect+             
,hell--,london--,co9s ( ! ,k+s (        
,engl&--,s+ul> ,calculations            
respect+ ! ,national ,debt--,moral &    
,physical     ,!rmomet]4--,conclusion4  
,,lama4--,?is is ! sov]eign pontiff1 or 
r god1 ( ! ,asiatic ,t>t>s1 inhabit+ !  

c\ntry ( ,b>antola4 ,! lama is n only   
ador$ by ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 b    
also by ! k+s ( ,t>t>y1 :o s5d him ri*  
pres5ts1 & g 9 pilgrimage to pay him    
adoration1 call+ him lama congiu1 i4 e4 
god1 ! ev]la/+ fa!r ( heav54 ,he is nev]
 to be se5 b 9 a secret place ( 8       
palace1 amid/ a great numb] ( lamps1    
sitt+ crosslegg$ ^u a cu%ion1 & adorn$  
all ov] ) gold & preci\s /ones2 :]e at a
 di/ance !y pro/rate !mselves be=e him1 
x n be+ lawful = any to kiss 8 feet4 ,he
 is call$ ! great lama1 or lama ( lamas2
 t is1 prie/ ( prie/s4 ,! or?odox op9ion
 is1 t :5 ! gr& lama seems to die ei!r (
 old age or infirmity1 8 s\l 9 fact only
 quits a crazy habitation to look =     
ano!r y\ng] or bett]2 & x is discov]$   
aga9 9 ! body ( "s *ild1 by c]ta9 tok5s 
kn[n only to ! lamas1 or prie/s1 9 :i*  
ord] he always appe>s4 ,a p>ticul>      
acc\nt ( ! pomp\s c]emonies att5d+ !    
inauguration ( ! infant lama 9 ,?ibet1  
is giv5 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,asiatic    
,rese>*es4 ,! emp]or ( ,*9a appe>s1 on  

su* occasions1 to act a v conspicu\s "p1
 9 giv+ te/imony ( 8 respect & zeal = ! 
great religi\s fa!r ( 8 fai?4  ,!       
tw5ty-eigh? day ( ! sev5? moon1         
correspond+ ne>ly 7z _! ye> comm5ces ) !
 v]nal equ9ox7 ) ! middle ( ,octob]1 is 
reckon$ ! mo/ auspici\s = ! c]emony (   
inauguration4 ,! procession1 on ^!      
occasions1 f ,t]pal+ to ! ,tee%oo       
,loombo1 is conduct$ ) su* sl[ & maje/ic
 solemnity1 t ?\gh ! di/ance is only    
tw5ty miles1 x takes up ?ree days4 ,!   
cr[d ( spectators is imm5se4 ,! ?ree    
next days are sp5t 9 ! inauguration1 9  
deliv]+ ! pres5ts s5t by ! emp]or to !  
lama1 & 9 ! public fe/ivals on !        
occasion2 dur+ :i*1 all :o are at !     
capital are ent]ta9$ at ! public exp5se1
 & alms are di/ribut$ lib]ally to !     
poor4 ,univ]sal rejoic+s prevail ?r\gh\t
 ,?ibet2 bann]s are unfurl$ on all _!   
=tresses1 ! peasantry fill up ! day )   
music & fe/ivity1 & ! night is *e]$ by  
g5]al illum9ations4 ,a long p]iod is    
aft]w>ds employ$ 9 mak+ pres5ts & public

 ent]ta9m5ts to ! newly-induct$ lama1   
:o1 at ! "t ( 8 accession to ! musnud1  
or pontificate ( ,tee%oo ,loombo1 is (t5
 n ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,! :ole c]emony1 f  
its comm5cem5t to its consummation1 la/s
 =ty days4   ,"s p>ticul>s respect+     
,,nuns4--,a nun is a woman d$icat$ to ! 
sev]] duties ( religion1 seclud$ 9 a    
cloi/] f ! _w1 & deb>r$ by a v[ f !     
conv]se ( m54 ,:5 a woman is to be made 
a nun1 ! habit1 veil1 & r+ ( ! c&idate1 
are c>ri$ to ! alt>2 & %e h]self1       
accompani$ by h] ne>e/ relations1 is    
conduct$ to ! bi%op1 :o1 aft] mass & an 
an!m 7! subject ( :i* is1 t %e ought to 
h h] lamp light$1 because ! bridegroom  
is com+ to meet h]17 pron\nces !        
b5$iction3 !n %e rises up1 & ! bi%op    
consecrates ! new habit1 spr9kl+ x )    
holy wat]4 ,:5 ! c&idate has put on h]  
religi\s habit1 %e pres5ts h]self be=e !
 bi%op1 & s+s on h] knees1 ,ancilla     
,*ri/i sum1 c42 !n %e receives ! veil1 &
 aft]w>ds ! r+1 by :i* %e is m>ri$ to   
,*ri/2 & la/ly1 ! cr[n ( virg9ity4 ,:5  

%e is cr[n$1 an ana!ma is d5\nc$ aga9/  
all :o %all attempt to make h] break h] 
v[s4 ,9 "s few in/ances1 p]haps1        
nunn]ies & mona/]ies may h be5 useful to
 morality & religion1 z well z to       
lit]ature1 b1 9 ! gross1 !y h be5 highly
 prejudicial2 & h[ev] pi\s !y may appe> 
9 !ory1 9 fact !y are unnatural &       
impi\s4   ,,mahometan ,,p>adise4--,!    
p>adise ( ! ,mahometans is said by !m to
 be situat$ above ! sev5 heav5s1 or 9 ! 
sev5?1 & next "u ! ?rone ( ,god2 &1 to  
express ! am5ity ( ! place1 !y tell u t 
! e>? ( x is ( ! f9e/ :eat fl\r1 or ( ! 
pure/ musk1 or ( saffron2 & t its /ones 
are pe>ls & jac9?s1 ! walls ( its       
build+s enri*$ ) gold & silv]1 & !      
trunks ( all its trees ( gold1 among/   
:i* ! mo/ rem>kable is ! tree luba1 or  
tree ( happ9ess4 ,!y pret5d t ?is tree  
/&s 9 ! palace ( ,mahomet1 ?\gh a bran* 
( x w rea* to ! h\se ( e true believ]1  
load$ ) pomegranates1 grapes1 dates1 &  
o!r fruits1 ( surpris+ size1 & delici\s 
ta/es1 unkn[n to mortals4  ,if a man    

desires to eat ( any p>ticul> k9d (     
fruit1 x w imm$iately be pres5t$ to him2
 or if he *ooses fle%1 birds ready      
dress$ w be set be=e him1 & su* z he may
 wi% =4 ,!y add t ?is tree w supply !   
bless$1 n only ) fruit1 b ) silk g>m5ts 
also1 & bea/s to ride on1 adorn$ ) ri*  
trapp+s1 all :i* w bur/ =? f ! fruit2 & 
t ! tree is s l>ge1 t a p]son m\nt$ on !
 fleete/ horse w\ld n be able to gallop 
f "o end ( its %ade to ! o!r 9 "o hundr$
 ye>s4 ,pl5ty ( wat] be+ "o ( ! greate/ 
additions to ! pleasantness ( any place1
 ! ,koran (t5 speaks ( ! riv]s ( p>adise
 z ! pr9cipal ornam5t4 ,"s ( ^! riv]s   
are said to fl[ ) wat]1 "s ) milk1 "s ) 
w9e1 & o!rs ) honey3 all ( !m h _!      
s\rces 9 ! root ( ?is tree ( happ9ess2  
&1 z if ^! riv]s 7 n suffici5t1 we are  
told t ! g>d5 ( ?is p>adise is also     
wat]$ by a great numb] ( less] spr+s &  
f\nta9s1 ^: pebbles are rubies &        
em]alds1 _! e>? ( camphor1 _! b$s (     
musk1 & _! sides ( saffron4  ,b all ^!  
glories w be eclips$ by ! respl5d5t &   

exquisite beauty ( ! girls ( p>adise1 ! 
enjoym5t ( ^: company w con/itute !     
pr9cipal felicity ( ! fai?ful4 ,^! 7!y  
say7 are n =m$ ( clay1 z mortal wom51 b 
( pure musk1 & are1 z _! prophet (t5    
affirms 9 8 ,koran1 free f all ! natural
 defects & inconv5i5ces incid5t to !    
sex4 ,be+ also ( ! /ricte/ mode/y1 !y   
keep !mselves seclud$ f public view1 9  
pavilions ( holl[ pe>ls1 s l>ge1 t1 z "s
 traditions h x1 "o ( !m w be no less   
?an sixte51 or1 z o!rs say1 sixty miles 
long1 & z _m broad4 ,) ^! ! inhabitants 
( p>adise may ta/e pleasures 9 _!       
height2 & = ?is purpose w be end[$ )    
extraord9>y abilities1 & enjoy a        
p]petual y\?4   ,,op9ions ,,respect+    
,,hell4--,! hell ( ! anci5t hea!ns 0    
divid$ into two mansions3 ! "o call$    
,elysium1 on ! "r h&1 pleasant &        
delightful1 appo9t$ = ! s\ls ( good m52 
! o!r call$ ,t>t>us1 on ! left1 a region
 ( mis]y & torm5t1 appo9t$ = ! wick$4 ,!
 latt] only 0 hell1 9 ! pres5t re/ra9$  
s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! philosoph]s 7 ( op9ion1 

t ! inf]nal regions 7 at an equal       
di/ance f all ! p>ts ( ! e>?2 nev]!less1
 x 0 ! op9ion ( "s1 t !re 7 c]ta9       
passages :i* l$ ?i!r1 z ! riv] ,le! ne> 
! ,syrtes1 & ! ,a*]usian cave 9 ,epirus4
 ,at ,h]mione1 x 0 ?\ght1 t !re 0 a v   
%ort way to hell2 = :i* reason ! p ( t  
c\ntry nev] put ! f>e into ! m\?s ( !   
dead to pay _! passage4 ,! ,jews plac$  
hell 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & believ$ x to  
be situat$ "u wat]s & m\nta9s4 ,accord+ 
to !m1 !re are ?ree passages lead+ to x3
 ! fir/ is 9 ! wild]ness1 & by t ,korah1
 ,da?an1 & ,abiram desc5d$ into hell2 ! 
second is 9 ! sea1 because ,jonah1 :o 0 
?r[n into ! sea1 cri$ to ,god out ( !   
belly ( hell2 ! ?ird is 9 ,j]usalem1    
because x is said ! fire ( ! ,"l is 9   
,zion1 & 8 furnace is 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!y  
likewise ackn[l$g$ sev5 degrees ( pa9 9 
hell1 because !y f9d ?is place call$ by 
sev5 diff]5t names 9 ,scripture4 ,9 !   
,koran ( ,mahomet1 x is said t hell has 
sev5 gates2 ! fir/ = ! ,mussulmans1 !   
second = ! ,*ri/ians1 ! ?ird = ! ,jews1 

! f\r? = ! ,sabeans1 ! fif? = !         
,magians1 ! six? = ! ,pagans1 & ! sev5? 
= hypocrites ( all religions4  ,among   
,*ri/ians1 !re are two controv]t$       
que/ions 9 reg>d to hell2 ! "o conc]n+ !
 locality1 ! o!r ! duration ( its       
torm5ts3--,! locality ( hell1 & !       
reality ( its fire1 began fir/ to be    
controv]t$ by ,orig54 ,t fa!r1 int]pret+
 ! scripture acc\nt metaphorically1     
makes hell to consi/1 n 9 ext]nal       
puni%m5ts1 b 9 a consci\sness or s5se ( 
guilt1 & a remembrance ( pa/ pleasures4 
,among ! mod]ns1 ,mr4 ,:i/on advanc$ a  
new hypo!sis4 ,! comets1 he ?9ks1 are s 
_m hells1 appo9t$ 9 _! orbits alt]nately
 to c>ry ! damn$ into ! conf9es ( ! sun1
 !re to be scor*$ by its viol5t heat1 & 
!n to return ) !m beyond ! orb (        
,saturn1 !re to />ve !m 9 ^? cold &     
dismal regions4 ,ano!r mod]n au?or1 ,mr4
 ,sw9d51 supposes ! sun to be ! local   
hell4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be to      
asc]ta9 ! local place ( hell1 we may re/
 assur$ ,god w f9d bo? place & means to 

puni% ! ob/9ately wick$4                
,,london4--,?is metropolis is           
unp>allel$1 9 ext5t & opul5ce1 9 ! :ole 
habitable globe1 except1 p]haps1 ,pek9 9
 ,*9a1 ,j$do 9 ,japan1 & ,h\ssa 9       
,africa2 :i* are all said to be l>g]4   
,x compreh5ds1 besides ,london1         
,we/m9/]1 & ,s\?w>k1 no less ?an        
=ty-five villages1 ( consid]able ext5t1 
indep5d5t ( a va/ accession ( build+s ^u
 ! op5 fields 9 ! vic9ity4 ,its l5g? is 
ne>ly eight miles1 its bread? ?ree1 &   
its circumf]5ce tw5ty-six4 ,x conta9s   
above #hjjj /reets1 lanes1 alleys1 &    
c\rts1 & m ?an #fe diff]5t squ>es4 ,its 
h\ses1 w>eh\ses1 & o!r build+s1 make    
#afb1jjj1 besides #bdf *ur*es & *apels1 
#bjg meet+ h\ses = diss5t]s1 #dc *apels 
= =eign]s1 & #f synagogues = ! ,jews1   
:i* 9 all make #ejd places ( public     
wor%ip4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants1 dur+ !  
sitt+ ( p>liam5t1 is e/imat$ at         
#a1bej1jjj4 ,among ^! are f\nd ab\t     
#ej1jjj common pro/itutes1 & no less ?an
 #fj1jjj ?ieves1 co9]s1 & o!r bad p]sons

 ( all descriptions4 ,! annual          
depr$ations on ! public1 by ?is num]\s  
body ( pilf]]s1 are e/imat$ at ! sum (  
#b1ajj1jjj /]l+4 ,9 ?is va/ city1 !re   
are1 moreov]1 upw>ds ( #djjj sem9>ies = 
education1 #h in/itutions = promot+     
morality1 #aj in/itutions = promot+ !   
arts1 #abb asylums = ! indig5t1 #ag = ! 
sick & lame1 #ac disp5s>ies1 #gjd       
*>itable in/itutions1 #eh c\rts (       
ju/ice1 & #gjdj pr(essional m5 connect$ 
) ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! law4--,!re are  
#ac1ejj vessels trad+ 9 ! riv] ,?ames 9 
! c\rse ( a ye>2 & #dj1jjj waggons go+ &
 return+ to ! metropolis 9 ! same p]iod1
 includ+ _! repeat$ voyages &           
j\rneys4--,! am\nt ( exports & imports  
to & f ! ,?ames is e/imat$ at           
#ff1haa1icb /]l+ annually1 & ! prop]ty  
float+ 9 ?is va/ city e ye>1 is         
#agj1jjj1jjj4 ,^! circum/ances may be   
suffici5t to conv9ce u ( ! amaz+ ext5t &
 importance ( ! capital ( ! ,briti%     
empire4  ,! numb]s ( bullocks1 %eep1    
lambs1 calves1 hogs1 & suck+ pigs1      

pur*as$ at ! ,smi?field m>kets1 &       
annually consum$ 9 ! metropolis1 are 9 !
 foll[+ proportion3 bullocks #aaj1jjj2  
%eep & lambs #ggf1jjj2 calves #baj1jjj2 
hogs #baj1jjj2 suck+ pigs #fj1jjj4      
,m>kets = hay1 ,tuesday1 ,?ursday1 &    
,saturday4 ,! m>kets = ! sale (         
provisions are num]\s1 & amply suppli$ )
 e sort1 g5]ally ( ! mo/ excell5t k9d3 !
 bread g5]ally f9e & s\nd4 ,besides     
animal food & bread1 !re are no less ?an
 #f1ihj1jjj gallons ( milk & wat]       
annually consum$ "h3 ( vegetables &     
fruit1 !re are #aj1jjj acres ( gr\nd ne>
 ! metropolis1 cultivat$ :olly =        
vegetables2 & ab\t #djjj acres ( fruit4 
,( :eat1 coals1 ale1 & port]1 c4 !      
annual consumption is z foll[s3 ( :eat1 
#gjj1jjj qu>t]s2 ( coals #fjj1jjj       
*aldrons2 ( ale & port] #a1aac1ejj      
b>rels2 ( spirits & comp\nds #aa1adf1ghb
 gallons2 ( w9e #cb1ejj tons2 ( butt]   
#af1fjj1jjj p\nds2 & ( *eese #ba1ajj1jjj
 p\nds4 ,fi% & p\ltry are sometimes     
excessively de>1 & ! quantities consum$ 

are comp>atively small4   ,,co9s ,,( ,,!
 ,,k+s ,,( ,,engl&4--,! silv] ,p5ny1 :i*
 0 fir/ circulat$ dur+ ! ,hept>*y1      
cont9u$ to be ! g5]al co9 aft] ! k+dom  
_h be5 unit$ "u "o head1 & ext5ds1 9 a  
cont9u$ s]ies1 f ,egb]t almo/ to !      
pres5t reign4 ,! only k+s want+ are     
,edmund ,ironside1 ,ri*>d ,i41 & ,john4 
,at fir/ ! p5ny weigh$ tw5ty-two & a    
half gra9s1 b t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( 
,edw>d ,,iii4 x fell to eighte5 gra9s2 9
 t ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 to twelve4 ,9 ! "t (  
,edw>d ,,vi4 x 0 r$uc$ to eight gra9s2 &
 9 que5 ,elizabe?'s reign to #g-bc_/ca  
gra9s1 at :i* x /ill cont9ues4          
,halfp5ce & f>?+s 7 fir/ /ruck 9 silv]  
by ,edw>d ,i4 9 #abhj3 ! =m] cont9u$ to 
! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 b ! latt] ceas$ )
 ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,! groat & half groat 7   
introduc$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 9  
#aced1 & cont9ue to ?is day1 ?\gh n 9   
common circulation4  ,%ill+s 7 fir/ co9$
 by ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 #aejc2 at fir/ !y 7  
call$ te/oon1 f ! te/e1 tte1 or head ( !
 k+1 ^u !m2 ! "n %ill+ be+ d]iv$ f !    

,g]man s*ell+1 "u :i* "n co9s _h be5    
/ruck at ,hamburgh 9 #adjg4 ,! cr[n 0   
fir/ co9$ 9 its pres5t =m by ,h5ry      
,,viii4 ,! half-cr[n1 six-p5ce1 &       
?ree-p5ce1 7 co9$ by ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,9    
#aeeh1 que5 ,elizabe? co9$              
?ree-halfp5ny1 & 9 #aefa1 ?ree-f>?+     
pieces2 b !y 7 discont9u$ 9 #aehb4 ,gold
 0 co9$ 9 ,engl& by ,h5ry ,,iii4 9      
#abeg2 ! piece 0 call$ a gold p5ny1 & 0 
l>g] ?an ! silv] "o1 & ! execution by no
 means bad = ! "t4 ,! s]ies ( gold      
co9age1 h[ev]1 comm5ces prop]ly f ,edw>d
 ,,iii4 ,9 #acdd1 ?is mon>* fir/ /ruck  
flor9s1 9 imitation ( ^? 9 ,italy2 & x  
is rem>kable1 t ?\gh ^! co9s1 at ! "t !y
 7 fir/ issu$1 bore only six %ill+s     
value1 !y 7 7ev5 be=e ! late increas$   
value ( gold7 intr9sically wor? n9ete5  
%ill+s2 s mu* has ! value ( gold        
increas$ s9ce t "t4 ,! half & qu>t]     
flor9 7 /ruck at ! same "t1 b only ! la/
 has be5 f\nd4 ,! flor9 be+ f\nd        
inconv5i5t1 gave place to ! noble1 ( six
 %ill+s & eight-p5ce value1 & exactly   

half a m>k4 ,! latt] _h its "n f be+ a  
limit$ sum 9 acc\nts2 & 0 eight ounces 9
 weight1 two-?irds ( ! money p\nd4 ,!   
noble _h its "n f ! nobility ( ! metal2 
! gold ( :i* x is co9$ be+ ( ! f9e/     
sort4 ,sometimes x 0 call$ rose-noble1 f
 bo? sides be+ impal$ 9 an undulat+     
circle4 ,x cont9u$1 ) ! half & qu>t]    
noble1 to be ! only gold co9 till !     
angels ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 appe>$ 9 #adfe4   
,^! _h _! "n f ! image ( ,mi*ael & !    
,dragon :i* !y bore4 ,! angelites1 (    
?ree %ill+s & f\r-p5ce value1 7         
sub/itut$ 9 _! place4 ,9 #aebg1 ,h5ry   
,,viii4 add$ to ! gold co9s ! cr[n &    
half-cr[n at _! pres5t value2 ! same ye>
 he gave sov]eigns ( tw5ty-two %ill+s1 &
 six-p5ce1 & ryals ( elev5 %ill+s &     
?ree-p5ce1 angels at sev5 %ill+s &      
six-p5ce1 & nobles at _! old value ( six
 %ill+s & eight-p5ce4 ,9 #aedf he caus$ 
sov]eigns to be co9$ ( ! value ( tw5ty  
%ill+s1 & half sov]eigns 9 proportion4  
,on ! union ( ! two cr[ns1 ,james gave !
 sov]eign ! "n ( unite2 ! value cont9u+ 

tw5ty %ill+s1 z be=e4 ,he co9$ also rose
 ryals ( ?irty %ill+s1 spur ryals (     
fifte5 %ill+s1 angels ( t5 %ill+s1 &    
angelites ( five %ill+s value4 ,"u !    
,commonweal?1 ! sov]eign receiv$ ! "n ( 
! tw5ty %ill+ piece1 & cont9u$ curr5t   
till ! co9age ( gu9eas4 ,^! 7 s call$1 f
 _! be+ co9$ ( gold br\ght f ! coa/ (   
,gu9ea1 & 7 at fir/ to pass b = tw5ty   
%ill+s1 ?\gh by a univ]sal b tacit      
cons5t1 !y always pass$ = tw5ty-"o      
%ill+s4 ,half-gu9eas1 d\ble-gu9eas1 &   
five gu9ea pieces1 7 also co9$ dur+ !   
same reign2 :i* /ill cont9ue1 ?\gh ! two
 latt] are n 9 common circulation4      
,qu>t]-gu9eas 7 co9$ by ,george ,i4 &   
likewise by 8 late ,maje/y2 b !y 7 f\nd 
s tr\blesome on acc\nt ( _! small size1 
t !y 7 /opp$ at ! ,bank ( ,engl&2 &     
!re=e are n to be met ) 9 circulation at
 pres5t4 ,a few pieces ( sev5 %ill+s    
value 7 likewise co9$1 & are kn[n by !  
lion above ! helmet2 b none 7 issu$4 ,9 
#affh1 ! gu9ea rose to tw5ty-"o %ill+s &
 sixp5ce1 & cont9u$ to increase 9 value 

till #afif1 :5 x 0 z high z ?irty       
%ill+s2 b aft] ! reco9age 9 #afig &     
#afih1 x fell by degrees1 & 9 #agag 0 at
 its old /&>d ( tw5ty-"o %ill+s4 ,dur+ !
 reign ( ,george ,,iii4 va/ numb]s (    
sev5 %ill+ pieces 7 issu$1 :i* cont9u$  
"s ye>s 9 g5]al circulation4 ,sov]eigns 
h also be5 co9$ s9ce 8 pres5t ,maje/y's 
accession1 & !y con/itute at pres5t !   
prevail+ gold curr5cy ( ! realm4        
,,s+ul> ,,calculation ,,respect+ ,,!    
,,national ,,debt4--,! national debt1   
fund$ & unfund$1 on ! #e? ( ,janu>y1    
#ahaa1 0 #haa1hih1haa1 :i* are equal to 
#ggc1bcf1bfg gu9eas1 :i*1 at #e dwts4 #h
 gra9s ea* gu9ea1 weigh #fcab tons1 #aa 
cwt4 #c qrs4 #e lbs4 #a oz4 #f drs4     
ne>ly1 avoirdupois4 ,n[ suppos+ a waggon
 & five horses to ext5d 9 l5g? tw5ty    
y>ds1 & to c>ry two & a half tons ( !   
said gu9eas1 ! numb] ( teams necess>y to
 c>ry ! :ole w\ld ext5d 9 l5g?          
tw5ty-eight miles tw5ty-?ree y>ds4 ,to  
c\nt ! debt 9 %ill+s1 at ! rate ( ?irty 
%ill+s 9 a m9ute1 = t5 h\rs a day1 & six

 days 9 a week1 w\ld take #b1dfi ye>s1  
#cjf days1 #ag h\rs1 & #cj m9utes1      
ne>ly4 ,its height 9 gu9eas1 suppos+    
tw5ty gu9eas 9 ?ickness to be an in*1   
w\ld be #faj miles1 #cci y>ds1 #i in*es2
 & suppos+ ea* gu9ea an in* 9 diamet]1  
!y w\ld ext5d 9 a "r l9e1 #ab1bjc miles1
 #aej y>ds1 #g in*es4 ,moreov]1 ! said  
gu9eas w\ld cov]1 9 space1 #cdh acres1  
#b roods1 #bjb y>ds1 ne>ly4 ,&1 la/ly1 9
 %ill+s1 ea* be+ an in* 9 diamet]1 w\ld 
cov] #gcai acres1 #a rood1 & #cdi y>ds6 
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,moral ,,& ,,physical 
,,!rmomet]2 ,,or1 ,a ,,scale ,,( ,,!    
,,progress ,,( ,,temp]ance ,,&          
,,intemp]ance4  ,,liquors1 ) _!         
,,effects 9 _! usual ,ord]4             
,,temp]ance4        ---   #gj----- ,wat]
            ,heal?1 ,weal?4       ---   
#fj----- ,milk & ,wat]   ,s]5ity &      
,composure ( ,m9d4       ---            
#ej----- ,small ,be]       ,reputation1 
,long ,life1 & ,happ9ess4       ---     
#dj----- ,cid] & ,p]ry  ,*e]fulness &   
,cont5tm5t4       ---                   

#cj----- ,w9e             ,/r5g?1       
,vig\r1 & ,n\ri%m5t1--:5       ---      
#bj----- ,port]             tak5 only at
 ,meals1 & 9       ---                  
#aj----- ,/rong ,be]        mod]ate     
quantities4       ---       ---         
#j----- ,,intemp]ance4       ---        
---                     ,vices4         
,diseases4  ,puni%m5ts4       ---       
#aj----- ,pun*             ,idl5ess2    
,sickness2      ,debt2       ---        
,puk+2 &          ---                   
,tremors ( ! ,black ,eyes2   #bj-----   
,toddy  ,crank1    ,peevi%ness2 ,h&s 9 !
         ---                            
,morn+2       ,rags2   #cj-----;,grog1  
,br&y    ,qu>rell+2 ,bloat$ness2        
& ,wat]1                     ,inflam$   
,eyes2       ---                        
,fight+2    ,r$ ,nose &   ,hung]2       
,face2            #dj----- ,flip &      
,%rub1   ,ly+2       ,sore  swell$      
,legs2          ,hospital2              
---,bitt]s infus$   ,swe>+2             
,jaundice2               9 ,spirits1    

,pa9s 9 !   ,poor-h\se2                 
#ej-----,usquebaugh1       ,obsc5ity2   
,limbs &               ,hy/]ic          
,burn+ 9 ! ,jail2          ,wat]4       
,sw9dl+2   ,palms ( !         ---       
,h&s  ,soles  ,:ipp+2          ,g91     
,anise$1     ,p]jury2     ( ! ,feet2    
#fj-----;,br&y1 ,rum1                   
,dropsy2                 & ,:iskey1     
,burgl>y2    ,epilepsy2      ,! ,hulks2 
9 ! ,morn+4              ,melan*oly2    
---                                     
,madness2                ,ditto dur+    
,murd]2      ,palsy2         ,botany    
,bay12   #gj-----! ,day &               
,apoplexy2               ,night4        
747                    ,suicide4        
,dea?4        ,gall[s4       ---_/      
,,conclusion4  ,?us we h conduct$ our   
read] ?r\gh "s ( ! pr9cipal curiosities 
( ,nature & ,art1 ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature4 
,we tru/ he has f\nd bo? amusem5t &     
in/ruction4 ,our object has be51 ?r\gh\t
 ! "w1 to assi/ ! read] 9 look+ ?r\gh   
,nature up to ,nature's ,god4 ,all      

second causes d]ive _! orig91 p]man5cy1 
& efficacy f ,him alone4  ,s9ce1 !n1 !  
,,"l ,,god is himself ! s\rce &         
p]fection ( all beauty & excell5cy1 !   
au?or ( our exi/5ce1 & ! b\ntiful giv] (
 all good gifts2 we und\bt$ly ought to  
love him ) our :ole he>ts1 & to s]ve him
 ) all our p[]s2 we ought to rev]5ce 8  
maje/y & au?ority1 & endeav\r above all 
?+s to obta9 8 fav\r2 we ought to devote
 ourselves entirely to 8 s]vice1 & make 
all our actions t5d to ! advancem5t ( 8 
glory4 ,& z 8 m]cy & goodness are       
unb\nd$1 s %\ld be our gratitude &      
praise4        ,jehovah reigns3 let     
ev'ry nation he>1       ,& at 8 foot/ool
 b[ ) holy fe>2       ,let heav'n's high
 ar*es e*o ) 8 "n4       ,& !           
wide-peopl$ e>? 8 praise proclaim2   ,!n
 s5d x d[n to hell's deep gloom res\nd+1
   ,?ro' all h] caves 9 dreadful murmurs
 s\nd+4        ,he rules ) wide &       
absolute comm&       ,o'er ! broad ocean
 & ! /$fa/ l&3       ,jehovah reigns1   
unb\nd$ & alone1       ,& all creation  

hangs b5ea? 8 ?rone3   ,he reigns alone2
 let no inf]ior nature   ,usurp or %>e !
 ?rone ( ! ,creator4        ,he saw !   
/ruggl+ beams ( infant light       ,%oot
 ?ro' ! massy gloom ( anci5t night2     
,8 _s hu%'d ! elem5tal /rife1       ,&  
brood$ o'er ! k9dl+ se$s ( life3        
,seasons & mon?s began ! long           
procession1   ,& measur'd o'er ! ye> 9  
bright succession4        ,! joyful sun 
sprung up ?' e!real way1       ,/rong z 
a giant1 z a bridegroom gay2       ,& ! 
pale moon diffus'd h] %ad[y light1      
,sup]ior o'er ! dusky br[ ( night2   ,t5
 ?\s& glitt]+ lamps ! skies adorn+1     
,num'r\s z dew-drops f ! womb ( morn+4  
,e>?'s bloom+ face ) ris+ fl['rs he     
dress'd1       ,& spread a v]dant mantle
 o'er h] brea/2       ,!n f ! holl[ ( 8 
h& he p\rs       ,! circl+ wat]s r\nd h]
 w9d+ %ores1   ,! new-born _w 9 _! cool 
arms embrac+1   ,& ) s(t murmurs /ill h]
 banks c>ess+4        ,at l5g? %e rose  
complete 9 f9i%'d pride1       ,all fair
 & spotless l a virg9 bride3       ,fre%

 ) unt>ni%'d lu/re z %e /ood1       ,h] 
,mak] bless'd 8 "w1 & call'd x good2    
,! morn+ />s ) joyful acclamation1      
,exult+ sung1 & hail'd ! new creation4  
,yet ?is fair _w1 ! creature ( a day1   
,?o' built by ,god's "r h&1 mu/ pass    
away2       ,& long oblivion creep o'er 
mortal ?+s1       ,! fate ( empires1 & !
 pride ( k+s3   ,et]nal night %all veil 
_! pr\de/ /ory1   ,& drop ! curta9 o'er 
all human glory4        ,! sun himself1 
) we>y cl\ds oppre/1       ,%all 9 8    
sil5t d>k pavilion re/2       ,8 gold5  
urn %all broke & useless lie1           
,amid/ ! common ru9s ( ! sky6   ,! />s  
ru% headlong 9 ! wild commotion1   ,&   
ba! _! glitt]+ =eheads 9 ! ocean4       
,b fix'd1 ,o ,god6 = ev] /&s ?y ?rone1  
,jehovah reigns1 a univ]se alone2       
,?' et]nal fire t fe$s ea* vital flame1 
,collect$ or diffus'd1 is /ill ! same4  
,he dwells )9 8 own unfa?om'd ess5ce1   
,& fills all space ) 8 unb\nd$ pres5ce4 
,b oh6 our highe/ notes ! !me debase1   
,& sil5ce is our lea/ injuri\s praise3  

,cease1 cease y\r songs1 ! d>+ flight   
control1       ,rev]e him 9 ! /illness (
 ! s\l2   ,) sil5t duty meekly b5d be=e 
him1   ,& deep )9 y\r inmo/ he>ts--adore
 him4                                   
,mrs4 ,b>bauld4     ,,app5dix ,,to ,,!  
,,book ,,( ,,curiosities2 ,,conta9+     
,,curi\s ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,& ,,amus+       
,,recreations1 ,,:i* ,,may ,,be ,,p]=m$ 
,,) ,,ease1 ,,& ,,at ,a ,,small         
,,exp5se4   ,a ,p]son hav+ an ev5 ,numb]
 ( ,c\nt]s 9 "o ,h&1 & an odd ,numb] 9 !
 o!r1 to tell 9 :i* ,h& ea* ( !m is4    
,desire ! p]son to multiply ! numb] 9 8 
"r h& by ?ree1 & ! numb] 9 8 left by    
two4  ,bid him add ! two products       
toge!r1 & tell y :e!r ! sum be odd or   
ev54  ,if x be ev51 ! ev5 numb] is 9 !  
"r h&2 b if x be odd1 ! ev5 numb] is 9 !
 left h&4  ,,example ,i4    ,no4 9 "r   
h&4   ,no4 9 left h&4           #ah     
#g            #c                   #b   
--                  --           #ed    
#ed         #ad                    #ad  
--                    #fh sum ( !       

products4  ,,example ,,ii4    ,no4 9 "r 
h&4   ,no4 9 left h&4            #g     
#ah            #c                   #b  
--                  --           #ba    
#cf         #cf                    #ba  
--                    #eg sum ( !       
products4   ,a ,p]son hav+ fix$ on a    
,numb] 9 8 ,m9d1 to tell him :at ,numb] 
x is4  ,bid him quadruple ! numb] ?\ght 
on1 or multiply x by #d2 & hav+ done    
?is1 desire him to add #f1 #h1 #aj1 or  
any ev5 numb] y please1 to ! product2 !n
 let him take ! half ( ?is sum1 & tell y
 h[ mu* x is2 f :i*1 if y take away half
 ! numb] y desir$ him at fir/ to add to 
x1 !re w rema9 ! d\ble ( ! numb] ?\ght  
on4  ,,example4    ,suppose ! numb]     
?\ght on is            #e   ,! quadruple
 ( x is                     #bj   #h    
add$ to ! product is                    
#bh   ,& ! half ( ?is sum               
#ad   #d tak5 f ?is leaves              
#aj4--  ,!re=e #e 0 ! numb] ?\ght on4   
,ano!r ,me?od ( discov]+ a ,numb] ?\ght 
on4  ,aft] ! p]son has fix$ on a numb]1 

bid him d\ble x1 & add #d to t sum2 !n  
let him multiply ! :ole by #e1 & to t   
product add #ab2 desire him also to     
multiply ?is sum by #aj1 & aft] hav+    
d$uct$ #cjb f ! product1 to tell y !    
rema9d]1 f :i*1 if y cut (f ! la/ two   
figures1 ! numb] t rema9s w be ! "o     
?\ght on4  ,,example4    ,let ! numb]   
?\ght on be                #g   ,!n !   
d\ble ( ?is is                 #ad   ,& 
#d add$ to x makes                      
#ah   ,?is multipli$ by #e is           
#ij   ,& #ab add$ to x is               
#ajb   ,& ?is multipli$ by #aj is       
#ajbj   ,f :i* d$uct+                   
#cjb   ,!re rema9s                      
#gah1--  :i*1 by /rik+ (f ! la/ two     
figures1 gives #g1--! numb] ?\ght on4   
,to tell ! ,numb] a ,p]son has fix$ ^u1 
)\t ask+ him any ,que/ions4  ,! p]son   
hav+ *os5 any numb] 9 8 m9d1 f #a to    
#ae1 bid him add "o to x1 & triple !    
am\nt4 ,!n1  ,if x be an ev5 numb]1 let 
him take ! half ( x1 & triple t half2 b 
if x be an odd numb]1 he mu/ add #a to  

x1 & !n halve x1 & triple t half4  ,9 l 
mann] let him take ! half ( ?is numb]1  
if x be ev51 or ! half ( ! next great]1 
if x be odd2 & triple t half4  ,aga91   
bid him take ! half ( ?is la/ numb]1 if 
ev51 or ( ! next great]1 if odd2 & !    
half ( t half 9 ! same way2 & by obs]v+ 
at :at /eps he is oblig$ to add #a 9 !  
halv+1 ! foll[+ table w %ew ! numb]     
?\ght on3    #a--j--j    -- #d-- #h     
#b--j--j    --#ac-- #e   #c--j--j    -- 
#c--aa   #a--b--j    -- #b--aj          
#a--c--j    -- #h-- #j   #a--b--c    -- 
#f--ad   #b--c--j    -- #a-- #i         
#j--j--j    --#ae-- #g  ,?us1 if he be  
oblig$ to add #a only at ! fir/ /ep1 or 
halv+1 ei!r #d or #h 0 ! numb] ?\ght on2
 if !re 7 a necessity to add #a bo? at !
 fir/ & second /eps1 ei!r #b or #aj 0 ! 
numb] ?\ght on1 c4  ,& :i* ( ! two      
numb]s is ! true "o may always be kn[n f
 ! la/ /ep ( ! op]ation2 = if #a mu/ be 
add$ be=e ! la/ half c be tak51 ! numb] 
is 9 ! second column1 or o!rwise 9 !    
fir/1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ examples3    

,suppose ! numb] *os5 to be             
#i   ,to :i*1 if we add                 
#a   ,! sum is                          
#aj   ,!n ! triple ( t numb] is         
#cj   #a4 ,! half ( :i* is              
#ae   ,! triple ( #ae is                
#de   #b4 ,& ! half ( t is              
#bc   ,! triple ( #bc is                
#fi   #c4 ,! half ( t is                
#ce   ,& ! half ( t is                  
#ah  ,f :i* x appe>s1 t x 0 necess>y to 
add #a bo? at ! second & ?ird /eps1 or  
halv+s2 & !re=e1 by ! table1 ! numb]    
?\ght on is ei!r #a or #i4 ,& z ! la/   
numb] 0 oblig$ to be augm5t$ by #a be=e 
! half c\ld be tak51 x foll[s also1 by !
 above rule1 t ! numb] mu/ be 9 ! second
 column2 & consequ5tly x is #i4         
,aga91 suppose ! numb] ?\ght on to be   
#f   ,to :i*1 if we add                 
#a   ,! sum is                          
#g   ,!n ! triple ( t numb] is          
#ba   #a4 ,! half ( :i* is              
#aa   ,! triple ( #aa is                
#cc   #b4 ,& ! half ( t is              

#ag   ,! triple ( #ag is                
#ea   #c4 ,! half ( t is                
#bf   ,& ! half ( t half is             
#ac  ,f :i* x appe>s1 t x 0 necess>y to 
add #a at all ! /eps1 or halv+s1 #a1 #b1
 #c1 !re=e1 by ! table1 ! numb] ?\ght on
 is ei!r #f or #ad4  ,& z ! la/ numb]   
requir$ no augm5tation be=e its half    
c\ld be tak51 x foll[s also1 by ! above 
rule1 t ! numb] mu/ be 9 ! fir/ column2 
& consequ5tly x is #f4   ,a curi\s      
,recreation1 usually call$--,! ,bl9d    
,abbess & h] ,nuns4  ,a bl9d abbess     
visit+ h] nuns1 :o 7 tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 
& equally di/ribut$ 9 eight cells1 built
 at ! f\r corn]s ( a squ>e1 & 9 ! middle
 ( ea* side1 f9ds an equal numb] 9 e r[1
 conta9+ ?ree cells4 ,at a second visit1
 %e f9ds ! same numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* r[ 
z be=e1 ?\gh ! company 0 increas$ by !  
accession ( f\r m54 ,& com+ a ?ird "t1  
%e /ill f9ds ! same numb] ( p]sons 9 ea*
 r[1 ?\gh ! f\r m5 7 !n gone1 & _h ea* (
 !m c>ri$ away a nun4    ,fig4 #a4      
-----   #c #c #c   #c   #c   #c #c #c   

-----    ,fig4 #b4   -----   #b #e #b   
#e   #e   #b #e #b   -----    ,fig4 #c4 
-----   #d #a #d   #a   #a   #d #a #d   
-----  ,let ! nuns be fir/ plac$ z 9    
fig4 #a1 ?ree 9 ea* cell2 !n :5 ! f\r m5
 h got into ! cells1 !re mu/ be a man   
plac$ 9 ea* corn]1 & two nuns remov$    
!nce to ea* ( ! middle cells1 z 9 fig4  
#b1 9 :i* case !re w evid5tly be /ill   
n9e 9 ea* r[2 & :5 ! f\r m5 are gone1 ) 
! f\r nuns ) !m1 ea* corn] cell mu/     
conta9 f\r nuns1 & e o!r cell "o1 z 9   
fig4 #c2 x be+ evid5t1 t 9 ?is case     
also1 !re w /ill be n9e 9 a r[1 z be=e4 
,any ,numb] be+ nam$1 to add a ,figure  
to x1 :i* %all make x divisible by #i4  
,add ! figures toge!r 9 y\r m9d :i*     
compose ! numb] nam$2 & ! figure :i* mu/
 be add$ to ?is sum1 9 ord] to make x   
divisible by #i1 is ! "o requir$4       
,suppose1 = example1 ! numb] nam$ 0     
#hfed2 y f9d t ! sum ( its figures is   
#bc2 & t #d be+ add$ to ?is sum w make x
 #bg2 :i* is a numb] exactly divisible  
by #i4  ,y !re=e desire ! p]son :o nam$ 

! numb] #hfed1 to add #d to x2 & !      
result1 :i* is #hfeh1 w be divisible by 
#i1 z 0 requir$4  ,?is recreation may be
 div]sifi$1 by y\r specify+1 be=e ! sum 
is nam$1 ! p>ticul> place :]e ! figure  
%all be ins]t$1 to make ! numb]         
divisible by #i2 = x is exactly ! same  
?+1 :e!r ! figure be put at ! end ( !   
numb]1 or betwe5 any two ( its digits4  
,a ,p]son hav+ made *oice ( sev]al      
,numb]s1 to tell him :at ,numb] w       
exactly divide ! ,sum ( ^? :i* he has   
*os54  ,provide a small bag1 divid$ into
 two p>ts2 into "o ( :i* put sev]al     
tickets1 numb]$ #f1 #i1 #ae1 #cf1 #fc1  
#abj1 #bac1 #cji1 or any o!rs y please1 
t are divisible by #c1 & 9 ! o!r "p put 
z _m diff]5t tickets m>k$ ) ! numb] #c  
only4  ,draw a h&ful ( tickets f ! fir/ 
"p1 &1 aft] %ew+ !m to ! company1 put !m
 into ! bag aga92 & hav+ op5$ x a second
 "t1 desire any "o to take out z _m     
tickets z he ?9ks prop]4  ,:5 he has    
done ?is1 op5 privately ! o!r "p ( !    
bag1 & tell him to take out ( x "o      

ticket only4  ,y may !n pron\nce1 t ?is 
ticket %all conta9 ! numb] by :i* !     
am\nt ( ! o!r numb]s is divisible2 =1 z 
ea* ( ^! numb]s is "s multiple ( #c1 _! 
sum mu/ evid5tly be divisible by t      
numb]4  ,?is recreation may also be     
div]sifi$1 by m>k+ ! tickets 9 "o "p ( !
 bag ) any numb]s :i* are divisible by  
#i1 & ^? 9 ! o!r "p ( ! bag ) ! numb] #i
 only2 ! prop]ties ( bo? #i & #c be+ !  
same2 or if ! numb]s 9 "o "p ( ! bag be 
divisible by #i1 ! o!r "p ( ! bag may   
conta9 tickets m>k$ bo? ) #i & #c1 z e  
numb] divisible by #i is also divisible 
by #c4   ,to f9d ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 any 
two ,numb]s1 ! great] ( :i* is unkn[n4  
,take z _m #i's z !re are figures 9 !   
less numb]1 & subtract ! "o f ! o!r4    
,let ano!r p]son add t diff]5ce to !    
l>g] numb]2 & !n1 if he take away ! fir/
 figure ( ! am\nt1 & add x to ! rema9+  
figures1 ! sum w be ! diff]5ce ( ! two  
numb]s1 z 0 requir$4  ,suppose1 =       
example1 t ,mat!w1 :o is #bb ye>s ( age1
 tells ,h5ry1 :o is old]1 t he c discov]

 ! diff]5ce ( _! ages4  ,he privately   
d$ucts #bb1 8 own age1 f #ii1 & !       
diff]5ce1 :i* is #gg1 he tells ,h5ry to 
add to 8 age1 & to take away ! fir/     
figure f ! am\nt4  ,!n if ?is figure1 s 
tak5 away1 be add$ to ! rema9+ ones1 !  
sum w be ! diff]5ce ( _! ages2 z1 =     
in/ance3    ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mat!w's 
age & #ii1 is      #gg   ,to :i* ,h5ry  
add+ 8 age                        #ce   
----   ,! sum w be                      
#aab   ,& #a1 tak5 f #aab1 gives        
#ab   ,:i* be+ increas$ by              
#a                                      
--   ,gives ! diff]5ce ( ! two ages     
#ac   ,&1 ?is add$ to ,mat!w's age      
#bb                                     
--   ,gives ! age ( ,h5ry1 :i* is       
#ce   ,a ,p]son /rik+ a ,figure out ( ! 
,sum ( two giv5 ,numb]s1 to tell him :at
 t ,figure 04  ,su* numb]s mu/ be (f]$ z
 are divisible by #i2 su*1 = in/ance1 z 
#cf1 #fc1 #ha1 #aag1 #abf1 #afb1 #bjg1  
#baf1 #beb1 #bfa1 #cjf1 #cae1 #cfj1 &   
#dcb4  ,!n let a p]son *oose any two (  

^! numb]s1 & aft] add+ !m toge!r 9 8    
m9d1 /rike out any "o ( ! figures he    
pleases1 f ! sum4  ,aft] he has done    
?is1 desire him to tell y ! sum ( !     
rema9+ figures2 & t numb] :i* y are     
oblig$ to add to ?is am\nt1 9 ord] to   
make x #i1 or #ah1 is ! "o he /ruck out4
  ,= example1 suppose he *ose ! numb]s  
#abf & #beb1 ! sum ( :i* is #cgh4  ,!n1 
if he /rike out #g f ?is am\nt1 ! rema9+
 figures1 #c & #h1 w make #aa2 to :i* #g
 mu/ be add$ to make #ah4  ,if he /rike 
out ! #c1 ! sum ( ! rema9+ figures1 #g &
 #h1 w be #ae2 to :i* #c mu/ be add$1 to
 make #ah2 & s 9 l mann]1 = ! #h4   ,by 
kn[+ ! la/ ,figure ( ! ,product ( two   
,numb]s1 to tell ! o!r ,figures4  ,if ! 
numb] #gc be multipli$ by ea* ( ! numb]s
 9 ! foll[+ ari?metical progression1 #c1
 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 #ba4 #bd1 #bg1 !
 products w t]m9ate ) ! n9e digits1 9   
?is ord]1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #c1   
#b1 #a2 ! numb]s !mselves be+ z foll[s1 
#bai1 #dch1 #feg1 #hgf1 #ajie1 #acad1   
#aecc1 #ageb1 & #aiga4  ,let !re=e a    

little bag be provid$1 consi/+ ( two    
p>titions1 into "o ( :i* put sev]al     
tickets1 m>k$ ) ! numb] #gc2 & into !   
o!r "p1 z _m tickets numb]$ #c1 #f1 #i1 
#ab1 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 & #bg4  ,!n op5
 t "p ( ! bag :i* conta9s ! numb] #gc1 &
 desire a p]son to take out "o ticket   
only2 aft] :i*1 dext]\sly *ange ! op5+1 
& desire ano!r p]son to take a ticket f 
! o!r "p4  ,let !m n[ multiply _! two   
numb]s toge!r1 & tell y ! la/ figure ( !
 product1 & y w readily det]m9e1 f !    
=ego+ s]ies1 :at ! rema9+ figures mu/   
be4  ,suppose1 = example1 ! numb]s tak5 
out ( ! bag 7 #gc1 & #ab2 !n1 z !       
product ( ^! two numb]s1 :i* is #hgf1   
has #f = its la/ figure1 y w readily "k 
t x is ! f\r? 9 ! s]ies1 & t ! rema9+   
figures are #hg4   ,a curi\s ,recreation
 ) a ,hundr$ ,numb]s1 usually call$ !   
,magical ,c5tury4  ,if ! numb] #aa be   
multipli$ by any "o ( ! n9e digits1 !   
two figures ( ! product w always be     
alike1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ example3--   
#aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa     

#a  #b  #c  #d  #e  #f  #g  #h  #i   -- 
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --   #aa #bb #cc   
#dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #ii  ,n[1 if ano!r  
p]son & y\rself h fifty c\nt]s apiece1 &
 agree nev] to /ake m ?an t5 at a "t1 y 
may tell him1 t if he w p]mit y to /ake 
fir/1 y w always und]take to make ! ev5 
c5tury be=e him4  ,9 ord] to ?is y mu/  
fir/ /ake "o1 & rememb]+ ! ord] ( !     
above s]ies1 con/antly add to :at he    
/akes z _m z w make "o m ?an ! numb]s   
#aa1 #bb1 #cc1 c4 ( :i* x is compos$1   
till y come to #hi2 aft] :i*1 ! o!r p>ty
 _c possibly make ! ev5 c5tury himself1 
or prev5t y f mak+ x4  ,if ! p]son :o is
 y\r oppon5t h no k ( numb]s1 y may /ake
 any o!r numb] fir/1 "u #aj1 provid$ y  
aft]w>ds take c>e to secure "o ( ! la/  
t]ms1 #ef1 #fg1 #gh1 c43 or y may ev5   
let him /ake fir/1 provid$ y take c>e   
aft]w>ds to secure "o ( ^! numb]s4  ,?is
 recreation may be p]=m$ ) o!r numb]s2  
b1 9 ord] to succe$1 y mu/ divide !     
numb] to be atta9$1 by a numb] :i* is an
 unit great] ?an :at y c /ake ea* "t2 & 

! rema9d] w !n be ! numb] y fir/ /ake4  
,suppose1 = example1 ! numb] to be      
atta9$ is #eb1 & t y are nev] to add m  
?an six2 !n divid+ #eb by #g1 ! rema9d]1
 :i* is #c1 w be ! numb] y mu/ /ake     
fir/2 & :atev] ! o!r /akes1 y mu/ add z 
mu* to x z w make x equal to #g1 ! numb]
 by :i* y divid$2 & s on4   ,a ,p]son 9 
,company hav+ privately put a ,r+ on "o 
( 8 f+]s1 to ,"n ! ,p]son1 ! ,h&1 !     
,f+]1 & ev5 ! ,jo9t on :i* x is plac$4  
,desire a ?ird p]son to d\ble ! numb] ( 
! ord] 9 :i* ! we>] ( ! r+ /&s1 & add #e
 to t numb]1 !n multiply t sum by #e1 & 
to ! product add #aj4 ,let him !n add #a
 to ! la/ numb]1 if ! r+ be on ! "r h&1 
& #b if on ! left1 & multiply ! :ole by 
#aj3 to ?is product he mu/ add ! numb] (
 ! f+]1 beg9n+ ) ! ?umb1 & multiply !   
:ole aga9 by #aj4 ,desire him !n to add 
! numb] ( ! jo9t2 & la/ly1 to increase !
 :ole by #ce4  ,?is be+ done1 he is to  
decl>e ! am\nt ( ! :ole1 f :i* y are to 
subtract #cece2 & ! rema9d] w consi/ (  
f\r figures1 ! fir/ ( :i* w give ! place

 9 :i* ! p]son /&s1 ! second ! h&1 #a   
d5ot+ ! "r1 & #b ! left h&1 ! ?ird numb]
 ! f+]1 & ! f\r? ! jo9t4  ,,example4    
,suppose ! p]son /&s ! second 9 ord]1 & 
has put ! r+ on ! second jo9t ( ! little
 f+] ( ! left h&3    ,d\ble ! ord] is   
#d   ,add                    #e         
--                          #i          
,multiply by            #e              
--                         #de   ,add   
#aj                         --          
#ee   ,numb] = left h&   #b             
--                         #eg          
,multiply by           #aj              
----                        #egj        
,numb] ( f+]       #e                   
----                        #ege        
,multiply by           #aj              
----                       #egej        
,numb] ( jo9t        #b                 
----                       #egeb   ,add 
#ce                       ----          
#eghg   ,subtract            #cece      
----                       #bbeb  ,h5ce 
x w appe> t ! fir/ #b d5otes ! second   

p]son 9 ord]1 ! second #b ! left h&1 #e 
! little f+]1 & #b ! second jo9t4   ,to 
make a ,deaf ,man he> ! ,s\nd ( a       
,musical ,in/rum5t4  ,x mu/ be a /r+$   
in/rum5t1 ) a neck ( "s l5g?1 z a lute1 
a guit>1 or ! l2 & be=e y beg9 to play1 
y mu/ by signs direct ! deaf man to take
 hold ) 8 tee? ( ! end ( ! neck ( !     
in/rum5t2 = !n1 if "o /rikes ! /r+s ) ! 
b[ "o aft] ano!r1 ! s\nd w ent] ! deaf  
man's m\?1 & be convey$ to ! organ (    
he>+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! palate1 & ?us !   
deaf man w he> ) a great deal ( pleasure
 ! s\nd ( ! in/rum5t1 z has be5 sev]al  
times exp]i5c$2 nay1 ^? :o are n deaf   
may make ! exp]im5t ^u !mselves1 by     
/opp+ _! e>s s z n to he> ! in/rum5t1 & 
!n hold+ ! end ( ! in/rum5t 9 _! tee?1  
:ile ano!r t\*es ! /r+s4   ,:5 two      
,vessels or ,*e/s are l "o ano!r1 & (   
equal ,weight1 be+ fill$ ) diff]5t      
,metals1 to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4  ,?is 
is easily resolv$1 if we consid] t two  
pieces ( diff]5t metals1 ( equal weight 
9 air1 d n weigh equally 9 wat]1 because

 t ( ! greate/ specific gravity takes up
 a less] space 9 wat]2 x be+ a c]ta9    
tru?1 t any metal weighs less 9 wat] ?an
 9 air1 by reason ( ! wat]1 ! room ( :i*
 x fills2 = example1 if ! wat] weighs a 
p\nd1 ! metal w weigh 9 t wat] a p\nd   
less ?an 9 ! air3 ?is gravitation       
dim9i%es m or less1 accord+ z ! specific
 gravity ( ! metal is great] ?an t ( !  
wat]4  ,we w suppose1 !n1 two *e/s      
p]fectly l "o ano!r1 ( equal weight 9 ! 
air1 "o ( :i* is full ( gold1 & ! o!r ( 
silv]2 we weigh !m 9 wat]1 & t :i* !n   
weighs d[n ! o!r mu/ ne$s be ! gold *e/1
 ! specific gravity ( gold be+ great]   
?an t ( silv]1 :i* makes ! gold lose    
less ( its gravitation 9 wat] ?an silv]4
 ,we "k by exp]i5ce1 t gold loses 9 wat]
 ab\t an eighte5? "p only1 :]eas silv]  
loses ne> a t5? "p2 s t if ea* ( ! two  
*e/s weighs 9 ! air1 = example1 #ahj    
p\nds1 ! *e/ t is full ( gold w lose 9 !
 wat] t5 p\nds ( its weight2 & ! *e/ t  
is full ( silv] w lose eighte53 t is1 ! 
*e/ full ( gold w weigh #agj p\nds1 & t 

( silv] only #afb4  ,or1 if y w1        
consid]+ t gold is ( a great] specific  
gravity ?an silv]1 ! *e/ full ( gold1   
?\gh simil> & ( equal weight ) ! o!r1   
mu/ ne$s conta9 a less bulk1 &          
consequ5tly x conta9s ! gold4   ,to f9d 
! ,burd5 ( a ,%ip at ,sea1 or 9 a ,riv]4
  ,x is a c]ta9 tru?1 t a %ip w c>ry a  
weight equal to t ( a quantity ( wat] ( 
! same bulk ) itself2 subtract+ f x !   
weight ( ! iron ab\t ! %ip1 = ! wood is 
( mu* ! same weight ) wat]2 & s1 if x 7 
n = ! iron1 a %ip might sail full (     
wat]4  ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t1 h[ev] 
a %ip be load$1 x w n totally s9k1 z    
long z ! weight ( its c>go is less ?an t
 ( an equal bulk ( wat]3 n[1 to "k ?is  
bulk or ext5t1 y mu/ measure ! capacity 
or solidity ( ! %ip1 :i* we "h suppose  
to be #ajjj cubical feet1 & multiply t  
by #gc p\nds1 ! weight ( a cubical foot 
( sea-wat]2 !n y h 9 ! product #gc1jjj  
p\nds = ! weight ( a bulk ( wat] equal  
to t ( ! %ip2 s t 9 ?is example1 we may 
call ! burd5 ( ! %ip #gc1jjj p\nds1 or  

#cf-a_/b tons1 reckon+ a ton #b1jjj     
p\nds1 t be+ ! weight ( a ton (         
sea-wat]2 if ! c>go ( ?is %ip exce$s    
#cf-a_/b tons1 %e w s9k2 & if h] load+  
is j #gc1jjj p\nds1 %e w swim v deep 9 !
 wat] ^u ! v po9t ( s9k+2 s t %e _c sail
 safe & easy1 unless h] load+ be        
consid]ably %ort ( #gc1jjj p\nds weight2
 if ! load+ come ne> to #gc1jjj p\nds1 z
 be+1 = example1 j #cf tons1 %e w swim  
at sea1 b w s9k :5 %e comes into ! m\? (
 a fre% wat] riv]2 = ?is wat] be+ light]
 ?an sea-wat] w be surm\nt$ by ! weight 
( ! vessel1 especially if t weight is   
great] ?an ! weight ( an equal bulk ( ! 
same wat]4   ,to ,measure ! ,dep? ( !   
,sea4  ,tie a great weight to a v long  
cord1 or rope1 & let x fall into ! sea  
till y f9d x c desc5d no fur!r1 :i* w   
happ5 :5 ! weight t\*es ! bottom ( !    
sea3 if ! quantity or bulk ( wat]1 !    
room ( :i* is tak5 up by ! weight1 & !  
rope1 weighs less ?an ! weight & rope   
!mselves2 = if !y weigh m1 ! weight w\ld
 cease to desc5d1 ?\gh x did n t\* !    

bottom ( ! sea4  ,?us "o may be deceiv$ 
9 measur+ ! l5g? ( a rope let d[n into !
 wat]1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! dep? ( ! sea2
 & !re=e1 to prev5t mi/akes1 y _h be/   
tie to ! end ( ! same rope ano!r weight 
heavi] ?an ! =m]1 & if ?is weight does n
 s9k ! rope deep] ?an ! o!r did1 y may  
re/ assur$ t ! l5g? ( ! rope is ! true  
dep? ( ! sea2 if x does s9k ! rope      
deep]1 y mu/ tie a ?ird weight1 yet     
heavi]1 & s on1 till y f9d two weights (
 unequal gravitation1 t run j ! same    
l5g? ( ! rope1 ^u :i* y may conclude1 t 
! l5g? ( ! wet rope is c]ta9ly ! same ) 
! dep? ( ! sea4   ,me?od ( ,melt+ ,/eel1
 & caus+ x to ,liquefy4  ,heat a piece (
 /eel 9 ! fire1 almo/ to a /ate (       
fusion1 !n hold+ x ) a pair ( p9c]s or  
tongs1 take 9 ! o!r h& a /ick (         
brim/one1 & t\* ! piece ( /eel ) x3     
imm$iately aft] ! contact1 y w see !    
/eel melt & drop l a liquid4   ,h[ to   
dispose two little ,figures1 s t "o %all
 light a ,c&le1 & ! o!r put x out4      
,take two little figures ( wood or clay1

 or any o!r mat]ials y please1 only tak+
 c>e t !re is a little hole at ! m\? (  
ea*3 put 9 ! m\? ( "o a few gra9s (     
bruis$ gunp[d]1 & a little bit (        
phosphorus 9 ! m\? ( ! o!r1 tak+ c>e t  
^! prep>ations are made be=eh&4  ,!n    
take a light$ wax c&le1 & pres5t x to ! 
m\? ( ! figure ) ! gunp[d]1 :i*1 tak+   
fire1 w put ! c&le out2 !n pres5t y\r   
c&le1 hav+ ! snuff /ill hot1 to ! o!r   
figure2 x w imm$iately light aga9 by    
means ( ! phosphorus4  ,y may propose ! 
same effects to be produc$ by two       
figures drawn on a wall ) a p5cil or    
coal1 by apply+ ) a little />*1 or wat]1
 a few gra9s ( bruis$ gunp[d] to ! m\? (
 "o1 & a bit ( phosphorus to ! m\? ( !  
o!r4   ,! ,cam]a ,obscura1 or ,d>k      
,*amb]4  ,we %all "h give a %ort        
description ( ?is optical inv5tion2 =   
?\gh x is v common1 x is also v pleas+3 
b e "o kn[s n h[ to con/ruct x4  ,make a
 circul> hole 9 ! %utt] ( a w9d[1 f :5ce
 !re is a prospect ( ! fields1 or any   
o!r object n too ne>3 & 9 ?is hole place

 a convex glass1 ei!r d\ble or s+le1 ^: 
focus is at ! di/ance ( five or six     
feet3 ! di/ance %\ld n be less ?an ?ree 
feet2 if x be1 ! images w be too small1 
& !re w n be suffici5t room = !         
spectators to /& conv5i5tly2 on ! o!r   
h&1 ! focus %\ld nev] be m ?an fifte5 or
 tw5ty feet1 = !n ! images w\ld be      
obscure1 & ! col\r+ fa9t2 ! be/ di/ance 
is f six to twelve feet3--take c>e t no 
light ent]s ! room b by ?is glass3 at a 
di/ance f x1 equal to t ( its focus1    
place a pa/ebo>d1 cov]$ ) ! :ite/ pap]2 
?is pap] %\ld h a black bord]1 to prev5t
 any ( ! side rays f di/urb+ ! picture2 
let x be two feet & a half long1 &      
eighte5 or tw5ty in*es high2 b5d ! l5g? 
( x inw>ds to ! =m ( "p ( a circle1 ^:  
diamet] is equal to d\ble ! focal       
di/ance ( ! glass3 !n fix x on a frame (
 ! same figure1 & put x on a moveable   
foot1 t x may be easily fix$ at t exact 
di/ance f ! glass :]e ! objects pa9t    
!mselves to ! greate/ p]fection3 :5 x is
 ?us plac$1 all ! objects t are 9 !     

front ( ! w9d[ w be pa9t$ on ! pap] 9 an
 inv]t$ position2 ?is inv]t$ position ( 
! images may be deem$ an imp]fection1 b 
x is easily rem$i$2 = if y /& above !   
bo>d on :i* !y are receiv$1 & look d[n  
on x1 !y w appe> 9 _! natural position2 
or if y /& be=e x1 &1 plac+ a common    
mirror aga9/ y\r brea/ 9 an oblique     
direction1 look d[n 9 x1 y w !re see !  
images erect1 & !y w receive an         
additional lu/re f ! reflection ( !     
glass3 or place two l5ses 9 a tube t    
draws out3 or1 la/ly1 if y place a l>ge 
concave mirror at a prop] di/ance be=e !
 picture1 x w appe> be=e ! mirror 9 !   
air1 & 9 an erect position1 ) ! greate/ 
regul>ity1 & 9 ! mo/ natural col\rs4    
,if y place a moveable mirror )\t !     
w9d[1 by turn+ x m or less1 y w h on !  
pap] all ! objects t are on ea* side ( !
 w9d[4  ,!re is ano!r me?od ( mak+ ! d>k
 *amb]1 :i* is by a scioptric ball1 t   
is1 a ball ( wood1 ?r\gh :i* a hole is  
made1 9 :i* hole a l5s is fix$2 ?is ball
 is plac$ 9 a wood5 frame1 9 :i* x turns

 freely r\nd3 ! frame is fix$ to ! hole 
9 ! %utt]1 & ! ball by turn+ ab\t       
answ]s1 9 great "p1 ! use ( ! mirror on 
! outside ( ! w9d[3 if ! hole 9 ! w9d[  
be no bigg] ?an a pea1 ! objects w be   
repres5t$ )\t any l5s4  ,if in/ead (    
plac+ ! mirror )\t ! w9d[1 y place x 9 !
 room1 & above ! hole1 7:i* mu/ !n be   
made ne> ! top ( ! %utt]17 y may receive
 ! repres5tation on a pap] plac$        
horizontally on a table2 & draw at y\r  
leisure all ! objects t are !re pa9t$4  
,no?+ c be m pleas+ ?an ?is recreation1 
especially :5 ! objects are /rongly     
enlight5$ by ! sun2 & n only l&         
prospects1 b a sea-port1 :5 ! wat] is   
some:at agitat$1 or at ! sett+ ( ! sun1 
pres5ts a v delightful appe>ance4  ,?is 
repres5tation af=ds ! mo/ p]fect model =
 pa9t]s1 z well = ! tone ( col\rs1 z t  
gradation ( %ades occasion$ by !        
int]position ( ! air1 :i* has be5 s     
ju/ly express$ by "s mod]n pa9t]s4  ,x  
is necess>y t ! pap] h a circul> =m1 =  
o!rwise1 :5 ! c5tre ( x 0 9 ! focus ( ! 

glass1 ! two sides w\ld be beyond x1 &  
consequ5tly ! images w\ld be confus$3 if
 ! frame 7 contriv$ ( a sph]ical figure1
 & ! glass 7 9 its c5tre1 !             
repres5tation w\ld be /ill m accurate4  
,if ! object )\t be at ! di/ance ( twice
 ! focal l5g? ( ! glass1 ! image 9 !    
room w be ( ! same magnitude ) ! object4
  ,! lights1 %ades1 & col\rs 9 ! cam]a  
obscura1 appe> n only j1 b1 by ! images 
be+ r$uc$ to a small] compass1 mu*      
/rong] ?an 9 nature2 add to ?is1 t ^!   
pictures exce$ all o!rs1 by repres5t+ ! 
motion ( ! sev]al objects3 ?us we see ! 
animals walk1 run1 or fly1 ! cl\ds float
 9 ! air1 ! leaves quiv]1 ! waves roll1 
c4 & all 9 /rict con=mity to ! laws (   
nature4 ,! be/ situation = a d>k *amb]  
is directly nor?1 & ! be/ "t ( ! day is 
noon4   ,to %ew ! ,spots 9 ! ,sun's     
,disk1 by its image 9 ! ,cam]a ,obscura4
  ,put ! object-glass ( a t5 or twelve  
feet telescope into ! scioptric ball1 & 
turn x ab\t till x be directly opposite 
! sun3 :5 ! sun is directly opposite !  

hole1 ! l5s w itself be suffici5t2 or by
 means ( ! mirror on ! outside ( ! w9d[1
 z 9 ! la/ recreation1 9 ! focus ( !    
l5s1 & y w see a cle> bright image ( !  
sun1 ( ab\t an in* diamet]1 9 :i* !     
spots on ! sun's surface w be exactly   
describ$4  ,z ?is image is too bright to
 be se5 ) pleasure by ! nak$ eye1 y may 
view x ?r\gh a l5s1 ^: focus is six or  
eight in*es diamet]1 :i*1 at ! same "t t
 x prev5ts ! light f be+ (f5sive1 w1 by 
magnify+ bo? ! image & ! spots1 make !m 
appe> to great] advantage4   ,to magnify
 small ,objects by means ( ! ,sun's     
,rays let into a d>k ,*amb]4  ,let !    
rays ( light t pass ?r\gh ! l5s 9 !     
%utt] be ?r[n on a l>ge concave mirror1 
prop]ly fix$ 9 a frame2 !n take a slip1 
or ?9 plate ( glass1 & /ick+ any small  
object on x1 hold x 9 ! incid5t rays1 at
 a little m ?an ! focal di/ance f !     
mirror1 & y w see1 on ! opposite wall1  
amid/ ! reflect$ rays1 ! image ( t      
object1 v l>ge1 & extremely cle> &      
bright4 ,?is exp]im5t nev] fails to give

 ! spectator ! highe/ satisfaction4     
,to cut a ,look+-glass1 or piece (      
,cry/al1 let x be ev] s ?ick1 )\t ! help
 ( a ,diamond1 9 ! same %ape z ! ,m>k ( 
! ,draw+ made on x ) ,ink4  ,?is        
rem>kable op]ation unites utility )     
amusem5t2 = be+ 9 ! c\ntry1 or 9 a place
 :]e !re is no glazi] to be _h1 ! foll[+
 means w answ] ! purpose )\t _! help4   
,take a bit ( walnut-tree1 ab\t !       
?ickness ( a c&le1 & cut "o ( its ends  
to a po9t2 put t end 9 ! fire1 & let x  
burn till x is q r$3 :ile ! /ick is     
burn+1 draw on ! glass or cry/al1 ) ink1
 ! design or outl9e ( ! =m 9 :i* y mean 
to cut x out3 !n take a file1 or bit (  
glass1 & scrat* a little ! place :]e y  
mean to beg9 y\r section2 !n take ! wood
 r$-hot f ! fire1 & lay ! po9t ( x ab\t 
! tw5tie? "p ( an in*1 or ?ickness ( a  
gu9ea1 f ! m>k$ place1 tak+ c>e to bl[  
always on t po9t1 9 ord] to keep x r$2  
foll[+ ! draw+ trac$ on ! glass1 leav+1 
z be=e1 ab\t ! tw5tie? "p ( an in*      
int]val e "t t y pres5t y\r piece (     

wood1 :i* y mu/ take c>e to bl[ (t54    
,aft] hav+ foll[$ exactly ! outl9es (   
y\r draw+1 to sep>ate ! two pieces ?us  
cut1 y ne$ only pull !m up & d[n1 & !y w
 divide4   ,by ! means ( two pla9       
,look+-glasses1 to make a ,face appe> "u
 diff]5t =ms4  ,hav+ plac$ "o ( ! two   
glasses horizontally1 raise ! o!r to    
ab\t "r angles ov] ! fir/2 & :ile ! two 
glasses cont9ue 9 ?is po/ure1 if y come 
up to ! p]p5dicul> glass1 y w set y\r   
face q de=m$ & imp]fect2 = x w appe> )\t
 =ehead1 eyes1 nose1 or e>s1 & no?+ w be
 se5 b a m\? & a *9 boldly rais$3 d b   
incl9e ! glass ev] s little f !         
p]p5dicul>1 & y\r face w appe> ) all its
 p>ts1 except+ ! eyes & ! =ehead2 /oop a
 little m1 & y w see two noses & f\r    
eyes2 & !n a little fur!r1 & y w see    
?ree noses & six eyes2--cont9ue to      
incl9e x /ill a little m1 & y w see no?+
 b two noses1 two m\?s1 & two *9s2 & !n 
a little fur!r aga91 & y w see "o nose &
 "o m\?2 at la/ incl9e a little fur!r1 t
 is1 till ! angle ( incl9ation comes to 

be #dd degrees1 & y\r face w q disappe>4
  ,if y incl9e ! two glasses1 ! "o t[>ds
 ! o!r1 y w see y\r face p]fect &       
entire2 & by ! diff]5t incl9ations1 y w 
see ! repres5tation ( y\r face1 upright 
& inv]t$1 alt]nately4   ,to "k :i* ( two
 diff]5t ,wat]s is ! lighte/1 )\t any   
,scales4  ,take a solid body1 ! specific
 gravity ( :i* is less ?an t ( wat]1    
deal1 or fir-wood1 = in/ance1 & put x   
into ea* ( ! two wat]s1 & re/ assur$ t x
 w s9k deep] 9 ! light] ?an 9 ! heavi]  
wat]2 & s1 by obs]v+ ! diff]5ce ( !     
s9k+1 y w "k :i* is ! lighte/ wat]1 &   
consequ5tly ! :olesome/ = dr9k+4   ,to  
"k if a suspici\s ,piece ( ,money is    
good or bad4  ,if x be a piece ( silv] t
 is n v ?ick1 z a cr[n1 or half a cr[n1 
! goodness ( :i* y want to try2 take    
ano!r piece ( good silv]1 ( equal       
balance ) x1 & tie bo? pieces ) ?read or
 horse hair to ! scales ( an exact      
balance1 7to avoid ! wett+ ( ! scales   
!mselves17 & dip ! two pieces ?us ti$1 9
 wat]2 = !n1 if !y are ( equal goodness1

 t is1 ( equal purity1 !y w hang 9      
equilibrio 9 ! wat] z well z 9 ! air3 b 
if ! piece 9 "q is light] 9 ! wat] ?an !
 o!r1 x is c]ta9ly false1 t is1 !re is  
"s o!r metal mix$ ) x1 t has less       
specific gravity ?an silv]1 su* z copp]2
 if x is heavi] ?an ! o!r1 x is likewise
 bad1 z be+ mix$ ) a metal ( great]     
specific gravity ?an silv]1 su* z lead4 
,if ! piece propos$ is v ?ick1 su* z t  
cr[n ( gold :i* ,hi]o1 k+ ( ,syracuse1  
s5t to ,ar*im$es1 to "k if ! goldsmi? _h
 put into x all ! eighte5 p\nds ( gold t
 he _h giv5 him = t end2 take a piece ( 
pure gold ( equal weight ) ! cr[n       
propos$1 viz4 eighte5 p\nds2 & )\t tak+ 
! tr\ble ( weigh+ !m 9 wat]1 put !m into
 a vessel full ( wat]1 "o aft] ano!r1 & 
t :i* drives out mo/ wat]1 mu/          
necess>ily be mix$ ) ano!r metal ( less 
specific gravity ?an gold1 z tak+ up m  
space1 ?\gh ( equal weight4   ,to hold a
 ,glass full ( ,wat] ) ! ,m\? d[nw>ds1 s
 t ! ,wat] %all n run out4  ,take a     
glass full ( wat]1 cov] x ) a cup t is a

 little holl[1 inv]t+ ! cup ^u ! glass2 
hold ! cup firm 9 ?is position ) "o h&1 
& ! glass ) ! o!r2 !n ) a j]k turn !    
glass & ! cup upside d[n1 & s ! cup w /&
 upright1 & ! glass w be inv]t$1 re/+   
its m\? ^u ! int]ior bottom ( ! cup3 ?is
 done1 y w f9d t "p ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 !
 glass w run out by ! void space betwe5 
! bottom ( ! cup1 & ! brim ( ! glass2 & 
:5 t space is fill$1 s t ! wat] 9 x     
rea*es ! brim ( ! glass1 all passage be+
 !n d5i$ to ! air1 s t x _c ent] !      
glass1 nor succe$ 9 ! room ( ! wat]1 !  
wat] rema9+ 9 ! glass w n fall l[]1 b   
cont9ue susp5d$ 9 ! glass4  ,if y w\ld h
 a little m wat] desc5d into ! cup1 y   
mu/1 ) a pipe or o!rwise1 draw ! wat]   
out ( ! cup1 to give passage to ! air 9 
! glass2 ^u :i*1 "p ( ! wat] w fall into
 ! glass till x has /opp$ up ! passage (
 ! air afre%1 9 :i* case no m w come    
d[n2 or1 )\t suck+ out ! wat] 9 ! cup1 y
 may incl9e ! cup & glass s t ! wat] 9 !
 cup %all quit "o side ( ! brim ( !     
glass1 & s give passage to ! air1 :i* w 

!n suff] ! wat] 9 ! glass to desc5d till
 ! passage is /opp$ aga94  ,?is may     
likewise be resolv$ by cov]+ ! brim ( ! 
glass t is full ( wat]1 ) a leaf ( /rong
 pap]1 & !n turn ! glass z above2 & )\t 
hold+ y\r h& any long] ^u ! pap]1 y w   
f9d x z x 7 glu$ = "s "t to ! brim ( !  
glass1 & dur+ t "t ! wat] w be kept 9 ! 
glass4   ,! ,my/]i\s ,wat*4  ,desire any
 p]son to l5d y 8 wat*1 & ask if he ?9ks
 x w or w n g :5 x is laid on ! table3  
if he says x w1 place x ov] ! end ( a   
magnet1 & x w pres5tly /op2 !n m>k )    
*alk1 or a p5cil1 ! precise po9t :]e y  
plac$ ! wat*1 &1 mov+ ! position ( !    
magnet1 give ! wat* to ano!r p]son1 &   
desire him to make ! exp]im5t2 9 :i* he 
n succe$+1 give x to a ?ird p]son1 at ! 
same "t replac+ ! magnet1 & he w        
imm$iately p]=m ! exp]im5t4   ,to make a
 ,glass ( ,wat] appe> to boil & sp>kle4 
,take a glass ne>ly full ( wat]1 or o!r 
liquor1 & sett+ "o h& ^u ! foot ( x to  
hold x fa/1 turn slightly "o ( ! f+]s ( 
y\r o!r h& ^u ! brim or edge ( ! glass1 

7hav+ be=e privately wet y\r f+]17 & s  
pass+ s(tly on1 ) y\r f+] press+ a      
little1 !n ! glass w beg9 to make a     
noise1 ! p>ts ( ! glass w s5sibly appe> 
to tremble ) notable r>efaction &       
cond5sation1 ! wat] w %ake1 seem to     
boil1 ca/ itself out ( ! glass1 & leap  
out by small drops1 to ! great a/oni%m5t
 ( ! obs]v]s1 if !y are ignorant ( !    
cause1 :i* is only ! r>efaction ( ! p>ts
 ( ! glass1 occasion$ by ! motion &     
pressure ( ! f+]4   ,h[ to make a ,cork 
fly out ( a ,bottle4  ,put a little *alk
 or p\nd$ m>ble into a phial1 & p\r on  
"s wat]1 ) ab\t a ?ird "p ( sulphuric   
acid1 & put 9 a cork3 9 a few seconds1 !
 cork w be s5t (f ) great viol5ce4   ,to
 produce ,gas ,light1 on a small ,scale4
  ,take an ord9>y tobacco pipe1 & ne>ly 
fill ! b[l ) small coals1 & /op ! m\? ( 
! b[l ) any suitable lut+1 z pipe-clay1 
or ! mixture ( s& & common clay1 or1 z  
clay is apt to %r9k1 ( s& & be]1 & place
 ! b[l 9 a fire betwe5 ! b>s ( a grate1 
s t ! pipe may /& ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,9 a

 few m9utes1 if ! lut+ be good1 ! gas w 
beg9 to escape f ! /em ( ! pipe1 :51 if 
a piece ( light$ pap] or c&le be appli$1
 x w take fire & burn = sev]al m9utes ) 
an int5se light4 ,:5 ! light goes out1 a
 residuum ( useful products w be f\nd 9 
! b[l4   ,?und] ,p[d]4  ,take sep>ately1
 ?ree p>ts ( good dry saltpetre1 two    
p>ts ( dry salt ( t>t>1 & p\nd !m well  
toge!r 9 a mort>2 !n add !reto "o "p1 or
 r m1 ( fl\r ( brim/one1 & take c>e to  
p\nd & mix ! :ole p]fectly toge!r3 put  
?is composition into a bottle ) a glass 
/opp]1 = use4  ,put ab\t two drams ( ?is
 mixture 9 an iron spoon1 ov] a mod]ate 
fire1 b n 9 ! flame2 9 a %ort "t x w    
melt1 & g (f ) an explosion l ?und] or a
 load$ cannon4   ,to tell1 by ! ,dial ( 
a ,wat*1 at :at h\r any ,p]son int5ds to
 rise4  ,let ! p]son set ! h& ( ! dial  
to any h\r he pleases1 & tell y :at h\r 
t is1 & to ! numb] ( t h\r y add1 9 y\r 
m9d1 #ab4 ,aft] ?is1 tell him to call ! 
h\r ! index /&s at t :i* he has fix$ ^u2
 & by reckon+ backw>ds f ?is numb] to ! 

=m]1 x w br+ him to ! h\r requir$4      
,,example4  ,suppose ! h\r at :i* he    
int5ds to rise be #h1 & t he has plac$ !
 h& at #e4  ,!n1 add+ #ab to #e1 y bid  
him call ! h\r at :i* ! index /&s1 !    
numb] on :i* he ?\ght2 & by reckon+ back
 f ?is numb] to #ag1 x w br+ him to #h1 
! h\r requir$4   ,! foll[+ ,exp]im5t    
%ews ! ,p[] ( ,attraction4  ,if we take 
two pieces ( lead1 z two musket or pi/ol
 balls1 & ) a knife smoo? two plane     
surfaces1 & press !m toge!r1 !y w firmly
 adh]e4  ,two plates ( metal made v     
smoo?1 :5 rubb$ ) oil & put toge!r1 w s 
firmly adh]e1 t x w require a great =ce 
to sep>ate !m4  ,if two pieces ( wood1  
or ( glass1 be wett$ ) wat]1 & plac$    
toge!r1 ! "o may be lift$ up by means ( 
! o!r4 ,boys (t5 h a piece ( lea!r on ! 
end ( a /r+1 :i* !y wet & put on a /one1
 & !reby lift x up4  ,if we take a small
 tube ( glass ) a n>r[ bore1 & put x 9  
wat]1 ! fluid w rise high] )9 ! tube ?an
 9 ! vessel4 ,! n>r[] ! tube is1 ! high]
 ! wat] rises4 ,?is is call$ ,capill>y  

,attraction4 ,if we put two pieces (    
glass toge!r1 & place ! l[] edge 9 wat]1
 x w rise betwe5 !m1 z x does 9 !       
capill>y tubes4 ,?is exp]im5t may be    
made m pleas+1 by putt+ a %ill+ or a    
piece ( pap] betwe5 ! two pieces ( glass
 at "o end4 ,! wat] w !n rise 9 a curve 
l9e1 call$ an hyp]bola1 high] & high] z 
x rec$es f ! %ill+ or piece ( pap]1 & ! 
pieces ( glass get ne>] to ea* o!r4     
,place a balance equally pois$1 s t "o  
scale may be made to t\* wat] 9 a       
vessel2 consid]able weight mu/ be put 9 
! o!r scale1 to make x rise up4 ,put    
?ree or f\r bits ( cork to float 9 a    
bas9 ( wat]2 !y w gradually draw ne>] to
 ea* o!r1 & ! m rapidly z ! di/ance     
dim9i%es4   ,exp]im5ts to %ew ! ,p[] (  
,repulsion4  ,dip a ball 9 oil & put x 9
 wat]2 a dit* w be =m$ all r\nd x4 ,p\r 
wat] on oil$ pap]1 & x w run (f4        
,spr9kle wat] on a du/y floor1 x rolls  
ov] x 9 globules4 ,spr9kle x ^u a floor 
t has be5 swept1 & ?is w n be ! case1 z 
x !n comes 9 contact ) ! wood1 & is     

diffus$ ov] x4  ,we may obs]ve t ra9    
wat] /&s 9 globules on ! leaves (       
cabbages4 ,if we bl[ up soap-bubbles1 & 
let !m fall on ! c>pet1 !y w n = "s "t  
bur/4 ,let !m fall on ! table1 or any   
smoo? surface1 & !y w bur/ in/antly4    
,if we p\r z mu* wat] into a cup z x w  
possibly hold1 we %all see ! wat] above 
! level ( ! sides1 if ! edge be dry1 b  
o!rwise we %all n4  ,lay a v f9e ne$le1 
or a piece ( t9foil1 on ! surface (     
wat]1 & x w float1 until x become wet1  
:5 x s9ks4  ,lay a piece ( gold on      
m]cury1 & x w float on ! surface2 b if  
depress$ bel[ ! surface1 x w s9k to !   
bottom1 l ! ne$le on wat]4   ,exp]im5ts 
respect+ ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity4  ,! c5tre 
( gravity is t "p ( a body1 r\nd :i* all
 its p>ts are s equally balanc$1 t1 if x
 be support$1 ! :ole body w be s too4   
,take a book1 & f9d1 by trial1 "u :at "p
 ! f+] mu/ be plac$ to keep ! book f    
fall+2 t po9t is ! c5tre ( gravity4     
,take a rod1 or /ick1 & f9d t place ab\t
 ! middle ( x1 "u :i* ! f+] be+ plac$1 x

 w be balanc$2 t is ! c5tre ( gravity4  
,! mom5t ! c5tre ( gravity ceases to be 
support$1 ! :ole body falls4  ,move a   
piece ( bo>d to ! edge ( a table1 &     
gradually f>!r & f>!r (f x2 ! in/ant !  
c5tre ( gravity gets beyond ! edge ( !  
table1 ! bo>d falls4  ,run ! po9t ( a   
knife mu* slant+ into ! same bo>d1 x may
 !n be br\ght mu* f>!r ov] ! edge ( !   
table ?an x c\ld be=e1 z ! knife1 lean+ 
! way ( ! table1 br+s ! c5tre ( gravity 
t way4  ,take a bottle1 ) a cork 9 x2   
/ick 9 ! middle ( ! cork a ne$le1 ) !   
po9t1 upw>ds2 !n take ano!r cork1 & ) a 
knife make a slit 9 "o ( its ends1 9 :i*
 place a %ill+ s f> z to make x fa/2 !n 
take two =ks1 or p5knives1 & /ick "o on 
ea* side ! cork1 slant+ a little        
d[nw>ds2 !n place ! edge ( ! %ill+ on ! 
po9t ( ! ne$le1 & x w re/ secure4 ,x may
 be made to revolve1 ) great rapidity1  
on ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 )\t fall+ (f4   ,! 
foll[+ ,exp]im5t %ews ! ,p[] ( ,/eam4   
,put a little wat] 9 a bottle1 & cork x 
securely1 cov]+ x ) seal+ wax2 !n put ! 

bottle into a kettle ( wat]1 & let x    
boil a %ort "t1 & ! /eam w =ce out !    
cork4   ,dim9ution ( ,heat by           
,evaporation4  ,p\r wat] on a piece (   
writ+-pap]1 & hold x ov] a c&le2 x w    
boil )\t burn+ ! pap]4  ,wat] may be    
boil$ 9 an egg-%ell on ! fire4          
,exp]im5t to asc]ta9 ! ,/r5g? ( ,spirits
 ( ,w9e4  ,x is a common practice =     
apo!c>ies1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if _s ( w9e
 be suffici5tly /rong1 to p\r "s into a 
cup ^u "s gunp[d]1 & !n to set fire to  
x4 ,if ! _s be suffici5tly /rong1 aft]  
burn+ d[n to ! gunp[d]1 x w make x g (f2
 b if too mu* wat] has be5 p\r$ 91 t w n
 take place1 z1 aft] ! _s is consum$1   
!re w /ill be wat] en\gh to keep ! p[d] 
wet4   ,to asc]ta9 ! ,/r5g? ( ,br9e4    
,to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( br9e = salt+ meat1
 x is usual to put an egg 9 ! boil+     
wat]1 & gradually put 9 salt until ! egg
 be made to swim4   ,! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts
 %ew ! ,pressure & ,ela/icity ( ,air4   
,put an empty bottle ) a cork 9 x ne> ! 
fire2 ! cork w be driv5 out4  ,get a    

vessel ( hot wat]1 & put a phial into x1
 ) ! m\? d[nw>ds2 ! exp&$ air w bubble  
out4 ,let ! wat] cool1 or p\r cold wat] 
on ! phial1 ( :i* ! m\? has n be5 drawn 
above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & z ! air is  
n[ cool$1 & occupies less space1 a      
consid]able "p ( ! bottle w be fill$ )  
wat]4  ,boil a little wat] 9 a glass    
phial ov] a c&le = a few m9utes2 !n     
inv]t ! m\? ( ! phial 9 wat]1 &1 z x    
cools1 ! air w contract1 & wat] w be =c$
 up ! bottle1 by ! ext]nal air1 to      
occupy ! vacant space4  ,lay a weighty  
book on a bladd]1 & bl[ into x ) a pipe1
 & ! book w be rais$4 ,increase ! weight
 on ! bladd] v mu* inde$1 & y may /ill  
raise x z be=e4  ,a bladd] fill$ ) air  
may be compress$1 & ! mom5t ! =ce is    
remov$1 x w recov] its size4 ,if ?r[n on
 ! gr\nd x w rise l a ball4  ,take a    
cup1 & burn a few pieces ( pap] 9 x1 !  
heat w exp& ! air 9 x4 ,inv]t ! cup n[ 9
 a sauc] ( wat]1 &1 z ! enclos$ air     
cools1 x w return to its =m] d5sity1 &  
leave a vacuum1 & ! pressure ( ! ext]nal

 air w =ce a great deal ( wat] up into !
 cup4 ,if ?is exp]im5t be p]=m$ ) a l>ge
 dr9k+-glass1 ! wat] may be se5 to rise 
9 ! glass4  ,! pressure ( ! air may be v
 s5sibly felt1 by putt+ ! hole ( a      
common bell[s ov] ! knee1 & !n attempt+ 
to raise ! upp] "p ( x4  ,boil wat] 9 a 
glass phial ov] a c&le = a few m9utes1  
!n sudd5ly remov+ x1 tie a piece ( wett$
 bladd] ov] ! m\?1 mak+ x fa/ ) a /r+2 !
 pressure ( ! air w /ret* ! bladd]1 if x
 d n bur/ x4  ,get a glass vessel1 z a  
common tumbl]1 if no bett] be at h&1 &  
put a piece ( wett$ bladd] ov] ! m\?1   
press+ x d[n 9 ! middle1 & !n tie x firm
 ) a /r+2 !n lay hold ( ! bladd] 9 !    
middle1 & try to pull x /raight1 or     
level ) ! re/1 & ! pressure ( ! ext]nal 
air w n p]mit x4  ,d exactly ! same z   
be=e1 except t ! vessel mu/ be ne>ly    
full ( wat]4 ,turn ! vessel upside-d[n1 
& ! bladd] w /ill cont9ue z x 0 plac$1 !
 pressure ( ! air ov]com+ ! weight ( !  
wat]4  ,?\gh air be capable (           
compression1 x makes a resi/ance1 & t v 

consid]able4 ,! ball ( an air-gun has   
be5 bur/ asund] by ov]*>g+ x4 ,if       
bottles are fill$ too mu*1 !y may be    
bur/ 9 attempt+ to cork !m1 f ! air     
betwe5 ! cork & ! liquor be+ too mu*    
cond5s$4  ,put a common w9e-glass1 ) !  
m\? d[nw>ds1 into wat]2 & to :atev] dep?
 x may be plung$1 ! air w n all[ mu*    
wat] to rise into x1 z may be se5 by !  
inside ( ! glass n be+ wet4 ,if a bit ( 
cork float inside ( ! glass1 x w po9t   
out to ! eye /ill m cle>ly h[ high !    
wat] rises4 ,?is exp]im5t1 ?\gh s v     
simple w illu/rate ! nature ( !         
div+-bell4   ,exp]im5ts respect+ ,s\nd4 
,hold a tumbl] sideways1 & spr9kle a    
little du/1 or p[d] ( any sort1 on x2 !n
 /rike ! glass1 & make x s\nd3--! du/   
keeps danc+ ab\t :il/ ! s\nd cont9ues2  
/op ! s\nd1 & ! du/ is at re/4  ,! s\nd 
( a wat* laid ^u a long table1 or ^u a  
plank ( wood1 w be he>d mu* f>!r ?an x  
o!rwise w\ld4  ,:5 a vessel on ! fire   
beg9s to boil1 let a communication be   
made betwe5 x & ! e>1 by means ( ! pok]1

 & ! s\nd is m di/9ctly he>d4  ,tie a   
/r+ r\nd ! end ( a pok]1 & !n1 w9d+ "o  
end ( ! /r+ r\nd ! =e-f+] ( ! "o h&1 & !
 o!r end ( ! /r+ r\nd ! =e-f+] ( ! o!r2 
put ! f+]s into ! e>s1 & make ! pok]    
/rike aga9/ a table1 or any o!r object1 
& x w s\nd l ! bell ( a *ur*4  ,tie a   
/r+ r\nd ! end ( a pok]1 z be=e1 & hold 
! /r+ ) y\r tee?2 :5 ! pok] is made to  
/rike aga9/ any object1 z 9 ! la/       
exp]im5t1 ! same k9d ( s\nd w be        
transmitt$ ?r\gh ! tee?4  ,make a wat*  
t\* y\r tee?1 & y w he> its beat+ m     
di/9ctly4  ,:5 a pit*=k is /ruck1 9 ord]
 to pit* a tune1 its end is put on !    
table1 & a great] s\nd is produc$4 ,if !
 pit*=k1 aft] be+ /ruck1 be held to !   
tee?1 its s\nd is /ill m di/9ct4  ,hav+ 
%ut up bo? e>s ) cotton v closely1 put  
y\r f+]s on ! tee? ( a p]son :o speaks  
to y1 & y w he> 8 voice4   ,electrical  
,exp]im5ts4  ,if a piece ( seal+-wax be 
rubb$ briskly aga9/ ! sleeve ( y\r coat1
 or any o!r wooll5 sub/ance1 = "s "t1 & 
!n held )9 an in* or less ( hair1       

fea!rs1 bits ( pap]1 or o!r light       
bodies2 !y w be attract$1 t is1 !y w    
jump up1 & adh]e to ! wax4 ,if a tube ( 
glass1 or small phial1 be rubb$ 9 a     
simil> mann]1 x w answ] mu* bett]4 ,!   
bottle ?us rubb$ becomes electric2 & :5 
! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 a d>k room1 small 
fla%es ( div]g5t flame1 ramifi$ some:at 
l trees b>e ( leaves1 w d>t into ! air1 
f _m p>ts ( ! surface ( ! tube1 to !    
di/ance ( six or eight in*es1 att5d$ ) a
 crackl+ noise2 & sometimes sp>ks w fly 
along ! tube to ! rubb] at m ?an a foot 
di/ant4  ,cut two bits ( cork into !    
%ape & size ( a common pea4 ,) a ne$le1 
draw a ?read ?r\gh ea* ( ! corks1 s t !y
 may be made to hang at ! ends ( !      
?reads ) a knot bel[ !m4 ,let ! o!r ends
 ( ! ?reads be ins]t$ 9 ! not* ( a small
 piece ( wood1 ab\t a foot long1 & an   
in* broad1 & ! ?ickness ( a common mat*4
 ,lay ! piece ( wood ov] two            
w9e-glasses1 a few in*es asund]1 s t !  
end ( x1 9 :i* ! ?reads are1 may project
 ov] ! edge ( ! glass ne>e/ x1 & ! corks

 may be 9 contact "o ) ano!r4 ,take     
ano!r w9e-glass1 &1 hav+ rubb$ x briskly
 ) a piece ( flannel1 or ^u ! skirt or  
sleeve ( a wooll5 coat1 hold its m\? to 
)9 ab\t an in* ( ! corks1 & !y w sudd5ly
 />t asund]1 & cont9ue s = "s "t4  ,lay 
a pocket-wat* ^u a table1 & take a      
common tobacco-pipe1 & place x on ! face
 ( ! wat* s t x may balance !reon2 !n1  
aft] rubb+ a w9e-glass1 z describ$ 9 !  
=m] exp]im5t1 br+ x to )9 an in* ( !    
small] end ( ! tobacco-pipe1 & by mov+ !
 glass g5tly r\nd 9 an horizontal       
circul> track1 y w cause ! pipe to turn 
r\nd on ! wat*-glass1 z ! ne$le turns on
 its c5tre 9 a m>9]'s compass4   ,a     
curi\s ,exp]im5t made by ,mr4 ,symm]1 on
 ! ,electricity ( ,silk ,/ock+s4  ,?is  
g5tleman hav+ frequ5tly obs]v$1 t on    
putt+ (f 8 /ock+s 9 ! ev5+1 !y made a   
crackl+ or snapp+ noise1 & t 9 ! d>k !y 
emitt$ sp>ks ( fire1 0 induc$ to exam9e 
on :at circum/ances ^! electrical       
appe>ances dep5d$4 ,aft] a consid]able  
numb] ( obs]vations1 direct$ to ?is     

po9t1 he f\nd t x 0 ! comb9ation ( :ite 
& black :i* produc$ ! electricity1 & t !
 appe>ances 7 ! /ronge/ :5 he wore a    
:ite & a black /ock+ ^u ! same leg4 ,^!1
 h[ev]1 discov]$ no signs ( electricity 
:ile !y 7 ^u ! leg1 ?\gh !y 7 drawn     
backw>ds & =w>ds ^u x sev]al times2 b ! 
mom5t !y 7 sep>at$1 !y 7 bo? ( !m f\nd  
to be highly electrifi$1 ! :ite         
positively1 & ! black negatively2 & :5  
!y 7 held at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 !y    
appe>$ inflat$ to su* a degree1 t !y    
exhibit$ ! entire %ape ( ! leg4  ,:5 two
 black or two :ite /ock+s 7 held toge!r1
 !y w\ld repel "o ano!r to a consid]able
 di/ance2 & :5 a :ite & black /ock+ 7   
pres5t$ to ea* o!r1 !y w\ld be mutually 
attract$1 & ru% toge!r ) great viol5ce1 
jo9+ z close z if !y _h be5 s _m folds (
 silk2 & 9 ?is case _! electricity did n
 seem to h be5 9 ! lea/ impair$ by !    
%ock ( meet+1 = !y w\ld be aga9 inflat$1
 attract1 repel1 & ru% toge!r1 z be=e4  
,:5 ?is exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ ) two black    
/ock+s 9 "o h&1 & two :ite ones 9 ! o!r1

 x exhibit$ a /ill m curi\s spectacle4  
,! repulsion ( ^? ( ! same col\r1 & !   
attraction ( ^? ( diff]5t col\rs1 ?rew  
!m into an agitation1 & made ea* ( !m   
cat* at ! opposite col\r 9 a way t 0 v  
amus+4  ,:at 0 also v rem>kable 9 ^!    
exp]im5ts ) a :ite & black /ock+1 01 !  
p[] ( electrical cohesion :i* !y        
exhibit$2 ,mr4 ,symm] hav+ f\nd1 t :5 !y
 7 electrifi$1 & all[$ to come toge!r1  
!y frequ5tly /uck s close to ea* o!r1 t 
x requir$ a weight ( sixte5 or sev5te5  
ounces to sep>ate !m1 & ?is 9 a         
direction p>allel to _! surfaces4  ,:5  
"o ( ! /ock+s 0 turn$ inside-out1 x     
requir$ tw5ty ounces to sep>ate !m2 & by
 hav+ ! black /ock+s new dy$1 & ! :ite  
ones wa%$1 & :it5$ 9 ! fumes ( sulphur1 
& !n putt+ !m "o )9 ! o!r1 x requir$    
?ree p\nds ?ree ounces to sep>ate !m4   
,try+ ?is exp]im5t ) /ock+s ( a m       
sub/antial make1 he f\nd t1 :5 ! :ite   
/ock+ 0 put )9 ! black "o1 s t its      
outside 0 contigu\s to ! inside ( ! o!r1
 !y rais$ ne> n9e p\nds2 & :5 ! :ite    

/ock+ 0 turn$ inside-out1 & put )9 !    
black "o1 s t _! r\gh surfaces 7        
contigu\s1 !y rais$ fifte5 p\nds1 :i* 0 
n9ety-two times ! weight ( ! /ock+s4 ,&1
 9 all ^! cases1 he f\nd t press+ !m    
toge!r ) 8 h&s contribut$ mu* to /r5g!n 
! cohesion4  ,:5 ! :ite & black /ock+s 7
 9 cohesion1 & ano!r pair1 m highly     
electrifi$1 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 &      
pres5t$ to ! =m]1 _! cohesion w\ld be   
dissolv$1 & ea* /ock+ ( ! second pair   
w\ld cat* hold (1 & c>ry away ) x1 t (  
its opposite co-l\r2 b if ! degree (    
electricity ( bo? pairs 7 equal1 !      
cohesion ( ! =m] w\ld be weak5$1 b n    
dissolv$1 & all ! f\r w\ld coh]e toge!r 
9 "o mass4  ,mr4 ,symm] also obs]v$1 t  
:ite & black silk1 :5 electrifi$1 n only
 coh]$ ) ea* o!r1 b !y w\ld also adh]e  
to bodies ) broad1 & ev5 poli%$1        
surfaces1 ?\gh ^? bodies 7 n electrifi$4
 ,?is he discov]$1 by ?r[+ accid5tally a
 /ock+ out ( 8 h&1 :i* /uck to !        
pap]-hang+s ( ! room1 & :i*1 9 ano!r    
exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 cont9u$ hang+ !re   

ne>ly an h\r4  ,hav+ /uck up ! black &  
:ite /ock+s 9 ?is mann]1 he came ) ano!r
 pair ( /ock+s1 highly electrifi$1 &    
apply+ ! :ite to ! black1 & ! black to !
 :ite1 he c>ri$ !m (f f ! wall1 ea* ( !m
 hang+ to t :i* _h be5 br\ght to x4 ,!  
same exp]im5t also held ) ! pa9t$ bo>ds 
( ! room1 & likewise ) ! look+-glass1 to
 ! smoo? surface ( :i*1 ! :ite & black  
/ock+s appe>$ to adh]e m t5aci\sly ?an  
to ei!r ( ! =m]4   ,to susp5d a ,r+ by a
 ,?read t has be5 burnt4  ,! ?read hav+ 
be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 *amb] lye1 or     
common salt & wat]1 tie x to a r+1 n    
l>g] ?an w$d+-r+4 ,:5 y apply ! flame ( 
a c&le to x1 ?\gh ! ?read burn to a%es1 
x w yet su/a9 ! r+4   ,*emical          
,illum9ations4  ,put into a middl+-siz$ 
bottle1 ) a %ort wide neck1 ?ree ounces 
( oil or _s ( vitriol1 ) twelve ounces (
 common wat]1 & ?r[ into x1 at diff]5t  
times1 an ounce or two ( iron fil+s4 ,a 
viol5t commotion w !n take place1 & :ite
 vap\rs w arise f ! mixture4 ,if a tap] 
be held to ! m\? ( ! bottle1 ^! vap\rs w

 inflame1 & produce a viol5t explosion2 
:i* may be repeat$ z long z ! vap\rs    
cont9ue4   ,to make ! ,appe>ance ( a    
,fla% ( ,lightn+ :5 any "o ent]s a ,room
 ) a light$ ,c&le4  ,dissolve camphor 9 
_s ( w9e1 & deposit ! vessel conta9+ !  
solution 9 a v close room1 :]e ! _s (   
w9e mu/ be made to evaporate by /rong & 
spe$y boil+4 ,if any "o !n ent]s ! room 
) a light$ c&le1 ! air w inflame2 b !   
combu/ion w be s sudd51 & ( s %ort      
duration1 z to occasion no dang]4   ,!  
,fi]y ,f\nta94  ,if tw5ty gra9s (       
phosphorus1 cut v small1 & mix$ ) =ty   
gra9s ( p[d]$ z9c1 be put into f\r      
dra*ms ( wat]1 & two dra*ms ( conc5trat$
 sulphuric acid be add$ !reto1 bubbles (
 inflam$ phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas w     
quickly cov] ! :ole surface ( ! fluid 9 
succession1 =m+ a real f\nta9 ( fire4   
,a ,lamp t w burn ,twelve ,mon?s )\t    
repl5i%+4  ,take a /ick ( phosphorus1 & 
put x into a l>ge dry phial1 n cork$1 & 
x w af=d a light suffici5t to disc]n any
 object 9 a room1 :5 held ne> x4 ,!     

phial %\ld be kept 9 a cool place1 :]e  
!re is no great curr5t ( air1 & x w     
cont9ue its lum9\s appe>ance = m ?an    
twelve mon?s4   ,! ,magic ,oracle4  ,get
 six blank c>ds1 & write on !m figures1 
or numb]s1 exactly accord+ to ! foll[+  
patt]ns4    ,no4 ,i              #ag    
#ai   #c         #ac   #a   #bg         
#ba   #e  #bi   #dg     #bc   #g  #ca   
#de  #ei   #ae  #aa  #cc  #dc    #j  #eg
      #i  #ce  #da   #ee   #j       #be 
#ci  #ec    #j         #cg   #j    #j   
#di   #j             #ea    ,no4 ,,ii4  
#ad           #ah   #c         #ae   #b 
#ce       #bb   #f  #cd  #dg     #ai    
#aj  #ca  #df  #ei   #bc  #aa  #cj  #dc 
#j  #eh      #g  #bg  #db  #ee   #j     
#bf  #ci  #ed   #j         #ch   #j   #j
           #ej   #j             #ea     
,no4 ,,iii4              #ad            
#ac   #g         #ba   #d  #cg       #bc
   #e  #cf  #dg     #bj   #f  #ca  #df  
#fj   #bb  #ab  #cj  #de   #j  #ee      
#ae  #bi  #dd   #j   #j       #bh  #ci  
#ed   #j         #ch   #j   #j          

#eb   #j             #ec    ,no4 ,,iv4  
#ad           #ae  #aj         #ac   #h 
#da       #bf   #i  #dj   #dg     #bg   
#aa  #ca   #df  #fj   #be  #ac  #cj  #de
    #j  #ei     #ab  #bi  #dd    #j   #j
       #bh  #dc  #eg    #j         #db  
#j   #bd           #ef   #j             
#eh    ,no4 ,v4              #bb        
#bd  #ag         #bf  #af  #di       #bc
  #ah  #dh  #ee     #be  #bj  #ca  #ed  
#fj   #bg  #ba  #cj  #ec   #j   #e      
#ai  #bi  #eb  #eh   #j       #bh  #ea  
#eg   #j         #ej   #j   #j          
#j   #j             #ef    ,no4 ,,vi4   
#ch           #dj  #cd         #ci  #cb 
#di       #da  #ce  #dh  #ee     #dc    
#cg  #dg  #ed  #fj   #db  #cc  #df  #ec 
#j  #ei     #cf  #de  #eb   #j   #j     
#dd  #ea  #eg   #j         #ej   #j   #j
           #ef   #j             #eh  ,y 
deliv] ! c>ds to a p]son1 & desire him  
to ?9k ( any numb] f "o to sixty2 he is 
!n to look at ! c>ds1 & say 9 :i* c>ds !
 numb] he ?\ght ( is to be f\nd2 & y    
imm$iately tell him ! numb] ?\ght (4    

,,explanation4  ,?is surpris+ & +5i\s   
recreation is done by means ( a key     
numb]4 ,!re is a key numb] 9 e c>d1 viz4
 ! la/ b "o 9 ! second r[ f ! top4 ,f   
?is explanation ! read] w p]ceive t !   
key numb]s are #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb4
 ,n[ :atev] numb] is fix$ on1 f #a to   
#fj1 w be readily f\nd by privately add+
 toge!r ! key numb]s ( ! c>ds t conta9 !
 numb] ?\ght on4 ,= in/ance1 suppose a  
p]son ?9ks ( numb] #dc2 he looks at !   
c>ds1 & gives y ,no4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1
 z c>ds :i* conta9 ! numb] ?\ght on3 y  
exp]tly p]ceive t ! key numb]s are #a1  
#b1 #h1 #cb2 :i* numb]s add$ toge!r make
 #dc1 ! numb] ?\ght on4 ,suppose he ?9ks
 ( ,no4 #ae1 he gives y ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1
 #d3 ! key numb]s are #a1 #b1 #d1 #h2   
:i* add$1 make j #ae2 & s ( all numb]s f
 #a to #fj4  ,?is recreation may be v>i$
 _m ways2 z1 tell+ ! age ( a p]son1 c42 
b ?is is left to ! +5i\s read]'s ta/e & 
application4   ,*eap & ,easy ,me?od (   
con/ruct+ a ,voltaic ,pile4  ,mr4       
,mit*ell1 9 8 useful little "w on       

natural philosophy1 proposes ! foll[+   
*eap & easy me?od ( con/ruct+ a ,voltaic
 ,pile4 ,z9c is "o ( ! *eape/ ( metals1 
& may be easily melt$1 l lead4 ,let !   
/ud5t ca/ tw5ty or ?irty pieces1 ( !    
size ( a p5ny-piece1 :i* may easily be  
done 9 m\lds made 9 clay4 ,let him !n   
get z _m p5ny-pieces1 & z _m pieces (   
pap]1 or clo? cut 9 ! same %ape1 & ^! he
 mu/ dip 9 a solution ( salt & wat]4 ,9 
build+ ! pile1 let him place a piece (  
z9c1 wet pap]1 7! sup]abundant wat] be+ 
squeez$ out17 aft] :i* ! copp]2 !n z9c1 
pap]1 copp]1 c4 until ! :ole be f9i%$4  
,! sides ( ! pile may be support$ ) rods
 ( glass1 or v>ni%$ wood1 fix$ 9 ! bo>d 
on :i* x is built4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t   
may !n be p]=m$3--  ,hav+ wett$ bo? h&s1
 t\* ! l[] "p ( ! pile ) "o h&1 & ! upp]
 "p ) ! o!r1 con/ant1 little %ocks (    
electricity w be felt until "o h& be    
remov$4 ,if ! h& be br\ght back1 a      
simil> repetition ( %ocks w be felt4    
,put a bas9 ( wat] ne> ! pile1 & put !  
left h& into x1 hold+ a wire1 "o end (  

:i* t\*es ! top ( ! batt]y or pile2 !n  
put ! end ( a silv] spoon betwe5 ! lip &
 ! gum1 & ) ! o!r end ( ! spoon t\* !   
l[] "p ( ! pile2 a /rong %ock is felt 9 
! gum & 9 ! h&4 ,take ! left h& f !     
wat]1 b /ill keep hold ( ! wire1 & !n   
p]=m ! la/ exp]im5t 9 ! same mann]1 & a 
%ock w be felt 9 ! gum only4 ,hold a    
silv] spoon 9 "o h&1 & t\* ) x ! batt]y 
at ! l[] "p1 !n t\* ! upp] "p ) !       
tongue2 ! bitt] ta/e w be extreme4  ,9  
p]=m+ ! above exp]im5ts1 if1 in/ead ( ! 
two ends ( ! pile1 ! "o end & ! middle (
 x be t\*$1 ! s5sations w n be ne>ly s  
/rong4 ,if ! /ud5t be desir\s ( hav+    
/ill m s5sible pro(s ( ! effect (       
galvanism1 let him hold a wire to ! top 
( ! batt]y1 & let him place "o end ( a  
silv] spoon to ! l[] "p1 & ! o!r end )9 
8 m\?1 s z to t\* ! gums2 a sev]e set ( 
%ocks w be felt4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t1 
move ! spoon to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & a /rong
 s5sation w be felt4 ,let ! end ( !     
spoon be run up ! nose s z to t\* !     
c>tilag9\s bone2 %ocks l ! /abs ( a     

ne$le w be felt4 ,let ! end ( ! spoon be
 put "u ! eye-br[1 close to ! ball ( !  
eye2 a s5sation w be felt l ! burn+ (   
r$-hot iron1 b :i* ceases ! in/ant !    
spoon is remov$4   ,magnetical          
,exp]im5ts4  ,! magnetic attraction w n 
be de/roy$ by int]pos+ ob/acles betwe5 !
 magnet & ! iron4  ,lay a small ne$le on
 a piece ( pap]1 & put a magnet "u !    
pap]2 ! ne$le may be mov$ backw>ds &    
=w>ds4  ,lay ! ne$le on a piece ( glass1
 & put ! magnet "u ! glass2 x w /ill    
attract ! ne$le4 ,! same effects w take 
place if a bo>d be int]pos$ betwe5 !    
magnet & ! iron4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! magnet
 has af=d$ ! means ( "s v amus+         
deceptions4  ,a little figure ( a man   
has be5 made to spell a p]son's "n4 ,!  
h&1 9 :i* 0 a piece ( iron1 re/$ on a   
bo>d1 "u :i* a p]son1 conceal$ f view1 )
 a p[]ful magnet1 contriv$ to c>ry x f  
lett] to lett]1 until ! ^w 0 made up4   
,! figure ( a goose or swan1 ) a piece (
 iron conceal$ ab\t ! head1 is set to   
float 9 wat]4 ,a rod1 ) a conceal$      

magnet at ! end1 is pres5t$ to ! bird1 &
 x swims aft] x4 ,! effect is /ill m    
amus+1 :5 "s food is put on ! end ( !   
rod4  ,! figure ( a fi% is ?r[n into !  
wat]1 ) a small magnet conceal$ 9 its   
m\?4 ,( c\rse1 if a bait$ hook be       
susp5d$ ne> x1 ! magnet & iron1 by      
mutual attraction1 w br+ ! fi% to !     
bait4  ,put a piece ( iron 9 "o scale ( 
a balance1 & an equal weight 9 ! o!r    
scale2 br+ a magnet "u ! scale :i*      
conta9s ! iron1 & x w draw x d[n4       
,rev]se ?is exp]im5t1 & put ! magnet 9 !
 scale1 & balance x2 br+ ! iron "u x1 & 
x w draw d[n ! magnet4 ,susp5d a magnet 
by a /r+1 & br+ a piece ( iron ne> x1 & 
x w attract4  ,if a magnet susp5d$ by "o
 /r+1 & a piece ( iron susp5d$ by ano!r1
 be br\ght ne> "o ano!r1 !y w mutually  
attract ea* o!r1 & be drawn to a po9t   
betwe54  ,susp5d a magnet nicely pois$  
by a ?read1 & x w po9t nor? & s\?1 !    
same end po9t+ inv>iably ! same way4    
,rub a f9e ne$le ) a magnet1 & lay x    
g5tly on ! surface ( ! wat]2 x w po9t   

nor? & s\?4 ,rub v>i\s ne$les ) !       
magnet1 & run !m ?r\gh small pieces (   
cork1 & put !m to swim 9 wat]2 !y w all 
po9t nor? & s\?1 & ! same end w         
inv>iably po9t ! same way4 ,?is mode (  
f9d+ ! nor? is sometimes ( ! utmo/      
s]vice at sea1 :5 ! compass is de/roy$4 
,opposite poles attract2 poles ( ! same 
"n repel4 ,take two magnets1 or two     
ne$les rubb$ ) ! magnet1 & br+ ! nor? & 
s\? poles toge!r1 & !y attract4  ,br+ ! 
nor? poles ne> ea* o!r1 & !y repel4 ,br+
 ! s\? poles ne> ea* o!r1 & !y repel4   
,rub a ne$le ) a magnet1 & run x ?r\gh a
 piece ( cork1 & put x to float 9 wat]4 
,hold a nor? pole ( a magnet ne> its    
nor? pole1 & x w keep fly+ away to avoid
 x4 ,x may be *as$ f side to side ( a   
bas94 ,on ! o!r h&1 an opposite pole w  
imm$iately attract4  ,rub f\r or five   
ne$les1 & y may lift !m up z 9 a /r+1 ! 
nor? pole ( "o ne$le adh]+ to ! s\? pole
 ( ano!r4  ,put a magnet "u a piece (   
glass1 & spr9kle iron-fil+s on x2 !y w  
arrange !mselves 9 a mann] t w be v     

surpris+4 ,at ea* pole w be a va/       
abundance /&+ erect1 & !re w be few] &  
few] z !y rec$e1 until !re are sc>cely  
any 9 ! middle4 ,if ! iron-fil+s are    
spr9kl$ on ! magnet itself1 !y w arrange
 !mselves 9 a mann] v /rik+4  ,lay a    
ne$le exactly betwe5 ! nor? & s\? pole1 
x w move t[>ds nei!r4   ,artificial     
,coruscations4  ,!re is a me?od (       
produc+ artificial coruscations1 or     
sp>kl+ fi]y meteors1 :i* w be visible n 
only 9 ! d>k b at noon-day1 & t f two   
liquors actually cold4 ,fifte5 gra9s (  
solid phosphorus are to be melt$ 9 ab\t 
a dra*m ( wat]3 :5 ?is is cold1 p\r ^u x
 ab\t two ounces ( oil ( vitriol2 let ^!
 be %ak5 toge!r1 & !y w at fir/ heat1 & 
aft]w>ds !y w ?r[ up fi]y balls 9 great 
numb]s1 :i* w adh]e l s _m />s to !     
sides ( ! glass1 & cont9ue burn+ = a    
consid]able "t2 aft] ?is1 if a small    
quantity ( oil ( turp5t9e is p\r$ 91 )\t
 %ak+ ! phial1 ! mixture w ( itself take
 fire1 & burn v furi\sly4 ,! vessel %\ld
 be l>ge1 & op5 at ! top4 ,artificial   

coruscations may also be produc$ by     
means ( oil ( vitriol & iron1 9 ! foll[+
 mann]3--,take a glass body capable (   
hold+ ?ree qu>ts2 put into x ?ree ounces
 ( oil ( vitriol & twelve ounces ( wat]2
 !n w>m+ ! mixture a little1 ?r[ 91 at  
sev]al times1 two ounces or m ( clean   
iron-fil+s2 ^u ?is1 an ebullition & :ite
 vap\rs w arise2 !n pres5t a light$ c&le
 to ! m\? ( ! vessel1 & ! vap\r w take  
fire1 & w af=d a bright illum9ation1 or 
fla% l lightn+4 ,apply+ ! c&le 9 ?is    
mann] sev]al times1 ! effect w always be
 ! same2 & sometimes ! fire w fill !    
:ole body ( ! glass1 & ev5 circulate to 
! bottom ( ! liquor2 at o!rs1 x w only  
rea* a little way d[n its neck4 ,! great
 caution to be us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t is1 9 
mak+ ! vap\r ( a prop] heat2 =1 if too  
cold1 few vap\rs w arise2 &1 if made too
 hot1 !y w come too fa/1 & only take    
fire 9 ! neck ( ! glass1 )\t any        
rem>kable coruscation4   ,to make an    
,egg ent] a ,phial )\t break+4  ,let !  
neck ( a phial be ev] s /rait1 an egg w 

g into x )\t break+1 if x be fir/ /eep$ 
9 v /rong v9eg>1 = 9 process ( "t !     
v9eg> does s s(t5 x1 t ! %ell w b5d &   
ext5d l5g?ways )\t break+3 & :5 x is 91 
cold wat] ?r[n ^u x w recov] its        
primitive h>dness1 &1 z ,c>dan says1 its
 primitive figure4   ,light produc$ by  
,friction1 ev5 "u ,wat]4  ,rub two      
pieces ( f9e lump sug> toge!r 9 ! d>k2 !
 effect is produc$1 b 9 a mu* great]    
degree1 by two pieces ( silex1 or qu>tz3
 b t :i* af=ds ! /ronge/ light ( any ?+1
 is a :ite qu>tz#be f ! ,l&'s ,end1     
consid]able quantities ( :i* are br\ght 
to ,bri/ol1 & ent] into ! composition ( 
*9a w>e4 ,by means ( two pieces ( su*   
qu>tz1 pretty =cibly rubb$ toge!r1 y may
 di/+ui% ! "t ( ! night by a wat*3 b1   
:at is m surpris+1 ! same effect is     
produc$ equally /rong by rubb+ ! pieces 
( qu>tz toge!r "u wat]4   ,ros9         
,bubbles4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( a simple &
 curi\s exp]im5t is extract$ f a lett]  
writt5 by ,mr4 ,morey1 ( ,ox=d1 ,new    
,hamp%ire1 to ,dr4 ,silliman1 ! editor (

 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts4  
,if ! end ( a copp] tube1 or ( a        
tobacco-pipe /em1 be dipp$ 9 melt$ ros91
 at a temp]ature a little above t (     
boil+ wat]1 tak5 out & held ne>ly 9 a   
v]tical position1 & bl[n ?r\gh1 bubbles 
w be =m$ ( all possible sizes1 f t ( a  
h5's egg d[n to sizes :i* c h>dly be    
disc]n$ by ! nak$ eye2 & f _! silv]y    
lu/re1 & reflection ( ! diff]5t rays (  
light1 !y h a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,"s t h 
be5 =m$ ^! eight mon?s1 are z p]fect z  
:5 fir/ made4 ,!y g5]ally assume ! =m ( 
a /r+ ( beads1 _m ( !m p]fectly regul>1 
& connect$ by a v f9e fibre2 b !        
production is nev] twice alike4 ,if     
exp&$ by hydrog5 gas1 !y w\ld probably  
occupy ! upp] "p ( ! room4  ,! =mation (
 ^! bubbles is ascrib$ to a common      
cause1 viz4 ! di/5tion ( a visc\s fluid 
by "o t is ari=m2 & _! p]man5cy1 to !   
sudd5 congelation ( ! ros9 ?us imprison+
 ! air by a ?9 film ( solid matt]1 &    
prev5t+ its escape4   ,a curi\s         
,hydraulic ,exp]im5t1 call$ ! ,magical  

,bottle4  ,take a small bottle1 7see    
,plate7 ,,ab1 ,fig4 #i1 ! neck ( :i* mu/
 be v n>r[1 & provide a glass vessel1   
,,cd1 ! height ( :i* exce$s t ( ! bottle
 ab\t two in*es2 fill ! bottle1 by means
 ( a small funnel1 ) r$ w9e1 & place x 9
 ! vessel ,,cd1 :i* is to be previ\sly  
fill$ ) wat]4 ,!n1 if ! bottle be       
uncork$1 ! w9e w pres5tly come out ( x1 
& rise 9 =m ( a small column1 to !      
surface ( ! wat]2 & at ! same "t ! wat] 
ent]+ ! bottle1 w supply ! place ( w9e2 
= wat] be+ specifically heavi] ?an w9e1 
x w consequ5tly subside to ! l[e/ place1
 :ile ! o!r naturally rises to ! top4   
,a simil> effect w be produc$1 if !     
bottle be fill$ ) wat]1 & ! vessel )    
w9e1 = ! bottle be+ plac$ 9 ! vessel1 9 
an inv]t$ position1 ! wat] w desc5d to !
 bottom ( ! vessel1 & ! w9e w rise 9 !  
bottle4 ,! same effect may also be      
produc$ by any o!r liquors1 ! specific  
gravities ( :i* are consid]ably diff]5t4
   ,ano!r ,hydraulic ,exp]im5t1 call$ ! 
,miracul\s ,vessel4  ,take a t9 vessel (

 ab\t six in*es 9 height1 & ?ree 9      
diamet]1 hav+ a m\? ( only a qu>t] ( an 
in* wide1 & 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel make a
 numb] ( small holes1 ( a size suffici5t
 to admit a common sew+ ne$le4  ,plunge 
! vessel into wat]1 ) its m\? op51 & :5 
x is full1 cork x1 & take x out aga92   
!n1 z long z ! vessel rema9s cork$1 no  
wat] w come out ( x2 b z soon z x is    
uncork$1 ! wat] w imm$iately issue f !  
small holes at ! bottom4 ,x mu/ be      
obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t if ! holes at ! bottom 
( ! vessel be m ?an "o-six? ( an in* 9  
diamet]1 or if !y be too num]\s1 !      
exp]im5t w n succe$2 =1 9 ?is case1 !   
pressure ( ! air aga9/ ! bottom ( !     
vessel w n be suffici5t to conf9e !     
wat]4   ,a curi\s ,hydraulic ,exp]im5t1 
call$ ,tantalus's ,cup4  ,take a glass1 
or any o!r vessel1 7see ,plate7 ,,abcd1 
fig4 #aj4 :i* has a small b5t pipe1     
,,efg1 op5 at ea* end1 runn+ ?r\gh !    
middle ( x2 !n1 if wat] or w9e be p\r$  
into ! glass1 x w cont9ue 9 x till !    
tube is full up to ! b5d ,f1 :i* %\ld be

 a little l[] ?an ! upp] edge ( ! glass2
 b if1 aft] ?is1 y cont9ue to p\r m     
liquor into x1 x w endeav\r1 z usual1 to
 rise high] 9 ! glass1 b n f9d+ room = a
 f>!r asc5t 9 ! tube1 x w desc5d ?r\gh !
 "p ,,eg1 & run out at ! end ,g1 z long 
z y cont9ue to put x 94 ,to ^? :o are   
unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! syphon1 !     
effect may p]haps appe> some?+ m        
extraord9>y1 if ! longe/ bran* ( ! tube 
be conceal$ 9 ! h&le ( ! cup4  ,?is is  
call$ ! cup ( ,tantalus1 f its          
resemblance to an exp]im5t ( ! same k9d1
 by plac+ an upright image 9 ! cup1 &   
dispos+ ! syphon 9 su* a mann]1 t1 z    
soon z ! wat] rises to ! *9 ( ! image1 x
 w beg9 to run out ?r\gh ! longe/ leg1 9
 ! same mann] z f ! cup above-m5tion$4  
,a curi\s ,*emical ,exp]im5t1 call$ !   
,tree ( ,diana4  ,make an amalgam1 )\t  
heat1 ( two dra*ms ( leaf silv] ) "o    
dra*m ( quicksilv]4 ,dissolve ?is       
amalgam two ounces1 or a suffici5t      
quantity1 ( pure nitr\s acid ( a mod]ate
 /r5g?3 dilute ! solution 9 ab\t a p\nd 

& a half ( di/ill$ wat]1 agitate !      
mixture1 & pres]ve x = use 9 a glass    
bottle ) a gr\nd /opp]4 ,:5 y w\ld make 
y\r tree1 put into a phial ! quantity ( 
an ounce ( ! above prep>ation1 & add to 
x ab\t ! size ( a pea ( amalgam ( gold  
or silv]1 z s(t z butt]3 ! vessel mu/ !n
 be left at re/1 & soon aft]w>ds small  
filam5ts w appe> to issue out ( ! ball (
 amalgam1 :i* quickly increase1 & %oot  
out bran*es 9 ! =m ( %rubs4  ,a metallic
 arborisation1 some:at simil>1 may be   
produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,dissolve a  
little sug> ( lead 9 wat]1 & fill a     
phial ) ! solution4 ,pass a wire ?r\gh !
 cork1 & affix to ! upp] "p ( ! wire a  
small bit ( silv]1 or z9c1 9 su* a mann]
 t x may be imm]s$ 9 ! solution n f> f  
its surface4 ,set ! phial 9 "s place :]e
 x may rema9 undi/urb$1 & 9 ab\t        
tw5ty-f\r h\rs y w p]ceive ! lead beg9n+
 to %oot r\nd ! wire3 ?is process w     
cont9ue go+ on sl[ly1 till y h a        
beautiful metallic tree4 ,if y h a      
wide-m\!d phial1 or glass j>1 ! exp]im5t

 may be pleas+ly div]sifi$1 by arrang+ !
 wire 9 v>i\s =ms4   ,a rem>kable       
,exp]im5t1 call$ ,pr9ce ,rup]t's ,drops4
  ,take up a small quantity ( ! melt$   
matt] ( glass ) a tube1 & let a drop ( x
 fall into a vessel ( wat]4 ,?is drop w 
h a small tail1 :i*1 be+ brok51 ! :ole  
sub/ance ( ! drop w bur/1 ) great       
viol5ce1 into a f9e p[d]1 & give a      
little pa9 to ! h&1 b d no hurt to x4   
,x is a rem>kable circum/ance 9 ?is     
exp]im5t1 t ! bulb1 or body1 w be> !    
/roke ( a hamm]1 )\t break+2 b :5 ! tail
 is brok51 ! above-m5tion$ effect is    
produc$4 ,if ! drop be cool$ 9 ! air1 ! 
same effect w n take place2 & if x be   
gr\nd away on a /one1 no?+ extraord9>y  
appe>s2 b if x be put into ! receiv] (  
an air-pump1 & !n brok51 ! effect w be s
 viol5t z to produce light4   ,h[ to    
make ,sympa!tic ,inks ( v>i\s ,k9ds4    
,by sympa!tic inks1 are meant ^? k9ds ( 
liquors1 ) :i* if any *>act]s be writt51
 !y w rema9 invisible1 till "s me?od is 
us$ to give !m a col\r4  ,! fir/ class (

 ^! inks consi/s ( su* z become visible 
by pass+ ano!r liquor ov] !m1 or by     
expos+ !m to ! vap\r ( t liquor4  ,!    
second1 ( ^? :i* d n appe> s long z !y  
are kept close1 b soon become visible on
 be+ expos$ to ! air4  ,! ?ird1 ( su* z 
become app>5t by /rew+ or sift+ "s v f9e
 p[d] ov] !m4  ,! f\r?1 ( ^? :i* d n    
become visible till !y are expos$ to !  
fire1 or heat$4  ,! fif?1 l ! f\r?1 (   
su* z appe> by heat1 b disappe> aga9 :5 
! pap] becomes cold1 or has _h a        
suffici5t "t to imbibe ! moi/ure ( !    
air4  ,sympa!tic ,inks ( ! ,fir/        
,class4--,put "s li?>ge into /rong      
di/ill$ v9eg>1 & let x /& = tw5ty-f\r   
h\rs2 !n /ra9 x (f1 &1 aft] x is q      
settl$1 put x into a bottle closely     
cork$1 & pres]ve x = use4 ,hav+ done    
?is1 put into a p9t bottle two ounces ( 
quicklime1 "o ounce ( orpim5t 9 p[d]1 & 
z mu* wat] z w rise two or ?ree f+]s'   
bread? above !m2 & :5 ! solution is     
made1 p\r ! liquid g5tly (f1 & let x /& 
9 ! sun = two or ?ree days1 obs]v+ to   

turn x five or six times ea* day4  ,:5  
^! liquors are ready = use1 any lett]s  
writt5 by ! fir/1 be+ expos$ to ! vap\rs
 ( ! second1 w quickly become visible2 &
 if y w\ld h !m disappe> aga91 y mu/    
draw a sponge1 or p5cil1 dipt 9         
aqua-=tis1 or _s ( nitre1 ov] !m3 & if1 
aft] ?is1 y w\ld h !m appe> aga91 /ay   
till ! pap] is q dry1 & !n pass !       
vivify+ liquor1 made ( ! solution (     
orpim5t1 ov] !m1 z be=e4  ,ano!r ,ink ( 
?is ,class4--,dissolve bismu? 9 ! nitr\s
 acid1 & any lett]s writt5 ) ?is ink w  
become q black1 by be+ expos$ to ! vap\r
 ( liv] ( sulphur1 :i* is ( s p5etrat+ a
 nature1 t x w act ^u ! ink ?r\gh a     
quire ( pap]1 or ev5 ! slight p>tition (
 a room4  ,a ,sympa!tic ,gold ,ink ( !  
,second ,class4--,put z mu* gold into a 
small quantity ( aqua-regia z w dissolve
 x1 & !n dilute x ) two or ?ree times z 
mu* di/ill$ wat]4  ,also dissolve1 9 a  
sep>ate vessel1 f9e pewt] 9 aqua-regia2 
& :5 x is well saturat$1 add to x an    
equal quantity ( di/ill$ wat]4  ,!n1 if 

any *>act]s be writt5 ) ! solution (    
gold1 put !m 9 ! %ade till !y become q  
dry1 & !y w n appe> = ! fir/ sev5 or    
eight h\rs1 b if y dip a p5cil1 or small
 f9e sponge1 9 ! solution ( pewt]1 &    
draw x lightly ov] ! invisible *>act]s1 
!y w pres5tly appe> ( a purple col\r4   
,! purple col\r ( ^! lett]s may be      
effac$ aga91 by wett+ !m ) aqua-regia1 &
 may be produc$ a second "t1 by pass+ ! 
solution ( pewt] ov] !m z be=e4  ,a     
,sympa!tic ,ink ( ! ,second             
,class4--,dissolve f9e silv] 9          
aqua-=tis1 & add "s di/ill$ wat] to !   
solution1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! gold ink2
 !n1 :atev] is writt5 ) ?is ink1 w rema9
 invisible = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 if x be 
kept close f ! air2 b if x be expos$ to 
! sun1 x w appe> 9 ab\t an h\r1 ( a gray
 col\r1 l t ( a slate4  ,sympa!tic ,inks
 ( ! ,?ird ,class1--or su* z become     
visible by hav+ any f9e p[d] /rew$ ov]  
!m1--may be compos$ ( ! glut9\s &       
col\rless juice ( any vegetable1 ! milk 
( animals1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances4      

,sympa!tic ,inks ( ! ,f\r? ,class1--are 
made by dilut+ acid ( vitriol ) ab\t    
?ree times its weight ( common wat]1 or 
z mu* z w prev5t x f corrod+ ! pap]4 ,! 
juice ( lemons1 or onions1 w answ] !    
same purpose2 b ei!r ( !m requires m    
heat ?an ! fir/1 & w n keep s long4  ,a 
,gre5 ,ink ( ! ,fif? ,class4--,take     
zaffre 9 p[d]1 & let x rema9 dissolv$ 9 
aqua-regia = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 aft] :i*   
p\r ! liquor (f cle>1 &1 add+ to x z mu*
 common wat]1 keep x 9 a bottle well    
cork$4 ,!n1 if any *>act]s be writt5 )  
?is ink1 & expos$ to ! fire1 or /rong   
rays ( ! sun1 !y w appe> ( a lively     
gre54  ,x is ! peculi> prop]ty ( ?is    
ink1 t z soon z ! pap] becomes cold     
aga91 ! lett]s w disappe>2 & ?is        
alt]nate appe>ance & disappe>ance may be
 repeat$ a great numb] ( times1 provid$ 
! heat be n too great4   ,o!r ,sympa!tic
 ,inks4  ,a ,yell[ ,ink ( ?is k9d may be
 made1 by /eep+ ! fl[]s ( m>igolds sev5 
or eight days 9 cle> di/ill$ v9eg>1 & !n
 press+ !m out1 & keep+ ! liquor well   

cork$ 9 a bottle = use4  ,= a ,r$       
invisible ,ink1--take ! pure _s (       
vitriol1 or t ( nitre1 & add to x eight 
or t5 times z mu* wat]1 accord+ z y w\ld
 h x m or less r$4  ,= a ,gre5 ,ink (   
?is sort1--dissolve salt ( t>t>1 !      
cle>e/ & drie/ y c procure1 9 a         
suffici5t quantity ( riv] wat]2 & = a   
,violet sympa!tic ,ink1 express ! juice 
( lemons1 & keep x 9 a bottle well      
cork$4  ,!n1 if any *>act]s be writt5 ) 
"o ( ^! inks1 !y w appe> 9 _! prop]     
col\rs1 ! pap] hav+ be5 dipp$ 9 ! foll[+
 liquor4  ,take a suffici5t quantity ( !
 fl[]s ( pansies1 or common violets1 &  
aft] add+ "s wat] to !m1 /ra9 ! liquor  
?r\gh a clo?1 & keep x 9 a bottle = use4
   ,a ,sympa!tic ,ink :i* appe>s by be+ 
wett$ ) ,wat]4  ,mix alum ) a suffici5t 
quantity ( lemon juice2 !n1 if any      
lett]s or *>act]s be writt5 ) ?is       
mixture1 !y w be invisible till !y are  
wett$ ) wat]1 :i* w make !m appe> ( a   
grayi% col\r1 & q transp>5t4  ,or1 y may
 write ) a /rong solution ( ro*-alum    

only1 & :5 ! writ+ is dry1 p\r a small  
quantity ( wat] ov] x1 & x w appe> ( a  
:ite col\r1 l t ( ! pap] be=e x 0 wett$4
  ,also all sal9e liquors1 su* z        
vitriolic1 nitr\s1 & m>9e acids1 dilut$ 
) wat]1 ! liquor ( fix$ vegetable       
alkalis1 & ev5 v9eg>1 w produce ! same  
effect4  ,if a little aqua-=tis be mix$ 
) ! wat]1 ! writ+ w dry well1 & n run   
out ( its =m :5 ! pap] is wett$4   ,a   
curi\s ,recreation ) ,sympa!tic ,ink1   
call$ ! ,book ( ,fate4  ,make a book1   
consi/+ ( sev5ty or eighty leaves1 & 9 !
 cov] at ! end ( x1 let !re be a case   
:i* op5s next to ! back1 t x may n be   
p]ceiv$4 ,at ! top ( ea* "r-h& page1    
write any "q y please2 & at ! beg9n+ ( !
 book1 let !re be a table ( ^? que/ions1
 ) ! numb] ( ! pages 9 :i* ea* is to be 
f\nd4 ,!n write ) common ink on sep>ate 
pap]s1 ea* ab\t half ! size ( ! pages1 !
 same que/ions t are 9 ! book2 & "u ea* 
( !m1 write ! answ] ) ! ink made ) !    
li?>ge ( lead1 or ! solution ( bismu?4  
,soak a d\ble pap] 9 ! vivify+ ink1 made

 ( quicklime & orpim5t1 or ! liv] (     
sulphur2 & j be=e y make ! exp]im5t1    
place x 9 ! case t is 9 ! cov] ( ! book4
  ,hav+ done ?is1 deliv] "s ( ! pap]s on
 :i* ! que/ions are writt51 to !        
company2 & aft] !y h *os5 su* z !y wi%  
to h answ]$1 let !m put !m into ^?      
leaves :]e ! same que/ions are conta9$2 
!n %utt+ ! book = a few m9utes1 !       
sulphure\s _s1 ) :i* ! pap] 9 ! cov] ( !
 book is impregnat$1 w p5etrate !       
leaves1 & make ! answ] visible1 :i* w be
 ( a br[n col\r1 & m or less deep1 9    
proportion to ! "t ! book has be5 clos$4
   ,a curi\s ,recreation1 call$ !       
,transcolorat$ ,writ+4  ,write on a     
pap]1 ) a violet-col\r$ liquor1 z _m    
lett]s or words z y please1 & ask any   
p]son :i* he w *oose to h !             
writ+1--yell[1 gre51 or r$4 ,:5 he has  
made 8 *oice1 h a sponge ready ) ?ree   
sides1 :i* y c easily di/+ui%1 & dip ea*
 ( its sides 9 "o ( ! ?ree sympa!tic    
inks2 !n draw ! side ( ! sponge :i*     
corresponds to ! col\r ! p]son has *os51

 ov] ! writ+1 once only1 & x w directly 
*ange to ! col\r requir$4   ,an         
,exp]im5t ) ,sympa!tic ,ink1 call$ !    
,oracul> ,lett]s4  ,write on sev]al     
slips ( pap] diff]5t que/ions1 & su* z  
may be answ]$ by ! "n ( "s p]son3 =     
example1 ,:o is ! m]rie/ man 9          
company8--,answ]1 ,mr4 99 99 994 ,to :om
 w ,miss 99 99 99 be m>ri$8--,answ]1 ,to
 ,mr4 99 99 994 ,^! que/ions are to be  
writt5 9 ! sympa!tic ink ( ! f\r? class1
 & expos$ to ! fire1 & ! answ]s writt5 9
 ! same ink1 & left invisible4 ,! pap]s 
are !n to be fold$ 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 & 9 
su* a mann]1 t ! "p :]e ! "n is writt5  
%all be directly "u ! seal2 9 :i* case1 
! heat ( ! wax w make x visible4 ,!n1 if
 ! lett] be giv5 to ! p]son :o requires 
! answ]1 he w f9d x pla9ly writt54   ,an
 ,exp]im5t ) ,sympa!tic ,ink1 call$     
,w9t] *ang$ to ,spr+4  ,take a pr9t :i* 
repres5ts w9t]1 & trace ov] ! trees1    
plants1 & gr\nd1 ) ! gre5 sympa!tic ink2
 obs]v+ to make "s p>ts deep] ?an o!rs1 
accord+ to _! di/ance4 ,:5 ^? p>ts are  

dry1 pa9t ! o!r objects 9 _! natural    
col\rs2 !n put ! pr9t into a glaz$      
frame1 & cov] ! back ( x ) a pap]1 pa/$ 
ov] its bord] only4 ,:5 ?is pr9t is     
expos$ to ! heat ( a mod]ate fire1 or to
 ! w>m rays ( ! sun1 all ! grass &      
foliage w turn to a pleas+ gre52 & if a 
yell[ t9t be giv5 to "s p>ts ( ! pr9t1  
be=e ! sympa!tic ink be drawn ov] x1 !  
gre5 w be ( diff]5t %ades1 & ! sc5e1 t a
 m9ute be=e repres5t$ ,w9t]1 w n[ be    
*ang$ into ,spr+4 ,:5 ?is pr9t is plac$ 
9 ! cold1 ,w9t] w appe> aga91 & be aga9 
driv5 away by ! w>m rays ( ! sun2 & ?is 
alt]nate *ange ( seasons may be repeat$ 
z (t5 z y please1 provid$ ! pr9t be n   
made too hot4   ,a rem>kable ,exp]im5t1 
call$ ! ,revivifi$ ,rose4  ,take a rose 
t is q fad$1 & ?r[ 9 "s common sulphur 9
 a *af+-di% ( hot coal4 ,hold ! rose ov]
 ! fumes1 & x w become q :ite2 !n dip x 
into a bas9 ( wat]1 & giv+ x to any "o1 
tell him to put x into 8 box or draw]1 &
 aft] lock+ x1 to give y ! key4 ,ab\t   
five or six h\rs aft]w>ds1 return him ! 

key1 & :5 he unlocks 8 draw]1 in/ead ( !
 :ite rose he put into x1 he w f9d "o   
p]fectly r$4   ,h[ to ,write on ,glass  
by means ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sun4  ,dissolve 
*alk 9 aqua-=tis1 to ! consi/5ce ( milk1
 & add to x a /rong solution ( silv]2   
keep ?is liquor 9 a glass decant]1 well 
/opp$1 & cutt+ out f a pap] ! lett]s y  
wi% to appe>1 pa/e x on ! decant]1 &    
place x 9 ! sun1 9 su* a mann]1 t its   
rays may pass ?r\gh ! spaces cut out ( !
 pap]1 & fall on ! surface ( ! liquor2  
!n w t "p ( ! glass ?r\gh :i* ! rays    
pass be turn$ black1 :ile t "u ! pap] w 
rema9 :ite2 b p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t
 ! bottle be n mov$ dur+ ! "t ( !       
op]ation4   ,to produce diff]5t ,col\rs1
 by p\r+ a col\rless ,liquor into a     
clean ,glass4  ,take a /rong solution ( 
quicksilv]1 made ) _s ( nitre2 dilute x 
) wat]1 & p\r x into a hot glass1 r9s$ 9
 /rong _s ( sea-salt1 & x w in/antly    
become col\r$4 ,or1 if a solution (     
silv]1 made ) _s ( nitre1 consid]ably   
dilut$1 be p\r$ into a glass1 prep>$ 9 !

 mann] above-m5tion$1 x w produce ! same
 effect4 ,& if y p\r hot wat] ^u        
new-made crocus metallorum1 & put x into
 a clean glass1 r9s$ ) any acid1 x w    
produce an orange col\r4   ,to produce a
 ,col\r :i* appe>s & disappe>s by !     
,influ5ce ( ! ,air4  ,put into a decant]
 "s volatile _s1 9 :i* y h dissolv$     
copp] fil+s1 & y w h a f9e blue t9cture2
 & if ! bottle be /opp$1 ! col\r w soon 
return aga92 & ?is exp]im5t may be      
repeat$ a consid]able numb] ( times4    
,to turn a col\rless ,liquor ,black1 by 
add+ a ,:ite ,p[d] to x4  ,put a hot    
weak pellucid infusion ( galls into a   
glass1 & ?r[ into x a gra9 ( ! vitriol (
 iron1 calc9$ to :it5ess1 & consid]ably 
heat$2 !n1 z x falls to ! bottom1 x w   
make a black cl\d1 :i* w uni=mly diffuse
 itself ?r\gh ! transp>5t liquor1 &     
gradually turn x black4  ,! same effect 
may also be produc$ by ! addition ( a   
little vitriol ( iron calc9$ to a yell[ 
col\r1 or by ! colco?> ( vitriol calc9$ 
to r$ness4  ,! black liquor1 produc$ z  

above1 may be r5d]$ pellucid aga91 by   
p\r+ ! liquor hot into a glass r9s$ ) ! 
pure acid ( vitriol4 ,& to make ?is     
transp>5t liquor black aga91 p\r to x z 
mu* hot oil ( t>t> p] deliquium z w     
saturate ! acid1 :i* has attract$ !     
metallic matt]4   ,freez+ ,mixture4  ,9 
! "t ( sn[1 a freez+ mixture may easily 
be made1 by mix+ a little sn[ & common  
salt 9 a bas9 ne> ! fire4 ,if wat] 9 an 
iron cup or phial be put into ?is       
mixture1 x w imm$iately be froz52 & if  
p\nd$ ice & common salt be add$1 x w h a
 /ill m p[]ful effect4   ,exp]im5ts ) ! 
,microscope4  ,!y :o possess ?is amus+  
in/rum5t1 may easily p]=m ) x a v>iety (
 pleas+ exp]im5ts2 among o!rs1 !        
foll[+3--,leave "s v9eg> expos$ 9 a     
sauc]1 = a few days1 to ! op5 air2 !n   
place a drop ( x1 by means ( a clean p51
 or a camel's hair bru%1 on ! transp>5t 
object-plate ( ! microscope2 & if !     
object-plate be prop]ly illum9at$ f     
bel[1 y w obs]ve 9 ?is drop ( liquor    
animals resembl+ "s small eels1 :i* are 

9 cont9ual motion4  ,if y slightly      
bruise "s pepp]-corns1 & infuse !m 9    
wat] = a few days1 & !n expose a drop ( 
x to ! microscope1 a numb] ( animals ( a
 diff]5t k9d w be visible4 ,^! are ( an 
oblong %ape1 &1 l ! o!rs1 9 cont9ual    
motion1 go+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 all      
directions1 turn+ aside :5 !y meet ea*  
o!r1 or :5 _! passage is /opp$ by "s    
ob/acle4  ,9 o!r infusions1 z 9 t ( new 
hay1 diff]5tly %ap$ animalcules w be    
f\nd4 ,:5 ! drop 9 :i* !y swim1 & :i* to
 !m is l a pond1 becomes dim9i%$ by     
evaporation1 !y gradually retire t[>ds !
 middle1 :]e !y accumulate1 & at l5g?   
p]i% :5 entirely depriv$ ( moi/ure4     
,previ\sly to ?is1 !y appe> 9 great     
di/ress1 wri! _! bodies1 & endeav\r to  
escape f t /ate ( uneas9ess :i* !y      
evid5tly feel4  ,x ! smalle/ quantity or
 drop ( sulphuric acid be put into a    
drop ( ! infusion :i* sw>ms ) ^!        
insects1 !y imm$iately ?r[ !mselves on  
_! backs1 & expire2 sometimes los+ _!   
sk91 :i* bur/s1 & suff]s small p>ticles 

( air to escape4  ,^? :o wi% to be      
furni%$ ) microscopic eels1 at all      
seasons1 may h !m 9 common pa/e1 su* z !
 bookb9d]s commonly use4 ,x %\ld nei!r  
be too /iff1 nor too wat]y4 ,expose x to
 ! air1 & prev5t its h>d5+ or becom+    
m\ldy on ! surface1 by beat+ x well     
toge!r1 :5 x has t t5d5cy4 ,aft] "s days
 x w become s\r2 & !n1 if exam9$        
att5tively by a microscope1 multitudes (
 exce$+ly small1 long1 & sl5d]          
animalcules w be visible2 ^! w gr[ l>g]1
 till !y are ( suffici5t size to be se5 
by ! nak$ eye4 ,a drop or two ( v9eg>   
%\ld n[ & !n be p\r$ on ! pa/e2 &       
sometimes1 to prev5t its be+ dry1 a     
little v9eg> & wat]4 ,by ?is means      
microscopic eels may be _h all ! ye>4   
,!y mu/ be appli$ to ! microscope ^u any
 flat surface1 aft] hav+ fir/ put on x a
 v small drop ( wat] = !m to swim 94 ,^!
 are v ent]ta9+ objects :5 exam9$ by any
 k9d ( microscope1 b p>ticul>ly ! sol>  
"o1 by :i* ! motions ( _! inte/9es may v
 pla9ly be di/+ui%$2 & :5 ! wat] is     

ne>ly dri$ away1 & !y are on ! po9t (   
expir+1 _! m\?s may be se5 op5+ to a    
consid]able wid?4  ,if "s ( ! du/ ( !   
puff-ball be exam9$ ) ! microscope1 x   
appe>s to consi/ ( p]fectly r\nd        
globules1 ( an orange col\r1 ! diamet] (
 :i* is only ab\t ! "o-fiftie? "p ( !   
?ickness ( a hair1 s t ea* ( ?is gra9 is
 b ! #a_/abejjj? "p ( a globule1 equal 9
 diamet] to ! bread? ( a hair4  ,! f>9a 
( fl[]s is f\nd to be regul>ly or       
uni=mly organiz$ 9 ea* k9d ( plant4 ,9 !
 mall[1 = example1 ea* gra9 is an opaque
 ball1 cov]$ ov] ) small po9ts4 ,! f>9a 
( ! tulip1 & ( mo/ ( ! liliace\s k9d (  
fl[]s1 be>s a /rik+ resemblance to !    
se$s ( ! cucumb]3 t ( ! poppy is l gra9s
 ( b>ley4  ,!re are c]ta9 plants1 !     
leaves ( :i* seem to be pi]c$ ) a       
multitude ( small holes4 ,( ?is k9d is !
 ,/4 ,john's ,wort4 ,if a fragm5t ( ?is 
be view$ ) a good microscope1 ! suppos$ 
holes are f\nd to be vesicles1 conta9$ 9
 ! ?ickness ( ! leaf1 & cov]$ ) an      
exce$+ly ?9 membrane2 & ^! are ?\ght to 

be ! receptacles :i* conta9 ! ess5tial &
 aromatic oil peculi> to ! plant4 ,!    
view exhibit$ by ^? plants :i* h d[n1   
su* z borage1 nettles1 c4 is exce$+ly   
curi\s4 ,:5 exam9$ by a microscope1 !y  
appe> to be cov]$ ) spikes4 ,^? ( borage
 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 b5t s z to =m an elb[2
 & ?\gh really s close1 !y appe>1 by !  
microscope1 to be at a consid]able      
di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! entire appe>ance  
is v simil> to t ( ! sk9 ( a porcup9e4  
,!re are two k9ds ( s&1 viz4 ! calc>e\s 
& ! vitre\s3 ! =m]1 exam9$ ) a          
microscope1 resembles l>ge irregul>     
fragm5ts ( rock2 b ! latt] appe>s l s _m
 r\gh diamonds4 ,9 "s in/ances1 !       
p>ticles ( s& seem to be highly poli%$ &
 brilliant1 l an assemblage ( diamonds1 
rubies1 & em]alds4  ,*>coal is a f9e    
object = ! microscope3 x is f\nd to be  
full ( pores1 regul>ly arrang$1 & pass+ 
?r\gh its :ole l5g?4  ,^? :o wi% to     
obs]ve ! circulation ( ! blood1 by means
 ( ! microscope1 may readily obta9 !    
desir$ satisfaction4 ,an object employ$ 

*iefly = ?is purpose is ! delicate      
transp>5t membrane :i* unites ! toes ( !
 frog2 ano!r object is ! tail ( !       
tadpole4 ,if ?is membrane be ext5d$1 &  
fix$ on a piece ( glass illum9at$ bel[1 
! motion ( ! blood 9 ! vessels w be     
di/9ctly visible2 ! appe>ance resembles 
a numb] ( small isl&s1 ) a rapid curr5t 
fl[+ betwe5 !m4  ,take a small tadpole1 
&1 hav+ wrapp$ its body 9 a piece ( moi/
 clo?1 place its tail on ! object-plate 
( ! microscope1 & enlight5 x bel[1 & y w
 see v di/9ctly ! circulation ( ! blood2
 :i* 9 "s ( ! vessels proce$s by a k9d (
 undulation1 & 9 o!rs ) a uni=m motion4 
,! =m] are ?\ght to be ! art]ies 9 :i* !
 blood moves1 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]nate 
pulsation ( ! he>t2 ! latt] are said to 
be ! ve9s4 ,! circulation ( ! blood may 
be se5 also 9 ! legs & tails ( %rimps4  
,! transp>5t legs ( small spid]s1 & ^? (
 bugs1 w also af=d ! means ( obs]v+ !   
circulation ( ! blood to v great        
advantage4 ,! latt] are said1 by ,mr4   
,bak]1 to exhibit an extraord9>y        

vibration ( ! vessels1 :i* he nev] saw  
any :]e else4 ,v small fi% are good     
objects = ?is purpose2 b ! mo/ curi\s ( 
all spectacles ( ?is k9d1 is t exhibit$ 
by ! mos5t]y ( a liv+ frog1 appli$ 9    
p>ticul> to ! sol> microscope4  ,if y   
take (f a small piece ( ! epid]mis1 or  
sc>f sk91 ( ! h&1 by means ( a %>p      
razor1 & place x on ! object-plate ( !  
microscope1 y w see x cov]$ ) a         
multitude ( small scales1 s exce$+ly    
m9ute1 t1 accord+ to ,leuw5hoek1 a gra9 
( s& w\ld cov] two hundr$ ( !m4 ,^!     
scales are arrang$ l ^? on ! back (     
fi%es1 l ! tiles ( a h\se1 ea* 9 "p     
cov]+ ! o!r4 ,to asc]ta9 ! =m ( ^!      
little scales1 scrape ! sk9 ) a p5knife1
 & put ?is du/ into a drop ( wat]1 & x w
 be se5 t ^! scales1 small z !y are1 h1 
9 g5]al1 five planes1 & t ea* consi/s ( 
sev]al /rata4 ,und]nea? ^! scales are ! 
pores ( ! epid]mis1 :i*1 :5 ! =m] are   
remov$1 may be di/9ctly se51 app>5tly l 
small holes1 pi]c$ ) an exce$+ly f9e    
ne$le4 ,9 ! l5g? ( an in*1 twelve hundr$

 h be5 c\nt$1 s t1 9 a surface equal to 
a squ>e in*1 !re are f\rte5 ?\s&2 & z   
!re are "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r in*es 9 a   
squ>e foot1 ! numb] ( pores 9 a squ>e   
foot ( surface w\ld be m ?an two        
millions2 & z ! surface ( ! human body  
is reckon$ at f\rte5 feet1 ! numb] (    
pores 9 its surface1 ?r\gh :i* !re is a 
p]petual p]spiration go+ on1 mu/ be m   
?an tw5ty-eight millions4  ,! hairs (   
animals1 se5 ?r\gh a microscope1 appe>  
to be organiz$ bodies3 !y are compos$ ( 
long1 sl5d]1 holl[ tubes2 "s seem to be 
compos$ ( sev]al small hairs1 cov]$ ) a 
common b>k2 o!rs are holl[ ?r\gh\t4 ,!  
bri/les ( a cat's :isk]1 :5 cut         
transv]sely1 exhibit ! appe>ance ( a    
m$ull>y "p1 :i* occupies ! middle1 l !  
pi? 9 ! twig ( ! eld]-tree4 ,a human    
hair1 cut 9 ! same mann]1 %ews a v>iety 
( vessels 9 v regul> figures4 ,hair tak5
 f ! head1 ! eyebr[s1 ! no/rils1 ! be>d1
 ! h&1 c4 appe> unlike1 z well 9 ! roots
 z 9 ! hairs !mselves1 & v>y z plants d 
( ! same g5us1 b ( diff]5t species4 ,^? 

( ! h$gehog conta9 a k9d ( real m>r[1   
:i* is :iti%1 & =m$ ( radii meet+ 9 a   
c5tre4 ,a split hair appe>s l a /ick    
%iv]$ ) beat+4  ,no?+ c be m curi\s ?an 
! appe>ance exhibit$ by m\ld9ess1 :5    
view$ ?r\gh a microscope4 ,if look$ at  
by ! nak$ eye1 x seems no?+ b an        
irregul> tissue ( filam5ts2 b !         
magnify+-glass %ews x to be a =e/ (     
small plants1 :i* d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! 
moi/ sub/ance :i* s]ves !m z a base4 ,! 
/ems ( ^! plants may be pla9ly di/+ui%$1
 & sometimes _! buds1 "s %ut1 & "s op54 
,!y h mu* simil>ity to mu%rooms1 ! tops 
( :i*1 :5 !y come to maturity1 emit an  
exce$+ly f9e du/1 :i* is _! se$4  ,^u   
exam9+ ! edge ( a v ke5 razor ) a       
microscope1 x w appe> z broad z ! back (
 a ?ick knife1 r\gh1 unev51 full (      
not*es & furr[s4 ,an exce$+ly small     
ne$le resembles a r\gh iron b>4 ,b ! /+ 
( a bee1 se5 ?r\gh ! same in/rum5t1     
exhibits e :]e a poli% exce$+ly         
beautiful1 )\t ! lea/ flaw1 blemi%1 or  
inequality1 & ends 9 a po9t too f9e to  

be disc]n$4  ,a small piece ( exce$+ly  
f9e lawn1 appe>s1 ?r\gh a microscope1 l 
a hurdle or lattice1 & ! ?reads !mselves
 seem co>s] ?an ! y>n ) :i* ropes are   
made = an*ors4 ,b a silkworm's web      
appe>s p]fectly smoo? & %9+1 & e :]e    
equal4  ,! smalle/ dot t c be made ) a  
p51 appe>s1 :5 view$ by ! microscope1 an
 irregul> spot1 r\gh1 jagg$1 & unev54 ,b
 ! little specks on ! w+s or bodies (   
insects1 are f\nd to be mo/ accurately  
circul>4  ,a microscope w prove ! mo/   
boa/$ p]=mances ( art to be ill-%ap$1   
rugg$1 & unev54 ,! f9e/ m9iature pa9t+s 
appe> be=e ?is in/rum5t z m]e daub+s1   
pla/]$ on ) a tr[el1 entirely void (    
beauty1 ei!r 9 ! draw+ or ! col\r+4 ,!  
mo/ ev5 & beautiful v>ni%es & poli%+s w 
be f\nd to be m]e r\ghness1 full ( gaps 
& flaws4 ,?us s9k ! works ( art1 be=e ! 
microscopic eye4 ,b ! ne>] we exam9e !  
works ( ,god1 ev5 9 ! lea/ ( 8          
productions1 ! m s5sible %all we be ( 8 
wisdom & p[]4 ,apply ! microscope to    
any1 ! mo/ m9ute ( 8 works1 no?+ is to  

be f\nd b beauty & p]fection4 ,if we    
exam9e ! numb]less species ( insects t  
swim1 creep1 or fly ar\nd u1 :at        
proportion1 exactness1 uni=mity1 &      
symmetry1 %all we p]ceive 9 all _!      
organs6 :at a pr(usion ( col\r+6 azure1 
gre51 & v]milion1 gold1 silv]1 pe>ls1   
rubies1 & diamonds2 fr+e & embroid]y on 
_! bodies1 w+s1 heads1 & e o!r "p6 h[   
high ! f9i%+1 h[ inimitable ! poli%1 we 
e :]e behold6    ,_! w+s1 all glori\s to
 behold6   ,b$eck'd ) azure1 jet1 &     
gold1   ,wide !y display3 ! spangl$ dew 
,reflects _! eyes & v>i\s hue4          
,gay4  ,! mo/ p]fect works ( art betray 
a meanness1 a pov]ty1 an inability 9 !  
workman2 b ! works ( nature pla9ly      
prove1 t ! h& :i* =m$ !m 0 div9e4       
,amus+ ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,!rmomet]4  ,a    
!rmomet] is amus+ 9 a room1 to enable u 
to "k ) accuracy ! real degree ( heat1 z
 our own feel+s are s v deceptive4      
,accord+ to _! /ate ( heal? at ! "t1    
diff]5t p]sons w give a diff]5t judgm5t 
on ! subject4 ,aft] hot wea!r1 a day :i*

 is n v cold1 w yet feel s to u1 & aft] 
cold wea!r we %all be ready to ?9k a day
 w>m1 :i* is n s sev]e z ! prec$+4 ,9   
w9t]1 a !rmomet] 9 a sitt+-room enables 
u to regulate its heat4 ,too great w>m? 
produc$ by a fire is injuri\s to heal?1 
z x relaxes ! /r5g?1 & consumes ! pure  
oxyg5\s air1 s necess>y = respiration4  
,exp]im5ts w %ew h[ diff]5tly ! feel+s (
 diff]5t individuals may be affect$ by !
 same degree ( heat4  ,let "o p]son g   
out into ! cold air 9 w9t] = a few      
m9utes1 & let ano!r sit by a w>m fire2  
!n introduce bo? into a room )\t a fire3
 ! p]son f ! cold w feel x w>m1 & ! o!r 
w feel x cold4  ,a mu* m ent]ta9+       
exp]im5t w %ew1 t :at w be cold to ! "o 
h&1 w be w>m to ! o!r4 ,p\r w>m wat]    
into "o bas91 cold wat] into a second1 &
 a mixture ( hot & cold wat] into a     
?ird2 !n put ! "o h& into ! cold wat]1 &
 ! o!r into ! w>m1 = two m9utes1 & aft] 
t put bo? h&s into ! lukew>m wat]1 & to 
! "o h& x w feel cold1 & to ! o!r hot4  
,,! ,,b>omet]4  ,rules = judg+ ( &      

pr$ict+ ! ,/ate ( ! ,wea!r by !         
,b>omet]4  ,! ris+ ( ! m]cury presages1 
9 g5]al1 fair wea!r1 & its fall+1 f\l   
wea!r1 z ra91 sn[1 high w9ds1 & /orms4  
,:5 ! surface ( ! m]cury is convex1 or  
/&s high] 9 ! middle ?an at ! sides1 x  
is a sign ! m]cury is !n 9 a ris+ /ate2 
b if ! surface be concave1 or holl[ 9 ! 
middle1 x is !n s9k+4  ,9 v hot wea!r1 !
 fall+ ( ! m]cury indicates ?und]4  ,9  
w9t]1 ! ris+ presages fro/2 & 9 fro/y   
wea!r1 if ! m]cury falls ?ree or f\r    
divisions1 !re w be a ?aw4 ,b 9 a       
cont9u$ fro/1 if ! m]cury rises1 x w    
c]ta9ly sn[4  ,:5 wet wea!r happ5s soon 
aft] ! depression ( ! m]cury1 expect b  
little ( x2 on ! contr>y1 expect b      
little fair wea!r1 :5 x proves fair     
%ortly aft] ! m]cury has ris54  ,9 wet  
wea!r1 :5 ! m]cury rises mu* & high1 & s
 cont9ues = two or ?ree days be=e ! bad 
wea!r is entirely ov]1 !n a cont9uance (
 fair wea!r may be expect$4  ,9 fair    
wea!r1 :5 ! m]cury falls mu* & l[1 & ?us
 cont9ues = two or ?ree days be=e ! ra9 

comes1 !n a deal ( wet may be expect$1 &
 probably high w9ds4  ,! unsettl$ motion
 ( ! m]cury d5otes unsettl$ wea!r4  ,!  
words engrav$ on ! scale are n s mu* to 
be att5d$ to1 z ! ris+ & fall+ ( !      
m]cury2 = if x /&s at mu* ra91 & !n     
rises to *angeable1 x d5otes fair wea!r1
 ?\gh n to cont9ue s long z if ! m]cury 
_h ris5 high]4  ,if ! m]cury /&s at     
fair1 & falls to *angeable1 bad wea!r   
may be expect$4  ,9 w9t]1 spr+1 &       
autumn1 ! sudd5 fall+ ( ! m]cury1 & t = 
a l>ge space1 d5otes high w9ds & /orms2 
b 9 summ] x presages heavy %[]s1 & (t5  
?und]4 ,x always s9ks v l[ = great w9ds1
 ?\gh n accompani$ ) ra92 b x falls m = 
w9d & ra9 toge!r1 ?an = ei!r ( !m alone4
  ,if1 aft] ra91 ! w9d *ange into any "p
 ( ! nor?1 ) a cle> & dry sky1 & !      
m]cury rise1 x is a c]ta9 sign ( fair   
wea!r4  ,aft] v great /orms ( w9d1 :5 ! 
m]cury has be5 l[1 x commonly rises aga9
 v fa/4  ,9 settl$ fair wea!r1 except ! 
m]cury s9k mu*1 expect b little ra94  ,9
 a wet season1 ! smalle/ depression mu/ 

be att5d$ to2 = :5 ! air is mu* incl9$  
to %[]s1 a little s9k+ 9 ! b>omet]      
d5otes m ra94 ,& 9 su* a season1 if x   
rise sudd5ly fa/ & high1 fair wea!r _c  
be expect$ to la/ m ?an a day or two4   
,! greate/ heights ( ! m]cury are f\nd  
^u ea/]ly & nor?-ea/]ly w9ds2 & x may   
(t5 ra9 or sn[1 ! w9d be+ 9 ^! po9ts1   
:ile ! b>omet] is 9 a ris+ /ate1 !      
effects ( ! w9d c\nt]act+ its influ5ce4 
,b ! m]cury s9ks = w9d z well z ra9 9   
all o!r po9ts ( ! compass4   ,new ,me?od
 ( ,pres]v+ ,birds4--7,f ! ,annual      
,regi/]47  ,:5 ,i receive a bird fre%   
tak51 7says ! au?or17 ,i op5 ! v5t]1 f !
 l[] "p ( ! brea/-bone d[n to ! anus1 ) 
a pair ( sciss>s1 & extract all !       
cont5ts4 ,?is cavity ,i imm$iately fill 
up ) ! foll[+ mixture1 & !n br+ ! w\nd  
toge!r by a suture1 s z to prev5t !     
/uff+ f com+ out4 ,! gullet or passage  
,i fill1 f ! beak d[n to :]e ! /oma*    
lies1 ) ! mixture f9] gr\nd1 :i* mu/ be 
=c$ d[n a little at a "t1 by ! help ( a 
quill or wire3 ! head ,i op5 ne> ! root 

( ! tongue1 ) ! sciss>s1 &1 aft] hav+   
turn$ out ! bra9s1 ,i fill ! cavity ) ! 
same mixture4  ,! bird be+ ?us fill$1   
mu/ n[ be hung up by ! legs to dry = two
 days1 to let ! spice settle2 aft] :i* x
 may be plac$ 9 a frame to dry1 9 ! same
 attitude z we usually see x :5 alive4  
,9 ?is frame x mu/ be held up by two    
?reads1 ! "o pass+ f ! anus to ! l[] "p 
( ! back1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ! eyes3 ! ends (
 ^! ?reads are to brace ! bird up to its
 prop] attitude1 fa/5 !m to ! side ( !  
frame1 & place x on a *ip pill-box4 ,x w
 n[ require no o!r support ?an a p9     
?r\gh ea* foot1 fa/5$ into ! box3 x mu/ 
rema9 a mon? or two to dry4 ,! eyes mu/ 
be suppli$ by proportional glass beads1 
fix$ 9 ) /rong gum-wat]4  ,! mixture is3
 common salt1 "o p\nd2 alum1 p[d]$1 f\r 
ounces2 gr\nd pepp]1 two ounces2 all    
bl5d$ toge!r4   ,to take ! ,impression (
 ! ,w+s ( a ,butt]fly 9 all _! ,col\rs4 
,kill x )\t spoil+2 cut (f ! body close 
to ! w+s1 :i* contrive to spread 9 a    
fly+ position2 !n take a piece ( :ite   

pap]1 wa% "p ( x ) ?ick gum-wat]2 :5    
dry1 lay x on a smoo? bo>d1 ) ! w+s on !
 gum-wat]2 lay ano!r pap] ov] ?is1 press
 bo? v h>d1 let !m rema9 "u pressure =  
an h\r2 aft]w>ds take (f ! w+s ( !      
butt]fly1 & y w f9d a p]fect impression 
( !m1 ) all _! v>i\s col\rs1 rema9+ on !
 pap]4 ,draw1 betwe5 ! w+s ( !          
impression1 ! body ( ! butt]fly1 & col\r
 x aft] life4   ,to take ! ,impression (
 a ,leaf ( any ,tree1 ,plant1 or ,%rub1 
) all its ,ve9s4  ,hav+ put ! int5d$    
leaf into a book = a few m9utes1 :i* w  
cause x to lie v flat1 y mu/ h a pair ( 
balls1 some:at ( ! %ape ( ^? us$ by     
pr9t]s2 h !m cov]$ ) kid-sk91 t be+ !   
be/ lea!r = ! purpose4 ,^! balls may be 
made to any size4 ,y mu/ !n procure "s  
lamp-black1 gr\nd or mix$ ) dry+ oil1 & 
hav+ put a small quantity on "o ( !     
balls1 spread x all ov] ) ! o!r till !y 
are bo? black2 !n lay+ ! leaf on "o (   
!m1 place ! o!r ov] x1 & press bo? v h>d
 toge!r4 ,:5 ! leaf is suffici5tly      
black1 take x (f ! ball1 & place x      

betwe5 a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,press x     
g5tly ) y\r h&1 ! heat & pressure ( :i* 
w cause x to receive an accurate        
del9eation ( all its ve9s4  ,in/ead (   
black1 any o!r col\r may be us$4        
,v]digris makes a pleasant gre52 & by   
add+ yell[ o*re1 or ,prussian blue1 y   
may approa* ! orig9al t9t ( ! leaf1 &   
y\r impression w almo/ equal t ( nature4
   ,curi\s ,exp]im5ts respect+ ,col\rs4 
,! foll[+ curi\s & useful rem>ks on !   
diff]5t degrees ( heat imbib$ f ! sun's 
rays1 c4 by clo?s ( diff]5t col\rs1 7   
extract$ f ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 by
 t fam\s ,am]ican philosoph] &          
politician1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,frankl94  ,fir/1  
let me m5tion an exp]im5t y may easily  
make y\rself4 ,walk b a qu>t] ( an h\r 9
 y\r g>d5 :5 ! sun %9es1 ) a "p ( y\r   
dress :ite1 & a "p black2 !n apply y\r  
h& to !m alt]nately1 & y w f9d a v great
 diff]5ce 9 _! w>m?4 ,! black w be q hot
 to ! t\*1 ! :ite /ill cool4  ,ano!r4   
,try to fire pap] ) a burn+-glass4 ,if x
 be :ite1 y w n easily burn x2 b if y   

br+ ! focus to a black spot1 or ^u      
lett]s writt5 or pr9t$1 ! pap] w        
imm$iately be on fire "u ! lett]s4  ,?us
 full]s & dy]s f9d t black clo?s1 (     
equal ?ickness ) :ite ones1 & hung out  
equally wet1 dry 9 ! sun mu* soon] ?an !
 :ite1 be+ m readily heat$ by ! sun's   
rays4 ,x is ! same be=e a fire2 ! heat (
 :i* soon] p5etrates black /ock+s ?an   
:ite ones1 & is apt soon] to burn a     
man's %9s4 ,also be] mu* soon] w>ms 9 a 
black mug set be=e ! fire1 ?an 9 a :ite 
"o1 or 9 a bright silv] tank>d4  ,my    
exp]im5t 0 ?is3 ,i took a numb] ( little
 squ>e pieces ( broad clo? f a tailor's 
patt]n-c>d1 ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,!re 7      
black1 deep blue1 light] blue1 gre51    
purple1 r$1 yell[1 :ite1 & o!r col\rs1  
or %ades ( col\rs4 ,i laid !m all out ^u
 ! sn[ 9 a bright sun%9y morn+4 ,9 a few
 h\rs1 7,i _c n[ be exact z to ! "t17 ! 
black be+ w>m$ mo/ by ! sun1 0 sunk s l[
 z to be bel[ ! /roke ( ! sun's rays2 ! 
d>k blue almo/ z l[1 ! light] blue n q s
 l[ z ! d>k1 ! o!r col\rs less z !y 7   

light]2 & ! q :ite rema9$ on ! surface (
 ! sn[1 n hav+ ent]$ x at all4  ,:at    
signifies philosophy t does n apply to  
"s use8 ,may we n le>n f h5ce1 t black  
clo?s are n s fit to we> 9 a hot sunny  
climate1 or season1 z :ite ones2        
because1 9 su* clo!s ! body is m heat$  
by ! sun :5 we walk abroad1 & are at !  
same "t heat$ by ! ex]cise1 :i* d\ble   
heat is apt to br+ on putrid dang]\s    
fev]s8--t soldi]s & seam51 :o mu/ m>* & 
lab\r 9 ! sun1 %\ld1 9 ! ,ea/ or ,we/   
,indies1 h a uni=m ( :ite8--t summ] hats
 = m5 or wom51 %\ld be :ite1 z repell+ t
 heat :i* gives head-a*s to _m1 & to "s 
! fatal /roke t ! ,fr5* call ! c\p de   
soliel8--t ! ladies' summ] hats1 h[ev]1 
%\ld be l9$ ) black1 z n rev]b]at+ on _!
 faces ^? rays :i* are reflect$ upw>ds f
 ! e>? or wat]8--t ! putt+ a :ite cap ( 
pap] or l951 )9 ! cr[n ( a black hat1 z 
"s d1 w n keep out ! heat1 ?\gh x w\ld  
if plac$ )\t8--t fruit-walls be+        
black5$1 may receive s mu* heat f ! sun 
9 ! day-"t1 z to cont9ue w>m1 9 "s      

degree1 ?r\gh ! night1 & !reby pres]ve !
 fruit f fro/s1 or =w>d its gr[?8--)    
sundry o!r p>ticul>s1 ( less or great]  
importance1 t w occur f "t to "t to     
att5tive m9ds8   ,?irty ,soldi]s hav+   
des]t$1 s to place !m 9 a ,r+1 t y may  
save any ,fifte5 y please1 & x %all seem
 ! ,effect ( ,*ance4  ,?is recreation is
 usually propos$ ?us3 ,fifte5 ,*ri/ians 
& fifte5 ,turks be+ 9 a %ip at sea1 9 a 
viol5t tempe/1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to ?r[
 half ! numb] ( p]sons ov]bo>d1 9 ord]  
to disburd5 ! %ip1 & save ! re/2 to     
effect ?is1 x 0 agre$ to be done by lot1
 9 su* a mann]1 t ! p]sons be+ plac$ 9 a
 r+1 e n9? man %\ld be ca/ into ! sea1  
till "o half ( !m 7 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,n[1 !
 pilot1 be+ a ,*ri/ian1 0 desir\s ( sav+
 ^? ( 8 own p]suasion3 h[ ought he !re=e
 to dispose ! crew1 s t ! lot might     
always fall ^u ! ,turks8  ,?is "q may be
 resolv$ by plac+ ! m5 accord+ to !     
numb]s annex$ to ! v[els 9 ! words ( !  
foll[+ v]se3--    ,po-pu-le-am  ,jir-gam
 ,ma-t] ,re-gi-na fe-re-bat4     #d  #e 

#b  #a   #c   #a   #a  #b   #b  #c  #a  
#b  #b  #a  f :i* x appe>s1 t y mu/     
place f\r ( ^? y w\ld save fir/2 !n five
 ( ^? y w\ld puni%4 ,aft] ?is1 two ( ^? 
to be sav$1 & "o to be puni%$2 & s on4  
,:5 ?is is done1 y mu/ ent] ! r+1 &     
beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ( ! f\r m5 y int5d to   
save1 c\nt on to n9e2 & turn ?is man out
 to be puni%$2 !n c\nt on1 9 l mann]1 to
 ! next n9? man1 & turn him out to be   
puni%$2 & s on = ! re/4  ,x is report$ t
 ,josephus1 ! au?or ( ! ,jewi% ,hi/ory1 
escap$ ! dang] ( dea? by means ( ?is    
problem2 = be+ gov]nor ( ,joppa1 at ! "t
 t x 0 tak5 by ,vespasian1 he 0 oblig$  
to secrete himself ) ?irty or =ty ( 8   
soldi]s 9 a cave1 :]e !y made a firm    
resolution to p]i% by fam9e r ?an fall  
into ! h&s ( ! conqu]or2 b be+ at l5g?  
driv5 to great di/ress1 !y w\ld h       
de/roy$ ea* o!r = su/5ance1 _h n        
,josephus p]suad$ !m to die by lot1 :i* 
he s ord]$1 t all ( !m 7 kill$ except   
himself & ano!r1 :om he might easily    
de/roy1 or p]suade to yield to !        

,romans4   ,?ree ,p]sons hav+ ea* *os51 
privately1 "o out ( ?ree ,?+s1--to tell 
!m :i* !y h *os54  ,let ! ?ree ?+s1 =   
in/ance1 be a r+1 a gu9ea1 & a %ill+1 & 
let !m be kn[n privately to y\rself by !
 v[els a1 e1 i1 ( :i* ! fir/1 a1        
signifies "o1 ! second1 e1 two1 & !     
?ird1 i1 ?ree4  ,!n take #bd c\nt]s1 &  
give ! fir/ p]son #a1 :i* signifies a1 !
 second #b1 :i* repres5ts e1 & ! ?ird   
#c1 :i* /&s = i2 !n1 leav+ ! o!r c\nt]s 
^u ! table1 retire into ano!r room1 &   
bid him :o has ! r+ take z _m c\nt]s f !
 table z y gave him2 he t has ! gu9ea1  
twice z _m1 & he t has ! %ill+ f\r times
 z _m4  ,?is be+ done1 consid] to :om y 
gave "o c\nt]1 to :om two1 & to :om     
?ree2 & z !re 7 only tw5ty-f\r c\nt]s at
 fir/1 !re mu/ necess>ily rema9 ei!r #a1
 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 or #g1 on ! table1 or  
o!rwise !y mu/ h fail$ 9 obs]v+ !       
directions y gave !m4  ,b if ei!r ( ^!  
numb]s rema91 z !y ought1 ! "q may be   
resolv$ by reta9+ 9 y\r memory ! six    
foll[+ words3--    ,salve  c]ta  anima  

semita  vita  quies4      #a      #b    
#c      #e      #f      #g  ,z1 =       
in/ance1 suppose ! numb] t rema9$ 0 #e2 
!n ! ^w belong+ to x is semita2 & z !   
v[els 9 ! fir/ two syllables ( ?is ^w   
are e & i1 x %ews1 accord+ to ! =m]     
directions1 t he to :om y gave two      
c\nt]s has ! r+2 he to :om y gave ?ree  
c\nt]s1 ! gold2 & ! o!r p]son1 ( c\rse1 
! silv]1 x be+ ! second v[el :i*        
repres5ts #b1 & ! ?ird :i* repres5ts #c4
   ,h[ to "p an ,eight ,gallon ,bottle (
 ,w9e equally betwe5 two ,p]sons1 us+   
only two o!r ,bottles1 "o ( ,five       
,gallons1 & ! o!r ( ,?ree4  ,?is "q is  
usually propos$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a    
c]ta9 p]son hav+ an eight-gallon bottle 
fill$ ) excell5t w9e1 is desir\s ( mak+ 
a pres5t ( half ( x to "o ( 8 fri5ds2 b 
z he has no?+ to measure x out )1 b two 
o!r bottles1 "o ( :i* conta9s five      
gallons1 & ! o!r ?ree1 x is requir$ to  
f9d h[ ?is may be accompli%$8  ,9 ord]  
to answ] ! "q1 let ! eight-gallon bottle
 be call$ ,a1 ! five-gallon bottle ,b1 &

 ! ?ree-gallon bottle ,c2 !n1 if !      
liquor be p\r$ out ( "o bottle into     
ano!r1 accord+ to ! mann] d5ot$ 9 ei!r (
 ! two foll[+ examples1 ! propos$       
conditions w be answ]$4    #h   #e   #c 
#h   #e   #c   ,a   ,b   ,c        ,a   
,b   ,c   #h   #j   #j        #h   #j   
#j   #c   #e   #j        #e   #j   #c   
#c   #b   #c        #e   #c   #j   #f   
#b   #j        #b   #c   #c   #f   #j   
#b        #b   #e   #a   #a   #e   #b   
#g   #j   #a   #a   #d   #c        #g   
#a   #j   #d   #d   #j        #d   #a   
#c   ,a ,quantity ( ,eggs be+ brok51 to 
f9d h[ _m !re 7 )\t rememb]+ ! ,numb]4  
,an old woman1 c>ry+ eggs to m>ket 9 a  
basket1 met an unruly fell[1 :o broke   
!m4 ,be+ tak5 be=e a magi/rate1 he 0    
ord]$ to pay = !m1 provid$ ! woman c\ld 
tell h[ _m %e _h2 b %e c\ld only        
rememb]1 t 9 c\nt+ !m into ! basket by  
twos1 by ?rees1 by f\rs1 by fives1 & by 
sixes1 !re always rema9$ "o2 b 9 c\nt+  
!m 9 by sev5s1 !re 7 none rema9+4 ,n[1 9
 ?is case1 h[ 0 ! numb] to be asc]ta9$8 

,?is is ! same ?+ z to f9d a numb]1 :i* 
be+ divid$ by #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f1 !re 
%all rema9 #a1 b be+ divid$ by #g1 !re  
%all rema9 no?+2 & ! lea/ numb]1 :i* w  
answ] ! conditions ( ! "q1 is f\nd to be
 #cja1 :i* 0 !re=e ! numb] ( eggs ! old 
woman _h 9 h] basket4   ,to f9d ! lea/  
,numb] ( ,weights1 t w weigh1 f ,"o     
,p\nd to ,=ty4  ,?is problem may be     
resolv$ by ! means ( ! geometrical      
progression1 #a1 #c1 #i1 #bg1 #ha1 c4 ! 
prop]ty ( :i* is su*1 t ! la/ sum is    
twice ! numb] ( all ! re/1 & "o m2 s t !
 numb] ( p\nds be+ =ty1 :i* is also !   
sum ( #a1 #c1 #i1 #bg1 ^! f\r weights w 
answ] ! purpose requir$4 ,suppose x 0   
requir$1 = example1 to weigh elev5 p\nds
 by !m3 y mu/ put into "o scale !       
"o-p\nd weight1 & into ! o!r ! ?ree &   
n9e-p\nd weights1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 w    
weigh only elev5 p\nds1 9 consequ5ce ( !
 "o-p\nd weight be+ 9 ! o!r scale2 &    
!re=e1 if y put any sub/ance into ! fir/
 scale1 along ) ! "o-p\nd weight1 & x   
/&s 9 equilibrio ) ! ?ree & n9e 9 ! o!r 

scale1 y may conclude x weighs elev5    
p\nds4  ,9 l mann]1 to f9d a f\rte5-p\nd
 weight1 put into "o ( ! scales ! "o1   
?ree1 & n9e-p\nd weights1 & into ! o!r t
 ( tw5ty-sev5 p\nds1 & x w evid5tly     
outweigh ! o!r ?ree by f\rte5 p\nds2 & s
 on = any o!r weight4   ,to break a     
,/ick :i* re/s ^u two ,w9e ,glasses1 )\t
 injur+ ! ,glasses4  ,take a /ick1 7see 
,plate17 ,,ab4 fig4 #a1 ( ab\t ! size ( 
a common broom/ick1 & lay its two ends1 
,,ab1 :i* ought to be po9t$1 ^u ! edges 
( two glasses plac$ ^u two tables (     
equal height1 s t x may re/ lightly on !
 edge ( ea* glass4 ,!n take a kit*5     
pok]1 or a l>ge /ick1 & give ! o!r a    
sm>t bl[1 ne> ! middle po9t c1 & ! /ick 
,,ab w be brok51 )\t 9 ! lea/ injur+ !  
glasses3 & ev5 if ! glasses be fill$ )  
w9e1 n a drop ( x w be spilt1 if !      
op]ation be prop]ly p]=m$4 ,b on !      
contr>y1 if ! /ick 7 /ruck on !         
und]side1 s z to drive x up into ! air1 
! glasses w\ld be infallibly brok54   ,a
 ,numb] ( ,metals be+ mix$ toge!r 9 "o  

,mass1 to f9d ! ,quantity ( ea* ( !m4   
,vitruvius1 9 8 ,ar*itecture1 reports1 t
 ,hi]o1 k+ ( ,sicily1 hav+ employ$ an   
arti/ to make a cr[n ( pure gold1 :i* 0 
design$ to be d$icat$ to ! gods1        
suspect$ t ! goldsmi? _h /ol5 "p ( !    
gold1 & sub/itut$ silv] 9 its place3 be+
 desir\s ( discov]+ ! *eat1 he propos$ !
 "q to ,ar*im$es1 desir+ to "k if he    
c\ld1 by 8 art1 discov] :e!r any o!r    
metal 7 mix$ ) ! gold4 ,?is celebrat$   
ma!matician be+ soon aft]w>ds ba?+      
himself1 obs]v$1 t z he ent]$ ! ba?1 !  
wat] asc5d$1 & fl[$ out ( x2 & z he came
 out ( x1 ! wat] desc5d$ 9 l mann]3 f   
:i* he inf]r$1 t if a mass ( pure gold1 
silv]1 or any o!r metal1 7 ?r[n into a  
vessel ( wat]1 ! wat] w\ld asc5d 9      
proportion to ! bulk ( ! metal4 ,be+    
int5sely occupi$ ) ! inv5tion1 he leap$ 
out ( ! ba?1 & ran nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 
cry+1 ,i h f\nd x1 ,i h f\nd x6  ,! way 
9 :i* he appli$ ?is circum/ance to !    
solution ( ! "q propos$ 0 ?is3 he       
procur$ two masses1 ! "o ( pure gold1 & 

! o!r ( pure silv]1 ea* equal 9 weight  
to ! cr[n1 & consequ5tly ( unequal      
magnitudes2 !n imm]s+ ! ?ree bodies     
sep>ately 9 a vessel ( wat]1 & collect+ 
! quantity ( wat] expell$ by ea*1 he 0  
pres5tly enabl$ to detect ! fraud1 x be+
 obvi\s1 t if ! cr[n expell$ m wat] ?an 
! mass ( gold1 x mu/ be mix$ ) silv] or 
"s bas] metal4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 9   
ord] to apply x to ! "q1 t ea* ( ! ?ree 
masses weigh$ eighte5 p\nds2 & t ! mass 
( gold displac$ "o p\nd ( wat]1 t (     
silv] a p\nd & a half1 & ! cr[n "o p\nd 
& a qu>t] only3 !n1 s9ce ! mass ( silv] 
displac$ half a p\nd ( wat] m ?an ! same
 weight ( gold1 & ! cr[n a qu>t] ( a    
p\nd m ?an ! gold1 x appe>s1 f ! rule ( 
proportion1 t half a p\nd is to eighte5 
p\nds1 z a qu>t] is to n9e p\nds2 :i* 01
 !re=e1 ! quantity ( silv] mix$ 9 !     
cr[n4  ,s9ce ! "t ( ,ar*im$es1 sev]al   
o!r me?ods h be5 devis$ = solv+ ?is     
problem2 b ! mo/ natural & easy is1 t ( 
weigh+ ! cr[n bo? 9 air & wat]1 & obs]v+
 ! diff]5ce4   ,to make a mutual        

,ex*ange ( ! ,liquor 9 two ,bottles1 )\t
 us+ any o!r ,vessel4  ,take two        
bottles1 :i* are z ne>ly equal z        
possible1 bo? 9 neck & belly1 & let "o  
be fill$ ) oil1 & ! o!r ) wat]2 !n clap 
! "o t is full ( wat] dext]\sly ^u !    
o!r1 s t ! two necks %all exactly fit   
ea* o!r2 & z ! wat] is heavi] ?an ! oil1
 x w naturally desc5d into ! l[] bottle1
 & make ! oil asc5d into its place4 ,9  
ord] to inv]t ! bottle ( wat] )\t spill+
 ! cont5ts1 place a bit ( ?9 writ+ pap] 
ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle2 & :5 y h plac$ !  
bottle 9 ! prop] position1 draw out !   
pap] quickly & /eadily4   ,h[ to make a 
,peg t w exactly fit ,?ree diff]5t      
,holes4  ,let "o ( ! holes be circul>1 !
 o!r squ>e1 & ! ?ird an oval2 !n x is   
evid5t1 t any cyl9drical body1 ( a prop]
 size1 may be made to pass ?r\gh ! fir/ 
hole p]p5dicul>ly2 & if its l5g? be j   
equal to its diamet]1 x may be pass$    
horizontally ?r\gh ! second1 or squ>e   
hole2 also1 if ! bread? ( ! oval be made
 equal to ! diamet] ( ! base ( ! cyl9d]1

 & its longe/ diamet] equal to !        
diagonal ( x1 ! cyl9d]1 be+ put 9       
obliquely1 w fill x z exactly z any ( ! 
=m]4   ,to place ,?ree ,/icks1 or       
,tobacco ,pipes1 ^u a ,table1 9 su* a   
mann] t !y may appe> to be unsupport$ by
 any ?+ b !mselves4  ,take "o ( ! /icks1
 or pipes1 7see ,plate17 ,,ab1 fig4 #b1 
& place x 9 an oblique position1 ) "o ( 
its ends1 ,b1 re/+ on ! table2 !n put "o
 ( ! o!r /icks1 z ,,cd1 across ?is 9 su*
 a mann] t "o end ( x1 ,d1 may be rais$1
 & ! o!r t\* ! table at ,c4 ,hav+ done  
?is1 take ! ?ird /ick ,e1 & complete !  
triangle ) x1 mak+ "o ( its ends ,e re/ 
on ! table1 & runn+ x "u ! second1 ,,cd1
 9 su* a mann] t x may re/ ^u ! fir/1   
,,ab2 !n w ! ?ree /icks1 ?us plac$1     
mutually support ea* o!r2 & ev5 if a    
small weight be laid ^u !m1 x w n make  
!m fall1 b /r5g!n1 & keep !m firm] 9 _! 
position4   ,h[ to prev5t a heavy ,body 
f fall+1 by add+ ano!r heavi] ,body to x
 on t side t[>ds :i* x incl9es4  ,on !  
edge ( a %elf1 or table1 or any o!r     

horizontal surface1 lay a key1 7see     
,plate17 ,,cd1 fig4 #c1 9 su* a mann]1  
t1 be+ left to itself1 x w\ld fall to ! 
gr\nd2 !n1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 take a 
crook$ /ick ,,dfg1 ) a weight1 ,h1 at ! 
end ( x2 & hav+ ins]t$ "o end ( ! /ick 9
 ! op5 "p ( ! key1 at ,d1 let x be s    
plac$1 t ! weight ,h may fall           
p]p5dicul>ly "u ! edge ( ! table1 & !   
body by ^! means w be effectually       
prev5t$ f fall+4  ,! same ?+ may be done
 by hang+ a weight at ! end ( a         
tobacco-pipe1 a /ick1 or any o!r body2 !
 be/ means ( accompli%+ :i* w be easily 
kn[n by a few trials4   ,to make a false
 ,balance1 t %all appe> p]fectly j :5   
empty1 or :5 load$ ) unequal ,weights4  
,take a balance1 7see ,plate17 ,,dce1   
fig4 #d1 ! scales & arms ( :i* are ( su*
 unequal weights & l5g?s1 t ! scale ,a  
may be 9 proportion to ! scale ,b1 z !  
l5g? ( ! arm ,,ce is to ! l5g? ( ! arm  
,,cd2 !n w ! two scales be exactly 9    
equilibrio ab\t ! po9t ,c2 & ! same w be
 ! case1 if ! two arms ,,cd1 ,,ce1 are (

 equal l5g?1 b ( unequal ?ickness1      
provid$ ! ?ickness ( ,,cd is to t (     
,,ce1 z ! weight ( ! scale ,b is to t ( 
,a4  ,= example2 suppose ! arm ,,cd is  
equal to ?ree ounces1 & ! arm ,,ce to   
two1 & t ! scale ,b weighs ?ree ounces1 
& ! scale ,a two2 !n ! balance1 9 ?is   
case1 w be exactly true :5 empty2 & if a
 weight ( two p\nds be put into ! scale 
,a1 & "o ( ?ree p\nds into ,b1 !y w /ill
 cont9ue 9 equilibrio4 ,b ! fallacy 9   
?is1 & all o!r cases ( ! same k9d1 may  
be easily detect$1 9 %ift+ ! weights f  
"o scale to ! o!r4   ,h[ to lift up a   
,bottle ) a ,/raw1 or any o!r slight    
,sub/ance4  ,take a /raw1 7see ,plate17 
,,ab1 fig4 #e1 :i* is n brok5 or bruis$1
 & b5d "o end ( x into a %>p angle      
,,abc2 !n if ?is end ( ! /raw be put    
into ! bottle1 s t ! b5t "p ( x may re/ 
aga9/ ei!r ( its sides1 y may take ! o!r
 end 9 y\r h&1 & lift up ! bottle by x  
)\t break+ ! /raw2 & ?is w be ! m easily
 done1 accord+ z ! angul> "p ( ! /raw   
approa*es ne>] to t :i* comes out ( !   

bottle4   ,h[ to make a ,cone1 or       
,pyramid1 move ^u a ,table )\t ,spr+s1  
or any o!r artificial ,means4  ,take a  
cone1 or pyramid1 ( pap]1 or any o!r    
light sub/ance1 & put a beetle1 or "s   
su* small insect1 privately "u x2 !n1 z 
! animal w naturally endeav\r to free   
itself f its captivity1 x w move ! cone 
t[>ds ! edge ( ! table1 & z soon z x    
comes !re1 w imm$iately return = fe> (  
fall+2 & by mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ?is 
mann]1 w occasion mu* div]sion to ^? :o 
are ignorant ( ! cause4   ,to make a    
,p51 :i* holds ,"o ,hundr$ ,%eep1 hold  
d\ble ! ,numb]1 by only add+ two        
,hurdles m4  ,9 ! fir/ p51 or t :i*     
holds "o hundr$ %eep1 ! hurdles mu/ be s
 dispos$1 t !re %all be only "o at ! top
 & bottom1 & ! re/ 9 equal numb]s on ea*
 side2 !n x is obvi\s1 t if "o hurdle m 
be plac$ at ea* end1 ! space enclos$ mu/
 necess>ily be d\ble ! =m]1 &           
consequ5tly w hold twice ! numb] ( %eep4
   ,an +5i\s ,recreation1 call$ ! ,two  
,communicative ,bu/s4  ,take two heads (

 pla/] ( ,p>is1 & place !m on p$e/als on
 ! opposite sides ( a room4 ,!n take a  
t9 tube1 ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & let x    
pass f ! e> ( "o head ?r\gh ! p$e/al1 & 
"u ! floor1 to ! m\? ( ! o!r1 obs]v+1 t 
! end ( ! tube :i* is next ! e> ( "o    
head1 %\ld be consid]ably l>g] ?an t :i*
 comes to ! m\? ( ! o!r4  ,! :ole be+ s 
dispos$ t !re may be no suspicion ( a   
communication1 let any p]son speak ) a  
l[ voice into ! e> ( "o bu/1 & ! s\nd w 
be di/9ctly he>d by anyone :o %all place
 8 e> to ! m\? ( ! o!r2 & if !re be two 
tubes1 "o go+ to ! e>1 & ! o!r to ! m\? 
( ea* head1 two p]sons may conv]se      
toge!r1 by apply+ _! m\? & e>           
reciprocally to ! m\? & e> ( ! bu/s1 )\t
 be+ he>d by any o!r p]sons 9 ! room4   
,ano!r ,recreation ( ! same k9d1 call$ !
 ,oracul> ,head4  ,place a bu/ on a     
p$e/al 9 ! corn] ( a room1 & let !re be 
two tubes1 "o ( :i* goes f ! m\?1 & !   
o!r f ! e> ( ! bu/1 ?r\gh ! p$e/al &    
floor1 to an "u ap>tm5t4  ,!n if a p]son
 be plac$ 9 ! "u room1 by apply+ 8 e> to

 "o ( ! tubes z soon z a prop] signal is
 giv51 he w he> any "q t is ask$1 & c   
imm$iately return an answ]2 & if wires  
be contriv$ to g f ! "u jaw & eyes ( !  
bu/1 !y may be made to move at ! same   
"t1 & by ^! means appe> to deliv] !     
answ]4  ,x 0 by a contrivance ( ?is k9d1
 t ,don ,antonio de ,mor5o s mu* a/oni%$
 ! celebrat$ ,knight ( ! ,woeful        
,c\nt5ance1 & 8 faceti\s squire ,san*o  
,panza1 by resolv+ c]ta9 d\bts propos$  
by ! =m] conc]n+ 8 adv5tures 9 ! cave ( 
,montes9os1 & ! dis5*antm5t ( my lady   
,dulc9ea4   ,h[ to make a ,piece (      
,metal1 or any o!r heavy ,body1 swim ^u 
! ,surface ( ,wat]1 l a ,cork4  ,!      
specific gravity ( wat] is inf]ior to t 
( metals1 & consequ5tly wat]1 absolutely
 speak+1 _c support a ball ( iron or    
lead2 b if ?is ball be flatt5$1 & beat  
out to a v ?9 plate1 x w1 if put s(tly  
^u /ill wat]1 be prev5t$ f s9k+1 & w    
swim ^u its surface l any light         
sub/ance4 ,9 l mann]1 if a f9e /eel     
ne$le1 :i* is p]fectly dry1 be plac$    

g5tly ^u "s /ill wat] 9 a vessel1 x w   
float ^u ! surface )\t s9k+4  ,b if y   
w\ld h a metallic body ( l>ge dim5sions 
to swim ^u wat]1 y mu/ r$uce x into a ?9
 concave plate1 l a kettle2 9 :i* case1 
z ! air x conta9s1 toge!r ) ! body      
itself1 weighs less ?an ! same bulk (   
wat]1 x _c possibly s9k2 z is evid5t f  
l>ge copp] boats1 or pontoons1 by :i*   
:ole armies h frequ5tly pass$ ov] riv]s 
)\t dang]4  ,if ?is concave metallic    
vessel be plac$ ^u ! wat] ) its m\?     
d[nw>ds1 x w swim z be=e1 & ! conta9$   
air w keep ! bottom ( x f be+ wet2 = t !
 wat] w n rise into any holl[ vessel :i*
 is imm]s$ into x1 may be made evid5t   
?us3--,take a glass tumbl]1 & plunge x  
into wat] ) its m\? d[nw>ds1 & y w f9d1 
:5 y take x out1 t ! inside ( ! vessel  
is p]fectly dry1 s t if a live coal 7   
put !re1 x w\ld n be ext+ui%$4   ,a     
curi\s ,exp]im5t1 to prove t ,two & ,two
 d n make ,f\r4  ,take a glass vessel ) 
a long n>r[ neck1 :i*1 be+ fill$ ) wat]1
 w hold exactly a qu>t2 !n put into ?is 

vessel a p9t ( wat]1 & a p9t ( acid (   
vitriol1 & y w pres5tly p]ceive1 t !    
mixture w n fill ! vessel1 z x did :5 a 
qu>t ( wat] only 0 put into x4 ,! acid (
 vitriol mu/ be put 9 gradually1 by     
little & little at a "t1 mix+ ea*       
portion ) ! wat] be=e y add m1 by %ak+ !
 bottle1 & leav+ its m\? op51 o!rwise ! 
bottle w bur/4 ,! mixture 9 ?is case    
also possesses a consid]able degree (   
heat1 ?\gh ! two +r$i5ts ( !mselves are 
p]fectly cold2 & ?is ph5om5on is n to be
 acc\nt$ =1 by suppos+ t ! acid (       
vitriol is receiv$ into ! pores ( !     
wat]1 = !n a small portion ( x might be 
absorb$ by ! wat]1 )\t augm5t+ its bulk1
 :i* is kn[n n to be ! case2 b ! v =m ( 
! bodies 9 ?is exp]im5t is *ang$1 !re   
be+1 z ,dr4 ,hooke1 :o fir/ notic$ !    
fact1 obs]ves1 an actual p5etration (   
dim5sions4 ,*emi/ry also furni%es a     
numb] ( o!r in/ances1 :i* %ew t two     
bodies1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 possess less    
space ?an :5 !y are sep>ate4   ,an +5i\s
 ,me?od ( ,secret ,writ+1 by means (    

correspond+ ,spaces4  ,take two pieces (
 pa/ebo>d1 or /iff pap]1 out ( :i* cut a
 numb] ( oblong figures1 at diff]5t     
di/ances f ea* o!r1 z 9 ! foll[+        
example4 ,keep "o ( ^! pieces = y\rself1
 & give "o to y\r correspond5t2 & :5 y  
are desir\s ( s5d+ him any secret       
intellig5ce1 lay ! pa/ebo>d ^u a %eet ( 
pap] ( ! same size1 & 9 ! spaces :i* are
 cut out1 write :at y w\ld h him only to
 und]/&1 & fill up ! int]m$iate p>ts ( !
 pap] ) some?+ :i* makes ) ^! words a   
diff]5t s5se4 ,!n1 :5 y\r correspond5t  
receives ?is lett]1 by apply+ x to 8    
pa/ebo>d1 he w be able to compreh5d y\r 
mean+4  ,,example4    ------------      
-------    ,i %all be  mu* oblig$ to y1 
z read+  alone    ------------          
-------                        ----     
engages my att5tion  at  pres5t1 if y w 
s5d me any                        ----  
-------   ( !  eight  volumes ( !       
,spectator2 ,i hope y w          -------
          ------                        
---------   excuse  ?is  fre$om1 b = a  

w9t]'s  ev5+  ,i          ------        
---------   -------                     
------    don't  "k a bett] ent]ta9m5t4 
,if ,i  fail  to return   -------       
------                                  
----------   x soon1 nev] tru/ me = ! "t
  to come4                              
----------   ,a curi\s ,exp]im5t1 :i*   
dep5ds on an ,optical ,illusion4  ,on ! 
bottom ( ! vessel1 7see ,plate17 ,,aibd1
 fig4 #f1 place ?ree pieces ( money1 z a
 half-cr[n1 a %ill+1 & a sixp5ce2 ! fir/
 at ,e1 ! second at ,f1 & ! ?ird at ,g4 
,!n let a p]son be plac$ ) 8 eye at ,h1 
s t he c see no f>!r into ! vessel ?an  
,i2 & tell him1 t by p\r+ wat] into !   
vessel1 y w make him see ?ree diff]5t   
pieces ( money1 :i* he may obs]ve are n 
p\r$ 9 ) ! wat]4  ,= ?is purpose1 desire
 him to keep himself /eady 9 ! same     
position1 &1 p\r+ ! wat] 9 g5tly1 t !   
pieces ( money may n be mov$ out ( _!   
places1 :5 x comes up to ,k1 ! piece ,g 
w become visible to him2 :5 x comes up  
to ,l1 he w see ! two pieces ,g & ,f2 & 

:5 x rises to ,m1 all ! ?ree pieces w   
become visible3 ! cause ( :i* is ow+ to 
! refraction ( ! rays ( light1 9 _!     
passage ?r\gh ! wat]2 = :ile ! vessel is
 empty1 ! ray ,,hi w proce$ 9 a /raight 
l9e2 b 9 proportion z x is fill$ ) wat]1
 ! ray w be b5t into ! sev]al directions
 ,,ng1 ,,(1 ,,pe1 & by ^! means ! pieces
 are r5d]$ visible4   ,a curi\s         
,exp]im5t1 ( ne>ly ! same k9d z ! la/1  
call$ ,optical ,augm5tation4  ,take a   
l>ge dr9k+-glass1 ( a conical figure1 & 
hav+ put a %ill+ into x1 fill ! glass   
ab\t half full ) wat]2 !n place a plate 
on ! top ( x1 & turn x quickly ov]1 s t 
! wat] may n get out4 ,?is be+ done1    
look ?r\gh ! glass1 & y w n[ p]ceive a  
piece ( money ( ! size ( half-a-cr[n2 & 
some:at high] up1 ano!r piece ( ! size (
 a %ill+4 ,b if ! glass be entirely     
fill$ ) wat]1 ! l>ge piece at ! bottom  
only w be visible4  ,?is ph5om5on is    
occasion$ by y\r see+ ! piece ?r\gh !   
conical surface ( ! wat]1 at ! side ( ! 
glass1 & ?r\gh ! flat surface at ! top (

 ! wat]1 at ! same "t2 = ! conical      
surface dilates ! rays1 & makes ! piece 
appe> l>g]1 :ile ! flat surface only    
refracts !m1 & occasions ! piece to be  
se5 high] up 9 ! glass1 b /ill ( its    
natural size4   ,ano!r curi\s ,exp]im5t1
 call$ ,optical ,subtraction4  ,aga9/ ! 
wa9scot ( a room fix ?ree small pieces (
 pap]1 z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 fig4 #g1 7see      
,plate17 ab\t a foot & a half or two    
feet asund]1 at ! height ( y\r eye2 &   
plac+ y\rself directly be=e !m1 ab\t    
five times ! di/ance f !m t ! pap]s are 
f ea* o!r1 %ut "o ( y\r eyes & look at  
!m ) ! o!r1 & y w !n see only two ( ^?  
pap]s1 suppose ,a & ,b2 b alt]+ !       
position ( y\r eye1 y w n[ see ! ?ird1 &
 "o ( ! fir/1 suppose ,a2 & by alt]+ its
 position a second "t1 y w see ,b & ,c1 
b 9 nei!r case all ?ree ( !m toge!r4  ,!
 cause ( ?is ph5om5on is1 t "o ( ! ?ree 
p5cils ( rays1 :i* come f ^! objects1   
falls on ! optic n]ve at ,d1 :]eas1 to  
produce di/9ct vision1 x is necess>y t !
 rays ( light fall on "s "p ( ! ret9a   

,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h4  ,f ?is exp]im5t1 ! use 
( hav+ two eyes may be easily p]ceiv$2 =
 he t has only "o c nev] see ?ree       
objects plac$ 9 ?is position2 or all !  
p>ts ( "o object1 ( ! same ext5t1 )\t   
alt]+ ! situation ( 8 eye4   ,an        
,optical ,exp]im5t1 %ew+ h[ to produce  
an ,artificial ,ra9b[4  ,9 any room :i* 
has a w9d[ fac+ ! sun1 susp5d a glass   
globe1 fill$ ) wat]1 by a /r+ :i* runs  
ov] a pulley1 s t ! sun's rays may fall 
directly ^u x2 !n draw+ ! globe         
gradually up1 :5 x comes to ! height (  
ab\t =ty degrees above ! horizon1 y w   
see1 by plac+ y\rself 9 a prop]         
situation1 ! glass t+$ ) a purple col\r2
 & by draw+ x gradually high] up1 ! o!r 
prismatic col\rs1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 &  
r$1 w successively appe>2 b aft] ?is !y 
w all vani%1 till ! globe is rais$ to   
ab\t fifty degrees1 :5 !y w aga9 be se51
 b 9 an inv]t$ ord]1 ! r$ appe>+ fir/1 &
 ! blue1 or violet1 la/2 & :5 ! globe   
comes up to little m ?an fifty-f\r      
degrees1 !y w entirely vani%4  ,^!      

appe>ances s]ve to illu/rate ! ph5om5a (
 natural ra9b[s1 ( :i* !re are g5]ally  
two1 ! "o be+ ab\t eight degrees above !
 o!r1 & ! ord] ( _! col\rs inv]t$1 z 9  
?is exp]im5t2 ! r$ be+ ! upp]mo/ col\r 9
 ! l[] b[1 & ! violet 9 ! o!r4   ,an    
artificial ,ra9b[ may also be produc$ z 
foll[s4  ,take "s wat] 9 y\r m\?1 & turn
 y\r back to ! sun2 !n if x be bl[n     
=cibly out aga9/ "s d>k or %ady place1 y
 w see ! drops =m$ by ! beams ( ! sun   
into an app>5t ra9b[1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon  
vani%es4   ,a curi\s ,optical ,illusion1
 produc$ by means ( a ,concave ,mirror4 
,take a glass bottle1 7see ,plate17     
,,abc1 fig4 #h1 & fill x ) wat] to !    
po9t ,b2 leave ! upp] "p1 ,,bc1 empty1 &
 cork x 9 ! common mann]2 place ?is     
bottle opposite a concave mirror1 &     
beyond its focus1 s t x may appe>       
rev]s$2 !n if y place y\rself /ill f>!r 
f ! mirror1 ! bottle w appe> to y 9 !   
situation a b c4  ,& 9 ?is app>5t bottle
 x is rem>kable1 t ! wat]1 :i*1 accord+ 
to ! laws ( catoptrics1 & all o!r       

exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 %\ld appe> at a b1 
appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 at b c1 ! "p a b  
seem+ to be entirely empty4  ,& if !    
bottle be inv]t$1 & plac$ be=e ! mirror1
 z 9 ! "u "p ( ! figure1 its image w    
appe> 9 its natural erect position1 b ! 
wat]1 :i* is 9 reality at b c1 w appe>  
at a b4  ,& if1 :ile ! bottle is inv]t$1
 x be uncork$1 & ! wat] suff]$ to run   
g5tly out1 x w appe>1 t :ile ! "p ,,bc  
is empty+1 ! "p a b 9 ! image is fill+2 
& if1 :5 ! bottle is p>tly empty1 "s    
drops ( wat] fall f ! bottom ,a1 t[>ds  
,,bc1 x seems 9 ! image z if !re 7 =m$  
at ! bottom ( ! "p a b bubbles ( air    
aris+ f a to b1 :i* is ! "p t seems     
full4  ,! circum/ances mo/ rem>kable 9  
?is exp]im5t1 are1 fir/1 n only to see  
an object :]e x is n1 b also :]e its    
image is n2 &1 secondly1 t ( two        
objects1 :i* are really 9 ! same place1 
z ! surface ( ! bottle & ! wat] x       
conta9s1 ! "o %\ld be se5 at "o place1 &
 ! o!r at ano!r2 & also t ! bottle %\ld 
be se5 9 ! place ( its image1 & ! wat]  

:]e nei!r x nor its images are4  ,x is1 
h[ev]1 to be not$1 t if any col\r$      
liquor be put into ! bottle in/ead (    
wat]1 no su* illusion w take place4     
,!re is "o ph5om5on m ( ?is k9d1 :i*    
ought n to be omitt$2 = ?\gh x be common
 en\gh1 x is also extremely pleas+1 &   
easy to be p]=m$4  ,if y place y\rself  
be=e a concave mirror1 at a prop]       
di/ance1 y\r figure w appe> inv]t$2 & if
 y /ret* out y\r h& t[>ds ! mirror1 y w 
p]ceive ano!r h&1 :i* seems to meet &   
jo9 x1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to ! t\*4  ,&  
if1 in/ead ( y\r h&1 y make use ( a     
drawn sword1 & pres5t x 9 su* a mann] t 
its po9t may be direct$ t[>ds ! focus ( 
! rays reflect$ by ! mirror1 ano!r sword
 w appe>1 & seem to enc\nt] t 9 y\r h&4 
,b x is to be obs]v$1 t to make ?is     
exp]im5t succe$ well1 y mu/ h a mirror (
 at lea/ a foot 9 diamet]1 t y may see  
y\rself 9 "p2 & if y h a mirror l>ge    
en\gh to see y\r :ole p]son1 ! illusion 
w be /ill m /rik+4   ,h[ to make a      
viol5t ,tempe/1 by means ( artificial   

,ra9 & ,hail4  ,make a holl[ cyl9d] (   
wood1 v ?9 at ! sides1 ab\t eight or t5 
in*es long1 & two or ?ree feet 9        
diamet]4 ,divide its inside into five   
equal p>titions1 by means ( bo>ds ( ab\t
 six in*es wide2 & let !re be a space   
betwe5 !m & ! wood5 circle1 ( ab\t      
"o-six? ( an in*2 obs]v+1 t ! bo>ds are 
to be plac$ obliquely to ea* o!r4  ,?is 
be+ done1 put into ! cyl9d] f\r or five 
p\nds ( lead5 %ot1 ( a size t w easily  
pass ?r\gh ! op5+ left = ?is purpose2 !n
 turn ! cyl9d] on its axis1 & ! s\nd ( !
 ma*9e1 :5 9 motion1 w repres5t t ( ra91
 :i* w increase ) ! velocity ( ! motion2
 & if a l>g] sort ( %ot be us$1 x w     
produce ! s\nd ( hail4   ,magic ,squ>e4 
,?is1 9 ari?metic1 is a squ>e figure    
made up ( numb]s 9 ari?metical          
proportion1 s dispos$ 9 p>allel & equal 
ranks1 t ! sums ( ea* r[1 tak5 ei!r     
p]p5dicul>ly1 horizontally1 or          
diagonally1 are equal3 ?us--    ,natural
 ,squ>e4    -----------    #a  #b  #c   
---------    #d  #e  #f    ---------    

#g  #h  #i    -----------    ,magic     
,squ>e4    -----------    #b  #g  #f    
---------    #i  #e  #a    ---------    
#d  #c  #h    -----------  ,magic squ>es
 seem to h be5 s call$1 f _! be+ us$ 9 !
 con/ruction ( talismans4  ,take ano!r  
in/ance3--    ,natural ,squ>e4          
-------------------    #a  #b  #c  #d   
#e    ---------------    #f  #g  #h  #i 
#aj    ---------------   #aa #ab #ac #ad
 #ae    ---------------   #af #ag #ah   
#ai #bj    ---------------   #ba #bb #bc
 #bd #be    -------------------         
,magic ,squ>e4    -------------------   
#af #ad  #h  #b #be    ---------------  
#c #bb #bj #aa  #i    ---------------   
#ae  #f  #d #bc #ag    ---------------  
#bd #ah #ab #aj  #a    ---------------  
#g  #e #ba #ai #ac                      
-------------------  :]e e r[ & diagonal
 9 ! magic squ>e1 makes j ! sum #fe1 be+
 ! same z ! two diagonals ( ! natural   
squ>e4  ,x is probable t ^! magic squ>es
 7 s call$1 bo? because ( ?is prop]ty 9 
!m1 viz4 t ! ranks 9 e direction make ! 

same sum1 :i* appe>$ extremely surpris+1
 especially 9 ! m ignorant ages1 :5     
ma!matics pass$ = magic2 & because also 
( ! sup]/iti\s op]ations !y 7 employ$ 91
 z1 ! con/ruction ( talismans1 c42 =1   
accord+ to ! *ildi% philosophy ( ^?     
days1 :i* ascrib$ virtues to numb]s1 :at
 might n be expect$ f numb]s s seem+ly  
wond]ful8 ,! magic squ>e 0 held 9 great 
v5]ation among ! ,egyptians1 & !        
,py?agoreans _! disciples1 :o1 to add m 
efficacy & virtue to ?is squ>e1 d$icat$ 
x to ! !n kn[n sev5 planets1 div]s ways1
 & engrav$ x ^u a plate ( ! metal t 0   
e/eem$ 9 sympa?y ) ! planet4 ,! squ>e1  
?us d$icat$1 0 enclos$ by a regul>      
polygon1 inscrib$ into a circle1 :i* 0  
divid$ into z _m equal p>ts z !re 7     
units 9 ! side ( ! squ>e2 ) ! names ( ! 
angels ( ! planet1 & ! signs ( ! zodiac 
writt5 ^u ! void spaces betwe5 ! polygon
 & ! circumf]5ce ( ! circumscrib$       
circle4 ,su* a talisman1 or metal1 !y   
va9ly imag9$ w\ld1 ^u occasion1 befri5d 
! p]son :o c>ri$ x ab\t him4 ,to        

,saturn1 !y attribut$ ! squ>e ( #i      
places1 or cells1 ! side be+ #c1 & ! sum
 ( ! numb] 9 e r[ #ae3 to ,jupit]1 !    
squ>e ( #af places1 ! side be+ #d1 & !  
am\nt ( ea* r[ #cd3 to ,m>s1 ! squ>e (  
#be places1 ! side be+ #e1 & ! am\nt (  
ea* r[ #fe3 to ! ,sun1 ! squ>e ) #cf    
places1 ! side be+ #f1 & ! sum ( ea* r[ 
#aaa3 to ,v5us1 ! squ>e ( #di places1 ! 
side be+ #g1 & ! am\nt ( ea* r[ #age3 to
 ,m]cury1 ! squ>e ) #fd places1 ! side  
be+ #h1 & ! sum ( ea* r[ #bfj3 & to !   
,moon1 ! squ>e ( #ha places1 ! side be+ 
#i1 & ! am\nt ( ea* r[ #cfi4 ,f9ally1 !y
 attribut$ to imp]fect matt]1 ! squ>e ) 
#d divisions1 hav+ #b = its side3 & to  
,god1 ! squ>e ( only "o cell1 ! side (  
:i* is also an unit1 :i*1 multipli$ by  
itself1 und]goes no *ange4     ,,add5da 
,,to ,,! ,,curiosities ,,respect+ ,,man4
   ,x nev] 0 ! int5tion ( ! compil] (   
?is "w to give an acc\nt ( all ! curi\s 
& rem>kable p]sons t h figur$ on ?is    
mortal /age1 b only su* z h n be5       
usually incorporat$ 9 works ( ?is k9d2 x

 has be5 ?\ght advisable1 h[ev]1 to make
 ! foll[+ additions to ?is dep>tm5t1 )  
:i*1 x is hop$1 ! read] w be amus$ &    
in/ruct$4   ,an acc\nt ( ,,t ,,celebrat$
 ,,extraord9>y ,,g5ius1 ,,john          
,,h5d]son1 ,b4 ,a4--,( ?is mu* celebrat$
 "y man1 ^: extraord9>y acquirem5ts     
attract$ ! notice1 & ev5 comm&$ !       
respect1 ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 sev]al acc\nts
 h be5 publi%$1 & mu* eulogium has be5  
pron\nc$4 ,by _m he has be5 suppos$ to  
emulate ! v>iety & ext5t ( k possess$ by
 ! admirable ,cri*ton2 &1 l t ecc5tric  
"*1 he has left little = po/]ity to =m a
 judgm5t ( ! tru? ( ^? praises :i* h be5
 be/[$ ^u him4  ,he 0 born at           
,belleg>ance1 ne> ,lim]ick1 9 ! k+dom ( 
,irel&1 on ! #bg? ( ,m>*1 #ageg1 ( v    
pi\s & respectable p>5ts4 ,he receiv$ 8 
education among ! ,me?odi/s2 & at eight 
ye>s ( age he und]/ood ,lat9 s well1 z  
to be able to tea* x at ,k+swood s*ool4 
,at twelve1 he taught ! ,greek language1
 9 ! s*ool ( ,trevecka1 9 ,wales1 to m51
 sev]al ( :om 7 d\ble 8 age4 ,! gov]nor 

( ! college1 at t "t1 0 ! ,rev4 ,mr4    
,flet*]1 late ,vic> ( ,madeley1 a       
cl]gyman highly di/+ui%$ = ! f]v\r ( 8  
piety & ! livel9ess ( 8 imag9ation4 ,"s 
disagreem5t tak+ place ) ?is g5tleman & 
^? :o _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! college1 he 0
 dismiss$1 toge!r ) "y ,h5d]son1 :o soon
 aft]1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 w5t to
 ,ox=d1 0 ent]$ ( ,pembroke college1 &1 
9 due "t1 took ! degree ( ,ba*elor (    
,arts4 ,f ! "t ( 8 entrance into !      
college1 8 life pass$ ) little v>iety1 &
 no adv5ture4 ,8 ?ir/ aft] k appe>s to h
 be5 unabat$ & unobtrud$2 he 0 admir$1 &
 g5]ally respect$2 & he acquir$ habits1 
"s ( :i* br\ght him into ! notice ( !   
_w1 almo/ z mu* z 8 tal5ts4 ,"s ( ^!    
traits ( "* hav+ be5 depict$ by "o :o   
appe>s to h kn[n him well1 we %all give 
ne>ly 9 ! words ( _! au?or1 :o 0 also ( 
,pembroke college1 & ?us describes ,mr4 
,h5d]son's appe>ance :5 he 0 fir/       
introduc$ to him4  ,8 clo!s 7 made 9 a  
fa%ion peculi> to himself2 he wore no   
/ock nor neckclo?2 8 buckles 7 s small z

 n to exce$ ! dim5sions ( an ord9>y     
knee-buckle1 at a "t :5 v l>ge buckles 7
 9 vogue4 ,?\gh he 0 !n tw5ty-f\r ye>s (
 age1 he wore 8 hair l a s*oolboy ( six4
  ,mr4 ,h4's temp] 0 mild1 placable1 &  
humane4 ,he pr(ess$ t he 0 ready to s]ve
 any individual z f> z lay 9 8 p[]4 ,8  
b5evol5ce knew no b\nds2 & 8 lib]ality 0
 s diffusive1 t x submitt$ ) difficulty 
to ! circumscription ( a n>r[ income4   
,he 0 fond ( society1 & well qualifi$ to
 %9e 9 x4 ,he 0 frank1 op51 &           
communicative1 av]se to suspicion1 &    
unt9ctur$ ) pride & moros5ess4 ,8 mode (
 life 0 s+ul>4 ,he g5]ally retir$ to re/
 ab\t daybreak1 & rose 9 ! aft]noon2 a  
practice1 h[ev]1 t 0 frequ5tly int]rupt$
 by ! occasional att5dance he 0 oblig$  
to give to ! morn+ s]vice ( ! college   
*apel4 ,he sp5t a great "p ( ! day 9    
smok+2 &1 except :5 9 company1 he       
usually read :ile he smok$4  ,) reg>d to
 8 moral & religi\s "*1 he 0 a patt]n   
highly wor?y ( imitation4 ,he %ew$ a    
con/ant reg>d to ! obligations ( hon\r &

 ju/ice2 & comm5d$1 bo? by precept &    
example1 an att5tion to moral rectitude 
9 all its ramifications4 ,he _h ! c\rage
 to reprove vice & immorality :]ev] !y  
appe>$2 & ?\gh he 0 sometimes treat$ on 
^! occasions ) contumely & insult1 he   
bore ) a mod]ation truly *ri/ian1 s ill 
a return = 8 well-meant endeav\rs4 ,he 0
 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! religi\s dogmas (
 e diff]5t sect1 & c\ld readily detect !
 respective fallacies ( ea*4  ,8        
abilities & und]/&+ 7 em95tly           
conspicu\s4 ,8 p5etration 0 s great1 z  
to h ! appe>ance ( intuition4 ,s        
ret5tive 0 8 memory1 t he rememb]$      
:atev] he he>d2 & ?is faculty (         
recollection1 comb9$ ) a pregnancy (    
imag9ation & solidity ( judgm5t1 enabl$ 
him to acquire an amaz+ fund ( erudition
 & argum5t1 a fund ready at e call1 &   
adequate to e em]g5cy4  ,8 le>n+ 0 deep 
& multif>i\s4 ,he 0 admirably skill$ 9  
logic1 e?ics1 metaphysics1 & s*ola/ical 
!ology4 ,he _h /udi$ ! heal+ art )      
p>ticul> att5tion1 & add$ to a s\nd     

!oretic k ( x1 "s degree ( practice4 ,8 
skill 9 ?is art he r5d]$ subs]vi5t to 8 
philan?ropy2 = he gratuit\sly att5d$ !  
valetud9>ian poor :]ev] he resid$1 &    
fav\r$ !m ) m$ical advice1 z well z     
pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,he _h a compet5t k 
( geometry1 a/ronomy1 & e bran* (       
natural & exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,he 0  
well acqua9t$ ) ! civil & canon laws1 & 
! law ( nature & nations4 ,9 classical  
le>n+ & ! belles lettres1 he 0 by no    
means defici5t4 ,he 0 ma/] ( ! ,greek & 
,lat91 z well z ( sev]al mod]n          
languages4  ,he spoke ( physiognomy z a 
sci5ce ) all ! confid5ce ( a ,lavat]4   
,he pret5d$ to a k ( ! occult sci5ces ( 
magic & a/rology4 ,:e!r ?is 0 or 0 n a  
m]e pret5ce1 we leave to ! judgm5t ( !  
enlight5$ read]4 ,suffice x to rem>k1 t 
8 libr>y 0 well /or$ ) ! magical &      
a/rological books ( ! la/ c5tury4  ,8   
tal5ts ( conv]sation 7 s attractive1 s  
v>i\s & multi=m1 t he 0 a companion     
equally acceptable to ! philosoph] & !  
man ( ! _w1 to ! grave & ! gay1 ! le>n$ 

& ! illit]ate1 ! "y & ! old ( bo? sexes4
  ,h5d]son1 l _m o!r great *>act]s1 _h 8
 little peculi>ities4 ,! foll[+         
rem>kable cu/om 0 frequ5tly obs]v$ by   
him be=e he retir$ to repose3--,he us$  
to /rip himself nak$ z l[ z ! wai/1 &   
tak+ 8 /ation at a pump ne> 8 rooms1    
w\ld completely sluice 8 head & ! upp]  
"p ( 8 body2 aft] :i* he w\ld pump ov] 8
 %irt s z to make x p]fectly wet1 &     
putt+ x on 9 t condition1 w\ld          
imm$iately g to b$4 ,?is he jocul>ly    
t]m$ an excell5t cold ba?4 ,! latt] "p (
 ?is c]emony1 h[ev]1 he did n practise )
 su* frequ5cy z ! =m]4  ,!re is great   
reason to ?9k t he mat]ially injur$ a   
good natural con/itution by !           
caprici\sness ( 8 conduct1 & p>ticul>ly 
by ! bold & /range exp]im5ts :i* he 0   
accu/om$ to be always mak+ ^u himself4  
,he us$ to swall[ l>ge quantities (     
noxi\s drugs1 & quicksilv]2 & :at seem$ 
v ra%1 su* doses ( opium1 l ! fam\s     
,psalmanaz>1 z 7 app>5tly suffici5t to  
s5d a doz5 m5 to ! grave4  ,8 ext]nal   

appe>ance 0 z s+ul> z 8 habits ( life4  
,he w\ld nev] suff] 8 hair to be /rew$ )
 :ite du/1 7to use 8 own expression17   
daub$ ) pomatum1 or di/ort$ by !        
curl+-irons ( ! friseur4 ,?\gh "u       
two-&-?irty ye>s ( age at 8 dea?1 he    
walk$1 :5 he appe>$ 9 public1 ) z mu*   
app>5t caution & solemnity z if he _h   
be5 enfeebl$ by ! co-op]ation ( age &   
disease4  ,8 le>n+ 0 truly a/oni%+3     
sc>cely a book1 h[ev] obscure1 c\ld be  
m5tion$1 b he c\ld give "s acc\nt ( x2  
nor any subject />t$1 b he c\ld engage 9
 ! discussion ( x4 ,he _h a v deep &    
ext5sive k ( ! le>n$ languages2 !       
,arabic & ,p]sian 7 famili> to him4 ,he 
delight$ mu* 9 p>odoxes1 & 8 intimate   
acqua9tance ) ! s*oolm5 br\ght him mu*  
into ! habit ( disputation4 ,at "o "t he
 0 pr(\ndly plung$ 9 ! /udy ( ! writ+s (
 ! illum9$ ,jacob ,behm52 & he !n1 &    
aft]w>ds1 w>mly v9dicat$ ! sy/em1 if    
sy/em x may be call$1 ( t wond]ful man4 
,_m surpris+ cures1 accompli%$ by means 
( 8 prescriptions1 might be produc$3 "o 

^u a v +5i\s & valuable y\? 9 !         
neighb\rhood ( ,taunton1 des]ves notice1
 z ! pati5t _h be5 9 an al>m+ decl9e = !
 long space ( f\r ye>s1 & seem$ j v]g+  
to ! h\se appo9t$ = all liv+4 ,mr4      
,h5d]son att5d$ him ) ! utmo/ assiduity 
& t5d]ness1 & saw1 at la/1 8 pati5t 9 a 
/ate ( p]fect heal?4 ,! b5evol5t man _h 
!n a pres5tim5t ( 8 own approa*+ *ange1 
& address$ himself to 8 "y fri5d to ?is 
effect3 ,my "y & belov$ fri5d1 y\r cure1
 9 all human probability1 is n[ c]ta91 &
 y w live1 b ,i %all die4 ,rememb]1 to  
be pi\s1 is to be happy2 to be sob]1 is 
to live long2 & to practise ! moral     
virtues1 is to become great4--,mr4      
,h5d]son di$ a few mon?s aft]1 ,novemb] 
#b1 #aghh4 ,8 connections ) ! ,me?odi/s 
cont9u$ till ! la/4 ,! late v5]able &   
truly great ,john ,wesley _h a v great  
reg>d = him4 ,! fa!r ( ,mr4 ,h5d]son 0 =
 "s "t "o ( ,mr4 ,wesley's it9]ant      
prea*]s 9 ,irel&1 f :5ce he came ov] to 
,bri/ol1 & soon aft] settl$ at ,hanham1 
a village ab\t f\r miles f t city1 :]e  

he set up a v respectable bo>d+-s*ool1 =
 ! in/ruction ( y\? 9 classical le>n+4  
,a few ye>s previ\s to 8 dea?1 he left  
(f keep+ s*ool1 & op5$ 8 h\se = !       
reception ( insane p]sons4 ,! dea? ( 8  
fav\rite & only *ild1 made a deep & la/+
 impression on him2 & s /rongly 0 he    
affect$ by 8 loss1 t he caus$ ! corpse  
to be tak5 up aga9 "s days aft] !       
int]m5t1 to be satisfi$ :e!r he 0 really
 dead4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ! s]mon t 0  
prea*$ by 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,agutt]3--,:5 we
 consid] ! /r5g? ( 8 m9d1 ! v>iety ( 8  
k1 & ! excell5cies ( 8 s\l1 we may ju/ly
 decl>e1 t he 0 a truly great "*1 & an  
orig9al g5ius4 ,! p>tiality ( fri5d%ip  
mu/ give place to ! sacr$ness ( tru?2 & 
,i d n mean to describe him z a p]fect  
man3 8 fri5ds lam5t$ 8 fail+s1 & he     
himself s9c]ely rep5t$ ( !m4 ,! ,god (  
heav5 does n require m ( 8 fall5        
creatures2 & let u rememb] n to be      
extreme to m>k all t is done amiss1 see+
 we h mu* cause = %ame & rep5tance4 ,he 
0 a meek suff]] ?r\gh ?is _w ( mis]y2 a 

s9c]e & contrite p5it5t = "t misp5t &   
tal5ts misappli$2 an humble believ] 9   
,*ri/ 8 ,savi\r4 ,i saw him 9 8 la/     
suff]+s2 ,i he>d 8 la/ words2 he        
langui%$ "u extreme weakness2 he lab\r$ 
"u mo/ griev\s pa9s4 ,he 0 wond]fully   
pati5t & resign$2 = he knew 9 :om he    
believ$1 & 8 hope 0 full ( immortality4 
,he pray$ ) uncommon f]v\r to 8 good    
,god1 ev5 to ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 :om all 8  
hopes 7 plac$2 & )\t :om1 says he1 heav5
 w\ld be no heav5 to me4 ,dea? 0 !      
wi%$-= mess5g]1 :om he e>ne/ly expect$4 
,?ree days be=e t awful ev5t1 8 pulse   
ceas$ to beat1 & ! sight ( 8 eyes w5t f 
him--! la/ /ruggle is ov]2 ! bitt]ness (
 dea? is pa/4 ,!re 0 an humble dignity &
 composure 9 t h\r ( trial1 wor?y ! man 
& ,*ri/ian4 ,let me die ! dea? ( !      
righte\s1 & let my la/ end1 or m        
prop]ly1 my h]eaft]1 be l 84   ,! next  
"* we %all introduce is a contra/ to !  
=m]2 he be+ fam\s = compreh5sion ( m9d1 
?is = bulk ( body4  ,,daniel ,,lamb]t1 !
 ,fat ,man4--,?is prodigy ( corpul5ce1  

or obesity1 0 born at ,leice/]1 ,m>*    
#ac1 #aggj4 ,he became keep] ( ! prison 
9 8 native t[n4 ,he fir/ w5t to ,london 
= exhibition1 9 #ahjf1 & 0 visit$ by    
p]sons ( all ranks1 & 0 consid]$ ! !n   
wond] ( ! _w4 ,aft] ?is he travell$ ov] 
,engl&1 & a/oni%$ e behold] by 8 imm5se 
bulk4 ,he 0 v polite1 %rewd1 & well     
in=m$4 ,?is extraord9>y man di$ at      
,/am=d1 on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 #ahji4 ,he _h
 travell$ f ,hunt+don to t t[n2 & on !  
,tuesday be=e 8 dea?1 he s5t a message  
to ! (fice ( ! ,/am=d newspap]1 reque/+1
 t z ! m\nta9 c\ld n wait ^u ,mahomet1  
,mahomet w\ld g to ! m\nta92 or1 9 o!r  
words1 t ! pr9t] w\ld call ^u him1 &    
receive an ord] = execut+ "s h&bills1   
ann\nc+ ,mr4 ,lamb]t's arrival1 & 8     
desire to see company 9 t t[n4 ,! ord]s 
he gave ^u t occasion 7 deliv]$ )\t any 
pres5tim5t t !y 7 to be 8 la/1 & ) 8    
usual *e]fulness2 he 0 !n 9 b$1 only    
fatigu$ f 8 j\rney1 & anxi\s to be able 
to see company e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,h[ev]1  
be=e n9e o'clock1 ! day foll[+1 he 0 a  

corpse4 ,8 corpul5cy _h be5 gradually   
increas+1 until nature c\ld no long]    
support x4 ,he 0 9 8 #dj? ye>2 & ^u be+ 
weigh$ )9 a few days1 by ! fam\s        
,cal$onian balance1 9 ! possession (    
,mr4 ,k+1 ( ,ipswi*1 0 f\nd to be #eb   
/one1 #aa lbs4 9 weight1 7#ad lb4 to !  
/one17 :i* is #aj /one #aa lb4 m ?an !  
great ,mr4 ,bright1 ( ,essex1           
weigh$1--or1 #f cwt4 #b qrs4 #aa lb4    
,he _h ap>tm5ts at ,mr4 ,b]ridge's1 !   
,waggon-&-,horses1 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's1 on !  
gr\nd floor1 = he _h long be5 incapable 
( walk+ up /airs4 ,8 c(f91 9 :i* !re 0  
great difficulty ( plac+ him1 0 six feet
 f\r in*es long1 f\r feet f\r in*es     
wide1 & two feet f\r in*es deep4 ,!     
imm5se sub/ance ( 8 legs made x         
necess>ily almo/ a squ>e case4 ,!       
celebrat$ ,s>cophagus ( ,alex&]1 view$ )
 s mu* admiration at ! ,briti% ,museum1 
w\ld n conta9 ?is imm5se %e] hulk4 ,!   
c(f91 :i* consi/$ ( #aab sup]ficial feet
 ( elm1 0 built ^u two axle-trees & f\r 
:eels1 & ^u !m ! rema9s ( poor ,lamb]t 7

 roll$ into 8 grave1 :i* 0 9 ! new      
burial gr\nd at ! back ( ,/4 ,m>t9's    
*ur*4 ,a regul> desc5t 0 made by cutt+  
away ! e>? slop+ly1 = "s di/ance4 ,!    
w9d[ & wall ( ! room 9 :i* he lay 0 tak5
 d[n1 to all[ ( 8 exit4   ,,edw>d       
,,nokes4--,?is 0 an extraord9>y "*1 at  
,horn*ur*1 9 ,essex4 ,he 0 by trade a   
t9k]1 :i* he foll[$ zeal\sly till ab\t  
six weeks be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 ap>tm5ts      
p\rtray$ symptoms ( ! mo/ abject pov]ty1
 ?\gh at 8 dea? he 0 f\nd to be possess$
 ( betwe5 five & six ?\s& p\nds4 ,he _h 
a wife & sev]al *ildr51 :i* he br\ght up
 9 ! mo/ p>simoni\s mann]1 (t5 fe$+ !m  
on gra9s & (fals ( meat1 :i* he pur*as$ 
at r$uc$ prices4 ,he 0 no less rem>kable
 9 8 p]son & dress2 =1 9 ord] to save ! 
exp5se ( %av+1 he w\ld enc\rage ! dirt  
to ga!r on 8 face1 to hide 9 "s measure 
?is defect4 ,he nev] suff]$ 8 %irt to be
 wa%$ 9 wat]1 b aft] we>+ x till x      
became intol]ably black1 he us$ to wa% x
 9 ur9e1 to save ! exp5se ( soap4 ,8    
coat1 :i* "t _h trans=m$ into a jacket1 

w\ld h puzzl$ ! wise/ philosoph] to make
 out its orig9al col\r1 s cov]$ 0 x )   
%r$s & pat*es ( diff]5t col\rs1 & ^? s  
div]sifi$1 z to resemble ! trophies ( ! 
diff]5t nations ( ,europe1 & x seem$ to 
vie ) ,joseph's coat ( _m col\rs4  ,!   
int]e/ ( 8 money1 toge!r ) all he c\ld  
heap up f 8 p5uri\s mode ( liv+1 he us$ 
to deposit 9 a bag1 :i* bag 0 cov]$ up 9
 a t9 pot1 & !n convey$ to a brick      
kit*51 :]e "o ( ! bricks 0 tak5 up1 & a 
hole made j l>ge en\gh to hold ! pot2 ! 
brick 0 !n c>efully m>k$1 & a tally kept
 beh9d ! door1 ( ! sum deposit$4 ,"o day
 8 wife discov]$ ?is ho>d1 &1 resolv+ to
 pr(it by ! opportunity1 took f ! pot   
"o1 ( sixte5 gu9eas t 7 !n plac$ !re94  
,h] husb& soon discov]$ ! trick1 = :5 he
 came to c\nt 8 money1 on f9d+ x n to   
agree ) ! tally beh9d ! door1 :i* 8 wife
 did n "k (1 he tax$ h] ) ! !ft2 & to ! 
day ( 8 dea?1 ev5 on 8 dea?-b$1 he nev] 
spoke to h] )\t add+ ! epi!t '?ief' to e
 expression4  ,9 8 y\ng] days1 he us$1  
at ! dea? ( any ( 8 *ildr51 to h a deal 

box made to put !m 92 & ) out und]go+ ! 
solemn requisites ( a regul> fun]al1 he 
w\ld take !m ^u 8 %\ld] to ! place      
appropriat$ = _! reception2 :]e1 once   
int]r$1 he seem+ly co9cid$ ) ! old      
adage1 ,out ( sight1 out ( m9d1 & appe>$
 z unconc]n$ z if no?+ _h happ5$4  ,a   
%ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 :i* he evid5tly    
ha/5$ by ! daily use ( ne>ly a qu>t (   
spirits1 he gave /rict *>ge t 8 c(f9    
%\ld n h a nail 9 x2 :i* 0 actually !   
case1 ! lid be+ fa/5$ ) h+es made (     
cords2 !re 0 no plate on ! c(f91 b b>ely
 ! initials ,e4 ,n4 cut out ( ! lid4 ,8 
%r\d 0 made ( a p\nd ( wool2 ! c(f9 0   
cov]$ ) a %eet in/ead ( a pall1 & 0     
c>ri$ by six m51 to ea* ( :om he left   
half-a-cr[n3 &1 at 8 p>ticul> desire1 n 
"o :o foll[$ him to ! grave wore m\rn+2 
b1 on ! contr>y1 ea* ( ! m\rn]s seem$ to
 try ^: dress %\ld be ! mo/ /rik+1 ev5 !
 und]tak] be+ habit$ 9 a blue coat &    
sc>let wai/coat4 ,he di$ )\t a w1 & 8   
=tune 0 equally divid$ betwe5 8 wife &  
family4 ,8 dea? took place 9 #ahjb4   ,a

 ,sket* ( ,,! ,,memoirs ,,( ,,!         
,,celebrat$ ,,sw9dl]1 ,,*>les ,,price4  
,ev5-h&$ ju/ice returns ! +r$i5ts   ,(  
our poison'd *alice to our own lips4    
,%akspe>e4  ,9 ! foll[+ sket* we %all   
detail a s]ies ( s+ul> facts1 sc>cely   
ev] be=e equall$ 9 ! annals ( depravity4
 ,by br++ =w>d su* p>ticul>s1 we may    
le>n ! progress ( iniquity1 tea* ! ris+ 
g5]ation to gu>d aga9/ its fir/         
approa*es1 & w>n our read]s aga9/ ^?    
depr$ations :i* are daily infe/+        
society4 ,su* examples ( wick$ness are  
inde$ humiliat+ to our nature1 b !y hold
 =? in/ructive lessons2 9 ?is po9t (    
view1 !y are well des]v+ ( our          
contemplation4  ,*>les ,price 0 born    
ab\t ! ye> #agcj1 9 ,london3 8 fa!r liv$
 9 ,monm\?-/reet1 & c>ri$ on ! trade ( a
 salesman 9 old clo!s2 "h he di$ 9 ! ye>
 #agej1 ( a brok5 he>t1 occasion$1 x is 
said1 by ! bad conduct ( 8 *ildr54  ,9  
e>ly life1 ,*>les manife/$ ^? traits (  
duplicity = :i* he 0 aft]w>ds s greatly 
di/+ui%$4 ,"o in/ance %all be m5tion$3  

he ripp$ (f "s gold lace f a suit ( old 
clo!s 9 8 fa!r's %op1 & putt+ on 8 eld] 
bro!r's coat1 w5t to sell x to a ,jew4  
,! ,jew1 mo/ un=tunately1 came & (f]$ x 
to ! fa!r = sale2--he in/antly knew x1 &
 insi/$ on ! ,jew decl>+ :5ce he receiv$
 x4 ,! boys pass+ by1 he po9t$ to ! eld]
 "o1 on acc\nt ( 8 coat1 z ! p]son ( :om
 he b\ght x2 & he 0 directly seiz$1 &   
sev]ely flogg$3 8 prote/ations (        
innoc5ce 7 9 va9--! fa!r 0 inflexible2  
:il/ ,*>les1 ) an abom9able reli% =     
hypocrisy1 secretly rejoic$ 9 !         
ca/igation4  ,8 fa!r1 tir$ ( ! tricks & 
knav]ies ( 8 son ,*>les1 put him an     
appr5tice to a hosi] 9 ,/4              
,james's-/reet4 ,"h he cont9u$ b = a    
%ort "t4 ,he robb$ 8 fa!r ( an elegant  
suit ( clo!s1 9 :i* he dress$ himself1  
w5t to 8 ma/] 9 ?is disguise1 pur*as$   
ab\t t5 p\nds' wor? ( silk /ock+s1 left 
8 address1 ,b5jam9 ,bol+broke1 ,esq4    
,hanov]-squ>e1 & ord]$ !m to be s5t to  
him 9 an h\r's "t1 :5 he w\ld pay !     
p]son :o br\ght !m4 ,8 ma/] did n "k    

him2 &1 to complete ! *eat1 our h]o1    
com+ back 9 half an h\r 9 8 usual dress1
 0 ord]$ to take ! goods home1 :i* he   
actually pret5d$ to d2 & ?us 7 bo? ma/] 
& fa!r robb$4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds    
f\nd out1 & disc>d$3 h5ce=w>d1 !re=e1 we
 are to reg>d him 9 society1 :]e he1 = a
 s]ies ( ye>s1 practis$ ! mo/ outrage\s 
arts ( duplicity4  ,soon aft] ?is p]iod 
he set (f = ,holl&1 "u ! assum$ "n (    
,johnson4 ,=g+ a recomm5dation to a     
,dut* m]*ant1 he became 8 cl]k1--debau*$
 8 ma/]'s daught]1--0 (f]$ h] 9 m>riage1
 robb$ 8 employ]1 & return$ to ,engl&4  
,he conduct$ ?is bus9ess ) ! mo/        
consummate villany4  ,he n[ contriv$ to 
become cl]k 9 8 ,maje/y's small-be]     
bre:\se1 ne> ,gosport4 ,at ?is place he 
behav$ himself ) s mu* propriety1 t he 0
 on ! po9t ( =m+ a matrimonial          
connection ) 8 ma/]'s daught] e ?+1     
h[ev]1 0 soon laid aside by an accid5tal
 discov]y3 ! ,jew to :om he _h =m]ly    
sold ! gold lace happ5$ to live at      
,portsm\?1 by :om 8 "* 0 soon disclos$1 

& spread abroad4 ,?us 7 8 hopes put to  
flight1 & he 0 aga9 ?r[n ^u ! wide _w4  
,z 8 wits 7 nev] long unemploy$ = "s    
deceptive ends1 he ?\ght ( adv]tis+ = a 
p>tn] 9 ! brew]y l9e2 & actually issu$ !
 foll[+ curi\s adv]tisem5t1 9 ! ye>     
#agee3--  ,want$1--,a p>tn] ( "*1       
probity1 & ext5sive acqua9tance1 ^u a   
plan p]man5t & productive1--fifty p]    
c5t1 )\t risk1 may be obta9$4 ,x is n   
necess>y he %\ld h any k ( ! bus9ess1   
:i* ! adv]tis] possesses 9 its fulle/   
ext5t2 b he mu/ possess a capital (     
betwe5 #ejj & #ajjj p\nds1 to pur*ase   
mat]ials1 ) :i*1 to ! k ( ! adv]tis]1 a 
l>ge =tune mu/ be made 9 a v %ort "t4   
,address to ,p4 ,c4 ,c>digan ,head1 ,*>+
 ,cross4  ,p4 ,s4 ,none b pr9cipals1 &  
^? ( lib]al ideas1 w be treat$ )4  ,to  
?is adv]tisem5t1 ! fam\s com$ian1       
,samuel ,foote1 ,esq4 paid att5tion4    
,eag] to seize :at he ?\ght a gold5     
opportunity1 he advanc$ ! sum ( #ejj = a
 brew]y3 we ne$ n add1 t ! sum soon     
disappe>$1 & ,foote 0 wrung ) ! angui% (

 disappo9tm5t4 ,price1 h[ev]1 _h !      
impud5ce to apply to him aga91 wi%+ him 
to unite 9 ! bak+ trade3 ! com$ian ar*ly
 repli$1 ,z y h brew$1 s y may bake2 b  
,i'll be hang'd if ev] y bake z y h     
brew$6  ,aft] ?is un=tunate bus9ess1    
,mr4 ,price turn$ ,me?odi/ prea*]1 & 9  
?is "* defraud$ sev]al p]sons ( l>ge    
sums ( money4  ,adv]tis+1 9 ord] to get 
g5tlem5 wives1 he sw9dl$ a p]son ( ! "n 
( ,wigmore1 ( fifty gu9eas1 = :i* he 0  
indict$2 b hav+ refund$ a "p1 effect$ 8 
escape4 ,^! & o!r fraudul5t practices 7 
long ! objects ( 8 ambition1 ?\gh !y are
 all sure & c]ta9 roads to infamy3 su* 0
 8 /range prop5sity4  ,) a/oni%+        
impud5ce1 he aga9 set up a brew]y 9     
,gray's-inn-lane2 &1 aft] v>i\s frauds1 
he became a bankrupt 9 #aggf4 ,ev]      
fruitful 9 res\rces1 he set out =       
,g]many2 b 9 ,holl& he got into prison =
 be+ conc]n$ 9 a smuggl+ s*eme1 by :i*  
?ree hundr$ p\nds 7 obta9$4 ,by 8 artful
 def5ce he escap$1 & return$ to 8 native
 c\ntry4 ,"h he once m engag$ 8 att5tion

 by a %am brew]y1 at ,lambe?1 :]e he 0  
m>ri$4 ,cont9u+1 h[ev]1 to practise 8   
deceptions1 he 0 oblig$ to decamp1 w5t  
actually to ,cop5hag51 &1 aft] "s "t1   
came back to ,engl&1 :]e he 0 doom$ to  
close 8 days4  ,8 brew]ies hav+ fail$1  
he n[ proce$$ to /udy h[ 9 o!r ways he  
might mo/ effectually ravage society4   
,"u ! pret5ce ( *>ity1 he obta9$ money1 
= :i* he 0 imprison$2 & hav+ be5        
lib]at$1 he succe$$ 9 v>i\s impositions 
z a cl]gyman4 ,?is ev5tually br\ght him 
to ! ,k+'s ,b5* prison1 f ^: walls he   
dext]\sly extricat$ himself4  ,a        
lott]y-(fice-keep] 0 ! next subject ( 8 
att5tion2 b decamp+ ) a ticket ( v l>ge 
value1 ?is s*eme spe$ily came to a      
t]m9ation4 ,to rec\nt all 8 tricks1 w\ld
 =m ! cont5ts ( a well-siz$ volume4     
,alas = human depravity6  ,b we n[      
arrive at t p]iod ( our h]o's life1 :5  
he comm5c$ 8 ravages ^u ! ,bank (       
,engl&1 :i* end$ 9 8 de/ruction4 ,su* a 
s]ies ( iniquit\s devices 7 nev] be=e   
practis$ on mank9d4  ,9 ! ye> #aghj1 "u 

! assum$ "n ( ,brank1 ,mr4 ,price engag$
 a s]vant1 a pla91 simple1 hone/ fell[1 
by :om he pass$ 8 notes )\t detection4  
,he adv]tis$ = him1 & _! meet+ 0 truly  
curi\s4 ,hav+ receiv$ a reply to !      
adv]tisem5t1 "o ev5+1 j z x 0 d>k1 he1  
driv+ to ! p]son's resid5ce1 s5t !      
coa*man to inquire = ! man :o _h answ]$ 
! adv]tisem5t1 say+1 ,!re 0 a g5tleman  
ov] ! way1 9 a coa*1 :o want$ to speak )
 him4 ,on ?is1 ! "y fell[ 0 call$1 & w5t
 to ! coa*1 :]e he 0 desir$ to /ep 94   
,!re he saw an app>5tly old man1 affect+
 ! =eign]1 seem+ly v g\ty1 wrapp$ up )  
five or six y>ds ( flannel ab\t 8 legs1 
a camblet surt\t button$ ov] 8 *91 close
 to 8 m\?1 a l>ge pat* ov] 8 left eye1 &
 e "p ( 8 face s hid1 t ! "y fell[ c\ld 
n see any "p ( x1 except 8 nose1 8 "r   
eye1 & a small "p ( t *eek4 ,to c>ry on 
! deception /ill bett]1 ,mr4 ,price     
?\ght prop] to place ! man on 8 left    
side1 on :i* ! pat* 01 s t ! old        
g5tleman c\ld take an askance look at ! 
"y man ) 8 "r eye1 & by t means discov] 

only a small portion ( 8 own face4 ,he  
appe>$1 by ?is disguise1 to be betwe5   
sixty & sev5ty ye>s ( age2 & aft]w>ds1  
:5 ! man saw him /&+1 n mu* "u six feet 
high1 ow+ to boots or %oes ) heels v    
little less ?an ?ree in*es high4 ,add$  
to ?is deception1 he 0 s button$ up &   
/raight5$1 z to appe> p]fectly lank4  ,!
 writ] ( 8 life1 to :om we are indebt$ =
 ^! p>ticul>s1 !n subjo9s3--,x may n be 
ill-tim$1 to ^? :o did n "k him1 to give
 ! true description ( 8 p]son4 ,he 0    
ab\t five feet six in*es high2 a compact
 neat-made man1 squ>e %\ld]$1 incl9$ to 
corpul5cy2 8 legs 7 firm & well set2 b  
by nature 8 features made him look mu*  
old] ?an he really 01 :i*1 at t "t1 0   
ne>ly fifty2 8 nose 0 aquil9e1 & 8 eyes 
small & gray2 8 m\? /ood v mu* inw>ds1 )
 v ?9 lips2 8 *9 po9t$ & prom95t2 ) a   
pale complexion3 b :at contribut$ z mu* 
z any ?+ to fav\r 8 disguise ( spee* 01 
8 loss ( tee?4 ,he walk$ exce$+ly       
upright1 0 v active & quick 9 8 walk1 & 
0 some?+ above :at we describe a man to 

be1 :5 we call him a dapp]-made man4    
,?is simple & hone/ fell[ 7,samuel7 ,mr4
 ,price employ$ to negociate 8 =g$      
bills1 pr9cipally 9 ! pur*ase ( lott]y  
tickets1 at ! same "t nev] fully        
disclos+ to him 8 "n1 p]son1 or hi/ory4 
,inde$1 ! plan 0 devis$ & execut$ )     
uncommon ability4 ,h[ev]1 at la/ ,samuel
 0 detect$1 hav+ pass$ bills to ! am\nt 
( f\rte5 hundr$ p\nds66 b 8 ag5t elud$  
discov]y1 & retir$ ) 8 booty into !     
%ades ( ! deepe/ obscurity4 ,! poor     
s]vant 0 imprison$ = ne>ly a twelvemon?1
 t]rifi$ out ( 8 wits1 be+ ! innoc5t    
in/rum5t ( su* complicat$ villany4  ,mr4
 ,price1 hav+ mo/ probably exhau/$ 8 =m]
 acquisitions1 salli$ =?1 9 ! ye> #aghb1
 aft] new game1 ) ! mo/ unp>allel$      
audacity4 ,= ?is purpose1 he obta9$ 8   
second s]vant1 f a regi/]-(fice1 a sm>t 
active boy1 ( ! "n ( ,p[]3 8 fa!r 0 a   
,scot* presbyt]ian2 &1 to +ratiate      
himself ) him1 ,mr4 ,price made great   
pret5sions to religion1 express+ a hope 
t 8 son 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,"l's       

,pray]1 & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,our h]o    
began 8 ravages ^u ,mr4 ,spilsbury1 (   
,soho-squ>e1 ord]+ l>ge quantities ( 8  
drops4 ,wilmot 0 8 pres5t assum$ "n1 &  
he introduc$ himself to him z possess+  
all ! symptoms ( age & infirmity4 ,he 0 
wrapp$ up 9 a l>ge camblet great coat2  
he _h a sl\*$ hat on1 ! brim ( :i* 0    
l>ge1 & b5t d[nw>d on ea* side ( 8 head2
 a piece ( r$ flannel cov]$ 8 *91 & came
 up on ea* side ( 8 face almo/ z high z 
8 *eek-bones2 he _h a l>ge bu% wig on1 &
 legs wrapp$ ov] ) flannel2 he _h also a
 pair ( gre5 spectacles on 8 nose1 ) a  
gre5 silk %ade hang+ d[n f 8 hat1 b no  
pat* on 8 eye4  ,x is rem>kable t ,mr4  
,spilsbury knew ,mr4 ,price1 b n ,mr4   
,wilmot2 nay1 s complete 0 ! deception1 
t z !y sat toge!r 9 a c(fee-h\se1 ,mr4  
,s4 compla9$ to 8 c(fee-h\se            
acqua9tance1 ( ! notes :i* ,wilmot _h   
impos$ ^u him1 ,price cry+ out n[ & !n1 
,lack-a-day6 ,good ,god6 :o c\ld        
conceive su* knav]y to exi/8 ,:at1 & did
 ! ,bank refuse paym5t1 ,sir8 />+ ?r\gh 

8 spectacles ) z mu* seem+ surprise z an
 hone/ man w\ld h done4 ,o yes1 7said   
,mr4 ,s47 ) "s degree ( acrimony1 = x 0 
on ! fai? ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 t ,i & a  
great _m o!rs h tak5 !m2 & !y 7 s       
inimitably well done1 t ! nice/ judges  
c\ld n di/+ui% !m4--,good ,god6         
,lack-a-day6 7said ,price17 he mu/ h be5
 an +5i\s villa96 ,:at a complete old   
sc\ndrel6  ,^u ,mr4 ,watt a hosi]1 ,mr4 
,reeves a col\rman1 & a great _m o!r    
individuals1 he practis$ frauds equally 
+5i\s & successful1 = 9 "o day he       
negociat$ sixty t5-p\nd-notes1 & *ang$  
f\rte5 fifty-p\nd notes = sev5          
"o-hundr$-p\nd notes2 inde$1 s multipli$
 7 8 tricks at ?is p]iod1 t ! m9d sick5s
 at ! recital ( !m4  ,9 8 la/ attempt on
 ! ,bank1 :i* end$ 9 8 detection1 he    
assum$ ! "n ( ,palton1 pret5d$ he 0 an  
,iri% l95 factor1 & employ$ two "y m5 to
 circulate 8 notes1 :il/ he /ill1       
greatly disguis$1 kept back 9 obscurity4
 ,by means ( a pawnbrok]1 he 0 f\nd out 
) great difficulty4 ,on 8 seizure1 he   

solemnly decl>$ 8 innoc5ce1 & be=e !    
magi/rate behav$ ) insol5ce4 ,?is       
detection took place on ! #ad? (        
,janu>y1 #aghf3 he 0 soon sworn to by m 
p]sons ?an "o2 & see+ no way ( escape1  
he pret5d$1 to 8 wife 9 p>ticul>1 great 
p5it5ce2 b !re appe>$ no gr\nd = its    
reality4 ,! ,bank 0 fully int5t on !    
prosecution ( him1 & !re 0 no d\bt ( 8  
dy+ by ! h&s ( ! execution]4 ,he1 h[ev]1
 0 f\nd "o ev5+ hang+ aga9/ ! po/ ( 8   
door1 9 8 ap>tm5ts1 ,to?ill-fields      
bridewell4 ,?us 0 ! e>? fre$ f z great a
 mon/] z ev] disgrac$ society4  ,x may  
appe> /range to ! read] t ?is deprav$   
impo/or c\ld h s long escap$ discov]y4  
,b x mu/ be add$1 t besides ! multif>i\s
 disguises ( 8 p]son1 he _h tak5 c>e to 
prev5t almo/ ! possibility ( detection4 
,to use ! words ( ! writ] ( 8 life--,_h 
,mr4 ,price p]mitt$ a p>tn] 9 8         
proce$+s1 _h he employ$ an engrav]1 _h  
he procur$ pap] to be made = him )      
wat]-m>ks put into x1 he mu/ h be5 soon 
discov]$2 b ,price 0 )\t a confidant3 he

 engrav$ 8 own plates1 made 8 own pap]1 
) ! wat]-m>ks1 & 8 negociator nev] knew 
him1 !reby conf9+ a secret to 8 own     
brea/1 :i* he wisely deem$ n safe 9 !   
brea/ ( ano!r2 ev5 ,mrs4 ,price _h n !  
lea/ k or suspicion ( 8 proce$+s4 ,hav+ 
practis$ engrav+ till he _h made himself
 suffici5tly ma/] ( x1 he !n made 8 own 
ink1 to prove 8 own works2 hav+ pur*as$ 
implem5ts1 & manufactur$ ! wat]-m>ks1 he
 next set himself to c\nt]feit          
h&-writ+s1 & succe$$ s f>1 z ev5 to     
puzzle a "p ( ! fir/ body ( m5 9 ! _w4  
,! abilities ( ! unhappy ,ryl& 7 ex]t$ 9
 8 pr(ession1 & !re=e ! imposition 0 to 
be less wond]$ at2 b "h 0 a novice 9 !  
art1 capable ( equal +5uity 9 e dep>tm5t
 ( ! dang]\s und]tak+1 f ! engrav+ d[n  
to ! publication4  ,:oev] reads ?is     
n>rative ) att5tion1 mu/ feel ris+ )9 8 
brea/ a s]ies ( useful reflections4 ,t  
su* tal5ts %\ld be appropriat$ to su* a 
use1 mu/ be deeply regrett$2 b t any    
individual %\ld1 ?r\gh\t life1 ?us prey 
on 8 fell[-creatures1 excites ! /ronge/ 

dete/ation4 ,society also may le>n      
lessons ( caution & vigilance f !       
contemplation ( ! extraord9>y "* we h   
del9eat$4 ,vice "h appe>s 9 its mo/     
odi\s features1 t ( m$itat$ imposition  
^u ! hone/ & indu/ri\s "p ( ! community4
 ,m>k1 h[ev]1 its s]p5t9e progress & its
 wret*$ t]m9ation4   ,,! ,,ecc5tric     
,,/eph5son4--,a p]son ( ! "n (          
,/eph5son1 :o di$ at ,kilm>nock1 9      
,scotl&1 9 #ahag1 came orig9ally f      
,dunlop1 & 0 br\ght up z a mason1 b dur+
 _m ( ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life he _h w&]$  
ab\t z a begg>4 ,8 wife & himself _h be5
 sep>at$ ?irty ye>s1 ^u ^! /range       
conditions1--t ! fir/ :o propos$ an     
agreem5t %\ld =feit #ajj4 ,?is s+ul>    
pair nev] met aga94 ,/eph5son 0 mu*     
afflict$1 dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life1 
) ! /one4 ,z 8 disease increas$1 he 0   
fully aw>e ( 8 approa*+ dissolution2 & =
 ?is ev5t he made ! foll[+ extraord9>y  
prep>ation3--,he s5t = a bak]1 & ord]$  
twelve doz5 ( burial cakes1 & a great   
pr(usion ( sug> biscuit1 toge!r ) a     

correspond+ quantity ( w9e & spiritu\s  
liquors4 ,he next s5t = a jo9]1 & ord]$ 
a c(f9 dec5tly m\nt$1 ) in/ructions t ! 
wood %\ld be q dry1 & ! jo9ts firm1 &   
imp]vi\s to ! wat]4 ,! grave-digg] 0    
next s5t =1 & ask$ if he ?\ght he c\ld  
f9d a place to put him 9 aft] he 0 dead4
 ,! spot fix$ ^u 0 9 ! *ur*-y>d (       
,ricc>ton1 a village ab\t half a mile   
di/ant4 ,he enjo9$ ! sexton to be sure &
 make 8 grave roomy1 & 9 a dry com=table
 corn]2 & he w\ld be well rew>d$ = 8 c>e
 & tr\ble4 ,hav+ made ^! arrangem5ts1 he
 ord]$ ! old woman t att5d$ him1 to g to
 a c]ta9 nook1 & br+ out #i1 to be      
appropriat$ to defray ! fun]al *>ges4   
,he told h]1 at ! same "t1 n to be      
griev$1--t he _h n =gott5 h] 9 8 w4 ,9 a
 few h\rs aft]w>ds1 9 ! full ex]cise ( 8
 m5tal p[]s1 b 9 ! mo/ excruciat+       
agonies1 he expir$4  ,a neighb\r & a    
pr(essional man 7 imm$iately s5t =1 to  
exam9e & seal up 8 effects4 ,! fir/ ?+  
!y f\nd 0 a bag1 conta9+ l>ge silv]     
pieces1 su* z cr[ns1 half-cr[ns1 &      

doll>s1 to a l>ge am\nt3 9 a corn] 0    
secret$1 among/ a va/ quantity ( mu/y   
rags1 a great numb] ( gu9eas &          
sev5-%ill+ pieces4 ,9 8 trunk 0 a bond =
 #cjj1 & o!r bonds & securities to !    
am\nt ( #ijj4 ,by 8 w1 #bj 7 left to 8  
h\sekeep]1 & ! re/ ( 8 prop]ty to be    
divid$ among 8 di/ant relations4 ,z x   
requir$ "s "t to give 8 relatives       
intimation ( 8 dea?1 & to make          
prep>ations = 8 fun]al1 he lay 9 /ate   
f\r days1 dur+ :i* ! place resembl$ m an
 ,iri% wake ?an a des]t$ room :]e !     
,scots lock up _! dead4 ,! invitations  
to 8 fun]al 7 mo/ s+ul>4 ,p]sons 7 n    
ask$ individually1 b :ole families2 s t1
 except a few relatives dress$ 9 black1 
8 obsequies 7 att5d$ by tradesm5 9 _!   
work+ clo!s1 b>efoot$ boys & girls1 & an
 imm5se cr[d ( tatt]$ begg>s2 to ! ag$  
among :om he left six-p5ce1 & to ! y\ng]
 ?ree-p5ce4 ,aft] ! int]m5t1 ?is motley 
gr\p retir$ to a l>ge b>n1 fitt$ up = ! 
purpose1 :]e a sc5e ( pr(usion &        
inebriety 0 exhibit$ almo/ )\t a        

p>allel4   ,,:imsical ,,"*4--,! ,rev4   
,mr4 ,,hagamore1 ( ,cat%oge1            
,leice/]%ire1 0 a v s+ul> "*4 ,he di$ ! 
#a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 possess$ ( !      
foll[+ effects1 viz4--#gjj p] annum1 &  
#ajjj 9 money1 :i*1 z he di$ inte/ate1  
fell to a ticket-port] 9 ,london4 ,he   
kept "o s]vant ( ea* sex1 :om he lock$  
up e night4 ,8 la/ employm5t ( an ev5+ 0
 to g r\nd 8 premises1 let loose 8 dogs1
 & fire 8 gun4 ,he lo/ 8 life z foll[s3 
,go+ "o morn+ to let out 8 s]vants1 !   
dogs fawn$ ^u him sudd5ly1 & ?rew him   
into a pond1 :]e he 0 f\nd dead4 ,8     
s]vants he>d 8 call = assi/ance1 b be+  
lock$ up1 !y c\ld n l5d him any4 ,he _h 
#cj g[ns & cassocks1 #ajj pair (        
bree*es1 #ajj pair ( boots1 #djj pair ( 
%oes1 #hj wigs1 yet always wore 8 own   
hair1 #eh dogs1 #hj waggons & c>ts1 #hj 
pl\ghs1 & us$ none1 #ej saddles1 &      
furniture = ! m5age1 #cj :eelb>r[s1 s _m
 walk+-/icks1 t a toyman 9              
,leice/]-fields (f]$ #h = !m1 #fj horses
 & m>es1 #bjj pickaxes1 #bjj spades &   

%ovels1 #gd ladd]s1 & #bdi razors4      
,,extraord9>y ,,"*4--,9 ,july1 #ahah1   
,a4 ,m4 ,,cromwell1 ( ,hamm]smi?1 di$   
sudd5ly 9 ,tott5ham-c\rt-road3 he 0     
return+ f ! corn-m>ket1 :5 he 0 tak5    
ill1 & c>ri$1 9 a dy+ /ate1 into ! h\se 
( a corn-*&l]1 9 ,tott5ham-c\rt-road4 ,!
 ma/] ( ! %op1 :o knew him1 0 f home1 & 
9 ! c\ntry4 ,! mi/ress did n "k him1 &  
he 0 !re=e treat$ ) no m att5tion f h]  
?an humanity dictat$4  ,he rema9$ 9 !   
%op1 & a cr[d 0 collect$ 9 consequ5ce4  
,8 dress n bespeak+ him a man ( weal? or
 respectability1 he 0 ab\t to be remov$ 
to ! p>i% workh\se4 ,h[ev]1 "s g5tlem5  
pass+ by *ance1 recogniz$ him2 &1 kn[+  
him to be a weal?y man1 ?\ght x "r to   
se>* 8 p]son 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al       
witnesses1 :5 !y f\nd bank-notes to !   
am\nt ( #aejj4 ,a surgeon 0 s5t =1 :o   
att5d$1 & exam9$ him2 & decl>$1 t1 9 8  
op9ion1 he _h be5 dy+ dur+ ! la/ two    
h\rs1 9 consequ5ce ( ! break+ ( a       
blood-vessel1 suppos$ to be ne> 8 he>t4 
,x is said he 0 wor? two millions & a   

half4 ,he 0 #ge ye>s old1 & _h be5      
accumulat+ prop]ty = a great numb] (    
ye>s1 liv+ at ! mo/ trifl+ exp5se4 ,he  
frequ5tly b\ght 8 clo!s 9 ,monm\?-/reet1
 & wore !m z long z !y w\ld hang toge!r3
 8 bree*es 7 v greasy & ragg$2 8 /ock+s 
usually conta9$ _m holes2 9 fact1 he    
c\ld n be di/+ui%$ by 8 dress f 8 m54 ,9
 ! summ] season he 0 frequ5tly up at    
?ree o'clock1 att5d+ to & assi/+ 9 load+
 ! brick c>ts1 c4 c4 ,8 weal? did n     
improve or alt] 8 conduct1 mann]s1 or   
mode ( liv+4 ,he provid$ pl5ty ( food = 
! h\se1 b x 0 9 a v r\gh /yle2--fat     
pork1 fat bacon1 c4 & sometimes p\ltry4 
,8 hog-fe$]s & o!r m5 sat at table ) him
 9 _! work+-dress2 &1 if a fri5d happ5$ 
to d9e ) him1 8 m5 7 made company = !m1 
& he did n deviate f 8 daily plan (     
help+ !m fir/4   ,,indian ,,juggl]s2    
7see pages #fb & #fc47--,! ,indian      
juggl]s1 :o exhibit$ 9 ,london f #ahaj  
to #ahae1 p]=m$ su* a/oni%+ feats1 t x  
w\ld appe> to require a long life1 sp5t 
9 incessant practice1 to acquire        

facility 9 any "o ( !m2 su* pr(ici5cy is
 s common1 h[ev]1 9 ,india1 t x probably
 excites no extraord9>y int]e/ !re4 ,!  
foll[+ is a description ( _! p]=mances1 
:i* 7 witness$ by ! editor ( ?is "w4  ,!
 exhibition takes place ^u a rais$      
plat=m1 on :i*1 hav+ p]=m$ 8 salaam1 or 
ea/]n obeisance1 ! *ief p]=m] takes 8   
seat2 & beh9d him sits ! second juggl]1 
& an att5dant boy1 ^: occupation is to  
beat toge!r two metallic plates1 some:at
 resembl+ cymbals1 :i* emit an unremitt+
 s\nd1 l ! cluck+ ( a h54  ,! fir/      
tricks are p]=m$ ) cups & balls4 ,^! are
 simil> 9 _! mode to ! deceptions ( our 
own conjur]s1 & only rem>kable = !      
sup]iority ( _! evolutions 9 ! h&s ( ?is
 celebrat$ ,asiatic4 ,! cups seem       
en*ant$2 ! balls fly2 !y increase 9     
numb]2 !y dim9i%2 n[ "o1 n[ two1 n[ none
 "u ! cup2 & n[ ! s]p5t1 ! cobra de     
capella1 usurps ! place ( a small       
globule ( cork1 & w9ds its snaky folds z
 if f "u ! puny vessel4 ,! facility )   
:i* ?is dext]\s feat is accompli%$1     

gives life & animation to ! sable       
c\nt5ance ( ! arti/1 ^: arm is b>$ to ! 
elb[1 to %ew t ! :ole is done by sleight
 ( h&4 ,dur+ 8 p]=mances1 ! juggl] keeps
 up an unremitt+ noise1 /rik+ 8 tongue  
aga9/ 8 tee?1 l ! clack ( ma*9]y1 &     
utt]+ s\nds1 z if he 7 repeat+1 )       
inconceivable rapidity1 ! words         
,crick]y-tick1 crick]y-tick1            
crick]y-tick1 a-t[1 g]et-t[1            
crick]y-tick1 a-t[1 g]et-t[1 c4  ,! next
 feat is t ( break+ a cotton ?read into 
! consi/5cy ( scrap$ l9t1 z us$ by      
surgeons1 & reproduc+ x cont9u$ &       
entire2 aft] :i* he lays ^u ! palm ( 8  
h& a small quantity ( common s&2 ?is he 
rubs ) ! f+]s ( 8 o!r h&1 & x *anges its
 hue--! col\rless gra9s become yell[2 he
 rubs !m aga91 !y are :ite2 aga91 & !y  
are black4  ,a s]ies ( evolutions !n    
succe$s1 ) f\r holl[ brass balls1 ab\t !
 size ( oranges4 ,8 p[] ov] ^! is almo/ 
miracul\s4 ,he causes !m to describe e  
possible circle--horizontally1          
p]p5dicul>ly1 obliquely1 transv]sely1   

r\nd 8 legs1 "u 8 arms1 ab\t 8 head1 9  
small & 9 l>ge circumf]5ces--) wondr\s  
rapidity1 & keep+ ! :ole numb] 9 motion 
at ! same "t4 ,?is be+ ! sole fruit (   
ef=t1 activity1 quickness ( eye1 &      
rapidity ( action1 no "o :o has n       
witness$ x c =m an idea ( its excell5ce4
 ,he !n exhibits 8 a/oni%+ p[] (        
balanc+4 ,he places on 8 two great toes 
7ov] :i* he seems to h ! same comm& t   
less fav\r$ :ites enjoy ov] _! f+]s     
only7 a c\ple ( ?9 r+s1 ( ab\t f\r in*es
 9 diamet]2 a pair ( simil> r+s he      
places on 8 =e f+]s1 & !n he sets ! :ole
 into rotation1 & r\nd !y all :irl1 &   
cont9ue describ+ _! orbits )\t          
cessation1 z if set to "w by ma*9]y1    
end[$ ) ! pr9ciple ( p]petual motion4   
,?r[+ himself back1 ! p]=m] !n balances 
a sword ^u 8 =ehead1 & ) 8 m\? /r+s a   
numb] ( v small beads ^u a hog's bri/le1
 :i* he holds betwe5 8 lips4 ,all !     
:eels are kept 9 regul> movem5t2 ! sword
 is nicely pois$2 & arts & manufactures1
 "u ! emblem ( bead-/r++1 c>ri$ on 9    

peacefulness3 dur+ ?is "p ( ! %[1 !     
p]=m] is compell$1 f ! nature ( 8       
employm5t1 to be /ill & quiet4  ,hav+   
conclud$ ?is1 ! juggl] executes ! foll[+
 exploit4--,^u ! tip ( 8 nose he        
balances a small wood5 p>asol1 f !      
circumf]5ce ( :i* ab\t a doz5 ( cork    
tassels are p5d5t4 ,) 8 m\? he ins]ts   
into ea* ( ^! tassels a quill ( ab\t !  
l5g? ( twelve in*es1 & ! ?ickness ( t ( 
! porcup9e4 ,! bases ( ^! he places ) 8 
tongue betwe5 8 upp] lip & nose1 ! r+s  
on 8 toes all ! :ile p]=m+ _! circuits4 
,hav+ succe$$ 9 putt+ a quill into e    
tassel1 he takes out ! c5tre /ick on :i*
 ! p>asol 0 orig9ally support$ f ! top (
 8 nose1 & x !n rema9s balanc$ on !     
quills4 ,?us f> ! "w is difficult en\gh2
 b ?is is no?+ to its conclusion4 ,he   
und]m9es 8 /ructure by a quill at a "t1 
till only ?ree rema94 ,( ^! he takes "o 
away2 & ! top1 :i* resembles ! ro( ( a  
pagoda1 sw+s d[n1 & hangs by two1 !     
,indian pres]v+ ! a/oni%+ balance ev5   
?r\gh\t ?is motion1 :i* might be deem$  

suffici5t to disconc]t any human +5uity3
 b ev5 "h he does n /op2 ! la/ prop b "o
 is remov$1 & on t "o ! erect balance ( 
! ma*9e re/s4  ,aft] a v>iety ( o!r     
extraord9>y p]=mances1 ! ,indian places 
a /one ( f\rte5 p\nds weight1 ab\t !    
size & %ape ( a ,dut* *eese1 betwe5 8   
feet4 ,) an app>5tly slight ex]tion1 he 
kicks up 8 heels1 & ! /one1 p]=m+ a     
p>abola ov] 8 head f beh9d1 alights ^u !
 b5d ( 8 arm1 :]e x re/s4 ,he !n tosses 
x to ! same "p ( ! o!r arm1 :]e x re/s1 
z if held by ! h&1 or caught by magic2  
!nce he ?r[s x to v>i\s p>ts ( 8 frame1 
to 8 wri/1 & ! back ( 8 neck4 ,at ?is   
latt] po9t x might be suppos$ x w\ld be 
/ation>y1 z "o feels v little capacity (
 twi/+ any weighty body f ! neck 9 a    
direction diff]5t f :at x w\ld take on  
be+ %ak5 (f4 ,b ev5 "h our juggl] comm&s
 its ob$i5ce4 ,he aga9 tosses x to 8    
arm2 back aga9 to 8 neck2 & aft] a few  
gambols ( ?is sort1 he f9ally1 by a     
ma/]ly j]k1 ?r[s ! /one ( f\rte5 p\nds  
weight r\nd 8 head4  ,! fam\s feat (    

swall[+ ! sword closes ?is wond]ful     
exhibition2 = a description ( :i*1 !    
read] is ref]r$ to page #fc4   ,,john   
,,metcalf1 or ,bl9d ,jack (             
,kn>esbor\gh4--,?is extraord9>y "* 0    
born 9 #agag1 & di$ 9 #agih4 ,:5 f\r    
ye>s old1 8 p>5ts1 :o 7 work+ p1 put him
 to s*ool1 soon aft] :i* he 0 seiz$ ) ! 
small-pox1 by :i* he became totally     
bl9d1 ?\gh all possible means 7 us$ to  
pres]ve 8 sight4 ,recov]+ f ! small-pox1
 he f\nd t he 0 able to g f 8 fa!r's    
h\se to ! end ( ! /reet1 & return1 )\t a
 guide2 &1 9 ! space ( ?ree ye>s1 he    
c\ld f9d 8 way to any "p ( ! t[n1 :i*   
gave him mu* satisfaction4 ,9 process ( 
"t1 he began to associate ) ! neighb\r+ 
boys1 ( 8 own age1 & w5t ) !m to take   
birds' ne/s4 ,= 8 %>e ( ! eggs & "y     
birds1 he 0 to climb ! trees1 :il/ 8    
companions wait$ at ! bottom to receive 
:at he %\ld ?r[ d[n4 ,aft] t1 he c\ld   
ramble into ! fields alone1 frequ5tly to
 ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles2 &1 8    
fa!r keep+ horses1 he 9 "t became an    

able horseman1 & a gallop 0 8 fav\rite  
pace4 ,at ! age ( ?irte51 be+ taught    
music1 he became v exp]t1 ?\gh he _h m  
ta/e = ! cry ( ! h\nds ?an = any        
in/rum5t4 ,a ,mr4 ,woodburn1 (          
,kn>esbor\gh1 ma/] ( a pack ( h\nds1 us$
 to take "y ,metcalf to hunt ) him2 & he
 hav+ a c\ple & a half ( good ones ( 8  
own1 us$ to g out at a night :5 ! h>es 7
 fe$+2 b "o ( 8 "y dogs happ5+ to worry 
a c\ple ( lambs1 ,metcalf 0 oblig$ to   
discont9ue ?is practice4 ,at ab\t f\rte5
 ye>s ( age he le>n$ to swim 9 ! riv]   
,nidd2 b few ( 8 companions lik$ to come
 ne> him 9 ! wat]1 x be+ 8 cu/om to     
seize !m1 s5d !m to ! bottom1 & swim ov]
 !m by way ( div]sion4  ,hav+ practis$  
on ! viol9 till he c\ld play c\ntry     
dances1 he att5d$ sev]al assemblies1 &  
to 8 fondness = hunt+1 add$ t (         
cock-fight+2 &1 if at any "t he he>d ( a
 bett] game-cock ?an 8 own1 he w\ld be  
sure to get him by "s means or o!r1 ?\gh
 at ev] s great a di/ance4 ,9 fact1 8   
fame began to spread to su* a degree1 t 

:5 any ar* trick 0 done1 inquiry 0 sure 
to be made1 :]e ,bl9d ,jack 0 at ! "t4  
,9 #agcb1 ,metcalf succe$$ ! fiddl] at  
,h>r[gate1 :o di$ 9 ! #ajb;d ye> ( 8    
age2 aft] ?is he b\ght a horse1 & (t5   
ran him = small plates2 & = "s "t1 hunt+
 by day1 & fiddl+ by night1 7 8 pr9cipal
 occupations4 ,soon aft] ?is1 z ,metcalf
 _h le>n$ to walk & ride v readily ?r\gh
 mo/ ( ! /reets 9 ,york1 he "o ev5+ (f]$
 himself z a guide to a g5tleman :o     
want$ to g to ,kn>esbor\gh t night1 &   
absolutely p]=m$ x1 ! g5tleman n ev5    
suspect+ t he 0 bl9d till !y came to _! 
j\rney's end4 ,?is ! g5tleman 0 told at 
! sign ( ! ,granby1 j z he _h ent]$ !   
p>l\r4 ,express+ "s d\bt ( ?is to !     
l&lord's "q1 ,d y n "k t he is bl9d8 he 
exclaim$1 ,:at d y mean by t8--,i mean  
sir1 t he _c see4--,bl9d6 graci\s       
,god6--,yes sir1 z bl9d z a /one4       
,metcalf 0 !n call$ 91 & ! g5tleman's   
d\bts 7 imm$iately dissipat$4  ,9 #agde1
 dur+ ! rebellion1 z ,capta9 ,?ornton   
und]took to raise a company at 8 own    

exp5se1 & kn[+ ,metcalf's turn ( m9d1   
engag$ him z a musician to 8 corps4 ,z  
,metcalf 0 !n ne>ly six feet two in*es  
high1 & be+1 l 8 companions1 dress$ 9   
blue & buff1 ) a l>ge gold-lac$ hat1 !  
capta9 0 s well pleas$ ) him1 t he said 
he w\ld give "o hundr$ gu9eas = only "o 
eye to be put into ! head ( 8 d>k       
companion4 ,dur+ ! rebellion1 aft] see+ 
mu* s]vice1 & be+ p>ticul>ly notic$ by !
 duke ( ,cumb]l&1 he 0 dis*>g$1 & be+ at
 lib]ty to *oose 8 occupation1 he att5d$
 ,h>r[gate z be=e2 b hav+1 9 ! c\rse ( 8
 ,scot* exp$ition1 become acqua9t$ ) !  
v>i\s articles manufactur$ 9 t c\ntry1  
he provid$ himself ) sev]al 9 ! cotton &
 wor/$ way1 especially ,ab]de5 /ock+s1 =
 all :i* he f\nd a ready sale 9 !       
ext5sive c\nty ( ,york4 ,among a ?\s&   
articles1 he nev] 0 at a loss to "k :at 
ea* _h co/ him1 f a p>ticul> mode (     
m>k+4 ,x 0 also cu/om>y ) him to buy    
horses = sale 9 ,scotl&1 br++ back      
gall[ays 9 return4 ,9 ?is traffic he    
dep5d$ on feel+ ! animals to direct 8   

*oice4 ,9 #aged1 ,metcalf set up a /age 
waggon betwe5 ,york & ,kn>esbor\gh1 be+ 
! fir/ ( ! k9d kn[n on t road4 ,?is he  
con/antly conduct$ himself1 go+ twice a 
week 9 summ]1 & once 9 ! w9t]2 b at     
l5g?1 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! mak+ (      
roads1 he dispos$ ( 8 waggon1 c4 ,8 fir/
 und]tak+ ( ?is k9d 0 ?ree miles ( ! new
 turnpike road f ,h>r[gate to           
,bor\ghbridge2 & = ?is he 0 actually    
appo9t$ =eman to ! surveyor4  ,he (t5   
walk$ f ,kn>esbor\gh 9 ! morn+1 ) f\r or
 five /one ( meat on 8 %\ld]s1 & jo9$ 8 
m5 by six o'clock4 ,by ! means he us$1  
he complet$ ! "w mu* soon] ?an 0        
expect$1 to ! entire satisfaction ( !   
surveyor & ! tru/ees4 ,dur+ 8 leisure   
h\rs he /udi$ measurem5t 9 a way ( 8    
own2 &1 :5 c]ta9 ( ! gir? & l5g? ( any  
piece ( timb]1 he 0 able to r$uce its   
true cont5ts to feet & in*es1 & c\ld br+
 ! dim5sions ( any build+ into y>ds or  
feet4 ,9 fact1 he contract$ =1 &        
con/ruct$ sev]al roads1 9 a mann]       
sup]ior to ! me?od ( mak+ !m at t "t4   

,he built v>i\s bridges 9 difficult     
situations1 9 a mann] t a/oni%$ ^? t    
employ$ him1 & aft]w>ds und]took !      
erection ( h\ses4 ,"o ( 8 bridges1 x 0  
rem>k$1 _h /ood ?irty ye>s1 & !         
f\ndation nev] co/ "o p5ny 9 repairs4   
,9 #agib1 hav+ be5 "s "t abs5t1 he      
return$ to ,york%ire1 &1 hav+ no        
engagem5t1 he b\ght hay to sell aga93 he
 us$ to measure ! /acks ) 8 arms1 & kn[+
 ! height1 c\ld readily tell :at numb] (
 squ>e y>ds 7 conta9$ 9 hay1 f five to  
"o hundr$ p\nds value2 ) equal facility 
he c\ld calculate ! solid cont5ts ( /&+ 
wood4 ,hav+ kn[n ! /reets ( ,york v     
accurately 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life1 he    
det]m9$ to visit t anci5t city1 :]e he  
_h n be5 = ! space ( ?irty-two ye>s4 ,he
 f\nd alt]ations = ! bett] 9            
,spurri]-gate1 ,blake-/reet1 ! ,pavem5t1
 c4 & s ret5tive 0 8 memory1 t1 ?\gh s  
_m ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce he _h be5 t way  
be=e1 he discov]$ an alt]ation 9 ! hang+
 ( two gates by a wall-side ne> ! h\se (
 a ,mr4 ,b>l[4 ,8 wife di$ 9 #aggh1 9 h]

 #fa/ ye>1 leav+ him f\r *ildr51 aft]   
#ci ye>s ( conjugal affection &         
felicity4   ,mrs4 ,,van ,,but*ell4--,9  
#agge1 di$ ! wife ( an ecc5tric empiric1
 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,van ,but*ell2 & ! s+ul>    
mode employ$ = ! pres]vation ( h] body  
m]its notice4 ,on h] dea? tak+ place1 he
 appli$ to ,dr4 ,hunt]1 to ex]t 8 skill 
9 prev5t+1 if possible1 ! *anges ( =m   
usual aft] ! cessation ( life4          
,accord+ly1 ! doctor1 assi/$ by ! late  
,mr4 ,cruik%ank1 inject$ ! blood-vessels
 ) a col\r$ fluid1 s t ! m9ute r$       
vessels ( ! *eeks & lips 7 fill$1 &     
exhibit$ _! native hue2 & ! body 9      
g5]al1 hav+ all ! cavities fill$ )      
antiseptic sub/ances1 rema9$ p]fectly   
free f corruption1 or any unpleasant    
smell1 & z if x 0 m]ely 9 a /ate (      
sleep4 ,b to resemble ! appe>ance (     
life1 glass eyes 7 also ins]t$4 ,!      
corpse 0 !n deposit$ 9 a b$ ( ?9 pa/e ( 
pla/] ( ,p>is1 9 a box ( suffici5t      
dim5sions1 :i* subsequ5tly cry/alliz$1 &
 produc$ a pleas+ effect4 ,a curta9     

cov]$ ! glass lid ( ! box1 :i* c\ld be  
)drawn at pleasure2 & :i* box be+ kept 9
 ! common p>l\r1 ,mr4 ,van ,but*ell _h !
 satisfaction ( reta9+ 8 dep>t$ wife =  
_m ye>s1 frequ5tly display+ ! beautiful 
corpse to 8 fri5ds & visitors4 ,a second
 m>riage1 "s ye>s aft]w>ds1 is said to h
 occasion$ "s family diff]5ce1 & x 0    
f\nd exp$i5t to remove ! pres]v$ body4  
,,h>rison1 a ,p5uri\s ,"*4--,?is p]son  
di$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahba1 9 ,b5nett-/reet1 
,ra?bone-place1 ,ox=d-road1 ,london1 :]e
 he _h lodg$ #bj ye>s4 ,! furniture ( 8 
room consi/$ ( "o old *air1 a table1 a  
trunk or two1 an old /ump b$/ead1 & a b$
 ( /raw2 9 "o corn] 0 a heap ( a%es2 & !
 cupbo>d1 ! day aft] 8 decease1 conta9$ 
a few potato-peel+s & a /ale roll4 ,8   
body pres5t$ a picture ( ! mo/ extreme  
mis]y & />vation1 ?\gh he _h no family1 
& _h prop]ty 9 ! funds to ! am\nt (     
#aejj4 ,a female fri5d :o liv$ at       
,putney1 & 0 9 ! habit ( call+ on him :5
 %e came to t[n1 depos$1 t he w\ld let  
no p]son b h] ent] 8 room1 :i* he always

 kept padlock$ inside1 = fe> ( be+      
robb$3 he lay on 8 b$ 9 ! day-"t1 & sat 
up at night )\t any fire1 always burn+ a
 lamp4 ,a few ev5+s be=e 8 dea?1 he told
 ! female be=e-m5tion$1 t _m p]sons     
want$ to f+] 8 ca%1 b !y %\ld n4 ,he !n 
desir$ h] to lock him 91 & take ! key ) 
h]1 :i* %e did2 b1 on go+ aga9 next day1
 %e f\nd him ly+ on 8 b$ ) 8 clo!s on1 q
 dead4 ,he _h made 8 w sev]al mon?s     
be=e1 & left h] executrix ( 8 prop]ty1  
:i* 0 to be divid$ betwe5 h]self1 8     
nephew1 & niece4 ,he _h be5 m>ri$1 & _h 
a daught]1 :o1 ) 8 wife1 7 bo? dead4 ,he
 c>ri$ l>ge sums ( money sew$ up 9      
diff]5t p>ts ( 8 clo!s1 = :i* reason he 
nev] pull$ !m (f4 ,upw>ds ( #ajj 0 f\nd 
^u him at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 on ! night     
previ\s to :i* he s5t = "o oy/]1 half a 
p9t ( be]1 & a p5nywor? ( figs1 :i* he  
ate4 ,= ne>ly f\r ye>s previ\s to 8     
decease1 he appe>$ almo/ *ildi%4 ,! jury
 t sat ^u ! body1 br\ght 9 _!           
v]dict1--,di$ by ! visitation ( ,god4   
,,! ,,bl9d ,,cl]gyman4--,! foll[+ v     

int]e/+ acc\nt 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,morn+     
,*ronicle ( ,jan4 #ba1 #agia4 ,x be>s   
all ! m>ks ( au!nticity4  ,9 my rambles 
7says ! writ]7 la/ summ]1 on ! bord]s ( 
,wales1 ,i f\nd myself "o morn+ on !    
banks ( ! beautiful riv] ,wye1 alone1   
)\t a s]vant or guide4 ,i _h to =d !    
riv] at a place :]e1 accord+ to !       
in/ructions giv5 me at ! ne>e/ hamlet1  
if ,i div]g$ ev] s little f ! m>ks :i* !
 ripl+ ( ! curr5t made z x pass$ ov] a  
l$ge ( rock1 ,i %\ld s9k twice ! dep? ( 
myself & horse4 ,:ile ,i /ood hesitat+  
on ! m>g91 view+ att5tively ! c\rse ( ! 
=d1 a p]son pass$ me on ! cant]1 & !    
next in/ant ,i saw him plunge into !    
riv]4 ,presum+ on 8 acqua9tance ) !     
passage1 ,i imm$iately & closely foll[$ 
8 /eps4 ,z soon z we _h ga9$ ! opposite 
bank1 ,i acco/$ him ) ?anks = ! b5efit (
 8 guidance2 b :at 0 my a/oni%m5t1 :51  
bur/+ into a he>ty laugh1 he obs]v$1 t  
my confid5ce w\ld h be5 less1 _h ,i kn[n
 t ,i _h be5 foll[+ a bl9d guide4 ,!    
mann] ( ! man1 z well z ! fact1 attract$

 my curiosity4 ,to my expressions (     
surprise at 8 v5tur+ to cross ! riv]    
alone1 he answ]$1 t he & ! horse he rode
 _h done ! same e ,sunday morn+ = ! la/ 
five ye>s2 b t 9 reality1 ?is 0 n ! mo/ 
p]il\s "p ( 8 hebdomadal p]egr9ation1 z 
,i %\ld be conv9c$1 if my way l$ ov] !  
m\nta9 be=e u4 ,my way 0 ad libitum1 at 
pleasure2 ,i !re=e resolv$ to atta*     
myself to my extraord9>y companion1 &   
soon le>n$ 9 our *at1 z we w\nd up !    
/eep m\nta9's side1 t he 0 a cl]gyman1 &
 ( t class :i* is ! disgrace ( our      
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t2 ,i mean !     
c\ntry curates1 :o exi/ ^u ! lib]al     
/ip5d ( ?irty1 tw5ty1 & sometimes fifte5
 p\nds a ye>6 ,?is g5tleman1 ( ! age (  
sixty1 _h ab\t ?irty ye>s be=e be5      
engag$ 9 ! curacy to :i* he 0 n[        
travell+2 & ?\gh at ! di/ance ( eight   
long ,wel% miles f ! place ( 8 resid5ce1
 su* 0 ! respect ( 8 ,sunday flock t[>ds
 him1 t at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 calamity1 r 
?an "p ) him1 !y s5t regul>ly1 e ,sunday
 morn+1 a deputation to guide _! old    

pa/or along a road1 :i*1 besides ! riv] 
we _h j pass$1 l$ ov] a craggy m\nta91  
on ^: top innum]able & unc]ta9 bogs 7   
con/antly =m+1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 by !   
in/9ct ( 8 ,wel% pony1 ?is bl9d man has 
actually cross$ alone = ! la/ five ye>s1
 hav+ s long dismiss$ ! assi/ance (     
guides4  ,:ile our talk beguil$ our     
road1 we ins5sibly arriv$ )9 sight ( 8  
village *ur*4 ,x 0 seat$ 9 a deep & n>r[
 vale4 ,z ,i look$ d[n ^u x1 ! bright   
v]dure ( ! mead[s1 :i* 7 "h & !re *equ]$
 ) pat*es ( yell[ corn1 ! mov+ h]ds (   
cattle1 ! ri* foliage ( ! groves ( oak1 
hang+ irregul>ly ov] its sides1 ! :ite  
h\ses ( ! inhabitants1 :i* spr9kl$ e    
corn] ( ?is peaceful retreat2 & above   
all1 ! inhabitants !mselves1 assembl$ 9 
_! be/ attire r\nd _! place ( weekly    
wor%ip2 all ?is gay sc5e ru%+ at once on
 ! view1 /ruck my s5ses & imag9ation m  
=cibly ?an ,i c express4 ,z we ent]$ !  
*ur*-y>d1 ! respectful ,h[ d y d8 ( !   
"y1 ! he>ty %akes by ! h& ( ! old1 & !  
famili> gambols ( ! *ildr51 %ew$ h[ _!  

old pa/or reign$ 9 ! he>ts ( all4 ,aft] 
"s refre%m5t at ! ne>e/ h\se1 we w5t to 
*ur*1 9 :i* my vet]an prie/ read !      
pray]s1 ! psalms1 & *apt]s ( ! day1 & !n
 prea*$ a s]mon 9 a mann] t w\ld h made 
no "o adv]t to 8 defect ( sight4 ,at    
d9n]1 :i* x seems f\r ( ! mo/ sub/antial
 f>m]s ( ! vale provid$ 9 turn1 he      
relat$ ! progress ( 8 memory4 ,= ! fir/ 
ye> he attempt$ only ! pray]s & s]mons1 
! be/ read]s ( ! p>i% mak+ x a pride to 
(ficiate = him 9 ! psalms & *apt]s4 ,he 
next endur$ ! lab\r ( gett+ ^! by he>t2 
& at pres5t1 by cont9ual repetition1 !re
 is n a psalm or *apt] ( ! m ?an two    
hundr$ appo9t$ = ! ,sunday s]vice1 t he 
is n p]fect 94 ,he told me also1 t hav+ 
9 8 little s*ool two sons ( 8 own1      
int5d$ = ! univ]sity1 he has1 by he>+ !m
 cont9ually1 committ$ ! greate/ "p (    
,hom] & ,virgil to 8 memory4   ,we %all 
n[ introduce to ! notice ( ! read]1 a   
liv+ "*1--a *ild1 a little girl1--! mo/ 
extraord9>y t ev] appe>$ 9 ! _w4  ,,miss
 ,,cl>a ,,fi%]4--,?is little lady1 !    

y\nge/ daught] ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,fi%]1 a  
respectable auctione]1 ( ,london1 0 born
 9 ,cov5t-g>d51 on ! #ad? ( ,july1      
#ahaa4 ,at a v e>ly age1 %e ev9c$ p[]s (
 intellect & g5ius v unusual 9 infants4 
,a passionate fondness = music 0 a fir/ 
*>act]i/ic2 & :ile yet 9 ! arms ( a     
nurse1 %e 0 excit$ to pleasurable       
emotions1 :5 tunes :i* %e lik$ 7 play$1 
b %ew$ ! mo/ det]m9$ opposition 9 h]    
p[]1 to ! cont9uance ( ^? to :i* %e _h  
conceiv$ an av]sion4 ,?is fact is       
record$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,an?ony ,pasqu91 9 
8 ,dramatic ,c5sor1 z an in/ance (      
wond]fully premature infant9e end[m5t4  
,! fame :i* ,miss ,o',neil _h acquir$   
soon aft] h] appe>ance 9 ,london1 induc$
 ,mr4 ,fi%] to take 8 family to         
,cov5t-g>d5 !atre1 to witness h]        
p]=mance ( ,jane ,%ore2 & to !          
impression made t night on ! m9d (      
little ,cl>a1 may be ascrib$ ! wond]ful 
turn = !atrical exhibition1 :i* has ev] 
s9ce *>act]iz$ ?is juv5ile c&idate =    
hi/rionic fame4 ,on ! same ev5+1 aft]   

return+ f ! !atre1 ,cl>a retir$ to a    
corn] ( ! room1 &1 z %e ?\ght1 unse51   
w5t ?r\gh1 9 dumb %[1 a great "p ( !    
p]=mances %e _h witness$ at ! !atre4 ,^!
 evid5t symptoms ( dramatic g5ius 9 a   
*ild1 !n "u f\r ye>s ( age1 excit$ mu*  
surprise & pleasure among/ ! family     
circle4 ,a few ev5+s aft]w>ds1 %e 0     
p]suad$ to repeat ?is prim>y exhibition 
be=e "s private fri5ds1 & ! applause :i*
 %e elicit$ seem$ to implant 9 h] "y m9d
 t ard5t love = ! /age1 :i* !nce=w>d has
 guid$ all h] ?\ghts & actions4  ,9 !   
autumn ( #ahag1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,corrie1 !     
celebrat$ musician1 & compos] ( ! music 
( ! ,travell]s1 solicit$ & receiv$      
p]mission = little ,cl>a to appe> 9 a   
private p]=mance ) 8 juv5ile pupils 9   
music4 ,a %ort "* 0 assign$ to little   
,cl>a to le>n2 & %e p]=m$ x ) an effect 
:i* excit$ ! a/oni%m5t & admiration ( a 
select & fa%ionable company1 :o _h met  
to witness ! ef=ts ( ! juv5ile p]=m]s4  
,f ! success ( ?is ev5+'s amusem5t1 may 
be dat$ ,miss ,cl>a's introduction to   

public notice4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb]    
foll[+1 %e appe>$ 9 ,drury-lane !atre1 9
 ,g>rick's romance ( ,lilliput2 reviv$ &
 alt]$1 ) songs1 prologue1 epilogue1 & a
 masque1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,fi%]2 & 9 :i* 0
 introduc$ ! la/ act ( ,%akspe>e's      
,ri*>d ,,iii4 9 ord] to br+ =w>d !      
little ,cl>a 9 ! "* ( ! crookback$      
tyrant4 ,h] success 9 ?is ardu\s "* 0   
beyond all anticipation3 = sev5te5      
nights ! h\se 0 cr[d$ 9 e "p1 & !       
applause be/[$ on ! extraord9>y infant1 
!n only six ye>s & a half old1 0        
en?usia/ic & incessant4 ,! public       
j\rnals publi%$ 9 ,london dur+ ! run ( !
 piece1 be> ample te/imony ( ! high     
e/imation 9 :i* ! be/ critics ( ! day   
held ! tal5ts ( ! "y actress4           
,imm$iately aft] ! close ( h] engagem5t 
at ,drury-lane1 %e 0 appli$ = by ,mr4   
,h>ris1 ( ,cov5t-g>d5 !atre1 :]e %e     
p]=m$ ) equal success & approbation4 ,on
 "o occasion1 8 pres5t ,maje/y1 !n      
,pr9ce ( ,wales1 hon\r$ ! !atre ) 8     
pres5ce1 & 0 pleas$ cordially to jo9 9 !

 g5]al plaudits ( ! audi5ce4 ,aft] ! "p 
( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 0 conclud$1 %e appe>$ 9 
h] own infant9e "*1 & deliv]$ ! foll[+  
epilogue1 writt5 by h] fa!r1 ) a pa?os &
 feel+ :i* p[]fully affect$ !           
auditors3--    ,well1 ,sirs1 :at say y  
to our little play--   ,mu/ x expire1 or
 live ano!r day8   ,w y p]mit once m our
 gr\p to try   ,to raise y\r laught]1 or
 to make y cry8   ,my spangl$ robes laid
 by1 & wav+ plume1   ,9 musl9 frock my  
sex ,i re-assume2   ,& ?\gh 9 simple    
dress ,i'm n[ array'd1   ,i hope y'll n 
reject a little maid1   ,:o sues =      
fav\r1 = h]self1 & ^?1   ,:o1 l h]self1 
are n[ 9 common clo!s4   ,& ,i assure y1
 ladies1 f my he>t1   ,i l my robes mu* 
bett] ?an my "p2   ,! %9+ spangles are  
to me s de>1   ,i'm come to ask--may ,i 
aga9 appe>8   ,o6 pray indulge me 9 ?is 
"o reque/1   ,& ,i w /rive to please    
y1--& be dre/6  ,on leav+ ,cov5t-g>d51  
%e 0 engag$ by ,mr4 ,elli/on to p]=m at 
! ,birm+ham !atre1 z a />1 = "s nights2 
aft] :i* %e appe>$ 9 ,ba?1 ,ed9burgh1   

,glasg[1 ,ab]de51 ,york1 ,donca/]1      
,hull1 ,brighton1 & e !atre (           
consequ5ce1 9 ! k+dom4  ,miss ,cl>a     
,fi%] has at ?is "t1 #ahbb1 be5 on !    
bo>ds m ?an f\r ye>s1 & has already     
p]=m$ 9 ab\t "o hundr$ !atres4 ,%e has  
travell$ ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ,great      
,brita91 a di/ance ( upw>ds ( t5 ?\s&   
miles2 & %e has p]=m$ 9 ,%akspe>e's "* (
 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 m ?an two hundr$ & fifty 
times1 besides o!r ardu\s p>ts 9 ! v>i\s
 dep>tm5ts ( ! ,engli% drama4 ,h] s++ & 
danc+ are equal to h] o!r accompli%m5ts1
 & yield delight to all :o witness !m4  
,br+ yet b elev5 ye>s ( age1 %e w furni%
 = ! future hi/orian a r>e in/ance (    
precocity ( intellect4 ,%e is gracefully
 =m$1 b n tall ( h] age2 h] face is     
oval1 & full ( expression2 h] eyes blue1
 l>ge1 & animat$2 h] m\? p>ticul>ly well
 m\ld$2 & h] h& & arm are consid]$ by   
arti/s z uncommonly beautiful = h] ye>s4
 ,! g5]al op9ion ( critics is1 t %e     
resembles 9 voice1 & mann] ( act+1 !    
late celebrat$ ,mrs4 ,jordan4  ,an      

au!ntic anecdote is relat$ ( our h]o9e1 
:i* places1 9 a /rong po9t ( view1 h]   
felicit\s conception ( "*1 & h]         
extraord9>y collect$ness & pres5ce (    
m9d1 "u circum/ances1 :i*1 9 all        
probability1 w\ld confuse & flutt] ev5 a
 long-exp]i5c$ actor4 ,imm$iately aft]  
leav+ ,drury-lane1 %e p]=m$ = ,mr4      
,elli/on1 at ,birm+ham4 ,a new & elegant
 cr[n 0 !re made = h]1 t %e might appe> 
to advantage 9 ! "* ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,!  
cr[n 0 accid5tally made too small1 & 0 )
 difficulty kept on ! head4 ,:5 ,ri*>d  
7p]sonat$ by ?is little lady7 desc5d$ f 
! ?rone1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 nobles1 & 0    
deliv]+ "o ( 8 mo/ impassion$ spee*es1 !
 cr[n fell (f ^u ! /age4 ,contr>y to !  
natural expectation ( all1 little ,cl>a 
took no notice ( ! circum/ance1 b       
conclud$ h] spee* ) ! same en]gy &      
comm&+ deportm5t ) :i* x comm5c$2 & !n  
beckon+ to ,catesby to approa*1         
,catesby6 said %e1 po9t+ to ! fall5     
diadem1 & /ood erect & motionless1 ) !  
haughty dignity ( mon>*y1 until1 ! brief

 m&ate und]/ood1 he lift$ x1 & solemnly 
replac$ x ^u h] br[s4 ,?us1 :5 a        
less-gift$ p]=m] w\ld h f\nd x difficult
 to save ! :ole sc5e f d]ision1 did %e  
/]nly ma9ta9 ! regal "* %e _h assum$2 & 
comm&$ ! respect1 surprise1 & admiration
 ( ! audi5ce4   ,,e>? ,,eat]s2 f        
,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative4--,!     
inhabitants ( ,umana belong to ^?       
nations ( ! savannas1 ,indios &antes1   
:o1 m difficult to civilize ?an !       
nations ( ! =e/1 ,indios del monte1 h a 
decid$ av]sion to cultivate ! l&1 & live
 almo/ exclusively on hunt+ & fi%+4 ,!y 
are m5 ( a v robu/ con/itution2 b ugly1 
savage1 v9dictive1 & passionately fond (
 f]m5t$ liquors4 ,!y are omnivor\s      
animals 9 ! highe/ degree2 & !re=e ! o!r
 ,indians1 :o consid] !m z b>b>ians1 h a
 common say+1 ',no?+ is s disgu/+1 t an 
,otomac w n eat x4' ,:ile ! wat]s ( !   
,oroonoko & its tribut>y /reams are l[1 
! ,otomacs subsi/ on fi% & turtles2 !   
=m] !y kill ) surpris+ dext]ity1 by     
%oot+ !m ) an arr[1 :5 !y appe> at !    

surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! riv]s swell1 :i*
 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ,egypt & 9  
,nubia1 is errone\sly attribut$ to !    
melt+ ( ! sn[s1 & :i* occurs p]iodically
 9 e "p ( ! torrid zone1 fi%+ almo/     
entirely ceases4 ,x is !n z difficult to
 procure fi% 9 ! riv]s1 :i* are become  
deep]1 z :5 y are sail+ on ! op5 sea4 ,x
 (t5 fails ! poor mission>ies1 on       
fa/-days z well z fle%-days1 ?\gh all ! 
"y ,indians are "u ! obligation ( 'fi%+ 
= ! conv5t4' ,at ! p]iod ( ^!           
inundations1 :i* la/ two or ?ree mon?s1 
! ,otomacs swall[ a prodigi\s quantity (
 e>?4 ,we f\nd heaps ( balls 9 _! huts1 
pil$ up 9 pyramids1 ?ree or f\r feet    
high4 ,^! balls 7 five or six in*es 9   
diamet]4 ,! e>? :i* ! ,otomacs eat is a 
v f9e & unctu\s clay1 ( a yell[i% gray  
col\r2 &1 be+ slightly bak$ 9 ! fire1 ! 
h>d5$ cru/ has a t9t incl9+ to r$1 ow+  
to ! oxide :i* is m+l$ ) x4 ,we br\ght  
away "s ( ?is e>?1 :i* we took f ! w9t] 
provision ( ! ,indians2 & x is          
absolutely false t x is /eatitic1 &     

conta9s magnesia4 ,mr4 ,vanquel9 did n  
discov] any traces ( ?is e>? 9 x2 b he  
f\nd t x conta9$ m silex ?an alum9e1 &  
?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ( lime4  ,! ,otomacs
 d n eat e k9d ( clay indiff]5tly2 !y   
*oose ! alluvial b$s or /rata t conta9 !
 mo/ unctu\s e>?1 & is ! smoo!/ to !    
feel+4 ,i inquir$ ( ! mission>y1 :e!r ! 
moi/5$ clay 7 made to und]go1 z ,fa!r   
,gumilla ass]ts1 ! peculi> decomposition
 :i* is indicat$ by a dis5gagem5t (     
c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ hydrog51 &   
:i* is designat$ 9 e language by ! t]m  
putrefaction2 b he assur$ me1 t !       
natives nei!r cause ! clay to rot1 nor d
 !y m+le x ) fl\r ( maize1 oil (        
turtles' eggs or fat ( ! crocodile4 ,we 
ourselves exam9$1 bo? at ! ,oroonoko1 & 
aft] our return to ,p>is1 ! balls ( e>? 
:i* we br\ght away ) u1 & f\nd no trace 
( ! mixture ( any organic sub/ance1 :e!r
 oily or f>9ace\s4 ,! savage reg>ds e ?+
 z n\ri%+ t appeases hung]2 :51 !re=e1 y
 inquire ( an ,otomac on :at he subsi/s 
dur+ ! two mon?s :5 ! riv] is ! highe/1 

he %ews y 8 balls ( clay4 ,?is he calls 
8 pr9cipal food2 = at ?is p]iod he c    
seldom procure a liz>d1 a root ( f]n1 or
 a dead fi% swimm+ at ! surface ( !     
wat]4  ,if ! ,indian eats e>? ?r\gh want
 dur+ two mon?s1 & f ?ree-qu>t]s to     
five-qu>t]s ( a p\nd 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1  
he does n ! less regale himself ) x dur+
 ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,e day1 9 ! season (    
dr\ght1 :5 fi%+ is mo/ abundant1 he     
scrapes 8 balls ( poya1 & m+les a little
 clay ) 8 o!r alim5t4 ,:at is mo/       
surpris+1 is1 t ! ,otomacs d n become   
lean by swall[+ su* quantities ( e>?2 !y
 are1 on ! contr>y1 extremely robu/1 &  
f> f hav+ ! belly t5se & puff$ up4 ,!   
mission>y1 ,fray ,ramon ,bu5o1 ass]ts1 t
 he nev] rem>k$ any alt]ation 9 ! heal? 
( ! natives at ! p]iod ( ! great ris+s (
 ! ,oroonoko4  ,! foll[+ are ! facts1 9 
all _! simplicity1 :i* we 7 able to     
v]ify4 ,! ,otomacs1 dur+ "s mon?s1 eat  
daily ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( clay       
slightly h>d5$ by fire1 )\t _! heal? be+
 s5sibly affect$ by x4 ,!y moi/5 ! e>?  

afre% :5 !y are go+ to swall[ x4 ,x has 
n be5 possible to v]ify hi!rto )        
precision h[ mu* nutriti\s vegetable or 
animal matt] ! ,indians take 9 a week at
 ! same "t2 b x is c]ta9 t !y attribute 
! s5sation ( satiety :i* !y feel to !   
clay1 & n to ! wret*$ alim5t :i* !y take
 ) x occasionally4  ,i obs]v$ e :]e )9 !
 torrid zone1 9 a great numb] (         
individuals1 *ildr51 wom51 & sometimes  
ev5 full-gr[n m51 an inord9ate & almo/  
irresi/ible desire ( swall[+ e>?2 n an  
alkal9e or calc>e\s e>?1 to neutralize1 
z x is vulg>ly said1 acid juices1 b a   
fat clay1 unctu\s1 & exhal+ a /rong     
smell4 ,x is (t5 f\nd necess>y to tie ! 
*ildr5's h&s1 or to conf9e !m1 to prev5t
 _! eat+ e>?1 :5 ! ra9 ceases to fall4  
,at ! village ( ,banco1 on ! bank ( !   
riv] ,magdal5a1 ,i saw ! ,indian wom5 :o
 make pott]y1 cont9ually swall[+ great  
pieces ( clay4   ,! celebrat$ ,,dr4     
,,graham4--,ab\t ! ye> #aghb1 !re appe>$
 9 ,london "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y       
empirics ( mod]n times4 ,8 "n 0 ,graham4

 ,he 0 a graduate ( ,ed9burgh1 wrote 9 a
 bomba/ic /yle1 & possess$ a great      
flu5cy ( elocution4 ,he op5$ 9          
,pall-,mall1 a mansion1 :i* he call$ !  
,temple ( ,heal?4 ,! front 0 ornam5t$ ) 
an enorm\s gilt sun1 a /atue ( ,hyg5ia1 
& o!r attractive emblems2 ! suit (      
rooms1 9 ! int]ior1 0 sup]bly furni%$2 &
 ! walls 7 decorat$ ) mirrors1 s z to   
conf] on ! place an effect l t f an     
en*ant$ palace4 ,"h he deliv]$ lectures 
on heal?1 c4 at ! extravagant price (   
two gu9eas p] lecture2 & ! price1 toge!r
 ) ! novelty ( 8 subjects1 drew         
consid]able audi5ces ( ! weal?y &       
dissipat$4 ,he ent]ta9$ a female1 (     
beautiful figure1 :om he call$ !        
,goddess ( ,heal?1 & x 0 h] bus9ess to  
deliv] a conclud+ disc\rse aft] !       
,doctor himself _h f9i%$ 8 lecture4 ,z a
 fur!r means ( attraction1 he hir$ two  
m5 ( extraord9>y /ature1 provid$ )      
enorm\s cock$ hats1 & ) %[y & bulky     
liv]ies1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to di/ribute    
bills f h\se to h\se ?r\gh ! t[n4       

,graham became1 !re=e1 an object (      
univ]sal curiosity4 ,b1 z 8 two-gu9ea   
auditors 7 soon exhau/$1 he dropp$ 8    
lectures successively to "o gu9ea1      
half-a-gu9ea1 five %ill+s1 & 7z he said1
 = ! b5efit ( all17 to half-a-cr[n2 &1  
:5 he c\ld no long] draw ?is price1 he  
exhibit$ ! temple itself = "o %ill+1 to 
daily cr[ds1 = sev]al mon?s4  ,among 8  
furniture 0 a ,cele/ial ,b$1 z he call$ 
x1 /&+ on glass legs1 provid$ ) ! ri*e/ 
hang+s1 & possess+ prop]ties peculi> to 
itself4 ,= sleep+ 9 ?is b$1 he dem&$ "o 
hundr$ p\nds p] night2 & su* is ! folly 
( weal?1 t heirless p]sons1 ( high rank1
 7 nam$1 :o acc$$ to 8 t]ms4 ,he also   
pret5d$ to h discov]$ ! ,elixir ( ,life1
 by tak+ :i*1 a p]son might live z long 
z he pleas$1 & he mode/ly dem&$ "o ?\s& 
p\nds = a supply ( x2 & m ?an "o noble  
p]son 0 report$ to h paid ?is enorm\s   
price to be cur$ ( folly4  ,hav+ worn   
out 8 "* 9 ^! v>i\s projects1 he !n     
recomm5d$ ,e>?-ba?+1 & und]took to      
sanction x by 8 own practice4 ,dur+ "o  

h\r e day1 he1 !re=e1 admitt$           
spectators1 at fir/ at a gu9ea1 & !n    
desc5d$1 z 9 a =m] in/ance1 to a %ill+1 
to view him & ! goddess ( heal? imm]s$  
nak$ 9 ! gr\nd to _! *9s2 ! ,doctor hav+
 8 hair full-dress$ & p[d]$1 & ! lady's 
head be+ dress$ also 9 ! be/ fa%ion ( ! 
times4 ,:5 no m money 0 to be dra9$ f ! 
population ( ,london1 ! ,doctor visit$ !
 great prov9cial t[ns1 & lectur$ &      
exhibit$ 9 ! same mann] :5ev] he c\ld   
obta9 p]mission ( ! magi/rates4 ,9 !    
end1 ! goddess ( heal? ne>ly fell a     
victim to ! practice2 & ! ,doctor retir$
 f public notice1 & di$ 9 poor          
circum/ances a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 9     
spite ( 8 ,elixir ( ,life1 at ! e>ly age
 ( fifty-two4 ,8 bro!r m>ri$ ! celebrat$
 ,mrs4 ,macauley ,graham1 & 8 si/] 0    
m>ri$ to ,dr4 ,arnold1 ( ,leice/]1 !    
respectable au?or ( a v able treatise on
 insanity4  ,x is g5]ally und]/ood1 t ! 
lady :o p]=m$ ! s+ul> "p ( ! goddess (  
heal?1 0 ,emma1 aft]w>ds wife ( ,sir ,w4
 ,h4 & a p]sonal fav\rite ( a late      

celebrat$ naval "*4   ,,! ,,admirable   
,,cri*ton4--,mr4 ,james ,cri*ton1       
accord+ to ! g5]ality ( 8 biograph]s1 0 
born 9 ! ye> #aeea2 b ,"l ,bu*an fixes !
 "t ( 8 nativity 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1     
#aefj4 ,x is admitt$ by all1 t ?is      
celebrat$ man 0 a native ( ,scotl&2 b   
al?\gh ,p]? has 9 g5]al be5 consid]$ z 8
 bir?-place1 ev5 ?is circum/ance has be5
 p]plex$ ) conflict+ op9ions4 ,( 8      
ance/ors1 ! acc\nts are equally         
div]sifi$4 ,"s ass]t t 8 fa!r1 ,rob]t   
,cri*ton1 comm&$ ! army ( ,que5 ,m>y at 
! battle ( ,langside3 o!rs /ate1 ) equal
 confid5ce1 t he 0 ,"l ,advocate (      
,scotl& f #aefj to #aegc4 ,8 "m's "n 0  
,elizabe? ,/ew>t1 ! only daught] ( ,sir 
,james ,/ew>t1 ( ,bea?1 a desc5dant (   
,rob]t1 duke ( ,albany1 ! ?ird son ( k+ 
,rob]t ! ,second4 ,rely+ on 8 p$igree1  
he 0 accu/om$ to boa/1 :5 he display$ 8 
a/oni%+ acquirem5ts 9 =eign c\ntries1 ( 
8 l9eal desc5t f ! ,scotti% k+s4  ,at   
:at "t ,mr4 ,james ,cri*ton began 8     
/udies1 we are n in=m$2 nei!r h we any  

satisfactory acc\nts :5 ^? div]sifi$    
p[]s ( 8 m9d1 on :i* all ,europe gaz$ ) 
admiration1 fir/ appe>$ to excite       
att5tion4 ,! prim>y rudim5ts ( 8        
grammatical education 7 receiv$ at ,p]?2
 aft] :i* he /udi$ philosophy 9 !       
,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,9 t ,univ]sity1
 8 tutor 0 ! celebrat$ ,john ,ru!r=d1 a 
pr(essor1 fam\s = 8 le>n+1 & di/+ui%$ by
 f\r books1 :i* he _h writt5 on         
,ari/otle's ,logic1 & a comm5t>y on 8   
,poetics4 ,b x is n to ?is pr(essor     
alone1 t ! hon\r ( =m+ ?is extraord9>y  
"* is to be ascrib$4 ,manutius1 :o calls
 ,cri*ton fir/ c\s9 to ! k+1 says1 t he 
0 educat$ ) ,james ,i4 "u ,bu*anan1     
,hepburn1 & ,rob]tson1 z well z "u      
,ru!r=d4 ,we _c d\bt1 f ! fav\rable     
circum/ances "u :i* ,cri*ton ent]$ life1
 t ! be/ ma/]s 7 assign$ him t c\ld be  
procur$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( le>n+4  ,"u _!   
tuition1 & ?r\gh ! native vig\r ( 8     
und]/&+1 he _h acquir$ a k ( t5 diff]5t 
languages1 & _h run ?r\gh ! :ole circle 
( ! sci5ces1 by ! "t he _h atta9$ !     

tw5tie? ye> ( 8 age4 ,ardu\s1 h[ev]1 z  
^! v>i$ pursuits may seem to common     
m9ds1 !y occupi$ a "p only ( ,cri*ton's 
att5tion4 ,a portion ( 8 "t 0 devot$ to 
music1 9 ! k ( :i* he made an a/oni%+   
pr(ici5cy4 ,he le>nt to play on v>i\s   
in/rum5ts2 & improv$ himself1 to !      
highe/ degree1 9 danc+1 f5c+1 s++1 &    
horseman%ip4  ,hav+ made himself ma/] ( 
^! v>i\s acquirem5ts1 he left 8 native  
l&1 &1 proce$+ to ,p>is1 introduc$      
himself to ! lit]ati ( t city 9 ! foll[+
 mann]4 ,on 8 arrival1 he caus$ six     
plac>ds to be fix$ on ! gates ( !       
s*ools1 halls1 & colleges1 belong+ to ! 
,univ]sity1 & on all ! pill>s & po/s ( !
 h\ses inhabit$ by m5 mo/ r5[n$ =       
lit]ature & sci5ce1 invit+ all :o ?\ght 
!mselves well v]s$ 9 any art1 to meet & 
dispute ) him 9 ! college ( ,nav>re1 on 
t day six weeks1 by n9e 9 ! morn+4 ,9   
?is *all5ge1 :i* 0 accord+ to ! practice
 ( ! age1 he decl>$ himself ready to    
answ] any "q :i* %\ld be propos$ to him1
 on any art or sci5ce1 9 any ( ! twelve 

foll[+ languages1 viz4 ,hebrew1 ,syriac1
 ,arabic1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1
 ,italian1 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 &   
,sclavonian2 & ?is ei!r 9 prose or v]se1
 at ! *oice ( 8 antagoni/4  ,bold z ?is 
*all5ge may appe>1 in/ead ( devot+      
himself to ! m9ute exam9ation ( ! v>i\s 
articles conta9$ 9 its compreh5sive     
embrace1 ^u ! issues ( :i* he _h risk$ 8
 reputation1 8 "t 0 *iefly sp5t 9 hunt+1
 hawk+1 tilt+1 vault+1 rid+1 toss+ !    
pike1 h&l+ ! musket1 & su* milit>y feats
 & a?letic ex]cises2 &1 :5 tir$ ) ^!1 ! 
int]im 0 fill$ up 9 dome/ic engagem5ts1 
su* z balls1 conc]ts ( music1 vocal &   
in/rum5tal1 c>ds1 dice1 & t5nis1 toge!r 
) su* div]sions z frequ5tly occupy ! m9d
 ( y\?4 ,a mode ( conduct1 app>5tly s   
inconsi/5t ) ! "* he _h assum$ 9 8      
plac>ds1 ! /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity 7 at a 
loss h[ to int]pret4 ,& s provok$ 7 !y  
at ! insol5ce ( ?is d>+ =eign]1 t1 b5ea?
 ! plac>d :i* 0 fix$ on ! gate at       
,nav>re1 !y caus$ ! foll[+ words to be  
writt53--,if y w\ld meet ) ?is mon/] (  

p]fection1 to make se>* = him ei!r 9 !  
tav]n or ! bro!l is ! readie/ way to f9d
 him4  ,b not)/&+ ?is dissipation1 :5 ! 
appo9t$ day arriv$1 ,cri*ton appe>$ 9 ! 
college ( ,nav>re1 & engag$ 9 a         
disputation1 :i* la/$ f n9e 9 ! morn+   
until six 9 ! ev5+4 ,& s well did he    
acquit himself1 t ! ,presid5t1 aft]     
expatiat+ on ! _m r>e & excell5t        
end[m5ts :i* ,god _h be/[$ ^u him1 rose 
f 8 *air1 &1 accompani$ by f\r ( ! mo/  
em95t pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity1 pres5t$ 
him ) a diamond r+1 & a purse full (    
gold1 z a te/imony ( _! high            
approbation4 ,on :at subjects ^!        
antagoni/s disput$1 we h n be5 in=m$2   
nei!r is x kn[n ) c]ta9ty 9 :at         
languages !y address$ ea* o!r4 ,we are  
only told1 t ! int]view end$ amid/ !    
reit]at$ acclamations & huzzas ( !      
spectators2 & t ?is conque/ obta9$ = him
 ! appellation ( ,,! ,,admirable        
,,cri*ton4 ,x has be5 add$1 to ! prec$+ 
acc\nt1 t s little 0 he fatigu$ ) !     
dispute1 t he w5t to ! ,l\vre1 on !     

ensu+ day1 & engag+ 9 a tilt+ mat*1 an  
ex]cise !n mu* 9 use1 c>ri$ (f ! r+     
fifte5 times successively1 & broke z _m 
lances1 9 ! pres5ce ( "s pr9ces ( !     
,fr5* c\rt1 & ( a great _m ladies1 ^:   
applauses 7 deem$ a glori\s rew>d1 by   
all ! h]oes ( *ivalry4  ,( ,cri*ton's   
exploits 9 ,p>is1 ! foll[+ acc\nt has   
be5 giv5 by ,mack5zie1 & translat$ by   
,p5nant1 f ! te/imony ( an au?or :om !y 
consid] z an eye-witness4  ,!re came to 
! college ( ,nav>re1 a "y man ( tw5ty   
ye>s ( age1 :o 0 p]fectly well se5 9 all
 ! sci5ces1 z ! mo/ le>n$ ma/]s ( !     
,univ]sity ackn[l$g$4 ,9 vocal &        
in/rum5tal music1 none c\ld excel him2 9
 pa9t+ & draw+ 9 col\rs1 none c\ld equal
 him4 ,9 milit>y feats he 0 mo/ exp]t2 &
 c\ld play ) ! sword s dext]\sly ) bo? 8
 h&s1 t no man c\ld fight him4 ,:5 he   
saw 8 enemy or antagoni/1 he w\ld ?r[   
himself ^u him at "o jump ( tw5ty or    
tw5ty-f\r feet di/ance4 ,he 0 ma/] (    
arts1 & disput$ ) u 9 ! s*ools ( !      
college1 on m$ic9e1 ! civil & canon law1

 & !ology4 ,&1 al?\gh we 7 above fifty 9
 numb]1 besides ab\t ?ree ?\s& :o 7     
pres5t1 s po9t$ly & le>n$ly he answ]$ to
 all ! que/ions :i* 7 propos$ to him1 t 
none b !y :o 7 pres5t c believe x4 ,he  
spoke ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew1 & o!r   
languages1 mo/ politely4 ,he 0 likewise 
a mo/ excell5t horseman2 &1 truly1 if a 
man %\ld live a hundr$ ye>s1 )\t eat+1  
dr9k+1 or sleep+1 he c\ld n atta9 to ?is
 man's k1 :i* /ruck u ) a panic fe>1 =  
he knew m ?an human nature c well be>4  
,he ov]came f\r ( ! doctors ( ! *ur*2 = 
9 le>n+ none c\ld conte/ ) him2 & he 0  
?\ght to be ,anti*ri/4  ,hav+ ?us obta9$
 9 ,p>is ! victory = :i* he cont5d$1    
,cri*ton next repair$ to ,rome1 :]e he  
affix$ a plac>d ^u all ! em95t places ( 
! city1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,nos ,jacobus 
,crictonus ,scotus1 cuicunque ,rei      
proposit ex improviso respondebimus4 ,9 
a city :i* ab\nd$ ) s*ola/ic le>n+ &    
wit1 ?is *all5ge1 be>+ all ! m>ks (     
presumption1 soon became ! subject ( a  
pasqu9ade4 ,rome1 x has be5 said1 0 at  

?is "t mu* infe/$ ) m\ntebanks1 juggl]s1
 & o!r empirics2 & ^? :o felt indignant 
at ! plac>d ( ,cri*ton1 endeav\r$ to    
ridicule him1 by classify+ him ) !      
quacks4 ,designat+ him by ! neut] g5d]1 
_! pasqu9ade 0 to ! foll[+ effect3--,&  
he t w see x1 let him repair to ! sign (
 ! ,falcon1 & x %all be %ewn4 ,boccal9i1
 :o 0 !n at ,rome1 says1 t ! appe>ance (
 ?is pap] _h su* an effect ^u him1 t1 ) 
indignant feel+s1 he almo/ imm$iately   
left ! city1 :]e he _h be5 s grossly    
insult$1 9 be+ comp>$ to ! impo/ors :o  
c\ld only amuse ! vulg>4 ,mack5zie1     
h[ev]1 ass]ts1 t in/ead ( be+ disc\rag$1
 he appe>$ at ! "t & place appo9t$2 &1 9
 ! pres5ce ( ! ,pope1 _m ,c>d9als1      
,bi%ops1 & ,doctors ( ,div9ity1 &       
,pr(essors ( all ! ,sci5ces1 display$   
su* wond]ful pro(s ( 8 univ]sal k1 t he 
excit$ a degree ( a/oni%m5t equal to t  
:i* _h m>k$ 8 c>e] 9 ,p>is4  ,f ,rome1  
,cri*ton proce$$ to ,v5ice1 9 :i* place 
he appe>s to h be5 r$uc$ to mu* di/ress2
 b :e!r ?is arose f any m5tal           

depression1 f bodily indisposition1 or f
 emb>rassm5t ( circum/ances1 is n cle>ly
 express$4 ,! reality ( 8 di/ress he has
 /at$ 9 a poem1 ! pr9cipal design ( :i* 
01 to obta9 a fav\rable reception 9 !   
city2 & m p>ticul>ly s1 ) ,aldus        
,manutius1 a celebrat$ critic4 ,on      
pres5t+ 8 v]ses1 ,manutius 0 /ruck ) an 
agreeable surprise1 at ! compreh5siv5ess
 ( ?\ght1 ! display ( intellect1 & !    
brilliancy ( g5ius1 :i* !y exhibit$4 ,&1
 ^u conv]s+ ) ! au?or1 he 0 s fill$ )   
admiration on f9d+ him intimately       
acqua9t$ ) almo/ e subject1 t he        
introduc$ him to ! acqua9tance ( !      
pr9cipal m5 ( le>n+ & note 9 ,v5ice4    
,?us recomm5d$1 he contract$ an intimate
 fri5d%ip ) ,manutius1 ,massa1          
,sp]onius1 ,donatus1 & v>i\s o!rs1 to   
:om he pres5t$ sev]al poems1 9          
comm5dation ( ! univ]sity & city4 ,?ree 
( ^! odes are /ill pres]v$4 ,aft] "s "t 
he 0 introduc$ to ! ,doge & ,s5ate1 9 ^:
 pres5ce he deliv]$ a spee*1 fraught ) s
 mu* beauty & eloqu5ce1 & accompani$ )  

su* gracefulness ( p]son & mann]s1 t he 
receiv$ ! ?anks ( t illu/ri\s body2 &   
no?+ 0 talk$ ab\t = "s "t1 ?r\gh ! city1
 b ?is r>a avis 9 t]ris1--?is prodigy 9 
nature4 ,9 ?is city1 also1 he held v>i\s
 disputations1 on !ology1 philosophy1 & 
ma!matics1 ) ! mo/ em95t pr(essors1 &   
be=e va/ conc\rses ( p4 ,! tal5ts :i* he
 display$ on ^! occasions1 gave su*     
publicity to 8 reputation1 t multitudes 
repair$ to ,v5ice f di/ant p>ts1 t !y   
might h an opportunity ( see+ & he>+ a  
man1 ^: abilities 7 consid]$ z almo/    
sup]-human4  ,adorn$ ) all ! laurels (  
lit]ature :i* ,v5ice c\ld be/[1 ,cri*ton
 next remov$ to ,padua1 ! univ]sity (   
:i* 01 at ?is "t1 9 high repute4 ,on !  
day aft] 8 arrival1 !re 0 a g5]al meet+ 
( all ! le>n$ m5 :i* ?is place c\ld     
boa/2 b on :at occasion !y 7 conv5$1 we 
are n in=m$4 ,! fame ( ,cri*ton1 h[ev]1 
ga9$ him an admission into ?is le>n$    
assembly1 :om he imm$iately address$ 9  
an extempor>y poem1 9 praise ( ! city1 (
 ! univ]sity1 & ( ! company t _h hon\r$ 

him ) _! pres5ce4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is       
introductory address to ! admiration (  
all pres5t1 he disput$ dur+ six h\rs ) !
 mo/ celebrat$ pr(essors1 on v>i\s      
subjects ( le>n+4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is debate1 
t he expos$ ! errors ( ,ari/otle & 8    
comm5tators1 ) s mu* solidity1 acut5ess1
 & mode/y1 t ! admir]s ( ?is philosoph] 
7 a/oni%$ at 8 acquirem5ts1 & ev5 fill$ 
) pr(\nd admiration4 ,be=e !y sep>at$1  
he deliv]$1 extempore1 an oration 9     
praise ( ,ignorance1 :i* he conduct$ ) s
 mu* +5uity1 manag$ ) su* exquisite     
skill1 & express$ ) s mu* elegance1 t 8 
he>]s 7 almo/ ov]:elm$ ) amazem5t4 ,?is 
display ( 8 le>n+ & tal5ts took place on
 ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 #aeha1 9 ! h\se (       
,jacobus ,aloysius ,cornelius4  ,z      
sev]al p]sons ( consid]able rank1 :o 7  
abs5t on ! above memorable day1 express$
 _! regret on ?is occasion1 ,cri*ton    
appo9t$ ano!r1 to meet any oppon5ts :o  
might be dispos$ to enc\nt] him2 m]ely  
to comply ) _! e>ne/ solicitations1 & to
 af=d !m gratification4 ,:e!r ?is meet+ 

ev] took place1 seems r unc]ta94        
,manutius ass]ts1 t "s circum/ances     
occurr$ :i* prev5t$ x2 b ,imp]ialis     
obs]ves1 f in=mation communicat$ by 8   
fa!r1 :o 0 pres5t on ! occasion1 t      
,cri*ton 0 =midably oppos$ by           
,ar*angelus ,m]c5>ius1 a fam\s          
philosoph]1 b t ! "y =eign] 0 f9ally    
victori\s1 & obta9$ ! plaudits ( !      
auditors1 & ! approbation ev5 ( 8       
antagoni/4  ,b ?is tide ( popul>        
applause 0 n )\t its correspond+ eddy4  
,mortifi$ at be+ foil$ by ?is y\?ful    
/rang]1 _m1 ev5 among ! le>n$1 envi$ bo?
 8 fame & m]it1 & did n hesitate to     
resort to artifices1 :i*1 !y imag9$1    
w\ld less5 8 reputation4 ,cri*ton 0 n   
ignorant ( ^! contrivances2 &1 consci\s 
( 8 own transc5d5t abilities &          
atta9m5ts1 he resolv$ to give all :o 7  
incl9$ to detract f 8 m]it1 a conv9c+   
pro( ( 8 decid$ sup]iority4 ,he !re=e   
caus$ a pap] to be fix$ on ! gates ( ,/4
 ,john's & ,/4 ,paul's *ur*es1 9 :i* he 
(f]$ to prove1 be=e ! ,univ]sity1 t bo? 

,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s _h fall5 into     
almo/ innum]able errors2 & t ! latt] _h 
fail$ 9 expla9+ ! philosophy ( _! ma/]1 
& _h err$ 9 _! application ( 8 pr9ciples
 to !ological subjects4 ,he engag$1     
likewise1 to refute ! !ories ( sev]al   
ma!matical pr(essors2 (f]$ to dispute ) 
any "o on all ! sci5ces2 & promis$ to   
answ] :atev] might be propos$ to him1 or
 object$ aga9/ :at he %\ld advance4 ,all
 ?is he engag$ to d1 ei!r 9 ! common    
logical way1 or by numb]s & ma!matical  
figures2 or1 9 case 8 antagoni/s %\ld   
pref] x1 9 no less ?an "o hundr$ sorts (
 v]ses4  ,! m5 :o _h be5 secretly       
contriv+ h[ to und]m9e 8 reputation1    
beheld ?is *all5ge ) /range emotions4 ,f
 ! presumption :i* x display$1 !y       
flatt]$ !mselves ) an easy conque/2 b f 
! tal5ts :i* ,cri*ton _h on all =m]     
occasions manife/$1 & 8 be+ con/antly   
victori\s1 !y became intimidat$1 &      
hesitat$ to accept ! summons !y _h      
provok$4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 proce$$ too f>  
to retreat2 & !re=e no?+ rema9$ b = !m  

to collect _! =ces1 & meet him1         
agreeably to 8 proposal4 ,manutius in=ms
 u1 t ! meet+ took place at ! "t        
appo9t$2 t ! disputations cont9u$ = ?ree
 days2 & t ,cri*ton1 dur+ ! :ole conte/1
 support$ 8 cr$it1 & ma9ta9$ 8          
propositions ) s mu* _s & en]gy1 &      
app>5tly ) s little fatigue1 t he       
obta9$1 f an unusual conc\rse ( p1 su*  
acclamations & praises z 7 sc>cely ev]  
be=e receiv$ by man4  ,nor 7 ! bodily   
p[]s1 activity1 & skill1 ( ?is a/oni%+  
man less conspicu\s1 ?an ^? en]gies by  
:i* 8 m9d 0 di/+ui%$4 ,( ^!1 also1 he   
has giv5 "s surpris+ pro(s 9 8 v>i\s    
exploits4  ,x happ5$ mu* ab\t ?is "t1 t 
a fam\s gladiator1 :o1 9 8 travels1 _h  
foil$ ! mo/ able f5c]s 9 ,europe1 &     
lately kill$ ?ree m5 :o _h ent]$ ! li/s 
aga9/ him1 took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,mantua4
 ,! duke1 "u ^: promis$ protection he _h
 tak5 %elt]1 on f9d+ t he _h af=d$ an   
asylum to a tr\blesome inmate1 by :om ! 
inhabitants 7 mu* annoy$1 did n hesitate
 to manife/ 8 regret3 b hav+ pl$g$ 8 ^w1

 :i* he c\ld nei!r recall nor violate1  
no way rema9$ to release ! public f ?is 
sanction$ pe/1 b t ( f9d+ "s p]son :o   
w\ld d>e to meet him 9 s+le combat4     
,cri*ton hav+ be5 in=m$ ( ! fact1 9     
connection ) its v>i\s circum/ances1    
volunt>ily (f]$ 8 s]vices1 n only to    
drive ! murd]] f ,mantua1 b to prev5t 8 
rema9+ 9 any "p ( ,italy4 ,he !re=e made
 a proposal to fight him = fifte5 hundr$
 pi/oles4 ,! duke1 ?\gh anxi\s to be    
deliv]$ f 8 tr\blesome intrud]1 0       
unwill+ t ! valuable life ( ,cri*ton    
%\ld be plac$ 9 competition ) t ( su* a 
b>b>\s adv5tur]4 ,b hav+ be5 in=m$ t he 
0 z capable ( appe>+ 9 feats ( arms1 z 9
 sci5tific disquisitions1 he gave 8     
cons5t1 t he %\ld und]take to meet !    
combatant4 ,affairs be+ arrang$1 & ! day
 appo9t$1 ! :ole c\rt assembl$ to       
witness ! issue ( ?is s+ul> conflict4 ,9
 ! comm5cem5t ( ?is enc\nt]1 ,cri*ton   
/ood :olly on ! def5sive2 :ile 8        
antagoni/ assail$ him ) su* eag]ness &  
fury1 t 9 a %ort "t he became exhau/$4  

,?is ,cri*ton soon p]ceiv$2 & avail+    
himself ( ! opportunity1 attack$ him 9  
return1 ) s mu* skill & resolution1 t he
 0 unable to )/& ! assault4 ,! weapons )
 :i* !y f\ght 7 rapi]s1 !n b newly      
br\ght into use2 b s f> _h ,cri*ton made
 himself ma/] ( ?is in/rum5t ( dea?1 t  
he ran 8 antagoni/ ?r\gh ! body ?ree    
times1 & saw him fall dead at 8 feet4 ,!
 spectators1 on p]ceiv+ ?is victory1    
utt]$ ?und]s ( applause1 mak+ ! e>?     
res\nd ) _! unit$ acclamations4 ,&      
al?\gh _m pres5t 7 mu* skill$ 9 ! use ( 
arms1 !y unit$ 9 decl>+1 t !y _h nev]   
se5 art grace nature1 or nature second !
 precepts ( art1 9 s lively a mann] z ! 
ev5ts ( ?is day _h exhibit$ be=e _!     
eyes4 ,cri*ton 9 ! mean:ile1 to prove t 
8 g5]osity 0 equal to 8 skill & c\rage1 
di/ribut$ ! fifte5 hundr$ pi/oles :i* he
 _h won by 8 val\r1 among ! wid[s ( !   
?ree m5 :o _h lo/ _! lives 9 fight+ ) ! 
gladiator :om he _h sla94  ,pleas$ ) ?is
 bloody p]=mance1 ! duke ( ,mantua is   
said imm$iately to h *os5 ,cri*ton z    

preceptor to 8 son ,v9c5tio di ,gonzaga1
 :o is repres5t$ z a y\? ( a turbul5t   
disposition1 & a dissolute life4 ,?is   
appo9tm5t 0 pleas+ to ! c\rt1 & highly  
flatt]+ to ! vanity ( ! victor2 :o1 to  
te/ify 8 gratitude1 & to contribute to  
_! div]sion1 is said to h fram$ a com$y1
 9 :i* he expos$ to ridicule1 ! foibles1
 weaknesses1 & defects ( ! sev]al       
employm5ts 9 :i* m5 7 engag$4 ,!        
composition 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s 
satires t 0 ev] made ^u mank9d4 ,9 !    
p]=mance ( ?is com$y1 ,cri*ton is       
repres5t$ z su/a9+ no less ?an fifte5   
*>act]s 9 8 own p]son4 ,among ! re/1 he 
act$ ! div9e1 ! philosoph]1 ! lawy]1 !  
ma!matician1 ! physician1 & ! soldi]1 ) 
su* an inimitable grace1 t e "t he      
appe>$ on ! !atre1 he seem$ to be a     
diff]5t p]son4  ,b x 0 n long aft] he _h
 su/a9$ ^! v>i\s *>act]s1 9 ! com$y :i* 
he _h compos$ = public ent]ta9m5t1 be=e 
he became ! subject ( a dreadful trag$y1
 :i* furni%$ a melan*oly occasion =     
lam5tation4  ,x happ5$ "o night1 dur+ ! 

"t ( c>nival1 z he 0 walk+ along !      
/reets ( ,mantua1 play+ ^u 8 guit>1 t he
 0 attack$ by six p]sons 9 masks4 ,he   
imm$iately drew 8 weapon to def5d       
himself2 & soon conv9c$ 8 assailants1 t 
!y _h some?+ m ?an an ord9>y p]son ) :om
 to cont5d4 ,9 ?is conflict1 :5 !y f\nd 
!y 7 unable to /& _! gr\nd1 _! lead]1   
be+ dis>m$1 pull$ (f 8 mask1 & begg$ 8  
life1 tell+ him t he 0 pr9ce ,gonzaga 8 
pupil4 ,cri*ton1 on mak+ ?is discov]y1  
fell ^u 8 knees1 & express$ mu* conc]n =
 8 mi/ake2 alleg+ t :at he _h done 0    
only 9 8 own def5ce1 & t if ,gonzaga _h 
any design ^u 8 life1 he 0 always ma/] (
 x4 ,hav+ said ?is1 he took 8 sword1 &  
hold+ x by ! po9t1 pres5t$ ! h&le to !  
pr9ce1 :o in/antly receiv$ x1 &1 ) a    
degree ( b>b>\s meanness1 t w always be 
associat$ ) 8 "n1 imm$iately /abb$      
,cri*ton to ! he>t4  ,on ! causes :i* l$
 to ?is brutal action1 v>i\s conjectures
 h be5 />t$4 ,"s h imag9$1 t x arose f !
 mortification ( be+ foil$1 dis>m$1 &   
discov]$1 & be+ oblig$ to beg = 8 life4 

,o!rs h suppos$1 t x 0 no?+ m ?an !     
effect ( a drunk5 frolic1 9 :i* !       
passions assum$ ! dom9ion ov] reason4 ,&
 o!rs h intimat$1 t x 0 ! effect (      
jeal\sy1 ,gonzaga be+ suspici\s t       
,cri*ton 0 m 9 fav\r ?an himself1 ) a   
lady :om he passionately lov$4 ,9 "o    
po9t1 h[ev]1 all :o h record$ ^!        
transactions mutually agree1 namely1 t  
,cri*ton lo/ 8 life 9 ?is r5contre2 b   
:e!r ! meet+ 0 prem$itat$ on ! "p ( !   
pr9ce & 8 associates1 or purely z       
accid5tal z x 0 on t ( ,cri*ton1 we h no
 means ( asc]ta9+4 ,! "t :5 ?is disa/r\s
 ev5t took place1 is said1 by ! g5]ality
 ( 8 biograph]s1 to h be5 e>ly 9 ,july  
#aehc2 b ,"l ,bu*an ?9ks x to h happ5$  
"o ye> e>li]4 ,! diff]5ce is /ill great]
 ) reg>d to 8 age1 :5 he 0 ?us          
assass9at$4 ,! common acc\nts decl>e1 t 
he 0 kill$ 9 8 ?irty-second ye>2 b      
,imp]ialis ass]ts1 t he 0 only 9 8      
tw5ty-second2 & 9 ?is he is confirm$ by 
! te/imony ( ,"l ,bu*an4 ,8 dea? 0      
univ]sally lam5t$1 ! p ( ,mantua m\rn$ =

 him ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ye>1 & 8 picture   
appe>$ 9 ! *amb]s & h\ses ( e ,italian4 
,! fame ( ,cri*ton1 l t ( an actor1 0   
*iefly conf9$ to ^? :o _h witness$ 8    
a*ievem5ts4 ,he wrote little1 b he p]=m$
 mu*4 ,! latt] 0 soon =gott52 or s bl5d$
 ) fiction1 t x became d\btful4 ,he     
blaz$ l a meteor = a mom5t2 8           
coruscations dazzl$ ! eyes ( ! behold]2 
b :5 he vani%$1 ! impression :i* he _h  
made 0 no :]e to be f\nd4 ,yet1 we mu/  
aga9 repeat1 he 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/    
accompli%$ m51 :o1 9 t age1 _h ev]      
appe>$4  ,to ^? :o feel ! aspir+s (     
g5ius1 he furni%es an example ( !       
heights to :i* x c asc5d4 ,& to ^? :o   
are less gift$ by nature1 8 unsettl$    
life1 & 8 melan*oly end1 may at lea/    
tea* acquiesc5ce 9 ! humbl] gifts :i*   
,provid5ce has assign$ !m4--,see ,briti%
 ,nepos1 p4 #aja4  ,9 fav\r ( ,cri*ton's
 moral "*1 we fe> t little c be said4 ,8
 w>me/ admir]s h furni%$ u ) ! means (  
mak+ ?is reflection4 ,!y h occasionally 
palliat$ dissipation2 b un=tunately1    

:ile s(t5+ 8 vices into y\?ful foibles1 
!y h record$ facts1 to :i* po/]ity h    
giv5 names4 ,on ! vanity1 :i* 9 too _m  
in/ances m>k$ 8 life1 & ! unhappy mann] 
9 :i* x 0 t]m9at$1 no comm5t c be deem$ 
necess>y4 ,9 8 :ole hi/ory1 all ^?1 :o 9
 ! confid5ce ( sup]ior capacities or    
atta9m5ts disreg>d ! common maxims (    
life1 %all be rem9d$1 t no?+ w supply ! 
want ( prud5ce2 & t neglig5ce &         
irregul>ity1 long cont9u$1 w make k     
useless1 wit ridicul\s1 & g5ius         
contemptible4--,johnson's ,life (       
,savage4   ,,miss ,,m>g>et              
,m',,avoy4--,"s "t 9 ! ye> #ahae1 an    
extraord9>y ph5om5on appe>$ at          
,liv]pool1 9 ! p]son ( ,miss ,m',avoy1 a
 "y lady ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age1 reput$ 
to be totally bl9d2 b ^: exquisite n]v\s
 s5sibility enabl$ h] to di/+ui%1 by !  
p[] ( t\*1 a v>iety ( objects1 :i*1 to  
all o!r p]sons1 7 p]ceptible only ?r\gh 
! m$ium ( vision4 ,! circum/ances       
connect$ ) ?is case1 tak5 9 all _!      
be>+s1 are su*1 t x may be ju/ly d\bt$  

if any ?+ m extraord9>y has ev] occurr$ 
9 ! physiological hi/ory ( our species4 
,! foll[+ int]e/+ n>rative is an abridg$
 copy ( :at appe>$ 9 ! ,liv]pool        
,m]cury1 at ! "t :5 h] a/oni%+ p[]s     
excit$ a consid]able degree ( public    
att5tion4 ,! article is sign$ by ,mr4   
,eg]ton ,smi?1 ! proprietor ( ! above   
pap]1 & 8 relation is f\nd$ on p]sonal  
obs]vations4  ,"s "t 9 ,septemb]1 #ahaf1
 ,i accompani$ ,dr4 ,r5wick1 on a       
pr(essional visit he paid to ,miss      
,m',avoy1 at h] resid5ce 9 ,/4          
,paul's-squ>e1 on ! ea/ side4 ,%e 0 !n  
betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 ( a 
pleas+ & +5u\s c\nt5ance1 & app>5tly (  
an amiable & artless disposition4 ,h] "m
 in=m$ me1 t 9 ! prec$+ ,june1 h]       
daught] _h be5 attack$ ) hydrocephalus1 
or wat] 9 ! head1 toge!r ) p>alytic     
affection on "o side1 & a complication (
 o!r disord]s1 :i* ,i =be> to enum]ate1 
because ,i am :olly ignorant ( t "p ( ! 
subject4 ,accord+ to h] own /atem5t1    
corroborat$ by t ( h] "m1 !             

hydrocephalus prec$$1 & 9 _! op9ion     
produc$1 ! bl9dness ( gutta s]5a1 "u :i*
 %e is suppos$ to lab\r1 b :i* has be5  
call$ 9 "q1 ,i und]/&1 by "s ( !        
pr(essional m5 :o h visit$ h]4  ,h] "m1 
h[ev]1 decl>$1 t ! light ( ! sun produc$
 n ! slighte/ s5sible effect ^u h] eyes2
 & "s ( ! pr(essional g5tlem5 :o happ5$ 
to be pres5t at "o ( my repeat$ visits1 
decl>$1 t ?\gh "s slight contraction ( !
 pupil 0 p]ceptible ^u ! approa* ( a    
light$ c&le to ! eye1 x 0 by no means   
su* z uni=mly occurs :5 ! visual organs 
p]=m _! regul> functions4  ,at my fir/  
int]view1 ,i le>n$ f h]self1 :at ,i _h  
inde$ previ\sly be5 told by o!rs1 t %e  
_h rec5tly acquir$ ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ 
n only ! col\rs ( clo? & /a9$ glass1 b t
 %e c\ld actually deciph] ! =ms ( words 
9 a pr9t$ book2 &1 inde$1 c\ld read1 if 
! phrase may be p]mitt$1 ) tol]able     
facility4 ,to put ^! pret5sions to !    
te/1 %e p]mitt$ a %awl to be pass$      
across ! eyes 9 d\ble folds1 9 su* a way
 t all pres5t 7 conv9c$ !y c\ld n "u    

simil> circum/ances disc]n day f night4 
,9 ?is /ate a book 0 plac$ be=e h]1 &   
op5$ indiscrim9ately2 :51 to our extreme
 surprise1 %e began to trace ! words )  
h] f+]1 & to repeat !m correctly4 ,%e   
appe>$ to recognize a %ort monosyllable 
by ! simple contact ( "o f+]2 b 9       
asc]ta9+ a long ^w1 %e plac$ ! =e-f+] ( 
h] left h& on ! beg9n+1 :il/ ) t ( h] "r
 h& %e proce$$ f ! o!r extremity ( ! ^w2
 & :5 ! two f+]s1 by hav+ trav]s$ ov]   
all ! lett]s1 came 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 
%e inv>iably & precisely asc]ta9$ ! ^w4 
,by my wat* ,i f\nd t %e read ab\t ?irty
 words 9 half a m9ute2 & x v naturally  
occurr$ to u1 t if1 not)/&+ h] suppos$  
bl9dness1 & ! d\ble b&age ov] h] eyes1  
%e c\ld /ill see1 %e w\ld h read mu* m  
rapidly1 if h] motive _h be5 to excite  
our a/oni%m5t4 ,& "h x may n be amiss to
 /ate1 t !re does n appe> to be any     
adequate motive = practis+ a delusion ^u
 ! public4 ,h] situation 9 life is      
respectable2 & h] "m disav[s any        
int5tion ( ev] exhibit+ h] daught] z a  

means ( pecuni>y remun]ation4 ,fifte5   
mon?s h n[ elaps$ s9ce ! p]iod at :i* %e
 laid claim to ! extraord9>y faculty :i*
 has giv5 rise to s mu* curiosity1      
a/oni%m5t1 & p]plexity2 dur+ :i* "t !   
reputation ( s wond]ful a circum/ance   
has subject$ h] to ! fatigue &          
inconv5i5ce ( daily & almo/ h\rly       
visits4  ,accord+ to h] own /atem5t1 h] 
p[]s ( t\* v>y v mat]ially )            
circum/ances2 :5 h] h&s are cold1 %e    
decl>es t ! faculty is altoge!r lo/2 & t
 x is exhau/$1 also1 by long & unremitt+
 ef=ts2 t %e consid]s ! h\rs ( f t5 till
 twelve1 ( ea* alt]nate day1 ! mo/      
fav\rable = h] p]=mance4 ,h] pulse1 dur+
 ! exp]im5ts1 has v>i$ f #aaj to #acj   
degrees4  ,"o circum/ance1 :i* has      
creat$ mu* d\bt & suspicion1 mu/ n be   
conceal$2 :i* is1 t if any sub/ance1 =  
in/ance1 a book or a %awl1 be int]pos$  
betwe5 h] eyes & ! object %e is         
inve/igat+1 %e is mu* emb>rass$1 &      
frequ5tly entirely baffl$4 ,%e expla9s  
?is by say+1 t x is necess>y !re %\ld be

 an un9t]rupt$ communication betwe5 h]  
f+] & h] brea?4 ,i leave x to o!rs to   
draw _! own conclusions ^u ?is po9t2 z  
my object is n to e/abli% any !ory1 or  
give curr5cy to any my/]y1 b to relate !
 simple facts4 ,i am1 !re=e1 compell$ to
 express my conviction1 t %e c nei!r    
asc]ta9 col\rs1 nor ! words ( a book1 9 
total d>kness2 &1 z _m p]sons v         
naturally w ask1 :y has n su* a te/ be5 
propos$8 ! reply mu/ be1 t z ! "y lady  
is n ! subject ( a public exhibition1 & 
z an introduction to h] is m]ely a matt]
 ( fav\r1 x might n be v c\rte\s or     
delicate1 "u su* circum/ances1 to make  
any proposal :i* seem$ to imply a       
suspicion t %e 0 an impo/or4  ,!re are  
p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o1 giv+ h] implicit     
cr$it = ! reality ( ! extraord9>y p[]s  
to :i* %e lays claim1 w cont5d t x is   
altoge!r unfair to propose ! te/ ( total
 d>kness4 ,proce$+ ^u _! belief t %e    
actually asc]ta9s col\r1 c4 by ! f+]1 or
 t ! visual organ is transf]r$ to ! t\*1
 /ill !y say t light is ess5tially      

necess>y to produce t effect ^u !       
surface ( ! body felt1 :i* enables h] to
 di/+ui% "o %ade f ano!r2 !y add1 t z   
!re is no su* ?+ z col\r 9 total        
d>kness1 x is p]fectly ridicul\s to     
expect t %e %\ld asc]ta9 ! v>i\s %ades  
)\t ! pres5ce ( t light :i* alone       
produces ^? %ades4 ,x is1 accord+ to _! 
mode ( consid]+ ! subject1 z absurd z to
 expect an effect )\t a cause4  ,x has  
already be5 /at$1 t1 ) ! d\ble b&age ov]
 h] eyes1 %e read sev]al l9es ( a book  
indiscrim9ately op5$2 z x 0 possible t !
 lett]s ( a pr9t$ book might leave "s   
slight impression s5sible to an         
exquisite t\*1 ,i took f my pocket-book 
an engrav$ ,fr5* assignat1 :i* 0        
hot-press$1 & smoo? z glass2 %e read !  
smalle/ l9es conta9$ 9 ?is ) ! same     
facility z ! pr9t$ book4 ,a lett]       
receiv$ by t day's po/ 0 produc$1 !     
direction & po/-m>k ( :i* %e imm$iately 
& correctly deciph]$4 ,%e also nam$ !   
col\r ( ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! dresses ( !  
p]sons 9 company1 z well z v>i\s %ades (

 /a9$ glass :i* 7 purposely br\ght4     
,:at ,i _h se5 at my fir/ int]view 0 s  
extremely a/oni%+1 & s f> surpass$ any  
?+ ,i _h ev] kn[n or read ( ! p[]s      
ascrib$ to p]sons depriv$ ( sight1 t ,i 
c\ld only acc\nt = x on ! supposition t 
%e 0 n bl9d1 & t %e _h "s secret mode ( 
disc]n+ an object1 not)/&+ ! b&age1     
?r\gh :i* ,i myself c\ld n di/+ui% night
 f day1 :5 x 0 appli$ to my own eyes4 ,i
 !re=e made ! be/ apology ,i c\ld =     
visit+ h] h\se aga9 ! same ev5+1 hav+   
previ\sly prep>$ myself ) sev]al te/s1  
:i* ,i begg$ p]mission to submit to h]  
exam9ation1 :5 ! c&le 0 )drawn4 ,n !    
slighte/ objection 0 (f]$ to my         
proposal1 & ! c&le 0 ext+ui%$3 h] "m    
/ation$ h]self be=e ! fire1 :i* 0       
extremely l[1 & af=d$ s little light t  
,i c\ld n h read "o ^w ( mod]ate-siz$   
pr9t1 if x _h be5 br\ght almo/ 9 contact
 ) ! b>s ( ! grate4 ,i !n took f my     
pocket a small book1 ! type ( :i* 0 v   
little l>g] ?an t ( an ord9>y newspap]2 
obs]v+ at ! "t1 t ,i 0 afraid ! pr9t 0  

too m9ute2 to :i* %e repli$1 t h] f+]s 7
 9 excell5t ord]1 & t %e _h no d\bt %e  
c\ld be able to make x out4  ,! c&le1 z 
0 be=e obs]v$1 _h be5 ext+ui%$2 & h] "m 
& myself 7 s /ation$1 t _h !re be5 any  
light af=d$ by ! fire1 we mu/ h         
completely int]cept$ x4 ,miss ,m',avoy  
sat 9 ! fur!/ "p ( ! room1 ) h] back    
t[>ds ! grate1 9 su* a situation t ,i   
c\ld b>ely disc]n ev5 ! leaves ( ! book 
:i* lay op5 be=e h]2 ! title ( :i* %e   
proce$$ to read ) complete success1 ) ! 
exception ( "o v m9ute ^w4 ,i !n pres5t$
 to h] a small piece ( smoo? writ+ pap]1
 :i* 0 rul$ ) horizontal fa9t blue l9es1
 ) a p5 & black ink2 !re 7 also         
p]p5dicul> r$ l9es1 betwe5 :i* 7 scor$  
black l9es3 all ^!1 ) _! direction &    
ord]1 %e det]m9$ )\t any app>5t         
difficulty4 ,%e also told correctly !   
col\r ( a v>iety ( species ( clo?1      
procur$ imm$iately be=e at a drap]'s    
%op4 ,all ! exp]im5ts hi!rto describ$1 z
 well z ^? :i* foll[1 7 p]=m$ by ,miss  
,m4 ) ! b&age be=e h] eyes2 & z ! %awl1 

:i* 0 usually appli$ to ?is purpose1    
produc$ consid]able w>m? & inconv5i5ce1 
a pair ( :at1 9 ! optician's %ops1 are  
call$ goggles1 _h be5 provid$1 :i* s    
completely exclud$ ! light1 t no p]son  
:o tri$ !m c\ld disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5
 day & night1 :5 !y 7 fitt$ to ! face4  
,z ^! goggles h be5 g5]ally us$ :5 ,miss
 ,m4 has exhibit$ h] surpris+ tal5t1 x  
is necess>y t ! read] %\ld h a correct  
idea ( !m4 ,!y are int5d$ to be worn by 
travell]s1 to gu>d ! eyes aga9/ ! w9d or
 ! du/1 & consi/ ( two glasses1         
sometimes gre51 fitt$ into a b&age (    
lea!r1 :i* is pass$ horizontally across 
! face1 & is ti$ ) rib&s r\nd ! back ( !
 head4 ,! goggles provid$ = ,miss ,m4   
in/ead ( glasses1 7 fitt$ up ) opake    
pa/ebo>d1 l9$ ) pap]1 & n an ap]ture 0  
left ?r\gh :i* a s+le ray ( light c\ld  
p5etrate4  ,mr4 ,ni*ol1 a sci5tific     
g5tleman1 :o 0 deliv]+ a c\rse (        
philosophical lectures 9 ,liv]pool1 hav+
 he>d ( ?is extraord9>y prop]ty1 appli$ 
to me to obta9 an introduction to ,miss 

,m',avoy1 & ,i accompani$ him to h]     
h\se1 along ) ,mr4 ,james ,smi?1 pr9t]1 
( ,liv]pool4 ,at ?is int]view1 !        
exp]im5ts ,i h already detail$ 7 repeat$
 ) complete success1 :il/ ! goggles 7   
appli$4 ,"o "p ( ! p]=mance 0 s truly   
a/oni%+1 t ,i %\ld almo/ hesitate to    
relate x1 if ^? two g5tlem5 _h n be5    
pres5t to v\* = ! tru?4 ,i _h furni%$   
myself ) a set ( /a9$ l&scape glasses1  
usually t]m$ ,claude ,lorra9 glasses4   
,!y 7 sev5 9 numb]1 conta9$ 9 a frame4  
,%e asc]ta9$ ! precise %ade ( ea*       
correctly2 "o glass1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to   
emb>rass h]1 & aft] consid]able scrut9y1
 %e said x 0 n black1 nor d>k blue1 nor 
d>k br[n1 b %e ?\ght x 0 a v deep       
crimson4 ,we did n "k :e!r h] conjecture
 0 correct or n1 z we c\ld n ourselves  
asc]ta9 ! %ade4 ,by reflect$ light x    
appe>$ to u to be p]fectly black2 nor 0 
! flame ( ! fire1 :i* 0 /irr$ = !       
occasion1 visible ?r\gh x 9 ! fa9te/    
degree4 ,we _h ab&on$ all expectation ( 
det]m9+ ?is po9t1 :5 ! sun sudd5ly em]g$

 f beh9d ! cl\ds2 & by t te/1 & t alone1
 7 we enabl$ to discov] t %e 0 correct1 
z we c\ld j disc]n ! sol> image ( a v   
deep crimson4 ,x has be5 said1 & ) "s   
plausibility1 t ?is mu/ h be5 a bold    
guess on h] "p2 if n1 x w puzzle our    
physiologi/s to expla9 h[ a p]son reput$
 to be bl9d1 ) an opake b&age also ov]  
h] eyes1 c\ld decl>e ! col\r ( a glass1 
:i* p]sons 9 full enjoym5t ( _!         
eyesight1 & )\t any su* ob/acles1 c\ld n
 disc]n by any o!r light ?an t ( !      
m]idian sun6 ,at ?is meet+1 we 7 in=m$ t
 ,miss ,m',avoy _h rec5tly f\nd out t   
?is extraord9>y faculty 0 n conf9$ to h]
 f+]s2 & t %e c\ld also di/+ui% ! col\r 
( an object :i* 0 br\ght into contact ) 
! back ( h] h&s4 ,?is 0 imm$iately made 
! subject ( exp]im5t by ,mr4 ,ni*ol1 :o 
successively appli$ sev]al objects :i*  
he _h ) him to t "p ( ! h&2 9 plac+ :i* 
he us$ s mu* precaution1 t ,i c\ld n see
 !m myself1 al?\gh my eyes 7 fix$ ^u 8  
h&s4 ,%e 0 completely successful also ^u
 ?is occasion4  ,! p>agraph :i* foll[s  

is f ! ,liv]pool ,adv]tis]3--  ,z !     
extraord9>y p[]s attribut$ to ,miss     
,m>g>et ,m',avoy1 ( ?is t[n1 h lately   
attract$ ! att5tion ( ! public 9 an     
uncommon degree1 p]mit me to s5d y a    
fact1 :i* has lately occurr$1 & :i* mu/ 
sil5ce ! scepticism ( ! mo/             
incr$ul\s3--,two ladies ( ?is t[n1 ^:   
habits ( rigid v]acity & cauti\s inquiry
 are well kn[n1 & ^: names are left ) ! 
publi%]s1 9 ord] to satisfy any d\bts   
:i* may arise1 w5t to ! h\se ( ?is      
ph5om5on1 impell$ by t curiosity :i* has
 n[ become g5]al4 ,=tunately1 ,miss     
,m',avoy's m>vell\s p[]s1 :i* are kn[n  
to be sometimes fluctuat+ & caprici\s1 7
 t day 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 & ! foll[+ 
exp]im5t 0 actually tri$3--,"o ( ^!     
visitors /ood beh9d ! "y lady's *air1 & 
press$ d[n h] eyelids ) bo? h&s s       
closely1 t x 0 a physical impossibility 
= a s+le ray ( light to ent]4 ,i may "h 
rem>k1 t no me?od ( clos+ ! eyes1 by any
 sort ( cov]+ t c be devis$1 is half s  
effectual z ?is1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,!   

o!r lady !n took up a pr9t$ book (      
s]mons1 :i* 0 ly+ 9 ! ap>tm5t1 & :i*    
appe>$ to h j come f ! booksell]'s1 z ! 
leaves 7 n yet cut op52 %e op5$ x 9 a   
place :]e ! leaves 7 unit$1 & plac$ x   
be=e ,miss ,m',avoy1 7h] eyes /ill clos$
 z above describ$17 :o read sev]al l9es 
9 x1 )\t hesitation4 ,! lady !n took a  
writt5 note out ( h] pocket1 :i* _h be5 
receiv$ t morn+1 & ,miss ,m4 also read  
t1 )\t any o!r difficulty ?an :at arose 
f ! badness ( ! h&-writ+4 ,?is exp]im5t1
 :i* c be asc]ta9$ on oa?1 seems s      
decisive z to ! p[] possess$ by ,miss   
,m4 ( read+ by ! t\* alone1 t ,i am n   
aw>e ( any possible way 9 :i* x c be    
controv]t$4  ,at ! "t :5 ! case ( ?is "y
 lady came be=e ! public1 h] claims to  
extraord9>y p[]s 7 exam9$ ) ! utmo/     
scrut9y1 bo? by ^? :o admitt$1 & ^? :o  
d\bt$ h] abilities4 ,9 e exp]im5t t 0   
made1 ! =m] 7 confirm$ 9 _! op9ion2 & ! 
latt]1 :ile !y )held _! ass5t1 7        
con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge !mselves ov]:elm$ 
) an accumulation ( facts1 = :i* !y 7   

unable to acc\nt4   ,,an ,,old ,,engli% 
',,squire4--,! foll[+ "* ( ! ,hon\rable 
,william ,ha/+s1 ( ! ,woodl&s1 9        
,hamp%ire1 0 copi$ 9 ! ye> #agcg1 f a   
manuscript ( ,an?ony ,a%ley ,coop]1 !   
fir/ e>l ( ,%aftsbury1 by ,w4 ,c[p]1    
,esq4 !n cl]k ( p>liam5t4  ,9 ! ye>     
#afch1 liv$ ,mr4 ,ha/+s1 by 8 quality1  
son1 bro!r1 & uncle1 to ! e>ls (        
,hunt+don4 ,he 01 p]adv5ture1 an orig9al
 9 our age1 or r ! copy ( our anci5t    
nobility 9 hunt+1 n 9 w>like times4  ,he
 0 l[1 v /rong1 & v active2 ( a r$di%   
flax5 hair4 ,8 clo!s always ( gre5 clo?1
 & nev] all wor?1 :5 new1 five p\nds4   
,8 h\se 0 p]fectly ( ! old fa%ion3 9 !  
mid/ ( a l>ge p>k well /ock$ ) de]1 &   
ne> ! h\se1 rabbits to s]ve 8 kit*52 _m 
fi%ponds2 great /ore ( wood & timb]2 a  
b[l+-gre5 9 x1 long1 b n>r[1 full ( high
 ridges1 x be+ nev] levell$ s9ce x 0    
pl\gh$2 !y us$ r\nd s&-b[ls2 & x _h a   
l>ge banquet+-h\se l a /&1 built 9 a    
tree4  ,he kept all mann] ( sport h\nds1
 t ran buck1 fox1 h>e1 ott]1 & badg]2 & 

hawks1 long & %ort w+$ ,he _h all sorts 
( nets = fi%4 ,he _h a walk 9 ! ,new    
,=e/ & ! manor ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*2 ?is la/   
suppli$ him ) r$ de]1 sea & riv] fi%2 & 
inde$ all 8 neighb\rs' l&s & royalties 7
 free to him1 :o be/[$ all 8 "t on ^!   
sports1 b :at he borr[$ to c>ess 8      
neighb\rs' wives & daught]s4 ,?is made  
him v popul>1 always speak+ k9dly to !  
husb&1 bro!r1 or fa!r1 :o 01 besides1   
always welcome to 8 h\se4 ,!re he w\ld  
f9d beef1 pudd+1 & small be] 9 great    
pl5ty2 a h\se n s neatly kept z to %ame 
him1 or 8 du/y %oes2 ! great hall /rew$ 
) m>r[-bones1 & full ( hawks' p]*es1    
h\nds1 spaniels1 & t]ri]s2 ! upp] side (
 ! hall hung ) ! fox-sk9s ( ?is & ! la/ 
ye>'s kill+1 ) "h & !re a pole-cat      
int]mix$2 & gamekeep]s' & hunt]s' poles 
9 great abundance4  ,! p>l\r 0 a l>ge   
long room1 curi\sly furni%$3--on a great
 he>? pav$ ) bricks lay "s t]ri]s1 & !  
*oice/ h\nds & spaniels2 usually two ( !
 great *airs _h litt]s ( "y cats 9 !m1  
:i* 7 n to be di/urb$1 he hav+ always   

?ree or f\r att5d+ him at d9n]1 & a     
little r\nd :ite /ick ( f\rte5 in*es    
long ly+ by 8 tr5*]1 t he might def5d   
su* meat z he _h no m9d to "p ) to !m4  
,! w9d[s1 :i* 7 v l>ge1 s]v$ = places to
 lay 8 arr[s1 cross-b[s1 /one-b[s1 & o!r
 su* l acc\trem5ts3 ! corn]s ( ! room 7 
full ( ! be/-*os5 hunt+ & hawk+ poles4  
,an oy/] table /ood at ! l[] end1 (     
con/ant use twice a day1 all ! ye> r\nd1
 = he nev] fail$ to eat oy/]s be=e d9n] 
& supp] ?r\gh all seasons2 ) ^! !       
neighb\r+ t[n ( ,poole suppli$ him4  ,! 
upp] "p ( ! room _h two small tables & a
 desk1 on ! "o side ( :i* 0 a ,*ur*     
,bible1 & on ! o!r ! ,book ( ,m>tyrs4   
,on ! tables 7 hawks' hoops1 bells1 &   
su* l1 two or ?ree old gre5 hats1 ) _!  
cr[ns ?ru/ 9 s z to hold t5 or a doz5   
eggs2 :i* 7 ( a pheasant k9d ( p\ltry he
 took mu* c>e ( & f$ himself4 ,tables1  
dice1 c>ds1 & boxes1 7 n want+4 ,9 !    
holes ( ! desk 7 /ore ( tobacco-pipes t 
_h be5 us$4  ,on "o side ( ?is end ( !  
room 0 a door ( ! closet1 :]e9 /ood !   

/rong be] & ! w9e1 :i* nev] came !nce b 
9 s+le glasses1 t be+ ! rule ( ! h\se   
exactly obs]v$1 = he nev] exce$$ 9 dr9k1
 or p]mitt$ o!rs to transgress4  ,on !  
o!r side 0 a door into an old *apel1 n  
us$ = devotion2 ! pulpit1 z ! safe/     
place1 0 nev] want+ ( a cold *9e ( beef1
 v5ison pa/y1 gammon ( bacon1 or great  
apple pie1 ) ?ick cru/ extremely bak$4  
,8 table co/ him n mu*1 ?\gh x 0 well   
provid$4 ,8 sports suppli$ all b beef & 
mutton1 except ,fridays1 :5 he _h ! be/ 
salt fi%1 z well z o!r fi%1 he c\ld get4
 ,?is 0 ! day 8 neighb\rs ( fir/ quality
 mo/ visit$ him4 ,he nev] want$ a       
,london pudd+1 & always sung x 9 ) ,my  
p]t eyes !re9 a4 ,he drank a glass or   
two ( w9e at meals2 v (t5 syrup (       
gillyfl[]s 9 8 sack2 & _h always a tun  
glass1 )\t feet1 /&+ by him1 hold+ a p9t
 ( small be]1 :i* he (t5 /irr$ )        
rosem>y4  ,he 0 good-natur$1 b soon     
angry1 call+ 8 s]vants ba/>ds1 &        
cuckoldy knaves2 9 "o ( :i* he (t5 spoke
 tru? to 8 own k1 & sometimes 9 bo?1    

?\gh ( ! same man4 ,he liv$ to be an    
hundr$1 nev] lo/ 8 eyesight1 b always   
wrote & read )\t spectacles1 & got on   
horseback )\t help4 ,until pa/ f\rscore1
 he rode to ! dea? ( a /ag z well z any 
"o4   ,,joan ,,( ,,arc1 commonly call$ !
 ,maid ( ,orleans4--,?is celebrat$ h]o9e
 0 ! daught] ( a peasant ( ,domremi1 ne>
 ,vauc\leurs1 on ! bord]s ( ,lorra91 &  
born ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4  
,at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 %e 0 s]vant
 9 a small inn1 :]e %e 0 accu/om$ to t5d
 horses1 & to p]=m o!r m5ial (fices :i* 
commonly fall to ! %>e ( m5-s]vants4    
,ab\t ?is "t1 k+ ,*>les ,,vii4 0 r$uc$  
to ! mo/ di/ress$ condition by !        
,engli%2 b ! siege ( ,orleans1 :i* 0    
bravely def5d$ by ! g>rison &           
inhabitants1 9 "s measure ret>d$ _!     
progress4 ,joan p>took ( ! feel+s (     
sympa?y ) ! besieg$1 t v g5]ally        
prevail$1 & det]m9$ to make "s ef=t =   
reliev+ h] sov]eign 9 8 pres5t          
di/resses4 ,:il/ %e 0 indulg+ ^! feel+s1
 h] en?usiasm l$ h] to fancy t %e saw   

visions & he>d voices exhort+ h] to     
re-e/abli% ! ?rone ( ,france1 & to expel
 ! =eign invad]s4 ,"u ! /rong impulse ( 
passion & imag9$ inspiration1 %e obta9$ 
admission to ,baudric\rt1 ! gov]nor (   
,vauc\leurs1 :o aft] be+ in=m$ ( h]     
inspiration & int5tions1 treat$ h] = "s 
"t ) neglect2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( h] r5ew$
 & importunate solicitations1 he gave   
ord]s t %e %\ld be conduct$ to ! ,fr5*  
c\rt1 :i* !n resid$ at ,*9on4 ,x is     
pret5d$ t ,joan1 imm$iately on h]       
admission1 knew ! k+1 ?\gh %e _h nev]   
se5 8 face be=e1 & ?\gh he purposely    
kept himself 9 ! cr[d ( c\rti]s1 & laid 
aside e ?+ 9 8 app>el t might seem to   
di/+ui% him2 & t %e (f]$1 9 ! "n ( !    
supreme ,creator1 to raise ! siege (    
,orleans1 & to conduct him to ,rheims1  
to be !re cr[n$ & ano9t$4 ,9 ord] to    
remove 8 d\bts ( h] mission1 x is said1 
t %e disclos$ a secret1 kn[n only to    
himself1 & :i* %e mu/ h d]iv$ f heav5ly 
inspiration4 ,%e also dem&$1 z !        
in/rum5t ( h] future victories1 a       

p>ticul> sword :i* 0 kept 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4
 ,ca?>9e ( ,fi]bois1 & :i*1 ?\gh %e _h  
nev] se5 x1 %e describ$ by all its m>ks1
 & by ! place 9 :i* x _h long la9       
neglect$4 ,h] intrepid & det]m9$ mode ( 
address excit$ att5tion1 & ga9$         
confid5ce2 & %e 0 ref]r$ to matrons =   
pro(s ( h] virg9ity1 & to doctors ( !   
*ur* = evid5ce ( h] inspiration3 _!     
report be+ fav\rable1 %e 0 s5t to !     
p>liam5t at ,poicti]s2 b !y1 consid]+ h]
 z insane1 dem&$ f h] a miracle4 ,h]    
reply 01 t %e w\ld soon exhibit "o at   
,orleans4  ,accord+ly1 %e 0 at l5g?     
completely arm$1 m\nt$ on horseback 9 ! 
pres5ce ( ! multitude1 & s5t1 amid/ !   
l\de/ acclamations1 to jo9 ! army de/9$ 
to ! relief ( ,orleans4 ,^u jo9+ ! army1
 consi/+ ( #aj1jjj m51 %e ord]$ all !   
soldi]s to confess !mselves be=e !y set 
out on ! ent]prise2 %e bani%$ f ! camp  
all wom5 ( bad fame2 %e display$ 9 h]   
h&s a consecrat$ bann]1 repres5t+ !     
,supreme ,be+ z grasp+ ! globe ( e>?1 & 
surr\nd$ ) fl[]-de-luces2 & aft] ?us    

communicat+ to ! soldi]s a great degree 
( t en?usiasm by :i* %e h]self 0        
actuat$1 %e advanc$ t[>ds ,orleans4 ,!  
,engli% besieg]s 7 ov]aw$ by h] ord]s & 
m5aces1 dictat$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,almighty    
,creator2 & %e ent]$ ,orleans array$ 9  
h] milit>y g>b1 & display+ h] consecrat$
 /&>d1 & 0 receiv$ by all ! inhabitants 
z a cele/ial deliv]]4 ,! convoy approa*$
 )\t f9d+ any resi/ance on ! "p ( !     
besieg]s2 ! waggons & troops pass$ )\t  
int]ruption betwe5 ! r$\bts ( ! ,engli%2
 & a dead sil5ce & a/oni%m5t reign$     
among ^? troops1 =m]ly s elat$ )        
victory1 & s fi]ce = ! combat4  ,joan1  
hav+ ?us f> succe$$1 ord]$ ! g>rison1 at
 ! same "t enc\rag+ !m ) ! promise (    
heav5ly assi/ance1 fir/1 to attack !    
,engli% r$\bts1 9 :i* measure !y 7      
successful2 & !n to fall ^u ! ma9 body (
 ! ,engli% 9 _! entr5*m5ts4 ,9 "o ( ^!  
latt] attacks ! ,fr5* 7 repuls$1 b !    
intrepid maid l$ !m back to ! *>ge1 &   
ov]p[]$ ! ,engli%4 ,9 "o ( ^! attacks1  
%e 0 w\nd$ 9 ! neck ) an arr[2 b        

retreat+ beh9d ! assailants1 %e pull$ x 
out ) h] own h&s1 _h ! w\nd quickly     
dress$1 & ha/5$ back to head ! troops1 &
 to plant h] victori\s bann] on !       
ramp>ts ( ! enemy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^!   
successes1 att5d$ ) a loss to ! ,engli% 
( m ?an #fjjj m51 _! c\rage & confid5ce 
gave way to amazem5t & despair4 ,!      
,fr5*1 9 ord] to magnify ! wond] ( all  
^! prosp]\s ev5ts1 repres5t ! maid z n  
only active 9 combat1 b z p]=m+ ! (fice 
( g5]al2 direct+ ! troops1 conduct+ !   
milit>y op]ations1 & sway+ !            
delib]ations 9 all ! c\ncils ( w>4 ,b   
:atev] ! policy ( ! ,fr5* c\rt might    
sugge/ = ma9ta9+ ?is op9ion among !     
multitude1 x is mu* m probable1 t ?is   
inexp]i5c$ c\ntry girl 0 prompt$ 9 all  
h] measures by ! wis] comm&]s4  ,hav+   
rais$ ! siege ( ,orleans1 ,joan n[      
insi/$ t %e %\ld proce$ to !            
accompli%m5t ( ! second "p ( h] promise1
 :i* 0 t ( cr[n+ ! k+ at ,rheims4 ,! k+1
 accompani$ by ! victori\s maid1 m>*$ at
 ! head ( #ab1jjj m5 t[>ds ,rheims1     

receiv+ ! submission ( ! t[ns ?r\gh :i* 
he pass$2 till at l5g? arriv+ ne>       
,rheims1 a deputation met him ) ! keys (
 ! city1 & he 0 admitt$ into x )        
transport4 ,"h ! c]emony ( 8 coronation 
0 p]=m$ ) ! holy oil ( ,clovis2 & ! maid
 /ood by 8 side 9 complete arm\r1 &     
display$ h] sacr$ bann]4 ,:5 ! c]emony 0
 f9i%$1 %e ?rew h]self at ! k+'s feet1  
embrac$ 8 knees1 & ) a flood ( te>s %e  
congratulat$ him on ?is s+ul> & m>vell\s
 ev5t4 ,*>les te/ifi$ 8 gratitude by    
ennobl+ ! family ( ,joan1 giv+ x ! "n ( 
du ,lys1 probably 9 allusion to ! lilies
 ( h] bann]1 & assign+ to h] a suitable 
e/ate 9 l&4 ,hav+ accompli%$ bo? !      
objects :i* %e _h propos$1 ! maid (     
,orleans express$ h] wi% to return to h]
 =m] condition1 & to ! occupation &     
c\rse ( life :i* became h] sex3 b !     
,fr5* g5]al ,dunois1 urg$ h] cont9uance 
) ! army1 till ! ,engli% %\ld be        
completely expell$1 & h] pr$ictions     
fully accompli%$4  ,ov]p[]$ by 8 advice1
 %e ?rew h]self into ! t[n ( ,compeigne1

 :i* 0 !n besieg$ by ! duke ( ,burgundy 
& ! ,engli%2 :]e1 on a sally1 hav+ twice
 driv5 ! enemy f _! entr5*m5ts1 & f9d+  
_! numb] increas+1 %e ord]$ a retreat2 b
 0 des]t$ by h] fri5ds1 surr\nd$ by !   
enemy1 & tak5 prison] by ! ,burgundians4
 ,in/ead ( treat+ ,joan z a prison] (   
w>1 ) ! c\rtesy & good usage1 to :i*1 z 
su*1 %e 0 entitl$1 & :i* civiliz$       
nations practise t[>ds enemies on       
occasions ( ?is k9d1 %e 0 pur*as$ f !   
captors by ! reg5t duke ( ,b$=d1 & a    
crim9al prosecution 0 in/itut$ aga9/ h] 
on ! *>ges ( sorc]y1 impiety1 idolatry1 
& magic4 ,! cl]gy 9 8 int]e/1 & ev5 !   
univ]sity ( ,p>is1 concurr$ 9 !         
accusation4 ,an ecclesia/ical commission
 0 held at ,r\5 = h] trial1 & ! maid1   
clo!d 9 h] =m] milit>y app>el1 b load$ )
 irons1 0 produc$ be=e ?is tribunal4 ,h]
 trial la/$ f\r mon?s2 & 9 ! c\rse ( t  
"t1 _m capti\s int]rogatories 7 put to  
h]1 :i* %e answ]$ ) firmness & dignity4 
,^u be+ ask$1 :e!r %e w\ld submit to !  
*ur* ! tru? ( h] pret5d$ visions1       

revelations1 & int]c\rse ) dep>t$ sa9ts8
 %e repli$1 t %e w\ld submit !m to ,god1
 ! f\nta9 ( tru?3 & :5 %e 0 *>g$ ) be+ a
 h]etic1 & d5y+ ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 %e 
appeal$ to ! pope2 b h] appeal 0        
reject$4 ,:5 %e 0 ask$1 :y %e put h]    
tru/ 9 h] /&>d1 :i* _h be5 consecrat$ by
 magical incantations8 %e answ]$1 t %e  
put h] tru/ 9 ! ,supreme ,be+ alone1 ^: 
image 0 impress$ ^u x4 ,:5 x 0 dem&$1 :y
 %e c>ri$ 9 h] h& t /&>d at ! unction & 
coronation ( ,*>les at ,rheims8 %e      
repli$1 t ! p]son :o _h %>$ ! dang] 0   
entitl$ to %>e ! glory4 ,:5 %e 0 accus$ 
( go+ to w>1 %e scrupl$ n to decl>e1 t  
h] sole purpose 0 to defeat ! ,engli%1 &
 to expel !m ! k+dom4 ,9 ! issue1 h[ev]1
 %e 0 condemn$ = all ! crimes ( :i* %e  
_h be5 accus$1 aggravat$ by h]esy2 h]   
revelations 7 decl>$ to be inv5tions ( !
 devil to delude ! p2 & %e 0 s5t5c$ to  
be deliv]$ ov] to ! secul> arm4 ,at l5g?
 h] resolution fail$ h]2 & ?r\gh dread (
 ! puni%m5t to :i* %e 0 s5t5c$1 %e      
decl>$ t %e 0 will+ to recant2 &1       

accord+ly1 %e ackn[l$g$ ! illusion ( ^? 
revelations :i* ! *ur* _h reject$2 & %e 
promis$ nev] m to ma9ta9 !m4 ,^u ?is1 h]
 s5t5ce 0 mitigat$2 & %e 0 condemn$ to  
p]petual imprisonm5t1 & to be f$ dur+   
life on bread & wat]4 ,b ) ?is v5geance 
h] enemies 7 n satisfi$4 ,9 ord] to     
ju/ify ! sev]e/ measures aga9/ h]1 !y   
insidi\sly plac$ 9 h] ap>tm5t a suit (  
m5's app>el2 ^u ! sight ( ?is g>b1 9 :i*
 %e _h acquir$ s mu* r5[n1 & assum$1 z  
%e once believ$1 by ! appo9tm5t ( heav51
 h] =m] ideas & passions reviv$1 & %e   
v5tur$ 9 h] solitude to put on ! =bidd5 
dress4 ,9 ?is app>el %e 0 detect$2 x 0  
reg>d$ z a relapse into h]esy2 h]       
recantation became void2 h] p>tial p>don
 0 revok$2 & %e 0 to be burn$ 9 !       
m>ket-place ( ,r\54 ,9 ,june1 #adca1 ?is
 b>b>\s s5t5ce1 mu* m ignom9i\s to ^? :o
 inflict$ x ?an to h] :o 0 ! object ( x1
 0 execut$4  ,?is admirable h]o9e1 to   
:om ! m g5]\s sup]/ition ( ! anci5ts    
w\ld h erect$ alt>s1 01 on pret5ce (    
h]esy & magic1 deliv]$ ov] alive to !   

flames1 & expiat$1 by t dreadful        
puni%m5t1 ! signal s]vices :i* %e _h    
r5d]$ to h] pr9ce & to h] native c\ntry4
 ,%e met h] fate ) resolution1 & !      
,engli% !mselves beheld ! sc5e ) te>s4  
,! k+ made no ef=t = av5g+ h] cause2 he 
m]ely procur$ a revision ( ! process1 & 
a re/oration ( h] memory t5 ye>s        
aft]w>ds by ! pope1 9 an act :i* /yl$ h]
 a ,m>tyr to h] religion1 h] c\ntry1 &  
h] k+4 ,h] c\ntrym51 m prompt 9 !       
tribute ( _! respect1 propagat$ _m tales
 relat+ to h] execution2 & "s ( !m w\ld 
n ev5 all[ h] to be dead1 b pr(ess$ to  
expect h] spe$y return to conduct !m    
aga9 to victory4  ,( ! "* & conduct (   
?is s+ul> h]o9e1 ! mo/ probable op9ion  
is1 t ( h] be+ an hone/ & delud$        
en?usia/1 ( ^: fancies & passions !     
pr9cipal p]sons 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*>les     
avail$ !mselves = delud+ & r\s+ into    
ex]tion ! passions ( ! p1 at a crisis ( 
peculi> importance2 9 :i* ! maid (      
,orleans 0 in/rum5tal 9 giv+ a decisive 
turn to ! conte/ betwe5 ! ,fr5* &       

,engli%4 ,! exploits ( ,joan ( ,arc h   
be5 celebrat$ bo? 9 prose & v]se4 ,( !  
latt]1 ! s]i\s poem ( ,*apela9 has be5  
mu* less successful ?an ! burlesque &   
lic5ti\s "o ( ,voltaire2 b ! injury done
 by x to h] memory has be5 9 "s degree  
repair$ 9 ,engl&1 by ,s\!y's sublime &  
spirit$ poem ( ,joan ( ,arc1 :i*        
exhibits h] 9 ! brighte/ col\rs ( virtue
 & h]oism4   ,,pope ,,joan4--,among !   
num]\s individuals :o h figur$ on !     
great !atre ( public life1 few *>act]s h
 ev] be5 m di/+ui%$ ?an ?is celebrat$   
lady1 :o1 by a s+ul> comp\nd ( dext]ity1
 secrecy1 & address1 contriv$ to rea* ! 
pontificate4 ,_m d\bts h1 inde$1 be5    
ent]ta9$ ( ! au!nticity ( ! tale2 b x is
 well kn[n1 t prior to ! ,re=mation x 0 
sanction$ by univ]sal belief4  ,x is    
said1 t ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 a 
woman nam$ ,joan1 born at ,m5tz1 & :o _h
 receiv$ an excell5t education1 conceiv+
 a viol5t passion = a "y monk nam$      
,fulda1 resolv$ to des]t h] family &    
fri5ds1 to assume ! male habit1 & ga9   

admittance into ! mona/]y4 ,! plan      
succe$$2 & hav+ long indulg$ 9 _! am\rs 
undi/urb$ & unsuspect$1 !y elop$ toge!r1
 & travell$ into mo/ ( ! c\ntries (     
,europe1 avail+ !mselves ( e opportunity
 = increas+ _! k1 by engag+ ! assi/ance 
( ! be/ ma/]s 9 ! diff]5t cities ?r\gh  
:i* !y pass$4 ,on ! dea? ( h] lov]1     
,joan repair$ to ,rome1 /ill 9 ! dress (
 a man2 :]e h] address & engag+ mann]s  
rais+ h] into notice1 %e comm5c$ !      
duties ( pr(essor1 & p]sons ( ! highe/  
rank & mo/ consid]able tal5ts enli/$ 9 !
 numb] ( h] disciples4 ,at l5g?1 on !   
dea? ( pope ,leo ,x4 9 #hee1 %e 0       
unanim\sly elect$ 8 successor to !      
pontifical ?rone4 ,s prud5tly did %e    
conduct h]self1 & ) s mu* ability did %e
 p]=m ! duties ( h] /ation1 t ! p _h    
reason to congratulate !mselves on _!   
*oice4 ,at l5g? %e confid$ h] secret to 
a dome/ic :om %e took to h] b$1 !       
consequ5ce ( :i* 0 h] pregnancy1 & %e 0 
tak5 9 lab\r at "o ( ! mo/ solemn       
processions1 deliv]$ ( a *ild 9 ! /reet1

 & di$ on ! spot4 ,x is likewise said1 t
 to p]petuate ! memory ( su* an         
extraord9>y adv5ture1 a /atue 0 erect$  
on ! place :]e x happ5$2 t 9 abhorr5ce (
 ! crime1 ! pope & cl]gy1 9 _! subsequ5t
 annual processions f ! ,vatican to !   
,lat]an1 h turn$ (f f t /reet2 & t1 to  
prev5t a simil> imposition1 a cu/om 0   
introduc$ ( exam9+ ea* pope previ\sly to
 8 consecration1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 8    
sex4 ,su* are ! p>ticul>s ( a /ory t    
seems n to h be5 call$ 9 "q till ! "t ( 
,lu!r1 b :i* ! be/ in=m$ hi/orians      
usually ab&on z fictiti\s4 ,till !      
,re=mation1 7says ,gibbon17 ! tale 0    
repeat$ & believ$ )\t (f5ce1 & ,joan's  
female /atue long occupi$ h] place among
 ! popes 9 ! ca!dral ( ,si5na4 ,%e has  
be5 annihilat$ by two le>n$ ,prote/ants1
 ,blondel & ,bayle1 b _! bre?r5 7       
sc&aliz$ by ?is equitable & g5]\s       
criticism4 ,spanheim & ,l',enfant       
attempt$ to save ?is poor eng9e (       
controv]sy2 & ev5 ,mo%eim condesc5ds to 
*]i% "s d\bt & suspicion4   ,hi/ory ( ! 

memorable ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,:itt+ton1 ?ree
 times ,"l ,mayor ( ,london2 9 ! ye>s   
#acig1 #adjf4 #adai4--  ,! obscurity ( !
 orig9 ( ?is rem>kable "*1 has giv5     
occasion to _m fabul\s acc\nts1 b our   
read]s may rely ^u ! foll[+ be+ ! result
 ( c>eful rese>*1 f ! be/ au?orities4   
,:itt+ton came to ,london1 f ,%rop%ire1 
ab\t ! ye> #acfh1 9 ! reign ( k+ ,edw>d 
,,iii4 & 9 8 way he *iefly liv$ ^u !    
*>ity ( well-dispos$ p]sons4 ,on 8      
arrival 9 t[n1 he made an application to
 ! prior ( ! hospital ( ,/4 ,john's1    
,cl]k5well1 :]e he 0 k9dly reliev$2 &   
be+ h&y & will+1 0 soon put into an     
inf]ior po/ 9 ! h\se4 ,h[ long he rema9$
 "h1 is1 ,i believe1 no :]e m5tion$2 b  
to ! piety ( ?is *>itable f\ndation he 0
 c]ta9ly indebt$ = 8 fir/ support 9     
,london4 ,8 next reception 0 9 ! family 
( ,mr4 ,fitzw>r51 a ri* m]*ant1 ^: h\se 
0 9 ! ,m9ories1 ne> ! ,t[]4 ,"h he      
und\bt$ly act$ z "u scullion1 = 8 keep  
only4  ,9 ?is situation he met ) _m     
crosses & difficulties2 = ! s]vants made

 sport ( him2 & p>ticul>ly ! ill-natur$ 
cook1 :o 0 ( a morose temp]1 us$ him v  
ill1 & n unfrequ5tly1 ) a /urdy arm1    
laid ! ladle across 8 %\ld]s3 s t1 to   
keep 9 ! family1 he _h _m a sore b\t to 
put up )2 b 8 pati5ce c>ri$ x (f1 & at  
la/ he became accu/om$ to h] *ol]ic     
disposition4  ,?is 0 n ! only mis=tune  
he lab\r$ "u2 = ly+ 9 a place = a long  
"t unfrequ5t$1 su* abundance ( rats &   
mice _h br$ !re1 t !y 7 almo/ ready at  
times to dispute ! possession ( ! place 
) him1 & full z tr\blesome by night z ! 
cook 0 by day1 s t he knew n :at to ?9k 
( 8 condition1 or h[ to m5d x4 ,aft] _m 
disquiet+ ?\ghts1 he at la/ com=t$      
himself ) ! hopes t ! cook might soon   
m>ry1 or die1 or quit h] s]vice2 & z = !
 rats & mice1 a cat w\ld be an effectual
 rem$y aga9/ !m4  ,soon aft]1 a m]*ant  
came to d9n]1 & x ra9+ exce$+ly1 he /aid
 all night2 ^: %oes ,:itt+ton hav+      
clean$1 & pres5t$ at 8 *amb] door1 he   
gave him a p5ny4 ,?is /ock he improv$1 =
 go+ along ! /reet ( an err&1 he saw a  

woman ) a cat "u h] arm1 & desir$ to "k 
! price ( x3 ! woman prais$ x = a good  
m\s]1 & told him1 sixp5ce2 b he decl>+ t
 a p5ny 0 all 8 /ock1 %e let him h x4   
,he took ! cat home1 & kept h] 9 a box  
all day1 le/ ! cook %\ld kill h] if %e  
came into ! kit*51 & at night he set h] 
to "w = h] liv+4 ,puss deliv]$ him f "o 
plague2 b ! o!r rema9$1 ?\gh n = _m     
ye>s4  ,x 0 ! cu/om ) ! wor?y m]*ant1   
,mr4 ,hugh ,fitzw>r51 t ,god might give 
him a great] bless+ = 8 endeav\rs1 to   
call all 8 s]vants toge!r :5 he s5t out 
a %ip1 & cause e "o to v5ture some?+ 9  
x1 to try _! =tunes4  ,n[ all b         
,:itt+ton appe>$1 & br\ght ?+s accord+  
to _! abilities2 b 8 "y mi/ress be+ by1 
& suppos+ t pov]ty made him decl9e com+1
 %e ord]$ him to be call$1 on :i* he    
made sev]al excuses3 h[ev]1 be+ con/ra9$
 to come1 he hop$ !y w\ld n je] a poor  
simpleton = be+ 9 expectation ( turn+   
m]*ant1 s9ce all t he c\ld lay claim to 
z 8 own1 0 b a poor cat1 :i* he _h b\ght
 = "o p5ny1 :i* he _h giv5 to him =     

clean+ %oes1 & _h mu* befri5d$ him 9    
keep+ ! rats & mice f him4 ,^u ?is1 ! "y
 lady pr(f]$ to lay some?+ d[n = him1 b 
h] fa!r told h] ! cu/om2 x mu/ be 8 own 
:i* mu/ be v5tur$2 & !n ord]$ him to br+
 8 cat1 :i* he did1 b ) great           
reluctance1 fancy+ no?+ w\ld come ( x2 &
 ) te>s deliv]$ x to ! ma/] ( ! %ip1 :i*
 0 call$ ! ,unicorn1 & _h fall5 d[n to  
,blackwall1 9 ord] to proce$ on h]      
voyage4  ,on _! arrival 9 ! ,mole (     
,algi]s1 !y he>d t ! plague 0 rag+ 9 !  
c\ntry1 hav+ be5 b a few ye>s be=e      
br\ght f ,*9a1 viz4 9 #acdf1 at :i*     
p]iod x 0 fir/ notic$ to rage 9 ,africa1
 f :5ce x soon proce$$ to ,europe1      
ov]spread+ ! nor!rn c\ntries4 ,?is news 
did n det] ! capta9 f s5d+ to trade on  
%ore1 :]e1 at fir/1 !y f\nd b little    
enc\ragem5t1 ! p ( ! c\ntry appe>+ v %y 
to e (f]4 ,! news ( ! arrival ( a vessel
 soon rea*$ ! notice ( ! ,dey1 :o       
imm$iately ord]$ ! capta9 & (fic]s to   
wait ^u 8 highness ) pres5ts2 = !n1 z   
well z n[1 no?+ c\ld be done )\t fir/   

brib+ him4 ,aft] ?is c]emony 0 ov]1     
trade w5t on pretty briskly1 at !       
conclusion ( :i*1 8 ,moori% maje/y gave 
a gr& ent]ta9m5t1 :i*1 accord+ to cu/om1
 0 s]v$ ^u c>pets1 int]wov5 ) gold1     
silv]1 & purple silk4 ,?is fea/ 0 no    
soon] s]v$ up ) ! v>i\s di%es1 b ! sc5t 
br\ght toge!r a numb] ( rats & mice1 :o 
unm]cifully fell on all t came 9 _! way4
  ,^! audaci\s & de/ructive v]m9 did n  
%ew any symptoms ( fe> ^u ! approa* ( ! 
company1 b1 on ! contr>y1 kept to x z if
 !y only 7 invit$4 ,?is made ! capta9 & 
8 p v mu* wond]2 :o1 int]rogat+ !       
,alg]9es1 7 in=m$1 a v great price w\ld 
be giv5 by 8 highness1 ! ,dey1 = a cure1
 & a riddance ( ^! v]m91 :i* 7 gr[n s   
num]\sly (f5sive1 t n only 8 table1 b 8 
private ap>tm5ts1 & b$1 7 s infe/$1 t he
 0 =c$ to be con/antly wat*$ = fe> ( be+
 dev\r$4  ,?is in=mation put ! ,engli%  
company imm$iately 9 m9d ( poor ,dick   
,:itt+ton's cat1 :i* _h done !m su*     
notable s]vice on ! passage2 & wi%+ to  
s]ve ! y\?1 !y ?\ght ?is ! be/ "t to    

come =w>d ) ! indu/ri\s animal4         
,accord+ly1 %e 0 br\ght on %ore ! next  
day1 :5 h] pres5ce sudd5ly kept (f mo/ (
 ! v]m92 a few only ( ! bolde/ d>+ to   
v5ture =w>d1 all ( :om %e dispat*$ )    
wond]ful cel]ity4 ,?is pleas$ 8 ,alg]9e 
highness s mu*1 t he imm$iately made v  
advantage\s proposals to ! factor ( !   
%ip = ! possession ( ?is surpris+ &     
useful animal4 ,at fir/ our p seem$ v   
reluctant to "p ) x2 b 8 lib]ality soon 
ov]came e objection2 & h] pur*ase       
am\nt$1 9 v>i\s commodities1 to sev]al  
?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,dur+ ! "t ! ,engli%     
rema9$ "h1 h] indu/ry 9 de/roy+ ^?      
noxi\s v]m9 s completely pleas$ !       
,moori% *ief1 t1 at our p's dep>ture1 he
 aga9 load$ !m ) ri* pres5ts4  ,! cook1 
:o little ?\ght h[ advantage\s          
,:itt+ton's cat w\ld prove1 _h kept up  
su* a cont9ual al>m ( noise & reproa* at
 ! poor y\?'s un=tunate p5ury1 t he grew
 we>y ( endur+ x1 & n ! lea/ expect+ :at
 foll[$1 he resolv$ r to try 8 =tune    
aga9 9 ! wide _w1 ?an lead any long] su*

 a disagreeable life4 ,= ?is /ep he     
might be blam$1 z1 _h he compla9$ to 8  
ma/]1 :o 0 a k9d g5tleman1 ! diff]5ce   
w\ld h be5 set to rights1 & he1 n l a   
,jonas1 ca/ out4 ,) ?is resolution1     
h[ev]1 he set out e>ly on ,allhall[s    
morn+1 resolv+ to g into ! c\ntry1 & get
 into a m agreeable s]vice4  ,z he w5t  
ov] ,f9sbury ,moor1 s9ce call$          
,moor-fields1 8 m9d began to fail2 he   
hesitat$1 & halt$ sev]al times3 he grew 
p5sive1 & 8 resolution left him4 ,9 ?is 
solit>y mann] he w&]$ on until he rea*$ 
,holl[ay1 :]e he sat d[n ^u a l>ge /one1
 :i* rema9s !re to be se5 to ?is day4   
,"h he began to rum9ate 9 e>ne/ ^u 8    
ill-luck 9 n pleas+ ! cook2 & 9 ! dep? (
 8 m$itation1 he sudd5ly he>d ,b[ bells 
/rike out = a peal4 ,?is *ang$ 8        
att5tion2 =1 z he li/5$1 on a sudd51 he 
fanci$ !y call$ him back aga9 to 8 ma/]4
 ,! m he he>k5$1 ! m he became confirm$ 
9 ?is notion ( 8 recall1 conceit+ !     
bells express$ ! foll[+ di/i*3--        
,,return ,,aga91 ,,:itt+ton1   ,,?rice  

,,"l ,,mayor ,,( ,,london4  ,?is prov$ a
 happy ?\ght = him2 & x made s great an 
impression on 8 fancy1 t1 f9d+ x e>ly1 &
 ?9k+ he might yet get back be=e !      
family 7 /irr+1 he in/antly turn$ ^u 8  
heel1 & rea*+ home 9 less "t ?an he w5t 
out1 he got 9 unp]ceiv$ to 8 usual daily
 drudg]y4  ,?+s 7 9 ?is situation :5 !  
news arriv$ ( ! success ( ! voyage2 & t 
night he 0 in/all$ ) ! appellation (    
,mr4 by 8 ma/]1 :o in=m$ him1 t 8 %ip _h
 j arriv$ at ,blackwall1 be+ ! ri*e/    
vessel ( h] burd5 t _h ev] float$ into  
an ,engli% port4 ,8 ma/] conclud$ 8     
disc\rse ) a pi\s admonition to all 8   
s]vants1 aft] :i* !y all jo9$ 9 a       
?anksgiv+ to ! ,almighty = su* a        
prosp]\s voyage4  ,! cook 0 among ! fir/
 to *ange h] demeanor t[>ds ,:itt+ton1  
call+ him ,sir1 & invit+ him to su* &   
su* reli%es z ! kit*5 af=d$4  ,:5 ! bill
 ( lad+ 0 pres5t$ to ! m]*ant1 !        
pr9cipal "p 0 f\nd to belong to ,mr4    
,:itt+ton1 among/ :i* 0 a cab9et ( ri*  
jewels1 ! la/ pres5t ( ! ,dey4 ,?is 0 ! 

fir/ ?+ br\ght to ,mr4 ,fitzw>r5's h\se1
 x be+ deem$ too valuable to rema9 on   
bo>d4  ,:5 ! s]vants' goods = _! v5tures
 7 all br\ght up to be divid$1 ,mr4     
,:itt+ton's 0 too bulky to be unpack$   
be=e !m2 b ! pe>ls & jewels alone 7     
e/imat$ at sev]al ?\s& p\nds4  ,!       
humility ( ,mr4 ,:itt+ton's m9d aris+ f 
a /rong s5se ( 8 duty to society 9      
g5]al1 prev5t$ 8 temp] f exhil>at+ into 
arrogance1 petulance1 or sup]cili\sness3
 ?\gh sudd5ly gr[n ri*1 & become equal  
to ! fir/ m]*ants 9 ! city1 pride _h no 
%>e 9 ! *ange ( 8 circum/ances4 ,on !   
contr>y1 at fir/1 he c\ld h>dly be      
prevail$ ^u to let ! scull]y alone2 b   
,mr4 ,fitzw>r5 took mu* pa9s ) him1 &   
introduc$ him to ! fir/ *>act]s 9 t[n1 n
 omitt+ ! c\rt1 z well z ! cl]gy &      
milit>y1 :o at t "t 7 reckon$ ! mo/     
agreeable connections4  ,k+ ,edw>d !    
,?ird be+ !n at w> ) ! ,fr5*1 & prep>+ =
 ! siege ( ,ro*elle1 solicit$ all !     
privileg$ ord]s 9 ! k+dom = a subsidy to
 c>ry on 8 exp$ition4 ,! loyalty ( !    

city ( ,london induc$ !m to (f] a l>ge  
gift 9 _! corporate capacity4 ,9 ?is    
s*eme ,mr4 ,:itt+ton jo9$1 & paid 9     
#aj1jjj1 an a/oni%+ sum 9 ^? days f an  
individual2 b ! milit>y ard\r ( ! c\ntry
 has always be5 rem>kable2 h5ce x is n  
wond]ful t an ent]pris+ & =tunate "y man
 %\ld come =w>d ) s l>ge a sum1 :5 x is 
consid]$ t hi/ory has almo/ left u 9 !  
d>k z to ! remun]ation expect$4 ,be ?is 
z x may1 hi/ory places x 9 ! #df? ye> ( 
! k+'s reign1 ,a4 ,d4 #acgb4  ,:at      
contribut$ mu* at ?is "t 9 fav\r (      
,:itt+ton1 0 ! abs5ce ( ! ,lomb>d       
m]*ants1 :o )drew !mselves f ,london1 on
 acc\nt ( ! oppression ( ! k+1 :i*      
became excessive t[>ds ! latt] end ( 8  
reign1 = cont9ual draughts to support 8 
ambition 9 ,france4 ,^!1 & ! ,jews      
abroad1 conduct$ at t "t ! :ole f9ancial
 comm]ce ( ! city ( ,london2 b ,mr4     
,:itt+ton1 ^u _! dep>ture1 came 9 = a   
consid]able %>e ( x4  ,we are n[        
regul>ly come to ! la/ ye> ( k+ ,edw>d's
 reign1 ! fifty-second1 :5 ! ,lords &   

,commons grant$ ! k+ a poll-tax1 at     
f\r-p5ce a head1 = e man & woman pass+ !
 age ( f\rte5 ye>s1 begg>s except$4 ,!  
cl]gy at ! same "t grant$ twelve-p5ce = 
e p]son b5efic$2 & ( all o!r religi\s   
p]sons1 f\r-p5ce by ! poll1 ! f\r ord]s 
( ,fri>s ,m5dicants only except$4 ,"h x 
is wor? obs]v+1 t ! k+ dem&+ ( ! city ( 
,london to advance him #djjj1 ^u ?is    
poll1 & ! ,mayor1 ,adam ,/aple1 prov+   
backw>d 9 p]=m+ ! same1 he 0 by ! k+    
turn$ out ( t (fice1 & ,sir ,ri*>d      
,:itt+ton put into 8 place1 to f9i% !   
ye>2 & ?is is ! fir/ m5tion ( 8 be+     
knight$1 & ( 8 great importance 9 ! city
 at t "t1 be+ only ab\t t5 ye>s aft] 8  
arrival !re1 9 circum/ances s widely    
diff]5t4  ,accord+ to ,/[1 ,sir ,ri*>d  
,:itt+ton 0 a great deal] 9 wool1 lea!r1
 clo?1 & pe>ls1 :i* 7 univ]sally worn at
 t "t by ! ladies4 ,9 #acgg1 ! fir/ ye> 
( k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii4 he 0 call$ by summons 
to ! p>liam5t t met at ,london1 :i*     
comm5c$ at ,mi*aelmas1 & la/$ till !    
fea/ ( ,/4 ,&rew1 :5 x 0 dissolv$ by !  

mut9\s conduct ( ! ,london]s1 & adj\rn$ 
to ,nor?ampton ! foll[+ ye>1 :]e 0 pass$
 ! not$ poll-tax1 ! collect+ ( :i*      
occasion$ & creat$ ! rebellion ( ,wat   
,tyl] & ,jack ,/raw4  ,9 #acie1 !       
eighte5? ( ?is k+'s reign1 ,edmund1 duke
 ( ,york1 ! k+'s uncle1 held a p>liam5t 
at ,london1 ! k+ be+ abs5t 9 ,irel&2 &  
relat+ to ! citiz5s ! great /reights !  
k+ 0 r$uc$ to 9 ,irel&1 !y grant$ him a 
t5? ^u _! p]sonal e/ates2 fir/ prote/+ t
 !y 7 n 9 rig\r ( "r oblig$ to x1 b t !y
 did x out ( affection4 ,! mission to   
?is p>liam5t1 we are p>ticul>ly in=m$ by
 ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 f ,lel&'s pap]s1 0
 manag$ by ! uprightness & good judgm5t 
( ,sir ,ri*>d ,:itt+ton4  ,?us he grew 9
 ri*es & fame ! mo/ consid]able ( !     
citiz5s1 greatly belov$ by all1         
especially ! poor1 sev]al hundr$s ( :om 
he publicly or secretly assi/$ or       
suppli$4  ,ab\t ?is "t x 0 t he m>ri$ 8 
ma/]'s daught]1 ,miss ,fitzw>r52 & at _!
 w$d+ 7 pres5t1 among o!r noble *>act]s1
 ! ,"l ,mayor1 ,ald]m5 c4 c4  ,accord+  

to ! pretorian bann]1 once exi/+ 9      
,guildhall1 b s9ce de/roy$ by ! fire :i*
 consum$ ! city ar*ives1 ,:itt+ton s]v$ 
8 fir/ mayoralty 9 #acig4 ,he 0 n[ ne>  
=ty ye>s ( age1 ( a goodly =m1 & *os5   
into ! (fice by 8 fell[ citiz5s1 ^:     
approbation ( 8 conduct1 aft] 8 hav+    
once be=e fill$ ! (fice1 :5 k+ ,edw>d   
put him 91 is a s\nd & sub/antial pro( t
 he 0 a good1 loyal1 & patriotic man4   
,sir ,ri*>d's second mayoralty occurr$ 9
 #adjf1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,8 ?ird 
& la/ s]vice ( mayor happ5$ 9 #adai1 9  
,h5ry ! ,fif?'s "t1 9 :i* situation he  
behav$ ) 8 usual prud5ce4 ,?\gh age _h  
n[ tak5 (f mu* ( 8 activity1 yet he 0 ! 
mo/ vigilant magi/rate ( 8 "t4 ,soon    
aft] ,h5ry's conque/ ( ,france1 ,sir    
,ri*>d ent]ta9$ him & 8 que5 at         
,guildhall1 9 su* gr& /yle1 t he 0      
pleas$ to say1 ,nev] pr9ce _h su* a     
subject2 & conf]r$ ^u "s ( ! ald]m5 !   
hon\r ( knigh?ood4  ,at ?is ent]ta9m5t1 
! k+ p>ticul>ly prais$ ! fire1 :i* 0    
made ( *oice wood1 mix$ ) mace1 cloves1 

& all o!r spices2 on :i* ,sir ,ri*>d    
said1 he w\ld endeav\r to make "o /ill m
 agreeable to 8 maje/y1 & imm$iately    
tore1 & ?rew into ! fire1 ! k+'s bond = 
#aj1jjj m>ks1 due to ! company ( ,m]c]s2
 #ab1ejj to ! ,*amb] ( ,london2 #ba1jjj 
to ! ,m]c]s1 ,/apl]s1 ,goldsmi?s1       
,hab]da%]s1 ,v9tn]s1 ,brew]s1 & ,bak]s2 
#c1jjj m>ks ea*4 ,all ^!1 7said ,sir    
,ri*>d17 ) div]s o!rs s5t = ! paym5t (  
y\r soldi]s 9 ,france1 ,i h tak5 9 &    
dis*>g$1 to ! am\nt ( #fj1jjj /]l+4 ,c  
y\r maje/y desire to see su* ano!r      
sight8 ,! k+ & nobles 7 /ruck dumb )    
surprise at 8 weal? & lib]ality4  ,sir  
,ri*>d sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9        
hon\rable retirem5t at home1 9 8 h\se 9 
,grub-/reet1 belov$ by ! ri* & ! poor4  
,by 8 wife he left two sons1 "s ( ^:    
po/]ity are /ill wor?y citiz5s4 ,he     
built _m *>itable h\ses1 f\nd$ a *ur* 9 
,v9try w>d1 & d$icat$ x to ,/4 ,mi*ael4 
,"h he built a h&some vault1 = !        
sepul*re ( 8 fa!r & "m-9-law1 & !       
rema9d] ( ! ,fitzw>r5 family1 & :]e     

himself & wife lay aft]w>ds4  ,?is      
,ri*>d ,:itt+ton 0 79 ?is *ur*7 ?ree    
times buri$2 fir/ by 8 executors1 "u a  
fair monum5t2 !n 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d     
,,vi4 ! p>son ( t *ur*1 ?9k+ "s great   
ri*es 7z he said7 to be buri$ ) him1    
caus$ 8 monum5t to be brok51 8 body to  
be spoil$ ( 8 lead5 %eet1 & aga9 !      
second "t to be buri$2 & 9 ! reign (    
que5 ,m>y1 ! p>i%ion]s 7 =c$ to take him
 up to wrap him 9 lead1 z a=e1 to bury  
him a ?ird "t1 & to place 8 monum5t1 or 
! l1 ov] him aga92 :i* rema9$1 & s he   
re/$1 till ! great fire ( ,london       
violat$ 8 re/+-place aga94  ,?is *ur* ( 
,/4 ,mi*ael ,pat]-no/] 9 ! ,v9try1 !    
,capital ,h\se1 & site !re(1 call$      
,:itt+ton ,college1 alias ,:itt+ton1 &  
"o g>d5 belong+ to ! same1 ( ! ye>ly    
value ( f\r p\nds1 six %ill+s1 &        
eight-p5ce1 0 sold to ,armagill ,waad1  
cl]k ( ! c\ncil1 9 ! second ( ,edw>d    
,,vi4 = n9ety-two p\nds two %ill+s4  ,9 
#adac1 he f\nd$ an alms-h\se & college 9
 ! ,v9try1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds suppress$ by  

ord] ( c\ncil 9 k+ ,edw>d ! ,six?'s "t3 
b 8 alms-h\ses on ,college-hill rema92  
^! are "u ! direction ( ! ,m]c]'s       
company1 :o all[ ea* p5sion] #cs4 #aj;d4
 p] week4  ,sir ,ri*>d built ! gate &   
prison ( ,newgate z x =m]ly /ood2 gave  
l>ge sums to ,b>?olomew's ,hospital2    
f\nd$ a ,libr>y 9 ,grey ,fri>s2 end[$   
,*ri/'s ,hospital ) a consid]able sum2  
built ,guildhall *apel1 & ! ea/ end ( ! 
,hall4  ,dame ,alice1 8 wife1 di$ 9 !   
#fc;d ye> ( h] age2 aft] :i* he nev]    
re-m>ri$1 ?\gh he outliv$ h] ne> tw5ty  
ye>s4 ,at la/ he di$ l ! patri>*1 full (
 age & hon\r1 leav+ a good "n to        
po/]ity2 & ! foll[+ epitaph 0 cut on !  
upp] /one ( 8 vault1 & cont9u$ p]fect   
till de/roy$ by ! fire ( ,london3--     
,m4 ,s4    ,b5ea? ?is /one lies         
,:itt+ton1     ,sir ,ri*>d rightly      
nam'd2   ,:o ?ree times ,"l ,mayor s]v'd
 9 ,london1     ,9 :i* he ne'er 0       
blam'd4    ,he rose f ,indig5ce to      
,weal?1     ,by ,indu/ry & t1   ,= lo6  
he scorn'd to ga9 by /eal?1     ,:at he 

got by a ,cat4    ,let none :o reads ?is
 v]se despair     ,( ,provid5ce's ways3 
,:o tru/ 9 him1 he'll make 8 c>e1     ,&
 prosp] all _! days4    ,!n s+ a requiem
 to dep>t$ m]it1   ,& re/ 9 peace till  
dea? dem&s 8 _s4   ,,! ,,travell+       
,,faquirs4  ,! foll[+ curi\s circum/ance
 9 natural hi/ory is relat$ by a        
g5tleman ( v]acity1 le>n+1 & abilities1 
:o fill$ a consid]able po/ 9 !          
,company's ,s]vice 9 ,india4--  ,!      
,,travell+ ,,faquirs 9 ?is c\ntry are a 
k9d ( sup]/iti\s devotees1 :o pret5d to 
great zeal 9 religion1 b are1 9 fact1 ! 
mo/ vici\s & pr(ligate wret*es 9 ! _w4  
,!y w&] ab\t ! c\ntry "h1 z ! gipsies d 
) y2 & hav+ "s little smatt]+ ( physic1 
music1 or o!r arts1 !y introduce        
!mselves by ^! means :]ev] !y g4 ,"o (  
!m call$ a few days ago at my h\se1 :o  
_h a beautiful l>ge snake 9 a basket1   
:i* he made rise up & dance ab\t to !   
tune ( a pipe on :i* he play$4  ,x      
happ5$ t my out-h\se & f>m-y>d _h = "s  
"t be5 infe/$ ) snakes1 :i* _h kill$ me 

sev]al turkeys1 geese1 ducks1 f[ls1 &   
ev5 a c[ & a bullock4 ,my s]vants ask$  
?is man :e!r he c\ld pipe ^! snakes out 
( _! holes1 & cat* !m8 ,he answ]$ !m 9 !
 affirmative1 & !y c>ri$ him in/antly to
 ! place :]e "o ( ! snakes _h be5 se54  
,he began pip+1 & 9 a %ort "t ! snake   
came danc+ to him3 ! fell[ caught him by
 ! nape ( ! neck1 & br\ght him to me4 ,z
 ,i 0 incr$ul\s1 ,i did n g to see ?is  
fir/ op]ation2 b z he took ?is bea/ s   
exp$iti\sly1 & ,i /ill suspect$ "s      
trick1 ,i desir$ him to g & cat* ano!r1 
& w5t ) him myself to obs]ve 8 motions4 
,he began by abus+ ! snake1 & ord]+ him 
to come out ( 8 hole in/antly1 & n be   
angry1 o!rwise he w\ld cut 8 ?roat &    
suck 8 blood4 ,i _c swe> t ! snake he>d 
& und]/ood ?is elegant invocation4 ,he  
!n began pip+ ) all 8 might1 le/ ! snake
 %\ld be deaf2 he _h n pip$ above five  
m9utes1 :5 an amaz+ l>ge cobra capella  
7! mo/ v5om\s k9d ( s]p5t7 popp$ 8 head 
out ( a hole 9 ! room4 ,:5 ! man saw 8  
nose1 he approa*$ ne>] to him1 & pip$ m 

vehem5tly1 till ! snake 0 m ?an half    
out1 & ready to make a d>t at him2 he !n
 pip$ only ) "o h&1 & advanc$ ! o!r "u !
 snake z x 0 rais+ itself to make !     
spr+4 ,:5 ! snake d>t$ at 8 body1 he    
made a snat* at 8 tail1 :i* he caught v 
dext]\sly1 & held ! creature v fa/1 )\t 
! lea/ appreh5sion ( be+ bit1 until my  
s]vants dispat*$ x4 ,i _h (t5 he>d ?is  
/ory ( snakes be+ *>m$ out ( _! holes by
 music2 b nev] believ$ x1 till ,i _h ?is
 ocul> demon/ration ( ! fact4 ,9 ! space
 ( an h\r ! ,faquir caught five v v5om\s
 snakes close ab\t my h\se4#bf          
,,incubus1 ,,or ,,nightm>e4  ,?is /range
 affection or compla9t1 :i* is m g5]ally
 kn[n by ! t]m ,nightm>e1 ?an by t (    
,incubus1 has obta9$ a consid]able      
degree ( notice 9 ! _w1 f ! s+ul> mann] 
9 :i* x seizes its victims4 ,! t]m      
,incubus is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 incub>e1    
signify+ to sit or lie ^u1 :i* v =cibly 
expresses ! nature ( ! disease4 ,h5ce1  
_m h ?\ght1 & !y ev5 cont9ue to ?9k1 t  
"s incompreh5sible creature1 be+1 or    

ag5t1 actually sits or lies ^u !m :ile  
sleep+1 f :i* !y suff] acute torm5t &   
oppression1 bord]+ on suffocation4 ,_m  
also h ev5 affirm$1 t :ile !y h be5 ly+ 
p]fectly awake1 !y h p]ceiv$ ?is nightly
 torm5tor creep+ sl[ly ov] _! feet1 & h 
wat*$ its advances until x has tak5 its 
seat on ! brea/1 & inflict$ ^? sev]e    
suff]+s :i* no language c fully         
describe4 ,b we %all consid] ! nightm>e 
r z a disease1 ?an ! creature (         
imag9ation4  ,?is disord] seizes p]sons 
:ile sleep+1 :o imag9e t !y feel an     
extraord9>y compression or weight ab\t !
 brea/ & /oma*1 :i* !y _c by any ef=t   
%ake (f4 ,9 ?is agony !y sigh1 groan1 & 
utt] indi/9ct s\nds2 sometimes !y cry   
out1 b m frequ5tly !y attempt to speak1 
or to move 9 va94 ,^! feel+s give rise  
to v>i\s frightful sugge/ions ( !       
imag9ation3 ! pati5t fancies himself to 
be /ruggl+ ) /rong m5 or devils1 or to  
be 9 a h\se on fire1 or 9 dang] ( be+   
dr[n$ 9 ! sea or "s riv]2 & 9 attempt+  
to run away f dang]1 or climb up a hill1

 he fancies he falls back z mu* aft] e  
/ep z he _h advanc$ be=e4 ,at l5g? !    
s5sations ( oppression become           
intol]able1 & ! pati5t awakes2 b ! t]ror
 excit$ by ! frightful ideas att5d+ !   
nightm>e1 leaves (t5 a palpitation ( !  
he>t1 ) great anxiety & languor1 &      
sometimes a t+l+ ( ! e>s1 & a tremor ov]
 ! :ole body4  ,x is altoge!r unnecess>y
 to attempt an enum]ation ( ! num]\s    
hypo!tical explanations :i* h be5       
attempt$ to be giv5 ( ! ph5om5on (      
incubus1 & :i* h be5 detail$ by ,aw51   
,bond1 & o!r writ]s4 ,! disord] has     
commonly be5 suppos$ to proce$ f a      
/agnation ( ! blood 9 ! s9uses ( ! bra91
 or 9 ! vessels ( ! lungs1 or f too     
great a quantity ( blood be+ s5t to !   
head4 ,! horizontal po/ure1 9 "t (      
sleep1 & ! pressure ( ! /oma* ^u !      
aorta1 9 a sup9e situation1 h be5 ?\ght 
suffici5t to occasion a m ?an usual     
di/5tion ( ! s9uses & o!r vessels ( !   
bra92 & ! weight ( ! he>t1 press+ on !  
left auricle & l>ge trunks ( ! pulmon>y 

ve9s1 may1 x is suppos$1 prev5t ! easy  
return ( ! blood f ! lungs1 & ?us       
produce an oppression & s5se ( weight & 
suffocation 9 ! brea/4 ,b )\t ent]+ into
 a p>ticul> exam9ation ( ^! op9ions1 :i*
 are f> f be+ satisfactory1 we may      
obs]ve1 ) ,dr4 ,:ytt1 t1 if !y 7 true1  
"s degree ( ! nightm>e ought to happ5 to
 e body t lies ^u 8 back1 especially    
aft] eat+ a full meal4 ,fur!r1 if a     
horizontal situation c\ld ov]*>ge ! bra9
 ) blood1 s z to occasion ! incubus1 h[ 
comes x t p1 :o rema9 = "s "t 9 an      
inv]t$ po/ure1 d n feel ?is disease     
beg9n+ to attack !m8 ,& :y does a       
slight] degree ( ! nightm>e sometimes   
seize p :o sleep 9 an erect situation 9 
a *air8 a circum/ance :i* sometimes     
occurs1 n only aft] eat+1 b :5 ! /oma*  
is out ( ord]1 & tr\bl$ ) w9d4 ,z !     
weight ( ! /oma*1 ev5 :5 fill$ ) food1 c
 h sc>cely any effect ^u ! motion ( !   
blood 9 ! aorta1 s ! pressure ( ! he>t  
is by mu* too small to be able s5sibly  
to ret>d ! motion ( t fluid 9 ! pulmon>y

 ve9s2 o!rwise1 p exhau/$ by t$i\s      
diseases1 :o g5]ally lie on _! back1    
w\ld be con/antly affect$ ) ! incubus4  
,we "k t c]ta9 m$ic9es or poisons1      
worms1 & ev5 corrupt$ bile1 or o!r      
hum\rs1 by disagreeably affect+ ! n]ves 
( ! /oma*1 produce an oppression ab\t ! 
brea/1 wild imag9ations1 frightful      
dreams1 rav+1 & ins5sibility2 & !re is  
no d\bt t l[ spirits1 melan*oly1 &      
di/urb$ sleep1 (t5 proce$ f a disord]$  
/ate ( ! /oma*4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 m      
probable t ! seat ( nightm>e is         
pr9cipally 9 t organ4 ,x is well        
asc]ta9$1 t "s =ms ( epilepsy1 & (      
hy/]ical fits1 orig9ate f disord] 9 t   
viscus2 & ,gal5 consid]$ ! incubus z a  
nocturnal or slight] epilepsy4 ,p tr\bl$
 ) n]v\s & hypo*ondriac affections1 & :o
 h delicate or flatul5t /oma*s1 are m   
peculi>ly subject to ?is disord]2 & x is
 obs]v$1 t a heavy or flatul5t supp]    
greatly aggravates ! nightm>e1 9 ^? :o  
are pr$ispos$ to x4 ,! sympa?y ( ! /oma*
 ) ! head1 he>t1 lungs1 & diaphragm1 is 

s rem>kable1 t !re c be no difficulty 9 
ref]r+ ! sev]al symptoms ( ! incubus to 
a disagreeable irritation ( ! n]ves ( ! 
/oma*4  ,! incubus is mo/ apt to seize  
p]sons :5 ly+ on _! back1 because1 9 ?is
 position1 on acc\nt ( ! /oma* & o!r    
abdom9al visc]a press+ m ^u ! diaphragm1
 we _c inspire ) ! same ease z :5 we sit
 up or lie on "o side4 ,fur!r1 9 t      
situation ( ! body ! food seems to lie  
heavi] on ! /oma*1 & w9d 9 x does n     
sep>ate s readily by ! sophagus &       
pylorus1 z 9 an erect po/ure1 :5 ^!     
orifices are high] ?an ! o!r p>ts ( !   
/oma*4 ,! nightm>e only occurs 9 ! "t ( 
sleep1 because ! /range ideas excit$ 9 !
 m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ! disord]$ feel+s (
 ! /oma*1 are n !n correct$ by ! ext]nal
 s5ses1 z !y are :5 we are awake2 nor d 
we1 by an increas$ respiration or o!r   
motions ( ! body1 endeav\r to %ake (f   
any beg9n+ uneasy s5sation ab\t ! /oma* 
or brea/4 ,! incubus g5]ally occurs 9 ! 
fir/ sleep1 & seldom t[>ds morn+1       
because at ! e>li] p]iod ! /oma* is m   

load$ ) food1 & t 9 a m crude & indige/$
 /ate ?an 9 ! morn+4 ,a less] degree1   
am\nt+ only to frightful dreams1 is     
almo/ a con/ant concomitant ( ov]load$  
/oma* 9 "s habits4  ,9 fact1 if !       
nightm>e 7 ow+ to a /agnation ( ! blood 
9 ! lungs f ! weight ( ! he>t1 or 9 !   
s9uses & o!r vessels ( ! bra91 f !      
horizontal po/ure ( ! body1 x w\ld      
become great] ! long] x cont9u$1 & w\ld 
sc>cely ev] g (f spontane\sly4 ,b we "k 
t ?is disease1 aft] affect+ p = "s "t1  
(t5 gradually ceases1 & is succe$$ by   
refre%+ sleep3 = z soon z ! load ( meat1
 or w9d1 or o!r cause disagreeably      
affect+ ! n]ves ( ! /oma*1 is remov$1 ! 
oppression & weight on ! brea/1 wild    
imag9ations1 frightful dreams1 c4 vani%2
 z all ^! proce$ orig9ally f ! disord] (
 ! /oma*4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t1 z 
nei!r flatul5cy1 phlegm1 nor crudities 9
 ! /oma*1 ev] produce ! symptoms (      
hypo*ondriasis1 unless ! n]ves ( t organ
 be indispos$2 s nei!r a horizontal     
po/ure1 sleep1 nor heavy supp]s1 ev]    

produce ! nightm>e1 at lea/ 9 any       
consid]able degree1 unless ! p]son be   
already pr$ispos$ to ! compla9t1 f !    
p>ticul> condition ( ! n]ves ( ! /oma*4 
,b al?\gh ! /oma* is ! "p commonly      
affect$ prim>ily 9 ! case ( incubus2 yet
 symptoms l ^? ( ! nightm>e may         
sometimes arise )\t any fault ( ! /oma*1
 :5 ! lungs1 or ev5 ! bra91 are affect$4
 ,?us ,dr4 ,:ytt obs]ves1 t a/hmatic    
pati5ts1 ^: lungs are mu* ob/ruct$1 are 
sometimes di/urb$1 9 "t ( sleep1 )      
di/ress+ dreams1 & oppress$ ) a s5se (  
suffocation4 ,/>t+s & oppressions ab\t !
 prcordia1 ) pa9ful dreams1 are inde$   
common occurr5ces f hydro?orax1 *ronic  
c\ghs1 & o!r pulmon>y ob/ructions2 b !y 
are n /rictly analog\s to ! common      
nightm>e4 ,dr4 ,l[] m5tions a pati5t1   
:o1 ?\gh he c\ld sleep pretty easily ) 8
 head incl9$ =w>d2 yet1 9 ! opposite    
situation1 he 0 always soon awak$ )     
horrid dreams & tremors2 ! cause ( :i*  
appe>$1 aft] 8 dea?1 to h be5 a great   
quantity ( wat] 9 ! v5tricles ( ! bra94 

,at all ev5ts1 a ple?oric /ate ( habit1 
by r5d]+ ! circulation ?r\gh ! lungs    
less free1 may help to produce1 or at   
lea/ increase1 ! oppression ( ! brea/ 9 
! nightm>e4  ,! ,cure4--,z incubus1 !n1 
is only a symptom ( disord]$ or load$   
/oma*1 & arises out ( ! irritation &    
morbid feel+s :i* are ?us produc$ dur+  
sleep1 ! relief ( ! disease1 g5]ally    
speak+1 lies )9 a n>r[ compass4         
,temp]ance 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 especially at
 late h\rs2 tak+1 9 fact1 ei!r extremely
 light supp]s or none at all2 & :5 !    
d9n] is s late z to be only a supp] )   
ano!r "n1 be+ cauti\s t t also %\ld be  
mod]ate 9 quantity1 & easily dige/ible &
 un/imulat+ 9 its nature2 dr9k+ ?91     
sub-acid liquors1 :]e ^! are agreeable  
to ! con/itution1--^! are ! pr9cipal    
rem$ies requir$4 ,brisk active ex]cise1 
by :i* ! dige/ive p[]s may be aid$ & !  
/oma* /r5g!n$1 is also advisable4 ,x 7  
useful1 too1 to sleep ) high pill[s1 &  
to lie on ! side z mu* z possible1 9    
pref]5ce to ! back4 ,if ! functions ( ! 

/oma* are mu* disord]$ ) flatul5cy1     
he>tburn1 acidity1 or oppression1 ) pa91
 or nausea1 aft] tak+ food1 ! usual     
rem$ies recomm5d$ = indige/ion mu/ be   
resort$ to4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept op54  
,see ,:ytt on ,n]v\s ,disord]s1 *ap4 vi4
  #ah4   ,,celebrat$ ,,spee* ,,on       
,,religion4  ,! ,editor ( ?is "w well   
recollects1 _m ye>s ago1 read+ 9 a      
newspap] a mo/ int]e/+ spee* on         
religion1 deliv]$ by a ,fr5* prie/2 x   
made a great impression on 8 m9d at !   
"t1 & he frequ5tly regrett$ he _h n     
transcrib$ x4 ,he made all inquiry      
possible1 b c\ld n meet ) ! int]e/+     
article till sev5te5 ye>s _h elaps$1 :5 
x 0 publi%$ by a p]son :o _h pres]v$ !  
pap] 9 "q4 ,x is n[ pres5t$ to ! read] z
 a curiosity wor?y ( 8 notice4--,?is    
spee* 0 deliv]$ at ! ,b> ( ! ,fr5*      
,conv5tion1 & is copi$ f ! ,cambridge   
,intellig5c] ( ,m>* #bd?1 #agih4  ,a few
 days aft] ! ar*bi%op ( ,p>is & 8 vic>s 
_h set ! example ( r5\nc+ _! cl]ical "*1
 a rector f a village on ! banks ( !    

,rhone1 foll[$ by "s ( 8 p>i%ion]s1 ) an
 (f]+ ( gold & silv] sa9ts & *alices1   
ri* ve/m5ts1 c4 pres5t$ himself at ! b> 
( ! conv5tion4 ,! rector1 a ?9          
v5]able-look+ man1 ) gray hairs1 0 ord]$
 to speak4  ,i come 7said he7 f !       
village ( ----1 :]e ! only good build+  
/&+ is a v f9e *ur*3 my p>i%ion]s beg y 
w take x1 to make an hospital = ! sick &
 w\nd$ ( bo? p>ties1 !y be+ bo? equally 
our c\ntrym54 ,! gold & silv]1 "p ( :i* 
we h br\ght to y1 !y entreat y w devote 
to ! s]vice ( ! /ate1 & t y w ca/ !     
bells into cannon1 to drive away its    
=eign invad]s4 ,= myself1 ,i came )     
great pleasure to resign my lett]s (    
ord9ation1 ( induction1 & e de$ & title 
by :i* ,i h be5 con/itut$ a memb] ( y\r 
ecclesia/ical polity4 ,"h are ! pap]s2 y
 may burn !m1 if y please1 9 ! same fire
 ) g5ealogical trees & pat5ts (         
nobility4 ,i desire1 likewise1 t y w    
discont9ue my sal>y2 ,i am /ill able to 
support myself by ! lab\r ( my h&s1 & ,i
 beg y to believe1 t ,i nev] felt s9c]] 

joy ?an ,i n[ d 9 mak+ ?is r5unciation4 
,i h long$ to see ?is day6 ,i see x1 &  
am glad4  ,:5 ! old man _h ?us f> spok51
 ! applauses 7 immod]ate4 ,! rector did 
n seem greatly elat$ ) ^! tok5s (       
approbation3 he retir$ back a few /eps1 
& ?us resum$ 8 disc\rse3--  ,be=e y     
applaud my s5tim5ts1 x is fit y %\ld    
und]/& !m2 p]haps !y may n entirely     
co9cide ) y\r own4 ,i rejoice 9 ?is day1
 n because ,i wi% to see religion       
degrad$1 b because ,i wi% to see x      
exalt$ & purifi$4 ,by dissolv+ its      
alliance ) ! /ate1 y h giv5 x dignity & 
indep5d5ce4 ,y h done x a piece (       
s]vice2 a s]vice :i* its well-wi%]s w\ld
 p]haps nev] h _h c\rage to r5d] x1 b   
:i* is ! only ?+ want$ to make x appe> 9
 its g5u9e beauty & lu/re4 ,nobody w n[ 
say ( me1 :5 ,i am p]=m+ ! (fices (     
religion1 ',x is a trade2 he is paid =  
tell+ ! p su* & su* ?+s2 he is hir$ to  
keep up a useless piece ( mumm]y4' ,!y  
_c say ?is1 & !re=e ,i feel myself rais$
 9 my own e/eem1 & %all speak to !m ) a 

confid5ce & a frankness1 :i* be=e ?is ,i
 nev] dur/ v5ture to assume4 ,we resign 
)\t reluctance our gold & silv] images1 
& embroid]$ ve/m5ts1 because we nev] h  
f\nd t look+ ^u gold & silv] made ! he>t
 m pure1 or ! affections m heav5ly2 we c
 also sp>e our *ur*es1 = ! he>t t wi%es 
to lift itself up to ,god1 w nev] be at 
a loss = a place to d x 93 b we _c sp>e 
religion1 because1 to tell y ! tru?1 we 
nev] _h s mu* occasion = x4 ,i und]/& t 
y accuse u prie/s ( hav+ told ! p a     
great _m falsehoods4 ,i suspect ?is may 
h be5 ! case1 b till ?is day we h nev]  
be5 all[$ to inquire :e!r ! ?+s :i* we  
taught !m 7 true or n4 ,i _c b hope1    
h[ev]1 t ! errors we h fall5 into h n   
be5 v mat]ial1 s9ce ! village has 9     
g5]al be5 sob] & good2 ! peasants hone/1
 docile1 & labori\s2 ! husb&s love _!   
wives1 & ! wives _! husb&s2 !y are      
=tunately n too ri* to be compassionate1
 & !y h con/antly reliev$ ! sick &      
fugitives ( all p>ties1 :5ev] x has la9 
9 _! way4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 :at ,i h taught

 !m _c be s mu* amiss4  ,y want to      
extirpate prie/s3 b w y h9d] ! ignorant 
f apply+ = in/ruction1 ! unhappy = com=t
 & hope1 ! unle>n$ f look+ up to !      
le>n$8 ,if y d n1 y w h prie/s1 by      
:atev] "n y may ord] !m to be call$2 b x
 is c]ta9ly n necess>y !y %\ld we> a    
p>ticul> dress1 or be appo9t$ by /ate   
lett]s ( ord9ation4 ,my lett]s (        
ord9ation are my zeal1 *>ity1 & my ard5t
 love = ! *ildr5 ( ! village3 if ,i 7 m 
le>n$1 ,i w\ld add k2 b1 alas6 we all "k
 v little3 to a man e error is          
p>donable1 b want ( humanity4 ,we h a   
public walk1 ) a spread+ elm-tree at "o 
end ( x1 & a circle ( gre5 ar\nd x1 ) a 
conv5i5t b5*4 ,"h ,i %all draw toge!r ! 
*ildr5 t are play+ r\nd me3 ,i %all po9t
 to ! v9es lad5 ) fruit1 to ! or*>d1 to 
! h]ds ( cattle l[+ r\nd u1 to ! di/ant 
hills /ret*+ "o beh9d ano!r2 & !y w ask 
me1 h[ came all ^! ?+s8 ,i %all tell !m 
all ,i "k2 :at ,i h he>d f ! wise m5 :o 
h liv$ be=e me2 !y w be p5etrat$ ) love 
& adoration6 ,!y w kneel2 ,i %all kneel 

) !m2 !y w n be at my feet1 b all ( u at
 ! feet ( t good ,be+1 :om we %all      
wor%ip toge!r1 & ?us !y w receive )9 _! 
t5d] m9ds a religion4  ,! old m5 w come 
sometimes1 f hav+ deposit$ "u ! gre5 sod
 "o ( _! companions1 & place !mselves by
 my side3 !y w look wi/fully at ! turf1 
& anxi\sly inquire1--,is he gone = ev]8 
,%all we soon be l him8 ,w no morn+     
break ov] ! tomb8 ,:5 ! wick$ cease f   
tr\bl+1 w ! good cease f do+ good8 ,we w
 talk ( ^! ?+s3 ,i w com=t !m2 ,i w tell
 !m ( ! goodness ( ,god2 ,i w speak to  
!m ( a life to come2 ,i w bid !m hope = 
a /ate ( retribution4  ,y h *ang$ our   
holidays2 y h an und\bt$ "r1 z our civil
 gov]nors1 s to d3 x is v immat]ial :e!r
 !y are kept once 9 sev5 days1 or once 9
 t52 "s1 h[ev]1 y w leave u1 & :5 !y    
occur1 ,i %all tell ^? :o *oose to he>  
me1 ( ! beauty & utility ( virtue1 & ( !
 dignity ( "r conduct4 ,!re is a book   
out ( :i* ,i h sometimes taught my p2 x 
says we are to love ^? :o d u hurt1 & to
 p\r oil & w9e into ! w\nds ( ! /rang]4 

,9 ?is book we read ( ,*ri/ ,jesus3 "s  
wor%ip him z a ,god2 o!rs1 z ,i am told1
 say x is wrong to d s2 "s tea* t he    
exi/$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ages2 o!rs1 t he 0
 born ( ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,i _c tell :e!r 
^! controv]sies w ev] be decid$3 b1 9 ! 
mean "t1 ,i ?9k we _c d o!rwise ?an well
 9 imitat+ him--= ,i le>n t he lov$ !   
poor1 & w5t ab\t do+ good4   ,add5da to 
,,vesuvius4--,see page #dda4  ,a gr&    
eruption ( ,vesuvius took place on      
,sunday night1 ,feb4 #bd1 #ahbb4 ,x     
cont9u$ = sev]al days4 ,! foll[+ is an  
extract f a private lett]1 dat$ ,naples1
 ,m>* #h1 #ahbb4--  ,t[>ds ! ev5+ (     
,tuesday1 ,febru>y ! #bf?1 z appe>ances 
promis$ a good night's "w1 we set (f f  
,naples to view ! op]ations ne>]2 ! road
 to ,res9a 0 cov]$ ) p go+ & return+1 z 
if a fair _h be5 9 ! vic9ity4 ,:5 we    
rea*$ ! spot :]e /rang]s are on common  
occasions surr\nd$ by guides1 & asses1 &
 mules1 to conduct !m up to ! m\nta91 we
 f\nd t no animals 7 to be procur$1 & x 
0 ) difficulty we c\ld get a /upid old  

man = a cic]one1 :o r5d]$ u no o!r      
s]vice ?an c>ry+ a tor*4 ,! asc5t 0     
?rong$ ) p1 "s pu%+ on eag]ly to !      
object ( _! curiosities1 & o!rs return+1
 & discuss+ :at !y _h se54 ,f> bel[ ,san
 ,salvator we saw ! /ream ( fire roll+  
along a wide holl[1 & approa*+ ! pa? by 
:i* we 7 go+ up3 x 0 !n1 h[ev]1 at a    
consid]able di/ance1 & its c\rse 0 v    
sl[4 ,on rea*+ ! h]mitage1 we refre%$   
ourselves z well z ! cr[d !re assembl$  
w\ld p]mit2 we !n cont9u$ our j\rney1 & 
approa*$ ! lava1 :i* 0 *iefly =m$ by !  
eruption ( ,janu>y1 #ahba4 ,we f\nd x   
ab\t ?irty feet wide2 x 0 n liquid lava1
 b consi/$ ( a%es1 ignit$ /ones1 & old  
masses ( volcanic ejections1 swept away 
by ! pres5t eruption1 & heat$ aga94 ,^! 
lumps1 roll+ ov] ea* o!r1 produc$ a     
/range cl9k+ noise4 ,"s ( !m 7 ( a v    
great size2 & ! :ole /ream1 ?\gh desc5d+
 a /eep cone1 mov$ b sl[ly4  ,beyond ?is
 pr9cipal /ream1 midway up ! cone1 0 an 
op5+1 :5ce v l>ge /ones & o!r burn+     
matt]s 7 cont9ually ?ru/ out4 ,?is m\?  

f$ a scatt]$ /ream1 beyond :i* 0 ano!r  
n>r[ /ream1 proce$+ l ! pr9cipal "o f ! 
crat]4 ,!y bo? unit$ ) ! ma9 body 9 !   
deep holl[ bel[1 & roll$ on t[>ds ! road
 :i* leads f ,res9a up to ! h]mitage4 ,!
 multitude ( ! spectators /&+ by ! sides
 ( ! burn+ riv] be+ seiz$ ) a/oni%m5t1  
we1 ) a great _m ( ! m adv5tur\s1       
det]m9$ to asc5d ! cone2 we !re=e pass$ 
a little to ! left ( ! great /ream1 &   
began to scramble to ! deep loose c9d]s 
& a%es :i* cov] ?is "p ( ! m\nta91 &    
r5d] x at all times a mo/ fatigu+ climb4
 ,a little pa? or track =m]ly exi/$1 9  
:i* ! guides laid masses ( lava to      
facilitate ! m\nt+1 b x 0 j 9 t l9e t ! 
pres5t eruption desc5d$1 & we 7 9       
consequ5ce oblig$ to g up ov] ! s& &    
c9d]s1 9 :i* we frequ5tly /uck up to our
 knees1 &1 at e ?ree /eps1 lo/ "o on an 
av]age4 ,aft] a mo/ fatigu+ toil ( an   
h\r & a half1 we f\nd ourselves1 ) a few
 o!rs1 on ! edge ( ! gr& crat]3 h5ce !  
c\p d'oeil 0 t]rifically sublime2 !     
flames ru%$ out ( ! m\?1 & ?rew !mselves

 9 ! air 9 a broad body to ! elevation (
 at lea/ a hundr$ feet1 :il/ _m ( ! fi]y
 /ones flew up twice t height4          
,sometimes ! flames fell back into ! m\?
 ( ! crat]1 & !n bur/ out aga91 z ?\gh  
impell$ by a fre% impulse1 l ! bla/ ( a 
bell[s4 ,9 _! desc5t1 "s ( ! /ones &    
lumps ( c9d] return$ into ! m\?1 b !    
great] "p fell outside ( ! flames1 l !  
jets ( a f\nta94  ,:ile we 7 /&+ on !   
expos$ side ( ! crat]1 v int5t 9        
obs]vation1 all ( a sudd5 ! volcano gave
 a trem5d\s ro>4 ,x 0 l ! cra% ( a long 
l9e ( artill]y1 & 0 in/antly succe$$ by 
su* a dis*>ge ( /ones z we _h nev] be=e 
se54 ,at ! same mom5t1 ! w9d1 :i* 0 v   
high1 gave an irregul> gu/1 :i* direct$ 
a great "p ( ! /ones t[>ds ! place :]e  
we 7 po/$4 ,h5ce our situation 0 = a    
m9ute or two v p]il\s2 b !re 0 no %elt] 
ne>1 & we /ood /ill1 look+ at ! desc5d+ 
%[] :i* fell ar\nd u4 ,we1 h[ev]1       
happily su/a9$ no o!r injury ?an a %ort 
al>m1 & hav+ "s a%es da%$ 9 our faces by
 /ones :i* fell ne> u4 ,two or ?ree     

g5tlem5 :o 7 asc5d+ ! cone aft] u1 7 n q
 s =tunate1 = _m ( ! /ones fall+ outside
 ( ! ridge1 roll$ d[n ! side ) great    
velocity1 loos5+ & c>ry+ ) !m lumps (   
cold lava1 c4 "s ( :i* /ruck ^? p]sons  
on ! legs ) great viol5ce1 & ne>ly      
precipitat$ "o ( !m headlong to ! foot (
 ! cone4  ,aft] ?is1 we ?\ght we _h se5 
en\gh1 & turn$ to g d[n4 ,! desc5t is z 
easy z ! asc5t is difficult2 ! c9d]s &  
a%es slid+ away b5ea? ! feet1 no?+ fur!r
 is necess>y ?an to /ep out1 ! quick] ! 
bett]1 to keep "o's equilibrium1 & to   
avoid ! fix$ or l>ge /ones & pieces (   
lava4 ,we 7 n m ?an t5 m9utes 9 rea*+ ! 
po9t :5ce x _h tak5 u an h\r & a half to
 m\nt4 ,9 com+ d[n1 we 7 /ruck ) !      
/range appe>ance ( ! tor*es ( companies 
asc5d+ & desc5d+2 !y =m$ a pale wav]+   
l9e f ,res9a to ! h]mitage2 & !nce to ! 
cone1 !y 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ?ick &        
fanta/ic gr\ps4 ,on rea*+ ! h]mitage1 we
 f\nd x s cr[d$1 t we c\ld n ent]4 ,!   
l>ge flat ar\nd 0 cov]$ l a cr[d$ fair1 
by p ( all nations1 & ( all ranks1 f !  

beautiful & accompli%$ c\ntess (        
,fiquelmont1 wife ( ! ,au/rian          
ambassador1 to ! ,au/rian s]geant & 8   
wife1 :o _h come to see ! blaz+ m\nta94 
,numb]s ( p _h come f t[ns & villages   
bel[1 ) bread & w9e1 & fruit &          
aqua-vitae1 all ( :i* articles seem$ 9 v
 great dem&4 ,! motley sc5e 0 illum9at$ 
by ! bright silv]y moon1 & ! r$ t[]+    
flames at ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,we took
 "s slight refre%m5ts1 & repair$        
homew>ds 9 ! mid/ ( z m]ry gr\ps z ev]  
return$ f sc5es ( fe/ivity & joy4  ,:5  
we got l[] d[n1 we f\nd t ! lava _h     
approa*$ v ne> to ! road1 & _h already  
seiz$ ^u a f9e v9ey>d1 :i* 0 blaz+ v    
brilliantly4 ,aft] our retreat1 we le>n$
 t ! lava trav]s$ ! road4 ,on ,w$nesday1
 ! #bg?1 ! eruption 0 9 a great measure 
tranquilliz$2 /ill1 h[ev]1 cr[ds ( p    
cont9u$ go+ up ! m\nta92 & an ,au/rian  
(fic]1 :o _h come f ,caspua to see x1 0 
un=tunately kill$ on ! ridge ( ! cone1  
by a l>ge /one /rik+ him on ! head4 ,on 
,?ursday sc>cely any ?+ b smoke issu$ f 

! crat]1 & x has cont9u$ f t "t 9 ! same
 peaceful /ate4   ,,anagrams4  ,9 ,!    
,book ( ,curiosities1 ev5 t me*anical1  
yet curi\sly =tuit\s species ( wit1     
call$ ! ,anagram1 mu/ n escape notice4  
,x c sc>cely be necess>y to premise1 t  
anagram1 or metagram1 is ! dissolution (
 a ^w into its lett]s1 z its elem5ts2 & 
!n1 by a new connection ( !m1 mak+ "s   
p]fect s5se1 applicable to ! p]son or ?+
 nam$4 ,z !re are "s mod]n ones ( ?is   
sort1 exhibit+ a/oni%+ co9cid5ces1 we   
%all "h subjo9 a selection ( ! be/3--   
,,lo ,i ,,dress1 ,soldi]s4--',,tis ,,ye 
,,gov]n1 ,sov]eignty4--,,sp>e ,,him ,,n1
 ,misan?rope4--,,great ,,helps1         
,telegraphs4--,,no ,,m ,,/>s1           
,a/ronom]s4--,,no ,,*>m1 ,mon>*4--,,m>* 
,,on1 ,mon>*4--,,comical ,,trade1       
,democratical4--,,be/ ,,9 ,,pray]1      
,presbyt]ian4--,a ,,j ,,ma/]1 ,james    
,/u>t4--,,to ,,love ,,ru91              
,revolution4--,,oh ,,poison ,,pitt1 ,?' 
,opposition4--,,honor ,,e/ ,a ,,nilo1   
,horatio ,nelson4--,a ,,be> ,,^u ',t1   

,buonap>te4  ,! unhappy ,sir            
,edmundburie ,godfry1 hav+ d>$1 z a     
magi/rate1 to take "s legal depositions 
aga9/ ! ,papi/s1 01 by ?ree ( ^?        
fell[-subjects1 ,gre51 ,b]ry1 & ,hill1  
waylaid1 & %ock+ly murd]$1 9 #afgh1 ^u  
:i* 0 !n writt51    ,i ,,f9d ,,murd]',d 
,,by ,,rogues   ,sir ,edmundburie       
,godfry4   ,,mod]n ,,diction>y4  ,to    
illu/rate life at ! pres5t day1 we ins]t
 ! foll[+ :imsical ,encyclopdia (       
,mann]s at ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury6  ,age 444 ,an infirmity nobody 
owns4  ,at ,home 444 ,! dome/ic amusem5t
 ( ?ree hundr$ visitors 9 a small room1 
to yawn at ea* o!r4  ,bore 444 ,e ?+ "o 
dislikes2 x also means any p]son :o     
talks ( religion4  ,buy+ 444 ,ord]+     
goods )\t purpose ( pay+4  ,*>iot 444 ,a
 vehicle = "o's s]vants1 ! dickey be+ ! 
seat = ! ladies1 & ! coa*-box = !       
g5tleman4  ,*>ity 444 ,a gold5 ticket to
 ,catalani1 or any o!r fav\rite p]=m]4  
,coa*man 444 ,a g5tleman or accompli%$  
nobleman4  ,common ,s5se 444 ,a vulg>   

quality4  ,consci5ce 444 ,some?+ to swe>
 by4  ,day 444 ,night2 or1 /rictly      
speak+1 f t5 9 ! ev5+ to six 9 ! morn+4 
,debt 444 ,a necess>y evil4  ,dec5cy 444
 ,keep+ up an appe>ance4  ,dress 444    
,half nak$4  ,duty 444 ,do+ z o!r p d4  
,economy 444 ,obsolete4  ,fa%ion 444 ,! 
,je ne scai quoi ( excell5ce4  ,=tune   
444 ,! ,summum ,bonum4  ,fri5d 444      
,mean+ n kn[n4  ,highly-accompli%$ 444  
,read+ music at sight1 pa9t+ fl[]s = !  
bord]s ( a scre51 & a tal5t = guess+    
*>ades4  ,home 444 ,e "o's h\se b y\r   
own4  ,hon\r 444 ,/&+ fire well4        
,hospitality 444 ,obsolete4  ,husb& 444 
,a p]son to pay y\r debts4  ,love 444 ,!
 mean+ n kn[n1 n[ t ! ossification ( !  
he>t has become a fa%ionable disease2 b 
! ^w is /ill to be f\nd 9 novels &      
romances4  ,matrimony 444 ,a b>ga94     
,mode/ 444 ,%eepi%4  ,morn+ 444 ,f noon 
to sunset4  ,music 444 ,execution4  ,new
 444 ,delightful4  ,nons5se 444 ,polite 
conv]sation4  ,n at ,home 444 ,sitt+ 9  
y\r own draw+-room4  ,pay 444 ,only     

appli$ to visits4  ,piety 444           
,hypocrisy4  ,prodigality 444 ,g5]osity4
  ,prud5ce 444 ,p>simony4  ,quiz 444    
,any in(f5sive p]son1 out ( y\r own     
circle4  ,religion 444 ,occupy+ a seat 9
 "s g5teel *apel4  ,_s 444 ,contempt (  
decorum & morality4  ,/yle 444 ,spl5did 
extravagance4  ,"t 444 ,only reg>d$ 9   
music4  ,tru? 444 ,mean+ unc]ta94  ,vice
 444 ,any fault 9 horses1 dogs1 &       
s]vants4  ,wick$ 444 ,irresi/ibly       
agreeable4  ,_w 444 ,! circle (         
fa%ionable p :5 9 t[n4   ,,recipe ,,=   
,,e/abli%+ ,,true ,,fri5d%ip4  ,9       
,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 we f9d a      
curi\s recipe = mak+ ! ,,roman          
,,fri5d%ip1 a cordial t 0 univ]sally    
e/eem$ 9 ^? days1 & v few families ( any
 cr$it 7 )\t x4 ,9 ! same place 7he     
says7 !y 7 indebt$ to ! ,greeks = ?is   
recipe1 :o _h x 9 ! greate/ p]fection4  
,! old ,roman ,fri5d%ip 0 a composition 
( sev]al +r$i5ts1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal 73   
,union ( he>ts1 7a f9e fl[]1 t grew 9   
sev]al p>ts ( ! empire17 s9c]ity1       

frankness1 dis9t]e/$ness1 pity1 &       
t5d]ness1 7( ea* an equal quantity47 ,^!
 7 all mix$ ) two ri* oils1 :i* !y call$
 p]petual k9d wi%es1 & s]5ity ( temp]2 &
 ! :ole 0 /rongly p]fum$ ) ! desire (   
pleas+1 :i* gave x a mo/ grateful smell1
 & 0 a sure re/orative 9 all sorts (    
vap\rs4 ,?is cordial 0 ( s durable a    
nature1 t no l5g? ( "t c\ld wa/e x3 &   
:at is v rem>kable1 7says our au?or17 x 
increas$ 9 weight & value ! long] y kept
 x4--,! mod]ns h mo/ grossly adult]at$  
?is f9e cordial2 "s ( ! +r$i5ts inde$   
are n to be f\nd1 b :at !y impose ^u y z
 fri5d%ip1 is z foll[s3  ,outw>d        
pr(essions1 7a common we$ t gr[s e :]e17
 in/ead ( ! fl[] ( union2 ! desire ( be+
 pleas$2 a l>ge quantity ( self-int]e/1 
conv5i5cy1 & res]v$ness 7_m h&fuls27 a  
little pity & t5d]ness4 ,b "s pret5d to 
make x up ) ^! two la/1 & ! common oil (
 incon/ancy 7:i*1 l our l9se$ oil1 is   
cold-drawn e h\r7 s]ves to mix !m       
toge!r4 ,mo/ ( ^! +r$i5ts be+ ( a       
p]i%able nature1 x w n keep1 & x %ews   

itself to be c\nt]feit1 by less5+       
cont9ually 9 weight & value4            
,,footnotes3  #a ,?is subject w be m    
fully expla9$ h]eaft]4  #b ,besides ^!1 
among/ ! int]nal p>ts are enum]at$1--!  
la*rymal gl&1 :i* secretes ! te>s2 !    
la*rymal c>uncle1 a small fle%y sub/ance
 at ! inn] angle ( ! eye2 ! puncta      
la*rymalia1 two small op5+s on ! nasal  
extremity ( ea* eye-la%2 ! la*rymal     
duct1 =m$ by ! union ( ! ducts lead+ f !
 puncta la*rymalia1 & convey+ ! te>s    
into ! nose2 ! la*rymal sac1 a          
dilatation ( ! la*rymal canal4  #c ,an  
in/rum5t1 call$ ! ,pulmomet]1 has be5   
inv5t$1 :i* enables u to measure !      
capacity ( ! lungs1 & :i* may           
communicate in=mation to ! physician1 ( 
"s importance1 9 diseases ( ?is organ4  
#d ,klop/ock's ,dea? 9 ,l',allemagne2   
vol4 i4 p4 #beb4  #e ,! places ( !      
ins]tion ( ! muscles ( ! proboscis are  
visible on ! skull2 x 0 probably dev\r$1
 z well z ! end ( ! tail4  #f #i ft4 #f 
94 measur+ along ! curve4 ,! di/ance f !

 base ( ! root ( ! tusk to ! po9t1 is #c
 ft4 #g 94  #g ,on ! arrival ( ! sk9 at 
,pet]sburg1 x 0 totally devoid ( hair4  
#h ,9 speak+ ( ! wild bea/s ( ,india1   
,pl9y says1 ) reg>d to ! animal 9 "q1-- 
,asp]rimam autem f]am monoc]otem1       
reliquo corpore equo similem1 capite    
c]vo1 p$ibus eliphante1 cauda apro1     
mugitu gravi1 uno cornu nigro m$ia      
fronte1 cubitorum duum em95te4 ,hanc    
f]am vivam negant capi4 ,pl94 ,hi/4     
,mund4 ,lib4 #c1 cap4 #ba4  ,!          
resemblance is c]ta9ly v /rik+4  #i ,x 0
 a female %eep1 b by ! sailors 0        
con/antly call$ ,jack4  #aj ,reaumur    
plausibly supposes1 t x has be5 f obs]v+
 ?is bee ?us load$1 t ! tale m5tion$ by 
,ari/otle & ,pl9y1 ( ! hive-bee's       
balla/+ itself ) a bit ( /one1 previ\s  
to fly+ home 9 a high w9d1 has aris54   
#aa ,m4 ,hub] obs]ves1 t fecundat$      
females1 aft] !y h lo/ _! w+s1 make     
!mselves a subt]ranean cell1 "s s+ly1   
o!rs 9 common4 ,f :i* x appe>s t "s     
colonies h m ?an "o female f _! fir/    

e/abli%m5t4  #ab ,see ,f\rcroy1 ,annales
 du ,musum1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #cch1 #cdb4 ,"s1
 h[ev]1 /ill reg>d x z a di/9ct acid4   
#ac ,see ,f\rcroy1 ,annales du ,musum1  
,no4 #e4 p4 #cdc4  #ad ,"o w\ld ?9k !   
writ] ( ! acc\nt ( ants1 9 ,m\ffet1 _h  
be5 witness to some?+ simil>4 ,if !y see
 any "o idle1 7says he17 !y n only drive
 him z spuri\s1 )\t food1 f ! ne/2 b    
likewise1 a circle ( all ranks be+      
assembl$1 cut (f 8 head be=e ! gates1 t 
he may be a w>n+ to _! *ildr51 n to give
 !mselves up = ! future to idl5ess &    
effem9acy4--,!atr4 ,ins4 p4 #bda4  #ae  
,annal4 di ,*imica1 xiii4 #agig1 ,mag4  
ii4 #hj4  #af    ,& = night-tap]s crop  
_! wax5 ?ighs1   ,& light !m at ! fi]y  
gl[worm's eyes4  #ag ,hi/4 ,nat4 l4 xi4 
c4 #bi4 ,a simil> law 0 enact$ 9        
,lemnos1 by :i* e "o 0 compell$ to br+ a
 c]ta9 measure ( locu/s annually to !   
magi/rates4 ,pl94  #ah ,( ! symbolical  
locu/s 9 ! ,apocalypse x is said1 ,& !  
s\nd ( _! w+s 0 z ! s\nd ( *>iots ( _m  
horses runn+ to battle4--,rev4 ix4 #i4  

#ai ,%aw says1 t ! gryllus cri/atus1 :i*
 is five or six times ! size ( ! common 
locu/1 or gryllus migratorius1 is       
publicly sold1 bo? 9 a fre% & salt$     
/ate1 9 ! m>kets ( "s p>ts ( ! ,levant4 
,g54 ,zoology1 vol4 vi4 "p4 ii4 p4 #ach4
  #bj ,see ,dr4 ,plot's ,hi/4 ( ,oxf4 *4
 vi4 sect4 #de4  #ba ,! mov+ columns (  
s&4  #bb ,palmi/ry is ! pret5d$ art (   
tell+ ! future ev5ts ( m5's lives by !  
l9es 9 _! h&s4  #bc ,& yet ,i h se5 him1
 aft] 8 return1 address+ 8 wife 9 !     
language ( a "y bridegroom4 ,& ,i h be5 
assur$1 by "s ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 t
 he treat$ h]1 dur+ ! re/ ( _! lives1 ) 
! greate/ k9dness & affection4  #bd ,a  
specim5 ( ! papyrus is to be se5 at !   
,briti% ,museum2 x is ! fir/ kn[n 9     
,engl&4 ,x 0 br\ght by ,mr4 ,bruce1 &   
giv5 to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o pres5t$ 
x to ! ,briti% ,museum4  #be ,! :ite    
pebbles f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,m]sey1     
al?\gh n a pure qu>tz1 answ] ! purpose  
p]fectly well4 ,x is s+ul>1 t ! friction
 is inv>iably accompani$ by a /rong     

sulphure\s smell4  #bf ,t ?is me?od (   
*>m+ ! s]p5t9e race 0 practis$ at a v   
e>ly p]iod ( antiquity1 appe>s f !      
allusion ( ! holy ,psalmi/1 9 ! #d? &   
#e? v]ses ( ! #eh? ,psalm4              
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,passages 9      
italics are indicat$ by italics4        
,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by    
sup]script4  ,! orig9al text includes   
,greek *>act]s t h be5 replac$ )        
translit]ations 9 ?is text v]sion4