99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is is ,volume    
,,ii4 ,volume ,i is etext #cigcc at     
gut5b]g4org4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( t volume w 
be f\nd li/s (  ! abbreviations us$ 9   
?is text4 ,ne> ! end ( ?is ,volume ,,ii 
w  be f\nd a li/ ( publications ref]5c$ 
9 ! footnotes4    ,! orig9al publication
 has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z   
%[n 9  ! ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ne> 
! end ( ! text4 ,to pres]ve !  alignm5t 
( tables & head]s1 ?is etext presumes a 
mono-spac$ font on  ! us]'s device1 su* 
z ,c\ri] ,new1 b ano!r font might be    
ne$$  to r5d] odd unicode *>act]s bett]4
 ,words 9 italics are indicat$  l ?is4  
,text emphasiz$ ) bold *>act]s or o!r   
treatm5t is  %[n l ?is4 ,sup]scripts are
 indicat$ l ?is3 ,sta ,m>ia4            
,subscripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,h#b,o4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cooley',s ,,cyclop,,dia               
,,(                                     
,,practical ,,receipts                  
,,&                                     

,,collat]al ,,in=mation                 
,,9 ,,!                  ,,arts1        
,,manufactures1 ,,pr(essions1 ,,&       
,,trades                                
,,includ+               ,m$ic9e1        
,ph>macy1 ,hygi5e1 & ,dome/ic ,economy  
,,design$ ,,z ,a ,,compreh5sive         
,,supplem5t ,,to ,,! ,,ph>macop,,ia     
,,&                           ,,g5]al   
,,book ,,( ,,ref]5ce                 ,,=
 ,,! ,,manufactur]1 ,,tradesman1        
,,amateur1 ,,&                          
,,heads ,,( ,,families                  
,,six? ,,edition                        
,,revis$ ,,& ,,greatly ,,enl>g$ ,,by    
,,ri*>d ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41         
,f4,c4,s4             ,,pr(essor ,,(    
,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,vet]9>y     
,,college2                              
,,=m]ly ,,lectur]                ,,on   
,,*emi/ry ,,at ,,! ,,*>+ ,,cross        
,,hospital4                             
,,vol4 ,,ii                             
,illu/ration                            
,,london                  ,j4  ,a4      

,,*ur*ill1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet     
#ahhj                                   
,a ,,cyclop,,dia                        
,,(                          ,,practical
 ,,receipts1 c4                         
,,volume ,,ii      ,ink1 ,li?ographic4  
,prep4 #a4 ,ma/ic 79 te>s71 #h oz42     
%ell-lac1 #ab  oz42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a 
oz42 melt toge!r1 add1 ( wax1 #a lb42   
tall[1  #f oz42 :5 dissolv$1 fur!r add (
 h>d tall[ soap 79 %av+s71 #f  oz42 & :5
 ! :ole is p]fectly comb9$ add (        
lampblack1 #d oz42  la/ly1 mix well1    
cool a little1 & !n p\r x into m\lds1 or
 ^u a  slab1 & :5 cold cut x into squ>e 
pieces4    #b4 7,la/eyrie47 ,dry tall[  
soap1 ma/ic 79 te>s71 & common soda 79  
f9e p[d]71 ( ea* #cj p>ts2 %ell-lac1    
#aej p>ts2 lampblack1 #ab p>ts2  mix z  
la/4 ,bo? ! above are us$ = writ+ on    
li?ographic /ones4    #c4               
7,,autographic47----a4 ,take ( :ite wax1
 #h oz41 & :ite soap1 #b to #c  oz42    
melt1 & :5 well comb9$1 add ( lampblack1
 #a oz42 mix well1 heat  x /rongly1 & !n

 add ( %ell-lac1 #b oz42 aga9 heat x    
/rongly1  /ir well toge!r1 cool a       
little1 & p\r x out z be=e4 ,) ?is  ink 
l9es may be drawn ( ! f9e/ to ! fulle/  
class1 )\t dang]  ( its spread+1 & !    
copy may be kept = ye>s be=e be+        
transf]r$4    b4 ,f :ite soap & :ite    
wax1 ( ea* #aj oz42 mutton suet1 #c oz42
  %ell-lac & ma/ic1 ( ea* #e oz42       
lampblack1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix z above4    
,bo? ! above are us$ = writ+ on         
li?ographic pap]4 ,:5 ! la/  is employ$1
 ! transf] mu/ be made )9 a week4       
,obs4 ,! above inks are rubb$ d[n ) a   
little wat] 9 a small cup  or sauc] =   
use1 9 ! same way z common wat]-col\r   
cakes or ,indian  ink4 ,9 w9t] !        
op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ ne> ! fire1 or ! 
sauc] %\ld be plac$ ov] a bas9 conta9+ a
 little tepid wat]4  ,ei!r a /eel p5 or 
a camel-hair p5cil may be employ$ ) !   
ink4  ,see ,,li?ography4    ,ink1 ,m>k+4
 ,syn4 ,,indelible ,,ink1 ,,p]man5t ,i4 
,( ?is !re are  sev]al v>ieties1 ( :i* !
 foll[+ are ! mo/ valuable &  commonly  

us$3----    #a4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a_/d 
oz42 hot di/ill$ wat]1 #g fl4 dr42      
dissolve1  add ( mucilage1 #a_/d oz42   
previ\sly rubb$ ) sap gre5 or syrup (   
buck?orn1 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,! l95 mu/ be 
fir/ moi/5$ ) #8liquid  p\nce1' or #8!  
prep>ation1' z x is commonly call$1 & :5
 x has  aga9 become dry1 writt5 on ) a  
clean quill p54 ,! ink w be>  dilution  
if ! writ+ is n requir$ v black4    ,!  
,,p\nce or ,,prep>ation4 ,a solution (  
c>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 9  wat]1  
#a p9t1 slightly col\r$ ) a little sap  
gre5 or syrup (  buck?orn1 to enable !  
spots wett$ ) x to be aft]w>ds kn[n4    
#b4 7,,)\t ,,prep>ation47 ,take (       
nitrate ( silv]1 #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #c_/d 
oz42 dissolve1 add z mu* ( ! /ronge/    
liquor ( ammonia z w  dissolve !        
precipitate =m$ on its fir/ addition1 !n
 fur!r add (  mucilage1 #a-a_/b dr41 & a
 little sap gre51 syrup ( buck?orn1 or  
f9ely  p[d]$ indigo1 to col\r4 ,writ+   
execut$ ) ?is ink turns black on  be+   
pass$ ov] a hot ,italian iron1 or held  

ne> ! fire4    #c4 ,t]*loride ( gold1   
#a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #g fl4 dr42 mucilage1
 #b dr42 sap  gre51 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,to 
be writt5 ) on a gr\nd prep>$ ) a  weak 
solution ( proto*loride ( t91 & dri$4   
,d>k purple4    #d4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4      
,reade47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a oz41      
t>t>ic acid 7pure71 #c  dr41 are        
triturat$ toge!r 9 a mort> 9 ! dry /ate2
 a little wat]  is !n add$1 by :i*      
cry/als ( t>trate ( silv] are =m$1 & !  
nitric acid set free2 ! latt] is !n     
saturat$ ) liquor ( ammonia1  suffici5t 
be+ add$ to dissolve all ! newly-=m$    
t>trate (  silv]1 avoid+ unnecess>y     
excess2 la/ly1 a little gum & col\r+    
matt] is add$4    #e4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4    
,reade47 ,to ! la/ is add$ an ammoniacal
 solution ( a  salt ( gold4 ,mr ,reade  
has us$ = ?is purpose ! #8purple (      
,cassius1'  ! hyposulphate1 !           
ammonio-iodide1 ! ammonio-p]iodide (    
gold1 b  any o!r comp\nd ( gold :i* is  
soluble 9 ammonia w d z well4  ,?is ink 
is unact$ on by ne>ly all ^? reag5ts :i*

 remove writ+  execut$ ) solutions ( !  
salts ( silv] alone1 z cyanide (        
potassium1 ! *lorides ( lime & soda1 c4 
#f4 7,r$wood47 ,nitrate ( silv] & pure  
bit>trate ( potassa1 ( ea* #a  oz4 7or  
#d p>ts71 are rubb$ toge!r 9 a glass or 
,w$gwood-w>e mort>1  & aft] a %ort "t   
liquor ( ammonia1 #d oz4 7#af p>ts1 or  
q4 s471 is  add$2 :5 ! solution is      
complete1 ar*il1 #d dr4 7or #b p>ts72   
:ite  sug>1 #f dr4 7or #c p>ts72 & p[d]$
 gum1 #aj dr4 7or #e p>ts71 are         
dissolv$ 9 ! liquor1 aft] :i* suffici5t 
wat] is add$ to make !  :ole measure    
exactly #f fl4 oz41 :5 x is ready to be 
bottl$ = use4  ,! la/ ?ree are us$ 9 !  
same mann] z ,no4 #b4    #g4 7,dr       
,smellie47 ,f sulphate ( iron1 #a dr42  
v]milion1 #d dr42 boil$  l9se$ oil1 #a  
oz42 triturat$ toge!r until p]fectly    
smoo?4 ,us$ )  type4    #h4 7,s\beiran47
 ,nitrate ( copp]1 #c p>ts2 c>bonate (  
soda1 #d p>ts2  nitrate ( silv]1 #h     
p>ts2 mix1 & dissolve 9 liquor (        
ammonia1 #ajj  p>ts4 ,us$ l ,no4 #b4    

#i4 7,ure47 ,a /rong solution ( *loride 
( plat9um1 ) a little  potassa1 & sug> &
 gum1 to ?ick54    #aj4 ,! fluid conta9$
 betwe5 ! k]nel & %ell ( ! ca%ew nut4   
,on  l95 & cotton x turns gradually     
black1 & is v durable4 ,?is has  be5    
call$ ,,anac>dium or ,,ca%ew-,,nut      
,,ink4    #aa4 ,sulphate ( manganese1 #b
 p>ts2 lampblack1 #a "p2 sug>1 #d p>ts2 
all  9 f9e p[d]1 & triturat$ to a pa/e )
 a little wat]4 ,us$ )  types or        
/5cil-plates2 ! "p1 :5 dry1 be+ well    
r9s$ 9 wat]4  ,br[n4    #ab4 ,black     
oxide ( manganese & hydrate ( potassa   
are mix$1 heat$ to  r$ness 9 a crucible1
 & !n triturat$ ) an equal weight ( pure
  :ite clay1 & wat]1 q4 s4 to give x due
 consi/5ce4 ,us$ l !  la/4 7,br[n47     
#ac4 7,anil9e ,black ,m>k+ ,ink47 ,?is  
ink is prep>$ by means ( two  solutions1
 "o ( copp]1 ! o!r ( anil9e1 prep>$ z   
foll[s3----    7#a47 ,,copp] ,,solution4
 #heb grams ( cry/allis$ *loride (      
copp]1 #ajfe  grams ( *lorate ( soda1 & 
#ece grams ( *loride ( ammonium are     

dissolv$ 9 #fj grams ( wat]4    7#b47   
,,anil9e ,,solution4 #bj grams (        
hydro*lorate ( anil9e are dissolv$  9   
#cj grams ( di/ill$ wat]1 & to ?is are  
add$ #bj grams ( solution  ( gum ,arabic
 7#a "p ( gum to #b ( wat]7 & #aj grams 
( glyc]94    ,by mix+ 9 ! cold #d p>ts (
 ! anil9e solution1 ) #a "p ( !  copp]  
solution1 a gre5i% liquid is obta9$ :i* 
c be employ$  directly = ! m>k+2 b z ?is
 liquid c only be pres]v$ = a  few days 
)\t decomposition1 x is advisable to    
keep ! solution  sep>ately1 until ! ink 
is requir$ = use4    ,! ink may be us$  
ei!r ) a p51 or a /5cil plate & bru%2 if
 x  d n fl[ freely f ! p5 x may be      
dilut$ ) a little wat]  )\t fe> ( weak5+
 ! int5sity ( ! col\r4 ,at fir/ !  writ+
 appe>s ( a pale gre5 col\r1 b aft]     
exposure to ! air x  becomes black1 or x
 may be *ang$ to a black col\r          
imm$iately1 by  pass+ a hot iron ov] !  
back ( ! fabric1 or heat+ x ov] !  flame
 ( a _s lamp4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a dry heat is  
apt to make ! fibre  saturat$ ) ! ink1  

brittle1 x is pref]able to hold ! m>k$  
fabric ov] a vessel1 conta9+ wat] 9 full
 ebullition2 ! heat ( !  vap\r is       
suffici5t to det]m9e almo/ imm$iately1 !
 reaction by  :i* anil9e black is =m$4  
,aft] ! /eam+1 ! writ+ %\ld be  wa%$ 9  
hot soapsuds1 :i* gives ! ink a f9e blue
 %ade4 ,! ink is  n act$ ^u by acids or 
alkalies1 & if c>e be tak5 t ! fibres   
are well saturat$ ) x1 !re is no dang] (
 its be+ remov$ by  wa%+4 7#8,d+l]'s    
,j\rnal4'7    #ad4 ,9 addition to !     
above =mul1 ! foll[+ ( ,m4 ,h5ry may be 
wor?y ( att5tion 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts :]e 
economy is an  object3----,take #a oz4 (
 iron fil+s & #c oz4 ( v9eg>1 or dilut$ 
acetic acid4 ,mix ! fil+s ) half !      
v9eg>1 & agitate !m  cont9ually till !  
mixture becomes ?ick1 !n add ! re/ ( !  
v9eg> & #a oz4 ( wat]4 ,apply heat to   
assi/ ! action1 & :5 !  iron is         
dissolv$1 add #c oz4 ( sulphate ( iron1 
& #a oz4 ( gum  previ\sly dissolv$ 9 #d 
oz4 ( wat]2 & mix ! :ole ) a g5tle      
heat4 ,to be us$ ) bru% & /5cil plates4 

#ae4 7,crimson ,m>k+ ,ink47 ,dissolve #a
 oz4 ( nitrate ( silv]1 & #a-a_/b  oz4 (
 c>bonate ( soda 9 cry/als1 sep>ately 9 
di/ill$ wat]1 mix  ! solutions1 collect 
& wa% ! precipitate on a filt]1         
introduce !  wa%$ precipitate /ill moi/ 
into a ,w$gwood mort>1 & add to x       
t>t>ic acid #b dr4 & #dj gr41 rubb+     
toge!r till eff]vesc5ce has  ceas$2     
dissolve c>m9e #f gra9s1 9 liquor ammoni
 7#hhb7 #f oz41 & add  to x ! t>trate ( 
silv]1 !n mix 9 :ite sug>1 #f dr41 &    
p[d]$  gum ,arabic1 #aj dr41 & add z mu*
 di/ill$ wat] z w make #f oz4  7#8,ph>m4
 ,j\rnal4'7    ,obs4 ,! products ( !    
fir/ two ( ! above =mul con/itute !     
m>k+ ink ( ! %ops4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 no     
claim to ! title (  #8,,indelible       
,,ink1' 8:i* no art c extract )\t injur+
 !  fabric0----z is g5]ally repres5t$4  
,on ! contr>y1 !y may be  dis*>g$ )     
almo/ z mu* facility z common           
iron-m\lds4 ,?is may be  easily & *eaply
 effect$ by means ( ammonia1 cyanide (  
potassium1 !  *lorides ( lime & soda1 & 

"s ( ! hyposulphites1 )\t 9 !  lea/     
injur+ ! texture ( ! fabric to :i* !y   
may be appli$4 ,!  only precaution      
requir$ is t ( r9s+ ! "p 9 clean wat]   
imm$iately aft] ! op]ation4 ,! #8m>k+   
ink )\t prep>ation' is  m easily        
extract$ ?an t #8) prep>ation4' ,! =m]  
has also  ! disadvantage ( n keep+ s    
well z ! latt]1 & ( deposit+ a  portion 
( fulm9at+ silv]1 "u "s circum/ances1   
:i* r5d]s its  use dang]\s4 ,! ?9n]     
inks1 :5 int5d$ to be us$ ) type or     
plates1 are ?ick5$ by add+ a little m   
gum1 or "s sug>4    ,ink1 ,m>k+4 ,syn4  
,,pack]',s ,,ink4 ,ink bottoms4 ,us$ by 
pack]s =  m>k+ bales1 boxes1 c4    ,ink1
 ,p]petual4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pit*1 #c lbs42  
melt ov] ! fire1 & add  ( lampblack1    
#c_/d lb42 mix well4    #b4 ,tr9idad    
asphaltum & oil ( turp5t9e1 equal p>ts4 
,us$ 9 a melt$  /ate to fill 9 ! lett]s 
on tomb/ones1 m>bles1 c4 ,)\t actual    
viol5ce1 x w endure z long z ! /one     
itself4    ,ink1 ,pr9ter's4 ,see ,,pr9t+
 ,,ink4    ,ink1 ,purple4 #a4 ,a /rong  

decoction ( logwood1 to :i* a little    
alum  or *loride ( t9 has be5 add$4     
#b4 7,norm&y47 ,to #ab lbs4 ( ,campea*y 
wood add z _m gallons ( boil+  wat]1 p\r
 ! solution ?r\gh a funnel ) a /ra9]    
made ( co>se  flannel1 or #a lb4 (      
hydrate1 or acetate ( deutoxide ( copp] 
f9ely  p[d]$ 7hav+ at ! bottom ( !      
funnel a piece ( sponge72 !n add        
imm$iately #ad lbs4 ( alum1 & = e #cdj  
galls4 ( liquid add #hj  lbs4 ( gum     
,arabic or gum ,s5egal4 ,let ^! rema9 = 
?ree or f\r days  & a beautiful purple  
col\r w be produc$4    ,ink1 ,r$4 ,prep4
 #a4 ,brazil wood 7gr\nd71 #d oz42      
:ite-w9e v9eg>  7hot71 #a-a_/d p9t2     
dige/ 9 glass or a well-t9n$ copp] or   
enamel  saucepan1 until ! next day1 !n  
g5tly simm] = half an h\r1 add+  t[>ds !
 end gum ,arabic & alum1 ( ea* #a_/b oz4
    #b4 ,gr\nd ,brazil wood1 #aj oz42   
:ite v9eg>1 #aj p9ts2 mac]ate = #d or   
#e days2 !n boil z be=e to "o half1 &   
add ( roa* alum1 #d-a_/b oz42  gum1 #e  
oz42 & :5 dissolv$1 bottle = use4    #c4

 ,z ! la/1 b us+ wat] or be] in/ead (   
v9eg>4    #d4 ,co*9eal 79 p[d]71 #a oz42
 hot wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/1 & :5  q    
cold1 add ( _s ( h>t%orn1 #a_/d p9t 7or 
liquor ( ammonia1 #a  oz41 dilut$ ) #c  
or #d oz4 ( wat]72 mac]ate = a few days 
long]1  & !n decant ! cle>4 ,v f9e4     
#e4 7,bu*n]47 ,pure c>m9e1 #bj gr42     
liquor ( ammonia1 #c fl4 oz42  dissolve1
 !n add ( p[d]$ gum1 #ah gr4 ,half a    
dra*m ( p[d]$ drop  lake may be         
sub/itut$ = ! c>m9e :]e exp5se is an    
object4 ,col\r  sup]b4    #f4 7,h5zel]47
 ,brazil wood1 #b oz42 alum & cream (   
t>t>1 ( ea* #a_/b  oz42 ra9 wat]1 #af   
fl4 oz42 boil to "o half1 /ra91 add (   
gum  7dissolv$71 #a_/b oz42 & :5 cold1  
fur!r add a t9cture made by  dige/+     
p[d]$ co*9eal1 #a-a_/b dr41 9 rectifi$  
_s1 #a-a_/b fl4  oz4    #g4 7,r$wood47  
,g>anc9e & liquor ( ammonia1 ( ea* #a   
oz42 di/ill$  wat] 7cold71 #a p9t2      
triturate toge!r 9 a mort>1 filt]1 &    
dissolve  9 ! solution1 gum ,arabic     
#a_/b oz4    ,ink1 ,sepia4 ,see ,,sepia4

    ,ink1 ,silv]4 ,f silv] leaf or p[d]$
 silv]1 z ,,gold ,,ink4    ,ink1        
,sympa!tic4 ,syn4 ,,diplomatic ,,ink1   
,,invisible ,i4 ,fluids :i*1  :5 us$ =  
writ+1 rema9 invisible until ! pap] is  
heat$1 or  act$ on by "s o!r *emical    
ag5t4 ,sympa!tic inks h be5  frequ5tly  
employ$ z ! in/rum5ts ( secret          
correspond5ce1 & h  (t5 escap$          
detection2 b by heat+ ! pap] be=e ! fire
 until x  beg9s to gr[ discol\r$ by !   
heat1 ! :ole ( !m may be r5d]$  visible4
    ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common & amus+  
sympa!tic inks3----#a4  ,sulphate (     
copp] & sal ammoniac1 equal p>ts1       
dissolv$ 9 wat]2  writes col\rless1 b   
turns ,,yell[ :5 heat$4----#b4 ,onion   
juice2 l !  la/4----#c4 ,a weak infusion
 ( galls2 turns ,,black :5 moi/5$ ) weak
  copp]as wat]3----#d4 ,a weak solution 
( sulphate ( iron2 turns ,,blue :5      
moi/5$ ) a weak solution ( prussiate (  
potassa1 & ,,black :5  moi/5$ ) infusion
 ( galls4----#e4 ,! dilut$ solutions (  
nitrate (  silv] & ( t]*loride ( gold2  

become respectively ,,d>k ,,br[n &      
,,purple :5 expos$ to ! sunlight4----#f4
 ,aqua =tis1 spirits ( salts1  oil (    
vitriol1 common salt1 or saltpetre1     
dissolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity  ( wat]2     
turns ,,yell[ or ,,br[n :5 heat$4----#g4
 ,solution ( *loride or  nitromuriate ( 
cobalt2 turns ,,gre5 :5 heat$1 &        
disappe>s aga9 on  cool+4 ,if ! salt is 
pure1 ! m>ks turn ,,blue4----#h4        
,solution ( acetate  ( cobalt1 to :i* a 
little nitre has be5 add$2 becomes      
,,rose ,,col\r$  :5 heat$1 & disappe>s  
on cool+4----#i4 ,a weak solution ( !   
mix$  *lorides ( cobalt & nickel2 turns 
,,gre54 ,! la/ ?ree are ab\t !  be/ (   
our sympa!tic inks4----#aj4 ,solution ( 
acetate ( lead2 turns  ,,br[ni%-,,black 
:5 expos$ to ! fumes ( sulphurett$      
hydrog54----#aa4 ,a  weak solution (    
nitrate ( m]cury2 turn$ ,,black by heat 
& sulphurett$  fumes4----#ab4 ,rice wat]
 or decoction ( />*2 turn$ ,,blue by a  
solution  ( iod9e 9 weak _s1 & by !     
fumes ( iod9e1 if ! pap] is  fir/       

slightly moi/5$ by exposure to /eam or  
damp air4    ,ink1 ,violet4 ,! same z   
,,purple ,,ink1 b weak]4    ,ink1       
,yell[4 #a4 ,f gamboge 79 co>se p[d]71  
#a oz42 hot wat]1 #e  oz42 dissolve1 &  
:5 cold1 add ( _s1 #c_/d oz4    #b4     
,boil ,fr5* b]ries1 #a_/b lb41 & alum1  
#a oz41 9 ra9 wat]1 #a qu>t1  = half an 
h\r1 or long]1 !n /ra9 & dissolve 9 !   
hot liquor  gum ,arabic1 #a oz4    ,ink1
 ,z9c ,labels1 to write on4 ,syn4       
,,horticultural ,,ink4 #a4 ,dissolve    
#ajj  gr4 ( tetra*loride ( plat9um 9 a  
p9t ( wat]4 ,a little mucilage &  lamp  
black may be add$4    #b4 ,sal ammoniac 
#a dr42 v]digris1 #a dr42 lampblack1    
#a_/b dr42 wat]1 #aj  dr42 mix4    ,,ink
 ,,p[,,d]s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aleppo galls1 #d
 oz42 sulphate ( iron1 #a-a_/b  oz42 gum
 ,arabic1 #a oz42 lump sug>1 #c_/d oz42 
7all q dry & 9  p[d]72 mix1 & divide    
into #c packets4 ,a p9t ( boil+ wat]    
p\r$  ov] "o ( !m produces1 9 a few     
h\rs1 a p9t ( excell5t ink4    #b4      
,aleppo galls1 #c lbs42 copp]as1 #a lb42

 gum ,arabic1 #a_/b lb42 :ite  sug>1    
#a_/d lb42 all 9 p[d]2 mix1 & divide    
into two-ounce packets1 to  be us$ z !  
la/4 ,ink p[d]s are v useful 9 travell+4
    ,,ink ,,/a9s1 to remove4 ,see       
,,spots4    ,,inocula,,tion4 ,syn4      
,,inoculatio1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 ! 
application ( poison\s or infecti\s     
matt] to any "p ( ! body =  ! purpose ( 
propagat+ a mild] =m ( disease1 & ?us   
prev5t+  or less5+ ! virul5ce ( future  
attacks4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! t]m is  g5]ally
 re/rict$ to ! artificial propagation ( 
smallpox4 ,see  ,,vacc9ation4           
,,inos9,,ic ,,acid4 ,an acid said by    
,liebig to exi/ 9 ! juice ( !  fle% (   
animals1 aft] x has deposit$ its        
kreat9e4    ,,9,,osite4 ,a species (    
unf]m5table sug>1 discov]$ by ,s*]] 9 ! 
juice ( fle%4 ,x =ms beautiful cry/als4 
,,9,,sects4 ,syn4 ,,insecta1 ,l4 ,a     
class ( inv]tebrate animals belong+  to 
! subk+dom ,annuloso4 ,! true insect is 
def9$ z an articulat$  animal1 hav+ six 
legs1 #b ant5n1 #b comp\nd eyes2 a small

 bra9 at !  ant]ior extremity ( a d\ble 
m$ull>y cord2 its circulation is effect$
  by a pulsat+ dorsal vessel1 provid$ ) 
num]\s valves2 its  respiration by      
tra*e1 :i* =m #b lat]al trunks1 & ramify
 ?r\gh  ! body4 ,! g5]ation ( insects is
 ovip>\s4 ,!re are two di/9ct  sexes4 ,!
 adult /ate is atta9$ ?r\gh a s]ies (   
metamorphoses4 ,9  g5]al1 e insect      
possesses #b pairs ( w+s2 ! trunk 9 !   
adult  animal is usually compos$ ( #c   
*ief p>ts----! head1 ?orax1 &  abdom54  
,! trunk ( an insect may also be        
describ$ z consi/+ ( #ac  segm5ts1 ( :i*
 #a con/itutes ! head1 #c con/itute !   
?orax1 & #i  ! abdom54 ,insects are     
arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]s3----#a4        
,hym5opt]a1 includ+ bees1 wasps1        
i*neumon-flies1 c4----#b4 ,coleopt]a1   
includ+ all ^? k9ds commonly call$      
beetles4----#c4 ,neuropt]a1             
dragon-flies1 ephem]1 :ite ants1        
c4----#d4 ,/repsipt]a1 ! /ylops1        
c4----#e4 ,lepidopt]a1 ! butt]flies &   
mo?s4----#f4 ,dipt]a1 ! h\se-fly  & o!r 

#b-w+$ insects4----#g4 ,or?opt]a1       
crickets1 gras%opp]s1  locu/s1 e>wigs1  
c4----#h4 ,hemipt]a1 bugs1 frog-hopp]s1 
aphides1 c4----#i4  ,apt]a1 fleas1 c4   
,!re are sev]al animals belong+ to !    
classes  ,,myriopoda & ,,ara*nida :i*   
are commonly b errone\sly call$         
#8insects4' ,( ^! ! c5tip$es1 spid]s1 & 
ac>ides1 or mites1 are  well-kn[n       
examples4 ,sev]al useful products1 z    
,,silk1 ,,wax1 ,,honey1  ,,co*9eal1     
,,lac1 ,,can?>ides1 c41 are suppli$ by  
insects4 ,! class  includes num]\s      
creatures :i* are extremely de/ructive1 
& o!rs  :i* are reg>d$ z dome/ic pe/s4  
,9 ! articles devot$ to ^!  (f5sive     
insects v>i\s me?ods ( ext]m9at+ !m are 
notic$4 ,a  p[d] = de/roy+ insects has  
rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ?is  c\ntry1 
& has be5 f\nd peculi>ly efficaci\s4    
,?is p[d]1 :i* is  kn[n "u v>i\s names  
7,,insects-,,de/roy+ ,,p[d]1 ,,dumont',s
  ,,insecticide1 c471 is produc$ by !   
,pyre?rum roseum ,caucasicum1 a         
composite fl[] gr[+ wild 9 ! ,caucasus4 

,! c5tral or tubul>  florets ( ! disc   
are alone employ$1 & :5 gr\nd1 furni% ! 
p[d] ( comm]ce4 ,?is p[d]1 ?\gh s       
de/ructive to insect life1 has  no      
injuri\s effect ^u man or dome/ic       
animals4 ,see ,,ac>i1 ,,ant1 ,,bee1     
,,bug1 ,,bites & ,,/+s1 ,,can?>ides1    
,,co*9eal1 ,,lac1 ,,p$iculi1 ,,silk1 c4 
,,insect,,icide ,,p[d]4 ,see ,,insects4 
,,intem,,p]ance4 ,"u ?is head we ref] to
 habitual indulg5ce 9 !  use ( spiritu\s
 or f]m5t$ liquors1 :e!r accompani$ or n
 by fits  ( intoxication or drunk5ness4 
,! p]nici\s influ5ce ( intoxicat+       
liquors ^u individuals & ^u  society has
 be5 s (t5 & ably expos$ by ! cl]gy1    
judges1 &  magi/rates1 & by             
philan?ropi/s ( e k9d1 t x w\ld be folly
  to d m ?an ref] to x "h4 ,fully "o    
half ( ! d>k or  disreputable de$s ( ^? 
:o fill our gaols1 & fully an equal     
proportion ( ! pov]ty & wret*$ness :i*  
paup]ises our population  & cr[ds our   
workh\ses1 are traceable to ?is damn+   
vice ( !  ,anglo-,saxon                 

race----intemp]ance4    ,to cure        
,,habitual ,,drunk5ness v>i\s means h   
be5 propos$1 mo/ (  :i* are m +5i\s ?an 
useful4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 des]ves       
respectful notice3----    ,dr ,ka91 an  
em95t ,am]ican physician1 recomm5ds t>t>
 emetic1 giv5 9  alt]ative & slightly   
nauseat+ doses1 = ! cure ( habitual     
drunk5ness4 8,possess+10 he obs]ves1 8no
 positive ta/e itself1 x  communicates a
 disgu/+ quality to ^? fluids 9 :i* x is
  dissolv$4 ,^! liquors1 ) ! addition ( 
a v small quantity (  emetic t>t>1      
in/ead ( reliev+1 increase ! s5sation ( 
loa?+ (  food1 & quickly produce 9 !    
pati5t an indomitable repugnance to !   
vehicle ( its adm9i/ration4 ,my me?od ( 
prescrib+ x has v>i$  accord+ to !      
habits1 age1 & con/itution ( ! pati5t4  
,a  conv5i5t prep>ation ( ! m$ic9e is #h
 gr41 dissolv$ 9 #d oz4 (  boil+ wat]2  
#a_/b an oz4 7say a table-spoonful7 ( ! 
solution to be put  into half a p9t1    
p9t1 or qu>t ( ! pati5t's favorite      
liquor1 & to  be tak5 daily 9 divid$    

portions4 ,if vomit+ & purg+ ensue0 7:i*
  is seldom ! case71 8,i %\ld direct    
laudanum to allay ! irritation1  &      
dim9i% ! dose4 ,9 "s cases ! *ange      
sudd5ly produc$ 9 !  pati5t's habits has
 br\ght on consid]able lassitude &      
debility1  :i*1 h[ev]1 7 ( %ort         
duration4 ,9 a majority ( cases no o!r  
effect has be5 p]ceptible ?an slight    
nausea1 "s di>rha1 & a  gradual b v     
uni=m di/a/e to ! m5/ruum40    ,dr ,w4  
,m>cet has describ$ ! m or less disord]$
 /ate ( ! bra91  n]ves1 muscles1 &      
/oma*1 br\ght on by ! cont9ual use (    
alcohol1  ev5 )\t intoxication be+      
produc$4 ,! symptoms ( ?is /ate1  :i* he
 t]ms ,,*ronic ,,alcoholism1 are q      
di/9ct f ^? (  ,,delirium ,,trem5s1 :i* 
is an acute & viol5t di/urbance ( !     
n]v\s sy/em4 ,f exp]im5ts on a l>ge     
numb] ( pati5ts1 ,dr ,m>cet  has arriv$ 
at ! important conclusion1 t oxide ( z9c
 is ! true  antidote 9 cases ( sl[      
alcoholic poison+4 ,x seems to act z a  
/rong  tonic on ! n]ves1 be+ at ! same  

"t a p[]ful s$ative &  antispasmodic4#a 
,footnote #a3 #8,on ,*ronic ,alcoholic  
,intoxication4' ,by ,w4 ,m>cet1 ,m4,d41 
#ahfb4    ,! symptoms ( actual          
intoxication1 or ! disord]$ condition ( 
!  intellectual functions & volition1   
produc$ by tak+ excessive  quantities ( 
alcoholic liquors1 ne$ n be describ$4   
,among ! rem$ies employ$ to remove !    
#8fit ( drunk5ness1' !  prep>ations (   
ammonia1 & ! vegetable acids1 are ! mo/ 
common &  important4 ,ab\t #b or #c fl4 
dr4 ( aromatic spirits ( ammonia        
7spirits (  sal volatile71 or a l       
quantity ( solution ( acetate ( ammonia 
7m9d]]us _s71 mix$ ) a w9e-glassful (   
wat]1 w 9 g5]al  neutralise or greatly  
less5 ! action ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,9 
"s  cases ^! fluids produc$ vomit+1 :i* 
is1 h[ev]1 a good symptom1  z no?+ t5ds 
to re/ore an inebriat$ p]son s soon z ! 
removal (  ! liquor f ! /oma*4 ,h5ce    
tickl+ ! fauces ) ! f+] or  a fea!r1    
until sickness comes on1 is a me?od v   
commonly adopt$ by  drunk>ds to re/ore  

!mselves to a sob] /ate4 ,! use (       
aromatic  wat] ( ammonia 0 fir/ sugge/$ 
by ,mr ,bromly4 ,) a l int5tion1  "s    
p]sons h rec\rse to soda wat]1 :i* acts 
by ! free c>bonic  acid x conta9s1 &    
also z a dilu5t &1 f its coldness1 z a  
tonic  on ! coats ( ! /oma*4 ,!         
c>bonates & bic>bonates ( soda &        
potassa are also fav\rite rem$ies )     
habitual drunk>ds4 ,among !  vegetable  
acids1 acetic acid is ! "o t appe>s to  
possess !  greate/ p[] ( remov+         
intoxication2 & aft] ?is foll[ ! citric1
  t>t>ic1 malic1 & c>bonic acids4 ,^!   
sub/ances are commonly tak5  by soldi]s 
be=e go+ to p>ade4 ,! usual dose ( v9eg>
 is a small  teacupful4 ,9 ! ,we/       
,indies lime juice & lemon juice are _h 
rec\rse  to4 ,bo? ^! juices act f !     
citric acid !y conta94 ,! use (  bitt]  
almonds1 z a means ( less5+ or ret>d+ ! 
effects (  f]m5t$ liquors 0 kn[n to     
antiquity1 & is /ill common among heavy 
dr9k]s at ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 small doses
 ( m$ic9al prussic acid  h be5 fooli%ly 

tak5 ) a l int5tion4 ,see ,,ab/95ce1    
,,alcohol1  ,,effects ,,(1 ,,delirium   
,,trem5s1 c4    ,,int]mit,,t5t ,,fev]4  
,syn4 ,,ague4 ,a disease consi/+ (      
p>oxysms or  p]iods ( fev] ) p]fect     
int]missions or p]iods )\t fev]4  ,m>%  
miasmata1 or ! effluvia aris+ f /agnant 
wat] or m>%y  gr\nd1 :5 act$ ^u by heat1
 are ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( ?is  malady4
 ,= ! prev5tion ( ague 9 situations :]e 
x prevails  endemically1 small doses (  
qu99e %\ld be tak5 two or ?ree times a  
day1 & flannel clo?+ %\ld be con/antly  
worn4    ,symp4 ,ea* febrile p>oxysm is 
( ?ree p]iods or /ages----! cold1 !     
hot1 & ! sweat+ /age1 & ^! occur 9      
regul> succession4 ,!  cold /age        
comm5ces ) great languor & av]sion to   
motion2 a s5se (  coldness d[n ! back   
soon foll[s2 !n ! extremities become    
cold1 !  f+]s %runk51 & ! nails blue2 ! 
sk9 assumes t peculi>  condition :i* is 
commonly kn[n z #8goose-sk91' ! pati5t  
%iv]s1  8 tee? *att]1 & he is glad to   
draw close to ! fire or envelop  himself

 9 blankets4 ,aft] ?is /ate ( ?+s has   
cont9u$ = a  great] or less "t1 ! heat (
 ! surface beg9s to return1 !  pati5t   
has flu%+s & becomes w>m] & w>m]1 &     
ultimately !  :ole surface is ( a dry   
burn+ heat2 int5se ?ir/1 re/lessness1   
sev]e heada*e1 & sometimes delirium1    
*>act]ise ?is second or hot  /age4 ,aft]
 ?is /age has cont9u$ = "s "t1 ano!r    
*ange comes  ov] ! pati5t2 moi/ure      
appe>s on ! face & =ehead1 ! h>% &  hot 
sk9 becomes s(t1 & at la/ a copi\s sweat
 breaks out ov] !  :ole surface4 ,?is is
 ! ?ird or sweat+ /age1 & aft] x has    
pass$1 ! sev]al functions ( ! sy/em     
return to _! ord9>y  condition4 ,!      
p>oxysm may return daily 7,,quotidian   
,,ague72 or e o!r  day 7,,t]tian ,a472  
or e f\r? day1 includ+ t ( ! fir/ attack
  7,,qu>tan ,a474    ,treatm4 ,dur+ !   
cold /age ev]y?+ %\ld be done to br+ on 
!  hot2 ! pati5t %\ld be plac$ 9 a w>m  
b$1 ) w>m pans or bottles  ( wat]2 he   
may be all[$ ! free use ( w>m dilu5t    
dr9ks4 ,9 !  hot /age ! opposite c\rse  

%\ld be adopt$2 ! cov]+s mu/ be  dim9i%$
 & lemonade & o!r cool+ dr9k adm9i/]$4  
,9 !  sweat+ /age !re is no occasion =  
any treatm5t beyond c>e to avoid  *eck+ 
! p]spiration by premature exposure4    
,dur+ ! int]mission  ! disease mu/ be   
f\ght ) ! tonics1 ,p]uvian b>k1 or its  
*ief  alkaloid1 qu99e4 ,! mo/ effective 
=m ( ?is rem$y is ! sulphate1  :i* may  
be giv5 9 doses ( f #b to #d gr4 e ?ree 
h\rs1 ! dose  be+ great] = a qu>tan ?an 
= a quotidian4 ,see ,,ague-,,cake1      
,,fev]1  c4    ,,intoxica,,tion4 ,see   
,,intemp]ance4    ,,9,,ul94 ,syn4       
,,inul9e1 ,,alant9e1 ,,dahl9e4 ,a       
peculi> />*-l  sub/ance1 fir/ obta9$ by 
,rose f ! root ( ,inula ,hel5ium or     
elecampane4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al o!r
 vegetables4    ,prep4 ,f ! rasp$ root1 
by ! same me?od t is adopt$ =  arr[-root
 or potato f>9a2 or by boil+ ! slic$    
root 9 #g or #h times  its weight (     
wat]1 & aft] filtration1 :il/ hot1 all[+
 !  decoction to repose = a %ort "t4    
,prop41 c4 ,only v slightly soluble 9   

cold wat]2 v soluble 9  boil+ wat]1 b is
 ne>ly all deposit$ z ! solution cools2 
x is  precipitat$ by alcohol4    ,inul9 
is di/+ui%$ f />* by giv+ a yell[ or    
yell[i%-br[n  in/ead ( a blue col\r )   
iod9e2 9 ! decoction n be+  precipitat$ 
by ei!r acetate ( lead or infusion (    
galls2 & by !  precipitate =m$ 9 ! cold 
decoction by an infusion ( gall-nuts n  
disappe>+ until ! liquid is heat$ to    
above #bab1 :il/ !  precipitate f />*   
r$issolves at #abb ,fahr4 ,x appe>s to  
be a  sub/ance int]m$iate betwe5 />* &  
gum4    ,i,,odate4 ,syn4 ,,iodas1 ,l4 ,a
 salt ( iodic acid4 ,! iodates closely  
resemble ! *lorates ( ! correspond+     
metals4 ,!y are recognis$ by  !         
developm5t ( free iod9e :5 _! solutions 
are treat$ )  r$uc+ ag5ts2 ?us1         
sulphurett$ hydrog5 pass$ into a        
solution (  iodate ( potassium r$uces   
?is salt to an iodide1 iod9e be+ lib]at$
  & sulphuric acid & wat] =m$4 ,!y      
deflagrate l ! *lorates  :5 heat$ )     
combu/ibles4 ,!y are all ( sp>+         

solubility1 &  _m are q insoluble 9     
wat]4 ,!y may be made by add+ iod9e to  
soluble hydrates or c>bonates1 &        
cry/allis+ ! sp>+ly soluble  iodate f ! 
v soluble iodide4 ,see ,,iodic ,,acid1  
,,iod9e1 &  ,,potassium4                
,,iodhy,,dric ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydriodic  
,,acid4    ,,iod,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hio#c4   
,syn4 ,,acidum ,,iodicum1 ,l4    ,prep4 
#a4 ,iodate ( sodium is dissolv$ 9      
sulphuric acid 9 consid]able  excess1 ! 
solution boil$ = #ae m9utes1 & !n set   
aside to  cry/allise4    #b4 ,decompose 
iodate ( b>ium by dilute sulphuric acid4
    #c4 7,b\rs547 ,iod9e1 #a "p2 nitric 
acid 7sp4 gr4 #ae71 #dj p>ts2 mix1  keep
 !m at ne>ly ! boil+ temp]ature = sev]al
 h\rs1 or until  ! iod9e is dissolv$1 !n
 evaporate to dryness1 & leave !        
residuum  9 ! op5 air at a temp]ature ( 
ab\t #ei ,fahr42 :51 by attract+        
moi/ure1 x has acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( a  
syrup1 put x into a place  :]e !        
temp]ature is high] & ! air dri]1 :5 9 a
 few days v  f9e :ite cry/als ( a       

rhomboidal %ape w =m4    ,prop41 c4     
,iodic acid is a cry/all9e solid1 :ite  
or yell[i%-:ite2  x is decompos$ into   
oxyg5 & iod9e by a heat ( ab\t #dej to  
#ejj  ,fahr4----a prop]ty ( :i* we avail
 ourselves = ! conv]sion ( !  salts (   
?is acid 7iodates7 into iodides4 ,x is v
 soluble 9 wat]1  & is rapidly decompos$
 :5 heat$ ) inflammable bodies4 ,iodic  
acid  is us$ z a te/ = morphia &        
sulphur\s acid4 ,x has be5 employ$ z  a 
tonic1 /imulant1 & alt]ative1 9 cat>rhal
 ho>s5ess1 /rum\s  cases1 incipi5t      
ph?isis1 c4----,dose1 #c to #f gr4      
,te/4 ,:5 iodic acid is mix$ ) an equal 
quantity ( an alkaloid  7pref]ably      
qu99e71 on a capsule or wat*-glass1 & a 
drop or two (  wat] add$1 sev]al di/9ct 
explosions occur1 accompani$ by ! copi\s
  evolution ( gas4 ,no o!r sub/ance     
exhibits a simil> reaction4 ,see        
,,iodate4    ,i,,odide4 ,syn4           
,,ioduret991 ,,hydriodate991 ,,iodidum1 
,,ioduretum1 ,,hydriodas1 ,l4  ,a       
comp\nd ( iod9e ) a metal or o!r basic  

radical4 ,! iodides  belong to ! same   
class ( bodies z ! bromides & *lorides1 
& may  be1 = ! mo/ "p1 made 9 ! same    
mann]4 ,all ! pr9cipal iodides  are     
notic$ "u ! names ( _! respective bases4
 ,see ,,iod9e1 c4    ,i,,od9e4 ,i4 ,syn4
 ,,iodum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,iod9ium 7,ph4 ,l4  
,d471 ,,iod9eum 7,ph4  ,e471 ,l42       
,,iode1 ,fr42 ,,iod1 ,g]4 ,an elem5t>y  
sub/ance accid5tally  discov]$ 9 #ahab1 
by ,de ,c\rtois1 a saltpetre manufactur]
 at ,p>is4 ,x  0 fir/ exam9$ & describ$ 
by ,m4 ,clem5t1 9 #ahac1 & its precise  
nature 0 soon aft]w>ds det]m9$ by ,sir  
,h4 ,davy & ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 ,9  #ahai1
 "s six ye>s aft] its discov]y1 iod9e 0 
fir/ employ$ 9  ph>macy4 ,! m]it ( !    
introduction ( ?is p[]ful curative ag5t 
into m$ic9e is due to ,dr ,co9det1 a    
physician ( ,g5eva1 :o 9 t  ye> comm5c$ 
a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u x z a rem$y =    
bron*ocele  or goitre4 ,x is f\nd 9 ea* 
( ! ?ree k+doms ( nature1 b exi/s  9    
greate/ abundance 9 ! vegetable family  
,alg 7,seawe$s74    ,prep4 ,iod9e is    

pr9cipally manufactur$ 9 ! neighb\rhood 
(  ,glasg[1 f ! "m-wat]s ( kelp kn[n z  
iod9e lye4    #a4 ,kelp1 ! half vitrifi$
 a%es ( seawe$1 is exhau/$ ) wat]1 &  ! 
solution filt]$2 ! liquid is !n         
conc5trat$ by evaporation  until x is   
r$uc$ to a v small volume1 ! *loride (  
sodium1  c>bonate ( sodium1 *loride (   
potassium1 & o!r salts1 be+ remov$  z !y
 successively assume ! cry/all9e =m2 oil
 ( vitriol is n[  add$1 9 excess1 to !  
residual d>k-br[n "m-liquor 7iod9e-lye71
  & ! evolv$ gases are ei!r k9dl$ or    
all[$ to escape by a flue2  ! liquid1   
aft] /&+ "s "t1 is decant$ or filt]$1   
heat$ to  ab\t #adj ,fahr41 & mix$ ) z  
mu* b9oxide ( manganese z !re  0 oil (  
vitriol employ$2 ! :ole is !n introduc$ 
into a  cyl9drical lead5 /ill1 furni%$ )
 a v %ort head & connect$  ) #b or #c   
l>ge globul> glass receiv]s1 & heat is  
appli$1 :5  fumes ( iod9e are evolv$ &  
cond5s$ 9 ! receiv]s4 ,dur+ !           
di/illation v great c>e is tak5 to wat* 
! process1 & prev5t  ! neck ( ! /ill    

becom+ *ok$ ) cond5s$ iod9e4 ,= ?is     
purpose ! head ( ! /ill is usually      
furni%$ ) a movable /opp]1  by :i* !    
process may be wat*$1 & additions (     
manganese or  sulphuric acid made1 if   
requir$4 ,to r5d] ! product pure1 x %\ld
 be  press$ betwe5 blott+ pap]1 & !n    
resublim$ 9 glass or /onew>e4    #b4 ,a 
solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 #d p>ts1 & 
protosulphate ( iron1 #i  p>ts1 are add$
 to ! "m-liquid ( ! soda-works1 z long z
 a  :ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n2 ?is   
precipitate 7iodide ( copp]7 is         
collect$1 dri$1 & mix$ ) its own weight 
( f9ely p[d]$ black  oxide ( manganese1 
& di/ill$ by a /rong heat 9 a retort1 :5
 dry  iod9e passes ov]4 ,by ! addition (
 sulphuric acid ) ! manganese1  a less  
heat is requir$1 b ! product is wet )   
wat]1 l t (  ! la/ =mula4    #c4 ,!     
residual liquor ( ! manufacture ( soap f
 kelp 7or o!r  iod9e lye71 ( ! sp4 gr4 (
 #acgd1 is heat$ to #bcj ,fahr41 )      
sulphuric acid dilut$ ) half its weight 
( wat]1 aft] :i* !  liquor is all[$ to  

cool1 & is ei!r decant$ or filt]$2 to e 
#ab  fl4 oz4 ( ! filtrate #ajjj gr4 (   
black oxide ( manganese1 9 p[d]1  are   
add$2 ! mixture is put into a glass     
globe or matrass ) a wide  neck1 ov] :i*
 is inv]t$ ano!r glass globe1 & heat is 
appli$ by  means ( a *>coal *auff]1 :5  
iod9e sublimes v copi\sly1 &  cond5ses 9
 ! upp] vessel2 z soon z ! latt] is w>m1
 x is  replac$ by ano!r1 & ! two globes 
are ?us appli$ 9 succession1 z  long z  
violet fumes are evolv$4 ,! iod9e is    
wa%$ out ( ! globes  ) a little cold    
wat]4 ,a ?9 disc ( wood1 hav+ a hole 9  
its  c5tre1 is plac$ ov] ! %\ld] ( !    
matrass1 to prev5t ! heat  f act+ on !  
globul> receiv]4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a    
lead5 /ill1  z be=e describ$1 may be    
employ$1 & receiv]s ( ei!r /onew>e or   
glass2 & ! addition ( ! sulphuric acid  
is made 9 a bas9 or tr\gh  ( /onew>e or 
wood4 ,prod4 #ab oz4 yield #hj to #ajj  
gr4    #d4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ iod9e  
has be5 pat5t$ by a ,mr ,/an=d1  :i*    
consi/s ( compress+ ! wet we$1 dry+ 9 an

 ov51 &  di/ill+ at a high temp]ature4  
,! inv5tor claims t d\ble !  usual am\nt
 ( iod9e is obta9$ besides o!r useful   
products4    #e4 ,consid]able quantities
 ( iod9e are n[ obta9$ f !  "m-liquor ( 
,*ilian saltpetre or nitre 7nitrate (   
soda74 ,9 #ahgc1 a  nitre ref9]y 9 ,p]u 
:i* sep>ates ! iod9e 9 comb9ation )     
copp]1 z cupr\s iodide1 by means (      
bisulphide ( soda & sulphate (  copp]1  
produc$ #ae1jjj kilos ( cupr\s iodide1  
correspond+ to #ijjj  kilos ( iod9e4    
,o!r me?ods ( obta9+ x f ,*ilian nitre  
consi/ 9 treat+ !  "m-liquors left aft] 
! salt has be5 cry/allis$ out )         
sulphur\s acid1 until ! sep>at$ iod9e   
beg9s to r$issolve4 ,nitr\s  acid has   
also be5 sub/itut$ = sulphur\s4 ,! iod9e
 s procur$ is  purifi$ by sublimation1  
:il/ t :i* rema9s 9 ! residual sal9e    
matt] is remov$ by treatm5t ) *lor9e4   
,prop4 ,iod9e is usually met ) "u ! =m (
 semi-cry/all9e  lumps hav+ a           
semi-metallic lu/re1 or 9 micace\s1     
friable scales1  some:at resembl+       

plumbago or gunp[d]4 ,by c>efully       
conduct$  sublimation1 or by ! sl[      
evaporation ( its solution 9 hydriodic  
acid1  x may be obta9$ 9 rhombic plates 
an in* long4 ,x has a greyi%-black      
col\r1 a hot acrid ta/e1 & a            
disagreeable od\r n mu* unlike t  (     
*lor9e4 ,x fuses at #bbe into a         
deep-br[n liquid1 volatilises sl[ly  at 
ord9>y temp]atures1 boils at #cdg1 =m+ a
 magnific5t  violet-col\r$ vap\r1 :5    
mix$ ) wat] x rapidly rises ) !  /eam at
 #bab ,fahr4 ,x dissolves 9 ab\t #gjjj  
p>ts ( wat]1 & freely  9 alcohol1 e!r1  
solutions ( ! iodides1 liquid hydriodic 
acid1  *lor(orm1 petroleum1 bisulphide (
 c>bon1 c4 ,mo/ ( ^! solutions  h ! br[n
 col\r ( liquid iod9e1 b "s 7p>ticul>ly 
^?  =m$ by ! la/ ?ree solv5ts nam$      
above7 h ! beautiful violet  col\r ( !  
vap\r4 ,x blea*es l *lor9e1 only m      
feebly4 ,iod9e  has an ext5sive range ( 
aff9ity2 ) ! metals x =ms comp\nds  t]m$
 iodides1 ( :i* sev]al are us$ 9 m$ic9e4
 ,its pr9cipal  comp\nds ) oxyg5 are !  

iodic & p]iodic anhydrides4 ,sp4 gr4    
#didf  to #didh4 ,accord+ to ,debaugne1 
! addition ( syrup ( orange peel or     
tann9 to wat] greatly increases its p[] 
( dissolv+ iod9e4 #b gr4 (  ! latt] w   
enable #f fl4 oz4 ( wat] to take #aj gr4
 ( iod9e4 ,a  k ( ^! facts may prove    
useful to ! ph>maceuti/4    ,pur4 ,x is 
entirely soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 & 9 a   
solution (  iodide ( potassium4 ,on     
apply+ heat to x1 x fir/ liquefies1 & !n
  7:olly7 sublimes 9 violet-col\r$      
vap\r4 ,! iod9e ( comm]ce is  usually t 
( ! fir/ sublimation1 & g5]ally conta9s 
f #ab to  #bj ( wat]4 ,"s ( ! =eign     
iod9e1 prep>$ by precipitation )        
*lor9e1 )\t subsequ5t sublimation1 ev5  
conta9s #a-d? "p (  wat]1 & has a dead  
lead5-grey col\r1 & evolves a s5sible   
od\r (  *lor9e4 ,coal1 plumbago1 oxide (
 manganese1 crude antimony1 &  *>coal1  
are also frequ5tly mix$ ) iod9e to      
increase its weight4  ,wat] may be      
detect$ by ! loss ( weight x suff]s :5  
expos$ to  /rong pressure betwe5 bibul\s

 pap]2 or m accurately by dry+ x 9  !   
mann] direct$ bel[1----*lor9e may be    
detect$ by ! od\r1 & !  o!r sub/ances   
m5tion$ above1 by _! insolubility 9     
rectifi$  _s & 9 a solution ( iodide (  
potassium4 ,be=e use z a m$ic9e  x %\ld 
be dri$ by be+ plac$ 9 a %all[ bas91 (  
e>!nw>e1 9  a small conf9$ space ( air1 
) #aj or #ab times its weight (         
fre%-burnt lime1 till x sc>cely adh]es  
to ! side ( a dry bottle1 or  else      
prep>$ f ! comm]cial iod9e z            
foll[s3----,place x 9 a deep  circul>   
porcela9 capsule1 & hav+ cov]$ x        
accurately ) a glass  matrass fill$ )   
cold wat]1 apply a wat] heat to !       
capsule = #bj  m9utes1 & !n all[ ! :ole 
to cool2 %\ld ! sublimate atta*$  to !  
bottom ( ! matrass include acicul> prism
 ( a :ite col\r1 &  a pung5t od\r1 x mu/
 be scrap$ (f ) a glass rod1 & reject$2 
! app>atus is !n to be aga9 expos$ to a 
g5tle & /eady heat  until ! :ole ( !    
iod9e has sublim$2 ! sublimate is1      
la/ly1 to  be collect$ f ! bottom ( !   

matrass1 & at once enclos$ 9 a  /opp]$  
bottle4    ,te/s4 ,free iod9e may be    
recognis$ by ! violet col\r ( its vap\r1
  by its imp>t+ a violet col\r to       
bisulphide ( c>bon1 & by its  /rik+ a   
blue col\r ) />*4 ,! latt] te/ is s     
delicate1 t  wat] conta9+ only          
#a_/dejjjj? "p ( iod9e acquires a       
p]ceptible  blue t+e on ! addition (    
/>*4 ,free iod9e may be elim9at$ f      
solutions ( iodides by *lor9e1 nitric   
acid1 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid  &      
p]oxide ( manganese1 & may be made      
evid5t by add+ />*-pa/e4  ,?is reag5t   
s]ves to detect m9ute traces ( iod9e 9  
insoluble z well  z 9 soluble comp\nds (
 t elem5t4 ,! sub/ance "u exam9ation  is
 mix$ 9 a retort ) conc5trat$ nitric    
acid1 & a /rip ( :ite  cotton clo?      
moi/5$ ) a solution ( />* susp5d$ f !   
/opp]2 9 a few h\rs ! clo? w become     
col\r$ blue if ! mo/  m9ute trace (     
iod9e be pres5t4 ,by mix+ ! liquid      
conta9+ !  iod9e ) ! />* & acid1 &      
lightly p\r+ !reon a small  quantity (  

aque\s *lor9e1 a v visible blue zone w  
be develop$  at ! l9e ( contact1 ev5 9 v
 dilute solutions4    ,iodides give a   
pale yell[i% precipitate ) nitrate (    
silv]1 sc>cely  soluble 9 ammonia1 &    
insoluble 9 dilute nitric acid2 a bright
 yell[  "o ) acetate ( lead2 & a sc>let 
"o ) bi*loride ( m]cury4  ,?is di/+ui%es
 !m f ! iodates :i* give :ite           
precipitates  ) ! same reag5ts4 ,9      
solutions ( alkal9e iodides1 *loride (  
palladium produces a black precipitate4 
,e/im4 ,! proportion ( free iod9e 9 a   
mixture may be e/imat$3 by  sep>at+ x by
 heat1 & collect+ & weigh+ ! sublimate2 
by  solution 9 rectifi$ _s1 add+ wat]1 &
 collect+ ! result+  precipitate1 :i*   
mu/ !n be dri$ & weigh$2 by dissolv+ x 9
 a  solution ( iodide ( potassium1 & !n 
add+ a /&>d solution (  hyposulphite (  
sodium1 until ! :ole ( ! free iod9e is  
tak5 up1  & ! mixture no long] /rikes a 
blue col\r ) />*4 #bdh gr4 (  !         
hyposulphite are necess>y to absorb #abg
 gr4 ( free iod9e2#b by  comp>+ ! t9t ( 

a solution prep>$ by *lor(orm ) t ( a   
/&>d solution conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( 
iod9e1 z 9 ,crum's  process = e/imat+   
*lor9e4    ,footnote #b3 ,= details (   
?is & o!r me?ods ( accurately  det]m9+ !
 p]-c5tage ( iod9e1 free or comb9$1 !   
read] is  ref]r$ to ,sutton's           
8,sy/ematic ,h&book ( ,volumetric       
,analysis40    ,uses1 c4 ,iod9e is      
*iefly us$ z a m$ic9e1 a *emical te/1 & 
9  photography4 ,until )9 ! la/ ye> x 0 
l>gely us$ 9 !  manufacture ( ! gre5    
coal-t> col\rs2 ^! latt] are n[ *iefly  
made f an?rac5e4 ,9 small doses x appe>s
 to be bo? alt]ative &  tonic1 rapidly  
diffus+ itself ?r\gh ! body1 & ex]t+ a  
/imulat+ action on ! organs ( secretion4
 ,x is also said to be  diuretic1 & 9 "s
 cases to h produc$ diaphoresis &       
salivation4  ,iod9e has be5 exhibit$ 9 !
 foll[+ diseases1 z well z 9 mo/  o!rs  
dep5d+ on an imp]fect action ( !        
absorb5ts1 or  accompani$ by induration 
or enl>gem5t ( individual gl&s or       
organs3----,int]nally1 9 bron*ocele1    

goitre1 ,d]by%ire neck1 scr(ula1  ov>ian
 tum\rs1 enl>gem5t or induration ( !    
lymphatic1 pro/ate1 &  p>otid gl&s1     
am5orrha1 leucorrha1 diseases ( !       
muco-g5ital  tissues1 ph?isis1 *ronic   
n]v\s diseases1 lepra1 psoriasis1 *ronic
  rheumatism1 dropsies1 hydrocele1      
c43----,ext]nally1 9 scr(ula1 num]\s    
sk9 diseases1 7especially ! scaly71     
erysipelas1 diseas$ jo9ts1  *ilbla9s1   
burns1 scalds1 v>i\s w\nds1 to *eck     
ulc]ation1 to promote  absorption1      
c4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 dissolv$ 9 _s1 or
 9 wat] by means  ( an equal weight (   
iodide ( potassium4 ,x is seldom        
exhibit$ alone1  be+ usually comb9$ ) ! 
la/-nam$ sub/ance1 :i*1 9 fact1 is  n[  
g5]ally pref]r$ by practition]s4 ,x is  
appli$ ext]nally 9 !  =m ( o9tm5t1      
solution1 or t9cture4    ,iod9e1        
,bromides (4 ,brom9e & iod9e unite      
rapidly by m]e mixture4  ,by c>eful     
di/illation a r$ vap\r is obta9$1 :i*1  
on cool+1  cond5ses into r$ cry/als1 ( a
 =m resembl+ f]n leaves4 ,?is is  said  

to be ! protobromide 7,i,br74 ,by add+ m
 brom9e1 ^! cry/als  are conv]t$ into a 
fluid1 said to be a p5tabromide         
7,i,br#e74    ,iod9e1 ,*lorides (4 ,:5  
dry *lor9e is pass$ ov] dry iod9e1 at   
common temp]atures1 heat is evolv$1 & a 
yell[ solid t]*loride  7,i,cl#c7 results
 :5 ! iod9e is fully saturat$1 & an     
orange-r$  liquid proto*loride 7,i,cl7  
:5 ! iod9e is 9 excess4 ,!y bo? absorb  
moi/ure 9 ! air1 are volatile1 & v      
soluble 9 wat]4    ,iod9e & ,hydrog54   
,,hydriodic ,,acid1 ,,hi4 ,syn4         
,,iodhydric ,,acid2 ,,acidum            
,,hydriodicum1 ,l4 ,an acid comp\nd (   
iod9e & hydrog54 ,prep4 #a4             
7,,gase\s74----a4 ,into a glass tube1   
clos$ at "o end1 introduce a little     
iod9e1 !n a small quantity ( r\ghly     
p[d]$ glass moi/5$ )  wat]1 next a few  
small fragm5ts ( phosphorus1 & ^u ?is "s
 m  glass2 ?is ord] 7iod9e1 glass1      
phosphorus1 glass7 is to be repeat$     
until ! tube is "o half or two ?irds    
fill$2 a cork & deliv]y tube  are !n to 

be fitt$1 a g5tle heat appli$1 & ! gas  
collect$ by  #8d[nw>d displacem5t' or   
ov] m]cury4 ,if ! gas be pass$ into wat]
 a  solution ( hydriodic acid w be      
obta9$4    ,obs4 ,hydriodic acid gas c  
only be reta9$ a %ort "t ov] m]cury1    
ow+ to its action on t metal4    b4 ,p\r
 a little wat] ov] "s p5tiodide (       
phosphorus1 previ\sly  put into a glass 
retort1 apply a g5tle heat1 & collect ! 
gas z  be=e4    c4 ,heat toge!r 9 a     
retort wat]1 iodide ( potassium1 iod9e1 
&  phosphorus1 & collect ! gas z 9 b4   
d4 ,place pure iodide ( b>ium 9 a       
retort1 & decompose x )  sulphuric acid4
    #b4 7,,solution ,,( ,,hydriodic     
,,acid47----a4 ,! gas prep>$ by ei!r ( !
  above me?ods pass$ into cold di/ill$  
wat]4    b4 ,iod9e1 9 f9e p[d]1 is      
susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & a /ream (  sulphurett$
 hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture z long z 
sulphur is  deposit$1 or until x becomes
 col\rless4 ,! liquid is !n g5tly       
heat$1 to expel ! excess ( sulphurett$  
hydrog51 & ei!r decant$  or filt]$4 ,a  

*eap & excell5t process4    c4          
7,,m$ic9al ,,hydriodic ,,acid47 ,dr     
,bu*anan4----,t>t>ic acid1 #bfd gr42    
pure iodide ( potassium1 #ccj gr42      
dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 #a-a_/b fl4    
oz4 ( wat]2 mix ! solutions1 & :5 !     
precipitate has settl$  decant ! cle>   
liquid1 & add a suffici5cy ( wat] to    
make x up to  #f-a_/d fl4 oz4 ,! liquid 
reta9s a little acid t>trate ( potassium
 9  solution1 b ?is does n int]f]e ) its
 m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,?is  prep>ation    
8possesses all ! !rapeutic p[]s ( iod9e 
)\t its  irritat+ prop]ties40           
7,p]eira47----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4    
dr41 gradually  increas$ to #b or #c fl4
 dr41 twice or ?rice daily4    ,prop41  
c4 ,gase\s hydriodic acid is col\rless1 
fumes 9 ! air1 is  v soluble 9 wat]1 &  
has a d5sity ( ab\t #dd4 ,liquid        
hydriodic  acid1 :5 /rong1 is v liable  
to decompose1 & %\ld be kept 9          
well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,bo? ! gas & !     
solution are decompos$ by  potassium1   
z9c1 iron1 & o!r metals1 ) ! evolution (

 hydrog5  & ! =mation ( salts call$     
iodides4    ,,iodiz$ ,,cotton ,,wool4   
7,mehu47 ,prep4 ,f9ely p[d]$ iod9e 7#e  
to #aj p]  c5t47 is /rewn ^u loose      
cotton wool 9 su* a mann] t ! glass  j> 
9 :i* ?is op]ation is p]=m$ conta9s     
alt]nate lay]s (  cotton wool & iod9e4  
,! mixture is g5tly heat$ 9 ! op5 j> on 
a  wat] ba? to expel ! air2 :5 ?is is   
accompli%$ ! j> is clos$  & !           
application ( heat cont9u$ = ab\t two   
h\rs1 dur+ :i*  ! iod9e vap\r ?or\ghly  
p5etrates ! wool1 imp>t+ to x a yell[   
col\r4    ,,iodo,,=m4 ,,*i#c4 ,syn4     
,,iod(ormum1 ,l4 ,a solid1 yell[1       
cry/allisable sub/ance1 obta9$ by !     
action ( iod9e on alcohol4    ,prep4 #a4
 ,an alcoholic solution ( pota% is add$ 
to t9cture ( iod9e1  c>efully avoid+    
excess2 ! :ole is !n g5tly evaporat$ to 
dryness1  ! residuum is wa%$ ) wat]1 &  
!n dissolv$ 9 alcohol2 !  alcoholic     
solution yields cry/als by evaporation4 
#b4 7,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society47    
,pure c>bonate ( pota%1 #b p>ts2        

alcohol 7#hd7 #e p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ae
 p>ts4 ,! pota%1 wat]1  alcohol1 & !    
iod9e r$uc$ to p[d] are plac$ toge!r 9 a
 flask1  & ! :ole heat$ 9 a wat] ba?    
until ! decoloration ( ! liquid4  ,ano!r
 #a_/b "p ( iod9e is !n add$ & heat aga9
 appli$1 & !  addition ( ! elem5t is    
repeat$ until ! liquid rema9s slightly  
br[n col\r$4 ,x is !n decoloris$ by !   
addition ( "o or two drops  ( cau/ic    
pota% solution1 & ^u cool+ cry/als (    
iod(orm are  obta9$4    ,^! are collect$
 ^u a filt]1 wa%$ lightly ) cold di/ill$
  wat]1 !n dri$ ^u blott+ pap] & enclos$
 9 well-/opp]$  bottle4    ,by !        
evaporation ( ! "m liquor iodide (      
potassium is obta9$4    ,prop41 c4      
,ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]2 freely soluble 
9 alcohol2 !  solution is decompos$ by  
cau/ic potassa into =mic acid & iodide (
  potassa4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #c gr4
 ,m$ic9al applications1 ! same z  ^? (  
iod9e itself4    ,,ipecacuan,,ha4 ,syn4 
7,,ipecacuanha1 ,l42 ,,ipecacuhan1 ,e41 
,b4 ,p47 ,,radix  ,,ipecacuanh1         

,,ipecacuanha 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4  
,! dri$ root ( ,cephalis  ,ipecacuanha1 
or ! true ipecacuanha plant1 "o ( !     
,c9*onace4  8,a%y col\r$1 tortu\s1 v mu*
 crack$1 & m>k$ 9 r+s ) deep  fissures1 
hav+ an acrid1 aromatic1 bitt]i% ta/e40 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,x occurs  9 pieces #c or #d 
in*es long1 & ab\t ! size ( a writ+     
quill4----,dose4 ,z an emetic1 #aj to   
#bj gr41 assi/$ by ! copi\s use (  w>m  
wat]2 z a nauseant1 #a to #c gr42 z an  
expectorant & sudorific1  #a_/b to #a   
gr4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! safe/ & mo/ useful
 m$ic9e ( its  class4 ,x has rec5tly be5
 highly recomm5d$ 9 dyspepsia1 comb9$ ) 
o!r bitt]s or ap]i5ts4 ,almond meal is  
sometimes us$ z an adult]ant  9         
ipecacuanha p[d]4    ,! foll[+ is       
,bu*olz's analysis ( ipecacuanha        
root3----      ,emetic extractive       
7emet9a7   #dac    ,s(t res9            
#bdc    ,wax                            
#jge    ,gum                            
#beag    ,/>*                           
#ijj    ,woody fibre                    

#ajhj    ,bitt] extractive              
#ajab    ,sug>                          
#bjj    ,extractive1 gum & />*          
extract$ by pota%       #cdhj    ,loss  
#jhj                                    
------------                            
#ajjjj    ,! annex$ process = !         
det]m9ation ( ! emet9a 9 ipecacuanha is 
by ,z5(fsky3----,take #ae grammes ( !   
root1 mix ) #ae drops ( dilute          
sulphuric acid1 & s mu* ( #he p] c5t4   
alcohol t ! volume %all  be #aee c4c4   
,dige/ #bd h\rs1 filt]1 measure #ajj    
c4c4 ( ! filtrate1  evaporate ! alcohol1
 & add a deci-normal solution (         
iodo-hydr>gyrate  ( potassium until no m
 reaction takes place4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 (
  ! reag5t us$ multipli$ by #jjahi      
7#a_/ajjjj? ( an equival5t (  emet9e7   
gives ! am\nt ( emet9e 9 ! #aj grammes (
 root to :i*  ! #ajj c4c4 ( liquid      
corresponds4 ,! deci-normal solution (  
iodo-hydr>gyrate ( potassium is made by 
dissolv+ #acedf grammes (  m]curic      
*loride & #dih grammes ( potassium      

iodide 9 wat]1 &  mak+ up to #a litre4  
,quantitative det]m9ation %[$ t "o c4c4 
( su* a solution  corresponds to #jjahi 
gramme ( emet9e4 ,to p]=m ! volumetric  
e/imation1 ! /&>d solution is add$ to ! 
liquid conta9+ !  alkaloid1 until no m  
turbidity is produc$4 ,to det]m9e ! end 
( !  reaction1 filt] a few drops on to a
 wat*-glass 7plac$ on black glaz$  pap]7
 & t\* ) a glass rod previ\sly moi/5$ ) 
! /&>d  solution4 ,to prev5t loss bo?   
filt] & filtrate %\ld be return$ to  !  
liquor4    ,,irid,,ium4 ,ir4 ,a r>e     
metal discov]$ by ,descotils 9 #ahjc1 & 
by  ,t5nant 9 #ahjd1 9 ! black p[d] left
 9 dissolv+ crude plat9um4  ,?is p[d] is
 an alloy ( iridium ) osmium4 ,! metal  
is also f\nd  native & ne>ly pure among/
 ! ,uralian plat9um ores4    ,prep4 ,!  
native alloy ( iridium & osmium rema9+  
aft] dissolv+  crude plat9um 9 aqua     
regia is r$uc$ to p[d]1 mix$ ) an equal 
weight ( dry *loride ( sodium1 & heat$  
to r$ness 9 a glass tube1  ?r\gh :i* a  
/ream ( moi/ *loride gas is transmitt$4 

,! fur!r  extremity ( ! tube is connect$
 ) a receiv] conta9+ liquor (  ammonia4 
,*loride ( iridium & *loride ( osmium   
are produc$2 !  =m] rema9s 9 comb9ation 
) ! *loride ( sodium2 ! latt]1  be+     
volatile1 is c>ri$ =w>d into ! receiv]1 
:]e x is  decompos$ into osmic &        
hydro*loric acids1 :i* comb9e ) !       
ammonia4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube1 :5 cold1  
are treat$ ) wat] to  dissolve out !    
d\ble *loride ( iridium & sodium2 !     
solution ?us  =m$ is mix$ ) an excess ( 
c>bonate ( sodium1 & evaporat$ to       
dryness4 ,! residue is ignit$ 9 a       
crucible1 boil$ ) wat]1 &  dri$2 x !n   
consi/s ( a mixture ( sesquioxide ( iron
 & a  comb9ation ( oxide ( iridium )    
sodium hydrate4 ,x is r$uc$ by  hydrog5 
at a high temp]ature1 & treat$          
successively ) wat] &  /rong hydro*loric
 acid1 :i* remove ! alkali & ! iron1    
leav+  metallic iridium 9 a divid$ /ate4
 ,by /rong pressure & exposure to a     
weld+ heat1 a c]ta9 degree ( compactness
 may be giv5 to ! product4    ,prop41 c4

 ,brittle1 :ite1 v h>d1 only fusible by 
! /ronge/ heat  ( ,deville's gas        
furnace4 ,9 its pure /ate x is n act$ ^u
 by any (  ! acids1 b x is oxidis$ by   
fusion & nitre1 & by ignition to  r$ness
 9 ! air4 ,an +ot ( iridium1 weigh+     
#bg-c_/d oz41 melt$ by  ,deville's      
process1 0 display$ 9 ,messrs ,johnson &
 ,mat!y's case at  ! ,int]national      
,exhibition ( #ahfb4 ,an alloy ( iridium
 & osmium  7artificial or native7 has   
be5 employ$ = tipp+ ! nibs ( gold p5s   
7ev]la/+ p5s74    ,iridium1 ,*lorides (4
 ,,di*loride4 ,ir,cl#b4 ,an olive-gre5  
p[d]  =m$ by transmitt+ *lor9e ov] p[d]$
 iridium1 heat$ to a dull  r$1 or by    
dige/+ ! hydrat$ protoxide 9 hydro*loric
 acid4  ,,sesqui*loride1 ,ir#b;,cl#f1   
obta9$ by calc9+ iridium ) nitrate  (   
potassium1 dige/+ 9 nitric acid1 wa%+ ) 
wat]1 & solution  9 hydro*loric acid4   
,,tetra*loride1 ,ir,cl#d1 obta9$ 9      
solution by  add+ hydr(luosilicic acid  
to ! tetra*loride ( iridium & potassium 
7=m$ :5 *loride is pass$ ov] a heat$    

mixture ( iridium &  *loride (          
potassium74 ,,hexa*loride1 ,ir,cl#f1    
obta9$ 9 comb9ation  ) potassium by     
heat+ iridium ) nitrate ( potassium1    
dissolv+ 9  aqua regia1 & evaporat+ to  
dryness4    ,iridium1 ,oxides (4        
,,monoxide1 ,ir,o1 prep>$ by add+       
potassium hydrate  to ! hexa*loride (   
iridium1 & dige/+ ! precipitate 9 an    
acid4  ,x is a heavy black p[d]1        
insoluble 9 acid4 ,,sesquioxide1        
,ir#b,o#c1  is be/ prep>$ by fus+ 9 a   
silv] crucible a mixture ( c>bonate (   
potassium & ! d\ble *loride ( iridium & 
potassium1 & boil+  ! product 9 wat]4   
,blui%-black ,,trioxide1 ,ir,o#c1 is    
produc$ :5  c>bonate ( potassium is     
g5tly heat$ ) hexa*loride ( iridium4 ,a 
greyi%-yell[ hydrate1 conta9+ alkali4   
,,iritis4 ,a v dang]\s disease ( ! eye1 
produc+ inflammation 9  ! iris or col\r$
 circle :i* surr\nds ! pupil4 ,iritis is
  frequ5tly produc$ by rheumatism1 z    
well z by scr(ula & g\t1 &  (t5 places !
 sight 9 great p]il4    ,! symptoms are 

pa9s ar\nd ! ball ( ! eye & on ! br[1   
:i*  increase at night1 cl\d9ess ( !    
cornea1 difficulty1 & inequality (      
contraction 9 ! pupil1 *ange ( col\r 9 !
 iris1 frequ5tly  di/urb$ vision1 & mu* 
pa9 9 & wat]+ f ! eye :5 !  pati5t is   
plac$ 9 ! light1 p>ticul>ly a /rong     
light4    ,we h describ$ ! pr9cipal     
symptoms ( ?is s]i\s disord] 9 ord]  t  
any "o affect$ by !m may at once seek ! 
assi/ance ( a skilful  surgeon or       
oculi/4    ,i,,ron4 ,fe4 ,syn4 ,,f]rum1 
,l42 ,,f]1 ,fr42 ,,eis51 ,g]4 ,! hi/ory 
( ?is  mo/ important metal ext5ds to !  
remote pa/4 ,! discov]y ( an iron  rod 9
 "o ( ! ,assyrian bronzes br\ght to     
,engl& by ,mr ,lay>d  e/abli%$ ! int]e/+
 fact t ?is metal 0 kn[n & commonly     
employ$1 :]e /r5g? 0 requir$1 ne>ly     
#cjjj ye>s ago4 ,ru/ ( iron  & scales ( 
iron 7 us$ z m$ic9es at a p]iod equally 
remote4    ,s\rces4 ,iron 9 a metallic  
/ate 7native iron7 is ( v r>e           
occurr5ce2 b x inv>iably ent]s into !   
composition ( meteorites4  ,comb9$ )    

oxyg5 & o!r elem5ts1 z iron ores1 x     
occurs 9 ne>ly  e "p ( ! e>?4 ,^! ores  
may be divid$ into ! oxides & !         
c>bonates4 ,! oxides may be aga9 divid$ 
into f\r di/9ct classes1  viz4----7#a7  
,magnetic iron ore1 consi/+ ( #ca       
protoxide & #fi  sesquioxide1 ) an      
insignificant proportion ( silica2 7#b7 
specul>  iron1 or iron glance1 compos$ (
 ! sesquioxide1 ) a small admixture  (  
magnetic oxide2 7#c7 r$ hmatite1 consi/+
 ( ! sesquioxide ne>ly  9 a /ate (      
purity2 & 7#d7 br[n hmatite1 ! hydrat$  
sesquioxide (  iron4 ,! c>bonates are   
pr9cipally two1 viz4----7#e7 spa?ose    
iron1 !  protoc>bonate ( iron 9 a sp>ry 
condition1 & 7#f7 clay iron/one or      
black b& iron/one1 :i* consi/s ( !      
protoc>bonates associat$  ) clay &      
c>bonace\s matt]4    ,sw$i% iron is made
 almo/ entirely f ,no4 #a1 :i* occurs 9 
massive  b$s at ,ar5dahl & ,dannemora1 9
 ,sw$54 ,?is iron is ( great purity1    
be+ p]fectly free f sulphur &           
phosphorus4 ,! titanif]\s iron  s& f\nd 

at ,t>anaki1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 consi/s     
almo/ entirely ( ,no4 #a  & ! metal     
titanium4 ,no4 #b f\nd pr9cipally 9 !   
isl& ( ,elba1 9  ! =m ( rhomboh$ral     
cry/als4 ,! micace\s iron ore f\nd 9    
small  quantities 9 ,wales & ,lanca%ire 
has ne>ly ! same composition1 b         
cry/allises 9 brilliant plates4 ,no4 #c 
occurs 9 radiat$ fibr\s masses  9       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is f\nd 9 l>ge  
quantities 9 ,wales  & ,lanca%ire1 "s ( 
! specim5s f ! latt] locality conta9+   
ne>ly #ii ( ! sesquioxide4 ,x makes     
excell5t iron4 ,no4 #d occurs 9         
r$di%-br[n masses ( a botryoidal =m4 ,x 
is a valuable ore1 & is  f\nd 9 ,engl&1 
,wales1 & ,scotl&4 ,no4 #e is f\nd      
*iefly at ,sieg51  9 ,prussia4 ,no4 #f  
is ! pr9cipal ore ( ! ,/af=d%ire &      
,scot*  iron di/ricts1 :]e x occurs 9   
great abundance1 associat$ ) !  fuel & !
 flux requir$ = smelt+ x4 ,iron is      
conta9$ 9 plants1  & =ms an ess5tial    
compon5t ( ! blood ( ! high] animals4   
,prep41 c4 ,iron is only prep>$ on !    

l>ge scale1 & an acc\nt (  ! manufacture
 w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,^? requir+    
detail$  in=mation mu/ consult !        
elaborate works ( ,p]cy1 ,hunt1         
,fairbairn1  ,phillips1 & o!r           
metallurgi/s4    ,pure iron may be      
prep>$ by introduc+ f9e iron wire1 cut  
small1 #d  p>ts1 & black oxide ( iron1  
#a "p1 into a ,hessian crucible2 cov]+  
) a mixture ( :ite s&1 lime1 & c>bonate 
( potassium 79 !  proportions us$ =     
glass-mak+72 &1 aft] apply+ a closely   
fitt+  cov]1 expos+ ! crucible to a v   
high degree ( heat4 ,a button (  pure   
metal is ?us obta9$1 ! traces ( c>bon & 
silicon pres5t 9  ! wire hav+ be5 remov$
 by ! oxyg5 ( ! black oxide4    ,prop41 
c4 ,! prop]ties & uses ( iron are too   
well kn[n to require  description4 ,its 
applications are almo/ univ]sal4 ,x is  
rem>kably  ductile1 & possesses great   
t5acity1 b is less malleable ?an _m (  !
 o!r metals4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #ghdd4 ,x  
is ! h>de/ ( all !  malleable & ductile 
metals1 & :5 comb9$ ) c>bon 7/eel7      

admits  ( be+ temp]$ to almo/ any degree
 ( h>dness or ela/icity4 ,9 dry  air x  
does n oxidise at common temp]atures2 b 
at a r$ heat x soon  becomes cov]$ ) a  
scaly coat+ ( black oxide1 & at an      
int5se  :ite heat burns brilliantly ) ! 
production ( ! same sub/ance4  ,pure    
wat]1 free f air or c>bonic acid1 does n
 t>ni% ! surface  ( poli%$ iron1 b !    
comb9$ action ( air & moi/ure1          
especially  :5 a little acid vap\r is   
pres5t1 causes its surface to be soon   
cov]$ ) ru/1 :i* is hydrat$ sesquioxide 
( iron 7f]ric hydrate74  ,ne>ly all     
acids attack iron2 dilute sulphuric &   
hydro*loric acid d s  ) consid]able     
en]gy & ! evolution ( hydrog5 gas4 ,at a
 r$ heat  iron decomposes wat] rapidly1 
hydrog5 be+ evolv$1 & ! black oxide  (  
iron =m$4 ,iron is magnetic up to a     
dull-r$ heat1 at :i* po9t x  loses all  
traces ( t prop]ty4 ,x melts at ab\t    
#ccjj ,fahr4 ,)  oxyg51 *lor9e1 iod9e1 !
 acids1 c41 x =ms num]\s important      
comp\nds4 ,z a rem$ial ag5t1 :5 prop]ly 

exhibit$1 iron acts z a  g5ial /imulant 
& tonic1 & g5]ally proves b5eficial 9   
cases (  *ronic debility1 unaccompani$ )
 organic conge/ion or inflammation4  ,! 
c>bonate 7f]r\s c>bonate71 z x exi/s 9  
m9]al wat]s1 held 9  solution by c>bonic
 acid 9 excess1 appe>s to be ! =m mo/   
cong5ial  to ! human body2 & f its /ate 
( dilution is rapidly absorb$ by  !     
lacteals1 & spe$ily imp>ts a ruddy hue  
to ! wan c\nt5ance4  ,iron is und\bt$ly 
"o ( ! mo/ valuable articles ( ! mat]ia 
m$ica1 & appe>s f ! antiquity ( its     
introduction into m$ic9e1  & ! numb] (  
its prep>ations1 to h be5 des]v$ly      
appreciat$4    ,te/s4 ,iron =ms two     
classes ( salts1 namely1 f]r\s or proto 
salts1  9 :i* iron exhibits a p[] (     
comb9+ ) two atoms ( any monad  elem5t1 
& ! f]ric or p]salts 9 :i* iron has a   
capacity (  unit+ ) ?ree atoms ( any    
monad elem5t4    ,! f]r\s or proto salts
 h g5]ally a gre5i% col\r1 b yield      
ne>ly col\rless solutions1 except :5    
conc5trat$4 ,_! solutions  are kn[n by !

 foll[+ reactions3----,!y are n         
precipitat$ by  hydrosulphuric acid :5  
acid1 & b incompletely :5 neutral4      
,sulphide  ( ammonium produces a black  
precipitate1 becom+ br[n on exposure to 
! air1 insoluble 9 alkalies1 b easily   
soluble 9 ! m9]al acids4  ,ammonia &    
potassa give a gre5i%-:ite precipitate1 
gradually becom+  gre5 & !n br[n 9 !    
air4 ,?is precipitate occasionally is ( 
a  blui%-black if excess ( potassa is   
us$4 ,! pres5ce ( ammoniacal  salts     
int]f]es ) ! action ( ^! te/s4          
,f]rocyanide ( potassium  gives a ne>ly 
:ite precipitate1 becom+ gradually blue 
9 ! air1 &  imm$iately s on ! addition (
 a little weak nitric acid or *lor9e    
wat]4 ,f]ricyanide ( potassium produces 
a ri* deep-blue precipitate1  insoluble 
9 hydro*loric acid4 ,9 highly dilute    
solutions ! effect is  only a deep      
blui%-gre5 coloration4 ,phosphate (     
sodium produces a :ite  precipitate1 :i*
 aft] a "t becomes gre54    ,! f]ric    
salts1 :i* are also call$ ! sesqui or   

p]salts ( iron1  h = ! mo/ "p a         
r$di%-yell[ col\r1 yield+ deep-col\r$   
solutions1 :i* exhibit ! foll[+         
reactions3----,!y r$d5 litmus  pap]4    
,hydrosulphuric acid 9 acid solutions   
r$uces f]ric to f]r\s  salts1 giv+ a    
:ite or yell[ precipitate ( sulphur     
only4 ,9 alkal9e  solutions x yields a  
blacki% precipitate1 consi/+ ( sulphur &
  f]r\s sulphide4 ,sulphide ( ammonium  
gives simil> reaction4 ,ammonia &       
potassa produce bulky r$di%-br[n        
precipitates insoluble 9 excess4        
,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a ri*    
blue precipitate1 insoluble 9           
hydro*loric acid1 & readily decompos$ by
 potassa4 ,f]ricyanide (  potassium     
deep5s ! col\r1 b does n give a blue    
precipitate1 z x  does ) f]r\s salts    
7proto salts74 ,sulphocyanide (         
potassium gives an  int5se ruby-r$ col\r
 to neutral or acid solutions4 ,t9cture 
&  infusion ( galls /rike a black col\r4
 ,phosphate ( sodium gives a :ite       
precipitate1 :i* becomes br[n1 & f9ally 

dissolves on ! addition (  ammonia4     
,e/im4 ,! iron may be ?r[n d[n 9 ! /ate 
( f]ric hydrate or  hydrat$ sesquioxide1
 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,!       
weight1 9  gra9s1 multipli$ by #g1      
indicates ! weight ( metallic iron4     
,fifty gr4 ( ! ore are r$uc$ to p[d]1   
dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 )  ! aid ( heat1 
& ! solution filt]$ 9 ord] to sep>ate ! 
silica  & a little alum9a :i* sometimes 
is left 9 an insoluble /ate2 an  excess 
( ammonia is !n add$ to ! filt]$ liquor1
 :i* produces a  r$di%-br[n precipitate 
( f]ric hydrate mix$ ) alum9a :i* is    
collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & boil$ ) a  
solution ( potassa1 9  ord] to dissolve 
! alum9a2 ! :ole is next ?r[n ^u a      
filt]1  wa%$1 dri$1 c>efully ignit$1 &  
weigh$4 ,! above is well adapt$  to     
det]m9e ! quantity ( iron 9 clay        
iron/one1 ! mo/ common  f]rug9\s ore 9  
,engl&4    ,! sulphur 9 ca/ & wr\ght    
iron1 & /eel1 may be e/imat$ by !       
foll[+ process1 inv5t$ by ,m4           
,koppmay]3----#aj grammes ( iron1 f9ely 

produc$ & sift$1 are introduc$ into a   
bottle hold+ f #a_/b to  #a_/crd litre4 
,! /opp] has ?ree holes4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! 
passes a  funnel ) a gr\nd-glass tap1   
its neck rea*+ to ! bottom ( !  bottle4 
,?r\gh ! second passes ! tube at "r     
angles1 fitt$ ) a  tap & rea*+ also to !
 bottom ( ! bottle4    ,?r\gh ! ?ird    
hole passes a deliv]y tube1 connect+ !  
bottle to  ! cond5s+ app>atus4    ,?is  
latt] consi/s ( a s]ies ( bulbs arrang$ 
l a /aircase1 s z  to p]mit ! gas to    
come into ! greate/ possible contact ) !
  /&>d solution ( iod9e 9 iodide (      
potassium1 ) :i* !  cond5s] is fill$1   
?is solution ought n to be expos$ to    
light4    ,:5 ! app>atus is arrang$ z   
above1 ! atmosph]ic air is fir/  driv5  
out ( ! bottle by means ( a curr5t (    
hydrog5 gas1 introduc$  by ! tube b5t at
 "r angles4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! air is
  entirely expell$1 ! tap ( ?is tube is 
clos$4 ,! funnel is n[  fill$ )         
hydro*loric acid1 its tap is op5$1 & by 
means ( !  application ( heat ! acid is 

all[$ to run d[n ^u ! iron )\t  all[+   
any common air to ent]4 ,hydrog5 &      
sulphurett$ hydrog5 are  =m$ :i* pass   
into ! cond5s]4    ,acid is ?us add$    
until all dis5gagem5t ( gas ceases4 ,!  
bottle is  !n heat$ till its cont5ts    
boil1 a little wat] hav+ be5 fir/ add$  
by means ( ! funnel4 ,aft] ^! op]ations1
 hydrog5 is all[$ to  ent] anew to sweep
 out all rema9+ gases4 ,! iodis$        
solution is !n  p\r$ out1 c>e be+ tak5  
to r9se ! bulb-tube ?or\ghly1 &  titrat$
 ) hyposulphite ( soda1 s z to f9d !    
rema9+ proportion  ( free iod9e4 ,!     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al am\nt ( free  
iod9e  pres5t 9 ! solution1 & ! am\nt   
?us f\nd1 %[s ! proportion  ( iod9e :i* 
has be5 conv]t$ into hydriodic acid1 &  
:i* is  proportional to ! sulphur       
conta9$ 9 ! sample "u exam9ation4       
,iron1 ,prep>ations (3----    ,f]ric    
,acetate4 ,fe#b7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7f4 ,syn4 
,,p]acetate ,,( ,,iron2  ,,f]ri         
,,sesquiacetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f]ric       
c>bonate1 #a "p2 acetic acid1 #f  p>ts2 

dige/ ?ree days & filt]4 ,a d>k         
br[ni%-r$1 uncry/allisable  liquid1 v   
soluble & p[]fully a/r+5t4 ,! calc9$    
sesquioxide  ( iron ( ! %ops1 commonly  
sold z c>bonate ( iron1 does n answ]    
well = ?is or any ( ! sesqui-comp\nds1  
ow+ to its be+ )  difficulty dissolv$ by
 acids1 especially by ! weak]           
ones4----,dose4 7,(  ! la/7 #aj to #be  
drops1 9 wat] or w9e4    ,f]ric         
,album9ate4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,album9as1 ,l4
 ,prep4    ,precipitate a filt]$        
solution ( :ite ( egg ) ano!r ( f]ric   
sulphate or p]sulphate ( iron1 wa% !    
deposit 9 wat]1 & dissolve  x 9 alcohol 
hold+ potassium hydrate 9 solution4     
,?is prep>ation is highly spok5 ( by ,m4
 ,lassaigne z especially adapt$  by its 
nature1 on !oretical gr\nds1 = comb9+ ) 
! tissues (  ! body4    ,f]ric ,citrate4
 ,fe#b7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4          
,,p]citrate ,,( ,,iron1  ,,citrate ,,(  
,,sesquioxide ,,( ,i41 ,,citrate ,,(    
,i42 ,,f]ri ,,citras4    ,prep4 ,by     
saturat+ a solution ( citric acid 9 an  

equal weight (  wat] ) fre%ly           
precipitat$ moi/ hydrat$ f]ric hydrate1 
evaporat+  at #aej ,fahr4 to ! consi/5ce
 ( a syrup1 & spread+ on glass plates   
to dry4    ,by ei!r ( ! me?ods adopt$ = 
! ,,ammonio-,,citrate1 m]ely omitt+  !  
addition ( ! ammonia4 ,x mu* resembles !
 ammonio-citrate1 b is  only slightly   
soluble 9 wat]1 & has a r less agreeable
  ta/e4----,dose1 #c to #e gr4    ,f]ric
 & ,ammonium ,citrate4 ,syn4            
,,ammonio-,,citrate ,,( ,,iron3         
,,ammonio  ,,f]ric ,,citrate2 ,,f]ri    
,,ammonio ,,citras4 ,l4 ,!re are sev]al 
prep>ations 9  :i* ! t]m #8citrate (    
iron' has be5 appli$4 ,t commonly kn[n  
"u ?is "n is really a d\ble citrate (   
iron & ammonia1 &  appe>s to be         
correctly call$ #8ammonio-citrate (     
iron4'    ,b4 ,p4 ,liquor ,f]ric        
,p]sulphatis 7,b4 ,p471 #h2 liquor      
ammonia1 #ai-a_/b2  citric acid 79      
cry/als7 #d2 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy1
 mix #ad ( !  solution ( ammonia1 ) #dj 
( wat]1 & all gradually2 ! solution (   

f]ric sulphate /ir con/antly & briskly2 
let ! mixture /& two  h\rs1 & put into a
 calico filt] & all[ to dra94 ,wa% well 
!  precipitate until x no long] gives a 
precipitate ) b>ium *loride4  ,dissolve 
! citric acid 9 #h oz4 ( ! wat]1 & hav+ 
appli$ !  heat ( a wat] ba? add !       
precipitate ( f]ric hydrate previ\sly   
well  dra9$1 /ir !m toge!r until ! :ole 
or ne>ly ! :ole ( !  hydrate has        
dissolv$4 ,let ! solution cool1 !n add  
#e-a_/b ( !  ammonia1 filt] ?r\gh       
flannel1 evaporate to ! consi/5cy (     
syrup1  & dry x 9 ?9 lay]s on flat      
porcela9 or glass plates at a           
temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj4    ,prep4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,f]r\s sulphate1 #ab oz42    
c>bonate ( sodium1 #ab-a_/b  oz42       
dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 boil+ di/ill$  
wat]1 #f p9ts2 mix !  solutions :il/    
/ill hot1 & all[ ! precipitate to       
subside2 aft] a  "t decant ! sup]natant 
liquor1 wa% ! precipitate frequ5tly )   
wat] 7dra9 x71 add ( citric acid 79     
p[d]71 #f oz41 & dissolve by  ! aid ( a 

g5tle heat2 :5 ! :ole has cool$1 add (  
liquor (  ammonia1 ,ph4 ,l41 #i fl4 oz41
 & g5tly evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a   
syrup2 9 ?is /ate spread x v ?9ly on    
flat e>!nw>e di%es 7or  %eets ( glass71 
dry by a g5tle heat1 & :5 dry keep x 9  
well-/opp]$ bottles4    7,ph4 ,d47      
,citric acid1 #d oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #af 
fl4 oz42 hydrat$ f]ric  oxide1 obta9$ f 
! sulphate1 #e oz42 liquor ( ammonia1 #d
 fl4 oz41 or  q4 s4    7,:olesale47 ,a  
mixture ( iron fil+s & citric acid1 9   
p[d]1 )  b>ely suffici5t wat] to cov] x1
 is kept 9 a w>m situation = "s  days1  
occasionally /irr+ ! mass1 & replac+ !  
wat] z x  evaporates4 ,a saturat$       
solution is next made 9 di/ill$ wat]1   
!re  be+ previ\sly add$ m citric acid   
7ab\t half ! weight ( ! acid  fir/ us$71
 z requir$2 x is !n neutralis$ ) liquor 
( ammonia  7ab\t #a-a_/d oz4 ( liquor ( 
ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #hhb1 to e gallon (  ! 
solution ( sp4 gr4 #ajbe71 & ! solution 
is conc5trat$ by  evaporation2 ! process
 is !n complet$ z 9 ,no4 #a4 ,! fir/ "p 

(  ?is process produces a salt ( !      
protoxide ( iron1 or f]r\s citrate1  :i*
 is aft]w>ds conv]t$1 by exposure to !  
atmosph]e1 into a  citrate ( ! magnetic 
acid1 or f]ri1 f]ro-citrate1 &1 la/ly1  
into  citrate ( p]oxide ( iron1 or f]ric
 citrate4    ,b4 ,p4 ,liquor ,f]ri      
,p]sulphatis #h4 ,liquor ammoni         
#ai-a_/b4 ,citric acid 79  cry/als7 #d4 
,di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy4 ,mix #ad ( 
! solution (  ammonia ) #dj ( wat]1 &   
add gradually ! solution ( f]ric        
sulphate4 ,/ir con/antly1 let ! mixture 
/& #b h\rs & filt]  ?r\gh calico1 & all[
 to dra94 ,wa% until ! wa%+ ceases to   
precipitate b>ium *loride1 dissolve !   
citric acid 9 #h ( wat]1 add  !         
precipitat$ f]ric hydrate1 & heat 9 a   
wat] ba? until dissolv$4  ,let !        
solution cool1 add #e-a_/b ( ! ammonia1 
filt] ?r\gh flannel1  evaporate to !    
consi/5cy ( syrup1 & dry on flat        
porcela9 plates 9  ?9 lay]s at a        
temp]ature bel[ #ajj ,f4    ,obs4       
,ph>maceutical writ]s h be5 s diffuse 9 

_! disquisitions  on ! prep>ation ( ?is 
salt1 z w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t !re  is
 "s difficulty att5d+ x4 ,! contr>y is1 
h[ev]1 ! case4 ,!  only c>e necess>y is 
to spread ! syrup solution v ?9ly on w>m
  %eets ( glass to dry1 :i* x w rapidly 
d if !y are plac$ 9 an  atmosph]e ( w>m 
dry air1 = :i* purpose a #8dry+ closet' 
is !  mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! dry salt may !n  
be easily deta*$ f ! glass1  & w =m ?9  
scales1 or lamell1 ( great brilliancy & 
beauty4 ,x  is also bett] to use a      
little m oxide ?an ! acid w dissolve1 z 
! rema9d] w be employ$ 9 a future       
op]ation4 ,less wat] may be  us$1 or ev5
 a l>g] quantity ?an t m5tion$2 b 9 !   
fir/ case  ! liquid w become difficult  
to filt]----9 ! latt] x w require  m    
evaporation4 ,boil+ wat] dissolves ab\t 
twice its weight ( citric  acid1 & !re  
rema9s #ac_/bj?s ( ?is quantity 9       
solution :5 cold1  & x takes r m ?an    
twice ! weight ( ! citric acid 9  moi/  
hydrat$ protoxide ( iron to produce     
saturation4    ,prop41 c4 ,?is beautiful

 salt is ( a ri* ruby col\r1 & =ms      
gli/5+ transp>5t scales1 v soluble 9    
aque\s m5/rua1 & !  result+ solution is 
less easily decompos$ by reag5ts ?an !  
solutions ( mo/ ( ! o!r salts ( iron4 ,x
 is #8compatible' ) !  alkal9e (        
c>bonates & bic>bonates1 & sev]al o!r   
salts1 & is  ne>ly ta/eless1 advantages 
:i* h be5 p]haps ov]rat$ by bo?         
prescrib] & pati5t4 ,x is d\btful :e!r  
?is article has n  obta9$ a l>g] sale f 
its pleas+ appe>ance ?an f its  m$ic9al 
virtues4 ,sev]al p]sons :o h prep>$ x 9 
lumps or  p[d]1 by ! simple evaporation 
( ! solution to dryness1 h be5  unable  
to sell x "u t =m1 ev5 at a l[] price4  
,ammonio-citrate ( iron is soluble 9    
wat]2 ! solution nei!r *anges  ! col\r (
 litmus nor turm]ic2 nor is x turn$ blue
 by f]rocyanide  ( potassium2 b ei!r    
potassium hydrate or lime wat] be+ add$1
 x  ?r[s d[n f]ric hydrate1 & ammonia is
 evolv$4 ,f #ajj gr4 dissolv$  9 wat]1  
potassium hydrate precipitates ab\t #cd 
gr4 ( f]ric  hydrate4----,dose1 #c to   

#aj gr41 9 wat]1 w9e1 or bitt]          
infusions4    ,f]ric & ,/ry*n9e         
,citrate4 7,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,et   
,,/ry*ni ,,citras4  ,prep4 ,citrate (   
iron & ammonia1 #ejj gr42 /ry*nia1 #e   
gr42 citric  acid1 #e gr42 di/ill$ wat]1
 #i fl4 dr4 ,dissolve ! citrate ( iron &
  ammonia 9 #a oz4 ( ! wat]1 & ! /ry*nia
 & nitric acid 9 #a dr4  ( di/ill$ wat]4
 ,mix ! two solutions1 evaporate !      
mixture ov] a  wat] ba?1 at #adj ,fahr41
 to ! ?ickness ( a syrup1 & spread on   
glass plates1 s t ! salt1 :5 dry1 may be
 obta9$ 9 scales4    ,f]ric & ,magnesium
 ,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,citric ,,( ,,iron ,,&
 ,,magnesia2 ,,f]ri  ,,magnesio         
,,citras2 ,,f]ri ,,et ,,magnesi         
,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z ! la/1 b  us+   
c>bonate ( magnesium in/ead ( ammonia to
 neutralise !  solution4----,dose1 #b to
 #aj gr4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ z a       
*alybeate 9  ! dyspepsia ( g\ty &       
debilitat$ habits4    ,f]ric & ,qu99e   
,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,citrate ,,( ,,qu99e   
,,& ,,iron2  ,,f]ri-,,qu9io-,,citras1   

,l4 ,z ! ammonio-citrate1 b us+ qu99e1  
rec5tly precipitat$1 in/ead ( ammonia1  
to neutralise ! acid4    ,b4 ,p4 ,pure  
f]ric hydrate is prep>$ f liquor f]ri   
p]sulphatis1  #d-a_/b p9ts1 & liquor    
ammoni1 #h p9ts1 z 9 ! f]ric & ammonium 
citrate4 ,sulphate ( qu99e #a is mix$ ) 
wat] #h1 & sulphuric acid  #a-a_/b1 & :5
 dissolv$1 ammonia add$ until ! qu99e is
  precipitat$4 ,! precipitate is        
collect$ & wa%$ ) #cj ( wat]4  ,citric  
acid #c is dissolv$ 9 #h ( wat] by ! aid
 ( a wat] ba?1 &  ! f]ric hydrate1 well 
dra9$1 add$2 /ir toge!r until dissolv$1 
& add ! qu99e1 /irr+ well until all is  
dissolv$1 & all[ to  cool2 add #a-a_/b (
 solution ( ammonia dilut$ ) #b ( wat]1 
/irr+  ! solution briskly until ! qu99e 
at fir/ ?r[n d[n by ! ammonia  is       
r$issolv$2 filt] & evaporate to a syrup1
 dry+ 9 ?9 lay]s on  flat porcela9 or   
glass plates at a temp]ature ( #ajj4    
,f]ric citrate1 #d p>ts2 citrate (      
qu99e1 #a "p2 di/ill$ wat]1  q4 s42     
dissolve1 g5tly evaporate1 & proce$ z   

direct$ =  ammonio-citrate ( iron4      
,gre5i% gold5-yell[ scales :5 prep>$ by 
! ,b4 ,p4 process1 soluble 9 #b p>ts (  
wat]1 & some:at deliquesc5t2  entirely  
soluble 9 e!r2 ta/e bitt] z well z      
*alybeate4----,dose1 #b  to #f dr42 9   
cases :]e ! use ( bo? iron & qu99e is   
indicat$4    ,f]ric & ,sodium ,citrate4 
,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,sodio-,,citras1 ,,f]ri   
,,et ,,sod  ,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f     
citric acid1 c>bonate ( sodium1 & iron  
or !  hydrate1 z ! ammonio-citrate or   
potassio-citrate4    ,f]ric ,*loride4   
,fe#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesqui*loride ,,(  
,,iron1  ,,p]*loride ,,( ,,iron1        
,,p]muriate ,,( ,i42 ,,f]ri             
,,sesqui*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4       
7,anhydr\s47 ,by pass+ dry *lor9e ov]   
heat$ iron fil+s4 ,br[n  scales4        
7,hydrat$47 ,dissolve f]ric hydrate 9   
hydro*loric acid1 evaporate to !        
consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & cry/allise4      
,yell[ or r$ scaly cry/als4 ,!  impure  
solution ( ?is salt has be5 greatly us$ 
z a sewage deodoris]4  ,see ,,t9cture4  

,f]ric & ,ammonium ,*loride             
7,fe#b;,cl#f,,nh#d;,cl4,aq74 ,syn4      
,,d\ble  ,,*lorides ,,( ,,iron ,,&      
,,ammonium1 ,,ammonio-,,*loride ,,(     
,,iron2 ,,f]ri ,,ammonium  ,,*loridum4  
,f]ric oxide1 #c oz42 hydro*loric acid1 
#a_/b p9t2 dige/ 9 a s& ba?  until      
dissolv$1 !n add ( ammonium #b-a_/b     
lbs41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #c  p9ts2 filt] !
 liquid1 evaporate to dryness1 & r$uce !
 mass to  co>se p[d]4 ,orange-col\r$    
cry/all9e gra9s readily soluble 9  wat]4
    ,ammonio-*loride ( iron is tonic1   
emm5agogue1 & ap]i5t4----,dose1 #e  to  
#ae gr42 9 gl&ul> swell+s1 ob/ructions1 
c4    ,f]ric ,f]rocyanide4              
7,fe#d7;,fe,cy#f7c4 #ah;,aq74 ,syn4     
,,sesquif]rocyanide ,,( ,,iron1         
,,prussian ,,blue2 ,,f]ri               
,,f]rocyanidum1 ,f4                     
,,sesquif]rocyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f]r\s 
sulphate1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2         
dissolve1 add to ! solution ( nitric    
acid1 #f fl4 dr41 9 small portions  at a
 "t1 boil+ = a few mom5ts aft] ea*      

addition2 next dissolve  f]rocyanide (  
potassium1 #d-a_/b oz41 9 wat]1 #a p9t1 
& add ?is la/  solution1 by degrees1 to 
! fir/ liquid1 /irr+ well ea* "t2       
la/ly1 collect ! precipitate1 wa% x )   
boil+ wat]1 dra91 &  dry x4----,dose1 #c
 to #e gr41 ?ree or f\r times daily1 z  
an alt]ative1  febrifuge1 & tonic1      
gradually increas+ ! quantity until "s  
obvi\s  effect is produc$2 9 agues1     
epilepsy1 & neuralgia4 ,see ,,prussian  
,,blue4    ,f]ric ,hydrate4             
,fe#b7;,,ho7#f4 ,see "u ,f]ric ,oxide4  
,f]ric ,iodide4 ,fe#b;,i#f4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri
 ,,p]iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,freely  expose
 a solution ( f]r\s iodide to ! air2 or 
dige/ iod9e1 9  excess1 on iron1 "u     
wat]1 g5tly evaporate1 & sublime4 ,a    
deliquesc5t1 volatile r$ comp\nd1       
soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,x is  r>ely  
employ$ 9 m$ic9e4    ,f]ric ,oxide4     
,fe#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,(      
,,iron1 ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,iron1  ,,r$     
,,oxide ,,( ,i42 ,,f]ri ,,sesquioxydum1 
,f4 ,,p]oxydum1 ,f4 ,,oxydum ,,rubrum1  

,l4  ,?is sub/ance is f\nd native "u    
sev]al =ms1 b t employ$ 9  ! arts is    
prep>$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+          
me?ods3----    ,f metallic iron4 ,f iron
 wire or clean iron fil+s cut into      
pieces1  moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to !   
air until completely conv]t$  into ru/2 
x is !n gr\nd ) wat]1 elutriat$1 & dri$1
 9 a  simil> way to t adopt$ = *alk4 ,= 
sale1 x is usually made up  into small  
conical loaves or lumps4    ,by         
calc9ation3----7,,br[n-,,r$ ,,colco?>1  
,,crocus1 ,,indian ,,r$1 ,,r\ge1        
,,jewell]s' ,r42 ,,f]ri ,,oxydum        
,,rubrum1 ,l47----,calc9e f]r\s sulphate
 until  ! wat] ( cry/allisation is      
expell$1 !n roa/ x ) a /rong fire  until
 acid vap\rs cease to rise2 cool1 wa% ! 
residuum ) wat] until  ! latt] ceases to
 affect litmus1 & dry x4    ,f]r\s      
sulphate1 #ajj p>ts2 common salt1 #db   
p>ts2 calc9e1 wa% well  ) wat]1 dry1 &  
levigate ! residuum4 ,?is process yields
 a *eap  & beautiful product1 :i* is    
frequ5tly sold = ! f]ri  sesquioxydum2 b

 x is less soluble1 & !re=e unfitt$ = a 
sub/itute = t prep>ation4    ,by        
precipitation2----,,f]ri                
,,sesquioxydum----,b4 ,p41 ,,f]ri       
,,oxydum ,,rubrum----,ph4 ,e4  ,l4 ,by  
precipitat+ a solution ( f]ric sulphate 
or *loride )  ammonia1 9 excess1 & wa%+1
 dry+1 & ignit+ 9 ! result+  hydrate4   
,pure2 anhydr\s4    ,f]r\s sulphate1 #d 
lbs42 sodium c>bonate1 #d lbs4 #b oz42  
dissolve ea*  sep>ately 9 wat]1 #c      
galls42 mix ! solution :il/ hot1 set !  
mixture aside1 t ! precipitate may      
subside1 & subsequ5tly wa% &  dry x z   
be=e4 ,conta9s wat]1 & a trace ( alkali4
    ,,f]ric ,,hydrate1 ,,f]ri ,,p]oxydum
 ,,hydratum----7,ph4 ,d41               
,,f]rugo----,ph4 ,e47----a4  7,ph4 ,e47 
,f]r\s sulphate1 #d oz42 sulphuric acid1
 #c-a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a  qu>t2 mix1  
dissolve1 boil1 & gradually add ( nitric
 acid1 #i fl4 dr42  /irr+ well & boil+ =
 a m9ute or two aft] ea* addition1 until
  ! liquor yields a yell[i%-br[n        
precipitate ) ammonia2 x mu/ !n  be     

filt]$ & precipitat$ ) liquor ( ammonia 
7=t471 #c-a_/b fl4  oz42 rapidly add$ & 
well mix$ 92 collect ! precipitate1 wa% 
x  well ) wat]1 dra9 x on a calico      
filt]1 & dry x at a heat n  exce$+ #ahj 
,fahr4 ,:5 int5d$ z an antidote = ars5ic
 x %\ld  n be dri$1 b kept 9 ! moi/ or  
gelat9\s /ate4    ,,f]ric ,,p]oxide1    
,,moi/ 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,p]oxidum
 ,,humidum4 ,prep4 ,mix  solution (     
p]sulphate ( iron 7,b4 ,p471 #d fl4 oz41
 ) #a p9t (  di/ill$ wat]1 & add x      
gradually to #cc fl4 oz4 ( solution (   
soda  7,b4 ,p471 /irr+ con/antly &      
briskly4 ,let !m /& = two h\rs1  /irr+  
occasionally2 !n put on a calico filt]1 
& :5 ! liquid  has dra9$ away1 wa% !    
precipitate ) di/ill$ wat] till :at     
passes ?r\gh ceases to give a           
precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium4  ,la/ly1 
enclose ! precipitate )\t dry+ x 9 a    
/opp]$ bottle1  or o!r vessel1 f :i*    
evaporation _c take place4    ,,dry     
,,hydrate ,,( ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,iron 7,b4 
,p474 ,,f]ri ,,p]oxidum ,,hydratum4 ,dry

 !  moi/ p]oxide1 #a lb41 at a          
temp]ature n exce$+ #bab ,fahr41 till x 
ceases to lose weight4 ,r$uce to a f9e  
p[d]4----,dose1 #e to #cj gra9s4        
,prop4 ,f]ric oxide1 prep>$ by          
precipitation 7#a1 c71 is an impalpable 
p[d]1 ( a br[ni%-r$ col\r1 od\rless1    
insoluble 9 wat]1 freely  soluble 9     
acids1 & possess+ a slightly /yptic     
ta/e1 especially :5  rec5tly prep>$4 ,:5
 expos$ to heat its col\r is bright5$1  
its sp4  gr4 increas$1 & x is r5d]$ less
 easily soluble 9 acids4 ,! oxide       
prep>$ by calc9ation is d>k] & bright]  
col\r$1 less soluble1 &  q ta/eless4 ,x 
has ei!r a sc>let or purpli% ca/1       
accord+ to  ! heat to :i* x has be5     
expos$4 ,! f9e/ ,indian r$1 or crocus1  
usually und]goes a second calc9ation1 9 
:i* x is expos$ to a v  int5se heat4 ,x 
is !n kn[n z #8purple br[n4' ,! be/     
jewell]'s  r\ge is prep>$ by calc9+ !   
precipitat$ oxide until x becomes       
sc>let4    ,! hydrate is ( a            
yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & ?\gh x c be dri$  

)\t decomposition1 x requires to be kept
 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,x is be/  pres]v$ 9 a  
well-/opp]$ bottle1 fill$ ) rec5tly     
di/ill$ or  boil$ wat]4    ,pur4        
,m$ic9al f]ric oxide or sesquioxide (   
iron 7,,f]ri ,,sesquioxydum1  ,ph4 ,l4  
,d47 is soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric    
acid1 sc>cely  eff]vesc+1 & is aga9 ?r[n
 d[n by potassa4 ,! /ra9$ liquor is     
free f col\r1 & is n discol\r$ by !     
addition ( ei!r  sulphurett$ hydrog5 or 
f]rocyanide ( potassium4    ,! hydrate  
7,,f]ri ,,p]oxydum ,,hydratum----,ph4   
,d41 ,,f]rugo----,ph4 ,e47 is  entirely 
& v easily soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1  
)\t  eff]vesc5ce2 if previ\sly dri$ at  
#ahj ,fahr41 a /rong] heat drives  (f   
ab\t #ah ( wat]4    ,uses1 c4 ,!        
precipitat$ oxide is employ$ 9 m$ic9e z 
a tonic &  emm5agogue1 9 doses ( #aj to 
#cj gr42 & z an an!lm9tic & 9 tic       
d\l\reux1 9 doses ( #a to #d dr41 mix$  
up ) honey4 ,x is also  employ$ to make 
"s prep>ations ( iron4 ,! calc9$ oxide  
is employ$  z a pigm5t1 z an +r$i5t 9 a 

pla/]1 c4 ,! hydrate is us$  m$ic9ally z
 a tonic 9 doses ( #aj to #cj gr42 & 9  
mu* l>g]1 z an  antidote 9 cases (      
ars5ical poison+4    ,we are indebt$ to 
,buns5 & ,b]?old = ! introduction ( ?is 
sub/ance z an antidote to ars5ic4 ,a    
table-spoonful ( ! moi/ oxide  may be   
giv5 e #e or #aj m9utes1 or z (t5 z !   
pati5t c swall[  x4 7,p]eira47 ,:5 ?is  
prep>ation _c be obta9$1 ru/ ( iron or  
ev5 ! dry s-call$ c>bonate 7sesquioxide7
 may be giv5 along )  wat] in/ead4      
,accord+ to ,dr ,maclagan1 #ab p>ts1 &  
to ,dev]gie1 #cb  p>ts1 ( ! hydrate are 
requir$ to neutralise #a "p ( ars5i\s   
acid4  ,fehl+ says t ! value ( ?is      
sub/ance z an antidote to ars5ic is     
mat]ially impair$ by age1 ev5 :5 kept 9 
! moi/ /ate4 ,!  pres5ce ( potassium1   
sodium1 ammonium1 hydrates1 sulphates1  
*lorides or  c>bonates1 is n (          
consequ5ce1 &1 !re=e1 9 cases ( em]g5cy1
  "t ne$ n be lo/ 9 wa%+ ! precipitate1 
:i*1 9 su* cases1  ne$ only be dra9$ &  
squeez$ 9 a calico filt]4 ,! magma      

obta9$  by precipitat+ f]r\s sulphate ) 
magnesia1 9 excess1 & :i*  conta9s free 
magnesia & magnesium sulphate1 besides  
f]ric hydrate1  precipitates ars5i\s    
acid n only m quickly1 b 9 l>g]         
quantity1  ?an f]ric hydrate does :5    
alone4 ,x w ev5 r5d] in]t ,f[l]'s       
solution1 & precipitate bo? ! copp] &   
ars5ic f solutions (  ,s*we9furt gre5 9 
v9eg>1 :i* ! pure gelat9\s oxide alone w
  n d4    ,soluble ,sac*>at$ ,oxide (   
,iron4 7,g47 ,syn4 ,,f]rum ,,oxydatum   
,,sac*>atum ,,solubile4 ,prep4 ,solution
 or p]*loride ( iron 7sp4 gr4  #adhj71  
#b oz4 7by weight72 syrup1 #b oz4 7by   
weight72 mix1 & add  gradually1 solution
 ( cau/ic soda 7sp4 gr4 #accj72 #d oz4  
7by weight72  & set aside = #bd h\rs2 !n
 add to ! cle> liquid #cj fl4 oz4 (     
di/ill$ hot wat]2 agitate & set aside4  
,p\r (f ! sup]natant  liquid f !        
precipitate :i* w h =m$1 & p\r on fre%  
di/ill$ wat]2 !n collect ! precipitate  
on a filt] & wa%  ?or\ghly ) di/ill$    
wat]4    ,put ! dra9$ precipitate into a

 porcela9 vessel1 & mix ) x #i oz4  (   
sug> 9 p[d]1 & evaporate to dryness )   
con/ant /irr+ ov] a  wat] ba?1 !n mix 9 
en\gh sug> 9 p[d] to make up #aj oz4 by 
weight2 r$uce to p[d] & keep 9 a clos$  
vessel4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts  conta9 ?ree (  
metallic iron4    ,f]ric ,nitrate4      
,fe#b7,,no#c7f4 ,syn4 ,,proto ,,nitrate 
,,( ,,iron1  ,,nitrate ,,( ,,sesquioxide
 ,,( ,,iron2 ,,f]ri ,,p]nitras1 ,l4 ,by 
dige/+ nitric  acid 7dilut$ ) ab\t half 
its weight ( wat]7 on iron or f]ric     
hydrate4 ,a deep-r$ liquid1 apt to      
deposit a basic salt4 ,x is us$ 9  dye+1
 & has be5 recomm5d$ 9 dyspepsia1       
calcul\s affections1 &  *ronic          
di>rha4----,dose1 #e to #aj or #ab      
drops4    ,f]ric ,phosphate4            
,fe#b;,h#c7,,po#d7c4 ,syn4 ,,f]ric      
,,or?ophosphate  7,odl+72 ,,f]ri        
,,sesquiphosphas1 ,,phosphas ,,f]ricus1 
,l4 ,a :ite p[d]  obta9$ by precipitat+ 
f]ric *loride by sodium                 
phosphate4----,uses &  dose4 ,z ! la/4  
,,f]ric ,,pyrophosphate4                

,fe#f7,p#b,o#g7c4 ,a salt conta9+ f]ric 
iron comb9$ ) ! radical ( pyrophosphoric
 acid4    ,prep4 ,by precipitat+ a      
solution ( f]ric sulphate ) "o (        
pyrophosphate ( sodium1 tak+ c>e to     
op]ate at a temp]ature bel[ #ei  ,fahr4 
,prop41 c4 ,a gelat9\s precipitate :i*  
dissolves ) facility 9  excess (        
pyrophosphate ( sodium4 ,! citrate (    
ammonium is ! mo/  eligible solv5t      
accord+ to ,m4 ,robiquet1 :o fir/ call$ 
att5tion to  ?is salt z a rem$ial       
ag5t4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4    ,f]ric 
,sulphate4 ,fe#b7,,s#d7c4 ,syn4         
,,p]sulphate ,,( ,,iron1  ,,sulphate ,,(
 ,,sesquioxide ,,( ,,iron2 ,,f]ri       
,,p]sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by add+ to  a  
solution ( f]r\s sulphate exactly half z
 mu* sulphuric acid z x  already        
conta9s1 rais+ ! liquid to ! boil+-po9t1
 & !n  dropp+ 9 nitric acid1 until !    
liquid ceases to black5 by su*          
addition4 ,! solution evaporat$ to      
dryness furni%es a buff-col\r$  mass1   
sl[ly soluble 9 wat]4    ,prop41 c4 ,) !

 sulphates ( ammonium & potassium x     
unites to  =m comp\nds to :i* ! "n      
#8iron alums' has be5 giv54 ,x =ms !    
active +r$i5t 9 ! #8liquor oxysulphatis 
f]ri' ( ,mr ,tyson1 & is  said by ,dr   
,osborne to be a con/itu5t ( #8,wid[    
,wel*'s pills4' ,?is salt  is also =m$  
:5 f]r\s sulphate is calc9$ ) free      
exposure to !  air4 ,dissolv$ 9 wat]1 x 
is us$ z a te/ = hydrocyanic1 gallic1 & 
tannic acids4    ,f]ric ,sulphide4 ,syn4
 ,,p]sulphide ,,( ,,iron4 ,?is comp\nd  
is prep>$  9 ! hydrat$ /ate 7,,f]ri     
,,p]sulphuretum ,,hydratum7 by add+1 v  
gradually1 a neutral solution ( f]ric   
sulphate to a dilute solution (         
potassium sulphide1 & collect+1 c41 !   
precipitate1 z 9 ! case  ( ! hydrat$    
f]r\s sulphide4 ,propos$ by ,b\*>dat &  
,s&ras z a  sub/itute = f]r\s sulphide1 
to :i* !y say x is pref]able4    ,f]ric 
,tannate4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,tannas1 ,,f]rum
 ,,tannicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  tann91 #a   
"p2 boil+ wat]1 #aej p>ts2 dissolve1 add
 ( fre%ly  precipitat$ f]ric hydrate    

7dri$ at #bab ,fahr471 #i p>ts2         
evaporate by a  g5tle heat to "o half1  
filt]1 add ( sug> #a "p1 complete !     
evaporation1 & at once put x into       
bottles4----,dose1 #c to #e gr41 ?rice  
daily2 9 *lorosis1 int]nal hmorrhages1  
c4    ,d\ble ,f]ric & ,ammonium         
,t>trate4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio ,,t>trate ,,( 
,,iron1  ,,d\ble ,,t>trate ,,( ,,iron   
,,& ,,ammonium2 ,,ammonio ,,f]ric       
,,t>trate1 ,,f]ri  ,,ammonio ,,t>trate2 
,,f]ri ,,ammonio ,,t>tras4    ,prep4    
7,aik947 ,t>t>ic acid1 #a "p2 iron      
fil+s1 #c p>ts2 dige/ 9 a  suffici5t    
quantity ( hot wat] to b>ely cov] !     
mixture = #b or #c  days1 obs]v+ to /ir 
x frequ5tly1 & to add j en\gh wat] to   
all[ ! evolv$ gas to escape freely2 next
 add ammonia1 9 slight  excess1 /ir     
well1 dilute ) wat]1 decant1 wa% !      
undissolv$ portion  ( iron1 filt] ! mix$
 liquors1 & evaporate to dryness2       
dissolve !  residuum 9 wat]1 add a      
little m ammonia1 filt]1 & aga9 g5tly   
evaporate to dryness1 or to ! consi/5ce 

( a ?ick syrup1 :5 x may  be spread ^u  
hot plates ( glass or on e>!nw>e di%es &
 dri$ 9 a  /ove-room1 z direct$ = !     
correspond+ citrate4    ,t>t>ic acid1   
#f-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #g p9ts2 dissolve1   
neutralise !  selection ) sesquic>bonate
 ( ammonium1 & add #f-a_/d oz4 m  t>t>ic
 acid2 to ! solution heat$ 9 a wat] ba?1
 fur!r add moi/  hydrat$ oxide ( iron   
7obta9$ f sesquioxide ( iron1 #ec-a_/b  
dr41  dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 &    
precipitat$ by ammonia72 :5  dissolv$1  
filt]1 & evaporate1 c41 z be=e4         
,prop41 c4 ,glossy1 brittle lamell1 or  
irregul> pieces1 ( a deep  g>net col\r1 
almo/ black1 v soluble 9 wat]1 &        
possess+ a  sweeti% & slightly f]rug9\s 
ta/e4 ,by repeat$ re-solution &         
evaporation its sweetness is increas$1  
probably f ! conv]sion ( a  "p ( its    
acid into sug>4 ,x conta9s m iron ?an a 
giv5 weight (  ! sulphate ( ! same base4
 ,x is ! mo/ pleasant-ta/$ ( all !      
prep>ations ( iron except !             
ammonio-citrate1 la/ notic$4----,dose1  

#c  to #aj gr4    ,f]ric & ,potassium   
,t>trate4 ,syn4 ,,t>trate ,,( ,,potassa 
,,& ,,iron1  ,,f]ro-,,t>trate ,,(       
,,potassa2 ,,f]ric ,,t>trate ,,( ,p42   
,,f]ri ,,t>t>atum 7,b4  ,p471 ,,f]ri    
,,potassio-,,t>tras 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,f]rum 
,,t>t>izatum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,f]ri         
,,t>t>um 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,f]ri ,,et        
,,potass ,,t>tras 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4   
,prep4 7,b4  ,p47 ,prep>e f]ric hydrate 
f #d fl4 oz4 ( liq4 f]ri p]sulphas1 ,b4 
,p41  z 9 mak+ ! d\ble citrate1 & add x 
to #b oz4 ( ! acid t>trate  ( potassium1
 dissolv$ 9 #cj oz4 ( wat]4 ,dige/ = #f 
h\rs at #adj1  all[ to cool1 & decant (f
 ! cle> solution1 :i* is to be          
evaporat$ d[n & dri$ on glass           
plates4----7,ph4 ,l47 ,f]r\s sulphate1  
#d  oz41 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t1    
previ\sly mix$ ) sulphuric acid1  #a_/b 
fl4 oz42 heat is appli$ to ! solution1 &
 nitric acid1 #a fl4 oz41  gradually    
add$2 ! solution is boil$ to ! consi/5ce
 ( a syrup1 &  !n dilut$ ) wat]1 #d     
galls4 7less ! p9t already us$72 liquor 

(  ammonia1 #aj fl4 oz41 is next add$1 &
 ! precipitate wa%$1 & set  aside = #bd 
h\rs2 at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! wat] be+     
decant$1 !  /ill moi/ precipitate is    
add$1 gradually1 to a mixture (         
bit>trate (  potassium1 #b oz41 & wat]1 
#a_/b p9t1 heat$ to #adj ,fahr42 aft] a 
"t  ! undissolv$ oxide is sep>at$ by a  
l95 clo?1 & ! cle>  solution ei!r g5tly 
evaporat$ to dryness or treat$ 9 ! same 
mann]  z ! citrate 7la/ly1 pres]ve x 9  
well-/opp]$ bottles74 ,!  =mul ( ! ,ph4 
,e41 ,d41  ,u4 ,s41 are ess5tially !    
same4 ,! ,ph4 ,d4  ord]s a heat n beyond
 #aej ,fahr4 to be appli$ to ! mixture (
 !  oxide & bit>trate1 ) occasional     
/irr+ = #f h\rs1 & !  desiccation to be 
conduct$ at ! same temp]ature4    ,obs4 
,?is prep>ation is a d\ble salt (       
potassium & iron2 x is  !re=e wrongly   
call$ #8t>trate ( iron' z is commonly   
he>d4 ,x is  totally soluble 9 wat]2 !  
solution is neutral to litmus & turm]ic1
  unaffect$ by f]rocyanide ( potassium1 
& n precipitat$ by acids nor  alkalies1 

nor act$ on by ! magnet4 ,heat$ )       
potassa1 #ajj gr4 ?r[s  d[n ab\t #cd gr4
 ( sesquioxide ( iron4 ,entirely soluble
 9 cold wat]2  ta/e freely *alybeate4 ,t
 ( comm]ce has g5]ally a feebly inky    
ta/e a slight alkal9e reaction1 is      
slightly deliquesc5t1 dissolves 9 #d    
p>ts ( wat]1 & is ne>ly insoluble 9     
alcohol4    ,potassio-t>trate ( iron is 
an excell5t f]rug9\s tonic4----,dose1   
#aj  to #bj gr41 made into a bolus )    
aromatics1 or dissolv$ 9 wat] or  o!r   
conv5i5t m5/ruum4    ,f]ric ,val]ianate4
 ,syn4 ,,val]ianate ,,( ,,sesquioxide   
,,( ,,iron1 ,,val]iate  ,,( ,,iron2     
,,f]ri ,,val]ianas 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4      
,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,by add+ a  solution (
 sodium val]ianate to ano!r ( f]ric     
sulphate1 &  collect+ & wa%+ !          
precipitate1 :i* is to be dri$ by plac+ 
x  = "s days fold$ 9 bibul\s pap]1 on a 
por\s brick2 aft] :i* x  is to be       
c>efully kept f ! air4    ,prop41 c4 ,a 
r$di%-br[n amorph\s p[d]2 ne>ly         
insoluble 9 wat]2  soluble 9 rectifi$   

_s1 & 9 ! dilute acids ) decomposition4 
,citrate or t>trate1 flav\r$ ) oil (    
val]ian1 is frequ5tly sold  =           
x4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 9 anmia &    
*lorosis complicat$ )  hy/]ia4          
,f]roso-,f]ric ,hydrate4 ,fe#c7;,,ho7#f4
 ,syn4 ,,hydrat$ ,,f]roso-,,f]ric       
,,oxide1 ,,hydrat$ ,,magnetic ,,oxide4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,liquor f]ri p]sulphas1       
#e-a_/b2  f]ri sulphas1 #b2 solution (  
soda1 #hj2 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy4  
,dissolve ! f]r\s sulphate 9 #dj ( wat]1
 add ! solution ( soda1  /irr+ !m well1 
boil ! mixture1 let x /& = two h\rs1 put
 9 a  calico filt]1 wa% ) di/ill$ wat]  
until ! wa%+ gives no  precipitate )    
b>ium *loride1 & dry at a temp]ature n  
exce$+  #abj4    ,f]r\s sulphate1 #f    
oz42 sulphuric acid1 #afj m9ims2 nitric 
acid1 #d fl4  dr42 /rong] solution (    
ammonia1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 boil+ wat]1 #c
 p9ts2  dissolve half ( ! sulphate 9    
half ( ! wat]1 add ! oil (  vitriol1    
boil1 add ! nitric acid gradually1 boil+
 aft] ea* addition  = a few m9utes2     

dissolve ! rema9+ half ( ! sulphate 9 ! 
re/  ( ! boil+ wat]2 mix ! two          
solutions1 add ! ammonia1 /irr+  well 7&
 boil = a %ort "t72 collect !           
precipitate on a calico  filt]1 wa% x ) 
wat] until x ceases to precipitate a    
solution (  nitrate ( b>ium1 & dry at a 
heat n exce$+ #ahc ,fahr4 ,! =mul  (    
,gregory & ,dr ,jephson are simil>4     
,f]r\s sulphate1 #h oz41 dissolv$ 9 a   
mixture ( wat]1 #aj fl4 oz41 &          
sulphuric acid1 #f fl4 dr41 is conv]t$  
by means ( nitric acid1 #d fl4  dr41    
dilut$ ) wat]1 #b fl4 oz41 into f]ric   
sulphates2 ?is solution  is !n add$ to  
ano!r1 =m$ by dissolv+ f]r\s sulphate1  
#d oz41 9  wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 ! :ole is !n
 mix$ ) liquor ( potassium hydrate1     
#b-c_/d p9ts1 & aft] be+ boil$ = #e     
m9utes is collect$ on a calico  filt]1 &
 wa%$1 c41 z be=e2 & is to be pres]v$ 9 
a  well-/opp]$ bottle4    ,prop41 c4 ,! 
hydrate is a black s&-l sub/ance1       
consi/+ (  v m9ute cry/als4 ,:5 pure x  
is attract$ by ! magnet1 & is  entirely 

soluble 9 hydro*loric acid2 & ammonia   
add$ to ! solution  ?r[s d[n a black    
precipitate4 ,! oxide is ! *ief product 
( !  oxidation ( iron at a high         
temp]ature 9 ! air & 9 aque\s vap\r4  ,x
 is m p]man5t ?an f]r\s oxide1 b        
incapable ( =m+  salts4----,dose1 #e to 
#bj gr4 two or ?ree times a day4        
,f]roso-f]ric ,oxide4 ,fe#c,o#d4 ,syn4  
,,magnetic ,o4 ,,( ,i42 ,,f]ri  ,,oxydum
 ,,nigrum1 ,f4 ,o4 ,,magneticum 7,ph4   
,d471 ,,oxydum ,,f]roso-,,f]ricum1 ,l4  
,?is  occurs native1 b t us$ 9 m$ic9e is
 prep>$ artificially4    ,f ! black     
scales ( iron t fall ar\nd ! smi?'s     
anvil1 by  wa%+1 dry+1 deta*+ !m f      
impurities by means ( a magnet1 &  !n   
treat+ !m by gr9d+ & elutriation1 z     
direct$ = prep>$  *alk4 ,! product ( ?is
 process is inf]ior z a m$ic9e to !     
hydrate obta9$ z bel[1 be+ less easily  
soluble 9 ! juices ( !  /oma*4          
,f]roso-f]ric ,oxide4 ,fe#c,o#d4 ,syn4  
,,magnetic ,,oxide4 ,see                
,,f]roso-,,f]ric ,,oxide4    ,iron1     

,black ,oxide (4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,f]ri 
,,oxydum ,,magneticum2 ,,f]ri  ,,oxydum 
,,nigrum2 ,,m>tial ,,?iops4 ,prep4      
,dissolve sulphate ( iron1 #b oz41  9 #b
 p9ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add solution (  
p]sulphate ( iron 7,b4  ,p471 #e-a_/b   
fl4 oz41 !n mix ) solution ( soda1 #d   
p9ts 7,b4 ,p471  /irr+ well toge!r4     
,boil ! mixture1 let x /& = #b h\rs1    
/irr+ occasionally1 !n put x on a calico
 filt]1 & :5 ! liquid  has dra9$ away   
wa% ! precipitate ) di/ill$ wat] till   
:at  passes ?r\gh ceases to precipitate 
*loride ( b>ium4 ,f9ally1 dry !         
precipitate at a temp]ature n exce$+    
#abj ,fahr4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4     
,f]r\s ,acetate4 ,fe7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4   
,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,acetas1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4  
,f fre%ly precipitat$ f]r\s c>bonate    
dissolv$ 9 dilute  acetic acid4    #b4  
,by add+ a solution ( calcium acetate to
 ano!r ( f]r\s sulphate1  & evaporat+ ! 
filt]$ liquid1 out ( contact ) ! air4   
,small1  col\rless1 or pale-gre5i%      
ne$les or prisms1 v soluble & prone to  

oxidation4    ,f]r\s ,ars5ate4          
,fe#c7;,as,o#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri          
,,ars5ias1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,f a solution
 ( sodium ars5iate1 add$ to a solution (
 f]r\s  sulphate1 ! precipitate be+     
collect$1 wa%$ 9 a little cold wat]1  & 
dri$4----,dose1 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr41   
made into a pill2 9 lupus1  psoriasis1  
canc]\s affections1 c4 ,ext]nally1      
comb9$ ) #d times its  weight ( f]r\s   
phosphate & a little wat]1 z a pa9t to  
de/roy !  vitality ( canc]\s =mations4  
,an o9tm5t 7#bj to #cj gr4 to ! oz47 is 
also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,!y are all  
dang]\s rem$ies 9  non-pr(essional h&s4 
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,sulphate ( iron1  
#i oz42 ars5iate ( soda dri$ at  #cjj   
,f41 #d oz42 acetate ( soda1 #c oz4     
,dissolve ! ars5iate & !  acetate ( soda
 9 #b p9ts1 & ! sulphate ( iron 9 #c    
p9ts1 (  boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 mix ! two  
solutions1 collect ! :ite  precipitate  
:i* =ms on a calico filt]1 & wa% until !
 wa%+s  cease to be affect$ by a dilute 
solution ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,squeeze  ! 

wa%$ precipitate betwe5 folds ( /rong   
l95 9 a screw-press1 &  dry x on por\s  
bricks 9 a w>m air-*amb] ^: temp]ature  
%all n  exce$ #ajj ,f4----,dose1 #a_/af?
 ( a gr4    ,f]r\s ,ars5ite4            
,fe7,as,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,ars5is1   
,l4 ,f !  potassium ars5ite1 & f]r\s    
sulphate1 z ! la/4 ,a yell[i%-br[n      
p[d]1 occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e z a     
tonic1 alt]ative1 &                     
febrifuge4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/ab   
gr4    ,f]r\s ,bromide4 ,fe,br#b4 ,syn4 
,,f]ri ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,moir47  
,brom9e & iron fil+s1 ( ea* #a "p2 wat]1
 #c p>ts2 mix 9 a  /opp]$ phial1 set x  
aside1 occasionally %ak+ x1 = #b or #c  
days1  & :5 ! col\r ( ! brom9e has      
disappe>$1 & ! liquid becomes  gre5i%1  
filt] & evaporate to dryness4----,dose1 
#a to #f gr41 z a  tonic1 diuretic1 &   
resolv5t1 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i*    
iodide  ( iron is giv54    ,,f]r\s      
,,c>bonate4 ,fe7,,co#c74 ,syn4          
,,protoc>bonate ,,( ,,iron2 ,,f]ri      
,,c>bonas1 ,f4 ,,subc>bonas1 ,l4 ,?is   

occurs 9 nature z ,,spa?ose ,,ore1 !    
*ief con/itu5t z ( ,,clay ,,iron/one1 & 
9 _m ,,*alybeate ,,wat]s4    ,prep4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,f]r\s sulphate 7sulphate ( iron71
 #b2 ammonium  c>bonate1 #a-a_/d2 boil+ 
di/ill$ wat]1 #cbj2 ref9$ sug>1 #a4     
,dissolve  ! sulphate & ammonium        
c>bonate ea* 9 #a_/d ( ! wat]1 & mix2   
all[ to /& = #bd h\rs & decant1 ( ! cle>
 solution1 add !  rema9d] ( ! wat] to ! 
precipitate1 /ir well1 all[ to settle1 &
  decant (f4 ,collect ! deposit 9 a     
calico filt]1 press1 rub 9 !  sug> 9 a  
porcela9 mort>1 & dry at a temp]ature n 
exce$+ #bab  ,fahr4 ,small coh]5t grey  
lumps4 ,precipitate a solution ( f]r\s  
sulphate ) a solution ( sodium c>bonate1
 well wa% ! gre5 p[d]  ) wat] :i* has   
be5 boil$1 & dry x out ( contact ) !    
air4  ,on ! slighte/ exposure to air x  
is conv]t$ into f]r\s hydrate or  oxide4
 ,?is *ange is = ! mo/ "p prev5t$ by    
comb9+ x )  sug>1 z 9 ! foll[+          
prep>ation4    ,) sug>3 ,,f]ri ,,c>bonas
 ,,sac*>ata1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,sac*>9e ,c4 ,,( 

,i42 ,,f]rum  ,,c>bonicum ,,sac*>atum1  
,,f]ri ,,c>bonas ,,cum ,,sac*>o----,ph4 
,l41 ,,f]ri  ,,c>bonas                  
,,sac*>atum----,ph4 ,e4  ,d4            
,l4----7,ph4 ,l47 ,f]r\s sulphate1 #d   
oz42  sodium c>bonate1 #d-a_/d oz42     
dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 qu>t ( boil+   
wat]1 & mix ! solutions :il/ hot2 aft] a
 "t collect !  precipitate1 wa% x       
frequ5tly ) wat]1 & add ( sug>1 #b oz41 
previ\sly dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #b fl4 oz42  
la/ly1 evaporate ! mixture  ov] a wat]  
ba? to dryness1 & keep x 9 a well-clos$ 
bottle4    ,prop41 c4 ,a sweet-ta/$     
gre5i% mass or p[d]1 consi/+ *iefly (   
c>bonate ( iron4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( !   
*alybeates4----,dose1 #e to  #aj gr4 ,:5
 pure1 x %\ld be easily soluble 9       
hydro*loric acid )  brisk eff]vesc5ce4  
,f]r\s ,*loride4 ,fe,cl#b4 ,syn4        
,,proto*loride ,,( ,,iron2 ,,muriate ,,(
  ,,iron2 ,,f]ri ,,*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,anhydr\s47 ,by pass+ dry          
hydro*loric acid gas ov] ignit$ metallic
 iron4 ,! *loride sublimes 9  yell[i%   

cry/als4    #b4 7,hydrat$47 ,dissolve   
iron fil+s or scale 9 hydro*loric acid1 
evaporate & cry/allise4 ,soluble gre5   
cry/als4    ,f]r\s ,citrate4            
,fe#c7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4           
,,protocitrate ,,(  ,,iron1 ,,citrate   
,,( ,,protoxide ,,( ,,iron4 ,?is salt is
 easily =m$ by  dige/+ iron fil+s or    
wire ) citric acid1 & evaporat+ !       
solution z quickly z possible out (     
contact ) ! air4 ,x pres5ts  ! appe>ance
 ( a :ite p[d]1 ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 
& rapidly  pass+ to a high] /ate (      
oxidation by exposure to ! air4 ,its    
ta/e  is v metallic4 ,x is exhibit$ "u !
 =m ( pills1 mix$ ) gum  or syrup1 to   
prev5t x f be+ prematurely decompos$4   
,f]r\s ,f]ricyanide4 ,syn4              
,,f]ridcyanide ,,( ,,iron4 ,prep4 ,by   
add+ a  solution ( potassium f]ricyanide
 7#8r$ prussiate ( pota%'7 to a         
solution ( f]r\s sulphate 7or any o!r   
soluble f]r\s salt71 &  collect+ & dry+ 
& precipitate4 ,a bright-blue p[d]4     
7,see  ,,turnbull',s ,,blue47    ,f]r\s 

,hydrate4 ,fe#b7;,,ho7#b4 ,see "u       
,,f]r\s ,,oxide4    ,f]r\s ,hydrate4    
,fe7,,ho7#b4 ,may be precipitat$ f f]r\s
 solutions  z a :ite p[d]1 by alkal9e   
hydrates4 ,x rapidly absorbs oxyg51 &   
turns fir/ gre51 & !n r$1 by exposure to
 ! air4 ,bo? ! oxide  & hydrate are v   
p[]ful bases1 neutralis+ ! acids & =m+  
/able salts1 :i*1 :5 soluble1 h commonly
 a pale gre5 col\r1 &  a nause\s        
metallic ta/e4    ,f]r\s ,hypophosphite4
 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,hypophosphis4 ,f ! d\ble
  decomposition ( hypophosphite ( lime &
 sulphate ( iron1 z  hypophosphite (    
pota%4    ,f]r\s ,iodide4 ,fe,i#b4 ,syn4
 ,,protoiodide ,,( ,,iron1 ,,iodide ,,( 
,,iron2 ,f4  ,,iodidum1 ,,f]ri          
,,hydriodas1 ,f4 ,,ioduretum1 ,l4 ,prep4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,f9e iron wire1  #a2 iod9e1  
#b2 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj4 ,introduce !     
iron1 iod9e1 & #h (  wat] into a flask1 
heat x ab\t t5 m9utes1 & boil until all 
! r$  col\r is gone4 ,filt] ?r\gh pap]  
into a poli%$ iron di%1 wa%+  ) ! re/ ( 
! wat]1 & boil until a drop ( ! solution

 tak5  out on iron wire solidifies on   
cool+4 ,p\r on porcela9 & cool4 7,ph4   
,l4 #ahcf47 ,iod9e1 #f oz42 iron fil+s1 
#b oz42 wat]1 #d-a_/b p9ts2 mix1  boil 9
 a s& ba? until ! liquid turns to a pale
 gre51 filt]1 wa%  ! residuum ) a little
 wat]1 evaporate ! mix$ liquors 9 an    
iron  vessel at #bab ,fahr4 to dryness1 
& imm$iately put ! iodide into          
well-/opp]$ bottles4    ,iod9e1 #a oz41 
& clean iron fil+s or turn+s1 #a_/b oz41
 are put into a  ,flor5ce flask )       
di/ill$ wat]1 #d fl4 oz41 & hav+ appli$ 
a  g5tle heat = #aj m9utes1 ! liquid is 
boil$ until x loses its r$  col\r2 x is 
!n at once filt]$ into a second flask1 !
 filt] wa%$  ) wat]1 #a fl4 oz41 & !    
mix$ liquid is boil$ d[n1 until x       
solidifies on cool+4    ,) sug>3        
,,sac*>9e ,,iodide ,,( ,,iron1 ,,sac*>um
 ,,f]ri ,,iodidi1 ,,f]ri  ,,iodidum     
,,sac*>atum1 ,l4 ,iron 79 p[d]71 #a dr42
 wat]1 #e dr42 iod9e1 #d  dr42 obta9 a  
solution ( iodide ( iron1 z above1 & add
 to x ( sug>  ( milk 79 p[d]71 #a-a_/d  

oz42 evaporate at a temp]ature n exce$+ 
#abb ,fahr41 until ! mass has a t5aci\s 
consi/5ce1 !n fur!r add  ( sug> ( milk1 
#a oz41 r$uce ! mixture to p[d]1 &      
pres]ve x 9  a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,e #f
 gr4 conta9s #a gr4 ( iodide ( iron4    
,f 8syrup ( iodide ( iron0 expos$ 9 a   
%all[ vessel1 9 a w>m  place1 until x   
cry/allises2 ! cry/als are collect$1    
dri$1 &  p[d]$4 ,a simpl] plan is to    
g5tly evaporate ! :ole to dryness1 &  to
 p[d] ! residuum4 ,! sac*>9e iodide may 
be kept = "s "t 9  a cork$ bottle )\t   
und]go+ decomposition4    ,obs4 ,!      
prep>ation ( ! above comp\nd1 l t ( !   
citrates1  has =m$ a f]tile subject dur+
 "s ye>s = ph>maceutical amateurs  to   
dilate ^u4 ,!re is 9 reality n ! lea/   
difficulty 9 !  process4 ,z soon z iod9e
 & iron are mix$ toge!r "u wat] mu*     
heat is evolv$1 & if too mu* wat] be n  
us$ ! comb9ation is soon  complete1 & ! 
liquor m]ely requires to be evaporat$ to
 dryness1 out  ( contact ) ! air1 at a  
heat n exce$+ #bab ,fahr4 ,?is is mo/   

*eaply & easily p]=m$ by employ+ a glass
 flask1 ) a ?9 broad  bottom & a n>r[   
m\?1 by :i* means ! evolv$ /eam excludes
 air  f ! vessel4 ,! :ole ( ! uncomb9$  
wat] may be kn[n to be  evaporat$ :5    
vap\r ceases to cond5se on a piece (    
cold glass held  ov] ! m\? ( ! flask4 ,a
 piece ( moi/5$ />* pap]  occasionally  
appli$ 9 ! same way w indicate :e!r free
 iod9e is  evolv$2 %\ld su* be ! case1 !
 heat %\ld be imm$iately less5$4  ,:5 ! 
evaporation is complet$1 ! m\? ( ! flask
 %\ld be  /opp$ up by lay+ a piece (    
%eet india rubb] on x1 & ov] t a  flat  
weight2 ! flask mu/ be !n remov$1 & :5  
cold brok5 to  pieces1 ! iodide weigh$1 
& put into dry & w>m /opp]$ wide-m\?    
glass phials1 :i* mu/ be imm$iately     
clos$1 ti$ ov] ) bladd]1  & ! /opp]s    
dipp$ into melt$ wax4    ,prop41 c4     
,f]r\s iodide evolves violet vap\rs by  
heat1 & f]ric  oxide rema9s4 ,:5 fre%ly 
made x is totally soluble 9 wat]1 & f   
?is solution1 :5 kept 9 a badly /opp]$  
vessel1 f]ric hydrate is  v soon        

precipitat$2 b ) iron wire imm]s$ 9 x1 x
 may be kept  cle> 9 a well-/opp]$      
bottle4----,dose1 #a to #c gr41 or m1 z 
a  tonic1 /imulant1 & resolv5t4 ,x has  
be5 giv5 ) advantage 9  anmia1 *lorosis1
 debility1 scr(ula1 & v>i\s gl&ul>      
affections4    ,f]r\s ,lactate4         
,fe7,c#c;,h#e,o#c7b4 ,syn4              
,,protolactate ,,( ,,iron2  ,,f]ri      
,,lactas1 ,,f]rum ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,prep4
 ,boil iron fil+s 9 lactic acid  dilut$ 
) wat]1 until gas ceases to be evolv$1 &
 filt] :il/ hot  into a suitable vessel1
 :i* mu/ be at once closely /opp$2 z !  
solution cools1 cry/als w be deposit$1  
:i* aft] be+ wa%$1  fir/ ) a little cold
 wat]1 & !n ) alcohol1 are to be        
c>efully  dri$4 ,! "m liquor1 on be+    
dige/$1 z be=e1 ) fre% iron1  w yield m 
cry/als4    ,into s\r :ey1 #b lbs41     
spr9kle sug> ( milk & iron fil+s1 ( ea*1
  9 f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 dige/ at ab\t #ajj
 ,fahr41 until ! sug> ( milk  is        
dissolv$1 !n add a second portion1 & z  
soon z a :ite  cry/all9e p[d] beg9s to  

=m1 boil ! :ole g5tly1 & filt] into  a  
clean vessel2 la/ly1 collect1 wa%1 & dry
 ! cry/als z be=e4    ,prop41 c4 ,f]r\s 
lactate is a gre5i%-:ite salt2 & :5     
pure1  =ms small acicul> or prismatic   
cry/als1 :i* h a sweeti%  f]rug9\s ta/e1
 & are soluble 9 ab\t #dh p>ts ( cold & 
9 #ab  p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,x has be5    
reg>d$ by _m high au?orities z  sup]ior 
to e o!r prep>ation ( iron = int]nal    
use1 z be+ at  once miscible ) ! lactic 
acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 in/ead ( hav+  to
 be conv]t$ into a lactate at ! exp5se (
 t fluid1 z x is  ass]t$ is ! case ) !  
o!r prep>ations ( iron4----,dose1 #b to 
#f  gr41 frequ5tly1 9 any =m mo/        
conv5i5t4    ,f]r\s ,malate 7,impure74  
,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,malas ,,impurus1 ,l4     
,prep4 7,p4  ,cod41 #ahci47 ,porphyris$ 
iron fil+s1 #a "p2 juice ( s\r apples1  
#h  p>ts2 dige/ = #c days 9 an iron     
vessel1 evaporate to "o half1 /ra9      
?r\gh l95 :il/ hot1 fur!r evaporate to !
 consi/5ce ( an  extract1 & pres]ve x f 
! air4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr41 :]e !   

use  ( iron is indicat$4    ,f]r\s      
,nitrate4 7,fe,n,o#c7b4 ,syn4           
,,protonitrate ,,( ,,iron1 ,,nitrate ,,(
  ,,protoxide ,,( ,,iron2 ,,f]ri        
,,nitras1 ,l4 ,by dissolv+ f]r\s        
sulphide 9  dilute sulphuric acid1 9 !  
cold1 & evaporat+ ! solution 9  vacuo4  
,small gre5 cry/als1 v soluble1 & prone 
to oxidation4    ,f]r\s ,oxalate4 7,u4  
,s47 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,oxalas4 ,prep4      
,sulphate ( iron1  #b oz42 oxalic acid1 
#cif gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 ,dissolve 
! sulphate  9 #cj oz4 7old measure71 & !
 acid 9 #ae oz4 7old measure7 ( di/ill$ 
wat]4 ,filt] ! solutions1 mix !m1 %ake  
toge!r1 & set aside until  ! precipitate
 is =m$4 ,decant ! cle> liquid1 wa% !   
precipitate  ?or\ghly1 & dry x ) a g5tle
 heat4    ,f]r\s ,oxide4 ,fe,o4 ,syn4   
,,protoxide ,,( ,,iron1 ,,f]ri          
,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,?is  sub/ance is     
almo/ unkn[n 9 a pure /ate1 f its       
extreme pron5ess to  absorb oxyg5 & pass
 into ! sesquioxide4    ,f]r\s          
,phosphate4 ,syn4 ,,phosphate ,,(       

,,iron1 ,,neutral ,p4 ,,( ,,protoxide   
,,(  ,,iron1 ,,bimetallic ,,f]r\s       
,,or?ophosphate 7,odl+72 ,,f]ri         
,,phosphas 7,ph4 ,u4  ,s471 ,l4 ,a salt 
=m$ f ord9>y or tribasic phosphoric     
acid4    ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,f]r\s        
sulphate1 #c2 sodium phosphate1 #b-a_/b2
 sodium  acetate1 #a2 boil+ di/ill$     
wat]1 #hj2 dissolve ! sulphate & sodium 
salts1 ea* 9 half ! wat]1 mix1 & /ir    
c>efully1 filt] ?r\gh  calico1 wa% ) hot
 di/ill$ wat] until x ceases to give a  
precipitate ) b>ium *loride1 dry at a   
heat n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4  7,ph4 ,u4    
,s47 ,f]r\s sulphate1 #e oz42 sodium    
phosphate1 #f oz42 dissolve  ea* sep>ate
 9 #b qu>ts ( wat]1 mix ! solutions1 &  
aft] repose  = a %ort "t wa% & dry !    
precipitate4    ,prop41 c4 ,a           
slate-col\r$ p[d]2 insoluble 9 wat]2    
soluble 9  dilute nitric & hydro*loric  
acid4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 9        
am5orrha1  diabetes1 dyspepsia1 scr(ula1
 c42 & ext]nally1 z an application to   
canc]\s ulc]s4    ,f]r\s ,sulphate4     

,fe,s,o#d4g;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,protosulphate  
,,( ,,iron1 ,,sulphate  ,,( ,,iron1     
,,copp]as1 ,,gre5 ,,vitriol1            
,,%oemak]',s ,,black2 ,,f]ri ,,sulphas  
7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471          
,,vitriolum ,,f]ri4 ,! crude sulphate ( 
iron or gre5  vitriol ( comm]ce 7,,f]ri 
,,sulphas ,,v5alis1 ,ph4 ,l47 is prep>$ 
by  expos+ heaps ( moi/5$ iron pyrites  
or native bisulphuret ( iron to  ! air =
 sev]al mon?s1 ei!r 9 its unprep>$ /ate 
or aft] x has  be5 roa/$4 ,:5           
decomposition is suffici5tly advanc$1 ! 
newly  =m$ salt is dissolv$ out ) wat]1 
& ! solution cry/allis$ by  evaporation4
 ,9 ?is /ate x is v impure4 ,! f]r\s    
sulphate or  sulphate ( iron employ$ 9  
m$ic9e is prep>$ z foll[s3----    ,prep4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,iron wire1 #d2 sulphuric    
acid1 #d2 di/ill$ wat]1 #cj4 ,p\r  !    
wat] on ! iron1 add ! acid1 & :5 !      
dis5gagem5t ( gas has  ne>ly ceas$1 boil
 = t5 m9utes4 ,filt] ?r\gh pap]4 ,all[  
to /&  tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & collect !      
cry/als4 ,sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42   

wat]1 #d p9ts2 mix1 & add ( comm]cial   
sulphate ( iron1 #d lbs42 iron  wire1 #a
 oz42 dige/ ) heat & occasional         
agitation until ! sulphate  is dissolv$1
 /ra9 :il/ hot1 & set aside ! liquor t  
cry/als  may =m2 evaporate ! "m-liquor =
 m cry/als1 & dry !  :ole4    ,dissolve 
! transp>5t gre5 cry/als ( ! impure     
sulphate ( iron 9  _! own weight ( wat]1
 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 &          
re-cry/allise4    ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,u4 
,s4 is simil>4    ,dri$2 ,,f]ri         
,,sulphas ,,exsiccata1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,f]ri  
,,sulphas ,,exsiccatum----,ph4 ,e41  ,f4
 ,s4 ,,siccatum----,ph4 ,d4 ,f f]r\s    
sulphate1 heat$ 9 a %all[  porcela9 or  
e>!n vessel1 n glaz$ ) lead1 till x     
becomes a  gre5i%-grey mass1 & !n r$uc$ 
to p[d]4 ,! heat %\ld be t (  an ov51 or
 n exce$+ #djj ,fahr4 ,five p>ts ( !    
cry/allis$  sulphate lose v ne>ly #b    
p>ts by dry+4    ,granulat$2 ,,f]ri     
,,sulphas ,,granulata1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p47 ,a 
solution ( iron wire1 #d  oz41 9        
sulphuric acid1 #d fl4 oz41 dilut$ )    

wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t1 aft]  be+ boil$ = a  
few m9utes1 is filt]$ into a vessel     
conta9+  rectifi$ _s1 #h fl4 oz41 & !   
:ole /irr$ until cold1 :5 !  granul>    
cry/als are collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) 
rectifi$ _s1  #b fl4 oz41 & dri$1 fir/  
by pressure betwe5 bibul\s pap]1 & next 
b5ea? a bell-glass ov] sulphuric acid1  
aft] :i* !y are put into a  /opp]$      
bottle1 to pres]ve !m f ! air4          
,prop41 c4 ,f]r\s sulphate =ms pale     
blui%-gre5 rhombic prisms1  hav+ an     
acid1 /yptic ta/e1 & acid reaction2 x   
dissolves 9 two  p>ts ( cold & less ?an 
"o "p ( boil+ wat]2 at a dull-r$ heat  x
 suff]s decomposition2 sp4 gr4 #ahb4 ,x 
is p]fectly soluble 9 wat]2  a piece (  
iron put into ! solution %\ld n be cov]$
 ) metallic  copp]4 ,by exposure to !   
air x effloresces slightly1 & is p>tly  
conv]t$ into a basic f]ric              
sulphate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #d gr41 9  
pills or  solution2 ext]nally1 z an     
a/r+5t or /yptic4 ,9 ! arts1 z  sulphate
 ( iron 7copp]as71 x is ext5sively us$ 9

 dye+1 & =  v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,! dri$ 
sulphate 7f]ri sulphus exsiccatum7 is   
*iefly us$ to make pills4    ,crude     
sulphate ( iron is frequ5tly contam9at$ 
) ! sulphates (  copp]1 z9c1 manganese1 
alum9ium1 magnesium1 & calcium1 :i*1 )  
! exception ( ! fir/1 are remov$ )      
difficulty4 ,x also conta9s  v>iable    
proportions ( ! neutral & basic f]ric   
sulphates4 ,!  prep>ation obta9$ by     
direct solution ( iron 9 dilute         
sulphuric acid  %\ld1 !re=e1 be alone   
us$ 9 m$ic9e4    ,9 comm]ce !re are f\r 
v>ieties ( crude sulphate ( iron or     
copp]as  kn[n1----gre5i%-blue1 obta9$ f 
acid liquors1----pale gre51 f  neutral  
liquors1----em]ald gre51 f liquors      
conta9+ f]ric  sulphate1----& o*rey     
br[n1 :i* arises f age & exposure ( !   
o!r v>ieties to ! air4 ,ev5 ! fir/ two (
 ^! conta9 traces (  f]ric sulphate1 &  
h5ce give a blui% precipitate )         
f]rocyanide (  potassium2 :]eas ! pure  
sulphate gives "o :i* is at fir/ ne>ly  
:ite4    ,f]r\s ,sulphide4 ,fe,s4 ,syn4 

,,sulphuret ,,( ,,iron1 ,,sulphide ,,(  
,i41  ,,protosulphide ,,( ,i42 ,,f]ri   
,,sulphuretum 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4      
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4   ,d47 ,expose a b> (  
iron to a full :ite heat1 & in/antly    
apply a solid  mass ( sulphur to x1     
obs]v+ to let ! melt$ product fall into 
wat]2 aft]w>ds sep>ate ! sulphide f !   
sulphur1 dry1 &  pres]ve x 9 a clos$    
vessel4    ,f sublim$ sulphur1 #d p>ts2 
iron fil+s1 #g p>ts2 mix$ toge!r &      
heat$ 9 a common fire till ! mixture    
beg9s to gl[1 & !n remov+  ! crucible f 
! heat1 & cov]+ x up1 until ! reaction  
is at  an end1 & ! :ole has become cold4
    ,hydrat$2 ,,f]ri ,,protosulphuretum 
,,hydratum1 ,l4 ,by add+ a solution (   
ammonium sulphide or ( potassium        
sulphide to a neutral solution (  f]r\s 
sulphate made ) rec5tly di/ill$ or boil$
 wat]2 !  precipitate is collect$ on a  
filt]1 wa%$ z quickly z possible )      
rec5tly boil$ wat]1 squeez$ 9 a l95     
clo?1 & pres]v$ 9 !  pa/y /ate1 "u wat]1
 z direct$ "u f]ric hydrate4    ,prop41 

c4 ,! sulphide prep>$ 9 ! dry way is a  
blacki% brittle  sub/ance1 attract$ by !
 magnet4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ! laboratory
  z a s\rce ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,!   
hydrat$ sulphide is a black1  insoluble 
sub/ance1 rapidly decompos$ by exposure 
to ! air4 ,propos$  by ,mialhe z an     
antidote to ! salts ( ars5ic1 antimony1 
bismu?1 lead1  m]cury1 silv]1 & t91 & to
 ars5i\s acid2 m especially to :ite     
ars5ic & corrosive sublimate4 ,a g>gle  
conta9+ a little hydrat$  sulphide (    
iron w in/antly remove ! metallic ta/e  
caus$ by  putt+ a little corrosive      
sublimate into ! m\?4 7,mialhe47 ,on    
contact  ) ! latt] sub/ance x is        
in/antly conv]t$ into f]r\s *loride  &  
m]cur\s sulphide1 two comp>atively in]t 
sub/ances4 ,x is  adm9i/]$ 9 ! same way 
z f]r\s hydrate4 ,:5 tak5 imm$iately    
aft] ! +e/ion ( corrosive sublimate1 x  
in/antly r5d]s x  innocu\s2 b :5 !      
adm9i/ration is delay$ until #ae or #bj 
m9utes  aft] ! poison has be5 swall[$1 x
 is almo/ useless4    ,f]r\s ,t>trate4  

,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,t>tras1 ,,f]ri           
,,protot>tras1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,f iron  
fil+s1 #b p>ts2 t>t>ic acid1 #a "p2 hot 
wat]1 q4 s42  dige/ toge!r until        
reaction ceases1 agitate ! liquid1 p\r  
(f !  turbid solution1 & collect1 wa%1 &
 dry ! p[d] z quickly z  possible1 &    
keep x out ( contact ) ! air4    #b4    
,cry/allis$ potassium t>trate1 #acb     
p>ts2 f]r\s sulphate1 #aci  p>ts2       
dissolve ea* sep>ately1 mix ! solutions1
 & collect !  precipitate z be=e4 ,a    
ne>ly insoluble p[d]2 seldom us$4       
,obs4 ,by dissolv+ ! correspond+        
hydrates 9 a solution ( t>t>ic  acid1   
employ+ ! =m] 9 slight excess1 &        
evaporat+1 bo? !  f]r\s & f]ric t>trate 
are easily obta9$4    ,,iron ,,al,,um4  
,see ,,alums4    ,,iron ,,cem5t4 ,see   
,,cem5ts4    ,,iron1 ,,dialys$4 7,p>is  
,ph>maceutical ,society47 ,syn4 ,,f]rum 
,,dialysatum4 ,,oxide ,,de ,,f]         
,,dialys4 ,prep4 ,solution ( f]ric      
*loride 7sp4  gr4 #abde71 #ajj grams2   
solution ( ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #aafi71 #ce 

grams2 add  ! ammonia 9 small quantities
 to ! f]ric *loride2 at fir/ !          
precipitate =m$ is r$issolv$ v rapidly1 
b aft]w>ds disappe>s  m sl[ly4 ,:5 !    
liquor has aga9 become transp>5t1 x is  
introduc$ into ! dialys]2 ! di/ill$ wat]
 9 :i* ! vessel  conta9+ ! f]rug9\s     
solution is plac$1 mu/ be frequ5tly     
r5ew$4  ,aft] a "t ! highly col\r$      
solution is no long] precipitat$ by     
silv] nitrate1 & gives no acid reaction4
 ,x is !n absolutely free  f !          
disagreeable ta/e ( c]ta9 f]rug9\s      
prep>ations4 ,a small  quantity (       
hydro*loric acid always rema9s 9 !      
liquor1 :i* may be  %[n by precipitat+ !
 oxide ( iron by a slight excess (      
ammonia1  filt]+1 add+ an excess (      
nitric acid1 & !n silv] nitrate4 ,t5    
c4c4 are evaporat$1 & f ! residue mu/ be
 calculat$ h[ mu*  di/ill$ wat] is      
requir$ to be add$ to produce a #aj p]  
c5t4  solution4    #b4 7#8,am]ican      
,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4'7 ,take #aj p>ts (  
liq4 f]ri p]*lor4  7,b4 ,p471           

precipitate by liquor ammoni1 & wa% !   
precipitate  ?or\ghly4 ,mix ?is ) #ab   
p>ts ( liq4 f]ri p]*lor4 7,b4 ,p471 &   
place 9 a dialys]4 ,! dialys] is plac$ 9
 a suitable vessel )  di/ill$ wat]1 !   
wat] "u x r5ew$ e #bd h\rs4 ,! op]ation 
is cont9u$ until no trace ( *lor9e      
exi/s1 at :i* "t !  prep>ation is f\nd  
to be neutral4 ,x usually takes f twelve
 to  fifte5 days to complete ! process4 
,! result+ prep>ation1 :i* %\ld be ( a  
deep d>k r$ col\r1  conta9s ab\t #e p]  
c5t4 ( ! oxide ( iron4 ,if ! solution   
aft]  completion ( ! op]ation %\ld      
conta9 m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( iron1  x may  
be dilut$ ) dialys$ wat] till x rea*es t
 po9t4    ,! above =mula is said to     
furni% an article precisely simil> to ! 
orig9al ,bravais' dialys$ iron4    #c4  
7,e4 ,b4 ,%uttlewor?47 ,add ammonia to a
 solution ( p]*loride ( iron  z long z !
 precipitate =m$ is r$issolv$4 ,a       
solution is produc$  :i* conta9s f]ric  
hydrate dissolv$ 9 f]ric *loride1 ) free
  *loride ( ammonium4 ,ei!r ! liquor    

f]ri p]*lor4 =t4 7,b4 ,p471 or  ! liquor
 f]ri *loridi 7,u4 ,s471 may be         
conv5i5tly us$1 & !  liquor ammoni1 sp4 
gr4 #iei or #ifj1 ( ei!r ,ph>macopia w  
be f\nd  a conv5i5t /r5g?4 ,if ! ammonia
 be add$ to ! /rong solution (  iron1   
consid]able heat is evolv$1 &1 on cool+1
 ! prep>ation  becomes gelat9is$----(t5 
s mu* s t ! vessel conta9+ x may be     
inv]t$4 ,x is bett] to avoid ?is result1
 & to su* end ! solution  ( p]*loride   
mu/ be dilut$ until ( a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t  
#acjj4 ,?is  degree may be ne>ly en\gh  
approa*$ by dilut+ two measures ( ! ,b4 
,p4 liquor ) "o ( wat]2 or add+ "o      
measure ( wat] to five ( !  ,u4 ,s4     
prep>ation4 ,?is solution w g5]ally     
rema9 p]man5tly bright  & fluid4 ,!     
am\nt ( liquor ammoni requir$ w ( c\rse 
v>y )  ! acidity ( ! p]*loride4 ,!      
liquor f]ri ,b4 ,p4 w sometimes be>  z  
mu* z an equal volume4 ,a gelat9is$     
solution1 ev5 :5 made f  ! undilut$     
liquor1 w (t5 become fluid :5 put ^u !  
dialys]1  b1 z ,i h said be=e1 x is     

bett] to "w ) bright solutions4    #d4  
7,dr ,pile47 ,dr ,pile1 notic+ ! fact t 
*loride ( sodium is "o (  ! mo/ rapid   
cry/alloids to dialyse1 us$ a solution (
 c>bonate (  sodium to add to ! solution
 ( f]ric *loride 9 place ( ! ammonia  s 
g5]ally recomm5d$1 & ) great success4 ,!
 solution ( f]ric  *loride 7,u4 ,s47 :i*
 has be5 neutralis$ by a cold solution (
  c>bonate ( sodium is p\r$ into a      
float+ dialys]4 ,/>t+ ) #a  p9t (       
solution ( f]ric *loride1 :i* on be+    
treat$ ) !  sodium solution & ready to  
dialyse1 _h a sp4 gr4 ( #aage1 x _h 9 #e
  days increas$ to #e p9ts4 ,! wat] 9   
:i* ! dialys] float$ 0  *ang$ daily4 ,at
 ! end ( five days x _h pass$ ?r\gh !   
membrane  all ! cry/alloids1 0 free f   
ta/e ( =eign sub/ances1 & ow+  to       
increase ( bulk _h n[ ! sp4 gr4 (       
#ajbie1 & on evaporation  yield$ #e p]  
c5t4 dry oxide ( iron4 ,too long        
dialysation w cause !  solution ( iron  
to become gelat9\s4    ,mr ,%uttlewor?#c
 says t an effici5t dialys] may be made 

out ( "o  ( ! flat hoops ( an ord9>y    
fl\r b>rel1 a bell j>1 or ev5 an  inv]t$
 glass funnel4 ,he gives ! pref]5ce to !
 =m]1 & limits  its diamet] to t5 or    
twelve in*es2 if x exce$s ?is1 ! septum 
is  liable to bulge 9 ! c5tre1 & to make
 ! lay] ( liquid too deep  at t po9t4   
,footnote #c3 #8,canadian ,ph>maceutical
 ,j\rnal1' ,oct41 #ahgg4    ,! p>*m5t   
pap] employ$ = ! septum mu/ be entirely 
free f  holes2 ?is is an ess5tial       
condition1 & if any %\ld be             
discov]$----by  ! simple process (      
spong+ ! upp] surface ( ! pap] ) wat]1  
& !n c>efully exam9+ ! "u surface1----!y
 mu/ be /opp$ by  means ( a little :ite 
( egg1 appli$ & coagulat$ by heat1 or by
 a  drop ( collodion4    ,! p>*m5t pap] 
is n ! k9d ord9>ily kn[n "u t "n1 b  a  
less por\s description1 :i* has be5 made
 by previ\s imm]sion 9  dilute sulphuric
 acid4    ,well-wa%$ bladd]1 depriv$ (  
its out] coat1 also makes a good septum4
    ,! septum %\ld be ti$ ar\nd ! hoop )
 tw9e1 b n too tightly1  & %\ld be s    

arrang$ t its edges %all be left /&+ up 
ar\nd  ! hoop1 s z to absorb any liquid 
escap+ f ! hoop at its  junction ) !    
septum4 ,! dialys] be+ ready = use1 !   
liquid  int5d$ = dialysis is p\r$ into x
 to a dep? ( n m ?an half  an in*1 & !  
dialys] ) its cont5ts is !n float$ on ! 
surface  ( "s di/ill$ wat]1 conta9$ 9 a 
suitable receptacle4    ,! hoop mu/ only
 be all[$ to s9k j bel[ ! level ( !     
wat]2  if x gets bel[ ?is po9t1 x w be  
necess>y to keep x up by "s  support or 
! o!r4    ,x is necess>y to *ange ! wat]
 9 ! out] vessel daily4 ,= !  fir/ two  
or ?ree days di/ill$ wat] %\ld always be
 us$4 ,:5 ?is  is n obta9able ra9 wat]  
%\ld be employ$4 ,:5 ! wat] %[s !       
abs5ce ( *lorides1 & ! prep>ation ceases
 to h a f]rug9\s  ta/e1 ! op]ation may  
be reg>d$ z f9i%$4 ,! process g5]ally   
occupies "o or two weeks4    8,a pig's  
bladd]1 completely fill$ ) ! iron       
solution1 securely ti$1  & imm]s$ 9 wat]
 frequ5tly *ang$1 answ]s well = mak+ ?is
  prep>ation4 ,! process requires a     

long] "t ?an ) a c>efully  regulat$ &   
prop]ly conduct$ dialysis1 b x entails  
consid]ably  less tr\ble4 ,i consid] x  
an advantage to procure ! bladd]        
p]fectly  fre%1 z x is !n easily clean$ 
by pure wat]1 & alkal9e ley ne$  n be   
us$4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 ty+ ! neck
 c>efully4 ,?is c  be be/ accompli%$ by 
a few turns ( iron wire4 ,above ?is may 
be  secur$ a piece ( tw9e1 to susp5d !  
bladd]1 by means ( a /ick1 or  rod1     
plac$ on ! edge ( ! vessel conta9+ !    
wat]4 ,! bladd]  %\ld be p]fectly full1 
& imm]s$ altoge!r 9 wat]4 ,! attraction 
( ! solution = ! wat] is s great1 t     
consid]able pressure is  manife/$1 &    
%\ld any p>ts or holes be 9 ! bladd]1 ! 
liquid  w be =c$ out1 wat] w take its   
place1 & failure result40#d    ,footnote
 #d3 #8,canadian ,ph>maceutical         
,j\rnal1' ,oct41 #ahgg4    ,pretty g5]al
 cons5t appe>s to h fix$ ! /r5g? ( !    
solution  ( dialys$ iron at five p] c5t4
 ,:]e x exce$s ?is1 ! solution  mu/ be  
dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 & :]e x falls    

%ort ( !  am\nt1 x w h to be r$uc$ to ! 
requir$ volume by /&+ x  9 a w>m & dry  
situation4 ,! employm5t ( mu* heat mu/  
be  p>ticul>ly avoid$ z x v frequ5tly   
leads to ! de/ruction ( !  comp\nd2 h5ce
 e c>e %\ld be tak5 to r5d] !           
evaporation (  ! fluid unnecess>y4      
,!re seems little d\bt t ! s-call$      
8dialys$ iron0 is an  oxy*loride ( !    
metal4 ,pr(4 ,mais*#e believes x to be a
 v basic  oxy*loride ( iron4 ,on !      
supposition t ! oxy*loride & *loride  ( 
iron are bo? pres5t 9 ! liquid put into 
! dialys]1 ! orig9  ( ! oxy*loride      
admits ( easy explanation3----,! *loride
 be+ a  cry/alloid1 diffuses ?r\gh !    
septum into ! out] wat]1 & ?us  becomes 
sep>at$ f ! oxy*loride1 :i* be+ a       
colloid1 &  incapable ( a passage ?r\gh 
! membrane1 rema9s 9 solution 9 !       
dialys]4    ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,oct41
 #ahgg4    ,! comp>ative fre$om f ta/e &
 easy assimilation ( !  oxy*loride (    
iron r5d] x a valuable !rapeutic ag5t4  
,! dose (  ! five p] c5t4 solution is   

#ae to #ej drops daily1 9 divid$ doses4 
,syrup =ms a pleasant vehicle = its     
adm9i/ration4    ,dialys$ iron has be5  
successfully employ$ 9 a case ( ars5ical
  poison+4 ,! #8,am]ican ,j\rnal (      
,ph>macy' = ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 conta9s  an 
int]e/+ pap] by ,dr ,mattison detail+ a 
s]ies ( exp]im5ts1  :i* conclusively    
prove its value z an antidote to ars5ic4
 ,dr ,mattison  recomm5ds ! adm9i/ration
 ( ! iron to be imm$iately foll[$ by a  
teaspoonful or m ( common salt4         
,,iron ,,fi,,l+s4 ,syn4 ,,f]ri ,,ram5ta 
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,,f]ri ,,limatura     
7,ph4  ,e471 ,,f]ri ,,scobs 7,ph4 ,d474 
,! usual me?od ( prep>+ iron fil+s =    
m$ical purposes has be5 already notic$2 
! only way1 h[ev]1 to  obta9 !m pure1 is
 to act on a piece ( s(t iron ) a clean 
file4 ,!  ,fr4 ,cod4 ord]s !m to be     
=cibly beat5 9 an iron mort>1 & to be   
sep>at$ f oxide & du/ by means ( a f9e  
sieve1 & f !  gross] p>ts by means ( a  
co>se hair-sieve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj  
gr41 9  sug> or honey1 z a *alybeate2 9 

l>g] doses x is an excell5t  v]mifuge1  
especially = asc>ides or ! small        
?read-worm4    ,,iron ,,liq,,uor4 ,syn4 
,,pyrolignite ,,( ,,iron1 ,,dy]',s      
,,acetate ,,( ,i41 ,,black  ,,liquor1   
,,t> ,,iron ,l42 ,,f]ri ,,acetas        
,,v5alis1 ,l4 ,?is article1 s ext5sively
  us$ 9 dye+1 is a crude mix$ acetate ( 
! protoxide & sesquioxide  ( iron4 ,x is
 usually prep>$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ 
me?ods3----    #a4 ,old scraps ( iron   
7hoops1 worn-out t9-plate1 c47 are left 
9 a cask  ( pyroligne\s acid1 occasional
 agitation be+ _h rec\rse to1 until a   
suffici5tly /rong solution is obta9$4   
,by keep+ ! acid mod]ately  w>m 9       
suitable vessels x w become saturat$ ) !
 iron 9 a few  days4 ,) cold acid1 on a 
l>ge scale1 =ty days or m are requir$ to
  complete ! process4    #b4 ,a solution
 ( pyrolignite or crude acetate ( lime1 
is add$ to ano!r  ( gre5 copp]as1 z long
 z a precipitate is =m$2 aft] repose1 ! 
cle> liquor is decant$4    ,,iron1      
,,r$uc$4 ,syn4 ,,quev5ne ,,iron2 ,,f]rum

 ,,r$actum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,f]ri  ,,pulvis1 
,l42 ,,f] ,,r$uit1 ,f4 ,prep4 ,?is      
prep>ation1 :i* consi/s (  metallic iron
 9 a f9e /ate ( division mix$ ) a       
v>iable am\nt (  magnetic oxide ( iron1 
is made by pass+ p]fectly dry hydrog5   
ov]  p]oxide ( iron heat$ to r$ness 9 a 
gun-b>rel4    ,prop4 ,a greyi%-black    
p[d]1 attract$ by ! magnet1 & exhibit+  
metallic /reaks :5 rubb$ ) firm pressure
 9 a mort>4 ,rapidly  absorbs oxyg51 &  
mu/1 !re=e1 be pres]v$ f ! air 9        
well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,x dissolves 9     
hydro*loric acid ) !  evolution (       
hydrog54 #aj gra9s add$ to an aque\s    
solution ( #ej gra9s  ( iod9e & #ej     
gra9s ( iodide ( potassium1 & dige/$ )  
!m 9  a small flask at a g5tle heat1    
%\ld leave n m ?an #e gra9s  undissolv$1
 :i* %\ld be entirely soluble 9         
hydro*loric acid4    ,uses4 ,9 m$ic9e x 
is *iefly giv5 to re/ore ! condition ( !
  blood 9 all anmic /ates ( ! sy/em4    
,!re is no pulv]ul5t /ate (  iron s     
conv5i5t z ?is = *ildr51 z x has no     

ta/e1 & only a  v small dose is         
requir$4----,dose1 #a to #e gra9s       
7*ildr51 #a_/d to #a  gra971 9 p[d]1    
pill1 or betwe5 bread & butt]4    ,iron 
r$uc$ by ,electricity4 ,see             
,,electricity1 ,iron r$uc$ by4    ,iron1
 to remove ,ru/ f ,poli%$4 ,ru/ ( iron  
may be remov$ f a  poli%$ grate by means
 ( em]y pap]1 or by scrap+ "s ,ba?-brick
 to  a f9e p[d]1 mix+ x ) a little oil &
 rubb+ ! spots well )  a piece ( flannel
 dipp$ 9 ?is mixture2 aft] :i* "s :it+  
%\ld  be appli$ by dilig5t friction4    
,?is op]ation requires daily repetition 
until ! ru/ has disappe>$4 ,/eel        
fire-irons1 f5d]s1 c41 :5 put  aside 9 !
 summ]1 %\ld be previ\sly sme>$ ?9ly ov]
 ) a  species ( p>aff91 kn[n to druggi/s
 by ! "n ( #8vasel9e' or  #8cosmol9e1'  
or ) grease1 m]curial o9tm5t1 c4        
,iron1 to remove ! ,/a9s (1 f ,m>ble4   
,rub on v cauti\sly  7conf9+ x to !     
surface only occupi$ by ! spot7 "s /rong
  hydro*loric acid1 remov+ x directly ! 
spot disappe>s4 ,%\ld ?is  cause any    

dim9ution 9 ! poli%1 ?is may be re/or$  
by means ( em]y  pap]4    ,,iron ,,wire4
 ,syn4 ,,f]rum ,,9 ,,fila ,,tractum     
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,f]ri ,,filum 7,ph4 ,e471  
,,f]ri ,,fila 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,?is is ! 
only =m ( metallic iron reta9$  9 ! ,ph4
 ,l4 ,x is us$ to make prep>ations (    
iron4    ,,isat9e4 ,c#af;,h#aj,n#b,o#d4 
,a yell[ cry/all9e body obta9$ by  !    
oxidation ( indigo4 ,:5 act$ ^u by pota%
 x becomes conv]t$  into anil9e4 ,isat9e
 may be =m$ by heat+ indigo 9 a dilute  
solution  ( di*romate ( pota% &         
sulphuric acid1 or by treat+ indigo "u  
prop] conditions ) nitric acid4         
,,is*u,,ria4 ,9 pa?ology1 ret5tion1     
/oppage1 or suppression ( !  ur9e4      
,i,,s+lass4 ,syn4 ,,i*?yocolla1 ,l4 ,!  
f9e/ k9ds ( is+lass are  obta9$ f v>i\s 
species ( ! g5us ,acip5s]1 or /urgeon1 t
  f ! great /urgeon be+ p]haps ! mo/    
e/eem$4 ,x is !  air-bag1 swimm+ bladd]1
 or s\nd1 dri$ )\t any o!r prep>ation   
?an op5+1 fold+1 or twi/+ x4 ,! pick$ or
 cut is+lass ( !  %ops consi/s ( ! lamps

 ( /aple is+lass pick$ 9 %r$s by wom5  &
 *ildr51 or cut by ma*9es4    ,prop41 c4
 ,good is+lass is ! pure/ natural gelat9
 kn[n4 ,its  quality is det]m9$ by its  
:it5ess1 abs5ce ( ! lea/ fi%y od\r1  &  
ready & almo/ entire solubility 9 boil+ 
wat]2 ! solution  =m+ a ne>ly :ite1     
sc5tless1 semi-transp>5t1 solid jelly1  
:5  cold4 ,x is soluble 9 weak acids1 & 
?is solution is precipitat$ by          
alkalies4 ,! aque\s solution is n       
precipitat$ by _s ( ! common  /r5g?s4 #a
 "p ( good is+lass dissolv$ 9 #be p>ts (
 hot wat]  =ms a ri*1 tremul\s jelly4 ,x
 is v commonly adult]at$4 ,( !  diff]5t 
v>ieties ( is+lass1 ! ,russian is ! be/ 
& mo/  soluble4 ,see ,,gelat94          
,,isom,,erism4 ,9 *emi/ry1 id5tity (    
composition1 ) dissimil>ity  (          
prop]ties4 ,isom]ic comp\nds 7isom]ides7
 are su* z conta9 !  same elem5ts 9 !   
same proportions1 b :i* diff] f ea* o!r 
9  _! *emical prop]ties2 ?us1 =mate (   
e?yl & acetate ( me?yl  are isom]ic1    
hav+ precisely ! same ultimate          

composition1 ?\gh  diff]+ 9 ! arrangem5t
 ( _! elem5ts4    ,,isomor,,phism4 ,9   
*emi/ry1 ! quality possess$ by bodies   
diff]5tly compos$ ( assum+ ! same       
cry/all9e =m4 ,isomorph\s  sub/ances are
 f\nd to be closely alli$ 9 _! *emical  
nature2 &  ! fact ( two bodies          
cry/allis+ 9 ! same =m has (t5 l$ to !  
discov]y ( o!r po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 
!m4 ,! alums1 =  in/ance1 no matt] :at  
_! compon5ts1 all cry/allise 9 octah$ra1
  & a cry/al ( potassium-alum1 if       
transf]r$ to a solution (  *rome-alum1 w
 cont9ue to increase ) p]fect regul>ity 
f !  deposition ( ! latt] salt4         
,,is,,sue4 ,syn4 ,,foniculus1 ,l4 ,9    
surg]y1 a small artificial ulc]  =m$ on 
any "p ( ! body by means ( cau/ic or !  
lancet1 & kept  op5 by daily introduc+  
an ,,issue ,,pea cov]$ ) "s dige/ive or 
/imulat+ o9tm5t2 ! :ole be+ duly secur$ 
by an appropriate  b&age4    ,,issue    
,,peas4 ,syn4 ,,pis ,,pro ,,fonticulis1 
,l4 ,^? ( ! %ops are !  immature fruit (
 ! orange tree 7,,orange ,,b]ries74 ,!y 

are usually  smoo!d 9 a la!4 ,issue peas
 are also #8turn$' f orris root4 ,!     
foll[+ comp\nd issue peas are           
occasionally employ$3----    #a4 ,orris 
root 79 p[d]7 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 ( ea*  
#a "p2 turm]ic1  #b p>ts2 beeswax1 #c   
p>ts2 melt$ toge!r & made into peas :il/
 w>m4    #b4 ,beeswax1 #c p>ts2 melt1   
add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a "p2 mix1 &    
fur!r add1 ( turm]ic1 #b p>ts2 orris    
root 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 mix  well1 & =m ! 
mass into peas :il/ w>m4 ,m irritat+ ?an
 !  common pea4    #c4 7,dr ,gray47     
,beeswax1 #ab p>ts2 v]digris & :ite     
hellebore1 ( ea* #d  p>ts2 orris root1  
#c p>ts2 can?>ides1 #b p>ts2 ,v5ice     
turp5t9e1 q4 s4  ,us$ to op5 issues     
in/ead ( cau/ic1 b _! employm5t requires
  c>e4    ,,issue ,,plas,,t]s4 ,see     
,,pla/]s4    ,,it*4 ,syn4 ,,y\k1 ,,scot*
 ,,fiddle2 ,,psora1 ,,scabies1 ,l42     
,,gale1 ,fr4 ,9  pa?ology1 a cutane\s   
disease1 caus$ by a m9ute insect lodg+  
"u  ! sk91 & readily communicat$ by     
contact4 ,!re are f\r v>ieties (  it*1  

di/+ui%$ by nosologi/s by !             
names----scabies papuli=mis1  or rank   
it*2----scabies lymphatica1 or wat]y    
it*2 scabies purul5ta1  or pocky it*2   
scabies ca*ectica1 a species exhibit+   
appe>ances  resembl+ ea* ( ! previ\s    
v>ieties4 ,our space w n p]mit m  ?an a 
g5]al notice ( ! common symptoms1 & !   
mode ( cure :i*  is equally applicable  
to ea* species1 & w n prove injuri\s to 
o!r sk9 diseases simulat+ ! it*4    ,!  
common it* consi/s ( an eruption ( m9ute
 vesicles1 pr9cipally  betwe5 ! f+]s1   
b5d ( ! wri/1 c41 accompani$ by int5se  
it*+ ( ! p>ts1 :i* is only aggravat$ by 
scrat*+4 ,! usual  treatm5t is repeat$  
applications ( sulphur o9tm5t 7simple or
  comp\nd71 well rubb$ 9 once or twice a
 day1 until a cure is effect$2          
accompany+ its use by ! int]nal         
exhibition ( a spoonful or m (  fl[]s ( 
sulphur1 mix$ ) treacle or milk night & 
morn+4 ,:]e  ! use ( sulphur o9tm5t is  
objectionable1 a sulphur ba?1 or a      
lotion  or ba? ( sulphurat$ pota%1 or ( 

*loride ( lime1 may be employ$  in/ead4 
,9 ! #8,canadian ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal'
 = #ahgb is a pap] by ,pr(essor         
,ro?mund recomm5d+ ! employm5t ( balsam 
( ,p]u 9 ?is  objectionable disease4 ,! 
writ] /ates t "o application g5]ally    
effects a cure1 & t its use does away ) 
! necessity ( ba?s4 ,he  recomm5ds !    
balsam be+ rubb$ all ov] ! nak$ body4   
,c>bolic acid  is ano!r & mu* *eap]     
rem$y propos$ by ! same au?or4 ,to      
obviate  its cau/ic action he advises ! 
acid to be mix$ ) glyc]9 or  l9se$ oil1 
9 ! proportion ( "o scruple ( ! acid to 
two ounces (  ei!r excipi5t4 ,he        
consid]s ! objection to ?is rem$y may be
 t x  ent]s too rapidly into !          
circulation4 ,ano!r ag5t employ$ by     
,pr(essor ,ro?mund is a lotion compos$ (
 "o "p ( c>bolate ( sodium  dissolv$ 9  
#ab p>ts ( wat]4 ,! affect$ p>ts ( ! sk9
 are to be  rubb$ ) ?is ?ree times a    
day4    ,x is fur!r recomm5d$ to cont9ue
 ?is treatm5t #h or #aj days aft]  !    
cure1 9 ord] to kill any ac>i or _! eggs

 t may h lurk$  among ! clo!s or b$-l954
 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,lotion 7,it*71 ,,o9tm5t1 
,,psoriasis1 c4    ,i,,vory4 ,! osse\s  
portion ( ! tusks & tee? ( ! male       
elephant1  ! hippopotamus1 wild bo>1 c4 
,t ( ! n>:al or seahorse is !  mo/      
e/eem$1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior h>dness1
 t\ghness1  transluc5cy1 & :it5ess4 ,!  
du/ or %av+s 7,,ivory ,,du/1 ,,ivory    
,,%av+s7 ( ! turn] =m a beautiful size  
or jelly :5 boil$ 9  wat]4 ,,vegetable  
,,ivory is ! h>d album5 ( ! se$ ( !     
,phytelephas  macroc>pa1 "o ( ! ,palm   
family4    ,ivory may be dy$ or /a9$ by 
any ( ! ord9>y me?ods employ$ =  wooll51
 aft] be+ fre$ f dirt & grease2 b m     
quickly z  foll[s3----    #a4 ,,black4  
,! ivory1 well wa%$ 9 an alkal9e lye1 is
 /eep$ 9 a weak  neutral solution (     
nitrate ( silv]1 & !n expos$ to ! light1
 or  dri$ & dipp$ into a weak solution (
 sulphide ( ammonium4    #b4 ,,blue4    
,/eep x 9 a weak solution ( sulphate (  
indigo :i* has be5  ne>ly neutralis$ )  
salt ( t>t>1 or 9 a solution ( soluble  

,prussian blue4 ,a /ill bett] plan is to
 /eep x 9 ! dy]'s gre5  indigo-vat4     
#c4 ,,br[n4 ,z = black1 b us+ a weak]   
solution ( silv]4    #d4 ,,gre54        
,dissolve v]digris 9 v9eg>1 & /eep !    
pieces !re9 =  a %ort "t1 obs]v+ to use 
a glass or /onew>e vessel2 or1 9 a      
solution ( v]digris1 #b p>ts2 & sal     
ammoniac1 #a "p1 9 s(t wat]4    #e4     
,,purple4 ,/eep x 9 a weak neutral      
solution ( t]*loride ( gold1 &  !n      
expose x to ! light4    #f4 ,,r$4 ,make 
an infusion ( co*9eal 9 liquor (        
ammonia1 !n imm]se  ! pieces !re91 hav+ 
previ\sly soak$ !m = a few m9utes 9     
wat] v slightly acidulat$ ) aqua=tis4   
#g4 ,,yell[4 a4 ,/eep ! pieces = "s h\rs
 9 a solution ( sug> (  lead1 !n take !m
 out1 & :5 dry1 imm]se !m 9 a solution (
  *romate ( potassa4    b4 ,dissolve z  
mu* ( ! be/ orpim5t 9 solution ( ammonia
 z x  w take up1 !n /eep ! pieces !re9 =
 "s h\rs2 la/ly1 take  !m out & dry !m 9
 a w>m place1 :5 !y w turn yell[4       
,ivory is et*$ or engrav$ by cov]+ x )  

an et*+ gr\nd or wax1  & employ+ oil (  
vitriol z ! et*+ fluid4    ,ivory is    
r5d]$ flexible by imm]sion 9 a solution 
( pure phosphoric  acid 7sp4 gr4 #aac71 
until x loses1 or p>tially loses1 its   
opacity1 :5  x is wa%$ 9 clean cold s(t 
wat]1 & dri$4 ,9 ?is /ate x is z        
flexible z lea!r1 b gradually h>d5s by  
exposure to dry air4  ,imm]sion 9 hot   
wat]1 h[ev]1 re/ores its s(tness &      
pliancy4  ,accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 ! necks 
( "s descriptions ( ,,infants' ,,fe$+   
,,bottles are ?us made4    ,ivory is    
:it5$ or blea*$ by rubb+ x ) f9ely p[d]$
  pumice-/one & wat]1 & expos+ x to !   
sun :il/ /ill moi/1  "u a glass %ade1 to
 prev5t desiccation & ! occurr5ce (     
fissures2 obs]v+ to repeat ! process    
until a prop] effect is  produc$4 ,ivory
 may also be blea*$ by imm]sion = a %ort
 "t 9  wat] hold+ a little sulphur\s    
acid1 *loride ( lime1 or *lor9e1 9      
solution2 or by exposure 9 ! moi/ /ate  
to ! fumes ( burn+  sulphur1 l>gely     
dilut$ ) air4 ,cloez recomm5ds ! ivory  

or bones to  be imm]s$ 9 turp5t9e &     
expos$ = ?ree or f\r days to sunlight4  
,! object to be blea*$ %\ld be kept an  
eigh? or a f\r? ( an in*  above ! bottom
 ( ! ba? by means ( z9c supports4 ,= !  
prep>ation ( ivory int5d$ = m9iature    
pa9t+ ,mr ,erne/ ,spon 9 8  useful "w1  
#8,work%op ,receipts1' says3 8,! blea*+ 
( ivory may be  m exp$iti\sly p]=m$ by  
plac+ ! ivory be=e a good fire1  :i* w  
dispel ! wavy l9es if !y are n v /rongly
 m>k$1  t frequ5tly de/roy ! uni=mity ( 
surface40    ,ivory may be gild$ by     
imm]s+ x 9 a fre% solution (            
proto-sulphate  ( iron1 & aft]w>ds 9    
solution ( *loride ( gold4    ,ivory is 
wr\ght1 turn$1 & fa%ion$ 9 a simil>     
mann] & )  simil> tools to ^? us$ = bone
 & s(t brass4    ,obs4 ,bone = ornam5tal
 purposes is treat$ 9 a simil> way to   
ivory1  b less c>efully1 ow+ to its     
inf]ior value4 ,! bones ( liv+  animals 
may be dy$ by mix+ madd] ) _! food4 ,!  
bones ( "y  pigeons may ?us be t+$ ( a  
rose col\r 9 #bd h\rs1 & ( a deep       

sc>let 9 #c or #d days2 b ! bones (     
adult animals take fully a  =tnight to  
acquire a rose col\r4 ,! bones ne>e/ !  
he>t become  t+$ ! soone/4 ,9 ! same way
 logwood & extract ( logwood w  t+e !   
bones ( "y pigeons purple4 7,gibson47   
#a4 ,ivory1 ,artificial4 ,let a pa/e be 
made ( is+lass1 egg-%ell 9  v f9e p[d]1 
& br&y4 ,give x ! desir$ col\r1 & p\r x 
:ile w>m into oil$ m\lds4 ,leave ! pa/e 
9 ! m\lds until x  becomes h>d4    #b4  
7,l',union ,ph>maceutique47 ,two p>ts ( 
ca\t*\c are dissolv$ 9 #cf  p>ts (      
*lor(orm1 & ! solution is saturat$ )    
pure gase\s  ammonia4 ,! *lor(orm is !n 
di/ill$ (f at a temp]ature ( #he ,c4  ,!
 residue is mix$ ) phosphate ( lime or  
c>bonate ( z9c1 press$  into m\lds &    
dri$4 ,:5 phosphate ( lime is us$ !     
product  possesses to a consid]able     
degree ! nature & composition ( ivory4  
,,ivory ,,black4 ,see ,,black ,,pigm5ts4
      ,,jabor&i4 ,syn4 ,,iabor&i1       
,,jambor&i4 ,! above names are giv5 by  
! natives ( ,brazil1 ,p>aguay1 & o!r    

p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica to any  indig5\s    
plants possess+ /rongly /imulant1       
diaphoretic1 &  sialagogue prop]ties1   
:i* are pr9cipally employ$ 9 ^? c\ntries
  z antidotes = ! bites & /+s ( v5om\s  
snakes & insects4    ,z f> z !y h be5   
exam9$1 all ! plants kn[n "u ! g5]ic  "n
 #8jabor&i' h be5 trac$ to ! two natural
 ord]s1 ,rutace &  ,pip]ace4 ,^? ex]cis+
 ! mo/ m>k$ physiological effects appe> 
to belong to ! =m] or ! rutace\s        
division1 & are v probably  diff]5t     
species ( ,piloc>pus4 ,! drug 0 fir/    
introduc$ into  ,europe by ,dr ,c\t9ho1 
( ,p]nambuco1 :o "s f\r ye>s s9ce s5t a 
sample ( x to ,dr ,gubl]1 ( ,p>is1 by   
:om x 0 adm9i/]$ to "s  ( ! pati5ts ( ! 
,beaujon ,hospital !re4 ,! jabor&i ) :i*
  ^! exp]im5ts 7 made 0 id5tifi$ by     
,pr(essor ,baillon1 ( ,p>is1  z belong+ 
to ! ,piloc>pus p9natus 7p9natifolius74 
,f\r to six  grams ( ! bruis$ leaves &  
twigs 7 infus$ 9 a cup ( wat]1 &  !     
pati5t be+ put to b$1 9 t5 m9utes aft]  
tak+ ! draught1  f9ds himself ba!d 9 a  

p]spiration la/+ = f\r or five h\rs1    
?is be+ s pr(use z to r5d] sev]al *anges
 ( l95 necess>y  dur+ ! "t4 ,accompany+ 
! diaphoresis are great saliv>y &       
bron*ial secretions1 :i* sometimes w n  
p]mit ! pati5t to speak  )\t 8 m\?      
becom+ fill$ ) wat]4    ,! quantity (   
saliva is /at$ to h sometimes equall$ a 
litre 9  measure4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5   
repeat$ 9 ?is c\ntry )  analog\s        
effects2 9 "o case report$ ) jabor&i    
obta9$ f !  ,beaujon ,hospital1 & 9     
ano!r f ,london2 results ! simil>ity (  
:i* /rongly po9t to a correspond+       
composition 9 ! two specim5s  ( ! plant 
us$1 if1 z seems n improbable1 !y may h 
belong$ to  diff]5t species4 ,a case (  
impair$ vision foll[+ ! adm9i/ration  ( 
jabor&i is also record$2 b ?is seems    
evid5tly to h be5 !  effect ( an ov]dose
 ( ! drug4#f    ,footnote #f3 #8,ph>m4  
,j\rnal1' #crd s]ies1 ,v1 #cfd & #efa4  
,:5 jabor&i is adm9i/]$ 9 divid$ doses  
in/ead ( produc+  salivation or sweat+1 
x acts z an active diuretic only1       

increas+  ! fl[ ( ur9e to ne>ly d\ble ! 
usual am\nt4 ,m4 ,alb]t ,rob9s          
says3----8,! effect ( jabor&i on animals
 is v m>k$2 gu9ea-pigs are  seiz$ )     
salivation1 weep+ & di>rha1 true        
ec*ymoses be+ f\nd  9 ! inte/9es1 & dogs
 become in/antly salivat$1 _! ga/ric    
secretion be+ also mu* increas$40#g     
,footnote #g3 #8,m$ical ,times &        
,gazette4'    ,drs ,c\t9ho & ,gubl]     
affirm !y h employ$ jabor&i 9 dropsy1   
bron*itis1 diabetes1 & v>i\s o!r        
diseases1 & t !y h f\nd  x fully answ]  
_! expectations2 & 9 "o case (          
album9uria x is  n>rat$ t a p]man5t     
dim9ution ( album5 f #addj to #ab       
grammes  foll[$ its use4    ,an alkaloid
 has be5 obta9$ f ! pip]ace\s jabor&i by
 ,p>odi1  & nam$ by him jabor&9e4 ,"s   
%ort "t aft]w>ds ,mr ,a4 ,w4  ,g]r>d    
succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ! alkaloid f !        
rutace\s jabor&i1  to :i*1 9 accordance 
) ,mr ,holmes' sugge/ion1 & because     
,p>odi _h  anticipat$ him 9 ! adoption (
 ! previ\s title1 he gave ! "n          

piloc>p9e4    ,mr ,g]r>d recomm5ds !    
foll[+ process = ! prep>ation (         
piloc>p9e3----8,prep>e a s(t extract    
ei!r ) leaf or b>k1 ) #ej  p] c5t4      
alcohol4 ,dige/ ?is ) wat]1 filt] & wa%4
 ,evaporate !  filtrate to a %ort       
extract1 cauti\sly add ammonia 9 slight 
excess1  %ake well ) *lor(orm1 sep>ate !
 *lor(orm solution1 & all[ x  to        
evaporate2 ! residue is ! alkaloidal    
piloc>p9e ) probably a  small am\nt (   
impurity40 ,mr ,g]r>d has also succe$$ 9
 prep>+ a  cry/all9e nitrate &          
hydro*lorate ( ! alkaloid1 bo? ( :i*    
possess ! m$ic9al p[]s ( ! jabor&i4     
,illu/ration3 ,piloc>pus p9natifolius4  
a1 fl[]2 b1 fl[] )  ! petals remov$2 c1 
c>pels4    ,! abridg$ description ( a   
sample ( jabor&i f ,p]nambuco is f  ,mr 
,holmes' pap] 9 ! #8,ph>maceutical      
,j\rnal4'#h ,! cut is f !  la/ edition (
 ,royle's #8,mat]ia ,m$ica4' 8,!        
specim5s ( ! plant  exam9$ appe> to     
belong to a %rub ab\t #e feet high4 ,!  
root is  cyl9drical1 h>dly tap]+ at all1

 ne>ly #c_/d in* 9 diamet] = !  fir/ #ab
 in*es1 & v sp>+ly bran*$4 ,b>k ( root (
 a pale  yell[i% br[n1 ab\t a l9e 9     
?ickness1 & has a %ort fracture4 ,!     
root has an od\r l a mixture ( bruis$   
pea-pods & orange-peel4 ,its  ta/e is   
fir/ l t ( gre5 peas2 ?is soon          
disappe>s1 & gives  rise to a t+l+      
s5sation4 ,! /em is #a_/b in* 9 diamet] 
ne> !  root1 n>r[+ to #a_/d in* 9 ! upp]
 bran*es4 ,! b>k is ?91  greyi%-br[n1   
longitud9ally /riat$1 & 9 "s specim5s   
spr9kl$  ov] ) a numb] ( :ite dots4 ,!  
wood ( ! /em is yell[i%-:ite  &         
rem>kably fibr\s4 ,! leaves 7"o ( :i* is
 repres5t$ 9 !  draw+7 are imp>ip9nate1 
ab\t #i in*es long1 ) f #c to #e pairs (
  opposite leaflets1 :i* are articulat$ 
to ! ra*is1 & h v  %ort1 slightly swoll5
 petiolates4 ,! ra*is ( ! leaf is swoll5
 at  ! base4    ,footnote #h3 #crd      
s]ies1 ,v1 #eha4    ,! pairs ( leaflets 
are usually ab\t #a-a_/d in* ap>t1 !    
l[e/ pair  be+ ab\t #d in*es f ! base ( 
! ra*is4 ,! leaflets are v  v>iable 9   

size1 ev5 on ! same leaf4 ,_! g5]al     
outl9e is  oblong-lanceolate4 ,!y are   
entire1 ) an em>g9ate or ev5 retuse apex
  & an unequal base1 & texture          
coriace\s4 ,! ve9s are prom95t on  bo?  
sides ( ! leaf1 & bran* f ! midrib at an
 obtuse angle 9 a  p9nate mann]4 ,:5    
held up to ! light ! leaflets are se5 to
 be  d5sely pellucidly punctate4 ,^!    
pellucid dots1 :i* are receptacles (    
secretion1 are n arrang$1 z 9 ano!r k9d 
( jabor&i1 9 l9es  along ! ve9lets1 b   
are irregul>ly scatt]$ all ov] ! leaf1 &
  appe> equally num]\s 9 e "p4 ,! :ole  
plant is glabr\s40    ,mr ,holmes says  
!re appe> to be two v>ieties1 if n      
species1 ( ?is  ,piloc>pus1 ! "o be+    
p]fectly smoo? 9 e "p1 z above          
describ$1 & ! o!r hav+ ! /ems1 petioles1
 & "u surface (  ! leaves cov]$ ) a d5se
 velvety pubesc5ce compos$ ( simple     
hairs4    ,,jag,,g]y4 ,syn4 ,,palm      
,,sug>4 ,a co>se br[n sug> made 9 ,india
 by !  evaporation ( ! juice ( sev]al   
species ( palms4 ,! foll[+ are  !       

pr9cipal v>ieties ( ?is product3----    
#a4 ,,cocoa ,,jagg]y4 ,f ! juice ( !    
,cocoa-nut palm 7,cocos nucif]a74    #b4
 ,,malab> ,,jagg]y4 ,f ! juice ( !      
,gummuti palm 7,sagu]us  sac*]if]74     
#c4 ,,mysore ,,jagg]y4 ,f ! juice ( !   
wild ,date-palm 7,phnix  sylve/ris72 #ag
 galls4 yields #df lbs4    #d4 ,,palmyra
 ,,jagg]y4 ,f ! juice ( ! ,palmyra palm 
7,borassus  flabelli=mis72 #f p9ts yield
 #a lb4    ,,ja,,lap4 ,syn4 ,,jalap     
,,radix1 ,,jalapa1 ,b4 ,p4 7,ph4 ,l4    
,d47 ,,convolvuli  ,,jalap ,,radix 7,ph4
 ,e471 ,l4 ,! dri$ tub]cles ( !         
,exogonium purga1  ,i4                  
jalapa----7,royle47 ,jalap is a p[]ful  
/imulant & dra/ic purgative1  produc+   
copi\s liquid /ools2 b :5 judici\sly    
adm9i/]$1 bo?  safe & efficaci\s4 ,x    
appe>s to be int]m$iate 9 its action    
betwe5  aloes & scammony4----,dose1 #aj 
to #cj gr41 9 p[d]2 9 con/ipation1      
c]ebral affections1 dropsies1 ob/ruct$  
m5/ruation1 worms1 c4 ,ow+  to its      
irritant prop]ties1 its use is          

contra-indicat$ 9 inflammatory          
affections ( ! alim5t>y canal1 & aft]   
surgical op]ations  connect$ ) ! abdom5 
& pelvis4 ,x is usually adm9i/]$ 9      
comb9ation ) sulphate ( potassa or      
bit>trate ( potassa & g+]2  ) m]curials1
 z ! case may indicate4 ,! p[d] is v    
g5]ally  adult]at$4    ,jalap ,biscuits4
 #a4 ,an ounce ( jalap mix$ ) #af ounces
 ( !  mat]ials = g+]bread or o!r k9d (  
cake4    #b4 ,pure res9 ( jalap1 #ef    
grams1 p[d]$ sug> & fl\r1 #ajjj grams2  
t9cture ( vanilla1 #aj grams1 :ite (    
egg1 ,no4 #bj1 yolk ( egg1 ,no4 #dj4    
,let ! res9 be emulsifi$ ) ! yolks ( !  
egg1 add successively  ! sug>1 t9cture1 
& fl\r1 & mix ?or\ghly into a pa/e1 )   
:i* ?or\ghly incorporate ! :ites ( eggs1
 previ\sly beat5 up4 ,let  ! mass be    
divid$ into #add biscuits1 & bake4      
,jalap1 ,res9 (4 ,syn4 ,,res9a ,,jalap1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see          
,,extract ,,( ,,jalap4    #b4           
7,nativelle47 ,jalap root is dige/$ 9   
boil+ wat] = #bd h\rs1 &  aft] be+ r$uc$

 to ?9 slices m wat] is add$1 & ! :ole  
boil$ = #aj m9utes1 ) occasional        
agitation2 ! liquid is !n  express$ 9 a 
t9cture press1 & ! boil+ & press+       
repeat$ a  second & ?ird "t 7^!         
decoctions by evaporation yield ,,aque\s
  ,,extract ,,( ,,jalap72 ! press$ root 
is next treat$ ) rectifi$ _s1  q4 s41 & 
boil$ = #aj m9utes1 & !n all[$ to cool2 
! t9cture  is !n press$ out1 & ! boil+ )
 fre% alcohol & expression is  repeat$  
twice2 a little animal *>coal is add$ to
 ! mix$ t9ctures1  &1 aft] ?or\gh       
agitation1 ! latt] are filt]$2 ! liquid 
is n[  di/ill$ until no?+ passes ov]1 ! 
sup]natant fluid is p\r$ (f  ! fluid    
res91 & ! latt] dri$ by spread+ x ov] ! 
surface (  ! capsule1 & cont9u+ ! heat4 
,! product is a friable & ne>ly         
col\rless res91 :i* =ms a :ite p[d]     
resembl+ />*4 ,prod4  ,fully #aj ( pure 
res94    #c4 7,plan*e47 ,res9\s extract 
( jalap is dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1  !   
t9cture agitat$ ) animal *>coal1 & aft] 
filtration g5tly  evaporat$ to dryness4 

,pur4 ,! jalap res9 ( comm]ce is g5]ally
 adult]at$ ) scammony1  gum1 guaiacum or
 res94 ,:5 9 a /ate ( purity1 x does n  
=m an  emulsion ) milk1 l scammony res91
 b runs into a solid mass4 ,x is        
insoluble 9 fix$ oils & turp5t9e1 :il/ !
 common res9s are  freely soluble 9 ^?  
m5/rua4 ,its alcoholic solution1 dropp$ 
on a  piece ( absorb5t :ite pap]1 &     
expos$ to ! action ( nitr\s gas1  does n
 acquire a gre5 or blue col\r2 if x     
does1 guaiacum res9 is  pres5t4 #b ( ?is
 adult]ation may be ?us detect$4        
7,gobley47 ,x is  insoluble 9 e!r2 b    
guaiacum res91 common res91 & "s o!rs1  
are  s2 ! decant$ e!r %\ld n become     
opalesc5t :5 mix$ )  wat]1 & %\ld       
evaporate )\t leav+ any residuum4 ,p[d]$
 jalap  res9 plac$ 9 cold wat] does n   
dissolve1 b =ms a semi-fluid1  transp>5t
 mass1 z if x _h be5 melt$4 ,dissolv$ 9 
a wat*-glass  ) a little oil ( vitriol1 
a ri* crimson-col\r$ solution is        
obta9$1 f :i*1 9 a few h\rs1 a br[n     
viscid res9 sep>ates4  ,^! la/ two      

*>act]i/ics di/+ui% x f o!r res9s4      
,obs4 ,e>!nw>e or well-t9n$ copp]       
vessels mu/ alone be us$ 9 !  above     
processes1 z contact ) copp] or iron    
turns ! res9 black1 &  ?is t+e c only be
 remov$ by r$issolv+ ! res9 9 alcohol1 !
  addition ( animal *>coal1 &           
re-evaporation4    ,jalap res9 is an    
en]getic ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a to #e gr4
 ,see ,,jalap94    ,jalap1 ,factiti\s   
,res9 (4 ,syn4 ,,res9 ,,jalap           
,,factitia1 ,l4 ,a  sub/ance frequ5tly  
sold = jalap res9 is made by fus+ a     
mixture (  pale yell[ res9 & scammony   
res91 & add+1 :5 x has cool$ a  little1 
b /ill semi-fluid1 a few drops ( balsam 
( ,p]u or tolu2 !  mixture is !n p\r$   
into small pap] capsules or t9 m\lds4   
,its  effects resemble ^? ( jalap res91 
b x inflames less4 7,l&]]47    ,jalap1  
,soap (4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,jalap1 ,,sapo   
,,jalap9us1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,bor47    
,res9 ( jalap & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #a  
"p2 rectifi$ _s1 #b  p>ts1 or q4 s4 to  
dissolve ! +r$i5ts s(t5$ by a g5tle     

heat2  subsequ5tly evaporate ! mixture  
by ! heat ( a wat] ba? until  r$uc$ to  
#d-a_/b oz41 or x has acquir$ !         
consi/5ce ( a pill-mass4    ,prop41 c4  
,a greyi%-br[n mass1 soluble 9 rectifi$ 
_s4 ,said to be  mild] 9 its action ?an 
! res9 alone4----,dose1 #e to #ae oz4   
,,jalap,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,odor\s      
,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,jalap4----,p]eira4     
,prep4 ,add  an alcoholic solution (    
acetate ( lead to a simil> solution (   
jalap  res91 collect ! precipitate      
7jalapate ( lead71 & ?r[ d[n ! lead  by 
means ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 7,see      
,,abs9?ic ,,acid47 ,a br[ni%1 s(t1      
greasy sub/ance1 smell+ /rongly ( jalap1
 soluble 9 alcohol &  alkali1 & slightly
 s 9 e!r4 ,jalap res9 conta9s ab\t #ac (
 ?is  sub/ance4    ,,jal,,ap94          
,c#cd;,h#ef,o#af4 ,syn4 ,,jalap9a4      
,jalap res9 is commonly  sold "u ?is "n1
 b pure jalap9 is prep>$ by "o or o!r ( 
!  foll[+ =mul3----    ,prep4 #a4 ,!    
liquid filt]$ f ! jalapate ( lead 9     
prep>+  jalapic acid is a solution (    

acetate ( jalap91 :i*1 aft] any trace  (
 lead is remov$1 by add+ a few drops (  
dilute sulphuric acid1 &  filtration1   
yields ! :ole ( its jalap91 z a         
precipitate1 on !  addition ( #e or #f  
times its volume ( wat]2 ?is is         
collect$1 wa%$  ) a little cold di/ill$ 
wat]1 & dri$ by exposure to a curr5t (  
w>m dry air4    #b4 7,hume47 ,co>sely   
p[d]$ jalap is dige/$ 9 /rong acetic    
acid =  #ad days1 ! t9cture filt]$      
ammonia add$ 9 excess1 & ! :ole  agitat$
 /rongly2 ! mixture is !n filt]$1 !     
deposit wa%$ 9  cold wat]1 r$issolv$ 9  
acetic acid1 reprecipitat$ by ammonia1 &
  aga9 wa%$ & dri$4    #c4 7,kays]47    
,pure jalap res91 9 p[d]1 is dige/$ = "s
 "t 9  boil+ e!r1 by :i* means ! jalapic
 acid is remov$1 & pure  jalap9 rema9s  
undissolv$4    ,prop41 c4 ,a transp>5t1 
col\rless1 sc5tless1 insipid res91 v    
soluble 9 alcohol1 b insoluble 9 e!r4 ,x
 is ! active purgative  pr9ciple ( crude
 jalap res94    ,,jamai,,c9e4 ,syn4     
,,jamaic9a4 ,a peculi> alkaloid obta9$  

by  ,hutt5s*midt f ! b>k ( !            
,cabbage-tree 7,&ira in]mis74    ,prep4 
,! aque\s solution ( cabbage-tree b>k1  
treat$ )  sulphurett$ hydrog5 &         
evaporat$4    ,prop4 ,yell[ cry/als     
soluble 9 wat] &1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9  
alcohol2 fusible1 & v bitt] ta/$4 ,x =ms
 salts ) ! acids1  :i*1 9 small doses1  
produce re/lessness & trembl+2 & 9 l>g] 
ones1 purg+4 ,x is said to be v]mifuge4 
,,james',s ,,p[d]4 ,see ,,p[d]s4        
,,jams4 ,syn4 ,,pres]ves4 ,cons]ves (   
fruit ) sug>1 prep>$ by  boil+4 ,9 !    
latt] respect !y diff] f ! cons]ves ( ! 
apo!c>y4    ,prep4 ,! pulp$ or bruis$   
fruit is boil$ along ) #a_/b to #b_/c ( 
its  weight ( loaf sug>1 until ! mixture
 jellies1 :5 a little is plac$  on a    
cold plate2 ! semi-fluid mass is !n     
pass$ ?r\gh a co>se hair  sieve :il/    
hot1 to remove ! /ones & sk9s ( ! fruit1
 & z soon  z x has cool$ a little is    
p\r$ into pots or glasses4 ,x is usual  
to  tie ^! ov]1 :5 cold1 ) pap] :i* has 
be5 dipp$ 9 br&y4 ,!  pots mu/ !n be    

plac$ aside 9 a dry & r cold situation4 
,! foll[+ fruits are ^? f :i* jams are  
commonly  prep>$3----,apricots1 *]ries  
7v>i\s71 cranb]ries1 currants 7black1   
r$1 & :ite71 gooseb]ries 7ripe & gre571 
mulb]ries1 ,orleans plums1  raspb]ries1 
& /rawb]ries4 ,r$ currants are commonly 
add$ to !  la/1 to remove insipidity4   
,,japan4 ,see ,,v>ni%1 & bel[4          
,,japan,,n+4 ,! art ( cov]+ pap]1 wood1 
or metal1 ) a coat+ (  h>d1 brilliant1 &
 durable v>ni%4 ,! v>ni%es or lacqu]s   
employ$  = ?is purpose 9 ,japan1 ,*9a1 &
 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 are res9\s      
juices d]iv$ f v>i\s trees belong+ to ! 
natural ord]  ,anac>diace1 especially   
,/agm>ia v]niciflua1 ,holig>na          
longifolia1 ,semec>pus ,anac>dium1 &    
species ( ,rus 7,suma*74 ,=  use1 !y are
 purifi$ by a defecation & /ra9+1 & are 
aft]w>ds  mix$ ) a little oil1 & )      
col\r+ matt]1 z requir$4 ,9 ?is  c\ntry 
v>ni%es ( amb]1 asphaltum1 or copal1 or 
mixtures ( !m1 pass  "u ! names (       
#8,,japan' & #8,,japan ,,v>ni%1'        

,proc4 ,! surface is col\r$ or pa9t$ )  
devices1 c41 z desir$1  next cov]$ ) a  
highly transp>5t v>ni% 7amb] or copal71 
!n  dri$ at a high temp]ature 7#ace to  
#afe ,fahr471 &1 la/ly1 poli%$4  ,wood &
 pap] are fir/ siz$1 poli%$1 & v>ni%$4  
,= pla9  surfaces1 asphaltum1 v>ni% or  
japan is us$4 ,see ,,v>ni%+4            
,,japon,,ic ,,acid4 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#e4 ,:5
 cate*u is expos$ to ! air 9  contact ) 
cau/ic alkalies1 black solutions        
7alkal9e japonates7 are  =m$2 ) c>bonat$
 alkalies1 r$ solutions 7alkal9e        
rubates72 !  acid ( ! =m] may be        
sep>at$4 ,x is a black p[d]1 insoluble 9
  wat]1 soluble 9 alkalies1 &           
precipitat$ by acids4 ,buric acid =ms   
r$ insoluble comp\nds ) ! e>?s & "s o!r 
metallic oxides4    ,,j>ave4 ,! ,spani% 
"n = ,,s>sap>illa ,,be]4 ,see ,,be]s 79 
ph>macy74    ,,jasp]4 ,syn4 ,,iaspis1   
,l4 ,a m9]al ( ! qu>tz family1 occurr+ 9
  rocky masses4 ,x takes v>i\s %ades (  
r$1 yell[1 br[n1 & gre51  & is          
occasionally b&$1 spott$1 or v>iegat$4  

,x 0 =m]ly us$  z an amulet aga9/       
hmorrhages & fluxes4 ,x is n[ ext5sively
 work$  up into r+s1 seals1 snuff-boxes1
 vases1 c41 = :i* x is well  calculat$ f
 its extreme h>dness & susceptibility ( 
receiv+ a  f9e poli%4    ,,jatro,,phic  
,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,crotonic ,,acid1        
,,iatrophic ,a4 ,a peculi> fatty  acid  
discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,cav5ton1 &     
orig9ally reg>d$ by !m  z ! ca?>tic     
pr9ciple ( croton oil & croton se$s1 b  
s9ce %[n  by ,r$wood & ,p]eira to be    
ne>ly in]t4    ,prep4 ,! oil is         
saponifi$ by cau/ic potassa1 & ! result+
 soap  is decompos$ by t>t>ic acid2 !   
fatty matt] :i* floats on !  surface ( !
 liquid is !n skimm$ (f ! aque\s        
portion1 & !  latt] submitt$ to         
di/illation2 ! liquid 9 ! receiv] is a  
solution  ( jatrophic acid4    ,prop41  
c4 ,volatile2 v acid2 has a nause\s     
od\r2 is solid at #bc1  & vaporizes at  
#ce ,fahr4 ,x =ms salts ) ! bases1 none 
( :i*  possess any practical importance4
    ,,jau,,mange4 ,prep4 ,f is+lass1 #a 

oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ab oz42  dissolve1 add
 ( any sweet :ite w9e1 #a_/b p9t2 !     
yolks ( #b eggs  beat5 to a fro?1 & !   
grat$ yell[ peel ( two lemons2 mix well1
 &  heat ! :ole ov] ! fire until        
suffici5tly ?ick5$1 /irr+ all  ! "t2    
la/ly1 s]ve x up or p\r x into m\lds4   
,,jaun,,dice4 ,syn4 ,,ict]us1 ,,morbus  
,,luteolus1 ,l4 ,a disease *>act]is$  by
 a yell[ col\r ( ! eyes & sk91          
deep-col\r$ ur9e1 & pale  alv9e         
evacuations4 ,x appe>s to arise f a     
disord]$ action ( !  bili>y organs4 ,!  
treatm5t consi/s ( ! adm9i/ration (     
sal9e  ap]i5ts1 & small doses (         
blue-pill1 foll[$ by tonics &           
diaphoretics4 ,! action ( ^! rem$ies    
%\ld be promot$ by !  copi\s use (      
dilu5ts 7p>ticul>ly sal9e wat]71 &      
ex]tion 9 !  op5 air1 :5 possible4 ,:5  
!re is mu* pa9 & vomit+1 anodynes  7or  
opium1 morphia1 c47 may be adm9i/]$4    
,jaundice is n 9 itself a  dang]\s      
disease1 b x sometimes lays ! pati5t op5
 to attacks (  o!rs :i* are s4          

,animals4----,jaundice affects cattle1  
giv+ rise to a tawny hue ( !  sk9 &     
membranes4 ,pleuro-pneumonia is         
frequ5tly foll[$ by jaundice4  ,! be/   
rem$ies are l>ge doses ( ,epsom salts   
comb9$ ) g+]2 &  if ^! fail to remove ! 
co/iv5ess1 a dra*m ( calomel %\ld be    
add$4 ,if necess>y1 ! above purge mu/ be
 repeat$ next day1 ! action  be+ assi/$ 
by giv+ ! animal w>m fluids4    ,tonics 
& /imulants are also sometimes sup]add$ 
to ! above  treatm5t4    ,,jel,,ly4     
,syn4 ,,gelat9a1 ,l4 ,a t]m n[ v loosely
 appli$ to v>i\s  sub/ances :i* are     
liquid or semi-liquid :il/ w>m1 & become
  gelat9\s on cool+4    ,jellies are    
col\r$ by ! addition ( ! usual /a9s us$ 
by  confection]s1 & are r5d]$ transp>5t 
by cl>ification ) :ite (  egg4          
,jelly1 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a        
,,amygdal>um1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ri* almond  
milk1 #a_/d p9t2 ?ick h>t%orn jelly1    
#a_/b p9t2 sug>1 #b oz42 ) #b or #c     
bitt] almonds & a little lemon peel1 to 
flav\r1 heat$ toge!r1  /ra9$1 & m\ld$4  

,jelly1 ,arr[-root4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a     
,,m>ant1 ,l4 ,f arr[-root1 #a-a_/b  oz41
 to wat]1 #a p9t4 ,t\s les mois jelly is
 made 9 ! same way4    ,jelly1 ,biscuit4
 ,prep4 ,f :ite biscuit 7cru%$ b5ea? !  
roll+-p971 #d oz42 cold wat]1 #b qu>ts2 
soak = "s h\rs1 boil to  "o half1 /ra91 
evaporate to #a p9t1 & add1 ( :ite sug>1
 #c_/d lb41  r$ w9e1 #d oz41 & c9namon1 
#a teaspoonful4 ,9 weakness ( ! /oma*1  
& 9 dys5t]y & di>rha1 & 9 convalesc5ce  
comb9$ ) ri*  beef gravy or s\p4        
,jelly1 ,bladd]-wrack4 7,dr ,russell47  
,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,fuci4 ,prep4          
,bladd]-wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus71 #b  
lbs42 sea wat]1 #b lbs42 mac]ate  = #ae 
days4 ,appli$ to gl&ul> tum\rs4         
,jelly1 ,bread4 ,syn4 ,,panada2         
,,gelat9a ,,panis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cut a    
,fr5*  roll into slices1 toa/ !m on ea* 
side1 & boil 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1  until !  
:ole =ms a jelly1 add+ m wat] if        
requir$2 /ra91 &  add sug>1 milk1 c41 to
 palate4 ,x may be made ) bro? f :i* !  
fat has be5 skimm$1 in/ead ( wat]4 ,us$ 

z ! la/4    ,jelly1 ,bro?4 ,syn4        
,,s\p-,,jelly4 ,f bro? or s\p f :i* !   
fat  has be5 skimm$1 evaporat$ until x  
becomes gelat9\s on cool+4 ,a few  %r$s 
( is+lass are commonly add$4 ,see ,,s\p 
7,portable74    ,jelly1 ,calves' ,feet4 
,prep4 ,= ea* foot take ( wat] #c p9ts1 
&  boil to "o half2 cool1 skim (f ! fat1
 & aga9 boil = #b or #c  m9utes ) ! peel
 ( a lemon & a little spice2 remove x f 
!  fire1 /ra9 ?r\gh a jelly bag 7see    
,,filtration71 add ! juice ( a  lemon & 
a glass ( w9e1 & :5 x has cool$ a little
 put x into  glasses or #8=ms4'    ,obs4
 ,if ?is jelly is requir$ to be v       
transp>5t x mu/ be treat$  z            
foll[s3----,aft] ! fat is remov$ x %\ld 
be g5tly w>m$1 j  en\gh to melt x1 next 
well beat5 ) ! :ite ( an egg & !        
season+1 & !n br\ght to a boil = a m9ute
 or two1 :5 x w be  ready = /ra9+1 c4 ,!
 calves' feet %\ld n be b\ght ready     
boil$1 b only scald$4 ,c[s' feet 7#8,,c[
 ,,heels'7 make ne>ly z good  jelly z t 
f calves' feet1 & are mu* m economical4 

,jelly1 ,ceylon ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a  
,,gracil>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,sigmond47  
,boil ,ceylon moss 7,granul>ia          
li*5oides71 #a_/b oz4 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1  
= #be m9utes1 or till ! liquid jellies  
on cool+2 /ra9 & flav\r4  ,v nutriti\s2 
recomm5d$ 9 irritation ( ! muc\s        
membranes &  ph?isis4    ,jelly1        
,copaiba4 7,m4 ,caillot47 ,syn4         
,,gelat9a ,,copaiba4 ,prep4  ,is+lass1  
#d p>ts2 wat]1 #dj p>ts2 dissolve 9 a   
wat] ba?1 & add #bj  p>ts ( sug>2 p\r ! 
cle> liquid jelly into a w>m mort>1 &   
add  copaiba1 #fj p>ts2 triturate1 & p\r
 9 a vessel to jelly4 ,flav\r )  "s     
aromatic ess5tial oil or balsam ( tolu4 
,jelly1 ,corsican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a
 ,,helm9?ocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  ,cod47
 ,corsican moss 7,gracil>ia             
,helm9?ocorton71 #a oz42 wat]1 q4 s42   
boil #a h\r1 & /ra9 #h fl4 oz42 to ?is  
add ( is+lass 7previ\sly  soak$ 9 a     
little wat]71 #a dr42 ref9$ sug>1 #b    
oz42 :ite w9e1 a  w9e-glassful4         
,v]mifuge4 ,see ,,decoction4    ,jelly1 

,fruit4 ,"u ?is head we include ^?      
jellies made f !  juices ( fruits4      
,prep4 ,! /ra9$ juice mix$ ) #a_/c to   
#a_/b its weight ( ref9$  sug>1 until x 
#8jellies' on cool+1 obs]v+ to c>efully 
remove !  scum z x rises4 ,! process    
%\ld be conduct$ by a g5tle heat1 & x   
is pref]able n to add ! sug> until !    
juice is some:at  conc5trat$1 z by      
l5g!n$ boil+ ! quality ( ! sug> is      
injur$4    ,obs4 ,jellies are sold 9    
pots or glasses1 l ,,jams4 ,bo? jams &  
fruit  jellies are refrig]ant &         
laxative2 !y are1 h[ev]1 mo/ly employ$  
z reli%es1 especially dur+ fev]s &      
convalesc5ces4 ,! pr9cipal  fruit       
jellies are3----,,apple1 ,,b>b]ry1      
,,*]ry 7f ei!r ,cornelian or  ,k5ti%    
*]ries71 ,,currant 7black1 :ite1 & r$71 
,,eld]b]ry1  ,,gooseb]ry1 ,,plum1       
,,qu9ce1 ,,raspb]ry4 ,see ,,lemon &     
,,orange ,,jelly4    ,jelly1 ,glyc]94   
,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,glyc]9i4 ,mix glyc]9  
to ! requir$  consi/5ce ) comp\nd       
tragacan? p[d]4 ,or take p[d]$ gum      

,arabic1  #a_/b oz42 syrup1 #d oz4 7#c  
oz4 ( sug> to #a oz4 ( wat]72 ! yolks ( 
#c  eggs2 olive oil1 #d oz42 glyc]91 #b 
oz4 ,rub ! gum & syrup well  toge!r1 add
 ! yolks1 & :5 mix$ add ! oil & glyc]9e1
  previ\sly triturat$ toge!r4 ,appli$ to
 *app$ h&s1 abrasions1 c4  ,see ,,glyc]9
 ,,( ,,/>*4    ,jelly1 ,gravy4 ,by      
evaporat+ meat gravies4    ,jelly1      
,h>tshorn4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,cornu      
,,c]vi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,h>t%orn
 %av+s1 #h oz42 wa% x 9 wat]1 !n boil 9 
clean wat]1 #c  p9ts1 till r$uc$ to "o  
half2 /ra91 press1 add ( sug>1 #d oz41 !
  juice ( "o lemon1 & ! :ite ( an egg   
beat5 up ) a little cold  wat]2 mix     
well1 cl>ify by heat1 evaporate till x  
jellies on cool+1  !n add ! peel ( !    
lemon1 & set x 9 a cool place4 ,x may be
  flav\r$ ) w9e1 spices1 c4 ,v          
nutriti\s4    ,jelly1 ,icel& ,moss4     
,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,li*5is1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,p4 ,cod47  ,icel& moss1 #b oz42 soak =
 #a or #b days 9 cold wat]1 !n boil = #a
  h\r 9 wat]1 q4 s4 to yield a /rong    

solution2 /ra91 decant ! cle>  aft]     
repose1 apply heat1 & dissolve !re9 (   
is+lass1 #a dr42  evaporate ! :ole to a 
prop] consi/5ce1 put x into pots1 & set 
!m 9 a cool place4 ,nutriti\s4          
,recomm5d$ 9 ph?isis4 ,! jelly (  ,icel&
 moss & c9*ona 7,,gelat9a ,,li*5is ,,cum
 ,,c9*ona----,p4 ,cod47 is  made by add+
 to ! above syrup ( c9*ona1 #f fl4 oz4  
,jelly1 ,icel& ,moss 7,sweet5$74 7,p4   
,c47 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,li*5is           
,,sac*>ata4 ,prep4 ,sac*>at$ ,icel& moss
 7see ,,icel& ,,moss1  ,,sac*>at$71     
#g-a_/b oz42 sug>1 #g-a_/b oz42 wat]1   
#ae oz42 orange-fl[]  wat]1 #a oz4 ,boil
 ! fir/ ?ree sub/ances & remove ! scum  
:i*  =ms1 & !n let ! jelly fl[ into a   
vessel :i* conta9s !  orange-fl[] wat]4 
,jelly1 ,iri% ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a    
,,*ondri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ,iri% or        
c>rage5 moss4 ,see ,,decoction4         
,jelly1 ,is+lass4 ,syn4 ,,confection]s' 
,,jelly2 ,,gelat9a ,,i*?yocoll1  ,l4    
,prep4 ,f is+lass dissolv$ 9 wat] by    
boil+1 & evaporat$  till x #8jellies' on

 cool+1 add+ flav\r+1 z desir$4 #a-a_/b 
oz4 (  good is+lass makes fully a p9t ( 
v /rong jelly4 ,see ,,blancmange1       
,,is+lass1 ,,calves-,,feet ,,jelly1 c4  
,jelly1 ,lemon4 ,f is+lass1 #b oz42     
wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil1 add ( sug>  #a lb41
 cl>ify1 & :5 ne>ly cold add ! juice (  
#e lemons1 & !  grat$ yell[ r9ds ( #b   
oranges & ( #b lemons2 mix well1 /ra9 (f
 !  peel1 & put x into glasses4         
,jelly ,noyeau4 ,z ,,pun* ,,jelly1 b    
/rongly flav\r$ ) bitt]  almonds4       
,jelly1 ,orange4 ,f orange juice1 #a    
p9t2 let x /& ov] ! grat$  yell[ r9d (  
#c or #d ( ! oranges = a few h\rs1 !n   
/ra91 &  add1 ( loaf sug>1 #a_/b lb41 or
 m1 is+lass #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9  wat]1
 #a p9t2 mix1 & put x into glasses be=e 
x cools4    ,jelly1 ,pun*4 ,f is+lass1  
#b oz42 sug>1 #a-c_/d lb42 wat]1 #a p9t2
  dissolve1 add ( lemon juice1 #a_/b    
p9t2 ! peels ( #b lemons & ( #b         
oranges2 rum & br&y1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2   
keep x 9 a cov]$ vessel  until cold1 !n 
liquefy x by a v g5tle heat1 /ra91 & p\r

 x  into m\lds4 ,a pleasant & deceptive 
way ( swall[+ alcohol4    ,jelly1       
,qu9ce4 7,e4 ,p41 #agdd47 ,syn4         
,,gelat9a ,,cydoniorum4 ,prep4 ,juice  (
 qu9ces1 #c lbs42 sug>1 #a lb42 boil to 
a jelly4    ,jelly1 ,rice4 ,syn4        
,,cr,,me ,,de ,,riz4 ,f rice boil$ 9    
wat]1 sweet5$1  & flav\r$4    ,jelly1   
,sago4 ,prep4 ,soak sago 9 cold wat] =  
#a h\r1 /ra91 &  boil 9 fre% s(t wat]   
until x becomes transp>5t2 !n add w9e1  
sug>1 cle> bro?1 milk1 or spices1 to    
flav\r4 #a oz4 ( sug> makes a  p9t (    
good jelly4    ,jelly1 ,salep4          
7,s\beiran74 ,syn4 ,,gelat9a ,,salep4   
,prep4 ,gr\nd salep1  #d dr42 sug>1 #d  
oz42 wat]1 a suffici5t quantity4 ,boil  
to #ab oz41 &  flav\r to ! ta/e4        
,jelly1 ,tapioca4 ,z ,,sago ,,jelly1 b  
us+ tapioca 9 lieu ( sago4    ,,j]v9e4  
,c#fj;,h#e,n#b,o#e ,an alkaloid discov]$
 9 #ahcg1 by ,simon1  9 ! root ( !      
,v]atrum album1 & by ,mit*ell1 9 #ahgd1 
9 ! root  ( ! ,v]atrum viride4 ,dr ,h4  
,c4 ,wood1 jun41 describ+ !             

physiological effects ( j]v9e1 says !y  
consi/ 89 g5]al weakness1  l[]+ (       
art]ial pressure1 a sl[ pulse1 pr(use   
salivation1 &  f9ally convulsions40     
,j]v9e 0 analys$ by ,w1 :o ascrib$ to x 
!  above composition4    ,,jes,,uit',s  
,,b>k4 ,see ,,c9*ona4    ,,jesuit',s    
,,drops4 ,see ,,drops4    ,,jesuit',s   
,,p[d]4 ,p[d]$ c9*ona b>k4    ,,jet4 ,a 
v>iety ( m9]al bitum9\s c>bon1 v h>d1 & 
susceptible  ( a f9e poli%4             
,,jew,,els4 ,see ,,diamond1 ,,em]ald1   
,,gems1 c4    ,,jewel,,ry4 ,! gold 9    
articles ( jewelry1 :e!r solid or plat$1
  :i* are n int5d$ to be expos$ to v    
r\gh usage1 is g5]ally  #8col\r$1' z x  
is call$ 9 ! trade4 ,?is is done z      
foll[s3----    #a4 7,,r$ ,,gold         
,,col\r47 ,! article1 aft] be+ coat$ ) !
 amalgam1 is  g5tly heat$1 &1 :il/ hot1 
is cov]$ ) gild]'s wax2 x is !n         
#8flam$' ov] a wood fire1 & /rongly     
heat$1 dur+ :i* "t x is  kept 9 a /ate (
 cont9ual motion1 to equalise ! action (
 ! fire on  ! surface4 ,:5 all !        

composition has burn$ away1 ! piece is  
plung$ into wat]1 cleans$ ) !           
#8scrat*-bru%' & v9eg>1 &  !n wa%$ &    
burni%$4 ,to br+ up ! beauty ( ! col\r1 
! piece  is sometimes wa%$ ) a /rong    
solution ( v]digris 9 v9eg>1 next  g5tly
 heat$1 plung$ :il/ hot into wat]1 & !n 
wa%$1 fir/ 9  v9eg>1 or wat] s\r$ )     
nitric acid1 & !n 9 pure wat]2 x is1    
la/ly1 burni%$1 & aga9 wa%$ & dri$4     
#b4 7,,or-,,molu ,,col\r47 ,?is is giv5 
by cov]+ ! p>ts ) a mixture (  p[d]$    
hematite1 alum1 common salt1 & v9eg>1 & 
apply+ heat until  ! coat+ black5s1 :5 !
 piece is plung$ into cold wat]1 rubb$  
) a bru% dipp$ 9 v9eg>1 or 9 wat]       
/rongly s\r$ ) nitric  acid1 aga9 wa%$ 9
 pure wat]1 & dri$4 ,dur+ ?is process1 !
  p>ts n to be dri$ 9 #8or-molu col\r'  
%\ld be c>efully protect$4    ,! frauds 
practis$ 9 ref]5ce to ! #8f95ess' ( !   
metal us$ 9  jewelry is notic$ "u ,,gold
 7,jewell]'s74 ,see also ,,assay+1      
,,diamond1  ,,gems1 ,,gild+ ,,liquor1   
,,gild+ ,,wax1 c4    ,,jew',s ,,pit*4   

,see ,,asphaltum4    ,,j\rnal ,,boxes1  
,alloy =4 ,copp]1 #bd p>ts2 t9 #bd p>ts2
 antimony1 #h  p>ts4 ,fir/ melt ! copp]1
 !n add ! t91 & la/ly ! antimony4       
,,juice 7,spani%74 ,see ,,extract &     
,,liquorice4    ,,ju,,jube4 ,a fruit    
resembl+ a small plum1 produc$ by v>i\s 
species (  ,zizyphus4 ,comb9$ ) sug>1 x 
=ms ! ,,jujube ,,pa/e ( ! %ops1  :5     
g5u9e2 b t n[ almo/ always sold "u ! "n 
is a mixture  ( gum & sug>1 slightly    
col\r$ & flav\r$4    ,,ju,,lep4 ,syn4   
,,julap2 ,,julepum1 ,,julepus1          
,,julapium1 ,l4 ,a t]m usually  reg>d$ z
 synonym\s ) #8,,mixture'2 b accord+ to 
! be/  au?orities1 imply+ a m$ic9e :i*  
is us$ z a vehicle = o!r  =ms ( m$ic9e4 
,! ^w comes ?r\gh ! ,fr5*1 f a ,p]sian  
expression1 :i* signifies #8sweet dr9k4'
 ,a julep1 accord+ to  ,cont95tal       
writ]s1 is a dr9k ( little activity1    
g5]ally compos$ (  di/ill$ wat]s1       
infusions1 & syrups1 to :i* mucilages & 
acids are  sometimes add$2 8b nev] p[d]s
 or oily sub/ances1 :i* c\ld  int]f]e ) 

its transp>5cy40 ,9 ,engl& ! juleps (   
old ph>macy  are n[ class$ "u           
#8,,mixtures1'    ,,ju,,nip] ,,b]ries4  
,syn4 ,,junip]i ,,bacc1 ,j4 ,,communis  
,,bacc 7,ph4 ,e471  ,,junip]us 7,ph4    
,l471 ,l4 ,! fruit ( ! ,junip]us        
communis1 or common  junip] tree4 ,9 !  
old ,ph4 ,l4  ,d4 bo? ! tops & b]ries   
7,,junip]i  ,,fructus ,,et              
,,cacum9a----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2            
,,junip]us----,,bacc1 ,,cacum9a----,ph4 
,d4 #ahfb7  7 ord]$4 ,! b]ries are      
/oma*ic & diuretic1 & h be5 long        
employ$ 9 dropsies1 ei!r alone or comb9$
 ) foxglove & squills4  ,! tops         
7,,summitates7 h be5 highly prais$ 9    
scurvy & c]ta9  cutane\s                
affections4----,dose1 #a to #b dr41 made
 into a cons]ve )  sug>1 or 9 ! =m (    
infusion or tea4    ,d\a? f\nd #ajj p>ts
 ( ! b]ries to conta9----      ,wat]    
#bidd    ,volatile oil                  
#ia    ,=mic acid                   #ahf
    ,acetic acid                    #id 
,malic acid 7comb9$7          #ba       

,oxalic acid                 traces     
,wax-l fatty matt]          #fd    ,gre5
 res9 7f e!real      solution7          
#hdf    ,h>d br[n res9 7f      alcoholic
 solution7         #abi    ,bitt]       
pr9ciple 7call$      junip]97           
#cg    ,pect9                           
#gc    ,album9\s sub/ances         #dde 
,sug>                        #bife      
,cellulose                    #aehc     
,m9]al sub/ances            #bcc        
------------                            
#igaa    ,,jun,,ket4 ,syn4 ,,devon%ire  
,,junket1 ,,curd ,,jelly4 ,f w>m milk   
put into a  b[l1 & !n turn$ ) a little  
r5net2 "s scald$ cream & sug>  are next 
add$ ) a spr9kl+ ( c9namon on ! top1 )\t
 break+  ! curd4 ,mu* e/eem$ by holiday 
folk 9 ! we/]n c\nties dur+ !  hot wea!r
 ( summ]4 ,sometimes1 v /rangely1 a     
little br&y f9ds  its way into ^!       
trifles4    ,,jute4 ,?is is ! fibre     
yield$ by ! ,cor*orus capsul>is1 a lime 
tree gr[+ 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,x is !      
mat]ial ( :i* sacks1 gunny  bags1 &     

co>se ?read are made4 ,x mixes ev5 ) l95
 or cotton1 &  h5ce may n improbably be 
employ$ z a sophi/icant ( ^!  sub/ances4
    ,! plates on page #icj exhibit !    
diff]5t microscopic appe>ances (  ! ?ree
 sub/ances4      ,,kaleidoscope4 ,syn4  
,,fl[]-,,glass4 ,a pleas+ philosophical 
toy inv5t$  by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :i* 
pres5ts to ! eye a s]ies ( symmetrical  
*ang+ views4 ,x is =m$ z foll[s3----,two
 slips ( silv]$ glass1  f #f to #aj     
in*es long1 & f #a to #a-a_/b in* wide1 
& r  n>r[] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 are jo9$
 toge!r l5g?wise1 by "o  ( _! edges1 by 
means ( a piece ( silk or clo? glu$ on  
_! backs2  !y are !n plac$ 9 a tube ( t9
 or pa/ebo>d1 black5$ inside1 &  a      
little long] ?an is necess>y to conta9  
!m1 & are fix$ by means  ( small pieces 
( cork1 ) _! faces at an angle to ea*   
o!r t  is an ev5 aliquot "p ( #d "r     
angles 7z ! #a_/f1 #a_/h1 #a_/aj1 c474  
,! o!r end ( ! tube is !n clos$ ) an    
opaque scre5 or cov]1  ?r\gh :i* a small
 eyehole is made 9 ! c5tre2 & ! o!r end 

is  fitt$1 fir/ ) a plate ( common      
glass1 & at ! di/ance ( ab\t  #a_/h? (  
an in*1 ) a pla9 piece ( slightly gr\nd 
glass1 p>allel to  ! =m]2 9 ! int]m$iate
 place or cell are plac$ ! objects to   
=m ! images4 ,^! consi/ ( col\r$ pieces 
( glass1 glass beads1  or any o!r col\r$
 diaphan\s bodies1 suffici5tly small to 
move  freely 9 ! cell1 & to assume new  
positions :5 ! tube is %ak5 or  turn$   
r\nd4 ,a tube s prep>$ pres5ts an       
inf9ite numb] ( *ang+  & symmetrical    
pictures1 no "o ( :i* c be exactly      
reproduc$4 ,?is  toy is s easily        
con/ruct$1 is s v inexp5sive1 & at !    
same "t  s capable ( af=d+ an almo/     
inexhau/ible fund ( amusem5t to !  "y1 t
 we advise our juv5ile fri5ds to try _! 
h&s at its  con/ruction4 ,any common    
tube ( t9 or pa/ebo>d may be us$1 &     
/rips  ( glass smok$ on "o side w answ] 
= mirrors4    ,,ka,,li4 ,! "n =m]ly     
appli$ to a species ( ,salsola employ$ =
  mak+ ,,b>illa4 ,x is sometimes us$ z a
 designation = ! crude  alkalies1 & is !

 ,g]man synonym = #8potassa4'    ,kali1 
,acidulat$4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,& ,,kali1   
,,lemonat$ ,k4 ,a common  prep>ation ( !
 %ops = mak+ a pleasant eff]vesc+       
draught4 ,x is  sometimes incorrectly   
/yl$ #8citrate ( pota%4' ,prep4 #a4     
,c>bonate (  soda & t>t>ic acid1 ( ea*  
#e oz42 lump sug>1 #a lb42 all 9 ! /ate 
( f9e p[d]1 & sep>ately dri$ by a v     
g5tle heat1 aft] :i*  !y are mix$       
toge!r1 flav\r$ ) ess5ce ( lemon1 #a    
dr41 rubb$  ?r\gh a gauze sieve 9 a w>m 
dry situation1 put into bottles1 &      
cork$ d[n imm$iately4    #b4 ,f9ely     
p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #af lbs42 t>t>ic acid1 
#d-a_/d lbs42  c>bonate ( soda1 #d lbs42
 ess5ce ( lemon1 #a oz42 z ! la/4 ,keeps
  well4 ,a dess]t-spoonful ( ei!r ?r[n  
into a glassful ( wat] makes a  pleasant
 eff]vesc+ draught4    ,,ka,,lium4 ,l4  
,potassium4    ,,kal,,ydor4 ,a cosmetic 
lotion2 x resembles #8,,g[l&',s         
,,lotion1' b is got  up 9 a r m pleas+  
/yle4 ,see ,,lotion4    ,,kamala4 ,a    
p[d] consi/+ ( ! m9ute gl&s obta9$ f !  

capsules ( ! ,rottl]a t9ctoria1 a plant 
belong+ to ! nat4 ord4  ,euphorbiace4   
,kamala is import$ f ,india1 :]e x is   
kn[n "u !  "n ( kameela4 ,! rottl]a1 f  
:i* x is obta9$1 is a tree f  #ae to #bj
 feet 9 height1 indig5\s to ,india & to 
_m ( ! ,ea/  ,indian ,isl&s4    ,kamala 
has long be5 employ$ 9 ,india z a rem$y 
= tapeworm1 &  )9 ! la/ few ye>s has be5
 giv5 = ! same purpose 9 ?is  c\ntry ) v
 g5]al success4 ,x may be adm9i/]$ 9    
doses ( f  ?irty gra9s to ?ree dra*ms1  
susp5d$ 9 wat]1 rubb$ up )  mucilage1 or
 mix$ ) syrup4 ,9 l>ge doses1 su* z ?ree
 dra*ms1 x  sometimes purges viol5tly4  
,aft] ! ?ird or f\r? motion ! worm is   
g5]ally evacuat$ dead4 ,a second dose   
may be tak5 9 ab\t f\r h\rs  %\ld ! fir/
 fail to act2 or in/ead ( a second dose1
 "s ca/or oil  may be giv54 ,kamala is  
also us$ ext]nally by ! natives ( ,india
 9  v>i\s sk9 compla9ts1 p>ticul>ly 9   
scabies4 ,x is also said to h  prov$    
useful 9 h]petic r+worm4                
,illu/ration3 ,,cotton1 ,,l95 ,,&       

,,jute4    ,dr ,&]son obta9$ f ! res9\s 
col\r+ matt]1 :i* is !  pr9cipal        
con/itu5t ( kamala1 a yell[ cry/all9e   
sub/ance1 to :i*  he gave ! "n rottl]94 
,! exi/5ce ( rottl]9 has s9ce be5       
confirm$ by ,mr ,groves1 :o f\nd t x    
becomes *ang$ by exposure1 a            
circum/ance to :i* he attributes its    
non-detection 9 old specim5s (  ! drug1 
& to :i* may v reasonably be attribut$  
,leube's failure  to f9d x4    ,!       
#8,briti% ,ph>macopia' ascribes ! foll[+
 #8*>act]s' to  kamala3----8,a f9e      
granul> mobile p[d]1 ( a brick-r$ col\r2
 x is )  difficulty mix$ ) wat]1 b :5   
boil$ ) alcohol ! great] "p  is         
dissolv$1 =m+ a r$ solution4 ,e!r       
dissolves mo/ ( x1 !  residue consi/+   
pr9cipally ( tuft$ hairs4 ,x %\ld be    
free f  s& or e>?y impurities40         
,kamala =ms a v consid]able article (   
export f ,india1 x be+ a  valuable dye4 
,,ka,,ol94 ,syn4 ,,*9a ,,clay1          
,,porcela9 ,c4 ,a f9e :ite clay1 d]iv$ f
  ! decomposition ( ! felsp> ( granitic 

rocks4 ,! pott]ies &  porcela9 works (  
?is c\ntry are *iefly suppli$ ) ?is     
sub/ance  f ext5sive tracts ( x :i*     
occur ne> ,/ ,au/ie1 ,cornwall4 ,see    
,,clay4    ,elsn]#i gives ! foll[+      
process = di/+ui%+ kaol9 f  ord9>y      
clay3----,he agitates x 9 a te/-tube )  
pure /rong sulphuric  acid till a uni=m 
mixture is produc$1 decants ! acid aft] 
subsid5ce1 dilutes x c>efully ) six     
volumes ( wat]1 &  sup]saturates ! cool$
 solution ) ammonia4    ,footnote #i3   
,d+l41 #8,pot4 ,j\rn4' 7,watts74        
,kaol9 ?us treat$ sep>ates b sl[ly f !  
/rong acid1 & !  dilut$ acid solution   
gives an imm$iate :ite precipitate )    
ammonia1  :]eas ord9>y clay is b        
slightly attack$ by ! acid1 sep>ates    
quickly f x1 & ! acid aft] dilution     
gives b an insignificant  precipitate ) 
ammonia4    ,,kap,,nomor4 ,syn4         
,,capnomor4 ,a col\rless oil obta9$ f   
crude  kreasote by di/illation )        
potassa4 ,x boils at #cfj ,fahr41 has a 
peculi> od\r1 & is insoluble 9 wat]1 b  

readily soluble 9 an  alkal9e solution (
 kreasote4    ,,katal,,ysis4 ,syn4      
,,catalysis1 ,,contact ,,action4 ,t]ms  
appli$ to a class  ( *emical actions 9  
:i* ! decompositions1 & ! recomb9ation (
  ! elem5ts ( comp\nd bodies1 is        
app>5tly excit$ by ! m]e  pres5ce (1 or 
contact )1 o!r bodies1 :i* d n !mselves 
suff]  su* a *ange4    ,,kava-,,kava4   
,see ,,ava4    ,,kelp4 ,! alkal9e a%es  
obta9$ by burn+ v>i\s species (         
sea-we$1 =m]ly mu* us$ = ! prep>ation ( 
c>bonate ( soda4 ,!  we$s mo/ valu$ = ! 
purpose are ! ,fucus vesiculosus1       
nodosus1  & s]ratus1 & ! ,lam9>ia       
bulbosa & digitata4    ,( late ye>s !   
manufacture ( kelp1 l t ( b>illa1 has   
be5  almo/ ab&on$ except z a s\rce (    
iod9e4 ,mr ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 ,/an=d1 by       
c>efully collect+ & compress+ ! we$1 &  
aft]w>ds submitt+  x to dry di/illation1
 d\bles ! yield ( iod9e & brom9e1 &     
obta9s 9 addition v>i\s valuable        
hydroc>bons4 ,see ,,b>illa1 ,,iod9e1    
,,soda1 c4    ,,k],,mes4 ,syn4          

,,k]mes-,,gra9s1 ,,alk]mes2 ,,granum    
,,t9ctorium1 ,l4 ,! dri$  bodies ( !    
female ,coccus ,ilicis ( ,l9nu1 a small 
insect ( !  ord] ,hemipt]a1 :i* fl\ri%es
 on ! ,ilex oak4 ,x has be5 us$ z a  r$ 
& sc>let dye-/uff ev] s9ce ! "t (       
,moses2 b is n[  sup]s$$ 9 ?is c\ntry by
 co*9eal1 :i* gives col\rs ( mu*  great]
 brilliancy4    ,,k],,mes ,,m9,,eral4   
,syn4 ,,k]mes ,,m9]ale1 ,k4 ,,m9]alis1  
,l4 ,an amorph\s  t]sulphide ( antimony1
 conta9+ a small admixture ( t]oxide (  
antimony & sulphuride ( potassium4      
,prep4 #a4 ,,9 ,,! ,,humid ,,way4----a4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,c>bonate ( soda 7cry/471   
#abh p>ts 7say #ba p>ts71 is  dissolv$ 9
 wat]1 #abhj p>ts 7say #baj p>ts71      
conta9$ 9 a ca/-iron  pan2 t]sulphide ( 
antimony 79 f9e p[d]71 #f p>ts 7say #a  
"p71 is  next add$1 & ! :ole boil$ = an 
h\r1 ) con/ant agitation )  a wood5     
spatula2 ! boil+ liquid is !n filt]$    
into a heat$  e>!n pan conta9+ a small  
quantity ( v hot wat]1 & !  solution is 
all[$ to cool z sl[ly z possible2 ! r$  

p[d] :i* is  deposit$ is collect$ on a  
clo?1 on :i* x is well wa%$ ) cold      
wat]1 & ! sup]flu\s wat] be+ remov$ by  
pressure1 ! p[d] is  dri$ by a g5tle    
heat1 & is1 la/ly1 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e    
silk-gauze  sieve1 & pres]v$ f light &  
air4    b4 7,:olesale47 ,f black        
sulphuride ( antimony1 #d lbs42 c>bonate
 (  potassa1 #a lb42 boil 9 wat]1 #b    
galls41 = half an h\r1 filt]1 c41 z     
be=e4 ,! undissolv$ portion (           
sesquisulphuret ( antimony may be  boil$
 aga9 sev]al times ) fre% potassa &     
wat]1 until ! :ole  is dissolv$4        
,inf]ior to ! la/4    c4 7,,cluzell',s  
,,k]mes47 ,f t]sulphide ( antimony1 #d  
p>ts2  cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda1 #ij  
p>ts2 wat]1 #ajjj p>ts2 boil1 c41 z  9  
#a1 a1 & dry ! p[d]1 fold$ up 9 pap]1 at
 a heat n exce$+  #ij ,fahr4    #b4 ,,9 
,,! ,,dry ,,way4----a4 7,p4 ,cod47      
,c>bonate ( potassa1 #ajj p>ts2         
t]sulphide ( antimony1 #ej p>ts2        
sulphur1 #c p>ts2 mix1 fuse 9 a         
,hessian crucible1 p\r ! melt$ mass into

 an iron mort>1 & :5 cold  r$uce x to   
p[d]2 next boil x 9 wat]1 #ajjj p>ts1   
conta9$ 9 an  iron vessel1 filt] !      
solution1 & o!rwise proce$ z be=e4      
,product3 l>ge1 b ( inf]ior quality4    
b4 7,f[nes47 ,f t]sulphide ( antimony1  
#e p>ts2 c>bonate ( soda  7dry71 #c     
p>ts2 wat]1 #hj p>ts2 fuse1 c41 z be=e4 
,ne>ly equal to #a1  a4    c4           
7,b]zelius47 ,c>bonate ( potassa 7pure71
 #c p>ts1 t]sulphide (  antimony1 #h    
p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s4 ,resembles ! la/4     
,prop41 c4 ,an od\rless1 ta/eless p[d]1 
insoluble 9 bo? wat] &  alcohol1 &1 :5  
pure & c>efully prep>$1 entirely soluble
 9  hydrosulphate ( ammonia4 ,z prep>$  
by ! =mul #a1 a1 & #a1 c1  x is a v d>k 
crimson p[d]1 ( a velvety smoo?ness2 b t
 f  ! o!r =mul has a br[ni%-r$ col\r1 m 
or less deep4 ,! secret  ( prep>+ ?is   
comp\nd ( a f9e & velvety quality1 l t  
import$ f ! ,cont95t1 consi/s simply 9  
filt]+ ! solution  :il/ boil+ hot1 &    
all[+ x to cool v sl[ly1 by plac+ !     
vessel 9 an appropriate situation = t   

purpose4 ,ano!r important  po9t1 accord+
 to ,rose1 is to employ suffici5t alkali
 to keep ! :ole  ( ! t]oxide ( antimony 
9 solution z ! liquid cools1 in/ead (   
all[+ a "p ( x to be deposit$ ) ! k]mes4
 ,?is is ! reason  ( ! sup]ior quality &
 mildness ( t prep>$ accord+ to !       
directions ( ! ,fr5* ,codex4 ,! liquor  
decant$ f ! #8k]mes  m9]al' yields !    
gold5 sulphide ( antimony on ! addition 
( an  acid1 = :i* purpose ! acetic is   
g5]ally employ$4    ,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to 
#c or #d gr41 z a diaphoretic1 ca?>tic1 
or emetic4 ,x  occupies 9 =eign practice
 ! place ( our ,james's ,p[d]4          
,,ket*,,up4 ,syn4 ,,cat*up1 ,,catsup1   
,,kat*up4 ,! juice ( c]ta9  vegetables  
/rongly salt$ & spic$1 s z to be us$ z  
sauce2 or a  simple sauce made )\t !    
natural juice z a sub/itute = ! true    
ket*up4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal        
v>ieties3----    ,ket*up1 ,camp4 ,prep4 
,take ( good old be]1 #b qu>ts2 :ite    
w9e1 #a  qu>t2 an*ovies1 #d oz42 mix1   
heat x to ! boil+-po9t1 remove x f  !   

fire1 & add ( peel$ %alots1 #c oz42     
mace1 nutmegs1 g+]1 &  black pepp]1 (   
ea*1 bruis$1 #a_/b oz42 mac]ate = #ad   
days1 )  frequ5t agitation1 !n all[ x to
 settle1 & decant & bottle !  cle>      
portion4    ,ket*up1 ,cucumb]4 ,prep4 ,f
 ripe cucumb]s1 9 ! same way z  mu%room 
ket*up4 ,v lusci\s4 ,mix$ ) cream1 or   
melt$ butt]1 x  =ms an excell5t :ite    
sauce = f[ls1 c4    ,ket*up1 ,m>9e4     
,prep4 ,take ( /rong old be]1 #a gall42 
an*ovies1  #a-a_/b lb42 peel$ %alots    
7cru%$71 #a lb42 bruis$ mace1 mu/>d se$1
  & cloves1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 bruis$     
pepp] & g+]1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42  mu%room  
ket*up & v9eg>1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 beat !   
mixture to !  boil+ po9t1 put x into a  
bottle1 & mac]ate = #ad days1 frequ5tly 
%ak+2 !n /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 & bottle x 
= use4 ,excell5t  ) any?+2 l ! la/1 x   
makes good :ite sauce1 & keeps well4    
,ket*up1 ,mu%room4 ,prep4 #a4 ,spr9kle  
mu%room flaps1 ga!r$ 9  ,septemb]1 )    
common salt1 /ir !m occasionally = #b or
 #c days1 !n  lightly squeeze out !     

juice1 & add to ea* gallon cloves &     
mu/>d  se$1 ( ea*1 bruis$1 #a_/b oz42   
allspice1 black pepp]1 & g+]1 (  ea*1   
bruis$1 #a oz42 g5tly heat to !         
boil+-po9t 9 a cov]$  vessel1 mac]ate = 
#ad days1 & decant or /ra94 ,%\ld x     
exhibit any  indications ( *ange 9 a few
 weeks1 br+ x aga9 to ! boil+-po9t1  ) a
 little m spice1 & a table-spoonful m   
salt4    #b4 ,take ( mu%room juice1 #b  
galls42 pim5to1 #b oz42 cloves1 black   
pepp]1  mu/>d se$1 & g+]1 ( ea*1 bruis$1
 #a oz42 salt1 #a lb4 7or to  ta/e72    
%alots1 #c oz42 g5tly simm] = #a h\r 9 a
 cov]$ vessel1  cool1 /ra91 & bottle4   
#c4 ,take ( mu%room juice1 #ajj galls42 
black pepp]1 #i lbs42 allspice1 #g      
lbs42 g+]1 #e lbs42 cloves1 #a lb4 7all 
bruis$72 salt1 q4 s42 g5tly  simm] 9 a  
cov]$ t9 boil] = #a h\r4    ,ket*up1    
,oyst]4 ,prep4 ,pulp ! oy/]s1 & to ea*  
p9t add1 (  %]ry w9e1 or v /rong old    
ale1 #a p9t2 salt1 #a oz42 mace1 #a_/d  
oz42  black pepp]1 #a dr42 simm] v g5tly
 = #aj m9utes1 /ra91 cool1  bottle1 & to

 ea* bottle add a spoonful or two (     
br&y1 & keep !m  9 a cool situation4    
,,cockle ,,ket*up & ,,mussel ,,ket*up   
are made 9 !  same way4 ,us$ to flav\r  
sauces :5 ! fi% are out ( season2       
excell5t ) rump /eak1 c4    ,ket*up1    
,pontac4 ,prep4 ,take ( ! juice (       
eld]b]ries & /rong  v9eg>1 ( ea* #a p9t2
 an*ovies1 #a_/b lb42 %alots & spice1 q4
 s4 to  flav\r2 boil = #e m9utes1 cool1 
/ra91 & bottle4 ,us$ to make fi%        
sauces4    ,ket*up1 ,tomato4 ,prep4     
,prep>$ f tomatoes or love apples1 l    
mu%room ket*up1 except t a little v     
/rong ,*ili v9eg> is  commonly add$4 ,an
 admirable reli% = #8high' or ri*       
flav\r$ vi&s4    ,ket*up1 ,walnut4      
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( ! express$ juice ( "y
  walnuts1 :5 t5d]1 #a gall42 boil #aj  
m9utes1 skim1 add ( an*ovies1 #b  lbs42 
%alots1 #a lb42 cloves & mace1 ( ea* #a 
oz42 #a clove ( g>lic1  slic$2 simm] 9 a
 cov]$ vessel = #ae m9utes1 /ra91 cool1 
&  bottle1 add+ a little fre% spice to  
ea* bottle1 & salt1 q4 s4 ,w  keep good 

9 a cool place = #bj ye>s4    #b4 ,take 
( gre5 walnut %ells1 #af galls42 salt1  
#e lbs42 mix & beat  toge!r = a week1   
press out ! liquor1 & to e gallon add1 (
  allspice1 #d oz42 g+]1 #c oz42 pepp] &
 cloves1 ( ea* #b oz42 all  bruis$2     
simm] = half an h\r1 & set aside 9 a    
clos$ vessel & 9  a cool situation until
 suffici5tly cle>4    #c4 ,take ( walnut
 juice1 #a gall42 v9eg>1 #a qu>t2       
,briti% an*ovies  7sprats71 #c or #d    
lbs42 pim5to1 #c oz42 g+]1 #a_/d oz42   
long pepp]1 #a_/b  oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 
%alots1 #b oz42 boil & bottle1 z be=e4  
#d4 ,f ! juice ( walnut %ells1 #cj      
galls42 salt1 #a bu%el2 allspice  &     
%alots1 ( ea* #f lbs42 g+]1 g>lic1 &    
horse-radi%1 ( ea* #c  lbs42 ess5ce (   
an*ovies1 #c galls42 z be=e4    ,ket*up1
 ,w9e4 ,prep4 ,take ( mu%room or walnut 
ket*up1 #a qu>t2  *opp$ an*ovies1 #a_/b 
lb42 #bj %alots2 scrap$ horse-radi%1 #b 
oz42  spice1 q4 s42 simm] = #ae m9utes1 
cool1 & add ( :ite & r$ w9e1  ( ea* #a  
p9t2 mac]ate = #a week1 /ra91 & bottle4 

,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,9 prep>+ ! above       
articles1 vessels ( glaz$  e>!nw>e1 or  
/onew>e1 or well-t9n$ copp] pans1 %\ld  
alone be  us$ to conta9 !m :il/ be+     
boil$ or heat$1 z salt & vegetable      
juices rapidly corrode copp]1 & r5d] !  
ket*up poison\s4 ,no?+  9 ! %ape (      
copp]1 lead or pewt] %\ld be all[$ to   
t\* !m4  ,ev5 a plat$ copp] spoon left 9
 a bottle ( ket*up = "s "t w  r5d] its  
cont5ts poison\s4 ,unpleasant & ev5     
dang]\s fits (  vomit+1 colic1 & di>rha 
h result$ f ! neglect ( ?is  precaution4
 ,see ,,sauce1 c4    ,,kibes4 ,! vulg>  
"n = ulc]at$ *ilbla9s4    ,,kid,,neys4  
,syn4 ,,r5es1 ,l4 7,9 anatomy47 ,!      
kidneys1 z almo/ e  "o kn[s1 are        
abdom9al visc]a :i* secrete ! ur9e1 & =m
 !  great *annels by :i* ! effete       
nitrog5\s matt] is remov$ f !  blood4   
,!y are subject to v>i\s affections1 bo?
 functional &  organic1 *ronic & acute1 
( :i* "s are imp]fectly und]/ood1 &     
o!rs only admit ( alleviation1 b n ( be+
 cur$4 ,see ,,ur9e &  ,,ur9>y           

,,affections4    ,kidneys4 7,9 cook]y47 
,soy] recomm5ds kidneys to be dress$ by 
g5tly broil+ !m1 hav+ previ\sly split   
!m1 8s z ne>ly to  divide !m1 leav+ !   
fat 9 ! middle10 & 8run a skew] ?r\gh   
!m1 t !y may rema9 op540 ,aft] be+ rubb$
 ) a little butt]1  & season$ ) salt &  
pepp]1 8!y may be s]v$ on toa/1 or )    
any sauce40 8,y may also egg &          
bread-crumb !m40 8,five m9utes suffice  
= a %eep or lamb's kidney ( common      
size40 7,soy]47 ,"o or two lamb's       
kidneys1 pla9ly broil$ & s]v$ up ) !    
gravy 9 !m1 eat5 along  ) a little      
dry-toa/$ bread1 =m a mo/ excell5t &    
appropriate  lun*eon or d9n] = a        
dyspeptic or convalesc5t4    ,,kies]ite4
 ,a sulphate ( magnesia f\nd 9 ! refuse 
salt 7abraumsalz7  ( ,/assfur?1 ne>     
,magdeburg4 ,x =ms ab\t #ab ( !         
abraumsalz4 ,x  is employ$ = wa%+ wool &
 = ! manufacture ( #8p]man5t :ite'  by  
treatm5t ) *loride ( b>ium2 also = !    
prep>ation ( ,glaub]  salts1 & (        
hypo*lorite ( magnesia = blea*+ l954    

,see ,,l954    ,,k+',s ,,cup4 ,prep4    
,yell[ peel ( #a lemon2 lump sug>1      
#a-a_/b oz42 cold  wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse 
#h or #aj h\rs1 & /ra94 ,! addition ( a 
teaspoonful ( orange-fl[] wat] is a     
great improvem5t4 ,us$ z a  dilu5t 9    
cases :]e acid liquors are inadmissible4
 ,see ,,lemonade4    ,,k+',s ,,evil4    
,see ,,scr(ula4    ,,k+',s ,,yell[4 ,see
 ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4    ,,ki,,nic ,,acid4
 ,,hc#g;,h#aa,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,qu9ic ,,acid1
 ,,c9*onic ,,acid4 ,a  peculi> monobasic
 acid occurr+ 9 ! c9*ona b>ks1 9 :i* x  
exi/s associat$ ) ! alkaloids4    ,k9ic 
acid is some:at ext5sively diffus$      
?r\gh\t ! vegetable  k+dom1 be+ f\nd 9 !
 b>k ( e species ( ! true c9*onas1  z   
well z 9 ! leaves ( ! oak1 ! elm1 ! a%1 
! ivy1 !  privet1 & ! c(fee plant &     
b]ries4 ,x occurs 9 ! c9*ona b>ks  mo/  
probably comb9$ ) ! alkaloids1 :i* !re=e
 exi/ 9 !  plant z k9ates4    ,x is     
readily obta9$ f k9ate ( lime by !      
action ( dilute  sulphuric acid2 !      
filt]$ solution evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce

 ( a  syrup1 gradually deposits l>ge    
cry/als resembl+ ^? ( t>t>ic  acid4     
,h5ry & ,plisson give ! foll[+          
directions = ! prep>ation (  k9ic       
acid3----,make a decoction ( c9*ona b>k 
) wat] conta9+ "s  sulphuric acid1 &    
filt] :il/ hot1 & to ! filtrate add     
gradually  fre%ly precipitat$ oxide (   
lead1 until ! liquid becomes neutral1 & 
*anges f a r$ to a pale yell[ col\r2 c>e
 mu/ be tak5 to add  suffici5t oxide4 ,!
 filtrate is fre$ f lead by pass+       
sulphurett$  hydrog5 ?r\gh x1 & filt]$  
milk ( lime is !n add$ to  precipitate !
 qu99e & c9*on9e2 & ! filt]$ liquid is  
evaporat$ to a syrup1 :i* yields on     
cool+ cry/all9e calcic k9ate4  ,to      
sep>ate ! acid f ! calcic salt1         
,b]zelius directs an aque\s  solution ( 
! salt to be made & to be precipitat$ by
 basic acetate (  lead2 ! wa%$          
precipitate1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 is !n      
decompos$ by  sulphurett$ hydrog51 & !  
solution filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,or !      
calcium k9ate may be decompos$ by an    

aque\s or alcoholic solution (          
sulphuric acid4#aj    ,footnote #aj3    
,watts4    ,k9ic acid is1 9 ! =m ( l>ge 
tubul> cry/als1 fusible at #afa ,c4  ,^!
 cry/als dissolve 9 two p>ts ( wat]2 !y 
are also soluble 9  spirits ( w9e1 b    
sc>cely1 if at all1 9 e!r4    ,x =ms    
salts call$ k9ates4 ,k9ate ( calcium is 
obta9$ f an  acidulat$ infusion ( c9*ona
 b>k1 by add+ an excess ( lime1  filt]+1
 evaporat+ to a syrup1 & sett+ ! liquid 
aside to  cry/allise4 ,^! cry/als are   
purifi$ by re-dissolv+ !m1 treat+  !    
solution ) a little animal *>coal1 &    
cry/allis+ ! salt z  be=e4 ,! liquid f  
:i* ! b>k-alkaloids h be5 precipitat$ by
  hydrate ( lime af=ds an almo/         
inexhau/ible supply ( ?is salt4 ,see    
,,k9one4    ,,ki,,no4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,k9o2
 ,,k9o 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d47 ,!  
juice fl[+  f ! incis$ b>k ( !          
,pt]oc>pus ,m>supium or ,indian1 h>d5$  
9 ! sun4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 9    
p[d]2 z an a/r+5t 9 *ronic  di>rha1 c4  
,k9o1 ,factiti\s1 met ) 9 ! %ops1 is    

made z foll[s3----,logwood1  #dh lbs42  
torm5til root1 #af lbs42 madd] root1 #ab
 lbs42 exhau/ by coction  ) wat]1 q4 s42
 to ! liquor add ( cate*u1 #af lbs42    
dissolve1  /ra91 & evaporate to dryness4
 ,prod4 #bd lbs4 ,extract ( mahogany is 
also commonly sold = k9o4               
,,kirs*,,wass] 7-vs s]7 ,g]44 ,syn4     
,,kirs*5wass]4 ,a spiritu\s  liquor     
di/ill$ 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& f bruis$  
*]ries4 ,f  ! rude mann] 9 :i* x is     
obta9$1 & f ! di/illation ( !           
*]ry-/ones 7:i* conta9 prussic acid7 ) !
 liquor1 x has (t5 a  nause\s ta/e1 & is
 frequ5tly poison\s4 ,:5 prop]ly made & 
sweet5$1 x resembles noyeau4    ,,ki%4  
,an artificial graphite occasionally    
produc$ 9 iron-smelt+  furnaces4 ,x     
occurs 9 brilliant scales1 & is said to 
possess peculi>  efficacy 9 c]ta9 =ms ( 
anmia & *lorosis4    ,,kit*,,en4 ,! late
 ,alexis ,soy] set d[n z "o ( ! cry+    
faults (  our c\ntrym5 ! employm5t ( an 
ap>tm5t = ! kit*5 :i* is  ei!r too small
 or inconv5i5tly situat$1 & :i*1 9      

g5]al1 is n  suffici5tly provid$ )      
#8kit*5 requisites4' 8,z a workman _c "w
  prop]ly )\t ! requisite tools1 or !   
pa9t] produce ! prop]  %ade )\t !       
necess>y col\rs1 9 l mann] does e p]son 
wi%+ to economise 8 food & to cook x    
prop]ly require ! prop]  furniture :]e) 
to d x40 ,! neglect ( ^! matt]s1 :i* is 
s  g5]al1 is1 und\bt$ly1 a mis*iev\s &  
deceptive economy4    ,,knives1 to      
,clean4 ,aft] be+ us$ all knives %\ld be
 wip$ on a  co>se clo?1 s z to ensure _!
 fre$om f grease previ\s to be+  clean$4
 ,! practice ( dipp+ ! blades 9 hot wat]
 n only fails to  remove any grease t   
may be on !m1 b is almo/ sure to loos5 !
  h&les4 ,x is v ess5tial to remove any 
grease f !m1 s9ce if  ?is rema9 x w     
spoil ! knife-bo>d4    ,= clean+ knives1
 a prop] knife-clean+ ma*9e1 pur*as$ ( a
 good  mak]1 is be/4 ,b :]e ?is is n    
us$1 ! knife-bo>d ought to be  cov]$ ) v
 ?ick lea!r1 ^u :i* em]y p[d] %\ld be   
plac$4  ,! em]y gives a good poli% to ! 
knives1 & does n we> !m out s  quickly z

 ,ba?-brick4 ,:5 ! po9ts ( ! knives     
become worn v  ?91 !y %\ld be r\nd$ by !
 knife-gr9d]4 ,:]e ! h&les are  good x w
 sometimes be wor? :ile to fit !m to new
 blades4    ,,knox',s ,,p[,,d]4 ,prep4  
,f common salt1 #h p>ts2 *loride ( lime1
 #c  p>ts2 mix$ toge!r4 ,an ounce ( x   
dissolv$ 9 a tumbl]ful ( wat]  furni%es 
a solution :i* is simil> to ,lab>raque's
 dis9fect+ fluid4    ,k,,*l9',s         
,,liquid4 ,prep4 ,f copp] fil+s1 #if    
gr42 liquor (  ammonia1 #b fl4 oz42     
dige/$ toge!r until x turns ( a full    
blue  col\r1 & !n mix$ ) hydro*loric    
acid1 #e fl4 dr42 di/ill$ wat]1  #e     
lbs4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls    
daily2 9 scr(ula4 ,x is poison\s 9  l>ge
 doses4    ,,koo*,,la ,,nut4 ,see ,,nux 
,,vomica4    ,,k\,,miss4 ,a liquor      
prep>$ by ! ,calmucs1 by f]m5t+ m>e's   
milk1  previ\sly kept until s\r1 & !n   
skimm$4 ,by di/illation x yields a  _s  
call$ rack1 racky1 or araka4 #ba lbs4 ( 
f]m5t$ milk yield ab\t  #c_/d p9t ( l[  
w9es1 & ?is1 by rectification1 gives    

fully #a_/d p9t (  /rong alcohol4 ,x has
 lately come into use z a rem$y =       
ph?isis &  g5]al debility4    ,! foll[+ 
=mula f ! ,zeits*rift des ,oe/]r4 ,apo?4
 ,v]4  7#ahgf1 #ebf71 = ! prep>ation (  
s-call$ ,,k\miss ,,extract1 is said to  
be a good "o3----      ,p[d]$ sug> (    
milk          #ajj p>ts    ,glucose     
7prep>$ f />*7  #ajj   0    ,cane sug>  
#cjj   0    ,bic>bonate ( potassium     
#cf   0    ,common salt                 
#cc   0    ,dissolve ^! +r$i5ts 9 #fjj  
p>ts ( boil+ fre% :ey ( milk1  all[ !   
solution to cool1 !n add #ajj p>ts (    
rectifi$ _s1 &  aft]w>ds #ajj p>ts (    
/ra9$ fre% be] yea/4 ,/ir ! mixture well
  & put into bottles conta9+ a qu>t] ( a
 litre ea*4 ,! bottles  mu/ be well     
cork$ & kept 9 a cool place4    ,= !    
prep>ation ( ,k\miss add #e to #f       
tablespoonfuls ( ?is extract  to a litre
 ( skimm$1 lukew>m milk1 conta9$ 9 a    
bottle ( ?ick  glass2 cork well1 keep ! 
bottle = half a day 9 a mod]ately w>m   
room  7at #af-bj ,c471 & aft]w>ds 9 a   

cool cell>1 %ak+ occasionally4  ,!      
bottle %\ld be fill$ to )9 #c-d         
c5timtres ( ! cork4 ,aft]  two days !   
,k\miss is ready = use4    ,,k\s,,s4    
,syn4 ,,cusso1 ,,kosso4 ,?is sub/ance is
 ! dri$ fl[]s ( !  ,bray]a an!lm9tica1  
an ,abyss9ian tree :i* gr[s to ! height 
(  ab\t #bj feet1 & belongs to ! natural
 ord] ,rosace4 ,x is "o ( !  mo/        
effective rem$ies kn[n = bo? v>ieties ( 
tapeworm4 ,! dose =  an adult is #c to  
#e dr41 9 p[d]1 mix$ ) ab\t half a p9t (
 w>m  wat]1 & all[$ to mac]ate = #ae or 
#bj m9utes4 ,! me?od prescrib$  = its   
successful adm9i/ration is z            
foll[s3----,! pati5t is to be  prep>$ by
 a purgative or a lavem5t1 & ! use ( a v
 slight diet  ! day be=e4 ,! next morn+1
 fa/+1 a little lemon juice is to be    
swall[$1 or a portion ( a lemon suck$1  
foll[$ by ! dose ( k\sso  7bo? liquid & 
p[d]71 at #c or #d draughts1 at %ort    
int]vals ( ea*  o!r1 ea* ( :i* is to be 
wa%$ d[n ) cold wat] acidulat$ )  lemon 
juice4 ,! action ( ! m$ic9e is          

subsequ5tly promot$ by  dr9k+ weak tea  
)\t ei!r milk or sug>1 or wat] flav\r$ )
  lemon juice or toa/$ bread2 & if x    
does n op]ate 9 ! c\rse (  #c or #d     
h\rs1 a dose ( ca/or oil or a sal9e     
purgative is tak54    ,! flav\r ( k\sso 
is r disagreeable & nauseat+4 ,its      
op]ation  is spe$y & effectual2 b at !  
same "t x is apt to produce1 9  l>ge    
doses1 great pro/ration ( /r5g?1 & o!r  
sev]e symptoms1  :i* unfit x =          
adm9i/ration to ! delicate ( bo? sexes1 
or dur+  pregnancy or affections ( ! l[]
 visc]a4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to  pur*ase
 x 9 p[d]1 z1 ow+ to its high price1 x  
is uni=mly  adult]at$4 ,! p[d]$ k\sso ( 
! %ops is1 9 g5]al1 no?+ m  ?an !       
root-b>k ( pomegranate1 col\r$ & sc5t$4 
,,kre,,asote4 ,syn4 ,,creasote1         
,,creosote1 ,,kreosote2 ,,creasotum 7,b4
 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4   ,d471 ,,creazotum 7,ph4
 ,e471 ,l4 ,a peculi> sub/ance1 discov]$
 by  ,rei*5ba*1 & s nam$ on acc\nt ( its
 p[]ful antiseptic prop]ty4  ,x is a    
product ( ! dry di/illation ( organic   

bodies1 & is !  pres]vative pr9ciple (  
wood smoke & pyroligne\s acid4    ,prep4
 ,kreasote is manufactur$ f wood-t>1 9  
:i* x is sometimes  conta9$ to ! am\nt (
 #bj to #ce1 & f crude pyroligne\s acid 
& pyroxilic oil4    #a4 7,p4 ,cod47     
,wood-t> is di/ill$ 9 a wr\ght-iron     
retort until :ite  vap\rs ( p>aff9      
appe>2 ! heavy oily matt] :i* =ms ! l[] 
lay] ( ! product is collect$1 wa%$ )    
wat] slightly acidulat$  ) sulphuric    
acid1 & !n di/ill$ 9 a glass retort1    
reject+ !  fir/ portions1 :i* are *iefly
 eupion2 ! di/illate is treat$ ) a      
solution ( potassa 7sp4 gr4 #aab71 !    
mix$ liquids be+ %ak5  /rongly toge!r2  
aft] x is settl$1 ! lay] ( eupion :i*   
=ms is  remov$ f ! surface1 & !         
pota%-solution ( kreasote expos$ to  !  
air until x becomes black2 x is !n      
saturat$ ) dilute sulphuric  acid1 !    
wat] liquid reject$1 & ! rema9d]        
7consi/+ ( crude  kreasote7 submitt$ to 
di/illation 9 glass2 ! treatm5t by      
exposure1  potassa1 sulphuric acid1 &   

di/illation is repeat$ ?ree times or    
(t5]1 until ! comb9ation ( kreasote &   
potassa ceases to become  col\r$ by !   
action ( ! air2 x is1 la/ly1 saturat$ ) 
conc5trat$ phosphoric acid1 & aga9      
di/ill$1 reject+ ! fir/  portion t comes
 ov]4    #b4 7,m4 ,simon47 ,a copp]     
/ill1 capable ( conta9+ #hj ,b]l9 qu>ts1
 is  fill$ to "o ?ird ) ! oil ( wood-t>1
 & heat is appli$2 fir/1  ! m volatile  
matt]s pass ov]2 ^! d n conta9 kreasote1
 &  are1 !re=e1 reject$2 b :51 by       
gradually increas+ !  temp]ature1 !re   
passes ov] a v acid liquid1 :i* becomes 
turbid1  & at ! same "t an oil sep>ates 
f x :5 mix$ ) wat]1 !  product is       
collect$1 & ! di/illation cont9u$ until 
! op]ator  notices a squirt+ 9 ! /ill1  
:5 ?is "p ( ! process is  complete2 !   
di/ill$ product is !n ne>ly saturat$ )  
potassa &  return$ to ! /ill1 :i*1 9 !  
meantime1 has be5 well clean$ out1  &   
ab\t half fill$ ) wat]1 & ! di/illation 
is recomm5c$2 at  fir/ an oil comes ov]1
 :i* floats on wat]1 & :i* consi/s      

*iefly  ( eupion1 & is1 !re=e1 reject$2 
z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! oil  beg9s to s9k 9 !
 wat] :i* comes ov] ) x1 x is *>g$ )    
kreasote1 & is c>efully collect$2 !     
di/ill+ aque\s fluid be+  re9troduc$ f  
"t to "t into ! /ill1 & ! di/illation   
cont9u$ s long z any oil cont9ues to    
come ov] ) x2 ! heavy  oily di/illate is
 n[ agitat$ ) liquor ( potassa1 sp4 gr4 
#aabj2 !  portion :i* rema9s undissolv$ 
is eupion1 & is skimm$ (f2 !            
potassa-solution ( kreasote /ill1 h[ev]1
 conta9s a consid]able  quantity (      
eupion1 ! great] portion ( :i* may be   
sep>at$ by  dilution & di/illation ) an 
equal quantity1 or ) at lea/ #d_/e?s  ( 
its volume ( wat]1 fre% wat] be+ add$ f 
"t to "t1 z long  z any eupion comes ov]
 ) ! di/ill$ liquor2 :5 ?is has ceas$   
to pass ov]1 sulphuric acid is p\r$ into
 ! /ill 9 quantity exactly  suffici5t to
 saturate #a_/crd only ( ! potassa =m]ly
 employ$1 &  ! di/illation is aga9      
r5ew$2 kreasote n[ di/ils ov]1 ! fir/   
portions ( :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill conta9      

eupion1 aft] :i* pure  kreasote foll[s2 
t is to say1 8a kreasote :i*1 :5 mix$ ) 
#f or  #h times its quantity ( a        
solution ( pure potassa1 furni%es a     
mixture  :i*1 by ! addition ( any fur!r 
quantity :atev] ( wat]1 does n  become  
turbid40 ,! comb9ation ( kreasote rema9+
 9 ! /ill is n[  mix$ ) sulphuric acid 9
 slight excess1 & ! di/illation r5ew$1  
! wat] com+ ov] ) x be+ f "t to "t      
return$ into !  /ill2 & :5 no fur!r oil 
passes ov] ) ! wat]1 ! process is       
complete4 ,! kreasote ?us obta9$ is     
r$i/ill$ ) ! wat] :i*  has pass$ ov] )  
x1 :il/ ! di/ill$ wat]1 z be=e1 is all[$
  f "t to "t to run back into ! /ill4 ,!
 kreasote ?us obta9$  is !n col\rless2 b
 x conta9s a consid]able quantity ( wat]
 9  solution1 :i* is sep>at$ by         
di/illation 9 a glass retort4 ,! wat]   
di/ils fir/1 & !n kreasote1 :i*1 aft]   
clean+ ! neck ( !  retort f ! wat]1 mu/ 
be receiv$ 9 ano!r dry receiv]4 ,if !   
kreasote assumes a r$ col\r aft] be+    
expos$ = "s "t to !  air1 x mu/ be      

re-di/ill$1 & !n x keeps v well4 ,korne 
f\nd  t t> prep>$ f turf furni%es mu* m 
kreasote ?an t f  fir-wood1 c4    #c4   
7,ure47 ,9 op]at+ ^u pyroligne\s acid1  
if we dissolve effloresc$  sulphate (   
soda 9 x to saturation1 at ! temp]ature 
( #bfg ,fahr41  ! kreasote sep>ates1 &  
floats ^u ! surface2 x is !n decant$1  &
 left 9 repose = "s days1 dur+ :i* x    
deposits a fre%  portion ( salt & v9eg>2
 x is next saturat$ :il/ hot )  c>bonate
 ( potassa1 & di/ill$ along ) wat]2 a   
pale yell[ oily  liquid passes ov]1 :i* 
is rectifi$ ) phosphoric acid1 c41 l !  
crude product ( kreasote f t>4    ,prop4
 ,kreasote is a col\rless1 transp>5t    
liquid1 heavi] ?an wat]1  ( a peculi>   
unpleasant p5etrat+ od\r resembl+ t (   
smok$ meat1  & a v pung5t & cau/ic ta/e2
 its vap\r irritates ! eyes2 x  boils at
 #djj ,fahr41 & is /ill fluid at -#aff  
,fahr42 x produces on  :ite filt] pap]  
greasy spots1 :i* disappe> if expos$ to 
a heat (  #bab ,fahr42 dissolves 9 #hj  
p>ts ( wat]1 & mixes 9 all proportions  

) _s ( w9e1 ! ess5tial & fatty oils1    
acetic acid1 naph?a1  disulphide (      
c>bon1 ammonia1 & potassa2 x dissolves  
iod9e1  phosphorus1 sulphur1 res9s1 !   
alkaloids1 indigo blue1 sev]al salts    
7especially ! acetates & ! *lorides (   
calcium & t972 r$uces  ! nitrate &      
acetate ( silv]2 is res9ifi$ by *lor9e1 
&  decompos$ by ! /rong] acids4 ,!      
aque\s solution is neutral1 &           
precipitates solutions ( gum & ! :ite ( 
eggs4 ,x k9dles )  difficulty1 & burns )
 a smoky flame4 ,:5 q pure1 x is unalt]$
  by exposure to ! air4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajga1 
at #fh ,fahr4 ,a slip ( deal dipp$  into
 x1 & aft]w>ds 9 hydro*loric acid1 & !n 
all[$ to dry 9  ! air1 acquires a       
gre5i%-blue col\r4 ,x turns a ray (     
pol>is$  light to ! "r1 :]eas c>bolic   
acid does n affect pol>isation4    ,pur4
 ,! fluid commonly sold 9 ! %ops =      
kreasote is a mixture (  kreasote1      
picam>1 & light oil ( t>2 9 _m cases x  
is little else  ?an impure c>bolic acid1
 ) sc>cely a trace ( kreasote4 ,pure    

kreasote is p]fectly soluble 9 bo?      
acetic acid & solution ( potassa2  %ak5 
) an equal volume ( wat] 9 a n>r[       
te/-tube1 n m ?an  ! #a-hj? "p          
disappe>s2 o!rwise x conta9s wat]1 ( :i*
 kreasote  is able to assume #a-aj? )\t 
becom+ turbid4 ,if x c be dissolv$      
completely 9 #hj p>ts by weight ( wat]1 
at a m$ium temp]ature1 x  !n =ms a      
p]fectly neutral liquid4 ,an oily       
residue float+ on !  surface betrays !  
pres5ce ( o!r =eign products 7,,eupion1 
,,kapnomor1  ,,picam>71 :i* are obta9$  
at ! same "t ) ! kreasote dur+ !  dry   
di/illation ( organic sub/ances4        
,kreasote is 8devoid ( col\r1 has a     
peculi> od\r1 & is soluble 9  acetic    
acid4 ,:5 x is dropp$ on bibul\s pap]1 &
 a boil+ heat is  appli$ = a %ort "t1 x 
entirely escapes1 leav+ no transp>5t    
/a940 7,ph4 ,l47 8,entirely & easily    
soluble 9 its own weight ( acetic       
acid40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdf 7,ph4  
,l471 #ajff 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d474 ,! d5sity  
& boil+ po9t ( absolutely pure kreasote 

is giv5 above4 ,:5  prescrib$ 9 pills ) 
oxide ( silv]1 ! mass w take fire unless
  ! oxide be fir/ mix$ ) liquorice or   
o!r p[d]4 7,squire47    ,uses4 ,kreasote
 has be5 recomm5d$ 9 sev]al diseases ( !
 organs (  dige/ion & respiration1 9    
rheumatism1 g\t1 torpid n]v\s fev]1     
spasms1 diabetes1 tapeworm1 c42 b its   
use has n1 9 g5]al1 be5  att5d$ )       
satisfactory results4 ,x is giv5 9 ! =m 
( pills1  emulsion1 or an e!real or     
spiritu\s solution4 ,ext]nally x has be5
  employ$ 9 v>i\s *ronic diseases ( !   
sk91 sores ( diff]5t  k9ds1             
mortifications1 scalds1 burns1 w\nds 7z 
a /yptic71 c>ies ( !  tee?1 c42 mo/ly 9 
! =m ( an aque\s solution 7#a to #hj72  
or mix$  ) l>d 7#e drops to #a dr471 z  
an o9tm5t2 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$  _s1 x   
=ms a useful & a popul> rem$y = too?a*e 
aris+ f  decay or rott5ness4 ,9 ! arts1 
kreasote is ext5sively employ$ to       
pres]ve animal sub/ances1 ei!r by wa%+ x
 ov] !m1 or by  imm]s+ !m 9 its aque\s  
solution4 ,a few drops 9 a sauc]1 or on 

a  piece ( spongy pap]1 if plac$ 9 a    
l>d]1 w effectually drive away  insects1
 & make ! meat keep sev]al days long]   
?an x o!rwise  w\ld4 ,a small quantity  
add$ to br9e or v9eg> is commonly       
employ$ to  imp>t a smoky flav\r to meat
 & fi%1 & its solution 9 acetic acid  is
 us$ to give ! flav\r ( :isky to malt   
_s4 ,see ,,c>bolic ,,acid4              
,,kre,,at94 ,c#d;,h#i,n#c,o#b;,aq4 ,syn4
 ,,creat94 ,a cry/allisable  sub/ance   
obta9$ f ! juice ( ! muscul> fibre (    
animals4 ,x 0  fir/ obta9$ by ,*evreul1 
b has rec5tly be5 c>efully /udi$ by     
,liebig4    ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,lean fle%
 is r$uc$ to %r$s1 & !n exhau/$ )       
successive portions ( cold wat]1 employ+
 pressure2 ! mix$ liquid is  heat$ to   
coagulate ! album5 & col\r+ matt] ( !   
blood1 & is  !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo?2 pure
 b>yta wat] is next add$ z long z  a    
precipitate =ms1 ! liquid is filt]$1 & !
 filtrate is g5tly  evaporat$ to !      
consi/5ce ( a syrup2 aft] repose = "s   
days 9 a  w>m situation1 cry/als (      

kreat9 are deposit$2 ^! are purifi$ by  
r$issolv+ !m 9 wat]1 agitat+ ! solution 
) animal *>coal1  & evaporat+1 c41 s t  
cry/als may =m4    ,prop41 c4           
,brilliant1 col\rless1 prismatic        
cry/als2 readily soluble 9  boil+ wat]1 
sp>+ly s 9 cold wat] & 9 alcohol2 !     
aque\s  solution is neutral1 bitt] ta/$1
 & soon putrefies4    ,,kreat,,in94     
,c#d;,h#g,n#c,o4 ,?is sub/ance exi/s 9  
small quantities1  bo? 9 ! juice ( fle% 
& 9 conjunction ) kreat9 9 ur9e4 ,x is  
also produc$ by ! action ( ! /rong]     
acids on kreat94 ,x =ms  col\rless      
prismatic cry/als1 :i* are soluble 9    
wat]1 & !  solution has a /rongly       
alkal9e reaction4 ,x is a p[]ful organic
 base1  & produces cry/allisable salts )
 ! acids4    ,,kre,,nic ,,acid4 ,see    
,,cr5ic ,,acid4    ,,kry/al,,l9e4 ,! "n 
orig9ally appli$ by ,unv]dorb5 to       
,,anil9e4    ,,ku/iti5',s ,,metal4      
,prep4 ,take ( malleable iron1 #c p>ts2 
beat x to  :it5ess1 & add ( antimony1 #a
 "p2 ,molucca t91 #gb p>ts2 mix "u      

*>coal1 & cool4 ,us$ to coat iron & o!r 
metals ) a surface (  t92 x poli%es )\t 
a blue t9t1 is h>d1 & has ! advantage ( 
be+ free f lead & ars5ic4               
,,kyani,,z+4 ,a me?od ( pres]v+ wood &  
cordage f decay1 long  kn[n & practis$2 
pat5t$ by ,mr ,kyan _m ye>s s9ce4 ,x    
consi/s 9  imm]s+ ! mat]ials 9 a        
solution ( corrosive sublimate1 #a "p1 &
  wat]1 #ej or #fj p>ts1 ei!r "u /rong  
pressure or ! contr>y1 z  ! urg5cy ( !  
case or ! dim5sions ( ! articles op]at$ 
on may  require4 ,see ,,dry ,,rot4      
,,ky,,anol4 ,a sub/ance obta9$ f coal-t>
 oil1 & at fir/ ?\ght to  be an         
indep5d5t pr9ciple1 b s9ce %[n to be    
id5tical ) ,,anil9e4      ,,lab>raque',s
 ,,fluid4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,*loride 
,,( ,,soda4    ,,lab,,danum4 ,syn4      
,,ladanum4 ,an odor\s1 res9\s sub/ance  
f\nd on !  leaves & twigs ( ! ,cy/us    
creticus1 a plant gr[+ 9 ! isl&  ( ,c&ia
 & 9 ,syria4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* us$ = mak+  
/imulat+  pla/]s4 ,! foll[+ comp\nd is  
(t5 v5d$ = x3----    ,labdanum1         

,factiti\s4 ,prep4 ,f gum anime1 res91  
,v5etian  turp5t9e1 & s&1 ( ea* #f p>ts2
 ,spani% juice & gum ,arabic1 (  ea*    
7dissolv$ 9 a little wat]71 #c p>ts2    
,canada balsam1 #b p>ts2 ivory  black1  
#a "p2 balsam ( ,p]u1 q4 s4 to give a   
fa9t od\r4    ,,la,,bels capable (      
resi/+ ! action ( ,,oils1 ,,spirits1    
,,wat]1 ,,syrups  & ,,dilute ,,acids1   
may be obta9$ z foll[s3----,lay a coat (
 /ra9$  :ite ( egg ov] ! label 7an      
ord9>y pap] "o71 & imm$iately put  !    
vessel into ! upp] portion ( a common   
/eam-pan1 or o!rwise  expose x to a     
g5tle heat till ! album5 coagulates &   
turns opaque1  !n take x out & dry x    
be=e ! fire1 or 9 an ov51 at a :ite     
heat ( ab\t #bab ,fahr42 ! opaque :ite  
film w !n become h>d &  transp>5t4 ,!   
labels on bottles conta9+ ,,/rong       
,,acids or ,,alkal9e  ,,solutions %\ld  
be ei!r et*$ ^u ! glass by means (      
hydr(luoric  acid1 or be writt5 )       
incorrodible ink4 ,see ,,et*+ & ,,ink4  
,,lab,,oratory4 ,syn4 ,,laboratorium1   

,l4 ,a place fitt$ up = !  p]=mance (   
exp]im5tal or manufactur+ op]ations 9   
*emi/ry1  ph>macy1 & pyrote*ny4 ,= full 
in=mation respect+ ! be/ mode (  fitt+  
up a *emical laboratory1 ! read] is     
ref]r$ to works  especially devot$ to   
*emical manipulation4#aa ,almo/ any     
well-light$  sp>e room may be fitt$ up z
 a small laboratory at v little exp5se4 
,! gas-furnaces & improv$ lamps         
introduc$ ( lat] ye>s h to a  c]ta9     
ext5t r5d]$ *emi/s indep5d5t ( brick    
furnaces4 ,a /rong  work+ b5*1 fitt$ )  
draw]s & cupbo>ds1 & hav+ gas-pipes at  
int]vals = atta*+ diff]5t k9ds ( jets1  
is an indisp5sable  fixture4 ,a close   
cupbo>d or closet1 :i* is connect$ by a 
pipe ) !  *imney or ! ext]nal air1 is   
requir$ to receive vessels emitt+       
corrosive or evil-smell+ vap\rs2 ! door 
( ?is closet %\ld be (  glass4 ,a s9k1 )
 a copi\s supply ( wat]1 mu/ be at h&1 =
  wa%+ app>atus4 ,a glass1 a /onew>e    
b>rel1 ) a tap ( ! same  mat]ial1 is    
requir$ = hold+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,%elves1  

supports =  app>atus1 & draw]s1 %\ld be 
provid$ 9 abundance4 ,! f9e balances  & 
o!r delicate in/rum5ts %\ld be kept 9 a 
sep>ate ap>tm5t4  ,) reg>d to app>atus1 
we may /ate t ! articles mo/ frequ5tly  
requir$ 9 a laboratory are ! gas or     
alcohol lamps2 iron pans = s&  ba? &    
wat] ba?2 evaporat+ di%es2 precipitat+  
j>s1 funnels1 &  wa%-bottles2 retorts1  
flasks1 & te/-tubes2 mort>s & pe/les2   
retort- & filt]+-/&s2 rat-tail &        
triangul> files1 & glass rod  & tub+4   
,footnote #aa3 ,! late/ & be/ "w is !   
#8,h&book ( ,*emical  ,manipulation1' by
 ,greville ,williams4 ,f>aday's fam\s "w
 on ! same  subject has long be5 out (  
pr9t4    ,! pr9cipal philosophical      
in/rum5t-mak]s sell *e/s or cab9ets     
fill$ ) app>atus & *emicals1 "u ! "n (  
#8,,portable  ,,laboratories1' ,^? sold 
by ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,griff9 & by ,messrs     
,jackson &  ,t[nson are1 p]haps1 ! mo/  
complete4 ,!y are well adapt$ =         
illu/rat+ all ! m valuable facts (      
*emical sci5ce1 &  p]=m+ all ! ord9>y   

op]ations ( qualitative analysis4       
,,laburn9e4 ,a poison\s alkaloid1 f\nd 9
 ! unripe se$s ( !  laburnum plant1     
associat$ ) ano!r poison\s alkaloid     
call$  ,cytis9e4    ,,lac4 ,syn4        
,,lacca1 ,l4 ,a res9\s sub/ance comb9$ )
 mu* col\r+  matt]1 produc$ by !        
puncture ( ! female ( a small insect1   
call$  ! ,coccus lacca or ficus1 ^u ! "y
 bran*es ( sev]al tropical  trees1      
especially ! ,ficus ,indica1 ,ficus     
religiosa1 & ,croton  laccif]um4 ,!     
crude res9\s exudation con/itutes !     
,,/ick-,,lac (  comm]ce4 ,,%ell-,,lac or
 ,,%ellac is prep>$ by spread+ ! res9   
into  ?9 plates aft] be+ melt$ & /ra9$4 
,,se$-,,lac is ! residue  obta9$ aft]   
dissolv+ out mo/ ( ! col\r+ matt]       
conta9$ 9  ! res94    ,%ell-lac is ! k9d
 mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,!      
pale/ is ! be/1 & is kn[n z             
#8orange-lac4' ,! d>k]                  
v>ieties----#8liv]-col\r$1' #8ruby1'    
#8g>net1' c4----respectively dim9i%  9  
value 9 proportion to ! dep? ( _! col\r4

    ,uses1 c4 ,lac 0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9    
m$ic9e2 its action1 if any1  is probably
 t ( a v mild diuretic4 ,x is n[ *iefly 
us$ 9  ,,d5tifrices1 ,,v>ni%es1         
,,lacqu]s1 & ,,seal+-,,wax4    ,lac1    
,blea*$4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,lac2 ,,lacca    
,,alba1 ,l4 ,by dissolv+ lac 9 a  boil+ 
lye ( pe>la% or cau/ic potassa1 filt]+ &
 pass+ *lor9e  ?r\gh ! solution until   
all ! lac is precipitat$2 ?is is        
collect$1  well wa%$ & pull$ 9 hot wat]1
 &1 f9ally1 twi/$ into /icks1  & ?r[n   
into cold wat] to h>d54 ,us$ to make    
pale v>ni%es & !  m delicate col\r$     
seal+-wax4    ,,lac ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,lac1 
,,lac-,,lake1 ,,indian ,,co*9eal4 ,a    
col\r+ sub/ance  us$ to dye sc>let1     
import$ f ,india4    ,prep4 ,by dissolv+
 out ! col\r ( gr\nd /ick-lac by means (
 a  weak alkal9e solution1 & !n         
precipitat+ x along ) alum9a by  add+ a 
solution ( alum4    ,obs4 ,to prep>e !  
lac = dye+1 x is gr\nd & mix$ ) dilut$  
#8lac _s1' & ! :ole all[$ to /& = ab\t a
 week4 ,! #8clo?'  is fir/ mordant$ ) a 

mixture ( t>t> & #8lac _s1' &  aft]w>ds 
kept ne> ! boil = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 
9 a ba?  =m$ by add+ a proportion ( !   
prep>$ lac dye to ! mixture us$  =      
mordant+4 ,lac dye is only applicable to
 wooll5 & silk4 ,!  col\rs x yields are 
simil> to ^? obta9$ f co*9eal1 b less   
brilliant4    ,,lac ,,_s4 ,see ,,t9     
,,mordants4    ,,lace4 ,?is decorative  
fabric is made by int]weav+ ?reads (    
l951  cotton1 or silk1 into v>i\s       
patt]ns & designs4 ,al?\gh 9 "s         
in/ances lace is made by h&1 ! great] "p
 is n[ manufactur$ by  ma*9]y work$ by  
/eam or wat]4 ,! h&-made lace 0 call$   
bone1  pill[1 or bobb9 lace1 ^! two     
latt] names hav+ be5 giv5 x f  its hav+ 
be5 wov5 ^u a pill[ or cu%ion by means (
 a bobb94 ,!  manufactur$ article is    
bobb9 net4 ,lace & ! ma*9]y by :i* x is 
produc$ is ( s complex a nature t ,dr   
,ure says ( "o p>ticul> =m  ( x 8x is z 
mu* beyond ! mo/ curi\s *ronomet] 9 !   
multiplicity ( me*anical device z t is  
beyond a common roa/+  jack40    ,ow+ to

 ! improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y introduc$ ( late
 ye>s1 x may be  m5tion$ t a piece (    
lace :i* tw5ty ye>s s9ce c\ld only be   
produc$ at a co/ ( #cs4 #f;d4 = lab\r1  
may n[ be turn$ out = #a;d41  & a       
quantity ( ! fabric :i* sold = #ag1 n[  
realizes only #gs4 ,a  pair ( curta9s1  
ea* f\r y>ds long1 may be made 9 "o     
frame 9 two  h\rs4    ,! foll[+ /ati/ics
 relat+ to ! ,briti% lace indu/ry are ( 
int]e/3----8,9 #ahdc !re 7 #cbjj twi/   
net & #hjj w>p frames1  return+         
#b1gdj1jjj t ye>2 9 #ahea1 #cbjj bobb9  
net & #hjj w>p1  giv+ a return (        
#c1hdf1jjj2 & 9 #ahff1 #ceeb bobb9 &    
#djj w>p1  return+ #e1acj1jjj4 ,!re has 
s9ce be5 no actual c5sus1 b ab\t  ! same
 numb] is n[ at "w1 & ! returns & pr(its
 are greatly  increas$ by improv$       
quality & patt]ns ( goods produc$4 ,!   
returns  ( #ahgb 7 c]ta9ly #f1jjj1jjj at
 lea/2 & f advanc+ wages &  dem& =      
,lev]'s laces1 mu/ /ill rapidly         
increase4 ,m5 are n[ e>n+  by mak+ !m f 
#d to #f = #ef h\rs' weekly lab\r40#ab  

,footnote #ab3 #8,briti% ,manufactur+   
,indu/ries4' ,/an=d4    ,lace1 ,gold &  
,silv]1 to ,clean4 ,r$uce to f9e crumbs 
! int]ior ( a  #b-lb4 /ale loaf1 & mix )
 !m #a_/d lb4 ( p[d] blue4 ,spr9kle "s  
( ?is mixture pl5tifully on ! lace1     
aft]w>ds rubb+ x on ) a  piece (        
flannel4 ,aft] bru%+ (f ! crumbs rub !  
lace ) a piece  ( crimson velvet4       
,lace1 to ,sc\r4 ,take a p]fectly clean 
w9e bottle2 w9d ! lace  smoo?ly &       
c>efully r\nd x2 !n g5tly sponge x 9    
tepid soap &  wat]2 & :5 clean1 & be=e x
 becomes dry1 pass x ?r\gh a weak       
solution ( gum & wat]4 ,next pick x out 
& place x 9 ! sun to  dry4 ,if x be     
desir$ to blea* ! lace1 x %\ld be r9s$ 9
 "s v  weak solution ( *loride ( lime1  
aft] removal f :i* x mu/ be  r9s$ 9 cold
 wat]4 ,/>* & expose x2 !n boil & />*1 &
  aga9 expose x if x has n become       
suffici5tly :ite4    ,! foll[+ me?od is 
also said to :it5 lace3----,x is fir/   
iron$  slightly1 !n fold$ & sewn into a 
clean l95 bag1 :i* is !n  plac$ = #bd   

h\rs 9 pure olive oil4 ,aft]w>ds ! bag1 
) ! lace  9 x1 is to be boil$ 9 a       
solution ( soap & wat] = #ae m9utes1  !n
 well r9s$ 9 lukew>m wat]1 & f9ally     
dipp$ 9 wat] conta9+  a small quantity (
 />*4 ,! lace is !n to be tak5 f ! bag1 
&  /ret*$ on p9s to dry4    ,to sc\r    
po9t lace proce$ z foll[s3----8,fix !   
lace 9 a prep>$ t5t1  draw x tight &    
/raight1 make a w>m la!r ( ,ca/ile soap1
 & ) a  f9e bru% dipp$ 9 rub ov] ! lace 
g5tly1 & :5 clean on "o side  d ! same  
on ! o!r2 !n ?r[ "s clean wat] on x1 9  
:i* a  little alum has be5 dissolv$1 to 
take (f ! suds2 &1 hav+ "s  ?9 />*1 g   
ov] ) x on ! wrong side1 & iron x on !  
same  side :5 dry2 !n op5 ) a bodk9 &   
set x 9 ord]4 ,to clean !  same1 if n v 
dirty1 )\t wa%+1 fix x z be=e1 & g ov]  
) f9e bread1 ! cru/ be+ p>$ (f1 & :5    
done1 du/ out !  crumbs40 7,erne/       
,spon47    ,black lace may be clean$ by 
pass+ x ?r\gh w>m wat] conta9+ "s       
ox-gall1 r9s+ x 9 cold wat]1 & !n pass+ 
x ?r\gh wat] 9  :i* a small quantity (  

glue has be5 previ\sly dissolv$ by means
 (  heat2 x %\ld !n be tak5 out1 clapp$ 
betwe5 ! h&s1 & dri$ on  a frame4       
,,lac,,qu]4 ,a solution ( %ell-lac 9    
alcohol1 t+$ ) saffron1  annotta1 aloes1
 or o!r col\r+ sub/ances4 ,x is appli$  
to wood &  metals to imp>t a gold5      
col\r4 ,see ,,v>ni%4    ,,lactalbu,,m54 
,see ,,case94    ,,lac,,tate4 ,syn4     
,,lactas1 ,l4 ,a salt ( lactic acid4 ,! 
lactates are  *>act]is$ by yield+ an    
enorm\s quantity ( p]fectly pure c>bonic
  oxide gas :5 heat$ ) #e or #f p>ts (  
oil ( vitriol4 ,mo/ ( ^!  salts may be  
directly =m$ by dissolv+ ! hydrate or   
c>bonate ( !  metal 9 ! dilute acid4    
,,lacta,,tion4 ,see ,,infancy1 ,,nurs+1 
c4    ,,lactic ,,acid4                  
,h#b;,c#f;,h#aj,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,(   
,,milk2 ,,acidum  ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,a    
s\r1 syrupy liquid1 discov]$ by ,s*eele 
9 :ey4 ,x is  also f\nd 9 "s o!r animal 
fluids1 & 9 sev]al vegetable juices1    
especially 9 t ( beet-root4    ,lactic  
acid is by no means an unimportant      

con/itu5t ( ! human  organism4 ,x is    
conta9$ 9 ! ga/ric juice1 & is frequ5tly
 =m$  9 ! sweat4 ,x has also be5 detect$
 9 ! saliva ( p]sons suff]+  f diabetes4
 ,a modification ( ! acid1 t]m$         
s>kolactic acid1 occurs  9 ! fluids ( ! 
muscul> tissue4    ,x is likewise a     
product ( ! f]m5tation ( _m vegetable   
juices1  su* z turnips1 c>rots1         
beet-root1 & cabbage1 :i* latt]         
vegetable1  aft] und]go+ ! lactic       
f]m5tation1 becomes conv]t$ into ! sau] 
kraut ( ! ,g]mans4    ,9 ! =m ( calcic  
lactate x occurs 9 nux vomica4    ,prep4
 #a4 ,dissolve lactate ( b>ium 9 wat]1  
precipitate ! b>ium  ) dilute sulphuric 
acid1 c>efully avoid+ excess1 & g5tly   
evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 or  
until x acquires ! d5sity  #abae4       
,lactate ( calcium may be us$ in/ead (  
lactate ( b>ium1 9  :i* case a solution 
( oxalic acid mu/ be employ$ z !        
precipitant4  ,pure4 7,see ,no4 #e47    
#b4 ,milk 7skimm$ or /ale71 #a gall42   
bic>bonate ( sodium1 #a_/b lb42         

dissolve & expose ! liquid to ! air = "s
 days1 until x becomes  s\r1 !n saturate
 ! excess ( acid ) "s m bic>bonate (    
sodium1 & aga9 expose x to ! air2 repeat
 ?is z (t5 z ! liquid  becomes s\r2 next
 heat ! liquid to ! boil+ po9t1 filt]1  
evaporate  to dryness 7or ne>ly71 &     
exhau/ ! residuum ) rectifi$ _s2  filt] 
! alcoholic solution1 :i* conta9s       
lactate ( sodium1 add  sulphuric acid z 
long z x causes a precipitate to =m1    
aga9 filt]1  & conc5trate ! cle> liquid 
by evaporation4    #c4 7,b\tron &       
,fremy47 ,milk1 #c or #d qu>ts2 sug> (  
milk1 #bjj to #cjj  gr42 mix1 & expose =
 #b or #c days 9 an op5 vessel at #gj to
 #hj  ,fahr41 !n saturate ) bic>bonate (
 sodium1 aga9 expose at a  mod]ate      
temp]ature1 saturate ) m bic>bonate (   
sodium1 & repeat  ! process until ! :ole
 ( ! sug> ( milk is decompos$2 !n       
coagulate ! case9 by heat1 filt]1       
evaporate1 extract ! acid lactate  (    
sodium by alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #haj1 &     
decompose x by ! cauti\s  addition (    

dilute sulphuric acid2 aga9 filt]1 di/il
 (f ! alcohol1  & evaporate z be=e4     
#d4 7,s*eele47 ,evaporate s\r :ey to    
#a_/h? ( its bulk1 saturate )  slak$    
lime1 filt]1 add #c or #d times !       
quantity ( wat]1 cauti\sly  precipitate 
! lime ) a solution ( oxalic acid1      
filt]1 & g5tly  evaporate to dryness 9 a
 w>m ba?2 dige/ ! residuum 9 /rong      
rectifi$ _s1 & aga9 filt] & evaporate4  
#e4 7,wack5rod]47 ,sug> ( lead1 #be     
p>ts2 f9ely p[d]$ *alk1 #bj  p>ts2      
skimm$ milk1 #ajj p>ts2 wat]1 #bjj p>ts2
 dige/$ toge!r at  ab\t #ge ,fahr4 ,9   
six weeks ! *alk w be dissolv$2 ! :ole  
is  !n heat$1 b n to boil+2 ! *eese is  
/ra9$ (f1 press$1 &  ! decant$ liquid is
 cl>ifi$ by album5 & evaporat$1 to let !
  lactate ( calcium cry/allise2 ! salt  
is recry/allis$ & decompos$1  ei!r by   
sulphuric acid or by ! exact quantity ( 
oxalic acid4 ,?is is1  p]haps1 ! mo/    
effective mode ( prep>+ lactic acid4    
#f4 7,:olesale47----a4 ,good raw        
cane-sug>1 #g lbs41 is dissolv$ 9 milk  

7skimm$ or /ale71 #b galls41 & *eese 79 
a moi/ or putresc5t /ate71  #a_/b lb41 &
 *alk1 #d lbs41 previ\sly rubb$ to a    
cream ) wat]1 #a-a_/b  gall41 is !n     
add$2 ! mixture is !n expos$ 9 a loosely
 cov]$  j>1 at a temp]ature ( #hj to #hf
 ,fahr41 ) occasional /irr+1 = #b  or #c
 weeks1 or until ! :ole is conv]t$ into 
a semi-solid mass (  cry/als ( lactate (
 calcium2 ?is is purifi$ ei!r by dra9+  
(f  & express+ ! liquid portion1        
dissolv+ ! residue 9 wat]1 &  evaporat+ 
! solution = cry/als2 or ! :ole is put  
into a  /onew>e vessel & heat$ to !     
boil+-po9t1 by :i* ! case9 is           
coagulat$1 & ! lactate ( calcium is     
dissolv$2 ! solution filt]$  :il/ hot1  
furni%es ! salt 9 cry/als on cool+2 ^!  
cry/als are  subsequ5tly dissolv$ 9     
wat]1 & ! filt]$ solution decompos$ by  
oxalic acid1 z be=e4    b4 ,f cane-sug>1
 #d p>ts2 moi/ *eese1 #a "p2 *alk1 #c   
p>ts2  wat]1 #bj p>ts2 z ! la/4    ,obs4
 ,lactic acid prep>$ by any ( ! us$ =mul
 may be r5d]$  q pure by dilution )     

wat]1 saturation ) b>yta1 evaporation1  
cry/allisation1 re-solution 9 wat]1 & ! 
c>eful addition ( dilute  sulphuric     
acid1 z 9 ,no4 #a2 ! liquid is1 la/ly1  
aga9 filt]$ &  evaporat$4 ,ano!r plan is
 to conv]t ! acid into lactate ( z9c1 by
  ! addition ( comm]cial z9c-:ite1 & to 
r$issolve ! new salt 9  wat]1 & !n      
decompose ! solution ) a /ream (        
sulphurett$  hydrog54 ,9 all cases !    
evaporation %\ld be conduct$ at a v     
g5tle heat1 &1 :5 possible1 f9i%$ ov]   
sulphuric acid1 or 9  vacuo4 ,= p>ticul>
 purposes ?is la/ product mu/ be        
dissolv$ 9  e!r1 filt]$1 & ! e!r remov$ 
by a v g5tle heat4 ,c>e mu/  also be    
tak5 to remove ! solid lactate ( calcium
 at ! prop] p]iod  f ! f]m5t+ liquid1 z 
o!rwise x w gradually r$issolve &       
disappe>1 & on exam9ation ! liquid w be 
f\nd to consi/ *iefly  ( a solution (   
butyrate ( calcium4    ,prop4 ,! product
 ( ! above =mul is a solution ( lactic  
acid4 ,x  may be conc5trat$ 9 vacuo ov] 
a surface ( oil ( vitriol until x       

appe>s z a syrupy liquid ( sp4 gr4      
#abae2 soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1  & e!r2 
exhibit+ ! usual acid prop]ties1 & =m+  
salts )  ! metals1 call$ ,,lactates4    
,heat$ 9 a retort to #bff ,fahr42 a     
small  portion di/ils ov]1 & ! residuum 
on cool+ concretes into a  yell[i%1     
solid1 fusible mass1 v bitt]1 & ne>ly   
insoluble 9  wat]4 ,?is is lactic acid1 
:i* has lo/ half 7#a equiv47 ( its basic
  wat]4 ,by long boil+ 9 wat] ?is       
sub/ance is reconv]t$ into lactic  acid4
 ,heat$ to #dhj ,fahr41 x suff]s        
decomposition1 lactide 7!  anhydr\s1    
concrete1 or sublim$ lactic acid ( =m]  
writ]s7 & o!r  products be+ =m$4 ,?is   
new sub/ance may be purifi$ by pressure 
betwe5 bibul\s pap] & solution 9 boil+  
alcohol f :i* x  sep>ates 9 dazzl+ :ite 
cry/als on cool+4 ,by solution 9 hot    
wat]  & evaporation to a syrup1 x       
furni%es common lactic acid4    ,uses4  
,lactic acid has be5 giv5 9 dyspepsia1  
g\t1 phosphatic ur9>y  deposits1 c4 ,f  
its be+ "o ( ! natural con/itu5ts ( !   

ga/ric juice1 & f its p[] ( dissolv+ a  
consid]able quantity (  phosphate (     
calcium1 x appe>s v probable t x may    
prove  b5eficial 9 ! above              
compla9ts4----,dose1 #a to #e gr42 9 !  
=m (  loz5ges1 or solution 9 sweet5$    
wat]4    ,,lac,,tic ,,f]m5ta,,tion4 ,!  
peculi> *ange by :i* sac*>9e matt] is   
conv]t$ into lactic acid4 ,nitrog5\s    
sub/ances1 :i* 9 an advanc$  /ate (     
putrefactive *ange act z alcohol-f]m5ts1
 (t5 possess1 at  c]ta9 p]iods ( _!     
decay1 ! prop]ty ( induc+ an acid       
f]m5tation 9 sug>1 by :i* t sub/ance is 
*ang$ into lactic  acid4 ,?us1 !        
nitrog5is$ matt] ( malt1 :5 suff]$ to   
putrefy 9  wat] = a few days only1      
acquires ! p[] ( acidify+ ! sug>  :i*   
accompanies x2 :il/ 9 a m advanc$ /ate (
 decomposition x  conv]ts1 "u simil>    
circum/ances1 ! sug> into alcohol4 ,!   
glut5  ( gra9 behaves 9 ! same mann]4   
,:eat fl\r1 made into a pa/e )  wat]1 & 
left = f\r or five days 9 a w>m         
situation1 becomes a true  lactic acid  

f]m5t2 b if left a day or two long]1 x  
*anges its  "*1 & !n acts l common yea/1
 occasion+ ! ord9>y  pan>y or v9\s      
f]m5tation4 ,moi/ animal membranes1 9 a 
slightly  decay+ condition1 (t5 act     
en]getically 9 develop+ lactic acid4 ,! 
r5net employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *eese   
furni%es a well-kn[n  example ( ?is     
class ( sub/ances4    ,9 prep>+ lactic  
acid f milk1 ! acid =m$1 aft] a "t1     
coagulates & r5d]s insoluble ! case91 & 
! production ( !  acid ceases4 ,by      
c>efully neutralis+ ! free acid by      
c>bonate (  sodium1 ! case9 becomes     
soluble1 & resum+ its activity1 *anges a
  fre% quantity ( sug> into lactic acid1
 :i* may be also neutralis$1  & by a    
suffici5t numb] ( repetitions ( ?is     
process all ! sug> (  milk pres5t may1 9
 "t1 be acidifi$4 ,?is is ! rationale ( 
!  common process by :i* lactic acid is 
obta9$4 ,cane-sug> 7probably by         
previ\sly becom+ grape-sug>7 & ! sug> ( 
milk bo? yield lactic  acid2 ! latt]1   
h[ev]1 mo/ readily1 ! grape-sug> hav+ a 

/rong  t5d5cy t[>ds ! alcoholic         
f]m5tation4 ,if ! lactic f]m5tation be  
all[$ to proce$ too f>1 ! second /age ( 
! process (  transmutation comm5ces1    
hydrog5 gas & c>bonic acid gas are      
evolv$1  & ! butyric f]m5tation1 by :i* 
oily acids are =m$1 is  e/abli%$4       
,pa/eur ascribes ! lactic f]m5tation to 
! ag5cy ( a specific k9d  ( f]m5t1 :i*  
occurs 9 ! =m ( a greyi% lay] deposit$  
^u !  surface ( ! s$im5t =m$ dur+ !     
f]m5tation ( ! sug>1  case91 & *alk 7see
 ,lactic acid1 b71 9 ! manufacture (    
lactic  acid4    ,if to a mixture (     
yea/1 or any nitrog5\s sub/ance1 & wat]1
 sug>1  & !n *alk1 be add$1 & f9ally a v
 small quantity ( ?is  greyi% sub/ance1 
tak5 f a portion ( a liquid und]go+     
active  lactic f]m5tation1 lactic acid  
f]m5tation is almo/ imm$iately set  up1 
! *alk disappe>s ow+ to ! =mation (     
calcic lactate1 & !  greyi% sub/ance is 
copi\sly deposit$4 ,:5 plac$ "u !       
microscope  ?is f]m5t is se5 to be      
compos$ ( 8little globules1 or v %ort   

articulations1 ei!r isolat$ or 9 ?reads1
 con/itut+ irregul>  floccul5t p>ticles1
 mu* small] ?an ^? ( be] yea/1 &        
exhibit+ a rapid gyratory motion40 ,if  
^! little p>ticles be wa%$  ?or\ghly 9  
pure wat]1 & !n plac$ 9 a solution (    
sug>1 lactic  acidification imm$iately  
comm5ces 9 ! sac*>9e liquid1 & goes on  
/eadily until /opp$ by ! excess ( free  
acid4    ,,lac,,tide4 ,see ,,lactic     
,,acid4    ,,lac,,t94 ,see ,,sug> ,,(   
,,milk4    ,,lac,,tomet]4 ,syn4         
,,galactomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ !
  quality ( milk4 ,milk may be r\ghly   
te/$ by plac+ x 9 a long  graduat$ tube 
sold = ! purpose1 & all[+ x to rema9    
until all  ! cream has sep>at$ &        
measur$1 !n decant+ (f ! cle> :ey1  &   
tak+ its specific gravity2 ! result ( ! 
two op]ations1 :5  comp>$ ) ! kn[n      
quantity ( cream & ! d5sity ( ! :ey (   
an av]age sample ( milk1 gives ! value (
 ! sample te/$4 ,see  ,,milk4    ,a     
little in/rum5t call$ a #8milk-te/]' is 
sold 9 ,london at a l[  price4 ,x is    

ess5tially a hydromet] :i* s9ks to a    
giv5 m>k on !  /em 9 pure wat]1 & floats
 at ano!r m>k at ! opposite end ( !     
scale 9 pure milk4 ,! int]m$iate space  
indicates ! quantity ( wat]  7if any7   
employ$ to adult]ate ! article4 ,z ! sp4
 gr4 ( pure milk  v>ies1 ! indications (
 ! #8te/]' _c be dep5d$ on4             
,,lac,,tose4 ,see ,,sug> ,,( ,,milk4    
,,lac,,tuca4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,lettuce4 
,! leaves & fl[]+ tops ( !  wild        
indig5\s plant ,lactuca virosa4 ,!y are 
s$ative1 n>cotic1 &  p[]fully diuretic2 
also mildly laxative & diaphoretic4     
,giv5 9 dropsy  & visc]al ob/ructions4  
,see ,,lettuce1 ,,extract ,,(4          
,,lactuca,,rium4 ,syn4 ,,lettuce        
,,opium4 ,,?ridace2 ,,lactuc>ium 7,ph4  
,e4   ,d474 ,! inspissat$ milky juice ( 
! ,lactuca sativa 7common g>d5          
lettuce71 or ! ,lactuca virosa          
7/rong-sc5t$ wild lettuce71 obta9$1  by 
incision1 f ! fl[]+ /ems1 & dri$ 9 !    
air4 ,! latt]  species yields by f> !   
greate/ quantity4 ,m4 ,arnaud1 ( ,nancy1

 adopts  ! foll[+ me?od ( procur+ ?is   
sub/ance1 :i* appe>s to be !  mo/       
productive & simple ( any yet           
publi%$3----,be=e ! developm5t  ( !     
lat]al bran*es1 ! /ems ( twelve plants  
are cut1 "o aft]  ano!r1 a little bel[ !
 comm5cem5t ( ^! bran*es2 return+ to  ! 
fir/ "o1 a milky exudation is f\nd on ! 
cut portion1 & on t  :i* rema9s fix$ 9 !
 e>?2 ?is milky exudation is adroitly   
collect$ ) ! end ( ! f+] 7or ) a bone   
knife71 :i* is  aft]w>ds scrap$ on !    
edge ( a small glass2 ! same op]ation is
  p]=m$ on twelve o!r heads1 & s on2 on 
! ?ird day x is  repeat$ on e portion ( 
! plant rema9+ 9 ! gr\nd1 a ?9  slice   
be+ fir/ cut (f ! top2 ?is is done e day
 until ! root  is rea*$4 ,z soon z !    
lactuc>ium is collect$ x coagulates2 !  
h>ve/ ( ea* day is divid$ into small    
pieces1 :i* are plac$ on  plates1 v ne> 
ea* o!r1 b )\t t\*+1 & all[$ to dry =   
two days1 aft] :i* !y are set aside 9 a 
bottle4 ,9 ?is way #ae or #bj  times !  
ord9>y product is obta9$4    ,prop41 c4 

,lactuc>ium is anodyne1 hypnotic1       
antispasmodic1 &  s$ative1 allay+ pa9 & 
dim9i%+ ! =ce ( ! circulation4 ,x  has  
be5 recomm5d$ 9 cases 9 :i* opium is    
inadmissible1 & has be5  adm9i/]$ )     
advantage 9 *ronic rheumatism1 colic1   
di>rha1  a/hma1 & tr\blesome c\gh (     
ph?isis1 ! irritability &  wat*fulness 9
 febrile disord]s1 c4----,dose1 #b to #e
 gr42 made into  pills1 loz5ges1 or     
t9cture4    ,,lactu,,c94 ,syn4          
,,lactuc9um1 ,l4 ,?is is ! active       
pr9ciple (  lactuc>ium1 & is f\nd 9 !   
juice ( sev]al species ( lettuce4       
,prep4 ,exhau/ lactuc>ium ) hot rectifi$
 _s1 agitate !  t9cture ) a little      
animal *>coal1 filt]1 add a little milk 
(  lime1 & evaporate to dryness2 dige/ !
 residuum 9 hot rectifi$  _s2 filt]1 &  
evaporate by a g5tle heat1 s t cry/als  
may =m4    ,prop41 c4 ,a ne>ly          
col\rless1 od\rless1 fusible1 neutral1  
bitt]  sub/ance2 sp>+ly soluble 9 cold  
wat] & 9 e!r1 b freely  soluble 9       
alcohol4 ,x possesses feeble basic      

prop]ties4 ,good lactuc>ium  conta9s    
fully #bj ( ?is sub/ance4               
,,lad,,anum4 ,see ,,labdanum4           
,,la5nec',s ,,contra-,,/imulant4 ,see   
,,draught4    ,,lake4 ,syn4 ,,lacca1 ,l4
 ,animal or vegetable col\r+ matt]1     
precipitat$ 9 comb9ation ) oxide ( t9 or
 alum9a2 usually !  latt]4 ,! t]m 0     
=m]ly re/rict$ to r$ prep>ations ( ?is  
k9d1  b is n[ indiscrim9ately appli$ to 
all comp\nds ( alum9a &  col\r+ matt]4  
,! t]m #8,,lake1' :5 unqualifi$ by an   
adjective1 is1  h[ev]1 und]/ood to apply
 exclusively to t prep>$ f co*9eal4     
,prep4 ,lakes are made----#a4 ,by add+ a
 solution ( alum1 ei!r alone or  p>tly  
saturat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 to a     
filt]$ infusion or  decoction ( ! col\r+
 sub/ance1 & aft] agitation precipitat+ 
! mixture ) a solution ( c>bonate (     
pota%4----#b4 ,by precipitat+ a         
decoction or infusion ( ! col\r+        
sub/ance made ) a weak alkal9e  lye1 by 
add+ a solution ( alum4----#c4 ,by      
agitat+ rec5tly precipitat$  alum9a ) a 

solution ( ! col\r+ matt]1 prep>$ z     
be=e1 until  ! liquid is ne>ly decol\r$1
 or ! alum9a acquires a suffici5tly  d>k
 t9t4 ,! fir/ me?od is usually employ$ =
 acidul\s solutions (  col\r+ matt]1 or 
= ^? ^: t9t is injur$ by alkalies2 !    
second1 = ^? t are bright5$1 or at lea/ 
un9jur$1 by alkalies2  ! ?ird1 = ^?     
col\r+ matt]s t h a great aff9ity =     
gelat9\s alum9a1 & readily comb9e ) x by
 m]e agitation4 ,by  att5tion to ^!     
g5]al rules1 lakes may be prep>$ f almo/
 all  animal & vegetable col\r+         
sub/ances t yield _! col\r to  wat]1 _m 
( :i* w be f\nd to possess great beauty 
& p]man5ce4  ,! precise process adapt$  
to ea* p>ticul> sub/ance may be easily  
asc]ta9$ by tak+ a few drops ( its      
infusion or decoction1 &  obs]v+ !      
effects ( alkalies & acids on ! col\r4  
,! quantity (  alum or ( alum9a employ$ 
%\ld be ne>ly suffici5t to decol\r !    
dye liquor2 & ! quantity ( c>bonate (   
potassa %\ld be s  proportion$ to ! alum
 z to exactly precipitate ! alum9a )\t  

leav+ free or c>bonat$ alkali 9 !       
liquid4 ,! fir/ portion ( !  precipitate
 has ! deepe/ col\r1 & ! %ade gradually 
becomes pal]  z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,a  
beautiful #8tone' ( violet1 r$1 & ev5   
purple1 may be communicat$ to ! col\r+  
matt] ( co*9eal by !  addition (        
p]*loride ( t92 ! addition ( ars5iate ( 
potassa  7neutral ars5ical salt7 9 l    
mann] gives %ades :i* may be s\ght  = 9 
va9 ) alum or alum9a4 ,aft] ! lake is   
precipitat$1 x mu/  be c>efully         
collect$1 wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 or !
 pure/  ra9 wat]1 until x ceases to give
 out col\r1 & !n c>efully dri$  9 !     
%ade4 ,9 ?is /ate x =ms a s(t velvety   
p[d]4 ,t ( !  %ops is g5]ally made up   
into conical or pyramidal drops 7drop   
lake71  :i* is done by dropp+ ! moi/    
lake ?r\gh a small funnel on a clean    
bo>d or slab1 & dry+ x by a g5tle heat z
 be=e4 ,a v little  cle> gum wat] is    
commonly add$ to ! pa/e to give ! drops 
consi/5ce :5 dry4    ,lake1 ,blue4 ,syn4
 ,,lacca ,c,,rulea1 ,l4 ,prep>$ f "s ( !

  blue-col\r$ fl[]s2 fugitive4 ,! "n is 
also appli$ to lump ar*il  7lacca       
crulea71 to moi/ alum9a col\r$ ) indigo1
 & to mix$  solutions ( pe>la% &        
prussiate ( pota%1 precipitat$ ) ano!r  
solution ( sulphate ( iron & alum4 ,^!  
are p]man5t & beautiful1  b are seldom  
us$1 9 consequ5ce ( indigo & ,prussian  
blue supply+  all t is want$ 9 ?is class
 ( col\rs4    ,lake1 ,brazil-wood4 ,syn4
 ,,drop ,,lake2 ,,lacca ,,9 ,,globulis1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,take ( gr\nd           
,brazil-wood1 #a lb42 wat]1 #d galls42  
dige/ = #bd h\rs1  !n boil = #cj or #dj 
m9utes1 & add ( alum1 #a-a_/b lb41      
dissolv$ 9 a  little wat]2 mix1 decant1 
/ra91 & add ( solution ( t91 #a_/b lb42 
aga9 mix well & filt]2 to ! cle> liquid 
add1 cauti\sly1 a solution  ( salt (    
t>t> or c>bonate ( soda1 z long z a     
deep-col\r$  precipitate =ms1 c>efully  
avoid+ excess2 collect1 wa%1 dry1 c41 z 
direct$ above4    ,obs4 ,! product is   
deep r$4 ,by collect+ ! precipitate 9   
sep>ate  portions1 lakes v>y+ 9 ri*ness 

& dep? ( col\r may be obta9$4  ,! fir/  
portion ( ! precipitat$ lake has !      
brighte/ col\r4 ,an  excess ( alkali    
turns x on ! violet1 & ! addition (     
cream (  t>t>1 on ! br[ni% r$4 ,! t9t   
turns m on ! violet r$ :5  ! solution ( 
t9 is omitt$4 ,"s p]sons use less1 o!rs 
m1 alum4    #b4 ,add wa%$ & rec5tly     
precipitat$ alum9a to a /rong & filt]$  
decoction ( ,brazil wood4 ,inf]ior to ! 
la/4    ,lake1 ,c>m9at$4 ,syn4 ,,co*9eal
 ,,lake1 ,,flor5ce ,l41 ,,flor5t9e ,l41 
,,p>is ,l41 ,,vi5na ,l42 ,,lacca        
,,flor5t9a1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! residuum (
 !  co*9eal left 9 mak+ c>m9e is boil$ )
 repeat$ portions (  wat]1 until x is   
exhau/$ ( col\r2 ! result+ liquor is    
mix$ )  t decant$ (f ! c>m9e1 & at once 
filt]$2 "s rec5tly  precipitat$ alum9a  
is !n add$1 & ! :ole g5tly heat$1 & well
  agitat$ = a %ort "t2 z soon z ! alum9a
 has absorb$ suffici5t  col\r1 ! mixture
 is all[$ to settle1 aft] :i* ! cle>    
portion is  decant$1 ! lake collect$ on 
a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$1 z be=e4  ,!      

decant$ liquor1 if /ill col\r$1 is n[   
treat$ ) fre% alum9a  until exhau/$1 &  
?us a lake ( a second quality is obta9$4
 ,v  f9e4    #b4 ,to ! col\r$ liquor    
obta9$ f ! c>m9e & co*9eal z  above1 a  
solution ( alum is add$1 ! filt]$ liquor
 precipitat$ )  a solution ( c>bonate ( 
potassa1 & ! alum or alum9a2 ?is        
bright5s ! lake collect$ & treat$ z     
be=e4 ,sc>cely s good z  ! la/4    ,obs4
 ,"s mak]s mix a little solution ( t9 ) 
! col\r$ liquor  be=e add+ col\r4 ,!    
above lake is a good glaz+ col\r ) oil1 
b has little body4 ,x may be made       
directly f a decoction (  co*9eal4 7,see
 bel[47    ,lake1 ,co*9eal4 ,prep4 #a4  
,co*9eal 79 co>se p[d]71 #a oz42 wat]  &
 rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42 dige/ =
 a week1 filt]1 &  precipitate ! t9cture
 ) a few drops ( solution ( t91 add$ e  
two h\rs1 until ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt] 
is ?r[n d[n2 la/ly1  wa% ! precipitate 9
 di/ill$ wat]1 & dry x4 ,v f9e4    #b4  
,dige/ p[d]$ co*9eal 9 ammonia wat] = a 
week1 dilute !  solution ) a little     

wat]1 & add ! liquid to a solution (    
alum1 z  long z a precipitate falls1 :i*
 is ! lake4 ,equal to ! la/4    #c4     
,co>sely p[d]$ co*9eal1 #a lb42 wat]1 #b
 galls42 boil #a h\r1  decant1 /ra91 add
 a solution ( salt ( t>t>1 #a lb41 &    
precipitate  ) a solution ( alum4 ,by   
add+ ! alum fir/1 & precipitat+ !  lake 
) ! alkali1 ! col\r w be slightly v>i$4 
,all ! above  are sold z ,,c>m9at$ or   
,,flor5ce ,,lake1 to :i* !y are (t5     
sup]ior4    ,lake1 ,gre54 ,made by mix+ 
blue & yell[ lake toge!r4 ,seldom kept  
9 ! %ops1 be+ g5]ally prep>$            
extemporane\sly by ! arti/ on  8        
palette4    ,lake1 ,lac4 ,prep4 ,boil   
fre% /ick-lac 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( 
soda1 filt] ! solution1 precipitate ) a 
solution ( alum1 &  proce$ z be=e4      
,lake1 ,li*54 ,see ,,orce94    ,lake1   
,madd]4 ,syn4 ,,lacca ,,rubi1 ,l4       
,,columb9a1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sir ,h4 ,c4
  ,+lefield47 ,take ( ,dut* grappe or   
crop madd]1 #b oz42 tie x 9 a  clo?1    
beat x well 9 a p9t ( wat] 9 a /one     

mort>1 & repeat !  process ) fre% wat]  
7ab\t #e p9ts7 until x ceases to yield  
col\r2  next boil ! mix$ liquor 9 an    
e>!n vessel1 p\r x into a l>ge  bas91 & 
add ( alum #a oz41 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 
boil+ wat]1 #a  p9t2 /ir well1 & :ile   
/irr+1 p\r 9 gradually ( a /rong        
solution ( c>bonate ( potassa 7#8oil (  
t>t>'71 #a-a_/b oz42 let !  :ole /&     
until cold1 !n p\r (f ! sup]natant yell[
 liquor1  dra91 agitate ! residue )     
boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t 79 sep>ate          
portions71 decant1 dra91 & dry4         
,product1 #a_/b oz4 ,! ,society ( ,arts 
vot$ _! gold m$al to ! au?or ( ! above  
=mula4    #b4 ,add a little solution (  
acetate ( lead to a decoction ( madd]1  
to  ?r[ d[n ! br[n col\r+ matt]1 filt]1 
add a solution ( t9 or  alum1           
precipitate ) a solution ( c>bonate (   
soda or ( potassa1 &  o!rwise proce$ z  
be=e4    #c4 7,ure47 ,gr\nd madd]1 #b   
lbs42 wat]1 #a gall42 mac]ate )         
agitation  = #aj m9utes1 /ra9 (f ! wat]1
 & press ! rema9d] q dry2  repeat !     

process a second & a ?ird "t2 !n add to 
! mix$  liquors1 alum #a_/b lb41        
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 & heat 9 a   
wat]  ba? = #c or #d h\rs1 add+ wat] z x
 evaporates2 next filt]1 fir/  ?r\gh    
flannel1 &1 :5 suffici5tly cold1 ?r\gh  
pap]2 !n add a  solution ( c>bonate (   
potassa z long z a precipitate falls1   
:i*  mu/ be wa%$ until ! wat] comes (f  
col\rless1 &1 la/ly1 dri$4  ,if ! alkali
 be add$ 9 #c successive doses1 #c      
diff]5t lakes w be  obta9$1 successively
 dim9i%+ 9 beauty4 ,see ,,madd]1        
,,madd]1 ,,r$1 c4    ,lake1 ,orange4    
,prep4 ,take ( ! be/ ,spani% annotta1 #d
 oz42  pe>la%1 #c_/d lb42 wat]1 #a      
gall42 boil = half an h\r1 /ra91        
precipitate ) alum1 #a lb41 dissolv$ 9  
wat]1 #a gall41 obs]v+ n  to add ! latt]
 solution :5 x ceases to produce an     
eff]vesc5ce or a  precipitate2 /ra91 &  
dry ! s$im5t 9 small squ>es1 loz5ges1 or
  drops4 ,! addition ( "s solution ( t9 
turns ?is lake on ! ,,lemon  ,,yell[2   
acids r$d5 x4 ,see ,,lake1 ,,yell[4     

,lake1 ,r$4 ,prep4 ,take ( pe>la%1 #a   
lb42 clean %r$s ( sc>let  clo?1 #c-a_/b 
lbs42 wat]1 #e galls42 boil till ! clo? 
is decol\r$1  filt] ! decoction1 &      
precipitate ) a solution ( alum1 z be=e4
  ,see ! ,,lakes notic$ above           
7,brazil-wood1 ,c>m9at$1 ,co*9eal1 &    
,madd]74    ,lake1 ,yell[4 ,prep4 #a4   
,boil ,fr5* b]ries1 qu]citron b>k1 or   
turm]ic1 #a lb41 & salt ( t>t>1 #a oz41 
9 wat]1 #a gall41 until  r$uc$ to "o    
half1 !n /ra9 ! decoction1 & precipitate
 ) a  solution ( alum4    #b4 ,boil #a  
lb4 ( ! dye-/uff ) alum1 #a_/b lb42     
wat]1 #a gall41 z  be=e1 & precipitate !
 decoction ) a solution ( c>bonate (    
pota%4 ,see ,,lake1 ,,orange 7above74   
,,lamb 9 its g5]al qualities closely    
resembles mutton1 ( :i*1  inde$1 x is   
m]ely a y\ng] & m delicate k9d4 ,x is   
well adapt$  z an occasional article (  
food = ! convalesc5t & dyspeptic2 b  x  
is unequal = frequ5t use1 m especially =
 ! heal?y &  robu/1 to ! fle% ( ! adult 
animal4    ,,lambs1 ,,diseases ,,(4     

,among o!r diseases1 ^! animals are     
p>ticul>ly  prone to "o affect+ ! lungs1
 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce (  p>asites   
7,/rongylus bron*ialis7 9 !             
air-passages4 ,see ,,p>asites4          
,,lamp4 ,a contrivance = produc+        
artificial light or heat by !  combu/ion
 ( inflammable liquids4 ,! t]m #8lamp'  
is also appli$ to a  portable gas-burn] 
7,,gas-,,lamp71 & to a tubul>           
c&le-hold]1 :i*1 by  ! aid ( a simple   
me*anical device1 keeps ! flame at "o   
height  7,,c&le-,,lamp74    ,,oil       
,,lamps 7 employ$ = illum9ation among ! 
nations ( antiquity1  at ! e>lie/ p]iod 
( :i* any record exi/s4 ,! ,assyrian1   
,greek1  & ,roman lamps pres]v$ 9 our   
museums are g5]ally noble specim5s (    
art-workman%ip4 ,?\gh elegant 9 =m1 &   
ri* 9 ext]nal  embelli%m5t1 ! anci5t    
lamp 0 simply a vessel to conta9 ! oil1 
) a %ort depression or sp\t on ! "o     
side1 9 :i* ! wick is  laid4 ,lamps (   
?is rude con/ruction are /ill 9 common  
use 9 _m  c\ntries4    ,no important    

improvem5t 9 ! pr9ciple & con/ruction ( 
lamps z a  s\rce ( light occurr$ until a
 comp>atively rec5t date2 ! smoke1      
dirt1 & disagreeable od\r ( ! common    
lamp hav+ previ\sly l$ to  its disuse   
among ! sup]ior classes 9 fav\r ( c&les4
 ,at l5g?1 9  #aghi1 ,m4 ,arg& made a   
revolution 9 illum9ation by ! inv5tion &
  introduction ( ! well-kn[n lamp :i*   
be>s 8 "n4 ,9 ! ,,arg&  ,,lamp a holl[  
tubul> wick ( wov5 cotton replaces !    
solid bundles (  fibres1 & is s arrang$ 
t air passes ?r\gh x into ! int]ior (  !
 flame4 ,ov] ! burn] is plac$ a         
cyl9drical glass *imney1 op5 at  !      
bottom1 & surr\nd+ ! flame at a %ort    
di/ance f x1 by  :i* ano!r curr5t ( air 
is made to act on ! ext]ior portion ( ! 
flame4 ,9 ?is way a due supply ( oxyg5  
is secur$1 & suffici5t heat  g5]at$ = ! 
p]fect combu/ion ( ! gase\s products ( !
 oil1  & ! smoke & soot :i* escape f !  
ord9>y lamp are conv]t$  into a         
brilliant & smokeless flame4    ,!      
e>lie/ table-lamps con/ruct$ on ,arg&'s 

pr9ciple _h "o s]i\s  defect----! oil   
vessels _h to be plac$ almo/ on a level 
) !  burn]s1 9 a position :i* caus$ !m  
to ca/ objectionable %ad[s4  ,?is defect
 0 almo/ entirely remov$ by mak+ ! oil  
vessel 9 !  =m ( a flatti% r+1 connect$ 
by sl5d] tubes ) ! burn]4 ,!  m elegant 
contrivances1 kn[n z ! ,,mod]ator ,,lamp
 & ,,c>cel ,,lamp1  :i* are n[ s mu* us$
 = burn+ colza & simil> oils1 ca/ no    
%ad[4 ,9 ^! ! oil1 in/ead ( be+ suck$ up
 by ! wick1 or  desc5d+ to x by ! =ce ( 
gravity1 is driv5 up by me*anical means 
f ! oil-res]voir conta9$ 9 ! foot or    
p$e/al4 ,a spiral spr+1  act+ ^u a      
pi/on1 elevates ! oil 9 ! #8mod]ator1'  
:ile a little  pump work$ by clockwork  
does ! same duty 9 ! #8,c>cel4' ,! burn]
  & wick 9 ea* are =m$ on ,arg&'s       
pr9ciple4    ,= burn+ ! hydroc>bon oils 
di/ill$ f coal & petroleum1 lamps  ( v  
simple con/ruction are us$4 ,^! oils1 9 
consequ5ce ( _!  diffusive "*1 rise to a
 consid]able height up a wick1 &  !re=e 
d n require me*anical lamps4 ,! wicks ( 

,,hydro-,,c>bon ,,lamps  are usually    
flat1 b sometimes circul>4 ,to cause    
p]fect combu/ion1 a  /rong draught ( air
 is creat$ by plac+ ov] ! flame a tall  
glass  *imney1 usually mu* contract$    
above ! flame4 ,a metallic cap1 ) an    
orifice ! %ape ( ! flame1 is plac$ ov] !
 burn]1 its use be+  to deflect !       
curr5ts ( air ^u ! flame4 ,! res]voirs (
  hydro-c>bon lamps ought always to be  
con/ruct$ ( "s bad conductor (  heat1 z 
glass or porcela94    ,illu/ration    ,=
 *emical op]ations1 _m =ms ( lamp are   
us$4 ,! ord9>y glass  ,,_s-,,lamp1 fitt$
 ) a gr\nd-glass cap1 is q indisp5sable 
=  m9or exp]im5ts4 7,see engr4 #a47     
,/onew>e wick-hold]s are pref]able  to  
^? ( brass1 :i* become greatly heat$1 & 
endang] ! splitt+  ( ! glass4 8,an      
effective _s-lamp may at any "t be      
con/ruct$ out  ( a vial hav+ a glass    
tube pass+ ?r\gh ! cork1 a cov] be+  =m$
 f a te/-tube inv]t$ ov] ! wick1 & fitt+
 ) mod]ate  tightness on ! sup]ior      
extremity ( ! cork0 7,greville          

,williams74  ,alcohol or wood _s is !   
fuel us$4    ,! ,,arg& ,,lamp1 :5 int5d$
 z a s\rce ( heat = *emical purposes1   
is s modifi$ z to adapt x to burn ei!r  
oil1 _s ( w9e1 or  wood-_s1 & !         
combu/ion is greatly aid$ by ! *imney1  
:i* 9  ?is case is made ( copp]4 7,see  
engr4 #b & #c47 ,! lamp itself is  also 
made ( metal1 & furni%$ ) gr\nd caps to 
! wick-hold] &  ap]ture by :i* ! _s is  
introduc$1 9 ord] to prev5t loss (  _s  
by evaporation :5 ! lamp is n 9 use4 ,:5
 9 use ?is  ap]ture mu/ always be left  
op51 o!rwise an accid5t is sure to      
happ51 z ! heat exp&s ! air 9 ! lamp1 & 
! _s is  =cibly expell$4    ,9 ^?       
situations 9 :i* coal-gas is *eap1 x may
 be us$ ) great  economy & advantage z a
 s\rce ( heat 9 mo/ *emical op]ations4  
,retorts1 flasks1 capsules1 & o!r       
vessels1 c be ?us expos$ to an  easily  
regulat$ & con/ant temp]ature = _m      
successive h\rs4 ,small  plat9um        
crucibles may be ignit$ to r$ness by    
plac+ !m ov] !  flame on a little wire  

triangle4 ,( ! v>i\s gas-lamps n[ us$ 9 
!  laboratory1 ! fir/ & mo/ simple      
consi/s ( a common ,arg&  gas-burn] fix$
 on a heavy & l[ foot1 & connect$ ) a   
flexible  gas-tube ( ca\t*\c or o!r     
mat]ial4 7,see engr4 #d47 ,) ?is        
arrangem5t x is possible to obta9 any   
degree ( heat1 f t ( !  smalle/ blue    
flame to t :i* is suffici5t to raise a  
mod]ately  l>ge plat9um crucible to dull
 r$ness4 ,:5 gas mix$ ) a c]ta9         
proportion ( air is burnt1 a pale blue  
flame1 free f smoke1 &  possess+ great  
heat+ p[]1 is obta9$4 ,a lamp = burn+ ! 
mixture may easily be made by fitt+ a   
close cov] ( f9e wire gauze  ov] ! top (
 ! *imney ( ! la/-m5tion$ contrivance4  
,! gas is  turn$ on1 & aft] a few m9utes
 ignit$ above ! wire gauze4 7,see page  
#idf74 ,! +5i\s & useful burn]s ( ,buns5
 & ,griff9 are s  con/ruct$ t gas & air 
mix$ 9 any proportions1 or gas alone1   
may  be burnt at pleasure4 ,buns5's is a
 mo/ effici5t & conv5i5t =m (  burn]4   
7,see illu/ration on next page47 ,x     

consi/s ( a gas jet1  surr\nd$ by a     
metal tube1 ab\t #f to #i in*es high &  
ab\t #a_/b in* 9  diamet]2 hav+ at !    
bottom f\r l>ge holes4 ,on ! admission (
 air1  :5 ! gas is turn$ on1 ! air ru%es
 9 by ^! orifices1 &  m+l+ ) ! gas1 !   
mixture asc5ds to ! top ( ! tube & is   
!re ignit$1 giv+ rise to a flame ( great
 heat1 b )\t  lum9osity1 ow+ to !       
simultane\s combu/ion ( ! c>bon & !     
hydrog54 ,! burn]1 h[ev]1 is s contriv$ 
t by %utt+ (f !  supply ( air entirely1 
or limit+ x1 ! flame may be made m or   
less  lum9\s at pleasure4 ,to di/ribute 
! flame1 a rosette burn] is plac$  on ! 
top ( ! tube4    ,illu/ration    ,an    
improv$ v>iety ( ?is burn] has be5      
design$ by ,buns51 & is  figur$ bel[4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4----;,,improv$  
,,buns5 ,,burn]4    ,x is s contriv$ z  
to give a flame t is a v mu* bett]      
sub/itute = ! flame ( ! bl[pipe1 ?an !  
ord9>y ,buns5's  burn]1 & may h5ce be   
employ$ = r$uc+1 oxidis+1 fus+1 &       

volatilis+1 z well z = ! obs]vation (   
col\r$ flames4 ,fig4 #a is  a %ea? :i*1 
by turn+ r\nd1 regulates ! admission (  
air4 ,:5 x  is us$ ! conical *imney1 d d
 d d1 is plac$ 9 e e2 x is ( a  size    
suffici5t to all[ ( ! flame burn+       
tranquilly4 ,9 fig4 #a !  flame is      
repres5t$ ( half its natural size4 ,?is 
flame x w be se5  consi/s ( ?ree        
divisions1 viz4----#a1 a a a a ! d>k    
zone1 :i* is  compos$ ( cold gas mix$ ) 
ab\t #fb p] c5t4 ( air4 #b1 a c a b  !  
mantle =m$ by ! burn+ mixture ( gas &   
air4 #c1 a b a1 !  lum9\s tip ( ! d>k   
cone1 :i* only appe>s :5 ! orifices =  !
 air are p>tially clos$4 ,r$uctions may 
be p]=m$ 9 ?is "p (  ! flame4    ,buns51
 h[ev]1 divides ! flame into six p>ts1  
to :i* he attributes  z _m functions4   
,^! six divisions ( ! flame he names z  
foll[s3----    #a4 ,! base at  has a    
relatively l[ temp]ature1 because !     
burn+  gas is "h cool$ by ! con/ant     
curr5t ( fre% air1 & also because  !    
lamp itself conducts ! heat away4 ,?is  

"p ( ! flame s]ves =  discov]+ ! col\rs 
produc$ by readily volatile bodies1 :5  
less  volatile matt]s :i* col\r ! flame 
are also pres5t4 ,at !  relatively l[   
temp]ature ( ?is "p ( ! flame1 ! =m]    
vaporises  alone in/antane\sly1 & !     
result+ col\r imp>t$ to ! flame is  = a 
mom5t visible unmix$ ) o!r col\rs4      
#b4 ,! ,fus+ ,zone4 ,?is lies at 1 at a 
di/ance f ! bottom (  some:at m ?an "o  
?ird ( ! height ( ! flame1 equidi/ant f 
! outside & ! inside ( ! mantle1 :i* is 
broade/ at ?is "p4  ,?is is ! hotte/ "p 
( ! flame1 viz41 ab\t #bcjj1 & x !re=e  
s]ves = te/+ sub/ances1 z to _!         
fusibility1 volatility1  emission (     
light1 & = all processes ( fusion at a  
high temp]ature4    #c4 ,! l[] ,oxidis+ 
,zone lies 9 ! out] bord] ( ! fus+ zone 
at 1 & is especially suitable = !       
oxidation ( oxides dissolv$ 9  vitre\s  
fluxes4    #d4 ,! upp] ,oxidis+ ,flame  
at  consi/s ( ! non-lum9\s tip (  !     
flame4 ,its action is /ronge/ :5 ! air  
holes ( ! lamp are  fully op54 ,x is us$

 = ! roa/+ away ( volatile products (   
oxidation1 & g5]ally = all processes (  
oxidation1 :5 ! highe/  temp]ature is n 
requir$4    #e4 ,! l[] ,r$uc+ ,zone lies
 at 1 9 ! inn] bord] ( ! fus+  zone next
 to ! d>k cone4 ,! r$uc+ gases are "h   
mix$ ) oxyg51  &1 !re=e1 d n possess _! 
full p[]1 h5ce !y are )\t  action on _m 
sub/ances :i* are deoxidis$ 9 ! upp]    
r$uc+  flame4 ,?is "p ( ! flame is      
especially suit$ = r$uction on  *>coal  
or 9 vitre\s fluxes4    #f4 ,! upp]     
,r$uc+ ,flame lies at 1 9 ! lum9\s tip (
 ! d>k  inn] cone1 :i*1 z already       
expla9$1 may be produc$ by dim9i%+  !   
supply ( air4 ,?is "p ( ! flame mu/ n be
 all[$ to get l>ge  en\gh to black5 a   
te/ tube fill$ ) wat] & held 9 x4 ,x    
conta9s no free oxyg51 is ri* 9 sep>at$ 
inc&esc5t c>bon1 &  !re=e has a mu*     
/rong] action ?an ! l[] r$uc+ zone4 ,x  
is  us$ m p>ticul>ly = ! r$uction (     
metals collect$ 9 ! =m  ( incru/ations4 
,! subjo9$ is a draw+ ( ! gauze burn]1  
:i* is an op5 cyl9d]  ) wire gauze at ! 

top4    ,illu/ration3 ,arg&'s lamp1 )   
wire-gauze cap4    ,:5 ?is is plac$ ov] 
! gas burn]1 a supply ( air is drawn 9  
at  ! bottom by ! asc5d+ curr5t ( gas1 &
 ! mixture burns above  ! gauze1 ) a v  
hot flame1 q free f smoke1 ! metallic   
me%es prev5t+ ! flame f pass+ d[n to !  
gas bel[4 ,see  ,,illum9ation1 ,,fuel1  
,,furnace1 ,,gas1 ,,laboratory1 c4      
,lamp1 ,flameless4 ,syn4 ,,gl[ ,,lamp4  
,a coil ( f9e plat9um wire is  slipp$   
ov] ! wick ( a _s lamp1 ! great] "p be+ 
rais$  above ! cotton2 ! lamp is suppli$
 ) e!r or alcohol1 light$ =  a mom5t &  
!n bl[n out4 ,! coil cont9ues to gl[ 9 !
 mix$  atmosph]e ( air & combu/ible     
vap\r1 until ! liquid 9 ! lamp is       
exhau/$4    ,lamp1 ,mono*romatic4 ,a    
lamp f$ ) a mixture ( a solution (      
common  salt & _s ( w9e4 ,x gives a     
yell[ light1 & makes e object  illum9at$
 by x appe> ei!r yell[ or black4 ,!     
human features are  *ang$ 9 a rem>kable 
degree2 ! c\nt5ance appe>+ truly gha/ly 
& une>?ly4    ,lamp1 ,safety4 ,syn4     

,,m9]',s ,,lamp1 ,,davy1 ,,geordy4 ,!   
safety lamp ( ,sir  ,h4 ,davy & ,george 
,/eph5son are simil> 9 pr9ciple1 & 7    
indep5d5tly inv5t$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,t ( 
,sir ,h4 ,davy consi/s  ( a common oil  
lamp1 surm\nt$ ) a cyl9d] ( wire gauze1 
!  ap]tures ( :i* are n great] ?an !    
#a_/bj? ( an in* squ>e1 &  ! wire ( :i* 
x is made to ! #a_/dj? to ! #a_/fj? ( an
 in* 9  diamet]4 7,see engr47 ,!        
fire-damp 7c>bonett$ hydrog57 along )   
air passes ?r\gh ! me%es into ! int]ior 
( ! gauze cyl9d]4  ,"h x ignites1 b !   
flame :i* is produc$ by its combu/ion _c
  explode a mixture ( fire-damp & air by
 :i* ! lamp may be  surr\nd$4 ,! flame  
is prev5t$ f pass+ to ! ext]ior ( !     
gauze by ! cool+ action ( ! metal ( :i* 
x is con/ruct$4 ,:5  ?is lamp is tak5   
into an explosive atmosph]e1 al?\gh !   
fire-damp  may burn )9 ! cage ) su*     
en]gy z sometimes to heat !  metallic   
tissue to dull r$ness1 ! flame is n     
communicat$ to !  mixture on ! outside4 
,^! appe>ances are s rem>kable1 t ! lamp

  becomes an admirable indicator ( !    
/ate ( ! air 9 diff]5t p>ts  ( ! m9e1 & 
if its admonitions are att5d$ to1 gives 
! m9] "t  to )draw be=e an explosion    
takes place4    ,illu/ration    ,lamp1  
,telescope4 ,?is +5i\s contrivance1     
inv5t$ by ,messrs ,murray  & ,hea?1 is  
int5d$ = microscopic illum9ation4 ,x    
consi/s ( ?ree  brass tubes1 slid+ "o )9
 ! o!r1 ! oil vessel be+ conta9$  9 !   
inn] tube4 ,! height ( ! lamp is        
regulat$ to ! greate/  nicety by simply 
turn+ "o tube 9 ! o!r1 int]ior spiral   
guides  prev5t+ all *ance ( slipp+4 ,!  
great advantage ( ?is arrangem5t  is    
abs5ce ( ! /& & b> usually employ$ =    
rais+ & l[]+  ! lamp1 :i* enables x to  
be us$ on all sides1 & to be br\ght mu* 
clos] to ! microscope ?an o!r lamps4    
,see engr41 bel[4    ,illu/ration       
,,lamp ,,black4 ,see ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 
,,lamp,,rey4 ,syn4 ,,great ,,lamprey1   
,,seal4 ,?is fi% is ! ,petromizon  m>9us
 ( ,l9nu4 ,x g5]ally quits ! sea 9 !    
spr+1 = !  purpose ( spawn+1 & rema9s 9 

our riv]s = a few mon?s4 ,its fle%  is  
s(t & glut9\s1 & ?\gh e/eem$ a delicacy1
 is extremely  difficult ( dige/ion1 if 
n o!rwise un:olesome4 ,pott$ lampreys   
are  usually s highly season$ z to      
become a dang]\s article ( food4 ,h5ry  
,i is said to h lo/ 8 life f ! effects (
 a surfeit ( lampreys4    ,,laudan9e4   
,c#bj;,h#be,,no#c4 ,an alkaloid obta9$  
by ,hesse f !  aque\s extract ( opium4  
,x is homolog\s ) morph9e & code9e4 ,x  
dissolves 9 /rong sulphuric acid ) a    
rose-r$ col\r1 9 /rong  nitric acid ) an
 orange r$ col\r1 & 9 f]ric *loride )   
em]ald  gre5 col\r4    ,,lan?a,,nium4   
,la#ib4 ,a r>e metal1 discov]$ by       
,mos&]1 associat$  ) oxide ( c]ium4     
,oxide ( lan?anium is a pale            
salmon-col\r$  p[d]1 unaffect$ by       
ignition 9 op5 vessels4 ,accord+ to     
,zs*ies*e  ! atomic weight ( lan?anium  
is #ijah4 ,see ,,c]ium4    ,,lan?op9e4  
,c#bc;,h#be,,no#d4 ,a base obta9$ by    
,hesse 9 small  quantity1 associat$ )   
o!r bases f ! aque\s extract ( opium4   

,x is homolog\s ) papav]9e4 ,/rong      
nitric acid dissolves x1 giv+  rise to  
an orange r$ col\r4 ,/rong sulphuric    
acid gives ) x a fa9t  violet col\r4    
,,la,,pis4 ,l4 ,a /one4 ,! t]m 0 mu*    
employ$ by ! old *emi/s1  & is /ill     
commonly appli$ to sev]al prep>ations   
us$ 9 m$ic9e4    ,lapis ,cau/icus4 ,see 
,,potassium4    ,lapis ,divinus4 ,syn4  
,,div9e ,,/one2 ,,lapis ,,oph?almicus1  
,l42 ,,pi]re  ,,div9e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,be]47 ,v]digris1 nitre1 & alum1 equal 
p>ts1  melt$ toge!r4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,alum1 nitre1 & blue vitriol1 ( ea* #c  
oz42 camphor1 #a dr42  z la/4    #c4    
7,woolfuss47 ,blue vitriol1 nitre1 alum1
 & camphor1 equal p>ts1 melt$  toge!r1  
add+ ! camphor la/4 ,a/r+5t & det]g5t4  
#a oz41  dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t1 =m$ a 
once celebrat$ lotion4 #a dr4 9  wat]1  
#a p9t1 is /ill us$ z a collyrium4      
,lapis ,inf]nalis4 ,see ,,nitrate ,,(   
,,silv]4    ,lapis ,lazuli4 ,see        
,,ultram>9e4    ,lapis ,lydius4 ,syn4   
,,lydian ,,/one4 ,a silice\s slate1 us$ 

z a  t\*/one by jewell]s4    ,lapis     
,m$icam5tosus4 ,syn4 ,,m$ic9al ,,/one2  
,,lapis ,,mirabilis1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4  
,l4 #agdf47 ,alum1 li?>ge1 & ,arm5ian   
bole1 ( ea* #f oz42  colco?> ( gre5     
vitriol1 #c oz42 v9eg>1 #d fl4 oz42 mix1
 & evaporate  to dryness4 ,=m]ly us$ to 
make an a/r+5t & det]g5t lotion3----#a  
oz4 to wat]1 #a p9t4 ,once a popul>     
application to ulc]s1 & 9 o!r  cases2 n[
 disus$4    ,lapis ,vuln]>ius4 ,v simil>
 to ,,lapis ,,div9us4    ,,l>* ,,b>k4 ,!
 inn] b>k ( ! ,l>ix ,europa1 ! common   
l>*1 has  be5 lately introduc$1 "u ! =m 
( a t9cture1 into ! ,briti%             
,ph>macopia4    ,dr ,/5h\se obta9$ f !  
b>k a peculi> volatile con/itu5t1       
possess$ ( acid prop]ties = :i* ! "n (  
l>iximic acid has be5  propos$4 ,! o!r  
trees ( ! p9e family are defici5t 9 ?is 
acid4  ,! "y b>k ab\nds mo/ 9 x4 ,gum1  
/>*1 res91 & t v>iety (  tannic acid1   
:i* =ms olive gre5 precipitates ) !     
salts ( iron1  h also be5 f\nd1 9       
addition to o!r sub/ances1 9 l>* b>k4   

,! inn] b>k1 employ$ int]nally1 has a   
special action on ! muc\s  membranes1 & 
acts z an a/r+5t & mild /imulant4 ,x is 
said to  h be5 giv5 ) excell5t results 9
 hmoptysis1 z well z 9  bron*itis att5d$
 ) copi\s expectoration1 & 9 diseases ( 
!  ur9>y passages4 ,ext]nally has be5   
f\nd s]viceable 9 psoriasis1  *ronic    
eczema1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4 ,x is be/
 to comb9e its  extract or t9cture )    
glyc]9 :5 x is to be us$ outw>dly4 ,see 
,,t9cture ,,( ,,l>* ,,b>k4    ,,l>d4    
,syn4 ,,hog',s ,,l>d1 ,,axunge2 ,,adeps 
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,axungia 7,ph4 ,e471 ,a4   
,,suillus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,a4 ,,porci1 ,a4  
,,pr,,p>atus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! fat ( !  
pig  7,sus scr(a----,l9n47 melt$ by a   
g5tle heat1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh  flannel or a 
hair sieve4 ,! fat ab\t ! lo9s yields ! 
:ite/ &  h>de/ l>d4 8,t :i* has be5 cur$
 ) *loride ( sodium is n to  be         
employ$40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,x is n to be us$ 
)\t be+ fir/ c>efully  wa%$ ) wat]40    
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahff47 ,us$ *iefly to make   
o9tm5ts1 & 9  cook]y4 ,see ,,adeps4     

,,l>d,,+4 ,by _m ?is is reg>d$ z belong+
 to ! high] /yle (  cook]y only1 & too  
tr\blesome & extravagant to be adapt$ to
 !  kit*5s ( ! middle classes & ! poor4 
,?is1 we are assur$1 is n  ! case4 ,on !
 contr>y1 8x is an economical process1 &
 w make  lean meat g mu* f>!r ?an )\t   
x40 ,! process ( l>d+ is z              
foll[s3----8,get :at is call$ a l>d+    
ne$le1 t is1 a piece ( /eel  f #f to #i 
in*es long1 po9t$ at "o end1 & hav+ f\r 
slits at !  o!r to hold a small /rip (  
bacon :5 put betwe5 !m4 ,x w1  p]haps1  
co/ t5p5ce4 ,cut ! bacon into pieces #b 
or #c in*es long1 &  #a_/d to #a_/b an  
in* squ>e2 put ea* "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! p91
 ins]t  x 9 ! meat1 & leave only ab\t   
half an in* out2 us+ #h pieces to  ea*  
p\nd40 7,soy]47    ,,l>k4 ,! ,alauda    
arv5sis 7,,skyl>k7 & ! ,alauda cri/ata  
7,,field-,,l>k71 ) sev]al o!r species ( 
! same g5us1 =m a light  & nutriti\s    
article ( food1 by _m e/eem$ a delicacy4
 ,! la/1  accord+ to ,gal5 &            
,dioscorides1 eat5 ei!r roa/$ or boil$1 

#8helps  ! colic4' ,! he>t1 appli$ to ! 
?igh1 0 also reg>d$ to possess  ! same  
virtue4    ,,l>yngitis4 ,inflammation ( 
! l>ynx1 or upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe4  ,!    
symptoms t indicate ?is mo/ dang]\s     
malady are sore ?roat1  accompani$ )    
consid]able pa9 9 front ( ! ?roat1      
difficulty 9  brea?+ & swall[+1         
consid]able ho>s5ess1 *ange or loss (   
voice1 a s5se ( suffocation1 fev]1      
re/lessness1 flu%+ ( ! face1  & an eag] 
desire = fre% air4 ,we h describ$ !     
accompanim5ts (  ?is dread disease1 9   
ord] t any "o seiz$ ) an attack may "k  
its nature1 & at once s5d = 8 m$ical    
att5dant4 ,%\ld  circum/ances prev5t 8  
do+ s imm$iately1 z _m lee*es z         
possible %\ld be appli$ to ! c5tre ( !  
?roat4    ,,laud,,anum4 ,?is "n is n[   
und]/ood to d5ote1 exclusively1 !       
common t9cture ( opium ( ! ,ph>macopia2 
b =m]ly ! t]m 0  appli$ to sev]al       
prep>ations ( opium diff]+ greatly f ea*
  o!r1 bo? 9 _! /r5g? & mode (          
prep>ation4 7,see bel[47    ,laudanum1  

,dut*man's4 ,f ! fl[]s ( bull's ho( or  
,dut*man's  laudanum 7,passiflora       
m]ucuja----,l9n47 infus$ 9 rum4         
,n>cotic4 ,us$ z  a sub/itute = t9cture 
( opium 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4    ,laudanum1 
,=d's4 ,?is is m]ely ! common t9cture ( 
opium aromatis$  ) a little cloves &    
c9namon4    ,laudanum1 ,h\lton's4 ,prep4
 ,f opium #b-a_/b oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1   
#a-a_/b p9t2 dige/$ toge!r = a week1 !  
filt]$ t9cture g5tly  evaporat$ ne>ly to
 dryness1 & !n r$issolv$ 9 weak _s 7#a (
  rectifi$ _s to #g ( wat]71 #a         
qu>t4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops4       
,laudanum1 ,neumann's4 ,a f]m5t$        
infusion ( opium evaporat$ to !         
consi/5ce ( honey4    ,laudanum1 ,qu9ce4
 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,cydoniatum1 
,,laudanum ,,cydoniatum1  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 ,extract ( opium made ) qu9ce juice2 a 
few drops ( !  oils ( c9namon1 cloves1 &
 mace be+ add$ be=e ! mass cools4 ,n[   
seldom us$4    #b4 ,,laudanum1          
,,liquid-,,qu9ce2 7,,laudanum ,,liquidum
 ,,cydoniatum1 ,l47 7,l4 ,c4  ,,p>atum  

,,f]m5tatione1 ,l47 ,a f]m5t$ infusion (
 opium prep>$ )  qu9ce juice1 aromatis$ 
) cloves1 c9namon1 aloes wood1 & yell[  
s&al wood1 & evaporat$ s z to possess   
ab\t twice ! /r5g? (  ! ord9>y t9cture4 
,n[ obsolete4    ,laudanum1 ,r\sseau's4 
,w9e ( opium prep>$ by f]m5tation4 ,see 
,,w9e4    ,laudanum1 ,smi?'s            
,conc5trat$4 ,resembles ,battley's      
,,liquor ,,opii  ,,s$ativus1 b possesses
 ab\t #f times its /r5g?4    ,laudanum1 
,sw$iaur's4 ,prep4 ,f extract ( opium1  
#b p>ts1 dissolv$  9 a mixture (        
alcohol1 #a "p1 di/ill$ wat]1 #h p>ts4  
,e #e drops  conta9 #a gr4 ( opium4     
,laudanum1 ,syd5ham's ,liquid4 ,syn4    
,,laudanum ,,liquidum ,,syd5hami1 ,l4   
,simil> to ,,w9e ,,( ,,opium----,ph4    
,l41 b r /rong]1 & aromatis$ )  a little
 cloves & c9namon4 ,w9e ( opium is n[   
always sold = x4    ,laudanum1 ,t>t>is$4
 ,syn4 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum            
,,t>t>izatum1 ,l4 ,a  t9cture ( opium   
prep>$ ) _s alkalis$ ) salt ( t>t>1 &   
flav\r$ ) aromatics4 ,obsolete4         

,,laugh,,+ ,,gas4 ,see ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4
    ,,laur,,el4 ,see ,,*]ry ,,laurel1   
,,sweet ,,bay1 ,,oil1 c4    ,,la,,va4 ,!
 matt] ?r[n out by volcanoes4 ,!        
beautiful ornam5tal  vases1 jugs1 & o!r 
objects sold "u ! "n1 are a sup]ior sort
 (  unglaz$ col\r$ porcela94            
,,lave,,m5t4 ,see ,,enema4              
,,lav,,end]4 ,! fl[]s or fl[]+ tops (   
,lav&ula v]a or common  g>d5 lav5d]4 ,an
 ess5tial oil1 _s1 & t9cture1 prep>$ f  
x1  are (fic9al 9 ! ,ph>macopias4       
,lav5d] ,dye 7= ,,cotton74 ,= #ajj y>ds 
( mat]ial4 ,take #a lb4 (  logwood1 & #b
 lbs4 ( suma*1 & scald !m sep>ately4 ,!n
 decant !m  into a prop] siz$ tub1 let  
!m cool to #aej ,fahr41 & add #b gills (
  vitriol4 ,w9* ! goods 9 ?is #bj       
m9utes2 lift1 & run !m slightly  ?r\gh  
acetate ( iron2 wa% !m 9 two wat]s2 !n  
give #a lb4 (  logwood z be=e1 raise ) a
 p9t ( *loride ( t91 wa% 9 two  wat]s2  
!n 9 a tub ( cold wat] put #d oz4       
extract ( indigo1 ent] &  w9* 9 ?is #ae 
m9utes1 lift2 give "o wat]1 & dry4      

,lav5d] ,dye 7= ,,wool74 ,boil #e-a_/b  
lbs4 ( logwood ) #b lbs4 ( alum4  ,!n   
add #aj oz4 ( extract ( indigo4 ,:5 cold
 put 9 ! goods1 &  gradually raise to ! 
boil+ po9t4 ,= #ej lbs4    ,lav5d]1 ,r$4
 ,see ,,t9cture4    ,lav5d]1 ,smi?'s    
,briti%4 ,prep4 ,f ,engli% oil ( lav5d]1
 #b oz42  ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a oz42 eau
 de ,cologne1 #a p9t2 rectifi$ _s1 #a   
qu>t4 ,v fragrant4 ,see ,,wat]          
7,lav5d]74    ,lav5d]1 to ,dye ,silk4   
7,mu/pratt47 ,into a vessel ) w>m wat]1 
z  hot z ! h& c be>1 dissolve a little  
:ite soap1 en\gh to raise a  la!r2 !n   
add "o gill ( ar*il liquor1 & "w ! goods
 9 ?is =  fifte5 m9utes2 r+ out & dry4  
,boil "o ounce ( cudbe>1 & add !        
solution to ! soap & wat]  in/ead (     
ar*il1 :i* w give a lav5d] hav+ a r$d]  
t9t ?an  ) ! ar*il4 ,if a /ill r$d] %ade
 ( lav5d] be requir$ ! soap  may be     
disp5s$ )4    ,lav5d] ,wat]4 ,see       
,,spirits1 ,,p]fum$4    ,,lax,,atives4  
,syn4 ,,l5itives2 ,,laxativa1           
,,laxantia1 ,,l5itiva1 ,l4 ,mild        

purgatives or ca?>tics4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^!
 are----almond oil1 cassia  pulp1 ca/or 
oil1 confection ( s5na1 cream ( t>t>1   
figs1 grapes1  honey1 phosphate ( soda1 
prunes1 salad oil1 tam>9ds1 c4          
,,lay,,ers4 ,among g>d5]s1 a mode (     
propagat+ plants1 by lay+ d[n  ! %oots (
 "y twigs1 & cov]+ a portion ( !m ) !   
soil1  )\t deta*+ !m f ! p>5t plant4 ,to
 facilitate ! root+ (  su* lay]s1 ! "p  
b5ea? ! soil is fractur$ by twi/+ or    
bruis+ x1 or x is p>tly cut ?r\gh ) a   
%>p knife1 imm$iately  "u a bud4 ,:5 !  
lay] has tak5 root1 x is divid$ f ! p>5t
  /em1 & transplant$ or pott$4 ,9 ?is   
way1 ) a little c>e1 ne>ly  all plants  
may be multipli$4    ,,lead4 ,pb4 ,eq4  
#bjg4 ,syn4 ,,plumbum4 ,?is metal1 l    
gold1 silv]1 &  iron1 appe>s to h be5   
kn[n 9 ! mo/ remote ages ( antiquity4 ,!
  ore f :i* x is almo/ exclusively      
extract$1 z be+ ! only "o  f\nd 9       
abundance1 is ! native sulphide or      
sulphuret ( lead1 call$ by  m9]alogi/s  
gal5a4    ,prep4 ,on ! l>ge scale lead  

is obta9$ by roa/+ gal5a 9 a            
rev]b]atory furnace1 & smelt+ ! residue 
along ) coal & lime4  ,! lead ?us obta9$
 g5]ally conta9s small quantities ( bo? 
silv]  & gold1 :i* x (t5 pays to        
extract1 by a me?od t]m$ #8,patt9son's  
process4' ,?is process is f\nd$ on !    
circum/ance t1 :5 melt$1  lead conta9+  
silv] is all[$ to cool4 ,! lead         
cry/allises out  fir/1 leav+ an alloy ( 
lead & silv] /ill fus$4 ,by remov+ !    
cry/als ( lead1 z =m$1 until ab\t f\r   
fif?s are remov$1 !  residue is an alloy
 ( lead & silv] mu* ri*] ?an ! orig9al4 
,repeat$ sev]al times1 ?is yields a ri* 
alloy ( silv] & lead t  is expell$ & !  
silv] obta9$4    ,ano!r me?od = !       
removal ( silv] f lead is "o employ$ 9  
,glasg[1 & kn[n z ! #8,flack-,guillim'  
process4 ,x is ?us describ$ 9  #8,d+l]'s
 ,polyte*nic ,j\rnal1' ccxxxv1 #fg-gj1 &
 9 #8,eng9e]+' =  ,septemb] #ae?1 #ahgf4
 8,eighte5 tons ( ri* lead are melt$1 & 
"o p]  c5t4 ( z9c add$4 ,! molt5 mass !n
 all[$ to cool1 ! cru/ :i*  =ms is      

remov$1 & ! lead sweat$ out 9 a small   
pot4 ,! lead 9 !  l>ge pot is !n treat$ 
) ano!r half p] c5t4 ( z9c 9 ! same     
way4 ,a ?ird addition ( a qu>t] p] c5t4 
( z9c suffices to remove  ! great] "p ( 
! rema9+ silv]1 #e dwts4 be+ left 9 !   
lead  p] ton4 ,?is lead is !n run into !
 improv+ pan1 & ! la/ traces  ( z9c     
oxidis$ out40    ,pure lead = *emical   
purposes may be obta9$ z foll[s1 al?\gh 
!  lead ( comm]ce is ne>ly pure3    ,by 
r$uc+ nitrate ( lead ) *>coal4    ,by   
heat+ ! oxide left by ignit+ pure       
acetate ( lead ) black  flux4    ,prop41
 c4 ,! g5]al prop]ties ( lead are too   
well kn[n to require  notice "h4 ,! sp4 
gr4 ( t ( comm]ce is ab\t #aace2 b 9 a  
/ate ( absolute purity its greate/      
d5sity is #aade4 ,x melts at ab\t  #fjj 
,fahr41 & :5 v sl[ly cool$1 cry/allises 
9 octah$rons4 ,at a  :ite heat x boils1 
& is volatilis$4 ,:5 expos$ to moi/ air1
 x  soon becomes cov]$ ) a grey film4 ,x
 is sc>cely act$ on by  hydro*loric or  
sulphuric acids1 al?\gh aft] "s "t bo?  

coat x  ) a film ( *loride or sulphate4 
,x is rapidly act$ on by nitric  acid1 )
 =mation ( ! nitrate4 ,pure wat] put    
into a lead5 vessel  & expos$ to ! air  
soon corrodes x1 & dissolves ! newly =m$
  oxide2 b riv] & spr+ wat] h little    
action ^u lead1 provid$  !re is no free 
c>bonic acid pres5t1 ! c>bonates &      
sulphates 9  su* wat] de/roy+ _! solv5t 
p[]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a v  small am\nt
 ( phosphate ( sodium or ( iodide (     
potassium1 dissolv$  9 di/ill$ wat]1    
prev5ts its corrosive action on ?is     
metal4 ,! lead  9 contact ) su* wat]    
gradually becomes cov]$ ) a sup]ficial  
film ( an insoluble salt ( lead1 :i*    
adh]es t5aci\sly1 & prev5ts  fur!r      
*ange4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ord9>y wat]    
7#8h>d wat]'71  :i* ab\nds 9 m9]al      
salts1 may be m or less safely kept 9   
lead5  ci/]ns2 b di/ill$ wat] & ra9     
wat]1 & all o!r v>ieties t  conta9      
sc>cely any sal9e matt]1 spe$ily        
corrode1 & dissolve a  portion ( lead1  
:5 kept 9 vessels ( t metal4 ,:51 h[ev]1

 lead5  ci/]ns h iron or z9c fa/5+s or  
braces1 a galvanic action is set  up1 ! 
pres]vative p[] ( sal9e matt] ceases1 & 
! wat] spe$ily  becomes contam9at$ )    
lead1 & unfit = consumption z a bev]age4
  ,wat] conta9+ c>bonic anhydride also  
acts on lead1 & ?is is !  reason :y !   
wat] ( "s spr+s 7al?\gh load$ ) sal9e   
matt]71  :5 kept 9 lead5 ci/]ns1 or     
rais$ by lead5 pumps1 possesses         
un:olesome prop]ties4    ,m4 ,=dos1 9 a 
communication to ! #8,j\rnal de         
,ph>macie et de ,*imie1'  xix1 #bj1     
/ates t 9 ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts on !   
applicability ( lead = wat] pipes &     
ci/]ns he c\ld n detect a  trace ( lead 
9 t5 litres ( riv] wat] tak5 f ! lead5  
ci/]n  ( "o ( ! ,p>is hospitals4 ,b ^u  
%ak+ pure wat] ) %ot &  air1 a coat+ (  
c>bonate ( lead 0 =m$ on ! sides ( !    
bottle1  :i* almo/ r5d]$ ! glass opaque4
 ,on dissolv+ ! film 9 nitric  acid1 &  
e/imat+ ! lead1 x 0 f\nd t "o litre (   
wat] _h  produc$ five milligrammes ( !  
c>bonate4 ,w9e & v9eg> w\ld also        

dissolve t film2 & z %ot is commonly us$
 = clean+ w9e  bottles1 lead frequ5tly  
f9ds its way into w9es1 a fact :i* may  
acc\nt = _m ( ! cases ( *ronic poison+  
by lead :i* occur 9  l>ge t[ns4 ,!      
detection ( small quantities ( lead 9   
=5sic  inve/igation w\ld af=d1 !re=e1 no
 pro( ( any int5tional  poison+4        
,orfila's errone\s /atem5t t lead is a  
normal con/itu5t ( !  human organism may
 also be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4    ,free  
c>bonic acid is evolv$ dur+ ! f]m5tation
 or decay (  vegetable matt]1 & h5ce !  
absolute necessity ( prev5t+ !  leaves (
 trees fall+ into wat]-ci/]ns =m$ (     
lead4 ,! #8eau de  rose' & ! #8eau      
d'orange' ( comm]ce1 :i* are pure       
di/ill$ wat]  hold+ 9 solution small    
quantities ( ess5tial oil1 & are import$
 9  lead5 cani/]s1 always conta9 a small
 quantity ( lead1 & deposit a  s$im5t1  
:i* is n ! case :5 !y are kept 9 glass  
or  incorrodible vessels4    ,lead & all
 its prep>ations are highly poison\s2 & 
:e!r imbib$ 9  almo/ inf9itesimal       

quantities ) our daily bev]ages & food1 
or  swall[$ 9 l>g] & appreciable doses1 
is productive ( ! mo/  disa/r\s         
consequ5ces1 ! real cause be+           
un=tunately seldom  suspect$4    ,mr ,g4
 ,bis*(#ac writes3----,"s eight mon?s   
ago a tube 0 pass$ 9 my  laboratory1 :i*
 is suppli$ ) wat] by ! ,new ,riv]      
,company1 into  ! slate ci/]n s z to act
 z a syphon to supply "s app>atus )     
wat]4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! tube inside
 ! ci/]n 0 !re=e  alt]nately expos$ to !
 action ( air & wat]1 accord+ to ! level
  ( wat] 9 ! ci/]n4    ,footnote #ac3   
#8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1'       
,april1 #ahfg4    ,rec5tly ,i notic$ a  
:ite effloresc5ce on ! great] "p ( !    
tube  inside ! ci/]n4 ,an adjo9+ ci/]n (
 %eet lead1 ) a lead  ov]fl[ pipe fix$  
into ! bottom1 %[s n[h]e any su*        
corrosion4    ,on cutt+ ! tube x became 
evid5t t x is a composition tube1 t  is 
to say1 a lead tube1 conta9+ "s         
antimony4 ,on analysis x 0 f\nd  to be  
compos$ (----      ,lead      #ihc      

,antimony   #ag              --------   
#ajjj    ,al?\gh ! ext]nal diamet] ( !  
tube is only half an in*1 #jbi gram  (  
effloresc5ce 0 obta9$ p] foot by g5tle  
rubb+4 ,?is dri$ at  #ajj ,c4 conta9$   
#ajb p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid1          
correspond+ ) #da  p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( 
lead4 ,! rema9d]1 except #aac p] c5t4 ( 
a  residue insoluble 9 nitric acid1 is  
c>bonate ( lead4    ,! alt]nate exposure
 to air & wat] appe>s n ess5tial to !   
corrosion1 z ,i h obs]v$ a simil> effect
 :5 ! same tub+  rema9$ con/antly "u    
wat]4 ,! int]ior ( ! tube has also be5  
corrod$1 al?\gh ( c\rse no p]man5t      
effloresc5ce c\ld be =m$1  ow+ to !     
rapid fl[ ( ! wat]4    ,! frequ5t       
practice ( plumb]s ( us+ composition    
tub+ 9  connection ) wat] supplies is   
!re=e highly repreh5sible1 be+  fraught 
) consid]able dang] to ! heal? ( ^? us+ 
! wat]  = dr9k+ or cook+4    ,mr ,l\is  
,siebold detect$ lead 9 eight out ( t5  
samples ( conc5trat$  solution ( acetate
 ( ammonia z well z 9 a sample ( !      

ord9>y  solution ( ! ,briti%            
,ph>macopia4 ,9 pursu+ 8 inve/igations  
,mr  ,siebold f\nd t solutions ( acetate
 ( ammonium are capable (  dissolv+ lead
 f glass4 ,he !re=e advises t all =ms ( 
!  solution1 m p>ticul>ly ! conc5trat$  
liquor employ$ by _m  *emi/s = mak+ !   
weak] solutions1 %\ld be kept 9 bottles 
free  f lead4    ,) ! acids lead or its 
oxides =m salts1 usually :ite 9 col\r1 &
  9 ! majority ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 b
 readily soluble 9 acids4    ,te/s4 ,!  
oxides & salts ( lead1 mix$ ) a little  
c>bonate (  soda1 & expos$ on a *>coal  
support to ! r$uc+ flame ( !  bl[pipe1  
readily yield a s(t & ductile globule ( 
metallic lead1 &  ! *>coal1 at ! same   
"t1 becomes cov]$ ) a yell[i%           
incru/ation ( oxide ( lead4 ,bo?        
metallic lead & its oxides are  soluble 
9 nitric acid1 furni%+ a solution :i*   
may be exam9$ )  ease4    ,solution (   
lead salts may be recognis$ by ! foll[+ 
reactions3----,sulphurett$ hydrog51     
sulphydrate ( ammonium1 & !  alkal9e    

sulphides1 give black precipitates1     
insoluble 9 ! cold dilute  acids1       
alkalies1 alkal9e sulphides1 & cyanide (
 potassium4 ,potassium  & sodium        
hydrates give a :ite precipitate1       
soluble 9 excess4 ,ammonia  7except ) ! 
acetate7 gives a :ite precipitate1      
insoluble 9 excess4  ,! c>bonates (     
potassium1 sodium1 & ammonium1 give a   
:ite  precipitate1 insoluble 9 excess4  
,dilute sulphuric acid 79 excess71 &    
solutions ( ! sulphates give a :ite     
precipitate1 sp>+ly soluble 9  dilute   
acids1 b soluble 9 a hot boil+ solution 
( potassium  c>bonate4 ,*romate &       
bi*romate ( potassium give yell[        
precipitates  insoluble 9 dilute nitric 
acid1 & soluble 9 solution ( potassium  
hydrate4 ,iodide ( potassium gives a    
yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 great      
excess by heat1 & sep>at+ 9 small1      
brilliant1 gold5-yell[ scales1  z !     
liquid cools4 ,a piece ( poli%$ z9c     
precipitates metallic lead  9 an        
arboresc5t =m1 h5ce call$ ! lead tree4  

,to prep>e = ^!  te/s1 a solid suppos$  
to conta9 lead %\ld be dige/$ 9 nitric  
acid1  :5 ! solution1 evaporat$ to      
dryness & r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 may be  te/$
 z above4    ,e/im4 ,?is has be5 already
 ref]r$ to "u previ\s heads4 ,! ores  ( 
lead 7gal5a7 may be dige/$ 9 nitric     
acid1 :5 ! solution may be  treat$ )    
sulphuric acid1 & ! lead e/imat$ f !    
weight ( !  precipitat$ sulphate4 ,?is  
is call$ an assay 9 ! wet way4 ,! me?od 
adopt$ by practical m9]alogi/s is an    
assay 9 ! dry way1 & is  conduct$ z     
foll[s3----,a small b p[]ful            
air-furnace1 *>g$ )  coke1 is br\ght to 
z high a temp]ature z possible1 & a     
conical  wr\ght-iron crucible plung$    
into ! mid/ ( x2 z soon z !  crucible   
has atta9$ a dull-r$ heat1 #ajjj gr4 ( !
 gal5a1 r$uc$ to  p[d]1 are ?r[n into x1
 & /irr$ g5tly ) a long piece ( /iff    
iron wire flatt5$ at ! "o end1 9 ord] to
 expose z l>ge a surface  ( ! p[d]$ ore 
to ! air z possible1 obs]v+ n[ & !n to  
)draw ! wire1 to prev5t x becom+ r$ hot1

 9 :i* case "s (  ! ore w\ld p]man5tly  
adh]e to x1 & be r$uc$ be=e ! int5d$    
"t2 ! roa/+ is complet$ 9 #c or #d      
m9utes1 & any portion ( !  ore adh]+ to 
! /irr] be+ deta*$ by a knife1 & return$
 into  ! crucible1 ! latt] is cov]$ up1 
& all[$ to atta9 a full  *]ry-r$ heat1  
:5 ab\t #b or #c spoonfuls ( r$uc+ flux 
are add$1  & ! :ole br\ght to a full    
:ite heat2 9 #ab to #ae m9utes1 !       
portion ( metal & scoria adh]+ to !     
sides ( ! crucible are  scrap$ d[n into 
! melt$ mass ) a small /ick ( moi/ gre5 
wood1  aft] :i* ! crucible is aga9      
cov]$1 & ! heat urg$ = #b or #c  m9utes 
long]1 s z to keep ! mass 9 a p]fectly  
liquid /ate dur+  ! :ole "t2 ! crucible 
is !n remov$ f ! fire ) !               
crucible-tongs1 & adroitly tilt$ s z to 
dis*>ge its cont5ts into a  small1      
+ot-m\ld ( brass1 obs]v+ to rake !      
scoria f ! surface  to ! sides ( !      
crucible1 s z to all[ ! molt5 lead to be
 p\r$  out )\t x2 ! scoria is !n reheat$
 9 ! crucible ) ab\t #a_/b  spoonful (  

flux1 & aft] be+ cleans$ ) a piece (    
gre5 wood1 z  be=e1 is at once p\r$ into
 a second m\ld1 :i* is in/antly  inv]t$2
 ! little button ( lead ?us obta9$ is   
add$ to ! lead 9  ! o!r m\ld1 & ! :ole  
is accurately weigh$4 ,! weight1 divid$ 
by #aj1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( lead        
7includ+ silv]1 if pres5t7 9 !  ore     
exam9$4    ,"o half ( ! lead ?us obta9$ 
is put into a dry cupel ( bone a%1  &   
plac$ 9 ! cupell+ furnace1 & treat$ z   
describ$ 9 !  article on assay+2 !      
metallic button left on ! cupel is !n   
deta*$ & weigh$4 ,! weight1 divid$ by   
#e1 gives ! p]-c5tage (  pure silv]4    
,obs4 ,! flux commonly employ$ 9 ! above
 assay is compos$ ( r$  argol1 #f p>ts2 
nitre1 #d p>ts2 borax1 #b p>ts2 fluor   
sp>1 #a "p2 well  pulv]is$ & ?or\ghly   
mix$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! ore is v refractory1 
ab\t a spoonful ( c>bonate ( potassium  
%\ld be add$ = ea* #ajjj  gra9s ( ore1 9
 :i* case ! roa/+ may be disp5s$ )4 ,!  
quantity ( silv] 9 arg5tif]\s gal5a     
v>ies f #c_/ajjjj to #a_/c "p  ( ! :ole4

 ,:5ev] ?is ore conta9s above #b p>ts ( 
silv] 9 !  #ajjj1 x is f\nd to be       
pr(itable to extract ! latt]4 ,inde$1 by
  ,pattison's process x is f\nd t z     
small a proportion z #a 9 #hjjj c  be   
extract$ ) pr(it4    ,uses4 ,! uses (   
lead 9 ! arts are well kn[n4 ,x ent]s   
into !  composition ( _m important      
alloys 7pewt]1 type-metal1 %ot-metal1   
sold]1 c471 x furni%es u ) sev]al       
valuable pigm5ts 7*rome  yell[1 c471 & x
 is ext5sively us$ 9 dye+4 ,"s ( its    
prep>ations are employ$ 9 m$ic9e4       
,ant41 c4 ,adm9i/] an emetic ( sulphate 
( z9c or sulphate (  copp]1 &1 if       
necess>y1 tickle ! fauces ) ! f+] or a  
fea!r1  to induce vomit+4 ,%\ld ?is n   
succe$ ! /oma*-pump may be _h  rec\rse  
to4 ,epsom or ,glaub]'s salts1 or alum1 
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 or  wat] acidulat$ )   
sulphuric acid1 foll[$ by tea1 wat]     
gruel1 or  b>ley wat]1 are ! prop]      
antidotes1 & %\ld be tak5 z soon aft]  !
 poison has be5 swall[$ z possible4 ,9  
poison+ by :ite lead1 ,dr  ,alfr$       

,taylor recomm5ds ! adm9i/ration ( a    
mixture ( sulphate (  magnesium & v9eg>1
 z pref]able to ! sulphate alone4 ,:5 ! 
symptoms are ^? ( pa9t]'s colic1 !      
treatm5t recomm5d$ "u  t head %\ld be   
adopt$4 ,9 p>alysis aris+ f lead1 small 
doses  ( /ry*n9e & its prep>ations may  
be cauti\sly adm9i/]$4 ,a  symptom (    
poison+ by lead is ! =mation ( a n>r[   
lead5 blue  l9e1 f #a_/bj? to #a_/f? (  
an in* wide1 bord]+ ! edges ( !  gums1  
atta*$ to ! neck ( two or m tee? ( ei!r 
jaw4 7,dr  ,burton47 ,?is discoloration 
may (t5 be detect$ or r5d]$ m           
conspicu\s by r9s+ ! m\? out ) wat]     
hold+ a little  sulphurett$ hydrog5 or  
sulphydrate ( ammonium 9 solution4      
,*evalli]  & ,ray] recomm5d ! use (     
sulphur\s or hepatic m9]al wat]s1 or (  
artificial solutions ( sulphurett$      
hydrog5 or alkal9e sulphides 9  wat]1   
bo? 9 cases ( acute & *ronic poison+ by 
lead2 b !  practical success ( ?is plan 
does n appe> to h be5 9 proportion  to  
!oretical anticipations4 ,! moi/ &      

fre%ly precipitat$ sulphides  ( iron are
 said by _! advocates to be infallible  
if tak5 suffici5tly  e>ly4    ,lead 9   
,a]at$ ,wat]4 ,"s "t s9ce ,sir ,rob]t   
,*ri/ison condemn$  ! use ( syphons =   
lemonade1 ow+ to ! action ( free t>t>ic 
acid  ^u lead1 & ! rapidity ) :i* wat]s 
conta9+ any free acid  become *>g$ )    
lead 9 syphons4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor   
,mill]1 #jjage  gr4 ( lead p] gallon is 
n an unusual am\nt = av]age ci/]n wat]4 
,mr ,john ,s4 ,?ompson1 h[ev]1 reports  
to ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,*emical      
,society t1 aft] su* wat] has be5 a]at$ 
& put into a syphon1 !  am\nt ( lead    
dissolv$ 9 x beg9s to rise 9 a rapid    
mann]4 ,?us 9  pota% wat]1 drawn f a    
syphon1 #jjdjh gra9 ( lead p] gallon 0  
f\nd to be pres5t1 be+ ne>ly #be times !
 quantity f\nd 9 ! same  wat] be=e x    
ent]$ ! syphon4 ,pure a]at$ wat] aga9   
drawn 9 a  simil> mann] f a syphon gave 
#jjhaf gr4 ( lead p] gallon1 or  exactly
 d\ble ! am\nt f\nd 9 ! pota% wat]1 %[+ 
at once !  well-kn[n protective action t

 salts ( ! alkalies & alkal9e  e>?s h on
 lead4 8,al?\gh10 says ! #8,m$ical      
,j\rnal1' 8^!  results are suffici5tly  
high & al>m+2 /ill1 :5 ! wat] is drawn  
(f 9 small quantities at a "t1 z is     
frequ5tly ! case )  invalids1 ! results 
are f\nd to be /ill high]2 ?us1 :5 pota%
  wat] 0 s treat$1 #jjdee gr4 ( lead p] 
gallon 0 f\nd1 :ile  a]at$ wat]1 drawn  
(f 9 small quantities1 gave #jjicc gr4 (
 lead p]  gallon1 %[+ a v m>k$ rise 9   
bo? cases4 ,! cause ( ?is  increase 9   
quantity ( ! lead appe>s to be ow+1 n s 
mu* to !  l5g!n$ p]iod ( contact betwe5 
! liquid & ! metal z to !  fact t !     
nozzle ( ! syphon1 be+ expos$ to !      
atmosph]e 9 a  moi/ /ate1 becomes       
rapidly oxidis$ or c>bonat$1 & is left 9
 !  mo/ suitable condition = ent]+ into 
solution1 s t1 :5 m]ely  small portions 
( ! liquid are drawn (f ea* "t1 a       
comp>atively  conc5trat$ solution ( lead
 is obta9$4 ,^! results10 cont9ues !    
same au?ority1 8comp>e accurately ) ^?  
:i* 7 obta9$ by  ,messrs ,savory &      

,moore1 9 exam9+ ! cont5ts ( a s]ies (  
syphons  ( a]at$ wat] = ,dr ,george ,ow5
 ,rees1 ,f4,r4,s41 ^: att5tion 0  drawn 
to ! subject by detect+ symptoms (      
lead-poison+ 9 himself  aft] he _h be5 9
 ! habit = "s "t ( dr9k+ su* a]at$      
wat]40    ,lead1 ,acetate (4            
,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbic    
,,acetate1 ,,sug>  ,,( ,,lead1 ,,plumbi 
,,acetas4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,li?>ge 79   
f9e p[d]7 #bd2  acetic acid1 #dj2       
di/ill$ wat]1 #bj2 mix ! acetic acid & !
 wat]1  add ! li?>ge1 & dissolve ) ! aid
 ( a g5tle heat1 filt]1  evaporate until
 a pellicle =ms1 & cry/allise4 ,dra9 &  
dry !  cry/al4    ,acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 
#ajhdc71 #bc p>ts1 is g5tly heat$ 9 a   
copp]  boil] r5d]$ electro-negative by  
means ( a l>ge flat piece ( lead  sold]$
 )9 x1 & li?>ge 7pure1 & 9 f9e p[d]71   
#ac p>ts1 is  spr9kl$ 92 ! heat is !n   
cont9u$1 ) con/ant /irr+1 until  ! acid 
is saturat$1 :5 ! "m-wat]s ( a =m]      
process1 if any1  are add$1 & ! :ole is 
heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 & all[$ to       

settle until cold2 ! cle> portion is n[ 
decant$1 & evaporat$ 9 a  simil> vessel 
until ! liquor has ! sp4 gr4 #abff or   
#abfg1 :5 x is  run into salt-glaz$     
/one-w>e vessels 7! edges ( :i* h be5   
well  sme>$ ) c&le grease71 & all[$ to  
cry/allise4 ,! product is #ch  to       
#ch-a_/b p>ts ( cry/allis$ sug> ( lead4 
,x is f\nd to be  advantage\s to pres]ve
 a v slight excess ( acid dur+ ! boil+  
& cry/allisation1 to prev5t ! =mation ( 
any basic acetate !  pres5ce ( :i*      
imp$es ! =mation ( regul> cry/als4    ,f
 li?>ge1 #aab lbs42 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4
 #ajeg71 #abh lbs4 ,prop4 #ahj  to #ahd 
lbs4    ,prop4 ,pure acetate ( lead =ms 
col\rless1 transp>5t1 prismatic         
cry/als1 slightly effloresc5t 9 dry air2
 x is soluble 9 #h p>ts (  alcohol & 9  
#a-a_/d "p ( cold wat]2 ! aque\s        
solution has a sweet  a/r+5t ta/e1 &    
feebly r$d5s litmus1 b turns turm]ic & !
  juice ( violets gre52 :5 g5tly heat$1 
x melts 9 its wat] (  cry/allisation2 by
 cont9u+ ! heat1 ! :ole ( ! wat] is     

expell$1 & ! dry acetate obta9$2 at a   
high] temp]ature ! salt  suff]s         
decomposition1 & acetic acid1 acetone1  
c41 is giv5 (f4  ,comm]cial acetate (   
lead is 9 g5]al a confus$ cry/all9e     
mass1  some:at resembl+ brok5 lump sug>4
 ,x is p[]fully a/r+5t &  poison\s4     
,:5 pure x is completely soluble 9      
di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ )  acetic acid   
=m+ a transp>5t col\rless solution1 8#ch
 gra9s  dissolv$ 9 wat] require =       
complete precipitation #bjj gra9s       
measures  ( ! volumetric solution (     
oxalic acid40 7,b4 ,p47    ,uses1 c4    
,acetate ( lead is ext5sively employ$ 9 
dye+ &  calico-pr9t+4 ,9 m$ic9e x is us$
 z an a/r+5t1 /yptic1 &  hmo/atic2 9    
pulmon>y1 ut]9e1 & inte/9al hmorrhage1  
colliquative  di>rha1 ph?isical sweats1 
c4 ,x is usually comb9$ ) morphia or    
opium1 & ) acetic acid to prev5t x pass+
 into ! /ate ( !  poison\s c>bonate 9 ! 
/oma*4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr4    
7,colli]72 #a  to #b gr4 to #h or #aj   
gr41 twice or ?rice a day 7,p]eira72 #c 

gr4 to #aj gr41  e #f or #h h\rs 7,a4   
,t4 ,?omson74 ,ext]nally1 z a collyrium1
 #aj gr4  to wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 7,a4 ,t4  
,?omson72 z a lotion1 #bj gr4 7,a4 ,t4  
,?omson71  #a dr4 7,colli]7 to wat]1 #h 
or #aj fl4 oz42 z an injection1 #dj gr4 
to rose  wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,! lotion is  
cool+ & s$ative1 & is commonly us$  9   
excoriations1 local inflammations1 c4   
,basic ,acetates4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^!  
salts1 b only "o is ( any  importance4  
,tribasic ,lead ,acetate or ,d\ble      
,plumbic ,acetate1 & ,dioxide4          
,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb,o4 ,syn4      
,,subacetate ,,( ,,lead2 ,,basic ,,lead 
,,citrate2 ,,g\l>d',s ,,acetate ,,(     
,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,subacetas 7,b4 ,p474 
,prep4  ,li?>ge1 #g2 acetate ( lead1    
#aj2 & di/ill$ wat]1 #dj2 are boil$ half
  an h\r1 & evaporat$ d[n1 & all[$ to   
cry/allise out ( contact  ) air4    ,us$
 "u ! =m ( 8,plumbi subacetas liquor0 v4
 7,b4 ,p47    ,lead1 ,arseniate (4      
,pb#c7;,as,o#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,ars5ate ,,(   
,l42 ,,plumbi  ,,ars5ias1 ,l4 ,prep4    

,gradually add a solution ( acetate (   
lead to  ano!r ( ars5iate ( sodium4 ,a  
:ite1 insoluble p[d]4 ,propos$ z an     
ext]nal application 9 c]ta9 =ms ( canc]4
    ,lead1 ,bromide (4 ,pb,br#b4 ,syn4  
,,plumbi ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by     
precipitat+ a solution ( neutral acetate
 or nitrate ( lead ) a  solution (      
bromide ( potassium4 ,a :ite1 cry/all9e 
p[d]1 sp>+ly  soluble 9 wat]4 ,x fuses  
by heat into a r$ liquid1 :i* turns     
yell[  :5 cold4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ! same 
cases z iodide ( lead4    ,lead1        
,c>bonate (4 ,pb,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi  
,,c>bonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by  precipitat+ a
 cold solution ( ei!r acetate or nitrate
 ( lead ) a  solution ( an alkal9e      
c>bonate1 obs]v+ to well wa% !          
precipitate  & dry x 9 ! %ade4 ,?is     
prep>ation is seldom employ$1 !         
comm]cial c>bonate 7,,:ite ,,lead7 be+  
sub/itut$ = x4 ,see ,,:ite  ,,pigm5ts4  
,lead1 ,*loride (4 ,pb,cl#b4 ,syn4      
,,*loride ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,*loridum   
7,ph4  ,l4 #ahcf74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4     

#ahcf74 ,dissolve acetate ( lead1 #ai   
oz41 9  boil+ wat]1 #c p9ts2 next       
dissolve *loride ( sodium1 #f oz41 9    
boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mix ! two solutions1
 & :5 cold wa% & dry  ! precipitate4 ,a 
:ite1 cry/all9e p[d]4    ,dissolve f9ely
 p[d]$ li?>ge 9 boil+ dilute hydro*loric
 acid1  & set aside ! filt]$ solution to
 cool4 ,brilliant col\rless ne$les4     
,prop4 ,soluble 9 #ace p>ts ( cold & 9  
#bb p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 x  melts :5      
heat$1 & solidifies on cool+1 =m+ a     
horn-l  sub/ance 7horn lead2 plumbi     
corneum74    ,uses1 c4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l4    
#ahcf1 *loride ( lead 0 ord]$ to be     
employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( #8hydro*lorate 
( morphia4' ,mr ,tuson highly  recomm5ds
 x 9 canc]\s affections1 to allay pa9 & 
re/ra9 morbid  action1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a  
lotion or o9tm5t4    ,v>i\s mixtures (  
lead *lorides & oxide are employ$ z a   
:ite  pigm5t "u ! "n ( #8,pattison's    
:ite4' ,x is prep>$ by rapidly  mix+ a  
boil+ solution ( lead *loride ) an equal
 volume ( lime  wat]4 ,ano!r simil>     

comp\nd is call$ #8pat5t yell[' or      
#8,turn]'s  yell[4'    ,lead1 ,*romate  
(4 ,pb,cr,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,yell[1   
,,leipsig ,,yell[1 ,,p>is  ,,yell[4     
,prep4 ,by add+ a filt]$ solution (     
acetate or nitrate (  lead to a l       
solution ( *romate ( potassium1 z long z
 !  precipitate =ms1 :i* is collect$1   
wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$4 ,=  in=mation      
respect+ ! manufacture ( ?is sub/ance on
 ! l>ge  scale1 z a col\r+ sub/ance     
7*rome yell[71 see ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4   
,lead1 ,di*romate (4 ,syn4 ,,*rome      
,,orange1 ,,*rome ,,r$4                 
,pb,cr,o#d4,pb,o4  ,prep4 ,by add+ to a 
solution ( nitrate or acetate ( lead a  
solution  ( *romate ( potassium1 to :i* 
an equival5t ( potassa has be5  add$4   
,?is comp\nd is ( a spl5did sc>let      
col\r4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4    ,lead1   
,cyanide (4 ,pb,cy#b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi    
,,cyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by  add+        
hydrocyanic acid to a solution ( acetate
 ( lead1 z long z a  precipitate =ms1   
:i*1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 is   

dri$ by a v g5tle heat1 & pres]v$ f !   
light & air4  ,sometimes us$ z a s\rce (
 m$ic9al hydrocyanic acid4    ,lead1    
,iodide (4 ,pb,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,lead        
,,iodide2 ,,plumbi ,,iodidum 7,b4 ,p41  
,ph4  ,l4 ,e4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47    
,nitrate ( lead1 #d2 iodide ( potassium1
 #d2  di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy4       
,dissolve ) ! aid ( heat ! nitrate  (   
lead 9 #cj ( wat]1 & ! iodide (         
potassium 9 #aj ( wat]1 mix1  collect ! 
precipitate1 wa%1 & dry at a g5tle heat4
    ,prop41 c4 ,a ri* yell[-col\r$ p[d]1
 soluble 9 acetic acid1  alcohol1 &     
boil+ wat]2 :5 heat$1 x fuses &         
volatilises 9  yell[ vap\r1 b ) a high] 
degree ( heat1 violet vap\rs ( iod9e    
are evolv$1 leav+ a residuum 7lead7 :i* 
is :olly soluble 9 nitric               
acid4----,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #d gr4 or  
m1 made into a pill2 z a  deob/ru5t &   
resolv5t1 9 enl>gem5ts ( ! c]vical1     
axill>y1 &  mes5t]ic gl&s1 & 9 scr(ul\s 
affections & scirrh\s tum\rs4    ,lead1 
,nitrate (4 ,pb7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi

 ,,nitras1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,e4 ,d47 
,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,li?>ge 79 f9e p[d]71 
#a oz42 pure nitric acid1 #b fl4  oz41  
dilut$ ) wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mix1 apply a  
s&-heat1 & evaporate  to dryness1       
occasionally /irr+2 boil ! residuum 9   
wat]1 #b-a_/b  p9ts2 filt]1 acidulate ) 
a few drops ( nitric acid1 evaporate to 
a  pellicle1 & set ! liquid aside to    
cool2 la/ly1 dry ! deposit$  cry/als on 
bibul\s pap]1 & pres]ve !m 9 a well     
clos$ bottle4    7,comm]cial47 ,by      
dissolv+ :ite lead 9 dilute nitric acid1
 &  cry/allis+4    ,uses1 c4 ,?is salt  
is ext5sively us$ 9 calico pr9t+1 & 9 ! 
prep>ation ( ! iodide & o!r salts (     
lead4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu*  e/eem$ 9 a/hmas1  
hmorrhages1 & epilepsy4 ,x is n[ (t5 us$
 9 an  ext]nal application 9 canc]1     
ulc]s1 w\nds1 & v>i\s cutane\s          
affections4 ,x is ! basis ( ,lieb]t's   
celebrat$ #8cosmtique  infallible1' & ( 
,l$oy5's #8dis9fect+ fluid4' ,a v weak  
solution  is an excell5t application to 
*app$ nipples1 lips1 h&s1 c4----,dose1  

#a_/b to #a gr42 9 ! =m ( pill or       
solution1 wa%$ d[n ) a  tablespoonful ( 
wat] v slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid4
    ,lead1 ,nitro-sac*>ate (4 ,syn4     
,,plumbi ,,nitrosac*>as1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr
  ,s4 ,e4 ,hosk9s47 ,nitric acid1 #a "p2
 wat]1 #ai p>ts2 mix2 9 ?is dilute  acid
 sac*>ate ( lead 79 f9e p[d]7 is to be  
dissolv$1 & set aside  t cry/als may =m1
 :i* are to be dri$ by pressure betwe5 !
  folds ( bibul\s pap]4 ,a weak solution
 ( ! salt1 acidulat$ )  sac*>ic acid1   
has be5 employ$ by ,dr ,hosk9s z a      
solv5t =  phosphatic calculi1 ) app>5t  
success4    ,lead1 ,oxide (4 ,pb,o4     
,syn4 ,,monoxide ,,( ,,lead1 ,,protoxide
 ,,( ,,lead1 ,,yell[  ,,oxide ,,(       
,,lead1 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum 7,b4 ,p47     
,prep4 ,?is sub/ance is obta9$  p]fectly
 pure by expell+ ! acid f nitrate (     
lead1 by expos+ x  to heat 9 a plat9um  
crucible2 or1 /ill bett]1 by add+       
ammonia to a  cold solution ( nitrate ( 
lead until ! liquid becomes fa9tly      
alkal9e1 wa%+ ! precipitate ) cold wat]1

 dry+ x1 & heat+  x to mod]ate r$ness = 
#a h\r4    ,prop41 c4 ,pure protoxide ( 
lead has a lemon-yell[ col\r1 & is !    
be/ ( all ! salts ( lead4 ,x is v heavy1
 slightly soluble 9  wat]1 & freely s 9 
acids1 p>ticul>ly :5 9 ! hydrat$ /ate2  
! aque\s solution has an alkal9e        
reaction2 at a r$ heat x melts1 &       
assumes a semi-cry/all9e =m on cool+2 9 
! melt$ /ate x rapidly  attacks &       
dissolves silice\s matt]1 ) :i* x unites
 to =m glass  7fl9t glass72 :5 heat$    
along ) organic sub/ances ( any k9d1 x  
is easily r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4     
,on ! comm]cial scale1 ?is oxide is     
prep>$ by heat+ ! grey film  or dross t 
=ms on ! surface ( melt$ lead :5 freely 
expos$ to  ! air4 ,:5 ! process is      
arre/$1 z soon z ! oxide acquires a     
uni=m yell[ col\r1 x is call$ massicot2 
:5 ! heat is /ill  fur!r increas$1 until
 x fuses or p>tially vitrifies1 x =ms   
li?>ge ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties4   
,see ,,li?>ge1 ,,massicot4    ,lead1 ,r$
 ,oxide (4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,lead1 ,,m9ium4  

,prep4 ,?is is prep>$ by  expos+ unfus$ 
protoxide ( lead to ! air = a long "t1  
at a dull  r$ heat4 ,x is a v heavy     
p[d]1 ( a f9e r$ col\r1 decompos$ by a  
/rong heat into protoxide ( lead1 &     
oxyg5 gas1 :i* is evolv$4  ,some:at     
unc]ta9 9 its composition1 b is g5]ally 
( ! composition  ,pb#c,o#d or           
,pb,o#bb,pb,o4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5t4      
,lead1 ,dioxide4 ,pb,o#b4 ,syn4         
,,b9iodide ,,( ,,lead1 ,,p]oxide ,,(    
,,lead1 ,,puce  ,,oxide ,,( ,,lead4     
,prep4 ,by dige/+ r$ oxide ( lead 9     
dilute nitric  acid2 or by infus+ a     
mixture ( protoxide ( lead & *lorate (  
potassium at a heat a little bel[       
r$ness1 & wa%+ ! p[d]$ mass  9 wat]2 or 
by transmitt+ a curr5t ( *lor9e gas     
?r\gh a solution  ( neutral acetate (   
lead4 ,?is oxide gives up half its oxyg5
 at a r$  heat2 acids also decompose x4 
,its *ief use is 9 *emical analysis1 to 
sep>ate sulphur\s acid f c]ta9 gase\s   
mixtures1 :i* x conv]ts  into sulphuric 
acid1 :i* x at ! same "t absorbs1 =m+   

sulphate  ( lead4 ,x has rec5tly be5    
employ$ z an oxidis+ ag5t 9 !           
manufacture ( ! ,,anil9e ,,dyes4        
,lead1 ,pyrolignite (4 ,sug> ( lead made
 ) r\gh pyroligne\s acid4  ,us$ 9 dye+1 
*iefly = ! prep>ation ( acetate (       
alum9a4    ,lead1 ,sac*>ate (4 ,syn4    
,,plumbi ,,sac*>as1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,s4 
,e4  ,hosk9s47 ,nitric acid1 #b p>ts2   
wat]1 #aj p>ts2 mix 9 a porcela9        
capsule1 add ( sug>1 #a "p2 & apply heat
 until reaction ceases2 !n  dilute !    
liquid ) di/ill$ wat]1 neutralise x )   
p[d]$ *alk1  filt]1 & add to ! filtrate 
a solution ( acetate ( lead1 z long z  a
 precipitate 7sac*>ate ( lead7 =ms2     
la/ly1 collect ! precipitate  on a      
filt]1 wa% & dry x4 ,us$ to make        
nitro-sac*>ate ( lead1 &  z a s\rce (   
sac*>ic acid4    ,lead1 ,sulphate (4    
,pb,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,sulphas1 ,l4
 ,?is salt occurs  native 9 transp>5t   
octoh$ra 7lead vitriol71 & is obta9$ 9  
l>ge  quantities z a by-product 9 !     
prep>ation ( acetate ( alum9um =  dye+4 

,prep4 ,by add+ dilute sulphuric acid to
 a solution ( a soluble salt (  lead4 ,x
 is v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] & 9 dilute  
sulphuric acid1  soluble 9 /rong        
hydro*loric acid & bit>trate ( ammonium4
    ,lead1 ,sulphide (4 ,pb,s4 ,syn4    
,,plumbi ,,sulphide4 ,?is occurs        
abundantly  9 nature 9 ! =m ( ,,gal5a4  
,prep4 ,by fus+ metallic lead ) sulphur 
or by pass+ sulphurett$  hydrog5 ?r\gh a
 solution ( a salt ( lead4    ,lead1    
,tannate (4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,tannas1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,precipitate a  solution (      
acetate ( lead ) an infusion ( galls1 & 
wa% & dry  ! precipitate4 ,a/r+5t1      
s$ative1 & hmo/atic4----,dose1 #a gr4 & 
upw>ds1 made into a pill4 ,x has be5    
highly recomm5d$ 9 ! =m (  o9tm5t &     
cataplasms1 9 b$-sores1 *ronic ulc]s ( !
 feet1 :ite  swell+s1 c4    ,lead1      
,t>trate (4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,t>tras1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,by precipitat+  acetate ( lead1
 by t>trate ( ammonium1 wa%+ & dry+4    
,,lead ,,du/4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,plumbi1  
,,plumbum ,,divisum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by     

melt+  new lead1 add+ bruis$ *>coal1    
mix+ ) viol5t agitation1 :i*  mu/ be    
cont9u$ until ! metal #8sets1' & !n     
p\nd+ & wa%+  away ! *>coal4 ,us$ by    
pott]s4    ,,lead1 ,,granulat$4 ,prep4  
,by melt+ new lead1 & p\r+ x 9 a small  
/ream f an iron ladle ) a hole drill$ 9 
its bottom1 into a pail  ( wat]4 ,us$ to
 make solutions & alloys4    ,,lead1    
,,r$4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4    ,,lead1   
,,:ite4 ,see ,,:ite ,,pigm5t4    ,,lead 
,,pyroph,,orus4 ,see ,,pyrophorus4      
,,lea?,,er4 ,syn4 ,,corium1 ,,corius1   
,l4 ,lea!r is ! sk9 ( animals :i*  has  
be5 prep>$ by "o or o!r ( sev]al        
processes adopt$ = !  purpose1 hav+ !   
common object ( prev5t+ its spontane\s  
de/ruction by putrefaction1 besides o!r 
objects1 :i* are m or less  peculi> to  
ea* v>iety ( ?is useful sub/ance4       
,lea!r is only prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 &
 prim>ily ei!r by !  process (          
#8,,tann+' or #8,,taw+1' 9 ! mann]      
briefly describ$ "u  ^! heads4          
,,curri$ ,,lea!r is lea!r :i* has be5   

tann$1 & sold to ! curri]1  :o1 aft]    
soak+ x 9 wat]1 & rubb+ x to s(t5 x1    
p>es x ev5  ) a broad1 %>p knife1 rubs x
 ) a piece ( poli%$ /one or wood1  &1   
:il/ /ill wet1 besme>s x ) oil or grease
 7,,dubb+71 :i*  gradually p5etrates !  
lea!r z ! moi/ure evaporates4 ,x next   
und]goes ! op]ation ( #8wax+1' :i*      
consi/s ( fir/ rubb+ x on  ! fle% side )
 a mixture ( oil & lamp black2 x is !n  
#8black-siz$' ) a bru% or sponge1 &1 :5 
dry1 is la/ly #8tall[$'  ) a prop] clo?1
 & #8slick$' ^u ! fle% side ) a broad & 
poli%$ lump ( glass4 ,lea!r curri$ on ! 
hair or gra9 side1 t]m$  #8black on !   
gra91' is black5$ by wett+ x ) iron     
liquor1 &  rubb+ x ) an iron #8slick]'  
be=e apply+ ! oil or grease4 ,!  gra9 is
 f9ally rais$ by ! #8pommel' or #8gra9+ 
bo>d' pass$ ov] x  9 v>i\s directions4  
,lea!r is dy$ or /a9$ by ! application1 
) an ord9>y bru%1 (  any ( ! /rong      
liquid dyes1 9 ! cold or only g5tly     
heat$1 to !  surface ( ! sk9 previ\sly  
/ret*$ on a bo>d4 ,! surface1 :5  dry1  

is commonly f9i%$ (f ) :ite ( egg & !   
pommel or  smoo?+ /ick4 ,bookb9d]s      
g5]ally employ copp]as wat] z a black   
/a9 or spr9kle2 a solution ( indigo z a 
blue "o2 & a solution (  salt ( t>t> or 
common soda1 z a br[n "o4    ,lea!r1    
be=e be+ japann$ or v>ni%$1 z 9 !       
prep>ation ( :at  is call$ #8,,enamell$'
 & #8,,pat5t ,,lea!r1' is c>efully fre$ 
f grease  by ! application ( absorb5t   
sub/ances or h>d pressure betwe5        
roll]s1 & ! surface is nicely %av$1     
smoo!d1 & poli%$ by  appropriate tools1 
! v>ni% is !n appli$ to ! gra9 side = ! 
=m]1 & ! fle% side ( ! sk9 = ! latt]1   
:i* is previ\sly  /ret*$ out tight on a 
bo>d to receive x4 ,! :ole is1 la/ly1   
submitt$ to a g5tle /ove-heat to h>d5 ! 
v>ni%2 & ! process is  repeat$1 if      
necess>y4    ,uses1 c4 ,^! are well     
kn[n1 & are all b univ]sal4 ,! lea!r    
manufacture ( ,great ,brita9 is equal 9 
importance & utility to any  o!r        
dep>tm5t ( our indu/ry1 & inf]ior 9 po9t
 ( value &  ext5t only to ^? ( cotton1  

wool1 & iron4 8,if we look abroad on !  
in/rum5ts ( husb&ry1 on ! implem5ts us$ 
9 mo/ ( ! me*anic  trades1 on ! /ructure
 ( a multitude ( eng9es & ma*9es2 or if 
we  contemplate at home ! necess>y p>ts 
( our clo?+----bree*es1 %oes1  boots1   
gloves----or ! furniture ( our h\ses1 ! 
books on our %elves1  ! h>ness ( our    
horses1 or ev5 ! sub/ance ( our         
c>riages2 :at d  we see b in/ances (    
human indu/ry ex]t$ ^u lea!r8 ,:at an   
aptitude has ?is s+le mat]ial 9 a v>iety
 ( circum/ances = !  relief ( our       
necessities1 & supply+ conv5i5ces 9 e   
/ate &  /age ( life6 ,)\t x1 or ev5 )\t 
x 9 ! pl5ty we h x1 to  :at difficulties
 %\ld we be expos$80 7,dr ,campbell47   
,lea!r is a k9d  ( natural felt1 b ( mu*
 clos] & firm] texture ?an t (          
artificial orig94 8,! ?9n] & s(t] k9ds (
 lea!r are sometimes  us$ z body-clo?+2 
b its special & prop] purpose is !      
manufacture ( cov]+s = ! feet1 to       
protect !m f cold &  wat]40 7,eras4     
,wilson47 ,see ,,japann+1 ,,v>ni%1 c4   

,lea!r1 de/ruction (1 by ,gas4 ,x is    
well-kn[n t ! b9d+ (  books suff]       
consid]able damage1 :5 ! books are kept 
9 ap>tm5ts  light$ by coal gas4 ,t !    
cause ( ?is det]ioration is due1 z 0    
believ$1 to ! combu/ion ( ! bisulphide (
 c>bon conta9$ 9 !  gas1 & its consequ5t
 oxidation into sulphuric acid1 is      
exemplifi$ by  ! foll[+ int]e/+         
communication f ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 publi%$
  9 ! #8,*emical ,news' = ,octob] #ai?1 
#ahgg4 ,he says3----8,vellum seems      
unaffect$2 morocco suff]s lea/2 calf is 
mu* injur$1 & russia /ill  m s4 ,!      
dis9tegration is mo/ rapid ) books on ! 
upp] %elves  ( a libr>y1 :i!r ! heat$   
products ( combu/ion asc5d1 & :]e  !y   
are absorb$ & cond5s$4    ,by comp>+    
specim5s ( old lea!r1 ) specim5s ( new1 
x is q  cle> t ! de/ructive influ5ce (  
gas is due ma9ly to its sulphur4        
,true !re are traces ( sulphates 9 ! dye
 & size ( new lea!r  b9d+s1 b ! quantity
 is insignificant & !re is practically  
no  free sulphuric acid4 ,t lea!r may be

 de/roy$ by ! oil ( vitriol  produc$ by 
! burn+ ( gas 9 a libr>y is prov$ by !  
foll[+  obs]vations & analyses4    ,!   
libr>ian ( "o ( our public libr>ies     
=w>d$ to me ! backs (  sev]al volumes1  
:i* _h be5 #8%$' by ! books on ! upp]   
%elves  9 an ap>tm5t light$ by gas4 ,!  
lea!r ( "o ( ^! backs 7a  volume ( !    
#8,ar*ologia'7 0 c>efully scrap$ (f s z 
to avoid any  pap] or size f und]nea?4  
,?is task ( scrap+ 0 easy en\gh1 =  !   
lea!r 0 r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( ,scot*   
snuff4 ,on analysis (  ! wat]y extract (
 ?is lea!r1 ! foll[+ figures 7          
obta9$3----      ,free sulphuric acid 9 
decay$      lea!r                       
#fba p] c5t4    ,comb9$                 
#bba    0                               
--------                                
#hdb    ,,leav,,en4 ,d\gh :i* has become
 s\r or run into a /ate ( incipi5t      
putrefaction4 ,:5 a small quantity ( x  
is add$ to rec5t d\gh1 x  excites       
f]m5tation1 b is apt to produce a       
disagreeable ta/e & od\r  9 ! bread4 ,x 

is n[ sup]s$$ by yea/4 ,bo? ^! sub/ances
 are  us$ 9 ! same way4    ,,leaves     
7,m$icat$74 ,syn4 ,,folia ,,m$icata1 ,l4
 ,on ! ,cont95t sev]al  prep>ations (   
?is k9d are 9 use4 ,9 _m cases ! leaves 
( tobacco  depriv$ ( nicot9e1 by soak+  
!m 9 wat]1 are dri$1 & !n  moi/5$ or    
/eep$ 9 a t9cture or infusion ( !       
m$ic9al sub/ance4  ,9 ?is way           
belladonna1 camphor1 & h5bane1 are (t5  
adm9i/]$4  ,cruveilhi] recomm5ds opiat$ 
belladonna leaves = smok+ 9  tr\blesome 
c\ghs1 ph?isis1 spasmodic a/hmas1 c41 to
 be prep>$ z  foll[s3----,belladonna    
leaves1 #a oz41 are /eep$ 9 an infusion 
( opium1  #aj gr41 9 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4   
7or less71 & are !n c>efully dri$ 9 !   
%ade4 8,,mu/>d ,,leaves 7,riggollot's7  
consi/ ( mu/>d moi/5$ )  wat]1 spread on
 pap]1 & dri$40 7,squire47 ,see ,,cig>s 
79 ph>macy71  & ,,vegetables4           
,leaves1 ,h[ to ,dissect4 8,= !         
dissection ( leaves10 says ,mrs         
,cussons1 8,i f9d ! process ( mac]ation 
too long & t$i\s1 to say  no?+ ( !      

unc]ta9ty z to ! results4 ,i h !re=e    
adopt$ !  use ( alkali 9 saturat$       
solution1 ! specim5s to be introduc$    
:ile  ! liquid is heat$ to ! boil+ po9t2
 ! "t ( imm]sion to be  regulat$ by ! "*
 ( ! v>i\s leaves & ! nature ( !        
epid]mis to be remov$4 ,:5 ! specim5 is 
fre$ f epid]mis &  cellul> tissue1 x mu/
 be subject$ to ! action ( *lor9e to    
de/roy  ! col\r+ matt]4 ,! introduction 
( p]oxide ( hydrog5 n only  s]ves to    
r5d] ! lace-l specim5 pur] 9 col\r1 b   
also  pres]ves x4 ,9 de/roy+ ! col\r+   
matt] 9 f]ns ?is also is  invaluable2   
add$ to ! *lor9e x gives a solidity to !
 blea*$  fronds1 & appe>s to equalise ! 
action ( ! *lor9e4 ,=  skeletonis+      
capsules ! sl[ process ( mac]ation by   
/eep+ 9  ra9-wat] is alone available2 a 
mod]ate heat may be appli$ to ha/5  !   
process1 b alkali is useless4 ,! only   
kn[n fl[] :i* c be  dissect$ is !       
,hydrangea japonica4 ,! fibr\s nature ( 
! petals  r5d]s x easy to skeletonise 9 
! p]fect truss 9 :i* x gr[s4            

,skeletonis$ leaves & capsules appe> to 
ga9 9 ! process a t\ghness  & durability
 n possess$ by !m 9 _! natural /ate40   
,,lecanor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,orsell9ic  
,,acid4    ,,lee*4 ,syn4 ,,hirudo 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4 ,! (fic9al lee*
  ( ! ,ph>macopias is ! ,sanguisuga     
m$ic9alis 7,hirudo  m$ic9alis----,cuv471
 famili>ly kn[n z ! #8old ,engli%' or   
#8speckl$  lee*4' ,x is also            
occasionally call$ ! #8,hamburg grey' or
 #8,russian  lee*1' f be+ import$ f ^?  
p>ts4 ,its *>act]i/ics  are----,back1   
gre5i% or olive gre51 sometimes almo/   
black or int5se  br[n1 ) #f ru/y-r$ or  
yell[i% longitud9al /ripes1 :i* are     
mo/ly spott$ ) black4----,belly1 dirty  
yell[ or light olive gre51  spott$ m or 
less ) black4 ,! spots are v v>iable 9  
size &  numb]2 9 "s cases few1 9 o!rs s 
num]\s z to =m ! prevail+  t9t ( !      
belly4 ,?is v>iety1 :i* is ! mo/        
valuable ( !  comm]cial lee*es1 is      
*iefly import$ f ,hamburg4    ,ano!r    
v>iety ( lee*1 ! ,sanguisuga (fic9alis1 

famili>ly kn[n  z ! #8,hamburg' or      
#8,fr5* gre5 lee*1' is import$ f        
,bordeaux1  ,lisbon1 & ,hamburg4 ,its   
*>act]i/ics are----,back1 br[ni%        
olive-gre51  ) #f r$di% or ru/y yell[   
longitud9al b&s4----,belly1 light dirty 
pea-gre51 or yell[i% gre51 free f spots1
 b exhibit+ two lat]al  /ripes4 ,?is    
lee* is va/ly inf]ior to ! prec$+       
v>iety1 & "s  ( ^? import$ f ,france &  
,portugal are absolutely useless1 f  _! 
indisposition to bite1 aris+ f ! fraud  
practis$ by !  collectors & deal]s (    
gorg+ !m ) blood to improve _!          
appe>ance be=e s5d+ !m to m>ket4 ,!     
above are ! species (  lee* commonly    
employ$ 9 m$ic9e 9 ?is c\ntry1 b _m o!rs
 are  notic$ by writ]s on ! subject4    
,lee*es are be/ pres]v$ 9 wat] obta9$ f 
a pond1 & occasionally  *ang$2 :5 kept 9
 spr+ wat] !y soon die4 ,! introduction 
( a  h& to :i* an ill-flav\r$ m$ic9e or 
od\r adh]es into ! wat] 9  :i* !y are   
kept is (t5 suffici5t to poison !m4 ,!  
application  ( sal9e matt] to ! sk9 (   

lee*es1 ev5 9 v small quantities1       
imm$iately occasions ! expulsion ( !    
cont5ts ( ! /oma*2 h5ce  a few gra9s (  
common salt are frequ5tly spr9kl$ ov]   
!m1 to make  !m disgorge ! blood :i* !y 
h swall[$4 ,! frequ5t *ang+  ( ! wat] 9 
:i* lee*es are kept is injudici\s4 ,once
 a mon? 9  w9t]1 & once a week 9 summ]1 
is deem$ suffici5tly (t5 by !  l>ge     
deal]s1 unless ! wat] becomes discol\r$ 
or bloody1 :5 x  %\ld be *ang$ e day1 or
 e o!r day4 ,:5 clean pond wat]  _c be  
obta9$1 clean ra9 wat] t has be5 well   
expos$ to ! air  %\ld alone be employ$4 
,mr ,j4 ,r4 ,k5wor?y recomm5ds plac+ 9 !
  wat] a few balls ( irregul> lumps (   
pure clay1 ab\t #b-a_/b in*es 9         
diamet]2 a me?od :i* we c recomm5d z bo?
 simple & successful4  ,! plan adopt$ by
 ,m4 ,fe is z foll[s3----,place #g in*es
 ( a mixture (  moss1 turf1 & *>coal1 9 
a m>ble or /one tr\gh1 ov] :i* spr9kle  
"s small pebbles4 ,at "o end ( ! tr\gh1 
& ab\t half way up1 place  a ?9 %elf (  
/one or m>ble1 pi]c$ ) small holes1 on  

:i* put  fir/ "s moss1 or portions ( m>%
 horse-tail 7,equisetum palu/re71  & on 
?is a lay] ( pebbles to keep x d[n2 !n  
p\r 9 wat]  suffici5tly high j to moi/5 
! moss & pebbles1 put 9 !  lee*es1 & tie
 ov] ! m\? ( ! tr\gh ) a clo?4 ,ano!r   
plan  consi/s 9 keep+ ! lee*es 9 a glass
 tank1 or aqu>ium1 provid$  ) a pebbly  
bottom & a few heal?y aquatic plants4   
,propag4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,wagn]1 an     
annual fea/ on liv+ blood is  necess>y  
to r5d] lee*es able to gr[ & propagate4 
,^! conditions  c only be fulfill$ by   
re/or+ to ! bre$+ ci/]ns ^? :i*  h be5  
already employ$4 ,all artificial me?ods 
( fe$+ !m by  bladd]s or sponges ( blood
 h be5 f\nd to fail4 ,he recomm5ds !    
employm5t ( two tanks1 ) ! bottom =m$ ( 
loam1 clay1 or turf1  surr\nd$ by an    
inn] bord] ( a simil> sub/ance1 & an    
out] "o (  s&----! "o = lee*es fit =    
m$ical use----& ! o!r = bre$+1  or = su*
 lee*es z h be5 appli$4 ,no lee*es are  
to be tak5 f  ! bre$+ tank until a ye>  
has elaps$ aft] _! hav+ be5 appli$  & f$

 ) human blood2 & _! removal to ! fir/  
tank %\ld take  place 9 ,septemb]1 or   
,octob]1 z by ?is "t ! bre$+ season is  
ov]4 ,by ?is plan all lee*es t h be5    
appli$ are to be c>efully  re/or$ to !  
bre$+ tank1 )\t mak+ !m disgorge ! blood
 !y  h swall[$4    ,,lee*,,+4 ,?is      
consi/s 9 ! application ( lee*es to any 
vascul>  "p ( ! body1 = ! purpose (     
)draw+ blood f x1 & ?us  allay+ local   
inflammation1 di/5sion ( vessels1 c4    
,lee*es are mo/  conv5i5tly appli$ by   
means ( a common pill-box or a w9e      
glass4 ,!  "p %\ld be previ\sly wa%$    
p]fectly clean1 & if cov]$ ) hair  %\ld 
be closely %av$4 ,sometimes lee*es are  
indispos$ to bite2 9  su* cases1 all[+  
!m to crawl ov] a piece ( dry l95 or    
calico1  roll+ !m 9 port]1 moi/5+ ! "p )
 a little milk or  sweet5$ milk1 or     
draw+ a little blood by a slight        
puncture or scrat*1  w usually make !m  
bite freely4 ,to /op ! ble$+ f          
lee*-bites  v>i\s plans are adopt$1     
among :i* ! application ( nitrate (     

silv] or creasote1 or g5tle pressure =  
"s h\rs ) ! f+]1 are  ! mo/ successful4 
,( late ye>s a piece ( matico leaf or   
soldi]'s  h]b1 appli$ 9 ! same mann] z a
 piece ( l9t1 has be5 commonly  adopt$  
to /op ! ble$+ ( lee*-bites4    ,,leek4 
,syn4 ,,porrum1 ,l4 ,! ,allium porrum   
7,l9n474 ,its g5]al  prop]ties are      
int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! onion & g>lic4 
,!  juice is said to be p[]fully        
diuretic1 & capable ( dissolv+          
phosphate calculi4    ,,legu,,m94       
,vegetable case94 ,x is f\nd mo/        
abundantly 9 ! se$s (  legum9\s 7podd$7 
plants1 e4g4 beans1 peas1 c41 z well z 9
 !  sweet & bitt] almond4    ,9         
prop]ties x closely resembles ! case9 ( 
milk4    ,legum9 may be obta9$ f peas or
 f almonds z foll[s3----,aft]  dige/+ ! 
cru%$ se$s = #b or #c h\rs 9 w>m wat]1 !
  undissolv$ portion is remov$ by /ra9+ 
?r\gh l951 & !  /ra9$ liquid1 aft]      
deposit+ ! />* susp5d$ 9 x1 is next     
filt]$ & mix$ ) dilut$ acetic acid4 ,!  
:ite floccul5t  precipitate :i* is ?us  

produc$1 is !n collect$ on a filt] &    
wa%$4 ,x is aft]w>ds dri$1 p[d]$1 &     
dige/$1 fir/ 9 alcohol1  & aft]w>ds 9   
e!r4    ,ro*l$] consid]$ t1 z ?us obta9$
 by ,dumas & ,cah\rs1 x 0  n absolutely 
pure1 s9ce z x 0 n entirely soluble 9 a 
cold  conc5trat$ solution ( pota%1 he   
recomm5d$ ! alkal9e solution  be+       
decant$ f ! undissolv$ portion1 & aga9  
precipitat$ by !  addition ( acetic     
acid4    ,legum9 z ?us prep>$ 0 believ$ 
by ,ro*l$] to be pure1 & 0  f\nd on     
analysis to give results analog\s to ^? 
furni%$ by case94    ,9 ! se$1 legum9   
occurs associat$ ) consid]able          
quantities ( !  phosphates ( calcium1   
magnesium1 & potassium4 ,r5net          
coagulates x l  x does ! case9 ( milk1  
its simil>ity to :i* is exemplifi$ by ! 
manufacture ( a k9d ( *eese f peas &    
beans by ! ,*9ese4    ,dri$ peas conta9 
ab\t a f\r? ( _! weight ( legum94       
,,lem,,on4 ,syn4 ,,limo1 ,l4 ,! fruit ( 
! ,citrus limonum or lemon tree4  ,!    
juice1 peel1 & ess5tial oil are (fic9al4

 ,see ,,oil1 & bel[4    ,,lem,,on       
,,ac,,id4 ,see ,,citric ,,acid4         
,,lem,,on ,,fla,,v\r4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( 
,,lemon4    ,,lem,,on ,,juice4 ,syn4    
,,limonis ,,succus 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus  
,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l4   ,d471 ,l4 ,! juice
 ( ! lemon1 obta9$ by squeez+ & /ra9+4  
,:5  fre%ly express$1 x is turbid1 ow+  
to ! pres5ce ( mucilage &  extractive   
matt]4 ,^! sub/ances r5d] ! juice liable
 to  decomposition1 & v>i\s me?ods h f  
"t to "t be5 propos$  = pres]v+ x4      
,among/ ^! may be m5tion$ ! addition to 
!  fre% juice ( "o p] c5t4 ( bisulphite 
( calcium1 or t5 p] c5t4 (  pro( _s4    
8,we h exam9$ ! juice express$ f two    
v>ieties ( lemons1 viz4  ,pal]mo &      
,mess9a1 ) ! foll[+ results3            
,pal]mo4  ,mess9a4    8,ounces ( juice  
yield$      by #ajj lemons              
#ajh        #if    ,specific gravity (  
juice     #ajddhe   #ajchef    ,p]c5tage
 ( citric acid        #hab      #gjd    
,p]c5tage ( a%               #jbhi      
#jcja    8#ajj p>ts ( ! a% ( ! juice (  

,pal]mo lemons gave3      8,sulphuric   
acid     #ajei    ,c>bonic acid         
#afcc    ,*lor9e             #jha       
,phosphoric acid      #fgd    ,f]ric    
phosphate     #acb    ,lime             
#hhi    ,magnesia             #cjb      
,pota%              #dghd    ,soda      
#ccb    ,silica               #jgb      
,loss                 #jdb              
------------                            
#ajjjj    8,if lemons are kept a few    
mon?s be=e squeez+1 ! yield ( juice is  
slightly increas$1 b its specific       
gravity & p]c5tage ( citric acid  rema9s
 unalt]$4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t ! 
acid ( ! lemon  is1 by keep+1 *ang$ into
 sug>4 ,we h kept lemons = #ab mon?s1 & 
f\nd t ! p]c5tage ( acid 0 n dim9i%$4 ,a
 c]ta9 proportion  ( sug> 0 =m$1 b at ! 
exp5se ( ! soluble />* conta9$ 9  !     
cell-walls ( ! lemon4 ,lemon juice on   
be+ kept is f\nd to  decrease 9 d5sity1 
b ! am\nt ( acid rema9s ! same40        
7,h>kness47    ,lemon juice may be      
pres]v$ by heat+ x to #aej ,fahr41      

filt]+1 &  sett+ x aside 9 bottles      
completely fill$4 ,if ?is process be    
p]=m$ 9 ! w9t]1 ! juice1 x is said1 may 
be kept p]fectly good  = #ab mon?s4     
,fre% lemon juice is prev5t$ f          
decomposition &  r5d]$ fit = exportation
 by mix+ x ) #a_/aj? ( alcohol4         
7,s*weitz]47    ,! ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ ,act (
 #ahfg requires t aft] a %ip has be5 at 
sea t5 days #a oz4 ( lime or lemon      
juice1 mix$ ) #a oz4 ( sug> &  #a_/b p9t
 ( wat]1 %all be s]v$ out to ea* ( !    
crew betwe5 !  h\rs ( #ab & #a 9 ! day4 
,adult4 ,lemon juice is frequ5tly       
adult]at$1 ! adult]ants be+  wat]1 sug>1
 or gum1 & sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,! 
modus op]&i  is1 to dilute ! g5u9e juice
 ) wat]1 & !n br+ up ! d5sity  ) ! sug> 
or gum1 & ! p]c5tage ( acid ) "o or o!r 
( !  above acids4 ,! exam9ation ( lemon 
& lime juice suppli$ to ! navy  is n[   
conduct$ 9 ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,laboratory1 
,som]set ,h\se1 & x  speaks well = t    
dep>tm5t :5 we say t cases ( scurvy on  
bo>d  %ips are n[ ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,no

 juice is pass$ unless x comes  up to a 
c]ta9 /&>d 9 specific gravity1 &        
p]c5tage ( citric  acid1 & any sample   
conta9+ any o!r acid is at once reject$4
    ,prop4 ,lemon juice is refrig]ant & 
antiscorbutic1 & has long be5           
ext5sively employ$ 9 ! prep>ation (     
cool+ dr9ks & eff]vesc+  draughts1 :i*  
are ju/ly e/eem$ z :olesome summ]       
bev]ages1 z well  z palliatives 9 fev]s1
 nausea1 c4 ,9 scurvy1 !re is no rem$y  
equal  to fre%ly express$ lemon juice2 &
 9 acute rheumatism & g\t1  accord+ to !
 unit$ te/imony ( ,dr ,ow5 ,rees1 ,dr   
,bab+ton1 &  num]\s ,cont95tal          
practition]s1 x has be5 exhibit$ )      
consid]able success4 ,9 agues1 dys5t]y1 
,engli% *ol]a1 nausea1 &  vomit+1       
he>tburn1 putrid sore-?roat1 hospital   
gangr5e1 syphilis1 &  num]\s sk9        
diseases1 x has prov$ mo/ s]viceable4   
,see ,,citric ,,acid1  ,,g\t1 c4        
,lemon ,juice1 ,factiti\s4 ,syn4        
,,solutio ,,acidi ,,citrici1 ,,succus   
,,limonum  ,,factitius1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  

,citric acid1 #a-a_/d oz42 c>bonate (   
potassa1 #de  gr42 :ite sug>1 #b-a_/b   
oz42 cold wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 add ! 
yell[  peel ( a lemon1 & 9 #bd h\rs /ra9
 ?r\gh a hair sieve or a piece (  musl94
    #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ #ae or #af drops
 ( oil ( lemon1 to flav\r  in/ead ( !   
lemon peel4    ,obs4 ,! above is an     
excell5t sub/itute = lemon juice1 &     
keeps  well 9 a cool place4 ,t>t>ic     
acid1 & ev5 v9eg>1 are sometimes us$    
in/ead ( citric acid2 b x is evid5t t x 
!n loses all claim to  be+ consid]$ z an
 imitation ( lemon juice1 & to employ x 
9 lieu  ( :i* w\ld be absurd4           
,,lem,,on ,,peel4 ,syn4 ,,cortex        
,,limonum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,!  
fre% out]  "p ( ! r9d40 7,b4 ,p47 8,!   
fre% & ! dri$ ext]ior r9d ( !  fruit20 !
 latt] dri$ 89 ! mon? ( ,april or ,may40
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,c&i$  lemon peel 7,,cortex 
,,limonum ,,conditus7 is employ$ z a    
dess]t1 & z a  flav\r+ +r$i5t by cooks &
 confection]s4 ,x is reput$ /oma*ic4    
,see ,,c&y+4    ,,lemon ,,pic,,kle4 ,see

 ,,sauce4    ,,lemonade4 ,syn4 ,,lemon  
,,%]bet1 ,,k+',s ,,cup2 ,,limonadum1    
,l42 ,,limonade1  ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4       
,lemons 7slic$71 #b 9 no42 sug>1 #b-a_/b
 oz42 boil+ wat]1  #a-a_/b p9t2 mix1    
cov] up ! vessel1 & let x /&1 )         
occasional  /irr+ until cold1 !n p\r (f 
! cle> ?r\gh a piece ( musl9 or  a clean
 hair sieve4    #b4 ,juice ( #c lemons2 
yell[ peel ( #a lemon2 sug>1 #a_/d lb42 
cold wat]1  #a qu>t2 dige/ = #e or #f   
h\rs1 or all night1 & decant or /ra9 z  
be=e4    #c4 ,citric acid1 #a to #a-a_/b
 dr42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #aj drops2 sug>1  
#b oz42  cold wat]1 #a p9t2 agitate     
toge!r until dissolv$4    ,obs4         
,lemonade is a pleasant1 cool+ summ]    
bev]age1 & :5 made z  above may be drank
 9 l>ge quantities ) p]fect safety4 ,x  
also =ms  an excell5t refrig]ant &      
antiseptic dr9k 9 fev]s & putrid        
diseases g5]ally4 ,t>t>ic acid is       
commonly sub/itut$ = citric acid1  f be+
 *eap]2 x is1 h[ev]1 mu*1 inf]ior1 be+  
less :olesome  & less agreeable4        

,lemonade = ic+ is prep>$ z above1 only 
us+ a  little m sug>4 ,orange %]bet1 or 
orangeade = ic+ is made 9 a  simil> way 
f oranges4    ,lemonade1 ,a]at$4 ,syn4  
,,limonadum ,,a]atum1 ,l42 ,,limonade   
,,gazeuse1 ,fr4  ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,wat]1 *>g$ ) #e times its volume (     
c>bonic  acid gas1 #a p9t2 syrup (      
lemon1 #b oz42 mix4    #b4 7,)\t a      
bottl+ ma*9e47----a4 ,into ea* bottle   
put lemon syrup1 #a  to #a-a_/b oz42    
ess5ce ( lemon1 #c drops2 sesquic>bonate
 ( soda1 #a_/b dr42  wat]1 q4 s4 to     
ne>ly fill ! bottle2 h ! cork fitt$ &   
ready at  h&1 !n add ( t>t>ic acid      
7cry/471 #a dr42 in/antly close !       
bottle1 & wire d[n ! cork2 x %\ld be    
kept inv]t$ 9 a cool  place1 &1         
pref]ably1 imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( ice-cold 
wat]4    b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ lump  
sug>1 #c_/d oz41 = ! lemon  syrup4    c4
 ,f lump sug>1 #a oz42 ess5ce ( lemon1  
#c drops2 bic>bonate (  potassa1 #be    
gr42 wat] q4 s41 z ,no4 #a2 !n add      
citric acid 7cry/471 #de  gr41 & cork1  

c41 z be=e4 ,! la/ is mo/ :olesome1     
especially =  ! scorbutic1 dyspeptic1   
g\ty1 & rheumatic4    ,obs4 ,! be/ a]at$
 lemonade ( ! ,london mak]s is prep>$ by
  putt+ #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ( ri* lemon     
syrup into ea* bottle1 :i* is !n  fill$ 
up ) a]at$ wat] at ! bottl+ ma*9e4      
,lemonade1 ,antimoniat$4 ,syn4          
,,limonadum ,,antimoniatum1 ,l4 ,prep4  
,by  add+ t>t> emetic1 #a gr41 to ea*   
p9t ( ord9>y lemonade4----,dose4 ,a     
w9eglassful e #a_/b h\r or h\r2 z a     
diaphoretic & expectorant4 ,see         
,,antimony 7,potassio-t>trate74         
,lemonade1 ,aperi5t4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum  
,,laxativum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sug>1 #a   
oz42 lemon juice1 #c_/d fl4 oz42        
sulphate ( soda1 #c dr42 wat]1 #h fl4   
oz42  put !m into a soda-wat] bottle )\t
 %ak+1 h ! cork ready  fitt$1 add (     
sesquic>bonate ( soda 79 cry/471 #a_/b  
dr41 & in/antly  cork ! bottle1 wire x  
d[n1 & keep x 9 a cool place1 inv]t$4 ,=
  a dose4    #b4 ,heavy c>bonate (      
magnesia1 #a-a_/b dr42 ref9$ sug>1 #a   

oz42 ess5ce  ( lemon1 #e or #f drops2   
wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 bottle z la/1 !n add (
  citric acid 7cry/471 #c dr41 &        
in/antly cork1 c41 z be=e4 ,= a  dose4  
,x %\ld be kept = at lea/ #bd h\rs be=e 
be+ tak54    ,lemonade1 ,lactic4 ,syn4  
,,limonadum ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,prep4      
7,mag5die47  ,lactic acid1 #a to #d dr42
 syrup1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 mix4      
,recomm5d$ 9  dyspepsia1 c4             
,lemonade1 ,milk4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum     
,,lactis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( sug>1 #a_/b
  lb42 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 add !    
juice ( #c lemons2 milk or :ey1 #a_/b   
p9t2 /ir ! :ole toge!r & /ra9 ?r\gh a   
hair sieve4 ,"s  p]sons add a glassful (
 %]ry4    ,lemonade1 ,m9eral4 ,syn4     
,,limonade ,,m9]ale1 ,fr4 ,on ! ,cont95t
 ?is  "n is appli$ to v>i\s dr9ks       
consi/+ ( wat] acidulat$ ) !  m9]al     
acids & sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,?us we h       
limonade  *lorhydrique1 nitrique1       
phosphorique1 sulphurique1 c41 all ( :i*
 are  us$ z cool+ dr9ks 9 fev]s1        
inflammations1 sk9 diseases1 c4         

,lemonade1 ,portable4 ,see ,,p[d]s4     
,,lemonade ,,p[d]s4 ,see ,,p[d]s4       
,,lemonat$ ,,kali4 ,see ,,kali1         
,,potassium 7,citrate71 c4              
,,l5,,itives4 ,9 m$ic9e1 purgatives :i* 
act 9 a g5tle mann]1 &  h a soo?+       
effect4 ,see ,,laxatives4    ,,l5s4 ,9  
optics1 a piece ( glass or o!r transp>5t
 m$ium1 hav+  "o or two curv$ surfaces1 
ei!r convex or concave4 ,a description (
 !  diff]5t k9ds ( l5ses belongs to a "w
 on optics4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be  useful to
 ! *emical /ud5t to rem>k "h t !        
,,codd+ton &  ,,/anhope ,,l5ses1 :i* may
 n[ be b\ght at any ( ! opticians1      
neatly  m\nt$ & ( great p[]1 = a few    
%ill+s1 w be f\nd ( !  greate/ s]vice 9 
exam9+ m9ute cry/als1 precipitates1 c42 
& =  all ord9>y purposes (f] a *eap &   
effici5t sub/itute = m  complicat$      
microscopes4 ,an extemporane\s in/rum5t1
 possess+  consid]able p[]1 may be made 
by simply pi]c+ a small circul> hole  9 
a slip ( metal1 & introduc+ into x a    
drop ( wat]1 :i* !n  assumes a sph]ical 

=m on ea* side ( ! metal1 :ile ! latt]  
is  held 9 a horizontal position4 ,!    
+5i\s little ,,toy ,,microscopes sold   
ab\t ! /reets ( ,london1 "u ! =m ( a    
p]=at$ pill-box1 at  "o p5ny ea*1 consi/
 ( su* a l5s made ) ,canada balsam      
in/ead (  wat]1 :i* has ! prop]ty (     
h>d5+ )\t los+ its transp>5cy  aft]     
exposure = a few h\rs to ! air4 ,a /ill 
simpl] sub/itute =  a l5s is a piece (  
black5$ c>d-pap] ) ! smalle/ possible   
ne$le-hole pi]c$ ?r\gh x4 ,any v small  
object held 9 a /rong  light1 & view$   
?r\gh ?is hole at ! di/ance ( ab\t an   
in*1 w  appe> q di/9ct1 & f #aj to #ab  
times l>g] ?an its usual size4  ,we h   
(t5 f\nd ?is little in/rum5t (          
incalculable s]vice 9  situations & "u  
circum/ances 9 :i* a m p[]ful or        
complicat$  app>atus 0 unatta9able or   
c\ld n be appli$4    ,ano!r me?od = !   
manufacture ( an extemporane\s l5s1 by  
,mr  ,francis1 is ! foll[+3----,procure 
a piece ( ?9 plat9um wire1 &  tw9e x    
once or twice r\nd a p9's po9t1 s z to  

=m a m9ute r+  ) a h&le to x4 ,break up 
a piece ( fl9t glass into fragm5ts a    
little l>g] ?an a mu/>d se$2 place "o ( 
^! pieces on ! r+  ( wire1 & hold x 9 ! 
po9t ( ! flame ( a c&le or ( a          
gas-light4 ,! glass w melt & assume a   
complete l5s-light or  globul> =m4 ,let 
x cool gradually & keep x = m\nt+4 ,x   
may be  m\nt$ by plac+ x betwe5 two     
pieces ( brass :i* h correspond+        
circul> holes cut 9 !m ( su* a size z to
 hold ! edge ( ! l5s4    ,,l5,,til4     
,syn4 ,,l5s1 ,l4 ,! se$ ( ! ,ervum ,l5s1
 a plant ( !  natural ord] ,legum9os4 ,!
 l5til is consid]ably small] ?an an     
ord9>y pea1 & is ( ! %ape ( a d\ble     
convex l5s4 ,sev]al  v>ieties are       
cultivat$ on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe & 9 _m
 p>ts (  ,asia1 :]e !y are l>gely       
consum$ z human food4 ,l5tils are m     
n\ri%+ ?an any o!r description ( pulse1 
b are reput$ difficult  ( dige/ion1 apt 
to disord] ! b[els1 & injuri\s to !     
eyes4  ,sev]al alim5t>y prep>ations1    
sold at high prices z cures =           

dyspepsia1 con/ipation1 c41 conta9 l5til
 fl\r z ! pr9cipal  +r$i5t4             
,composition ( ,l5tils4      ,nitrog5\s 
matt]      #beb    ,/>*1 c4             
#efj    ,cellulose                #bd   
,fatty matt]             #bf    ,m9]al  
matt]           #bc    ,wat]            
#aae                                    
------------                            
#ajjjj                                  
7,,pay547    ,l5tils on acc\nt ( _!     
difficult dige/ibility require to be v  
?or\ghly cook$4 ,see ,,erval5ta &       
,,reval5ta4    ,,leprosy4 ,syn4 ,,lepra4
 ,a disease ( ! sk9 di/+ui%$ by circul> 
scaly pat*es4    ,,lept&r94 ,a peculi>  
cry/all9e pr9ciple obta9$ f ! root (    
,lept&ra ,virg9ica1 a ,nor? ,am]ican    
plant belong+ to ! nat4 ord]            
,scrophul>iace4 ,lept&r9 is *iefly      
employ$ 9 ,am]ican m$ical  practice z a 
ca?>tic & *olagogue1 9 :i* latt]        
function x has  be5 recomm5d$ z a       
sub/itute = m]cury4 ,x is /at$ to be v  
s]viceable 9 cases ( duod5al indige/ion 

& *ronic  con/ipation4----,dose1 #a_/d  
to #a_/b gra94    ,mr ,wayne obta9$     
lept&r9 by add+ subacetate ( lead to an 
infusion  ( ! root1 filt]+1 precipitat+ 
! excess ( lead by c>bonate (  sodium1  
remov+ ! c>bonate ( lead by filtration1 
pass+ ! filt]$  liquid ?r\gh animal     
*>coal to absorb all ! active matt]1    
wa%+  ! *>coal ) wat] till ! wa%+s began
 to be bitt]1 !n  treat+ x ) boil+      
alcohol1 & all[+ ! alcoholic solution to
  evaporate spontane\sly4 ,by dissolv+ !
 p[d] ?us obta9$ 9 wat]1  treat+ ?is )  
e!r1 & all[+ ! e!r to evaporate1        
ne$le-%ap$ cry/als 7 obta9$1 :i* _h !   
bitt] ta/e ( !  root4 ,lept&r9 is       
soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r4         
,,le?,,argy4 ,syn4 ,,le?>gus1 ,l4 ,a    
heavy1 unnatural sleep1 sometimes       
bord]+ ^u apoplexy1 ) sc>cely any       
int]vals ( wak+1 f :i*  ! pati5t is )   
difficulty ar\s$1 & into :i* he aga9    
s9ks z  soon z ! excitem5t is )drawn4 ,x
 frequ5tly arises f ple?ora1  9 :i* case
 depletion is indicat$2 or f !          

suppression ( "s  usual dis*>ge or      
secretion1 :i* x %\ld !n be our bus9ess 
to  re-e/abli%4 ,x also (t5 arises f ov]
 m5tal fatigue & n]v\s  debility1 :5    
relaxation f bus9ess1 ! use ( a lib]al  
diet1 &  ammoniacal /imulants &         
antispasmodics1 are f\nd useful4 ,:5    
dep5d+  on a det]m9ation ( blood to !   
head1 cupp+ may be _h rec\rse to1  & all
 s\rces ( excitem5t avoid$4 ,9 all cases
 ! b[els %\ld be  mov$ z soon z possible
 by means ( mild purgatives4            
,,let,,tuce4 ,syn4 ,,lactuca1 ,l4 ,!    
e>ly leaves or head ( ! ,lactuca        
sativa1 or g>d5 lettuce1 =ms a common & 
:olesome salad4 ,!y are  reput$ z       
slightly anodyne1 laxative1 hypnotic1 & 
antaphrodisaic1 &  h be5 recomm5d$ to be
 eat5 at supp] by ^? tr\bl$ by          
wat*fulness1 & 9 :om !re exi/s no t5d5cy
 to apoplexy4 ,! leaves  & fl[]+ tops ( 
,l4 virosa are (fic9al 9 ! ,b4 ,p41 !   
8fl[]+ h]b0 7,,lactuca71 9 ! ,ph4 ,l42 !
 8inspissat$ juice10 9 !  ,ph4 ,e42 & ! 
8inspissat$ juice & leaves10 9 ! ,ph4   

,d4 ,!  8inspissat$ juice0 ( ,lactuca   
virosa1 or /rong-sc5t$ wild lettuce1  is
 also (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 ,e42 & bo? !     
8leaves & inspissat$  juice0 ( ! same   
v>iety are ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,d4 ,! la/    
species is  m p[]ful ?an ! cultivat$    
lettuce4 ,see ,,extract & ,,lactuc>ium4 
,,leucorrh,a4 ,syn4 ,,:ites2 ,,cat>rhus 
,,vag91 ,,fluor ,,albus1 ,l4 ,!         
symptoms ( ?is disease are well kn[n to 
mo/ adult females4 ,! common  causes are
 debility1 a poor diet1 excessive use ( 
hot tea1 pr(use  m5/ruation or          
purgation1 late h\rs1 immod]ate         
indulg5ce ( !  passions1 frequ5t        
misc>riages1 protract$ or difficult     
lab\rs1 or local  relaxation4           
,occasionally x is symptomatic ( o!r    
affections4 ,!  treatm5t mu/ be direct$ 
to ! re/oration ( ! g5]al heal?1 &      
imp>t+ tonicity to ! p>ts affect$4      
,tepid or sea ba?+1 or %[]  ba?s2 b>k1  
*alybeates1 & o!r tonics2 ) local       
affusions ( cold  wat]1 & mild a/r+5t   
injections1 z ^? ( black tea or oak b>k1

  are g5]ally f\nd successful 9 ord9>y  
cases4    ,,levant ,,nut4 ,see          
,,cocculus ,,indicus4    ,,leviga,,tion4
 ,syn4 ,,levigatio1 ,l4 ,! process (    
r$uc+ sub/ances to  f9e p[d]1 by mak+ !m
 into a pa/e ) wat]1 & gr9d+ ! mass  ^u 
a h>d smoo? /one or slab1 ) a conical   
piece ( /one hav+ a  flat1 smoo?1 "u    
surface1 call$ a #8mull]4' ,levigation  
is resort$ to  9 ! prep>ation ( pa9ts on
 ! small scale1 & 9 ! elutriation (     
p[d]s4 ,! t]m is also1 sometimes1       
incorrectly appli$ to !  l5g!n$         
trituration ( a sub/ance 9 a m>ble or   
,w$gwood-w>e mort>4    ,,levorace,,mic  
,,acid4 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4          
,,ley,,d5 ,,j>4 ,syn4 ,,leyd5 ,,phial1  
,,electrical ,,j>4 ,an in/rum5t = !     
accumulation ( ! electric fluid4 ,its   
simple/ =m is t ( a  wide-m\!d j> ( r ?9
 glass1 coat$ on bo? sides ) t9-foil1   
except on ! upp] portion1 :i* is left   
uncoat$1 & hav+ a cov] (  bak$ wood1    
?r\gh :i* passes a brass wire1 t]m9at+ 9
 a metallic  knob1 & communicat+ ) !    

inn] coat+4 ,to *>ge ! j>1 !  out] coat+
 is connect$ ) ! e>?1 & ! knob put 9    
contact  ) ! conductor ( an electrical  
ma*9e4 ,! inn] & out] surfaces  ( !     
glass ?us become respectively positive &
 negative1 & !  p>ticles ( ! glass      
become /rongly pol>is$4 ,on mak+        
connection  betwe5 ! two coat+s ) a     
conduct+ sub/ance1 dis*>ge takes  place 
by a bright sp>k & a l\d snap2 & if any 
"p ( ! body be  int]pos$ 9 ! circuit1 a 
%ock is felt4    ,,libavius',s ,,liquor4
 ,see ,,t9 7,,t9 ,,*loride74            
,,li,,*54 ,9 pa?ology1 a dry papul\s or 
pimply eruption ( ! sk91  t]m9at+ 9     
scurfy exfoliations4 8,li*5 exhibits    
great v>iety 9 its  outw>d *>act]s 9    
diff]5t individuals2 9 "o ! pimples are 
brightly r$2 9 ano!r1 ( debilitat$      
con/itution1 !y are blui% &  livid2 9 a 
?ird !y are develop$ ar\nd ! base (     
hairs2 9 a f\r?  !y appe> z circul>     
gr\ps1 & increase by _! circumf]5ce1    
:ile  !y fade 9 ! c5tre1 =m+ s _m r+s ( 
v>i\s size2 9 a  fif?1 a modification ( 

! prec$+1 !y h ! appe>ance (  flexu\s   
b&s2 :ile 9 a six? !y are rem>kable =   
produc+  int5sity ( suff]+1 or unusual  
disorganisation ( ! sk94 ,!y are  all   
occasion$ by con/itutional di/urbance1  
sometimes ref]able to !  dige/ive1 &    
sometimes to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 "s       
in/ances1  h[ev]1 !y dep5d ^u a local   
cause4 ,i h _h a crop ( li*5\s  pimples 
on ! backs ( my h&s f r[+ 9 hot wea!r2 &
 9 hot  climates t annoy+ disord] call$ 
prickly heat is a li*540 7,eras4        
,wilson47 ,! treatm5t ( ?is affection is
 notic$ "u ,,eruptions  7,papul>74      
,,li*5s4 ,syn4 ,,li*5es----,juss41      
,,li*5ales----,l9d41 ,l4 ,9 botany1  ^! 
are cryptogam\s plants1 :i* appe> "u !  
=m ( ?91 flat  cru/s1 cov]+ rocks & !   
b>ks ( trees4 ,"s ( !m1 l ,icel&  moss  
7,cetr>ia ,isl&ica71 are escul5t &      
m$ic9al & employ$  ei!r z m$ic9e or     
food2 & o!rs1 :5 expos$ 9 a moi/5$ /ate 
to ! action ( ammonia1 yield purple or  
blue col\r+ pr9ciples1  :i*1 l indigo1 d
 n pre-exi/ 9 ! plant4 ,?us1 ! ,rocella 

t9ctoria1 ! ,v>iol>ia orc9a1 ! ,lecanora
 t>t>ea1 c41 :5  gr\nd to a pa/e ) wat]1
 mix$ ) putrid ur9e or solution (       
c>bonate ( ammonia1 & left = "s "t      
freely expos$ to ! air1  furni% ! ar*il1
 litmus1 & cudbe> ( comm]ce1 v simil>   
sub/ances1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! details (  
_! prep>ation4 ,f  ^! ! col\r+ matt] is 
easily extract$ by wat] or v dilute     
solution ( ammonia4 ,see ,,ar*il1       
,,cudbe>1 & ,,litmus4    ,,lieb]',s     
,,h]bs ,,( ,,heal?----,gesundeheitskrut]
 ,lieb]s*e----,blank5heim]              
,!e----,blank5heim] ,tea----,h]ba       
,galeopsidis ,gr&iflor ,concisa 7,yell[ 
,hemp ,nettle74    ,,lig,,ature4 ,9     
surg]y1 a small wax$ piece ( cord or /r+
 =m$ (  silk or ?read1 employ$ = !      
purpose ( ty+ art]ies1 ve9s1 &  o!r     
p>ts1 to prev5t hmorrhage1 or to cause  
_! extirpation4 ,to be  safe & useful !y
 %\ld be r\nd1 smoo?1 & suffici5tly     
/rong to  p]mit ( be+ ti$ ) security )\t
 incurr+ ! dang] (  break+ or slipp+4   
,!re are _m cases record$ 9 :i*         

emigrants1  soldi]s1 & travell]s h lo/  
_! lives f ! simple inability  ( ^?     
ar\nd !m to apply a ligature4           
,,light4 ,syn4 ,,lum51 ,,lux1 ,l4 ,light
 acts z a vivify+ or vital /imulus  on  
organis$ be+s1 j z privation ( light1 or
 d>kness1 disposes to  inactivity &     
sleep4 8,9 maladies *>act]is$ by        
imp]fect nutrition  & sangu9ification1 z
 scr(ula1 rickets1 & anmia1 & 9 weakly  
subjects ) demat\s 7dropsical7 limbs1   
c41 free exposure to sol>  light is     
sometimes att5d$ ) v happy results4 ,op5
 & elevat$  situations probably owe "p (
 _! heal?y qualities to _! position  )  
reg>d to x40 ,on ! contr>y1 89 diseases 
( ! eye1 att5d$  ) local vascul> or     
n]v\s excitem5t1 9 inflammatory         
conditions (  ! bra91 9 fev]1 & 9 m5tal 
irritation1 :e!r att5d$ or n  ) vascul> 
excitem5t1 ! /imulus ( light proves     
injuri\s1 &1 9  su* cases1 d>kness ( !  
*amb] %\ld be enjo9$4 ,aft] p>turition1 
sev]e w\nds1 & surgical op]ations1 & 9  
all inflammatory  conditions1 exclusion 

( /rong light1 contributes to ! well-do+
 (  ! pati5t40 7,p]eira47    ,,light1   
,,electric4 ,we believe we are correct 9
 /at+1 t )9 !  la/ two or ?ree ye>s "s  
#fjj regi/rations = pat5ts1 m or less1  
h be5 tak5 out = electricity appli$ to !
 purposes ( artificial  illum9ation4    
,conc$+ t _m1 if n ! great] "p1 ( ^!    
inv5tions may prove useless1 _! numb] is
 nev]!less an index ( !  m5tal activity 
t has lately be5 direct$ to ! subject ( 
electric  light+2 & al?\gh we are f> f  
affirm+ t ! problem ( !  practical      
application ( electricity to ! light+ ( 
our /reets &  dwell+s may ev5tually be  
successfully ?\ght out1 /ill1 we ?9k1   
look+ ^u ^! con/ant endeav\rs to        
accompli% ! end 9 view z  l9ks 9 ! *a9 (
 t exp]im5tal evolution & gradation :i* 
has  *>act]is$ ! c\rse ( mo/ great      
discov]ies1 we are ju/ifi$ 9  reg>d+ !m 
z n altoge!r improbable auguries &      
precursors (  subsequ5t success4        
,%ortly aft] ,f>aday's discov]y 9 #ahcj 
( electrical induction1 or !  p[] ( a b>

 ( magnetis$ /eel to set up 9 a c]ta9   
direction a  curr5t ( electricity 9 a   
coil ( insulat$ wire :5 introduc$ into  
x1 ,pix1 r$uc+ ! result ( ,f>aday's     
rese>*es to practice1  con/ruct$ an     
in/rum5t1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! fir/    
dynamic  magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,by    
,pix's contrivance a curr5t (           
electricity  0 g5]at$ by means ( ! poles
 ( a p]man5t horse%oe magnet be+  made  
to revolve across ^? ( an electro1 or   
tempor>y magnet1 !  induc$ electricity  
set up 9 :i* 9 its turn e/abli%$ 9 !    
surr\nd+ helix a curr5t ( electricity1  
:i* be+ made to escape by  ! t]m9als or 
ends ( ! wire coils c\ld be appli$ to   
practical use4    ,! dynamic            
electro-magnetic ma*9es ( ,saxton &     
,cl>ke1 :i*  succe$$ ,pix's1 may be     
reg>d$ z modifications ( ?is latt]1 s9ce
  !y diff]$ only 9 ! arrangem5t ( _!    
p>ts & mode ( action4  ,all ?ree ma*9es 
7 *iefly 9 use 9 *emical & physical     
laboratories1 :5ce !y h gradually be5   
supplant$ by ! f> m  useful ,ruhmkorff's

 coil1 a v p[]ful v>iety ( !            
electro-magnetic  in/rum5t4 ,9 a small  
=m ,cl>ke's is n[ *iefly us$ = m$ical   
purposes4 ,t electro-magnetic ma*9es1 z 
*eap] & m conv5i5t  s\rces ( electric   
=ce1 %\ld h be5 appli$ to ! purposes (  
telegraphy1 w be an obvi\s inf]5ce4     
,among ! mo/ important & effective ( !  
v>i\s in/rum5ts =  atta9+ ?is end1 x w  
suffice to m5tion ! magneto-electric    
ma*9e ( ,messrs ,siem5s & ,halske1 fir/ 
br\ght into use 9 #ahed4    ,except1    
h[ev]1 9 ! case ( %ort di/ances1 or )   
telegraphs  belong+ to private p]sons or
 comm]cial firms1 ^! in/rum5ts h  n met 
) v g5]al adoption4 ,?is is ow+ to !    
great t5sion (  ! induc$ curr5t1 & !    
consequ5t difficulty ( insulat+ ! wire1 
p>ticul>ly = long di/ances1 objections f
 :i* ! old galvanic  app>atus is 9 a mu*
 great] measure free4 ,mr ,h5ley 0 !    
fir/ to  use ! dynamic magneto-electric 
ma*9e = work+ ! electric  telegraph soon
 aft] ?is in/rum5t _h be5 adopt$ 9      
,engl&2 b z  we h se51 ! me?od1 except 9

 ! cases quot$1 h be5 9 great  measure  
ab&on$4 ,a l>ge magneto-electric ma*9e  
has lately be5  inv5t$ by ,:eat/one1 !  
induc$ sp>k f :i* is us$ = fir+  m9es4  
,! fir/ electro-magnetic ma*9e us$ =    
light+ purposes appe>s to  h be5 "o t 0 
! jo9t inv5tion ( ,,mm4 ,nollet & ,van  
,mald]51  ( ,brussels1 a circum/ance to 
:i* x probably owes its "n ( !          
#8,alliance ,ma*9e4'    ,nollet1 :o     
br\ght out 8 inv5tion 7:i* is a         
modification (  ,cl>ke's7 9 #ahej1      
orig9ally design$ x = ! electrolysis (  
wat]1  ! hydrog5 result+ f :i* x 0      
propos$ to pass ?r\gh  camph9e1 or "s   
o!r hydro-c>bon illum9ant1 & to burn z  
gas4  ,additionally x 0 design$ to use !
 hydrog5 z a s\rce ( motive  p[] by     
explod+ x 9 a suitably con/ruct$ eng9e4 
,ow+ to !  improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 effect$ 9
 ! ma*9e by ,van ,mald]51 by :i*  x     
became a p[]ful g5]ator (               
magneto-electricity1 ?is purpose 0      
ab&on$4 #8,! ,alliance ,ma*9e' consi/s (
 a ca/-iron frame1 on !  circumf]5ce (  

:i* #dj p[]ful horse%oe magnets1 ea*    
capable (  support+ a weight ( #abj to  
#acj lbs41 are fix$1 9 eight s]ies ( #e 
magnets ea*4 ,a numb] ( circul> metal   
discs1 ar\nd ! circumf]5ce  ( :i* are   
atta*$ sixte5 bobb9s ( insulat$ wire    
fix$ to a  horizontal %elf turn$ by a   
pulley1 are 9 su* a position ) reg>d to 
! magnets1 t ) ea* revolution ( ! %aft  
ea* bobb9 passes  sixte5 alt]nate poles 
( ! magnets1 & w h _h sixte5  alt]nate  
curr5ts set up or induc$ 9 x4 ,until    
replac$ by ! lat]  & small]             
magneto-electric ma*9e1 ! #8,alliance'  
has be5 ! "o  mo/ly employ$ = !         
production ( ! electric light 9 ,france1
 & x  is /ill 9 use 9 ! ligh?\ses ( ,hve
 & ,grisnez1 z well z 9  ^? ( _m o!r    
places 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 #ahef ,mr ,holmes 
took out a  pat5t = a ma*9e1 :i* diff]s 
f ,nollet's 9 increas+ ! numb]  ( bobb9s
 by arrang+ !m 9 conc5tric circles      
betwe5 two brass  discs4 ,by ?is device 
! bobb9s revolve m quickly 9 succession 
9  front ( ! poles ( ! magnets1 a plan  

:i* ensures ! g5]ation (  a great] numb]
 ( curr5ts = e revolution4    ,l ! fir/ 
application ( ,nollet's1 ,holmes' ma*9e 
0 us$ =  ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,x 0 9 "w
 f ,decemb]1 #aheh1 until ,june1  #ahfb1
 at ! ,s\? ,=el& ligh?\se1 s9ce :i* "t x
 has be5  remov$ to ,dung5ess1 9 !      
ligh?\se ( :i* /ation x has be5 9  use  
ev] s9ce4    ,:5 appli$ to light+       
purposes1 bo? ! #8,alliance' & ,holmes'1
 &  ! o!r ma*9es nam$1 are work$ 9      
conjunction ) ! c>bon  po9ts1 :i* :5    
arrang$ ) prop] ma*9]y con/itute !      
electric  lamp4    ,wild's & ,ladd's are
 p[]ful dynamic magneto-electric        
in/rum5ts1  capable ( yield+ l>ge       
quantities ( ! electric fluid4          
,artificial illum9ation by means (      
electricity has1 h[ev]1 be5 m or  less  
occasionally practis$ = o!r ?an ligh?\se
 purposes4    ,= in/ance1 9 #ahed1 dur+ 
! build+ ( ! ,napoleon ,docks at ,r\51  
:5 #hjj workm5 7 engag$ nightly = f\r   
h\rs1 ! electric light  0 us$ = sev]al  
nights ) p]fect success1 ! m5 be+ able  

to  c>ry on _! "w at a di/ance ( m ?an  
#ajj y>ds f ! s\rce  ( ! light4    ,9   
#ahfb & #ahfc x 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9   
,spa9 dur+ ! night 9  ! con/ruction (   
railways4 ,dur+ ! late ,franco-,g]man w>
 9 #ahgj x  0 appli$ to subm>9e         
illum9ation1 & m lately x has be5 us$ 9 
a s]ies ( /reet illum9ation 9 ,/        
,pet]sburg4    ,! electric light        
app>atus 0 plac$ on ! t[] ( ! ,admiralty
  ,build+s ( t city1 & by means ( x ?ree
 ( ! l>g] /reets  7 illum9at$ at night f
 #g until #aj o'clock4 ,9 ?is latt]     
case1 z  well z 9 t ( ! ,r\5 ,docks1 !  
lamps 7 suppli$ ) !  electric curr5t    
g5]at$ 9 batt]ies4    ,x may be said1   
h[ev]1 to h be5 only )9 ! la/ two ye>s t
  ! "q ( electric light+ has develop$   
into a burn+ "o1 &  t ! light itself has
 become s mu* m g5]ally & ext5sively    
adopt$4    ,?is new era 9 ! hi/ory (    
artificial illum9ation may be said to   
date  f ! introduction ( two =ms (      
dynamic magneto-electric app>atus1  ! "o
 inv5t$ by ,dr ,siem5s1 ! em95t         

telegraphic eng9e]1 !  o!r by ,m4       
,gramme1 ( ,p>is1 :o1 f hav+ be5 =m]ly a
 j\rneyman  c>p5t]1 has n[ become ! head
 ( a manufacture :i* =ms a mo/          
important bran* ( sci5tific indu/ry4    
,9 ! app>atus ( ,gramme & ,siem5s ?ree  
m>k$ features &  improvem5ts ov] ! old] 
ma*9es h be5 a*iev$3----    #a4 ,a great
 r$uction 9 size1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 co/1
 & requisite  space = ! ma*9e4    #b4 ,!
 me?od ( g5]at+ l>ge quantities (       
electricity by ! mutual  action betwe5 !
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same ma*9e1 & !       
induction  !re9 set up4#ad    ,footnote 
#ad3 ,?is discov]y 0 made indep5d5tly & 
ne>ly  simultane\sly by ,drs ,siem5s &  
,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one4    #c4 ,!        
production ( ! electric curr5t at a mu* 
less exp5diture (  motive p[]4    ,on   
?is latt] po9t ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8  
report to ! eld]  bre?r5 ( ! ,tr9ity    
,h\se1 /ates t magneto-electric ma*9es (
  old con/ruction co/ t5 times m1       
occupi$ tw5ty-five times !  space1 &    
weigh$ f\rte5 times z mu* z ! rec5t     

ma*9es1 :ile  !y produc$ only "o-fif? ( 
! light ) practically ! same  driv+ p[]2
 :i* 9 effect am\nts to ?is----t tak+   
illum9at+  effect 9 ea* case into       
consid]ation1 ! new ma*9es co/          
"o-fiftie?1 & are1 z reg>ds space       
occupi$1 #abe times m  advantage\s ?an !
 e>li] =ms4    ,9 all ! old] & l>g]     
ma*9es ! curr5t ( electricity1 z x 0    
giv5 (f f ! wire & pass$ ?r\gh ! c>bon  
po9ts1 0  alt]nate1 or fir/ 9 "o        
direction & !n 9 ! opposite----t is1 x  
0 a mom5t>y curr5t1 fir/ positive & !n  
negative4    ,9 ,siem5s' ma*9e1 & 9 "o  
=m ( ,gramme's1 ! curr5t is  direct----t
 is1 x pursues "o uni=m c\rse 9 its     
passage ?r\gh !  c>bon po9ts ( ! lamp1 &
 9 its circuit f ! t]m9al ( "o  wire to 
t ( ! o!r4    ,sci5tific op9ion is      
some:at at v>iance z to ! disadvantages 
( !  indirect curr5t2 _m electricians   
consid] t x causes ! p>tial  de/ruction 
( ! contacts1 & sets up unnecess>y heat 
9 ! ma*9e4  ,9 magneto-electric ma*9es  
employ$ 9 electro-metallurgic op]ations1

  x is ess5tial ! curr5t %\ld be a      
direct "o4    ,9 ! ,gramme ma*9e !      
electro-magnet consi/s ( a r+ compos$ ( 
s(t iron wire atta*$ to a horizontal    
sp9dle or axis1 :i* latt] is  turn$ by  
an endless /rap revolv+ on a pulley4    
,ar\nd ?is iron r+  are w\nd a numb] (  
coils1 ea* hav+ #cjj turns1 ( insulat$  
copp]  wire1 ea* coil be+ b5t inside !  
r+1 & fix$ to an insulat$  piece (      
brass4    ,! wire be+ cont9u\s1 ea* coil
 is connect$ ) ! adjac5t "o1  ! :ole ( !
 coils ?us =m+ a s+le conductor4 ,!     
s]ies (  pieces ( brass to :i* ! wire is
 sold]$ are =m$ into a circle1  :i*     
surr\nds ! axis ( ! ma*9e1 ea* piece (  
brass be+  insulat$ f its neighb\r4 ,!  
iron-wire r+ ) its atta*m5ts is  s      
arrang$1 t :5 ! %aft or axis to :i* x is
 fix$ is turn$1  x revolves betwe5 !    
poles ( a p[]ful horse%oe magnet 9 !    
same  plane ) x4 ,z x turns ! r+ gives  
rise 9 ! coils to two  diff]5t & div]se 
curr5ts ( electricity1 "o 9 "o half ( ! 
coils ar\nd ! r+1 & ! o!r 9 ! o!r half4 

,^! curr5ts are made to pass to ! circle
 compos$ ( ! insulat$  pieces ( brass1  
:i* are arrang$ radially to ! axis ( !  
ma*9e4    ,two brass bru%es press aga9/ 
^! insulat$ brass radii1 "o on ea*      
side4    ,^! bru%es are connect$ "o to  
ea* t]m9al ( ! ma*9e1 & s  contriv$ z   
always to be 9 contact ) ! coils1 n     
becom+  insulat$ f "o coil until contact
 is e/abli%$ ) ! next "o1 an  arrangem5t
 :i* gives rise to a cont9u\s curr5t (  
electricity  always1 & 9 ! same         
direction4    ,! ,gramme1 al?\gh ( v    
small dim5sions1 is an extremely p[]ful 
ma*9e4 ,x easily decomposes wat]1 & w   
heat an iron wire #h in*es  9 l5g? & a  
#be? ( an in* 9 diamet] to r$ness4    ,!
 foll[+ description ( ! ,siem5s         
magneto-electric ma*9e is f  a pap] read
 "s few mon?s back at ! ,society ( ,arts
 by ,dr ,paget  ,higgs1 & is extract$ f 
! j\rnal publi%$ by t body3    8,9 !    
late/ =m ( con/ruction ( ! ,siem5s      
magneto-electric  ma*9e ! armature1 z ! 
revolv+ coil may be call$1 consi/s (    

sev]al l5g?s ( insulat$ copp] wire1     
coil$ 9 sev]al convolutions  ^u a       
cyl9d]4 ,! :ole surface ( ! cyl9d] is   
cov]$ ) wire1  laid on 9 sections1 ea*  
convolution be+ p>allel to its          
longitud9al  axis4 ,= ab\t two ?irds (  
its surface ! wire cyl9d] is surr\nd$   
by curv$ iron b>s1 !re be+ j suffici5t  
space left betwe5 ^!  curv$ iron b>s & !
 wire cyl9d] to all[ ( its free         
rotation4 ,!  curv$ iron b>s are        
prolongations ( ! cores ( l>ge1 flat    
electro-magnets2 ! coils ( ^!           
electro-magnets & ! wire on !  cyl9d] 7f
 bru% to bru%7 =m a cont9u\s electrical 
circuit4 ,on  revolv+ ! cyl9d] 7:i* is  
support$ on a longitud9al axis 9        
suitable be>+s1 ! axis c>ry+ a pulley7  
an initially weak curr5t  is g5]at$ into
 its wires by _! passage ?r\gh !        
magnetic field1  =m$ by ! residual      
magnetism ( ! iron coils ( !            
electro-magnets1  & ! curr5t be+ direct$
 into ! coils ( ! electro-magnets1      
increases ! magnetism ( ! cores1 :i*    

aga9 induce a /rong]  curr5t 9 ! wire   
cyl9d]4 ,?is mat]ial action may cont9ue 
until !  iron has atta9$ its limit (    
magnetisation4 ,! maximum magnetic p[]  
act+ ^u ea* convolution is atta9$ at e  
revolution ( !  armature1 :5 !          
convolution passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( bo?  
magnetic  fields1 & gradually falls to  
z]o z ! convolution becomes  p]p5dicul> 
to t position4 ,ea* convolution has1    
!re=e1 a neutral  position1 & a         
convolution leav+ t position on ! "o    
side ( !  axis & advanc+ t[>ds ! nor?   
pole ( ! electro-magnet w\ld be  subject
 to a direct induc$ curr5t1 & t portion 
( ! convolution  on ! opposite side ( ! 
axis w\ld be trav]s$ by a curr5t (      
opposite direction z reg>ds a giv5 po9t1
 b ( ! same direction z  reg>ds circuit4
 ,ea* ( ! sections ( wire coil$ ^u !    
cyl9d]  consi/s ( two sep>ate coils1    
leav+ f\r ends2 two ( ^! ends are       
connect$ to ea* ( ! segm5ts ( a circul> 
commutator divid$ into  p>ts4 ,b all !  
coils are connect$ to ! sev]al segm5ts (

  commutator 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole ( ! 
d\ble sections =m a  cont9u\s circuit1 b
 n "o cont9u\s helix4 ,two bru%es plac$ 
tang5tially to ! segm5ts ( ! commutator 
collect ! electric  curr5ts2 ^! bru%es  
are connect$ "o to ea* electro-magnet1 &
 !  two free ends ( ! electro-magnet    
coils are connect$ to ! conduct+  wires 
lead+ to ! lamp4    8,! dim5sions1      
weight1 numb] ( revolutions made by !   
armature1 light  equival5t 9 normal     
c&les1 & horse-p[] requir$ = driv+1 are 
= ! ?ree sizes ( ma*9es z foll[s3----   
----------------------------------------
---------------------     ,dim5sion 9   
,in*es4 ,weight ,revolutions            
,c&les',horse ,p[]4                     
--------------------9 lbs4( cyl9d]4     
,light4                                 
,l5g?4,wid?4,height4                    
----------------------------------------
-------------------       #be   #ba     
#hh    #bih     #aajj       #a1jjj      
#a-a_/b to #b        #bi   #bf     #ie  
#dai      #fej       #f1jjj  #c-a_/d to 

#d        #dd   #bhc  #abf   #abgi      
#dhj      #ad1jjj     #i to #aj         
----------------------------------------
-------------------    8,9 ! lamp :i* x 
is pref]r$ to use ) ! ,siem5s ma*9e1 !  
po9ts ( ! c>bons aft] be+ sep>at$ are   
br\ght toge!r aga9 by  ! gravitation ( !
 top c>bon & its hold]4 ,! desc5t ( !   
top  c>bon actuates by means ( ! /raight
 rack x c>ries at its l[] end1  a l>ge  
p9ion1 ! sp9dle ( :i* c>ries a small    
p9ion1 ge>+ into  a second neck atta*$  
to ! l[] c>bon hold]1 ! sup]ior weight (
  ! top c>bon & hold]1 9 conjunction ) !
 multiply+ ratio (  ! two p9ions1       
produc+ a cont9ual t5d5cy ( ! c>bons to 
approa*  ea* o!r4 ,! l>ge & small p9ions
 are connect$ to ea* o!r1 &  to ! sp9dle
 t c>ries !m1 by an arrangem5t (        
friction discs1 &  ! object ( ?is       
con/ruction is to all[ ( ! two racks be+
 mov$  equally & simultane\sly up or d[n
 = ! purpose ( focuss+ !  light :5      
requir$4 ,?is movem5t is effect$ by     
means ( bevell$  ge>+1 & actuat$ by a   

mill$ head1 :i* c be press$ into        
position :5 requir$4 ,on ! sp9dle c>ry+ 
! l>ge & small  p9ions & ! friction     
discs is plac$ a too!d :eel1 connect$ ) 
! sp9dle by a pawl & rat*et4    8,?is   
:eel is ! fir/ ( a tra9 ( :eels & p9ions
 driv+ a  regulat+ fly 9 ! usual way4 ,!
 pawl & rat*et are provid$ to  all[ ( ! 
rapid di/anc+ ( ! c>bon hold]s :5 x     
becomes  necess>y to introduce fre%     
c>bons4 ,! sp9dle ( ! fly also c>ries  a
 small f9ely-too!d rat*et :eel4 ,?is    
rat*et :eel is actuat$ by a  spr+ pawl1 
c>ri$ at ! end ( a lev]1 :i* lev] is !  
cont9uation ( ! armature ( !            
electro-magnet1 9 su* a mann] t  :5 !   
armature is attract$ by !               
electro-magnet1 ! spr+ pawl  engages 9 !
 tee? ( ! rat*et :eel1 & causes ! :eels 
9  ge>+ !re) to act ^u ! racks ( ! c>bon
 hold]s to draw !m  ap>t4    8,! action 
( ! lamp is z foll[s3----,! curr5t      
passes f !  conductor to ! top c>bon    
hold]1 !nce ?r\gh ! c>bons to !  bottom 
c>bon hold]1 !n to ! coils ( !          

electro-magnet situat$ 9  ! base ( !    
lamp4 ,f ! coils ( ! electro-magnet !   
circuit is  complet$ to ! o!r conductor4
 ,^u ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh !  circuit1 ! 
armature ( ! electro-magnet is attract$1
 & ! abutm5t  f ! armature lev] caus$ to
 %ort-circuit ! coils ( !               
electro-magnet1 releas+ ! armature4 ,!  
armature be+ releas$1 !  %ort-circuit is
 remov$ f ! coils ( ! electro-magnet1 & 
!  cycle ( movem5t repeat$2 9 ?is mann] 
an oscillatory motion is giv5  to !     
armature lev]1 :i* by ! spr+ pawl       
actuates ! rat*et  :eel1 ! tra9 (       
clockwork1 & ! racks ( ! c>bon hold]s1  
=c+ ! c>bons ap>t until ! di/ance betwe5
 _! po9ts  suffici5tly weak5s ! curr5t1 
s t x no long] attracts !  armature ( ! 
electro-magnet4 ,?us1 by ! comb9$ action
 (  gravitation ( ! top c>bon 9 draw+ ! 
c>bons toge!r1 & ( !  curr5t to sep>ate 
! c>bons :5 !y approa* too closely1 a   
work+  di/ance is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! po9ts
 ) p]fect automatism40    ,siem5s' lamp 
is at ! pres5t "t employ$ 9 ! ,liz>d    

,ligh?\se1 9  ,messrs ,siem5s' ,eng9e]+ 
,works 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 z well z 9    
o!r localities or build+s requir+       
p[]fully light+ up4    ,an int]e/+      
illu/ration ( ! value ( ! electric light
 to !  sailor is furni%$ by !           
#8,telegraph ,j\rnal' ( ,april #e?1     
#ahgh4 ,?is  publication conta9s a lett]
 f ! capta9 ( ! ,s4,s4 #8,f>aday1'      
n>rat+ h[ t vessel 0 by its means       
prev5t$ f runn+ into  ano!r vessel dur+ 
a d5se fog4    ,siem5s' magneto-electric
 app>atus & lamp 7 us$ on ! occasion    
above ref]r$ to4    ,9 e =m (           
contrivance = electrical illum9ation !  
lamp or  light+ app>atus consi/s ( c>bon
 po9ts sep>at$ by a v slight  int]val1  
?r\gh :i* ! curr5t ( electricity passes 
by means (  t]m9al wires atta*$ to !    
dynamo-electrical ma*9e4    ,! light+   
effect is produc$ by ! passage ( !      
electric sp>k  ?r\gh ! small gap :i*    
sep>ates ! c>bon po9ts1 9 :i* int]val   
extremely m9ute b solid p>ticles (      
c>bon1 giv5 (f by ! po9ts1  are heat$ up

 to inc&esc5ce 9 ! pa? ( ! sp>k1 & ?us  
give  rise to ! int5sely lum9\s focus   
kn[n z #8! electric light4' ,!          
brilliancy ( ! light ( c\rse dep5ds ^u !
 quantity ( electricity  employ$4    ,a 
v l>ge numb] & v>iety ( designs & pat5ts
 = electric lamps  h made _! appe>ance 9
 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,france1 & ,russia )9 
! p]iod foll[+ ! inv5tion ( ! small1    
p[]ful1 & economic  dynamo-electric     
ma*9es ( ,siem5s & ,gramme4    ,! light+
 app>atus g5]ally atta*$ to & work$ by t
 v>iety (  ,gramme's ma*9e g5]at+ !     
cont9u\s curr5t is t kn[n z !  #8,s]r9  
,lamp4' ,two c>bon electrodes plac$     
v]tically "o above ! o!r  7! positive   
be+ ! upp] "o7 are fix$ on brass hold]s1
 :i* are  s connect$ by a suitably      
contriv$ clockwork movem5t1 comb9$ ) !  
work+ ( an electro-magnet 9 connection )
 ! electric circuit1 z  to ma9ta9 ! two 
c>bon poles dur+ _! combu/ion at !      
necess>y  di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,s]r9's    
lamp diff]s 9 detail f ,siem5s'1  b1 l  
?is latt]1 is automatic 9 pr9ciple4 ,9  

,p>is x 0 ! "o  9 g5]al use until !     
introduction ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 &1 )  
! ,duboscq lamp1 may be look$ ^u z !    
precursor ( ! v>i\s lamps  & regulators 
n[ employ$ 9 electric light+4 ,s]r9's   
lamp or  regulator1 ) "s slight         
modification 9 ! ma*9]y1 is also us$ 9  
! ,lont9 sy/em ( electric illum9ation1  
by :i* sep>ate lights are  suppli$ by   
sep>ate circuits ( electricity4 ,lont9's
 me?od is t by  :i* ! ,gaiety ,!atre 9 !
 ,/r& is light$2 & is also us$ at !     
,we/]n ,railway ,/ation 7,g>e1 ,/       
,laz>e7 at ,p>is4 ,! ,jablo*k(f  c&le1  
:i* 9 ,p>is has lately sup]s$$ ! ,s]r9  
lamp1 probably  because its use r5d]s   
unnecess>y ! use ( automatic ma*9]y1 is 
!  inv5tion ( a ,russian eng9e]1 ^: "n x
 be>s4    ,x consi/s ( two /icks ( gas  
c>bon1 ab\t #i in*es long & #a_/e? (  an
 in* ?ick1 :i* are plac$ v]tically side 
by side1 & insulat$  f "o ano!r by a v  
?9 /rip ( kaol9 or *9a clay 7a silicate 
( alum9a & pota%71 ! :ole =m+ a c&le4   
,ea* c>bon rod is  connect$ ) "o ( !    

t]m9al wires ( a ,gramme dynamo-electric
  ma*9e1 ! electric curr5t f :i*1 h[ev]1
 n be+ cont9u\s1  sets up an alt]nate   
curr5t betwe5 ! tips or poles ( ! c&les1
  :i* are gradually consum$ l an ord9>y 
tap]1 & ) ?is only  diff]5ce 9 action   
betwe5 ,s]r9's & ,siem5s' lamps1 t :]eas
 9  ^! latt] ! sp>k passes f ! top to ! 
bottom c>bon po9t1 9  ! ,jablo*k(f c&le 
x jumps f side to side4 ,! inv5tor      
cont5ds  t ! kaol9 by becom+ heat$      
dim9i%es ! resi/ance ( !  circuit1 & ?us
 p]mits ( ! passage ( ! electric sp>k m 
easily  ?r\gh ! c>bons1 & also1 we      
believe1 ass]ts t ! kaol9 be+           
electrolytically decompos$ z ! c>bons   
are consum$1 becomes conv]t$  into      
silica1 :i* melts & drops d[n1 :il/ !   
alum9ium lib]at$  contributes lum9osity 
dur+ combu/ion to ! flame4    ,"o ( !   
*ief advantages1 h[ev]1 claim$ by ,m4   
,jablo*k(f is1 t  he c divide ! circuit 
into a numb] ( diff]5t lights1 z !      
resi/ance ( ! circuit is uni=m4    ,a   
l>ge numb] ( ,jablo*k(f c&les are       

employ$ 9 ! celebrat$  #8,magas9s du    
,l\vre1' "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive comm]cial  
e/abli%m5ts  9 ,p>is = ! sale ( silks1  
ribbons1 gloves1 c41 & clo?+ (  e       
description4    ,! pure :ite light      
diffus$ by electricity admirably adapts 
x =  view+ col\rs ( all k9ds at night1  
:e!r se5 9 pictures or on  fabrics &    
raim5ts1 & m p>ticul>ly blues & gre5s1 !
 hues (  :i* are frequ5tly indi/+ui%able
 f ea* o!r by gaslight4 ,!  c&le is also
 us$ to light ! c\rty>d ( ! ,hotel du   
,l\vre1 a l>ge  build+ contigu\s to1 & )
 its ap>tm5ts runn+ ov]1 !  ,magas9s1 z 
well z 9 sev]al %ops4    ,jablo*k(f's   
sy/em is also 9 "w 9 ,p>is 9 front ( _m 
public  build+s1 & by its means ! ,place
 & ,av5ue de l',op]a1 toge!r  occupy+ a 
space #ijj y>ds long by #cj wide1 are   
brilliantly illum9at$  e night4    ,t   
celebrat$ circus1 s well kn[n to e      
visitor to ,p>is1 !  ,hippodrome1 is    
also light$ by x4    ,ano!r =m (        
electric lamp is t ( ,m4 ,rapieff1 n[ 9 
use 9 !  ma*9e-room ( ! #8,times'       

newspap] (fice4 ,9 ?is lamp !re are f\r 
c>bon po9ts in/ead ( two4 ,m4 ,rapieff1 
l ,m4 ,jablo*k(f1 /ates t  by means ( 8 
sy/em he is enabl$ to supply sev]al     
lamps ) ! same  electric curr5t4 ,9 !   
,wallace-,f>m] lamp slabs ( c>bon in/ead
 (  po9ts are _h rec\rse to4    ,9 !    
lamps ( ,m4 ,regni] 9 "o v>iety two     
revolv+ c>bon discs are  us$1 :il/ 9    
ano!r a rod ( c>bon desc5ds ^u a disc ( 
! same  mat]ial1 an arrangem5t :i* !    
inv5tor /ates leads to !  subdivision ( 
! curr5t & its sep>ate utilisation by a 
numb] (  su* lights4    ,"o ( ! late/ & 
app>5tly mo/ successful me?ods = divid+ 
!  electric curr5t1 s t "o & ! same     
curr5t %all be made  simultane\sly to   
supply & r5d] inc&esc5t a s]ies ( c>bon 
po9ts1 & 9 s do+ give rise to z _m      
effective electric  illum9ators1 is t ( 
,mr ,w]d]mann4 ,mr ,w]d]mann1 obs]v+ !  
disp>ity ( consumption betwe5 ! positive
 & negative poles ( !  electrodes1 f\nd 
by exp]im5t t :5 ! sectional area ( !   
negative pole 0 sixty-f\r times great]  

?an ! positive "o1 !  electric arc 0 s  
f> r$uc$1 t ! two c>bons 7 9 contact4   
,"u ^! conditions ! electric arc 0      
inf9itely small1 ! negative  electrode 0
 n consum$1 :il/ ! positive "o 0        
inc&esc5t4 ,two  supplies ( electric    
light1 !re=e1 ensu$1 "o by ! electric   
arc1  & ! o!r by ! inc&esc5t c>bon ( !  
positive electrode4 ,"u  ^!             
circum/ances1 if x 7 possible to devise 
a plan by :i* !  positive pole z x      
consum$ %\ld be kept 9 uni=m contact ) !
  negative pole1 ! difficulty :i* _h    
hi!rto prov$ !  /umbl+-block to us+ a   
s]ies ( lights f "o curr5t w\ld be      
annihilat$4    ,mr ,w]d]mann demon/rat$ 
! correctness ( 8 premises by a         
practical  illu/ration ( 8 plan v lately
 7,novemb]1 #ahgh7 at ! ,briti%         
,telegraph ,manufactory1 #cgd1 ,eu/on   
,road4 ,! curr5t f a  dynamo-electric   
,gramme ma*9e ( #b-;horse p[] 0 conduct$
 to two  electric lamps1 ea* hav+ an    
illum9at+ value equal to #cfj c&les     
ea*4 ,! light s produc$ is describ$ by a

 spectator z 8be+ s(t &  sun-l1 & z be+ 
capable ( be+ look$ at )\t discom=t1    
?\gh x 0 n %ad$40 ,^! be+ ext+ui%$1 t5  
small] lamps  7 ignit$ by means ( ! same
 curr5t1 ea* "o hav+ an illum9at+  p[]  
equal to =ty c&les4 8,! lamps burn$     
/eadily ) a beautiful  s(t & cle> :ite  
light4 ,fir/ "o ( ! t5 lights 0 !n      
ext+ui%$1 & aft]w>ds a second1 ! only   
effect on ! rema9d]  be+ t !y became    
slightly m brilliant40#ae    ,footnote  
#ae3 #8,daily ,news4'    ,unlike ,mr    
,edison1 ,mr ,w]d]mann does n believe 9 
! indef9ite  divisibility ( ! electric  
light4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! c&le  p[] ( ! 
light becomes dim9i%$ by subdivision4   
,two lights gave a  light equal to #gjj 
c&les1 :]eas ! same curr5t divid$ into  
t5  lights gave an aggregate light (    
only #djj c&les4    ,! foll[+ extract f 
! #8,times' ( ,decemb] #e?1 #ahgh1      
illu/rates  ! f9ancial aspect ( !       
electric light "q3----    8,at ! usual  
weekly meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 held 
la/ ev5+1 ,dr  ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s1         

,f4,r4,s41 9 ! *air1 a pap] on electric 
light+ 0 read  by ,mr ,j4 ,n4 ,%oolbr$1 
,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,! object ( ! au?or 0  
to  pres5t "s results ( ! application ( 
electric light+ to indu/rial  purposes1 
especially z reg>ds co/4 ,he notic$ fir/
 ! ,holmes & !  ,alliance               
magneto-electric ma*9es1 giv+ alt]nat+  
curr5ts & s+le  lights = ligh?\se use4  
,secondly1 he ref]r$ to !               
dynamo-electric  ma*9es1 produc+ s+le   
lights = g5]al indu/rial purposes1 z    
well  z = ligh?\ses1 & includ+ ! ,siem5s
 & ! ,gramme ma*9es4 ,9  8 ?ird gr\p !  
au?or includ$ ! ma*9es us$ = produc+    
divid$ lights1 ea* gr\p indicat+ a m>k$ 
p]iod repres5t+ a  cle>ly def9$ /age (  
progress 9 electric light+4 ,) reg>d to 
co/1 ,mr ,%oolbr$ /at$ t 9 e in/ance 8  
figures &  p>ticul>s 7 ^? af=d$ by !    
us]s ( ! v>i\s lights1 &  n by !        
inv5tors or _! repres5tatives4 ,9 ! case
 ( ! ,holmes  ma*9e ! annual co/ p]     
ligh?\se 0 ab\t #ajce1 inclusive (      
int]e/1 repairs1 & wages4 ,) ! ,siem5s  

ma*9e ! annual co/ 0  ab\t #did p]      
ligh?\se1 includ+ int]e/ & ! o!r        
exp5ses4 ,)  ! ,alliance ma*9e z us$ at 
,havre ! co/ 0 ab\t #dgd p] annum  p]   
ligh?\se1 int]e/1 c41 includ$4 ,!       
s+le-light ,gramme ma*9e  has be5 9 use 
9 ! ,p>is goods /ation ( ! ,nor!rn (    
,france  ,railway = two ye>s4 ,six      
ma*9es h be5 kept go+ ) "o light  ea*1 &
 ! co/ is f\nd to be #e;d4 p] light p]  
h\r1 or )  int]e/ on outlay at #aj p]   
c5t41 #h;d4 p] h\r4 ,! same light at !  
ironworks ( ,messrs ,p[ell at ,r\5 0    
/at$ to co/ #d;d4 p] light p]  h\r1     
exclusive ( int]e/ & *>ge = motive p[]1 
! latt] be+  d]iv$ f "o ( ! eng9es on ! 
works4 ,9 #ahgg a s]ies (  exp]im5ts 7  
c>ri$ out ) ! ,lont9 light at ! ,p>is   
t]m9us  ( ! ,p>is1 ,lyons1 &            
,m$it]ranean ,railway4 ,! pass5g] /ation
 0  light$1 & ! results 7 s satisfactory
 t ! company h  ent]$ into a p]man5t    
contract ) ! proprietors ( ! ,lont9     
light  = light+ _! ,p>is goods /ation ) 
#ab lights1 at a co/ ( #e;d4  p] light  

p] h\r4 ,! ,we/]n ( ,france ,railway    
,company h _h #f  ,lont9 lights 9 !     
goods /ation at ! ,p>is t]m9us1 ,/      
,laz>e1 s9ce  ,may la/1 & #ab lights 9 !
 pass5g] /ation s9ce ,june4 ,c>eful     
exp]im5ts h %[n ! co/ to be #h;d4 p]    
light p] h\r1 inclusive  ( int]e/4      
,ref]r+ to ! ,jablo*k(f light1 ,mr      
,%oolbr$ plac$  be=e ! meet+ "s         
p>ticul>s ) reg>d to its application 9 !
  ,av5ue de l',opra1 ,p>is1 :i* 7 af=d$ 
him by ,m4 ,j4 ,all>d1 !  *ief eng9e] ( 
! light+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,city ( ,p>is4 ,x 
appe>s  t ! au?orities pay ! ,socit     
,gnrale d'lectricit #cg;f4 #b;c4 p]  h\r
 = ! #fb lamps 9 use !re4 ,^! #fb lamps 
sup]s$e #cdd gas-jets  :i* 7 previ\sly  
us$1 & :i* co/ ! au?orities #gbdd;f4 p] 
h\r4 ,! electric illum9ation1 h[ev]1 is 
consid]$ z equal to #fhb  gas-jets1 or  
ab\t d\ble ! orig9al illum9ation----t   
is1 to a co/ (  #adde;f4 p] h\r z aga9/ 
#cgb;f4 = ! electric light1 ! co/ (     
:i*1 !re=e1 is #bf times t ( ! gas4 ,!  
contract = light+  by electricity 0     

t]m9at$ by ! ,city ( ,p>is on ! #cj?    
ult41 &  ! au?orities h decl9$ to r5ew x
 except at ! price paid =  gas1 namely1 
#gbbd;f4 7or ab\t #fs47 p] h\r1 & t only
 until !  #ae? ( ,janu>y next4 ,^! t]ms 
h be5 accept$ by ! ,socit1 s  t ! price 
paid to !m w be at ! rate ( ab\t        
#a-a_/h;d4 p]  light p] h\r4 ,mr        
,%oolbr$ /at$ t ! ,socit place _!       
exp5ses  at #ajf;f4 7or j #aa;d47 p]    
light p] h\r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y hope       
%ortly to r$uce by "o half4 ,a s]ies (  
c>eful photometric exp]im5ts  c>ri$ out 
by ! municipal au?orities ) ! ,jablo*k(f
 lights1  above ref]r$ to1 %[$ ea* nak$ 
light to possess a maximum ( #cjj  c&les
 ( int5sity4 ,) ! glass globe ?is 0     
r$uc$ to #ahj  c&les1 %[+ a loss ( #dj  
p] c5t41 :ile dur+ ! d>k] p]iods  ?r\gh 
:i* ! lights pass$ ! light 0 z l[ z #ij 
c&les4 ,!  =ego+ 7 ! only au!nticat$    
p>ticul>s :i* ! au?or c\ld  obta9 z     
reg>ds ! work+ ( ! v>i\s electric sy/ems
 ( electric  light+4 ,9 conclusion1 ,mr 
,%oolbr$ ref]r$ to ! ,rapieff light at !

  #8,times' (fice1 :i*1 he obs]v$1 work$
 fairly & ) regul>ity1  :i* c\ld n be   
said ( all o!rs1 & x might !re=e be     
entitl$  to take rank z an e/abli%$     
application ( electric illum9ation4 ,!  
pap] 0 illu/rat$ by ! ,siem5s1 ,rapieff1
 ,s]r91 & o!r =ms (  electric light1 :i*
 7 %[n 9 op]ation40    ,t ! electric    
light is ev5tually de/9$ to supplant    
coal gas 9  illum9at+ ! fronts ( l>ge   
build+s1 op5 spaces1 squ>es1 assembly   
rooms1 public halls1 !atres1 picture    
gall]ies1 work%ops & factories1  c41    
seems no v extravagant pr$iction4 ,we h 
already se5 t x  has = "s ye>s be5      
employ$ 9 "o ligh?\se2 & we h !         
te/imony ( ,mr ,d\glas1 ( ! ,tr9ity     
,h\se1 at a v rec5t meet+ (  ! ,society 
( ,arts1 t at ! ,s\t] ,po9t ,ligh?\se   
!re _h be5  only two /oppages 9 eight   
ye>s1 once ?r\gh a bad c>bon break+1 &  
once ?r\gh ! ligh?\se-keep] go+ to      
sleep4    ,9 addition to places above   
specifi$1 among/ o!r localities 9 :i*  x
 is 9 "w1 we may m5tion ! *ocolate      

factories ( ,m4 ,m5i]1 at  ,noiselle1 8 
india-rubb] works at ,gr5elle1 8 sug>   
ref9]y at ,nice1  & ,messrs ,caille's   
works at ,p>is4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x 0       
employ$ 9 !  erection ( ! ,tay ,bridge1 
z well z 9 ! works ( ,messrs ,head1 at  
,/ockton-on-,tees1 & 9 ,london x may be 
nightly se5 burn+ be=e !  ,gaiety ,!atre
 9 ! ,/r&1 at ,bill+sgate ,m>ket1 &     
frequ5tly  light+ up ! front ( !        
,/]eoscopic ,company's premises 9 ,reg5t
  ,/reet4 ,fur!r1 we may add t !        
,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works are  mak+ !
 exp]im5t ( light+ ! ,victoria          
,embankm5t & ! ,city  au?orities !      
,holborn ,viaduct1 ) ! ,jablo*k(f c&le4 
,! =m]  h plac$ a dynamo-electric       
app>atus1 work$ by a /eam eng9e (       
#bj-;horse p[]1 close to ! foot (       
,hung]=d ,bridge1 f :5ce wires  w be    
c>ri$ "r & left t[>ds ,we/m9/] &        
,blackfri>s  respectively4    ,we       
believe ! ma9 conduct+ wire is c>ri$ "u 
! cop+-/one (  ! p>apet runn+ along !   
,embankm5t1 & t ! c>bon po9ts are  fix$ 

on ! top ( a c]ta9 numb] ( gas /&>ds :i*
 n[ surm\nt  ! wall ( ! ,embankm5t4     
,t electricity is m economical z a me?od
 ( artificial light+  ?an coal-gas !    
figures previ\sly giv5 seem to          
demon/rate1 & !re  c be no "q z to ! mu*
 great] lum9osity & purity ( !  light   
ov] ! gas flame1 qualities :i* r5d] x an
 admirable  sub/itute = ! sunlight1 !   
abs5ce ( :i* x may be said to supply  at
 night4 ,"o disadvantage urg$ aga9/ its 
employm5t 9 weav+ rooms  is1 t x ca/s   
su* d>k & di/9ct %ad[s t ^! are         
frequ5tly  mi/ak5 = ! ?reads !mselves1  
an objection :i* is said to h  be5      
rem$i$ by plac+ ! light z ne> ! ceil+ z 
possible4 ,!  non-g5]ation ( c>bonic    
acid & sulphur\s products su* z are giv5
  (f by burn+ gas1 al?\gh ( slight      
importance :5 ! light is  employ$ 9 !   
op5 air1 becomes a great advantage :5 x 
is us$ 9  cr[d$ assembly rooms or       
!atres1 s9ce ! atmosph]ic contam9ation  
caus$ by c>bonic acid becomes ( c\rse   
consid]ably r$uc$4 ,!  abs5ce ( sulphur 

comp\nds especially qualifies ! light = 
use 9  l>ge libr>ies4 ,if x be true t ! 
light gives rise to an appreciable      
am\nt ( ozone1 ?is con/itutes ano!r po9t
 9 its fav\r4 ,op9ion is  at v>iance z  
to ! possibility ( ! practical          
application ( !  electric light =       
illum9at+ private h\ses & dwell+s 9 su* 
a  mann] z to supply ! place ( ! gas we 
n[ burn 9 !m4 ,"o s]i\s  imp$im5t to !  
probable accompli%m5t ( ?is result      
c]ta9ly seems  to be ! fact t           
electricity = light+ purposes c only    
practically  be convey$ to %ort di/ances
 f its s\rce1 :i* w\ld necessitate  !   
e/abli%m5t & sup]vision ( a numb] (     
g5]at+ ma*9es ne>  ! h\ses to be light$4
 ,ano!r ob/acle1 :i* hi!rto has n be5   
ov]come1 is ! circum/ance t ! curr5t :5 
subdivid$ yields  proportionately a     
greatly dim9i%$ am\nt ( light4 ,=       
in/ance1 "o  light :i* _h a c]ta9       
photometric c&le valve w\ld yield :5    
divid$ into two an aggregate am\nt (    
light consid]ably less ?an !  "o2 & if  

divid$ into ?ree /ill less1 & s on4 ,?is
 has be5  po9t$ out :5 notic+ ,mr       
,w]d]mann's inv5tion = ! divisibility  (
 ! light4 ,mr ,edison1 an ,am]ican      
inv5tor1 ass]ts t he has  conqu]$ ?is   
difficulty1 & additionally p]fect$ a    
ma*9e =  measur+ ! curr5t us$ 9 !       
electric light4 ,he /ates t x  consi/s (
 an app>atus plac$ 9 e h\se light$ by   
electricity1  :i* regi/]s ! quantity (  
electricity consum$1 & uses = !  purpose
 #ajjj? "p ( ! quantity employ$ 9 !     
build+4    ,dr ,siem5s1 no mean         
au?ority1 d\bts ! practicability (      
apply+  electric light+ to h\sehold     
illum9ation4    ,a matt] ( prim>y       
importance 9 connection ) ! successful  
work+  ( ! electric light is ! quality (
 ! c>bon po9ts4 ,9 _!  manufacture gas  
c>bon obta9$ f ! necks ( ! retorts us$ 9
  gas-mak+1 z be+ ! h>de/ & pure/1 is   
employ$4    ,sup]ior1 h[ev]1 z ?is =m ( 
c>bon is to e o!r description (  !      
sub/ance1 x is nev] *emically pure1 & z 
any =eign sub/ance  imp>ts to ! light ! 

irregul>ity or flick]+ t sometimes      
accompanies x1 x is necess>y !          
impurities %\ld be remov$4 ,to  effect  
_! sep>ation ! c>bon has to und]go      
sev]al processes1 su*  z soak+ 9 cau/ic 
pota% to remove ! silica1 treatm5t )    
/rong  acids1 sev]al wa%+s1 gr9d+1 c4 ,x
 is !n knead$ & put into  m\lds1 9 :i* x
 is subject$ to a pressure z high z #ab 
tons to !  squ>e foot4 ,subsequ5tly !   
po9ts s made are bak$4    ,,lightn+4    
,see ,,accid5ts4    ,,lig,,n94          
,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,cellulose4 ,?is 
is woody fibre  depriv$ ( all =eign     
matt]4 ,x =ms ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( bak$   
wood1  & con/itutes ! woody portion (   
all vegetable sub/ances4 ,f9e l95  &    
cotton are almo/ entirely compos$ (     
lign91 ! associat$  vegetable pr9ciples 
hav+ be5 remov$ by ! treatm5t ! fibres h
  be5 subject$ to dur+ ! process ( _!   
manufacture4    ,pure lign9 is ta/eless1
 inodor\s1 insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 &
  absolutely innutriti\s2 dilute acids &
 alkal9e solutions sc>cely  affect x1   

ev5 :5 hot2 oil ( vitriol conv]ts x into
 dextr9 or grape  sug>1 accord+ to !    
mode ( treatm5t4 ,:5 conc5trat$         
sulphuric  acid is add$ v gradually to  
ab\t half its weight ( l9t1 l95 rag1  or
 any simil> sub/ance %r$d$ small1 &     
conta9$ 9 a glass vessel1  ) con/ant    
trituration1 ! fibres gradually swell up
 & disappe>1  )\t ! dis5gagem5t ( any   
gas1 & a t5aci\s mucilage is =m$1  :i*  
is entirely soluble 9 wat]4 ,if1 aft] a 
few h\rs1 ! mixture be  dilut$ ) wat]1 !
 acid neutralis$ by ! addition ( *alk1  
&1  aft] filtration1 any excess ( lime  
?r[n d[n by ! cauti\s addition  ( a     
solution ( oxalic acid1 ! liquid yields1
 aft] a second  filtration1 & ! addition
 ( alcohol 9 consid]able excess1 a gummy
  mass1 :i* possesses all ! *>act]s (   
pure dextr94 ,if1 in/ead (  at once     
saturat+ ! dilut$ acid solution ) *alk1 
we boil x = #d  or #e h\rs1 ! dextr9 is 
entirely conv]t$ into grape sug>1 :i*1  
by  ! addition ( *alk & filtration1 z   
be=e1 & evaporation by a  g5tle heat to 

! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 w1 aft] repose = 
a few  days1 furni% a concrete mass (   
cry/allis$ sug>4 ,by /rong pressure     
betwe5 folds ( por\s pap] or l951       
r$issolv+ x 9 wat]1  agitation ) animal 
*>coal1 & recry/allisation1 brilliant   
col\rless cry/als ( grape sug> may be   
obta9$4 ,hemp1 l951 or  cotton1 ?us     
treat$1 yield fully _! own weight ( gum1
 & #a p] c5t4  ( _! weight ( grape sug>4
 ,dur+ ! above trans=mation1 !          
sulphuric acid is conv]t$ into          
sulpholignic acid1 & may be procur$ 9  a
 sep>ate /ate4 ,a solution ( oxide (    
copp] 9 ammonia1 or solution (  basic   
c>bonate ( copp] 9 /rong ammonia1       
dissolves cotton1 :i* may  !n be        
precipitat$ by acids 9 col\rless flakes4
    ,,lig,,nite4 ,syn4 ,,br[n ,,coal4   
,wood & o!r matt] m or less  m9]alis$ & 
conv]t$ into coal4 ,! lignites are      
g5]ally d>k  br[n1 & ( obvi\s woody     
/ructure4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f true  coals
 by burn+ ) little flame & mu* smoke4   
,^? ( ,g]many are  l>gely us$ z a s\rce 

( p>aff9 & burn+ oils4    ,,lig,,num    
,,vi,t4 ,see ,,guaiacum ,,wood4         
,,lime4 ,ca,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,(        
,,calcium2 ,,*aux1 ,fr42 ,,kalk1 ,g]4   
,lime1 :5  pure1 & z a *emical & m$ical 
reag5t1 w be f\nd treat$ (  "u ,,calcium
 7,oxide (74 ,x is prep>$ on ! l>ge     
scale = comm]ce  by calc9+ *alk1 m>ble  
or lime/one1 9 kilns1 & is call$        
quicklime1 cau/ic lime1 burnt lime1 /one
 lime1 c4 ,! lime kilns are  usually ( !
 =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 & are pack$ )     
alt]nate  lay]s ( lime/one & fuel1 & !  
burnt lime rak$ out f !  bottom4 ,! lime
 ?us obta9$ is a pale yell[ p[d]1 comb9+
 eag]ly  ) wat]1 & crumbl+ to a light   
:ite p[d]1 8slak$ lime10 ) !  evolution 
( mu* heat4 ,lime :i* slakes well is    
t]m$ 8fat lime10 :ile  if x slakes badly
 is t]m$ 8poor lime40 ,! slak$ lime1 !  
,,calcis  ,,hydras ( ! ,b4 ,p41 is fre% 
lime spr9kl$ ) wat] till x falls to     
p[d]4    ,lime1 ,salts (4 ,see "u       
,,calcium4    ,lime1 ,pyrolignite (4 ,an
 impure acetate ( calcium us$ = mak+    

mordants 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 z a     
sub/itute = ! m  exp5sive acetate (     
lead4    ,lime1 ,*loride (4 ,syn4       
,,blea*+ ,,p[d]1 ,,*lor9at$ ,,lime1     
,,hypo*lorite ,,( ,,calcium4    ,?is    
article 0 =m]ly believ$ to be a comp\nd 
( lime & *lor9e  7,ca,o4,cl71 &         
consequ5tly receiv$ ! "n ( #8*loride (  
lime4' ,we n[  "k1 h[ev]1 t x is n a    
def9ite sub/ance1 b a mixture (  calcium
 hypo*lorite1 calcium *loride1 & calcium
 hydrate4 ,! value (  ?is prep>ation is 
due to ! read9ess ) :i* ! calcium       
hypo*lorite is decompos$ by acids1 ev5  
by ! c>bonic acid ( ! air1  ) !         
evolution ( hypo*lor\s acid :i* ab/racts
 hydrog5 f _m  vegetable col\r+ matt]s1 
badly smell+ gases1 c43 ! =m] are  !reby
 blea*$ & ! latt] deodoris$4    ,*loride
 ( lime is mo/ ext5sively us$ = blea*+  
l951 calico1 &  simil> fabrics1 ?\s&s ( 
tons be+ made ne> ,newca/le alone e     
ye>4 ,x is also l>gely employ$ z a      
deodoris]4    ,prep4 ,fre%ly slak$ lime 
is ?9ly spread out 9 a prop] vessel &   

expos$ to an atmosph]e ( *lor9e gas     
until x is saturat$4 ,n[  includ$ 9 !   
,mat]ia ,m$ica4    ,slak$ lime 7fre%71  
#bj p>ts1 common salt1 #a "p1 are mix$  
toge!r1  & ! p[d] plac$ 9 long e>!nw>e  
vessels into :i* *lor9e is  pass$ until 
! mixture beg9s to gr[ damp1 or until "o
 "p ( x1  dissolv$ 9 #acj p>ts ( wat]1  
is capable ( decol\r+ #d-a_/b p>ts (    
sulphate ( indigo 7see ,,*lorimetry71 :5
 ! :ole is transf]r$ to dry  bottles4   
7,:olesale47 ,! *lor9e is g5]at$ f !    
usual mat]ials mix$ 9  lead5 vessels1   
heat$ by /eam1 & ! gas1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh
 wat]1  is convey$ by a lead5 tube into 
an ap>tm5t built ( silice\s  s&/one1 &  
arrang$ ) %elves or trays1 conta9+ dry  
fre% slak$  lime1 plac$ "o above ano!r1 
ab\t an in* asund]4 ,! process1 to      
produce a fir/-class article1 is cont9u$
 = #d or #e days4 ,dur+ ?is  "t ! lime  
is occasionally agitat$ by means ( iron 
rakes1 ! h&les  ( :i* pass ?r\gh boxes (
 lime plac$ 9 ! walls ( ! *amb]1  :i*   
?us act z valves4    ,! successful      

manufacture ( blea*+ p[d] is dep5d5t ^u 
!  c>eful obs]vance ( a numb] (         
conditions1 su* z ! quality ( !         
lime/one1#af :i* %\ld be free f iron2 ! 
pres5ce ( magnesia at  ! "t is also v   
objectionable1 s9ce x gives rise to !   
=mation  & pres5ce 9 ! blea*+ p[d] (    
deliquesc5t *loride (  magnesium2 !     
apportionm5t ( ! wat] 9 slak+ ! lime is 
also a  matt] ( no inconsid]able        
importance1 ! lime =m+ into balls1 :i*  
fail to prop]ly absorb ! gas if ! wat]  
be insuffici5t1 :il/ if x  be 9 excess1 
x yields a p[d] defici5t 9 *lor9e4 ,:5  
slak$1 !  lime is pass$ ?r\gh a sieve to
 free x f small pebbles4 ,aft] be+      
slak$ x is kept = #b or #c days be=e be+
 us$1 z x is f\nd t  "u ^! circum/ances 
x absorbs *lor9e m readily ?an :5       
rec5tly prep>$4 ,previ\s to its entrance
 into ! lime *amb]1 !  *lor9e is pass$  
?r\gh wat]1 to free x f vap\r1 & solid  
p>ticles ( *loride ( manganese4         
,footnote #af3 ,a v pure k9d ( lime/one1
 & "o :i* is l>gely us$  9 ! prep>ation 

( blea*+ p[d]1 is f\nd at ,buxton4    ,!
 temp]ature ( ! *amb] into :i* ! *lor9e 
is pass$ ought n  to exce$ #fb ,f4 ,an  
excess ( *lor9e has be5 f\nd to yield a 
p[d]  defici5t 9 hypo*lorite4    ,blea*+
 p[d]1 unless protect$ f ! air 7c>bonic 
acid71 sl[ly  p>ts ) its *lor9e4 ,9     
summ] x has be5 e/imat$ t x loses z  mu*
 z #hf p] c5t4 ( ! gas1 & 9 w9t] ab\t   
#bf p] c5t4    ,prop41 c4 ,*loride (    
lime is a pale1 yell[i%-:ite p[d]1      
g5]ally  m or less damp1 & evolv+ a     
*lor9e-l od\r ( hypo*lor\s  acid4 ,its  
soluble con/itu5ts dissolve 9 ab\t #bj  
p>ts ( wat]4 ,x is  decompos$ by acids )
 ! evolution ( *lor9e & oxyg5           
7hypo*lor\s acid74 ,good *loride ( lime 
%\ld conta9 f #cb to #cf  ( *lor9e1 (   
:i*1 h[ev]1 b #be to #cj c be easily    
lib]at$ by  an acid4    ,e/im4 ,see     
,,*lorometry4    ,uses4 ,*loride ( lime 
is employ$ 9 m$ic9e z a deodoris] &     
dis9fectant4 ,an o9tm5t ( *loride ( lime
 has be5 us$ 9 scr(ula1  & a lotion or  
ba?1 mod]ately dilute1 is "o ( ! cleane/

 &  readie/ ways ( remov+ ! #8it*1' &   
sev]al o!r sk9 diseases4 ,x  is also 9  
great use z a dis9fectant1 & may be us$ 
ei!r 9  sub/ance or solution4 ,a small  
quantity ( ! p[d] spread on a flat  di% 
or plate1 & plac$ on ! *imney-piece1 & a
 l quantity 9 an  opposite "p ( ! room1 
w cont9ue to evolve suffici5t *lor9e or 
hypo*lor\s acid to dis9fect 78 ,ed47 !  
air ( an ap>tm5t = sev]al  days4 ,!     
evolution ( *lor9e is promot$ by        
occasionally r5ew+ !  expos$ surface1 by
 /irr+ x ) a piece ( /ick1 & aft] x     
becomes sc5tless1 by ! addition ( a     
little acid1 z /rong v9eg>1 or          
hydro*loric acid1 or oil ( vitriol1     
l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,( late1  h[ev]1 x
 has be5 p>tly sup]s$$ by sulphur\s     
acid1 c>bolic acid1  c4 ,! mo/ ext5sive 
consumption ( *loride ( lime is1 h[ev]1 
=  blea*+ textile fabrics4 ,:5 employ$ =
 ?is purpose1 ! goods are  fir/ imm]s$ 9
 a dilute solution ( ?is sub/ance1 & !n 
transf]r$ to a vat conta9+ dilute       
sulphuric acid4 ,! *lor9e ?us  dis5gag$ 

9 contact ) ! clo?1 causes ! de/ruction 
( !  col\r+ matt]4 ,?is process is      
g5]ally repeat$ sev]al times1 x  be+    
unsafe to use /rong solutions4 ,:ite    
patt]ns may ?us be impr9t$  ^u col\r$   
clo?2 ! figures be+ /amp$ ) t>t>ic acid 
?ick5$ ) gum wat]1 ! /uff is imm]s$ 9 ! 
*loride ba?1 :5  ! p>ts to :i* ! acid   
has be5 appli$ rema9 unalt]$1 :ile !    
pr9t$ portions are blea*$ :ite4         
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4----,*loride ( lime is
 n[ sc>cely ev] made on !  small scale1 
z x c be pur*as$ ( ! l>ge manufactur] ( 
bett]  quality & *eap] ?an x c\ld       
possibly be made by ! druggi/4 ,!  *ief 
precaution to be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture 
( good blea*+  p[d] is to ma9ta9 !      
+r$i5ts at a r l[ temp]ature4    ,,lime4
 ,! fruit ( ,citrus limetta4 ,x         
resembles ! lemon1 b is  small] & has a 
smoo!r sk94 ,x is import$ into ,great   
,brita9 9 a  pres]v$ /ate = use z a     
dess]t4 ,its juice is also l>gely       
import$  = ! prep>ation ( ,,citric      
,,acid1 & = ! prev5tion ( scurvy on     

bo>d %ip 7see bel[74    ,,lime ,,juice4 
,syn4 ,,lemon ,,juice4 ,! juice ( !     
fruits ( v>i\s  species ( ,citrus1      
pr9cipally ,,limes1 is kn[n 9 comm]ce "u
 ^!  names4 ,x is v v>iable z to        
quality1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! me?od (        
extraction1 ! quality ( ! fruit1 & !    
hone/y ( ! %ipp]4    ,we h exam9$ !     
juice express$ f limes s5t f ! ,we/     
,indies1  f ,jamaica1 & f ,s\? ,africa1 
) ! foll[+ results3                     
,w4 ,indies4   ,jamaica4   ,s4 ,africa4 
,specific gravity      ( juice          
#ajdacj     #ajddah     #ajddij    ,p]  
c5t4 (      citric acid           #gif  
#hff        #hej    ,p] c5t4 ( a%       
#jcba       #jdja       #jcfd    ,!     
yield f limes is v small1 & ! fre%ly    
express$ juice  conta9s a l>ge am\nt (  
pulp4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 on /&+ a few weeks1  
sep>ates1 & a cle> %]ry-col\r$ liquid is
 obta9$4    ,a conc5trat$ lime or lemon 
juice is us$ by calico pr9t]s4 ,x is a  
8d>k1 treacly-look+ fluid1 m>k+ f #dh to
 #ed ,twaddell10 &  conta9s ab\t #cj p] 

c5t4 ( pure citric acid4    ,adult4 ,see
 ,,lemon ,,juice4    ,e/im4 ,lime juice 
is only valuable on acc\nt ( ! citric   
acid x  conta9s4 ,if ( good quality1    
#ajj gr4 w neutralise f #gj to #gf gr4 (
  pure cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda4 8,=  
comm]cial purposes ea* gra9  ( c>bonate 
( soda neutralis$ may repres5t a half   
gra9 (  cry/allis$ citric acid 7equal to
 #ch gr4 ( dry acid71 & ! value (  !    
lime juice be calculat$ 9 proportion40  
7,o',neill47 ,z comm]cial lime  juice   
conta9s v>iable proportions ( vegetable 
extractive matt]1 !  indications ( !    
hydromet] _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,,acidimetry1
 ,,citric  ,,acid1 c4    ,,lime,,/one4  
,a g5]al t]m appli$ to a great v>iety ( 
rocks 9 :i*  c>bonate ( lime is !       
pr9cipal con/itu5t4    ,e/im4 ,! value (
 *alk1 lime/one1 m>ble1 c41 = hydraulic 
mort>s  & cem5ts1 may be det]m9$ z      
foll[s3    ,a giv5 weight 7say #ajj gr47
 ( ! sample is r$uc$ to p[d] &  dige/$ 9
 hydro*loric acid dilat$ ) ab\t an equal
 weight ( wat]1  ) frequ5t agitation =  

an h\r or long]2 ! mixture is !n dilut$ 
) ?rice its volume ( wat]1 ?r[n ^u a    
filt]1 & ! undissolv$  portion wa%$1    
dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is weight     
indicates !  p]-c5tage ( clay & silica  
or s&1 & ! loss t ( ! lime or  calcium  
oxide1 magnesium oxide1 & f]ric oxide1  
pres5t 9 !  sub/ance exam9$4 ,9 mo/     
cases ^! results w be suffici5t to %[  !
 quality ( ! lime/one = ! purpose ( mak+
 mort> or cem5t4    ,! filtrate & !     
wa%+s are mix$ toge!r1 & ammonia is add$
 9  excess2 ! bulky1 r$di%-br[n         
precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1    
ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is gives ! p]-c5tage
 ( f]ric oxide4    ,! filtrate f la/ is 
!n treat$ ) oxalate ( ammonium1 & !     
quantity ( lime det]m9$ 9 ! mann]       
describ$ "u ! head (  ,,calcium4    ,!  
liquid filt]$ f ! precipitate 9 la/ is  
boil$ = "s "t  ) c>bonate ( potassium   
until ammoniacal fumes are no long]     
evolv$2  ! precipitate is !n collect$ on
 a filt]1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1  dri$1 &     
/rongly ignit$ = #c or #d h\rs1 &1      

la/ly1 weigh$4 ,?is  gives ! p]-c5tage (
 magnesium4    ,,l9c,,tus4 ,l41 ,eng4   
,syn4 ,,lo*1 ,,loho*1 ,,l9cture1        
,,lambative2 ,,loo*1  ,fr4 ,a m$ic9e ( !
 consi/5ce ( honey1 int5d$ to be lick$  
(f a  spoon4 ,?is =m ( m$ic9e is well   
adapt$ to females & *ildr51 b  is n mu* 
us$ 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t4 ,^? employ$
 9 mod]n  ph>macy & prescrib+ are       
includ$ "u ! heads ,,confection1        
,,cons]ve1 or ,,electu>y4----,! ,dose1  
:5 x is n o!rwise /at$1 is a            
teaspoonful occasionally4    ,l9ctus1   
,acid4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus     
,,acidus4 ,prep4 ,honey (  roses1 #aj   
dr42 hydro*loric acid1 #bj m9ims2 syrup 
( r$ poppies1 #b dr4  ,mix4    ,l9ctus (
 ,borax4 7,univ4 ,coll4 ,hosp47 ,syn4   
,,l9ctus ,,boracis4 ,prep4  ,borax1 #c  
dr42 honey1 #a oz4 ,melt1 & /ir toge!r1 
& !n add syrup1 #a  oz4    ,l9ctus1     
,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,cacao1 ,l42    
,,cr,,me ,,de ,,tron*91 ,fr4  ,prep4 ,f 
cocoa-butt]1 #b oz42 :ite sug> 79 p[d]71
 syrup (  capillaire1 & syrup ( tolu1 ( 

ea* #a oz42 mix4 ,demulc5t & pectoral2  
9 c\ghs1 sore ?roats1 ho>s5ess1 c4      
,l9ctus1 ,common4 ,prep4 ,f oil (       
almonds & syrup ( tolu1 ( ea*  #a oz42  
p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #b dr4 ,z ! la/4       
,l9ctus1 ,c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,pectoral        
,,l9ctus2 ,,l9ctus ,,pectoralis1 ,l4    
,prep4  #a4 7,dr ,la?am47 ,comp\nd      
ipecacuanha p[d] 7,dov]'s p[d]71 #a_/b  
dr42  comp\nd tragacan? p[d]1 #b dr42   
syrup ( tolu1 confection ( hips1 &      
simple oxymel1 ( ea* #a oz4----,dose1 #a
 teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day4     
8,?is l9ctus has be5 ext5sively us$1 z a
 rem$y = c\ghs1 9 !  ,we/-end ( ,london1
 hav+ be5 f\nd to be a safe & g5]ally   
efficaci\s rem$y40 7,r$wood47 ,! prec$+ 
z well z ! foll[+ are  also useful      
prep>ations4    ,l9ctus1 ,demulc5t4     
,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,demulc5s ,l42 ,,loo*   
,,de ,,tron*91 ,fr4  ,prep4 ,f oil (    
almonds1 syrup ( capillaire1 manna &    
cassia pulp1  ( ea* #b oz42 p[d]$ gum   
tragacan?1 #bj gr42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #b
  fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,! above is !       

quantity = two days1 :i* is z  long z x 
w keep4    ,l9ctus ( ,egg4 ,syn4        
,,l9ctus ,,ovi2 ,,loho* ,,ovi4 ,prep4   
,oil ( almonds1  #a_/b dr42 yolk ( #a   
egg2 syrup ( m>%mall[1 #a oz4 ,mix4     
,l9ctus1 ,emolli5t4 ,syn4 ,,oily        
,,emulsion2 ,,loho* ,,oleosum1 ,,emulsio
  ,,oleosa1 ,l42 ,,loo* ,,huileux1 ,fr4 
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,oil ( almonds1 p[d]$
  gum1 & orange-fl[] wat]1 ( ea* #d dr42
 syrup ( m>%mall[1 #a oz42  wat]1 #c fl4
 oz4 or q4 s42 = an emulsion4 ,9        
tr\blesome c\ghs4    ,l9ctus1           
,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus            
,,expectorans1 ,,loho* ,e41 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,oxymel ( squills1 confection (     
hips1 syrup ( m>%mall[1 &  mucilage (   
gum ,arabic 7?ick71 equal p>ts4         
,demulc5t & expectorant4    #b4 7,dr    
,copl&47 ,oil ( almonds & syrup (       
lemons1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42  p[d]$        
ipecacuanha #f gr42 confections ( hips1 
#a oz42 comp\nd p[d] (  tragacan?1 #c   
dr4    #c4 7,zanetti47 ,k]mes m9]al1 #d 
gr42 manna1 #f oz42 oil ( almonds1 syrup

  ( squills1 & syrup ( s5ega1 ( ea* #b  
dr4 ,laxative1 demulc5t1 &  expectorant4
 ,! above are useful 9 ho>s5ess1 tickl+ 
c\ghs1 sore  ?roats1 c4    ,l9ctus1     
,gre54 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,viride2 ,,loho* 
,,viride4 ,prep4 ,pi/a*io  nuts 7or     
sweet almonds71 no4 #ad2 syrup (        
violets1 #a oz42 oil ( almonds1  #a_/b  
oz42 gum tragacan?1 #ae gr42 t9cture (  
saffron1 #a scruple2  orange-fl[] wat]1 
#b dr42 wat]1 #d oz4 ,mix4    ,l9ctus ( 
,l9se$4 7,e4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus     
,,l9i2 ,,loho* ,,l9i4 ,prep4  ,fre%     
drawn l9se$ oil1 #a oz42 syrup ( tolu1  
#a oz42 sulphur1 #b dr42  :ite sug>1 #b 
dr4 ,mix4    ,l9ctus ( ,manna4 7,e4     
#agdd47 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,mann2 ,,loho*  
,,mann4 ,prep4  ,equal p>ts ( manna1 oil
 ( almonds1 & syrup ( violets4 ,mix4    
,l9ctus ( ,naph?al94 7,dupasqui]7 ,syn4 
,,l9ctus ,,naph?al9i2 ,,loho*           
,,naph?al9i4 ,prep4 ,to "o common loho* 
add f #h gr4 to #cj gr4 (  naph?al94 ,! 
latt] mu/ be well triturat$ ) !         
gum4----,dose4 ,"o  teaspoonful1 z an   

expectorant4    ,l9ctus1 ,pectoral4     
,syn4 ,,fox ,,lungs2 ,,l9ctus           
,,pectoralis1 ,,loho*   ,,pulmone       
,,vulpium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sp]maceti &    
,spani% juice1 ( ea* #h  oz42 wat]1 q4  
s4 to s(t5 ! liquorice2 make a ?9       
electu>y1 & add  ( honey1 #c lbs42 oil (
 anise$1 #a oz42 mix well4 ,a popul> &  
excell5t  demulc5t 9 c\ghs4 ,x =m]ly    
conta9$ ! h]b fox lungs1 b  sp]maceti is
 n[ sub/itut$ = t article4    ,l9ctus ( 
,poppies4 7,?4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus   
,,papav]is4 ,prep4  ,comp\nd t9cture (  
camphor1 syrup ( poppies1 & syrup (     
tolu1 ( ea*  equal p>ts4 ,mix4----,dose1
 #a fl4 dr4    ,l9ctus ( ,sp]maceti4    
7,e4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,cetacei2  
,,loho*  ,,cetacei4 ,prep4 ,sp]maceti1  
#b dr42 yolk ( egg1 q4 s42 triturate1 & 
add  gradually oil ( almonds1 #a_/b oz42
 syrup ( tolu1 #a oz4 ,mix4    ,l9ctus (
 ,syrup ( ,:ite ,poppies4 7,p4 ,c47     
,syn4 ,,l9ctus ,,syrupi  ,,papav]is     
,,albi2 ,,loho* ,,syrupus ,,papav]is    
,,albi4 ,prep4 ,:ite loho*1 #e  p>ts2   

syrup ( poppies 7,p4 ,c471 #a "p4 ,mix4 
,l9ctus1 ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,l9ctus      
,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,,t]eb9?91 ,,loho*      
,,an!lm9ticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,recami]47   
,oil ( turp5t9e1 #b dr42 honey (  roses1
 #c oz42 mix4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 
night & morn+1 foll[$ by  a draught (   
any weak liquid2 9 worms1 m especially  
tape-worm4    ,l9ctus1 ,:ite4 ,syn4     
,,l9ctus ,,albus1 ,,mi/ura ,,alba1      
,,loho* ,,album1 ,l42  ,,loo* ,,blanc1  
,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,jordon almonds1
 #d-a_/b dr42 bitt]  almonds1 #a_/b dr42
 blan* !m by /eep+ !m 9 hot wat] &      
remov+  ! sk9s2 add ( :ite sug>1 #a_/b  
oz42 gum tragacan?1 #bj gr42 beat to a  
smoo? pa/e1 & fur!r add ( oil ( almonds 
& orange-fl[] wat]1  ( ea* #d dr42 pure 
wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,a pleasant demulc5t 9 
tickl+  c\ghs4    ,,l9,,en4 ,syn4       
,,l9teum1 ,l4 ,l95 is a textile fabric  
made ( !  libre-fibres ( ! ,l9um        
usitatissimum1 or common flax1 a plant  
:i*  f "t immemorial has be5 cultivat$ =
 ?is purpose4 ,x is  rem>kable = !      

smoo?ness & s(tness ( its texture1 & is 
h5ce  highly e/eem$ 9 temp]ate climates 
z an elegant & agreeable article  (     
clo?+ to be worn next ! sk94 ,its fibres
 are bett] conductors (  heat1 m por\s1 
& m attractive ( moi/ure1 ?an ^? (      
cotton1  :i* r5d] x less adapt$ = body  
l95 9 cold wea!r1 z well z 9  hot wea!r 
& hot climates1 ?an calico4 ,! latt]1   
h[ev]1 lacks !  luxuri\s s(tness &      
fre%ness ( l951 :il/ ! peculi> twi/$ &  
jagg$ "* ( its fibres r5d] x apt to     
excite irritation 9  extremely delicate 
sk9s4 ,! common prejudice 9 fav\r ( old 
l95 &  flax l9t = dress+ w\nds is ?us   
%[n to h reason on its side1  &1 l _m   
o!r vulg> prejudices1 to be support$ by 
!  inve/igations ( sci5ce4    ,id5tif4  
,l95 fabrics are commonly sophi/icat$ ) 
cotton1 :i* is  a mu* less co/ly & a m  
easily wr\ght mat]ial4 ,v>i\s plans h   
be5 propos$ to detect ?is fraud1 _m (   
:i* are too complicat$ &  difficult =   
practical purposes4 ,! foll[+ comm5d    
!mselves =  _! simplicity & ease (      

application3----    #a4 ,a small /rip 7a
 squ>e in*1 = in/ance7 ( ! suspect$ clo?
 is  imm]s$ = #b or #c m9utes 9 a boil+ 
mixture ( ab\t equal p>ts (  hydrate (  
potassium & wat]1 conta9$ 9 a vessel (  
silv]1  porcela91 or h>d glass2 aft] :i*
 x is tak5 out & press$ betwe5  ! folds 
( :ite blott+ pap] or por\s calico4 ,by 
sep>at+ #h or #aj  ?reads 9 ea*         
direction1 _! col\r may be readily se54 
,! deep  yell[ ?reads are ,,l951 ! :ite 
or pale yell[ ones are ,,cotton4    #b4 
,a small /rip ( ! clo?1 aft] hav+ be5   
repeat$ly wa%$ )  ra9 wat]1 boil$ 9 !   
wat]1 & dri$1 is imm]s$ = #a to #b      
m9utes  9 sulphuric acid2 x is !n       
)drawn1 c>efully press$ "u wat]  ) !    
f+]s1 wa%$1 imm]s$ = a few seconds 9    
ammonia1 solution  ( c>bonate (         
potassium1 or solution ( c>bonate (     
sodium1 aga9  wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$ betwe5
 filt]+ pap]4 ,by ?is treatm5t  ! cotton
 fibres are dissolv$1 :ile ! l95 fibres 
are m]ely  r5d]$ ?9n] & m transluc5t    
accord+ to ! duration ( !  exp]im5t2    

aft] a %ort imm]sion1 ! cotton fibres   
appe> transp>5t1  :ile ! l95 fibres     
rema9 :ite & opaque4    #c4 ,bttg]      
recomm5ds ! l95 /uffs to be dipp$ into  
an alcoholic  solution ( rosolic acid1  
!n into a conc5tration solution ( sodium
  c>bonate1 & f9ally wa%$ ) wat]4 ,! l95
 fibre assumes a p9k  col\r1 :il/ !     
cotton fibre rema9s unalt]$4            
,illu/ration    #d4 7,by !              
,,microscope47 ,! indications af=d$ by  
bo? ! previ\s  te/s1 al?\gh q visible to
 ! nak$ eye1 are r5d]$ /ill m  palpable 
by ! use ( a magnify+ glass ( small p[]1
 z ! common  pocket l5s4 ,"u a good     
microscope ! pres5ce ( cotton 9 a l95   
tissue is v p]ceptible4 ,! fibres (     
cotton pres5t a di/9ctly flat  &        
%rivell$ appe>ance1 n unlike t ( a n>r[1
 twi/$ ribbon1  ) only occasional jo9ts2
 :il/ ^? ( flax are r\nd1 /raight1 &    
jo9t$4 ,! fibres ( cotton1 aft] be+     
expos$ to ! action ( /rong  alkal9e     
lyes1 untwi/ !mselves1 contract 9 l5g?1 
& assume a  r\nd$ =m1 b /ill cont9ue    

di/9ct 9 appe>ance f ! fibres (  l954 ,!
 engrav+ repres5ts a fibre ( l95 7#a7 & 
a fibre ( cotton  7#b71 z !y appe> :5   
magnifi$ #aee diamet]s4 ,! diff]5ce     
betwe5  ! two may be p]ceiv$1 al?\gh    
less di/9ctly ?r\gh a good ,/anhope  or 
,codd+ton l5s1 provid$ ! object be well 
illum9at$4    ,dye+4 ,l95 & cotton1 f ! 
simil>ity ( _! behavi\r )  dye-/uffs1   
are treat$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann]4 ,!     
aff9ity ( _!  fibres = col\r+ matt] is v
 mu* weak] ?an t ( ! fibres (  silk &   
wooll54 ,on ?is acc\nt !y are dy$ )     
great] difficulty  ?an ^? sub/ances1 & !
 col\rs s imp>t$ are1 9 g5]al1 less     
brilliant & p]man5t "u simil>           
conditions4 ,l95 %[s less  disposition  
to take dyes ?an cotton4 ,! y>n or clo?1
 aft] be+  sc\r$ & blea*$ 9 ! usual     
mann]1 requires to h an additional      
t5d5cy giv5 to x1 by *emical means1 to  
cond5se & reta9 !  mat]ials ( ! dye-ba? 
9 its pores4 ,?is is effect$ by /eep+ ! 
goods 9 solutions 7mordants7 :i* h at   
once an aff9ity = bo? !  fibres ( ! clo?

 & ! col\r+ matt]4 ,a simil> process is 
employ$ 9 dye+ mo/ o!r sub/ances2 b )   
cotton & l951  att5tion to ?is po9t is  
ess5tial to ! p]man5cy ( ! dye4 ,^!     
matt]s are m fully expla9$ "u ! heads   
,,dye+ & ,,mordant4    ,! foll[+ new    
process = blea*+ l951 hav+ be5 omitt$ f 
our article on 8,blea*+0 is ins]t$      
"h3----    ,mr ,hodges' process1 :i* is 
kn[n 9 ,irel& z ! 8,*emico-,me*anical   
,process10 ow+ to ! pat5tee turn+ to    
acc\nt ! advantages  d]ivable f !       
employm5t ( me*anical contrivances driv5
 by /eam1  comb9$ ) ! introduction ( a  
new me?od ( obta9+ ! hi!rto  little us$ 
hypo*lorite ( magnesia1 may be said to  
date f !  discov]y ( ! sub/ance1 kn[n z 
,kies]ite 7native sulphate (  magnesia71
 :i* occurs z an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! 
,abraumsalts (  ,/assfur?4 ,= "s "t aft]
 ! introduction ( ?is sub/ance into  !  
m>ket1 x 0 consid]$ ( little value      
except = ! production (  ,epsom salts2 b
 ,mr4 ,hodges1 9 ! c\rse ( "s           
inve/igations 9  blea*+ jute1 hav+ _h   

occasion to employ l>ge quantities (    
hypo*lorite ( magnesia1 x occurr$ to him
 t kies]ite might be  sub/itut$ = ! m   
exp5sive crude sulphate ( magnesia2 & ! 
importation into ,irel& ( ! sample = ?is
 purpose 0 ! fir/ t  0 ev] s5t into t   
c\ntry = ! manufacture ( a blea*+       
liquor1  or1 inde$1 = any o!r use4 ,mr4 
,hodges on exp]im5t+ ) !  kies]ite1 f\nd
 t x n only suppli$ ! place ( ! crude   
sulphate1 b act$ z a bett] precipitant =
 ! lime ( ! blea*+  p[d]1 :i* is employ$
 9 ! production ( ! hypo*lorite (       
magnesia2 & t x also produc$ a /rong] & 
cle>] solution4  ,)\t ent]+ into a m9ute
 description ( ! process 7:i* is at     
pres5t successfully c>ri$ out 9 a       
factory erect$ = ! purpose 9  !         
neighb\rhood ( ,belfa/71 ! foll[+ outl9e
 w be suffici5t to  %[ ! nature ( !     
me?ods adopt$4 ,! kies]ite1 :i* is      
import$  f ,g]many 9 squ>e blocks1 on   
arriv+ at ! works1 is convey$ to a      
h\se1 on ! gr\nd-floor ( :i* x is /ack$ 
until requir$1 :5 x  is gr\nd to a f9e  

p[d]1 & plac$ 9 b>rels1 is drawn up by  
means (  a crane to a room at ! top ( ! 
build+1 at "o end ( :i* is a r[  ( ?ree 
tanks furni%$ ) wat] taps1 agitators1 & 
false bottoms4 ,9  "o ( ! end tanks a   
def9ite quantity ( ! kies]ite p[d] 7v>y+
  accord+ to its /r5g?1 is asc]ta9$ by  
analysis7 is plac$ &  dissolv$ 9 a giv5 
quantity ( wat]1 ! solution be+ assi/$  
by  agitators1 & on settl+ ! cle> liquor
 is siphon$ ov] into !  middle tank4 ,9 
! ?ird tank blea*+ p[d] 7hypo*lorite (  
lime71  v>y+ 9 quantity accord+ to !    
/r5g? ( ! kies]ite solution1  is plac$4 
,! blea*+ p[d] aft] be+ agitat$ ) wat]  
is all[$  to settle1 & ! cle> solution  
is siphon$ ov] into ! middle tank       
conta9+ ! cle> kies]ite solution1 !     
agitator be+ kept 9  motion1 n only dur+
 ! mix+ ( ! liquids1 b = "s "t  aft]4 ,!
 mix$ liquids are !n all[$ to rema9     
undi/urb$ all night1  aft] :i* ! cle>   
hypo*lorite ( magnesia solution is      
siphon$ into a  l>ge settl+ tank1 :i* is
 situat$ 9 ! room bel[4 ,f ?is vessel  x

 is conduct$ ?r\gh wood5 pipes 7:i* are 
s contriv$ t !y c  be op5$ & cleans$ at 
w71 into a l>ge ci/]n /&+ 9 !  blea*+   
h\se4 ,?is ci/]n is fitt$ ) a ball-cock1
 by :i*  arrangem5t ! liquid c be drawn 
(f by a sy/em ( wood5 pipes z  requir$4 
,! blea*+ h\se 9 :i* ! ci/]n is situat$ 
is fitt$  up 9 an orig9al mann]1 & cov]s
 some?+ m ?an an acre (  gr\nd2 :il/ !  
reel+-%$1 :i* is ! only "p ( ! works our
  limits w p]mit u describe1 is #bdj    
feet long by #bd feet broad1 &  conta9s 
t5 /eeps & twelve reel boxes4 ,ea* box  
is provid$ )  wat]1 a solution ( !      
blea*+ ag5t1 & /eam pipes1 & is capable 
( reel+ at a "t ab\t #ejj lbs4 ( y>n4   
,above ! box is a l9e (  rails or       
pill>s4 ,a travell+ crane runs along !  
reels1 & c>ries !  reels f "o box to    
ano!r4 ,atta*$ to ?is crane is a        
newly-inv5t$  hydraulic pump1 by means (
 :i* ! reels ) ! y>n on !m c be  lift$ 9
 a few seconds f "o box to ano!r4       
,aft] ! y>n has be5 boil$1 wa%$1 & pass$
 ?r\gh ! squeez]s  9 ! usual mann]1 x is

 put on to a wagon1 9 :i* x is c>ri$1 by
  means ( a l9e ( rails1 d[n to ! fir/  
reel box4 ,"h x is plac$ on  to ! reels1
 :i* are made to revolve by means (     
/eam2 fir/ 9 "o  direction & !n 9 ano!r1
 ?r\gh a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1    
previ\sly heat$ by means ( ! /eam-pipes 
be=e m5tion$4 ,! y>n  hav+ be5          
suffici5tly scald$ & s saturat$ ) soda1 
! reels to  :i* x is atta*$ are rais$ by
 ! hydraulic pump out ( ! box1 &  ! y>n 
all[$ to dra9 = a few m9utes1 aft] :i* !
 travell+  crane c>ries x on to ! next  
box4 ,into ?is box ! y>n is aga9  l[]$  
by ! pump & made to revolve z be=e1 b   
?is "t ?r\gh a  solution ( ! blea*+     
ag5t1 :i* imm$iately re-act+ on !       
c>bonate ( soda ) :i* ! y>n is *>g$1    
r5d]s ?is blea*+  ag5t free f ! dang]   
:i* att5ds ! employm5t ( *lor9e1 or  !  
ord9>y blea*+ p[d] us$ 9 ! old] me?ods (
 blea*+4  ,aft] ! y>ns h be5 br\ght to !
 desir$ %ade 9 ! solution (  ,hodges'   
blea*+ ag5t !y are ei!r remov$ z be=e to
 a new box1  & !re wa%$ be=e be+ sc\r$1 

or !y are ?r[n into "o ( !  /eeps fill$ 
) wat] = ! night4 ,^! op]ations are     
repeat$ )  weak] solutions 9 ! rema9+   
reel boxes1 ei!r once or twice  accord+ 
to ! %ade requir$4    ,mr ,hodges claims
 z ! *ief features ( 8 inv5tion t x     
consi/s1  fir/1 9 ! employm5t ( a blea*+
 ag5t :i* has n hi!rto be5  practically 
employ$1 & a *eap me?od = its           
production2 second1 9  ! prep>ation ( ! 
y>n prior to be+ submitt$ to ! action ( 
!  blea*+ ag5t1 ?is prep>ation sett+    
free n only ! imprison$  *lor9e ( !     
hypo*lorite1 b also ano!r p[]ful blea*+ 
ag5t1  oxyg52 ?ird1 9 new & improv$     
ma*9]y1 by :i* ! "w (  blea*+ ! y>n is  
greatly %ort5$2 f\r?1 9 do+ away ) !    
t$i\s & exp5sive op]ation ( expos+ ! y>n
 on ! grass2 if ?is  la/ 7 ! only       
feature 9 ,mr ,hodges' inv5tion1 !      
pat5tee w\ld  h greatly improv$ !       
process ( blea*+1 n only1 h[ev]1 does  !
 new process supplant ! old long & t$i\s
 "o1 b a great economy  ( "t is         
additionally ga9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( !        

process1 add$ to  ^! advantages x is    
/at$ t a sup]ior f9i% is giv5 to !      
y>ns1 & t 9 consequ5ce a mu* great] dem&
 = !m has aris54    ,mr ,hodges cont5ds 
t ! abs5ce ( cau/ic lime f 8 new blea*+ 
comp\nd gives x great advantages ov] !  
old blea*+ p[d]1  p>ticul>ly 9 its      
application to f9ely wov5 fabrics1 su* z
 musl9s1  c4 ,he also says t fabrics    
blea*$ by x receive an increas$ capacity
  = imbib+ & reta9+ col\r+ matt]1 a fact
 ( consid]able  importance to ! dy] &   
calico-pr9t]1 z !y are ?us enabl$ to    
communicate to ! fabrics t9ts :i* h     
h]et(ore be5 consid]$  impossible4 ,see 
,,kies]ite4    ,! dome/ic managem5t (   
l95 may "h receive a few mom5ts'        
att5tion4 ,fruit /a9s1 iron-m\lds1 & o!r
 spots on l951 may1 9  g5]al1 be remov$ 
by apply+ to ! "p1 previ\sly wa%$ clean1
 a  weak solution ( *lor9e1 *loride (   
lime1 spirits ( salts1 oxalic  acid1 or 
salts ( lemons1 9 w>m wat]1 & frequ5tly 
by m]ely us+ a  little lemon juice4 ,:5 
! /a9 is remov$ ! "p %\ld be  ?or\ghly  

r9s$ 9 cle> w>m wat] 7)\t soap7 & dri$4 
,rec5t  iron-m\lds or ink spots on />*$ 
l951 z ! front ( a %irt1 may  be        
conv5i5tly remov$ by all[+ a drop or two
 ( melt$ tall[ f a  common c&le to fall 
^u !m be=e s5d+ ! articles to !         
laundress4 ,! oxide ( iron comb9es ) !  
grease1 & ! two are  wa%$ out toge!r4   
,if ! spot is n entirely remov$ ! fir/  
"t1  ! process %\ld be repeat$4 ,l95 t  
has acquir$ a yell[ or bad  col\r by    
c>eless wa%+ may be re/or$ to its =m]   
:it5ess by  work+ x well 9 wat] to :i*  
"s /ra9$ solution ( *loride (  lime has 
be5 add$1 obs]v+ to well r9se x 9 clean 
wat] bo? be=e  & aft] ! imm]sion 9 !    
blea*+ liquor4 ,! attempt to blea*      
unwa%$ l95 %\ld be avoid$1 z also us+ ! 
liquor too /rong1 z  9 t case ! l95 w be
 r5d]$ rott54    ,,l+4 ,! ,galus molua  
7,l9n471 an inf]ior species ( ! cod-fi% 
tribe1 common 9 ! ,nor!rn seas1 & us$ z 
a co>se article ( food  by ! poor4      
,,l9,,im5t4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum1 ,l4 ,a    
semifluid o9tm5t1 or soapy  application 

to pa9ful jo9ts1 swell+s1 burns1 c4 ,!  
t]m is also  occasionally ext5d$ to     
v>i\s spiritu\s & /imulat+ ext]nal      
applications4 ,a prep>ation ( a ?9n]    
consi/5ce1 b simil>ly  employ$1 is call$
 an #8,,embrocation1' ,^! t]ms are1     
h[ev]1 frequ5tly  conf\nd$ toge!r1 &    
misappli$4 ,l9im5ts are g5]ally adm9i/]$
  by friction ) ! h& or f+]s1 or ) "s   
sub/ance 7z a piece  ( flannel7 capable 
( produc+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( irritation ( !
  sk94 ,sometimes a piece ( l95 rag     
dipp$ 9 !m is simply laid on !  "p4 ,9  
mo/ cases 9 :i* l9im5ts are f\nd        
b5eficial1 ! advantage  obta9$ f !m is  
attributable r to ! friction or local   
irritation ?an to any m$ic9al p[] 9 !   
prep>ation itself4 ,!  great] numb] (   
c]ates & o9tm5ts may be conv]t$ into    
l9im5ts by  simply r$uc+ _! consi/5ce ) 
almond or olive oil1 or oil (  turp5t9e4
    ,l9im5t1 ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum    
,,acidum1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,sulphurici1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,salad   
oil1 #c oz42 oil ( vitriol1 #a dr42 mix1

  !n add ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #a oz41 &    
agitate ! :ole well toge!r4  ,z a       
c\nt]-irritant1 9 rheumatism1 /iff      
jo9ts1 c4 ,x closely  resembles !       
#8,,gulltonian ,,embrocation1'    #b4   
7,hosp4 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #c oz42 oil (  
turp5t9e1 #b oz42 sulphuric acid1  #a   
fl4 dr4 ,an excell5t alt]ative1         
/imulant1 discuti5t1 &  c\nt]-irritant1 
9 *ronic rheumatism1 /iff jo9ts1 indol5t
 tum\rs1  & v>i\s *ronic diseases ( !   
sk94    ,l9im5t ( ,album54 7,dr         
,*ri/ison47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,album9is4
  ,prep4 ,equal p>ts ( :ite ( egg &     
rectifi$ _s1 agitat$  toge!r4 ,9        
excoriation f pressure4    ,l9im5t (    
,amb]-oil4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,succ9i1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f  olive oil1 #c p>ts2  
oils ( amb] & cloves1 ( ea* #a "p4      
,resembles  #8,,ro*e',s ,,embrocation1' 
#b4 7,opiat$2 ,,l9im5tum ,,succ9i       
,,opiatum1 ,l47 ,f rectifi$ oil ( amb]  
& t9cture ( opium1 ( ea* #b fl4 oz42    
l>d1 #a oz4 ,anodyne1  antispasmodic1 & 
/imulant4 ,a once popul> rem$y 9 cramp1 

/iff  jo9ts1 c4    ,l9im5t ( ,ammonia4  
,syn4 ,,ammoniacal ,,l9im5t1 ,,volatile 
,l41 ,,oil ,,&  ,,h>t%orn2 ,,l9im5tum   
,,ammoni 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4  ,p47 ,solution (   
ammonia1 #a2 olive oil1 #c2 mix4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47 ,liquor ( ammonia 7sp4  
gr4 #ifj71 #a fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #b    
fl4 oz42 %ake !m toge!r until !y are    
mix$4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to ! la/ add ( 
olive oil1 #a fl4 oz4 ,/imulant &       
rubefaci5t4 ,us$ 9 rheumatism1 lumbago1 
neuralgia1 sore ?roat1 spasms1  bruises1
 c4 ,:5 ! sk9 is irritable m oil %\ld be
 add$1 or x  %\ld be dilut$ ) a little  
wat]4    #d4 7,camphorat$2 ,,l9im5tum   
,,ammoni ,,camphoratum1 ,,embrocatio    
,,amm4  ,,camphorata1 ,l47----a4 7,hosp4
 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #c oz42 camphor1 #a_/b
 oz42  dissolve by a g5tle heat1 & :5   
cold1 add ( liquor ( ammonia1 #a fl4    
oz4    b4 ,soap l9im5t1 #b oz42 olive   
oil & liquor ( ammonia1 ( ea* #b dr4  ,z
 ! la/2 m especially = spra9s1 bruises1 
*ilbla9s1 c4    #e4 7,comp\nd2 ,dr      

,,granville',s ,,c\nt]-,,irritant ,,or  
,,antidyn\s ,,lotion2  ,,l9im5tum       
,,ammoni ,,compositum1 ,l4----,ph4      
,e47----a4 7,,/rong]47 ,f liquor  (     
ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #hhj71 #e fl4 oz42     
t9cture ( camphor1 #b fl4 oz42  _s (    
rosem>y1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4 ,x %\ld be    
kept 9 a well-/opp]$  bottle & 9 a cool 
situation4    b4 7,,weak]47 ,solution ( 
ammonia 7#hhj71 #e fl4 oz42 t9cture (   
camphor1  #c fl4 oz42 _s ( rosem>y1 #b  
fl4 oz4    ,obs4 ,! above =mul are ne>ly
 id5tical ) ! orig9al ones ( ,dr        
,granville2 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ 9 8 
ord]+ liquor (  ammonia ( ! sp4 gr4     
#hgb1 in/ead ( #hhj4 ,!y are            
c\nt]-irritant1  rubefaci5t1 vesicant1 &
 caut]is+1 accord+ to ! mode & l5g?  (  
_! application4 ,! mild] lotion is      
suffici5tly p[]ful to  produce          
consid]able rubefaction & irritation 9 f
 #a to #e or #f  m9utes2 vesication1 9  
#h or #aj m9utes2 & caut]isation1 9 #d  
or #e  m9utes long]4 ,= ! latt] purpose 
! /rong] lotion is g5]ally  employ$4    

,accord+ to ,dr ,granville1 ^! lotions  
are prompt & p[]ful  rem$ies 9          
rheumatism1 lumbago1 cramp1 neuralgia1  
spra9s1 swoll5 &  pa9ful jo9ts1 heada*e1
 sore ?roat1 & num]\s o!r affections 9  
:i* ! use ( a p[]ful c\nt]-irritant has 
be5 recomm5d$4 ,!y  are ord]$ to be     
appli$ by means ( a piece ( l951 #f or  
#g times  fold$1 or a piece ( ?ick1     
co>se flannel wett$ ) ! lotion1 !  :ole 
be+ cov]$ ) a ?ick t[el1 & firmly press$
 aga9/ !  "p ) ! h&4 ,! /rong] lotion is
 only int5d$ to be employ$ 9  apoplexy1 
& to produce caut]isation4 ,see         
,,c\nt]-,,irritants4    #f4 7,f         
,,sesquic>bonate ,,(                    
,,ammonia2----,,l9im5tum ,,ammoni       
,,sesquic>bonatis----,ph4 ,l47 ,solution
 ( sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a fl4     
oz42 olive oil1 #c fl4 oz42 %ake !m     
toge!r until mix$4 ,?is  prep>ation     
resembles ord9>y l9im5t ( ammonia 9 its 
g5]al  prop]ties1 b x is mu* less       
active1 ow+ to ! alkali be+  c>bonat$4  
,x is ! #8oil & h>t%orn' & ! #8volatile 

l9im5t' (  ! %ops4    #g4 7,,)          
,,turp5t9e47 7,dr ,copl&47 ,syn4        
,,l9im5tum ,,ammoni ,,cum  ,,t]eb9?9a4  
,prep4 ,l9im5t ( ammonia1 #a-a_/d fl4   
oz42 oil (  turp5t9e1 #a_/b fl4 oz42    
mix4    ,l9im5t1 ,anodyne4 ,see         
,,l9im5ts ,,( ,,belladonna1 ,,morphia1  
,,opium1 ,,soap1  c4    ,l9im5t1        
,antispasmodic4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum        
,,antispasmodicum1 ,l4 ,,cajeputi       
,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hufel&47     
,oils ( cajeput & m9t1 ( ea* #a  "p2    
t9cture ( opium1 #c p>ts2 comp\nd       
camphor l9im5t1 #bd p>ts4  ,anodyne1    
/imulant1 & rubefaci5t4    ,l9im5t1     
,arceus's4 ,comp\nd elemi o9tm5t4       
,l9im5t ( ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,arnica       
,,opodeldoc1 ,,l9im5tum ,,arnic4 ,prep4 
,dissolve by heat ,ca/ile soap1 #d p>ts1
 & camphor1 #a "p1 9 rectifi$  _s1 #aj  
p>ts4 ,add t9cture ( arnica1 #e p>ts4   
,l9im5t ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum 
,,belladonn1 ,b4 ,p4 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,prep>$ ! same z ,,l9im5tum   
,,aconitii4 ,a fluid ounce is  equal to 

a solid ounce4 ,prescrib$ ) equal p>ts (
 soap l9im5t1 or  comp\nd camphor       
l9im5t1 & is an excell5t topical        
application =  neuralgic pa94    #b4    
,extract ( belladonna1 #a dr42 oil (    
almonds1 #b oz42 lime wat]1 #d fl4  oz4 
,9 eczema1 & "s o!r cutane\s affections1
 to allay irritation1  c4    #c4        
7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,extract ( belladonna1 
#d dr42 glyc]9e1 #a oz42 soap  l9im5t1  
#f oz4 ,z ! la/4    #d4 7,guy's ,hosp47 
,extract ( belladonna #a oz42 soap      
l9im5t1 #h fl4 oz4    #e4 7,phbus47     
,extract ( belladonna1 #dj gr42 rectifi$
 e!r1 #a dr42  *]ry-laurel wat]1 #b fl4 
oz4 ,z a friction to ! abdom5 9 lead    
colic4    ,obs4 ,! above are reput$     
excell5t /imulants1 anodynes1           
antispasmodics1 & resolv5ts1 9 v>i\s    
diseases1 z rheumatism1  neuralgia1     
pa9ful affections ( ! sk9 & jo9ts1      
tum\rs1 c4 c4    ,l9im5t ( ,belladonna &
 ,*lor(orm4 7,mr ,squire47 ,syn4        
,,l9im5tum  ,,belladonn ,,et            
,,*lor(ormi4 ,prep4 ,belladonna l9im5t1 

#g fl4 dr42  belladonna *lor(orm 7made  
by p]colat+ ! root ) *lor(orm7 #a fl4   
dr42 spr9kl$ on pil9e & appli$ to !     
lo9s1 excell5t 9 lumbago4    ,l9im5t (  
,borax4 7,sw$iaur74 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum    
,,boracis4 ,prep4 ,borax1  #b dr42      
t9cture ( myrrh1 #a oz41 di/ill$ wat]1  
#a oz42 honey ( roses1 #b  oz4 ,mix4    
,l9im5t ( ,cajeput ,oil4 ,syn4          
,,l9im5tum ,,olei ,,cajeputi1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4  7,dr ,copl&47 ,comp\nd camphor    
l9im5t & soap l9im5t1 ( ea* #a-a_/b  fl4
 oz42 oil ( cajeput1 #a fl4 oz4    #b4  
7,dr ,williams47 ,oil ( cajeput1 #a_/b  
fl4 dr42 ca/or oil1 #a fl4 dr42  olive  
oil1 #d-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,a w>m1            
antispasmodic1 diffusible /imulant &    
rubefaci5t2 9 spasmodic a/hma1 colic1   
*ronic rheumatism1 spasms1 *e/          
affections1 c4 ,see ,,antispasmodic ,l4 
7above74    ,l9im5tum ,calcis4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,solution ( lime1 #a2 olive oil1 #a2   
mix4 ,!  be/ l9im5t = burns & scalds4   
,l9im5t ( ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphorat$  
,,oil1 ,,camphor ,,embrocation2         

,,l9im5tum ,,camphor 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 
,e4  ,d471 ,,oleum ,,camphoratum1 ,l4   
,prep4  #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,camphor1 #a2     
olive oil1 #d2 dissolve4    #b4 7,ph4   
,l4  ,e47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 olive oil1  
#d fl4 oz42 g5tly heat !  oil1 add !    
camphor 7cut small71 & agitate until    
dissolv$4 ,! ,dubl9  ,college ord]s only
 #a_/b ! above camphor4 ,/imulant1      
anodyne1 &  resolv5t2 9 spra9s1 bruises1
 rheumatic pa9s1 gl&ul> enl>gem5ts1  c4 
#c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,l9im5tum ,,camphor     
,,compositum----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4       
,d47----a4  7,b4 ,p47 ,camphor1 #e2     
,engli% oil ( lav5d]1 #a_/d2 /rong      
solution (  ammonia1 #aj2 rectifi$ _s1  
#bj4 ,dissolve ! oil & camphor 9 !  _s &
 gradually add ! ammonia4    b4 7,ph4   
,l47 ,camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil (       
lav5d]1 #a fl4 dr42 rectifi$  _s1 #ag   
fl4 oz42 dissolve1 !n add ( /rong]      
liquor ( ammonia1 #c  fl4 oz41 & %ake !m
 toge!r until !y are mix$4    c4 7,ph4  
,l4 #ahcf47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #g-a_/b  
fl4 oz42 _s ( lav5d]1  #a p9t2 di/il (f 

#a p9t1 & dissolve 9 x camphor1 #b-a_/b 
oz4 ,!  =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf 0 ne>ly
 simil>4    d4 7,:olesale47 ,camphor    
7clean71 #ba oz42 ,engli% oil ( lav5d]1 
#c-c_/d  oz42 liquor ( ammonia1 #b-c_/d 
lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #g p9ts2 mix1 close  
! vessel1 & agitate occasionally1 until 
! camphor is dissolv$4  ,p[]fully       
/imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,x closely       
resembles1 & is n[  almo/ univ]sally    
sold =1 ,w>d's #8,ess5ce = ! ,heada*e4' 
e4 7,e!real47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,camphor
 ,,e!reum4 ,prep4 ,camphor1 #a  dr42    
e!r1 #a dr42 oil ( vip]s1 #b dr4 ,mix4  
,l9im5t ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5t ,,(
 ,,spani% ,,flies2 ,,l9im5tum  ,,lytt1  
,,l94 ,,can?>idis 7,ph4 ,d4  ,u4 ,s471  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colli]47  ,t9cture 
( can?>ides & soap l9im5t1 equal p>ts4  
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,can?>ides 79 f9e p[d]71 
#c oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz42  dige/ =
 #c h\rs ov] a wat]ba?1 & /ra9 ?r\gh    
flannel1 )  expression4    #c4 7,ph4 ,u4
 ,s47 ,spani% flies1 #a oz42 oil (      
turp5t9e1 #h fl4 oz42 proce$  z la/4 ,! 

above are irritant & rubefaci5t2 b %\ld 
be us$  cauti\sly1 le/ !y produce       
/rangury4    ,l9im5t ( ,capsicum4 #a4   
7,dr ,copl&47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum          
,,capsici4  ,prep4 ,comp\nd camphor     
l9im5t1 #a fl4 oz42 volatile l9im5t1 #a 
fl4  oz42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #c fl4    
oz42 mix4    #b4 7,dr ,turnbull47       
,capsicums1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 
oz4 ,mac]ate #g  days1 & /ra9 = use4    
,l9im5t ( ,col*icum4 7,e> ,infirm>y47   
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,col*ici4  ,prep4     
,soap l9im5t1 #a fl4 oz42 w9e ( col*icum
 se$1 #a_/b fl4 oz42  mix4    ,l9im5t ( 
,colocyn?4 7,heim74 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum    
,,colocyn?idis4 ,prep4  ,t9cture (      
colocyn?1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 ca/or oil1     
#a-a_/b oz4    ,l9im5t ( ,*loride (     
,lime4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,calcis        
,,*lor9at1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,*loride (   
lime1 #a dr42 wat] 7add$ gradually71 #c 
fl4 oz42  triturate toge!r 9 a glass    
mort> = #aj m9utes1 p\r (f ! liquid     
portion1 & add ( oil ( almonds #b fl4   
oz4    #b4 7,kopp47 ,solution ( *loride 

( lime 7ord9>y71 #a "p2 olive oil1 #b   
p>ts4    #c4 7,wall]47 ,*loride ( lime  
79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p2 s(t soap1 #b  p>ts2
 s(t wat]1 q4 s4 to make a l9im5t4      
,obs4 ,! above are cleanly & excell5t   
applications 9 it*1 scald  head1 h]pes1 
lepra1 f\l ulc]s1 c4    ,l9im5t (       
,*lor(orm4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,*lor(ormi1
 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4  #a4 7,b4 ,p47          
,*lor(orm1 #a2 l9im5t ( camphor1 #a2    
mix4 ,! oil 9 !  camphor l9im5t prev5ts 
! evaporation ( ! *lor(orm4 ,/imulat+   
on application to a t5d] sk94    #b4    
,*lor(orm1 #a fl4 dr42 almond oil1 #g   
fl4 dr42 mix 9 a phial1 &  agitate x    
until ! two unite4    #c4 7,tuson47     
,*lor(orm1 #a fl4 dr42 soap l9im5t1 #b  
fl4 oz42 z ! la/4  ,us$ z an application
 9 neuralgic pa9s1 rheumatism1 c4       
,l9im5t ( ,cod-liv] ,oil4 ,syn4         
,,l9im5tum ,,olei ,,morrhu1 ,l4 ,o4     
,,jacoris  ,,aselli1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr    
,bra*47 ,cod-liv] oil1 #b fl4 oz42      
liquor (  ammonia1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4     
,resolv5t1 disp]sive2 appli$ to gl&ul>  

tum\rs1 scr(ul\s enl>gem5ts1 c4         
,l9im5t ( ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum
 ,,crotonis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4    
,,olei ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,o4 ,,tiglii1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,croton oil1 #a2  
oil (  cajeput1 #c-a_/b2 rectifi$ _s1   
#c-a_/b2 mix4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,croton 
oil1 #a fl4 oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #g fl4 
oz42 mix by  agitation4    #c4 7,j4     
,all547 ,croton oil & liquor ( potassa1 
( ea*1 #a fl4 dr42  agitate until mix$1 
!n add ( rose wat]1 #b fl4 oz4    #d    
7,p]eira47 ,croton oil1 #a "p2 olive    
oil1 #e p>ts4    ,obs4 ,! above are us$ 
z c\nt]-irritants2 9 rheumatism1        
neuralgia1  bron*ial & pulmon>y         
affections1 c4 ,:5 rubb$ on ! sk91      
r$ness1  & a pu/ul> eruption ensue1 & 9 
g5]al ! b[els are act$ on4    ,l9im5t1  
,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum             
,,diureticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr       
,cal9i47 ,squills 79 f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 
ga/ric juice ( a calf1 #b oz42  mix4    
#b4 7,dr ,*ri/ison47 ,soap l9im5t1      
t9cture ( foxglove1 & t9cture (         

squills1 equal p>ts4 ,9 dropsies2 rubb$ 
ov] ! abdom5 or lo9s twice  or ?rice a  
day4    ,l9im5t1 ,emolli5t4 ,syn4       
,,l9im5tum ,,album1 ,l4 ,,emolli5s1 ,l4 
,prep4  ,f camphor1 #a dr42 ,p]uvian    
balsam1 #a_/b dr42 oil ( almonds1 #a fl4
 oz42  dissolve by heat1 add ( glyc]91  
#a_/b fl4 oz41 agitate well1 &1 :5      
cold1 fur!r add ( oil ( nutmeg1 #ae     
drops4 ,excell5t = *app$ h&s1  lips1    
nipples1 c4    ,l9im5t ( ,foxglove4 7,dr
 ,royle47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,digitalis4 
,prep4  ,infusion ( digitalis1 #b fl4   
oz42 wat] ( ammonia1 #b fl4 dr42 oil (  
poppy se$1 #d fl4 dr42 mix4 ,to be rubb$
 on ! abdom5 #c or #d times a  day4     
,l9im5t ( ,g>lic4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum      
,,alii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f juice (  g>lic1 #b
 p>ts2 olive oil1 #c p>ts2 mix4 ,9      
hoop+-c\gh1 infantile  convulsions1 c4  
,l9im5t ( ,g9g]4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum       
,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr  ,turnbull47 
,g+]1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #b p>ts2 make 
a t9cture or  ess5ce4 ,=                
%ort-sight$ness4 ,a few drops are       

occasionally rubb$ on !  =ehead = #h or 
#aj m9utes at a "t4 ,h[ ?is t9cture came
 to be  call$ a l9im5t we are at a loss 
to det]m9e4    ,l9im5t ( ,glyc]94 7,mr  
,/>t947 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,glyc]9i4     
,prep4  ,soap l9im5t1 #c oz42 glyc]91 #a
 oz42 extract ( belladonna1 #a oz42 mix4
  ,= g\ty1 rheumatic1 & neuralgic pa9s4 
,a little v]atr9e is sometimes  add$4   
,l9im5t1 ,gre54 7,dr ,campbell47 ,syn4  
,,l9im5tum ,,viride4 ,camphor1 #a  oz42 
olive oil1 #f oz42 extract ( hemlock1 #a
 oz42 _s ( ammonia1 #b oz4  ,mix4       
,l9im5t ( ,hellebore4 7,dornbleu?47     
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,hellebori4  ,prep4   
,s(t soap1 #d oz42 hellebore p[d]1 #b   
oz42 hot wat]1 q4 s4    ,l9im5t1        
,hungarian4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum            
,,hung>icum1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,s\beiran47   
,p[d]$ can?>ides & slic$ g>lic1 ( ea* #a
 dr42  camphor1 bruis$ mu/>d se$1 &     
black pepp]1 ( ea* #d dr42 /rong  v9eg>1
 #f fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #ab fl4 oz42  
mac]ate a week1 &  filt]4 ,an excell5t  
rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant4    ,l9im5t 

( ,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum  
,,muriaticum1 ,l4 ,,acidi  ,,muriatici1 
,l4 ,a4 ,,hydro*lorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,hosp4 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #b oz42  :ite  
wax1 #b dr42 dissolve by a g5tle heat1  
add ( balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42            
hydro*loric acid1 #b dr42 mix well4 ,an 
excell5t application to *ilbla9s  be=e  
!y break4    #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,olive  
oil1 #a_/d p9t2 :ite sp]maceti 7pure7 & 
camphor1  ( ea* #a_/b oz42 mix ) heat1  
add ( hydro*loric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 &
  proce$ z be=e4 ,equal to ! la/1 &     
*eap]4 ,?is 0 ext5sively  employ$ among 
! seam5 ( ! ,royal ,navy by ,mr ,cooley 
) uni=m  success4    ,l9im5t ( ,iodide (
 ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum           
,,ioduretum  ,,gelat9osum1 ,l4 ,,gel,e  
,,p\r ,,le ,,goitre1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,foy47
 ,iodide (  potassium1 #d dr42 pro( _s1 
#b oz42 dissolve1 & add ! liquid to a   
solution ( curd soap1 #f dr41 9 pro( _s1
 #b oz41 bo? be+ at !  "t g5tly w>m$2   
la/ly1 aromatise ) rose or n]oli1 p\r x 
into  wide-m\!d bottles1 & keep !m      

closely cork$4 ,9 goitre1 c4    ,l9im5t 
( ,iodide ( ,sulphur4 7,pr(4 ,e4        
,wilson47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum  ,,sulphuris 
,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,iodide ( sulphur1 #cj 
gr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 dr42  triturate  
toge!r4    ,l9im5t ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4      
,,l9im5tum ,,iodi 7,b4 ,p472 ,,iodurett$
  ,,l9im5t2 ,,l9im5tum ,,iod9ii1 ,l4    
,,ioduretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47   
,iod9e1  #e2 iodide ( potassium1 #b2    
camphor1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #dj2 dissolve4
    #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,comp\nd       
t9cture ( iod9e & laudanum1 equal p>ts4 
#c4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,soap l9im5t1 #a oz42 
iod9e1 #h to #aj gr4    #d4 7,guib\rt47 
,iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a   
fl4 dr42 dissolve1 &  add to x :ite soap
 79 %av+s7 & oil ( almonds1 ( ea* #aj   
dr41  previ\sly melt$ toge!r4 ,"s p]fume
 may be add$4 ,9 scr(ula1  gl&ul>       
enl>gem5ts1 rheumatism1 c4    ,l9im5t ( 
,ipecacuanha4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4     
,,l9im5tum ,,ipecacuanh4  ,prep4        
,ipecacuanha 9 f9e p[d]1 #d dr42 l>d1 #b
 dr42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b  fl4 oz4       

,l9im5t ( ,junip]4 7,dr ,sully47 ,syn4  
,,l9im5tum ,,junip]i4 ,prep4 ,oil  (    
junip]1 #a-a_/b oz42 l>d1 #b oz42 oil ( 
anise$1 #f drops4 ,=  scald-head4       
,l9im5t ( ,labdanum4 7,qu9cy47 ,syn4    
,,l9im5tum ,,labdani2 ,,l9im5tum        
,,cr9iscani4 ,prep4 ,labdanum1 #f dr42  
be>'s grease1 #b oz42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 
p[d]$ s\!rnwood1 #c dr42 oil ( nutmeg1  
#a dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr42  mix4 ,to
 re/ore ! hair4    ,l9im5t ( ,lead4     
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,plumbi1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,gaozey47 ,acetate  ( lead1 #dj gr42   
s(t wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #f    
oz42 mix1 &  agitate well4 ,a/r+5t &    
refrig]ant4 ,useful 9 excoriations1     
especially :5 accompani$ ) inflammation4
    ,l9im5t ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5t ,,= 
,,burns1 ,,c>ron ,,oil2 ,,l9im5tum      
,,calcis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,,aqu 
,,calcis1 ,,oleum ,,l9i ,,cum ,,calcis1 
,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,f olive oil 7l9se$     
oil----,ph4 ,e47 & lime wat]1 equal     
p>ts1  %ak5 toge!r until !y are mix$4 ,v
 useful 9 burns & scalds4    #b4        

7,comp\nd2 ,,l9im5tum ,,calcis          
,,compositum1 ,l47----a4                
7,camphorat$----,w4  ,cooley47 ,camphor 
l9im5t & lime wat]1 equal p>ts4    b4   
7,opiat$----,w4 ,cooley47 ,lime wat] &  
camphor l9im5t1 ( ea* #a oz42  extract (
 opium1 #e gr42 mix4 ,bo? are us$ z     
anodynes to allay pa9 &  irritation 9   
sev]e burns1 *ilbla9s1 c41 = :i* purpose
 !y are  excell5t4 ,all ! above l9im5ts 
) lime wat] %\ld be us$ z soon  z       
possible aft] be+ prep>$1 z ! +r$i5ts   
sep>ate by keep+4    ,l9im5t ( ,m]cury4 
,syn4 ,,m]curial ,,l9im5t2 ,,l9im5tum   
,,hydr>gyri  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,l94 
,h4 ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47  ,o9tm5t ( m]cury1 
#a2 solution ( ammonia1 #a2 l9im5t (    
camphor1 #a4  ,melt ! o9tm5t 9 ! l9im5t1
 add ! ammonia1 & %ake !m  toge!r4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 _s (   
w9e1 #a fl4 dr42 spr9kle ! latt]  on !  
=m]1 p[d]1 add ( l>d & m]curial o9tm5t  
7/rong]71 (  ea* #d oz42 rub !m well    
toge!r1 !n gradually add ( liquor (     

ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 & mix well4        
,/imulant & discuti5t4 ,x resembles     
m]curial o9tm5t 9 its effects2 b ?\gh   
mild] 9 its op]ation1 x  m quickly      
produces salivation4    ,l9im5t (       
,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,morphi1 ,l4
 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47  ,pure morphia1  
#c gr42 put x into a w>m mort>1 add v   
gradually1 ( oil  ( almonds 7w>m71 #a   
fl4 oz41 & triturate until ! morphia is 
dissolv$1 !n add ( camphor l9im5t1 #a   
oz4 ,an excell5t topical  anodyne &     
antispasmodic1 :i* (t5 allays pa9 :5 o!r
 means h  fail$4    ,l9im5t ( ,must>d4  
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,s9apis1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 ,fl\r (  mu/>d 7be/71 #a oz42 wat]1 
tepid1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 & add ( glyc]91 
liquor ( ammonia1 & olive oil1 ( ea* #a 
fl4 oz4    #b4 7,bral47 ,c>bonate (     
ammonia 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p2 camphor 79 
p[d]71 #b p>ts2 oil ( lav5d]1 #d p>ts2  
t9cture ( mu/>d1 #f p>ts2  mix1 dissolve
 by agitation1 add ( simple l9im5t      
7w>m71 #ef p>ts1 &  aga9 agitate until !
 :ole is p]fectly incorporat$4    #c4   

,black mu/>d se$ 7gr\nd 9 pepp]-mill or 
o!rwise well bruis$71  #a_/d lb42 oil ( 
turp5t9e1 #a p9t2 dige/1 express !      
liquid1 filt]1  & dissolve x 9 camphor1 
#a_/b lb4 ,/imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,a    
popul>  & useful rem$y 9 rheumatic pa9s1
 lumbago1 colic1 *ilbla9s1 c4 ,!  la/ is
 a close imitation ( ,:itehead's        
#8,ess5ce ( ,mu/>d4'    #d4 7,,l94      
,,olei ,,volatilis ,,s9apis47----a4 ,f  
volatile oil ( black mu/>d  se$1 #a_/b  
dr42 oil ( almonds1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z a     
rubefaci5t4    b4 ,f volatile oil1 #a   
"p2 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hae71 #a to #b    
p>ts4 ,z a  vesicant4    ,l9im5t (      
,mu/>d 7,comp\nd74 ,,l9im5tum ,,s9apis  
,,compositum 7,b4 ,p474  ,oil ( mu/>d1  
#a dr42 e!real extract ( mez]eon1 #dj   
gr42 camphor1 #b  dr42 ca/or oil1 #e    
dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #cb dr42 dissolve4    
,l9im5t1 ,n>cotic4 7,p4 ,codex47 ,syn4  
,,l9im5t ,,calmant2 ,,l9im5tum          
,,n>coticum4 ,prep4 ,anodyne balsam1 #h 
p>ts2 comp\nd w9e ( opium1 cold  cream1 
( ea* #a "p4 ,mix4    ,l9im5t ( ,nitrate

 ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,citr9e ,,l9im5t2    
,,l9im5tum  ,,hydr>gyri ,,nitratis1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,sir ,h4 ,hal=d47 ,o9tm5t (     
nitrate (  m]cury & olive oil1 equal    
p>ts1 triturat$ toge!r 9 a glass mort>1 
or mix$ by a g5tle heat4 ,?is l9im5t is 
/imulant1 discuti5t1 &  alt]ative1 & 9  
its g5]al prop]ties resembles ! o9tm5t (
 !  same "n4 ,= mo/ purposes ! quantity 
( oil %\ld be at lea/  d\bl$4    ,l9im5t
 ( ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum       
,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,mag5die47
 ,t9cture ( nux vomica1 #a fl4 oz42     
liquor ( ammonia1 #b fl4  dr42 mix4 ,z a
 /imulat+ application to p>alys$ limbs4 
,! addition (  #a_/b fl4 dr4 ea* (      
glyc]9 & salad oil r5d]s x an excell5t  
application 9 *ronic rheumatism &       
neuralgia4    ,l9im5t ( ,oil ( ,ergot4  
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,olei ,,ergot4 ,prep4 
,oil (  ergot1 #a dr42 oil ( almonds1 or
 sulphuric e!r1 #c dr42 mix4    ,l9im5t 
( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,l9im5t2     
,,l9im5tum ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,l4   
,e471 ,l4 ,,opii or ,l4 ,,anodynum 7,ph4

 ,d471 ,l4 ,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4  
,prep4  #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,t9cture ( opium1 
#a2 l9im5t ( soap1 #a2 mix4    #b4      
,t9cture ( opium1 #b fl4 oz42 soap      
l9im5t1 #f fl4 oz42 mix4    #c4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,ca/ile soap1 #f oz42 opium1       
#a-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a  qu>t2     
dige/ = ?ree days1 !n filt]1 add (      
camphor1 #c oz41 oil (  rosem>y1 #f fl4 
dr41 & agitate briskly4    #d4 7,ph4    
,d47 ,soap l9im5t & t9cture ( opium1    
equal p>ts4    #e4 7,:olesale47 ,s(t    
soap1 #a-a_/d lb42 p[d]$ opium &        
camphor1 ( ea*  #a_/d lb42 rectifi$ _s1 
#a gall42 dige/ a week4    ,obs4 ,?is   
prep>ation is an excell5t anodyne 9     
local pa9s1  rheumatism1 neuralgia1     
spra9s1 c4    ,l9im5t ( ,phosphorus4    
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,phosphoratum1 ,l4    
,prep4  7,augu/947 ,phosphorus1 #f gr42 
camphor1 #ab gr42 oil ( almonds1 #a oz42
  dissolve by heat2 :5 cold1 decant !   
cle> portion1 & add (  /ronge/ liquor ( 
ammonia #aj drops4 ,a useful friction 9 
g\t1 *ronic  rheumatism1 c]ta9 ob/9ate  

cutane\s affections1 c4    ,l9im5t de   
,ros54 7,p4 ,c47 ,prep4 ,oil ( mace1 #d 
p>ts2 oil ( cloves1  #d p>ts2 oil (     
junip]1 #i p>ts4 ,mix4    ,l9im5t1      
,simple4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,simplex     
7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,e47 ,:ite
 wax1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #d fl4 oz42    
melt toge!r1 & /ir !  mixture until x is
 cold4 ,emolli5t2 resembles sp]maceti   
o9tm5t 9 all  except its consi/5ce4     
,l9im5t ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,opodeldoc1     
,,camphorat$ ,,t9cture ,,( ,,soap1      
,,balsam  ,,( ,s42 ,,l9im5tum ,,saponis 
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d47 ,l4        
,,saponaceum1 ,,t9ctura  ,,saponis      
,,camphorata1 ,,balsamum ,,saponis1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,h>d soap 7cut     
small71 #b-a_/b oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/d   
oz42 ,engli% oil ( rosem>y1 #c dr42     
rectifi$ _s1 #ah oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b  
oz42 mix ! wat] &  _s1 add ! o!r        
+r$i5ts1 dige/ at a temp]ature n exce$+ 
#gj ,fahr41 agitat+ occasionally = sev5 
days1 & filt]4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ca/ile
 soap 7cut small71 #b-a_/b oz42 camphor 

7small71 #aj dr42  _s ( rosem>y1 #ah fl4
 oz42 wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 dige/ ) frequ5t 
agitation until ! solid sub/ances are   
dissolv$4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,ca/ile     
soap1 #e oz42 camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil 
( rosem>y1 #f  fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a 
qu>t4    #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ca/ile soap 79 
p[d]71 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 pro( _s1
  #af fl4 oz4    #e4 7,,l9im5t          
,,savonneau----,p4 ,cod47 ,t9cture (    
soap 7,p4 ,cod47 & rectifi$  _s 7#hfc or
 #da o4 p471 ( ea* #h p>ts2 olive oil1  
#a "p4    ,obs4 ,?is article1 prep>$    
accord+ to ! directions ( !             
,ph>macopia1 f #8soap made ( olive oil &
 soda' 7,ca/ile soap71 is  apt to       
gelat9ise 9 cold wea!r1 & to deposit    
cry/als ( elaidate &  /e>ate ( lime4    
,?is may be avoid$1 :5 exp5se is n an   
objection1  by fir/ well dry+ ! soap1   
employ+ a _s ( at lea/ #he1 &  keep+ !  
prep>ation 9 well-clos$ bottles4 ,a     
*eap] & bett] plan  is to sub/itute !   
#8s(t soap' ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 7#8soap made ) 
olive oil  & potassa'7 = ! ,ca/ile soap 

ord]$ by ! ,college4 ,! s(t soap  (     
comm]ce imp>ts to ! l9im5t an unpleasant
 smell4 ,! foll[+  =mula1 "o ( ^?       
commonly adopt$ by ! :olesale druggi/s1 
produces a v good article1 ?\gh mu*     
weak] ?an t ( !  ,ph>macopia4    #f4    
7,:olesale47 ,camphor 7cut small71      
#a-a_/b lb42 s(t soap1 #g lbs42 oil (   
rosem>y1 #c fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e &
 wat]1 ( ea* #c-a_/b  galls42 dige/ )   
occasional agitation = a week1 & filt]4 
,?is is  ! #8opodeldoc' or #8soap       
l9im5t' ( ! %ops4    ,uses4 ,soap l9im5t
 is /imulant1 discuti5t1 & lubricat+1 & 
is a  popul> rem$y 9 rheumatism1 local  
pa9s1 swell+s1 bruises1 spra9s1  c4     
#g4 7,) ,opium47 ,see ,,l9im5t ,,(      
,,opium4    #h4 7,sulphurett$2          
,,l9im5tum ,,saponis ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 
,,sulphuro-,,saponaceum----  ,jadelot1  
,l47 ,sulphuret ( potassium1 #c oz42    
soap1 #ab oz42 wat]1 q4 s42  melt       
toge!r1 & add ( olive oil1 #ab oz42 oil 
( origanum1 #a fl4 dr42  mix well4 ,an  
excell5t rem$y = ! it*1 & "s alli$ sk9  

diseases4    ,l9im5t ( ,/ry*nia4 7,dr   
,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum ,,/ry*ni4   
,/ry*nia1 #cj gr42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b   
fl4 oz4 ,t5 drops to be rubb$ ov]  !    
temples 9 amaurosis4    ,l9im5t (       
,sulphide ( ,c>bon4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum    
,,c>bonis ,,sulphureti1  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
,f bisulphide ( c>bon1 #a dr42          
camphorat$ oil1 #a oz42  mix4    #b4    
7,lampadius47 ,camphor1 #b dr42         
bisulphuret ( c>bon1 #d fl4 dr42        
dissolve1 & add ( rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4   
oz4 ,9 rheumatism1 g\ty  nodes1 c4      
,l9im5t ( ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,see        
,,l9im5t1 ,,acid4    ,l9im5t1           
,triph>mic4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum            
,,triph>micum 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4     
,prep4 ,take ( lead pla/] & olive oil1 (
 ea* #d oz42 melt1 add (  /rong v9eg>1  
#a fl4 oz41 & /ir until cold4 ,cool+ &  
desiccative2  9 excoriations1 burns1 c4 
,l9im5t ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,k5ti%',s   
,,l9im5t2 ,,l9im5tum  ,,t]eb9?9 7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4 ,,t]eb9?9atum  
7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,b4 ,p47   

,oil ( turp5t9e1 #af2 camphor1 #a2 s(t  
soap1 #b2 dissolve !  camphor 9 !       
turp5t9e1 !n add ! soap1 & rub till     
?or\ghly  mix$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s(t  
soap1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 oil (    
turp5t9e1 #aj fl4  oz42 %ake !m toge!r  
until mix$4 ,/imulant2 9 lumbago1 *ol]a1
  colic1 c4    #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47    
,res9 c]ate1 #f oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d 
fl4 oz42 mix4  ,an excell5t application 
to burns4    #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,res9       
o9tm5t1 #d oz42 camphor1 #d dr42        
dissolve by a g5tle  heat1 & /ir 9 oil (
 turp5t9e1 #e fl4 oz4    #e4 7,ph4 ,d47 
,oil ( turp5t9e1 #e fl4 oz42 res9       
o9tm5t1 #h oz42 mix by a  g5tle heat4   
,?is =ms ,dr ,k5ti%'s celebrat$         
application to burns &  scalds4 ,! p>ts 
are fir/ ba!d ) w>m oil ( turp5t9e or   
br&y1  & !n cov]$ ) pl$gets ( l9t1 sme>$
 ) ! l9im5t4    #f4 7,comp\nd----a4 ,b4 
,,l9im5tum ,,t]eb9?9 ,,aceticum47 ,oil (
  turp5t9e1 #a2 acetic acid1 #a2 l9im5t 
( camphor1 #a2 mix4    b4 7,,l9im5tum   
,,t]eb9?9 ,,compositum1 ,l47 ,acetic3   

,,/ ,,john ,,long',s  ,,l9im5t2         
7,,l9im5tum ,,t]eb9?9 ,,aceticum1 ,l47  
,oil ( turp5t9e1 #c oz42  rose wat]1    
#b-a_/b fl4 oz42 acetic acid1 #e dr42   
oil ( lemons1 #a dr42 yolk  ( egg1 #a2  
make an emulsion4 ,z a c\nt]-irritant 9 
ph?isis4    c4                          
7,ammoniat$----,debreyne47 ,l>d1 #c oz42
 melt1 & add1 ( oil (  turp5t9e & olive 
oil1 ( ea* #a oz42 :5 cold1 fur!r add ( 
camphorat$ _s1 #d fl4 dr42 liquor (     
ammonia1 #a fl4 dr4 ,9 sciatica1        
lumbago1 c4    d4 7,opiat$----,recami]47
 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 oil (     
*amomile1  #b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( opium1 
#a fl4 dr4 ,9 neuralgia1 c4    e4       
7,sulphuric----,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru!na47 ,oil
 ( turp5t9e1 #b oz42 olive oil1  #e oz42
 mix1 & add ( dilute sulphuric acid1    
#a-a_/b dr4 ,see ,,acid ,,l9im5t4       
,l9im5t ( ,v]atr9e4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum    
,,v]atri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,br&e47  ,v]atr9e1
 #h gr42 alcohol1 #a_/b fl4 oz42        
dissolve1 & add ( soap  l9im5t1 #a_/b   
fl4 oz4 ,9 neuralgic & rheumatic pa9s1  

g\t1 c4    ,l9im5t ( ,v]digris4 ,syn4   
,,oxymel ,,( ,,v]digris2 ,,l9im5tum     
,,rug9is  7,ph4 ,l471 ,,oxymel ,,rug9is 
7,ph4 ,l4 #agch71 ,,oxymel ,,cupri      
,,subacetatis 7,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf71 ,l4    
,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,v]digris 79 p[d]71 #a
 oz42 v9eg>1 #g fl4  oz42 dissolve1     
filt]1 ?r\gh l951 add ( honey1 #ad oz41 
& evaporate  to a prop] consi/5ce4      
,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is wrongly nam$ a 
#8l9im5t4' ,! ,college1 aft]  #8beat+   
ab\t ! bu%' = ne>ly a c5tury1 f\nd a "r 
"n = x  9 #aghh2 b1 z 9 _m o!r cases1   
soon ab&on$ x = ano!r less  appropriate4
    ,oxymel ( v]digris is /imulant1     
det]g5t1 & es*>otic4 ,x is appli$  to   
indol5t ulc]s1 especially ( ! ?roat1 by 
means ( a camel-hair  p5cil2 &1 dilut$ )
 wat]1 x is us$ z a g>gle4 ,c>e mu/ be  
tak5 to avoid swall[+ x1 z x occasions  
vomit+ & excessive  purg+4    ,l9im5t1  
,v]mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum             
,,an!lm9ticum1 ,l4 ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4     
,prep4 ,ca/or oil1 #a oz42 ess5tial oils
 ( wormwood & tansy1 ( ea*  #a_/b oz42  

,dr ,pes*i]'s e!real t9cture ( p5nyroyal
 buds1 #bj drops2  mix4 ,employ$ 9      
frictions on ! abdom5 9 cases ( worms 9 
*ildr54  ,its activity may be /ill fur!r
 increas$ by ! addition ( a little      
g>lic juice4 7#8,j\rn4 de ,md4'7 ,an    
excell5t m$ic9e4    ,l9im5t1 ,vesicat+4 
7,dr ,montgom]y47 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum      
,,vesicans4 ,=  *ildr54 ,prep4 ,comp\nd 
camphor l9im5t1 #d fl4 dr42 oil (       
turp5t9e1 #b  fl4 dr4 ,to produce       
imm$iate vesication 9 adults4 ,mix "o "p
 ( !  /ronge/ liquor ammoni1 ) two (    
olive oil1 & apply six drops on         
spongio-pil9e = t5 m9utes4    ,l9im5t1  
,w>e's4 ,prep4 ,f camphor l9im5t1 #a    
oz42 solution (  c>bonate ( potassa1 #a 
dr4 ,9 amaurosis4    ,l9im5t1 ,:ite's4  
,! old "n = sp]maceti o9tm5t4           
,l9im5t1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,l9im5tum        
,,album4 ,prep4 ,rectifi$ oil (         
turp5t9e1 #b oz42 solution ( ammonia1 #b
 oz42 soap l9im5t1 #c oz42  _s (        
rosem>y1 #a oz4 ,mix 9 ! above ord]1 &  
gradually add )  cont9ual agitation1    

di/ill$ v9eg>1 #h oz4 ,= *app$ h&s4     
,l9im5t1 ,wilk9son's4 ,prep4 7,phbus47  
,prep>$ *alk1 #bj gr42  sulphur1 l>d1 & 
t>1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 mix1 & add (       
,boyle's fum+  liquor1 #aj or #ae drops4
 ,9 c]ta9 *ronic sk9 diseases1          
neuralgia1 c4    ,l9im5tum ,aconiti4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,aconite root1 9 p[d]1 #bj2   
camphor1 #a2  rectifi$ _s1 to p]colate1 
#cj4 ,moi/5 ! root = #c days1 !n pack  9
 a p]colator1 & p\r suffici5t rectifi$  
_s ^u x to produce  ) ! camphor #bj4    
,/r5g?1 #a 9 #a4 ,appli$ ) a camel-hair 
p5cil1 alone or mix$ 9  equal           
proportions1 ) a soap l9im5t or comp\nd 
camphor l9im5t1 &  rubb$ on ! "p4 ,sev5 
p>ts ( ?is1 & #a "p ( *lor(ormum        
belladonna1 & spr9kl$ ?9ly on imp]meable
 pil9e1 is ! be/  application =         
neuralgia or lumbago4    ,l9im5tum      
,potassii ,iodidi cum ,sapone4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,h>d soap1 9 p[d]1  #a-a_/b2 iodide (  
potassium1 #a-a_/b2 glyc]91 #a2 oil (   
lemon1 #a_/h2 wat]1  #a4 ,dissolve !    
soap 9 #g ( wat] by heat ( a wat] ba?2  

dissolve !  iodide ( potassium 9 !      
rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & mix by trituration  
! two solutions1 & :5 cold add ! oil (  
lemon1 & mix ?or\ghly4    ,,l9oleic     
,,acid4 ,c#af;,h#bh,o#b4 ,?is may be    
obta9$ by saponify+  l9se$ oil4 ,x is a 
liquid acid1 & rapidly oxidizes :5      
expos$ to !  air1 becom+ conv]t$ into   
oxyl9oleic acid1 :i* is incapable (     
solidification ev5 at l[ temp]atures4   
,,l9,,se$4 ,syn4 ,,flax ,,se$2 ,,l9i    
,,sem9a1 ,l4 ,! se$ ( ,l9um             
usitatissimum 7,l9n471 or common flax4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,oily1 emolli5t1  demulc5t1 &
 nutritive4 ,gr\nd to p[d] 7l9se$ meal2 
f>9a l9i71 x  is us$ = p\ltices4 ,! cake
 left aft] express+ ! oil 7l9se$  cake7 
conta9s1 :5 ( av]age quality1 9 #ajj    
p>ts1 moi/ure1 #abgj2  oil1 #aacb2      
album5oids1 #bhba2 mucilage1 c41 #bidb2 
indige/ible fibre1  #abdf2 a%1 #ehi4 ,x 
is us$ = fe$+ cattle4 ,"u ! =m ( tea or 
infusion x is us$ z a dilu5t1 & to allay
 irritation 9 bron*ial1  ur9>y1 & o!r l 
affections4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,l9se$4

    ,,l9se$ ,,cake4 ,see ,,l9se$4       
,,l9t4 ,syn4 ,,l9teum1 ,l4 ,:ite        
l95-clo?1 scrap$ by h& or  ma*9]y1 s z  
to r5d] x s(t & woolly4 ,! h&-made l9t  
is n[  little us$2 x 0 prep>$ f pieces (
 old l95-clo?4 ,!  ma*9e-made l9t is    
prep>$ f a fabric wov5 on purpose4 ,a   
l9t made  f cotton 7cotton-l9t7 is n[   
l>gely manufactur$2 x is mu* inf]ior  to
 ! true l9t1 be+ a bad conductor ( heat4
 ,l9t is us$ = dress+  ulc]s1 ei!r alone
 or sme>$ ) "s suitable o9tm5t or c]ate4
    ,l9t1 ,m$icat$4 ,syn4 ,,l9teum      
,,m$icatum1 ,l4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4           
,,inf]nale1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate (  
silv]1 #bj to #cj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a 
fl4 oz42  dissolve1 saturate dry l9t1   
#a_/b oz41 ) ! solution1 & expose x 9  a
 sauc] or capsule to ! light & air1     
until x has become black &  dry4    #b4 
,nitrate ( silv] & nitrate ( copp]1 (   
ea* #a_/b dr42 l9t1 #a oz42  wat]1      
#a-a_/b fl4 oz42 z ! la/4 ,us$ to dress 
old & indol5t ulc]s4    ,,lip ,,salve4  
,see ,,salve4    ,,liqua,,tion4 ,!      

process ( sweat+ out by heat ! m fusible
 metals  ( an alloy4 ,metallurgi/s avail
 !mselves ( ?is me?od 9 assay+ &  ref9+ 
! preci\s metals & procur+ antimony & "s
 o!r metals  f _! ores4                 
,,liquefa,,ci5ts4 ,syn4 ,,resolv5ts2    
,,liquefaci5tia1 ,,resolv5tia1 ,l4 ,9   
ph>macy1 sub/ances or ag5ts :i* promote 
secretion & exhalation1  s(t5 & loos5   
textures1 & promote ! absorption or     
removal (  enl>gem5ts1 indurations1 c4  
,to ?is class belong ! alkalies1        
antimony1 brom9e1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 m]cury1
 sulphur1 c41 & _!  prep>ations4        
,,liquefac,,tion4 ,! assumption ( !     
liquid =m4 ,x is usually appli$  to !   
conv]sion ( a solid into ! liquid /ate1 
:i* may arise f  increase ( temp]ature  
7fusion71 absorption ( wat] f !         
atmosph]e  7deliquesc5ce71 or ! action (
 a body already fluid 7solution74       
,liquefaction ( ,gases4 ,"u ! comb9$    
influ5ce ( pressure &  cold1 all ! gases
 may be liquefi$1 & "s ev5 solidifi$4 ,!
 fir/  satisfactory exp]im5ts 9 ?is     

direction 7 made by ,f>aday1 :o  succe$$
 9 r$uc+ to ! liquid condition eight    
bodies :i* _h  hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z      
p]man5t gases1 namely1 ammonia1 c>bonic 
anhydride1 *lor9e1 cyanog51 hydro*loric 
acid1 nitr\s oxide1  sulphurett$        
hydrog51 & sulphur\s anhydride4 ,8 me?od
 ( proce$+  0 v simple3----! mat]ials 7 
seal$ up 9 a /rong1 n>r[1 glass  tube1  
b5t s z to =m an obtuse angle1 toge!r ) 
a little #8pressure  gauge1' consi/+ ( a
 sl5d] tube clos$ at "o end1 & hav+ )9  
x1 ne> ! op5 extremity1 a globule (     
m]cury4 ,! gas1 be+  dis5gag$ by !      
application ( heat or o!rwise1          
accumulat$ 9 !  tube1 & by its own      
pressure br\ght ab\t liquefaction4 ,!   
=ce  requir$ = ?is purpose 0 judg$ ( by 
! dim9ution ( volume ( !  air 9 !       
pressure gauge4 ,by employ+ p[]ful      
cond5s+ syr+es1 &  an extremely l[      
temp]ature1 ,f>aday subsequ5tly succe$$ 
9 liquefy+  olefiant gas1 hydriodic &   
hydrobromic acids1 phosphurett$ hydrog51
 &  ! gase\s fluorides ( silicon &      

boron4 ,he fail$1 h[ev]1 )  oxyg51      
hydrog51 nitrog51 nitric oxide1 c>bonic 
oxide1 & coal-gas1  all ( :i* refus$ to 
liquefy at ! temp]ature ( -#aff ,fahr41 
:ile  subject$ to pressures v>y+ 9      
diff]5t cases f #bg to #eh  atmosph]es4 
,)9 ! la/ ye>1 h[ev]1 viz4 t[>d ! end ( 
#ahgg1 ^! hi!rto  refractory gases h be5
 r$uc$ to ! liquid1 &1 9 ! case (       
hydrog51 to ! solid /ate4 ,^! results h 
be5 accompli%$ by  subject+ ! gases to a
 pressure consid]ably great] ?an t      
employ$  by ,f>aday1 comb9$ ) ! exp$i5t 
( ! sudd5 removal ( ?is  pressure1 :]eby
 ! escap+ gas 7previ\sly enorm\sly r$uc$
 9  temp]ature7 9 ! act ( expansion robs
 ! rema9d] ( s mu* ( its  heat z to     
leave x 9 ! fluid condition4    ,!      
liquefaction ( oxyg5 0 accompli%$       
indep5d5tly by ,m4 ,cailletet1  ( ,p>is1
 & ,m4 ,pictet1 ( ,g5eva2 ! ,fr5* *emi/ 
hav+ effect$ x  on ,decemb] #bnd1 #ahgg1
 & ! ,swiss "o on ! #bbnd ( ! same mon?4
    ,simultane\sly ) ,cailletet's       
ann\ncem5t ( ! liquefaction (  oxyg51 t 

( c>bonic oxide 0 made by ! same *emi/2 
:o1 ab\t  ?ree weeks aft] at a meet+ 9 !
 ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 /at$  t he  
_h also r$uc$ hydrog51 nitrog51 &       
atmosph]ic air to !  fluid /ate4    ,9 !
 previ\s ,novemb] he _h be5 equally     
successful 9 conv]t+  gase\s nitric     
oxide into a liquid4    ,m4 ,cailletet1 
9 a communication to ! ,p>is ,academy ( 
,sci5ces1 read by  ,m4 ,dumas at a meet+
 ( t body on #bd? ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 ?us  
describes  ! process by :i* he liquefi$ 
! gases oxyg5 & c>bonic oxide4    8,if  
oxyg5 or pure c>bonic oxide be enclos$ 9
 a tube su* z ,i h  be=e describ$1 &    
plac$ 9 an app>atus = compression l t   
:i* has already be5 work$ be=e !        
,academy1#ag & ! gas be !n  l[]$ 9      
temp]ature to #bi ,c41 by means (       
sulphur\s acid & at a  pressure ( ab\t  
#cjj atmosph]es1 ! two gases pres]ve _! 
gase\s  /ate4    ,footnote #ag3 ,?is    
app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( a holl[ /eel    
cyl9d]1  to :i* is atta*$ a /rong glass 
tube1 is describ$ 9 ! #8,comptes        

,r5dus1' tome #he1 p4 #hea4 ,! gas is   
=c$ into x by means ( a  hydraulic pump 
) ! int]v5tion ( a cu%ion ( m]cury4     
8,b if !y are all[$ to sudd5ly exp&1 ?is
 expansion1 accord+ to  ! =mula (       
,poisson1 r$uc+ !m to a temp]ature at   
lea/ #bjj ,c4  bel[ _! initial          
temp]ature1 causes !m imm$iately to     
assume !  appe>ance ( an int5se fog1 :i*
 is caus$ by ! liquefaction &  p]haps by
 ! solidification ( ! oxyg5 or c>bonic  
acid4    8,! same ph5om5on is also      
obs]v$1 ^u ! expansion ( c>bonic  acid1 
& ( protoxide & b9oxide ( nitrog51 :5 "u
 /rong  pressure4    8,?is fog is       
produc$ ) oxyg51 ev5 :5 ! gas is at !   
ord9>y  pressure1 provid$ "t is all[$ = 
x to "p ) ! heat x  acquires 9 ! m]e act
 ( compression4    8,?is ,i demon/rat$  
by exp]im5ts p]=m$ on ,sunday1 ! #af?   
,decemb]1 at ! ,*emical ,laboratory ( ! 
,ecole ,normale ,suprieure1  be=e a     
c]ta9 numb] ( savants & pr(essors1      
among/ :om 7 "s  memb]s ( ! ,academy (  
,sci5ces4 ,i _h hop$ to f9d 9 ,p>is1    

toge!r  ) ! mat]ials necess>y = !       
production ( a high degree ( cold       
7protoxide ( nitrog5 or liquid c>bonic  
acid71 a pump capable (  supply+ ! place
 ( my compression app>atus at           
,*tillon-sur-,se9e4  ,un=tunately a pump
 well fix$ & suit$ to ?is sort (        
exp]im5t  c\ld n be f\nd 9 ,p>is1 & ,i 0
 oblig$ to s5d to  ,*tillon-sur-,se9e = 
! refrig]at+ sub/ances = collect+ !     
cond5s$ matt]s on ! walls ( ! tube4     
8,to "k :e!r oxyg5 & c>bonic oxide are 9
 a liquid or a solid  /ate 9 ! fog w\ld 
necessitate an optical exp]im5t m easy  
to  imag9e ?an to accompli%1 because ( !
 =m & ! ?ickness ( !  tubes conta9+ !m4 
,fur!rmore1 *emical reactions w assure  
me t  ! oxyg5 is n trans=m$ into ozone 9
 ! act ( compression4 ,i  %all res]ve ! 
/udy ( all ^! que/ions till ! app>atus  
,i am n[  hav+ made is complete4    8,"u
 ! same conditions ( temp]ature &       
pressure1 ev5 ! mo/  rapid expansion (  
pure hydrog5 gives no trace ( nebul\s   
matt]4 ,!re  rema9s = me only nitrog5 to

 /udy1 ! small solubility ( :i* 9  wat] 
induces me to believe t x w prove v     
refractory to all  *ange (              
condition40#ah    ,footnote #ah3        
#8,comptes ,r5dus1' tome #e1 p4 #abac4  
,illu/ration    ,m4 ,pictet's process = 
liquefy+ oxyg51 al?\gh diff]+ 9 !  me?od
 ( work+1 is simil> 9 pr9ciple to t (   
,m4 ,cailletet4 ,8  pap]1 :i* 0 read at 
! same sitt+ ( ! ,academy z ,m4         
,cailletet's1 ?us describes x3----      
8,a & ,b1 9 ! accompany+ figure1 are two
 d\ble section & =ce  pumps1 c\pl$      
toge!r on ! comp\nd sy/em1 "o caus+ a   
vacuum 9  ! o!r 9 su* a mann] z to obta9
 ! greate/ possible diff]5ce  betwe5 !  
pressures ( suction & =c+40    ,! pumps 
act on anhydr\s sulphur\s acid conta9$ 9
 ! cyl9drical  receiv] c4 ,! pressure 9 
?is receiv] is su* t ! sulphur\s acid   
is evaporat$ f x at a temp]ature ( #fe  
,c4 bel[ z]o4    ,! sulphur\s acid is   
=c$ by ! pumps into a cond5s]1 d1 cool$ 
by  a curr5t ( cold wat]2 "h x liquefies
 at ! temp]ature ( #be above  z]o1 & at 

a pressure ( ab\t #b-c_/d atmosph]es4   
,! sulphur\s acid returns to ! receiv]  
,c z x liquefies by !  little tube d4   
,e & ,f are two pumps resembl+ ! prec$+1
 & c\pl$ 9 ! same  mann]4 ,!y act ^u    
c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 a cyl9drical     
receiv] ,h4    ,! temp]ature 9 ?is latt]
 receiv] is su* t ! c>bonic acid        
evaporates f x at a temp]ature ( #adj   
,c4 bel[ z]o4    ,! c>bonic acid =c$ on 
by ! pumps is driv5 into ! cond5s] ,k1  
enclos$ 9 ! sulphur\s acid receiv] ,c1  
:i* has a temp]ature ( #fe  bel[ z]o2 ! 
c>bonic acid "h becomes liquefi$ at a   
pressure ( five  atmosph]es4    ,!      
c>bonic acid1 9 proportion z x          
liquefies1 returns to !  receptacle ,h  
by ! small tube k4    ,l is a retort (  
wr\ght iron1 suffici5tly ?ick to resi/ a
 pressure (  #ejj atmosph]es4 ,x conta9s
 *lorate ( potassium1 & is heat$ 9 su*  
a mann] z to give (f pure oxyg54 ,x     
communicates by a tubulure ) an  incl9$ 
tube1 ,m1 made ( v ?ick glass1 "o metre 
9 l5g?1 :i* is  envelop$ by ! receiv]1  

,h1 conta9+ c>bonic acid at ! temp]ature
  ( #adj bel[ z]o4    ,a tap1 ,n1       
situat$ ^u ! tubulure ( ! retort1 p]mits
 ( ! op5+  ( an orifice1 ,p1 :i* leads  
into ! surr\nd+ air4    ,aft] ! f\r     
pumps h be5 work$ = sev]al h\rs by means
 ( a  /eam eng9e ( #ae-;horse p[]1 & :5 
all ! oxyg5 has be5  dis5gag$1 !        
pressure 9 ! glass tube is #cbj         
atmosph]es1 & !  temp]ature at #adj bel[
 z]o4    ,^u sudd5ly op5+ ! orifice1 ,p1
 ! oxyg5 escapes ) viol5ce1  produc+1 9 
do+ s1 s consid]able an expansion &     
absorption (  heat z to cause a liquefi$
 portion to appe> 9 ! glass tube1 & to  
spirt out f ! orifice :5 ! app>atus is  
slop$4    ,x ought to be /at$ t !       
quantity ( liquefi$ oxyg5 conta9$ 9  !  
tube "o metre long & #jja m4 9 int]nal  
diamet]1 occupi$ ab\t a  ?ird ( its     
l5g?1 & issu$ f ! orifice ,p 9 ! =m ( a 
liquid  jet4    ,9 a communication to   
,m4 ,dumas1 receiv$ two days aft] !     
above sitt+1  ,m4 ,pictet describ$ 8    
exp]im5ts m fully1 prefac+ ! acc\nt by  

! foll[+ v int]e/+ rem>ks3----8,! end to
 :i* ,i h be5  t5d+ = ! la/ #c ye>s has 
be5 to seek to demon/rate  exp]im5tally 
t molecul> cohesion is a g5]al prop]ty (
 bodies  )\t exception4    8,if !       
p]man5t gases _c be liquefi$1 x mu/ be  
conclud$ t  _! con/itu5t p>ticles d n   
attract ea* o!r1 & are !re=e  indep5d5t 
( ?is law4    8,to succe$ exp]im5tally 9
 br++ ! molecules ( a gas into !  close/
 possible proximity1 & ?us to obta9 its 
liquefaction1 c]ta9  indisp5sable       
conditions are necess>y1 :i* ,i ?us sum 
up3    8#a4 ,to h a gas t mu/ be        
p]fectly pure & )\t a trace (  =eign    
gas4    8#b4 ,to h at "o's disposal v   
p[]ful means ( compression4    8#c4 ,to 
obta9 an int5se degree ( cold1 & !      
ab/raction ( heat at  ^! l[ temp]atures4
    8#d4 ,to h a l>ge surface (         
cond5sation ma9ta9$ at ^! l[            
temp]atures4    8#e4 ,to h ! p[] (      
utilis+ ! expansion ( ! gas "u          
consid]able pressure to ! atmosph]ic    
pressure1 :i* expansion add$  to !      

prec$+ means compels liquefaction4      
8,) ^! five conditions fulfill$1 we may 
=mulate ! foll[+  problem4    8,:5 a gas
 is compress$ at #ejj or #fjj           
atmosph]es1 & kept at a  temp]ature (   
-#ajj or #adj1 & !n let exp& to !       
pressure ( !  atmosph]e1 "o ( two ?+s   
mu/ occur4 ,ei!r ! gas1 obey+ !  action 
( cohesion1 liquefies & yields its heat 
( cond5sation to !  portion ( ! gas1 :i*
 exp&s & is lo/ 9 ! gase\s =m2 or  "u ! 
hypo!sis t cohesion is n a natural law1 
! gas passes  beyond absolute z]o1 t is 
to say1 x becomes in]t1 a du/ )\t       
consi/5ce4 ,! "w ( expansion w\ld be    
impossible1 & ! loss (  heat absolute40 
,spite ( ,m4 ,cailletet's supposition t 
nitrog5 w\ld prove a v  inco]cible gas1 
8 exp]im5ts %[$ ! contr>y1 s9ce he f\nd 
t  x easily cond5s$ "u a pressure ( ab\t
 #bjj atmosph]es & at a  temp]ature (   
#ac ,c41 ! conditions z to its sudd5    
expansion be+  obs]v$4    ,hydrog51 !   
lighte/ ( all ! gases1 :i* ,m4          
,cailletet c\ld only  procure 9 ! =m (  

mi/1 0 unmi/akably liquefi$ by ,m4      
,pictet  )9 less ?an a =tnight aft]w>ds1
 "u a pressure ( #fej  atmosph]es & #adj
 ( cold4    ,! tap :i* conf9$ ! gas at  
?is pressure1 be+ op5$1 a jet ( a  /eel 
blue col\r escap$ f ! orifice1          
accompani$ by a hiss+  s\nd1 l t giv5 (f
 :5 a r$-hot iron is dipp$ into cold    
wat]4  ,! jet sudd5ly became int]mitt5t1
 & a %[] ( solid p>ticles (  ! hydrog5  
fell to ! gr\nd ) a crackl+ noise4 ,!   
hydrog5 0  obta9$ by ! decomposition (  
=miate ( pota% by cau/ic pota%1 !  gas  
?us yield$ be+ absolutely pure4         
,cailletet /ates t he succe$$ p]fectly 9
 liquefy+ atmosph]ic  air1 previ\sly    
depriv$ ( moi/ure & c>bonic acid1 b he  
omits to  m5tion ! pressure & r$uction (
 temp]ature to :i* ! air 0  subject$4   
,he liquefi$ nitric oxide at ! pressure 
( #ajd atmosph]es  & at a temp]ature (  
-#aa ,c4    ,c>bonic anhydride is       
liquefi$ on ! l>ge scale by cond5s+ x 9 
/rong vessels ( gun-metal or            
boil]-plate4 ,?ilori] 0 ! fir/ to       

procure x 9 a solid condition4 ,x       
requires a pressure ( betwe5 #bg &  #bh 
atmosph]es at #cb ,f4 7,adams47 ,!      
liquefi$ acid is col\rless &  limpid1   
light] ?an wat]1 & f\r times m          
expansible ?an air2 x  mixes 9 all      
proportions ) e!r1 alcohol1 naph?a1 oil 
( turp5t9e1  & sulphide ( c>bon2 & is   
insoluble 9 wat] & fat oils4 ,:5 a jet  
( liquid c>bonic anhydride is all[$ to  
issue into ! air f a  n>r[ ap]ture1 su* 
an int5se degree ( cold is produc$ by ! 
evaporation ( a "p1 t ! rema9d] freezes 
to a solid 7solid  c>bonic anhydride71 &
 falls 9 a %[] ( sn[4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i*
  may be collect$1 af=ds a means (      
produc+ extreme cold4 ,mix$ ) a  little 
e!r1 & p\r$ ^u a mass ( m]cury1 ! latt] 
is almo/  in/antly froz54 ,! temp]ature 
( ?is mixture 9 ! air 0 f\nd to  be     
-#ajf ,fahr42 :5 ! same mixture 0 plac$ 
b5ea? ! receiv] (  an air-pump1 &       
exhau/ion rapidly p]=m$1 ! temp]ature   
sank to  -#aff4 ,?is degree ( cold 0    
employ$ 9 ,f>aday's la/ exp]im5ts on  ! 

liquefaction ( gases4    ,,liqueur4 ,fr4
 ,syn4 ,,cordial4 ,a /imulat+ bev]age1  
=m$ ( weak  _s1 aromatis$ & sweet5$4 ,! 
manufacture ( liqueurs con/itutes  !    
trade ( ! #8comp\nd]1' #8rectifi]1' or  
#8liquori/e4'    ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 !
 prep>ation ( liqueurs or cordials are  
ra9  or di/ill$ wat]1 :ite sug>1 clean  
flav\rless _s1 & flav\r+  +r$i5ts4 ,to  
^! may be add$ ! sub/ances employ$ z    
#8f9+s1'  :5 artificial cl>ification is 
_h rec\rse to4    ,! ut5sils & app>atus 
requir$ 9 ! bus9ess are ^? ord9>ily     
f\nd 9 ! w9e & _s cell>2 toge!r ) a     
copp] /ill1  furni%$ ) a pewt] head & a 
pewt] worm or cond5s]1 :5 !  me?od #8by 
di/illation' is pursu$4 ,a b>rel1       
hog%ead1 or rum pun*eon1  sawn 9 two1 or
 simply #8unhead$1' z ! case may dem&1  
=ms an  excell5t vessel = ! solution ( !
 sug>2 & #b or #c flut$ funnels1  ) "s  
good :ite flannel1 w occasionally be    
f\nd useful =  filt]+ ! aromatic ess5ces
 us$ = flav\r+4 ,great c>e is tak5  to  
ensure ! :ole ( ! ut5sils1 c41 be+      

p]fectly clean &  #8sweet1' & well      
#8season$1' 9 ord] t !y may nei!r /a9   
nor  flav\r ! sub/ances plac$ 9 contact 
) !m4    ,9 ! prep>ation or comp\nd+ (  
liqueurs1 "o ( ! fir/ objects  :i*      
engages ! op]ator's att5tion is !       
production ( an alcoholic  solution ( ! 
aromatic pr9ciples :i* are to give !m _!
 peculi>  aroma & flav\r4 ,?is is done  
ei!r by simple solution or mac]ation1  z
 9 ! manufacture ( t9ctures & m$icat$   
spirits1 or by mac]ation  & subsequ5t   
di/illation4 ,! products1 9 ?is c\ntry1 
are call$  ,,ess5ces or ,,spirits1 & by 
! ,fr5* ,,infusions1 & are add$ to !    
solution ( sug> 7,,syrup or             
,,capillaire7 or to ! dulcifi$ _s1 9 !  
proportions requir$4 ,gra9 or molasses  
_s is ! k9d usually  employ$ = ?is      
purpose 9 ,engl&4 ,z be=e obs]v$1 x %\ld
 be (  ! be/ quality2 z1 if ?is is n !  
case1 ! raw flav\r ( !  _s is p]ceptible
 9 ! liquor4 ,rectifi$ _s ( w9e is      
g5]ally  v free f flav\r1 & :5 r$uc$ to 
a prop] /r5g? ) cle>  s(t wat]1 =ms a _s

 admirably adapt$ = ! prep>ation (      
cordial liquors4 ,_s weak] ?an ab\t #de 
o4 p41 :i* has be5 fre$  f its own      
ess5tial oil by c>eful rectification1 is
 kn[n 9 trade  "u ! title ( #8pure1'    
#8flav\rless1' #8pla91' or #8sil5t _s4' 
,be=e mac]at+ ! +r$i5ts1 if !y possess !
 solid =m1 !y  are co>sely p\nd$1       
bruis$1 slic$1 or gr\nd1 z ! peculi>  "*
 ( ! sub/ance may indicate4 ,?is is n   
done until %ortly  be=e submitt+ !m to !
 action ( ! m5/ruum2 z1 aft] !y are     
bruis$ !y rapidly lose _! aromatic      
prop]ties by exposure to !  air4 ,:5 x  
is int5d$ to keep !m = any "t 9 ! divid$
 /ate  !y %\ld be pres]v$ 9 well-cork$  
bottles or j>s4 ,! practice (  dry+ !   
+r$i5ts be=e p\nd+ !m1 frequ5tly adopt$ 
by  ignorant & lazy workm5 = ! sake (   
less5+ ! lab\r1 is1 (  c\rse1 ev5 m     
de/ructive to _! mo/ valuable qualities 
?an m]e  exposure to ! air4 ,! l5g? ( "t
 ! +r$i5ts %\ld be dige/$  9 ! _s %\ld  
nev] be less ?an #e or #f days1 b a     
long] p]iod  is pref]able :5 di/illation

 is n employ$4 ,9 ei!r case ! "t  may be
 advantage\sly ext5d$ to #aj days or a  
=tnight1 & frequ5t  agitation %\ld be _h
 rec\rse to dur+ ! :ole p]iod4 ,:5      
ess5tial oils are employ$ to convey !   
flav\r1 !y are fir/  dissolv$ 9 a little
 ( ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 9 !     
mann] expla9$ "u ,,ess5ce2 & :5 add$ to 
! _s1 !y are  mix$ up ) ! :ole mass z   
rapidly & z p]fectly z possible4 ,9     
manag+ ! /ill1 ! fire is proportion$ to 
! pond]osity ( ! oil  or flav\r+        
sub/ance1 & ! receiv] is *ang$ be=e !   
fa9ts  come ov]2 z ^! are unfitt$ to be 
mix$ ) ! cordial4 ,9 _m  cases !        
addition ( a few p\nds ( common salt to 
! liquor 9 !  /ill facilitates ! process
 & improves ! product4 ,+r$i5ts :i*  are
 n volatile are1 ( c\rse1 always add$   
aft] di/illation4 ,!  /rong] _s is r$uc$
 to ! desir$ /r5g? by means ( ei!r  cle>
 s(t wat] or ! cl>ifi$ syrup us$ =      
sweet5+4 ,! sug>  employ$ %\ld be ( !   
f9e/ quality1 & is pref]ably made into  
capillaire or syrup be=e add+ x to !    

aromatis$ _s2 & n  until ?is la/ has be5
 r5d]$ p]fectly #8f9e' or transp>5t1 by 
infiltration or cl>ification1 z ! case  
may dem&4 ,"s spirits or  infusions1 z  
^? ( anise$1 c>away1 c41 m p>ticul>ly   
require  ?is treatm5t1 :i* is be/ p]=m$ 
by runn+ !m ?r\gh a clean  w9e bag1 made
 ( r f9e clo?1 hav+ previ\sly mix$ !m ) 
a  spoonful or two ( magnesia2 b 9 all  
cases cl>ification by simple  repose    
%\ld be pref]r$4 ,"u prop] managem5t1   
liqueurs or cordials  prep>$ ( good     
mat]ials w be f\nd p]fectly #8cle>' or  
#8bright' z  soon z made1 or w become s 
aft] be+ all[$ a few days =  defecation2
 b 9 ! h&s ( ! inexp]i5c$ op]ator1 & :5 
!  _s employ$ is insuffici5t 9 /r5g? or 
quantity1 x (t5 happ5s  t !y turn out   
#8f\l' or #8milky4' ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !
 liquid  may be #8f9$ d[n' ) ! :ites (  
#ab to #bj eggs p] hog%ead2 or a  little
 alum1 ei!r alone or foll[$ by a little 
c>bonate ( sodium or  potassium1 bo?    
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 may be add$1 9 ! mann] 
describ$  "u ,,f9+s4    ,an excell5t &  

easy way ( manufactur+ cordial liquors1 
especially  :5 x is inconv5i5t to keep a
 l>ge /ock on h&1 is by simply          
#8aromatis+' & #8col\r+1' z circum/ances
 or bus9ess may dem&1  _s #fj or #fd u4 
p41 kept ready sweet5$ = ! purpose4 ,to 
d ?is to  ! be/ advantage1 two          
descriptions ( sweet5$ _s %\ld be       
provid$1 conta9+ respectively #a lb4 &  
#c lbs4 ( sug> to ! gallon4  ,f ^!1 _s (
 any int]m$iate sweetness may be made1  
:i* may be  flav\r$ ) any ess5tial oil  
dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 or any aromatis$  _s
 or #8infusion' 7see bel[71 prep>$ ei!r 
by dige/ion or  di/illation4 ,z a g5]al 
rule1 ! conc5trat$ ess5ces1 made by     
dissolv+ #a oz4 ( ! ess5tial oil 9 #a   
p9t ( ! /ronge/ rectifi$  _s ( w9e1 w be
 f\nd admirably adapt$ = ?is purpose4   
,^!  ess5ces1 :i* %\ld be kept 9        
well-cork$ bottles1 are employ$ by      
dropp+ !m cauti\sly into ! sweet5$ _s   
until ! desir$  flav\r is produc$4 ,dur+
 ?is op]ation ! liquor %\ld be          
frequ5tly & viol5tly %ak5 to produce    

complete admixture4 ,if by any  accid5t 
! ess5ce is add$ 9 too l>ge a quantity1 
! result+  #8milk9ess' or excess (      
flav\r may be remov$ by ! addition ( a  
little m _s1 or by cl>ification4 ,9 ?is 
way ! majority ( !  liqueurs 9 common   
use may be produc$ extemporane\sly1 (   
ne>ly equal  quality to ^? prep>$ by    
di/illation4 ,= ^? :i* are col\r$1      
simple dige/ion ( ! +r$i5ts is almo/    
univ]sally adopt$4 ,!  8process by      
di/illation0 %\ld1 h[ev]1 be always     
employ$ to imp>t  ! flav\r & aroma (    
volatile aromatics to ! _s1 :5 exp5se1  
lab\r1 & "t are ( less importance ?an ! 
production ( a sup]ior  article4    ,!  
,fr5* liqueuri/es are fam$ = !          
prep>ation ( cordials (  sup]ior        
quality1 cream-l smoo?ness1 & delicate  
flav\r4 ,_!  success *iefly arises f !  
employm5t ( v pure _s & sug>  7! =m] 9 a
 l>g] proportion ?an t adopt$ by !      
,engli%  comp\nd]71 & 9 ! judici\s      
application ( ! flav\r+  +r$i5ts4 ,!y   
di/+ui% _! cordials z #8eaux' &         

#8extraits'  7wat]s1 extracts71 or      
liqueurs :i*1 ?\gh sweet5$1 are entirely
  devoid ( viscidity2 & #8baumes1'      
#8crmes1' & #8huiles' 7balms1 creams1   
oils71 :i* conta9 suffici5t sug> to     
imp>t to !m a syrupy  consi/5ce4 ,!     
greate/ possible att5tion is giv5 to !  
prep>ation  ( ! aromatis$ or flav\r+    
ess5ces1 9 ,france call$ #8infusions4'  
,^! are g5]ally made by mac]at+ !       
aromatic +r$i5ts 9 _s  at ab\t #b to #d 
u4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #ibb to #ibe71 plac$ 9   
well-cork$ glass  c>boys1 or /onew>e j>s
 or bottles4 ,! mac]ation is cont9u$1 ) 
occasional agitation1 = #c1 #d1 or ev5  
#e weeks1 :5 ! aromatis$  _s is ei!r    
di/ill$ or filt]$2 g5]ally ! =m]4 ,!    
out]  peel ( c$rats1 lemons1 oranges1   
limettes1 b]gamottes1 c41 is alone  us$ 
by our ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 & is obta9$
 ei!r by c>efully  peel+ ! fruit ) a    
knife1 or by #8oleo-sac*>um1' by rubb+ x
 (f  ) a lump ( h>d :ite sug>4 ,aromatic
 se$s & woods are bruis$ by  p\nd+ be=e 
be+ submitt$ to infusion4 ,! sub/ances  

employ$ 9  ,france to col\r liqueurs    
are1 =----blue1 soluble ,prussian blue1 
sulphate  ( indigo 7ne>ly neutralis$ )  
*alk71 & ! juice ( blue fl[]s  &        
b]ries2----amb]1 fawn1 & br&y col\r1    
burnt sug> or _s  col\r+2----gre51 sp9a*
 or p>sley leaves 7dige/$ 9 _s71 &      
mixtures ( blue & yell[2----r$1 p[d]$   
co*9eal or brazil wood1  ei!r alone or  
mix$ ) a little alum2----violet1 blue   
violet petals1  litmus1 or extract (    
logwood2----purple1 ! same z violet1    
only  deep]2----yell[1 an aque\s        
infusion ( saffl[] or ,fr5* b]ries1 &  !
 t9ctures ( saffron & turm]ic4    ,a    
frequ5t cause ( failure 9 ! manufacture 
( liqueurs & cordials is  ! addition (  
too mu* flav\r+ matt]4 ,p]sons          
unaccu/om$ to !  use ( /rong aromatic   
ess5ces & ess5tial oils seldom          
suffici5tly  e/imate _! p[]1 &1         
consequ5tly1 are v apt to add too mu* ( 
!m1 by :i* ! liqueur is r5d]$ n only    
disagreeably high  flav\r$1 b1 f !      
excess ( oil pres5t1 also #8milky1' or  

#8f\l1'  ei!r at once1 or1 :at is ne>ly 
z bad1 on ! addition ( wat]4 ,?is  s\rce
 ( annoyance1 aris+ entirely f bad      
manipulation1 frequ5tly  disc\rages !   
tyro1 & cuts %ort 8 c>e] z a            
manufactur]4 ,f  ! viscidity ( cordials 
!y are less readily #8f9$ d[n' ?an      
unsweet5$ liquor1 & (t5 give mu* tr\ble 
to clumsy &  inexp]i5c$ op]ators4 ,! mo/
 c]ta9 way to prev5t disappo9tm5t 9  ?is
 respect is to use too little r ?an too 
mu* flav\r+2 = if  ! quantity proves    
insuffici5t1 x is readily #8br\ght up'  
at any "t1  b ! contr>y is n effect$ )\t
 "s tr\ble & delay4    ,a c>eful        
att5tion to ! previ\s rem>ks w r5d] ?is 
bran* ( !  rectifi]'s art f> m p]fect & 
easy ( p]=mance ?an x is at  pres5t1 &  
w1 9 mo/ cases1 produce at once a       
satisfactory article1  #8f9e1 sweet1 &  
pleasant4'    ,! cordials ( respectable 
,briti% #8comp\nd]s' conta9 fully #c    
lbs4 (  :ite lump sug> p] gallon1 & are 
( ! /r5g? ( #fj to #fd u4 p4 ,!  baumes1
 crmes1 & huiles import$ f ! ,cont95t   

are ri*] bo? 9  _s & sug> ?an ours1 & to
 ?is may be ref]r$ mu* ( _!  sup]iority4
 ,m]e sweet5$ or cordialis$ spirits     
7eaux1 ( ! ,fr47  conta9 only f #a to   
#a-a_/b lb4 ( sug> p] gallon4    ,!     
purity ( liqueurs is det]m9$ 9 ! mann]  
notic$ "u ,,br&y1  ,,w9e1 c4    ,!      
foll[+ li/ embraces ne>ly all ! cordials
 & liqueurs1 bo?  native & import$1 met 
) 9 trade 9 ?is c\ntry3----    ,abs9!4  
,syn4 ,,extrait ,d',,abs9! ,,de         
,,suisse2 ,,swiss ,,extract ,,(         
,,wormwood4 ,prep4 ,f ! tops ( ,abs9?um 
majus1 #d lbs42 tops (  ,abs9?um m9us1  
#b lbs42 angelica root1 ,calamus        
aromaticus1 ,*9ese  anise$1 & leaves (  
dittany ( ,crete1 ( ea* #ae gr42 br&y or
 _s  at #ab u4 p41 #d galls42 mac]ate = 
#aj days1 !n add wat]1 #a gall42  di/il 
#d galls4 by a g5tle heat1 & dissolve 9 
! di/ill$ _s1 (  cru%$ :ite sug>1 #b    
lbs4 ,tonic & /oma*ic4    ,alk]mes4 ,?is
 liqueur is highly e/eem$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! 
,s\? (  ,europe4    ,prep4 #a4 ,bay     
leaves & mace1 ( ea* #a lb42 nutmegs &  

c9namon1 (  ea* #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz4  
7all bruis$72 cognac br&y1 #c-a_/b      
galls42  mac]ate = #c weeks1 frequ5tly  
%ak+1 !n di/il ov] #c galls41 &  add (  
cl>ifi$ _s ( k]mes1 #ah lbs42           
orange-fl[] wat]1 #a p9t2  mix well1 &  
bottle4 ,?is is ! orig9al =mula = !     
#8alk]mes de  ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1'   
:i* is mu* valu$4    #b4 ,spice1 z la/2 
,briti% br&y1 #d galls4 wat]1 #a gall42 
mac]ate z  be=e1 & draw ov] #d galls41  
to :i* add1 ( capillaire1 #b galls41 &  
sweet _s ( nitre1 #a_/d p9t4 ,cassia is 
(t5 us$ = c9namon4  ,inf]ior to ! la/4  
,anise$ ,cordial4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f anise$1 
#b oz4 7or ess5tial oil1  #a-a_/b dr471 
& sug>1 #c lbs4 p] gall4 ,x %\ld n be   
weak] ?an ab\t  #de u4 p41 z at l[]     
/r5g?s x is impossible to produce a     
full-flav\r$ article )\t its be+ milky1 
or liable to become s4    #b4           
7,,anisette ,,de ,,bordeaux47----a4     
7,=eign47 ,anise$1 #d oz42 cori&] &     
sweet f5nel se$s1 ( ea* #a oz4 7bruis$72
 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b gall42  wat]1 #c    

qu>ts2 mac]ate = #e or #f days1 !n draw 
ov] #g p9ts1 & add  ( lump sug>1 #b-a_/b
 lbs4    b4 7,engli%47 ,oil ( anise$1   
#ae drops2 oils ( cassia & c>away1 (    
ea* #f drops2 rub !m ) a little sug>1 & 
!n dissolve x 9 _s  7#de u4 p471 #c     
qu>ts1 by well %ak+ !m toge!r2 filt]1 if
 necess>y1  & dissolve 9 ! cle> liquor  
sug>1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,see ,,pepp]m9t       
7bel[74    ,balm ( ,molucca4 ,prep4 ,f  
mace1 #a dr42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 clean  
_s  7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42 infuse = a   
week 9 a well-cork$ c>boy or j>1        
frequ5tly %ak+1 col\r ) burnt sug> q4   
s41 & to ! cle>  t9cture add ( lump     
sug>1 #d-a_/b lbs42 dissolv$ 9 pure s(t 
wat]1 #a_/b  gall4 ,on ! ,cont95t ?is   
takes ! place ( ! #8cloves' ( ! ,engli% 
retail]4    ,bitt]s4 ,^! h g5]ally f #a 
to #a-a_/b lb4 ( sug> p]  gallon4#ai    
,footnote #ai3 ,see article ,,bitt]s4   
,c>away ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,g5]ally f !   
ess5tial oil1 ) only  #b-a_/b lbs4 (    
sug> p] gall4 #a fl4 dr4 ( ! oil is     
commonly reckon$  equal to #a_/d lb4 ( !

 se$4 ,! addition ( a v little oil (    
cassia1  & ab\t half z mu* ( ess5ce (   
lemon or ( orange1 improves x4 ,see     
,,br&y 7,c>away74    ,cedrat ,cordial4  
,prep4 ,f ess5ce 7oil7 ( c$rat1 #a_/d   
oz42 pure  _s 7at pro(71 #a gall42      
dissolve1 add ( wat]1 #c p9ts1 agitate  
well2  di/il #c qu>ts1 & add an equal   
measure ( cl>ifi$ syrup4 ,a delici\s    
liqueur4 ,see ,,cr,,me & ,,eau 7bel[74  
,c9namon ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,?is is seldom
 made ) c9namon1 ow+ to  its high price1
 b ) ei!r ! ess5tial oil or b>k (       
cassia1 )  ab\t #b lbs4 ( sug> to !     
gall4 ,x is pref]r$ col\r$1 & !re=e  may
 be v well prep>$ by simple dige/ion4 ,!
 addition ( #e or #f  drops ea* ( ess5ce
 ( lemon & orange peel1 ) ab\t a        
spoonful (  ess5ce ( c>damoms p] gall41 
improves x4 #a oz4 ( oil ( cassia is    
consid]$ equal to #h lbs4 ( ! buds or   
b>k4 #a fl4 dr4 ( ! oil is  en\gh =     
#b-a_/b galls4 ,x is col\r$ ) burnt     
sug>4    ,citron ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,f !  
oil or peel1 ) #c lbs4 ( sug> p]  gall41

 z above4 7,see bel[47    ,citronelle4  
,syn4 ,,eau ,,de ,,b>bades4 ,prep4 #a4  
,f fre% orange peel1  #b oz42 fre% lemon
 peel1 #d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42       
cori&]s & c9namon1  ( ea* #a dr42 pro(  
_s1 #d p9ts2 dige/ = #aj days1 !n add ( 
wat]1 #a qu>t1 & di/il #a_/b gall42 to !
 di/ill$ ess5ce add (  :ite sug>1 #b    
lbs41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a qu>t4    #b4  
,ess5ce ( orange1 #a_/b dr42 ess5ce (   
lemon1 #a dr42 oil ( cloves1 &  cassia1 
( ea* #aj drops2 oil ( cori&]1 #bj      
drops2 _s 7#eh o4 p471 #e  p9ts2 agitate
 until dissolv$1 !n add ( di/ill$ or    
cle> s(t wat]1  #c p9ts2 well mix1 &    
filt] x ?r\gh blott+ pap]1 if necess>y2 
la/ly add ( sug> 7dissolv$71 q4 s4      
,clairet4 ,syn4 ,,rossalis ,,des ,,s9   
,,gra9es4 ,prep4 ,f anise$1 f5nel  se$1 
cori&] se$1 c>away se$1 dill se$1 & se$s
 ( !  c&y-c>rot 7,a?amantia             
cret5sis----,l9n471 ( ea* 7bruis$7 #a   
oz42  pro( _s #a_/b gall42 dige/ = a    
week1 /ra91 & add ( loaf sug>1  #a lb41 
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 q4 s4    ,cloves4 ,syn4

 ,,clove ,,cordial4 ,prep4 ,f bruis$    
cloves1 #a oz41 or  ess5tial oil1 #a fl4
 dr41 to e #c galls4 ( pro( _s4 ,if     
di/ill$1  "s common salt %\ld be add$1 &
 x %\ld be drawn ov] ) a  pretty quick  
fire4 ,x requires fully #c lbs4 ( sug>  
p] gall41 & is  g5]ally col\r$ ) poppy  
fl[]s or burnt sug>4 ,! addition ( #a   
dr4 ( bruis$ pim5to1 or #e drops ( ! oil
 = e oz4 ( cloves1  improves ?is        
cordial4 ,see ,,balm ,,( ,,molucca      
7above74    ,cori&] ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,f 
cori&]s1 z ! la/4 ,a few slic$  oranges 
improve x4    ,crme d',anis4 ,z ,,anise$
 ,,cordial1 only ri*]4    ,crme des     
,b>bades4 ,z ,,citronelle1 add+ "s ( !  
juice ( !  oranges1 & an additional lb4 
( sug> p] gall4    ,crme de ,cacao4     
,prep4 ,infuse roa/$ c>acca-cacao nuts  
7cut small71 #a  lb41 & vanilla1 #a_/b  
oz41 9 br&y1 #a gall41 = #h days2 /ra91 
& add  ( ?ick syrup1 #c qu>ts4    ,crme 
de ,c$rat4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,de ,,c$rat4  
,prep4 ,f _s ( citron1  #a p9t2 _s (    
c$rat1 #a qu>t2 pro( _s1 #c qu>ts2 :ite 

sug>1 #af  lbs41 dissolv$ 9 pure s(t    
wat]1 #b galls4    ,crme de ,mac>ons4   
,prep4 #a4 ,f cloves1 c9namon1 & mace1 (
 ea*  7bruis$7 #a dr42 bitt] almonds    
7blan*$ & beat5 to a pa/e71 #g oz42  _s 
7#ag u4 p471 #a gall42 dige/ a week1    
filt]1 & add ( :ite sug>1  #f lbs41     
dissolve 9 pure wat]1 #b qu>ts4    #b4  
,clean _s 7at #bd u4 p41 sp4 gr4 #ide71 
#b galls42 bitt] almonds1 #c_/d  lb42   
cloves1 c9namon1 & mace1 ( ea* 9 co>se  
p[d]1 #a-a_/b dr42  infuse = #aj days1  
filt]1 & add ( :ite sug>1 #h lbs42      
dissolv$ 9  pure wat]1 #a gall42 la/ly1 
give ! liqueur a violet t9t ) infusion  
or t9cture ( litmus & co*9eal4 ,an      
agreeable1 nutty-flav\r$  cordial1 b1 f 
conta9+ s mu* bitt] almonds1 %\ld be    
only drank  9 small quantities at a "t4 
,! ,engli% use only "o half ! above     
quantity ( almonds4    ,crme de ,naphe4 
,prep4 ,f sweet5$ _s 7#fj u4 p47 conta9+
  #c-a_/b lbs4 ( sug> p] gall41 #g      
qu>ts2 orange-fl[] wat] 7=eign71 #a     
qu>t4 ,delici\s4    ,crme de ,noyeau4   

,see ,,noyeau4    ,crme d',orange4      
,prep4 ,f oranges1 7slic$71 #c doz52    
rectifi$  _s1 #b galls42 dige/ = #ad    
days2 add1 ( lump sug>1 #bh lbs4        
7previ\sly dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d-a_/b     
galls472 t9cture ( saffron1 #a-a_/b  fl4
 oz42 & orange-fl[] wat]1 #b qu>ts4     
,crme de ,portugal4 ,flav\r$ ) lemon1 to
 :i* a little oil ( bitt]  almonds is   
add$4    ,curaao4 ,prep4 ,f sweet5$ _s  
7at #ef u4 p471 conta9+ #c-a_/b  lbs4 ( 
sug> p] gall41 flav\r$ ) a t9cture made 
by dige/+ !  #8oleo-sac*>um' prep>$ f   
,seville oranges1 #i 9 numb]2 c9namon1  
#a  dr42 & mace1 #c_/d dr41 9 rectifi$  
_s1 #a p9t4 ,x is col\r$ by  dige/+ 9 x 
= a week or #aj days ,brazil-wood 79    
p[d]71 #a oz41 &  aft]w>ds mell[+ !     
col\r ) burnt sug>1 q4 s4    ,delight ( 
! ,m&>9s4 ,f _s 7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42  
pure s(t  wat]1 #a_/b gall42 :ite sug>  
7cru%$ small71 #d-a_/b lbs42 ,*9ese     
anise$  & ambrette or musk se$1 ( ea*   
7bruis$7 #a_/b oz42 saffl[]1 #a_/d oz42 
dige/$ toge!r 9 a c>boy or /one bottle  

capable ( hold+ d\ble1  & agitat$ well e
 day = a =tnight4    ,eau de ,c$rat4    
,syn4 ,,c$rat ,,wat]4 ,z ,,cr,,me ,,de  
,,c$rat1 b us+ less  sug>4    ,eau de   
,*asseurs4 ,see ,,pepp]m9t 7bel[74      
,eau de ,vie d',&aye4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de  
,,vie ,d',,anis2 ,,anise$ ,,liqueur     
,,br&y4  ,prep4 ,f br&y or pro( _s1 #a  
gall42 sug>1 #c_/d lb42 dissolv$ 9      
anise$ wat]1 #a p9t4    ,gold ,cordial4 
,prep4 ,f angelica root 7slic$71 #a lb42
 rais9s1 #a_/b  lb42 cori&] se$s1 #b    
oz42 c>away se$s & cassia1 ( ea* #a-a_/b
 oz42  cloves1 #a_/b oz42 figs & slic$  
liquorice root1 ( ea* #d oz42 pro(  _s1 
#c galls42 wat]1 #a gall42 dige/ #b     
days1 & di/il #c gallons by a  g5tle    
heat2 to ?is add1 ( sug>1 #i lbs41      
dissolv$ 9 rose wat] &  clean s(t wat]1 
( ea* #a qu>t2 la/ly1 col\r ! liquid by 
/eep+  9 x ( bay saffron1 #a-a_/d oz4   
,?is cordial 0 once held 9 mu* e/eem4   
,x d]ives its "n f a small quantity (   
gold leaf be+ =m]ly  add$ to x4         
,huile d',anis4 ,see ,,cr,,me ,d',,anis 

7above74    ,huile de ,vanille4 ,flav\r$
 ) ess5ce or t9cture ( vanilla4 ,x is   
kept 9 a decant]1 & us$ to flav\r       
liqueurs1 grog1 c4    ,huile de ,v5us4  
,prep4 ,f ! fl[]s ( ! wild c>rot1       
#b-a_/b oz41  & sug>1 #c lbs4 to ! gall4
 ,x is g5]ally col\r$ by infus+ a       
little p[d]$ co*9eal 9 x4    ,j>gonelle4
 ,syn4 ,,j>gonelle ,,cordial4 ,flav\r$ )
 ess5ce (  j>gonelle pe> 7acetate (     
amyl74 ,p9e-apple cordial & liqueurs f  
"s o!r fruits are also prep>$ f ! new   
fruit ess5ces4 ,see  ,,ess5ce4    ,lemon
 ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,dige/ fre% & dri$    
lemon peel1 ( ea* #b  oz41 & fre% orange
 peel1 #a oz41 9 pro( _s1 #a gall41 = a 
week2  /ra9 ) expression1 add ( cle> s(t
 wat] q4 s4 to r$uce x to !  desir$     
/r5g?1 & lump sug>1 #c lbs4 to ! gallon4
 ,! addition ( a  little orange-fl[] or 
rose wat] improves x4    ,liquodilla4   
,flav\r$ ) oranges & lemons1 ( ea*1     
slic$1 #c 9  numb]2 ) sug> #b-a_/b lbs4 
p] gall4    ,lovage ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,f 
! fre% roots ( lovage1 #a oz4 to !      

gallon4 ,a f\r? ( ?is quantity ( ! fre% 
roots ( cel]y & sweet  f5nel are also   
commonly add$4 ,9 "s p>ts a little fre% 
val]ian root  & oil ( sav9e are add$    
be=e di/illation4 ,x is mu* valu$ by !  
l[] classes 9 "s ( ! prov9ces = its     
/oma*ic & emm5agogue  qualities4    ,oil
 ( ,cedrat4 ,see ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,c$rat  
7above74    ,orange ,cordial4 ,l ,,lemon
 ,,cordial or ,,cr,,me ,d',,orange1 f   
fre% orange  peel1 #a_/b lb41 to !      
gallon4    ,p>fait ,am\r4 ,syn4 ,,p]fect
 ,,love4 ,prep4 ,flav\r$ ) ! yell[  r9d 
( #d lemons1 & a teaspoonful ( ess5ce ( 
vanilla to ! gallon1  ) sug>1 #c lbs41 &
 p[d]$ co*9eal q4 s4 to col\r4          
,pepp]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,pepp]m9t ,,cordial1  
,,sportsman',s ,c41 ,x4 ,,m9t2 ,,eau    
,,de  ,,*asseurs1 ,fr4 ,?is well-kn[n   
comp\nd is 9 great] dem& 9 e "p  ( !    
k+dom ?an all ! o!r cordials put toge!r4
    ,prep4 #a4 ,f pepp]m9t wat] & g9 or 
pla9 _s 7#bb u4 p471 (  ea* #a p9t2 lump
 sug>1 #c_/d lb4    #b4 7,:olesale47    
,engli% oil ( pepp]m9t1 #e oz41 is add$ 

to rectifi$  spirits ( w9e1 #c p9ts1 & !
 mixture is agitat$ well toge!r =  "s "t
 9 a cork$ bottle capable ( hold+ #d    
p9ts or m2 x is  !n empti$ into a cask  
hav+ a capacity ( upw>ds ( #ajj galls41 
&  p]fectly :ite & flav\rless pro( _s1  
#cf galls41 is p\r$ 91 &  ! :ole well   
agitat$ = t5 m9utes2 a solution ( ! be/ 
d\ble  ref9$ lump sug>1 #b-c_/d cwt41 9 
ab\t #ce galls4 ( pure filt]$ ra9  wat]1
 is !n add$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! cask well  
#8rummag$ up' 9  ! usual mann] = at lea/
 #ae m9utes2 suffici5t cle> ra9 wat] to 
make up ! :ole quantity to exactly #ajj 
gallons1 & hold+ 9 solution  alum1 #e   
oz41 is next add$1 & ! :ole is aga9 well
 agitat$ = at  lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r1   
aft] :i* ! cask is bung$ d[n1 &  all[$  
to repose = a =tnight be=e x is         
#8broa*$' = sale4    ,obs4 ,! la/ =mula 
produces a beautiful article provid$ !  
+r$i5ts are ( good quality4 ,c>e on ?is 
po9t is p>ticul>ly  necess>y 9 ref]5ce  
to ! ess5tial oil1 :i* %\ld only be     
pur*as$ ( "s kn[n respectable deal]4 ,! 

sug> %\ld be  suffici5tly pure to       
dissolve 9 a w9e-glassful ( cle> s(t    
wat]  )\t injur+ its transp>5cy1 & !    
cask %\ld be a fre%-empti$  g9 pipe1 or 
"o prop]ly prep>$ = g91 z1 if x gives   
col\r1 x  w spoil ! cordial4 ,:5 ^!     
p>ticul>s are att5d$ to1 !  product is a
 bright transp>5t liquor z soon z made1 
& does n  require f9+4 ,%\ld !re be !   
slighte/ opacity1 ! addition ( #b  oz4 (
 salt ( t>t>1 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( hot   
wat]1 w h !  effect ( #8cle>+ x d[n' 9 !
 c\rse ( a few days4 ,! product is  #ajj
 galls4 ( cordial at #fd u4 p4          
,pim5to4 ,syn4 ,,pim5to ,,cordial1      
,,pim5to ,,dram4 ,r /rongly  flav\r$ )  
allspice or pim5to4 ,x has obta9$ a     
great repute 9 !  ,we/ ,indies 9 di>rha1
 *ol]a1 & b[el compla9ts g5]ally4       
,raspb]ry ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,f raspb]ry  
br&y1 capillaire1 &  wat]1 equal p>ts4  
,a simil> article is prep>$ by flav\r+  
sweet5$  _s ) ! new #8raspb]ry ess5ce4' 
,ratifia4 ,! num]\s liqueurs be>+ ?is "n
 are notic$ 9 ano!r  "p ( ?is volume4   

,see ,,ratifia4    ,%rub4 ,see ! article
 ,,%rub 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4    ,sighs (
 ,love4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f pro( _s flav\r$ ) 
otto ( roses  & capillaire1 equal p>ts4 
#b4 ,f sug>1 #f lbs41 pure s(t wat]1 q4 
s4 to produce a gallon (  syrup1 to :i* 
add1 ( eau de rose1 #a p9t2 pro( _s1 #g 
p9ts4 ,x is  /a9$ ( a pale p9k by p[d]$ 
co*9eal4 ,a v pleasant cordial4 ,a  drop
 or two 7n m7 ( ess5ce ( amb]gris or    
vanilla improves x4    ,te>s ( ! ,wid[ (
 ,malab>4 ,prep4 ,z ,,balm ,,(          
,,molucca1 b employ+  cloves 7bruis$71  
#a_/b oz41 mace 7%r$d$71 #a dr41 & a    
teaspoonful (  ess5ce ( vanilla =       
flav\r+4 ,"s add ( orange-fl[] wat]1    
#a_/d  p9t4 ,x is slightly col\r$ )     
burnt sug>4    ,t5t4 ,f pla9 _s 7#bb u4 
p47 & port w9e1 ( ea* #a qu>t2  %]ry &  
s(t wat]1 ( ea* #a p9t2 orange-fl[] wat]
 & lemon  juice1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2 ess5ce
 ( amb]gris1 #b drops 7n m72 sug>1  #b  
lbs4 ,see ,,w9e4    ,uquebaugh4 ,see !  
article ,,usquebaugh 9 ano!r "p ( ?is   
"w4    ,,liqueur ,,de ,,la ,,motte4 ,fr4

 ,see ,,drops 7,gold57 & ,,t9cture4     
,,liqueur ,,dor,e4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take (  
c9namon1 bitt] orange peel1 &  ,p]uvian 
b>k1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 hay saffron1 #a_/d
 oz42 br&y & ,malaga  w9e1 ( ea* #c     
qu>ts2 dige/ = a week1 /ra91 & add (    
lump sug>1  #b lbs4 ,tonic1 /oma*ic1 &  
/imulant2 *iefly us$ z an agreeable     
alcoholic dram4    ,,liqueur ,,de       
,,pressav94 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f oxide (      
m]cury 7fre%ly  precipitat$7 & cream (  
t>t>1 ( ea* #a oz42 hot wat]1 #a qu>t2  
dissolve & filt]4 ,= use #b spoonfuls ( 
?is liquor are add$ to #a  qu>t (       
wat]4----,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful #c or #d
 times a day1 avoid+ !  use ( common    
salt4 ,?is is simply a solution (       
potassio-t>trate (  m]cury1 & may be    
tak5 9 ! usual cases 9 :i* m]cury is    
adm9i/]$4    ,,liquod9,,na4 ,see        
,,liqueur4    ,,liquid-,,amb>4 ,syn4    
,,copaib ,,balsam4 ,a fluid balsamic    
juice obta9$  f ! ,liquidamb]           
/yraciflua1 an ,am]ican tree4 ,x closely
 resembles  ,,liquid ,,/orax 9 its      

prop]ties1 & may be appli$ to ! same    
purposes4  ,see ,,/yrax4    ,,liq,,uor4 
,syn4 ,,liquor1 ,l42 ,,liqueur1 ,fr4    
,?is t]m is giv5 9 !  ,london           
,ph>macopia to ^? aque\s solutions      
commonly ?\gh improp]ly  call$          
#8,,wat]s1' ammoni liquor potass1 c4 ,x 
is n[ m correctly  appli$ to !          
#8,,wat]s' ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4 ,see
 ,,solution4    ,! t]m #8liquor' has    
also1 ( late ye>s1 be5 appli$ to c]ta9  
conc5trat$ prep>ations1 mo/ ( :i* w\ld  
be m correctly t]m$  #8,,fluid          
,,extracts1' z !y m]ely diff] f good    
extracts 9 _!  consi/5ce1 & f ord9>y    
extracts 9 conta9+ less />*y matt]1     
album51 & gum4 ,!re is also usually a   
little _s add$ to !m to  prev5t         
decomposition4 ,liquors ( ?is k9d may be
 prep>$ ( ! f9e/  quality by ! same     
processes t are requir$ = ! prep>ation (
  good soluble extracts2 obs]v+ to /op !
 evaporation z soon z !  consi/5ce (    
treacle is acquir$1 & :5 cold1 to add   
#a-d? or #a-e?  "p ( _! weight 7aft]    

evaporation7 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,! addition 
( #c or #d drops ( ! oils ( cloves &    
mu/>d se$1 dissolv$ 9 !  _s1 w secure !m
 f any risk ( #8m\ld+' or f]m5t+2 9     
fact1 ) ?is addition _m ( !m w keep well
 )\t _s1  provid$ !y are evaporat$      
suffici5tly1 & kept 9 a cool place4 ,!  
liquors1 :i* are m]ely conc5trat$       
infusions or decoctions1 & :i*1  9 _!   
consi/5ce1 d n ev5 approximate to       
extracts1 may be made 9  ! mann] direct$
 "u ^? heads4    ,mu* confusion w\ld be 
prev5t$ if ! t]ms #8conc5trat$          
decoction1'  #8conc5trat$ infusion1' c41
 7 adopt$ = ^? vegetable  prep>ations   
possess+ eight times ! usual /r5g?2     
#8liquors' =  ^? ( a high] /r5g?1 b /ill
 suffici5tly liquid to be treat$ z  su* 
9 disp5s+1 c42 & #8fluid extracts' = ^? 
possess+  consid]able consi/5ce1 &      
approa*+ ! common extracts 9 _!  degree 
( conc5tration & mode ( prep>ation4 ,see
 ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1  ,,ess5ce1    
,,extract1 ,,solution1 c4     ,! foll[+ 
=mul pres5t "s illu/rations ( !         

prep>ation (  ?is class ( m$ic9es4      
,liquor ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor      
,,ammoni4 ,prep4 ,/rong solution (      
ammonia1 #a p9t2 di/ill$ wat]1 #b p9ts2 
mix & pres]ve 9 a /opp]$  bottle4 ,sp4  
gr4 #iei4    ,liquor ( ,ammonia1        
,/rong]4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ammoni        
,,=tior4 ,prep4 ,mix  *loride ( ammonium
 9 co>se p[d] #c lbs41 & slak$ lime #d  
lbs41 &  introduce ! mixture into an    
iron bottle1 plac$ 9 a metal pot        
surr\nd$ by s&4 ,connect ! iron tube :i*
 screws air-tight into !  bottle 9 !    
usual mann]1 by corks1 glass tubes1 &   
ca\t*\c coll>s1  ) a ,w\lf's bottle     
capable ( hold+ a p9t2 connect ?is ) a  
second ,w\lf's bottle ( ! same size1 !  
second bottle ) a matrass  ( ! capacity 
( ?ree p9ts1 9 :i* #bb oz4 ( di/ill$    
wat] are  plac$1 & ! matrass by means ( 
a tube b5t twice at "r angles1  ) an    
ord9>y bottle conta9+ di/ill$ wat] #aj  
oz4 ,bottles #a & #b  are empty1 & !    
latt] & ! matrass :i* conta9s ! #bb oz4 
(  di/ill$ wat] are furni%$ ea* ) a     

siphon safety-tube *>g$ )  a v %ort     
column ( m]cury4    ,! heat ( a fire1   
:i* %\ld be v gradually rais$1 is to be 
n[  appli$ to ! metal pot1 & cont9u$    
until bubbles ( cond5sible gas  cease to
 escape f ! extremity ( ! glass tube :i*
 dips into !  wat] ( ! matrass4    ,!   
process be+ t]m9at$1 ! matrass w conta9 
ab\t #dc fl4 oz4 (  /rong solution (    
ammonia4 ,bottles #a & #b w n[ include !
 fir/1  ab\t #af1 ! second1 ab\t #aj fl4
 oz4 ( a col\r$ ammoniacal liquid4      
,place ?is 9 a flask clos$ by a cork1   
:i* %\ld be p]=at$ by a  siphon         
safety-tube conta9+ a little m]cury1 &  
also by a second  safety-tube b5t twice 
at "r angles1 & made to pass to ! bottom
 (  ! t]m9al bottle us$ 9 ! prec$+      
process4 ,apply heat to ! flask  until !
 col\r$ liquid x conta9s is r$uc$ to    
?ree f\r?s ( its  orig9al bulk4 ,!      
product n[ conta9$ 9 ! t]m9al bottle w  
be  ne>ly ( ! /r5g? ( solution (        
ammonia1 & may be made exactly s  by !  
addition ( ! prop] quantity ( di/ill$   

wat]1 or ( /rong  solution ( ammonia4   
,d5sity #aia1 conta9s #cbe p] c5t4 (    
ammonia4    ,antidotes4----,v9eg> & wat]
 foll[$ by acidulat$ demulc5t dr9ks4    
,liquor1 ,anodyne4 ,see ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r4 
,liquor1 ,ant9ephritic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor  
,,ant9ephriticus1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,adams47 
,poppy heads1 #f oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2
 boil to "o ?ird1 /ra9  ) pressure1 &   
add ( nitrate ( potassa1 #a             
oz4----,,dose1 #a to #b  teaspoonfuls   
night & morn+2 9 gravel & pa9ful        
affections ( !  kidneys & bladd]4       
,liquor1 ,antipodagric 7,begu9's74 ,syn4
 ,,h(fmann',s ,,g\t ,,liquid2 ,,liquor  
,,antipodagricus ,,h(fmannii1 ,l4 ,prep4
 ,f ,boyle's fum+ liquor1 #a "p2  _s (  
w9e1 #c p>ts4 ,sudorific4----,dose1 #bj 
to #cj drops2 or  ext]nally1 9 g\t1 &   
o!r pa9ful affections1 ei!r alone or    
comb9$ ) camphor4 ,see ,,ammonium1      
,,p]sulphide ,,(4    ,liquor            
,antipsoric4 ,syn4 ,,liquor             
,,antipsoricus1 ,,lotio ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,van ,mons47 ,sulphuret ( sodium1      

#a-a_/b dr42 hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 #ge
  gr42 dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 wat]1   
#a_/b p9t1 mix ! solutions1 &  filt]4 ,9
 it* & o!r moi/ sk9 diseases4           
,liquor1 ,blea*+4 ,see ,,solution ,,(   
,,*loride ,,( ,,lime4    ,liquor1       
,bli/]+4 ,b4 ,syn4 ,,liquor             
,,epispa/icus1 ,,l9im5tum  ,,can?>ides4 
,prep4 ,mix can?>ides 9 p[d]1 #h oz42 & 
acetic acid1 #d  fl4 oz4 ,pack 9 a      
p]colator1 & aft] #bd h\rs pass e!r     
sl[ly ?r\gh  until #bj fl4 oz4 are      
obta9$4 ,keep 9 a /opp]$ bottle4        
,liquor1 ,boyle's ,fum+4 ,!             
p]hydrosulphate ( ammonia4    ,liquor ( 
,calumba4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,calumb1 ,l4  
,same z ,,conc5trat$  ,,infusion ,,(    
,,calumba4    ,liquor ( ,camphor4 ,see  
,,ess5ce4    ,liquor ( ,*iretta4 ,same z
 ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,( ,,*iretta4 
,liquor ( ,c9*ona4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,(   
,,b>k2 ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,(      
,,b>k1 ,,inspissat$ ,i4 or ,b42         
,,inspissat$ ,i4 ,,( ,b42 ,,infusum     
,,c9*on  ,,spissatum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4    

,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ c9*ona b>k 
7bruis$71  #c lbs41 is mac]at$ 9 di/ill$
 wat]1 #f p9ts1 at two successive       
op]ations1 z direct$ "u ,,extract ,,(   
,,c9*ona----,ph4 ,l42 ! mix$  infusions 
are evaporat$ by ! heat ( a wat] ba? to 
"o f\r?1 &  plac$ aside to settle2 !    
cle> portion is decant$1 ! rema9d]      
/ra9$1 & ! mix$ liquid aga9 evaporat$   
until its sp4 gr4 rea*es  #abjj2 to ?is1
 :5 cold1 rectifi$ _s is dropp$ 91 by   
degrees1 8s  t #c fl4 dr4 may be add$ to
 ea* fl4 oz4 ( ! liquor20 la/ly1 all[  x
 to repose = #bj days1 t ! dregs may    
subside4    ,obs4 ,x is n at all cle>   
:e!r ! ,college means #c fl4 dr4 (  _s  
to be add$ to ea* fl4 oz4 ( ! liquid    
be=e its addition1 or  t x is to be add$
 s t ea* fl4 oz4 ( ! product %all conta9
  t quantity4 ,we presume ! =m]4 #a fl4 
dr4 ( ?is prep>ation is  said to        
repres5t fully #d fl4 oz4 ( ! ,,infusion
 ,,( ,,c9*ona----,ph4 ,l42 b  x is      
obvi\s t x mu/ be liable to great       
v>iations 9 /r5g?4 8,9  a g5]al way #a  

fl4 dr4 may be consid]$ equal to #c fl4 
oz4 ( !  infusion40 7,p]eira47 ,z       
commonly met )1 ?is prep>ation is ne>ly 
de/itute ( ! c9*ona alkaloids4    #b4   
,yell[ c9*ona b>k1 bruis$1 #ef lbs41 &  
wat] hold+ 9 solution  sulphuric acid1  
#a-a_/b lb41 are mac]at$ toge!r1 )      
occasional  agitation1 9 a cov]$ e>!n   
vessel1 = #dh h\rs1 aft] :i* !  liquor  
is express$1 & ! residuum or m>c is     
treat$ ) fre% wat]2  ! mix$ /ra9$ liquid
 is !n evaporat$ z rapidly z possible 9 
e>!nw>e1 to exactly #f lbs42 to ?is     
rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/d lb41 is  add$1 & ! 
:ole is set aside = a week or #aj days2 
! cle> portion  is1 la/ly1 decant$ &    
pres]v$ 9 well-clos$ bottles4 ,! product
 is  v ri* 9 qu99e4 ,x is #if times z   
/rong z ! ,,decoction ,,(               
,,c9*ona----,ph4 ,l41 & #ab times z     
/rong z ! above prep>ation ( !  ,ph4 ,l4
 ,?is prep>ation resembles ! #8,,liquor 
,,c9*on' sold by c]ta9  h\ses 9 ! trade 
at #bds4 p] lb41 :olesale4    #c4       
,exhau/ ! b>k z above by mac]ation 9 #c 

successive wat]s )\t  acid1 filt]1      
evaporate ! mix$ liquors to #g lbs41 &  
proce$ z  be=e4 ,inf]ior to ! la/1 &    
less ri* 9 ! c9*ona alkaloids4  ,v ?ick2
 sc>cely liquid4    #d4 ,f ,,pale       
,,b>k3----7,,liquor ,,c9*on ,,pallid2   
,,infusum ,,c9*on  ,,spissatum----,ph4  
,l47 ,f pale b>k1 z ! la/4 ,see         
,,infusion ,,( ,,c9*ona4    ,liquor1    
,dis9fect+4 ,see ,,solution 7,*lorides (
 ,lime1 ,soda1 & ,z9c71  & ,,dis9fect+  
,,comp\nds4    ,liquor ( ,ergot4 ,syn4  
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,ergot ,,( ,,rye1         
,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion  ,,( ,e42       
,,ess5tia ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,,liquor 
,,ergot1 ,,infusum ,,ergot              
,,conc5tratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,rec5t ergot (
 rye 7r$uc$ to co>se p[d] by  p\nd+1 or 
pref]ably by gr9d+ x 9 a pepp]-mill71   
#a-a_/b lb41 &  boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #d  
lbs41 are dige/$ toge!r 9 a clos$       
vessel1  ) frequ5t agitation until cold1
 & !n put into a wide-m\!d  bottle1     
along ) rectifi$ _s1 #b lbs42 ! :ole is 
!n all[$ to  mac]ate = a week1 aft] :i* 

! liquor is express$ & filt]$4  ,obs4 #d
 fl4 dr4 ( ?is ess5ce are equal to #a   
dr4 ( ergot 9 sub/ance4  ,x is #h times 
! /r5g? ( ! ,,infusion 7z usually prep>$
 accord+  to ! =mula ( ,p]eira & o!rs71 
& #b-a_/b times ! /r5g? ( !  ,,t9cture  
,,( ,,ergot ( ! ,london ,apo!c>ies'     
,hall4 ,?is is ! only  ,,ess5ce ,,(     
,,liquor ,,( ,,ergot kn[n 9 ! :olesale  
trade4    ,liquor ( ,fl9ts4 ,see        
,,solution4    ,liquor ( ,gutta ,p]*a4  
,b4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,gutta ,,p]*a4      
,gutta p]*a 9  ?9 slices1 #a oz42       
c>bonate ( lead 9 f9e p[d]1 #a oz42     
*lor(orm1 #h  fl4 oz4 ,add ! gutta p]*a 
to #f fl4 oz4 ( *lor(orm 9 a /opp]$     
bottle1 & %ake !m frequ5tly till        
solution has be5 effect$4 ,!n  add !    
c>bonate ( lead previ\sly mix$ ) !      
rema9d] ( !  *lor(orm1 & hav+ sev]al    
times %ak5 ! :ole toge!r set !  mixture 
aside1 & let x rema9 at re/ until !     
soluble matt] has  subsid$4 ,la/ly1     
decant ! cle> liquid & keep 9 a         
well-/opp]$  bottle4    ,liquor1        

,libavius's4 ,bi*loride ( t94    ,liquor
 ( ,matico4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$          
,,infusion ,,( ,,matico2 ,,liquor       
,,maticonis1 ,,infusum ,,maticonis      
,,conc5tratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f matico     
leaves1  #a lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2
 di/ill$ wat]1 #cb fl4 oz42 dige/ #aj   
days1 express1 & filt]4 #a fl4 dr4 add$ 
to #g fl4 dr4 ( wat] is equal  to #a fl4
 oz4 ( ! common ,,infusion4    ,liquor (
 ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,myrrh2  
,,liquor ,,myrrh1 ,,loco  ,,liquam9is   
,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47        
,extract ( myrrh 7,ph4 ,bor471 #a  oz42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 mix ?or\ghly1 
decant1 & /ra94 ,x  %\ld be ( a         
br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 & turbid4----,dose1 
#a_/b to #a fl4  dr4    ,liquor (       
,opium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,opii1 ,l4 ,o4  
,,conc5tratus1 ,l4 ,,opiatus1 ,l4  ,see 
,,black ,,drop4#bj    ,footnote #bj3 ,"u
 ,,drops1 p4 #eia4    #a4 7,messrs      
,smi?47 ,opium1 #d oz41 is made into an 
extract1 &  #8d5>cotis$' by e!r2 x is !n
 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 filt]$1  evaporat$ 

ne>ly to dryness1 & r$issolv$ 9 wat] q4 
s4 to furni% #ab  oz4 ( solution2 to ?is
 is add$1 ( rectifi$ _s1 #b-c_/d oz41 ) 
wat] q4 s4 to make ! :ole up to #af     
oz4----,dose1 #c to #ab drops4    #b4   
7,acetic2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,aceticus1   
,l47 ,see ,,laudanum 7,h\lton's74    #c4
 7,citric2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,citricus1  
,l47----a4 ,p[d]$ opium1 #a-a_/b oz42   
lemon juice1 #a-a_/b p9t2 evaporate to  
"o half1 cool1 add ( rectifi$  _s1 #e   
fl4 oz41 & ! next day decant or filt]2  
same /r5g? z  #8,,laudanum1'    b4      
7,,liquor ,,morphi ,,citratis----,dr    
,port]47 ,opium1 #d oz42 citric acid1 #b
  oz42 triturate1 & add ( boil+ wat]1   
#ae fl4 oz42 dige/ )  agitation = #bd   
h\rs1 & filt]4 ,?is la/ has above ?ree  
times !  /r5g? ( #8,,laudanum1' ,x is   
sadly misnam$4    #d4 7,hydro*loric2    
,,solution ,,( ,,muriate ,,( ,,opium2   
,,liquor ,,opii  ,,hydro*loricus1       
,l4----,dr ,ni*ol47 ,p[d]$ opium1       
#a-a_/b oz42 di/ill$  wat]1 #a p9t2     
hydro*loric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/

 a =tnight1 &  /ra9 ) expression4 ,same 
/r5g? z #8,,laudanum1' ,accord+ to ,dr  
,ni*ol1 ?is is pref]able to e o!r       
prep>ation ( opium4    #e4 7,s$ative2   
,,battley',s ,,s$ative ,,solution ,,(   
,,opium2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,s$ativus1    
,l47----a4 ,h>d aque\s extract ( opium  
7bruis$71 #c oz41 is boil$ 9  wat]1     
#a-a_/b p9t1 until dissolv$2 to !       
solution1 :5 cold1 rectifi$  _s1 #f oz4 
is add$1 toge!r ) wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! 
:ole  measure exactly #a qu>t2 ! liquor 
is1 la/ly1 filt]$4    b4 ,f h>d extract 
( opium1 #bb oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ac p9ts2 
rectifi$ _s1 #c p9ts2 z ! la/4    c4 ,f 
extract ( opium----,ph4 ,l41 #d-a_/d    
oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil till  r$uc$ to 
#cd fl4 oz42 cool1 filt]1 & add (       
rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4  oz41 & wat]1 q4 s4 
to make up exactly #a qu>t4    ,obs4 ,! 
fir/ two =mul1 :i* v>y only 9 _!        
quantities1 are  id5tical ) t employ$ by
 ,mr ,battley4 ,z h>d extract ( opium is
  n always at h&1 we h introduc$ a =mula
 9 :i* ! ord9>y  extract is ord]$4 ,x   

gives a precisely simil> product to !   
o!rs1  provid$ ! cold aque\s decoction  
is filt]$ be=e add+ ! _s4  ,battley's   
,,liquor ,,opii ,,s$ativus is an        
excell5t prep>ation1 less excit+  ?an   
opium or laudanum4----,dose1 #aj to #cj 
drops4 ,dr ,*ri/ison /ates t  #bj drops 
( ,battley's solution are equal to #cj  
drops ( ! common  t9cture4    ,liquor1  
,pancreatic 7,van d5 ,corput74 ,syn4    
,,liquor ,,pancreat9i4  ,pancreat9 &    
c>bonate ( pota%1 ( ea* #aj gr42 balm   
wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4  oz42 syrup ( orange  
peel1 #e dr4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 to 
#a fl4 oz4    ,liquor ( ,peps94 7,mr    
,squire47 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,peps9i4      
,prep4 #a dra*m  ( ,b\dault's peps9 9 #a
 oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,salt mu/ be add$  
if x  is to be pres]v$4----,dose4 ,a    
teaspoonful4    ,liquor ( ,rhub>b4 ,syn4
 ,,liquor ,,rhei1 ,,infusum ,,rhei      
,,conc5tratum1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,rhub>b  
7well bruis$71 #f-c_/d oz42 wat]1 q4 s42
 rectifi$  _s1 #a_/b p9t2 proce$ z =    
,,infusion ,,( ,,calumba 7conc472 to    

produce a  qu>t4 #h times ! usual /r5g?4
    #b4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,rhub>b    
7,conc5trat$74    #c4 ,see ,,extract ,,(
 ,,rhub>b 7,fluid74    ,liquor (        
,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,(
 ,,s>sap>illa2 ,,liquor  ,,s>z1         
,,ess5tia ,,s>sap>ill1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,ei!r 
! simple or ! comp\nd  liquor (         
s>sap>illa may be made f ! correspond+  
decoction1 or1  pref]ably1 ! infusion   
prep>$ ) wat] at #abe ,fahr41 by        
c>efully  evaporat+ x until suffici5tly 
conc5trat$1 & !n /ra9+ x  ?r\gh flannel1
 & add+ a little _s4 ,jamaica s>sap>illa
 %\ld  be alone employ$1 z ! o!r        
v>ieties1 especially ! ,honduras1 n     
only possess less m$ic9al virtue1 &     
yield less extract1 b are v  liable to  
f]m5t & get m\ldy1 unless an undue      
proportion ( _s is  add$ to !m4 ,see    
,,extract ,,( ,,s>sap>illa 7,fluid74    
,liquor ( ,s5na4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,s5n1  
,l4 ,bo? ! ,,fluid ,,extract & !        
,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,( ,,s5na are  
call$ by ?is "n1 b m g5]ally  ! =m]4 ,! 

foll[+ are additional =mul3----    #a4  
7,duncan47 ,s5na1 #ae lbs42 boil+ wat]1 
#e galls42 proce$ by !  me?od (         
displacem5t1 evaporate ! product to #aj 
lbs41 add ( molasses1  #f lbs4          
7previ\sly conc5trat$ ov] a wat] ba?    
until x beg9s to  congeal on cool+71    
dissolve1 & fur!r add ( rectifi$ _s1    
#a-a_/d  p9t1 toge!r ) wat] q4 s4 to    
make ! :ole measure exactly #ab  p9ts4  
,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts #a oz4 ( s5na4     
#b4 7,dr ,twe$y47 ,z ! la/1 b us+       
t9cture ( g+] 7prep>$ )  rectifi$ _s71  
#a-a_/b p9t1 in/ead ( ! _s !re ord]$4   
,liquor ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,liquor         
,,saponis1 ,l4 ,see ,,t9cture4          
,liquor1 ,/yptic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor        
,,/ypticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4            
,slevico-,holsat4 #ahca47 ,alum &       
sulphate ( copp]1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42    
sulphuric acid1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a lb42   
dissolve1 & filt]4    ,liquor (         
,t>axacum4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,(  
,,d&elion2 ,,extractum  ,,t>axaci       
,,fluidum1 ,,liquor ,,t>axaci1 ,l4      

,prep4 #a4 ,d&elion roots 7dri$71  #bh  
lbs41 are r9s$ 9 clean cold wat] to     
remove dirt1 & !n slic$  small1 &       
mac]at$ 9 en\gh cold wat] to cov] !m =  
#bd h\rs2 !  liquid is next press$ out1 
& aft] ! fecula has subsid$ ! cle>      
portion is decant$1 & heat$ to #ahj or  
#aij ,fahr41 to coagulate !  album52 !  
liquid is !n filt]$ :ile hot & evaporat$
 by /eam1 or  pref]ably by a curr5t (   
w>m air1 until x is r$uc$ to #bb-a_/b   
lbs42  to ?is rectifi$ _s1 #f lbs41 is  
add$1 & aft] ?or\gh agitation  ! vessel 
is set aside = a week or a =tnight1 aft]
 :i* ! cle>  portion is g5tly p\r$ f !  
s$im5t & pres]v$ 9 well-clos$  bottles 9
 a cool place4 ,a v f9e article4 ,x     
repres5ts an equal  weight ( ! root4    
#b4 ,! express$ juice ( d&elion is heat$
 to ne> ! boil+ po9t1  /ra9$1 &         
evaporat$1 z ! la/1 to a prop]          
consi/5ce2 #a_/d? or  #a_/e? ( rectifi$ 
_s is !n add$1 & ! liquid is o!rwise    
treat$ z be=e4 ,v odor\s & pale col\r$4 
#c4 ,dri$ root 7co>sely p[]$71 #a lb42  

wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 rectifi$  _s1 #a_/b  
p9t2 dige/ a week1 express ! liquor1    
pass x ?r\gh a  hair sieve into a       
bottle1 & 9 #aj days decant ! cle>      
portion4    #d4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,extract ( 
d&elion1 #c p>ts2 wat]1 #a "p 7or q4    
s472  triturat$ toge!r4    #e4 7,w4     
,proct]47 ,fre% root1 #b lbs41 is slic$ 
& r$uc$ to a pulp1 &  mac]at$ ) #a_/f? (
 its bulk ( rectifi$ _s = #bd h\rs2 x is
  !n subject$ to /rong pressure1 ! m>c  
is treat$ ) wat]  conta9+ a little _s1  
#a p9t1 & ! liquid is aga9 express$2 !  
mix$ product is evaporat$ to #ab fl4    
oz41 & :5 cold1 rectifi$  _s1 #d fl4 oz4
 is add$1 & ! :ole filt]$4    ,obs4     
,liquor ( t>axacum has a v l>ge sale4 ,!
 dose is #a to #b fl4  dr4 ,see         
,,extract4    ,liquor ( ,val]ian4 ,see  
,,extract ,,( ,,val]ian 7,fluid74       
,liquor ( ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,fluid       
,,extract ,,( ,,vanilla2 ,,liquor       
,,vanill1  ,,extractum ,v4 ,,fluidum1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vanilla 7slic$71 #a lb42
 rectifi$  _s1 #c p9ts2 prep>e a t9cture

 ei!r by displacem5t or mac]ation1  &   
r$uce x1 by di/illation at ! l[e/       
possible temp]ature1 to  #a-a_/b lb42   
put ?is into a /rong bottle :il/ hot1   
add ( :ite sug>  c&y 79 p[d]71 #a_/b    
lb41 cork d[n1 & agitate ! :ole until x 
is  ne>ly cold4 ,v f9e4 ,us$ *iefly =   
its od\r & flav\r4 ,x  repres5ts half   
its weight ( vanilla4    #b4 7,w4       
,proct]47 ,vanilla 7cut into ?9         
transv]se slices71 #a oz42 sug>1  #c    
oz42 triturate until r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 
put x into a /rong p9t  bottle1 along ) 
syrup1 #a_/b p9t2 wat]1 #b oz42 tie d[n 
! cork1 &  set ! bottle = half an h\r 9 
boil+ wat]2 cool1 /ra91 & treat  !      
residue 9 a l mann] ) a mixture ( wat]1 
#f fl4 oz41 &  rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz42 
la/ly1 mix ! two products4 ,greatly     
inf]ior to ! la/4    ,,liq,,uorice4     
,syn4 ,,/ick ,,liquorice2 ,,liquoritia1 
,,glycyrrhiz ,,radix 7,b4  ,p471        
,,glycyrrhiz ,,radix1 ,,glycyrrhiza     
7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,g4 ,,glabra 7,ph4     
,e471 ,l4  8,! root or und]gr\nd /em ( !

 ,glycyrrhiza glabra1 fre% &  dri$1     
cultivat$ 9 ,brita940 8,! rec5t & ! dri$
 root (  ,glycyrrhiza glabra10 or common
 liquorice4 8,! fre% root is to be kept 
buri$ 9 dri$ s& = use40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,x   
has a sweeti% ta/e1 & is  slightly      
ap]i5t1 expectorant1 & diuretic4 ,x is a
 popul> demulc5t  & pectoral4 ,its      
extract & solution are mu* us$ z a      
dome/ic rem$y  = c\gh4 ,z a ma/icatory x
 allays ?ir/ & irritation4              
,composition ( ! fre% root ( liquorice3 
,glycyrrhiz9                #hfj    ,gum
                        #bffj    ,matt] 
soluble 9 alcohol1      *iefly res9     
#jge    ,album5                     #jig
    ,/>*                     #bbia      
,woody fibre                #accf       
,moi/ure                   #bfha    ,a%1
 #cjg p] c5t4         ----              
------------                            
#ajjjj                                  
7,,hassall47    ,r\ss9 ass]ts t !       
sweetness ( liquorice root is n due to  
glycyrrhiz91 z has be5 hi!rto assum$1 b 

to an ammoniacal comp\nd  ( t sub/ance4 
,glycyrrhiz91 :5 purifi$ f\r successive 
times by  dissolv+ x 9 alcohol1 &       
precipitat+ ! =eign matt]  accompany+ x 
by e!r1 is a yell[i% sub/ance1 insoluble
 9 cold  wat]1 & almo/ ta/eless4 ,treat$
 ) dilute solution ( pota% or  soda1 x  
rapidly develops a sweet ta/e4 ,9       
liquorice root1 h[ev]1 x is  n conta9$ 9
 comb9ation ) ei!r ( ^! two alkalies1 b 
appe>s to exi/ z an ammoniacal comp\nd1 
= solutions ( pota% &  soda lib]ate     
ammonia1 bo? f ! root & ! extract4 ,9   
its  comp\nds ) ! alkalies glycyrrhiz9  
plays ! "p ( an acid1 z x  =ms true     
salts capable ( und]go+ decomposition ) 
mo/ ( !  metallic salts1 & also ) !     
salts ( ! organic alkaloids4 ,)  ammonia
 x =ms two comp\nds1 a basic salt1 :i*  
yields a deep yell[  solution1 & ano!r  
conta9+ less ammonia1 ! solution ( :i*  
has  an amb] col\r4 ,! =m] is produc$ by
 dissolv+ glycyrrhiz9 9  wat] ) an      
excess ( ammonia4 ,^u evaporat+ !       
result+ deep  yell[ solution to dryness 

x leaves a yell[i%1 scaly1 %9+1 brittle1
  non-hygroscopic residue1 :i*          
con/itutes ! second ammoniacal comp\nd4 
,?is is readily soluble 9 cold wat]1 to 
:i* x imp>ts a pale yell[  col\r & a v  
sweet ta/e4 ,! solution turns deep yell[
 on !  addition ( a few drops ( solution
 ( ammonia1 ow+ to ! =mation (  ! basic 
comp\nd4 ,! pale yell[ solution         
possesses1 9 a m>k$  degree1 ! ta/e (   
liquorice root1 :i*1 inde$1 owes its    
sweetness to  ?is glycyrrhizate (       
ammonia1 or ammoniacal glycyrrhiz91 z ! 
au?or  pref]s to call x4 ,"o gram ( ?is 
comp\nd imp>ts ! sweet ta/e (  ! root to
 two litres ( wat]4    ,! au?or gives ! 
foll[+ process = ! prep>ation ( !       
ammoniacal glycyrrhiz9 9 ! pure /ate3 ,!
 c>efully-select$ roots1  fre$ f all    
portions pres5t+ a d>k fracture1 are    
scrap$1 & !n  well p\nd$1 s z to r$uce  
!m to a k9d ( /r+y t[4 ,?is  sub/ance is
 mac]at$ 9 cold di/ill$ wat] = "s h\rs1 
press$1  & treat$ a second "t 9 ! same  
mann]4 ,! two liquors are mix$  & all[$ 

to /& = "s "t to deposit ! />*4 ,!      
sup]natant  liquor is !n boil$ & filt]$1
 to sep>ate ! coagulat$ album54  ,aft]  
cool+1 sulphuric acid dilut$ ) its      
weight ( wat] is add$  gradually1 )     
brisk /irr+1 until a precipitate is no  
long] =m$4  ,! precipitate1 at fir/     
gelat9\s & floccul5t1 aft] /&+ "s  "t1  
=ms a compact semi-solid mass at !      
bottom ( ! vessel4 ,!  sup]natant liquor
 is reject$1 & aft] r\ghly wa%+ !       
precipitate  sev]al times ) pure wat] x 
is f9ally knead$ repeat$ly 9  di/ill$   
wat] until all trace ( acidity has      
disappe>$4 ,! mass is  !n well dra9$ &  
agitat$ 9 a flask ) ?ree times its      
weight (  #ij alcohol until dissolv$1 :5
 a simil> quantity ( #if to #ih alcohol 
is add$ to ! syrupy liquid s produc$4 ,a
 little pectic acid is ?us  precipitat$1
 :i* is remov$ by filtration4 ,e!r is !n
 add$ to !  alcoholic liquor z long z a 
precipitate is =m$4 ,aft] /&+  tw5ty-f\r
 or ev5 =ty-eight h\rs a blacki% pit*y  
sub/ance is  deposit$1 :i* adh]es to !  

glass1 & all[s ( ! cle> liquor  be+     
decant$4 ,to ?is cle> liquor is add$1 9 
small quantities at a  "t1 alcohol ( #ij
 *>g$ ) gase\s ammonia1 :i* det]m9es !  
=mation ( a yell[1 r heavy1 floccul5t   
precipitate (  glycyrrhizate ( ammonia4 
,?is precipitate is wa%$ rapidly on a   
f9e  clo? ) a mixture ( equal p>ts (    
alcohol & e!r1 press$ &  dri$ 9 a curr5t
 ( w>m air1 or ov] sulphuric acid4    ,!
 au?or sugge/s ! addition ( ammoniacal  
glycyrrhiz9 to pill  masses1 p[d]s1 or  
mixtures1 & /ates t its p[] ( mask+ !   
ta/e ( nause\s m$ic9es is equal to #ajj 
times its weight ( sug>4  ,sulphate (   
qu99e1 sulphate ( magnesia1 iodide (    
potassium1 &  ipecacuanha1 lose mu* ( _!
 ta/e by su* an addition4    ,a dose (  
cod-liv] oil or syrup ( iodide ( iron is
 r5d]$ m  palatable by be+ prec$$ by a  
small dose ( ! solid ammoniacal         
glyc]94#ba ,its extract is ! common     
,,liquorice1 ,,spani% ,,liquorice1 or   
,,spani% ,,juice1 ( ! %ops4 ,see        
,,extract1 c4    ,footnote #ba3         

#8,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1'   
xii #f-aa4    ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,dr9k4   
#a4 7,foy47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum wood1      
rasp$1 #a oz42  s>sap>illa1 bruis$1 #c  
oz42 mez]eon1 slic$1 #a_/b oz42 crude   
antimony  79 a rag71 #b oz42 wat]1 #ab  
p9ts4 ,boil d[n to #h p9ts1 & add----r$ 
s&]s1 rasp$1 :ite s&al1 rasp$1 ( ea* #c 
oz42 rosewood1 rasp$  sassafras b>k1    
slic$1 ( ea* #a oz42 liquorice root1    
slic$1 #a_/b oz4  ,infuse = f\r h\rs1   
/ra91 & add syrup accord+ to            
ta/e4----,dose1  #a to #b p9ts a day4   
#b4 7,pe>son47 ,s>sap>illa1 bruis$1 #d  
oz42 dri$ walnut peel1 #d oz42          
guaiacum1 rasp$1 #a-a_/b oz42 crude     
antimony 79 a rag71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d 
p9ts4 ,boil d[n to #c p9ts4    ,,li/4 ,!
 bord] or selvage torn (f a piece (     
clo?4 ,x is us$ by !  ,fr5* poli%]s &   
law /ation]s to =m _! rubb]s1 & =       
num]\s o!r purposes4    ,,li?,,arge4    
,syn4 ,,semi-,,vitrifi$ ,,oxide ,,(     
,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum 7,ph4 ,l471   
,,plumbi ,,oxydum ,,semi-,,vitreum 7,ph4

 ,d471 ,,li?>gyrum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,!   
li?>ge  ( comm]ce is semi-vitrifi$      
protoxide ( lead1 obta9$ *iefly by      
scrap+ (f ! drops t =m on ! surface (   
melt$ lead expos$ to  a curr5t ( air    
7dross ( lead2 plumbum u/um71 & heat+ x 
to a full  r$1 to melt out any          
undecompos$ metal4 ,! fus$ oxide1 9     
cool+1  =ms a yell[ or r$di%            
semi-cry/all9e mass1 :i* readily        
sep>ates  into scales2 ^!1 :5 gr\nd1    
con/itute ! #8p[d]$ li?>ge' ( !  %ops4  
,li?>ge is also prep>$ by expos+ r$ lead
 to a heat  suffici5tly high to fuse x1 
& #8,engli% li?>ge' is obta9$ z a       
second>y product1 by liquefaction1 f    
arg5tif]\s lead ore1 :5 x  is (t5 call$ 
#8silv] /one4'    ,pur4 8,entirely1 or  
almo/ entirely1 soluble 9 dilute nitric 
acid4 ,?is  solution is black5$ by      
sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,potassa ?r[s d[n a
  :ite precipitate1 :i* is r$issolv$ by 
add+ ! same 9 excess4 ,if  sulphate (   
soda be add$ to #ajj gr4 ( ?is oxide    
dissolv$ 9 nitric  acid1 #ace gr4 (     

sulphate ( lead is precipitat$40 7,ph4  
,l47 8#ej gr4  dissolve entirely1 & )\t 
eff]vesc5ce1 9 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 (        
pyroligne\s acid1 & ! solution          
precipitat$ by #ec gr4 ( phosphate (    
soda rema9s precipitable by m ( ! te/40 
7,ph4 ,e47 ,! solution 9  bo? acetic &  
nitric acid %\ld be col\rless4 ,x is (  
great  importance to ! ph>maceuti/ to   
obta9 pure li?>ge1 z ! slighte/         
impurity w (t5 col\r & spoil 8 lead     
pla/] 7,,emp4 ,,plumbi71 &  solution (  
diacetate ( lead 7,,liq4 ,,plumbi       
,,diacetatis74    ,uses4 ,li?>ge is     
employ$ 9 ph>macy1 to make pla/]s &     
sev]al  o!r prep>ations ( lead2 by      
pa9t]s z a #8dri]' = oils2 & =  v>i\s   
o!r purposes 9 ! arts4    ,obs4 ,!      
li?>ge ( comm]ce is di/+ui%$ by its     
col\r z ,,li?>ge  ,,( ,,gold            
7,,li?>gyrum ,,auri1 ,l4 ,,aurium1 ,l4  
,,*rysitis71 :i* is d>k  col\r$ &       
impure1 & ,,li?>ge ,,( ,,silv] 7,,silv] 
,,/one2 ,,li?>gyrum  ,,arg5ti1 ,l4      
,,arg5tum1 ,l4 ,,argyritis71 :i* is     

pur]1 & pal] col\r$4  ,! d>k col\r ( !  
=m] is g5]ally said to be ow+ to !      
pres5ce ( r$ lead4 ,=eign li?>ge g5]ally
 conta9s copp] &  iron2 &1 n            
infrequ5tly1 a little silv] & silica4   
,^! are readily  detect$ by ! usual     
te/s4 ,9 gr9d+ li?>ge1 ab\t #a lb4 (    
olive  oil is usually add$ to ea* #a    
cwt4 to prev5t du/4 ,! be/ solv5ts (    
li?>ge are nitric acid & acetic acid4 ,z
 x sl[ly absorbs !  c>bonic acid ( !    
air1 x g5]ally eff]vesces slightly :5   
treat$  ) acids1 & ?is eff]vesc5ce is   
/rong] 9 proportion to its age4  ,see   
,,lead4    ,,li?,,ium4 ,li4 ,! metallic 
base ( ,,li?ia1 fir/ obta9$ by ,sir ,h4 
,davy  by expos+ hydrate ( li?ium 9     
contact ) m]cury to galvanic action1  & 
decompos+ ! result+ amalgam by          
di/illation4 ,x is n[ obta9$  by fus+   
pure *loride ( li?ium 9 a small1 ?ick1  
porcela9 crucible1  & decompos+ x :ile 9
 a fus$ /ate by a curr5t ( electricity4 
,x  is a :ite metal1 l sodium1 v        
oxidisable1 fus+ at #cef1 & hav+  a sp4 

gr4 ( #ei4 ,x is ! lighte/ metal kn[n4  
,x belongs to !  #8alkal9e gr\p1' ( :i* 
potassium1 sodium1 csium1 & rubidium1   
are  ! o!r memb]s4    ,li?ium =ms salts 
analog\s to ^? ( sodium1 b usually      
some:at  less soluble4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$
 f ^? ( potassium & sodium  by !        
phosphate & c>bonate1 be+ only sp>+ly   
soluble 9  wat]1----f ^? ( b>ium1       
/rontium1 & calcium1 by =m+             
cry/allisable & soluble salts )         
sulphuric acid & oxalic acid1----&  f ^?
 ( magnesium1 by ! solution ( its       
c>bonate exhibit+ an  alkal9e reaction4 
,heat$ on plat9um1 !y t+e ! flame ( !   
bl[pipe c>m9e r$4 ,! salts ( li?ium may 
g5]ally be =m$ by  dissolv+ ! hydrate or
 c>bonate 9 dilute acids4    ,li?ium1   
,b5zoate4 ,li,c#g;,h#e,o#b1;,h#b,o4     
7,p>is ,ph>m4 ,society47  ,b5zoic acid1 
#abb grams2 li?ium c>bonate1 #cg grams4 
,susp5d ! b5zoic  acid 9 #aj p>ts (     
wat]1 add ! li?ium c>bonate1 & heat4    
,solution  takes place ) eff]vesc5ce1 & 
^u evaporation1 h&some1 mu*  flatt5$1 m 

or less elongat$ prismatic cry/als are  
obta9$4    ,li?ium b5zoate is v soluble 
9 wat]4 ,"o gra9 ( ! salt calc9$1  & !n 
treat$ ) slight excess ( sulphuric acid1
 & heat$ to  r$ness %\ld give #jcgf gram
 ( li?ium sulphate4    ,li?ium1 ,bromide
 (4 ,li,br4 ,to #cg grams ( c>bonate (  
li?ium susp5d$  9 #bjj grams ( di/ill$  
wat]1 #hj grams ( brom9e are add$4 ,a   
curr5t  ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is !n     
pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture until !  :ole ( ! 
bromide has disappe>$4 ,hydro-bromic    
acid is ?us =m$1  :i* decomposes !      
c>bonate ( li?ium1 bromide ( li?ium be+ 
produc$ & sulphur set free4 ,! mixture  
is !n g5tly heat$ to drive  (f ! excess 
( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & to agglut9ate ! 
sulphur4  ,aft] filtration ! liquor is  
conc5trat$1 & if x be desir$ to  obta9 !
 bromide 9 cry/als1 ! desiccation is    
f9i%$ "u a bell  j> by means ( sulphuric
 acid4    ,li?ium1 ,c>bonate (4         
,li#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonate ,,(      
,,li?ia2 ,,li?i  ,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p474   
,prep4 ,to an aque\s solution ( sulphate

 ( li?ium  add a /rong solution (       
c>bonate ( ammonium1 collect !          
precipitate1  dra91 & press1 wa% ) a    
little rectifi$ _s1 & dry4 ,by  dissolv+
 x 9 boil+ wat]1 & sl[ly evaporat+ !    
solution1  cry/als may be obta9$4       
,prop41 c4 ,x resembles c>bonate (      
magnesium 9 appe>ance2 is soluble  9    
ab\t #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9         
consid]ably less ( boil+  wat]1 & is    
insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! te/s = its      
purity giv5 9 !  ,b4 ,p4 are----9 giv+  
no precipitate ) oxalate ( calcium or   
lime wat]1  & leav+1 :5 #aj gra9s are   
neutralis$ ) sulphuric acid &  ignit$1  
#adhf gra9s ( dry sulphate4 ,x has be5  
propos$ by ,m4  ,lip[itz1 ,dr ,g>rod1 & 
o!rs1 z a solv5t = uric acid calculi4   
,accord+ to ,biswang]1 #a "p ( c>bonate 
( li?ia 9 #abj p>ts (  wat] takes up1 at
 blood-heat1 ne>ly #d p>ts ( uric acid4 
,mr ,alex&]  ,ure recomm5ds a dilute    
solution ( ?is sub/ance z an injection 9
  li?ic calculus1 z x is a bett] solv5t 
( uric acid ?an ei!r borax  or ! alkal9e

 c>bonates4 8,( all ! v>i\s m5/rua      
hi!rto  recomm5d$1 none appe> to promise
 m favorably ?an ! c>bonate (  li?ia40  
8,if by means ( injections0 7( ?is      
solution7 8we c r$uce a  /one at ! rate 
( a gra9 or m an h\r1 we %all n m]ely   
dim9i%  ! bulk ( ! calculus1 b fur!r    
loos5 its cohesion1 dis9tegrate  x1 s to
 speak1 caus+ x to crumble d[n1 & be    
wa%$ away 9 !  /ream ( ur9e40 7,mr ,a4  
,ure47----,dose1 #b to #e gr41 twice or 
?rice a day2  z an injection1 #a gr4 to 
wat]1 #a fl4 oz4    ,li?ium1 ,citrate (4
 ,li#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,li?i      
,,citras 7,b4  ,p474 ,a :ite deliquesc5t
 amorph\s p[d]1 made by act+ on #ej     
gra9s (  li?ium c>bonate ) #ajj ( citric
 acid1 & is readily soluble 9 #b-a_/b   
p>ts ( wat]4    ,te/s1 c4 #bj gra9s     
burnt at a l[ r$ heat until :ite leave  
#ajf  gra9s ( c>bonate ( li?ium4 ,its   
m$ical prop]ties are simil> to  ^? ( !  
c>bonate4----,dose1 #e to #af gra9s1    
l>gely dilut$4    ,li?ium1 ,citrate (1  
,eff]vesc+4 7,p>is ,ph>m4 ,society47    

,citric acid1  #dj grams2 sodium        
bic>bonate1 #ej grams2 li?ium           
bic>bonate1 #aj grams4 ,mix  ! p[d]s &  
place !m 9 a flat-bottom$ vessel hav+ a 
l>ge  surface2 heat to ab\t #ajj ,c41   
/irr+ ! p[d] cont9ually until x  takes !
 granul> =m1 !n by means ( appropriate  
sieves obta9  granules ( suitable &     
uni=m size1 & pres]ve ! prep>ation 9    
well-clos$ bottles4    ,li?ium1 ,oxide  
(4 ,li#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,li?ia4 ,an alkal9e  
e>? f\nd 9  petalite1 c41 & 9 small     
quantities 9 mo/ m9]al wat]s4    ,prep4 
,petalite 7a silicate ( alum9um &       
li?ium7 9 p[d] mix$  ) twice its weight 
( fluor sp> is heat$ ) /rong sulphuric  
acid  z long z acid vap\rs are giv5 (f4 
,! residue is treat$ )  ammonia1 boil$1 
& filt]$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & heat$ 
to  r$ness4 ,! residue consi/s (        
sulphate ( li?ium1 f :i* ! oxide  is    
obta9$ by decompos+ x ) acetate ( b>ium1
 filt]+ &  heat+ aft] hav+ evaporat$ !  
solution to dryness4    ,?is yields !   
s-call$ oxide1 :i* is 9 reality !       

hydrate1 ,li,h,o1  & is a :ite1         
non-volatile1 soluble1 cau/ic solid4 ,! 
true oxide is a  :ite p[d] decompos$ by 
wat] =m+ ! hydrate1 & obta9able by      
ignit+ ! metal 9 oxyg54    ,li?ia1      
,eff]vesc+ ,solution (4 ,syn4 ,,liquor  
,,li?i ,,eff]vesc5s4  ,comp4 ,wat] *>g$ 
) c>bonic acid & hold+ 9 solution       
c>bonate  ( li?ium4 #aj fl4 oz4 conta9  
#e gra9s ( ! c>bonate4----,props4       
,col\rless liquid1 possess+ p[]ful      
diuretic prop]ties4----,use4            
,antili?ic1 = dissolv+ calculi ( uric   
acid4----,dose1 #e to #aj fl4 oz4       
,,li?(racteur4 ,see ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]s4    
,,li?og,,raphy4 ,! art ( trac+ lett]s1  
figures1 & o!r designs1 on  /one1 &     
transf]r+ !m to pap] by impression4 ,our
 notice ( ?is  beautiful & useful art   
mu/ necess>ily be brief4    ,!re are two
 me?ods ( li?ography 9 g5]al use4 ,9 !  
"o1 a draw+  is made on ! /one ) a      
li?ographic crayon1 or ) li?ographic    
ink2  9 ! o!r me?od ! design is made on 
li?ographic pap]1 :i*1 on  be+ moi/5$ & 

pass$ ?r\gh ! press1 leaves its design  
on !  surface ( ! /one1 rev]s$4 ,9 ei!r 
me?od1 wat] acidulat$ )  nitr\s acid1   
oil ( vitriol1 or hydro*loric acid1 is  
p\r$ ov] !  /one1 & ?is1 by remov+ !    
alkali f ! *alk or ink1 leaves !  design
 on x 9 a p]man5t =m1 at ! same "t t x  
#8et*es' away a  portion ( ! lights1 &  
r5d]s ! surface m absorb5t ( wat]4    ,!
 process ( li?ographic pr9t+ is z       
foll[s3----,wat] is ?r[n ov]  ! /one1 ! 
roll] *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink is pass$ ov] !   
surface1 ! pap] is appli$1 & a copy is  
obta9$ by ! action ( !  li?ographic     
press4 ,! same process mu/ be _h rec\rse
 to = ea*  copy4 ,! nature ( ! /one is  
su* t x reta9s ) great t5acity  ! res9\s
 & oily sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! ink or    
crayon employ$  to =m ! design & also   
absorbs wat] freely2 ?is1 comb9$ ) !    
peculi> aff9ity betwe5 res9\s & oily    
sub/ances1 & _! mutual  p[] ( repell+   
wat]1 occasions ! ink on ! pr9t+ roll]  
to  adh]e to ! design1 & to leave unt\*$
 ! lights4    ,! /ones are prep>$ =     

li?ography by poli%+ 9 ! ord9>y way2  ! 
/yle ( "w = :i* !y are int5d$ det]m9+ ! 
degree (  lab\r be/[$ ^u !m4 ,= crayon  
draw+s ! surface %\ld h a  f9e gra91 b !
 f9i% ( ! /one mu/ dep5d ^u ! desir$    
s(tness ( ! int5d$ draw+2 = writ+ or    
draw+ on 9 ink !  surface mu/ receive a 
high] poli%1 & mu/ be f9i%$ (f )        
pumice-/one & wat]4    ,! be/           
li?ographic /ones are obta9$ f ,sol5h(51
 ne> ,muni*1  & f ,papp5heim1 on ! banks
 ( ! ,danube4 ,! :ite lias :i* lies     
imm$iately "u ! blue1 ne> ,ba?1 also    
yields good li?ographic  /ones1 &       
furni%es ! pr9cipal portion ( ^? employ$
 9 ?is  c\ntry4 ,see ,,crayons1 ,,ink & 
,,pap]4    ,,li?ontryp,,tics4 ,syn4     
,,li?otryptics1 ,,li?ontryptica1 ,l4 ,"u
 ?is  head are int5d$ num]\s sub/ances  
7,,li?ics2 ,,li?ica1 ,l47 us$ to  prev5t
 ! =mation ( ur9>y calculi1 or to       
dissolve !m :5 already  =m$4 ,^? employ$
 ) ! =m] int5tion are m correctly t]m$  
,,antili?ics 7,,antili?ica1 ,l471 & ^? )
 ! latt]1 ,,li?ontryptics1  or          

,,ly?onlytics 7,,li?ontryptica1         
,,li?onlytica1 ,l474    ,! foll[+ are ! 
pr9cipal sub/ances includ$ "u ?is head  
by  ph>macological writ]s3----,alkalies 
& _! c>bonates1 b5zoic acid1  borax1    
c>bonate ( li?ia1 eff]vesc+ solution (  
li?ia1 c>bonic  acid1 c9namic acid1     
dilu5ts 7g5]ally71 diuretics 7g5]ally71 
junip]1  malic acid1 ,malv]n wat]s1     
m9]al acids1 nitrosac*>ate ( lead1      
opium1  phosphate ( soda1 phosphoric    
acid1 poppies1 turp5t9es1 uva ursi1     
vegetable acids1 vegetable a/r+5ts1     
vegetable bitt]s1 ,vi*y wat]s1  wall    
pellitory1 wat] 7pure74    ,,lit,,mus4  
,syn4 ,,turnsole2 ,,lacmus1 ,,lacca     
,c,,rulea1 ,l4 ,,musiva1 ,l4 ,,musci1   
,l4  ,a blue sub/ance prep>$ by ! unit$ 
influ5ce ( wat]1 air1 ammonia1  & ei!r  
potassa or soda1 f ,rocella t9ctoria1   
,lecanora t>t>ea1  or any ( ! o!r       
t9ctorial li*5s capable ( yield+ ar*il1 
by a  process ess5tially simil> to t    
adopt$ = ! latt] sub/ance1  except t    
*alk is g5]ally us$ to =m ! pa/e1 :i* is

 m\ld$  into cakes & dri$4    ,pur41 c4 
8,soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol4 ,its    
blue col\r is  r$d5$ by acids1 & is     
re/or$ by ! addition ( alkalies40 7,ph4 
,l4  #ahcf47 ,x is ext5sively us$ by !  
dy] z a r$ & crimson col\r+  matt]1 & by
 ! *emi/ z a te/ = acids4    ,! col\r+  
matt] ( litmus1 :5 purifi$ z mu* z      
possible1 may be  kept = an indef9ite   
p]iod unalt]$ 9 glyc]94 ,litmus is      
treat$  ) hot wat]1 & ! solution1 aft]  
conc5tration1 is mix$ ) a  suffici5t    
quantity ( alcohol 7( #hj p] c5t47 to   
precipitate !  col\r+ matt]4 ,aft] /&+ =
 tw5ty h\rs ! alcohol is p\r$  (f1 &    
c>ries ) x a dirty blue =eign sub/ance1 
:i* frequ5tly  occurs 9 litmus1 & is n  
alt]$ by acids4 ,! s$im5t is treat$  )  
hot wat]1 :i* dissolves x on acc\nt ( ! 
potassium c>bonate  :i* is pres5t4      
,to remove ?is c>bonate1 sulphuric acid 
is add$ till ! liquid assumes  a fa9t   
w9e t9t2 x is !n heat$ to boil+ = a few 
m9utes1 &  aga9 r5d]$ blue by ! addition
 ( a few drops ( lime wat]4 ,aft]  !    

lapse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! liquid is      
filt]$1 & evaporat$ to a  syrup1 & left 
all night 9 a cool place1 :5 ! potassium
 sulphate  cry/allises out 9 ! =m ( a   
cru/4 ,x is !n filt]$ ?r\gh a  moi/     
cotton mix$ ) glyc]91 & c>efully pres]v$
 f damp4#bb  ,see ,,ar*il1 ,,cudbe>1 c4 
,footnote #bb3 ,j4 ,c4 ,m>t5son1 f      
#8,*em4 ,c5tr41' translat$ into !       
#8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society4'       
,,live-,,long4 ,dige/ive c&y4 ,see      
,,c&y+4    ,,liv,,er4 ,syn4 ,,hep>1 ,l4 
,a l>ge abdom9al viscus1 ! exclusive    
duty (  :i*1 until rec5tly1 0 /at$ by   
physiologi/s to be to secrete bile2  b !
 secretion ( sug> = combu/ion 9 ! lungs 
or capill>ies is  n[ said to be "o ( its
 *ief duties4 ,! liv] is subject to     
sev]al  diseases1 bo? functional &      
organic1 among :i* inflammation         
7hepatitis7 holds ! mo/ prom95t place4  
,! acute =m ( ?is disease  is u%]$ 9 )  
pa9 9 ! region ( ! liv]1 ) sickness1    
co/iv5ess1 & a /rong1 h>d1 & frequ5t    
pulse1 ) great pa9 ab\t  ! clavicle &   

%\ld]s4 ,!re is c\gh1 oppress$ brea?+1 &
 (t5  vomit+ ( bili\s matt]4 ,! ur9e is 
scanty1 & ( a saffron-yell[  col\r1 & ! 
sk9 & eyes are also t+$ yell[4 ,!       
treatm5t  consi/s *iefly 9 purg+ )      
sal9es accompani$ ) m]curials1 !  use ( 
antimonials1 & a bli/] appli$ ov] !     
region ( ! liv]4  ,bitt] tonics1 z      
calumba1 casc>illa1 & g5tian may        
aft]w>ds be _h  rec\rse to2 & if !      
pati5t resides 9 a hot climate a *ange  
to a  temp]ate "o %\ld be made1 if      
possible4 ,*ronic hepatitis requires    
simil> treatm5t1 b ( a less active "*4  
,! m usual causes  ( diseases ( ! liv]1 
besides ^? common to ! o!r visc]a1 are  
resid5ce 9 a hot climate1 & ! excessive 
use ( highly season$ food  & alcoholic  
liquors4    ,liver4 ,syn4 ,,hep>1 ,l4 ,9
 *emi/ry & ph>macy1 a t]m =m]ly  appli$ 
to num]\s sub/ances1 on acc\nt ( _!     
col\r2 z liv] (  antimony 7,,hep>       
,,antimonii71 liv] ( sulphur 7,,hep>    
,,sulphuris71 c4    ,liv]1 ,edible4 ,!  
liv]s ( animals1 su* z ! bullock1 !     

calf1 &  ! %eep1 conta9 a l>ge am\nt (  
nitrog5\s matt]1#bc z may be  se5 f !   
foll[+ analysis by ,pay53    ,footnote  
#bc3 ,h5ce ! in/9ct t leads man to cook 
x ) a food  ri* 9 c>bon----su* z fat    
bacon4              ,composition (      
,calf's ,liv]4      ,nitrog5\s matt]    
#bjaj    ,fat                           
#ceh    ,c>bo-hydrates 7amyloid matt]7  
#jde    ,sal9e matt]                    
#aed    ,wat]                           
#gbcc                                   
------------                            
#ihjc    ,!y are g5]ally reg>d$ z       
indige/ible articles ( diet1 & z su*    
%\ld be avoid$ by dyspeptics4    ,x is (
 great importance to h ! liv]s ( animals
 ?or\ghly cook$1  s z to ensure !       
de/ruction ( a dang]\s p>asite----!     
,di/oma  hepatica1 ! liv] fluke----t    
frequ5tly infe/s !m4    ,! foie gras1 ( 
:i* ! celebrat$ ,/rasb\rg pie is made1  
is !  abnormally enl>g$ or1 r1 diseas$  
liv] ( ! goose1 br\ght to  its enorm\s  
size & fatty condition by subject+ !    

bird to close  conf9em5t 9 a hot place &
 ov]fe$+ x4    ,,liv] ,,& ,,bacon4 ,!   
liv] mu/ be wa%$1 n soak$1 !n wip$ dry  
& cut into slices4 ,fl\r ea* slice4     
,remove ! r9d f ! bacon1 &  cut x into  
ra%]s4 ,let ! bacon be fri$ fir/1 !n /& 
x 9 a hot  di% be=e ! fire dur+ ! "t !  
liv] is be+ fri$ 9 !  melt$ fat f !     
bacon4 ,:5 ! liv] is cook$ place x on ! 
bacon4  ,next mix a dess]t-spoonful (   
fl\r into a smoo? pa/e ) a cupful (     
wat]1 /ir 9 x a p9* ( pepp] & salt1 &   
p\r x into !  fry+-pan2 let x j boil1   
/irr+ x mean:ile1 &1 la/ly1 /ra9  x ov] 
! liv] & bacon4    ,,lixivia,,tion4 ,!  
process ( dissolv+ out or extract+ !    
sal9e  matt] ( bodies1 m especially (   
a%es1 ! residua ( di/illations1  c41 by 
means ( ablution or dige/ion 9 wat]4 ,! 
solution s obta9$  is call$ a #8,,lye1' 
#8,,ley1' or #8,,lixivium1' & ! salts   
result+ f !  evaporation ( su* solutions
 #8,,lixivial ,,salts1'    ,,lla,,ma4   
,syn4 ,,guanaco2 ,,lama1 ,l4 ,a g5us (  
animals ( ! family  ,bovid & tribe      

,camel9a4 ,! llama is conf9$ to ,s\?    
,am]ica1 &  may be reg>d$ z !           
repres5tative ( ! camel 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,!
  mo/ important species are ,lama       
vicugna 7! ,,vicuna7 & ,l4 ,guanacus  7!
 ,,guanaco74 ,! wool ( llamas is wov5   
into /uffs = pon*os1 &  made into cords1
 sacks1 c4 ,see ,,alpaca4               
,,load,,/one4 ,syn4 ,,lode/one1         
,,magnesian ,,/one1 ,,magnetic          
,,iron/one4  ,native magnetic oxide (   
iron 7,fe#c,o#d74 ,x is (t5 f\nd        
massive1  frequ5tly cry/allis$1 &       
occasionally 9 b$s ( consid]able        
?ickness4 ,its col\r v>ies f r$di% black
 to deep grey4 ,native  magnets f       
,arabia1 ,*9a1 & ,b5gal are commonly ( a
 r$di% col\r1  & are p[]fully           
attractive4 ,^? f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,engl& 
h !  col\r ( unwr\ght iron2 ^? f        
,mac$onia are m black & dull4    ,,loam4
 ,a native mixture ( clay1 s&1 & oxide (
 iron1 ) m or  less *alk4 ,loamy soils  
are ( ?is description4 ,!y are call$    
heavy or  light1 accord+ to ! proportion

 ( clay2 & s&y1 calc>e\s1 or  gravelly1 
j z s&1 gravel1 or *alk1 =m a *>act]i/ic
 portion (  !m4    ,,lobel,,ia4 ,syn4   
,,indian ,,tobacco2 ,,lobelia 7,b4 ,p41 
,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4  8,! fl[]+ h]b (
 ,lobelia inflata0 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 
or  bladd]-podd$ lobelia4 ,! h]b has an 
unpleasant od\r1 & an acrid1  burn+1    
nause\s ta/e1 some:at resembl+ t (      
tobacco4 ,9 small  doses 7#a to #c gr47 
x is expectorant & diaphoretic2 9 l>g]  
doses 7#e  to #ae gr47 nauseant &       
emetic2 & 9 excessive doses1 poison\s4  
,accord+ to ,dr ,p]eira1 its pr9cipal   
value is t ( an anti-spasmodic4  ,x has 
be5 highly recomm5d$ by ,dr ,elliotson 9
 spasmodic a/hma4 ,he  comm5ces ) small 
doses1 & gradually increases !m unless  
heada*e  or nausea occurs4 ,o!rs give a 
full dose at or be=e ! comm5cem5t (  !  
fit4 ,x has be5 also tri$ 9 cr\p1       
hoop+-c\gh1 & o!r  diseases ( !         
respiratory organs1 ) v>iable effect4   
,lobelia is ! panacea ( ,dr ,c(f91 !    
au?or ( ! pret5d$ sy/em (  m$ic9e       

irrev]5tly call$ #8,c(f9ism4'           
,,lobel,,ic ,,acid4 ,! acid exi/+ 9     
decoction ( lobelia4 ,x closely         
resembles gallic acid4 ,x r$d5s litmus1 
& is precipitat$ by sev]al  metallic    
salts4    ,,lobel,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,lobel9a1
 ,l4 ,a light yell[i%-br[n oily         
sub/ance1  f\nd by ,calh\n1 (           
,philadelphia1 9 ,lobelia inflata4 ,x is
 volatile1  soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 &   
wat]2 & 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 oil (         
almonds1 & "s o!r fix$ oils2 ) ! acids x
 =ms cry/allisable  salts1 :i* are      
soluble4 ,x may be obta9$ f ! se$s by ! 
action  ( alcohol acidulat$ ) acetic    
acid1 evaporat+1 treat+ )  magnesia & !n
 ) e!r1 & aga9 evaporat+4 #a oz4 ( !    
se$s  furni%es #b gr4 ,:5 p]fectly pure1
 #a gr4 w kill a l>ge dog4              
,,lob,,/]s4 ,see ,,%ell ,,fi%4          
,,lock,,soy4 ,rice boil$ to a pa/e &    
drawn into ?reads4 ,us$ to ?ick5  s\ps4 
,x is import$ f ,*9a4                   
,,lodg+-,,h\ses4 ,! foll[+ sections ( ! 
,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge  embody !   

regulations 9 =ce ) reg>d to common     
lodg+-h\ses3    7,s4 #gf47 ,e local     
au?ority %all keep a regi/]1 9 :i* %all 
be  ent]$ ! names & resid5ces ( ! keep]s
 ( all common  lodg+-h\ses )9 ! di/rict 
( su* au?ority1 & ! situation (  e su*  
h\se1 & ! numb] ( lodg]s au?oris$       
accord+ to ?is  ,act to be receiv$ !re94
    ,a copy ( any entry 9 su* regi/]    
c]tifi$ by ! p]son hav+ *>ge  ( ! regi/]
 to be a true copy %all be receiv$ 9 all
 c\rts & on  all occasions z evid5ce1 & 
%all be suffici5t pro( ( ! matt]        
regi/]$ )\t production ( ! regi/]1 or ( 
any docum5t or ?+  on :i* ! entry is    
f\nd$2 & a c]tifi$ copy ( any su* entry 
%all be suppli$ gratis by ! p]son hav+  
*>ge ( ! regi/] to  any p]son apply+ at 
a reasonable "t = ! same4    7,s4 #gg47 
,a p]son %all n keep a common lodg+-h\se
 or receive a  lodg] !re9 until ! h\se  
has be5 regi/]$ 9 accordance ) !        
provisions ( ?is ,act1 nor until 8 "n z 
! keep] !re( has be5  ent]$ 9 ! regi/]  
kept "u ?is ,act2 provid$ t :5 ! p]son  

s regi/]$ dies 8 wid[ or any memb] ( 8  
family may keep !  h\se z a common      
lodg+-h\se = n m ?an f\r weeks aft] 8   
dea? )\t be+ regi/]$ z ! keep] !re(4    
7,s4 #gh47 ,a h\se %all n be regi/]$ z a
 common lodg+-h\se until  x has be5     
inspect$ & approv$ = ! purpose by "s    
(fic] ( !  local au?ority2 & ! local    
au?ority may refuse to regi/] z !  keep]
 ( a common lodg+-h\se a p]son :o does n
 produce to !  local au?ority a         
c]tificate ( "* 9 su* =m z ! local      
au?ority direct1 sign$ by ?ree          
inhabitant h\se-hold]s ( ! p>i%         
respectively rat$ to ! relief ( ! poor (
 ! p>i% )9 :i*  ! lodg+-h\se is situat$1
 = prop]ty ( ! ye>ly rateable value  (  
#f or upw>ds4    7,s4 #gi47 ,! keep] ( e
 common lodg+-h\se %all1 if requir$ 9   
writ+ by ! local au?ority s to d1 affix 
& keep undefac$ &  legible a notice ) ! 
words1 8,regi/]$ common lodg+-h\se10 9  
"s conspicu\s place on ! outside ( su*  
h\se4    ,! keep] ( any su* h\se :o1    
aft] requisition 9 writ+ f !  local     

au?ority1 refuses or neglects to affix  
or r5ew su* notice1 %all  be liable to a
 p5alty n exce$+ #e1 & to a fur!r p5alty
 ( #ajs4  = e day t su* refusal or      
neglect cont9ues aft] conviction4       
7,s4 #hj47 ,e local au?ority %all f "t  
to "t make bye-laws3        #a4 ,= fix+ 
f "t to "t1 v>y+ ! numb] ( lodg]s :o    
may be receiv$ into a common lodg+-h\se1
 & = !          sep>ation ( ! sexes     
!re92 &----        #b4 ,= promot+       
cleanl9ess & v5tilation 9 su* h\ses2    
&----        #c4 ,= ! giv+ ( notices &  
tak+ precautions 9 ! case ( any         
infecti\s disease2 &----        #d4     
,g5]ally = ! well-ord]+ ( su* h\ses4    
7,s4 #ha47 ,:]e x appe>s to any local   
au?ority t a common  lodg+-h\se is )\t a
 prop] supply ( wat] = ! use ( !        
lodg]s1 & t su* a supply c be furni%$   
!reto at a reasonable  rate1 ! local    
au?ority may by notice 9 writ+ require !
 own] or  keep] ( su* h\se1 )9 a "t     
specifi$ !re91 to obta9 su*  supply1 &  
to d all works necess>y = t purpose2 &  

if ! notice  be n compli$ ) accord+ly1 !
 local au?ority may remove su*  h\se f !
 regi/] until x is compli$ )4    7,s4   
#hb47 ,! keep] ( a common lodg+-h\se    
%all1 to ! satisfaction  ( ! local      
au?ority1 limewa% ! walls & ceil+s !re( 
9 !  fir/ week ( ea* ( ! mon?s ( ,april 
& ,octob] 9 e ye>4  ,p5alty = neglect1  
#b or less4    7,s4 #hc47 ,! keep] ( a  
common lodg+-h\se 9 :i* begg>s or       
vagrants  are receiv$ to lodge %all f "t
 to "t1 if requir$ 9 writ+ by  ! local  
au?ority s to d1 report to ! local      
au?ority or to su*  p]son z ! local     
au?ority direct1 e p]son :o resort$ to  
su*  h\se dur+ ! prec$+ day or night1 & 
= t purpose s*$ules  %all be furni%$ by 
! local au?ority to ! p]son s ord]$ to  
report1 :i* s*$ules he %all fill up ) ! 
in=mation requir$1  & transmit to !     
local au?ority4    7,s4 #hd47 ,! keep] (
 a common lodg+-h\se %all1 :5 a p]son 9 
su*  h\se is ill ( fev] or any infecti\s
 disease1 give imm$iate notice  !re( to 
! m$ical (fic] ( heal? ( ! local        

au?ority1 & also  to ! poor-law reliev+ 
(fic] ( ! union or p>i% 9 :i* !  common 
lodg+-h\se is situat$4    7,s4 #he47 ,! 
keep] ( a common lodg+-h\se1 & e o!r    
p]son  hav+ or act+ 9 ! c>e or managem5t
 !re(1 %all1 at all times  :5 requir$ by
 any (fic] ( ! local au?ority1 give him 
free access  to su* h\se or any "p !re(4
 ,p5alty = refus+ su* access1 #e or     
less4    7,s4 #hf47 ,any keep] ( a      
common lodg+-h\se1 or o!r p]son hav+ or 
act+ 9 ! c>e or managem5t !re(1 :o----  
#a4 ,receives any lodg] 9 su* h\se )\t !
 same be+          regi/]$ "u ?is ,act2 
or----        #b4 ,fails to make a      
report aft] he has be5 furni%$ by !     
local          au?ority ) s*$ules = !   
purpose1 9 pursuance ( ?is              
,act1 ( ! p]sons resort+ to su* h\se2   
or----        #c4 ,fails to give !      
notices requir$ by ?is ,act1 :]e any    
p]son          has be5 conf9$ to 8 b$ 9 
su* h\se by fev] or o!r                 
infecti\s disease1----    ,%all be      
liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #e1 & 9 !   

case ( a  cont9u+ (f5ce to a fur!r      
p5alty n exce$+ #b = e day  dur+ :i* !  
(f5ce cont9ues4    7,s4 #hg47 ,9 any    
proce$+s "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act     
relat+ to  common lodg+-h\ses1 if !     
inmates ( any h\se or "p ( a h\se       
allege t !y are memb]s ( ! same family1 
! burd5 ( prov+  su* allegation %all lie
 on ! p]sons mak+ x4    7,s4 #hh47 ,:]e 
! keep] ( a common lodg+-h\se is        
convict$ ( a  ?ird (f5ce aga9/ !        
provisions ( ?is ,act relat+ to common  
lodg+-h\ses1 ! ,c\rt be=e :om !         
conviction = su* ?ird  (f5ce takes place
 may1 if x ?9ks fit1 adjudge t he %all n
 at  any "t )9 five ye>s aft] !         
conviction1 or )9 su* %ort]  p]iod aft] 
! conviction z ! c\rt ?9ks fit1 keep1 or
 h1 or act  9 ! c>e or managem5t ( a    
common lodg+-h\se )\t ! previ\s  lic5ce 
9 writ+ ( ! local au?ority1 may )hold or
 grant on su*  t]ms or conditions z !y  
?9k fit4    7,s4 #hi47 ,= ! purposes (  
?is ,act ! expression #8common          
lodg+-h\se' includes1 9 any case 9 :i*  

only "p ( a h\se is us$  z a common     
lodg+-h\se1 ! "p s us$ ( su* h\se4      
,bye-laws z to ,h\ses let z ,lodg+s4    
7,s4 #ij47 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d    
may1 if !y ?9k fit1 by      notice      
publi%$ 9 ! #8,london ,gazette1' decl>e 
! foll[+      enactm5t to be 9 =ce )9 ! 
di/rict or any "p ( !      di/rict ( any
 local au?ority1 & f & aft] !           
publication ( su* notice su* au?ority   
%all be emp[]$ to      make bye-laws = !
 foll[+ matt] 7t is to say73        #a4 
,= fix+ ! numb]1 & f "t to "t v>y+ !    
numb]1          ( p]sons :o may occupy a
 h\se or "p ( a h\se :i* is let         
9 lodg+s1 or occupi$ by memb]s ( m ?an  
"o family1 &          = ! sep>ation ( ! 
sexes 9 a h\se s let or occupi$4        
#b4 ,= ! regi/ration ( h\ses s let or   
occupi$4        #c4 ,= ! inspection (   
su* h\ses4        #d4 ,= en=c+ dra9age &
 ! provision ( privy accommodation =    
su* h\ses1 & = promot+ cleanl9ess &     
v5tilation 9 su*          h\ses4        
#e4 ,= ! cleans+ & limewa%+ at /at$     

times ( ! premises1          & = ! pav+ 
( ! c\rts & c\rty>ds !re(4        #f4 ,=
 ! giv+ ( notices & tak+ ( precautions 9
 case ( any          infecti\s disease4 
,?is section %all n apply to common     
lodg+-h\ses )9 !  provisions ( ?is ,act1
 relat+ to su* h\ses4    ,,log,,wood4   
,syn4 ,,campea*y ,,wood2 ,h,,matoxylum  
7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471  ,h,,matoxyli      
,,lignum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,lignum            
,,campe*5se1 ,l4 ,,campe*ianum1 ,l4 ,!  
he>t-wood ( ,hmatoxylon ,campe*ianum1 a 
native ( ! coa/ (  ,campea*y1 b n[      
common 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,india4 ,x is 
a valuable  a/r+5t1 & its decoction1    
extract1 & infusion are useful rem$ies  
9 *ronic di>rha & dys5t]y1 & 9          
hmorrhages1 c4 ,! extract is  an        
effici5t sub/itute = cate*u & k9o4      
,logwood is ext5sively employ$ 9 dye+ & 
calico pr9t+1 = !  production ( r$s1    
violets1 purples1 blacks1 drabs1 c4 ,x  
readily yields  its col\r bo? to _s &   
boil+ wat]4 ,! col\r+ matt] requires  a 
l>ge quantity ( wat] to dissolve x1 b :5

 dissolv$ c be  conc5trat$ to any degree
 by boil+ d[n4 ,! infusion is ( a f9e   
r$1  turn+ on ! purple or violet2 acids 
turn x on ! yell[1 & alkalies  deep5 x4 
,to /uffs mordant$ ) alum x gives v>i\s 
%ades (  violet & purple1 accord+ to !  
proportions ( ! mat]ials4 ,by us+       
solution ( t9 z ! mordant1 v>i\s %ades (
 r$1 lilac1 & violet1  may be obta9$4 ,!
 addition ( a little ,brazil wood is    
commonly made to  bright5 ! r$4 ,) a    
mordant ( sulphate or acetate ( iron x  
dyes  black2 & ) ! addition ( a little  
sulphate ( copp] greys (  v>i\s %ades4  
,x is1 h[ev]1 *iefly employ$1 9         
conjunction )  gall-nuts1 = blacks1 to  
:i* x imp>ts a lu/re & velvety          
appe>ance4 ,silk is usually turn$ ?r\gh 
! cold decoction1 b =  wool ! decoction 
is us$ ei!r hot or boil+4 ,logwood is "o
 ( !  *eape/ & mo/ easily manag$ ( ! dye
 /uffs4 ,x is also us$ to  make ink4    
,see ,,hematoxyl91 ,,ink1 c4            
,,lo,,ho*4 ,see ,,l9ctus4    ,,lor,,ica4
 ,a species ( lute appli$ z a coat+ to  

*emical vessels  be=e expos+ !m to !    
fire4 ,its application is call$         
,,lorication4  ,see ,,lute4             
,,lo,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,lotio1 ,l4 ,an      
ext]nal application1 or wa%1 consi/+  ( 
wat] hold+ 9 solution m$ic9al sub/ances4
 ,lotions may be prep>$  ( any soluble  
m$icam5ts t are capable ( ex]t+ _!      
action by  contact ) ! sk94 ,writ]s on  
ph>macology h arrang$ !m 9  classes1 z  
s$ative1 anodyne1 /imulant1 c41 accord+ 
to _! effects4  ,s$ative & refrig]ant   
lotions are commonly employ$ to allay   
inflammation2----anodyne & n>cotic      
lotions1 to relieve pa92----/imulant    
lotions1 to induce ! maturation (       
tum\rs1 c42----det]g5t lotions1 to      
clean f\l ulc]s2----repell5t & resolv5t 
lotions1 to discuss tum\rs1  remove     
eruptions1 c42----c\nt]-irritant        
lotions1 to excite a second>y  morbid   
action1 ) ! int5tion ( reliev+ "o       
already exi/+4  ,lotions are usually    
appli$ by wett+ a piece ( l95 ) !m &    
keep+ x on ! "p affect$2 or1 9 slight   

cases1 by moi/5+ !  "p ) ! f+]s         
previ\sly dipp$ into !m4 ,lotions are m 
agreeable if made ) rose wat]1 b are n  
!reby r5d]$ m  efficaci\s4 ,9 all cases1
 di/ill$ wat]1 or filt]$ s(t wat]1 is   
alone admissible z ! solv5t4    ,z      
lotions are1 9 g5]al1 m]e extemporane\s 
or magi/ral prep>ations1  x w1 ( c\rse1 
be only necess>y "h to give ! =mul = a  
few  ( ^? :i* are ! mo/ useful or ! mo/ 
frequ5tly employ$4 ,^!  w s]ve z        
examples f :i* o!rs may be prep>$4 ,z a 
g5]al  rule1 ! m$ium dose ( any sub/ance
 dissolv$ 9 a fluid ounce (  di/ill$    
wat]1 =ms a lotion ( ! prop] /r5g?1 "u  
all ord9>y  circum/ances2 or1 :at is !  
same ?+1 ! m$ium dose 9 gra9s1  tak5 9  
scruples1 is suffici5t = a p9t ( su* a  
lotion4 ,?us1 !  dose ( sulphate ( z9c  
is #a to #c gr41 !re=e---- 7#a  #c7_/b  
#b gr41  :i* is ! proportion ( sulphate 
( z9c to be tak5 = #a fl4 oz4 (  wat]1  
or #dj gr4 = #a p9t4 ,aga91 ! dose (    
bi*loride ( m]cury is  #a_/h to #c_/d   
gr42 !re=e---- 7#a_/hc_/d7_/b  #g_/af   

gr42 or ne>ly #a_/b gr4 p]  fl4 oz41 &  
#h-a_/b gr4 p] p9t4 ,9 ?is me?od extreme
 or unusual doses1  z1 = in/ance1 ^? (  
sulphate ( z9c1 z an emetic1 9 poison+1 
c41 are n tak5 into ! calculation4 ,9   
all cases 9 :i* lotions are  int5d$ =   
extremely susceptible p>ts1 x is prop]  
to dilute !m )  an equal bulk ( wat]4   
,:5 int5d$ = eye-wat]s 7,,collyria71 !y 
%\ld be dilut$ ) at lea/ #c to #d times 
_! bulk ( wat]4 ,see  ,,embrocation1    
,,l9im5t1 c4    ,lotion ( ,acetate (    
,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ammoni        
,,acetatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,solution ( 
acetate ( ammonia1 #a "p2 wat]1 #b p>ts4
    #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,solution ( acetate
 ( ammonia1 rectifi$ _s1 & wat]1  equal 
p>ts4 ,discuti5t & refrig]ant4 ,9 ord9>y
 inflammations4    ,lotion ( ,acetate ( 
,lead4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,plumbi           
,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,colli]47  
,acetate ( lead1 #a dr42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#h fl4 oz4 ,sometimes a  little v9eg> is
 add$4 ,9 excoriations1 burns1 spra9s1  
contusions1 c4  ,see ,,solution ,,(     

,,diacetate ,,( ,,lead4    #b4 ,acetate 
( lead1 #b gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz4    
7,oph?almic ,hospital47    ,lotion (    
,acetate ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,lotio       
,,hydr>gyri ,,acetatis1 ,l4  ,prep4     
,acetate ( m]cury1 #a scruple2 di/ill$  
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,mix4    ,lotion (        
,acetate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,z9ci   
,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,bral47    
,acetate ( z9c1 #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a   
p9t4 ,a/r+5t2 simil> to  lotion (       
sulphate ( z9c4    #b4 ,acetate ( z9c1  
#a to #b gr42 wat]1 #a oz4 ,an a/r+5t   
collyrium 9  oph?almia1 & z injection 9 
gonorrha aft] ! acute /age has  pass$4  
,nei!r t9cture nor w9e ( opium gives a  
precipitate ) ?is  lotion4    ,lotion1  
,acetic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,aceti1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 ,v9eg>1 #a "p2  wat]1 #b or  
#c p>ts4 ,= bruises1 contusions1 c41 & z
 a g5]al  refrig]ant application to s\nd
 p>ts4    #b4 ,v9eg>1 #a fl4 oz42 cold  
wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 z a wa% 9 *ronic       
oph?almia1 c4    ,lotion1 ,acid4 ,see   
,,lotions ,,( ,,acetic1 ,nitric1 &      

,,phosphoric ,,acid1 c4    ,lotion (    
,aconit9e4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,aconit91 ,l4 
,prep4 7,turnbull47  ,aconit9e1 #h gr42 
rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 neuralgia2   
appli$ by  means ( a small piece (      
sponge m\nt$ at ! end ( a /ick4 ,x mu/  
nev] be employ$ :5 ! sk9 is brok5 or    
abrad$2 & x w\ld be  wise1 9 mo/ cases1 
to dilute x ) d\ble its volume ( pro(   
_s4    ,lotion1 ,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,lotio 
,,alkal9a1 ,l4 ,,potass ,,c>bonatis1 ,l4
  ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f salt ( t>t>1 #a 
oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,/imulant &  det]g5t4
 ,dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]1 x =ms  
an excell5t  cosmetic wa% to remove     
scurf f ! hair4 ,sometimes x is made )  
almond milk in/ead ( wat]4    ,lotion1  
,almond1 ,alkal9e4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4         
,?omson74 ,syn4 ,solution ( pota%1  #d  
fl4 oz42 emulsion ( bitt] almonds1      
#e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,to remove ! scurf  9   
porrigo furfurans1 appli$ twice a day   
dilut$ ) w>m wat]4    ,lotion ( ,alum4  
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  
alum1 #a-a_/b dr42  di/ill$ or rose     

wat]1 #a p9t4 ,a/r+5t4 ,= sore gums1    
nipples1  excoriations1 c4    ,lotion1  
,ammonio-,camphorat$4 ,syn4 ,,aqua      
,,s$ativa1 ,l4 ,,eau ,,s$ative ,,de     
,,raspail2 ,,eau1 ,,ou ,,lotion         
,,ammoniacale ,,camphr,e4 ,no4 #a4      
,liquor ammoni  7#ibc71 #f p>ts2        
camphorat$ _s1 #a "p2 salt1 #f p>ts2    
wat]1 #aj  p>ts4 ,no4 #b conta9s #h     
p>ts1 & ,no4 #c #aj p>ts ( ammonia4     
,lotion1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,lotio     
,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,,ammoniacalis1 ,l4 ,prep4
  #a4 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #c fl4 dr42    
cold wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,z a /imulant to  
indol5t ulc]s1 & 9 c]ta9 sk9 diseases4  
#b4 7,sw$iaur47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 _s ( 
?yme1 & _s ( camphor1  equal p>ts4 ,9   
heada*es2 appli$ to ! =ehead & temples1 
& 9  o!r cases1 z a c\nt]-irritant4 ,9  
mo/ cases x %\ld be us$  dilut$4    #c4 
7,opiat$----,dr ,kirkl&47 ,sal volatile1
 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( opium1      
#a_/b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4         
,anodyne1 /imulant1 & resolv5t4         
,lotion1 ,antiphlogistic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio 

,,antiphlogi/ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
7,copl&47 ,solution ( diacetate ( lead1 
#c fl4 dr42 solution ( acetate  (       
ammonia1 #b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a   
p9t4 ,refrig]ant1 s$ative1 &  repellant4
 ,us$ to allay inflammation1 c4    #b4  
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,opium1 #b dr41      
di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t4 ,anodyne &    
refrig]ant2 9 swell$ jo9ts1 c4          
,lotion ( ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,lotio        
,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture (      
arnica1 #a fl4 dr42 rose wat]1 #b-a_/b  
fl4 oz4 ,9 contusions1 bruises1         
extravasations1 c4    #b4 7,niemann47   
,arnica fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42 hot v9eg>1 #c 
fl4 oz42 boil+  wat]1 #e fl4 oz41 infuse
 until cold1 & /ra94 ,9 acute           
hydrocephalus2  or ) wat]1 q4 s4 to     
measure a p9t1 z a common lotion4       
,lotion1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,lotio       
,,ars5icalis1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,ars5iosi1   
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,ars5i\s acid1 #e gr42  
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 psoriasis1 c4    #b4   
7,comp\nd----,m4 le ,febre47 ,ars5i\s   
acid1 #h gr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4  oz42 

dissolve1 & add ( extract ( hemlock1 #a 
oz42 solution ( diacetate  ( lead1 #c   
fl4 oz42 t9cture ( opium1 #a fl4 dr4 ,e 
morn+1 9 canc]4    ,lotion1 ,a/r9g5t4   
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,see        
,,lotions ,,( ,,alum1  ,,sulphate ,,(   
,,z9c1 c4    ,lotion1 ,b>l['s4 ,prep4 ,f
 sulphuret ( potassium 79 p[d]71 #c     
dr42 soap 7slic$71 #a-a_/b dr42 lime    
wat]1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 pro( _s1 #b  fl4 
oz4 ,9 it*1 r+worm1 c4    ,lotion1      
,bateman's4 ,prep4 ,f bi*loride (       
m]cury1 #b gr42 comp\nd  _s ( lav5d]1 #a
 fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & add ( di/ill$     
wat]1 #d fl4  oz4 ,9 ob/9ate cutane\s   
eruptions1 m especially ^? ( a papul>   
"*4    ,lotion ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4     
,,lotio ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4         
7,graefe47  ,extract ( belladonna1 #a_/b
 dr42 dilute solution ( diacetate (     
lead1 #a_/b  p9t4 ,appli$ to tum\rs &   
gl&ul> enl>gem5ts4    ,lotion ( ,b5zo94 
,,lotio ,,b5zo9i4 ,t9cture ( b5zo91 #a2 
rose wat]1  #dj4 ,a nice lotion to      
protect ! face f ! heat ( ! sun4        

,lotion ( ,bi*loride ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4   
,,lotio ,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridi1  ,l4   
,h4 ,,*loridi ,,corrosivi1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #e to #aj gr42
  di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,! addition ( #e
 or #f gr4 ( hydro*lorate (  ammonia1 or
 z _m drops ( hydro*loric acid1         
increases ! solv5t  action ( ! wat]1 &  
r5d]s ! prep>ation less liable to *ange4
  ,"s p]sons dissolve ! sublimate 9 #a  
or #b fl4 dr4 ( rectifi$ _s  be=e add+ x
 to ! wat]2 b ?is is unnecess>y4 ,9     
ob/9ate  eruptions1 gl&ul> swell+1      
ob/9ate sores1 c42 also z an injection4 
#b4 7,good47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a   
dr42 sal ammoniac1 #b dr42 nitre1 #d    
dr42  wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,9    
it*1 c4 ,= use1 x %\ld be dilut$  ) ab\t
 #c times its bulk ( wat]4    #c4       
7,,lotio ,,hydr>gyri ,,amygdal9a----,/  
,b4 ,hosp47 ,blan*$ bitt] almonds1 #a   
oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 make an emulsion1 &  
add ( bi*loride ( m]cury  7dissolv$ 9 a 
little rectifi$ _s71 #aj gr4 ,?is       
resembles ,,g[l&',s  ,,lotion1 & may be 

us$ = x4    ,lotion ( ,bismu?4 ,,lotio  
,,bismu?i4 ,nitrate ( bismu?1 #f gr42   
corrosive  sublimate1 #a_/b gr42 spirits
 ( camphor1 #a-a_/b m9im2 wat]1 #a oz4  
,a  soo?+ lotion 9 *ronic sk9           
affections4    ,lotion1 ,black4 ,see    
,,lotion1 ,,m]curial4    ,lotion (      
,borax4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,boracis1 ,l4    
,,boracica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr         
,ab]crombie47 ,borax1 #b-a_/b dr42      
di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t4 ,9 r+worm4    
#b4 7,copl&47 ,borax 79 p[d]71 #a dr42  
rose wat] & orange-fl[]  wat]1 ( ea* #c 
fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,a fragrant &        
effective application  to sore gums1    
sore nipples1 excoriations1 c4    #c4   
7,dr ,johnson47 ,borax1 #b dr42         
precipitat$ *alk1 #a oz42 rose wat] &   
rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #c oz4 ,= sore       
nipples4    #d4 7,dr ,meigs47 ,borax1   
#a_/b oz42 sulphate ( morphia1 #f gr42  
rose wat]1 #h  fl4 oz4 ,to allay it*+ & 
irritation1 especially pruritus vulv4   
#e4 ,borax1 #a2 rose wat]1 #bd4         
,cosmetic4    ,lotion1 ,brom9e4 ,syn4   

,,lotio ,,brom9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr      
,glov]47  ,brom9e1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4
 ,z an application to scr(ul\s ulc]s4   
,lotion = ,burns4 ,see ,,l9im5t4        
,lotion1 ,camphorat$4 ,see ,,lotion1    
,,evaporat+4    ,lotion ( ,capsicum4    
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4     
7,griffi?47  ,t9ctures ( capsicum &     
camphor1 ( ea* #d fl4 oz42 liquor (     
ammonia1 #b  fl4 oz4 ,a p[]ful          
rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant4    ,lotion 
( ,c>bolic ,acid4 7,mr ,li/]47 ,syn4    
,,lotio ,,acidi ,,c>bolici4  ,prep4 #a  
"p ( acid 9 #bj ( wat] is us$ to promote
 ! heal+ (  w\nds1 abscesses1 ulc]s &   
burns4 ,a weak] solution ( #a 9 #dj is 9
  common use 9 ! ,london hospitals4 #e  
drops to #a fl4 oz4 ( glyc]9 =ms  a good
 application to eruptions ( ! sk94      
,lotion ( ,c>bonate ( ,sda4 ,syn4       
,,lotio ,,sod ,,c>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4   
,f c>bonate ( soda1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a 
p9t4 ,to allay it*+ &  irritation4 ,see 
,,lotion1 ,,alkal9e4    ,lotion ( ,*]ry 
,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,lauro-,,c]asi1 

,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,*]ry-laurel wat]       
7di/ill$71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 di/ill$     
wat]1 #a_/b p9t4  ,anodyne2 useful to   
allay irritation1 c4 ,"s p]sons )       
delicate sk9  employ x z a wa% aft]     
%av+4    #b4 ,*]ry-laurel wat]          
7di/ill$71 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s & e!r1 ( 
ea* #a fl4 oz42 extract ( belladonna1 #b
 dr42 agitate well toge!r 9 !  cold4 ,an
 excell5t application 9 neuralgia1      
pa9ful tum\rs1 c4    ,lotion =          
,*ilbla9s4 ,see ,,*ilbla91 ,,l9im5t1 c4 
,lotion ( ,*lorate ( ,soda4 ,syn4       
,,lotio ,,sod ,,*loratis1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,d>l+47 ,*lorate ( soda1 #e dr42 wat]1 
#a_/b p9t4 ,9 pruritus1 c4    ,lotion ( 
,*loride ( ,ammonium4 ,,lotio ,,ammonii 
,,*loridi4 ,*loride (  ammonium1 #a oz42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz42 wat]1 #aj oz4 ,to 
?is v9eg> is  sometimes add$4 ,us$ z a  
dress+ = bruises4 ,see also ,,lotion ,,(
  ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,ammonia4         
,lotion ( ,*loride ( ,lead4 ,syn4       
,,lotio ,,plumbi ,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,tuson47 ,*loride ( lead1 #a dr42 hot  

di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4  ,9     
canc]\s ulc]ations1 pa9ful neuralgic    
tum\rs1 c4    ,lotion ( ,*loride ( ,t94 
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,/anni ,,*loridi1 ,l4    
,prep4  7,nau*e47 ,*loride ( t91 #a gr42
 di/ill$ wat]1 #b to #c fl4 oz4 ,9      
canc]\s ulc]ations4    ,lotion (        
,*loride ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,z9ci   
,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,*loride (   
z9c1 #aj gr4 7or solution1 #a_/b fl4    
dr472 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a  dis9fectant & 
prev5tive lotion4    #b4 7,voght47      
,*loride ( z9c1 #h gr42 extract ( aloes1
 #dj gr42 di/ill$  wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9  
atonic & f\l ulc]s4    ,lotion1         
,*lor9at$4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,*lor9ata1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,,lotio  ,,calcis          
,,*lor9at47----a4 ,f *loride ( lime1 #c 
dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2  agitate toge!r = "s 
"t1 & /ra9 ?r\gh musl94    b4           
7,d]heims47 ,*loride ( lime1 #a oz42    
wat]1 #a qu>t2 triturate &  filt]4      
#b4 7,,lotio ,,sod ,,*lor9at47 ,f       
*loride ( soda1 z ! la/4 ,!y are  bo?   
excell5t wa%es = f\l ulc]s1 ! it*1 c42  

&1 :5 dilut$  = ! tee?1 to sweet5 !     
brea?1 remove ! smell ( tobacco smoke1  
to prev5t infection1 & = v>i\s purposes4
 ,:5 int5d$ =  application to v t5d] or 
abrad$ surfaces1 !y mu/ be l>gely       
dilut$ ) wat]4    ,lotion ( ,*lor(orm4  
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,*lor(ormi1 ,l4 ,prep4   
,*lor(orm  7pure71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42     
rectifi$ _s & cold di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea*  
#a_/b p9t4 ,anodyne4 ,a piece ( oil$    
silk %\ld be laid ov] ! rag to  prev5t  
evaporation4 ,! lotion made ) wat]1 z   
commonly prescrib$1  is in]t4    ,lotion
 = ,corns4 ,see ,,corn4    ,lotion (    
,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,creasoti1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,creasote1 #b  fl4 dr42     
liquor ( potassa1 #c fl4 dr42 wat]1     
#a_/b p9t4    #b4 ,creasote1 #c fl4 dr42
 v9eg> & wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t4 ,9      
burns1  it*1 phag$5ic ulc]ations1       
r+worm1 *ancre1 c4    ,lotion ( ,cyanide
 ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,potassi  
,,cyanidi1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,caz5ave47  
,cyanide ( potassium1 #aj gr42 emulsion 
( bitt]  almonds1 #f fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic  

eruptions & o!r cases att5d$ ) mu*  it*+
 or irritation4    #b4 7,foy47 ,cyanide 
( potassium1 #h gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a   
fl4 oz4 ,9  neuralgia1 acute rheumatism1
 c42 appli$ by means ( compresses ( l954
  ,bo? ! above are poison\s if swall[$4 
,lotion ( ,delph9ine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio     
,,delph9i1 ,,embrocatio ,d41 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,dr ,turnbull47 ,delph99e1 #bj to #fj  
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz4 ,us$  z    
,,lotion ,,( ,,v]atria4    ,lotion (    
,diacetate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,g\l>d',s    
,,lotion2 ,,lotio ,,plumbi              
,,diacetatis1 ,l4 ,! dilute liquor (    
diacetate ( lead 7,,liq4 ,,plumbi       
,,diacetatis ,,dilutus----,ph4 ,l474    
,see ,,solution4 ,also ,solution (      
subacetate (  lead 7,b4 ,p471 #c m9ims1 
) #g m9ims to #a oz4 wat]4    ,lotion1  
,evaporat+4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,evaporans1  
,l4 ,,vaporans1 ,l4 ,,spiritus          
,,diluti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copl&47      
,sulphuric e!r1 rectifi$ _s1 &  solution
 ( acetate ( ammonia1 ( ea* #a-a_/b fl4 
oz42 rose wat]1 #c-a_/b  fl4 oz4    #b4 

7,guy's ,hosp47 ,rectifi$ _s1 #a "p2    
wat]1 #e p>ts4    #c4 7,erasmus         
,wilson47 ,rectifi$ _s1 #a "p2 wat]1 #d 
to #f p>ts4    #d4                      
7,,camphorat$----,w>e47 ,camphor1 #a_/b 
dr42 eld] fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42  rectifi$   
_s1 #d oz42 dige/ #bd h\rs1 & /ra94     
,obs4 ,! above are soo?+ & refrig]ant1  
if all[$ to evaporate by  free exposure2
 /imulant1 if ! evaporation is prev5t$  
by cov]+ !  "p ) ! h&1 or a piece ( oil$
 silk4 ,!y are useful applications  9   
n]v\s heada*es1 re/lessness1 it*+ &     
irritability ( ! sk91  c4 8,a little    
rose wat] add$ to ! simple wat] makes an
 agreeable  addition1 & sometimes       
camphor wat] 7julep71 or a little       
,g\l>d's  extract1 may be deem$         
advantage\s1 :5 a great] degree ( calm+ 
effect is requir$40 7,eras4 ,wilson47   
,eau de ,cologne1 dilut$ ) an equal     
quantity ( wat]1 is (t5 us$ z an        
evaporat+ lotion4    ,lotion (          
,gall-nuts4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,gall1 ,l4   
,prep4 ,f gall-nuts  7bruis$71 #a_/b    

oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse until   
cold1 & /ra94  ,a/r+5t4 ,an excell5t    
application to sore nipples1 or to      
/r5g!n  !m be=e suckl+2 _s ( w9e1 #c fl4
 oz41 may be advantage\sly  add$ to !   
cold infusion1 & a l portion ( wat]     
omitt$1 ,see  ,,decoction4    ,lotion ( 
,glycer94 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,glyc]9i1 ,l4  
,,glyc]9i1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,glyc]91 #a  
oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,to allay it*+1 &    
remove dryness1  c41 9 v>i\s sk9        
diseases2 also 9 *aps ( ! nipples1 lips1
 &  h&s4 ,= ! latt] purpose ! addition (
 #b to #c dr4 ( borax is  recomm5d$ by  
"s writ]s4    #b4 ,glyc]91 #a oz42 ?ick 
mucilage1 #b oz42 lime wat]1 #g oz4 ,9  
burns1  scalds1 *aps1 excoriations1 c4  
#c4 7,/>t947 ,glyc]91 #a oz42 extract ( 
belladonna1 #a dr42 soap  l9im5t1 #c    
oz42 triturate toge!r4 ,9 bruises1      
spra9s1 & swell$  jo9ts2 g\ty1          
neuralgic1 & rheumatic pa9s1 c4    #d4  
7,/>t947 ,trisnitrate ( bismu?1 #a_/b   
dr42 t9cture ( foxglove &  dilute nitric
 acid1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 glyc]91 #d dr42

 rose wat]1 #h-a_/b  fl4 oz4 ,to allay !
 it*+ 9 prurigo1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4 
,obs4 ,v>i\s lotions may be prep>$ by   
dissolv+ active m$ic9al  sub/ances 9    
glyc]94    ,lotion1 ,g\l>d's4 ,,see     
,,lotion ,,( ,,diacetate ,,( ,,lead4    
,lotion1 ,g\t4 ,syn4 ,,lotio            
,,ant>?ritica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,glyc]91  
#a oz42  extract ( belladonna1 #c dr42  
v]atr9e1 #aj gr41 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$   
_s1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 & fur!r add1 (     
wat]1 #ag fl4 oz4 ,x is  poison\s if    
swall[$4    #b4 7#8,,scudamore',s ,g4   
,l4'7 ,f camphor mixture1 #i fl4 oz42   
rectifi$  _s1 #c fl4 oz4 ,! above are   
appli$ on rags or compresses1 or are    
p\r$ on ! surface ( p\ltices4           
,lotion1 ,g[l&'s4 ,?is celebrat$ no/rum 
is prep>$ z foll[s3----,take  ( ,jordan 
almonds1 #a oz42 bitt] almonds1 #a_/b   
oz42 blan* !m1 & make  an emulsion 9 s(t
 wat]1 #a p9t2 to ?is add ( bi*loride ( 
m]cury1  #ae gr42 previ\sly dissolv$ 9  
rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 dr41 toge!r )  en\gh
 wat] to make ! :ole measure #a p9t1 &  

put x into bottles4    ,obs4 ,?is       
prep>ation is *iefly us$ z a cosmetic to
 improve !  complexion2 & also z a wa% =
 ob/9ate eruptions & m9or  gl&ul>       
swell+s & indurations4 ,z a beautifi] ( 
! complexion1 x  is employ$ by simply   
wett+ ! sk9 ) x1 ei!r by means ( !      
corn] ( a napk9 or ! f+]s dipp$ into x1 
aft] :i* x is g5tly  wip$ (f ) a dry    
clo?4 ,dr ,p>is repres5ts ?is no/rum to 
conta9  #a_/b dr4 ( corrosive sublimate 
9 e p9t1 :i* is n ! case4    ,lotion1   
,granville's ,c\nt]-irritant4 ,see      
,,l9im5t ,,( ,,ammonia  7,comp\nd74     
,lotion1 ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,lotii        
,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mid4 ,hosp47      
,extract (  hemlock1 #c dr42 opium1 #a  
dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ until    
cold1  & /ra94 ,anodyne & resolv5t2 9   
gl&ul> enl>gem5ts1 pa9ful  ulc]s1 canc]1
 indurations1 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 
,lotion1 ,hoop+-c\gh4 7,/ruve's47       
,,lotio ,,antip]tussica1 ,l4 ,prep4     
7,p>is47 ,potassio-t>trate ( antimony1  
#a dr42 t9cture ( can?>ides1 #a  oz42   

wat]1 #b oz4 ,?is is a p[]ful           
c\nt]-irritant1 & %\ld be us$  )        
caution2 z x is apt to induce a         
tr\blesome eruption on ! p>ts  to :i* x 
is frequ5tly appli$4    ,lotion (       
,hydro*lorate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,lotio 
,,ammoni  ,,hydro*loratis1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,,weak]47 ,f sal ammoniac1 #a to #d
 dr42  wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a wa% 9 it*1    
ulc]s1 t5d] feet1 swell$ jo9ts1 c4      
#b4 7,,/rong]47 ,f sal ammoniac1 #a to  
#b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9  contusions1   
*ronic tum\rs1 extravasations1 *ilbla9s1
 c41 :5 !  sk9 is n brok54 ,bo? are     
/imulant & resolv5t or discuti5t4       
,v9eg> is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! :ole or "p (
 ! wat]1 &  sometimes a fif? or six? "p 
( rectifi$ _s is add$4 ,see also        
,,lotion ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,ammonium4  
,lotion1 ,hydro*loric4 ,syn4 ,,lotio    
,,acidi ,,hydro*lorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
,hydro*loric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a 
p9t4 ,9 lepra1 & sev]al o!r  sk9        
diseases4    #b4 7,foy47 ,hydro*loric   
acid1 #a "p2 wat]1 #af p>ts4 ,9         

*ilbla9s1 :5  ! sk9 is unbrok54         
,lotion1 ,hydrocyanic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio    
,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,,acidi             
,,hydrocyanici1  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4         
7,mag5die47 ,m$ic9al hydrocyanic acid1  
#a to #b fl4 dr42  lettuce wat]1 #a p9t4
 ,9 hepatic affections4    #b4          
7,sneid]47 ,m$ic9al acid1 #a-a_/b fl4   
dr42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1  ( ea* #f fl4  
oz4    #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,m$ic9al  
acid & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #b fl4  dr42  
acetate ( lead1 #af gr42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#g-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 impetigo1  c4        
,obs4 ,lotions ( prussic acid are       
employ$ to allay pa9 & irritation  9    
v>i\s *ronic sk9 diseases1 especially ! 
scaly & it*y  eruptions2 & 9 canc]1 c41 
) v>iable success4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic   
,,acid4    ,lotion ( ,hyposulphite (    
,soda4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,sod              
,,hyposulphitis1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,/>t947   
,hyposulphite ( soda & alum1 ( ea*      
#a-a_/b dr42 eau  de ,cologne1 #a_/b fl4
 oz42 rose wat]1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 9 !   
advanc$ /ages  ( acne4    ,lotion (     

,iodide ( ,ars5ic & ,m]cury4 ,syn4      
,,lotio ,,ars5ici ,,et  ,,hydr>gyri     
,,hydriodatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ,donovan's 
solution1 #a "p2 wat]1  #i p>ts4 ,9     
lepra1 psoriasis1 & o!r scaly sk9       
diseases4 ,see ,,solution4    ,lotion ( 
,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,lotio     
,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,f 
iodide ( potassium1 #a to #b dr42 wat]1 
#a p9t4 ,9 ! usual cases  9 :i*         
iodurett$ prep>ations are employ$4      
#b4 7,dr ,o4 ,w>d47 ,iodide ( potassium1
 #a dr42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t4 ,9 it*4  7,see
 bel[47    ,lotion ( ,iodide ( ,z9c4    
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,z9ci ,,iodidi1 ,l4      
,prep4 7,ross47  iod9e1 #a-a_/b dr42 z9c
 fil+s1 #a dr42 wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 dige/ 
) heat  until ! liquid becomes col\r$1  
!n filt]4 ,9 enl>g$ tonsils4    ,lotion 
( ,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,iod9ii1 ,l4   
,prep4 ,f iod9e1 #b gr42  rectifi$ _s1  
#a fl4 dr42 dissolve1 well agitate !    
solution )  di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t1 &     
filt]4 ,an excell5t wa% = scr(ul\s      
ulc]s1 & 9 *ronic oph?almia1 cutane\s   

scr(ula1 & sev]al *ronic  sk9 diseases1 
p>ticul>ly 9 highly s5sitive habits4    
,lotion ( ,iod9e ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,lotio
 ,,iodi ,,comp41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodide 
( potassium1 #hj gr42 iod9e1 #fj gr42   
wat]1 #a oz4    #b4 7,caz5ave47 ,iodide 
( potassium & iodide ( sulphur1 ( ea* #a
 dr42  wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 it*2 ei!r alone 
or dilut$ ) an equal bulk (  wat]4      
#c4 7,dauv]gne47 ,iod9e1 #c dr42 iodide 
( potassium1 #f dr42 wat]1 #c fl4  oz42 
dissolve1 & label ! bottle ,no4 #a4     
,sulphuret ( potassium1 #d oz42  wat]1  
#h fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,= use1 a         
teaspoonful ( ,no4 #a1 & a              
table-spoonful ( ,no4 #b1 are to be add$
 to ab\t a p9t ( wat]4 ,9  it*1 & sev]al
 o!r sk9 diseases4    #d4 7,lugol47     
,iod9e1 #a to #b gr42 iodide (          
potassium1 #c to #f gr42 wat]1 #a  p9t4 
,9 scr(ul\s oph?almia1 fi/ulas1 c42 & z 
a wa% 9 num]\s  sk9 diseases4    #e4    
7,righ9i47 ,*loride ( lime1 #d dr42     
wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate        
toge!r1 filt] into a /opp]$ bottle1 &   

add ( t9cture ( iod9e1 #a  dr4 ,) a p9t 
( wat] x =ms an effective application 9 
it*4    #f4 7,s\beiran47 ,iodide (      
potassium1 #a oz42 iod9e1 #a_/b oz42    
wat]1 #f oz42  dissolve4 ,us$ z iod9e   
pa9t2 also z a cau/ic to t\* ! surfaces 
(  scr(ul\s ulc]s1 & ! eyelids 9        
scr(ul\s oph?almia4    #g4 ,iodide (    
potassium1 #a_/b dr42 iod9e1 #af gr42   
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,?is is  ! common & be/ =m
 ( iod9e lotion1 b = c]ta9 purposes x is
  us$ mu* /rong]4 7,see above47         
,lotion ( ,iron ) ,conium4 ,,lotio      
,,f]ri ,,cum ,,conio4 ,sulphate ( iron1 
#h  gr42 extract ( conium1 #h gr42 wat]1
 #a oz4    ,lotion1 ,it*4 ,syn4 ,,lotio 
,,antipsorica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,caz5ave47   
,sulphuret  ( potassium1 #a dr42 s(t    
soap1 #b dr42 wat]1 #h fl4 oz42         
dissolve4 ,an  excell5t rem$y = ! it*4  
,x leaves little smell beh9d1 & does n  
soil ! l954 7,see above47    ,lotion1   
,kirkl&'s4 ,see ,,lotion ,,( ,,myrrh4   
,lotion ( ,lemon ,juice4 ,syn4 ,,lotio  
,,succi ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f !      

fre%ly express$ juice ( lemon1 dilut$ ) 
#d or #e times its bulk (  wat]4 ,to    
r5d] x m agreeable1 rose wat] may be    
employ$1 or a few  drops ( eau de       
,cologne add$4 ,x is cool+ & det]g5t1 & 
=ms an  excell5t application to f\l     
ulc]s1 & to allay ! it*+ 9 num]\s       
cutane\s affections4    ,lotion ( ,lime 
,wat]4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,calcis           
,,spirituosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,*irur47
 ,rectifi$ _s1 #d oz42 lime wat]1 #h fl4
 oz4 ,see ,,evaporat+  ,,lotion 7above47
    ,lotion1 ,mammill>y4 ,syn4 ,,lotio  
,,balsami ,,p]uviani ,,composita1 ,l4   
,prep4 7,iv]g47 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42 
yolk ( #a egg2 make an emulsion1  & add 
( _s ( wild ?yme1 #c fl4 oz4 ,= sore    
nipples2 to be  foll[$1 :il/ /ill wet1  
by a #8du/+' ) a p[d] compos$ (         
,p]uvian b>k1 #a dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b   
dr4    ,lotion1 ,m]curial4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,,black ,,wa%1 ,,black ,,lotion1 ,,mild
  ,,phag$5ic ,l42 ,,lotio ,,nigra 7,b4  
,p471 ,l4 ,,hydr>gyri ,,c9]ea1 ,l4 ,h4  
,,nigra1 ,l4  ,h4 ,,*loridi ,,cum       

,,calce1 ,l4 ,,m]curialis ,n41 ,,aqua   
,,phag$,,nica1 ,,mitis1 ,l47    a4 7,b4 
,p47 ,f calomel1 #c gr42 lime wat]1 #a  
oz42 well %ak5 toge!r4    b4 7,mid4     
,hosp47 ,to ! la/ add ( ?ick mucilage1  
#a fl4 oz4    c4 7,guy's ,hospital47 ,f 
calomel1 #a dr41 lime wat]1 #h fl4 oz4  
,obs4 ,black wa% is a fav\rite          
application to all k9ds ( syphilitic  & 
scr(ul\s sores4 ,! bottle %\ld be well  
%ak5 be=e ! lotion  is appli$4    #b4   
,,yell[ ,,wa%1 ,y4 ,,lotion1 ,,phag$5ic 
,l42 7,,lotio ,,flava1 ,l4              
,,phag$,,nica1  ,,aqua ,p41 ,,lotio     
,,hydr>gyri ,,flava1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bi*loridi
 ,,cum ,,calce1 ,l47----a4 7,b4  ,p47   
,corrosive sublimate1 #ah gr42 lime     
wat]1 #aj oz42 well %ak5 toge!r4    b4  
7,/ ,b4 ,hosp47 ,corrosive sublimate1   
#bj gr42 lime wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,us$  z !
 la/1 b x is /rong] & m active1 f       
conta9+ a little  undecompos$ bi*loride4
    ,lotion ( ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,kirkl&',s 
,,lotion2 ,,lotio ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4  7,dr ,kirkl&47 ,t9cture ( myrrh &  

lime wat]1 equal p>ts4 ,9 scorbutic     
ulc]s & gums4    #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,lotio 
,,myrrh ,,composita1 ,l4----,ph4        
,*irur47 ,honey ( roses &  t9cture (    
myrrh1 ( ea* #b fl4 dr42 lime wat]1     
#b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z ,no4 #a2  also us$ z 
a d5tifrice4    ,lotion ( ,nitrate (    
,bismu?4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,bismu?i        
,,nitratis1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47
 ,subnitrate or trisnitrate ( bismu?1   
#a_/b dr42  corrosive sublimate1 #ab    
gr42 _s ( camphor1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 
#a  p9t4 ,9 it*1 & "s o!r eruptions4    
,lotion ( ,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4      
,,lotio ,,arg5ti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #ae gr42 nitric   
acid1 #aj drops2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b    
p9t4 ,z a wa% = indol5t ulc]s1 sore     
legs1 c4    #b4 7,jackson47 ,nitrate (  
silv]1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,=     
b$-sores2  appli$1 at fir/1 twice or    
?rice a day4    #c4 7,s*reid]47 ,nitrate
 ( silv]1 #a_/b dr42 nitric acid1 #aj   
drops2 wat]1  #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9        
*ilbla9s1 s(t corns1 c4    ,lotion (    

,nitrate ( ,silv] 7,/rong74 ,,lotio     
,,arg5ti ,,nitratis ,,=tis4  ,nitrate ( 
silv]1 #fj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz4    
,lotion ( ,nitrate ( ,silv]1 ,e!rial4   
,,lotio ,,arg5ti ,,nitratis ,,!rea4     
,nitrate ( silv]1 #bj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1
 #a dr42 _s ( nitr\s  e!r1 #a oz4       
,lotion ( ,nitre4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,potass
 ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #c  
dr42 v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t2 wat]1 #c_/d p9t4 
#b4 ,nitre1 #b dr42 sal ammoniac1 #a    
dr42 v9eg> & wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t4  ,9 
spra9s1 contusions1 extravasations1 t5d]
 feet1 *ilbla9s1 c4  ,dilut$ ) an equal 
bulk ( wat]1 x is a popul> application  
to #8black  eyes4'    ,lotion ( ,nitric 
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi1 ,l4       
,,acidi ,,nitrici1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4      
7,colli]47 ,nitric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 lepra1 & o!r  scaly sk9
 diseases4    #b4 7,phbus47 ,nitric     
acid1 #a fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a-a_/b fl4 
dr42 rose wat]1  #a_/b p9t4 ,= v5]eal   
ulc]s4    ,lotion ( ,nitromuriatic      
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lotion ,,( ,,aqua        

,,regia4 ,prep4  7,copl&47              
,nitromuriatic acid1 #a-a_/d dr42 wat]1 
#a p9t4 ,9 gangr5e &  mortification4    
,lotion ( ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,lotio   
,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4         
,alcoholic extract ( nux vomica1 #aj    
gr42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 (  ea* #b-a_/b 
fl4 oz4 ,9 amaurosis4    #b4 7,radius47 
,alcoholic extract ( nux vomica1 #h gr42
 liquor ( ammonia  7/rong]71 #a_/b fl4  
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 p>alys$ 
limbs4    ,lotion ( ,opium4 ,syn4       
,,lotio ,,opii1 ,l4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4  7,*ri/ison47 ,opium1 #dj gr42     
wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 infuse1 add to ! filt]$
  liquid a solution ( sug> ( lead1 #dj1 
9 wat]1 #a_/d p9t1 & filt]4    #b4 7,/  
,b4 ,hosp47 ,opium1 #a-a_/b dr42 boil+  
wat]1 #a p9t2 triturate &  /ra94        
,anodyne2 ! fir/ is also refrig]ant &   
discuti5t4    ,lotion ( ,oxide ( ,z9c4  
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,z9ci ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4  7,augu/947 ,oxide ( z9c1 #a dr42  
eld]-fl[] wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9      
pu/ul> erysipelas4    #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47  

,oxide ( z9c1 #a_/b dr42 mucilage1 #b   
fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4  dr4 ,z an a/r+5t 
& desiccant1 9 scr(ul\s eruptions1      
excoriations1  moi/ *aps1 c4    ,lotion1
 ,phag$5ic4 ,see ,,m]curial ,,lotion    
7above74    ,lotion ( ,phosphoric ,acid4
 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi ,,phosphorici1   
,l4 ,prep4  7,p]eira47 ,dilute          
phosphoric acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 oz42 
wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,9  c>ies & fi/ula4    
,lotion ( ,potassa4 ,see ,,lotio        
,,potass1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f liquor (        
potassa1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4      
,det]g5t2 9 scorbutic eruptions1 &  f\l 
ulc]s1 & to prev5t infection4    ,lotion
 ( ,potassio-t>trate ( ,antimony4 ,syn4 
,,lotio ,,antimonialis1  ,l4 ,,antimonii
 ,,potassio-,,t>tratis1 ,l4             
,,rubefaci5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t>t>      
emetic1 #a dr42 t9cture ( camphor1 #b   
fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a local       
/imulant4 ,dilut$ ) twice or ?rice its  
weight ( wat]1 x is  employ$ z a        
collyrium 9 *ronic oph?almia1 & 9 specks
 on !  cornea4    #b4 7,sir ,wm4        

,bliz>d47 ,t>t> emetic1 #bj gr42 boil+  
wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,us$  to cleanse f\l   
ulc]s1 to repress fung\s gr[?s & w>ts1 &
 9  r+worm1 c4    #c4 7,p]eira47 ,t>t>  
emetic1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 
oz42  dissolve4 ,employ$ z a local      
irritant in/ead ( ! o9tm5t4 ,all !      
above are rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant4  
,see ,,antimony4    ,lotion ( ,qu9ine4  
,syn4 ,,lotio ,,qu91 ,,embrocatio ,q41  
,l4 ,prep4 ,f  disulphate ( qu99e1 #a   
dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz4 ,appli$ ov]
 !  sp9e 9 int]mitt5ts4    ,lotion1     
,saponace\s4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,saponis1   
,l4 ,,saponacea 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71  ,l4  
,prep4 ,f liquor ( c>bonate ( potassa1  
#a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #d oz42  rose     
wat]1 #ab oz42 agitate toge!r4          
,emolli5t2 *iefly z a cosmetic4         
,lotion1 ,savi>d's4 ,prep4 7,foy47      
,cau/ic potassa1 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj   
gr42 sug>1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a   
wa% = indol5t ulc]s4    ,lotion1        
,/ruve's4 ,see ,,hoop+-,,c\gh ,,lotion4 
,lotion ( ,sulphate ( ,copp]4 ,syn4     

,,lotio ,,cupri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,blue vitriol1 #a dr42 camphor      
julep1 #a p9t4 ,= phag$5ic ulc]s1 &  9  
it*1 c4    #b4 7,dr ,graves47 ,sulphate 
( copp]1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9   
*ilbla9s1 r+worm1 c4    #c4 7,lloyd47   
,sulphate ( copp]1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t4
 ,9 it*2 ei!r  alone or dilut$4         
,lotion ( ,sulphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4      
,,lotio ,,f]ri ,,sulphatis4 ,sulphate ( 
iron1 #b gr42 wat]1 #a oz4    ,lotion ( 
,sulphate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,z9ci  
,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,sulphate (
 z9c1 #c_/d dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,a/r+5t2 
9 "s *ronic sk9  diseases1 z a wa% =    
loose1 flabby granulations1 & = ulc]s t 
dis*>ge pr(usely1 c4    #b4 7,colli]47  
,sulphate ( z9c1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4  
,z a  c\nt]-irritant 9 pa9s ( ! jo9ts1  
p]io/eum1 old spra9s1 c4    ,lotion (   
,sulphuret ( ,sodium4 7,dr ,b>l[47 ,syn4
 ,,lotio ,,sodii  ,,sulphureti4 ,prep4  
,sulphide ( sodium1 #b dr42 :ite soap1  
#b-a_/b dr42  rectifi$ _s1 #b dr42 lime 
wat]1 #g oz4 ,= r+worm4    ,lotion (    

,tann94 7,mr ,druitt47 ,syn4 ,,lotio    
,,tann9i4 ,prep4 ,tannic  acid1 #e gr42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz42 mix4 ,on l9t1     
cov]$ ) oil silk1  to sore nipples4     
,lotion ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,picis    
,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,saund]s47        
,quicklime1 #f oz42 wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 
slake1 add ( t>1 #d oz41 & boil  to "o  
half4 ,?is liquid may be advantage\sly  
employ$ 9 v>i\s *ronic  sk9 diseases1   
especially ^? affect+ ! heads ( *ildr54 
,see  ,,infusion ,,( ,,t>4    ,lotion ( 
,val]ian4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,val]ian1      
,,embrocatio ,,antihy/]ica1  ,e4        
,,emm5agoga1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t9cture (    
val]ian & pro( _s1  equal p>ts4 ,9      
hy/]ia1 suppressions1 c4    ,lotion (   
,v]atr9e4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,v]atri1 ,l4   
,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47  ,v]atr9e1 #bj  
to #fj gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b oz4 ,9 g\t1 
rheumatism1 c4  ,x is extremely         
poison\s1 & mu/ only be us$ :]e ! sk9 is
 s\nd1  & !n ) great caution4    ,lotion
 ( ,v]digris4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,rug9is1   
,l4 ,,cupri ,,citratis1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f  

v]digris1 #c dr42 v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t2     
wat]1 #c_/d p9t4 ,z a  wa% = indol5t1   
scr(ul\s1 & v5]eal ulc]s4    ,lotion (  
,v9eg>4 ,see ,,acetic ,,lotion 7above74 
,lotion1 ,yell[4 ,see ,,m]curial        
,,lotion 7above74    ,,l\se4 ,syn4      
,,p$iculus4 ,!re are sev]al species (   
?is (f5sive  p>asite infe/+ ! bodies (  
man & dome/icat$ animals4 ,! ?ree       
v>ieties ( lice f\nd on ! human sk9     
are3----7#a7 ,! ,p$iculus  corporis1    
7#b7 ! ,p4 capitis1 7#c7 ! ,p4 pubis4   
7#a47 ,! ,p4 corporis1 ! body l\se1 is (
 a dirty :ite col\r1 &  v>ies f half to 
two l9es 9 l5g?4 ,its body is broad &   
elongat$1  ) ! m>g9s divid$ into lobes1 
& cov]$ ) m9ute hairs2 b x  has a n>r[  
?orax1 furni%$ on ea* side ) ?ree legs1 
:i*  t]m9ate 9 claws4 ,?is creature     
produces great irritation ( ! sk91  giv+
 rise to a numb] ( little pimples on x1 
:i* frequ5tly  dis*>ge a wat]y fluid4 ,x
 multiplies ) extraord9>y rapidity4     
7#b47 ,! ,p4 capitis1 ! head l\se1 is   
mu* small] ?an ! above4 ,x  is devoid ( 

hairs1 ) legs l>ge 9 proportion to its  
body4 ,x gives  rise to a v tr\blesome  
eruption1 att5d$ ) a wat]y dis*>ge4 ,x  
is propagat$ by means ( ! ova or nits1  
:i* are glu$ to ! hairs (  ! head4      
7#c47 ,! ,p4 pubis1 ! crab l\se1 is a   
small1 r\nd v>iety1 :i*  atta*es itself 
) consid]able t5acity to ! hairs ( !    
/oma* &  l[] "p ( ! body m p>ticul>ly1  
&1 l ! prec$+  p>asite1 glues its eggs  
to ! hairs4    ,v>i\s applications h be5
 recomm5d$ = ! de/ruction ( ^!  loa?some
 p>asites2 among/ :i* we may m5tion     
sulphur1 /avesacre1  :ite precipitate1 &
 cocculus indicus1 9 ! =m ( o9tm5ts2    
c>bolic acid & p]*loride ( m]cury       
lotions1 & tobacco4 ,b5zoic  acid has   
be5 f\nd ( s]vice 9 allay+ ! irritation4
 ,dilig5t  wa%+ ) soap & wat] %\ld be _h
 rec\rse to previ\s to apply+  any ( !  
above rem$ies1 & %\ld ! head be infe/$1 
! hair  %\ld be cut %ort1 & frequ5tly   
comb$ ) a small too?comb4    ,p$iculi   
are sometimes convey$ f fil?y to cleanly
 p]sons by means (  dirty wat]-closets1 

*airs1 %eets1 bru%es & combs1 & 9 v>i\s 
o!r ways4    ,s*ool *ildr5 frequ5tly    
obta9 !m 9 consequ5ce ( _! heads be+    
br\ght into too close contact ) ! heads 
( o!r *ildr5 infe/$  by !m4             
,,loz,,enge4 ,syn4 ,,tro*e2 ,,tro*iscus1
 ,,tabella1 ,l42 ,,tablette1 ,fr4 ,a    
small  cake1 (t5 m$icat$1 consi/+       
pr9cipally ( p[d]$ sug>1 made into  a   
mass ) "s glut9\s liquid1 )\t ! aid (   
heat1 & dri$4 ,!  =m giv5 to loz5ges    
7,,tro*e1 ,,tabell1 ,,tro*isci1         
,,tablettes7 is  g5]ally t ( a small    
r\nd tablet or flatt5$ cyl9d]2 b        
orig9ally !y 7 exclusively made 9 ! %ape
 ( a loz5ge or rhomb1  f :i* circum/ance
 _! famili> "n is d]iv$4 ,,loz5ges are  
di/+ui%$ f ,,drops ,,or ,,pa/illes by ! 
non-employm5t ( heat 9  _! prep>ation2 &
 f ,,pa/es1 by ! latt] be+ =m$ (        
vegetable juice or pulp1 & hav+ a s(t]  
consi/5ce4    ,9 ! prep>ation ( loz5ges 
! dry +r$i5ts1 sep>ately r$uc$ to  a v  
f9e p[d]1 are fir/ p]fectly mix$ toge!r1
 & !n beat5  into a /iff pa/e ) !       

glut9\s liquid employ$ to give !m =m2  !
 mass is next roll$ out to a desir$     
?ickness1 & cut into pieces (  ! prop]  
%ape by means ( a small cyl9d] or pun* (
 /eel or  t9-plate1 call$ a             
#8loz5ge-cutt]4' ,! newly =m$ loz5ges   
are la/ly  dri$ by plac+ !m on an inv]t$
 sieve or frame cov]$ ) pap] 9  a dry1  
w>m1 & airy situation1 & are frequ5tly  
turn$ until !y  become h>d & brittle1   
due c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve !m f du/  & 
dirt4 ,to prev5t ! mass adh]+ to ! f+]s 
& ut5sils dur+  ! process ( manufacture1
 a little f9ely p[d]$ />*1 or a v       
little olive oil1 sc5t$ ) ! same        
aromatic z t conta9$ 9 !  loz5ges1 may  
be us$4 ,mucilage ( gum ,arabic or ( gum
 tragacan?1 ?9  is+lass size1 or ! /ra9$
 :ite ( egg1 are ! sub/ances usually    
employ$ to make ! pulv]ul5t mat]ials    
adh]e toge!r4 ,a /ra9$  decoction (     
,iri% moss is n[ frequ5tly us$ = ! same 
purpose1 =  inf]ior qualities4 ,! l>g] !
 proportion ( gum :i* ent]s into !      
composition ( loz5ges1 ! sl[] !y        

dissolve 9 ! m\?2 h5ce  p[d]$ gum is    
frequ5tly add$ to ! o!r mat]ials to     
increase _!  quality 9 ?is respect1 z   
well z to give an additional solidity to
  ^? :i*1 l *alk1 = in/ance1 are ( a    
peculi>ly dry or crumbly  nature4 ,/>* &
 potato fl\r are (t5 add$ to            
loz5ge-masses 9 lieu  ( a portion ( !   
sug>1 & ev5 pla/] ( ,p>is is n          
unfrequ5tly  employ$ to give !m weight2 
frauds :i* are readily detect$ 9 !      
mann] notic$ "u ,,gum & ,,sug>4    ,z a 
g5]al rule1 ,,m$icat$ ,,loz5ges %\ld    
weigh f #h to #aj gr4 ea*1  & a m$ium   
dose ( _! active +r$i5t %\ld be         
di/ribut$ ?r\gh  ! bulk ( #f to #h ( !m1
 9 :i* case #c to #e ( !m may be safely 
tak5 z a dose1 or suck$ dur+ ! lapse (  
#c or #d h\rs4 ,?is w be  useful 9 !    
prep>ation ( ^? = :i* no e/abli%$       
proportions  are giv54 ,9 #8s5d+ out'   
comp\nds ( ?is class conta9+ active     
m$icam5ts1 z morphia or opium1 ! retail]
 z well z ! manufactur]  %\ld be c>eful 
t ! quantity conta9$ 9 ea* loz5ge is    

pla9ly  m>k$ on ! label4    ,9 loz5ges  
int5d$ = ,,m\? ,,cosmetics or to p]fume 
! brea?1  amb]gris is g5]ally reg>d$ z !
 mo/ appropriate p]fume2 b h>d  smok]s  
frequ5tly pref] cloves & c9namon1 & "s  
ladies give !  pref]5ce to roses1 orange
 fl[]s1 & orris or violets4    ,loz5ges 
are col\r$ ) ! same /a9s z are us$ =    
liqueurs &  sweetmeats4    ,loz5ges1 z  
well z all o!r simil> articles (        
confection]y1 %\ld  be pres]v$ 9        
well-clos$ glass bottles1 or j>s1 or 9  
t9 cani/]s1  s z to be p]fectly exclud$ 
f ! air & damp4    ,loz5ges1 ,absorb5t4 
,,tro*isci ,,antacidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
,take (  precipitat$ *alk1 #a_/d lb42   
gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 d\ble ref9$ :ite   
sug>1 #ad oz42 all 9 impalpable p[d]2   
oil ( nutmeg1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 pass  !    
mixture ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 beat x up )  
mucilage q4 s41 roll !  mass into a ?9  
%eet1 & cut x into loz5ges2 la/ly1 dry  
!m by  expos+ !m on a %eet ( :ite pap]  
to ! air1 out ( contact )  du/4    #b4  
,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ heavy c>bonate (  

magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz41  = an equal      
weight ( *alk4 ,9 di>rha1 he>tburn1     
acidity1 c4 ,see  ,,loz5ges1 ,,*alk1    
,,magnesia1 ,l41 ,,soda1 c4    ,loz5ges1
 ,acacia4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,gum4        
,loz5ges1 ,acidulat$4 ,syn4 ,,acidulat$ 
,,lemon ,,loz5ges1 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid  ,l42
 ,,tro*isci ,,acidi ,,t>t>ici 7,ph4     
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t>t>ic acid1 #b     
dr42 oil ( lemon1 #aj drops2 :ite sug>1 
#h oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to make a       
loz5ge mass4 ,! same +r$i5ts mix$ ) heat
 =m ,,acidulat$ or ,,acid  ,,drops4 ,bo?
 are useful 9 c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 sore     
?roats1 c4 ,see  ,,loz5ges1 ,,cay5ne1   
,,citric ,,acid1 ,,rose1 c4    ,loz5ges1
 ,alkal9e4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,soda1      
,,vi*y1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,alum4 ,syn4    
,,tro*isci ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,ea* loz5ge   
conta9s  #a-a_/b gr4 ( alum4 ,z an      
a/r+5t4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,a/r+5t4       
,loz5ges1 ,anise$4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci     
,,anisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil (  anise$1   
#a-a_/b fl4 dr42 f9e/ :ite sug>1 #a lb42
 mucilage1 q4 s4  ,c>m9ative & /oma*ic4 

,9 colic1 grip+1 c42 & z a pectoral4    
,loz5ges1 ,an!lm9tic4 ,see ,,loz5ges1   
,,worm4    ,loz5ges1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 
,,tro*isci ,,antimoniales1 ,,morsuli    
,,/ibii  ,,kunkelii1 ,l42 ,,tablettes   
,,de ,,kunkel1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  
,levigat$  sulphuret ( antimony &       
c>damom se$s1 ( ea* #a oz42 almonds     
7blan*$71 #b oz42 c9namon1 #a_/b oz42   
sug>1 #ac oz42 mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4
 s42 to be divid$ into #ae-;gr4 loz5ges4
 ,z an alt]ative4    ,loz5ges1 ,aperi5t4
 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,ap]i5tes1 ,l4 ,ea*  
loz5ge  conta9s #a gr4 ea* ( calomel &  
scammony1 & #b gr4 ( jalap2 or1  in/ead 
( ! la/1 #a_/d gr4 ( jalap9e4 #b to #c =
 a dose4    ,loz5ges1 ,a/r9g5t4 ,syn4   
,,tro*isci ,,a/r+5tes1 ,l4 ,ea* loz5ge  
conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 ( alum & #b gr4 (   
cate*u4 ,9 spitt+ ( blood1  relax$      
uvula1 sore ?roat1 c4 ,see ,,loz5ges1   
,,alum4    ,loz5ges1 ,b>k4 ,syn4        
,,tro*isci ,,c9*on1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4     
,cod47  ,c9*ona1 #b oz42 c9namon1 #b    
dr42 :ite sug>1 #ad oz42 mucilage ( gum 

tragacan?1 q4 s42 mix1 & divide into    
#af-;gr4 loz5ges4 ,tonic4    ,loz5ges1  
,ba?4 ,syn4 ,,dawson',s ,,loz5ges4 ,f   
extract ( liquorice &  gum ,arabic1 (   
ea* #a-a_/b oz42 sug>1 #ag oz4 ,x is bo?
 roll$ into  loz5ges & =m$ into pipes4  
,demulc5t2 9 tickl+ c\ghs1 c4           
,loz5ges1 ,b5zoic ,acid4 7,?4 ,hosp47   
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,acidi ,,b5zoici4     
,prep4 ,b5zoic acid 9 p[d]1 #age gr42   
tragacan? 9 p[d]1 #gj gr42  ref9$ sug> 9
 p[d]1 #bhj gr42 r$ currant pa/e1 a     
suffici5t quantity  to make #a lb4      
,divide into #cej loz5ges1 & dry at a   
mod]ate heat 9 a  hot-air *amb]4 ,a     
valuable /imulant & voice loz5ge 9      
n]vomuscul>  weakness ( ! ?roat4        
,loz5ges1 ,bic>bonate ( ,soda4          
,,tro*isci ,,sod ,,bic>bonatis4         
,bic>bonate  ( soda1 9 p[d]1 #cfjj gr4  
7#h-a_/d oz472 ref9$ sug>1 #be oz42 gum 
acacia1 9 p[d]1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b    
oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz42 mix1  & =m 9 
#gbj loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #e gr4
 ( bic>bonate (  soda4----,dose1 #a to  

#f loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,bismu?4 ,syn4 
,,tro*isci ,,bismu?i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,b4 ,p47  ,subnitrate ( bismu?1 #cdf   
gr42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #d oz42       
precipitat$  *alk1 #f oz42 sug>1 #bi    
oz42 gum acacia1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b   
oz42 rose  wat]1 a suffici5cy2 make #gbj
 loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #b gr4 (  
subnitrate ( bismu?4----,dose1 #a to #f 
loz5ges4    #b4 7,tr\sseau47 ,ea* loz5ge
 conta9s #a gr4 ( subnitrate ( bismu?4  
,tonic & antispasmodic2 9 *ronic        
dyspepsia1 ga/rodynia1 nausea1 cramp  ( 
! /oma*1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,black         
,currant4 ,,tro*isci ,,ribis ,,nigri1   
,l4 ,prep4 ,f  inspissat$ juice ( black 
currants & sug>1 ( ea*1 9 p[d]1 #a lb42 
t>t>ic acid1 #a_/d oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 
,9 ho>s5ess1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,borax4    
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,ea*    
loz5ge conta9s #c  gr4 ( borax4 ,"o     
occasionally 9 aph?\s sore m\?1 sore    
?roat1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,bromide (       
,ammonium4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #b gr4 ( 
bromide (  ammonium4----,dose1 #a to #c 

loz5ges4 ,9 hoop+-c\gh4    ,loz5ges1    
,burnt ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci        
,,spongi1 ,t4 ,s4 ,,u/1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,p4
 ,cod47 ,burnt sponge1 #d oz42 sug>1 #ab
 oz42 mucilage ( tragacan?1  q4 s42     
divide into #ab-;gr4 loz5ges4 ,9        
scr(ula1 gl&ul> enl>gem5ts1  c4         
,loz5ges1 ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci      
,,butyri ,,cacao1 ,l4 ,ea* loz5ge       
conta9s #a-crd ( its weight ( pure cacao
 butt]4 ,9 habitual  con/ipation2 & 9   
ph?isis1 scr(ula1 c41 in/ead ( cod-liv] 
oil2  tak5 ad libitum4 ,!y are usually  
sc5t$ ) roses4    ,loz5ges1 ,caffeine4  
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,caffe91 ,l4 ,ea*     
loz5ge conta9s  #a_/d gr4 ( caffe9e &   
#a_/b gr4 ( citric acid4 ,9 hemicrania1 
hypo*ondriasis1 c4    ,loz5ges1         
,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,worm ,,loz5ges2       
,,tro*isci ,,calomelanos1 ,t4           
,,hydr>gyri ,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  
,cod47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 (     
calomel4 ,alt]ative1 c4 ,!y af=d a      
simple way ( introduc+ m]cury  into !   
sy/em4 ,dur+ _! use salt food & acid    

liquors %\ld be  avoid$4 ,:5 giv5 =     
worms !y %\ld be foll[$1 9 a few h\rs1  
by  a purge4    ,loz5ges1 ,camphor4     
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,ea*    
loz5ge conta9s  #c_/d gr4 ( 7f9ely      
p[d]$7 camphor4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 a     
well-cork$  bottle4    ,loz5ges (       
,c>bolic ,acid4 7,?4 ,hosp47 ,syn4      
,,tro*isci ,,acidi ,,c>bolici4  ,prep4  
,c>bolic acid1 #cej gr42 gum ,arabic1   
#bbj gr42 ref9$ sug>1 #ab-a_/b  oz42    
mucilage1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat] q4 s4 to 
make #a lb4 ,divide into #cej  loz5ges1 
& f9i% z ) b5zoic acid loz5ges4         
,loz5ges1 ,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,see       
,,loz5ges1 ,,*alk4    ,loz5ges1 ,cate*u4
 ,syn4 ,,ca*\ ,,loz5ges2 ,,tro*isci     
,,cate*u 7,b4 ,p471  ,t4 ,,de ,,t]ra    
,,japonica1 ,l42 ,,tablettes ,,de       
,,ca*\1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4       
#agdd47 ,cate*u1 #b oz42 tragacan?1     
#a_/b oz42 :ite sug>1 #ab oz42 rose     
wat]1 q4 s4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,extract 
( cate*u1 #d oz42 sug>1 #af oz42        
mucilage ( gum  tragacan? q4 s42 =      

#aj-;gr4 loz5ges4    #c4 7,,tro4        
,,cate*u ,,et ,,magnesi----,p4 ,cod47   
,magnesia1 #b oz42 p[d]$ cate*u1  #a    
oz42 sug>1 #ac oz42 mucilage ( gum      
tragacan? 7made ) c9namon  wat]71 q4 s4 
to mix4    #d4 7,,p]fum$47 ,see ,,ca*\  
,,aromatis & ,,pa/ils4    #e4 7,b4 ,p47 
,pale cate*u1 9 p[d]1 #gbj gr42 ref9$   
sug>1 9 p[d]1 #be  oz42 gum ,arabic1 9  
p[d]1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 di/ill$ 
wat]1 a  suffici5cy2 divide into #gbj   
loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 (   
cate*u4----,dose1 #a to #c loz5ges4     
,obs4 ,all ! above are tak5 9 di>rha1 9 
relaxation ( ! uvula1 9  irritation ( ! 
l>ynx1 & z cosmetics to fa/5 ! tee?1 &  
disguise a fetid brea?4 ,! "o conta9+   
magnesia 7,no4 #c7 is also  suck$ 9     
dyspepsia1 acidity1 & he>tburn4         
,loz5ges1 ,cay5ne4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci     
,,capsici1 ,l4 ,flav\r$ ) ess5ce  or    
t9cture ( capsicum or cay5ne1 ) a v     
conc5trat$ ,*ili  v9eg>1 or a little    
pure soluble cay5ne pepp]4    #b4       
7,,acidulat$47 ,to ea* lb4 add ( t>t>ic 

acid1 #a_/b oz4 ,bo? are us$  9         
dyspepsia1 & to promote dige/ion &      
create an appetite4 ,!y h  also be5     
recomm5d$ 9 tempor>y deafness aris+ f   
exposure to cold4  ,!y are g5]ally t+$ (
 a light p9k or r$ col\r4    ,loz5ges1  
,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,he>tburn ,,loz5ges2      
,,tro*isci ,,cret2 7,ph4 ,e471  ,t4     
,,c>dialgici1 ,,tabell ,,c>dialgic1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prep>$ *alk1 #d  oz42
 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 nutmeg1 #a dr42   
:ite sug>1 #f oz42 rose or  orange-fl[] 
wat]1 q4 s4 ,antacid & absorb5t4 #c or  
#d suck$ ad  libitum2 9 he>tburn1       
dyspepsia1 di>rha1 acidity ( ! /oma* &  
b[els1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,*>coal4 ,syn4   
,,tro*isci ,,c>bonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,p4 ,cod47  ,prep>$ *>coal1 #d oz42    
:ite sug>1 #ab oz41 mucilage1 q4 s4 to  
mix4 ,9  di>rha1 *ol]a1 dyspepsia1 c4   
#b4 7,,tro4 ,,c>bonas ,,cum             
,,*ocolat----,m4 ,*evalli]47 ,*>coal &  
:ite sug>1  ( ea* #a oz42 *ocolate1 #c  
oz42 mucilage ( gum tragacan?1 q4 s4 to 
mix4  ,nutriti\s2 us$ z ! la/4          

,loz5ges1 ,*+'s ,worm4 ,prep4 #a4       
7,,yell[47 ,f saffron1 #a_/b oz42  boil+
 wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse1 /ra91 add1 (     
calomel1 #a lb42 p[d]$  :ite sug>1 #bh  
lbs42 mix well1 make a mass ) mucilage (
 tragacan?1  & divide x into #gjjj      
loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 (   
calomel4    #b4 7,,br[n47 ,f calomel1 #g
 oz42 res9\s extract ( jalap1 #c-a_/b   
lbs42  :ite sug>1 #aj lbs42 mucilage (  
tragacan?1 q4 s42 mix1 & divide into    
#fabe loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/b
 gr4 ( calomel & #c-a_/b gr4 (  res9\s  
extract ( jalap4 #a to #f ( ! yell[     
loz5ges ov] night1 z a  v]mifuge1 foll[$
 by an equal numb] ( ! br[n ones ! next 
morn+  fa/+4    ,loz5ges1 ,*lorate (    
,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,potass     
,,*loratis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,ea* loz5ge 
conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 ( *lorate ( potassa4
 ,9  ph?isis1 sore ?roat1 c4 #f to #ab a
 day4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,*lorate ( pota%1
 9 p[d]1 #cfjj gr4 7#h-a_/d oz472 ref9$ 
sug>1 9 p[d]1 #be oz42 gum acacia1 9    
p[d]1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41  di/ill$

 wat]1 #a oz41 or a suffici5cy2 mix !   
p[d]s1 & add !  mucilage & wat] to =m a 
prop] mass2 divide 9 #gbj loz5ges4 ,ea* 
loz5ge conta9s #e gr4 ( *lorate (       
pota%4----,dose1 #a to #f loz5ges4      
,loz5ges1 ,*loride ( ,ammonium4 ,ea*    
loz5ge conta9s #b to #c gr4 (  *loride (
 ammonium4 ,us$ 9 bron*itis4----,dose1  
#b to #d loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,*loride 
( ,gold4 #a4 7,,tro*isci ,,auri         
,,*loridi1 ,l47 ,ea*  loz5ge conta9s    
#a_/dj gr4 ( neutral *loride ( gold4 #b 
to #d daily2 9  scr(ula1 canc]1 c4      
#b4 7,) ,,soda2 ,,tro*isci ,,auri ,,et  
,,sodii ,,*loridi1 ,t4 ,,sodii          
,,auro-,,*loridi1  ,l4----,*re/i547 ,ea*
 loz5ge conta9s #a_/af? gr4 (           
soda-*loride ( gold4  ,two daily2 z !   
la/4    ,loz5ges1 ,*loride ( ,lime4     
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,calcis ,,*loridi1 ,t4
 ,c4  ,,*lor9at1 ,l4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s
 #a_/d gr4 ( dry *loride ( lime4 ,!y    
are frequ5tly t+$ ) a little c>m9e4 ,us$
 to sweet5 ! brea?  & :it5 ! tee?4 ,!y d
 n keep well4    ,loz5ges ( ,*lor9at$   

,soda4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,sod ,,*lor9at4
 ,prep4  ,solution ( *loride ( soda1 #a 
fl4 dr42 sug>1 #aj dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b 
dr42  mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s4 7#a_/b
 dr4 ( camphor may be add$74 ,to be     
held 9 ! m\? dur+ infection4            
,loz5ges1 ,*ocolate4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,*ocolat1 ,l4 ,f vanilla  *ocolate     
press$ into %eets1 & cut into pieces    
:il/ hot4    ,loz5ges1 ,c9*ona4 ,syn4   
,,tro*isci ,,c9*on ,,extracti1 ,l4 ,ea* 
loz5ge  conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 ( dry       
extract ( b>k4 ,a little c9namon or     
nutmeg is  (t5 add$4 ,see ,,b>k         
,,loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,c9namon4 ,syn4 
,,tro*isci ,,c9namoni1 ,l4 ,f c9namon 79
  f9e p[d]71 #a oz41 or ! ess5tial oil1 
#a fl4 dr41 to ea* lb4 (  sug>4         
,c>m9ative & /oma*ic4 ,,cassia ,,loz5ges
 are made 9 ! same  way1 & are frequ5tly
 sub/itut$ = !m4    ,loz5ges1 ,citrate (
 ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,f]ri         
,,citratis1 ,l4 ,ea*  loz5ge conta9s    
#a-a_/b gr4 ( ammonio-citrate ( iron4 ,z
 a mild  *alybeate tonic4 ,!y are       

sometimes made ) equal p>ts ( sug> &    
vanilla *ocolate4    ,loz5ges1 ,citrate 
( ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,magnesi 
,,citratis1 ,l4  ,ea* #ae-;gr4 loz5ge   
conta9s #e gr4 ( pure citrate (         
magnesia4 ,laxative4    ,loz5ges1       
,citric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,acidi 
,,citrici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  ,cod47      
,citric acid1 #c dr42 sug>1 #af oz42    
ess5ce ( lemon1 #af drops2  mucilage (  
tragacan?1 q4 s42 mix1 & divide into    
#ab-;gr4 loz5ges4 ,9  c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1  
c4    ,loz5ges1 ,clove4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci
 ,,c>yophilli1 ,l4 ,f cloves 7p[d]$     
along ) sug>71 #b oz41 or ess5tial oil1 
#a fl4 dr41 to ea* lb4 (  sug>4 ,!y are 
frequ5tly col\r$4 ,c>m9ative & /oma*ic2 
also us$  z a re/orative aft] fatigue1  
add$ to *ocolate to improve its  flav\r1
 & suck$ to sweet5 ! brea?4    ,loz5ges1
 ,c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,pectoral ,,loz5ges1     
,,pulmonic ,l42 ,,tro*isci              
,,anticat>rhales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
,black-currant loz5ge-mass1 #a lb42     
ipecacuanha 79 v f9e p[d]71 #b dr4 ,=   

#ab-;gr4 loz5ges4    #b4 ,to ! la/ add (
 p[d]$ opium & camphor1 #a-a_/b dr4     
#c4 ,to ei!r ,no4 #a or #b add ( oil (  
anise$1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4    #d4          
7,,tablettes ,,de ,,tron*947 ,f p[d]$   
gum ,arabic1 #h oz42 oil (  anise$1 #af 
drops2 extract ( opium1 #ab gr42 k]mes  
m9]al1 #a dr42 pure  extract (          
liquorice1 #b oz42 :ite sug>1 #cb oz42  
wat]1 q4 s42 mix1 &  divide into        
#aj-;gr4 loz5ges4    #e4 7,,tablettes   
,,de ,,v&amme47 ,f b5zoic acid1 #a dr42 
orris p[d]1 #b dr42  gum ,arabic        
7p[d]$71 #a oz42 />*1 #b oz42 sug>1 #af 
oz42 wat]1 q4 s42  mix & divide into    
#ae-;gr4 loz5ges4    #f4 ,ea* loz5ge    
conta9s #a_/b gr4 ( lactuc>ium1 #a_/h   
gr4 ( p[d]$  ipecacuanha1 & #a_/ab gr4 (
 p[d]$ squills1 toge!r ) #a_/crd (  _!  
weight ( pure extract ( liquorice4      
,obs4 ,to r5d] ! above s]viceable 9     
c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 c41 !  b[els %\ld be   
kept g5tly op5 ) "s mild ap]i5t1 & a    
light  diet adopt$1 ) ab/95ce f /imulat+
 liquors4 ,see ,,loz5ges1  ,,emet9e1    

,,ipecacuanha1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,croton  
,oil4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,crotonis1 ,l4  
,prep4  7,s\beiran47 ,croton oil1 #e    
drops2 p[d]$ />*1 #dj gr42 :ite sug>1 #a
  dr42 *ocolate1 #b dr42 divide into #cj
 loz5ges2 #e or #f g5]ally prove        
ca?>tic4    ,loz5ges1 ,cubeb9e4 ,syn4   
,,tro*isci ,,cubeb9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  
,hamb47  ,copaiba & extract ( cubebs1 ( 
ea* #f oz42 yolks ( #c eggs2 mix1 add ( 
p[d]$ m>%mall[ root1 #f oz42 make x into
 pipes ( #ab gr4 ea*1 &  roll !m 9 sug>4
 ,9 gleet1 c41 & 9 affections ( ! muc\s 
membranes ( ! ?roat & fauces4 ,lablonye 
ord]s !m to be made (  sug>1 & flav\r$ )
 oil ( pepp]m9t4    ,loz5ges1 ,cubebs4  
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,spitta47  ,cubebs1 #b dr42 balsam (  
tolu1 #f gr42 mix1 & add ( extract (    
liquorice1 #a oz42 syrup ( tolu1 #a dr42
 p[d]$ gum1 q4 s42 divide into  #aj-;gr4
 loz5ges4 ,"o ( ^!1 all[$ to melt       
gradually 9 ! m\?1 is  said to alleviate
 ! ob/ruction 9 ! nose1 9 coryza4    #b4
 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,oleores9 ( cubebs1   

#a_/b fl4 oz4 o4 m42 oil (  sassafras1  
#a fl4 dr42 extract ( liquorice 9 p[d]1 
#d oz42 gum ,arabic 9  p[d]1 #c oz42    
sug> 9 f9e p[d]1 #c oz42 syrup ( tolu1  
q4 s4 ,divide  into #dhj loz5ges4       
,loz5ges ( ,cyanide ( ,gold4 7,*re/i547 
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,auri ,,cyanidi4      
,prep4 ,cyanide ( gold1 #b gr42 *ocolate
 pa/e1 #a oz4 ,made into #bd  loz5ges4  
,f #a to #d 9 ! day4    ,loz5ges1       
,d,arcet's4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,vi*y4     
,loz5ges1 ,digestive4 ,see ,,loz5ges1   
,,rhub>b1 ,,g+]1 ,,c&y1 ,,dige/ive1  c4 
,loz5ges1 ,ed9burgh4 ,prep4 ,f extract (
 poppies1 #b oz42 p[d]$  tragacan?1 #d  
oz42 sug>1 #aj oz42 rose wat]1 q4 s4 to 
=m a  loz5ge-mass4    ,loz5ges1         
,emetine4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,emet91 ,l4 
,prep4 7,mag5die47----#a4  ,f impure or 
col\r$ emet9e1 #cb gr4 7or pure emet9e1 
#h gr472 :ite  sug>1 #b oz42 mucilage1  
q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #fd loz5ges4  
,emetic4----,dose1 #a = a *ild1 & #d =  
an adult4 ,!y are g5]ally  t+$ ( a p9k  
col\r ) c>m9e4    #b4 ,f impure or      

col\r$ emet9e1 #cb gr4 7or pure emet9e1 
#h gr472  sug>1 #d oz42 mucilage1 q4 s42
 divide into #bef loz5ges4 ,pectoral4   
,"o  e h\r1 or (t5]1 = an adult4 ,! la/ 
are int5d$ to take !  place (           
ipecacuanha loz5ges1 b are r /rong]4    
,loz5ges1 ,es*>otic4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,es*>otici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  ,cod47    
,corrosive sublimate1 #b dr42 />*1 #d   
dr42 mucilage ( tragacan?1  q4 s42 mix1 
& divide into #c-;gr4 oat-%ap$ granules4
 ,= ext]nal use  only4 ,see ,,cau/ic    
7,z9c74    ,loz5ges1 ,f]rocyanide (     
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,f]ri          
,,f]rocyanidi1 ,t4  ,c,,rulei1 ,l4 ,ea* 
loz5ge conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 ( pure       
,prussian blue4  ,alt]ative1 febrifuge1 
& tonic2 9 epilepsy1 int]mitt5ts1       
diseases (  ! ganglionic sy/em1 c4      
,loz5ges1 ,fruit4 ,prep4 ,f juice (     
black currants 7boil$ to !  consi/5ce ( 
an extract71 #a lb42 juice ( r$ currants
 7simil>ly  treat$71 #a_/b lb42 p[d]$   
gum tragacan?1 #a_/d lb42 sug>1 #c lbs42
  raspb]ry syrup1 q4 s42 pe> ess5ce1 a  

few drops4 ,resemble black currant      
loz5ges1 b are m agreeable4    ,loz5ges1
 ,g>ana4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,paull9ia4    
,loz5ges1 ,g9g]4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci       
,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! be/  unblea*$
 ,jamaica g+] & gum ,arabic1 ( ea*1 9 v 
f9e p[d]1  #a-a_/b oz42 d\ble ref9$ lump
 sug>1 #a lb42 rose wat] 7t+$ )         
saffron71 q4 s4 ,a /ill f9] quality may 
be made by us+ an equival5t  proportion 
( ess5ce ( g+]1 in/ead ( ! p[d]4        
,inf]ior qualities  are prep>$ ) co>s]  
sug> to :i* "s />* is (t5 add$4  ,g+]   
loz5ges are c>m9ative & /oma*ic1 & are  
useful 9  flatul5cy1 loss ( appetite1 c4
    ,loz5ges1 ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,auri1 ,l4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/af  
gr4  ( pulv]ul5t gold4    ,loz5ges1     
,gum4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,acaci 7,ph4    
,e471 ,t4 ,,gummi ,,arabici1 ,t4        
,,gummosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47    
,gum ,arabic1 #d oz42 />*1 #a oz42 :ite 
sug>1 #ab oz4 7all 9 v f9e p[d]72 rose  
wat]1 q4 s4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,gum     
,arabic1 #a lb42 sug>1 #c lbs42         

orange-fl[] wat]1 #b fl4  oz4    #c4    
7,transp>5t47 ,f ! same mat]ials1 b     
employ+ a g5tle heat4  ,demulc5t2 us$ to
 allay tickl+ c\ghs4    ,loz5ges1       
,guaiacum4 7,?4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci
 ,,guaiaci4 ,prep4  ,guaiacum res9 9    
p[d]1 #gjj gr42 tragacan?1 #gj gr42     
sug>1 #bhj gr42  black currant pa/e1 q4 
s4 ,divide into #cej loz5ges1 & f9i% z  
b5zoic  acid loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,gum 
,tragacan?4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci            
,,tragacan?1 ,t4 ,,gummi ,t41 ,l4       
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,comp\nd p[d] (
 tragacan?1 #c oz42 sug>1 #ab  oz42 rose
 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,resemble ! la/1 b are
 m durable 9 !  m\?4    ,loz5ges1       
,he>tburn4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,*alk1 c4   
,loz5ges1 ,icel& ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci
 ,,li*5is1 ,l4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,conta9  half
 _! weight ( dri$ & p[d]$ li*5 jelly4   
,resemble gum  loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1    
,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci         
,,cannabis1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,indici1 ,l4       
7,ebri>d47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/ab   
gr4 ( extract ( ,indian hemp4           

,loz5ges1 ,iodide ( ,iron4 ,syn4        
,,tro*isci ,,f]ri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,ea*    
loz5ge conta9s #a_/b gr4 ( dry iodide ( 
iron4 #ab to #bj daily2 9  am5orrha1    
*lorosis1 scr(ul\s debility1 c4 ,!y are 
g5]ally  flav\r$ ) a little nutmeg or   
c9namon4    ,loz5ges1 ,iodide (         
,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,potassi  
,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,ea*  loz5ge conta9s #a   
gr4 ( iodide ( potassium1 flav\r$ )     
nutmeg or  c9namon4 #aj to #ae daily2 9 
scr(ula1 indurations1 c4 ,"o ( ! be/    
ways ( tak+ iodide ( potassium4         
,loz5ges1 ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci
 ,,ipecacuanh21 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4     
,p47 ,mix ipecacuanha 9 p[d]1 #ahj gr42 
ref9$ sug> 9 p[d]1 #be oz42  gum acacia 
9 p[d]1 #a oz42 add mucilage ( acacia1  
#b fl4 oz41 &  di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz41 or 
suffici5t to =m a prop] mass4 ,divide   
into  #gbj loz5ges1 & dry 9 a hot-air   
*amb] ) a mod]ate heat4 ,ea*  loz5ge    
conta9s #a_/d gr4 ( ipecacuanha4    #b4 
7,p4 ,cod41 ,hamb4 d41 & ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47  
,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/d gr4 (         

ipecacuanha4    #c4 7,,tro4 ,,ipecac4   
,,cum ,,camphor47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s   
#a_/b gr4 ( camphor1  & #a_/d gr4 (     
ipecacuanha4    #d4 7,,tro4 ,,ipecac4   
,,cum ,,*ocolat----,p4 ,cod47 ,ea*      
loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 (  ipecacuanha1 & 
#ab gr4 ( *ocolate  la vanilla4 ,! above
 are  pectoral & expectorant1 & are v   
useful 9 tickl+ & *ronic  c\ghs1        
ho>s5ess1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,ipecacuanha &
 ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,ipecacuanh
 ,,et  ,,morphi 7,b4 ,p474 ,ea* loz5ge  
conta9s #a_/ab gr4 ipecacuanha & #a_/cf 
gr4  hydro*lorate morphia4----,dose1 #a 
to #f loz5ges4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 ,,morphia
 ,,&  ,,ipecacuanha4    ,loz5ges1 ,iron4
 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,f]ri1 ,t4           
,,*alybeati1 ,l4 #a4 ,ea*  loz5ge       
conta9s #a gr4 ( ,quev5ne's iron4 ,see  
,,loz5ges1 ,,r$uc$ ,,iron4    #b4       
7,,tro4 ,,f]ri ,,c>bonatis47 ,ea* loz5ge
 conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 ( sac*>9e  c>bonate
 ( iron4 ,!y are bo? mild & excell5t    
*alybeates4 ,see  ,,loz5ges1 ,,/eel4    
,loz5ges1 ,jujube4 ,see ,,pa/e1         

,,jujube4    ,loz5ges1 ,k]mes ,m9]al4   
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,k]metis1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,p4  ,cod47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s    
#a_/f gr4 ( k]mes m9]al1 & ab\t #c_/d   
gr4  ( gum1 made up ) sug> & orange-fl[]
 wat]4 ,diaphoretic &  expectorant4     
#b4 7,comp\nd47 ,z ! la/1 b ) ! addition
 ( #a_/f gr4 ( opium1 #a_/d  gr4 (      
squills1 & #a_/b gr4 ( ipecacuanha4     
,anodyne & expectorant2 bo?  are v      
useful 9 cat>rhs4    ,loz5ges1 ,lactate 
( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,f]ri        
,,lactatis1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,cap47 ,ea*    
loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 ( lactate ( iron4 
,tonic4 ,useful 9  debility1 accompani$ 
) a diseas$ /ate ( ! organs ( dige/ion4 
,loz5ges1 ,lactic ,acid4 ,syn4          
,,tro*isci ,,acidi ,,lactici1 ,l4 ,ea*  
loz5ge  conta9s #a gr4 ( lactic acid to 
ab\t #ab gr4 ( sug>4 ,!y are be/        
flav\r$ ) vanilla or nutmeg4 ,9         
dyspepsia1 c41 especially 9 g\ty        
subjects4 ,^? prep>$ by ,mag5die's =mul 
conta9 a l>g] proportion  ( acid1 b are 
mu* too s\r = frequ5t use4    ,loz5ges1 

,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci          
,,lactuc>ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,e47     
,prep>$ ) lactuc>ium 9 ! same mann] z ! 
opium loz5ges1  ,ph4 ,e4 ,ea* ( ^!      
loz5ges conta9s f #a_/f to #a_/g gr4 (  
lactuc>ium4  ,anodyne & demulc5t4 ,us$  
to allay tickl+ c\ghs1 c4    ,loz5ges1  
,lav5d]4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,lav&ul1 ,l4 
,f #c_/d fl4 dr4 (  ,mit*am oil ( lav5d]
 to ea* lb4 ( sug>1 & t+$ r$ ) liquid   
lake or c>m9e2 or violet1 ) litmus or   
indigo4 ,us$ *iefly to sc5t  ! brea?4   
,^? ( ! %ops are g5]ally defici5t 9     
od\r4    ,loz5ges1 ,lemon4 ,syn4        
,,tro*isci ,,limonis1 ,t4 ,,limonum1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4  ,f #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( oil ( 
lemon to ea* lb4 ( d\ble ref9$ :ite     
sug>4    #b4 7,acidulat$47 ,see         
,,loz5ges1 ,,citric & ,,t>t>ic4    ,obs4
 ,lemon loz5ges & drops are agreeable   
sweetmeats1 & ^? t  are acidulat$ are   
(t5 v useful to promote expectoration 9 
c\ghs1  c4 ,! la/ are also made into    
drops z well z loz5ges1 :5 !y =m  !     
#8,,acidulat$ ,,lemon ,,drops' ( ! %ops4

 ,^? t are made ( citric  acid are by f>
 ! mo/ :olesome4 ,bo? lemon loz5ges &   
drops are  g5]ally col\r$ ) infusion (  
saffron or turm]ic4    ,loz5ges1        
,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,lactuc1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,f extract (  lettuce1 extract (
 liquorice1 gum1 & sug>1 equal p>ts4    
,anodyne &  demulc5t2 9 ob/9ate c\gh )\t
 expectoration4 ,see ,,loz5ges1         
,,lactuc>ium4    ,loz5ges1 ,li*54 ,see  
,,loz5ges1 ,,icel& ,,moss4    ,loz5ges1 
,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,loz5ges2    
,,tro*isci ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,t4 ,g4        
,,glabr1 ,t4 ,,be*ici ,,nigri1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,extract (        
liquorice &  gum acacia1 ( ea* #f oz2   
:ite sug>1 #ab oz42 dissolve 9 wat]1 q4 
s42  evaporate into a pa/e1 & =m into   
loz5ges4 ,pectoral & demulc5t4  ,useful 
to allay tickl+ c\ghs & remove ho>s5ess4
    #b4 7,) ,,opium47 ,see ,,loz5ges1   
,,opium4    ,loz5ges1 ,magnesia4 ,syn4  
,,he>tburn ,,loz5ges2 ,,tro*isci        
,,magnesi 7,ph4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,ph4 ,e47 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #f oz42

 p[d]$ :ite  sug>1 #c oz42 oil ( nutmeg1
 #bj drops2 mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s4 
to  mix4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,calc9$  
magnesia1 #d oz42 sug>1 #ab oz42 nutmeg1
 #a dr42  mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s42 =
 #aj-;gr4 loz5ges4    #c4 7,:olesale47  
,calc9$ magnesia1 #c oz42 p[d]$ gum     
tragacan?1 #a oz42  d\ble ref9$ lump    
sug>1 #c_/d lb42 rose or orange-fl[]    
wat]1 q4 s4 to  make a loz5ge mass4     
,obs4 ,magnesia loz5ges are v useful 9  
he>tburn1 acidity1 &  indige/ion4 ,!    
confection]s g5]ally omit ! nutmeg1 &   
make _!  mucilage ) ei!r rose or        
orange-fl[] wat]1 or else add ! dry gum 
to ! mass1 & !n mix up ! p[d]s ) "o or  
o!r ( ^!  liquids4 ,x is also an        
improvem5t to use calc9$ magnesia1 :i*  
is  ab\t twice z /rong z ! c>bonate1 &  
consequ5tly less ne$ be  employ$4       
,loz5ges1 ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci      
,,mann1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,p[d]$ 
tragacan?1 #a dr42 :ite sug>1 #ab oz42  
manna1 #c oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1  q4 s4 
to mix4 ,demulc5t1 & 9 l>ge numb]s      

slightly laxative4    ,loz5ges1         
,m>%mall[4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,al?1 ,l42 
,,tablettes ,,de  ,,guimauve1 ,fr4      
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,m>%mall[ root       
7decorticat$ & f9ely  p[d]$71 #b oz42   
sug>1 #ad oz42 mucilage ( tragacan?     
7made )  orange-fl[] wat]71 q4 s4       
,demulc5t & expectorant4 ,useful to     
allay !  irritation 9 c\gh1 c4 ,!       
prep>ations ( m>%mall[ h always be5     
highly e/eem$ z pectorals by ! vulg>4   
,loz5ges1 ,m9ium4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci      
,,m9ii 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  
r$ lead1 #a dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #b
 dr42 crumb ( bread1 #a oz42 rose  wat]1
 q4 s42 to be made up into oat-l gra9s4 
,= ext]nal use only4    ,loz5ges1       
,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,morphi 7,b4
 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,m4                
,,hydro*loratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #bj gr42  
t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 p[d]$    
:ite sug>1 #be oz42 dissolve !          
hydro*lorate 9 a little w>m wat]1 mix x 
) ! t9cture & !  sug>1 make a mass )    

mucilage ( gum tragacan?1 q4 s41 &      
divide x  into #ae-;gr4 loz5ges4 ,ea*   
loz5ge conta9s ab\t #a_/dj gr4 (        
hydro*lorate ( morphia4 ,us$ z opium    
loz5ges1 b are pleasant]4 ,!  morphia   
loz5ges ( ! %op g5]ally conta9 #a_/bd   
gr4 ( hydro*lorate  ( morphia4          
7,p]eira47    #b4 7,) ,,ipecacuanha1    
,,tro*isci ,,morphi ,,et                
,,ipecacuanh----,ph4 ,e47 ,z !  la/1    
add+ ( ipecacuanha1 #a dr4 ,ea* loz5ge  
conta9s ab\t #a_/dj gr4 (  hydro*lorate 
( morphia1 & #a_/ac gr4 ( ipecacuanha4  
,anodyne &  expectorant2 9 tickl+ c\ghs1
 c41 & to allay pa94    #c4             
,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #bj gr42       
t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/b oz42 ref9$  sug>1 
9 p[d]1 #bd oz42 gum ,arabic1 9 p[d]1 #a
 oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41  or a           
suffici5cy2 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b   
oz4 ,divide ! mass into  #gbj loz5ges4  
,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/cf gr4 (        
hydro*lorate (  morphia4----,dose1 #a or
 #b occasionally1 = c\gh4    ,loz5ges1  
,morphia & ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4          

,,tro*isci ,,morphi ,,et  ,,ipecacuanh  
7,b4 ,p47 ,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #bj  
gr42 ipecacuanha1 9 f9e  p[d]1 #bd oz42 
t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/b oz42 ref9$ sug>1 9
 p[d]1 #bd  oz42 gum ,arabic1 9 p[d]1 #a
 oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41 or a suffici5cy2
  di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b oz42 divide ! mass
 into #gbj loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge  conta9s
 #a_/cf gr4 ( hydro*lorate ( morphia &  
#a_/ab gr4 (  ipecacuanha4----,dose1 #a 
or #b occasionally1 = c\gh4    ,loz5ges 
( ,naph?al94 7,dupasqui]47 ,syn4        
,,tro*isci ,,naph?al9i4  ,prep4         
,naph?al91 #e scruples2 sug>1 #bj oz42  
oil ( anise$ to flav\r2  =m a mass )    
mucilage ( tragacan?1 & divide into     
loz5ges ( #ae  gr4 ea*4 ,expectorant1 & 
may be tak5 to ! ext5t ( #bj a day4     
,loz5ges1 ,nitre4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci      
,,nitrici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4     
#aghc47  ,nitre1 #c oz42 :ite sug>1 #i  
oz42 mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s4 to mix4
  ,diuretic2 b *iefly suck$1 )\t        
swall[+1 to remove incipi5t sore  ?roat4
    #b4 ,camphorat$2 ,,tro*isci ,,nitri 

,,camphorati1 ,l4----,*aussi]4 ,ea*     
loz5ge  conta9s #a_/h gr4 ( opium1 #a_/b
 gr4 ( camphor1 & #a gr4 ( nitre4 ,9    
ho>s5ess1 sore ?roat1 c4    ,loz5ges1   
,nutmeg4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,myri/ic1 ,l4
 ,f oil ( nutmeg1 #a  fl4 dr41 to ea*   
lb4 ( sug>1 & col\r$ ) infusion (       
saffron4  ,c>m9ative & /oma*ic2 9 colic1
 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne
 ,,loz5ges2 ,,tro*isci ,,opii 7,ph4     
,e471 ,t4  ,,glycyrrhiz ,,cum ,,opio1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e47      
,opium 7/ra9$71 #b  dr42 t9cture ( tolu1
 #a_/b oz42 triturate toge!r1 add (     
p[d]$ sug>1  #f oz42 extract ( liquorice
 7s(t7 & p[d]$ gum acacia1 ( ea* #e oz42
  mix1 & divide into #aj-;gr4 loz5ges4  
,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/f to #a_/g gr4  
( opium4 ,us$ to allay tickl+ c\gh &    
irritation ( ! fauces1 &  z an anodyne &
 hypnotic4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,opium 
79 f9e p[d]71 #b dr42 extract (         
liquorice1 gum  ,arabic1 & sug>1 ( ea*  
#e oz42 oil ( anise$1 #a_/b fl4 dr42    
wat]1  q4 s42 divide into #f-;gr4       

loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/aj gr4 
(  opium4 ,z ! la/4    #c4 ,extract (   
opium1 #gb gr42 t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/b   
oz42 ref9$ sug> 79  p[d]71 #b oz42      
extract ( liquorice1 #f oz42 di/ill$    
wat]1 a  suffici5cy4 ,divide ! mass into
 #gbj loz5ges4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s      
#a_/aj  gr4 ( extract ( opium4----,dose1
 #a to #b loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,orange4
 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,f oil
 ( orange1  #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 to ea* lb4 (
 sug>1 & infusion ( saffron = col\r+4   
,by add+ nitric or t>t>ic acid1 #c dr4  
#8,,acidulat$ ,,orange ,,loz5ges' w  be 
=m$4    ,loz5ges1 ,orange-fl[er4 ,syn4  
,,tro*isci ,,aurantii ,,florum1 ,l4     
,prep4  7,p4 ,cod47 ,p[d]$ sug>1 #a lb42
 n]oli1 #a dr42 orange-fl[] wat]1  q4   
s42 make x into drops 7pa/illi72 or1    
omit ! wat]1 & make x into  loz5ges )   
mucilage ( tragacan? made ) orange-fl[] 
wat]4  ,delightfully fragrant4          
,loz5ges1 ,orris-root4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci 
,,iridis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  orris-root 79 v
 f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 sug>1 #a lb42       

mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4 s4 to mix4    
,us$ to p]fume ! brea?4    ,loz5ges     
,oxalate ( ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,potass ,,oxalatis1 ,t4 ,p4            
,,sup]-,,oxalatis1 ,l4 ,z ,,acidulat$   
,,loz5ges1 b us+ quadraoxalate (        
potassa 7salt ( sorrel7 in/ead ( t>t>ic 
acid4 7,see bel[47    ,loz5ges1 ,oxalic 
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,acidi         
,,oxalici1 ,l4 ,z ,,acidulat$           
,,loz5ges1 b us+ oxalic acid in/ead (   
t>t>ic acid4 ,! la/ two are  refrig]ant1
 b _! use is objectionable1 especially =
 pati5ts :o  lab\r "u ! oxalic dia!sis4 
,9 l>ge quantities !y are poison\s4     
,loz5ges1 ,p>egoric4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,p>egorici1 ,l4 ,m$icat$ ) #b  fl4 oz4 
( p>egoric & #b dr4 ( t>t>ic acid1 to   
ea* lb4 ( sug>1 &  t+$ ( a p9k col\r )  
lake or co*9eal4 ,z a pectoral 9        
cat>rhs1  c4    ,loz5ges1 ,paull9ia4    
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,paull9i1 ,t4 ,,gu>an1
 ,l4 ,prep4  7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,ea*      
loz5ge conta9s ne>ly #a_/b gr4 ( extract
 ( g>ana  or paull9ia1 & is flav\r$ )   

vanilla4 #ab to #bj daily1 z an         
alt]ative & tonic2 9 *lorosis1 di>rha4  
,loz5ges1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,pectorales1 ,t4 ,,be*ici1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,dr ,grunn47 ,p[d]$ squills1 #d    
p>ts2 extract ( lettuce1 #h p>ts2       
ipecacuanha1 #ah p>ts2 manna1 #abe p>ts2
 sug>1 #bej p>ts2 mucilage (  tragacan?1
 q4 s4 to mix4    #b4 7,mag5die47 ,see  
,,loz5ges1 ,,emet9e4    #c4 7,,black2   
,t4 ,,be*ici ,,nigri47 ,see ,,loz5ges1  
,,liquorice4    #d4 7,,:ite2 ,t4        
,,be*ici ,,albi47 ,orris root1 #d dr42  
liquorice p[d]1 #f dr42  />*1 #a-a_/b   
oz42 sug>1 #ah oz42 mucilage (          
tragacan?1 q4 s4 to make a  loz5ge-mass4
    #e4 7,,yell[2 ,t4 ,,be*ici ,,flavi47
 ,p[d]$ orris root1 #f dr42 />*1 #d dr42
  liquorice p[d]1 #c dr42 saffron1 #b   
dr42 sug>1 #h oz42 mucilage (           
tragacan?1 q4 s4 to mix4    ,obs4 ,all !
 above are us$ z demulc5ts 9 c\ghs1     
colds1 c4 ,nos4 #a  & #b are anodyne z  
well z demulc5t4 ,= o!r =mul see        
,,loz5ges1  ,,c\gh1 ,,liquorice1        

,,opium1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,pellitory4    
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,pyre?ri1 ,l4 ,prep4  
,f  pellitory1 ma/ic1 & tragacan?1 ( ea*
 9 f9e p[d]1 equal p>ts2  orange-fl[]   
wat]1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,9 too?a*e4         
,loz5ges1 ,pepp]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci   
,,m5? ,,pip]it1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,p4    
,cod47 ,oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a dr42 p[d]$   
sug>1 #af oz42 mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4
 s4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,oil (        
pepp]m9t1 #a fl4 dr42 sug>1 #ab oz42    
mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4 s4    #c4     
7,:olesale47 #a fl4 dr4 ( ! f9e/ ,mit*am
 oil ( pepp]m9t to ea*  lb4 ( ! f9e/    
d\ble ref9$ :ite sug>1 ) mucilage ( ei!r
 gum  ,arabic or tragacan? to mix4      
,obs4 ,! be/ pepp]m9t loz5ges are made (
 ! v f9e/ d\ble  ref9$ sug> & ( ,engli% 
oil ( pepp]m9t only2 c>efully mix$ up  )
 v clean mucilage4 ,! common] qualities 
are made by employ+  inf]ior lump sug> &
 =eign oil ( pepp]m9t1 or1 :at is bett]1
  ,engli% oil ( pepp]m9t1 b 9 a less    
proportion ?an = ! bett]  sorts4 ,!     
addition ( />*1 9 quantity v>y+ f #a_/f 

to #b_/i ( !  :ole mass1 is also        
commonly made to !m2 & 9 ! *eape/       
v>ieties  ev5 pla/] ( ,p>is or *alk is  
occasionally introduc$ by unpr9cipl$    
mak]s4 ,! addition ( a v small quantity 
( blue smalts1 r$uc$ to  an impalpable  
p[d]1 is commonly made to ! sug>1 to    
increase its  :it5ess4 #8,,transp>5t' or
 #8,,semi-,,transp>5t ,,pepp]m9t        
,,loz5ges' are  made f ! same mat]ials z
 ! opaque ones2 b ! sug> is n  r$uc$ to 
q s f9e a p[d]1 & ! cake is roll$ ?9n]  
be=e  cutt+ x4 ,a little oil ( almonds  
or ( olives is also occasionally  mix$ )
 ! +r$i5ts1 to promote ! transp>5cy2 b x
 t5ds to  r5d] ! loz5ges less :ite4     
,pepp]m9t loz5ges & drops are useful 9  
flatul5cy1 nausea1 &  grip+2 & judg+ f !
 enorm\s & con/antly increas+ dem&  =   
!m1 !y are m highly e/eem$ by ! public  
?an all o!r  loz5ges & confections4     
,loz5ges1 ,pontefract4 ,^! are made ( ! 
pure/ ref9$ juice or  extract (         
liquorice1 & h long be5 e/eem$ z a      
demulc5t4    ,loz5ges1 ,poppy4 ,syn4    

,,tro*isci ,,papav]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f    
extract (  poppies1 #c oz42 sug>1 #ae   
oz42 p[d]$ gum tragacan?1 #b oz42 rose  
wat]1  q4 s4 to mix4 ,us$ 9 c\ghs z an  
anodyne & demulc5t1 9 lieu ( opium      
loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,pulmonic4 ,see   
,,loz5ges1 ,,c\gh1 ,,pectoral1 ,,waf]s1 
c4    ,loz5ges1 ,qu9ine4 ,syn4 ,tro*isci
 qu99 sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4             
7,s\beiran47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s ab\t   
#a_/aj gr4 ( sulphate 7disulphate7  (   
qu99e4 ,tonic & /oma*ic 9 dyspepsia1 c42
 b to r5d] !m  useful1 ! quantity ( !   
alkaloid %\ld be d\bl$4    ,loz5ges1    
,r$uc$ ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,f]ri   
,,r$acti4 7,b4 ,p47 ,r$uc$  iron1 #gbj  
gr42 ref9$ sug>1 9 p[d]1 #be oz42 gum   
,arabic1 9 p[d]1 #a  oz42 mucilage1 #b  
oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz41 or a         
suffici5cy4 ,mix !  iron1 sug>1 & gum1 &
 add ! mucilage & wat] to =m a prop]    
mass4 ,divide into #gbj loz5ges1 & dry  
!m 9 a hot-air *amb] ) a  mod]ate heat4 
,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a gr4 ( r$uc$      
iron4----,dose1 #a to  #f loz5ges4      

,loz5ges1 ,r$uc$ ,iron1 ) ,*ocolate4    
7,b\*>dat47 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci  ,,*ocolat 
,,et ,,f]ri4 ,prep4 ,f9e *ocolate1 #ad  
oz42 iron r$uc$ by  hydrog51 #a oz4     
,s(t5 ! *ocolate by heat1 mix ) ! iron1 
&  divide into loz5ges ( #ae-a_/b gr4   
ea*4 ,levigat$ iron fil+s are  sometimes
 sub/itut$ = ! r$uc$ iron2 o!rs direct !
 p]oxide4    ,loz5ges ( ,rhatany4 7,?4  
,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,kram]i4      
,prep4  ,extract ( rhatany 9 p[d]1 #ajej
 gr42 tragacan?1 #gj gr42 sug>1 #bhj    
gr42 r$ currant pa/e1 q4 s4 ,mix1 &     
divide into #cej loz5ges1 &  f9i% z 9   
b5zoic acid loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1       
,rhub>b4 ,syn4 ,,dige/ive ,,loz5ges2    
,,tro*isci ,,rhei1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,p4     
,cod47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #a oz42 sug>1 #aa 
oz42 mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4 s42      
divide into #ab-;gr4 loz5ges4 ,/oma*ic &
 laxative4  ,suck$ be=e d9n]1 !y excite 
! appetite1 &1 aft] x1 promote          
dige/ion4 ,!y are frequ5tly aromatis$ ) 
a little c9namon or  vanilla4 ,see ,,c&y
 7,dige/ive74    ,loz5ges1 ,rose4 ,syn4 

,,tro*isci ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
7,,acidulat$2 ,t4 ,r4  ,,acid47 ,f otto1
 #e to #aj drops2 citric or t>t>ic acid1
 #c dr42 sug>1 #a  lb42 mucilage1 q4 s4 
#b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdf47 ,r$-rose leaves   
7p[d]$71 #a oz42 sug>1 #ab oz42         
mucilage1 q4 s4    #c4 7,p,,te ,,de     
,,rose ,,loz5ges47 ,z ,no4 #a1 omitt+ "o
 half ( ! acid4    #d4 7,,r$2 ,t4 ,r4   
,,rubri47 ,z ,no4 #a2 b col\r$ ) liquid 
lake1 or  infusion ( co*9eal4    ,obs4  
,"s mak]s add ( />*1 #d oz41 sub/itute  
oil ( rhodium =  otto ( roses1 & use    
mucilage made ) rose wat]2 b ! quality (
  c\rse suff]s4 ,!y are *iefly us$ to   
p]fume ! brea?4    ,loz5ges1 ,saffron4  
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f 
hay saffron  79 f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 :ite 
sug>1 #a lb42 mucilage ( gum tragacan?1 
q4 s4 to mix4 ,anodyne1 pectoral1 &     
emm5agogue2 b *iefly us$ to  raise !    
spirits 9 hypo*ondriasis4    ,loz5ges1  
,santon9e4 ,syn4 ,,ta/eless ,,worm      
,,loz5ges2 ,,tro*isci  ,,santon9i1 ,l4  
,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/b gr4 7ne>ly7 ( 

santon9e4 #e to #aj  daily1 z a         
v]mifuge4    ,loz5ges1 ,scammony4       
7,b\rires47 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci            
,,scammonii4 ,prep4  ,res9 ( scammony1  
#d dr42 calomel1 #d dr42 sug>1 #f oz42  
tragacan?1 #a_/b  dr42 t9cture (        
vanilla1 #dj m9ims4 ,make into #cjj     
loz5ges4 #a or #b = a  *ild2 #b to #d = 
an adult4    ,loz5ges1 ,sda4 ,syn4      
,,tro*isci ,,sod ,,bic>bonatis 7,ph4    
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,e47        
,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a oz42 p[d]$ gum   
,arabic1 #a_/b oz42  sug>1 #c oz42      
mucilage1 q4 s4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f  
bic>bonate ( soda & p[d]$ gum tragacan?1
 (  ea* #b oz42 d\ble ref9$ lump sug>1  
#c_/d lb42 rose wat]1 q4 s4 to mix4  ,9 
acidity1 he>tburn1 c4 ,see ,,loz5ges1   
,,vi*y4    #c4 7,) ,,g+]72 ,,tro*isci   
,,sod ,,et ,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,to ! la/1 add
 (  g+] 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a-a_/b oz42    
p[d]$ gum1 #a_/b oz4    ,loz5ges (      
,soluble ,t>t>4 7,guibort47 ,syn4       
,,tro*isci ,,t>t>i  ,,solubilis4 ,prep4 
,borot>trate ( pota%1 #a oz42 sug>1 #g  

oz42 mucilage  ( tragacan?1 q4 s42      
flav\r$ ) lemon4    ,loz5ges1 ,squills4 
,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,scill1 ,l4 #a4 ,ea*  
loz5ge conta9s  #a_/h gr4 ( p[d]$       
squills & #b gr4 ( extract ( liquorice4 
#b4 7,) ,,ipecacuanha72 ,,tro*isci      
,,scill ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,z ! la/1
  add+ = ea* loz5ge #a_/d gr4 ( p[d]$   
ipecacuanha4 ,bo? ! above  are useful   
c\gh loz5ges4    ,loz5ges1 ,/>*4 ,syn4  
,,tro*isci ,,alimy1 ,t4 ,,be*ici ,,albi4
 ,l4 ,see  ,,pectoral ,,loz5ges4        
,loz5ges1 ,/eel4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci       
,,f]ri1 ,t4 ,,*alybeati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4
  ,cod47 ,levigat$ iron fil+s1 #a oz42  
sug>1 #aj oz42 c9namon1 #b dr42         
mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s42 mix1 &     
divide into #dhj loz5ges4 ,tonic4  ,see 
,,loz5ges1 ,,iron4    ,loz5ges1         
,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,sulphuris1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,f sulphur 7pure
 precipitate71 #b oz42 sug>1 #af oz42   
mucilage (  tragacan? 7made ) rose      
wat]71 q4 s4 to mix4 ,useful 9 piles &  
"s  sk9 diseases4    ,loz5ges1 ,tannic  

,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,acidi         
,,tannici 7,b4 ,p47 ,tannic  acid1 #cfj 
gr42 t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/b oz12 ref9$   
sug>1 #be oz42 gum  acacia1 #a oz42     
mucilage1 #b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz4  
,dissolve ! tannic  acid 9 ! wat]2 add  
fir/ ! t9cture ( tolu previ\sly mix$ )  
! mucilage1 !n ! gum & ! sug>1 also     
previ\sly well mix$4 ,=m  ! :ole into a 
prop] mass1 divide into #gbj loz5ges1 & 
dry !m 9 a  hot-air *amb] ) a mod]ate   
heat4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/b gr4 (   
tannic acid4----,dose1 #a to #f loz5ges4
    ,loz5ges1 ,t>taric ,acid4 ,see      
,,loz5ges1 ,,acidulat$4    ,loz5ges1    
,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic ,,loz5ges2      
,,tro*isci ,,tolutani1 ,t4  ,,balsamic1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,balsam (    
tolu & rectifi$ _s1 (  ea* #a oz42      
dissolve1 add ( wat]1 #b fl4 oz41 heat !
 mixture 9 a wat]  ba?1 & filt]2 make a 
mucilage ) ! filt]$ liquid1 & gum       
tragacan? 79 p[d]71 #hj gr42 add ( sug>1
 #af oz42 make a mass1 & cut  x into    
loz5ges4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,z ! la/1 b

 us+ only "o half ! weight ( balsam  (  
tolu4 ,pectoral & balsamic4    ,loz5ges1
 ,tron*9's4 ,syn4 ,,tablettes ,,de      
,,tron*91 ,fr4 ,see ,,loz5ges1  ,,c\gh4 
,loz5ges1 ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci    
,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ess5ce (      
vanilla1 #c fl4 dr41 to ea* lb4 ( sug>4 
#b4 7,guib\rt47 ,f vanilla triturat$ to 
a f9e p[d] ) #g times its  weight (     
sug>4 ,antispasmodic1 n]v9e1 & /oma*ic4 
,us$ to sweet5  ! brea?1 to flav\r      
*ocolate1 c4    ,loz5ges1 ,vi*y4 ,syn4  
,d',,arcet',s ,,loz5ges2 ,,tro*isci     
,,sod1 ,l42  ,,pa/illes ,,de ,,vi*y1    
,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bic>bonate 
( soda1 #a oz42  p[d]$ sug>1 #ai oz42   
mucilage ( gum tragacan?1 q4 s42 mix1 & 
divide  into #bj-;gr4 loz5ges4    #b4   
7,d',arcet47 ,z ! la/1 add+ a little oil
 ( pepp]m9t to give a  slight flav\r4   
,antacid or absorb5t2 9 he>tburn1 c4    
,loz5ges1 ,violet4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci     
,,viol1 ,t4 ,,viol>um1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,orris
  loz5ges col\r$ ) ! juice ( violets4   
,loz5ges1 ,wi/>'s ,c\gh4 ,prep4 ,gum    

,arabic1 extract ( liquorice1 &  sug>1 (
 ea* #b-a_/b oz42 p[d]$ opium1 #a dr42  
oil ( anise$1 #dj drops2  = #fj loz5ges4
 ,"o1 ?ree or f\r times a day4          
,loz5ges ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci        
,,an!lm9tici1 ,,morsuli ,,contra        
,,v]mes1 ,l4  ,mo/ ( ! adv]tis$ no/rums 
"u ?is "n h a basis ( calomel  7ab\t #a 
gr4 p] loz5ge71 & require to be foll[$  
by a purge a few  h\rs aft]w>ds4    #a4 
7,ph4 ,au/r4 #ahcf47 ,e!real extract (  
wormse$1 #a dr42 jalap1 />*1  & sug>1 ( 
ea* #b dr42 mucilage ( gum tragacan?1 q4
 s42 divide into  #fj loz5ges4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,dan4 #ahdj47 ,wormse$1 #a oz42   
e?iops m9]al & jalap1 ( ea* #c  dr42    
c9namon1 #b dr42 sug>1 #g oz42 rose     
wat]1 q4 s4 ,see ,,loz5ges1  ,,calomel1 
,,*+',s1 ,,santon91 c4 7above74         
,loz5ges1 ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,tro*isci ,,z9ci1
 ,t4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr   
,copl&47 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/b gr4 (
 sulphate ( z9c4  ,antispasmodic1       
expectorant1 & tonic1 & 9 quantity      
emetic4    ,,lubricat+ ,,comp\nds4 ,see 

,,anti-,,attrition4    ,,lu,,cif]s4 ,see
 ,,mat*es4    ,,lumba,,g4 ,rheumatism ( 
! lo9s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f nephritis1  or 
inflammation ( ! kidneys1 by ! pa9 be+  
aggravat$ on /oop+4  ,! treatm5t consi/s
 ( /rong /imulant embrocations or       
l9im5ts1 or  ( bli/]s ov] ! p>ts        
affect$1 ) active ap]i5ts1 w>m?1 &      
diaphoretics 7z ,dov]'s p[d]7 at b$time4
 ,! hot or vap\r ba? (t5  gives almo/   
imm$iate relief4 ,see ,,l9im5t ,,(      
,,belladonna & ,,*lor(orm4  ,see        
,,rheumatism4    ,,lu,,m9\s ,,phial4    
,see ,,phosphorus4    ,,lu,,na1         
,,cornea4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,horn ,,silv]4     
,fus$ *loride ( silv]4    ,,lu,,n>1     
,,cau/ic4 ,fus$ nitrate ( silv]4 ,see   
,,cau/ic & ,,silv]4    ,,lun*eons1      
,,hot1 by ! ,riv] ,side4 ,we extract !  
foll[+ f #8,l&  & ,wat]'3----8,9 cold   
wea!r1 by riv] side or on m\nta9 or     
moor1 :5  n too f> f home1 a hot lun* is
 (t5 a desid]atum1 b "o n  easily       
accompli%$ )\t a m or less complicat$   
app>atus & !  tr\ble ( light+ a         

fire----(t5 an impossibility f ! want ( 
dry  wood4 ,a hot1 sub/antial meal at ! 
end ( a h>d day's "w is (t5  difficult  
to get :5 ! "t ( return home may dep5d  
entirely on !  hum\r ( ! fi%2 & = ei!r  
purpose no?+ w beat ! homely  ,hot ,pot1
 or #8,pat de ,lanca%ire1' z ,i h se5 x 
pret5ti\sly t]m$1  ?\gh ! latt] "n does 
n convey any ( ! com=t+1 *e]+  s5sation 
to ! inn] man conta9$ 9 ! simpl]        
d5om9ation4 ,i h  nev] se5 a good recipe
 = x1 s app5d my own4 ,take a /rong     
glaz$  e>!nw>e j> ( a cyl9drical =m1 t5 
in*es deep & twelve broad4  ,at ! bottom
 ( ?is place a lay]1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 (
 potatoes cut  into pieces1 spr9kle ) a 
little salt2 on ^! place a lay] ( f\r   
or five mutton *ops1 season ) salt &    
pepp]1 & a teaspoonful (  ,worce/]      
sauce4 ,p\r 9 en\gh bro?1 /ock1 or wat] 
to ne>ly cov] !  *ops2 !n add ano!r lay]
 ( potatoes 7r ?ick] ?an ! fir/71  on   
:i* place two or ?ree *ops1 & two       
kidneys1 cut into smalli%  pieces = !   
sake ( ! gravy4 ,if mu%rooms are        

procurable1 add a few  ) ea* lay] (     
meat1 or1 9 place ( ^!1 a few oy/]s4    
,season1 &  cont9ue ! meat & potatoes 9 
alt]nate lay]s until )9 an in* (  ! top1
 :5 cov] ) small potatoes :ole1 or l>ge 
ones cut into  halves or qu>t]s2 bake   
sl[ly 9 ! ov5 till ! potatoes are q  s(t
 inside1 & br[n & well cook$ at ! top1  
:5 ! di% is ready4  ,if x is n want$ at 
once1 x may easily be kept hot1 & !     
addition  ( a little /ock w prev5t its  
gett+ dry4 ,to s]ve out-(-doors1  wrap  
up 9 clo?s1 & c>ry 9 a small hamp] l9$ )
 /raw1 :5 x  w keep /eam+ hot = an h\r  
or m4 ,"o ( ! great excell5ces  ( ?is   
di% lies 9 ! fact t all ! aroma ( ! meat
 is reta9$1  :ile ! potatoes absorb any 
sup]flu\s gravy4 ,slic$ onions w        
improve ! flav\r = ^? :o l !m1          
especially :5 mu%rooms  _c be got4 ,i h 
te/$ ! appreciation ( ?is di% among a   
gr\se-driv+ p>ty on ! ,york%ire moors on
 a raw ,decemb] day1 &  !re 0 no        
diss5ti5t voice z to its m]its :5       
?ankfully discuss$  ov] ! subsequ5t     

pipe4 ,i h f\nd x n ungrateful1 aft] a  
long  day's fi%+1 ne>ly up to my wai/ 9 
wat]1 :5 ! d9n] ord]$ =  six1 ) a view (
 tak+ an ev5+ basket1 w\ld h be5 ru9$   
be=e my arrival at elev51 _h x consi/$ (
 aught else2 nay1 ,i h  assi/$ at m ?an 
"o ba*elor supp] 9 *amb]s1 :]e x =m$ !  
di% ( ! ev5+1 & mid-day1 ev5+1 or night 
,i h always f\nd x  good40    ,,lungs4  
,9 anatomy1 ! organ ( respiration       
occupy+ ! ?orax or  *e/4 ,see           
,,respiration4    ,,lu,,pul94 ,syn4     
,,lupul9a1 ,,lupul9e4 ,"u ?is "n two    
products are  kn[n1 namely1 #a4         
7,,lupul9ic ,,gra9s1 ,l4 ,,gl&s47 ,!    
yell[ p[d]  obta9$ f ! dri$ /robiles or 
catk9s ( ! hops1 by g5tly  rubb+ & sift+
 !m4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 z an      
anodyne1 tonic1 c4    #b4 ,! aromatic   
bitt] pr9ciple ( hops4    ,prep4 ,!     
aque\s extract ( ! yell[ p[d] or        
lupul9ic gra9s (  ! /robiles1 along ) a 
little lime1 are treat$ ) rectifi$  _s2 
! filt]$ t9cture is evaporat$ to        
dryness1 r$issolv$ 9  wat]1 & ! solution

 is aga9 filt]$1 & evaporat$ to dryness2
 !  residuum is1 la/ly1 wa%$ ) e!r1 &   
all[$ to dry4    ,prop41 c4 ,! latt]    
product is a yell[i%-:ite1 bitt]1       
uncry/allisable sub/ance1 soluble 9 #bj 
p>ts ( wat]1 v soluble 9  alcohol1 &    
slightly s 9 e!r4 ,! yell[ p[d] above   
allud$ to 7,no4  #a7 is improp]ly call$ 
lupul92 a "n :i* appe>s m appropriate to
  ! pure bitt] pr9ciple ?an to !        
lupul9ic gra9s4    ,adult4 ,! lupul9    
sold to brew]s is l>gely adult]at$ )    
quassia4  ,9 "s samples1 lately exam9$1 
! quassia am\nt$ to #gj p] c5t4         
,,lu,,pus4 ,9 pa?ology1 a disease       
affect+ ! sk91 rem>kable =  eat+ away ! 
p>ts :i* x attacks ) extreme rapidity4  
,x is  g5]ally conf9$ to ! face1 &      
comm5ces ) small1 spread+  ulc]ations1  
:i* become m or less conceal$ b5ea?     
bran-l scabs1  & end 9 ragg$ ulc]s1 :i* 
gradually de/roy ! sk9 & muscul>  tissue
 to a consid]able dep?4    ,,lus,,tre4  
,see ,,plumbago4    ,,lute4 ,syn4       
,,lut+2 ,,lutum1 ,c,,m5tum1 ,l4 ,a      

composition employ$ to  secure ! jo9ts (
 *emical vessels1 or z a cov]+ to       
protect !m  f ! viol5ce ( ! fire4       
,prep4 #a4 ,l9se$ meal1 ei!r alone or   
mix$ ) an equal weight (  :it+1 & made  
into a /iff pa/e ) wat]4 ,x soon becomes
 v h>d  & t\gh4    #b4 ,gr\nd almond    
cake1 f :i* ! oil has be5 press$1 mix$  
up z  ! la/4 ,bo? ! above are mu* us$ = 
/ills1 retorts1 & o!r  vessels t are n  
expos$ to a heat high] ?an ab\t #cbj    
,fahr4 ,!y  are capable ( resi/+ !      
action ( ! fumes ( volatile oils1       
spirits1 weak acids1 c41 = "s "t4    #c4
 ,fre%-slak$ lime made into a pa/e )    
/ra9$ bullock's blood or  size4 ,z !    
la/4    #d4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is made into a  
pa/e ) wat]1 & at once appli$4 ,x  be>s 
a ne>ly r$ heat1 b becomes r por\s &    
friable4    #e4 ,p[d]$ clay or :it+ made
 into putty ) wat] & boil$ l9se$  oil4  
,?is is commonly kn[n z #8fat lute4'    
#f4 ,a mixture ( p[d]$ clay & gr\nd     
bricks1 made up ) wat] or a  solution ( 
borax4 ,= jo9+ crucibles1 c41 :i* are to

 be expos$ to  a /rong heat4    #g4     
,pipe-clay & horse-dung1 made into a    
pa/e ) wat]4 ,z a coat+  = glass        
vessels1 to pres]ve !m f injury f       
exposure to ! fire4  ,?is composition is
 us$ by ! pipe-mak]s1 & w /& unh>m$ !   
extreme/ heat ( _! kiln = #bd h\rs4 ,x  
is appli$ by spread+ x  on pap]4    #h4 
,z ! la/1 b employ+ %r$d$ t[ or plumbago
 = horse-dung4    ,obs4 ,= ! jo9ts (    
small vessels1 z tubes1 c41 especially  
^? (  glass or e>!nw>e1 pieces (        
vulcaniz$ ,indian tub+1 slipp$ ov] &    
ti$ above & bel[ ! jo9t1 are v conv5i5t 
sub/itutes = lutes1  & h ! advantage (  
la/+ = a long "t1 & be>+ un9jur$  ! heat
 at :i* oil ( vitriol boils4 ,flat r+s  
or 8wa%]s0 (  vulcanis$ rubb] are also  
excell5t = /ill heads1 c41 :5ev] !  p>ts
 c be p9*$ toge!r by screws or clamps4  
,,lycopo,,dium4 ,! f9e p[d] kn[n 9      
comm]ce "u ?is "n consi/s  ( ! m9ute    
spores ( ! common club moss1 or         
,lycopodium clavatum4 ,x  is exce$+ly   
combu/ible2 ?r[n sudd5ly f a p[d]-puff  

or bell[s  across ! flame ( a c&le1 x   
produces ! imitation fla%es (  lightn+ (
 our !atres4 ,! p[d] is also employ$ z a
 #8du/+  p[d]' 9 excoriations1 & to roll
 up boluses & pills4    ,accord+ to ,m4 
,paul ,caz5euve1 p9e poll5 is           
occasionally sub/itut$  = lycopodium4   
,,mac>o,,ni4 ,?is only diff]s f         
,,v]micelli 9 ! size ( ! pipes1  :i* are
 ab\t z l>ge z a goose-quill4 ,:5       
prop]ly dress$ x is  v :olesome &       
nutriti\s4 ,a pleasant di% may be made  
by boil+  mac>oni 9 wat] until s(t1 ei!r
 ) or )\t a little salt1  dra9+ (f !    
wat]1 & !n /ew+ x ) a little butt]1     
cream1  or milk1 & grat$ *eese1 add+    
spice to palate4 ,x may be made into a  
#8=m' & br[n$ be=e ! fire4              
,,mac,,aroons 7,engli%74 ,prep4 ,take ( 
sweet almonds1 #a lb42 blan* &  beat !m 
to a pa/e1 add ( lump sug> #a-a_/d lb42 
:ites ( #f eggs2 !  grat$ yell[ peel (  
#b lemons2 mix well1 make x into #8=ms1'
 cov] )  waf] pap]1 & bake 9 a mod]ate  
ov54    ,,mace4 ,syn4 ,,macis1 ,l4 ,!   

t\gh membran\s1 lac]at$ cov]+           
7ariliode7 ( ! ,,nutmeg4 ,x has a flav\r
 & od\r m agreeable ?an  t ( nutmeg1 :i*
 9 its g5]al prop]ties x resembles4 ,x  
is us$  z a flav\r+ by cooks1           
confection]s1 & liqueuri/es2 & 9  m$ic9e
 z a c>m9ative4 ,see ,,oil1 c4          
,,mac]a,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,mac]atio1 ,l4 ,! 
/eep+ ( a sub/ance 9 cold  wat]1 = !    
purpose ( extract+ ! portion soluble 9 t
  m5/ruum4 ,! ^w is also frequ5tly      
appli$ to ! infusion ( organic          
sub/ances 9 alcohol or e!r1 or 9 wat]1  
ei!r alkalis$ or  acidulat$4            
,,mack]el4 ,! ,scomb] ,scombrus 7,l9n471
 a well-kn[n sp9y-f9n$  sea-fi%1 mu*    
e/eem$ at c]ta9 seasons = ! table4 ,?\gh
  nutriti\s1 x is v apt to disagree )   
delicate /oma*s1 &  occasionally induces
 symptoms resembl+ ^? ( poison+4        
,,mad,,d]4 ,syn4 ,,rubia1 ,,rubi        
,,radix1 ,l4 ,! root ( ,rubia t9ctorum  
7,l9n471 or dy]'s madd]4 ,! be/ madd]   
has ! size ( a common  goose-quill1 a   
r$di% appe>ance1 & a /rong od\r4 ,z soon

 z !  roots are tak5 f ! gr\nd !y are   
pick$ & dri$2 & be=e use  !y are gr\nd 9
 a mill4 ,levant1 ,turkey1 & ,smyrna    
madd] is import$  :ole2 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & 
,zeal& madd]1 gr\nd4 ,! f9e/ quality (  
gr\nd madd] is call$ #8crop' or         
#8grappe1' #8ombro' & #8gam5e' are      
inf]ior sorts1 & #8mull' ! wor/4        
,madd] conta9s sev]al di/9ct pr9ciples  
z----madd] r$1 or  aliz>92----madd]     
purple1 or purpur92----madd] orange1 or 
rubiac92 madd]  yell[1 or xan?91 c4 ,!  
fir/ ( ^! 7notic$ bel[7 is by f> !  mo/ 
important4    ,pur4 ,madd] is frequ5tly 
adult]at$ ) logwood1 ,brazil wood1 &    
o!r dye-/uffs ( inf]ior value2 & also1 n
 unfrequ5tly1 )  brickdu/1 r$ o*re clay1
 s&1 mahogany sawdu/1 bran1 c4 ,^!      
admixtures may be detect$ z foll[s3---- 
#a4 ,:5 dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 & !n       
inc9]at$1 n m ?an #aj to  #ab ( a% %\ld 
be left4    #b4 ,x %\ld n lose m ?an #ej
 to #ef by exhau/ion ) cold wat]4    #c4
 ,:5 assay$ = aliz>9 7see bel[71 !      
quantity ( ?is sub/ance  obta9$ %\ld be 

equal to t f a sample ( ! same k9d (    
madd]  :i* is kn[n to be pure1 & :i* has
 be5 treat$ 9 precisely !  same mann]4  
,! op]ation may be conduct$ z           
foll[s3----#ejj gr4 ( !  sample are     
weigh$1 &1 aft] be+ dri$ by ! heat (    
boil+ wat] or  /eam1 are gradually add$ 
to an equal weight ( conc5trat$         
sulphuric  acid1 conta9$ 9 a glass      
vessel1 & /irr$ ) a glass rod2 aft] a   
few h\rs ! *>r$ mass is wa%$ ) cold     
wat]1 collect$ on a  filt]1 & dri$ by ! 
heat ( boil+ wat]2 ! c>bonis$ mass      
7#8g>ac9e'7 is next p[d]$1 & treat$ )   
successive portions (  rectifi$ _s1 to  
:i* a little e!r has be5 add$1 at fir/ 9
 !  cold1 & aft]w>ds ) heat1 until !    
liquid is no long] col\r$ by  x1 :5 !   
mix$ t9cture is filt]$1 & evaporat$     
7di/ill$7 to  dryness2 ! weight ( !     
residuum1 divid$ by #e1 gives ! p]c5tage
  ( r$ col\r+ matt] pres5t4 ,or1----,!  
dri$ c>boniz$ matt] is  exhau/$ by boil+
 x 9 a solution ( #a "p ( alum 9 #e or  
#f p>ts (  wat]1 & ! decoction1 aft] be+

 filt]$ :il/ 9 ! boil+  /ate1 is treat$ 
) sulphuric acid z long z a precipitate 
falls1  :i* is wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$ z   
be=e4    ,uses1 c4 ,madd] has be5 giv5 9
 jaundice & rickets1 & z an             
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b   
dr41 twice or ?rice a day4 ,x is        
pr9cipally employ$ z a dye-/uff4 ,see   
,,r$ ,,dyes1 ,,ivory1 ,,purpur91 c41    
also bel[4    ,,madd] ,,r$4 ,syn4       
,,aliz>94 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#d4 #b;,aq4 ,! r$ 
col\r+  pr9ciple ( madd]1 fir/ obta9$ 9 
a sep>ate =m by ,robiquet4    ,prep4 #a4
 ,! aque\s decoction ( madd] is treat$ )
 dilute  sulphuric acid z long z a      
precipitate falls1 :i*1 aft] be+ wa%$1  
is boil$ 9 a solution ( *loride (       
alum9um z long z x gives out  col\r2 !  
liquid is !n filt]$1 precipitat$ )      
hydro*loric acid1  & ! precipitate wa%$ 
& dri$4 ,x may be purifi$ f a little    
adh]+ purpur91 by dissolv+ x 9 alcohol1 
aga9 ?r[+ x d[n  ) hydrate ( alum9um1   
boil+ ! precipitate ) a /rong solution  
( soda1 & sep>at+ ! aliz>9 f its        

comb9ation ) alum9a by  means (         
hydro*loric acid2 x is la/ly cry/allis$ 
f alcohol4    #b4 7,meillet47 ,alum1 #c 
p>ts1 is dissolv$ 9 wat] at #adj ,fahr41
 #cj  p>ts1 & madd]1 #ac p>ts1 add$ to !
 solution2 ! :ole is !n  g5tly boil$ =  
#cj or #dj m9utes1 aft] :i* x is ?r[n ^u
 a  filt]1 & submitt$ to /rong pressure2
 ?is treatm5t is repeat$ )  fre%        
solutions a second & a ?ird "t2 ! mix$  
filtrates are !n  decant$1 & :5 ne>ly   
cold1 oil ( vitriol1 #a "p1 dilut$ )    
twice  its bulk ( wat]1 is add$1 c>e be+
 tak5 to /ir ! liquid all !  "t2 !      
sup]natant fluid is next decant$1 & !   
residuum well  wa%$1 &1 la/ly1 dri$ 9 ! 
air4 ,if requir$ q pure1 x is  dissolv$1
 :il/ /ill moi/1 9 a solution ( #a-a_/b 
times its weight (  c>bonate ( potassa 9
 #ae p>ts ( wat]1 &1 aft]               
reprecipitation )  sulphuric acid1 is   
wa%$ & dri$ z be=e4    #c4 7,robiquet   
,col947 ,p[d]$ madd] is exhau/$ ) wat] (
 a  temp]ature n exce$+ #fh ,fahr41 &1  
aft] be+ dri$1 #a "p ( x  is boil$ = #ae

 or #bj m9utes 9 a solution ( alum1 #h  
p>ts1 9 wat]1  #dj p>ts2 ! liquid is    
filt]$ :il/ boil+1 ! m>c well wa%$ )  a 
fre% solution ( alum1 ! mix$ liquids    
precipitat$ ) sulphuric  acid1 & !      
precipitate wa%$ & dri$1 z be=e4        
,obs4 ,aliz>9 has rec5tly be5 produc$   
artificially by ,graebe &  ,lieb]mann f 
an?rac5e 7,c#ad;,h#aj71 a liquid        
hydroc>bon exi/+  9 coal-t>4 ,= a       
description ( ! process see ,,aliz>91   
,,artificial4    #d4 ,madd] exhau/$ by  
#b or #c mac]ations 9 #e or #f times its
 weight (  cold wat]1 is submitt$ to    
/rong pressure1 to remove adh]+ wat]1 & 
! m>c1 :il/ /ill moi/1 is mix$ ) half   
its weight ( oil (  vitriol dilut$ ) an 
equal quantity ( wat]2 ! :ole is kept at
 !  temp]ature ( #bab = an h\r1 & aft]  
be+ mix$ ) cold wat] is  ?r[n on a l95  
/ra9]1 well wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & dri$4   
#e4 ,f p[d]$ madd] & oil ( vitriol1     
equal p>ts1 )\t heat1 z  describ$ "u    
,,madd]4    #f4 7,f4 ,/e9]47 ,! #8us$   
madd]' ( ! dye-works is run into filt]s1

  & precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid2 !     
matt] ?us obta9$ is put into  bags &    
r5d]$ z dry z possible by hydraulic     
pressure2 ! press$  cake is next crumbl$
 to pieces1 plac$ 9 a lead5 vessel1 &   
treat$  ) #a-e? ( its weight ( oil (    
vitriol1 aft]w>ds assi/+ !  action ( !  
acid by introduc+ /eam to ! mixture2 !  
result+ d>k  br[n c>boniz$ mass is1     
la/ly1 well wa%$1 dri$1 p[d]$1 & mix$  )
 ab\t #e ( c>bonate ( soda1 :5 x is     
ready = sale4    ,obs4 ,! la/ ?ree =mul 
produce ! #8,,g>ance' or #8,,g>anc9e' ( 
comm]ce1 n[ s ext5sively us$ 9 dye+4    
,prop41 c4 ,pure anhydr\s aliz>9        
cry/allises 9 magnific5t  orange-r$     
cry/als1 :i* may be fus$ & sublim$2 x is
 freely soluble  9 alkal9e solutions1   
:i* x col\rs purple or violet2 &1 9 oil 
(  vitriol1 giv+ a ri* r$ col\r2 wat]   
?r[s x d[n f ! la/  un*ang$2 x is also  
soluble 9 hot alcohol1 a hot solution ( 
alum1 &1  less freely1 9 hot wat]4      
,hydrat$ aliz>9 occurs 9 small scales   
resembl+ mosaic gold4 ,:5 impure1 x     

g5]ally =ms %9+  r$di%-br[n scales4     
,comm]cial #8g>anc9e' is a deep-br[n or 
puce-col\r$ p[d]1 & w probably1 ere     
long1 entirely sup]s$e  crude madd] =   
dye+4 ,! prop]ties ( g>anc9e z a        
dye-/uff are  precisely simil> to ^? (  
madd]4 ,a solution ( alum add$ to a     
solution ( aliz>91 & precipitat$ by     
c>bonate ( potassa1 furni%es  a rose    
lake2 :i*1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) wat] & dri$1 
possesses a  mo/ *>m+ t9t4    ,,magilp4 
,syn4 ,,megellup4 ,a mixture ( pale     
l9se$ oil & ma/ic  v>ni%1 employ$ by    
arti/s z a #8vehicle' = _! col\rs4 ,!   
proportions v>y accord+ to ! "w4 ,x is  
?9n$ ) turp5t9e4    ,,mag,,i/]y4 ,syn4  
,,magi/]ium1 ,l4 ,! old "n (            
precipitates4 ,!  foll[+ are ! pr9cipal 
sub/ances to :i* ?is t]m has be5        
appli$3----,,magi/]y ,,( ,,alum1 hydrate
 ( alum9a2 ,m4 ,,( ,,bismu?1            
sub-nitrate ( bismu?2 ,m4 ,,(           
,,diaphoretic ,,antimony1 wa%$          
diaphoretic  antimony2 ,m4 ,,( ,,opium  
7,ludolph's71 crude morphia2 ,m4 ,,(    

,,lapis ,,calam9>is  or ,m4 ,,( ,,z9c1  
hydrat$ oxide ( z9c4    ,,magnesia4 ,see
 ,,magnesium1 ,,oxide ,,(4    ,magnesia1
 ,hydrate (4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,magnesi
 ,,hydras4 ,obta9$ by  boil+ magnesia 9 
#bj or #cj times its weight ( wat] = #bj
 m9utes1  dra9+ on a l95 clo? & dry+4 ,x
 conta9s #ca p] c5t4 ( wat]4            
,magnesia1 ,lactate ( 7,ph4 ,g]47 ,syn4 
,,magnesi ,,lactas4 ,prep4 ,mix #a  oz4 
7by weight7 ( lactic acid 9 #aj oz4 (   
di/ill$ wat]1 j made  slightly w>m1 &   
add light c>bonate ( magnesia en\gh to  
neutralise  x4 ,filt] & evaporate till  
cry/als =m4    ,,magne,,sian ,,ape,,ri5t
 7,eff]vesc+74 ,prep4 #a4 ,heavy        
c>bonate (  magnesia1 #b lbs42 t>t>ic   
acid & d\ble ref9$ lump sug>1 ( ea*     
#a-a_/b lb42 bic>bonate ( soda 7dri$ )\t
 heat71 #a lb42 ea*  sep>ately dri$ & 9 
v f9e p[d]2 ess5tial oils ( orange &    
lemon1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix well 9 a
 w>m1 dry situation1 pass !  :ole ?r\gh 
a sieve1 put x into w>m1 dry bottles1 & 
keep !m well  cork$4    #b4 ,z ! la/1 b 

sub/itut+ calc9$ magnesia1 #a lb41 = !  
heavy  c>bonate1 & add+ sug>1 #c_/d lb4 
,! prec$+ furni% a v pleasant  eff]vesc+
 sal9e draught4    #c4                  
7,,moxon',s47----a4 ,take ( sulphate (  
magnesia1 #b lbs42 dry x by a  gradually
 increas$ heat1 p[d]1 add ( t>t>ic acid 
7also dri$ &  p[d]$71 #a-a_/d lb42      
calc9$ magnesia1 #a_/b lb42 f9ely p[d]$ 
:ite  sug>1 #c lbs42 bic>bonate ( soda  
7dri$ )\t heat71 #a lb42 ess5ce (       
lemon1 #a dr42 mix1 & proce$ z be=e4    
b4 7,dur&e47 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a   
"p2 bic>bonate ( soda1  t>trate ( soda &
 potassa 7sel de ,seignette71 & t>t>ic  
acid1 (  ea* #b p>ts2 mix z be=e4    c4 
7,ph>m4 ,j\rn47 ,sulphate ( magnesia &  
bic>bonate ( soda1 ( ea*  #a lb42 t>t>ic
 acid1 #a_/b lb42 mix z be=e4 ,! la/ two
 are mu* less  agreeable ?an ! o!rs4    
#d4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #b p>ts2      
calc9$ magnesia1 #d p>ts2 citric  acid1 
#ac p>ts2 lump sug>1 #be p>ts2 ess5ce ( 
lemon1 q4 s4 to flav\r4  ,v agreeable4  
,?is is kn[n z #8,,rog,s ,,purgatif1'   

,obs4 ,! above are v useful & popul>    
m$ic9es 9 indige/ion1  he>tburn1 nausea1
 habitual co/iv5ess1 dyspepsia1         
c4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b                
dess]t-spoonfuls1 ?r[n into tumbl] #c   
p>ts fill$ ) cold wat]1  rapidly /irr$ &
 drank :il/ eff]vesc+1 e>ly 9 ! morn+   
fa/+1 or betwe5 breakfa/ & d9n]4        
,,magnesian ,,lemonade4 ,see ,,citrate  
,,( ,,magnesia & ,,lemonade 7,ap]i5t74  
,,magnesium4 ,mg4 ,syn4 ,,magnium1      
,,talcium4 ,! metallic radical (        
magnesia4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is metal 0      
demon/rat$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9  #ahjh2 b
 x 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity to
 exam9e its  prop]ties by ,bussy 9      
#ahcj4    ,prep4 #e or #f pieces (      
sodium1 ab\t ! size ( peas1 are         
introduc$  into a te/-tube1 & cov]$ )   
small fragm5ts ( *loride (  magnesium2 !
 latt] is !n heat$ to ne> its po9t (    
fusion1 :5 !  flame ( ! lamp is appli$  
to ! sodium1 s t its vap\r may pass     
?r\gh ! /ratum ( heat$ *loride2 :5 !    
vivid inc&esc5ce t  foll[s is ov]1 & !  

:ole has become cold1 ! mass is ?r[n    
into  wat]1 & ! insoluble metallic      
portion collect$ & dri$4    ,comm]cial  
magnesium is prep>$ by evaporat+        
solution ( ! *lorides  ( sodium &       
magnesium1 9 ! proportion ( #a to #c1 to
 dryness1 mix+  ) "o qu>t] ( its weight 
( fluor sp> & a l am\nt ( sodium1  &    
heat+ to bright r$ness 9 an iron        
crucible ( prop] con/ruction4    ,on a  
l>g] scale x is prep>$ by heat+ to      
r$ness a mixture (  *loride ( magnesium1
 #i p>ts2 fus$ *loride ( sodium1 #a-a_/b
 p>ts2  fluoride ( calcium1 #a-a_/b     
p>ts2 & sodium 9 slices1 #a-a_/b p>ts4  
,prop41 c4 ,9 col\r & lu/re x resembles 
silv]1 b 9 *emical  prop]ties is m l    
z9c2 its sp4 gr4 is only #agdc2 x is    
malleable2  fusible at a r$ heat1 & c be
 di/ill$ l z9c2 unaffect$ by dry  air & 
by cold wat]2 burns ) brilliancy :5     
heat$ to dull r$ness  9 air or oxyg5    
gas1 yield+ oxide ( magnesium2 inflames 
spontane\sly  9 *lor9e1 yield+ *loride (
 magnesium2 x dissolves 9 ! acids  ) !  

evolution ( hydrog5 gas1 & pure salts ( 
magnesium result4    ,x has be5 us$     
some:at ext5sively z an illum9at+ ag5t =
  photograph+ at night1 & also = !      
purpose ( af=d+ a brilliant  light =    
microscopic & magic lant]n effects4     
,magnesium1 ,bromide4 ,syn4 ,,magnesii  
,,bromidum4 ,to bromide ( iron 9        
solution add calc9$ magnesia 9 excess1  
heat ! mixture1 filt]1 &  evaporate !   
cle> solution to dryness4    ,magnesium1
 ,c>bonate ( 7,light74 ,syn4 ,,light    
,,c>bonate ,,( ,,magnesia2  ,,c>bonate  
,,( ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi   
,,c>bonas ,,levis 7,b4 ,p474            
#c,mg,c,o#c4,mg,o4#e;,h#b,o4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,sulphate ( magnesium1 #d    
lbs41  & c>bonate ( sodium1 #d lbs4 #i  
oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #d galls42     
dissolve ! salts sep>ately 9 "o half !  
wat]1 filt]1 mix !  solutions1 & boil = 
#b h\rs1 con/antly /irr+ ) a spatula1   
di/ill$ wat] be+ frequ5tly add$ to      
comp5sate = t lo/ by  evaporation2      
la/ly1 ! solution be+ p\r$ (f1 wa% !    

precipitat$  p[d] ) boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 
& dry x4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,e4   ,d4 are 
ess5tially ! same1 except t ! ebullition
 is limit$ to  f #aj to #bj m9utes4     
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,simil> to ! =ego+ except 
t precipitation takes place  9 ! cold4  
,! =mula ( ?is comp\nd is 7,mg4,,co#c7c4
  ,mg7,,ho7#b4d7;,h#b,o74    #c4        
7,,h5ry',s47 ,ord9>y c>bonate (         
magnesia1 ! wa%+ ( :i* has  be5 f9i%$ ) 
a little rose wat]4    #d4 ,add a       
solution ( c>bonate ( potassium or      
sodium to ! bitt]n or  residu>y liquor (
 ! sea-salt works1 & well wa% & dry !   
precipitate z be=e4 ,?is is kn[n 9      
comm]ce z #8,scot* magnesia4'    ,obs4  
,! c>bonate ( magnesia ( comm]ce is     
usually made up into cakes  or dice :ile
 dry+2 or x is p]mitt$ to dra9 & dry 9  
masses1 :i*  are !n cut into squ>es ) a 
?9 knife4 ,x is p[d]$ by simply  rubb+ x
 ?r\gh a wire sieve4 ,! pres5ce ( iron 9
 ! solution (  ! sulphate ( magnesium1  
:5 ! crude salt is employ$1 & :i* is    
de/ructive to ! beauty ( ! prep>ation   

may be got rid ( by !  addition ( lime  
wat] until ! liquor acquires a slight   
alkal9e  reaction1 & subsequ5t          
decantation aft] repose4    ,magnesium1 
,c>bonate ( 7,heavy74 ,syn4 ,,heavy     
,,c>bonate ,,( ,,magnesia2  ,,magnesi   
,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p474                    
#c,mg,c,o#c4,mg,o4#e;,h#b,o4 ,prep4 #a4 
,apo!c>ies'  ,hall4 ,a saturat$ solution
 ( sulphate ( magnesium1 #a "p1 is      
dilut$  ) wat]1 #c p>ts1 & ! mixture    
heat$ to ! boil+ po9t2 a cold  saturat$ 
solution ( c>bonate ( sodium1 #a "p 7all
 by measure71 is  !n add$1 & ! :ole is  
boil$ ) con/ant agitation until         
eff]vesc5ce ceases2 boil+ wat] is next  
freely p\r$ 91 & aft]  assidu\s /irr+ = 
a few m9utes1 & repose1 ! cle> liquid is
  decant$1 & ! precipitate ?r[n on a l95
 clo? & ?or\ghly  wa%$ ) hot wat]2 x is1
 la/ly1 dra9$1 & dri$ 9 an iron pot4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dissolve sulphate (     
magnesium1 #aj oz41 9 boil+ di/ill$     
wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 & c>bonate ( sodium    
7cry/471 #ab oz41 9 boil+  di/ill$ wat]1

 #a p9t2 mix ! two solutions1 &         
evaporate ! :ole to  dryness by ! heat (
 a s& ba?2 !n add ( boil+ wat] #a qu>t1 
dige/ ) agitation = half an h\r1 & wa% !
 insoluble residuum z  be=e2 la/ly1 dra9
 x1 & dry x at ! temp]ature ( boil+     
wat]4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,:ite granul>    
p[d] precipitat$ f a boil+ solution (   
sulphate ( magnesium by a solution (    
c>bonate ( sodium1 ! :ole  evaporat$ to 
dryness1 & ! dry residue dige/$ 9 wat]1 
collect$ on  a filt]1 & wa%$4    ,prop4 
,! ord9>y or light c>bonate ( magnesia  
is a :ite1 inodor\s1  ta/eless p[d]1    
possess+ simil> prop]ties to calc9$     
magnesia1  except eff]vesc+ ) acids1 &  
hav+ less saturat+ p[]4 ,an ounce       
measure is fill$ by #de to #dh gr4 ( !  
p[d] lightly plac$ 9 x4 ,!  heavy       
c>bonate is sometimes fully ?rice z d5se
 7see bel[71 b 9  o!r respects is       
simil>4    ,dose4 ,z an antacid1 #a_/b  
to a :ole teaspoonful1 #c or #d times   
daily2 z  a laxative #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4
 ,x is commonly tak5 9 milk4 ,x is apt  

to  produce flatul5ce1 b 9 o!r respects 
is pref]able to calc9$  magnesia4       
,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,al?\gh commonly call$  
#8c>bonate ( magnesia1' !  above        
sub/ance1 :e!r 9 ! light or heavy =m1   
appe>s to be a  comp\nd ( c>bonate )    
hydrate1 9 proportions :i* are n        
p]fectly  con/ant4 7,= ,b4 ,p4 =mula see
 prec$+ article47 ,on acc\nt ( !  excess
 ( base 9 its composition x 0 =m]ly     
reg>d$ z a subsalt  7subc>bonate (      
magnesia74 ,a great deal has be5 writt5 
uselessly  respect+ ! prep>ation ( ^!   
c>bonates1 ab\t :i*1 h[ev]1  !re is     
nei!r my/]y nor difficulty1 z "s writ]s 
w\ld lead _!  read]s to suppose4 ,if !  
solutions are v dilute1 ! precipitate is
  exce$+ly light & bulky2 if o!rwise1 x 
is d5s]4 ,by employ+  ne>ly saturat$    
solutions1 & !n heat+ !m & mix+ !m      
toge!r  :il/ v hot1 a v heavy           
precipitate is obta9$1 b x is apt to be 
gritty or cry/all9e4 ,! same occurs :5  
cold solutions are mix$1 &  no heat is  
employ$4 ,! lighte/ precipitate is      

obta9$ f cold1  highly dilute solutions1
 & subsequ5t ebullition ( ! mixture4    
,mr ,patt9son1 a *emi/ ( ,gate%ead1     
prep>es a v beautiful & pure  heavy     
c>bonate f magnesian lime/one4 ,! latt] 
is calc9$ at a dull  r$ heat 7n hott]7 =
 "s "t1 by :i* ! c>bonic anhydride is   
expell$ f ! c>bonate ( magnesium1 b n f 
! c>bonate (  calcium1 :i* h5ce cont9ues
 insoluble4 ,! calc9$ mass is next      
r$uc$ to a milk ) wat] 9 a suitable     
ci/]n1 & ! c>bonic  anhydride result+ f 
its own calc9ation =c$ into x "u p[]ful 
pressure4 ,! result is a saturat$       
solution ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 !  lime 
rema9+ unact$ on s long z ! magnesium is
 9 excess4 ,!  solution by evaporation  
yields ! heavy c>bonate1 :il/ c>bonic   
anhydride is expell$1 & may be aga9 us$ 
9 ! same manufacture4 #aed  to #afj gr4 
( ! heavy c>bonate are requir$ to fill  
an ounce measure  :5 lightly plac$ 9 x1 
by :i* x appe>s to be fully ?rice z d5se
  z ! light c>bonate4 ,! bic>bonate (   
magnesium 7magnesi bic>bonas1  ,l47     

exi/s only 9 solution4 ,! s-call$       
#8fluid magnesias' ( ,murray1  ,d9ne=d1 
,husb&1 c41 are solutions ( ?is salt4 ,!
 small prismatic  cry/als :i* are       
deposit$ :5 #8fluid magnesia' is expos$ 
to ! air  = "s "t consi/ ( hydrat$      
neutral c>bonate1 & n bic>bonate1  z is 
sometimes /at$4    ,magnesium1 ,*loride 
(4 ,mg,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,magnesii           
,,*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,liebig47 ,by  
dissolv+ magnesia 9 hydro*loric acid1   
evaporat+ to  dryness1 add+ an equal    
weight ( *loride ( ammonium1 project+ ! 
mixture into a r$-hot plat9um crucible1 
& cont9u+ ! heat till a  /ate ( tranquil
 fusion is atta9$4 ,on cool+1 x =ms a   
transp>5t1  col\rless1 & v deliquesc5t  
mass1 :i* is anhydr\s1 & soluble 9      
alcohol4    ,obs4 ,)\t ! addition ( !   
*loride ( ammonium x is impossible  to  
expel ! la/ portion ( ! wat] )\t at !   
same "t driv+  (f ! *lor9e1 9 :i* case  
no?+ b magnesia is left4 ,! fus$  mass  
%\ld be p\r$ out on a clean /one1 & :5  
solid brok5 into  pieces1 & at once     

transf]r$ to a w>m1 dry bottle4 ,! ,p4  
,cod4 ord]s  ! solution to be evaporat$ 
to ! sp4 gr4 #achd1 & to be put1 :il/   
/ill hot1 into a wide-m\!d flask to     
cry/allise4----,dose1 #a to #d dr42  z a
 laxative4    ,magnesium1 ,citrate (4   
,mg#c7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi 
,,citras4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,!re is "s         
difficulty 9 obta9+ ?is salt 9 an       
eligible =m = m$ic9al purposes4 ,:5     
precipitat$ f a solution x  is          
insoluble4 ,! foll[+ =mul c be highly   
recomm5d$4    #a4 7,p>ri%47 ,dissolve   
cry/allis$ citric acid1 #ajj gr41 9     
wat]1 #ae  drops1 & its own #8wat] (    
cry/allisation' by ! aid ( heat2 !n  /ir
 9 calc9$ magnesia1 #ce gr42 a pa/y mass
 w result1 :i* soon  h>d5s1 & may be    
p[d]$ = use4    ,obs4 ,! *ief practical 
difficulty 9 ?is process results f !    
great comp>ative bulk ( ! magnesia1 & ! 
v small quantity ( !  fus$ mass ) :i* x 
is to be incorporat$4 ,a "p ( ! magnesia
 is  almo/ unavoidably left uncomb9$1 & 
! salt is consequ5tly n  neutral4 ,!    

uncomb9$ e>? %\ld be du/$ (f ! mass be=e
  p[d]+ ! latt]4 ,a high temp]ature mu/ 
be avoid$4    #b4 7,robiquet47 ,citric  
acid1 #ce-a_/d p>ts1 is p[d]$ & dissolv$
 9  boil+ wat]1 #aj-e_/h p>ts2 :5 !     
solution is cold1 & be=e x  cry/allises1
 x is p\r$ 9 a wide e>!n vessel1 kept   
cold by  surr\nd+ x ) wat]2 !n1 by means
 ( a sieve1 c>bonate (  magnesium1      
#ba-a_/f p>ts1 is di/ribut$ ev5ly &     
rapidly ov] !  surface )\t /irr+2 :5 !  
reaction ceases ! mixture is beat5      
rapidly z long z x reta9s its pa/y      
consi/5ce4 ,! salt %\ld be  dri$ at a   
temp]ature n exce$+ #gj ,fahr4    #c4   
7,eff]vesc+2 ,,magnesi ,,citras         
,,eff]vesc5s1 ,l47----a4 ,citric acid   
7dri$ & p[d]$71 #g p>ts2 heavy c>bonate 
( magnesium1 #e p>ts2 mix1  & pres]ve 9 
well-cork$ bottles4    b4 7,ellis47 ,mix
 p[d]$ citric acid1 #b-a_/b oz41 ) p[d]$
 sug>1 #h  oz42 triturate to a f9e p[d]1
 & drive (f ! wat] (  cry/allisation by 
! heat ( a wat] ba?2 add citrate (      
magnesium  7prep>$ by fusion71 #d oz41 &

 oil ( lemons1 #aj drops1 & mix         
intimately2 !n add bic>bonate ( sodium1 
#c oz41 & aga9 triturate  until ! :ole  
=ms a f9e p[d]1 :i* mu/ be pres]v$ 9    
/opp]$  bottles4 ,f #a to #c            
tablespoonfuls1 mix$ 9 a tumbl] ( wat]1 
furni%es an eff]vesc+ draught 9 :i* !   
undissolv$ portion is s  nicely susp5d$1
 t x c be tak5 )\t inconv5i5ce4    c4   
7,ph4 ,g]m47 ,light c>bonate ( magnesia1
 #be oz42 citric acid1 #ge oz42  di/ill$
 wat]1 q4 s42 mix into a ?ick pa/e & dry
 at #hf ,fahr4 ,)  #ad oz4 ( ! dri$ mass
 mix bic>bonate ( soda1 #ac oz42 citric 
acid1 #f  oz42 sug>1 #c oz4 ,spr9kle ov]
 ! mixture en\gh rectifi$ _s s z  to    
make x suffici5tly moi/ to be granulat$ 
by rubb+ ?r\gh a t9n$  iron sieve4    d4
 7,extemporane\s47 ,citric acid 7cry/471
 #bj gr42 c>bonate (  magnesium1 #ad    
gr42 mix 9 a tumbl] ( cold wat]1 & dr9k 
! mixture  :il/ eff]vesc+4 ,a pleasant  
sal9e4    ,obs4 ,a dry :ite p[d]1       
sometimes sold z citrate ( magnesia 9 ! 
%ops1 is q a diff]5t prep>ation to !    

above1 & does n conta9  a p>ticle (     
citric acid4 ,! foll[+ =mula is t ( a   
:olesale  ,london drug-h\se t does      
l>gely 9 ?is article3----    ,calc9$    
magnesia1 magnesium oxide1 #a-a_/d lb4  
7or c>bonate1 #b lbs472  p[d]$ t>t>ic   
acid1 #a-a_/b lb42 bic>bonate ( sodium1 
#a lb42 dry ea*  article by a g5tle     
heat1 !n mix !m1 pass ! mixture ?r\gh a 
f9e  sieve 9 a w>m dry room1 & keep x 9 
well-cork$ bottles4 ,a few drops  (     
ess5ce ( lemon & #c lbs4 ( f9ely p[d]$  
sug> are commonly add$  to ! above      
quantity4 ,?is addition r5d]s x m       
agreeable4    ,prop41 c4 ,citrate (     
magnesium is a mild & agreeable         
laxative2 its  second>y effects resemble
 ^? ( ! c>bonate4----,dose4 ,z a        
purgative1 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,! dose ( !  
eff]vesc+ citrate mu/ dep5d  on !       
quantity ( magnesia pres5t4 ,a solution 
( ?is salt 9 wat]1  sweet5$ & flav\r$ ) 
lemon1 =ms magnesian lemonade4          
,magnesium1 ,boro-citrate (4 ,syn4      
,,magnesi ,,boro-,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4   

7,cadet47 ,boracic acid 79 p[d]71 #aac  
gr42 oxide ( magnesium1 #hj gr42  mix 9 
a porcela9 capsule1 & add en\gh ( a     
solution ( citric acid1  #bfj gr41 9    
wat]1 #c-a_/b p9ts1 to =m a ?9 pa/e2 !n 
add !  rema9d] ( ! citric solution1 &   
g5tly evaporate1 ) con/ant  /irr+1 to   
dryness4 ,a cool+ sal9e1 &1 9 small     
doses1 emm5agogue  &                    
li?ontriptic4----,dose4 ,z an ap]i5t1 #c
 to #f dr4    ,magnesium1 ,oxide (4     
,mg,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,magnesium1   
,,calc9$ ,,magnesia1  ,,magnesia 7,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,l474    ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 
,magnesium c>bonate1 heat$ 9 a crucible 
until all !  c>bonic anhydride is driv5 
(f4    ,prop41 c4 ,:ite heavy p[d]1     
sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 b readily       
soluble 9 acids )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,its   
solution 9 hydro*loric acid1  neutralis$
 by a mix$ solution ( ammonia & ammonium
 *loride1 gives a  copi\s cry/all9e     
precipitate :5 sodium phosphate is add$ 
to x4 ,see  next prep>ation4            
,magnesia levis 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,light 

,,magnesia4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 #a4 ,light 
c>bonate ( magnesium heat$ 9 a ,corni%  
crucible until all ! c>bonic  anhydride 
is driv5 (f4    ,a bulky :ite p[d]1     
diff]+ f ! magnesia 7,b4 ,p47 only 9 its
  d5sity1 ! volume occupi$ by ! same    
weight be+ #c-a_/b to #a4    ,!         
prop]ties ( ! two v>ieties ( magnesium  
oxide are id5tical1 &  are us$ 9 m$ic9e 
z antacids1 laxatives1 & antili?ics1 &  
mu*  us$ 9 dyspepsia1 he>tburn1         
c4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 z an antacid
 &  #bj to #fj gr4 z a purgative4       
,magnesium1 ,phosphate (4               
,mg,h,p,o#d4f;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi      
,,phosphas1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f ! mix$       
solutions ( phosphate ( sodium &        
sulphate (  magnesium1 all[$ to /& = "s 
"t4 ,small1 col\rless1 prismatic        
cry/als1 :i*1 accord+ to ,graham1 are   
soluble 9 ab\t #ajjj p>ts (  cold wat]4 
,phosphate ( magnesium exi/s 9 ! gra9s (
 ! c]eals1  & 9 consid]able quantity 9  
be]4 ,x is also f\nd 9 guano4           
,magnesium & ,ammonium1 ,phosphate (4   

,mg,n,h#d4,,po#d1 #f ,aq4 ,syn4         
,,ammonio-,,phosphate ,,( ,,magnesia2   
,,magnesi ,,et ,,ammoni ,,phosphas1 ,l4 
,?is  comp\nd falls z a :ite cry/all9e  
precipitate :5ev] ammonia or  c>bonate (
 ammonium is add$1 9 excess1 to a       
solution ( a salt (  magnesium :i* has  
be5 previ\sly mix$ ) a soluble          
phosphate1 z  t ( soda4 ,x subsides     
imm$iately f conc5trat$ solutions1 b    
only aft] "s "t f v dilute ones4        
,prop41 c4 ,ammonio-phosphate (         
magnesium is v slightly soluble 9  pure 
wat]2 :5 heat$1 x is resolv$ into       
pyrophosphate ( magnesium1  & is        
vitrifi$ at a /rong r$ heat4 ,x is f\nd 
9 :eat5 bran1 guano1  potatoes1 c41 &   
occasionally =ms "o ( ! v>ieties ( ur9>y
  calculi4    ,magnesium1 ,silicates (4 
,!re are sev]al native silicates (      
magnesia1 m or less pure1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 
none is directly employ$  9 m$ic9e4     
,me]s*aum & /eatite or soap/one are     
well-kn[n  v>ieties4 ,s]p5t9e is a      
comp\nd ( silicate & hydrate (          

magnesium4  ,! m9]als augite & hornbl5de
 are d\ble salts ( silicic acid1        
magnesium1 & calcium ) "s f]r\s oxide4  
,! beautiful cry/allis$  m9]al call$    
*rysolite is a silicate ( magnesium1    
col\r$ )  f]r\s oxide4 ,jade is a d\ble 
silicate ( magnesium & alum9um1  col\r$ 
) *romic oxide4    ,magnesium1 ,sulphate
 (4 ,mg,s,o#d1 #g ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,epsom    
,,salt1 ,,magnesi  ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p4   
,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,,sal ,,epsom5sis1  
,l4 ,?is comp\nd 0  orig9ally extract$ f
 ! sal9e spr+s ( ,epsom1 ,surrey1 by ,dr
 ,grew1  9 #afie4 ,x is n[ exclusively  
prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 & f  ei!r       
magnesian lime/one or ! residual liquor 
( ! sea-salt works4    ,prep4 #a4 ,f    
dolomite or magnesian lime/one4----a4 ,!
 m9]al1 brok5  into fragm5ts1 is heat$ )
 a suffici5t quantity ( dilute sulphuric
  acid to conv]t its c>bonates into     
sulphates2 ! sulphate ( magnesium  is   
wa%$ out ( ! mass ) hot wat]1 & !       
solution1 aft]  defecation1 is evaporat$
 & cry/allis$4    b4 ,! #8lime/one1'    

ei!r simply brok5 into fragm5ts or else 
calc9$  7burnt71 & its con/itu5ts       
quicklime & oxide magnesium conv]t$ into
  hydrates by spr9kl+ 7slak+7 x ) wat]1 
is treat$ ) a  suffici5t quantity (     
dilute hydro*loric acid to dissolve out 
all !  calcium hydrate )\t t\*+ !       
magnesium hydrate2 ! residuum (  !      
latt]1 aft] be+ wa%$ & dra9$1 is        
dissolv$ 9 dilute  sulphuric acid1 &    
cry/allis$ z be=e4    #b4 ,f            
bitt]n4----a4 ,! residual liquor or     
"m-wat] ( sea-salt is  boil$ = "s h\rs 9
 ! pans :i* are us$ dur+ ! summ] = !    
conc5tration ( br9e2 ! sal9e solution is
 !n skimm$ & decant$  f "s common salt  
:i* has be5 deposit$1 aft] :i* x is     
conc5trat$ by evaporation1 &1 f9ally1   
run into wood5 cool]s2 9  ab\t #cf h\rs1
 #a-h? "p ( ,epsom salts usually        
cry/allises out4 ,?is  is call$         
#8s+les4' ,by re-dissolv+ ?is 9 wat]1 & 
re-cry/allisation1 #8d\bles1' or ,epsom 
salts fit = ! m>ket1 are  obta9$4 ,a    
second crop ( cry/als may be procur$ by 

add+ sulphuric  acid to ! "m-liquor1 &  
re-conc5trat+ ! solution1 b ?is is      
seldom _h rec\rse to 9 ,engl&4 ,bitt]n  
yields fully #e p>ts (  sulphate (      
magnesia = e #ajj p>ts ( common salt t  
has be5  previ\sly obta9$ f x4    b4 ,a 
conc5trat$ solution ( sulphate ( sodium 
is add$ to bitt]n1 9  equival5t         
proportion to t ( ! *loride ( magnesium 
9 x1 & !  mix$ solution is evaporat$ at 
! temp]ature ( #abb ,fahr4 7,ure72      
cubical cry/als ( common salt are       
deposit$ z ! evaporation proce$s1  aft] 
:i*1 by fur!r conc5tration & repose1    
regul> cry/als (  sulphate ( magnesia   
are obta9$4    c4 ,a suffici5t quantity 
( calc9$ & slak$ magnesian lime/one is  
boil$ 9 bitt]n to decompose ! magnesium 
salts1 & ! liquid is  evaporat$1 c41 z  
be=e4 ,?is is a v economical process4   
,prop4 ,small acicul> cry/als1 or 7by   
c>eful cry/allisation7 l>ge  f\r-sid$   
rhombic prisms2 col\rless2 od\rless1    
transp>5t2 slightly  effloresc5t2       
extremely bitt] & nause\s2 :5 heat$1 x  

fuses 9 its  wat] ( cry/allisation1 !   
l>g] portion ( :i* readily passes (f1  b
 "o equival5t ( wat] is en]getically    
reta9$2 at a high  temp]ature x runs    
into a species ( :ite enamel2 x         
dissolves 9 its  own weight ( cold wat]1
 & 9 #c-d?s ( t quantity ( boil+ wat]2  
x is insoluble 9 bo? alcohol & e!r4 ,sp4
 gr4 #aff4    ,pur4 ,sulphate (         
magnesium is soluble 9 an equal weight (
 wat] at #fj  ,fahr41 by :i* x may be   
di/+ui%$ f sulphate ( sodium1 :i* is    
mu* m soluble4    ,an aque\s solution 9 
! cold is n precipitat$ by oxalate (    
ammonium4 ,! precipitate giv5 by        
c>bonate ( sodium f a solution (  #ajj  
gr4 %\ld1 aft] well wa%+ & heat+ to     
r$ness1 weigh #afbf gr4  7,b4 ,p47      
,dige/$ 9 alcohol1 ! filt]$ liquid does 
n yield a precipitate )  nitrate ( silv]
 nor burn ) a yell[ flame1 & evaporates 
)\t  residue4 8,n deliquesc5t 9 ! air40 
7,ph4 ,l47 #ajj gr4 ( ! pure  cry/allis$
 sulphate yields #af-a_/d gr4 ( calc9$  
magnesium oxide4  7,p]eira47 #aj gr41   

dissolv$ 9 #a fl4 oz4 ( wat]1 & treat$ )
 a  solution ( c>bonate ( ammonium1 are 
n entirely precipitat$ by #bhj  m9ims ( 
solution ( phosphate ( sodium4 7,ph4    
,e47    ,uses1 c4 ,sulphate ( magnesium 
is an excell5t cool+ purgative1 &       
sometimes proves diuretic &             
diaphoretic4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #a oz41
 z a  purgative1 or an antidote 9       
poison+ by lead4 ,l>ge doses %\ld be    
avoid$4 ,in/ances are on record ( _!    
hav+ prov$ fatal4 ,dr  ,*ri/ison m5tions
 ! case ( a boy #aj ye>s old :o swall[$ 
#b oz4 (  salts1 & di$ )9 #aj m9utes4 ,!
 be/ antidote is an emetic4 ,a small    
quantity ( ,epsom salts1 l>gely dilut$ )
 wat] 7z a dra*m to #a_/b  p9t or #c_/d 
p9t71 w usually purge z mu* z ! common  
dose4 ,?is  increase ( p[] has be5 %[n  
by ,liebig to result r f !  quantity (  
wat] ?an ! salt4 ,pure wat] is gre$ily  
tak5 up by !  absorb5ts2 b wat] hold+ 9 
solution sal9e matt] is reject$ by  ^?  
vessels1 & consequ5tly passes (f by !   
inte/9es4    ,obs4 ,oxalic acid has     

occasionally be5 mi/ak5 = ,epsom salt1 )
  fatal results4 ,!y may be readily     
di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by !  foll[+         
*>act]i/ics3----          ,,epsom       
,,salt4                 ,,oxalic ,,acid4
    ,ta/es extremely bitt]     ,ta/es   
extremely s\r4      & nause\s4          
,volatilises :5 heat$    ,does n        
volatilise           on plat9um foil4   
:5 heat$ on plat9um        foil4 ,does n
            ,produces milk9ess          
produce milk9ess           :5 dissolv$ 9
      :5 dissolv$ 9           h>d wat]4 
h>d wat]4                ,magnesium1    
,t>trate (4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,t>tras1   
,,magnesia ,,t>t>ica1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,by   
saturat+ a solution ( t>t>ic acid )     
c>bonate (  magnesium1 & g5tly evaporat+
 to dryness4 ,x is only v slightly      
soluble 9 wat]4----,dose1 #bj to #fj    
gr41 or m2 9 pa9ful *ronic  maladies ( !
 sple54 7,p]eira1 ex ,radma*]47 ,!      
eff]vesc+ t>trate  ( magnesium1 commonly
 sold "u ! "n citrate1 has already be5  
notic$4    ,magnesium & ,potassium1     

,t>trate (4 ,syn4 ,,potassio-,,t>trate  
,,(  ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi              
,,potassio-,,t>tras1 ,m4 ,,et ,,potass  
,,t>tras1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f acid t>trate ( 
potassium 79 p[d]71 #g p>ts2 c>bonate ( 
magnesium1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #afe p>ts2    
boil$ until ! solution is  complete1 &  
!n evaporat$ & cry/allis$4 ,a mild      
ap]i5t4----,dose1  #a to #e dr42 9      
scurvy1 c4    ,,mag,,net4 ,syn4         
,,magnes1 ,l4 ,besides its application  
to ! load/one1  ?is "n 0 =m]ly giv5 to  
sev]al comp\nds us$ 9                   
m$ic9e4----,,ars5ical ,,magnet 7,,magnes
 ,,ars5icalis71 a sub/ance once us$ z  a
 cau/ic1 consi/$ ( common antimony1     
sulphur1 & ars5i\s acid1  fus$ toge!r   
until !y =m$ a sort ( glass4 ,,magnes   
,,epilepsi 0  native c9nab>4            
,,mahog,,any4 ,?is is ! wood ( ,swiet5ia
 ,mahogoni 7,l9n471 a native (  ! hott] 
p>ts ( ! new _w4 ,x is *iefly import$ f 
,honduras  & ,cuba4 ,! extract is       
a/r+5t1 & has be5 us$ 9 tann+1 & z  a   
sub/itute = c9*ona b>k4 ,! wood is      

*iefly employ$ = furniture  & ornam5tal 
purposes1 &1 occasionally1 9 %ip-build+4
    ,imitations ( mahogany are made by  
/a9+ ! surface ( ! inf]ior  woods by "o 
or o!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3    #a4 ,w>m ! 
wood by ! fire1 !n wa% x ov] ) aqua=tis1
 let x  /& #bd h\rs to dry1 & poli% x ) 
l9se$ oil r$d5$ by  dige/+ alkanet root 
9 x2 or1 in/ead ( ! latt]1 give ! wood a
  coat ( v>ni%1 or ,fr5* poli% :i* has  
be5 t+$ ( a mahogany  col\r ) a little  
aloes & annotta4    #b4 ,socotr9e aloes1
 #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/b oz42     
rectifi$ _s1 #a  p9t2 dissolve1 & apply 
#b or #c coats to ! surface ( ! wood1   
previ\sly well smoo!d & poli%$2 la/ly1  
f9i% x (f ) wax or  oil t+$ ) alkanet   
root4    #c4 ,logwood1 #b oz42 madd]1 #h
 oz42 fu/ic1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a gall42    
boil #b  h\rs1 & apply x sev]al times to
 ! wood boil+ hot2 :5 dry1  slightly    
bru% x ov] ) a solution ( pe>la%1 #a    
oz42 9 wat]1 #a  qu>t2 dry1 & poli% z   
be=e4    #d4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ a decoction
 ( logwood1 #a lb41 9 wat]1 #e  p9ts4 ,!

 t9t may be bright5$ by add+ a little   
v9eg> or oxalic  acid1 & d>k5$ by a few 
gra9s ( copp]as4    ,/a9s & spots may be
 tak5 out ( mahogany furniture ) a      
little  aqua=tis or oxalic acid & wat]1 
by rubb+ ! "p ) ! liquid  by means ( a  
cork till ! col\r is re/or$2 obs]v+     
aft]w>ds to  well wa% ! wood ) wat]1 &  
to dry x & poli% x z be=e4    ,,maize4  
,syn4 ,,indian ,,corn4 ,! se$s ( ,zea   
,mays 7,l9n474 ,l !  o!r corn plants1 x 
belongs to ! ,grass family 7,gram9ace71 
& has  album9\s gra9s suffici5tly l>ge &
 f>9ace\s to be gr\nd into  fl\r4       
,maize is extremely nutriti\s1 & al?\gh 
x is poor] 9 album5oid  matt]s ?an :eat1
 x is1 ( all ! c]eal gra9s1 ! ri*e/ 9   
fatty  oil1 ( :i* x conta9s ab\t #i4    
7,dumas & ,pay547 ,x is rem>kable  = its
 fatt5+ quality on animals1 b is apt to 
excite slight  di>rha 9 ^? unaccu/om$ to
 its use4 ,its meal is ! #8,,pol5ta' (  
! %ops4 ,! peculi> />* prep>$ f x is    
kn[n z #8,,corn ,,fl\r1'  ,9 ,am]ica !  
"y e>s are roa/$ & boil$ = food4    ,!  

c5tesimal composition ( maize is z      
foll[s3----,fle% =m]s  7album5oid       
bodies71 #ii2 heat & fat =m]s 7/>*1     
dextr91 & fat71  #gab1 fibre1 #dj2 a%1  
#ad2 wat]1 #ace4    ,le!by says ( maize3
 8,! gra9 is said to cause disease :5   
eat5 =  a long "t1 & )\t o!r meal----!  
symptoms be+ a scaly eruption  ^u ! h&s1
 great pro/ration ( ! vital p[]s1 & dea?
 aft] a  ye> or s1 ) extreme emaciation4
    ,^! effects h be5 frequ5tly obs]v$  
among/ ! peasants ( ,italy1  :o use !   
meal z _! *ief food1 b ,i am n aw>e (   
any su*  effects hav+ be5 se5 9 ,irel&1 
:]e x is (t5 ! only article (  diet =   
mon?s toge!r40    ,millions ( bu%els are
 gr[n e ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1
  & l>ge quantities are cont9ually      
import$ into ,engl&1 :]e x is  held 9   
high e/eem by cattle bre$]s1 x be+ mu*  
*eap] ?an _m (  our home-gr[n           
productions4 ,x is occasionally giv5 to 
horses z a  sub/itute = oats4           
,,malag,,ma4 ,9 ph>macy1 a p\ltice or   
emolli5t application4    ,,ma,,lic      

,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#d;,h#c,o#e4 ,syn4       
,,acidum ,,malicum1 ,l4 ,?is acid  exi/s
 9 ! juice ( _m fruits & plants1 ei!r   
alone or associat$  ) o!r acids1 or )   
potassa or lime4 ,9 ! juice ( ! g>d5    
rhub>b x exi/s 9 great abundance1 be+   
associat$ ) acid oxalate  ( potassa4    
,prep4 7,ev]itt47 ,! /alks ( common g>d5
 rhub>b are peel$1 &  gr\nd or grat$ to 
a pulp1 :i* is subject$ to pressure2 !  
juice is  heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1        
neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 mix$  )
 acetate ( lime1 & ! insoluble oxalate (
 lime :i* falls is  remov$ by           
filtration2 to ! cle> & ne>ly col\rless 
liquid1 solution  ( acetate ( lead is   
next add$ z long z a precipitate        
7#8malate (  lead'7 cont9ues to =m2 ?is 
is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 diffus$   
?r\gh wat]1 & decompos$ by sulphuric    
acid1 avoid+ excess1 ! la/  portion (   
lead be+ ?r[n d[n by a /ream (          
sulphurett$ hydrog52  ! filt]$ liquid   
is1 la/ly1 c>efully evaporat$ to !      
consi/5ce (  a syrup1 & left 9 a dry    

atmosph]e until x becomes conv]t$ into a
  solid & some:at cry/all9e mass ( malic
 acid4 ,if p]fectly pure malic  acid is 
requir$1 ! malate ( lead mu/ be         
cry/allis$ be=e  decompos+ x )          
sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,prod4 #bj1jjj gr4 
( !  peel$ /alks yield #ab1ejj gr4 (    
juice1 ( :i* "o imp]ial gallon  conta9s 
#aa1aci-a_/d gr4 ( dry malic acid4      
,obs4 ,by a simil> process malic acid   
may be prep>$ f ! juice (  !e b]ries ( !
 m\nta9 a% 7,sorbus aucup>ia71 j :5 !y  
comm5ce to rip51 or f ! juice ( apples1 
pe>s1 c4    ,prop41 c4 ,malic acid is   
slightly deliquesc5t1 v soluble 9 wat]1 
soluble 9 alcohol1 & has a pleasant     
acidul\s ta/e4 ,! aque\s  infusion soon 
gets m\ldy by keep+4 ,:5 kept fus$ = "s 
"t at a  l[ heat1 x is conv]t$ into     
fum>ic acid2 & :5 quickly di/ill$1  x   
yields maleic acid1 :ile fum>ic acid is 
left 9 ! retort4 ,) !  bases malic acid 
=ms salts call$ malates4 ,( ^! ! acid   
malate (  ammonia is 9 l>ge1 beautiful  
cry/als2 malate ( lead is insoluble 9   

cold wat]1 b dissolves 9 w>m dilute     
acid1 f :i* x sep>ates on  cool+ 9      
brilliant silv]y cry/als2 acid malate ( 
lime also =ms v  beautiful cry/als1     
freely soluble 9 wat]2 neutral malate ( 
lime is  only sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]2 !  
fir/ is obta9$ by dissolv+ !  latt] 9   
hot dilute nitric acid1 & all[+ !       
solution to cool v  sl[ly4              
,,malleabil,,ity4 ,! peculi> prop]ty (  
metals :i* r5d]s !m  capable ( ext5sion 
"u ! hamm]4    ,,malt4 ,syn4 ,,b9a1     
,,byne1 ,,brasium1 ,,maltum1 ,l4 ,! "n  
giv5 to diff]5t  k9ds ( gra91 su* z     
b>ley1 b]e or bigg1 oats1 rye1 maize1   
c41 :i*  h become sweet1 f ! conv]sion (
 a portion ( _! />* into  sug>1 9       
consequ5ce ( incipi5t g]m9ation         
artificially produc$4  ,b>ley is ! gra9 
usually employ$ = ?is purpose4    ,v>4  
,indep5d5tly ( v>iations ( quality1 or (
 ! gra9 f :i*  x is =m$1 malt is        
di/+ui%$ into v>ieties dep5d+ on ! heat 
( ! kiln employ$ = its desiccation4 ,:5 
dri$ at a temp]ature  rang+ betwe5 #ij &

 #abj ,fahr41 x con/itutes #8,,pale     
,,malt1' :5 all  ! moi/ure has exhal$1 &
 ! heat is rais$ to f #abe to #ace1     
#8,,yell[1' or #8,,pale ,,amb] ,,malt1' 
is =m$2 :5 ! heat ranges betwe5  #adj & 
#afj1 ! product receives ! "n ( #8,,amb]
 ,,malt1' at #afj to  #ahj1             
#8,,amb]-,,br[n1' or #8,,pale ,,br[n    
,,malt1' is obta9$4 ,,roa/$1 ,,pat5t1   
or ,,black ,,malt1 & ,,cry/allis$       
,,malt1 are prep>$ by a process simil>  
to  t ( roa/+ c(fee4 ,! malt is plac$ 9 
%eet-iron cyl9d]s ov] a  /rong fire1 & !
 cyl9d]s made to revolve at ! rate (    
ab\t #bj  revolutions p] m9ute if roa/$ 
malt is requir$1 or #abj =  cry/allis$  
malt4 ,9 ! =m] case ! f9i%$ malt has a  
d>k br[n  col\r2 9 ! latt]1 ! int]ior ( 
! gra9 becomes d>k br[n1  :il/ ! husk   
assumes a pale amb] hue4 ,! temp]ature  
mu/ nev]  exce$ #dbj1 or ! malt w become
 entirely c>bonis$4    ,qual4 ,good malt
 has an agreeable smell & a sweet ta/e4 
,x is friable1  & :5 brok5 discloses a  
fl\ry k]nel4 ,its husk is ?91 clean1 &  

un%rivell$ 9 appe>ance1 & ! acrospire is
 se5 ext5d+ up !  back ( ! gra91 b5ea? !
 sk94 ,! admixture ( unmalt$ ) malt$    
gra9 may be discov]$1 & r\ghly e/imat$1 
by ?r[+ a little into  wat]1 malt floats
 on wat]1 b b>ley s9ks 9 x4 ,! only     
c]ta9  me?od1 h[ev]1 ( det]m9+ ! value (
 malt is to asc]ta9 !  am\nt ( soluble  
matt] :i* x conta9s1 by direct exp]im5t4
 ,?is  v>ies f #fb to #gj1 & = good malt
 is nev] less ?an #ff to #fg4 ,if  we   
assume ! qu>t] ( malt at #cbd lbs41 & ! 
av]age quantity (  soluble matt] at #ff1
 !n ! total weight ( soluble matt] w be 
fully #bac-c_/d lbs4 p] qu>t]2 b z ?is1 
89 tak+ on ! =m ( gum  & sug>0 dur+ !   
process ( ma%+1 8*emically comb9es ) !  
elem5ts ( wat]1 s ! extract1 if         
evaporat$ to dryness1 w\ld rea*  v ne>ly
 #bca lbs42 & ?is r$uc$ to ! basis ( a  
b>rel ( #cf  gallons1 becomes 9 !       
language ( ! brew]1 #hg lbs4 p] b>rel1  
:i*1  h[ev]1 m]ely means t ! wort f a   
qu>t] ( malt1 if evaporat$  d[n to !    
bulk ( a b>rel ( #cf gallons1 w\ld weigh

 #hg lbs4 m ?an  a b>rel ( wat]40       
7,ure47    ,assay4 #a4 ,a small quantity
 ( ! sample be+ gr\nd 9 a c(fee or      
pepp] mill1 #ajj gr4 are accurately     
weigh$1 & dri$ by exposure =  ab\t #a   
h\r at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,!    
loss 9 weight1 9  gra9s1 indicates !    
quantity ( moi/ure p] c5t4 ,?is1 9 good 
malt1  %\ld n exce$ #f-a_/b gr4    #b4  
,a second #ajj gr4 is tak5 & /irr$ up ) 
ab\t #a_/b p9t ( cold  wat]2 ! mixture  
is !n expos$ to ! heat ( boil+ wat] =   
ab\t  #dj m9utes2 aft] :i* x is ?r[n on 
a weigh$ filt]1 & !  undissolv$ portion 
wa%$ ) a little hot wat]2 ! undissolv$  
portion1 ) ! filt]1 is !n dri$ at #bab  
,fahr41 & weigh$4 ,!  loss 9 weight1    
less ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure la/ f\nd1 tak5
 9  gra9s1 gives ! p]c5tage ( soluble   
matt]4 ,?is %\ld n be less  ?an #ff gr4 
,! same result w be arriv$ at by        
evaporat+ ! filt]$  liquid & #8wa%+s' to
 dryness1 & weigh+ ! residuum4    #c4 ,a
 ?ird #ajj gr4 is tak5 & ma%$ ) ab\t    
#a_/b p9t ( wat] at  #afj ,fahr41 = #b  

or #c h\rs2 ! liquid is !n dra9$ (f1 !  
residue  g5tly squeez$1 & ! /ra9$ liquid
 evaporat$ to dryness1 z be=e1  &       
weigh$4 ,?is gives ! p]c5tage ( sac*>9e 
matt]1 & %\ld  n be less ?an ab\t #ga   
gr41 tak+ ! above av]age ( malt z !     
/&>d ( calculation4    ,uses1 c4 ,malt  
is *iefly employ$ 9 ! arts ( brew+ &    
di/illation4 ,bo? roa/$ & cry/allis$    
malt are m]ely us$ to col\r  ! worts    
produc$ f pale malt4 #a lb4 ( roa/$     
malt1 ma%$ ) #gi  lbs4 ( pale malt1     
imp>ts to ! liquor ! col\r & flav\r (   
#8port]4' ,! pal] v>ieties ( malt conta9
 ! l>ge/ quantity (  sac*>9e matt]4     
,aft] ! malt has be5 kiln-dri$1 !       
rootlets may be  remov$ by means ( a    
sieve4 ,be=e malt is ma%$ = be] x mu/ be
  brok5 up1 & ! law requires t x be     
bruis$ or cru%$ by smoo?  metal roll]s1 
& n gr\nd by mill/ones4 ,x has also be5 
propos$ to  employ malt1 in/ead ( raw   
gra91 = fatt5+ dome/ic animals1 & z     
food = _! "y & ^? 9 a sickly /ate4      
,infusion ( malt 7sweet  wort1 malt tea7

 is laxative1 & has be5 recomm5d$ z an  
antiscorbutic  & tonic4 ,x has be5 giv5 
) great advantage 9 scurvy2 b = ?is     
purpose good1 well-hopp$1 mild be] is   
equally s]viceable & m  agreeable4 ,see 
,,brew+1 ,,di/illation1 ,,f]m5tation1 c4
    ,,malt ,,liq,,uors4 ,! qualities (  
ale1 be]1 & port]1 z bev]ages1 !        
detection ( _! adult]ation1 & ! me?ods (
 prep>+ !m1 are  describ$ "u _!         
respective names & 9 ! article ^u       
#8,,brew+'2  ! pres5t article w1 !re=e1 
be conf9$ to a %ort notice ( !  cell>   
managem5t1 & ! diseases ( malt liquors  
g5]ally4    ,,age4 ,! appe>ance & flav\r
 to :i* ?is t]m is appli$ c1 (  c\rse1  
be only giv5 to ! liquor by prop]ly /or+
 x = a  suffici5t "t4 ,fraudul5t brew]s 
& publicans1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly add  a    
little oil ( vitriol 7dilut$ ) wat]7 to 
new be]1 by :i* x  assumes ! "* ( an    
inf]ior liquor ( ! class #a or #b ye>s  
old4  ,copp]as1 alum1 slic$ onions1     
,seville oranges1 & cucumb]s1 are also  
frequ5tly employ$ by brew]s = ! same    

purpose4    ,,bottl+4 ,clean1 sweet1 &  
dry bottles1 & s\nd & good corks1 %\ld  
be _h 9 read9ess4 ,! liquor to be bottl$
 %\ld be p]fectly cle>2  & if x be n s1 
x mu/ be submitt$ to ! op]ation (       
#8f9+4'  ,:5 q f9e1 & 9 good condition1 
! bung ( ! cask %\ld be  left out all   
night1 & ! next day ! liquor %\ld be put
 into  bottles1 :i*1 aft] rema9+ #ab or 
#bd h\rs1 cov]$ ) %eets (  pap] to keep 
out ! flies & du/1 mu/ be securely cork$
 d[n4 ,port]  is g5]ally wir$ ov]4 ,!   
wire = ?is purpose %\ld be #8anneal$1'  
& n resili5t4 ,if ! liquor is int5d$ =  
exportation to a hot  climate1 ! bottles
 %\ld rema9 fill$ = #b or #c days1 or m1
 be=e  cork+ !m4 ,! /ock ( bottl$ liquor
 %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool  situation2 & a  
small quantity1 to meet pres5t dem&s    
only1 %\ld be  set on _! sides 9 a w>m] 
place to rip54 ,octob] be] %\ld n be    
bottl$ be=e ,midsumm]1 nor ,m>* be] till
 ,*ri/mas4    ,,cl\d9ess4 ,add a h&ful (
 hops boil$ 9 a gallon ( ! be]1 & 9 a   
=tnight f9e x d[n4    ,,f9+4 ,see       

,,cl>ification & ,,brew+4    ,,flatness4
 ,:5 ! liquor is new1 or has /ill mu*   
undecompos$ sug>  left 9 x1 a suffici5t 
rem$y is to remove x into a w>m]        
situation  = a few days4 ,:5 ?is is n ! 
case1 #b or #c p\nds ( moi/ sug>        
7foots7 may be #8rummag$' into ea*      
hog%ead4 ,9 ?is way a second  f]m5tation
 is set up1 & 9 a few days ! liquor     
becomes brisk1 &  c>ries a head4 ,?is is
 ! plan commonly adopt$ by publicans4   
,on !  small scale ! addition ( a few   
gra9s ( c>bonate ( soda1 or (  prep>$   
*alk1 to ea* glass1 is commonly made = !
 same purpose2 b  9 ?is case ! liquor   
mu/ be drunk )9 a few m9utes1 else x    
becomes aga9 flat & insipid4 ,?is may be
 adopt$ = home-brew$ be]  :i* has become
 s\r & vapid4    ,,fox+ ,,or ,,buck+4 ,!
 spontane\s s\r+ ( worts or be] dur+ _! 
f]m5tation or rip5+1 to :i* ?is "n is   
appli$1 may g5]ally be  rem$i$ by add+  
to ! liquor "s fre% hops 7scald$71 along
 )  "s black mu/>d se$ 7bruis$74 ,"s    
p]sons use a little made mu/>d1  or a   

solution ( alum or ( cate*u1 & 9 a week 
or #aj days aft]w>ds  fur!r add "s      
treacle1 or moi/ sug>4    ,fro/$ be] is 
recov]$ by *ange ( situation2 by !      
addition ( "s  hops boil$ 9 a little    
sweet wort2 or by add+ a little moi/    
sug> or  treacle to induce a fre%       
f]m5tation4    ,,head+4 ,?is is add$ to 
?9 & vapid be] to make x be> a fro?y    
head4 ,! mo/ innoc5t1 pleasant1 &       
effective addition ( ?is sort is  a     
mixture ( pure ammonio-citrate ( iron & 
salt ( t>t>1 ab\t equal  p>ts 9 !       
proportion ( only a few gra9s to a qu>t4
    ,,improv+4 ,?is is ! trade synonym (
 #8,,adult]ation' & #8,,doctor+1'       
,nev]!less !re are cases 9 :i*          
#8improvem5t' may be made )\t  affect+ !
 :olesome "* ( ! liquor4 ,( ?is k9d is !
  addition ( hops1 spices1 c41 dur+ !   
maturation ( be] t exhibits  a t5d5cy to
 det]iorate4 ,= ?is purpose "s p]sons   
cut a half  qu>t]n loaf into slices1 &  
aft] toa/+ !m v high1 place !m  9 a     
co>se l95 bag along ) #a_/b lb4 ( hops1 

& #b oz4 ea* (  bruis$ g+]1 cloves1 &   
mu/>d se$1 & susp5d ! bag by means (  a 
/r+ a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! be]  
7a hog%ead71 :i* is  !n bung$ close4 ,! 
addition ( a little gr\nd capsicum 9 !  
same  way is also a real improvem5t to  
be]1 :5 judici\sly made4    ,,mu/9ess4  
,to ea* hog%ead1 rack$ into clean casks1
 add #a lb4 ( new  hops boil$ 9 a gallon
 ( ! liquor1 along ) #g lbs4 (          
newly-burnt  *>coal 7co>sely bruis$1 & !
 f9e du/ sift$ (f71 & a #d-lb4  loaf (  
bread cut into ?9 slices & toa/$ r      
black2 #8r\se up'  well e day = a week1 
!n /ir 9 ( moi/ sug> #c or #d lbs41 &   
bung d[n = a =tnight4    ,,recov]+4 ,?is
 is said ( unsaleable be] :5 r5d]$      
saleable1 by  giv+ x #8head' or remov+  
its #8t>tness4'    ,,rip5+4 ,?is t]m is 
appli$ to ! regul> maturation ( be]4 ,x 
is  also us$ to express ! means by :i*  
liquors already mature are  r5d]$ brisk1
 sp>kl+1 or fit & agreeable = imm$iate  
use4 ,9 !  language ( ! cell>1 malt     
liquors are said to be #8up' :5 !y are  

well *>g$ ) gase\s matt]1 & be> a fro?y 
head4 ,^! qualities  dep5d on !         
undecompos$ sug> und]go+ f]m5tation1    
:i*1 :5  active1 c only be (            
comp>atively %ort duration1 & %\ld1     
!re=e1 be repress$ r ?an excit$ 9 be]s n
 requir$ =  imm$iate consumption4 ,:5 we
 desire to give #8briskness' to ^!      
liquors1 :e!r 9 cask or bottle1 x is    
only necess>y to expose !m  = a few days
 to a slight elevation ( temp]ature1 by 
remov+ !m1 =  in/ance1 to a w>m]        
ap>tm5t4 ,?is is ! plan successfully    
adopt$ by  bottl]s4 ,! addition ( a     
small lump ( :ite sug> to ea* bottle (  
ale or be]1 or a teaspoonful ( moi/ sug>
 to ea* bottle ( port]1  j be=e cork+ x1
 w r5d] x fit = dr9k+ 9 a few days 9    
ord9>y wea!r1 & 9 #b or #c days 9 ! heat
 ( summ]4 ,a rais9 or a  lump ( sug> c&y
 is (t5 add$ to ea* bottle ) a l        
int5tion4  ,! ,p>isians bottle _! be] "o
 day & sell x ! next4 ,= ?is  purpose1 9
 addition to ! sug> z above1 !y add #b  
or #c drops (  yea/4 ,su* bottl$ liquor 

mu/1 h[ev]1 be drunk )9 a week1 or else 
/or$ 9 a v cold place1 z x w o!rwise    
bur/ ! bottles or  bl[ out ! corks4     
,,rop9ess4 ,a little infusion ( cate*u  
or ( oak b>k1 & "s fre%  hops1 may be   
add$ to ! be]1 :i* 9 a =tnight %\ld be  
rummag$  well1 & ! next day #8f9$' d[n4 
,,s\rness4 ,p[d]$ *alk1 c>bonate ( soda1
 salt ( t>t>1 or pe>la%1  is commonly   
add$ by ! publicans to ! be]1 until !   
acidity is  ne>ly remov$1 :5 #d or #e   
lbs4 ( moi/ sug> or foots p] hog%ead are
  #8rummag$' 91 toge!r ) suffici5t wat] 
to disburse d\ble !  am\nt ( ! outlay & 
tr\ble4 ,su* be] mu/ be soon put on     
draught1  z x is v apt to get flat by   
keep+4 ,oy/] %ells & egg %ells are  also
 frequ5tly us$ by brew]s = ! same       
purpose4 ,to remove !  acidity ( be]1 on
 ! small scale1 a few gra9s ( c>bonate (
 soda p]  glass may be add$ j be=e dr9k+
 x4    ,,/or+4 ,! situation ( !         
be]-cell> %\ld be su* z to ma9ta9  its  
cont5ts at a p]man5tly uni=m temp]ature1
 rang+ betwe5 #dd &  #ej ,fahr41 a      

condition :i* c only be ensur$ by *oos+ 
= its  locality an und]gr\nd ap>tm5t1 or
 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! basem5t  portion ( a  
l>ge build+4    ,,vamp+4 ,half fill     
casks ) ! old liquor1 fill !m up ) "s   
newly  brew$1 & bung close = #c weeks or
 a mon?4    ,,malt94 ,a nitrog5\s f]m5t 
obta9$ f malt1 :i* x is believ$  by     
,dubrunfaut to be ! active pr9ciple1 &  
is m en]getic ?an  dia/ase4 ,! above    
*emi/ /ates x may be precipitat$ f      
extract (  malt1 by ! addition ( two    
molecules ( alcohol at #ij p] c5t4      
,accord+ to ,dubrunfaut malt9 exi/s 9   
all c]eal gra9s1 & 9 !  wat] ( riv]s &  
brooks2 b n 9 ! well wat] ( ,p>is4      
,,malt+4 ,! me?od ( conv]t+ b>ley1 :eat1
 oats1 or any o!r  description ( gra9   
into malt4 ,!re are f\r successive /ages
 9 !  process ( malt+1 viz41 /eep+1     
c\*+1 floor+1 & kiln-dry+4    #a4 ,/eep+
 or moi/5+4----,! gra9 is plac$ 9 a l>ge
 wood5 or  /one ci/]n1 & suffici5t wat] 
run 9 to cov] x4 ,"h x rema9s  = a p]iod
 ( f #dj to #fj h\rs1 dep5d+ on !       

temp]ature ( !  wea!r1 or until x       
becomes s(t en\gh to be easily pi]c$ ) a
  ne$le1 or cru%$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]   
)\t yield+ a milky  juice4 ,:ile 9 /eep 
! gra9 swells1 increas+ ne>ly "o fif? 9 
bulk1 & ab\t #ej p] c5t4 9 weight4 ,!   
wat] is !n dra9$ (f1 &  ! gra9 is ready 
= ! next op]ation4    #b4 ,c\*+ or      
g]m9at+4----,f ! ci/]n ! swoll5 b>ley is
  ?r[n out into ! c\* frame to ! dep? ( 
f #ad or #bj in*es1  :]e heat is g5]at$ 
& g]m9ation induc$4 ,"h x is all[$ to   
rema9 = f #bj to #cj h\rs1 accord+ to ! 
/ate ( ! wea!r1  until ! acrospire or   
pumule %oots =?4 ,7 ! gra9 to rema9 long
  9 ! c\*1 p>ticul>ly 9 w>m wea!r1 x    
w\ld be ei!r unduly  =c$ or turn s\r4   
,:il/ 9 c\* x rises 9 temp]ature ab\t   
#ae  degrees1 & gives (f "s ( its extra 
moi/ure4 ,?is is call$  sweat+1 & z !   
rootlets n[ beg9 to %oot out1 means mu/ 
be tak5  to *eck ! g]m9ation4    #c4    
,floor+ or regulat+4----,?is consi/s 9  
spread+ ! heat$ b>ley  on ! floor at    
diff]5t dep?s1 accord+ z x is requir$ to

 increase  or ret>d g]m9ation4 ,dur+ ?is
 /age ( ! op]ation ! art ( !  malt/] may
 be m prop]ly said to comm5ce1 z n[ all 
8 judgm5t is  br\ght into requisition4  
,! gra9 mu/ be turn$ ?ree or f\r times a
  day1 & at ea* turn+ ! lay] is spread  
out m & m1 until x  is r$uc$ to ! dep? (
 ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,! *ief object 
to  be atta9$ by ?is op]ation is a      
regul> g]m9ation ( ! gra94    #d4       
,kiln-dry+4----,! spr\t$ b>ley is next  
spread 9 a ?9 lay] on  ! malt kiln1 &   
heat appli$4 ,! temp]ature to :i* ! kiln
 is  rais$ v>ies accord+ to ! purpose = 
:i* ! malt is requir$1 !  diff]5ce      
betwe5 pale1 amb]1 & br[n malt dep5d+   
solely on !  degree ( heat to :i* ea*   
has be5 subject$1 & ! mann] 9 :i*  !    
heat has be5 appli$ 7see ,,malt74 ,if ! 
malt 7 n kiln-dri$ x  w\ld n keep1 b    
w\ld become m\ldy4 ,by ! process ( dry+1
 !  vitality ( ! se$ is de/roy$1 & x may
 !n be pres]v$ )\t  suff]+ fur!r *ange4 
,product4----,good b>ley yields ab\t #hj
 by weight & #aji by measure1 (  dri$ & 

sift$ malt4 ,( ! loss by weight #ab mu/ 
be ref]r$ to wat]  exi/+ 9 ! raw gra94  
,,man,,ganese4 ,mn4 ,syn4 ,,manganesium1
 ,l4 ,a h>d1 brittle metal1  discov]$ by
 ,gahn 9 ! black oxide ( manganese (    
comm]ce4    ,prep4 ,r$uce mangan\s      
c>bonate to f9e p[d]1 make x into a pa/e
  ) oil1 add+ ab\t #a-aj? ( its weight (
 calc9$ borax1 place !  mixture 9 a     
,hessian crucible l9$ ) *>coal1 lute on 
! cov]1 &  expose x to ! /ronge/ heat ( 
a smi?'s =ge = #b h\rs2 :5 cold1  break 
! crucible & pres]ve ! metallic button 9
 naph?a4    ,obs4 ,! product is probably
 a c>bide ( manganese1 j z /eel is a    
c>bide ( iron4 ,deville has lately      
prep>$ pure manganese by r$uc+  ! pure  
oxide by means ( an insuffici5t quantity
 ( sug> *>coal 9 a  crucible made (     
cau/ic lime4    ,prop4 ,z prep>$ by     
,deville1 metallic manganese has a r$di%
 lu/re1  l bismu?2 x is v h>d & brittle2
 :5 p[d]$1 x decomposes  wat]1 ev5 at ! 
l[e/ temp]ature4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 
dissolves x  ) great en]gy1 evolv+      

hydrog54 ,sp4 gr4 #gac4 ,9 an oxidis$   
/ate  manganese is abundant 9 ! m9]al   
k+dom1 & traces ( x h be5  f\nd 9 ! a%es
 ( plants & 9 m9]al wat]s4    ,! salts (
 manganese may be easily prep>$ 9 a /ate
 ( purity by  dissolv+ ! precipitat$    
c>bonate 9 ! acids4 ,mo/ ( !m are       
soluble1 & sev]al are cry/allisable4    
,te/s4 ,mangan\s salts are di/+ui%$ z   
foll[s3----,! hydrates (  potassium &   
sodium give :ite precipitates insoluble 
9 excess1 &  rapidly turn+ br[n4 ,!     
pres5ce ( ammonium salts int]f]es )  ^! 
te/s4 ,ammonia gives simil> results4    
,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a :ite   
precipitate4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5  gives
 no precipitate 9 acid solutions1 &     
precipitates neutral solutions  only    
imp]fectly2 b 9 alkal9e solutions x     
gives a bright1  fle%-col\r$1 insoluble 
precipitate1 :i* becomes d>k br[n on    
exposure to ! air4 ,sulphide ( ammonium1
 9 neutral solutions1 also  yields a    
simil> precipitate1 :i* is v *>act]i/ic4
 ,a comp\nd (  manganese fus$ ) borax 9 

! out] flame ( ! bl[pipe gives a  bead1 
:i* appe>s ( a violet-r$ col\r :il/ hot1
 & ^u cool+  acquires an ame?y/9e t9t2  
?is col\r is lo/ by fusion 9 ! inn]     
flame4 ,heat$ ^u plat9um foil ) a little
 c>bonate ( sodium1 9 !  out] flame1 x  
yields a gre5 mass :il/ hot1 :i* becomes
 blui% gre5  :5 cold4    ,mangan\s      
,acetate4 ,mn7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4    
,,acetate ,,( ,,protoxide  ,,(          
,,manganese2 ,,manganii ,,acetas1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 ,by neutralis+ conc5trat$    
acetic acid ) mangan\s c>bonate1 &      
evaporat+ ! solution s  t cry/als may   
=m4    ,prop41 c4 ,! cry/als1 :5 pure1  
are ( a pale r$ col\r2 p]man5t  9 ! air2
 soluble 9 alcohol1 & #c-a_/b p>ts (    
wat]1 & possess an  a/r+5t & metallic   
ta/e4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 z an     
alt]ative1  hmat9ic1 c4    ,mangan\s    
,c>bonate4 ,mn,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonate  
,,( ,,protoxide ,,(  ,,manganese2       
,,manganesii ,,c>bonas1 ,l4 ,prep4      
,r$uce ! black oxide (  manganese (     
comm]ce to f9e p[d]1 & aft] wa%+ x 9    

wat]  acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1     
dissolve x 9 /rong hydro*loric  acid1 & 
evaporate ! result+ solution to dryness2
 dissolve !  residue 9 wat]1 & add to ! 
solution suffici5t sodium c>bonate to   
precipitate all ! iron pres5t2 dige/ !  
mix$ precipitate 9 !  rema9d] ( !       
liquid1 filt]1 add ammonium sulphide    
until x beg9s to  produce a fle%-col\r$ 
precipitate1 !n filt]1 & add sodium     
c>bonate z long z a precipitate falls2  
la/ly1 well wa% !  newly-=m$ c>bonate 9 
wat]1 & dry x by a g5tle heat4    #b4   
,by directly precipitat+ a solution ( ! 
*loride ) sodium  c>bonate1 & wa%+ &    
dry+ ! p[d] z be=e4    ,prop41 c4 ,a    
pale buff or cream-col\r$ p[d]2         
insoluble 9 wat]2  freely soluble 9     
acids2 expos$ to a /rong heat1 x loses  
its c>bonic  acid1 absorbs oxyg51 & is  
conv]t$ into ! r$ oxide4 ,x is *iefly   
employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! o!r salts (  
manganese4    ,mangan\s ,*loride4       
,mn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,proto*loride ,,(      
,,manganese1  ,,muriate ,,( ,m42        

,,manganesii ,,*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
,by saturat+  hydro*loric acid )        
mangan\s c>bonate2 ! solution is greatly
  conc5trat$ by evaporation1 :5 cry/als 
may be obta9$1 or x is at  once         
evaporat$ to dryness2 9 ei!r case !     
product mu/ be plac$ 9  w>m1 dry1 /opp]$
 bottles1 & pres]v$ f ! air4    #b4 ,f !
 d>k br[n residual liquid ( ! process ( 
obta9+  *lor9e f b9oxide ( manganese &  
hydro*loric acid2 ?is liquid is         
evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n sl[ly heat$  
to dull r$ness 9 an  e>!n vessel1 )     
con/ant /irr+1 & kept at t temp]ature = 
a  %ort "t2 ! greyi%-look+ p[d] ?us     
obta9$ is treat$ )  wat]1 & ! solution  
sep>at$ f ! f]ric oxide & o!r  insoluble
 matt] by filtration2 if any iron /ill  
rema9s1 a little  mangan\s c>bonate is  
add$1 & ! :ole boil$ = a few m9utes2 !  
filt]$ solution is !n treat$ z be=e4    
,?is is ! lea/ exp5sive  & mo/ conv5i5t 
s\rce ( ?is salt4    ,prop41 c4         
,rose-col\r$ tabul> cry/als2 inodor\s2 v
 soluble bo?  9 wat] & alcohol2 v       

deliquesc5t2 :5 gradually heat$ to      
fusion  ! :ole ( ! wat] is expell$1 & at
 a r$ heat x sl[ly suff]s               
decomposition4 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 hmat9ic1 
& alt]ative4----,dose1 #c to  #aj gr42 9
 scorbutic1 syphilitic1 & c]ta9 *ronic  
cutane\s  affections2 anmia1 *lorosis1  
c4    ,mangan\s ,hydrate4 ,mn7,,ho7#b4  
,syn4 ,,hydrat$ ,,protoxide ,,(         
,,manganese4  ,prep4 ,=m$ by add+       
potassium hydrate to mangan\s sulphate1 
&  filt]+ & dry+ ! precipitate 9 vacuo4 
,:ite p[d] rapidly  absorb+ oxyg5 &     
burn+ fir/ gre5 & !n br[n f =mation (   
high] oxides4    ,mangan\s ,iodide4     
,mn,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,manganesii ,,iodidum1  
,l4 ,prep4 ,by  dissolv+ ! c>bonate 9   
hydriodic acid & evaporat+ ! filt]$     
liquid 9 vacuo or out ( contact )       
air4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 9  anmia1  
*lorosis1 c41 occurr+ 9 scr(ul\s        
subjects4    ,mangan\s ,oxide4 ,mn,o4   
,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,manganese4      
,prep4 ,by pass+  a curr5t ( hydrog5 ov]
 mangan\s c>bonate heat$ to :it5ess 9 a 

porcela9 tube4 ,olive-gre5 p[d] rapidly 
oxidis+ on exposure to air1  & soluble 9
 acids =m+ mangan\s salts4    ,!re are  
f\r o!r oxides & two oxyhydrates t may  
be treat$ (  "h1 b ( :i* only ! p]oxide 
& ! manganates & p]manganates  are (    
practical importance4                   
,mangan\s-manganic ,oxide4 ,mn#c,o#d1 or
 ,mn,o4,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,r$  ,,oxide   
,,( ,,manganese1 ,,protosesquioxide ,,( 
,,manganese4 ,f\nd native z             
8,hansmanite04 ,x is produc$ by ignit+  
mangan\s c>bonate1 or manganic  oxide1  
or manganic p]oxide4 ,r$di%-br[n1 col\r$
 cry/als or p[d]1  & communicates an    
ame?y/ col\r to glass :5 fus$ ) x4      
,mangan\s-manganic ,p]oxide4 ,mn#d,o#g  
or ,mn,o#c4,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4             
,,int]m$iate1 ,,oxide ,,( ,,manganese4  
,f\nd native z 8,v>vicile10 z a black   
h>d cry/all9e mass4 ,decompos$ :5 heat$ 
into a l[] oxide &  oxyg54    ,mangan\s 
,phosphate4 ,mn,h4,,po#d  #f;,aq4 ,syn4 
,,phosphate ,,( ,,protoxide ,,(         
,,manganese2 ,,manganesii ,,phosphas1   

,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitat+ a solution ( 
mangan\s sulphate ) a solution ( sodium 
phosphate4 ,x mu/ be  pres]v$ f !       
air4----,dose1 #c to #ab gr42 9 anmia1  
rickets1 c4    ,mangan\s ,sulphate4     
,mn,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,(         
,,protoxide ,,(  ,,manganese2           
,,manganesii ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
,by dissolv+ mangan\s  c>bonate 9 dilute
 sulphuric acid1 & evaporat+ ! filt]$   
solution  s t cry/als may =m1 or at once
 g5tly evaporat+ x to dryness4  ,pure4  
#b4 7,comm]cial47 ,by ignit+ manganic   
p]oxide 7pyrolusite7 mix$ )  ab\t #a-aj?
 ( its weight ( p[d]$ coal 9 an iron    
crucible or  gas-retort1 & dige/+ !     
residuum ( ! calc9ation 9 sulphuric     
acid1 ) ! addition aft] a "t ( a little 
hydro*loric acid2 !  solution ( mangan\s
 sulphate ?us obta9$1 aft] defecation1  
is  evaporat$ to dryness1 & heat$ to    
r$ness z be=e2 ! mass1 aft]  ignition1  
is cru%$ small1 & treat$ ) wat]2 !      
solution is ne>ly  pure1 ! :ole ( ! iron
 hav+ be5 r$uc$ into ! /ate (  insoluble

 p]oxide4 ,us$ by ! calico pr9t]s4 ,clo?
 /eep$ 9 !  solution1 & aft]w>ds pass$  
?r\gh a solution ( *loride ( lime1 is   
dy$ ( a p]man5t br[n4    ,prop41 c4     
,pale rose-col\r$ cry/als ( ! =mul      
,mn,s,o#d1 #g;,aq42  ,mn,s,o#d1 #e;,aq42
 or ,mn,s,o#d1 #d;,aq42 accord+ to !    
me?od (  cry/allis+1 furni%+ a solution 
( a ri* ame?y/9e col\r4 ,)  sulphate (  
potassa x =ms a d\ble salt 7#8manganese 
alum'74----,dose4 ,z  an alt]ative &    
tonic1 #e to #aj gr42 z a *olagogue     
ca?>tic1 #a to #b  dr41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1
 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) infusion ( s5na4
  ,accord+ to ,ure1 its action is prompt
 & soon ov]2 #a dr4 ( x  occasions1 aft]
 ! lapse ( an h\r or s1 "o or m liquid  
bili\s  /ools4 ,9 l>ge doses x occasions
 vomit+1 & 9 excessive doses x  de/roys 
life by its cau/ic action on ! /oma*4   
7,dr ,g4 ,c4  ,mits*]li*47 ,x has be5   
adm9i/]$ ) manife/ advantage 9 torpor  (
 ! liv]1 g\t1 jaundice1 syphilis1 &     
c]ta9 sk9 diseases2 &1  comb9$ ) iron1 9
 anmia1 *lorosis1 rickets1 c4           

,mangan\s ,t>trate4 ,mn,c#d;,h#d,o#f4   
,syn4 ,,manganesii ,,t>tras1 ,l4  ,prep4
 ,by saturat+ a solution ( t>t>ic acid )
 mo/ mangan\s  c>bonate4 ,alt]ative &   
tonic4----,dose1 #d to #ab gr4          
,manganate ( ,b>ium4 ,ba,mn,o#d4 ,gre5  
insoluble p[d]1 obta9$ by  fus+ b>ium   
hydrate1 potassium *lorate1 & manganic  
p]oxide toge!r1  & wa%+ ! product4      
,manganate ( ,potassium4 ,k#b,mn,o#d4   
,f9ely p[d]$ manganic p]oxide1          
potassium *lorate1 & potassium hydrate1 
made into a ?ick pa/e )  wat]1 & heat$  
to dull r$ness4 ,! fus$ product is      
treat$ ) a  small quantity ( wat]1 &    
cry/allis$ by evaporation 9 vacuo4      
,d>k gre51 almo/ black cry/als1 readily 
soluble 9 wat]1 b  decompos$ by excess1 
or by acids into manganic p]oxide1 &    
potassium  p]manganate4    ,manganate ( 
,sodium4 ,na#b,mn,o#d4 ,prep>$ on ! l>ge
 scale by  heat+ a mixture ( manganic   
p]oxide & sodium hydrate to r$ness 9 a  
curr5t ( air4 ,us$ 9 /rong solution z a 
dis9fectant "u ! "n  ( 8,condy's gre5   

fluid40    ,manganic ,acid4 ,h#b,mn,o#d4
 ,?is acid has n yet be5 obta9$ free1  b
 "s ( its salts are ext5sively employ$ z
 dis9fectants1 z 8gre5  ,condy's fluid40
 ,! *ief comp\nds are ! foll[+3----     
,manganic ,hydrate4 ,mn#b7;,,ho7#f4     
,syn4 ,,hydrat$ ,,sesquioxide ,,(       
,,manganese4 ,f\nd native z 8manganite10
 9 r$di%-br[n cry/als4 ,prep4  ,by pass+
 a curr5t ( air ?r\gh rec5tly           
precipitat$ & moi/  mangan\s hydrate4   
,s(t d>k br[n p[d] conv]t$ into ! oxide 
by  heat4    ,manganic ,oxide4          
,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,(      
,,manganese4 ,f\nd  native z            
8,braumite10 & readily =m$ by expos+    
mangan\s hydrate to  ! action ( air1 &  
dry+1 or by g5tly ignit+ ! p]oxide br[n 
or  black p[d] decompos$ by heat4       
,manganic ,p]oxide4 ,mn,o#b4 ,syn4      
,,p]manganic ,,oxide1 ,,b9oxide ,,(     
,,manganese1 ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,manganese1 
,,black ,,oxide ,,( ,,manganese1 ,,oxide
 ,,(  ,,manganese1 ,,manganesii ,,oxidum
 ,,nigrum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,manganesii       

,,b9oxydum 7,ph4  ,l471 ,,manganese     
,,oxydum 7,ph4 ,e474    ,x is ! only    
oxide ( manganese t is directly employ$ 
9 ! arts4  ,x is a v pl5tiful m9]al     
production1 & is f\nd 9 great abundance 
9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,!         
manganese ( ! %op is  prep>$ by wa%+1 to
 remove ! e>?y matt]1 & gr9d+ 9 mills4  
,! blacke/ samples are e/eem$ ! be/4 ,x 
is *iefly us$ to supply  oxyg5 gas1 & 9 
! manufacture ( glass & *lor9e2 9 dye+ &
 to  =m ! salts ( manganese4 ,x has be5 
occasionally employ$ 9  m$ic9e1 *iefly  
ext]nally 9 it* & porrigo1 made into an 
o9tm5t  ) l>d4 ,x has be5 highly        
recomm5d$ by ,dr ,erigel] 9 scr(ula4    
,o!rs h employ$ x z an alt]ative & tonic
 ) v>iable success4  ,:5 sl[ly introduc$
 into ! sy/em dur+ a l5g!n$ p]iod1 x is 
said to produce p>alysis ( ! motor      
n]ves4 7,dr ,c\p>47----,dose1 #c to  #ab
 gr41 or m1 ?rice daily1 made into      
pills4    ,pur4 ,native b9oxide (       
manganese 7pyrolusite7 is usually       
contam9at$  ) v>iable proportions (     

argillace\s matt]1 calcium c>bonate1    
f]ric oxide1 silica1 & b>ium sulphate1  
all ( :i* l[] its value z  a s\rce (    
oxyg51 & = ! prep>ation ( *lor9e4 ,!    
ri*ness (  ?is ore c1 !re=e1 be only    
det]m9$ by an assay = its pr9cipal      
+r$i5t4    ,assay4 ,!re are sev]al      
me?ods adopt$ = ?is purpose1 among :i*  
! foll[+ recomm5d !mselves z be+ ! mo/  
accurate &  conv5i5t4    #a4 ,a portion 
( ! m9]al be+ r$uc$ to v f9e p[d]1 #ej  
gr4 (  x are put into ! little app>atus 
employ$ = ! analysis (  c>bonates       
describ$ at page #djf1 toge!r ) ab\t    
#a_/b fl4 oz4 ( cold  wat]1 & #ajj gr4 (
 /rong hydro*loric acid1 ! latt] conta9$
 9  ! little tube 7b72 #ej gr4 (        
cry/allis$ oxalic acid are !n add$1  !  
cork c>ry+ ! *loride ( calcium tube     
fitt$ 91 & ! :ole  quickly & accurately 
weigh$ or c\nt]pois$2 ! app>atus is next
  incl9$ s t ! acid conta9$ 9 ! small   
tube may be mix$ )  ! o!r cont5ts ( !   
flask1 & ! reaction ( ! +r$i5ts is      
promot$ by ! application ( a g5tle heat2

 ! dis5gag$ *lor9e  result+ f ! mutual  
decomposition ( ! hydro*loric acid & !  
manganic p]oxide conv]ts ! oxalic acid  
into c>bonic acid gas1 :i*  is dri$ 9   
its passage ?r\gh ! *loride ( calcium   
tube be=e x  escapes into ! air4 ,z soon
 z ! reaction is complete1 & !  residual
 gas has be5 driv5 (f by a mom5t>y      
ebullition1 ! app>atus  is all[$ to     
cool1 :5 x is aga9 c>efully & accurately
 weigh$4 ,!  loss ( weight 9 gra9s1 if  
d\bl$1 at once indicates ! p]c5tage     
ri*ness ( ! m9]al exam9$ 9 manganic     
p]oxide2 or1 m correctly1  e gra9 (     
c>bonic anhydride evolv$ repres5ts #aihb
 gr4 ( !  p]oxide4    #b4 7,fres5ius &  
,w47 ,! app>atus employ$ is !           
#8alkalimet]'  figur$ at page #cj4 ,!   
op]ation is simil> to t adopt$ = ! assay
  ( alkalies1 & is a modification ( !   
oxalic acid & sulphuric acid  te/ =     
manganese1 orig9ally devis$ by ,m4      
,b]?i]4 ,! /&>d weight  ( manganic      
p]oxide recomm5d$ to be tak5 by         
,fres5ius & ,w is #bia  grammes1 along )

 #fe to #g grammes ( neutral potassium  
oxalate4 ,!  process1 ) quantities alt]$
 to adapt x = employm5t 9 !             
laboratories ( ^! c\ntries1 is z        
foll[s3----,manganic p]oxide 79  v f9e  
p[d]71 #ej gr42 neutral potassium       
oxalate 79 p[d]71 #abj gr42  ^! are put 
into ! flask ,a 7see engr41 p4 #ca71    
along )  suffici5t wat] to ab\t #a-d?   
fill x2 ! flask ,a & ,b 7! latt]        
conta9+ ! sulphuric acid7 are !n cork$  
air-tight1 & ?us  connect$ 9 "o         
app>atus1 ! :ole is accurately weigh$4  
,! op5+  ( ! tube b be+ clos$ by a small
 lump ( wax1 a little sulphuric  acid is
 suck$ ov] f ! flask ,b into ! flask ,a2
 !  dis5gagem5t ( oxyg5 f ! manganese   
imm$iately comm5ces & ?is  react+ ^u !  
oxalic acid pres5t1 conv]ts x into      
c>bonic anhydride  gas1 :i* pass+ ?r\gh 
! conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 ! flask   
,b1 :i* robs x ( moi/ure1 f9ally escapes
 f ! app>atus ?r\gh  ! tube d4 ,z soon z
 ! dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid ceases1 ! 
op]ator sucks ov] a fre% portion (      

sulphuric acid1 & ?is is  repeat$ at    
%ort int]vals1 until bubbles ( gas are  
no long]  dis5gag$4 ,! little wax /opp] 
is n[ remov$1 & suction is appli$  at h 
until all ! c>bonic acid 9 ! app>atus is
 replac$ by common  air4 ,:5 ! :ole has 
become cold x is aga9 weigh$4 ,! loss ( 
weight1 d\bl$1 indicates ! am\nt ( pure 
manganic p]oxide1 9 !  sample1 z be=e4  
#c4 7,otto47 #ej gr4 ( ! sample r$uc$ to
 v f9e p[d] are mix$ 9 a  glass flask1 )
 hydro*loric acid #a-a_/b fl4 oz41      
dilut$ ) #a_/b oz4 (  cold wat]1 &      
portions ( f]r\s sulphate1 f a weigh$   
sample1  imm$iately add$1 at fir/ 9     
excess1 b aft]w>ds 9 small] doses1      
until ! liquid ceases to give a blue    
precipitate ) r$ prussiate (  pota%1 or 
to evolve ! od\r ( *lor9e2 heat be+     
employ$ t[>ds  ! end ( ! process4 ,!    
quantity ( f]r\s sulphate consum$ is n[ 
asc]ta9$ by aga9 weigh+ ! sample4 ,if ! 
p]oxide exam9$ 0  pure1 ! loss ( weight 
w be #cag gr42 b if o!rwise1 ! p]c5tage 
( ! pure p]oxide may be obta9$ by ! rule

 ( ?ree4 ,?us3 suppose  only #bih gr4 ( 
! sulphate 7 consum$1 !n      #cag 3    
#ajj 33 #bih 3 #id1    & ! ri*ness ( !  
sample w\ld be #id4 ,! p]c5tage value ( 
!  oxide = evolv+ *lor9e may be obta9$  
by multiply+ ! weight (  ! consum$ f]r\s
 sulphate by #behh1 :i*1 9 ! above case1
 w\ld  give #gf ( *lor9e4 ,= ?is        
purpose1 z well z = *lorometry1 !  f]r\s
 sulphate is be/ prep>$ by precipitat+ x
 f its aque\s  solution ) alcohol1 &    
dry+ x out ( contact ) air until x      
loses its alcoholic od\r4    ,obs4 ,be=e
 apply+ ! above processes x is          
absolutely necess>y t  we asc]ta9 :e!r !
 p]oxide exam9$ conta9s any c>bonates1 z
 !  pres5ce ( ^! w\ld vitiate ! results4
 ,?is is readily det]m9$ by  treat+ x ) 
a little dilute nitric acid3----if      
eff]vesc5ce ensues1  "o or m c>bonates  
are pres5t1 & ! sample1 aft] be+ weigh$1
  mu/ be dige/$ = "s "t 9 dilute nitric 
acid 9 excess1 & !n  c>efully collect$  
on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,x may !n be  
assay$  z be=e4 ,! loss ( weight        

indicates ! quantity ( c>bonates        
pres5t1 ) suffici5t accuracy = te*nical 
purposes4 ,!  det]m9ation ( ?is po9t is 
! m important1 z ^! contam9ations  n    
m]ely less5 ! ri*ness ( ! m9]al 9 pure  
manganic p]oxide1  b also cause a       
consid]able wa/e ( acid :5 x is employ$ 
9 !  manufacture ( *lor9e4              
,p]manganic ,acid4 ,h,mn,o#d4 ,obta9$ by
 di/ill+ cauti\sly potassium            
p]manganate & sulphuric acid4 ,d>k      
violet-black liquid1 gre5 by  reflect$  
light1 & rapidly absorb+ wat] =m+ a     
violet solution4  ,oxidises organic     
matt] ) explosive viol5ce4              
,p]manganate ( ,b>ium4 ,ba7,mn,o7#de4   
,black soluble prisms1 =m$ by  decompos+
 silv] p]manganate by means ( b>ium     
*loride1 &  cauti\sly evaporat+4        
,p]manganate ( ,potassium4 ,k,mn,o#d4   
,prep4 ,potassium *lorate1 or  nitrate1 
& potassium hydrate are made into a pa/e
 ) wat]1 &  manganic p]oxide add$2 !    
mass is dri$ & heat$ to r$ness4 ,!      
residue is boil$ ) wat]1 filt]$ ?r\gh   

asbe/os1 & evaporat$  d[n &             
recry/allis$4    ,d>k purple1 r$1 almo/ 
black anhydr\s long prisms1 readily     
soluble 9  #af p9ts ( wat]4 ,decompos$ 9
 pres5ce ( acids by mo/ organic matt]4  
,p]manganate ( ,silv]4 ,ag,mn,o#d4      
,prep4 ,precipitate a /rong solution  ( 
silv] nitrate by means ( a conc5trat$   
solution ( potassium  p]manganate4      
,small black prisms1 soluble 9 #ajj p>ts
 ( wat]1 ) a  purple col\r4             
,p]manganate ( ,sodium4 ,na,mn,o#d4     
,obta9$ z a d>k purple liquid by  pass+ 
a curr5t ( c>bonic anhydride ?r\gh      
sodium manganate4 ,condy's  r$ fluid is 
*iefly a sodium p]manganate dissolv$ 9  
wat]4    ,,mange4 ,an eruptive disease1 
correspond+ to ! it* 9 man1 result+  f !
 burr[+ into ! sk9 ( m9ute animalcules  
7mites or ac>i71  & common to sev]al    
dome/ic animals1 m especially ! dog &   
horse4  ,l ! it*1 x is contagi\s4 ,!    
causes are conf9em5t1 dirt1 & bad  liv+4
 ,! treatm5t %\ld consi/ 9 ! imm$iate   
removal ( !  cause1 ! frequ5t use ( s(t 

soap & wat]1 foll[$ by frictions )      
sulphur o9tm5t1 solution ( *loride (    
lime or sporokton1 !  adm9i/ration (    
purgatives1 & a *ange to a re/orative   
diet4 ,dun  /ates t 9 ,india a v        
effici5t rem$y = mange is employ$ by !  
native f>ri]s1 :i* consi/s ( ca/or oil  
se$s well bruis$1 /eep$  = twelve h\rs 9
 s\r milk1 & rubb$ into ! sk91 previ\sly
  ?or\ghly cleans$ ) soap & wat]4 8,!   
it*9ess disappe>s almo/  imm$iately & ! 
ac>i are spe$ily de/roy$40 ,a dress+    
consi/+  ( #a oz4 ( *loride ( z9c       
7,burnett's dis9fectant fluid7 & #a qu>t
 (  wat] may also be appli$ ) advantage4
    ,,man,,gel ,,wur,,zel4 ,syn4        
,,mangold-,,wurzel1 ,,hybrid ,,beet1    
,,root ,,( ,,sc>city4  ,! ,beta vulg>is1
 v>4 campe/ris1 a v>iety ( ! common     
beet4 ,!  root ab\nds 9 sug>1 & has be5 
us$ 9 ,g]many z a sub/itute =  bread 9  
times ( sc>city4 ,9 ^! c\ntries x is    
*iefly cultivat$ z  food = cattle4 ,! "y
 leaves are eat5 z sp9a*4 ,! p]c5tage   
composition ( mangold wurzel is z       

foll[s3----,fle%-=m]s 7album5oid        
bodies71 #aed2 heat & fat-=m]s 7sug>1   
c47 #hfj2 indige/ible fibre1  #aab2 a%1 
#jif2 #hggh4    ,,man,,heim ,,gold4 ,a  
gold-col\r$ brass4 ,see ,,gold 7,dut*74 
,,man,,na ,syn4 ,,manna 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,a concrete        
exudation  f ! /em ( ,frax9us ornus &   
,f4 rotundifolia1 obta9$ by  incision4  
7,b4 ,p47 8,! juice fl[+ f ! incis$ b>k0
 ( 8,frax9us  rotundifolia & ,f4 ornus1 
h>d5$ by ! air40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,! f9e/     
v>iety ( ?is drug is kn[n z flake manna1
 & occurs 9 pieces v>y+  f #a to #f     
in*es long1 #a or #b in*es wide1 & #a_/b
 to #a in* ?ick4 ,x  has a yell[i%-:ite 
or cream col\r2 an od\r some:at resembl+
 honey1  b less pleasant1 a sweet1      
mawki% ta/e2 & is light1 por\s1 &       
friable4 ,x is laxative 9 doses ( #a to 
#b oz4    ,manna ,factiti\s1 made ( a   
mixture ( sug>1 />*1 & honey1 ) a  v    
small quantity ( scammony to give x od\r
 & flav\r1 & to  r5d] x purgative1 has  
be5 lately v ext5sively (f]$ 9 trade1  &

 met ) a ready sale4    ,,man,,nacr\p4  
,a granul> prep>ation ( :eat depriv$ (  
bran1 us$ z  an article ( food = *ildr5 
& invalids4 7,br&e47    ,,man,,nite4    
,c#f;,h#ad,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,manna ,,sug>1   
,,mu%room ,s42 ,,mannita1 ,l4  ,a sweet1
 cry/allisable sub/ance1 f\nd 9 manna & 
9 sev]al o!r  vegetable productions4 ,x 
has be5 =m$ artificially by ! action (  
sodium-amalgam ^u an alkal9e solution ( 
cane sug>4    ,prep4 #a4 ,dige/ manna 9 
boil+ rectifi$ _s1 & filt] or decant  ! 
solution :il/ hot2 ! mannite cry/allises
 z ! liquid cools 9  tufts ( sl5d]1     
col\rless ne$les4    #b4 7,rusp9i47     
,manna1 #f lbs42 cold wat] 79 :i* ! :ite
 ( an egg has  be5 beat571 #c lbs42 mix1
 boil = a few m9utes1 & /ra9 ! syrup    
?r\gh l95 :il/ hot2 ! /ra9$ liquid w =m 
a semi-cry/all9e  mass on cool+2 submit 
?is to /rong pressure 9 a clo?1 mix !   
cake  ) its own weight ( cold wat]1 &   
aga9 press x2 dissolve ! cake  ?us      
obta9$ 9 boil+ wat]1 add a little animal
 *>coal1 & filt]  ! mixture into a      

porcela9 di% set ov] ! fire2 la/ly1     
evaporate !  filtrate to a pellicle1 &  
set ! syrup aside to cry/allise4 ,l>ge  
quadrangul> prisms2 p]fectly :ite &     
transp>5t4    ,prop41 c4 ,mannite has a 
p[]fully sweet & agreeable ta/e2        
dissolves  9 #e p>ts ( cold wat] & ab\t 
half t quantity ( boil+ wat]2  freely   
soluble 9 hot1 & slightly s 9 cold      
alcohol2 fuses by heat  )\t loss (      
weight2 ) sulphuric acid x comb9es to =m
 a new acid  comp\nd4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f !
 true sug>s by its aque\s solution  n   
be+ susceptible ( ! v9\s f]m5tation1 & n
 possess+ !  prop]ty ( rot>y            
pol>isation4 ,:5 pure1 x is p]fectly    
de/itute (  purgative prop]ties4 ,x is  
n[ ext5sively import$ f ,italy1 & is    
*iefly us$ to cov] ! ta/e ( nause\s     
m$ic9es1 & z a sweetmeat4    ,,manures4 
,sub/ances add$ to soils to increase _! 
f]tility4 ,!  food ( vegetables1 z f> z 
_! organic /ructure is conc]n$1  consi/s
 entirely ( inorganic comp\nds2 & no    
organis$ body c s]ve  = ! nutrition (   

vegetables until x has be51 by ! process
 (  decay1 resolv$ into c]ta9 inorganic 
sub/ances4 ,^! are c>bonic  acid1 wat]1 
& ammonia1 :i* are well kn[n to be !    
f9al products (  putrefaction4 ,b ev5 :5
 ^! are appli$ to vegetables1 _! gr[?  w
 n proce$ unless c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances  
are likewise furni%$  9 small           
quantities1 ei!r by ! soil or ! wat] us$
 to moi/5 x4  ,almo/ e plant1 :5 burn$1 
leaves a%es1 :i* commonly conta9        
silica1 potassa1 & phosphate ( lime2    
(t51 also1 magnesia1 soda1  sulphates1 &
 oxide ( iron4 ,^! m9]al bodies appe> to
 be ess5tial  to ! exi/5ce ( ! vegetable
 tissues2 s t plants w n gr[ 9  soils   
de/itute ( !m1 h[ev] abundantly suppli$ 
) c>bonic acid1  ammonia1 & wat]4 ,!    
c>bon ( plants is :olly d]iv$ f c>bonic 
acid1 :i* is ei!r absorb$ f ! atmosph]e1
 & f ra9 wat]1  by ! leaves1 or f !     
moi/ure & air 9 ! soil1 by ! roots4 ,its
  c>bon is reta9$ & assimilat$ ) ! body 
( ! plant1 :ile its  oxyg5 is giv5 out 9
 ! gase\s =m2 ?is decomposition be+     

always  effect$ "u ! influ5ce ( light at
 ord9>y temp]atures4 ,!  hydrog5 & oxyg5
 ( vegetables1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) c>bon1  
con/itute ! ligne\s1 />*y1 gummy1       
sac*>9e1 oily1 & res9\s  matt]s (       
plants1 are d]iv$ f wat] *iefly absorb$ 
by ! roots  f ! soil4 ,! nitrog5 (      
vegetables is d]iv$ *iefly1 if n        
exclusively1 f ammonia1 :i* is suppli$  
to !m 9 ra91 & 9  manures1 & :i* rema9 9
 ! soil till absorb$ by ! roots4        
,accord+ to ! celebrat$ #8m9]al !ory' ( 
agriculture advanc$ by  ,liebig a soil  
is f]tile or b>r5 = any giv5 plant      
accord+ z x  conta9s ^? m9]al sub/ances 
t ent] into its composition4 ,?us1  8!  
a%es ( :eat-/raw conta9 mu* silica &    
potassa1 :il/ !  a%es ( ! se$s conta9   
phosphate ( magnesia4 ,h5ce1 if a soil  
is  defici5t 9 any "o ( ^!1 x w n yield 
:eat4 ,on ! o!r h&1  a good crop ( :eat 
w exhau/ ! soil ( ^! sub/ances1 & x  w n
 yield a second crop till !y h be5      
re/or$1 ei!r by  manure or by ! gradual 
action ( ! wea!r 9 dis9tegrat+ !        

subsoil4 ,h5ce ! b5efit d]iv$ f fall[s &
 f ! rotation (  crops4    8,:51 by an  
extraord9>y supply ( any "o m9]al       
+r$i5t1 or (  ammonia1 a l>ge crop has  
be5 obta9$1 x is n to be expect$ t a    
repetition ( ! same individual manure   
next ye> w produce ! same  effect4 ,x   
mu/ be rememb]$ t ! unusual crop has    
exhau/$ ! soil  probably ( all ! o!r    
m9]al +r$i5ts1 & t !y also mu/ be       
re/or$ be=e a second crop c be obta9$4  
8,! salt mo/ ess5tial to ! gr[? ( !     
potato is ! d\ble  phosphate ( ammonia &
 magnesia2 t *iefly requir$ = hay is    
phosphate ( lime2 :ile = almo/ all      
plants potassa & ammonia are  highly    
b5eficial40    ,f ^! pr9ciples we 8may  
d$uce a few valuable conclusions 9 reg>d
  to ! *emi/ry ( agriculture4 ,fir/1 by 
exam9+ ! a%es ( a  ?riv+ plant1 we      
discov] ! m9]al +r$i5ts :i* mu/ exi/ 9 a
  soil to r5d] x f]tile = t plant4      
,secondly1 by exam9+ a soil1  we c say  
at once :e!r x is f]tile 9 reg>d to any 
plants ! a%es  ( :i* h be5 exam9$4      

,?irdly1 :5 we "k ! defects ( a soil1  !
 defici5t matt]s may be easily obta9$ & 
add$ to x1 unmix$ )  su* z are n        
requir$4 ,f\r?ly1 ! /raw1 leaves1 c41 ( 
any plant1  are ! be/ manure = t plant1 
s9ce e vegetable extracts f  ! soil su* 
matt]s alone z are ess5tial to x4 ,?is  
important  pr9ciple has be5 amply v]ifi$
 by ! success att5d+ ! use (  :eat-/raw1
 or its a%es1 z manure = :eat1 & ( !    
*ipp+s (  ! v9es z a manure = ! v9ey>d4 
,:5 ^! are us$ 79 ! prop]  quantity7 no 
o!r manure is requir$4 ,fif?ly1 9 !     
rotation ( crops1  ^? %\ld be made to   
foll[ :i* require diff]5t mat]ials2 or a
  crop :i* extracts little or no m9]al  
matt]1 su* z peas1 %\ld come  aft] "o   
:i* exhau/s ! soil ( its phosphates &   
potassa40  7,liebig47    ,! exp]im5ts ( 
,messrs ,lawes & ,gilb]t h =c$ ^u !m    
op9ions  diff]+ f ^? ( ,b>on ,liebig on 
"s important po9ts 9 relation  to 8     
#8m9]al !ory1' :i* endeav\rs to prove t 
8! crops on a  field dim9i% or increase 
9 exact proportion to ! dim9ution or    

increase ( ! m9]al sub/ances convey$ to 
x 9 manure40 ,! results  obta9$ by !    
,engli% inve/igators appe> to prove t x 
is  impossible to get good crops by us+ 
m9]al manures alone1 & t  nitrog5\s     
manures 7f>m-y>d manure1 guano1         
ammoniacal salts1 c47 are  f]tilis+     
ag5ts ( ! highe/ ord]4    ,( ! *emical  
manures n[ s mu* us$ bone-du/ is1       
p]haps1 ! mo/  important1 z x supplies !
 phosphates :i* h be5 extract$ by       
successive crops ( grass & corn1 ! :ole 
( ! bones ( ! cattle  f$ on ^! crops    
hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! soil2 its gelat9 also
  yields ammonia by putrefaction4 ,guano
 acts z a s\rce ( ammonia1  conta9+ mu* 
oxalate & urate ( ammonia1 ) "s         
phosphates4  ,nightsoil & ur9e1         
especially ! latt]1 are mo/ valuable = !
  ammonia !y yield1 z well z = !        
phosphates & potassa2 b are  v mu*      
neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh _!        
importance is fully  appreciat$ 9       
,belgium1 ,france1 & ,*9a4 ,nitrate (   
soda is valu$ z a  s\rce ( nitrog54     

,all organic sub/ances may be employ$ z 
manures2 pref]5ce be+1  h[ev]1 giv5 to  
^? ab\nd+ 9 nitrog51 & :i* readily decay
  :5 mix$ ) ! soil4    ,! analysis (    
manures1 soils1 & ! a%es ( plants1 = !  
purpose  ( asc]ta9+ _! composition &    
comp>ative value1 is n easily  p]=m$ by 
! inexp]i5c$2 b a r\gh approximation to 
_!  cont5ts1 suffici5tly accurate = all 
practical purposes1 may be  g5]ally made
 by any intellig5t p]son ) prop] c>e &  
att5tion4  ,see ,,agriculture1          
,,bone-,,du/1 ,,guano1 c4    ,manures1  
,artificial4 ,v>i\s =mul belong+ to ?is 
head w be  f\nd disp]s$1 "u _!          
respective names1 ?r\gh\t ?is "w4 ,!    
foll[+ are additional ones3----    #a4  
7,&]son47 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 common   
salt1 & oil ( vitriol1 (  ea* #aj p>ts2 
*loride ( potassium1 #ae p>ts2 gypsum & 
sulphate (  potassa1 ( ea* #ag p>ts2    
saltpetre1 #bj p>ts2 crude ,epsom salts1
 #be  p>ts2 sulphate ( soda1 #cc p>ts4  
,= clov]4    #b4 7,huxtable47 ,crude    
pota%1 #bh lbs42 common salt1 #a cwt42  

bone-du/ &  gypsum1 ( ea* #b cwt42      
wood-a%es1 #ae bu%els4 ,= ei!r corn1    
turnips1  or grass4    #c4 7,john/one47 
,sulphate ( soda 7dry71 #aa lbs42       
wood-a%es1 #bh lbs42  common salt1 #c_/d
 cwt42 crude sulphate ( ammonia1 #a     
cwt42 bone-du/1 #g  bu%els4 ,z a        
sub/itute = guano4    #d4 7,lawes'      
#8,sup]phosphate4'7 ,see ,,coprolite4   
#e4 7,f]tilis+ p[d]47 ,a mixture ( v f9e
 bone-du/1 #ah p>ts2  calc9$ gypsum1 &  
sulphate ( ammonia1 ( ea* #a "p4 ,! se$ 
is  ord]$ to be /eep$ 9 ! #8dra9+s' f a 
dunghill1 & aft] be+  dra9$1 b :il/ /ill
 wet1 to be spr9kl$ ) ! p[d]1 & !n      
dri$4 ,see ,,fl[]s1 ,,lime              
7,sup]phosphate71 c4    ,,manuscripts1  
,fad$1 to ,re/ore4 ,"o ( ! me?ods 9 use 
= !  re/oration ( old or fad$ writ+ is  
to expose x to ! vap\rs (  hydrosulphate
 ( ammonia 7hydrosulphide ( ammonium7   
until ! ink becomes  d>k5$ by ! =mation 
( sulphide ( iron4 ,ano!r consi/s 9     
c>efully wa%+1 or spong+1 ! fad$        
manuscript ov] ) a weak  solution ( !   

ammonic sulphide1 & z soon z ! *>act]s  
become  legible1 soak+ x 9 wat] s z to  
remove ! rema9+ sulphide1 &  !n dry+ x  
betwe5 folds ( blott+ pap]4 ,a ?ird     
plan1 & "o  att5d$ ) less risk to !     
pap]1 is to bru% ov] ! manuscript )  a  
mod]ately /rong aque\s solution (       
gallo-tannic acid1 to wa% )  wat]1 &    
aft]w>ds to dry x at a temp]ature ( ab\t
 #aej ,fahr4    ,! solution (           
gallo-tannic acid may be obta9$ by mak+ 
a /rong  infusion ( bruis$ nutgalls 9   
boil+ wat]1 & :5 cold1 /ra9+  x4 ,"s old
 & m$ival manuscripts are writt5 9 inks 
made ( c>bon4  ,to su* ! above treatm5t 
is inapplicable2 be+ suit$ only to ^?   
trac$ 9 ord9>y writ+ ink4 ,= p>*m5ts !  
latt] me?od is  pref]able4    ,,maps4   
,^!1 z well z ar*itect's & eng9e]'s     
designs1 plans1  sections1 draw+s1 c41  
may be t9t$ ) any ( ! simple liquid     
col\rs m5tion$ "u #8,,velvet ,,col\rs1' 
pref]5ce be+ giv5 to !  mo/ transp>5t   
ones1 :i* w n obscure ! l9es b5ea? !m4  
,to  prev5t ! col\rs f s9k+ & spread+1  

:i* !y usually d on  common pap]1 !     
latt] %\ld be wett$ #b or #c times ) a  
sponge  dipp$ 9 alum wat] 7#c or #d oz4 
to ! p9t71 or ) a solution ( :ite  size1
 obs]v+ to dry x c>efully aft] ea* coat4
 ,?is t5ds to give  lu/re & beauty to ! 
col\rs4 ,! col\rs = ?is purpose %\ld    
also  be ?ick5$ ) a little gum wat]4    
,be=e v>ni%+ maps aft]  col\r+ !m1 #b or
 #c coats ( clean size %\ld be appli$ ) 
a s(t  bru%----! fir/ "o to ! back4     
,,m>as*i,,no 7-kno74 ,syn4 ,,m>asqu91   
,fr4 ,a delicate liqueur _s  di/ill$ f a
 peculi> *]ry gr[+ 9 ,dalmatia1 &       
aft]w>ds  sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,! be/ is f   
,z>a1 & is obta9$ f !  m>asca *]ry only4
 ,an inf]ior quality is di/ill$ f a     
mixture (  *]ries & ! juice ( liquorice 
root4    ,,m>,,ble4 ,syn4 ,,lime/one1   
,,h>d ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lime2 ,,m>mor1   
,,calcis  ,,c>bonas ,,durus1 ,m4 ,,album
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,m>bles  
are m]ely pur]  & m compact v>ieties (  
lime/one1 :i* admit ( be+ sawn into     
slabs1 & are susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 

,:ite m>ble is employ$ =  ! prep>ation (
 c>bonic acid & "s ( ! salts ( lime4 ,x 
conta9s ab\t #fe ( lime4 ,sp4 gr4 #bgj  
to #bhe4 ,! te/s ( its purity  are !    
same z ^? already notic$ "u ,,*alk4     
,m>ble is be/ clean$ ) a little         
soap-&-wat]1 to :i* "s ox-gall  may be  
add$4 ,acids %\ld be avoid$4 ,oil &     
grease may be g5]ally  remov$ by spread+
 a pa/e made ( s(t soap1 cau/ic pota%   
lye1 &  full]s e>? ov] ! "p1 & all[+ x  
to rema9 !re = a few  days2 aft] :i* x  
mu/ be wa%$ (f ) clean wat]4 ,or1 equal 
p>ts  ( ,am]ican pota% 7crude c>bonate (
 pota%7 & :it+ are made into a          
mod]ately /iff pa/e ) a suffici5cy (    
boil+ wat]1 & appli$ to  ! m>ble ) a    
bru%4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree days !    
pa/e is  remov$ & ! m>ble wa%$ )        
soap-&-wat]4 ,any defect ( poli%  may be
 br\ght up ) tripoli1 foll[$ by putty   
p[d]1 bo? be+ us$  along ) wat]4        
,m>ble is m5d$ ) "o or o!r ( ! comp\nds 
notic$ "u ,,cem5ts4    ,m>ble may be    
/a9$ or dy$ ( v>i\s col\rs by apply+    

col\r$  solutions or t9cture to ! /one1 
made suffici5tly hot to make !  liquid j
 simm] on ! surface4 ,! foll[+ are !    
sub/ances  usually employ$ = ?is        
purpose3----    ,,blue4 ,t9cture or     
solution ( litmus1 or an alkal9e        
solution ( indigo4    ,,br[n4 ,t9cture (
 logwood4    ,,crimson4 ,a solution (   
alkanet root 9 oil ( turp5t9e4    ,,fle%
 ,,col\r4 ,wax t+$ ) alkanet root1 &    
appli$ to ! m>ble hot  en\gh to melt x  
freely4    ,,gold ,,col\r4 ,a mixture ( 
equal p>ts ( :ite vitriol1 sal ammoniac1
 &  v]digris1 ea* 9 f9e p[d]1 & c>efully
 appli$4    ,,gre54 ,an alkal9e solution
 or t9cture ( sap gre51 or wax /rongly  
col\r$ ) v]digris2 or ! /one is fir/    
/a9$ blue1 & !n !  mat]ials = yell[ /a9 
are appli$4    ,,r$4 ,t9cture ( dragon's
 blood1 alkanet root1 or co*9eal4       
,,yell[4 ,t9cture ( gamboge1 turm]ic1 or
 saffron2 or wax col\r$ )  annotta4     
,success 9 ! application ( ^! col\rs    
requires consid]able  exp]i5ce4 ,by _!  
skilful use1 h[ev]1 a v pleas+ effect1  

bo?  ( col\r & gra91 may be produc$4    
,,m>bl+ 7( ,books1 c474 ,! edges & cov]s
 ( books are #8m>bl$' by  lay+ ! col\r  
on !m ) a bru%1 or by means ( a wood5   
tr\gh  conta9+ mucilage1 z              
foll[s3----,provide a wood5 tr\gh1 #b   
in*es deep1  #f in*es wide1 & ! l5g? ( a
 sup]-royal %eet2 boil 9 a brass or     
copp] pan any quantity ( l9se$ & wat]   
until a ?ick mucilage is  =m$2 /ra9 ?is 
into ! tr\gh1 & let x cool2 !n gr9d on a
  m>ble slab any ( ! foll[+ col\rs 9    
table be]4 ,=----blue1  ,prussian blue  
or indigo2----r$1 rose-p9k1 v]milion1 or
 drop  lake2----yell[1 k+'s yell[1 yell[
 o*re1 c42----:ite1 flake               
:ite2----black1 ivory black1 or burnt   
lampblack2----br[n umb]1 burnt u41  t]ra
 di si5na1 burnt s42 black mix$ ) yell[ 
or r$ also makes  br[n2----gre51 blue & 
yell[ mix$2----purple1 r$ & blue mix$4  
,=  ea* col\r provide two cups----"o = !
 gr\nd col\rs1 ! o!r to mix  !m ) !     
ox-gall1 :i* mu/ be us$ to ?9 !m at     
discretion4 ,if  too mu* gall is us$ !  

col\rs spread2 :5 !y keep _! place on  !
 surface ( ! tr\gh1 on be+ mov$ ) a     
quill1 !y are fit =  use4 ,all ?+s be+ 9
 read9ess1 ! prep>$ col\rs are          
successively  spr9kl$ on ! surface ( !  
mucilage 9 ! tr\gh ) a bru%1 &  are wav$
 or drawn ab\t ) a quill or a /ick      
accord+ to ta/e4 ,:5  ! design is ?us   
=m$1 ! book1 ti$ tightly betwe5 cutt+   
bo>ds  ( ! same size1 is lightly press$ 
) its edge on ! surface ( !  liquid     
patt]n1 & !n )drawn & dri$4 ,! cov]s may
 be m>bl$ 9  ! same way1 only ! liquid  
col\rs mu/ be all[$ to run ov] !m4  ,!  
film ( col\r 9 ! tr\gh may be z ?9 z    
possible2 & if any  rema9s aft] ! m>bl+1
 x may be tak5 (f by apply+ pap] to x   
be=e y prep>e = m>bl+ aga94 ,?is process
 has be5 call$ ,,fr5*  ,,m>bl+4    ,to  
div]sify ! effect1 a little sweet oil is
 (t5 mix$ ) !  col\rs be=e spr9kl+ !m   
on1 by :i* means a light halo or circle 
appe>s r\nd ea* spot4 ,9 l mann] _s (   
turp5t9e1 spr9kl$ on  ! surface ( !     
tr\gh1 produces :ite spots4 ,by /a9+ !  

cov]s  ) any ( ! liquid dyes1 & !n      
dropp+ on !m1 or runn+ ov]  !m1 drops ( 
! ord9>y liquid mordants1 a v pleas+    
effect may be  produc$4 ,v9eg> black1 or
 a solution ( gre5 copp]as1 ?us appli$  
to  common lea!r1 produces black spots  
or /reaks1 & gives a simil>  effect )   
mo/ ( ! light dyes4 ,a solution ( alum  
or ( t9 9 l  mann] produces bright spots
 or /reaks1 & soda or pota% wat] d>k    
ones4 ,?is /yle has be5 call$ ,,egyptian
 ,,m>ble4----,,soap ,,m>bl+ is done  by 
?r[+ on ! col\rs1 gr\nd ) a little :ite 
soap to a prop]  consi/5ce1 by means ( a
 bru%4 ,x is mu* us$ = book-edges1      
/ation]y1 %eets ( pap]1 ladies' fancy   
"w1 c4----,,?read ,,m>ble is  giv5 by   
fir/ cov]+ ! edge uni=mly ( "o col\r1 !n
 lay+  pieces ( ?ick ?read irregul>ly on
 diff]5t p>ts ( x1 & giv+ x  a f9e d>k  
spr9kle4 ,:5 well manag$ ! effect is v  
pleas+4----,,rice  ,,m>ble is giv5 9 a  
simil> way to ! la/ by us+              
rice4----,,tree ,,m>ble  is done on     
lea!r book-cov]s1 c41 by b5d+ ! bo>d a  

little 9 !  c5tre1 & runn+ ! m>bl+      
liquid ov] x 9 ! =m ( vegetation4  ,!   
knots are giv5 by rubb+ ! end ( a c&le  
on ^? p>ts ( !  cov]4----,,wax ,,m>ble  
is giv5 9 a simil> way to ?read m>ble1 b
 us+  melt$ wax1 :i* is remov$ aft] !   
book is spr9kl$ & dri$2 or a  sponge    
*>g$ ) blue1 gre51 or r$ may be pass$   
ov]4 ,?is1 also1 is  mu* us$ = /ation]y 
"w1 especially = folios & qu>tos4 ,!    
#8v9eg> black' ( ! bookb9d]s is m]ely a 
solution ( acetate (  iron1 made by     
/eep+ a few ru/y nails or "s iron fil+s 
9 v9eg>4  ,all ! ord9>y liquid col\rs t 
d n conta9 /rong acids or  alkalies may 
be us$1 ei!r alone or ?ick5$ ) a little 
gum1 =  m>bl+ or spr9kl+ books4         
,,spr9kl+ is p]=m$ by simply dipp+ a    
/iff-hair$ pa9t]'s bru%  into ! col\r1 &
 sudd5ly /rik+ x aga9/ a small /ick held
 9  ! left h& ov] ! "w4 ,by ?is means ! 
col\r is ev5ly scatt]$  )\t produc+     
#8blurs' or #8blots4'    ,,pap]1        
,,pa/ebo>d1 c41 9 %eets1 are m>bl$ &    
spr9kl$ 9 a simil>  mann] to t above    

describ$1 b 9 ?is case ! gum tr\gh mu/1 
(  c\rse1 be long]4    ,,m>g>,,ic       
,,acid4 ,?is t]m 0 =m]ly appli$ to a    
mixture ( palmitic  & /e>ic acids1      
produc$ by decompos+ ! alkal9e soaps (  
solid  fats ) an acid1 b x is n[ giv5 to
 a fatty acid :i* c only be  obta9$     
artificially4    ,,m>,,g>94 ,syn4       
,,m>g>ate ,,( ,,glyc]yl4 ,a con/itu5t   
=m]ly suppos$  to exi/ 9 solid fats1 b  
n[ reg>d$ z a mixture ( /e>9 &  palmit94
    ,,m>9e ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydro*loric   
,,acid4    ,,m>l4 ,a natural mixture (  
clay & *alk1 ) s&4 ,x is  *>act]is$ by  
eff]vesc+ ) acids4 ,accord+ to !        
pr$om9ance (  "o or o!r ( its compon5t  
p>ts1 x is call$ argillace\s1  calc>e\s1
 or s&y m>l4 ,x is v g5]ally employ$ z a
 manure =  s&y soils1 m p>ticul>ly 9    
,norfolk4 ,see ,,soils4    ,,m>,,malade4
 ,orig9ally a cons]ve made ( qu9ces &   
sug>2 n[  commonly appli$ to ! cons]ves 
( o!r fruit1 m especially to ^?  (      
oranges & lemons4    ,prep4 ,m>malades  
are made ei!r by p\nd+ ! pulp$ fruit 9 a

  mort> ) an equal or a r l>g] quantity 
( p[d]$ :ite sug>1  or by mix+ !m toge!r
 by heat1 pass+ !m ?r\gh a hair sieve   
:il/ hot1 & !n putt+ !m into pots or    
glasses4 ,! fruit-pulps  are obta9$ by  
rubb+ ! fruit ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve1   
ei!r at  once or aft] x has be5 s(t5$ by
 simm]+ x = a %ort "t along  ) a little 
wat]4 ,:5 heat is employ$ 9 mix+ !      
+r$i5ts1 !  evaporation %\ld be cont9u$ 
until ! m>malade #8jellies' on cool+4   
,see ,,cons]ves1 ,,confections1         
,,electu>ies1 ,,jams1 ,,jellies1 & bel[4
    ,m>malade1 ,apricot4 ,f equal p>ts (
 pulp & sug>4    ,m>malade1 ,mix$4 ,f   
plums1 pe>s1 & apples1 v>i\sly flav\r$  
to  palate4    ,m>malade1 ,orange4      
,prep4 #a4 ,f oranges 7ei!r ,seville or 
,/  ,mi*ael's1 or a mixture ( ! two71 by
 boil+ ! peels 9 syrup until  s(t1 !n   
pulp+ !m ?r\gh a sieve1 add+ z mu* :ite 
sug>1 &  boil+ !m ) ! =m] syrup & !     
juice ( ! fruit to a prop]  consi/5ce4  
#b4 ,by melt+ ! confection ( orange peel
 7,ph4 ,l471 ei!r ) or  )\t ! addition (

 "s orange or lemon juice1 & !n pass+ x 
?r\gh a sieve4    #c4 7,,c&i$ ,,orange  
,,m>malade47 ,f c&i$ orange peel1 boil$ 
9 an  equal weight ea* ( sug> & wat]1 & 
!n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4    #d4 7,,scot* 
,,m>malade47----a4 ,seville orange      
juice1 #a qu>t2 yell[ peel (  ! fruit1  
grat$2 honey1 #b lbs42 boil to a prop]  
consi/5ce4    b4 ,seville oranges1 #h   
lbs42 peel !m z ?9ly z possible1 !n     
squeeze out ! juice1 boil x on ! yell[  
peels = #a_/d ( an h\r1  /ra91 add :ite 
sug>1 #g lbs41 & boil to a prop]        
consi/5ce4    ,m>malade1 ,qu9ce4 ,syn4  
,,diacydonium4 ,f qu9ce fle% or pulp &  
sug>1 equal p>ts2 or f ! juice 7miva    
cydoniorum1 gelat9a c471 by  boil+ x to 
half1 add+ an equal quantity ( :ite w9e 
& #b_/crds (  its weight ( sug>1 & g5tly
 evaporat+ ! mixture4    ,m>malade1     
,tomato4 ,l ,,apricot ,,m>malade1 add+ a
 few slices ( onion  & a little p>sley4 
,,m>mora,,tum4 ,f9ely p[d]$ m>ble &     
quicklime1 well beat5 toge!r2  us$ z a  
cem5t or mort>4    ,,m>,,r[ 7,beef74    

,?is is ext5sively employ$ by ! p]fum]s 
9 !  prep>ation ( v>i\s pomades & o!r   
cosmetics1 on acc\nt ( its  furni%+ an  
exce$+ly bl& fat1 :i* is n s mu* dispos$
 to  rancidity z ! o!r fats4 ,x is      
prep>$ = use by soak+ & work+  x = "s "t
 9 lukew>m wat]1 & aft]w>ds melt+ x 9 a 
wat]  ba?1 & /ra9+ x ?r\gh a piece (    
musl9 :il/ hot4 ,:5 sc5t$  x is e/eem$  
equal to be>'s grease = promot+ ! gr[? (
 !  hair4    ,,m>% ,,gas4 ,light        
c>bonett$ hydrog54    ,,m>%',s ,,te/4   
,see ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4    ,,m>%mall[4   
,syn4 ,,al?,a 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,!   
root 7leaves &  root----,ph4 ,e47 (     
,al?a (fic9alis1 ,l9n41 or common       
m>%mall[4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,x is emolli5t &  
demulc5t2 ! decoction is useful 9       
irritation  ( ! respiratory & ur9>y     
organs1 & ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!  fl[]s 
z well z ! root are reput$ pectoral4    
,,m>t9',s ,,p[d]4 ,a mixture ( :ite     
ars5ic & ! p[d]$ /ems (  ,oroban*e      
virg9iana 7,l9n471 a plant common 9     
,virg9ia4 ,an ,am]ican  quack rem$y =   

canc]4    ,,mass4 ,syn4 ,,massa1 ,l4    
,?is t]m is commonly appli$ 9 ph>macy & 
vet]9>y m$ic9e to c]ta9 prep>ations :i* 
are n made up into  _! ultimate =m4     
,?us1 we h #8ball-masses1'              
#8pill-masses1' c42 (  :i*1 = conv5i5ce1
 l>ge quantities are prep>$ at a "t1 &  
are  kept 9 pots or j>s1 ready to be    
divid$ into balls or pills1 z !  dem&s (
 bus9ess may require4 7,see bel[47      
,,masses 7,vet]9>y74#bd    ,footnote    
#bd3 ,repr9t$ f ,tuson's #8,vet]9>y     
,ph>macopia4'    ,massa ,aloes4 ,,mass  
,,( ,,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,ca?>tic ,,mass4    
,prep4 ,take (  ,b>badoes aloes1 9 small
 pieces1 #h p>ts2 glyc]91 #b p>ts2 g+]1 
9  p[d]1 #a "p2 melt toge!r 9 a wat]    
ba?1 & ?or\ghly incorporate  by frequ5t 
/irr+4----,use4 ,ca?>tic = !            
horse4----,dose4 ,f #f to  #h dr4       
,massa ,aloes ,composita4 ,,comp\nd     
,,mass ,,( ,,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,alt]ative   
,,mass4  ,prep4 ,take ( ,b>badoes aloes1
 9 p[d]1 #a oz42 s(t soap1 #a oz42      
common mass1 #f oz42 ?or\ghly           

incorporate by beat+ 9 a mort>1 s z  to 
=m a mass4----,use4 ,alt]ative = !      
horse4----,dose1 #a oz4    ,massa       
,antimonii ,t>t>ata ,composita4         
,,comp\nd ,,mass ,,( ,,t>t>at$          
,,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,fev] ,,ball4 ,prep4 
,take ( t>trat$ antimony1 9  p[d]1 #a_/b
 dr42 camphor1 9 p[d]1 #a_/b dr42       
nitrate ( pota%1 9  p[d]1 #b dr42 common
 mass1 a suffici5cy2 mix s z to =m a    
bolus4----,use4 ,febrifuge = !          
horse4----,dose4 ,! above mixture       
con/itutes #a dose4    ,massa ,belladonn
 ,composita4 ,,comp\nd ,,mass ,,(       
,,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,c\gh  ,,ball4     
,prep4 ,take ( extract ( belladonna1    
#a_/b to #a dr42 ,b>badoes  aloes1 9    
p[d]1 #a dr42 nitrate ( pota%1 9 p[d]1  
#b dr42 common mass1  a suffici5cy2 mix 
s z to =m a bolus4----,use4 ,= ! horse 9
 *ronic  c\gh4----,dose4 ,! above       
mixture con/itutes #a dose4    ,massa   
,ca!*u ,composita4 ,,comp\nd ,,mass ,,( 
,,cate*u4 ,syn4 ,,a/r+5t  ,,mass4 ,prep4
 ,take ( extract ( cate*u1 9 f9e p[d]1  

#a oz42 c9namon  b>k1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a    
oz42 common mass1 #f oz42 mix4----,use4 
,a/r+5t  = ! horse4----,dose1 #a oz41 9 
! =m ( a bolus4    ,massa ,communis4    
,,common ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take ( l9se$1  
f9ely gr\nd1 &  treacle1 ( ea* equal    
p>ts2 mix toge!r s z to =m a            
mass4----,use4  ,an excipi5t = m$ic9al  
ag5ts :5 !y are to be adm9i/]$ 9 !  =m (
 bolus4    ,massa ,cupri ,sulphatis4    
,,mass ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp]4 ,syn4
 ,,tonic ,,mass4  ,prep4 ,take (        
sulphate ( copp]1 f9ely p[d]$1 #a oz42  
g+]1 9  p[d]1 #a oz42 common mass1 #f   
oz42 mix4----,use4 ,tonic = !           
horse4----,dose1 #f to #h dr4    ,massa 
,digitalis ,composita4 ,,comp\nd ,,mass 
,,( ,,digitalis4 ,syn4 ,,c\gh  ,,ball4  
,prep4 ,take ( ,b>badoes aloes1 9 p[d]1 
#b oz42 digitalis1 #a oz42  common mass1
 #ac oz42 mix4----,use4 ,= ! horse 9    
*ronic c\gh4----,dose1  #a oz4 once or  
twice a day4    ,massa ,f]ri ,sulphatis4
 ,,mass ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron4 ,syn4
 ,,tonic ,,mass4  ,prep4 ,take (        

sulphate ( iron1 9 p[d]1 #b oz42 g+]1 9 
p[d]1 #a  oz42 common mass1 #e oz42     
mix4----,use4 ,tonic = !                
horse4----,dose1 #f to #h  dr4    ,massa
 ,res9 ,composita4 ,,comp\nd ,,mass ,,( 
,,res94 ,syn4 ,,diuretic ,,mass4  ,prep4
 ,take ( res91 9 p[d]1 nitrate ( pota%1 
9 p[d]1 h>d soap1  ( ea* equal p>ts2    
mix4----,use4 ,diuretic = !             
horse4----,dose1 #a oz4    ,massa       
,z+ib]is ,composita4 ,,comp\nd ,,mass   
,,( ,,g+]4 ,syn4 ,,cordial  ,,mass4     
,prep4 ,take ( g+]1 9 p[d]1 g5tian root1
 9 p[d]1 treacle1  ( ea* equal p>ts1 a  
suffici5cy2 mix s z to =m a             
mass4----,use4  ,/oma*ic = !            
horse4----,dose1 #a oz4    ,,mas,,sicot4
 ,syn4 ,,ma/icot1 ,,yell[ ,,protoxide   
,,( ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum  ,,flavum1
 ,,c]ussa ,,citr9a1 ,l4 ,! dross t =ms  
on melt$ lead expos$ to  a curr5t ( air1
 roa/$ until x acquires a uni=m yell[   
col\r4  ,arti/s (t5 apply ! same "n to  
:ite lead roa/$ until x turns  yell[4   
,us$ z a pigm5t4    ,,mas,,tic4 ,syn4   

,,ma/i*1 ,,gum ,,ma/ic2 ,,ma/i*e1 ,l4 ,!
 8res9 fl[+  f ! incis$ b>k ( ,pi/acia  
,l5tiscus1 v>4 ,*ia40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,x     
occurs 9 pale yell[i%1 transp>5t1 r\nd$ 
te>s1 :i* s(t5 betwe5  ! tee? :5 *ew$1 &
 giv+ out a bitt]1 aromatic ta/e4 ,sp4  
gr4  #ajg4 ,x is soluble 9 bo? rectifi$ 
_s & oil ( turp5t9e1  =m+ v>ni%es4 ,x is
 *iefly us$ z a #8ma/icatory1' to /r5g!n
  & pres]ve ! tee?1 & p]fume ! brea?4   
,ma/ic4 ,f9e mort> or cem5t us$ = pla/]+
 walls1 9 :i* !  +r$i5ts1 9 a pulv]ul5t 
/ate1 are mix$ up1 ei!r entirely or )  a
 consid]able portion ( l9se$ oil4 ,x    
sets v h>d1 & is ready to  receive pa9t 
9 a few days4 ,see ,,cem5ts4            
,,ma/ica,,tion4 ,! act ( *ew+ food1 by  
:i* x n only becomes  comm9ut$1 b mix$ )
 ! saliva1 & r$uc$ to a =m fit =        
swall[+4 ,x has be5 ju/ly reg>d$ by !   
highe/ au?orities z !  fir/ process (   
dige/ion1 & "o )\t :i* ! p[]s ( !  /oma*
 are ov]task$1 & (t5 p]=m$ ) difficulty4
 ,h5ce !  preval5ce ( dyspepsia & b[el  
compla9ts among p]sons ) bad tee?1  or  

:o #8bolt' _! food )\t *ew+ x4          
,,mas,,ticatories4 ,syn4 ,,ma/icatoria1 
,l4 ,sub/ances tak5 by *ew+  !m4 ,!y are
 employ$ z intoxicants1 cosmetics1 &    
m$ic9als2  g5]ally ) ! fir/ int5tion4 ,!
 pr9cipal ma/icatory us$ 9 ?is  c\ntry  
is tobacco4 ,9 ,turkey1 & sev]al o!r    
,ea/]n nations1 opium is  tak5 9 a      
simil> mann]4 ,9 ,india1 a mixture (    
areca nut1 betel leaf1  & lime1 p]=ms ! 
same duties2 :il/ 9 "s o!r p>ts ( !  _w 
prep>ations ( ! cacao are employ$4 ,z   
cosmetics1 orris root1  cassia1 c9namon1
 & s&al wood are frequ5tly *ew$ to sc5t 
!  brea?4 ,among m$ic9als1 ma/ic & myrrh
 are frequ5tly *ew$ to  /r5g!n ! tee? & 
gums2 pellitory1 to relieve ! too?a*e2 &
  rhub>b1 g+]1 & g5tian1 to relieve     
dyspepsia & promote !  appetite4        
,prep4 #a4 7,augu/947 ,ma/ic1 pellitory 
7bo? 9 p[d]71 & :ite wax1  ( ea* #a dr42
 mix$ by heat & divid$ into #f balls4 ,9
 too?a*e1 loose  tee?1 c4    #b4 7,w4   
,cooley47 ,ma/ic1 myrrh1 & :ite wax1 (  
ea* #a "p2 rhub>b1  g+]1 & extract (    

g5tian1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 beat5 up )       
t9cture  ( tolu1 q4 s41 & divid$ into   
boluses or loz5ges ( #aj gr4 ea*4 ,"o   
or two to be *ew$ an h\r be=e d9n]2 9   
dyspepsia1 defective  appetite1 c4      
#c4 7,qu9cy47 ,ma/ic1 #c oz42 pellitory 
& /avesacre se$1 ( ea* #b dr42  cubebs &
 nutmegs1 ( ea* #a dr42 angelica root1  
#a_/b dr42 melt$ wax1  q4 s4 to make x  
into small balls4 ,z a /imulant to !    
gums1 & 9  too?a*e4    #d4 ,opium1 g+]1 
rhub>b1 ma/ic1 pellitory ( ,spa91 &     
orris root1 (  ea* #a dr42 melt$        
sp]maceti1 q4 s4 to mix2 = #f-;gr4      
pills4 ,z ! la/1  & 9 too?a*e & pa9ful  
gums4    ,,mas,,ticot4 ,see ,,massicot4 
,,mat*es 7,coop]'s74 ,syn4 ,,sweet5+    
,,mat*es4 ,^! are made by dipp+  /rips (
 co>se l95 or canvas into melt$         
brim/one4 ,= use1 !  brim/one on "o ( !m
 is set on fire1 & ! mat* is !n at once 
susp5d$ 9 ! cask1 & ! bung loosely set 9
 its place4 ,aft] !  lapse ( #b or #c   
h\rs ! mat* is remov$ & ! cask fill$ )  
liquor4 ,"s p]sons p\r a gallon or two (

 ! liquor into ! cask  be=e #8mat*+' x4 
,! object is to allay excessive         
f]m5tation4 ,!  op]ation is commonly    
adopt$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,c\nties = cid] int5d$
  = %ipm5t1 or o!r long exposure dur+   
transport4 ,x is also  occasionally     
employ$ = inf]ior & #8doctor$' w9es4    
,,mat*es 7,in/antane\s ,light74 ,( ^!   
!re are sev]al v>ieties1 (  :i* ! "o be/
 kn[n1 & mo/ ext5sively us$1 is ! common
  phosphorus mat*1 kn[n z ! #8congreve' 
or #8lucif]4'#be ,we ne$ n  describe !  
#8*emical mat*es1' #8phosphorus         
bottles1' & #8prome!ans1'  9 use dur+ ! 
e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 z ^! are q   
obsolete4 ,we w simply sket* ! g5]al    
process ( manufacture n[ 9  use =       
phosphorus mat*es3    ,footnote #be3 ,! 
orig9al #8,,lucif]s1' or                
#8,,light-,,be>+ ,,mat*es1'  inv5t$ 9   
#ahbf1 consi/$ ( /rips ( pa/ebo>d1 or   
flat spl9ts (  wood1 tipp$ fir/ )       
sulphur1 & !n ) a mixture ( sulphide (  
antimony & *lorate ( potassa1 & 7 ignit$
 by draw+ !m briskly  ?r\gh fold$       

glass-pap]4 ,!y requir$ a consid]able   
ef=t to ignite  !m1 & ! composition 0   
apt to be torn (f by ! viol5ce ( !      
friction4 ,! t]m #8lucif]' hav+ become  
famili>1 0 appli$ to !  simpl] & m      
effective mat* aft]w>ds introduc$ "u !  
names (  #8,,congreve' & #8,,congreve   
,,light1'    ,manuf4 ,! wood5 spl9ts are
 cut by /eam ma*9]y f ! v be/  quality (
 p9e planks1 p]fectly dri$ at a         
temp]ature ( #djj ,fahr4  ,engli% spl9ts
 are ( two sizes----#8l>ge' &           
#8m9nik9s1' ! =m]  #b-a_/d in*es long]1 
& ! latt] some:at %ort]4 ,9 !           
manufacture  d\ble-l5g?s are us$1 s t   
ea* spl9t may be coat$ ) !  ignit+      
composition at bo? ends1 & !n cut asund]
 9 ! middle to  =m two mat*es4 ,9 ,engl&
 ! spl9ts are usually cut squ>e 9 =m1  b
 9 ,g]many !y are cyl9drical1 be+ prep>$
 by =c+ ! wood  ?r\gh circul> holes 9 a 
/eel plate4 ,! ends ( ! d\ble spl9ts    
hav+ be5 slightly *>r$ by contact ) a   
r$-hot plate1 are coat$  ) sulphur by   
dipp+ !m to ! requisite dep? 9 ! melt$  

mat]ial4 ,9 "s cases ! ends are saturat$
 ) melt$ wax or p>aff9  in/ead (        
sulphur4 ,! spl9ts are !n arrang$ 9 a   
frame betwe5  groov$ bo>ds 9 su* a mann]
 t ! prep>$ ends project on ea*  side ( 
! frame4 ,^! project+ ends are !n tipp$ 
) !  phosphorus composition1 :i* is     
spread to a uni=m dep? ( ab\t #a_/h  in*
 on a smoo? slab ( /one1 kept w>m by    
means ( /eam b5ea?4 ,:5  p>tially dry1 !
 tipp$ spl9ts are tak5 f ! frames1 cut  
?r\gh  ! middle1 & plac$ 9 heaps ( #ajj1
 ready = #8box+4'    ,! diff]5t         
compositions = tipp+ ! mat*es 9 use 9   
diff]5t  c\ntries & factories all consi/
 ess5tially ( emulsions ( phosphorus  9 
a solution ( glue or gum1 ) or )\t o!r  
matt]s = increas+  ! combu/ibility1 =   
col\r+1 c4 ,9 ,engl& ! composition      
conta9s  a consid]able quantity (       
*lorate ( potassa1 :i* imp>ts a snapp+  
& flam+ quality to ! mat*es tipp$ ) x1 &
 b little  phosphorus1 on acc\nt ( !    
moi/ure ( ! climate4 ,9 ,g]many !       
proportion ( phosphorus us$ is mu* l>g]1

 & nitre1 or "s metallic  p]oxide1      
replaces *lorate ( potassa4 ,! ,g]man   
mat*es light quietly  ) a mild lamb5t   
flame1 & are injur$ quickly by damp4 ,! 
foll[+  =mul h be5 select$3    #a4      
7,,engli%47 ,f9e glue1 #b p>ts1 brok5   
into small pieces1 & soak$ 9  wat] till 
q s(t1 is add$ to wat]1 #d p>ts1 & heat$
 by means (  a wat] ba? until x is q    
fluid1 & at a temp]ature ( #bjj to #bab 
,fahr4 ,! vessel is !n remov$ f ! fire1 
& phosphorus1 #a-a_/b to #b  p>ts1 is   
gradually add$1 ! mixture be+ agitat$   
briskly &  cont9ually ) a #8/irr]' hav+ 
wood5 pegs or bri/les project+ at  its  
l[] end4 ,:5 a uni=m emulsion is obta9$1
 *lorate ( potassa1 #d  to #e p>ts1     
p[d]$ glass1 #c to #d p>ts1 & r$ lead1  
smalt1 or o!r  col\r+ matt]1 a suffici5t
 quantity 7all 9 a /ate ( v f9e  p[d]7  
are add$1 "o at a "t1 to prev5t         
accid5ts1 & ! /irr+  cont9u$ until !    
mixture is comp>atively cool4           
,accord+ to ,mr ,g4 ,gore1 ! above      
proportions are ^? ( ! be/  quality (   

,engli% composition4 ,! mat*es tipp$ ) x
 deflagrate )  a snapp+ noise4 7,see    
above47    #b4 7,,g]man47----a4         
7,bttg]47 ,dissolve gum ,arabic1 #af    
p>ts1 9 ! lea/  possible quantity (     
wat]1 add ( phosphorus 79 p[d]71 #i     
p>ts1 &  mix by trituration2 !n add (   
nitre1 #ad p>ts2 v]million or b9oxide ( 
manganese1 #af p>ts1 & =m ! :ole into a 
pa/e1 z direct$ above2  into ?is !      
mat*es are to be dipp$1 & !n expos$ to  
dry4 ,z soon  z ! mat*es are q dry !y   
are to be dipp$ into v dilute copal     
v>ni% or lac v>ni%1 & aga9 expos$ to    
dry1 by :i* means !y are  r5d]$         
wat]pro(1 or at lea/ less likely to     
suff] f exposure 9  damp wea!r4    b4   
7,bttg]47 ,glue1 #f p>ts1 is soak$ 9 a  
little cold wat] = #bd  h\rs1 aft] :i* x
 is liquefi$ by trituration 9 a heat$   
mort>2  phosphorus1 #d p>ts1 is n[ add$1
 & rubb$ d[n at a heat n exce$+  #aej   
,fahr42 nitre 79 f9e p[d]71 #aj p>ts1 is
 next mix$ 91 &  aft]w>ds r$ o*re1 #e   
p>ts1 & smalt1 #b p>ts1 are fur!r add$1 

&  ! :ole =m$ into a uni=m pa/e1 into   
:i* ! mat*es are dipp$1  z be=e4 ,*eap] 
?an ! la/4    c4 7,diesel47 ,phosphorus1
 #ag p>ts2 glue1 #ba p>ts2 r$ lead1 #bd 
p>ts2  nitre1 #ch p>ts4 ,proce$ z above4
    ,obs4 ,mat*es tipp$ ) ! above 7a1 b1
 & c7 inflame )\t  fulm9ation :5 rubb$  
aga9/ a r\gh surface1 & are h5ce t]m$   
#8noiseless mat*es' by ! mak]s4    #c4  
7,,safety ,,mat*es47 ,! late/ improvem5t
 ( note 9 ! manufacture (  mat*es is t (
 ,l&/rom1 ( ,jonkop+1 9 ,sw$51 adopt$ by
 ,messrs  ,bryant & ,may 7,pat5t74 ,x   
consi/s 9 divid+ ! +r$i5t ( !           
mat*-mixture into two sep>ate           
compositions1 "o be+ plac$ on ! ends  ( 
! spl9ts1 z usual1 & ! o!r1 :i* conta9s 
! phosphorus1  be+ spread 9 a ?9 lay] ^u
 ! end or lid ( ! box4 ,! foll[+  are ! 
compositions us$ by ! pat5tee3----a4 7,=
 ! spl9ts47  ,*lorate ( potassa1 #f     
p>ts2 sulphuret ( antimony1 #b to #c    
p>ts2 glue1 #a  "p4----b4 7,= ! friction
 surface47 ,amorph\s phosphorus1 #aj    
p>ts2  sulphuret ( antimony or p]oxide (

 manganese1 #h p>ts2 glue1 #c to #f     
p>ts2 spread ?9ly ^u ! surface1 :i* has 
be5 previ\sly made  r\gh by a coat+ (   
glue & s&4    ,by ?us divid+ !          
composition ! dang] ( fire aris+ f      
ignition  ( ! mat*es by accid5tal       
friction is avoid$1 z nei!r ! portion   
on ! spl9t nor t on ! box c be ignit$ by
 rubb+ aga9/ an  unprep>$ surface4      
,aga91 by us+ ! innocu\s r$ or amorph\s 
phosphorus1 ! dang] ( poison+ is        
entirely prev5t$4    ,,mat4 ,syn4       
,,p>aguay ,,tea4 ,?is is ! dri$ leaf ( a
 small %rub1 !  ,ilex ,p>aguay5ses1 or  
,brazilian holly1 gr[+ 9 ,p>aguay &     
,brazil2  by ! inhabitants ( :i* places1
 z well z ,s\? ,am]ica g5]ally1 x  is   
l>gely employ$ 9 ! =m ( a bev]age z tea4
 ,its active  +r$i5t1 ,p>agua9e1 =m]ly  
suppos$ to be a di/9ct pr9ciple1  has f 
fur!r rese>*es into its composition be5 
discov]$ to be  id5tical ) !9e &        
caffe9e----! alkaloids ( tea & c(fee4   
,mr ,wanklyn ascribes ! foll[+          
composition to mat3----      ,moi/ure   

#fgb    ,a%                             
#ehf    ,soluble organic matt]          
#beaj    ,insoluble organic matt]       
#fbcb                                   
------------                            
#ajjjj    ,,mate,,ria ,,m$,,ica4 ,a     
collective "n ( ! v>i\s sub/ances1      
natural  & artificial1 employ$ z m$ic9es
 or 9 ! cure ( disease4 ,9 its  m ext5d$
 s5se x includes ! sci5ce :i* treats (  
_! s\rces1  prop]ties1 classification1 &
 applications4 ,! mat]ia m$ica ( !      
,ph>macopia is a m]e li/1 ) occasional  
notes1 8embrac+ !  animal1 vegetable1 & 
*emical sub/ances1 :e!r exi/+ naturally1
  prep>$ 9 (fic9al *emical prep>ations1 
or sold 9 :olesale trade1  :i* we 7!    
,college7 direct to be us$ ei!r 9 cur+  
diseases or 9  prep>+ m$ic9es40 7,ph4   
,l47    ,,mat,,ico4 ,syn4 ,,soldi]',s   
,,h]b2 ,,mateco 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d472    
,,matica1 ,,h]ba  ,,matic1 ,l4 ,! dri$  
leaves ( a ,p]uvian plant1 g5]ally      
believ$ to be  ! ,artan! elongata1 "o ( 
! ,pip]ace4 ,! leaves h be5  employ$ )  

consid]able success z a me*anical       
ext]nal /yptic2  appli$ to lee*-bites1  
slight cuts1 & o!r w\nds1 c41 & press$  
on  ) ! f+]s1 !y seldom fail to arre/ ! 
ble$+4 ,matico has also  be5 mu* laud$ z
 an int]nal a/r+5t & /yptic1 9          
hmorrhages  f ! lungs1 /oma*1 b[els1    
ut]us1 c42 b z x is ne>ly  de/itute (   
a/r+5t prop]ties1 its virtues 9 ^! cases
 mu/ h  be5 inf]r$ f its ext]nal action4
 ,z an aromatic1 bitt] /imulant1        
closely resembl+ ! pepp]s1 x has be5    
propos$ z a sub/itute =  cubebs & black 
pepp]1 9 ! treatm5t ( diseases ( ! muc\s
  membranes1 piles1 c4----,dose1 #a_/b  
to #b dr42 9 p[d]2 or "u ! =m  (        
infusion1 t9cture1 or boluses4          
,,matura,,tion4 ,gr[+ ripe4 ,among/     
surgeons ?is t]m is appli$ to !  process
 ( suppuration1 or t :i* succe$s        
inflammation1 & by :i*  pus or matt] is 
collect$ 9 an abscess4 ,w>m?1           
irritation1 & a  lib]al diet promote ?is
 *ange2 cold1 s$atives1 & depletion1    
ret>d  x4 ,! maturation ( f]m5t$ liquor 

is notic$ "u ,,brew+1 ,,malt  ,,liquors1
 ,,w9es1 c4    ,,mead4 ,syn4 ,,mell9a1  
,l4 ,an old ,engli% liquor1 made f !    
combs f  :i* ! honey has be5 dra9$1 by  
boil+ !m 9 wat]1 & f]m5t+  ! sac*>9e    
solution ?us obta9$4 ,x is commonly     
conf\nd$ )  me!gl94 ,"s p]sons add #a   
oz4 ( hops to ea* gallon2 &1 aft]       
f]m5tation1 a little br&y4 ,x is !n     
call$ sack mead1 ,see ,,me!gl94         
,,meal4 ,! sub/ance ( edible gra9 gr\nd 
to p[d]1 )\t be+  bolt$ or sift$4 ,b>ley
 meal & oat meal are ! common sub/ances 
(  ?is class 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica 
! t]m is commonly appli$ to  gr\nd      
,indian corn1 :e!r bolt$ or n4          
7,goodri*47 ,! f\r resolv5t  meals ( old
 ph>macy 7quatuor f>9 resolv5tes7 are ^?
 ( b>ley1  beans1 l9se$1 & rye4         
,,meals4 ,! 8p]iods ( tak+ food1 usually
 adopt$1 9 con=mity )  conv5i5ce & !    
recurr5ces ( hung]1 are ^? :i* are be/  
adapt$ to ! purposes ( heal?2 namely1 ! 
morn+ meal1 ! midday  meal1 & ! ev5+    
meal40 8,t ^! are ! prop] p]iods = meals

  is evid5t f ! fact ( _! ma9ta9+ _!    
place amid ! *anges  :i* fa%ion is      
con/antly introduc+40 8,if we look at ^!
 p]iods 9  ano!r po9t ( view1 we %all   
f9d an int]val ( f\r h\rs left  betwe5  
!m = ! act ( dige/ion & subsequ5t re/ ( 
! /oma*4  ,dige/ion w claim betwe5 two &
 ?ree h\rs ( ! int]val2 !  rema9+ h\r is
 all t ! /oma* gets ( re/1 en\gh1       
p]haps1 b  n too mu*1 n to be ju/ly     
infr+$40 7,eras4 ,wilson47              
,,mea,,sles4 ,syn4 ,,rubeola1           
,,morbilli1 ,l4 ,?is v common disease is
  *>act]is$ by fev]i%ness1 *ill9ess1    
%iv]+1 head-pa9s1  swell+ & inflammation
 ( ! eyes1 %$d+ ( %>p te>s1 )  pa9ful   
s5sibility to light1 oppressive c\gh1   
difficulty ( brea?+1  & sometimes vomit+
 or di>rha4 ,^! are foll[$ ab\t ! f\r?  
day by a crimson ra% ^u ! sk91 9        
irregul> cresc5ts or circles1  & by     
small r$ po9ts or spots1 :i* are        
p]ceptible to ! t\*1 &  :i*1 aft] f\r or
 five days1 g (f ) desquamation ( !     
cuticle4  ,! fev]1 c\gh1 c41 (t5 cont9ue

 = "s "t2 & unless !re h  be5 "s        
consid]able evacuations1 ei!r by        
p]spiration or vomit+1  !y frequ5tly    
return ) increas$ viol5ce1 & occasion   
great  di/ress & dang]4    ,treat4 ,:5  
!re are no urg5t local symptoms1 mild   
ap]i5ts1  antimonial diaphoretics1 &    
dilu5ts1 %\ld be _h rec\rse to2 b :5  ! 
inflammatory symptoms are em]g5t1 & !   
lungs are weak1 especially  9 ple?oric  
habits1 blood may be tak54 ,! c\gh may  
be reliev$ by  expectorants1 demulc5ts1 
& small doses ( opium2 & ! di>rha by  ! 
adm9i/ration ( ! comp\nd p[d] ( *alk &  
opium2 !  loos5ess ( ! b[els1 h[ev]1 _h 
bett] n be int]f]$ )1  unless x be      
extreme4    ,measles are mo/ preval5t 9 
! middle ( w9t]1 & ?\gh common to       
individuals ( all ages1 are mo/ frequ5t 
among/ *ildr54 ,!  ple?oric1 & ^? ( a   
scr(ul\s habit1 or "o :i* has a         
syphilitic  ta9t1 suff] mo/ f !m4    ,l 
! smallpox1 ! measles are contagi\s1 &  
seldom attack ! same  p]son m ?an once  
dur+ life4 ,see ,,ra%4    ,,measure4    

,syn4 ,,m5sura1 ,l4 ,! unit or /&>d by  
:i* we e/imate  ext5sion1 :e!r ( l5g?1  
sup]ficies1 or volume4 ,! foll[+ tables 
repres5t ! values & proportions ( !     
pr9cipal measures employ$ 9  comm]ce & !
 arts3----              ,,table ,i4     
,engli% ,l9eal ,measures4               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------     ,in*es4  
,feet4    ,y>ds4     ,poles4            
,furlongs4      ,miles4                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------         #a   
#jhc      #jbh     #jjeje   #jjjabfbf   
#jjjjaeghbh         #ab      #a         
#ccc     #jfjfj   #jjaeaeae   #jjjahici 
#cf      #c        #a        #ahah      
#jjdede     #jjjefhah          #aih     
#afe       #ee      #a        #jbe      
#jjcabe           #gibj    #ffj         
#bbj      #dj       #a           #abe   
#fccfj   #ebhj     #agfj     #cbj       
#h          #a                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------     ,! unit (

 ! above table is ! y>d1 ( :i* no legal 
/&>d has  exi/$ s9ce t e/abli%$ by !    
/atute ( #ahbd 0 de/roy$ by !  fire :i* 
consum$ ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9      
#ahcd4              ,,table ,,ii4       
,engli% ,measures ( ,sup]ficies4        
----------------------------------------
---------------------      ,squ>e       
,squ>e       ,poles4        ,roods4     
,acres4           ,feet4     ,y>ds4     
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
#a        #aaaa     #jjcfgcji           
#jjjjiahbg   #jjjjbbieg          #i     
#a         #jccjegi    #jjjhbfddh       
#jjjbjffab        #bgbbe    #cjbe       
#a           #jbe         #jjfbe        
#ajhij    #abaj       #dj          #a   
#be             #dcefj    #dhdj         
#afj          #d           #a           
----------------------------------------
---------------------            ,,table
 ,,iii4 ,engli% ,measure (              
,volume4----,! ,,imp]ial                
,,/&>d1 & ! relative value ( its        

divisions1              includ+ ^? us$ 9
 ,m$ic9e1 ) _!              ,,equival5ts
 9 avoirdupois & troy weight4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
m9ims    f          f            ,o4    
,oij4        ,c4                        
,m9ims                                  
,equival5ts 9           or      ,fluid  
,fluid                                  
di/ill$ wat]1 at     drops4   ,dra*ms4  
,ounces4     ,p9ts4       ,qu>ts4       
,gallons4   ,pecks4,bu%els4 ,qu>t]s4    
#fb ,fahr41 9                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------------_/---------_/----------    
,troy      ,avoird4                     
gra9s4    weight4                       
----------------------        #a        
#jaffffff   #jjbjhccc    #jjjajdaf      
#jjjjebjh  #jjjjacjb   ----     ----    
----          #iaadf                    
#fj   #a           #abe         #jjfbe  

#jjcabe    #jjjghabe   ----     ----    
----        #edfhge lb4 oz4      #dhj   
#h           #a           #je           
#jbe       #jjfbe      ----     ----    
----       #dcge            #a          
#ifjj #afj          #bj          #a     
#e         #abe       #jfbe #jaefbe     
#jjaiecabe #hgej        #a    #d        
#aibjj #cbj          #dj          #b    
#a          #be        #abe  #jcabe     
#jjcijfbe #agejj        #b    #h        
#gfhjjabhj         #afj          #h     
#d         #a          #e    #abe       
#jaefbe   #gjjjj       #aj              
#befj         #cbj         #af          
#h         #b         #a     #be        
#jcabe        ----       #bj            
#abhj         #fd         #cb         #h
         #d    #a       #abe            
----       #hj                          
#eab        #bef        #fd        #cb  
#h      #a             ----      #fdj   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     

,! /&>d unit ( ! above table is !       
gallon1 :i* is decl>$1  by /atute1 to be
 capable ( 8conta9+ t5 p\nds avoirdupois
 weight (  di/ill$ wat]1 weigh$ 9 ! air 
at ! temp]ature ( #fb ,fahr41 !  b>omet]
 be+ at #cj in*es40 ,! p\nd avoirdupois 
conta9s #gjjj gra9s1  & x is decl>$ t a 
cubic in* ( di/ill$ wat]1 "u ! above    
conditions1 weighs #bebdeh gra9s2 h5ce !
 capacity ( ! imp]ial  gallon & its     
divisions are z foll[s3----             
,imp]ial gallon  #bggbgd cubic in*es4   
0      qu>t    #ficahe      0      0    
p9t     #cdfeibe     0    ,fluid ounce  
#agcbif     0      0   dra*m            
#baffb     0     ,! imp]ial gallon is   
#a-e? l>g] ?an ! old w9e                
gallon1----#a-fj? small] ?an ! old be]  
gallon1 &----#a-cbnd l>g] ?an  ! old    
dry-measure gallon4              ,,table
 ,,iv4 ,fr5* ,metrical or ,decimal      
,measures (            ,l5g?4           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,equival5ts 9                           

_/---------------------_/---------------
--------     ,names4    ,eq4 9  ,engli% 
,in*es1      ,engli% ,long ,measure1    
,mtres4 at  #cb ,fahr4           at #fb 
,fahr4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,miles4  ,fur4  ,yds4  ,feet4  ,in*4    
,millimtre     #jja       #jcicg        
,c5timtre     #ja        #cicga         
,dcimtre      #a        #cicgjh         
,mtre         #a        #cicgjgi        
#a     #j    #ccg     ,decamtre    #aj  
#cicgjgij                 #aj     #b    
#ig      ,hectomtre  #ajj               
#cicgjgijj                #aji     #a   
#ajgh    ,kilomtre  #ajjj               
#cicgjgijjj           #d    #bac     #a 
#ajc      ,myriamtre#ajjjj              
#cicgjgijjjj     #f     #a    #aef      
#j    #iag                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------     ,! /&>d  
unit ( ! above table is ! mtre1 :i* has 
be5  det]m9$ to be #cicgjgi in*es1 at   

#cb ,fahr4 7,capt4 ,kat]72 ! ,engli%    
foot is tak5 at #fb ,fahr4 ,! true l5g? 
( ! mtre1 r$uc$ to !  latt] temp]ature1 
is #cicgjjia ,engli% in*es2 a numb] :i* 
v>ies  f t 9 ! table only at ! f\r?     
decimal figure4 ,x w be  p]ceiv$ t !    
pr9ciple ( nom5clature adopt$ 9 apply+ !
  names1 0 to prefix ! ,greek num]als to
 ! decimal multiples1 & !  ,lat9 num]als
 to ! decimal subdivisions4             
,,table ,v4 ,fr5* ,metrical or ,decimal 
,measures (            ,volume4         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------      ,names4 
,eq4 9   ,eq4 9                         
,litres4 ,engli%     ,equival5t 9       
,engli% ,measures4                      
,cubic                                  
,in*es                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,gall4 ,p9ts4 ,oz4 ,dr4 ,m9ims4         
,millilitre     #jja    #jfaj           
#afi       ,c5tilitre     #ja     #fajc 
#b     #di        ,decilitre      #a    

#fajbh                   #c     #d      
#ajcf      ,litre         #a     #fajbh 
#a      #ae     #a     #dcfi            
,decalitre    #aj    #fajbh      #b     
#a      #ab     #a     #afi             
,hectolitre  #ajj   #fajbh      #bb     
#j       #a     #d     #di              
,kilolitre  #ajjj   #fajbh     #bbj     
#j      #af     #f     #dj              
,myrialitre#ajjjj   #fajbhj  #bbja      
7#bge-a_/h bu%els74                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------     ,! /&>d  
unit 9 ! above table is ! litre1 or !   
cube ( !  #a_/aj ( a mtre4 ,! ,fr5*     
c5ti>e conta9s #a squ>e mtre1----! are1 
#ajj d41----! hect>e1 #aj1jjj d4 ,! old 
,p>is p9t is equal to #afgh  ,engli%    
imp]ial p9t4     ,! capacity ( solids & 
ari=m fluids is tak5 9 cubic  in*es1 or 
feet1 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france1 ! /]e1 or   
mtre cube1 equal to  #cecafeh ,engli%   
cubic feet1 is ! /&>d unit4             
,,table ,,vi4 ,miscellane\s ,measures & 
_!            ,equival5ts3      ,tea or 

c(fee spoonful     7av]age7   #a fl4 dr4
    ,dess]t spoonful               0    
#b    0    ,table spoonful              
0       #d    0    ,w9e-glassful        
0       #b fl4 oz4    ,tea-cupful       
0       #e    0    ,breakfa/-cupful     
0       #h    0    ,tumbl]ful           
0       #h    0    ,bas9ful             
0      #ab    0    ,?imbleful           
0       #c_/d fl4 dr4    ,p9* 7( leaves 
& fl[]s7  0       #a dr4    ,h&ful 7(   
leaves & fl[]s7 0      #aj 0    ,cubic  
in* ( wat]1 at #fb ,fahr4     #bebdeh   
gr4    ,cubic foot ( wat]1 at #fb ,fahr4
     #fbcbajf lb4                       
--------    ,l9e                        
#a_/ab in*4    ,b>leycorn               
#a_/c   0    ,h&                        
#d   0    ,*a9                          
#d poles or #bb y>ds4    ,,meat4 ,!     
muscul> tissue or fle% ( ! pr9cipal     
animals con/itut+  ! food ( man may be  
said to be compos$ ( ! same proximate   
pr9ciples1 &1 giv5 an equal dige/ibility
 & p[] ( be+  assimilat$1 may be also   

said to h an equally nutritive value4   
,s9ce meat1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally eat5 ) a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( fat1  :i* accompanies x 9 
v>y+ quantity1 ! capacity ( ! meat =    
=m+ muscle w1 ( c\rse1 be 9 inv]se      
proportion to ! am\nt (  fat x conta9s2 
on ! contr>y1 its p[] ( rais+ ! bodily  
temp]ature w be 9 direct proportion4    
,moles*ott 7quot$ by ,p>kes7  gives !   
foll[+ z ! mean composition ( fre% beef1
 z det]m9$  by all ! ,cont95tal         
*emi/s3----      ,wat]                  
#gcd    ,soluble album5 & hmat9         
#bbe    ,insoluble album9\s sub/ances   
#aebj    ,gelat9\s sub/ances            
#ccj    ,fat                            
#bhg    ,extractive matt]               
#ach    ,creat9                         
#jjfh    ,a%                            
#af    ,dr ,p>kes rem>ks ( ! am\nt ( fat
 giv5 9 ! above analysis 8t  x is       
evid5tly too l[40    ,9 ! above table we
 recognise 9 ! album9\s & gelat9\s      
sub/ances ! s\rce ( ! muscul> tissue ( !
 human organism4 ,!  a% conta9s !       

*lorides1 c>bonates1 & phosphates (     
potassium1  sodium1 & calcium4 ,f ^!    
salts are d]iv$ ! hydro*loric acid  ( ! 
ga/ric juice1 ! sodium ( ! bile1 & !    
calcium phosphate  & c>bonate ( !       
skeleton4 ,iron is also pres5t1 & ?is   
f9ds its  way into ! blood4    ,! flav\r
 ( meat is mu* influ5c$ by ! food ( !   
animal4 ,!  fle% ( ! ,pampas pig is f\nd
 to be rank & disagreeable :5 !  animal 
is kill$ 9 its wild /ate2 if1 h[ev]1 !  
food be *ang$ =  ! bett]1 ! fle% becomes
 altoge!r diff]5t & q eatable4 ,!  pork 
( pigs f$ on fle% is said to give (f a  
/rong od\r1 ! fat at  ! same "t be+     
unusually s(t4 ,s(t fat is also said to 
=m 9  animals t h be5 f$ on oily foods4 
,:5 meat is roa/$1 ! fire gradually     
coagulates ! album5 ( !  jo9t1 !        
coagulation comm5c+ at ! surface1 &     
spread+ by degrees  to ! int]ior4       
,unless ! roa/+ be cont9u$ long en\gh1  
suffici5t  heat w n rea* ! p>ts ne>e/ ! 
c5tre to effect _!  coagulation2 & if "u
 ^! circum/ances ! meat be remov$ f !   

fire1 ! uncoagulat$ or inn] p>ts w      
pres5t ! well-kn[n r$ &  juicy appe>ance
 kn[n z #8und]done4' ,al?\gh a c]ta9    
quantity ( !  gravy 7:i* consi/s ( !    
soluble & sal9e +r$i5ts7 escapes 9  !   
process1 ! great] "p is reta9$4 ,! br[n 
agreeably sapid  sub/ance =m$ on !      
outside ( ! meat is kn[n z osmazome1 &  
:i* is conc5trat$ gravy4 ,! melt+ fat   
:i* collects bel[ =ms  ! dripp+4 ,! loss
 9 ! meat is pr9cipally wat]4    ,!     
*emical effects ( boil+ are expla9$ "u !
 article devot$ to  t subject4    ,meat 
g5]ally loses f #cj to #dj p] c5t41 &   
sometimes z mu* z #fj  p] c5t4 9 weight1
 by cook+4    ,! am\nt ( bone v>ies1 be+
 seldom less ?an #h p] c5t4 ,x am\nts  9
 ! neck & brisket to ab\t #aj p] c5t4 & 
f "o ?ird to  sometimes half ! total    
weight 9 %9s & legs ( beef4    ,! mo/   
economical p>ts are ! r\nd & ?ick flank1
 next to ^! !  brisket & /ick+-piece1 & 
la/ly1 ! leg4    ,9 *oos+ mutton & pork1
 selection %\ld be made ( ! leg1 aft]   
?is ( ! %\ld]4#bf    ,footnote #bf3     

,le!by4    8,ox510 says ,m4 ,bizet1     
8yield ( be/ quality beef #eg p] c5t4 ( 
meat1  & #dc p] c5t4 wa/e4 ,! wa/e      
includes ! int]nal visc]a1 c4  ,second  
quality ( beef1 #ed p] c5t4 meat & #df  
p] c5t4 wa/e2 ?ird  quality beef1 #ea p]
 c5t4 meat & #di p] c5t4 wa/e4 ,9       
milk+-c[s1  #df p] c5t4 meat & #ed p]   
c5t4 wa/e4 ,calves yield #fj p] c5t4    
meat1  & #dj p] c5t4 loss2 & %eep yield 
#ej p] c5t4 meat1 & #ej p] c5t4  loss40 
,dr ,p>kes diff]s f ,bizet z to !       
latt]'s value ( ! meat  ( ! calf4 ,he   
says ! fle% ( "y animals loses f #dj to 
#ej p]  c5t4 9 cook+4    ,x seems to be 
agre$1 h[ev]1 t animals :5 slaught]$    
%\ld be  nei!r too "y nor too old4 ,!   
fle% ( "y animals1 al?\gh m  t5d]1 is   
less dige/ible ?an t ( old] ones2 x is  
also poor] 9  salts1 fat1 & an album9\s 
sub/ance call$ synton94    ,consumption 
( ,meat4 ,dr ,le!by1 writ+ 9 #ahfh1 says
 t 9 ,london  8! indoor op]atives eat x 
to ! ext5t ( #adh oz4 p] adult weekly2  
#gj p] c5t4 ( ,engli% f>m lab\r]s       

consume x1 & to ! ext5t ( #af  oz4 p]   
man weekly2 #fj p] c5t4 ( ! ,scot*1 #cj 
( ! ,wel%1 & #bj (  ! ,iri% also eat x4 
,! ,scot* probably h a l>g] all[ance ?an
  ! ,engli%1 consid]+ t braxy mutton#bg 
is ! p]quisite ( !  ,scot* lab\r]2 b !  
,wel% h only an av]age am\nt ( #b-a_/b  
oz4  p] adult weekly2 & ! ,iri% all[ance
 is /ill less4 ,x is difficult  to obta9
 accurate returns ( ! quantity ( meat   
consum$ 9 ,london2 b  if ! computation (
 ,dr ,wynt] is correct1 x is n less ?an 
#cj-c_/d oz4  p] head weekly1 or ab\t   
#d-a_/b oz4 p] day = e man1 woman1 &    
*ild4 ,9 ,p>is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,arm&    
,husson1 :o has c>efully  collect$ !    
octroi returns1 8x is r m ?an #di oz4 p]
 head  weekly1 or j #g oz4 a day40      
,bond9 /ates t ?r\gh\t ,france !        
consumption is ab\t #ej grammes daily1  
or "u #a-c_/d oz4    ,footnote #bg3 ,see
 fur!r on4    ,dr ,le!by1 9 8 "w #8,on  
,food1' gives ! foll[+ z !  *>act]i/ics 
( good meat3----    8#a/4 ,x is nei!r ( 
a pale p9k col\r nor ( a deep purple    

t9t1 =  ! =m] is a sign ( disease1 & !  
latt] indicates t ! animal  has n be5   
slaught]$1 b has di$ ) ! blood 9 x1 or  
has  suff]$ f acute fev]4    8#bnd4 ,x  
has a m>k$ appe>ance f ! ramifications (
 little ve9s (  fat among ! muscles4    
8#crd4 ,x %\ld be firm & ela/ic to !    
t\*1 & %\ld sc>cely  moi/5 ! f+]s----bad
 meat be+ wet1 & sodd5 & flabby1 ) !    
fat look+ l jelly or wet p>*m5t4        
8#d?4 ,x %\ld h little or no od\r1 & !  
od\r %\ld n be  disagreeable1 = diseas$ 
meat has a sickly cadav]\s smell1 &     
sometimes a smell ( physic4 ,?is is v   
discov]able :5 ! meat is  *opp$ up &    
dr5*$ ) w>m wat]4    8#e?4 ,x %\ld n    
%r9k or wa/e mu* 9 cook+4    8#f?4 ,x   
%\ld n run to wat]1 or become v wet on  
/&+ = a day  or s1 b %\ld1 on ! contr>y1
 dry ^u ! surface4    8#g?4 ,:5 dri$ at 
a temp]ature ( #bab or !reab\t1 x %\ld n
  lose m ?an f #gj to #gd p] c5t4 ( its 
weight1 :]eas bad meat  w (t5 lose z mu*
 z #hj p] c5t4    8,o!r prop]ties ( a m 
ref9$ "* w also s]ve = !  recognition ( 

bad meat1 z t ! juice ( ! fle% is       
alkal9e or  neutral to te/-pap]1 in/ead 
( be+ di/9ctly acid1 & ! muscul>  fibre1
 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope is f\nd to be
 sodd5 &  ill-def9$40    ,uns\nd        
meat----diseas$ meat4 ,dr ,le!by1 9 8   
#8,lectures on ,food1'  publi%$ 9 #ahfh1
 /ates t ! seizure & condemnation1 9    
,london1 (  meat unfit = human food1    
dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ ov] sev5 ye>s1      
am\nt$ to #gjj tons p] annum1 or to ab\t
 #a-gej? ( ! :ole quantity  consum$4 ,^!
 #gjj tons he dissects into lbs4 z      
foll[s3----8#hje1fec lbs4  7 diseas$1   
#efh1cge lbs4 7 putrid1 & #aic1ghb lbs4 
7 f  animals t _h n be5 slaught]$1 b _h 
di$ f accid5t or  disease4 ,x consi/$ ( 
#ffdj %eep & lambs1 #ajbe calves1 #bhif 
pigs1  #iajd qu>t]s ( beef1 & #ba1igf   
jo9ts ( meat40    ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t  
?is am\nt1 ow+ to ! difficulties &      
ineffici5cy ( ! mode ( sup]vision1 be>s 
a v insignificant  proportion to !      
actual quantity :i* escap$ detection1 & 
:i* 01  !re=e1 p>tak5 ( z food4         

,pr(essor ,gamgee says t "o fif? (  !   
meat eat5 9 ! metropolis is diseas$4 ,9 
#ahfc ! bodies ( an  enorm\s numb] (    
animals suff]+ f r9d]pe/1 z well z f    
pleuro-pneumonia1 7 consum$ 9 ,london2 &
 we "k t ?\s&s (  %eep die e ye>1 9 !   
c\ntry1 ( rot2 ! inf]5ce f :i*  latt]   
fact is t1 s9ce ! c>cases are nei!r eat5
 !re nor buri$  on ! spot1 !y are s5t up
 to1 & ?r[n ^u1 ! ,london m>kets4 ,!    
wor/ specim5s f9d _! way to ! poor]     
neighb\rhoods1 :]e1 z  might be expect$1
 _! l[ price ensures a ready sale = !m4 
,^!  sales1 x is said1 mo/ly take place 
at night4    ,! above /atem5ts1 :i*1 if 
we exclude ,pr(essor ,gamgee's figures1 
d  n solve ! problem z to ! quantity (  
uns\nd meat consum$ 9  ,london1 n       
unreasonably ju/ify ! assumption t x is 
v  consid]able2 & ?is be+ admitt$1 we   
%\ld be prep>$ to le>n t  x 0 a f]tile  
s\rce ( disease ( a m or less dang]\s   
"*4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 su* ext5sive     
div]g5ce 9 ! v>i\s data be>+  ^u ?is    
po9t1 t no satisfactory solution ( x c  

be said to be  af=d$4 ,?us1 ,liv+/one   
/ates t1 :5 9 ,s\? ,africa1 he f\nd  t  
nei!r ,engli%m5 nor natives c\ld p>take 
( ! fle% ( animals  affect$ )           
pleuro-pneumonia )\t its giv+ rise to   
malignant  c>buncle1 & sometimes1 9 !   
case ( ! natives1 to dea?1 & ,dr  ,le!by
 attributes ! increas$ numb] ( c>buncles
 & phlegmons  among/ our population to !
 importation f ,holl& ( cattle suff]+  f
 ! same disease4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dr     
,p>kes says he 0 in=m$1 on  excell5t    
au?ority1 t ! ,caffres inv>iably consume
 ! fle% (  _! cattle t die ( ! same     
epidemic1 )\t ! production ( any  ill   
effects4 ,aga91 !re are num]\s          
well-atte/$ cases 9 :i* !  fle% ( %eep  
:i* h di$ f braxy 7a disease t makes    
great  ravages among/ ! flocks 9        
,scotl&7 is con/antly eat5 )\t  injuri\s
 results by ! ,scot* %eph]d4 ,! malady  
causes dea? 9 !  %eep f ! blood         
coagulat+ 9 ! vital organs1 & ! %eep t  
s dies becomes ! prop]ty ( ! %eph]d1 :o1
 aft] remov+ !  (fal1 is c>eful to cut  

out ! d>k congeal$ blood be=e cook+     
x4#bh ,sometimes he salts d[n ! c>case4 
,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e  ?or\gh cook+ or an
 obs]vance ( ! above precautions h be5  
neglect$1 v dang]\s & disa/r\s          
consequ5ces h ensu$4 ,dur+  ! late siege
 ( ,p>is l>ge quantities ( ! fle% (     
horses )  gl&]s appe> to h be5 eat5 ) no
 evil consequ5ces3 & ,mr  ,bly?1 9 8    
#8,diction>y ( ,hygine1' quotes a simil>
 case f ,t>dieu1  :o /ates t #cjj army  
horses affect$ ) gl&]s 7morve7 7 l$  to 
,/ ,g]ma91 ne> ,p>is1 & kill$4 ,= sev]al
 days !y s]v$ to  fe$ ! poor ( ! t[n )\t
 caus+ any injury to heal?4    ,footnote
 #bh3 ,le!by4    ,a simil> exemption f  
any evil effect foll[+ ! consumption (  
diseas$ fle% is record$ by ,pr(essor    
,brucke1 ( ,vi5na4    ,n _m ye>s s9ce ! 
cattle ( a locality 9 ,bohemia1 be+     
attack$  by r9d]pe/1 7 ord]$ by !       
,gov]nm5t to be slaught]$1 aft]  :i* !y 
7 buri$4 ,! poor p dug up ! diseas$     
c>cases1  cook$ ! meat1 & ate x1 ) no   
injuri\s result4    ,p>5t ,du*telet     

cites a case :]e ! fle% ( sev5 c[s      
attack$ )  rabies 0 eat5 )\t injury2 &  
,le!by /ates t pigs ) sc>let  fev] &    
spott$ typhus h be5 us$ = food ) equally
 h>mless  results4 ,! fle% ( %eep )     
smallpox _h be5 f\nd to produce  vomit+ 
& di>rha1 sometimes accompani$ ) fev]4  
,"o obvi\s sugge/ion ( ! immunity f     
disease record$ 9 "p (  ! cases above   
giv5 is t ! injuri\s prop]ties ( ! fle% 
_h  be5 de/roy$ by ! heat to :i* x _h   
be5 subject$ 9 ! process  ( cook+1      
comb9$ ) ! antiseptic & protective p[] (
 !  ga/ric juice4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 has
 n be5 suffici5tly exam9$ to  w>rant !  
conclusion t e k9d ( uns\nd meat may be 
r5d]$  innocu\s by cul9>y means4    ,b  
ev5 7 ?is s ! idea ( p>tak+ ( meat :i*  
_h once be5  uns\nd1 f :atev] cause1 &1 
z 9 ! in/ances above quot$1 )  ! pu/ules
 ( smallpox1 ! spots g5]at$ by typhus1 &
 ! ra% (  sc>let fev] ^u x1 becomes     
unspeakably repulsive & revolt+4 ,b we  
mu/ n be misl$ because ( ! difficulty ( 
reconcil+ !  contradictory /atem5ts     

above giv51 nor by ! evid5ce "s ( !m    
appe> to af=d z to ! innocu\s "* (      
diseas$ meat1 s9ce x  is j possible t   
clos] & m prolong$ obs]vation ( ! facts 
may h l$ to diff]5t conclusions4 ,?us1 =
 example1 pork1 infe/$  ) t =midable    
entozoon1 ! ,tri*9a spiralis1 _h be5    
p>tak5  ( = ye>s1 "u ! impression t x 0 
a p]fectly heal?y food1  until ,dr      
,z5ck]1 ( ,dresd51 discov]$ t ! p>asite 
0 ! cause  ( a frightful disease1 :i* he
 call$ ,tri*9osis1 & :i* _h  hi!rto     
baffl$ all attempts to f9d out its      
orig94 ,dr ,le!by1 writ+  on ?is        
subject1 says3 8,i h (t5 _h occasion to 
inve/igate cases (  my/]i\s disease1 :i*
 _h und\bt$ly be5 caus$ by uns\nd meat4 
,"o  ( ^!1 ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/1       
occurr$ 9 ! mon? (  ,novemb]1 #ahfj4 ,! 
hi/ory ( x is ?is3----,a =equ>t] (      
c[-beef 0  pur*as$ 9 ,newgate ,m>ket by 
a sausage-mak] :o liv$ 9 ,k+sl&1 &  :o  
imm$iately conv]t$ x into sausage-meat4 
,sixty-six p]sons 7  kn[n to h eat5 ( t 
meat1 & sixty-f\r ( !m 7 attack$  )     

sickness1 di>rha1 & great pro/ration (  
vital p[]s4 ,"o (  !m di$2 & at ! reque/
 ( ! coron] ,i made a se>*+ inquiry     
into ! matt]1 & ,i asc]ta9$ t ! meat 0  
diseas$1 & t  x1 & x alone1 _h be5 !    
cause ( all ! mis*ief40#bi    ,footnote 
#bi3 ,le!by1 #8,lectures on ,food1'     
,longman & ,co4    ,"h are two in/ances 
9 :i* b = subsequ5t inve/igation ! evil 
effects n>rat$ w\ld n h be5 debit$ to   
diseas$ meat1 b to "s  o!r cause4       
8,"o ( ! pr9cipal & by f> ! mo/ prolific
 s\rces (  food-poison+ is ! sausage1 ! 
eat+ ( :i*1 9 ,g]many m  p>ticul>ly1 has
 caus$ ! dea? ( a numb] ( p]sons4    ,! 
sausages 9 :i* ^! poison\s qualities    
occasionally develop  !mselves are !    
l>ge k9ds made 9 ,wurtemburg1 9 :i*     
di/rict alone  !y h caus$ ! dea?s ( m   
?an #aej out ( #djj p]sons dur+ !  la/  
fifty ye>s4 ,! poison\s "* ( ! sausage  
is said to  develop itself g5]ally 9 !  
spr+1 :5 x becomes mu/y1 & also  s(t 9 !
 int]ior4 ,x is !n f\nd to be acid to   
te/ pap]1 & to  h a v disagreeable &    

ta9t$ flav\r4    ,%\ld x be eat5 :5 9   
?is /ate1 aft] f ab\t twelve to         
tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! pati5t is attack$ )    
sev]e inte/9al  irritation 9 ! =m ( pa9s
 9 ! /oma* & b[els by vomit+s1  &       
di>rha4    ,to ^! symptoms succe$ great 
depression1 coldness 9 ! limbs1 weak  & 
irregul> pulse1 & frequ5t fa9t+ fits4   
,%\ld ! suff]] be  attack$ )            
convulsions1 & difficult respiration1 ! 
seizure  g5]ally ends 9 dea?4 ,! nature 
( ! poison\s sub/ance t gives  rise to  
^! effects 9 ! sausage has n yet be5    
det]m9$4 ,liebig  believ$ !m to be due  
to ! pres5ce 9 ! meat ( a p>ticul>      
animal  f]m5t1 :i* he conceiv$ act$ on !
 blood by catalysis1 & ?us  r5d]$ x     
diseas$4 ,o!rs h surmis$ t a poison\s   
organic  alkaloid may h be5 produc$ 9 ! 
decay+ meat2 & o!rs aga9  t ! effects   
may h be5 caus$ by "s delet]i\s sub/ance
 ( a  fatty nature4 ,m4 ,van d5 ,corput 
0 ( op9ion t ! mis*ief 0 due  to !      
pres5ce 9 ! meat ( a poison\s fungus1   
:i* he calls a  s>c9a botul9a4 ,?is la/ 

!ory receives support f ! fact t a      
peculi> m\ld9ess is always to be obs]v$ 
9 ^! dang]\s sausages1  & t ?is is      
co9cid5t ) ! developm5t ( _! poison\s   
qualities4    ,sev]al effects h be5     
produc$ by o!r k9ds ( animal food----z  
veal1  bacon1 ham1 salt-beef1 salt-fi%1 
*eese1 c41 & ! food has usually  be5 9 a
 decay$ & m\ldy condition4 ,x w\ld be   
t$i\s if ,i 7 to  detail1 or ev5 to     
enum]ate ! cases record$ by m$ico-legal 
writ]s2  b ,i may p]haps ref] to a few (
 !m4 ,9 #ahci !re 0 a popul> fte  at    
,zuri*1 & ab\t #fjj p]sons p>took ( a   
repa/ ( cold roa/ veal  & ham4 ,9 a few 
h\rs mo/ ( !m 7 suff]+ f pa9 9 !  /oma*1
 ) vomit+ & di>rha2 & be=e a week _h    
elaps$ ne>ly  all ( !m 7 s]i\sly ill 9  
b$4 ,!y compla9$ ( %iv]+s1  gidd9ess1   
heada*e & burn+ fev]4 ,9 a few cases !re
 0 delirium1  & :5 !y t]m9at$ fatally   
!re 0 extreme pro/ration ( !  vital     
p[]s4 ,c>eful inquiry 0 in/itut$ into ! 
matt]1 & ! only  discov]able cause ( !  
mis*ief 0 incipi5t putrefaction & slight

  m\ld9ess ( ! meat40 ,a case is record$
 by ,dr ,geisl] ( eight p]sons  :o      
became ill f eat+ bacon :i* 0 m\ldy2 &  
ano!r by ,m4  ,ollivi] ( ! dea? ( f\r   
p]sons out ( eight1 all ( :om _h  p>tak5
 ( p>tially decompos$ mutton4    ,if "s 
( ! =ego+ /atem5ts fail to demon/rate t 
! act (  p>tak+ ( diseas$ meat is a     
necess>y s\rce ( dang] to heal?1  !re c 
be no su* d\bt z to ! p]nici\s & p]il\s 
consequ5ces  :i* ensue :5 meat is       
consum$ conta9+ 9 its tissues ! ova &   
l>v ( c]ta9 p>asitic creatures4 ,if !   
fle%y "p ( a piece (  measly pork be    
c>efully exam9$1 x w be f\nd to be m or 
less  dott$ ab\t ) a numb] ( little     
bladd]-l spots1 9 size ab\t z  l>ge z a 
hemp-se$4#cj    ,footnote #cj3 ,see     
article 8,cy/ic]ci40    ,if n[ we       
c>efully rupture "o ( ^! little bodies  
or cy/s1 !re  w be f\nd 9 x a m9ute     
worm1 :i* "u ! microscope w be se5  to h
 a head f :i* proce$ a numb] ( little   
hooks t p]=m a  v disagreeable (fice    
%\ld ! p>asite be tak5 into ! human     

/oma* by any "o mak+ a meal (f measly & 
und]cook$ pork4 ,=1  !n1 be+ lib]at$ f  
its sac1 or nidus1 by ! action ( !      
ga/ric  juice ( ! /oma* on ?is latt]1 ! 
creature passes into !  inte/9es4 ,to ^!
 x atta*es itself by means ( ! hooklets 
on its  head1 & in/antly becomes a      
tapeworm1 :i* gr[s by a succession (    
jo9t$ segm5ts x is able to develop1 &   
ea* "o ( :i* is capable  ( becom+ a     
sep>ate & prolific tapeworm fill$ )     
c\ntless eggs4    ,^! eggs rea* ! l&    
?r\gh ! ag5cy ( manure 7= !y are f\nd  9
 ! inte/9es ( ! horse71 & f ?is s\rce !y
 get into !  /oma*s ( pigs & ox51 :]e !y
 hat* n into tapeworm1 or t5ia1  b1     
travell+ ?r\gh ! animal's /oma*1 burr[  
into its muscul>  tissue4 ,"h !y e/abli%
 & envelop !mselves 9 ! little cy/ or   
small bladd]-l sub/ance1 ^: pres5ce1 z  
expla9$1 con/itutes  ! condition call$  
8measly0 pork1 & "h !y rema9 dormant    
until  su* "t z1 tak5 into ! /oma*1 !y  
may aga9 become tapeworms1 to  be aga9  
expell$ & to p]petuate by _! ova ! r\nd 

(  metamorphosis4 ,f ! circum/ance ( _! 
be+ met ) enclos$ 9  little sacs or     
cy/s1 ^! p>asites h be5 t]m$ ,cy/ic]ci4 
,!  v>iety ( !m we h j be5 consid]+ z   
occurr+ 9 pork is  call$ ! ,cy/ic]cus   
cellulos1 :il/ ! tapeworm to :i* x gives
  rise is kn[n z ! ,t9ea solium4        
,ano!r v>iety ( ,cy/ic]cus is met ) 9 ! 
fle% ( ! ox1 !  c[1 & ! calf4 ,9 ! human
 body ?is also develops into a tapeworm 
call$ ! ,t9ea m$iocanellata4 ,tapeworm  
is a v common disease 9  ,russia &      
,abyss9ia1 & its preval5ce is no d\bt   
due to ! habit (  giv+ ! *ildr5 9 ^?    
c\ntries raw meat to suck1 "u !         
impression t ! *ild is /r5g!n$ 9        
consequ5ce4 ,f exp]im5ts  made by ,dr   
,lewis x 0 f\nd t a temp]ature ( #aej   
,f41 ma9ta9$  = five m9utes1 0 suffici5t
 to de/roy ^! cy/ic]ci4    ,ano!r & m   
=midable entozoon1 communicable by      
uns\nd meat1 is !  ,e*9ococcus          
hom9is1#ca :i* repres5ts "o ( !         
metamorphoses (  ! ,t9ea e*9ococcus1 !  
tapeworm ( ! dog4 ,9 ,icel&1 :]e a  six?

 ( ! population are said to suff] f !   
ravages ( !  ,e*9ococcus hom9is1 x is ! 
cu/om to fe$ ! dogs on ! fle% (         
slaught]$ animals affect$ ) ?is p>asite1
 :i* 9 ! body ( !  dog develops into a  
tapeworm4 ,! innum]able eggs :i* ! worm 
produces  are1 h[ev]1 incapable ( be+   
hat*$ 9 ! dog's inte/9es4 ,!y  h to f9d 
ano!r & m suitable habitat1 & ?is is    
secur$ =  !m z foll[s3----,segm5ts ( !  
tapeworm1 ) _! c\ntless ova1  be+ void$ 
) dog's excrem5t1 fall into ! runn+     
wat]1 & on to  ! fields & pa/ures1 :5ce 
!y ga9 _! entrance into ! /oma*s  (     
human be+s1 ox51 & %eep4 ,"h ! eggs     
become hat*$1 n into  tapeworms1 b into 
,e*9ococci hom9is1 or prospective       
tapeworms4  ,burr[+ ?r\gh ! membranes ( 
! /oma*1 ! e*9ococcus  e/abli%es itself 
mo/ commonly 9 ! liv]1 b n unfrequ5tly 9
 !  sple51 he>t1 lungs1 & ev5 ! bones ( 
man4 ,9 ! animal economy  !y enclose    
!mselves 9 little sacs or cy/s1 & give  
rise to ! mo/  al>m+ & pa9ful diseases1 
:i* hi!rto h prov$ incurable4 ,!y       

attack ! bra9 9 %eep1 & are ! cause ( ! 
disease kn[n z  8/agg]s40 ,%eep are also
 infe/$ by ano!r p>asite kn[n z !       
,di/oma hepatica1 ! ravages ( :i* give  
rise 9 ! %eep to t  deva/at+            
disease----8! rot40 ,! creature is also 
kn[n by ! "n (  ! 8liv]-fluke10 s9ce x  
pr9cipally attacks ?is important organ 9
  ! animal4 ,! liv]-fluke is ( con/ant  
occurr5ce 9 ! liv]s (  diseas$ %eep1 &  
unless de/roy$ by ?or\gh cook+ w ( c\rse
  pass into ! human economy4 ,! embryo  
fluke ga9s admission to !  %eep's body  
?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( small snails1 to
 ! %ells (  :i* x atta*es itself4 ,9 wet
 wea!r ! snails crawl ov] ! grass  ( !  
mead[ :i* =ms ! pa/ures ( ! %eep1 & are 
swall[$ by  x4 ,once 9 ! %eep's /oma* ! 
embryo becomes a fluke1 & comm5ces  its 
depr$ations on ! animal's liv]4 ,aft]   
?is1 ! reason :y ! rot  attacks %eep    
aft] a cont9uance ( wet wea!r w be      
evid5t4    ,footnote #ca3 ,see article  
8,e*9ococcus hom9is40    ,! mo/ t]rible 
( all ! meat p>asites is a m9ute worm   

ab\t #a_/cj?  ( an in* long1 f\nd 9 !   
fle% ( pork4 ,?is creature1 :i* is nam$ 
! ,tri*9a spiralis 7f ! =m x assumes :5 
coil$ up 9 !  little cy/ or capsule :i* 
encloses x71 :5 x gets convey$ into !   
human /oma* ) improp]ly cook$ or        
und]done pork1 soon becomes  lib]at$ f  
its conf9em5t ow+ to ! de/ruction ( its 
envelope by  ! ga/ric juice4 ,once 9 !  
/oma* ! p>asite gr[s rapidly1 giv+  bir?
 to innum]able "y tri*91 :i*1 by fir/   
bor+ ?r\gh !  membranes ( ! alim5t>y    
canal1 pi]ce _! way ?r\gh ! diff]5t     
p>ts ( ! body into ! muscul> tissue1 :]e
 !y become ency/$1  & :]e !y rema9 until
 conditions favorable to _! lib]ation   
aga9  occur4    ,until su* "t1 h[ev]1 z 
!y h become enclos$ 9 ! cy/1 _!         
movem5ts give rise to indescribable     
torture1 & to a disease kn[n z          
tri*9osis1 ( :i* x has be5 e/imat$ m ?an
 #ej p] c5t4 (  ^? attack$ by x die4 ,! 
symptoms ( tri*9osis comm5ce ) loss  (  
appetite1 vomit+1 & di>rha1 succe$$ aft]
 a few days by great  fev]----resembl+1 

accord+ to ,dr ,aitk51 t ( typhoid or   
typhus4 ,z  might be expect$ ! pa9s 9 ! 
limbs are extreme4 ,boils & dropsical   
swell+s are n unusual concomitants ( !  
malady4    ,hi!rto ?is frightful disease
 has be5 mo/ly conf9$ to ,g]many1 :]e   
!re h be5 sev]al outbreaks ( x s9ce its 
discov]y 9 #ahfj by ,dr  ,z5ck]4 ,feidl]
 says t only free tri*9 are kill$ by a  
temp]ature ( #aee ,f42 & t :5 !y are 9  
_! cy/s a great]  heat may be necess>y4 
,f :at has be5 said ! importance (      
effici5t  cook+ mu/ become manife/4 ,!re
 mu/ always be risk 9 und]done pork1    
:e!r boil$ or roa/$4 ,9 ! pig1 ! tri*9a1
 if pres5t1 may  always be f\nd 9 !     
muscles ( ! eye4 ,9 ,g]many ! mak]s (   
pork  sausages are n[ said to h ^!      
muscles subject$ to a microscopic       
exam9ation previ\s to us+ ! meat1 :i*1 (
 c\rse1 is reject$ if  ! exam9ation has 
be5 unfavorable4    ,! tri*91 if pres5t 
9 ! fle% ( pork1 may be se5 z small r\nd
  specks by ! nak$ eye1 ! surr\nd+ fle% 
itself be+ r d>k]  ?an usual ow+ to !   

inflammation set up 9 x4 ,all d\bt1     
h[ev]1 on  ?is po9t may be remov$ by    
hav+ rec\rse to ! microscope4 ,dr ,p>kes
  says a p[] ( #ej to #ajj diamet]s is  
suffici5t1 & t 8! be/ plan  is to take a
 ?9 slice ( fle%1 put x into liquor     
potass 7#a "p to #h  ( wat]71 & let x /&
 = a few m9utes till ! muscle becomes   
cle>2 x mu/ n be left too long1 o!rwise 
! tri*9 w be  de/roy$4 ,! :ite specks   
come out cle>ly & ! worm w be se5  coil$
 up4 ,if ! capsule is too d5se to all[ !
 worm to be se51 a  drop or two ( weak  
hydro*loric acid %\ld be add$4 ,if !    
meat be v  fat a little e!r or b5z9e may
 be put on x 9 ! fir/ place40           
,legislation relative to meat inspection
 & seizure4----,! law  recognis+ !      
importance ( ! supply ( pure & :olesome 
meat gives  consid]able p[]s to !       
diff]5t sanit>y (fic]s :o are appo9t$   
to inspect x4 ,see ,,food1 ,,inspection 
,,(4    ,,meat1 ,,au/ralian4 ,see ,,meat
 ,,pres]v+4    ,,meat ,,biscuits4 ,prep4
 #a4 ,! fl\r is mix$ up ) a ri* fluid   

extract ( meat1 & ! d\gh is cut into    
pieces & bak$ 9 ! usual  mann]4    #b4  
,:eat5 fl\r 7or pref]ably ! :ole meal71 
#c p>ts2 fre% lean beef  or o!r fle%    
7m9c$ & pulp$71 #b p>ts2 ?or\ghly       
incorporate !  two by h&-knead+ or      
ma*9]y1 & bake ! pieces 9 a mod]ately   
heat$ ov54 ,bo? ! above are v nutriti\s2
 ! la/ m especially  s4 #a oz4 makes a  
p9t ( good s\p4    ,,meat1 ,,cold1 to   
,/ew4 ,let ! cold meat be cut into      
slices ab\t half an  in* ?ick4 ,take two
 l>ge-siz$ onions1 & fry !m 9 a w9eglass
 (  v9eg>2 :5 done1 p\r !m on to ! meat2
 !n place ! :ole 9 a  /ewpan1 & p\r ov] 
suffici5t wat] to cov] x4 ,aft] /ew+    
ab\t  half an h\r add suffici5t fl\r &  
butt] to ?ick5 ! gravy1 &  also pepp]1  
salt1 & ket*up1 to flav\r2 !n let x     
simm] g5tly =  ano!r half an h\r4 ,s]ve 
up ) a little boil$ rice ar\nd x4       
,,meat ,,extracts4 ,"s prep>ations ( ?is
 nature h be5 already  notic$ "u ! heads
 ,,ess5ce & ,,extract2 ! foll[+ are     
additional  & highly valuable =mul3---- 

,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,breslau47 ,"y ox-fle%  
7free f fat7 is m9c$ small1  & well     
beat5 9 a m>ble mort>1 at fir/ alone1 & 
aft]w>ds ) a  little cold or lukew>m    
wat]2 ! :ole is !n submitt$ to ! action 
( a press1 & ! solid residuum is treat$ 
9 ! same mann]1 ) a  little m cold wat]2
 ! juice 7r$di% 9 col\r7 is n[ heat$ to 
coagulate ! album51 /ra9$1 & f9ally     
evaporat$ 9 a wat] ba? to  ! consi/5ce (
 an extract4 ,z ord9>y fle% conta9s only
 #a (  kreat9e1 :ile t ( ! he>t1 accord+
 to ,dr ,gregory1 conta9s f  #acg to    
#ada1 ?is is ! "p employ$ by ,dr        
,breslau4 ,! product  possesses an      
agreeable od\r & ta/e2 & is easily      
soluble 9 wat]4    #b4 7,falkl&47 ,fre% 
lean beef 7or o!r fle%71 rec5tly kill$1 
is  m9c$ v f9e1 & dige/$1 ) agitation1 9
 cold wat]1 #a p9t1 to  :i* hydro*loric 
acid1 #f drops1 & common salt1 #a dr41 h
 be5 add$2  aft] ab\t an h\r ! :ole is  
?r[n ^u a f9e hair sieve1 & !  liquid   
portion all[$ to dra9 (f )\t pressure1 !
 fir/ portions  t pass ?r\gh be+ return$

 until ! fluid1 at fir/ turbid1 becomes 
q cle> & transp>5t2 :5 all ! liquid has 
pass$ ?r\gh1 cold  wat]1 #a_/d p9t1 is  
g5tly p\r$ on1 9 small portions at a "t1
 &  all[$ to dra9 ?r\gh into t previ\sly
 collect$4 ,! product is  ab\t #c_/d p9t
 ( cold extract ( fle%1 hav+ a r$ col\r1
 & a  pleasant1 s\p-l ta/e4 ,x is       
adm9i/]$ cold to ! invalid----a         
teacupful at a "t1 & mu/ on no acc\nt be
 w>m$1 z ! application  ( ev5 a v slight
 heat causes its decomposition & !      
sep>ation (  a solid mass ( coagulat$   
album54 ,?is cold extract ( fle% is n   
only  mu* m nutriti\s ?an ord9>y beef   
tea1 b also conta9s a c]ta9  quantity ( 
! r$ col\r+ matt] ( blood1 9 :i* !re is 
a mu*  l>g] proportion ( ! iron         
requisite = ! =mation (  blood-p>ticles4
 ,! hydro*loric acid also greatly       
facilitates !  process ( dige/ion4 ,?is 
=mula is a modification ( ! "o rec5tly  
recomm5d$ by ,liebig = ! prep>ation ( a 
highly nutritive &  re/orative food =   
invalids4    #c4 7,,extractum ,,sangu9is

 ,,bovis----,dr ,mau?n]47 ,pass fre%    
blood 7caught f  ! slaught]$ animal7    
?r\gh a sieve1 evaporate x to dryness 9 
a  wat] ba?1 & :5 cold rub x to         
p[d]4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 or  m1  
p] diem1 9 a little wat]4    ,obs4 ,!   
above prep>ations are int5d$ to sup]s$e 
! ineffici5t  comp\nds----beef tea1 meat
 s\ps1 c4----dur+ sickness &            
convalesc5ce4  ,,mm4 ,breslau & ,mau?n] 
describe _! extracts ( fle% & blood z   
be+ peculi>ly advantage\s 9 scr(ul\s    
exhau/ion1 exhau/ion f  anmia1 di>rha1  
c4 ,! extract ( ,falkl& or ,liebig is   
repres5t$ z  hav+ be5 employ$ bo? 9 !   
hospitals & 9 private practice at       
,muni* ) ! mo/ extraord9>y success4 ,x  
is said to be capable (  assimilation ) 
! lea/ possible exp5diture ( ! vital    
=ce4    ,meat1 ,fluid4 ,?is prep>ation  
consi/s ( lean meat1 9 :i* !  album5 has
 be5 *ang$ s z to be non-coagulable by  
heat1 & !  fibr9 & gelat9 f _! normal   
insoluble condition to "o admitt+  ( _! 
be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]4    ,9 ?is soluble  

condition1 ! fir/ /age effect$ 9 /oma*  
dige/ion1  ! sev]al bodies are kn[n z   
peptones or album9ose1 & ! proportion  (
 _! simple con/itu5ts rema9s ! same z 9 
ord9>y fibr91  album51 & gelat94    ,!  
alt]ation is effect$ by f9ely m9c+ meat 
& dige/+ x )  peptone1 hydro*loric acid1
 & wat]1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj    
,fahr41 until dissolv$4    ,! solution  
is !n filt]$1 ! bitt] pr9ciple1 =m$ dur+
 !  dige/ion1 remov$ by ! addition ( a  
little pancreatic emulsion1 &  ! liquor1
 :i* has be5 neutralis$ by ! addition ( 
c>bonate (  soda1 evaporat$ to a ?ick   
syrup or extractive consi/5ce4    ,fluid
 meat is ! only prep>ation :i* entirely 
repres5ts1 & yields  ! am\nt ( n\ri%m5t 
af=d$ by1 lean meat2 x diff]s altoge!r  
f beef tea & extracts ( meat1 z all ^!  
conta9 only a small  portion ( ! diff]5t
 con/itu5ts ( meat4 ,a pat5t has be5    
grant$  to its inv5tor1 ,mr ,d>by4      
,meat1 ,liebig's ,extract (4 ,syn4      
,,extract ,,( ,,fle%1 ,,extractum       
,,c>no4  ,?is prep>ation is an aque\s   

infusion evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a   
?ick pa/e1 ( ^? pr9ciples ( meat :i* are
 soluble 9 wat]4#cb    ,footnote #cb3   
8,alt]$ z !y be by ! ,application (     
,heat40 ,deane &  ,brady1               
#8,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' ,oct4 #ahff4 
,x is *iefly compos$ ( alkal9e          
phosphates & *lorides1 a nitrog5\s      
cry/all9e base kn[n z kreat9e1 v>i\s    
extractive matt]s1 :i* x  has be5       
surmis$ may h orig9at$ 9 ! decomposition
 ( c]ta9  nitrog5\s bodies1 & possibly (
 a small quantity ( lactic acid1 z x    
conta9s nei!r album5 nor fibr91 two ( ! 
mo/ important &  nutriti\s +r$i5ts (    
fle%2 x mu/ n1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z a     
conc5trat$ =m ( meat4 ,liebig says t x  
requires #cd lbs4 ( meat to  yield #a   
lb4 ( ?is extract----a /atem5t :i*1 z   
,dr ,pavy ju/ly rem>ks1  %[s h[         
completely ! sub/ance ( ! meat :i*      
con/itutes its real  nutritive portion  
mu/ be exclud$4 ,?is abs5ce ( direct    
nutri5t p[]1  n[ admitt$ by             
physiologi/s1 :il/ disqualify+ ! extract

 z a  sub/itute = meat1 does n1 h[ev]1  
preclude its use 9 c]ta9 cases  (       
indisposition requir+ ! adm9i/ration ( a
 /imulant or  re/orative1 9 :i*         
circum/ances x has be5 f\nd a useful &  
valuable rem$y1 & has be5 sugge/$ z a   
p>tial sub/itute =  br&y :]e !re is     
consid]able exhau/ion or weakness1      
accompani$  ) c]ebral depression &      
l[ness ( spirits4 ,9 ?is latt] respect  
its action seems analog\s to /rong tea4 
,9 ! va/ pa/ures ( ,au/ralia & ! pampas 
( ,s\? ,am]ica are  c\ntless h]ds ( ox5 
& %eep1 ^: numb]s f> exce$ ! food       
requirem5ts ( ! comp>atively sp>se      
population ( ^? di/ricts4  ,! fat1      
horns1 ho(s1 bones1 sk9s1 & wool ( ^!   
cattle1 :i* =m  ! *ief "p ( ! weal? ( ^?
 c\ntries1 are export$ pr9cipally  to   
,europe4 ,until )9 a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 no
 means _h be5 adopt$  = ! utilisation ( 
! sup]flu\s fle% ( ! animals1 beyond    
employ+ x z a manure4 ,by manufactur+ x1
 h[ev]1 into 8extract (  meat10 ?is wa/e
 has be5 rem$i$1 & imm5se works = its   

prep>ation  are n[ erect$ bo? 9 ,s\?    
,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! process       
foll[$ by ! diff]5t mak]s1 al?\gh v>y+ 9
 "s p>ticul>s1 is  ess5tially ! same1 & 
consi/s 9 extract+ by wat]1 ei!r hot1   
cold1 or 9 ! =m ( ! /eam1 ^? portions ( 
! meat :i* are  soluble 9 t fluid1 &    
subsequ5tly evaporat+ ! solution s      
obta9$ until x becomes ( a prop]        
consi/5ce to be put into j>s4 ,!        
extract s obta9$ keeps well 7if all !   
fat & gelat9 are remov$71  & is mo/     
conv5i5tly adapt$ = exportation4 ,x is  
said t !  extract z be+ obta9$ f cattle 
t h _h ,engli% prog5itors  possesses a  
flav\r sup]ior to t :i* comes f ,s\?    
,am]ica1 :]e  ! animals are ( a diff]5t 
& inf]ior bre$4    ,! foll[+ int]e/+    
description ( ! manufacture ( 8,liebig's
  ,extract ( ,meat0 is tak5 f ! ,bu5os  
,ayres #8,/&>d' ( ,septemb]1  #ahfg4 ,! 
e/abli%m5t1 ( :i* x is a description1 is
 at ,fray ,b5tos1  on ! ,uruguay1 ,s\?  
,am]ica4 8,! new factory is a build+ :i*
 cov]s  ab\t #bj1jjj squ>e feet1 & is   

ro($ 9 iron & glass4 ,we fir/ ent]  a   
l>ge flagg$ hall1 kept d>k1 cool1 &     
extremely clean1 :]e ! meat  is weigh$1 
& pass$ ?r\gh ap]tures to ! meat-cutt+  
ma*9es4 ,we  next come to ! beef-cutt+  
hall1 :]e are f\r p[]ful meat-cutt]s1   
especially design$ by ! company's g5]al 
manag]1 ,m4 ,geib]t2 ea*  ma*9e c cut ! 
meat ( #bjj bullocks p] h\r4 ,! meat be+
 cut is  pass$ to #8dig]ators' made (   
wr\ght iron2 ea* "o holds ab\t #ab1jjj  
lbs4 ( beef2 !re are n9e ( ^! dig]ators1
 & ?ree m h to  be put up4 ,"h ! meat is
 dig]at$ by high-pressure /eam ( #ge    
lbs4  p] squ>e in*2 f ?is ! liquid :i*  
conta9s ! extract & !  fat ( ! meat     
proce$s 9 tubes to a range ( #8fat      
sep>ators' (  peculi> con/ruction4 ,"h !
 fat is sep>at$ 9 ! hot /ate f !        
extract1 z no "t c be lo/ = cool        
op]ation1 o!rwise  decomposition w\ld   
set 9 9 a v %ort "t4    8,we proce$     
d[n/airs to an imm5se hall1 sixty feet  
high1 :]e ! fat  sep>ators are work+2   
bel[ !m is a range ( five ca/-iron      

cl>ifi]s1 #ajjj gallons ea*1 work$ by   
high-pressure /eam ?r\gh  ,hallet's tube
 sy/em4    8,ea* cl>ifi] is provid$ ) a 
v +5i\s /eam-tap4 ,9 !  mon/r\s cl>ifi]s
 ! album51 fibr91 & phosphates are      
sep>at$4  ,f h5ce ! liquid extract is   
rais$ by means ( air-pumps1 driv5 by    
two ?irty horse-p[] eng9es1 up to two   
vessels ab\t tw5ty feet above  !        
cl>ifi]s2 !nce ! liquid runs to ! o!r   
l>ge evaporators4 ,n[  we asc5d !       
/aircase rea*+ ! hall1 :]e two imm5se   
sets ( f\r  vacuum app>atus are at "w1  
evaporat+ ! extract by a v l[           
temp]ature2 "h ! liquid passes sev]al   
filt]+ processes be=e  be+ evaporat$ 9  
vacuo4 ,we n[ asc5d "s /eps & ent] !    
ready-mak+ hall1 sep>at$ by a wire gauze
 wall1 & all ! w9d[s1  doors1 c41 gu>d$ 
by ! same to exclude flies & du/4 ,!    
v5tilation  is ma9ta9$ by pat5t fans1 & 
! place is extremely clean4 ,"h are     
plac$ five ready-mak+ pans con/ruct$ (  
/eel plates1 ) a sy/em  ( /eel discs    
revolv+ 9 ! liquid extract4    8,^! five

 pans1 by m$ium ( discs1 #ajj 9 ea* pan1
 effect 9 "o  m9ute m ?an two million   
squ>e feet evaporat+ surface4    8,"h   
concludes ! manufactur+ process4 ,!     
extract is n[ )drawn 9  l>ge cans &     
deposit$ = ! foll[+ day4    8,asc5d+ a  
few /eps we ent] ! decry/allis+ & pack+ 
hall1  :]e two l>ge ca/-iron tanks are  
plac$1 provid$ ) hot wat] ba?s  "u _!   
bottoms2 9 ^! tanks ! extract is ?r[n 9 
quantities (  #aj1jjj lbs4 at once1 & "h
 decry/allis+ is made a homog5e\s mass  
& ( uni=m quality4 ,n[ samples are tak5 
& analys$ by ! *emi/  ( ! e/abli%m5t1   
,dr ,seekamp1 "u ^: *>ge ! *emical &    
te*nical op]ations are p]=m$4    8,x may
 be m5tion$ t ! company's but*] kill$ at
 ! rate ( #hj  ox5 p] h\r2 sep>at+ by a 
small d\ble-edg$ knife ! v]tebr1 !      
animal drops d[n in/antane\sly on a     
waggon1 & is conduct$ to a place  :]e   
#aej m5 are occupi$ dress+ ! meat = !   
factory1 cutt+ ea*  ox into six pieces2 
#djj are be+ work$ p] day40    ,mr ,too?
 at a meet+ be=e ! 8,food ,committee0   

held at ! ,society (  ,arts 9 ,janu>y1  
#ahfh1 said t he did n claim any        
diff]5ce 9 !  composition ( 8 article   
7:i* 0 made 9 ,au/ralia7 z comp>$ )  t  
made by ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,company4    ,9 
! annex$ table ! composition ( "s ( !   
extracts ( meat (  comm]ce is giv53---- 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,liebig's   ,too?1,fr5*                 
,company1,:itehead4,tw5tyman4           
,company4  ,sydney4,s\? ,am]ica4        
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,wat]   
#ahef #afjj #agjf     #afej             
#bddi     #bjha      ,extractive1       
soluble 9                               
alcohol      #dedc #ecjj #eabh     #bhjj
         #bbjh     #accg                
,extractive1                            
insoluble    #acic #acjj #ajeg     #dfjj
         #dddg     #eiaj      ,m9]al    
matt] #bbjh #ahjj #baji      #iej       
#hif      #fgb                          
----------------------------------------

--------------                          
#ajjjjajjjjajjjj    #ajjjj        #ajjjj
     #ajjjj                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,!      
foll[+ are ! *>act]i/ics ( extract (    
meat ( good quality4  ,x %\ld always h  
an acid reaction1 its col\r %\ld be a   
pale  yell[i% br[n1 & x %\ld h an       
agreeable meat-l od\r &  ta/e4 ,x %\ld  
be entirely soluble 9 cold wat]1 & %\ld 
be free  f album51 fat1 & gelat94       
,meat ,pie4 ,/ew #b lbs4 ( beef /eak )  
"o small onion1 ! gravy f  :i* is to be 
?ick5$ ) fl\r1 & flav\r$ ) pepp] & salt4
  ,put x into a bak+ di%1 & cov] ) a l>d
 cru/4 ,x %\ld be bak$  = "o h\r4 ,!    
addition ( two kidneys w greatly improve
 ! pie4    ,meat 7,au/ralian7 ,pie4     
,take #b lbs4 ( ,au/ralian meat1 or     
#a-a_/b lb4 (  meat & #a_/b lb4 (       
kidney4 ,season to ta/e1 p\r 9 a little 
wat]1 cov]  ) a l>d cru/1 & bake n m ?an
 half an h\r4    ,,meat ,,pres]v+4 8,!  
,belgian ,muse de l',indu/rie notes !   

foll[+  me?ods ( pres]v+ meats z ! mo/  
des]v+ ( att5tion among/  ^? communicat$
 to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 &      
publi%$ 9 !  ,comptes ,r5dus4 #a4 ,m4   
,bundet's me?od1 by :i* ! meat is kept 9
  wat] acidulat$ ) c>bolic acid 9 !     
proportion ( #a to #e p>ts (  acid p]   
#ajjj ( wat]4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts prov$
 t all k9ds (  meat c\ld ?us be kept    
fre% = l5g!n$ p]iods1 )\t acquir+ an    
ill ta/e or od\r4    8,! meat may be    
plac$ 9 b>rels or air-tight t9 cases1   
fill$ )  acidulat$ wat] ( ! /r5g? above 
specifi$1 & head$ up2 or !  pieces may  
be pack$ 9 b>rels or cases 9 alt]nate   
lay]s )  *>coal1 p\nd$ small1 & saturat$
 ) wat] conta9+ #e_/ajjj (  c>bolic     
acid4 ,! *>coal s]ves z a vehicle = !   
antiseptic fluid1  & z an absorb5t ( any
 gase\s matt]s giv5 (f by ! meat4 ,!    
latt] %\ld be wrapp$ 9 ?9 l95 cov]s to  
prev5t ! *>coal  work+ its way into !   
tissues4    8,?is me?od1 x is sugge/$1  
might be employ$ 9 cur+ pork 9 place  ( 
#8salt+1' or ( ! m l5g?y & co/ly process

 ( #8smok+1' &  also = ! pres]vation (  
p\ltry1 game1 butt]1 eggs1 c4    8#b4 ,9
 ! case ( ,s\? ,am]ican meat ,m4 ,baudet
 proposes ! use ( l>ge  sacks ( ca\t*\c4
 ,! meat %\ld be pack$ 9 !m1 ) alt]nate 
lay]s ( *>coal z above describ$1 & ea*  
sack1 :5 fill$1 %\ld  be h]metically    
clos$ by draw+ ano!r empty ca\t*\c sack1
 cap-wise1  ov] x4 ,! ca\t*\c1 x is     
suppos$1 w\ld fet* en\gh 9 !            
m>ket----its l[ price not)/&+----to cov]
 exp5ses ( pack+ &  freight1 & s p]mit !
 meat to be sold 9 ,europe at a v small 
advance on co/ price4 ,if int5d$ = use a
 second "t1 ! empty bags  %\ld be /eep$ 
9 boil+ wat] = a few m9utes1 to remove  
any  organic impurities adh]+ to !m4    
8#c4 ,m4 ,gorge's me?od1 :i* is 9 use 9 
,la ,plata1 consi/s 9 wa%+  & dry+ !    
meat1 & aft]w>ds /eep+ 9 successive     
wat]s  conta9+ hydro*loric acid &       
sulphite ( soda1 & !n pack+ x 9         
air-tight cases hold+ #a1 #e1 or #aj    
kilog4 ea*4 ,meat ?us treat$  requires  
to be soak$ 9 w>m wat] = ab\t half an   

h\r be=e use4    8#d4 ,m4 ,leon         
,s\beiran has recomm5d$ bray+ & dry+1 9 
! fa%ion  adopt$ by ! ,*9ese & ,mongols1
 z describ$ by ,m4 ,simon1 ,fr5*  consul
 9 ,*9a1 9 a communication made by him  
to ! ,socit  d',acclimatation4 ,!       
pemmican ( our ,arctic voyag]s & ! *>qui
  ( ,s\? ,am]ica are famili> examples ( 
meat pres]v$ by analog\s  processes4 ,! 
late ,m4 ,pay51 a di/+ui%$ memb] ( !    
,academy1  insi/$ ^u ! great p]fection  
to :i* ?is sy/em might be c>ri$  by !   
aid ( hot-air /oves & suitable          
app>atus40    ,besides ! =ego+1 num]\s  
pat5ts h f "t to "t be5 tak5  out1 &    
processes propos$ = ! pres]vation (     
meat2 s z to enable  x to be s5t f ^?   
di/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,s\? ,am]ica1    
,au/ralia1 ,canada1 c41 :]e x is greatly
 9 excess ( ! wants ( !  population1 to 
o!r l&s1 9 :i* ! supply is z mu* bel[ ! 
dem&1 & ! meat at su* a price z to      
preclude its be+ regul>ly  us$ z an     
article ( food by ! body ( ! p4    ,z ! 
putrefactive *anges set up 9 dead fle%  

are dep5d5t ^u !  comb9$ influ5ces (    
moi/ure1 air1 & a c]ta9 temp]ature1 x   
foll[s t mo/ ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( meat    
pres]vation resolve  !mselves into s _m 
diff]5t ef=ts to remove ! meat f !      
op]ation ( "o ( ! conditions above      
specifi$ z necess>y = its               
decomposition4    ,! *>qui or j]k$ beef 
( ,s\? ,am]ica af=ds an example ( meat  
pres]v$ by means ( be+ depriv$ (        
moi/ure4 ,x occurs 9 ?ongs or  /rips :i*
 h be5 prep>$ by plac+ fre%ly kill$ meat
 betwe5  lay]s ( salt & dry+ !m 9 ! sun4
 ,*>qui1 al?\gh x reta9s  its s\ndness =
 a great l5g? ( "t1 & is r5d]$ eatable  
by  soak+ 9 wat] & prolong$ cook+1 is   
difficult ( dige/ion &  want+ 9 flav\r1 
& if any fat be associat$ ) x1 ?is is   
liable  to become rancid4    ,pemmican  
is meat :i*1 aft] be+ dri$ & p[d]$1 is  
mix$ )  sug> & c]ta9 spices1 bo? ( :i*  
assi/ to pres]ve ! meat z  well z to    
improve its flav\r1 & to remove ! t5d5cy
 to rancidity  caus$ by any fat t may be
 accid5tally pres5t4    ,ano!r process =

 ! pres]vation ( meat by means (        
desiccation is  t ( ,,mm4 ,blum5?al &   
,*ollet1 :o1 9 #ahed1 obta9$ a pat5t =  
prep>+ tablets compos$ ( dri$ meat &    
vegetables1 :i*1 aft]  be+ sev]al times 
dipp$ into ri* s\p1 7 dri$ 9 w>m air    
aft]  ea* imm]sion4    ,at a meet+ ( !  
,food ,committee1 held at ! ,society (  
,arts1 9 ,may1  #ahfh1 specim5s ( dri$  
beef & mutton 9 p[d]1 f ,brisbane1 7    
%[n by ,mr ,orr1 :o said !y _h be5 dri$ 
on t9n$ plates by means (  /eam4 ,dr ,a4
 ,s4 ,taylor1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o exam9$ !    
sample1 f\nd x  p]fectly fre% & good4 ,x
 _h be5 prep>$ at lea/ six mon?s        
previ\sly4    ,at a subsequ5t meet+1 !  
,committee report$ t ! s\p prep>$  f ?is
 desiccat$ meat1 ) ! addition ( a small 
quantity (  vegetables1 0 consid]$ v    
successful1 & ! ,committee 7 (  op9ion t
 meat s pres]v$ 0 likely to prove a     
valuable & *eap  addition to ! food     
res\rces ( ! p4    ,! specim5 f :i* !   
s\p 0 made _h be5 9 ! ,society's        
possession1 & =m$ "p ( ! cont5ts ( a t9 

op5$ upw>ds ( two  ye>s ago4 ,!         
pres]vation 0 p]fect4    ,we h only     
space briefly to describe "s ( ! m      
prom95t ( !  processes :i* h be5 devis$ 
= ! pres]vation ( meat by  exclud+      
atmosph]ic air4    ,mr ,tall]man1 a l>ge
 import] ( ,au/ralian meat1 /at$ 9      
evid5ce  be=e ! ,food ,committee ( !    
,society ( ,arts1 9 ,may1 #ahgj1 t 9  ! 
pres]vation ( ! meat he s5t ov] to ?is  
c\ntry he _h rec\rse  to a v old        
practice1 :i* 0 t ( pack+ ! jo9ts 9 fat1
 !  meat be+ previ\sly salt$ or cur$4   
,in/ead ( ! meat be+ pack$ 9  br9e1 !   
casks ) ! meat are fill$ up ) melt$ fat4
    ,9 ,mr ,w>r+ton's pat5t1 :i* dates f
 #ahdf1 x is propos$ t  animal sub/ances
 %all be pres]v$ by envelop+ !m 9 a lay]
 (  glue1 gelat91 or conc5trat$ meat    
gravy1 or o!rwise by dipp+ !m 9  w>m    
solutions ( su* sub/ances1 or by wrapp+ 
!m 9 wat]pro(  clo?1 or by cov]+ !m )   
ca\t*\c1 gutta p]*a1 or v>ni%1 or  ?9   
cream ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* :5 set 0     
saturat$ ) melt$  suet1 wax1 or /e>94   

,! pat5t ( ,pr(4 ,r$wood1 :i* resembles 
,mr ,w>r+ton's 9 seek+ to  exclude      
atmosph]ic air by surr\nd+ ! meat ) an  
imp]vi\s  sub/ance1 claim$ ! use (      
p>aff9 = ?is purpose1 ! p>aff9  be+     
aft]w>ds coat$ ) a mixture ( gelat9 &   
treacle1 or gelat9  & glyc]94 ,! p>aff9 
is easily remov$ f ! meat by plung+  ?is
 latt] into boil+ wat]1 :i* dissolves ! 
out] coat+ (  gelat9 mixture1 & at !    
same "t melts ! p>aff9 & lib]ates !     
enclos$ jo9t4    ,messrs ,jones &       
,treve?ick's pat5t consi/$ 9 exhau/+ (  
air !  vessel conta9+ ! meat1 !n =c+    
into x a mixture ( nitrog5 &  sulphur\s 
acids1 & subsequ5tly sold]+ ! ap]tures4 
,dr ,le!by  says meat1 fi%1 & p\ltry    
pres]v$ 9 ?is mann] h be5 f\nd good     
aft] sev5 or eight ye>s2 & specim5s ( !m
 7 exhibit$ 9 !  ,london ,exhibition (  
#ahfb4    ,! removal1 h[ev]1 (          
atmosph]ic air f ! vessels conta9+ !    
meat x is design$ to pres]ve is n[      
pr9cipally accompli%$ by means  ( /eam4 
,! g]m ( ?is idea orig9at$ ) ,m4 ,pi]re 

,antonie  ,angilb]t m ?an half a c5tury 
ago1 b ! modification (  ,angilb]t's    
process1 :i* 9 pr9ciple is t g5]ally    
adopt$ by !  import]s ( ,au/ralian &    
,s\? ,am]ican cook$ meat1 z well z by  !
 ,engli% prep>]s ( ! article1 orig9at$ )
 ,messrs ,goldn] &  ,w]!im]1 ne>ly =ty  
ye>s s9ce1 &1 briefly1 is z             
foll[s3----,!  fre%ly kill$ meat is     
plac$ 9 t9s1 ) a c]ta9 quantity ( cold  
wat]4 ,! t9s & _! cont5ts are !n        
securely sold]$ d[n1 )  ! exception ( a 
small op5+ n l>g] ?an a p9-hole1 :i* is 
left  9 ! lid4 ,! t9s are next plac$ 9 a
 ba? ( *loride ( calcium1 !  effect (   
:i* is to heat ! wat] 9 !m up to ! boil+
 po9t1 &  aft] a c]ta9 "t to m or less  
cook ! meat conta9$ 9 !m4 ,:5  ! meat is
 ?\ght to be suffici5tly cook$1 & :il/ !
 /eam  aris+ f ! boil+ wat] is escap+ f 
! ap]ture1 ?is la/ is  c>efully sold]$  
d[n1 ! /eam n only hav+ driv5 out all ! 
atmosph]ic air f ! vessel1 b 9 ! act (  
escap+ hav+  prev5t$ ! +ress ( any f    
)\t4 ,to /ill fur!r gu>d aga9/  !       

entrance ( air1 ! t9s are cov]$ ov] ) a 
?ick coat+ (  pa9t4    ,previ\sly to _! 
be+ all[$ to leave ! pres]v+ works !y   
are  te/$ by be+ plac$ = "s "t 9 an     
ap>tm5t 9 :i* !  temp]ature is          
suffici5tly high to set up putrefactive 
action 9 ! meat  if any air has be5 left
 9 ! t9s1 ! evid5ce ( :i* w\ld be !     
bulg+ out ( ! t9s1 ow+ to ! lib]ation ( 
c]ta9 gase\s  products ( decomposition4 
,:5 no di/5sion f inside takes place1  !
 result is consid]$ satisfactory1 & !   
vessels are reg>d$ z  prop]ly &         
h]metically seal$4 ,9 "s cases !        
vessels1 in/ead (  be+ heat$ 9 a ba? (  
*loride ( calcium1 are expos$ to !      
action  ( /eam4 ,if ! op]ation be       
successfully p]=m$1 ! meat s prep>$  w  
keep p]fectly good avid s\nd = ye>s4    
,mr ,ri*>d ,jones effects ! removal ( ! 
air f ! vessels  conta9+ ! meat z       
foll[s3----,! meat is put into ! t9s &  
entirely sold]$ up1 ) ! exception ( a   
small tube ab\t ! size (  a quill1 :i*  
is sold]$ on ! top ( ! t94 ,?is tube is 

plac$ 9  connection ) a vacuum *amb]1 & 
! air exhau/$ f ! t9 by  means ( x4 ,9  
cook+ ! meat he also employs a *loride (
 calcium  ba?4    ,dr ,le!by1 9 "o ( 8  
,canton ,lectures on ,food1 deliv]$ 9   
#ahfe1  speak+ on ?is "p ( ! subject1 & 
on ! above me?od ( meat  pres]vation1   
says3----8,to-night1 ?r\gh ! k9dness (  
,messrs ,crosse &  ,blackwell1 ,i am    
able to %[ y a specim5 ( pres]v$ mutton 
:i* has  be5 9 ! case =ty-f\r ye>s1 & y 
w p]ceive t x is 9  excell5t condition4 
,x =m$ "p ( ! /ores suppli$ by ,messrs  
,donk9 & ,gamble1 9 #ahbd1 to ,8        
,maje/y's ,explor+ %ip ,fury1 :i*  0    
wreck$ 9 ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,inlet 9 #ahbe1
 :5 ! cases 7 l&$  ) ! o!r /ores1 & left
 ^u ! bea*4    8,eight ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 
,augu/1 #ahcc1 !y 7 f\nd by ,sir ,john  
,ross  9 ! same condition z !y 7 left2 &
 he wrote to ,mr ,gamble at !  end ( t  
ye>1 say+1 #8t ! provisions 7 /ill 9 a  
p]fect  /ate ( pres]vation1 al?\gh      
annually expos$ to a temp]ature ( #ib   
bel[ & #hj above z]o4' ,"s ( ! cases 7  

left unt\*$ by ,sir  ,john ,ross2 & aft]
 a fur!r int]val ( sixte5 ye>s ! place 0
  visit$ by a p>ty f ,h] ,maje/y's %ip  
,inve/igator1 :51 accord+  to a lett] f 
! capta91 ,sir ,james ,ross1 #8!        
provisions 7 9  excell5t condition1 aft]
 hav+ la9 ^u ! bea*1 expos$ to !  action
 ( ! sun1 & all k9ds ( wea!r1 = a p]iod 
( ne>ly a  qu>t] ( a c5tury4' ,messrs   
,crosse & ,blackwell h plac$ !  orig9al 
lett]s 9 my h&s = p]usal1 & !y %[ beyond
 all d\bt  t meat pres]v$ 9 ?is mann] w 
keep good = ne>ly half a  c5tury----9   
fact1 ! case ( boil$ mutton n[ be=e y   
has be5  pres]v$ = =ty----f\r ye>s40    
,! g5]ality ( ! samples ( pres]v$ meat f
 ,au/ralia are  excell5t 9 quality &    
flav\r1#cc except t 9 mo/ cases ! meat  
has be5 ov]cook$1 :i* has aris5 f ! too 
prolong$ contact (  ! meat ) ! /eam1 :i*
 x is judg$ necess>y %all be g5]at$  9  
su* quantities z to ensure ! c]ta9ty ( !
 exclusion ( ! air4  ,ano!r inconv5i5ce 
att5d+ ! process1 viz4 ! liability ( !  
sides ( ! t9 to collapse1 ow+ to !      

vacuum =m$ 9 its int]ior1  has be5      
rem$i$ by ! introduction into ! vessel (
 "s in]t gas1  su* z c>bonic acid1 or   
nitrog54    ,footnote #cc3 ,! ,food     
,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 :o h   
c>efully & imp>tially exam9$ num]\s     
samples ( ,au/ralian &  ,s\? ,am]ican   
pres]v$ meat1 say3 8,x is p]fectly sweet
 & fre%1 b  some:at insipid f ov]cook+1 
& x seems likely ! flav\r c\ld  be      
improv$ if ! duration ( exposure to heat
 c\ld be %ort5$ )\t  endang]+ !         
pres]vation40    ,pres]v$ meat at !     
pres5t "t =ms a v consid]able article ( 
export bo? f ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica4  
,9 ! =m] c\ntry !re  are sev]al         
e/abli%m5ts ( a colossal "*1 :]e ! "w ( 
t9n+ ! meat is c>ri$ on1 9 _m ( :i*     
e/abli%m5ts hundr$s  ( cattle are       
slaught]$ daily4 ,! l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts ( 
! k9d  are at ,sydney & ,melb\rne1 :5ce 
ext5sive %ipm5ts are be+  con/antly     
made4 ,! foll[+ figures are tak5 f !    
,bo>d ( ,trade  returns3----            
,value ( ,meat pres]v$ o!rwise ?an by   

,salt+4                ,imports f       
,total               ,au/ralia4         
,imports4      #ahga        #dha1jic    
#faj1bbh    #ahgb         #feg1ide      
#haf1dfc    #ahgc         #eeg1eeb      
#gcc1cca    #ahgd         #eji1fih      
#geg1jja    #ahge         #bdi1faa      
#eib1aif    ,s9ce #ahgf t9n$ meat has   
be5 import$ f ,nor? ,am]ica4    ,sev]al 
me?ods h be5 propos$ = ! pres]vation (  
meat by  subject+ x to su* conditions t 
! surr\nd+ temp]ature %\ld  be          
suffici5tly l[ to arre/ putrefaction4 ,9
 ,mr ,h>rison's process !  r$uction (   
temp]ature 0 effect$ by ! application ( 
melt+ ice  & salt1 made to run d[n !    
outside ( ! iron *amb]s conta9+ !  meat4
 ,x is affirm$ t al?\gh ! jo9ts submitt$
 to ?is treatm5t  7 solidly froz51 no   
loss ( ei!r flav\r or imm$iate          
decomposition  ( ! meat took place4 ,mr 
,h>rison's exp]im5t 0 p]fectly          
successful  9 ,au/ralia1 b broke d[n    
dur+ ! voyage ( a l>ge c>go ( meat      
%ipp$ f ,au/ralia 9 #ahgc1 ow+ to a     

defect 9 ! con/ruction (  ! ice *amb] ( 
! vessel & ! failure ( ! supply ( ice4  
,( o!r =ms ( refrig]ation appli$ = ?is  
purpose we may m5tion  ! process ( ,m4  
,telli]1 by :i* he proposes to place 7on
 %ip-bo>d or  else:]e7 jo9ts ( meat 9 a 
*amb] ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( air  *>g$ )  
e!r or o!r volatile sub/ance may be     
pass$1 ) a view  to r$uce ! temp]ature  
to #cj ,f4 ,also t ( ,m4 ,poggiale1 f ^:
  report to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,m$ic9e x
 appe>s t 9 *amb]s  contriv$ on         
pr9ciples simil> to ,m4 ,telli]'s1 all  
k9ds ( but*]'s  meat & p\ltry h be5 hung
 = t5 weeks1 at ! end ( :i* "t  !y 7    
f\nd p]fectly fre% & :olesome4 ,! ag5t  
us$ 9 !  latt] case = ! production (    
cold 0 me?ylic e!r4    ,! process1      
h[ev]1 ( refrig]ation :i* has prov$ n   
only ! mo/1  b 9 e respect successful1 0
 fir/ satisfactorily c>ri$ out  s9ce    
#ahgf1 9 :i* "t l>ge c>goes ( dead meat 
h be5 con/antly  s5t to our metropolitan
 m>kets1 z well z to ,glasg[1 f ,new    
,york4  ,! foll[+ extract f ! #8,dundee 

,adv]tis]' gives "s int]e/+  details (  
?is process3----    8,z to dead meat1 ! 
fir/ sale 0 held on ! #e? ( ,june1 :5   
#ajj  c>cases ( beef & #gb ( mutton 7   
dispos$ (4 ,s9ce !n !re has  nev] be5 a 
small] supply1 & on ! av]age ab\t #aej  
c>cases h  be5 sold weekly4 ,la/ week   
#baj c>cases 7 sold1 & on ,w$nesday     
ev5+ !re 7 no few] ?an #cc lorries1 ea* 
lad5 ) ?ree tons (  but*]'s meat4 ,!    
freight paid = c>riage to ,glasg[1      
,liv]pool1 &  ,london1 la/ week am\nt$  
to #aijj4 ,altoge!r1 s9ce ! importation 
began1 a million & a qu>t] p\nds ( dead 
meat h be5 sold 9  ,glasg[4 ,! result ( 
?is importation has be5 a r$uction 9    
retail  price ( #a;d4 p] lb41 in/ead (  
an increase 9 price1 :i* mu/ h  tak5    
place )\t ! increas$ supply4    8,! ox5 
are collect$ *iefly 9 ! /ates ( ,ill9ois
 & ,k5tucky4  ,!y are !re re>$ 9 enorm\s
 numb]s on ! prairies4 ,be=e !y  rea*   
,new ,york !y are driv5 ov] railway =   
fully a ?\s& miles4  ,^? animals !      
c>cases ( :i* are to be s5t to ?is      

c\ntry are  kill$ ! day be=e ! dep>ture 
( ! /eam]4 ,z soon z !  c>cases are     
dress$ !y are put into a cool+ room     
capable (  conta9+ #ejj1 & subject to a 
con/ant curr5t ( cold air1 suppli$ by   
means ( a #be horse-p[] eng9e4 ,?is sets
 ! beef & extracts !  animal heat4 ,ea* 
c>case is next cut into qu>t]s1 & ^! are
 sewn up  9 canvas1 & dur+ ! night      
transf]r$ on bo>d ! vessel4 ,six (  !   
,an*or ,l9e mail /eam]s h be5 fitt$ up )
 refrig]ation  comp>tm5ts1 con/ruct$ on 
a pat5t$ pr9ciple specially = !         
conveyance ( meat4    8,aft] ! qu>t]s h 
be5 hung up 9 ! room ! door is          
h]metically  clos$4 ,adjo9+ ! comp>tm5t 
is a *amb] fill$ ) ice4 ,air tubes  are 
connect$ ) ! beef room1 & ?r\gh !m !    
animal heat  asc5ds1 & by means ( a     
p[]ful eng9e x is bl[n across ! ice1 &  
return$ to ! beef room 9 a cold /ate4 ,a
 temp]ature ( ab\t #ch is  ?us ma9ta9$ 9
 ! beef-room4 ,if x 7 to get s l[ z     
#cb----;freez+-po9t----! meat w\ld be   
s]i\sly injur$4#cd ,! heat is1  !re=e1  

regulat$ by a !rmomet]1 & :5 !          
temp]ature gets too  l[1 ! spe$ ( !     
eng9e is slack5$1 ! normal degree ( cold
 be+  ?us ma9ta9$ almo/ )\t v>iation    
dur+ ! voyage4 ,cattle kill$  on        
,?ursday 9 ,new ,york are sold t day    
=tnight 9 ,glasg[40    ,footnote #cd3   
,mr ,h>rison's exp]im5ts make ?is       
/atem5t d\btful4    ,! fir/ pat5t = !   
pres]vation ( food by means ( ice 0     
grant$  to ,mr ,john ,l+ 9 #ahde4       
,la/ly1 m5tion mu/ n be omitt$ ( ano!r  
me?od = ! pres]vation  ( meat1 :i*      
consi/s 9 ! application to x ( c]ta9    
antiseptic  sub/ances1 ! action ( :i* 9 
prev5t+ putrefaction is due to _!  p[] (
 de/roy+ m9ute p>asitic organisms ( l[  
animal or vegetable  life1 t w\ld       
o!rwise attack & set up decomposition 9 
! meat4  ,our ord9>y salt$ meats owe _! 
immunity f decay1 z is well kn[n1  to ! 
pres5ce 9 _! tissues ( common salt4     
,meat pres]v$1 h[ev]1  by ?is means is  
t\gh1 indige/ible1 & want+ 9 _m ( its   
mo/  important soluble con/itu5ts1 :i*1 

dissolv+ "p ( ! salt1 run  (f f ! meat &
 are lo/4    ,among/ o!r ag5ts :i* h be5
 f\nd s]viceable z antiseptics1 &  = :i*
 f "t to "t num]\s pat5ts h be5 tak5    
out1 are  nitrate ( pota%1 acetate &    
hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 ! sulphates (   
soda & pota%1 & bisulphate ( lime4 ,!   
writ] rememb]s p>tak+1  "s ye>s s9ce1 ( 
"s ,canadian turkey1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 
by  means ( ?is latt] sub/ance1 & !     
turkey hav+ be5 kill$ "s two  mon?s be=e
 be+ eat54 ,x 0 p]fectly s\nd & (       
excell5t  flav\r4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! bird 
_h be5 s5t f ,canada1 ) sev]al  o!rs1   
pack$ 9 wat]pro( casks1 fill$ up ) a    
weak solution (  bisulphite ( lime4     
,9 "s cases ! sal9e solution is m]ely   
bru%$ ov] ! outside (  ! meat2 :il/ 9   
o!rs x is inject$ into ! sub/ance ( !   
fle%4    ,?iebi]ge's process consi/s 9  
dipp+ ! jo9ts = five m9utes into  dilute
 sulphuric acid1 ( ! /r5g? ( ab\t t5 (  
wat] to "o (  acid4 ,! meat aft] be+    
tak5 out is c>efully wip$ & dri$1 & is  
!n hung up = keep+4    ,sulphur\s acid  

also =ms ! subject ( sev]al pat5ts = !  
pres]vation ( meat4 ,9 ! process (      
,laury1 = :i* a pat5t 0  tak5 out 9     
#ahed1 ! gas 0 introduc$ into ! vessels 
conta9+ !  food4 ,9 t ( ,bel=d1 = :i* a 
provisional specification 0  grant$ !   
same ye>1 ! meat 0 soak$ = #bd h\rs 9 a 
solution (  sulphur\s & hydro*loric     
acids 7! latt] be+ 9 ! proportion ( a   
hundr$? ( ! volume ( ! =m]74 ,! addition
 ( ! hydro*loric  acid 0 made ) !       
int5tion ( decompos+ any alkal9e        
sulphites  t might be =m$ by !          
comb9ation ( ! alkal9e salts ( ! meat  )
 ! sulphur\s acid4    ,dr ,dew>'s       
process1 :i* is v simil> to ! =ego+1    
proposes1  in/ead ( expos+ ! meat to    
sulphur\s acid fumigation1 to imm]se x  
9 a solution ( ! acid ( ! same /r5g? z t
 ( ! ,briti%  ,ph>macopia4 ,on be+ tak5 
out ( ! liquid ! meat1 or o!r article1  
is1 z spe$ily z possible1 dri$ at a     
temp]ature n exce$+ #adj ,f41  s t !    
album5 may be pres]v$ simply 9 a        
desiccat$1 & n 9 a  coagulat$ condition4

    ,9 ! pat5t ( ,demait1 :i* dates f   
#ahee1 ! meat 0 direct$ to  be hung up 9
 a prop]ly con/ruct$ *amb]1 & expos$ =  
"s "t to  ! action ( ! gas4 ,m rec5tly1 
,pr(essor ,gamgee has tak5 out a  pat5t1
 :i* is a modification ( ,demait's1 &   
:i* consi/s 9 hang+  up ! c>case ( !    
animal1 previ\sly kill$ :5 "u ! influ5ce
  ( c>bonic oxide1 9 a *amb] fill$ ) ?is
 latt] gas1 to :i* a  little sulphur\s  
acid has be5 add$1 ! *amb] hav+ be5 fir/
  exhau/$ ( air4 ,! c>case is all[$ to  
rema9 9 ! *amb] f #bd  to #dh h\rs1 aft]
 :i* x is hung 9 dry air4 ,x is /at$ t  
meat  subject$ to ! above treatm5t has  
be5 f\nd p]fectly s\nd &  eatable aft]  
an int]val ( five mon?s4    ,m4         
,lanjorrois proposes to pres]ve animal  
sub/ances f decay by !  addition to !m (
 #a p] c5t4 ( mag5ta4 ,he /ates !       
process _h be5  appli$ to slices ( beef1
 :i*1 aft] be+ kept = sev]al mon?s1     
yield$1 aft] be+ wa%$ & boil$1 v good   
s\p4 ,comm5t+ on ?is  sugge/ion = !     
pres]vation ( meat1 ! #8,*emical ,news' 

v s5sibly  & prop]ly rem>ks3 8,x is to  
be hop$ ! mag5ta employ$ w be free  f   
ars5ic40    ,! pat5t ( ,m4 de la        
,peyr\se 7:i* dates f #ahgc7 also       
consi/s 9  exclud+ ! air by envelop+    
meat 9 fat4 ,9 ?is process1 h[ev]1 !    
fat is mix$1 :5 9 a melt+ condition1 ) a
 c]ta9 quantity ( !  c>bonates ( sodium1
 potassium1 & ammonium1 z well z ) "s   
*lorides ( magnesium & alum9ium1 ) !    
object ( prev5t+ !  fat becom+ rancid & 
decompos+1 & ?us imp>t+ a disagreeable  
flav\r to ! meat4    ,9 ,m4 ,george's   
process ! meat is p>tially dri$1 & !n   
/eep$ 9  successive wat]s conta9+       
hydro*loric acid & sulphate ( soda4     
,,mecon,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#g;,,ho#g4   
,syn4 ,,acidum ,,meconicum1 ,l4 ,a      
peculi>  acid1 fir/ obta9$ by ,s]tu]n] f
 opium1 9 #ahjd4    ,prep4 ,meconate (  
lime is susp5d$ 9 w>m wat]1 & treat$ )  
hydro*loric acid4 ,impure meconic acid  
cry/allises on cool+1 & may be  purifi$ 
by repeat$ treatm5t 9 ! same way )      
hydro*loric acid4 ,its  purity is       

asc]ta9$ by its leav+ no residue :5     
heat$ 9 a plat9um  or glass capsule4    
,prop4 ,meconic acid =ms beautiful pe>ly
 scales2 possesses a s\r  a/r+5t ta/e2  
is soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 & to a less    
ext5t 9  cold2 x is also soluble 9      
alcohol4 ,) ! acids x =ms salts call$   
#8meconates1' mo/ ( :i* are             
cry/allisable4 ,meconate ( lime is      
obta9$ by heat+ a solution ( *loride (  
calcium ) an infusion (  opium made )   
cold wat]1 & neutralis$ by p[d]$ m>ble1 
&  collect+ ! precipitate4 ,meconate (  
potassa is prep>$ by direct  solution ( 
! base 9 ! impure acid obta9$ f meconate
 ( lime  till ! liquor turns gre51 heat 
be+ appli$1 :5 ! salt  cry/allises out z
 ! liquid cools2 x may be purifi$ by    
pressure &  recry/allisation4    ,te/s4 
,meconic acid is *>act]is$ by----#a4    
,turn+ f]ric salts r$1  & ! r$ col\r n  
be+ de/roy$ by ! action ( corrosive     
sublimate4----#b4 ,precipitat+ a weak   
solution ( ammonio-sulphate ( copp]     
gre54----#c4 ,) acetate ( lead1 nitrate 

( silv]1 & *loride (  b>ium1 x gives    
:ite precipitates1 :i* are soluble 9    
nitric acid4----#d4  ,x is n r$d5$ by   
*loride ( gold4    ,,mec,,on94          
,c#aj;,h#aj,o#d4 ,a :ite1 cry/all9e1    
od\rless1 neutral  sub/ance1 discov]$ by
 ,c\]be 9 opium4    ,,meco,,nium4 ,see  
,,opium4    ,,m$,,ic9es4 ,h[ev] skilful 
! m$ical practition] may be1 & h[ev]    
judici\s 8 treatm5t1 bo? are int]f]$ )1 
& _! value m or  less neutralis$1 if !  
rem$ies he ord]s are n adm9i/]$         
precisely  accord+ to 8 in/ructions4 ,x 
is ! duty ( ! att5dant on ! sick  to    
foll[ implicitly ! directions ( !       
physician1 z well 9 exactly  comply+ ) 8
 ord]s z 9 do+ no?+ t %e has n be5      
ord]$ to d4 ,at ! same "t !re are       
exceptions to ?is rule1 9  :i* a        
susp5sion ( ! rem$y1 or a deviation f ! 
ord] ( !  physician1 is n only all[able1
 b is absolutely requir$4 ,?us1 f       
idiosyncrasy or "s o!r cause1 ! rem$y 9 
! doses ord]$ may h  no effect1 or may  
produce "o widely diff]5t f t int5d$ or 

expect$4 ,9 su* cases x is evid5t t a   
/rict adh]5ce to !  direction ( !       
physician w\ld be productive ( evil2 b  
he %\ld be  imm$iately appris$ ( !      
circum/ance4 ,! common practice (       
neglect+ to adm9i/] ! doses ( m$ic9e at 
! prescrib$ "t1 or  aft] prescrib$      
int]vals1 & !n1 to comp5sate = !        
omission1  giv+ ! m$ic9e m frequ5tly or 
9 l>g] doses1 _c be too  sev]ely c5sur$1
 z de/ructive to ! welf>e ( ! pati5t &  
injuri\s to ! cr$it ( ! physician4    ,=
 ! purpose ( disguis+ ! ta/e ( m$ic9e1  
or less5+ _!  nauseat+ prop]ties1 ,dr   
,pollio has recomm5d$ a means f\nd$ on !
  physiological fact t a /rong          
impression on ! n]ves 7:e!r (  vision1  
he>+1 or ta/e7 r5d]s t :i* foll[s less  
p]ceptible  ?an "u ! usual circum/ances4
 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( apply+ to  ! m\?     
agreeable sub/ances aft] swall[+ nause\s
 m$ic9es1 we  %\ld prep>e x be=eh&1 9   
ord] t ! ta/e ( ! m$ic9e may  n be      
p]ceiv$4 ,aromatic sub/ances1 z orange  
or lemon peel1 c41  *ew$ j be=e tak+    

m$ic9e1 effectually prev5t ca/or oil1   
c41  be+ ta/$4 ,9 prep>+ ! m\? = bitt]s1
 liquorice is ! only  sweet t %\ld be   
us$1 ! o!rs creat+ a peculi>ly          
disagreeable  comp\nd ta/e4 ,we h notic$
 already ! effect ( oil ( orange peel  9
 correct+ ! nauseat+ qualities (        
copaiba4 ,see ,,dose &  ,,prescrib+4    
,,m$ic9es ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,%ips4 ,!      
annex$ scale ( m$ic9es1 m$ical  /ores1 &
 in/rum5ts = %ips cle>+ "u ! ,pass5g]s  
,acts1  o!r ?an /eam%ips engag$ 9 !     
,nor? ,atlantic trade1 has be5 issu$  & 
caus$ to be publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1
 & is int5d$ to  sup]s$e ! scales hi!rto
 9 =ce4    ,! quantities m5tion$ 9 !    
scale are = e #ajj pass5g]s1 :5  ! l5g? 
( ! passage1 comput$ accord+ to !       
,pass5g]s ,act1 is  #ajj days & upw>ds4 
,half ! quantity ( m$ic9es indicat$1 b !
  same k9d & quantity ( m$ical /ores    
%\ld be tak5 :5 ! passage  is less ?an  
#ajj days4    ,n4,b4----,!re is a       
sep>ate scale = ,nor? ,atlantic /eam    
pass5g]  %ips4    ,! m$ic9es are to be  

prep>$ accord+ to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1
 to  be pla9ly labell$ 9 ,engli%1 & !   
av]age doses = an adult /at$1  accord+  
to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4    ,all       
bottles are to be /opp]$1 & all m$ic9es 
indicat$ ?us 7997 are  to be m>k$ ) a r$
 poison label4 ,all fluid quantities are
 to be  measur$ by fluid lbs41 oz41 or  
dr4                                     
,lbs4   oz4   dr4     ,acid1 ,acetic    
#j     #f     #j    99,acid1 ,c>bolic   
#j     #a     #j    99,acid1 ,c>bolic 7a
 p[d] conta9+       n less ?an #bj p]   
c5t4 ( pure c>bolic or       cresylic   
acid7                        #aab     #j
     #j     ,acid1 ,citric              
#j     #c     #j     ,acid1 ,gallic     
#j     #a     #j     ,acid1 ,hydrocyanic
 ,dil4                    #j     #j     
#d     ,acid1 ,nitric                   
#j     #a     #j     ,acid1 ,sulph4     
,dil4                         #j     #f 
#j     !r                               
#j     #a     #j     ,alum5             
#j     #a     #j     ,ammon4 ,c>b4      

#j     #f     #j     ,amylum            
#a     #j     #j     ,arg5t4 ,nit4      
7,/ick7                      #j     #j  
#b     ,calx ,*lorate                   
#g     #j     #j     ,camphor           
#j     #f     #j     ,*>ta ,epispatica1 
#d sq4 ft41 9 case    99,*lor4 ( ,z9c   
7,burnett's sol4 (7       #af     #j    
#j    99,*lor(orm                       
#j     #h     #j     ,copaiba           
#j     #h     #j     ,creosote          
#j     #j     #b     ,cupri ,sulph4     
#j     #a     #j     ,emp4 ,can?>idis   
#j     #a     #j     ,f]ri et ,qu9i     
,cit4                      #j     #a    
#j     ,f]ri ,sulph4                    
#j     #j     #d     ,glyc]9            
#j     #f     #j     ,glyc]9 ,acid4     
,tannic                     #j     #d   
#j    99,hydrat4 ,*loral                
#j     #a     #f     ,hydr>g4 cum ,cret 
#j     #j     #d     ,hydr>g4           
,sub*loridi                      #j     
#j     #d     ,l9i ,f>9a                
#f     #j     #j     ,l94 ,camph4       

#j     #h     #j     ,l94 ,opii         
#j     #b     #j     ,l94 ,saponis      
#a     #j     #j    99,liq4 ,atropi     
#j     #j     #a     ,liq4 ,calcis      
#a     #j     #j    99,liq4 ,morphi     
,acetatis                     #j     #a 
#j    99,liq4 ,plumbi ,subacetatis      
#j     #b     #j     ,liq4 ,potass      
#j     #b     #j    99,liq4 ,potass     
,p]manganatis       7,b4 ,p4 or ,condy's
 ,crimson       ,fluid7                 
#c     #j     #j     ,magnes4 ,sulph4   
#d     #j     #j     ,mi/4 ,s5n ,co4    
7omit ,extract (       ,liquorice &     
sub/itute ,aromatic       ,_s (         
,ammonia1 #a       oz4 to #a p9t ( !    
mixture7           #c     #j     #j     
,ol4 ,croton                            
#j     #j     #a     ,ol4 ,l9i          
#j     #h     #j     ,ol4 ,m5? ,pip4    
#j     #j     #b     ,ol4 ,morrhu       
#c     #j     #j     ,ol4 ,oliv         
#a     #j     #j     ,ol4 ,ric9i        
#b     #j     #j     ,ol4 ,t]eb9?9      
#a     #j     #j    99,opium            

#a     #j     #j     ,plumbi ,acetatis  
#j     #a     #j     ,potass ,bic>b4    
,pulv4                     #j     #d    
#j     ,potassii ,iodid4                
#j     #b     #j     ,pulv4             
,antimonialis                        #j 
#j     #c    99,pulv4 ,a/r+5s 7d\ble !  
quantity indicat$ to be       tak5 to   
all tropical ports4       ,pulv4 ,cate*u
 ,co41 ,pulv4       ,cret ,arom4 cum    
,opi----equal       p>ts7               
#a     #j     #j     ,pulv4 ,cret ,arom4
 cum ,opi4               #j     #b      
#j     ,pulv4 ,ipecac4                  
#j     #b     #j     ,pulv4 ,ipecac4    
,co4                         #j     #b  
#j     ,pulv4 ,jalap ,co4               
#j     #c     #j     ,pulv4 ,potass     
,nitratis                    #j     #d  
#j     ,pulv4 ,rhei ,co4                
#j     #d     #j     ,pulv4 ,scammon4   
,co4                        #j     #j   
#f     ,qu9i ,sulph4 7d\ble !           
quantity indicat$ to be tak5       to   
all tropical ports7                  #j 

#a     #j     ,sod ,bic>b4              
#a     #j     #j     ,sp4 !r4 ,nitrosi  
#j     #h     #j     ,sp4 ,ammon4 ,arom4
                          #j     #h     
#j     ,sp4 ,rectif4                    
#j     #d     #j     ,sp4 ,sulphur      
,sublimatum                    #c     #j
     #j     ,syr4 ,f]ri ,iodidi         
#j     #d     #j    99,sol4 ,morphi     
,acetat4 7a neutral       solution      
conta9+ #d gra9s       9 a dra*m1 & s   
m>k$4       ,to be labell$----=         
hypod]mic       injection7              
#j     #j     #d     ,tr4 ,arnic        
#j     #f     #j     ,tr4 ,camphor ,co4 
#j     #h     #j     ,tr4 ,digitalis    
#j     #j     #f     ,tr4 ,ergot        
#j     #f     #j     ,tr4 ,f]ri         
,p]*loridi                     #j     #d
     #j    99,tr4 ,opii                 
#j     #f     #j     ,tr4 ,scill        
#j     #b     #j     ,tr4 ,val]ian4     
,ammon4                      #j     #c  
#j     ,ung4 ,cetacei                   
#a     #j     #j     ,ung4 ,hydr>gyri   

#j     #b     #j     ,ung4 ,hydr>gyri   
,ox4 ,rub4                  #j     #a   
#j     ,ung4 ,sulph4                    
#a     #j     #j     ,ung4 ,z9ci        
#j     #b     #j     ,v94 ,col*ici      
#j     #a     #j     ,v94 ,ipecac4      
#j     #a     #j     ,z9ci ,sulphatis   
#j     #a     #j     ,desiccat$ ,s\p    
#d     #j     #j      ,all pills to be  
made & m>k$ #e gra9s4     ,pil4 ,aloes  
cum ,myrrh                     #b doz4  
,pil4 ,col4 c4 ,hyoscy                  
#d doz4     ,pil4 ,hydr>g4              
#c doz4     ,pil4 ,ipecac4 cum ,scill   
#e doz4     ,pil4 ,qu9i                 
#f doz4     ,pil4 ,sapon4 ,co4          
#f doz4                ,m$ical ,/ores4  
,l9t                                    
#aj oz4     ,t[                         
#a lb4     ,adhesive ,pla/]             
#c yds4     ,male ,syr+e                
#a     ,male ,syr+e ,glass              
#a     ,female ,syr+e                   
#a     ,phials 7assort$7                
#b doz4     ,phial corks                

#f doz4     ,sponges                    
#c     ,b$-pan                          
#a     ,pap] ( ,p9s                     
#a     ,h]nia ,truss1 #cf 941 rev]sible 
#a     ,pap] ( ,pill ,boxes             
#a     ,gallipots                       
#f     ,leg & ,arm ,b&ages              
#f     ,calico                          
#c yds4     ,flannel ,b&ages1 #g yds4   
long1 #f       94 wide                  
#b     ,flannel                         
#b yds4     ,triangul> ,b&ages1 base #dh
       941 sides #cc 94                 
ea*  #b     ,m9im ,measures             
#b     #a oz4 ,measures                 
#a     #b oz4 ,measures                 
#a     ,set ( ,spl9ts                   
#a     ,wat]pro( %eet+                  
#d yds4     ,oil$ ,silk                 
#a yd4     ,enema ,syr+e & ,/oma* ,pump 
#a     ,box ( ,small ,scales & ,weights 
#a     ,w$gwood ,mort> & ,pe/le         
#a      ,w$gwood ,funnel                
#a     ,spatulas                        
#b     ,au?oris$ ,book ( ,directions =  

,m$ic9e ,*e/s                           
#a     ,briti% ,ph>macopia              
#a     ,"o set only ( ^! articles       
requir$1 irrespective ( numb] (         
pass5g]s4    ,n4,b4----,only "o set (   
in/rum5ts requir$1 )\t reg>d to ! numb] 
( surgeons1 pass5g]s1 or ! l5g? ( !     
voyage4              ,in/rum5ts4      ,i
   #a ,t5aculum4    n   #a ,art]y       
,=ceps4        #a ,op]at+ ditto4    ,p  
#a ,f+] ,knife4    o   #a ,curve        
,bi/\ry1 ,probe ,po9t4    c   #a ,curve 
,bi/\ry1 ,spe> ,po9t4    k   #b ,probes4
    e   #a ,silv] ,director4    t   #a  
,cau/ic ,case4        #a ,scissors4     
,c   #a ,spatula4    a  #ab ,ne$les4    
s   #a ,ske9 ,ligature ,silk4    e   #c 
,lancets4         #a ,amputat+ ,saw4    
#b ,amputat+ ,knives4         #a ,bone  
,=ceps4         #c ,too? ,=ceps4        
#a ,skull ,=ceps4         #a ,treph9e4  
#a ,elevator4         #a ,hey's ,saw4   
#a ,treph9e ,bru%4         #b ,scalpels4
         #a ,h]nia ,knife4         #b   
,troc>s & ,canulas4         #a ,aneurism

 ,ne$le4         #a ,h]nia ,director4   
#a ,t\rniquet4         #b ,silv] ,ca!t]s
 7,nos4 #d & #h74         #d ,ela/ic    
,gum ,ca!t]s 7,nos4 #c1 #e1 & #g74      
#a ,cl9ical ,!rmomet]4         #a       
,hypod]mic ,syr+e4         #a doz5 *>g$ 
,tubes = ,vacc9ation4         #a ,set ( 
,midwif]y ,in/rum5ts4    ,,me],,s*aum4  
,syn4 ,,ecume ,,de ,,m]1 ,l4 ,a native  
silicate ( magnesia4 ,x  has a sp4 gr4  
rang+ betwe5 #bf to #cd2 is readily act$
 on by acids1  & fuses be=e a p[]ful    
bl[pipe into a :ite enamel4 ,! f9e/     
qualities are f\nd 9 ,greece & ,turkey4 
,its pr9cipal application is to  !      
manufacture ( tobacco-pipes4 ,! ,g]mans 
prep>e _! pipes = sale  by soak+ !m 9   
tall[1 !n 9 :ite wax1 &1 f9ally1 by     
poli%+  !m ) %avegrass4 ,g5u9e me]s*aum 
pipes are di/+ui%$ f mock  ones by !    
beautiful br[n col\r :i* !y assume aft] 
be+ smok$  = "s "t4 ,( late ye>s "s ( ! 
pipemak]s h produc$ a  composition clay 
pipe1 :i* closely resembles me]s*aum 9  
appe>ance1  & is 8w>rant$ to col\r      

well40 ,! composition1 :i* is           
comp>atively  valueless1 is made up into
 pipes ( suitable patt]ns1 :i* are      
frequ5tly sold to ! ignorant =          
8me]s*aums40 ,see ,,cem5ts1 ,,hydraulic4
    ,,me,,grim4 ,syn4 ,,meagrim1        
,,hemicrania1 ,l4 ,a pa9 affect+ "o side
 ( !  head only1 (t5 p]iodic1 l an ague1
 & g5]ally ( a n]v\s1  hy/]ical1 or     
bili\s "*4 ,x is clavus :5 !re is a     
/rong  pulsation1 convey+ ! s5sation ( a
 nail pi]c+ ! "p4 ,see  ,,heada*e4      
,,meg,,rims4 ,syn4 ,,meagrims1 ,,v]tigo4
 ,9 vet]9>y m$ic9e ?is t]m is  appli$ to
 horses :i* :5 at "w reel1 !n /& = a    
m9ute dull  & /upid1 or fall to ! gr\nd1
 & lie p>tially ins5sible = a few       
m9utes4 8,horses subject to ?is         
affection %\ld be driv5 ) a  brea/plate 
or pipe coll>1 s z to prev5t pressure on
 ! ve9s  c>ry+ ! blood f ! head2 ! b[els
 %\ld be kept 9 good ord]2  an          
occasional laxative is advisable1 & a   
c\rse1 ei!r ( ars5ic or  qu99e1 or (    
ars5ic & iron40 7,dun47                 

,,mel,,an*oly4 ,see ,,hypo*ondriasis &  
,,insanity4    ,,melis,,sic ,,alcohol4  
,a sub/ance obta9$ by ,brodie f beeswax4
 ,by  oxidation x yields #8melissic     
acid4'    ,,mella,,g4 ,! old "n = a     
m$ic9e hav+ ! consi/5ce ( honey1  ) a   
some:at sweeti% ta/e4 ,mellago t>axaci  
is fluid extract (  d&elion4            
,,melt+-,,po9t4 ,! temp]ature at :i*    
solids assume ! liquid =m4              
,,m5,,/ruum4 ,l4 ,a solv5t or dissolv5t4
 ,! pr9cipal ,,m5/rua  employ$ 9 *emi/ry
 & ph>macy to extract ! active pr9ciples
 (  bodies by dige/ion1 decoction1      
infusion1 or mac]ation1 are wat]1       
alcohol1 oils1 & solutions ( ! acids &  
alkalies4    ,,m]cu,,rial ,,bal,,sam4   
,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,nitrate ,,(         
,,m]cury4    ,,m]cu,,rial ,,disease4    
,syn4 ,,morbus ,,m]curialis1            
,,hydr>gyriasis1 ,l4 ,?is  results f !  
injudici\s or excessive use ( m]cury1 or
 exposure to  ! fumes ( ?is metal4 ,!   
common & lead+ symptoms are a           
disagreeable copp]y ta/e2 excessive     

salivation2 spong9ess1 tumefaction1  &  
ulc]ation ( ! gums2 swoll5 tongue2      
loos5+ ( ! tee?2  exfoliation ( ! jaws2 
rem>kably (f5sive brea?2 debility2      
emaciation2 end+ 7:5 n arre/$7 9 dea? f 
exhau/ion4 ,fev]1  ca*exia1 viol5t purg+
 & grip+1 a species ( eczema 7,,eczema  
,,m]curiale1 ,,lepra ,,m]curialis71 &   
o!r =ms ( sk9 disease1 are also  phases 
( ! same affection1 ! fir/ ( :i*        
occasionally proves fatal  "u ! influ5ce
 ( sudd5 & viol5t physical ex]tion4     
,! treatm5t1 9 ord9>y cases1 may consi/ 
9 free exposure to ! op5  air1 avoid+   
ei!r heat or cold2 ! adm9i/ration (     
sal9e ap]i5ts1  z ,epsom salts1         
phosphate ( soda1 c42 ! free use ( lemon
 juice &  wat] z a common dr9k2 ) weak  
g>gles or wa%es ( *loride ( soda  or    
*loride ( lime to ! gums1 m\?1 & ?roat4 
,sev]e cases (t5  resi/ e v>iety (      
treatm5t1 & in/ances are record$ 9 !    
m$ical j\rnals 9 :i* ! use ( ev5 small  
doses ( m]curials1  adm9i/]$ by !       
faculty1 h1 ow+ to ! peculi>            

idiosyncrasy (  ! pati5ts1 be5 foll[$ by
 ! mo/ horrible suff]+s1 t]m9at+  9     
dea?4    ,,m],,cury4 ,hg4 ,syn4         
,,quicksilv]1 ,,hydr>gyrum 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 & ,d472  ,,m]cure1 ,,vif   
,,arg5t1 ,fr42 ,,quecksilb]1 ,g]4 ,a    
rem>kable metal1 :i* has  be5 kn[n f a v
 e>ly p]iod4 ,! ,romans employ$ x z a   
m$ic9e  ext]nally1 z did ! ,arabs2 b !  
,h9doos 7 probably ! fir/ to  prescribe 
x int]nally4    ,s\rces4 ,! mo/         
important are ! m9es ( ,idria1 9        
,c>niola2  ,almad51 9 ,new ,ca/ile2 &   
,new ,almad51 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e x exi/s  
comb9$ ) sulphur1 "u ! =m ( c9nab>4 ,f  
?is ore ! pure  metal is obta9$ by      
di/ill+ x ) lime or iron fil+s1 9 iron  
retorts1 by :i* ! sulphur x conta9s is  
seiz$ & reta9$1 :ile  ! m]cury rises 9 !
 /ate ( vap\r1 & is cond5s$ 9 suitable  
receiv]s4 ,quicksilv] is commonly       
import$ 9 cyl9drical iron bottles2      
conta9+ #a_/b cwt4 to #a cwt4 ea*4 ,x is
 also import$ 9 small  quantities f     
,*9a1 conta9$ 9 bamboo bottles hold+    

ab\t #bj lbs4  ea*4    ,prep4 ,m]cury1 z
 import$1 is usually suffici5tly pure = 
m$ic9al  purposes )\t any fur!r         
prep>ation4 ,m]e me*anical impurities1 z
  float+ du/1 dirt1 c41 may be got rid (
 by squeez+ ! metal ?r\gh  *amois lea!r 
or flannel1 or by filt]+ x ?r\gh a small
 hole 9 !  apex ( an inv]t$ cone ( pap]4
 ,x c be fur!r clean$ by %ak+  well ) a 
little /rong nitric acid1 wa%+ ) di/ill$
 wat]1 &  dry+ by blott+ pap]1 or filt]+
 ?r\gh w>m *amois lea!r4    ,prop41 c4  
,m]cury1 at all common temp]atures1 is a
 heavy liquid1  possess+ a ne>ly        
silv]-:ite col\r1 & a brilliant metallic
 lu/re2  solidifies 7freezes7 at -#dj   
,fahr41 & is !n ductile1 malleable1 &   
t5aci\s2 boils at #ffb ,fahr41 & escapes
 9 col\rless transp>5t  vap\r1 ( great  
d5sity2 x also volatilises sl[ly at !   
ord9>y  temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!    
pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( lead  & z9c
 greatly ret>d its evaporation at its   
boil+ heat4 ,x unites  ) oxyg51 *lor9e1 
iod9e1 c41 =m+ num]\s comp\nds4 ,) !    

metals x unites to =m ,,amalgams4 ,!    
only acids :i* act directly on  metallic
 m]cury are ! sulphuric & nitric1 b =   
?is purpose !  =m] mu/ be heat$ &       
conc5trat$4 ,nitric acid1 h[ev]1 ev5 :5 
dilute & 9 ! cold1 dissolves x freely4  
,pure m]cury is unalt]able  9 ! air at  
ord9>y temp]atures4 ,sp4 gr4 #acei at   
#fj ,fahr42 ab\t #ad  :5 9 ! solid /ate4
    ,uses1 c4 ,m]cury is appli$ to v>i\s
 purposes 9 ! arts2 z !  amalgamation ( 
gold & silv]1 #8wa% gild+1' ! silv]+ (  
look+-glasses1 ! manufacture ( b>omet]s 
& !rmomet]s1 & !  prep>ation ( sev]al v 
valuable m$ic9es4 ,9 its metallic /ate x
  appe>s to be in]t :5 swall[$1 unless x
 meets ) mu* acidity 9  ! alim5t>y      
canal1 or is 9 a /ate ( m9ute division2 
its comp\nds  are1 h[ev]1 all ( !m m or 
less poison\s4    ,m]cury has be5       
employ$ 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms 9 almo/   
all  diseases2 b ea* ( its num]\s       
prep>ations is suppos$ to h "s          
peculi>ity ( action ( its own1 comb9$ ) 
t common to all !  comp\nds ( ?is metal4

 ,! m]curials =m1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/     
important classes ( ! mat]ia m$ica4     
,te/s4 #a4 ,metallic m]cury is detect$  
by its liquid condition &  volatility2  
&1 :5 9 a f9ely divid$ or pulv]ul5t     
/ate1 by !  microscope1 or by /a9+ a    
piece ( copp] :ite :5 ! two are rubb$   
toge!r4    ,m]cury1 :5 pres5t 9         
comb9ation1 c be detect$ z "u3    ,:5   
intimately mix$ ) anhydr\s sodium       
c>bonate1 & heat$ 9 a  small te/-tube1  
"u a lay] ( ! c>bonate1 decomposition   
ensues1 &  a cru/ ( grey sublimate =ms  
on ! cool] portion ( ! tube4 ,:5  exam9$
 by a l5s ?is cru/ is se5 to consi/ (   
m9ute metallic  globules4 ,by friction )
 a bright glass or iron rod ^! are unit$
  into globules1 :i* are visible to !   
nak$ eye4    ,a p]fectly clean & bright 
piece ( copp]1 imm]s$ 9 a slightly acid 
solution ( m]cury1 becomes 9 a %ort "t  
cov]$ ) a grey or  :iti% /a91 :i*       
assumes a silv]y lu/re :5 g5tly rubb$ ) 
a  piece ( s(t cork or lea!r1 & is      
remov$ by ! subsequ5t  application (    

heat4 ,a s+le drop ( liquid may be te/$ 
on a bright  copp] co9 9 ?is way4    ,! 
plate ( copp] ) ! deposit ( m]cury1     
obta9$ z above1 aft]  be+ wa%$ ) a weak 
solution ( ammonia1 & 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & 
dri$ by pressure betwe5 ! folds (       
bibul\s pap]1 may be cut into  small    
pieces1 & heat$ 9 a te/-tube1 9 ord] to 
obta9 metallic  globules4 ,:5 ! suspect$
 solution conta9s organic matt]1 bright 
copp] fil+s may be employ$1 & ! process 
modifi$ s z ne>ly to  resemble ,re9s*'s 
te/ = ars5i\s acid4 ,accord+ to ,orfila1
 8scrap$  copp] plate0 is capable (     
detect+ ! pres5ce ( #a_/hjjjj? "p (     
corrosive sublimate 9 a solution4 ,,mm4 
,tr\sseau & ,reveil /ate t a  plate (   
yell[ copp] 7brass7 is ev5 m susceptible
 ?an "o ( r$  copp]4    7,smi?son's     
electrolytic te/47 ,?is consi/s 9 ! use 
( a poli%$  wire or plate ( gold or     
copp] r\nd :i* a /rip or ?read ( z9c or 
t9 is w\nd 9 a spiral direction4 ,!     
suspect$ liquid is acidulat$  ) a few   
drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & aft]        

imm]sion = a long] or  a %ort] p]iod 7z 
half an h\r to an h\r or two71 ! gold w 
h  become :ite if any m]cury is pres5t4 
,! coil ( z9c or t9 is !n  remov$ f !   
gold1 & ! latt]1 aft] be+ wa%$ & dri$   
betwe5 ! folds ( bibul\s pap]1 is heat$ 
9 a te/-tube1 to obta9  metallic        
globules1 z be=e4    ,an +5i\s          
extemporane\s application ( !           
electrolytic te/ may be  made z         
foll[s3----,place a drop or two ( !     
suspect$ liquid on a clean  & bright    
gold or copp] co91 & apply a bright key1
 s t x may at  once t\* ! edge ( ! co9 &
 ! solution4 7,see engr47 ,an  electric 
curr5t w !n be e/abli%$ z be=e1 & a :ite
 spot (  r$uc$ m]cury w appe> on !      
surface ( ! metal1 :i* may be  recognis$
 9 ! mann] already expla9$4             
,illu/ration3      a4  ,a gold or copp] 
co94    b4  ,drop ( suspect$ solution4  
c4  ,a bright key4    ,! salts ( m]cury 
are divid$ into two classes----m]cur\s1 
:]e  m]cury is a monad elem5t1 & unites 
) "o atom ( *lor9e2 &  m]curic salts1   

:]e x plays ! "p ( a dyad elem5t1 or    
unites )  two atoms4 ,! latt] ( ^! w be 
tak5 fir/4    ,m]cury1 ,pure4 7,ph4 ,b47
 ,syn4 ,,hydr>gyrum ,,purum4 ,place     
comm]cial  m]cury1 #c lbs41 9 a glass   
retort or iron bottle1 & apply+ heat    
cause  #b-a_/b lbs4 ( ! metal to di/il  
ov] into a flask employ$ z a  receiv]4  
,boil on ?is = five m9utes hydro*loric  
acid1 #c dr41 dilut$  ) di/ill$ wat]1 #i
 fl4 dr41 & hav+ by repeat$ affusions ( 
di/ill$ wat]1 & decantations1 remov$ e  
trace ( acid1 let !  m]cury be transf]r$
 to a porcela9 capsule1 & dri$ fir/ by  
filt]+ pap]1 & f9ally on a wat] ba?4    
,m]curic ,salts4 ,te/s4 ,sulphurett$    
hydrog5 & ammonium sulphide1  add$ 9 v  
small quantities1 produce on agitation a
 p]fectly :ite  precipitate1 :i*        
acquires successively a yell[1 orange1 &
  br[ni%-r$ col\r1 z m ( ! te/ is add$2 
&1 ultimately1 :5  ! te/ is add$ 9      
consid]able excess1 an int5sely black   
col\r4 ,?is  precipitate is insoluble 9 
excess ( ! precipitant1 potassium       

hydrate1  potassium cyanide1 hydro*loric
 acid1 or nitric acid1 ev5 :5 boil+2  b 
x dissolves readily & completely 9      
potassium sulphide & 9 #8aqua  regia' ) 
decomposition4 ,^! reactions are        
*>act]i/ic4    ,ammonia gives a :ite    
precipitate4    ,potassium hydrate gives
 a r$di% precipitate1 turn+ yell[ :5 !  
te/ is add$ 9 excess4 ,! pres5ce (      
ammonia causes ! precipitate to  be     
:ite1 & :5 ! solution conta9s mu* acid  
bo? reactions are  imp]fect4    ,alkal9e
 c>bonates give a brick-r$ precipitate4 
,potassium iodide gives a sc>let        
precipitate1 :i* is soluble 9 excess1  &
 9 alcohol1 & solution ( sodium *loride4
    ,! alkal9e bic>bonates ei!r d n     
di/urb ! solution1 or only  cause a     
slight degree ( opalesc5ce4    ,m]curic 
,acetate4 ,hg7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4    
,,protacetate ,,(  ,,m]cury4 ,prep4 ,by 
dissolv+ m]curic oxide 9 w>m acetic     
acid4 ,x  cry/allises 9 brilliant       
micace\s lam9a1 soluble 9 _! own weight 
(  cold wat]1 & some:at m soluble 9     

boil+ wat]4 ,accord+ to  ,robiquet1 ?is 
is ! basis ( ,keys]'s antiv5]eal pills1 
:i* d n  conta9 subacetate ( m]cury1 z  
has be5 ass]t$4    ,m]curic ,bromide4   
,hg,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,protobromide ,,(      
,,m]cury1 ,,hydr>gyri  ,,bibromidum4    
,prep4 ,two equal p>ts ( brom9e & m]cury
 & sublime4  ,soluble r$di% mass2       
resembles ! iodide 9 its                
action4----,dose1 #a_/bj to  #a_/h gr4  
,m]curic ,*loride4 ,hg,cl#b4 ,syn4      
,,proto*loride ,,( ,,m]cury1            
,,p]*loride ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,bi*loride   
,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate2  
,,hydr>gyri ,,p]*loridum 7,b4 ,p471     
,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridum 7,ph4 ,l471    
,,sublimatus ,,corrosivus 7,ph4 ,e471   
,,sublimatum ,,corrosivum 7,ph4 ,d471   
,,hydr>gyri  ,,*loridum ,,corrosivum    
7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,hydr>gyri ,,murias    
,,corrosivus1 ,l4 ,?is is  ! #8corrosive
 sublimate' ( ! %ops4    ,prep4 #a4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]cury1 #b lbs42 sulphuric  
acid1 #ba-a_/b fl4 oz42 boil  to        
dryness1 & rub ! residuum1 :5 cold1 )   

sodium *loride1 #a-a_/b  lb41 9 an      
e>!nw>e mort>2 la/ly1 sublime by a      
gradually increas$  heat4    #b4 7,ph4  
,e47 ,m]cury1 #d oz42 sulphuric acid1 #b
 fl4 oz4 #c fl4 dr42 pure  nitric acid1 
#a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add ( sodium   
*loride1 #c oz41 &  sublime z be=e4     
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 #8,p]sulphate ( m]cury'  
7m]curic sulphate71 #b p>ts2 dri$       
sodium *loride1 #a "p2 triturate1 c41 z 
be=e4    #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,r$uce sulphate 
( m]cury1 #bj oz41 & *loride ( sodium1  
dri$1 #af oz41 ea* to f9e p[d]1 & hav+  
mix$ !m add black oxide  ( manganese1 9 
f9e p[d]1 #a oz41 ?or\ghly by           
trituration 9 a  mort>1 place ! mixture 
9 an app>atus adapt$ = sublimation1 &   
apply suffici5t heat to cause vap\rs (  
p]*loride ( m]cury to rise  into ! less 
heat$ "p ( ! app>atus arrang$ = _!      
cond5sation4    ,obs4 ,9 prep>+         
corrosive sublimate1 z well z calomel1  
by ! common  process1 ! solution ( !    
m]cury is usually made 9 an iron pot1   
set  9 a furnace "u a *imney1 to c>ry (f

 ! fumes2 & ! sublimation  is conduct$ 9
 an e>!n alembic plac$ 9 a s& ba?1 or 9 
an iron  pot1 cov]$ ) a semi-sph]ical   
e>!n head4 ,corrosive sublimate may     
also be made by ! direct solution (     
m]curic oxide 9 hydro*loric  acid1 or by
 br++ its con/itu5ts toge!r 9 ! /ate (  
vap\r4 ,!  latt] plan 0 pat5t$ by ! late
 ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson4    ,prop4 ,!      
m]curic *loride ( comm]ce occurs 9 :ite1
  semi-transp>5t1 cry/all9e masses1 (   
consid]able d5sity2 x  possesses an     
int5se copp]y ta/e1 is soluble 9 ab\t   
#af p>ts ( cold1  & 9 #c p>ts ( boil+   
wat]2 ! boil+ solution deposits its     
excess  ( salt 9 long :ite prisms z x   
cools2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 9  !    
latt] s mu* s t x has ev5 ! prop]ty (   
)draw+ x f  its aque\s solutions2 !     
addition ( hydro*loric acid1 ammoni\s   
*loride or camphor1 increases its       
solubility 9 all ^! m5/rua4 ,x is       
decompos$ by contact ) ne>ly all        
metallic bodies1 & 9 solution by  v>i\s 
organic sub/ances1 & by exposure to     

light4 ,sp4 gr4 #eb 7#ead to            
#edb----,liebig74 ,x melts at ab\t #eji 
,fahr41 & boils & volatilises at  a     
high] temp]ature4    ,te/s4 ,! pres5ce (
 m]curic *loride may1 "u mo/            
circum/ances1  be readily detect$ by !  
te/s giv54 ,to di/+ui% x f o!r  salts1  
special te/s = *lor9e or hydro*loric    
acid mu/ be appli$4 ,if  on filt]+ !    
solution1 acidulat+ x ) dilute nitric   
acid1 &  te/+ x ) silv] nitrate1 a cl\dy
 :ite precipitate be =m$1  :i* is       
insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant1 & 9 
nitric acid1 b  soluble 9 ammonia wat]1 
& black5$ by l5g!n$ exposure to light1  
corrosive sublimate is %[n to be pres5t 
9 ! sub/ance exam9$4  ,calomel1 ! only  
comp\nd ( m]cury ) *lor9e besides       
corrosive  sublimate1 is an insoluble   
p[d]1 :i* c\ld n1 !re=e1 be f\nd 9  !   
filt]$ liquid4 ,calomel1 or ! :ite      
precipitate =m$ by !  m]cur\s salt1 )   
hydro*loric acid & ! soluble *lorides1  
is  soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant1 & 
is n only insoluble 9 liquor  ( ammonia1

 b is imm$iately black5$ by x4    ,= !  
purpose ( demon/rat+ ! pres5ce (        
corrosive sublimate 9 a  highly col\r$  
liquid1 or "o load$ ) organic matt]1 x  
is necess>y  to agitate x = "s m9utes ) 
an equal volume ( e!r4 ,aft] repose  = a
 %ort "t1 ! e!real solution is decant$1 
& all[$ to  evaporate spontane\sly4 ,!  
residuum 7if any7 conta9s ! corrosive   
sublimate1 :i*1 aft] be+ dissolv$ 9     
di/ill$ wat]1 is readily  recognis$ by !
 above *>act]i/ics4    ,:5 ! sub/ance "u
 exam9ation consi/s ( food1 or ! cont5ts
 (  ! dige/ive canal1 or ( animal       
tissue1 x is 9 g5]al necess>y to  de/roy
 ! organic matt] 9 a ne>ly simil> way to
 t describ$ "u  ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 ,!    
process adopt$ by ,dev]gie = ?is purpose
 consi/s  9 dissolv+ ! sub/ance 9       
conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & pass+  a 
/ream ( *lor9e ?r\gh ! liquid4----,fl&9 
fir/ c>bonises !  mass ) #a_/c or #a_/b 
its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 
at #bab  ,fahr41 & !n saturates ! acid 9
 ! cold1 ) dry #8*loride (  lime1' add$ 

9 fragm5ts1 assi/+ ! action by /irr+1 & 
fur!r  add+1 by degrees1 z ! matt]      
?ick5s & becomes :ite1 a suffici5t      
quantity ( di/ill$ wat]4----,lassaigne  
boils ! suspect$ mixture =  "s "t ) a   
solution ( sodium *loride2 a me?od :i*1 
accord+ to  ,orfila1 is n suffici5tly   
delicate to )draw m9ute portions (      
m]cury f fle%4----,millon agitates      
organic liquids 7m especially  blood1   
milk1 c47 9 l>ge flasks conta9+ gase\s  
*lor9e1 :i* is  frequ5tly               
r5ew$4----,orfila ei!r dissolves ! matt]
 9 aqua regia1 &  passes a /ream (      
*lor9e ?r\gh ! liquid1 or he c>bonises x
 by  means ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 
9 close vessels4----,p]sonne proce$s  by
 a simil> me?od1 b avoids rais+ !       
temp]ature ( ! sub/ances  op]at$        
on4----,reveil employs ei!r ! la/ me?od 
or t ( ,millon4 ,9  all cases x is      
advisable to op]ate 9 close vessels1 on 
acc\nt ( !  volatility ( ! bi*loride2   
,orfila's app>atus consi/s ( a matrass1 
provid$ ) a b5t tube1 ! "o end ( :i* is 

plung$ into a j> (  cold di/ill$ wat]4  
,! corrosive sublimate is f\nd bo? 9 !  
volatilis$ matt] & 9 ! c>bonis$         
residuum1 & is extract$ f  ! latt] by   
boil+ x = #ae or #bj m9utes 9 aqua      
regia4    ,:5 ! organic matt] has be5   
de/roy$ by any ( ! above processes1  & a
 col\rless & filt]$ solution 9 di/ill$  
wat] obta9$1 !  usual te/s may be at    
once appli$4 ,b 9 ?is way we c only     
detect !  pres5ce ( m]cury1 b are unable
 to decide 9 :at way x has ent]$  !     
sy/em1 al?\gh we may inf] x f o!r       
circum/ances4 ,x is1  !re=e1 absolutely 
necess>y1 9 all m$ico-legal             
inve/igations1 to  previ\sly employ e!r 
7see above71 9 ord] t we may be enabl$  
to  exam9e ! delet]i\s matt] 9 its      
orig9al =m1 or t 9 :i* x  0 swall[$4    
,uses1 c4 ,m]curic *loride is employ$ z 
an alt]ative1 diaphoretic1  & resolv5t1 
9 ! *ronic =ms ( second>y syphilis1     
rheumatism1  scr(ula1 canc]1 old        
dropsies1 num]\s sk9 diseases1 c42 &    
ext]nally1 z a cau/ic1 9 canc]1 & made  

into an o9tm5t1 lotion1 or  injection1 9
 a va/ numb] ( sk9 diseases1 ulc]s1     
gleet1 c41 & z a  prev5tive ( contagion4
 ,x acts quick] ?an ! o!r prep>ations ( 
m]cury1 & x is less apt to induce       
salivation2 b x has be5 said  t its     
effects are less app>5t4----,dose1      
#a_/aj to #a_/d gr41 ei!r made  into a  
pill1 or 9 solution4 ,x is highly       
poison\s1 & mu/ be exhibit$  & h&l$ ) ! 
greate/ caution4 ,its use is            
contra-indicat$ 9  cases complicat$ )   
pulmon>y affections or n]v\s d]angem5t4 
,pois4----#a4 ,symptoms4 ,/rong copp]y  
or metallic ta/e2 int5se pa9 9  ! m\?1  
ph>ynx1 sophagus1 /oma*1 & inte/9es2    
nausea1 vomit+  7(t5 bloody71 di>rha1 & 
7sometimes7 viol5t dys5t]y 7^!          
evacuations are g5]ally m frequ5t ?an 9 
poison+ by o!r  metallic comp\nds74     
,aft] a c]ta9 "t !re is g5]ally an      
abatem5t  ( ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms2 !   
circulation becomes sl[]1 ! pulse  small
 & ?ready1 ! respiration g5tle1 & ! sk9 
cold2 syncope !n  sup]v5es1 & great     

g5]al ins5sibility1 always comm5c+ at ! 
pelvic extremities2 & sometimes         
convulsions occur2 ! secretion (  ur9e  
is g5]ally dim9i%$1 sometimes ev5       
entirely suppress$2 b !  pati5ts always 
ur9ate if ! sublimate has be5 employ$ 9 
a v  dilut$ /ate1 & if dr9ks h be5      
adm9i/]$4 ,dea? (t5 appe>s  to result f 
! %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em1 f int5se       
exhau/ion1  or f mortification or int5se
 inflammation ( ! prim vi4 ,poison+  by 
corrosive sublimate is di/+ui%$ f t by  
ars5ic1 by !  c\nt5ance be+ flu%$1 & ev5
 swoll52 :]eas1 9 poison+ by  ars5ic1 x 
is :olly contract$ & gha/ly1 & by !     
:it5$  condition ( ! epi!lium ( ! m\?4  
#b4 ,antidotes4 ,:ite ( egg1 hydrat$    
f]ric sulphide or f]r\s  sulphide1 &    
glut51 are ea* ( !m p[]ful antidotes4   
,:ite ( egg  has prov$ efficaci\s 9     
num]\s cases4 ,x requires ! :ite ( "o   
egg  to decompose #d gr4 ( corrosive    
sublimate4 7,pes*i]47 ,! rec5tly        
precipitat$ protosulphuret ( iron is1   
h[ev]1 accord+ to ,mialhe1 !  antidote  

p> excell5ce1 n only to corrosive       
sublimate1 b to ! salts  ( lead & copp]4
 ,! glut5 ( :eat has also be5 recomm5d$ 
7,taddei72 or1 :at is equally           
efficaci\s1 :eat fl\r mix$ up )  wat]4  
,:5 any ( ! above are n at h&1 copi\s   
draughts ( milk may  be sub/itut$4 ,iron
 fil+s h be5 occasionally us$ z an      
antidote4  ,all ^! sub/ances %\ld be    
tak5 9 consid]able quantities2 ! dose   
%\ld be frequ5tly repeat$1 & ! g5]al    
treatm5t simil> to t  9 cases ( poison+ 
by ars5ic4 ,vomit+ %\ld be1 9 all cases1
  imm$iately induc$1 to remove1 if      
possible1 ! poison\s matt] f !  /oma*4  
,m]curic-ammonium ,*loride4             
,hg,n,h#b;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,*loride
 ,,(  ,,m]cury1 ,,ammoniat$ ,,*loride   
,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,:ite ,,precipitate1     
,,lem]y',s ,w4  ,p41 ,,cosmetic         
,,m]cury2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,ammoniatum 7,b4 
,p471 ,,hydr>gyri  ,,ammonio-,,*loridum 
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,hydr>gyrum ,,precipitatum 
,,album 7,ph4 ,e47    ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l47 ,m]curic *loride1 #f oz42 di/ill$  

wat]1 #c qu>ts2  dissolve1 ) heat1 & :5 
! solution has cool$1 add ( liquor (    
ammonia #h fl4 oz41 frequ5tly %ak+ x2   
la/ly1 wa% ! precipitate  ) wat]1 & dry 
x4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,e4  ,d4 are ne>ly  
simil>4    #b4 ,m]curic *loride &       
ammonium *loride1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 wat]1
 #c  qu>ts2 dissolve1 & precipitate )   
solution ( potassium hydrate1  q4 s4    
,prop41 c4 ,a :ite1 inodor\s1 light     
mass1 or p[d]2 insoluble 9  alcohol1    
p>tially soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 & :olly  
dissolv$ by  sulphuric1 nitric1 &       
hydro*loric acids1 )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,x  
is  totally dissipat$ by heat4 ,:5 heat$
 ) solution ( pota%1 x  exhales ammonia1
 & assumes a yell[ col\r4 ,us$ to make  
an o9tm5t1  :i* is employ$ 9 h]pes1     
porrigo1 it*1 & o!r sk9 diseases1 c42  &
 by ! l[] ord]s z a du/+ p[d] to de/roy 
p$iculi1 an  application :i*1 f its     
lib]al employm5t1 is n always a safe "o4
  ,x is highly poison\s1 & mu/ n be     
swall[$4    ,m]curic & ,ammonium        
,*loride4 ,,nh#d;,cl1,hg,cl#b4 ,syn4    

,,*loride ,,(  ,,m]cury ,,& ,,ammonium1 
,,sal ,,alembro?2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,et      
,,ammonii ,,*loridium1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,f m]curic *loride & ammonium    
*loride1 equal  p>ts1 triturat$ toge!r4 
8,! object 9 add+ ! ammonium *loride  "h
 is to r5d] ! corrosive sublimate m     
soluble 9 wat]4 ,!  action ( ! latt] is 
n o!rwise alt]$40 7,r$wood47 ,x is      
*iefly  us$ = lotions & injections4     
,m]curic & ,qu99e ,*loride4 ,syn4       
,,*loride ,,( ,,m]cury ,,& ,,qu99e2     
,,hydr>gyri ,,et ,,qu9 ,,*loridum1 ,l4  
,prep4 7,m',d]mott47 ,f m]curic         
*loride1 #a "p2 qu99e *loride1 #c p>ts2 
sep>ately =m$ into  saturat$ solutions )
 wat] & !n mix$2 ! cry/all9e precipitate
  is collect$ & dri$ by a g5tle         
heat4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a_/b gr41 made
  into a pill ) crum ( bread2 daily1 z  
an alt]ative 9 debilitat$  habits2 or   
comb9$ ) opium ?rice daily1 to produce  
salivation4    ,m]curic ,cyanide4       
,hg,cy#b or ,hg7,,cn7#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyanide
 ,,( ,,m]cury2  ,,hydr>gyri ,,cyanidum1 

,h4 ,,bicyanidum1 ,h4 ,,cyanuretum 7,ph4
 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,pb4 ,l4    
#ahcf47 ,f]ric f]rocyanide 7pure        
,prussian blue71 #h oz42  m]curic oxide1
 #aj oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d p9ts2 boil = 
half an h\r1  filt]1 evaporate1 &       
cry/allise2 wa% :at rema9s frequ5tly )  
boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 & aga9 evaporate1 t 
cry/als may =m4 ,?is  is ,pr\/'s        
process4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is   
simil>4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47        
,prussian blue 7pure71 #f p>ts2 m]curic 
oxide1 #e p>ts2  di/ill$ wat]1 #dj p>ts2
 z ! la/4    #c4 7,desfosses47          
,potassium f]rocyanide1 #a "p1 is boil$ 
= #a_/d h\r  ) m]curic sulphate1 #b     
p>ts1 & di/ill$ wat]1 #h p>ts2 ! deposit
  is sep>at$ by filtration1 & ! liquid  
evaporat$ to cry/allis+  po9t4    #d4   
7,w9ckl]47 ,saturate dilute hydrocyanic 
acid ) m]curic oxide2  evaporate &      
cry/allise4 ,pure4    ,prop41 c4 ,heavy1
 col\rless1 inodor\s1 squ>e prisms2 ta/+
 /rongly  metallic2 soluble 9 #h p>ts ( 
cold wat]2 slightly soluble 9 alcohol4  

,^? made by ! fir/ two =mul are ( a pale
 yell[ col\r4 ,x is  transp>5t & totally
 soluble 9 wat]4 ,! solution1 on !      
addition (  hydro*loric acid1 evolves   
hydrocyanic acid1 kn[n by its smell2 & a
  glass moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( 
silv]1 & held ov] x1  gives a deposit   
soluble 9 boil+ nitric acid4 ,:5 heat$ x
 evolves  cyanog51 & runs into globules 
( metallic m]cury4 ,x has be5  adm9i/]$ 
9 "s hepatic & sk9 diseases1 & has be5  
propos$ z a  sub/itute = corrosive      
sublimate4 7,p>5t47 ,x has be5 said to  
act  directly on ! sk9 & bones1 & to h  
prov$ useful 9 allay+ !  pa9 ( nodes & 9
 disp]s+ !m4 7,m5daga47 ,x is1 h[ev]1   
pr9cipally us$ z a s\rce ( cyanog5 &    
hydrocyanic acid4----,dose1  #a_/af to  
#a_/d gr4 7beg9n+ ) ! small] quantity71 
made into pills  ) crum ( bread1 or 9   
alcoholic solution2 z a g>gle or lotion1
 #aj  gr4 to wat]1 #a p9t2 z an o9tm5t1 
#aj or #ab gr41 to l>d1 #a oz4          
,m]curic ,iodide4 ,hg,i#b4 ,syn4        
,,protiodide ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,r$ ,,iodide

 ,,(  ,,m]cury1 ,,iodide ,,( ,,m]cury1  
,,b9iodide ,,( ,,m]cury2 ,,hydr>gyri    
,,iodidum  ,,rubrum 7,b4 ,p471          
,,hydr>gyri ,,iodidum1 ,h4 ,,b9iodidum  
7,ph4 ,e471 ,h4 ,,iodidum  ,,rubrum     
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    
,m]curic *loride 7corrosive  sublimate71
 #d2 potassium iodide1 #e2 boil+ di/ill$
 wat]1 #hj4 ,dissolve  ! m]curic *loride
 9 #fj ( wat]1 & ! potassium iodide 9 ! 
rema9d]1 & mix ! two solutions4 ,all[ to
 /&1 decant !  sup]natant liquor1 &     
collect ! precipitate on a filt]1 wa%   
twice  ) cold wat]1 & dry at #bab ,f4   
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,m]cury1 #a oz42  
iod9e1 #aj dr42 rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4  7#b 
or #c fl4 dr472 triturate until !       
globules ( m]cury disappe>1 &  ! mixture
 assumes a sc>let col\r1 !n dry x 9 !   
%ade1 &  pres]ve x 9 a well-/opp]$      
vessel4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,m]cury1 #b   
oz42 iod9e1 #b-a_/b oz42 _s1 q4 s42     
triturate  toge!r z la/1 dissolve !     
product1 by brisk ebullition1 9         
conc5trat$ solution ( sodium *loride1 #a

 gall41 filt] :il/ boil+  hot1 wa% !    
cry/als t are deposit$ z ! solution     
cools1 & dry  !m4    #d4 7,ph4 ,d47     
,m]curic *loride1 #a oz42 hot di/ill$   
wat]1 #be fl4 oz42  dissolve potassium  
iodide1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz42  
dissolve2 :5 !  solutions are cold1 mix 
!m1 collect ! precipitate on a pap]     
filt]1  dra9 x1 wa% x ) di/ill$ wat]1   
#aj fl4 oz41 & dry x at a heat  n above 
t ( boil+ wat]4    ,prop41 c4 ,a bright 
sc>let p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble
 9  alcohol & e!r1 & 9 ! solutions (    
sev]al ( ! iodides &  *lorides4 ,x is   
also soluble 9 cod-liv] oil1 & 9 sev]al 
o!r fix$  oils4 ,readily                
sublim$4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr41 
dissolv$ 9 alcohol or  made into a pill2
 9 ! same cases z ! subiodides1 f :i* x 
diff]s *iefly 9 its great] en]gy &      
poison\s qualities4    ,m]curic ,oleate4
 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,oleate ,,(         
,,m]cury4    ,m]curic & ,potassium      
,iodide4 ,hg,i#b4,,ki4 ,syn4 ,,iodide   
,,( ,,m]cury ,,&  ,,potassium1          

,,iodo-,,hydr>gyrate ,,( ,,potassium2   
,,hydr>gyri ,,et ,,potassii ,,iodidum1  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,b\llay47 ,m]curic  
iodide1 potassium iodide1 & wat]1  equal
 p>ts2 dissolve by heat1 & cry/allise by
 evaporation or  refrig]ation1 or g5tly 
evaporate to dryness4    #b4 7,pu*e47 ,f
 m]curic iodide & potassium iodide1     
equal p>ts1  triturat$ toge!r4----,dose1
 #a_/af to #a_/h gr41 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 9
 !  same cases z ! b9iodide1 & 9 *ronic 
bron*itis1 hoop+-c\gh1  inflammatory    
sore ?roat1 c4    ,m]curic & ,potassium 
,iodo-cyanide4 ,syn4 ,,hydr>gyri ,,et   
,,potassii  ,,iodo-,,cyanidum1 ,l4      
,prep4 ,to a conc5trat$ solution (      
m]curic cyanide  add a r /rong solution 
( potassium iodide1 & dry ! precipitate 
by a g5tle heat4    ,prop41 c4 ,small1  
:ite1 pe>ly1 cry/all9e plates or scales4
 ,x is  *iefly us$ z a te/ ( ! purity ( 
hydrocyanic acid4 ,:5 put into  ?is     
liquid x is in/antly turn$ r$ if any    
m9]al acid is pres5t4    ,m]curic       
,nitrate4 ,hg7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4           

,,protonitrate ,,( ,,m]cury1            
,,p]nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,,neutral47 ,?is is obta9$ by solution 
( m]curic oxide1 9 excess ( nitric acid4
 ,! solution1 evaporat$ 9 a  bell-j> ov]
 sulphuric acid1 yields cry/als :i* are 
neutral4 ,! same  comp\nd is obta9$ z a 
cry/all9e p[d] :5 ! syrupy liquid is    
dropp$ into /rong nitric acid4          
7,basic47 #a/4                          
#b;,hg7,,no#c7;,,ho4,h#b,o4 ,prep4 a4   
,by saturat+ hot dilute  nitric acid )  
m]curic oxide4 ,! salt1 :i* is bibasic1 
cry/allises  on cool+4    b4 ,by        
dissolv+ m]cury 9 excess ( nitric acid1 
) heat1 until !  solution1 :5 dilut$ )  
di/ill$ wat]1 ceases to give a          
precipitate  ) common salt4 ,x is n[ a  
mix$ solution ( ! neutral & bibasic     
p]nitrates2 b by evaporation cry/als ( !
 latt] salt only are  deposit$4 ,! acid 
solution 7be=e evaporation7 is us$ z a  
cau/ic 9  canc]\s1 syphilitic1 & o!r    
ulc]ations2 b x frequ5tly produces      
int5se pa91 & occasionally ! usual      

con/itutional effects (  m]cury4 ,x 0   
=m]ly giv5 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* ! 
bi*loride is n[ employ$4----,dose 7( !  
dry salt71 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr4  ,?is is
 ! prep>ation ord9>ily ref]r$ to "u ! "n
 #8p]nitrate  ( m]cury4'    #bnd4       
#b;,hg7,,no#c7;,,ho4,hg,o4 c4 ,by       
saturat+ /rong nitric acid )  m]cury1 by
 heat1 ?r[+ ! solution into cold wat]1 &
 collect+  & dry+ ! precipitate4 ,?is   
salt1 :i* is tribasic1 is also =m$  :5 !
 prec$+ cry/allis$ salts are put into   
hot wat]4    ,obs4 ,?is la/ prep>ation  
is a heavy1 yell[ p[d]1 b ! %ade  v>ies 
accord+ to its basicity1 :i* increases )
 ! temp]ature (  ! wat] employ$ to      
effect ! precipitation1 until1 at !     
boil+  temp]ature1 ! col\r is a dull r$4
 ,x is ext5sively employ$ = !           
extemporane\s prep>ation ( ! o9tm5t (   
nitrate ( m]cury1  accord+ to ! =mula on
 ! foll[+ label :i* accompanies ea*     
bottle3----8,hydr>g4 subnitras40 8,two  
scruples1 mix$ ) "o ounce (  simple     
c]ate1 make ! ung4 hydr>g4 nit4 ( !     

,london ,ph>macopia40 ,we  ne$ sc>cely  
add t ?is /atem5t1 s unblu%+ly utt]$1 is
 a  dang]\s falsehood4 ,an o9tm5t s made
 possesses nei!r ! quantity (  m]cury   
nor ( nitric acid employ$ 9 !           
,ph>macopia prep>ation1  besides want+  
_m ( its mo/ s5sible & valuable         
prop]ties4    ,m]curic ,oxide4 ,hg,o4   
,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,r$    
,,oxide ,,( ,,m]cury1  ,,oxide ,,( ,m41 
,,b9oxide ,,( ,m41 ,,deutoxide ,,( ,m41 
,,p]oxide ,,( ,m42 ,,hydr>gyri          
,,oxydum1 ,h4 ,o4 ,,rubrum1 ,b4  ,l4    
,!re are sev]al me?ods by :i* ?is       
sub/ance may be prep>$4 ,! foll[+ are ^?
 :i* h be5 ord]$  at diff]5t times 9 !  
,ph>macopias3----    #a4 ,by            
precipitation 7,,hydr>gyri              
,,b9oxydum----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf474 ,m]curic
  *loride 7corrosive sublimate71 #d oz42
 di/ill$ wat]1 #f p9ts2 dissolve  & add 
( liquor ( potass1 #bh fl4 oz42 dra9 !  
precipitate1 wa% x 9  di/ill$ wat]1 &   
dry x by a g5tle heat4    ,obs4 ,a      
bright orange-r$ p[d]4 ,x usually       

conta9s a little comb9$  wat]2 h5ce its 
readi] solubility 9 acids ?an ! oxide   
prep>$ by  heat4 ,:5 heat$ suffici5tly x
 yields oxyg51 & ! m]cury ei!r  runs    
into globules or is totally dissipat$4  
,x is entirely soluble 9  hydro*loric   
acid4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,! prep>ation ( 
! %ops has  frequ5tly a brick-r$ col\r1 
& conta9s a little oxy*loride1 aris+  f 
too little alkali be+ us$4    #b4 ,by   
calc9ation ( ! nitrate 7,,r$            
,,precipitate2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,nitrici    
,,oxydum ,ph4 ,l4 ,,hydr>gyri ,,oxidum  
,,rubrum1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,ph4 ,d47  
,prep4 ,b4  ,p4 ,m]cury1 by weight1 #h2 
nitric acid1 #d-a_/b2 wat]1 #b4         
,dissolve half !  m]cury 9 ! wat] &     
acid1 evaporate to dryness1 & triturate 
)  ! re/ ( ! m]cury until well bl5d$4   
,heat 9 a porcela9 capsule1  repeat$ly  
/irr+1 until acid vap\rs cease to be    
evolv$4    ,m]cury1 #c lbs42 nitric     
acid1 #ah fl4 oz4 7#a-a_/b lb41 ,ph4 ,l4
 #ahcf72 wat]1  #b qu>ts2 dissolve by a 
g5tle heat1 evaporate to dryness1 p[d]1 

&  calc9e ?is 9 a %all[ vessel1 ) a     
gradually increas$ heat1 until  r$      
vap\rs cease to arise4 ,! process ( !   
,ph4 ,e4 & ,d4 are simil>1  except t !  
,dubl9 ,college directs ! evaporation & 
calc9ation to  be p]=m$ 9 ! same vessel1
 )\t p[d]+ or /irr+ ! mass4    ,obs4    
,bright r$ cry/all9e scales1 :i* usually
 conta9 a little  undecompos$ p]nitrate 
( m]cury2 9 o!r respects x resembles !  
la/ two prep>ations4 ,x is m g5]ally us$
 z an es*>otic & 9  o9tm5ts ?an !       
precipitat$ oxide4 ,x is volatilis$ by  
heat )\t  ! evolution ( nitr\s vap\rs4  
,accord+ to ,mr ,br&e x conta9s ab\t    
#b-a_/b p] c5t4 ( nitric acid4  ,accord+
 to ,mr ,b>k] ! process ( ! ,ph4 ,d4    
yields ! f9e/  col\r$ product2 b ,mr    
,br&e /ates t 8! nitrate requires to be 
con/antly /irr$ dur+ ! process1 :i* is  
usually p]=m$ 9 a  ca/-iron pot40 ,on ! 
l>ge scale1 ! evaporation is g5]ally    
conduct$  9 a %all[ e>!n di%1 & z soon z
 ! mass becomes dry a second  di% is    
inv]t$ ov] x1 & ! calc9ation is cont9u$1

 )\t  di/urbance1 until ! process is    
conclud$4 ,! heat ( a s& ba? is         
employ$4 #abj lbs4 ( m]cury1 & #dh lbs4 
( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adh7  yields    
#aab lbs4 ( r$ precipitate4 7,br&e47    
,uses1 c4 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1 :e!r      
obta9$ by calc9ation or  precipitation1 
possesses ! same g5]al prop]ties4 ,x is 
v slightly  soluble 9 wat]1 b           
suffici5tly s to give t fluid an alkal9e
  reaction1 & a metallic ta/e4 ,x 0     
=m]ly employ$ 9 m$ic9e to  induce       
salivation2 b is n[ *iefly us$ z an     
es*>otic1 ei!r 9 !  =m ( p[d] or made   
into an o9tm5t4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a   
gr41 comb9$  ) opium4 ,x is v poison\s4 
,m]curic ,sulphide4 ,hg,s,o#d4 ,syn4    
,,protosulphate ,,( ,,m]cury2           
,,hydr>gyri  ,,sulphas 7,ph4 ,b471 ,h4  
,,p]sulphas1 ,h4 ,,bip]sulphas1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4  7,neutral47----a4 ,by boil+ 
toge!r sulphuric acid & metallic m]cury 
until ! latt] is :olly conv]t$ into a   
heavy1 :ite1 cry/all9e  p[d]2 ! excess (
 acid is remov$ by evaporation4 ,equal  

weights (  acid & metal may conv5i5tly  
be employ$4    b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47     
,dissolve m]cury1 #f p>ts1 9 a mixture (
 sulphuric  acid1 #f p>ts1 & nitric     
acid1 #a "p1 by boil+ !m 9 a glass      
vessel1  & cont9ue ! heat until ! mass  
becomes p]fectly dry & :ite4 ,us$  to   
make calomel4    c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,place   
#bj oz4 ( quicksilv] 9 a porcela9       
capsule ) #ab  fl4 oz4 ( sulphuric acid1
 & apply heat until no?+ rema9s b a     
:ite1 dry1 cry/all9e salt4 ,us$ to make 
p]*loride & *loride (  m]cury4    #b4   
7,basic47 ,hg,s,o#d1b;,hg,o4 ,syn4      
,,tribasic ,,sulphate ,,( ,,m]cury1     
,,turpe?  ,,m9]al1 ,,turbi? ,m41        
,,que5',s ,,yell[1 ,,subsulphate ,,(    
,,m]cury1 ,,tribasic  ,,p]sulphate ,,(  
,m42 ,,hydr>gyri ,,subsulphas1 ,h4 ,s4  
,,flavus1 ,,t]pe?um  ,,m9]ale1 ,l4----a4
 ,dissolve m]cury 9 an equal weight (   
sulphuric acid  by boil+ !m to dryness1 
fl+ ! mass into hot wat]1 & wa% &  dry !
 result+ yell[ p[d]4    b4 7,ph4 ,d4    
#ahbf47 ,m]curic sulphate1 #a "p2 w>m   

wat]1 #bj p>ts2  triturate toge!r 9 an  
e>!n mort>1 wa% well ) di/ill$ wat]1    
dra91 & dry x4    ,prop41 c4 ,a heavy1  
lemon-yell[ p[d]1 soluble 9 #bjjj p>ts (
 cold1  & ab\t #fjj p>ts ( boil+ wat]4  
,by long-cont9u$ wa%+ ) v  hot wat] x   
loses all its rema9+ acid1 & is at l5g? 
conv]t$ into  r$ oxide (                
m]cury4----,dose4 ,z an alt]ative1 #a_/h
 to #a_/b gr42 z an  emetic1 #c to #e   
gr42 z an errh9e1 #a gr42 mix$ up ) a   
p9* (  liquorice p[d] or f9e snuff4 ,x  
is a p[]ful poison1 & "o ( !  lea/      
useful ( ! m]curial prep>ations4        
,obs4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] employ$ to 
decompose ! neutral  sulphate influ5ces 
! %ade ( col\r ( ! result+ salt 9 a     
simil>  mann] to t po9t$ out "u !       
nitrate4 ,x is n[ sup]s$$ z a  pigm5t by
 *rome yell[ & orpim5t1 :i* are n only m
 beautiful1  b *eap] prep>ations4       
,m]curic ,sulphide4 ,hg,s4 ,syn4        
,,protosulphide ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,r$      
,,sulphuret  ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,factiti\s  
,,c9nab>1 ,,v]milion1 ,,sulphuret ,,(   

,,m]cury1 ,,sulphide  ,,( ,m41          
,,bisulphuret ,,( ,m42 ,,hydr>gyri      
,,bisulphuretum 7,ph4 ,b4  ,ph4 ,l471   
,,c9nab>is 7,ph4 ,e471 ,h4 ,,sulphuretum
 ,,rubrum4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47        
,quicksilv]1 #bd oz42 sulphur1 #e oz42  
melt toge!r1 & cont9ue ! heat  till !   
mixture swells up1 !n cov] ! vessel1    
remove x f !  heat1 & :5 cold1 p[d] &   
sublime x4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,quicksilv]1 #b   
lbs42  sulphur1 #e oz4    ,prop41 c4    
,m]curic sulphide has a d>k-r$          
semi-cry/all9e appe>ance  9 ! mass1 b   
acquires a brilliant sc>let col\r by    
p[d]+4 ,x is  ta/eless1 od\rless1 &     
insoluble4 ,x is *iefly us$ z a pigm5t2 
b  x is occasionally employ$ 9 m$ic9e z 
a diaphoretic & v]mifuge1  & 9 "s       
cutane\s diseases & g\t4----,dose1 #aj  
to #cj gr42 z a  fumigation1 ab\t #a_/b 
dr4 is ?r[n on a plate ( iron heat$ to  
dull  r$ness4 ,= ! la/ purpose x is     
inf]ior to m]cur\s oxide1 ow+ to  ! m   
irritat+ nature ( its vap\r4    ,te/s4  
,,m]cur\s ,,salts4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 

& ammonium sulphide give  black         
precipitates1 insoluble 9 dilute acids1 
ammonium sulphide1  potassium cyanide1 &
 hot nitric acid1 b slightly soluble 9  
sodium  sulphide1 & decompos$ by        
nitro-hydro*loric acid4    ,potassium   
hydrate & ammonia give black grey or    
black precipitates1 :i*  are insoluble 9
 excess ( ! precipitant4    ,hydro*loric
 acid & ! soluble metallic *lorides     
occasion a  precipitate1 :i* assumes !  
=m ( a v f9e p[d] ( dazzl+  :it5ess1    
insoluble 9 excess1 b soluble 9 aqua    
regia & liquid  *lor9e4 ,potassium      
hydrate & ammonia turn x d>k grey or    
black4    ,potassium iodide gives a     
gre5i%-yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 e!r1
  & sublim+ 9 r$ cry/als :5 heat$4      
,m]cur\s ,acetate4 ,hg7,c#b;,h#c,o#b74  
,syn4 ,,acetate ,,( ,,m]cury1           
,,subacetate4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47        
,dissolve m]cur\s nitrate1 #a "p1 9 wat]
  7slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid71 #d
 p>ts1 & precipitate !  liquid ) a      
solution ( sodium acetate1 gradually    

add$1 until 9 slight  excess2 c>efully  
wa% ! precipitate ) cold wat]1 & dry x 9
 !  %ade4    ,prop41 c4 ,small1 :ite1   
micace\s1 flexible scales2 insoluble 9  
alcohol2 soluble 9 ab\t #cjj p>ts (     
wat]2 black5$ by light2 &  c>bonis$ by a
 /rong heat4 ,x has be5 said to be "o ( 
! milde/ (  ! m]curials2 b ?is _c be !  
case1 z x occasionally acts )  great    
viol5ce on bo? ! /oma* & b[els1 produc+ 
mu* pa9 &  pro/ration4----,dose1 #a_/f  
to #a gr41 night & morn+1 gradually     
increas$4    ,m]cur\s ,bromide4 ,hg,br4 
,syn4 ,,subbromide ,,( ,,m]cury2        
,,hydr>gyrum  ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,mag5die47 ,by precipitat+ a solution (
 m]cur\s  nitrate by ano!r ( potassium  
bromide4 ,x closely resembles calomel 9 
bo? its appe>ance & prop]ties4----,dose1
 #a to #e gr4    ,m]cur\s ,*loride4     
,hg,cl or ,hg#b;,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,calomel1 
,,sub*loride ,,(  ,,m]cury1 ,,m]cury    
,,*loride2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,sub*loridum    
7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydr>gyri  ,,*loridum 7,ph4
 ,l471 ,h4 ,c4 ,,mite 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471   

,,calomelas 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4  ,?is  
sub/ance is "o ( ! be/ kn[n1 & probably 
! mo/ valuable1  ( all ! m]curials4     
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]cury1 #b lbs42 
sulphuric acid1 #ba-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1  
boil to dryness 79 a ca/-iron vessel71 &
 :5 ! result+ mass has  cool$1 add (    
m]cury1 #b lbs41 & triturate ! +r$i5ts 9
 an  e>!nw>e mort> until !y are well    
mix$2 !n add ( sodium *loride1  #a-a_/b 
lb41 & aga9 triturate until ! globules  
are no long] visible2  next sublime !   
mixture1 r$uce ! sublimate to ! f9e/    
possible  p[d]1 dilig5tly wa% x ) boil+ 
di/ill$ wat]1 & dry  x4----,prod4 #aag  
or #aah ( ! weight ( m]cury employ$4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,f47 ,m]cury1 #d oz41 is      
dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( sulphuric acid1  
#b  fl4 oz4 #c fl4 dr41 & nitric acid1  
#a_/b fl4 oz41 by ! aid ( heat2 :5      
cold1 m]cury1 #d oz41 is add$1 & !      
rema9d] ( ! process is  conduct$ z be=e4
    #c4 7,,calomelas                    
,,sublimatum4----,ph4 ,d47 ,sulphate (  
m]cury1 #aj p>ts2 m]cury1  #g p>ts2 dry 

sodium *loride1 #e p>ts2 triturate1 c41 
z be=e1 &  aft]w>ds resublime x into a  
l>ge *amb] or receiv]4    #d4 7,ph4 ,b47
 ,same z ,dubl94    #e4 7,apo!c>ies'    
,hall47 ,quicksilv]1 #ej lbs41 &        
sulphuric acid1 #gj  lbs41 are boil$ to 
dryness 9 a ca/-iron vessel2 ( ! dry    
salt1 #fb  lbs4 are triturat$ )         
quicksilv]1 #dj-a_/b lbs41 until !      
globules are  ext+ui%$1 :5 sodium       
*loride1 #cd lbs41 is add$1 & aft]      
?or\gh  admixture ! :ole is sublim$1 c41
 z be=e4----,prod4 #if to #ajj lbs4     
#f4 7,jewel's ,pat5t47 ,! receiv]1 :i*  
is capaci\s1 is fill$ )  /eam1 s t !    
calomel vap\r is cond5s$ 9 x 9 a /ate ( 
extremely m9ute division4 ,! engr4      
repres5ts ! app>atus n[ usually  employ$
 :5 ?is plan is adopt$4 ,! product is   
extremely :ite1 & (  ! f9e/ quality4 ,x 
is sometimes call$ #8hydrosublim$       
calomel' &  #8hydrosublimate ( m]cury4' 
,! #8fl[]s ( calomel1' ( old ph>macy1  7
 prep>$ 9 a ne>ly simil> mann]4         
,illu/ration3 a4 ,furnace4    b4 ,an    

e>!nw>e retort1 hav+ a %ort & wide neck1
 conta9+ !  +r$i5ts = mak+ calomel4     
c4 ,an e>!n receiv]1 hav+ ?ree          
tubulatures4    d4 ,a vessel conta9+    
wat]4    e4 ,a /eam-boil]4    #g4       
7,s\beiran47 ,! crude calomel mixture is
 heat$ 9 an e>!n tube 9  a furnace1 & a 
curr5t ( air is direct$ un9t]rupt$ly    
into ! tube  by means ( a small         
v5tilator4 ,?is sweeps away1 z x 71 !   
vap\rs  ( calomel1 & 9 a /raight tube w 
c>ry !m a di/ance ( #fj feet1  to avoid 
:i* ! end ( ! recipi5t is imm]s$ 9 wat]1
 by :i*  means ! calomel is moi/5$ &    
falls d[n4 ,?is plan1 slightly  modifi$1
 is n[ ext5sively adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  
#h4 7,,precipitat$ ,,calomel2           
,,calomelas ,,pr,,cipitatum1 ,l47 ,dige/
 pure  quicksilv]1 #i p>ts1 9 nitric    
acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajb to #abe71 #h p>ts1   
until no m metal w dissolve1 apply+ heat
 z ! eff]vesc5ce  ceases2 !n mix ! hot  
liquid quickly ) a boil+ solution (     
sodium  *loride1 #h p>ts1 dissolv$ 9    
wat] 7slightly acidulat$ )  hydro*loric 

acid71 #fd p>ts2 la/ly1 well wa% !      
precipitate 9 boil+  di/ill$ wat]1 & dry
 x4 ,! product1 :5 ! process is         
skilfully  manag$1 is p]fectly :ite &   
pure4    ,prop4 ,a heavy1 :ite1 ta/eless
 p[d]2 insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 &     
cold dilute nitric acid2 volatilises at 
a temp]ature bel[ r$ness1 &  yields a   
:ite or yell[i%-:ite sublimate2 hot     
nitric acid oxidises &  dissolves x2    
alkalies1 ! alkal9e c>bonates1 & lime   
wat]1 decompose  x1 ) ! production ( !  
black oxide2 ammonia conv]ts x into a   
d>k slate-grey col\r$ p[d] 7,,black     
,,precipitate----,kane74 ,sp4 gr4 #gad  
7,b\llay2 #gaef----,pel\ze & ,fremy2    
#gagf----,ure74    ,pur4 ,calomel is    
frequ5tly contam9at$ ) small quantities 
(  corrosive sublimate1 :i* may be      
detect$ by dige/+ a little 9  alcohol1  
decant+ ! cle> portion1 & te/+ x ) a    
drop or two (  potassium hydrate1 :5 a  
r$di% precipitate w be =m$ if any       
m]curic *loride be pres5t4 ,x is        
pulv]ul5t1 :iti%1 & sublimes  entirely  

by heat4 ,x becomes black on ! addition 
( potassium hydrate1  !n1 heat be+      
appli$1 x runs into globules ( m]cury4  
,nei!r silv]  nitrate1 lime wat]1 nor   
sulphurett$ hydrog51 be+ add$ to ! wat] 
9 :i* x has be5 wa%$1 or boil$ ?r[s d[n 
any?+4    ,uses4 ,calomel is "o ( !     
mild] m]curials1 & 9 ?is respect takes  
its position imm$iately aft] blue pill1 
m]cury ) *alk1 & ! grey  oxide2 b x     
probably ranks be=e all ! o!r salts (   
m]cury4  ,univ]sal exp]i5ce appe>s to %[
 x to be a mo/ valuable alt]ative  :5   
judici\sly adm9i/]$4 ,) ?is int5tion x  
is giv5 9 doses (  #a_/d to #a gr41     
g5]ally comb9$ ) antimonials1 z 9       
,plumm]'s pill1  & repeat$ e night1 or e
 o!r night1 = "s "t1 foll[$ by  a mild  
sal9e ap]i5t 9 ! morn+4 ,z a purgative1 
#b to #e gr41 ei!r  comb9$ ) or foll[$  
by o!r purgatives1 z jalap1 rhub>b1     
s5na1  colocyn?1 ,epsom salts1 c4 ,z a  
v]mifuge1 #b to #e gr41 ov]-night1      
foll[$ by a suffici5t dose ( ca/or oil  
next morn+4 ,comb9$ )  opium x is       

frequ5tly us$ 9 v>i\s compla9ts to      
produce salivation1  or br+ ! sy/em "u !
 influ5ce ( m]cury4 ,x is also employ$ z
  a s$ative & errh9e1 & 9 a va/ numb] ( 
o!r indications4 ,x is1  inde$1 m       
frequ5tly us$1 & 9 a great] v>iety (    
compla9ts1 ?an  probably any o!r m$ic9e4
    ,obs4 ,( ! two me?ods ( prep>+      
calomel1 t by precipitation is  n only !
 be/1 b ! mo/ economical4 ,t by         
sublimation is1  h[ev]1 ! "o g5]ally    
adopt$ 9 ,engl&4 ,mr ,br&e /ates t 8a   
small portion ( sodium *loride is apt to
 rema9 comb9$ ) x1 :i*  might affect its
 m$ical uses40 ,su* a contam9ation is n 
f\nd 9  c>efully prep>$ precipitat$     
calomel1 al?\gh we d\bt :e!r !  quantity
 ( x :i* exi/s 9 any ( ! samples we h   
met ) 7be+  m]ely a trace7 w\ld at all  
int]f]e ) its !rapeutical action2 m     
especially :5 x is recollect$ t alkal9e 
*lorides are pres5t 91  n m]ely ! prim  
vi1 b also 9 e "p ( ! animal body4 ,!   
late ,mr ,f[nes1 a *emi/ :o 0 unsurpass$
 9 ! accuracy ( 8  rese>*es1 & ! caution

 & delicacy ) :i* he express$ 8         
op9ions1 once assur$ u t calomel 0 m    
easily & *eaply  prep>$ ( ! be/ quality 
by precipitation ?an by sublimation1 &  
t if1 f c>eless manipulation1 x         
occasionally conta9$ a m9ute  quantity (
 common salt1 ?is 0 ( mu* less          
importance ?an !  contam9ation (        
corrosive sublimate1 :i* 0 frequ5tly    
pres5t 9  samples ( sublim$ calomel4    
,to produce a sup]ior article ( calomel 
9 ! dry way is a some:at  difficult     
task1 & ! process frequ5tly fails 9 !   
h&s (  inexp]i5c$ op]ators4 ,! solution 
( ! m]cury is be/ made 9 an  iron       
vessel1 & ! sublimation %\ld be conduct$
 7pref]ably7 9 an  e>!nw>e retort ) a   
%ort b v wide neck1 & fitt$ 9 a  spaci\s
 receiv]1 hav+ a l>ge flat bottom1 also 
( e>!nw>e1 &  conta9+ a little cold     
wat]4 ,on ! small scale ! heat may be   
appli$  by means ( a s& ba?4 ,! =m above
 giv5 = calomel1 by  precipitation1     
produces a l>ge product1 p]fectly free f
 corrosive  sublimate & m]cur\s nitrate1

 & is consequ5tly free f !  objections  
frequ5tly rais$ aga9/ t mode ( prep>+ x4
    8,! =m 9 :i* calomel sublimes dep5ds
 mu* ^u ! dim5sions &  temp]ature ( !   
sublim+ vessels4 ,9 small vessels x     
g5]ally  cond5ses 9 a cry/all9e cake1 ! 
int]ior surface ( :i* is (t5  cov]$ )   
beautiful quadrangul> prismatic cry/als1
 transp>5t1 &  ( a texture some:at      
ela/ic or horny4 ,9 ?is /ate x acquires1
 by !  necess>y rubb+ into p[d]1 a      
decid$ yell[ or buff col\r1 m or  less  
deep1 accord+ to ! degree ( trituration 
x has und]gone4 ,if1 on  ! contr>y1 !   
calomel be sublim$ into a v capaci\s &  
cold  receiv]1 x falls 9 an impalpable &
 p]fectly :ite p[d]1 :i*  requires only 
"o elutriation to fit x = use2 x !n     
rema9s p]fectly  col\rless40 7,br&e47   
,! long-cont9u$ action ( /eam on calomel
 9 a /ate ( m9ute  division is att5d$ by
 ! =mation ( a small quantity (         
corrosive  sublimate4 7,righ9i47 ,boil+ 
wat]1 hot air1 & light1 also produce a  
l effect4    ,m]cur\s ,iodide4 ,hg,i4   

,syn4 ,,subiodide ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,gre5  
,,iodide ,,(  ,,m]cury1 ,,m]cur\s       
,,iodide2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,iodidum ,,viride
 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydr>gyri  ,,subiodum1 ,h4
 ,,iodidum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,h4 ,i4 ,,viride 
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4  ,p47   
,m]cury1 #a oz42 iod9e1 #bgh gr42       
rectifi$ _s1 a suffici5cy4 ,rub  ! iod9e
 & m]cury 9 a porcela9 mort>1 moi/5+    
occasionally )  a few drops ( _s1 &     
cont9ue ! trituration until ! mass      
assumes  a uni=m gre5 col\r1 & no       
metallic globules are visible4    #b4   
,precipitate a solution ( m]cur\s       
nitrate by ano!r ( m]cur\s  potassium   
iodide2 wa% ! precipitate1 fir/ 9 a     
solution ( sodium  *loride1 & !n 9 pure 
wat]2 la/ly1 dry x 9 ! %ade4    #c4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]cury1 #a oz42 iod9e1 #e   
dr42 triturate toge!r1 gradually  add+ (
 rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 7ab\t #a to #b fl4  
dr471 until globules  are no long] se52 
dry ! p[d]1 by a g5tle heat1 9 ! %ade1 z
  quickly z possible1 & pres]ve x 9 a   
well-/opp]$ black glass  vessel4 ,!     

=mula ( ! ,ph4 ,d4 is simil>4    ,prop41
 c4 ,a heavy1 gre5i%-yell[ p[d]2        
insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1  & a solution
 ( common salt2 soluble 9 e!r1 &        
slightly s 9 an  aque\s solution (      
iodide ( potassium4 8,fre%ly prep>$1 x  
is  yell[i%4 ,heat be+ cauti\sly appli$1
 x sublimes 9 r$ cry/als1  :i* quickly  
turn yell[1 &1 on access ( light1       
black54 ,x is  insoluble 9 a solution ( 
*loride ( sodium40 ,! process ( ! ,ph4  
,l4  & ,f4 ,p4 does n answ] :5 l>g]     
quantities ?an #d or #e oz4 are  prep>$ 
at once1 ow+ to ! great heat g5]at$ by !
 reaction ( !  +r$i5ts1 & ! consequ5t   
volatilisation ( a portion ( ! iod9e1   
by :i* ! col\r ( ! product              
suff]s4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 made 
into pills2 89 syphilis & scr(ula1      
especially :]e !y occur 9 !  same       
individual40 ,x is also us$ ext]nally1 9
 ! =m ( o9tm5t4 ,x  is v poison\s4      
,m]cur\s ,nitrate4 ,hg,n,o#c4 ,syn4     
,,subnitrate ,,( ,,m]cury2 ,,hydr>gyri  
,,subnitras1 ,h4 ,,nitras1 ,h4          

,,protonitras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4           
7,neutral47 ,by  dige/+ m]cury 9 excess 
( cold dilute nitric acid1 obs]v+ to    
remove ! %ort prismatic cry/als )9 a    
%ort "t aft] !y are  =m$2 ^!1 :5 dra9$1 
& r$issolv$ 9 wat] slightly acidulat$  )
 nitric acid1 furni% cry/als ( pure     
neutral m]cur\s nitrate by  cauti\s     
evaporation4    #b4 7,basic47 ,deposit$ 
aft] "s "t1 :5 excess ( m]cury has be5  
employ$ z above4 ,a f9e cry/allis$ salt4
    ,prop41 c4 ,bo? ! above are         
decompos$ by wat]1 b ! =m] may be       
dissolv$ 9 a v small quantity )\t       
decomposition4 ,:5 ! neutral  salt is   
triturat$ ) an excess ( sodium *loride1 
& wat]  subsequ5tly add$1 ! :ole ( !    
m]cury is ?r[n d[n z calomel1  & !      
filt]$ sup]natant liquid does n conta9  
corrosive sublimate4  ,if ?is salt is   
detect$1 ! salt exam9$ conta9$ m]curic  
nitrate1  & if any basic m]cur\s nitrate
 0 pres5t1 ! newly =m$ calomel  has a   
grey or black col\r1 due to pres5ce (   
oxide4----,dose4 ,( !  neutral salts1   

#a_/af to #a_/h gr4 ,x is seldom us$    
int]nally4 ,a solution is  sometimes    
employ$ z a mild cau/ic to ulc]s2 &1 m  
dilute1 z a  lotion 9 lepra1 porrigo1   
psoriasis1 etc42 or made into an o9tm5t1
 9  ! same diseases4    ,m]cur\s ,oxide4
 ,hg#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,suboxide ,,( ,,m]cury1
 ,,grey ,o4 ,,( ,m41  ,,black ,o4 ,,(   
,m41 ,,m]cur\s ,o41 ,,dioxide ,,( ,m41  
,,protoxide ,,( ,m42 ,,hydr>gyri        
,,suboxydum1 ,h4 ,,oxydum1 ,h4 ,o4      
,,c9]eum1 ,h4 ,o4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4 ,l4  #ahcf47 ,calomel1 #a oz42
 lime wat]1 #a gall42 mix1 agitate well 
toge!r1  decant ! cle> liquid aft]      
subsid5ce1 & well wa% ! s$im5t )        
di/ill$ wat]2 la/ly1 dra9 & dry x1      
wrapp$ 9 bibul\s pap]1 9  ! air4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,sublim$ calomel1 #a  
"p2 solution ( potassium hydrate  7w>m71
 #d p>ts2 triturate toge!r1 c41 z la/4  
#c4 ,briskly triturate calomel 9 a mort>
 ) pure potassium hydrate1 9  excess2   
wa% x ) wat]1 & dry x 9 ! %ade4         
,prop41 c4 ,a v d>k grey or black p[d]1 

suff]+ decomposition by  exposure to    
light & air1 becom+ olive col\r$1 f a   
portion be+  resolv$ into metallic      
m]cury & b9oxide4 ,dige/$ = a %ort "t 9 
dilute hydro*loric acid1 x rema9s       
undissolv$1 & ! filt]$ liquid  is n     
affect$ by potassium hydrate1 or by     
ammonium oxalate4 ,x is  totally soluble
 9 acetic acid1 & entirely dissipat$ by 
heat4 ,z a  m$ic9e pure m]cur\s oxide is
 "o ( ! milde/ ( ! m]curials1 &  is us$ 
bo? int]nally & ext]nally2 b *iefly z a 
fumigant1 or made  into an              
o9tm5t4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #c gr4   
twice a day4    ,m]cur\s ,phosphate1    
,syn4 ,,hydr>gyri ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,prep4
 ,add a  solution ( m]cur\s nitrate     
7slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid7 to a 
solution ( sodium phosphate1 & wa% & dry
 ! precipitate :i*  =ms4 ,9 its physical
 *>act]s x closely resembles calomel1   
?an :i*  x is said to be m appropriate 9
 c]ta9 cases1 especially 9  second>y    
syphilis4 ,alkalies turn x              
black4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a gr41 made  

into a pill ) sug> & aromatics4         
,m]cur\s ,sulphate4 ,hg#b,,s#d4 ,syn4   
,,subsulphate ,,( ,,m]cury1  ,,sulphate 
,,( ,,! ,,suboxide ,,( ,m41             
,,protosulphate ,,( ,m42 ,,hydr>gyri    
,,subsulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by add+       
sulphuric acid to a solution ( m]cur\s  
nitrate4 ,! salt falls z a :ite         
cry/all9e p[d]4    ,m]cur\s ,sulphide4  
,hg#b,s4 ,syn4 ,,subsulphate ,,(        
,,m]cury2 ,,hydr>gyri  ,,subsulphuretum 
,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,pure47 ,?is  falls z a     
black precipitate :5 a solution (       
m]cur\s nitrate is  treat$ ) sulphurett$
 hydrog5 or ammonium sulphide4    #b4   
7,impure2 ,,e?iops ,,m9]al2 ,,hydr>gyri 
,,sulphuretum ,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,h4 ,s4 
,,nigrum----,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd  ,ph4 ,d4    
#ahbf72 7,,?iops ,,m9]alis----,ph4 ,l4  
#ahcf  ,ph4  ,d4 #ahbf47 7,quicksilv] & 
sulphur1 equal p>ts1 triturat$ toge!r 9 
a  /onew>e mort>----,ph4 ,d47 until     
globules are no long] visible4          
,prop41 c4 ,! la/ prep>ation ( m]cur\s  

sulphide is alone employ$  m$ic9ally4 ,x
 is a heavy1 insoluble1 black p[d]4 ,x  
is frequ5tly met  ) imp]fectly prep>$1 &
 sometimes adult]at$4 ,x is said to be a
  mixture ( m]cur\s sulphide & sulphur1 
9 v>iable proportions  dep5d+ on ! l5g? 
( ! trituration4 ,on ! l>ge scale x is  
g5]ally made by melt+ ! +r$i5ts toge!r1 
& aft]w>ds  r$uc+ ! mass to a f9e p[d] 9
 a mill or mort>4 ,x is said to be      
v]mifuge & alt]ative1 & has be5 us$ 9 "s
 cutane\s &  gl&ul> diseases1 b appe>s  
to be ne>ly in]t4----,dose1 #e to #cj   
gr4    ,m]cur\s ,t>trate4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,syn4 ,,proto-,,t>trate ,,( ,,m]cury1   
,,hydr>gyri ,,t>tras4 ,made by add+ a   
solution ( proto-nitrate ( m]cury  9    
wat]1 slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 
to a solution ( t>trate  ( pota% z long 
z a precipitate =ms4 ,wa% x ) di/ill$   
wat]1  dry x 9 ! %ade1 & keep x 9       
bottles cov]$ ) black  pap]4----,dose1  
#a to #b gr4    ,,m]cury1 ,o!r          
,prep>ations (4    ,m]cury1             
,hahnemann's4 ,syn4 ,,hahnemann',s      

,,soluble ,,m]cury1 ,h4',s ,,black      
,,oxide ,,( ,m41 ,,black ,,precipitate  
,,( ,m42 ,,hydr>gyri ,,pr,,cipitatum    
,,nigrum1  ,,m]curius ,,solubilis       
,,hahnemanni1 ,l4----a4 ,by dropp+ weak 
ammonia into a  solution ( m]cur\s      
nitrate z long z ! precipitate =m$ is ( 
a  black col\r2 ! p[d] is wa%$1 dri$ 9 !
 %ade )\t artificial  heat1 & !n pres]v$
 f ! light & air4    7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47
 ,solution ( m]cur\s nitrate 7rec5t2 sp4
 gr4 #aa71  #i-a_/d oz42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#b lbs42 mix1 filt]1 & add to ! solution
  ( ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #ifj71 #a_/b oz41  
dilut$ ) wat]1 #d fl4 oz42 collect  !   
p[d] imm$iately on a filt]1 wa% x )     
wat]1 #c fl4 oz41 & dry  x1 c41 z be=e4 
,a v black p[d]4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a  
gr4    ,m]cury1 ,precipitates (4 #a4    
,,black ,,precipitate1 ,hahnemann's     
soluble  m]cury 7basic m]cur\s &        
ammonium nitrate74 #b4 ,,gre5 ,p4       
7,,m]curius  ,,pr,,cipitatus ,,viridis1 
,,lac]ta ,,viridis71 f equal p>ts (     
m]cury &  copp]1 sep>ately dissolv$ 9   

nitric acid1 ! solutions mix$1          
evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n calc9$ until 
r$ fumes cease to arise4  ,cau/ic4 #c4  
,,r$ ,p41 m]curic oxide4 #d4 ,,:ite ,p41
 ammonio-*loride (  m]cury4    ,m]cury1 
,w>d's4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,nitrate ,,(   
,,m]cury2 ,,hydr>gyri ,,ammoni          
,,nitras1 ,l4 ,to nitric acid1 #d p>ts1 
conta9$ 9 a spaci\s bolt-head or        
matrass1 add1 gradually1 ammonium       
sesquic>bonate1 #b p>ts2 aft]w>ds add  (
 m]cury1 #a "p1 & dige/ 9 a g5tle heat1 
until ! solution is  complete4          
,m]cury ) ,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,hydr>gyrum     
,,cum ,,cret4 ,,grey ,,p[d] 7,b4 ,p47   
,prep4 ,rub #a oz4 7by weight7 ( m]cury1
 & prep>$ *alk1 #b oz41 9 a  porcela9   
mort>1 until metallic globules cease to 
be visible to ! nak$  eye & ! mixture   
acquires a uni=m grey col\r4----,dose4  
,f #c to #h  gr4    ,a little wat] is   
said to aid 9 ! ext9ction ( ! m]cury4   
,mr ,bottle  sugge/s a slight dep>ture f
 ! ,grey modus op]&i foll[$ by !        
,briti% ,ph>macopia 9 ! above           

prep>ation4 ,he proposes to sub/itute  =
 ! t$i\s process ( trituration 9 a      
porcela9 mort> ! agitation  ( ! m]cury )
 ! *alk 9 a wide-m\!d glass bottle2 by  
:i*  means ! metal may be m9utely       
subdivid$1 at a consid]ably less        
exp5diture ( "t & lab\r4    ,m]cury )   
,magnesia4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,syn4 ,,hydr>gyrum
 ,,cum ,,magnesi4 ,pure  m]cury1 #a oz41
 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #b oz4 ,rub toge!r
 9 a porcela9  mort> until ! globules   
cease to be visible & ! mixture acquires
 a  uni=m1 grey col\r4----,dose1 #c to  
#h gra9s4    ,m]cury1 ,yell[ ,oxide (4  
7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,hydr>gyri ,,oxydum   
,,flavum4  ,prep4 ,p]*loride ( m]cury1  
#d oz42 solution ( soda 7,ph4 ,b471 #b  
p9ts2  di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 ,dissolve !  
p]*loride 9 #d p9ts ( di/ill$  wat]1    
add+ ! solution by ! application ( heat1
 & add ?is to !  solution ( soda4 ,/ir  
!m toge!r1 all[ ! yell[ precipitate to  
subside1 remove ! sup]natant liquor by  
decantation1 ?or\ghly wa% !  precipitat$
 oxide on a calico filt] ) di/ill$ wat]1

 & f9ally  dry x by ! heat ( a wat] ba?4
    ,,mes,,l94 ,a mixture ( v>i\s k9ds (
 gra94 7,br&e47    ,,metagal,,lic       
,,acid4 ,obta9$ by heat+ dry gallic     
acid1 by a quick fire1  to ab\t #dhj    
,fahr41 or until x fro?s1 melts1 &      
becomes black &  solid1 !n dissolv+ !   
residuum 9 an alkali1 filt]+1 &         
precipitat+ by an acid4 ,an insoluble1  
black p[d]4    ,,me,,tal4 ,syn4         
,,metallum1 ,l4 ,see ,,metals4          
,,metal,,lica4 ,l4 ,prep>ations ( !     
metals4 ,"o ( ! divisions ( !  ,ph4 ,l4 
,,metal,,lic ,,trees4 ,see ,,vegetation 
7,metallic74    ,,metal,,lo-,,*romes4 ,a
 "n giv5 by ,nobili to extremely ?9     
films (  p]oxide ( lead deposit$ by     
electrolytic action ^u plates or poli%$ 
/eel1 s z to produce an iridesc5t play (
 col\rs4 ,! effect is (t5  v beautiful4 
,,met,,alloids4 ,a "n sometimes appli$  
to ! ,,non-,,metallic ,,elem5ts4        
,,metal,,lurgy4 8,! art ( extract+      
metals f _! ores1 & adapt+  !m to v>i\s 
processes ( manufacture40 7,p]cy47      

8,not)/&+ ! /rik+ analogy :i* exi/s     
betwe5 common *emical  & metallurgic    
op]ations1 s9ce bo? are employ$ to      
isolate c]ta9  bodies f ea* o!r1 !re are
 ess5tial diff]5ces :i* %\ld be         
c>efully not$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !       
quantity ( mat]ials be+  always v great 
9 metallurgy1 requires correspond+      
adaptations (  app>atus1 & (t5 produces 
peculi> ph5om5a2 9 ! second place1 !    
ag5ts to be employ$ = treat+ great      
masses mu/ be select$ ) a  view to      
economy1 z well z *emical action4 ,9    
analytical *emi/ry1 !  ma9 object be+   
exactness ( result & purity ( product1  
little  att5tion is be/[$ ^u ! value ( !
 reag5ts1 on acc\nt ( !  small quantity 
requir$ = any p>ticul> process4 ,b 9    
smelt+ metals  ^u ! l>ge scale1 pr(it   
be+ ! sole object1 *eap mat]ials &  easy
 op]ations are alone admissible40#ce    
,footnote #ce3 #8,ure's ,dict4 ( ,arts1 
,manufactures1 & ,m9es1' #d? edit4    ,!
 limits ( ?is "w d n p]mit ( m ?an a    
g5]al ref]5ce to  ! lead+ op]ations (   

metallurgy "u ?is head4 ,^!             
are----digg+1  pick+ or sort+1 /amp+ or 
cru%+1 & wa%+1 includ$ "u !  g5]al t]m1 
#8dress+ ore1'----roa/+ or calc9ation1  
:i* is ei!r  p]=m$ ) ! fuel 9 contact ) 
! ore1 or 9 rev]b]atory  furnaces2 & !  
liquation or r$uction to ! regul9e =m4  
,!  application ( ^! processes is notic$
 "u ! lead+ metals4 ,^?  :o desire to   
/udy ! subject m9utely are ref]r$ to !  
treatises (  ,dr ,p]cy1 ,rob]t ,hunt1   
,k>/51 & ,le ,play4    ,,met,,als4 ,syn4
 ,,metalla1 ,l4 ,metals are elem5t>y    
bodies1 :i* are  g5]ally di/+ui%$ by _! 
lu/re & p[] ( conduct+ heat &           
electricity4 ,:5 _! solutions are       
electrolys$1 ! metals always  appe> at !
 electro-negative surface1 & are h5ce   
t]m$  electro-positive elem5ts4         
,=m]ly1 :5 sci5ce 0 mu* less advanc$ ?an
 at pres5t1 ! metals  con/itut$ a       
well-def9$ class4 ,! prop]ties :i* 7    
reg>d$ z  specially *>act]i/ic 7        
physical1 & 7 n f\nd$ on *emical        
relations2 ?us1 lu/re & high specific   

gravity 7 consid]$ to be  ess5tial      
*>act]s ( all metals4 ,b we are n[      
acqua9t$ ) metals  :i* h a l[] specific 
gravity ?an wat] 7li?ium1 sodium1 c471 &
  ) s-call$ non-metallic elem5ts :i*    
pres5t a /rong metallic  lu/re 7c>bon 9 
! /ate ( graphite1 cry/allis$ silicon74 
,x w  !re=e be se5 t ! t]m #8metal' is r
 conv5tional ?an  /rictly sci5tific4 ,by
 f> ! great] numb] ( elem5t>y bodies at 
pres5t kn[n are metals4 ,_! physical    
*>act]s & lead+ *emical  prop]ties are  
notic$ "u ea* ( !m 9 its alphabetical   
place4 ,!  foll[+ table exhibits "s     
useful p>ticul>s3----                   
,,table ( "s ( ! prop]ties ( "s ( !     
metals4            ,names arrang$ 9 !   
ord] ( _!                               
_/-----------------------_/-------------
---------         ,ductility4           
,malleability4                          
,gold4                    ,gold4        
,silv]4                  ,silv]4        
,plat9um4                ,copp]4        
,iron4                    ,t94          

,nickel4                  ,plat9um4     
,copp]4                  ,lead4         
,z9c4                    ,z9c4          
,t94                     ,iron4         
,lead4                    ,nickel4      
,names arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _!            
_/-----------------------_/-------------
---------      ,p[] ( conduct+      ,p[]
 ( conduct+             ,heat4          
,electricity4                           
,silv]4                  ,silv]4        
,copp]4                  ,copp]4        
,gold4                    ,gold4        
,t94                     ,z9c4          
,iron4                    ,iron4        
,lead4                    ,t94          
,bismu?4                 ,lead4         
,antimony4                              
,bismu?4    ,,metantimon,,ic ,,acid4    
,h#d,sb#b,o#g4 ,! "n giv5 by ,m4 ,fremy 
to t  v>iety ( antimonic acid obta9$ by 
decompos+ p5ta*loride (  antimony )     
excess ( wat]4 ,x diff]s f common       
antimonic acid 9  be+ tetra1 & =m+ two  
diff]5t classes ( salts ) ! acids4  ,!  

acid metantimoniate ( potassium is !    
only reag5t :i* yields a  precipitate ) 
! sodium salts1 & is !re=e ( great value
 9  *emical analysis4 ,x is prep>$ by   
fus+ antimonic acid ) excess (  potassa1
 9 a silv] crucible1 dissolv+ ! fus$    
mass 9 a little cold  wat]1 & all[+ x to
 cry/allise 9 vacuo4 ,! result+ cry/als 
7metantimoniate ( potassa71 by solution 
9 pure wat]1 are resolv$ into  free     
potassa & ! acid salt4 ,see ,,antimony4 
,,metapec,,tic ,,acid4 ,see ,,pect94    
,,metapec,,t94 ,see ,,pect94            
,,metaphosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see         
,,phosphoric ,,acid4    ,,me!g,,l94     
,syn4 ,,hydromeli1 ,h4 ,,v9osum1        
,,mellis ,,v9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  honey1  
#a cwt42 w>m wat]1 #bd galls42 /ir well 
until dissolv$2 ! next  day add ( yea/1 
#a p9t1 & hops1 #a lb41 previ\sly boil$ 
9 wat]1 #a  gall42 along ) wat] q4 s4 to
 make ! :ole measure #a b>rel2 mix      
well1 & f]m5t ! :ole ) ! usual          
precautions adopt$ = o!r  liquors4 ,x   
conta9s on ! av]age f #g to #h (        

alcohol4 ,see ,,mead4    ,,me,,?yl4     
,,*#c4 ,! hypo!tical radical (          
,,pyroxylic ,,_s  7,,wood-,,_s1         
,,me?ylic ,,alcohol7 & ! me?yl s]ies4 ,x
 =ms a numb]  ( comp\nds analog\s to ^? 
( e?yl4    ,,me?ylam9e4 ,syn4 ,,me?ylia4
 ,,*#c;,h#b,n4 ,a col\rless gas possess+
  a v p[]ful od\r ( ammonia1 & a /rongly
 alkal9e reaction4 ,x  diff]s f ammonia1
 h[ev]1 9 be+ non-inflammable4 ,9 o!r   
respects  x be>s a consid]able          
resemblance to x4 ,wat] at #ee ,fahr4   
dissolves  m ?an elev5 hundr$ times its 
bulk ( me?ylam9e4 ,x may be easily      
cond5s$ to a liquid by means ( a freez+ 
mixture4    ,to obta9 x nasc5t hydrog5  
is made to react on prussic or =mic     
acid4  ,me?ylia exi/s 9 h]r+ br9e1 & is 
a frequ5t product ( !  de/ructive       
di/illation ( sub/ances conta9+ nitrog54
 ,mo/ ( its  salts are v soluble 9 wat]4
    ,,me?ylat$ ,,_s4 ,a mixture ( #a "p 
( me?ylic alcohol 7wood _s7  & #i p>ts (
 e?ylic alcohol 7_s ( w9e74 ,see ,,_s4  
,,me?yl5e ,,*loride4 ,,*#b;,cl#b4 ,syn4 

,,me?yl5e ,,bi*loride4 ,!re are  v>i\s  
me?ods ( obta9+ ?is comp\nd3----#a4 ,by 
heat+ *lor(orm )  z9c fil+s & dilute    
sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,by act+ on me?yl5e 
iodide  ) *lor9e4 ,9 ?is process        
prolong$ treatm5t ) *lor9e1 at  ord9>y  
temp]atures1 is requir$ to remove ! la/ 
traces ( iod9e4  7,buttl][47 ,*loride ( 
me?yl5e is a col\rless mobile fluid1    
hav+ a  smell l *lor(orm1 & a burn+     
ta/e4 ,x is us$ z an an/hetic 9  place (
 *lor(orm4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,arm/rong1 ! 
sub/ance kn[n z  ,,me?yl5e ,,e!r is a   
me*anical mixture ( bi*loride ( me?yl5e 
&  e?ylic e!r4 ,dr ,ri*>dson says ( ?is 
latt] x is n s quick 9 its  action z !  
me?yl5e *loride1 b t x is saf]4 ,see    
,,an,,/hetics4    ,,me?ylic ,,alcohol4  
,see ,,wood ,,_s4    ,,meze,,reon4 ,syn4
 ,,g>\2 ,,mez]eon ,,b>k1 ,,mez]ei       
,,cortex 7,b4 ,p472  ,,mez]eon----,ph4  
,l41 ,e41  ,d4 ,! dri$ b>k ( ! ,daphne  
,mez]eum1  mez]eon2 or ,daphne          
,laureola1 spurge1 or wood-laurel4 ,!   
8b>k ( !  root ( ,daphne ,mez]eum10 or  

spurge olive4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a /imulant &  
diuretic4 ,x is employ$ z a sudorific & 
alt]ative1 9 syphilis1  rheumatism1     
scr(ula1 & *ronic cutane\s diseases1    
usually 9  conjunction ) s>sap>illa4 ,x 
has also be5 us$ z a ma/icatory 9       
too?a*e1 p>alysis ( ! tongue1 c4 ,on !  
,cont95t x is us$ z a  vesicant4 ,= ?is 
purpose x is s(t5$ by soak+ x 9 hot     
v9eg>1  & is !n b\nd on ! "p1 & r5ew$   
aft] int]vals ( "s h\rs1  until         
vesication is produc$4    ,,mice4 ,see  
,,rats4    ,,mi,,crosmic ,,salt4        
,na,n,h#d;,,hpo#d1 ,syn4 ,,tribasic     
,,phosphate ,,( ,,sodium  ,,&           
,,ammonium4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphates (    
soda & ammonia1 equal p>ts2  wat]1 q4   
s42 dissolve sep>ately1 mix ! solutions1
 evaporate1 &  cry/allise4 ,a slight    
excess ( phosphate ( ammonia aids !     
cry/allisation4    #b4 7,f[nes47        
,phosphate ( sodium1 #f p>ts2 wat]1 #b  
p>ts2 liquefy by  heat1 & add ( sal     
ammoniac 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 common salt   
sep>ates1  & aft] its removal ! liquid  

is conc5trat$ s t cry/als may  =m4 ,us$ 
z a flux 9 bl[pipe assays4              
,,mi,,croscope4 ,! value ( ! microscope 
9 *emi/ry & ! collat]al  sci5ces is n[ s
 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t x w\ld be folly to 
d  m ?an m]ely allude to ! subject "h4  
,9 ! ,,comp\nd ,,microscope1 :i* has q  
sup]s$$ ! #8simple  microscope' z an    
in/rum5t ( rese>*1 ! object is magnifi$ 
9 !  fir/ in/ance by ! object-glass1 &  
!n remagnifi$ by ! eye-piece4  ,x       
foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! magnify+ p[] ( !     
in/rum5t may be  increas$ ei!r by       
increas+ ! p[] ( ! object-glass or t (  
! eye-piece4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1     
h[ev]1 t 9 increas+ !  p[] ( ! eye-piece
 we d n magnify ! object itself 9 a     
great]  degree1 b simply increase !     
image ( ! object =m$ by !  object-glass4
 ,any imp]fections :i* may exi/ 9 !     
latt] are ?us  greatly increas$4 ,at    
fir/ ! great drawback to ! use ( !      
comp\nd  microscope 0 its defici5cy 9   
a*romatism2 b ! rese>*es ( ,mr  ,le/] & 
,dr ,gor+ l$ to ! a*romatis+ ( !        

object-glass1 :i*  0 ! fir/ ( ! rapid   
/rides t[>ds p]fection made by ?is      
in/rum5t dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! two  
mo/ useful  object-glasses are !        
#8qu>t]-in*1' :i* %\ld magnify f #bjj to
  #bbj diamet]s1 & ! #8in*1' :i* %\ld   
magnify f #cj to #dj  diamet]s4 ,!      
def9ition ( ^! glasses %\ld be good1 &  
!y %\ld  transmit pl5ty ( light4 ,any   
l9es 9 a /ructure exam9$ by !m %\ld     
appe> %>p & di/9ct1 & !re %\ld be no    
col\r$ fr+es ar\nd  ! object4 ,x is (   
great importance t ! object-glasses are 
kept  p]fectly free f du/4 ,a few %r$s (
 wa%-lea!r ( ! f9e/  quality %\ld be    
kept 9 a pill-box = clean+ !m4 ,be=e    
rubb+  !m ) ! lea!r !y may be brea!d ^u1
 b no :it+ or liquid  ( any k9d %\ld be 
us$1 z ea* object-glass1 be+ a*romatic1 
is a  v delicate piece ( workman%ip1    
consi/+ ( two l5ses ( fl9t &  cr[n-glass
 cem5t$ toge!r by ,canada balsam4       
,comp\nd microscopes are  n[ sold by !  
be/ ,london mak]s at v l[ prices4 ,a    
really good  in/rum5t1 adapt$ to mo/ ( !

 wants ( ! *emical1 ph>maceutical1  or  
m$ical /ud5t1 may be obta9$ = five      
gu9eas4    ,! foll[+ =mul = ! prep>ation
 ( ! *ief sub/ances1  toge!r ) !        
pr9cipal reag5ts requir$ 9 ! work+ ( !  
microscope1 are f ,dr ,lionel ,beale's  
valuable book1 #8,h[ to ,"w )  !        
,microscope1'#cf    ,footnote #cf3      
,h>rison1 #ei1 ,pall ,mall4             
,reag5ts----    #a4 ,alcohol1 ( v>i\s   
/r5g?s4    #b4 ,e!r1 to dissolve oil    
globules4    #c4 ,nitric acid 7#a "p (  
/rong acid to #e ( wat]7    #d4         
,sulphuric acid 7#a to #e74    #e4      
,hydro*loric acid4    #f4 ,acetic acid1 
glacial & dilute 7#a to #e74    #g4     
,*romic acid1 v dilute1 to h>d5 tissues4
    #h4 ,solution ( pota%1 saturat$ &   
dilute 7#a to #aj74    #i4 ,solution (  
soda 7#be gr4 ( fus$ soda to #a oz474   
#aj4 ,ammonia 7#a "p ( ! /ronge/        
solution to #c ( wat]74    #aa4 ,nitrate
 ( b>yta1 a cold saturat$ solution (4   
#ab4 ,nitrate ( silv] 7#abj gr4 to #b   
oz474 ,^! two are = ! m9]al  acids4     

#ac4 ,oxalate ( ammonia 9 solution4 ,te/
 = lime4    #ad4 ,solution ( iod9e      
saturat$1 i4e4 #a to #gjjj p>ts ( wat]4 
,ano!r  solution is----#a gr4 ( iod9e & 
#c ( iodide ( potassium 9 #a oz4 (      
di/ill$ wat]4    #a4 ,cem5ts4----#a4    
,brunswick ,black4 ,boil toge!r #a_/d   
lb4 =eign  asphaltum & #d-a_/d oz4 (    
l9se$ oil 7previ\sly ?ick5$ )  li?>ge71 
!n mix to a prop] consi/5ce ) oil (     
turp5t9e 7ab\t  #a p9t74    #b4 ,gold   
,size4 ,boil #be p>ts ( l9se$ oil ) #a (
 m9ium & #a_/crd  "p ( umb] = #c h\rs2  
p\r (f ! cle> fluid1 & mix ) equal  p>ts
 ( p[d]$ :ite lead1 & yell[ o*re1 add$ 9
 small successive  portions4 ,!n boil   
well ! :ole aga91 & p\r (f ! cle> fluid4
 ,x  dries sl[ly1 b firmly4 ,bo? ?is & !
 la/ are dissolv$ by  turp5t9e4    #c4  
,goadby's ,m>9e ,glue4 ,dissolve        
sep>ately 9 coal naph?a equal p>ts  (   
%ell-lac & india rubb]4 ,mix ?or\ghly ) 
heat4    #d4 ,seal+-wax ,v>ni%4         
,dissolve ! be/ seal+-wax 9 en\gh /rong 
_s ( w9e to r$uce x to ! prop]          

consi/5ce4 ,?is is brittle4    #e4      
,canada ,balsam4 ,?is dries             
spontane\sly4    ,solutions ( %ell-lac1 
gum1 & v>i\s o!r cem5ts & glues are     
employ$ by microscopic manipulators4    
,pres]vative ,fluids4 ,canada balsam1 _s
 & wat]1 glyc]91 solution  ( gelat91    
saturat$ solution ( alum1 *loride ( z9c1
 & *loride (  calcium1 are all us$ to   
pres]ve microscopic objects4    ,!      
foll[+ =mul w be f\nd useful3----    #a4
 ,goadby's ,solution4 ,bay salt1 #d oz42
 alum1 #b oz42 corrosive sublimate1  #d 
gr42 boil+ wat]1 #d p9ts4 ,mix & filt]4 
,x may (t5 be m  dilut$4    #b4         
,?waite's ,fluid4 ,mix _s ( w9e1 #a oz41
 ) creosote suffici5t  to saturate x2   
rub up ) *alk to =m a ?9 pa/e1 & mix    
gradually  ) #af oz4 ( wat]4 ,to ?is may
 be add$ an equal quantity ( wat]1      
saturat$ ) camphor4    #c4 ,simple      
,creosote ,solution4 ,dissolve creosote1
 #a dr41 9 pyroligne\s  acid1 #a dr41 & 
mix gradually ) cold wat]1 #a p9t4      
#d4 ,pass9i's ,solution4 ,=             

blood-globules1 n]ves1 & :ite tissues   
g5]ally4 ,p]*loride ( m]cury1 #a "p2    
*loride ( sodium1 #b p>ts2  glyc]91 #ac 
p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #aac p>ts4          
,,mil,,dew4 ,syn4 ,,ru/1 ,,blight4 ,!   
m\ldy appe>ance on ! leaves (  plants   
produc$ by innum]able microscopic fungi4
 ,! hop1 :eat1 & !  *oice/ g>d5 fruit   
trees1 are ^? mo/ commonly attack$4 ,!  
causes  are said to be excess ( moi/ure1
 & abs5ce ( ! free circulation (  air & 
sun%9e4 ,on ! small scale1 f9ely p[]$   
sulphur is  occasionally du/$ ov] ! p>ts
 affect$1 z a rem$y4    ,,mil,,i>y      
,,fev]4 ,syn4 ,,mili>ia1 ,l4 ,among !   
o!r symptoms  are----anxiety & frequ5t  
sigh+1 ! p]spiration has a /rong &      
peculi> smell1 & !re is a s5sation (    
prick+ on ! neck &  brea/1 foll[$ by an 
eruption ( small r$ pimples1 :i* 9 two  
or  ?ree days become :ite vesicles1 dry 
up1 peel (f1 & are succe$$ by  o!rs4 ,! 
moi/ wea!r ( spr+ & autumn are ! p]iods 
9 :i* x  is mo/ preval5t2 & delicate    
females1 p>ticul>ly 9 *ild-b$1 are  ^?  

mo/ liable to its attacks4 ,sometimes x 
assumes a malignant  "*4 ,! treatm5t (  
?is affection consi/s *iefly 9  combat+ 
! depression ( ! sy/em by a support+    
diet2 b  ev]y?+ t heats or /imulates !  
sk9 %\ld be avoid$4 ,!  ap>tm5t %\ld be 
kept cool & well v5tilat$1 & cool+ sal9e
  laxatives & bitt] tonics1 ) cool+     
dr9ks1 %\ld also be _h  rec\rse to4     
,,milk4 ,syn4 ,,lac1 ,l4 ,! value ( milk
 z an article ( food is cle>ly  %[n by !
 fact ( x be+ suffici5t to support1 & to
 increase !  gr[? (1 ! "y ( e species ( 
! mammalia2 at once supply+  mat]ials = 
! =mation ( ! osse\s1 fle%y1 & liquid   
portions (  ! body4 8,! sub/ances pres5t
 9 milk are wond]fully adapt$ to its    
(fice ( produc+ mat]ials = ! rapid gr[? 
& developm5t ( !  animal frame4 ,x      
conta9s an azotis$ matt]1 case91 ne>ly  
id5tical 9  composition ) muscul> fle%1 
fatty pr9ciples1 & a peculi> sug>1  &1  
la/ly1 v>i\s salts1 among :i* may be    
m5tion$ phosphate (  lime1 held 9       
complete solution 9 a slightly alkal9e  

liquid4    8,! :ite & almo/ opaque1     
appe>ance ( milk is an optical illusion4
  ,exam9$ by a microscope ( ev5 mod]ate 
p[]1 x is se5 to consi/ (  a p]fectly   
transp>5t fluid1 9 :i* float ab\t numb]s
 ( m9ute  transp>5t globules2 ^! consi/ 
( fat surr\nd$ by an album9\s  envelope1
 :i* c be brok5 me*anically1 z 9 !      
*urn+1 or  dissolv$ by ! *emical action 
( cau/ic potassa1 aft] :i*1 by  agitat+ 
! milk ) e!r1 ! fat c be dissolv$40     
7,f[nes47    ,comp4 ,,c[s' ,,milk1 (    
av]age quality1 conta9s f #aj to #ab (  
solid  matt] :5 evaporat$ to dryness by 
/eam heat1 & has ! mean sp4 gr4  #ajcj2 
:ile t ( ! skimm$ milk is ab\t #ajce2 & 
( ! cream1  #ajbdd4 7,ure47 ,! av]age   
,,cream ( c[s' milk conta9s #de ( butt]1
  #ce ( curd1 & #ib ( :ey4 7,b]zelius47 
,! ,,skimm$ ,,milk consi/s (  wat]1     
#ibi2 curd1 #b2 sug> ( milk1 #ce2 lactic
 acid1 lactate (  potassa1 & a trace (  
lactate ( iron1 #f1 *loride ( potassium1
  phosphate ( potassa1 & e>?y phosphates
 7lime71 #b4 7,b]zelius47    ,! foll[+  

analysis ( fre% milk is by ,m4          
,haidl53----      ,wat]                 
#hgcjj    ,butt]                        
#cjjj    ,case9                         
#dhbj    ,milk sug>                     
#dcij    ,phosphate ( lime              
#bca    ,phosphate ( magnesia           
#db    ,phosphate ( iron                
#jg    ,*loride ( potassium             
#add    ,*loride ( sodium               
#bd    ,soda 9 comb9ation ) case9       
#db                                     
----------------                        
#ajjj4    ,pr(essor ,wanklyn has devis$ 
& publi%$ 9 8 excell5t little manual    
#8,milk ,analysis'#cg a process by :i* a
 v ?or\gh *emical  exam9ation ( milk may
 be accompli%$ ) great facility &       
exp$ition4    ,footnote #cg3 ,trubn] &  
,co4    ,9 8 prelim9>y rem>ks he        
condemns1 z utt]ly unreliable &         
mislead+1 ! inf]5ces to be drawn f ^?   
hydrometric in/rum5ts1  ! lactomet] or  
lactod5simet]1 & creamomet]4 8,a v      
little  consid]ation10 he says 8w       

suffice to make intelligible ! obliquity
  ( ! indications ( ! lactomet] & to %[ 
h[ untru/wor?y x mu/  be4 ,! lactomet]1 
z ( c\rse w be und]/ood1 is simply !    
hydromet] appli$ to milk2 & read+s ( !  
in/rum5t are nei!r  m nor less ?an      
specific gravities4 ,! m milk-sug>1 &   
case91  & m9]al matt] !re is 9 a giv5   
specim5 ( milk1 ! great]  7o!r ?+s be+  
equal7 w be its d5sity or specific      
gravity1 &  ! high] ! lactomet] read+4  
8,if1 h[ev]1 fat globules 7z happ5s 9 ! 
in/ance ( milk7 be  diffus$ ?r\gh !     
fluid1 !n1 because fat is light] ?an    
wat]1 !  effect ( ! o!r milk solids on !
 gravity ( ! liquid1 w be m  or less    
neutralis$4 ,! d5sity ( milk-fat is ab\t
 #ji1 wat] be+  #aj4 ,n[1 if a solution 
( case9 & milk-sug>1 ( specific gravity 
#ajcj1 be suffici5tly *>g$ ) fat        
globules1 its specific gravity may  be  
s5t d[n ev5 bel[ ! gravity ( wat]4 ,h[  
mu* w\ld be requir$  to br+ ab\t su* a  
result is a matt] ( simple calculation4 
8,?is be+ und]/ood1 x w be obvi\s t if !

 specim5s ( milk  diff] 9 specific      
gravity1 !re mu/ be two di/9ct & equally
 valid  ways ( acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ce4    
8,! milk ) ! l[] gravity may be milk let
 d[n ) wat]1 or let  d[n ) fat1 i4 e4   
milk let d[n by be+ enri*$40    ,9      
support ( ?is la/ ass]tion ,pr(essor    
,wanklyn quotes corroborative  in/ances 
af=d$ by ! exam9ation ( diff]5t specim5s
 ( milk kn[n  z #8/ripp+s1' ^! be+ ! la/
 portions ( milk yield$ by ! c[  at !   
t]m9ation ( ! milk+4 ,all ^! #8/ripp+s' 
_h a l[]  specific gravity ?an normal   
milk4    ,fur!r1 ,pr(essor ,wanklyn     
po9ts out t ! specific gravity ( organic
  fluids is a fallaci\s index ( ! am\nt 
( solids !y may conta91 z  is illu/rat$ 
by ! fact1 t :il/ a #aj p] c5t4 solution
 (  *loride ( potassium has a specific  
gravity ( #ajfe at #ae ,c41 & a #aj  p] 
c5t4 solution ( case9 & milk sug>1 has a
 specific gravity (  only ab\t #ajce4   
,! creamomet] meets ) equal condemnation
 9 ,pr(essor ,wanklyn's  little book1   
s9ce diff]5t specim5s ( milk v>y        

consid]ably 9 _!  yield ( cream1 & a    
p]fectly pure sample ( milk may yield   
less cream  ?an "o :i* has be5 tamp]$ )4
    ,a complete analysis ( milk involves
 ! det]m9ation ( ! wat]1 !  fat 7!      
ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cream71 ! case91 
milk-sug>1 &  a%4    ,! foll[+ is an    
outl9e ( ,pr(essor ,wanklyn's neat &    
+5i\s  me?od ( analysis3----    ,by     
means ( an accurately graduat$ pipette1 
he fir/ places #e cubic  c5timetres ( ! 
milk 9 a small weigh$ plat9um di% 7ab\t 
#ad grammes  9 weight7 j previ\sly      
ensur+ ! sample f :i* ! milk is  tak5   
be+ ?or\ghly mix$4    ,! di% is !n plac$
 ov] a wat]-ba? 7! wat] 9 :i* mu/ be    
kept  vigor\sly boil+ ! :ole "t7 = ?ree 
h\rs1 at ! end ( :i*  "t all ! wat] hav+
 be5 driv5 (f1 !re w rema9 9 ! di% a    
completely dri$ up residue4    ,!       
increase 9 weight betwe5 ! empty di% & !
 residue1 w give  ! weight ( ! #8milk   
solids' f #e c4c4 ( milk4 ,( c\rse1 if  
?is  weight be multipli$ by #bj1 ! yield
 f #ajj c4c4 ( milk w be  obta9$4    ,to

 r$uce ?is to a p]c5tage /atem5t x is   
necess>y to rememb] t  #ajj c4c4 (      
av]age milk weigh #ajbi grammes4 ,! next
 proce$+ consi/s  9 ! det]m9ation ( !   
fat4 ,?is is done by treat+ ! dri$ milk 
solids result+ f ! #e c4c4 ( milk ) e!r4
 ,!re are sev]al  important m9uti       
necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 connection ) ?is
 "p (  ! process1 = ! p>ticul>s ( :i* ! 
read] is ref]r$ to  ,pr(essor ,wanklyn's
 book4 ,suffice x to say1 t if prop]ly  
p]=m$1  ! :ole ( ! fat is dissolv$ by ! 
e!r1 & be+ sep>at$ f  ! non-fatty       
portion ( ! residue is weigh$ &         
calculat$ z #8fat4'    ,if1 !n1 ! am\nt 
f\nd z fat be d$uct$ f ! :ole ( ! milk  
solids previ\s to _! treatm5t ) e!r1 !  
#8milk solids1 n fat1'  w be arriv$ at4 
,pr(essor ,wanklyn e/imates ! case9#ch z
  foll[s3----,he treats ! milk solids1 n
 fat1 ) hot alcohol1 by :i*  means he   
dissolves out f !m1 & removes !         
milk-sug> & !  soluble *lorides4 ,!     
rema9+ residue1 consi/+ ( case9 &       
phosphate ( sodium 7*emically comb9$ ) !

 case971 is dri$ on a  wat]-ba? until x 
ceases to lose weight4 ,x is !n weigh$  
along )  ! vessel conta9+ x1 & ignit$4  
,! comb9$ weight ( ! vessel  & phosphate
 ( sodium rema9+ aft] ignition be+      
d$uct$ f !  weight previ\s to ignition1 
! diff]5ce is ! case94    ,footnote #ch3
 ,"u ! head 8,case90 ,pr( ,wanklyn      
includes ! entire  nitrog5\s mat]ials ( 
milk4    ,ano!r & quick] me?od1         
recomm5d$ by ,pr(essor ,wanklyn1 = !    
det]m9ation ( ! case91 is to measure x  
by ! am\nt ( album9oid  ammonia x is    
capable ( yield+ :5 subject$ to !       
#8album9oid  ammonia process1' inv5t$ by
 ,messrs ,wanklyn1 ,*apman1 & ,smi?4    
,! alcoholic solution filt]$ (f f !     
comb9$ case9 & phosphate  ( sodium1     
conta9s ! milk sug> & soluble *lorides4 
,x is  evaporat$ to dryness on a        
wat]-ba?1 & ! residue ) ! vessel        
conta9+ x1 is weigh$4 ,x is !n g5tly    
ignit$1 & ! weight (  ! rema9+ residue  
be+ d$uct$ f ! total weight be=e        
ignition1 gives ! yield ( milk sug>4 ,or

 ! milk sug> may be  det]m9$ by         
titration ) a /&>d copp] solution4    ,=
 ! det]m9ation ( ! a% x is only necess>y
 to ignite ! milk  solids f #e c4c4 (   
milk1 9 ! small plat9um di%1 by :i*     
op]ation  all ! organic matt] be+ driv5 
(f1 t :i* rema9s beh9d  con/itutes !    
#8a%' & is weigh$ z su*4    ,x w be     
obvi\s t 9 ord] to det]m9e ) any?+ l    
rigid  accuracy ! quality ( any sample (
 milk by analysis1 n only mu/ a  normal 
/&>d = ! purpose ( comp>ison be adopt$1 
b su* normal  /&>d mu/ repres5t v       
closely & ) b little v>iation !  def9ite
 composition ( all s\nd & g5u9e milk4   
,pr(essor ,wanklyn says t 8! foll[+1 :i*
 is ! result ( sev]al  concordant       
analyses ( c\ntry-f$ milk1 may be tak5 z
 repres5t+  normal milk4 ,9 #ajj grammes
 ( milk----      ,solids 7dry at #ajj   
,c7   #abe grammes4    ,wat]            
#hge                                    
------------                            
#ajjj    8,! #abe grammes consi/ ( #ic  
grammes ( #8solids :i* are n fat1'  &   

#cb grammes ( fat40 ,! above data1 :i*  
are f\nd$ on !  exam9ation ( a v l>ge   
numb] ( diff]5t samples ( milk1 are     
confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( ,mll] &        
,eis5/uck1 :o 7 employ$ by  ! ,royal    
,agricultural ,society ( ,sw$5 9 a      
simil> inve/igation4 ,!  lab\rs ( ^!    
*emi/s ext5d$ ov] a twelvemon?1 & !     
result (  !m 0 to %[ t ! milk yield$ day
 by day1 = a :ole ye>1 by a  h]d ( c[s 0
 rem>kably con/ant 9 composition4       
,pr(essor ,wanklyn gives ! foll[+ =mul =
 ! calculation &  /atem5t ( ! results ( 
milk analysis4 ,he says1 treat+ ! "q  q 
rigidly1 :i* ,i believe is ! prop] way (
 deal+ ) x1 we  arrive at ! foll[+3---- 
,problem #a4 ,giv5 ! p]c5tage (         
#8solids1 n fat' 7 a71 9 a  specim5 (   
sophi/icat$ milk 7i4 e4 milk1 ei!r      
wat]$1 or skimm$1  or bo?7----requir$ ! 
numb] ( grammes ( g5u9e milk :i* 0      
employ$ to =m #ajj grammes ( x4         
,answ]4 ,multiply ! p]c5tage ( #8solids1
 n fat' by #ajj1 & divide  by #ic4      
,or----       7#ajj _/ #ic7;a4          

,problem ,,ii4----,giv5 ! p]c5tage (    
#8solids1 n fat' 7 a71 also !  p]c5tage 
( fat 7 b71 9 a specim5 ( sophi/icat$   
milk----requir$  ! numb] ( grammes ( fat
 :i* h be5 remov$ by skimm+ f !  g5u9e  
milk :i* 0 employ$ to =m #ajj grammes ( 
x4      ,answ]4----        7#cb _/      
#ic77;a - b74    ,9 translat+ fat into  
cream1 ! rule is t a removal ( #jb      
gramme (  fat equals a removal ( #aj    
gramme ( cream4 ,?is rule is directly   
f\nd$  on exp]im5t4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 claim
 a high degree ( accuracy = !           
measurem5t ( ! cream4    ,f9ally1 a     
slight ref9em5t may be notic$4 ,if a    
specim5 (  sophi/icat$ milk has be5     
produc$ by bo? skimm+ & wat]+1 x  w be  
obvi\s1 on consid]ation1 t ! extrane\s  
wat]s employ$ 9  manufactur+ #ajj       
grammes ( x is equal to ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 #ajj &  ! quantity ( g5u9e milk  
employ$ to make #ajj grammes (          
sophi/icat$  milk1 toge!r ) a quantity (
 wat] equal to t ( fat remov$ by        
skimm+4      ,extrane\s wat]  #ajj7ajj  

_/ #ic7;a  7#cb _/ #ic77;a - b7         
#ajj7ajj  #cb7 _/ #ic7;a - b7    ,save =
 ! purpose ( f9d+ out ! pres5ce ( matt]s
 o!r ?an an  excess ( wat] 9 ! milk 7a  
cont+5cy reg>d$ z v improbable71  !     
e/imation ( ! case9 & milk sug> is      
unnecess>y4 ,!  det]m9ation ( ! a% is = 
! object ( le>n+ if =eign m9]al  matt]s1
 su* z *alk or any o!r inorganic        
impurity1 are pres5t4  ,pr(essor        
,wanklyn says he believes t su* l       
extrane\s bodies are  nev] employ$4 ,!  
*ief1 if n ! sole1 =m ( di%one/y are    
wat]+ & skimm+4    ,! am\nt ( a%1 h[ev]1
 is a good crit]ion z to ! ext5t (      
dilution t has be5 practis$1 a defici5t 
am\nt be+1 ( c\rse1  confirmatory ( a   
wat]$ milk4    ,! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt 
( #8solids1 n fat1' is1 9 almo/ e       
in/ance1 all t is necess>y to enable an 
op9ion to be arriv$ at z  to :e!r !     
sample ( milk has _h wat] add$ to x or  
n4    ,out ( fifty-six samples ( milk   
suppli$ to ! diff]5t ,london unions  9  
#ahgc1 ,pr(essor ,wanklyn reports t he  

f\nd only fifte5 unwat]$1  or ne>ly     
unwat]$4 ,( ^! fifte5 samples n9e _h be5
 skimm$1  leav+ only six t 7 at once    
unwat]$ & unskimm$4 ,^! figures1  !re=e1
 %[ t only ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! milk    
suppli$ 9 !  above ye> to !             
,metropolitan unions 0 g5u9e4 ,he       
adds----8,x is curi\s  to comp>e !      
language ( ! contract "u :i* 7z x appe>s
 f ,mr  ,r[sell's report7 ! deal]       
suppli$ ! v>i\s unions ) milk1 )  !     
quality ( ! article z exhibit$ by !     
analysis4 #8,new unskimm$  milk         
unadult]at$1' #8g5u9e z f ! c[1' #8be/  
new unskimm$ milk1  to produce #aj p]   
c5t4 ( cream1' occur 9 ^! contracts40   
,prop4 ,^! are well kn[n4 ,p]fectly fre%
 milk is slightly alkal9e1  b soon      
becomes acid on exposure to ! air1 &    
aft] a "t :ite  coagula ( case9         
7,,curds7 sep>ate f x4 ,?is *ange is    
imm$iately  effect$ by ! addition (     
r5net or an acid4 ,t f ! fir/1 :5  dri$ 
& press$1 con/itutes *eese4    ,pur41   
,te/s1 c4 ,! common frauds practis$ by !

 milk-deal]s are !  addition ( wat] & ! 
subtraction ( "p ( ! cream4 ,sometimes  
potato />* is add$ to ! milk1 to give x 
a creamy or ri*  appe>ance1 & ?is       
addition is /ill m frequ5tly made to    
cream1 to  increase its consi/5ce &     
quality4    ,! pres5ce ( potato />* may 
be det]m9$ by boil+ "s ( !  milk ) a    
little v9eg>1 & aft] sep>at+ ! coagulum 
by a  /ra9]1 & all[+ ! liquid to become 
cold1 te/+ x ) solution  or t9cture (   
iod9e4 ,if x turns blue1 />*1 fl\r1 or  
"s o!r  amylace\s sub/ance1 has be5 us$ 
to adult]ate x4 ,9 mo/ cases x  w be    
suffici5t to apply ! te/ to ! unprep>$  
suspect$ milk4    ,x has frequ5tly be5  
/at$ t *alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 gum1 gelat91
  sug>1 fl\r1 mucilage ( hemp-se$1 !    
bra9s ( animals1 & o!r  simil>          
sub/ances1 are (t5 add$ to ,london milk1
 b !re is no reason  to suppose !re is  
any tru? 9 ^! ass]tions1 z "s ( ^!      
articles are too co/ly to be us$1 & !   
pres5ce ( o!rs w\ld s  alt] ! flav\r or 
appe>ance ( ! milk1 or w\ld s soon      

exhibit  !mselves by subsid5ce1 z to    
lead to _! detection4    ,pres4 ,milk   
may be pres]v$ 9 /\t bottles1 well      
cork$1 & wir$  d[n1 by heat+ !m1 9 ?is  
/ate1 to ! boil+-po9t1 9 a wat]  ba?1 by
 :i* means ! oxyg5 ( ! small quantity ( 
enclos$ air  becomes absorb$4 ,x mu/ be 
aft]w>ds /or$ 9 a cool situation4 ,by   
?is me?od1 :i* is also ext5sively adopt$
 = ! pres]vation (  gre5 gooseb]ries1   
gre5 peas1 c41 milk w reta9 its         
prop]ties  unalt]$ = ye>s4 ,a few gra9s 
( c>bonate ( magnesia1 or1 /ill  bett]1 
( bic>bonate ( potassa or soda1 may be  
advantage\sly dissolv$  9 ea* bottle    
be=e cork+ x4    ,"u ,be!l's pat5t !    
milk or cream is scald$1 &1 :5 cold1    
/rongly *>g$ ) c>bonic-acid gas1 by     
means ( a soda-wat] ma*9e1  & ! corks   
are wir$ d[n 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! bottles
 %\ld be  kept inv]t$1 9 a cool place4  
,an excell5t me?od ( prev5t+ milk f     
turn+ s\r1 or coagulat+1  is to add to e
 p9t ( x ab\t #aj or #ab gr4 ( c>bonate 
or  bic>bonate ( soda4 ,milk ?us prep>$ 

may be kept = eight or t5 days  9       
temp]ate wea!r4 ,?is addition is        
h>mless1 &1 inde$1 is  advantage\s to   
dyspeptic pati5ts4 ,accord+ to          
,d',arcot1 #a_/bjjj? "p  ( ! bic>bonate 
is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,an excess (  
alkali us$  9 ?is mann] may be detect$  
by ! milk turn+ turm]ic pap] br[n1  ev5 
aft] x has be5 kept "s h\rs1 & by ! a%  
obta9$ by  evaporat+ a little to        
dryness1 & !n heat+ x to dull r$ness1   
eff]vesc+ ) an acid4 7,see bel[47       
,milk %\ld n be kept 9 lead or z9c      
vessels1 z x spe$ily  dissolves a       
portion ( ^! metals1 & becomes poison\s4
    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! pr9cipal      
diff]5ce betwe5 c[s' milk &  human milk 
consi/s 9 ! =m] conta9+ m case9 & less  
sug> (  milk ?an ! latt]4 ,! rem>kable  
indisposition to coagulate is ano!r  "* 
:i* di/+ui%es human milk f c[s' milk4   
,pr(4 ,falkl&1  :o has practically      
inve/igat$ ! subject has prep>$ a       
nutritive  fluid = infants f c[s' milk1 
closely resembl+ t ( ! heal?y  adult    

woman4 ,8 process is1 h[ev]1            
unnecess>ily complicat$1 &1  !re=e1     
unsuit$ to ^? :o w\ld h to employ x 9 ! 
nurs]y4  ,to remove ?is objection we h  
adopt$ ! foll[+ =mula3----,sug> (  milk1
 #b oz42 hot wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 dissolve1 
&1 :5 ! liquor has  become q cold1 add x
 to fre% c[s' milk1 #c_/d p9t1 & /ir !m 
toge!r4 ,?is quantity1 prep>$ morn+ &   
ev5+1 w con/itute !  prop] food = an    
infant ( f #e to #h mon?s old4 ,m may be
 all[$  x if x #8craves' x2 b !re mu/ be
 no #8cramm+4' ,at fir/ x w be          
advisable to remove a little ( ! cream f
 ! milk be=e add+ to  x ! sac*>9e       
solution2 b aft] a few days ?is w be    
f\nd to be  unnecess>y1 &1 inde$1       
injuri\s4 ,"o v important p>ticul> to be
  att5d$ to is1 ! employm5t ( pure c[s' 
milk1 obta9$ f a heal?y  grass-f$ animal
 only4 ,) ?is precaution1 & ! use ( a   
good  ,,fe$+-,,bottle1 ! infant w ?rive 
ne>ly z well z on ! brea/ (  any human  
female1 except+ its "m's4 7,see bel[47  
,,asses' ,,milk closely resembles human 

milk 9 col\r1 smell1 &  consi/5ce1 b x  
conta9s r less cream4 7,see bel[47      
,,ewes' ,,milk closely resembles c[s'   
milk1 ?an :i*1 h[ev]1 x is  slightly    
ri*] 9 cream4    ,,goats' ,,milk1 = !   
mo/ "p1 resembles c[s' milk1 b its      
consi/5ce  is mu* great]1 & x conta9s   
mu* m solid matt]4 7,see bel[47         
,,m>es' ,,milk1 9 consi/5ce2 is betwe5 t
 ( c[s' & human milk4 ,its  cream is n  
conv]t$ into butt] by agitation4 ,see   
,,butt]1 ,,*eese1  ,,lactic ,,acid1 c4  
,milk z a cause or c>ri] (              
disease4----,milk ( a "m lab\r+ "u      
/rong m5tal emotion is1 z is well kn[n1 
capable ( s]i\sly  endang]+ ! heal? ( ! 
suckl+ babe4 ,payne n>rates ! case ( a  
woman suff]+ "u a n]v\s affection ^:    
milk1 two h\rs aft] an  attack ( !      
disease1 became viscid1 l ! :ite ( an   
egg4 ,simil>ly1  a det]ioration &       
consequ5t alt]ation 9 prop]ties is      
induc$ 9 !  milk ( ! c[ if %e be ov]    
driv51 exhau/$1 or h>ass$4 ,! food (  ! 
animal likewise ex]cises an influ5ce on 

! quality ( its milk2  ?us :5 c[s are f$
 on turnips1 wormwood1 decay$ leaves1 & 
plants (  ! cabbage or onion families1 !
 flav\r ( ^! sub/ances is imp>t$  to _! 
milk4 ,! milk ( animals t h f$ on       
poison\s or  delet]i\s plants is capable
 ( sett+ up toxic symptoms 9 human be+s 
p>tak+ ( x4 ,9 ,june1 #ahge1 !          
inhabitants ( a c]ta9 qu>t] (  ,rome 7  
attack$ ) an epidemic1 di/+ui%$ by great
  ga/ro-inte/9al irritation4 ,! cause ( 
! outbreak 0 trac$ to !  use ( goats'   
milk1 yield$ by goats t _h eat5 ( !     
mead[ saffron1  ! ,col*icum autumnale4  
,x also appe>s t 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates (    
,am]ica ! milk ( c[s t h f$ on !        
poison-oak1 ! ,rhus  toxicod5dron1 has  
on sev]al occasions giv5 rise to attacks
 ( illness  9 *ildr51 m>k$ by extreme   
weakness1 vomit+1 fall 9 bodily         
temp]ature1 swoll5 & dry tongue1 &      
con/ipation4 ,boil+ seems to  remove !  
dang]\s prop]ties ( ! milk4    ,milk1 z 
has be5 %[n by ,fu*s1 is sometimes      
infe/$ by a fungus1 !  ,oidium lactis or

 ,p5icillium1 :i* is capable ( giv+ rise
 to  ga/ric irritation1 & sometimes to  
sev]e febrile ga/ritis4#ci    ,footnote 
#ci3 ,p>kes4    ,al?\gh ! evid5ce z to !
 p[] ( ! milk ( animals affect$ )       
epizootic diseases to convey ! p>ticul> 
affection to human be+s is              
contradictory1 !re is little reason to  
d\bt t s\r$ milk may become  a c>ri] (  
infection f ! ail+ or convalesc5t       
subject to !  heal?y "o4    ,typhoid &  
sc>let fev] h be5 kn[n to h orig9at$ 9  
?is  mann]4    ,! outbreak ( ! =m]      
malady 9 ,m>ylebone 9 #ahgd 0 trac$ to !
  contam9ation ( milk by ! rema9s ( !   
wat] :i* _h be5 us$ 9  r9s+ ! milk pans4
 ,?is wat] _h be5 obta9$ f a well into  
:i*  ! excrete f a typhus pati5t _h     
p]colat$ f a privy4    ,at ,le$s a      
simil> outbreak 0 caus$ by ! absorption 
by ! milk (  ! typhoid effluvium4 ,9 !  
case ( sc>let fev] ! malady has be5     
convey$ by means ( ! ?roat-dis*>ges &   
cuticle fall+ into !  milk f ! p]sons ( 
s]vants & o!rs employ$ 9 dairies4       

,milk1 ,almond4 ,see ,,emulsion &       
,,mixture4    ,milk1 ,arr[root4 ,prep4  
,f arr[root1 #a table-spoonful1 fir/    
wett$  & /irr$ ) a little cold wat]1    
aft]w>ds add+1 gradually1 (  boil+ wat]1
 #a_/d p9t2 &1 la/ly1 ( boil+ milk1     
#a_/b p9t2 )  sug>1 spice1 w9e1 c41 to  
palate4 ,v nutriti\s1 & excell5t 9      
*ronic di>rha4 ,"s p]sons employ all    
milk4    ,milk1 ,*ocolate4 ,prep4       
,dissolve *ocolate 7scrap$71 #a oz41 9  
boil+ new milk1 #a p9t4 ,nutriti\s2 b   
apt to (f5d delicate /oma*s4    ,milk1  
,c(fee4 ,prep4 #a4 ,c(fee1 #a oz42 boil+
 wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 infuse  = #aj or #ae  
m9utes 9 a w>m situation1 & add ! /ra9$ 
liquid to  boil+ milk1 #c_/d p9t4    #b4
 ,c(fee1 #a oz42 tie x loosely 9 a piece
 ( musl91 & simm] x =  #ae m9utes 9     
milk1 #a p9t4 ,bo? ! above h be5        
recomm5d$ =  p]sons ( sp>e habits1 & =  
^? dispos$ to affections ( !  lungs1 m  
especially = ! a/hmatic4    ,milk1      
,factiti\s4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,milk4  
,( ! num]\s comp\nds  :i* h be5 propos$ 

z sub/itutes = natural milks1 ! foll[+  
are examples3----    #a4 7,,factiti\s   
,,asses' ,,milk2 ,,lac ,,as99um         
,,factitium1 ,,lac ,a4 ,,artificiale1   
,l47----a4 ,c[s' milk1 #a qu>t2 gr\nd   
rice1 #a oz42 or+o root 7bruis$71  #a   
dr12 boil1 /ra91 & add sug> c&y 7or :ite
 sug>71 #a oz4    b4 ,:ites ( #b eggs2  
lump sug>1 #a oz42 c[s' milk 7new71     
#c_/d p9t2 mix1  !n add syrup ( tolu1   
#c_/d oz4    c4 ,wat]1 #a p9t2 h>t%orn  
%av+s1 #a oz42 boil to a jelly2 !n add  
lump sug>1 #b oz42 cool1 add new milk1  
#a p9t2 syrup ( tolu1 #a_/b oz4 ,us$  z 
sub/itutes = asses' milk1 tak5 freely z 
a bev]age4 ,a cupful1 )  or )\t a       
spoonful ( rum1 #c or #d times daily1 is
 a popul> rem$y 9  consumption &        
debility4    #b4 7,f4 ,,goats'          
,,milk----,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,fre% mutton
 suet 7m9c$71 #a oz42 tie  x 9 a musl9  
bag1 & boil x 9 c[s' milk1 #a qu>t2     
la/ly1 add (  sug> c&y1 #b gr4 ,9       
scr(ul\s emaciation1 & 9 ! latt] /ages (
  ph?isis4 ,! proportion ( suet 9 !     

above may be advantage\sly  increas$ a  
little4 ,! ,,lac ,,cum ,,s]o ( ,guy's   
,hospital is a simil>  prep>ation4      
#c4 7,f4 ,,human ,,milk2 ,,lac ,,humanum
 ,,factitium1 ,l47----a4 ,see above4    
b4 7,ros5/e947 ,almonds 7blan*$71 #b 9  
numb]2 :ite sug>1 #a dr42  wat]1 #d fl4 
oz42 make an emulsion1 /ra91 & add (    
fre% c[s' milk1 #f  fl4 oz4 ,z a        
sub/itute = ! brea/ 9 nurs+4    ,milk1  
,pres]v$4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,p[d]2 ,,lactis 
,,pulvis1 ,,lac ,,pulv]atum1 ,l4  ,prep4
 #a4 ,fre% skimm$ milk1 #a gall42       
c>bonate ( soda 79 v f9e  p[d]71 #a-a_/b
 dr42 mix1 evaporate to #a_/crd by !    
heat ( /eam or a  wat] ba?1 ) con/ant   
agitation1 !n add ( p[d]$ :ite sug>1    
#c-a_/b lbs41 & complete ! evaporation  
at a r$uc$ temp]ature2 r$uce  ! dry mass
 to p[d]1 add ! cream 7well dra9$7 :i* 0
 tak5 f  ! milk1 & aft] ?or\gh admixture
 put ! :ole into well-/opp]$  bottles or
 t9s1 :i* mu/ be at once h]metically    
seal$4    #b4 7,legrip47 ,c>bonate (    
soda1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42      

dissolve1 add  ( fre% milk1 #a qu>t2    
sug>1 #a lb42 r$uce x by heat to !      
consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & f9i% !           
evaporation on plates by exposure  9 an 
ov54    ,obs4 ,ab\t an ounce ( ! p[d]   
agitat$ ) a p9t ( wat]1 =ms  an         
agreeable & nutriti\s dr9k1 & a good    
sub/itute = milk at sea4  ,x may also be
 us$ = tea or c(fee 9 a solid =m4 ,?is  
process1 :i*  is v old1 has be5 rec5tly 
pat5t$4 ,see ,,milk 7above74    ,!      
cond5s$ or pres]v$ milk1 n[ 9 su* g5]al 
use1 & :i* is met  ) 9 t9s z milk :i*   
has be5 m or less depriv$ ( wat] by     
evaporation 9 vacuo4 ,x occurs 9 ! m>ket
 9 two =ms----9 "o  simply z cond5s$    
milk1 & 9 ! o!r z cond5s$ milk mix$ ) a 
l>ge quantity ( sug>4 ,milk pres]v$ z   
above )\t sug> w keep  only = two or    
?ree days2 :]eas ) sug> x may be pres]v$
 = an  almo/ indef9ite "t4 ,ei!r v>iety 
mix$ ) ! prop] quantity (  wat] becomes 
normal milk aga91 ! sweet5$ k9d be+1 (  
c\rse1 milk  ) ! addition ( a           
consid]able am\nt ( cane sug>4 ,pr(essor

  ,wanklyn says he has exam9$ ! pr9cipal
 br&s ( pres]v$ &  cond5s$ milk s5t to !
 ,london m>ket1 & f9ds !y conta9 _! due 
proportion ( fat4 ,he gives ! foll[+    
analyses ( ! produce ( !  ,engli%       
,cond5s$ ,milk ,company3                
,,pres]v$ ,,milk4          ,9 #ajj p>ts 
by weight4    ,wat]                     
#bje    ,fat                            
#ajd    ,case9                      #aaj
    ,a%                          #bj    
,cane & milk sug>         #efa          
------------                            
#ajjj              ,,cond5s$ ,,milk4    
,wat]                      #eaab    ,fat
                        #abaa    ,case9 
#acfd    ,milk sug>                     
#bjcf    ,a%                            
#bgg                                    
------------                            
#ajjjj    ,roses1 ,milk (4 ,syn4 ,,lac  
,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,engli%47----a4  
,almonds  7blan*$71 #a oz42 oil (       
almonds & :ite s(t soap1 ( ea* #a dr42  
rose  wat]1 #a p9t2 make an emulsion4   

b4 ,f liquor ( potassa & oil ( almonds1 
( ea* #a fl4 oz42 hot  wat]1 #b fl4 oz12
 agitate toge!r until mix$1 !n add (    
rose wat] &  di/ill$ or filt]$ s(t wat]1
 ( ea* #a_/d p9t1 & aga9 agitate  well4 
c4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ half a tea-spoonful (
 salt ( t>t> = !  liquor ( potassa4     
d4 7,r$wood47 ,blan*$ almonds1 #h oz42  
rose wat]1 #c p9ts2 make an  emulsion1  
add ( :ite ,w9dsor soap1 :ite wax1 & oil
 ( almonds1 (  ea* #a_/b oz42 previ\sly 
melt$ toge!r by a g5tle heat2 triturate 
until unit$1 & /ra92 la/ly1 add a       
solution ( oil ( b]gamot1 #a_/b  oz42   
oil ( lav5d]1 #a dr42 & att> ( roses1   
#a_/b dr42 7dissolv$ 97  rectifi$ _s1   
#ab oz4    #b4 7,,fr5*47----a4 ,f rose  
wat]1 #a qu>t2 t9ctures ( b5zo9 &       
/yrax1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 _s ( roses1    
#a_/b fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1  #a_/b fl4  
oz42 mix4    b4 7,augu/947 ,t9cture (   
b5zo91 #a_/b fl4 oz42 liquor ( c>bonate 
(  potassa1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 rose wat]1 
#a_/b p9t2 agitate well toge!r4 ,z a    
lotion 9 acne4    c4 7,gian9ni47        

,t9cture ( b5zo91 #a dr42 t9cture (     
balsam ( ,p]u1  #bj drops2 rose wat]1 #a
 p9t2 z ! la/4    d4 7,s*ub>?47 ,almond 
pa/e1 #c dr42 rose wat]1 #a_/b p9t2     
t9cture (  b5zo91 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z be=e4
 ,! addition to ! la/ #c ( a little     
rectifi$ _s is an improvem5t4    #c4    
7,,g]man47 ,f dilute solution (         
diacetate ( lead 7,g\l>d wat]71  & _s ( 
lav5d]1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 rose wat]1 #f 
fl4 oz42 s(t  wat]1 #a p9t4    ,obs4    
,all ! above are us$ z cosmetic wa%es1 &
 to remove scurf1  pimples1 & eruptions1
 9 slight cases4    ,milk1 ,sag4 ,syn4  
,,lac ,,sago1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4   
,?omson47 ,sago1 #a  oz42 cold wat]1 #a 
p9t2 mac]ate half an h\r1 p\r (f ! wat]1
 add (  milk1 #a-a_/b p9t1 & boil sl[ly 
until ! sago is dissolv$4 ,v  nutriti\s2
 also 9 lieu ( arr[-root milk4    ,milk 
( ,sulphur4 ,see ,,sulphur              
7,precipitat$74    ,milk1 ,?ick4 ,mix "o
 table-spoonful ( fl\r ) a p9t ( milk1 &
  boil = t5 m9utes1 /irr+ x well ! :ole 
"t4 ,x may be flav\r$  ei!r ) a little  

salt1 or sug>4    ,milk1 ,vanilla4 ,syn4
 ,,lac ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ess5ce 
( vanilla1 #ab  drops2 lump sug>1 #a    
oz42 triturate1 & add gradually1 new    
milk1 #a p9t4    #b4 7,bral47 ,vanilla  
sug>1 #a_/b oz42 milk1 #af oz42         
dissolve4    ,,milk ,,fev]4 ,syn4       
,,febris ,,lactea1 ,l4 ,a febrile       
condition ( ! sy/em  t sometimes occurs 
at ! "t ! milk beg9s to be secret$ aft] 
p>turition4 ,x (t5 assumes a malignant  
"*4 ,see ,,pu]p]al ,,fev]4              
,,mil,,let4 ,syn4 ,,milium1 ,l4 ,sev]al 
v>ieties ( gra9 are kn[n by ?is  "n4 ,t 
commonly ref]r$ to "u ! "n is ! produce 
( ,panicum  miliaceum 7#8,indian        
millet'74 ,! husk$ se$s 7,,milium       
,,mundatum7 are us$  to make gruel1 &   
are gr\nd = fl\r4 #8,turki% millet1' or 
#8,gu9ea  corn1' is produc$ by ,sorgham 
vulg>e2 & ! #8,g]man' & #8,italian      
millet' by species ( ,set>ia4 ,9 "s p>ts
 ( ! _w millet fl\r  is us$ = bread1 b x
 is *iefly cultivat$ z food = dome/ic   
animals4    ,le!by says millets are a   

little m nutriti\s ?an rice4    ,9 !    
subjo9$ table1 is giv5 ! composition (  
?ree diff]5t  samples ( millet meal1    
free f bran4                            
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,panicum    ,p5icill>ia ,sorghum        
miliaceum1   spicata    vulg>e1         
common        a k9d (    ,dh>ra (       
millet4        millet1     ! ,arabs1    
mu* us$     ,go> (                      
9 ,india      ,india4                   
"u !                                    
"n (                                    
,bajia4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,wat]            #abbb         #aah     
#aaie     ,nitrog5\s                    
sub/ances      #ibg        #ajac        
#hfd     ,dextr9           #iac         
444           #chb     ,sug>            
#ahj         444           #adf     ,fat
               #gdc         #dfb        
#cij     ,/>*           #eijd           

#gage         #gjbcdj     ,silic9       
#jaa         444           444          
----------------------------------------
--------------    ,footnote #dj3 ,)     
husks4    ,,m9ce ,,meat4 ,prep4 ,f /on$ 
rais9s1 currants1 sug>1 & suet1 (  ea*  
#b lbs42 sultana rais9s & boil$ beef    
7lean & t5d]71 ( ea* #a  lb42 apples #d 
lbs42 juice ( #b lemons2 ! r9d ( #a     
lemon1 *opp$ v  f9e2 mix$ spice1 #a_/d  
lb42 c&i$ citron & lemon peel1 ( ea* #b 
oz42  br&y1 a glassful or two2 ! :ole   
*opp$ v f9e4 ,x may be v>i$  by add+ o!r
 spice or flav\r+1 & by ! addition (    
eggs1 or !  sub/itution ( *opp$ f[l or  
veal = beef1 accord+ to ! /ate (  !     
cuis9i]4    ,,m9ce ,,pies4 ,take #c     
apples1 #c lemons1 #a lb4 ( rais9s1     
#c_/d lb4 (  currants1 #a lb4 ( suet1   
#a_/d lb4 ( raw beef1 #b lbs4 ( moi/    
sug>1 #a_/d  lb4 ( mix$ c&i$ peel1 #a_/d
 ( a r9d ( a fre% orange1 #a teaspoonful
  ( p[d]$ mix$ spice1 compos$ ( equal   
p>ts ( cloves1 c9namon1 &  nutmeg1 #a_/b
 p9t ( br&y1 & #a glass ( port w9e4     

,peel ! apples &  cut out ! cores v     
c>efully1 & !n bake ! pieces until !y   
are  q s(t4 ,! rais9s mu/ be c>efully   
/on$1 & ! currants well  wa%$1 dri$1 &  
pick$4 ,*op ! suet v f9ely1 z well z !  
raw  meat & lemon-peel4 ,mix all !      
+r$i5ts ?or\ghly toge!r1 add !  br&y la/
 ( all1 & press ! :ole d[n into a /one  
j>1 & place a  piece ( pap] soak$ 9 br&y
 on ! top4 ,remove ! pap] & /ir up  !   
mixture ?or\ghly e ?ree days1 replac+ ! 
pap]4 ,if ?is is  done ! m9cemeat w keep
 a long "t4 ,to make ! pies1 roll out "s
  ?9 puff-pa/e1 butt] a small r\nd t91 &
 l9e x ) a piece (  pa/e1 !n put 9 a    
g5]\s quantity ( ! m9cemeat1 cov] x ov] 
) a simil> piece ( puff pa/e1 & bake x 9
 a mod]ate ov54 ,m9ce  pies are none !  
worse = be+ w>m$ up1 b pray take c>e !y 
are  s5t to table hot4 7,cassell47      
,,m9d]e,,rus' ,,_s4 ,see ,,ammonia      
7,acetate (71 & ,,solution4    ,,m9]al  
,,*ame,,leon4 ,prep4 ,f a mixture (     
b9oxide ( manganese &  potassa & nitre1 
equal p>ts1 heat$ to r$ness4 ,x mu/ be  

pres]v$  9 a well-cork$ bottle until    
requir$ = use4    ,prop41 c4 ,:5        
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 its solution1 at fir/  
gre51 passes  spontane\sly ?r\gh all !  
col\r$ rays to ! r$1 :51 if potassa  be 
add$1 ! col\r retrogrades until x rea*es
 ! orig9al gre54 ,!  addition ( oil (   
vitriol1 or ( *lor9e1 r5d]s ! solution  
col\rless4 ,! addition ( a weak acid1 or
 ev5 boil+ or agitat+ !  liquid1 turns x
 f gre5 to r$4 ,see ,,manganic ,,acid4  
,,m9,,ralis]s4 ,sub/ances :i*1 by       
association ) metallic bodies1  deprive 
!m ( _! usual prop]ties1 & imp>t to !m !
 "*  ( ores4 ,_! removal belongs to     
metallurgy4 ,! t]m #8,,m9]alis$' has    
be5 appli$ to ca\t*\c1 gutta p]*a1      
bitum51 c41 :i* has be5  comb9$ )       
sulphur1 silica1 or metallic matt]4     
,,m9,,im4 ,syn4 ,,m9imum1 ,l4 ,a measur$
 drop1 ( :i* #fj are equal to a  fluid  
dra*m4 ,! size ( drops v>y s greatly )  
diff]5t liquids &  are also s mu*       
influ5c$ by ! size & %ape ( ! vessels f 
:i* !y are p\r$1 t !y af=d no reliable  

measure ( quantity  = m$ic9al purposes4 
,! p\r$ drop has1 9 "s cases1 only      
#a_/crd !  volume ( ! measur$ drop1 or  
m9im2 :il/1 9 o!rs1 x is ne>ly #c  times
 z l>ge4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,dur&e1        
8liquids :i* conta9 a small  proportion 
( wat]1 af=d a small drop2 :ile1 on !   
contr>y1 liquids  conta9+ a l>ge        
quantity ( wat] furni% a l>ge drop40    
8,among liquids  conta9+ a l>ge         
proportion ( wat]1 ^? :i* are n *>g$ )  
rem$ial sub/ances1 give a l>g] & heavi] 
drop ?an ! same liquids  :5 conta9+     
extrane\s bodies 9 solution40 ,9 all    
cases 9 :i* !  ^w #8drop' is m5tion$ 9  
?is "w a m9im is int5d$1 & !  quantity  
%\ld be det]m9$ by means ( a graduat$   
m9im measure4    ,,m9,,ium4 ,see ,,r$   
,,pigm5ts4    ,,m9t4 ,syn4 ,,spe>m9t1   
,,gre5 ,m42 ,,m5?a ,,viridis 7,ph4 ,l471
 ,l4 8,!  rec5t & ! dri$ fl[]+ h]b0 (   
,m5?a viridis4 ,x is aromatic  &        
c>m9ative1 b its flav\r is less         
agreeable ?an t (  pepp]m9t4 ,x is      
employ$ 9 flatul5ce1 colic1 nausea1     

di>rha1 c42  also to make sauce4        
,,mir,,rors4 ,see ,,amalgam 7,silv]+71  
,,silv]+1 ,,speculum ,,metal1 c4        
,,mites4 ,see ,,ac>i4    ,,mi?,,ridate4 
,syn4 ,,damocrate',s ,,confection2      
,,mi?ridatium1 ,,confectio              
,,damocratis1 ,l4 8,?is composition     
orig9ally consi/$ ( b few  +r$i5ts2 viz4
 #bj leaves ( rue1 #b walnuts1 #b figs1 
& a little salt4  ,( ?is we are in=m$ t 
,mi?ridates took a dose e morn+1 to     
gu>d himself aga9/ ! effects ( poison4  
,x 0 aft]w>ds alt]$1  & ! numb] ( !     
+r$i5ts increas$ to sixty-"o4 ,9 ?is m  
complex =m x conta9$ opium1 & 01 9      
effect1 an aromatic opiate1  ( :i* !    
confection ( opium ( ! pres5t day may be
 consid]$ z  a simplification4 ,!       
#8mi?ridate' is /ill prep>$ 9 "s %ops1 &
 is  occasionally1 ?\gh v r>ely1        
prescrib$40 7,m$4 ,lex47 8,! =mul  =    
,,confection or ,,electu>y ,,( ,,cate*u 
may be consid]$ z !  repres5tatives1 9  
our mod]n ,ph>macopias1 ( ! once        
celebrat$  recipes = ,,confectio        

,,damocratis & ,,!riaca ,,&roma*i40     
7,r$wood47  ,mi?ridate 0 =m]ly conceiv$ 
to be good = ne>ly e disease1 &  an     
antidote = e kn[n poison4    ,,mixture4 
,syn4 ,,mi/ura1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd liquid   
m$ic9e1 tak5 9 divid$  doses4 ,mixtures 
are usually extemporane\s prep>ations1 &
 9  prescrib+ !m c>e %\ld be tak5 n to  
br+ toge!r sub/ances  t decompose ea*   
o!r1 nor to ord] heavy p[d]s1 t spe$ily 
sep>ate f ! body ( ! liquid by          
subsid5ce4 ,,emulsions1 ,,juleps1 &     
,,mucilages1 are includ$ 9 ! #8,,mi/ur' 
( ! ,london ,ph>macopia4    ,mixtures   
are usually disp5s$ 9 flat octagonal    
#f-or #h-oz4 bottles1 )  long necks2 or 
9 regul> #8octagons' ) %ort necks1 hav+ 
! doses  m>k$ on ! glass1 to :i* ! /r5g?
 ( ! m$ic9e is made to  correspond4     
,our rem>ks respect+ #8,,draughts'      
equally apply "h4 ,by putt+ !  active   
+r$i5ts ( six draughts into a #f-oz4    
mixture bottle1 &  fill+ x up ) di/ill$ 
wat]1 a mixture w be made (  correspond+
 prop]ties1 ( :i* ! dose w be #b        

table-spoonfuls4  ,:5 ! =mula = !       
draughts includes a decoction or        
infusion z !  vehicle1 in/ead ( wat]1   
f\r ( !m only mu/ be tak51 :i* w  !n    
fill ! #f-oz4 bottle1 & ! prop] dose w  
be #c table-spoonfuls1  or a small      
w9e-glassful4    ,! foll[+ =mul embraces
 ! :ole ( ! #8,,mi/ur' ( ! ,briti%      
,ph>macopia1 z well z a few o!rs 9 g5]al
 use4 ,^! w s]ve z  examples = ! l      
prep>ations ( m$ic9als :i* are n includ$
 9  ! li/4 7,see also ,,draught1        
,,emulsion1 ,,julep1 ,,wat]1 c47        
,mixture1 ,absorb5t4 ,see ,,mixture1    
,,antacid4    ,mixture1 ,acacia4 ,see   
,,mixture1 ,,gum4    ,mixture1 ,acetate 
( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,m9d]]us',s          
,,mixture2 ,,mi/ura  ,,ammoni           
,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f solution (    
acetate ( ammonia1 #a-a_/b  fl4 oz42    
nitre1 #dj gr42 camphor mixture1 #f fl4 
oz42 rose syrup1 #a_/b fl4              
oz4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 
e ?ird or f\r? h\r1 z a  diaphoretic 9  
inflammatory fev]s1 c4    ,mixture (    

,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,acidi   
,,acetici4 ,prep4 ,di/ill$  v9eg>1 #b   
fl4 dr42 syrup1 #d fl4 dr42 wat]1 #b fl4
 oz4 ,a f\r? "p e  ?ree h\rs4 ,= *ildr5 
) sc>lat9a4    ,mixture ( ,aconite4 7,mr
 ,flem+47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,aconiti4     
,prep4  ,t9cture ( aconite1 #a fl4 dr42 
c>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate (
  magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #f oz4 ,a
 table-spoonful :5 ! pa9 is  urg5t4 ,9  
ga/ralgia ?is %\ld only be adm9i/]$ "u  
m$ical  sup]vision or advice4           
,mixture1 ,alkal9e4 ,see ,,mixture1     
,,antacid4    ,mixture1 ,almond4 ,syn4  
,,emulsion ,,( ,,almonds1 ,,milk ,,(    
,a42 ,,mi/ura  ,,amygdal 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,,lac ,,amygdal1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  ,confection (    
almonds1 #b-a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a  
p9t2 gradually add  ! wat] to !         
confection :ile triturat+1 until !y are 
mix$2 !n  /ra9 ! liquid ?r\gh l954      
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f almond confection1 #b 
oz41 & wat]1 #a qu>t2 z !  la/4 ,or1 f  
sweet almonds 7blan*$71 #aj dr42 :ite   

sug>1 #e dr42  mucilage1 #a_/b fl4 oz4  
7or p[d]$ gum1 #c dr472 made into an    
emulsion )  wat]1 #a qu>t4    #c4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,sweet almonds 7blan*$71 #e dr42   
ref9$ sug>1 #b dr42  p[d]$ gum1 #a dr42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 z ! la/4      
#d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,comp\nd p[d] ( almonds   
7sweet71 #a2 wat]1 #h2 triturate &      
/ra94    ,obs4 ,! la/ =mula produces !  
article usually employ$ 9  disp5s+ 9 !  
%ops4 ,! addition ( a little m sug>     
r5d]s x  m pleasant2 & #b or #c bitt]   
almonds1 z 9 ! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,d4       
#ahbf1 or #a or #b fl4 dr4 ( rose or    
orange-fl[] wat]1 may occasionally  be  
add$1 to div]sify ! flav\r4----,dose1 #b
 or #c table-spoonfuls1 ad  libitum2 z a
 demulc5t & emolli5t 9 c\ghs & colds1 or
 z a  vehicle = m active m$ic9es4       
,mixture ( ,ammonia1 ,muriate (4 7,sir  
,g4 ,lefevre47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,ammoni  
,,muriatis4 ,prep4 ,muriate ( ammonia1  
#fj gr42 extract ( liquorice1 #c dr42   
t>t>is$ antimony1 #b gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 
#h oz4 ,a tablespoonful e #b  h\rs 9    

pleurisy1 conge/ion ( muc\s membranes1  
c4    ,mixture1 ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4      
,,emulsion ,,( ,,ammoniacum1 ,,milk ,,( 
,a42 ,,mi/ura  ,,ammoniaci 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,,lac ,,ammoniaci1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  ,prep>$          
ammoniacum1 #e dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a    
p9t2 rub ! ammoniacum  ) ! wat]1        
gradually add$1 until !y are p]fectly   
mix$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ammoniacum1    
#a_/d oz42 wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 z ! la/1 b 
/ra9+ ?r\gh musl94    #c4 7,b4 ,p47     
,ammoniacum1 #a_/d oz42 rubb$ d[n )     
wat]1 #h oz41 &  /ra94----,dose1 #a_/b  
to #a gr4    ,obs4 ,! la/ =mula produces
 ! be/ & mo/ effective mixture1  ow+ to 
! use ( ! raw in/ead ( ! /ra9$          
drug4----,dose1 #a to #b                
table-spoonfuls1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) 
squills or ipecacuanha2 z  an           
expectorant & demulc5t 9 *ronic c\ghs1  
humoral a/hma1 c4    ,mixture1 ,anodyne4
 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,anodyna1 ,,julepum    
,,calmans1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,prep>$ *alk1
 #b dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a oz42 fetid 

_s (  ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 oils ( dill 
& anise$1 ( ea* #c drops2 wat]1  #d-a_/d
 fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #c or 
#d times a day2 9 ! di>rha  & colic (   
infancy4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syrup (    
opium1 #b dr42 syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #f 
dr42  lettuce wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,to allay
 pa91 induce sleep1 c4 ,dose1 #a        
table-spoonful4    #c4 7,vicat47        
,ammoniat$ alcohol1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 p[d]$
 opium1 #a dr42  p[d]$ camphor1 #a_/b   
dr42 pro( _s1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/1 ) 
agitation1 = #c or #d days1 & filt]4 ,9 
too?a*e aris+ f c>ies1  & z a lotion to 
! temples 9 heada*e4    ,mixture1       
,antacid4 ,syn4 ,,absorb5t ,,mixture1   
,,alkal9e ,m42 ,,mi/ura  ,,alkal9a1 ,m4 
,,antacida1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,liquor (    
potassa & _s (  nutmeg1 ( ea* #b fl4    
dr42 t9cture ( rhub>b1 #c fl4 dr42      
t9cture (  opium1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #e  
fl4 oz4 ,9 dyspepsia1 he>tburn1 c41     
accompani$ ) flatul5ce4    #b4 ,_s ( sal
 volatile & orange-fl[] wat]1 ( ea* #a  
fl4 oz42  simple syrup1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz2 

wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 acidity1 c41   
accompani$ ) languor & l[ spirits4      
#c4 ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #b dr42  
syrup ( orange peel & t9cture (  g5tian1
 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9  
dyspepsia1 he>tburn1 c41  aris+ f       
excessive indulg5ce 9 spiritu\s or      
f]m5t$ liquors4 ,x  also possesses      
consid]able /imulat+ prop]ties1 & w     
p>tially  remove ! fit ( drunk5ness4    
#d4 7,colli]47 ,prep>$ *alk1 #b dr42    
t9cture ( g+]1 #b fl4 dr42  comp\nd     
t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42    
pim5to wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,9  di>rha      
accompani$ ) acidity4    #e4 7,colli]47 
,*alk mixture1 #e fl4 oz42 t9ctures (   
cate*u & c9namon1  ( ea* #a_/b fl4 oz4  
,9 *ronic di>rha4    #f4 7,ryan47       
,liquor ( potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 t9cture (
 opium1 #a fl4 dr42  calc9$ magnesia1 #a
 dr42 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #e drops2 lime    
wat]1 #h fl4  oz4 ,9 dyspepsia          
accompani$ ) acidity1 flatul5ce1 &      
con/ipation4    ,mixture1 ,anticr\pal4  
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,s5eg1 ,l4 ,prep4       

7,jadelot47  ,infusion ( s5ega1 #d oz42 
syrup ( ipecacuanha1 #a oz42 oxymel (   
squills1  #c dr42 t>t>is$ antimony1     
#a-a_/b gr42 mix4 ,by spoonfuls1 9 cr\p4
    ,mixture1 ,anti-emetic4 ,syn4       
,,mi/ura ,,anti-,,emetica1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4  ,creasote1 #ab drops2 acetate (    
morphia1 #a-a_/b gr42 camphor1 #aj gr4  
rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup (     
orange peel1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42  di/ill$  
v9eg>1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9 sea-sickness1      
c4----,dose1 #a  table-spoonful on !    
approa* ( vomit+1 & repeat$ at int]vals 
(  half an h\r until ! vomit+ ceases4   
#b4 7,dr4 ,b>k]47 ,comp\nd t9cture (    
camphor1 #a fl4 dr42 burnt br&y1 #a  fl4
 oz42 sug>1 #a_/b oz42 infusion ( m9t1  
#f fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a        
table-spoonful1 e #a_/d h\r1 until !    
vomit+ ceases4    ,mixture1             
,anti-epileptic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura         
,,anti-,,epileptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4    
,lemo9e47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #ab drops2 
syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #a oz42  di/ill$  
wat] ( l9d5 fl[]s1 #b oz42 d4 ( *]ry    

laurel1 #a_/b oz42  mix4 ,accord+ to ,m4
 ,lemo9e1 ?is is a specific 9           
epilepsy4----,dose1 #a  table-spoonful1 
or m4    ,mixture1 ,antihy/]ic4 ,syn4   
,,mi/ura ,,antihy/]ica1 ,l42 ,,potion   
,,antihy/]ique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,dr        
,josat47 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #a-c_/d  
gr42  di/ill$ lettuce wat]1 #d-a_/b fl4 
oz42 syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #a-a_/b fl4  
oz4----,dose1 #a or #b teaspoonfuls e t5
 m9utes1 :5 ! fit is  expect$2 dur+ !   
fit x may be giv5 9 d\ble doses4 ,dr    
,josat  decl>es its efficacy to h be5   
indisputably prov$ 9 upw>ds ( #ee       
cases4    #b4 7,mag5die47 ,cyanide (    
potassium1 #b gr42 lettuce wat]         
7di/ill$71 #d  oz42 syrup ( m>%mall[1 #b
 oz4 ,resembles ! la/4    #c4 7,dr      
,p>is47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42 pepp]m9t    
wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 make an  emulsion1 &  
add ( ammoniat$ t9cture ( val]ian1 #b   
fl4 dr42 t9cture  ( ca/or1 #c fl4 dr42  
sulphuric e!r1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4----,dose1
 #a  table-spoonful1 #c or #d times a   
day1 or (t5]4    #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syrup 

( wormwood1 #a oz42 t9cture ( ca/or1    
#a_/b dr42  val]ian wat] & orange-fl[]  
wat]1 ( ea* #b oz42 e!r1 #a dr4 ,z !    
la/4    ,mixture1 ,antimonial4 ,see     
,,mixture1 ,,contra-,,/imulant4         
,mixture1 ,antip]tussic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura 
,,antip]tussi5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4         
,,co*9eal 7p[d]$71 #b dr42 c>bonate (   
potassa1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h  fl4    
oz42 infuse = #a h\r1 /ra91 & add ( lump
 sug>1 #a-a_/b oz4    #b4 7,dr ,bird47  
,extract ( hemlock1 #ab gr42 alum1 #be  
gr42 syrup ( r$  poppies1 #b fl4 dr42   
dill wat]1 #c fl4 oz4    #c4 7,dr       
,reece47 ,t9cture ( assaftida1 #a fl4   
dr42 t9cture ( opium1 #aj or  #ab drops2
 p[d]$ ipecacuanha1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #b   
fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a  teaspoonful e #c  
h\rs1 9 hoop+ c\gh1 = a *ild #b or #c   
ye>s old1  & o!r ages 9 proportion4     
,mixture1 ,antiscr(ul\s4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura 
,,antiscr(ulosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  t9cture 
( bi*loride ( gold1 #cj drops2 t9cture (
 iod9e1 #dj drops2  t9cture ( g5tian1 #a
 fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #g fl4 dr42 rose

 wat]1 #e fl4  oz4----,dose4 ,a         
dess]t-spoonful1 #c or #d times daily1 9
 a w9e-glassful (  wat]2 obs]v+ to %ake 
! bottle be=e p\r+ out ! liquid4 ,mr    
,cooley /ates t he has se5 repeat$      
in/ances ( ! excell5t effects  ( ?is    
m$ic9e 9 scr(ula1 syphilis1 & v>i\s     
gl&ul> diseases1  ev5 "u all !          
disadvantages ( a salt-meat diet &      
conf9em5t on  %ipbo>d4    ,mixture1     
,antispasmodic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura          
,,antispasmodica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
,t9cture ( ca/or1 #f fl4 dr42 sulphuric 
e!r & laudanum1 ( ea* #a fl4  dr42 syrup
 ( saffron1 #a fl4 oz42 c9namon wat]1 #d
 fl4 oz4    #b4 7,dr ,colli]47          
,assaftida & camphor mixtures1 ( ea*    
#b-a_/b fl4 oz42  t9cture ( val]ian1 #a 
fl4 oz4    #c 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lime or      
l9d5-fl[] wat] & orange-fl[] wat]1 ( ea*
 #b  oz42 syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #a oz42 
e!r1 #a_/b dr4----,dose4 7,( ea* (  !   
above7 #a to #b table-spoonfuls4        
,mixture1 ,aperi5t4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura      
,,ap]i5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ab]ne?y47    

,sulphate ( magnesia1 #a oz42 manna1    
#a_/b oz42 infusion ( s5na1 #a-a_/b fl4 
oz42 t9cture ( s5na1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 m9t 
wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 di/ill$  wat]1 #d fl4 
oz42 mix4 ,?is is ! true #8,,ab]ne?y    
,,black ,,draught1'    #b4 7,dr         
,*ri/ison47 ,sulphate ( magnesia1       
#a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz42          
dissolve1 & add1 ( t9cture ( s5na1 #a   
fl4 oz42 infusion ( roses1 #d  fl4      
oz4----,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful h\rly1    
until x beg9s to op]ate4    #c4 7,dr    
,colli]47 ,sulphate ( iron1 #bj gr42    
,epsom salts1 #a oz42 p5nyroyal  wat]1  
#a p9t2 dissolve4----,dose4 ,a          
w9e-glassful twice a day1 9 atonic      
am5orrha4    ,mixture1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 
,,mi/ura ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,p4 ,cod47  ,syrup ( clove gillifl[]s1 
#a oz42 _s ( c9namon1 #a_/b oz42        
confection ( hyac9?1 #b dr42 pepp]m9t   
wat] & orange-fl[] wat]1  ( ea* #b oz4  
#b4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection
 7,ph4 ,l41 9 p[d]71 #c dr42  pepp]m9t  
wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 ,sometimes a little    

t9cture ( calumba is  add$4    #c4 7,/  
,b>?4 ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection1     
#b-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz42  pim5to  
wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 mix4 ,! la/ two are   
excell5t aromatic  absorb5ts 9 di>rha1  
he>tburn1 flatul5ce1 acidity1           
c4----,dose1 #a or  #b table-spoonfuls e
 #b or #c h\rs1 or z requir$4           
,mixture1 ,aromatic ,iron4 ,pale b>k1 9 
p[d]1 #d2 calumba1 9 p[d]1 #b2  cloves1 
bruis$1 #a2 iron wire1 #b2 comp\nd      
t9cture ( c>damoms1 #ab2  t9cture (     
orange peel1 #b2 pepp]m9t wat]1 #ej2    
mac]ate ! fir/ f\r  +r$i5ts 9 ! la/ "o =
 ?ree days1 agitat+ occasionally1       
filt]1 add ! t9ctures1 & make up to #ej4
 ,us$ z a tonic4----,dose1 #a  to #b oz4
    ,mixture1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura 
,,ars5icalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f liquor  (   
ars5ite ( potassa----,ph4 ,l41 #b fl4   
dr42 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1  #d fl4
 dr42 c9namon wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 pure    
wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 mix4----,dose4  ,a    
small table-spoonful1 twice a day1 aft] 
a full meal2 9 agues1 p]iodic  heada*es1

 lepra1 psoriasis1 *ronic rheumatism1 c4
 ,x %\ld be  exhibit$ ) caution1 & its  
effects wat*$2 & aft] #e or #f days !   
dose %\ld be r$uc$ to half ! quantity4  
,mixture1 ,a/r9g5t4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura      
,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pradel47     
,tann91 #ab gr42 t9cture ( rhatany1 #a  
dr42 simple syrup1 #g dr42 mucilage1  #a
 oz42 camphor mixture1 #d oz4    #b4    
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,extract ( cate*u1 #b
 dr4 7or t9cture #a oz472  c9namon wat]1
 #h oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #a to #c   
table-spoonfuls1 aft]  e liquid         
dejection1 9 di>rha & dys5t]y4          
,mixture1 ,atrophic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura     
,,atrophica1 ,l42 ,,potion ,,atrophique1
 ,fr4  ,prep4 7,mag5die47 ,iodide (     
potassium1 #d dr42 lettuce wat]1 #h oz42
  pepp]m9t wat]1 #b dr42 syrup (        
m>%mall[1 #a oz4----,dose1 #a           
tablespoonful1 twice a day2 9 hyp]trophy
 7enl>gem5t7 ( ! he>t4  ,sometimes #a to
 #b dr4 ( t9cture ( foxglove is add$ to 
! mixture4    ,mixture1 ,balsamic4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,balsamica4      

,prep4 ,balsam  copaiba1 #b oz42        
rectifi$ _s1 #b oz42 syrup ( tolu1 #b   
oz42 pepp]m9t  wat]1 #d oz42 nitric e!r1
 #b dr4 ,mix ! alcohol & e!r1 add !     
balsam1 !n ! syrup & wat]4    ,mixture1 
,b>ley4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,hordei1 ,l4    
,see ,,decoction4    ,mixture ( ,bismu?4
 7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura         
,,bismu?i4 ,prep4  ,subnitrate ( bismu?1
 #aj gr42 comp\nd p[d] ( tragacan?1 #e  
gr42  wat]1 #a oz4 ,= #a dose4          
,mixture ( ,bisulphide ( ,c>bon4        
7,cl>us47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,bisulphureti 
,,c>bonis4 ,prep4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon1  
#bj m9ims2 sug>1 #b dr42 milk1 #f       
oz4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 #d times a day4 
,mixture ( ,boracic ,acid4 7,*aussi]47  
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,acidi ,,boracici4      
,prep4 ,camphor mixture1 #d oz42 boracic
 acid1 #fj gr42 syrup ( orange  peel1 #a
 oz4    ,mixture ( ,burnt ,h>t%orn4 ,see
 ,,decoction1 ,,:ite4    ,mixture1      
,br&y4 ,syn4 ,,mixture ,,( ,,_s ,,(     
,,fr5* ,,w9e1 ,,egg ,,flip2  ,,mi/ura   
,,spiritus ,,v9i ,,gallici 7,b4 ,p41    

,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,br&y & c9namon wat] ( ea* #d fl4 oz42  
yolks ( #b eggs2 :ite sug>1  #a_/b oz42 
oil ( c9namon1 #b drops2 mix4 ,a        
valuable /imulant &  re/orative 9 l[    
fev]s1 & 9 extreme exhau/ion f          
hmorrhages1  c42 b sc>cely a fitt+      
subject = ! lab\rs ( ! ,college (       
,physicians1 s9ce almo/ e cook &        
h\sewife c\ld produce a bett]  comp\nd  
?an ! product ( ! ,college =mula4    #b4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,br&y1 #d gr42 c9namon wat]1 
#d oz42 ! yolks ( #b eggs2  sug>1 #a_/b 
oz42 mix4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b    
oz41 9 pro/ration & la/  /ages ( fev]4  
,mixture ( ,caffe94 7,v&5-,corput47     
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,caffe94 ,prep4         
,caffe91 #g gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c oz42  
hydro*loric acid1 #b drops2 syrup  (    
orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/b oz42            
mix4----,dose1 #a tablespoonful4        
,mixture1 ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor     
,,julep1 ,,camphor ,,wat]2 ,,mi/ura     
,,camphor  7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,,emulsio   
,,camphor 7,ph4 ,e47 ,,mi/ura           

,,camphorata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,l47
 ,camphor1 #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj  
drops2 triturate toge!r1  gradually add+
 ( wat]1 #a p9t2 & /ra9 ?r\gh l954      
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,t9cture ( camphor1 #a   
fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c p9ts2  agitate
 well toge!r1 & aft] #bd h\rs filt]     
?r\gh pap]4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see      
,,emulsion4    ,uses1 c4 ,camphor julep 
is *iefly us$ z a vehicle = o!r         
m$ic9es4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a          
w9e-glassful4    #d4 7,) ,,magnesia3    
,,mi/ura ,,camphor ,,cum                
,,magnesia----,ph4 ,e4  ,d41 ,,aqua     
,,camphor----,ph4 ,u4 ,s47----a4 7,ph4  
,e47 ,camphor1 #aj gr41 c>bonate (      
magnesia1 #be gr42 triturate toge!r1 !n 
gradually add ( wat]1 #f fl4  oz41 /ill 
cont9u+ ! trituration4    b4 7,ph4 ,d47 
,camphor1 #ab gr42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 
#a_/b dr42 wat]1 #f  fl4 oz42 z la/4    
c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,camphor1 #b dr42     
rectifi$ _s1 #dj drops2 triturate1  add 
( c>bonate ( magnesia1 #d dr41 & aga9   
triturate1 add+1  gradually1 ( wat]1 #cb

 fl4 oz4 ,antacid1 antispasmodic1 &     
anodyne4----,dose1 #a to #b             
table-spoonfuls4 ,us$ )\t /ra9+4 ,x is  
/rong] ?an ! simple mixture4    d4      
,,c>bonat$ ,,camphor ,,mixture4 ,syn4   
,,mi/ura ,,camphor ,,c>bonica4 ,wat]    
/rongly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 agitat$
 ) p[d]$ camphor  & /ra9$4    ,mixture1 
,c>m9ative4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,c>m9ativa1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,dr  ,p>is47 ,calc9$        
magnesia1 #a_/b dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1     
#b-a_/b fl4 dr42  comp\nd t9cture (     
lav5d]1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 _s ( c>away1 #d  
fl4 dr42  syrup ( g+]1 #b fl4 dr42 mix4 
,antacid & c>m9ative4 ,= #a or #b       
doses4    ,mixture ( ,cassia4 7,fr4     
,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,cassi1 ,l42    
,,eau ,,de ,,casse1  ,f4 ,cassia pulp1  
#b oz42 hot wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,may be  
tak5 by !  w9eglass4 ,laxative4         
,mixture ( ,cassia1 ,antimoniat$4       
7,foy47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,cassi          
,,antimoniata1 ,,eau ,,de ,,casse4      
,emitise4 ,prep4 ,pulp ( cassia1 #a oz42
  boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,mac]ate1    

/ra91 & add sulphate ( magnesia1  #a    
oz42 emetic t>t>1 #c gr4 ,by cupfuls4 ,9
 pa9t]s' colic4    ,mixture1 ,ca?>tic4  
,see ,,mixture1 ,,ap]i5t1 ,m4 ,,s5na1 c4
    ,mixture1 ,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,cretace\s  
,,mixture2 ,,mi/ura ,,cret 7,b4 ,p471   
,,mi/ura ,,creta 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471   
,m4 ,,cretacea1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4    
,l47  ,prep>$ *alk1 #a_/b oz42 sug>1 #c 
dr42 mixture ( acacia 7mucilage71       
#a-a_/b  fl4 oz41 triturate toge!r1 !n  
add ( c9namon wat]1 #ah fl4 oz4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,e47 ,prep>$ *alk1 #aj dr42 :ite  
sug>1 #e dr42 mucilage1 #c fl4  oz2 _s (
 c9namon1 #b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 z !
 la/4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prep>$ *alk1 #b
 dr42 syrup & mucilage1 ( ea*1 #a_/b    
oz42  c9namon wat]1 #g fl4 oz4    #d4   
7,b4 ,p47 ,prep>$ *alk1 #a2 gum ,arabic1
 9 p[d]1 #a2 syrup1 #b2 c9namon  wat]1  
#cj2 mix by trituration4----,dose1 #a to
 #b gr41 ) a/r+5t  t9ctures & opium4    
,obs4 ,! above are antacid &            
absorb5t4----,dose1 #a to #c            
table-spoonfuls1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) 

aromatic confection2 9  he>tburn1 & 9   
di>rha aft] e liquid motion4 ,9 ! latt] 
affection1 a little t9cture ( cate*u or 
laudanum is (t5 add$2 &  :5 !re is      
vomit+ or nausea1 ei!r pepp]m9t or      
spe>m9t wat] is  g5]ally sub/itut$ = !  
:ole or a "p ( ! simple wat] ord]$  9 ! 
above =mul4    ,mixture ( ,*lor9e4 ,syn4
 ,,mi/ura ,,*lor9ii4 ,dr ,watson        
prescribes #b  fl4 dr4 ( ! solution to  
#a p9t ( wat]4 ,! dose ( ! mixture is #d
  fl4 dr4 e #c h\rs1 accord+ to age1 9  
sc>lat9a4    ,mixture ( ,*lor(orm4 7,ph4
 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,*lor(ormi4   
,prep4  ,*lor(orm1 #a_/b oz4 7by        
weight72 camphor1 #a dr42 yolk ( #a egg2
 wat]1 #f  oz4 ,rub ! yolk fir/ by      
itself1 !n ) ! camphor1 previ\sly       
dissolv$ 9 ! *lor(orm1 & la/ly1 ) ! wat]
 gradually add$4    ,mixture1 ,c9*ona4  
,syn4 ,,b>k ,,mixture2 ,,mi/ura ,,c9*on1
 ,l4 ,prep4  7,copl&47 ,confection (    
roses1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ decoction ( b>k1
 #a fl4  oz42 triturate1 9 #aj m9utes   
/ra91 & add dilut$ sulphuric acid1      

#a-a_/b fl4 dr42 _s ( nutmeg1 #d fl4 dr4
 ,febrifuge1 tonic1 &                   
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #a to #c             
table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day4  
,mixture ( ,citrate ( ,caffe94 ,syn4    
,,mi/ura ,,caffe9 ,,citratis1 ,,potion  
,,contre ,,migra94 ,syrup ( citrate (   
caffe91 #a fl4 oz42 wat] 7or any        
agreeable dilu5t71 #e oz4 ,a            
table-spoonful frequ5tly4    ,mixture1  
,col*icum4 ,syn4 ,,g\t ,,mixture2       
,,mi/ura ,,ant>?ritica1 ,m4  ,,col*ici1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,s4 ,scudamore47       
,magnesia1 #a-a_/b dr42 v9eg> (         
col*icum & syrup ( orange peel1 ( ea* #d
 fl4 dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #c  fl4 oz4 ,a 
table-spoonful e #c or #d h\rs dur+ !   
fit ( g\t4    ,mixture1                 
,contra-/imulant4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura        
,,contra-,,/imulans1 ,,julepum ,c41  ,m4
 ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,t>tratis1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,la5nec47 ,t>t> emetic1 #c  gr42
 infusion ( orange leaves1 #h fl4 oz42  
syrup ( d41 #a fl4  oz4----,dose4 ,a    
w9e-glassful1 or m1 e #b h\rs2 9        

inflammation (  ! lungs1 hoop+-c\gh1 c4 
,mixture ( ,copaiba4 7,guy's ,hosp47    
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,copaib4 ,prep4 ,balsam 
( copaiba1 #c dr42 solution ( c>bonate (
 pota%1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,rub toge!r  &      
gradually add decoction ( b>ley1 #h oz42
 _s ( nitric e!r1 #c  dr4----,dose1 #a  
oz4 #c times a day4 ,see ,,mixtures1    
,,balsamic4    ,mixture1 ,c\gh4 ,syn4   
,,mi/ura ,,be*ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4       
,almond mixture1 #d  fl4 oz42 oxymel (  
squills1 #a fl4 oz42 ipecacuanha w9e &  
syrup ( tolu1  ( ea* #a_/b fl4 oz4      
#b4 ,t9cture ( tolu1 #a_/h fl4 oz42     
p>egoric elixir & t9cture (  squills1 ( 
ea* #a fl4 oz42 syrup ( poppies1 #c fl4 
oz42 wat]1 #c-a_/b fl4  oz4    #c4      
,mixture ( ammoniacum1 #d fl4 oz42 syrup
 ( squills1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 !  c\ghs ( old
 p]sons4    #d4 ,antimonial w9e1 #c fl4 
dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42  
wat]1 #d  fl4 oz4 ,9 dry1 husky         
c\ghs4----,dose 7( ea* ( ! above71 #a   
table-spoonful1 #b or #c times a day1 or
 (t5]4    #e4 7,dr ,monro47 ,p>egoric1  

#a_/b fl4 oz42 sulphuric e!r & t9cture (
  tolu1 ( ea* #a_/d oz4----,dose4 ,a    
teaspoonful 9 wat]1 night & morn+1  or  
:5 ! c\gh is tr\blesome4    #f4 7,dr    
,radcliff47 ,syrup ( poppies1 syrup (   
squills1 & p>egoric1  equal             
p>ts4----,dose4 ,z ! la/4 ,9 all cases !
 b[els %\ld be kept  g5tly mov$ by "s   
mild ap]i5t4    #g4 7,dr ,wood's ,br[n  
,mixture47 ,extract ( liquorice1 #b dr42
 p[d]$ gum  ,arabic1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1
 #d oz42 dissolve1 & add antimonial w9e1
 #b  dr42 laudanum1 #bj m9ims4----,dose4
 ,a table-spoonful occasionally4 ,a     
popul> ,am]ican rem$y4    ,mixture1     
,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,creasoti1   
,m4 ,,creazoti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,e471 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,creasote &      
acetic acid1 ( ea* #af drops2  mix1 !n  
add ( comp\nd _s ( junip] & syrup1 ( ea*
 #a fl4 oz42  wat]1 #ad fl4 oz42 &      
agitate well toge!r4----,dose1 #a_/b to 
#a  w9e-glassful1 9 nausea & vomit+1    
especially to prev5t or relieve         
sea-sickness4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47          

,creasote1 #af m9ims2 glacial acetic    
acid1 #af m9ims2 _s (  junip]1 #a_/b    
dr42 syrup1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #ae   
oz42 mix4----#a to #b oz4    ,mixture ( 
,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,cubeb4 ,p[d] (
 cubebs1 #a oz42  sug>1 #b dr42         
mucilage1 #b oz42 c9namon wat]1 #f      
oz4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a  oz4      
,mixture1 ,demulc5t4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura     
,,demulc5s1 ,l4 ,see ,,almond ,,mixture1
 ,,gum  ,m41 c4    ,mixture1            
,diaphoretic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura            
,,diaphoretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4          
,solution ( acetate ( ammonia1 #c fl4   
oz42 antimonial w9e1 #b fl4 dr42        
t9cture ( h5bane1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42      
camphor mixture1 #c fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a
  table-spoonful e #c or #d h\rs2 9     
fev]s1 c4    #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( sweet  
_s ( nitre1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z above4     
,mixture = ,di>rha4 7,bo>d ( ,heal?47   
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,pro ,,di>rh,a4         
,aromatic p[d]1 #c dr42 comp\nd spirits 
( ammonia1 #c dr42 t9cture (  cate*u1   
#aj dr42 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #f 

dr42 t9cture ( opium1  #a dr42 *alk     
mixture to make #bj oz4----,dose4 ,= an 
adult1 #a oz42 = a  *ild ( #ab ye>s (   
age1 #a_/b oz42 = #g ye>s1 #a_/d oz42   
aft] ea* liquid  /ool4    ,mixture1     
,di>rha4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,*alk1 c4     
,mixture1 ,diuretic ,syn4 ,,mi/ura      
,,diuretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate (  
potassa1 #b dr42 sweet _s ( nitre1 #c   
fl4 dr42 syrup ( squills1 #a-a_/b  fl4  
oz42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #d fl4 oz4    #b4   
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,infusion ( foxglove1
 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture (  foxglove1  
#a_/b fl4 dr42 acetate ( potassa1 #b    
dr42 _s ( junip]1 #a_/b  fl4 oz42       
t9cture ( opium1 #a_/b fl4 ,9           
dropsy4----,dose1 #a to #b              
table-spoonfuls1 e #b or #c h\rs4 ,! la/
 mu/ be us$ ) caution4    ,mixture1     
,eff]vesc+4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura  
,,eff]vesc5s2 ,,potion  ,,gazeuse ,,de  
,,rivi,,re4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a_/b dr4 (
 bic>bonate ( pota% 9 #b  oz4 ( wat]1 & 
add #d dr4 ( syrup4 ,mix also #a_/b dr4 
( citric acid )  #a_/c oz4 ( syrup (    

citric acid & #b oz4 ( wat]4 ,mix an    
equal quantity  ( ea*1 & give x :ile    
eff]vesc+4    ,mixture ( ,elat]ium4 7,dr
 ,f]ri>47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,elat]ii4     
,prep4  ,elat]ium1 #a gr42 _s ( nitric  
e!r1 #b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( squills1     
#a_/b oz42 oxymel ( col*icum1 #a_/b oz42
 syrup ( buck?orn1 #a fl4  oz4----,dose1
 #a dr4 #c times a day 9 wat]4          
,mixture1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura       
,,emetica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copl&47     
,sulphate ( z9c1 #dj gr42 ipecacuanha   
w9e & t9cture ( s]p5t>y1 (  ea* #d fl4  
dr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #dj drops2 oil 
( *amomile1 #ab  drops2 pepp]m9t wat]1  
#d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z an excitant emetic2 9
 cases (  poison+ by n>cotics1 c4    #b4
 7,mag5die47 ,col\r$ emet9e1 #d gr4 7or 
:ite emet9e1 #a gr472 acetic  acid1 #h  
drops2 mix1 & add ( infusion ( orange   
leaves or lime fl[]s1  #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 
syrup ( m>%mall[s1 #a fl4 oz4    #c4    
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,ipecacuanha1 #a_/b  
dr42 t>t> emetic1 #a gr42 t9cture  (    
squills1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4   

,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1  foll[$
 by half ! quantity e #aj or #ae m9utes1
 until vomit+ is  produc$2 at ! same "t 
assi/+ ! action ( ! m$ic9e by  dr9k+    
copi\sly ( w>m wat]4    ,mixture1       
,emm5agogue4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,/eel1 c4 
,mixture1 ,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura  
,,expectorans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4           
7,colli]47 ,oxymel ( squills & mucilage1
 ( ea* #a oz42 syrup (  m>%mall[s1 #b   
oz42 camphor julep1 #c fl4 oz4----,dose1
 #a to #b  table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c    
times a day2 9 c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 a/hma1  
c4    #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,almond    
mixture1 #e fl4 oz42 ipecacuanha w9e &  
t9cture ( squills1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42    
syrup ( tolu1 #f fl4 dr4----,dose1  #a  
table-spoonful2 9 humoral a/hma1 cat>rh1
 c41 :5 ! c\gh is  urg5t4    ,mixture1  
,febrifuge4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,febrifuga1 
,l4 ,see ,,acetate ,,( ,,ammonia        
,,mixture1 ,,diaphoretic ,m41 c4        
,mixture ( ,g5tian4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4    
,,mi/ura ,,g5tian4 ,prep4 ,mac]ate      
g5tian root1 slic$1 #a_/d oz42 bitt]    

orange peel1 cut small1 &  cori&] fruit1
 bruis$1 ( ea* #cj gr41 9 pro( _s1 #b   
fl4 oz41 =  #b h\rs4 ,add di/ill$ wat]1 
#h fl4 oz42 mac]ate aga9 = #b h\rs1 &   
/ra9 ?r\gh calico4----,dose1 #a oz4     
,mixture1 ,g5tian 7,comp\nd74 ,g5tian1  
bruis$1 #a-a_/b2 bitt] orange  peel1    
bruis$1 #c_/d2 c>damom se$s1 bruis$1    
#a_/d2 pro( _s1 #bj3  mac]ate =         
=ty-eight h\rs ) #ae ( ! _s1 agitat+    
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1 let x 
dra91 & !n p\r on !  rema9+ _s2 :5 x    
ceases to drop1 wa% ! m>c ) _s to  make 
up #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dra*ms4     
,mixture1 ,gregory's4 ,see ,,p[d]s4     
,mixture1 ,griffi?'s4 ,see ,,mixture1   
,,/eel4    ,mixture1 ,guaiacum4 ,syn4   
,,emulsion ,,( ,,guaiacum1 ,,mili ,,(   
,g42 ,,mi/ura  ,,guaiaci 7,b4 ,p471     
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,,lac ,g41 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum guaiacum1  #c dr42 :ite 
sug>1 #a_/b oz42 gum acacia1 #b dr4 7all
 9 p[d]72 triturate  toge!r1 & to ^!1   
:il/ rubb+1 gradually add ( c9namon     
wat]1 #a  p9t4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47        

,guaiacum1 #c dr42 sug>1 #a_/b oz42     
mucilage1 #a_/b fl4 oz42  c9namon wat]1 
#ai-a_/b fl4 oz42 z be=e4----,dose1 #a  
to #c  table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a
 day2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 c4      
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,guaiac res91 9 p[d]1 #b2 
sug>1 #b2 gum ,arabic1 9 p[d]1 #a2      
c9namon wat]1 #hj2 triturate1 add+ !    
c9namon wat]  gradually4----,dose1 #a_/b
 to #b oz4    ,mixture1 ,gum4 ,syn4     
,,mucilage2 ,,mi/ura ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,l471
 ,,mucilago 7,ph4  ,e471 ,,mucilago     
,,acaci 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,mucilago ,,arabici
 ,,gummi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,l47    
,gum acacia 79 p[d]71 #ac oz42 boil+    
di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 rub  ! gum ) !    
wat]1 gradually p\r$ 91 until solution  
is complete4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gum1 #i 
oz42 cold wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate1 )      
occasional  /irr+1 until dissolv$1 !n   
/ra9 ?r\gh l95 or calico4    #c4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,gum 7co>sely p[d]$71 #d oz42 wat] 
7cold71 #f fl4 oz42  dissolve1 & /ra9   
?r\gh flannel4    ,uses1 c4 ,mucilage ( 
gum acacia is *iefly employ$ to r5d]    

oily &  res9\s sub/ances miscible )     
wat]4 8,oils require ab\t #c_/d _!      
weight2 balsams & sp]maceti1 equal p>ts2
 res9s1 #b p>ts2 & musk1 #e  times its  
weight10 = ?is purpose4 7,montgom]y47 ,!
 ,,gum ,,mixture1 ,ph4  ,e41 w be f\nd  
"u #8,,emulsion1'    ,mixture (         
,hemidesmus4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,syn4       
,,mi/ura ,,hemidesmi4 ,prep4  ,bruis$   
root ( hemidesmus1 #aj oz42 extract (   
liquorice1 #aj gr42  di/ill$ wat]1 #aj  
oz4 ,dige/ = #ab h\rs1 heat ! /ra9$     
liquor to  #ahj ,f41 & /ra9             
aga94----,dose1 #a_/c "p #c times a day4
    ,mixture ( ,hemlock1 ,comp\nd4      
7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,conii  
,,composita4 ,prep4 ,extract ( hemlock1 
#a dr42 c>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b  dr42  
decoction ( liquorice1 #aa oz42 _s (    
pim5to1 #f dr4----,dose1 #a  oz4 to #b  
oz4 ,myrrh mixture is sometimes         
sub/itut$ = decoction (  liquorice4     
,mixture ( ,hors]adi%1 ,comp\nd4 7,dr   
,p>is47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,armoraci       
,,composita4 ,prep4 ,hors]adi% root1    

#a_/b oz42 mu/>d se$1 #a_/b oz42  boil+ 
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,mac]ate = an h\r1 & to #g
 oz4 ( ! /ra9$  infusion add aromatic _s
 ( ammonia1 #a fl4 dr42 _s ( pim5to1    
#a_/b  oz4 ,9 p>alysis4    ,mixture1    
,hydrocyanic4 ,syn4 ,,mixture ,,(       
,,prussic ,,acid2 ,,mi/ura ,,acidi      
,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f m$ic9al   
prussic acid1 #ae drops2 simple  syrup  
7pure71 #a fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #e fl4
 oz42----,dose1 #a  table-spoonful1 #b  
or #c times daily4 ,ea* dose conta9s    
#a-a_/d drop (  m$ic9al prussic acid4 ,!
 bottle %\ld be %ak5 be=e p\r+ out !    
dose4 ,mag5die's =mul = ?is mixture are 
omitt$1 because ! acid  :i* he ord]s is 
n kept 9 ! %ops 9 ,engl&4    ,mixture ( 
,iod9e ) ,s>sap>illa4 7,mag5die47 ,syn4 
,,mi/ura ,,iod9ii  ,,cum ,,s>za4 ,prep4 
,decoction ( s>sap>illa1 #a-a_/b p9t2   
iodide (  potassium1 #a dr42 syrup (    
orange1 #b oz4    ,mixture1 ,iron4 ,see 
,,mixture1 ,,/eel4    ,mixture1 ,iron   
7,comp\nd74 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,/eel4     
,mixture1 ,m>%mall[4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura     

,,al? 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,e47
 ,m>%mall[ root 7dri$71 #d oz42 /on$    
rais9s1 #b oz42 wat]1 #e  p9ts2 boil to 
#c p9ts1 /ra9 ?r\gh l951 & aft] ! s$im5t
 has  subsid$1 decant ! cle> portion4   
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,decoction4        
,demulc5t4----,dose4 ,a few spoonfuls ad
  libitum1 s z to take #a to #c p9ts 9 !
 #bd h\rs2 9 /rangury1  calculus1 c\ghs1
 fev]s1 c4    ,mixture ( ,monesia4      
7,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,monesi4    
,prep4 ,extract  ( monesia1 #b scruples2
 wat]1 #g-a_/b oz42 comp\nd t9cture (   
c>damoms1  #a_/b8 oz4    ,mixture (     
,musk4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura        
,,mos*i4 ,prep4 ,musk1 #c dr42          
triturate x ) :ite sug>1 #c dr42 gum    
acacia1 #c dr42 & gradually add  rose   
wat]1 #a p9t4----,dose1 #a to #b oz4    
,mixture ( ,musk-se$4 7,dr ,reece47     
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,abelmos*i4 ,prep4      
,t9cture ( musk-se$s1 #a oz42 aromatic  
_s ( ammonia1 #c fl4 dr42  comp\nd _s ( 
lav5d]1 #d fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #f 
oz4----,dose1  #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4      

,mixture1 ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,(  
,,myrrh2 ,,mi/ura ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,copl&47 ,myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 add to x 
gradually1 triturat+ all !  "t1         
decoction ( liquorice1 #f fl4 oz41 &    
/ra94----,dose1 #a to #b                
table-spoonfuls1 twice or ?rice a day1  
comb9$ ) c>bonate ( soda1  dilute       
hydro*loric acid1 or p>egoric2 9        
debility1 & diseases ( !  dige/ive      
organs4    ,mixture1 ,n>cotic4 ,syn4    
,,mi/ura ,,n>cotica1 ,m4 ,,febrifuga1   
,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,t9cture ( h5bane1 #b   
fl4 dr42 solution ( acetate ( ammonia1  
#c fl4  oz42 wat]1 #b-c_/d fl4 oz42     
mix4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1
 to  relieve pa91 procure sleep 9 fev]s1
 c4    #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,laudanum1    
#a-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup ( poppies1       
sulphuric  e!r1 & _s ( c9namon1 ( ea* #a
 oz42 t9cture ( h5bane1 #b-a_/b  fl4    
dr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #d fl4 dr42    
wat] #b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a to #b      
table-spoonfuls1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! hot
 fit ( ague4    ,mixture1               

,oleo-balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura          
,,oleo-,,balsamica1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,hamb4 
,cod47 ,oils ( c$rat1 c9namon1 cloves1  
lav5d]1 mace1 &  m>joram1 ( ea* #bj     
drops2 oil ( rue1 #aj drops2 balsam (   
,p]u1 #a_/b dr42  rectifi$ _s1 #aj oz42 
dige/ & filt]4    ,mixture ( ,oxalic    
,acid4 7,n>do47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,acidi  
,,oxalici4 ,prep4  ,oxalic acid1 #h gr42
 mucilage1 #c oz42 syrup1 #a oz4 ,9     
inflammation1 ( !  fauces & dige/ive    
tube4    ,mixture ( ,phosphorus4        
7,s\beiran47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura             
,,phosphorici4 ,prep4  ,phosphorat$ oil1
 #b dr42 p[d]$ gum acacia1 #b dr42      
pepp]m9t wat]1 #c  oz42 syrup1 #b oz4   
,mix ! gum ) #aj dr4 ( wat]1 & ?9 ) !   
oil1  & gradually add ! o!rs4 ,conta9s  
#a gr4 ( phosphorus4----,dose1 #a_/b    
fl4 oz4    ,mixture ( ,plat9um ,*loride4
 7,hoeff]47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,plat9i     
,,*loridi4 ,prep4 ,p]*loride ( plat9um1 
#a-a_/b gr42 gum juleps1 #f oz4         
,mixture ( ,potassium ,iodide4          
7,caz5ave47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,potassii   

,,iodidi4  ,prep4 ,iodide ( potassium1  
#b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #af oz42 syrup1 #b
 fl4  oz4 #b or #c table-spoonfuls p]   
diem4    ,mixture1 ,purgative4 ,syn4    
,,mi/ura ,,ca?>tica1 ,m4 ,,laxativa1 ,m4
 ,,purgans4  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f any ( !  
purg+ salts 7,epsom1 ,glaub]1 ta/eless1 
c471 #b oz42 infusion ( s5na1 #e fl4    
oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4  oz42  
t9cture ( g+]1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 _s (      
pim5to1 #b fl4 dr42  mix4----,dose1 #a  
to #c table-spoonfuls1 e>ly 9 ! morn+2 z
 an ap]i5t  9 /oma* compla9ts1 c4    #b4
 7,dr ,copl&47 ,manna1 #a-a_/b oz42     
cream ( t>t>1 #a_/b oz42 :ey1 #a  qu>t4 
,by w9e-glassfuls1 z an ap]i5t dr9k1 9  
fev]s1 c4    #c4 7,corvis>t47           
,borot>trate ( potassa 7soluble t>t>71  
#a oz42 t>t>  emetic1 #a_/b gr42 sug>1  
#b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 ,by
  w9e-glassfuls1 until x beg9s to       
op]ate4 ,?is has be5 call$              
#8,,napoleon',s ,,m$ic9e1' f its hav+   
be5 frequ5tly tak5 by ,napoleon  ,i4    
,see ,,mixtures ,,( ,,scammony1 ,,s5na1 

c4    ,mixture ( ,qu99e & ,c(fee4 ,syn4 
,,mi/ura ,,qu9i ,,et ,,caffe2 ,,caf     
,,qu99e4 ,prep>e #e oz4 ( infusion f #d 
dr4 ( gr\nd c(fee by  p]colation1 & add 
#bd gr4 ( neutral sulphate ( qu99e & #d 
dr4 (  sug>4----,dose4 ,a tablespoonful4
 ,! c(fee conceals ! bitt]ness ( !      
qu99e4    ,mixture ( ,qu99e ) ,iron4    
,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,qu9i ,,cum ,,f]ro4     
,sulphate  ( qu99e1 #a gr42 sulphate (  
iron1 #b gr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #e 
m9ims2 wat]1 #a oz4 ,= #a dose4         
,mixture ( ,rhub>b ) ,magnesia4 7,/     
,?om4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,rhei     
,,cum ,,magnesia4 ,prep4 ,rhub>b1       
#g-a_/b gr42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #ae   
gr42  pepp]m9t wat]1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,= #a  
dose4    ,mixture1 ,sal9e4 ,syn4        
,,mi/ura ,,sal9a1 ,l4 ,see ,,draught &  
,,lemonade4    ,mixture1 ,scammony4     
,syn4 ,,scammony ,,milk2 ,,mi/ura       
,,scammonii 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,e47 ,res9 ( scammony1 #g gr42    
unskimm$ milk1 #c fl4 oz43  gradually   
mix1 triturat+ all ! "t1 s z to =m an   

emulsion4  ,purgative4----,dose4 ,"o    
half4    #b4 7,plan*e's ,,purgative     
,,potion47 ,to ! la/ add ( :ite sug>1   
#a_/d oz42  *]ry-laurel 7or             
bitt]-almond7 wat]1 #d or #e drops4 ,!  
above are !  mo/ ta/eless & pleasant    
purgatives ( an active "* kn[n4    #c4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,res9 ( scammony1 #d gr42 fre%
 milk1 #b oz42 triturate & =m  an       
emulsion4----,dose4 ,! quantity ( !     
=mula = an adult1 half = a  *ild4       
,mixture1 ,s5ega1 ) ,ammonia4 7,/ ,?4   
,h47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,s5eg ,,cum        
,,ammonia4 ,prep4 ,infusion ( s5ega1 #a 
oz42 c>bonate ( ammonia1 #d gr4  ,= #a  
dose4    ,mixture1 ,s5na 7,comp\nd74    
,syn4 ,,black ,,draught1 ,,ab]ne?y',s   
,d41  ,,ca?>tic ,,mixture2 ,,mi/ura     
,,s5n ,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,infusion  ( s5na1 #c_/d p9t2       
t9cture ( s5na1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 ,epsom 
salts1 #d oz42  c>bonate ( ammonia1     
#a_/b dr42 sug>1 #c oz42 agitate until !
 solids are  dissolv$4    #b4 ,s5na1 #ac
 oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b qu>ts2 dige/ = #d  

h\rs 9 a hot  place1 !n press out !     
liquor 9 a t9cture press1 & add1 (      
comp\nd  t9cture ( s5na1 #c_/d p9t2     
,epsom salts1 #a lb4    #c4 ,ea/ ,india 
s5na1 #b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #i qu>ts2    
t9cture ( s5na  & ,epsom salts1 ( ea*   
#c-a_/d lbs42 z ! la/4    #d4 ,s5na1 #h 
lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #i galls42 ,epsom     
salts1 #af lbs42 t9cture  ( s5na1       
#a-a_/b galls42 treacle & col\r+1 ( ea* 
#a qu>t4    #e4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,s5na & 
m9t1 ( ea* #a-a_/d oz4 7say #a-a_/b     
oz472  boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 ,epsom      
salts1 #g-a_/b oz4 7say #a_/b lb474     
#f4 7,r$wood47 ,infusion ( s5na1 #ah    
oz42 t9cture ( s5na1 #c oz42  sulphate (
 magnesia1 #f oz42 extract ( liquorice &
 _s ( sal  volatile1 ( ea* #c_/d oz42   
oil ( cloves1 #f drops4    #g4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,infusion ( s5na1 #ad2 sulphate (      
magnesia1 #d2 extract (  liquorice1     
#a_/b2 t9cture ( s5na1 #b-a_/b2 comp\nd 
t9cture ( c>damoms1  #a-a_/d3 dissolve &
 mix4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b oz4       
,obs4 ,z ! above mixture conta9s v      

little _s1 & f its  great consumption   
be+ made 9 l>ge quantities at a "t1 x   
frequ5tly  spoils be=e ! :ole is sold   
especially 9 hot wea!r4 ,to avoid ?is1  
#a-a_/b dr4 ( cloves1 & #c dr4 ( mu/>d  
se$1 bo? bruis$1 may be add$  to e gall4
 ( ! /ra9$ liquor at ! same "t ) !      
salts1  _s1 & col\r+1 aft] :i* x mu/ be 
%ak5 up repeat$ly = a  few days1 & !n   
all[$ to repose = a few days m :5 x w   
become q cle>4 ,x may be filt]$ ?r\gh a 
flannel bag1 b !re is  mu* loss & delay1
 ow+ to ! consi/5ce ( ! liquid4 ,x is   
purgative 9 doses ( #a to #a-a_/b fl4   
oz4    ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance1 t     
al?\gh an enorm\s quantity ( ?is        
prep>ation is consum$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 !re
 is no /&>d =mula  = x 9 ! ,briti%      
,ph>macopias4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,ap]i5t1 
c4    ,mixture1 ,/eel4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura   
,,f]ri ,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,,mi/ura  
,,*alybeata1 ,l4 ,two comp\nds ( ?is    
class are (fic9al3----    #a4           
7,,griffi?',s ,,mixture1 ,,comp\nd      
,,iron ,m42 ,,mi/ura ,,f]ri1 ,m4 ,f4    

,,protoxydi1  ,m4 ,f4                   
,,composita----,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d47       
,prep4----a4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47 ,c>bonate (
  potassa1 #a dr42 p[d]$ myrrh1 #b dr42 
_s ( nutmeg1 #a fl4 oz42  triturate     
toge!r1 & :il/ rubb+1 add gradually1 (  
sug>1 #b dr42  rose wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42  
mix well2 !n add ( sulphate ( iron      
7p[d]$71  #ej gr42 & place x at once 9 a
 bottle1 :i* mu/ be kept closely  cork$4
    b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,p[d]$ myrrh & sug>1 (
 ea* #a dr42 c>bonate (  potassa1 #a_/b 
dr42 ess5ce ( nutmeg1 #a fl4 dr42 rose  
wat]1 #g fl4 oz42  sulphate ( iron1     
#a_/b dr42 7dissolv$ 97 rose wat]1 #a   
fl4 oz42----,dose1  #a to #b oz41 #c or 
#d times a day1 z a mild & g5ial        
*alybeate tonic &  /imulant2 9 am5orrha1
 *lorosis1 debility1 c41 :5 !re is no   
det]m9ation ( blood to ! head4    #b4   
7,,heb]d5',s ,,mixture1 ,h4',s ,,ink2   
,,atram5tum ,,heb]dii2 ,,mi/ura ,,f]ri  
,,aromatica----,ph4 ,d47 ,pale c9*ona   
b>k1 #a oz42 calumba root1 #c dr4 7bo? 9
  co>se p[d]27 cloves 7bruis$71 #b dr42 

iron fil+s1 #a_/b oz42 pepp]m9t  wat]1  
#af fl4 oz42 dige/ 9 a close vessel = #c
 days1 agitat+  frequ5tly1 !n /ra91 &   
add ( t9cture ( c>damoms 7comp471 #c fl4
  oz42 t9cture ( orange peel1 #c fl4 dr4
 ,bitt]1 /oma*ic1 &  aromatic4----,dose1
 #a or #b table-spoonfuls1 or m1 #c or  
#d times a day4 ,x  is v slightly       
*alybeat$4 ,see also ,,mixture1         
,,aromatic ,,iron4    #c4 ,sulphate (   
iron1 #be gr42 c>bonate ( pota%1 #cj    
gr42 myrrh1 #fj gr42  sug>1 #fj gr42 _s 
( nutmegs1 #d dr42 rose wat]1 #i-a_/b   
oz4 ,r$uce !  myrrh to p[d]1 add !      
c>bonate ( pota% ( sug>1 & triturate !m 
) a small quantity ( rose wat] s z to =m
 a ?9 pa/e1 !n  gradually add m rose    
wat]1 & ! _s ( nutmegs1 cont9u+ !       
trituration & fur!r addition ( rose wat]
 until ab\t eight fluid  ounces ( milky 
liquid is =m$1 !n add ! sulphate ( iron 
previ\sly  dissolv$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! rose
 wat] & cork ! bottle                   
imm$iately4----,dose1 #a to #b oz4 z a  
/imulat+ tonic4    ,mixture ( ,sulphuric

 ,acid4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura       
,,acidi ,,sulphurici2  ,,hall]',s       
,,elixir4 ,prep4 ,to #c oz4 7by weight7 
( rectifi$ _s add  gradually #a oz4 7by 
weight7 ( pure sulphuric acid4----,dose1
 #e to #bj drops  dilut$4    ,mixture1  
,tonic4 ,syn4 ,,/r5g!n+ ,,mixture2      
,,mi/ura ,,tonica1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4      
,infusion ( casc>illa1 #e fl4 oz42      
t9cture ( orange peel1 #g  fl4 dr42     
aromatic sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr4     
#b4 7,colli]47 ,decoction ( b>k1 #e-a_/b
 fl4 oz42 t9cture ( d41 #c fl4  dr42    
aromatic confection1 #bj gr42 aromatic  
_s ( ammonia1 #a fl4 dr4    #c4         
7,?omson47 ,infusion ( calumba1 #e-a_/b 
fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture (  c9namon &   
syrup ( orange peel1 ( ea* #b fl4       
dr4----,dose1 #a to #c  table-spoonfuls1
 #b or #c times a day2 9 debility ( !   
dige/ive organs1  loss ( appetite1 to   
*eck nausea & vomit+1 c4    ,mixture (  
,w9e4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura    
,,v9i4 ,:ite w9e1 #f fl4  oz42 yolks (  
#b eggs2 sug>1 #a_/b oz42 oil ( c9namon1

 #c drops4----,dose1 #a  oz4            
,mixture1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura         
,,an!lm9tica1 ,m4 ,,v]mifuga1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4  7,colli]47 ,sulphate ( iron1 #bj  
gr42 infusion ( quassia1 #h fl4         
oz4----,dose4 ,two table-spoonfuls e    
morn+ fa/+4    #b4 7,copl&47 ,val]ian1  
#b dr42 worm-se$1 #d dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h
 fl4  oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 /ra91 & add (
 assaftida1 #a dr41 previ\sly  triturat$
 ) ! yolk ( "o egg4 ,z ! la/4    #c4    
7,ri*>d47 ,root ( male f]n1 #a oz42     
wat]1 #i fl4 oz42 boil to #f fl4  oz41  
/ra91 & add1 ( sulphuric e!r1 #a dr42   
syrup ( tansy1 #a fl4 oz4  ,9 tapeworm2 
z above4    ,mixture1 ,z9c4 ,syn4       
,,mi/ura ,,z9ci1 ,m4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1   
,l4 ,prep4  7,colli]47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 
#e gr42 sulphate ( qu99e1 #aj gr42      
comp\nd  infusion ( roses1 #b fl4 oz4   
,tonic4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #b or  
#c times a  day1 9 a glass ( wat]4 ,said
 to be v efficaci\s 9 ! cure (  c\ghs ( 
a spasmodic "*4    ,,mixtures           
7,ari?metic (74 ,! con/antly recurr+    

necessity 9 bus9ess  & *emical          
manipulations ( det]m9+ ! value (       
mixtures1 & (  produc+ articles &       
prep>ations ( diff]5t /r5g?s or prices  
to  ^? already 9 /ock1 has r5d]$ a ready
 means ( mak+ su*  calculations an      
indisp5sable qualification 9 almo/ e    
dep>tm5t (  trade & indu/rial art4 ,z we
 address ourselves to ! intellig5t      
op]ative & busy tradesman1 z well z to  
^? m bless$ by  education & leisure1 we 
feel we are be/[+ a boon on _m ( our    
read]s 9 giv+ a %ort1 b suffici5t1      
outl9e ( ?is useful bran*  ( comm]cial  
ari?metic1 :i* is mo/ intimately        
connect$ ) !  objects ( ! pres5t "w4    
#a4 ,to det]m9e ! price ( a mixture f ! 
value & quantity ( ea*  +r$i5t ( :i* x  
is compos$4----,,rule4 ,divide ! #8gross
 value' by !  #8gross saleable' or      
#8useful quantity1' ! quoti5t is ! value
 or co/  p] gallon1 p\nd1 c41 z ! case  
may be4----,example4 ,requir$1 !  value 
p] gallon ( a hog%ead ( w9e conta9+---- 
s4 d4        s4 d4      #cj gallons     

#aj   #f      #ae   #ae   #j    #bj    0
    0  #ab   #f      #ab   #aj   #j     
#ac    0    0  #ad   #f       #i    #h  
#f    ----                              
---------------    #fc        divide    
into      #cg   #ac   #f                
---------------        ,co/ p] gallon   
#j   #aa  #aa-a_/b    #b4 ,to det]m9e ! 
proportions ( sub/ances or articles (   
diff]5t  values or /r5g?s :i* mu/ be    
tak5 to prep>e a mixture ( any o!r      
value or /r5g?4----,,rule4 ,arrange !   
#8prices' or #8/r5g?s ( !  +r$i5ts' 9 a 
column1 & l9k !m toge!r 9 pairs2 ea* (  
^?  above ! requir$ price be+ always    
connect$ ) ano!r bel[ x4  ,!n set !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! requir$ price & ^!    
numb]s1  alt]nately aga9/ ^? !y are l9k$
 to2 :5 !y w indicate !  quantities to  
be tak51 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3----a4   
,requir$ !  proportions ( tea at #cs41  
#ds41 #fs41 & #gs41 t mu/ be tak5  to   
produce a mixture #es4 ! p\nd4 ,"h----  
#c----         #a1 or #a lb4  #cs4      
#d--------      #b1  0 #b  0  0 #ds4    

#e  #f----        #b1  0 #b  0  0 #fs4  
#g-----      #a1  0 #a  0  0 #gs4    b4 
7,:5 ! numb] ( ! +r$i5ts or prices is   
odd47 ,requir$ !  proportions ( teas at 
#cs41 #es41 & #fs41 ! p\nd1 to sell at  
#ds4 ,"h ! odd numb] mu/ be tak5 a      
second "t3----         #c--------       
#a  #b or #c lbs  #cs4    #d  #e----    
#a1 0 #a  0  0 #fs4       #f-----       
#a1 0 #a  0  0 #fs4    c4 7,:5 ! numb] (
 ! +r$i5ts is n m]ely odd1 b ! prices   
are unequally di/ribut$ ei!r above or   
bel[ ! requir$ price47 ,a  deal] hav+   
w9es ( ! same "n at #gs41 #is41 #aas41  
#abs41 &  #ads41 p] gallon1 wi%es to    
produce a mixture ( !m wor? #ajs4 p]    
gallon3----           #g-------   #a    
#d1 or #e galls4   #gs4         #i----- 
#b1  0 #b   0    0  #is4    #aj  #aa----
         #c1  0 #c   0    0 #aas4       
#ab----        #a1  0 #a   0    0 #abs4 
#ad------       #c1  0 #c   0    0 #ads4
    ,x w be se5 t by v>y+ ! mann] ( l9k+
 ! numb]s1  diff]5t answ]s may (t5 be   
obta9$ to ! same "q4 ,x also  (t5 happ5s

 t ! deal] or op]ator desires to use a  
giv5 quantity  ( "o p>ticul> article1 or
 to produce a c]ta9 quantity only ( !   
mixture in/ead ( ^? indicat$ by ! above 
calculations4 ,9 ^!  in/ances he has    
simply to apply ! common rule (         
#8practice' or !  #8rule ( ?ree1' z !   
p>ticul> case may dem&4    ,9 ! above   
mann] ! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts ( a  
comp\nd may  be det]m9$ f _! specific   
gravity1 :5 no *ange ( volume has  aris5
 f _! admixture2 b :5 ?is is ! case1 z 9
 alloys1  alcoholic mixtures1 c41 x is  
ei!r q inapplicable or ! results  obta9$
 are m]e approximations to ! tru?4 ,x   
may1 h[ev]1 be  conv5i5tly employ$ =    
calculations connect$ ) ! #8mix+' &     
#8r$uction' ( spirits & o!r liquids1 by 
sub/itut+ _!  p]-c5tage value 9 #8pro(  
gallons' or o!r correspond+ d5om9ation1 
= ! prices 9 ! above examples2 wat]1 :5 
introduc$ be reckon$1  #j4 ,?us3----,a  
_s m]*ant hav+ two pun*eons ( rum ( !   
/r5g?s  ( #ag & #ba o4 p41 wi%es to "k  
:at proportions ( ea* & ( wat]  he mu/  

take to =m a _s #aj u4 up4 ,! pro( value
 ( #ajj gallons (  ^! spirits are       
respectively equal to #aba1 #aag1 #ij1 &
 #j 7wat]74  ,!re=e----                 
#j----    #bg  #ca1 or #eh g4 wat]4     
#ij  #aag----          #ij1  0 #ij 0    
rum  #aag o4p4        #aba----          
#ij1  0 #ij 0  rum 0 #aba  0    ,suppose
 ! deal] requir$ to use diff]5t         
proportions ( ! spirits  ref]r$ to1     
in/ead ( equal measures1 he has only to 
take su* aliquot  p>ts ( ! quantities   
?us f\nd ref]r+ to ! small] proportion2 
or  su* multiples ( ^? ref]r+ to ! l>g] 
"o1 z he wi%es !m to  be> to ea* 9 ! new
 mixture4 ,num]\s o!r applications ( ?is
 rule  w occur to ! +5i\s read]4        
,que/ions 9 #8alligation1' z ! dep>tm5t 
( ari?metic above ref]r$  to is call$1  
are v easily resolv$ by ! #8me?od (     
indet]m9ate  analysis1' ev5 by p]sons b 
slightly conv]sant ) rudim5t>y  algebra2
 ( :i*1 inde$1 !y =m a simple class (   
problems1 (t5  admitt+ ( an almo/       
indef9ite numb] ( solutions4            

,,mo,,hair4 ,! hair ( a goat indig5\s 9 
,asia ,m9or4 ,x is dy$ &  manufactur$ by
 simil> mat]ials & 9 a simil> mann] to  
wool4    ,,moil4 ,see ,,cid]4           
,,moir,e ,,metallique4 ,fr4 ,a beautiful
 cry/all9e appe>ance produc$ on  !      
surface ( t9 plate by acids4 ,! t9 plate
 is submitt$ = a few  seconds1 :il/     
g5tly heat$1 to ! action ( dilute aqua  
regia1 by  :i* x acquires a v>iegat$    
primrose appe>ance4 ,x is aft]w>ds  wa%$
 9 hot wat]1 dri$1 & lacqu]$4 ,! degree 
( heat & dilution  ( ! acid modifies !  
beauty & "* ( ! surface4 ,! effect  is  
also v>i$ by employ+ dilute sulphuric   
acid1 ei!r alone or mix$  ) a portion ( 
nitric or hydro*loric acid2 or by us+ a 
solution (  citric acid or cau/ic       
potassa4 ,accord+ to ,h]b]g]1 ! be/     
metal =  ! purpose is plate iron1 :i*   
has be5 coat$ by dipp+ x into a t9  ba? 
compos$ ( pure t91 #bjj p>ts2 copp]1 #c 
p>ts2 ars5ic1 #a "p4  ,! v>ni% %\ld     
consi/ ( copal 9 highly rectifi$ _s4    
,moire  metallique is 9 mu* less dem& n[

 ?an =m]ly4    ,,mo,,lasses4 ,see       
,,treacle4    ,,moles4 ,! small1 s(t    
excresc5ces & discolorations ( ! sk9 :i*
  are popul>ly kn[n "u ?is "n may1 :5   
slight1 be remov$ by  t\*+ !m e day ) a 
little conc5trat$ acetic acid1 by means 
( a hair p5cil1 obs]v+ due c>e to prev5t
 ! application f  spread+ to ! surr\nd+ 
p>ts4 ,?is does n discol\r ! sk94 ,!    
application ( lun> cau/ic is also v     
effective1 b x turns ! spot  tempor>ily 
black4 ,9 ! pure mole !re is always a   
consid]able  production ( hair4 ,:5 o!r 
means fail1 !y may be easily & safely   
remov$ by surgical means4 ,! op]ation is
 trifl+2 & :5 judici\sly  p]=m$ no trace
 ( su* a proce$+ is left beh9d4         
,,moluc,,ca ,,balm4 ,see ,,liqueur4     
,,molybdate ,,( ,,ammonium4 7,,nh#d7b   
,mo,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,molybd5ic ,,acid1      
,,p]oxide ,,( ,,molybd5um2 ,,acidum     
,,molybdicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,native        
sulphide (  molybd5um1 aft] be+ well    
roa/$1 is r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 dige/$  )  
ammonia1 & ! mixture filt]$1 & !        

filtrate evaporat$ to  dryness2 !       
residue1 molybdate ( ammonium1 is !n    
dissolv$ 9 wat]1  purifi$ by            
cry/allisation2 &1 la/ly1 decompos$ by  
heat4    ,prop41 c4 ,small :ite scales1 
soluble 9 #egj p>ts ( wat]2 !  solution 
r$d5s litmus pap]2 dissolves 9 !        
alkalies1 =m+ alkal9e  molybdates1 f :i*
 x is aga9 precipitat$ by /rong acids4  
,x is  us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( molybd5um   
blue1 & 9 calico-pr9t+1 b  its sc>city  
precludes its ext5sive employm5t 9 !    
arts4 ,molybdate (  ammonium is ! salt  
pr9cipally us$ 9 dye+4 ,silks & cottons 
pass$  ?r\gh a solution ( ?is salt1 !n  
?r\gh a ba? s\r$ )  hydro*loric acid1 &1
 la/ly 7)\t wa%+71 ?r\gh ano!r (        
proto*loride ( t91 are dy$ ( a ri* &    
p]man5t blue col\r4 ,a  solution (      
molybdate ( ammonia 9 excess ( nitric   
acid =ms a valuable  ag5t z a te/ =     
phosphates1 ) :i* x gives a beautiful   
yell[  precipitate 7phospho-molybdate ( 
ammonia74 ,see ,,phosphoric ,,acid4     
,,molyb,,d5um4 ,mo4 ,a v r>e metal1 hav+

 a :ite col\r1 discov]$ by  ,hielm 9    
#aghb4    ,prep4 ,by expos+ molybdic    
acid1 mix$ ) *>coal & plac$ 9 a  cov]$  
crucible1 to ! /ronge/ heat ( a smi?'s  
=ge4    ,prop41 c4 ,x is brittle & v    
infusible2 :5 heat$ 9 contact )  ! air1 
x is conv]t$ into molybdic anhydride1   
,mo,o#c4    ,,momor,,dic9e4 ,see        
,,elat]94    ,,momraughan ,,= ,,h>ness1 
c4 ,a correspond5t ( ! #8,field'        
newspap]  gives ! foll[+ =mul =         
momraughan1 a sub/ance us$ 9 ,india =   
pres]v+ saddles & e description ( lea!r4
 ,x is made z  foll[s3----#a lb4 :ite   
wax1 #c lb4 mutton fat1 #a p9t spirits (
 turp5t9e2  melt1 & mix well toge!r :ile
 liquid4 ,! saddle or lea!r %\ld be     
rubb$ well ) a lime 9 ! sun1 !n scrubb$ 
) a bru% ) soap  & wat]2 :5 ?or\ghly    
dry1 rub x well ) ! momraughan 7lett+  x
 soak 97 9 ! sun4 ,"o tablespoonful w be
 en\gh = a saddle4  ,ano!r recipe       
is3----#a p9t neats-foot oil1 #b oz4    
beeswax1 #b oz4 spirits (  turp5t9e1 o!r
 directions z above4 ,?is latt] mixture1

 ) !  addition ( #a oz4 ,burgundy pit*1 
makes a v good wat]pro( composition  =  
boots4    ,,mone,,sia4 ,syn4 ,,monesia  
,,b>k1 ,,buranheim ,b42 ,,cortex        
,,monesi1 ,l4 ,! b>k  ( ,*rysophyllum   
,buranheim1 a tree gr[+ 9 ! ,brazils4 ,!
 r\gh1  import$ extract ( ?is drug also 
commonly passes "u ! "n (  ,,monesia4 ,x
 is a/r+5t1 & possesses no advantage ov]
 rhatany or  cate*u4----,dose 7( !      
latt]71 #ah to #bj gr4    ,,mone,,s94 ,a
 peculi> acrid pr9ciple1 analog\s to    
sapon91 f\nd 9  monesia b>k1 to ! ext5t 
( #dg4    ,,monobromat$ ,,camphor4 ,see 
,,camphor1 ,,monobromat$4               
,,monoma,,nia4 ,see ,,insanity4         
,,mor,,dant4 ,9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 any
 sub/ance employ$ to  fix ! col\r+ matt]
 ( dye-/uffs 9 ! fibres ( organic       
bodies1  & to give x brilliancy &       
p]man5cy4 ,?is x effects ei!r by  s]v+ z
 a bond ( union betwe5 ! two1 ow+ to its
 attraction =  ea* ( !m2 or x acts by   
unit+ ) ! col\r+ p>ticles 9 !  m9ute    
pores ( ! fibres1 & r5d]$ !m insoluble 9

 ! alkal9e1  soapy1 & o!r liquids1 to ! 
action ( :i* !y w subsequ5tly be        
expos$4 ,:5 an infusion ( "s dye-/uff1 z
 co*9eal or madd]1 =  example1 is mix$ )
 alum or acetate ( alum9a1 & a little   
alkali1 a  precipitate imm$iately =ms1  
consi/+ ( alum9a 9 comb9ation )  col\r+ 
matt]1 con/itut+ a ,,lake4 ,x is by a   
simil> reaction  occurr+ )9 ! fibres t !
 p]man5t dye+ ( ! clo? is  effect$4 ,"h 
! col\r+ matt] ( ! dye+ mat]ials n only 
passes f ! soluble to ! insoluble =m1 b 
x ent]s into *emical  comb9ation ) o!r  
sub/ances1 & 9 ! new comp\nds x assumes 
great] brilliancy & p]man5cy ?an x      
previ\sly possess$4 ,annotta  & saffl[] 
af=d in/ances ( ! second mode ( action  
above ref]r$  to1 by :i* sub/ances      
op]ate z mordants4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( ^! 
dye-/uffs is soluble 9 alkal9e lyes1 &  
into a solution ( ?is k9d  ! clo? is    
dipp$4 ,x has n[ receiv$ an extremely   
fugitive col\r  only2 b by pass+ x ?r\gh
 acidulat$ wat] ! alkal9e solv5t is     
ab/ract$1 & ! t9ctorial matt] is        

precipitat$ 9 an insoluble &  m9utely   
divid$ /ate )9 its pores1 & x becomes   
p]man5tly dy$4  ,a simil> reaction takes
 place 9 dye+ ) ! #8indigo vat1' 9 :i*  
atmosph]ic oxyg5 p]=ms ! "p ( a mordant4
 ,x is believ$ t  ev5 9 ^! cases !      
col\r+ pr9ciple1 dur+ its transition f  
! liquid to ! solid =m1 ent]s into      
comb9ation ) ! fibres (  ! organic      
sub/ance1 & t1 9 proportion to ! aff9ity
 exi/+  betwe5 ! two1 is ! integrity &  
excell5ce ( ! dye4 ,9 wool &  silk !    
aff9ity betwe5 _! filam5ts & ! t9ctorial
 p>ticles (  ! dye-ba? is1 9 g5]al1 s   
consid]able1 t a p]man5t /a9 is  v      
easily communicat$ to !m2 b ) cotton &  
flax1 ! mat]ials  ( :i* calico & l95    
goods are made1 ! rev]se is ! case1 & ! 
int]v5tion ( a ?ird mat]ial1 9 ! %ape ( 
a mordant1 is absolutely  necess>y to   
dye !m ( a p]man5t col\r4    8,exp]i5ce 
has prov$ t1 ( all ! bases1 ^? :i*      
succe$ be/ z  mordants are alum9a1 t91 &
 oxide ( iron2 ! fir/ two ( :i*1  be+   
naturally :ite1 are ! only ones :i* c be

 employ$ =  pres]v+ to ! col\r its      
orig9al t9t1 at lea/ )\t mu*  v>iation4 
,b :5ev] ! mordant itself is col\r$1 x w
 cause !  dye to take a comp\nd col\r q 
diff]5t f its own4 ,if1 z is  usually   
said1 ! mordant ent]s into a real       
*emical union ) !  /uff to be dy$1 !    
application ( ! mordant %\ld obvi\sly be
 made  9 su* circum/ances z are kn[n to 
be mo/ favorable to ! comb9ation  tak+  
place2 & ?is is ! pr9ciple ( e day's    
practice 9 !  dye-h\se4    8,9 ord] t a 
comb9ation may result betwe5 two bodies1
 !y mu/ n  only be 9 contact1 b !y mu/  
be r$uc$ to _! ultimate molecules4  ,!  
mordants to be unit$ ) /uffs are1 z we h
 se51 insoluble 9  !mselves1 = :i*      
reason _! p>ticles mu/ be divid$ by     
solution  9 an appropriate vehicle4 ,n[1
 ?is solv5t or m5/ruum w ex]t 9  its own
 fav\r an aff9ity = ! mordant1 :i* w    
prove to t  ext5t an ob/acle to its     
attraction = ! /uff4 ,h5ce we mu/ select
  su* solv5ts z h a weak] aff9ity = !   
mordants ?an ! mordants  h = ! /uffs4 ,(

 all acids :i* c be employ$ to dissolve 
alum9a1 = example1 v9eg> 7acetic acid7  
is ! "o :i* w reta9  x ) ! lea/ en]gy1 =
 :i* reason ! acetate ( alum9a is n[    
g5]ally sub/itut$ = alum1 because !     
acetic acid gives up !  alum9a ) su*    
read9ess t m]e elevation ( temp]ature is
  suffici5t to effect ! sep>ation ( ^!  
two sub/ances4 ,be=e !  sub/itution ( ! 
acetate1 alum alone 0 employ$2 b )\t    
kn[+  ! true reason1 all ! ,fr5* dy]s   
pref]r$ ! alum ( ,rome1 simply  reg>d+ x
 to be ! pure/2 x is only )9 ^! few ye>s
 t !y  h und]/ood ! real gr\nds ( ?is   
pref]5ce4    8,! two pr9cipal           
conditions1 namely1 extreme t5uity (    
p>ticles &  lib]ty ( action1 be+ f\nd 9 
a mordant1 its op]ation is c]ta94 ,b  z 
! comb9ation to be effect$ is m]ely !   
result ( ! play (  aff9ity betwe5 !     
solv5t & ! /uff to be dy$1 a sort (     
p>tition  mu/ take place1 proportion$ to
 ! mass ( ! solv5t1 z well z to  its    
attractive =ce4 ,h5ce ! /uff w reta9 m (
 ! mordant :5  its solution is m        

conc5trat$1 t is1 :5 ! base diffus$     
?r\gh  x is n s mu* protect$ by a l>ge  
mass ( m5/ruum2 a fact appli$  to v     
valuable uses by ! practical man4 ,on   
impregnat+1 9 calico  pr9t+1 = example1 
diff]5t spots ( ! same web ) ! same     
mordant 9 diff]5t degrees (             
conc5tration1 !re is obta9$ 9 !  dye-ba?
 a dep? ( col\r ^u ^! spots int5se 9    
proportion to !  /r5g? ( _! v>i\s       
mordants4 ,?us1 ) solution ( acetate (  
alum9a 9 diff]5t grades ( d5sity1 & )   
madd]1 e %ade c  be produc$ f ! fulle/  
r$ to ! lighte/ p9k1 & ) acetate (  iron
 & madd]1 e %ade f black to pale        
violet40 7,ure47    ,9 ! employm5t (    
mordants 9 ! ord9>y processes ( dye+ !  
goods are pass$ ?r\gh ! solution = a    
p]iod v>y+1 "u  diff]5t circum/ances1   
accord+ to ! object 9 view4 ,! clo? is  
subsequ5tly air$1 dri$1 & well r9s$1    
be=e imm]s+ x 9 !  col\r+ ba?4 ,9 calico
 pr9t+ ! mordant is appli$ p>tially or  
topically to ! clo? by means ( wood5    
blocks1 or "s simil>  contrivance2 or   

c]ta9 p>ts ( ! clo? are /opp$ out by a  
suitable  prep>ation1 or #8resi/1' by   
:i* means a patt]n is produc$1 z !      
col\r+ matt] ( ! dye-ba? is remov$ f !  
o!r portions by !  wa%+ or sc\r+ to :i* 
x is subsequ5tly subject$4 ,! sub/ances 
us$ to ?ick5 ! mordant by ! calico      
pr9t]s1 to prev5t !m  spread+1 are />* &
 ,briti% gum4 ,! fir/ is prep>$ =       
neutral  solutions2 ! la/ = acidul\s    
ones4 ,! removal ( ! undecompos$        
p>ticles ( ! mordant1 s z to pres]ve !  
o!r portion ( ! clo?  f _! action1 is   
effect$ by ! process ( ,,dung+ 7:i*     
see74    ,! process ( ,,gall+ or        
,,root+1 commonly employ$ z a prep>ation
 (  cotton & l95 = fa/ dyes1 consi/s 9  
work+ ! /uff = "s  "t1 at a good h&     
heat1 9 a decoction ( galls or an       
infusion (  suma*4 ,9 ?is case ! a/r+5t 
matt] plays ! "p ( a mordant4  ,ab\t    
#b-a_/b oz4 ( galls1 or #e oz4 ( suma*1 
& #c or #d p9ts ( wat]1  are commonly   
tak5 = e lb4 ( cotton4 ,see ,,calico    
,,pr9t+1 ,,dye+1  & ! respective        

dye-/uffs & mordants4    ,mordant4 ,9   
gild+1 any /icky matt] by :i* gold-leaf 
is made to  adh]e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wat] or  
be]1 r5d]$ adhesive by ! addition ( a   
little gum1 sug>1 or honey1 & t+$ ) a   
little gamboge or c>m9e1  to m>k ! p>ts 
to :i* x is appli$4 ,us$ to atta* gold  
leaf to  pap]1 taffety1 vellum1 c4      
#b4 7,mixtion47 ,f asphaltum1 #a "p2    
ma/ic1 #d p>ts2 amb]1 #ab p>ts2  fus$   
toge!r1 & !n mix$ ) hot boil$ oil1 #a   
p9t4 ,us$ =  gild+ wood1 c4 ,see ,,gold 
,,size4    ,,morphia4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4
 ,syn4 ,,morph9e 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,morph9a1 
,,morphium1 ,l4 ,! *ief active pr9ciple 
( opium4 ,morphia 0 discov]$  by ,ludwig
 9 #afhh1 b x 0 fir/ obta9$ pure1 & its 
precise nature  po9t$ out by ,s]tu]n] 9 
#ahjd4 ,x is peculi> to ! ,papav]ace1 or
  poppy family4    ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47
 ,turkey opium 7cut into ?9 slices71 #a 
lb41 is  mac]at$ = #bd h\rs 9 wat]1 #a  
qu>t1 & ! liquid portion decant$2  !    
residuum is mac]at$ = #ab h\rs ) a      
second qu>t ( wat]1 &  ! process is     

repeat$ ) a ?ird qu>t ( wat]1 aft] :i* !
  insoluble portion is subject$ to /rong
 pressure2 ! mix$ liquids are  evaporat$
 by wat] or /eam heat to a p9t1 & filt]$
 ?r\gh calico2  to ! filtrate is add$ a 
solution =m$ ( *loride ( calcium1 #f    
dr41  dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #d fl4   
oz41 & ! liquid is fur!r  evaporat$     
until x is s f> conc5trat$ t ne>ly !    
:ole ( x  becomes solid on cool+2 ?is is
 envelop$ 9 a c\ple ( folds ( /rong     
calico1 & subject$ to p[]ful pressure1 !
 d>k liquid :i* exudes  be+ pres]v$ =   
subsequ5t use2 ! squeez$ cake is next   
treat$ )  ab\t #a_/b p9t ( boil+ wat]1 &
 ! undissolv$ portion is wa%$ on  a pap]
 filt]2 ! filt]$ solution is aga9       
evaporat$1 & ! solid  portion ?us obta9$
 submitt$ to pressure1 z be=e2 if !     
product is  n q :ite1 ?is process is    
repeat$ a ?ird "t2 ! squeez$ cake  is n[
 dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 #f fl4 oz41 & ! 
solution filt]$  ?r\gh animal *>coal 7if
 necess>y72 to ! cle> solution is add$  
ammonia1 9 slight excess2 ! cry/all9e   

precipitate :i* =ms z !  liquid cools is
 collect$ on a pap] filt]1 wa%$ ) cold  
di/ill$  wat]1 &1 la/ly1 ! filt] is     
transf]r$ to a por\s brick1 9 ord]  t ! 
morphia :i* x conta9s may become dry4   
7,f ! liquids  res]v$ f ! expressions m 
morphia may be obta9$ by dilution  )    
wat]1 precipitation ) ammonia1          
re-solution 9 boil+ wat]1 &  treatm5t ) 
a little animal *>coal1 c41 z be=e47    
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,hydro*lorate (   
morphia1 #a oz41 is dissolv$ 9  di/ill$ 
wat]1 #a p9t2 & ammonia1 #e fl4 dr4 7or 
q4 s471 previ\sly  dilut$ ) wat]1 #a fl4
 oz41 is add$1 ) agitation2 !           
precipitate  is well wa%$ 9 di/ill$     
wat]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,by a     
simil> process morphia may be obta9$ f  
its o!r salts4    #c4 7,m]ck47 ,a cold  
aque\s infusion ( opium is precipitat$ )
  c>bonate ( sodium1 9 excess2 !        
precipitate wa%$1 fir/ ) cold  wat]1 &  
!n ) cold alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #he2 !      
residuum is dissolv$  9 weak acetic     
acid1 ! solution filt]$ ?r\gh animal    

*>coal1 &  precipitat$ ) ammonia2 !     
precipitate is aga9 wa%$ ) cold  wat]1  
dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & cry/allis$4 ,a    
good process :]e _s  is *eap4    #d4    
7,mohr47 ,opium1 #d p>ts1 is made into a
 /rong infusion ) wat]1  q4 s42 lime1 #a
 "p1 r$uc$ to a /ate ( milk ) wat]1 is  
!n add$2  ! mixture is next heat$ to    
boil+1 at once filt]$ ?r\gh l951 &      
treat$1 :il/ /ill hot1 ) *loride (      
ammonium1 9 f9e p[d]1 9  slight excess  
7ab\t #a oz4 to ea* lb4 ( opium72 !     
morphia is deposit$  z ! liquid cools1 &
 may be purifi$ by a second solution 9  
lime &  precipitation by *loride (      
ammonium4 ,?is process is rem>kably     
simple1  & 9 _m po9ts is pref]able to   
any o!r1 ei!r on ! small or  l>ge scale4
    #e4 7,,pure47 ,a filt]$ solution (  
opium 9 tepid wat] is mix$ )  acetate ( 
lead 9 excess2 ! precipitate 7meconate (
 lead7 is sep>at$  by a filt]1 & a /ream
 ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! 
ne>ly col\rless filtrate2 ! latt] is    
w>m$1 to expel excess ( !  gas1 once m  

filt]$1 & !n mix$ ) a slight excess (   
ammonia1  :i* ?r[s d[n n>cot9e &        
morphia2 ^! are sep>at$ by boil+  e!r1 9
 :i* ! =m] is soluble4    ,prop4 ,!     
morphia ( comm]ce is a :ite cry/all9e   
p[d]2 b :5  cry/allis$ f alcohol1 x =ms 
brilliant prismatic cry/als (  adamant9e
 lu/re1 & ! =mula                       
,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4;,h#b,o4 ,x ex]ts an  
alkal9e reaction on te/ pap]2 imp>ts a  
p]ceptible bitt] ta/e to  wat]2 requires
 #aafj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & #id p>ts (   
boil+ wat]1  = its solution2 insoluble 9
 e!r2 dissolves 9 #ij p>ts ( cold &     
ab\t #cj p>ts ( boil+ alcohol2 x also   
dissolves 9 ! fix$ &  volatile oils1 & 9
 solutions ( ! alkalies2 heat$ 9 close  
vessels1  x =ms a yell[ liquid1 l melt$ 
sulphur1 :i* becomes :ite &  cry/all9e  
on cool+2 heat$ 9 ! air1 x melts1       
inflames l a  res91 & leaves a small    
quantity ( *>coal beh9d4 ,) ! acids x   
=ms salts1 :i* are mo/ly soluble &      
cry/allisable4 ,^! may all be  made by !
 direct solution ( ! alkaloid 9 ! dilute

 acid4 ,! only  ones ( importance are ! 
acetate1 hydro*lorate1 & sulphate4      
,pur4 ,comm]cial morphia & its          
prep>ations are (t5 contam9at$ )        
code9e1 n>cot9e1 & col\r+ matt]4 ,!     
proportion ( ! fir/ two  may be e/imat$ 
by ! loss ( weight :i* ! sample suff]s  
:5  dige/$ 9 e!r2 or by dissolv+ out !  
morph9e by dige/ion 9 weak  liquor (    
potassa4 ,pure morphia 8is sc>cely      
soluble 9 cold wat]1  sp>+ly s 9 boil+  
wat]1 & readily s 9 alcohol4 ,?is       
solution is  alkal9e to te/ pap]1 & by  
evaporation leaves cry/als1 :i* are     
:olly dissipat$ by heat4 ,x is soluble 9
 pure potassa40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47       
,te/s4 #a4 ,potassium hydrate & ammonia 
precipitate morphia f  solution ( its   
salts1 "u ! =m ( a :ite cry/all9e p[d]1 
:i*  is v soluble 9 excess ( hydrate (  
potassium1 &1 ) some:at m  difficulty1 9
 excess ( ammonia4 ,! solution =m$ by   
excess ( !  fir/ is precipitat$ on !    
addition ( bic>bonate ( potassium4 ,!   
precipitate 9 ei!r case is soluble 9 a  

solution ( *loride (  ammonium1 & 9     
dilute acetic acid1 & is insoluble 9    
e!r4 ,a c>eful  inspection ( !          
precipitate ?r\gh a l5s ( small p[] %[s 
x to  consi/ ( m9ute acicul> cry/als2 & 
se5 ?r\gh a glass :i*  magnifies #ajj   
times1 ^! cry/als pres5t ! =m ( "r      
rhombic  prisms4----#b4 ,! c>bonates (  
potassium & sodium produce ! same       
precipitate z hydrate ( potassium1 & :i*
 is insoluble 9 excess (  !             
precipitant4----#c4 ,! bic>bonates (    
potassium & sodium also give  simil>    
precipitates f neutral solutions1       
insoluble 9 excess4 ,9 ea*  ( ! above   
cases /irr+ ) a glass rod & friction on 
! sides (  ! vessel promote ! sep>ation 
( ! precipitate4----#d4 ,if to a mixture
  ( morphia & oil ( vitriol a m9ute     
fragm5t ( bi*romate ( potassium  be     
add$1 oxide ( *romium is set free1 & a  
f9e gre5 col\r  develop$4----#e4 ,a drop
 or two ( solution ( t]*loride ( gold   
add$ to a  weak solution ( morphia gives
 a yell[ precipitate1 :i* is mo/ly      

r$issolv$ on agitat+ ! liquid1 :i* !n   
assumes v>i\s hues  7gre51 blue1 violet1
 purple7 on ! addition ( a drop ( liquor
 (  potassa4----#f4 ,a m9ute fragm5t (  
t]*loride ( gold & ( hydrate (          
potassium v g5tly dropp$ into ! liquid1 
occasion purple cl\ds or  /reaks 9      
dilute solutions1 foll[$ by a           
precipitate1 :i* is violet1  purple1 or 
blue-black1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( !      
liquid4    ,ano!r te/1 giv5 by          
,siebold1#da is ! foll[+3----8,heat !   
sub/ance  :i* is believ$ to be1 or to   
conta91 morphia1 g5tly ) a few drops  ( 
sulphuric acid1 add a v small quantity (
 pure p]*lorate (  potassium4 ,! liquid 
imm$iately surr\nd+ ! p]*lorate w at    
once  assume a deep br[n col\r1 :i* w   
soon spread & ext5d ov] !  great] "p ( !
 acid4 ,w>m+ increases ! delicacy ( !   
te/4  #jjjja gramme ( morphia c be      
di/9ctly recognis$ 9 ?is way1 & no  o!r 
alkaloid is act$ ^u 9 a simil> way by ! 
sub/ances nam$4 ,x  is indisp5sable1    
h[ev]1 = ! success ( ! exp]im5t t !     

p]*lorate ( potassium be absolutely free
 f *lorate40 ,see ,,alkaloids4          
,footnote #da3 #8,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy1'
 #ahgc4    ,! above are ! mo/ reliable  
precipitates = morphia2 ! fir/ two  may1
 inde$1 be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic1 & !     
rema9d] z almo/  s4 ,! foll[+ are (t5   
ref]r$ to by m$ical writ]s1 b are less  
exclusive & tru/wor?y3----,morphia & its
 salts are----#g4 ,r$d5$ by  nitric     
acid1 & =m orange-r$ solutions1 d>k5$ by
 ammonia 9 excess1  & ultimately turn+  
yell[1 ) ! production ( oxalic          
acid4----#h4  ,!y are turn$ blue by     
f]ric *loride1 ei!r at once or on !     
addition  ( an alkali1 & ?is col\r is   
de/roy$ by wat] & by alkalies1 or  acids
 9 excess4----#i4 ,iodic acid add$ to _!
 solutions turns !m  yell[i% br[n1 by   
sett+ iod9e free1 & ! liquid =ms a blue 
comp\nd ) />*4    ,uses4 ,morphia & its 
salts are exhibit$ ei!r 9 sub/ance1 made
 into  pills1 or 9 solution1 g5]ally !  
latt]2 or ext]nally1 9 f9e  p[d]1 appli$
 to ! d]mis d5ud$ ( ! cuticle4 ,!y are  

pr9cipally  employ$ z anodynes &        
hypnotics 9 cases 9 :i* opium is        
inadmissible1 & are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/
 valuable m$ic9es (  _! class4 8,9 cases
 :]e9 bo? opium & ! morph9e salts are   
equally admissible1 ,i pref] ! =m]1 its 
effects be+ bett] kn[n  & regulat$2     
moreov]1 opium is to be pref]r$ z a     
/imulant &  sudorific1 & = suppress+    
excessive muc\s dis*>ges40              
7,p]eira47----,dose4 ,( pure morphia1   
#a_/ab to #a_/f gr42 ( its salts1 #a_/h 
to  #a_/d gr42 ext]nally1 #a_/b to      
#a-a_/b gr4 ,morph9e is *iefly us$ = !  
prep>ation ( ! acetate1 & "s ( its o!r  
salts4    ,good opium yields f #aj to   
#ac ( morphia4 ,see ,,opium4            
,morphia1 ,acetate (4                   
,c#ag;,h#bj,,no#c;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4  
,,morphi  ,,acetas 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41      
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47  
,morphia1 #f dr42  acetic acid 7,ph4    
,l471 #c fl4 dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d fl4  
oz42 dissolve1  g5tly evaporate1 &      
cry/allise4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47           

,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #a "p1 is      
dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1  #ad p>ts2 & !     
solution1 :5 cold1 is precipitat$ )     
ammonia1 9  slight excess1 ! precipitate
 is wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 & dissolv$ by     
means ( acetic acid1 9 excess1 9 w>m    
wat]1 #ab p>ts2 f !  solution cry/als   
are obta9$ z be=e4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47    
,morphia 79 f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 rectifi$ 
_s1 #h fl4 oz42  mix1 apply a g5tle     
heat1 & add ( acetic acid 7sp4 gr4      
#ajdd71 #d-a_/b  fl4 dr4 or q4 s41 until
 a neutral or slightly acid solution is 
obta9$2  evaporate ?is to ! consi/5ce ( 
a syrup by /eam or wat] heat1 &  set    
aside ! residuum = a few days until x   
solidifies4    #d4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,simil> to
 ! ,ed9burgh process4    ,pur4 8,soluble
 9 wat] & 9 rectifi$ _s0 7less s 9 ! =m]
  ?an ! latt]72 8& :5 ! _s is di/ill$ f 
! solution1 x  yields cry/als :i* are   
totally de/roy$ by heat40 7,ph4 ,l47    
8#ajj  measures ( a solution ( #aj gr4 9
 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ( wat]1 & #e m9ims (     
acetic acid1 heat$ to #bab & decompos$  

by a v slight excess (  ammonia1 yield  
by agitation a precipitate :i*1 9 #bd   
h\rs1 occupies  #ae-a_/b measures ( !   
liquid40 7,ph4 ,e47    ,obs4 ,! acetate 
( morphia ( comm]ce is usually 9 ! =m ( 
a  :iti% p[d]1 & is prep>$ by ! m]e     
evaporation ( ! solution to  dryness by 
a g5tle heat4 ,dur+ ! process a portion 
( ! acetic acid  is dissipat$1 & h5ce   
?is prep>ation is seldom p]fectly       
soluble 9  wat]1 unless x has be5       
slightly acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,9 !  
,ph4  ,l4 #ahea ?is salt 79 cry/als7 is 
includ$ 9 ! mat]ia m$ica4 ,see          
,,morphia 7above74    ,morphia1         
,hydriodate (4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c1;,,hi4 
,syn4 ,,morphi  ,,hydriodas1 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,hydro*lorate (      
morphia1 #b p>ts2  iodide ( potassium1  
#a "p2 dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 a little
 wat]1  mix ! solutions1 wa% !          
precipitate 9 a little v cold wat]1     
press  x 9 bibul\s pap]1 r$issolve x 9  
hot wat]1 & cry/allise4    ,morphia1    
,hydriodate (1 ) ,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,morphi 

,,hydriodas ,,cum  ,,iod9io2            
,,b\*>dat',s ,,iodure ,d',,iodhydrate1  
c42 ,,morph9e4 ,prep4 ,mix an  acid     
solution ( sulphate ( morphia ) an      
iodurett$ solution ( iodide  (          
potassium1 keep+ ! liquid at !          
temp]ature ( #adj = an h\r4    ,p\r (f !
 liquid1 wa% ! scales1 & dry            
!m4----,dose1 #c_/d gr4 at  b$time4     
,morphia & ,hydriodate ( ,z9c ) ,iod9e4 
7,b\*>dat47 ,syn4 ,,morphi  ,,et ,,z9ci 
,,hydriodas ,,cum ,,iod9io4 ,prep4 ,boil
 #a scruple ( iodurett$  hydriodate (   
morphia ) #b fl4 oz4 ( wat] & #aj       
scruples ( z9c4  ,aft] "s days' action  
filt] ! boil+ liquid1 :i* deposits !    
salt4 ,make #a-a_/b gr4 into #h pills1 )
 p[d]$ m>%mall[ root &  syrup4          
,morphia1 ,hydro*lorate (4              
,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c1;,,hi4 ,syn4 ,,muriate
 ,,(  ,,morphia2 ,,morphi ,,hydro*loras 
7,ph4 ,l4  ,ph4 ,b471 ,,morphi ,,murias 
7,ph4 ,e41  ,d4  ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,mac]ate slic$    
opium1 #a lb41 9  wat]1 #d p9ts1 = #cj  

h\rs2 !n bruise x1 dige/ x = #bj h\rs m1
  & press x2 mac]ate :at rema9s a second
 & a ?ird "t 9 wat]  until exhau/$1 & z 
(t5 bruise & press x2 mix ! liquors1 &  
evaporate at #adj ,fahr4 to ! consi/5ce 
( a syrup2 add ( wat]1 #c  p9ts1 & aft] 
defecation decant ! cle> portion2       
gradually add to  ?is liquid cry/allis$ 
*loride ( lead1 #b oz4 7or q4 s471      
dissolv$ 9  boil+ wat]1 #d p9ts1 until x
 ceases to produce a precipitate2 decant
  ! cle> liquid1 wa% ! residuum ) wat]1 
& evaporate ! mix$  liquids1 z be=e1 t  
cry/als may =m2 press ^! 9 a clo?1 !n   
dissolve !m 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t1 add 
fre%ly burnt animal  *>coal1 #a-a_/b    
oz41 dige/ at #abj1 & filt]2 f9ally1 !  
*>coal  be+ wa%$1 cauti\sly evaporate ! 
mix$ liquors1 t pure cry/als  (         
hydro*lorate ( morphia may =m4 ,to !    
decant$ liquor f :i*  ! cry/als 7 fir/  
sep>at$1 add ( wat]1 #a p9t1 & drop 9   
liquor ( ammonia1 frequ5tly %ak+1 until 
all ! morph9e is  precipitat$2 wa% ?is  
precipitate ) cold di/ill$ wat]1        

saturate x  ) hydro*loric acid1 dige/ ) 
animal *>coal1 #b oz42 filt]1 wa%  !    
filtrate z be=e1 & evaporate ! mix$     
liquors1 cauti\sly1 z  above1 t pure    
cry/als may be obta9$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47
 ,opium1 #bj oz41 is exhau/$ ) wat]1 #a 
gall41 9 !  quantity ( a qu>t at a "t1 &
 ! mix$ liquors are evaporat$ to a  p9t2
 *loride ( calcium1 #a oz41 dissolv$ 9  
wat]1 #d fl4 oz41 is add$1  &1 aft]     
agitation1 ! liquid is plac$ aside to   
settle2 ! cle>  decant$ liquid1 & !     
wa%+s ( ! s$im5t1 are next evaporat$1 s 
t !y may solidify on cool+2 ! cool$     
mass1 aft] v /rong  pressure 9 a clo?1  
is r$issolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 a little p[d]$ 
:ite  m>ble add$1 & ! :ole filt]$2 !    
filtrate is acidulat$ )  hydro*loric    
acid1 ! solution aga9 conc5trat$ =      
cry/allisation1  & ! cry/als submitt$ to
 p[]ful pressure1 z be=e2 ! process (   
solution1 cl>ification1 ) p[d]$ m>ble & 
hydro*loric acid1 &  cry/allisation1 is 
repeat$ until a sn[-:ite mass is obta9$4
 ,?is is  ! process ( ,gregory &        

,rob]tson1 & is "o ( ! easie/ & mo/     
productive on ! l>ge scale4 ,to procure 
! salt q :ite1 #b to #d  cry/allisations
 are requir$1 accord+ to ! p[] ( ! press
  employ$4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,college        
recomm5ds1 on ! small scale1 !          
solution1 aft] two cry/allisations1 to  
be decol\r$ by means ( animal  *>coal2  
b1 on ! l>ge scale1 to purify ! salt by 
repeat$  cry/allisations alone4    #c4  
7,ph4 ,b47 ,mac]ate opium1 slic$1 #a    
lb41 = #bd h\rs ) di/ill$  wat]1 #b     
p9ts1 & decant4 ,mac]ate ! residue = #ab
 h\rs )  di/ill$ wat]1 #b p9ts1 decant1 
& repeat ! process ) ! same  quantity ( 
wat]1 subject+ ! insoluble residue to   
/rong pressure4    ,unite ! liquors1    
evaporate on a wat] ba? to ! bulk ( #a  
p9t1 &  /ra9 ?r\gh calico4 ,p\r 9 n[    
*loride ( calcium1 #c_/d oz41  previ\sly
 dissolv$ 9 #d fl4 oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 &
 evaporate until  ! solution is s f>    
conc5trat$ t ^u cool+ x becomes solid4  
,envelope ! mass 9 a d\ble fold ( /rong 
calico1 & subject x to  p[]ful pressure1

 pres]v+ ! d>k fluid :i* exudes4        
,triturate !  squeez$ cake ) ab\t #a_/b 
p9t ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 &1 !  :ole be+
 ?r[n ^u a pap] filt]1 wa% ! residue    
well ) boil+  di/ill$ wat]4 ,! filt]$   
fluids hav+ be5 evaporat$ z be=e1       
cool$1 & solidifi$1 aga9 subject ! mass 
to pressure1 & if x be  /ill mu* col\r$1
 repeat ?is process a ?ird "t1 !        
express$  liquids be+ always pres]v$4   
,dissolve ! press$ cake 9 #f fl4 oz4 (  
boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 add purifi$ animal  
*>coal1 #a_/d oz41 & dige/  = #bj       
m9utes2 filt]2 wa% ! filt] & *>coal )   
boil+  di/ill$ wat]1 & to ! solution ?us
 obta9$ add solution ( ammonia  9 slight
 excess4 ,let ! pure cry/all9e morphia  
:i* sep>ates z !  liquid cools be       
collect$ on a pap] filt]1 & wa%$ ) cold 
di/ill$ wat] until ! wa%+s cease to give
 a precipitate )  solution ( nitrate (  
silv] acidulat$ ) nitric acid4    ,f !  
d>k liquids express$ 9 ! above process  
an additional product  may be obta9$ by 
dilut+ !m ) di/ill$ wat]1 precipitat+ ) 

solution ( pota% add$ 9 consid]able     
excess1 filt]+1 &  sup]saturat+ !       
filtrate ) hydro*loric acid4 ,?is acid  
liquid1  dige/$ ) a little animal       
*>coal1 & aga9 filt]$1 gives ^u !       
addition ( ammonia a small quantity (   
pure morphia4 ,diffuse ! pure  morphia  
obta9$ z above ?r\gh #b oz4 ( boil+     
di/ill$ wat] plac$  9 a porcela9        
capsule1 kept hot1 & add1 con/antly     
/irr+1 dilute  hydro*loric acid1 #b fl4 
oz41 or q4 s41 proce$+ ) caution1 s t  !
 morphia may be entirely dissolv$ & a   
neutral solution obta9$4 ,set  aside to 
cool & cry/allise4 ,dra9 ! cry/als & dry
 !m on  filt]+ pap]4 ,by fur!r evaporat+
 ! "m liquor1 & aga9  cool+1 additional 
cry/als are obta9$4----,dose4 ,f #a_/h? 
to #a_/b gr4    #d4 7,mohr47 ,by        
dissolv+ ! precipitate ( morphia 7see   
,,morphia1 ,prep4  #d7 9 dilute         
hydro*loric acid1 & by cry/allisation1 z
 be=e4    ,pur41 c4 ,x 8is completely   
soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 & 9 wat]4  ,:at  
is precipitat$ f ! aque\s solution by   

nitrate ( silv] is n  entirely dissolv$1
 ei!r by ammonia1 unless add$ 9 excess1 
or by  hydro*loric or nitric acid40     
7,ph4 ,l47 8,sn[y :ite2 entirely        
soluble2  solution col\rless2 loss (    
weight at #bab ,fahr4 n above #ac2 #ajj 
measures ( a solution ( #aj gr41 9 wat]1
 #a_/b fl4 oz41 heat$ to #bab1  &       
decompos$ ) agitation by a fa9t excess (
 ammonia1 yield a  precipitate :i*1 9   
#bd h\rs1 occupies #ab-a_/b measures ( !
 liquid40  7,ph4 ,e47 ,x takes #bj p>ts 
( cold & ab\t its own weight ( boil+    
wat] to dissolve x4 ,! hydro*lorate (   
morphia ( ! %ops is  usually1 l !       
acetate1 "u ! =m ( a :ite cry/all9e     
p[d]4    ,obs4 ,( all ! salts ( morphia1
 ?is "o appe>s to be t mo/  suitable =  
m$ical purposes1 f its free solubility1 
& f its  solution n be+ liable to       
spontane\s decomposition1 at lea/ "u    
ord9>y circum/ances4 8,! opium :i*      
yields ! l>ge/ quantity (  precipitate  
by c>bonate ( sodium yields muriate (   
morphia1 n only 9  ! greate/ proportion1

 b also ) ! fewe/ cry/allisations40     
7,ph4  ,e47 ,smyrna opium conta9s ! mo/ 
morph9e4    ,morphia & ,codeia          
7,hydro*lorate (74 ,syn4 ,,gregory',s   
,,salt2 ,,morphi  ,,et ,,codei          
,,hydro*loras1 ,l42 ,,sel ,,de          
,,gregory1 ,fr4 ,?is is comm]cial       
,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,morph9e prep>$     
accord+ to ,dr ,gregory's process4      
,morphia ,meconates (4                  
7,c#ai;,h#bj,,no#c7b1;,c#g;,h#b,o#g4    
,prep4  #a4 7,,neutral ,,meconate ,,(   
,,morph9e2 ,,morphi ,,meconas1 ,l47 ,by 
saturat+ an  aque\s solution ( meconic  
acid ) morphia1 & evaporat+ !  solution 
by a g5tle heat1 s t cry/als may be     
obta9$4    7#b47 ,,bimeconate ,,(       
,,morph9e2 7,,morphi ,,bimeconas1 ,l47  
,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c;,,hc#g;,h#c,o#g4      
,meconic acid1 #aa p>ts2 morphia1 #ad   
p>ts2 dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 hot wat]1
 q4 s42 mix ! solutions1  & ei!r g5tly  
evaporate & cry/allise1 or at once      
evaporate to  dryness4    ,obs4 ,morphia
 exi/s 9 opium "u ! =m ( bimeconate1 &  

h5ce  ?is prep>ation ( t drug has be5   
pref]r$ by "s practition]s4 ,a  solution
 ( ?is salt = m$ical purposes may be    
directly prep>$ f  opium1 by treat+ its 
solution 9 cold wat] ) a little animal  
*>coal1 filt]+1 g5tly evaporat+ to      
dryness1 r$issolv+ !  residuum1 9 cold  
wat]1 filt]+1 & repeat+ ! treatm5t )    
animal *>coal4 ,! dose ( ! dry          
bimeconate is #a_/d gr41 or m2 &  ( !   
meconate r less4 8,a p[d] is also sold1 
call$ #8bimeconate (  morphia1' :i* is (
 ! same /r5g? z p[d]$ opium1 & is giv5 9
  simil> doses4 ,x is obvi\sly incorrect
 to apply ?is "n to a p[d]  :i* consi/s 
pr9cipally ( =eign matt]4 ,x is to be   
hop$ t  physicians w n prescribe ?is    
p[d] "u ! above "n1 z su* a  practice   
might lead to fatal results1 if !       
prescription %\ld be  prep>$ ) !        
sub/ance :i* ! "n /rictly indicates40   
7,,r$wood47    ,morphia1 ,nitrate (4    
7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,syn4 ,,morphi       
,,nitras4 ,add morphia  9 slight excess 
to v dilute nitric acid1 filt]1         

conc5trate by g5tle  evaporation1 & set 
aside t cry/als may =m4    ,morphia1    
,phosphate (4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,phosphas4
 ,z ! nitrate1  sub/itut+ dilute        
phosphoric by nitric acid4    ,morphia1 
,sulphate (4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,sulphas1  
,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate v  dilute sulphuric
 acid ) morphia1 evaporate to "o half1  
add a little  animal *>coal1 cont9ue !  
evaporation = a %ort "t long] at a      
g5tle heat1 filt] :il/ hot1 & ab&on x to
 spontane\s evaporation4  ,x is         
decompos$ by driv+ (f ! wat] (          
cry/allisation4 ,sulphate (  morphia is 
includ$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,accord+ to    
,mag5die1 ?is salt  sometimes agrees )  
pati5ts :o _c be> ! acetate4            
,morphia1 ,t>trate (4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47
 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,t>tras4 ,prep4        
,saturate a solution ( t>t>ic acid )    
morphi1 conc5trate by  evaporation1 &   
set aside t cry/als may =m4 ,by us+ an  
excess (  acid an acid t>trate may be   
=m$4    ,,morphiom,,etry4 ,a "n giv5 to 
! process ( det]m9+ ! ri*ness  ( opium 9

 morphia4 ,see ,,opium4    ,,morison',s 
,,pills4 ,see ,pat5t m$ic9es4           
,,morsu,,li4 ,an old "n appli$ to       
loz5ges & ma/icatories4 ,x is /ill      
reta9$ 9 "s =eign ,ph>macopias4         
,,mor,,t> is ! well-kn[n cem5t1 made (  
lime1 s&1 & wat]1  employ$ to b9d bricks
 & /ones toge!r 9 ! con/ruction ( walls1
  build+s1 c4    ,9 ! composition (     
mort> /one lime is pref]r$ to t obta9$ f
  *alk1 & riv] s& to pit or road s&4    
,sea s& is unfitt$ = mort>  until x has 
be5 well soak$ & wa%$ 9 fre% wat]4      
,sift$ coal a%es  are frequ5tly         
sub/itut$ = ! :ole or a "p ( ! s&4      
,,hydraulic ,,mort>s or ,,cem5ts are ^? 
:i*1 l ,roman cem5t1 are  employ$ =     
works :i* are ei!r con/antly subm]g$ or 
are frequ5tly  expos$ to ! action (     
wat]4 ,! poor] sorts ( lime/one are *os5
  = ?is purpose1 or ^? :i* conta9 f #h  
to #be ( alum9a1  magnesia1 & silica4   
,su* lime/ones1 ?\gh calc9$1 d n slake  
:5  moi/5$2 b if pulv]is$1 !y absorb    
wat] )\t swell+ up or  heat+1 l fat     

lime1 & af=d a pa/e :i* h>d5s 9 a few   
days  "u wat]1 b 9 ! air !y nev] acquire
 mu* solidity4    8,! ess5tial          
con/itu5ts ( e good hydraulic mort> are 
cau/ic  lime & silica2 & ! h>d5+ ( ?is  
composition "u wat]  consi/s ma9ly 9 a  
*emical comb9ation ( ^! two +r$i5ts     
?r\gh  ! ag5cy ( ! wat]1 produc+ a      
hydrat$ silicate ( lime4 ,b su*  mort>s 
may conta9 o!r +r$i5ts besides lime1 z1 
= example1 clay  & magnesia1 :5 d\ble   
silicates ( great solidity are =m$2 on  
:i*  acc\nt dolomite is a good +r$i5t 9 
^! mort>s4 ,b ! silica  mu/ be 9 a      
peculi> /ate = ^! purposes1 namely1     
capable (  af=d+ a gelat9\s pa/e )      
acids2 & if n s already1 x mu/ be       
br\ght into ?is condition1 by calc9+ x  
along ) an alkali or an  alkal9e e>?1 at
 a bright r$ heat1 :5 x w dissolve &    
gelat9ise  9 acids4 ,qu>tzose s&1 h[ev] 
f9e its p[d] may be1 w =m no  wat] mort>
 ) lime2 b if ! p[d] be ignit$ ) ! lime1
 x  !n becomes fit = hydraulic cem5t4   
,gr\nd felsp> or clay =ms )  slak$ lime1

 no wat] cem5t2 b :5 !y are previ\sly   
calc9$ along  ) ! lime1 ! mixture       
becomes capable ( h>d5+ "u wat]4        
8,all sorts ( lime are made hydraulic1 9
 ! humid way1 by mix+ !  slak$ lime )   
solutions ( common alum or sulphate (   
alum9a2 b !  be/ me?od consi/s 9 employ+
 a solution ( ! silicate ( pota%1  call$
 liquor ( fl9ts or soluble glass1 to mix
 9 ) ! slak$ lime  or lime & clay4 ,an  
hydraulic cem5t may also be made :i* w  
s]ve  = ! manufacture ( ar*itectural    
ornam5ts1 by mak+ a pa/e (  pulv]is$    
*alk1 ) a solution ( ! silicate ( pota%4
 ,! said  liquor ( fl9ts likewise gives 
*alk & pla/] a /ony h>dness1 by  m]ely  
soak+ !m 9 x aft] !y are cut or m\ld$ to
 a prop] %ape4  ,on exposure to ! air !y
 get progressively indurat$4 ,sup]ficial
  h>dness may be readily procur$ by wa%+
 ov] ! surface ( *alk1  c41 ) liquor (  
fl9ts1 by means ( a bru%4 ,?is me?od    
af=ds an  easy & elegant me?od ( giv+ a 
/ony cru/ to ! pla/]$ walls &  ceil+s ( 
ap>tm5ts2 z also to /atues & bu/s ca/ 9 

gypsum mix$  ) *alk40    ,"u ,pr(4      
,kuhlman's pat5t1 dat$ ,april1 #ahda1   
8in/ead ( calc9+ !  lime/one ) clay & s&
 alone1 z has be5 hi!rto commonly       
practis$1 ?is inv5tor introduces a small
 quantity ( soda1 or1  pref]ably1 pota%1
 9 ! /ate ( sulphate1 c>bonate1 or      
muriate2 salts  susceptible ( =m+       
silicates :5 ! e>?y mixture is calc9$4  
,!  alkal9e salt1 equal 9 weight to ab\t
 #a-e? t ( ! lime1 is  introduc$ 9      
solution among ! e>?s40 7,ure47    ,!   
h>d5+ ( ! common mort>s & cem5ts is 9 a 
great measure due  to ! gradual         
absorption ( c>bonic acid2 b ev5 aft] a 
v great  l5g? ( "t ?is conv]sion into   
c>bonate is n complete4 ,good  mort>1 "u
 favorable circum/ances1 acquires       
extreme h>dness by age4    ,attempts h  
be5 made at v>i\s times to introduce !  
use (  bitum9\s cem5ts into ?is c\ntry1 
& ?us to re/ore bo? to l& &  subm>9e    
ar*itecture a valuable mat]ial :i* has  
n[ la9 neglect$  = a p]iod ( fully ?irty
 c5turies2 b1 un=tunately1 ow+ to !     

int]e/ ( our great build+ & eng9e]+     
firms ly+ 9 ano!r  direction1 ^!        
attempts h be5 hi!rto unsuccessful4 ,see
 ,,asphaltum1  ,,cem5t1 ,,lime1 c4      
,,mortifica,,tion ,syn4 ,,gangr5e2      
,,gangr5a1 ,,mortification1 ,l4 ,local  
dea?2  ! loss ( vitality 9 "o "p ( !    
animal body1 :il/ ! re/  cont9ues liv+4 
8,! t]ms gangr5e & mortification are (t5
 us$  synonym\sly2 b gangr5e prop]ly    
signifies ! /ate :i* imm$iately  prec$es
 mortification1 :ile ! complete         
mortification1 or absolute  dea? ( a "p1
 is call$ sphacelus4 ,a "p :i* has pass$
 into !  /ate ( sphacelus is call$ a    
sl\gh4    ,,mosa,,ic ,,gold4 ,see       
,,brass1 ,,gold1 c4    ,,mos,,ses4 ,syn4
 ,,musci1 ,l4 ,sev]al vegetables ( !    
natural ord]s  ,alg1 ,fungi1 ,li*5es1 & 
,musci1 commonly pass "u ?is "n  ) !    
vulg>4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are !             
pr9cipal3----    ,,bog ,,moss 7,sphagnum
 palu/re74 ,v ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,us$  
to pack  up plants = exportation4       
,,ceylon ,,moss 7,gracil>ia c&ida74 ,v  

nutritive2 made into a decoction  or    
jelly1 :i* is highly e/eem$ z an article
 ( diet = invalids &  *ildr51 m         
especially = ^? suff]+ "u affections ( !
  muc\s membranes or ph?isis4    ,,club 
,,moss 7,lycopodium clavatum74 ,see     
,,lycopodium4    ,,corsican ,,moss1 ,c4 
,,worm ,m4 7,gracil>ia                  
,helm9?ocorton74----,dose1 #a_/b to  #b 
dr41 9 p[d]1 mix$ up ) sug>2 z a        
v]mifuge4    ,,cup ,,moss1 ,c4 ,,li*5   
7,cladonia pyxidata74 ,a/r+5t &         
febrifuge4 ,a  cupful ( ! decoction1    
tak5 w>m1 g5]ally proves g5tly emetic4  
,us$  9 hoop+-c\gh1 c4    ,,fir ,,club  
,,moss 7,lycopodium ,selago74 ,viol5tly 
emetic & purgative4 ,x is  also irritant
 & n>cotic4    ,,icel& ,,moss 7,cetr>ia 
,isl&ica74 ,highly nutriti\s & easy (   
dige/ion4 ,! decoction is a fav\rite    
alim5t>y sub/ance 9 affections  ( !     
lungs & dige/ive organs4 ,9 ,icel&1 aft]
 ! bitt] has be5  remov$ by soak+ x 9   
hot wat]1 x is made into jelly1 or dri$1
  gr\nd to fl\r1 & made into bread4     

,,iri% ,,moss1 ,,pe>l ,m41 ,,c>rage5 ,m4
 7,*ondrus crispus74 ,v nutriti\s4  ,!  
decoction or jelly is a useful & popul> 
demulc5t & emolli5t 9  pulmon>y         
affections1 dys5t]y1 scr(ula1 rickets1  
c4 ,x is (t5  employ$ by cooks &        
confection]s in/ead ( is+lass1 & by     
pa9t]s  to make _! size4    ,,re9de]    
,,moss 7,cladonia rangif]9a74 ,escul5t1 
v nutriti\s4    ,,"m-,,(-,,pe>l4 ,see   
,,pe>l4    ,,mo?,,er ,,wat]4 ,see       
,,cry/allisation4    ,,m\lds4 ,num]\s   
mat]ials & compositions are employ$ = ! 
purpose  ( tak+ m\lds1 among :i* are !  
foll[+3    #a4 7,,compo'47----a ,f      
sp]maceti1 /e>9e or h>d tall[1 & :ite   
wax1  equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r4 ,= f9e  
"w1 z m$als1 small ca/s1 c4    b4 ,f    
black res91 #c_/d lb42 h>d tall[1 #a_/b 
lb42 beeswax1 #f oz42 z  ! la/4 ,= co>se
 "w1 z ar*itectural ornam5ts1 c4 ,!     
above are  p\r$ on ! objects to be copi$
 7previ\sly oil$7 :il/ 9 ! melt$  /ate4 
,articles 9 pla/] ( ,p>is are fir/ soak$
 9 wat]1 obs]v+  t none ( x rema9s on ! 

surface s z to int]f]e ) ! design4      
#b4 7,,ela/ic47----a4 ,flexible or      
ela/ic m\lds may be made ( gutta p]*a   
s(t5$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & aft] be+ fre$ f   
moi/ure1 press$  /rongly aga9/ ! object 
to be copi$ by means ( a screw press4 ,a
 r+  or support %\ld be employ$ to      
prev5t undue lat]al spread+4    b4 ,by !
 use ( gelat9 or glue1 ela/ic m\lds are 
=m$ capable (  reproduc+1 ) accuracy1 & 
9 a s+le piece1 ! mo/ elaborately       
sculptur$ objects1 ( exquisite f9i% &   
delicacy4 ,ca/s f ^! are  n[ common 9 ! 
/reets4 ,! cr$it ( ! application ( ?is  
sub/ance  to ?is purpose is due to ,m4  
,h4 ,v9c5t4 ,! process ( ca/+ consi/s  9
 simply dissolv+ a c]ta9 quantity (     
gelat9 9 hot wat] until x  is r$uc$ to !
 /ate ( liquid pa/e1 :5 x is run ov] !  
object1  previ\sly oil$1 int5d$ to be   
reproduc$4 ,z x cools1 ! gelat9  assumes
 a consi/5cy (f]+ a consid]able degree (
 resi/ance1 & is  highly ela/ic1 :i*    
latt] quality enables x to be easily    
deta*$ f  ! "w on :i* x has be5 fitt$4  

,9 ! holl[ =m$ by ! gelat9  ! f9e/      
pla/]1 mix$ to a ?ick cream ) wat]1 is  
next run2 &  :5 ! pla/] has acquir$ !   
requisite h>dness1 ! gelat9 m\ld is     
deta*$ 9 ! same mann] z f ! orig9al4 ,f 
?is app>5tly  fragile m\ld z _m z six   
copies may be tak51 all reproduc+ !     
orig9al ) un]r+ fidelity4    #c4        
7,,metallic47----a4 ,f fusible metal4#db
    ,footnote #db3 ,see ,,fusible       
,,alloys4    b4 7,,cli*,e ,,m\lds47 ,f a
 fusible alloy =m$ ( bismu?1 #h p>ts2   
lead1 #e p>ts2 t91 #d p>ts2 antimony1 #a
 "p2 repeat$ly melt$ toge!r4  ,! above  
are p\r$ out 9 ! melt$ /ate on a plate  
or slab1 & aft]  be+ /irr$ until 9 a    
pa/y /ate1 ! object to be copi$ is      
/rongly  press$ on ! alloy at ! mom5t x 
beg9s to solidify4 ,!y are *iefly  us$ =
 m$als & o!r l objects4    c4 7,*am]oy's
 ,pat5t47 ,by melt+ toge!r "o "p ( "s   
easily  fusible metal 9 a crucible1 & !n
 mix+ ) x f\r p>ts ( a metal  f> less   
readily fusible1 /eep$ 9 ammonia & r$uc$
 to p[d]4 ,su* a  comp\nd is /at$ to be 

( great solidity1 h>dness1 facility (   
sold]+1 melts at a l[ temp]ature1 & has 
great tractability 9  m\ld+ to any =m2 &
 9 ca/+ takes ! %>pe/ impressions1  :il/
 9 its nature x is peculi>ly            
un*angeable4 ,see ,,electrotype4        
,,m\? ,,cosmet,,ics4 ,see ,,brea?1      
,,tee?1 ,,loz5ge1 ,,pa/e1 ,,p[d]1 c4    
,,mox,,z4 ,sub/ances burnt ^u ! body1 = 
! purpose ( act+ z  c\nt]-irritants1 &  
allay+ deep-seat$ pa9s & inflammation4  
,!y  h be5 us$ 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 c4 ,! 
small cone con/itut+ !  moxa is plac$ ^u
 a "p1 light$1 & all[$ to burn to its   
base4 ,!  ,,*9ese & ,,japanese moxas are
 made ( ! d[ny portion ( ! leaves (  a  
species ( wormwood 7,artemisia s95sis72 
b v>i\s o!r  sub/ances1 z ! pi? ( !     
sunfl[]1 cotton1 or pap]1 soak$ 9 a     
weak solution ( nitrate1 *lorate1 or    
*romate ( potassium1 answ] z  well4     
,l>rey's moxas consi/ ( lycopodium1 #d  
oz42 nitre1 #b oz42 =m$  into small     
cones1 ) alcohol1 & dri$ = "s days4 ,dr 
,osborne us$  quicklime enclos$ 9 a hoop

 ( c>d1 & moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! actual      
caut]y is said to be pref]able to any ( 
!m4    ,,mu,,cilage4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago1  
,l4 ,an aque\s solution ( gum1 or o!r l 
sub/ance1 t gives a consid]able         
consi/5cy to wat]4 ,see ,,decoction1    
,,mixture1 c4    ,mucilage1 ,acacia4    
7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,acaci4    
,put gum acacia1 9  small pieces1 #d    
oz41 & di/ill$ wat]1 #f oz41 into a     
cov]$ e>!n  j>1 & /ir frequ5tly until ! 
gum is dissolv$4 ,if necess>y1 /ra9     
?r\gh musl94    ,mucilage1 ,f5ugreek4   
,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,f5ugreci4 ,dige/ #a  
oz4 (  f5ugreek se$ ) #a_/b p9t ( wat] =
 #ab h\rs1 boil1 & /ra9 )  pressure4    
,mucilage1 ,l9se$4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4    
,,mucilago ,,l9i4 ,l9se$1 #a oz42 w>m   
wat]1 #f oz4 ,dige/ = #f h\rs1 /irr+ n[ 
& !n1 & /ra94    ,mucilage1 ,liquorice4 
,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,glycyrrhiz4 ,f       
liquorice root1  z ,,m>%mall[           
,,mucilage4    ,mucilage1 ,m>%mall[4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,al?4     
,m>%mall[  root1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #f 

oz42 dige/ = #f h\rs1 & /ra94           
,mucilage1 ,quicksilv]4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago
 ,,m]curialis ,,pl5kii4 ,quicksilv]1  #a
 dr42 gum ,arabic1 #c dr42 syrup (      
poppies1 #d oz4 ,mix4----,dose1 #a_/b   
dr4    ,mucilage1 ,sassafras4 7,ph4 ,u4 
,s47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,sassafras4      
,infuse #b dr4  ( pi? ( sassafras 9 #af 
oz4 7old measure7 ( boil+ wat] = #c     
h\rs1  & /ra94    ,mucilage1            
,slipp]y-,elm ,b>k4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4
 ,,mucilago ,,ulmi4  ,slipp]y-elm b>k1  
slic$ & bruis$1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af 
oz4 ,infuse  = #b h\rs4    ,mucilage1   
,/>*4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,same z ,,decoction ,,(
 ,,/>* 7,ph4 ,l471 :i*  see4            
,mucilage1 ,tragacan?4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago 
,,tragacan? 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 &  ,ph4 
,d #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47    
,tragacan?1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #i  fl4 
oz4 7#h fl4 oz4----,ph4 ,d472 mac]ate = 
#bd h\rs1 triturate1 & press  ?r\gh l954
    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tragacan?1 9 p[d]1   
#fj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz4 ,to !    
wat] conta9$ 9 a p9t bottle add !       

tragacan?1 agitate briskly = a  few     
m9utes1 & aga9 at %ort int]vals1 until !
 tragacan? is  p]fectly diffus$1 & has  
f9ally =m$ a mucilage4----,dose1 #a oz4 
7,%\ld be made z requir$4 ,"o "p (      
tragacan? gives m viscosity  to wat] ?an
 tw5ty-five p>ts ( gum                  
,arabic----,squire47 ,us$ 9 m$ic9e  z a 
demulc5t1 & z an application to burns1  
c41 & 9 ph>macy 9  mak+ up pills1 & to  
susp5d heavy p[d]s 9 liquids4           
,,mud>,,94 ,syn4 ,,mad>9e4 ,a peculi>   
sub/ance1 possess+ p[]ful  emetic       
prop]ties1 extract$ f ! root b>k (      
,calotropis gigantea1  9 :i* x exi/s to 
! ext5t ( #aa4 7,duncan47 ,x is soluble 
9 wat]  & 9 alcohol1 & its aque\s       
solution1 unlike t ( mo/ o!r  sub/ances1
 gelat9ises by heat1 & becomes fluid    
aga9 on cool+4    ,,muf,,f9s4 ,prep4    
,take ( f9e fl\r1 #a_/d peck2 w>m       
milk-&-wat]1 #a  qu>t2 yea/1 a          
w9e-glassful2 salt1 #b oz42 mix = #ae   
m9utes1 !n  fur!r add ( fl\r1 #a_/d     
peck1 make a d\gh1 let x rise #a h\r1   

roll x  up1 pull x into pieces1 make !m 
into balls1 put !m 9 a w>m place1  & :5 
! :ole d\gh is made into balls1 %ape !m 
into muff9s1 &  bake !m on t9s2 turn !m 
:5 half done1 dip !m into w>m milk1 &   
bake !m to a pale br[n4    ,,muf,,fle4  
,see ,,assay+4    ,,mul,,b]ry4 ,syn4    
,,morum1 ,l4 ,mulb]ries 7,,mora1 ,,mori 
,,bacc7 are ! fruit  ( ,morus nigra1 or 
black mulb]ry tree4 ,!y are cool+ &     
laxative2  b :5 eat5 too freely are apt 
to disord] ! /oma* & b[els4  ,mulb]ry   
juice 7mori succus7 is (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 
,l4 ,a syrup 7,,syrupus  ,,mori7 is made
 ( x4 ,x is also1 occasionally1 made    
into w9e4    ,,mul,,tum4 ,a mixture (   
extract ( quassia & liquorice1 us$ by   
fraudul5t brew]s in/ead ( malt & hops4  
,,mum4 ,a bev]age prep>$ f :eat malt1 9 
a simil> way to ord9>y  be] f b>ley     
malt4 ,a little oat & bean meal is      
frequ5tly add$4 ,x  0 =m]ly mu* drunk 9 
,engl&2 b its use at ! pres5t day is    
*iefly conf9$ to ,g]many1 & to          
,brunswick m p>ticul>ly4    ,,mumps4    

,syn4 ,,p>otitis1 ,l4 ,inflammation ( ! 
p>otid gl&1 :i* is  situat$ "u ! e>4    
,!re is little con/itutional d]angem5t1 
b  ! *eeks become swoll5 & pa9ful1 & !re
 is "s difficulty 9  op5+ ! m\?1 & 9    
swall[+4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 simply   
keep+ ! "p w>m ) flannel1 & ! use ( w>m 
fom5tations1 at  ! same "t t ! b[els are
 kept freely op5 ) "s mild  laxative4   
,! mumps are said to be contagi\s1 z1 :5
 ! affection appe>s 9 a  s*ool1 x       
g5]ally attacks e memb] ( x4 ,l[1 damp  
situations are  ^? mo/ favorable to ?is 
affection4    ,,murex,,id4              
,c#h,n#f;,h#h,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,purpurate ,,(
 ,,ammonium4    ,prep4 7,gregory47      
,alloxan1 #g p>ts2 alloxant91 #d p>ts2  
boil+ wat]1  #bdj p>ts2 dissolve1 & add 
! solution to a cold & /rong solution ( 
c>bonate ( ammonia1 #hj p>ts2 cry/als ( 
murexid w sep>ate z !  liquid cools4    
,obs4 ,murexid c be obta9$ directly f   
uric acid by ! action (  nitric acid &  
subsequ5t treatm5t ) ammonia4 ,?is      
process is1  h[ev]1 v prec>i\s1 & (t5   

fails altoge!r4    ,prop41 c4 ,x is only
 v slightly soluble 9 cold wat]2 freely 
soluble 9 solutions ( ammonia & ! fix$  
alkalies2 ! fir/1 by  exposure to ! air1
 becomes purple1 & deposits brilliant   
cry/als (  murexid4 ,^! comp\nds are !  
purpurates ( ,dr ,pr\t4 ,x =ms          
iridesc5t cry/als1 hav+ a metallic      
lu/re1 ( a magnific5t gre5  col\r by    
reflect$ light1 & an equally beautiful  
r$di% purple by  transmitt$ light4 ,x is
 soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 only v slightly  
soluble 9 cold wat]1 & insoluble 9      
alcohol & e!r4 ,a few ye>s ago  murexid 
0 ext5sively us$ 9 dye+2 x is n[ almo/  
sup]s$$ by  rosanil9e or mag5ta4 ,an    
analog\s sub/ance1 =m$ z above1 by      
treat+ amalic acid ) ammonia1 is call$  
#8caffe9-murexid4'    ,,mu,,riate4 ,an  
old "n = hydro*lorate & *loride4        
,,muriatic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,hydro*loric  
,,acid1 :i* see4    ,,muride4 ,! "n     
orig9ally giv5 to brom9e by ,m4 ,bal>d4 
,,mur,,ra94 ,syn4 ,,black-,,leg1        
,,black-,,qu>t]4 ,a disease affect+ meat

  cattle1 m especially "y animals1 9 !  
spr+ & autumn4 ,!  common symptoms are  
swell+ & discoloration ( "o ( ! h9d     
qu>t]s  ( ! animal1 ) consequ5t lam5ess 
& inability to move2 a peculi>          
emphysema & intumesc5ce ( v>i\s p>ts ( !
 body1 p>ticul>ly ov]  ! region ( !     
sp9e1 accompani$ ) all ! common         
indications (  putrid fev]4 ,9 sev]e    
cases gangr5e soon foll[s1 & dea?       
frequ5tly  ensues 9 f #ab to #bd h\rs4  
,! rapid progress ( ?is disease admits (
 little be+ done 9 ! way  ( cure4       
,ext5sive sc>ifications ( ! affect$ "p1 
*>coal or hot  yea/ p\ltices1 or        
fom5tations1 & active purgatives1 appe> 
to  con/itute ! mo/ useful treatm5t4 ,! 
foll[+ dr5*es h be5  recomm5d$ = ?is    
affection3----    #a4 7,bla9e47 ,sweet  
_s ( nitre1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 p[d]$        
casc>illa1 #b  oz42 solution ( acetate (
 ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 yea/1 #h fl4 oz42 
giv5  e #c or #d h\rs4    #b 7,clat]47  
,laudanum & sweet _s ( nitre1 ( ea*     
#a_/b fl4 oz42  solution ( *loride (    

lime1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 prep>$ *alk1 #a    
oz42 w>m  gruel1 #a p9t4    ,! app>5t   
incurability ( ?is disease r5d]s x ( !  
utmo/  importance to ! f>m] to adopt    
prev5tive measures4 ,^! %\ld  consi/ ( !
 supply ( :olesome food & pure wat]1 !  
adoption (  extreme cleanl9ess1 & ! free
 access ( pure air to all ! /alls1  %$s1
 & o!r build+s 9 :i* ! cattle may be    
%elt]$4 ,z !  disease is reg>d$ z       
contagi\s by _m p]sons1 x is prud5t to  
sep>ate1 z spe$ily z possible1 ! heal?y 
animals f ^?  affect$4 ,! free use (    
sulphur\s acid1 *loride ( lime1 c41 z   
dis9fectants1 is also advisable4    ,o!r
 & m imm$iate prev5tives consi/ ( !     
occasional exhibition  ( a sal9e ap]i5t1
 & ! introduction ( a seton into !      
dewlap4    ,,muscul> ,,p[]4 ,fick &     
,wislic5us prov$1 9 #ahfe1 t muscul> p[]
  is to a great ext5t produc$ by !      
oxidation ( su* non-nitrog5\s  sub/ance 
z fat4 ,frankl& has put ! matt] beyond  
dispute by a s]ies  ( exp]im5ts det]m9+ 
! am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy lock$ up 9     

muscle4 ,"s ( ! conclusions at :i* he   
has arriv$ are extremely  int]e/+4 ,he  
consid]s t a muscle is a ma*9e = !      
conv]sion (  pot5tial en]gy into        
me*anical =ce2 t ! me*anical =ce ( !    
muscles is d]iv$ *iefly1 if n entirely1 
f ! oxidation ( matt]s  ei!r conta9$ 9 !
 blood or deposit$ ar\nd ! muscul>      
fibres1 &  n f ! oxidation ( ! muscles  
!mselves2 t 9 man ! *ief  mat]ials us$ =
 ! production ( muscul> p[] are         
non-nitrog5\s2  b nitrog5\s matt]s c    
also be employ$ = ! same purpose1 &     
h5ce ! greatly increas$ evolution (     
nitrog51 "u ! influ5ce (  a fle% diet1  
ev5 ) no increase ( muscul> ex]tion2 t l
 e  o!r "p ( ! body1 ! muscles are      
con/antly be+ r5ew$1 b ?is  r5ewal is   
sc>cely p]ceptibly m rapid dur+ great   
muscul> activity  ?an dur+ comp>ative   
quiesc5ce2 t aft] ! supply ( suffici5t  
album9oid matt]s 9 ! food ( man to      
provide = ! necess>y r5ewal  ( !        
tissues1 ! be/ mat]ials = ! production  
bo? ( int]nal &  ext]nal "w are         

non-nitrog5\s matt]s1 su* z oil1 fat1   
sug>s1  />*1 & gum2 t ! non-nitrog5\s   
matt]s ( food :i* f9d _!  way into !    
blood yield up all _! pot5tial en]gy z  
actual en]gy2  ! nitrog5\s matt]s1 on ! 
o!r h&1 leave ! body ) a portion  7at   
lea/ "o sev5?7 ( _! pot5tial en]gy      
unexp5d$2 &1 la/ly1  t ! trans=mation ( 
pot5tial en]gy into muscul> p[] is      
necess>ily accompani$ by ! production ( 
heat )9 ! body1 ev5  :5 ! muscul> p[] is
 ex]t$ ext]nally4 ,?is is d\btless !    
*ief1 & probably ! only1 s\rce ( natural
 heat4 ,see ,,en]gy1  ,,ex]cise4        
,,mu%,,rooms4 ,edible fungi4 ,! species 
commonly eat5 9 ,engl& are !  ,ag>icus  
campe/ris1 or common field or g>d5      
mu%room1 us$ to make  ket*up1 & eat5    
ei!r raw1 /ew$1 or broil$2----!         
,mor*ella  escul5ta1 or morel1 us$ to   
flav\r s\ps & gravies2----& ! ,tub]     
cib>ium1 or common truffle1 also us$ z a
 season+4    ,sev]al fungi1 :i* to !    
inexp]i5c$ closely resemble ! common    
edible mu%room1 possess poison\s n>cotic

 prop]ties1 & _! use has  n unfrequ5tly 
be5 productive ( s]i\s1 &1 9 "s cases1  
ev5  fatal results4 ,un=tunately1 no    
simple te/s exi/ by :i* ! edible  &     
poison\s v>ieties c be di/+ui%$ f ea*   
o!r4 ,s /rongly  0 ! late ,pr(essor ,l4 
,c4 ,ri*>ds1 ! em95t botani/1 impress$  
) ?is feel+1 t ?\gh no "o 0 bett]       
acqua9t$ ) !  di/9ctions ( fungi ?an he 
01 yet he w\ld nev] eat any except su*  
z _h be5 rais$ 9 g>d5s1 9 mu%room b$s4  
8,?is difficulty ( di/+ui%+ edible f    
poison\s & noxi\s fungi  mu/ n be       
ignor$4 ,if only "o out ( a hundr$1 or =
 ! matt] (  t a ?\s&1 species 7 poison\s
 or noxi\s1 x w\ld n be s\nd  advice to 
say t we %\ld eat all t come to h&1 & /&
 !  *ance ( baneful results4            
,un=tunately x is ! case t "s ( !  mo/  
poison\s fungi are ! mo/ common1 & !re  
is sc>cely a field1  & p]haps n a s+le  
wood1 :i* does n ab\nd ) v>ieties (     
,copr9us1 ! ,ag>icus fascicul>is1 & !   
beautifully col\r$  ,?ussula emetica1 & 
sev]al o!r v undesirable species4 ,"s   

writ]s1 & among !m1 if we rememb]       
rightly1 ! le>n$ &  en?usia/ic          
mycologi/1 ,dr ,badham1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( 
any poison\s  fungi 9 our isl&s1 & !y   
acc\nt = ! effects :i* are (t5  produc$ 
by eat+ v>ieties diff]5t f our common   
mu%room by /at+  t "s p1 ?r\gh          
idiosyncrasy ( con/itution1 are         
injuri\sly  affect$ by all fungi2 & 9   
support ( ?is /atem5t !y in/ance !      
well-kn[n fact t "s p exp]i5ce ! mo/    
unpleasant effects  aft] eat+ ! common  
edible mu%room1 :i* *emically conta9s   
noxi\s  +r$i5ts4 ,we all "k t           
idiosyncrasy ( con/itution may acc\nt = 
mu* & = v /range ph5om5a2 = in/ance1    
oy/]s are almo/  poison to "s p]sons1   
:ile roa/ beef w cause hy/]ics 9 o!r    
cases2 & to n a few c]ta9 od\rs1 h>mless
 9 !mselves1 are causes  ( s]i\s attacks
 ( illness2 b ! fact rema9s t p]sons :o 
c  eat ) impunity & greatly enjoy !     
common mu%room are unpleasantly  affect$
 by o!r species ( fungi4 ,n a ye> passes
 b dea?s are  record$ (                 

p]sons----sometimes ( :ole              
families----aft] eat+ noxi\s  fungi1    
?\gh !y _h no idiosyncrasy (            
con/itution2 & %ortly prior  to ! writ+ 
( ?is article a le>n$ botani/ &         
en?usia/ic  mycologi/1 & a fri5d1 9     
exp]im5t+ on "s specim5s ( fungi s5t  to
 him1 n>r[ly escap$ dea?1 :ile ano!r    
p]son :o p>took ( !  di% prep>$ actually
 succumb$4 ,a ?\s& & "o te/s h be5 giv5 
9 writ+ f "t to "t :]eby our ord9>y     
mu%room is to be  di/+ui%$ f species :i*
 resemble x----& "o species is to be    
di/+ui%$ f ano!r2 b we fe> t practically
 !y are n to  be dep5d$ ^u4 ,fungi diff]
 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! localities  9 
:i* !y gr[1 & accord+ to _! age4 ,!     
common belief t !  edible species nev]  
*ange col\r :5 cut or bruis$ is         
unt5able1 =  ?ree v>ieties at lea/ are  
p]fectly edible1 & yet assume diff]5t   
t9ts :5 injur$ 9 any way4 ,! te/ ( ta/e1
 too1 :i* is appli$  "u ! idea t ^? ) a 
pleasant sav\r & an in(f5sive smell  are
 always :olesome1 is fallaci\s1 = a raw 

mu%room is q a  diff]5t ?+ f ! /ew$ or  
grill$ "o1 & (t5 :at has an  acrid ta/e 
:5 raw becomes p]fectly sav\ry :5 cook$2
 &1 vice  v]s1 a ta/eless fungus may be 
poison\s1 b only develop its lat5t      
flav\r :5 submitt$ to ! cook4 ,dr       
,*ri/ison decl>es t a sure  te/ (       
poison\s fungus is an a/r+5t1 /yptic    
ta/e1 & a  disagreeable pung5t od\r2 b  
?is1 aga91 _c always be dep5d$ on4      
,nor1 aga91 is ! popul> idea t a mu%room
 :i* w sk9 easily is  :olesome altoge!r 
bas$ on fact4 ,:at1 !n1 is to be done to
 enl>ge  ! field ( our mu%room ga!r]s & 
to br+ ab\t ! utilisation (  food n[    
suff]$ to run to wa/e1 or1 9 o!r words1 
h[ is a k  ( our fungi to be obta9$8 ,! 
only answ] is t k on ?is  matt] is to be
 got1 g5]ally speak+1 z k on o!r        
matt]s----p>tly f books1 b m especially 
f oral in/ruction &  demon/ration4 ,su* 
em95t au?orities z ,dr ,badham1 ! ,rev4 
,m4  ,b]keley1 ,mr ,cooke1 & ,mr        
,wor?+ton ,smi? may be consult$ ) pr(it1
  & works su* z t on #8,dome/ic         

,economy1' 9 :i* col\r$ plates  br+     
accurately be=e ! eye ! diff]5t species 
( our fungi4 ,&  "h we may m5tion t !   
plates prep>$ by ,mr ,wor?+ton ,smi?1   
:i* 7 once at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 b
 n[1 we believe1 at  ,be?nal ,gre51 h   
done mu* to help ! ,london] :5 9 se>* = 
mu%rooms 9 ! c\ntry to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 
good & bad species  ( fungi4 ,x might be
 well t 9 our s*ools1 :]e s _m          
practically  useless bran*es ( k are    
cramm$ into *ildr5 bo? 9 t[n &  c\ntry1 
practical lessons on fungi %\ld be giv54
 ,^?1 too1 :o wi%  to le>n :at is to be 
le>n$ on ?is subject %\ld avail !mselves
 (  opportunities n[ (t5 giv5 at        
exhibitions & botanical meet+s4 ,at     
,p>is1 9 #ahgf1 !re 0 an exhibition (   
edible & poison\s fungi1 9  a fre% & dry
 /ate1 toge!r ) books & draw+s2 & a     
simil>  exhibition took place 9 ,ab]de5 
two ye>s be=e2 &1 z mo/ ( our  read]s   
are probably aw>e1 !re exi/s a ,fungus  
,club1 or1 r1 a  botanical society :i*  
makes fungi a special /udy4 ,?is is !   

,woolhope  ,club1 :i* has its head      
qu>t]s at ,h]e=d1 & embraces 9 its      
sci5tific inve/igations all ! di/rict   
betwe5 ,%rop%ire & !  ,bri/ol ,*annel4  
,"o day 9 ea* autumn is devot$ to a     
fungus hunt1 &  ! numb]s t are ga!r$ by 
?is en?usia/ic b& are some?+  enorm\s4  
,! lab\rs ( ! day are clos$ by a d9n]1  
at :i* ! ma9  di%es are compos$ ( !     
spoils ( ! *ase1 dress$ 9 ! mo/         
epicurean fa%ion1 & ( o!r good ?+s      
flav\r$ ) ! mo/  appetis+ 7fungus7      
sauces4 ,9 ! annual volume publi%$ ( !  
transactions ( ! club !re is a          
description ( ! fungi ( !  di/rict1 & ! 
be/ modes ( cook+ !m4 ,x w\ld be a great
 ga9 to  ! public if at lea/ t "p deal+ 
) fungi 7 g5]ally  obta9able4           
8,ga/ronomically ! ord9>y mu%room1 & a  
l>ge numb] ( our ,briti%  fungi1 are mo/
 e/imable1 & ket*up produc$ f !m----n ! 
ord9>y ket*up #8( comm]ce1' :i* is (t5  
innoc5t ( any fungi  :atev]----is to !  
cultivat$ ta/e ( ! g\rmet ! be/ (       
sauces4  ,_m an epicurean has be5 he>d  

to av] t aft] t ( an oy/] t  ( a mu%room
 is ! f9e/ 9 ! :ole _w ( ga/ronomy4     
,bacon1 9  8 #8,naturall ,hi/orie1' says
 ( mu%rooms1 #8!y yield a delici\s      
meat1'  & to ^! comm5dations x may be   
add$ t !y c be cook$ 9  almo/ z _m ways 
z ! ,fr5* c cook eggs4 ,_! alim5t>y     
value is  also great1 = *emi/ry has     
reveal$ 9 !m ! pres5ce ( ! lead+        
pr9ciples :i* exi/ 9 ! fle% ( animals4  
,dr ,le!by says t #8!  edible v>ieties  
are highly nutriti\s1' & t well-kn[n    
dieti/1 !  late ,dr ,edw>d ,smi?1 :o 0 v
 *>y ( comm5d+ any?+1 also has  a good  
^w = !m4    8,our ^w #8mu%room' is      
evid5tly an adaptation ( ! ,fr5*        
m\ss]on1  :i*1 ( c\rse1 is f m\sse      
#8moss' 7,lat91 muscus72 b !  sugge/ion 
( ! le>n$ ,salmasius1 t ! ,fr5* gave ?is
 "n to !  edible fungus #8because x gr[s
 only :]e ! grass is ! %orte/ &  !re is 
little else b moss1' /rikes "o z r weak4
 ,! mu%room1  l ! moss1 is a cryptogam\s
 plant2 b !re is little connection 9    
any way betwe5 ! two4 ,p]haps1 !n1 we   

mu/ look to ! ,greek ^w  mucos1 ?\gh    
only us$ by ! gramm>ians1 = ! orig9 ( ! 
,fr5*  ^w & s ( our own4 ,?is 0 "o ( !  
t]ms :i* signifi$ a  #8sponge1' & 0     
probably appli$ to ! #8fungi' because ( 
_!  sponge-l gr[?4 ,x is evid5t t "s (  
our m exact botani/s1  or etymologi/s :o
 comp\nd$ ! ^w = !m1 consid] ! ,greek ^w
  & n ! ,lat9 z ! orig9 ( ! mu 9 !      
,engli% ^w & !  m\ 9 ! ,fr5*1 ?\gh1     
accord+ to analogy1 ! u %\ld h  be5     
*ang$ into a y1 = ! /udy ( #8fungi' is  
t]m$ by !m  mycology4 ,x is h>dly       
necess>y to add t ! words #8fungology' &
  #8fungologi/' are hybrid comp\nds (   
,greek & ,lat91 :i* are simply          
intol]able to e>s correct1 z are _m o!r 
words simil>ly comp\nd$1  & rec5tly     
introduc$ into our language4 ,! ,lat9   
fungus is pla9ly a  weak5$ =m ( ! ,greek
 spongos1 & goes to %[ t ! idea ( a     
#8sponge' 0 f ! fir/ associat$ ) !      
fungi1 & t !  ,greek mucos mu/ be tak5 z
 ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* m\ss]on &  ! ,engli% 
#8mu%room4' ,x is curi\s t ! ,greek1    

,lat91 & ,engli%  #8fung\s' t]ms h all  
be5 us$ 9 a s5se reflect+ on "s ( our   
species4 ,! ,greek mucos repres5t$ a    
silly1 /upid fell[1 & !  ,plautus c\ples
 ! fungi----#8s(t-pat$'----) ! #8fools1'
 #8/olid' &  #8fatu\s4' ,9 l mann] 9 our
 own language1 ,bacon speaks ( c]ta9    
p]sons z #8mu%rooms & up/>t we$s'       
because ( _! sudd5 gr[?  f a l[ly orig94
 ,s\?1 9 "o ( 8 s]mons1 reflects on     
8mu%room  div9es :o />t up ( a sudd510 &
 ^: success is #8n s good z to  recomm5d
 _! practice4' ,c>ry+ out ! same        
analogy1 ! late ,alb]t  ,smi?1 if we    
recollect rightly1 spoke ( #8/uck-up p' 
z spr++  l mu%rooms sudd5ly into notice1
 &1 l !m1 f v  que/ionable soil4    8,"o
 ^w z to ! connection betwe5 fungi & :at
 are call$ #8fairy  r+s' 9 our mead[s4  
,^! fairy r+s un=tunately lose all _!   
poetry :5 x is kn[n t !y are simply     
produc$ by ! gr[? (  v>i\s k9ds ( fungi4
 ,! fungi />t f a c5tre1 ow+ to "s      
peculi>ity ( ! soil & decay+ vegetable  
matt] 9 x1 & :5 !y  h exhau/$ ! spot on 

:i* !y orig9ally sprang up1 !y enl>ge   
_! bord]s1 z x 71 & ?us =m circles1 giv+
 a d>k] t+e to  ! h]bage affect$ by !m4 
,^! r+s increase 9 size annually1 &  ?us
 !y v>y consid]ably 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is 
is a prosaic b  tru?ful explanation ( ! 
ph5om5on :i* s (t5 attracts !  att5tion 
( *ildr5 & puzzles ! heads ( old]       
p]sons40#dc    ,footnote #dc3 #8,daily  
,telegraph4'    ,9 cases ( poison+ by   
fungi1 vomit+ %\ld be imm$iately induc$ 
by  an emetic & tickl+ ! fauces ) ! f+] 
or a fea!r2 aft]  :i* a purgative cly/] 
or a /rong ca?>tic %\ld be adm9i/]$1  ) 
#a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 ( e!r 9 a glassful (
 wat] or weak br&y4 ,z  an antidote1 a  
solution ( tann91 #a_/b dr41 9 wat]1    
#a-a_/b p9t1 or a  decoction ( #a_/b oz4
 ( p[d]$ galls1 or ( #a oz4 ( p[d]$     
c9*ona  b>k1 9 a l quantity ( wat]1 has 
be5 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,m4  ,*ans>el4 
,alexis ,soy] recomm5d$ ! excell5t me?od
 ( cook+ mu%rooms by  bak+ !m "u a glass
 or bas9 on toa/1 along ) scald$ or     
clott$  cream1 or a little melt$ butt]1 

) "o clove1 & salt1 pepp]1 c41  to ta/e4
 ,!y take ab\t #a_/d ( an h\r 9 a g5tle 
ov5 or be=e !  fire4 ,:5 !y are tak5 up1
 d n remove ! glass = a few m9utes1  by 
:i* "t ! vap\r w h become cond5s$ & gone
 into !  bread2 b :5 x is1 ! aroma1 :i* 
is ! ess5ce ( ! mu%room1 is  s p[]ful z 
to p]vade ! :ole ap>tm5t4    ,,musk4    
,syn4 ,,mos*us 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 
,d471 ,l4 8,a secretion  deposit$ 9 a   
follicle ( ! prepuce ( ,mos*us          
mos*if]us1 ,l9n40  7,ph4 ,l471 an animal
 inhabit+ ! m\nta9s ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,x  
is  import$ f ,b5gal1 ,*9a1 & ,russia2  
&1 latt]ly1 f ! ,unit$  ,/ates (        
,am]ica4 ,t kn[n z ,,tonqu9 ,,musk is ! 
mo/ e/eem$ = its  od\r2 b t f ,russia is
 ! only k9d :i* rea*es u 9 p]fect  bags1
 or :i* has n be5 tamp]$ )4 ,,pod ,,musk
 7,,mos*us ,,9 ,,vesicis7  is ! bag 9   
its natural /ate1 conta9+ ! musk4 ,!    
av]age weight  ( "o ( ! pods is ab\t #f 
dr42 t ( ! gra9 musk :i* x  conta9s1    
ab\t #b-a_/b dr4    ,pur1 c4 ,! musk ( !
 %ops is g5]ally adult]at$4 ,dri$       

bullock's blood or *ocolate is commonly 
employ$ = ?is purpose1 along  ) a little
 bone-black4 ,! ext5t ( ^! additions    
v>ies f #be to  #ge ( ! gross weight ( !
 mixture4 ,! blood is dri$ by ! heat (  
/eam or a wat] ba?1 !n r$uc$ to co>se   
p[d]1 & triturat$ )  ! g5u9e musk 9 a   
mort> along ) a few drops ( liquid (    
ammonia4  ,x is !n ei!r replac$ 9 !     
empty pods1 or x is put into bottles1  &
 sold z gra9 musk4 ,!re are only ?ree   
c]ta9 ways ( detect+  ?is fraud1        
viz4----by ! inf]iority ( ! od\r1 by an 
assay = !  iron conta9$ 9 ! blood1      
or----by ! microscope4 ,g5u9e musk (t5  
becomes ne>ly inodor\s by keep+1 b      
recov]s its smell on be+  expos$ to !   
vap\r ( ammonia1 or by be+ moi/5$ )     
ammonia  wat]4 ,! p]fum]s sometimes     
expose x to ! fetid ammoniacal effluvia 
( privies = ! same purpose4    ,pure    
musk1 by trituration or dige/ion ) boil+
 wat]1 loses ab\t #ge  ( its weight1 & !
 boil+ solution1 aft] precipitation )   
nitric  acid1 is ne>ly col\rless4 ,a    

solution ( acetate ( lead1 & a cold     
decoction ( galls1 also precipitate !   
solution2 b "o ( corrosive  sublimate   
does n di/urb x4 ,! a%es left aft] !    
inc9]ation (  pure musk are nei!r r$ nor
 yell[1 b grey1 & %\ld n exce$ #e to    
#f4 ,! ,*9ese appe> to be ! mo/ skilful 
& successful adult]ators  ( musk4 ,"o ( 
! be/ solv5ts = musk is e!r4    ,uses1  
c4 ,musk is *iefly employ$ = its od\r4  
,z a m$ic9e x  is a p[]ful /imulant &   
antispasmodic1 & is a valuable rem$y 9  
v>i\s diseases ( a spasmodic or hy/]ical
 "*1 or att5d$ )  l[ fev]4----,dose1 #e 
to #aj gra9s made into an emulsion4     
,musk1 ,factiti\s4 ,syn4 ,,res9 ,,(     
,,amb]2 ,,res9a ,,succ9i1 ,,mos*us      
,,artificialis1 ,m4 ,,factitius1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( amb]1 #a fl4 dr42     
nitric  acid1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr42 dige/ 9 a
 cold tumbl]1 & aft] #bd h\rs1 wa% 9    
cold wat] ! orange-yell[ res9\s matt]   
:i* has =m$1 &  c>efully dry x4    #b4  
7,elsn]47 ,f oil ( amb]1 #a "p2 fum+    
nitric acid1 #c p>ts2 z  ! la/1 b       

employ+ artificial cold to prev5t any   
portion ( ! oil  be+ c>bonis$4    ,obs4 
,res9 ( amb] smells /rongly ( musk1 & is
 said to be  antispasmodic & n]v9e4 ,a  
t9cture 7,,t9ctura ,,res9 ,,succ9i7 is  
made by  dissolv+ #a dr4 ( x 9 rectifi$ 
_s1 #aj fl4 dr41 ( :i* ! dose  is #a fl4
 dr42 9 hoop+-c\gh1 l[ fev]s1 c4    ,dr 
,colli] m5tions an artificial musk1     
prep>$ by dige/+ = #aj days  nitric     
acid1 #a_/b oz41 on fetid animal oil1   
obta9$ by di/illation1 #a  oz42 !n add+ 
( rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t1 & dige/+ ! :ole =
  a mon?4    ,,musk ,,se$4 ,syn4 ,,gra9s
 ,d',,ambrette4 ,! se$ ( ,abelmos*us    
mos*atus1 or musk mall[4 ,!y are *iefly 
us$ = _! od\r1 9  p]fum]y1 hair p[d]1   
c(fee1 c4    ,,mus,,sel4 ,see           
,,%ell-,,fi%4    ,,mu/4 ,syn4 ,,mu/um1  
,l4 ,! express$ juice ( ripe grapes1    
be=e  f]m5tation4 ,:5 boil$ to #b-c dr4 
x is call$ ,,c>5um2 :5 boil$ to  #a_/b1 
x is call$ ,,sapa4 ,on fur!r            
conc5tration1 x yields a species (      
granul> sug> 7grape sug>47    ,mu/1     

,factiti\s4 ,syn4 ,,mu/um ,,factitium1  
,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve cream  ( t>t>1     
#c_/d oz41 9 boil+ wat]1 #g p9ts2 :5    
cold1 add ( lump  sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs42   
rais9s 7*opp$ small71 #a_/b lb42 dige/ =
 #c or #d  h\rs1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel z   
quickly z possible1 & add ( lemon       
juice1 #a_/b p9t4    ,,mus,,t>d4 ,syn4  
,,s9apis1 ,l4 8,! se$ ( ,s9apis nigra & 
,s4  alba40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,fl\r ( ! se$s (
 ,s9apis nigra1 g5]ally mix$  ) ^? (    
,s9apis alba1 & depriv$ ( fix$ oil by   
expression40  7,ph4 ,e47 8,! fl\r ( !   
se$s40 7,ph4 ,d47 8,! se$s ( ! ,s9apis  
nigra & ,s4 alba r$uc$ to p[d] & mix$40 
7,b4 ,p47 ,t ( !  %ops is v frequ5tly   
adult]at$ ) :eat fl\r4 ,:5 ?is is !     
case x does n readily make a smoo? pa/e 
) wat]1 b exhibits  consid]able         
t\ghness1 & some:at ( a /r+y appe>ance1 
especially  :5 little wat] & mu* heat is
 employ$4 ,! common proportions tak5  by
 "s groc]s are----dri$ common salt1 :eat
 fl\r1 & sup]f9e  mu/>d1 equal p>ts2 )  
turm]ic1 to col\r1 & cay5ne1 q4 s4 to   

give  x piquancy & fire4    ,uses1 c4   
,pure fl\r ( mu/>d is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 to  
make  /imulat+ p\ltices1 p$iluvia1 c4 ,z
 a condim5t x is useful 9  torpor &     
coldness ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,a few    
ye>s s9ce ! use (  mu/>d se$1 by        
spoonfuls1 ad libitum1 0 a common &     
fa%ionable  rem$y 9 torpor or atony ( ! 
dige/ive organs4 ,! practice 0 a        
revival ( t recomm5d$ by ,dr ,cull52 b x
 has n[ aga9 sunk into  disuse4 ,sir    
,john ,s9clair also approv$ ( ! use (   
mu/>d se$ 9 ?is  way1 especially = !    
pres]vation ( ! heal? ( ! ag$4          
7#8,lancet1'  ,jan41 #ahcd47 ,see       
,,p\ltices1 c4    ,mu/>d = ! ,table4 ,! 
common practice ( prep>+ mu/>d = !      
table ) v9eg>1 or /ill m1 ) boil+ wat]1 
mat]ially *ecks  ! developm5t ( ^?      
peculi> pr9ciples on :i* its pung5cy or 
/r5g? almo/ entirely dep5ds4 ,to        
economise ?is sub/ance1 we %\ld  use    
lukew>m wat] only2 & :5 flav\r+ matt] is
 to be add$ to x1  ?is is bett] def]r$  
until aft] ! pa/e is made4 ,! foll[+ =ms

  = #8made mu/>d' are mu* e/eem$ = _!   
flav\r3----    ,prep4 #a4 ,mu/>d        
7gr\nd71 #c-a_/b lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m
 a /iff  pa/e2 9 #a_/b h\r add ( common 
salt 7rubb$ v f9e71 #a lb42 )  v9eg>1   
grape juice1 lemon juice1 or :ite w9e1  
q4 s4 to r$uce x to a  prop] consi/5ce4 
#b4 ,to ! la/ add a little soluble      
cay5ne pepp] or ess5ce ( cay5ne4    #c4 
7,l5orm&47 ,be/ fl\r ( mu/>d1 #b lbs42  
fre% p>sley1 *]vil1  cel]y1 & t>ragon1 (
 ea* #a_/b oz42 g>lic1 #a clove2 #ab    
salt an*ovies2  7all well *opp$72 gr9d  
well toge!r1 add ( salt1 #a oz42 grape  
juice  or sug> q4 s4 to sweet52 )       
suffici5t wat] to =m ! mass into a      
?9ni% pa/e by trituration 9 a mort>4 ,:5
 put into pots1 a r$-hot  pok] is to be 
?ru/ into ea*1 & a little v9eg> aft]w>ds
 p\r$  ^u ! surface4    #d4 7,,m\t>de ,a
 ,l',,e/ragon47 ,f black mu/>d se$      
7g5tly dri$ until  friable1 & !n f9ely  
p[d]$71 #a lb42 salt1 #b oz42 t>ragon   
v9eg>1  q4 s4 to mix4 ,9 a simil> way ! 
,fr5* prep>e sev]al o!r  #8mu/>ds1' by  

employ+ v9eg>s flav\r$ ) ! respective   
sub/ances1 or walnut or mu%room ket*up1 
or ! liquors ( ! ri*]  pickles4    #e4  
7,,m\t>de ,,sup]be47 ,salt1 #a-a_/b lb42
 scrap$ hors]adi%1 #a lb42  g>lic1 #b   
cloves2 boil+ v9eg>1 #b galls42 mac]ate 
9 a cov]$ vessel  = #bd h\rs1 /ra91 &   
add ( fl\r ( mu/>d1 q4 s4    #f4        
7,pat5t47 ,black g+] 7bruis$71 #ab lbs42
 common salt1 #ah lbs42 wat]1  #ae      
galls42 boil1 /ra91 & add to ea* gallon 
fl\r ( mu/>d1 #e lbs4    ,mu/>d ,leaves 
7,rigollot's7 are made by spread+ moi/5$
 mu/>d on  pap]1 & dry+4                
,,mus,,t9ess4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors &   
,,w9es4    ,,mu,,tage4 ,! t]m appli$ to 
! #8mat*+' ( grape mu/ to arre/ !       
progress ( f]m5tation4 ,see ,,antif]m5t1
 ,,mat*es1 c4    ,,mut,,ton4 ,! fle% (  
%eep4 ,t ( ! fir/ quality is 8betwe5 f\r
  & five ye>s old2 b at pres5t x is     
r>ely got above ?ree1 & (t5  "u two4 ,! 
fle% ought to be ( a d>ki%1 cle>1 r$    
col\r1 ! fat  firm & :ite1 ! meat %ort &
 t5d] :5 p9*$1 & x ought n  to be too   

fat40 ,! fle% ( ! #8,s\?d[n we!r' is    
e/eem$ ! f9e/  flav\r$4 ,mutton is "o ( 
! mo/ :olesome ( ! #8r$ meats1' & 9     
comm]cial importance is second only to  
beef4 ,see ,,meat4    ,,my,,cose4 ,a    
peculi> v>iety ( sug>1 extract$ by      
alcohol f ergot (  rye4 ,x cry/allises 9
 col\rless prisms1 & is di/+ui%$ f cane 
sug> by n r$uc+ ! acetate ( copp]1 :5   
boil$ ) a solution  ( t salt4           
,,mylabris4 ,syn4 ,,mylabris ,,ci*orii2 
,,*9ese ,,bli/]+ ,,fly4 ,an insect  f\nd
 on ! fl[]s ( ! succory plant 9 ,india &
 ,*9a4 ,x is ab\t  an in* & a qu>t] 9   
l5g?2 %ea?-w+s black1 ea* pres5t+       
ant]iorly two almo/ quadrate1           
br[ni%-yell[ spots2 beh9d ^! two        
br[ni%-yell[ b&s1 ea* ( :i* equals ab\t 
"o six? ( ! l5g?  ( ! %ea?-w+s4 ,its    
vesicant prop]ties are due to ! pres5ce 
(  can?>id94    ,its physiological      
actions are ! same z ^? ( can?>ides1    
except  t x is said n to affect !       
kidneys :5 topically appli$4            
,,myric94 ,! portion ( beeswax :i* is   

lea/ soluble 9 alcohol1 &  saponifi$ )  
difficulty4    ,,myri/ic ,,acid4        
,,hc#ad;,h#bg,o#b4 ,a monobasic fatty   
acid1 obta9$ by  ! saponification (     
myri/94 ,x melts at #abj ,fahr4         
,,myris,,t94 ,c#de;,h#hf,o#f4 ,syn4     
,,s]ic9e4 ,! :ite1 solid portion  ( !   
express$ oil ( nutmegs1 :i* is insoluble
 9 cold alcohol4 ,see  ,,myri/ic ,,acid4
    ,,myroles4 ,9 ,fr5* ph>macy1        
solutions ( oleag9\s or res9\s          
sub/ances 9 ! volatile oils4            
,,myron,,ic ,,acid4                     
,,hc#aj;,h#ah,,ns#b,o#aj4 ,bussy has    
giv5 ?is "n to  an inodor\s1 bitt]1     
non-cry/allisable acid1 obta9$ by him f 
black  mu/>d1 9 :i* x exi/s z myronate (
 potassium4 ,x is soluble 9  wat] &     
alcohol4    ,,myros94 ,syn4 ,,emuls9    
,,or ,,black ,,mu/>d4 ,a "n giv5 by     
,bussy to a  peculi> sub/ance1 soluble 9
 wat]1 & :i* possesses ! p[] (  conv]t+ 
myronic acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 into !
 volatile oil  ( mu/>d se$4             
,,myrosp]m94 ,! "n giv5 by ,ri*t] to !  

portion ( ! oil (  balsam ( ,p]u1 :i* is
 soluble 9 alcohol4    ,,myrox,,il94 ,! 
"n giv5 by ,ri*t] to ! portion ( ! oil (
  balsam ( ,p]u :i* is insoluble 9      
alcohol4 ,by oxyg5ation x =ms  myroxilic
 acid4    ,,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,myrrha 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,gum    
res9 exud$  f ! b>k ( ,balsamod5dron    
myrrha40 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47            
,pur4----#a4 ,triturate a small quantity
 ( ! p[d] ( ! suspect$ myrrh  ) an equal
 am\nt ( *loride ( ammonium1 add+ wat]1 
gradually2 if  ! :ole is readily        
dissolv$1 ! myrrh is g5u9e2 o!rwise x is
  sophi/icat$ ) "s inf]ior sub/ance4    
7,righ9i47----#b4 ,:5  inc9]at$ x %\ld n
 leave m ?an #c-a_/b to #d ( a%es4      
,uses1 c4 ,myrrh is a /imulat+ aromatic 
bitt] & tonic1 & is giv5  9 sev]al      
diseases accompani$ by relaxation &     
debility2 especially 9  excessive       
secretions f ! muc\s membranes1 & 9     
disord]s ( !  dige/ive organs4          
,ext]nally1 z an +r$i5t 9 d5tifrices &  
ra%es1 9 c>ies ( ! tee?1 spongy &       

ulc]at$ gums1 c4----,dose1 #aj  to #cj  
gr42 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) aloes or    
*alybeates4      ,,nails 7,!7 %\ld be   
kept clean by ! daily use ( ! nail-bru% 
&  soap-&-wat]4 ,aft] wip+ ! h&s1 b :il/
 !y are /ill s(t  f ! action ( ! wat]1 !
 sk91 :i* is apt to gr[ ov] !  nails1   
%\ld be g5tly loos5$ & press$ back1 :i* 
w n only  pres]ve !m neatly r\nd$1 b w  
prev5t ! sk9 crack+ ar\nd  _! roots     
7agnails1 nail-spr+s71 & becom+ sore4 ,!
 free ends or  po9ts ( ! nails %\ld be  
p>$ ab\t once a week2 & bit+ !m  %\ld be
 p>ticul>ly avoid$1 z be+ at once       
de/ructive to _!  beauty & usefulness4  
8,! 7free7 edge ( ! sc>f-sk9 %\ld nev]  
be  p>$1 ! surface ( ! nail nev] scrap$1
 or ! nails clean$ )  any in/rum5t      
:atev] sav+ ! nail-bru%40 7,eras4       
,wilson47    ,! consequ5ces ( we>+ a %oe
 t is obvi\sly too %ort = !  foot are   
?us describ$ by ! above au?ority3----8,9
 ?is case ,nature  gives u w>n+1 by     
means ( h] ag5t1 pa91 t su* a proce$+ is
  contr>y to h] laws4 ,we /op our e>s1 &

 get accu/om$ to ! pa91  :i*1 p]haps1 is
 n sev]e1 & soon goes (f2 ! %oes get a  
scold+  = _! malice1 & we =get all ab\t 
x = a "t4 ,b does ,nature  *eck h] c\rse
 to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ?\ghtless m58    
,no1 no4 ,9 a  %ort "t we f9d t ! nail1 
int]cept$ 9 its =w>d c\rse1 has  become 
unusually ?ick & h>d1 & has spread out s
 mu* ^u !  sides1 t x is n[ gr[+ into ! 
fle%1 & s makes a case = !  doctor4 ,or1
 p]haps1 ! cont9uance ( pressure may h  
inflam$ !  s5sitive sk9 at ! root1 &    
caus$ a sore & pa9ful place !re4 ,&     
in/ances are by no means infrequ5t 9 :i*
 ! p[] ( production (  ! nail at ! root 
becomes entirely abrogat$1 & !n x gr[s 9
  ?ickness only40    ,:5 ! nails are    
/a9$ or discol\r$1 a little lemon juice1
 or  v9eg>-&-wat]1 is ! be/ application4
 ,occasionally1 a little  pumice-/one1 9
 impalpable p[d]1 or a little #8putty   
p[d]1' may be  us$ along ) wat] & a     
piece ( s(t lea!r or flannel = ! same   
purpose4 ,! frequ5t employm5t ( ^!      
sub/ances is1 h[ev]1  injuri\s to !     

heal?y gr[? ( ! nail4    ,,nanke54 ,!   
col\r$ cotton clo? :i* be>s ?is "n 0    
orig9ally  br\ght f ,nank91 ! anci5t    
capital ( ,*9a1 & 0 prep>$ f a  native  
cotton1 ( a br[ni%-yell[ hue4 ,x is n[  
successfully imitat$  9 ,engl&1 & at !  
pres5t "t ! ,engli% manufactur]s supply 
!  ,canton m>ket4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! col\r 
is g5]ally giv5 to ! clo?  by successive
 ba?s ( sulphate ( iron & crude c>bonate
 ( soda or  lime wat]4    ,,nanke5      
,,dye4 ,! liquid sold "u ?is "n 9 ! %ops
 is a solution  ( annotta4 ,x is employ$
 to dye :ite calicoes ( a nanke5 col\r2 
b  *iefly to re/ore ! col\r ( fad$      
nanke5 clo?+4    ,,naph,,?a4 ,syn4      
,,m9]al ,,naph?a2 ,,naph?a1 ,l4 ,a "n   
giv5 to ! limpid  & pur] v>ieties (     
,,petroleum 7:i* see71 or ,,rock ,,oil1 
:i* exudes  f ! surface ( ! e>? 9 v>i\s 
p>ts ( ! _w4    ,prop4 ,naph?a possesses
 a p5etrat+ od\r & a yell[ col\r1 b may 
be r5d]$ col\rless by di/illation2 x    
usually beg9s to boil at a  temp]ature (
 ab\t #ahj ,fahr41 b1 be+ a mixture (   

sev]al diff]5t  hydroc>bons1 x has no   
fix$ boil+-po9t2 x is v inflammable2 x  
does n mix ) wat]1 b imp>ts to t fluid  
its peculi> ta/e &  smell2 mixes )      
alcohol & oils1 & dissolves sulphur1    
phosphorus1  camphor1 iod9e1 mo/ ( !    
res9s1 wax1 fats1 & sp]maceti2 & =ms  ) 
ca\t*\c a gelat9\s v>ni%1 :i* dries ) v 
great  difficulty4    ,pur4 ,m9]al      
naph?a is v frequ5tly adult]at$ ) oil ( 
turp5t9e1 a fraud :i* may be detect$    
by----#a4 ,! addition ( "s oil  (       
vitriol1 :i* w1 9 t case1 ?ick5 & d>k5  
x4----#b4  ,hydro*loric acid gas pass$  
?r\gh ! liquid = an h\r1 w occasion  !  
=mation ( hydro*lorate ( camph9e1 ei!r  
at once or aft] a few  h\rs' repose1 ev5
 if only #e ( oil ( turp5t9e is pres5t4 
7,dr  ,bolley47----#c4 ,if a few gra9s (
 iodide ( potassium & a little wat] are 
rubb$ ) ! suspect$ sample1 ! col\r ( !  
wat] %\ld cont9ue  un*ang$2 ! pres5ce ( 
#a_/cjj? "p ( oil turp5t9e w cause x to 
assume a r$ or orange col\r4 7,salad947 
,uses4 ,naph?a is *iefly employ$ = !    

purposes ( illum9ation1 z a  solv5t =   
india rubb]1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( a v     
sup]ior black  pigm5t4 ,x has be5 highly
 spok5 ( z a rem$y = *ol]a1 by ,dr      
,&reosky1 a ,russian physician4 ,see    
,,petroleum1 & bel[4    ,naph?a1        
,coal-t>4 ,syn4 ,,naph?a1 ,,coal ,n4 ,a 
mixture ( volatile  hydroc>bons1 obta9$ 
by di/ill+ coal-t>4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/   
products :i* comes ov]1 & fl[s f ! /ill 
z crude coal naph?a4  ,to obta9 rectifi$
 coal naph?a1 ?is crude liquid is       
di/ill$1 & !  product agitat$ ) #aj (   
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 :5 cold1 !   
mixture is treat$ ) #e ( p]oxide (      
manganese1 & ! upp] portion  is submitt$
 to fur!r di/illation4 ,! specific      
gravity ( ?is  purifi$ product is #hej4 
,x is ext5sively us$ z a solv5t (       
ca\t*\c1 & o!r alli$ sub/ances1 also (  
res9s = !  prep>ation ( v>ni%es4 ,by    
repeat$ purification & fractional       
di/illation1 b5zol1 ! *ief & mo/        
important con/itu5t ( coal  naph?a1 is  
obta9$4 ,see ,,b5zol4    ,naph?a1 ,wood4

 ,see ,,pyroxylic ,,_s4    ,,naph,,?al94
 ,c#aj;,h#i4 ,syn4 ,,naph?al9e1         
,,naph?al5e4 ,a :ite  cry/allisable1    
odor\s1 volatile sub/ance1 obta9$ f     
coal-t>4    ,prep4 ,! la/ portion ( !   
volatile oily product is collect$       
sep>ately1 & all[$ to repose1 :5 crude  
naph?al9 sep>ates 9 !  solid /ate4 ,by  
pu%+ ! di/illation until ! residuum 9 ! 
/ill  beg9s to *>1 a fur!r portion (    
d>k-col\r$ naph?al9 may be  obta9$4 ,x  
is purifi$ by resublimation a second1 or
 ev5 a ?ird "t4    ,prop41 c4 ,soluble 9
 alcohol & e!r2 slightly soluble 9 boil+
  wat]2 melts at #agf ,fahr42 boils at  
#dab2 highly inflammable1 burn+  ) a r$ 
& smoky flame2 ) sulphuric acid1 x      
unites to =m  sulpho-naph?alic acid4 ,by
 ! action ( nitric acid ^u naph?al91    
num]\s sub/ances may be =m$1 ! mo/      
int]e/+ be+  nitro-naph?al94 ,naph?al9  
has lately be5 ext5sively employ$ z a   
/imulat+ expectorant4----,dose1 #e to   
#bj gr42 or1 pref]ably1 #a_/b gr41      
frequ5tly4 ,ext]nally1 made into an     

o9tm5t1 9 dry tett]s1  psoriasis1 c4 #cj
 gr4 may be mix$ ) #a oz4 ( l>d4        
,,na,,ples ,,yel,,l[4 ,see ,,yell[      
,,pigm5ts4    ,,n>,,ceia4               
,c#bc;,h#bj;,g#i4 ,syn4 ,,n>ce9a1       
,,n>ceia4 ,a peculi>  sub/ance discov]$ 
by ,pelleti] 9 opium4 ,x is obta9$ f !  
aque\s solution ( opium1 aft] x has be5 
fre$ f morphia1 &  n>cot9a1 by ammonia1 
by add+ to x hydrate ( lime1 or         
pref]ably1  b>yta4 ,on boil+ ! filt]$   
solution1 to expel ! ammonia1 &         
evaporat+ ! liquid1 cry/als ( n>ce9e are
 gradually deposit$4 ,x  may be purifi$ 
by solution 9 hot alcohol &             
recry/allisation4    ,prop41 c4 ,:ite1  
silky1 acicul> prisms2 neutral2         
inodor\s2 bitt]2  pung5t2 soluble 9 #cge
 p>ts ( wat] at #fj1 & 9 #ccj p>ts at   
#bab  ,fahr42 insoluble 9 e!r2 does n   
neutralise ! acids1 & is de/itute  (    
basic prop]ties4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f       
morphia by its easi]  fusibility 7#aij71
 & by =m+ a blue liquid ) ! dilute m9]al
  acids1 :i* on gradual dilution *anges 

to violet & rose r$1 &  ultimately      
becomes col\rless4 ,x does n /rike a    
blue col\r )  f]ric *loride1 l morphia1 
b =ms a blue comp\nd ) iod9e1  :i* is   
decompos$ by boil+ wat]4 ,x appe>s to be
 in]t1 & has n  be5 appli$ to any useful
 purpose4    ,,n>,,cotics4 ,syn4        
,,/upefaci5ts2 ,,n>cotica1              
,,/upefaci5tia1 ,l4  ,m$ic9es :i*       
produce dr[s9ess1 sleep1 & /upor4 ,9    
small doses1  n>cotics mo/ly act z      
/imulants1 b 9 l>g] ones !y produce     
calmness ( m9d1 dr[s9ess1 & torpor2 & 9 
poison\s doses1  delirium1 coma1 & dea?4
 ,! g5]al objects 9 ! adm9i/ration (  ^!
 ag5ts are ! production ( sleep & !     
alleviation ( pa94  ,_! action is       
modifi$ to a great] degree by           
idiosyncrasy & habit  ?an t (1 p]haps1  
any o!r class ( m$ic9es4 ,h5ce ! c>e    
necess>y 9 _! adm9i/ration4 ,alcohol1   
camphor1 *lor(orm1 *loral  hydrate1 e!r1
 foxglove1 hemlock1 h5bane1 morphia1    
opium1 & tobacco1  are n>cotics4        
,,n>,,cot9a4 ,c#bb;,h#bc,,no#g4 ,syn4   

,,n>cot9e1 ,l42 ,,sel ,d',,opium1       
,,mati,,re ,,de ,,d]osne1 ,fr4 ,a       
peculi> cry/all9e sub/ance1 f\nd by     
,d]osne  9 opium1 & on :i* its /imulant 
prop]ty 0 at fir/ suppos$ to  dep5d4    
,prep4 #a4 ,f opium exhau/$ ( soluble   
matt] by cold wat]1 by  treat+ x ) wat] 
acidulat$ ) acetic or hydro*loric acid1 
filt]+1 neutralis+1 ) ammonia1 &        
dissolv+ ! wa%$  precipitate 9 boil+    
alcohol2 ! n>cot9e is deposit$ z !      
liquid  cools1 & may be purifi$ by      
solution 9 e!r4    #b4 ,by act+ on      
opium1 previ\sly exhau/$ by cold wat]1 )
 e!r4    ,prop41 c4 ,:ite1 inodor\s1    
flut$1 or /riat$ prisms2 neutral to te/ 
pap]2 insoluble 9 cold wat]2 sp>+ly     
soluble 9 boil+ wat]2 freely  soluble 9 
boil+ alcohol & 9 e!r4 ,x is only feebly
 basic4    ,n>cot9e is di/+ui%$ f       
morphia by its insipidity1 solubility 9 
e!r1 insolubility 9 alkalies1 giv+ an   
orange t9t to nitric acid1 &  a greasy  
/a9 to pap] :5 heat$ on x ov] a c&le4   
,ano!r te/ =  n>cot9a1 said by ,orfila  

to be *>act]i/ic1 is to add to a little 
(  ! suspect$ sub/ance a drop or two (  
oil ( vitriol1 & !n to add a  v small   
fragm5t ( nitrate ( potassium2 ! liquid 
spe$ily acquires  a deep blood-r$ col\r 
if n>cot9a is pres5t4 ,morphia treat$ 9 
!  same way /rikes a br[n or olive-gre5 
col\r4    ,obs4 ,! physiological action 
( n>cot9a is diff]5tly /at$ by  diff]5t 
au?orities4 #a gr4 ( x1 dissolv$ 9 olive
 oil1 kill$ a dog  9 #bd h\rs3 b #bd gr4
 dissolv$ 9 acetic acid 7 giv5 )        
impunity4  7,mag5die47 ,9 ! solid /ate x
 is in]t2 #abj gr4 at a dose sc>cely    
produce any obvi\s effects4 7,bally47   
,scruple doses h be5 giv5  )\t injury4  
7,dr ,roots47 ,x has be5 rec5tly propos$
 z a sub/itute  = qu99e 9 ! cure (      
agues4 ,= ?is purpose ! sulphate or     
hydro*lorate is pref]able4 #bjj cases ( 
int]mitt5t & remitt5t  fev]s h be5 ?us  
successfully treat$ 9 ,india4 7,dr      
,o',%aughnessy47----,dose1 #c to #aj    
gr41 z an antip]iodic s$ative1 c4       
,turkey opium conta9s ab\t #a1 & ,ea/   

,indian opium ab\t #c1 (  n>cot9e4      
,,na,,trium4 ,see ,,sodium4             
,,na,,tron4 ,native c>bonate ( soda4    
,,nau,,sea4 ,see ,,sickness4            
,,nau,,seants4 ,syn4 ,,nauseantia1 ,l4  
,sub/ances :i* induce an incl9ation  to 
vomit1 )\t effect+ x4 ,see ,,emetics4   
,,navel1 ,/>t+ (4 ,to rem$y ?is1 take a 
slice ( cork ab\t !  circumf]5ce ( a    
%ill+1 & a little ?ick]2 & hav+ cov]$ ! 
project+ navel ) a small circul> piece (
 clean1 s(t l951 place  ! cork on ! l951
 /rapp+ x into position by means ( cross
 /rips  ( :ite /ick+ pla/] 7simple lead 
pla/]7 ov] :i* ! usual  roll] is to be  
adju/$4 ,be c>eful to h ! pla/] (       
suffici5t  l5g?1 & to see t x adh]es    
tightly to ! sk94    ,,nec,,t>4 ,! fabl$
 dr9k ( ! my?ological deities4 ,! "n 0  
=m]ly giv5 to w9e dulcifi$ ) honey2 x is
 n[ occasionally  appli$ to o!r sweet & 
pleasant bev]ages ( a /imulat+ "*4  ,!  
foll[+ ,,liqueurs are s call$3----      
,prep4 #a4 ,*opp$ rais9s1 #b lbs42 loaf 
sug>1 #d lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #b  galls42  

mix1 & /ir frequ5tly until cold1 !n add 
#b lemons1 slic$2  pro( _s 7br&y or     
rum71 #c p9ts2 mac]ate 9 a cov]$ vessel 
= #f  or #g days1 occasionally %ak+1    
next /ra9 ) pressure1 & let !  /ra9$    
liquid /& 9 a cold place = a week to    
cle>2 la/ly1 decant  ! cle> portion1 &  
bottle x4    #b4 ,r$ ratafia1 #c gall42 
oils ( cassia & c>away1 ( ea* #be drops 
7dissolv$ 972 br&y1 #a_/b p9t2 orange   
w9e1 #a gall42 slic$ oranges1 #f  9 no42
 lump sug>1 #b lbs42 mac]ate = a week1  
decant & bottle4 ,see  ,,arrack         
7,factiti\s47    ,,ne,,gus4 ,a well-kn[n
 bev]age1 s nam$ aft] its orig9ator &   
patron1  ,colonel ,negus4 ,x is made (  
ei!r port or %]ry w9e1 mix$ ) ab\t      
twice its bulk ( hot wat]1 sweet5$ )    
lump sug>1 & flav\r$ )  a little lemon  
juice & grat$ nutmeg1 & a small fragm5t 
only ( !  yell[ peel ( ! lemon4 ,!      
addition ( ab\t #a drop ( ess5ce (      
amb]gris1 or #h or #aj drops ( ess5ce ( 
vanilla1 di/ribut$ betwe5  ab\t a doz5  
glasses1 improves x4    ,,nep5,,!4 ,a   

dr9k calculat$ to bani% ! remembrance ( 
grief4 ,9 !  8,odyssey0 ,hom] describes 
,hel5 z adm9i/]+ x to ,telema*us4 ,no?+ 
is kn[n respect+ ! composition ( !      
anci5t nep5!4 ,! "n is  appli$ to a     
prep>ation ( opium by _m old writ]s1 &  
is n[ employ$  by a ,bri/ol firm to     
designate a prep>ation resembl+ 9 all   
ess5tial  po9ts ,battley's #8,,liquor   
,,opii ,,s$ativus1'    ,,n],,v\sness4 ,!
 indescribable d]angem5t ( heal?1 & !   
complication ( disagreeable s5sations   
:i* are popul>ly describ$  "u ?is "n1 q 
z mu* des]ve ! s]i\s att5tion ( bo?     
pati5t & physician z any o!r affection  
to :i* ! human frame is  liable4        
,al?\gh1 9 itself1 n a def9ite disease1 
x is indicative (  ! vital sy/em be+ out
 ( ord]1 t its en]gies are fail+ or     
ov]task$1 & t ! functions ( "s ( its    
organs are languidly or  imp]fectly     
p]=m$4 ,?is condition1 if n remov$1 may 
gradually lead  to ! developm5t ( actual
 disease1 & imp]il life if ! conditions 
:]eon x is dep5d5t be n detect$ &       

subdu$4    ,! treatm5t ( n]v\sness      
consi/s ma9ly 9 re/or+ ! heal?y  action 
( ! /oma* & b[els1 & 9 ! use ( prop]    
ex]cise1  especially 9 ! op5 air4 ,!    
/oma* %\ld n be ov]load$ )  indige/ible 
food1 & ! b[els %\ld be occasionally    
reliev$ by !  use ( "s mild ap]i5t4     
,m5tal z well z bodily relaxation %\ld  
be  s\ght1 & ! pleasures )\t ! vices (  
society %\ld be indulg$  9 z discretion 
& incl9ation may direct4 ,ab]ne?y's     
injunction to a  n]v\s & dyspeptic lady1
 8,dismiss y\r s]vants1 madam1 & make   
y\r  own b$s10 %\ld be recollect$ by    
all1 & may be tak5 z a pro( (  !        
importance t em95t surgeon atta*$ to    
ex]cise2 8 advice to  ! indol5t & n]v\s 
dyspeptic %\ld n be =gott51 8,live on   
sixp5ce a day----& e>n x40 ,see         
,,ex]cise1 ,,flatul5ce1                 
,,hypo*ondriasis1  ,,hy/]ia1            
,,indige/ion1 c4    ,,nessl]',s ,,te/ = 
ammonia1 c4 ,?is1 ! mo/ delicate te/ =  
ammonia1 0 devis$ by ,nessl]4 ,x is     
prep>$ by saturat+ a solution  ( iodide 

( potassium ) ! b9iodide ( m]cury1 & !n 
add+ a  weak solution ( hydrate (       
sodium4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( ?is 
solution1 to "o conta9+ ammonia1        
produces a yell[i% t9t :5 only a  trace 
( ammonia is pres5t1 b a d>k br[n       
precipitate :5 ! ammonia  is pres5t 9   
l>g] quantity4 ,! composition ( !       
precipitate may be  repres5t$           
?us3----,n,hg#b;,i4 ,a modification (   
?is te/ is appli$ to !  detection ( wood
 _s 9 common alcohol4 ,a dilute solution
 ( !  iodides 9 "q 9 pure alcohol is    
=m$1 9 ! proportion ( #b or #c  gr4 ( ! 
salts to #ajj c4c4 ( alcohol4 ,ab\t #d  
c4c4 ( ! suspect$  alcohol are tak51 to 
:i* are add$ #b or #c drops ( ! te/     
solution1 a  few drops ( alcoholic      
ammonia1 &1 la/ly1 a little alcoholic   
pota%2 if  wood _s be pres5t1 ! solution
 w rema9 cle>1 b if ! alcohol  be pure1 
! *>act]i/ic r$di% br[n precipitate w   
appe>4 ,!  precipitate is soluble 9     
acetone1 :i* is always pres5t 9 wood _s4
    ,pr(essor ,wanklyn gives ! foll[+   

=mul = ! prep>ation ( !  ,nessl]        
te/3----,m]curic *loride 9 p[d]1 #ce    
grammes2 iodide (  potassium1 #ij       
grammes2 wat]1 #a-c_/d litres2 heat     
g5tly till dissolv$  7say #bj m9utes7 9 
a l>ge bas94 ,!n add ( /ick cau/ic      
pota%1 #cbj  grammes1 & #ej c4c4 (      
saturat$ solution ( m]curic *loride4 ,! 
above  w be ready = use 9 #b h\rs1 &    
gives maximum col\r 9 #c m9utes4        
,,ne/s1 ,,edible4 ,^! dietetic          
curiosities1 :i* are e/eem$ z great     
ga/ronomic luxuries by ! ,*9ese1 are =m$
 by sev]al species (  swall[s frequ5t+ !
 ,indian ,seas4 ,! s-call$ ne/s *iefly  
ab\nd  9 ,java1 ,borneo1 & ! ,celebes1  
be+ f\nd 9 ! cav]ns bo? inl&  & on !    
sea-%ores ( ^? isl&s4    ,!y are n 9    
reality birds' ne/s1 b m]ely supports1  
by :i* !  bird is enabl$ to su/a9 & also
 to atta* its ne/ to ! rock4 ,!  ne/s   
!mselves consi/ ( grass1 leaves1 &      
seawe$2 ! latt] (  :i* sub/ances x 0 = a
 long "t errone\sly consid]$ =m$ !      
escul5t2 :]eas x is ! support :i*       

exclusively con/itutes ?is  ,ea/]n table
 luxury4    ,?is1 9 great "p1 consi/s ( 
a peculi> mucus1 ( a gelat9\s nature1   
:i* x has be5 asc]ta9$ ! bird secretes &
 dis*>ges f its  m\? 9 l>ge quantities4 
,! ,*9ese mo/ly use x 9 ! =m ( s\p1  &  
believe x to be possess$ ( consid]able  
nutri5t p[]4 ,z _m z  #h1djj1jjj (      
edible ne/s are said to be annually     
import$ into ,canton4  8,! f9e/ & :ite/ 
k9d sells = #e or #f ! lb42 b x requires
  ab\t fifty ne/s to make up "o p\nd4 ,!
 brackets or supports are mov$  ?ree    
times1 ! be/ be+ obta9$ 9 ,july &       
,augu/40#dd    ,footnote #dd3 ,*ur*4    
,,net,,tle ,,ra%4 ,see ,,ra%4           
,,neural,,gia4 ,lit]ally1 pa9 9 a n]ve4 
8,v>i\s p>ts ( ! body are  liable to be 
affect$ ) excruciat+ pa91 :i* is q      
indep5d5t  ( any inflammation ( ! "p1 & 
:i* may (t5 be trac$ 9 !  c\rse ( !     
n]ves40 ,^! affections con/itute        
neuralgia4 ,"o ( !  mo/ di/ress+ =ms (  
?is disease is ,,facial ,,neuralgia or  
,,tic  ,,d\l\reux 7,,neuralgia          

,,facialis71 :i*1 :5 x assumes a m>k$   
int]mitt5t "*1 is popul>ly kn[n z       
#8,,face ,,ague1' ,sometimes x  attacks 
! n]ves ( ! female brea/2 or ^? ( ! h&1 
feet1 hip1  or lo9s1 9 :i* cases x is   
(t5 conf\nd$ ) acute rheumatism (  ^?   
p>ts1 occurr+ t[>ds ! inn] extremity ( !
 eyebr[ &  ext5d+ ov] ! =ehead1 x is    
kn[n z 8,br[-ague40    ,! treatm5t1 :5  
neuralgia is symptomatic ( any o!r      
affection1 mu/  be direct$ to ! prim>y  
disease4 ,:5 x is idiopa?ic1 or an      
indep5d5t affection1 p[]ful tonic       
m$ic9es & p[]ful local  c\nt]-irritation
 are g5]ally f\nd ! mo/ successful      
rem$ies4 ,(  tonics1 c>bonates ( iron & 
b>k 7bo? 9 v l>ge doses7 are  g5]ally   
pref]r$2 ! la/ m p>ticul>ly :5 !        
affection is (  an int]mitt5t k9d4 ,z a 
c\nt]-irritant1 cau/ic ammonia has be5  
mu*  reli$ on4 ,:5 all o!r means fail1 a
 curr5t ( mild /ream+  electricity ?r\gh
 ! "p w (t5 give imm$iate relief4 ,9 !  
pres5t day qu99e 9 l>ge doses is mu*    
dep5d$ on1 al?\gh !  affection %\ld n   

pres5t ! int]mitt5t type4    ,pla9      
,advice to ! ,neuralgic by a ,family    
,doctor4#de----;,"h1 read]1 are  two    
facts1 :i* are pat5t to e ?9k+ m$ical   
man3 fir/1 ?is  agonis+ compla9t1 call$ 
neuralgia1 is v mu* m common or         
preval5t 9 our day ?an x 0 9 ! days (   
our =efa!rs2 &  secondly1 ^? among u :o 
are mo/ apt to suff] f x are !y :o  live
 9 luxury1 or :o live too fa/1 & neglect
 to keep _! bodies up  to ! prop]       
heal?-pit*4 ,! poor1 too1 are (t5       
afflict$ 9 ! same  way1 & ^? :o are mu* 
conf9$ 9 work%ops1 & badly v5tilat$     
factories4 ,f ?is x is n difficult to   
p]ceive a lesson may be  le>n$4         
,footnote #de3 ,! article entitl$ 8,pla9
 ,advice to ! ,neuralgic10 :i*  appe>$ 9
 #8,cassell's ,family ,magaz9e1' is s   
good t we repr9t x  v]batim4    ,little 
ne$ is !re to describe ! symptoms (     
neuralgia1 :e!r x  takes ! =m ( tic     
d\l\reux or facea*e1 hemicrania or half 
heada*e  7sometimes1 b wrongly1 call$   
sun-pa971 or sciatica1 9 :i* ! pa9      

foll[s ! c\rse ( a n]ve runn+ d[n ! back
 ( ! leg1 ev5 at  times z f> z ! toes4  
,! pa9 :5 fully e/abli%$ is ( a t]ribly 
acute k9d1 & indescribable burn+ &      
%oot+----torture1 9 fact4 ,x  g5]ally   
comes on )\t any w>n+ at all1 9 "o %>p  
tw+e1 :i*  soon recurs & keeps on       
increas+1 till ! poor pati5t is half    
di/ract$1 & 8 pale anxi\s face is bead$ 
) p]spiration4    ,( ! ?ree k9ds (      
neuralgia1 ! mo/ common by f> is tic1 or
  facea*e4 ,?is pa9 seems to #8come     
out1' z ,i h he>d pati5ts describe  x1 f
 a spot betwe5 ! e> & temple1 & spread  
itself ov] "o  side ( ! face1 ad[n !    
jaws along "o side ( ! nose1 & into !   
eye itself4 ,! fits ( pa9 seem at times 
induc$ by ! mo/ trifl+  causes1 su* z a 
sudd5 />t1 a l\d1 quick s\nd1 z ! slamm+
 ( a  door1 or ! slighte/ draught ( cold
 air1 a m\?ful ( hot tea or cold  wat]4 
,sometimes ! pati5t w get ease if he    
keeps 9 b$1 ) !  face entirely buri$ 9  
w>m s(t flannel1 b contact ) ! pill[  w 
at once induce a p>oxysm4 ,sleep bani%es

 ! pa9 entirely = !  "t1 or p]haps      
altoge!r1 if ! slumb] has be5 natural1 &
 n  induc$ by weak5+1 en]vat+ n>cotics4 
,n[ let u see = a mom5t :at are ! usual 
causes ( neuralgia4 ,if we  "k ^!1 x w  
assi/ u mat]ially 9 lay+ d[n rules = !  
g5]al treatm5t ( ! compla9t4 ,& "h let  
me premise t "s  cases are incurable1   
because !y dep5d ^u pressure by tum\rs (
 "s  k9d at ! root ( ! n]ve1 maybe a bit
 ( bone gr[+ into x4 ,=  rememb] ! n]ves
 are extremely s5sitive if press$ ^u    
directly4 ,a  k9d]-he>t$ man ?an        
,pr(essor ,l----1 ( ,ab]de51 or #8,s&ie'
 z he 0  famili>ly t]m$1 nev] liv$2 b he
 us$ to tell u /ud5ts1  8,g5tlem51 9    
cutt+ d[n ^u an art]y1 9 "o ( !         
extremities1 y  w (t5 f9d ! art]y1 !    
ve91 & ! correspond+ n]ve ly+ 9         
juxtaposition4 ,y c easily tell ! ve91 b
 y may be puzzl$ to  "k :i* is n]ve &   
:i* art]y2 give "o ( !m1 !n1 a slight   
p9* ) ! =ceps----if x is ! =m]1 oh6     
won't ! pati5t holloa6  b if he doesn't 
holloa1 g on1 tie away40    ,& ,i h (t5 

se5 ?is put 9 practice ) ! v happie/    
results1  s f> z ! op]ator 0 conc]n$4 ,i
 m]ely m5tion ?is to prove to  y t      
pressure on ! root ( a n]ve may cause an
 incurable =m (  neuralgia4 ,b d n ?9k t
 ,i wi% to fright5 y6 ,i !re=e  ha/5 to 
tell ! p]haps afflict$ read]1 t ^! cases
 are v  r>e inde$1 & t ! l>ge majority (
 ^? :o suff] f !  malady may be cur$ = !
 "t1 & ! disease ev5 prev5t$ f  return+4
    ,i said t v (t5 neuralgia gave no   
w>n+1 b came on sudd5ly1  b x m (t5     
comes on gradually1 & is prec$$ by "s   
d]angem5t  ( ! g5]al heal?1 su* z       
indige/ion4 ,f ?is fact1 aga91 !  wise  
may take a h9t4    ,i d n say t /rong m5
 ) robu/ con/itutions nev] take         
neuralgia1 b all my exp]i5ce1 & t ,i    
believe ( ne>ly all m$ical  m51 g to    
prove t x is m frequ5tly an accompanim5t
 ( a weak5$  frame ( body1 ) a n]v\s    
sy/em bel[ p>4 ,?is may h be5  occasion$
 by bodily fatigue comb9$ ) want (      
sleep1 anxiety ( m9d1  worry1 c41 or f  
debility f :atev] cause4 ,b ,i mu/ n    

=get to  say t indige/ion is a frequ5t  
cause1 & excess 9 eat+ &  dr9k+ comb9$ )
 late h\rs 9 hot rooms4 ,ano!r h9t1     
please1  read]4 ,f\l air1 especially    
liv+ 9 mal>i\s di/ricts1 w also  br+ on 
neuralgia1 & 9 ?is case ! attacks are   
g5]ally ( a  p]iodical k9d4 ,! great    
majority1 h[ev]1 ( ! cases ( neuralgia  
:i* come "u ! notice ( ! practition]1   
are caus$ by decay$  tee?4 ,& ?is fact  
gives u h9t numb] ?ree4    ,sciatica    
cases are at times exce$+ly di/ress+4 ,i
 %all j m5tion  "o1 :i* ,i cur$ n long  
s9ce2 & we may le>n some?+ f x  because 
! cure 0 s simple4 ,a g5tleman1         
?irty-two ye>s ( age he  01 sp>e b wiry2
 f errors 9 diet1 ,i elicit$1 he _h     
become  tr\bl$ ) indige/ion & he>tburn1 
:i* la/$ = mon?s2 &1  moreov]1 he _h q 8
 own %>e ( t he>t-eat+ cank]1 c>e4  ,= !
 he>tburn he 0 9 ! habit ( swall[+ l>ge 
quantities (  ! bic>bonate ( soda4 ,n[ x
 is well kn[n t antacids1 al?\gh !y  may
 palliate fits ( indige/ion1 _c cure !m2
 &1 moreov]1 !  con/ant use ( an antacid

 l soda nev] fails to br+ on a /ate (   
debility & pov]ty ( blood4 ,9 ! pres5t  
case ! pa9s 9 ! limb  7 almo/ con/ant1  
comb9$ ) /iffness ( ! muscles1 :i*      
necessitat$ ! use ( a /aff 9 walk+4 ,at 
ab\t ?ree or f\r o'clock  e morn+ !re 7 
p>oxysms ( ! mo/ t]rible agony1 dur+    
:i* ! pati5t w\ld leave 8 b$ because1 he
 said1 8x wasn't level10  &1 roll$ 9 a  
rug1 lie at full l5g? on ! floor1 ba!d 9
  pa9-induc$ p]spiration4 ,x 0 no wond] 
he 0 glad to take t  dang]\s n>cotic1   
hydrate ( *loral1 to give him quiet     
nights4 ,b ?is  only r$uc$ 8 sy/em m &  
m1 & gave ! enemy a /rong] hold  !reon4 
,:5 ,i saw him he _h be5 suff]+ ?us =   
two mon?s1 & 0  inde$ 9 a pitiable      
plight4 ,b giv+ up bo? ! *loral & !     
soda1  go+ = *ange ( air1 us+ "s simple 
tonic1 & be+ c>eful 9 8  diet1 work$    
wond]s = him4 ,! sciatica left him 9 "o 
week1 & 9  six weeks he 0 well & he>ty4 
,"o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ ?+s 9 connection ) 
neuralgia is !  l5g? ( "t x sometimes   
la/s1 & its habit ( return+             

p]iodically1 )\t giv+1 p]haps1 any w>n+ 
( its approa*4 ,!  depression1 too1 ( ! 
n]v\s sy/em :i* x effects is v great2   
ev5 ! m9d to "s ext5t suff]s2 ! pati5t  
becomes timid &  irritable1 :ile at     
times ev5 ! muscles wa/e4 ,! suff]]1 if 
!  compla9t cont9ues long1 seems        
positively to age "u x4 ,t he soon      
recov]s /r5g? & spirits :5 ! enemy has  
be5 driv5 f 8  /ronghold1 is only a pro(
 ( ! recup]ative p[] ( nature 9 our     
sy/ems1 s long z y\? or middle age is on
 our side4    ,"s anci5t physician has  
said t no "o ?9ks ( tak+ c>e ( 8  heal? 
until dea? />es him 9 ! face4 ,!re is "o
 exception1  h[ev]3 p v r>ely die       
directly f neuralgia1 unless x be t     
dreadful =m ( x call$ ang9a pectoris1 or
 he>t-cramp2 b s great  is ! pa9 &      
torture f tic d\l\reux or sciatica1 t   
suff]]s  !refrom are glad & will+ to d  
any?+ t may pres5t "s hopes  ( relief4  
,! pati5t1 !n1 :o wi%es to recov] f ?is 
disease mu/ fir/ try  to f9d out ! cause
 ( x1 9 8 or h] p>ticul> case4 ,is !    

dige/ion good8 are ! tee? good8 is !    
heal? bel[ p>8 are !  spirits buoyant or
 ! rev]se8 is ! k9d ( life l$ t :i*     
seems  to conduce to heal? &            
longevity8----^! are que/ions :i* he _h 
bett] put to himself & ?9k well ov] be=e
 comm5c+ any treatm5t  except ! simple  
means ( local relief :i* ,i %all        
pres5tly m5tion2  =1 dep5d ^u x1        
:atsoev] t5ds to place ! sy/em bel[ p>  
op5s  ! door = ! cruel foe's entrance4  
,& ! conv]se is likewise true4    ,if y1
 !n1 suff] f tic d\l\reux1 see1 fir/ &  
=emo/1 t x  does n arise f c>ies ( !    
tee?4 ,only a d5ti/ c f9d ?is out  = y1 
= a too? may be s\nd en\gh to appe>ance1
 & yet decay$  )94 ,(t5 ! removal ( "o  
or two tee? w effect1 9 an h\r1 !       
complete cure ( a case t has be5 go+ on 
= mon?s4    ,! treatm5t = neuralgia may 
be fitly divid$ into ! topical1 or t    
:i* gives relief at once1 )\t ref]5ce to
 p]man5t cure1 & !  con/itutional1 or t 
:i* t5ds to remove ! cause & prev5t any 
recurr5ce4 ,i %all m5tion ! =m] ( ^!    

fir/4 ,probably t :i*  gives ! greate/  
relief is ! subcutane\s injection (     
morphia2 b z  ?is t9y b com=t+ op]ation 
c only be p]=m$ by "s "o )  skill1 ,i   
pass x by1 & tell y ( ! great good t may
 be done by  twice a day sme>+ ! track (
 ! n]ve ) ! aconit9e o9tm5t2  only      
rememb]1 x mu/ n be appli$ to an abrad$ 
surface4 ,:5 x c  be borne1 alt]nate    
d\*es ( hot & cold wat] sometimes give  
relief1  & rubb+ or %ampoo+ ! p>ts = "s 
l5g? ( "t may result 9  good4    ,b if !
 pa9 is at its wor/1 & imm$iate relief  
is ne$$1 !  inhalation ( or smell+ at a 
vial ( *lor(orm w act l a *>m4  ,take   
fir/ a little good ,scot* :iskey1 ) f   
#bj to #dj drops ( !  _s ( e!r 9 x2 !n  
h1 n "o sniff1 b two or ?ree good       
sniffs at ! vial ( *lor(orm4 ,x w n make
 y ins5sible1 b x  w sc>e away ! pa94 ,i
 (t5 d good by adm9i/]+ "o l>ge dose  ( 
qu99e4 ,i am r *>y ( advis+ y1 h[ev]1 to
 try x1 because  t5 or fifte5 gra9s (   
?is invaluable m$ic9e may "w injury if  
ei!r head or he>t is easily affect$4    

,p (t5 compla9 ( :at !y call rheumatism 
9 ! jaw1 :]e  probably ! :ole ( ! tee? 9
 "o side1 n "o m ?an ano!r1  are        
affect$4 ,n[ ! drug call$ sal ammoniac  
7*loride ( ammonium7 is  almo/ a        
specific = ?is k9d ( facea*e4 ,x /rikes 
me ,i h  recomm5d$ ?is be=e----probably 
9 my pap] on ! tee?----h[ev]1 x  w be>  
repeat+4 ,! dose is half a dram ?ree or 
f\r times a day1  b if x doesn't d good 
aft] ! f\r? or fif? dose1 x may be      
/opp$4 ,x is well wor? a trial1 & is    
safe4    ,neuralgia & rheumatism are at 
times my/]i\sly alli$1 &1 did space     
p]mit1 ,i c\ld tell y ( "s v /range     
cures effect$ by ! use (  !             
dumb-bells----fir/1 ,i ?9k1 recomm5d$ by
 ,dr ,arnott4 ,:5 ! pa9  comes on1 !    
pati5t has rec\rse to ^!2 & :e!r x is ! 
indomitable p[] ( w or ! effect on !    
circulation ,i "k n----all  ,i "k is1 x 
(t5 sc>es ! tic away1 & t is some?+4    
,no?+ probably gives m c]ta9 relief 9   
cases ( sciatica ?an a  small bli/]1 n  
bigg] ?an a p5ny-piece1 j ov] ! spot :]e

 !  n]ve seems to come out1 i4 e4 :]e ! 
pa9 beg9s1 & aft]w>ds  du/+ n m ?an half
 a gra9 ( morphia on ! raw surface4 ,&  
n[  = con/itutional rem$ies4 ,i w n all[
 any pati5t ( m9e to  cuddle & fondle   
himself & 8 neuralgia ov] ! fire or 9 b$
 "o  h\r long] ?an is necess>y4 ,! m9d  
has a wond]ful effect on n]v\s  ailm5ts1
 & by lett+ x dwell on !m y assur$ly    
increase !m2  besides1 ! body is "u p>1 
ex]cise is ne$$1 & pure air & _m  ?+s   
besides2 & !re=e ,i prescribe activity1 
to beg9 )1 n  s5seless walk-tak+1 b     
heal?y ex]cise-)-a-purpose4    ,m$ic9e  
mu/ n be neglect$2 b ,i assure y1 unless
 y n only take  pl5ty ( ex]cise1        
regulate y\r diet1 & 9 "s way alt] = !  
bett] y\r usual mode ( life1 x w j be z 
well1 if n bett]1 to  p\r ! m$ic9e d[n !
 ne>e/ rat's hole4 ,t may be a pla9 way 
(  putt+ x1 b x is v true not)/&+4 ,n[1 
,i ?9k 9 mo/  cases an occasional mild  
purgative w d good1 = tonics %\ld nev]  
be tak5 unless ! b[els are regul>2 & z !
 liv] is at times j  a little to blame1 

a cl>et-glassful ( ,fri$ri*%all wat] may
 be  tak5 twice a week ) b5efit4 ,y\r   
tonic1 unless !re be great fulness  (   
blood1 _h bett] be an iron "o1 comb9$ ) 
qu99e1 :i* any  *emi/ w comp\nd y4 ,tell
 him y want ! t9cture ( iron1 & a       
little dilute hydro*loric acid1 9 a     
qu99e mixture4 ,probably he w  say !    
citrate ( iron & qu99e is bett] 7x is m 
easily  comp\nd$71 & !n x w be = y to   
consid] :e!r y w be  advis$ by him or by
 y\r #8,family ,doctor4' ,"h is a       
beautiful wee  mixture1 :i* y c comp\nd 
= y\rself1 & ! dose ( :i* is a          
teaspoonful 9 a little wat] #c times a  
day3----,take #b oz4 ( t9cture (  qu99e1
 #a_/b oz4 ( t9cture ( g+]1 & ! same    
quantity ( pure  glyc]91 & mix4 ,!      
foll[+ is a capital tonic to be tak5    
aft] an  attack ( neuralgia & cont9u$ "s
 weeks3----,liquor ars5icalis           
hydro*lorici1 #ajj drops2 qu99e1 #cj    
gr42 elixir ( vitriol1 #b dr42  g+]     
syrup1 #c oz42 mix4 ,& ! dose is a      
teaspoonful aft] e meal  9 a drop (     

wat]4 ,:5 m5tion+ sal ammoniac1 ,i ought
 to h said  t 9 ^? cases :]e good is    
done----& !y are v _m----:5ev]  ! pa9 is
 gone1 y %\ld r$uce ! dose to #aj or #ae
 gr4 ?rice a day  = a week4 ,9 "s cases 
( sciatica1 :]e ! subject is a g\ty or  
rheumatic "o1 good is done by a c\rse ( 
iodide ( potassium 9  comb9ation )      
tonics4    ,z = food1 ! m n\ri%+ x is ! 
bett]----good meat1 pl5ty (  eggs &     
milk1 c41 & p]haps a little br&y &      
,apoll9>is wat]4    ,give up tea & c(fee
 = a "t1 & use cocoa2 ! less oily k9d is
  ! be/4 ,my advice = ! prev5tion ( !   
return ( neuralgia may be  summ$ up 9 a 
few sub/antives----air1 ex]cise1        
regul>ity1 temp]ance1  tonics1 cocoa1 & 
cod-liv] oil4    ,,neutralisa,,tion4 ,! 
admixtures ( an alkali or base ) an acid
 9  su* proportions t nei!r %all        
pr$om9ate4 ,a neutral comp\nd  nei!r    
turns r$ litmus pap] blue1 nor blue     
litmus pap] r$4    ,,neutralis+         
,,proportions1 ,table (4                
,table ( ! ,neutralis+ ,proportions ( "s

 ( !            ,acids & ,alkal9e       
,c>bonates omitt+ m9ute                 
fractions4 ,! be/ comm]cial prep>ations 
mu/ be            us$4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,bic>b4 (          ,c>bonate ,sesqui-   
,bi-    ,t>t>ic,citric ,lemon ,cr4 ,c>b4
 ,soda & ,bic>b4 (    (   c>bonate      
c>bonate      ,acid4  ,acid4 ,juice4(   
,soda4  ,c>b4 (   ,pota%4 ,magnesia4   (
         (                              
,pota%4                     ,ammonia4   
,ammonia4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------  
,grs4   ,grs4          ,grs4     ,grs4  
,grs4     ,grs4     ,grs4      ,grs4    
#aj      #i-a_/d #b-a_/f   #ai       #aa
        #ac-a_/b    #f-a_/b    #h-a_/d  
#aj-a_/b      #aj-c_/d #aj     #b-a_/c  
#bj-a_/b   #ab        #ad-a_/b    #g    
#h-a_/b    #aa-a_/b      #ac     #ab    
#b-d_/e   #be       #ad-a_/b    #ag-a_/b

    #h-a_/d   #aj        #ac-a_/b       
#ae     #ad     #c-a_/d   #bi       #ag 
#bj-a_/c    #i-a_/b   #ab        #af    
#ae-a_/b #ad-a_/b #c-a_/c   #cj         
#ag-a_/d    #ba       #aj       #ab-a_/d
    #af-a_/b      #ah     #ag     #d    
#cd-a_/b   #bj        #bd-a_/d          
#aa-a_/b   #ad        #ai      #bj      
#ah-a_/b #d-a_/c   #ch-a_/b   #bb-a_/c  
#bg       #ab-c_/d   #ae-a_/b    #ba    
#bj-a_/b #ai     #d-a_/b   #dj       #bc
        #bg-a_/b   #ac       #af        
#ba-a_/b      #bf     #bd     #e-a_/b   
#ej       #bi        #ce       #af-a_/b 
#ah-a_/d    #bg      #bg     #be        
#e-e_/f   #eb       #cj        #cf      
#ag       #ba        #bh-a_/b      #cb  
#cj     #g       #fa       #cf          
#dc       #bj-a_/b   #be        #cc-a_/b
      #cf     #cc-a_/b #g-e_/f   #fi    
#dj        #dh-a_/b   #bc       #bh     
#ch      #dg     #dd    #aj-a_/d   #ij  
#eb-a_/b    #fc       #cj       #cg     
#di-a_/b      #eb     #dh-a_/baa-a_/c   
#ajj       #eh        #gj       #cc     

#da        #ee      #fb     #eh         
#ac-a_/b  #abj       #fi        #hd     
#dj       #di        #fe-a_/b      #gc  
#fh    #ae-e_/f  #adj       #hb         
#ih       #df-a_/b   #eg        #gg     
#ge     #gj    #af-a_/d  #add       #hd 
#aja       #dh-a_/b   #ei        #gi    
#ij     #hd    #ai-a_/b  #agb       #aja
      #aba       #eg-a_/b   #ga         
#id-a_/b      #ib     #hf    #bj        
#agg       #ajc      #abd       #ei     
#gb        #ig     #ajj     #ic         
#ba-b_/c  #aib       #aab      #acd     
#fd       #gh       #aje-a_/b     #ajh  
#ajj    #bc-a_/c  #bjf       #abj       
#ade       #fi       #hd       #aac     
#ahj    #afh    #ci-a_/e  #cdd          
#bjb      #bdb      #aae      #ada      
#aij                                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------    ,,new ,,b]l9 ,,sanit>y     
,,liqueur----,gesundheits-,liqueur1 neu]
 ,b]l9]  7,apo!k] ,emil ,trotz74 ,an    
unpleasantly-ta/+ bitt] spicey s*napps1 

conta9+ #ah p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,leaves an  
aft]-ta/e ( aloes4 7,hag]47             
,,nick,,el4 ,ni4 ,syn4 ,,nickelium1 ,l4 
,a metal obta9$ f kupf]nickel1 a  native
 ars5ide ( nickel f\nd 9 ,we/phalia2    
also f nickel speiss1 an  impure        
ars5io-sulphide ( nickel left aft] !    
manufacture ( cobalt  blue f its ores4  
,prep4 ,! p[d]$ ore is roa/$ fir/ by    
itself1 & next )  *>coal p[d]1 until all
 ! ars5ic is expell$1 & a g>lic od\r    
ceases to be evolv$2 ! residuum is mix$ 
) sulphur #c p>ts1 &  potassium hydrate1
 #a "p1 & ! comp\nd is melt$ 9 a        
crucible ) a  g5tle heat2 ! fus$ mass :5
 cold1 is r$uc$ to p[d]1 edulcorat$  )  
wat]1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid mix$ ) a
 little nitric acid1  & precipitat$ )   
potassium c>bonate2 ! precipitate       
7nickel\s  c>bonate7 is wa%$1 dri$1 mix$
 ) p[d]$ *>coal1 &1 la/ly1  r$uc$ by !  
heat ( a p[]ful furnace4    ,:5 nickel  
pr$om9ates 9 ! ore1 aft] ! ars5ic1 iron1
 & copp]  h be5 sep>at$1 ammonia is     
dige/$ 9 ! mix$ nickel\s &  cobalt\s    

oxides1 & ! result+ blue solution1 aft] 
dilution )  boil$ pure wat]1 is treat$ )
 potassium hydrate until ! col\r        
disappe>s1 :5 ! :ole is put into an     
air-tight vessel1 & set x  aside = "s   
"t4 ,! p[d] 7nickel\s hydrate7 :i*      
subsides1 aft]  edulcoration1 is mix$ ) 
*>coal1 & r$uc$ by fusion 9 a crucible  
conta9+ "s cr[n glass4    ,on ! small   
scale1 = *emical purposes1 pure nickel  
is be/ obta9$ by  mod]ately heat+       
nickel\s oxalate 9 a cov]$ crucible l9$ 
)  *>coal4    ,prop4 ,:ite2 h>d2        
malleable2 magnetic2 capable ( receiv+ !
 lu/re  ( silv]2 sp4 gr41 :5 hamm]$1    
ab\t #hhb2 fusibility betwe5 t (        
manganese & iron2 x is n oxidis$ 9 !    
air2 & is little attack$  by dilute     
acids unless :5 nitric acid is pres5t2  
?is la/ acid  dissolves x freely4 ,) !  
acids1 c41 x =ms num]\s comp\nds1  mo/ (
 :i* may be prep>$ by ! direct solution 
( ! c>bonate4 ,a  specim5 ( ! metal     
r$uc$ f ! pure oxide 9 a curr5t (       
hydrog5  0 beautifully :ite & silv]y2   

its sp4 gr4 0 #hege1 & x 0  almo/ z s(t 
z copp]4    ,te/s4 ,! salts ( nickel 9 !
 anhydr\s /ate are = ! mo/ "p  yell[2 :5
 hydrat$1 gre51----& furni% solutions   
possess+ a pale  gre5 col\r4 ,solutions 
( its salts exhibit ! foll[+            
reactions3----,alkal9e hydrates give a  
pale apple-gre5 precipitate1  insoluble 
9 excess1 b soluble 9 a solution (      
c>bonate ( ammonium1  yield+ a          
gre5i%-blue liquid4 ,ammonia gives a    
simil> precipitate1  soluble 9 excess1  
yield+ a deep purpli%-blue solution4 ,! 
pres5ce (  ammonium salts or free acids 
int]f]es ) ?is reaction4 ,cyanide (     
potassium produces a gre5 precipitate1  
soluble 9 excess1 =m+ an  amb]-col\r$   
liquid1 :i* is reprecipitat$ by         
hydro*loric acid4 ,?is  la/ precipitate 
is sc>cely soluble 9 excess ( ! acid 9 !
 cold1  b readily s ^u boil+ ! liquid4  
,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a        
gre5i%-:ite precipitate4 ,sulphurett$   
hydrog5 occasions no *ange 9  solutions 
( nickel conta9+ free m9]al acid2 b 9   

alkal9e  solutions gives a black        
precipitate4 ,sulphide ( ammonium 9     
neutral  solutions gives a black        
precipitate1 soluble ) difficulty 9     
hydro*loric acid2 b freely soluble 9    
aqua regia4    ,e/im4 ,nickel may be    
?r[n d[n f its ore 9 ! =m ( ei!r        
c>bonate or hydrate1 & aft] ignition may
 be weigh$ z oxide1 ea*  gra9 ( :i* is  
equal to #g_/h gr4 ( pure nickel2 or1 m 
accurately1  #ghga gr4    ,accord+ to   
,rose1 nickel may be sep>at$ f cobalt z 
foll[s3----,!  mix$ metals are dissolv$ 
9 consid]able excess ( hydro*loric      
acids1  & ! solution is dilut$ ) a v    
l>ge quantity ( wat]2 a curr5t  ( *lor9e
 is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! liquor = sev]al    
h\rs1 & !  upp] "p ( ! flask is left    
fill$ ) ! gas aft] ! curr5t has  ceas$2 
b>ium c>bonate is next add$1 9 excess1 !
 :ole dige/$  toge!r1 ) frequ5t         
agitation = #ae or #ah h\rs1 & !n ?r[n  
on a  filt]4 ,! filtrate yields pure    
nickel\s oxide by precipitation )       
hydrate ( potassium2 :il/ ! residuum on 

! filt]1 aft] be+  wa%$ 9 wat]1 dissolv$
 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 & ! b>ium      
precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid1 furni%es1 
) hydrate ( potassium1 a  precipitate ( 
cobalt\s hydrate1 free f nickel1 :i*1 :5
 wa%$ &  dri$1 is r$uc$ 9 a plat9um or  
porcela9 crucible by hydrog5 gas4       
,uses4 ,nickel is *iefly employ$ 9 !    
manufacture ( ,g]man silv]4  ,"s ( its  
salts h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into      
m$ical practice1 &  appe> likely to     
prove mo/ valuable additions to ! mat]ia
 m$ica4 ,x  has also be5 rec5tly us$ =  
deposition by electrolysis on o!r       
metals1 =m+ a h>d1 brilliant1 non-t>ni%+
 coat+4    ,nickelic ,oxide4 ,ni#b,o#c4 
,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,( ,,nickel1       
,,p]oxide ,,(  ,,nickel4 ,prep4 ,by     
pass+ *lor9e ?r\gh wat] hold+ ! hydrate 
9  susp5sion2 or by mix+ a salt ( nickel
 ) blea*+ p[d]4 ,an  insoluble1 black   
p[d]1 :i* is decompos$ by heat4         
,nickel\s ,acetate4 ,ni7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4
 ,syn4 ,,nickelii ,,acetas1 ,l4  ,prep4 
,by neutralis+ acetic acid ) nickel\s   

c>bonate1 & g5tly  conc5trat+ by        
evaporation1 s t cry/als may =m4 ,small 
gre5  cry/als1 soluble 9 #f p>ts ( wat]4
    ,nickel\s ,c>bonate4 ,ni,c,o#c ,syn4
 ,,nickelii ,,c>bonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,?is  
salt may be obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$   
above 9 connection ) !  prep>ation (    
metallic nickel1 or by simply add+      
c>bonate ( sodium to  a solution (      
nickel\s *loride ( sulphate1 b 9 ?is    
case "s  hydrate is precipitat$ along ) 
x4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r =mula  :i*        
produces a ne>ly pure c>bonate1 b "o :i*
 may /ill conta9 a  little cobalt1 !    
entire sep>ation ( :i* is a matt] (     
extreme  difficulty1 & c be/ be effect$ 
9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by ,rose1  describ$ 
above3----    ,! m9]al 7crude speiss or 
kupf]nickel7 is brok5 into small        
fragm5ts1  mix$ ) f "o f\r? to "o half  
its weight ( iron fil+s1 & !  :ole      
dissolv$ 9 aqua regia2 ! solution is    
g5tly evaporat$ to  dryness1 ! residue  
treat$ ) boil+ wat]1 & ! insoluble f]r\s
  ars5iate remov$ by filtration2 !      

liquid is next acidulat$ )  hydro*loric 
acid1 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 9   
excess1 to  precipitate ! copp]1 &1 aft]
 filtration1 is boil$ ) a little  nitric
 acid1 to br+ back ! iron into f]ric    
salts2 to ! cold &  l>gely dilut$ liquid
 a solution ( bic>bonate ( sodium is    
gradually  add$1 & ! f]ric oxide sep>at$
 by filtration2 la/ly1 ! filt]$         
solution is boil$ ) c>bonate ( sodium 9 
excess1 & ! pale gre5  precipitate (    
c>bonate collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4        
,uses1 c4 ,x is freely soluble 9 !      
acids1 & is *iefly employ$ to  prep>e ! 
salts & o!r comp\nds ( nickel4          
,nickel\s ,*loride4 ,ni,cl#b4 ,syn4     
,,nickelii ,,*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f   
nickel\s c>bonate & hydro*loric acid1 z 
! acetate4 ,small  gre5 cry/als1 ( !    
=mula ,ni,cl#b1i;,aq41 :i* are r5d]$    
yell[  & anhydr\s by heat1 unless !y    
conta9 cobalt1 :5 ! salt reta9s a  t9t (
 gre54    ,,d\ble ,,*lorides4 ,nickel\s 
*loride unites ) ! *lorides (  ammonium1
 potassium1 & sodium1 to =m pale gre5   

cry/allisable salts1  :i* h be5 us$ =   
deposit+ nickel 9 iron1 lead1 copp]1 c4 
,nickel\s ,hydrate4 ,ni7,,ho7#b4 ,by    
precipitat+ a soluble salt (  nickel )  
cau/ic potassa4 ,hydrat$4 ,an a%-gray   
p[d]1 freely soluble  9 acids1 =m+ !    
ord9>y salts ( nickel4    ,nickel\s     
,oxalate4 ,ni,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,nickelii 
,,oxalas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by  add+ a /rong  
solution ( oxalic acid to a l solution (
 nickel\s  sulphate1 & collect+ ! pale  
blui%-gre5 precipitate :i* =ms  aft] a  
"t4 ,us$ to prep>e bo? metallic nickel &
 its oxide4    ,nickel\s ,oxide4 ,ni,o4 
,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,nickel4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,by heat+  ! nitrate1 c>bonate1 or  
oxalate1 to r$ness 9 op5 vessels4       
,anhydr\s4    ,nickel\s ,sulphate4      
,ni,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,(         
,,nickel4 ,prep4  ,dissolve nickel\s    
c>bonate or oxide 9 dilute sulphuric    
acid1 evaporate  d[n1 & cry/allise4     
,pale gre5 prismatic cry/als1 & ( !     
=mula  ,ni,s,o#d1g;,aq41 or small pale  
gre5 octah$rons1 :5 cry/allis$ at a     

high] temp]ature1 conta9+               
,ni,s,o#d1f;,aq4    ,nickel\s &         
,potassium ,sulphate4 ,ni,s,o#d         
,k#b,,s#d1f;,aq4 ,syn4  ,,d\ble         
,,sulphate ,,( ,,nickel ,,& ,,potassium4
 ,prep4 ,by cry/allis+ a  mixture (     
nickel\s & potassium sulphates4 ,pale   
gre5 cry/als1 readily  soluble 9 wat]4  
,sodium & ammonium sulphates =m simil>  
comp\nds  ) nickel\s sulphate4          
,,nick,,el ,,sil,,v]4 ,see ,,g]man      
,,silv]4    ,,nic,,ot9e4                
,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b4 ,syn4 ,,nicot9a1       
,,nicotia1 ,l4 ,a volatile  base1       
discov]$ by ,reiman & ,posselt 9        
tobacco4    ,prep4 7,ortigosa47 ,infuse 
tobacco leaves = #bd h\rs 9 wat]        
acidulat$  ) sulphuric acid1 /ra91      
evaporate to a syrup1 add #a_/f ( its   
volume  ( a /rong solution ( potassa1 & 
di/il 9 an oil ba? at #bhh1             
occasionally add+ a little wat] to assi/
 ! process1 & prev5t !  too great       
conc5tration ( ! solution ( potassa 9 ! 
retort2 next  saturate ! di/ill$ product

 ) oxalic acid1 evaporate to dryness1   
dige/ 9 boil+ absolute alcohol1         
evaporate ! result+ t9cture to a  syrup1
 & decompose ! oxalate ( nicot9e ?us    
obta9$ by add+  potassa to x 9 a close  
vessel1 & agitate ! mass ) e!r1  repeat+
 ! process ) m e!r until all ! nicot9e  
is dissolv$  out2 la/ly1 di/il ! mix$   
e!real solution 9 an oil ba?4 ,at fir/  
e!r comes ov]1 !n wat]1 &1 la/ly1       
nicot9a1 :i*1 t[>ds !  end ( ! process1 
assumes a yell[i% t9t4    #b4           
7,s*loes+47 ,?is *iefly diff]s f !      
prec$+ by direct+ !  conclud+           
di/illation to be conduct$ 9 a retort1  
by ! heat ( an oil  ba?1 at ! temp]ature
 ( #bhd ,fahr41 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 = 
#ab  h\rs2 aft] :i*1 by rais+ ! heat to 
#cef ,fahr41 ! nicot9e  di/ils ov] pure1
 drop by drop4    #c4 7,kir*mann74 ,a t9
 vessel provid$ ) two tubulures1 is     
fill$ )  tobacco1 :i* is previ\sly damp$
 ) sodium c>bonate4 ,"o ( !  tubulures  
admits a glass tube rea*+ ne>ly to !    
bottom ( ! vessel2  ! o!r is provid$ ) a

 glass tube m]ely p5etrat+ ! cork4    ,!
 vessel is made air-tight1 plac$ into a 
boil+ hot /eam ba?1 & a  rapid /ream (  
c>bonic acid gas pass$ ?r\gh x1 ent]+ ! 
vessel  by ! long] & leav+ x by ! %ort] 
tube2 ! latt] dips into a  mixture (    
alcohol & dilute sulphuric acid4    ,9  
?is mann] a l>ge yield ( p]fectly       
col\rless nicot9e is obta9$4  ,9 ord] to
 obta9 ! pure alkaloid1 cau/ic b>yta is 
add$ to !  solution1 ! latt] evaporat$  
to dryness1 & ! pure nicot9e  extract$ )
 e!r4    ,to e/imate nicot9e1 weigh out 
#ae gr4 ( tobacco1 dige/ = tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs ) alcohol ( #he p] c5t4 acidifi$ ) 
#ae drops ( sulphuric  acid1 s z to make
 #aej cubic c5timtres4 ,evaporate #ej   
cubic c5timtres  ( ! filt]$ liquid1 &   
add iododydr>gyrate ( potassium to !    
residue4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timtres     
employ$1 multipli$ by #jjjdje  7#jjja ( 
! equival5t ( nicot9e71 gives ! quantity
 ( alkaloid  conta9$ 9 #e grams (       
tobacco4 7,l9(fsky47    ,prop41 c4      
,nicot9a is a col\rless1 volatile       

liquid2 highly acrid &  pung5t2 smell+  
/rongly ( tobacco2 boil+ at #cge ,fahr4 
7#dhb----,p]eira72 soluble 9 wat]1 e!r1 
alcohol1 & oils2 & comb9+  ) ! acids1   
=m+ salts1 _m ( :i* are cry/allisable4  
,x is a  frightful poison2 #a_/d ( a    
drop w kill a rabbit2 a s+le drop w     
kill a l>ge dog4 ,nicot9a is ! sub/ance 
:i* 0 employ$ by !  ,c\nt ,boc>m = !    
purpose ( poison+ 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,gu/ave
  ,f\gnies1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* 7 develop$
 9 ! celebrat$ trial1  9 ,belgium1 ( t  
nobleman1 9 #ahea4 ,good ,virg9ia &     
,k5tucky tobacco1  dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 
conta9 f #f to #g ( nicot9a2 ,havannah  
tobacco  7cig>s7 less ?an #b4           
7,s*loes+47    ,,night,,m>e4 ,syn4      
,,incubus1 ,,ephialtes1 ,l4 ,! common   
causes ( nightm>e  are indige/ion & !   
use ( n>cotic & intoxicat+ sub/ances4   
,its  prev5tion consi/s 9 ! selection ( 
prop] food1 & 9 duly att5d+  to ! /ate (
 ! /oma* & b[els4 ,heavy & late supp]s  
%\ld be  p>ticul>ly avoid$1 z well z all
 articles ( diet t are (  difficult     

dige/ion1 or apt to induce flatul5cy4   
,:5 x arises f  /rong dr9k1 tobacco1 or 
opium1 ^! %\ld be ab&on$1 or employ$ 9  
small] quantities4 ,a teaspoonful (     
aromatic spirits ( ammonia1  magnesia1  
or bic>bonate ( soda1 tak5 9 a glass (  
cold wat] on go+  to b$1 is a good &    
simple prev5tive4 ,9 cases accompani$ by
  re/lessness1 a few drops ( laudanum or
 t9cture ( h5bane may be add$4  ,an     
occasional ap]i5t is also excell5t4 ,see
 ,,*amomile4    ,,night,,%ade 7,deadly74
 ,syn4 ,,belladonna 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  
,e4  ,d474 8,!  leaf1 fre% & dri$       
7leaves & root----,ph4 ,d471 ( ,atropa  
belladonna1  ,l9n40 8,! fre% leaves &   
bran*es to :i* !y are atta*$2 also !    
leaves sep>ate f ! bran*es1 c>efully    
dri$1 ( ,atropa  belladonna1 ga!r$1 :5 !
 fruit has begun to =m1 f wild or       
cultivat$ plants 9 ,brita90 7,b4 ,p474  
8,oval1 acute1 v p]fect1  glabr\s1 :5   
bruis$1 exhal+ a disagreeable od\r4 ,!  
h]b :i*  gr[s spontane\sly 9 h$ges &    
uncultivat$ places is to be pref]r$  to 

t :i* is cultivat$ 9 g>d5s40 7,ph4 ,l47 
,belladonna is a p[]ful n>cotic1 & is   
us$ z an anodyne1  antispasmodic1 &     
discuti5t1 9 a v>iety (                 
diseases1----neuralgia1  ar?ritic pa9s1 
migratory rheumatic pa9s1 spasmodic     
rigidity &  /rictures1 ang9a pectoris1  
hoop+-c\gh1 fev]s1 ph?isis1 c42 also z  
a prophylactic ( sc>let fev]1 z a       
resolv5t 9 enl>g$ & indurat$  gl&s1 to  
produce dilatation ( ! pupil1 c41       
c4----,dose4 ,( !  p[d]1 comm5c+ ) #a   
gr41 gradually & cauti\sly increas$     
until  dryness ( ! ?roat or dilation ( !
 pupil occurs1 or ! head is  affect$4   
,see ,,atropia4    ,,night%ade 7,woody74
 ,syn4 ,,bitt]sweet2 ,,dulcam>a 7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4   ,d471 ,l4 ,! 8new   
%oots 7caules7 ( ,solanum ,dulcam>a1    
,l9n40 8,! dri$  "y bran*es ( ! ,solanum
 ,dulcam>a 7,bitt]sweet7 f indig5\s     
plants :i* h %$ _! leaves0 7,b4 ,p474   
8,x is to be collect$ 9  autumn1 aft] ! 
leaves h fall540 7,ph4 ,l47             
,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 &  79 l>ge      

doses7 n>cotic4 ,see ,,infusion ,,(     
,,dulcam>a4    ,,nio,,bium4 ,see        
,,tantalum4    ,,nip,,ples 7,sore74 ,!  
mo/ common =m ( ?is affection is t t]m$ 
8*app$ nipples0 by nurses4 ,z a         
prev5tive measure1 ! "p may be  moi/5$  
morn+ & ev5+1 = "s weeks be=e ! p]iod ( 
lactation1 ) a little rum or br&y1 :i*  
is m effective if  slightly acidulat$ ) 
a few drops ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,"s
  p]sons employ t9cture ( tolu1 or      
comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo9 7,fri>'s        
balsam7 = ?is purpose4    ,:5 *aps1     
cracks1 or l sores1 aris+ f lactation1  
are once  develop$1 "o ( ! safe/ & mo/  
effective rem$ies is t9cture (  cate*u1 
appli$ #c or #d times a day1 by means ( 
a camel-hair p5cil4    ,! celebrat$     
no/rum ( ,lieb]t = crack$ nipples1      
8,cosmtique  infaillible et prompt      
contre les g]ures ou crevasses aux se9s 
et  autres10 is a lotion =m$ ( #aj gr4 (
 nitrate ( lead dissolv$ 9 #d  fl4 oz4 (
 rose wat]1 & t+$ ) a little co*9eal4 ,!
 p>ts are  moi/5$ ) ! liquid1 & are !n  

cov]$ ) f9e lead5  nipple-%ields1 two ( 
:i* are provid$ = ! purpose4 ,?is is    
repeat$ soon aft] ea* "t ! *ild leaves !
 brea/2 & ! nipple  is c>efully wa%$ ) a
 s(t sponge & lukew>m wat]1 & g5tly     
dabb$ dry ) a v s(t t[el1 be=e ! infant 
is aga9 appli$ to  x4 ,?is rem$y is v   
successful1 & has acquir$ great         
popul>ity &  patronage 9 ,brussels1     
,p>is1 ,frank=t1 & o!r p>ts4 ,x mu/ be  
recollect$1 h[ev]1 t all applications ( 
an active or poison\s  nature %\ld be   
employ$ ) ! greate/ possible caution1 z1
 unless  unusual c>e is tak51 a portion 
( ! rem$y may rema9 conceal$  )9 !      
delicate pores ( ! sk91 & be suck$ (f by
 ! infant1 to  ! s]i\s di/urbance ( its 
heal?4    ,,nitran,,il9e4 ,?is sub/ance 
is obta9$ by act+ on nitrob5zol ) a     
mixture ( fum+ nitric acid & oil (      
vitriol2 ,d9itro-b5zol is  =m$1 :i* is  
dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! result+ solution
  subject$ to ! r$uc+ action ( ammonia &
 sulphurett$ hydrog51 z  describ$ "u    
anil9e4 ,nitranil9e =ms yell[1 acicul>  

cry/als1  little soluble 9 cold wat]1 b 
freely soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,its    
salts are cry/allisable4    ,,ni,,trate4
 ,syn4 ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,a salt ( nitric   
acid 7e4g4 ,ag,n,o#c1  nitrate ( silv]74
 ,! nitrates are v easily prep>$ by !   
direct  solution ( ! metal1 or its      
oxide1 or c>bonate1 9 nitric acid1 :i*1 
9 mo/ cases1 %\ld be previ\sly dilut$ ) 
wat]4 ,by evaporation1  ) ! usual       
precautions1 !y may be obta9$ ei!r 9 !  
pulv]ul5t  or cry/all9e =m4    ,!       
nitrates are *>act]is$ by deflagrat+ :5 
?r[n on r$-hot  *>coal2 also by _!      
aque\s solutions1 aft] be+ mix$ ) half  
_! bulk ( /rong sulphuric acid &        
?or\ghly cool$1 yield+ a  br[n cl\d ) a 
cry/al or conc5trat$ solution ( f]r\s   
sulphate4  ,see ,,nitric ,,acid1 & !    
respective metals4    ,,ni,,tre4        
,nitrate ( ,potassa4 ,see ,,potassium4  
,,ni,,tric ,,acid4 ,,hno#c4 ,syn4       
,,azotic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitricum    
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,l41 ,e41  ,d472        
,,aqua=tis4    ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 &   

,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,purifi$ nitre 7dri$7 &
 sulphuric  acid1 equal p>ts2 mix 9 a   
glass retort1 & di/il ) a mod]ate heat1 
f a s& ba? 7or nak$ gas flame----,ph4   
,e47 into a cool receiv]1 z  long z !   
fus$ mat]ials cont9ue to evolve vap\rs4 
8,! pale yell[  acid ?us obta9$ may be  
r5d]$ ne>ly col\rless 7if desir$7 by    
g5tly heat+ x 9 a retort40 7,ph4 ,e47   
,sp4 gr4 #aejj4 ,9 ! pres5t ,ph4  ,l4   
?is acid is includ$ 9 ! mat]ia m$ica4   
7,see bel[47    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,!       
nitrate ( potassa is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! 
solution  treat$ ) a little nitrate (   
silv]1 filt]$1 evaporat$ to dryness1    
weigh$1 & !n treat$ z above4    #c4     
,nitrate ( soda 7cubic nitre1 ,*ili     
saltpetre7 is introduc$1 9  quantities  
v>y+ betwe5 #d & #aj lbs41 into a       
cyl9drical iron retort1  :i* x w only   
half fill1 & aft] ! lid is lut$ on & !  
connection made ) ! cond5s]s1 an        
equival5t ( oil ( vitriol is  p\r$ 9    
?r\gh an ap]ture provid$ = ! purpose1 & 
! *>ge is  work$ (f ) a gradually       

increas$ heat4 ,! cond5s+ app>atus      
consi/s ( a s]ies ( #e or #f salt-glaz$ 
/onew>e receiv]s1 ab\t  #a_/f? "p fill$ 
) cold wat]4 ,! product ( ?is process is
 !  /ronge/ br[n & fum+ #8,,nitr\s      
,,acid' ( comm]ce 7,,aqua=tis1 ,,fum+   
,,nitric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitrosum2   
,,acidum ,,nitricum ,,fumans71 & has    
usually  ! sp4 gr4 #ade4 ,x is r5d]$    
col\rless by g5tly heat+ x 9 a  glass   
retort1 :5 x =ms ,,comm]cial ,,nitric   
,,acid 7sp4 gr4 #acg to #ad47    #d4    
7,,pure ,,monohydrat$ ,,nitric ,,acid47 
,by mix+ ! /ronge/ comm]cial  acid )    
ab\t an equal quantity ( oil ( vitriol2 
r$i/ill+2  collect+ ap>t ! fir/ portion 
:i* comes ov]1 & expos+ x1 9 a  vessel  
slightly w>m$ & %elt]$ f ! light1 to a  
curr5t ( dry  air made to bubble ?r\gh x
 until ! nitr\s acid is completely      
remov$4    ,prop4 ,pure liquid nitric   
acid is col\rless1 highly corrosive1 &  
possesses p[]ful acid & oxyg5is+        
prop]ties4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( !  /ronge/      
liquid acid 7monohydrat$ nitric acid7   

has ! sp4 gr4 #aeag at  #fj ,fahr4 8,on 
boil+ nitric acid ( diff]5t degrees (   
conc5tration at  ! ord9>y atmosph]ic    
pressure1 a residue is left boil+ at    
#bdi  ,fahr41 & #bi 94 b>omet]1 hav+ a  
sp4 gr4 #adad at #fj ,fahr40  7,f[nes47 
,acid ( less d5sity ?an #adad p>ts )    
wat]1 & gradually  becomes /rong] by    
boil+2 b acid ( less sp4 gr4 ?an #adad  
is  weak5$ by exposure to heat4 ,:5     
expos$ to int5se cold1 liquid nitric    
acid freezes4 ,x is rapidly decompos$1 )
 loss ( oxyg51 by contact  ) mo/ organic
 & _m metallic & non-metallic bodies4 ,9
 _m cases  ^! reactions occur )         
consid]able viol5ce1 & ! production (   
light & heat4    ,pur4 ,! nitric acid ( 
comm]ce is g5]ally contam9at$ by        
hydro*loric acid1 nitr\s acid1 sulphuric
 acid1 or *lor9e1 or by _!  soda or     
potassa salts1 &1 occasionally1 iod9e1  
toge!r ) an excess  ( wat]4 ,! la/ is   
readily detect$ by ! sp4 gr41 & ! o!rs  
by  ! appropriate te/s4 8,col\rless4    
,conta9s #gj ( ,,hno#c4 ,sp4 gr4 #adb4  

#ij gr4 by weight1 mix$ ) #a_/b oz4 (   
di/ill$ wat]1 require =  neutralisation 
#ajjj gra9 measures ( ! volumetric      
solution ( soda4  ,evaporat$1 x leaves  
no residue4 ,dilut$ ) six volumes (     
di/ill$  wat]1 x gives no precipitate ) 
*loride ( b>ium or nitrate (            
silv]----indicat+ abs5ce ( sulphuric &  
hydro*loric acids40 7,b4 ,p47 #e        
measures ( acid1 sp4 gr4 #ae1 mix$ ) #b 
( wat]1 cond5s$ into #f-a_/b  measures1 
& makes ! sp4 gr4 #adb4 8,free f col\r4 
,sp4 gr4 #adb4  ,expos$ to ! air1 x     
emits v acrid vap\rs4 ,totally          
volatilis$ by  heat4 ,dilut$ ) #c times 
its volume ( wat]1 x gives no           
precipitate  ) ei!r nitrate ( silv] or  
*loride ( b>ium4 #ajj gr4 ( ?is acid    
7sp4 gr4 #adb7 are saturat$ by #afa gr4 
( cry/allis$ c>bonate (  soda40 7,ph4   
,l47 ,! ,ph4 ,e4 /ates ! d5sity (       
comm]cial nitric acid is  #achj to      
#acij4 8,if dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] x     
precipitates b  slightly1 or n at all1 )
 solution ( nitrate ( b>yta or nitrate (

  silv]40 ,! be/ #8d\ble aqua=tis' ( !  
%ops 7aqua=tis duplex7 has  usually !   
sp4 gr4 #acf2 & ! s+le aqua=tis         
7aqua=tis simplex71  ! sp4 gr4 #abb2 b  
bo? are commonly sold at mu* l[] /r5g?s4
    ,te/s4----#a4 ,x /a9s ! sk9         
yell[4----#b4 ,:5 mix$ ) a little       
hydro*loric acid or *loride ( ammonium1 
x acquires ! p[] (  dissolv+ gold       
leaf4----#c4 ,morphia1 brucia1 &        
/ry*nia1 give x a r$  col\r1 :i* is     
height5$ by ammonia 9 excess4----#d4 ,:5
 plac$ 9 a  tube1 & a solution (        
protosulphate ( iron is cauti\sly add$1 
a d>k  col\r is develop$ at ! l9e (     
junction1 :i* is di/9ctly visible  :5   
only #a_/bd1jjj? "p ( nitric acid is    
pres5t4 ,?is te/ may be  (t5 conv5i5tly 
modifi$ by dropp+ into ! liquid a cry/al
 (  protosulphate ( iron2 ! fluid       
imm$iately surr\nd+ ?is cry/al !n       
acquires a d>k br[n col\r1 :i* disappe>s
 ^u simple agitation (  ! fluid1 or by  
heat+ x4----#e4 ,:5 mix$ ) a weak       
solution (  sulphate ( indigo1 & heat$1 

! col\r ( ! latt] is de/roy$4----#f4    
,:5 saturat$ ) c>bonate ( potassium or  
sodium1 & evaporat$ to  dryness1 !      
residuum deflagrates :5 ?r[n on burn+   
coals4----#g4 ,:5  ! mixture ( a nitrate
 ) cyanide ( potassium1 9 p[d]1 is heat$
  on a piece ( plat9um1 a vivid         
deflagration foll[s1 att5d$ )  di/9ct   
ignition & detonation4 7,fres5ius47 ,x  
is /at$ t sulphate  ( anil9e is an      
extremely delicate te/ = nitric acid4 ,!
 foll[+ is  ! me?od ( its               
application3----,ab\t a cubic c5timtre (
 pure  conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7sp4   
gr4 #ahd7 is plac$ 9 a wat*-glass2  half
 a cubic c5timtre ( a solution (        
sulphate ( anil9e 7=m$ by  add+ t5 drops
 ( comm]cial anil9e to #ej c4c4 ( dilut$
 sulphuric  acid 9 ! proportion ( #a to 
#f7 is p\r$ on1 drop by drop2 a glass   
tube  is moi/5$ ) ! liquid to be te/$1 &
 mov$ circul>ly 9 !  wat*-glass4 ,by    
bl[+ on ! mixture dur+ ! circul>        
agitation1 :5  a trace ( nitric acid is 
pres5t1 circul> /ri are develop$ ( a v  

int5se r$ col\r1 t9t+ ! liquid rose4 ,) 
m ?an a trace (  nitric acid ! col\r    
becomes c>m9e1 pass+ to a br[ni% r$4    
,?is  process s]ves to detect ! pres5ce 
( nitric acid 9 ! sulphuric acid  (     
comm]ce4 ,x w also reveal ! pres5ce (   
nitrates 9  wat]4#df----h4 ,take a      
quantity ( diph5ylam9e1 ab\t ! size ( a 
mu/>d se$1 put x into a te/-tube1 & p\r 
a little sulphuric acid  ov] x1 !n add a
 drop or two ( wat]1 s z to increase !  
temp]ature suffici5tly to effect !      
solution ( ! diph5ylam9e1 &  ! te/ is   
ready = use4 ,n[ add v g5tly ! solution 
to be te/$1  & if only a trace ( nitric 
or nitr\s acid be pres5t1 a beautiful & 
v p]man5t blue col\ration is produc$ at 
! junction ( ! two  liquids1 b if !re be
 any quantity ( ! nitrog5 comp\nd1 !    
col\r  becomes almo/ black4 ,?is        
reaction is s delicate & c]ta9 t1 9  !  
case ( a solution ( nitric acid conta9+ 
ab\t #a "p ,b4 ,p4 acid  9 #aj1jjj (    
wat]1 ! reaction is mo/ di/9ct2 "o "p ( 
nitrite (  potassium 9 #cj1jjj ( wat]   

gives also almo/ unmi/akable evid5ce (  
! pres5ce ( ! nitrog5 acid4    ,footnote
 #df3 #8,ph>maceutical ,ye> ,book4'     
,! foll[+ process = ! quantitative      
e/imation ( nitric acid is by           
,fis*]3#dg----;,indigot9 prep>$ by      
r$uction ( indigo by means ( grape      
sug>1 alcohol1 & cau/ic soda1 oxidation 
9 ! air1 & solution 9  sulphuric acid1  
may be kept un*ang$ = ye>s4 ,five c4c4 (
 su* a  solution1 dilut$ ) wat] & mix$ )
 #cj c4c4 ( pure sulphuric  acid1 is    
titrat$ by add+ a /&>d nitric acid      
solution until ! blue  col\r gives place
 to a light gre52 ! indigo solution is  
!n dilut$1  s t #a c4c4 %all be equal to
 #jjjbe milligramme equival5ts ( nitric 
acid1 or #jbebe milligramme ( potassium 
nitrate4 ,if a wat] is be+  exam9$ x is 
run into #d c4c4 ( ! titrat$ indigo     
solution1 mix$ )  #bj c4c4 ( sulphuric  
acid1 until ! blue col\r *anges to light
 gre54  ,t51 divid$ by ! numb] ( c4c4 ( 
wat] us$1 expresses !  milligramme      
equival5ts ( nitric acid p] litre2 ?us1 

if #d c4c4 ( wat]  are us$1 !re are #be 
milligramme equival5ts ( nitric acid1   
equal to  #bebe milligrammes ( potassium
 nitrate p] litre4 ,if a prelim9>y te/  
) bruc9e has %[n t ! wat] conta9s v     
little nitric acid1 #b  c4c4 only ( !   
indigo solution mu/ be us$1 or sometimes
 z little z #a  c4c4 ,if m ?an #h c4c4 (
 wat] is requir$ to de/roy ! blue col\r1
  #ajj c4c4 mu/ be evaporat$ d[n to !   
volume ( #h c4c4 & !n  titrat$4 ,!      
volume ( sulphuric acid mu/ be at lea/  
d\ble ! sum (  ! volumes ( indigo &     
wat]2 ! temp]ature mu/ n s9k "u #aaj4   
,footnote #dg3 ,d+l41 #8,polyt4 ,j\rn4' 
ccxiii1 #dbc-dbg2 #8,j\rn4 ,*em4        
,soc41' #bnd s]ies1 xiii1 #dha4    ,!   
nitrates may all be te/$ z above by fir/
 add+ a small quantity  ( pure sulphuric
 acid1 :i* w lib]ate ! nitric acid ( !  
salt4    ,e/im4----,! /r5g? ( nitric    
acid may be r\ghly e/imat$ by its sp4   
gr42 b m accurately by asc]ta9+ ! am\nt 
( c>bonate (  sodium1 or o!r salt ( kn[n
 composition1 :i* is requir$ to         

neutralise x4 ,to r5d] ?is assay        
tru/wor?y1 x mu/ be1 9 all cases1  also 
te/$ to detect ! pres5ce ( impurities4  
,see ,,acidimetry4    ,ant41 c4 ,see    
,,acids4    ,uses4 ,nitric acid is      
employ$ 9 assay+1 9 dye+1 9 et*+ on     
copp]1 9 ! prep>ation ( gun-cotton1     
oxalic & sulphuric acids1 c4  ,9 m$ic9e 
x is us$ z a cau/ic to corns & w>ts2 & 9
 doses ( #a  to #aj drops1 9 a tumbl] ( 
wat]1 9 liv] compla9ts1 fev]s1          
dyspepsia1 syphilis1 to remove ! effects
 ( m]cury1 or z a sub/itute  = t drug1  
c4 ,ext]nally1 x is employ$ 9 ! =m (    
ba?s1  lotions1 & o9tm5t4 ,dr ,colli]   
/ates t a /rong lotion ( nitric  acid is
 almo/ a specific 9 lepra1 & sev]al o!r 
k9dr$ sk9  diseases4    ,conclud+       
,rem>ks4----,! common s\rce ( nitric    
acid is nitrate (  potassium1 b x may   
also be obta9$ f o!r nitrates by a      
simil>  process4 ,nitrate ( sodium is   
frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( nitrate (        
potassium1 & is m conv5i5t 9 "s         
respects1 z ! residuum is  m easily     

dissolv$ out ( ! retort or cyl9d]4 ,!   
residuum ( !  common process ) nitre    
7#8sal enixum'7 is *iefly employ$ z a   
flux by  ! glass-h\ses1 & z a s\rce (   
pota% 9 ! manufacture ( alum4    ,by    
prop] managem5t nitre yields m ?an #b_/c
 ( its weight ( pure  nitric acid1 sp4  
gr4 #aejj2 & nitrate ( soda1 its own    
weight ( acid1  sp4 gr4 #ad4    ,by !   
pat5t process ( ,m4 ,mallet1 dri$       
nitrate ( soda is decompos$ by  dri$ or 
monohydrat$ boracic acid1 by heat+ ! two
 toge!r4 ,!  products are liquid nitric 
acid1 :i* di/ils ov]1 & biborate ( soda 
7borax71 :i* rema9s 9 ! retort4    ,!   
crude col\r$ nitric acid ( comm]ce      
7aqua=tis7 0 orig9ally  prep>$ by       
di/ill+ a mixture ( nitre & copp]as1 &  
is /ill  sometimes obta9$ 9 ?is way4    
,! nitric acid ( comm]ce may be fre$ f !
 impurities allud$ to  above by "o or   
o!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3----    #a4 ,by ! 
addition ( a little nitrate ( silv]1 z  
long z x produces  any cl\d9ess1 &1 aft]
 repose1 decant+ ! cle> acid1 &         

rectify+ x at a heat "u #bab4 ,to ensure
 a p]fectly col\rless  product1 a small 
portion ( pure black oxide ( manganese  
%\ld be put  into ! retort4 7,murray47  
#b4 ,by agitat+ ! acid ) a little r$    
oxide ( lead1 & !n  rectify+ x1 z be=e4 
#c4 ,by add+ #a ( bi*romate ( potassa to
 ! acid be=e rectify+ x4  ,?is answ]s   
well = acid n /rong] ?an sp4 gr4 #adh4  
#d4 ,by rectification at a g5tle heat1  
reject+ ! fir/ portion t  comes ov]1    
receiv+ ! middle portion z g5u9e acid1 &
 leav+ a  residuum 9 ! retort4 7,ure47  
,accord+ to ,apjohn & o!rs1 ! /ronge/   
liquid nitric acid1 sp4 gr4  #aebj1 is a
 monohydrate2 t ( ! sp4 gr4 #aejj1 a    
sesquihydrate2 t  ( #adhf1 a b9hydrate2 
& t ( #abdd1 a quadrihydrate2 or conta9+
  respectively #a1 #a-a_/b1 #b1 & #d    
atoms ( wat]4 7,see bel[47    ,nitric   
,acid1 ,anhydr\s4 ,n#b,o#e4 ,syn4       
,,nitric ,,anhydride4 ,?is  int]e/+     
sub/ance 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 a sep>ate =m by
 ,m4 ,deville1  9 #ahdi4    ,prep4 7,m4 
,deville47 ,nitrate ( silv] is dri$ by  

exposure to a curr5t  ( dry c>bonic acid
 at a temp]ature ( #cef ,fahr41 & ! tube
  conta9+ x is !n imm]s$ 9 a wat] ba?   
heat$ to #bjc ,fahr42 pure  dry *lor9e  
gas is next pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus1 &1 z
 soon z !  reaction comm5ces1 !         
temp]ature is retrac$ to #aed or ev5    
#acf1 b  n l[]2 ! production ( cry/als 9
 ! receiv]1 :i* mu/ be  cool$ by a      
p[]ful freez+ mixture1 soon comm5ces2   
la/ly1 ! liquid  portion ( ! product is 
remov$ by a curr5t ( dry c>bonic-acid   
gas4    ,prop41 c4 ,col\rless prismatic 
cry/als1 :i* melt at #hf ,fahr41 boil   
at ab\t #aae1 & at #abb beg9 to suff]   
decomposition2 add$ to wat]1  mu* heat  
is g5]at$2 x rapidly attacks organic    
bodies1 ev5  ca\t*\c2 sometimes x       
explodes spontane\sly4 ,! process = its 
prep>ation is t$i\s & difficult4        
,nitric ,acid1 ,dilute4 ,,acidum        
,,nitricum ,,dilutum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41
 ,e41  ,d471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 
,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #c fl4 oz42
 di/ill$  wat]1 #ag fl4 oz42 mix4 ,sp4  

gr4 #ajhb4 8#a fl4 oz4 is saturat$ by   
#aed gr4  ( ! cry/als ( c>bonate (      
soda40 ,x conta9s ab\t #ab ( pure       
anhydr\s acid4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,nitric
 acid 7#aejj71 #a fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1
 #i fl4 oz4 ,or1  comm]cial nitric acid 
7#acij71 #a fl4 oz4 #e-a_/b dr42 wat]1  
#i-a_/b fl4 oz4  ,sp4 gr4 #ajgg4 ,x     
conta9s #aaaf ( pure dry nitric acid4   
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nitric acid 7#aejj71 #d 
fl4 oz42 wat]1 #bi fl4 oz4 ,conta9s     
ab\t #ig ( pure acid4 ,! above are us$ =
 conv5i5ce 9  disp5s+4----,dose1 #ae    
drops to #a_/b fl4 dr41 or m4 ,! above  
mu/ n  be conf\nd$ ) ! acidum nitricum  
dilutum1 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf1 :i* _h !  sp4  
gr4 #abhj1 nor ) ! foll[+3----    #d4   
7,h5ry's47 ,sp4 gr4 #aadc2 equal 9      
saturat+ p[] to hydro*loric  acid sp4   
gr4 #ajgd1 & sulphuric acid #aace4 ,us$ 
9 assay+4    #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,nitric acid1
 #f2 di/ill$ wat] suffici5t to make !   
mixture  :5 cool$ to #fj ,fahr41 measure
 #ca4 ,conta9s #ae p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s   
nitric acid4 ,te/4 ,sp4 gr4 #aaja4 ,six 

fluid dra*ms 7#cfac gra9s7 by  weight   
require = neutralisation #ajjj gra9     
measures ( ! volumetric  solution (     
soda1 &1 !re=e1 conta9 exactly "o       
equival5t 9 gra9s  ( anhydr\s acid1     
namely1 #ed gr4----,use4 ,tonic1 a/r+5t1
  li?onlytic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj      
m9ims4    ,nitric ,acid1 ,fum+4 ,syn4   
,,nitr\s ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitricum    
,,fumans1 ,l4  ,! r$ fum+ nitr\s or     
nitric acid ( comm]ce is simply nitric  
acid  load$ ) nitric p]oxide 7:i* see74 
,t ( ! ,ph4 ,bor4 is  di/ill$ f nitre1  
#b p>ts2 oil ( vitriol1 #a "p4          
,,ni,,tric ,,anhy,,dride4 ,see ,,nitric 
,,acid1 ,,anhydr\s4    ,,ni,,tric       
,,oxide4 ,see ,,nitrog51 ,,oxides ,,(4  
,,ni,,trite4 ,a salt ( nitr\s acid2 e4g4
 ,,kno#b1 nitrite ( potassium4          
,,nitro-,,b5,,zol4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#b4     
,prep4 ,by treat+ b5zol ) /rong  fum+   
nitric acid1 ) heat2 aft] ! viol5ce ( ! 
reaction is ov]1  ! liquid is dilut$ )  
wat]1 & ! heavy oily fluid :i* sep>ates 
is collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4    ,prop41 c4

 ,yell[i%1 v sweet2 smells ( bitt]      
almonds2 insoluble 9  wat]2 little      
affect$ by reag5ts2 boils at #dae       
,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #abji4  ,heat$ ) an     
alcoholic solution ( cau/ic potassa1 & !
 mixture  submitt$ to di/illation1 x    
yields a r$1 oily liquid1 f :i* l>ge  r$
 cry/als ( azob5zol sep>ate4 ,^! are    
ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1  freely soluble 
9 alcohol & e!r1 melt at #adi ,fahr41 & 
boil at  #eeid ,fahr4 ,,b9itrob5zol is  
made by dissolv+ b5zol 9 a mixture (    
equal volumes ( ! /ronge/ nitric &      
sulphuric acids1 & boil+ !  liquid = a  
few m9utes2 ! cry/als 7d9itrob5zol7 :i* 
=m z x  cools are insoluble 9 wat]1 b   
are freely soluble 9 alcohol4           
,nitro-b5zol is ext5sively us$ z a      
sub/itute = ! ess5tial oil (  bitt]     
almonds1 9 p]fum]y4 ,x is v poison\s1 a 
quality1 :i*  ,le!by ass]ts1 x acquires 
ow+ to its conv]sion 9 ! animal economy 
into anil9e4 ,m4 ,f]r& /ates t ! pres5ce
 ( nitro-b5zol 9  ess5ce ( bitt] almonds
 may be detect$ z foll[s3----,heat to   

ebullition1  9 a te/ tube1 ?ree or f\r  
c4c4 ( a #bj p] c5t4 alcoholic solution 
(  pota%1 toge!r ) t5 drops ( ! suspect$
 ess5ce4 ,if nitro-b5zol  be pres5t1 !  
mixture takes a r$ col\r2 if ! ess5ce ( 
bitt]  almonds be pure1 x becomes a pale
 /raw col\r4    ,,ni,,trog54 ,n4 ,syn4  
,,azote2 ,,nitrog5ium1 ,,azotum1 ,l4 ,a 
gase\s elem5t>y  sub/ance1 discov]$ by  
,ru!r=d1 9 #agbb1 & f\nd to be a        
con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e by ,lavoisi]1   
#agee4 ,x is f\nd bo? 9 !  organic &    
inorganic k+doms ( nature2 x =ms ab\t   
#d_/e1 or #gh (  ! bulk ( ! atmosph]e1  
ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( mo/   
animal sub/ances1 & is a con/itu5t (    
glut51 ! alkaloids1 &  o!r vegetable    
pr9ciples4    ,prep4 #a4 ,a small piece 
( phosphorus is plac$ 9 a capsule float+
 on  ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! pneumatic   
tr\gh1 & aft] sett+ x on  fire a gas or 
bell-j> is inv]t$ ov] x2 z soon z !     
combu/ion is  ov]1 & ! fumes (          
phosphoric anhydride h subsid$1 !       
residual  gas is wa%$ by agitation )    

rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 or ) a      
solution ( pure potassa4 ,x may be dri$ 
by ei!r lett+ x /& ov]  fus$ *loride (  
calcium1 or1 :at is bett]1 by pass+ x   
?r\gh  conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol4    #b4 
,a porcela9 tube is fill$ ) copp]       
turn+s1 or1 pref]ably1 )  spongy copp]  
7obta9$ by r$uc+ ! oxide ) hydrog571 &  
is !n  heat$ to r$ness1 a /ream ( dry   
atmosph]ic air be+ at ! same "t  direct$
 ?r\gh x4 ,by repeat+ ! process ) ! same
 air1 &  f9ally pass+ x ov] fragm5ts (  
pumice moi/5$ ) /rong solution  (       
potassa to absorb c>bonic anhydride1 !  
product is r5d]$ q  pure4    #c4 ,*lor9e
 gas is pass$ into a solution ( pure    
ammonia1 c>e be+  tak5 to employ a      
consid]able excess ( ! latt]2 ! evolv$  
gas1  aft] be+ dri$1 is pure nitrog54   
,!re is "s dang] ( produc+  ! explosive 
comp\nd1 *loride ( nitrog51 ) ?is       
process4    #d4 7,cor5w9d]47 ,f solution
 ( nitrate ( potassium1 #a volume2      
conc5trat$ solution ( *loride (         
ammonium1 #c vols42 g5tly heat$  toge!r 

9 a flask1 & ! evolv$ gas pass$ ?r\gh   
sulphuric acid4  ,pure4    #e4 ,by boil+
 a solution ( nitrite ( ammonium1 or1   
:i* am\nts to !  same ?+1 a mixture ( "o
 measure ( a solution ( nitrite (       
potassium  & ?ree measures ( a solution 
( *loride ( ammonium4 ,bo? solutions    
mu/ be conc5trat$4 ,?is is ! easie/     
me?od ( prep>+ nitrog5 &  ( obta9+ ! gas
 9 a pure /ate4    ,note4----,! nitrite 
( potassium to be employ$ 9 ?is process 
is be/  prep>$ by pass+ nitr\s          
anhydride1 evolv$ f />* & nitric  acid1 
into a solution ( potassa 7sp4 gr4 #ach7
 till x imp>ts an acid  reaction to     
te/-pap]1 & !n neutralis+ by ! addition 
( potassa4    #f4 ,f lean fle% dige/$ 9 
nitric acid1 at a g5tle heat4    ,prop41
 c4 ,pure nitrog5 is a col\rless1       
od\rless1 ta/eless gas1  nei!r          
combu/ible nor capable ( support+       
combu/ion or respiration4  ,x is neutral
 to te/-pap]1 does n affect lime wat]1 &
 is only  slightly absorb$ by pure wat]4
 ,its sp4 gr4 is #igac4 ,x is recognis$ 

by  its purely negative qualities4      
,nitrog51 ,*loride (4 ,n,cl#c4 ,syn4    
,,nitrog5 ,,tri*loride1  ,,t]*loride ,,(
 ,,nitrog54 ,?is comp\nd 0 discov]$ by  
,dulong 9 #ahaa1  b its nature 0 fir/   
accurately det]m9$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4   
,prep4 7,liebig47 ,dissolve *loride (   
ammonium1 #a oz41 9 hot wat]1 #ab  or   
#ad oz41 & z soon z ! temp]ature has    
fall5 to #ij ,fahr41 inv]t  a wide-m\!d 
glass bottle full ( *lor9e ov] x4 ,! gas
 is gradually  absorb$1 ! solution      
acquires a yell[i% col\r1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 
#ae to #bj m9utes yell[1 oil-l globules 
( *loride ( nitrog5 =m  ^u ! surface ( !
 liquid1 & ultimately s9k to ! bottom4  
,!  globules1 z !y desc5d1 %\ld be      
receiv$ 9 a small lead5 sauc]1  plac$ "u
 ! m\? ( ! bottle = ! purpose4          
,prop41 c4 ,*loride ( nitrog5 %\ld      
consequ5tly be only prep>$ 9  v small   
quantities at a "t4 ,bo? its discov]] & 
,sir ,h4 ,davy met  ) sev]e injuries    
:ile exp]im5t+ on x4 ,its sp4 gr4 is    
#afec2 x  volatilises at #afj ,fahr41 & 

betwe5 #bjj & #bab fulm9ates viol5tly4  
,contact ) combu/ible bodies at ord9>y  
temp]atures imm$iately  causes          
detonation4 ,! explosive p[] ( ?is      
comp\nd seems to exce$  t ( e kn[n      
sub/ance1 n ev5 except+ fulm9at+ silv]3 
,a  m9ute globule1 no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( 
mu/>d se$1 plac$ on a  plat9a spoon1 &  
t\*$ ) a piece ( phosphorus /uck on !   
po9t  ( a p5knife1 imm$iately explodes1 
& %iv]s ! blade into  fragm5ts1 at !    
same "t t ! vessel t conta9s x is brok5 
to  pieces4 ,olive oil1 naph?a1 & oil ( 
turp5t9e1 h a simil> effect4  ,see      
,,nitrog51 ,,iodide ,,( 7bel[74         
,nitrog51 ,iodide (4 ,,ni#b4 ,syn4      
,,nitrog5 ,,tri-,,iodide1 ,,t]iodide ,,(
  ,,nitrog54 ,a d>k br[n or black       
insoluble p[d]1 :i* is mo/ safely &     
conv5i5tly prep>$ by saturat+ alcohol   
7sp4 gr4 #heb7 ) iod9e1  add+ a l>ge    
quantity ( ! /ronge/ pure solution (    
ammonia1 &  agitat+ ! mixture2 wat] mu/ 
n[ be add$1 :5 iodide ( nitrog5  w be   
precipitat$1 & mu/ be c>efully wa%$ )   

cold di/ill$  wat]4 ,! filt] conta9+ !  
precipitate %\ld be spread out on a     
%eet ( glass & torn into small pieces   
:ile ! iodide is /ill moi/4  ,!         
precipitate %\ld be simply expos$ to air
 only4    ,prop41 c4 ,x detonates       
viol5tly z soon z x becomes dry1 by !   
slighte/ pressure or friction1 ev5 t ( a
 fea!r1 & (t5  spontane\sly2 b ?is      
explosion is sc>cely s p[]ful z t ( !   
*loride ( nitrog54 ,x also explodes :il/
 moi/1 ?\gh less readily4  ,x %\ld only 
be prep>$ 9 v small quantities at a "t4 
,rec5t  rese>*es induce ! belief t bo? !
 above comp\nds conta9  hydrog54        
,nitrog51 ,oxides (4 ,nitrog5 =ms #e    
di/9ct comp\nds ) oxyg54    #a4 ,nitr\s 
oxide4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,nitrog52 
,,laug+ ,,gas2 ,,nitrog5ii              
,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f fus$ nitrate
 ( ammonium1 introduc$ into a  glass    
retort1 or a flask furni%$ ) a b5t tube1
 & !n expos$1  ov] a _s-lamp1 or        
*>coal-*auff]1 to a temp]ature ( ab\t   
#chi  ,fahr42 ! evolv$ gas may be       

collect$ 9 bladd]s1 gas-bags1 a         
gasomet]1 or 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh ov] w>m
 wat]4 ,! gas may be  purifi$ by p\r+ x 
?r\gh ?ree wa%-bottles1 "o conta9+ wat]1
  "o a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 & !  
o!r a solution ( potassa4    ,prop41 c4 
,col\rless2 possesses an agreeable od\r1
 & a sweeti%  ta/e2 at #cb1 "u a        
pressure ( #cj atmosph]es1 x is liquid2 
?is1  :5 expos$ "u ! receiv] ( a p[]ful 
air-pump1 *anges into a  sn[-l solid2 at
 -#ahj ,fahr41 x is a transp>5t1        
col\rless1  cry/all9e body2 x supports  
combu/ion1 & is absorb$ by cold wat]4   
,sp4 gr4 #aebj4 ,its mo/ rem>kable      
prop]ty is its action on ! sy/em  :5    
inspir$4 ,a few deep inspirations are   
usually succe$$ by a pleas+  /ate (     
excitem5t1 & a /rong prop5sity to       
laught] & muscul>  ex]tion1 :i* soon    
subside1 )\t be+ foll[$ by languor or   
depression4 ,its effects1 h[ev]1 v>y )  
diff]5t con/itutions4 ,f  #d to #ab     
qu>ts may be brea!d ) safety4 ,x        
produces tempor>y  ins5sibility to pa91 

l *lor(orm or e!r2 b its use is dang]\s 
:5 affections ( ! he>t1 lungs1 or bra9  
are pres5t4 ,?is gas is  n[ successfully
 & ext5sively employ$ z an an/hetic 9   
d5tal  surg]y4    ,obs4 ,no p>ticul>    
caution is requir$ 9 prep>+ ! above     
comp\nd1  except ! use ( too mu* heat4  
,! temp]ature %\ld be s arrang$ z  to   
keep ! melt$ mass 9 a /ate ( g5tle      
ebullition1 & %\ld n be  all[$1 "u any  
circum/ances1 to exce$ ab\t #ejj ,fahr4 
,%\ld :ite  fumes appe> )9 ! retort aft]
 ! evolution ( ! gas has  comm5c$1 !    
heat %\ld be at once l[]$1 z1 :5 heat$  
to ab\t  #fjj1 nitrate ( ammonia        
explodes ) viol5ce4    ,nitr\s oxide may
 also be made 9 ! same way1 f cry/allis$
 nitrate  ( ammonia1 or by expos+ nitric
 oxide = "s days ov] iron fil+s  moi/5$ 
) wat]1 b1 )\t great c>e1 ! product is n
 always  fit = respiration4 ,:5 pure1 x 
is col\rless1 has an agreeable od\r1  & 
does n affect solution ( nitrate (      
silv]4 ,see ,,an,,/hetics4    #b4       
,nitric oxide4 ,,no4 ,syn4 ,,deutoxide  

,,( ,,nitrog51 ,,nitr\s ,,gas1 ,,b9oxide
  ,,( ,,nitrog52 ,,nitrog5ee ,,b9oxydum1
 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by p\r+ nitric acid1 sp4   
gr4 #ab1 on metallic copp]1 9 ! =m (    
turn+s1 clipp+s1 or wire4  ,eff]vesc5ce 
ensues1 & nitric oxide is evolv$1 & may 
be collect$  ov] wat] or m]cury 9 !     
pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! residual liquid     
yields  cry/als ( nitrate ( copp] on    
evaporation4    ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless1
 ta/eless1 inodor\s1 irrespirable1 &    
incombu/ible gas4 ,9 contact ) free     
oxyg51 x produces d5se orange  or r$    
vap\rs ( nitric p]oxide 7,,no#b71 :i*   
are freely absorb$ by  wat]4 ,nitric    
oxide is absorb$ by a solution ( f]r\s  
sulphate1 :i*  x turns ( a deep br[n or 
ne>ly black col\r1 :i* is remov$ by     
boil+4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajci4    ,nitr\s       
,anhydride4 ,n#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitrog5   
,,trioxide1 ,,anhydr\s  ,,nitr\s ,,acid4
 ,! easie/ me?od ( obta9+ ?is comp\nd   
consi/s 9  heat+ #a "p ( p[d]$ />* ) #h 
p>ts ( nitric acid ( sp4 gr4  #abe1 &   
pass+ ! evolv$ gases1 fir/ ?r\gh a dry+ 

tube two feet  long conta9+ fus$ *loride
 ( calcium1 & !n into a dry & empty     
,u-tube cool$ to #bj ,fahr4 by surr\nd+ 
x ) a mixture ( p\nd$ ice  & cry/allis$ 
*loride ( calcium4 ,nitr\s anhydride ?us
 produc$ is  a blue liquid :i* emits r$ 
fumes1 & :i* on admixture ) wat] at     
ord9>y temp]atures is decompos$1 produc+
 nitric acid & nitric  oxide4 ,if nitr\s
 anhydride be mix$ ) wat] at temp]atures
 bel[ #j  ,fahr4 ! two comb9e1 & a blue 
solution is =m$ :i* 7probably7  conta9s 
nitr\s acid 7,,hno#b74 ,see ,,nitr\s    
,,acid4    ,nitrog5 ,p5toxide4 ,n#b,o#e4
 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,p5toxide1 ,,nitric    
,,anhydride1 ,,anhydr\s ,,nitric ,,acid4
 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid 7,,anhydr\s74     
,nitrog5 ,p]oxide4 ,,no#b4 ,syn4        
,,nitric ,,p]oxide1 ,,p]oxide ,,(       
,,nitrog51  ,,nitrog5 ,,tetroxide1      
,,hyponitric ,,anhydride4 ,?is comp\nd  
=ms ! *ief  con/itu5t ( ! r$ fumes :i*  
develop on mix+ nitric oxide ) air  or  
oxyg54 ,x is mo/ readily prep>$ by heat+
 ?or\ghly dri$ nitrate  ( lead 9 a      

retort1 & conduct+ ! evolv$ gases into a
 ,u-tube  surr\nd$ ) a freez+ mixture ( 
ice & salt = ! purpose (  cond5s+ !     
nitric p]oxide4 ,if ! ,u-tube be        
p]fectly dry1 & !  cold int5se1 ! nitric
 p]oxide obta9$ assumes ! =m ( transp>5t
  cry/als1 b ! pres5ce ( ! slighte/     
trace ( moi/ure prev5ts  _! =mation &   
produces in/ead a col\rless liquid :i*1 
z !  temp]ature rises1 acquires a yell[ 
& ultimately a r$ col\r4 ,nitric        
p]oxide dissolves 9 nitric acid & turns 
x ( a yell[ or r$ hue4 ,!  s-call$      
#8nitr\s acid' or #8fum+ nitric acid' ( 
comm]ce owes its  deep r$ col\r to !    
pres5ce ( ?is comp\nd4 ,at v l[         
temp]atures  wat] conv]ts nitric p]oxide
 into nitric & nitr\s acids2 at ord9>y  
temp]atures x trans=ms x into nitric    
acid1 nitr\s acid1 & nitric  oxide4     
,,nitro-,,glyc]94 ,syn4 ,,glono91       
,,nitrate ,,( ,,glyc]yl1 ,,tr9itrite1   
,,nitroleum1 ,,fulm9at+ ,,oil1          
,,tri-,,nitroglyc]94 ,?is dang]\sly     
explosive  comp\nd1 f ! use ( :i* 9 m9+1

 qu>ry+1 & su* l  op]ations s _m fatal  
accid5ts h occurr$1 is glyc]9 9 :i* #c  
atoms ( hydrog5 h be5 replac$ by #c     
molecules ( nitroxyl 7,,no#b71  z       
illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ =mul3             
,glyc]94                                
,nitro-glyc]94      ,c#c;,h#e           
7,h        7  ,c#c;,h#e            7,h  
7                 ,o#c  #c 7       ,o 7 
,o#c  #c 7   ,o7           ,h#c         
7,,no#b   7 7,,no#b7c            7,h   7
    ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahdg by ,dr4       
,sobr]o1 a pupil ( ,pel\ze4    ,kopp    
prep>es nitro glyc]9 by mix+ #c p>ts (  
sulphuric acid1 ( sp4  gr4 ( #agfg1 ) #a
 "p ( fum+ nitric acid4 #bhjj grammes ( 
! mix$  acids are add$ to #cej grammes (
 glyc]91 great c>e be+ necess>y to      
avoid any elevation ( temp]ature1 :i*   
w\ld lead to a viol5t  reaction1 result+
 9 ! conv]sion ( ! glyc]9 into oxalic   
acid4    ,aft] /&+ #e or #aj m9utes1 !  
mixture is p\r$ into f\r or six  times  
its bulk ( v cold wat] to :i* a rotatory
 motion has be5  imp>t$4 ,! nitro-glyc]9

 falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel z an      
oily-look+ liquid1 :i* is wa%$ by       
decantation4 ,! manufacture (           
nitro-glyc]9 is att5d$ ) consid]able    
dang]1 s9ce v slight  friction or       
pressure is suffici5t to det]m9e its    
explosion4 ,h5ce _m  me?ods h be5       
sugge/$ = gu>d+ aga9/ accid5ts f x dur+ 
/orage4 ,"o ( ^! consi/s 9 mix+ x )     
f9ely p[d]$ glass4    ,wurtz advises !  
nitro-glyc]9 to be mix$ ) solutions (   
nitrate (  lime1 z9c1 or magnesia1 !    
solutions to h a sp4 gr4 equal to !     
nitro-glyc]94 ,by ?is means a h>mless   
emulsion w\ld be =m$1 & !  nitro-glyc]9 
w\ld be recov]able :5 requir$ = use by  
simply add+  wat]4 ,nobel's plan consi/s
 9 dissolv+ x 9 wood _s4    ,prop4      
,nitro-glyc]9 is a fluid ( a yell[ or   
br[ni% col\r1 hav+ a  sp4 gr4 ( #af4 ,x 
dissolves 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & wood naph?a1
 f all  ( :i* x may be recov]$ by !     
addition ( wat]4 ,dissolv$ 9 ei!r  ( ^! 
solutions x becomes conv]t$ into a      
cry/all9e mass :5  expos$ to a l[       

temp]ature4 ,if subject$ to a bl[ x     
explodes )  fe>ful viol5ce1 a s+le drop 
plac$ ^u pap]1 & /ruck ^u an  anvil1    
giv+ rise to a report t is almo/ deaf5+4
 ,nei!r a sp>k  nor ! application ( a   
light$ body is said to cause its        
ignition1 :i*  takes place ) difficulty 
ev5 if x be appli$ to a ?9 lay] ( !     
sub/ance4 #ajj p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9 yield
 on combu/ion3      ,wat]               
#bj   p>ts4    ,c>bonic acid       #eh  
0    ,oxyg5               #ce   0       
,nitrog5            #ahe   0            
------------                            
#ajjjdh    ,footnote #dh3 ,wagn]4    ,z 
! specific gravity ( nitro-glyc]9 is    
#af1 "o "p by bulk w  yield by          
combu/ion3----      ,aque\s vap\r       
#eed volumes4    ,c>bonic acid      #dfi
    0    ,oxyg5              #ci    0   
,nitrog5           #bcf    0            
------------                            
#abihdh 0    ,o!r exp]im5t]s affirm t1  
in/ead ( free oxyg51 nitr\s oxide is  "o
 ( ! products ( ! combu/ion (           

nitro-glyc]94 ,accord+ to  ,nobel ! heat
 lib]at$ :5 nitro-glyc]9 is explod$1    
causes !  expansion ( ! gases to be     
eight times _! orig9al bulk2 !re=e1  "o 
volume ( ! sub/ance w yield #aj1chd     
volumes ( gas1 :il/ "o  "p by bulk (    
gunp[d] only yields #hjj volumes ( gas4 
,if ^! data be  correct ! explosive =ce 
( nitro-glyc]9 is ?irte5 times great]   
?an t ( p[d]1 bulk = bulk1 & eight times
 great] weight =  weight4    ,bttg] has 
devis$ a process = ! prep>ation (       
nitro-glyc]91 :i*  be+1 z he affirms1   
entirely free f dang]1 adapts x =       
lecture  exp]im5ts3----,a few gra9s (   
pure glyc]91 free f wat]1 is p\r$  into 
a te/-tube1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a freez+ 
mixture1 &  conta9+ a mixture ( "o      
volume ( ! mo/ conc5trat$ nitric acid   
7#aeb sp4 gr471 & two volumes ( !       
/ronge/ sulphuric acid 7#ahc sp4  gr474 
,!n1 z quickly z possible1 ! :ole is    
p\r$ into a l>g]  quantity ( cold wat]4 
,! nitro-glyc]91 :i* has =m$ l oil      
drops1 s9ks rapidly to ! bottom1 be+    

specifically ! heavi] liquid4  ,x is !n 
wa%$ sev]al times by decantation ) fre% 
wat]1 &1  la/ly1 ) a weak solution (    
soda4    ,remove ! wat] ) a few pieces (
 fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,!n !          
nitro-glyc]9 is 9 su* purity t x may1   
)\t dang]1 be kept any  l5g? ( "t =     
lecture exp]im5ts4                      
,,nitro-,,hydro*lo,,ric ,,acid4 ,syn4   
,,nitro-,,muriatic ,,acid2 ,,aqua       
,,regia1 ,,acidum                       
,,nitro-,,hydro*loricum 7,b4 ,p471 ,a   
,,nitro-,,muriaticum1 ,l42 ,,eau        
,r,,gale1 ,fr4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    
,nitric acid1 #c2 hydro*loric acid1 #d2 
wat]1 #be4 ,mix  ! acids tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
be=e add+ ! wat]4 7,?is precaution is   
necess>y to all[ ( ! developm5t ( !     
*lor9e1 & !  *loronitr\s & *loronitric  
gases :i* result f ! mutual             
decomposition ( ! two acids1 & ^u :i* ! 
!rapeutic activity (  ! ag5t dep5ds74   
,col\rless4 ,keep ! mixture 9 a cool &  
d>k place4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf74     
,nitric acid1 #a "p2 hydro*loric acid1  

#b p>ts 7bo? by  measure72 mix 9 a      
refrig]at$ bottle1 & keep ! mixture 9 a 
cold &  d>k place4 ,us$ to dissolve gold
 & plat9um2 & 9 m$ic9e1 9 liv]          
compla9ts1 syphilis1 ! exan!mata1 c41   
ei!r ext]nally1 9 doses (  #e to #ae    
drops 9 wat]1 or ext]nally1 z a foot- or
 knee-ba?4 ,x is also  occasionally     
employ$ z a cau/ic4    #c4 7,,aqua      
,,regia ,,) ,,sal ,,ammoniac47 ,nitric  
acid 7sp4 gr4 #ab71 #af fl4 oz42  sal   
ammoniac1 #d oz42 dissolve4             
,occasionally us$ by dy]s2 does n keep  
well4    #d4 7,,dy]s' ,,aqua=tis47      
,col\rless nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aag71  
#aj lbs42  hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4    
#aai71 #a lb42 mix4 ,us$ by dy]s4       
,,nitro-,,prus,,sides4 ,a s]ies ( salts 
discov]$ by ,dr ,playfair1 &  obta9$ by 
! action ( nitric acid on ! f]rocyanides
 &  f]ridcyanides4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!
 salts is ! nitroprusside (  sodium     
7,,na#b 7,,no7 ,fe,cy#e4 #b;,aq474      
,prep4 ,dissolve #b p>ts ( p[d]$        
f]rocyanide ( sodium 9 #e p>ts ( common 

nitric acid1 previ\sly  dilut$ ) its own
 volume ( wat]4 ,:5 ! evolution ( gas   
has  ceas$1 dige/ ! solution on a wat]  
ba? until x no long] yields a  blue b   
slate-col\r$ precipitate ) f]r\s        
sulphate4 ,cool !  liquid1 filt]1       
neutralise ! filtrate ) c>bonate (      
sodium1 &  aga9 filt]4 ,?is filtrate1 on
 evaporation1 yields cry/als consi/+ (  
a mixture ( nitro-prusside ( sodium &   
nitrate ( potassium2 !  =m]1 :i* may be 
recognis$ by _! rhombic %ape & _! f9e   
rul+ col\r1 %\ld be pick$ out &         
pres]v$4----,use4 ,z a te/ =  soluble   
sulphides1 ) :i* nitro-prusside ( sodium
 /rikes a beautiful  violet t9t4        
,accord+ to ,playfair ?is is ! mo/      
delicate te/ =  alkal9e sulphides4      
,,ni,,tr\s ,,acid4 ,,hno#b ,see ,,nitr\s
 ,,anhydride1 "u ,,nitrog51 ,,oxides    
,,(4    ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,see          
,,nitrog51 ,,oxides ,,(4    ,,node4     
,syn4 ,,nodus1 ,l4 ,a h>d tum\r proce$+ 
f a bone1 & caus$  by ! swell+ ( its    
ext]nal membrane4 ,! bones ( ! leg1     

=ehead1  & =e>m1 are ^? mo/ commonly    
attack$4 ,nodes are g5]ally  accompani$ 
) consid]able pa91 & (t5 ) c>ies & loss 
(  vitality4    ,,noli ,,me ,,tang]e4   
,see ,,lupus4    ,,nom5clature          
7,*emical74 ,! foll[+ in=mation w       
d\btless prove  useful to _m ( our      
read]s1 z s]v+ to expla9 t]ms :i* are   
necess>ily ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ?is "w3
    ,,acids4----a4 ,:5 a sub/ance       
produces only "o acid comp\nd1 ! "n (   
?is acid is =m$ by add+ ! t]m9ation     
-,,ic to t ( ! radical1  or to ! lead+  
or *>act]i/ic portion ( x2 z sulphuric  
acid1 an  acid ( sulphur4 ,?is is       
,lat9is$ by *ang+ -,,ic into -,,icum2 z1
  acidum1 sulphur,,icum4----b4 ,:5 a    
body =ms two acid comp\nds  conta9+     
oxyg51 ! "n ( ! "o conta9+ ! small]     
proportion  ( t sub/ance ends 9 -,,ous2 
z nitr,,ous acid1 :i* conta9s #a atom  (
 nitrog5 & #b ( oxyg52 nitr,,ic acid1   
conta9+ #a atom ( nitrog5  & #c ( oxyg54
 ,9 ?is case ! ,lat9 "n ends 9 -,,osum2 
z1 acidum  nitr,,osum4----c4 ,:5 a      

sub/ance =ms m ?an two acids ) oxyg51  !
 ,greek preposition ,,hypo- 7bel[ or "u7
 is prefix$ to ! "n (  ! acid 9 -,,ous  
or -,,ic next above x2 z1 ,,hypo*lor\s  
acid4----d4 ,:5  a new acid comp\nd ( a 
sub/ance is discov]$1 conta9+ m oxyg5   
?an ano!r acid ( ! same sub/ances       
already kn[n1 ! "n ( :i*  ends 9 -,,ic1 
! prefix ,,p]- or ,,hyp]- is add$2 z1   
,,p]iodic acid4 ,?is  may be illu/rat$  
by ! oxyg5 acids ( *lor9e3----          
,hypo*lor\s acid  7acidum hypo*lorosum7 
,h,cl,o    ,*lor\s       0   7   0      
*lorosum7     ,h,cl,o#b    ,*loric      
0   7   0    *loricum7     ,h,cl,o#c    
,p]*loric or    ,hyp]*loric  0   7   0  
p]*loricum7  ,h,cl,o#d    ,,oxides4 ,!  
names ( ^! h1 9 g5]al1 ref]5ce to !     
numb] (  atoms ( oxyg5 :i* !y conta94   
,:5 a metal =ms only "o basic  comp\nd )
 oxyg51 ?is comp\nd is simply call$ !   
oxide ( su*  base2 b z mo/ sub/ances =m 
m ?an "o comp\nd ) oxyg51  c]ta9        
prefixes are introduc$ to express !     
proportions4 ,9 su* cases  x is g5]ally 

f\nd t "o out ( ! numb] has a /rongly   
m>k$  basic "*1 & conta9s #a atom ( ea* 
( its con/itu5ts4 ,?is is  call$ !      
oxide1 protoxide1 or monoxide1 & =ms !  
/&>d to :i*  ^? bo? above & bel[ x are  
pref]r$4 ,?us1 suppos+ ,m to be !       
metal1 we may h3----      ,suboxide or  
dioxide 7suboxydum1 dioxydum7           
,m#b,o    ,oxide1 protoxide1 or monoxide
 7oxydum1 protoxydum7        ,,mo       
,sesquioxide 7sesquioxydum7             
,m#b,o#c    ,b9oxide1 dioxide1 or       
deutoxide 7b9oxydum1        deutoxydum7 
,,mo#b    ,t]oxide or trioxide          
7t]oxydum1 tritoxydum7            ,,mo#c
                                        
,t conta9+                              
! l>ge/    ,p]oxide 7p]oxydum7          
proportion (                            
oxyg54    ,,salts4----a4 ,acids hav+    
names end+ 9 -,,ic give rise to salts ^:
  names end 9 ,,ate2 ?us nitr,,ic acid  
yields nitr,,ates1 e4g4 nitrate (       
silv]4 -,,ate is ,lat9is$ by -,,z1 e4g4 
nitrate ( silv] becomes  arg5ti nitr,,z4

    b4 ,acids possess+ names end+ 9     
-,,ous =m salts hav+ names end+  9      
-,,ite2 ?us sulphur,,ous acid produces  
sulph,,ites1 e4g4 sulphite (  sodium4   
-,,ite is ,lat9is$ by -,,is2 e4g4       
sulphite ( sodium becomes  sulph,,is4   
c4 ,! prec$+ names are presum$ to ref]  
to neutral comp\nds4 ,9  acid salts !   
prefixes notic$ above are add$ to       
express !  prepond]ance ( ! acid radical
 ov] ! metal4 ,,khso#d is call$ acid    
sulphate ( potassium1 ,,bisulphate (    
potassium1 or ,,bisulphate (  pota%1 !  
neutral sulphate be+ ,k#b,,s#d4    d4 ,9
 basic salts1 or ^? 9 :i* ! metal is 9  
excess ( !  acid radical1 ! prefixes    
-,,sub & -,,di are employ$2 e4g4 ! =mula
  ( neutral acetate ( lead is ,pb#b4    
,?is salt1 :5 boil$ ) oxide  ( lead 7a  
base71 furni%es ,pb#b,pb,o &            
,pb#bb,pb,o4 ,!y are bo?1  !re=e1 basic 
acetates2 & to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r !  =m]
 is call$ ,,diacetate & ! latt]         
,,triacetate ( lead2 -di  ref]r+ to !   
pres5ce ( two atoms ( lead & -tri to    

?ree4    ,=m]ly ! salts ( ! metals ( !  
alkalies & alkal9e e>?s  receiv$ names  
:i* indicat$ ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( ! oxides (
 su*  metals4 ,?us1 ! t]ms c>bonate (   
soda1 nitrate ( pota%1 c>bonate (  lime1
 sulphate ( magnesia1 names by :i* ^!   
fluids are /ill  designat$ by "s *emi/s 
are n[ sub/itut$ by ! m sy/ematic &     
less speculative names ( c>bonate (     
sodium1 nitrate ( potassium1  c>bonate (
 calcium1 & sulphate ( magnesium4       
,ano!r1 & 9 !  op9ion ( ! editor1 a /ill
 bett] sy/em ( nom5clature is t 9  :i* !
 metallic or basic radical is m5tion$   
fir/2 e4g4 calcium  sulphate in/ead (   
sulphate ( calcium1 ammonium *loride =  
*loride (  ammonium4 ,:5 ! same radicals
 =m m ?an "o s]ies ( salts1  ea* s]ies  
is di/+ui%$ by app5d+ ! t]m9ations -,,ic
 & -,,ous to  t "p ( ! "n :i* ref] to ! 
basic radical2 e4g4 m]cur,,ous  *loride 
7,hg,cl71 m]cur,,ic *loride7,hg,cl#b72  
f]r,,ous sulphate  7,fe,s,o#d71 f]r,,ic 
sulphate7,fe#b7,,s#d7c74                
,,non-,,metallic ,,bodies1 c4 ,! names (

 ! comp\nds =m$ by ! union (  !         
non-metallic elem5ts1 & c]ta9 o!r       
bodies1 ) ! metals &  ) ea* o!r1 ei!r   
t]m9ate 9 -,,ide1 ,lat9is$ by -,,idum1  
or 9  -,,uret1 ,lat9is$ by -,,uretum2 z1
 ars5,,ide or ars5i,,uret 7ars5,,idum1  
ars5i,,uretum71 brom,,ide1 c>b,,ide or  
c>b,,uret1 *lor,,ide1 cyan,,ide         
fluor,,ide1 hydr,,ide1 iod,,ide1        
sulph,,ide or sulph,,uret1 c4 ,! fir/  (
 ^! t]m9ations n[ prevails among ,engli%
 sci5tific *emi/s4 ,!  prefixes already 
notic$ are also employ$ "h4    ,,metals4
 ,! names ( ! metals 7^? ( !m1 at lea/1 
t h be5  giv5 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury7 end 
9 -,,ium or 7less frequ5tly7 9 -,,um2  z
 potass,,ium1 sod,,ium1 plat9,,um4 ,!   
,lat9 names ( sev]al ( !  non-metallic  
elem5t>y bodies also end 9 -,,ium2 z1   
iod9,,ium1  nitrog5,,ium1 c4            
,,alkaloids4 ,! names ( ! organic bases 
:i* resemble ! alkalies 9  _! prop]ties 
end ei!r 9 -,,ia1 -,,na1 or -,,ine2 z1  
morph,,ia1 qui,,na1  /ry*n,,ine4 ,^!    
t]m9ations are n[ limit$1 z mu* z       

possible1 to  sub/ances exhibit+ basic  
prop]ties1 b 7 =m]ly v loosely  appli$4 
,_m *emi/s reject ! fir/ two t]m9ations1
 & apply -,,ine to e  sub/ance ( ?is    
class2 z1 morph,,ine1 qu9,,ine1         
anil,,ine1 c4    ,,o!r ,,organic        
,,sub/ances4 ,! names ( organic radicles
 g5]ally  t]m9ate 9 -,,yl2 z1 e?,,yl1   
me?,,yl1 b5z,,oyl1 c42 !y mo/ly  conta9 
c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,comp\nds      
correspond+ to !  electro-negative      
elem5ts h ! t]m9ation -,,og51 z         
cyan,,og51  amid,,og54 ,neutral comp\nds
 ( c>bon & hydrog51 mo/ly liquid1 h  !  
t]m9ation -,,ol1 or -,,ole2 z1 b5z,,ol1 
pyr,,ole4 ,o!r neutral  sub/ances1      
g5]ally solid1 h ! t]m9ation -,,92 z1   
p>aff,,91  naph?al,,94 ,comp\nds        
resembl+ ammonia1 & g5]ally consid]$ z  
#8sub/itution comp\nds' ( t body1       
t]m9ate 9 -,,am9e2 z1  e?yl,,am9e1      
propyl,,am9e4    ,! ,lat9 g5itive or    
possessive ( ! above comp\nds 9----     
-z    is  -atis    -is    0   -itis     
-icum  0   -ici    -osum  0   -osi      

-idum  0   -idi    -etum  0   -eti      
-ium   0   -ii    -um    0   -i    -ia  
-a    0   -    -na     ,ex4 ,acetas     
7acetate71 acetatis ( acetate2 ars5is1  
ars5itis2 citricum1  citrici2 ars5iosum1
 ars5iosi2 iodidum1 iodidi2 sulphuretum1
 sulphureti2  sodium1 sodii2 plat9um1   
plat9i2 morphia1 morphi2 qu9a1 qu92     
n>cot9a1 n>cot94 ,! g5itives ( common   
names v>y ) !  t]m9ation4 ,mo/ ( ^? end+
 9 -a make 1 & mo/ ( ^? 9 -u  & -um make
 -i2 b !re are _m exceptions1 among :i* 
cornu 7a horn7  & spiritus 7_s7 :i* are 
unalt]$ 9 ! g5itive s+ul>1 may be       
m5tion$ z examples4    ,,norfolk        
,,fluid4 ,prep4 ,take ( l9se$ oil1 #c   
p9ts2 black res91 #a_/b  lb42 yell[ wax1
 #ab oz42 melt1 & add1 ( neat's-foot    
oil1 #a qu>t2 oil  ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t4  
,us$ to pres]ve & s(t5 lea!r4           
,,nor,,ium4 ,an unexam9$ metal1 ! oxide 
( :i*1 accord+ to ,svanb]g1  exi/s 9    
c]ta9 v>ieties ( ,,zircon4              
,,nos,,trums4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es1 c4
    ,,notices4 ,! foll[+ sections ( !   

,public ,heal? ,act ref] to  s]v+ &     
deliv]y ( notices "u t ,/atute3    7,s4 
#bff47 ,notices1 ord]s1 & o!r su*       
docum5ts "u ! ,public  ,heal? ,act may  
be 9 writ+ or pr9t1 or p>tly 9 writ+ &  
p>tly 9  pr9t2 & if ! same require      
au!ntication by ! local au?ority1 !     
signature !re( by ! cl]k to ! local     
au?ority or _! surveyor or  inspector ( 
nuisances %all be suffici5t             
au!ntication4    7,s4 #bfg47 ,notices1  
ord]s1 or any o!r docum5ts requir$ or   
au?oris$  to be s]v$ "u ! said ,act may 
be s]v$ by deliv]+ ! same to or  at !   
resid5ce ( ! p]son to :om !y are        
respectively address$1 or  :]e address$ 
to ! own] or occupi] ( premises1 by     
deliv]+ !  same or a true copy !re( to  
"s p]son on ! premises1 or if !re is  no
 p]son on ! premises :o c be s s]v$1 by 
fix+ ! same on "s  conspicu\s "p ( !    
premises2 !y may also be s]v$ by po/ by 
a  prepaid lett]1 & if s]v$ by po/ %all 
be deem$ to h be5 s]v$  at ! "t :5 !    
lett] conta9+ ! same w\ld h be5 deliv]$ 

9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( po/1 & 9 prov+ su*   
s]vice x %all be  suffici5t to prove t !
 notice1 ord]1 or o!r docum5t 0 prop]ly 
address$ & put into ! po/4    ,any      
notice requir$ to be giv5 to ! own] or  
occupi] ( any premises  may be address$ 
by ! description ( ! #8own]' or         
#8occupi]' ( !  premises 7nam+ !m7 9    
respect ( :i* ! notice is giv51 )\t     
fur!r "n or description4    ,en=c+ !    
,dra9age ( ,h\ses4    7,s4 #bc47 ,notice
 is to be giv5 to ! own] or occupi]1 b 9
 case (  ! failure ( ei!r to comply1 & !
 au?ority hav+ to d ! "w1  ! exp5ses    
fall on ! own]4    ,insuffici5t ,privy  
,accommodation4    7,,ss4 #cf & #cg47 ,!
 same proc$ure z "u ! above section4    
,! ,cleans+ & ,:itewa%+ ( ,h\ses4       
7,s4 #df47 ,notice to ! own] or         
occupi]4----    ,! p]son on :om ! notice
 is s]v$ is liable to a p5alty if x is  
n compli$ )4                  ,!        
,removal ( ,manure or ,fil?1 c41 9 an   
,urban ,di/rict4        7,s4 #di47      
,notice to be s]v$ on ! p]son to :om !  

manure      belongs1 or to ! occupi] ( !
 premises :]eon x exi/s4      ,if !     
urban au?ority h to remove x !mselves1 !
 exp5se      ( removal falls ^u ! own] (
 ! manure1 c41 or !      occupi] ( !    
premises1 or :]e !re is no occupi]1 !   
own] ( ! premises4                      
,9 ! case ( ,nuisances4        7,s4     
#id47 ,notice is to be s]v$ ^u ! p]son  
caus+ or      p]mitt+ ! nuisance to     
rema91 or1 if he _c be f\nd1 on      !  
own] or occupi] ( ! premises on :i* !   
nuisance      arises2 b if ! nuisance   
arises f ! want or defective            
con/ruction ( any /ructural conv5i5ce1  
or :]e !re is no      occupi]1 notice is
 to be s]v$ on ! own]4             ,9 ! 
case ( ,h\ses1 c41 requir+ ,dis9fection4
        7,s4 #abj47 ,notice is to be    
giv5 to ! own] or occupi]1 & 9      case
 ( non-compliance1 ! p]son on :om !     
notice is s]v$      is liable to        
p5alties1 & ! exp5ses ( ! au?ority do+  
! necess>y works falls ^u t p]son 7)    
c]ta9      exceptions1 9 case ( pov]ty74

    ,,nov>,,g5t4 ,prep4 ,f rec5tly      
precipitat$ *loride ( silv] by  dissolv+
 x 9 a solution ( ei!r hyposulphite (   
sodium or ( cyanide  ( potassium4 ,us$  
*iefly to re/ore old plat$ goods4 ,!    
liquid is  rubb$ ov] ! metal to be coat$
 ) a little prep>$ *alk1 & !  "p is     
aft]w>ds poli%$ (f ) a piece ( s(t      
lea!r4 ,a p[d]  rec5tly sold "u ! same  
"n is =m$ by mix+ ! prec$+  article )   
*alk1 & dry+ ! mass4 ,x is made into a  
pa/e ) a  little wat]1 _s ( w9e1 or g91 
be=e apply+ x4    ,,novaur,,um4 ,f a    
solution ( neutral tri*loride ( gold1 z 
! la/4    ,,noyau4 ,syn4 ,,cr,,me ,,de  
,,noyau4 ,?is is a pleasant nutty-ta/$  
liqueur2  b f ! l>ge proportion (       
prussic acid :i* x conta9s1 a small     
quantity only %\ld be tak5 at a "t4     
,prep4 #a4 ,bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #c  
oz42 _s 7#bb u4 p471 #a qu>t2  sug>1 #a 
lb42 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2      
mac]ate = #aj days1  frequ5tly %ak+ !   
vessel2 !n all[ x to repose = a few     
days1 &  decant ! cle> portion4    #b4  

,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ apricot or pea*   
k]nels 7) !  %ells1 bruis$71 = !        
almonds4    #c4 ,to ei!r ( ! above1 add 
( cori&] se$ & g+]1 ( ea*1  bruis$1 #a  
dr42 mace & c9namon1 ( ea* #a_/b dr4    
#d4 7,:olesale47 ,to pla9 cordial1 at   
#ed to #fj u4 p41 conta9+ #c lbs4 (     
sug> p] gallon1 add1 gradually1 ess5ce (
 bitt] almonds1 q4 s4 to  flav\r4    #e4
 7,,cr,,me ,,de ,,noyau ,,de            
,,m>t9ique47 ,loaf sug>1 #bd lbs42 wat]1
 #b-a_/b  galls42 dissolve1 add1 ( pro( 
_s1 #e galls42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #c     
p9ts2 bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #a lb42   
ess5ce ( lemons1 #b dr42 z  above4 ,see 
,,liqueurs4    ,,nuisance4 ,! foll[+ are
 ! *ief clauses ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act 
respect+ nuisances3    ,def9ition (     
,nuisances4    #a4 ,any premises 9 su* a
 /ate z to be a nuisance or injuri\s to 
heal?4    #b4 ,any pool1 dit*1 gutt]1   
wat]-c\rse1 privy1 ur9al1 cesspool1     
dra91  or a%pit1 s f\l z to be a        
nuisance or injuri\s to heal?4    #c4   
,any animal s kept z to be a nuisance or

 injuri\s to heal?4    #d4 ,any         
accumulation or deposit :i* is a        
nuisance or injuri\s to heal?4    #e4   
,any h\se1 or "p ( a h\se1 s ov]cr[d$ z 
to be dang]\s or  injuri\s to ! heal? ( 
! inmates1 :e!r or n memb]s ( ! same    
family4    #f4 ,any factory1 work%op1 or
 workplace 7n already "u ! op]ation (   
any g5]al ,act = ! regulation (         
factories or bakeh\ses7 n kept 9  a     
cleanly /ate1 or n v5tilat$ 9 su* a     
mann] z to r5d] h>mless  z f> z         
practicable any gases1 vap\rs1 du/1 or  
o!r impurities  g5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w 
c>ri$ on !re9 t are a nuisance  or      
injuri\s to heal?1 or s ov]cr[d$ :ile "w
 is c>ri$ on z to  be dang]\s & injuri\s
 to ! heal? ( ^? employ$ !re94    #g4   
,any fireplace or furnace :i* does n1 z 
f> z practicable1 consume  ! smoke aris+
 f ! combu/ible us$ 9 su* fireplace or  
furnace1  & is us$ = work+ eng9es by    
/eam1 or 9 any mill1 factory1  dye-h\se1
 brew]y1 bakeh\se1 or gaswork1 or 9 any 
manufactur+ or  trade process :atsoev]2 

&----    ,any *imney 7n be+ ! *imney ( a
 private dwell+-h\se7 s5d+  =? black    
smoke 9 su* quantity z to be a nuisance2
    ,%all be deem$ to be nuisances      
liable to be dealt ) summ>ily "u  !     
,public ,heal? ,act3 ,provid$----       
,fir/4 ,t a p5alty %all n be impos$ on  
any p]son 9 respect ( any  accumulation 
or deposit necess>y = ! effectual c>ry+ 
on any  bus9ess or manufacture1 if x be 
prov$ to ! satisfaction ( ! c\rt  t !   
accumulation or deposit has n be5 kept  
long] ?an is  necess>y = ! purposes ( ! 
bus9ess or manufacture1 & t !  be/      
available means h be5 tak5 = prev5t+    
injury !reby to !  public heal?4        
,secondly4 ,t :]e a p]son is summon$    
be=e any c\rt 9 respect ( a  nuisance   
aris+ f a fireplace or furnace :i* does 
n consume !  smoke aris+ f ! combu/ible 
us$ 9 su* fireplace or furnace1 !  c\rt 
may hold t no nuisance is creat$ )9 !   
mean+ ( ?is ,act1  & dismiss ! compla9t1
 if x is satisfi$ t su* fireplace or    
furnace is con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to 

consume z f> z  practicable1 hav+ reg>d 
to ! nature ( ! manufacture or trade1   
all  smoke aris+ !refrom1 & t su*       
fireplace or furnace has be5  c>efully  
att5d$ to by ! p]son hav+ ! *>ge !re(4  
7,p4 ,h41 s4  #ia47    ,! ,act also     
def9es & specifies3----#a4 ,! duty &    
p[]s ( a local  au?ority to inspect a   
di/rict ) ! view to an abatem5t ( any   
nuisance4 #b4 ,! process ( in=mation to 
be pursu$ 9 repres5t+ a  nuisance to any
 local au?ority4 #c4 ,proc$ure on fail+ 
to comply )  notice4 #d4 ,! p[] ( ! c\rt
 to make an ord] deal+ ) su*  nuisance4 
#e4 ,! p5alty = neglect+ to obey su*    
ord]4 #f4 ,! p[]  ( compla9t by private 
individuals4 #g4 ,! p[] ( ! police to   
proce$  9 c]ta9 cases4 #h4 ,! co/ &     
exp5se ( execut+ ! provisions  relat+ to
 nuisances4 #i4 ,! p[] ( sale ( manure1 
c4 #aj4 ,!  sup]vision ( nuisances caus$
 by dra9s1 privies c4 #aa4 ,! proce$+s  
to be tak5 9 c]ta9 cases aga9/ nuisances
 9 %ips1 c4    ,,nur,,s+4 ,milk is !    
natural food ( ! mammalia dur+ ! e>li]  

p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x conta9s all t is 
necess>y = !  n\ri%m5t ( _! bodies1 & on
 x !y ?rive & gr[4 ,its secretion  only 
actively comm5ces at ! "t :5 x is       
requir$ = ! su/5ance  ( ! (fspr+1 & x   
ei!r mat]ially less5s 9 quantity1 or    
:olly  disappe>s1 z soon z ! necessity (
 its exi/5ce has pass$ away1 &  ! little
 be+ :o dep5d$ on x has acquir$         
suffici5t age &  /r5g? to exi/ on crud] 
alim5t4 ,! nurs+ "m1 :5 9 a /ate  (     
p]fect heal?1 & prop]ly suppli$ ) a     
suffici5cy1 )\t  excess1 ( nutriti\s    
food1 elaborates ?is secretion 9 !      
fitte/  condition to ensure ! heal? &   
vig\r ( h] (fspr+4 ,h] bosom is  !      
f\nta9 :5ce fl[s ! beauty & /am9a ( !   
future adult1 &  :il/ giv+ /r5g? & life 
to ano!r1 %e increases & prolongs h]    
own4    ,! milk ( woman v>ies ) ! food1 
heal?1 age1 c41 ( ! nurse4  ,t produc$ f
 a mix$ animal & vegetable diet1 nei!r  
acesces nor  coagulates spontane\sly1 l 
c[s' milk2 & :5 g5tly evaporat$ 9  an   
op5 vessel1 8! la/ drop cont9ues ?91    

sweet1 & bl&40 ,acids  & r5net1 h[ev]1  
coagulate x readily1 & s does ! ga/ric  
juice  ( ! infant1 z %[n by ! condition 
9 :i* x is (t5 eject$ by  ! latt]4 ,!   
milk ( a woman :o lives :olly on        
vegetable food acesces  & coagulates )  
equal read9ess & 9 a precisely simil>   
mann] to  c[s' milk4 ,! quality ( ! milk
 also v>ies ) ! progress ( !  dige/ion4 
,)9 ! fir/ h\r or two aft] a meal x is  
?9 &  s]\s1 & !n gradually improves 9   
ri*ness & flav\r1 until at  ab\t ! f\r? 
or fif? h\r x possesses ^! qualities 9 !
 highe/  degree4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! p]iod at
 :i* ! infant %\ld be appli$ to  !      
brea/1 :i*1 accord+ to ! pres5t habits (
 society1 w\ld be  dur+ ! h\r imm$iately
 prec$+ ea* meal1 except ! breakfa/4    
,aft] ab\t ! fif? or six? h\r ! milk    
gradually loses its peculi>  col\r &    
od\r1 until t[>ds ! t5? or twelf? h\r   
aft] eat+  food x becomes yell[i%1      
bitt]1 & (t5 nause\s2 & 9 ?is  condition
 is frequ5tly refus$ by ! infant4 ,?is  
po9ts out !  impropriety ( a nurse fa/+ 

long] ?an #d to #e h\rs1 except dur+ !  
night1 :5 ! p]iod may be ext5d$ to #g or
 #h h\rs1 b nev] long]4  ,! "t aft]     
acc\*em5t is ano!r matt] t influ5ces !  
"* ( human milk 9 respect ( its         
:olesom5ess = ! infant4  ,! milk secret$
 soon aft] deliv]y is v ?9 & s]\s1 b 9 !
  c\rse ( a few days x becomes ?ick]1   
ri*]1 & m nutriti\s2 &  a gradual *ange 
9 ! same direction proce$s dur+ ! usual 
p]iod (  suckl+4 ,:5 ! "m suckles h] own
 infant1 or ! 8age ( !  milk10 z !      
nurses say1 corresponds to t ( ! *ild1  
all goes on  well2 b :5 ! =m] mu* exce$s
 ! latt]1 ! rev]se is !  case4 ,?us1 x  
is f\nd t an infant is incapable (      
completely  dige/+ ! milk ( a nurse ^:  
own *ild is mu* old] ?an itself2  & t an
 infant ( a few weeks old w (t5 />ve on 
! milk  int5d$ by nature = "o sev]al    
times its age4 ,x is1 !re=e1  necess>y1 
9 select+ a wet-nurse1 to be c]ta9 t h] 
condition1 9  ?is respect1 closely      
corresponds to t ( ! "m ( ! infant1 or  
t x does n diff]1 on ?is po9t1 m ?an #c 

or #d weeks4 ,9 respect  ( ! use (      
high-flav\r$ or improp] food & bev]ages1
 m$ic9e1  c41 x appe>s t all ^!         
sub/ances imm$iately affect ! milk1 &   
imp>t to x m or less ( _! peculi> flav\r
 & prop]ties2 &1  except ) rem$ies      
adm9i/]$ "u m$ical advice1 9 ne>ly all  
cases prove injuri\s to ! infant4 ,!    
diet ( a nurse %\ld be  nutriti\s &     
succul5t1 & its heal?y dige/ion %\ld be 
promot$ by  ex]cise & pure air4 ,/rong  
liquors1 m especially spirits1 act l    
sl[ poisons on ! infant1 & _! habitual  
use by a nurse %\ld1  !re=e1 be consid]$
 z a positive disqualification = !      
duties (  h] (fice4 ,! c>e ( ! "m or    
wet-nurse %\ld be p>ticul>ly  direct$ to
 ! ma9t5ance ( h] own heal? &           
equanimity1 by :i*  bo? ! heal? & good  
temp] ( ! infant w be1 z f> z possible1 
ensur$4 ,a griev+1 irritable1 or angry  
"m =ces h] bad qualities  on h] (fspr+1 
9 ! %ape ( fits1 convulsions1 or        
hopeless m>asmus4  ,see ,,infancy1      
,,milk1 ,,infants1 ,,food ,,=1 c4       

,,nut,,meg4 ,syn4 ,,myri/ic ,,nucleus1  
,,nuci/a1 ,,nux ,,mos*ata1 ,n4          
,,myri/ica1  ,n4 ,,aromatica1 ,,myri/ica
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,! %ell$ se$ 
(  ,myri/ica (fic9alis 7,l9n42 ,m4      
mos*ata----,?unb]g71or nutmeg-tree40  ,x
 is *iefly us$ z a spice & condim5t1 b x
 is also e/eem$ z an  aromatic 9        
flatul5cy & di>rha4----,dose4 ,half a   
teaspoonful1 or m1  grat$4 ,! di/ill$ & 
express$ oils 7,,oleum ,,myri/ic7 are   
also  (fic9al4    ,( ! diff]5t v>ieties 
( nutmegs met ) 9 comm]ce1 ^? kn[n z    
,p5ang are ! mo/ valuable4 ,next to ^!  
rank ! ,dut* or ,batavian  k9d1 & aft]  
^! ! ,s+apore nutmegs4 ,9 ! ,dut* or    
,batavian  v>iety ! ext]ior is compos$ (
 a numb] ( :ite furr[s1 ) br[n          
projections1 :i* aspect is caus$ by _!  
hav+ be5 du/$ ov] )  lime previ\s to _! 
exportation4 ,besides ! above1 !re is   
also a  v inf]ior description1 kn[n z ! 
long or wild nutmeg1 :i* are met  ) ei!r
 9 ! %ell1 out ( ! %ell1 or 9 ! %ell ) !
 mace  atta*$4    ,nutmegs are subject  

to ! ravages ( a worm :i* w\ld seem to  
dev\r or  de/roy _! aromatic pr9ciple1  
s9ce :5 attack$ by ?is p>asite  !y lose 
bo? _! od\r & ta/e4    ,9 #ajj p>ts s\nd
 nutmegs conta9----      ,volatile oil  
#fj    ,liquid fat        #gf    ,solid 
fat        #bdj    ,acid                
#jh    ,/>*            #bd    ,gum      
#ab    ,ligne\s fibre   #edj    ,loss   
#dj                   ------------      
#ajjj                   7,,bona/re47    
,,nutri,,tion4 ,! ph5om5a ( life are    
accompani$ by ! con/ant &  unceas+ wa/e 
( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! animal body is     
compos$4  ,e act ( volition1 e ex]tion (
 muscul> p[]1 e functional  action ( !  
organism1 :e!r p]ceptible or            
imp]ceptible &  involunt>y1 e play (    
*emical aff9ity & decomposition1 ev5    
?\ght itself1 occasions !               
disorganisation & de/ruction1 z liv+    
matt]1 ( a portion ( ourselves4 ,b !    
process ( respiration1 & !  v>i\s       
important *anges ) :i* x is connect$1   
t5ds1 m ?an all  ! o!r vital functions1 

to wa/e ! sub/ance ( ! body1 !          
temp]ature ( :i* x is its special (fice 
to support4 ,?is loss1 ?is  *ange1 :i*  
comm5ces ) life & t]m9ates only ) dea?1 
is  comp5sat$ = by ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! 
:ole frame by !  deposition &           
assimilation1 or organisation1 ( matt] f
 ! blood1  :i* ?us becomes gradually    
?9n] & impov]i%$1 unless1 9 its  turn1 x
 receives a correspond+ supply ( its    
vital elem5ts4 ,?is x  does f ! food1   
:i*1 by ! functions ( dige/ion1 is      
conv]t$  into a #8*yle1' & aft] be+ tak5
 up by ! #8lacteals1' passes into  !    
blood1 ( :i* x !n becomes a "p1 & aft]  
be+ animalis$ &  r5d]$ simil> to ! be+ x
 is de/9$ to n\ri%1 by ! peculi>  action
 ( ! vital aff9ities1 x atta*es itself  
to ^? organs or  tissues1 ! loss ( :i* x
 is int5d$ to supply4 ,?is con/itutes   
nutrition4    ,! food ( animals1 or1 r1 
! nutriti\s portion ( t food on  :i* we 
live1 is :olly organic matt]1 & is ei!r 
directly or  indirectly produc$ by !    
p[]s ( vegetation f ! inorganic _w4  ,! 

plant elaborates food = ! h]bivora1 &   
^!1 9 _! turn1  s]ve z food = !         
fle%-eat+ animals4 ,9 bo? cases ! lead+ 
alim5t>y pr9ciples are ! same2 !        
diff]5ce is 9 _!  proportions4 ,fle% is 
id5tical 9 composition ) blood1 & ) !   
body ( ! animal t blood is de/9$ to     
n\ri%4 ,x ab\nds 9  album51 case91 &    
fibr94 ,! vegetable sub/ances us$ z food
 also  conta9 nitrog5is$ pr9ciples ( a  
precisely simil> "* &  *emical          
con/itution to ^? f\nd 9 fle%1 & :i* we 
are1  !re=e1 b\nd to believe are        
absolutely ! same4 ,! glut5 ( :eat1  :5 
purifi$ f gliad91 pres5ts all !         
*>act]i/ics ( pure  fibr94 ,! album5    
extract$ f vegetable juices1 :5         
coagulat$ by  heat1 _c be di/+ui%$ f !  
boil$ :ite ( egg 9 a divid$  condition4 
,! legum5 or vegetable case9 ( almonds1 
peas1 beans1 &  _m ( ! oily se$s1 be>s !
 mo/ /rik+ resemblance to ! case9  (    
milk4 ,^! facts cle>ly %[ t ! lead+     
nitrog5is$ pr9ciples  ( animal bodies   
pre-exi/ 9 vegetables1 & t ! sub/ances  

employ$  z food mu/ h ! same1 or ne>ly !
 same1 *emical composition z  ! body    
itself4 ,! /rik+ contra/ ( animal &     
vegetable food1 z  f> z ?is po9t is     
conc]n$1 is m app>5t ?an real4 ,! actual
  diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is to be f\nd 9 
! exi/5ce ( a l>ge  quantity (          
non-nitrog5is$ matt] 7sug>1 />*1 c47 9 !
 la/1  :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! o!r----matt]
 :i* ab\nds 9 c>bon1 &  :i*1 by its     
combu/ion 9 ! sy/em1 s]ves to support ! 
animal heat  at a less sacrifice ( !    
organic fabric4 ,9 ! fle%-eat+ animal ! 
wa/e ( ! organic tissues is v rapid1 & !
 tax ^u ! vital  en]gies proportionate2 
= ! temp]ature ( its body is kept up1 = 
! mo/ "p1 by ! burn+ ( ! nitrog5is$     
matt] ( :i* ^!  tissues are compos$4    
,! process ( dige/ion is t by :i* !     
available portions ( !  food are r$uc$  
to a =m adapt$ = absorption by ! vessels
 by :i*  x is introduc$ into ! sy/em4 ,9
 ! fle%-eat+ animal ?is process  is     
extremely simple1 & consi/s 9 ! m]e     
comm9ution ( ! food by  ! tee?1 & its   

r$uction to ! liquid /ate 9 ! /oma*1    
aft]  :i*1 f ! nature ( its composition1
 x is ne>ly all tak5 up1 &  at once     
convey$ into ! blood4 ,9 ! h]bivora1    
h[ev]1 ! process (  dige/ion is mu* m   
complicat$1 & occupies a long] p]iod4   
,besides  ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( fle%1 _! 
food conta9s />*1 sug>1 gum1  c41 mix$ )
 mu* in]t vegetable fibre & o!r useless 
sub/ances1  f :i* x mu/ be sep>at$4 ,!  
fir/ ( ^! supply mat]ials =  ! wa/e &   
gr[? ( ! body1 ! second meet !          
requirem5ts (  respiration1 & ! la/ pass
 unalt]$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal4    ,!  
nature ( ! dige/ive process is n cle>ly 
e/abli%$4 ,!  pr9cipal objects effect$  
appe> to be ! conv]sion ( />*1          
coagulat$ album51 fibr91 case91 c41 into
 a liquid =m4 ,x is kn[n  t ! saliva    
conta9s a peculi> pr9ciple 7ptyal97     
resembl+  dia/ase1 capable ( transmut+  
/>* into sug>1 & t :5 a little  />* is  
held 9 ! m\? = a %ort "t ?is *ange      
actually occurs4  ,x is also kn[n t !   
ga/ric juice conta9s a peculi> organic  

pr9ciple nam$ #8peps91' & t ?is         
sub/ance1 9 conjunction )  dilute       
hydro*loric acid1 :i* is likewise pres5t
 9 ! /oma*1  possesses ! prop]ty (      
dissolv+ ! album9\s pr9ciples ( food4   
7,see ,,peps947 ,^! *anges occur :5ev]  
^! conditions are  e/abli%$ out ( !     
body1 & h5ce x is inf]r$ t ! process (  
dige/ion is effect$ by simil> means4 ,( 
?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no  direct evid5ce4  
,! use ( food1 z already notic$1 is     
tw(old4 ,x supplies ! mat]ials  (       
nutrition to balance ! wa/e ( ! tissues 
cont9ually tak+ place  9 ! body1 & x    
conveys into ! sy/em ^? elem5ts :i*1 by 
_!  *emical comb9ations1 produce heat4  
,to effect ?is purpose 9 ! mo/          
b5eficial mann]1 ! food %\ld n only be  
suffici5t 9 quantity1 b  ! proportions (
 its nitrog5is$ & c>bonace\s pr9ciples  
%\ld  be> su* relations to ea* o!r z to 
amply meet ! dem&s ( !  sy/em = ea*1 )\t
 ! exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ( an undue excess (  
ei!r4    ,:5 ! muscul> movem5ts ( a     
heal?y animal are re/ra9$1 a g5ial      

temp]ature kept up1 & an ample supply ( 
food conta9+ mu*  amylace\s or oily     
matt] giv51 an accumulation ( fat 9 !   
sy/em  rapidly takes place2 ?is is well 
se5 9 ! case ( /all-f$ cattle4 ,on  !   
o!r h&1 :5 food is defici5t1 & mu*      
ex]cise is tak51  emaciation results4   
,^! effects are ascrib$ to diff]5ces 9 !
  activity ( ! respiratory function4 ,9 
! fir/ in/ance1 ! heat-food  is suppli$ 
fa/] ?an x is consum$1 & h5ce           
accumulates 9 ! =m  ( fat2 9 ! second1 !
 conditions are rev]s$1 & ! creature is 
kept 9 a /ate ( leanness by its rapid   
consumption4 ,! fat ( an  animal appe>s 
to be ! provision ( nature = ! ma9t5ance
 ( life  dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod "u          
circum/ances ( privation4 ,h5ce x is t  
a lean animal suff]s m f cold ?an a fat 
"o1 & is also soon]  />v$4    8,! orig9 
( fat 9 ! animal body has rec5tly be5   
made ! subject  ( mu* animat$           
discussion2 on ! "o h&1 x 0 cont5d$ t   
satisfactory evid5ce exi/s ( ! conv]sion
 ( />* & sac*>9e  sub/ances into fat1 by

 sep>ation ( c>bon & oxyg51 ! *ange     
some:at resembl+ t ( ! v9\s f]m5tation2 
x 0 argu$1 on !  o!r side1 t oily or    
fatty matt] is inv>iably pres5t 9 ! food
  suppli$ to ! dome/ic animals1 & t ?is 
fat is m]ely absorb$ &  deposit$ 9 !    
body 9 a slightly modifi$ /ate4 ,! "q   
has n[  be5 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ ( ^!
 views1 :i* 0 enunciat$  by ,pr(essor   
,liebig1 by ! v *emi/ :o =m]ly advocat$ 
! second  op9ion4 ,by a s]ies ( v       
beautiful exp]im5ts1 ,,mm4 ,dumas &     
,milne-,edw>ds prov$ t bees exclusively 
fe$+ ^u sug> 7 /ill  capable ( produc+  
wax1 :i* 0 po9t$ out z a v]itable fact40
    ,pr(essor ,liebig divid$ ! pr9ciples
 f\nd 9 food into two                   
classes3----pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition1 
or fle%-&-blood-mak+  pr9ciples2 &      
elem5ts ( respiration1 or ^? :i*1 by _! 
decomposition or combu/ion 9 ! sy/em1   
g5]ate heat4 ,!y are z  foll[s3----     
,elem5ts ( ,nutrition4      ,elem5ts (  
,respiration4                           
7,pla/ic or ,nitrog5\s47                

7,heat-produc+47                        
----------------                        
----------------    ,animal fle%        
,fat    ,blood                          
,/>*    ,vegetable album5               
,gum    ,vegetable case9                
,cane sug>    ,vegetable fibr9          
,grape sug>                             
,milk sug>                              
,pect9 sug>                             
,alcohol    ,?is division is 9 ! ma9    
w>rant$ by fact1 b1 no d\bt1 !          
nitrog5\s elem5ts ( food produce heat z 
well z ! non-nitrog5\s4    ,,nux        
,,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,koo*la ,,nut1 ,,poison
 ,n41 ,,vomit ,n42 ,,nuces ,,vomic1     
,,nux  ,,vomica 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph41 ,l41    
,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,! se$ ( ,/ry*nos ,nux 
vomica1  ,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l471 import$ f ! 
,ea/ ,indies 7,b4 ,p474 ,?is drug is    
*iefly kn[n z a viol5t excitant ( !     
c]ebro-sp9al sy/em4 ,9 small  doses1    
frequ5tly repeat$1 x is tonic1 diuretic1
 &1 occasionally1  laxative2 9 slightly 
l>g] ones1 x is emetic2 &1 9 l>ge doses1

 x  is an en]getic & fe>ful             
poison4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 9       
p>alysis1  n]v\s affections1 impot5ce1  
*ronic dys5t]y1 *ronic di>rha1 c4  ,its 
frequ5t use is said to r5d] ! sy/em pro(
 aga9/ ! poison (  s]p5ts4 ,see         
,,/ry*n9e1 its active pr9ciple4         
,,oak4 ,! ,briti% oak is ! ,qu]cus      
,robur ( ,l9nu1 ( :i* !re  are two      
v>ieties1 ,q4 p$uncata & ,q4 sessiflora4
 ,! wood ( ! oak  is m durable ?an t (  
any o!r tree1 & 8= at once support+ a   
weight1 resi/+ a /ra91 & n spl9t]+ by a 
cannon %ot1 x is  sup]ior to e o!r k9d40
 ,x1 nev]!less1 8w>ps & twi/s mu* 9     
dry+2 &1 9 season+1 %r9ks ab\t #a-cbnd (
 its wid?40 ,=eign oak  is less durable1
 b m brittle & workable4 ,! b>k 7,,oak  
,,b>k2  ,,qu]c,s ,,cortex1              
,,qu]cus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d47 is us$ z an a/r+5t  & febrifuge1 9 
doses ( #cj to #abj gr41 frequ5tly2 an  
a/r+5t  decoction is also made ( x1 b   
its *ief employm5t is 9 tann+  lea!r4 ,!
 peculi> appe>ance ( old oak or         

#8wa9scot+' is giv5 to  ! new wood by   
expos+ x1 :il/ v slightly damp1 to !    
fumes (  ammonia4    ,,oat4 ,syn4       
,,av5a1 ,l4 ,! common cultivat$ oat is !
 ,av5a sativa  7,l9n471 a gram9ace\s    
plant1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 z 
! ,av5a sativa alba1 or :ite oat2 ,a4 s4
 nigra1 or black oat2 !  potato oat1 c4 
,o!r species are also cultivat$1 z ,av5a
 nuda  7,l9n471 pilcorn1 or nak$ oat2   
,a4 /rigosa1 or ,spani% oat1 c4 ,!  se$ 
7,,oats2 ,,c>yopsides1 ,,sem9a ,,av5    
,,cruda7 =m ! common horse-corn (  ?is  
c\ntry1 b 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry x  
is ext5sively  us$ z food = man4 ,!     
husk$ gra9 con/itutes ,,groats1 & its   
meal  ,,oatmeal4 ,! latt] does n =m a   
d\gh ) wat]1 z :eat5 meal or  fl\r does4
    ,oats consi/ ( f #bd to #bh ( husk1 
& #gd to #gh ( gra94  ,accord+ to ,m4   
,pay51 !y conta9 ( />*1 #fjei2 azotis$  
matt]1  #adci2 sac*>9e & gummy matt]1   
#ibe2 fatty matt]1 #eej2  cellulose1    
#gfj2 silica & sal9e matt]1 #cbe4 ,!    
husks conta9  betwe5 #f & #g ( sal9e    

matt]4 7,pr(4 ,norton47 ,! a% am\nts to 
#bah1 & consi/s ( potassa & soda1 #bfah2
 lime1 #eie2 magnesia1  #iie2 oxide (   
iron1 #dj2 phosphoric acid1 #dchd2      
sulphuric acid1  #ajde2 *lor9e1#bf2     
silica1 #bfg2 alum9a1 #jf4 7,john/on47  
,! yield ( oats is f #bj bu%els p] acre 
9 poor soils1 up to #fj1 #gj1  & ev5 #hj
 bu%els p] acre 9 ri* soils4 ,! weight  
p] bu%el v>ies  f #ce to #de lbs41 & !  
product 9 meal is ab\t "o half ! weight 
( ! oats4    ,illu/ration3 ,:ite        
oat----,long1 sect41 #bnd & #crd coats n
 sep>able4  a4 ,comp\nd gra9s x #ajj2 b4
 ,"o d4 x #ejj4    ,a l>ge proportion ( 
! oats giv5 to horses passes (f         
undige/$4 ,x  has h5ce be5 propos$ to   
prev5t ?is loss1 by ei!r co>sely bruis+ 
!m 9 a mill1 or by p\r+ boil+ wat] ov]  
!m1 & all[+ !m  to mac]ate till cold1 :5
 !y are to be giv5 to ! horses )\t      
/ra9+ (f ! wat]4 ,x is /at$ on good     
au?ority t oats ?us  treat$ w n only    
fatt5 quick]1 b g twice z f> z )\t      
prep>ation4 ,oat bruis]s are n[         

manufactur$ by mo/ agricultural         
implem5t mak]s4    ,"u ! microscope !   
oat is se5 to consi/ ( two or ?ree      
envelopes2  ! out] be+ compos$ (        
longitud9al cells2 ! second obliquely   
transv]se & n v cle>ly se52 9 ?is1 !    
cells are want+ 9  "p or pass into !    
cells ( ! ?ird coat2 ! ?ird envelope    
consi/s  ( a lay]1 usually s+le1 (      
cells1 l :eat4 ,be=e ! envelopes are    
se>*$ = ! husks mu/ be remov$4 ,!       
/>*-cells are small1 _m  sid$1 & coh]e  
into r\nd composite bodies1 :i* are v   
*>act]i/ic1 & :i*1 by pressure1 may be  
divid$ into sep>ate  gra9s4 ,a high p[] 
is necess>y = ! exam9ation ( ^! latt]4  
,!  />* ( ! oat does n pol>ise light4   
,,oat,,meal4 ,syn4 ,,av5 ,,f>9a1 ,f4    
,,ex ,,sem9ibus ,,av5 7,ph4 ,d71 ,l4    
,oatmeal is ! gra9 ( ! oat depriv$ ( !  
sk91 kiln-dri$1 &  aft]w>ds gr\nd4 ,x is
 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s ( our    
c]eals1 be+ ri* 9 nitrog5\s matt]1 fat1 
/>*1 & sug>4  ,accord+ to ,le!by x      
conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts3----      ,nitrog5\s

 matt]      #abf    ,c>bo-hydrates      
#fch    ,fatty matt]             #ef    
,sal9e matt]            #cj    ,wat]    
#aej                                    
------------                            
#ajjj    ,kreusl] has %[n t ! nitrog5\s 
pr9ciple ( oatmeal conta9s  glut5-case91
 a sub/ance v simil> to ! legum9 ( peas 
& beans4  ,le!by po9ts out t1 al?\gh x  
conta9s m nutri5t mat]ial ?an  :eat1 its
 high] price r5d]s x less economical z  
an article ( diet4  ,oatmeal =ms ! /aple
 ( ! food ( ! f>m lab\r] bo? 9 ,scotl&  
& 9 ,engl&1 be+ consum$ m l>gely by !   
,scot* ?an ! ,engli%  peasant4 ,scot*   
oatmeal is sup]ior to ,engli% 9         
nutritive value4  ,oatmeal1 :5 mix$ )   
wat]1 does n possess suffici5t t5acity  
to  enable x to be made into bread4 ,x  
c1 h[ev]1 be bak$ into excell5t  cakes1 
:i*1 :5 made 9 ,york%ire1 are leav5$1 & 
:5 9 ,scotl&1  unleav5$4    ,! qualities
 ( indige/ibility & a t5d5cy to produce 
irritability (  ! b[els & sk91 h be5    
ascrib$ to oatmeal2 be=e x 0 s  prep>$ z

 to effectually remove f x ! husk &     
hairs by effici5t  scre5+1 x 0 9 ,scotl&
 a frequ5t s\rce ( inte/9al concretion4 
,^! concretions1 ! nature ( :i* 0       
unravell$ by ,dr ,wolla/on1  consi/$    
pr9cipally ( phosphate ( lime mix$ ) !  
hairs & husks  ( ! oat4    ,( ?irty     
samples ( oatmeal exam9$ by ! #8,lancet 
,sanit>y  ,commission]1' no few] ?an    
sixte5 samples1 or m ?an "o half1 7     
adult]at$4 ,! sub/ance g5]ally us$ = ?is
 purpose is b>ley meal1  :i* is only    
half ! price ( oatmeal4 ,husks ( b>ley1 
:eat1 & (  ! oat itself1 are also       
frequ5tly us$4 ,rice & maize are also   
sometimes add$4 ,t suppli$ to ! army1   
navy1 & ! workh\ses1 0  v commonly      
adult]at$ ) :it+1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 or     
gr\nd bones4  ,! m9]al sophi/icant may  
be detect$ by ! excess ( a%1 :i*  %\ld n
 exce$ #bcf p] c5t4 ,^! frauds are      
readily detect$ by !  microscope4       
,grits or ,groats are ! decorticat$ gra9
 ( ! oat1 :i* :5  bruis$ or cru%$       
con/itute ,embd5 groats4 ,flumm]y 7kn[n 

9 ,scotl&  z s[ans7 is made by /eep+ !  
husks ( ! gra9 9 wat]1 until  !y become 
slightly s\r1 ! /ra9$ liquid be+ boil$  
d[n to !  consi/5ce ( gruel4 ,oatmeal   
soon becomes s\r & rancid4 ,x %\ld be   
pur*as$ at su* %ops z h a quick sale =  
x4 ,see ,,ac>i1  ,,/ir-,,ab\t4          
,,obe,,sity4 ,syn4 ,,obesitas1          
,,polys>ca1 ,l4 ,unheal?y or tr\blesome 
fatness or corpul5cy4 ,sometimes !      
secretion ( fat1 & its  accumulation 9 !
 adipose membrane1 is almo/ z rapid z t 
( wat]  9 anas>ca2 on :i* acc\nt "s ( ! 
old writ]s h call$ obesity  a dropsy (  
fat4 ,p]sons 9 easy circum/ances1 (     
indol5t habits1 :o  live freely1 & :o   
are ( a *e]ful & cont5t$ deposition1 are
 ^?  mo/ liable to obesity4 ,! treatm5t 
consi/s 9 ! v gradual  r$uction ( !     
diet1 until x falls r bel[ ! av]age     
quantity  requir$ by a heal?y adult2 ! v
 gradual disuse ( f]m5t$ liquors1  m    
especially be]2 ! gradual abridgm5t ( ! 
"t devot$ to  repose1 until x does n    
exce$ #e or #f h\rs2 ! employm5t (      

sev]al  h\rs daily 9 ex]cise 9 ! op5    
air1 at fir/ mod]ate1 b increas$  day by
 day 9 en]gy1 until x becomes labori\s2 
&1 la/ly1 ar\s+  ! m9d f a /ate ( le?>gy
 to "o ( active or ev5 h>ass+           
employm5t4    ,9 "s cases ! accumulation
 ( fat has be5 enorm\s4 ,bright1 (      
,maldon1 weigh$ #gbh lbs42 ,daniel      
,lamb]t1 ( ,leice/]1 #gci lbs42 a girl1 
#d ye>s old1 notic$ 9 ! #8,phil4        
,trans41' #ahac1 weigh$ #bef lbs4       
,p]sons affect$ ) obesity are g5]ally   
%ort-liv$4    ,,ob/ruction ,,( ,,local  
,,au?ority4 ,v>i\s p5alties are m5tion$ 
9  diff]5t sections ( ! ,public ,heal?  
,act = ! (f5ce ( ob/ruct+  (fic]s1 c41  
repres5t+ ! local au?ority1 9 c>ry+ out 
! ,act4  ,! foll[+ section1 :i* we      
select1 deals ) ! subject  g5]ally3---- 
,sec4 #cjf4 8,any p]son :o wilfully     
ob/ructs any memb] ( ! local  au?ority1 
or any p]son duly employ$ 9 ! execution 
( ?is ,act1 or  :o de/roys1 pulls d[n1  
injures1 or defaces any bo>d on :i* any 
bye-law1 notice1 or o!r matt] is        

inscrib$1 %all1 if ! same 0 put  up by  
au?ority ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d or (
 ! local au?ority1  be liable = e su*   
(f5ce to a p5alty n exce$+ #e4    8,:]e 
! occupi] ( any premises prev5ts ! own] 
!re( f  obey+ or c>ry+ into effect any (
 ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 any  ju/ice1  
to :om application is made 9 ?is behalf1
 %all by ord] 9  writ+ require su*      
occupi] to p]mit ! execution ( any works
  requir$ to be execut$1 provid$ t !    
same appe> to su* ju/ice to  be necess>y
 = ! purpose ( obey+ or c>ry+ into      
effect !  provisions ( ?is ,act2 & if )9
 #bd h\rs aft] ! mak+ ( !  ord] su*     
occupi] fails to comply !re)1 he %all be
 liable to a  p5alty n exce$+ #e = e day
 dur+ ! cont9uance ( su*                
non-compliance4    8,if ! occupi] ( any 
premises1 :5 reque/$ by or on behalf ( !
  local au?ority to /ate ! "n ( ! own] (
 ! premises occupi$ by  him1 refuses or 
wilfully omits to disclose1 or wilfully 
mis/ates !  same1 he %all 7unless he %[s
 cause to ! satisfaction ( ! c\rt =  8  

refusal7 be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ 
#e40    ,o,,*res4 ,^! are native e>?y   
comp\nds ( clay1 col\r$ ) oxide  ( iron1
 ) frequ5tly a little *alk1 or magnesia4
 ,! diff]5ces 9  ! col\r arise p>tly f !
 quantity ( iron pres5t1 & p>tly f  !   
/ate ( oxidation 9 :i* ! iron is f\nd4  
,sev]al v>ieties are  kn[n 9            
comm]ce----,,br[n ,,o*re1 ,,fr5* ,o41   
,,ox=d ,o41 ,,r$ ,o41 ,,roman ,o41      
,,yell[ ,o4 ,all ^!1 ) ! exception ( !  
fir/ & f\r?1 h a  yell[ col\r4 ,,arm5ian
 ,,bole1 ,,indian ,,r$1 ,,v5etian ,r41 &
 ,,spani% ,,br[n1  are also o*res4      
,all ! o*res are d>k5$ by calc9ation4 ,!
 yell[ o*res acquire a  r$ or r$di%-br[n
 col\r by ?is treatm5t4 ,! pigm5t call$ 
#8light  r$' is ?us prep>$ f yell[ o*re4
    ,,odontal,,gia4 ,see ,,too?a*e4     
,o,,doram5ts4 ,syn4 ,,odoram5ta1 ,l4    
,sub/ances employ$ 9 m$ic9e on  acc\nt (
 _! od\r4 ,!y diff] f dis9fectants1 9   
only  disguis+1 b n de/roy+1 noxi\s     
vap\rs1 c4 ,,ammonia1 ,,/rong  ,,v9eg>1 
& ,,pa/illes1 furni% ! mo/ famili>      

examples ( ?is class  ( sub/ances4 ,see 
,,dis9fectants1 ,,p]fumes1 c4           
,o,,d\r4 ,! emanation ( an odorif]\s or 
sc5t-giv+ body4 ,see  ,,p]fumes4        
,,nan,,?ic ,,e!r4 ,see ,,e!r 7nan?ic74  
,,(fic,,inal4 ,syn4 ,,(fic9alis1 ,l4 ,a 
t]m appli$ to sub/ances or  m$ic9es     
ord]$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia4    ,,oil4 ,syn4  
,,oleum1 ,l42 ,,huile1 ,fr4 ,?is "n is  
giv5 to num]\s liquid  or semi-liquid   
sub/ances1 express$ or drawn f animal or
 vegetable  bodies2 to v>i\s products ( 
! di/illation ( bitum9\s m9]als2  & to  
sev]al unctu\s mixtures 9 p]fum]y &     
ph>macy4 ,to facilitate  ref]5ce1 we h  
gr\p$ ! pr9cipal sub/ances g5]ally call$
  #8oils' into classes1 "u ! foll[+     
heads3----,,oils 7,dry+72 ,,oils        
7,empyreumatic73 ,,oils 7,fix$72 ,,oils 
7,m$icat$72 ,,oils 7,m9]al72 ,,oils     
7,mix$72 ,,oils 7,p]fum$72 ,,oils       
7,volatile74 ,see ^! articles also      
bel[3----    ,oil1 ,consolidat$4 ,syn4  
,,campticon1 ,,factiti\s ,,ca\t*\c4 ,a  
sub/ance  hav+ mo/ ( ! prop]ties ( india

 rubb]1 prep>$ by oxidis+  boil$ l9se$  
oil1 or any o!r oil t h>d5s on exposure 
to !  atmosph]e4 ,to obta9 ! solid oil1 
plates ( glass are dipp$ into  l9se$    
oil1 ! films are !n all[$ to dry1 & !   
process is  repeat$ aga9 & aga9 until ! 
plates are coat$ ) _m lay]s (  p]fectly 
oxidis$ oil4 ,in/ead ( plates ( glass1  
ext5sive surfaces (  prep>$ clo? are    
employ$ :5 ! manufacture is c>ri$ out on
 a l>ge  scale4 ,! solid oil1 hav+ be5  
scrap$ or peel$ (f ! surfaces1 is  work$
 ) a small proportion ( %ell-lac1 by    
means ( a mix+ ma*9e  ) hot roll]s1     
until a mat]ial s+ul>ly l ca\t*\c is    
produc$4  ,! consolidat$ oil c be roll$ 
on to fabrics1 s z to =m a  wat]pro(    
clo?1 hav+ ! f9i% & flexibility (       
rubb]-clo?4 ,by  ! action ( heat !      
consolidat$ oil may be conv]t$ into a   
h>d  sub/ance resembl+ vulcanite &      
ebonite4 ,its useful applications appe> 
to be v num]\s1 b its manufacture has n 
z yet made mu*  progress4               
,,oil-,,gas4 ,a mixture ( sev]al gase\s 

hydroc>bons1 obta9$ by pass+  common    
:ale fat1 res91 ! heavy petroleum or    
%ale oil1 or ! t>ry  residues left aft] 
! di/illation ( ^! two latt] sub/ances1 
or  o!r *eap animal oil1 ?r\gh r$-hot   
tubes1 or by all[+ x to fall  9 drops on
 r$-hot /ones or bricks arrang$ 9 an    
iron retort1 or o!r  suitable app>atus4 
,! gas has great illum9at+ p[]1 requires
 no  purification1 & is q free f !      
ammoniacal & sulphur comp\nds  :i*      
vitiate coal-gas4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( oil-gas  
v>ies ) ! heat  employ$ 9 its           
production4 ,x av]ages f #jgf to #jij1 b
 x may rise  z high z #aa4    ,!        
composition ( coal gas1 z giv5 by ,pay51
 is z foll[s3----                       
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
,gas f                                  
,oil ,gas4 ,petroleum                   
residues4                               
----------------------------------------
-------     ,olefiant gas & homologues  
#bbe     #agd         ,m>% gas          

#ejc     #ehc         ,hydrog5          
#gg     #bdc         ,c>bonic oxide     
#aee      ----          ,nitrog5        
#dj      ----                           
----------------------------------------
-------    ,,oils 7,dry+74 ,all ! fix$  
oils h an attraction m or less  p[]ful =
 oxyg51 &1 by exposure to ! air1 !y ei!r
 become h>d  & res9\s1 or !y only ?ick5 
slightly1 & become s\r & rancid4  ,^?   
:i* exhibit ! fir/ prop]ty 9 a m>k$     
degree1 z ! oils (  l9se$1 poppy1 rape1 
& walnut1 are call$ #8dry+ oils1' & are 
us$  z vehicles = col\rs 9 pa9t+4 ,!    
o!rs are frequ5tly t]m$  #8glut9\s' or  
#8non-dry+ oils4'    ,! res9ify+ or dry+
 prop]ty ( oils is greatly increas$ by  
boil+  !m1 ei!r alone or along ) "s     
li?>ge1 sug> ( lead1 or :ite  vitriol1  
:5 ! product =ms ! #8boil$ oil' or      
#8dry+ oil' 7oleum  desiccativum7 (     
comm]ce4 ,! efficacy ( ! process1       
accord+ to  ,liebig1 dep5ds on !        
elim9ation ( sub/ances :i* imp$e !      
oxidation ( ! oil4 ,! foll[+ =mul are   

adopt$ = ?is  purpose3----    #a4 ,l9se$
 oil1 #a gall42 p[d]$ li?>ge1 #c_/d lb42
 simm]1 ) frequ5t  /irr+1 until a       
pellicle beg9s to =m2 remove ! scum1 &  
:5 x  has become cold & has settl$      
decant ! cle> portion4 ,d>k col\r$2  us$
 by h\se-pa9t]s4    #b4 ,l9se$ oil &    
wat]1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 :ite vitriol1 9    
p[d]1 #b  oz42 boil to dryness4 ,pal]   
?an ! la/4    #c4 ,pale l9se$ or nut    
oil1 #a p9t2 li?>ge or dry sulphate (   
lead1 9  f9e p[d]1 #b oz42 mix1 agitate 
frequ5tly = #aj days1 !n set !  bottle 9
 ! sun or a w>m place to settle1 &      
decant ! cle> portion4  ,v pale4    #d4 
,l9se$ oil1 #ajj galls42 calc9$ :ite    
vitriol 7#8sulphate ( z9c'71  9 f9e     
p[d]1 #g lbs42 mix 9 a clean copp]      
boil]1 heat ! :ole to  #bhe ,fahr41 &   
keep x at t temp]ature1 ) con/ant /irr+1
 =  at lea/ "o h\r2 !n all[ x to cool1 9
 #bd h\rs decant ! cle>  portion1 & 9 #c
 or #d weeks m rack x = use4 ,us$ =     
v>ni%es4    #e4 7,liebig47 ,sug> ( lead1
 #a lb41 is dissolv$ 9 ra9 wat]1 #a_/b  

gall42  li?>ge1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a lb41 is  
!n add$1 & ! mixture is g5tly  simm]$   
until only a :iti% s$im5t rema9s2       
levigat$ li?>ge1 #a lb41  is next       
diffus$ ?r\gh l9se$ oil1 #b-a_/b galls41
 & ! mixture is  gradually add$ to !    
lead solution1 previ\sly dilut$ ) an    
equal  bulk ( wat]2 ! :ole is n[ /irr$  
toge!r = "s h\rs1 )  heat1 & is1 la/ly1 
left to cle> itself by exposure 9 a w>m 
place4  ,! lead solution :i* subsides f 
! oil may be us$ aga9 = !  same purpose1
 by dissolv+ 9 x ano!r lb4 ( li?>ge1 z  
be=e4    #f4 7,wilks47 ,into l9se$ oil1 
#bcf galls41 p\r oil ( vitriol1 #f or #g
  lbs41 & /ir ! two toge!r = #c h\rs2 !n
 add a mixture (  full]'s e>?1 #f lbs41 
& hot lime1 #ad lbs41 & aga9 /ir = #c   
h\rs2  next put ! :ole into a copp]1 )  
an equal quantity ( wat]1 &  boil = ab\t
 #c h\rs1 la/ly1 )draw ! fire1 & :5 !   
:ole is  cold1 draw (f ! wat]1 run ! oil
 into any suitable vessel1 & let x  /& =
 a few weeks be=e us+ x4 ,pat5t4    #g4 
7#8,allg4 ,polyte*4 ,zeitung4'7 ,b9oxide

 ( manganese 79 co>se p[d]1  b n du/y71 
#a "p2 nut or l9se$ oil1 #aj p>ts2 mix1 
& keep !  :ole g5tly heat$ & frequ5tly  
/irr$ = #bd to #cf h\rs1 or until  ! oil
 beg9s to turn r$di%4 ,recomm5d$ = z9c  
pa9t1 b is equally  adapt$ = o!r        
purposes = :i* boil$ oil is employ$4    
,obs4 ,!re is (t5 a difficulty 9 obta9+ 
! oils #8bright' aft]  boil+ or heat+ !m
 ) ! lead solutions2 ! be/ way1 on !    
small scale1 is ei!r to filt] !m ?r\gh  
co>se wooll5 filt]+  pap]1 or to expose 
! bottle = "s "t to ! sun or 9 a w>m    
place4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! f9] oils (   
?is k9d are (t5 filt]$  ?r\gh           
,canton-flannel bags4 ,! li?>ge &       
sulphate ( lead us$ 9 !  above processes
 may be aga9 r5d]$ available = ! same   
purpose1 by  wa%+ !m 9 hot wat]1 to     
remove adh]+ mucilage4    ,,oils        
7,empyreumatic47 ,syn4 ,,olea           
,,empyreumatica1 ,l4 ,! 'empyreumatic   
oils' ( ! old ph>maceutical writ]s 7    
oily fluids obta9$ by !  dry di/illation
 ( v>i\s sub/ances1 animal1 vegetable1 &

 m9]al4  ,b few ( !m are 9 use at !     
pres5t day1 ?\gh =mul are giv5  = !m 9  
"s ( ! =eign ph>macopias4 ,two or ?ree h
 useful  applications 9 ! arts1 & x is  
!re=e necess>y t we %\ld  briefly       
describe _! prep>ation4 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts   
are ( a liquid  or pa/y nature1 or      
become s :5 heat$1 !y are usually mix$ )
  ab\t twice _! weight ( s&1 p[d]$      
glass1 or o!r l sub/ance1  to divide !m1
 & ?us expose !m m effectually to !     
action ( !  fire4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 
to provide a well-cool$ receiv]1 :i*    
mu/ be furni%$ ) a tube to c>ry (f !    
non-cond5sable gases  lib]at$ at ! same 
"t z ! oil4 ,! products ( ! fir/        
di/illation are g5]ally purifi$ by      
rectification1 ei!r alone or  along )   
wat]4 ,9 g5]al1 !y require to be pres]v$
 f ! light  & air4    ,! foll[+ are !   
pr9cipal sub/ances belong+ to ?is       
class3----    ,oil ( ,aloes4 ,syn4      
,,aloetic ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,aloeticum1   
,l4 #a4 ,f ,socotr9e  or hepatic aloes  
di/ill$ along ) s&4    #b4              

7,batavian----,cadet de ,gass9c\rt47    
,olive oil1 #a lb42 hepatic aloes &     
myrrh1 ( ea* 9 p[d]1 #b oz42 olibanum1  
#a_/b oz42 di/il 9 a s& ba?1  f a       
/onew>e retort4 ,us$ z an ext]nal       
v]mifuge = *ildr52 a  portion is rubb$  
#b or #c times a day ov] ! umbilical    
regions4    ,oil ( ,amb]4 ,syn4 ,,oleum 
,,succ9i1 ,l4 ,f co>se pieces ( amb]1   
di/ill$ 9 an iron retort1 ei!r alone or 
r$uc$ to p[d] & mix$  ) s&4 ,! oil is   
sep>at$ f ! fetid liquor & succ9ic acid 
:i* passes ov]1 & rectifi$ along ) ab\t 
#f times its volume (  wat]1 by a g5tle 
heat4 ,x !n =ms #8,,rectifi$ ,,oil ,,(  
,,amb]' 7,,oleum  ,,succ9i----,ph4 ,l4  
#ahcf1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,rectificatum----,ph4   
,d4 #ahbf1 ,o4 ,s4  ,,purissimum----,ph4
 ,e4 #ahda74 ,prod4 #bj4    ,prop41 c4  
,x has a pale yell[ col\r1 a /rong1     
ungrateful od\r1 &  a hot1 acrid ta/e2  
heat & air black5 & ?ick5 x2 x boils at 
#ahf  ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #geh at #ge ,fahr4
 ,x is antispasmodic1 rubefaci5t1 &     
/imulant4----,dose1 #e to #ab drops1    

made into an emulsion ) mucilage2 9     
hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 & convulsive          
affections4 ,ext]nally1 z a friction1   
ei!r alone or comb9$ ) laudanum or sweet
 oil1 9 rheumatism1 tic  d\l\reux1      
hoop+-c\gh1 c4    ,oil ( ,amb]1 ,oxydat$
 7,artificial ,musk74 ,pat into a cup #a
 dr4 ( oil  ( amb]1 & add to x1 drop by 
drop1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( /rong nitric    
acid2 let x /& = #cf h\rs1 !n sep>ate & 
wa% ! res9\s  matt]4 ,antispasmodic &   
n]v9e4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,=       
*ildr51 #a_/b  gr4 to #a gr4    ,oil1   
,animal4 #a4 7,empyreumatic or ,fetid2  
,,oil ,,( ,,h>t%orn1 ,,dippel',s ,o42   
,,oleum ,,animale ,,empyreumaticum1 ,o4 
,,cornu ,,c]vi1 ,o4 ,,dippelii1 ,l47    
,*iefly  obta9$ z a second>y product 9 !
 manufacture ( bone-black4 ,fetid  & d>k
 col\r$4 ,us$ *iefly to make lampblack4 
#b4 7,e!real2 ,,rectifi$ ,,oil ,,(      
,,h>t%orn2 ,,oleum ,,animale ,,/h]ium1  
,o4  ,,cornu ,,c]vi ,,rectificatum1     
,,loco ,,olei ,,animalis ,,dippelii1    
,l47----a4 ,a f9]  k9d ( animal oil1    

made by sl[ly di/ill+ oil ( h>t%orn1 &  
collect+ only ! fir/ portion t comes    
ov]4 ,pale & limpid4  ,exposure to light
 discol\rs x4    b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,fetid 
animal oil di/ill$ 9 a s& ba?1 & !      
product  rectifi$ ) f\r times its volume
 ( wat]4 ,:ite1 limpid1 fragrant4       
,light discol\rs x4    ,prop4 ,! ref9$  
product is said to be antispasmodic1    
anodyne1 &  diaphoretic4----,dose1 #e to
 #cj drops1 9 wat]2 9 l>ge doses x acts 
z  an irritant poison4    ,oil ( ,bir*4 
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,betul1 ,l4 ,f ! inn] b>k
 ( ! bir*1  by heat+ x 9 an e>!n pot ) a
 hole 9 ! bottom1 to all[ !  oil to fl[ 
?r\gh into ano!r j> sunk 9 ! gr\nd &    
lut$ to x4  ,?ick1 balsamic1 fragrant4  
,us$ *iefly to dress russia lea!r4      
,oil ( ,box-wood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,buxi1 
,o4 ,b4 ,,empyreumaticum 7,ph4 ,l4      
#agdf71  ,l4 ,f box-wood sawdu/4 ,reput$
 resolv5t2 anodyne1 antispasmodic1 &    
diaphoretic4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops2 
9 convulsions1 epilepsy1 gonorrha1  c4  
,ext]nally1 9 too?a*e1 c4    ,oil (     

,bricks4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lat]itium 7,ph4
 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,f olive oil1  mix$ )  
brickdu/1 & di/ill$2 or1 f hot bricks   
/eep$ 9 olive  oil1 !n brok5 to pieces1 
& di/ill$4    ,oil ( ,bricks            
7,factiti\s74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lat]itium 
,,factitium1 ,l4 ,f  l9se$ oil1 #a lb42 
oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b lb42 oil ( bones  
or (  h>t%orn & ,b>badoes t>1 ( ea* #a  
oz42 simply /irr$ well toge!r4  ,?is is 
g5]ally sub/itut$ = ! prec$+ 9 ! %ops4  
,oil ( ,cade4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cad9um1   
,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,cade1 ,fr4 ,f !     
,junip]us oxyc$rus or ,langu$oc junip]4 
,us$ z oil ( t>1 :i* is  commonly sold =
 x4    ,oil ( ,coal4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,oil4
 ,f ! gas-works4 ,see ,,naph?a4    ,oil 
( ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,guaiaci1   
,o4 ,g4 ,,empyreumaticum1 ,l4 ,f        
guaiacum %av+s or rasp+s4 ,reput$       
balsamic1 pectoral1 & resolv5t4    ,oil 
( ,h>tshorn4 ,bone oil & rectifi$ bone  
oil are commonly sold =  x1 b are       
inf]ior to x4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,animal      
7above74    ,oil1 ,pap]4 ,syn4 ,,rag    

,,oil1 ,,pyro?onid2 ,,oleum ,,*>t1 ,l4  
,on ! small  scale1 by burn+ pap] on a  
cold t9 plate1 & collect+ ! oil2 on  !  
l>ge scale1 by ! de/ructive di/illation 
( pap] or l95 rags4  ,9 baldness1       
too?a*e1 e>-a*e1 c4    ,oil1 ,p>aff94   
,see ,,oils1 ,,m9]al4    ,oil1          
,petroleum4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,m9]al1       
,,petroleum4    ,oil1 ,rag4 ,see ,,oil1 
,,pap]1 above4    ,oil1 ,rock4 ,see     
,,naph?a1 ,,oils1 ,,m9]al1 ,,petroleum4 
,oil1 ,%ale4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,m9]al4      
,oil ( ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,fulig9is  
7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,f wood-soot4     
,fetid2 reput$ antispasmodic & n]v9e4   
,oil ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,( ,t42 ,,oleum 
,,p9i1 ,o4 ,p4 ,,rubrum1 ,o4 ,t,d1 ,o4  
,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,by simple        
di/illation f wood-t>4 ,r$di% & /rong   
sc5t$4 ,by "o or m rectifications x     
becomes col\rless & limpid4  ,x soon    
gets ?ick4 ,us$ 9 r+worm & sev]al o!r   
sk9 diseases1 made  into an o9tm5t )    
l>d4 ,x is poison\s if swall[$ 9 l>ge   
doses4    ,oil ( ,tobacco               

7,empyreumatic74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tabaci 
,,empyreumaticum 7,ph4  ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,f
 tobacco1 9 co>se p[d]1 gradually heat$ 
9 a  gre5-glass retort to dull r$ness1 &
 kept at t temp]ature z long  z any oil 
passes ov]2 ! oily portion is !n sep>at$
 f ! wat]  9 ! receiv]1 & kept = use4   
,highly n>cotic & poison\s4    ,oil (   
,wax4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,c]1 ,l4 ,f beeswax
 & s& di/ill$  toge!r2 ! product is     
rectifi$ once or (t5]4 ,reput$          
diuretic4----,dose1 #c to #f drops4     
,,oils 7,fix$74 ,syn4 ,,fat ,,oils1     
,,unctu\s ,o42 ,,olea ,,fixa1 ,o4       
,,expressa1 ,l42  ,,huiles ,,grasses1   
,fr4 ,! fix$ oils are comp\nds ( c>bon1 
hydrog51 &  oxyg5 7oxyhydro-c>bons71    
obta9$ f ! organic k+dom1 &  *>act]is$  
by _! insipidity1 unctuosity1           
insolubility 9 wat]1 &  be+ light] ?an t
 fluid4 ,olive oil1 :i* is obta9$ f !   
vegetable k+dom1 & sp]maceti oil1 :i* is
 obta9$ f ! animal  k+dom1 may be tak5 z
 types ( ! re/4    ,! fix$ oils are     
*iefly f\nd 9 ! fruit & se$s ( plants1 &

 9  ?9 membran\s cells1 =m+ :at is call$
 ! adipose tissue1 9 !  bodies (        
animals4 ,accord+ to _! consi/5ce1 !y   
may be class$  into #8,,oils1'          
#8,,butt]s1' & #8,,tall[s1'    ,prop41  
c4 ,among ! be/-kn[n prop]ties ( ! fix$ 
oils are----!  p]man5t /a9 !y give to   
pap]1 :i* !y r5d] translucid2 _!        
non-volatility at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( 
! atmosph]e1 or at t  ( boil+ wat]1 or1 
inde$1 at any temp]ature insuffici5t =  
_!  decomposition2 _! con/antly float+  
on ! surface ( wat] :5  add$ to x2 &1   
la/ly1 _! inability to mix ) t fluid4   
,"s (  !m1 z palm oil & cocoa-nut oil1  
are solid at ord9>y temp]atures2  b !   
majority are fluid1 unless !y h be5     
consid]ably cool$1  :5 !y sep>ate into  
two portions----! "o solid1 consi/+     
*iefly (  /e>91 or "s analog\s sub/ance1
 & ! o!r liquid1 consi/+  *iefly ( ole9 
or ela94 ,ne>ly all ( !m1 :5 expos$ to !
 air1  absorb oxyg5 rapidly1 & ei!r     
gradually h>d5 or become rancid &       
nause\s4 ,f ! fir/ are select$ ! #8dry+ 

oil' us$ by pa9t]s2  ! la/ are us$ z    
food1 9 cook]y1 & = ma*9]y1 lamps1 c4 ,!
  :ole ( ^! oils1 :5 heat$ to _! boil+  
po9ts 7#ejj to #fjj  ,fahr471 suff]     
decomposition1 yield+ v>i\s hydroc>bons2
 & :5  sudd5ly expos$ to a r$ heat1 !y  
furni% a gase\s product 7oil-gas71  :i* 
0 =m]ly employ$ = illum9ation4 ,x is ow+
 to ?is prop]ty  ( oil & liquid fats t  
c&les & lamps give _! light4 ,! wick  is
 a gas-produc+ app>atus 9 m9iature4 ,) !
 cau/ic alkalies &  wat] ! fix$ oils    
unite to =m soap4 ,:5 "s ( ^! oils are  
absorb$ by por\s bodies1 & ?us expose a 
va/ly increas$ surface to  ! air1 !y    
absorb oxyg5 ) su* rapidity z to g5]ate 
a  consid]able degree ( heat4 ,pap]1 t[1
 cotton1 wool1 /raw1 %av+s1  c41        
slightly embu$ ) oil1 & left 9 a heap1  
freely expos$ to !  air or sun1 (t5     
spontane\sly inflame4 ,9 ?is way _m     
ext5sive fires  h aris54 ,! above is m  
p>ticul>ly ! case ) l9se$1 rape1  nut1 &
 olive oil4 ,! fir/1 made into a pa/e ) 
manganese1 rapidly  becomes hot1 &      

ultimately inflames spontane\sly4    ,! 
specific gravities ( ! fix$ oils range  
betwe5 #hfe & #igj1  wat] be+ #ajjj4    
,prep4 ,! fix$ oils1 except :]e o!rwise 
direct$1 are obta9$ f  ! bruis$ or gr\nd
 fruit or se$1 by means ( p[]ful        
pressure1 9  screw or hydraulic presses1
 & are !n ei!r all[$ to cl>ify  !mselves
 by subsid5ce or are filt]$4 ,bo? me?ods
 are frequ5tly  appli$ to ! same oil4 ,9
 "s cases ! impurities are remov$ by    
ebullition ) wat]1 & subsequ5t sep>ation
 ( ! pure oil4 ,heat is  frequ5tly      
employ$ to increase ! liquidity ( ! oil1
 & ?us less5  ! difficulty ( its        
expulsion f ! mass4 ,) ?is object !     
bruis$ mass1 plac$ 9 bags1 is commonly  
expos$ to ! heat ( /eam1  & !n press$   
betwe5 heat$ plates ( metal4 ,?is is    
always necess>y  ) ! #8butyrace\s oils4'
    ,ano!r me?od is by boil+ ! bruis$   
se$ 9 wat]1 & skimm+ (f  ! oil z x rises
 to ! surface4 ,?is is ! plan adopt$ =  
ca/or  oil 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4    ,9 a few
 cases1 = m$ic9al purposes1 ! bruis$    

mass is mix$ ) #a_/b  its weight1 or an 
equal weight1 ( alcohol or e!r1 & aft]  
#bd h\rs'  dige/ion ! :ole is submitt$  
to pressure1 & ! alcohol or e!r  remov$ 
by di/illation at a g5tle heat4 ,! fir/ 
m5/ruum is commonly  employ$ = croton   
oil on ! ,cont95t2 ! second1 = t ( ergot
 (  rye4    ,purif4 ,sev]al me?ods are  
adopt$ = ref9+ or purify+ ! fix$  oils1 
among :i* are ! foll[+3----    #a4 ,!   
oil is viol5tly agitat$ along ) #a-a_/b 
to #b ( conc5trat$  sulphuric acid1 :5 x
 assumes a gre5i% col\r1 &1 aft] ab\t a 
=tnight's repose1 deposits mu* col\r+   
matt]1 becomes pal]1 &  burns ) great]  
brilliancy1 p>ticul>ly if well wa%$ )   
/eam or  hot wat]1 & cl>ifi$ by         
subsequ5t repose or by filtration4 ,?is 
answ]s well = mo/ ( ! rec5tly express$  
vegetable oils4 ,x also  greatly        
improves mo/ ( ! fi% oils4    #b4 ,a    
modification ( ! la/ me?od is to well   
mix ! acid ) ! oil1  !n to bl[ /eam     
?r\gh ! mixture = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds to  
o!rwise proce$ z be=e4    #c4 ,,fi%     

,,oil 7,,:ale1 ,,seal1 c47 is purifi$   
by----    a4 ,viol5tly agitat+ x ) boil+
 wat] or /eam1 by plac+ x 9  a deep     
vessel ) p]=at$ bottom1 ?r\gh :i* high  
pressure /eam is  =c$ = "s "t2 x is     
aft]w>ds cl>ifi$ by repose1 & filt]$    
?r\gh co>se *>coal4    b4 ,! oil is     
viol5tly agitat$ ) a boil+ hot & /rong  
solution  ( oak b>k1 to remove album5 & 
gelat91 & next ) high-pressure  /eam &  
hot wat]2 x is1 la/ly1 dri$ & filt]$4   
c4 ,! oil1 g5tly heat$1 is /irr$ = "s "t
 ) ab\t #a (  good *loride ( lime1      
previ\sly made into a milk by           
trituration )  wat]2 ab\t #a-a_/b ( oil 
( vitriol1 dilut$ ) #bj times its weight
 (  wat]1 is !n add$1 & ! agitation     
r5ew$ & ma9ta9$ = at  lea/ #b h\rs2 x   
is1 la/ly1 well wa%$ ) /eam or hot wat]4
    d4 ,mr ,davidson treats ! oil fir/ )
 a /rong solution ( tan1 next  ) wat] & 
*loride ( lime1 !n ) dilute sulphuric   
acid1 &  la/ly1 ) hot wat]4    e4 ,mr   
,dunn's me?od1 :i* is v effective1 &    
admirable on acc\nt  ( its simplicity1  

is to heat ! oil by /eam to f #ahj to   
#bjj ,fahr41  & !n to =ce a curr5t ( air
 ( correspond+ temp]ature ?r\gh  x1 "u a
 flue or *imney1 until x is suffici5tly 
blea*$ &  deodoris$2 x is1 la/ly1 ei!r  
at once filt]$ or is previ\sly wa%$  )  
/eam or hot wat]4    f4 ,ano!r me?od1   
=m]ly v g5]ally adopt$ & /ill 9 use1 is 
to viol5tly agitate ! oil = "s "t ) v   
/rong br9e1 or )  a mix$ solution ( blue
 vitriol & common salt1 & !n ei!r to    
all[  x to cl>ify by repose or to filt] 
x ?r\gh fre%ly burnt *>coal4    #d4     
,,almond1 ,,ca/or1 ,,l9se$1 ,,nut1      
,,olive1 ,,rape1 & "s o!r vegetable     
oils1 are readily blea*$ by ei!r ( !    
foll[+ processes3----    a4 ,exposure 9 
glass bottles to ! sun's rays1 on !     
leads or ro(s (  h\ses1 or 9 any o!r    
suitable position1 op5 to ! s\?-ea/ &   
s\?4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ by druggi/s
 & oilm5 to :it5 _!  ca/or & l9se$ oils4
 #ad to #ba days' exposure to ! sun 9   
cle>  wea!r dur+ summ] is usually       
suffici5t = ca/or oil :5 conta9$  9 #b  

to #d-qu>t pale gre5 glass bottles      
7pref]ably ! =m]71 &  cov]$ ) :ite      
gallipots inv]t$ ov] !m4 ,! oil is      
filt]$  be=e expos+ x to ! light1 z1 if 
only 9 a slight degree opaque1 x  does n
 blea* well4 ,almond & olive oil are1 :5
 ?us treat$1 apt to  acquire a slight   
sulphur\s smell2 b ?is may be remov$ by 
filtration  ?r\gh a little animal       
*>coal1 or1 /ill bett]1 by wa%+ ! oil  )
 hot wat]4    b4 ,ano!r me?od employ$ to
 decol\r ^! oils is to heat !m 9 a      
wood51 t9n$1 or well-glaz$ e>!n vessel  
along ) "s dry  #8filt]+ p[d]' 7#a to #b
 lbs4 p] gall471 ) agitation = "s "t1  &
 la/ly1 to filt] !m 9 ! usual mann]     
?r\gh an oil-bag4 ,9 ?is  way ! ,we/-end
 p]fum]s prep>e _! #8,,:ite ,,almond    
,,oil' 7,,oleum  ,,amygdal ,,album71 &  
_! #8,,:ite ,,olive ,,oil' 7,,oleum     
,,oliv ,,album74  ,=m]ly1 fre%ly burnt  
animal *>coal 0 us$ = ?is purpose1 & is 
/ill s employ$ by "s h\ses4    #e4 ,mr  
,bancr(t ref9es ,,oils ,,= ,,ma*9]y ,,& 
,,lubricat+ ,,purposes  g5]ally1 by     

agitat+ !m ) a lye ( cau/ic soda ( ! sp4
 gr4  #ab4 ,a suffici5t quantity is kn[n
 to h be5 add$ :51 aft] repose1  a      
portion beg9s to settle d[n cle> at !   
bottom4 ,ab\t #d to #h is  commonly     
requir$ = l>d oil & olive oil4 ,aft] #bd
 h\rs' repose !  cle> sup]natant oil is 
decant$ f ! soapy s$im5t1 & filt]$4     
#f4 ,n only ! oils above ref]r$ to1 b   
all o!r oils & fats1 may  be r5d]$      
p]fectly col\rless by ! use ( a little  
*romic acid2 or1  :at is ! same1 by a   
mixture ( a solution ( bi*romate (      
potassa &  suffici5t sulphuric1         
hydro*loric1 or nitric acid1 to seize on
 all !  alkali1 & ?us lib]ate ! *romic  
acid4    #g4 ,,palm ,,oil &             
,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil are g5]ally ref9$ & 
blea*$ by  ei!r *romic acid or *lor9e1  
or by heat3----    a4 ,! #8butyrace\s   
oil' is liquefi$ by heat 9 a wood5      
vessel1 & #g  to #i ( good *loride (    
lime1 previ\sly made into a smoo? cream 
)  wat]1 is add$1 & ! :ole assidu\sly   
/irr$ until ! +r$i5ts  appe> unit$2 !   

mixture is !n all[$ to cool1 & is next  
cut up  into small lumps1 :i* are expos$
 to a free curr5t ( air = #b1 #c1 or    
ev5 #d weeks2 ^! are melt$ 9 a wood5    
vessel heat$ by high-pressure  /eam     
circulat+ ?r\gh lead5 pipes1 or 9 a     
ca/-iron boil] l9$  ) lead1 & an equal  
weight ( oil ( vitriol 7dilut$ ) ab\t   
#bj  times its weight ( wat]7 is p\r$ 91
 & ! :ole g5tly boil$ until  ! oil is   
discol\r$ & runs cle>2 ! fire is !n     
mod]at$1 & !  :ole all[$ to settle2     
la/ly1 ! fire is remov$1 & ! oil is left
  to cool v sl[ly4    b4 ,! process )   
*romic acid has be5 already notic$1 b is
 m  fully expla9$ bel[4    c4 ,! oil1   
heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ab\t #bej       
,fahr41 is expos$ to  ! action (        
high-pressure /eam1 :i* is cont9u\sly   
#8bl[n' ?r\gh  x = #aj or #ab h\rs1 or  
ev5 long]4 ,! process is greatly        
facilitat$  by ! introduction ( "s      
*romic acid4    #h4 ,mr ,watt's me?ods (
 purify+ fats & oils are v effective1 m 
especially = ^? int5d$ = illum9ation4   

,!y are z foll[s3----    a4 7,= ,,fi%   
,,oils47 ,ea* ton is boil$ = #a_/b an   
h\r ) cau/ic  soda1 #a_/b lb41 previ\sly
 made into a weak lye ) wat]2 or /eam is
  bl[n ?r\gh ! mixture = a l p]iod2 oil 
( vitriol1 #a_/b lb41  dilut$ ) #f times
 its weight ( wat]1 is next add$1 ! :ole
 aga9  boil$ = #ae m9utes1 & all[$ to   
settle = an h\r or long]1 :5  ! cle> oil
 is run (f f ! wat] & s$im5t into !     
blea*+  tubs2 "h solution ( bi*romate ( 
pota%1 #d lbs41 9 oil ( vitriol1 #b     
lbs41 previ\sly dilut$ ) wat]1 q4 s41   
toge!r ) a little nitric  acid & "s     
oxalic acid1 are add$1 & aft] ?or\gh    
admixture ( !  :ole1 by bl[+ /eam ?r\gh 
x1 /rong nitric acid1 #a lb41 dilut$  ) 
wat]1 #a qu>t1 is p\r$ 91 & ! boil+     
cont9u$ = #a_/b an  h\r long]2 a small  
quantity ( naph?a or rectifi$ _s (      
turp5t9e  is !n mix$ 91 & ! oil is1     
f9ally1 well wa%$ ) hot wat]1 &  left to
 settle4    b4 7,= ,,palm ,,oil47 ,! oil
 is melt$ by ! heat ( /eam1 &1 aft] x   
has settl$ & cool$ d[n to ab\t #acj     

,fahr41 is c>efully decant$  f ! wat] & 
s$im5t into ! /eam+ tubs2 "h a mixture (
 a  saturat$ solution ( bi*romate (     
pota%1 #be lbs41 & oil ( vitriol1 #h  or
 #i lbs41 is add$1 & aft] ?or\gh        
admixture1 hydro*loric acid1 #ej  lbs41 
is p\r$ 92 ! :ole is !n con/antly /irr$ 
until x acquires  a uni=m gre5i% col\r1 
or is suffici5tly decol\r$1 a little m  
( ! blea*+ mat]ials be+ add$ if ! latt] 
is n ! case1  aft] :i* x is all[$ to    
repose = half an h\r to settle2 x is    
next  run into a wood5 vat1 :]e x is    
wa%$1 c41 z be=e4    c4 7,= ,,vegetable 
,,oils47 ,^! are treat$ ) a solution (  
*romic  acid1 or ) a solution (         
bi*romate ( potassa1 or "s m9]al acid1  
z notic$ at ,no4 #f4 ,= ,,colza1        
,,l9se$1 ,,mu/>d1 ,,nut1 & ,,rape ,,oil1
 a  little hydro*loric acid is add$2 b =
 ,,almond1 ,,ca/or1 ,,olive ,,oil1 &    
,,poppy ,,oil1 no su* addition 7at lea/ 
9 excess7 is requir$4    #i4 ,,rancid   
,,oils & ,,fats are recov]$ by boil+ !m 
= ab\t #ae m9utes  ) a little wat] &    

calc9$ magnesia2 or1 by filt]+ !m ?r\gh 
fre%ly burnt *>coal4    ,9 ref]5ce to ! 
above processes1 x may be useful to     
rem>k1 t  *lor9e1 ! common blea*] &     
deodoris] ( o!r sub/ances1 _c  be well  
employ$ directly 9 ! purification (     
oils1 z c]ta9 *emical  reactions occur  
:5 ^! sub/ances are br\ght toge!r1 :i*  
increase  ! col\r in/ead ( remov+ x1 &  
are (t5 o!rwise injuri\s4 ,!  same      
rem>ks apply to ! use ( ! #8*lorides1'  
:i* frequ5tly fails  9 unskilful h&s1 & 
is1 inde$1 ( que/ionable utility1       
except1  p]haps1 9 ! case ( palm oil4   
,ev5 *>coal ex]ts little ( its usual    
en]gy on ! oils1 & :il/ x removes or    
less5s _! (f5sive  od\r1 sometimes      
increases _! col\r4 ,! addition ( #a or 
#b ( v  pure & rec5tly rectifi$ naph?a  
or oil ( turp5t9e 7camph9e7 to  lamp oil
 is a real improvem5t1 s9ce x increases 
its combu/ibility &  its illum9ative    
p[]4    ,,oils ,,= ,,m$ical ,,purposes1 
z ,,ca/or ,,oil1 ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil c41 
mu/ n be  subject$ to any process beyond

 m]e cl>ification by subsid5ce1         
filtration ?r\gh ,canton flannel or     
por\s pap]1 or1 at ! utmo/1  wa%+ ) w>m 
wat]1 z o!rwise _! active & valuable    
prop]ties1 if n :olly remov$1 w be      
consid]ably less5$4 ,see  ,,filtration4 
,purity4 ,! fix$ oils v>y greatly 9 _!  
value1 & h5ce !  con/ant inducem5t :i*  
leads ! unpr9cipl$ deal] to adult]ate ! 
m exp5sive ones ) ^? ( a simil> "*1 b ( 
an inf]ior  k9d ( grade4 ,v>i\s me?ods  
are adopt$ to detect ^! frauds1 among   
:i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ valuable ( ^?    
capable ( g5]al  application4 ,o!rs     
ref]r+ to individual oils w be f\nd "u !
  respective heads4    #a4 7,f ! od\r47 
,! me?od ( apply+ ?is te/ is to heat a  
few  drops ( ! oil "u exam9ation 9 a    
small porcela91 plat9um1 or  silv] spoon
 or capsule 7a wat*-glass answ]s well71 
& to c>efully  comp>e ! od\r evolv$ ) t 
aris+ f a kn[n pure sample (  ! same k9d
 & quality ( ! oil simil>ly treat$4 ,!  
od\r ( !  two1 :5 ea* is pure1 is       
precisely alike1 & imm$iately sugge/s ! 

plant or animal f :i* x has be5 obta9$4 
,! pres5ce ( ,,l9se$1  ,,nut1 ,,rape1   
,,seal1 ,,tra91 or ,,:ale ,,oil1 is ?us 
readily detect$1 & !  imp]fections ( !  
sample1 ev5 if pure1 r5d]$ mu* m        
p]ceptible4    #b4 7,f ! d5sity47----a4 
,accord+ to ,m4 ,p5ot1 e oil suppos$ to 
come f ! same plant1 or ! same animal1  
has its own p>ticul>  d5sity1 :i*1 at ! 
same temp]ature1 nev] deviates m ?an a  
few  ?\s&?s4 ,to apply ?is te/1 !       
relative d5sity or specific gravity  ( !
 sample mu/ be det]m9$4 ,?is may be done
 by means ( a  ?\s&-gra9 bottle or an   
ord9>y #8,,areomet]1' or1 m conv5i5tly1 
by an #8,,ela,,omet]' or #8,,oleomet]1' 
con/ruct$ & graduat$ = !  purpose4      
#8,fis*]'s ,,ela,,omet]' or             
#8,,oil-,,balance' is mu* employ$ on !  
,cont95t = ?is purpose1 & is a v useful 
in/rum5t4 ,on ! l>ge  scale1 ! weight ( 
an accurately measur$ imp]ial gallon ( !
 oil may  be tak54    b4 ,m4 ,lauret1 an
 em95t ,p>isian *emi/1 a %ort "t s9ce   
obs]v$  t ! v>iations ( ! d5sity ( an   

oil f adult]ation are  r5d]$ mu* m      
app>5t :5 x is exam9$ 9 a heat$ /ate4   
,to  r5d] ?is discov]y practically      
available1 he plunges an #8elaomet]1'   
graduat$ = ! giv5 temp]ature1 into a    
small t9 cyl9d] ne>ly  fill$ ) ! oil1 & 
!n places ?is 9 a vessel conta9+ boil+  
wat]2 z soon z ! :ole has acquir$ a     
uni=m temp]ature1 he  obs]ves ! po9t on 
! scale ( ! in/rum5t at :i* x floats4   
,?is  po9t =----      ,colza oil is     
#j    ,fi% oil             #hc    ,poppy
 oil           #abd    ,hemp-se$ oil    
#acf    ,l9se$ oil         #baj    c4   
,by employ+ a specific gravity bottle or
 small glass globe1 fitt$  ) a /opp] 9  
:i* is h]metically fix$ a capill>y tube 
( ab\t #h  or #i in*es 9 l5g?1 we may   
apply ! above pr9ciple ( ,m4 ,lauret )  
! greate/ accuracy4 ,?is little app>atus
 is fill$ ) ! oil1 &  !n imm]s$ 9 boil+ 
wat] = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t = x to     
acquire t temp]ature2 x is !n remov$ &  
weigh$4 ,! smalle/  adult]ation is1 x is
 said1 9 ?is way imm$iately detect$4    

,:5 ! d5sity ( ! giv5 sample has be5    
tak51 & ! "n ( !  oil us$ to adult]ate x
 is kn[n1 ! quantity ( ! latt] pres5t   
may  be approximately det]m9$ f !       
specific gravities by ! common  me?od ( 
alligation4#di    ,footnote #di3 ,see   
,,mixtures1 ,ari?metic (4    #c4        
7,sulphuric-acid te/47----a4 ,heid5rei* 
0 ! fir/ p]son :o gave  a useful & g5]al
 application to ! reactions :i* occur :5
 oil (  vitriol is mix$ ) ! fatty oils4 
,z soon z ^! sub/ances are  plac$       
toge!r1 v int5se *emical action         
comm5ces1 ! temp]ature  ( ! mixture     
rises1 & ! mass becomes col\r$4 ,^!     
*anges are  suffici5tly v>i$ 9 ! case ( 
! diff]5t oils to furni% u )  ! means ( 
id5tify+ _m ( !m1 & ( det]m9+ _! purity4
  ,! me?od ( ,m4 ,heid5rei* is to lay a 
plate ( :ite glass ov] a %eet  ( :ite   
pap]2 on ! glass he places #aj or #ae   
drops ( oil1 & !n  adds to x a small    
drop ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7#8oil 
( vitriol'74  ,! appe>ances :i* foll[   
diff] ) ! "* ( ! fatty oil  exam9$1 &   

:e!r ! acid is all[$ to act on ! oil    
undi/urb$  7)\t /irr+7 or ! two are     
/irr$ toge!r ) a glass rod4 ,9  _m      
cases1 z ) tall[ oil1 a peculi> od\r z  
well z a *ange (  col\r is develop$1 & a
 fur!r means ( detection suppli$4 ,m4   
,heid5rei* has m9utely describ$ ^!      
reactions1 :i*1 = ! mo/  "p1 closely    
resemble ^? giv5 9 ! table1 p4 #aabi4 ,x
 is necess>y1  h[ev]1 9 ord] to ensure  
great accuracy1 to comp>e ! effect ( !  
reag5t on ! sample ) ^? :i* x produces  
on pure oil ( ! same  k9d & "* "u       
precisely simil> circum/ances4    b4 ,m4
 ,p5ot1 :o has foll[$ up ! rese>*es (   
,m4 ,heid5rei* )  consid]able success1  
recomm5ds ! employm5t ( #bj drops ( oil1
  in/ead ( only #aj or #ae2 & ! use ( a 
small capsule ( :ite  porcela91 in/ead (
 a plate ( glass4 ,he also employs a    
saturat$  solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 9
 sulphuric acid1 :i* he uses 9 !  same  
proportion z be=e2 b 9 ?is case ! oil & 
! reag5t are  always /irr$ toge!r4    ,!
 obs]vations ( ,m4 ,p5ot h be5 repeat$ 9

 _m cases by ,mr  ,cooley1 & ! results1 
) additions1 & re>rang$1 are giv5 9 !   
table1 p4 #aabi4    8,by p]us+ ?is      
table10 writes ,m4 ,p5ot1 8x w be obs]v$
 t !  same oil does n1 "u all           
circum/ances1 yield precisely simil>    
results ) ! same reag5t4 ,?is dep5ds on 
! place ( gr[?1 !  age1 & ! mann] (     
press+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any oil be exam9$   
comp>atively ) a p]fectly pure "o1 !    
pro( ( adult]ation may be  r5d]$1 if n  
c]ta91 at lea/ probable1 by not+ !      
diff]5ce4  ,?us ,i obta9$1 by add+ #a "p
 ( ei!r :ale-tra91 or l9se$ oil1  or    
oleic acid1 or #aj p>ts ( rapese$ oil1 !
 foll[+ results3----                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,,reag5ts4                              
----------------------------------------
----------------       ,,"n ,,( ,,oil4  
,sulphuric ,acid4              ,solution
 (                                      
,bi*romate ( ,pota%4                    
----------------------------------------

---------------                         
,n /irr$4     ,/irr$4        ,/irr$4    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,rape oil )      ,m r$ gr\nd            
,br[ni%-olive,small r$di% lumps         
:ale-tra9 oil    ?an ) rape oil  col\r$ 
on a grey gr\nd4                        
,rape oil )      ,no p]ceptible         
,olive col\r$,small & m                 
l9se$ oil        diff]5ce f             
num]\s r$ lumps                         
! rape oil                      on a v  
d>k-gre5 gr\nd4                         
,rape oil ) ole9,no p]ceptible          
,gre5i% br[n,small br[ni%             or
 oleic acid      diff]5ce f             
lumps on an                             
! rape oil                              
olive-col\r$                            
gr\nd4                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
8,! adult]ation be+ asc]ta9$ z f> z is  
possible1 ! oil is !n  te/$ by endeav\r+

 to discov] ! adult]at+ oil1 ei!r by    
reag5ts or by its od\r :5 g5tly heat$1 z
 be=e describ$4 ,?is  hav+ be5 f\nd out1
 small quantities ( ! suspect$ oil are  
add$ to  a p]fectly pure oil ( ! k9d "u 
exam9ation4 ,e mixture is !n  te/$ by ! 
reag5ts1 until precisely simil> results 
are obta9$ z  ^? yield$ by ! oil "u     
exam9ation4 ,?us1 ! proportions ( !  two
 mix$ oils w be discov]$ by             
approximation40 7,m4 ,p5ot47 ,a simpl]  
me?od ( f9d+ ! proportions ( ! s mix$   
oils is ref]r$ to  above4    #d4 7,f    
increase ( temp]ature47 ,m4 ,maum5      
propos$ ! increase (  temp]ature aris+ f
 ! admixture ( monohydrat$ sulphuric    
acid 7oil  ( vitriol1 sp4 gr4 #ahde7 ) !
 fatty oils z a te/ ( _! purity1  b a   
suffici5t numb] ( obs]vations h n yet   
be5 made to furni%  data = a g5]al      
application ( ?is me?od4 ,accord+ to    
,,mm4 ,fais/ &  ,knauss1 :o h re-exam9$ 
! subject1 ! foll[+ are ! results  :5   
#ae grammes ( oil are mix$ ) #e grammes 
( ! acid3                               

,rise ( ,temp]ature4    ,almond oil     
#gbe    ,olive oil                      
#fhj    ,poppy oil                      
#abgj    ,rape or colza oil             
#ajjj    ,l9se$ oil 7) ,nordhaus5       
or fum+ acid only7          #accj    ,! 
above me?od is less liable to error :5 a
 l>g] quantity ( !  sub/ances are ?r[n  
toge!r4    #e4 ,! pres5ce ( ,,fi% ,,oil 
9 ! vegetable oils may be readily       
detect$  by pass+ a /ream ( *lor9e ?r\gh
 !m2 ! pure vegetable oils are  n       
mat]ially alt]$1 b a mixture ( ! two    
turns d>k br[n or  black4    #f4 ,mr    
,coleman /ates t ! pres5ce ( m9]al oils 
9 animal or  vegetable oils c be easily 
detect$ by two *>act]i/ic te/s----7#a7 !
  fluoresc5t prop]ties !y imp>t to all  
animal or vegetable oils4 7#b7  ,!      
/rongly m>k$ aromatic burn+ flav\r !y   
communicate to mixtures  conta9+ !m4 ,! 
fir/-m5tion$ prop]ty is br\ght out by   
sme>+ a  metallic surface1 su* z t9     
plate or /eel1 ) ! oil1 & !n  view+ x at
 diff]5t angles 9 ! op5 air or sunlight4

 ,mr ,coleman  sugge/s t1 9 exam9+ a    
d>k-col\r$ oil1 x may fir/ be necess>y  
to ref9e ! sample by successive         
treatm5ts ) conc5trat$ sulphuric  acid &
 weak soda solution or lime wat]1 s     
small a quantity z #b-a_/b  p] c5t4 may 
!n be detect$ by ! blui% col\r notic$ on
 view+ !  oil at c]ta9 angles & by ta/+ 
x4    ,! abs5ce ( res9 oil mu/ also be  
prov$4 ,nitric acid is said to be a     
good te/1 z ! col\r develop$ is mu*     
great] ?an 9 pure oils4  ,sometimes x   
may be detect$ by ! smell4 ,! pres5ce ( 
#aj p] c5t4 (  res9 or m9]al oil 9      
non-dry+ oils delays _! solidification )
  ! nitrate ( m]cury te/4#ej            
,footnote #ej3 #8,j\rnal ( ,appli$      
,*emi/ry1' ,dec41 #ahgd4    #g4 ,miss   
,kate ,crane#ea /ates t ! cohesion      
figures ( oils may be  usefully employ$ 
z te/s ( ! id5tity & purity ( ! oils4   
,%e  says1 8,a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ?is 
subject h l$ h] to !  conclusion t a    
little pati5t practice w tea* ! eye ( ! 
obs]v] 9 a %ort "t to detect !          

*>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( !  figures4 ,to  
make ^! p]fect x is necess>y to obs]ve !
 "t 9  =m+1 = at diff]5t p]iods "s      
v>ieties =m figures v l2  b ) ?is       
precaution ea* is entirely *>act]i/ic4  
,footnote #ea3 #8,am]ican ,j\rnal (     
,ph>macy1' iv1 #djf4    8,x is ess5tial 
t ! di% us$1 c41 be p]fectly clean1 s t 
:5  fill$ ) wat] no du/ or l9t floats ^u
 ! surface1 z ?is  mat]ially int]f]es ) 
! p]fect =mation ( ! figure4    8,a s+le
 drop is let fall f a burette or glass  
rod held /eadily above  ! wat]1 ^u !    
c5tre ( ! surface4 ,! exp]im5ts made )  
fix$  oils are z foll[s3----,poppy-se$  
oil spreads in/antly to a l>ge  figure1 
reta9+ an entire outl9e1 & = a few      
seconds ! surface is  unbrok51 except ! 
b>e intimation ( a bead$ edge4    8,9 a 
few mom5ts little holes appe> r\nd !    
edge1 & soon ! :ole  surface is brok5 9 
l mann]2 ^! increase 9 size v sl[ly4 ,9 
fifte5 m9utes ! edge beg9s to op51 =m+  
ind5tations1 :i*  gradually "w _! way   
across ! figure4 ,z !y increase 9 l5g?  

^! beg9 to curve1 & 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an  
h\r h d\bl$  !mselves two or ?ree times4
    8,cod-liv] oil spreads 9 a l>ge     
film2 a little way f ! edge a r[  (     
small holes appe>s1 & 9 a m9ute or two !
 surface is cov]$ )  !m2 ^! gradually   
enl>ge1 assum+ irregul> %apes1 soon     
sep>at$  by bran*+ l9es4    8,cod-liv]  
oil ) l>d oil spreads v l ! =m]1 b 9 a  
few mom5ts ! edge op5s1 & ! film        
sep>ates p>tly across2 9 a  mom5t "o ( !
 project+ po9ts beg9s to curve itself   
t[>ds !  c5tre1 b5d+ m & m until x =ms a
 coil2 mean:ile a few holes  h appe>$1  
:i* spread irregul>ly1 ?r[+ out project+
 po9ts4    8,ca/or oil spreads in/antly1
 ! edge rema9+ entire2 op5+s  appe>     
quickly 9 ?irty seconds1 & increase     
gradually1 b unev5ly1  ^? ne>] ! edge   
be+ l>g]1 & l5g!n+ out irregul>ly z  !y 
spread4 ,! figure la/s "s "t4    8,ca/or
 ) a little l>d oil makes a small]      
figure1 & n ne>ly  s mu* brok52 9 five  
m9utes ! holes op5 into ea* o!r1 & !    
figure breaks up f ! edge4    8,a       

mixture ( ca/or & poppy-se$ oils spreads
 to =m a lacework  bord]1 b smoo?s out  
to an entire edge soon1 & )9 a few      
seconds  op5+s appe>4 ,! figure1 9 size 
& g5]al appe>ance1 is m l  ca/or oil    
alone1 b ! holes spread less uni=mly 9 a
 giv5 "t1 a  few be+ l>g]1 b ! great]   
portion mu* small]4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes    
!re is a g5]al t5d5cy to break up4      
8,ca/or ) a little croton oil ?r[s out a
 spray1 :i* 9 a few  mom5ts unites into 
a ?9 film4 ,! spray1 z x spreads1 draws 
out !  inn] portion into radiate po9ts1 
:i* op5 into a beautiful network1  !    
c5tre coh]+ closely4    8,croton oil    
?r[s out1 9 spread+1 a f9e spray 9      
advance ( !  m closely coh]+ portion1   
:i* foll[s quickly4 ,! out] edge  breaks
 up unev5ly into little ind5tations1 !  
bord] ( ! inside  portion be+ q brok51 b
 gradually becomes ne>ly entire4 ,!     
surface1 too1 has op5+s1 :i* increase q 
rapidly 9 size1 !  out] ones be+ mu* !  
l>g]4 ,9 ! f9al break+ up1 be=e !  holes
 op5 "o into ano!r1 ! outl9es are       

beautifully fr+$4    #h4 8,spontane\s   
combu/ion ensues :5 a h&ful ( cotton    
wa/e is embu$  ) oil & plac$ 9 an air   
ba? at #acj to #bjj ,f4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil
  requir$ #a-a_/d h\r2 raw l9se$ oil1 #d
 h\rs2 l>d oil1 #d h\rs2 ref9$  rape    
ab\t #i h\rs40#eb    ,footnote #eb3 ,j4 
,j4 ,coleman1 #8,j\rnal ( ,appli$       
,*emi/ry1' ,dec41 #ahgd4    ,mr         
,gellatly f\nd t an admixture ( #bj p]  
c5t4 ( m9]al oil  ret>d$ combu/ion1 &   
#ej p] c5t4 prev5t$ x completely4    ,m4
 ,bur/yn1#ec believ+ t ! value ( a fatty
 oil z a lubricant  dep5ds on ! am\nt ( 
acid x conta9s1 has inv5t$ a me?od =    
volumetrically det]m9+ ! acidity4 ,!    
process is z foll[s3----,a tall         
cyl9drical vessel1 provid$ ) a          
gr\nd-glass /opp]1 & hav+ two  m>ks on x
 to indicate respectively #ajj cubic    
c5timtres1 & #bjj cubic  c5timtres1 is  
fill$ to ! fir/ m>k ) ! oil to be te/$1 
& to  ! second m>k ) #hh to #ij p] c5t4 
alcohol4 ,! cyl9d] is !n  clos$ & well  
%ak54 ,equal quantities o!r ?an #ajj    

cubic c5timtres  c be employ$ )\t any   
o!r *ange 9 ! process4 ,aft] /&+  two or
 ?ree h\rs ! oil settles1 & ! cle>      
alcohol1 :i* conta9s  9 solution ! free 
acids & a little ( ! oil1 rises to ! top
  p]fectly cle>2 #be cubic c5timtres ( !
 cle> alcohol is tak5 f  ! top by means 
( a pipette4 ,a few drops ( alcohol     
extract ( turm]ic  is add$1 & ! acid    
det]m9$ by means ( a /&>d solution (    
pota%1 z 9 acetometry4 ,! *ange f yell[ 
to br[ni% r$ takes  place ) great       
%>pness :5 neutralisation is rea*$4     
,footnote #ec3 ,ure's #8,diction>y (    
,arts1' c4    ,! numb] ( cubic c5timtres
 ( pota% employ$1 multipli$ by f\r1     
gives ! quantity ( normal solution      
requisite to neutralise ! free  acid 9  
#ajj cubic c5timtres ( oil4 ,z x is n an
 individual acid1 b  a v>iable mixture (
 acids1 x is n possible to calculate !  
p]c5tage ( acids pres5t4 ,^! numb]s1    
h[ev]1 may be tak5 z  degrees ( acidity4
 ,= in/ance1 an oil ( #c ( acidity is "o
 :i*  conta9s en\gh free acid to        

neutralise #c cubic c5timtres ( normal  
alkali4    ,if we assume t oleic acid   
pr$om9ates1 :i* 9 mo/ cases is !  fact1 
#a ( acidity correspond to #jbh p] c5t4 
by weight ( oleic acid4  ,! olive oil ( 
comm]ce has an acidity rang+ f #jd to   
#ab4 ,!  fir/ passes z v f9e1 & is call$
 free f acid or salad oil1  :ile ! latt]
 is kn[n by smell & ta/e z v rancid4    
,oil t has  #d to #f ( acidity has be5  
f\nd to answ] v well z a lubricator4    
,:at relation !re exi/s betwe5 ! degree 
( acidity & any injuri\s  effect ^u     
metals is %[n by ! foll[+               
exp]im5ts3----,f\r %all[  vessels ( %eet
 brass1 hav+ a surface ( #dj squ>e      
c5timtres ea*1 at  ! bottom1 7 fill$ to 
! dep? ( #b millimtres1 ) oils (        
diff]5t acidity1 & expos$ to ! air at ! 
ord9>y temp]ature4 ,!  vessels 7 soon m 
or less cov]$ ) gre5 fatty salts1 & !   
oil  too acquir$ a gre5 col\r4 ,oil &   
vessel ,no4 #a 7 ! only ones 9  :i* no  
*ange c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,at ! end ( #c   
days ! vessels 7  clean$ ) e!r & weigh$4

 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! am\nts (  action3
      ,vessel ,no4 #a1 fill$ ) oil ( #jh
 lo/ #jjc gr4      0    ,no4 #b1        
0          #df  0   #jbb 0      0       
,no4 #c1         0          #gh  0      
#jcf 0      0    ,no4 #d1         0     
#hh  0   #jjd 0    ,! quantity ( metal  
de/roy$1 9 equal times & "u equal       
conditions1 increases ) ! acidity ( !   
oil4    ,! table on page #aabh1 by ,mr  
,bottome1 describes ! mo/ /rik+         
physical prop]ties ( "s ( ! pr9cipal    
fix$ oils4     ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal 
fix$ oils met ) 9 comm]ce1 or  :i* are  
objects ( int]e/ or utility3    ,oil (  
,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,amygdal 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l71 ,o4 ,,amygdal>um  7,ph4  
,d471 ,o4 ,,amygdali ,,communis 7,ph4   
,e471 ,l4 8,! oil express$ f !  k]nels40
 7,ph4 ,l47 8,bruise ! fre% almonds 9 a 
/one mort>1 !n put  !m into a hemp5     
sack1 & express ! oil1 )\t heat40 7,ph4 
,e47 ,!  oil ( almonds ,b4 ,p4 & (      
comm]ce is obta9$ f ei!r ! bitt] or     
sweet almond1 b *iefly f ! fir/1 on     

acc\nt ( _! less value1  & ! m>c be+    
employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ess5tial oil4 
,prop41 c4 ,oil ( almonds is black1     
demulc5t1 emolli5t1 &  nutriti\s2       
possesses a purely oleag9\s ta/e1 & is  
"o ( ! mo/  agreeable ( ! fix$ oils2 :5 
tak5 9 quantity x is mildly laxative2  x
 is little affect$ by cold1 & congeals )
 difficulty2 is soluble 9  #ce p>ts (   
cold & #f p>ts ( boil+ alcohol2 e!r     
dissolves x  freely4 ,sp4 gr4 #iae to   
#iah4 ,av4 prod4 ,sweet almonds1 #df2   
bitt] a41  #da4    ,pur4 ,x is          
ext5sively adult]at$ ) poppy1 nut1 &    
teel oil1 &  n unfrequ5tly ) ref9$ rape 
or colza oil4 7,see above47    ,oil (   
,bay4 #a4 7,,express$ ,o4 ,,( ,b42      
,,oleum ,,lauri1 ,o4 ,,laur9um1 ,l47 ,by
  expression f ei!r fre% or dri$        
bayb]ries1 z ca/or oil4 ,limpid2        
insipid4    #b4 7,by decoction2 ,,butt] 
,,( ,b42 ,,oleum ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,o4 
,l4 ,,v]um1 ,l47 ,f  ! b]ries1 by boil+ 
!m 9 wat]1 & skimm+ (f ! oil4 ,gre51    
butt]y2 *iefly import$ f ,italy4 ,us$ by

 ! vulg> 9 bruises1  spra9s1 rheumatism1
 deafness1 c4 ,prod4 #bj4    ,oil (     
,bee*4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,fagi1 ,l4 ,f !   
nuts ( ,fagus sylvatica  7,l9n47 or bee*
 ma/4 ,cle>2 keeps well2 :5 wa%$ ) hot  
wat]1 x  is us$ = salads1 & burnt 9     
lamps4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibbe4 ,prod4 #af4      
,oil ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,oleum       
,,belladonn ,,sem9um1 ,o4 ,b4 ,,bacc1   
,l4  ,f ! se$s or b]ries ( ,atropa      
belladonna or deadly night%ade4  ,yell[2
 insipid4 ,us$ = lamps 9 ,swabia &      
,wurtemb]g1 & z an  application to      
bruises4 ,! m>c is poison\s4 ,x freezes 
at #cd ,fahr4 ,sp4  gr4 #ibej4    ,oil (
 ,b54 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,beh52 ,,oleum   
,,balat9um4 ,f ! se$s (  ,mor+a         
pt]ygosp]ma 7b5 nuts74 ,sc5tless1       
col\rless2 keeps long  )\t gr[+ rank2 by
 /&+1 x sep>ates into two p>ts1 "o (    
:i* freezes ) difficulty1 & is h5ce mu* 
us$ 9 p]fum]y4    ,oil ( ,b5ne ,se$4    
,see ,,oil ,,( ,,g+elly4    ,oil (      
,brazil-nuts4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,b]?olleti4
 ,f ! k]nels ( !  fruit ( ,b]?olletia   

excelsa1 or ,brazil-nuts4 ,an oil ( a   
bright amb]  col\r1 congeal+ at #bd     
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #iag4 ,x has be5 us$ z a
  sub/itute = olive oil 9 pla/]s &      
o9tm5ts4    ,oil ( ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,butt]
 ,,( ,c42 ,,oleum ,,cacao ,,concretum1  
,,butyrum  ,,cacao1 ,l4 ,f ! se$s (     
,!obroma ,cacao1 or *ocolate  nuts1     
g5tly heat$ ov] ! fire1 & !n            
decorticat$1 & press$  betwe5 hot iron  
plates4 ,sp4 gr4 #hib4    ,column       
head+s3      ,a4 ,"n ( ,oil4    ,b4     
,specific ,gravity at #ae;,c41 ,wat]    
#a1jjj4    ,c4 ,combu/ibility4 ,grms4   
consum$ p] h\r 9 a ,lamp ) ,wick4    ,d4
 ,freez+ ,po9t 9 degrees ,c5tigrade4    
,e4 ,col\r4    ,f4 ,ta/e4    ,g4 ,smell4
    ,h4 ,limpidity4 ,"t 79 seconds7     
requir$ to trickle a giv5 di/ance4      
,i4 ,dry+ ,p[]4                         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------          ,a4       ,b4   ,c4     
,d4        ,e4           ,f4            
,g4       ,h4        ,i4                

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------    ,plum k]nel  #jiabgfh   -#i   
,br[ni%     ,amygdalace\s,v slight      
#ic ,non-dry+4                          
yell[                                   
,rape se$    #jiabhcj   -#d   ,yell[    
,nause\s     ,nause\s      #aei         
,non-dry+4      ,colza        #jiacfdj  
-#ibe,yell[       ,nause\s     ,nause\s 
#afb ,non-dry+4      ,cabbage se$       
#jiacidhe -#h   ,yell[       ,nause\s   
,nause\s      #adh ,non-dry+4      ,:ite
 mu/>d#jiadbbih-afbe,light              
,pleasant     ,v slight   #aeg          
,non-dry+4                              
yell[                                   
,gr\nd nut   #jiafc 8   -#c   ,pale     
gre5i%,l peas    ,l peas   ,n           
,non-dry+4                              
yell[                              te/$ 
,black mu/>d#jiagjbe  -#age ,yell[      
,pleasant     ,v slight   #ada          
,non-dry+4      ,olive        #jiagffb  
-#fed,yell[      ,sweet        ,peculi> 

#aie ,non-dry+4      ,sweet almond      
#jiahjebh-bae ,amb]        ,agreeable   
,none          #aej ,non-dry+4          
,horse-radi%                            
se$       #jiahgdc  -#afbe,yell[i%      
,pleasant     ,none          #adc       
,non-dry+4                              
br[n                                    
,grape se$   #jibjbcg  -#afbe;,gold     
yell[  ,sweet        ,none           #ii
 ,dries sl[ly4    ,bee* nut    #jibbeej 
-#age ,amb]        ,v sweet   ,none     
#aeh ,non-dry+4      ,pumpk9            
#jibcadc  -#ae   ,pale br[n   ,sweet    
,none          #ahe ,dries sl[ly4       
yell[                                   
,l&-cress   #jibdjdb  -#ae   ,br[ni%    
,acrid        ,disagreeable  #ajc ,dries
 sl[ly4                                 
yell[                                   
,hazel nut    #jibdbecd-aj   ,amb]      
,sweet        ,none          #aff       
,non-dry+4      ,poppy        #jibdcca  
-#ahee,pale yell[ ,flat         ,none   
#abc ,dry+4          ,camel9a           

#jibebcd  -#ah   ,yell[i%    ,peculi>   
,peculi>      #aai ,dry+4               
,walnut       #jibfjde  -#bge ,light    
yell[ ,flat         ,none           #hh 
,dry+4          ,sunfl[]    #jibfbeah-af
   ,col\rless   ,sweet        ,none     
#aad ,dries sl[ly4    ,hemp se$         
#jibgfdf  -#bge ,d>k gre5i%,disagreeable
 ,disagreeable   #hg ,dry+4             
yell[                                   
,cotton se$  #jicaf 8   -#be ,r$di%     
br[n,/rong       ,none        ,n        
te/$,dry+4          ,sesame       #jicbj
 8   -#e   ,bright yell[,pleasant1      
,none        ,n   ,non-dry+4            
slightly               te/$             
piquant                                 
,l9se$      #jicdgch  -#bg   ,d>k       
gre5i%,/rong       ,disagreeable   #hh  
,dry+4                                  
yell[                                   
,wood         #jicehdd  ,n   ,gre5      
,unpleasant   ,none           #gc ,dry+4
                                 not$   
,sp9dle      #jicfjfa  -#bj   ,r$di%    

br[n,acrid        ,slight        #adc   
,non-dry+4      ,ca/or       #jifaadg   
-#ah   ,col\rless   ,sickly       ,v    
slight #a1hcj ,dries sl[ly4             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------    ,footnote #ed3 ,?\gh ^! oils d
 n become q solid till ! po9t  indicat$ 
is rea*$1 yet !y beg9 to become gra9y at
 #d ,c4    ,footnote #ee3 ,once         
solidifi$1 ?is oil does n liquify until 
!  temp]ature rea*es #b;,c4             
,,table giv+ ! reactions ( v>i\s ,,oils 
)              ,,sulphuric ,,acid & ) a 
saturat$ solution (                     
,,bi*romate ,,( ,,pota% 9 sulphuric     
acid4              ,re-arrang$ f ,m4    
,,p5ot's table1 ) additions1            
by ,mr ,,cooley4     ,! result indicat$ 
is obta9$ 9 ea* case by ! action ( "o   
drop ( ! ,,reag5t on tw5ty drops (      
,,oil4                                  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------------   
,,reag5ts                               

----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,saturat$ ,solution (        ,,"n ,,(   
,,oil               ,sulphuric ,acid    
,bi*romate ( ,potassa                   
9 ,sulphuric ,acid                      
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,n /irr$     ,/irr$         ,/irr$      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,almond oil           ,gre5f9* yell[1   
,dirty gre5 ,yell[i%1 small lumps       
) orange spots                          
,ca/or oil           ,yell[1 )          
,little       ,slightly gre5            
slight spots      reaction              
,cod-liv] oil        ,deep purple 9     
,deep purple1 ,r$di%-br[n clots1        
7f9e sample        ! c5tre1       pass+ 
into *ang+ to a cle>        ( pale oil7 
rapidly turn+   purple br[n1bright gre5 
br[n1 :il/     r$di%                    
violet or purple  br[n1 &               
cl\ds or /reaks gradually               

spread out t[>dsdeep5+ to               
! circumf]5ce1an int5se                 
! col\r (     br[n1                     
:i* rema9s     approa*+                 
m9utes aft] ! black                     
c5tral portion                          
turn$ ne>ly                             
black                                   
,hemp-se$ oil        ,small br[n lumps  
,gre5i%     ,small yell[ lumps or       
or clots on a     br[n        clots on a
 gre5                                   
yell[ gr\nd                  gr\nd      
,l9se$ oil                              
7f !                                    
,upp] ,rh9e7        ,d>k r$di% br[n,br[n
 small  ,br[n small lumps on            
lumps on a   an almo/ col\rless         
grey gr\nd  gr\nd                       
7f ,p>is7       ,r$di% br[n1    ,br[n   
clots  ,br[n small lumps on a           
less d>k col\r$on a gre5   gre5 gr\nd   
gr\nd                                   
7,engli%7          ,*e/nut br[n    ,br[n
 clots  ,br[n lumps on a                

on a         gre5i%-grey gr\nd          
gre5i%-grey                             
gr\nd                                   
,liv]-tra9 oil      ,d>k r$             
,d>k r$     ,d>k r$                     
,madia-sativa oil     ,slightly r$di%   
,olive gre5  ,light br[n small lumps    
br[n und]nea?               on an       
olive-col\r$                           a
 ?9 greyi%                 gr\nd        
film                                    
,black-mu/>d oil    ,blui% gre5         
,olive gre5  ,olive br[n                
,neat's-foot oil      ,yell[ slight     
,dirty br[n  ,br[n spots on a           
spots                          br[ni%   
gr\nd                                   
,nut oil                                
7rec5t7           ,yell[i% br[n         
,clott$1 d>k,small br[n lumps or        
br[n        clots                       
7"o ye> old7       ,yell[               
,dirty br[n1 ,small br[n lumps          
less d>k                                
col\r$                                  

7/ill old]7      ,orange yell[          
,dirty br[n  ,small br[ni% lumps        
,ole91 oleic acid1                      
l>d1 or tall[ oil  ,r$di% spots1        
,r$di% br[n,bright *e/nut col\r         
) r$di%                                 
circles                                 
,olive oil            ,yell[            
,dirty br[n  ,olive br[n                
7ano!r                                  
sample7             ,orange yell[       
,br[ni% grey,br[n                       
7f f]m5t$                               
olives7             ,orange yell[       
,br[ni% grey,br[n                       
,poppy oil                              
7rec5t cold                             
drawn7              ,yell[ spots        
,olive br[n  ,small yell[ lumps on a    
:ite gr\nd                              
7rec5t                                  
express$ ) slight                       
heat7                ,gre5i%-yell[      
,olive br[n1 ,small yell[ lumps on a    
spots             turn+ m gre5i%-grey   

gr\nd                                   
on ! gre5                            7"o
 ye> old1                               
express$ )                              
heat7               ,gre5i% spots       
,olive gre5  ,small yell[ lumps on a    
gre5 gr\nd                              
,rape or colza oil                      
7trade7            ,yell[i%-br[n        
,br[ni%1    ,yell[ small lumps on a     
/reaks surr\nd$turn+ on   gre5 gr\nd    
by a blui%-gre5 ! olive                 
r+              gre5                    
7rec5t7           ,gre5                 
,blui% gre5 ,yell[ small lumps on a     
gre5 gr\nd                              
7"o ye> old7     ,gre5                  
,blui% gre5 ,yell[ lumps on a           
bright] gre5 gr\nd                      
7"o ye> old1                            
r\gh                                    
hot-press$7        ,gre5                
,olive gre5  ,small yell[ lumps1        
m num]\s1 on an                         
olive-gre5 gr\nd                        

,:ale-tra9 oil      ,small r$di%        
,resembles    ,small1 bright1           
lumps on a        w9e lees              
*e/nut-col\r$ lumps                     
br[ni% gr\nd                on a br[n   
gr\nd                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,oil1 ,castor4 ,syn4 ,,ric9i ,,oleum    
7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,ca/orei1 ,o4       
,,ric9i  7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,! 
oil prep>$ by heat1 or by pressure1 f ! 
se$0 ( 8,ric9is communis1 ,l9n40 7,ph4  
,l471 ! ,palma ,*ri/i1 or  ,mexican     
oil-bu%4    ,! be/ ca/or oil            
7,,cold-,,drawn ,,ca/or ,,oil2 ,,oleum  
,,ric9i ,,s9e ,,igne7is  prep>$ by      
press+ ! %ell$ & cru%$ fruit 7se$7 9    
hemp bags1 9  an hydraulic press1 &     
heat+ ! oil ?us obta9$ along ) wat] 9   
well t9n$ vessels1 until ! wat] boils & 
! album5 & gum  sep>ate z a scum2 ?is is
 c>efully remov$1 & ! oil z soon z x    
has become cold is filt]$ ?r\gh ,canton 
flannel1 & put into  cani/]s4 ,! common]

 k9ds are prep>$ by g5tly heat+ ! cru%$ 
se$s1 & press+ !m :il/ hot4 ,ano!r      
me?od1 sometimes adopt$1 is  to put !   
cru%$ se$ into loose bags1 to boil ^! 9 
wat]1 & to  skim (f ! float+ oil4       
,prop4 ,x is ! mo/ viscid ( all ! fix$  
oils2 :5 pure x mixes 9  all proportions
 ) alcohol & e!r1 & also dissolves1 to a
 c]ta9  ext5t1 9 rectifi$ _s1 b a       
portion ( ! oil sep>ates on  /&+4       
,camphor & b5zoic acid increase its     
solubility 9 _s4 ,by  long exposure to !
 air x becomes rancid1 ?ick1 & is       
ultimately  trans=m$ into a transp>5t   
yell[ mass2 light ha/5s ^! *anges4      
,expos$ to cold1 a solid1 :ite cry/all9e
 fat sep>ates f ! liquid  portion1 & :5 
cool$ to #j x congeals into a yell[     
transp>5t mass1  :i* does n aga9 liquefy
 until ! temp]ature rises to ab\t #ah   
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifaa to #ifab1 at #fj2 
#ifij1 at #ee 7,saussure72 #iege1 at    
#gg 7,saussure74 ,prod4 #ch to #dj      
7#fb----,ure74    ,pur4 ,ca/or oil is   
sometimes adult]at$ ) rape oil or ) l>d 

oil1  a fraud :i* may be detect$ by its 
dim9i%$ d5sity2 &1 :5 !  add$ oil exce$s
 #cc1 by its insolubility 9 its own     
weight ( alcohol (  #hbj4 ,9 _m cases   
croton oil is add$ to increase !        
purgative quality  ( ! mixture4 ,a      
comp\nd ( ?is k9d is v5d$ 9 gelat9e     
capsules  "u ! "n ( #8,,conc5trat$      
,,ca/or ,,oil1' ! use ( :i* is fraught  
) dang]4 8,i h he>d ( sev]al cases 9 :i*
 v viol5t &  dang]\s effects 7 produc$  
by ^! capsules40 7,p]eira47 ,! be/ is   
import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 t9 cani/]s4  
,! oil obta9$ f !  se$s ( ,ric9us       
viridis 7,willd471 or lamp-oil se$s1 is 
(t5 mix$  ) or sold = ca/or oil4        
,uses1 c4 ,ca/or oil is an exce$+ly     
useful mild purgative1  p>ticul>ly :5   
abdom9al irritation %\ld be avoid$1 z 9 
inflammations ( ! /oma* & b[els1        
pregnancy1 surgical op]ations1          
c4----,dose1 #b fl4 dr4 to #a fl4 oz4   
,oil1 ,cocoa-nut4 ,syn4 ,,cocoa-,,nut   
,,butt]2 ,,oleum ,,cocois ,,nucif]1 ,l4 
,by  expression f ! k]nels ( ! cocoa    

nut1 or fruit ( ! ,cocos  nucif]a4      
,oil1 ,cod-liv]4 ,syn4 ,,morrhu ,,oleum 
7,b4 ,p471 ,,cod-,,fi% ,,oil2 ,,oleum   
,,jecoris ,,aselli1 ,o4 ,,gadi1 ,o4 ,g4 
,,morrhu1 ,,oleum ,,morrhu 7,ph4 ,l471  
,l4 8,!  oil extract$ f ! fre% liv] ( ! 
,gadus morrhua by a /eam heat  or wat]  
ba? n exce$+ #ahj ,fahr4 ,yell[40 8,!   
oil prep>$ f !  liv] ( ,gadus morrhua1  
,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l47    ,! common cod-liv] 
oil ( comm]ce dra9s f ! liv]s ( !       
cod-fi% :5 freely expos$ to ! sun1 & j  
beg9n+ to putrefy4 ,x  is d>k col\r$1   
/rong1 & nause\s1 & is n[ *iefly employ$
 9  ?is c\ntry by ! curri]s1 = dress+   
lea!r4 ,x is ! #8,,oleum  ,,jecoris     
,,aselli ,,fuscum' ( ,cont95tal writ]s4 
,=m]ly1 ! less fetid  v>ieties ( ?is    
crude oil1 aft] ! impurities 7 remov$1  
ei!r by  subsid5ce or filtration1       
con/itut$ ! only cod-liv] oil us$ 9     
m$ic9e4 ,z its employm5t z a rem$y      
increas$1 its revolt+ flav\r1  & its    
great t5d5cy to p]man5tly disord] !     
/oma* & b[els1 0  f\nd1 h[ev]1 to be a  

s]i\s ob/acle to its g5]al use4 ,x 0    
obs]v$ t ! oil z x exi/s 9 ! liv] ( !   
cod is bl& &  ne>ly col\rless1 & has    
only a slight fi%y1 b n a disagreeable  
flav\r4 ,! att5tion ( p]sons int]e/$ 0  
!re=e imm$iately  direct$ to ! subject1 
& improv$ me?ods ( obta9+ ! oil 7       
sugge/$1 & ere long adopt$ on ! l>ge    
scale4    ,! me?ods ( prep>+ cod-liv]   
oil are notic$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is  "w1 b  
we ?9k x advisable to add to ^! a       
description ( ! plan  adopt$ by ,messrs 
,*>les ,fox & ,co41 ( ,newf\ndl&1       
,sc>bor\gh1 &  ,london1 ! well-kn[n     
manufactur]s & import]s ( cod-liv]      
oil3----    8,! ,newf\ndl& fi%]ies are  
entirely c>ri$ on 9 small boats1        
pr9cipally by ! h&-l9e sy/em1 & q close 
to ! %ore4 ,!  boats g out e>ly 9 !     
morn+1 & return ab\t f\r o'clock 9 !    
aft]noon4 ,! fi%1 on l&+1 are h&$ ov] to
 a #8fi%-room keep]1'  ^: duty x is to  
split & op5 ! fi%1 & to deposit ! liv]s 
9  small tubs hold+ #ag or #ah gallons  
ea*4 ,! tubs are soon aft]w>ds  collect$

 f ! diff]5t #8fi%-rooms1' & convey$ to 
!  manufactory4 ,! liv]s are "h ?r[n    
into tubs fill$ ) clean cold  wat]1 &1  
aft] be+ well wa%$ & j]k$ ov]1 are plac$
 on  galvanis$ iron-wire sieves to dra94
 ,!y are next put into cov]$            
/eam-jacket-pans1 & submitt$ to a g5tle 
heat = ab\t ?ree qu>t]s  ( an h\r1 aft] 
:i* ! /eam is turn$ (f1 cold air aga9   
admitt$1  & ! :ole all[$ to repose = a  
%ort "t1 dur+ :i* ! liv]s  subside1 & ! 
oil sep>ates & floats on ! top4 ,! oil  
is !n  skimm$ (f into t9 vessels1 &     
pass$ ?r\gh flannel /ra9]s into  tubs1  
:]e x is left to subside = ab\t #bd     
h\rs4 ,f ^! ! pur]  upp] portion ( oil  
is run into a v deep1 galvaniz$-iron    
ci/]n1 &  aga9 left to cl>ify itself by 
defecation = a few days4 ,x is n[  fur!r
 ref9$ by c>efully pass+ x ?r\gh clean &
 v /\t  mole-sk9 filt]s1 "u pressure4 ,!
 transp>5t filt]$ oil is  receiv$ 9 a   
clean1 galvanis$-iron ci/]n conta9+ a   
pump1 f :i*  ! casks are fill$ =        
exportation4 ,! latt]1 be=e be+ fill$1  

are  c>efully season$ & clean$1 to      
prev5t _! imp>t+ ei!r flav\r  or col\r  
to ! pure oil40    ,! sup]iority ( ! oil
 prep>$ z above consi/s ess5tially 9 e  
"p ( ! process ( extraction be+ p]=m$   
:il/ ! liv]s are  fre%1 & 9 no *emical  
means be+ adopt$ to give ! oil a        
factiti\s  appe>ance4 ,its natural pale 
col\r is ?us pres]v$ f contam9ation1  & 
its m$ic9al virtues ma9ta9$ intact4     
,mu* ( ! light br[n oil ( comm]ce is    
obta9$ f ,gadus call>ius  7! dorse74 ,g4
 c>bon>ius 7! coal-fi%71 & ,g4 polla*ius
 7!  pollack74    ,pur41 c4 8,! f9e/    
oil10 rem>ks ,dr ,p]eira1 8is t :i* is  
mo/  devoid ( col\r1 od\r1 & flav\r4 ,! 
oil1 z conta9$ 9 ! cells  ( ! fre% liv]1
 is ne>ly col\rless1 & ! br[ni% col\r   
possess$ by ord9>y cod-liv] oil is due  
to col\r+ matt]s d]iv$  f !             
decomposition 7putrefy+7 ( hepatic      
tissues & fluids1 or f  ! action ( ! air
 on ! oil 7age74 ,*emical analysis l5ds 
no support  to ! op9ion1 at "o "t       
ent]ta9$1 t ! br[n oil 0 sup]ior1  z a  

!rapeutic ag5t1 to ! pale oil4 ,*emi/ry 
has n discov]$ any  sub/ance 9 ! br[n   
oil t w\ld conf] on x sup]ior activity z
 a  m$ic9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! disgu/+ od\r
 & flav\r &  nauseat+ qualities ( ! br[n
 oil preclude its repeat$ use4 ,moreov]1
  !re is reason to suspect t1 if pati5ts
 c\ld conqu] _! av]sion  to x1 its free 
use1 l t ( o!r rancid & empyreumatic    
fats1  w\ld di/urb ! dige/ive functions1
 & be att5d$ ) injuri\s  effects40#ef   
,footnote #ef3 #8,elem4 ,mat4 ,m$41' c41
 #crd edit41 iii1 #bcci4    ,among !    
te/s ( purity1 t g5]ally reli$ on is    
kn[n z !  #8sulphuric acid te/4' ,see   
,,oils 7,fix$73 ,purity4    ,,dorse     
,,oil1 & o!r ,,fi% ,,oil1 sold z        
#8,,light-,,br[n ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil1'   
exhibit ) ?is te/ mu* light] reactions1 
:i* closely resemble  ^? ( ,,liv]-,,tra9
 & ,,:ale-,,tra9 ,,oil4    ,to detect ! 
pres5ce ( comb9$ iod9e1 ^u :i*1 by "s1 !
  !rapeutic value ( cod-liv] oil is     
?\ght to dep5d1 ! sample is  saponifi$  
by trituration ) a little cau/ic potassa

 & hot wat]1 !  result+ soap cauti\sly  
inc9]at$1 ! a%es dige/$ ) wat]1 &  !    
:ole ?r[n on a filt]4 ,! usual te/s =   
iod9e may be !n  appli$ to ! filt]$     
liquid4    ,! pres5ce ( iod9e           
artificially add$ is be/ detect$ by     
agitat+  ! oil ) a little rectifi$ _s1 &
 !n te/+ ?is la/ =  iod9e4 ,or1 a little
 solution ( />* & a few drops (         
sulphuric or  nitric acid may be at once
 add$ to ! oil1 :5 a blue col\r w be    
develop$ if iod9e1 or an iodide1 has be5
 mix$ ) ! sample4    ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! pale
 oil is #ibcj to #ibch2 ( ! light-br[n  
oil1  #ibdj to #ibde2 ( ! d>k-br[n oil1 
#ibij to #icae4 ,! d5sity is1  h[ev]1   
apt to v>y a little ) ! quantity (      
moi/ure pres5t4    ,uses1 c4 ,cod-liv]  
oil is a mo/ valuable m$ic9e 9 a great  
v>iety  ( diseases1 m especially 9      
gl&ul> indurations & enl>gem5ts1        
scr(ula1 ph?isis1 rheumatism1 g\t1 c]ta9
 cutane\s diseases1  am5orrha1 *lorosis1
 c>ies1 rickets1 c4 ,to be ( s]vice1    
h[ev]1 its  use mu/ be cont9u$ = sev]al 

weeks1 & ! oil mu/ be  rec5t4----,dose1 
#a to #b table-spoonfuls1 #c or #d times
 daily1 or (t5]4    ,oil1 ,colza4 ,f !  
se$s ( ,brassica campe/ris1 v>4 oleif]a1
  or colza de pr9temps1 a v>iety (      
,brassica campe/ris 7,l9n474 ,x  may be 
reg>d$ z a sup]ior sort ( rape oil4     
,burns well 9 lamps1  especially aft]   
be+ ref9$4 ,sp4 gr4 #iacf4 ,prod4 #ci4  
,! t]m  #8colza oil' is commonly appli$ 
to ord9>y ref9$ rape4    ,oil1          
,cottonse$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,gossipii    
,,sem9um1 ,l4 ,f ! se$s (  ,gossypium   
,b>bad5se4 ,dry+4    ,oil1 ,croton4     
,syn4 ,,crotonis ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471     
,,oleum ,,crotonis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,o4      
,,tiglii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,f ! %ell$ se$s
 ( ,croton tiglium or ,molucca  gra9s4  
,import$ *iefly f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is 
"o ( ! mo/  p[]ful ca?>tics kn[n1 & acts
 :5 ei!r swall[$ or m]ely plac$  9 !    
m\?4 ,ext]nally1 x is a rubefaci5t &    
c\nt]-irritant1 (t5  caus+ a crop (     
pa9ful pu/ules1 l t>t> emetic4----,dose1
 #a to #b  drops1 on sug>2 9 apoplexy1  

c4 ,x is poison\s 9 l>g] doses4 ,sp4 gr4
  #idg to #iec4 ,prod4 ,un%ell$ se$s1   
#bb to #be2 %ell$ d41 #cb to  #ce4      
,pure croton oil is soluble 9 an equal  
volume ( alcohol ( #gif1 b 9 #b  or #c  
days ab\t #if ( ! oil sep>ates4 ,9      
,france ! m>c is exhau/$  ) alcohol1 & !
 oil ?us obta9$ is add$ to t previ\sly  
obta9$ f ! same se$s by expression4 ,!  
,ea/ ,indian oil 7,,oleum  ,,crotonis   
,,exoticum7 is usually ( a pale yell[2 t
 press$ 9 ,engl&  7,o4 ,,crotonis       
,,anglicanum7 is mu* d>k]4    ,oil (    
,cucumb]4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cucurbit1 ,l4 
,f ! se$s (  ,cucurbita pepo or squa%1 &
 ! ,c4 melopepo or pumpk94 ,pale2 us$  9
 lamps2 &1 sometimes1 z a soo?+         
application to piles4 ,sp4 gr4  #ibca4  
,prod4 #bd4    ,oil ( ,eggs4 ,syn4      
,,oleum ,,ovi1 ,o4 ,o4 ,,vitelli1 ,o4   
,,ovorum1 ,l4 ,f !  yolks ( eggs1 g5tly 
heat$ until !y coagulate & ! moi/ure has
  evaporat$1 & !n press$ or brok5 up1   
dige/$ 9 boil+ rectifi$  _s1 ! t9cture  
filt]$ :il/ hot1 & ! _s di/ill$ (f4     

,bl&2 emolli5t4 ,! common plan is to fry
 ! yolks h>d2 b ! oil is  !n d>k] col\r$
 & /rong]4 ,! ,p4 ,cod4 ord]s !m to be  
exhau/$  ) e!r1 by displacem5t4 ,=m]ly  
commonly us$ to #8kill' quicksilv]1  &  
/ill held 9 great e/eem 9 "s p>ts (     
,engl& = sore nipples  & excoriations4  
,prod4 #aj to #ab eggs yield #a oz4 ,see
 ,,mix$ ,,oils4    ,oil ( ,g>d5 ,cress4 
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lepidii ,,sativi1 ,l4 ,f
 ! se$4  ,dry+4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibdj4 ,prod4  
#ed4    ,oil ( ,g>d5 ,spurge4 ,syn4     
,,oleum ,,la?yris1 ,o4 ,,euphorbi ,l41  
,l4 ,f  ! se$s ( ,euphorbia la?yris or  
g>d5 spurge4 ,ca?>tic4----,dose1 #c  to 
#h drops4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibha4 ,prod4 #cj to 
#da4 ,croton oil mix$ ) #f  times its   
weight ( nut or rape oil is usually sold
 = x4    ,oil ( ,g+elly4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(
 ,,sesamum1 ,,b5ne ,,oil1 ,,teel ,o41   
,,tel ,o42  ,,oleum ,,sesami1 ,l4 ,f !  
se$s ( ,sesamum ori5tale 7,willd471 or  
g+elly4 ,pale2 bl&4 ,us$ 9 salads1      
pa9ts1 c42 also to adult]ate oil  (     
almonds4 ,prod4 #df4    ,oil1 ,g\rd4    

,see ,,oil ,,( ,,cucumb]4    ,oil (     
,gr\nd ,nuts4 ,f ! nuts ( ,ara*is       
hypoga4 ,glut9\s4    ,oil ( ,gurgun4    
,see ,,balsam1 ,,gurgun4    ,oil (      
,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,f 
! se$ ( ,cannabis  sativa 7,l9n471 or   
common hemp4 ,mawki%4 ,sometimes us$ =  
fry+1 b  *iefly = pa9ts1 soaps1 c4      
,freely soluble 9 boil+ alcohol2 does n 
?ick5 until cool$ to #e ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 
#ibgf4 ,prod4 #ah to #bd4    ,oil (     
,jatropha4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,wild       
,,ca/or ,,se$s2 ,,oleum ,,jatroph1 ,l4  
,f ! se$s ( ,jatropha purgans4 ,some:at 
resembles ,,croton ,,oil4 ,us$  = lamps 
9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4    ,oil1 ,kundah4     
,syn4 ,,tallicoonah ,o42 ,,oleum        
,,t\l\c\n1 ,l4 ,f ! fruit  ( ,c>apa     
,t\l\c\na4 ,rancid1 nause\s1 v]mifuge1  
rubefaci5t1 emetic1  & purgative4       
,*iefly us$ 9 lamps4    ,oil1 ,l>d4     
,syn4 ,,tall[ ,o41 ,,crude ,,ole91 ,c4  
,,oleic ,,acid2 ,,oleum ,,adipis1  ,l4  
,by sep>at+ ! ole9 ( l>d f ! /e>9 by    
means ( boil+  alcohol4 ,only applicable

 :]e _s is *eap4 ,! product is1 h[ev]1  
excell5t4 ,! crude oleic acid1 or l>d   
oil ( comm]ce1 is *iefly  obta9$ z a    
second>y product 9 ! manufacture ( /e>94
 ,x is  purifi$ by agitation ) sulphuric
 acid1 & subsequ5tly by /eam+  x1 or    
wa%+ x ) hot wat]4 ,burns well 9 lamps1 
if ! wick-tube is  kept cool4 ,sp4 gr4  
#ijjc4    ,oil1 ,l9se$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum   
,,l9i 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4
 #a4  7,,cold-,,drawn ,,l9se$ ,,oil2    
,,oleum ,,l9i ,,s9e ,,igne47 ,f ! se$ ( 
,l9um  usitatissimum 7,l9n471 or common 
flax1 bruis$ or cru%$1 & !n  gr\nd &    
express$ )\t heat4 ,pale1 insipid1      
visc\s2 does n keep  s well z ! next4   
,prod4 #ag to #bj4    #b4 ,z ! la/1 b   
employ+ a /eam heat ( ab\t #bjj ,fahr4  
,amb]  col\r$2 less visc\s ?an ! la/2   
congeals at #b2 soluble 9 #e p>ts  (    
boil+ & #dj p>ts ( cold alcohol4 ,bo?   
are dry+ &  ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a to #b 
oz42 9 piles1 c4 ,*iefly us$ 9 pa9ts1   
v>ni%es1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 #icdg4 ,prod4 #bb  
to #bg4    #c4 7,,boil$ ,,l9se$ ,,oil47 

,see ,,oils 7,dry+74    ,oil ( ,mace    
7,express$74 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,nutmeg    
7,express$74    ,oil ( ,male ,f]n4 ,see 
,,extract ,,( ,,male ,,f]n4    ,oil (   
,mu/>d4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,s9apis1 ,l4 #a4 
7,,oil ,,( ,,:ite ,,mu/>d47 ,f  ,s9apis 
alba1 or :ite mu/>d1 b *iefly f ,s9apis 
arv5sis1 ,s4  *95sis1 ,s4 di*otoma1 ,s4 
glauca1 ,s4 ramosa1 & ,s4 tori4  ,sweet4
 ,us$ = ! table4 ,sp4 gr4 #iadb         
7#bafj----,ure74 ,prod4 #cf4    #b4     
7,,oil ,,( ,,black ,,mu/>d2 ,,oleum     
,,s9apis ,,nigri1 ,l47 ,f ! #8hulls' (  
black-mu/>d se$4 ,viscid1 /imulant4 ,us$
 9 rheumatism1 ,sp4 gr4 #iafh  to #iagj4
 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74    #c4 7,,oil 
,,( ,,:ite ,,mu/>d2 ,,oleum ,,raphani1  
,l47 ,f ! se$ ( ,raphanus  raphani/rum  
7,l9n471 or jo9t$ *>lock or wild mu/>d4 
,prod4 #cj4    ,oil1 ,neat's-foot4 ,syn4
 ,,n]ve ,,oil1 ,,trott] ,o42 ,,oleum    
,,bubulum1 ,o4  ,,n]v9um1 ,,axungia     
,,p$um ,,tauri1 ,l4 ,f neat's-feet &    
tripe1 by boil+  !m 9 wat]1 & skimm+ (f 
! oil4 ,does n ?ick5 by age4 ,us$ to    

s(t5 lea!r1 to clean fire-arms1 & = o!r 
purposes4    ,,oil1 ,,nut4 ,syn4        
,,hazel-,,nut ,o42 ,,oleum ,,nucis1 ,o4 
,,coryli1 ,l4 ,f ! k]nels  ( ,corylus   
,avellana 7,l9n471 or hazel-nut tree4   
,pale1 mild ta/$1  dry+2 sup]ior to     
l9se$ oil = pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,x is      
commonly  sold = oil ( almonds & oil (  
b51 & is ext5sively employ$ to          
adult]ate bo?4 ,walnut oil is also      
frequ5tly sold = nut oil4 ,sp4 gr4      
#ibfj4 ,prod4 #fc7,ure74    ,oil (      
,nutmeg 7,express$74 ,syn4 ,,express$   
,,oil ,,( ,,mace1 ,,butt] ,,( ,m42      
,,oleum ,,myri/ic 7,,concretum7 7,ph4   
,l471 ,,myri/ic ,,adeps 7,ph4 ,e471 ,m4 
,,butyrum1 ,o4 ,,myri/ic ,,expressum    
7,b4 ,p471 ,o4 ,,mos*at1 ,o4 ,,nuci/1   
,l4 8,!  concrete oil express$ f ! se$ (
 ,myri/ica (fic9alis10 ,l9n4  7,ph4     
,l471 or common nutmeg4 ,! nutmegs are  
beat5 to a pa/e1 enclos$ 9  a bag1      
expos$ to ! vap\r ( hot wat]1 & !n      
press$ betwe5 heat$  iron plates4       
,orange col\r$1 fragrant1 spicy2        

butyrace\s1 or solid4 ,x  is a mixture (
 ! fix$ & volatile oils ( ! nutmeg4 ,:5 
discol\r$ & h>d5$ by age1 x is call$    
#8,,b&a ,,soap' 7,,ol4 ,,macis ,,9      
,,massis74 ,:5 pure1 x is soluble 9 #d  
p>ts ( boil+ alcohol & 9 #b  p>ts ( e!r4
 ,x has be5 us$ 9 rheumatism & palsy1 b 
is n[  *iefly employ$ = its od\r &      
aromatic qualities4 ,f ! ,ea/  ,indies4 
,prod4 #ag to #bj4    ,oil1 ,olive4     
,syn4 ,,salad ,,oil1 ,,sweet ,o42 ,,oliv
 ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum  ,,oliv>um1 
,o4 ,,oliv 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,!
 8oil express$ f !  fruit0 ( 8,olea     
europa1 ,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l471 or common    
olive4 ,five  diff]5t me?ods are employ$
 to obta9 ! oil1 f ! fruit3    #a4      
7,,virg9 ,,oil2 ,o4 ,o4 ,,virg9eum1     
,l472 7,,huile ,,vi]ge1 ,fr47 ,f olives1
  c>efully g>bl$1 ei!r spontane\sly or  
only by slight pressure1 9 !  cold4 ,t  
yield$ by ! p]ic>p ( ! fruit is ! f9e/4 
#b4 7,ord9>y #8,,f9e ,,oil1'7 ,?is is   
obta9$ by ei!r press+ ! olives1         
previ\sly cru%$ & mix$ ) boil+ wat]1 or 

by press+1 at a  g5tle heat1 ! olives f 
:i* ! virg9 oil has be5 obta9$4 ,!      
above processes furni% ! f9] salad oils 
( comm]ce4 ,! cake :i*  is left is call$
 #8,,grignon1'    #c4 7,,second         
,,quality47 ,by all[+ ! bruis$ fruit to 
f]m5t be=e  press+ x4 ,yell[2 d>k] ?an !
 prec$+2 b mild & sweet ta/$4  ,mu* us$ 
= ! table4    #d4 7#8,,gorgon4'7 ,by    
f]m5t+ & boil+ ! press$ cake or m>c 9   
wat]1 & skimm+ (f ! oil4 ,inf]ior4      
#e4 7,,oil ,,( ,,! ,,inf]nal ,,regions2 
,,oleum ,,omphac9um7 is a v inf]ior     
quality ( oil1 :i* is skimm$ (f !       
surface ( ! wat] 9 !  res]voirs into :i*
 ! wa/e wat] :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! above  
op]ations is receiv$1 & all[$ to settle4
 ,! la/ two are *iefly  us$ = lamps1 & 9
 soap-mak+1 c4    ,( ! pr9cipal v>ieties
 ( olive oil kn[n 9 comm]ce1 &  di/+ui%$
 by ! place ( _! production1 #8,,prov5ce
 ,,oil' is ! mo/  e/eem$2 #8,,flor5ce   
,,oil' & #8,,lucca ,,oil' are also ( v  
f9e quality2  #8,,g5oa ,,oil' comes     
next1 & !n #8,,gallipoli ,,oil1' :i* =ms

 ! mass (  :at is us$ 9 ,engl&2         
#8,,sicily ,,oil1' :i* has a slightly   
res9\s  flav\r1 is v inf]ior2 &         
#8,,spani% ,,oil' is ! wor/ import$4    
,prop41 c4 ,olive oil is a ne>ly        
inodor\s1 pale gre5i%-yell[1  unctu\s   
fluid1 ) a purely oleag9\s ta/e1        
peculi>ly grateful to !  palate ( ^? :o 
reli% oil4 ,x does n suff] active       
decomposition at  a heat n exce$+ #fjj  
,fahr42 & :5 cool$ to #cf;x congeals    
into a  granul> solid mass4 ,x is v     
slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 b its       
solubility is increas$ by admixture )   
ca/or oil4 ,x is soluble 9  #a-a_/b "p (
 e!r4 ,:5 pure x has little t5d5cy to   
become rancid4  ,sp4 gr4 #iagj to #iagc2
 #iaib1 at #ec-a_/b 7,saussure72 #iagf1 
at #ei  7,heid5rei*72 & #iaji1 at #gg   
,fahr4 7,saussure74 ,prod4 #cb1 ( :i*   
#ba is furni%$ by ! p]ic>p1 & ! rema9d]1
 :i* is inf]ior1  by ! se$ & woody matt]
 ( ! fruit4    ,pur4 ,olive oil1 ) !    
exception ( t ( almonds1 be+ ! mo/      
co/ly ( ! ord9>y fix$ oils ( comm]ce1   

is1 consequ5tly1 ! "o  mo/ subject to   
adult]ation4 ,nut1 poppy1 rape1 & l>d   
oil1 are ^?  mo/ commonly us$ = ?is     
purpose4 ,ref9$ tall[ ole91 includ+ t   
obta9$ f ! #8knack]s' y>ds' ( ,p>is1 is 
said to h be5 us$ 9  ! same way4 ,!     
addition ( any o!r oil to olive oil     
r5d]s x f>  less agreeable to ! palate1 
&1 by increas+ its t5d5cy to  rancidity1
 mu* m likely to (f5d & d]ange ! /oma* &
 b[els  ( ^? :o consume x4 ,p>ties :o   
indulge !mselves 9 ! use ( ?is  luxury  
w\ld1 !re=e1 d well to asc]ta9 t :at !y 
pur*ase is  pure4 ,:5 pure1 & also fre%1
 olive oil is mo/ :olesome z an article 
( food or u a condim5t4    ,! detection 
( ! sophi/ication ( salad oil is a matt]
 ( no great  difficulty4 ,! palate ( !  
connoisseur w readily p]ceive !         
slighte/ v>iation 9 ! quality ( 8       
fav\rite condim5t4 ,o!r  me?ods1 h[ev]1 
( a m accurate & c]ta9 description1 & ( 
m  g5]al application1 are adopt$4       
,among/ ^!1 9 addition to ^?  m5tion$   
above1 are ! foll[+3----    a4 ,:5 pure 

olive oil is %ak5 9 a phial1 only half  
fill$1 !  #8bead' or bubbles rapidly    
disappe>2 b if ! sample has be5 mix$ )  
poppy or o!r oil1 ! bubbles cont9ue     
long] be=e !y bur/4    b4 ,olive oil    
congeals at #cf ,fahr41 & is completely 
solidifi$ :5 a  small bottle conta9+ x  
is surr\nd$ by ice1 or a freez+ mixture2
  b :5 mix$ ) poppy oil1 x rema9s p>tly 
liquid1 ev5 :5 !  latt] =ms only #a-d? (
 ! mass2 if m ?an #a-crd ( poppy oil is 
pres5t1 x does n solidify at all1 unless
 cool$ mu* bel[ !  freez+ po9t ( wat]4  
c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,:5 olive oil is 8c>efully
 mix$ ) #a_/ab? "p ( its  volume ( a    
solution ( #d oz4 ( m]cury 9 #h fl4 oz4 
#f dr4 ( nitric acid  7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 x
 becomes 9 #c or #d h\rs l a firm fat1  
)\t any  sep>ation ( liquid oil40    d4 
,m4 ,pontet recomm5ds ! m]curial        
solution to be made by dissolv+  #f p>ts
 ( m]cury 9 #g-a_/b p>ts ( nitric acid  
7sp4 gr4 #ace71 )\t  heat2 ( ?is        
solution he adds #a "p to e #dh p>ts ( !
 oil1 &  well %akes ! mixture e #cj     

m9utes1 until x beg9s to solidify4  ,?is
 x does aft] ab\t #g h\rs 9 summ] & #d  
or #e h\rs 9 w9t]1 &  :5 ! oil is pure x
 w h =m$1 9 #bd h\rs1 a mass s h>d t  "s
 little =ce mu/ be employ$ to ?ru/ a    
glass rod into x4 ,!  o!r edible oils d 
n furni% a h>d mass ) nitrate ( m]cury4 
,!  solidity ( ! mass is exactly 9      
proportion to ! quantity ( =eign  oil   
pres5t4 ,:5 ! sophi/ication is equal to 
#a-h? ( ! :ole1 a  di/9ct liquid lay]   
sep>ates2 :5 ! mixture conta9s half its 
volume  ( an inf]ior oil1 "o half only (
 ! mixture becomes solid1 & !  o!r half 
cont9ues liquid4 ,a temp]ature ( ab\t   
#ij ,fahr4 is ! be/  to cause ! oil &   
coagulum to sep>ate p]fectly f ea* o!r4 
,:5  ! oil has be5 adult]at$ ) animal   
oil1 ! mixture solidifies 9  ab\t five  
h\rs2 b 9 ?is case ! coagulum consi/s ( 
! animal  oil1 :il/ ! olive oil floats  
on ! surface1 & may be decant$ =  fur!r 
exam9ation4 ,?is coagulum1 on be+ heat$1
 exhales !  well-kn[n od\r ( rancid fat 
or melt$ tall[4    e4 ,dr ,ramon ,cord9a

 ,langlies /ates t ! be/ reag5t = !     
exam9ation ( olive oil is t (           
,hau*ecorne4    ,?is reag5t is compos$ (
 ?ree p>ts ( pure nitric acid at #dj )  
"o "p ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! foll[+ is ,dr  
,langlies' process =  prov+ t olive oil 
does n conta9 se$ oil1 & m especially   
cotton oil3----    ,he mixes ?ree       
grammes ( ! oil to be te/$ ) "o gramme (
 !  reag5t 9 a te/ tube1 or a small     
/opp]$ flask1 & heats ! liquid  9 a wat]
 ba?4 ,if ! oil is pure ! mixture       
becomes cle>]1 & takes  a yell[ col\r1 l
 purifi$ oil2 if x is adult]at$ ) se$   
oil1 x  acquires ! same transp>5cy z !  
pure oil1 b becomes r$4 ,) #e  p] c5t4 (
 se$ oil ! r$di% col\r+ is *>act]i/ic2 )
 #aj p]  c5t4 x is decid$4 ,! reaction  
does n require m ?an f #ae to #bj       
m9utes4    ,! col\r+ ( ! oils la/s =    
?ree days4    ,uses1 c4 ,! dietetical   
uses ( olive oil are well kn[n4 ,9 ,spa9
 &  ,italy x is commonly employ$ z a    
sub/itute = butt]4 ,x is highly         
nutriti\s1 b is dige/$ ) difficulty by  

"s p]sons1 & h5ce  %\ld be avoid$ by !  
dyspeptic4 ,l almond oil1 x is          
occasionally  employ$ z a laxative &    
v]mifuge1 & is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! milde/   
kn[n4 ,9 ph>macy x is ext5sively employ$
 9 ! prep>ation (  c]ates1 l9im5ts1     
o9tm5ts1 & pla/]s4----,dose4 ,= an      
adult1 #a_/b to  #a w9e-glassful z a    
mild ap]i5t2 = an infant1 #a_/b to #a   
teaspoonful1  mix$ up ) an equal        
quantity ( honey1 syrup ( roses1 or     
syrup (  violets4 ,! :ite fibr\s s$im5t 
:i* =ms 9 ! rec5tly express$  oil is !  
#8,,amurca' ( ,pl9y1 & 0 =m]ly highly   
e/eem$ 9  m$ic9e4    ,oil1 ,olive1      
,dropp+s4 ,syn4 ,,sweet-,,oil ,d4 ,!    
#8foots' or #8deposits1'  & ! #8dripp+s'
 ( ! casks1 ci/]ns1 & ut5sils4 ,us$ =   
ma*9]y1 mak+ soap1 c4    ,oil1 ,olive   
7,oxyg5at$74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,oliv       
,,oxyg5atum 7,ph4 ,batav471 ,l4  ,olive 
oil1 #af oz41 is plac$ 9 a receiv]      
surr\nd$ ) ice or v  cold wat]1 & *lor9e
 is sl[ly transmitt$ ?r\gh x = sev]al   
days1 or until x becomes ?ick & viscid1 

aft] :i* x is well wa%$  ) w>m w>m4     
,oil1 ,palm4 ,syn4 ,,palm ,,butt]2      
,,oleum ,,palm21 ,l4 ,f ! fruit ( ,elais
  ,gu9e5sis1 & ,e4 melanococca1 ! ,gu9ea
 oil palms4 ,orange or r$  col\r$2      
butyrace\s or solid2 smells ( violets2  
un*ang$ by alkalies2  blea*$ by         
sunlight1 age1 exposure1 *lor9e1 *romic 
acid1 & oil (  vitriol2 melts at        
#aag-a_/b ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifh4         
,demulc5t4 ,us$ to col\r  & sc5t        
o9tm5ts1 pomades1 c42 b *iefly to make  
soap & c&les4  ,f ,africa4    ,oil1     
,piney4 ,syn4 ,,p9ey ,,tall[1 ,p4       
,,damm>1 ,p4 ,,res94 ,f ,vat]ia  ,indica
 7,l9n47 or pnoe tree4 ,res9\s flav\r$1 
fragrant1 made into  c&les4 ,sp4 gr4    
#ibf4    ,oil1 ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,oleum    
,,papav]is1 ,l42 ,,oliete1 ,,huile      
,,blan*e1 ,fr4 ,f  ! se$s ( ,papav]     
somnif]um 7,l9n471 or :ite poppy4       
,sweet2 pale2  dries & keeps well4 ,us$ 
= salads1 pa9ts1 & soaps2 also          
7ext5sively7 to adult]ate almond oil1 = 
! inf]ior qualities (  :i* x is         

frequ5tly sold4 ,x does n freeze until  
cool$ to #j ,fahr4  ,sp4 gr4 #ibdc to   
#ibde4 ,prod4 #dh to #ed4    ,oil (     
,pumpk94 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cucurbit4      
,express$ f ! se$s ( !  pumpk92 a soo?+ 
application to piles4    ,oil1 ,rape4   
,syn4 ,,colza ,,oil1 ,,br[n ,o42 ,,oleum
 ,,rap1 ,l4 ,f ! se$ (  ,brassica napus 
7,l9n42 cole or rape71 & f ,brassica    
campe/ris  7,l9n42 wild navew or rape74 
,glut9\s2 butt]y at #be ,fahr4 ,dries   
sl[ly2  makes s(t soaps & good o9tm5ts1 
b bad pla/]s2 smokes mu* 9  burn+1      
unless well ref9$4 ,sp4 gr4 #iace to    
#iacf4 ,prod4 #cb4    ,,oil1 ,,ref9$ or 
,,pale ,,rape 7,,oleum ,,rap ,,ref9um1  
,,ol4 ,r4 ,,album7 is prep>$  f crude   
rape oil1 by agitat+ x ) ab\t #b ( oil (
 vitriol1  previ\sly dilut$ ) ab\t twice
 its weight ( wat]1 &1 aft] #aj or  #ab 
days' repose1 decant+ ! cle> oil1 &     
filt]+ x ?r\gh ,canton  flannel or felt4
 ,! quality is improv$ by wa%+ x ) hot  
wat] or  /eam be=e filtration4 ,us$ =   
lamps1 black+1 & ma*9]y2 also           

ext5sively employ$ to adult]ate bo?     
almond & olive oil4 ,x =ms !  common    
#8,,sweet ,,oil' ( ! oilm5 & druggi/s4  
,sp4 gr4 #iacf to #iadj4    ,oil1 ,seal4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,phoc1 ,l4 ,f ! hood    
seal1 & h>p seal1 &  o!r species (      
,phocid4 ,,pale ,,seal ,,oil is t :i*   
dra9s f !  blubb] be=e putrefaction     
comm5ces1 & =ms ab\t #fj ( ! :ole       
quantity ( oil obta9$4 ,x is v cle>1    
free f smell1 &1 :5  rec5tly prep>$1 n  
unpleasant 9 its ta/e4 ,,ref9$ ,,seal   
,,oil is !  la/1 wa%$ & filt]$4 ,ranks  
close aft] sp]m oil4 ,,br[n or ,,d>k    
,,seal  ,,oil is t :i* subsequ5tly dra9s
 f ! putrid mass4 ,x is v  /rong-sc5t$ &
 nause\s1 & smokes 9 burn+4 ,bo? are us$
 =  lamps & dress+ lea!r4 ,a full-gr[n  
seal yields #h to #ab galls4 (  oil2 a  
small "o1 #d to #e galls4    ,oil (     
,sesamum4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,g+elly      
7above74    ,oil1 ,%>k-liv]4 ,! lighte/ 
( ! fix$ oils4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfe to #hfg4   
,oil1 ,skate4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ral1 ,l4  
,f ! liv]s ( ,raia batis  7,l9n471 or   

common skate1 z cod-liv] oil2 also f    
,raia rh9obatus1  or :ite skate1 & ,raia
 clavata1 or ?ornback4 ,(t5 sold & mix$ 
) cod-liv] oil4    ,oil1 ,sp]maceti4    
,syn4 ,,sp]m ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,cetacei1  
,l4 ,f ! #8head  matt]' ( ,physet]      
macrocephalus1 or sp]maceti :ale2 a     
species once  common 9 all ! pr9cipal   
seas1 b n[ *iefly conf9$ to ! ,s\!rn    
,ocean4 ,x is v limpid1 smells little1 &
 burns well2 & has long be5  reput$ !   
be/ oil = lamps & ma*9]y1 z x does n    
?ick5 by  age or friction4 ,x is        
frequ5tly adult]at$ ) ref9$ seal oil4   
,sp4  gr4 #hge4    ,oil1 ,sunfl[]4 ,syn4
 ,,oleum ,,helian?i1 ,l4 ,f ! se$s (    
,helian?us annuus & ,h4 p]5nis4 ,cle>1  
pale yell[1 ta/eless2  ?ick5s at #fj    
,fahr4 ,us$ = salads & lamps4 ,sp4 gr4  
#ibfa4 ,prod4  #ae4    ,oil1 ,teel4 ,see
 ,,oil1 ,,g+elly4    ,oil1 ,tobacco-se$4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tabaci 7,,expressum71  
,l4 ,f ! se$s  ( ,nicotiana tabacum     
7,l9n471 or true tobacco plant4 ,pale2  
dries well2  equal to nut oil4 ,its     

production has rec5tly be5 c>ri$ on )   
consid]able success 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia4
 ,sp4 gr4 #ibcb4    ,oil ( ,t\l\c\na4   
,see ,,oil1 ,,kundah4    ,oil1 ,tra94   
,see ,,oil1 ,,:ale4    ,oil1 ,walnut4   
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,jugl&is1 ,o4 ,,nucis    
,j41 ,l4 ,f ! k]nels  ( ! nuts (        
,juglans regia 7,l9n471 or common walnut
 tree4 ,soon gets  rank2 dries well4    
,us$ 9 pa9ts1 & occasionally 9 pla/]s4  
,:5 #8cold  drawn' & wa%$ x is sometimes
 eat5 ) salad4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibfj to  #ibfb4
 ,prod4 #dh to #eb4    ,oil ( ,wax4     
,syn4 ,,butt] ,,( ,,wax2 ,,oleum ,,c]1  
,l4 ,f beeswax1 by quick  di/illation 9 
a close vessel4 ,butyrace\s4 ,by        
rectification along )  quicklime x      
yields a liquid oil4    ,oil1 ,:ale4    
,syn4 ,,tra9 ,,oil1 ,,:ale-,,tra9 ,o42  
,,oleum ,,bal,n1 ,o4 ,,ceti1 ,l4  ,f !  
blubb] ( ! ,balna my/icetus 7,l9n471 or 
! common or  ,gre5l& :ale1 by heat4     
,co>se2 /9k+4 ,,s\!rn ,,:ale ,,oil is ! 
be/4 ,us$ = lamps1 ma*9]y1 c4 ,sp4 gr4  
#ibca4 ,prod4 p] fi%1  ab\t #a-a_/b ton 

= ea* foot ( bone4    ,oil ( ,:eat4     
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tritici1 ,l4 ,f bruis$  
,colne :eat1 )  heat4 ,9 *ilbla9s1      
r+worm1 & sev]al o!r sk9 diseases4      
,oil ( ,w9e-/ones4 ,syn4 ,,grape-,,/one 
,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,vitis ,,v9if]          
,,lapidum1 ,l4 ,f ! se$s ( grapes1      
sep>at$ f ! m>c4 ,pale  yell[1 bl&1     
emolli5t4 ,us$ = salads & lamps4 ,sp4   
gr4 #ibjb4  ,prod4 #ad to #ah4     ,!   
numb]s giv5 above1 "u #8products1'      
unless :5 o!rwise /at$1  ref] to !      
respective fruits1 k]nels1 nuts1 se$s1  
c41 depriv$ (  _! husks1 pods1 %ells1 & 
e o!r portion de/itute ( oil4    ,,oils 
7,m$icat$74 ,syn4 ,,olea ,,cocta1 ,o4   
,,infusa1 ,o4 ,,m$icata1 ,l4 ,^!  are   
prep>$ by infusion or decoction4 ,!     
bruis$ +r$i5ts are ei!r  simply dige/$ 9
 #b to #d times _! weight ( olive oil = 
"s days1  or !y are g5tly boil$ 9 x     
until !y become dry & crisp1 great  c>e 
be+ tak5 t ! heat t[>ds ! end ( !       
process is n  great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4
 ,z soon z ! process is complete1  ! oil

 is all[$ to dra9 f ! +r$i5ts1 :i* are  
!n 7if  necess>y7 submitt$ to ! action (
 ! press4 ,! product is commonly  run   
?r\gh flannel or a hair sieve :il/ /ill 
w>m1 aft] :i* x is  all[$ to repose = a 
week or t5 days1 :5 ! cle> portion is   
decant$ f ! dregs4 ,! gre5 or rec5t     
plants are usually employ$  = ?is       
purpose1 b1 9 _m cases1 ! dri$ plants1  
r$uc$ to p[d]1  & dige/$ = #f or #h h\rs
 9 ! oil1 at ! heat ( hot wat]1 )       
frequ5t agitation1 yield a mu* m        
valuable product4 ,!y are ne>ly  all    
employ$ z ext]nal applications only4    
,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important           
prep>ations ( ?is class3----    ,oil (  
,add]'s ,tongue4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ophio  
,,glossi1 ,l4 ,f ! h]b1 z  ,,oil ,,(    
,,belladonna4 ,a popul> vuln]>y4    ,oil
 ( ,ants4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,=mic>um4      
,dige/ #d oz4 ( ants 9 #af oz4 7by      
weight7 ( olive oil ) a g5tle heat1 &   
/ra94    ,oil ( ,balsam ,apple4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,balsam94 ,prep4 ,balsam apple 
7depriv$ ( se$s71 #a oz42 oil ( almonds1

 #d oz42 dige/ & /ra94    ,oil (        
,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,belladonn  
7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  ! fre%      
leaves1 bruis$1 #a "p2 olive oil1 #d    
p>ts2 dige/$ toge!r  at a g5tle heat    
until ! moi/ure is evaporat$2 ! oil is  
!n  /ra9$ (f ) pressure1 & filt]$4      
,oil ( ,can?arides4 ,syn4 ,,oleum       
,,can?>idis1 ,o4 ,,can?>idibus1 ,l4     
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci74 ,f ,spani%    
flies 7p[d]$71 #a "p2 olive oil1  #h    
p>ts2 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4         
,/imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,us$ z a  dress+
 to indol5t sores1 bli/]s1 c42 & 9      
dropsy1 rheumatism1  g\t1 c41 ,,oil ,,( 
,,! ,,oil-,,beetle 7,meloe              
prosc>abu----,l9n47 is prep>$  9 a      
simil> mann]4    ,oil ( ,capsicum4 ,syn4
 ,,oleum ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr     
,turnbull47 ,f  p[d]$ capsicum or       
,cay5ne pepp]1 #d oz41 olive oil1 #a    
p9t2 dige/$  toge!r = #f h\rs1 ) heat1 &
 /ra9$4 ,/imulant2 rubefaci5t 9  colic1 
*ol]a1 c4    ,oil ( ,*amomile4 ,syn4    
,,oleum ,,an!midis1 ,,ol4 ,,*am,,meli1  

,l4 ,f !  dri$ fl[]s 7rubb$ to pieces71 
#a "p1 olive oil1 #h p>ts2 dige/$       
toge!r1 ) heat1 = #f h\rs4 ,/imulant1   
emolli5t1 & v]mifuge4    ,oil (         
,colocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,colocyn?idis1
 ,l4 ,f ! pulp1 z ,,oil  ,,( ,,*amomile4
 ,diuretic4 ,9 dropsy1 neuralgia1       
rheumatism1 worms1 c4    ,oil (         
,e>?worms4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lumbricorum4 
7,e4 ,ph4 #agdd47 ,wa%$  e>?worms1 #a_/b
 lb42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b p9t2 :ite w9e1 
#a_/b p9t4 ,boil  g5tly till ! w9e is   
consum$1 & press & /ra94    ,oil (      
,eld]-fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,oil ,,(     
,,eld]2 ,,oleum ,,sambuci ,,album1 ,o4  
,,sambuc9um 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f !
 fl[]s1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,*amomile4         
,emolli5t & discussive4    ,oil (       
,eld]-leaves4 ,syn4 ,,gre5 ,,oil1 ,,gre5
 ,,oil ,,( ,,eld]1 ,,oil ,,(  ,,swall[s2
 ,,oleum ,,viride1 ,o4 ,,sambuci        
,,viride1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gre5 eld]     
leaves1 #a lb42 olive oil1 #a qu>t2 boil
 g5tly until ! leaves are crisp1  press 
out ! oil1 & aga9 heat x till x turns   

gre54    #b4 ,z be=e1 b by mac]ation1 at
 a heat "u #bab ,fahr4 ,m odor\s  ?an ! 
la/4    #c4 ,eld] leaves1 #a cwt42 l9se$
 oil1 #c cwt42 z ,no4 #a4    ,obs4 ,!   
la/ =m is ! "o usually employ$ on ! l>ge
 scale4 ,x is  g5]ally col\r$ )         
v]digris1 #a_/b lb4 to ! cwt41 j be=e   
putt+ x into ! casks1 & :il/ /ill w>m2  
z1 )\t great skill  & a v l>ge quantity 
( leaves1 ! deep-gre5 col\r s mu* admir$
  by ! ignorant _c be giv5 to x4 ,! oil 
is got f ! leaves by  all[+ !m to dra9 9
 ! pan or boil] 7) a cock at ! bottom71 
kept well heat$4 ,emolli5t2 9 great     
repute among ! vulg> z a  l9im5t1 9 a   
v>iety ( affections4    ,oil (          
,f5ugreek4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,f,,nugr,,ci1  
,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f !  se$s1 z    
,,oil ,,( ,,can?>ides or ( ,,*amomile4  
,emolli5t & resolv5t4    ,oil (         
,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,digitalis1   
,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f !  fre%       
leaves1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4 ,us$ z
 an application to *ronic  ulc]s &      
indurations1 pa9ful swell+s c4 ,z       

usually met )1 x is  ne>ly in]t4    ,oil
 ( ,g>d5 ,night%ade4 ,syn4 ,,oleum      
,,solani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,f !  
leaves1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4       
,anodyne & discussive4    ,oil ( ,g>lic4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,allii ,,infusum1 ,l4 ,f
 g>lic1 z ,,oil ,,(  ,,belladonna4 ,us$ 
z a l9im5t 9 deafness1 di>rha1 infantile
  convulsions1 palsy1 rheumatism1 c4    
,oil1 ,gre54 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,viridi1 ,l4
 ,f bay leaves1 origanum1 rue1 sea      
wormwood1 & eld] leaves1 ( ea* #b-a_/b  
oz42 olive oil1 #a qu>t2 z ,,oil  ,,(   
,,eld]4 ,det]g5t1 /imulant1 & resolv5t4 
,gre5 oil ( eld] is n[  usually sold =  
x4    ,oil ( ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,oleum    
,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,oil
 ,,(  ,,belladonna4 ,anodyne & emolli5t2
 9 pa9ful ulc]s1 gl&ul> tum\rs1  c4     
,oil ( ,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,oleum           
,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z  
,,oil ,,(  ,,belladonna4 ,us$ z ! la/1 9
 v>i\s pa9ful local affections4    ,oil 
,iodizeo1 ,m>%all's4 ,syn4 ,,oleum      
,,iodatum4 ,prep4 ,oil ( almonds1  #ae  

p>ts2 iod9e1 #a "p4 ,triturate & dige/  
till dissolv$4    ,oil ( ,junip] 7by    
,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,junip]i     
,,infusum1 ,l4 ,f  ! cru%$ b]ries1 z    
,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4 ,diuretic &     
vuln]>y2 9  frictions1 c4    ,oil (     
,lilies4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,liliorum1 ,l4  
,f :ite lilies1 #a lb42  olive oil1 #c  
lbs42 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4         
,emolli5t2 us$ to s(t5 &  rip5 tum\rs1  
indurations1 c4    ,oil ( ,melilot4     
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,meliloti1 ,l4 ,z ! la/1 
avoid+ mu*  heat4 ,emolli5t & resolv5t4 
,oil ( ,mucilages4 ,syn4 ,,oleum        
,,mucilag9um1 ,o4 ,,cum ,,mucilag9ibus1 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47       
,m>%mall[ root1 #a_/b lb42 l9se$ &      
f5ugreek  se$1 ( ea*1 bruis$1 #c oz42   
wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil #a h\r1 add ( olive 
oil1 #b qu>ts1 & boil until ! wat] is   
consum$4    #b4 ,f5ugreek se$s1 #h oz42 
l9se$ oil1 #a qu>t2 infuse a week1 &    
/ra94 ,once a highly popul> emolli5t    
application 9 v>i\s local  affections4  
,oil ( ,mud>4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mud>is1   

,l4 ,f mud> b>k 79 co>se  p[d]71 #a dr42
 w>m olive oil1 #a_/d p9t2 dige/ #bd    
h\rs & /ra94 ,us$  z an application to  
cutane\s ulc]s1 ! bites ( v5om\s        
animals1 c41  & z a friction 9 worms4   
,oil ( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,oil1   
,,opiat$ ,o42 ,,oleum ,,opiatum1 ,l4    
,prep4 ,f opium 79 p[d]71 #a dr42 olive 
oil1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/ at  a g5tle 
heat1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = #e or #f   
h\rs4 ,! p[d]  %\ld be rubb$ 9 a mort> )
 a few drops ( ! oil be=e add+ !        
rema9d]4 ,z a local anodyne4 ,! above is
 ! only reliable =mula =  ?is           
prep>ation4 ,o!rs are extant1 b :il/ !  
products ( sev]al  are mu* /rong]1 ^? f 
o!rs h only #a-e? or #a-f? !  /r5g?4    
,oils1 ,ozonis$4 7,dr ,?ompson47 ,syn4  
,,oleo ,,ozonata4 ,prep4 ,pass oxyg5    
gas into ! oil 7cocoa nut1 sunfl[]1     
cod-liv] oil1 c47 until x w  dissolve no
 m4 ,!n expose = a consid]able "t 9 !   
direct rays  ( ! sun4 ,us$ 9 ph?isis4   
,oil ( ,pellitory4 ,syn4 ,,oleum        
,,pyre?ri1 ,l4 ,f bruis$ pellitory      

root1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4 ,us$ z !
 la/4    ,oil ( ,black ,pepp] 7by       
,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,pip]is      
,,infusum1 ,l4  ,f black pepp]1 9 co>se 
p[d]1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,capsicum4 ,/imulant 
&  rubefaci5t2 9 frictions4    ,oil (   
,poison ,oak4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rhois     
,,toxicod5dri1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves1  z ,,oil
 ,,( ,,belladonna ,ext]nally2 9         
p>alysis1 c4    ,oil ( ,rhub>b4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,f rhub>b 79 p[d]71 
#a "p2  oil ( almonds1 #h p>ts2 dige/$  
toge!r 9 a g5tle heat = #d h\rs1  &     
/ra9$1 ) expression4 ,z an application  
to indol5t ulc]s1 &  z a friction ov] ! 
abdom5 9 di>rha1 ,engli% *ol]a1 c41 or z
 a  laxative :5 ! /oma* w n be> m$ic9e4 
,oil ( ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ros1 ,o4 
,,rosaceum1 ,o4 ,r4 ,,infusum1 ,o4      
,,rosatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! fre% petals1 
pull$ to pieces1 cru%$1 &  dige/$ = #b  
or #c days 9 ! sun1 or a w>m situation1 
9 #d times _!  weight ( olive oil1 & !n 
press$2 ! process be+ repeat$ )  fre%   
roses4 ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd & ,p4 ,cod4 are   

ne>ly simil>4 ,,almond1 ,,b51 or        
,,olive ,,oil1 col\r$ ) ,,alkanet1 &    
sc5t$ ) att> ( roses1 is n[  almo/      
univ]sally sold = x4 ,us$ = ! hair4     
,oil ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rut        
7,,infusum71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f  
fre%  rue1 bruis$1 z ,,oil ,,(          
,,*amomile4 ,reput$ antispasmodic1      
emm5agogue1  /imulant1 & v]mifuge4 ,9   
frictions4    ,oil ( ,/ ,john's ,wort4  
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,hyp]ici 7,ph4 ,l4       
#agdf71 ,o4 ,h4  ,,simplex1 ,,balsamum  
,h41 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s1 #a "p2 olive oil1  
#f p>ts2  dige/$ toge!r until ! oil is  
well col\r$4 ,antispasmodic1  /imulant1 
& resolv5t4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts (   
,,rape ,,oil & ,,gre5  ,,eld] ,,oil is  
usually sold = x4    ,oil ( ,scammony4  
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,scammonii1 ,o4          
,,purgans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van  ,mons47 ,f 
scammony 79 p[d]71 #a dr42 hot oil (    
almonds1 #c fl4 oz42  triturate toge!r  
until cold1 & ! next day decant ! cle>  
portion4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a          
table-spoonful4    ,oil ( ,/ramonium4   

,syn4 ,,oleum ,,/ramonii1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,f  ! leaves ( ?orn apple or
 /ramonium1 z ,,oil ,,( ,,belladonna4   
,anodyne &  discussive2 z an application
 to pa9ful tum\rs1 jo9ts1 c4    ,oil (  
,tobacco 7by ,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum  
,,tabaci1 ,o4 ,t4 ,,infusum1 ,l4  ,f    
fre% tobacco leaves 7bruis$71 l ,,oil   
,,( ,,*amomile4 ,z an  application 9    
r+worm1 irritable ulc]s1 p$iculi1 c42 & 
z a  friction 9 it*1 neuralgia1 pa9ful  
indurations1 c4 ,x mu/ be us$ )  extreme
 caution1 z x is poison\s4    ,oil (    
,too?wort4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,squam>i1 ,l4 
,f ! h]b ( ,la?ra  squam>ia 7,l9n471 z  
,,oil ,,( ,,/ ,,john',s ,,wort4 ,a/r+5t 
& vuln]>y4  ,?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ )    
ano!r prep>ation sometimes call$ #8,,oil
  ,,( ,,too?wort' 7,,oleum ,,plumbag9is 
,,europ71& :i* has be5 occasionally  us$
 9 it*1 z ! latt] is acrid & apt to     
cause mu* irritation4    ,oil (         
,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,abs9?ii1 ,l4 
,f ! fre% h]b1 z  ,,oil ,,( ,,lilies4 ,!
 ,p4 ,cod4 & ,ph4 ,wurtem4 ord] only "p 

( ! h]b to  #h p>ts ( oil4 ,appli$ to ! 
abdom5 9 dyspepsia1 di>rha1 he>tburn1   
worms1 c4 ,x is seldom us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4
    ,,oils 7,m9]al74 ,syn4 ,,hydroc>bon 
,,oils4 ,an important class ( liquids1  
consi/+ solely ( c>bon & hydrog5----!   
elem5ts ( ord9>y  coal-gas1 & obta9$ by 
! di/illation ( coal1 lignite1          
petroleum1  & o!r bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,=
 ! purposes ( illum9ation1 _m (  ^! oils
 are 9 mo/ respects sup]ior to ! fix$ or
 fat oils  conta9+ oxyg54 ,!y give a    
:it] & m brilliant light1 & are  produc$
 at a mu* l[] co/4 ,! lamps 9 :i* !y are
 burnt1 :5  prop]ly con/ruct$1 are less 
liable to get out ( ord] ?an ^?  adapt$ 
= ! combu/ion ( fat oils1 & require less
 att5tion :5 9  use4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dr 
,frankl& on ! relative value ( ! ord9>y 
illum9at+ ag5ts#eg prove t ! m9]al oils 
are *eap] ?an all  o!r portable         
illum9at+ ag5ts 9 common use1 & t !y    
give1  :ile burn+1 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( light
 ) ! lea/ developm5t (  heat1 & !       
smalle/ production ( c>bonic acid4 ,) ! 

oils adapt$  = burn+ 9 lamps o!r oils   
are produc$4 ,"s are v volatile &       
highly inflammable1 & ! safety ( ! burn+
 oils dep5ds on _!  prop] extraction4   
,^! volatile liquids1 :5 isolat$1 are   
us$ 9 !  arts z sub/itutes = spirits (  
turp5t9e1 z solv5ts = v>i\s  sub/ances1 
& to increase ! illum9at+ p[] (         
coal-gas4 ,o!rs are  ( a greasy nature1 
& are too heavy to be conv5i5tly us$ 9  
lamps4  ,^!1 h[ev]1 are well adapt$ =   
lubricat+ f9e ma*9]y1 & are  ext5sively 
employ$ in/ead ( sp]m oil by ! cotton   
manufactur]s (  ,lanca%ire4 ,:5 ! m     
volatile +r$i5ts are sep>at$ f !  burn+ 
oils1 ! latt] are p]fectly safe4 ,mo/ ( 
! m9]al burn+  oils n[ 9 use are1 we    
believe1 free f dang] 9 ?is respect4    
7,see  ,te/s1 bel[47    ,footnote #eg3  
,see article ,,illum9ation4    ,hi/4 ,= 
_m ye>s ! manufacture ( burn+ oils by ! 
di/illation  ( bitum9\s s*i/s has be5   
ext5sively c>ri$ out on ! ,cont95t1  b !
 discov]y :i* =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n 
manufacture  0 made ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago

 by our c\ntryman1 ,mr ,james ,"y4 ,?is 
g5tleman took ! lease ( a spr+ (        
petroleum 9 #ahdg1 & aft]  num]\s       
exp]im5ts succe$$ 9 obta9+ two useful   
oils f ! crude  liquid2 ! "o be+ adapt$ 
= lubricat+ ma*9]y1 & ! o!r =  burn+ 9  
lamps4 ,! almo/ total cessation ( ! fl[ 
( petroleum  t]m9at$ ! bus9ess aft] two 
ye>s' work+1 & l$ ,mr ,"y to  in/itute a
 s]ies ( exp]im5ts to try if petroleum  
c\ld be produc$  artificially by !      
de/ructive di/illation ( coal4 ,^!      
exp]im5ts  result$ 9 ! discov]y ( an oil
 :i* ,mr ,"y nam$ #8,p>aff9 oil1'  z x  
_h _m ( ! *emical prop]ties ( ! solid   
body ( p>aff91  discov]$ tw5ty ye>s be=e
 by ,rei*5ba* 9 bee*-wood t>4 ,"y's     
pat5t 7dat$ ,oct4 #g1 #ahej7 involv$ !  
sl[] di/illation ( coals1 at  a l[]     
temp]ature ?an _h hi!rto be5 employ$ = !
 purpose1 &  ?is novelty 9 practice 0   
foll[$ by ! novel result ( a copi\s     
production ( liquid hydroc>bons4 ,! gas 
or cannel coals 7 f\nd to  yield !      
liquids 9 l>ge/ quantities1 t v>iety    

kn[n z ,boghead  coal or ,torbane       
,hill#eh m9]al be+ specially adapt$ = ! 
pat5t$  process4 7,see ,,p>aff9 ,,oil1  
bel[47 ,soon aft] ,"y's discov]y native 
petroleum 0 br\ght f ,rangoon1 & purifi$
 by di/illation1 s z to  produce oils v 
simil> to ! coal products4 ,dur+ ! la/  
few ye>s1  h[ev]1 ri* s\rces ( petroleum
 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1  & f   
:5ce are import$ ! great] "p ( ! va/    
quantities (  petroleum oil 7bo? = burn+
 & lubricat+ purposes71 toge!r )  !     
p>aff9 _s1 or naph?a1 :i* are consum$ 9 
?is c\ntry4    ,footnote #eh3 ,?is      
species ( coal is n[ exhau/$4----,,ed4  
,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! quantities 
( ^! sub/ances s5t  into ,engl& &       
,scotl& dur+ ! ye> #ahge3----           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,ref9$ burn+,lubricat+                  
,oil4,residuum4,petroleum ,_s4          
,oil4                                   
----------------------------------------
------------------------                

,b>rels4,cases4,b>ls4  ,casks4 ,b>rels4 
,cases4 ,b>rels4     ,london    #afi1gfb
 #c1bej     #b1eaa        #a1jjj   444  
#ec1agc      ,liv]pool  #ie1hec #b1hcj  
#cjj       #bi1ceh   444    #cj1iac     
,hull       #bj1bbf     #h       444    
444    444     444        ,bri/ol       
#cf1hhi #a1cib       444         444    
444    #ag1bjc      ,clyde &            
,lei?     #d1bcc     #d       #ece      
#i1chg   444     444                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------       ,total   
#cbf1ifc #g1dhd     #c1cdf       #ci1gde
   444   #aja1bhi                       
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,?is am\nts 
to ab\t #ag millions ( gallons4 ,9 #ahgd
 x exce$$ #bj  millions ( gallons1 b !  
/ock 9 h& at ! end ( #ahgd 0 ab\t #e    
millions ( gallons1 & ! end ( #ahge 0   
only #a-a_/b million4 ,!  diff]5ce 0    
ma9ly due to ov]trad+ 9 #ahgd1 :i*      
br\ght ref9$  petroleum to ! l[e/ price 
yet kn[n 9 ,engl&1 viz4 #g-c_/d;d4 p]   

gallon 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 & *eck$ its   
subsequ5t importation4#ei    ,footnote  
#ei3 ,w4 ,mat?ieu ,williams4    ,te/s1  
,precautions4 ,! ,sanit>y ,commission ( 
! #8,lancet' took z !  limit ( safety an
 oil t gave (f inflammable vap\r :5     
heat$ to  #acj ,fahr41 & ?is has be5    
g5]ally accept$ by deal]s4 ,if an oil   
gives (f inflammable vap\rs be=e be+    
heat$ up to #acj1 x is  consid]$ unsafe 
= dome/ic use4    #a4 ,! plan = te/+    
?is1 recomm5d$ 9 ! #8,lancet1' is to    
heat a  portion ( ! suspect$ oil 9 a    
gallipot plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1  asc]ta9+  
by a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 ! oil !         
temp]ature at  :i* x w take fire on !   
surface :5 a light$ wax ve/a is appli$  
to x4 ,?is is a tr\blesome & dang]\s    
process1 & has little  practical value4 
#b4 ,a r\gh-&-ready me?od ( te/+ !      
inflammability ( a sample is  to p\r a  
little out on a dry flat bo>d1 & try    
:e!r x c be  ignit$ readily by a light$ 
pap]4 ,if x cat*es fire l turp5t9e or   
br&y1 ! oil is dang]\s4    #c4 ,! foll[+

 plan1 propos$ by ,mr ,tegetmei]1       
requires no sci5tific  k & no app>atus b
 :at is to be f\nd 9 e h\se1 :ile  x is 
suffici5tly accurate = all practical    
purposes3----    8,take an e>!nw>e di%1 
hold+ ab\t half a p9t 7a breakfa/ cup w 
d71 fill ! cup full f a kettle ( boil+  
wat]1 p\r ?is into an  e>!nw>e qu>t jug1
 !n fill ! same cup aga9 ) boil+ wat]  f
 ! kettle1 & p\r x also into ! qu>t jug1
 !n fill ! cup  ) cold wat]1 put x into 
! jug1 %ake ! jug to mix ! hot &  cold  
wat]1 !n p\r ! tepid wat] f ! jug into !
 cup till !  cup is half full1 !n p\r   
ab\t a table-spoonful ( ! oil to be te/$
  on ! tepid wat] 9 ! cup1 take ! oil-c 
) ! oil out ( !  room1 !n t\* ! surface 
( ! oil 9 ! cup ) a light$ spl9t]  (    
wood1 or a mat* )\t sulphur4 ,if ! mat* 
causes a fla% ( flame  to appe> on !    
surface ( ! oil1 ! oil is bel[ ! /&>d ( 
safety1 & %\ld n be us$2 if no flame    
appe>s1 ! oil is up to !  /&>d4 ,we may 
m5tion t 9 ?is trial no "t %\ld be lo/  
aft]  p\r+ ! boil+ wat] f ! kettle1 z ! 

wat] may get too cold1  b ! :ole may be 
gone ?r\gh 9 f two to ?ree m9utes4 ,x is
 well  to h a sauc] at h&1 & if ! oil   
%\ld be a bad oil1 & ignite  ) ! mat*1  
place ! sauc] on ! m\? ( ! cup1 & !     
flame is  ext+ui%$4 ,?is trial %\ld be  
done by daylight1 & at a di/ance  f a   
fire1 & ! directions mu/ be foll[$      
exactly 9 ! ord] z  giv5 above40    #d4 
,provid$ t ! oils to be exam9$ h be5    
produc$ by c>eful  fractional           
di/illation1 _! relative volatility1 z  
indicat$ by _!  specific gravity1 %[s to
 a great ext5t ! facility ) :i* !y      
ignite4 ,! lighte/ oils are m volatile &
 m easily inflam$ ?an  ^? :i* are       
heavi]4 ,oils mu* "u #hjj inflame       
directly a light$  mat* is ?r[n into !m1
 :]eas oils at ab\t #hae to #hbc 7if    
unmix$  products7 _c be set on fire 9   
?is mann]4 ,! specific gravity te/  _c1 
h[ev]1 be dep5d$ on to det]m9e ! inflam+
 po9t ( any  comm]cial oil4 ,a heavy    
oil1 badly rectifi$1 may conta9 a       
proportion (  v volatile vap\r1 & h a l[

 inflam+ po9t2 :]eas a mu*  light] oil  
may be p]fectly safe1 f its hav+ ! m    
volatile  portions c>efully remov$4     
#e4 7,van d] ,weyde47 ,! oil to be te/$ 
is plac$ 9 a graduat$ tube  clos$ at "o 
end2 ! op5 end is !n clos$ ) ! f+]1 & is
  !n plac$ m\? d[nw>ds 9 a vessel ( wat]
 t is heat$ f  #dc----dd ,c4 ,! vap\r f 
! portion volatilis$ at ?is temp]ature  
!n collects 9 ! upp] "p ( ?is tube1 &   
expels a correspond+  quantity ( oil4   
,see ,,petroleum4    ,9 ,great ,brita9  
petroleum is def9$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t z
 be+ any  oil :i* gives (f all          
inflammable vap\r at a temp]ature less  
?an #ajj  ,f4    ,to prev5t accid5ts )  
p>aff9 or petroleum lamps1 ! foll[+     
precautions ought to be obs]v$3----     
,! lamps %\ld be fill$ & trimm$ by      
daylight4    ,!y %\ld nev] be ov]fill$2 
! oil %\ld n be all[$ to come  into     
contact ) ! metal "w ( ! burn]4    ,any 
portion ( oil spill$ on ! outside ( !   
lamp %\ld be c>efully  wip$ away4    ,:5
 n 9 use ! wick %\ld be turn$ d[n into !

 wick-hold]4     ,! pr9cipal products   
notic$ bel[ rank high among ! num]\s    
v>ieties ( m9]al oil n[ 9 ! m>ket1 b !re
 are d\btless _m  o!rs equally good &   
safe4 ,_! prop]ties are describ$ 9      
accordance  ) ! results obta9$ by ,mr   
,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 :o has devot$ mu*   
"t to ! exam9ation ( ! m9]al oils3----  
,oil1 ,alb]tite4 ,f #8,alb]tite1' a     
lu/r\s black m9]al f\nd 9 ,new          
,brunswick4 ,a sample 0 %[n 9 !         
,colonial ,dep>tm5t ( !  ,int]national  
,exhibition ( #ahfb1 b ! oil has n yet  
appe>$ 9 !  ,engli% m>ket4    ,prop4    
,od\r v slight2 illum9at+ p[] high2     
boil+ po9t #cch  ,fahr41 or #abf above t
 ( wat]4    ,oil1 ,am]ican4 ,see        
,,petroleum ,,oil 7bel[74    ,oil1      
,apyroectic4 ,syn4 ,,non-,,explosive    
,,oil4 ,a burn+ oil1 introduc$ by  ,f4  
,tall1 ( ,hull1 & prep>$1 we believe1 f 
,am]ican petroleum4    ,prop4 ,slightly 
col\r$2 p]fectly limpid2 od\r slight1 b 
n  p]ceivable dur+ combu/ion4 ,! mo/    
rem>kable prop]ty ( ?is oil is  t1 9    

spite ( its limpidity1 ! po9t at :i* x  
gives (f  inflammable vap\r is #ahj     
,fahr41 or #hj above ! requirem5ts ( !  
,petroleum ,act4    ,oil1 ,belmont9e4 ,f
 ,rangoon t>1 or ,burmese petroleum1 by 
di/illation2 sup]heat$ /eam be+ employ$ 
z ! heat+ ag5t4    ,prop4 ,col\rless2   
od\r n unpleasant2 sp4 gr4 #hdg2 b      
al?\gh s  heavy1 ! oil is altoge!r free 
f viscosity1 & w rise rapidly 9  a      
comp>atively long wick2 inflam+ po9t    
#acd ,fahr42 burns ) an  exce$+ly :ite  
light1 & possesses a v high illum9at+   
p[]4    ,obs4 ,! di/illation ( !        
,rangoon t> is c>ri$ on by ,price's     
,pat5t  ,c&le ,company "u a pat5t4      
,besides ! above lamp oil1 sev]al       
beautiful & useful products are obta9$4 
,at fir/ !re comes ov] a  v volatile    
liquid1 t]m$ ,,%]wood ,,oil1 us$ z a    
det]g5t =  remov+ grease f fabrics1     
clean+ gloves1 c42 !n comes !           
,,belmont9e ,,oil1 already notic$2 !n   
two lubricat+ oils1 ! "o light  & ! o!r 
heavy2 &1 la/ ( all1 :5 ! temp]ature is 

consid]ably elevat$1 ! beautiful :ite1  
transluc5t solid kn[n z  ,,belmont9e1   
di/ils ov]4 ,?is la/ is a k9d ( p>aff91 
& is us$ =  mak+ ornam5tal c&les4       
,oil1 ,cazel9e4 ,an excell5t burn+ oil1 
probably prep>$ f  ,am]ican petroleum1  
introduc$ by ,cassell1 ,smi?1 & ,co41 ( 
,london4    ,prop4 ,bright1 limpid1 )   
sc>cely a trace ( col\r2 od\r v  slight1
 & q free f any objectionable "*2 sp4   
gr4 #hje2  l[e/ po9t ( ignition #add    
,fahr42 burns ) a pure :ite light1 free 
f smoke & smell4    ,oil1 ,colz>9e4 ,a  
heavy hydroc>bon oil1 adapt$ = burn+ 9  
lamps  con/ruct$ f ! old #8,mod]ators' &
 #8,c>cels1' =m]ly s mu* us$  = ! fat   
oils4    ,prop4 ,limpid2 q inodor\s2 ( a
 pale amb] col\r2 sp4 gr4 ab\t  #hch2   
temp]ature at :i* ! vap\r c be p]man5tly
 ignit$1 #bej  ,fahr4 ,te/$ 9 ! alt]$   
mod]ator1 x gives an int5se :ite light1 
)\t smoke or smell4 ,comp>$ ) vegetable 
colza oil1 its  illum9at+ p[] is 9 !    
proportion ( #c to #b4    ,obs4 ,?is oil
 is manufactur$ by ,cassell1 ,smi?1 &   

,co41 "u ,m>t9's  pat5t = ! modification
 ( m9]al oils1 to fit !m = burn+ 9      
lamps :]e #8colza' & o!r vegetable &    
animal oils h be5 usually  consum$4     
,simil> oils are prep>$ by o!r firms4   
,oil1 ,ma*9ery4 ,syn4 ,,lubricat+ ,,oil1
 ,,%aft+ ,o41 ,,sp9dle ,o4 ,!  heavi]   
hydroc>bon1 oils obta9$ 9 di/ill+ coal1 
%ale1 &  petroleum1 h almo/ sup]s$$ !   
fat oils = lubricat+ purposes4  ,!y h no
 *emical action on ! ord9>y metals1 &   
are n affect$  by cold4 ,! lighte/ ( ^! 
comp>atively heavy oils are us$ =       
sp9dles1 or o!r k9ds ( rapid ma*9]y2 !  
heavie/ = ! be>+  p>ts ( heavy ma*9]y2 &
 ^? ( an int]m$iate "* = su*  ?+s z     
pr9t+-presses1 agricultural /eam-eng9es1
 c4 ,9 ,am]ica &  on ! ,cont95t ?is oil 
is also us$ = mak+ gas4 ,! firm (       
,:itmore & ,craddock is favorably kn[n =
 ! manufacture &  purification ( ^!     
ma*9]y oils4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,belmont9e    
7above71 &  ,,oil1 ,,p>aff9 7bel[74     
,oil1 ,paraff94 ,syn4 ,,p>aff9e ,,oil4  
,?is "n 0 giv5 by ,mr ,"y to  ! oil     

produc$ by ! di/illation ( cannel coal1 
,boghead coal1 c41 at  a temp]ature     
consid]ably l[] ?an t employ$ 9 !       
manufacture (  illum9at+ gas4 ,! foll[+ 
is a brief outl9e ( ,mr ,"y's           
process3----    ,manuf4 7,"y's pat5t47  
,boghead coal1 brok5 into small         
fragm5ts1 is  introduc$ into p]p5dicul> 
tubes or retorts1 ab\t elev5 feet 9     
height1 by conical hopp]s at _! upp]    
extremities4 ,f\r ( ^! tubes  con/itute 
a set1 be+ built into "o furnace1 & *>g$
 by a s+le  workman4 ,!y pass completely
 ?r\gh ! furnace1 & are clos$ bel[ by   
dipp+ into %all[ pools ( wat]1 :ile !   
op5+s into ! hopp]s  above may be %ut by
 sph]ical valves4 ,! coal 9 ea* tube is 
gradually  heat$ z x desc5ds to t "p :i*
 passes ?r\gh ! furnace1 &  :5 x rea*es 
! bottom ( ! tube x has p>t$ ) its      
volatile  con/itu5ts1 & is rak$ away z  
refuse1 ! coal f above desc5d+  z x is  
remov$4 ,?us1 ! action ( ^! p]p5dicul>  
retorts is  cont9u\s1 & ! di/illation   
goes on un9t]rupt$ly bo? day &  night4  

,! vap\rs produc$ are conduct$ by iron  
tubes to ! ma9  cond5s]s1 :i* consi/ ( a
 s]ies ( syphon pipes freely expos$ to  
! air4 ,! quantity ( incond5sible gas   
=m$ is inconsid]able2 &  x is ?is       
result1 s diff]5t f t obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y 
gasworks1 t m>ks ! great value ( ,"y's  
process4 ,! crude oil1 a  d>k-col\r$1   
?ick liquid1 is !n di/ill$ to dryness 9 
l>ge iron  cyl9drical /ills1 & is ?us   
fre$ f ! excess ( c>bon :i* is  left    
beh9d z coke4 ,! oil1 aft] di/illation1 
is fur!r purifi$ by  be+ act$ ^u by     
/rong sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71   
:i* *>s  ! pr9cipal impurities1 & causes
 !m to subside 9 ! =m ( a  d5se black1  
heavy acid t>4 ,to sep>ate ! rema9+     
impurities1 &  t portion ( ! sulphuric  
acid :i* rema9s 9 ! oil1 x is next      
subject$ to ! action ( cau/ic soda4 ,z  
?us purifi$1 ! p>aff9  oil conta9s f\r  
di/9ct comm]cial products4 ,to effect _!
  sep>ation1 ! process ( fractional     
di/illation is fir/ employ$4 ,!  fir/   
elevation ( temp]ature drives ov] !     

light] & m volatile  portions1 :i*1 :5  
purifi$ by a subsequ5t di/illation1     
yields !  fluid kn[n z #8p>aff9 naph?a1'
 #8petroleum _s1' #8b5zol9e4' ,?is      
product is us$ z a sub/itute = #8turps1'
 z a solv5t = india rubb]  = clean+     
gloves1 & = burn+ 9 ^? naph?a lamps s   
mu*  employ$ by co/]mong]s1 & workm5 9  
railway tunnels & simil>  situations4   
,on ! p]fect sep>ation ( ?is naph?a !   
safety ( !  burn+ oil dep5ds4 ,?is burn+
 oil1 ! #8p>aff9 oil' ( comm]ce1  comes 
ov] at a mu* high] temp]ature ?an !     
naph?a4 ,x is a  p]fectly safe lamp oil1
 & has a great] illum9at+ value ?an any 
o!r oil 9 ! m>ket4 ,its prop]ties are   
notic$ bel[4 ,! ?ird  product 9 po9t (  
volatility is a comp>atively heavy      
liquid 7ma*9]y  oil71 l>gely us$ =      
lubricat+ purposes 9 ! ,lanca%ire       
factories4  ,f ?is oil1 & o!rs :i* come 
ov] at a v high temp]ature1 !  f\r?     
comm]cial product is sep>at$ by ! action
 ( artificial cold4  ,?is la/ product is
 ! beautiful transluc5t solid1 p>aff91  

n[ mu*  us$ z a c&le mat]ial4#fj 7,see  
,,oil1 ,,p>aff91 ,,petroleum47          
,footnote #fj3 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( !  
processes c>ri$ on  at ! ,ba?gate works1
 see ,mr ,tegetmei]'s pap] 9 #8,engl&'s 
,work%ops1'----,groombridge & ,sons4    
,9 ! prep>ation ( p>aff9 oil1 f native  
petroleum1 ! oil is  obta9$ by direct   
di/illation f ! petroleum1 & subsequ5tly
  sep>at$ f ! m or less volatile        
hydroc>bons 7! p>aff9  naph?a1 !        
lubricat+ oils & ! solid p>aff97 t are  
associat$  ) x by fractional di/illation
 z 9 ,"y's process2 :]eas1 :5  procur$ f
 bitum9\s m9]als1 x is d]iv$ f ! t> or  
crude  oil1 :i* has to be previ\sly     
extract$ f ! bitum9\s matt]s by         
de/ructive di/illation4 ,!re are v>i\s  
me?ods = obta9+ ?is t>  or crude oil1   
:i*1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 detail1 are 9 g5]al
  pr9ciples v simil> to t describ$ 9    
,"y's pat5t4 ,?us1 :il/  9 _m works     
clos$ horizontal retorts are employ$1 9 
o!r  e/abli%m5ts v]tical ones1 to !     
bottoms ( :i* are atta*$  receptacles = 

! receipt ( ! exhau/$ coal or o!r       
mat]ial z x  falls f ! retort1 ! same z 
9 ,"y's app>atus1 are ext5sively        
adopt$4 ,:5 horizontal retorts are      
employ$ !y are made ( ca/ iron1  & v>y 9
 l5g? f #h to #aj feet1 be+ f #bh to #cd
 in*es wide &  f #i to #ad in*es deep4  
,! *>ge is introduc$ by an op5+ 9 !  end
 ( ! retort1 by :i* ap]ture ! exhau/$   
residue is remov$ :5  necess>y4 ,?is    
ap]ture is clos$ by a tightly fitt+ ca/ 
iron cov]  :ile ! di/illation is go+ on4
 ,at ! o!r end ( ! retort is a  pipe =  
c>ry+ (f ! products ( di/illation4 ,?is 
communicates )  a l>g] pipe1 & ?is latt]
 ) ! cond5s+ app>atus4 ,a numb] (  ^!   
retorts are set toge!r 9 a r[1 ) a      
furnace at "o end1 &  flues ext5d+ b5ea?
 ! retorts1 :ile ! upp] p>ts ( ! retorts
  are cov]$ ) brickwork1 to prev5t ! oil
 vap\rs f be+  decompos$ by ! heat ( !  
wa/e furnace gas pass+ to ! *imney      
?r\gh ! flues above ! retorts4    ,!    
gase\s products ( ! di/illation ( ! t>1 
leav+ ! retort by  ! exit tube already  

describ$1 are cool$ by be+ made to pass 
?r\gh  a numb] ( iron pipes expos$ to ! 
air1 or surr\nd$ by wat]1 &  ?us becom+ 
cond5s$ pass into a res]voir 9 ! =m ( ! 
oil1  :i* =ms ! mat]ial f :i* ! v>i\s   
hydroc>bons are sep>at$  by fractional  
di/illation4 ,accompany+ ! oil vap\rs   
are c]ta9  uncond5sable gases2 ^! escape
 ?r\gh a prop]ly contriv$ outlet  :i* is
 made 9 ! cond5s+ pipes2 9 "s works ^!  
escap+ gases  are utilis$ z fuel1 & 9   
o!rs = purposes ( illum9ation4    ,9 o!r
 works sup]heat$ /eam is driv5 into !   
retorts dur+ !  process ( di/illation2 b
 al?\gh ?is has ! effect ( sweep+ !  oil
 vap\r m quickly out ( ! retort into !  
cond5s]1 x is  que/ionable :e!r ?is     
advantage cov]s ! extra co/ ( !         
production ( ! /eam4#fa    ,footnote    
#fa3 ,payne's #8,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4'   
,edit$ by ,dr ,paul4    ,9 _m p>ts (    
,g]many ! extraction ( ! crude oil or t>
 f  bitum9\s sub/ances is effect$ 9     
ov5s4 ,9 ^! ov5s ! bitum9\s  body is    
?r[n ^u a lay] ( burn+ fuel :i* cov]s ! 

bottom ( !  ov51 ! result be+ t !       
bitum9\s matt] is resolv$ into gase\s   
bodies :i* are lo/1 & t> :i* fl[s       
d[nw>ds t[>d ! burn+  fuel1 :i* be+     
cov]$ ) a lay] ( clay is prev5t$ f ent]+
  into viol5t combu/ion4 ,?is me?od1    
h[ev]1 is only _h rec\rse to on  a small
 scale1 s9ce x is f\nd t 9 mo/ cases !  
t> obta9$ by  means ( x is n ( a k9d    
suit$ = yield+ p>aff9 & p>aff9  oils4   
,! prep>ation ( ! t> or crude oil f     
fossil fuel1 ( ! "*  already specifi$1  
con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ delicate &        
difficult  bran*es 9 ! manufacture (    
p>aff9 oils1 & p>aff91 c4 ,! *ief       
s\rces ( failure to be avoid$ are !     
ov]heat+ ( ! oil vap\r1  & its consequ5t
 decomposition 7v>y+ 9 am\nt7 into      
useless gase\s  products2 & its         
ineffici5t cond5sation4    ,x has be5   
%[n by ,vohl t ev5 :5 ! con/ruction ( ! 
retorts  is n ( ! be/1 an av]age yield (
 t> may be obta9$ by ! prop]            
cond5sation ( ! vap\rs4 8,! complete    
cond5sation ( ! vap\rs (  ! t> is "o ( !

 mo/ difficult problems ! m9]al oil &   
p>aff9  manufactur] has to deal )1 :ile 
! means usually adopt$ =  cond5sation1  
su* z l>ge cond5s+ surfaces1 injection (
 cold wat]1  & ! l1 h prov$ ineffectual4
 ,x has (t5 be5 attempt$ to  cond5se !  
vap\rs ( t> 9 ! same mann] z ^? (       
alcohol1 b  !re exi/ ess5tial diff]5ces 
betwe5 ! di/illation ( fluids &  dry    
di/illation4 ,9 ! =m] case ! vap\rs soon
 expel all ! air  completely f ! /ill & 
f ! cond5s]1 & provid$1 !re=e1  t1 9    
ref]5ce to ! size ( ! /ill & bulk ( !   
boil+  liquid1 ! latt] be l>ge & cool   
en\gh1 e "p ( ! vap\r mu/  come into    
contact ) ! cond5s+ surfaces4 ,9 !      
process ( dry  di/illation ! process is 
entirely diff]5t1 because ) ! vap\rs1   
say ( t>1 p]man5t gases are always      
g5]at$4 ,on com+ into contact  ) !      
cond5s+ surfaces a portion ( ! vap\rs is
 liquefi$1  leav+ a lay] ( gas z a      
coat+1 z x 71 on ! cond5s+  surface4 ,! 
gas be+ a bad conductor ( heat prev5ts  
to su* an ext5t  ! fur!r action ( !     

cond5s+ app>atus1 t a l>ge proportion ( 
! vap\rs are c>ri$ on1 & may be altoge!r
 lo/4 ,a suffici5t  cond5sation ( !     
vap\rs ( t> c be obta9$ only by br++ all
  ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* are c>ri$ (f f 
! retorts into  contact ) ! cond5s+     
surface1 :i* ne$ nei!r be v l>ge nor    
exce$+ly cold1 because ! lat5t heat ( ! 
vap\rs ( t> is small1  & consequ5tly a  
mod]ately l[ temp]ature w be suffici5t  
to  cond5se ^? vap\rs to ! liquid /ate4 
,! mixture ( gases &  vap\rs maybe      
comp>$ to an emulsion su* z milk1 & z ! 
p>ticles  ( butt] may be sep>at$ f milk 
by *urn+1 s ! sep>ation ( !  vap\rs ( t>
 f ! gases c be greatly assi/$ by ! use 
(  exhau/]s act+ 9 ! mann] ( bl[+ fans4 
,x is ( ! utmo/  importance 9 cond5s+ ! 
vap\rs ( t> t ! molecules ( !  vap\rs be
 kept 9 cont9u\s motion1 & ?us made to  
t\* ! sides (  ! cond5s]4 ,! cond5s]    
%\ld n be con/ruct$ s t ! vap\rs  &     
gases c fl[ un9t]rupt$ly 9 "o & ! same  
direction40#fb    ,footnote #fb3 ,b4    
,wagn]4    ,an important condition = !  

safe & quiet di/illation ( ! t> or      
crude oil :5 obta9$ is t x %\ld be free 
f wat]4 ,unless !  removal ( ! wat] is  
effectually accompli%$1 dur+ its        
di/illation1  ! t> may boil ov]1 & com+ 
into contact ) ! fire "u !  /ill may    
give rise to an al>m+ conflagration4 ,! 
dehydration ( !  t> is effect$ 9 an     
app>atus con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 consi/+ 
(  an iron tank plac$ )9 a l>g] tank1 a 
space ( ab\t two in*es  int]v5+ betwe5 !
 two tanks is fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is heat$
  to1 & kept at a temp]ature ( betwe5   
#fj & #hj ,c41 = #aj h\rs1 by  ! end (  
:i* "t ! ammoniacal wat] hav+ sep>at$ f 
!  light] t> is drawn (f by a /op-cock  
plac$ at ! bottom ( ! tank1  :il/ ! t>  
is decant$ ?r\gh a valve at ! top4    ,9
 ,am]ica ! di/illation ( ! natural      
petroleum oils is c>ri$ out  9          
cyl9drical /ills capable ( hold+ z mu* z
 #afjj gallons ea*4 ,!  retorts employ$ 
9 ! di/illation ( ! t> or crude oils    
obta9$  f %ale & o!r bitum9\s comp\nds  
are (t5 con/ruct$ ( l>ge  ca/-iron      

flang$ pans1 ea* capable ( conta9+ f    
#a-a_/b to #c tons (  ! oil1 8& =m+ !   
body ( ! retort4 ,! pan is set 9        
brickwork  ) flues runn+ r\nd ! upp]    
portion1 & b5ea? x is a p]=at$  dome (  
brickwork1 ?r\gh :i* ! flame & hot gas f
 ! furnace  pass up r\nd ! bottom ( !   
pan be=e ent]+ ! flues by :i* !  upp]   
portion ( ! pan is heat$4 ,to ! flange (
 ! pan is fitt$ a  flang$ cov] hav+ on  
"o side a dis*>ge pipe ?r\gh :i* ! vap\r
  is pass$ to ! worm ( ! cond5s]4 ,9 !  
c5tre ( ! cov] is a  manhole4 ,! oil    
cond5s$ 9 ! worm is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe
 into a  receiv]1 & ! uncond5sable gas  
escapes ?r\gh an asc5d+  pipe40#fc      
,footnote #fc3 ,pal54    ,! processes to
 :i* ! crude oil or t> & ! natural      
petroleum are  next submitt$ diff] only 
9 ! degree ( treatm5t ) c]ta9 ag5ts  to 
:i* ^! products are subject$ :51 aft]   
simil> me?ods (  fractional di/illation1
 !y h be5 isolat$ f ea* o!r4 ,!  b5zol9e
 & p>aff9 oils 7bo? = burn+ & lubricat+ 
purposes7  sep>ately yield$ by ! natural

 oils seldom require purification1 or if
  s 9 a m9or degree only1 :il/ ! same   
bodies z obta9$ f !  crude %ale oil or  
t> mu/ be submitt$ to v>i\s processes ( 
depuration be=e !y are fit = ! m>ket4   
,?us1 ! crude petroleum  or burn+ oil   
d]iv$ f t> is *>act]is$ by a m or less  
d>k  col\r & disagreeable               
smell----prop]ties :i* are p>tly due to 
!  pres5ce ( c>bolic acid & its         
homologues4 ,by agitat+ ! p>aff9  oil ) 
a solution ( cau/ic soda ^!             
objectionable sub/ances are  remov$4    
,! oil1 be+ next sep>at$ f ! alkali by  
subsid5ce1 & any  rema9s ( ! soda be+   
remov$ f x by wa%+ ) wat]1 is next  mix$
 ) an aque\s solution ( sulphuric acid 9
 ! proportion ( #e  p] c5t4 ( acid ( sp4
 gr4 #agj4 ,! acid removes f ! oil c]ta9
  basic sub/ances d]iv$ f ! t>1 :i*1 l !
 c>bolic acid1 give  to x a bad od\r & a
 d>k col\r4 ,9 ?is op]ation ?or\gh      
admixture  ( ! acid ) ! oil is          
important1 & ?is is g5]ally effect$ by  
mix+ ! two 9 vessels furni%$ ) puddles4 

,aft] a "t1 & :5  ! mixture has sep>at$ 
into two lay]s1 ! upp] "o or ! p>aff9   
oil is drawn (f f ! l[] or acid "o1 &   
well wa%$ ) wat]2  9 "s in/ances lime   
wat] is us$ = ! wa%+1 9 o!rs ! wat]  is 
impregnat$ ) cau/ic alkali4 ,) "s       
samples ( crude p>aff9  oil ! above     
op]ations h to be repeat$ two or ?ree   
times1 & ev5  r$i/ill$ be=e ! oil       
becomes suffici5tly pure & col\rless =  
sale4 ,:5 r$i/ill$1 ! la/ portions :i*  
come ov] are (t5 f\nd  to yield "s solid
 p>aff9 9 addition to t furni%$ by !    
fir/  fractional di/illation4 ,!        
#8p>aff91' #8naph?a1' #8petroleum1'     
#8_s1'  or #8b5zol9e' 7by all ( :i*     
names x is kn[n71 :i* =ms ! m  volatile 
portion ( ! t>1 & :i* is ! fir/ to pass 
ov] f !  retort1 is subject$ to ! same  
treatm5t z t us$ = burn+ oil2  z = !    
d5s] lubricat+ oil1 :i* passes ov] aft] 
! burn+  portion1 ?is be+ fre$ f any ( !
 latt]1 is set aside 9 a cool  place1 9 
ord] t any solid p>aff9 x conta9s may   
cry/allise out1  & be sep>at$ f x4    ,!

 wa/e c>bolate ( soda result+ f !       
treatm5t ( ! oil )  ! cau/ic alkali1 be+
 decompos$ by sulphuric acid1 ! lib]at$ 
c>bolic acid is utilis$ ei!r z a        
dis9fectant1 or = saturat+  railway     
sleep]s2 & sometimes z a s\rce ( c]ta9  
t> col\rs2 or x  may be us$ 9 !         
manufacture ( gas1 ! soda :i* rema9s 9 !
 coke  be+ extract$ by lixiviation4 ,!  
wa/e sulphuric acid comb9$ ) !          
ammoniacal liquors t always accompany ! 
fir/ /ages ( !  di/illation ( ! t> is   
made into sulphate ( ammonia4    ,prop4 
,! p>aff9 oil ( comm]ce is ( a v pale   
amb] col\r2 is  bright1 p]fectly        
transp>5t1 & rem>kably limpid4 ,its sp4 
gr4 is #hbc4  ,its po9t ( tempor>y      
ignition is #aej ,fahr41 t ( p]man5t    
ignition  be+ a few degrees high]4 ,its 
od\r is v slight4 ,its rate (  combu/ion
 is sl[1 z may be inf]r$ f ! abs5ce ( ! 
light]  oils1 z indicat$ by its high sp4
 gr4 & inflam+ po9t4 ,at ! same  "t its 
limpidity proves ! abs5ce ( ! heavi]    
oils1 & acc\nts  = its ris+ ?r\gh a long

 wick ) fre$om1 & burn+ )\t  *>r+ !     
cotton4    ,oil1 ,petroleum4 ,syn4      
,,k]os5e ,,oil1 ,,ref9$ ,,petroleum1    
,,p>aff9 ,,oil4  ,mo/ ( ! burn+ oils n[ 
9 ! m>ket are d]iv$ f ,am]ican          
petroleum4 ,t obta9$ f natural petroleum
 is n[ manufactur$ solely  9 ,am]ica4 ,!
 native petroleums v>y greatly 9        
prop]ties1 & num]\s  me?ods ( ref9+ are 
employ$ by ! manufactur]s4 ,! ,canadian 
petroleum conta9s sulphurett$ hydrog51  
:i* imp>ts to x a v  disagreeable smell1
 & is difficult ( removal4 ,"s make use 
( bo?  acids & alkalies1 o!rs employ    
alkalies alone1 & /eam is appli$ at     
v>i\s degrees ( heat4 ,"s ( ! oils      
produc$ are ( excell5t  quality1 b o!rs 
are inf]ior1 & d n asc5d ! wick 9       
suffici5t  quantity to af=d a con/ant   
light4 ,none ( ! native petroleums      
conta9  c>bolic acid & o!r impurities   
:i* exi/ 9 ! oils di/ill$ f  coals &    
%ales2 h5ce _! purification is simple & 
comp>atively  *eap4 8,! oil prep>$ f    
petroleum is almo/ col\rless2 x has a   

specific gravity ( ab\t #haj1 & :5 (    
good quality only a slight &  r aromatic
 od\r40 7,pay547 ,see ,,petroleum1 &    
above4    ,oil1 ,%ale4 ,z we h /at$1    
products analog\s to ^? d]iv$ f  cannel 
coal are obta9$ by ! de/ructive         
di/illation ( bitum9\s  %ales & s*i/s1 &
 lignites or br[n coals4 ,on ! ,cont95t 
!  production ( %ale oils has ( late    
ye>s decl9$ consid]ably1 ow+ to  _!     
unsuccessful competition1 9 po9t (      
price1 ) ! ,am]ican  petroleum oils4 ,! 
oil obta9$ f bitum9\s %ale or f coal is 
g5]ally ( high] specific gravity ?an t  
procur$ f petroleum2 x  is deep] 9      
col\r1 & n s pleasant 9 smell4    ,,oils
 7,mix$74 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,oils2 ,,olea
 ,,composita1 ,,olea ,,mixta1 ,l4 ,"u   
^! names are commonly includ$ v>i\s     
mixtures ( oils & o!r  sub/ances t      
possess an unctu\s appe>ance4 ,:5 n     
o!rwise /at$1  !y are prep>$ by simply  
agitat+ ! +r$i5ts toge!r1 &1 aft]  a    
suffici5t "t1 decant+ ! cle> portion1   
:i*1 9 "s cases1 is  !n filt]$4 ,a few (

 !m only possess any importance4 ,"s (  
!m are  highly e/eem$ z rem$ies among ! 
vulg>1 & ! use ( o!rs is  conf9$ to     
vet]9>y m$ic9e4    ,! foll[+ include !  
pr9cipal mix$ oils ( ! %ops1 to :i* !   
names ( a few o!r comp\nds1 :i* are     
frequ5tly call$ #8oils' by  ! ignorant1 
are add$1 = ! purpose ( facilitat+ a    
ref]5ce to  !m3----    ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1
 ,sulphurat$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,t]eb9?9   
,,sulphuratum4  ,prep4 ,sulphurat$ l9se$
 oil1 #a "p2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #c p>ts4   
,oil ( ,turp5t9e 7= ac\/ic use74 ,syn4  
,,oleum ,,t]eb9?9  ,,ac\/icum4 7,mr     
,manle47 ,oil ( almonds1 #d drams2 oil (
 turp5t9e1 #dj  m9ims4    ,oil1 ,ac\/ic4
 ,syn4 ,,e> ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,ac\/icum1  
,o4 ,,t]eb9?9  ,,ac\/icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f
 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a "p2 oil ( almonds1  
#f  p>ts2 mix4 ,9 atonic deafness1      
accompani$ ) induration ( ! wax4 #a  or 
#b drops are p\r$ into ! e>1 or on a    
piece ( cotton wool1 :i* is  !n g5tly   
plac$ 9 x4    ,oil1 ,black4 ,syn4       
,,oleum ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( 

turp5t9e1 #a  p9t2 rape oil1 #c p9ts2   
oil ( vitriol1 #a_/d lb42 agitate well  
toge!r  ) c>e2 !n add ( ,b>badoes t>1 #c
 oz42 aga9 agitate well1 & 9 #aj  days  
decant ! cle> portion4 ,l9se$ oil is    
pref]r$ = ! above by  _m p]sons4    #b4 
7,p]civall47 ,sweet oil1 #a p9t2 oil (  
turp5t9e1 #b oz42 mix1 add  gradually ( 
oil ( vitriol2 #a-a_/d oz42 aga9 mix1 & 
leave ! bottle  op5 until ! next day4   
,det]sive1 /imulant4 ,us$ by f>ri]s =   
mange1  c4    ,oil1 ,briti%4 ,syn4      
,,common ,,oil ,,( ,,petre2 ,,oleum     
,,britannicum1 ,o4 ,,petr  ,,vulg>e1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,f oil ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2     
,b>badoes t>1 #a  lb42 oils ( rosem>y & 
origanum1 ( ea* #a oz4 ,/imulant4 ,=m]ly
  reput$ to possess ! mo/ a/oni%+       
virtues4    ,oil1 ,camphorat$4 ,l9im5t (
 camphor4    ,oil1 ,c>ron4 ,l9im5t (    
lime4    ,oil1 ,*ab]t's4 ,syn4          
,,*ab]t',s ,,empyreumatic ,,oil2 ,,oleum
 ,,*ab]ti1 ,o4  ,,contra ,t,,niam       
,,*ab]ti1 ,l4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #c p>ts2 
,dippel's animal  oil1 #a "p2 mix1 &    

di/il #c p>ts4 ,x mu/ be pres]v$ f ! air
  & light4 ,us$ 9 tapeworm4----,dose1 #a
 to #b teaspoonfuls1 9 wat]1 night  &   
morn+1 until #e or #f fl4 oz41 or m1 h  
be5 tak52 a ca?>tic  be+ giv5 e ?ird    
day4    ,oil1 ,exet]4 ,syn4 ,,oleum     
,,exce/r5se4 7,gray47 ,gre5 oil1 #af    
lbs42  euphorbium1 mu/>d se$1 ca/or1    
pellitory1 ( ea* #a oz42 dige/ &  /ra94 
,! orig9al =m is m complex4 ,! foll[+ is
 also  us$3----,rape oil1 #a-a_/b p9t2  
gre5 oil1 #a_/b p9t2 oils ( wormwood1   
rosem>y1 & origanum1 ( ea* half a dram4 
,oil1 ,furniture4 ,syn4 ,,mahogany      
,,oil1 ,,oil ,,/a94 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ref9$ 
l9se$ oil1 #a p9t2 alkanet root1 #a_/d  
oz42 dige/$ toge!r 9 a w>m  place until 
! =m] is suffici5tly col\r$1 :5 x is    
p\r$ (f &  /ra9$4    #b4 ,pale boil$    
oil1 #a p9t2 beeswax1 #a_/d lb42 melt$  
toge!r1 &  col\r$ z be=e4 ,gives a      
sup]ior poli%1 :i* becomes v t\gh by    
age4    #c4 ,l9se$ or boil$ oil1 #a p9t2
 ,v5ice turp5t9e 7pure71 #f oz42 z      
be=e4 ,! above are us$ = mahogany & o!r 

d>k-col\r$ woods4    #d4 ,l9se$ oil1 #h 
oz42 v9eg>1 #d oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1     
mucilage1  rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42
 butt] ( antimony1 #a_/d oz42           
hydro*loric acid1 #a oz4 ,mix4    #e4   
,l9se$ oil1 #af oz42 black res91 #d oz42
 v9eg>1 #d oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #c oz42   
butt] ( antimony1 #a oz42 _s ( salts1 #b
 oz42 melt !  res91 add ! oil1 take x (f
 ! fire1 & /ir 9 ! v9eg>2 let x  boil = 
a few m9utes1 /irr+ x2 :5 cool put x    
into a bottle1 &  add ! o!r +r$i5ts1    
%ak+ all toge!r4 ,! la/ two are         
specially us$ = reviv+ ,fr5* poli%4     
#f4 7,pale47----a4 ,z ! prec$+1 omitt+ !
 alkanet4    b4 ,f nut oil1 #c_/d p9t2  
beeswax 7f9e/71 #c oz42 melt$ toge!r4   
c4 ,to ! la/ add ( copal v>ni%1 #c or #d
 oz4    ,! la/ ?ree are employ$ = pale  
woods4 ,!y are all appli$ by means  ( a 
rag1 & are #8poli%$ (f' ) a #8wooll5    
rubb]' or #8furniture  bru%4' ,a little 
/rong v9eg>1 or a few drops (           
hydro*loric acid1 are  sometimes add$4  
,see ,,poli%4    ,oil1 ,hair4 ,see ,,oil

 7,p]fum$74    ,oil & ,h>t%orn4 ,l9im5t 
( ammonia4    ,oil1 ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,oleum
 ,,f]ri1 ,o4 ,,m>tis1 ,l4 ,! old "n = ! 
liquid =m$ :5 p]*loride ( iron is all[$ 
to deliquesce by free  exposure to !    
air4 ,x is excessively cau/ic &         
corrosive4    ,oil1 ,lime4 ,see         
,,calcium 7,*loride74    ,oil1 ,macass>4
 ,see ,,oils 7,p]fum$74    ,oil1 ,m>r[4 
,prep4 ,f cl>ifi$ beef m>r[1 #a "p2 oil 
(  almonds1 #c p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 &    
/ra9$ ?r\gh musl94 ,x is  usually sc5t$ 
) amb]gris1 cassia1 or mace1 & slightly 
t+$ )  palm oil or annotta4 ,us$ = !    
hair4    ,oils1 ,m>%all's4 ,prep4 ,f    
l9se$ oil & rape oil1 ( ea* #a lb42     
gre5 oil & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a_/b  
lb42 oil ( origanum1 #a_/b fl4  oz42 oil
 ( vitriol1 #a_/d oz42 well %ak5 toge!r4
    ,oils1 ,mix$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mixtum
 ,,commune1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f l9se$ oil  &  
gre5 oil1 ( ea* #a lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 
#a_/b lb42 ,b>badoes t>  & balsam (     
sulphur1 ( ea* #b oz42 oils ( spike &   
origanum1 ( ea*  #a oz4 ,/imulant &     

rubefaci5t4 ,us$ by f>ri]s = spra9s1 c4 
,see  ,,oils1 ,,/am=d',s 7bel[74        
,oils1 ,newm>ket4 ,prep4 ,f oils (      
l9se$1 turp5t9e1 & ,/ ,john's  wort1 (  
ea* #c lbs42 oil ( vitriol1 #a-a_/b oz42
 well %ak5 toge!r1 &  ! cle> portion    
decant$ 9 a few days4 ,a fav\rite rem$y 
= spra9s  9 horses4    ,oils1 ,n9e4     
,syn4 ,,old ,,mix$ ,,oils2 ,,oleum ,,ex 
,,omnibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  tra9 oil1 #a  
gall42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2 oil (   
amb] & oil (  bricks1 ( ea* #e oz42 oil 
( spike & oil ( origanum1 ( ea* #b oz42 
,b>badoes t>1 #b-a_/b lbs42 oil (       
vitriol1 #b oz42 camphorat$ _s1 #a_/b   
p9t1 mix$ toge!r z ! la/4 ,a fav\rite   
rem$y ) prov9cial  f>ri]s4    ,oil (    
,petre4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,briti% 7above74   
,oil1 ,phosphorat$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum       
,,phosphoratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4    
,bor47  ,phosphorus 7dri$ & slic$       
small71 #f gr42 oil ( almonds1 #a oz42  
mix1  place ! phial 9 hot wat]1 agitate 
= "s "t1 &1 :5 cold1  decant ! cle> oil 
f ! undissolv$ phosphorus4    #b4       

7,mag5die47 ,phosphorus 7slic$71 #a_/b  
dr42 almond oil1 #a oz42 mac]ate  9 !   
d>k1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = #ad days1   
!n1 aft] repose1  decant ! cle> portion1
 & aromatise x ) a little ess5ce (      
b]gamotte4    #c4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,prep4     
,take ( phosphorus & oil ( almonds1 (   
ea* q4 s4  ,heat ! oil 9 a porcela9 di% 
to #cjj ,f41 & keep x at ?is  temp]ature
 = ab\t #ae m9utes1 !n let x cool &     
filt] x ?r\gh  pap]4 ,put #d fluid      
ounces ( ?is oil into a /opp]$ bottle   
capable (  hold+ f\r & a half fluid     
ounces2 !n add to x #ab gra9s (         
phosphorus4 ,imm]se ! bottle 9 hot wat] 
until ! oil has acquir$ !  temp]ature ( 
#ahj ,f41 remov+ ! /opp] two or ?ree    
times to all[  ! escape ( exp&$ air1 !n 
%ake ! oil & phosphorus toge!r1  until !
 latt] is entirely dissolv$4----,dose1  
#e to #aj m9ims4    ,obs4 ,a fl4 oz4 (  
oil dissolves r less ?an #e gr4 ( pure  
phosphorus4 ,! l>ge excess ord]$ 9 !    
second =mula mu/ be m]ely  = ! purpose (
 increas+ ! ext5t ( surface act$ on4 ,x 

is1  h[ev]1 ) ! o!r precautions giv51 q 
unnecess>y4 ,! products  ( bo? =mul h ! 
same /r5g?4----,dose1 #e to #aj or #ab  
drops1 9  milk1 b>ley wat]1 or gruel1 or
 made into an emulsion2 9 *ronic        
rheumatism1 g\t1 c41 & z a p[]ful1      
diffusible /imulant 9 v>i\s  diseases ) 
debility & g5]al pro/ration ( ! vital   
p[]s1 c4  ,ext]nally1 z a friction4 ,x  
is *iefly to ! pres5ce ( phosphorus  t  
cod-liv] owes its wond]ful rem$ial p[] 9
 ^! affections4    ,oil1 ,quitt]4 ,prep4
 #a4 ,r$ precipitate1 #b dr42 aqua=tis1 
#a oz42  dissolve1 add ( olive oil1 oil 
( turp5t9e1 & rectifi$ _s1 (  ea* #b    
oz42 & agitate well & frequ5tly = #c or 
#d h\rs4    #b4 ,o9tm5t ( nitrate (     
m]cury 7,ph4 ,l471 #a "p2 nut oil1 #c   
p>ts2 melt  toge!r1 & /ir until !       
mixture is cold4 ,us$ by f>ri]s =       
quitt]s1 c4    ,oils1 ,radley's4 ,f     
,b>badoes t>1 #a_/b lb42 l9se$ oil & oil
 (  turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2 g5tly    
w>m$1 & %ak5 toge!r4    ,oil1 ,%av+4    
,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,soap4    ,oil1      

,%eldrake's4 ,prep4 ,f pale boil$ nut   
oil & copal v>ni%1  equal p>ts1 melt$   
toge!r by ! heat ( hot wat]1 &1 :5      
p]fectly  mix$1 plac$ aside 9 a bottle =
 a week to settle1 aft] :i* !  cle>     
portion is decant$4 ,us$ by arti/s to   
gr9d _! col\rs 9 to  bright5 !m4    ,oil
 ( ,spike4 #a4 7,,f>ri]',s74 ,f oil (   
turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2 ,b>badoes  t>1       
#a-a_/b oz42 alkanet root1 #a_/b oz42   
dige/$ toge!r = a week4 ,us$  z a       
/imulat+ l9im5t by f>ri]s4    #b4       
7,,pa9t]',s47----a4 ,f rectifi$ oil (   
turp5t9e1 #c p9ts2 oil (  lav5d]1 #a    
p9t2 mix4    b4 ,oil ( turp5t9e 7w>m71  
#e p>ts2 lav5d] oil bottoms 7g5u9e71 #c 
p>ts2 agitate well toge!r1 & 9 a =tnight
 decant ! cle> away4  ,us$ by arti/s &  
enamell]s4    ,oils1 ,/am=d's4 ,syn4    
,,"l ,,/am=d',s ,,mix$ ,,oils4 ,prep4   
,dissolve  camphor1 #a oz41 9 rectifi$  
_s ( w9e1 #a_/d p9t2 add oil (          
origanum1 #b oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b 
p9t2 gre5 eld] oil1 #b lbs42 &  agitate 
until mix$4 ,! rectifi$ _s is n[ g5]ally

 omitt$1 !  camphor be+ dissolv$ 9 !    
gre5 oil by aid ( heat be=e add+ !  o!r 
+r$i5ts4 ,/imulant4 ,us$ by f>ri]s4     
,oil1 ,sulphurat$4 ,syn4 ,,balsam ,,(   
,,sulphur2 ,,oleum ,,sulphuratum1       
,,balsamum  ,,sulphuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a  
"p2 olive  oil1 #d p>ts2 boil toge!r 9 a
 vessel lightly cov]$1 until !y assume  
! consi/5ce ( a ?ick balsam4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4   
oz42 heat x 9 a s& ba?1 &  gradually add
 ( wa%$ sulphur1 #b oz42 /irr+ until !y 
comb9e4    ,prop41 c4 ,balsam ( sulphur 
is a d>k1 r$di%-br[n1 viscid fluid1     
hav+ an extremely disagreeable &        
p5etrat+ od\r1 & a /rong1  nause\s ta/e4
 ,! local action ( balsam ( sulphur is t
 ( an acrid  & irritant2 its remote     
effects ^? ( a /imulant1 expectorant1 & 
diaphoretic4 ,ext]nally1 x is           
occasionally us$ z an application to f\l
  ulc]s2 & 0 =m]ly commonly employ$     
int]nally 9 *ronic pulmon>y  affections1
 9 doses ( #bj to #ej drops4 ,x is n[   

seldom giv5 int]nally  except 9 vet]9>y 
practice4    ,oils1 ,?ree4 ,syn4 ,,oleum
 ,,de ,,tribus 7,van ,mons71 ,l4 ,oils (
 brick1  lav5d]1 & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts4
 ,z a /imulant l9im5t4    ,oil (        
,vitriol4 ,sulphuric acid4    ,oils1    
,w>d's4 ,syn4 ,,w>d',s ,,:ite ,,oils4 ,f
 p[d]$ camphor1 rape oil1  oil (        
turp5t9e1 rectifi$ _s1 & liquor (       
potassa1 equal p>ts1  agitat$ toge!r =  
"s "t1 & aga9 be=e use4 ,beef br9e 0    
=m]ly us$ in/ead ( liquor ( potassa4    
,oil1 ,wat*mak]'s4 ,prep>$ by plac+ a   
clean /rip or coil ( lead 9  a small    
:ite-glass bottle fill$ ) pure almond or
 olive oil1 &  expos+ x to ! sun's rays 
at a w9d[ = "s "t till a curdy  matt]   
ceases to be deposit$1 & ! oil has      
become q limpid &  col\rless4 ,us$ = f9e
 "w2 does n become ?ick by age4    ,oil1
 ,w$ell's4 ,syn4 ,,bezo> ,,oil2 ,,oleum 
,,bezo>dicum1 ,l4 ,f nut oil1  #a_/d    
p9t2 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve by a  
g5tle heat1 &1 :5 cold1 add  ( ess5ce ( 
b]gamot1 #a dr41 & let x /& ov] a little

 alkanet root  until suffici5tly col\r$4
    ,oils1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,:ite          
,,egg-,,oils4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yolks ( eggs1 
#d 9  numb]2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/d p9t2 
mix1 add ( liquor ( ammonia1 #c fl4     
oz42 oil ( origanum1 #a_/b oz42 soap]'s 
lye1 #a_/d p9t2 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2        
agitate well1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a co>se hair 
sieve4    #b4 ,rape oil1 #c_/d p9t2     
liquor ( ammonia & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea*
 #c  oz42 agitate until !y =m a milk4   
#c4 7,r$wood47 ,:ites & yolks ( #b eggs2
 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b oz42  triturate
 toge!r1 add ( ,g\l>d's extract1 #a_/b  
oz2 mix1 next add (  di/ill$ v9eg>1     
#a-a_/b p9t1 &1 la/ly1 ( rectifi$ _s1   
#a-a_/b fl4  oz4 ,/imulant & det]g5t4   
,us$ by f>ri]s4    ,oil1 ,worm 7,can9e74
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,v]mifugum ,,can9um4    
,prep4 ,f oil (  turp5t9e & ca/or oil1  
equal p>ts2 t+$ yell[ ) a little palm   
oil or annotta4----,dose4 ,= a          
middle-siz$ dog1 #a_/b oz41 repeat$ 9 #b
 or  #c h\rs if x does n op]ate4        
,,oils 79 ,p]fum]y74 ,syn4 ,,sc5t$      

,,oils2 ,,olea ,,fixa ,,odorata1 ,l4 ,! 
oils  :i* usually =m ! basis ( ^!       
articles are ^? ( almonds1 b51  or      
olives2 b o!rs are occasionally us$4 ,! 
me?ods adopt$ = _!  prep>ation v>y ) !  
nature ( ! sub/ances ^: fragrance x is  
int5d$ to convey to ! oil4 ,! ,cont95tal
 p]fum]s employ ?ree  diff]5t processes 
= ?is purpose1 :i* !y te*nically di/+ui%
  by t]ms indicative ( _! nature4 ,^!   
are z "u3----    #a4 ,a suffici5t       
quantity ( ! ess5tial oil ( ! plant1 or 
( !  conc5trat$ ess5ce ( ! sub/ance1 if 
x does n furni% an oil1 is  add$ to !   
fix$ oil :i* x is desir$ to p]fume1     
until ! latt]  becomes agreeably        
fragrant2 ! :ole is !n all[$ to repose =
 a few  days1 &1 if any s$im5t falls    
7:i* %\ld n be ! case :5 !  +r$i5ts are 
pure71 ! cle> portion is decant$ into   
ano!r bottle4  ,:5 alcoholic ess5ces are
 ?us employ$1 ! fix$ oil %\ld be g5tly  
w>m$1 & ! admixture made 9 a /rong      
bottle1 s z to p]mit ( x  be+ cork$ &   
well agitat$ ) safety2 & 9 ?is case !   

agitation  %\ld be prolong$ until ! :ole
 has become q cold4 ,9 ?is way all  !   
ord9>y aromatis$ & p]fum$ oils ( !      
,engli% druggi/s &  p]fum]s1 z ^? (     
b]gamotte1 cassia1 cloves1 lav5d]1      
lemon1  mille-fleurs1 n]oli1 nutmeg1    
oranges1 roses1 c41 are made1 b ^? (  a 
few ( ! m delicate fl[]s1 & ( c]ta9 o!r 
sub/ances1 c  only be prep>$ ( ! fir/   
quality by "o or o!r ( ! processes      
describ$ bel[4    ,9 g5]al1 #a to       
#a-a_/b dr4 ( ! pure ess5tial oil1 or #c
 to #d fl4 dr4 (  ! alcoholic ess5ces1  
are f\nd suffici5t to r5d] #a p9t ( oil 
agreeably fragrant1 #a_/b dr4 ( pure    
att> ( roses is1 h[ev]1 en\gh =  ?is    
purpose1 ow+ to ! v p[]ful "* ( its     
p]fume2 b  ev5 a less quantity ?an ?is  
is commonly employ$1 on acc\nt ( its    
co/l9ess1 ! defici5cy be+ made up by a  
mixture ( ! oils (  rhodium1 rosem>y1 & 
b]gamotte4 ,mo/ ( ! oils ( ?is class are
  int5d$ = hair cosmetics4    #b4 7,by  
,,infusion47 ,dry sub/ances1 aft] be+   
r$uc$ to p[d]1 or slic$  v              

small----fl[]s or petals1 aft] be+      
c>efully select$1 & pick$  f ! /ems &   
o!r sc5tless portions----& s(t or       
unctu\s matt]s1  z amb]gris1 civet1 or  
musk1 aft] be+ rubb$ to a pa/e ) a      
little  oil1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( 
ab\t twice _! weight (  clean s& or     
p[d]$ glass1 to facilitate ! r$uction1  
are dige/$ 9  ! fix$ oil = ab\t #a h\r1 
at a g5tle heat obta9$ by means ( a     
wat] ba?1 cont9ual /irr+ be+ employ$ all
 ! "t2 ! mixture is  !n remov$ f ! heat1
 cov]$ up1 & left to settle until ! next
  day1 :5 ! cle> portion is decant$ into
 clean bottles4 ,:5 fl[]s  are employ$1 
! free oil is dra9$ (f1 & ! rema9d]     
obta9$ by  ! action ( a press4 ,!       
process is !n repeat$ ) fre% fl[]s1 #e  
or #f times1 or ev5 (t5]1 until ! oil is
 suffici5tly p]fum$4 ,=  amb]gris1 musk1
 or civet1 ! dige/ion is g5]ally cont9u$
 = #ae to  #bj days1 dur+ :i* "t !      
vessel is ei!r freely expos$ to !       
sun%9e1 or kept 9 an equally w>m        
situation4    ,! fir/ quality ( ! oils (

 amb]gris1 balsam ( ,p]u1 b5zo91        
cassia1 c9namon1 civet1 orange fl[]s1   
orris1 roses1 /yrax1 &  vanilla1 are    
made by infusion4    #c4 7,,by ,,!      
,,fl[]s47----a4 ,^u an iron frame a     
piece ( :ite1 spongy1  cotton clo? is   
/ret*$1 & !n moi/5$ ) almond or olive   
oil1  usually ! latt]2 on ! clo? is     
plac$ a ?9 lay] ( !  fre%-pluck$ fl[]s2 
ano!r frame is simil>ly treat$1 & 9 ?is 
way  a pile ( !m is made4 ,9 #bd or #cj 
h\rs ! fl[]s are replac$ by  fre% ones1 
& ?is is repeat$ e day or e o!r day1    
until #g or  #h diff]5t lots ( fl[]s h  
be5 consum$1 or ! oil is suffici5tly    
load$ ) _! od\r4 ,! oil is !n obta9$ f !
 cotton clo? by  p[]ful pressure1 & is  
plac$ aside 9 bottles to settle1 ready  
to be  decant$ into o!rs = sale4        
,sometimes ?9 lay]s ( cotton wool1      
slightly moi/5$ ) oil1 are employ$      
in/ead ( cotton clo?4    ,! oils (      
honeysuckle1 jasm91 or jessam9e1        
jonquil1 may-blossom1  myrtle-blossom1  
n>cissus1 tub]ose1 violet1 &1 9 g5]al1 (

 all !  m delicate fl[]s1 are prep>$ 9 !
 above mann]4    b4 ,! native p]fum]s ( 
,india prep>e _! sc5t$ oils ( bela1     
*umbul1 jasm91 c41 9 ! foll[+           
mann]3----,a lay] ( ! sc5t$  fl[]s1 ab\t
 #d in*es ?ick & #b feet squ>e1 is =m$  
on ! gr\nd2  ov] ?is is plac$ a lay] (  
moi/5$ tel or sesamum se$s1 #b in*es    
?ick1 & on ?is ano!r #d-;in* lay] (     
fl[]s4 ,ov] ! :ole a %eet  is ?r[n1 :i* 
is kept press$ d[n by weights atta*$    
r\nd ! edges4  ,! fl[]s are replac$ )   
fre% ones aft] ! lapse ( #bd h\rs1 &  ! 
process is repeat$ a ?ird & ev5 a f\r?  
"t1 :5 a v highly  sc5t$ oil is desir$4 
,! swoll5 sesamum se$s1 r5d]$ fragrant  
by  contact ) ! fl[]s1 are !n submitt$  
to ! action ( ! press1  by :i* _! bl&   
oil is obta9$ /rongly impregnat$ ) !    
aroma  ( ! fl[]s4 ,! express$ oil is !n 
set aside 9 dubb]s 7bottles  made (     
untann$ hides7 to settle4 ,we h employ$ 
poppy se$ 9 ?is  c\ntry1 9 a simil>     
mann]1 ) great success4    c4 ,! fl[]s  
are cru%$ 9 a mort> or mill1 ) "o half  

_!  weight ( blan*$ sweet almonds1 & !  
next day ! mass is g5tly  heat$ &       
submitt$ to ! action ( a p[]ful press2 !
 liquid ?us  obta9$ is all[$ to repose =
 a week1 :5 ! upp] portion ( oil is     
decant$ & filt]$4 ,?is plan is          
occasionally adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry  = !   
oils ( roses & ( a few o!r fl[]s4 7,see 
bel[47    ,! solution ( a few gra9s (   
b5zoic acid1 or ( gum b5zo9  7pref]ably 
! fir/71 9 any ( ! above oils1 w        
mat]ially ret>d  ! accession (          
rancidity1 if x does n prev5t x         
altoge!r4    ,! oils ( ! la/ two classes
 7#b & #c7 are *iefly us$ to imp>t  _!  
respective od\rs to ! simple oils1      
pomades1 c42 & 9 !  manufacture ( sc5t$ 
spirits or esprits4 ,! foll[+ =mul are  
giv5  z examples ( bo? classes (        
prep>ations3----    ,oil ( ,amb]gris4 ,f
 amb]gris1 #b dr42 oil1 #a p9t2 by      
infusion4    ,oil ( ,b5zo94 ,f gum      
b5zo91 #g dr42 oil1 #a p9t2 by infusion4
    ,oils = ! ,hair4 ,syn4 ,,huiles     
,,antiques1 ,fr4 ,^! are num]\s4 ,all   

^? sc5t$ ) ! simple p]fumes are prep>$ 9
 ! way expla9$  "u class #a 7above74 ,! 
selection dep5ds entirely ^u ! judgm5t  
( ! op]ator or ! fancy ( ! pur*as]4 ,9  
g5]al1 a mixture (  two or ?ree p]fumes 
is pref]r$ 9 ^! c\ntries to ! pure      
fragrance ( any s+le fl[]1 & a grossness
 ( ta/e is exhibit$ 9  ^! matt]s :i*    
surprises our ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 & ! 
inhabitants ( ,italy m p>ticul>ly4 ,"s (
 ^! oils are col\r$4 ,a  r$ t+e is giv5 
to !m by all[+ ! oil to /& = a few h\rs 
ov] a little alkanet root 7#b dr4 to !  
p9t7 be=e sc5t+ x4 ,!  application ( a  
g5tle heat facilitates ! process4 ,yell[
 & orange  are giv5 by a little annotta 
or palm oil2 & gre51 by /eep+ a little  
gre5 p>sley or lav5d] 9 !m = a few days2
 or by dissolv+ #b or #c  dr4 ( gum     
guaiacum 9 ea* p9t by ! aid ( heat1 &1  
:5 cold1  decant+ ! cle> portion4 ,huile
 antique au jasm91 ,huile antique  la   
fleurs d'oranges1 ,huile antique  la    
rose1 ,huile antique  la tub]ose1       
,huile antique  la violette1 c41 are    

simple oils flav\r$ ) !  respective     
p]fumes or _! prep>ations4----,huile    
antique r\ge  la rose  is ! ord9>y oil (
 roses col\r$ ) alkanet root4----,huile 
antique  v]te is simple oil col\r$ gre51
 z above1 & sc5t$4----,huile antique    
aux millefleurs is s sc5t$ ) sev]al     
p]fumes t none pr$om9ate4  ,a mixture ( 
b]gamotte1 lemons1 lav5d]1 n]oli1       
pim5to1 & amb]gris  or musk1 is commonly
 employ$ = ! purpose4    ,oil1 ,macass>4
 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,de ,,macass>4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,r[l&'s47 ,oil (  b5 or almonds    
7r$d5$ by alkanet root71 #a p9t2 oils ( 
rosem>y &  origanum 7:ite71 ( ea* #a    
dr42 oil ( nutmeg & att> ( roses1 ( ea* 
#ae drops2 n]oli1 #f drops2 ess5ce (    
musk1 #c or #d drops4    #b4 7,de       
,naquet47 ,oil ( b51 #a qu>t2 nut oil1  
#a p9t2 rectifi$ _s1  #a_/d p9t2 ess5ce 
( b]gamotte1 #c-a_/b dr42 t9cture ( musk
 & esprit de  ,portugal1 ( ea* #b dr42  
att> ( roses1 #a_/b dr42 alkanet root1  
q4 s4 to  col\r4    ,oil1 ,m>r[         
7,p]fum$74 #a4 ,simple m>r[ oil1 sc5t$  

at w4    #b4 7,,fluide ,,de ,,java47    
,m>r[ oil1 col\r$ ) a little palm oil & 
sc5t$4    #c4 7,,huile ,,comog5e47 ,m>r[
 oil1 #d oz42 _s ( rosem>y1 #a-a_/b oz42
 oil  ( nutmeg1 #ab drops4    #d4       
7,,huile ,,philocome ,d',,aubril47      
,cold-drawn nut oil & m>r[ oil1 equal   
p>ts2 sc5t at w1 q4 s4    #e4 7,,huile  
,,de ,,ph,,nix47 ,cl>ifi$ beef m>r[1    
l>d1 pale nut oil1 &  express$ oil (    
mace1 ( ea* #d oz42 melt toge!r by !    
heat ( hot  wat]1 /ra9 ?r\gh l95 into a 
w>m /one mort>1 add1 ( oils (  cloves1  
lav5d]1 m9t1 rosem>y1 sage1 & ?yme1 (   
ea* #a_/b dr42  rectifi$ _s1 #a oz41 9  
:i* has be5 dissolv$ by a g5tle heat    
balsam ( tolu1 #d dr42 camphor1 #a dr42 
triturate until ! :ole is cold1  & !n   
put x into bottles4 ,all ! above are us$
 to make ! hair  gr[1 & to prev5t x     
fall+ (f4    ,oil ( ,musk4 ,f gra9 musk1
 #a dr42 amb]gris1 #a_/b dr42 oil (     
lav5d]1 #bj drops2 oil1 #a p9t1 by      
infusion4 ,a second quality is made by  
work+ ! same +r$i5ts1 aft] ! oil is p\r$

 f !m1 ) #c_/d  p9t ( fre% oil4 ,?is    
also applies to ,,oil ,,( ,,amb]gris &  
,,huile ,,royale4    ,oil ( ,musk &     
,amb]gris4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,royale4 ,f   
amb]gris1 #b dr42  gra9 musk1 #a_/b dr42
 oils ( cassia1 lav5d]1 n]oli1 & nutmeg1
 ( ea*  #aj drops2 oil1 #a p9t2 by      
infusion4 7,see above47    ,oil (       
,/yrax4 ,f liquid /yrax 7pure71 #e dr42 
oil ( nutmeg1 #aj  drops2 amb]gris1 #f  
gr42 oil1 #a p9t2 by infusion4    ,oil (
 ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,huile  ,,la          
,,vanille4 ,f pure/ olive or almond     
oil1 #a-a_/b p9t2 vanilla 7f9e/1 9      
p[d]71 #b oz42 oil ( b]gamotte1 #a  dr42
 att> ( roses 7f9e/71 #ae drops2 by     
infusion4    ,,oils 7,volatile74#fd     
,syn4 ,,olea ,,de/illata1 ,,olea        
,,di/illata1 ,,olea  ,,ess5tialia1      
,,olea ,,volatilia1 ,l42 ,,huiles       
,,volatiles1 ,fr4 ,! volatile oils  are 
an ext5sive & important class ( bodies1 
d]iv$ f ! vegetable  k+dom1 & f\nd 9    
almo/ e "p ( ! majority ( ! plants  :i* 
produce !m1 except ! cotyl$ons ( ! se$s1

 9 :i*1 9  g5]al1 ! fix$ oils are       
exclusively /or$ up4 ,_! pres5ce conf]s 
^u fl[]s1 leaves1 fruit1 se$s1 roots1   
b>k1 & woods _! peculi>  & *>act]i/ic   
od\rs2 b among ^! !y are n equally      
di/ribut$ 9 ! same individual1 & are (t5
 altoge!r abs5t f  "s ( !m4 ,to !m we   
are indebt$ = our mo/ delightful        
p]fumes1  & our *oice/ spices &         
aromatics4 ,"s ( !m are f\nd to possess 
valuable m$ic9al prop]ties1 & o!rs are  
inve/$ ) ! highe/  possible int]e/ on   
acc\nt ( _! peculi> *emical con/itution1
 &  ! reactions :i* occur :5 !y are     
br\ght into contact ) o!r  bodies4      
,footnote #fd3 ,al?\gh ess5tial oils are
 volatile oils1 volatile oils are  n    
always ess5tial ones z ! t]m is         
und]/ood4 ,?is is ! case )  ! petroleum 
& p>aff9 oils obta9$ by ! di/illation ( 
native  petroleum & bitum9\s bodies4 ,to
 describe ! two z synonym\s is  !re=e   
incorrect4----,,ed4    ,! volatile oils 
are (t5 call$ #8ess5ces1' & ! same loose
 &  unmean+ t]m is also commonly appli$ 

to _! alcoholic solutions4    ,prop4 ,! 
volatile or ess5tial oils are usually m 
limpid & less  unctu\s ?an ! fix$ oils2 
b "s ( !m are butyrace\s or  cry/all9e4 
,ne>ly all ( !m consi/ ( two or m oils1 
diff]+ 9  _! sp4 gr4 & boil+ po9ts1 "o (
 :i* is g5]ally liquid1 !  o!r1 9 "s    
cases1 cry/all9e4 ,all ( !m1 :5 p]fectly
 pure1 are  col\rless1 ?\gh be=e        
rectification ne>ly ! :ole ( !m h a     
pale yell[ t9t1 & "s ( !m are br[n1     
blue1 or gre54 ,_! od\r  is t ( ! plants
 :i* yield !m1 & is usually p[]ful2 _!  
ta/e is pung5t & burn+4 ,!y mix 9 all   
proportions ) ! fix$  oils1 dissolve    
freely 9 bo? alcohol & e!r1 & are sp>+ly
 soluble  9 wat]1 =m+ #8p]fum$' or      
#8m$icat$ wat]s4' ,_! boil+ po9t        
usually ranges betwe5 #caj & #cbe       
,fahr41 & is always consid]ably  high]  
?an t ( wat]4 ,!y resi/ saponification1 
& 7except+ oil  ( cloves7 d n comb9e ) !
 salifiable bases4 ,_! d5sity           
fluctuates a little on ei!r side ( wat]4
 ,! lighte/ oil is t (  citrons 7sp4 gr4

 #hdg71 & ! heavie/ t ( sassafras 7sp4  
gr4  #ajif74 ,:5 cool$ suffici5tly1 !y  
all solidify4 ,! common  temp]ature ( ! 
atmosph]e is suffici5t = ?is ) "s ( !m1 
z  ! oils ( roses & anise$2 :il/ o!rs   
require to be cool$ bel[  ! freez+ po9t 
( wat] be=e !y assume ! solid =m4 ,9 ?is
  /ate !y appe> to consi/ ( a cry/all9e 
or semi-cry/all9e  sub/ance 7/e>opt51   
/e>ess5ce71 & a fluid portion 7eleopt51 
oleiess5ce74 ,! two may be sep>at$ by   
press+ ! concrete oil  betwe5 ! folds ( 
bibul\s pap]1 9 ! cold4 ,by exposure to 
! air  ! volatile oils rapidly absorb   
oxyg51 & become p>tially conv]t$  into  
res94 ,?is is ! cause ( ! deposit t     
usually =ms 9 !m  7especially 9 !       
express$ oil ( orange7 :5 kept 9 an     
ill-cork$  vessel4 ,! solid cry/all9e   
matt] :i* sep>ates f !m :5 kept  9 clos$
 vessels is /e>opt5e4    ,class4        
,*emically consid]$1 ! ess5tial oils may
 be divid$ into  ?ree great classes3----
    #a4 ,oils compos$ ( c>bon & hydrog5 
only 7b9>y volatile oils1               

c>bo-hydrog5s1 hydro-c>bons1 t]eb5es1   
camph5es71 ( :i* oil (  turp5t9e may be 
reg>d$ z ! type4 ,^! are *>act]is$ by   
be+1  z a class1 less soluble 9 rectifi$
 _s & 9 wat] ?an ! o!r  ess5tial oils4  
,! oils ( b]gamot1 capivi1 cubebs1      
elemi1 hops1  junip]1 lemons1 orange    
peel1 pepp]1 ! grass oil ( ,india1 !    
laurel  oil ( ,guiana1 & "s o!rs1 belong
 to ?is class4    #b4 ,oils conta9+     
c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 7oxyg5at$ oils71
  includ+ mo/ ( ^? us$ 9 m$ic9e &       
p]fum]y4 ,^!1 z a class1  are m soluble 
9 rectifi$ _s & 9 wat] ?an ^? conta9+   
c>bon & hydrog5 only4 ,to ?is class     
belong ! oils ( almonds1  anise$1       
cassia1 c$>-wood1 c9namon1 cum91 jasm91 
lav5d]1  mead[-sweet 7,spira ulm>ia71   
orange fl[]s1 p5nyroyal1 pepp]m9t1      
spe>m9t1 rosem>y1 rose-petals1 val]ian1 
w9t] gre5 7,gaul!ria  procumb5s71 & o!rs
 too num]\s to m5tion4 ,a few ( ^!      
oxyg5at$ oils conta9 nitrog54    #c4    
,oils conta9+ sulphur 7sulphurett$      
oils74 ,^! are *>act]is$ by  _! extreme 

pung5cy1 suffocat+ od\r1 vesicat+ p[]1  
prop]ty (  black+ silv]1 & be+ decompos$
 by contact ) mo/ o!r metallic  bodies4 
,! oils ( assaftida1 black mu/>d se$1   
g>lic1 hors]adi%1  & onions1 are ( ?is  
k9d4 ,"s sulphurett$ oils conta9        
nitrog54    ,prep4 ,! volatile oils are 
g5]ally procur$ by di/ill+ !  odorif]\s 
sub/ances along ) wat]2 b 9 a few       
in/ances !y are  obta9$ by expression1 &
 /ill m r>ely by ! action ( alcohol4    
,accord+ to ! common me?od ( proce$+1   
sub/ances :i* "p freely  ) _! oil are   
put into ! /ill along ) ab\t an equal   
weight (  wat]1 & are at once submitt$  
to di/illation4 ,^? sub/ances :i*  give 
out _! oil ) difficulty are fir/ soak$ =
 #bd h\rs1 or  long]1 9 ab\t twice _!   
weight ( wat]1 to ea* gallon ( :i* #a   
lb4 ( common salt has be5 add$1 9 ord]  
to raise its boil+ po9t4  ,! di/illation
 is conduct$ z quickly z possible1 &1 :5
 "o half  ! wat] has come ov]1 x is     
return$ into ! /ill1 & ?is  cohobation  
is repeat$1 :5 necess>y1 until ! di/ill$

 wat] ceases  to be mix$ ) oil4 ,! heat 
( /eam or a salt-wat] ba? %\ld be       
pref]ably employ$4 ,:5 a nak$ fire is   
us$1 ! /ill %\ld be deep  & n>r[1 by :i*
 means ! bottom w be bett] protect$ by !
  gradually decreas+ quantity ( wat]    
t[>ds ! end ( ! process1 &  empyreuma   
prev5t$4 ,:5 ! di/ill$ wat] is to be    
repeat$ly  cohobat$ on ! +r$i5ts1 a     
conv5i5t & economical plan is to s      
arrange ! app>atus t1 aft] ! wat] has   
sep>at$ f ! oil 9  ! receiv]1 x %all fl[
 back aga9 into ! /ill4 ,an ord9>y      
worm-tub1 or o!r l cond5s+ app>atus1 may
 be employ$2 b 9 !  case ( ^? oils :i*  
readily solidify1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 
9  ! cond5s] mu/ n fall bel[ ab\t #ee   
,fahr4    ,! mix$ vap\rs :i* pass ov]   
cond5se & fall z a milky-look+  liquid  
into ! receiv]4 ,?is sep>ates aft] a "t 
into two portions1  "o ( :i* is a       
solution ( a "p ( ! newly elim9at$ oil 9
 wat]1  & ! o!r is ! oil itself4 ,!     
latt] ei!r occupies ! upp] or  ! l[]    
portion ( ! receiv]1 accord+ z its      

specific gravity is  less or great] ?an 
t ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! sep>ation ( ! oil  
& wat] is effect$ by all[+ ! mix$       
liquids to drop into a  #8,flor5t9e     
receiv]' 7see engr47 :5 ! oil is !      
light] ( !  two1 by :i* means ! latt]   
accumulates at a1 & ! wat] fl[s  ov] by 
! sp\t b4    ,illu/ration    ,! same    
receiv] may be employ$ = oils heavi] ?an
 wat]1 by  rev]s+ ! arrangem5t2 b a     
glass #8sep>ator' 7see engr47 is1 9     
g5]al1 f\nd m conv5i5t4 ,9 ?is case !   
oil accumulates at !  bottom ( ! vessel1
 & may be drawn (f by ! /op-cock provid$
 =  ! purpose4    ,illu/ration    ,!    
ess5tial oils ( lemons & oranges (      
comm]ce1 & ( "s o!r  fruits1 are *iefly 
obta9$ by submitt+ ! yell[ r9d to p[]ful
  pressure2 b 9 ?is way !y are n s :ite1
 nor d !y keep s well1  z :5 di/ill$1   
al?\gh 9 ! case ( ! fruits ref]r$ to !  
oils  are m fragrant ?an :5 prep>$ by   
any o!r me?od4    ,! ,london ,college   
exclud$ ! usual directions = !          
prep>ation (  ! ess5tial oils f _!      

,ph>macopia ( #ahea1 on ! gr\nd t  ^!   
sub/ances are seldom prep>$ by ! druggi/
 or apo!c>y1 or at  all on ! small      
scale4    8,! fruit ( anise1 c>away1 &  
junip]1 ! fl[]s ( *amomile1  lav5d]1 &  
eld]1 ! b]ries ( allspice1 ! tops (     
rosem>y1 &  ! entire rec5t plants ( !   
o!r h]bs1 are to be employ$40 8,put any 
"o ( ^! into an alembic1 !n p\r 9 z mu* 
wat] z w cov] x1  & di/il ! oil into a  
l>ge vessel1 kept cool40 7,ph4 ,l4      
#ahcf47    ,! ,ed9burgh ,college        
directs----8,z mu* wat] only is to be   
employ$ z  w prev5t empyreuma dur+ !    
di/illation4 ,! di/illation may be      
imm$iately comm5c$ aft] a prop]         
mac]ation1 & ! oil aft]w>ds  sep>at$ f !
 wat]10 9 ! mann] already notic$4    8,x
 is also necess>y to obs]ve1 9 prep>+ ^!
 oils1 z well z !  di/ill$ wat]s1 t !   
quality ( ! sub/ances1 _! texture1 !    
season ( ! ye>1 & simil> circum/ances1  
mu/ occasion s _m  diff]5ces1 t x is    
sc>cely possible to give any c]ta9 &    
g5]al  rules :i* %all /rictly apply to e

 example4 ,_m ?+s1 !re=e1  mu/ be       
regulat$ by ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator40     
,! ,dubl9 ,college directs ! vegetable  
sub/ances to be mac]at$ 9 !  /ill ) ab\t
 #e times _! weight ( wat]1 = #bd h\rs1 
:5 "o  half ( ! wat] is to be drawn ov]4
 ,! oil hav+ be5 sep>at$ f  ?is 9 !     
usual mann]1 x is to be return$ to !    
/ill1 & ! same  quantity drawn ov]1 z   
be=e1 f :i* ! oil mu/ aga9 be  sep>at$4 
,*evalli] gives ! foll[+ rules = !      
di/illation ( ess5tial  oils3----    #a4
 ,op]ate ^u z l>ge quantities z         
possible1 9 ord] to obta9 a  great]     
product1 & "o ( f9] quality4    #b4     
,conduct ! di/illation rapidly4    #c4  
,divide ! sub/ances m9utely1 9 ord] to  
facilitate ! extrication  ( ! oil4      
#d4 ,employ only suffici5t wat] to      
prev5t ! matt] op]at$ on f  burn+1 & !  
product f be+ contam9at$ ) empyreuma4   
#e4 ,= sub/ances ^: oil is heavi] ?an   
wat]1 saturate or ne>ly  saturate ! wat]
 9 ! /ill ) common salt1 to raise !     
boil+  po9t1 & ?us to enable ! vap\r to 

c>ry ov] m oil4    #f4 ,employ1 :5      
possible1 wat] :i* has be5 already      
di/ill$ f (f  ! same sub/ances1 & has   
?us become saturat$ ) oil4    #g4 ,=    
oils naturally fluid1 keep ! wat] 9 !   
refrig]ator cool2 b  = ^? oils :i*      
easily become solid1 pres]ve x at #hj to
 #ij  ,fahr4787    ,to ! above may be   
add$----    #h4 ,collect ! oil z soon z 
possible aft] x sep>ates f ! wat]  ) :i*
 x passes ov]1 & 9 its subsequ5t        
treatm5t keep x1 z  mu* z possible1 f   
free contact ) ! air4    ,dr ,ure       
rem>ks1 8,! n>r[] & tall] ! alembic is1 
)9 c]ta9  limits1 ! great] w be !       
proportion ( oil1 relative to t ( !     
aromatic wat]1 f l proportions ( aque\s 
& vegetable matt]  employ$40 8,"s place 
! plants 9 baskets1 & susp5d ^!         
imm$iately ov] ! bottom ( ! /ill1 "u !  
wat]1 or above its  surface 9 ! /eam2 b 
! be/ mode1 9 my op9ion1 is to /uff an  
upright cyl9d] full ( ! plants & drive  
d[n ?r\gh !m /eam (  any desir$ =ce1 its
 t5sion & its temp]ature be+ fur!r      

regulat$  by ! size ( ! outlet-orifice  
lead+ to ! cond5s]4 ,! cyl9d]  %\ld be  
made ( /rong copp]1 t9n$ inside1 &      
encas$ 9 ! wor/  conduct+ species (     
wood1 su* z s(t deal or sycamore40    ,!
 newly di/ill$ oils may be sep>at$ f    
adh]+ wat]1 :i*  frequ5tly r5d]s !m     
p>tially opaque or #8cl\dy1' by repose 9
 a  temp]ature betwe5 #fj & #gj ,fahr41 
& subsequ5t decantation2 b to  r5d] !m q
 dry 7anhydr\s71 x is necess>y to let !m
 /& ov]  "s fragm5ts ( fus$ *loride (   
calcium4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1  requir$ ) ! 
comm]cial oils4    ,! rectification ( ! 
volatile oils is commonly p]=m$ )\t     
wat]1 by ! c>eful application ( a heat j
 suffici5t to make !m  fl[ ov] pretty   
rapidly1 s t !y may be kept heat$ = z   
%ort a  "t z possible4 ,"o half1 or at  
mo/ two ?irds only1 is drawn (f1 t  left
 9 ! retort be+ usually mix$ ) raw oil  
int5d$ to be sold 9  t /ate4 ,?is me?od 
(t5 leads to mu* loss & disappo9tm5t1 & 
we h kn[n m ?an "o r dang]\s explosion  
result f its  use4 ,a bett] plan is to  

rectify ! oil f /rong br9e1 & !n to     
sep>ate any adh]+ wat]1 ei!r by repose  
or *loride ( calcium4    ,pres4         
,volatile oils %\ld be pres]v$ 9        
well-clos$ & ne>ly full  bottles1 9 !   
%ade1 & %\ld be op5$ z seldom z         
possible4 ,by age  !y d>k51 lose mu* (  
_! od\r1 increase 9 d5sity1 & become    
?ick & clammy4 ,x is !n necess>y to     
di/il !m1 by :i* !  undecompos$ portion 
is sep>at$ f ! res94 ,agitation along ) 
animal *>coal w re/ore _! cle>ness &    
orig9al col\r1 b  no?+ m4    ,pur41     
,te/s4 ,! ess5tial or volatile oils (   
comm]ce are v  frequ5tly adult]at$ ) !  
fatty oils1 res9s1 sp]maceti1 or        
alcohol1 or ) o!r ess5tial oils ( a     
*eap] k9d or l[] grade4  ,! pres5ce ( ! 
fir/ ?ree ( ^! may be readily detect$ by
  plac+ a drop ( ! suspect$ oil on a    
piece ( :ite pap]1 &  expos+ x = a %ort 
"t to heat4 ,if ! oil is pure1 x w      
entirely  evaporate2 b if adult]at$ ) "o
 ( ^! sub/ances1 a greasy or  transluc5t
 /a9 w be left on ! pap]4 ,^! sub/ances 

also rema9  undissolv$ :5 ! oil is      
agitat$ ) ?rice its volume ( rectifi$   
_s4    ,! pres5ce ( alcohol may be      
detect$ by agitat+ ! oil ) a few  small 
pieces ( dri$ *loride ( calcium4 ,^!    
rema9 unalt]$ 9 a  pure ess5tial oil1 b 
dissolve 9 "o conta9+ alcohol1 & !      
result+ solution sep>ates1 =m+ a di/9ct 
/ratum at ! bottom (  ! vessel4 ,:5 only
 a v little alcohol is pres5t1 ! pieces 
m]ely  *ange _! =m1 & exhibit ! action (
 ! solv5t on _! angles  or edges1 :i*   
become m or less obtuse or r\nd$4       
,ano!r te/ = alcohol 9 ! ess5tial oils  
is ! milk9ess occasion$  by agitat+ !m )
 a little wat]1 z well z ! loss ( volume
 (  ! oil :5 x sep>ates aft] repose = a 
%ort "t4    ,a m delicate te/ ( alcohol 
9 ! ess5tial oils ?an ei!r ( !  prec$+  
is potassium1 z employ$ by ,m4          
,b]al3----#ab drops ( ! oil are  plac$  
on a p]fectly dry wat*-glass1 & a piece 
( potassium1 ab\t !  size ( an ord9>y   
p9's head1 set 9 ! middle ( x4 ,if !    
small  fragm5t ( metal reta9s its       

integrity = #ab or #ae m9utes1 no       
alcohol  is pres5t2 b if x disappe>s    
aft] ! lapse ( #e m9utes1 ! oil  conta9s
 at lea/ #d ( alcohol2 & if x disappe>s 
9 less ?an #a  m9ute1 x conta9s n less  
?an #be ( alcohol4    ,boettg] /ates t  
anhydr\s glyc]9 possesses ! prop]ty (   
dissolv+ 9 alcohol1 )\t mix+ ) !        
volatile oils4 ,! mode (  apply+ !      
glyc]9 is z foll[s3----,! oil to be     
exam9$ is well  %ak5 9 a graduat$ tube1 
) its own volume ( glyc]9 7sp4 gr4      
#abe74 ,^u be+ all[$ to settle1 !       
mixture sep>ates into two  lay]s4 ,!    
d5s] glyc]9 sep>ates rapidly1 & if !    
ess5ce has be5  mix$ ) alcohol1 ?is is  
dissolv$ 9 ! glyc]91 ! augm5tation 9  ! 
volume ( glyc]9 %[+ ! proportion (      
alcohol pres5t4    ,?is species (       
adult]ation is v common1 z x is a g5]al 
practice  ( ! druggi/s to add a little (
 ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s to  _! oils1 to  
r5d] !m transp>5t1 especially 9 cold    
wea!r4 ,oil (  cassia is ne>ly always   
treat$ 9 ?is way4    ,! admixture ( an  

inf]ior ess5tial oil ) "o m co/ly may be
  be/ detect$ by p\r+ a drop or two on a
 piece ( por\s pap] or  clo?1 & %ak+ x 9
 ! air1 :51 if occasionally smell$1 !   
diff]5ce ( ! od\r at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( 
! evaporation  w %[ ! adult]ation1      
especially if ! add$ sub/ance is        
turp5t9e4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt] may also 
be detect$ by agitat+  ! oil ) rectifi$ 
_s1 :5 x w rema9 undissolv$4    ,!      
foll[+ me?od1 :i* may also be us$ z a   
te/ = ! pres5ce (  turp5t9e1 is bas$ ^u 
its p[] ( dissolv+ fats3----,take ab\t  
#ej gr4  ( oil ( poppy 9 a graduat$     
glass tube1 & add an equal quantity (  !
 sample ( ess5tial oil4 ,%ake ! mixture 
up ?or\ghly & !n  all[ x to /&2 if !    
ess5tial oil be pure1 ! mixture becomes 
milky1 & does n cle> until aft] sev]al  
days h pass$1 :]eas x  w rema9 transp>5t
 if ev5 s little z #e p] c5t4 ( ess5ce (
  turp5t9e be pres5t4    ,! purity (    
ess5tial oils may likewise1 9 _m cases1 
be det]m9$ by  tak+ _! sp4 gr42 or1 )   
/ill great] accuracy & conv5i5ce1 by    

measur+ _! index ( refraction1 z sugge/$
 by ,dr ,wolla/on4 ,a  s+le drop ( oil  
is suffici5t = ! application ( ! la/    
me?od4    ,! adult]ation ( a heavy oil )
 a light "o1 or ! rev]se1 may be        
detect$ by agitat+ ! suspect$ oil )     
wat]1 :51 9 mo/ cases1  ! two w sep>ate 
& =m di/9ct /rata4    ,miss ,crane      
believes t ! cohesion figures af=d$ by !
 volatile  oils1 l ^? ( ! fix$ ones1 w  
be f\nd useful indications (  _! purity4
 ,! application ( h] me?od is precisely 
simil> to t  foll[$ 9 h] exam9ation ( ! 
fix$ oils z already describ$4 ,%e  f9ds 
t----    ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 by itself1   
spreads in/antly to ! :ole size ( !     
plate 7a common s\p plate71 & almo/     
imm$iately ! edge beg9s to  break into  
irregul> %apes1 :5 a rapid motion takes 
place ov] !  surface ( ! film1 & !re    
seems to be a conte/ betwe5 ! cohesion  
( ! oil p>ticles & ! adhesion betwe5 !m 
& ! wat]4 ,! oil  makes repeat$ ef=ts to
 ga!r itself clos] toge!r1 :5 ! wat]    
in/antly reacts1 giv+ a wavy appe>ance  

to ! :ole figure4    ,! play ( col\rs at
 ?is po9t is beautiful1 & s]ves to br+  
out  ! l9es m p]fectly4 ,9 a few seconds
 innum]able little holes appe>  ov] !   
surface1 :i* soon are sep>at$ only by   
?read$ l9es1 & !  figure is l ! mo/     
exquisitely f9e lace4    ,oil ( ,c9namon
 =ms a figure n m ?an half ! size ( !   
la/-nam$4 ,9 a few seconds small        
portions are deta*$1 & %ortly  sep>ate  
into di/9ct drops1 f\r or five l>g]1 & a
 numb] ( small]  ones1 scatt]$ ab\t4 ,) 
mixtures 9 diff]5t proportions ( oil (  
turp5t9e1 ! figures =m$ diff]5tly1 tak+ 
m ( !  *>act]i/ics ( ! adult]ant z x    
pr$om9at$4    ,oil ( ,nutmeg =ms a l>ge 
figure in/antly1 ! edge %[+ a bead$     
l9e4 ,x ga!rs itself toge!r & spreads   
aga91 v l oil (  turp5t9e1 b ! surface  
pres5ts m ! appe>ance ( wat]$ silk4  ,)9
 sixty seconds "s holes appe>1 & 9      
eighty m ! surface is  cov]$ ) !m2 ^!   
sc>cely spread to m ?an a sixte5? ( an  
in* 9 diamet]1 b f ! fir/ ea* is bord]$ 
) a dott$ edge4  ,! figure la/s "s "t   

)\t *ang+ mat]ially1 except !  op5+s    
l5g!n out into an oblong %ape1 rema9+   
entirely di/9ct4  ,! play ( col\rs is v 
f9e4 ,) ! addition ( "o ?ird ( !  oil ( 
turp5t9e1 ! fir/ spread+ is little      
diff]5t1 b op5+s  appe> 9 half ! "t1 & !
 dott$ bord] does n come z soon2 9  ab\t
 f\r m9utes ! figure is mo/             
*>act]i/ically m>k$1 & soon  breaks up  
entirely1 ?is be+ ! di/9ctive diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! pure  oil & ! mixture4    ,oil 
( ,pepp]m9t spreads in/antly to a l>ge  
figure1 & 9 t5 or  fifte5 seconds op5+s 
appe>1 :i* increase rapidly 9 size4 ,at 
fir/  !y look some:at l ! la/-nam$1 b   
are n ne>ly s num]\s1  & ! bord] soon is
 m l t9y drops4 ,9 "o & a half or two   
m9utes !y beg9 to run toge!r1 & ! figure
 breaks up4    ,) ! addition ( turp5t9e 
oil ! figure =ms m sl[ly1 &  ! break+ up
 is less rapid1 b 9 five m9utes !       
outl9es only  rema94    ,oil ( ,b]gamot 
spreads in/antly2 9 ?irty seconds t9y   
op5+s  appe>1 n v abundant1 & increase 9
 size sl[ly2 9 five m9utes  !y are n    

l>g] ?an oil ( nutmeg at "o & a half    
m9ute4 ,at  fir/ !y h a dott$ bord]1 b z
 !y increase 9 size ?is *anges  to a    
scallop$ film1 :i* spreads1 until1 9    
eight or t5 m9utes1 !y  are jo9$ toge!r 
ov] ! :ole surface4 ,?is1 ) ! turp5t9e  
oil1 gives a wat]$ surface 9 spread+1   
mu* m m>k$1 & ) a  f9e play ( col\rs4   
,uses1 c4 ,! volatile oils are *iefly   
us$ by p]fum]s &  rectifi]s1 & 9 m$ic9e4
 ,"s ( ! *eap] k9ds are l>gely  employ$ 
z vehicles = col\rs1 & 9 ! manufacture (
 v>ni%es4 ,!  dose ( ! aromatic &       
c>m9ative oils is f #a to #aj drops1 on 
sug>1  or dissolv$ 9 a little weak _s4  
,?is does n apply to oil ( bitt]        
almonds1 ! dose ( :i* is #a_/d to #a_/b 
a drop4     ,! foll[+ li/ includes %ort 
notices ( ne>ly all ! volatile  oils :i*
 h be5 exam9$1 z well z ( "s o!r        
sub/ances ( a  simil> "*1 :i* commonly  
pass "u ! "n4    ,oil ( ,alliaria4 ,f ! 
roots ( ,alli>ia (fic9alis1 or          
sauce-alone4 ,id5tical ) ! oil ( black  
mu/>d4    ,oil ( ,allspice4 ,see ,,oil  

,,( ,,pim5to4    ,oil ( ,almonds4 ,see  
,,oil ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds4    ,oil (  
,am]ican ,arbor ,vit4 ,syn4 ,,huile     
,,c$re ,,blanc1 ,fr4 ,f ! fre%  tops (  
,?uja occid5talis1 or ,am]ican arbor-vit
 tree4 ,yell[2  fragrant2 /imulant4 ,us$
 9 frictions = rheumatism4 ,prod4       
#a-a_/b to #b  7ne>ly74    ,oil (       
,angelica4 ,f ! dri$ root ( ,angelica   
,ar*angelica4  ,prod4 #be 7fully74      
,oil ( ,anise$4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,anisi   
7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,o4 ,,ess5tiale  
,,anisi1 ,l4 ,f ! fruit 7se$s7 (        
,pimp9ella anisum1 or anise4 ,ne>ly     
col\rless4 ,x is v frequ5tly adult]at$ )
 "o or o!r ( !  *eap] oils1 9 :i* case  
sp]maceti or camphor is add$ to x1 to   
make  x #8c&y4'    ,prop41 c4 ,:5 pure x
 congeals into a solid cry/all9e mass on
 be+  cool$ to #ej ,fahr41 & does n melt
 aga9 until heat$ to ab\t #fc4  ,treat$ 
) iod9e1 x quickly congeals into a solid
 h>d mass1 ) a  p]ceptible increase (   
temp]ature1 & ! developm5t (            
orange-col\r$ & grey fumes4 ,sulphuric  

acid1 ) heat1 turns x ( a  ri* purple-r$
 col\r1 & ! comp\nd soon aft]w>ds       
becomes  inspissat$ & h>d 7res9ifi$74 ,9
 alcohol ( #hjf x is soluble 9  all     
proportions1 b rectifi$ _s 7#hch7       
dissolves only #db ( ?is  oil4 ,sp4 gr4 
7rec5t7 #igfh2 7"o ye> old7 #ihec to    
#ihee2 7old7 #ihef to  #iijj4 ,! =eign  
oil is g5]ally ! heavie/4    ,oil (     
anise$ is c>m9ative & pectoral2 & bo?   
itself &  prep>ations h long be5 9 fav\r
 ) ! masses 9 c\ghs1 colds1  c4 ,9      
prep>+ x c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! temp]ature 
( ! wat]  9 ! receiv] & refrig]ator does
 n fall l[] ?an ab\t #fh ,fahr4  ,prod4 
7,f ! dri$ fruit ( comm]ce7 avoir4 #b   
7ne>ly74 ,see ,,oil ,,(  ,,/>-,,anise4  
,oil1 ,apple4 ,see ,,amyl 7,val]ianate  
(71 & ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,apple4    ,oil (   
,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,arnic1 ,o4 ,a4 
,,radicum1 ,l4 ,f ! roots (  ,arnica    
montana4 ,yell[i% br[n4 ,sp gr4 #idj4   
,prod4 #af lbs4 yield$ #a  oz4 ( oil4 ,!
 oil f ! fl[]s ( arnica is blue4    ,oil
 ( ,as>abacca4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,asabi1   

,o4 ,,as>i ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,f !  roots (
 ,as>um ,europum4 ,yell[2 glut9\s4 ,two 
butyrace\s oils pass  ov] at ! same "t4 
,oil ( ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,oleum        
,,asaf,,tida1 ,l4 ,f ! gum res94        
,conta9s sulphur4 ,v fetid & volatile4  
,oil ( ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,meliss1   
,l4 ,f ! h]b 7,melissa  (fic9alis74     
,pale yell[2 fragrant4 ,sp4 gr4 #igj to 
#ige4 ,prod4 #ajj  lbs4 ( ! fre% fl[]+  
h]b yield+ #a_/d oz4 ( oil 7,m4         
,raybaud74 ,a  mixture ( oil ( lemons & 
rosem>y is commonly sold = x4    ,oil ( 
,balsam ( ,p]u4 ,see ,,c9name9e4    ,oil
 ( ,b]gamot4 ,syn4 ,,b]gamot1 ,,ess5ce  
,,( ,b42 ,,oleum ,,b]gamii1 ,o4         
,,b]gamot1 ,l4 ,by expression f ! yell[ 
portion ( ! r9d ( !  fruit ( ,citrus    
,b]gamia1 or b]gamot orange4 ,pale      
gre5i% yell[2  highly fragrant4 ,x is   
obta9$ pur] by di/illation1 b its p]fume
 is  !n slightly less delicate4 ,sp4 gr4
 #hge to #hhe4 ,prod4 ,! r9d ( #ajj     
b]gamot oranges yield$ by di/illation   
ne>ly #c oz4 ( oil4 7,m4  ,raybaud47    

,oil ( b]gamot is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) 
rectifi$ _s1 or )  ! oils ( lemons1     
oranges1 or turp5t9e4 ,! pres5ce ( ^!   
sub/ances may be detect$ 9 ! mann]      
expla9$ "u ,,oils 7,volatile71  ,purity 
& ,te/s 7ant71 z well z by ! alt]$      
d5sity ( ! oil4  ,pure b]gamot oil is   
mu* m soluble 9 rectifi$ _s ?an ei!r (  
! o!rs1 & is fur!r di/+ui%$ f !m by its 
free solubility  9 solution ( potassa1  
=m+ a cle> solution4    ,oil ( ,bitt]   
,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,b4 ,a42   
,,oleum ,,amygdal ,,am>1  ,o4 ,a4       
,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f ! gr\nd cake ( bitt]
 almonds f :i* !  fix$ oil has be5      
express$4 ,! common plan is to soak !   
cake  7crumbl$ to fragm5ts7 = ab\t #bd  
h\rs 9 twice its weight ( wat]1  to :i* 
#a_/crd or #a_/d? ( its weight ( common 
salt has be5 add$1 &  !n to submit !    
:ole to di/illation1 all[+ ! fir/ half (
 !  wat] t passes ov] to deposit its    
oil1 & to run back aga9 into !  /ill4   
,pale gold5 yell[2 col\rless :5         
rectifi$2 ta/es & smells  /rongly nutty1

 l pea*-k]nels4 ,x consi/s ( #he to #ij 
( hydride  ( b5zoyl & #h to #ab (       
hydrocyanic acid1 ) a v>iable quantity (
  b5zoic acid & b5zo94 ,! d5sity v>ies a
 little ) ! age ( !  oil1 & ! temp]ature
 & rapidity ) :i* x has be5 di/ill$4    
,sp4 gr4 7rec5t7 #ajebe2 7trade crude   
oil7 #ajgi 7,g4 ,wippel72 7old7 #ajha   
7#ajhcf----,p]eira74 8,ess5tial oil (   
almonds1 free f adult]ation1  %\ld h a  
sp4 gr4 at mo/ ( #ajeb40 7,ure47        
,accord+ to ,pr(4  ,r$wood1 ! d5sity may
 v>y f #ajebd to #ajhbb4 ,! light oil   
conta9s ! mo/ hydride ( b5zoyl1 & !     
heavy oil ! mo/ b5zo94  ,prod4 ,f less  
?an #b to #e4    ,pur4 ,?is oil is      
g5]ally adult]at$ ) *eap] oils1 & 9     
ne>ly  e case ) alcohol4 ,:5 x is       
pure----,mix$ ) oil ( vitriol1 x  /rikes
 a cle> crimson-r$ col\r1 )\t visible   
decomposition1----,mix$  ) an alcoholic 
solution ( potassa1 cry/als are         
elim9at$4----,iod9e  dissolves only     
p>tially & sl[ly 9 x1 )\t fur!r visible 
results4----,*romate ( potassa does n   

affect x4----,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4      
#adb7 causes no imm$iate reaction1 & 9 !
 c\rse ( #c or #d days  cry/als ( b5zoic
 acid beg9 to appe>2 b if only #h or #aj
 ( alcohol  or rectifi$ _s is pres5t1 a 
viol5t eff]vesc5ce spe$ily  comm5ces1 & 
nitr\s fumes are evolv$4 ,by us+ nitric 
acid1 sp4 gr4  #ae1 ! smalle/ quantity (
 alcohol may be detect$4    ,obs4 ,?is  
oil does n pre-exi/ 9 ! almond1 b is =m$
 by !  action ( wat] on a peculi>       
cry/allisable sub/ance1 call$ amygdal94 
,x is ess5tially ! hydride ( b5zoyl1 b x
 always conta9s a portion  ( hydrocyanic
 or prussic acid1 to :i* x owes its v   
poison\s  prop]ties4 ,x is occasionally 
employ$ z a sub/itute = hydrocyanic     
acid 9 m$ic9e2 b its pr9cipal           
consumption is z a flav\r+  +r$i5t & a  
p]fume by cooks1 confection]s1          
liquori/es1 &  p]fum]s4 ,= ?is purpose x
 is dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ spirits4 ,see   
,,ess5ce4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a drop4   
,an oil closely resembl+ t f bitt]      
almonds is obta9$ by  di/illation f !   

leaves ( ! pea* & *]ry-laurel1 ! b>k (  
! plum-tree1 ! bruis$ k]nels ( *]ries1  
plums1 & pea*es1 !  pips ( apples1 & f  
sev]al o!r vegetable sub/ances t possess
 a  nutty od\r & flav\r4    ,a          
,,non-,,poison\s ,,oil ,,( ,,almonds has
 be5 introduc$4 ,?is is simply !  ord9>y
 oil ( comm]ce fre$ f hydrocyanic acid1 
& is int5d$ to  be sub/itut$ = ! crude1 
poison\s oil = dome/ic purposes4        
,un=tunately1 ! purifi$ ess5ce does n   
keep well1 & is (t5  conv]t$ aft] a few 
mon?s into little else ?an a solution ( 
b5zoic  acid1 almo/ devoid ( ! usual    
od\r & flav\r ( ! bitt] almond4  8,no   
wond]1 !n1 "u su* circum/ances1 t !     
public pref]r$ !  prep>ations !y _h be5 
accu/om$ to1 :i* 7 n s liable to        
*ange40 7,r$wood47 ,! foll[+ me?ods h   
be5 adopt$ = ?is  purpose3----    #a4   
7,liebig47 ,agitate ! crude di/ill$ oil 
) r$ oxide ( m]cury1 9  slight excess1 &
 aft] a few days' contact1 rectify ! oil
 f a  little fre% oxide ( m]cury4 ,!    
product is q pure1 :5 ! process  is     

prop]ly manag$4 ,! cyanide ( m]cury ?us 
=m$ may be ei!r  employ$ z su*1 or      
reconv]t$ into m]cury & hydrocyanic     
acid4    #b4 7,mackay47 ,comm]cial oil (
 almonds1 #a lb42 fre%-slak$ lime1 q4 s4
 to  =m a milk-l liquid2 aft]w>ds add1 (
 solution ( potassa1 #a-a_/b  lb42 wat]1
 #c p9ts2 agitate occasionally = #dh    
h\rs1 !n di/il ov]  ! oil1 & rectify x f
 a fre% mixture ( lime & potassa4    #c4
 7,r$wood47 ,! oil is mix$ ) an equal   
quantity ( wat]1 & !  mixture is dige/$ 
9 a wat] ba? ) r$ oxide ( m]cury1 &     
small  quantities ( fre%-slak$ lime &   
proto*loride ( iron1 ) z little  access 
( air z possible2 z soon z decomposition
 ( ! acid has tak5  place1 ! :ole is    
introduc$ into a copp] retort1 &        
submitt$ to  di/illation4 ,! product is 
p]fectly free f hydrocyanic acid4 ,!    
fir/ process is1 h[ev]1 ! simple/1      
*eape/1 & be/4    ,! sp4 gr4 ( ?is      
non-poison\s oil is #ajea4 7,g4         
,:ippell47 ,t (  pure col\rless hydride 
( b5zoyl is #ajdc2 x boils at #cef      

,fahr41 is  soluble 9 #ce p>ts ( wat]1 &
 9 all proportions 9 alcohol & e!r4     
,expos$ to ! air1 x gre$ily absorbs     
oxyg51 & becomes conv]t$ into  a mass ( 
cry/allis$ b5zoic acid4 ,! purifi$ oil (
 almonds does !  same1 only less        
rapidly4    ,oil ( ,almonds             
7,factiti\s74 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,(        
,,mirbane1 ,,nitrob5zol4  ,! prep>ation 
( ?is article on ! small scale is       
expla9$ "u  ,,nitrob5zol4 ,x is n[      
ext5sively prep>$ z a sub/itute = ! oil 
(  almonds obta9$ by di/illation4 ,!    
foll[+ is ,mansfield's  process3----,!  
app>atus consi/s ( a l>ge glass worm1 ! 
upp] end (  :i* is divid$ into two      
bran*es1 gradually dilat+ s z to =m two 
funnel-%ap$ tubes4 ,into "o ( ^!        
conc5trat$ nitric acid is p\r$1  & into 
! o!r b5zol1 :i* ne$ n1 = ?is purpose1  
be *emically  pure4 ,^! bodies meet at !
 po9t ( junction ( ! two tubes1 & !     
rate ( _! fl[ is regulat$ by any        
appropriate means4 ,*emical  reaction   
in/antly takes place1 & ! new comp\nd is

 cool$ by its  passage ?r\gh ! worm1 :i*
 is refrig]at$ = ! purpose4 ,x has  !n  
only to be wa%$ ) wat] or a v weak      
solution ( c>bonate (  soda = ! process 
to be complete4 ,! product has ! sp4 gr4
 #abji1  boils at #dae ,fahr41 has an   
int5sely sweet ta/e1 & an od\r closely  
resembl+1 b n actually id5tical )1 t (  
oil ( bitt]  almonds4 ,unlike g5u9e oil 
( almonds or hydride ( b5zoyl1 x is     
insoluble 9 wat]1 & does n di/il )\t    
suff]+ p>tial  decomposition4 ,x is     
*iefly us$ to sc5t soaps1 & to adult]ate
 !  g5u9e oil4 ,! b5zol = ?is purpose is
 obta9$ f coal-t>4 ,see  ,,b5zol &      
,,nitrob5zol4    ,oil ( ,boxwood4 7,ph4 
,l4 #agdf47 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,buxi        
,,empyreumaticum4  ,di/ill$ f fragm5ts (
 boxwood 9 a retort1 ) a s& ba?         
gradually increas$ 9 heat4 ,anodyne1    
antispasmodic1 &  diaphoretic4----,dose1
 #aj to #bj drops4 7,j\rdan says #d to  
#e drops 9  gonorrha47 ,x relieves      
too?a*e4    ,oil1 ,br&y4 ,see ,,oil ,,( 
,,grape4    ,oil ( ,bu*u4 ,syn4 ,,oleum 

,,b>osm1 ,o4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves ( 
,diosma cr5ata4 ,yell[2 light] ?an wat]2
 smells ( ! leaves4    ,oil ( ,cajeput4 
,syn4 ,,cajeputi ,,oil1 ,,kyapootie ,o42
 ,,cajeputi ,,oleum 7,b4  ,p471 ,,oleum 
,,cajeputi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,f !
 dri$ leaves ( !  ,melaleuca ,cajeputi  
7,melaleuca m9or1 ,b4 ,p474 ,col\rless1 
:5 pure  7t ( comm]ce is usually gre572 
odor\s2 aromatic2 ta/e hot &  p5etrat+4 
,its od\r has be5 comp>$ to a mixture ( 
^? ( camphor  & c>damoms4 ,x boils at   
#cdc ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibe to #ibg4 ,:5  
rectifi$1 ab\t #c_/d?s ( ! quantity     
passes ov] col\rless1 & has  ! d5sity   
#hig2 ! rema9+ portion is gre51 & has ! 
d5sity #ibj  to #ibe4 ,its gre5 col\r is
 d]iv$ f *loride ( copp]1 ! pres5ce  (  
:i* may be recognis$ by ! r$ precipitate
 occasion$ by agitat+  ! oil ) a        
solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium4     
7,guib\rt47 ,f !  ,ea/ ,indies4    ,pure
 oil ( cajeput is slightly soluble 9    
wat]2 entirely & freely  soluble 9      
alcohol2 dissolves iod9e2 & :5 dropp$ on

 wat]1 rapidly  diffuses itself ov] !   
surface1 & soon completely evaporates4  
,a  spuri\s k9d 7,,factiti\s ,,oil ,,(  
,,cajeput71 made ( oil ( rosem>y1       
flav\r$ ) camphor & ! oils ( pepp]m9t & 
c>damoms1 &  col\r$ ) v]digris1 is      
occasionally met ) 9 ! %ops4    ,oil (  
cajeput is a p[]ful antispasmodic &     
diffusible  /imulant4----,dose1 #c to #f
 drops1 on sug>2 9 *ol]a1 colic1        
epilepsy1  hy/]ia1 rheumatism1 spasms1  
too?a*e1 c4    ,oil ( ,camphor4 ,syn4   
,,liquid ,,camphor2 ,,oleum ,,camphor1  
,o4 ,c4 ,,volatile1  ,l4 ,obta9$ f      
incisions 9 ! wood ( ! camphor tree (   
,borneo &  ,sumatra 7,dryobalanops      
aromatica71 9 :i* x exi/s 9 cavities 9 !
  trunk2 also by di/illation f ! bran*es
 ( ! ,camphora  (fic9>um1 or laurel     
camphor tree4 ,col\rless :5 rectifi$4   
,sp4 gr4  #iaj4 ,prod4 #fj lbs4 ( !     
crude br[n oil yields #dj lbs4 ( pure   
:ite  oil & #bj lbs4 ( camphor4 ,x      
rapidly oxidises 9 ! air4 ,us$ to sc5t  
soap4 ,see ,,camphor 7,liquid74    ,oil 

( ,c>away4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,c>ui 7,b4 ,p4
 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,o4 ,c4            
,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f ! fruit ( ,c>um     
,c>ui 7c>away se$s74 ,ne>ly  col\rless2 
aromatic2 c>m9ative4 ,sp4 gr4 #idj2     
7old7 #idf to #iej4  ,prod4 ,av4 #e     
7ne>ly74 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) oil
 ( cum94  ,add$ to purgative m$ic9es to 
prev5t grip+4    ,oil ( ,c>damoms4 ,syn4
 ,,oleum ,,c>damomi1 ,o4 ,c4            
,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f !  se$ ( ,elett>ia  
c>damomum1 or true c>damom4 ,col\rless2 
fragrant2  c>m9ative4 ,sp4 gr4 #idc4    
,prod4 #e 7ne>ly74 ,! capsules 7#8less] 
c>damoms'7 yield only ab\t #a ( oil4    
7,m4 ,raybaud47    ,oil ( ,casc>illa4   
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,casc>ill1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k (
 ,croton  eleut]ia 7,sw>tz471 or        
casc>illa tree4 ,v fragrant4 ,prod4 #d  
to  #ge4    ,oil ( ,cassia4 ,syn4 ,,oil 
,,( ,,*9a ,,c9namon2 ,,oleum ,,cassi    
7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  ,f cassia buds1 or f   
cassia b>k1 ,gold5 yell[2 aromatic2     
fragrant4  ,x is g5]ally adult]at$ )    
rectifi$ _s4 ,nitric acid conv]ts  !    

pure oil into a cry/all9e mass4 ,sp4 gr4
 #ajga to #ajgc2 7old7 #ajgh  to #ajij  
,prod4 ,f ! buds ( #a 7b>ely72 f ! b>k (
 comm]ce1  #ge4 ,x is frequ5tly sold =  
oil ( c9namon4    ,oil ( ,cebadilla4    
,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,sabadilla2 ,,oleum    
,,cebadill1 ,l4 ,a gre5  butyrace\s     
matt]1 obta9$ f ,asagra (fic9alis4      
,oil ( ,ced>-wood4 ,f ! wood ( a species
 ( ,c$rus4 ,x consi/s  ( two            
hydroc>bons4 ,"o1 a volatile liquid     
7c$r5e71 & ! o!r a  solid1 cry/all9e    
comp\nd conta9+ oxyg54 ,prod4 #b to #be4
    ,oil ( ,cedrat4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,(  
,,c$ra2 ,,oleum ,,c$ri1 ,o4 ,,citri     
,,f9um1 ,l4  ,f ! ext]ior yell[ r9d ( ! 
fruit ( ,citrus m$ica 7,risso71 or      
citrons1 ei!r by expression or          
di/illation1 z oil ( b]gamot4 ,!  fir/  
portion ( oil t comes ov] is col\rless2 
! latt] portion  gre5i%4 ,v fragrant4   
,sp4 gr4 #hdg4 ,prod4 #ajj citrons yield
 ne>ly #a  fl4 oz4 ( pale1 & #a_/b fl4  
oz4 ( gre5 oil4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,citron 
7bel[74    ,oil ( ,celery ,se$4 ,syn4   

,,oleum ,,apii4 ,l4 ,f ! fruit 7se$7 (  
,apium graveol5s4 ,diuretic2 /imulant4  
,prod4 #c_/d to #a 7ne>ly74    ,oil (   
,*amomile4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,roman      
,,*amomile2 ,,oleum ,,an!midis 7,ph4    
,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,o4 ,,*am,,meli1 ,o4 ,c4 
,,florum1 ,o4 ,,ess5tiale ,,ex          
,,floribus ,c41 ,l4  ,f ! fl[]s (       
,an!mis nobilis4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l41 ,engli% 
oil (  *amomile 7,,an!midis ,,oleum     
,,anglicum7 is ord]$4 ,blue2 turns yell[
 &  br[n by exposure & age2 od\r        
*>act]i/ic4 ,sp4 gr41 ,engli% 7f  !     
fl[]s71 #ijhc2 =eign1 #ibhi4 ,prod4     
,fre% fl[]s1 #a 7b>ely72  rec5tly dri$  
7f9e/ comm]cial71 #e2 av4 ( #f dri$     
samples1 #be  7ne>ly74 ,if mu* wat] is  
employ$1 ev5 ! above small quantities ( 
oil w n be obta9$4    ,oil ( *amomile is
 reput$ antispasmodic1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4
 #a to #c  drops on a lump ( sug>1 tak5 
j be=e retir+ to re/1 is an  excell5t   
prev5tive ( nightm>e1 & w frequ5tly     
induce quiet sleep  :]e m active        
sub/ances h fail$4 ,un=tunately1 ! oil (

 !  %ops is g5]ally ei!r adult]at$ or   
old1 & commonly bo?1 9 :i*  case ! oil  
acts z an irritant4 ,a common plan is to
 mix x ) old oil  ( lemons1 a fraud :i* 
may be detect$ by ! less5$ d5sity ( !   
oil1 & by its dim9i%$ solubility 9      
rectifi$ _s4    ,oil ( ,*]ry-laurel4    
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lauro-,,c]asi1 ,l4 ,f ! 
leaves (  ,c]asus ,lauroc]asus1 or      
common laurel4 ,closely resembles oil ( 
almonds1 b is said to be weak]4 ,l t    
sub/ance1 x is p[]fully  poison\s4      
,prod4 #ajj lbs4 fre% leaves            
7undevelop$1 ,june71 #ajac oz42  d4     
7half gr[n1 ,june71 #gb oz42 d4         
7full-gr[n1 #h weeks on tree1 ,july71   
#dif oz42 d4 7d41 #c mon?s on tree1     
,sept471 #gjd oz42 d4 7#ae mon?s on     
tree71 #bbd4 7,*ri/ison47    ,oil (     
,*]vil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,*,,rophylli1 ,l4
 ,f ! bruis$ fre%  h]b1 mac]at$ = #b or 
#c days 9 salt & wat]1 & !n di/ill$4    
,oil ( ,c9*ona4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,c9*on1  
,l4 ,f c9*ona b>k4  ,butyrace\s2 smells 
( ! b>k4 #bj lbs4 yield only #b gr4     

7,trommsdorff47  ,! od\r ( b>k is       
imitat$ by a solution ( turm]ic 9 pota%1
 & by  *loride ( iron4    ,oil (        
,c9namon4 ,syn4 ,,hydride ,,( ,,c9namyl2
 ,,oleum ,,c9namomi 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l4 
,e4  ,d471 ,o4 ,c4 ,,v]i1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k (
 ,c9namomum zeylanicum1  mac]at$ =      
sev]al days 9 salt & wat]1 & !n di/ill$4
  ,yell[i% or r$2 v aromatic2 bo? od\r &
 ta/e resemble t ( !  b>k4 ,sp4 gr4     
#ajce4 ,prod4 #aa lbs4 yield$ #a oz42   
#ajj lbs4 yield$ #aef  oz4 7,m4         
,raybaud47    ,pur4 ,oil ( c9namon1 ow+ 
to its high price1 & ! consequ5t        
premium = its adult]ation1 c sc>cely be 
obta9$ pure f ! %ops  ( ?is c\ntry4 ,oil
 ( cassia & highly rectifi$ _s are !    
sub/ances usually employ$ = ?is purpose4
 ,! increas$ sp4 gr4  result+ f ! fir/1 
& ! dim9i%$ sp4 gr4 f ! second1  af=d   
ready means ( detect+ ^! frauds4 ,!     
pres5ce ( oil (  cassia may also be     
detect$ by an exp]i5c$ p]son by ! od\r1 
:i*  diff]s a little f t ( pure oil (   
c9namon4 ,oil ( cassia is less  limpid  

?an oil ( c9namon1 & x /&s a great]     
degree ( cold  )\t becom+ turbid or     
congeal+4 8,w9e-yell[1 :5 rec5t2        
*]ry-r$1 :5 old2 od\r purely c9namonic2 
nitric acid conv]ts x  ne>ly into a     
uni=m cry/all9e mass40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dur+ 
?is reaction !  od\r ( bitt] almonds is 
p]ceptible4 ,bo? oil ( cassia & oil (   
c9namon are ?us conv]t$ into a br[n     
balsam2 ) oil ( cassia1  h[ev]1 a brisk 
decomposition occurs soon]1 & at a      
slight] heat4 ,x  also =ms a cry/all9e  
comp\nd ) ammonia4 ,^! reactions1       
un=tunately1 are n *>act]i/ic4 8,! mo/  
di/+ui%+  *>act]i/ic ( ! c9namon oils   
is1 p]haps1 _! relation to !  alcoholic 
solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,bo? dissolve 9
 x readily &  cle>1 ) a r$di%1          
yell[i%-br[n col\r2 aft] "s "t1 h[ev]1  
! solution becomes v turbid1 & a r heavy
 undissolv$ oil  precipitates1 :5 !     
solution gradually becomes cle> aga94   
7,ure47 ,!  pale/ oil is consid]$ ! be/4
    ,obs4 ,oil ( c9namon is *iefly      
import$ f ,ceylon1 :]e x is  di/ill$ f  

b>k t is unfit = exportation4 ,! d>k    
col\r$ oil  is usually rectifi$1 :5 two 
pale oils are obta9$1 "o light]1 &  !   
o!r heavi]1 ?an wat]2 b #aj ( oil is lo/
 by ! process4 ,!  oil di/ill$ f ! root 
( ! tree 7,o4 ,,c9namomi ,,radicis7 is  
mu*  weak] ?an t f ! b>k4 ,! oil f !    
leaves 7,o4 ,c4 ,,foliorum71  also      
import$ f ,ceylon1 smells ( cloves1 b   
has a less d5sity ?an  oil ( cloves4    
,oil ( c9namon consi/s ess5tially (     
hydride ( c9namyl1 b1 unless  :5 v      
rec5tly prep>$1 x also conta9s a v>iable
 proportion (  c9namic acid =m$ by !    
oxidation ( ! hydride4    ,oil (        
,citron4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,citron2   
,,oleum ,,citri1 ,l4 ,f ! lees  ( citron
 juice2 or1 f ! peels1 z oil ( lemons or
 b]gamot4 ,!  la/ g5]ally goes by ! "n (
 oil ( c$rat4 ,bo? are fragrant4 7,see  
above47    ,oil ( ,citron-fl[]s4 ,syn4  
,,oleum ,,citri ,,florum1 ,l4           
,amb]-col\r$2  highly fragrant4 ,prod4  
#fj lbs4 yield #a oz4    ,oil ( ,cloves4
 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cloves2 ,,oleum   

,,c>yophyllorum1 ,o4  ,,c>yophylli 7,b4 
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,o4 ,,eug5i ,c4
 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,f  ! unexp&$    
fl[]s 7cloves7 ( ! ,c>yophylus          
aromaticus1 or  ,molucca clove-tree1    
soak$ = "s "t 9 salt & wat]1 & !n       
submitt$ to di/illation2 ! di/ill$ wat]1
 aft] hav+ deposit$ its  oil1 be+       
return$ #c or #d times into ! /ill1 &   
aga9 #8work$ (f'  f ! same mat]ials4    
,ne>ly col\rless1 :5 rec5t1 gradually   
becom+ pale yell[ & ultimately light    
br[n1 by age2 highly aromatic1  ) !     
*>act]i/ic od\r & flav\r ( cloves4 ,x is
 ! lea/  volatile ( all ! ess5tial oils4
 ,sp4 gr4 #ajee to #ajfa 7#ajcd to      
#ajfa1 ,b4 ,p474 ,prod4 #af to #bb4     
,pur4 ,oil ( cloves is frequ5tly        
adult]at$ ) inf]ior ess5tial  oils1     
especially ) ^? ( pim5to1 p9ks1 &       
clove-gilly fl[]s1  &1 occasionally1 )  
ca/or oil4----#a4 ,pure oil ( cloves =ms
 a  butyrace\s coagulum :5 %ak5 ) pure  
liquor ( ammonia1 :i*  cry/allises aft] 
fusion by a g5tle heat4----#b4 ,treat$ )

 an alcoholic  solution ( potassa1 x    
entirely congeals into a cry/all9e mass1
 )  total loss ( its *>act]i/ic         
od\r4----#c4 ,%ak5 ) an equal volume (  
/rong cau/ic soda lye1 x =ms1 on repose 
a mass ( delicate lamell>               
cry/als----#d4 ,solution ( *romate (    
potassa conv]ts x into br[n  flakes1    
:il/ ! salt loses its yell[             
col\r4----#e4 ,*lor9e turns x  fir/     
gre51 & !n br[n & res9\s4----#f4 ,nitric
 acid turns x r$1  & a r$di%-br[n solid 
mass is =m$2 ) heat1 x conv]ts x into   
oxalic acid4----#g4 ,x dissolves freely 
9 sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71       
yield+ a transp>5t1 deep r$di%-br[n     
solution1 )\t any visible               
decomposition4----#h4 ,mix$1 gradually1 
) ab\t #a_/crd ( its weight ( oil  (    
vitriol1 an acid liquor is =m$1 toge!r )
 a res9 ( a ri*  purple col\r1 :i*1 aft]
 be+ wa%$1 is h>d & brittle1 & =ms a  r$
 t9cture ) rectifi$ _s1 :i* is          
precipitat$ ( a blood-r$  col\r by      
wat]4----#i4 ,x dissolves iod9e freely1 

)\t any m>k$  reaction4----#aj4 ,x      
dissolves santal9e freely4----#aa4 ,mix 
"o drop ( ! oil  ) a small trace (      
solution ( anil9e by means ( a glass    
rod1 &  !n %ake ) #e or #f c4c4 (       
di/ill$ wat]4 ,by ! addition ( a few    
drops ( sodium hypo*lorite to ! mixture 
! *>act]i/ic blue  coloration due to    
ph5ol w be develop$ 9 a few m9utes1 if !
  adult]ant be pres5t2 :]eas ) ! pure   
oil no?+ b !  purpli%-violet col\r (    
anil9e w be p]ceiv$4 ,/irr+ or %ak+  mu/
 be avoid$ aft] ! addition ( !          
hypo*lorite4 ,! pres5ce ( #a  p] c5t4 ( 
ph5ol c ?us be demon/rat$ 9 "o drop ( ! 
oil4    ,obs4 ,clove oil conta9s a heavy
 oil1 sp4 gr4 #ajgi 7c>yophyllic acid71 
& a light oil1 sp4 gr4 #iah 7clove      
hydroc>bon72 by rectification1 mu*  ( ! 
light oil is lo/1 & ! product becomes   
d5s]4  7#acfa----;,bona/re47    ,oil1   
,cognac4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,grape 7bel[74    
,oil ( ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(        
,,capivi2 ,,oleum ,,copaib 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph41 ,l4   ,e471 ,l4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47    

,balsam ( capivi1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b 
p9t2 di/il1  return+ ! wat] into ! /ill1
 until oil ceases to pass ov]4    #b4   
7,:olesale47 ,f ! crude oil :i* sep>ates
 dur+ ! manufacture  ( #8specific       
solution ( copaiba' & #8soluble capivi1'
 by di/illation  along ) a little salt &
 wat]4    ,pur41 c4 ,col\rless :5 pure2 
t ( comm]ce has frequ5tly a  gre5i% t+e1
 d]iv$ f ! copp] ut5sils2 od\r1 n       
disagreeable  :5 rec5t4 ,sp4 gr4 #hgf to
 #hgh4 ,prod4 #ej to #ee4 ,:5 adult]at$ 
) oil ( turp5t9e1 its solubility 9      
rectifi$ _s is greatly  dim9i%$1 & !    
solution is turbid4----,dose1 #aj to #ae
 drops1 9 sug>2  9 ! usual cases 9 :i*  
copaiba is ord]$4 #bj to #fj m9ims1 ?ree
  times a day 7,b4 ,p474    ,oil (      
,coriand]4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cori&ri1 ,l4 
,f ! fruit 7se$s7 (  ,cori&rum sativum4 
,yell[i%2 aromatic2 c>m9ative4 ,prod4   
7,dri$  fruit7 #e-a_/b to #f4    ,oil1  
,corn4 ,! "n giv5 by ,muld] to a peculi>
 fatty comp\nd f\nd  9 ! fusel oil ( !  
di/ill]ies ( ,holl&4 ,x has a v p[]ful  

od\r1 resembl+ t ( "s ( ! umbellif]\s   
plants1 & is  unaffect$ by cau/ic       
potassa4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,fusel 7page      
#ggb74    ,oil ( ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,oleum 
,,cubeb>am1 ,o4 ,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,e4  ,d471  ,l4 ,f ! fruit ( ,cubeba    
(fic9alis1 or cubebs1 co>sely gr\nd4    
,aromatic1 hot1 & bitt] ta/$2 od\r1 t ( 
! fruit2 fa9tly gre51  col\rless :5     
pure4 ,sp4 gr4 #abi4 ,prod4 #i to #aa4  
,pur41 c4 ,:5 pure1 iod9e has little    
action on ?is oil1 &  imm$iately gives x
 a violet col\r1 )\t any v m>k$         
reaction2  nitric acid turns x opaque1 &
 ! mixture *anges to a pale r$ :5       
heat$2 sulphuric acid turns x ( a       
crimson r$4 ,:5 adult]at$ )  oil (      
turp5t9e1 bo? its viscidity1 solubility 
9 rectifi$ _s1 &  its d5sity1 are       
less5$2 :5 mix$ ) ca/or oil x leaves a  
greasy  /a9 on pap]4----,dose1 #aj to   
#ae drops1 9 ! usual cases 9 :i*  cubebs
 9 sub/ance is giv54 #e to #bj m9ims    
7,b4 ,p471 susp5d$ 9 wat]  by mucilage &
 sug>4    ,oil ( ,cum94 ,syn4 ,,oleum   

,,cum9i1 ,o4 ,,cym9i1 ,l4 ,f ! fre%     
fruit  7se$7 ( ,cum9um ,cym9um1 or cum94
 ,pale yell[2 smells & ta/es  /rongly ( 
! se$s4 ,sp4 gr4 #ige4 ,prod4 #b-a_/b to
 #c4    ,obs4 ,oil ( cum9 is a mixture (
 two oils diff]+ 9 volatility1 &  :i*   
may be sep>at$ by c>eful di/illation4 ,!
 m volatile "o has  be5 nam$ cymol2 !   
o!r1 cum9ol4    ,oil ( ,dill4 ,syn4     
,,oleum ,,ane?i 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,f 
! bruis$  fruit 7se$7 ( ,an!um          
graveol5s4 ,pale yell[2 od\r1 t ( !     
fruit2 ta/e1 hot & pung5t2 c>m9ative4   
,sp4 gr4 #ahh to #hhb4 ,prod4  #d       
7ne>ly74    ,oil ( ,eld]4 ,syn4 ,,att>  
,,( ,,eld] ,,fl[]s2 ,,oleum ,,sambuci1  
,l4 ,f  eld] fl[]s 7,sambucus nigra74   
,butyrace\s2 od\r n v m>k$4    ,oil (   
,elemi4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,elemi1 ,l4 ,f ! 
res94 ,isom]ic ) oil  ( turp5t9e4       
,oil ( ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,e!real ,o4 ,,(   
,e42 ,,oleum ,,ergot1 ,o4 ,e4 ,,!reum1  
,o4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep>$ by 
evaporat+ ! e!real t9cture at a  v g5tle
 heat1 &1 pref]ably1 all[+ ! la/ portion

 ( ! e!r  to escape by spontane\s       
evaporation4 ,br[ni%-yell[2 light] ?an  
wat]2  soluble 9 e!r & solution (       
potassa2 only p>tly soluble 9 alcohol4  
,x appe>s to be a mixture ( volatile &  
fix$ oil1 ) "s res9\s  matt]4----,dose1 
#aj to #bj drops1 9 hmorrhages2 #aj or  
#ab drops e #c or  #d h\rs1 9 di>rha2   
#bj to #ej drops1 z a p>turifaci5t1 c4  
,ext]nally1  9 rheumatism1 too?a*e1 c4  
,obs4 ,! above is ! oil ( ergot n[      
employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x mu/ n  be conf\nd$ 
) o!r prep>ations occasionally call$ by 
! same  "n1 b :i* diff] f x 9 "*4 ,among
 ! latt] are !  foll[+3    a4 ,a fix$   
oil obta9$ by di/ill+ (f ! _s f !       
alcoholic  t9cture4 ,x has ! od\r (     
rancid fi% oil1 & ! di/ill$ _s  has also
 a putrid od\r4    b4 ,a fix$ oil1      
obta9$ f co>sely p[d]$ ergot by /rong   
pressure  betwe5 iron plates1 at a heat 
( ab\t #bab ,fahr4 ,x is fluid1 col\r$1 
smells /rongly ( ! drug1 b is ne>ly     
de/itute ( its lead+  qualities4 ,bo? ! 
prec$+ conta9 "s volatile oil & res9\s  

matt]4    c4 ,an empyreumatic oil obta9$
 by di/ill+ ergot p] se4 ,x is  light   
br[n1 viscid1 acrid1 & nause\s4    d4 ,a
 volatile oil obta9$ by dige/+ p[d]$    
ergot 9 solution (  potassa at #abe     
,fahr41 dilut+ ! saponace\s mass ?us =m$
 ) "o  half to an equal weight ( wat]1  
neutralis+ ! alkali ) dilute  sulphuric 
acid1 & !n submitt+ ! :ole to           
di/illation 9 a  *loride ( sodium or oil
 ba?4 ,x is :ite1 adhesive1 butyrace\s1 
&  ta/eless4 ,x appe>s a product1 r ?an 
a simple educt4    e4 ,?is is ! e!real  
oil1 fir/ describ$1 9 its pure/ =m4 ,x  
is  col\rless1 transluc5t1 oily1 &      
acrid-ta/$1 ) ! od\r ( ergot2  x has a  
high boil+-po9t1 at :i* x suff]s p>tial 
decomposition1  b may be volatilis$ at a
 l[] temp]ature1 l ! o!r oils4 ,by  long
 exposure to heat1 x ?ick5s & p>tly     
solidifies2 light & air  d>k5 x2 x is   
light] ?an wat]1 v slightly soluble 9   
wat]1 b  suffici5tly s to imp>t to x its
 peculi> od\r2 x is soluble 9 pure      
alcohol1 9 e!r1 ! volatile & fix$ oils1 

alkal9e lyes1 liquor (  ammonia1        
creasote1 & naph?a4 ,! dilute m9]al     
acids cle> x b d  n produce any m>k$    
reaction4    ,oil1 ,e!real4 ,see ,,oil  
,,( ,,w9e 7bel[74    ,oil ( ,eucalyptus4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4   
,see ,,eucalyptus4    ,oil ( ,f5nel4    
,syn4 ,,oleum ,f,,niculi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4
 ,f4 ,,(fic9alis 7,ph4  ,e4  ,d471 ,o4  
,f4 ,,dulcis1 ,l4 ,f ! fruit or se$ (   
,fniculum dulce1 or  sweet f5nel 7,ph4  
,l471 ,col\rless2 od\r t ( ! plant2     
ta/es hot &  sweeti%2 congeals at #ej   
,fahr42 c>m9ative & /oma*ic4 ,x consi/s 
(  two oils2 ! "o solid & id5tical ) t (
 oil ( anise$4 ,:5  treat$ ) nitric     
acid1 x af=ds b5zo91 ,sp4 gr4 #iig4     
,prod4 ,dri$  fruit 7( comm]ce71 #c to  
#ce4 ,! fl[]+ h]b yields #ce ( a  simil>
 oil4    ,obs4 ,! oil ( f5nel ( ! %ops  
is ! product ( ! fruit (  ,fniculum     
vulg>e1 or common1 wild1 or bitt] f5nel4
 ,x closely  resembles t ( sweet f5nel1 
b is sc>cely s agreeable ei!r 9  ta/e or
 smell4 ,x is *iefly us$ to sc5t soaps4 

,oil ( ,firwood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,p9i    
,,sylve/ris4 ,an ess5tial oil1  di/ill$ 
f ! leaves ( ,p9us sylve/ris4    ,oil ( 
,fleabane4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,oleum 
,,erig]onis ,,canad5sis4 ,an  ess5tial  
oil1 di/ill$ f ,canada                  
erig]on4----,dose1 #e m9ims 9           
hmorrhage4    ,oil1 ,fusel4 ,notic$ at  
page #ggb4    ,oil ( ,galbanum4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,galbani 7,ph4 ,bor471 ,l4 ,f  
galbanum1 #b  lb42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42   
di/ill$ toge!r4 ,yell[2 resembles oil ( 
asaftida1 b mild]4    ,oil ( ,g>lic4    
,syn4 ,,sulphide ,,( ,,allyl4 ,f !      
bruis$ bulbs or  #8cloves' ( ,allium    
sativum1 or g>lic4 ,x possesses !       
peculi> od\r1  ta/e1 & o!r prop]ties ( !
 bulbs1 9 a highly exalt$ degree4       
,obs4 ,:5 a mixture ( oil ( black mu/>d 
& sulphide ( potassium is  expos$ 9 a   
seal$ glass tube to a temp]ature above t
 ( #bab ,fahr41  sulphocyanide (        
potassium & g>lic oil are =m$4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1  :5 ! comp\nd ( g>lic oil & *loride
 ( m]cury 7=m$ by add+  to an alcoholic 

solution ( ! oil a l solution ( !       
*loride7 is  g5tly heat$ )              
sulpho-cyanide ( potassium1 mu/>d oil1 )
 all its  *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 is call$
 into exi/5ce4    ,oil ( ,gaul!ria4 ,see
 ,,oil ,,( ,,p>tridge ,,b]ry 7bel[74    
,oil ( ,g5tian4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,g5tian1 
,l4 ,f ! root4 ,butyrace\s2  smells     
/rongly ( g5tian4 #c cwt4 yield #a dr4  
7b>ely74    ,oil ( ,g]anium4 ,syn4 ,,oil
 ,,( ,,g+] ,,grass1 ,o4 ,,( ,,spik5>d4  
,! oil  ( comm]ce :i* passes "u ?is "n &
 :i* 0 =m]ly import$  f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 
0 n obta9$ f any species ( ,g]anium or  
,pel>gonium1 b probably f a species (   
,&ropogon4 ,( rec5t  ye>s1 h[ev]1 g5u9e 
g]anium oil1 obta9$ f ! rose g]anium    
7,pel>gonium roseum7 has be5 & cont9ues 
to be met ) 9 our  m>kets4 ,?is ess5tial
 oil is manufactur$ 9 imm5se quantities1
 at ,la  ,trappe de ,/aonelli n f> f !  
,bay ( ,sidi ,f]ru*1 9 ,algi]s1  :]e    
ab\t =ty acres ( ! plant are 9          
cultivation4 8,?ree h>ve/s  are ga!r$ e 
ye>1 & ea* yields f #agj to #bjj        

kilograms ( oil1  or equal to #ejj to   
#fjj kilograms p] annum4 ,! value ( ?is 
product  nev] falls bel[ =ty francs !   
kilogram1 ! av]age gross value be+      
!re=e f #bj1jjj to #be1jjj francs or at 
lea/ #bj p] acre4 ,sev5  di/illatory    
app>atus are employ$ 9 ?is              
manufactory40#fe ,a f9] oil  is yield$  
by ! rose g]anium1 :5 gr[n 9 ,france1 b 
x is mu*  de>]4 ,x is (t5 employ$ to    
adult]ate otto ( roses4 ,see ,,oil1     
,,grass  7bel[74    ,footnote #fe3 8,!  
,p>is ,exhibition10 #8,ph>maceutical    
,j\rnal1' #crd  s]ies1 ,no4 #dcc4       
,oil ( ,g9g]4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,z+ib]is1  
,l4 ,f ! dri$ root  7rhizome7 ( ,z+ib]  
(fic9ale1 or g+] ( comm]ce4 ,blui%-gre52
  possesses a less agreeable od\r ?an t 
( good g+]1 )\t any  pung5cy4 ,prod4    
#aa_/af ( #a 7,m4 ,raybaud74    ,oil (  
,goosefoot4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,oleum
 ,,*5opodii4 ,di/ill$ f  ! se$s (       
,*5opodium an!lm9ticum4----,dose4 ,f #d 
to #h drops1  ) treacle or milk1 = #c   
nights 9 succession1 = *ildr54 ,= adult1

  #a_/b dr4 ,v]mifuge4    ,oil (        
,gra9-_s4 ,syn4 ,,gra9 ,,oil4 ,two      
di/9ct sub/ances are f\nd  9 _s di/ill$ 
f f]m5t$ gra92 "o ( :i* is butyrace\s & 
highly (f5sive 7corn oil (              
,muld]--------871 ! o!r liquid 7crude   
fusel  oil74 ,! relative proportions (  
^! sub/ances to ea* o!r1 & to  ! spirits
 :i* !y contam9ate1 v>y ) ! mat]ials & !
  managem5t ( ! process4 ,! #8,,gra9    
,,oil' ( ! ,london rectifi]s  consi/s   
*iefly ( fusel or potato oil1 mix$ )    
alcohol & wat]1 &  ) small & v>iable    
proportions ( solid e?yl & amyl-comp\nds
 (  c]ta9 fatty acids 7nan?ic & m>g>ic74
 ,! latt] are said to be  simil> to !   
butyrace\s matt] be=e ref]r$ to1 z well 
z ! solid  fat ( ! :isky di/ill]ies     
conduct$ on ! old plan4 ,accord+ to ,mr4
  ,r[ney1 ! fusel oil ( ! ,scot*        
di/ill]ies conta9s capric acid4 ,see    
,,oil ,,( ,,corn 7above71 & ,,fusel     
,,oil4    ,oil1 ,grape4 ,syn4 ,,br&y    
,,oil1 ,,cognac ,o4 ,?is is ess5tially !
  sulphate ( amyl4 ,x is prep>$ by      

dissolv+ ! fusel oil (  m>c-br&y 9 /rong
 rectifi$ _s1 & !n add+ conc5trat$      
sulphuric acid2 alcohol & excess ( acid 
is remov$ by wa%+ ! newly  =m$ comp\nd )
 wat]4 ,dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 x =ms   
#8,,br&y ,,ess5ce1' :i* is us$ to imp>t 
! ,cognac flav\r to pla9  _s4 ,see      
,,sulphate ,,( ,,amyl & ,,amyl-,,e!r1   
also ,,oil ,,( ,,m>c-,,br&y  7bel[74    
,oil1 ,grass4 ,sev]al ( ! grasses       
7,gram9ace7 yield fragrant  volatile    
oils4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,g]anium1 ,,grass 
,,oil 7( ,namur71 ,,oil ,,(             
,,lemon-,,grass1 ,,oil ,,(              
,,spr+-,,grass1 c4    ,oil1 ,grass 7(   
,namur74 ,syn4 ,,india ,,grass ,,oil4 ,f
 ,&ropogon ,calamus  aromaticus         
7,royle71 suppos$ to h be5 ! 8sweet     
cane0 & 8ri*  aromatic re$ f a f>       
c\ntry0 ( ,scripture2 =m]ly suppos$ to  
be  obta9$ f ,&ropogon ,iw>ancusa4      
,/imulant & highly fragrant4 ,see  ,,oil
 ,,( ,,spik5>d4    ,oil ( ,hops4 ,syn4  
,,oleum ,,lupuli1 ,l4 ,f comm]cial hops1
 by  di/illation along ) wat]4 ,x may   

also be collect$ dur+ ! brew+  ( be]4   
,odor\s2 acrid2 n>cotic2 soluble 9 wat]2
 becomes res9\s by  exposure & age4 ,sp4
 gr4 #iaj4 ,*iefly us$ to increase !    
aroma &  flav\r ( old or damag$ hops4   
,oil ( ,horse-m9t4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mon>d
 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,f ! fre%  h]b (   
,mon>da punctata1 a plant indig5\s 9 !  
,u4,s4 ( ,am]ica4  ,d>k amb]-col\r$2    
fragrant2 pung5t2 c>m9ative2 rubefaci5t2
 &  vesicant4    ,oil ( ,horse-radi%4   
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,armoraci1 ,l4 ,f ! fre% 
roots (  ,co*le>ia armoracia 7,l9n471 or
 common horse-radi%4 ,pale yell[2       
heavi] ?an wat]2 acrid2 vesicant2       
id5tical ) t f black  mu/>d4 ,prod4 #e  
7ne>ly74    ,oil ( ,hyssop4 ,syn4       
,,oleum ,,hyssopi1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]+ h]b ( 
,hyssopus (fic9alis4 ,aromatic2         
/imulant4 ,prod4 #be to #cc4    ,oil (  
,j>gonelle ,pe>4 ,see ,,amyl 7,acetate74
    ,oil ( ,jasm94 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(      
,,jessam9e2 ,,oleum ,,jasm9i1 ,o4 ,j4   
,,volatile1  ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s ( ,jasm9um  
gr&iflorum & ,j4 ,fragrans1  c>efully   

pick$1 by plac+ !m 9 alt]nate lay]s )   
cotton wadd+  imbu$ ) olive oil1 9 any  
suitable vessel1 & r5ew+ ! fl[]s  till !
 fix$ oil becomes /rongly odor\s1 & !n  
di/ill+ !  wadd+ along ) a little wat]4 
,! volatile oils ( hyac9?s1  jonquil1   
tub]ose1 violets1 & mo/ ( ! m delicate  
fl[]s1 are  obta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,us$ 9 
p]fum]y4 ,f ! ,ea/ ,indies4    ,oil (   
,junip]4 ,syn4 ,,junip]i ,,oleum 7,b4   
,p471 ,,oleum ,,junip]i 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e4  
,d471 ,o4 4 ,,baccis ,j41 ,o4           
,,ess5tiale 4 ,b4 ,j41 ,l4 ,f ei!r !    
wood1 tops1 or b]ries1 pref]ably ! la/4 
,! b]ries %\ld be *os5  fully gr[n1 b   
/ill slightly gre51 & %\ld be bruis$    
be=e be+  plac$ 9 ! /ill4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l41
 ,engli% oil ( junip] 7,o4 ,,junip]i    
,,anglicum7 is ord]$4 ,col\rless1 or v  
pale gre5i%-yell[2 od\r &  ta/e1 sweet &
 t]eb9?9ate2 r viscid2 soluble 9        
rectifi$  _s2 r5d]$ opaque & res9\s by  
exposure & age4 ,x is reput$  c>m9ative 
& diaphoretic1 & possesses p[]ful       
diuretic prop]ties1  ,sp4 gr4 #iaa      

7,engli%1 #hfhh2 =eign1                 
#hhcd----;,br&e74 ,prod4 ,gre5  b]ries1 
#be2 ripe d4 7"o ye> old71 #c_/d to #a  
7fully74    ,pur4 ,x is frequ5tly       
adult]at$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 a fraud     
readily discov]$ by ! less5$ d5sity1    
viscidity1 & solubility1 9  rectifi$ _s1
 ( ! oil4    ,obs4 ,oil ( junip] consi/s
 ( two oils----"o1 :ite & mo/ volatile1 
sp4 gr4 #hcic2 ! o!r1 d>k-col\r$ & less 
volatile1 sp4 gr4 #hghd2  toge!r ) "s   
res9 left 9 ! retort4    ,oil1          
,krumholz4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,templ9um1 ,l4
 ,f ,hung>ian balsam1 a  t]eb9?9ate     
exudation f ! ,p9us pumilio1 or m\nta9  
p9e (  ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,fragrant2 gold5 
yell[2 ta/es oily1 acidul\s1 &  res9\s4 
,oil ( ,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,sweet 
,,bay2 ,,oleum ,,lauri ,,volatile1 ,o4  
,l4  ,,ess5tiale ,l4 ,f ei!r ! b]ries or
 leaves ( ,laurus nobilis  7,l9n471 or  
sweet bay-tree4 ,pale yell[1 cle>1      
odor\s1 aromatic1  /imulant1 & n>cotic4 
,sp4 gr4 #hga4 ,prod4 ,f ! leaves1 #c_/d
 to #a  7fully74    ,oil ( ,lav5d]4     

,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,l42 ,,lav&ul ,,oleum
 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum  ,,lav&ul 7,ph4     
,l471 ,o4 ,l4 ,,v] 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,o4 
,l4 ,,spic1 ,o4 ,l4  ,,ess5tiale1 ,o4   
,l4 ,,florum1 ,l4 ,! oil 7,,oleum       
,,lav&ul ,,anglicum7 di/ill$  f ! fl[]s 
( #8,lav&ula v]a' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,v pale   
lemon-yell[2  highly fragrant2 ta/e1 w>m
 & n disagreeable2 c>m9ative1           
antispasmodic1 & /imulant4 ,sp4 gr4 #hgg
 to #ije4 ,accord+ to ,br&e1  ! sp4 gr4 
( ! oil obta9$ f ! fl[]s only is #hifj2 
t f  ! :ole plant1 #ibjf4 ,! lighte/ is 
e/eem$ ! be/4 ,prod4  ,fl[]s1 #a-a_/b to
 #b 7ne>ly74 ,! :ole ( ! fl[]+ h]b is   
commonly  di/ill$4 ,accord+ to ,raybaud1
 ! h]b1 aft] fl[]+ 7,sept471 yields  !  
mo/ oil4    ,pur4 ,alcohol is ! sub/ance
 commonly us$ to adult]ate ?is oil2 b1  
occasionally1 oil ( b]gamot is us$ = !  
same purpose4 ,if ! d5sity  is bel[ #hg1
 !re is reason to suspect adult]ation4  
,:5 pure----#a4  ,sulphuric acid turns x
 r$di%-br[n1 & ! reaction is accompani$ 
by  /rong inspissation4----#b4 ,x       

fulm9ates quickly & viol5tly ) iod9e1  &
 ! ?ick syrupy residue possesses a      
pung5t1 acid1 balsamic od\r4  ,! oils ( 
! o!r labiate plants fulm9ate mu* less  
p[]fully )  iod9e4 ,! pres5ce ( alcohol 
weak5s1 b does n de/roy1 ! action  ( ?is
 te/1 unless x is add$ 9 an equal       
volume1 :5 only a lively  eff]vesc5ce & 
a dis5gagem5t ( orange-col\r$ vap\rs are
 produc$  by ! iod9e1 )\t               
fulm9ation4----#c4 ,santal9e is ne>ly   
insoluble 9  pure oil ( lav5d]1 & ex]ts 
no m>k$ action on x1 b is freely        
soluble 9 oil ( lav5d] adult]at$ )      
alcohol or rectifi$ _s4    ,obs4 ,engli%
 oil ( lav5d] possesses ! pure/         
fragrance2 & (  ?is1 ! v>iety kn[n z    
8,,mit*am ,,oil ,,( ,,lav5d]10 f ! place
 (  its prep>ation1 is e/eem$ ! be/4 ,! 
=eign oil ( lav5d] is  inf]ior4 ,?is la/
 is improv$ by rectification4 ,see ,,oil
 ,,( ,,spike4    ,oil ( ,lemons4 ,syn4  
,,ess5ce ,,( ,l42 ,,oleum ,,limonis 7,b4
 ,p471 ,,oleum  ,,limonis1 ,o4 ,,limonum
 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d474 ,f ! yell[ portion

 ( ! r9d1  grat$1 plac$ 9 hair bags1 &  
expos$ to p[]ful pressure2 also by      
di/illation1 b ! product is !n less     
agreeably fragrant & sweet1  b keeps    
bett]4 ,ne>ly col\rless2 od\r t ( !     
fruit4 ,sp4 gr4  #hgeb to #hghe4        
,express$ oil1 #heag1 di/ill$ d41 #hde1 
at #gb ,fahr4  7,ure47 ,prod4 #ajj      
lemons yield1 by expression1 #a-c_/d to 
#b oz4 7ne>ly72  by di/illation #a-a_/d 
to #a-a_/b4    ,pur4 ,commonly adult]at$
 ) oil ( turp5t9e1 & occasionally )  nut
 or poppy oil4 ,^! may be detect$ 9 !   
mann] already expla9$4  ,:5 pure1 x is  
soluble 9 all proportions 9 absolute    
alcohol1 b  rectifi$ _s only dissolves  
#af ( x4 ,x also boils at #adh ,fahr41  
:]eas oil ( turp5t9e boils at #cab1 &   
mixtures ( ! two at  int]m$iate         
temp]atures1 dep5d+ on ! proportions4   
,oil ( ,lemon ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,(
 ,l4 ,g41 ,,indian ,,grass-,,oil1 ,,oil 
,,(  ,,v]b5a4 ,probably f ,&ropogon     
citratum1 ! ,indian lemon-grass4 ,pale  
yell[2 p[]fully fragrant4 ,,citronelle  

,,oil is also ! product ( ?is or  ( an  
alli$ species ( ,&ropogon4    ,oil (    
,lemon ,?yme4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,s]pylli1  
,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,ta91 ,fr4 ,f  ! fre%
 fl[]+ h]b ( ,?ymus s]pyllum1 ! lemon or
 wild ?yme (  our hills & pa/ures4 ,v   
fragrant1 us$ to sc5t soaps c4 ,sp4 gr4 
#hfg4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 yield #b-a_/b to 
#e-a_/b oz4 ( oil4 ,:5 pure1 x is       
sc>cely affect$ by iod9e1 b solution (  
*romate ( potassa acts on  x ) en]gy4   
,oil ( ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lactuc 
,,viros1 ,l4 ,f ,lactusa virosa         
7,l9n471 or /rong-sc5t$ wild lettuce4   
,closely resembles ! odor\s  matt] (    
opium4    ,oil ( ,limes4 ,syn4 ,,oleum  
,,limett1 ,l4 ,f ! r9d ( ! fruit (      
,citrus limetta1 or lime1 z oil (       
lemons1 :i* x some:at resembles4  ,prod4
 #ajj limes yield #b-a_/d to #b-a_/b oz4
 ( oil4    ,oil ( ,lovage4 ,syn4 ,,oleum
 ,,levi/ici1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves ( fruit (  
,levi/icum (fic9ale1 ,lovage4 ,pale     
yell[1 aromatic1 c>m9ative4  ,prod4     
,fre% h]b1 #a to #ae4    ,oil ( ,mace4  

,syn4 ,,oleum ,,macidis1 ,o4 ,m4        
,,ess5tiale1 ,o4 ,m4 ,,/illatitium1  ,l4
 ,f ! arillus ( ,myri/ica (fic9ale      
7comm]cial mace74 ,ne>ly  col\rless2    
fragrant2 light] ?an wat]2 closely      
resembles oil ( nutmeg4  ,sp4 gr4 #ide4 
,prod4 #d-a_/b to #i4    ,oil (         
,m>c-br&y4 ,syn4 ,,fusel ,,oil ,,(      
,m4-,b41 ,o4 ,,( ,,grape ,,_s4  ,obta9$ 
aft] ! _s 7m>c-br&y7 has pass$ ov] dur+ 
!  di/illation ( ! f]m5t$ residuum (    
express$ grapes4 ,limpid2  odor\s2      
acrid2 (f5sive2 soon turns yell[ 9 !    
air2 soluble 9 #ajjj  p>ts ( wat]1 & 9  
all proportions 9 rectifi$ _s2 #f or #g 
drops  w spoil a hog%ead ( br&y4        
,accord+ to ,m4 ,bal>d1 ?is oil is a    
mixture ( potato oil & nan?ic e!r4      
,oil ( ,m>joram4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,sweet
 ,m42 ,,oleum ,,m>joran1 ,o4 ,,oriqani  
,m4  7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,f ! fre% fl[]+ h]b
 ( ,origanum m>jorana1 or  sweet or     
knott$ m>joram4 ,pale yell[2 odor\s2    
tonic2 /imulant4 ,sp4 gr4  #ibe         
7#idj----;,baum74 ,prod4 #cc to #ce4    

,see ,,oil ,,( ,,origanum4    ,oil (    
,mead[-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,spir      
,,ulm>i1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s  or fl[]+ tops (
 ,spira ulm>ia 7,l9n471 or common       
mead[-sweet4  ,?is oil is a native      
hydride ( salicyl4 ,x is yell[1         
sweet-sc5t$1 &  slightly soluble 9 wat]1
 :i* !n /rikes a deep violet col\r )  ! 
p]salts ( iron4 ,x boils at #che ,fahr4 
,sp4 gr4 #aagb4 7,see bel[47    ,oil (  
,mead[-sweet 7,factiti\s74 ,?is is      
prep>$ z  foll[s3----,salic91 #a "p1 is 
dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj p>ts1 &    
be+ plac$ 9 a glass retort1 bi*romate ( 
potassa 79 p[d]71 #a "p1  is add$1      
foll[$ by oil ( vitriol1 #b-a_/b p>ts1  
previ\sly dilut$  ) #d times its weight 
( wat]2 a g5tle heat is next appli$ to !
  retort1 & aft] ! fir/ eff]vesc5ce     
result+ f ! mutual  reaction ( ! +r$i5ts
 is ov]1 ! heat is increas$1 & !        
mixture is di/ill$ = ! oil 9 ! usual    
mann]4 ,! product is  absolutely        
id5tical ) ! natural oil ( mead[-sweet4 
7,see above47    ,oil ( ,milfoil4 ,syn4 

,,oleum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s (  
,a*illa millefolium 7,l9n471 or y>r[4   
,blue4 ,sp4 gr4 #heb4 ,prod4 #ad  lbs4 (
 ! dri$ fl[]s yield #c dr4 ( oil4       
,oils1 ,mix$ 7,ess5tial74 ,syn4 ,,olea  
,,mixta ,,ess5tialia4 ,f ! oils (       
b]gamot & lemons1 ( ea* #a oz42 oils (  
lav5d] & pim5to1 ( ea*  #a_/b oz4 ,us$  
to sc5t #8sal volatile drops1'          
smell+-bottles1 c4    ,oil ( ,must>d    
7,volatile74 ,syn4 ,,sulpho-,,cyanide   
,,( ,,allyl2 ,,oleum  ,,s9apis ,,nigr1  
,o4 ,s4 ,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f ! se$s (    
,s9apis  nigra7,l9n471 or black mu/>d1 z
 oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,ne>ly  col\rless2
 int5sely acrid1 pung5t1 rubefaci5t1 &  
vesicant2 slightly  soluble 9 wat]2     
boils at #bhi ,fahr4 ,x conta9s sulphur4
 ,sp4 gr4 #ajce  to #ajch2 #ajae1 at #fh
 ,fahr4 ,prod4 ,av4 #f 7fully74    ,obs4
 ,?is oil1 l t ( bitt] almonds1 does n  
pre-exi/ 9 !  se$1 b is ! result ( !    
action ( myronic acid on a peculi>      
sub/ance1 myros91 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4   
,oil ( black mu/>d has  be5 us$ z a     

/imulant or c\nt]-irritant 9 palsy1 c42 
& !  di/ill$ wat]1 or a solution ( ! oil
 9 wat]1 is said to be an  excell5t &   
cleanly rem$y = ! it*4    ,oil ( ,myrrh4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,myrrh1 ,o4 ,m4         
,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,col\rless2  ?92 heavi]
 ?an wat]2 /imulant2 smells /rongly ( ! 
drug4    ,oil ( ,myrtle 7,volatile74    
,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,m42 ,,oleum ,,myrt  
,,ess5tiale1  ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s & leaves ( 
,myrtus communis4 #ajj lbs4 ( ! fre%    
leaves yield #b-a_/b to #e oz4    ,oil (
 ,namur ,grass4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,grass  
7,,namur74    ,oil ( ,n>cissus4 ,syn4   
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,jonquil2 ,,oleum         
,,n>cissi1 ,l4 ,z ,,oil  ,,( ,,jasm9e4  
,delightfully odor\s4    ,oil ( ,n]oli4 
,see ,,oil ,,( ,,orange ,,fl[]s4    ,oil
 ( ,nutmeg 7,volatile74 ,syn4 ,,oleum   
,,myri/ic 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,o4 ,m4  
,,mos*at 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,f ! (fic9al   
nutmeg or k]nel ( ! fruit (  ,myri/ica  
mos*ata4 ,ne>ly col\rless2 od\r & flav\r
 t ( !  fruit1 b m p[]ful4 ,by agitation
 ) wat]1 x is sep>at$ into  two         

oils----"o light]1 ! o!r heavi]1 ?an    
wat]2 ! la/ is  butyrace\s4 ,sp4 gr4    
#idh4 ,prod4 #d-a_/b to #g4 ,x is reput$
 to make !  hair gr[1 & to prev5t       
baldness4    ,,oil ,,( ,,on',,ions4 ,f !
 bulbs ( ,allium cepa1 or common onion4 
,conta9s sulphur1 & smells /rongly ( !  
h]b4    ,oil ( ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce  
,,( ,o42 ,,oleum ,,aurantii1 ,o4        
,,aurantiorum1 ,o4  ,a4 ,,corticis1 ,l4 
,f ! yell[ portion ( ! r9d ( ei!r !     
,seville  or sweet orange1 pref]ably ( !
 la/2 z oil ( b]gamot or lemons4        
,closely resembles oil ( lemons1 b is m 
agreeably fragrant4 ,!  express$ oil is 
v apt to become opaque1 & deposit a     
/e>opt51  especially 9 cold wea!r1      
unless well kept f ! air4 ,sp4 gr4 #hge4
  ,prod4 #ajj fruits yield #d to #e oz4 
7,see bel[47    ,oil ( ,orange ,b]ries4 
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,aurantii ,,bacc1 ,l4 ,f 
! small  unripe fruit ( ! orange-tree4  
,does n keep well4 7,see bel[47    ,oil 
( ,orange ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,n]oli1 ,,oil  
,,( ,n41 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,n42 ,,oleum      

,,naph1 ,o4 ,,aurantii ,,florum1        
,,aurantii ,,oleum 7,ph4 ,e4 & ,d471 ,l4
 ,f !  fl[]s ( ei!r ! bitt] 7,seville7or
 sweet orange 7,citrus vulg>is  or ,c4  
aurantium71 by di/illation ) wat]4 ,t f 
! fruit is  said to be pref]r$1 b !re   
does n appe> any actual diff]5ce  betwe5
 ! two4 ,v fluid2 light] ?an wat]1 9 :i*
 x is slightly  soluble2 x is           
delightfully aromatic & fragrant1 b !   
od\r diff]s  slightly f t ( ! fl[]s4    
,prod4 #ajj lbs4 ( fl[]s ga!r$ 9  ,may  
or ,decemb] yield #c to #f oz4 ( oil2 #f
 cwt4 ( ! fre% fl[]s yield  #a lb4 (    
oil4    ,pur4 ,n]oli is commonly        
adult]at$ ) alcohol or ess5ce de petit  
gra91 & g5]ally ) bo? ( !m4 ,! pres5ce (
 ! fir/ is  easily det]m9$ 7see above73 
t ( ! second c only be discov]$  by     
comp>+ ! od\r evolv$ dur+ ! evaporation 
( a drop ( !  suspect$ oil1 plac$ on a  
piece ( :ite pap]1 ) a l drop ( pure    
n]oli simil>ly treat$4 7,see above &    
bel[47    ,oil ( ,orange-leaf4 ,syn4    
,,oleum ,,aurantii ,,folii1 ,l42        

,,ess5ce ,,de ,,petit  ,,gra91 ,fr4 ,f !
 leaves ( ei!r ! bitt] or sweet orange2 
t f  ! fir/ be+ pref]r$4 ,delightfully  
fragrant4 ,ext5sively us$ to  adult]ate 
oil ( n]oli1 & is itself commonly       
sophi/icat$ ) bo?  alcohol & oil (      
orange-b]ries4 7,see above47    ,oil (  
,origanum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,origani1 ,o4 
,o4 ,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f !  fl[]+ h]b (  
,origanum vulg>e1 or common or w9t]     
m>joram4 ,pale  yell[ col\r2 fragrant2  
acrid1 pung5t1 & rubefaci5t4 ,sp4 gr4   
#ibg  7#idj----;,baum74 ,prod4 #e to    
#ge4 ,! d>k-col\r$ oil ( origanum (  !  
%ops is obta9$ f ,?ymus vulg>e4 ,! oil (
 origanum 7,ph4 ,e47  is oil ( ,origanum
 m>jorana4 ,see ,,oils ,,( ,,m>joram1   
,,?yme1 & ,,lemon  ,,?yme4    ,oil (    
,orris4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,violet2    
,,oleum ,,iridis1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$         
rhizomes ( ,iris ,flor5t9a1 or ,flor5t9e
 orris-root4 ,fragrant4 ,sold  = oil &  
ess5ce ( violets4    ,oil ( ,p>sley4    
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,petrosel9i1 ,l4 ,f !    
fre% h]b or  dri$ fruit 7se$7 ( ,apium  

petrosel9um1 or g>d5 p>sley4 ,yell[i%2  
smells /rongly ( ! plant4 ,x consi/s (  
two oils1 sep>able by  agitation ) wat]1
 "o ( :i* is concrete1 & melts at #hj   
,fahr42  ! o!r1 liquid4 ,prod4 ,h]b1 #ej
 to #a 7ne>ly74    ,oil (               
,p>tridge-b]ry4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(         
,,w9t]-,,gre51 ,,me?ylo-,,salycilic     
,,e!r1 ,,salicylate ,,( ,,oxide ,,(     
,,me?yl2 ,,oleum ,,gaul-,,!ri 7,ph4 ,u4 
,s471 ,l4  ,f ! leaves or ! :ole plant (
 ,gaul!ria procumb5s1 a h]b  common 9   
,nor? ,am]ica1 & o!rwise kn[n by !      
names----,box-b]ry1  *equ]-b]ry1        
p>tridge-b]ry1 m\nta9 tea1 w9t]-gre51 c4
 ,pale  yell[1 gr[+ br[n by exposure &  
age2 aromatic2 sweet2 highly  pung5t2 :5
 dilut$1 agreeably fragrant2 mix$ ) a   
dilute solution (  potassa1 x solidifies
 to a cry/all9e mass 7salicylate ( me?yl
 &  potassa71 f :i* ! oil may be aga9   
sep>at$ by ! addition ( an  acid4 ,x is 
! heavie/ ( all ! ess5tial oils4 ,sp4   
gr4 #aagc4 ,boils  at #dab1 &1 :5       
purifi$1 at #dce ,fahr4    ,oil (       

p>tridge-b]ry1 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1  
is 9 common use 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates (    
,am]ica z an antispasmodic1 c>m9ative1  
diuretic1  emm5agogue1 & /imulant2      
*iefly z an adjunct to mixtures1 c42 &  
also ) ! view ( increas+ ! fl[ ( milk   
dur+ lactation4 ,x is  likewise         
ext5sively us$ 9 p]fum]y1 & is an object
 ( great int]e/  to ! organic *emi/1 on 
acc\nt ( its peculi> con/itution &      
reaction4    ,oil ( ,p>tridge-b]ry      
7,factiti\s74 ,see ,,salicylic ,,acid4  
,oil1 ,pe>l4 ,see ,,amyle 7,acetate (71 
& ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,j>gonelle ,,pe>4       
,oil ( ,p5nyroyal4 ,syn4 ,,oleum        
,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4 ,,m5? ,p4 7,b4
 ,p41  ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,o4 ,p4          
,,ess5tiale1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]+ h]b ( ,m5?a 
,pulegium1 or ! common p5nyroyal ( our  
g>d5s4 ,pale yell[1 gr[+  r$di% yell[ by
 age & exposure2 antispasmodic1         
c>m9ative1 &  emm5agogue4 ,boils at #cie
 ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibe to #ica4 ,prod4   
#c_/d to #a4  7,see bel[47    ,oil (    
,p5nyroyal 7,am]ican74 ,syn4 ,,oleum    

,,h$eom 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,f  ,h$eoma 
pulegioides1 z ! la/4 ,light yell[2     
closely resembles oil (  p5nyroyal1 =   
:i* x passes 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,sp4 gr4 #ide  
to #idh4    ,oil ( ,pepp]4 ,syn4 ,,oil  
,,( ,,black ,p42 ,,oleum ,,pip]is1 ,o4  
,p4 ,,nigri1 ,l4  ,f bruis$ black pepp] 
7,pip] nigrum74 ,col\rless1 turn+ yell[2
  odor\s2 pung5t2 n s hot z ! spice4    
,sp4 gr4 #iicb4 ,prod4 #abe to  #ae4    
,:ite pepp] 7( comm]ce71 #a 7b>ely74    
,oil ( ,pepp]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,m5?   
,,pip]it 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41       
,d471 ,o4 ,,ess5tial ,m4 ,,pip]itidis1  
,l4 ,f ! fre% fl[]+ h]b (  ,m5?a        
pip]ita1 or g>d5 pepp]m9t4 ,ne>ly       
col\rless1 or at mo/ a  v pale gre5i%   
yell[2 p[]fully odor\s2 ta/es pung5t1 at
 !  same "t imp>t+ a s5sation ( coldness
 to ! tongue & palate4  ,boils at #cfe  
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ijb to #ije4 ,prod4    
,fre% fl[]+ h]b1  #be to #d2 dri$ d41 #a
 to #abe 7fully74 ,9 a w>m dry season1  
#e lbs4  ( ! fre% fl[]+ h]b yield #a oz4
 ( oil2 9 a wet & unfavorable  "o1 #aa  

lb4 yield b>ely ! same quality4    ,pur4
 ,! oil ( comm]ce usually conta9s fully 
a ?ird "p (  rectifi$ _s1 & is also     
frequ5tly adult]at$ ) ! oils (  rosem>y1
 spe>m9t1 & turp5t9e4 ,:5 pure----#a4 ,x
 is soluble 9 its  own weight ( rectifi$
 _s4----#b4 ,mix$ ) #a-d? its volume (  
nitric  acid1 a ri* purple-r$ col\r is  
develop$4----#c4 ,*romate ( pota%1 9    
solution1 turns x ( a deep r$di%-br[n   
col\r1 & conv]ts x into a  s(t coagulum1
 :i* assumes a flaky =m :5 divid$ ) a   
glass rod1  :il/ ! solution ( ! salt    
loses its yell[ col\r or becomes  gre5i%
 yell[4----#d4 ,) iod9e x =ms a         
homog5e\s mass1 )\t  fulm9ation4 ,if x  
explodes ) iod9e1 x conta9s turp5t9e4 ,!
  yell[i%1 res9\s oil1 sold "u ! "n (   
#8,am]ican' or #8crude oil  ( pepp]m9t1'
 consi/s *iefly ( oil ( turp5t9e1 & on  
evaporation  leaves a residuum ( p9e    
res94    ,obs4 ,engli% oil ( pepp]m9t is
 ! be/1 a fact cle>ly %[n by its  price 
9 ! m>ket be+ s greatly above t ( !     
import$ oil4 ,!  oil di/ill$ at ,mit*am1

 9 ,surrey 7,mit*am oil ( pepp]m9t71 is 
!  mo/ e/eem$4 ,x has usually a v pale  
gre5i% col\r1 :i* is (t5  imitat$ by    
/eep+ a leaf or two ( gre5 m9t or p>sley
 9 ! oil4  ,old d>k-col\r$ oils are     
commonly blea*$ by exposure to ! light1 
to  ! de/ruction ( a portion ( _! o!r   
prop]ties4    ,accord+ to a rec5t &     
valuable report ^u ^? articles 9 ! ,p>is
  ,exhibition ( #ahgh1 m p>ticul>ly     
int]e/+ to ! ph>maci/1 !  *emical       
manufactur]1 ! p]fum]1 c41 :i* lately   
appe>$ 9 !  #8,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' !
 above /atem5t is op5 to "q4 ,( late    
ye>s x seems t a consid]able indu/ry has
 sprung up at ,arz9 9 !  ,dep>tm5t du   
,nord1 9 ,france1 :]e l>ge quantities ( 
libiate plants  are cultivat$1 &        
subsequ5tly submitt$ to di/illation4    
,an acre ( l& g5]ally yields e ye> f #c 
to #d tons ( !  pepp]m9t plant2 & f #ejj
 p>ts ( ?is1 "o "p ( ess5tial oil is    
usually obta9$1 :i* x is alleg$ by ,m4  
,han>t1 ! di/ill] ( !  oil 9 "q1 aft]   
be+ c>efully bottl$ & kept = "s ye>s1   

successfully rivals ! ,engli% oil bo? 9 
quality & price4    ,( late ye>s an     
ess5tial oil ( pepp]m9t manufactur$ by  
,messrs  ,hol*kiss1 ( ,new ,york1 has   
lately come into consid]able dem&4      
,?is1 :i* is said to be a v pure        
article1 diff]s f ! o!r  pepp]m9t oils 9
 becom+ ?ick :5 fir/ mix$ ) _s ( w9e4   
,aft] a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ! mixture cle>s 
& becomes p]fectly  bright4    ,oil (   
pepp]m9t is /imulant1 antispasmodic1 &  
c>m9ative1 & has  always be5 a fav\rite 
rem$y 9 flatul5ce1 nausea1 vomit+1 loss 
(  appetite1 cramp ( ! /oma*1 colic1    
grip+ pa9s1 di>rha1 ! e>ly  /age (      
*ol]a1 c4----,dose1 #a to #c drops1 on  
sug>4    ,oil ( ,petroleum4 ,see        
,,naph?a1 ,,oils 7,m9]al71 ,,petroleum1 
c4    ,oil ( ,pimento4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(  
,,allspice2 ,,oleum ,,pim5t 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,l41  ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,f ! bruis$  
fruit ( ,eug5ia pim5ta1 allspice1 or    
,jamaica pepp]4 ,pale yell[1 gr[+ r$di% 
br[n by age2 od\r1 a  comb9ation (      
cloves & cassia2 ta/e pung5t4 ,sp4 gr4  

#ajba4 ,prod4 #e  to #h4    ,obs4 ,oil (
 pim5to conta9s two oils simil> to ^?   
f\nd 9 clove  oil4 ,:5 pure1 nitric acid
 turns x r$1 ) active eff]vesc5ce &  !  
assumption ( a ru/y br[n col\r4 ,x      
comb9es ) ! salifiable  bases 9 a ne>ly 
simil> mann] to oil ( cloves4 ,x is mu* 
us$ 9  p]fum]y1 especially 9 hair       
cosmetics4    ,oil ( ,pimp]nel4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,pimp9ell1 ,l4 ,f ! root (     
,sanguisorba (fic9alis1 or pimp]nel4    
,blue2 c>m9ative4    ,oil1 ,p9e-apple4  
,?is artificial ess5tial oil dates its  
comm]cial  importance f ! ,great        
,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,x is ess5tially   
butyric  e!r1 & may be reg>d$ z simply !
 crude =m ( t sub/ance4 ,on  ! l>ge     
scale x is prep>$ by saponify+ butt] or 
crude butyric acid  ) a /rong lye (     
cau/ic potassa1 & dissolv+ ! result+    
soap 9  ! smalle/ possible quantity (   
hot alcohol2 to ! solution is add$ a    
mixture ( alcohol & oil ( vitriol 9     
excess1 & ! :ole is !n  submitt$ to     
di/illation z long z ! product has an   

aromatic fruity  od\r2 ! product is     
rectifi$ f dri$ *loride ( calcium & a   
little li?>ge4 ,dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s x
 is mu* us$ z a  flav\r+ sub/ance by    
confection]s & liquori/es4 ,see ,,e!r   
7,butyric7  & ,,ess5ce ,,(              
,,p9e-,,apple1 c4    ,oil ( ,potato ,_s4
 ,see ,,fusel ,,oil4    ,oil (          
,rav5sara4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rav5s>1 ,l4  
,f ! roots (  ,rav5s>a aromatica4       
,*iefly us$ to adult]ate oil ( cloves1  
:i* x  some:at resembles4    ,oil (     
,rhodium4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rhodii1 ,l4   
,said to be d]iv$ f !  wood ( a species 
( ,rhodoriza4 ,v fluid & limpid2 pale   
yell[2 soon  d>k5s by age & exposure2   
ta/es bitt] & aromatic2 has a modifi$   
od\r ( roses4 ,*iefly us$ z a sub/itute 
= otto ( roses 9 *eap  p]fum]y1 & to    
adult]ate x4 ,oil ( s&al-wood is        
frequ5tly sold =  x4 ,prod4 #a to #af4  
,see ,,oil ,,( ,,roses 7bel[74    ,oil (
 ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 ,f ! petals (  ,rosa semp]vir5s    
7,l9n471 or ! musk rose1 z oil ( cloves1

 obs]v+  to keep ! wat] 9 ! worm-tub at 
#he ,fahr41 & aft]w>ds subject+  ! wat] 
9 ! receiv] to refrig]ation4 ,resembles 
otto ( roses1 (  :i* x is m]ely a       
v>iety4 ,prod4 #a_/bj to #a_/af ( #a4   
#b4 7,,att> ,,( ,,roses1 ,,otto ,,( ,r42
 ,,oleum ,,ros----,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! petals 
(  ,rosa c5tifolia & ,rosa semp]vir5s   
7damask & musk rose71  pr9cipally !     
fir/1 by saturat+ ! wat]1 by return+ x  
repeat$ly  on fre% fl[]s1 & !n expos+ x 
to a l[ temp]ature4 ,9 ! ,ea/  ,indies x
 is obta9$ by /ratify+ g+elly se$s 9    
alt]nate lay]s  ) rose petals1 = "s     
days1 & repeat+ ! arrangem5t ) fre%     
roses till ! se$s are saturat$1 :5 ! oil
 is express$ &  di/ill$ along ) wat]4 ,9
 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mecca ! rose leaves  
are mac]at$ 9 salt-&-wat] = #b or #c    
days1 & !n di/ill$1 !  wat] be+ receiv$ 
9 sep>ate receiv]s at diff]5t p>ts ( !  
process4 ,! wat] is aft]w>ds expos$ 9   
por\s e>!nw>e vessels1  ti$ ov] ) l951 9
 tr5*es dug 9 ! e>?1 & ov] :i*  moi/5$  
/raw is ?r[n1 :5 9 a %ort "t ! otto     

sep>ates &  floats on ! surface4        
,prop41 c4 ,col\rless1 or ne>ly s2 od\r 
int5se1 p5etrat+1 &  diffusive1 & 9 a   
conc5trat$ /ate f> f pleasant1 b :5     
dilute  v agreeable2 ta/e1 bl& &        
sweeti%2 :5 pure1 x congeals at #hj1  & 
does n remelt until heat$ to fully #he  
,fahr42 #ajjj p>ts ( alcohol  ( #hjf    
dissolve only #g p>ts ( otto at #eg     
,fahr41 & only #cc p>ts at  #gb4 ,sp4   
gr4 #hcb at #ij1 to wat] #ajjj at #fj   
,fahr4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 (  roses yield  
#b to #c dr4    ,pur4 ,otto ( roses is  
frequ5tly adult]at$ ) ! oils ( rhodium1 
s&al-wood1 & g]anium1 & ) camphor2 &    
occasionally )  sp]maceti1 to give !    
spuri\s comp\nd ! usual cry/all9e       
appe>ance4 ,! foll[+ are reliable       
te/s3----#a4 ,pure otto has a bl&1      
sweet ta/e2 if x is bitt]1 x conta9s oil
 ( rhodium or s&al-wood2  if x is       
pung5t1 or #8bites1' ! palate1 x conta9s
 ei!r oil (  g]anium or camphor1 &      
probably bo?2 if x imp>ts an unctu\s    
s5sation1 x conta9s sp]maceti4----#b4   

,expos$ = "s h\rs to ! fumes  ( a small 
quantity ( iodide "u a bell-glass 9 !   
cold1 pure otto  rema9s :ite1 & cont9ues
 s :5 expos$ to ! air2 an adult]at$     
sample1 on ! contr>y1 becomes yell[ or  
br[n1 & aft]w>ds1 on  exposure to ! air1
 cont9ues to d>k5 9 col\r1 until x      
becomes ( a  deep br[n1 or ev5 p]fectly 
black1 accord+ to ! quantity ( =eign    
oil pres5t4 ,a s+le drop may be ?us     
te/$4----#c4 7,guib\rt47 ,"o or two     
drops ( ! suspect$ oil are put into a   
wat*-glass2 ! same numb] (  drops (     
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid are add$1 & ! 
two fluids are  mix$ ) a glass-rod4 ,all
 ! oils are r5d]$ m or less br[n by  ?is
 proce$+2 b1 otto ( roses reta9s !      
purity ( its od\r----oil  ( g]anium     
acquires a /rong & disagreeable od\r1   
:i* is p]fectly  *>act]i/ic----! od\r ( 
! oil ( rhodium is increas$1 & becomes  
some:at unctu\s1 &1 9 g5]al1 x acquires 
an od\r di/9ctly l  t ( cubebs4    ,oil 
( ,rosem>y4 ,syn4 ,,rosm>9i ,,oleum 7,b4
 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,an?os1 ,o4             

,,rorism>9i1 ,o4 ,,rosm>9i 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4
  ,d471 ,o4 ,,rorism>9i ,,ess5tial1 ,l4 
,f ! fl[]+ tops ( ,rosm>9us (fic9alis4  
,9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,engli%  oil ( rosem>y    
7,o4 ,,rosm>9i1 ,,anglicum7 is ord]$1 z 
x is sup]ior to  t f abroad4 ,col\rless2
 /rongly fragrant1 b sc>cely agreeable  
unless comp\nd$2 c>m9ative & /imulant4  
,boils at #cfe ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4  #iaj2   
rec5t1#hig2 rectifi$1 #hhhg4 ,prod4     
#c_/d to #a 7ne>ly74    ,pur41 c4 ,x is 
frequ5tly adult]at$ ) oil ( turp5t9e4   
,:5 pure  x dissolves 9 all proportions 
9 _s ( #hcj4 ,by age x deposits a       
cry/all9e /e>opt5e1 & acquires a        
t]eb9?9ate od\r4 ,x is  *iefly us$ z a  
/imulant 9 l9im5ts1 hair oil1 pomatums1 
c4    ,oil ( ,rosewort4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( 
,,rose-,,root2 ,,oleum ,,rhodiol1 ,l4 ,f
 !  roots ( ,rhodiola rosea4 ,yell[i%2  
od\r resembles t ( oil (  rhodium1 = :i*
 x is (t5 sold1 z well z ! di/ill$ wat] 
=  rose wat]4 #a-a_/b lb4 yields ab\t #a
 dr4    ,oil ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rut ,,oleum
 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,rut 7,ph4 ,l4     

,e471 ,l4 ,!  8oil di/ill$ f ! fre% h]b 
( ,ruta graveol5s0 7,b4 ,p471 or  common
 rue4 ,pale yell[1 turn+ br[n by age1 & 
deposit+ a br[ni%1  res9\s s$im5t2      
congeals at ab\t #dj ,fahr42 acrid1     
bitt]2 od\r t  ( ! plant2 /imulant1     
antispasmodic1 & emm5agogue4 ,sp4 gr4   
#iji to  #iaa4 ,prod4 #a_/d to          
#a7ne>ly74 ,accord+ to ,raybaud1 ! rec5t
 dri$  se$s yield fully f\r times z mu* 
oil z ! fl[]+ h]b4    ,pur4 ,ne>ly      
always adult]at$4 ,:5 pure----#a4 ,x =ms
 a cle> solution  ) rectifi$ _s4----#b4 
,x does n =m a camphor ) gase\s         
hydro*loric acid4----#c4 ,iod9e         
dissolves 9 x sl[ly1 )\t any app>5t     
reaction1 beyond a d>k5+ & a slight     
increase ( viscidity4----#d4 ,x is      
unaffect$ by a solution ( *romate (     
potassa4----#e4 ,nitric acid v  sl[ly   
*anges x into a gre5i%-yell[ liquid     
balsam4----#f4 ,if x =ms a  r$di%-br[n  
solution ) liquor ( potassa & a /ill    
d>k] "o )  oil ( vitriol1 or if x       
fulm9ates ) iod9e1 x is adult]at$ )  !  

oil ( "s labiate plant4----#g4 ,x is m  
soluble 9 bo? rectifi$  _s & wat] ?an   
any ( ! oils us$ to adult]ate x4    ,oil
 ( ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,croci1 ,l4 
,f ! pi/ils ( ,crocus  sativus          
7saffron74 ,yell[2 heavi] ?an wat]2     
acrid1 pung5t1 &  n>cotic2 decompos$ by 
exposure to light & age1 ) ! =mation ( a
  :ite solid matt]1 :i* is light] ?an   
wat]4    ,oil ( ,sage4 ,syn4 ,,oleum    
,,salvi1 ,l4 ,f ! h]bace\s portion (    
,salvia (fic9alis1 or common sage4      
,oil ( ,sandal-wood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum      
,,santali1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,albi1 ,l4 ,f ! wood
  ( ,santalum album1 or s&al-tree1 &    
pref]ably f t ( ,malab>4  ,x has an od\r
 some:at resembl+ t ( oil ( rhodium1 =  
:i* x  is commonly us$2 also us$ to     
adult]ate otto ( roses4 ,prod4 #i lbs4  
yield #a oz42 #ajj lbs4 yield #e oz4    
7,raybaud74    ,oil ( ,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4
 ,,oleum ,,s>z1 ,l4 ,f ! root b>k1      
di/ill$ along ) salt-&-wat]4 ,acrid2    
od\r & flav\r same z !  root4    ,oil ( 
,sassafras4 ,syn4 ,,volatile ,,oil ,,(  

,s42 ,,oleum ,,sassafras 7,ph4 ,e471    
,o4 ,,lauri ,s41 ,o4 ,s4 ,,(fic9alis1   
,l4 ,f bruis$ sassafras *ips1 !  slic$  
root ( ,sassafras (fic9ale1 z oil (     
cloves4 ,pale yell[2  highly odor\s2    
hot1 pung5t1 rubefaci5t1 & /imulant2    
reput$  alt]ative1 sudorific1 &         
diuretic1 &1 z su*1 occasionally giv5 9 
rheumatism1 cutane\s affections1 c4 ,sp4
 gr4 #ajid to #ajif4 ,prod4  #a-a_/b to 
#b 7fully74    ,pur41 c4----#a4 ,if !   
d5sity is l[] ?an #ajid1 x is           
adult]at$4----#b4  ,nitric acid acts on 
?is oil1 at fir/ sl[ly1 m]ely turn+ x ( 
an  orange-r$1 b aft]w>ds ) viol5ce1 & a
 r$di%-br[n res9 is  =m$4----#c4 ,mix$ )
 ab\t "o half its weight ( sulphuric    
acid1 a  gre5 col\r is at fir/ develop$1
 :i*1 by heat1 is *ang$ to a blood  r$4 
,a l>ge quantity ( sulphuric acid acts  
at once viol5tly1 :ite  fumes are giv5  
(f1 & m]e *>coal is left4----#d4 ,)     
iod9e x =ms a  p]man5tly cle> solution1 
or at lea/ "o t rema9s s = "s           
"t4----#e4 ,by agitation ) wat]1 x      

sep>ates into two oils----"o  light]1 ! 
o!r heavi]1 ?an t fluid4    ,oil (      
,savine4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,sab9 7,b4 ,p471
 ,,oleum ,,junip]i ,,sab91 ,o4  ,,sab9  
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,f ! fre% tops or  
leaves ( ,junip]us  sab9a1 or common    
sav94 ,pale yell[2 limpid2 acrid1       
pung5t1 &  /imulant4 ,x possesses !     
g5]al prop]ties ( ! plant 9 a highly    
exalt$ degree4 ,sp4 gr4 #iae4 ,prod4    
,fre% h]b1 #abe to #ae2 dri$ d4         
7rec5t71 #b-a_/b to #c4 ,dose1 #b to #f 
drops2 z an an!lm9tic1  diaphoretic1 &  
emm5agogue4 ,its use mu/ be c>efully    
avoid$ dur+  pregnancy or disease ( !   
abdom9al visc]a4    ,pur41 c4 ,x is less
 frequ5tly adult]at$ ?an ! o!r volatile 
oils4 ,its high sp4 gr4 & free          
solubility 9 rectifi$ _s (f] !  means ( 
detect+ ! pres5ce ( ei!r oil ( turp5t9e 
or alcohol1  ! sub/ances occasionally   
add$ to x4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( oil
  ( sav9 & oil ( vitriol1 by di/illation
 f milk ( lime1 furni%es  an oil        
app>5tly id5tical ) oil ( ?yme4         

7,w9ckl]47    ,oil ( ,s5na4 ,syn4       
,,oleum ,,s5n ,,volatile1 ,l4 ,possesses
 ! nause\s  od\r & flav\r ( ! leaves1 &1
 z well z ! di/ill$ wat]1 is  purgative4
    ,oil ( ,spe>m9t4 ,syn4 ,,engli%     
,,oil ,,( ,,spe>m9t 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oil ,,(
 ,,m9t1  ,,oil ,,( ,,gre5 ,m42 ,,m5?    
,,viridis ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,oleum    
,,m5? ,,viridis 7,ph4  ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 
,o4 ,m4 ,,sativ1 ,o4 ,,ess5tiale ,,m5?  
,s41 ,l4 ,f ! fre%  fl[]+ h]b ( ,m5?a   
viridis 7,l9n47 or g>d5 spe>m9t4 ,pale  
yell[2 r$d5$ by age2 od\r & g5]al       
prop]ties resemble ^? (  oil ( pepp]m9t1
 b x is less grateful4 ,x boils at #cbj 
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4  #iae 7#icid1 ,br&e74   
,prod4 #b to #be4 ,its common adult]ants
 are  alcohol & oil ( turp5t9e4    ,oil 
( ,spike 7,true74 ,syn4 ,,=eign ,,oil   
,,( ,,lav5d]2 ,,oleum ,,spic1 ,o4 ,s4   
,,v]um1 ,o4 ,,/,,*adis1 ,o4 ,,lav&ul    
,s41 ,l43 ,,huile ,d',,aspic1 ,fr4      
,*iefly f  ,lav&ula spica & ,l4 /*as1 or
 ,fr5* & ,alp9e lav5d]s4 ,x  diff]s f   
,engli% oil ( lav5d] by its d>k] gre5   

col\r &  inf]ior od\r4 ,f ,france4 ,us$ 
by arti/s to mix _! col\rs 91 &  to make
 v>ni%es4 ,oil ( turp5t9e sc5t$ ) lav5d]
 is commonly  sold = x4 ,prod4 ,f ,l4   
spica 7fre%71 #c_/d to #a-a_/b2 ,l4 /*as
  7dri$71 #c_/d to #a 7fully74    ,oil (
 ,spiken>d4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,n>di1 ,l4 ,!
 preci\s oil m5tion$  "u ?is "n 9       
,scripture is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f  
,&ropogon ,iw>acusa4 ,! comm]cial oil ( 
g]anium 7see above7 is  also call$ by   
?is "n4    ,oil ( ,spr+ ,grass4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,an?oxan?i ,,odorati1 ,l4 ,f   
,an?oxan?um odoratum1 or sweet-sc5t$    
v]nal grass4 ,x is ?is oil  t gives ! v 
agreeable od\r to new hay4    ,oil (    
,/>-anise4 ,syn4 ,,badian ,,oil2 ,,oleum
 ,,badiani1 ,o4 ,,anisi ,,/ellati1  ,l4 
,f ! capsules ( ,illicium anisatum1 or  
/>-anise4 ,x cont9ues  liquid at        
#ce-a_/b ,fahr4 ,?is1 & its weak]       
reaction ) iod9e1  di/+ui% x f ! prec$+ 
comp\nd1 :i* x is commonly us$ to       
adult]ate4 ,prod4 #b 7fully74    ,oil ( 
,sweet ,f5nel4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,f5nel4  

,oil ( ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,oleum      
,,acori1 ,o4 ,a4 ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,f !  
rhizomes or roots ( ,acorus calamus     
7,l9n471 or sweet flag4 ,yell[2         
agreeably fragrant4 ,us$ to sc5t snuff1 
aromatic v9eg>1 c4 ,prod4  ,fre%        
rhizomes1 #c_/d to #a2 dri$ 7rec5t71 #a 
to #abe4    ,oil ( ,tansy4 ,syn4 ,,oleum
 ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]+ h]b (       
,tanacetum vulg>e 7,l9n471 or tansy4    
,pale gre5i% yell[2 v odor\s2  bitt]2   
aromatic4 ,sp4 gr4 #idf to #iej4 ,prod4 
,fre%1 #be to #e2 dri$  7rec5t71 #c_/d  
to #a7;fully74    ,oil ( ,?yme4 ,syn4   
,,oleum ,,?ymi2 ,,oil ,,( ,,origanum2   
,,oleum ,,origani 7( !  %ops74 ,f !     
fl[]+ h]b ( ,?ymus vulg>is 7,l9n471 or  
g>d5  ?yme4 ,ne>ly col\rless2 ! imp>t$  
oil has a r$di% col\r1 :i* x  loses by  
rectification2 v fragrant2 acrid2 hot   
ta/$1 /imulant1 &  rubefaci5t2 boils at 
#ced ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfg to #hge4      
,prod4 #e to  #ge4    ,obs4 ,?is is !   
d>k-col\r$ #8,,oil ,,( ,,origanum' ( !  
%ops4 ,x is  frequ5tly adult]at$ ) oil (

 turp5t9e4 ,x is occasionally us$ 9     
too?a*e & 9 /imulat+ l9im5ts2 b its *ief
 consumption is 9  p]fum]y1 m p>ticul>ly
 = hair oils1 pomatums1 & hair-wa%es1 z 
x is reput$ to make ! hair gr[ & to     
prev5t baldness4    ,oil ( ,tobacco     
7,volatile74 ,f ! leaves ( ,nicotiana   
tabacum  7,l9n471 or ! tobacco plant4   
,concrete4    ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4   
,,_s ,,( ,t41 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,t41 ,,turps1
 ,,camph5e1  ,,camph9e2 ,,t]eb9?9       
,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,spiritus ,,t]eb9?91
 ,,ess5tia ,t41  ,,oleum ,,t]eb9?9 7,ph4
 ,l4  ,d471 ,o4 ,t4 ,,purificatum 7,ph4 
,e471 ,l4 ,! oil  ( turp5t9e ( comm]ce  
is obta9$ by di/ill+ /ra9$ ,am]ican     
turp5t9e along ) wat]4 ,! residuum 9 !  
/ill is #8res9' or  #8ros94' ,! product 
9 oil v>ies f #ad to #af4 ,! colleges   
ord] x  to be rectifi$ be=e be+ employ$ 
= m$ic9al purposes4 ,?is is  effect$ by 
r$i/ill+ x along ) #c or #d times its   
volume ( wat]1  obs]v+ n to draw ov] q !
 :ole4 ,! portion rema9+ 9 !  retort    
7balsam ( turp5t9e7 is viscid & res9\s4 

,a bett] plan is to  well agitate x ) an
 equal measure ( solution ( potassa or  
milk (  lime be=e rectify+ x4 ,?is is ! 
plan adopt$ = ! camph9e us$  = lamps4   
,by agitat+ crude oil ( turp5t9e ) ab\t 
#e ( sulphuric  acid1 dilut$ ) twice its
 weight ( wat]1 & aft] repose &         
decantation rectify+ x f #e or #f times 
its volume ( ! /ronge/  lime wat]1 a v  
pure & ne>ly sc5tless oil may be obta9$4
 ,dr ,nimmo  recomm5ds oil ( turp5t9e to
 be purifi$ by agitation ) #a_/h? "p  ( 
rectifi$ _s1 aft] repose to decant ! _s1
 & to repeat !  process #c or #d times4 
,! product reta9s1 h[ev]1 fully #a_/e?  
"p (  _s 9 solution1 & h5ce ?is me?od is
 objectionable1 except =  m$ic9al       
purposes1 = :i*1 accord+ to ,dr ,g>rod1 
x is bett] ?an  ! oil purifi$ by        
rectification4 ,! sweet spirits (       
turp5t9e  7,,spiritus ,,t]eb9?9         
,,dulcis71 v5d$ ( late ye>s 9 ! %ops1 is
  simply ! common oil :i* has be5       
agitat$ )1 & rectifi$ f1  some:at dilute
 sulphuric acid4    ,prop4 ,pure oil (  

turp5t9e is col\rless2 limpid2 v mobile2
 neutral  to te/-pap]2 has an od\r nei!r
 p[]ful nor disagreeable :5  rec5tly    
prep>$1 b becom+ s by exposure to ! air2
 dissolves #a_/e?  "p ( alcohol ( #hcj2 
is soluble 9 #f p>ts ( e!r & 9 #g-a_/b  
p>ts  ( rectifi$ _s2 hot /rong alcohol  
dissolves x freely1 b !  great] "p      
sep>ates 9 globules z ! liquid cools4   
,oil ( vitriol  *>s x1 & /rong nitric   
acid attacks x viol5tly1 ev5 ) flame4 ,x
  congeals at #ad1 & boils at #cab      
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfg2 t ( ! oil (  !    
%ops v>ies f #hgb to #hgh4 ,x possesses 
a v high refractive  p[]4 ,at #gb x     
absorbs #afc times its volume (         
hydro*loric-acid gas 7if  kept cool71 & 
9 #bd h\rs f #bf to #dg ( cry/als       
7,,k9d',s ,,camphor7  sep>ate4 ,^! h a  
camphorace\s od\r1 &1 aft] be+ wa%$ )   
wat]1 & sublim$ along ) "s dry *alk1    
lime1 or *>coal1 assume  ! =m ( a :ite1 
transluc5t1 flexible1 cry/all9e mass1   
:i* is  volatile1 soluble 9 alcohol1 &  
possesses a consid]able resemblance to  

camphor4 ,a ne>ly simil> sub/ance is    
produc$ by ! action ( oxyg5  gas on oil 
( turp5t9e4    ,uses1 c4 ,oil ( turp5t9e
 is ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture (    
v>ni%es & pa9ts4 ,"u ! "n ( #8camph9e' x
 is occasionally  employ$ = burn+ 9     
lamps4 ,= ! la/ purpose x mu/ be newly  
rectifi$ & pres]v$ f ! air4 ,by exposure
 x rapidly absorbs  oxyg51 res9 is =m$1 
its d5sity increases1 & x gives a dull  
fulig9\s flame4 ,9 m$ic9e x is employ$ z
 a diaphoretic1 /imulant1  v]mifuge1    
c4----,dose1 #f to #cj or #dj drops2 9  
rheumatism1 hemicrania1  c41 #a fl4 dr4 
e f\r h\rs1 9 comb9ation ) b>k or       
capsicum2 9  tapeworm1 #c fl4 dr4 to #a 
fl4 oz41 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a little
  syrup ( orange peel1 e #h h\rs1 until 
! worm is expell$4 ,!  common symptoms (
 l>ge doses ( ?is oil are dizz9ess & a  
species (  tempor>y intoxication1 &     
occasionally nausea & sickness1 :i*     
subside aft] two or ?ree alv9e          
evacuations1 leav+ no o!r effect1  :5 ! 
oil is pure1 ?an a c]ta9 degree (       

languor = a few h\rs4 ,9  tapeworm a    
little ca/or-oil may be advantage\sly   
comb9$ ) !  second & subsequ5t doses4   
,oil ( turp5t9e imp>ts a viol5t od\r to 
! ur9e4 ,to prev5t loss by evaporation &
 res9ification1 ?is oil  %\ld be kept 9 
t9 cans or glass bottles4 ,= /ore       
vessels1 closely  cov]$ t9 ci/]ns are ! 
be/4 ,to prev5t accid5ts x is prop] to  
caution ! op]ator ( ! extremely p5etrat+
 & inflammable nature  ( ! vap\r ( ?is  
oil1 ev5 9 ! cold4 ,dur+ ! process ( its
  di/illation1 )\t ! greate/ precautions
 are tak51 an explosion is  almo/       
inevitable4    ,oil ( ,valerian4 ,syn4  
,,oleum ,,val]ian 7,ph4 ,bor471 ,l4 ,f !
 root  ( ,val]iana (fic9alis 7,l9n471 or
 wild val]ian4 ,yell[i%2 viscid2  light]
 ?an wat]2 smells /rongly ( ! plant4 ,by
 exposure to ! air  x is p>tly conv]t$  
into val]ianic acid1 & m readily s "u ! 
influ5ce ( an alkali4 ,9 its usual =m x 
consi/s ( val]ol1 a  neutral oily body2 
borne5e1 a volatile liquid hydroc>bon2 &
 val]ianic  acid4 ,x is p[]fully        

antispasmodic1 emm5agogue1 tonic1 &     
/imulant1  &1 9 l>ge doses1             
n>cotic4----,dose1 #b to #f drops2 9    
epilepsy1  hy/]ia1 hemicrania1          
hypo*ondriasis1 l[ fev]s1 c4 ,prod4     
#a-a_/d to  #b 7ne>ly74    ,oil (       
,v]b5a4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,v]b51 ,l4 ,f !  
fre% fl[]+ h]b  ( ,v]b5a odorata4 ,prod4
 #b to #e4 ,! #8,,oil ,,( ,,v]b5a' ( !  
%ops  is import$ f ,india1 & is obta9$ f
 ,&ropogon citratum4 ,see  ,,oil ,,(    
,,lemon ,,grass4    ,oil ( ,w9e4 ,,syn4 
,,heavy ,,oil ,,( ,,w9e1 ,,e!real ,,oil1
 ,,oily ,,e!real  ,,liquor1 ,,sulphate  
,,( ,,e!r ,,& ,,e!role2 ,,oleum ,,!reum 
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,oleum  ,,v9i1 ,,liquor    
,,!reus ,,oleosus1 ,l4 ,?is is an       
artificial production :i*1  = conv5i5ce1
 may be includ$ "u ?is head4    #a4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,rectifi$ _s1 #b p9ts1 &     
sulphuric acid1 #cf fl4 oz41 are        
cauti\sly mix$ toge!r 9 a glass retort1 
& submitt$ to di/illation  until a black
 fro? appe>s1 :5 ! retort is imm$iately 
remov$ f  ! fire 7s& heat72 ! light]1   

sup]natant1 liquor is next sep>at$  f ! 
fluid 9 ! receiv]1 & expos$ to ! air =  
#bd h\rs2 x is  !n agitat$ ) a mixture (
 solution ( potassa & wat]1 ( ea* #a    
fl4 oz41 or q4 s41 &1 :51 suffici5tly   
wa%$1 is1 la/ly1 sep>at$  f ! aque\s    
liquid f :i* x has subsid$4 ,! =mula ( !
 ,ph4  ,l4 #ahcf is ne>ly simil>4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rectifi$ _s & oil ( vitriol
 7comm]cial71 ( ea*  #a-a_/b p9t2 z !   
la/1 employ+ a ,liebig's cond5s]1 & a   
capsule =  ! exposure to ! air2 ! oil is
 !n transf]r$ to a moi/5$ pap]  filt]1 &
 wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 to remove   
any adh]+ acid4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47
 ,f ! residuum 9 ! retort aft] ! process
 (  prep>+ e!r1 di/ill$ to "o half1 by a
 mod]ate heat1 & ! oil  treat$ z be=e4  
#d4 ,f rectifi$ _s 7sp4 gr4 #hcc71 #b   
p>ts2 oil ( vitriol1 #e p>ts2  mix &    
di/il1 z be=e2 wa% ! product ) di/ill$  
wat]1 & free  x f adh]+ wat] &          
undecompos$ alcohol by exposure 9 !     
vacuum  ( an air-pump1 betwe5 two op5   
capsules1 ! "o conta9+ fragm5ts (  solid

 potassa1 & ! o!r conc5trat$ sulphuric  
acid4 ,pure4    #e4 ,by di/ill+ a       
mixture ( e!r & oil ( vitriol1 & treat+ 
!  product z be=e4    #f4 ,by !         
de/ructive di/illation ( dry sulphov9ate
 ( calcium2 !  product is fre$ f        
alcohol1 c41 by wa%+ x4 ,?is process    
yields !  l>ge/ product4    ,prop41 c4  
,an oily liquid1 ne>ly col\rless1       
neutral1 ) an aromatic  ta/e1 & an od\r 
resembl+ t ( oil ( pepp]m9t4 ,x is      
insoluble  9 wat]1 b freely soluble 9   
bo? alcohol & e!r2 boil+ wat]  conv]ts x
 into sulphov9ic acid1 & a volatile     
liquid call$ light or  sweet oil ( w9e2 
) an alkal9e solution1 ?is effect is    
produc$ )  ev5 great] facility4 ,sp4 gr4
 #aje 7,h5nel  ,ph4 ,l472 #aac          
7,s]ullas74  ,boils at #edj ,fahr4      
8,dropp$ into wat]1 x s9ks1 ! =m ( !    
globule  be+ pres]v$40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prod4
 #abe to #ae2 #cc lbs4 ( rectifi$  _s1 &
 #fd lbs4 ( oil ( vitriol1 yield #ag oz4
 ( ?is oil 7,h5nel74    ,uses4 ,oil (   
w9e is reput$ anodyne1 b is only us$ 9 !

  prep>ation ( o!r comp\nds4 ,see ,,_s  
,,( ,,e!r 7,comp\nd71 c4    ,oil ( ,w9e 
7,light74 ,syn4 ,,sweet ,,oil ,,( ,,w9e4
 ,see ,,e!r91 ,,e!role1  & above4       
,oil1 ,wood 7( ,india74 ,f ! ,*loroxylon
 ,swiet5ia 7,de ,c&471 !  tree :i*      
yields ! sat9-wood ( ! cab9et-mak]s4    
,ano!r wood oil  7,g,,rjun ,,balsam7 is 
obta9$ by incision f v>i\s species (    
,dipt]oc>pus4 ,?is balsam yields ab\t   
#ch ( a volatile oil by  di/illation1   
:i* 9 its g5]al prop]ties closely       
resembles ,,oil ,,(  ,,copaiba4         
7,o',%aughnessey47    ,oil ( ,wormse$4  
,syn4 ,,oleum ,,*5opodii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471
 ,l4 ,f ! se$s  ( ,*5opodium            
an!lm9ticum1 or ,j]usalem oak 7,am]ican 
wormse$74  ,light yell[1 or gre5i%2     
p[]fully an!lm9tic4 ,sp4 gr4            
#ijh4----;,dose4  ,= an adult1 #be to   
#cj drops1 9 sug>1 honey1 or milk1 night
 & morn+1  = #c or #d days1 foll[$ by a 
good dose ( ca/or oil1 or "s o!r        
suitable purgative4    ,oil ( ,wormwood4
 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,abs9?ii1 ,l4 ,f !      

h]bace\s portion  ( ,artemisia abs9?ium1
 or common wormwood2 gre5 or            
br[ni%-gre52  odor\s2 acrid2 bitt]2     
/oma*ic4 ,sp4 gr4 #igjc 7,brisson72     
#igbj  7,p]eira72 #igbe 7,br&e74 ,prod4 
,fre% h]b 7pick$71 #a_/d to #a_/c1 dry  
h]b 7a ye> old71 #a_/b 7fully72 d4      
7rec5t71 #c_/d to #a 7fully74    ,pur4  
,t ( ! %ops is ne>ly always ei!r        
adult]at$ or p>tly  spoil$ by age2 h5ce 
! discrepancies 9 ! d5sities giv5 = ?is 
oil by diff]5t au?orities4 ,a specim5 ( 
?is oil di/ill$ by ,mr  ,cooley f ! gre5
 plant _h ! sp4 gr4 #igab2 b aft] be+   
kept  = #ab mon?s1 x _h increas$ to     
#igah4 ,nitric acid ( #abe col\rs !     
pure oil fir/ gre51 !n blue1 &1 la/ly1  
br[n4 ,! positive  "* ( ^! reactions is 
9 direct proportion to ! purity &       
fre%ness ( ! sample4    ,,oily          
,,emul,,sion4 ,see ,,l9ctus 7,emolli5t74
    ,,oily ,,e!,,real ,,liq,,uor4 ,see  
,,oil ,,( ,,w9e 7above74    ,,o9t,,m5t4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum1 ,l4 ,any s(t1 fatty   
sub/ance appli$ to !  sk9 by inunction4 

,! t]m is n[ commonly re/rict$ to ^? :i*
 are  employ$ 9 m$ic9e4    ,o9tm5ts     
7ungu5ta7 diff] f #8c]ates' *iefly 9 _! 
consi/5ce1  & 9 wax n be+ a con/ant or  
ess5tial con/itu5t2 & !y are  made & us$
 9 a ne>ly simil> mann] to t class (    
prep>ations4  ,_! prop] degree (        
solidity is t ( good butt]1 at ! ord9>y 
temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! active  
+r$i5ts are pulv]ul5t  sub/ances1 no?+ c
 be m suitable to =m ! body ( ! o9tm5t  
?an good fre% l>d1 free f salt2 b :5 !y 
are fluid or  semi-fluid1 prep>$ suet1  
or a mixture ( suet & l>d1 w be         
necess>y to give a due consi/5ce to !   
comp\nd4 ,9 "s in/ances wax  is ord]$ = 
?is purpose4 ,ano!r excell5t #8vehicle' 
= ! m  active +r$i5ts is a simple       
o9tm5t1 =m$ by melt+ toge!r #a "p  (    
pure :ite wax ) ab\t #d p>ts ( olive    
oil4 ,! use ( ! la/  excludes !         
possibility ( ! irritation sometimes    
occasion$ by !  accession ( rancidity1  
:5 inf]ior l>d is employ$4 ,9 a few     
cases  butt] is employ$ to =m ! body ( !

 o9tm5t4    ,"s o9tm5ts are made f rec5t
 vegetable sub/ances by infusion or     
coction1 9 ! mann] adopt$ = m$icat$     
oils4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,m$icat$4    ,!     
precautions to be us$ 9 ! *oice ( l>d   
are notic$ 9 !  article devot$ to ?is   
sub/ance4 ,l>d is includ$ 9 ! ,mat]ia   
,m$ica  ( ! ,london ,college4 ,9 ! la/  
,ph4 ,d4 l>d = m$ic9al use 7,,adeps     
,,suillus ,,pr,,p>atus----,ph4 ,d47 is  
ord]$ to be prep>$ by melt+ x 9  twice  
its weight ( boil+ wat]1 /irr+ x        
con/antly = "s "t1  !n sett+ ! mixture  
aside to cool2 &1 la/ly1 sep>at+ ! fat  
:5 x has solidifi$4    ,o9tm5ts are be/ 
pres]v$ by keep+ !m 9 salt-glaz$ e>!n or
  /onew>e j>s1 cov]$ ) t9 foil1 9 a cool
 situation4    ,! accession ( rancidity 
9 o9tm5ts & o!r unctu\s prep>ations  may
 be greatly ret>d$1 if n :olly prev5t$1 
by previ\sly dissolv+  9 ! fat ab\t #b (
 gum-b5zo91 9 f9e p[d]1 or r less       
quantity ( b5zoic acid by ! aid ( heat4 
,?is addition r5d]s !  o9tm5t peculi>ly 
soo?+ to irritable or highly s5sitive   

sk9s4  ,popl> buds act 9 a simil> mann]4
     ,! =mul = all ! m useful & g5]ally 
employ$ o9tm5ts are  giv5 bel[4 ,^? n   
includ$ 9 ! li/ may be prep>$ ( ! prop] 
/r5g? = all ord9>y purposes1 by comb9+  
ab\t #ab to #ae times !  m$ium dose ( ! 
p>ticul> m$ic9al ) #a oz4 ( l>d or      
simple  o9tm5t4 ,= sub/ances :i* possess
 little activity1 #a_/b to #a dr4 p]    
oz41 or ev5 m1 may be tak54 ,see        
,,c]ate1 ,,fat1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,acetate
 ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,plumbi     
,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,acetate (    
lead1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a  oz42 simple       
o9tm5t1 #bj oz42 mix !m ?or\ghly 7by    
trituration74    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,o9tm5t 
( :ite wax1 #a lb42 melt by a g5tle     
heat1 !n add1  gradually1 ( acetate (   
lead1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a oz41 & /ir !     
mixture until x concretes4    #c4 7,b4  
,p47 ,acetate ( lead1 9 f9e p[d]1 #ab   
gr42 b5zoat$ l>d1 #a oz42  mix4    ,obs4
 ,a useful1 cool+1 a/r+5t1 & desiccative
 o9tm5t4 ,= !  =mula ( ,ph4 ,l41 see    

,,c]ate4    ,o9tm5t1 ,acetic4 ,see      
,,o9tm5t1 ,,v9eg>4    ,o9tm5t (         
,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,aconiti1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr  ,turnbull47        
,alcoholic extract ( aconite1 #a "p2    
l>d1 #b p>ts2 c>efully  triturat$       
toge!r4 ,9 neuralgia1 c4    #b4         
7,ammoniat$2 ,,ungu5tum ,,aconiti       
,,ammoniatum----,turnbull47 ,ammoniat$  
extract ( aconite1 #a "p2 l>d1 #c p>ts4 
,9 neuralgia1 p>alysis1 old  rheumatic  
affections1 c4 ,! use ( ! above         
prep>ations ( aconite  requires !       
greate/ caution4 ,!y are int5d$ z       
sub/itutes =  ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,aconit9e1 a
 /ill m dang]\s prep>ation4    ,o9tm5t (
 ,aconit9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,aconit91 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr  ,g>rod47 ,pure     
aconit9e1 #a gr42 l>d1 #a dr42 mix by   
c>eful trituration4    #b4 7,dr         
,turnbull47 ,aconit9e1 #b gr42 rectifi$ 
_s1 #f or #g drops2  triturate toge!r1  
!n add ( l>d1 #a dr41 & mix well4    #c4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,aconitia 7aconit9e71 #h gr42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b dr42  dissolve & add

 l>d1 #a oz42 mix4    ,use1 c4 ,z a     
topical b5umb] 9 neuralgic affections1  
rheumatic pa9s1  c4 ,its application    
g5]ally occasions consid]able t+l+1 &   
sometimes r$ness ( ! "p to :i* x is     
appli$1 foll[$ by  tempor>y loss (      
s5sation 9 ! sk9 & ! cessation ( ! pa94 
,=  slight cases ,dr ,p>is =m]ly employ$
 only #a gr4 to ! oz4 ,ow+ to !         
int5sely poison\s nature ( aconit9e1 ?is
 o9tm5t mu/ be bo?  prep>$ & us$ ) great
 caution1 & mu/ nev] be appli$ to an    
abrad$ surface4 ,x is seldom employ$1   
ow+ to its extreme co/l9ess4  ,see      
,,aconitia1 & above4    ,o9tm5t1 ,ague4 
,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,antip]iodic4           
,o9tm5t1 ,alb9olo's4 ,see ,,pat5t       
,,m$ic9es4    ,o9tm5t1 ,alkal9e4 ,syn4  
,,ungu5tum ,,alkal9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,biett47  ,c>bonate ( soda1 #b dr42    
fre%-slak$ lime1 #a dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #b
 gr42  l>d1 #b oz42 mix by trituration4 
,9 prurigo1 r+worm1 & "s o!r  cutane\s  
affections4    #b4 7,caz5ave47 ,c>bonate
 ( potassa1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,9      

psoriasis1  lepra1 & scorbutic          
eruptions4    #c4 7,dev]gie47----a4 ,f  
c>bonate 7n sesquic>bonate7 ( soda1 #aj 
to  #ae gr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,9 li*54    b4 
,f c>bonate ( soda1 #bj to #cj gr42 l>d1
 #a oz4 ,9 i*?yosis1  lepra1 psoriasis1 
& "s o!r scaly sk9 diseases4    c4 ,f   
c>bonate ( soda1 #a_/b to #a dr42 l>d1  
#a oz4 ,9 porrigo favosa1  especially :5
 occurr+ 9 adults4    #d4 7,s\beiran47  
,c>bonate ( soda1 #a to #b dr42 w9e (   
opium1 #a fl4 dr42  l>d1 #a oz4 ,9 any (
 ! above affections1 :5 !re is mu* pa9  
or  irritation4    ,obs4 ,c>bonate (    
potassa is ?\ght to be pref]able to     
c>bonate (  soda1 :5 ! above affections 
occur 9 scorbutic habits4 ,a little     
camphor is also occasionally add$4      
,o9tm5t ( ,aloes4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,=     
,,worms4    ,o9tm5t ( ,aloes1 ,comp\nd4 
,see ,,o9tm5t ,,= ,,worms4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,alum4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,alum9is1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 ,alum1 9  v f9e p[d]1 #a dr42
 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,9 piles4    #b4 ,to !
 la/ add ( p[d]$ opium1 #g gr4 ,9 piles1

 :5 !re is mu*  pa94 ,see ,,o9tm5t1     
,,bany]',s4    ,o9tm5t1 ,ammoniacal4    
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,ammoniacale1 ,u4     
,,ammoni1 ,l42  ,,lip>ole               
,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,pommade ,,de         
,,gondret1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47  
,suet  & l>d1 ( ea* #a oz42 melt 9 a    
/rong wide-m\!d bottle1 add (  liquor ( 
ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #ibc71 #b oz41 at once 
close ! bottle1 &  agitate x until its  
cont5ts concrete4 ,z little heat z      
possible %\ld  be employ$1 to prev5t    
unnecess>y loss ( ammonia4    #b4       
7,gondret47 ,l>d1 #c p>ts2 suet1 #b     
p>ts2 almond oil1 #a "p2 /rong  solution
 ( ammonia1 #f p>ts2 mix1 z be=e4       
,rubefaci5t1 vesicant1 &                
c\nt]-irritant4 ,sme>$ ov] ! sk9 & cov]$
 s z to prev5t  evaporation1 x raises a 
bli/] 9 #e or #f m9utes4 ,its g5]al     
effects  & uses are simil> to ^? (      
comp\nd l9im5t ( ammonia4    ,o9tm5t (  
,c>bonate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum  
,,ammoni  ,,c>bonatis1 ,u4 ,a4          
,,sesquic>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f        

c>bonate ( ammonia1  #a dr42 l>d1 #i dr4
 ,an excell5t application to pa9ful     
jo9ts1 indol5t  tum\rs1 scr(ul\s sores1 
c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,ammoniat$ ,m]cury4     
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,ammoniati
  7,b4 ,p474 ,ammoniat$ m]cury1 #fb gr42
 simple o9tm5t1 #a oz42 mix4 ,see next  
prep>ation4    ,o9tm5t (                
,ammonio-*loride ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,:ite
 ,,precipitate  ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum    
,,hydr>gyri ,,ammonio-,,*loridi 7,ph4   
,l471 ,u4 ,h4  ,,precipitati ,,albi1 ,u4
 ,,precip4 ,a4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,h       
,,submuriatis ,,ammoniati 7,ph4  ,d4    
#ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47       
,ammonio-*loride ( m]cury1 #b dr42 l>d1 
#c oz42 triturate toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4  
,e47 ,z ! la/1 b employ+ heat4    ,uses1
 c4 ,alt]ative2 det]g5t2 /imulant4 ,9   
it*1 scald-head1 &  v>i\s o!r sk9       
diseases2 9 inflammation ( ! eyes2 z an 
application to scr(ul\s & canc]\s       
tum\rs2 to de/roy v]m9 on !  body1 c4 ,x
 8may be safely us$0 79 small           
quantities7 8on infants40 7,a4  ,t4     

,?omson47    ,o9tm5t1 ,anglo-,saxon4    
,prep4 ,heat olive oil1 #a p9t1 &       
beeswax1  #a_/d lb41 until ! mixture    
acquires a r$di%-br[n col\r2 !n add r$  
lead 7levigat$71 #a_/d lb41 & cont9ue ! 
heat1 ) con/ant /irr+2  :5 ! union      
appe>s complete1 add ( amb] & burnt     
alum1 ( ea*1 9  f9e p[d]1 #a_/b oz42    
la/ly1 :5 consid]ably cool$1 add ( p[d]$
  camphor1 #c dr4 ,z a dress+ to f\l    
ulc]s4    ,o9tm5t1 ,anodyne4 ,see       
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,opium1 ,,hemlock1 c4     
,o9tm5t ( ,an?racokali4 ,syn4 ,,pomade  
,,de ,,an?racokali1 ,fr4 ,prep4  7,dr   
,polya47 ,an?racokali1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a 
"p2 l>d1 #cj p>ts4 ,see  ,,an?racokali4 
,o9tm5t1 ,antih]petic4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,antih]peticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4         
7,alib]t47 ,r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #c    
dr42 p[d]$ camphor1 #a dr42 l>d1  #c oz4
    #b4 7,*evalli]47 #8,subsulphate (   
m]cury' 7,turpe? m9]al71 #b dr42        
*loride ( lime1 #c dr42 almond oil1 #f  
dr42 l>d1 #b oz4 ,9 h]pes or  tett]s4   
,o9tm5t1 ,antimonial4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( 

,,potassio ,,t>trate ,,( ,,antimony4    
,o9tm5t1 ,antip]iodic4 ,syn4 ,,ague     
,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum ,,antip]iodicum1   
,u4 ,,febrifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
,disulphate ( qu99e1 #a-a_/b dr42       
sac*>9e  c>bonate ( iron1 #a dr42 oil ( 
cajeput1 #cj drops2 fre% butt]1 #a oz4  
#b4 7,anton9i47 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #a   
oz42 rectifi$ _s & sulphuric  acid1 (   
ea* q4 s42 l>d1 #a oz4    ,uses1 c4     
,ab\t #a_/d oz4 ( ei!r ( ! above to be  
rubb$ on !  v]tebral regions once e #b  
or #c h\rs = #c or #d days1 9 int]mitt5t
  fev]s1 m especially 9 ^? accompani$ by
 vomit+2 or1 into !  epiga/rium1 9      
*ol]a1 di>rha1 or dys5t]y4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,ar>oba4 ,see ,,ar>oba4    ,o9tm5t1     
,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,balsamum ,,/oma*ale  
,,wack]i1 ,,ungu5tum  ,,aromaticum1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,ph4 ,au/r4 #ahcf47 ,simple     
o9tm5t1 #b-a_/b lbs42  yell[ wax & oil (
 laurel1 ( ea* #c oz42 melt toge!r1 &1  
:5  consid]ably cool$1 add ( oils (     
junip]1 m9t1 lav5d]1 & rosem>y1  ( ea*  
#b dr4 ,anodyne1 balsamic1 & /imulant4  

,o9tm5t1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,(  
,,:ite ,,ars5ic2 ,,ungu5tum             
,,ars5icale1 ,u4 ,,ars5ici1 ,u4 ,,acidi 
,,ars5iosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ars5i\s acid
  7levigat$71 #c gr42 l>d or simple     
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9 lepra1 psoriasis1     
malignant :itl[s1 c4    #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47
 ,levigat$ :ite ars5ic1 #ae to #bj gr42 
l>d1 #a oz4 ,z a  dress+ = canc]\s      
sores4    #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,:ite ars5ic1
 #a dr42 l>d1 & sp]maceti o9tm5t1 (  ea*
 #f dr4 ,9 malignant canc]4 ,! above mu/
 be c>efully prep>$1 &  us$ ) great     
caution4 ,see ,,c]ate4    ,o9tm5t (     
,arseniate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,f]ri ,,ars5iatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4     
7,c>mi*ael47 ,ars5iate ( iron1 #a_/b    
dr42 phosphate ( iron1 #b  dr42         
sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #f dr4    #b4 7,dr    
,p]eira47 ,ars5iate ( iron1 #a_/b dr42  
l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,9 canc]4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,ars5iate ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,sod ,,ars5iatis4 ,prep4  ,ars5iate (  
soda1 #a dr42 l>d1 #b oz4 ,mix4         
,o9tm5t1 ,a/r9g5t4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     

,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,triturate  p[d]$  
cate*u1 #a-a_/b dr41 ) boil+ wat]1 #b   
fl4 dr41 add1  gradually1 ( sp]maceti   
o9tm5t 7melt$71 #a-a_/d oz41 & cont9ue !
  trituration until ! mass concretes4   
,an excell5t dress+ =  ill-dispos$ sores
 & ulc]s1 especially dur+ hot wea!r4    
,see !  sev]al ,,lead ,,o9tm5ts1        
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,galls1 c4    ,o9tm5t (   
,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,atropi 7,b4
 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,atropia1 #a-a_/b
 gr2 simple o9tm5t1 #a dr42 mix by      
c>eful trituration4    #b4 7,dr         
,brookes47 ,atropia1 #e gr42 l>d1 #c    
dr42 otto ( roses1 #a drop4 ,9          
neuralgia1 rheumatic pa9s1 c41 :5 !     
affection is n deeply seat$4    #c4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,atropia1 #h gr42 rectifi$ _s1    
#a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a oz42  dissolve !     
atropia 9 ! _s & mix ) ! l>d4           
,o9tm5t1 ,bailey's4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1      
,,it*4    ,o9tm5t ( ,balsam ( ,p]u4     
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,balsami ,,p]uviani1  
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,l>d or sp]maceti       
o9tm5t1 #a oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42  

melt  toge!r by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 /ir
 = #e or #f m9utes1 all[ x  to settle1 &
 p\r (f ! cle> portion4 ,9 *aps &       
abrasions4    #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,ung4 ,b4 
,p4 ,,compositum----,copl&47 ,l>d1 #a   
oz42 :ite wax1 #a_/d  oz42 balsam (     
,p]u1 #a dr12 melt z be=e1 & :5 ne>ly   
cold1 add (  oil ( lav5d]1 #aj or #ab   
drops4 ,z ! la/1 & to re/ore ! hair4    
,o9tm5t1 ,bany]'s4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd      
,,alum ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum ,,alum9is   
,,compositum1 ,u4 ,,calomelanos1 ,u4    
,,bany]i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f burnt alum &    
calomel1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 c>bonate (  
lead1 or li?>ge 7levigat$71 #b  oz42    
,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a_/b lb42 l>d1 #b     
lbs42 c>efully triturat$  toge!r4 ,9    
milk-scald1 porrigo1 c4    ,o9tm5t (    
,b>k4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,c9*ona4       
,o9tm5t1 ,basilicon4 ,syn4 ,,basilicon1 
,,yell[ ,b42 ,,ungu5tum ,,basilicum2    
,u4 ,b4 ,,flavum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4  
#agdf47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 yell[  
wax1  yell[ res91 & ,burgundy pit*1 (   
ea* #a lb42 melt1 remove ! vessel  f !  

fire1 & /ir 9 ( common turp5t9e1 #c oz4 
,?is =m is /ill  occasionally employ$ 9 
"s %ops1 b is g5]ally sup]s$$ by !  res9
 c]ate & res9 o9tm5t ( ! ,ph>macopias4  
,a ne>ly simil>  prep>ation "u ! "n (   
#8basilicon o9tm5t1' is conta9$ 9 !     
,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4 7,see bel[47          
,o9tm5t1 ,basilicon 7,black74 ,see      
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,pit*4    ,o9tm5t1        
,basilicon 7,gre574 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,basilicum ,,viride1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 
,l4 #agdf74 ,prep>$ v]digris1 #a oz42   
yell[ basilicon1 #h oz42  olive oil1 #c 
fl4 oz4 ,det]g5t4 ,us$ to keep d[n      
fung\s gr[?s1 to  dress syphilitic      
ulc]s1 c4 ,see ,,c]ate & ,,o9tm5t ,,(   
,,v]digris4    ,o9tm5t1 ,bateman's4 ,see
 ,,o9tm5t1 ,,it*4    ,o9tm5t (          
,bay-leaves4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,laurel4   
,o9tm5t ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l474  ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract ( belladonna   
7deadly night%ade71 #a dr42  l>d1 #a    
oz42 mix by trituration4    #b4         
7,s\beiran47 ,fre% belladonna leaves    

7bruis$71 #a "p2 l>d1 #b p>ts2  simm]   
toge!r until ! leaves become crisp1 &1  
aft] dige/ion1 =  a %ort "t long]1 dra9 
) pressure4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract ( 
belladonna1 #a2 rubb$ ) a few drops (   
wat] &  mix ) l>d1 #e-a_/b4    ,uses1 c4
 ,z a local anodyne1 9 pa9ful & indol5t 
tum\rs1 n]v\s  irritations1 c4 ,also z  
an application to ! neck ( ! ut]us 9    
cases  ( rigidity4 7,*aussi]47    #d4   
,comp\nd2 ,,ungu5tum ,,belladonn        
,,compositum1 ,l4----a4 7,w4 ,cooley47  
,comp\nd iod9e o9tm5t1 #g dr42 extract (
 belladonna1 #a dr4 ,p[]fully           
discuti5t4 ,a mo/ excell5t application  
to all gl&ul> tum\rs &  indurations1    
buboes1 c41 :i* x is desirable to       
disp]se in/ead (  mature1 m especially  
:]e !re is mu* pa94 ,x is p>ticul>ly    
suitable to cases occurr+ on %ipbo>d1 & 
:5 its application 7at  lea/ twice a    
day7 is accompani$ ) ! int]nal use ( !  
mixture (  iod9e & gold 7,see           
,,antiscr(ul\s ,,mixture71 ?is treatm5t 
has seldom  fail$1 ev5 :5 ! p>ties 7    

diet$ *iefly on salt food4    b4        
7,debreyne47 ,extract ( belladonna &    
l>d1 ( ea* #c dr42 p[d]$  opium1 #a_/b  
dr4 ,z an ext]nal anodyne & b5umb]1 m   
especially 9  neuralgia1 pa9ful canc]\s 
tum\rs1 c4 ,a small piece is to be      
appli$  to ! "p1 & ! friction cont9u$ = 
#f or #h m9utes4 ,! above  prep>ations  
are useless unless ! extract employ$ is 
rec5t1 & (  good quality4    ,o9tm5t (  
,b5zo94 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t   
,,( ,,b5zo94 ,prep4  ,t9cture ( b5zo91  
#b oz42 l>d1 #af oz42 melt ! l>d ov] a  
wat] ba?  & add ! t9cture1 /irr+        
con/antly1 & :5 ! _s has  evaporat$1    
remove f ! wat] ba?1 & /ir :il/ cool+4  
,o9tm5t ( ,bismu?4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,bismu?i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate (    
bismu? 7#8:ite bismu?'71 #a dr42 simple 
o9tm5t1 #a oz4    #b4 7,full]47 ,nitrate
 ( bismu?1 #a dr42 sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #ai
 dr4 ,9  it*1 & "s *ronic cutane\s      
diseases4    ,o9tm5t1 ,bli/er+4 ,see    
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,can?>ides1 & ,,vesicants4
    ,o9tm5t1 ,blue4 ,?is is ! vulg> "n 9

 ,engl& ( m]curial  o9tm5t4 ,on !       
,cont95t1 an o9tm5t made ( smalts &     
,g\l>d wat]  is commonly s call$4       
,o9tm5t ( ,borax4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,boracis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f borax 79  v f9e
 p[d]71 #a dr42 simple o9tm5t or l>d1 #g
 dr4 ,9 excoriations1  *aps1 c4         
,o9tm5t ( ,bromide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4  
,,ungu5tum ,,potassii ,,bromidi1 ,u4    
,,potass ,,hydrobromatis1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,mag5die47 ,bromide ( potassium1 #a_/b 
dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,resolv5t2 9           
bron*ocele1 scr(ula1 c4    ,o9tm5t (    
,brom9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,brom9ii1 ,u4
 ,b4 ,,compositum1 ,l4  ,prep4          
7,mag5die47 ,bromide ( potassium1 #bj   
gr42 brom9e1 #f to #ab drops2  l>d1 #a  
oz4 ,z ! la/1 b m active4    ,o9tm5t1   
,br[n4 ,syn4 ,,fr5* ,,poor-,,man',s     
,,fri5d2 ,,ungu5tum ,,fuscum1 ,u4       
,,hydr>gyri1 ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,nitric oxide ( m]cury 7levigat$71     
#a_/b dr42 res9 o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9       
oph?almia 7cauti\sly71 aft] !           
inflammatory /age is ov]2 z an          

application to sore legs1 c4    ,o9tm5t 
( ,cadmium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,cadmii1  
,u4 ,c4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4  ,prep4        
7,radius47 ,sulphate ( cadmium1 #a to #b
 gr42 pure l>d1 #a dr42  c>efully       
triturat$ toge!r4 ,9 specks on ! cornea4
    ,o9tm5t ( ,cadmium1 ,iodide (4 7,b4 
,ph47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,cadmii         
,,iodidi4  ,prep4 ,mix ?or\ghly iodide (
 cadmium 9 f9e p[d]1 #fb gr41 )  simple 
o9tm5t1 #a oz4    ,o9tm5t ( ,caffe9e4   
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,caffe94 ,prep4       
,citrate (  caffe9e1 #h gr42 l>d1 #aj   
oz4 ,mix4    ,o9tm5t ( ,calam9e4 ,syn4  
,,ungu5tum ,,calam91 ,u4 ,,lapis        
,,calam9>is1  ,u4 ,,z9ci ,,c>bonatis    
,,impuri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47  
,prep>$ calam9e1 #a  lb42 o9tm5t ( yell[
 wax1 #e lbs4 ,desiccative & heal+4 ,?is
 is !  old ,dubl9 =m = ,turn]'s c]ate4  
,o9tm5t ( ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,hydr>gyri ,,sub*loridi 7,b4 ,p471     
,,ungu5tum ,,calomelanos1 ,u4           
,,hydr>gyri ,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f
 calomel1  #a dr42 l>d1 or simple       

o9tm5t1 #a oz4    ,obs4 8,7 ,i requir$  
to "n a local ag5t pre-em95tly useful 9 
sk9  diseases g5]ally1 ,i %\ld fix on   
?is4 ,x is well des]v+ a place 9  !     
,ph>macopia40 7,p]eira47 ,dr ,und]wood  
uses eld]-fl[] o9tm5t z  ! vehicle4     
#b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,ungu5tum ,,calomelanos 
,,compositum----,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47   
,calomel1 #a dr42 t> o9tm5t1 #d dr42    
sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a oz4    #c4 7,b4    
,p47 ,calomel1 #a2 prep>$ l>d1 #e-a_/b2 
mix4 ,9 lepra4    ,o9tm5t ( ,camphor4   
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,camphor1  #a to #b dr42 l>d1 #a    
oz42 dissolve by a g5tle heat & /ir     
until ! mass  is ne>ly cold4 ,/imulant &
 anodyne2 9 prurigo1 psoriasis1 c4      
#b4 7,comp\nd47 ,f p[d]$ opium1 #a_/b   
dr42 p[d]$ camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42  l>d1  
#a-a_/d oz42 mix by trituration4 ,z an  
anodyne friction 9 rheumatic  pa9s1     
swell$ jo9ts1 colic1 c4    ,o9tm5t (    
,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,can?>idis
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,d41  ,u4 ,s471   
,u4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   

,can?>ides 79 v f9e  p[d]71 #c oz42     
di/ill$ wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 boil to 
"o half1 to !  /ra9$ liquid add ( res9  
c]ate1 #a lb41 & evaporate to a prop]   
consi/5ce4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,l9im5t (  
,spani% flies1 #h fl4 oz42 :ite wax1 #c 
oz42  sp]maceti1 #a oz42 melt toge!r ) a
 g5tle heat1 & /ir until x  concretes4  
#c4 7,ph4 ,e47----a4 ,,ungu5tum         
,,infusui ,,can?>idis----,ph4 ,e4 ,p[d]$
  ,can?>ides #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/d  
p9t2 infuse "o night 7#ab h\rs71  /ra9 )
 expression1 add ( l>d #b oz41 & boil   
until ! wat] is  expell$2 !n add beeswax
 & res91 ( ea* #a oz41 & :5 ^! are      
liquefi$1 remove ! vessel f ! fire1 &   
fur!r add ( ,v5ice  turp5t9e1 #b oz4    
b4 7,,ungu5tum ,,pulv]is                
,,can?>idis----,ph4 ,e47 ,res9 o9tm5t1  
#g oz42 melt1  add ( can?>ides 79 f9e   
p[d]71 #a oz41 & /ir until ! :ole is    
ne>ly cold4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,can?>ides1
 9 f9e p[d]1 #a2 olive oil1 #f2 yell[   
wax1 #a2  dige/ ! can?>ides 9 ! oil =   
#ab h\rs1 & = #a_/d h\r at #bab2  /ra91 

add ! melt$ wax1 & /ir till cold4       
,obs4 ,! above prep>ations are frequ5tly
 call$ #8bli/] o9tm5t' or  #8epispa/ic  
o9tm5t4' ,!y are us$ to keep bli/]s op5 
aft] !y h  be5 produc$ by /rong]        
comp\nds4 ,! fir/ ?ree comp\nds are     
reg>d$ z mild] ?an ! la/ 7#c1 b71 :i*   
conta9s ! flies 9  sub/ance4 ,! ,p4     
,cod4 conta9s an o9tm5t 7,,ung4         
,,epispa/icum ,,flavum7  :i* is weak]   
?an ! above1 prep>$ by dige/+ ! bruis$  
flies 9  l>d1 = #c h\rs1 ov] a w>m ba?2 
ab\t #a_/f? "p ( wax is next add$  to ! 
/ra9$ fat1 :i* is !n col\r$ ) turm]ic1 &
 sc5t$  ) oil ( lemon4 ,see ,,c]ate1    
,,pommade1 ,,vesicants1 & bel[4         
,o9tm5t ( ,can?>ides1 ,extract (4 7,m4  
,cap47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,cum           
,,extracto ,,can?>idis4 ,prep4          
,alcoholic extract ( can?>ides1 #h gr42 
oil  ( roses1 #a dr42 beef m>r[1 #b oz42
 oil ( lemon1 #dj m9ims4 ,to promote  ! 
gr[? ( ! hair4    ,o9tm5t ( ,can?>ides )
 ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,can?>idis  
,,cum  ,,hydr>gyro4 ,prep4 ,l>d1 #fe    

p>ts2 ,spani% flies1 #bi p>ts2 /rong    
m]curial o9tm5t1 #f p>ts4 ,mix4 ,us$ 9  
,norm&y to indol5t tum\rs4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,can?>id9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,can?>id91
 ,l4 ,prep4  7,s\beiran47 ,can?>id9e1 #a
 gr42 :ite wax1 #a dr42 l>d1 #g dr42 mix
  ?or\ghly4 7,see above47    ,o9tm5t (  
,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,capsici1  
,l4 ,prep4 7,dr  ,turnbull47 ,t9cture ( 
capsicum 7pure71 q4 s42 g5tly evaporate 
x until  x beg9s to gelat9ise1 !n mix ! 
extract ) twice its weight (  l>d4 ,z a 
p[]ful /imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,:5 v     
freely us$1 x  vesicates4    ,o9tm5t (  
,c>bonate ( ,ammonia4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1    
,,ammoniacal4    ,o9tm5t ( ,c>bolic     
,acid4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum  
,,acidi ,,c>bolici4  ,prep4 ,c>bolic    
acid1 #fj gr42 simple o9tm5t1 #dhj gr4  
,o9tm5t ( ,c>bonate ( ,lead4 ,syn4      
,,:ite ,,lead ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum      
,,plumbi ,,c>bonatis 7,p4 ,b41 ,ph4 ,e4 
,d471 ,u4 ,,c]uss1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 
,e47  ,c>bonate ( lead1 #a oz42 simple  
o9tm5t1 #e oz42 mix ?or\ghly4    #b4    

7,ph4 ,d47 ,c>bonate ( lead1 #c oz42    
o9tm5t ( :ite wax1 #a lb42 mix  ) heat4 
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c>bonate ( lead1 9 f9e   
p[d]1 #a2 simple o9tm5t1 #g4 ,mix4      
#d4 ,,ungu5tum ,,plumbi                 
,,camphoratum----7,e41 #agdd74 ,add to !
 la/ #b scruples (  camphor gr\nd ) a   
little oil4    ,uses1 c4 ,cool+2        
desiccative4 ,useful to promote ! heal+ 
(  excoriat$ p>ts & slight ulc]ations4  
,! camphorat$ :ite o9tm5t (  old ph>macy
 7,,ung4 ,,album ,,camphoratum----,ph4  
,l4 #agdd7 0 made by add+ #dj  gr4 (    
camphor to ! fir/ ( ! above4    ,o9tm5t 
( ,cate*u4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,cate*u1   
,l4 ,prep4 ,f alum1 #a  oz42 cate*u1 #c 
oz42 7bo? 9 v f9e p[d]27 add$ to olive  
oil1 #a_/b  p9t1 & yell[ res91 #d oz41  
previ\sly melt$ toge!r4 ,us$ to dress   
ulc]s 9 hot climates1 :]e ! ord9>y fat  
o9tm5ts are  objectionable2 also 9 ?is  
c\ntry dur+ hot wea!r4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1   
,,a/r+5t4    ,o9tm5t ( ,*alk4 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,cret4 ,prep4 ,prep>$ *alk1 
#a  oz42 l>d1 #d oz4 ,mix4    ,o9tm5t ( 

,*amomile4 7,m4 ,baz947 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum
 ,,an!midis4 ,prep4  ,fre%ly p[d]$      
*amomile fl[]s1 olive oil1 & l>d1 9     
equal  quantities4 ,= ! cure ( it*4     
,o9tm5t ( ,*>coal4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,c>bonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res9  o9tm5t1
 #aj dr42 rec5tly burnt *>coal          
7levigat$71 #c dr4 ,z a dress+  to f\l  
ulc]s1 especially ^? ( ! legs4    #b4   
7,casp>47 ,lime tree *>coal & dri$      
c>bonate ( soda1 ( ea* #b  dr12 rose    
o9tm5t1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 ,9 scald-head4 
#c4 7,radius47 ,animal *>coal 7rec5t71  
#a "p2 mall[ o9tm5t1 #b p>ts4  ,z a     
friction 9 gl&ul> enl>gem5ts &          
indurations1 z a dress+ to  fetid ulc]s1
 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,*]ry-,laurel4 ,syn4   
,,ungu5tum ,,lauro-,,c]asi1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,s\beiran47 ,ess5tial oil (            
*]ry-laurel1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,to    
alleviate ! pa9 9 canc]1 neuralgia1 &   
o!r local affections4    ,o9tm5t1       
,*ilbla94 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,ad         
,,p]niones1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f  made     
mu/>d 7v ?ick71 #b p>ts2 almond oil &   

glyc]9e1 ( ea* #a  "p2 triturat$ toge!r4
 ,to be appli$ night & morn+4    #b4    
7,cott]eau47 ,acetate ( lead1 camphor1 &
 *]ry-laurel wat]1 ( ea*  #a dr42 t>1   
#a-a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a oz4    #c4         
7,dev]gie47 ,creasote & ,g\l>d's        
extract1 ( ea* #ab drops2 extract  (    
opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,twice  
or ?rice daily4    #d4 7,giacom9i47     
,sug> ( lead1 #b dr42 *]ry-laurel wat]  
7di/ill$71 #b  fl4 dr42 l>d1 #a oz4     
#e4 7,l9nu47 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42    
hydro*loric acid1 #b dr42 sp]maceti     
o9tm5t1 #b-a_/b oz4    ,obs4 ,=         
,sw$iaur's1 ,vance's1 & ,wahl]'s        
o9tm5ts1 see article  ,,*ilbla94        
,o9tm5t ( ,*loral ,hydrate4 7,d[ault47  
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,*loralis  ,,hydras4  
,prep4 ,*loral hydrate1 #b p>ts2 l>d1   
#bj p>ts4 ,/imulant2  /rong] if requir$ 
z a rubefaci5t4    ,o9tm5t ( ,*loride ( 
,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,calcii     
,,*loridi1 ,u4  ,,calcis ,,muriatis1 ,l4
 ,prep4 7,sundel947 ,*loride ( calcium  
7dry71 #a dr42  /rong v9eg>1 #dj gr42   

foxglove 7rec5t1 9 f9e p[d]71 #b dr42   
l>d1 #a  oz4 ,9 bron*ocele1 scr(ul\s    
tum\rs1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,*loride (      
,lead4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,plumbi        
,,*loridi1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,tuson74        
,*loride ( lead1 #a "p2 simple c]ate1 #h
 p>ts2  c>efully triturat$ toge!r4 ,9   
pa9ful canc]\s ulc]ations &  neuralgic  
tum\rs4 ,see ,,lead 7,*loride74         
,o9tm5t ( ,*loride ( ,lime4 ,see        
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,hypo*lorite ,,( ,,lime4  
,o9tm5t ( ,*loride ( ,m]cury4 ,see      
,,o9tm5ts ,,( ,,calomel & ,,corrosive   
,,sublimate4    ,o9tm5t ( ,*lor9e4 ,syn4
 ,,ungu5tum ,,*lor9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4       
7,augu/947 ,*lor9e wat]1 #a "p2 l>d1 #h 
p>ts2 well triturat$  toge!r4 ,9 it*1   
lepra1 r+worm1 fetid ulc]s1 c4          
,o9tm5t ( ,*lor-iodide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri  ,,*loriodidi1   
,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,recami]47 ,*loriodide  
7iodo-*loride7 (  m]cury1 #c gr42 l>d1  
#e dr4 ,recomm5d$ z a p[]ful discuti5t  
or  resolv5t4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,(         
,,iodo-,,*loride ,,( ,,m]cury4          

,o9tm5t ( ,*lor(orm4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,*lor(ormi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4  ,l\is47   
,*lor(orm1 #a dr42 simple o9tm5t1 #a oz4
 ,9 neuralgia &  rheumatic pa9s1 c4 ,x  
mu/ be kept 9 a /opp]$1 wide-m\!d phial4
    ,o9tm5t ( ,c9*ona4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t   
,,( ,,b>k2 ,,ungu5tum ,,c9*on1 ,l4      
,prep4 7,biett47 ,r$ c9*ona b>k 79 v f9e
 p[d]7 & almond oil1  ( ea* #a "p2 beef 
m>r[ 7prep>$71 #c p>ts4 ,9 ! v>iety (   
scald-head t]m$ porrigo decalvans4 ,a   
little oil ( mace or t> is a  useful    
addition4    ,o9tm5t1 ,citr9e4 ,see     
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury4    
,o9tm5t ( ,cobalt1 ,oxide (4 7,am/4     
,ph47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,oxidi          
,,cobalti4 ,prep4 ,simple c]ate1 #af    
oz42 liquid subacetate ( lead1 #d oz42  
p[d]$ smalt1 #d oz4    ,o9tm5t (        
,cocculus ,9dicus4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,cocculi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 
,e47 ,k]nels ( ,cocculus indicus1 #a "p2
 beat !m to a  smoo? pa/e 9 a mort>1    
fir/ alone1 & next ) a little l>d2 !n   
fur!r add ( l>d1 q4 s41 s t x may be    

equal to #e times ! weight  ( ! k]nels4 
,us$ to de/roy p$iculi1 & 9 scald-head1 
c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,cod-liv] ,oil4 ,syn4   
,,ungu5tum ,,olei ,,morrhu1 ,u4 ,o4     
,,jecoris  ,,aselli1 ,l4 ,prep4         
,cod-liv] oil 7pale & rec5t71 #g p>ts2  
:ite wax &  sp]maceti1 ( ea* #a "p2     
melt$ toge!r4 ,9 oph?almia & opacity (  
! cornea1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a      
little citr9e o9tm5t2 z a  friction or  
dress+ = scr(ul\s indurations & sores2 9
 rheumatism1  /iff jo9ts1 & 9 sev]al sk9
 diseases4 ,x (t5 succe$s 9 porrigo  or 
scald-head :5 all o!r rem$ies h fail$4  
,sc5t$ ) oil (  nutmeg & balsam ( ,p]u1 
x =ms an excell5t pomade = /r5g!n+  &   
re/or+ ! hair4    ,o9tm5t ( ,colocyn?4  
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,colocyn?idis1 ,l4    
,prep4  7,*re/i547 ,colocyn? pulp 79 v  
f9e p[d]71 #a "p2 l>d1 #h p>ts4  ,us$ 9 
frictions on ! abdom5 z a hydragogue    
purgative1 9 mania1  dropsy1 c4         
,o9tm5t ( ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,syn4  
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,*loride ,,(  ,,m]cury2   
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,*loridi1 ,l4   

,prep4 #a4 ,f corrosive  sublimate1 #b  
to #e gr42 rub x to p[d] 9 a glass or   
w$gwood-w>e  mort>2 add ( rectifi$ _s1  
#f or #g drops1 or q4 s42 aga9          
triturate2  la/ly add1 gradually1 (     
sp]maceti o9tm5t 7r$uc$ to a cream-l    
/ate by heat71 #a oz41 & cont9ue !      
trituration until ! :ole  concretes4    
,us$ z a /imulant1 det]g5t1 & discuti5t 
application 9  v>i\s local affections2 9
 lepra1 porrigo1 acne1 c41 & z a dress+ 
to syphilitic & "s o!r ulc]s4    #b4    
7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #aj
 gr42 yolk ( #a egg2 l>d1 #a oz4  ,z a  
dress+4    #c4 7,,pommade ,,de          
,,cirillo----,p4 ,cod47 ,corrosive      
sublimate1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4  ,cau/ic2
 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! prec$+4          
,o9tm5t1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,cosmeticum1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,de ,,la  
,,jeunesse1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,qu9cey47      
,sp]maceti1 #c dr4 7bett]1 #d-a_/b dr472
  oil ( almonds1 #b oz42 melt toge!r1 &1
 :5 cool$ a little1 /ir 9  ( nitrate (  
bismu? 7#8:ite bismu?'71 #a dr42 &1     

la/ly1 ( oil (  rhodium1 #f drops4 ,9   
it* & "s o!r cutane\s eruptions2 b      
*iefly  z a pomade = ! hair4 ,its       
frequ5t use is said to turn ! latt]     
black4    ,o9tm5t ( ,creasote4 ,syn4    
,,ungu5tum ,,creasoti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4
 ,e4 ,d4   ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,creasote1 #a_/b fl4 dr42    
l>d1 #a oz42  triturate toge!r4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,e47 ,l>d1 #c oz42 melt x by a    
g5tle heat2 add ( creasote1 #a dr41  &  
/ir ! mixture until x is ne>ly cold4    
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,creasote1 #a fl4 dr42   
o9tm5t ( :ite wax1 #g dr42 z !  la/4    
#d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,creasote1 #a2 simple     
o9tm5t1 #h4 ,mix4    ,uses1 c4 ,9 sev]al
 sk9 diseases1 especially r+worm2 z a   
friction  9 tic-d\l\reux2 a dress+ =    
scalds & burns2 an application to       
*ilbla9s1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,croton ,oil4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,croton  oil1 #ae to #cj drops2 l>d 
7s(t5$ by heat71 #a oz42 mix well4 ,?is 
is !  usual & mo/ useful /r5g? to prep>e
 ! o9tm5t4 ,rubefaci5t &                

c\nt]-irritant2 9 rheumatism & v>i\s o!r
 diseases4 ,:5 rubb$  repeat$ly on !    
sk91 x produces r$ness & a pu/ul>       
eruption4 ,x  also (t5 affects ! b[els  
by absorption4 ,! only advantage x      
possesses ov] o!r prep>ations ( ! class 
is ! rapidity ( its  action4    #b4     
7,,rubefaci5t ,,pomade----,cav5t\47     
,:ite wax1 #a "p2 l>d1 #e p>ts2 melt    
toge!r1 &1 :5 q cold1 m9ce x small1 add 
( croton oil1 #b  p>ts1 & mix by        
trituration4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/4         
,o9tm5t ( ,cyanide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,cyanidi1  ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,caz5ave47 ,cyanide (       
m]cury1 #h gr42 l>d1 #a oz42  c>efully  
triturat$ toge!r4    #b4 7,p]eira47     
,cyanide ( m]cury1 #aj to #ab gr42 l>d1 
#a oz4 ,z a dress+  = scr(ul\s &        
syphilitic ulc]s1 c42 z an application 9
 psoriasis1  moi/ tett]s1 & "s o!r sk9  
diseases1 c4 ,biett ord]s ! addition  ( 
a few drops ( ess5ce ( lemon4    ,o9tm5t
 ( ,cyanide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4         
,,ungu5tum ,,potassii ,,cyanidi1 ,l4    

,prep4 7,caz5ave47 ,cyanide ( potassium1
 #ab gr42 oil ( almonds1 #b dr42        
triturate1 add ( cold cream 7dry71 #b   
oz41 & mix by c>eful trituration4  ,z an
 anodyne 9 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 swell$
 jo9ts1 c42 also z a  friction ov] !    
sp9e 9 hy/]ia1 & ov] ! epiga/rium 9     
ga/rodynia1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,delph9ine4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,delph9i1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,dr  ,turnbull47 ,delph99e or delph9ia1
 #aj to #cj gr42 olive oil1 #a dr42 l>d1
  #a oz42 mix z ! la/4 ,us$ z a friction
 9 rheumatism1 & ! o!r  cases 9 :i*     
v]atr9e is employ$4    ,o9tm5t1         
,depilatory4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum           
,,depilatorium1 ,l4 ,see ,,depilatory   
7,caz5ave's74    ,o9tm5t1 ,desiccative4 
,syn4 ,,dry+ ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum       
,,desiccativum1  ,u4 ,,exsiccans1 ,l4   
,see ! ,,o9tm5ts ,,( ,,calam9e1 ,,lead1 
,,z9c1 c4    ,o9tm5t1 ,det]g5t4 ,syn4   
,,ungu5tum ,,det]g5s1 ,l4 ,! ,,o9tm5ts  
,,(  ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,nitric   
,,oxide ,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,t>1 ,,v]digris1 
c41 :5 n  too /rong1 come "u ?is head4  

,o9tm5t1 ,digestive4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,dige/ivum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4  ,cod47
 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b oz42 yolks ( #b    
eggs2 mix1 & add ( oil ( ,/  ,john's    
wort1 #a_/b oz4    #b4 7,,dige/if       
,,anim----,p4 ,cod47 ,z ! la/1 ) an     
equal weight ( liquid  /yrax4    #c4    
7,,dige/if ,,m]curiel----,p4 ,cod47 ,z  
,no4 #a1 ) an equal weight (  m]curial  
o9tm5t4    #d4 7,,ung4 ,d4              
,,viride----,dr ,kirkl&47 ,beeswax1 gum 
elemi1 & yell[ res91 (  ea* #a oz42 gre5
 oil1 #f oz42 melt !m toge!r1 &1 :5     
consid]ably  cool$1 add ( oil ( turp5t9e
 #b dr4    ,o9tm5t1 ,ed9burgh4 ,two     
comp\nds are kn[n "u ?is "n3----#a4     
7,,br[n47 ,f black basilicon1 #f p>ts2  
milk ( sulphur1 #b p>ts2 sal  ammoniac1 
#a "p4    #b4 7,,:ite47 ,f :ite         
hellebore1 #c oz42 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42
 l>d1 #a lb4  ,bo? are us$ 9 it*4       
,o9tm5t ( ,eggs4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum       
,,ovorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yolk ( #a egg2
  honey & fre% l9se$ oil1 ( ea* #a oz42 
balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr42 mix  well4    

#b4 7,s\beiran47 ,beeswax1 #d dr42 oil (
 almonds1 #a-a_/b oz42 yolk ( #a egg4   
,z an emolli5t & soo?+ dress+ to        
excoriations1 irritable ulc]s1  c4      
,o9tm5t1 ,egyptian4 ,prep4 7,giordano47 
,burnt alum1 #a "p2 v]digris1  #aj p>ts2
 /rong v9eg>1 #ad p>ts2 purifi$ honey   
7?ick71 #cb p>ts2 mix  by heat &        
agitation4 ,z a det]g5t application to  
f\l ulc]s4 ,x is a  modification ( !    
#8,,ungu5tum ,,gyptiacum' ( old ph>macy4
    ,o9tm5t ( ,eld]-fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,:ite 
,,eld]-,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum  ,,sambuci  
,,florum1 ,u4 ,,sambuci 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,eld] fl[]s  &    
l>d1 ( ea* #a lb42 boil !m toge!r until 
! fl[]s become  crisp1 !n /ra91 )       
pressure1 ?r\gh a l95 clo?4 ,! same     
precautions mu/ be obs]v$ z are necess>y
 9 ! prep>ation ( !  m$icat$ oils1 by   
infusion4 ,emolli5t2 less :ite & odor\s 
?an !  foll[+3----    #b4 7,:olesale47  
,take ( l>d 7h>d1 :ite1 & sweet71 #be   
lbs42 prep>$  mutton suet1 #e lbs42 melt
 !m 9 a well-t9n$ copp] or e>!n vessel1 

add ( eld]-fl[] wat] #c galls41 agitate 
briskly = ab\t #a_/b an h\r1  & set x   
aside2 ! next day g5tly p\r (f ! wat]1  
remelt !  o9tm5t1 & add ( b5zoic acid1  
#e dr42 otto ( roses1 #bj drops2 oil (  
b]gamot & oil ( rosem>y1 ( ea* #a dr42  
aga9 agitate well1 let x  settle = #aj  
m9utes1 & !n p\r (f ! cle> portion into 
pots =  sale4 ,v agreeable1 & keeps     
well4    ,obs4 ,! la/ =mula is ! "o n[  
g5]ally adopt$ by ! l>ge  :olesale      
h\ses4    ,o9tm5t ( ,eld]-leaf4 ,syn4   
,,eld] ,,o9tm5t1 ,,gre5 ,e4 ,o42        
,,ungu5tum  ,,viride1 ,u4 ,,sambuci     
,,viride1 ,u4 ,,sambuci 7,ph4 ,d4       
#ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4        
#ahbf47 ,fre% eld] leaves 7bruis$71 #c  
lbs42 suet1 #d lbs42 l>d1 #b lbs42  boil
 toge!r1 z above4    #b4 7,:olesale47   
,good fre% l>d1 #a cwt42 fre% eld]      
leaves1 #ef lbs42 boil  till crisp1 /ra9
 (f ! oil1 put x ov] a sl[ fire1 add h>d
 prep>$  mutton suet1 #ad lbs41 & g5tly 
/ir x until x acquires a bright gre5    
col\r4    ,obs4 ,! above o9tm5t is      

reput$ to be emolli5t & cool+1 & has    
always be5 a great fav\rite ) ! common  
p4 ,bo? eld]-fl[]  & eld]-leaf o9tm5t   
are1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y prep>ations4 8,!y
 are  ve/iges ( ! r$undant practice (   
=m] times40 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,!  above
 =mul are ^? n[ almo/ exclusively       
employ$ 9 trade4 ,!  o9tm5t %\ld be     
all[$ to cool v sl[ly1 & aft] its       
temp]ature  has fall5 a little1 & x     
beg9s to ?ick51 x %\ld n be /irr$1  9   
ord] t x may #8gra9' well1 z a granul>  
appe>ance is mu*  admir$4 ,x is a common
 practice to add p[d]$ v]digris to deep5
 !  col\r1 b !n ! o9tm5t does n keep    
well4 ,?is dang]\s fraud may  be detect$
 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,c]ate1 ,,sav9e4  
,o9tm5t ( ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,inul4 ,prep4 ,fre% elecampane  root   
7boil$ till s(t & pulp$71 #a-a_/b oz42  
l>d1 #a oz4 ,mix4    ,o9tm5t ( ,elemi4  
,syn4 ,,balsam ,,( ,,arc,,u1 ,,ungu5tum 
,,elemi 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,elemi1 #c oz42   
suet1 #f oz42 melt !m  toge!r1 remove ! 

vessel f ! fire1 & /ir 9 ( common       
turp5t9e1 #b-a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b 
fl4 oz42 la/ly1 /ra9 ! :ole  ?r\gh a l95
 clo?4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,res9 ( elemi1 
#d oz42 o9tm5t ( :ite wax1 #a lb2 melt  
!m  toge!r1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 & /ir ! 
mixture con/antly until x  concretes4   
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,elemi1 #a2 simple o9tm5t1
 #d2 melt & /ra94    ,uses1 c4 ,/imulant
 & dige/ive4 ,x is frequ5tly employ$ to 
keep  op5 issues & setons1 & z a dress+ 
= old & ill-condition$  sores4 ,!       
#8,,ung4 ,,elemi ,,cum ,,rur9e' ( ,/    
,george's ,hospital is made by  add+ #a 
dr4 ( f9ely p[d]$ v]digris to e #f oz4 (
 ! o9tm5t4    ,o9tm5t ( ,emet9a4 7,dr   
,turnbull47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,emet94   
,prep4  ,emet9e1 #ae gr42 rectifi$ _s1  
q4 s42 l>d1 #a_/b oz4 ,us$ z a          
rubefaci5t4    ,o9tm5t ,es*>otic4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,es*>oticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,sir  ,b4 ,brodie47 ,corrosive         
sublimate1 #a dr42 nitric oxide (       
m]cury1 sulphate  ( copp]1 & v]digris1 (
 ea* #b dr4 7all 9 v f9e p[d]72 l>d1  q4

 s4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 & ,,c]ate1           
,,ars5ical4    ,o9tm5t ( ,euphorbium4   
7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum        
,,euphorbii4  ,prep4 ,p[d]$ euphorbium1 
#be to #cj gr42 l>d1 #a oz42 mix4 ,to   
keep up a  dis*>ge f issues4    ,o9tm5t 
( ,glyc]94 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,glyc]9i4  
,prep4 ,glyc]91 #d  fl4 oz42 oil (      
almonds1 #h fl4 oz42 wax & sp]maceti1 ( 
ea* #a_/b oz4    ,o9tm5t1 ,eye4 ,syn4   
,,eye ,,salve2 ,,ungu5tum ,,oph?almicum1
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,dr ,colli]47 ,burnt  
alum1 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #bj gr42  
olive oil1 #a  fl4 dr42 sp]maceti       
o9tm5t1 #b dr4 ,9 inflammation ( !      
eyelids1  purul5t oph?almia1 c4    #b4  
7,w4 ,cooley47 ,*loride ( b>ium1 #f gr42
 calomel1 #aj gr42 simple  o9tm5t1 #a   
oz42 otto ( roses1 #a or #b drops4 ,9   
scr(ul\s oph?almia4    #c4 7,dessault47 
,nitric oxide ( m]cury1 c>bonate ( z9c1 
acetate (  lead1 & dri$ alum1 ( ea* #a  
dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #aj gr42 rose 
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9 *ronic oph?almia1     
pr(use dis*>ges1 c42 9  g5]al1 dilut$4  

#d4 7,dupuytr547 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #aj
 gr42 sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr42  l>d1 #b 
oz4 ,= *ronic inflammation ( ! eyelids1 
*ronic ulc]s1 c4    #e4 7,fricke74      
,nitrate ( silv]1 #aj gr42 z9c o9tm5t1  
#b dr42 balsam (  ,p]u1 #a_/b dr4 ,9    
ulc]ation ( ! cornea1 & 9 acute1        
purul5t1 &  *ronic oph?almia1 c41       
employ+ great caution 9 its use4    #f4 
7,gu?rie47 ,sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a dr42   
solution ( diacetate ( lead1  #ae drops2
 nitrate ( silv]1 #b to #aj gr4 ,z !    
la/1 & 9 cases :]e9  a direct cau/ic    
action is desir$4 ,! /rong] o9tm5t (t5  
occasions  int5se pa94    #g4 7,hufel&47
 ,black oxide ( m]cury1 #b gr42         
sp]maceti c]ate & walnut  oil1 ( ea* #a 
dr4 ,9 *ronic affections ( ! eyes or    
eyelids1  p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( a syphilitic
 "*4    #h4 7,jan947 ,ammonio-*loride ( 
m]cury1 #a dr42 tutty & bole1 ( ea* #b  
dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,9 debility ( !        
conjunctiva1 9 *ronic inflammation  )   
excessive secretion1 c4    #i4          
7,m>%all47 ,see ,,c]ate 7,m>%all's74    

#aj4 7,p>k]47 ,iod9e1 #a gr42 iodide (  
potassium1 #e gr42 simple o9tm5t1  #c   
dr4 ,9 scr(ul\s oph?almia1 ?ick5+ ( !   
conjunctiva1 opacity (  ! cornea1 c4    
#aa4 7,pelli]47 ,nitric oxide ( m]cury &
 c>bonate ( z9c1 ( ea*  #a-a_/b dr42    
tutty1 #a_/b dr42 r$ sulphuret ( m]cury1
 #bj gr42 l>d1 #b oz2  balsam ( ,p]u1   
#ae drops4 ,9 specks 9 ! eye aris+ f    
small ulc]s  :i* h heal$ up2 9 excessive
 defluxions1 c4    #ab4 7,rati]47       
,liquor ( diacetate ( lead1 #a_/b dr42  
w9e ( opium1 #a dr42  l>d1 #e dr4 ,9    
excoriations1 & ! v>iety ( *ronic       
oph?almia  popul>ly t]m$ #8ble> eye4'   
#ac4 7,reg5t74 ,acetate ( lead & r$     
precipitate1 ( ea* #a dr42 camphor1  #f 
gr42 wa%$ fre% butt]1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,z !  
la/1 & 9 *ronic  ulc]ations4    #ad4    
7,s+leton's ,,gold5 ,,o9tm5t47 ,accord+ 
to ,dr ,p>is1 ?is comp\nd  consi/s ( l>d
 m$icat$ ) orpim5t 7native yell[        
sulphuret (  ars5ic74 ,!re appe>s1      
h[ev]1 to be "s mi/ake 9 ?is1 z t sold  
u "u ! "n _h ne>ly ! same composition z 

! ,,o9tm5t ,,(  ,,nitric ,,oxide ,,(    
,,m]cury ( ! ,ph>macopia4 ,x did n      
conta9 ev5 a  trace ( ei!r ars5ic or    
sulphur4 ,! action ( ?is no/rum1 & !    
reputation :i* x has acquir$1 fully     
ju/ify ?is conclusion4    #ae4          
7,smellome47 ,f v]digris 7levigat$71    
#a_/b dr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 dr42       
triturate toge!r2 add ( yell[ basilicon1
 #a oz1 & aga9 triturate  until x beg9s 
to concrete4 ,a popul> no/rum1 sometimes
 useful 9  *ronic inflammation &        
ulc]ations ( ! eyelids1 c41 especially 9
  ^? ( a scr(ul\s "*4    #af4           
7,spielmann47 ,acetate ( lead1 #bj gr42 
sp]maceti c]ate1 #e dr42  comp\nd       
t9cture ( b5zo91 #dj gr4 ,cool+2        
desiccative4 ,9 inflam$  eyelids1       
excoriations1 c4    #ag4 7,/ ,yve47     
,fre% butt] 7wa%$71 #a oz42 :ite wax1 #a
 dr42 camphor1 #ae  gr42 melt by a g5tle
 heat1 &1 :5 cool$ a little1 add ( r$   
precipitate 7levigat$71 #a_/b dr42 oxide
 ( z9c1 #bj gr4 ,9 *ronic  inflammation 
( ! coats ( ! eye1 or ( ! eyelids1      

specks on !  cornea1 c4    #ah4         
7,?omson47 ,levigat$ oxide ( z9c1 #a    
dr42 l>d1 #i dr42 w9e ( opium1  #bj     
drops4 ,9 *ronic oph?almia dep5d+ on    
want ( tone 9 ! vessels  & integum5ts ( 
! eye4    #ai4 7,velpeau47 ,precipitat$ 
sesquioxide ( iron 7rec5t1 b dry71 #a_/b
  dr42 l>d1 #e dr42 oil ( almonds1 #a   
fl4 dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #ae drops4 ,z  !
 la/1 especially 9 #8ble> eye4'    #bj4 
7,w>e47 ,w9e ( opium1 #a fl4 dr42 simple
 o9tm5t1 #c dr4 ,9  oph?almia1 aft] !   
inflammatory symptoms h subsid$1 & !    
vessels  rema9 r$ & turgid4    ,obs4 ,! 
+r$i5ts ent]+ into ! composition ( all !
 above  o9tm5ts mu/ be r$uc$ to ! /ate (
 impalpable p[d] be=e mix+  !m2 & !     
incorporation %\ld be made by long      
trituration 9 a  w$gwood-w>e mort>1 or1 
pref]ably1 = ^? t conta9 sub/ances  t   
are v gritty1 by levigation on a        
porphyry slab1 ) a mull]4 ,!  mo/ s]i\s 
consequ5ces1 ev5 bl9dness1 h result$ f !
 neglect  ( ^! precautions4 ,!y %\ld all
 be employ$ 9 exce$+ly small  quantities

 at a "t1 & !y %\ld be v c>efully appli$
 by means  ( a camel-hair p5cil or a    
fea!r2 &1 9 g5]al1 n until acute        
inflammation has subsid$4 ,! /rong]     
ones1 9 mo/ cases1 require  dilution )  
an equal weight to twice _! weight ( l>d
 or simple  o9tm5t1 & %\ld only be us$ (
 _! full /r5g? "u prop]  m$ical advice4 
,v>i\s o!r =mul = ,,oph?almic ,,o9tm5ts 
w be  f\nd "u ! names ( _! lead+        
+r$i5ts4    ,o9tm5t ( ,figwort4 ,see    
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,scrophul>ia4    ,o9tm5t (
 ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum            
,,digitalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f  fre%    
foxglove z o9tm5t ( hemlock----,ph4 ,l4 
,z an application to *ronic  ulc]s1     
gl&ul> swell+s1 c4    #b4 7,radema*]47  
,extract ( foxglove1 #b dr42 l>d1 #a oz4
 ,9 cr\p2 spread  on l9t1 & appli$ z a  
pla/] to ! ?roat4    ,o9tm5t (          
,fuligokali4 ,see ,,fuligokali4         
,o9tm5t ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,gall 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4  7,ph4 ,d474 ,gall-nuts 79 v f9e    
p[d]71 #a dr42 o9tm5t ( :ite wax1 #g    

dr42 rub !m toge!r until a uni=m mixture
 is obta9$4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,galls1 9 v
 f9e p[d]1 #hj gr42 b5zoat$ l>d1 #a oz4 
,mix4  ,an excell5t application to      
piles1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) an equal    
quantity ( z9c o9tm5t2 also highly      
useful 9 r+worm ( ! scalp4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,galls & ,opium4 ,,ungu5tum ,,gall ,,cum
 ,,opio 7,b4 ,p472 ,,ungu5tum  ,,gall   
,,opiatum1 ,u4 ,,gall                   
,,compositum----,ph4 ,l41 ,u4 ,,gall    
,,et ,,opii----7,ph4  ,e47----,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gall-nuts 7v f9ely p[d]$71 
#f dr42  p[d]$ opium1 #a-a_/d dr42 l>d1 
#f oz42 rub !m toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47
 ,galls1 #b dr42 opium1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a 
oz42 z ! la/4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,o9tm5t (
 galls1 #a oz42 opium 79 p[d]71 #cb gr4 
,mix4    ,uses1 c4 ,a mo/ valuable      
a/r+5t & anodyne 9 bl9d piles1 slight   
cases ( prolapsus ani1 c4 ,"s           
practition]s add #a dr4 ( camphor4 ,!   
o9tm5t ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is mu* ! /ronge/4   
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,galls ,,) ,,morphia4     
,,ungu5tum ,,gall ,,et ,,morphi----7,dr 

,p>is47  ,morphia1 #b gr42 olive oil    
7hot71 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 add ( z9c 
o9tm5t 7,ph4 ,l471 #a oz42 p[d]$ galls1 
#a dr42 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,9  piles4 ,!   
quantity ( galls %\ld be d\bl$4         
,o9tm5t ( ,galls ) ,camphor4 ,syn4      
,,ungu5tum ,,gall ,,cum ,,camphor4      
,prep4 ,galls1 #b dr42 camphor1 #a_/b   
dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,mix !m4    ,o9tm5t (  
,g>lic4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,allii1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 ,fre% g>lic  7bruis$71 #b    
p>ts2 l>d1 #c p>ts2 simm] toge!r = #a_/b
 an h\r1 &  !n /ra9 ) expression4 ,rubb$
 on ! abdom5 9 *ronic di>rha &  colic1 &
 ov] ! *e/ & sp9e 9 hoop+-c\gh4    #b4  
7,beasley47 ,fre% g>lic & l>d1 equal    
p>ts2 beat5 toge!r4 ,appli$  to ! feet 9
 hoop+-c\gh4    ,o9tm5t1 ,giacom9i's4   
,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,*ilbla94    ,o9tm5t (  
,gold4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,auri1 ,l42    
,,pommade ,d',,or1 ,fr4 ,prep4  #a4     
7,legr&47 ,gold 79 p[d]71 #ab gr42 l>d1 
#a oz4 ,z a dress+ =  syphilitic ulc]s2 
& z a friction 9 gl&ul> indurations1 c42
 also  end]mically4    #b4 7,mag5die47  

,amalgam ( gold1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,= 
end]mic use1  *iefly4 ,:5 ! surface     
becomes dry1 ! o9tm5t ( t]*loride ( gold
  is to be sub/itut$ z a dress+4 ,9     
rheumatic pa9s1 neuralgia1 c4           
,o9tm5t1 ,golden4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,eye1 
,,citr9e ,o41 c4    ,o9tm5t1 ,gondret's4
 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,ammoniacal4           
,o9tm5t1 ,g\l>d's4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,g\l>di1 ,u4 ,,li?>gyri ,,acetatis1    
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,g\l>d's      
extract1 #a dr42 simple o9tm5t1 #b oz4  
,see ,,c]ate 7,lead74    ,o9tm5t1 ,gre54
 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,eld]4    ,o9tm5t (    
,gu>ana4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,gu>an4      
,prep4 ,"o "p (  extract ( gu>ana to    
eight p>ts ( l>d4    ,o9tm5t (          
,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,:ite   
,,hellebore2 ,,ungu5tum  ,,v]atri1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,:ite      
hellebore 79 v f9e  p[d]71 #b oz42 l>d1 
#h oz42 oil ( lemons1 #bj drops4 ,9 it*1
 lepra1  r+worm1 c42 & to de/roy insects
 9 ! hair ( *ildr54 ,x %\ld  be us$ )   
caution1 &1 pref]ably1 dilut$ ) an equal

 weight (  l>d4    #b4 7,comp\nd2       
,,ungu5tum ,,v]atri ,,compositum47----a4
 7,ray]47 ,:ite  hellebore1 #a oz42 sal 
ammoniac1 #a_/b oz42 l>d1 #h oz4 ,us$ z 
! la/4    b4 ,see ,,sulfur ,,o9tm5t     
7,comp\nd7----,ph4 ,l4    ,o9tm5t (     
,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,conii 7,ph4
 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,l47 ,fre% 
hemlock leaves & l>d1 ( ea* #a lb42 boil
 !m toge!r  7v g5tly7 until ! leaves    
become crisp1 !n /ra9 ?r\gh l951  )     
pressure4 ,see ,,oils 7,m$icat$74    #b4
 ,extract ( hemlock1 #a dr42 l>d1 #i    
dr42 triturate toge!r4    ,uses1 c4 ,z a
 local anodyne 9 neuralgic & rheumatic  
pa9s1 gl&ul>  enl>gem5ts1 pa9ful piles1 
c42 & z a dress+ to pa9ful &  irritable 
ulc]s1 canc]\s sores1 c4    ,o9tm5t (   
,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,hyoscyami1  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fre%  h5bane leaves1 #a 
lb42 l>d1 #b lbs42 boil until ne>ly     
crisp4    #b4 7,taddei47 ,extract (     
h5bane1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,anodyne2 9 
pa9ful  piles1 sores1 c41 z ! la/4      
,o9tm5t1 ,holl[ay's4 ,see ,,pat5t       

,,m$ic9es4    ,o9tm5t ( ,hops4 ,syn4    
,,ungu5tum ,,lupuli1 ,l4 ,prep4         
7,sw$iaur47 ,hops  7comm]cial71 #b oz42 
l>d1 #aj oz42 z extract ( hemlock1 ,ph4 
,l4 ,9  pa9ful piles & canc]\s sores4   
,o9tm5t ( ,hydriodate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,ammoni  ,,hydriodatis1 ,l4 
,prep4 ,f hydriodate ( ammonia 7iodide (
 ammonium71  #a_/b dr42 simple o9tm5t1  
#a oz4 ,us$ *iefly z an application to  
scr(ul\s tum\r & ulc]s1 9 irritable     
subjects4    ,o9tm5t ( ,hydro*loric     
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,acidi         
,,hydro*lorici1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr        
,corrigan47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a dr42  
simple o9tm5t1 #a oz4  ,z a dress+ =    
scald-head1 aft] ! scabs h be5 remov$ by
  emolli5t l9im5ts or p\ltices4         
,o9tm5t ( ,hypo*lorite ( ,lime4 ,syn4   
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,lime2      
,,ungu5tum ,,calcis ,,hypo*loritis1 ,u4 
,c4 ,,*lor9at1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f        
*lor9at$ lime 7*loride ( lime71 #a dr42 
l>d1 #a oz42 c>efully  triturat$ toge!r4
 ,9 scr(ul\s swell+s1 goitre1 *ilbla9s1 

indol5t  gl&ul> tum\rs1 c4    #b4       
,*lor9at$ lime1 #a dr42 p[d]$ foxglove1 
#b dr42 simple o9tm5t1 #b  oz4 ,z an    
application to fetid & malignant ulc]s1 
c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,hypo*lorite ( ,sulphur4
 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,sulphuris           
,,hypo*loritis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copl&47
 ,hypo*lorite ( sulphur1 #a dr42  simple
 o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,x is g5]ally sc5t$ )   
oil ( almonds4 ,us$  9 psoriasis        
invet]ata1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4       
,o9tm5t ( ,iodide ( ,ars5ic4 ,syn4      
,,ungu5tum ,,ars5ici ,,iodidi1 ,l4      
,prep4 7,biett47 ,iodide ( ars5ic1 #b to
 #c gr42 l>d1 #a oz42 c>efully          
triturat$ toge!r4 ,9 lepra1 psoriasis1  
c42 & 9 corrod+  tub]cul> diseases4 ,x  
%\ld be us$ ) caution1 & n m ?an #a_/b  
dr4 appli$ at once4    ,o9tm5t ( ,iodide
 ( ,barium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,b>ii     
,,iodide1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,mag5die47       
,iodide ( b>ium1 #c to #d gr42 l>d1 #a  
oz4 ,z a  friction to scr(ul\s swell+s &
 indurations4 ,! usual proportions  are 
n[ #e gr4 to ! oz4    ,o9tm5t ( ,iodide 

( ,iron4 7,pi]qu947 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,f]ri ,,iodidi4  ,prep4 ,iodide ( iron1
 #a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,mix !m4    ,o9tm5t
 ( ,iodide ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,plumbi ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,l41  
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide 
( lead1 #a oz42 l>d1 #h oz42 rub  !m    
toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iodide ( lead
 79 f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 o9tm5t ( :ite    
wax1  #g dr4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodide ( 
lead1 9 f9e p[d]1 #fb gr42 simple       
o9tm5t1 #a oz4  ,mix4 ,an excell5t      
application to scr(ul\s tum\rs & swell$ 
gl&s1  especially :5 accompani$ ) pa94  
,o9tm5t ( ,gre5 ,iodide ( ,m]cury4      
,prep4 #a4 7,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,subiodide    
,,( ,,m]cury1 ,o4 ,,( ,,protiodide ,,(  
,m4992 ,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri           
,,iodidi----,ph4 ,l47  a4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,:ite wax1 #b oz42 l>d1 #f oz42 melt !m 
toge!r1 add (  iodide 7gre5 iodide7 (   
m]cury1 #a oz41 & rub !m well toge!r4   
#b4 7,mag5die47 ,gre5 iodide ( m]cury1  
#bc gr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4    ,uses1 c4  
,9 tub]cul> sk9 diseases1 z a friction 9

 scr(ul\s  swell+s & indol5t granul>    
tum\rs1 & z a dress+ =  ill-condition$  
ulc]s1 especially ^? ( a scr(ul\s "*4   
,o9tm5t ( ,r$ ,iodide ( ,m]cury4        
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,iodidi ,,rubri1
 ,b4  ,p41 ,o4 ,,( ,,b9iodide ,,( ,m4992
 ,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,b9iodidi199   
,u4 ,h4 ,,iodidi  ,,rubri----7,ph4      
,d47----#a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,r$ iodide (     
m]cury1 #a dr42 o9tm5t (  :ite wax1 #g  
dr42 mix by c>eful trituration4    #b4  
7,s\beiran47 ,r$ iodide ( m]cury1 #bj   
gr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47  
,r$ iodide ( m]cury 79 v f9e p[d]71 #af 
gr42 simple  o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,mix4       
,uses1 c4 ,simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+1 b x 
is mu* m  /imulant1 & is reg>d$ z bett] 
adapt$ = ob/9ate syphilitic  sores4     
,l>gely dilut$ ) l>d or almond oil1 x is
 appli$ to ! eyes  9 l cases4    ,o9tm5t
 ( ,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4          
,,ungu5tum ,,potassii ,,iodidi 7,b4     
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #b dr41 
dissolv$ 9 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #b fl4   

dr42 l>d 7s(t5$ by heat71  #b oz42      
triturate toge!r until unit$4    #b4    
7,ph4 ,d47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b fl4 dr42  o9tm5t (  
:ite wax1 #g dr42 z be=e4    #c4        
7,mag5die47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42
 l>d1 #ab dr4    #d4 7,le ,gros47       
,iodide1 #a-a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a oz4    #e4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #fd gr42
 c>bonate ( pota%1 #d gr42  di/ill$     
wat]1 #a dr42 prep>$ l>d1 #a oz42       
dissolve ! c>bonate &  ! iodide 9 !     
wat]1 & mix ?or\ghly ) ! l>d4    ,uses1 
c4 ,z a friction 9 scr(ula1 bron*ocele1 
gl&ul>  enl>gem5ts1 indurations1 c42 z a
 dress+ to scr(ul\s ulc]s1 z an         
application 9 scr(ul\s oph?almia1 & 9   
mo/ ( ! o!r  applications 9 :i* !       
employm5t ( iod9e is indicat$4 ,! la/   
=mula has be5 successfully employ$ by   
,m4 ,le ,gros 9 it*4    ,obs4 ,! /r5g? (
 ?is o9tm5t1 z prescrib$ by diff]5t     
p>ties  v>ies greatly1 ! proportions ( !
 iodide rang+ f #a_/cb to #a_/h (  !    
:ole1 to adapt x to p>ticul> cases4 ,:5 

o!r +r$i5ts are  add$1 ! iodide mu/ be  
us$ 9 a p]fectly dry /ate1 & 9 f9e      
p[d]1 in/ead ( be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,?is
 is p>ticul>ly  necess>y :5 x is to be  
mix$ ) m]curial o9tm5t4    ,o9tm5t (    
,iodide ( ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum    
,,sulphuris ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4    
,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide 
( sulphur 79 f9e p[d]71 #a_/b  dr42 l>d1
 #a oz42 mix by trituration4    #b4     
7,caz5ave47 ,iodide ( sulphur1 #ab to   
#ae gr42 l>d1 #a oz4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47   
,iodide ( sulphur1 #a2 l>d1 #af4 ,mix4  
,uses1 c4 ,z a local /imulant &         
alt]ative 9 ! *ronic =ms (  lepra1      
lupus1 porrigo1 psoriasis1 it*1 c42 also
 a rem$y = acne  punctata4 ,a few drops 
( oil ( cloves or nutmeg are commonly   
add$4    ,o9tm5t ( ,iodide ( ,z9c4 ,syn4
 ,,ungu5tum ,,z9ci ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4  ,f iodide ( z9c1 #ab gr42 simple   
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9 scr(ul\s              
excoriations1 & 9 ! *ronic oph?almia (  
scr(ul\s subjects1  aris+ f a relax$    
/ate ( ! tissues & vessels4    #b4 7,dr 

,ure47 ,iodide ( z9c1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a   
oz4 ,z a friction to gl&ul>  tum\rs &   
indurations1 & z a dress+ to flabby &   
ob/9ate  scr(ul\s ulc]s4    ,o9tm5t (   
,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,iodi 7,b4    
,p471 ,,ungu5tum ,,iod9ii  7,ph4 ,u4    
,s474 ,prep4 #a4----7;,b4 ,p47 ,iod9e1  
#cb gr42 iodide ( potassium1 #cb  gr42  
pro( _s1 #a dr42 rub toge!r & add prep>$
 l>d1 #b oz4 ,see  ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,iod9e 
7,comp\nd74    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47       
,iod9e1 #bj gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #bj drops2
 rub !m  toge!r1 !n add ( l>d1 #a oz4   
,o9tm5t ( ,iod9e 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4      
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,iodurett$ ,,iodide ,,(   
,,potassium2 ,,ungu5tum ,,potassi       
,,iodidi ,,ioduretum ,u4 ,,iod9ii       
,,compositum----,ph4  ,l4  ,d41 ,u4     
,,iod9ii----,ph4 ,e4----a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,iod9e ( potassium 79 v  f9e p[d]71 #a  
dr42 l>d1 #b oz42 mix1 !n add ( iod9e1  
#a_/b dr41  dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a  
fl4 dr41 & mix all toge!r4 ,see         
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,iod9e 7,b4 ,p47    b4    
7,ph4 ,e47 ,iod9e1 #a dr42 iodide (     

potassium1 #b dr42 rub !m  toge!r1 !n   
gradually add ( l>d1 #d oz4    c4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,pure iod9e1 #a_/b dr42 iodide (   
potassium1 #a dr42 rub !m  well toge!r 9
 a glass or porcela9 mort>1 !n gradually
 add (  o9tm5t ( :ite wax1 #ad-a_/b dr41
 & cont9ue ! trituration until a  uni=m 
o9tm5t is obta9$4    ,uses1 c4 ,!       
comp\nd o9tm5t is an excell5t friction 9
 goitre1 &  9 enl>g$ or indurat$ gl&s or
 tum\rs1 m especially ^? ( a  scr(ul\s  
"*2 9 ! quantity ( #a_/b to #a dr41     
night & morn+4  ,x may be advantage\sly 
comb9$ ) extract ( belladonna 9 !       
incipi5t bubo ( scr(ul\s subjects1 & 9 !
 e>ly /ages ( canc]2  &1 ) an equal     
weight ( m]curial o9tm5t1 z a friction 9
 cases (  enl>g$ liv] & sple51 & ov>ian 
dropsy4 ,! simple o9tm5t ( !  ,ph4 ,u4  
,s4 is g5]ally reg>d$ z weak] & less    
efficaci\s ?an !  comp\nd4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,iodo-*loride ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4          
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri                  
,,iodo-,,bi*loridi991 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f     
iodo-*loride ( ,m]cury1 #af gr42 simple 

o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,discuti5t2 probably "o (
 ! mo/ p[]ful kn[n 9  syphilitic cases  
complicat$ ) scr(ula4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( 
,,*loriodide ,,(  ,,m]cury4    ,o9tm5t (
 ,iod(orm 7,dr ,glov]74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum
 ,,iod(ormi4 ,prep4  ,iod(orm #a_/b to  
#a dram1 simple c]ate #h drams4 ,mix4   
,o9tm5t1 ,iodo-hydr>gyrate ( ,potassa4  
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,potasse              
,,iodo-,,hydr>gyratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,lamo!47 ,iodo-hydr>gyrate ( potassa1  
#bj gr42 l>d1 #a oz4    #b4 7,pu*e47 ,r$
 iodide ( m]cury & iodide ( potassium1 (
 ea* #h gr42  l>d1 #a oz4 ,z a p[]ful   
/imulant discuti5t2 9 tum\rs1           
inflammatory  sore ?roat1 c4    ,o9tm5t1
 ,iodo-n>cotic4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum        
,,iodo-,,n>coticum1 ,l4 ,prep4          
7,purvis47 ,iod9e1 #bj gr42 iodide (    
potassium1 #b dr42 oil ( tobacco 7by    
infusion71 #a-a_/b dr42 l>d1 #c dr4 ,to 
relax rigid muscles4    ,o9tm5t (       
,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum          
,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr4          
,turnbull47 ,ipecacuanha 79 f9e p[d]71  

#b dr42 olive oil1 #b fl4 dr42 l>d  or  
simple o9tm5t1 #d dr4 ,c\nt]-irritant2  
:5 frequ5tly employ$ z a  friction1 x   
occasions an eruption1 b "o ( a mild] "*
 ?an  t f ei!r croton oil or t>t>       
emetic4    ,o9tm5t1 ,issue4 ,syn4       
,,ungu5tum ,,adfonticulos1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,gold+  ,bird47 ,o9tm5t ( can?>ides    
7,ph4 ,l471 #a-a_/b oz42 t>t> emetic 79 
impalpaple p[d]71 #h gr42 sp]maceti     
o9tm5t1 #b oz4 ,z a /imulat+            
application to issues1 to promote !     
dis*>ge4 ,see ,,elemi ,,o9tm5t1         
,,c]ate1 ,,pla/]1 c4    ,o9tm5t1 ,it*4  
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,antipsoricum1 ,l4    
,sev]al excell5t  =mul = it* o9tm5ts w  
be f\nd "u ! names ( _! lead+  +r$i5ts4 
,! foll[+ are additional ones1 includ+  
"s no/rums3----    #a4 7,bailey47 ,f    
alum1 nitre1 & sulphate ( z9c1 ( ea*1 9 
v  f9e p[d]1 #a-a_/d oz42 v]milion1     
#a_/b oz42 mix1 add gradually ( sweet   
oil1 #a_/d p9t2 triturate toge!r until  
p]fectly mix$1 !n fur!r add  ( l>d      
7s(t5$ by heat71 #a lb41 ) oils (       

anise$1 lav5d]1 &  origanum1 q4 s4 to   
p]fume4    #b4 7,bateman47 ,c>bonate (  
potassa1 #a_/b oz42 rose wat]1 #a fl4   
oz42 r$  sulphuret ( m]cury1 #a dr42 oil
 ( b]gamot1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 sublim$      
sulphur1 & hog's l>d1 ( ea* #aa oz42 mix
 !m4 7,bateman1 #8,cutane\s             
,diseases4'7 ,! no/rum v5d$ "u ! "n is  
made z  foll[s3----,c>bonate ( pota%1 #a
 oz42 v]milion1 #c dr42 sulphur1 #a lb42
  l>d1 #a-a_/b lb42 rose wat]1 #c fl4   
oz42 oil ( b]gamot1 #a-a_/b dr4    #c4  
7,fr5* ,hosp47 ,*loride ( lime1 #a dr42 
rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 dr42  sweet oil1    
#a_/b fl4 oz42 common salt & sulphur1 ( 
ea* #a oz42 s(t soap1  #b oz42 oil (    
lemon1 #bj drops4 ,*eap1 effectual1 &   
in(f5sive4    #d4 7,de la ,h>pe47       
,sulphur1 #b oz42 p[d]$ :ite hellebore1 
#a_/b oz42  sulphate ( z9c1 #a_/d d42   
s(t soap1 #d oz42 l>d1 #h oz4    #e4    
7,jackson47 ,f palm oil1 fl[]s (        
sulphur1 & :ite hellebore (  ea* #a "p2 
l>d1 #b p>ts4    #f4 7,nug5t47 ,f :ite  
lead1 #b oz42 orris root1 #a oz42       

corrosive  sublimate1 9 v f9e p[d]1     
#a_/b oz42 palm oil1 #d oz42 l>d1       
#a-a_/b lb4    #g4 7,ph4 ,e41 #agdd47   
,elecampane root & %>p-po9t$ dock       
7,rumex  acutus----,l9n471 ( ea* bruis$1
 #c oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 v9eg>1 #c_/d    
p9t2 boil to "o half1 add ( wat]-cress1 
#aj oz42 l>d1 #d lb42 boil to  dryness1 
& /a9 ) expression2 to ! /ra9$ liquid   
add ( beeswax  & oil ( bays1 ( ea* #d   
oz42 & /ir ! mixture until ne>ly cold4  
#h4 7,,ung4 ,a4 ,,comp4----,ph4 ,e4     
#agdd47 ,to ea* lb4 ( ! la/ add ( /rong 
m]curial o9tm5t1 #b oz4    #i4          
7,rob]tson47 ,s(t soap1 #a oz42 rum1 #a 
table-spoonful2 *loride ( lime  7dry &  
good71 #a_/d oz42 mix1 & add ( l>d1 #b  
oz4    #aj4 7,sw$iaur47 ,/avesacre 79   
p[d]71 #a oz42 l>d1 #c oz42 dige/ )     
heat = #c h\rs1 & !n /ra94 ,! =mula ( ! 
,ph4 ,bruns4 is ne>ly  simil>4 ,v useful
 9 it*2 also to de/roy p$iculi4    #aa4 
7,?omson47 ,*loride ( lime & common     
salt1 ( ea*1 9 f9e p[d]1  #a dr42 s(t   
soap1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 dr42  

mix1 add ( l>d1 #a  oz42 &1 la/ly1 (    
/rong v9eg>1 #c fl4 dr4 ,v cleanly &    
effective2  b %\ld n be made 9 quantity1
 z x does n keep well4    #ab4 7,vogt47 
,*loride ( lime 7dry71 #b dr42 burnt    
alum1 #c dr42 l>d1 #i dr4  ,to be mix$ )
 an equal quantity ( s(t soap at ! "t ( 
fus+ x4    ,obs4 ,! products ( ! prec$+ 
=mul are us$ by well rubb+ !m  into ! "p
 affect$1 night & morn+1 z long z       
necess>y1 !  numb] ( applications       
requir$ dep5d+ greatly on ! mann] 9 :i* 
?is is done4    ,o9tm5t ( ,ivy4 ,syn4   
,,ungu5tum ,,h$]1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! leaves
 (  common ivy1 by infusion1 z o9tm5t ( 
h5bane4 ,us$ z an application to  s(t   
corns1 9 it*1 & z a dress+ to indol5t   
ulc]s & tissues4    ,o9tm5t ( ,jatropha 
7,,physic-,,nut74 ,! milky juice ( !    
,engli% ,physic  nut 7,jatropha curcas7 
mix$ ) half its weight ( l>d4 ,9 piles4 
,o9tm5t ( ,junip]4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,junip]i4 ,prep4 ,junip] leaves1  #a   
"p1 res9 o9tm5t1 #f p>ts2 boil g5tly &  
/ra94    ,o9tm5t ( ,junip]-t>4 ,syn4    

,,ungu5tum ,,olei ,,pyroligni ,,junip]i1
 ,u4  ,,cad9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,eras4      
,wilson47 ,l>d & suet1 ( ea* #f p>ts2   
beeswax1 #d p>ts2 liquefy by heat1 & add
 ( pyroligne\s oil ( junip]  7#8huile de
 cade'7 #af p>ts2 ) a few drops ( any   
fragrant ess5tial  oil1 to conceal !    
smell4 ,9 r+worm1 & z a /imulant o9tm5t 
9  "s o!r sk9 diseases4    ,o9tm5t1     
,kirkl&'s4 ,see ,,lead ,,o9tm5t         
7,comp\nd74    ,o9tm5t ( ,labdanum4     
7,qu9cy47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,cr9iscum4  
,prep4  ,labdanum1 #f dr42 be>s' grease1
 #b oz42 p[d]$ s\!rnwood1 #c dr42 oil  (
 mace1 #a dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr4    
,o9tm5t ( ,l>d4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum        
,,adipis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47  
,prep>$ l>d1 #b lbs42 melt1 add ( rose  
wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 beat ! two  well      
toge!r1 !n set ! vessel aside1 & :5 !   
:ole is cold1  sep>ate ! congeal$ fat4  
,a simple emolli5t4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1      
,,eld]4    ,o9tm5t ( ,laurel4 ,syn4     
,,laur9e ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum ,,laur9um1
 ,u4  ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 

7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,suet 7s(t5$ by heat71 #h
 oz42  laurel oil 7express$ oil ( bay71 
#a lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b oz4     
,?is is ! #8n]v9e balsam' & #8n]v9e     
o9tm5t' ( ! %ops 9 !  ,p59sula1 & 9 "s  
o!r p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,ph4 ,bat4
 #ahje  add$ #a_/b oz4 ( rectifi$ oil ( 
amb]4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fre% bay      
leaves & b]ries 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a lb42 
l>d1  #b lbs42 z hemlock o9tm5t----,ph4 
,l4 ,highly e/eem$ on ! ,cont95t z a    
/imulat+ friction1 9 bruises1 /ra9s1    
/iff jo9ts1 c42 & 9  deafness4    #c4   
7,trade47 ,f fre% bay leaves1 #b lbs42  
bay b]ries1 #a lb42 neat's-foot  oil1 #e
 p9ts2 boil z la/2 to ! /ra9$ oil add1 (
 l>d suet1 #c lbs41  true oil ( bay1    
#a_/d lb41 & all[ x to cool v sl[ly1 9  
ord] t  x may #8gra9' well4 ,sold =     
laurel o9tm5t & common oil ( bay4       
,o9tm5t ( ,lav5d] 7,baume74 ,syn4       
,,oleum ,,lav&ul4 ,prep4 ,l>d1  #b-a_/b 
lbs42 lav5d] fl[]s1 #aj lbs42 :ite wax1 
#c oz4 ,melt ! l>d1  dige/ ) #b lbs4 ( !
 fl[]s = two h\rs1 & /ra92 repeat ?is  )

 fre% fl[]s till all are us$2 melt !    
o9tm5t & leave x at  re/ to cool2       
sep>ate ! moi/ure & dregs1 & melt !     
o9tm5t )  ! wax4    ,o9tm5t ( ,lead4    
,syn4 7,,ungu5tum ,,plumbi1 ,u4         
,,li?>gyri----,p4 ,cod47  ,prep4 #a4    
,li?>ge1 #c oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #d oz42 
olive oil1 #i oz42  mix ) heat1 & /ir   
until !y comb9e4 ,camphor1 morphia1 &   
opium  are common additions to lead     
o9tm5t1 :5 an anodyne effect is         
desirable4    #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,neutral  
,,o9tm5t1 ,,higg9',s ,o41 ,,kirkl&s'    
,o42 ,,ungu5tum  ,,neutrale1 ,u4        
,,plumbi ,,compositum----,ph4 ,l47 ,lead
 pla/]1 #b lbs42 olive oil1  #ah fl4    
oz42 mix by a g5tle heat1 & add ( prep>$
 *alk1 #f oz42  la/ly1 add ( dilute     
acetic acid1 #f fl4 oz41 & /ir well     
until ! mass  has cool$4 ,z a dress+ 9  
indol5t ulc]s1 8b its utility is        
d\btful40 7,dr ,g>rod47    ,obs4 ,x w be
 obs]v$ t ! ,college has already modifi$
 ! old  =mula ( ?is o9tm5t4 ,! v9eg> is 
n[ ! la/ +r$i5t add$ to  ! mass4        

8,gradually add ! *alk1 sep>ately mix$ )
 ! v9eg>1 !  eff]vesc5ce be+ f9i%$1 &   
/ir10 c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,see         
,,acetate ,,(  ,,lead1 ,,c>bonate ,,(   
,l41 ,,*loride ,,( ,l41 ,,iodide ,,(    
,l42 ,,eye1 ,,g\l>d',s1 ,,le  ,,mort',s1
 & o!r ,,o9tm5ts conta9+ lead4          
,o9tm5t1 ,le ,mort's4 ,c>bonate ( lead1 
corrosive sublimate1 li?>ge1  & ,v5ice  
turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a oz42 alum1 #a_/b oz42
 l>d1 #a_/b lb42  v]milion1 q4 s4 to    
col\r4    ,o9tm5t ( ,lupul9e4 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,lupul91 ,l4 ,prep4         
7,s\beiran47 ,lupul9e1 #a "p2 l>d1 #c   
p>ts2 dige/ by ! heat ( a  wat] ba? = #e
 or #f h\rs1 & /ra94 ,z an anodyne      
dress+ to  canc]\s ulc]s1 & z a friction
 to swoll5 & pa9ful jo9ts4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,lycopodium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum           
,,lycopodii1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,lycopodium1 #a
 dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr42 simple  
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9  *aps & excoriations4 
,o9tm5t ( ,mace4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum       
,,macidis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f mace 7beat5  to
 a pa/e7 & palm oil1 ( ea* #a lb42      

purifi$ beef m>r[1 #c lbs42  g5tly melt$
 toge!r1 & /ra9$4 ,emolli5t & /imulant2 
*iefly  us$ z a pomade = ! hair4 ,sold =
 #8common oil ( mace4'    ,o9tm5t (     
,m>%mall[4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,al?1      
,,dial?1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,l4      
#agdf47 ,oil ( mucilages1 #b lbs42      
beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 yell[  res91 #c oz42
 melt !m toge!r1 !n add ( ,v5ice        
turp5t9e1 #a_/b oz42  & /ir ! mixture   
until x concretes4    #b4 7,:olesale47  
,f palm oil1 #a_/b lb42 yell[ res91     
#a-a_/d lb42 beeswax1  #b-a_/d lbs42    
pale l9se$ oil1 #i lbs4 7say #a gall472 
melt toge!r & /ir  until x is ne>ly     
cold4    ,uses1 c4 ,emolli5t & /imulant2
 seldom us$ 9 regul> practice1 b  9     
great repute among/ ! common p4 ,l9se$  
oil is n[ almo/  univ]sally sub/itut$ = 
! oil ( mucilages4    ,o9tm5t (         
,ma/]-wort4 ,syn4 ,,pommade             
,,anti-,,canc,,reuse ,,de ,,milius2     
,,ungu5tum ,,imp]itori1 ,l4 ,prep4      
7,beasley47 ,p[d]$ ma/]-wort            
7,imp]atoria ,o/ru?ium71 #a-a_/b oz42   

t9cture ( ma/]-wort1 #a oz42  l>d1 #b   
oz4    ,o9tm5t ( ,matico 7,mr ,"y74     
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,matico4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$
  matico1 #c drams2 opium1 #c gr42 l>d1 
#a oz4    ,o9tm5t1 ,m]curial4 ,syn4     
7,/rong ,,m]curial ,,o9tm5t1 ,,blue ,o41
  ,,neapolitan ,o42 ,,ungu5tum          
,,hydr>gyri----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4    
,d41 ,u4 ,h4 ,,=tius1  ,u4 ,c,,ruleum47 
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,m]cury1 #af2      
prep>$ l>d1 #af2 prep>$  suet1 #a2 rub  
toge!r until metallic globules cease to 
be visible4 ,see  also ,,o9tm5t1        
,,m]curial 7,comp\nd74    #b 7,ph4 ,l4  
,e47 ,m]cury2 #a lb42 l>d1 #aa-a_/b oz42
 suet1 #a_/b oz42 rub !  m]cury ) ! suet
 & a little ( ! l>d1 until globules are 
no  long] visible2 !n add ! rema9+ l>d1 
& triturate altoge!r4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 
,pure m]cury & l>d1 ( ea* #a lb42 z     
be=e4    ,pur41 c4 ,! #8/rong] m]curial 
o9tm5t' ( ! %ops is usually made  ) a   
less quantity ( m]cury ?an t ord]$ by ! 
,colleges1 & !  col\r is br\ght up )    
f9ely gr\nd blue black or wood *>coal4  

,?is  fraud may be detect$ by its       
inf]ior sp4 gr41 & by a portion be+ left
  undissolv$ :5 a little ( ! o9tm5t is  
treat$ fir/ ) e!r or  oil ( turp5t9e1 to
 remove ! fat1 & !n ) dilute nitric     
acid1 to  remove ! m]cury4 ,:5 made     
accord+ to ! in/ructions ( ! ,ph41  its 
sp4 gr4 is n less ?an #agha at #fj      
,fahr4 ,x 8is n well prep>$  s long z   
metallic globules may be se5 9 x ) a    
magnifi] ( #d  p[]s40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,:5    
rubb$ on a piece ( bright copp] or gold1
 x  %\ld imm$iately give x a coat+ (    
metallic m]cury1 & a silv]y  appe>ance4 
,! ,ung4 hyd4 =t4 ( ! :olesale h\ses is 
g5]ally made (  m]cury1 #ab lbs41 suet1 
#a-a_/b lb41 & l>d1 #af-a_/b lbs4 ,x ?us
 conta9s  only #a_/c in/ead ( #a_/b its 
weight ( m]cury4 ,t ( ! same h\ses      
labell$ #8,ung4 hyd4 p>tes quales' is   
prep>$ ) m]cury1 #ab lbs42  suet1       
#a-a_/b lb42 l>d1 #ac-a_/b lbs4         
,uses4 ,?is o9tm5t is *iefly us$ to     
introduce m]cury into ! sy/em  :5 !     
/oma* is too irritable to be> x2 9      

syphilis1 hepatic  affections1          
hydrocephalus1 c4 ,= ?is purpose1 #a_/b 
to #a dr4 is commonly  rubb$ into !     
inside ( "o ( ! ?ighs until e p>ticle ( 
!  o9tm5t disappe>s4 ,?is op]ation is   
repeat$ night & morn+ until  ! desir$   
effect is produc$1 & %\ld be1 if        
possible1 p]=m$ by  ! pati5t himself4   
,dur+ its adm9i/ration ! pati5t %\ld    
avoid  exposure to cold1 & ! use (      
f]m5t$ or acidul\s liquors1 & 8  diet   
%\ld consi/ *iefly ( toa/1 bro?1 gruel1 
milk-&-wat]1 &  o!r in(f5sive matt]s4   
,?is o9tm5t has be5 employ$ to prev5t ! 
#8pitt+' 9 smallpox2 &1 dilut$ ) #c or  
#d times its weight ( l>d1  9 sev]al sk9
 diseases1 z a dress+ = ulc]s1 to de/roy
 p$iculi1  c4 ,camphor is (t5 add$ to   
?is o9tm5t to increase its activity4 ,) 
! addition ( a little extract (         
belladonna1 or hydro*lorate (  ammonia1 
x =ms an excell5t anodyne & resolv5t    
friction 9 pa9ful  syphilitic tum\rs &  
gl&ul> enl>gem5ts4    ,obs4 ,!          
prep>ation ( m]curial o9tm5t accord+ to 

! common plan  is a process ( mu* lab\r 
& difficulty1 & usually occupies sev]al 
days4 ,! in/ructions 9 ! ,ph>macopias   
are v meagre &  unsatisfactory1 &1 s f> 
z details g1 are seldom precisely c>ri$ 
out4 ,employ]s grumble1 & op]atives     
become impati5t1 :5 !y f9d  ! mo/       
assidu\s trituration app>5tly fails to  
ha/5 ! ext9ction  ( ! globules4 ,to     
facilitate matt]s1 v>i\s tricks are     
resort$ to1  & v>i\s contrab& additions 
are (t5 cl&e/9ely made4 ,among !        
articles ref]r$ to1 sulphur & turp5t9e  
are ^? :i* h be5  longe/ kn[n1 &1       
p]haps1 mo/ frequ5tly employ$ = !       
purpose2 b  ! fir/ spoils ! col\r1 & !  
o!r ! consi/5ce1 ( !  o9tm5t2 :il/ bo?  
imp>t to x m or less ( _! peculi> &     
respective od\rs4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 oil ( 
eggs 0 =m]ly v  g5]ally us$ = ! purpose1
 & is ev5 n[ occasionally s employ$4    
,ne>ly half a c5tury ago ,mr ,w4 ,cooley
 cle>ly %[$ t ! difficulty  might be    
satisfactorily ov]come by simply        
triturat+ ! quicksilv]  ) #a_/h to #a_/d

 ( its weight ( old m]curial o9tm5t1    
be=e add+ !  l>d2 & t ! effective p[] ( 
?is sub/ance 0 9 direct  proportion to  
its age1 or ! l5g? ( "t x _h be5 expos$ 
to !  air4 ,8 plan 0 to employ !        
#8bottom' & #8scrap+' ( ! /ore pots  = !
 purpose4 ,at a lat] p]iod 7#ahad-ae7   
,mr ,higg9bottom1 (  ,nor?ampton1       
repeat$ ?is recomm5dation1 & at l5g? !  
plan has be5  import$ into ! ,ph>macopia
 ,borussica4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 8we 
reop5$ an inve/igation ( ! subject1 :i* 
ext5d$ ov] sev]al  mon?s1 dur+ :i* we   
satisfi$ ourselves ( ! accuracy ( !     
ass]tion ( ,m4 ,r\x1 t ! m]cury 9       
m]curial o9tm5t exi/s  entirely1 or     
ne>ly s1 9 ! metallic /ate1 & n 9 ! =m (
  oxide1 z 0 g5]ally assum$4 ,we succe$$
 9 prep>+ an excell5t  sample ( m]curial
 o9tm5t by agitat+ wa%$ suet &          
quicksilv]  toge!r 9 vacuo4 ,! quantity 
( oxide pres5t at any "t 9 ?is  o9tm5t  
is v>iable & accid5tal1 & is l>ge/ 9 t  
:i* has be5  long prep>$2 b 9 no case is
 x suffici5t to mat]ially discol\r !    

fat aft] ! metallic m]cury is sep>at$ f 
x4 ,we 7 l$ to  conclude t ! prop]ty    
allud$ to1 possess$ by old o9tm5t1      
dep5ds  solely on ! peculi> degree (    
consi/5ce or viscidity ( ! fat  pres5t 9
 x1 & on ! loss ( mu* ( ! ?or\ghly      
greasy1  #8anti-attritive' "*1 possess$ 
by ! latt] 9 a rec5t /ate4 ,9           
practically work+ out ?is idea we obta9$
 pure fats 7,,magnetic ,,adeps2  ,,sevum
 ,,pr,,p>atum71 :i*1 )\t any addition1 7
 capable ( r$uc+1  9 a few m9utes1 #h1  
#af1 #cb1 & ev5 #dh times _! weight (   
m]cury4 ,we  also f\nd t ! =mula ( !    
,ph>macopia might be adopt$1 & t  a     
p]fect o9tm5t might be readily obta9$ by
 skilful managem5t 9 f  half an h\r to  
an h\r1 ev5 )\t ^! res\rces4 ,all t 0   
necess>y 0 to employ a v g5tle degree ( 
heat by ei!r p]=m+  ! op]ation 9 a w>m  
ap>tm5t or by all[+ ! mort> to rema9    
fill$ ) w>m wat] = a %ort "t be=e us+ x4
 ,suet or l>d1  r$uc$ ei!r by g5tle w>m?
 or by ! addition ( a little almond oil 
to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick cream1 s t x w  

hang to ! pe/le  )\t runn+ f x1 w       
readily ext+ui% #g or #h times its      
weight  ( runn+ m]cury by simple        
trituration4 ,! exact temp]ature mu/1   
h[ev]1 be hit ^u1 or ! op]ation fails4  
,?is fact 0 aft]w>ds  notic$ 9 ! #8,ann4
 de ,*im41' & "s o!r j\rnals40 7,a4 ,j4 
,cooley47    ,m4 ,pomonti has propos$ a 
me?od ( prep>+ /rong m]curial o9tm5t1   
:i*1 modifi$ to suit ! ,engli% op]ator1 
is z foll[s3----,fre% l>d1  #h p>ts2    
solution ( nitre 7see bel[71 #a "p2 mix 
by trituration1 add  ( m]cury1 #cb p>ts1
 & aga9 triturate4 ,! globules disappe> 
aft] a  few turns ( ! pe/le1 b reappe> 9
 a few m9utes1 & !n aga9  disappe> to   
return no m4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 !          
trituration is to be  cont9u$ = a few   
m9utes long]1 :5 l>d1 #bd p>ts1 is to be
 rubb$  91 & ! o9tm5t at once put into  
pots4 ,x is said t ! globules  are s    
completely ext+ui%$ z to escape         
detection1 ev5 :5 !  o9tm5t is exam9$ by
 a microscope ( l[ p[]4 ,!              
,,solution4----,nitre1  #ajj gr42 wat]1 

#a fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,?is quantity is  
suffici5t = a  kilogramme ( m]cury4     
,m4 ,lah5s /rongly recomm5ds = ! rapid  
prep>ation ( m]curial  o9tm5t !         
application ( oil ( almonds 9 ! foll[+  
proportions3----,m]cury1 #ajjj p>ts2 oil
 ( almonds1 #bj p>ts2 l>d1 #ihj  p>ts4  
,! m]cury is fir/ triturat$ ) ! oil =   
ab\t fifte5  m9utes1 aft] :i* its       
globules are said to be no long]        
disc]nible by  ! nak$ eye2 #bjj p>ts ( !
 melt$ l>d are n[ add$1 & !  trituration
 cont9u$ to ! complete ext9ction ( !    
metal1 :i* is  g5]ally accompli%$ )9 an 
h\r4 ,! o9tm5t is !n mix$ ) !  rema9d] (
 ! l>d4 ,,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,oxide ,,(  
,,m]cury4    ,o9tm5t1 ,m]curial         
7,mild]74 ,,mild] ,,blue ,,o9tm5t1      
,,troop]',s ,o41  ,,unction2 ,,ungu5tum 
,,hydr>gyri ,,mitius1 ,u4 ,c,,ruleum    
,,mitius4 ,prep4 #a4  ,/rong] m]curial  
o9tm5t1 #a lb42 l>d1 #b lbs4    ,dose1  
c4 ,9 ! it* & sev]al o!r cutane\s       
diseases1 z a  dress+ to syphilitic     
ulc]s1 to de/roy p$iculi on ! body1 c4  

,ea*  dra*m conta9s #aj gr4 ( m]cury4 ,t
 ( ! %ops g5]ally conta9s  consid]ably  
less4    #b4 7,) ,,soap2 ,,ungu5tum     
,,hydr>gyri ,,saponaceum2 ,,savon       
,,m]curiel74----a4  7,drap]47 ,m]curial 
o9tm5t 7s(t5$ by a g5tle heat71 #a oz42 
hydrate  ( potassa1 #a dr41 dissolv$ 9  
wat]1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate !m       
toge!r until ! mass solidifies4    b4   
7,sw$iaur47 ,mild] m]curial o9tm5t1 #h  
p>ts2 s(t soap1 #b p>ts2  camphor1 #a   
"p4 ,9 p]io/itis1 engorgem5ts ( !       
te/icles1 s(t  corns1 c4 ,see ,,o9tm5t  
,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury1 c4          
,o9tm5t1 ,m]curial 7,comp\nd74 7,b4 ,p47
 ,m]curial o9tm5t1 #f2 yell[  wax1 #c2  
olive oil1 #c2 camphor1 #a-a_/b4 ,melt !
 wax & oil1 & :5 !  mixture is ne>ly    
cold1 add ! camphor 9 p[d] & ! m]curial 
o9tm5t1 & mix4    ,o9tm5t1 ,m]curial1 ) 
,hydro*lorate ( ,ammonia4 7,dupuytr547  
,syn4  ,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,cum     
,,ammoni ,,muriate4 ,prep4 ,/rong]      
m]curial  o9tm5t1 #b oz42 hydro*lorate (
 ammonia1 #a dr4    ,o9tm5t1 ,m]curial1 

) ,soda4 7,f4 ,h47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,hydr>gyri ,,cum  ,,soda1 ,,savon      
,,m]curiel4 ,prep4 ,m]curial o9tm5t1    
#c-a_/b oz42 solution (  soda1 #c oz42  
triturate until !y comb9e4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,m]cury1 ,oleate (4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47    
,syn4 ,,l9im5tum  ,,hydr>gyri ,,oleatis1
 ,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,oleatis4 7#aj 
p] c5t47 ,prep4  ,yell[ p]oxide (       
m]cury1 #a dr42 pure oleic acid1 #aj dr4
 ,to ! oleic  acid kept agitat$ 9 a     
mort>1 spr9kle 9 ! p]oxide gradually1 & 
triturate frequ5tly dur+ #bd h\rs1 until
 ! p]oxide is dissolv$1 &  a gelat9\s   
solution is =m$1 #bj p] c5t4 z above1   
us+ d\ble !  quantity ( yell[ oxide4 ,to
 be appli$ ) a bru%1 or spread lightly  
ov] ! "p ) ! f+]4 ,9 p]si/5t            
inflammation ( ! jo9ts1  ,pr(essor      
,m>%all adds to j ( ! above prep>ation1 
#a gr4 (  morphia----! pure             
alkaloid----n "o ( its salts1 :i* are   
insoluble 9  oleic acid4    ,9 !        
prep>ation ( o9tm5t ( oleate ( m]cury x 
is ( ! utmo/  importance t ! m]curic    

oxide %\ld be ?or\ghly dry1 & fur!r  t x
 %\ld be sift$ 9 small portions at a "t 
^u ! surface (  ! oleic acid1 ea* fre%  
portion be+ well incorporat$ be=e ano!r 
is add$4 ,solution %\ld be promot$ by   
frequ5t /irr+1 at ord9>y  temp]atures1  
s9ce exp]i5ce has %[n t all heat+ is    
positively  injuri\s4#ff    ,footnote   
#ff3 ,c4 ,rice4    ,o9tm5t ( ,m]cury1   
,yell[ ,oxide (4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,syn4   
,,ungu5tum  ,,hydr>gyri1 ,oxydi flavi4  
,prep4 ,yell[ oxide ( m]cury1 #a dr42   
simple  o9tm5t1 #dbj gr4    ,o9tm5t (   
,mezereon4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,mez]ei1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hamb4  ,cod47          
,alcoholic extract ( mez]eon1 #b dr42   
dissolve 9 rectifi$ _s1  q4 s42 add x to
 :ite wax1 #a oz42 l>d1 #h oz41 & mix by
 a g5tle heat4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47       
,mez]eon 7dri$ root-b>k71 #d oz42 moi/5 
x ) rectifi$  _s1 bruise x well1 & dige/
 x = #ab h\rs1 at ! heat ( boil+  wat]1 
9 l>d1 #ad-a_/b oz42 !n /ra9 ) pressure1
 & all[ x to  cool sl[ly2 la/ly1 sep>ate
 x f ! dregs1 remelt x1 & add (  :ite   

wax1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,us$ z a /imulat+      
application to bli/]$  surfaces &       
indol5t ulc]s4    #c4 7,p4 ,cod47       
,e!real extract ( mez]eon1 #agf gr42    
l>d1 #i oz42 :ite  wax1 #a oz42 rectifi$
 _s1 #a oz42 dissolve ! extract 9 !     
alcohol1  add ! l>d & wax1 heat         
mod]ately1 /ir until ! _s is driv5  (f1 
/ra9 & /ir till cold4    ,o9tm5t (      
,monesia4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,monesi4    
,prep4 ,oil ( almonds1 #d  p>ts2 :ite   
wax1 #b p>ts2 extract ( monesia1 #a "p2 
wat]1 #a "p4    ,o9tm5t ( ,mu/>d4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,s9apis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
,fl\r (  mu/>d1 #c_/d oz42 wat]1 #a fl4 
oz42 mix1 & add1 ( res9 c]ate1 #b oz2   
oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b oz4 ,rubefaci5t & 
/imulant4 ,z a friction 9  rheumatism1  
c4    #b4 7,frank47 ,fl\r ( mu/>d1 #c   
oz42 oil ( almonds1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 lemon
  juice1 q4 s4 ,9 sunburn1 freckles1 c4 
,o9tm5t ( ,naph?al94 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,naph?al91 ,l4 ,prep4  7,em]y47        
,naph?al91 #a_/b dr42 l>d1 #g-a_/b dr4  
,9 dry tett]s1 lepra1  psoriasis1 c4    

,o9tm5t1 ,neapolitan4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1    
,,m]curial4    ,o9tm5t1 ,n]v9e4 ,syn4   
,,balsamum ,,n]v9um1 ,,ungu5tum ,n41    
,l42 ,,baume  ,,n]val1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,express$ oil ( mace & ox m>r[1 (
 ea*  #d oz42 melt by a g5tle heat1 &   
add1 ( oil ( rosem>y1 #b dr42 oil (     
cloves1 #a dr42 camphor1 #a dr42 balsam 
( tolu1 #b dr42 7! la/ two  dissolv$ 97 
rectifi$ _s1 #d dr4 ,9 rheumatism1 c4 ,a
 some:at  simil> prep>ation 0 includ$ 9 
! ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd4    ,o9tm5t1 ,n>cotic &
 ,balsamic 7,g4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,n>cotico-,,balsamicum ,,hellmundi4    
,prep4 ,acetate ( lead1 #aj drams2      
extract  ( hemlock1 #cj drams2 wax      
o9tm5t1 #cc oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #cj     
drams2 w9e  ( opium1 #e drams4          
,o9tm5t1 ,neutral4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,(    
,,lead 7,comp\nd74    ,o9tm5t ( ,nitrate
 ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,citr9e ,,o9tm5t1    
,,yell[ ,o41  ,,m]curial ,,balsam2      
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,nitratis 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,u4  ,h4 ,n41 or   
,u4 ,,citr9um 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4

 7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]cury1 #b oz42  nitric    
acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #d fl4 oz42        
dissolve & mix ! solution1  :il/ /ill   
hot1 ) l>d1 #a lb41 & olive oil1 #h fl4 
oz41 melt$  toge!r4 7,= ! ,,mild]       
,,o9tm5t1 see bel[47    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47  
,m]cury1 #d oz42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4   
#aejj71 #h fl4 oz4 #f fl4  dr42 dissolve
 by a g5tle heat1 add ! liquid to l>d1  
#ae oz12 olive oil1  #cb fl4 oz42 melt$ 
toge!r1 & :il/ ! :ole are /ill hot1 &   
mix  !m ?or\ghly4 8,if ! mixture does n 
fro? up1 increase ! heat a  little until
 ?is takes place4 ,keep ! o9tm5t 9      
e>!nw>e vessels1  or glass vessels1     
seclud$ f ! air40 ,?is admirable =mula  
is a  modification ( t orig9ally        
introduc$ into ,ph>macy by ! late ,dr   
,duncan1 ( ,ed9burgh4 7,= ! mild]       
o9tm5t1 see bel[47    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47    
,m]cury #a oz42 nitric acid1 7#aejj71 #a
 fl4 oz42 7dilut$ )7  wat]1 #a_/b fl4   
oz42 dissolve by a g5tle heat1 & add !  
liquid to l>d1  #d oz42 olive oil1 #h   
fl4 oz42 melt$ toge!r1 & /ill hot2 next 

8let !  temp]ature ( ! mixture be rais$ 
s z to cause eff]vesc5ce1 &  !n1 )draw+ 
! heat1 /ir ! mixture ) a porcela9 spoon
 until  x concretes on cool+40    #d4   
7,p4 ,cod47 ,m]cury1 #c p>ts2 nitric    
acid 7#acba71 #f p>ts2 l>d & oil1  ( ea*
 #bd p>ts2 z above4    #e4 7,ph4 ,u4    
,s47 ,m]cury1 #a oz42 nitric acid       
7#adb71 #ad fl4 oz42 l>d1 #c  oz42 fre% 
neat's-foot oil1 #i fl4 oz42 mix !      
m]curial solution ) !  melt$ fat & oil  
at #bjj ,fahr4    #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,m]cury1
 #d2 nitric acid1 #ab2 prep>$ l>d1 #ae2 
olive oil1 #cb2  dissolve ! m]cury 9 !  
nitric acid ) ! aid ( a g5tle heat2     
melt ! l>d 9 ! oil by a /eam or wat] ba?
 9 a porcela9 vessel  capable ( hold+   
six times ! quantity1 & :ile ! mixture  
is hot  add ! solution ( m]cury1 also   
hot1 & mix !m toge!r ?or\ghly4  ,if !   
mixture does n fro? up1 increase ! heat 
till ?is occurs4 7,!  heat requir$ = ?is
 is f #agj to #ahj ,fahr47    ,uses1 c4 
,det]g5t & /imulant4 ,9 r+worm1 h]pes1  
it*1 porrigo1  psoriasis1 & "s o!r      

*ronic sk9 diseases2 9 v>i\s *ronic     
affections ( ! eyes1 especially *ronic  
inflammation & ulc]ation (  ! eyelids1  
#8ble> eye1' c4 ,x 8may almo/ be reg>d$ 
z specific 9  psoroph?almia1 9 ! purul5t
 oph?almia ( infants produc+ ectropium  
7ev]sion ( ! eyelids71 & 9 ulc]ations ( 
! t>si 7edges ( !  eyelids740 7,a4 ,t4  
,?omson47 ,z a dress+ to old ulc]s1 m   
especially  ^? ( a syphilitic "*1 x is  
sup]ior to all ! o!r o9tm5ts  conta9+   
m]cury2 9 sore legs1 assi/$ by ! int]nal
 use ( ! pill  ( soap ) opium 7,,pil    
,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio71 x (t5 acts l a 
*>m :5  all o!r modes ( treatm5t h      
fail$4 ,= mo/ ( ^! purposes x  %\ld be  
dilut$ ) f twice to sev5 times its      
weight ( "s simple  fatty matt]4 ,"o ( !
 pr9cipal reasons :y ?is o9tm5t is 9    
less  g5]al use ?an its m]its des]ve1 is
 ! v inf]ior quality ( t  v5d$ 9 ! %ops 
"u ! "n1 aris+ f almo/ e druggi/  prep>+
 "s mess ( 8 own1 in/ead ( adh]+ to !   
,college  =mul4    ,obs4 ,o9tm5t (      
nitrate ( m]cury1 fai?fully prep>$      

accord+ to  ! in/ructions 9 !           
,ph>macopia1 possesses a ri* gold5-yell[
  col\r1 & a butt]y consi/5ce1 & keeps  
well4 ,un=tunately1 clumsy  & c>eless   
op]ators1 :o reg>d ! ,ph>macopia z a    
fooli% book1  :i* x is q unnecess>y to  
look into1 (t5 fail 9 _! attempts  to   
produce an article ( good quality4 ,!   
difficulty is imm$iately  surm\nt$ by   
employ+ pure +r$i5ts1 9 ! proportions   
ord]$1 &  mix+ !m at ! prop] temp]ature4
 ,! acid %\ld be ( ! full  /r5g?1 or1 if
 some:at weak] ?an t direct$1 an        
equival5t  quantity %\ld be employ$4 ,a 
slight excess ( acid is n injuri\s1  r !
 contr>y2 b a defici5cy ( acid1 9 all   
cases1 m or less  damages ! quality ( ! 
product4 ,if1 on /irr+ ! m]curial       
solution  ) ! melt$ l>d & oil1 ! mixture
 does n fro? up1 ! heat  %\ld be        
increas$ a little1 z1 unless a viol5t   
fro?+ & reaction  take place1 ! o9tm5t w
 n turn out ( good quality1 & w  rapidly
 h>d5 & lose its col\r4 ,! mo/ favorable
 temp]ature = !  union ( ! +r$i5ts is f 

#ahe to #bjj ,fahr41 & 9 no case %\ld  x
 exce$ #bab2 :il/ bel[ #ahj ,fahr41 !   
reactions are feeble &  imp]fect4       
,/onew>e or glass vessels mu/ alone be  
employ$ 9 ! prep>ation (  ?is o9tm5t1 & 
! /irr]s or spatulas %\ld be ei!r (     
glass or  :ite deal4 ,! be/ plan is to  
keep ! :ole exclusively = !  purpose1 & 
:5 out ( use to pres]ve !m f du/ & dirt4
 7,see  bel[47    ,o9tm5t ( ,nitrate (  
,m]cury4 7,mild]47 ,syn4 ,,mild]        
,,citr9e  ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum          
,,hydr>gyri ,,nitratis ,,mitius 7,ph4   
,l471 ,u4 ,h4 ,n4 ,m41 ,or  ,u4         
,,citr9um ,m4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,o9tm5t ( nitrate (  m]cury1
 #a oz42 l>d1 #g oz42 rub !m toge!r4    
8,?is o9tm5t is to be  us$ rec5tly      
prep>$40    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! /rong]  
o9tm5t1 ,ph4 ,e41 b us+ a triple        
proportion ( oil & l>d4 ,uses1 c4 ,see !
 ,,/rong] ,,o9tm5t  7above74    ,o9tm5t 
( ,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,arg5ti ,,nitratis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4    
7,m4 ,job]t47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #b1 #d1 

or #f p>ts2 l>d1 #bj  p>ts4 ,^! o9tm5ts 
are respectively numb]$ #a1 #b1 & #c1 & 
are us$  9 :ite-swell+4    #b4          
7,macdonald47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a "p2  
l>d1 #g to #h p>ts4 ,to sme>  b\gies1 9 
gonorrha1 c4    #c4 7,mack5zie47        
,nitrate ( silv]1 #e gr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,9
 purul5t &  *ronic oph?almia1 ulc]s on !
 cornea1 c4    #d4 7,velpeau47 ,nitrate 
( silv]1 #a gr42 l>d1 #a dr4 ,9 acute   
oph?almia1  c4 ,! above comp\nds require
 to be us$ ) caution4    ,o9tm5t (      
,nitric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,oxyg5is$ ,,fat2  
,,ungu5tum ,,oxyg5atum1  ,u4 ,a4        
,,nitrici1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,d',,alyon1   
,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,olive    
oil1  #a lb42 l>d1 #d oz42 melt !m      
toge!r1 add1 gradually1 ( nitric acid   
7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #e-a_/b fl4 dr41 & /ir 
! mixture con/antly ) a  glass rod until
 x concretes4    ,uses1 c4 ,9 it*1      
porrigo1 & "s o!r *ronic sk9 diseases2 &
 z  a dress+ = syphilitic & h]petic     
ulc]s1 old sores1 c4 ,x is  frequ5tly   
employ$ z a sub/itute = ! o9tm5t (      

nitrate (  m]cury1 :i* x some:at        
resembles 9 appe>ance2 b x is less      
active  & useful4    ,o9tm5t ( ,nitric  
,oxide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,(    
,,r$ ,,oxide ,,(  ,,m]cury 7,b4 ,p471   
,,r$ ,,precipitate ,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum 
,,hydr>gyri  ,,nitrico-,,oxydi 7,ph4    
,l471 ,u4 ,h4 ,,oxydi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4   
,h4 ,o4 ,,rubri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  ,d471   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ite wax1 #b 
oz42 l>d1 #f oz42 mix1 by heat1  add (  
nitric oxide ( m]cury1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a 
oz41 & rub !m  toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47
 ,nitric oxide ( m]cury1 #a oz42 l>d1 #h
 oz42 mix by  trituration4    #c4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury 7nitric oxide71 
#a dr42 o9tm5t ( :ite  wax1 #g dr42 z ! 
la/4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,r$ oxide (       
m]cury1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #fb gr42 yell[    
wax1  #a_/d oz42 oil ( almonds1 #c_/d   
oz42 melt ! wax1 add ! oil1 & mix4      
,uses1 c4 ,an excell5t /imulant         
application to indol5t & f\l sores1     
ulc]s1 c42 &1 :5 dilut$1 z an eye o9tm5t
 9 *ronic inflammation  & ulc]ation ( ! 

eyes & eyelids1 & especially 9          
psoroph?almia2  also 9 specks on !      
cornea1 & ! o!r affections notic$ "u    
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,x 
=ms ! basis ( num]\s quack  m$ic9es4    
,see also ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,oxide ,,(      
,,m]cury 7bel[74    ,o9tm5t1 ,ob/etric4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,ob/etricum1 ,l42     
,,pommade  ,,ob/etricale1 ,fr4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,*aussi]47 ,extract ( belladonna1  
#a dr42  wat]1 #b dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,to  
promote ! dilatation ( ! os ut]i4    #b4
 7,,pommade ,,p\r ,,le ,,t\*]47 ,f yell[
 wax & sp]maceti1 ( ea* #a  oz42 olive  
oil1 #af oz42 melt !m toge!r1 /ra91 add 
( solution (  cau/ic soda1 #a fl4 oz41 &
 /ir until ! :ole is ne>ly cold4        
,o9tm5t ( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,opiatum1 ,u4 ,,opii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ opium1 #bj 
gr42 l>d1 #a oz42 mix by  trituration4  
,z a simple anodyne friction or dress+4 
#b4 7,augu/947 ,opium1 #b dr42 ox-gall1 
#b oz42 dige/ #b days1 /ra91 &  add1 (  
melt$ l>d1 #b oz42 oil ( b]gamot1 #aj   

drops4    #c4 7,br]a47 ,opium1 #a dr42  
ga/ric juice ( a calf1 #a_/b oz42 dige/ 
#bd  h\rs1 & add ( melt$ l>d1 #a oz4    
,o9tm5t ( ,oxide ( ,lead4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1
 ,,lead4    ,o9tm5t ( ,oxide (          
,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum            
,,manganesii ,,oxydi1 ,u4  ,m4          
,,b9oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black oxide (
 manganese 7levigat$71 #a dr42  l>d1 #a 
oz42 mix by pati5t trituration4 ,z a    
friction 9 scr(ul\s  swell+s &          
indurations2 & 9 it*1 scald-head1       
*ilbla9s1 c4    #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47      
,b9oxide ( manganese1 #a dr42 sulphur1  
#b dr42 l>d1 #i dr42  cajeput oil1 #ae  
drops4 ,z ! la/2 also z a friction 9    
rheumatism1  swell$ jo9ts1 c41 & 9      
porrigo1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4         
,o9tm5t ( ,oxide ( ,m]cury4 ,"u ?is "n !
 two o9tm5ts notic$  bel[ are (t5       
conf\nd$1 ow+ to ! diff]5t op9ions held 
respect+ ! atomic weight ( m]cury3----  
#a4 ,o9tm5t ( ,grey ,oxide ( ,m]cury4   
,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,suboxide ,,(       
,,m]cury1 ,o4 ,,( ,,protoxide ,,( ,m42  

,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri ,,oxydi1 ,u4 ,h4 
,,suboxydi1 ,u4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,c9]ei1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,grey oxide
 (  m]cury1 #a oz42 l>d1 #c oz42        
triturate toge!r4 ,=m]ly propos$ z a    
sub/itute = m]curial o9tm5t1 b 9        
practice x has be5 f\nd  useless z a    
friction1 ow+ to ! unctu\s matt] only   
be+ absorb$1  :il/ ! oxide is left on ! 
surface4 ,?is objection does n apply to 
! foll[+ prep>ations3----    #b4        
7,donovan47 ,grey oxide ( m]cury1 #bj   
gr42 l>d1 #a oz42 mix1 & expose  !m to !
 temp]ature ( #cbj ,fahr4 = #b h\rs1    
con/antly /irr+4  ,grey col\r$4 ,x may  
also be made f ! nitric- or r$-oxide 9 !
  same way1 by keep+ ! o9tm5t heat$ to  
ab\t #cjj = "s h\rs4  ,clean] & /rong]  
?an ,ung4 hyd4 =t4----,ph4 ,l4    #c4   
7,tyson47 ,black oxide ( m]cury 7prep>$ 
by decompos+ precipitat$  calomel )     
liquors ( potassa & ammonia71 #b oz42   
l>d1 #a lb42  triturate toge!r4 ,inf]ior
 9 activity to ! la/4 ,x closely        
resembles  9 appe>ance a f9e sample (   

m]curial o9tm5t4    #b4 ,o9tm5t ( ,r$   
,oxide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,hydr>gyri  ,,b9oxidi1 ,u4 ,h4 ,,oxydi 
,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,caz5ave47 ,r$     
oxide ( m]cury1  #cj gr42 camphor1 #e   
gr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,closely resembles     
o9tm5t ( nitric  oxide ( m]cury1 ov] :i*
 x1 p]haps1 possesses "s advantage f  ! 
oxide be+ 9 a m m9utely divid$ /ate4    
,o9tm5t ( ,oxide ( ,silv]4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,arg5ti ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,s]re47  
,,oxide ,,( ,,silv]1 #af to #bj gr42    
l>d1 #a oz4 ,z a dress+ =  scr(ul\s &   
syphilitic sores1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,oxide
 ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,z9c ,,o9tm5t2 ,,nihil  
,,album ,,o9tm5t2  ,,ungu5tum ,,z9ci    
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,u4     
,,oxydi ,,z9ci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4   
,l47 ,oxide ( z9c1 #a oz42 l>d1 #f oz42 
mix !m toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,oxide 
( z9c1 #a oz42 simple l9im5t 7,ph4 ,e471
 #f oz4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,o9tm5t ( :ite
 wax1 #ab oz42 melt x by a g5tle heat1  
add  ( oxide ( z9c1 #b oz42 & /ir       
con/antly until ! mixture concretes4    

#d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide ( z9c1 9 v f9e     
p[d]1 #a2 b5zoat$ l>d1 #e-a_/b2  mix4   
,uses1 c4 ,a/r+5t1 desiccative1 &       
/imulant2 9 excoriations1  burns1 v>i\s 
sk9 diseases att5d$ by pr(use dis*>ges1 
9 *ronic  inflammation ( ! eyes dep5d+  
on relaxation ( ! vessels1 9 sore       
nipples1 indol5t sores1 r+worm ( !      
scalp1 c4 ,x is an excell5t &  v useful 
prep>ation4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,tutty      
7bel[74    ,o9tm5t ( ,pepp]4 ,syn4      
,,ungu5tum ,,pip]is ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,black  pepp] 7bruis$71 #a oz42 l>d1
 #b oz42 suet1 #a oz42 dige/ toge!r 9 a 
cov]$ vessel1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 = 
six h\rs1 !n /ra91  ) pressure1 add (   
express$ oil ( mace1 #b dr41 & /ir until
 !  mixture concretes4 ,9 piles1 it*1 z 
a friction 9 rheumatism1 c4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,black pepp] 79 f9e p[d]71 
#d oz42 l>d1 #a lb42 mix4  ,9           
scald-head1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,phosphoric 
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,acidi         
,,phosphorici1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 
,phosphoric acid1 #a dr42 l>d 7s(t5$ by 

heat71 #a  oz2 triturate c>efully       
toge!r4 ,z a friction 9 c>ies1 osse\s   
tum\rs1 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,phosphorus4    
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,phosphori1 ,u4       
,,phosphoratum1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,phosphorus1 #a dr42 l>d1 #f oz4 #c dr42
 melt toge!r 79  a wide-m\!d bottle7 by 
! heat ( a wat] ba?1 remove ! vessel f  
! heat1 & %ake x briskly until ! o9tm5t 
concretes4 ,z a friction  9 g\t1 *ronic 
rheumatism1 & sev]al sk9 diseases4      
,o9tm5t ( ,picrotox94 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum  
,,picrotox91 ,l4 ,prep4  7,jj]47        
,picrotox91 #aj gr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,9     
r+worm ( ! scalp1 & to  de/roy p$iculi4 
,x %\ld be us$ ) c>e4    ,o9tm5t =      
,piles4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum                
,h,,morrhoidale1 ,u4                    
,,anti-,h,,morrhoidale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
,burnt alum & oxide ( z9c1 ( ea*  #a_/b 
dr42 l>d1 #g dr4    #b4 7,bories47      
,acetate ( lead1 #ae gr42 fre%ly burnt  
cork1 #a_/b oz42 wa%$  fre% butt]1 #b   
oz42 triturate well toge!r4    #c4 7,w4 
,cooley47 ,morphia1 #h gr42 melt$       

sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a oz42  triturate    
toge!r until solution is complete1 !n   
add1 ( galls 79  impalpable p[d]71      
#a-a_/b dr41 ess5tial oil ( almonds     
7g5u9e crude71  #ab to #ae drops1 & /ir 
until ! mass concretes4 ,9 pa9ful piles1
  prolapsus1 c4 ,x is n only v          
effective1 b does n soil ! l95  s mu* z 
mo/ o!r o9tm5ts4    #d4 7,dr ,g$d+47    
,c>bonate ( lead1 #d dr42 sulphate (    
morphia1 #ae gr42  /ramonium o9tm5t1 #a 
oz42 olive oil1 q4 s4 ,:5 !re is mu* pa9
 &  inflammation4    #e4 7,sir ,h4      
,hal=d47 ,o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury &   
oil ( almonds1  equal p>ts1 triturat$   
toge!r4    #f4 7,mazz9i47 ,nitrate (    
morphia1 #ae gr42 citr9e o9tm5t1 #a dr42
 fre%  butt]1 #a oz4 ,z ! la/4    #g4   
7,vallez47 ,extract ( eld] leaves1 #a_/b
 dr42 burnt alum1 #af gr42 popl>        
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,= o!r =mul1 see !       
respective names ( _!  lead+ +r$i5ts4   
#h4 7,w>e47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 simple    
o9tm5t1 #a oz42 dissolve by heat1 add  (
 p[d]$ galls1 #b dr42 mix well1 fur!r   

add ( t9cture ( opium1 #b  fl4 dr41 &   
/ir until ! :ole is cold4 ,9 flabby     
muc\s & pa9ful  piles4    #i4 7,zan947  
,sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a oz42 p[d]$ galls1 
#a dr42 p[d]$  opium1 #ah gr42 solution 
( diacetate ( lead1 #a fl4 dr4 ,:5 !re  
is bo?  pa9 & inflammation4    #aj4 7,f 
,new ,rem$ies47 ,yell[ wax1 #h p>ts2    
res91 #d p>ts2 l>d1 #ab  p>ts2 oil (    
sassafras1 #b p>ts4 ,melt ! wax1 res91 &
 l>d1 remove  f ! fire1 add ! oil (     
sassafras1 & /ir until ! mass is solid4 
,?is is said to be a mo/ excell5t       
application = pa9ful or it*+  piles4    
,o9tm5t ( ,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,black          
,,basilicon1 ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,black       
,,pit*2 ,,ung4  ,,picis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,l471 ,u4 ,,picis ,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,black pit*1  res91 &       
beeswax1 ( ea* #aa oz42 olive oil1 #a   
p9t2 melt toge!r1  /ra9 ?r\gh a l95 clo?
 7& /ir until ! mass concretes74    #b4 
7,b4 ,p47 ,t>1 #e2 yell[ wax1 #b2 melt  
toge!r1 & /ir till cold4    ,uses1 c4   
,/imulant & det]g5t2 v useful 9 indol5t 

ulc]ations1  scald-head1 & v>i\s f\l    
eruptions4 ,9 it* & psoriasis1 & o!r    
scaly sk9 diseases1 a little sulphur is 
commonly add$ to x4    ,o9tm5t (        
,platinum4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,plant9i1  
,l4 ,prep4 7,hf]47  ,bi*loride (        
plat9um1 #ae gr42 extract ( belladonna1 
#a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a  oz4 ,z a dress+ =   
pa9ful indol5t ulc]s4    ,o9tm5t (      
,plumbago4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,(           
,,graphite2 ,,ungu5tum ,,graphitis1  ,u4
 ,,plumbag9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f pure       
plumbago 7#8black-lead'71 #a-a_/b dr42  
l>d1 #a oz4 ,z a dress+ to ulc]s1 & 9   
c]ta9 sk9 diseases4    ,o9tm5t1         
,plunket's4 ,prep4 7,orig9al =mula47    
,cr[sfoot1 #a h&ful2  dog's f5nel1 #c   
sprigs2 p\nd well1 add ( fl[]s ( sulphur
 & :ite  ars5ic1 ( ea* #c ?imblefuls2   
beat !m well toge!r1 =m ! mass  into    
boluses1 & dry !m 9 ! sun4 ,= use1 p[d] 
!m2 & mix !  p[d] ) yolk ( egg1 spread a
 little on a small piece ( pig's bladd] 
7size ( half a cr[n71 & apply x to !    
sore1 :]e x mu/ rema9  until x falls (f 

by itself4 ,poison\s2 9 canc]2 ) great  
caution4    ,o9tm5t1 ,pomatum4 ,see     
,,o9tm5t1 ,,l>d4    ,o9tm5t ( ,popl>    
,buds4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,populeum1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 ,fre%  popl> buds 7bruis$71  
#a "p2 l>d1 #d p>ts2 boil until crisp1 &
  /ra94 ,x nev] gets rancid4 ,emolli5t &
 /imulant4    #b4 7,comp\nd----,p4      
,cod47 ,popl> buds1 #ab oz42 fre% leaves
 ( belladonna1  common night%ade        
7,solanum nigrum71 h5bane1 & poppies1 ( 
ea* #h oz42  l>d1 #d-a_/b lbs42 z ! la/4
 ,emolli5t1 /imulant1 & anodyne4        
,o9tm5t ( ,potassio-t>trate ( ,antimony4
 ,syn4 ,,antimonial  ,,o9tm5t1 ,,t>t>   
,,emetic ,o42 ,,ungu5tum ,,antimonii    
,,t>t>ati 7,b4 ,p471  ,,ungu5tum        
,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,t>tatris 7,ph4 
,l471 ,u4 ,a4 ,,t>t>izati 7,ph4  ,d471  
,u4 ,,antimoniale 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4       
,,t>t>i ,,emetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 
,l4   ,e47 ,potassic t>trate ( antimony1
 rubb$ to a v f9e p[d]1 #a oz42  l>d1 #d
 oz42 mix by trituration4    #b4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,t>t> emetic1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a dr42

 o9tm5t ( :ite  wax1 #g dr4    #c4 7,b4 
,p47 ,t>trat$ antimony 79 f9e p[d]71 #a2
 simple o9tm5t1 #d4  ,mix4    ,uses1 c4 
,c\nt]-irritant2 9 ph?isis1 *ronic      
rheumatism1 c]ta9  liv] affections1 &   
o!r deep-seat$ pa9s & diseases4 ,a      
portion  ab\t ! size ( a nut is rubb$ on
 ! sk9 night & morn+1 until a  crop (   
pu/ules is produc$4 ,! "p %\ld be well  
rubb$ ) a co>se  t[el1 s z to be r$d5$1 
be=e apply+ ! o9tm5t4 ,! product (  !   
,dubl9 =mula is ( only half ! /r5g? ( ^?
 ( ! o!r  ,colleges4    ,obs4 ,be=e add+
 ! t>t> emetic to ! l>d x %\ld be r$uc$ 
to  ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d]4 ,!     
precipitat$ salt is ! be/ =  ?is        
purpose4 ,z ! pu/ules =m$ by ?is o9tm5t 
p]man5tly m>k !  sk91 x %\ld only be    
appli$ to ^? p>ts ( ! p]son :i* are     
cov]$ by ! dress4    ,o9tm5t1           
,purgative4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,(           
,,colocyn?1 ,,worm ,o41 c4    ,o9tm5t ( 
,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,qu9i1 ,u4    
,,qu9i ,,sulphatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4     
,sulphate ( qu99e1 #a dr42 l>d1 #c dr4  

,9 ! agues (  *ildr54    #b4 7,beasley  
ex ,anton9i47 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #a dr42
 alcohol 7rectifi$  _s71 #b dr42        
sulphuric acid1 #aj drops2 dissolve1 &  
mix x ) l>d1  #a_/b oz4 ,9 malignant    
int]mitt5ts2 #b to #d dr4 at a "t1 rubb$
 into !  gro9 or axilla4    ,o9tm5t (   
,r$ ,sulphuret ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4         
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri  ,,bisulphureti1 
,u4 ,h4 ,,sulphureti ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 7,alib]t47 ,r$  sulphuret ( m]cury1
 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 simple       
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9  h]pes1 appli$ twice a
 day4    #b4 7,colli]47 ,bisulphuret (  
m]cury1 #a-a_/b dr42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b
 dr42  l>d1 #a oz42 rose wat]1 #a fl4   
dr4 ,9 sev]al sk9 diseases1 to dim9i%  !
 it*+1 de/roy p$iculi1 c4    #c4        
7,radius47 ,z ! la/1 ) #a oz4 m l>d4    
,o9tm5t ( ,res94 ,syn4 ,,yell[          
,,basilicon2 ,,ungu5tum ,,res9 7,ph4    
,d471  ,u4 ,,res9osum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,yell[ wax1 #a_/d 
lb42 yell[  res91 9 co>se p[d]1 #a_/b   
lb42 prep>$ l>d1 #a lb42 melt !m toge!r 

by a g5tle heat1 /ra9 ! mixture1 :il/   
hot1 ?r\gh flannel1 &  /ir x con/antly  
until x concretes4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47    
,beeswax1 #b oz42 res91 #e oz42 l>d1 #h 
oz4    ,obs4 ,a useful /imulant dress+  
to f\l & indol5t ulc]s4 ,= !            
correspond+ prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,l41 see
 ,,c]ate1 ,,res94    ,o9tm5t1 ,resolv5t4
 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,discuti5t4    ,o9tm5t 
( ,rhatany 7,tr\sseau74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum
 ,,rhatt9i4 ,prep4  ,extract ( rhatany1 
#a-a_/b dr42 cacao butt]1 #e dr4 ,mix4  
,o9tm5t1 ,r+worm4 ,,ungu5tum            
,,contra-,,t9eam1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
,c>bonate (  soda1 #a "p2 fre%-slak$    
lime1 #d p>ts2 l>d1 #abj p>ts4    #b4   
,o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury1 #a dr42 t>  
o9tm5t & l>d1 ( ea*  #a_/b oz4    #c4   
7,h5ke47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 
junip]-t> o9tm5t1 #a_/b oz42  m>%mall[  
d41 #a oz4    #d4 7,p]eira47 ,t>1 #c    
dr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz42 melt !m toge!r1 &
 /ir 9  ( acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #b fl4
 dr4    #e4 7,?ompson47 ,c>bonate ( soda
 & sulphuret ( potassium1 ( ea* #a  dr42

 creasote1 #a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a-a_/d oz4  
,obs4 ,! hair mu/ be cut (f close1 & !  
"p wa%$ clean be=e  ea* application4 ,= 
o!r =ms1 see above4    ,o9tm5t ( ,rose4 
,syn4 ,,rose ,,pommade1 ,,rose          
,,lip-,,salve2 ,,ungu5tum ,,ros1  ,u4   
,,rosatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,wa%$ l>d 7melt$71 & roses  7c5tif471 ( 
ea* #b lbs42 mix1 & 9 #b days remelt !  
mass1 & press  out ! fat2 to ?is la/ add
 ( fre% roses1 #b lbs41 & repeat !      
process2 la/ly1 col\r x ) alkanet root  
if requir$ r$4    #b4 7,,ung4 ,,aqu     
,,ros----,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,?is is sp]maceti
 o9tm5t melt$ &  beat5 up ) ab\t        
#b_/crds ( its weight ( rose wat] until 
!y  congeal4 ,bo? ! above are simple    
emolli5ts4 ,! la/ is an (fic9al  #8cold 
cream4'    ,o9tm5t ( ,rosem>y           
7,comp\nd74 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,rosm>9i  ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,l>d1   
#af oz42 suet1 #h oz42 yell[ wax1 #b    
oz42 oil (  mace1 #b oz42 liquefy 9 a   
vap\r ba?1 & :5 ne>ly cold1 add oil (   
rosem>y & oil ( junip]1 ( ea* #a oz41 by

 weight4    ,o9tm5t ( ,rue 7,span4      
,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,rut4 ,prep4  
,fre% rue1  #b oz42 wormwood1 #b oz42   
nitre1 #b oz42 l>d1 #af oz42 boil till !
 moi/ure  is expell$4    ,o9tm5t1       
,ru/'s4 ,prep4 ,calc9$ alum1 #a-a_/b    
dr42 camphor1 #a_/b dr42  p[d]$ opium1  
#bj gr4 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42 lead     
o9tm5t1 #e dr42  triturate toge!r4 ,9   
*ilbla9s1 fro/bites1 fro/$ limbs1 c4    
,o9tm5t ( ,sabadill9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum 
,,sabadill91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr            
,turnbull47 ,sabadill9e1 #ae to #bj gr42
 l>d1 #a oz4 ,int5d$ z a sub/itute  =   
o9tm5t ( v]atr9e4    ,o9tm5t ( ,savine4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,sab9 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,l4  ,d471  ,,c]atum ,,sab91 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ite wax1 #c oz42 l>d1 #a   
lb42 melt  !m toge!r1 mix 9 ( fre% sav9e
 7bruis$71 #a_/b lb41 & press  ?r\gh a  
l95 clo?4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sav9e tops1
 dri$ & 9 f9e p[d]1 #a dr42 o9tm5t (    
:ite wax1 #g dr42 mix by trituration4 ,=
 ! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,e41 !  uses1 c41 see 
,,c]ate4    ,o9tm5t ( ,scrophularia4    

,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,scrophul>i1 ,l4      
,prep4  7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,gre5 leaves (
 knott$ root$ figwort & l>d1 ( ea* #b   
lbs42 prep>$ suet1 #a lb42 boil till    
crisp1 & /ra9 ) pressure4 ,9  r+worm1   
#8burnt holes' 7pemphigus gangr5osus (  
*ildr571 impetigo1  & "s o!r cutane\s   
diseases2 also z an application to      
piles1  pa9ful swell+s1 c4 ,9 ! second x
 is said to be almo/ specific4          
,o9tm5t1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,(    
,,:ite ,,wax1 ,,simple ,,dress+2        
,,ungu5tum ,,simplex 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4     
,e471 ,u4 ,,c] ,,alb 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,e47 ,olive oil1      
#e-a_/b fl4 oz42 :ite wax1 #b oz42 melt$
 toge!r1 &  /irr$ :il/ cool+4    #b4    
7,ph4 ,d47 ,prep>$ l>d1 #d lbs42 :ite   
wax1 #a lb42 z ! la/4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47  
,:ite wax1 #b2 prep>$ l>d1 #c2 almond   
oil1 #h2 melt toge!r1  & /ir till x     
becomes solid4    ,obs4 ,! above are    
mild emolli5ts1 useful 9 heal?y ulc]s1  
excoriations1 c42 b *iefly z =m+ ! basis
 = o!r o9tm5ts4  ,! correspond+         

prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 is sp]maceti    
o9tm5t4 ,see  bel[1 also ,,o9tm5t1      
,,l>d1 c4    ,o9tm5t1 ,s+leton's4 ,see  
,,o9tm5ts1 ,,eye4    ,o9tm5t1 ,smallpox4
 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,ectroticum1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 ,m]curial  o9tm5t1 #a-a_/b   
oz42 beeswax & black pit*1 ( ea* #a_/b  
oz42 express$  oil ( mace1 #b dr42 mix$ 
toge!r by a v g5tle heat4    #b4        
7,briquet47 ,m]curial o9tm5t1 #d p>ts2  
p[d]$ />*1 #a "p4    #c4 7,t\rri]e47    
,iodide ( potassium 7dry & 9 f9e p[d]71 
#a "p2  express$ oil ( mace1 #b p>ts2   
black res91 #d p>ts2 m]curial o9tm5t1   
#h p>ts4 ,us$ to prev5t ! #8pitt+ ( !   
pu/ules4' ,see ,,smallpox4    ,o9tm5t1  
,smellome's4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts1 ,,eye4     
,o9tm5t ( ,soap4 #a4 ,see ,,c]ate4      
#b4 7,camphorat$2 ,,ungu5tum ,,saponis  
,,camphoratum----,hamb4 ,cod47 ,:ite    
soap  7scrap$71 #a lb42 wat]1 #a_/b lb42
 dissolve by heat2 add ( olive oil1 #e  
oz42 & :5 ! mixture has p>tly cool$1    
fur!r add ( camphor1 #a  oz41 previ\sly 
dissolv$ by heat 9 olive oil1 #a oz42   

la/ly1 /ir until  ! mass concretes4 ,z  
an anodyne & /imulat+ friction 9 v>i\s  
local affections1 z *aps1 *ilbla9s1     
rheumatism1 c4    ,o9tm5t (             
,sdio-,*loride ( ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum
 ,,auri  ,,sodio-,,*loridi1 ,l42        
,,pommade ,,de ,,muriate ,d',,or ,,et   
,,de ,,s\de1 ,fr4 ,prep4  7,mag5die47   
,sodio-*loride ( gold1 #aj gr42 l>d1 #d 
dr4 ,9 scr(ul\s &  syphilitic swell+s1  
indurations1 ulc]s1 c4    ,o9tm5t (     
,sp]maceti4 ,syn4 ,,emolli5t ,,dress+1  
,,simple ,,o9tm5t1  ,,:ite ,o42         
,,ungu5tum ,,cetacei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 
,d471 ,u4 ,,sp]matis ,,ceti1 ,l4  ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sp]maceti1 #e oz42 :ite
 wax1 #ad dr42 olive oil1 #a  p9t1 or q4
 s42 melt !m toge!r by a g5tle heat1 &  
/ir ! mixture  until cold4    #b4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,:ite wax1 #a_/b lb42 sp]maceti1 #a
 lb42 prep>$ l>d1 #c lbs42  z ! la/4    
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sp]maceti1 #e2 :ite wax1 
#b2 almond oil1 #bj1 or a suffici5cy2   
/ir con/antly1 until x cools4    ,uses1 
c4 ,z an emolli5t & heal+ application or

 dress+ to  abrasions1 excoriations1    
bli/]$ surfaces1 heal?y ulc]s1 *ilbla9s1
  *aps1 c4 ,9 trade1 ! ,dubl9 =mula1 )  
d\ble ! am\nt ( l>d1  is commonly       
employ$4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,l>d1 ,,simple 
,o41 c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,squills4 ,syn4    
,,ungu5tum ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4      
7,br]a47  ,squills 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a   
dr42 m]curial o9tm5t1 #b dr4    #b4     
7,hufel&47 ,squills1 #a oz42 liquor (   
potassia1 #b fl4 oz42 r$uce to a        
mucilage by boil+1 !n add ( l>d1 #b oz41
 or q4 s4 ,z a resolv5t  friction to    
indol5t tum\rs & indurations4    ,o9tm5t
 ( ,/avesacre4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum         
,,/aphisagri1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,sw$iaur47   
,p[d]$ /avesacre1 #a oz42 l>d1 #c oz42  
melt toge!r1 dige/  #c or #d h\rs1 &    
/ra94 ,a v cleanly rem$y = it*1 & to    
de/roy  p$iculi on ! p]son4 ,a simil>   
o9tm5t is mu* us$ by f>ri]s4    ,o9tm5t 
( ,/ramonium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum          
,,/ramonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,fre%       
?orn-apple leaves1 #a "p2 l>d1 #d p>ts2 
z o9tm5t ( hemlock4    #b4 7,p]eira47   

,p[d]$ leaves1 #a oz12 l>d1 #d oz42 mix 
by trituration4    #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47   
,extract ( /ramonium1 #a dr42 l>d1 #a   
oz42 z ! la/4    ,uses1 c4 ,to dress    
irritable ulc]s1 & z an application to  
pa9ful  piles4    ,o9tm5t ( ,/ry*n9e4   
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,/ry*ni1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4  7,b\*>dat47 ,/ry*n9e1 #af gr42 l>d1
 #a oz42 c>efully triturat$  toge!r4    
#b4 7,w5dt47 ,nitrate ( /ry*n9e1 #f dr42
 l>d1 #a oz42 z la/4 ,bo? are  us$ z a  
friction 9 p>alys$ p>ts1 c4 ,f !        
extremely poison\s  "* ( /ry*n9e x %\ld 
be us$ ) caution4    ,o9tm5t (          
,subacetate ( ,copp]4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( 
,,v]digris4    ,o9tm5t ( ,subacetate (  
,lead 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,plumbi  ,,subacetatis ,,compositum    
7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,solution ( subacetate
 ( lead1 #f2  camphor #a_/h2 :ite wax1  
#h2 almond oil1 #bj2 melt ! wax ) #af ( 
! oil  on a /eam or wat] ba?2 remove !  
vessel1 & z soon z ! mixture  beg9s to  
?ick51 gradually add ! solution (       
subacetate ( lead1 &  /ir ! mixture     

con/antly until x cools2 !n add !       
camphor1 dissolve  9 ! re/ ( ! oil1 &   
mix ?or\ghly4    ,o9tm5t ( ,sub*loride (
 ,m]cury4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,calomel4  
,o9tm5t ( ,subsulphate ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,hydr>gyri  ,,subsulphatus1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alib]t47 ,turpe? m9]al1
 #a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a  oz4    #b4         
7,biett47 ,turpe? m9]al1 #a dr42        
sulphur1 #b dr42 l>d1 #b oz42 oil (     
lemons1 #ae drops4 ,9 h]pes1 porrigo1 & 
! scaly diseases4    ,o9tm5t ( ,sulphate
 ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,f]ri       
,,sulphatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,velpeau47    
,sulphate ( iron1 #a-a_/b dr42 simple   
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9  erysipelas4          
,o9tm5t ( ,sulphate ( ,manganese4 ,syn4 
,,ungu5tum ,,manganesi  ,,sulphatis1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,f sulphate ( manganese1 #a fl4 
dr42 l>d or  simple o9tm5t1 #a oz4      
,alt]ative & discuti5t2 9 simil> cases  
to  ^? 9 :i* ,,mecurial ,,o9tm5t is     
employ$4    ,o9tm5t ( ,sulphate ( ,z9c4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,z9ci ,,sulphatis1 ,l4
  ,prep4 7,sc>pa47 ,sulphate ( z9c 79 v 

f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 l>d1 #a  oz4 ,9 "s   
*ronic sk9 diseases att5d$ ) a lax /ate 
( !  tissues1 & z a dress+ to scr(ul\s  
tum\rs aft] !y h sep>at$  & ! abscess   
has be5 dis*>g$4    ,o9tm5t ( ,sulphur4 
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,sulphuris 7,b4 ,p41  
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41   ,d47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l47 ,sulphur1 #a_/b lb42 l>d1 #a lb4 ,9
 ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf  oil ( b]gamot1 #dj   
drops1 7 add$4 7,see #e1 ,comp\nd47     
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 l>d1 #d
 oz4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sulphur1 #a lb42
 l>d1 #d lbs4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sublim$ 
sulphur1 #a2 b5zoat$ l>d1 #d2 mix4      
,uses1 c4 ,9 it*1 scald-head1 c41 9 !   
fir/ ( :i* x is  specific4 ,x %\ld be   
well rubb$ 9 e night until ! disease is 
cur$2 8b n m ?an "o f\r? "p ( ! body    
%\ld be cov]$  ) x at a "t40 7,a4 ,t4   
,?omson47    #e4 7,comp\nd2 ,,it*       
,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum ,,sulphuris        
,,compositum----,ph4 ,l47----a4  7,ph4  
,l47 ,nitrate ( potassa 7p[d]$71 #dj    
gr42 :ite hellebore  7p[d]$71 #aj dr42  
sulphur & s(t soap1 ( ea* #d oz42 l>d1  

#a lb42 rub  !m toge!r4    b4 7,p4      
,cod47 ,alum & sal ammoniac1 ( ea*1     
#a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #h oz42  l>d1 #af   
oz4    ,uses1 c4 ,9 it*1 z ! simple     
o9tm5t 7#a1 #b1 & #c47 ,!y are m        
efficaci\s1 b1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( :ite  
hellebore1 ! ,ph4 ,l4  prep>ation is apt
 to cause irritation 9 p]sons ) delicate
 sk9s4 ,see  ,,o9tm5t1 ,,it*4    ,o9tm5t
 ( ,sulphuret ( ,m]cury4 ,see ,,o9tm5t  
,,( ,,r$ ,,sulphuret ,,(  ,,m]cury4     
,o9tm5t ( ,sulphurat$ ,pota%4 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,potass ,,sulphurate 7,b4   
,p47 ,sulphurat$ pota%1 #cj gr42        
triturate1 & add prep>$ l>d1 #a oz42    
mix4 ,see also next prep>ation4         
,o9tm5t ( ,sulphuret ( ,potassium4 ,syn4
 ,,ungu5tum ,,potassi  ,,sulphureti1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphuret ( potassium 7dry 
& 9 f9e p[d]71  #a dr42 l>d1 #i dr4     
,alib]t adds #a dr4 ( c>bonate ( soda4  
#b4 ,sulphuret ( potassium1 #b-a_/b dr42
 l>d & s(t soap1 ( ea* #a oz42  olive   
oil1 #a_/b oz4 ,9 sev]al *ronic sk9     
diseases1 z it*1 psoriasis1  r+worm1    

lepra1 eczema1 c4    ,o9tm5t (          
,sulphuret ( ,sdium4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,sodii ,,sulphureti1 ,l4  ,prep4       
7,sw$iaur47 ,sulphuret ( sodium1 #c dr42
 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,9 it*1  = :i* x is v 
cleanly & effective4 ,! la/ two o9tm5ts 
are  mo/ p[]ful :5 rec5tly prep>$4      
,o9tm5t ( ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,syn4       
,,ungu5tum ,,acidi ,,sulphurici1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,duncan47 ,sulphuric    
acid1 #a dr42 l>d1 #b oz4    #b4 7,ph4  
,d4 #ahbf47 ,sulphuric acid1 #a dr42    
l>d1 #a oz42 mix4    ,uses1 c4 ,black1  
fetid2 9 it*4 ,x is n[ seldom us$4 ,)   
oil (  turp5t9e x has be5 us$ z a       
/imulat+ l9im5t 9 rheumatism4 ,an       
o9tm5t made ( #a-a_/b dr4 ( dilute      
sulphuric acid to #a oz4 ( l>d is a     
good application 9 prurigo4    ,o9tm5t1 
,sultana4 ,sp]maceti & :ite wax1 ( ea*  
#a_/d oz42 oil (  almonds & butt] (     
cacao1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42 melt toge!r1 add
 ( balsam  ( ,p]u1 #a dr41 /ir con/antly
 = a few m9utes1 & aft] x has  settl$   
p\r (f ! cle> portion2 to ?is add (     

orange-fl[] wat]1 #b  fl4 dr41 & /ir !  
mixture con/antly until x concretes4 ,a 
v  agreeable species ( cold cream4      
,o9tm5t ( ,tannate ( ,lead4 ,syn4       
,,ungu5tum ,,plumbi ,,tannatis1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 ,tannate ( lead1 #a-a_/b dr42
 p[d]$ camphor1 #bj gr42  sp]maceti     
o9tm5t1 #g dr4 ,9 inflam$ piles1 c4     
#b4 7,sundel947 ,decoction ( oak b>k1 #f
 fl4 oz42 solution ( diacetate (  lead1 
#a-a_/b oz42 mix1 collect & dra9 !      
precipitate1 & mix x1  :il/ /ill moi/1 )
 l>d1 #a oz42 camphor1 #aj gr4 ,9       
b$sores4    ,o9tm5t ( ,tann94 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,tann9i1 ,u4 ,,acidi        
,,tannici1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ri*>d47 ,tann91
 #b dr42 wat]1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate !m 
toge!r1 !n add ( l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4       
,a/r+5t & hmo/atic4 ,9 piles1           
prolapsus1 c4 ,x is a v cleanly &       
effective application4    ,o9tm5t ( ,t>4
 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,picis ,,liquid 7,ph4
 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4   
,l47 ,t> & suet1 ( ea* #a lb42 melt !m  
toge!r1 &  press ! mixture ?r\gh a l95  

clo?4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,t>1 #e oz42    
beeswax1 #b oz42 melt toge!r1 & /ir !   
mixture briskly until x concretes4      
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,t>1 #a_/b p9t2 yell[    
wax1 #d oz42 z ! la/4    ,uses1 c4 ,z a 
det]g5t application 9 r+worm1           
scald-head1 scabby  eruptions1 f\l      
ulc]s1 c4 ,x %\ld be1 9 g5]al1 at fir/  
dilut$  ) half ( its weight ( l>d or    
oil4 ,see also ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,pit*4     
,o9tm5t ( ,t>t> ,emetic4 ,see ,,o9tm5t  
,,( ,,potassio-,,t>trate ,,(            
,,antimony4    ,o9tm5t ( ,t91 ,*loride  
7,nan*e74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,/anni      
,,*loridi4  ,prep4 ,p]*loride ( t91     
#a-a_/b gra92 l>d1 #a oz4 ,mix4         
,o9tm5t ( ,t91 ,oxide 7,bate74 ,syn4    
,,ungu5tum ,,/anni ,,oxidi4 ,oxide (  t9
 rubb$ ) oil ( ,/ ,john's wort 0 =m]ly  
appli$ = ! cure (  bl9dness2 )          
,localette's balsam & honey1 = ! cure ( 
indol5t  ulc]s4    ,o9tm5t ( ,tobacco4  
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,tabaci1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4  7,*ipp5dale47 ,extract ( tobacco1  
#a dr42 l>d1 #a oz4 ,z a friction 9     

neuralgia4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,fre%  
tobacco leaves1 #a oz42 l>d1 #ab oz42 z 
o9tm5t (  hemlock4 ,z an anodyne        
application 9 irritable ulc]s1 r+worm1  
prurigo1  & "s o!r sk9 diseases4        
,o9tm5t1 ,triph>mic4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( 
,,?ree ,,?+s2 ,,ungu5tum  ,,triph>macum1
 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f lead pla/]1 #d oz42 olive
 oil1 #b fl4 oz42  di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a fl4
 oz42 melt toge!r1 & /ir until !y       
comb9e1  & a prop] consi/5ce is obta9$4 
,cool+ & desiccative2 =m]ly  greatly    
e/eem$ z a dress+4    ,o9tm5t1          
,troop]'s4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,m]curial4   
,o9tm5t ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum   
,,t]eb9?9 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 #a4  7,guy's 
,hosp47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 oil (         
turp5t9e1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 dissolve1  &
 add ( res9 ( c]ate1 #a oz4 ,z a        
/imulant & anodyne friction 9  nephritic
 & rheumatic pa9s1 engorgem5ts1 c4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,au/r47 ,turp5t9e1 #b lbs42   
simple o9tm5t1 #a lb42 mix by a  g5tle  
heat4 ,z a /imulant dress+4    #c4 7,b4 
,p47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #af2 camphor1 #a2 

s(t soap1 #b2 dissolve !  camphor 9 !   
turp5t9e1 add ! soap1 & rub till        
?or\ghly mix$4    ,o9tm5t ( ,tutty4     
,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,z9ci ,,oxydi         
,,impuri1 ,u4 ,,tuti1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f    
prep>$ tutty1 #a "p2 simple o9tm5t1 #e  
p>ts2 mix by  trituration4 ,=m]ly 9     
great repute 9 oph?almic practice1 m    
p>ticul>ly 9 inflammation1 c41 ( !      
eyelids4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,oxide  ,,( 
,,z9c4    ,o9tm5t ( ,v]atr9e4 ,syn4     
,,ungu5tum ,,v]atri 7,b4 ,p472 ,,pommade
 ,,de  ,,v]atr9e2 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4       
7,mag5die47 ,v]atr9e1 #d gr42 l>d1 #a   
oz42 mix$  by c>eful trituration4    #b4
 7,p]eira47 ,v]atr9e1 #cj gr42 l>d1 #a  
oz4    #c4 7,turnbull47 ,v]atr9e1 #aj to
 #bj gr42 olive oil1 #a dr42 triturate1 
&  add ( sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a oz4    #d4
 ,v]atria1 #h gr42 prep>$ l>d1 #a oz42  
olive oil1 #a_/b dr42 rub !  v]atria & !
 oil toge!r1 !n mix ?or\ghly ) ! l>d4   
,uses1 c4 ,z a friction 9 neuralgia1    
neuralgic rheumatism1 g\t1  dropsy1 c4  
,a piece ab\t ! size ( a hazel nut is to

 be rubb$ = #aj  or #ae m9utes ov] !    
seat ( pa91 twice a day4 ,x mu/ n be    
appli$  :]e ! sk9 is uns\nd1 nor to a   
l>ge surface at a "t1 & !  greate/      
caution mu/ be us$1 on acc\nt ( !       
extremely poison\s  "* ( v]atr9e4       
,o9tm5t ( ,v]digris4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( 
,,subacetate ,,( ,,copp]2  ,,ungu5tum   
,,rug9is 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,,cupri        
,,subacetatis 7,ph4 ,d474 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
  7,ph4 ,e47 ,res9\s o9tm5t1 #ae oz42   
melt by a g5tle heat1 spr9kle into  x ( 
v]digris 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a oz41 & /ir !
 mixture briskly  until x concretes4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prep>$ subacetate (     
copp]1 #a_/b dr42 o9tm5t ( :ite wax1    
#g-a_/b dr42 mix by trituration4        
,uses1 c4 ,det]g5t & es*>otic2 z an     
occasional dress+ to f\l  & flabby      
ulc]s1 to keep d[n fung\s-fle%1 &1      
dilut$ ) oil or  l>d1 9 scr(ul\s        
ulc]ation & inflammation ( ! eyelids4   
,o9tm5t ( ,v9eg>4 ,syn4 ,,acetic        
,,o9tm5t2 ,,ungu5tum ,,aceti1 ,u4       
,,acidi  ,,acetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr 

,*e/on47 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 :ite wax1  
#d oz42  melt !m toge!r by a g5tle heat1
 add ( /rong v9eg>1 #b fl4 oz41 &  /ir  
until ! mixture concretes4 ,z a cool+   
a/r+5t dress+1 & z  an application 9    
*ronic oph?almia4    #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 
,acetate ( morphia1 #f gr42 acetic acid 
7,ph4 ,l47 & wat]1  ( ea* #a-a_/b fl4   
dr42 dissolve1 add ! solution to simple 
o9tm5t  7melt$71 #a-a_/b oz41 & /ir !   
mixture briskly until ne>ly cold4 ,9    
*ronic oph?almia1 pa9ful inflam$ piles1 
c42 also to remove freckles1  & to allay
 it*+ & irritation 9 sev]al sk9         
diseases4    ,o9tm5t ( ,walnut ,leaves  
7,negri]74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,jugl&is4  
,prep4 ,extract ( walnut leaves1 #c     
drams2 l>d1 #d drams2 oil ( b]gamot1  #a
 drop4 ,mix4    ,o9tm5t1 ,:ite4 ,bo?    
,,sp]maceti ,,o9tm5t & ,,o9tm5t ,,(     
,,c>bonate ,,(  ,,lead 7 =m]ly s call$1 
b ! "n is n[ obsolete4 ,!  ,,camphorat$ 
,,:ite ,,o9tm5t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ( #agdf    
7,,ung4 ,,album ,,camphoratum7  0       
sp]maceti o9tm5t to :i* a little camphor

 _h be5 add$4    ,o9tm5t ( ,:ite        
,precipitate4 ,syn4 ,,o9tm5t ,,(        
,,ammoniat$ ,,m]cury2  ,,ungu5tum       
,,hydr>gyri ,,ammoniati4 7,b4 ,p47      
,ammoniat$ m]cury1 #fb gr42 simple      
o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,(  
,,ammonio-,,*loride ,,( ,,m]cury4       
,o9tm5t ( ,:ite ,wax4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1    
,,simple4    ,o9tm5t ( ,wolfsbane4 ,see 
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,aconite4    ,o9tm5t (    
,wood ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum           
,,fulig9is4 ,prep4 ,wood soot &  l>d1 ( 
ea* equal p>ts4 ,mix4    ,o9tm5t ( ,wood
 ,soot 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum     
,,fulig9is ,,compositum4  ,acetic       
extract ( wood soot1 #d dr42 dri$ salt1 
#aj dr42 l>d1 #ad oz4 ,=  r+worm4       
,o9tm5t = ,worms4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum      
,,an!lm9ticum1 ,u4 ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 7,bo]haave47 ,aloes &        
ox-gall1 ( ea* #a "p2 m>%mall[  o9tm5t1 
#h p>ts4    #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,aloes &  
oil ( tansy1 ( ea* #a "p2 dri$ ox-gall1 
#b  p>ts 7bo? 9 f9e p[d]72 l>d1 #h p>ts4
    #c4 7,ph4 ,bat47 ,aloes1 #a dr42    

dri$ ox-gall & petroleum1 ( ea* #a-a_/b 
dr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz4    #d4            
7,s\beiran47 ,p[d]$ aloes1 #b dr42 l>d1 
#a oz4    ,uses1 c4 ,! above are        
purgative & v]mifuge1 appli$ z frictions
 to  ! abdom54 ,!y are *iefly employ$ = 
*ildr5 & delicate females4  ,see        
,,o9tm5t1 ,,colocyn?4    ,o9tm5t (      
,yell[ ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5tum ,,c]      
,,flav1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf47   
,beeswax1 #a lb42 l>d1 #d lbs42 melt !m 
toge!r4 ,a mild emolli5t  dress+4 ,"s   
p>ties reg>d x z m #8heal+' ?an !       
,,o9tm5t ,,(  ,,:ite ,,wax4    ,o9tm5t (
 ,z9c4 #a4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,oxide ,,(
 ,,z9c4    #b4 7,comp\nd72 ,,ungu5tum   
,,z9ci ,,compositum1 ,l4----a4          
7,hufel&47 ,oxide (  z9c & lycopodium1 (
 ea* #a dr42 simple o9tm5t1 #a oz4 ,9   
excoriations  & simple ulc]ations1      
especially ^? ( ! eyelids1 nipples1 c4  
b4 7,?omson47 ,oxide ( z9c1 #a_/b dr42  
p[d]$ opium1 #e gr42 l>d1 #a oz4  ,z !  
la/1 :5 !re is mu* pa94    ,o9tm5t (    
,z9c1 ,cyanide 7,cuni]74 ,syn4          

,,ungu5tum ,,z9ci ,,cyanidi4  ,prep4    
,cyanide ( z9c1 #ab gra9s2 l>d1 #e      
drams2 butt] ( cacao1 #e  drams4 ,mix4  
,,o9tm5ts 7,fl[] (74 ,syn4 ,,flos       
,,ungu5torum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f res91  ?us1 
wax1 & suet1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 olibanum &
 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 (  ea* #b-a_/b oz42   
myrrh1 #a oz42 w9e1 #a_/b p9t2 boil !m  
toge!r1 &1  la/ly1 add ( camphor1 #b dr4
 ,suppurative2 w>m+4    ,o,,lefiant     
,,gas4 ,c#c;,h#d4 ,syn4 ,,e?yl5e1       
,,heavy ,,c>bonett$ ,,hydrog51  ,,heavy 
,,c>burett$ ,h41 ,,elayl1 ,,e!ne4 ,a    
sub/ance discov]$ by "s  associat$ ,dut*
 *emi/s1 9 #agie1 & compos$ ( c>bon &   
hydrog5 9  ! proportions express$ by    
,c#b;,h#b or ,c#d;,h#d4    ,prep4 #a4 ,a
 mixture ( alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 #a "p1
 & oil (  vitriol1 #f p>ts1 is heat$ 9 a
 retort until x black5s1 & sulphur\s    
acid beg9s to be evolv$2 ! product is !n
 pass$ fir/ ?r\gh a  wa%-bottle conta9+ 
a solution ( cau/ic potassa or milk (   
lime1 &  next ?r\gh a bottle conta9+    
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ! la/  be+   

furni%$ ) a tube dipp+ into ! wat] ( !  
pneumatic  tr\gh4    #b4 ,! vap\r (     
boil+ alcohol is pass$ into a mixture ( 
oil (  vitriol dilut$ ) r less ?an "o   
half its weight ( wat]1 & s  heat$ z to 
be 9 a /ate ( tranquil ebullition 7#cbj 
to #ccj ,fahr472  ! gase\s product is   
*iefly olefiant gas1 & ! vap\r ( wat]1 f
  :i* x may be sep>at$ z above4 ,no     
sulphur\s acid is =m$1 nor does  ! acid 
black5 z 9 ! la/ process4    ,prop41 c4 
,col\rless2 neutral2 ne>ly od\rless2    
ne>ly insoluble 9  wat]2 alcohol1 e!r1 &
 ! volatile & fix$ oils1 absorb a       
portion  ( x2 burns ) a brilliant :ite  
flame2 at a full r$ heat x suff]s       
decomposition1 ) deposit ( c>bon &      
lib]ation ( light c>burett$  hydrog5    
gas2 mix$ ) twice its volume ( *lor9e & 
inflam$1  hydro*loric acid is =m$1 & !  
c>bon ( ! gas is precipitat$ 9  ! =m (  
d5se black soot2 if ! mixture 7be/ 9    
equal volumes71  in/ead ( be+ k9dl$1 be 
left /&+ ov] wat]1 x soon cond5ses  into
 a heavy oily liquid 7*loride ( olefiant

 gas1 ,dut* liquid74 ,sp4 gr4  #iha2    
#ajj cubic in*es weigh #cjeg gr4        
,olefiant ,gas1 ,bromide (4 ,syn4       
,,bromide ,,( ,,e?yl5e4 ,f brom9e &     
olefiant gas z ,dut* liquid4 ,a         
col\rless liquid1 ) an e!real od\r1     
boil+ at #bfe1 & solidify+ at #j ,fahr4 
,sp4 gr4 #baf4    ,olefiant ,gas1       
,*loride (4 ,syn4 ,,dut* ,,liquid1      
,,*loride ,,( ,,e?yl5e4  ,?is sub/ance1 
ref]r$ to above1 may be easily prep>$ 9 
any quantity  by ! foll[+               
process3----,*lor9e & olefiant gas 7!   
latt] a little  9 excess7 are convey$ by
 sep>ate tubes 7pass+ ?r\gh ! same cork7
  into a glass globe1 hav+ a n>r[       
funnel-%ap$ neck at its l[] "p1  dipp+  
into a small bottle de/9$ to receive !  
product ( _!  mutual reaction3 ! newly  
=m$ liquid trickles d[n ! sides ( !     
globe into ! receiv]1 & :5 a suffici5t  
quantity is collect$1 x  is purifi$ by  
agitat+ x fir/ ) wat]1 & !n ) sulphuric 
acid1 &1 la/ly1 submitt+ x to           
di/illation4    ,prop41 c4 ,col\rless2  

sweet-ta/$2 agreeably fragrant1 ! od\r  
approa*+ t ( oil ( c>away2 slightly     
soluble 9 wat]2 freely s  9 alcohol &   
e!r2 x s9ks 9 wat]2 boils at #ahj       
,fahr42 burns ) a  smoky gre5i% flame2  
is unaffect$ by oil ( vitriol2 b        
decompos$ by  solution ( cau/ic potassa4
 ,x comb9es ) *lor9e1 =m+ new  comp\nds4
 ,see ,,*lorides ,,( ,,c>bon 7page      
#djc74    ,,oleic ,,acid4               
,,hc#ah;,h#cc,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,elaic ,,acid4
 ,"o ( ! fatty  acids discov]$ by       
,*evreul1 & produc$ by saponify+ oils1 &
 !n  sep>at+ ! base f ! result+ soap by 
means ( a dilute acid4 ,x  n[ =ms an    
important second>y product 9 !          
manufacture ( /e>ic  acid4 ,p]fectly    
pure oleic acid may be obta9$ z         
foll[s3----    #a4 ,by saponify+ ole91 z
 j notic$4    #b4 ,pure almond or       
olive-oil soap is decompos$ by a dilute 
acid1 & !  result+ oily acid is dige/$ 9
 a wat] ba? ) half its weight (  li?>ge 
79 v f9e p[d]7 = "s h\rs1 con/antly     
/irr+2 !  mixture is !n agitat$ ) twice 

its volume ( e!r 9 a close vessel1  & 9 
#bd h\rs ! cle> e!real solution is      
decant$1 & decompos$  ) dilute          
hydro*loric acid2 ! oleic acid sep>ates1
 & ! e!r  mix$ ) x is expell$ by        
evaporation4 ,to r5d] x col\rless1 !    
acid is aga9 saponifi$ ) cau/ic soda1 & 
! soap ?us reta9$ is  repeat$ly dissolv$
 9 a solution ( soda1 & z (t5 sep>at$ by
  add+ common salt2 ?is soap is1 la/ly1 
decompos$ by dilute  hydro*loric acid1 z
 be=e4    #c4 7,h4 ,n4 ,fras]1          
ph>maci/47 ,oil ( cotton se$s 7#8w9t]   
oil'71  depriv$ ( mo/ ( its /e>9 by     
*ill+ & pressure1 is fir/  saponifi$ )  
potassa1 us+ a slight excess ( ! base4  
,! soap is  !n treat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 or 
any o!r acid :i* w make a  soluble salt 
) potassa1 until ! base is completely   
neutralis$2 !  residue is wa%$ until a  
mass is left ab\t ! consi/5ce & col\r ( 
c]ate1 free f any ( ! salt2 ?is is heat$
 = sev]al h\rs )  ne>ly its weight (    
li?>ge1 & ?ree or f\r times its bulk (  
wat]2  ! result+ comp\nd is %ak5 up :ile

 yet w>m ) e!r1 & all[$  to /& until all
 ! soluble matt] sep>ates4    ,?is      
sep>ates ! /e>ate1 & leaves a ne>ly pure
 oleate ( lead4 ,!  cle> liquor is      
decant$ & briskly %ak5 ) dilute muriatic
 acid =  a few m9utes to precipitate all
 ! *loride ( lead1 ! light] liquid  wa%$
 to remove traces ( muriatic acid &     
filt]$2 ! filtrate heat$  sl[ly 9 a wat]
 ba?1 & ! e!r di/ill$ until ! residue   
ceases  to h an e!real od\r4 ,! product 
is ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! bulk  ( ! oil4  
,crude oleic acid may be purifi$ z      
foll[s3----,expose x repeat$ly to a     
temp]ature ( ab\t #de ,f41 & express !  
liquid portion4 ,) ?is mix  an equal    
bulk ( solution ( sulphur\s acid1 place 
! mixture 9 !  light1 & %ake x frequ5tly
 until no m col\r is dis*>g$4 ,aft]     
sep>ation ! oleic acid is to be wa%$    
repeat$ly ) cold di/ill$  wat]1 & put   
into bottles1 :i* %\ld be kept fill$ up 
& 9 a cool  place4    ,prop41 c4 ,a     
col\rless oily acid1 insoluble 9 wat]1  
soluble 9  alcohol1 e!r1 & oil2 ) !     

bases x =ms salts call$ oleates4 ,!  be/
 k9d ( oleic acid is kn[n z 8pale clo?  
oil40    ,o',,le94 ,c#eg;,h#ajd,o#f4    
,syn4 ,,ela92 ,,huile ,,absolue1 ,fr4 ,!
 liquid  portion ( ! fix$ oils & fats4  
,by saponification x yields oleic  acid4
    ,prep4 #a4 ,olive oil or almond oil 
is dige/$ = #bd h\rs ) a  quantity (    
cau/ic soda lye1 only suffici5t to      
saponify "o half ( !  oil1 & !          
undecompos$ oily portion 7ole97 is !n   
sep>at$ f !  alkal9e solution & newly   
=m$ /e>9e soap4    #b4 ,! saponifi$     
mixture ( oil & alkali 7see ,no4 #a7 is 
dige/$ )  pro( _s until all ! soap is   
dissolv$ out1 & ! ole9 sep>ates  &      
floats on ! surface2 ! latt]1 aft]      
repose1 is decant$4    #c4 ,almond or   
olive oil is agitat$ 9 a /\t bottle ) #g
 or #h times its  weight ( /rong alcohol
 7sp4 gr4 #gih71 at ne>ly ! boil+ po9t1 
until ! :ole is dissolv$2 ! solution is 
next all[$ to cool1 aft]  :i* ! cle>    
upp] /ratum is decant$ f ! /e>9 :i* has 
be5  deposit$1 &1 aft] filtration1 ! _s 

is remov$ by di/illation at  a g5tle    
heat2 by exposure at a v l[ temp]ature x
 deposits any  rema9+ /e>91 & !n becomes
 pure4    ,prop41 c4 ,! products ( ! la/
 two =mul h only a v slight  yell[      
col\r1 b may be r5d]$ q limpid &        
col\rless by  dige/ion = #bd h\rs ) a   
little pure1 fre%ly burnt animal *>coal1
  & subsequ5t filtration4 ,9 ?is /ate ! 
ole9 is p]fectly neutral to  te/ pap]1  
does n 9 ! slighte/ degree affect       
metallic bodies  imm]s$ 9 x1 & does n   
?ick5 by exposure to ! greate/ cold4    
,ole9 is us$ by wat*mak]s = _! f9e "w4  
,"s ye>s ago !  product ( ! la/ =mula 0 
sold1 by a c]ta9 metropolitan h\se1 z   
#8wat*mak]s' oil1' at #as4 #f;d4 a      
dra*m4 ,comm]cial ole9 is g5]ally  l>d  
oil4 ,! ref9$ oleic acid ( ! /e>9 works 
also commonly passes  "u ! "n4 ,ole9    
burns well 9 lamps2 b oleic acid does n 
d s  unless :5 well ref9$1 & :5 !       
wick-tube is s =m$ z to rema9  cool4    
,see ,,l>d ,,oil & ,,oleic ,,acid4      
,,oleom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,ela,,omet]1      

,,el,,omet]1 ,,oil-,,balance4 ,a        
delicate  areomet] or hydromet]1 s      
weight$ & graduat$ z to adapt itself to 
! d5sities ( ! lead+ fix$ oils4 ,z !    
diff]5ces ( !  specific gravities ( ^!  
sub/ances are inconsid]able1 to r5d] x  
m susceptible ! bulb ( ! in/rum5t is    
proportionately l>ge1 &  ! tube or /em v
 n>r[4 ,! scale ( ! oleomet] 9 g5]al use
  7,gobby's7 is divid$ into #ej degrees1
 & x floats at #j or z]o 9 pure  poppy  
oil1 at #ch or #ch-a_/b 9 pure almond   
oil1 & at #ej 9 pure olive  oil4 ,! /&>d
 temp]ature ( ! in/rum5ts made 9 ?is    
c\ntry is  n[ #fj2 ^? made on !         
,cont95t1 #ede ,fahr4 ,! oil mu/ !re=e  
be br\ght to ?is normal temp]ature be=e 
te/+ x1 by plung+ !  glass cyl9d]       
conta9+ x into ei!r hot or cold wat]1 z 
! case  may be2 or a correction ( !     
obs]v$ d5sity mu/ be made4 ,! la/ is    
done by d$uct+ #b f ! indication ( !    
in/rum5t = ea* degree  ( ! !rmomet]     
above ! normal temp]ature ( ! in/rum5t1 
&  add+ #b = e degree bel[ x4 ,?us3     

suppose ! temp]ature ( !  oil at ! "t ( 
! exp]im5t is #fj ,fahr41 & ! oleomet]  
indicates #fa2 !n----      #fjj ,actual 
temp]ature4    #ede ,normal temp]ature4 
--------     #ee ,diff]5ce4             
,indication ( ! oleomet]     #faj    ,! 
diff]5ce #ee  #b         #aaj           
--------      ,real d5sity              
#ejj    ,suppose ! temp]ature obs]v$ at 
! "t ( ! exp]im5t is #eb1 &  ! oleomet] 
indicates #de2 !n----          #ede     
,normal temp]ature4        #ebj ,actual 
temp]ature4        --------         #be 
,diff]5ce4        --------              
,indication ( ! oleomet]   #dej    ,!   
diff]5ce #be  #b        #ej             
--------            ,real d5sity        
#ejj                                    
--------    ,! oil is1 !re=e1 presum$ to
 be pure4 ,see ,,hydromet]1 ,,oils      
7,fix$71  & ,,specific ,,gravity4       
,o,,leo-,,phosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,an acid 
comp\nd f\nd by ,fremy 9 ! bra9 &  n]v\s
 matt]4    ,,oleo-,,res,,ins4 ,! natural
 comp\nds ( res9 & ess5tial oil =m+  !  

vegetable balsams & turp5t9es4 ,copaiba1
 ,canada balsam1 & ,v5ice  turp5t9e are 
examples4 ,c]ta9 extracts prep>$ ) e!r1 
z !  fluid extracts ( cubebs & pepp] 9 !
 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 may be reg>d$ z          
oleo-res9s4 ,see ,,extract4             
,,oleo-,,sac,,*>um4 ,syn4               
,,el,,osac*>um4 ,sug> aromatis$ or      
m$icat$ by  be+ rubb$ up ) an ess5tial  
oil4 ,! oleosac*>a ( anise$1  c>away1   
c9namon1 pepp]m9t1 p5nyroyal1 & ! o!r l 
ess5tial  oils1 are made by rubb+ #ae to
 #bj drops ( ! respective oils ) :ite   
sug>1 #a oz4----,! ,ph4 ,grca #ahcg     
prescribes #a "p ( oil to #bj p>ts (    
sug>4----,! ,ph4 ,au/r4 #ahcf & ,ph4    
,bor4 ord] ! same proportions1 or #c    
drops ( oil to ! dr41 & #bd drops to !  
oz41 ( p[d]$ sug>4 ,:5  int5d$ = mak+   
extemporane\s di/ill$ wat]s1 #a dr4 (   
magnesia is  a common addition4 ,!      
oleosac*>a ( citrons1 lemons1 oranges1  
c41 are  made f ! peels1 z              
foll[s3----,aft] clean+ (f any specks 9 
!  out] r9d ( ! fruit1 rub a l>ge piece 

( loaf sug> on x until !  yell[ r9d is  
completely remov$4 ,^? p>ts ( ! sug> :i*
 are  impregnat$ ) ! ess5ce are1 f "t to
 "t1 to be cut away ) a  knife1 & put   
into an e>!n pot4 ,! :ole be+ ?us tak5  
(f1 !  sug>$ ess5ce 7oleosac*>um7 is to 
be closely press$ d[n 9 ! pot1  ti$ ov] 
) bladd]1 & pres]v$ 9 a cool place =    
use4    ,,olib,,anum4 ,syn4 ,,oliban1   
,,indian ,,olibanum1 ,,frank9c5se4 ,a   
gum res9  obta9$ f ,boswellia ?urif]a or
 s]rata4 ,x is /imulant1  a/r+5t1 &     
diaphoretic4 ,x is burnt z inc5se 9 !   
temples (  ,india & 9 ,roman ,ca?olic   
*ur*es4 ,african or ,arabian olibanum is
  produc$ by ,boswellia floribunda4     
7,royle47 ,?is sub/ance mu/ n be        
conf\nd$ ) ! res9 notic$ at page #gfa4  
,olibanum4 ,?is gum res9 is yield$ by   
two v>ieties ( ! plant kn[n  z          
,boswellia----"o ! ,b4 floribunda1 be+ a
 native ( ,africa1 !  o!r1 ! ,b4 s]rata1
 gr[+ 9 ,asia4 ,olibanum occurs 9 ! =m (
  fragm5ts1 :i* are sometimes pale      
yell[1 & at o!rs ( a r$di%  col\r2 ^!   

fragm5ts h a spl9t]y fracture1 a mealy  
surface1 a  fa9tly balsamic od\r & a    
bitt] ta/e4 8,x consi/s ( ab\t #d or #e 
p] c5t4 ( a volatile oil1 #ef p] c5t4 ( 
a res9\s acid1 #cj to #cf p]  c5t4 (    
gum1 & #f p] c5t4 ( bassor940#fg        
,inc5se1 ( :i* olibanum  =ms "o ( !     
+r$i5ts1 owes mu* ( its pleasant        
balsamic od\r  :5 burn+ to its pres5ce4 
,x is also us$ 9 ph>macy4    ,footnote  
#fg3 ,pay54    ,,ol,,ive4 ,syn4 ,,olea1 
,,oliva1 ,l4 ,! ,olea ,europa 7,l9n471 a
 native (  ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,! unripe  
fruit is pres]v$ 9 br9e 7,,spani%       
,,olives1 ,,fr5* ,,olives72 ! ripe fruit
 furni%es olive oil2 ! b>k is  bitt]1   
a/r+5t1 & febrifuge1 & has be5 us$ z a  
sub/itute =  c9*ona b>k2 x yields a     
gum-l sub/ance 7,,olive ,,gum71 :i* 0   
=m]ly report$ vuln]>y1 & conta9s oliv9e4
 ,! olive tree has 9  all ages be5 held 
9 peculi> e/imation z ! b\nte\s gift (  
,heav5  to man4 ,"s au?ors h /yl$ x 8a  
m9e on e>?40 ,x is rem>kable  = yield+ a
 fix$ oil f ! p]ic>p in/ead ( f ! se$4  

,,ollivi]',s ,,biscuits4 ,see ,,pat5t   
,,m$ic9es4    ,,oliv9e4 ,syn4           
,,*rysolite4 ,a cry/allis$ d\ble        
silicate ( magnesia  & iron1 f\nd 9     
basaltic & volcanic rocks1 & v frequ5tly
 9  masses ( meteoric iron4 ,x is       
sometimes yell[ 9 col\r1 b mo/ly  gre54 
,oliv9e4 7,dr ,l&]]47 ,syn4 ,,oliv9a4   
,prep4 ,treat olive leaves )  acidulat$ 
wat]1 conc5trate1 precipitate ) ammonia1
 re-dissolve !  wa%$ precipitate 9 a    
dilut$ acid1 purify ) animal *>coal1    
filt]1  & reprecipitate ) ammonia4      
,,om,,elet4 ,syn4 ,,omelette1 ,fr4 ,a   
v>iety ( pancake or fritt] made (  eggs 
& o!r +r$i5ts4 ,omelets may conta9      
bacon1 ham1 h]bs1 fi%1  %ell-fi%1 cold  
meat1 cold game1 fruit1 or any?+ else at
 h& at !  pleasure ( ! cook4 #8,_s      
omelets' are made by p\r+ a little      
br&y1 rum1 or :isky ov] !m on s]v+ !m   
up1 & sett+ x on  fire = a mom5t j be=e 
plac+ ! di% on ! table4 8,:]e is !  man 
or woman cook b says !y "k h[ to make an
 omelette1 & t to  p]fection8 ,b ?is is 

r>ely ! case4 ,x is relat$ ( ,s>ah1 !   
,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh1 t no "o c\ld cook 
a #8fraise1' z x 0 !n  call$1 = ! great 
duke b h]self4 ,! great po9t is1 if 9 an
 iron  pan1 x %\ld be v clean & free f  
damp :i* sometimes comes out  ( ! iron  
:5 plac$ on ! fire4 ,! be/ plan is to   
put x on !  fire1 ) a little fat1 & let 
x get q hot1 or until ! fat  burns2     
remove x1 & wipe x clean ) a dry clo?1 &
 !n y w  be able to make ! omelette to  
p]fection40 7,soy]47    ,! foll[+ =mula 
= a pla9 omelet is by ! above cul9>y    
au?ority3----8,break f\r eggs into a    
bas91 add #a_/b teaspoonful ( salt1  &  
#a_/d d4 ( pepp]1 & beat !m up well ) a 
=k2 put into !  fry+-pan #a-a_/b oz4 (  
butt]1 l>d1 or oil1 place x on ! fire1  
&1  :5 hot1 p\r 9 ! eggs1 & keep on mix+
 !m quickly ) a spoon  until !y are     
delicately set2 !n let !m slip to ! edge
 ( ! pan1  lay+ hold by ! h&le1 & rais+ 
x slantways1 :i* w give an  elongat$ =m 
to ! omelette2 turn 9 ! edges1 let x re/
 a mom5t to  set1 turn x ov] on to a    

di%1 & s]ve40 8,x ought to be ( a       
ri*-yell[ col\r1 done to a nicety1 & z  
light & delicate z  possible40 8#b      
table-spoonfuls ( milk & #a oz4 ( ! crum
 ( bread1 cut  into ?9 slices1 may be   
add$40    ,,mix$ & ,,fancy ,,omelets are
 made by simply dropp+ ! +r$i5ts1 cut   
into dice or fragm5ts1 into ! above4    
,,an*ovy1 ,,oy/]1 & ,,%rimp  ,,omelets  
are g5]ally prep>$ by plac+ a few       
spoonfuls ( !  respective sauces 9 !    
c5tre ( ea* :5 ne>ly dress$1    ,,ongu5t
 7de la ,mre74 ,a /imulant & dige/ive   
o9tm5t1 v popul>  9 ,fr5* ph>macy4      
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,black pit*1 #a "p2  
butt]1 l>d1 li?>ge1 suet &  yell[ wax1  
#d p>ts2 olive oil1 #h p>ts4            
,,on,,ion4 ,syn4 ,,cepa1 ,l4 ,! bulb (  
,allium cepa4 ,! onion is  diuretic1    
expectorant1 rubefaci5t1 & /imulant4 ,! 
juice1 made into a  syrup ) sug>        
7,,syrupus ,,cep71 has be5 giv5 9 *ronic
 cat>rh1  di>rha1 cr\p1 dropsy1 &       
calculus4 ,roa/$ & split op51 onions h  
be5 appli$ z p\ltices to suppurat+      

tum\rs1 & appli$ to ! pubes  to relieve 
suppression ( ur9e 9 *ildr54 ,accord+ to
 ,dr ,cull51  8onions are acrid &       
/imulat+1 & possess little nutri5t p[]4 
,9  bili\s con/itutions !y g5]ally      
produce flatul5ce1 ?ir/1 heada*e1  &    
febrile symptoms2 b :]e ! temp]am5t is  
phlegmatic !y are (  inf9ite s]vice1 by 
/imulat+ ! sy/em1 & promot+ !           
excretions1  p>ticul>ly expectoration & 
ur9e40 ,!y also possess antiscorbutic & 
soporific prop]ties4    ,onions1 ,to    
,*op4 8,few p]sons "k h[ to *op onions  
prop]ly4 ,9 !  fir/ place all ! dry sk9 
mu/ be remov$1 !n a ?9 slice (f !  top &
 bottom1 or !y w be bitt]1 !n cut !m    
into ?9 slices1  divid+ ! onion1 & cut  
crossways to =m dice4 ,if a v slight    
flav\r is requir$ & ! onion is /rong1 l 
9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1  = x mu/ be rememb]$
 t ! fur!r nor? y g ! /rong] !  flav\r (
 ! root1 & if ,fr5* receipt books are   
exactly copi$1 x is  no wond] compla9ts 
are made ( ! prepond]ance ( ! flav\r ( !
  onion2 9 :i* case1 :5 *opp$1 put !m 9 

! corn] ( a napk9 or  clo?1 wa% !m 9    
wat]1 squeeze !m dry1 !n put !m back on 
!  bo>d1 & *op f9]1 or sometimes only   
rubb+ ! pan or ! meat )  ! onion is q   
suffici5t40 7,soy]47    ,o,,nyx4 ,a     
sub-species ( qu>tz (t5 wr\ght into     
small ornam5tal  articles4 ,among       
jewell]s1 any /one exhibit+ lay]s ( two 
or m  col\rs1 /rongly contra/$1 is call$
 an #8onyx4' ,a regul>ly & ri*ly  b&$   
agate ( ?is class is mu* priz$ = cameos4
 ,! ,s>donyx (  ! anci5ts is a v>iety ( 
onyx4 ,x is s call$ f ,s>d or ,s>da1  a 
ri* d>k-r$ v>iety ( c>nelian1 /ripes (  
:i* 9 ! /one  alt]nate ) :ite /ripes4   
,see ,,gems4    ,o,,pal4 ,a m9]al alli$ 
to agate & *alc$ony1 b di/+ui%$ by  its 
peculi> res9\s lu/re4 ,! v>iety mo/     
admir$ z a gem is !  preci\s or noble   
opal1 :i* is rem>kable = its beautiful  
play (  col\rs4 ,! f9e/ opals come f    
,hung>y1 & al?\gh usually v  small1 w1  
if ( good quality1 realise z mu* z #e   
ea*4 ,_! value  increases 9 a mu* great]
 ratio ?an _! increase 9 size4 ,!y are  

also f\nd 9 ,saxony & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4  
,! l>ge/ kn[n specim5 (  an opal is t 9 
! ,imp]ial ,cab9et at ,vi5na1 !         
dim5sions ( :i*  are five in*es by two &
 a half4 ,girasol1 ,ca*olong1 ,hyalite1 
&  ,m5ilite are v>ieties ( opal4 ,see   
,,gems & ,,pa/es4    ,o,,olite4 ,a      
v>iety ( lime/one compos$ ( a numb] (   
collections (  small r\nd p>ticles1 b\nd
 toge!r by a calc>e\s cem5t4 ,!         
resemblance ! mass is suppos$ to be> to 
! roe ( a fi% has caus$  oolite to be   
call$ roe/one4 ,:5 ! gra9s are ( l>g]   
dim5sions  x is call$ pea/one4 ,! little
 sph]ical bodies ( :i* ! /one is        
compos$ are mo/ly =m$ ( conc5tric lay]s 
( c>bonate ( lime  arrang$ r\nd a gra9 (
 s&1 a fragm5t ( %ell or "s o!r nucleus4
    ,! build+ /ones ( ,ca51 ,portl&1 &  
,ba? are all oolitic  lime/ones4 ,:5    
fir/ qu>ri$ !y are mo/ly s(t1 a         
circum/ance :i*  admits ( _! be+ easily 
sawn & c>v$4 ,!y h>d5 by exposure to  ! 
air4    ,9 geology ! t]m 8oolite0 has a 
wid] signification1 & is appli$  to an  

important division ( ! middle second>y  
rocks ( ,engl&1  und]ly+ ! *alk =mation 
& ri* 9 ! int]e/+ fossil rema9s4        
,,oph?al,,mia4 ,syn4 ,,oph?almitis1 ,l4 
,inflammation ( ! eye4 ,9  ord9>y cases 
?is disease is conf9$ to ! ext]nal      
membrane ( !  globe ( ! eye or to !     
eyelids2 b x occasionally attacks !     
scl]otica1 cornea1 *oroid coat1 & ret9a4
    ,! common causes ( ord9>y or        
conjunctival oph?almia are ! sudd5      
exposure ( ! organ to a cold ea/]ly w9d1
 to du/1 gritty p>ticles1  or to any    
ext]nal irritation or injury4    ,!     
symptoms are1 9 "p1 ^? common to local  
inflammation4 ,! eye or  eyelids become 
m or less blood%ot1 swoll51 & t5d]1 & a 
s5sation resembl+ t induc$ by ! pres5ce 
( p>ticles ( s& or  "s gritty sub/ance1 
accompani$ by mu* heat & a prick+ pa91  
is  almo/ con/antly exp]i5c$4 ,!        
secretion becomes yell[i% &  glut9\s1 & 
dur+ ! night frequ5tly glues1 z x 71 !  
lids  toge!r4 ,sometimes only "o eye is 
attack$1 b aft] two or ?ree days  !     

disease ext5ds to ! o!r4    ,! treatm5t 
( mild cases ( conjunctival oph?almia is
 extremely  simple4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be  
reliev$ by fom5tations ( w>m wat] or    
decoction ( poppy-heads & ! use ( ap]i5t
 m$ic9es1 to :i*  lee*es & cupp+ may (t5
 be add$ ) advantage4    8,to apply a   
lotion to ! eyes10 writes ,dr ,g>dn]1 8!
 be/ way is to  use a l>ge camel's-hair 
p5cil or bru%4 ,fill x ) ! lotion1 draw 
d[n ! l[] lid1 & apply ! bru%2 ! fluid w
 n[ come out ( x  into ! eye4    8,9    
ord] to get x well )9 ! upp] lid1 move !
 latt] up &  d[n1 & ! :ole surface w be 
wett$4 ,?is is important1 because !     
usual way ( apply+ lotions to ! inside (
 ! eye is v  ineffici5t1 if n entirely  
useless4 ,! bru% %\ld be wa%$ 9 w>m     
wat] aft] us+ x40#fh    ,footnote #fh3  
#8,h\sehold ,m$ic9e4' ,smi?1 ,eld]1     
,co4    ,9 cases :]e ! inflammation is v
 sev]e1 ! pa9 v acute1 or  ! vision 9 ! 
slighte/ degree impair$1 z well z 9 ^?  
accompani$ by a dis*>ge ( matt] or pus1 
no "t %\ld be lo/ 9  seek+ ! s]vices ( !

 oculi/4    ,animals4----,all animals   
are liable to attacks ( cat>rhal or     
common  oph?almia1 :i* may orig9ate f   
v>i\s causes1 su* z exposure to  cold1  
influ5za1 or ! pres5ce ( =eign          
sub/ances1 su* z bits (  *aff1 ! husks (
 oat1 small se$s1 c4    ,9 horses1 9    
addition to ! above1 x may be caus$ by a
 bl[ f !  :ip4 ,9 animals affect$ by x !
 eye becomes wat]y & half clos$1  !     
membrane looks ?ick5$1 & ! eye is       
frequ5tly blood%ot4 ,if due  to !       
pres5ce ( any =eign body ?is mu/ be     
remov$1 ei!r by means  ( ! f+]s1 a      
h&k]*ief1 or a camel's-hair bru%1 or1 if
 necess>y1  by ! =ceps4    ,! treatm5t  
consi/s 9 ba?+ ! eyes ) tepid milk &    
wat]1  aft] :i* an alum or z9c lotion   
may be appli$4 ,a mild physic ball  %\ld
 also be adm9i/]$4    ,oph?almia1       
,purul5t4 ,?is dreadful disease1 :i*1 l 
! above1 is a  =m ( inflammation ( !    
muc\s membrane ( ! eye1 diff]s f  ord9>y
 oph?almia 9 be+ accompani$ ) a dis*>ge 
( pus1 too  frequ5tly t]m9at+ 9 total & 

irrecov]able bl9dness ( "o or bo?  eyes1
 & 9 be+ v contagi\s4    ,purul5t       
oph?almia is v preval5t 9 ,india1       
,p]sia1 & ,egypt1 &  f ! circum/ance t  
l>ge numb]s ( our troops 7 affect$ )  x 
on _! return f ! campaign 9 ,egypt1 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( !  pres5t c5tury1 be=e :i* "t x
 0 unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 x acquir$  ! "n (   
8,egyptian oph?almia40    ,al?\gh ( late
 ye>s its ravages among/ ! soldi]s ( our
 own z well  z ( o!r ,european nations h
 consid]ably abat$1 ! disease is  /ill m
 or less preval5t 9 ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1   
,prussian1 ,au/rian1  ,bav>ian1         
,italian1 ,spani%1 ,belgian1 ,sw$i%1 &  
,russian armies4 ,purul5t  oph?almia is 
also by no means uncommon among/ !      
non-milit>y  population1 su* z ! poor]  
classes & _! *ildr51 & !  *ildr5 9      
workh\ses1 asylums1 & paup] s*ools4 ,dr 
,p>kes says x has  evid5tly be5         
propagat$ among/ ! civil inhabitants by 
! soldi]y4    ,! foll[+ n>rative ( an   
outbreak ( purul5t oph?almia t  occurr$ 
on bo>d a vessel freight$ ) slaves = !  

,we/ ,indies  =cibly illu/rates ! "* &  
infecti\s nature ( ?is disease4    ,9 ! 
ye> #ahai ! 8,le ,roideur10 a ,fr5*     
vessel1 sail$ ) a c>go (  #afj negroes f
 ,bonny1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 to        
,guadal\pe4 ,! 8,le  ,roideur's0 crew   
consi/$ ( #bb m51 s t ! numb] ( human   
be+s on  bo>d1 includ+ (fic]s1 0 #ahb4  
,no epidemic _h be5 obs]v$ among/  !    
natives f :om ! slaves _h be5 tak51 &   
fur!r1 at ! "t  ( sail+ ! crew 7 9      
p]fect heal?1 & ! slaves 7 said to be   
free f disease ( any k9d4    ,! wret*$  
,africans 7 closely pack$ 9 ! hold ( !  
vessel1 !  air ( :i*1 z may be imag9$1  
soon became frightfully f\l2 & aft]     
ab\t ! ?irtie? or =tie? day1 ! dr9k+    
wat] runn+ sc>ce1  _! daily all[ance 0  
r$uc$ f #h oz4 to half a w9eglassful4   
,!n  x 0 t oph?almia fir/ %[$ itself    
among/ ! wret*$ occupants  ( ! hold1 !  
lids ( _! eyes becom+ r$ & inflam$4 ,!  
surgeon  ( ! vessel advis$ t !y %\ld    
brea! 9 succession ! pur] air  ( ! deck4
 ,b ?is c\rse _h to be rel9qui%$1 s9ce x

 0 f\nd  t _m ( ! negroes on leav+ !    
hold jump$ ov] ! side ( !  vessel1 &    
purposely dr[n$ !mselves4 ,! disease1   
:i* 0 ( a mo/  virul5t k9d1 spread      
rapidly among/ ! negroes1 & f ^! to !   
crew4    ,a notable fact demon/rat+ !   
propagation ( purul5t oph?almia by      
mat]ial p>ticles 0 ! circum/ance t !    
fir/ among/ ! crew  :o 0 seiz$ 0 a      
sailor :o gu>d$ ! hat* communicat+ ) !  
hold4 ,! day aft] ano!r ( ! crew 0      
attack$1 & 9 ?ree days  aft] ?is !      
disease _h assail$ ! capta91 & almo/ !  
:ole (  ! crew4 ,! disease cont9u$ to   
spread daily1 until at la/ !re  rema9$  
"o only ( ! :ole crew unaffect$ & )     
sight intact1 &  to him 0 deput$ !      
important task ( /e]+ ! vessel4 ,great  
fe>  0 manife/$ le/ he too might        
ev5tually be ov]tak5 ) ! total or       
p>tial bl9dness t _h come to ! rema9d] (
 ! crew4    ,! 8,le ,roideur0 rea*$     
,guadal\pe on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 :5 x 0    
f\nd  t ?irty m ( ! negroes _h entirely 
lo/ _! sight 7?irty-six  ( :om _h be5   

?r[n into ! sea1 s9ce !y 7 unsaleable71 
twelve  _h lo/ ! sight ( an eye1 &      
f\rte5 7 m or less bl9d4    ,( ! crew1  
twelve includ+ ! surgeon 7 entirely     
bl9d1 five 7  bl9d ( "o eye1 & f\r      
p>tially s4    ,?ree days aft] ! arrival
 ( ! vessel 9 port ! /e]] ( !  vessel 0 
seiz$ ) ! disease4#fi    ,footnote #fi3 
,bly!4    ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago a curi\s 
discov]y 9 connection ) purul5t         
oph?almia 0 made by ,dr ,l(fl]1 a       
,prussian army surgeon4 ,_m ( !  soldi]s
 ( 8 regim5t be+ disabl$ by ?is disease1
 he submitt$ !  eyes ( all ! m5 to a    
rigor\s daily inspection1 & he discov]$ 
9  ! l9+ membrane ( ! eyelids ( "s ( !m 
c]ta9 small granul>  bodies resembl+    
boil$ sago gra9s4 ,fur!rmore he notic$  
t1  al?\gh ^? soldi]s ^: eyelids pres5t$
 ?is peculi>ity %[$  !n no indications (
 ! disease1 !y 7 subsequ5tly inv>iably  
attack$ by x2 :il/ ^? f ^: eyelids !    
sago gra9s 7  abs5t z inv>iably escap$4 
,subsequ5t inve/igators1 among/ :om may 
be m5tion$ ,drs ,wel* &  ,m>/on1 h      

confirm$ ! accuracy ( ,dr ,l(fl]'s      
obs]vations & !  s\ndness ( 8           
conclusions----t ! occurr5ce ( ! sago   
gra9s is  always an antec$5t condition  
to an attack ( purul5t oph?almia4    ,z 
to ! nature ( ! little granul> bodies   
kn[n to pa?ologi/s z  #8sago gra9s1' x  
seems to be g5]ally admitt$ t !y are    
follicles  situat$ directly b5ea? !     
epi!lium1 :i*1 9 a heal?y condition (  !
 l9+ membrane1 are n app>5t1 b :i*      
become swoll5 &  enl>g$ :5 ! membrane   
itself is 9 an unheal?y & irritable     
condition4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble ! 
enl>g$ gl&s met ) 9  scr(ul\s & weakly  
*ildr54    8,9 a regim5t ! pron5ess to !
 developm5t ( sago gra9s is f\nd to     
decrease z life advances2 t is1 to be   
mu* great] 9 "y soldi]s  ?an 9 old ones1
 & by a p>ity ( reason+ x is assum$ to  
be great]  9 a community ( *ildr5 ?an 9 
a community ( adults4 ,9 any            
individual1 & !re=e 9 any community1 !  
sago gra9s may disappe>  )\t produc+    
mis*ief2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 s\rces (  

irritation to ! eyes ab\nd 9 ! _w1 & :5 
^! s\rces (  irritation act ^u eyelids 9
 :i* sago gra9s are already pres5t1  !y 
(t5 excite ! contagi\s =m (             
oph?almia40#gj    ,footnote #gj3        
,brud5ell ,c>t]4    ,! diffusion into ! 
atmosph]e ( ! purul5t dis*>ge accompany+
  ?is =m ( oph?almia is und\bt$ly !     
means by :i* ! disease is  spread4      
,h5ce x is t if "o eye be affect$ ! o!r 
may be sav$ f an  attack by be+         
h]metically seal$ up----a me?od (       
prev5tion sometimes  adopt$ by !        
oph?almic surgeon4    ,mr ,brud5ell     
,c>t] says 8t ! secretion passes along !
  te>-passages into ! no/rils1 & is     
driv5 out ) ! expir$ air at  e brea?2   
besides ! *ances ( direct contact t mu/ 
exi/ :5 a  *ild ) oph?almia is          
p]petually s5d+ into ! atmosph]e :at ,i 
may describe z a spray ( contagi\s      
p>ticles40    ,m$ical op9ion is 9 "s    
measure divid$ z to ! orig9 ( ?is       
disease2 = :il/ !re are au?orities :o   
believe t its propagation  is due to    

contagion assi/$ by insanit>y           
environm5ts1 !re are o!rs  :o incl9e to 
! supposition t ^! latt] conditions     
alone are  suffici5t to produce x4 ,:e!r
 ?is is s or n !re c be no  "q t impure 
air1 ov]cr[d+1 fil?1 & defici5t wat]    
supply1  :i* implies insuffici5t        
ablution1 s]ve to int5sify & p]petuate  
x4    ,s /rongly & confid5tly impress$  
are ,messrs ,wel* & ,m>/on ( !          
connection betwe5 unheal?y surr\nd+s &  
preval5t oph?almia1 t  !y reg>d ! two z 
cause & effect1 & /ate _! belief 8t !   
pres5ce or abs5ce ( #8sago gra9s' af=ds 
a delicate te/ ( !  sanit>y /ate ( a    
s*ool1 a regim5t1 or any simil>         
community40    ,ample & pa9ful          
confirmation ( ^! views is af=d$ by !   
preval5ce ( ! disease among/ ! *ildr51 m
 p>ticul>ly ^?  :o live 9 v poor & cr[d$
 di/ricts4 ,! pitiable1 ble>-ey$  little
 creatures t "o meets ) 9 ^! localities 
are v  frequ5tly ! victims ( purul5t    
oph?almia1 & z su* be> unfail+  te/imony
 to ! insalubrity & squalor ( ! homes 9 

:i* !y dwell4    ,/romey] /ates t he has
 met ) ! #8sago gra9s' 9 ! eyelids (  _m
 dome/ic animals1 m p>ticul>ly pigs1 !  
granules be+ always  9 proportion to ! m
 or less dirty condition 9 :i* ! animals
  7 kept4    ,! above /atem5ts pla9ly   
indicate ! means by :i* ! disease is to 
be combat$4 ,( ^!1 ?or\gh v5tilation &  
pure air are ! mo/  important4 ,/romey] 
records h[1 by simply v5tilat+ "s       
b>racks1 he  r$uc$ to an amaz+ ext5t a  
numb] ( cases ( ! disease1 :i* _h  brok5
 out 9 ! ,hanov]ian army4 ,possibly ?is 
result 0 due to !  removal1 by ! curr5t 
( air f ! ap>tm5t ( ! dri$ p>ticles  (  
contagi\s matt]4    ,ablution1 :i*1     
c>efully p]=m$1 is1 9 addition to       
v5tilation1 an  important curative ag5t1
 may1 ?r\gh ! neglect ( c]ta9           
precautions1  assi/ to spread ! disease4
    ,?is x w assur$ly d if ! bas9s      
employ$ by ! pati5ts =  wa%+ _! eyes are
 n ?or\ghly cleans$ & dis9fect$ aft] be+
  us$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! t[els may be made  
to spread ! infection1 unless  !y too   

are ?r[n into "s dis9fect+ solution aft]
 use1 & unless  a sep>ate t[el is       
appropriat$ to ea* pati5t4 ,! dang] (   
re9oculation may ensue if ea* t[el is n 
*ang$ suffici5tly (t54  ,! b$-clo!s ( ! 
affect$ p]sons1 z well z ! pill[cases1  
%\ld be frequ5tly r5ew$1 ! latt] e day1 
s9ce !y collect &  dissem9ate ! dis*>ges
 fall+ on !m f ! pati5t4    ,m$ical     
au?orities also /rongly recomm5d !      
isolation ( ! pati5t1  & !n consequ5t   
sep>ation f heal?y p]sons z soon z ev] !
  disease %[s itself 9 a regim5t1 a     
s*ool1 or among/ any body (  p]sons     
congregat$ toge!r2 a daily inspection ( 
! eyes ( ea* is  recomm5d$1 s t :5ev] ! 
8sago gra9s0 develop !mselves1 !        
individuals s attack$ may be remov$1 &  
plac$ "u prop] treatm5t4    ,! aft]     
effects ( ! v>i\s =ms ( contagi\s       
oph?almia are  ?ick5+ & di/ortion ( !   
eyelids1 m or less s]i\s defect (       
vision1 & n unfrequ5tly total bl9dness4 
,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! disease relapses f !  
mo/ trifl+ causes  frequ5tly occur1 &   

,w>mol[ /ates t a p]son :o has once be5 
affect$ ) x is n safe aga9/ a recurr5ce1
 & %\ld be  assidu\sly wat*$4           
,oph?almia1 ,infantile1 ,purul5t4 ,?is  
disease v frequ5tly attacks  infants (  
#c or #d days old4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by    
r$ness ( ! edges (  ! eyes1 ! lids ( :i*
 are (t5 glu$ toge!r4 ,^u look+ into  ! 
eye ! l9+ membrane is se5 to be swoll5 &
 r$4 ,infantile  purul5t oph?almia1     
al?\gh yield+ mu* m readily to prop]    
treatm5t ?an t :i* attacks adults1 makes
 rapid progress if  neglect$1 & may     
jeop>dise ! sight ( ! babe2 h5ce ! great
  importance ( call+ 9 effici5t m$ical  
aid z soon z ev] x makes  its appe>ance4
    ,oph?almia1 ,/rum\s1 or ,scr(ul\s4  
,?is =m ( oph?almia is  g5]ally met ) 9 
*ildr5 ( scr(ul\s habit ( f #d to #aj or
 #aa  ye>s ( age4 ,its mo/ di/9ctive    
*>act]i/ic is ! inability ( !  suff]] to
 be> ! light1 ! effect ( :i* is t ! eyes
 are kept  spasmodically p>tially clos$4
 ,if ! eyes are exam9$1 a slight fulness
  ( ! vessels usually /opp+ at ! edge ( 

! cornea is obs]vable1  & ab\t ! l9e    
divid+ ! cornea & scl]otic coat small   
opaque  pimples or pu/ules are visible4 
,?is v>iety ( oph?almia1 be+ !  outcome 
( a con/itutional ta9t1 is frequ5tly v  
ob/9ate1 &  yields ) difficulty to      
m$ical treatm5t1 besides be+ v liable to
  reappe>4 ,x is n unfrequ5tly          
accompani$ ) a tr\blesome cutane\s      
affection kn[n z ,cru/a lactea1 :i*     
occurs on ! *eeks1 & arises  f !        
irritation caus$ by ! fl[ d[n ! *eeks ( 
! acrid  la*rymal secretion4 ,! usual   
treatm5t consi/s 9 improv+ ! g5]al      
heal? & /r5g? ( ! pati5t by means (     
tonics1 su* z qu99e1  qu99e & iron1     
cod-liv] oil1 or syrup ( iodide ( iron4 
,! diet  %\ld be nutriti\s & easy (     
dige/ion1 & !re %\ld be no /9t  ( fre%  
air4    ,o,,piates4 ,syn4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 
,prep>ations conta9+ opium4 ,! ^w is    
(t5 appli$ 9 a g5]al s5se to anodynes & 
soporifics4 ,9 ,fr5*  ph>macy ! "n is   
commonly us$ synonym\sly ) confections1 
z 9  ! foll[+ prep>ations3----          

,,anti-,,dys5t]ic ,,opiate----,qu>94    
,purifi$ opium1 #d gr42 ipecacuanha1    
#a_/b  dr42 torm5tilla1 #a dr42 syrup ( 
:ortleb]ries & cons]ve ( r$  roses1 (   
ea* #f dr4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful e   
h\r4    ,,anti-,,hy/]ical               
,,opiate----,tr\sseau & ,reveil4 ,p[d]$ 
indigo1 #a oz42  :ite honey1 #c         
oz4----,dose1 #a tablespoonful daily1   
gradually increas$  until ! :ole is tak5
 9 a day4 ,9 hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 & n]v\s  
affections ( an epileptic "*4           
,,balsamic ,,opiate----,tr\sseau &      
,reveil4 ,oleo-res9 7balsam7 ( copaiba1 
#a  oz42 cubebs 79 p[d]71 #c oz42       
potassio-t>trate ( iron1 #b-a_/b dr42   
syrup ( qu9ce1 q4 s4 ,9 gleet4----,dose1
 #c boluses ! size ( a nut1  ?rice      
daily4    ,,*>coal ,,opiate----,rati]4  
,will[ *>coal 7rec5t71 #a oz42 prep>$   
*alk1  #a dr42 p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #b oz43 
rose wat]1 q4 s4 to =m an  electu>y4 ,9 
di>rha & incipi5t *ol]a1 9 dys5t]y )    
fetid  /ools1 & 9 ga/ralgia1 flatul5ce1 
c4 ,by sub/itut+ calc9$  magnesia = *alk

 x becomes an excell5t rem$y = habitual 
con/ipation4    ,,cubeb                 
,,opiate----,deyeaux4 ,p[d]$ cubebs1 #d 
dr42 p[d]$ camphor1 #a dr42  mix1 &     
divide x into #ah p[d]s4----,dose4 ,"o1 
#c or #d times daily1 9  gleet1 pa9ful &
 scald+ micturition4 c4    ,o,,pium4    
,syn4 ,,opium 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e1   
,d471 ,l4 ,! juice inspissat$  by       
spontane\s evaporation1 obta9$ by       
incision f ! unripe capsules  ( !       
,papav] somnif]um1 gr[n 9 ,asia ,m9or4  
,hi/4----8,x is unc]ta9 at :at p]iod    
opium 0 fir/ kn[n &  introduc$ into     
m$ic9e4 ,hippocrates recomm5ds !        
meconion or poppy  juice1 9 a disease ( 
! ut]us2 & ,dioscorides1 on ! au?ority (
  ,erasi/ratus1 tells u t ,diagoras 7:o 
0 contempor>y1 x is  suppos$1 )         
,hippocrates7 condemn$ ! use ( opium4   
,^! are1 ,i  believe1 ! mo/ anci5t      
,greek au?orities :o speak ( ?is        
sub/ance2  & x is impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to
 arrive at any accurate conclusion f  _!
 rem>ks :e!r opium _h1 or _h n1 be5 kn[n

 long be=e _!  "t1 ?\gh ,al/on inf]s1 f 
! little use made ( x by ,hippocrates1  
z well z f ,diagoras condemn+ its use 9 
diseases ( ! eyes1 t  its virtues 7 n   
kn[n long be=e him4 ,dioscorides & ,pl9y
 m5tion  t ! express$ juice ( ! heads & 
leaves is t]m$ meconium1 &  t x is mu*  
weak] ?an opium4 ,!odore ,zw+]1         
,spr5gel1 & o!rs  h suppos$ t ! nep5!s (
 ,hom] 0 opium4 ,x w\ld appe>  t opium 0
 n mu* employ$ until ! "t ( ! ,arabs1   
except 9  ! =m ( ! confections kn[n z   
,!riaca1 ,mi?ridatica1 c4 ,! ^w  opium  
is d]iv$ f otos1 ! juice40#ga           
,footnote #ga3 ,p]eira4    ,v>4----#a4  
,,egyptian2 9 r\ndi% flatt5$ lumps2     
inf]ior to ,turki%  opium4----#b4       
,,engli%2 (t5 equal to ! be/            
,smyrna4----#c4 ,,fr5*2 resembles  !    
la/4----#d4 ,,g]man2 simil> to ,engli%  
opium1----#e4 ,,indian2----a4 ,,b5>es2  
9 l>ge balls2----b4 ,,malwa2 9 r\ndi%   
flatt5$ cakes1 ( #i or #aj oz4  9 weight
 ea*2----c4 ,,patna1 9 balls or squ>e   
cakes2 inf]ior to ,turkey  opium4----#f4

 ,,levant2 same z ,smyrna opium4----#g4 
,,p]sian2 9 rolls or /icks1  #f  #a_/b  
in*2 inf]ior2 resembles hepatic aloes 9 
appe>ance4----#h4 ,,smyrna2  9 irregul>1
 r\nd$1 flatt5$ pieces1 v>y+ 9 weight f 
#b or #c  lbs4 to only z _m oz4 ,x =ms !
 be/ v>iety ( ,turkey opium1 & is       
p>ticul>ly ri* 9 morphia4 ,x is ! only  
"o adapt$ = !  manufacture ( ! salts (  
morphia1 z x conta9s on ! av]age f #g   
to #i ( t alkaloid1 & usually yields    
ab\t #ab to #abe (  hydro*lorate (      
morphia1 :i* is m ?an c be obta9$ f any 
o!r v>iety ( opium4#gb----i4 ,,turkey2 (
 :i* two v>ieties are kn[n  9 comm]ce1  
viz4 ,con/ant9ople opium & ,levant or   
,smyrna opium1 notic$  above4           
,con/ant9ople opium is g5]ally 9 small1 
flatt5$1 r\ndi%  cakes1 #b to #b-a_/b   
in*es 9 diamet]1 & cov]$ ) poppy leaves4
 ,x is  m mucilag9\s & less e/eem$ ?an  
,smyrna opium1 f :i* x may  be di/+ui%$ 
by ! la/ be+ always cov]$ ) ! r$di%     
capsules ( a species ( ,rumex4          
,footnote #gb3 ,( five k9ds ( ,smyrna   

opium exam9$ by ,m]k1 ! wor/  7 f\nd to 
yield #c to #d p] c5t4 ( morphia1 & !   
be/ f #ac to  #ace p] c5t4    ,! foll[+ 
acc\nt ( ! me?od ( opium collection1    
adopt$ 9 ,asia  ,m9or1 is extract$ f a  
pap] 9 ! #8,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1'     
contribut$ by ,messrs ,maltass &        
,wilk94#gc ,ab\t ! end ( ,may !  plants 
arrive at maturity1 & ! fl[]s exp&4 ,a  
few days aft] !  petals h fall5 !       
capsule is ready = incision4            
,footnote #gc3 ,fir/ s]ies1 #ad? volume4
    ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! aft]noon 
( ! day & 9 !  foll[+ mann]3----,a      
transv]se incision is made ) a knife 9 !
 l[]  "p ( ! capsule1 ! incision be+    
c>ri$ r\nd until x arrives  ne>ly at !  
"p :]e x comm5c$2 sometimes x is cont9u$
 spirally  to half way d[n its />t+     
po9t4 ,! greate/ nicety is requir$ to   
avoid cutt+ too deep1 & p5etrat+ !      
int]ior coat+ ( !  capsule1 z ?is w\ld  
cause ! exud+ milky juice to fl[ into ! 
inside4    ,! foll[+ morn+ ^? engag$ 9  
collect+ ! opium lay a l>ge  poppy leaf 

on ! palm ( ! left h&1 & hav+ a knife 9 
! "r  h&1 !y scrape ! opium :i* has     
exud$ f ! incision 9 ea*  capsule1 & !n 
transf] x f ! knife to ! leaf1 until a  
mass (  suffici5t size has be5 =m$1 :5 a
 second poppy leaf is plac$ ov]  ! top (
 ! mass4 ,if ! dew has be5 heavy dur+ ! 
night ! yield  is great]1 b ! opium is  
d>k 9 col\r2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !re  has 
be5 no dew1 ! yield is less1 b ! opium  
is ( a light] col\r4  ,a high w9d is    
prejudicial1 z ! du/ rais$ f ! pulv]is$ 
soil  adh]es to ! exudation1 & _c be    
sep>at$4 ,! poppy capsules are  cut b   
once1 b z ea* plant w f "o /em produce  
sev]al  bran*es1 & ea* bran* produce a  
fl[]1 x is usual to pass ov] !  field a 
second or a ?ird "t1 to cut su* capsules
 z 7 n ready at  ! fir/ cutt+4 ,aft] !  
opium is collect$ x is dri$ 9 ! %ade4   
,! proce$s aris+ f ! sale ( ! opium crop
 9 ,briti% ,india =m  a consid]able item
 9 ! rev5ues ( our ,ea/]n ,empire2 h5ce 
! poppy  z ! s\rce ( ?is valuable       
export1 almo/ ! :ole ( :i* goes to      

,*9a1 is v ext5sively cultivat$ 9       
,india4    ,9 ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca/1     
#ahgb1 #ic1cfd *e/s1 valu$ at           
#ac1cfe1bbh1  7 export$ f ,briti%       
,india4 ,( ?is quantity #di1dee *e/s 7 f
  ,b5gal1 & ,bombay #dc1iji4 ,!y 7      
di/ribut$ ?us3----      ,to ,*9a        
#he1dgj *e/s4     0 ! ,/raits           
,settlem5ts     #g1hde    0     0       
,ceylon1 ,java1 ,mauritius1        &    
,b\rbon                   #ch    0     0
 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom              #d    0   
0 o!r c\ntries                 #g    0  
------------                            
#ic1cfd                                 
------------    ,! net rev5ue to !      
,indian ,gov]nm5t f ?is s\rce 9 ! ye>   
#ahga-gb 0 #g1feg1bac4gd    ,footnote   
#gd3 ,flckig] & ,hanbury4    ,a l>ge    
track ( c\ntry 9 ,b5gal1 "s #fjj miles 9
 l5g? & #bjj 9  bread?1 wat]$ by !      
,ganges1 embraces ! *ief opium di/rict (
  ,india4 ,a comp>atively small quantity
 ( opium is obta9$ f !  m\nta9 p>ts ( ! 
,nor? ( ,india4 ,?is latt] is yield$ by 

!  ,papav] somnif]um1 :il/ t f ! pla9s  
is ! produce ( !  ,papav] (fic9ale4     
,9 ,india ! plant is re>$ 9 a ri* &     
well-manur$ soil1 & ?rives  be/ 9 mild  
moi/ localities4 ,x requires c>eful we$+
 & ?9n+  :il/ gr[+1 & :5 necess>y !     
gr\nd is irrigat$4 ,z 9 ,asia  ,m9or1 :5
 ! "t comes = mak+ incisions 9 !        
capsules = !  purpose ( collect+ ! exud+
 juice1 ?is latt] is always f\nd to be  
less 9 quantity if x be ra9y wea!r4 ,9  
,india ! poppy beg9s to  fl[] at ! end (
 ,janu>y1 or ! comm5cem5t ( ,febru>y &  
ab\t  ?ree or f\r weeks aft] its        
eff]vesc5ce ! capsule1 :i* is ab\t z    
l>ge z a h5's egg1 is 9 a condition to  
be tapp$4 ,?is op]ation is  always p]=m$
 at e>ly morn1 be=e sunrise1 by means ( 
a little iron  in/rum5t not*$ at !      
small] end l a saw4    ,! treatm5t to   
:i* ! milky exudation1 :i* subsequ5tly  
h>d5s  into opium1 is subject$ diff]s   
only 9 details f t foll[$ 9  ,asia      
,m9or1 & 9 be+ m c>efully & elaborately 
c>ri$ out4 ,=  in/ance1 x is fir/ all[$ 

to /& = "s "t 9 a %all[ brass  di% tilt$
 on "o side1 by :i* means !re dra9s away
 a ?9 wat]y  fluid1 ! pres5ce ( :i*     
s]i\sly impairs ! quality ( ! opium4    
,aft] ?is x is dri$ equably by ?ree or  
f\r weeks' exposure to !  air1 & 9 ?is  
condition is pack$ 9 e>!n j>s & tak5 by 
!  native cultivators to ! factory4 ,"h1
 aft] be+ te/$ & weigh$1  x is ?r[n into
 imm5se vats1 :i* conta9 ! accumulat$   
produce (  :ole di/ricts2 & :5 ! sev]al 
samples h be5 knead$ toge!r  x is       
remov$1 & =m$ into balls or cakes4 ,!   
s(t opium is made into  balls by be+    
press$ into brass cup-%ap$ m\lds1 l9$   
?r\gh\t )  petals ( ! poppy1 :i* are    
made to adh]e to ea* o!r z well z to  ! 
ball ( opium by means ( an adhesive     
fluid obta9$ f an inf]ior  k9d ( opium2 
o!r petals are !n by ! same means /uck  
on to !  upp] "p ( ! ball s t ! :ole (  
?is is cov]$ ) a ?9  lay] ( !m4 ,! balls
 are next remov$ to ! dry+-room ( !     
factory1 :]e !y are arrang$ 9 ti]s on   
lattice-"w %elves4 ,dur+  ! process (   

dry+ !y are c>efully wat*$ & exam9$ by  
boys1 to  keep !m f ! ravages ( insects4
 ,:5 suffici5tly desiccat$ !  cakes (   
opium are pack$ 9 casks1 & are ready = !
 m>ket4    ,! yield ( morphia f ,ea/    
,indian opium is usually v small1 a     
circum/ance :i* ,messrs ,flckig] &      
,hanbury conceiv$ to be p>tly due  to ! 
climate & p>tly to ! defective me?od (  
cultivation4    ,he believ$ t ! p]iod1  
?ree or f\r weeks1 dur+ :i* ! juice  0  
all[$ to rema9 9 ! wet /ate 0 mu* too   
long1 & ex]cis$ a  de/ructive influ5ce  
on its con/itu5ts4    ,opium f ,engl&1  
,france1 & ,g]many is occasionally met  
)1 b  nev] 9 consid]able quantity4 ,!   
cultivation ( ! opium poppy1  h[ev]1 9  
^! ?ree c\ntries is *iefly c>ri$ on = ! 
sake (  ! capsules :i* are l>gely       
employ$ 9 m$ic9e2 & ! oil extract$  f ! 
se$1 :i* is highly valu$ & ext5sively   
employ$ by arti/s4    ,pur4 ,! opium (  
comm]ce is n unfrequ5tly adult]at$ )    
extract  ( poppies1 extract ( lettuce1  
lactuc>ium1 mucilage ( gum tragacan?1   

dri$ leaves1 />*1 wat]1 clay1 s&1       
gravel1 & o!r sub/ances1 9  ord] to     
increase its weight4 ,?is fraud is      
readily detect$ by  inspection1 by      
*emical analysis1 & ! microscope2 &     
indirectly1 )  ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 by a  
simple assay ( ! sample = its morphia   
7morphiometry74 ,?is may be effect$ by  
"o or o!r ( ! foll[+  me?ods3----    #a4
 7,c\]be47 ,opium1 #d p>ts1 & quicklime1
 #a "p1 made into a milk )  wat]1 q4 s41
 are boil$ toge!r1 & ! solution filt]$  
:il/ hot2  ! filtrate is !n saturat$ )  
dilute hydro*loric acid & !  morphia    
precipitat$ by ! addition ( ammonia1 any
 excess ( ! latt]  be+ expell$ by heat2 
! precipitate is !n collect$1 dri$1 &   
weigh$4 ,if #ajj gr4 h be5 op]at$ on1 ! 
giv5 weight w repres5t  7ne>ly7 !       
p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample 9 morphia4 
#b4 7,guilli]mond47 #ajj gr4 ( opium are
 triturat$ = "s "t 9 a  mort> along ) #d
 times its weight ( rectifi$ _s1 & !    
t9cture  /ra9$ ?r\gh l951 ) expression1 
into a wide-m\!d bottle2 !  m>c is      

triturat$ a second "t ) ab\t #c times   
its weight ( alcohol1  & ! t9cture /ra9$
 into ! bottle z be=e2 to ! mix$ t9cture
  is add$ a fl4 dr4 ( liquor ( ammonia1 
& ! :ole is agitat$ = a  %ort "t4 ,9    
ab\t #ab h\rs ! morphia spontane\sly    
sep>ates1  accompani$ ) "s n>cot9a &    
meconate ( ammonium2 ! morphia  cov]+ ! 
int]ior ( ! vessel ) l>ge1 col\r$1 &    
gritty  cry/als1 feel+ l s&1 & ! n>cot9a
 cry/allis+ 9 v  light1 small1 :ite1 &  
pe>ly ne$les4 ,^! cry/als are wa%$ )    
wat]1 ei!r ?r\gh a pap] filt] or l951 to
 free !m f !  meconate ( ammonia :i* !y 
conta92 aft] :i* ! n>cot9a is  sep>at$ f
 ! morphia by decantation 9 wat]1 :i*   
removes !  n>cot9a1 :i* is ! light] ( ! 
two4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,mialhe1  h[ev]1 ! 
morphia is m effectually remov$ by wa%+ 
! cry/als  ) #a to #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 (    
e!r1 by triturat+ ! two toge!r1 :5  !   
morphia is left 9 an insoluble /ate1 &  
may !n be dri$ &  weigh$4    #c4 7,b4   
,ph47 ,take ( opium1 #ajj gr41 slak$    
lime1 #ajj gr41 di/ill$  wat]1 #d oz4   

,break d[n ! opium & /eep x 9 an ounce (
 ! wat]  = #bd h\rs1 /irr+ ! mixture    
frequ5tly4 ,transf] x to a  displacem5t 
app>atus1 & p\r on ! rema9d] ( ! wat] 9 
successive portions1 s z to exhau/ !    
opium by p]colation4 ,to !  infusion ?us
 obta9$1 plac$ 9 a flask1 add ! lime1   
boil = t5  m9utes1 place ! undissolv$   
matt] on a filt]1 & wa% x ) an  ounce ( 
boil+ wat]4 ,acidulate ! filt]$ fluid   
slightly )  hydro*loric acid1 evaporate 
x to ! bulk ( #a_/b an ounce1 & let x   
cool4 ,neutralise x cauti\sly ) solution
 ( ammonia1 c>efully  avoid+ an excess2 
remove by filtration ! br[n matt] :i*   
sep>ates1  wa% x ) an ounce ( hot wat]1 
mix ! wa%+s ) ! filtrate1  conc5trate ! 
:ole to ! bulk ( #a_/b an ounce1 & add  
n[ solution (  ammonia 9 slight excess4 
,aft] #bd h\rs collect ! precipitat$    
morphia  on a weigh$ filt]1 wa% x ) cold
 wat]1 & dry x at #bab4 ,x ought  to    
weigh at lea/ f #f to #h gra9s4    #d4  
7,cleav]47 ,comm5t+ on ! above me?od (  
opium assay1 ,mr  ,cleav]#ge            

rem>ks3----8,?is process1 if prop]ly &  
c>efully c>ri$  out1 is "o ( ! be/1 z1  
by ! use ( lime1 ! res9 & meconate (    
calcium1 also meconic acid1 are remov$ f
 solution4 ,! objections to  x are----  
,footnote #ge3 #8,ph>maceutical ,ye>    
,book1' #ahgf4    8a4 ,t ! l>ge quantity
 ( wat] us$1 & ! subsequ5t  evaporation1
 cause loss ( morphia4    8b4 ,t no     
acc\nt is tak5 ( ! loss ( morphia by    
non-precipitation4    8,! modifications 
,i w\ld introduce are z foll[s3----     
8a4 ,! opium %\ld be fir/ treat$ )      
bisulphide ( c>bon or  b5z9e4    8b4 ,! 
dri$ residue %\ld !n be mix$ ) its own  
weight ( lime  & two or ?ree times its  
bulk ( "s in]t p[d]1 su* z pumice or    
glass4 ,x is !n to be p]colat$ ) wat]1 !
 fir/ "p ( !  p]colate be+ return$ z fa/
 z x runs ?r\gh4 ,by ?is means mu*  less
 wat] w be requir$ to exhau/ ! opium ?an
 w\ld o!rwise be  ! case4    8,aft] !   
opium has be5 exhau/$1 :i* w be kn[n by 
! liquid  dropp+ ?r\gh devoid ( ta/e1 ! 
solution %\ld be exactly  neutralis$ )  

dilute sulphuric acid & filt]$ & !      
precipitate  wa%$4 ,! cle> solution is  
!n to be evaporat$ ov] a wat] ba?  until
 its bulk is ab\t #a_/b an ounce1 & aga9
 filt]$ if requisite1  !n ammonia is to 
be add$ 9 slight excess1 & ! liquid     
all[$ to  /& = #bd h\rs4    8,!         
precipitate c !n be collect$1 wa%$ ) e!r
 & dri$1 &  to ! am\nt =m$ mu/ be add$ !
 am\nt correspond+ to !  quantity ( wat]
 us$ 9 precipitat+ & wa%+4    8,!       
morphia obta9$ by ?is process is ( a    
dull :ite col\r1  cry/all9e1 p]fectly   
soluble 9 alcohol1 acids1 & alkalies40  
#e4 7,prollius47 ,?is is a v simple     
process & is said to give v  exact      
results4 ,x is z foll[s3----,! opium is 
exhau/$ ) #i or #aj  times its weight ( 
_s ( #cd p] c5t4 /r5g?4 ,( ! result+    
t9cture1 #ajj p>ts are well %ak5 ) #e   
p>ts ( e!r & #b p>ts (  solution (      
ammonia 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 & !n all[$ to
 /& f  #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,! liquids      
sep>ate sl[ly1 & reta91 p>tly 9 !  e!r1 
p>tly 9 ! alcoholic liquid1 ! col\r+    

matt]1 n>cot9e1  & o!r cry/allisable    
con/itu5ts ( opium2 :ile ! morphia      
sep>ates 9 cry/als betwe5 ! two lay]s1 &
 f9ally s9ks to !  bottom4 ,! fluid     
portion is decant$1 ! cry/als are wa%$ )
  dilut$ alcohol1 dri$ & weigh$4        
#f4gf 7,tes*ema*]47 ,9 employ+ ! foll[+ 
me?od ! use (  alcohol to extract !     
morphia is avoid$1 & meconic acid is    
sep>at$  at an e>ly /age1 :i* prev5ts ! 
=mation ( a basic meconate on           
precipitation ( ! morphia4 ,two special 
reag5ts are requir$ = ?is  process2 ! "o
 prep>$ by mix+ #a "p ( ammonia1 sp4 gr4
 #jhhj1 )  #bj p>ts ( me?ylat$ alcohol1 
& dige/+ 9 ?is mixture a l>ge  excess ( 
morph9e2 ?is1 :5 filt]$1 is t]m$        
8morphiat$ _s20  ! o!r1 morphiat$ wat]1 
is wat] saturat$ ) excess ( morph9e1  & 
conta9s #jjd p] c5t4 ( ?is alkaloid4    
#ajjj gr4 ( opium are  mac]at$ = #ab to 
#bd h\rs 9 ab\t #djjj gra9s ( cold      
di/ill$ wat]1  toge!r ) #cjj gr4 ( lead 
acetate1 /irr+ ! mixture f "t to  "t4   
,?is sep>ates ! meconic acid z lead     

meconate1 :il/ ! morphia  is dissolv$ 9 
! acetic acid set free4    ,footnote    
#gf3 #8,*emical ,news1' xxxv1 #dg4      
,aft] ?is mac]ation ! opium may be      
readily gr\nd 9 a mort> to a  pa/e1 & s 
mu* m cold di/ill$ wat] add$1 rais+ !   
pe/le &  mort> ) successive portions ( x
 z to fill ) ! mixture a  measure       
#bj1bej gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]2 exp]i5ce  
has %[n t !  space occupi$ by !         
insoluble matt]s measures f #bjj to #cjj
 gr41 s  t ! limit ( possible error1 by 
av]ag+ & all[+ #bej gr4 =  ! insoluble  
portion1 am\nts to #jje 9 opium conta9+ 
#aj (  morphia4 ,! mixture is to be     
filt]$ & #ae1jjj measur$ gr4  #gej      
gra9s ( opium1 ( ! cle> solution1 are to
 be evaporat$ to an extract  on a wat]  
ba?1 & ?is residue to be dr5*$ ) #cjij  
gr4 ( boil+  alcohol or me?ylat$ _s1 & !
 :ole dige/$1 ) frequ5t  /irr+1 = ab\t  
#aj m9utes4    ,?is sep>ates ! gum1 c41 
( ! opium :i* is insoluble 9 alcohol1  &
 s f> frees ! solution ( morphia f      
impurity4    ,at ?is /age ( ! process x 

is well to get rid ( ! excess (         
lead-salts1 & to accompli% ?is1         
sulphuric acid is pref]able to          
sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,s mu* dilut$      
sulphuric acid z may be equal to  #cj   
gr4 ( oil ( vitriol w almo/ always be   
suffici5t = ?is  purpose1 any excess (  
acid be+ conv]t$ into sulphate ( ammonia
 by  ! subsequ5t addition ( s mu*       
solution ( ammonia z %all be  equival5t 
to ! #cj gr4 ( oil ( vitriol1 ?us =m+ a 
salt b  slightly soluble 9 ! alcoholic  
solution4 ,?is mixture may n[ be        
transf]r$ to a beak] & all[$ to settle =
 #ab h\rs1 aft] :i* x  is to be filt]$1 
& ! filt] & insoluble residue ?or\ghly  
wa%$  ) alcohol or me?ylat$ spirits4    
,?is alcoholic filtrate is !n  di/ill$1 
or evaporat$ on a wat] ba?1 to ab\t     
#ajjj gr42 & mix$1  :ile /ill hot1 )    
#djj gr4 ( solution ( ammonia1 sp4 gr4  
#jhhj1  /irr+ rapidly & cont9u\sly = at 
lea/ #bj m9utes1 :il/ !  beak] or       
evaporat+ di% %\ld be cool$ z rapidly z 
possible by  imm]sion 9 an ext]nal      

vessel fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,! rapid &    
cont9u\s /irr+ is mo/ important1 z !    
precipitation ( ! :ole  ( ! morphia 9   
f9e p[d] is !reby effect$1 in/ead ( !   
granul> or mamillat$ condition s        
frequ5tly met )1 & x ?us  p]mits ( !    
easy & ?or\gh sep>ation ( all ! n>cot9e 
:i* may  be mix$ ) ! morph9e4 ,:5 !     
cool+ ( ! mixture &  precipitation ( !  
morphia is ?us atta9$1 transf] x quickly
 &  completely to a filt] ( suffici5t   
capacity to hold ! :ole1 & :5  ! liquid 
portion has pass$ ?r\gh1 wa% ! rema9d] (
 !  precipitat$ morphia adh]+ to ! di%  
or beak] on to ! filt]1  us+ = ?is      
purpose ! morphiat$ _s already describ$1
 &  cont9u+ ! wa%+ ( ! precipitate until
 x is completely fre$  f ! "m-liquor4   
,to d ?is effectually requires "s little
 c>e3  ?us ! morphia on ! filt] mu/ be  
kept 9 a spongy condition &  nev] all[$ 
to coh]e1 :i* is easily effect$ by p\r+ 
!  morphiat$ _s r\nd ! edges ( ! filt]1 
s z n to di/urb !  precipitate1 :i* mu/ 
n be p]mitt$ to dra9 or solidify until  

?is  wa%+ is complet$4    ,! precipitate
 is n[ to be wa%$ f (f ! filt]-pap] ) ! 
morphiat$ wat] previ\sly describ$1 &    
dige/$ !re9 = a few  m9utes1 :i* removes
 "s m col\r+ matt]1 toge!r ) any salts  
soluble 9 wat]1 b insoluble 9 alcohol1  
:i* may h adh]$ to !  precipitat$       
morphia2 !n once m collect ! precipitate
 on a filt]1  wa%+ x ) morphiat$ _s1    
aft] ?is once ) e!r1 & f9ally  ?rice1 or
 m ) b5z9e2 ?is completely frees x f    
n>cot9a1  :i* is v soluble 9 b5z9e2     
morphia1 on ! contr>y1 be+  insoluble 9 
?is liquid4 ,x n[ rema9s to dra9 & dry  
at a l[  temp]ature1 say #ajj ,f41 !    
result+ pure & :ite morphia1 ! weight  (
 :i* w indicate ! am\nt ( ?is alkaloid  
pres5t 9 #gej gr4 (  ! opium "u         
exam9ation4    #g4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,mac]ate  
#ajj gr4 ( opium = #bd h\rs 9 #b fl4 oz4
 ( wat]1  filt]1 & /rongly squeeze !    
residue2 !n precipitate ! infusion  )   
c>bonate ( sodium1 #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9
 cold wat]1 #b fl4 oz42  g5tly heat !   
precipitate until x %r9ks & fuses1 !n   

cool &  weigh x4 ,x %\ld weigh at lea/  
#aj gr41 &1 :5 p[d]$1 be entirely       
soluble 9 a solution ( oxalic acid4 ,see
 also ,watts' #8,dic4 ( ,*emi/ry1'      
article ,,opium4    ,te/s4 ,^! dep5d    
*iefly on ! *emical & physical *>act]s (
  morphia & meconic acid1 ! te/s = :i* h
 be5 already notic$4  ,9 op]at+ ^u !    
cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 or ^u solid organs1 9
  cases ( suspect$ poison+1 ! be/ me?od 
or proce$+ is t  already describ$ "u    
,,alkaloid4    ,ano!r me?od is to boil !
 sub/ances 9 wat] slightly acidulat$ )  
acetic acid1 next to evaporate !        
solution to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick  syrup1
 & !n to treat x twice ) boil+ rectifi$ 
_s2 !  t9cture ?us obta9$ is to be      
filt]$ :5 cold1 & aga9 evaporat$  to !  
consi/5ce ( a syrup2 x is n[ re-dissolv$
 9 di/ill$ wat]1  ! filtrate treat$ )   
solution ( subacetate ( lead1 & !       
precipitate ( meconate ( lead1 sep>at$  
by filtration1 & c>efully  pres]v$4 ,a  
curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is !n pass$
 ?r\gh !  solution to precipitate excess

 ( lead1 & aft] aga9 filt]+ x !  liquid 
is evaporat$1 at fir/ 9 a wat] ba?1 &   
aft]w>ds "u !  receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,!
 %apeless mass ( cry/als ?us obta9$     
pres5t all ! *>act]s ( morphia1 if !    
sub/ance exam9$ conta9$  opium4 ,9 !    
meantime ! precipitate ( meconate ( lead
 is to be boil$  ) wat] acidulat$ )     
sulphuric acid1 & ! insoluble sulphate (
  lead sep>at$ by filtration2 ! filt]$  
liquid1 by evaporation1  furni%es       
meconic acid1 ei!r "u ! =m ( cry/als or 
an amorph\s  p[d]1 ! solution ( :i*     
precipitates f]ric salts ( a deep       
blood-r$4    ,! foll[+ are additional   
te/s to ^? already notic$3----    #a4 ,f
 ! peculi> od\r ( opium1 (t5 p]ceptible 
:5 ! drug has  be5 tak5 only 9 v small  
quantities4    #b4 ,a solution conta9+  
crude opium is turn$ ( a deep r$ col\r1 
or if  col\r$1 x is turn$ ( a r$di%     
br[n1 & is d>k5$ by t9cture (  f]ric    
*loride4    #c4 7,h>e47 ,a portion ( !  
suspect$ liquid is p\r$ into a beak]    
glass1 & a few drops ( solution (       

acetate ( lead are add$ to x2 !  :ole is
 /irr$ frequ5tly = #aj or #ab h\rs1 & !n
 all[$ to  settle1 aft] :i* ! sup]natant
 liquid is decant$2 #bj or #cj drops    
ea* ( dilute sulphuric acid & solution (
 f]ric sulphate are next  p\r$ on !     
precipitate 7meconate ( lead71 :5 a deep
 & beautiful  r$ col\r w be develop$ if 
! orig9al liquid conta9$ opium4    #d4  
7,dr ,rieget47 ,! suspect$ sub/ance is  
mix$ ) "s potassa1 & is  !n agitat$ )   
e!r2 a /rip ( :ite unsiz$ pap] is next  
sev]al  times moi/5$ ) ! solution1 & :5 
dry x is re-moi/5$ )  hydro*loric acid1 
& expos$ to ! /eam ( hot wat]4 ,! pap]  
assumes a r$ col\r1 m or less deep1 if  
opium is pres5t4    ,uses1 c4 ,opium is 
"o ( ! mo/ valuable sub/ances employ$ 9 
m$ic9e4 ,9 small doses x acts z a p[]ful
 & diffusible /imulant1  9 some:at l>g] 
ones x is n>cotic1 & 9 excessive doses x
 proves  an active n>cotic poison4 ,x is
 also anodyne1 antispasmodic1           
diaphoretic1  soporific1 & s$ative1 its 
peculi> action be+ greatly modifi$ by ! 

dose & ! condition ( ! pati5t4 ,its     
action z a /imulant is  foll[$ by       
s$ative effects1 :i* are1 9 g5]al1 mu* m
 m>k$ ?an  c\ld be expect$ f ! degree ( 
previ\s excitem5t x induces4 ,x is      
employ$ to fulfil a v>iety (            
indications----to procure sleep1 to lull
  pa91 allay irritation1 *eck morbid    
dis*>ges1 alleviate c\gh &  spasm1 c4 c4
 ,x also1 :5 judici\sly adm9i/]$1 r5d]s 
! body  less susceptible ( ext]nal      
impressions1 z ^? ( cold1 contagion1    
c42 b x is injuri\s :5 ! pulse is high1 
! heat ( ! body  above ! natural /&>d1 &
 ! sk9 dry1 or :5 !re is a  disposition 
to local inflammation or conge/ion4 ,:5 
appli$ ext]nally1  9 ! =m ( frictions1  
l9im5ts1 o9tm5ts1 c41 x is absorb$1 &   
produces simil> effects to ^? produc$ by
 swall[+ x1 b 9 ?is  way x requires to  
be us$ 9 l>g] quantities4----,dose4 ,z a
 /imulant1  #a_/d gr41 e #b or #c h\rs2 
z an anodyne & antispasmodic1 #a_/b to  
#a  gr42 z a soporific1 #a_/b to #b gr42
 9 viol5t spasms1 neuralgia1 acute      

rheumatism1 c41 #b to #d gr41 increas$ 9
 delirium trem5s1 hydrophobia1  mania1  
tetanus1 c41 to sev]al times t quantity1
 accord+ to  circum/ances4    ,! use (  
opium z a /imulant & intoxicant is      
common among ! nations  ( ! ,ea/4 ,!    
,turks *ew x1 & ! ,*9ese smoke a wat]y  
extract (  x1 "u ! "n ( #8*undoo1' !    
prep>ation ( :i* f ! crude  article     
con/itutes a special bus9ess4 ,messrs   
,flckig] & ,hanbury1 9  _!              
#8,ph>macographia1' publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 say
 ?is p>ticul> bus9ess  is n conf9$ to ! 
cele/ials1 s9ce1 9 #ahgj1 a ,briti% firm
 at ,amoy  op5$ an e/abli%m5t = prep>+  
*undoo = ! consumption ( !  ,*9ese 9    
,cali=nia & ,au/ralia4    ,! qualities  
mo/ valu$ by ! ,*9ese 9 opium are its   
fulness &  peculi>ity ( aroma1 & its    
degree ( solubility4 ,! am\nt ( morph9e 
x conta9s is a second>y consid]ation4   
,! practice ( opium smok+ ye>ly         
increases 9 ,*9a4 ,x appe>s to be  op5ly
 foll[$1 & no odium atta*es to x1       
provid$ x is n c>ri$  s f> z to         

intoxicate or incapacitate ! smok]4     
,9 ! l>g] cities & t[ns adjac5t to ,amoy
 ! proportion ( opium  smok]s1 accord+  
to ,mr ,hughes1 ,commission] ( ,cu/oms  
at ,amoy1 is  e/imat$ at f #ae to #bj p]
 c5t4 ( ! adult population4    ,9 !     
c\ntry di/ricts #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( !   
population are believ$  to be opium     
smok]s4    ,9 _m ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates (    
,am]ica ! practice has become s         
notori\sly common t 9 #ahgb !           
legislature ( ,k5tucky pass$ a bill  by 
:i* any p]son :o1 ?r\gh ! excessive use 
( opium1 is  incapacitat$ f manag+      
himself or 8 affairs1 may1 ^u !         
affidavit ( two citiz5s1 be conf9$ 9 an 
asylum1 & subject$ to !  same re/ra9t z 
lunatics or habitual drunk>ds4#gg       
,footnote #gg3 ,bly!4    ,( late ye>s   
opium-eat+ & laudanum-tak+ h1           
un=tunately1 be5  greatly on ! increase 
9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! employm5t ( ?is drug  
z a soporific = infants & "y *ildr5 has 
become s g5]al  among/ ! poor &         
dissipat$ z to call = ! int]f]5ce ( !   

legislature4    ,( ! #bej1jjj lbs4 (    
opium :i*1 z %[n by ! rec5t returns made
 by  ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 are import$ into   
?is c\ntry1 x has be5 comput$  t n m ?an
 a ?ird ( ?is quantity is us$ = m$ic9al 
purposes4    ,accord+ to ,dr ,*ev]s !   
practices ( opium-eat+ & opium-smok+    
are v common among ! natives ( ,india4  
,! same au?ority also /ates  t 9 t      
c\ntry a l>ge numb] ( female infants are
 purposely  poison$ by x1 by introduc+ !
 drug into ! *ild's m\?1 & 9  v>i\s o!r 
ways4    ,! fir/ effect ( opium z a     
/imulant is to excite ! m5tal p[]s  & to
 elevate ^? faculties prop] to man2 b   
its habitual use impairs  ! dige/ive    
organs1 induces con/ipation1 & gradually
 less5s !  en]gy ( bo? ! m9d & body4 ,9 
excessive quantities x de/roys !        
memory1 induces fatuity & a /ate (      
wret*$ness & mis]y1 :i*  aft] a few ye>s
 is mo/ly cut %ort by a premature dea?4 
,9 ?is  respect ! effects ( ! excessive 
use ( opium closely resemble ^?  (      
f]m5t$ liquors4    ,opium is some:at    

unc]ta9 9 its action2 "s p]sons be+     
able1  sometimes f idiosyncrasy1 b m    
frequ5tly f previ\s indulg5ce  9 x1 to  
take a mu* l>g] dose ?an o!rs4 ,!       
smalle/ quantity :i*  is said to h prov$
 fatal ) an adult is #d gra9s ( ! crude 
opium4  ,9 contra/ ) ?is may be quot$ ! 
/atem5t ( ,dr ,g>rod1 ( a "y  man :o n  
only swall[$ #fj gr4 ( ,smyrna opium    
night & morn+1 b  v frequ5tly1 9        
addition to ?is1 #a oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 (
 laudanum  dur+ ! day4    ,dr ,*apman   
also cites ! case ( a pati5t to :om a   
w9eglass (  laudanum _h to be adm9i/]$  
sev]al times 9 #bd h\rs4                
,pois4----,symptoms4 ,heada*e2 dr[s9ess2
 /upor2 frightful rev]ies2  v]tigo2     
contract$ pupil 7g5]ally72 scanty ur9e2 
pruritus or dry  it*+ ( ! sk91 (t5      
accompani$ by a papul> eruption2 ?ir/2  
dryness ( m\? & ?roat2 weak & l[ pulse2 
vomit+2 respiration1  g5]ally1 natural4 
,sometimes ! dr[s9ess or sleep is calm &
  peaceful4----,ant41 c4 ,vomit+ mu/ be 
induc$ z soon z possible1 by  means ( a 

/rong emetic & tickl+ ! fauces4 ,if ?is 
does n  succe$1 ! /oma*-pump %\ld be    
appli$4 ,! emetic may consi/ ( a  #a_/b 
dr4 ( sulphate ( z9c dissolv$ 9 #a_/b   
p9t ( w>m wat]1 ( :i*  "o ?ird %\ld be  
tak5 at once1 & ! rema9d] at ! rate ( a 
w9e-glassful e #e or #aj m9utes1 until  
vomit+ comm5ces4 ,:5 !re  is mu*        
dr[s9ess or /upor1 #a or #b fl4 dr4 (   
t9cture ( capsicum w  be f\nd a useful  
addition2 or "o ( ! =mul = emetic       
draughts  giv5 at page #ehh 7especially 
,no4 #g7 may be tak5 in/ead4 ,infusion (
  galls1 c9*ona1 or oak-b>k1 %\ld be    
freely adm9i/]$ be=e !  emetic1 & wat]  
s\r$ ) v9eg> & lemon-juice1 aft] ! /oma*
  has be5 well cle>$ out4 ,to r\se !    
sy/em1 _s-&-wat] or /rong  c(fee may be 
giv54 ,to keep ! suff]] awake1 r\gh     
friction %\ld be  appli$ to ! sk91 an   
upright po/ure pres]v$1 & walk+ ex]cise 
en=c$1 if necess>y4 ,:5 ?is is          
ineffectual1 cold wat] may be da%$  ov] 
! *e/1 head1 & sp9e1 or mild %ocks (    
electricity may be _h  rec\rse to4 ,to  

all[ ! suff]] to sleep is to ab&on him  
to  de/ruction4 ,ble$+ may be           
subsequ5tly necess>y 9 ple?oric habits1 
or 9 ?reat5$ conge/ion4 ,! co/iv5ess t  
accompanies  convalesc5ce may be be/ met
 by aromatic ap]i5ts2 & ! g5]al tone  ( 
! habit re/or$ by /imulat+ tonics & !   
%[] ba?4 ,!  smalle/ fatal dose ( opium 
9 ! case ( an adult )9 our  recollection
 0 #d-a_/b gr4 ,*ildr5 are mu* m        
susceptible ( !  action ( opium ?an (   
o!r m$ic9es1 & h5ce ! dose ( x = !m  mu/
 be dim9i%$ consid]ably bel[ t indicat$ 
by ! common me?od  ( calculation dep5d+ 
on ! age4 ,see ,,doses1 c4    ,conclud+ 
,rem>ks4 ,opium is a v complicat$       
sub/ance1 & conta9s  a numb] ( alkaloids
 & o!r proximate vegetable pr9ciples1   
besides a  c]ta9 portion ( sal9e matt]4 
,! sub/ances already detect$ 9 x  are   
ca\t*\c1 code91 fatty matt]1 lign91     
meconic acid1 meconia1  morphia1 n>ceia1
 n>cotia1 odor\s matt]1 opiania1        
papav]ia1  pseudomorphia 7871           
porphyrox91 res91 sal9e matt]1 c4 ,x is 

d\btful1  h[ev]1 :e!r "s ( ^! sub/ances 
are n g5]at$ f o!r  pr9ciples exi/+ 9   
opium dur+ ! processes adopt$ to obta9  
!m4    ,accord+ to ,muld]1 #ajj p>ts (  
ord9>y ,smyrna opium conta9----         
,morphia                 #ajhdb         
,codeia                    #fgh         
,n>cotia                 #fhjh          
,n>ceia                  #jffb          
,meconia                   #hjd         
,meconic acid             #eaed    ,res9
                    #cehb    ,gummy     
matt]            #bfbdb    ,mucus       
#aijhf    ,fatty matt]             #baff
    ,ca\t*\c               #fjab        
,wat]                    #ihdf    ,matt]
 undet]m9$ &      loss                  
#baah                                   
----------------                        
#ajj    ,! sp4 gr4 ( ,smyrna opium is   
#accf4    ,! foll[+ *>t1 %[+ ! natural  
alkaloids ( opium & a few (  _!         
artificial d]ivatives1 is tak5 f !      
#8,ph>macographia' (  ,messrs ,flckig] &
 ,hanbury3----                          

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,c4,h4,n4,o4    ,discov]$ by            
,,cot>n9e                               
#abac #a #c      ,whl]1 #ahdd  ,=m$ by  
oxidis+ n>cot9e1 soluble 9 wat]4        
,hesse1 #ahga                #a4        
,hydrocot>n9e                           
#abae #a #c                             
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 volatile at    
#ajj4                                   
,mat?ies5 &              ,,apormorph9e  
#agag #a #b      ,wright1 #ahfi  ,f     
morph9e by hydro*loric acid1 col\rless1 
amorph\s1 turn+ gre5 by exposure to air1
                                        
emetic4                                 
,wright1 #ahga                          
,,desoxymorph9e                         
#agai #a #b                             
,s]trn]1 #ahaf              #b4 ,morph9e
                            #agai #a #c 
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 levogyre4      
,pelleti] &             #c4             

,pseudomorph9e                          
#agai #a #d      ,?ib\mry1              
,cry/allises ) ,h#b,o1 does n unite ev5 
)                #ahce            acetic
 acid4                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----      ,discov]$ by                  
,c4,h4,n4,o4    ,mat?ies5 &             
,,apocode9e                             
#ahai #a #b    ,burnside1 #ahga  ,f     
code9e by *loride ( z9c2 amorph\s1      
emetic4                                 
,wright1 #ahga                          
,,desoxycode9e                          
#ahba #a #b                             
,robiquet1 #ahcb                  #d4   
,code9e                          #ahba  
#a #c                                   
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 soluble 9 wat]4
                                        
,mat?ies5 &                ,,norn>cot9e 
#aiag #a #g    ,fo/]1 #ahfh             
,?ib\mry1 #ahce               #e4 ,!ba9e
                          #aiba #a #c   

,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 isom]ic )      
bux9e4                                  
,hesse1 #ahgj                    ,,!b59e
                            #aiba #a #c 
,hesse1 #ahgj                   ,,!b>c9e
                            #aiba #a #c 
,f ,!ba9e or ,!b59e by hydro*loric acid4
                                        
,hesse1 #ahga                   #f4     
,protop9e                          #bjai
 #a #e                                  
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e4                
,mat?ies5 &            ,,me?ylnorn>cot9e
                        #bjai #a #g     
,fo/]1 #ahfh                            
,hesse1 #ahga                           
,,deut]op9e                             
#bjba #a #e                             
,n yet isolat$4                         
,hesse1 #ahgj                  #g4      
,laudan9e                               
#bjbe #a #d                    ,an      
alkaloid1 :i*1 z well z its salts1 =ms  
l>ge cry/als2 turns orange by           
hydro*loric acid4                       

,hesse1 #ahgj                  #h4      
,codam9e                                
#bjbe #a #d                             
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 c be sublim$2  
becomes                                 
gre5 by nitric acid4                    
,m]ck1 #ahdh                 #i4        
,papav]9e                               
#baba #a #d                             
,cry/allisable1 also its hydro*lorate2  
sulphate 9                              
sulphuric acid precipitat$ by wat]4     
,hesse1 #ahfe                 #aj4      
,rhad9e                            #baba
 #a #f                                  
,cry/allisable1 n di/9ctly alkal9e1 c be
                                        
sublim$2 occurs also 9 ,papav] ,rhz4    
,hesse1 #ahfe               ,,rh,,ag59e 
#baba #a #f                    ,f       
rhad9e1 cry/allisable1 alkal9e4         
,arm/rong1 #ahga                        
,,dime?ylnorn>cot9e                     
#baba #a #g                             
,hesse1 #ahgj                #aa4       

,meconid9e                              
#babc #a #d                             
,amorph\s1 alkal9e1 melts at #eh1 n     
/able1 !                                
salts also easily alt]$4                
,t4 & ,h4 ,smi?1           #ab4         
,cryptop9e                              
#babc #a #e    #ahfd                    
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e1 salts t5d to   
gelat9ise1                              
hydro*lorate cry/allises 9 tufts4       
,hesse1 #ahga               #ac4        
,laudanos9e                             
#babg #a #d                             
,cry/allisable1 alkal9e4                
,d]osne1 #ahjc              #ad4        
,n>cot9e                                
#bbbc #a #g                             
,cry/allisable1 n alkal9e1 salts n      
/able4                                  
,hesse1 #ahgj               #ae4        
,lan?op9e                               
#bcbe #a #d                             
,microscopic cry/als1 n alkal9e1 sp>+ly 
soluble 9 hot or cold _s ( w9e1 e!r or  

b5zol4                                  
,pelleti]1 #ahcb            #af4 ,n>ce9e
                             #bcbi #a #i
                    ,cry/allisable 7z a 
hydrate71 readily soluble 9             
boil+ wat]1 or 9 alkalies1 levogyre4    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----     ,! foll[+ prep>ations1 once    
fam\s1 are n[ ne>ly obsolete 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,^? t are made ) cold wat] or by
 f]m5tation are  suppos$ to be mild] ?an
 crude opium1 & 9 ?is respect to be     
simil>  to #8,,black ,,drop1'    ,opium1
 ,homb]g's4 ,opium exhau/$ by repeat$   
coction 9 #aj or #ab times  its weight (
 wat]1 & ! mix$ liquors evaporat$ to "o 
?ird1 &  kept boil+ = #b or #c days1    
add+ wat] f "t to "t1 !n  /ra9+ &       
evaporat+ to a pilul> consi/5ce4        
,,baum',s ,,purifi$ ,,opium  is simil>4 
,opium1 ,launcelotte's4 ,opium1 #a lb42 
qu9ce juice1 #a gall42 pure potassa1  #a
 oz42 sug>1 #d oz42 f]m5t = "s "t1      
evaporate to a syrup1 dige/  9 rectifi$ 

_s1 filt]1 & evaporate ! t9cture4       
,opium1 ,lettuce4 ,lactuc>ium4          
,opium1 ,newmann's4 ,infusion ( opium1  
/ra9$1 mix$ ) a little  sug>1 & f]m5t$ =
 "s mon?s 9 a w>m place2 &1 la/ly1      
/ra9$ & evaporat$ to an extract1 or     
pres]v$ 9 ! liquid =m4    ,opium1       
,p[ell's4 ,opium1 exhau/$ by coction )  
wat]1 ! residuum  treat$ ) _s ( w9e1 & !
 mix$ t9cture & decoction  evaporat$ to 
an extract4    ,opium1 ,purifi$4 ,syn4  
,,opium ,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,! purifi$   
opium (  old ph>macy is n[ repres5t$ by 
! aque\s extract ( !  ,ph>macopias4     
7,see page #gjc47 ,=m]ly1 pick$ opium1  
beat5 to a pilul>  consi/5ce1 ) !       
addition ( a little wat] or pro( _s1 0  
call$ #8,,s(t ,,purifi$ ,,opium'        
7,,opium ,,purificatum ,,molle72 & pick$
 opium1  dri$ 9 a wat] ba? until brittle
 en\gh = p[d]+1 0 call$ #8,,h>d         
,,purifi$ ,,opium' 7,o4 ,p4 ,,durum74   
,,cornette',s & ,,josse',s ,,purifi$    
,,opium are  simil> to ! extract ( ,ph4 
,l4    ,opium1 ,qu]cetan's4 ,v9eg> (    

opium evaporat$ to an extract4          
,opium1 ,/ra9$4 ,syn4 ,,extractum       
,,!baicum1 ,,opium ,,colatum1 ,,opium   
,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,opium dissolv$ or   
s(t5$ 9 an equal weight ( wat]1  pass$  
?r\gh canvas1 & evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce
 ( an extract4 ,x  is n[ sup]s$$ by !   
aque\s extract4    ,opium1 ,torrefi$4   
,syn4 ,,roa/$ ,,opium2 ,,opium          
,,torrefactum1 ,l4 ,opium1  dri$1 cut   
into ?9 slices1 & roa/$ on an iron      
plate1 at a l[ heat1  z long z x emits  
vap\rs1 c>e be+ tak5 n to burn x4       
,,opodel,,doc4 #a4 ,see ,,l9im5t ,,(    
,,soap4    #b4 7,,/e]',s ,,opodeldoc47  
,?is1 :i* diff]s f common opodeldoc     
*iefly  9 conta9+ m soap1 is prep>$ z   
foll[s3----    a4 ,:ite ,ca/ile soap    
7cut v small71 #b lbs42 camphor1 #e oz42
 oil (  rosem>y1 #a oz42 oil ( origanum1
 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 mix1  & 
dige/ 9 a /rong bottle 7closely cork$71 
by ! heat ( a wat]  ba?1 until solution 
is complete2 :5 ! liquid has consid]ably
 cool$1  add ( liquor ( ammonia1 #aa    

oz41 & imm$iately put x into  wide-m\!d 
bottles 7,/e]'s71 cork !m close1 & tie  
!m ov] )  bladd]4 ,v f9e1 solid &       
transp>5t :5 cold4    b4 ,soap1 #d oz42 
camphor1 #a oz42 oil ( rosem>y &        
origanum1 ( ea* #a  dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 p9t2 liquor ( ammonia1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 
,mix4    c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 ( ,ph>47     
,:ite soap1 #bh oz42 camphor1 #h oz42   
rectifi$  _s1 #f-a_/b p9ts2 dissolve1   
suff] ! impurities to subside1 add (    
liquor ( ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 oils (    
rosem>y & horsem9t1 ( ea* #a  fl4 oz42 &
 p\r x into phials1 z be=e4             
,,opoponax4 ,a res9\s sub/ance obta9$ f 
! roots ( ! ,opoponax  *ironium4 ,x     
occurs 9 lumps ( a r$di%-yell[ or br[n  
col\r1 &  has a waxy fracture4 ,x has a 
p[]ful od\r1 :i* some:at resembles      
g>lic1 & a bitt] ta/e4    ,opoponax is  
only p>tially soluble 9 alcohol1        
,accord+ to ,pay5 x  consi/s ( a little 
volatile oil1 a res9 t melts x at #ajj  
,c41 gum1  inorganic & organic salts1 & 
me*anical admixtures4 ,x is us$ 9  ,fr5*

 ph>macy2 & 0 held 9 great e/eem by     
,hippocrates1  ,!ophra/us1 &            
,dioscorides1 all ( :om employ$ x       
!rapeutically4    ,,orange4 ,syn4       
,,aurantium1 ,l4 ,! common ,,sweet      
,,orange is ! fruit (  ,citrus          
,aurantium4 ,! ,,seville or ,,bitt]     
,,orange is produc$ by ,citrus  vulg>is 
or ,big>adia4    ,oranges are probably  
ab\t ! mo/ :olesome & useful ( all !    
subacid fruits4 ,_! juice diff]s f t (  
lemons *iefly 9  conta9+ less citric    
acid & m sug>4 ,9 _! g5]al prop]ties  ! 
two are ne>ly simil>4    ,,factiti\s    
,,orange ,,juice is made by dissolv+    
citric acid1 #a oz41 &  c>bonate (      
potassa1 #a dr41 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1 &     
dige/+ ! solution  on ! peel ( half an  
orange until suffici5tly flav\r$2       
,n>bonne honey  or :ite sug> is !n add$ 
to imp>t ! necess>y sweetness4 ,in/ead (
  orange peel1 #e or #f drops ( oil (   
orange peel1 ) #a_/b fl4 oz4 (  t9cture 
( orange peel1 may be us$4    ,,orange  
,,peel 7,,cortex ,,aurantii7 is an      

agreeable1 /oma*ic1 bitt] tonic1        
especially useful z an adjunct to m     
active m$ic9es4 ,t ord]$ to  be us$ 9   
m$ic9e is ! ext]ior 7yell[7 r9d ( !     
,citrus  ,big>adia1 or bitt] orange1    
dri$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 or     
,april4 ,see ,,c&y+1 ,,infusion1 ,,issue
 ,,peas1 ,,oils 7volatile71 c4          
,,orangeade4 ,syn4 ,,orange ,,%]bet4 #a4
 ,juice ( #d oranges1 ?9 peel ( #a      
orange1 lump sug>1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1  
#c p9ts4    #b4 ,juice & peel ( #a l>ge 
orange1 citric acid1 #ae gr42 sug>1 #c  
oz42  boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t4              
,orangeade1 ,eff]vesc+ or ,a]at$4 #a4   
,mix #a lb4 ( syrup ( orange  peel1 a   
gallon ( wat]1 & #a oz4 ( citric acid1 &
 *>ge x /rongly  ) c>bonic acid gas ) a 
ma*9e4    #b4 ,syrup ( orange juice1    
#c_/d fl4 oz42 a]at$ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4   
#c4 ,simple syrup1 #a_/b fl4 oz42       
t9cture ( orange peel1 #a_/b dr42 citric
  acid1 #a scruple2 fill ! bottle )     
a]at$ wat]4    #d4 ,put into a soda-wat]
 bottle #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 ( syrup (   

orange peel1  #cj gr4 ( bic>bonate (    
pota%1 #h oz4 ( wat]1 &1 la/ly1 #dj gr4 
(  citric acid1 9 cry/als1 & cork       
imm$iately4    #e4 ,put into ea* bottle 
#b or #c dr4 ( sug>1 #b drops ( oil (   
orange  peel1 #cj gr4 ( bic>bonate (    
pota%1 or #be gr4 ( bic>bonate ( soda   
wat] to fill ! bottle1 & #dj gr4 (      
citric acid1 z be=e4    ,,or,,ange      
,,*rome4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f a solution (     
*romate ( pota% &  diacetate ( lead1 z  
*rome yell[4    #b4 ,f *rome yell[ or   
*romate ( lead1 by act+ on x ) a weak   
alkal9e lye1 until suffici5tly d>k5$4   
,us$ z a pigm5t4    ,,orange ,,dyes4 ,^!
 are produc$ f mixtures ( r$ & yell[    
dyes 9  v>i\s proportions2 or by pass+ !
 clo?1 previ\sly dy$ yell[1  ?r\gh a    
weak r$ ba?4    #a4 ,a v good fugitive  
orange may be giv5 ) annotta1 by pass+ !
  goods ?r\gh a solution made ) equal   
p>ts ( annotta & pe>la%1  or1 /ill      
bett]1 ?r\gh a ba? made ( #a "p (       
annotta1 dissolv$ 9 a  lye ( #a "p ea* (
 lime & pe>la% & #b p>ts ( soda4 ,! %ade

 may  be r$d5$ by pass+ ! dy$ goods     
?r\gh wat] acidulat$ )  v9eg>1 lemon    
juice1 or citric acid1 or ?r\gh a       
solution ( alum4 ,!  goods are sometimes
 pass$ ?r\gh a weak alum mordant be=e   
imm]sion 9  ! dye ba?4    #b4 7,=       
,,cotton47 ,= #dj lbs4 #b-a_/b lbs4     
annotta1 #bd lbs4 ( b>k1 #c qu>ts  (    
*loride ( t94 ,boil ! annotta1 put (f ! 
boil1 ent] & w9ce  until x has a good   
body4 ,!n wr+ out1 wa% well1 wr+ aga91 &
  %ake out4 ,next1 9 a clean boil]1 boil
 ! b>k 9 a bag = a qu>t]  ( an h\r1 add 
! *loride ( t91 & ent]1 w9ce at ! spr+  
till  ! requir$ %ade is got4    #c4 7,= 
,,silk47 ,= #aj y>ds4 ,annotta1 #a-c_/d 
oz42 b>k1 #a-a_/d oz42 *loride  ( t91   
#a-a_/b oz4 ,give a good body ( annotta 
at #bab ,fahr42 wa% 9 "o  wat]1 !n top )
 ! b>k & *loride ( t94    #d4 7,=       
,,wool47 ,= #ej lbs4 ,boil #aj lbs4 (   
b>k & #a-a_/b lbs4 (  co*9eal2 add #b   
lbs4 ( t>t>1 #b-a_/b qu>ts ( yell[      
spirits4 ,ent] at  #bjj ,fahr42 boil #cj
 m9utes4 ,see ,,annotta1 ,,dye+1 c4     

,,orange ,,r$4 ,syn4 ,,s&ix4 ,f :ite    
lead1 by calc9ation1 9 a ne>ly  simil>  
mann] to t by :i* r$ lead is prep>$ f ! 
protoxide4  ,bright] ?an r$ lead4 ,us$  
:olly z a pigm5t4    ,,or,,ang]y4 ,!    
gall]y1 build+1 or enclosure 9 a g>d51 9
 :i*  orange trees are pres]v$ or       
cultivat$1 to %ield !m f ! effects  ( ! 
ext]nal w9t]1 or to assi/ _! gr[? by    
artificial heat4    ,,or,,*>d4 ,see     
,,cid]4    ,,or,,ce94 ,c#g;,h#g,,no#b4  
,syn4 ,,li*5 ,,lake4 ,a br[ni%-r$ p[d]1 
obta9$ by dissolv+ orc9 9 ammonia1      
expos+ ! solution to ! air1  & !n       
precipitat+ ) dilute acetic acid4 ,x is 
ne>ly insoluble 9  wat]1 b dissolves    
freely 9 solutions ( ammonia & ! fix$   
alkalies1 ) ! production ( a ri* purple 
or violet col\r4 ,x  probably con/itutes
 ! lead+ t9ctorial +r$i5t 9 ,,ar*il1    
,,cudbe>1  & ,,litmus4 7,see bel[47     
,,or,,*il4 ,see ,,ar*il4    ,,or,,c94   
,c#g;,h#h,o#b4 ,! g5]al product ( !     
decomposition ( !  acids obta9$ f !     
t9ctorial li*5s "u ! influ5ce ( heat or 

! alkal9e e>?s4    ,prep4 #a4 ,! p[d]$  
li*5 is treat$ ) boil+ alcohol1 !       
t9cture filt]$ :il/ hot1 & aga9 aft] x  
has become cold2 !  alcohol is !n remov$
 by di/illation1 & ! rema9d] evaporat$  
to  ! consi/5ce ( a syrup2 ?is is       
r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution  is aga9 
filt]$ & evaporat$ to a syrup2 x is !n  
set aside "s  days 9 a cool place1 & !  
cry/als ( orc9 :i* =m are collect$1  &  
dri$ by pressure 9 bibul\s pap]4        
,impure4    #b4 ,lecanoric or ors5illic 
acid 7impure w d7 is boil$ 9 b>yta      
wat]1 & ! excess ( b>yta is precipitat$ 
by c>bonic acid2 !  filt]$ liquid is !n 
evaporat$ to a small bulk1 & set aside  
to  cry/allise1 z be=e4    ,prop41 c4   
,l>ge1 squ>e1 prismatic cry/als2        
slightly yell[i%2  int5sely sweet2 v    
soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol2 melt to a 
syrupy  liquid1 & !n di/il un*ang$4     
,alkalies decompose x2 :5 expos$ to  !  
air1 x gradually r$d5s4 7,see above47   
,,oreide4 ,a v>iety ( brass1 9 appe>ance
 v mu* l gold4 ,!  foll[+1 accord+ to   

,,mm4 ,m5ri] & ,vali5t1 its inv5tors1 is
 !  composition ( ?is alloy3----,copp]1 
#ajj p>ts2 z9c1 #ag p>ts2 magnesia1 #f  
p>ts2 sal ammoniac1 #cf p>ts2           
quicksilv]1 #ahj p>ts2 t>t> (  comm]ce1 
#i p>ts4 ,! copp] be+ fir/ melt$1 ! o!r 
+r$i5ts  are add$ by small portions at a
 "t1 ! :ole be+ kept 9 fusion =  ab\t   
half an h\r1 & dur+ :i* "t !y are kept  
skimm$4 ,!  oreide has a f9e gra91 is   
malleable1 is capable ( be+ brilliantly 
poli%$1 & has its lu/re re/or$ by ! use 
( acidulat$ wat]4    ,,or,,ell94 ,a     
yell[ col\r+ matt] conta9$ toge!r ) bix9
 9  annotta4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] & 9   
alcohol1 slightly soluble 9 e!r1  & dyes
 alum$ goods yell[4 ,also ! "n sometimes
 giv5 to purifi$  annotta4 ,! comm]cial 
annotta is dissolv$ 9 an alkal9e        
solution1  ei!r cau/ic or c>bonat$1 & !n
 precipitat$ by an acid4 ,see           
,,annotta4    ,,ores4 ,! m9]al bodies f 
:i* metals are obta9$4 ,! processes     
adopt$ = ?is purpose con/itute          
,,op]ative ,,metallurgy2 ^? by :i*  _!  

value is det]m9$1 ,,m9]al ,,assay+4     
,a v small proportion only ( ! metals   
are met ) 9 nature 9 !  free or elem5t>y
 condition1 by f> ! great] numb] f\nd   
be+  unit$ ) "s non-metallic elem5t or  
elem5ts1 9 def9ite atomic  proportions1 
& z su* =m+ true *emical comp\nds1 9 :i*
 9  almo/ e in/ance ! physical & *emical
 prop]ties ( ! metal  are oblit]at$4 ,9 
^! bodies1 :i*1 :5 !y are us$ z s\rces (
  ! metals commonly employ$ by man1 are 
call$ ,,ores1 ! metal is mo/ly  comb9$ )
 oxyg5 or sulphur1 sometimes ) c>bonic  
acid1 & less  frequ5tly ) *lor9e1 & o!r 
negative elem5ts4 ,?us we h !  native   
comb9ations ( iron & oxyg5 con/itut+ !  
m9]als kn[n z  hmatite iron ore         
7,fe#b,o#c71 bog iron ore               
7,fe#b,o#c1c;,h#b,o71 &  magnetic iron  
ore 7,fe#b,o#c1;,fe,o71 ( t9 & oxyg5 9  
t9 /one  7,sn,o#b71 & ( copp] & oxyg5   
kn[n z r$ copp] ore 7,cu#b,o74 ,(  !    
pr9cipal ores into :i* sulphur ent]s z a
 *emical +r$i5t1 we  may m5tion native  
sulphide ( antimony 7,sb#b,s#c72 ! two  

native  sulphides ( ars5ic1 realg>      
7,z#b,s#b7 & orpim5t 7,z#b,s#c72  gal5a1
 or native sulphide ( lead 7,pb,s71     
bl5de1 or native sulphide (  z9c        
7,zn,s71 & c9nab>1 or native sulphide ( 
m]cury 7,hg,s74 ,besides !  above1 !re  
are also c]ta9 d\ble native sulphides1  
su* z ! d\ble  sulphide ( iron & copp]1 
kn[n z ,peacock ore1 & hav+ !           
composition ,fe#b,s#c1c;,cu#b,s2 iron & 
copp] pyrites  7,fe#b,s#c1;,cu#b,s72 &  
r$ silv] ore 7,sb#b,s#c1c;,ag,s74    ,9 
! /ate ( c>bonate1 ores occur----z      
mala*ite native c>bonate (  copp]       
7,cu,c,o#c4;,cu7,,ho7#b71 z calam9e1 or 
native c>bonate ( z9c  7,zn,c,o#c71 & z 
spa?ose iron ore1 or native c>bonate (  
iron  7,fe,c,o#c74 ,horn silv] & horn   
lead1 ! =m] hav+ ! composition  ,ag,cl1 
& ! latt] ,pb,c,o#c  ,pb,cl#b are       
illu/rations ( ores  conta9+ *lor9e4    
,! process ( obta9+ ! metal f ! ore (   
c\rse v>ies ) !  nature & "* ( ! latt]4 
,be=e1 h[ev]1 ?is op]ation c be         
und]tak51 ! ore itself is subject$ to   

c]ta9 me*anical op]ations1  9 ord] to   
remove ! gangue or ! adh]+ e>?y1 rocky1 
/ony1 &  o!r matt]s ) :i* x is always m 
or less mix$ up4 ,! am\nt (  att5tion   
:i* is giv5 to ?is prep>atory treatm5t (
 ! ores greatly  dep5ds ^u _! value2 ^?1
 = in/ance1 ( copp] & lead z  comm&+ a  
high] m>ket price ?an ^? ( z9c & iron   
be+  submitt$ to comm5surate treatm5t4  
,?is process ( free+ ! ores f  ! gangue1
 :i* is t]m$ dress+1 is g5]ally conduct$
 z foll[s1  mo/ly ne> ! pit entrance ( !
 m9e :5ce ! ores h be5  extract$4    ,if
 ! mat]ial br\ght up to ! pit's m\? is a
 lead or a copp] ore1  x mo/ly conta9s a
 numb] ( lumps1 :i* are consid]$        
suffici5tly  pure = ! smelt+ ov51 & ^!  
are set aside )\t be+ dress$4  ,g5]ally1
 h[ev]1 ! ore is fir/ brok5 by hamm]s   
into pieces ab\t  z l>ge z a walnut1 & !
 be/ pieces are !n select$ = smelt+4    
,! rema9+ or inf]ior portions are !n    
cru%$ "u ! l>ge &  horizontal cyl9d]s ( 
a gr9d+ mill1 to :i* !y are suppli$ by  
hopp]s4 ,aft] be+ gr\nd ! ore is sep>at$

 by be+ made to pass  ?r\gh co>se       
sieves1 ! co>s] portions be+ set aside =
 !  /amp]s1 :il/ ! f9] ones are subject$
 to ! op]ation ( jigg+4  ,?is consi/s 9 
a workman sep>at+ ! cont5ts ( ! sieve "u
  wat] by imp>t+ to !m su* a movem5t t !
 bits ( ore  7p>ticul>ly if !y are ( a  
friable nature l gal5a7 become brok51  &
 ?us pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve to !  
bottom ( ! wat]1  :il/ ! less friable & 
specifically light] matt]1 mo/ly consi/+
  ( gangue1 rema9s beh9d on ! sieve4    
,?is residue1 be+ mix$ ) !  co>s]       
portions result+ f ! fir/ sift+1 & :i* h
 n be5  subject$ to ! jigg+ process1 is 
transf]r$ to ! /amp+ mill1  :il/ ^?     
portions ( ore f\nd at ! bottom ( ! well
 are res]v$  = smelt+4 ,if ! ore be "o  
conta9+ t91 x does n und]go !  above    
processes1 b passes at once to ! /amp+  
app>atus4    ,?is /amp+ app>atus consi/s
 ( five or six l>ge wood5 beams1 ea*    
weigh+ #a_/h? ( a ton4 ,ea* beam is     
cov]$ at ! bottom ) iron1 &  is made to 
rise & fall 9 succession by means (     

projections f a  horizontal axle1 made  
to revolve ei!r by wat] or /eam p[]4    
,beh9d  ! /amp]s is an incl9$ bo>d1 ^u  
:i* are plac$ ! residue &  co>s]        
portions ( ! ore already describ$1 & :5 
! /amp]s are  9 motion ! ore slides d[n 
! incl9$ plane "u !m1 & ?us gets  cru%$4
 ,:5 x is ?\ght ! ore has be5           
suffici5tly cru%$1 x is1  by means ( a  
curr5t ( wat] runn+ ?r\gh ! mill1 c>ri$ 
away  ?r\gh a grat+ 9 front ( ! mill    
into a *annel 9 :i* !re are  two pits1 )
 ! result t ! m valuable & heavi]       
portion (  ! ore becomes deposit$ 9 !   
fir/ pit1 :il/ ! inf]ior portion is     
c>ri$ on1 & falls into ! second "o4     
,! cru%$ ore has1 h[ev]1 to und]go o!r  
op]ations be=e x is  consid]$           
suffici5tly pure = ! furnace4 ,t "p 7!  
pur]  portion1 call$ ! crop by ! ,corni%
 m9]7 :i* has deposit$ 9 !  fir/ pit    
aft] removal !refrom1 is subject$ to a  
s]ies ( fur!r  wa%+s1 ! diff]5t app>atus
 by :i* ^! are effect$ be+ kn[n  9      
,corni% language z a buddle & a kieve4  

8,! crop is fir/ subject$ to wa%+ 9 !   
buddle2 ?is is a wood5  tr\gh ab\t #h   
feet long1 #c wide1 & #b deep1 fix$ 9 ! 
gr\nd ) "o  end some:at elevat$4 ,at !  
upp] end a small /ream ( wat] ent]s1  & 
is r$uc$ to a uni=m ?9 %eet by means ( a
 di/ribut+ bo>d1  on :i* a numb] ( small
 pieces ( wood are fa/5$ to break !     
/ream4 ,! ore to be wa%$ is plac$ 9     
small quantities at a "t on a  bo>d j   
bel[ ! di/ribut+ bo>d1 & some:at m      
incl9$ ?an  ! body ( ! buddle1 & z ! ore
 is spread out into a ?9 lay] !  wat]   
c>ries x =w>d4    8,! ri*] portions     
subside ne> ! head ( ! tr\gh1 & ! light 
ores are c>ri$ fur!r d[n4 #8,! heads'   
are !n toss$ into ! kieve1  a cov]$     
wood5 tub1 :i* is fill$ ) wat] & ore    
add$ by a  workman1 :o keeps ! cont5ts (
 ! kieve 9 cont9ual agitation by  turn+ 
an agitator1 ! h&le ( :i* projects ?r\gh
 ! lid ( !  tub4 ,:5 ! vessel is ne>ly  
full ! agitation is /opp$2 ! kieve is   
/ruck %>ply ^u ! side sev]al times1 &   
its cont5ts are all[$  to subside2 !    

upp] half ( ! s$im5t is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh
 !  buddle4 ,v>i\s modifications ( !    
wa%+ process are resort$ to1 b  !y are  
all ! same 9 pr9ciple40#gh    ,footnote 
#gh3 ,mill]4    ,! wat] :i* has be5 us$ 
9 wa%+ ! ore on ! buddle1 z well z  t 9 
! kieve1 conta9s 9 addition to ! dbris (
 ! gangue m  or less ( small pieces ( ! 
ore itself4 ,h5ce ?is wat] is n all[$   
to escape1 b convey$ into a n>r[ *annel 
cut at ! end ( !  buddle1 :]e x deposits
 ! solid mat]ials4 ,^! be+ !n remov$    
und]go a second wa%+ on an incl9$ /age1 
a process by :i* any  rema9+ m9]al is   
recov]$1 foll[$ 9 ,cornwall4    ,! above
 is ! me?od ( dress+ ! ores ( lead & t91
 &1 )  "s modifications1 ^? ( copp]4    
,"s metals1 z1 = example1 c]ta9 iron &  
z9c ores1 previ\s to  be+ dress$1       
require a prelim9>y exposure = "s "t to 
!  atmosph]e4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is     
call$ #8wea!r+1' has ! effect  ( aid+ ! 
subsequ5t removal by wat] ( c]ta9       
mat]ials ( a  clayey1 slatey1 or m>ly   
nature1 :i* sometimes adh]e v t5aci\sly 

to ! ores 9 "q4    ,aga91 9 "s cases    
wea!r+ is _h rec\rse to = obta9+ a      
metallic comp\nd 9 a soluble =m4 ,x is  
by ?is means t iron pyrites  if expos$  
to ! air aft] a "t becomes conv]t$ into 
a sulphate (  ! metal4    ,l>ge         
quantities ( comm]cial sulphate ( iron  
or gre5 vitriol are  manufactur$ f ?is  
natural sulphate aft] x has be5 dissolv$
 by !  ra91 & !n cry/allis$4 ,sometimes 
! ores aft] dress+1 &  previ\s to roa/+ 
or smelt+1 are subject$ to a process (  
calc9ation )\t access ( air1 ) ! object 
( depriv+ !m (  wat]1 c>bonic acid &    
bitum9\s matt]s1 & also ( r5d]+ ! ore   
s(t] & 9 a favorable condition to be    
act$ ^u by ! subsequ5t  metallurgic     
op]ations4    ,! ores hav+ be5 by ^!    
v>i\s processes suffici5tly fre$ f      
extrane\s matt]s1 are next1 accord+ to  
_! composition1 ei!r  submitt$ to !     
op]ations ( roa/+ or smelt+1 & 9 _m     
cases to  bo?4    ,roa/+4 ,?is op]ation 
is mo/ly c>ri$ out 9 a rev]batory       
furnace4  ,! result ( ! process ^u !    

ores conta9+ sulphur1 :i* are  ^? *iefly
 subject$ to x1 v>ies ) ! nature ( !    
ore4 ,?us1  :5 ! sulphides ( antimony1  
ars5ic1 or z9c are roa/$1 ! sulphur     
escapes z sulphur\s anhydride ) !       
=mation ( ! volatile oxides  ( ars5ic1  
antimony1 or z9c1 :i* sublime1 & are    
aft]w>ds collect$  & purifi$ ) c9nab> or
 native sulphide ( m]cury4    ,sulphur\s
 anhydride is evolv$ ) ! vap\rs (       
metallic m]cury1  ^! be+ at ! same "t   
cond5s$ by cool+4 ,:5 copp] pyrites  7! 
d\ble sulphide ( copp] & iron7 is plac$ 
9 ! rev]batory  furnace1 ! copp] & iron 
become conv]t$ into oxides4    ,:5 gal5a
 or lead sulphide is expos$ to ! roa/+  
process1 lead  oxide & sulphate1 ) !    
copi\s escape ( sulphur\s acid1 are at  
fir/ =m$4 ,! oxide & sulphate become    
ev5tually decompos$1 leav+  beh9d       
metallic lead1 ) a small portion ( a    
subsulphide ( ! metal4  ,9 mo/ cases1   
h[ev]1 ! effect ( roa/+ on an ore is to 
conv]t x  into an oxide4    ,clay       
iron/one1 :i* is t f :i* ! great] "p ( !

 iron is  manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita91 
& t kn[n z ! black b& ( !  ,scot* coal  
fields1 are impure c>bonates ( iron1 &  
^! :5 roa/$  yield f]ric oxide4 ,! roa/+
 9 ! case ( ^! m9]als is  sometimes     
effect$ 9 kilns1 b m frequ5tly 9 ! op5  
air2 9 !  latt] case by ! fir+ ( /acks  
compos$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( !  ore & (   
small coal4 ,calam9e or native c>bonate 
( z9c is conv]t$  into oxide sometimes  
by be+ roa/$ 9 kilns1 b m frequ5tly 9 a 
rev]batory furnace4    ,smelt+4 ,except 
9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! ore is directly r$uc$
  f ! /ate ( a sulphide to t ( a metal1 
x is1 z has be5 %[n1  conv]t$ into an   
oxide4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be requir$ to      
procure !  metal p] se1 "s me?od mu/ be 
adopt$ = ! removal ( ! oxyg5  f its     
oxide4    ,?is process1 :i* is call$    
smelt+1 & is appli$ to mo/ metallic     
oxides1 :e!r ( natural or artificial    
orig91 consi/s 9 heat+ !  oxide ) a     
sub/ance :i* has a /rong] attraction =  
oxyg5 ?an !  metal has4 ,su* bodies are 
coal1 coke1 or *>coal1 :i* :5 rais$ to  

v high temp]atures 9 contact ) c]ta9    
metallic oxides1 rob !m  ( _! oxyg51 &  
?us r$uce !m to ! /ate ( metals1 c>bonic
  oxide or c>bonic anhydride be+ at !   
same "t =m$ & c>ri$  (f4 ,a me*anical   
imp$im5t1 h[ev]1 to ! r$uc+ action ( !  
fuel  ^u ! ore exi/s 9 ! rocky1 e>?y1 & 
o!r impurities mo/ly  pres5t 9 l>ge     
quantities1 ev5 aft] ! dress+1 :i*      
envelop !  m9]al1 & af=d x a protective 
cov]+4 ,to remove ^! x is n  only       
necess>y t "s sub/ance %\ld be add$ :i* 
has ! p[] (  comb9+ ) !m1 b ( "o :i* is 
capable ( =m+ a comp\nd  :i* %all become
 fusible by ! heat ( ! furnace1 s t !   
molt5  metal z x s9ks ?r\gh x by reason 
( its great] specific gravity1  & falls 
to ! bottom ( ! furnace1 %all be        
protect$ 9 do+ s  f contact ) ! air4 ,_m
 sub/ances1 v>y+ ) ! nature ( !  gangue 
accompany+ !m1 are ?us employ$ z fluxes1
 su* z lime/one1  fluor sp>1 gypsum1    
heavy sp>1 c41 & !y act by comb9+ ) !   
silici\s comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! gangue    
atta*$ to ! ore1 &  =m+ a fusible       

silicate kn[n z slag1 :i* is f "t to "t 
run  (f by an ap]ture at ! side ( !     
furnace4 ,consid]able k &  exp]i5ce are 
requir$ 9 ! selection ( suitable fluxes4
    ,! smelt+ furnaces 9 :i* !          
deoxidation ( iron is accompli%$ are  ( 
consid]able size4 ,! foll[+ description 
( "o1 toge!r ) !  engrav+1 are f        
,pr(essor ,bloxam's able "w1 #8,*emi/ry3
 ,inorganic  & ,organic1'               
,illu/ration    8,great c>e is necess>y 
9 fir/ light+ ! bla/ furnace1 le/ ! new 
masonry %\ld be crack$ by too sudd5 a   
rise ( temp]ature1 & :5  once light$1 ! 
furnace is kept 9 con/ant "w = ye>s1    
until 9  want ( repair4    8,:5 ! fire  
has be5 light$ ! furnace is fill$ up )  
coke1 & z  soon z ?is has burnt d[n to  
"s di/ance bel[ ! *imney1 a lay] (  !   
mixture ( calc9$ ore ) ! requisite      
quantity ( lime/one is  ?r[n ^u x2 ov]  
?is !re is plac$ ano!r lay] ( coke1 !n a
  second lay] ( ! mixture ( ore & flux1 
& s on 9 alt]nate  lay]s1 until !       
furnace has be5 fill$ up2 :5 ! lay]s s9k

 d[n  fre% quantities ( fuel1 ore1 &    
flux are add$1 s t ! furnace is  kept   
con/antly full4    8,z ! air passes f ! 
tuyres pipes into ! bottom ( ! furnace1 
x p>ts ) its oxyg5 to ! c>bon ( ! fuel1 
:i* x conv]ts into  c>bonic acid1 !     
latt] pass+ ! r$-hot fuel z x asc5ds 9 !
  furnace is conv]t$ into c>bonic oxide 
by comb9+ ) an additional  quantity (   
c>bon4 ,x is ?is c>bonic oxide :i*      
r$uces ! calc9$  ore to ! metallic /ate 
:5 x comes 9 contact ) x at a r$ heat1  
9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 = c>bonic oxide
 removes ! oxyg5 at  a high temp]ature f
 ! oxides ( iron1 & becomes c>bonic     
acid1 !  iron be+ left 9 ! metallic     
/ate4    8,b ! iron s r$uc$ rema9s      
dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! mass ( ore  until x  
has pass$ d[n to a "p ( ! furnace :i* is
 m /rongly  heat$1 :]e ! iron ent]s into
 comb9ation ) a small proportion (      
c>bon to =m ca/-iron1 :i* fuses or runs 
d[n into ! crucible or  cavity = its    
reception at ! bottom ( ! furnace4      
8,at ! same "t ! clay conta9$ 9 ! ore is

 act$ ^u by ! lime  ( ! flux1 produc+ a 
d\ble silicate ( alum9a & lime1 :i* also
  falls 9 ! liquid /ate into ! crucible1
 :]e x =ms a lay] (  slag above ! heavi]
 metal4 ,?is slag1 :i* has five or six  
times !  bulk ( ! iron1 is all[$ to     
accumulate 9 ! crucible & to run ov]    
its edge d[n ! incl9e ^u :i* ! bla/     
furnace is built2 b :5  a suffici5t     
quantity ( ca/ iron is collect$ at !    
bottom ( !  crucible1 x is run out ?r\gh
 a hole provid$ = ! purpose1 ei!r  into 
*annels made 9 a b$ ( s&1 or into iron  
m\lds1 :]e x is ca/  into r\gh          
semi-cyl9drical masses1 call$ pigs1 :]e 
ca/-iron is also  spok5 ( z pig-iron4   
8,! temp]ature ( ! furnace is1 ( c\rse1 
highe/ 9 ! imm$iate  neighb\rhood ( !   
tuyres2 ! r$uction ( ! iron to !        
metallic  /ate appe>s to comm5ce at ab\t
 two ?irds ( ! way d[n ! furnace1  !    
volatile matt]s ( ! ore1 fuel1 & flux   
be+ driv5 (f be=e  ?is po9t is rea*$4   
8,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! imm5se scale ^u
 :i* ! smelt+ (  iron ores is c>ri$ out1

 :5 x is /at$ t ea* furnace consumes 9  
! c\rse ( #bd h\rs ab\t #ej tons ( coal1
 #cj tons ( ore1 #f tons (  lime/one1 & 
#ajj tons ( air4    8,! ca/-iron is run 
(f f ! crucible once or twice 9 #ab     
h\rs1 9  quantities ( #e or #f tons at a
 "t4 ,! av]age yield ( calc9$  clay-iron
 /one is #ce ( iron4    8,! gases escap+
 f ! *imney ( ! bla/ furnace are highly 
inflammable1 = !y conta91 beside !      
nitrog5 ( ! air bl[n into  ! furnace1 a 
consid]able quantity ( c>bonic oxide &  
"s hydrog51  toge!r ) ! c>bonic acid =m$
 by ! action ( ! c>bonic oxide  ^u !    
ore4 ,s9ce ! c>bonic oxide & hydrog5    
conf] consid]able  heat+ p[] ^u ^!      
gases1 !y are employ$ 9 "s iron-works = 
heat+ /eam-boil]s1 or = calc9+ ! ore1 or
 = rais+ !  temp]ature ( ! bla/4    8,! 
composition ( ! gas issu+ f a hot bla/  
furnace 7f$ )  uncok$ coal7 may be judg$
 ( f ! foll[+ table3----                
8,gas f ,bla/ ,furnace4      ,nitrog5   
#eece vols4    ,c>bonic oxide      #beig
  0    ,hydrog5             #fgc  0     

,c>bonic acid        #ggg  0    ,m>% gas
            #cge  0    ,olefiant gas    
#jdc  0                                 
----------------                        
#ajjjj  0    8,! c>bonic oxide ( c\rse  
r5d]s ^! gases highly poison\s1 &  fatal
 accid5ts occasionally happ5 f ?is      
cause4 ,al?\gh ! bulk (  ! nitrog5      
pres5t 9 ! air escapes un*ang$ f !      
furnace1 x is  n improbable t a portion 
( x contributes to ! =mation ( !        
cyanide ( potassium :i* is produc$ 9 !  
l[] "p ( ! furnace1  ! potassium be+    
furni%$ by ! a%es ( ! fuel40 ,see       
,,metallurgy4    ,assay4 ,?ree g5]al    
me?ods are adopt$ = ?is purpose3----    
#a4 7,,me*anical47 ,?is consi/s 9       
pulv]is+ ! ore by any conv5i5t  me?od1 &
 exp]tly wa%+ a giv5 weight ( x 7say    
#ajjj gr47 9 a  wood5 b[l or capsule )  
wat]1 s z to remove ! e>?y gangues f  ! 
d5s] & valuable metallic matt] 9 su* a  
way t none ( !  latt] may be lo/4 ,?is  
is ! common plan adopt$ ) aurif]\s s&s1 
! ores ( t9 aft] !y h pass$ !           

/amp+-mill1 gal5a1 grey  antimony1 c41 &
 may ei!r be employ$ z an indep5d5t     
process or  m]ely z prep>atory to m     
exact inve/igations4 ,:5 gal5a is ?us   
te/$1 ! product is a ne>ly pure sulphide
 ( lead1 ( :i* e  gra9 is equival5t to  
#hfff ( metallic lead1 ! re/ be+        
sulphur4 ,!  results ) grey antimony ore
 are /ill m direct1 s9ce ! product is   
only melt$ into pigs be=e be+ s5t to    
m>ket4 ,9 ?is /ate x  conta9s #gc       
7ne>ly7 ( metallic antimony4    #b4     
7,,humid47 ,assays 9 ! #8humid way' are 
true *emical analyses1 & are  describ$  
"u ! head #8,e/im4' atta*$ to mo/ ( ! m 
important  m9]als notic$ 9 ?is "w4 ,?is 
plan (f]s great] facilities &  gives m  
accurate results ?an ei!r ( ! o!r       
me?ods4    #c4 7,,dry47 ,( ! me?ods (   
assay 9 ! #8dry way' ! foll[+ are !  mo/
 accurate1 g5]ally useful1 & easily     
appli$3----    a4 7,dr ,abi*e47 ,! m9]al
 is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & mix$ ) #e or #f    
times its weight ( c>bonate ( b>ium1    
also 9 p[d]2 ?is mixture is  fus$ at a  

:ite heat 9 a plat9um crucible1 & !     
result+ slag1  aft] be+ p[d]$1 is       
exhau/$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,?is process
  answ]s well ) bo? /ony & metallic     
m9]als1 ! mo/ refractory (  :i* give way
 "u ?is treatm5t4    b4 7,liebig47 ,into
 a crucible conta9+ comm]cial cyanide ( 
potassium1  a weigh$ quantity ( ! ore1 9
 ! /ate ( f9e p[d]1 is spr9kl$1  :5 !   
metallic oxides & sulphides :i* x       
conta9s are almo/  imm$iately r$uc$ to !
 metallic /ate1 & may be sep>at$ f !    
scoria by edulcoration ) wat]4 ,) !     
oxides & sulphides (  antimony & t9 ?is 
r$uction occurs at a dull r$ heat2 ) !  
comp\nds ( copp] x occurs ) !           
dis5gagem5t ( light & heat2  b an ore ( 
iron requires to be mix$ ) a little     
c>bonate (  potassium or ( sodium be=e  
?r[+ x into ! fus$ cyanide1 & to  be !n 
submitt$ to a full r$ heat = a %ort "t1 
be=e x is  r$uc$ to ! regul9e /ate4 ,9  
?is case any manganese pres5t 9 !  ore (
 iron is left "u ! =m ( protoxide4 ,a   
mixture ( ab\t equal  p>ts ( dry        

c>bonate ( sodium & cyanide ( potassium 
answ]s bett]  = ! crucible ?an ! cyanide
 alone4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,metallurgy1 c42
 also  ,,p]cy',s ,,metallurgy4          
,,organ,,ic ,,ba,,ses4 ,^! int]e/+      
bodies may be divid$ into two  classes3 
! fir/ compris+ ^? :i* occur ready =m$ 9
 nature  7,,alkaloids72 & ! second ^?   
produc$ by artificial processes 9 !     
laboratory 7,,artificial ,,alkaloids1   
,,artificial ,,organic ,,bases74 ,!y all
  conta9 ! elem5t ,,nitrog54 ,! natural 
bases h already be5  describ$ "u        
,,alkaloid4 ,hi!rto !y h none ( !m be5  
produc$ by  artificial means4 ,! bases (
 artificial orig9 are mo/ly volatile1 & 
_! con/itution is mu* simpl] ?an t ( !  
native bases4 ,( !  va/ numb] :i* h be5 
=m$ ! foll[+ are1 p]haps1 ! mo/         
int]e/+3----,,e?ylam9e1 ,,me?ylam9e1    
,,amylam9e1 ,,anil9e1 ,,naph?ylam9e1    
,,*9ol9e1 & ,,picol9e4 ,^! & o!r bodies 
( ! class are notic$  "u _! respective  
heads4    ,by ,b]zelius ! natural       
organic bases 7ow+ to ! inv>iable       

pres5ce  9 !m ( hydrog5 & nitrog57 7    
reg>d$ z comp\nd ammonias1 or           
comb9ators ( ammonia ) a v>iety (       
neutral pr9ciples4    ,he conceiv$ !    
great] "p ( ^! neutral bodies 7         
incapable  ( isolation1 & fur!r m t !   
close/ union exi/$  betwe5 !m & !       
ammonia4 ,?us x 0 8 op9ion t qu99e      
,c#bj;,h#ab,,no#b1 #c;,,ho 7halv+ !     
mod]n =mula7 0 a comp\nd (  ! gr\p      
,c#bj;,h#i,o#b ) oxide ( ammonium & wat]
 (  cry/allisation ?us                  
7,c#bj;,h#i,o#b;,h#d,,no7#b;,,ho4 ,he   
believ$ !  organic base ow$ its basicity
 to ! ammonia4 ,b]zelius' op9ion c>ri$  
weight at ! "t1 f ! circum/ance t c]ta9 
neutral sub/ances  :5 directly comb9$ ) 
ammonia 7 capable ( =m+ a numb] (       
artificial bases v simil> 9 qualities & 
also 9 composition to !  natural ones1  
or ^? obta9$ f liv+ plants4 ,?us1 !     
artificial  base ?ios9am9e hav+ ! =mula 
,c#d;,h#e,,ns is produc$ by !           
comb9ation ( oil ( mu/>d & ammonia2 &   
ano!r base may be  artificially obta9$ f

 ! union ( oil ( bitt] almonds )        
ammonia4    ,liebig1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/   
*emi/s to dispute ! correctness (       
,b]zelius' hypo!sis1 by %[+ t ! natural 
organic bases nev]  gave any indication 
( ! pres5ce 9 !m ( ready =m$ ammonia1   
replac$ x by ! sugge/ion t !y might be  
bodies into !  composition ( :i* amidog5
 7,h#b,n7 ent]$1 & t ^!1 in/ead (  be+  
comp\nds ( ammonia & an organic gr\p1   
might be d]ivatives f  ammonia2 or      
ammonia 9 :i* an atom ( hydrog5 _h be5  
displac$ by an  equival5t organic       
radicle4    ,! lab\rs ( subsequ5t       
*emi/s1 notably ^? ( ,messrs ,wurtz &   
,h(man1 h develop$ ,liebig's !ory1 & h  
prov$ ! analogy 9  /ructural arrangem5t 
betwe5 ammonia & ! great] numb] (       
organic  bases2 :il/ !y h fur!r %[n1 n  
only 9 "o1 z suppos$ by  ,liebig1 b =   
all ?ree ( ! hydrog5 atoms 9 ammonia1   
may be  sub/itut$ c]ta9 comp\nd         
radicles4    ,,organ,,ic ,,sub/ances4   
,we h res]v$ a notice ( ! me?od (       
e/imat+ ! quantity ( c>bon1 hydrog51    

oxyg51 & nitrog51 9  organic comp\nds1  
until n[1 9 ord] to pres5t !m to ! read]
 9 a  m useful & connect$ =m4 ,!        
op]ation ess5tially consi/s1 9  respect 
( ! fir/ ?ree1 9 caus+ ! complete       
combu/ion ( a kn[n  quantity ( !        
sub/ance "u exam9ation1 9 su* a mann] t 
!  c>bonic acid & wat] ?us produc$ %all 
be collect$1 & _!  quantity det]m9$4 ,f 
^! ! proportions ( _! elem5ts are       
easily calculat$4 ,! e/imation ( !      
quantity ( nitrog5 7z is also  ! case ) 
*lor9e1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 c47        
requires a sep>ate  op]ation4 ,! two    
great classes ( organic bodies 7azotis$ 
&  non-azotis$7 are readily di/+ui%$ f  
ea* o!r by heat+ a small  portion ) "s  
solid hydrate ( potassium1 9 a te/ tube4
 ,if nitrog5  is pres5t1 x is conv]t$   
into ammonia1 :i* may be recognis$ by   
its  *>act]i/ic od\r & its alkal9e      
reaction4    #a4 ,e/imation ( ! ,,c>bon1
 ,,hydrog51 & ,,oxyg54----a4 ,! me?od ( 
,pr(4 ,liebig1 n[ almo/ exclusively     
adapt$ = ?is purpose1 is z              

foll[s3----,! sub/ance "u exam9ation1   
r$uc$ to p[d]1 is r5d]$  z dry z        
possible1 ei!r by ! heat ( a wat] ba? or
 by exposure ov]  conc5trat$ sulphuric  
acid1 9 vacuo2 #e or #f gr4 ( x are !n  
weigh$  9 a n>r[ op5 te/ tube1 #b or #c 
in*es long1 & to ensure accuracy  ?is   
tube & any little adh]+ matt] is aga9   
weigh$ aft] its  cont5ts h be5          
remov$----! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two       
weights be+  reg>d$ z ! true quantity ( 
! sub/ance employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t4  ,a    
#8combu/ion tube1' ( h>d :ite ,bohemian 
glass 7#d to #e in* diam42 #ad  to #ah  
in*es long71 is next tak51 & ab\t       
#b-crds fill$ ) black  oxide ( copp]1   
prep>$ by ! ignition ( ! nitrate1 & :i* 
has  be5 j re-heat$ to expel hygrometric
 moi/ure4 ,ne>ly ! :ole (  ?is oxide1   
:il/ /ill w>m1 is !n gradually p\r$ f ! 
tube &  triturat$ ) ! organic sample 9 a
 dry & w>m mort>1 aft] :i*  ! mixture is
 transf]r$ to ! combu/ion tube1 & !     
mort> be+  r9s$ out ) a little fre%     
oxide1 :i* is add$ to ! re/1 ! tube  is1

 la/ly1 ne>ly fill$ ) "s w>m oxide fre% 
f ! crucible4  ,! cont5ts ( ! tube are  
next arrang$ 9 a prop] position by a few
  g5tle bl[s1 s z to leave a small      
passage = ! evolv$ gases f  ! "o end ( !
 tube to ! o!r4 7,see engr47            
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration            
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration    ,!      
#8combu/ion tube' ) its #8*>ge' is next 
plac$ 9 a #8furnace' or  #8*auff]' ( ?9 
%eet iron 7see middle figure above74    
,its op5 end is  !n connect$ ) a #8dry+ 
tube' fill$ ) fragm5ts ( fus$  *loride (
 calcium1 & c>efully weigh$4 ,?is tube  
is1 9 its turn1  connect$ ) a small     
glass 7#8,liebig's pota% bulbs'7 conta9+
 solution  ( pure potassa ( sp4 gr4     
#abg1 also c>efully weigh$4 ,! junction 
)  ! fir/ is made by means ( a p]=at$   
cork2 t ) ! second by  means ( a small  
tube ( india rubb] ti$ ) silk1 ! :ole   
be+ made  q air-tight4 ,! app>atus is !n
 te/$ by suck+ a few bubbles  ?r\gh !   
liquid ) ! dry lips1 :51 if ! level ( ! 
solution  ( potassa 9 ! two legs        

cont9ues unequal = "s m9utes1 ! jo9ts   
are reg>d$ z p]fect4 ,! :ole arrangem5t 
be+ complete 7see  engr471 burn+ *>coal 
is n[ plac$ 9 ! furnace ar\nd ! front   
"p ( ! combu/ion tube1 & :5 ?is has     
become r$-hot ! scre5  is sl[ly mov$    
back1 & m burn+ *>coal is add$1 until ! 
fur!/ extremity ( ! tube has be5 expos$ 
to its action4 7,gas1  burn$ 9 furnaces 
specially contriv$ = ! purpose1 is n[   
usually  employ$ in/ead ( *>coal47 ,!   
fir+ is s regulat$ t ! gas  ent]s !     
potassa app>atus 9 bubbles easily c\nt$1
 )\t any  viol5ce or inconv5i5ce1 & x is
 kept up z long z gas is extricat$4  ,z 
soon z ! app>atus is complete1 & !      
slighte/ retrograde action  is obs]v$1 !
 *>coal is remov$ f ! combu/ion tube1 & 
!  extreme po9t ( ?is la/ is brok5 (f4  
,a little air is !n suck$  ?r\gh !      
app>atus 9 ord] to seize on any rema9+  
c>bonic-acid gas  & moi/ure4 ,! pota%   
app>atus & ! *loride ( calcium tube are1
  la/ly1 deta*$1 & aga9 accurately      
weigh$4 ,! increase 9 ! weight  ( ! fir/

 gives ! weight ( ! c>bonic acid =m$    
dur+ !  combu/ion2 t ( ! second ! weight
 ( ! wat]4 ,! numb]s  equival5t to any  
giv5 numb] ( gra9s1 f\nd z above1 are   
conv]t$  into ! proportions p] c5t4 by  
simply divid+ !m by ! weight (  !       
organic sub/ance :i* has be5 employ$ 9 !
 exp]im5t1 &  mov+ ! decimal po9t ( !   
result two figures to ! "r4             
,gr4                     ,gr4     #a gr4
 ( ,c>bonic acid  #jbgbgc ( ,c>bon      
#jgbgbg ( ,oxyg51     #a  0     ,wat]   
#jaaaab 0  ,hydrog5  #jhhhhh     0      
----                                    
----------------                        
----------------     #b        less     
#jchche      equal to   #afafae     0   
----                                    
----------------                        
----------------    b4 ,9 apply+ !      
prec$+ me?od to volatile liquids1 x is  
necess>y  to enclose !m 9 a small bulb )
 a n>r[ neck1 in/ead ( mix+ !m  directly
 ) ! protoxide ( copp]4 ,! bulb ) its   
cont5ts is  introduc$ into ! combu/ion  

tube1 & aft] "s #f or #h in*es ( !      
protoxide is heat$ to r$ness1 a hot coal
 is appli$ ne> :]e ! bulb  is situat$1 s
 t ! liquid :i* x conta9s may be sl[ly  
volatilis$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! heat$ mass 9 
! /ate ( vap\r1 &  be ?us completely    
burn$4 ,= fur!r in=mation1 consult      
,fres5ius'  #8,*emical ,analysis4'      
#b4 ,e/imation ( ! ,,nitrog5----a4      
,sev]al me?ods are employ$ =  ?is       
purpose1 b ! only "o ( g5]al            
application1 & adapt$ to !              
non-sci5tific op]ator1 is t ( ,,mm4     
,v>r5trap & ,w1 describ$  "u ,,guano4   
,to ensure correct results1 ! cau/ic    
soda mu/ be pure1 &  ! lime ( good      
quality & well burnt4 ,! la/1 hav+ be5  
prop]ly  slak$ ) a little wat]1 hold+ ! 
=m] 9 solution1 ! mixture is  ?or\ghly  
dri$ 9 an iron vessel1 & !n heat$ to    
full r$ness 9 an  e>!n crucible4 ,!     
ignit$ mass is rubb$ to p[d] 9 a w>m dry
  mort>1 & ei!r us$ at once or c>efully 
pres]v$ f ! air4 ,!  be/ quantity ( !   
organic sub/ance to op]ate on is1 9 ?is 

case1  ab\t #aj gr41 :i* mu/ be dri$1 & 
accurately weigh$ ) ! usual             
precautions4 ,bodies v ri* 9 ei!r       
nitrog5 or hydrog5 are be/  mix$ ) ab\t 
an equal weight ( pure sug> be=e        
triturat+ !m  ) ! soda-lime4 ,,mm4      
,v>r5trap & ,w weigh ! nitrog5 "u !  =m 
( d\ble *loride ( plat9um & ammonium1   
dri$ at #bab ,fahr4 ,?is  salt conta9s  
#fbgb ( nitrog54    b4 ,m4 ,pligot has  
modifi$ ! prec$+ plan by conduct+ !     
gase\s  matt] extricat$ dur+ ! op]ation 
into a ?ree-bulb tube *>g$ )  a /&>d    
solution ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is he      
subsequ5tly p\rs into a  beak]-glass1 & 
aft] t++ x ) a s+le drop ( t9cture (    
litmus1 he te/s x ) ei!r a /&>d aque\s  
solution ( soda or "o  ( lime 9 sweet5$ 
wat]1 aft] ! common me?od ( alkalimetry4
 ,!  diff]5ce betwe5 ! saturat+ p[] ( ! 
acid 9 its normal  condition & aft] its 
exposure 9 ! cond5s] indicates ! am\nt (
  ammonia =m$4 7,see ,,guano47 ,ea* gra9
 ( ammonia conta9s #hbcec gr4 (         
nitrog54    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,!       

successful application ( ! above        
processes  requires consid]able c>e & "s
 aptitude 9 manipulat+1 z well z  !     
employm5t ( a v delicate balance =      
det]m9+ ! weights4 ,a  great] error 9 ! 
weigh+s ?an ! #a_/bej gr4 _c be tol]at$ 
:5  exact results are desir$4 ,! me?od (
 ,,mm4 ,v>r5trap & ,w = !  det]m9ation (
 nitrog5 answ]s admirably = all organic 
comp\nds  conta9+ x1 except ^? 9 :i* x  
exi/s "u ! =m (  hyponitr\s1 nitr\s1 &  
nitric acids2 = :i*1 h[ev]1 x is n      
requir$4 ,:5 extreme accuracy is aim$   
at1 ! atmosph]ic air 9 !  app>atus1 & t 
absorb$ dur+ ! prelim9>y op]ations by ! 
sub/ances employ$1 mu/ be expell$ be=e !
 application ( heat to  ! combu/ion     
tube4 7,see ,,wat]1 ,,analysis ,,(47    
,,or-,,molu4 ,fr4 ,?is "n is giv5 to    
gold-col\r$ brass or bronze1 s  f9i%$ (f
 z to h ! appe>ance ( gold1 or ( be+    
gilt2 b x  is (t5 appli$ 9 a m g5]al    
s5se4 ,! ,fr5* m p>ticul>ly  excel 9    
work+ 9 or-molu1 & ! products ( ?is     
bran* ( _!  indu/ry hold an important   

position 9 ! art manufactures ( ,france4
    ,to give or-molu its ri*e/          
appe>ance1 8x is n unfrequ5tly bright5$ 
up aft] #8dipp+' 7t is1 clean+ 9 acid7  
by means ( a scrat*-bru%  7a bru% made (
 v f9e brass wire71 ! action ( :i* helps
 to  produce a v brilliant gold-l       
surface4 ,x is protect$ f t>ni%  by !   
application ( lacqu]40 7,ure47    ,ure  
says or-molu conta9s m copp] & less z9c 
?an ord9>y brass1  & t al?\gh1 9 _m (   
its applications1 ! col\r is height5$   
by means ( a gold lacqu]1 9 "s cases !  
true col\r ( ! alloy is  be/ pres]v$    
aft] x has be5 prop]ly develop$ by means
 ( dilute  sulphuric acid4    ,,ormskirk
 ,,m$ic9e4 ,a no/rum suppos$ to prev5t  
hydrophobia1 s nam$  aft] ! resid5ce (  
its inv5tor1 ,mr ,hill1 ( ,ormskirk4 ,x 
is said to  h consi/$ ( ! +r$i5ts nam$  
bel[1 b no?+ c]ta9 is  kn[n on !        
subject1 z ! inv5tor di$ )\t reveal+ its
  secret3----,*alk1 #a_/b oz42 ,arm5ian 
bole1 #c dr42 elecampane root1 #a dr42  
alum1 #aj gr42 oil ( anise$1 #e or #f   

drops2 all 9 f9e p[d]4 ,= a  dose1 to be
 tak5 = #f successive morn+s1 9 a glass 
( weak milk &  wat]4    ,,or,,pim5t4    
,native yell[ sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,! f9e/
 samples us$ by  arti/s 7gold5 orpim5t7 
come f ,p]sia4 ,see ,,ars5ic            
7,t]sulphuret74    ,,or,,ris4 ,syn4     
,,orris ,,root1 ,,flor5t9e ,r42 ,,radix 
,,iridis1 ,l4 ,! dri$  rhizome ( ,iris  
,flor5t9a1 pallida1 & ,g]manica4        
,sialogogue1  irritant1 subacrid1 &     
errh9e4 ,*iefly employ$ to imp>t a      
violet od\r  to oils1 too? p[d]1 snuffs1
 spirits1 c42 & :5 cut into peas to     
keep op5 issues4    ,,orse,,dew4 ,dut*  
leaf-gold4    ,,orsel,,lic ,,acid4 ,two 
comp\nds pass "u ?is                    
"n----,,alpha-,,orsellic ,,acid  &      
,,beta-,,orsellic ,,acid4 ,!y closely   
resemble ea* o!r1 & are obta9$  9 a     
simil> mann]2 ! fir/ f ! ,s\? ,am]ican  
v>iety ( ,rocella  t9ctoria1 ! la/ f t  
gr[n at ! ,cape4    ,,orsell9,,ic       
,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lecanoric ,,acid4 ,a    
comp\nd =m$ along )  picro]y?r9e1 by    

boil+ ery?ric acid = "s "t ) wat]4 ,x is
  also =m$ by boil+ alpha-orsellic acid 
) wat]4 ,9 bo? cases1 if  ! ebullition  
is too long cont9u$1 ! new acid is :olly
 or 9 "p  conv]t$ into orc94    ,prop41 
c4 ,cry/allisable2 bitt]-ta/$2 soluble 9
 wat]2 its aque\s  solution1 by exposure
 to ! air1 assumes a beautiful purple   
col\r4    ,,or?oclase4 ,syn4 ,,potassium
 ,,felsp>4 ,?is mat]ial1 :i* is a d\ble 
silicate ( potassium & alum9ium1 ent]s  
into ! composition ( _m  rocks1 & is a  
common +r$i5t 9 granite4 ,x has ! foll[+
  composition3----,silica1 #fdh p>ts2   
alum9a1 #ahd p>ts2 & pota%1 #afh  p>ts4 
,"p ( ! potassium is frequ5tly replac$  
by small quantities (  calcium1         
magnesium1 & sodium4    ,or?oclase is   
us$ = glaz+ ! f9e/ v>ieties ( porcela91 
a v  int5se heat be+ necess>y to effect 
its fusion 9 ! porcela9  furnace4 ,by ! 
,*9ese pott]s x is call$ petuntze4 8,!  
"n  #8or?oclase' is g5]ally re/rict$ to 
! subtransluc5t v>ieties1  !re be+ _m   
subv>ieties 7f\nd$ on v>iations ( lu/re1

 col\r1  & o!r diff]5ces71 ( :i* !      
foll[+ are "s ( ! pr9cipal1  viz4       
adul>ia1 a transp>5t or transluc5t      
felsp>1 met ) 9  granitic rocks         
7frequ5tly 9 l>ge cry/als72 moon/one2   
sun/one2  ,mur*isonite1 ery?rite2 glassy
 felsp> or lanad9e1 a transp>5t  v>iety 
f\nd 9 volcanic rocks1 conta9+ #d p]    
c5t4 ( soda or  upw>ds40#gi    ,footnote
 #gi3 ,ure4    ,,or?op,,dia4 ,9 surg]y1 
! /raight5+1 correct+1 or cur+          
de=mities ( *ildr54 ,see ,,surg]y4      
,,osi]4 ,! osi]1 :i* is a species (     
will[ 7salix71 & is l>gely  us$ 9 !     
con/ruction ( baskets & o!r wick]work1  
is ext5sively  cultivat$ at ,nott+ham & 
on ! level l&s ( ,cambridge%ire &       
,hunt+don%ire1 z well z on ! banks ( !  
,?ames1 ,sev]n1 & o!r  riv]s4 ,! small  
isl&s 9 ^! riv]s1 :5 plant$ ) osi]s1 are
  kn[n z osi] ,,holts4 ,b l>ge z is !   
supply ( %oots af=d$ by !  ,engli% osi] 
b$s1 x is insuffici5t = home            
consumption2 h5ce great  quantities (   
ozi] rods are import$ into ?is c\ntry f 

,holl&1  ,belgium1 & ,france4 ,!re are a
 great v>iety ( ozi]s1 & x is f\nd  t ^?
 :i* h be5 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ yield 
! t\ghe/  & f9e/ wood1 & ^? be/ adapt$ =
 ! sup]ior k9ds ( basket  "w4 ,! bran*es
 ( ! wild] & less dome/icat$ k9d1 :i*   
are  m liable to break1 are us$ = mak+  
hoops & co>se baskets4 ,?is  la/ v>iety1
 :i* is kn[n z ! ,,common ,,osi] 7,salix
 vim9alis71  gr[s on ! alluvial gr\nds (
 ,brita91 & 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1  &
 is (t5 plant$ on ! banks ( riv]s to    
prev5t _! be+ wa%$  away4    ,! foll[+  
are ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( osi] indig5\s 
to ?is  c\ntry1 & :i* yield ! mo/       
valuable wood3----#a4 ,,! ,,f9e ,,basket
 ,,osi]  7,salix ,=byana74 #b4 ,,!      
,,gre5-,,leav$ ,,osi]1 or ,,orn>d       
7,salix rubra74  #c4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,rod 
7,salix tri&ra74 #d4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,osi]1
 or ,,gold5  ,,will[ 7,salix vitell9a74 
,! osi] requires pl5ty ( wat]1 & h5ce x 
?rives be/ 9 ^?  localities & l[ gr\nds 
:i* are wa%$ by a riv]4 ,! soil be/     
adapt$ = x is a ri* b n clayey "o4 ,9   

plant+ an osi] b$ an  important         
condition is t ! trees %\ld be plac$    
suffici5tly  closely toge!r1 s9ce x is  
f\nd t1 ) too mu* space1 ! %oots  d n   
develop into long & sl5d] bran*es1 :i*  
are s mu* s\ght  aft]4 ,! %oots are cut 
once a ye>1 at any "t betwe5 ! fall ( ! 
leaf & ! ris+ ( ! sap 9 spr+4 ,aft] be+ 
cut !y are divid$  into ^? de/9$ = br[n1
 & ^? = :ite baskets4 ,9 ! latt]  ease !
 rods h to be peel$1 b z ?is op]ation _c
 be p]=m$  at once1 & ! rim\s ( ! b>k   
w\ld be difficult 7 !y all[$  to dry1 ! 
%oots are plac$ upright & su/a9$ 9 t    
position 9  wide %all[ tr5*es 9 ab\t f\r
 in*es ( wat]1 :]e !y are kept  until !y
 beg9 to bud & blossom 9 ! spr+1 :i* !y 
d z if  !y 7 atta*$ to ! p>5t plant4 ,! 
peel+ is easily done by  pass+ !m ?r\gh 
an in/rum5t kn[n z a break4 ,if ! spr+  
has  be5 a cold "o1 !y h1 previ\s to    
peel+1 to be laid = "s "t  "u a lay] (  
litt]4    ,:5 !y h be5 peel$ !y are     
/ack$1 prep>atory to be+ sold4  ,) !    
rods int5d$ = br[n baskets1 no peel+ is 

( c\rse  necess>y4 ,!y are !re=e        
c>efully /ack$ 9 "s place protect$  f ! 
ra91 & dilig5tly wat*$ to see t no heat 
is set up 9  !m1 z is sometimes ! case )
 fre%ly /ack$ hay1 & :i*1 if n  /ack$1  
w\ld cause ! rods to rot & r5d] !m      
useless4    ,9 ,engl&1 besides ! native 
produce1 #ejjj tons ( osi]s are annually
  import$1 valu$ at ab\t #dj1jjj4 ,(    
late ye>s ! ,au/ralian coloni/s  h turn$
 _! att5tion to ! cultivation ( ! osi]1 
9 ! hopes  ( supply+ ! dem& = x 9 ,great
 ,brita94    ,,os,,mazome4 ,! sub/ance  
on :i* ! peculi> od\r & flav\r (  boil$ 
meat & bro? 7 =m]ly suppos$ to dep5d4   
,prep4 ,f lean meat1 m9c$1 & dige/$ 9   
cold wat]1 )  occasional pressure2 !    
filt]$ infusion is g5tly evaporat$ ne>ly
 to  dryness1 & !n treat$ ) alcohol2 !  
alcoholic t9cture is1 la/ly1  evaporat$4
 ,! product has a br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 is
 soluble 9 wat]1  & its aque\s solution 
is precipitat$ by infusion ( galls & !  
m9]al a/r+5t salts4    ,,os,,mium4 ,os4 
,a r>e metal f\nd associat$ ) ! ores (  

plat9um by  ,m4 ,t5nant1 9 #ahjc4    ,^!
 ores mo/ly consi/ ( a mixture (        
plat9um1 palladium1 rhodium1  osmium1   
ru!nium & iridium4 ,:5 !y are treat$ )  
aqua regia1 !  insoluble residue :i*    
rema9s1 *iefly consi/s ( an alloy &     
osmium1  iridium1 ru!nium & rhodium4 ,to
 sep>ate ! osmium f ! o!r  metals1      
,fremy takes advantage ( its easy       
oxidability1 & ( !  volatility ( its    
tetroxide4    ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is process
 7:i* is a great improvem5t ^u !  me?ods
 previ\sly foll[$7 ! above residue or   
alloy is heat$ to  r$ness 9 a plat9um or
 porcela9 tube4 ,9 t "p ( ! tube :i*    
projects f ! furnace1 "s fragm5ts (     
porcela9 are plac$1 & !  tube is        
connect$ ) a s]ies ( glass flasks1 9 :i*
 ! tetroxide (  osmium is cond5s$ z x   
di/ils ov]1 any tetroxide t may h       
escap$ cond5sation is reta9$ by a       
solution ( cau/ic pota%1 plac$  9 ! la/ 
flask ( ! s]ies4 ,?is la/ flask is      
connect$ ) an  aspirator1 by means ( :i*
 a curr5t ( air is drawn ?r\gh !        

app>atus4    ,be=e be+ all[$ to ent] !  
heat$ tube ! air is dri$ by be+  made to
 pass ?r\gh tubes fill$ ) pumice-/one1  
moi/5$ )  sulphuric acid4 ,dur+ !       
op]ation ! osmium & ru!nium become      
oxidis$1 ! tetroxide ( osmium cond5ses 9
 ne$les 9 ! flasks1 &  me*anically      
c>ries =w>d ! deoxide ( ru!nium1 :i* is 
deposit$  ^u ! pieces ( porcela94       
,!re are sev]al processes = obta9+      
osmium 9 ! metallic  condition4 ,we give
 two ( ! mo/ simple ( ^!4 #a4 ,by treat+
 !  volatile tetroxide ( osmium obta9$  
by ,fremy's me?od1 z above  describ$1 ) 
hydro*loric acid & metallic m]cury 9 a  
clos$ vessel  at #adj ,c4    ,! m]cur\s 
oxide :i* is fir/ =m$ at ! exp5se ( !   
oxyg5  conta9$ 9 ! tetroxide ( osmium is
 decompos$ by ! hydro*loric  acid1 &    
calomel is produc$1 toge!r ) metallic   
osmium4    ,! wat] & excess ( acid are  
remov$ by evaporation to dryness1 & on  
heat+ ! residue 9 a small porcela9      
retort1 ! excess ( m]cury &  calomel is 
drawn (f1 pure osmium be+ left beh9d 9 !

 =m ( a f9e  p[d]4    #b4 ,deville &    
,debray procure x 9 ! metallic =m by    
pass+ !  tetroxide ( osmium1 9 a curr5t 
( nitrog51 ov] c>bon :i* has be5  obta9$
 by pass+ ! vap\r ( b5z9e ?r\gh a       
porcela9 tube at a  high temp]ature4 ,! 
metal procur$ by ?is process is ( a f9e 
blue  col\r1 ) a t+e ( grey4    ,!      
specific gravity ( osmium 9 ! pulv]ul5t 
=m is ab\t #aj2 b  aft] hav+ be5 heat$  
to ! fus+ po9t ( rhodium 9 ! oxyhydrog5 
jet1 x acquires a d5sity ( #bad1 & 9 !  
cry/all9e /ate x has a  sp4 gr4 (       
#bbdgg4 ,osmium appe>s to be ! lea/     
fusible ( all !  metals4    ,!re are    
five kn[n oxides ( osmium3    #a4       
,osmium protoxide4 7,os,o74 ,! anhydr\s 
protoxide is ( a  greyi%-black col\r4 ,x
 is insoluble 9 acids4 ,its blui%-black 
hydrate1  :i* dissolves 9 hydro*loric   
acid1 =ms a solution ( osmium  di*loride
 ( a deep indigo blue col\r4 ,! solution
 absorbs oxyg5  readily1 & becomes      
conv]t$ into ! tetra*loride 7,os,cl#d74 
#b4 ,osmium sesquioxide4 7,os#b,o#c47   

,?is has nev] be5 isolat$4 ,its  salts1 
:i* are uncry/allisable1 are ( a rose-r$
 col\r4    #c4 ,osmium dioxide4         
7,os,o#b47 ,?is is black4    #d4 ,osmium
 trioxide4 7,os,o#c47 ,?is possesses    
feebly acid prop]ties4 ,x  has nev] be5 
obta9$ 9 a sep>ate =m2 ) potassium x =ms
 a  cry/all9e1 sp>+ly soluble comp\nd1  
hav+ ! composition  ,k#b,os,o#d1        
#b;,h#b,o1 a dipotassic osmite4    #e4  
,osmium tetroxide4 ,syn4 ,,osmic ,,acid 
7,os,o#d74 ,?is oxide may be  obta9$ by 
op]at+1 accord+ to ,fremy's process1 on 
! ores (  plat9um1 z already describ$4  
,x is also =m$ :5 metallic osmium is    
heat$ ) potassic nitrate1 or roa/$ 9    
air4 ,x cry/allises 9  col\rless1       
transp>5t1 flexible ne$les1 :i* fuse    
easily1 & dissolve  readily 9 wat]4 ,its
 aque\s solution1 h[ev]1 does n r$d5    
litmus4  ,tetroxide ( osmium is conv]t$ 
into vap\r at ab\t #ajj;,c4 ,! fumes are
  excessively irritat+ & delet]i\s1 & h 
an od\r some:at l  t ( *lor9e4 ,?is     
oxide unites ) alkalies1 b n ) acids4 ,x

  is giv5 (f z tetroxide :5 ! alkal9e   
solution :i* conta9s x is  boil$4 ,if   
appli$ to ! sk91 ?is oxide becomes      
p>tially r$uc$1 &  imp>ts a p]man5t     
black col\r to ! sk91 due to !          
deposition (  metallic osmium4 ,)       
t9cture ( galls its solutions give a    
di/9ctive  blue precipitate4    ,!re are
 f\r *lorides ( osmium1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i*
 are !  di*loride & ! tetra*loride4     
#a4 ,osmium di*loride4 7,os,cl#b74 ,syn4
 ,,osmi\s ,,di*loride1 ,,osmium         
,,proto*loride4 ,?is is gre51 & sublimes
 9 gre5 ne$les4 ,x may be  obta9$ by    
heat+ metallic osmium 9 a curr5t ( dry  
*lor9e gas4 ,x  =ms d\ble salts1 :i* are
 ( a gre5 col\r4    #b4 ,osmium         
tetra*loride4 7,os,cl#d74 ,syn4 ,,osmic 
,,tetra*loride1 ,,osmium  ,,bi*loride4  
,?is may be procur$ 9 ! same mann] z !  
di*loride1  us+1 h[ev]1 an excess (     
*lor9e4 ,x occurs z a r$1 cry/all9e1    
fusible1 deliquesc5t p[d]4 ,x is m      
volatile ?an ! di*loride4  ,bo? ! dry   
*loride & ! tetra*loride ( osmium are   

dissolv$ by  wat]1 :i* decomposes !m    
into tetroxide ( osmium1 hydro*loric    
acid  & ! metal4    ,,o/eocol,,la4 ,a   
r\gh sort ( glue or gelat9 obta9$ f     
bones by  dige/ion 9 dilute hydro*loric 
acid1 to remove _! e>?y matt]1 &        
aft]w>ds act+ on ! residuum ) wat] at a 
high temp]ature1 until  x is :olly      
dissolv$4    ,,otal,,gia4 ,pa9 9 ! e>4  
,see ,,e>a*e4    ,o,,?yl4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a 
radicle hav+ ! =mula ,c#b;,h#c,o1 assum$
  by ,pr(essor ,williamson to exi/ 9    
acetic acid4    ,,ot,,to ,,( ,,roses4   
,see ,,oils 7,volatile74                
,,ovalbu,,m54 ,:ite ( egg2 to di/+ui% x 
f s]album51 or !  album5 ( ! s]um ( !   
blood4    ,o,,v5s4 ,a v +5i\s & useful  
improvem5t 9 ! app>atus =  bak+ 0       
introduc$ "s ye>s ago by ,mr ,sclat]1 ( 
,c>lisle4 ,x  consi/s 9 caus+ ! articles
 to be bak$ to trav]se a heat$  e>!nw>e 
tube4 ,?is tube =ms ! ov54 ,x is (      
consid]able l5g?1  & ! biscuits or o!r  
articles are sl[ly trav]s$ ?r\gh x1 f   
end to end1 at su* a rate z w all[ ( !  

bak+ be+ complet$  dur+ ! passage4 ,!   
biscuits are c>ri$ on trays1 set on     
travell+  *a9s2 or ! trays are made into
 an endless web or *a94 ,! ov5 is  ?us  
entirely self-act+1 & ! articles dem& no
 att5tion :atev]  f ! att5dants1 :il/ ! 
sy/em comb9es sup]ior economy ) !  be/  
results4 ,a #8pyromet]1' or heat        
indicator1 is atta*$ ext]nally1 s  t !  
att5dant c regulate ! heat ) great      
facility4 ,! object  ( ^! improvem5ts is
 to r$uce ! co/ ( bak+1 & to improve !  
appe>ance ( ! bak$ articles4 ,! app>atus
 is applicable z well to  ! bak+ (      
articles ( clay or e>!nw>e z to bread or
 biscuits4    ,( ! ov5s n[ 9 common use 
by ! bak]s1 t kn[n z ! #8hot-wat]  ov5' 
is p]haps ! be/2 n m]ely 9 ref]5ce to   
economy1 b also  ) ref]5ce to its       
sup]ior cleanl9ess1 & ! ease ) :i* !    
articles op]at$ on may be turn$ out ( t 
delicate yell[i%-br[n  t9t = :i* ! bread
 ( ! ,vi5nese & ,p>isian bak]s is s     
celebrat$4 ,see ,,bak+1 ,,bread1 c4     
,,own]4 ,= ! purposes ( ! ,public ,heal?

 ,act ?is t]m is ?us                    
def9$3----8#8,own]' means ! p]son = ! "t
 be+ receiv+ !  rack-r5t ( ! l&s or     
premises 9 connection ) :i* ! ^w is     
us$1 :e!r on 8 own acc\nt1 or z ag5t or 
tru/ee = any o!r  p]son1 or :o w\ld s   
receive ! same if su* l&s or premises 7 
let at a rack-r5t40    ,,ox4 ,! ,bos    
,taurus 7,l9n471 "o ( ! rum9antia4 ,9   
its m limit$  s5se ! ^w is re/rict$ to !
 emasculat$ animal4 ,! fle%1 milk1  sk91
 horns1 bones1 & blood ( ?is animal are 
all s]viceable to man4  ,goldbeat]'s sk9
 is prep>$ f ! p]itoneal membrane ( its 
ccum4  ,its blood1 fat1 horns1 &        
excrem5t 7 among ! simples ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 
#afah4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,gall1 ,,milk1 &   
bel[4    ,ox-,gall4 ,syn4 ,,ox-,,bile2  
,,fel ,,bov9um1 ,f4 ,,bovis1 ,f4        
,,tauri1 ,l4 ,crude ox-gall  is notic$  
at page #ggd4 ,ref9$ ox-gall 7,fel      
bov9um purificatum7 is  prep>$ z "u3----
    #a4 ,fre% ox-gall is all[$ to repose
 = #ab or #ae h\rs1 aft] :i* !  cle>    
portion is decant$1 & evaporat$ to !    

consi/5ce ( a ?ick  syrup by ! heat ( a 
wat] ba?2 x is !n spread ?9ly on a di%1 
&  expos$ 9 a w>m situation ne> ! fire1 
or to a curr5t ( dry air1  until ne>ly  
dry2 x is1 la/ly1 put into wide-m\!d    
bottles or pots1  & c>efully ti$ ov] )  
bladd]4 ,9 ?is /ate x w keep = ye>s  9 a
 cool situation4 ,= use a little is     
dissolv$ 9 wat]4    #b4 ,fre% gall1 #a  
p9t2 boil1 skim1 add p[d]$ alum1 #a oz42
 boil aga9  till ! alum is dissolv$1 &  
:5 suffici5tly cool p\r x into a        
bottle1 & loosely cork x d[n4 ,9 a      
simil> mann] boil & skim  ano!r p9t (   
gall1 add to x #a oz4 ( common salt1 &  
aga9 boil1  cool1 & bottle x1 z above4  
,9 ?ree mon?s decant ! cle> f bo?       
bottles1 & mix !m 9 equal quantities2 ! 
cle> portion mu/ !n be  sep>at$ f !     
coagulum by subsid5ce or filtration4    
,uses1 c4 ,bo? ! above are employ$ by   
arti/s to fix *alk & p5cil  draw+s be=e 
t9t+ !m1 & to remove ! greas9ess f      
ivory1  trac+ pap]1 c4 ,! fir/ is also  
us$ 9 m$ic9e4    ,,ox,,alate4 ,syn4     

,,oxalas1 ,l4 ,a salt ( oxalic acid4 ,! 
soluble oxalates  are easily =m$ by     
directly neutralis+ a solution ( oxalic 
acid )  a metallic hydrate1 c>bonate1 or
 oxide2 & ! insoluble oxalates1 by      
d\ble decomposition4 ,see ,,oxalic      
,,acid & ! respective bases4            
,,oxal,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 
,,acidum ,,oxalicum1 ,l4 ,?is sub/ance  
0 discov]$ by ,b]gman 9 #aggf4 ,x occurs
 bo? 9 ! m9]al &  organic k+doms1 & is  
produc$ artificially by ! action (      
nitric  acid on sug>1 />*1 woody fibre1 
c4 ,x ab\nds 9 wood-sorrel1 9  :i* x    
exi/s 9 comb9ation ) a little potassa4  
,) ! exception  ( gum & sug> ( milk all 
/>*y & sac*>9e sub/ances yield  oxalic  
acid :5 treat$ ) nitric acid at a       
some:at elevat$  temp]ature4    ,prep4  
#a4 ,f sug>3----    a4 ,nitric acid 7sp4
 gr4 #adb71 #e p>ts1 dilut$ ) wat]1 #aj 
p>ts1 is  p\r$ on sug>1 #a "p1 & !      
mixture is dige/$ at a g5tle heat z     
long z gase\s products are evolv$2 !    
liquid is !n conc5trat$ by  evaporation 

until x deposits cry/als on cool+2 !    
cry/als1 aft]  be+ dra9$ & fre$ f       
sup]flu\s moi/ure1 are r$issolv$ 9 !    
smalle/ possible quantity ( boil+ wat]1 
& ! solution is set aside  to           
cry/allise4 ,! residu>y #8"m-wat]' is   
treat$ ) a little  fre% nitric acid 7say
 #a-a_/b "p7 at a g5tle heat1 aft] :i* x
 is  evaporat$1 z be=e1 = a second crop 
( cry/als4 ,?is process is  repeat$     
until ! solution is exhau/$4 ,!         
br[ni%-col\r$ cry/als  ?us obta9$ are   
all[$ to effloresce by exposure to dry  
air1 & are  !n r$issolv$ & recry/allis$4
 ,by repeat+ ?is treatm5t !y  yield pure
 col\rless oxalic acid at ! ?ird        
cry/allisation4    b4 7,s*les+]47 ,sug> 
7dri$ at #beg ,fahr471 #d p>ts1 & nitric
 acid  7sp4 gr4 #ach71 #cc p>ts1 are    
dige/$ toge!r1 z be=e1 & z soon z  !    
evolution ( gas ceases ! liquid is boil$
 d[n to "o six? ( its  orig9al volume1 &
 set aside to cry/allise4 ,! :ole       
process may be  complet$ 9 ab\t #b h\rs1
 & 9 #a vessel1 & yields ( beautifully  

cry/allis$ oxalic acid1 at ! fir/       
cry/allisation1 a quantity equal  to #ef
 to #fj ( ! weight ( ! sug> employ$4    
c4 7,ure47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ad71  
#d p>ts1 & sug> #a "p1 are  dige/$      
toge!r by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & z soon 
z gas ceases  to be extricat$ ! vessel  
is remov$ f ! heat1 & set aside to  cool
 & cry/allise4 ,! use ( a little        
sulphuric acid along ) !  nitric acid   
contributes to increase ! product4      
#b4 ,f ,,potato- or                     
,,dextr9-,,sug>3----7,nyr547 ,f ! wa%$  
pulp (  potatoes1 boil$ = "s h\rs )     
wat]1 q4 s41 9 a lead5 vessel1  ) ab\t  
#b ( oil ( vitriol1 until ! fecula ( !  
pulp is conv]t$  into sac*>9e matt]1 %[n
 by ! liquid be+ no long] turn$ blue by 
iod9e2 ! :ole is !n filt]$ ?r\gh        
horse-hair bags or /ra9]s1  & ! filtrate
 is evaporat$ until its d5sity is su* t 
a gallon (  x weighs #ad to #ad-a_/b    
lbs42 9 ?is /ate x is conv]t$ into      
oxalic  acid by treatm5t ) nitric acid 9
 ! way already describ$4 ,a simil>      

process 0 pat5t$ "s ye>s ago by ,messrs 
,davy1 ,macmurdo1 & ,co4    #c4 ,f      
,,sawdu/3----7,rob]ts1 ,dale1  ,co4     
,pat5t47 ,?is process is ! "o  n[       
usually employ$ = ! manufacture ( oxalic
 acid on ! l>ge  scale4 ,x is bas$ on   
,gay-,lussac's discov]y1 t wood & simil>
  sub/ances are conv]t$ into oxalic acid
 by fusion ) cau/ic alkali4  ,!         
practical details ( ! process are ?us   
giv5 by ,dr ,murray ,?omson1  (         
,ed9burgh3----7#a7 ,hydrate ( sodium &  
hydrate ( potassium1 mix$ 9  !          
proportion ( #b equival5ts ( ! =m] to #a
 equival5t ( !  latt]1 are dissolv$1 &  
solution evaporat$ until ( specific     
gravity  #ace2 sawdu/ is n[ /irr$ 9     
until a ?ick pa/e results4 7#b7 ,?is    
pa/e is !n heat$ on iron plates1 dur+   
:i* x is con/antly  /irr$2 wat] is fir/ 
giv5 (f2 ! mass !n swells2 inflammable  
gases1 hydrog5 & c>burett$ hydrog51 are 
evolv$1 along ) a  peculi> aromatic     
od\r4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has be5 ma9ta9$  
at #djj  = "o or two h\rs1 ?is /age ( ! 

process is complete2 ! mass has  n[ a   
d>k col\r1 & conta9s only #a to #d p]   
c5t4 ( oxalic acid1 &  ab\t #e p] c5t4 (
 =mic acid4 ,! bulk1 !re=e1 ( ! mass at 
?is /age consi/s ( a sub/ance ^: nature 
is n yet kn[n1 b  :i* is int]m$iate     
betwe5 ! cellulose & oxalic acid4 7#c7  
,! next  /age consi/s 9 a simple        
ext5sion ( ! la/1 9 :i* ! mass is  heat$
 till q dry1 c>e be+ tak5 t no *>r+     
takes place4 ,x  n[ conta9s ! maximum   
quantity ( oxalic acid1 #bh to #cj p]   
c5t4 7#d47  ,?is oxalic acid n[ exi/s z 
oxalate ( potassium & sodium 9 ! grey   
p[d] result+ f /age #c4 ,?is p[d] is n[ 
wa%$ on a filt] )  solution ( c>bonate (
 sodium1 :i* seems to h ! s+ul> &       
unexpect$ p[] ( decompos+ ! oxalate (   
potassium & conv]t+ x  into oxalate (   
sodium4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is q true t all
 traces (  potassa are wa%$ out ) !     
solution ( c>bonate ( sodium4 ,! only   
explanation t occurs to acc\nt = ?is    
unusual decomposition is t  oxalate (   
sodium is a m insoluble salt ?an oxalate

 ( potassium1 &  !re=e may be =m$ by    
pref]5ce4 7#e7 ,?is oxalate ( sodium is 
n[  decompos$ by boil+ milk ( lime4     
,oxalate ( calcium falls z a            
precipitate1 & soda rema9s 9 solution4  
,?is soda is boil$ d[n1 &  aga9 made use
 ( ) fre% sawdu/4 ,?is recov]y ( alkali 
is also  practis$ ) ! potassium salt :i*
 filt]s ?r\gh 9 ! la/ /age4  7#f7 ,!    
oxalate ( calcium is n[ decompos$ 9     
lead5 vessels )  sulphuric acid4        
,sulphate ( calcium is precipitat$1 &   
oxalic acid is 9  solution1 :i* is n[   
evaporat$1 & ! acid sep>ates 9 cry/als1 
:i* n[ ne$ only to be recry/allis$ to   
make !m q pure1 & fit  ! acid = all !   
purposes = :i* x is employ$4 ,prod4 ,by 
?is  +5i\s process #b lbs4 ( sawdu/ are 
made to yield #a lb4 ( oxalic  acid4    
,prop41 c4 ,col\rless1 transp>5t1       
prismatic cry/als1 possess+ a  p[]ful   
s\r ta/e & acid reaction2 ^! effloresce 
9 w>m dry air1  ) loss ( #bh 7#b eq47 ( 
wat]1 & !n =m a :ite p[d]1 :i* may  be  
sublim$ 9 "p1 )\t decomposition2 !      

cry/als are soluble 9 #h  p>ts ( wat]   
7#i p>ts1 8& =m a solution ( sp4 gr4    
#ajde10----,ure7 at  #fj ,fahr41 9 _!   
own weight or less ( boil+ wat]1 & 9    
ab\t #d  p>ts ( alcohol2 ) ! acids1 x   
=ms salts call$ oxalates4               
,te/s4----#a4 ,solution ( *loride (     
b>ium occasions a :ite precipitate  9   
neutral solutions ( oxalic acid         
7oxalates71 :i* is soluble 9 bo?  nitric
 & hydro*loric acid4----#b4 ,solution ( 
nitrate ( silv]1 "u  l circum/ances1    
gives a :ite precipitate1 :i* is soluble
 9 nitric  acid1 & 9 ammonia1 & :i*1 :5 
heat$ to r$ness1 yields pure            
silv]4----#c4 ,lime wat] & solutions (  
all ! soluble salts ( calcium  produce  
:ite precipitates1 ev5 9 highly dilute  
solutions ( oxalic acid  or ( !         
oxalates1 :i* is freely soluble 9 bo?   
nitric &  hydro*loric acid1 b is ne>ly  
insoluble 9 ei!r acetic or oxalic  acid1
 & is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( calcium ^u
 ignition4----#d4 ,oxalic  acid 7or an  
oxalate71 :5 heat$1 9 ! dry /ate1 ) oil 

( vitriol  9 excess1 is conv]t$ into    
c>bonate anhydride & c>bonic oxide2 !   
=m] produces a :ite precipitate ) lime  
wat]1 & ! latt]1 :5  k9dl$1 burns ) a   
fa9t blue flame4 ,( ! above te/s1       
solution (  sulphate ( calcium 7vide    
,no4 #c7 is ! mo/ delicate &            
*>act]i/ic4----#e4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f     
,epsom salt by its acid  reaction1 its  
solubility 9 rectifi$ _s1 its complete  
dissipation by  heat1 & by emitt+ a     
slight crackl+ noise dur+ its solution 9
  wat]4 ,see ,,magnesia 7,sulphate74    
,uses1 ,pois41 c4 ,oxalic acid is *iefly
 us$ 9 ! arts ( calico  pr9t+ & blea*+2 
to remove ink-spots & iron m\lds f l951 
& to clean boot-tops4 ,x is extremely   
poison\s4 ,! treatm5t1 9 cases  ( its   
hav+ be5 swall[$1 is to promote vomit+1 
& to adm9i/]  *alk1 :it+1 or magnesia1  
mix$ up ) wat]1 9 consid]able           
quantities4 ,! use ( ! alkalies or _!   
c>bonates mu/ be avoid$1  z ! comp\nds  
:i* ^! =m ) oxalic acid are ne>ly z     
poison\s  z ! acid itself4 ,! rema9+    

treatm5t is notic$ "u ,,acids4 ,9       
poison+ by oxalic acid ! n]v\s sy/em is 
almo/ always affect$1 &  ! pati5ts      
exp]i5ce numbness1 =mication ( !        
extremities1 &  sometimes convulsions1 s
 t ! symptoms some:at approa* ^?        
produc$ by /ry*nia1 f :i* x is di/+ui%$ 
by its corrosive  action on ! tissues1 &
 its effect ^u ! he>t & circulatory     
sy/em4    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,!         
manufacture ( oxalic acid is an         
important "o4  ,! process ( ,rob]ts1    
,dale1 & ,co4 has s mu* *eap5$ ! price (
  oxalic acid1 t 9 #ahea x sold = #af;d4
 p] lb41 & 9 #ahfd x only  co/ f #h;d4  
to #i;d4 p] lb4 ,m ?an half ! am\nt (   
oxalic acid us$  all ov] ! _w is n[ made
 f sawdu/4 ,9 manufactur+ ! acid  f     
sug>1 on ! l>ge scale1 ! fir/ "p ( !    
process is ei!r  conduct$ 9 salt-glaz$  
/onew>e pipk9s ( ! capacity ( #c to #e  
qu>ts ea* 7:i* are ab\t two ?irds fill$ 
& set 9 a wat] ba?71  or 9 wood5 tr\ghs 
l9$ ) lead1 & heat$ by means ( a coil ( 
/eam-pipe4 ,on ! small scale1 a glass   

retort or capsule is commonly  employ$4 
,! mo/ appropriate temp]ature appe>s to 
be ab\t #abe ,fahr4  & ! be/ evid5ce ( !
 satisfactory progress ( ! decomposition
 is  ! free b n viol5t evolution ( gas1 
)\t ! appe>ance ( d5se  r$ fumes1 or1 at
 all ev5ts1 any m>k$ quantity ( !m4 ,:5 
^! are  dis5gag$ ) viol5ce & rapidity1 a
 great] quantity ( ! newly  =m$ acid    
suff]s decomposition1 & flies (f 9 a    
gase\s =m4 ,!  sp4 gr4 ( ! nitric acid  
commonly us$ on ! l>ge scale ranges f   
#abb to #abg equival5t quantities be+   
tak54 ,! evaporation is  pref]ably      
conduct$ by ! heat ( /eam4 ,! evolv$    
nitr\s vap\rs are  usually all[$ to     
escape1 b ?is loss may be 9 "p avoid$ by
  convey+ !m into a *amb] fill$ ) cold  
damp air1 & conta9+ a  little wat]1 :5  
!y w absorb oxyg51 & be recond5s$ into  
fum+  nitric acid4 ,v>i\s modifications 
( ?is plan h be5 pat5t$4 ,t  ( ,messrs  
,mc,dougall & ,rawson1 :i* is "o ( !    
simple/ & be/1  consi/s 9 pass+ ! mix$  
nitr\s fumes ?r\gh a s]ies ( vessels    

conta9+ wat]1 & connect$ toge!r by      
tubes1 s t ! fumes :i*  collect at ! top
 ( "o vessel are convey$ to ne>ly !     
bottom ( !  next "o1 & !n1 bubbl+ up    
?r\gh ! wat]1 mix ) ! air1 a  supply (  
:i* is provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! nitr\s   
fumes are ?us  br\ght alt]nately into   
contact ) air & wat]1 & by ! "t !y  rea*
 ! la/ vessel are reconv]t$ into nitric 
acid4 ,ano!r plan is to  pass ! mix$    
nitr\s vap\rs ?r\gh a vessel /uff$ ) "s 
por\s  sub/ance1 z pumice-/one or p\nd$ 
glass1 conjo9tly ) a supply (  /eam f a 
boil] & a supply ( oxyg5 by a bl[+      
ma*9e4    ,! product obta9$ by skilful  
manipulation are----f good dry sug>1    
#abh2 f good treacle1 #ajg4----8,"o cwt4
 ( good treacle w yield  ab\t #aaf lbs4 
( m>ketable oxalic acid1 & ! same weight
 ( good  br[n sug> may be calculat$ to  
produce ab\t #adj lbs4 ( acid40 8,z a   
g5]al rule1 #e cwt4 ( saltpetre1 or an  
equival5t ( nitrate ( soda1  ) #b-a_/b  
cwt4 ( sulphuric acid1 w g5]ate         
suffici5t nitric acid to  decompose #a  

cwt4 ( good sug>1 & yield1 z above1 #adj
 lbs4 ( fair  m>ketable oxalic acid1    
free f sup]flu\s moi/ure40 7,ure47 ,on !
  small scale1 #e p>ts ( sug> yield     
ne>ly #f p>ts ( cry/allis$ acid4        
,*emically pure oxalic acid is be/      
prep>$ by precipitat+ a solution  (     
b9oxalate ( potassium ) a solution (    
acetate ( lead1 wa%+ !  precipitate )   
wat]1 decompos+ x1 :il/ /ill moi/1 )    
dilute  sulphuric acid or sulphurett$   
hydrog51 & g5tly evaporat+ !  filtrate s
 t cry/als may =m z x cools4            
,,oxaluria4 ,also kn[n z ! oxalic-acid  
dia!sis2 is an abnormal  condition ( !  
sy/em1 m>k$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! ur9e (     
cry/als  ( oxalate ( lime4 ,! cry/als   
occur z m9ute transp>5t octah$ra1  &    
sometimes 9 ! =m ( dumb-bells4 ,!y c be 
easily recognis$  "u a microscope ) a   
p[] ( f #bjj to #bej diamet]s1 :5 !y    
pres5t a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,!y     
diff] f phosphatic deposits  9 be+      
insoluble 9 acetic acid4 ,_! pres5ce is 
mo/ly indicat$ by  ! appe>ance 9 ! ur9e 

( a cl\d ( mucus1 :i* =ms aft] !  ur9e  
has /ood "s little "t4    ,oxaluria mo/ 
g5]ally affects p]sons ( dyspeptic &    
s$5t>y habits  & ( n]v\s temp]am5t2 ^?  
suff]+ f sk9 affections &  neuralgia are
 also occasionally attack$ by x4 ,9     
ord9>y cases !  treatm5t consi/s 9 !    
adm9i/ration ( ! nitro-hydro*loric acid1
  9 infusion ( g5tian two or ?ree times 
a day1 or ( a c\rse ( qu99e  & iron1    
aid$ by pl5ty ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 c>e
 be+ tak5 to  avoid fatigue4 ,if x c be 
borne ! %[] ba? %\ld also be _h  rec\rse
 to4 ,rhub>b t>ts & tomatoes1 :i* conta9
 oxalic acid1 mu/  be exclud$ f ! diet2 
s also %\ld a]at$ wat] & too mu*  sug>4 
,if aft] a %ort "t ! oxalates %\ld n    
disappe> f ! ur9e  "u ?is treatm5t1 !   
pati5t %\ld seek prop] m$ical advice2   
s9ce  ! p]si/5t pres5ce ( ?is deposit is
 ( v s]i\s significance1  z indicat+ !  
exi/5ce 9 ! bladd] ( t dang]\s =m (     
ur9>y concretion kn[n z #8mulb]ry       
calculus4'    ,,oxida,,tion4 ,syn4      
,,oxydation4 ,! comb9ation ( bodies )   

oxyg51  =m+ oxides2 ! op]ation or       
process adopt$ to induce or facilitate  
su* conv]sion4    ,,ox,,ide4 ,syn4      
,,oxyd2 ,,oxydum1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd =m$ by 
! union ( oxyg5  ) ano!r body4          
,,oxy*lo,,ride4 ,syn4 ,,oxi*loride2     
,,oxy*loridum1 ,l4 ,a t]m (t5  loosely  
appli$ to comp\nds ( an oxide & *loride1
 :e!r 9 def9ite  or v>iable proportions4
 ,see ,,antimony 7,oxy*loride71 c4      
,,ox,,ycrate4 ,syn4 ,,oxycratum1 ,l4 ,! 
old "n ( a mixture ( v9eg> &  wat]1     
dulcifi$ ) honey4    ,,oxycro,,ceum4    
,see ,,pla/]s4    ,,ox,,yg54 ,o4 ,syn4  
,,oxyg5 ,,gas1 ,,dephlogi/icat$ ,,air1  
,,empyreal ,a41 ,,vital  ,a42           
,,oxyg5ium1 ,l4 ,an elem5t>y body       
discov]$ by ,s*eele & ,prie/ly  9 #aggd4
 ,x is rem>kable t1 al?\gh ?is sub/ance 
=ms a l>ge  proportion ( our atmosph]e  
7ne>ly "o f\r?71 & conf]s ^u x !  p[] ( 
support+ respiration & combu/ion1 & also
 con/itutes !  pr9cipal portion ( ! wat]
 ( our riv]s & seas 7eight n9?s71 &     
ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( !     

majority ( ! v>i\s m9]al  bodies t =m ! 
bulk ( our globe1 its exi/5ce %\ld h    
rema9$  unsuspect$1 or at lea/          
undet]m9$1 until a comp>atively rec5t   
date4  ,oxyg5 is an ess5tial con/itu5t (
 all liv+ organisms4 ,x is absorb$  by  
animals dur+ respiration1 & evolv$ 9 a  
free /ate by gr[+  vegetables :5 expos$ 
to sunlight4 ,! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e 
is  me*anically mix$1 n *emically       
comb9$1 ) ! nitrog54    ,prep4 #a4 ,f r$
 oxide ( m]cury1 heat$ ov] a _s lamp or 
a few  pieces ( ignit$ *>coal4 ,!       
op]ation is usually p]=m$ 9 a small     
gre5-glass retort1 or 9 a %ort tube (   
h>d ,bohemian glass1 clos$ )  a p]=at$  
cork furni%$ ) a piece ( b5t glass tube 
( small bore1  to convey ! lib]at$ gas  
to ! vessel arrang$ to receive x4 ,pure4
 #a  oz4 yields ab\t #ajj cubic in*es4  
#b4 ,f *lorate ( potassium1 z ! la/4    
,pure4 #ajj gr4 yield ne>ly #ajj  cubic 
in*es 7,br&e2 #aae----,ure74 ,?is is !  
plan adopt$ 9 ! ,p4 ,cod4  ,!           
decomposition occurs ) bo? ! above      

sub/ances at a heat bel[  t ( r$ness4   
#c4 ,f a mixture ( *lorate ( potassium  
79 co>se p[d]71 #c p>ts2  p[d]$ b9oxide 
( manganese1 #a "p2 bo? by volume4      
,pure4 #ajj gr4 (  ! mixture yield ab\t 
#aaj cubic in*es z oxyg54 ,?is me?od1   
:i* has  receiv$ ! approval ( ,f>aday1  
is exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,! gas is  evolv$ 
) a rapidity :i* is entirely at ! comm& 
( ! op]ator  by simply increas+ or      
less5+ ! heat4 ,! residuum 9 ! retort   
may  be kept = ano!r op]ation1 if n     
exhau/$2 or x may be at once  wa%$ out )
 a little w>m wat]1 & ! manganese1 :i*  
is un9jur$  by ! process1 res]v$ =      
future use4 ,r$ lead1 black oxide (     
copp]1  r$ oxide ( iron1 & sev]al o!r   
sub/ances1 answ]s ne>ly z well z        
b9oxide ( manganese4    #d4 ,f a mixture
 ( bi*romate ( potassium1 #c p>ts2 oil (
 vitriol1 #d  p>ts2 g5tly heat$1 z be=e4
 ,yields pure oxyg5 v freely1 & )  a    
rapidity entirely at ! w ( ! op]ator4   
7,balma947    #e4 ,f b9oxide ( manganese
 & oil ( vitriol1 equal p>ts2 z !  la/4 

#dd gr4 ( pure b9oxide ( manganese yield
 #h gr41 or #bd cubic  in*es1 ( oxyg52  
#a oz4 yields #hh gr41 or #bef cubic    
in*es4 7,liebig47    #f4 7,on ! l>ge    
scale47----a4 ,f nitre expos$ to a dull 
r$ heat 9 an  iron retort1 or gun-b>rel4
 #a lb4 yields ab\t #abjj cubic in*es ( 
gas1  contam9at$1 m or less1 ) nitrog54 
7,ure47    b4 ,f b9oxide ( manganese1 z 
! la/4 #a oz4 ( ! pure b9oxide  yields  
#dd gr41 or #abh cubic in*es1 ( oxyg5   
7,liebig72 #a lb4 ( good  comm]cial     
b9oxide yields f #aejj to #afjj cubic   
in*es1 or f #e to #f  galls4    c4 ,m4  
,b\ss+ault has re9ve/igat$ a process1   
long kn[n1 al?\gh  n usefully appli$1 by
 :i* pure oxyg5 gas may be obta9$ f !   
atmosph]e at a trifl+ co/1 s z to enable
 x to be collect$ 9  unlimit$ quantities
 & pres]v$ 9 gasomet]s1 l coal-gas1 =   
application 9 ! arts1 manufactures1 &   
sanitation4 ,?is process  dep5ds ^u a   
peculi> prop]ty possess$ by ! e>? b>yta1
 (  absorb+ atmosph]ic oxyg5 at "o      
temp]ature & evolv+ x at  ano!r2 or r1 !

 ready conv]sion ( hydrate ( b>ium into 
p]oxide ( b>ium by a curr5t ( atmosph]ic
 air at a dull r$ heat1 &  !            
decomposition ( ?is p]oxide1 by /eam1 at
 a l[] temp]ature1 ev5  at #bab ,fahr41 
) reproduction ( hydrate ( b>ium1 !     
process be+  9 reality a cont9u\s "o4 ,!
 b>yta is mix$ ) a portion ( hydrate  ( 
calcium or ( magnesium1 & ! mixture be+ 
plac$ 9 an appropriate  e>!n tube heat$ 
to dull r$ness1 is oxidis$ by pass+ a   
curr5t (  dry atmosph]ic air ov] x4 ,z  
soon z ! oxidation is complete1 !  tube 
is connect$ ) ! gas-hold]1 & a jet (    
/eam all[$ to act  ^u x2 ?is reconv]ts !
 p]oxide ( b>ium into hydrate ( b>ium1  
! excess ( oxyg5 be+ giv5 (f & collect$ 
9 ! gas-hold]4 ,!  b>yta is !n aga9     
oxidis$ by a fre% curr5t ( air &        
deoxidiz$ by  /eam1 & ! :ole process is 
repeat$ z frequ5tly z requir$4 ,"o  ton 
( b>yta1 ?us treat$1 is capable ( yield+
 #bejj cubic feet (  pure oxyg5 e #bd   
h\rs2 & ?is1 z x does n wa/e or lose its
  prop]ties1 at ! m]e co/ ( ! fuel &    

lab\r requir$ 9 !  process4    d4 ,f    
f]rate ( potassium1 prep>$ on ! l>ge    
scale4 ,:5 expos$  to moi/ure or ?r[n   
into wat]1 pure oxyg5 is evolv$4 ,?is   
me?od has  be5 successfully adopt$ to   
ma9ta9 ! air ( div+-bells1 & (  o!r     
conf9$ spaces1 9 a /ate fit =           
respiration4    e4 ,! decomposition (   
sulphuric acid has be5 recomm5d$ by     
,,mm4  ,deville & ,debray z a means     
:]eby l>ge quantities ( oxyg5 gas may   
be obta9$ at a l[ price4 ,into a        
tubulat$ retort are put fragm5ts (  fire
 brick1 & ^u ^!1 :5 rais$ to a full r$  
heat1 sulphuric acid  is made to fall   
drop by drop1 by pass+ ?r\gh an iron    
tube1 :i*  passes ?r\gh & is lut$ to !  
tubulure4 ,! tube rea*es to !  bottom ( 
! retort1 & ! acid is p\r$ into x ?r\gh 
a b5t  funnel4 ,! sulphuric acid becomes
 decompos$ into sulphur\s anhydride1    
oxyg51 & wat]4 ,! volatilis$ products   
are s5t ?r\gh a spiral  cond5s]1 by :i* 
! wat] & any undecompos$ acid become    
liquefi$2  :il/ ! sulphur\s acid is     

remov$ by subsequ5t wa%+ ) wat]1  &     
oxyg5 is collect$ 9 ! usual mann]4    f4
 ,a process = obta9+ oxyg5 on a l>ge    
scale1 & :i* has be5  made ! subject ( a
 pat5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 devis$ by  
,,mm4  ,m>e*al & ,tessi du ,mo?ay4 ,x   
consi/s 9 heat+ 9 a curr5t (  /eam !    
manganates1 p]manganates1 *romates &    
f]rates ( !  alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 & 
reg5]at+ ! residue by pass+ air  ov] x  
at a r$ heat4    g4 ,mallet procures    
oxyg5 9 l>ge quantities z foll[s3----,he
 puts into  retorts revolv+ on          
horizontal axes1 a mixture ( cupr\s     
*loride1 &  kaol9 or s&4 ,he moi/5s ?is 
) wat]1 heats x to #ajj ,c41 &  passes  
air ?r\gh ! retorts = "s h\rs4 ,8 oxyg5 
he obta9s f  heat+ ! result+ cupric     
oxy*loride to ab\t #djj ,c42 ! aqua     
residual cupr\s *loride becomes conv]t$ 
into oxy*loride on cool+  #ajj kilograms
 ( cupr\s *loride1 aft] conv]sion into  
oxy*loride1  ab\t #c cubic mtres (      
oxyg54    #g4 ,,oxyg5 ,,gas ,,at ,,!    
,,ord9>y ,,temp]ature4 ,boettg] /ates t 

:5 a  mixture is made ( equal weights ( 
! p]oxides ( lead & b>ium1 &  dilute    
,,hno#c ( a /r5g? ( #i ,baum is p\r$    
!reon1 a curr5t (  pure ,o1 free f ozone
 & antozone1 is giv5 (f abundantly4 ,?is
  mixture ( ! two p]oxides may be kept  
dry 9 a /opp]$ bottle = any  l5g? ( "t4 
,boettg] also prep>es pure oxyg51 free f
 ozone1 by  submitt+ p]manganate (      
potassium to a g5tle heat4    #h4       
,fleitman#hj has f\nd t :5 *loride (    
lime 9 solution is heat$  ) a small     
quantity ( fre%ly prep>$ p]oxide (      
cobalt1 x is  completely resolv$ into   
*loride ( calcium & oxyg54 ,a conc5trat$
  solution consi/+ ( #ce p] c5t4 (      
*loride ( lime1 :i* mu/ be  previ\sly   
filt]$ to prev5t fro?+1 yields :5 heat$ 
) #a_/aj? to  #a p] c5t4 ( p]oxide (    
cobalt1 a volume ( oxyg5 f #be to #cj   
times  z great z t ( ! liquid1 & always 
r m ?an ! calculat$  quantity1 probably 
9 consequ5ce ( ! absorption ( oxyg5 f ! 
air4 ,! rema9+ p]oxide may always be    
employ$ aga94 ,a l result  foll[s if1   

in/ead ( ! p]oxide1 an ord9>y salt (    
cobalt 9 small  quantity be us$4        
,fleitman seeks to expla9 ! reaction on 
!  supposition t !re are sev]al p]oxides
 ( cobalt1 & t !  effects produc$ dep5d 
^u ! alt]nate =mation & p>tial r$uction 
( a high] oxide2 or on ! =mation ( a    
cobaltic & a p]cobaltic  hypo*lorite1   
:i* is subsequ5tly decompos$ into       
cobalt\s *loride &  oxyg54    ,footnote 
#hj3 ,watts4    ,prop4 ,oxyg5 gas is    
col\rless1 ta/eless1 inodor\s1 &        
incombu/ible2  ! sp4 gr4 is #ajeg       
7,dumas2 #aajbf----;,b]zelius  ,dulong2 
#aaaa----,?omson72  #ajj cubic in*es at 
#fj ,fahr41 & #cf in*es ( ! b>omet]1    
weigh #cdbi  gr4 7,dumas2 #cdaji        
gr4----,b]z42 #cdf gr4----,br&e2 #cche  
gr4----,ure74 ,its  d5sity to t (       
atmosph]ic air is1 !re=e1 z ab\t #aa to 
#aj4 ,x is  a p[]ful support] (         
combu/ion1 & its pres5ce is ess5tial to 
!  exi/5ce ( bo? animal & vegetable     
life4 ,x =ms #ba 7#bjha7 by  volume1 &  
#bc by weight1 ( ! atmosph]e4 7,m4      

,dumas47 ,wat] dissolves  ab\t #e p]    
c5t4 by volume ( oxyg51 & by pressure a 
mu* l>g]  quantity1 =m+ oxyg5at$ wat]   
7,,aqua ,,oxyg5ii74 ,oxyg5 has rec5tly  
be5 liquifi$4    ,te/s4 #a4 ,x is       
di/+ui%$ f o!r gases by yield+ no?+ b   
pure wat] :5 mix$ ) twice its volume (  
hydrog5 & explod$1 or  :5 a jet (       
hydrog5 is burnt 9 x4----#b4 ,a rec5tly 
ext+ui%$ tap]1  ) ! wick /ill r$ hot1   
in/antly inflames :5 plung$ into ?is    
gas4----#c4 ,a small spiral piece ( iron
 wire ignit$ at ! po9t1 &  sudd5ly      
plung$ into a j> ( oxyg51 burns ) great 
brilliancy &  rapidity4 ,*>coal does !  
same4    ,e/im4 ,! e/imation ( !        
quantity ( oxyg5 9 an organic comp\nd   
has already be5 describ$4 ,= det]m9+ !  
quantity pres5t 9  atmosph]ic air1 & o!r
 l gase\s mixtures1 ,dob]e9] has propos$
  ! use ( pyrogallic acid4 ,! air "u    
exam9ation 7fre$ f  moi/ure7 is measur$ 
into an accurately graduat$ tube ov]    
m]cury1  capable ( hold+ ab\t #cj cubic 
c5timtres1 & :i* x %\ld #b_/crds  fill4 

,a solution =m$ ( #a "p ( dry hydrate ( 
potassium & #b p>ts  ( wat]1 & 9 volume 
ab\t #a_/ce? t ( ! air1 is next         
introduc$  by means ( a pipette ) a     
curv$ po9t1 & is g5tly agitat$  !re) 9 !
 gas = a %ort "t2 ! decrease ( volume   
gives !  proportion ( c>bonic anhydride 
pres5t4 ,a solution ( pyrogallic acid   
7#a  gramme 9 #e or #f c5timtres (      
wat]71 equal 9 volume to "o half t  ( ! 
solution ( potassa already us$1 is !n   
introduc$ by means (  ano!r pipette1 & !
 mix$ liquids are cauti\sly %ak5 toge!r 
ov]  ! inn] surface ( ! tube4 ,:5       
absorption ceases 7:i* x does 9 a  few  
m9utes71 ! quantity ( residual gas      
7nitrog57 is read (f f !  graduations2 !
 diff]5ce 9 volume be=e & aft] !        
introduction (  ! pyrogallic acid       
indicates ! proportion ( oxyg54 ,?is is 
a m]e  modification ( ,pr(4 ,liebig's   
me?od4 #a gramme ( pyrogallic acid 9    
comb9ation ) hydrate ( potassium is     
capable ( absorb+ ab\t #ahi  cubic      
c5timtres ( oxyg54 7,dob]e9]47 ,o!r     

me?ods employ$ = !  analysis ( air1     
dep5d+ on ! increase or loss ( weight :5
 ! air  is pass$ ov] f9ely divid$ copp] 
heat$ to r$ness1 ! loss ( volume  :5 !  
air is explod$ 9 a eudiomet] ) half its 
bulk ( hydrog51  or :5 a /ick (         
phosphorus is left 9 x = "s h\rs1 are   
well  kn[n1 & describ$ at l5g? 9 e      
elem5t>y "w on *emical  analysis4 ,! la/
 me?od1 al?\gh less accurate ?an ! o!rs1
 has !  advantage ( extreme simplicity4 
,uses4 ,oxyg5 has be5 employ$ to        
increase ! illum9ative & heat+  p[] (   
lamps1 & to r5d] vitiat$ air respirable1
 c42 & :5  l>gely dilut$ ) atmosph]ic   
air1 or cond5s$ 9 wat]1 z a rem$ial     
ag5t 9 asphyxia aris+ f ! inhalation (  
c>bonic acid &  c>bonic oxide4    ,dr   
,r+] says t if oxyg5 be adm9i/]$ z a    
gase\s ba? = an  h\r or two at a "t1 & !
 ba? repeat$ six or eight times a day1 x
  is ( great s]vice 9 s5ile gangr5e4    
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,oxyg5 gas may be    
collect$ 9 ! usual way1 ei!r  ov] wat]1 
m]cury1 or 9 bags2 or1 on ! l>ge scale1 

9 gasomet]s4  ,! purity ( ! products ( !
 sev]al processes giv5 above dep5ds on  
! sub/ances f :i* ! gas is obta9$ be+   
!mselves pure4 ,=  p>ticul> exp]im5ts ! 
fir/ portion ( gas %\ld be all[$ to     
escape1 or be receiv$ ap>t1 z ) ?is1 z )
 ! o!r gases1 x is  contam9at$ ) !      
atmosph]ic air ( ! app>atus4 ,! gas     
procur$  f manganese or nitre may be    
purifi$ by pass+ x ?r\gh milk ( lime  or
 a solution ( cau/ic pota%2 x w /ill1   
h[ev]1 reta9 "s  traces ( nitrog54 ,m4  
,lim\s9#ha has devis$ an app>atus = !   
prep>ation ( oxyg5 by ! att5dants (     
hospitals1 :i* obviates !  risk ( bur/+ 
( ! retorts1 att5d+ its prep>ation by ! 
old  me?od4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two   
ca/-iron hemisph]es1 ^: edges1  :i* are 
well poli%$ & ab\t two c5timtres ?ick1 c
 be fitt$  h]metically ^u ea* o!r1 &    
fa/5$ by ?ree screws4 ,! mixture (      
*lorate ( pota% & p]oxide ( manganese is
 plac$ 9 ! l[]  hemisph]e1 :i* re/s ^u a
 tripod2 ! upp] hemisph]e1 f :i*        
projects an iron tube1 is n[ screw$ on1 

& ! iron tube connect$ )  india-rubb] & 
glass tub+ ) a ,wolf's wa%-bottle1 f :i*
 !  gas aft] be+ wa%$ passes ?r\gh a    
second glass tube1 & is ?us  ready =    
use4 ,x may be conduct$ into an         
air-tight bag1 9 :i* x w  keep = sev]al 
weeks4 ,su* a bag :5 suppli$ ) a tube & 
/op-cock  w af=d a ready means =        
inhalations4 ,oxyg5 9 a cond5s$ or      
compress$ /ate is prep>$ by ,mr ,or*>d1 
,high ,/reet1 ,k5s+ton4 ,see  ,,organic 
,,sub/ances1 ,,ozone1 ,,gases1          
,,liquefaction ,,(1 c4    ,footnote #ha3
 #8,ph>m4 ,c5tralhalle1' xiv1 #cah4     
,,oxyg5a,,tion4 ,syn4 ,! act or process 
( comb9+ ) oxyg54  ,=m]ly x 0 ( m g5]al 
application ?an ! ^w #8oxidation1'  )   
:i* x has be5 reg>d$ z synonym\s4       
#8,oxyg5ation' is1 h[ev]1  at ! pres5t  
day practically obsolete4               
,,oxyg5i,,s$ ,,l>d4 ,syn4 ,,oxyg5at$    
,,axunge2 ,,axungia ,,oxyg5ata1 ,l4     
,prep4 7,ph4 ,bat4 #ahje47 ,f prep>$    
l>d1 #af p>ts1 melt$ ov] a sl[  fire1 & 
!n mix$ ) nitric acid1 #a "p2 !         

comb9ation be+  promot$ by con/ant /irr+
 ) a glass rod1 until x ceases to affect
  litmus pap]4 ,x %\ld be extremely     
:ite1 & %\ld be kept 9 !  d>k4 ,see     
,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid4           
,,oxyhydrog5 ,,bl[pipe4 ,see ,,bl[pipe4 
,deville & ,debray 7#8,ann4 ,*4 ,phys4' 
#c1 lvi1 #che7 employ ! oxyhydrog5      
bl[pipe 9 ! foll[+ mann] =  effect+ !   
fusion ( plat9um & ! refractory metals  
:i* accompany  x4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( 
! bl[pipe ,c 7see bel[71 a furnace      
,,abd1 & a crucible ,,ghi4 ,! bl[pipe is
 compos$ ( a copp] tube  ab\t half an   
in* 9 diamet]1 t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a slightly
 conical  plat9um jet ab\t #a-a_/b in*  
long4 ,)9 ?is tube1 :i* is suppli$  )   
hydrog5 or coal-gas ?r\gh ! /op-cock ,h1
 is a second copp]  tube ,c = supply+   
oxyg51 t]m9at$ also by a plat9um nozzle 
)  an ap]ture ( ab\t a twelf? ( an in* 9
 diamet]4    ,illu/ration    ,! furnace 
,,abd consi/s ( ?ree pieces ( well-burnt
 lime ( slightly  hydraulic quality1 :i*
 may be turn$ at a la! ) ease4 ,! cyl9d]

  ,a is ab\t #b-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & is   
p]=at$ by a slightly conical  hole into 
:i* ! bl[pipe fits accurately1 pass+    
ab\t half-way  ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( !     
mass4 ,a second some:at deep] cyl9d] (  
lime1 ,b1 is holl[$ into a *amb] wide   
en\gh to admit ! crucible1  & leave an  
int]val ( n m ?an a six? ( an in* cle>  
ar\nd x4  ,,kk are f\r ap]tures = !     
escape ( ! products ( combu/ion4    ,!  
out] crucible ,,hh is also made ( lime1 
b x conta9s a small]  crucible ,i ( gas 
coke1 provid$ ) a cov] ( ! same mat]ial2
 &  9 ?is ! sub/ance to be us$ is plac$1
 ! crucible re/+ on !  lime support ,d4 
,! conical cov] ,g is made ( lime1 & its
 apex  %\ld be plac$ exactly "u !       
bl[pipe jet1 at a di/ance f x (  #c_/d  
to #a-a_/b in*4    ,! diff]5t pieces ( !
 furnace mu/ be b\nd r\nd ) iron wire to
  support !m :5 !y crack4 ,! oxyg5 is   
admitt$ "u a pressure ( a  column ( #af 
in*es ( wat]4 ,! temp]ature is gradually
 rais$ to !  maximum1 & 9 ab\t eight    
m9utes f ?is "t ! op]ation is  complete4

    ,illu/ration    ,by employ+ a jet ( 
mix$ coal-gas & oxyg5 7,,eq1 see engr47 
9 a  furnace ( lime1 ,deville & ,debray 
succe$$1 at an exp5se ( ab\t #dc  cubic 
feet ( oxyg51 9 melt+ & ref9+1 9 #db    
m9utes1 #bed lbs4  avoirdupois (        
plat9um1 & ca/+ x into an +ot 9 a m\ld (
 gas  coke2 & mu* l>g] masses h s9ce be5
 melt$ by ?is me?od4 ,lime  is s bad a  
conductor ( heat t if a cup ( lime n m  
?an #jh in*  ?ick be fill$ ) melt$      
plat9um ! ext]ior sc>cely rises beyond  
#cjj ,fahr4 7,mill]'s #8,elem5ts (      
,*emi/ry1' #crd4 ed41 pt4 ii1 p4 #hbe47 
,,ox,,ymel4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel1 ,l4 ,an     
acidul\s syrup made ( honey & v9eg>4    
,!re are only two oxymels 9 ! la/ ,ph4  
,l4 ,! +r$i5ts 9 an oxymel  %\ld be (   
su* a "*1 & 9 su* proportions1 z to     
produce a  mixture ( ! prop] consi/5ce  
)\t evaporation4    ,oxymel ( ,col*icum4
 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,col*ici ,,cormi1      
,,oxymel ,,col*ici1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4   
,d4 #ahbf47 ,fre% corms 7roots7 ( mead[ 
saffron1 #a oz42  di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a p9t 

7w9e measure72 mac]ate = #b days1 press 
out  ! liquor1 filt]1 add ( cl>ifi$     
honey1 #b lbs41 & boil d[n !  mixture to
 ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 frequ5tly       
/irr+4----,dose1 #a to  #c dr41 twice or
 ?rice a day2 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 dropsy1
 c4    ,oxymel ( ,g>lic4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel 
,,alii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47    
,slic$  g>lic1 #a-a_/b oz42 c>away se$ &
 sweet f5nel se$1 ( ea* #b dr42  boil+  
v9eg>1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse1 /ra91 & add (
 cl>ifi$ honey1 #aj  oz4 ,9 hoop+-c\gh1 
*ronic di>rha1 rheumatism1 c4    ,oxymel
 ( ,n>cissus4 7,van ,mons47 ,syn4       
,,oxymel ,,n>cissi4 ,prep4 ,v9eg>  (    
,n>cissus 7made ) #a "p ( fre% fl[]s (  
daffodil to #h (  v9eg>71 #a "p2 honey1 
#d p>ts4 ,dissolve4----,dose4 ,a        
teaspoonful4 ,9  hoop+-c\gh & spasmodic 
a/hma4    ,oxymel1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4     
,,oxymel ,,pectorale1 ,o4 ,,inul        
,,compositum1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,br47   
,elecampane1 #a oz42 orris root1 #a_/b  
oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b  p9t2 boil to #a_/b  
p9t1 /ra91 add ( honey1 #af oz42        

ammoniacum1 #a oz42  7dissolv$ 97 v9eg>1
 #c fl4 oz42 la/ly1 boil to an          
oxymel4----,dose1 #a  spoonful1         
occasionally2 9 c\ghs1 humid a/hma1 c4  
,oxymel1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,v9eg> ,,syrup1
 ,,acetat$ ,,honey2 ,,oxymel 7,ph4 ,l4  
,d471 ,,oxymel ,,simplex1 ,,mel         
,,acetatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,acetic acid 7sp4  gr4 #ajdh7 #g fl4    
oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 mix1 &   
add !m to  honey1 #e lbs41 previ\sly    
made hot4 ,?is conta9s only "o half !   
acid  ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,d47 ,cl>ifi$ honey1 #a lb42      
acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdd71 #c oz42 z  
be=e4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/4    #c4 7,ph4   
,l4 #ahcf47 ,honey1 #aj lbs42 acetic    
acid 7#ajdh71 #a-a_/b p9t2 z  be=e4 ,?is
 conta9s too mu* v9eg>4 7,see ,no4 #a47 
#d4 7,:olesale47 ,f honey 7?ick & good71
 #ab lbs42 melt x by a g5tle  heat1 add 
( di/ill$ v9eg> 7( fully #e71 #b qu>ts1 
& /ra9 !  mixture ?r\gh flannel4 ,no    
evaporation is requir$4    ,uses1 c4    
,demulc5t & refrig]ant4----,dose1 #a to 

#d fl4 dr41 ei!r  gradually suck$ f !   
spoon or dissolv$ ?r\gh "s simple       
liquid4  ,dissolv$ 9 wat]1 x =ms a      
useful & pleasant cool+ dr9k or g>gle  9
 fev]s1 sore ?roats1 ho>s5ess1 c42 b 9  
"s individuals x  occasions grip+4 ,x is
 commonly us$ z an adjunct1 9 mixtures1 
c4    ,oxymel ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,honey 
,,( ,,squills2 ,,oxymel ,,scill 7,b4    
,p471 ,,mel  ,,scill 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4    
,,scilliticum 7,l47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,mix & evaporate  on a wat] ba? v9eg> (
 squills1 #a p9t1 & cl>ifi$ honey1 #b   
lbs41  till ! product :5 cold has a     
specific gravity ( #acb4    #b4 ,v9eg> (
 squills1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 g5tly evaporate 
x to #ab fl4 oz41 &  add ( honey        
7previ\sly made hot71 #e lbs4    #c4    
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,/ra9$ honey1 #c lbs42
 v9eg> ( squills1 #a-a_/b p9t2  boil to 
a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,d4
 #ahbf 0 simil>4    ,uses1 c4           
,expectorant1 & 9 l>ge doses            
nauseant4----,dose1 #a_/b to fl4  #b    
dr42 9 *ronic c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 hum]al   

a/hma1 c4    ,oxymel ( ,v]digris4 ,see  
,,l9im5t ,,( ,,v]digris4                
,,oxyr,,rhodyne4 ,syn4 ,,oxyrrhod9on4   
,an old comp\nd =m$ ( #a "p (  v9eg> (  
roses & #b p>ts ( oil ( roses4          
,,oxysac,,*>um4 ,a syrup acidulat$ )    
v9eg>4 ,see ,,syrup4    ,,oxysul,,phide4
 ,a "n giv5 to c]ta9 comp\nds or        
mixtures ( metallic  oxides & sulphides4
 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,oxysulphide1 c4     
,,oys,,t]4 ,syn4 ,,o/rea1 ,l4 ,?is      
well-kn[n %ell-fi% is ! ,o/rea  edulis  
7,l9n47    8,! oy/] is a g5us (         
lamellibran*iate molluscs ( ! section ) 
a  s+le adductor muscle4 ,! %ell consi/s
 ( two unequal & some:at                
irregul>ly-%ap$ valves ( lam9at$ &      
closely foliat$ /ructure1 &  ! h+e is   
)\t too? or ridge1 ! valves be+ held    
toge!r by a  ligam5t lodg$ 9 a little   
cavity 9 ea*4 ,! animal is 9 its        
organisation among ! l[e/ & simple/ (   
lamellibran*iate molluscs4  ,x has no   
foot1 &1 except :5 v "y1 no p[] (       
locomotion1 or  organ ( any k9d adapt$  

to t purpose4 ,its food consi/s (       
animalcules1 & also ( m9ute vegetable   
p>ticles1 br\ght to x by !  wat]1 a     
cont9ual curr5t ( :i* is direct$ t[>ds !
 m\? by !  action ( ! gills4 ,! gills   
are se5 9 f\r r[s :5 ! valves (  ! %ell 
are sep>at$1 a little )9 ! fr+$ edge ( !
 mantle4  ,9 ! mo/ c5tral "p is !       
adductor muscle2 & betwe5 ! adductor    
muscle & ! liv] is ! he>t1 :i* may be   
recognis$ by ! br[n  col\r ( its        
auricle4 ,! m\?----=1 z 9 ! o!r         
lamellibran*iata1  !re is no head----is 
situat$ b5ea? a k9d ( hood =m$ by !     
union  ( ! two edges ( ! mantle ne> !   
h+e4 ,x is jawless &  too?less4 ,!      
ov>ies are v l>ge dur+ ! season (       
reproduction1  :i* ext5ds ov] c]ta9     
mon?s :5 oy/]s are out ( season = !     
table4 ,oy/]s are h]maphrodite40#hb     
,footnote #hb3 ,*amb]s' #8,encyclopdia4'
    ,! fecundity ( ! oy/] is amaz+4     
,leeuw5hoek e/imat$ t an  oy/]1 :5 full 
( spawn1 conta9$ f #cjjj to #djjj ( its 
(fspr+1  & x has also be5 comput$ t "o  

oy/] alone produces ne>ly a  million & a
 qu>t] ( eggs4 ,! eggs are hat*$ & ! "y 
produc$  )9 ! %ell & mantle ( ! p>5t1   
:]e !y cont9ue float+ or  swimm+ ab\t 9 
! vic9ity ( ! gills 9 a creamy-look+ k9d
 (  mucus or fluid until expell$4 ,_!   
expulsion is prec$$ by a *ange (        
appe>ance 9 ! fluid to a br[ni% or muddy
 col\r2 a circum/ance t  may possibly   
indicate an alt]ation ( composition 9 ! 
liquid  unfavorable to ! infant oy/]1 & 
?us lead to its dep>ture4 ,_!  dep>ture 
or expulsion f all ! p>5t molluscs ( !  
oy/]-bank or  b$ takes place at ! same  
"t4    ,:5 !y leave ! p>5t %ell ! "y    
oy/]s1 :i* 9 ?is  condition are call$   
spat1 are n m ?an #a_/abj? ( an in* 9   
l5g?2 & two millions ( !m :5 closely    
pack$ d n occupy a space  ( m ?an a     
cubic in*4 ,?us ca/ adrift !y are c>ri$ 
away by  curr5ts1 _! multitud9\s numb]s 
be+ consid]ably dim9i%$ by  _! fall+ a  
prey to num]\s fi%1 z well z f _!       
frequ5t  inability to f9d a suitable    
re/+-place4 ,?is obta9$1 ! "y  oy/] or  

spat atta*es itself to x1 & makes x !   
p]man5t home on  :i* x eats1 gr[s1 &    
bre$s1 &1 deb>r$ ( locomotion1 passes   
its  exi/5ce unless1 ( c\rse1 remov$ by 
ext]nal causes4 ,p5d+ its  obta9+ a     
suitable locality ! "y oy/] is provid$ )
 a p[]ful  swimm+ app>atus :i*1 x has   
be5 surmis$1 becomes absorb$ or  o!rwise
 disappe>s :5 its function is r5d]$     
unnecess>y by !  /ation>y life ( ! oy/] 
aft] x has secur$ a habitat4    ,!      
objects to :i* x atta*es itself are     
num]\s4 ,! ,o/rea  p>asitica1 a species 
( oy/] f\nd 9 w>m climates1 fixes itself
 to  ! roots & bran*es ( trees gr[+ )9  
rea* ( & wa%$ by !  tide4 ,aga91 9 "s ( 
! s\!rn /ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 l>ge     
oy/]-b$s1 :i* are sometimes ( su*       
magnitude z to =m buttresses  aga9/ !   
=ce ( ! tides & w9ds1 orig9ate f ! habit
 (  "y oy/]s atta*+ !mselves to ! %ells 
( old ones4 ,simil>ly  ! banks ( "s ( ! 
riv]s ( ,georgia1 :i* run up "s few     
miles  inl& f ! sea1 are compos$ (      
masses ( liv+ oy/]s atta*$ to  ea* o!r4 

,^! banks1 :i* are s massive z to make a
 *annel = !  riv]1 are kn[n z racoon    
banks1 because ?is animal is "o among/  
o!rs :i* frequ5ts !m = ! sake ( dev\r+ !
 oy/]s4444 ,9  "s ( ! ,fr5* p>cs1 or    
artificial oy/]-b$s1 ! "y oy/]s  atta*  
!mselves to l>ge unglaz$ tiles1 or to   
faggots or o!r solid  bodies :i* are    
plac$ 9 suitable situations = ! purpose2
 9 !  ,engli% artificial b$s hurdles are
 frequ5tly employ$1 ^u :i* !  spat      
become deposit$4 ,x appe>s ! "y oy/]s   
select d>k objects1  su* z slate or     
black /ones1 9 pref]5ce to bodies ( a   
light] col\r  to fix !mselves to1 & t !y
 *oose1 :]e practicable1 ! inn]  side ( 
! object1 or t portion ( x away f !     
light4 ,aft] a  "t ! "y oy/]s are remov$
 f ! bre$+ b$s1 plac$ 9 !  fatt5+ b$s1 f
 :5ce !y are remov$ :5 !y h atta9$ a    
suffici5t size1 & s5t ^u ! m>ket4 ,9    
,engl& oy/]s are n  reg>d$ z fit to be  
eat5 until !y are at lea/ ?ree ye>s old2
  :]eas 9 ,france !y are s]v$ up to     
table ab\t a ye> e>li]4 ,!  *ief enemy (

 ! "y oy/] is a species ( :elk1 kn[n 9  
,france z  ! big\rneau1 dog :elk1 or    
pi]c]4 ,^! creatures1 :i* are  f\nd 9   
imm5se quantities 9 ! celebrat$ oy/]-b$s
 at ,arca*on1  ne> ,bordeaux1 cause     
great de/ruction among/ ! bivalves4 ,"p 
( _!  anatomy consi/s ( a bor+ app>atus1
 ) :i* !y pi]ce ! %ell  ( ! oy/]2 :atev]
 ( ! dead oy/] is left by ! :elk is     
dev\r$ by ! crabs1 :i* creep into !     
ap]ture 9 ! %ell made by  ! =m]4    ,we 
h already allud$ to ! abundance ( oy/]s 
9 p>ts ( ,georgia1  :]e1 we may add1 !y 
are n only conf9$ to ! alluvial %ores ( 
! riv]s1 b are also f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s  
among/ ! long grass (  ! adjo9+ l[ l&s4 
,9 ^! di/ricts x is by no means an      
uncommon practice = !  inhabitants to   
improvise a meal by pick+ up a bun* (   
oy/]s &  roa/+ !m ov] a fire k9dl$ on ! 
spot4 ,9 _m ( ^! localities  ! oy/]s    
occur 9 quantities s imm5se t a vessel (
 #ajj tons might  be load$ )9 ?ree times
 h] own l5g?4#hc    ,footnote #hc3      
,*amb]s' #8,encyclopdia4'    ,!re are   

also _m o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica 9 :i* ! yield
 ( !  oy/]-b$s is enorm\s4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( 
,m>yl& #fjjj p]sons are said to  be     
employ$ dr$g+1 & ne>ly #aa1jjj1jjj      
bu%els ( oy/]s 7 tak5  9 #ahgj-ga4    ,9
 ,baltimore z _m z #aj1jjj p]sons are   
employ$ 9 t9n+ ?is  bivalve4 ,comp>+ !  
pl5te\sness ( ! oy/] 9 ,am]ica ) its    
great sc>city ( late ye>s 9 our c\ntry1 
& ! consequ5t mu* l[]  price ( ! =eign  
bivalve1 we %\ld be prep>$ to le>n t    
consid]able supplies ( oy/]s1 bo? alive 
& pres]v$ 9 t9s1 come  to u f ,am]ica4  
,! bulk ( ^? consum$ 9 ,brita9 are a    
small  v>iety1 & come f ,m>yl& &        
,virg9ia4    ,9 #ahgb1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ 
yield ( ! ,engli% oy/]-b$s1 an  attempt 
0 made to introduce ! ,am]ican oy/] into
 ,briti% wat]s2 &  we believe ! dept =  
?is purpose /ill exi/s at ,cleese?orpes1
 at  ! m\? ( ! ,humb]1 :]e op]ations 9  
?is bran* ( oy/] culture  are be+ c>ri$ 
on by ! ,conway ,company4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! 
op9ion ( an  em95t pisciculturi/ be     
correct1 viz4 t ! ,am]ican oy/] w n     

bre$ 9 our wat]s1 we %\ld conceive !    
exp]im5t w be ab&on$1  s9ce no?+ w be   
ga9$ by relay+ !m1 t _c be atta9$ by    
simply import+ !m & s5d+ !m to ! m>ket1 
s9ce x is ass]t$  !y are kept alive out 
( wat] = a mon?4    ,a few ye>s back a  
,select ,committee appo9t$ by ,p>liam5t 
to inquire  into ! causes ( ! sc>city ( 
oy/]s issu$ 9 #ahgf a report 9  :i*1    
endors+ ! op9ion ( previ\s au?orities on
 oy/] culture1  !y attribut$ ! dim9i%$  
yield ( our oy/]-b$s to cont9ual        
ov]-dr$g+ = !m 9 op5 wat]s1 )\t all[+   
suffici5t #8close  "t4' ,! ,committee   
f\nd t1 9 ,france1 :]e ! /r+5t          
obs]vances ( ! #8close season' 0 en=c$1 
! supply ( oy/]s _h  increas$           
concurr5tly4 ,! ,committee1 !re=e1      
recomm5d$ !  e/abli%m5t #8( a g5]al     
close "t1' ext5d+ f ,may #a/ to         
,septemb] #a/1 subject to c]ta9         
exceptions "u ! sup]vision ( !  ,bo>d ( 
,trade2 ! levy+ ( p5alties = buy+ or    
sell+ oy/]s =  consumption dur+ !       
#8close season' be+ also recomm5d$4 ,!  

,committee fur!r recomm5d$ t no oy/]s   
%\ld be sold f !  deep-sea fi%]ies "u   
#b-a_/b or #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,comm5t+ 
^u  ! above report1 #8,nature' v s5sibly
 rem>ks3----8,:at is really want$  = !  
protection ( ! oy/] is ! assurance t ^! 
animals %all  n be sold be=e !y h a     
*ance ( reproduc+ _! k9d4 ,s9ce !       
introduction ( ! railway sy/em1 ! dem& =
 oy/]s 9 di/ant  places has become s    
great & ! price has ris5 s high1 t oy/] 
culturi/s are tempt$ to s5d immature    
animals to m>ket1 & x is ?is  fact1 m   
?an any failure ( spat1 t is lead+ to ! 
sc>city4  ,!re are n1 9 consequ5ce ( !  
unceas+ dem& & consequ5t high  price1 s 
_m full-gr[n oy/]s left to spat z !re   
ought to be2 h5ce  ! sc>city4 ,any ,act 
( ,p>liam5t t decrees two oy/]s to gr[  
:]e  only "o grew be=e w be gre$ily     
welcom$ bo? by oy/] culturi/s  & by !   
public1 & we hope t ! issue ( ! pres5t  
,report w  lead to "s effective measures
 be+ tak5 = ! pres]vation ( ?is         
delici\s creature ere x be too late40   

,previ\s to #ahdf ! :olesale  price (   
be/ ,engli% natives 0 #b #bs4 a bu%el2  
s9ce !n ! price  has ris5 rapidly to #d 
#ds4 9 #ahfe1 9 #ahff to #e1 & 9 #ahfi x
 _h  advanc$ to #h2 t is1 !y _h ris5    
ne>ly #cjj p] c5t4 9 #h ye>s1  :i* is   
equival5t to an advance ( f #a_/b;d4 to 
#b;d4 ea*4 ,at !  pres5t "t !y are1 we  
believe1 sold at f #cs4 to #cs4 #f;d4 a 
doz5 by  ! retail deal]4    ,oy/]s are  
nutriti\s & easy ( dige/ion :5 fre%1 b  
are apt to  prove laxative to ^?        
unaccu/om$ to _! use4 ,x is g5]ally     
believ$ t !y are 9 season ea* mon? ( !  
ye> ! "n ( :i*  conta9s ! lett] ,r4     
,:it/able 9 ,k5t1 & ,col*e/] & o!r      
places  9 ,essex1 are ! great nurs]ies  
or fe$+-gr\nds = supply+ !  metropolis1 
&1 inde$1 ! :ole ( ,engl&1 ) ! mo/      
e/eem$  v>iety 7,,natives7 ( ?is        
%ell-fi%4 ,! %ells 7,,te/ ,,prep>at1 ,t4
  ,,o/re>i7 7 =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e z an   
absorb5t4    ,( ! v>i\s species ( oy/]s1
 t :i* holds ! =emo/ place 9  !         
e/imation ( ! g\rmet is ! #8,engli%     

native1' n[1 alas6 ow+  to ! unwise     
rapacity ( ! collector1 ne>ly dr$g$ out 
( exi/5ce4    ,! native has a hi/oric   
reputation too1 s9ce x appe>s x 0 eag]ly
  s\ght aft] by ! old ,romans1 & 0 a    
frequ5t di% at _! tables4  ,! en?usiasm 
( ! celebrat$ ,dr ,kit*5] = ?is p>ticul>
 oy/]  0 v int5se4 ,he is v p>ticul> 9  
direct+ its %ell to be  op5$ ) ! greate/
 c>e s t x may be eat5 alive & 8tickl$  
to dea? by ! tee?40    ,! gre5 oy/] (   
,o/5d is also priz$ by epicures2 x      
acquires its  col\r f its food1 :i*     
consi/s *iefly ( gre5 monads &  conf]va4
 ,"s ( ! ,am]ican oy/]s are excell5t 9  
flav\r1 & are  said to be )\t ! copp]   
ta/e occasionally to be met ) 9 ,engli% 
oy/]s4 ,!y smack a little ( ! mussel4   
,pay5 gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( !
 oy/]3----                              
,mean ( two                             
,analyses4      ,nitrog5\s matt]        
#adjaj    ,fatty matt]                  
#aeae    ,sal9e matt]                   
#bfie    ,non-nitrog5\s matt] & loss    

#acie    ,wat]                          
#hjche                                  
------------                            
#ajjjj    ,see ,,%ell ,,fi%1 ,,sauces1  
c4    ,oy/]1 ,scallop$4 ,put !m ) crums 
( bread1 pepp]1 salt1 nutmeg1  & a bit (
 butt]1 into scallop %ells or sauc]s1 & 
bake !m be=e  ! fire 9 a ,dut* ov54     
,oy/]s1 ,fri$ 7to g>ni% boil$ fi%74     
,make a batt] ( fl\r1 milk  & eggs1 add 
a little season+ to x2 dip ! oy/]s into 
x1 & fry  !m a f9e yell[ br[n4 ,a little
 nutmeg %\ld be put into !  season+1 & a
 few crumbs ( bread into ! fl\r4        
,oy/]s1 ,/ew$4 ,op5 !m1 & sep>ate !     
liquor f !m1 !n free  !m f grit by wa%+1
 /ra9 ! liquor1 & add x to ! oy/]s  ) a 
small piece ( mace & lemon peel1 & a few
 :ite pepp]corns4  ,simm] v g5tly1 & add
 "s cream & a little fl\r & butt]4 ,let 
!m be s]v$ ) sippets4    ,oy/]s1 ,to    
,fe$4 ,pat !m into wat]1 & wa% !m ) a   
bir* broom  till q clean4 ,!n place !m  
bottom d[nw>ds 9 an e>!nw>e pan2        
spr9kle !m ) fl\r1 oatmeal1 & salt1 & !n

 cov] ) wat]4  ,repeat ?is treatm5t e   
day1 tak+ c>e to make ! wat] pretty     
salt4    ,,ozok]it4 ,syn4 ,,fossil      
,,wax1 ,,m9]al ,,wax4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i*
 has  )9 ! la/ few ye>s be5 utilis$ z a 
s\rce ( p>aff9 & !  m9]al hydroc>bon    
oils1 is f\nd 9 v>i\s localities 9 !    
t]ti>y  /rata1 mo/ly occurr+ 91 or 9    
close proximity to1 ! coal measures4  ,b
 al?\gh ext5sive deposits ( x are to be 
met ) 9 ,gallicia &  on ! slopes ( !    
,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 x is by no means an  
abundant  body4 ,9 ! ,au/rian empire !re
 are _m l>ge manufactories = its        
conv]sion into p>aff9 & ! m9]al oils4 ,9
 our c\ntry !re is we  believe only "o1 
t ( ,messrs ,field4 ,ozok]it is usually 
met ) z a  br[n & compact sub/ance1     
occasionally yell[2 h[ev]1 x is         
sometimes  black4 ,x melts at a         
temp]ature v>y+ f #fj to #hj ,c4        
,,neft-,,gil is a sub/ance v simil> to  
ozok]it1 & is =m$ on !  isl& (          
,swtoi-,o/r[ 9 ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,accord+
 to ,rossmssl]1  neft-gil is treat$ 9 ! 

foll[+ mann]3----#ae cwt4 ( ! crude     
mat]ial is put into iron /ills provid$ )
 a lead5 worm1 &  submitt$ to fractional
 di/illation1 yield+ #fh p] c5t4 (      
di/illate1  consi/+ ( #h p] c5t4 ( oil1 
& #fj p] c5t4 ( crude p>aff94 ,!  oil   
?us obta9$ is yell[1 opalesc5t1         
possesses an e!real od\r1 &  a sp4 gr4 (
 #jge to #jha4 ,ea* di/illation yields a
 quantity ( a light  oil boil+ bel[ #ajj
 ,c41 :i* is us$ = ! purpose ( purify+ !
  p>aff94 ,! crude p>aff9 obta9$ by !   
fir/ di/illation is  tol]ably pure1 has 
a yell[ col\r1 & c at once be treat$ by 
!  hydraulic press & c5trifugal ma*9e2 !
 oil f ^! op]ations is  aga9 submitt$ to
 fractional di/illation 9 ord] to obta9 
m  p>aff94 ,! press$ p>aff9 is melt$ &  
treat$ at #agj to #ahj ,c4  ) sulphuric 
acid1 :i* is next neutralis$ by means ( 
lime1 & !  p>aff9 aga9 rapidly di/ill$1 
!n aga9 submitt$ to /rong pressure1  & !
 mat]ial obta9$ treat$ ) #be p] c5t4 ( !
 light oil2 !n  aga9 melt$1 aga9 press$1
 & f9ally treat$ ) /eam = !  purpose (  

elim9at+ ! la/ trace ( ess5tial oil4 ,! 
mat]ial  obta9$ by ?is treatm5t is a    
p]fectly pure1 col\rless mat]ial1 free  
f smell1 transp>5t1 & s h>d z to exhibit
 9 l>ge blocks almo/  a metallic s\nd4  
,! fus+ po9t is #fc ,c4    ,,ozone      
7,greek1 h1 ,i smell7 is a peculi>      
v>iety ( oxyg51  *>act]is$ by its great]
 weight1 its peculi> *lor\s smell1 its  
int5sely active oxidis+ p[]s1 &1 f9ally1
 by ! ease ) :i* x  passes into common  
oxyg54 ,! hi/ory ( ozone may be summ$ up
 z  foll[s3----,9 #aghe ,van ,m>um      
obs]v$ ! production ( a peculi> smell   
:5 electric sp>ks 7 pass$ ?r\gh oxyg54  
,?is smell1 :i* e  "o :o has work$ ) an 
electric ma*9e mu/ h notic$1 ,van ,m>um 
reg>d$ z ! 8smell ( electricity10 ?9k+ t
 electricity 0 a  sub/ance4 ,9 #ahdj    
,s*nbe91 ( ,basle1 prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a  
def9ite  sub/ance1 to :i* he assign$ !  
"n ( ozone1 & discov]$ sev]al  modes (  
produc+ x1 a delicate te/ = x1 & sev]al 
( its mo/  /rik+ prop]ties4 ,he         
subsequ5tly add$ _m new facts1 b to ! "t

  ( 8 dea? he nev] held a correct !ory 9
 reg>d to its nature4 ,lat]  rese>*es by
 ,m>ignac & ,d$all9e1 ,becqu]el &       
,fremy1 ,&rews &  ,tait1 ,soret1        
,brodie1 & o!rs1 h e/abli%$ ! true      
nature ( ?is  rem>kable body4 ,x is n[  
g5]ally admitt$ t x only diff]s f       
common oxyg5 9 conta9+ ?ree atoms (     
oxyg5 9 ea* molecule in/ead  ( two4 ,9  
fact1 z ! =mula = oxyg5 is ,o#b1 t (    
ozone is  ,o#c4 ,x foll[s t ozone is    
half z heavy aga9 z oxyg51 & x has      
accord+ly be5 demon/rat$ t its specific 
gravity is #bd 7,h  #a71  t ( oxyg5 be+ 
#af4 ,all ! kn[n reactions ( ozone are  
easily  expla9$ 9 accordance ) ?is view4
    ,ozone may be g5]at$ 9 sev]al ways4 
#a4 ,by ! action ( electricity on  oxyg5
 or air1 sp>ks are f> less efficaci\s   
?an ! sil5t or #8sl['  dis*>ge2 b ! be/ 
app>atus is ! induction-tube ( ,siem5s4 
,?is  consi/s ( two tubes1 "o inside !  
o!r4 ,! inn] side ( ! inn]  & ! out]    
side ( ! out] tube are coat$ ) t9foil1 &
 ^!  coat+s are connect$ ) ! t]m9als ( a

 p[]ful induction-coil4  ,dry air or    
oxyg5 /reams betwe5 ! tubes & passes    
out1 /rongly  *>g$ ) ozone4    #b4 ,m4  
,boillot has propos$ a modification (   
,siem5s' app>atus1 :i*  consi/s ( two   
glass tubes1 "o fitt+ )9 ! o!r1 & ea*   
coat$  ext]nally ) p[d]$ coke made to   
adh]e by means ( gelat94 ,!  coat+s ( ! 
two tubes are connect$ ) ! poles ( an   
induction  coil1 & a /ream ( oxyg5 is   
made to pass betwe5 ! tubes1 &  becomes 
?us expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! sil5t      
dis*>ge1 z 9  ,siem5s' contrivance4     
#c4 ,hozeau has inv5t$ an app>atus :i*  
he calls an #8ozonis]1' by means  ( :i* 
ozone is produc$ 9 consid]able          
quantities4 ,9 an ord9>y  /raight       
gas-deliv]y tube is plac$ a wire (      
copp]1 lead1 or1 bett]1  plat9um1 #d to 
#f dcimtres long1 ) "o ( its extremities
 pass+  ?r\gh ! side ( ! upp] portion ( 
! tube4 ,on ! ext]ior ( !  tube is coil$
 a simil> wire ov] ! pa? ( ! prec$+4 ,:5
 ! two  are plac$ 9 communication ) a   
,ruhmkorff's coil1 giv+ a #b or #c      

c5timtre sp>k1 a sl[ /ream ( oxyg5 pass+
 ?r\gh ! tube w be  /rongly *>g$ )      
ozone4 ,by ?is app>atus ,hozeau has     
prep>$ oxyg5  conta9+ #fj to #abj 7once 
#ahh7 milligrams ( ozone p] litre4      
,electrolysis ( wat] furni%$ only #c to 
#e milligrams1 b>ium p]oxide  &         
sulphuric acid #aj milligrams p]        
litre4#hd    ,footnote #hd3 #8,comptes  
,r5dus' 7#8,watt's ,diction>y1' second  
supplem5t71  lxx1 #abhf4    #d4 ,dur+   
c]ta9 processes ( oxidation a piece (   
phosphorus1 half  cov]$ ) wat] 9 a      
bottle ( air1 absorbs a portion ( !     
oxyg51  :ile ano!r portion becomes      
p>tially ozonis$4    #e4 ,by plung+ a   
clean glass rod heat$ to ab\t #bfj ,c4  
into a j>  conta9+ a few drops ( e!r4   
#f4 ,by mix+ v gradually #c p>ts ( /rong
 sulphuric acid & #b (  p]manganate (   
pota%4    #g4 ,x has be5 %[n t ozone is 
=m$ 9 small quantity dur+ !  burn+ (    
hydrog5 at a jet1 & 9 sev]al analog\s   
reactions4    #h4 ,dur+ ! lib]ation (   
oxyg5 at l[ temp]atures1 :5 b>ium       

dioxide is moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 !   
od\r ( ozone is at once  app>5t1 & !    
evolution proce$s = a consid]able "t4   
#i4 ,9 ! electrolysis ( wat] ! oxyg5    
evolv$ consi/s p>tly (  ozone1          
especially if ! poles are small4    #aj4
 ,l9d] has sugge/$ an easy me?od = !    
production ( ozone =  hygi5ic purposes1 
:i* is z foll[s3----,make a mixture (   
manganese  p]oxide1 potassium           
p]manganate1 & oxalic acid4 ,two        
spoonfuls ( ?is  p[d]1 if plac$ on a di%
 & gradually mix$ ) wat]1 w g5]ate      
ozone suffici5t = a room ( m$ium size2 m
 wat] is add$ 9 small  portions f "t to 
"t z ! evolution ceases2 ! p[d] may be  
kept  9 a bottle ready = use4    ,ozone 
has nev] be5 isolat$4 ,by ! use (       
,siem5s' app>atus1 oxyg5  conta9+1 z a  
maximum1 tw5ty volumes p] c5t4 ( ozone  
may be  obta9$4 ,?is repres5ts a        
contraction ( ab\t #a-aa? dur+ =mation4 
,b x is at pres5t impossible to sep>ate 
! "o f ! o!r4 ,ozone  is entirely       
conv]t$ into oxyg5 by a temp]ature (    

#bgj ,c4 ,!  conv]sion is effect$ m     
sl[ly at l[] temp]atures4 ,silv]1 iron1 
copp]1 :5 moi/5$1 are oxidis$ on !      
surface imm$iately at  ord9>y           
temp]atures by ozone4    ,silv] ev5     
becomes conv]t$ into a p]oxide1 al?\gh x
 w n  comb9e ) ord9>y oxyg51 ei!r :5    
moi/ or dry4 ,little or no  absorption (
 ozone takes place :5 ! metals are      
p]fectly dry1 except  ) dry m]cury & dry
 iod9e1 bo? ( :i* remove x imm$iately4  
,x  0 conclusively %[n by ,&rews & ,tait
 t little or no contraction  foll[$ !   
absorption ( ozone by ^! or any o!r     
ag5ts4 ,h5ce1 z  sugge/$ by ^! obs]v]s1 
x seems probable t ! ozone is resolv$   
into a quantity ( ord9>y oxyg5 equal 9  
bulk to itself1 :i* is  lib]at$ at !    
mom5t :5 ano!r portion ( its oxyg5 ent]s
 into  comb9ation ) ! metal or ! iod9e4 
,ozonis$ air becomes deozonis$ :5 pass$ 
ov] cold manganese dioxide1  silv]      
dioxide1 or lead dioxide4 ,:5 ozone is  
mix$ ) p]oxide (  hydrog51 wat] & oxyg5 
are =m$4 ,9 ^! cases ! ozone is  conv]t$

 into ord9>y oxyg51 & ! p]oxides into   
monoxides4    ,antozone1 :i* ,s*nbe9    
surmis$ to be oxyg5 9 an oppositely     
electrifi$ condition to ozone1 has be5  
%[n ) great probability by  ,van ,babo  
to be p]oxide ( hydrog54    ,f ! ease ) 
:i* x gives up its ?ird atom ( oxyg51   
ozone has  be5 propos$ :5 mix$ ) air1 z 
a means ( decoloris+ wax1  /e>91 & o!r  
organic sub/ances :i* _c be subject$ to 
!  fumes ( sulphur\s acid or *lor9e1 or 
at any rate only p>tially s4  ,ozone    
does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 mu*1 if at
 all adopt$1 =  blea*+ ! above products1
 :i* are /ill1 we believe1 mo/ly :it5$  
by ! old me?od ( exposure to ! air4     
,be+ "o ( ! mo/ en]getic oxidis+ ag5ts  
kn[n1 x is n  surpris+ t ! claims (     
ozone z a dis9fectant %\ld h f\nd  _m   
support]s4 ,"o ( its /ronge/ advocates =
 ?is purpose is ,dr  ,cornelius ,fox1 :o
 says1----8,ozone %\ld be diffus$ ?r\gh 
fev]-w>ds1  sick rooms1 ! cr[d$         
localities ( ! poor1 or :]ev] ! active  
p[] ( ! air is r$uc$ & poisons are      

g5]at$4 ,its employm5t is  especially   
dem&$ 9 our hospitals1 situat$ z !y     
mo/ly are 9  d5sely populat$ di/ricts1  
:]e ! atmosph]e is almo/ always  pollut$
 by rebrea!d air1 decompos+ sub/ances & 
_! products1 &  :]e no m]e v5tilation c 
be fully effective4 ,if practicable1 x  
w\ld  be highly advantage\s to direct   
/reams ( sea-air1 or air artificially   
ozonis$ into ! fev] & *ol]a ne/s ( our  
t[ns4 ,ozone may be  easily dissem9at$  
?r\gh public build+s1 !atres1 & o!r     
conf9$  atmosph]es1 :]e numb]s ( p are  
accu/om$ to assemble 9 ord]  to ma9ta9 !
 purity ( ! air40    ,ano!r ard5t       
believ] 9 ! hygi5ic value ( ozone is    
,l9d]1 :o is  also a /rong advocate =   
its m$ical application1 & recomm5ds x   
bo?  9 ! =m ( ozonis$ air & wat] 9      
tub]culosis1 rheumatism1 a/hma1  & _m   
o!r diseases4 ,l9d]1 x is said1 has set 
up an ozone  manufactory1 & v5ds ozone  
inhalations by ! cubic foot4    ,to !   
cont5tion ( ^? :o ass]t t x is          
impossible to convey su*  an un/able    

body z ozone into ! blood )\t ! ozone   
becom+  decompos$ into ord9>y oxyg51 ?is
 in/ability is d5i$ ^u !  au?ority (    
,lehone & ,hozeau1 :o /ate t x is less  
liable to *ange  ?an is g5]ally suppos$1
 = !y f\nd1 aft] work+ ) x1 t  its      
peculi> od\r rema9$ on _! h&s & g>m5ts =
 "s "t4  ,^! views1 l>gely %>$ by _m    
o!rs1 z to ! b5eficial effects  ( ozone 
h1 h[ev]1 n be5 all[$ to pass un*all5g$4
 ,m4 ,p4  ,?n>d consid]$ x important t  
bo? ! public & m$ical m5  %\ld be       
appris$ ( ! errone\s "* ( ! op9ions     
g5]ally  ent]ta9$ respect+ ! action (   
ozone on ! organism4 ,ozone1 he  says1 s
 f> f ex]t+ a b5eficial effect1 is "o ( 
! mo/  en]getic ( poisons2 & ! s]i\s    
accid5ts :i* h occurr$ 9 8  own         
laboratory d n leave ! slighte/ room =  
d\bt 9 ! matt]4    ,writ+ to !          
#8,comptes ,r5dus1'#he ,m4 ,p4 ,?n>d    
n>rates ! case ( a  gu9ea-pig1 9 :i* !  
beats ( ! pulse1 normally #adh p] m9ute1
 fell  to #a_/cj? aft] ! exposure ( !   
animal = a qu>t] ( an h\r to an         

atmosph]e *>g$ ) ozone4 ,he /ates t "u !
 influ5ce (  ozone1 ev5 :5 v l>gely     
dilut$1 ! blood-corpuscles rapidly coh]e
  & *ange _! =m4 ,o!r in/ances are      
record$ 9 :i* ! blood1  contr>y to      
anticipation1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! v5\s     
condition4    ,footnote #he3 ,lxxxii p4 
#aheg4    ,drs ,dew> & ,m',k5drick f\nd 
t ozone act$ z a v p[]ful  irritant ^u !
 muc\s membranes4 ,fur!r1 an exp]im5t 0 
made by  plac+ "s small birds 9 a       
mixture ( oxyg5 & ozone1 conta9+ #aj  p]
 c5t4 ( ! latt]4 ,9 two m9utes ! birds 7
 dead4    ,ozone is frequ5tly pres5t 9 !
 atmosph]e1 =m$ by electricity &  p]haps
 by o!r means4 ,pay5 /ates t x does n   
am\nt to m ?an  #a_/dej1jjj? weight1 &  
#a_/gjjjj by volume ( atmosph]ic air4   
,o!r  obs]v]s /ate t x v>ies 9 am\nt1   
accord+ to height1 locality1            
temp]ature1 electricity1 c4 ,dr ,bu*anan
 says x is m abundant 8on !  sea-coa/   
?an inl&1 9 ! we/ ?an 9 ! ea/ ( ,great  
,brita91 9  elevat$ ?an 9 l[ situations1
 ) s\?-we/ ?an ) nor?-ea/  w9ds1 9 !    

c\ntry ?an 9 t[ns1 & on ! w9dw>d ?an on 
!  leew>d side ( t[ns40 ,accord+ to !   
,scotti% ,meteorological ,society1      
ozone is mo/ preval5t 9 ! atmosph]e f   
,febru>y to ,june1 :5 !  av]age am\nt is
 #f1 & la/s f ,july to ,janu>y1 :5 !    
av]age is  #eg4 ,! maximum #fb is rea*$ 
9 ,may1 & ! m9imum #ec 9 ,novemb]4      
,^! results are said to be 9 accordance 
) ! conclusions arriv$ at  by ,dr       
,b]igny & ,m4 ,hozeau4    ,al?\gh !re   
appe>s no gr\nd = d\bt+ t artificially  
prep>$  ozone1 by reason ( its actively 
dis9fectant prop]ties1 may prove a      
valuable auxili>y 9 *eck+ ! spread (    
c]ta9 diseases2 x seems  f> f           
satisfactorily e/abli%$ t ! same quality
 is possess$ by  ! ozone 9 ! atmosph]e1 
or on ! contr>y1 z has be5 ass]t$1  t   
c]ta9 ailm5ts are caus$ by x4 ,dur+ an  
outbreak ( influ5za at  ,b]l91 ,s*nbe9  
/ates t ! air conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( 
ozone2  a circum/ance confirm$ by ,dr   
,pietra-,santa dur+ ! preval5ce 9  ano!r
 locality ( ! same epidemic1 :i* x 0    

imag9$ might be  caus$ by ! irritat+    
effect ( ! ozone on ! organs (          
respiration4  ,bill>d1 ,wolf1 ,bckel1 & 
,/rambis all /ate t1 dur+ ! preval5ce  (
 *ol]a at ,/rasb\rg1 ,b]l91 & ,milan    
ozone 0 abs5t f !  atmosph]e1 & t !     
decl9e ( ! malady 0 m>k$ by its         
reappe>ance4 ,uhle ascribes !           
accumulation ( mal>ia at night to !     
non-=mation ( ozone by sol> heat4    ,! 
above facts h1 h[ev]1 be5 disput$ by "s 
obs]v]s1 :il/  o!rs h refus$ to reg>d !m
 z any?+ m ?an co9cid5ces1 &  h inde$   
cit$ evid5ce ( a totally opposite "*2   
?us ,grellois  has /at$ t he f\nd m     
ozone 9 a m>% ?an else:]e4    ,mr       
,k+zett has %[n ! incorrectness (       
,s*nbe9's /atem5t t1  :5 oil ( turp5t9e 
& o!r ess5tial oils are oxidis$ by      
exposure  to ! air1 ozone is =m$4       
,s*nbe9 0 misl$ because f !  oxidis$ oil
 & ! air 9 its vic9ity he obta9$ ! ozone
 reaction  ) potassium iodide4    ,mr   
,k+zett has demon/rat$ t ! comp\nd c be 
nei!r ozone nor  hydrog5 dioxide1       

because x is de/roy$ at ! boil+ po9t (  
oil (  turp5t9e1 viz4 #afj1 at :i*      
temp]ature ozone & hydrog5 dioxide are  
p]man5t2 besides :i* x resi/s to a c]ta9
 ext5t ! action (  sodium ?iosulphate1 &
 its solution 9 wat] reta9s its         
prop]ties  aft] long-cont9u$ boil+4 ,mr 
,k+zett believes ! active prop]ties  ( !
 oxidis$ turp5t9e oil are due to !      
=mation ( monohydrat$  t]p5e oxide      
7,c#aj;,h#af,o4,h#b,o74    ,"o ( ! mo/  
delicate te/s = ozone is potassium      
iodide1 ei!r alone  or mix$ ) />*4 ,a   
br[n col\r 9 ! =m] case1 a blue 9 !     
latt]1 indicates ! lib]ation ( iod9e4 ,9
 ! ozomet]1 /rips (  pap] saturat$ ) />*
 & potassium iodide are expos$ to !     
action  ( a def9ite volume ( air 9 a d>k
 *amb]4 ,! comp>ative quantities  (     
ozone 9 diff]5t samples ( air are judg$ 
( by ! int5sity ( !  col\r comp>$ ) a   
fix$ scale on :i* #a is ! lighte/ & #aj 
g5]ally ! d>ke/ %ade4 ,see ,,ozonomet]4 
,ozone acts z a r$uc+ ag5t 9 c]ta9      
curi\s cases4 ,?us1 hydrog5  p]oxide &  

ozone r$uce "o ano!r1 wat] & oxyg5 be+ !
 sole  products2 & "s sub/ances1 su* z  
plat9um black & manganese  p]oxide1     
conv]t x into oxyg5 )\t suff]+ *ange    
!mselves1  be+ probably oxidis$ & r$uc$ 
alt]nately4    ,,ozonom,,et]4 ,?is "n   
has be5 giv5 to pap] prep>$ ) a mix$    
solution ( />* & iodide ( potassium4 ,x 
is :ite1 b is turn$  blue by ozonis$ air
 :5 expos$ to x 9 a slightly moi/5$     
/ate4    ,! foll[+ are ! proportions    
giv5 by ,s*nbe9 = ! prep>ation  ( !     
pap]3----#a "p ( pure iodide (          
potassium1 #aj p>ts ( />*  & #bjj (     
wat]4 ,l[e gives #a "p ( iodide to #e ( 
/>*2 ,m(fatt1 #a  to #b-a_/b4 ,! be/    
arr[root mu/ be us$ = ! />*4 ,x mu/ be  
dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] & filt]$1 s t a cle>
 solution is  obta9$4    ,! iodide is   
dissolv$ 9 ano!r portion ( wat]1 &      
gradually add$4  ,! pap]1 cut 9 slips & 
previ\sly soak$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 is      
plac$ 9 ! mix$ iodide & />* = sev]al    
h\rs2 & la/ly1  sl[ly dri$ 9 a cool d>k 
place1 ! slips be+ hung horizontally4   

,s*nbe9's pap]s require moi/5+ ) wat]   
aft] exposure be=e !  trial is tak54    
,pay5's ozonomet]1 :i* is an improvem5t 
on ! above1 is made ( r$  litmus pap] ) 
half its surface impregnat$ ) a #a      
solution (  potassium iodide4 ,! portion
 ( ! pap] becomes blue by contact )  air
 conta9+ ozone1 9 consequ5ce ( oxidation
 & ! =mation (  pota%4 ,! unimpregnat$  
portion ( ! pap] und]goes no *ange      
unless  ! air conta9s ammoniacal vap\rs1
 & !n ! pap] becomes blue ov]  its      
entire surface4    ,m4 ,davy /ates t he 
has obta9$ v satisfactory results 9 !   
e/imation ( ozone 9 ! atmosph]e1 by     
employ+ a mixture ( iodide (  potassium 
& ars5ite ( potassium4    ,! value ( !  
ozonomet] z an indicator ( atmosph]ic   
ozone mu/ be  look$ ^u z unc]ta91 :5 x  
is borne 9 m9d t !re are o!r  bodies    
besides ozone frequ5tly pres5t 9 ! air1 
su* z nitr\s acid1  *lor9e1 c41 :i* give
 simil> reactions ) ! above reag5ts4    
,,pack,,fong4 ,syn4 ,,pakfong1 ,,*9ese  
,,:ite ,,copp]4 ,an alloy =m$ by  fus+  

toge!r1 9 a cov]$ crucible1 ars5ic1 #b  
p>ts1 & copp]  clipp+s1 #d-a_/b to #e   
p>ts1 arrang$ 9 alt]nate lay]s1 & cov]$ 
) a capp+ ( common salt4 ,! product     
conta9s ab\t #aj ( ars5ic4    ,prop41 c4
 ,:ite1 slightly ductile1 & p]man5t at  
ord9>y  temp]atures2 at a temp]ature    
bel[ t ( r$ness x suff]s  decomposition1
 ) ! extrication ( fumes ( ars5i\s acid4
 ,=m]ly  mu* us$ = ! scales ( !rmomet]s 
& o!r in/rum5ts1 dial  plates1          
c&le/icks1 c4 ,x is n[ almo/ sup]s$$ by 
! alloy (  nickel & copp] call$ ,g]man  
silv]1 to :i* ! "n is also appli$  by "s
 rec5t writ]s4    ,,pack,,+4 ,z !re is  
consid]able art 9 pack+ brittle         
holl[-w>e1  z glass1 *9a1 c41 9 su* a   
way t x w /& exposure to !  jolt+1 bl[s1
 & agitation ( l& c>riage1 x is bett]1  
:5 x is  ( mu* value1 or 9 quantity1 to 
employ a p]son qualifi$ = ! job4 ,a  man
 accu/om$ to pack+ su* articles may be  
readily procur$ at any  glassworks or   
*9a w>eh\se = a trifl+ consid]ation4 ,:5
 ?is  _c be done1 x mu/ be recollect$ t 

! great secret ( safe  pack+ consi/s 9 !
 articles be+ c>efully pres]v$ f undue  
pressure or contact ) ea* o!r1 yet s    
firmly arrang$1 & s  surr\nd$ ) "s      
mat]ial z hay1 /raw1 sawdu/1 c41 t !y   
_c be %ak5 into su* a condition by !    
ord9>y cont+5cies (  transport4 ,loose  
pack+ mu/ always be avoid$4             
,,pad,,d+4 ,among calico pr9t]s ?is t]m 
is appli$ to ! op]ation (  impregnat+ ! 
pores ( _! clo? ) a mordant4 ,x is n[   
almo/  exclusively p]=m$ by means ( a   
simple piece ( ma*9]y 7padd+  ma*9e71   
:i* ess5tially consi/s (----a #8l>ge    
reel1' ar\nd :i* !  unprep>$ clo? is    
w\nd----a #8guide roll]1' ov] :i* x     
passes to  smoo? & adju/ x be=e ent]+ ! 
liquor----a copp] cyl9d]1 or            
#8dip-roll]1' ne>ly at ! bottom ( !     
#8mordant-tr\gh1' "u :i* x  is c>ri$ f !
 guide-roll]----a half-r\nd poli%$      
#8/ret*$-b>1'  to give x equal          
t5sion----a pair ( #8padd$ cyl9d]s1' to 
remove  sup]flu\s moi/ure----&1 la/ly1 a
 #8reel' to receive ! mordant$          

7#8padd$'7 clo?4 ,! degree ( t5sion is  
regulat$ by a weight susp5d$  on a lev]1
 & motion is giv5 to ! :ole by an       
endless b& f !  driv+ %aft4 ,?is ma*9e  
is also applicable to _m ( ! op]ations  
( dye+1 blea*+1 & />*+ textile fabrics4 
,,pa9t,,er',s ,,cream4 ,prep4 ,take (   
pale nut oil1 #f oz42 ma/ic1 #a oz42    
dissolve1 add ( sug> ( lead1 #a_/d oz41 
previ\sly gr\nd 9 ! lea/  possible      
quantity ( oil2 !n fur!r add ( wat]1 q4 
s41 gradually1  until x acquires !      
consi/5ce ( cream1 work+ x well all !   
"t4  ,us$ by pa9t]s to cov] _! "w :5 !y 
are oblig$ to leave x =  "s "t4 ,x may  
be wa%$ (f ) a sponge & wat]4           
,,pa9t,,+4 ,! art or employm5t ( lay+ on
 col\r4 ,9 ! f9e arts1  ! production ( a
 picture or a resemblance 9 col\rs on a 
flat surface4  ,! arti/ic & me*anical   
consid]ation ( ?is subject does n come  
)9 ! prov9ce ( our volume2 b notices ( !
 lead+ mat]ials  employ$ by bo? arti/s &
 h\se pa9t]s are giv5 "u ! respective   
names4 ,see ! v>i\s pigm5ts1 ,,col\rs1  

,,oils1 ,,v>ni%es1 c41 &  bel[4         
,pa9t+1 ,di/emp]4 ,a me?od ( pa9t+      
g5]ally adopt$ by !  anci5ts4 ,wat] 0 ! 
pr9cipal m$ium1 b v>i\s gelat9\s &      
album9\s #8b9d]s' 7 add$ to fix !       
pigm5ts4 ,( ^! ! mo/  important 7 glue1 
size1 & :ite ( egg4 ,9 mod]n di/emp]1 z 
execut$ by ! pa9t]s ( !atrical sc5]y1   
panoramas1 c41 _s (  turp5t9e is l>gely 
employ$ z a m$ium4    ,pa9t+1 ,elydoric4
 ,a me?od ( pa9t+ inv5t$ by ,m4 ,v9c5t1 
(  ,montpeli]1 hav+ = its object to     
comb9e ! fre% appe>ance &  f9i% ( wat]  
col\rs ) ! mell[ness ( oil pa9t+4 ,!    
liquid  employ$ z a vehicle = ! pigm5ts 
is an emulsion =m$ ( oil &  wat] by !   
int]v5tion ( c]ta9 portion ( gum or     
mucilage4    ,pa9t+1 ,enamel4 ,9 ?is    
v>iety ( pa9t+1 vitrifiable col\rs are  
laid on ?9 plates ( metals1 & fus$ into 
x4 ,! outl9e is fir/  burnt 91 aft] :i* 
! p>ts are fill$ up gradually1 ) repeat$
  fusions at an enamell]'s lamp1 to !   
mo/ m9ute f9i%+ t\*es4 8,!  enamel pa9t]
 has to "w1 n ) actual col\rs1 b )      

mixtures  :i* he only kn[s f exp]i5ce w 
produce c]ta9 col\rs aft] !  op]ation ( 
! fire40 7,aik947    ,pa9t+1 ,encaustic4
 ,?is me?od is v anci5t1 b is n[ seldom 
practis$4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! col\rs 7 
made up into crayons )  wax1 & ! subject
 be+ trac$ on ! gr\nd ) a metal po9t1 !y
  7 melt$ on ! picture z !y 7 us$4 ,a   
coat+ ( melt$ wax 0  !n ev5ly spread ov]
 all1 & :5 x _h become q cold 0 f9ally  
poli%$4    ,! art ( encau/ic pa9t+1 aft]
 ly+ dormant = ab\t #ae c5turies1  0    
reviv$ by ,c\nt ,caylus1 9 #agec4 ,9 its
 new =m1 ! wood or canvas  to be pa9t$  
on is fir/ well rubb$ ov] ) wax1 & !n   
held be=e  ! fire1 s t ! wax may        
p5etrate & fill up all ! int]/ices1  &  
=m a p]fectly ev5 surface4 ,! col\r$    
pigm5ts are next mix$  ) ! p[d] notic$  
bel[1 :i* is !n rubb$ smoo? ) "s ?ick   
gum wat]1 & appli$ ) bru%es 9 ! same    
mann] z ord9>y wat]  col\rs4 ,:5 ! pa9t+
 is f9i%$1 & q dry1 x is bru%$ ov]  )   
pure :ite wax 9 a melt$ /ate1 ! surface 
be+ equalis$ by !  skilful application (

 heat2 x is1 la/ly1 poli%$ (f2 z be=e4  
,! p[d]4----,to :ite wax1 melt$ 9 an    
e>!n pipk91 add1 9 small  portions at a 
"t1 an equal weight ( p[d]$ ma/ic1 /irr+
  cont9u\sly until ! :ole is            
incorporat$2 !n p\r x into cold  wat]1 &
 aft]w>ds r$uce x to p[d] 9 a           
w$gwood-w>e mort>4 ,a  small quantity   
only ( ?is p[d] is us$ ) light col\rs2 b
 m is  requir$ ) ! d>k] ones1 until1 on 
approa*+ black1 ! two may be  mix$ 9    
almo/ equal proportions4    ,pa9t+1     
,fresco4 ,?is me?od ( pa9t+ 0 kn[n to ! 
anci5t  ,egyptians1 & 0 commonly        
practis$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x is  
conf9$ to ! decoration ( ! walls (      
build+s1 & is execut$ by  incorporat+ ! 
col\rs ) ! /ill moi/ pla/]1 or gesso4 ,!
  pigm5ts employ$ are entirely m9]al or 
vitre\s4 ,z x is extremely  difficult to
 alt] ! "w aft] ! col\rs are once       
absorb$1 or aft]  ! gr\nd has h>d5$1 !  
:ole mu/ be c>efully design$ be=e       
comm5c+ ! picture1 & no m comm5c$ at    
once ?an c be execut$  dur+ ! day4    ,(

 all ! v>ieties ( pa9t+1 fresco is      
8und\bt$ly ! mo/ virile1  mo/ sure1 mo/ 
resolute1 & mo/ durable0 7,vas>i71 & !  
"o mo/  adapt$ = ! purposes ( hi/orical 
pa9t+ 9 its gr&e/ & mo/  exalt$ =ms4 ,9 
comp>ison ) x1 x has be5 said t ev5 oil 
pa9t+ is 8employm5t fit only = wom5 &   
*ildr540 7,mi*ael  ,angelo47    ,pa9t+1 
,glass4 ,see ,,/a9$ ,,glass4    ,pa9t+1 
,oil4 ,?is well kn[n & mu* practis$     
me?od ( pa9t+  takes its "n f ! vehicle 
employ$ = ! col\rs4 ,! la/ may be  any (
 ^? ( a p]man5t "*1 & ^: natural t9t is 
n  alt]$ by admixture ) oil4 ,l9se$1    
nut1 & poppy oil1 are ^?  :i* are       
pr9cipally employ$4 ,! fir/ requires !  
addition (  #8dri]s1' & h5ce is g5]ally 
us$ "u ! =m ( #8boil$ oil4'  ,_s (      
turp5t9e is commonly us$ to ?9 d[n !    
prep>$ col\rs1  & ! f9i%$ picture is    
frequ5tly cov]$ ) a coat ( v>ni%4       
,pa9t+1 ,porcela94 ,see ,,pott]y1 ,,/a9$
 ,,glass1 c4    ,pa9t+1 ,velvet4 ,any ( 
! ord9>y non-corrosive pigm5ts or liquid
  col\rs1 ?ick5$ ) a little gum1 may be 

employ$ 9 ?is art2  pref]5ce be+1 h[ev]1
 giv5 to ^? t possess ! greate/         
brilliancy1 & :i* dry )\t spread+4 ,see 
,,/a9s1 c4    ,pa9t+1 ,wat]-col\r4 ,9   
its /ricte/ & mod]n s5se1 #8wat]-col\r  
pa9t+' means ! pa9t+ on pap] ) col\rs   
dilut$ ) wat]4 ,!  ,engli% s*ool (      
wat]-col\r pa9t+ has produc$ works :i*  
be>  comp>ison ) ! great ma/]pieces 9   
oil1 & ev5 surpass !m 9  ! delicacy (   
atmosph]ic effects4 ,! old practice (   
mak+ ! entire  draw+ 9 light & %ade by  
wa%es ( ,indian ink or neutral t9ts1 &  
!n add+ ! v>i\s local col\rs 9 transp>5t
 wa%es1 has giv5  place to ! m heal?y   
sy/em ( pa9t+ e object 9 its            
appropriate local col\r at ! outset4    
,,pa9t+s4 ,_m valuable pa9t+s suff]     
premature decay f !  attacks ( a        
microscopic insect1 a species ( ac>us or
 mite4 ,! be/  me?od ( prev5t+ ?is      
v>iety ( decay1 is to add a little      
creasote  7dissolv$ 9 br&y or v9eg>71 or
 a few gra9s ea* ( corrosive  sublimate 
& sal ammoniac 7dissolv$ 9 a little     

wat]71 to ! pa/e &  glue us$ to l9e !   
picture1 z well z to add a few drops (  
pure  creasote or ( an alcoholic or     
e!real solution ( corrosive sublimate to
  ! v>ni%1 :5 any is to be appli$4 ,if !
 de/ruction allud$ to has  already      
comm5c$1 ! pa9t+ %\ld be at once        
c>efully clean$ &  re-l9$1 obs]v+ to    
employ "o or o!r ( ! rem$ies j m5tion$4 
,! mo/ appropriate & only safe situation
 9 :i* to keep pa9t+s1  is :]e !re is a 
pure & mod]ately dry atmosph]e4 ,to     
protect  pictures f ! effects ( damp1 x 
has be5 sugge/$ to dip ! canvas  into a 
solution ( silicate ( pota%1 & aft]w>ds 
dri$1 previ\s to  its be+ us$4 ,impure  
air ab\nds 9 c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ 
hydrog54 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ! la/ 9 ! air
 t black5s !  #8lights1' & causes mo/ ( 
! #8middle t9ts' & #8%ades' to fade2 &  
x is exposure to damp t produces        
m\ld9ess & decay ( ! canvas4  ,= ?is    
reason valuable pa9t+s %\ld n be kept 9 
*ur*es1 nor  susp5d$ aga9/ heavy walls (
 masonry1 especially 9 badly v5tilat$   

build+s4 ,excess ( light1 p>ticul>ly !  
direct rays ( ! sun1 also  acts         
injuri\sly on pa9t+s1 s9ce x blea*es "s 
col\rs & d>k5s  o!rs4    ,! black5$     
lights ( old pictures may be in/antly   
re/or$ to _!  orig9al hue by t\*+ !m )  
p]oxide ( hydrog51 dilut$ ) #f  or #h   
times its weight ( pure wat]4 ,! "p mu/ 
be aft]w>ds wa%$  ) a clean sponge &    
wat]4 ,! mo/ a/oni%+ results h be5      
produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,see ,,p]oxide ,,(   
,,hydrog54    ,pett5k(] obs]v+ ! col\rs 
( _m ( ! oil pa9t+s 9 !  ,muni* gall]ies
 app>5tly fad+1 discov]$ t ! dim & grey 
appe>ance !y !n pres5t$1 0 n really due 
to any decay ( col\r1  b to a           
discont9uity ( ! molecules ( ! vehicle1 
& ! res9\s  sub/ances mix$ ) ! pigm5ts2 
! effect ( :i* 0 to break up  & less5 ! 
mass ( transp>5t col\r & to dim9i% its  
int5sity4  ,?is sep>ation f ea* o!r1 ( !
 alt]nate p>ticles1 he conceiv$  0 ow+  
to ! %r9k+ & contraction !y und]w5t aft]
 long ye>s  ( exposure to a moi/        
atmosph]e4 ,to rem$y x ,pett5k(]        

subject$ !  affect$ picture to two      
simple processes1 :i* he is said to h   
f\nd  absolutely successful4 ,! fir/1   
:i* he t]ms ! #8reg5]ation'  process1   
consi/s 9 enclos+ ! picture 9 a flat    
box1 :]e x is  expos$ to ! vap\rs (     
alcohol1 "p ( :i* be+ absorb$ by !      
res9\s molecules1 re/ore !m to _!       
orig9al volume4 ,h5ce x  foll[s t ! gaps
 betwe5 ! molecules be+ ?us fill$ up1   
!re is  pres5t$ to ! eye a cont9u\s mass
 ( transp>5t col\r1 z :5 !  picture 0   
fre%ly pa9t$4    ,9 ! previ\s op]ation !
 res9\s con/itu5ts only ( ! picture  h  
be5 act$ ^u & re/or$ to _! normal       
condition4 ,! h>d5$  molecules ( ! oil  
:i* h be5 employ$ z a vehicle h likewise
  dim9i%$ 9 bulk1 f ! same causes1 & 9 s
 do+ h contribut$  to ! less5+ ( !      
brightness ( ! picture4 ,9 cases :]e x  
is  f\nd ! increas$ volume ( res9\s     
p>ticles has fail$ to fill up !         
int]vals betwe5 ! %runk5 oil molecules1 
,pett5k(] subjects !  picture to a fur!r
 process4 ,9 ?is1 :i* he t]ms #8n\ri%+  

x1' !  picture is simply rubb$ ov] )    
balsam ( copaiba4    ,oil1 :i* 0 =m]ly  
employ$ = ?is purpose1 is v /rongly     
condemn$ by ,pett5k(]4    ,oil pa9t+s1 z
 probably mo/ ( our read]s are aw>e1 are
 mo/ly  execut$ ei!r on wood 7#8panel'7 
or canvas1 n[ pr9cipally on !  latt]4   
,bo? ^! sub/ances h to und]go a         
prelim9>y op]ation  kn[n z #8prim+1' !  
prim+ be+1 9 %ort1 ! gr\nd on :i* !     
pa9t is plac$4 ,?is prim+ may consi/    
ei!r ( a numb] ( lay]s  compos$ ( a     
mixture ( *alk or pla/]1 ) pa/e or glue1
 or else (  a s]ies ( coats ( oil col\r4
 ,:5 a canvas or panel is prep>$ )  !   
=m]1 x is call$ #8di/emp] prim+1' :5 ) !
 latt]1 #8oil  prim+4' ,! di/emp] is ! m
 quickly prep>$1 b is op5 to !          
objection ( be+ easily brok51 & ( a     
liability to absorb moi/ure1  by :i* x  
becomes liable to sep>ate f ! canvas4   
,if ! prim+ be ( oil col\r x is         
desirable t ! *ief pigm5t  us$ 9 mak+ x 
%\ld be :ite lead1 & t if any o!r col\rs
 are  add$1 !y %\ld be 9 comp>atively   

small quantities4 ,dr ,r4 ,liebrei*     
cites an example 9 :i* a dep>ture f ?is 
precaution1 p]sev]$ 9  f ! middle ( !   
#af? to t ( ! #ag? c5tury1 by a         
celebrat$  s*ool ( ,italian pa9t]s 7!   
,bologna71 has result$ 9 ! de/ruction  9
 _! works ( all ! glaz+ ( ! picture1 8s 
t ^? col\rs  only c be recognis$ :i*    
ei!r conta9 :ite1 or are glaz$ on       
:ite40 ,fur!rmore1 t ! d>k prim+ us$ by 
^! arti/s has  caus$ ! d>k p>ts ( _!    
pictures to become /ill d>k]4    ,?is   
prim+ :i* 0 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 0     
compos$ ( a  mixture ( bole ,arm5ian &  
umb]2 & x is conjectur$ x 0 employ$  ) !
 object ( modify+ or s(t5+ too viol5t   
contra/s ( light  & d>k col\rs1 & ?us ( 
easily secur+ effective *i>oscuro1 &  ( 
aid+ rapid execution4    ,! ,dut* &     
,flemi% pa9t]s mo/ly employ$ a light    
col\r$ prim+2  sometimes x 0 ( a light  
oak col\r4 ,v&yke is said to h us$ grey 
gr\nds = 8 pictures1 & 9 "s few in/ances
 dull r$ ones2 &  s9ce 8 pictures are   
free f ! objectionable qualities met ) 9

  ! works ( ! ,bologna arti/s1 x has be5
 surmis$ t 9 ?is me?od  ( work+1 he _h  
rec\rse to impa/o col\r+4    ,9 !       
selection ( wood1 :i* is subsequ5tly to 
be us$ = !  picture1 consid]able judgm5t
 & exp]i5ce are requir$1 t f !  t\ghe/ &
 s\nde/ oaks1 nut trees1 or c$>1 be+    
s\ght aft]4 ,!  cutt+ x into bo>ds1 &   
season+ x1 are also po9ts exact+ a great
  am\nt ( "t & c>e4    ,! backs (       
pictures1 if made ( wood1 9 addition to 
_! liability to  attacks f insects1 n   
unfrequ5tly w>p1 or fissures =m 9 !m1 or
  !y may become hopelessly rott54    ,:5
 ! picture w>ps1 x %\ld be moi/5$ ) wat]
 at ! back1 on  :i* x %\ld be la9 = #bd 
h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t1 or  sometimes  
less1 x becomes p]fectly /raight4       
,fissures may be fill$ up  by pieces (  
wood cut to ! requir$ size4 ,small      
pieces ( rott5 wood1  if n too ne> !    
pa9t+1 may be cut out & ! gaps fill$ up 
)  w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( wood4 ,:]e ! loss 
is insignificant x may be  /opp$ up )   
cem5t4 ,:5 ! panel is v rott5 & decay$1 

x may  be necess>y to remove ! picture f
 x altoge!r1 & to place x  ei!r on a new
 panel1 or ^u :at ,dr ,liebrei* reg>ds z
 bett] /ill1  a piece ( canvas4    ,?is 
is by no means s =midable & a/oni%+ an  
op]ation z x may  at fir/ sight appe>2 9
 %ort1 z w be directly %[n1 ! picture   
may1 if necess>y1 be fre$ f its prim+   
ev51 )\t any difficulty4    ,hacqu91 (  
,p>is1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to remove an oil   
pa9t+ f its  base1 & to place x ^u a new
 "o4 ,he did ?is ) "o ( ,raphael's      
,madonnas1 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre2 & !   
same treatm5t has s9ce  be5 ext5d$ to ! 
#8,resurrection ( ,laz>us1' by ,seba/ian
 del ,piombo1  "o ( ! pictures 9 our    
,national ,gall]y4 ,?is process is      
g5]ally  accompli%$ z foll[s3----       
8,fir/ ( all ! surface ( ! picture is   
pa/$ ov] ) gauze &  pap]2 aft] t ! wood 
is made /raight by moi/5+1 or1 if       
necess>y1 by mak+ incisions ) ! saw1    
into :i* cunei=m pieces  ( wood are     
driv54 ,by means ( a t5on-saw ! panel is
 to be sawn into  little squ>es1 :i* mu/

 be remov$ by a *isel1 & 9 ?is way !    
?ickness ( ! wood is r$uc$ to half an   
in*2 x is !n plan$ until  x becomes no  
?ick] ?an pap]1 & ! re/ is remov$ by    
means ( a  knife & ) ! f+]s4    8,!     
pa9t+ be+ ?us sev]$ f its basis1 x c be 
fix$ on canvas  if ! prim+ is           
suffici5tly pres]v$4 ,9 ! opposite case 
a mixture  made ( *alk & glue1 or some?+
 ( ! k9d1 mu/ be put on fir/1  & v ev5ly
 smoo!d aft] be+ dry4 ,?is done ! new   
canvas has to  be fix$ ^u x by means ( a
 mixture ( glue1 v>ni%1 & turp5t9e1  & !
 sub/ance ( ! picture press$ tightly &  
ev5ly aga9/ x by  means ( w>m irons40#hf
    ,footnote #hf3 ,liebrei*4           
,defects 9 ! prim+ ( an oil pa9t+1 :5 !y
 are conf9$ to a  slight sep>ation ( !  
prim+ ( a canvas1 may be rem$i$ by p\r+ 
into ! gap caus$ by ! sev]ance a little 
solution ( size1 & !n  press+ ! sep>at$ 
surfaces g5tly toge!r4 ,slight cracks   
mu/ be  fill$ up ) fre% prim+4    ,=    
pa9t+s 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! prim+ seems     
insecure1 or has  ext5sively sep>at$ f !

 canvas1 x is recomm5d$ to remove !m    
entirely f ! old basis & to transf] !m  
to new panels or canvas4    ,! prop]ty (
 un*angeabl5ess1 or indisposition to    
fade1 z exemplifi$  9 ! ret5tion ( its  
fre%ness ( col\r by a picture1 is "o    
:i*1 x  is ass]t$1 is v mu* m g5]ally   
met ) 9 ! pictures ( !  ,italian1#hg &  
,dut* pa9t]s ( ! #ae?1 #af?1 & #ag?     
c5turies1  ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% 
s*ools ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4  ,op9ions h 
be5 advanc$ 9 explanation ( ?is         
circum/ance4 ,"o is1  t ! old] ma/]s us$
 pigm5ts & vehicles ( mu* great] purity 
& fre$om f adult]ation ?an ! latt]      
g5]ations ( pa9t]s2  ano!r1 t !y work$  
by a me?od & prep>$ _! col\rs by a      
process unkn[n s9ce _! "t1 9 fact1 t !y 
7 possess$ ( a  te*nical secret1 :i*1 z 
!y nev] divulg$ x1 has di$ ) !m2 a      
?ird1 t !y _h *oice ( _m col\rs unkn[n 9
 ! pres5t day4    ,footnote #hg3 ,f !   
,italian s*ool mu/ be except$ t (       
,bologna4    ,"o ( ! lat] & mo/ valuable
 contributions to our k (  ^! po9ts has 

be5 made by ,dr ,r4 ,liebrei*1 9 8      
lecture 8,on !  ,det]ioration ( ,oil    
,pa9t+s10 deliv]$ at ! ,royal           
,in/itution1 ,m>*  #a/1 #ahgh1 :i* also 
embraces ! practical d$uctions to be    
drawn f  ! results ( 8 inve/igations4 ,!
 plan adopt$ by ,dr ,liebrei* =         
unravell+ ! s-call$ secret by :i* ! old 
ma/]s s g5]ally  contriv$ to secure     
p]man5cy = _! col\rs 0 +5i\s &  logical2
 x consi/$ 9 dissect+ ! /ructure &      
*emically analys+  ! pigm5ts1 vehicles1 
c41 ( ! pictures ( ! pupils ( ! great   
ma/]s1 = 8=tunately !y pa9t$ ) ! same   
mat]ial & by !  same me?ods z ! ma/]s1 &
 ?\s&s ( pictures by ! pupils1 well     
pres]v$ & 9 diff]5t /ages ( decay1 may  
be easily secur$40    ,! ?ird           
explanation previ\sly giv5 z a reason = 
! sup]ior  durability ( ! col\r+ ( ! old
 ov] ! lat] oil pa9t+s is  ?us dispos$ (
 by him4 ,he says3----    8,we meet v   
(t5 ) ! idea t ! old ma/]s _h be5 9     
possession ( col\rs1 t is1 pigm5ts1 ! k 
( :i* has be5  lo/1 & t ?is acc\nts     

pr9cipally = ! diff]5ce betwe5 !  oil   
pa9t+s ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 on ! "o
 h&1 & t (  ! #ah? & #ai? on ! o!r4 ,b  
?is is a great mi/ake4 ,we "k  p]fectly 
well ! pigm5ts us$ by ! old ma/]s2 we   
possess ! same  & a consid]able numb] ( 
new ones1 good z well z bad1 9          
addition40    ,he adds1 8,9 us+ !       
expression ( good & bad1 ,i am ?9k+     
pr9cipally ( _! durability4 ,f ?is po9t 
( view ! pigm5ts c  be plac$ "u ?ree    
head+s3----    8#a4 ,^? t are durable 9 
!mselves & also agree well ) !  o!r     
pigm5ts ) :i* !y h to be mix$4    8#b4  
,su* z :5 suffici5tly isolat$ rema9     
unalt]$1 b :5 9  contact ) c]ta9 o!r    
pigm5ts *ange col\r1 or alt] ! o!rs1 or 
produce a reciprocal modification4      
8#c4 ,^? :i* are s little durable t1 ev5
 :5 isolat$ f o!r  pigm5ts1 ! m]e       
contact ( ! vehicle1 ! air1 or ! light1 
makes  !m 9 "t fade1 d>k51 or disappe>  
altoge!r4    8,! old ma/]s us$ )\t      
res]ve only ^? belong+ to ! fir/  ( ^!  
?ree categories4 ,= ^? belong+ to !     

second !y impos$  on !mselves c]ta9     
limits & precautions4 ,^? belong+ to !  
?ird  !y did n use at all4    8,t "s ( !
 mod]n ma/]s h n foll[$ ^! pr9ciples is 
n  ow+ to a lo/ secret1 b to ! fact !y  
disreg>d$ ^? well kn[n  pr9ciples1 & ev5
 consci\sly act$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 ,sir      
,jo%ua  ,reynolds' di>y1 = in/ance1 we  
read t 9 ord] to produce c]ta9  t9ts (  
fle%1 he mix$ orpim5t1 c>m9e lake1 &    
blue black toge!r4    8,n[1 orpim5t is  
"o ( ! col\rs ( ! second category1 c>m9e
 lake  "o ( ! ?ird4 ,t is to say1       
orpim5t1 z long z x rema9s  isolat$1    
keeps its brilliant yell[ or r$di%      
orange col\r2 b :5  mix$ ) :ite lead x  
decomposes1 because x consi/s ( sulphur 
&  ars5ic1 & x moreov] black5s ! :ite   
lead1 because ! sulphur  comb9es ) x4   
,c>m9e lake1 ev5 if left isolat$1 does n
 /& z  an oil col\r1 &1 !re=e1 has be5  
sup]s$$ by madd] lake4    ,un=tunately  
"s ( ! mo/ brilliant col\rs are p]i%able
 to su* a  degree t !y ought nev] to be 
us$2 yet x seems to me t j 9  "o bran* (

 art1 9 :i* ( late rem>kable progress   
has be5 made1 ,i  mean l&scape pa9t+1 ! 
arti/s1 9 ord] to obta9 c]ta9 effects  (
 col\r n easy to be realis$1 d n always 
resi/ ! temptation to  make use ( a     
numb] ( pigm5ts1 ! non-durability ( :i* 
is prov$  beyond d\bt40    ,ano!r po9t  
:i* ,dr ,liebrei* reg>ds z ( mu* m      
importance ev5  ?an ! selection &       
treatm5t ( _! pigm5ts1 & 9 :i* he says  
! old ma/]s ex]cis$ great discretion1 0 
! m sp>+ use (  ! vehicles & liquids !y 
mix$ ) _! col\rs4    ,he po9ts out t !re
 are c]ta9 pigm5ts :i* :5 mix$ ) !  oil 
imp$e its dry+1 :il/ o!rs !re are :i*   
ha/5 x4 8,suppos+  n[10 he says1 8we    
%\ld add to ea* ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts !   
same  quantity ( oil1 ! dry+ ( x w\ld   
progress at diff]5t rates4 ,b  9 reality
 ?is diff]5ce is v greatly increas$ by !
 fact t !  diff]5t pigm5ts require v    
diff]5t quantities ( oil1 9 ord] to  be 
gr\nd to ! consi/5cy requisite = pa9t+40
    ,pett5k(] quotes ! foll[+ figures   
giv5 to him by "o ( ! col\r             

manufactur]s3----      #ajj p>ts        
7weight7 ,:ite lead      require #ab    
p>ts ( oil4        0        0     ,z9c  
:ite         0    #ad      0        0   
0     ,gre5 *rome       0    #ae      0 
0        0     ,*rome yell[      0      
#ai      0        0        0            
,v]milion          0    #be      0      
0        0     ,light r$          0     
#ca      0        0        0     ,madd] 
lake        0    #fb      0        0    
0     ,yell[ o*re       0    #ff      0 
0        0     ,light o*re        0     
#gb      0        0        0            
,camel's br[n      0    #ge      0      
0        0     ,br[n manganese    0     
#hg      0        0        0     ,t]re  
v]te        0   #ajj      0        0    
0     ,p>isian blue      0   #ajf      0
        0        0     ,burnt t]re v]te 
0   #aab      0        0        0       
,b]l9 blue        0   #aab      0       
0        0     ,ivory black        0    
#aab      0        0        0           
,cobalt             0   #abe      0     

0        0     ,flor5t9e br[n   0   #aej
      0        0        0     ,burnt    
t]ra si5na 0   #aha      0        0     
0     ,raw t]ra si5na   0   #adj      0 
,accord+ to ?is table1 a hundr$ p>ts ( !
 quick dry+ :ite lead  are gr\nd )      
twelve p>ts ( oil1 & on ! o!r h&1       
sl[-dry+  ivory black requires "o hundr$
 & twelve p>ts ( oil4    ,x is v        
important t arti/s %\ld h an exact k (  
^!  matt]s4 ,b x seems to me t !y are   
insuffici5tly kn[n to mo/ (  !m4 ,all1 (
 c\rse1 "k p]fectly h[ diff]5t ! dry+   
quality (  diff]5t col\rs is4 ,b t ^!   
diff]5t col\rs introduce into !  picture
 s diff]5t a quantity ( ! oil1 & h[ l>ge
 ! quantity is  9 ! col\rs !y buy1 &1   
fur!r1 t ! oil z well z ! m$iums  or    
siccatives !y add to dry ! col\rs are   
gradually trans=m$ into a  ca\t*\c-l    
opaque sub/ance1 :i* envelopes & d>k5s !
  pigm5ts1 &1 moreov]1 t ! oil und]goes1
 n 9 ! beg9n+1 b  mu* lat] on1 :5 x is  
already completely dry1 *anges ( volume1
 &  s impairs ! cont9uity ( !           

picture----all ?is is n suffici5tly     
kn[n4 ,o!rwise1 ! cu/om ( pa9t+ ) !     
ord9>y oil col\rs1 to  be b\ght at any  
col\rman's1 w\ld n h be5 go+ on = ne>ly 
a  hundr$ ye>s1 9 spite ( all ! cle>ly  
%[n evil results----results due  *iefly 
to ! pr9cipal enemy ( oil pa9t+1 t is to
 say1 ! oil4    ,a close optical        
exam9ation & accurate /udy ( ! pictures 
( !  ,fr5* & ,engli% ma/]s ( ! la/      
hundr$ ye>s h reveal$ to ,dr  ,liebrei* 
_! pr9cipal defects1 :i* he says        
are3----    #a4 ,d>k5+ ( ! opaque bright
 col\rs4    #b4 ,fad+ ( ! transp>5t     
brilliant col\rs4    #c4 ,d>k5+1 & above
 all1 crack+ ( ! transp>5t d>k col\rs4  
,he  /ates t ^! cracks are s *>act]i/ic 
& di/9ctive ( !  pictures ( ?is p]iod t 
!y might be us$ z a te/ z to :e!r or  n 
a picture really belong$ to ?is s*ool1  
or 0 only a copy4    ,?is peculi> crack+
 9 ! pa9t is1 accord+ to ,dr ,liebrei*1 
p>ticul>ly obs]vable 9 ,gu]icault's     
#8,wreck ( ! ,m$usa' 9 !  ,l\vre1 & also
 9 ,+res' #8,portrait ( ,*]ub9i1' & z ! 

same  defect is n to be se5 9 ! works ( 
! ,dut* & ,italian arti/s1  ! v rational
 inf]5ce to be drawn is t ! me?ods      
foll[$ by  ^! s*ools 7 s\nd] ?an ^?     
adopt$ by _! ,engli% & ,fr5*            
successors4 ,dr ,liebrei* believes !    
cracks 7 ow+ to ! practice (  pa9t+ ov] 
"o col\r ) ano!r be=e ! fir/ 0 p]fectly 
dry4    8,! /udy ( ! alt]ations10 says  
,dr ,liebrei* 8already fully develop$   
)9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s only1 & _!         
comp>ison ) ! works (  ! old ma/]s w\ld 
sugge/ ! foll[+ rules = ! process (     
pa9t+3----    8#a4 ,t ! oil %\ld 9 all  
col\rs be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & "u  no =m
 %\ld m ( x ?an absolutely necess>y be  
introduc$ into a  picture4    8#b4 ,all 
transp>5t col\rs :i* dry v sl[ly %\ld be
 gr\nd1 n  ) oil at all1 b ) a res9\s   
vehicle4    8#c4 ,no col\r %\ld be put  
on any "p ( a picture :i* is n yet      
p]fectly dry1 & above all1 nev] a       
quick-dry+ col\r ^u a  sl[ly-dry+ "o :i*
 is n yet p]fectly dry4    8#d4 ,:ite & 
o!r quick-dry+ opaque col\rs may be put 

on ?ickly4 ,on  ! contr>y1 transp>5t &  
sl[ly-dry+ col\rs %\ld always be put  on
 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,if ! effect ( a ?ick lay] 
( ^! latt] is  requir$1 x mu/ be produc$
 by lay+ "o ?9 lay] ov] ano!r1  tak+ c>e
 to h "o completely dry be=e ! next is  
laid on4 ,if  transp>5t col\rs are mix$ 
) suffici5t quantity ( :ite lead !y  may
 be treat$ l opaque ones40    ,dr       
,liebrei* concludes 8 int]e/+ lecture ) 
"s judici\s advice  on ! subject (      
picture clean+1 & po9ts out t1 s9ce     
diff]5t  pictures require to be         
diff]5tly op]at$ ^u1 all univ]sal ag5ts 
&  me?ods sugge/$ = ! purpose are op5 to
 suspicion & %\ld be  disc>d$4    ,=    
pictures ! v>ni% ( :i* has become crack$
 or dim he recomm5ds  ,pett5k(]'s       
treatm5t ) alcoholis$ vap\r1 already    
describ$4 ,=  ^? 9 :i* ! v>ni% may h    
become d>k yell[1 br[n1 or dirty1  he   
advises its removal altoge!r1 be+ v     
c>eful to specify !  conditions "u :i*  
?is %\ld be accompli%$1 & ! risk !      
picture may run ( be+ spoil$ if entru/$ 

to an un9tellig5t &  ignorant           
manufactur]4 8,if a picture10 he says1  
8is ?r\gh\t pa9t$ 9  oil1 if its        
sub/ance has rema9$ s\nd & ev51 & x has 
be5  v>ni%$ ) an easily soluble ma/i* or
 damm> v>ni%1 !re w be  nei!r difficulty
 nor dang] 9 remov+ ! v>ni%4 ,?is c1 9  
su* a  case1 be done ei!r by a dry      
process1 t is by rubb+ ! surface )  !   
tips ( ! f+]s & ?us r$uc+ ! v>ni% by    
degrees to a f9e  du/1 or by dissolv+ ! 
v>ni% by application ( liquids :i*1 :5  
br\ght only = a %ort "t into contact ) !
 oil pa9t+1 w n  endang] x4 ,we h1      
h[ev]1 se5 t ! works ( ! old ma/]s are  
n pa9t$ ) oil col\rs l ^? us$ by mod]n  
pa9t]s1 b1 on  ! contr>y1 t c]ta9       
pigm5ts1 & especially ! transp>5t       
col\rs us$ = glaz+1 7 gr\nd only )      
res9\s sub/ances4 ,^!  latt] h 9 ! c\rse
 ( "t be5 s ?or\ghly unit$ ) ! lay]  (  
v>ni% spread ov] ! surface ( ! picture t
 !re no long]  exi/s any decid$ limit   
betwe5 ! picture & ! v>ni%4 ,x is 9  su*
 pictures t a great am\nt ( exp]i5ce & k

 ( !  process us$ = ! picture1 z well z 
precaution1 are requir$1 9  ord] to take
 away f ! v>ni% z mu* only z is         
indisp5sable1 &  )\t int]f]+ ) ! picture
 itself4    8,numb]less works ( art h   
be5 irrep>ably injur$ by re/or]s1 :o1  9
 _! eag]ness to remove dirt & v>ni%1    
attack$ ! pa9t+  itself4 ,!y !n de/roy$ 
j t la/ f9i%+ t\* ( ! pa9t+  )\t :i* x  
is no long] a ma/]piece40    8,! clean] 
is1 !n1 rem9d$ t if ! removal f !       
pictures (  _! v>ni%1 :5 ?is is kn[n to 
consi/ ( a spiritu\s solution (  ! gums 
ma/i* or damm>1 requires ! am\nt (      
discretion & judgm5t  be=e specifi$1    
/ill great] c>e & prud5ce are necess>y  
:5  deal+ ) pictures ^: surfaces h be5  
cov]$ ) oil1 oil  v>ni%1 or oleo-res9\s 
v>ni%4 ,all ^! sub/ances1 :i* 9 "t  m or
 less obscure ! picture1 =m on its face 
a d>k & opaque film1  & ?is frequ5tly   
requires = its removal ! application (  
"s  ag5t1 :i*1 9 dissolv+ ! lay] (      
v>ni%1 is v liable at !  same "t to     
dissolve ! sub/ance ( ! picture also40  

,z a rec5t in/ance ( ! injuri\s effects 
( injudici\s picture  clean+1 ,dr4      
,liebrei* m5tions ! case ( a valuable   
picture 9 !  ,pitti ,palace1 at         
,flor5ce1 ! #8,/ ,john ( ,&rea del      
,s>to4' ,! s(tness  ( ! outl9e ( ! face 
( ! figure1 :i* he rememb]s previ\s to  
its attempt$ re/oration1 _h be5 entirely
 de/roy$1 :i* disa/r\s  result ,dr      
,liebrei* conceiv$ _h be5 caus$ by !    
entire removal ( !  glaz+4    ,a new    
me?od = clean+ pictures is describ$ by  
,e4 ,von ,bibra 9 !  #8,j\rnal fr       
,praktis*e ,*emie4' ,a v indi/9ct       
oil-pa9t+ 0 fre$  f du/ ) a fea!r1 wa%$ 
) a sponge & wat]1 & !n cov]$  = eight  
m9utes ) a lay] ( %av+ soap4 ,! soap 0  
!n wa%$  (f ) a bru% & !n left to dry4  
,x 0 next ?or\ghly clean$ )  l95 clo?   
soak$ 9 nitro-b5zol4 ,! picture 0 n[    
di/9ct1 b !  col\rs dull4 ,f9ally1 x 0  
treat$ ) olive oil1 & a coat+ (         
quick-dry+ v>ni% laid on4 7,academy1    
,may #f?1 #ahgh47hh    ,footnote #hh3 ,9
 giv+ ins]tion to ! above1 we d n v5ture

 to give  an op9ion z to its value or ! 
rev]se4 ,we w\ld recomm5d x to be  read 
side by side ) ,dr ,liebrei*'s advice on
 picture clean+1 giv5  above4----,,ed4  
,,pa9ts4 ,9 trade1 ?is t]m is commonly  
appli$ to pigm5ts gr\nd )  oil to a ?ick
 pa/e1 ready to be #8?9n$ d[n' ) oil or 
turp5t9e to  a consi/5ce adapt$ =       
application ) a bru%4    ,pa9ts are     
prep>$ on ! small scale by gr9d+ ! dry  
pigm5ts )  ! oil by means ( a           
/one-&-mull]2 on ! l>ge scale !y are    
gr\nd  9 a col\r mill4 ,!re are sev]al  
pigm5ts1 z ,k+'s yell[1 ,s*eele's  gre51
 v]digris1 :ite lead1 c41 :i* f _!      
poison\s "*  _c be safely gr\nd by h&1  
except 9 v small quantities at a  "t1 & 
!n only by ! ex]cise ( extreme caution4 
,9 mix+ or ?9n+ d[n pa9ts = use x may be
 useful to m5tion  t----= outdoor "w1   
boil$ oil is pr9cipally or :olly        
employ$1  unless x be = ! decorative    
p>ts ( h\ses1 :5 a portion (  turp5t9e &
 pale l9se$ oil is (t5 add$4----,=      
9-door "w1 l9se$  oil1 turp5t9e1 & a    

little #8dri]s1' are g5]ally us$ 9 !    
same  way4 ,! small] ! proportion ( oil 
employ$ = ! purpose1 ! less  w be !     
gloss1 & ! great] ! ultimate h>dness ( !
 coat+4  ,= #8flatt$ :ite1' c41 ! col\r 
be+ gr\nd 9 oil1 requires  sc>cely any  
fur!r addition ( t article1 z ! object  
is to h x  #8dead' or dull4 ,! be/ dri]s
 are gr\nd li?>ge1 & gr\nd sug> (  lead2
 ! fir/ = d>k & middle t9ts1 & ! la/ =  
light ones4    ,to pres]ve mix$ pa9ts 9 
pots f #8sk9n+ ov]' or dry+ up1 !y  %\ld
 be kept con/antly cov]$ ) wat]2 or1 :at
 is bett]1 ) a  ?9 film ( l9se$ oil4    
,bru%es1 :5 out ( use1 may be pres]v$ 9 
a simil> mann] to mix$  pa9ts4 ,:5      
dirty1 or requir$ = a pa9t ( ano!r      
col\r1 !y may be  clean$ ) a little oil 
( turp5t9e1 :i* may be ei!r pres]v$ =  !
 same purpose ano!r "t1 or may be all[$ 
to deposit its col\r1  & !n us$ to ?9   
d[n pa9ts z usual4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1   
%\ld x  be ?r[n back into ! ci/]n or pan
 ) ! pure #8turps4'    ,pa9ts1          
,flexible4 ,prep4 ,take ( good yell[    

soap 7cut into slices71  #b-a_/b lbs42  
boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b gall42 dissolve1 &  
gr9d ! solution  :il/ hot ) good oil    
pa9t1 #a-a_/d cwt4 ,us$ to pa9t canvas4 
,pa9ts1 ,vitrifiable4 ,see ,,enamel1    
,,glaze1 ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 c4             
,,palla,,dium4 ,pd4 ,a r>e metal        
discov]$ by ,dr ,wolla/on 9 ! ore (     
plat9um1 9 #ahjc4    ,prep4 #a4 ,a      
solution ( ! ore ( plat9um 9 aqua regia1
 f :i*  mo/ ( ! metal has be5           
precipitat$ by *loride ( ammonium1 is   
neutralis$ by c>bonate ( sodium1 & !n   
treat$ ) a solution (  cyanide ( m]cury2
 ! :ite insoluble precipitate 7cyanide (
 palladium7  is next wa%$1 dri$1 & heat$
 to r$ness2 ! residuum ( ! ignition     
7spongy palladium7 is !n submitt$ to a  
gradually increas$ pressure1  & weld+ at
 a :ite heat1 s z to =m a button1 9 a   
simil> mann]  to t adopt$ ) plat9um4    
,prod4 ,columbian ore ( plat9um1 #a2    
,uralian d41 #be to #ge4    #b4 ,!      
native alloy ( gold & palladium 7f !    
,brazils7 is submitt$  to ! op]ations ( 

qu>tation & p>t+1 ! nitric acid employ$ 
be+ ( ! d5sity ( #ac2 ! silv] is next   
precipitat$ f !  solution by means ( a  
solution ( common salt or dilute        
hydro*loric  acid1 & ! decant$          
sup]natant liquid1 aft] evaporation to  
"o half1  is neutralis$ ) ammonia1 &    
conc5trat$ s t cry/als may =m2  ^!      
7*loride ( palladium & ammonium7 are    
cauti\sly wa%$ 9 a  little v cold wat]1 
dri$1 mix$ ) borax1 & expos$ 9 a        
crucible  to ! /ronge/ heat ( a p[]ful  
bla/ furnace1 :5 a solid button (  pure 
palladium is =m$4    ,prop41 c4         
,palladium closely resembles plat9um 9  
appe>ance1  fusibility1 malleability1 & 
ductility2 b x is less d5se1 & has a  r 
m silv]y col\r ?an t metal2 x is freely 
soluble 9 aqua  regia1 & is sl[ly       
attack$ by nitric acid1 b ! o!r acids   
ex]t  little or no action on x2 heat$ to
 r$ness 9 ! air1 a v  sup]ficial blue or
 purple film ( oxide =ms on ! surface1  
:i* is  aga9 r$uc$ at a :ite heat4 ,x   
melts at #aef----,w$gwood4 ,sp4 gr4 #aac

 to  #aba 7#aah----,wolla/on2           
#abad----,vauquel974 ,x readily unites )
 copp]1  silv]1 & "s o!r metals1 by     
fusion4    ,te/s4 #a4 ,! neutral        
solutions ( palladium are precipitat$ 9 
!  metallic /ate by f]r\s sulphate1 d>k 
br[n by sulphurett$ hydrog51  olive by  
f]rocyanide ( potassium1 & yell[i% :ite 
by cyanide (  m]cury4----#b4 ,a drop (  
t9cture ( iod9e plac$ on ! surface (    
metallic palladium1 & !n evaporat$ by ! 
heat ( a _s lamp1  leaves a black spot4 
,by ! la/ two te/s palladium is readily 
di/+ui%$ f plat9um4    ,uses4 ,x has be5
 employ$ to =m ! scales ( ma!matical &  
a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & is us$ 9       
d5ti/ry4 ,its alloy ) silv]  is a v     
valuable :ite metal4 ,x is also us$ =   
mak+ ! small]  divisions ( gra9 & gramme
 weights4 ,palladium is n t>ni%$ by     
sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,an alloy ( #a "p (
 palladium & #ajj p>ts (  /eel is well  
adapt$ = cutt+ in/rum5ts :i* require to 
be  p]fectly smoo? on ! edge4           
,,palmit,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#af;,h#ca,o#b4 

,prep>$ f palmit9 7see next  article71  
by saponification1 z /e>ic acid is      
prep>$ f /e>94 ,x  =ms pe>ly scales1 &  
melts at #adj ,fahr41 l m>g>ic acid1 :i*
 x  closely resembles4    ,,pal,,mit94  
,syn4 ,,tripalmit94 ,c#c;,h#e           
7,c#af;,h#ca,o#b7c4 ,!  solid portion ( 
palm oil1 purifi$ by cry/allisation f   
hot e!r4  ,:ite2 soluble 9 e!r &        
slightly s 9 hot alcohol2 melts at #aah 
,fahr42 by saponification x is conv]t$  
into palmitic acid4 7,see  above47      
,,palpita,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,palpus1        
,,palpitatio ,,cordis1 ,l4 ,a viol5t &  
irregul> beat+ or action ( ! he>t1 ei!r 
tempor>y or occasional4  ,:5 x does n   
arise f sudd5 or viol5t agitation or    
di/ress (  m9d1 x may be reg>d$ z a     
symptom ( a di/urbance ( ! n]v\s        
functions by disease1 9 :i* case        
att5tion %\ld be direct$ to !  removal (
 ! prim>y affection4    ,,pal,,sy4 ,see 
,,p>alysis4    ,,panace,a4 ,a t]m =m]ly 
appli$ to *ose rem$ies :i* 7 suppos$  to
 be capable ( cur+ all diseases1 & /ill 

appli$ to "s quack  m$ic9es4            
,,pana,,da4 ,see ,,bread ,,jelly 7"u    
,,jelly74    ,,pan,,ary ,,f]m5ta,,tion4 
,! v9\s f]m5tation z develop$ 9 ! d\gh  
( bread4    ,,pan,,cakes4 ,^! are       
ess5tially fri$ batt]1 v>i\sly enri*$ & 
flav\r$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! cook4 ,:5
 !y conta9 fruit1  fi%1 meat1 or p\ltry1
 or are highly season$ or ornam5t$1 !y  
are  commonly call$ ,,fritt]s4    ,prep4
 7,m4 ,soy]47 ,break #b to #d eggs into 
a bas91 add #d small  table-spoonfuls ( 
fl\r1 #b teaspoonfuls ( sug>1 & a little
 salt2 beat  ! :ole well toge!r1 add+1  
by degrees1 #a_/b p9t ( milk1 or a      
little  m or less1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! 
eggs & ! quality ( !  fl\r1 s z to =m a 
r ?ick batt]2 next add a little g+]1    
c9namon1 or any o!r flav\r at w2 la/ly1 
put !m into ! pan1 &  :5 set1 & "o side 
br[ni%1 lay hold ( ! fry+-pan at !      
extremity ( ! h&le1 give x a sudd5 b    
slight j]k upw>ds1 & !  cake w turn ov] 
on ! o!r side2 :5 ?is is br[n1 di% up ) 
sift$ sug>1 & s]ve ) lemon4 ,see        

,,fritt]s4    ,,pancreas4 ,?is gl&1     
popul>ly kn[n z ! sweet-bread1 secretes 
a  col\rless & slightly viscid fluid1   
:i* possesses ! prop]ties  (----#a4     
,conv]t+ />* into sug>2 #b4 ,( emulsify+
 fats & oils4 ,&  s9ce x is necess>y t !
 />*y & ! fatty +r$i5ts ( !  food %\ld  
und]go ?is prep>atory *ange be=e !y are 
9 a condition  to become assimilat$ by !
 animal economy1 x w be se5 t  pancreat9
 7z ! secretion f ! pancreas is call$7  
p]=ms an  important function 9 bodily   
nutrition4    ,) a k ( ^! facts be=e !m1
 x is n surpris+ t !  employm5t (       
pancreat9 9 disease %\ld h be5 recomm5d$
 by  !rapeuti/s4 ,dr ,h>ley1 we believe1
 fir/ br\ght ?is rem$y to !  notice (   
m$ical m5 9 #aheh1 s9ce :i* "t its      
pr9cipal advocate has  be5 ,dr ,horace  
,dobell1 ^: me?od ( prep>+ an emulsion f
 x1 z  well z = procur+ ! pancreat9 pure
 & simple1 are giv5 bel[4    ,b]n>d1    
correctly div9+ t ! pancreatic fluid 0  
conc]n$ 9 !  process ( dige/ion1        
conceiv$ t x aid$ ! assimilation ( !    

fatty & oily portions ( ! food1 by      
saponify+ !m4 ,subsequ5t  physiologi/s  
h1 h[ev]1 %[n1 8t ! action ( !          
pancreatic  secretion is evid5tly to    
break up ! l>ge granules1 cry/als1 &    
globules ( oil & fat into myriads (     
m9ute p>ticles ( f #a_/cjjj?  to        
#a_/aejjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is   
way ! fat is emulsifi$ &  conv]t$ into a
 milky liquid1 :i* mixes freely ) wat]1 
& passes  ?r\gh ! tissues ( ! inte/9es  
into ! lacteals40#hi    ,footnote #hi3  
,le!by4    ,pancreat9 has an alkal9e    
reaction1 & putrefies v quickly4 ,x     
seems  to conta9 a nitrog5\s organic    
pr9ciple1 resembl+ ptyal9 or dia/ase  9 
prop]ties4 ,x is coagulat$ bo? by heat &
 nitric acid1 & is "o  ( ! few          
secretions 9 :i* album5 is pres5t 9 a   
soluble condition4    ,ev5 :5 r5d]$     
acid1 pancreat9 does n lose its p[] (   
emulsify+  fatty bodies4 ,at ! mom5t (  
food be+ introduc$ into ! /oma* !       
pancreas gives out ?is secretion1 :i* is
 n v abundant at fir/1  b gradually     

cont9ues to increase = ab\t f\r h\rs1 :5
 x z  gradually dim9i%es = ?ree h\rs m1 
& !n ceases altoge!r4    ,bidd] &       
,s*midt give ! foll[+ z ! composition ( 
! pancreatic  fluid or pancreat93----   
,wat]                         #ijjgf    
,organic matt] 7pancreat97    #ijch     
,*loride ( sodium              #gcf     
,free soda                       #jcb   
,phosphate ( soda               #jde    
,sulphate ( soda                #jaj    
,sulphate ( potassa             #jjb    
,lime              #jed    ,comb9ations 
,magnesia          #jje                 
,oxide ( iron     #jjb                  
----------------                        
#ajjjjj    ,,pancreat94 ,syn4           
,,pancreat9um4 #a4 7,p]eira47 ,cut !    
fre% pancreas (  ! pig1 fre$ f fat & all
 =eign matt]s1 into small pieces1 &     
dige/ ) e!r4 ,if ! e!r be aft]w>ds      
di/ill$ (f f !  filt]$ liquid1 !        
pancreat9 w be left z an oily product4  
#b4 7,griffi?47 ,x is obta9$ f !        
pancreas ( rec5tly kill$ animals  by    

treat+ ! col\rless1 visc\s juice )      
alcohol1 & dry+ !  precipitate 9 vacuo4 
,pancreat9 is giv5 = /imulat+ ! dige/ion
  ( fatty comp\nds4    ,! ord9>y dose is
 #aj gra9s1 tak5 9 a glass ( w9e or wat]
 aft] a  meal4    ,dr ,dobell's 8,crude 
,pancreatic ,emulsion0 is prep>$ z      
foll[s3----,aft]  free+ f fat & all     
=eign matt]s ! pancreas ( a fre%ly-kill$
  pig1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ( purifi$ pancreas  
are bruis$ 9 a m>ble mort>1 &  to x are 
add$ #b-a_/b lbs4 ( l>d2 ^! are well    
beat5 toge!r1 &  !n to ! mixture #c lbs4
 ( wat] are add$1 v gradually1 s z to   
ensure ! p]fect absorption ( ! latt]4   
,! pancreatis$ fat is prep>$ by %ak+ up 
"o "p ( ! #8crude  emulsion' ) ?ree p>ts
 ( e!r1 all[+ ! mixture to /&1  draw+ (f
 ! e!real solution1 & c>efully di/ill+  
(f ! e!r4  ,! pancreatis$ fat rema9s4   
,dr ,dobell says t pancreatis$ fat1     
unlike  ! crude fat1 has no t5d5cy to   
putrefy4 ,8 #8purifi$ pancreatic        
emulsion' is made by mix+ v c>efully    
toge!r #e p>ts (  pancreatis$ fat1      

#g-a_/b p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & #b-a_/b  
p>ts (  rectifi$ _s1 & flav\r+ ) oil (  
cloves4    #c4 ,,sac*>at$ ,,pancreat94  
,mr ,mattison#ij adopts ! foll[+ process
  = ! prep>ation ( ?is sub/ance3----,!  
pancreas is dissect$ &  mac]at$ 9 wat]  
acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid = ab\t     
=ty-eight  h\rs1 !n sep>at$1 & !        
acidulat$ solution ( pancreas pass$     
?r\gh a pulp filt] until x is p]fectly  
cle>4 ,to ?is cle> solution  is !n add$ 
a saturat$ solution ( *loride ( sodium1 
& all[$ to  /& until ! pancreat9 is     
sep>at$4 ,?is is c>efully skimm$ (f &   
plac$ ^u a musl9 filt]1 & all[$ to dra91
 aft] :i* x %\ld  be wa%$ ) a less      
conc5trat$ solution ( sodium *loride1 & 
!n  put "u ! press4 ,:5 all ! salt      
solution has be5 remov$1 & !  mass is   
ne>ly dry1 x is rubb$ ) a quantity (    
sug> ( milk1 &  dri$ ?or\ghly )\t heat1 
aft] :i* x is dilut$ until t5 gra9s     
emulsify two dra*ms ( cod-liv] oil4     
,footnote #ij3 #8,am]ican ,j\rnal (     
,ph>macy4'    ,,panifica,,tion4 ,!      

*anges :i* occur 9 fl\r-d\gh "u !       
influ5ce ( ! f]m5tative process & heat1 
by :i* x is conv]t$  into bread4        
,,papa,,v]9e4 ,syn4 ,,papav]9a4 ,an     
alkaloid discov]$ by ,m]ck 9  opium4 ,x 
cry/allises 9 ne$les2 is insoluble 9    
wat]2 is slightly  soluble 9 cold       
alcohol & 9 e!r2 & =ms cry/allisable    
salts )  ! acids :i* possess little     
solubility4 ,! hydro*lorate1 "o ( !  mo/
 *>act]i/ic ( ^! comp\nds1 cry/allises 9
 beautiful  col\rless prisms1 :i*       
possess a high refractive p[]1 & are    
only  v slightly soluble 9 dilute       
hydro*loric acid4 ,flckig] /ates t      
papav]9e is mu* less active ?an !ba9e1 t
 x is n soporific  ei!r ) m5 or animals1
 t x does n arre/ di>rha1 & is b        
slightly analgesic4    ,,palamond4      
,*ocolate #a oz42 rice fl\r1 #d oz42    
potato arr[root1 #d oz42  r$ s&]s1 9 f9e
 p[d]1 #a dr4 ,mix4 7,9 ! above1 by     
*ocolate is  meant ! cacao beans roa/$ &
 pulv]is$ )\t addition4 ,indian         
arr[root1 or ,t\s les mois1 may be      

sub/itut$ = ! potato arr[root47         
,,pap]4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta1 ,,papyrus1 ,l42   
,,papi]1 ,fr4 ,! limits ( ?is "w        
preclude ! introduction ( a description 
( ! manufacture ( ?is  well-kn[n & mo/  
useful article1 :i* is n[ almo/         
exclusively made  by ma*9]y ( an        
elaborate & mo/ +5i\s description4 ,we  
mu/1  !re=e1 cont5t ourselves ) a %ort  
notice ( a few ( !  prep>ations ( !     
manufactur$ article4 7,see bel[47       
,good :ite pap] %\ld be p]fectly devoid 
( od\r1 & :5 burnt x  %\ld leave a m]e  
nom9al am\nt ( a%2 dige/$ 9 hot wat]1 ! 
liquid %\ld be neutral to te/ pap]1 & n 
affect$ by sulphurett$  hydrog5 or !    
alkal9e sulphurets1 or by t9cture (     
iod9e4 ,col\r$  pap]s %\ld n conta9 any 
delet]i\s matt]4    ,pap]1              
,antirheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta            
,,antirheumatica4 7,m4 ,b]g47           
,euphorbium #cj p>ts2 can?>ides1 #ae    
p>ts2 alcohol1 #aej p>ts4 ,dige/  eight 
days1 filt]1 & add res91 #fj p>ts2 &    
turp5t9e1 #ej p>ts4  ,?9 pap] is to be  

bru%$ ov] two or ?ree times ) ?is v>ni%4
    ,pap]1 ,atrop9e4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta       
,,atropi4 ,pap] is impregnat$ by /eep+  
9 solution ( sulphate ( atropia 9 su* a 
mann] t a piece #a_/e? (  an in* squ>e  
%all conta9 #a_/bej? ( a gra9 ( ! salt2 
a squ>e (  #a_/aj? ( an in* ! #a_/ajjj? 
( a gra94 ,?is squ>e ins]t$ betwe5  !   
eyelid w dilate ! pupil4    ,pap]1      
,atrop9e1 ,gelat9is$4 ,tablets ( gelat9 
are impregnat$ )  sulphate ( atropia1 z 
above4    ,pap]1 ,anti-a/hmatic4 7,p4   
,codex74 ,syn4 ,,*>ta ,,fumif]a1 ,l4    
,,c>ton  ,,anti-,,a/hmatique1 ,fr4      
,unsiz$ grey filt]+ pap]1 #ab oz42      
nitre1 #f oz42  belladonna1 /ramonium1  
digitalis1 lobelia inflata1 phell&rium1 
all 9  p[d]1 #a_/b oz4 ( ea*2 myrrh &   
olibanum1 9 p[d]1 #a oz4 ea*4 ,te>  !   
pap] 9 pieces & soak x 9 wat] till q    
s(t2 dra9 (f !  great] "p ( ! wat]1 &   
beat x into a pa/e2 incorporate ) x  !  
p[d]s previ\sly mix$4 ,!n put into t9n$ 
iron m\lds1 & dry by  a /ove4    ,pap]1 
,bli/]+4 ,see ,,vesicants4    ,pap]1    

,clo?4 ,?is is prep>$ by cov]+ gauze1   
calico1 canvas1 c41  ) a surface ( pap] 
pulp 9 a #8,f\dr9i] ma*9e1' & !n f9i%+  
! comp\nd %eet 9 a ne>ly simil> mann] to
 t adopt$ = ord9>y  pap]4    ,pap]1     
,col\r$4 ,= ^? pap]s :i* are m]ely      
col\r$ on "o side  ! pigm5ts1 gr\nd up )
 gum wat] or size1 or ! /a9s ?ick5$  ) a
 little ( ! same1 are appli$ ) a bru%1  
aft] :i* !  %eets are susp5d$ on a l9e  
to dry4    ,= pap] col\r$ ?r\gh\t its   
sub/ance ! t9ctorial matt] is  usually  
mix$ ) ! pulp 9 ! process ( manufacture2
 or !  manufactur$ pap] is dipp$ into a 
ba? ( ! col\r+ sub/ance1 &  !n hung up  
to dry4    ,pap]1 ,copy+4 ,prep4 ,make a
 /iff o9tm5t ) butt] or l>d &  black    
lead or lamp black1 & sme> x ?9ly &     
ev5ly ov] s(t writ+  pap] by means ( a  
piece ( flannel2 ! next day wipe (f !   
sup]flu\s portion ) a piece ( s(t rag4  
,use1 c4 ,plac$ on :ite pap] & writt5 on
 ) a /yle or solid p51  a copy ( ! writ+
 is left on ! =m]4 ,by repeat+ !        
arrangem5t1  #b1 #c1 or m copies ( a    

lett] may be obta9$ at once4 ,?is pap]1 
set  up 9 a case1 =ms ! ord9>y          
#8manifold writ]' ( ! /ation]s4 ,!      
copy+ or transf] pap] us$ = obta9+      
fac-similes ( lett]s  writt5 )          
#8copy+-ink' is m]ely a sup]ior quality 
( bank-po/  pap]4    ,pap]1 ,emery4 ,see
 ,,em]y4    ,pap]1 ,glass4 ,prep4 ,f    
p[d]$ glass1 z em]y pap]4 ,us$ to  poli%
 wood1 c4 ,see ,,glass 7,p[d]$74        
,pap]1 ,g\t4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta               
,,anti-,,ar?ritica1 ,l42 ,,papi]        
,,fay>d1 ,fr4  ,prep4 #a4 ,euphorbium1  
#a "p2 can?>ides1 #b p>ts 7bo? 9 p[d]72 
rectifi$ _s1 #h p>ts2 e!r1 #c p>ts2     
dige/ 9 a /opp]$ bottle1  ) frequ5t     
agitation1 = a week2 to ! /ra9$ t9cture 
add (  ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a "p2 la/ly1   
dip ?9 :ite pap] into x1 & dry  ! %eets 
9 ! air4    #b4 7,mohr47 ,euphorbium1 #a
 dr42 can?>ides1 #d dr42 rectifi$ _s    
7/ronge/71 #e oz42 make a t9cture1 to   
:i* add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1  #a-a_/b oz41
 previ\sly liquefi$ ) res91 #b oz42 &   
spread ! mixture1  :il/ w>m1 v ?9ly on  

pap]4 ,us$ z a c\nt]-irritant 9 g\t1    
rheumatism1 c4    ,pap]1 ,hydrographic4 
,an absurd "n giv5 to pap] :i* may be   
writt5  on ) simple wat] or ) "s        
col\rless liquid hav+ ! appe>ance  (    
wat]4    ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture (        
nut-galls1 #d p>ts1 & calc9$ sulphate ( 
iron1  #a "p 7bo? p]fectly dry & r$uc$  
to v f9e p[d]71 is rubb$  ov] ! surface 
( ! pap]1 & is !n =c$ into its pores by 
p[]ful pressure1 aft] :i* ! loose       
portion is bru%$ (f4 ,writes  black ) a 
p5 dipp$ 9 wat]4    #b4 ,f p]sulphate ( 
iron & f]rocyanide ( potassium1 z ! la/4
  ,writes blue ) wat]4    #c4 ,z ! la/1 
b us+ sulphate ( copp] in/ead ( sulphate
 ( iron4  ,writes r$di% br[n ) wat]4    
#d4 ,! pap] is wett$ ) a col\rless      
solution ( f]rocyanide (  potassium1 &  
aft] be+ dri$ is writt5 on ) a col\rless
 solution  ( p]sulphate ( iron4 ,writes 
blue4    ,obs4 ,! above applications1 we
 ne$ sc>cely say1 are m amus+ ?an       
useful4 ,see ,,sympa!tic ,,ink4         
,pap]1 ,incombustible4 ,see             

,,incombu/ible ,,fabrics4    ,pap]1     
,iridesc5t4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,sal     
ammoniac & sulphate (  indigo1 ( ea* #a 
"p2 sulphate ( iron1 #e p>ts2 nut-galls1
 #h p>ts2 gum  ,arabic1 #a_/h? "p2 boil 
!m 9 wat]1 & expose ! pap] wa%$ )  !    
liquid to 7! fumes (7 ammonia4    ,pap]1
 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta ,,ad ,,fonticulos1
 ,l4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47  ,elemi1       
sp]maceti1 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a  
"p2 :ite wax1 #b  p>ts2 melt !m toge!r  
by a g5tle heat1 & spread ! mixture on  
pap]4 ,us$ to keep issues op54    ,pap]1
 ,li?ographic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,/>*1 #f oz42 
gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 alum1  #a oz42 make
 a /rong solution ( ea* sep>ately1 9 hot
 wat]1 mix1  /ra9 ?r\gh gauze1 & apply x
 :il/ /ill w>m to "o side ( leaves  (   
pap]1 ) a clean pa9t+-bru% or sponge2 a 
second & a ?ird coat  mu/ be giv5 z !   
prec$+ "o becomes dry2 ! pap] mu/ be1   
la/ly1  press$1 to make x smoo?4    #b4 
,give ! pap] #c coats ( ?9 size1 #a coat
 ( good :ite />*1 & #a  coat ( a        
solution ( gamboge 9 wat]2 ! :ole to be 

appli$ cold1 )  a sponge1 & ea* coat to 
be all[$ to dry be=e ! o!r is appli$4   
,! solutions %\ld be fre%ly made4       
,use1 c4 ,li?ographic pap] is writt5 on 
) li?ographic ink4 ,!  writ+ is         
transf]r$ by simply moi/5+ ! back ( !   
pap]1 plac+  x ev5ly on ! /one1 & !n    
apply+ pressure a rev]s$ copy is        
obta9$1 :i*1 :5 pr9t$ f1 yields correct$
 copies resembl+ !  orig9al writ+ or    
draw+4 ,9 ?is way ! necessity ( execut+ 
!  writ+ or draw+ 9 a rev]s$ direction  
is obviat$4 ,see ,,li?ography1  ,,ink1  
c4    ,pap]1 ,pa/e4 ,boil :ite pap] 9   
wat] = five h\rs2 !n p\r (f  ! wat]1 &  
p\nd ! pulp 9 a mort>2 pass x ?r\gh a   
sieve & mix  ) "s gum wat] or is+lass   
glue4 ,x is us$ 9 modell+ by arti/s  &  
ar*itects4    ,pap]1 ,oil$4 ,prep4 ,bru%
 %eets ( pap] ov] ) #8boil$ oil1' &     
susp5d !m on a l9e till dry4 ,wat]pro(4 
,ext5sively employ$ z a  *eap sub/itute 
= bladd] & gut sk9 to tie ov] pots &    
j>s1 &  to wrap up pa/e black+1 gr\nd   
:ite lead1 c4    ,pap] ,p>*m5t4 ,syn4   

,,papyr91 ,,vegetable ,,p>*m5t4 ,prep4  
#a4  7,p\m>de & ,figui]47 ,dip :ite     
unsiz$ pap] = half a m9ute 9  /rong     
sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahdb1 &        
aft]w>ds 9 wat] conta9+ a  little       
ammonia4    #b4 7,w4 ,e4 ,ga9e1 ,pat5t  
#aheg47 ,plunge unsiz$ pap] = a few     
seconds into  sulphuric acid dilut$ )   
half to a qu>t] its bulk ( wat] 7?is    
solution be+ ( ! same temp]ature z !    
air71 & aft]w>ds wa%  ) weak ammonia4   
,?is process1 n[ ext5sively work$ by    
,messrs ,de la  ,rue & ,co41 produces a 
mu* bett] mat]ial ?an does t ( ,p\m>de  
& ,figui]4    ,prop4 ,a t\gh sub/ance1  
resembl+ animal p>*m5t1 & applicable to 
! same purposes4 ,x is l>gely us$ =     
cov]+ pots ( pickles &  pres]ves1 & by !
 *emi/ = ! int]v5+ membrane 9 exp]im5ts 
9 diffusion4 ,see ,,dialys]1 ,,dialysis1
 c4    ,pap]1 ,protective4 ,v>i\s       
attempts h f "t to "t be5 made to       
prep>e pap] :i* might make ! fraudul5t  
alt]ation ( *eques &  o!r docum5ts      
difficult or impossible4 ,^! attempts h 

tak5 two  diff]5t directions1 :i* may be
 briefly describ$4    ,! fir/ & be/ kn[n
 me?od consi/s 9 pr9t+1 9 "s delicate & 
easily de/roy$ col\r1 a complicat$      
patt]n on ! face ( ! pap]4  ,any reag5t 
:i* w remove ! writ+ w1 ( c\rse1 de/roy 
!  patt]n bel[1 & s r5d] ! alt]ation    
evid5t4 ,! *eques us$ by  ,messrs ,c\tts
 & ,co4 are f9e examples ( ?is k9d (    
protection1 !  :ole ( ! pap] be+ pr9t$  
ov] ) ! "n ( ! firm 9  *>act]s s        
delicate1 t !y c sc>cely be read )\t !  
assi/ance ( a l5s4    ,! obvi\s         
objection to ?is me?od is1 t x is       
possible = a skilful  =g] to replace !  
pr9t$ design be=e ! completion ( !      
alt]ation4    ,! o!r me?od consi/s 9 !  
introduction into ! pap] dur+ its       
manufacture ( "s sub/ance or mixture (  
sub/ances :i* %all /rike  a *>act]i/ic  
col\r :5 *emical ag5ts are appli$ to !  
ink4    ,"o ( ! e>lie/ attempts ( ?is   
k9d 0 t ( ,/eph5son1 :o  introduc$      
f]rocyanide ( potassium into ! pulp4 ,:5
 any acid 0  appli$ to ! writ+1         

,prussian blue 0 =m$ ) ! aid ( ! iron  (
 ! ink4 ,9 ano!r process iodide (       
potassium & />* 7  introduc$ into !     
pap]1 ! application ( *lor9e !n produc+ 
a  blue /a9 7iodide ( />*71 :ile 9 a    
?ird 7,robson's7 ! pulp 0  /a9$ ) !     
+r$i5ts ( common writ+ ink4    ,none (  
^! me?ods gave1 h[ev]1 any v effici5t   
protection aga9/  fraud1 = 9 ea* case x 
0 tol]ably easy to re/ore ! pap] to its 
orig9al condition4 ,b ano!r process :i* 
foll[$ ^u ! o!rs has  prov$ m           
successful1 &1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 gives 
a pap] :i* is  practically secure4 ,?is 
process 0 pat5t$ by ,b>clay1 & consi/s 9
  ! introduction into ! pulp (          
f]rocyanide ( manganese4 ,:5 any acid   
is appli$ to ! writ+ on ?is pap] ! blue 
/a9 ( ,prussian blue  appe>s4 ,?is c1 x 
is true1 be remov$ by alkalies1 b 9 t   
case  ! manganese is precipitat$ z !    
br[n p]oxide1 an effect also  produc$ by
 blea*+ p[d]4 ,?is br[n /a9 c be remov$ 
by  sulphur\s acid1 b 9 t case ,prussian
 blue appe>s simultane\sly1 s  t ! =g]  

has m]ely a *oice betwe5 a br[n & a blue
 /a94    ,:5 su* pap] is pr9t$ ) a      
delicate design 9 "s fugitive ink       
7common writ+ ink w\ld be be/71 !       
greate/ atta9able safety is  obta9$4    
,f]rocyanide ( manganese is easily =m$  
by add+ to ! pulp pure  cry/allis$      
*loride ( manganese1 & r m ?an an equal 
weight  ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 bo? 9
 solution4 7,heaton47    ,pap]1 ,razor4 
,smoo? unsiz$ pap]1 "o ( ! surfaces (   
:i*1  :il/ 9 a slightly damp /ate1 has  
be5 rubb$ ov] ) a mixture (  calc9$     
p]oxide ( iron & em]y1 bo? 9 impalpable 
p[d]4 ,x is cut  up into pieces 7ab\t #e
  #c in*es71 & sold 9 packets4 ,us$ to  
wipe !  razor on1 :i* ?us does n require
 /ropp+4    ,pap]1 ,razor-/rop4 ,f em]y 
& qu>tz 7bo? 9 impalpable p[d]71  & pap]
 pulp 7e/imat$ 9 ! dry /ate71 equal     
p>ts1 made into %eets  ( ! ?ickness (   
draw+ pap]1 by ! ord9>y process4 ,= use1
 a  piece is pa/$ on ! /rop & moi/5$ ) a
 little oil4    ,pap]1 ,res94 ,syn4     
,,poor-,,man',s ,,pla/]2 ,,*>ta         

,,res9osa1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,beeswax1 #a 
oz42 t> & res91 ( ea*1 #c oz42 melt$    
toge!r & spread  on pap]4    #b4 7,ph4  
,bor47 ,pap] ?9ly spread ov] ) black    
pit*4 ,calefaci5t1  /imulant1 &         
c\nt]-irritant2 9 rheumatism1 *e/       
affections1 c4    ,pap]1 ,rheumatism4   
,see ,,pap]s1 ,,g\t1 & ,,res94    ,pap]1
 ,safety4 ,syn4 ,,papi] ,,de ,,suret1   
,fr4 ,:ite pap] pulp mix$ )  an equal   
quantity ( pulp t+$ ) any /a9 easily    
affect$ by  *lor9e1 acids1 alkalies1 c41
 & made into %eets z usual4    ,pap]1   
,te/4 ,syn4 ,,*>ta ,,exploratoria1 ,l4  
,"u ?is head may be  conv5i5tly includ$ 
all ! v>ieties ( prep>$ pap] employ$ 9  
te/+4 ,= ?is purpose %eets ( unsiz$ pap]
 or ( good ord9>y  writ+ pap] 7pref]ably
 ! fir/71 are uni=mly wett$ ) a solution
  ( ! salt1 or ) a cold infusion or     
decoction ( ! t9ctorial  sub/ance 9     
di/ill$ wat]1 & are !n hung up to dry 9 
a curr5t (  pure air2 !y are1 la/ly1 cut
 into pieces ( a conv5i5t size1 &       
pres]v$ 9 clos$ bottles or j>s4 ,= use1 

a small /rip ( !  prep>$ pap] is ei!r   
dipp$ into or moi/5$ ) ! liquid "u      
exam9ation1 or x is moi/5$ ) di/ill$    
wat] & !n expos$ to  ! fumes4 ,a s+le   
drop1 or ev5 less1 ( any liquid may be  
?us te/$4    ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal   
te/ pap]s & _! applications3----        
,,pap]1 ,,brazil-,,wood4 ,f ! decoction4
 ,alkalies turn x purple or violet2     
/rong acids1 r$4    ,,pap]1 ,,buck?orn4 
,f ! juice ( ! b]ries4 ,r$d5$ by acids4 
,,pap]1 ,,*]ry-,,juice4 ,z ! la/4       
,,pap]1 ,,dahlia1 ,,georg9a ,p4 ,f an   
infusion ( ! petals ( ! violet  dahlia  
7,georg9a purpurea74 ,alkalies turn x   
gre52 acids r$2 /rong  cau/ic alkalies  
turn x yell[4 ,v delicate4    ,,pap]1   
,,eld]b]ry4 ,f ! juice ( ! b]ries4 ,z ! 
la/4    ,,pap]1 ,,indigo4 ,f a solution 
( indigo4 ,decol\r$ by *lor9e4          
,,pap]1 ,,iod9e ,,( ,,potassium4 a4 ,f !
 solution 9 di/ill$ wat]4  ,turn$ blue  
by an acidulat$ solution ( />*4    b4 ,f
 a mixture ( a solution ( iodide (      
potassium & />* pa/e4  ,turn$ blue by   

*lor9e1 ozone1 & ! m9]al acids1 & by air
  conta9+ !m4    ,,pap]1 ,,lead4 ,f a   
solution ( ei!r acetate or diacetate (  
lead4  ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 &           
hydrosulphuret ( ammonia turn x black4  
,,pap]1 ,,litmus4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is is      
prep>$ f infusion ( litmus1  )\t any    
precaution1 b ! foll[+ plan may be      
adopt$ :5 a  sup]ior te/ pap] is        
desir$2----    a4 7,blue47 ,triturate   
comm]cial litmus1 #a oz41 9 a           
w$gwood-w>e  mort>1 ) boil+ wat]1 #c or 
#d fl4 oz42 put ! mixture into a flask1 
& add m boil+ wat] until ! liquid       
measures fully #a_/b p9t2  agitate !    
mixture frequ5tly until x is cold1 !n   
filt] x1 &  divide ! filtrate into two  
equal portions2 /ir "o ( ^! ) a  glass  
rod previ\sly dipp$ into v dilute       
sulphuric acid1 & repeat  ! op]ation    
until ! litmus infusion beg9s to look v 
slightly r$1  !n add ! o!r half ( !     
filtrate1 & ! two be+ mix$ toge!r1  dip 
/rips ( unsiz$ pap] into ! liquid1 9 !  
usual mann]1 & dry  !m4 ,acids turn x   

r$2 alkalies blue4 ,! neutral salts (   
mo/ ( !  heavy metals also r$d5 ?is1 z  
well z ! o!r blue te/ pap]s t  are      
affect$ by acids4    b4 7,r$47 ,!       
treatm5t ( ! :ole quantity ( ! infusion 
7see  above7 ) ! rod dipp$ 9 dilute     
sulphuric acid is repeat$ until  ! fluid
 beg9s to look di/9ctly r$1 :5 ! pap] is
 dipp$ into x  z be=e4 ,! alkalies &    
alkal9e e>?s1 & _! sulphides1 re/ore    
its blue col\r2 ! alkal9e c>bonates & ! 
soluble borates also  possess ! same    
prop]ty4 ,v s5sitive4 ,an extemporane\s 
r$ litmus  pap] may be prep>$ by hold+ a
 /rip ( ! blue v>iety ov] a pot or  j>  
into :i* #b or #c drops ( hydro*loric   
acid h be5 ?r[n4    ,,pap]1 ,,mall[4 ,f 
an infusion ( ! purple fl[]s ( ! common 
mall[4 ,affect$ l #8dahlia pap]4'       
,,pap]1 ,,manganese4 ,f a solution (    
sulphate ( manganese4 ,ozonis$ air      
black5s x4    ,,pap]1 ,,rhub>b4 ,f a    
/rong infusion ( ! p[d]$ root4 ,alkalies
 turn  x br[n2 b boracic acid & its     
salts d n affect x4 ,v s5sitive4        

,,pap]1 ,,rose4 ,f ! petals ( ! r$ rose1
 z ! la/4 ,alkalies turn  x bright gre54
 ,dr ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor recomm5ds !        
infusion to be v  slightly acidulat$ )  
an acid be=e dipp+ ! pap] into x4 ,m    
s5sitive ?an turm]ic pap]4    ,,pap]1   
,,/>*4 ,f a cold decoction ( />*4 ,free 
iod9e turns x blue4    ,,pap]1          
,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron4 ,f a solution (  
f]r\s sulphate4 ,z a te/  = hydrocyanic 
acid & ! soluble cyanides4    ,,pap]1   
,,turm]ic4 ,f decoction ( turm]ic 7#b   
oz4 to ! p9t74 ,x is  turn$ br[n by     
alkalies1 & by boracic acid & ! soluble 
borates4 ,x  is n q s susceptible z "s  
o!r te/s1 b ! *ange ( col\r  is v m>k$ &
 *>act]i/ic4    ,pap]1 ,trac+4 ,prep4   
,op5 a quire ( smoo? unsiz$ :ite pap]1  
& place x flat ^u a table1 !n apply1 ) a
 clean #8sa% tool1' to  ! upp] surface (
 ! fir/ %eet1 a coat ( v>ni% made (     
equal  p>ts ( ,canada balsam & oil (    
turp5t9e1 & hang ! prep>$ %eet  across !
 l9e to dry2 repeat ! op]ation on fre%  
%eets until !  prop] quantity is f9i%$4 

,if n suffici5tly transp>5t1 a second   
coat ( v>ni% may be appli$ z soon z !   
fir/ has become q dry4    #b4 ,rub !    
pap] ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nut oil 
& oil (  turp5t9e1 & dry x imm$iately by
 rubb+ x ) :eat5 fl\r2 !n  hang x on a  
l9e = #bd h\rs to dry4    ,obs4 ,bo? !  
above are us$ to copy draw+s1 writ+1 c4 
,if wa%$  ov] ) ox-gall & dri$1 !y may  
be writt5 on ) ink or wat]  col\rs4 ,!  
fir/ is ! :ite/ & cle>e/1 b ! second is 
!  t\ghe/ & mo/ flexible4 ,! pap] prep>$
 f ! refuse ( !  flax-mills1 & ( :i*    
banknotes are made1 is also call$       
#8trac+  pap]1' & sometimes #8vegetable 
pap]4' ,?is requires no prep>ation2 b   
?\gh v flexible1 x has little /r5g?4    
,pap]1 ,v>ni%$4 ,be=e proce$+ to v>ni%  
pap]1 c>d-"w1  pa/ebo>d1 c41 x is       
necess>y to give x #b or #c coats (     
size1 to  prev5t ! absorption ( ! v>ni%1
 & any injury to ! col\r or  design4 ,! 
size may be made by dissolv+ a little   
is+lass 9 boil+  wat]1 or by boil+ "s   
clean p>*m5t cutt+s until !y =m a cle>  

solution4 ,?is1 aft] be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh a  
piece ( clean musl91 or1  = v nice      
purposes1 cl>ifi$ ) a little :ite ( egg1
 is appli$  by means ( a small clean    
bru% call$ by pa9t]s a sa% tool4 ,a     
light1  delicate t\* mu/ be adopt$1     
especially = ! fir/ coat1 le/ !  ink or 
col\rs be />t$1 or smo!r$4 ,:5 ! prep>$ 
surface is  p]fectly dry1 x may be      
v>ni%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,see ,,maps1    
,,v>ni%1  c4    ,pap]1 ,waf]4 ,see      
,,waf]s4    ,pap]1 ,wax$4 ,prep4 ,place 
c>tridge pap]1 or /rong writ+ pap]1 on  
a hot iron plate1 & rub x well ) a lump 
( beeswax4 ,us$ to =m  extemporane\s    
/eam or gas pipes1 to cov] ! jo9ts (    
vessels1 & to  tie ov] pots1 c4         
,,pap] ,,hang,,+s4 ,! ornam5tal pap] us$
 to cov] ! walls ( rooms1  c4 ,"u ! old 
sy/em1 ! pap]1 aft] be+ siz$ & prep>$ ) 
a  gr\nd col\r1 _h ! patt]n produc$ on x
 by ! common process (  #8/5cill+1' a   
sep>ate plate be+ employ$ = ea* col\r t 
=m$  ! patt]n4 ,to ?is succe$$ ! use (  
wood5 blocks1 ! surface (  :i* be>+ !   

design 9 relief1 & be+ cov]$ ) col\r1 0 
appli$ by simple h& pressure on ! pap]1 
9 a precisely simil>  mann] to t adopt$ 
9 ! block-pr9t+ ( calicoes4 ,! cyl9d]   
calico-pr9t+ ma*9e has n[ be5           
successfully appli$ to !  manufacture ( 
pap] hang+s4    ,! col\rs employ$ = pap]
 hang+s are----                         
,,blacks4----,frank=t1 ivory1 & blue    
black4    ,,blues4 ,prussian blue1      
v]dit]1 & factiti\s ultram>9e4          
,,br[ns4 ,umb] 7raw & burnt71 &         
mixtures4    ,,grays4 ,prussian blue &  
blue black1 ) ,spani% :ite4    ,,gre5s4 
,brunswick gre51 ,s*eele's g41          
,s*we9furt g41 & gre5 v]dit]2  also     
mixtures ( blues & yell[s4    ,,r$s4    
,decoctions ( ,brazil wood 7*iefly71    
bright5$ ) alum or  solution ( t92 ! r$ 
o*res2 &1 sometimes1 r$ lake4           
,,violets4 ,decoction ( logwood & alum2 
also blues temp]$ ) bright  r$4         
,,yell[s4 ,*rome yell[1 decoction (     
,fr5* b]ries or ( weld1 t]ra di  si5na1 
& ! o*res4    ,,:ites4 ,:ite lead1      

sulphate ( b>yta1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 & :it+1
 &  mixtures ( !m4    ,! vehicle employ$
 to give adhesiv5ess & body to ! col\rs 
is a  solution ( gelat9 or glue1        
suffici5tly /rong to gelat9ise on cool+4
    ,! sat9y lu/re obs]vable 9 "s pap]  
hang+s 7,,sat9 ,,pap]s7 is  produc$ by  
du/+ f9ely p[d]$ ,fr5* *alk ov] !       
surface1 &  rubb+ x /rongly ) a bru% or 
burni%]4 ,! gr\nd = ?is purpose  is     
prep>$ ) pla/]4    ,,flock & ,,velvet   
,,pap]s are produc$ by cov]+ ! surface (
 !  patt]n ) a mordant =m$ ) boil$ oil  
?ick5$ ) :ite lead or  o*re1 & !n       
spr9kl+ p[d]$ wooll5 flocks on x4 ,^!   
are  previ\sly dy$1 & gr\nd to ! requir$
 f95ess 9 a mill4    ,,papi]-,m,,*4     
,pulp$ pap] m\ld$ into =ms4 ,x possesses
 great  /r5g? & lightness4 ,x may be    
r5d]$ p>tially wat]pro( by !  addition (
 sulphate ( iron1 quicklime1 & glue or  
:ite ( egg to !  pulp2 & incombu/ible by
 ! addition ( borax & phosphate ( soda4 
,! papi]-m* tea-trays1 wait]s1          
snuff-boxes1 c41 are prep>$ by  pa/+ or 

glue+ %eets ( pap] toge!r1 & !n submitt+
 !m to  p[]ful pressure1 by :i* !       
composition acquires ! h>dness ( bo>d   
:5 dry4 ,su* articles are aft]w>ds      
japann$1 & are !n p]fectly  wat]pro(4   
,! refuse ( ! cotton & flax mills1 &    
num]\s o!r sub/ances (  a l "*1 are n[  
work$ up z papi]-m*1 & ! manufactur$    
articles =m$ ( !m are indi/+ui%able f ^?
 prep>$ directly  f pap]4    ,,pap9',s  
,,dige/] is a /rong1 clos$1 iron vessel1
 9 :i* wat] c be  heat$ above #bab ,f41 
!reby acquir+ a temp]ature t adds       
consid]ably to its solv5t p[]s4 ,?is    
app>atus is put to _m useful            
applications 9 ! arts1 ( :i* "o is !    
spe$y extraction ( gelat9  f ! e>?y     
matt] ( bones4 ,! bones may be boil$ =  
h\rs at #bab  )\t any su* effect be+    
produc$4 ,! high temp]ature acquir$ by  
! wat] is effect$ by ! conf9em5t ( !    
/eam1 ! int]nal  pressure ( :i* c be    
regulat$ by means ( a safety valve      
atta*$ to  ! vessel4 ,by ?is arrangem5t 
! wat] may be kept at any uni=m         

temp]ature above #bab at pleasure4      
,pr(essor ,juni*5#ia recomm5ds !  use ( 
! dige/] = ! purpose ( boil+ meat & o!r 
food4 ,x  appe>s f ! au?or's exp]im5ts t
 ! "t = cook+ v>i\s  articles ( daily   
consumption is mu* %ort] :5 effect$ "u  
/rong  pressure1 :ile a great sav+ (    
fuel is also effect$4    ,footnote #ia3 
#8,*emical ,news4'    ,,papy,,r94 ,see  
,,pap] 7,p>*m5t74    ,,p>,,a*ute4 ,9    
aro/ation1 an in/rum5t or app>atus hav+ 
= its  object to ret>d ! desc5t ( heavy 
bodies ?r\gh ! air4 ,! only  =m (       
p>a*ute :i* has be5 hi!rto adopt$ )     
success is t (  ! common umbrella :5    
ext5d$4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! app>atus is 
made are canvas & cord1 bo? light b     
/rong1 & c>efully put  toge!r4 ,! c> to 
conta9 ! adv5tur] resembles t ( !       
balloon1  only small]4    ,x is e/imat$ 
t a circul> p>a*ute1 to desc5d 9 safety 
) an  adult1 weigh+1 ) ! app>atus1 #bbe 
lbs41 mu/ h a diamet] ( at  lea/ #cj    
feet4 ,its t]m9al velocity w\ld !n be at
 ! rate ( #ab to #ac  feet p] second1 or

 ab\t #f-a_/b miles p] h\r2 & ! %ock    
exp]i5c$  on contact ) ! e>? w\ld be    
equal to t :i* ! aronaut w\ld  receive  
if he dropp$ freely f a height ab\t     
#b-a_/b feet4    ,sev]al desc5ts f      
balloons1 aft] !y h acquir$ a great     
elevation1 h be5 effect$ )\t accid5t by 
means ( p>a*utes4  ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 
any want ( integrity 9 ! ma*9e1 or any  
accid5t :i* may happ5 to x aft] its     
deta*m5t f ! balloon1 is  irrep>able &  
fatal4    ,,p>acyan,,og54 ,! br[n solid 
matt] left 9 ! retort :5 cyanide (      
m]cury is decompos$ by heat4 ,x is      
isom]ic ) cyanog54    ,,p>aff94 ,syn4   
,,t>-,,oil ,,/e>94 ,?is rem>kable       
hydroc>bon is "o (  ! sev]al sub/ances  
discov]$ by ,rei*5ba* 9 ,,wood-,,t>4    
,prep4 #a4 7,f ,,wood-,,t>4 ,rei*5ba*47 
,di/il bee*-t> to dryness1  rectify !   
oily portion ( ! product :i* is heavi]  
?an wat] until  a ?ick matt] beg9s to   
rise1 !n *ange ! receiv]1 & mod]ately   
urge ! heat z long z any?+ passes ov]2  
next dige/ ! product 9  ! second        

receiv]1 9 an equal measure ( alcohol ( 
#hcc1 gradually add  #f or #g p>ts m (  
alcohol1 & expose ! :ole to a l[        
temp]ature2  cry/als ( p>aff9 w         
gradually fall d[n1 :i*1 aft] be+ wa%$  
9 cold alcohol1 mu/ be dissolv$ 9 boil+ 
alcohol1 :5 cry/als (  pure p>aff9 w be 
deposit$ z ! solution cools4    #b4 7,f 
,,coal----,james ,"y1 ,pat5t #ahej47 ,! 
details ( ?is process =  obta9+ p>aff9 &
 its cong5]s by ! sl[ di/illation ( coal
  7pref]ably #8,boghead'7 are giv5 9 our
 article on ,,p>aff9 ,,oil4 ,! solid    
p>aff9 is sep>at$ f ! la/ products1 or  
#8heavy oils1' by  artificial cold2 x is
 !n melt$ & run into m\lds4    #c4 7,f  
,,rangoon ,,petroleum----,pat5t47 ,9 ?is
 process1 :i* is work$ by  ,price's     
,c&le ,company1 sup]heat$ /eam is       
employ$ z ! heat+  ag5t4 ,! p>aff91 or  
#8,,belmont9e1' z x is call$1 is ! la/  
product  :i* di/ils ov]4    #d4 7,f     
,,peat47 ,! v>i\s processes :i* h be5   
sugge/$ =  obta9+ p>aff9 f peat1 turf1  
c41 are simil> 9 pr9ciple to  ,"y's4 ,! 

great po9t is to conduct ! di/illation  
at z l[ a  temp]ature z possible4       
,prop4 ,a :ite1 h>d1 transluc5t body1   
melt+ at #aaj ,fahr4 &  upw>ds1 accord+ 
to its s\rce1 & burn+ ) a bright :ite   
flame4  ,x has great                    
/ability----sulphuric acid1 *lor9e1 &   
nitric acid bel[  #bab ex]t+ no action  
^u x4 ,dr ,&]son /ates t its composition
  & prop]ties v>y ) ! s\rce f :i* x is  
d]iv$4 ,) respect  to ! melt+ po9t1 ?is 
v>iation is v rem>kable4 ,?us1 ,"y's    
p>aff91 f ,boghead coal1 melts1 accord+ 
to ! obs]vations ( ,dr  ,&]son1 at #aad1
 :ile t f ,rangoon petroleum            
7#8belmont9e'7 melts  at #adj1 & t f    
turf at #aaf4    ,uses4 ,p>aff9 is n[   
l>gely us$ = mak+ c&les1 = :i* purpose  
x is specially adapt$1 be+ a mo/ elegant
 sub/ance1 & surpass+  all o!r c&le     
mat]ials1 ev5 sp]maceti1 9 illum9at+    
p[]4 ,its  prop]ty ( n be+ act$ ^u by   
acids or alkalies r5d]s x suitable  =   
/opp]s = vessels hold+ *emical liquids2 
also = electrotype  m\lds4 ,x is n act$ 

^u by ozone1 s t x has be5 employ$ )    
great advantages 9 exp]im5ts on ?is body
 = r5d]+ air-tight !  jo9ts =m$ by !    
union ( glass tubes4 ,z x conta9s no    
oxyg51 x  might be employ$ to protect   
oxydisable metals l sodium & potassium  
f contact ) ! air4 ,"o use ( p>aff9     
c&le-ends w comm5d  !m to ! ladies ( !  
h\sehold----a small piece ( p>aff9 add$ 
to  />* w be f\nd to give a gloss &     
brilliancy ( surface to !  />*$ l95 t c 
be obta9$ by no o!r addition4           
,,p>aff9 ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4            
,,p>al,,ysis4 ,syn4 ,,palsy4 ,a loss or 
consid]able dim9ution ( p[] (  volunt>y 
motion1 or functional action1 ( any "p (
 ! body4 ,9 its  mo/ usual =m "o side   
only ( ! body is affect$4 ,x n          
uncommonly  seizes ! l[] extremities1 or
 all p>ts bel[ ! pelvis2 sometimes !    
arms only2 & occasionally a "p1 z "o    
side ( ! face1 "o eyelid1  ! tongue1 or 
! muscles ( deglutition4 ,9 ^! cases !  
spee*  frequ5tly becomes indi/9ct &     
incoh]5t1 & ! memory & judgm5t  impair$1

 :il/ ! di/ort$ features assume a m or  
less revolt+  aspect4    ,! causes (    
p>alysis are v>i\s4 ,x may be occasion$ 
by pressure on  p>ticul> p>ts ( ! bra91 
! sp9al m>r[1 or ! n]ves2 by  poisons1 !
 long-cont9u$ use ( s$atives1 local     
injuries1 ! sudd5  suppression ( pr(use 
& habitual evacuations1 & by :atev] t5ds
 to  greatly relax or en]vate ! sy/em4  
,x may also be a consequ5ce ( an  attack
 ( apoplexy1 or x may be symptomatic (  
o!r diseases1 z  scr(ula1 syphilis1 &   
worms4 ,:5 x is ( a di/9ctly local "*  x
 may arise f excessive use or undue     
employm5t ( ! "p or organ4  ,t ( old age
 is1 probably1 a m]e consequ5ce ( !     
fail+ n]v\s  en]gy ( ! sy/em be+        
unequally di/ribut$4    ,palsy usually  
comes on ) a sudd5 & imm$iate loss ( !  
motion &  s5sibility ( ! p>ts2 b 9 a few
 in/ances x is prec$$ by a  numbness1   
coldness1 & pal5ess2 & sometimes by     
slight convulsive  twit*es4 ,if !       
disease affects ! extremities1 & has be5
 ( long  duration1 x n only produces a  

loss ( motion & s5sibility1 b  likewise 
a consid]able flaccidity & wa/+ away ( !
 muscles ( !  p>ts affect$4    ,:5 palsy
 attacks any vital "p1 su* z ! bra91    
he>t1 or lungs1 x  soon t]m9ates 9 dea?4
    ,! treatm5t ( p>alysis dep5ds ^u a  
c>eful consid]ation ( its  cause4 ,!    
fir/ object %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 to
 remove any  compress+ =ce1 & to        
gradually ar\se ! torpid portion ( !    
n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 g5]al1 m or less        
depletion w be f\nd  b5eficial1 toge!r )
 r active purgation1 & n]v\s /imulants1 
z ammonia1 musk1 c4 ,bli/]s to ! head & 
neck are also appropriate4  ,) !        
debilitat$ & ag$1 v5esection mu/ be     
avoid$4 ,/imulant &  rubefaci5t         
frictions & l9im5ts1 ! vap\r ba?1 & o!r 
l  rem$ies1 also frequ5tly prove useful4
 ,9 local attacks ( ! disease1  z ! loss
 ( use ( "o ( ! h&s1 arms1 legs1 c41 no 
ag5t has  prov$ s g5]ally successful z  
voltaic electricity4 ,= ?is purpose  !  
curr5t %\ld be 9 "o direction only1 &   
cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly  = "s "t daily4 ,:5

 ! direction ( ! curr5t is alt]nate1 )  
slight %ocks1 z 9 ! common coil ma*9e1  
?is ag5t is ( d\btful  utility1 except =
 occasional use4 ,9 all cases m$ical aid
 %\ld be  s\ght z e>ly z possible4      
,,p>anaph,,?al94 ,syn4 ,,an?rac54 ,see  
,,an?rac54    ,,p>apec,,t94 ,see        
,,pect94    ,,p>,,asites4 ,! p>asitical 
animals t infe/ ! human body are  ref]r$
 to "u ! heads ,,ac>i & ,,p$iculi4      
,p>asites1 ,human4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( 
! pr9cipal p>asites  infe/+ man4 ,x is  
extract$ f ! #8,diction>y ( ,hygine1' ( 
,wynt]  ,bly?1 :o /ates t he has arrang$
 x1 ) "s slight alt]ations1  f a table 9
 ,dr ,aitk5's #8,sci5ce & ,practice (   
,m$ic9e4' ,! two  fir/ divisions include
 animal p>asites1 ! ?ird vegetable ones4
 ,no4 #a1  or ,entozoa1 are animal      
p>asites f\nd inside ! human body2 ,no4 
#b1  ^? f\nd outside2 ,no4 #c1 consi/+ (
 vegetable p>asites1 comprises          
,entophyta & ,epiphyta1 ! =m] exi/+ 9 ! 
int]ior1 & !  latt] on ! ext]ior ( !    
human body4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal p>asites  h

 already be5 describ$ & figur$ 9 ^!     
pages4              ,i4 ,entozoa4       
,acephalocy/is endog5a1 liv]4      0    
multifida1 bra94    ,an*ylo/omum1 seu   
,scl]o/oma duod5ale1      inte/9es4     
,an?omia canicul>is1 inte/9es4          
,asc>is alata              0      0     
lumbricoides         0      0   my/ax   
0    ,bilh>zia seu ,di/oma hmatobia1    
portal &      v5\s sy/em4               
,bo?riocephalus cordatus1 inte/9es4     
0   latus                    0          
,cy/ic]cus cellulos1 seu tel cellulos   
7,c4 (      ,t5ia solium71 muscles4     
,cy/ic]cus ( ,tni m>g9ata 7,c4          
t5uicollis71      inte/9es4             
,dactylius aculeatus1 ur9>y bladd]4     
,diplosoma cr5atus4    ,di/oma seu      
,di/omum crassum1 duod5um4      0       
hepaticum seu ,fasciola hepatica1       
gallbladd]4      0  het]ophryes1        
inte/9es4      0  lanceolatum1 hepatic  
duct      0  oculi humani seu           
oph?almobium1            capsule (      
cry/all9e4    ,ditra*yc]us rudus1       

inte/9es4    ,e*9ococcus hom9is 7hydatid
 ( ,tnia e*9ococcus71      liv]1 sple51 
& om5tum4    ,fil>ia bron*ialis seu     
tra*ealis1 bron*ial      gl&s4       0  
seu dracunculus m$95sis1 sk9 &          
areol> tissue4       0   sangu9is       
hom9is1 blood4       0   oculi seu      
l5tis1 eye4    ,hexa?rydium p+uicola1   
ov>y4         0       v5>um1 v5\s sy/em4
    ,mono/oma l5tis1 cry/all9e4    /rus 
hom9is1 inte/9es4    ,oxyuris           
v]micul>is1  0    ,p5ta/oma con/rictum1 
inte/9es & liv]4        0               
d5ticulatum1 inte/9es4    ,poly/roma    
p+uicola1 ov>y4         0     sanguicola
 seu v]>um1 v5\s                sy/em4  
,spiropt]a hom9is1 ur9>y bladd]4        
,/rongylus seu ,eu/rongylus bron*ialus1 
bron*ial                tubes4        0 
seu ,eu/rongylus gigas 7,ac>us          
r5alis71 kidney & inte/9es4    ,tnia    
acan?otrias1 inte/9es4      0           
elliptica1        0      0              
flavopuncta1      0      0   lophosoma1 
0      0   m$iocanellata1   0      0    

nana1 inte/9es & liv]4      0   solium1 
inte/9es4    ,tetra/oma r5ale1 kidney4  
,tri*9a spiralis1 muscles4              
,tricocephalus disp>1 inte/9es4         
,,ii4 ,ectozoa4      ,demodex seu ,ac>us
 folliculorum1 sebace\s      sub/ance ( 
cutane\s follicles4    ,p$iculus capitas
 7head l\se74       0      corporis seu 
ve/im5ti 7body l\se74       0           
palpebr>um 7br[ l\se74       0          
pubis1 ,ph?irius +u9alis 7crab-l\se74   
0      tubescetium1 ph?iriasis 7l\sy    
disease74    ,pulex p5etrans 7*igo71    
sk91 cellul> tissue4    ,s>coptes seu   
,ac>us scabiei 7it* insect71            
scabies4              ,,iii4 ,entophyta 
& ,epiphyta4      ,a*orion ,leb]tii     
7,tricophyton tonsurans71               
,t9ea tonsurans4       0     ,s*nle9ii1 
,t9ea favosa4    ,*ionyphe ,c>t]i       
7fungus ( ,mycetoma71 deep      tissues1
 bones ( h&s & feet4    ,lepto?rix      
buccalis 7alga ( ! m\?74    ,microsporon
 ,aud\9i1 ,t9ea decalvans4         0    
,furfur1 ,t9ea v]sicolor4         0     

m5tagrophytes1 follicles ( hair         
9 sycosis or m5tagra4    ,odium albicans
 7?ru% fungus71 m\?1      muc\s1 &      
cutane\s surfaces4    ,pucc9ia favi1    
,t9ea favosa4    ,s>c9a v5triculi1      
/oma*4    ,torula c]evisi 7,cryptococcus
 c]evisi1 yea/      plant71 /oma*1      
bladd]1 c4    ,tricophyton sporulodes1  
,t9ea polornia4    ,,p>at>t>,,ic ,,acid4
 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4    ,,p>*,,m5t4  
,see ,,vellum1 & ,,pap] 7,p>*m5t74      
,,p>*m5t ,,pap]4 ,see ,,pap]4           
,,p>egor,,ic4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,(        
,,camphor 7,comp\nd74    ,p>egoric      
,scot*4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,opium      
7,ammoniat$74    ,,p>ei,,ra ,,bra,,va4  
,see ,,velvet ,,leaf4    ,,p>r4 ,a "n   
appli$ to ! salmon until ne> ! end ( its
 second  ye>1 :5 x loses its d>k lat]al 
b>s by ! sup]addition ( a  silv]y       
pigm5t4 ,x 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a di/9ct    
species4    ,,p>s,,ley4 ,syn4           
,,petrosel9um1 ,l4 ,?is well-kn[n h]b is
 ! ,apium  petrosel9um4 ,! root is      
diuretic2 ! fruit 7se$7 c>m9ative2 !    

leaves are a pleasant /imulat+ salad &  
condim5t1 & are mu* us$  to flav\r bro? 
& s\p4 8,! fruit is a deadly poison to  
p>rots40  7,l9d4 ex ,burnett47          
,,p>s,,nip4 ,! root ( ,pa/9acea sativa4 
,! p>snip is native to  ,engl& & ,irel&1
 b does n gr[ 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is likewise 
met  ) 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & 9 nor!rn   
,asia4 ,9 ! wild /ate !  root is some:at
 acrid1 & injuri\s effects h be5 kn[n to
 h  foll[$ its use z a food4 ,by        
cultivation1 h[ev]1 x loses bo? its     
acridity & dang]\s prop]ties1 & =ms a   
table vegetable1 n 9  univ]sal fav\r4   
,9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s p>snips con/itute ! 
w9t] food ( c[s2 &  ^! animals :5 f$ ^u 
!m are said to yield butt] ( a bett]    
quality ?an c be obta9$ f !m :5 p>tak+ (
 any o!r fodd]4    ,! fle% ( cattle f$  
on ! p>snip is also highly comm5d$4 ,9 !
  ,nor? ( ,irel& ! juice ( ! root1 mix$ 
) hops & yea/1 is made  into a f]m5t$   
liquor4 ,p>snip w9e is an agreeable     
alcoholic bev]age4      ,composition ( !
 ,p>snip4      ,nitrog5\s matt]      #aa

    ,/>*                  #if    ,sug>  
#eh    ,fat                     #je     
,salts                   #aj    ,wat]   
#hbj                                    
------------                            
#ajjj    ,,pa/e4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a1 ,l42     
,p,,te1 ,fr4 ,?is ^w is v loosely appli$
 to  sub/ances & prep>ations diff]+ s   
widely f ea* o!r1 t x  w\ld be sc>cely  
possible to class !m toge!r4 ,we %all1  
!re=e1  ref] ! read] to ! individual    
articles4 ,! pa/es 7ptes7 ( ,fr5*       
ph>macy are comp\nd m$ic9es ( !         
consi/5ce ( h>d d\gh1 &  :i* d n /ick to
 ! f+]s4 ,!y are =m$ ( sug> & gum1      
dissolv$ 9 wat] or 9 "s m$icat$ liquid4 
,!y are evaporat$ s z  to unite ^!      
pr9ciples by degrees1 & give !m !       
pliancy & !  firmness ( pa/e4 ,!y are   
employ$ int]nally 9 doses m or less     
v>iable 9 a simil> mann] to loz5ges4    
8,ptes1 prop]ly s call$1 are  divid$    
into transp>5t1 or su* z are made )\t   
agitation1 l  jujubes ( br[n liquorice2 
& opaque1 or su* z are made )           

agitation1 l ! ptes ( m>%mall[1 li*51   
c40 7,tr\sseau &  ,reveil47 ,see ,,pa/es
 7,artificial ,gems71 ,,pa/ry1 & bel[4  
,pa/e1 ,adhesive4 ,let #d p>ts1 by      
weight1 ( glue s(t5 9 #ae p>ts (  cold  
wat] = fifte5 h\rs1 aft] :i* ! mixture  
mu/ be mod]ately  heat$ until x becomes 
q cle>4 ,to ?is mixture #fe p>ts ( boil+
  wat] are to be add$ )\t /irr+4 ,9     
ano!r vessel #cj p>ts (  />* pa/e are   
/irr$ up ) #bj p>ts ( cold wat]1 s t a  
?9  milky fluid is obta9$ )\t lumps4    
,into ?is ! boil+ glue solution  is     
p\r$1 ) con/ant /irr+1 & ! :ole is kept 
at ! boil+  temp]ature4 ,:5 cool$ ! #aj 
drops ( c>bolic acid are to be add$ to  
! pa/e4 ,?is pa/e possesses great       
adhesive p[]1 & may be us$ =  lea!r1    
pap]1 or c>dbo>d ) great success4 ,x mu/
 be pres]v$ 9  clos$ bottles to prev5t  
evaporation ( ! wat]1 & w1 9 ?is  way1  
keep good = ye>s4 7#8,d+l]'s ,j\rnal4'7 
,pa/e1 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a            
,,amygdal9a1 ,p4 ,,amygdal>um1 ,p4      
,,regia1 ,l42  ,p,,te ,,royale1 ,fr4    

,prep4 #a4 7,,moi/47----a4 ,take (      
blan*$ ,val5tia  almonds1 #d oz42 r$uce 
!m to a v smoo? pa/e by pati5t p\nd+ 9  
a clean mort>1 add+1 t[>ds ! la/1 a     
little rose wat]1 ) "s  eau de ,cologne1
 or #c or #d drops ( otto ( roses or    
n]oli1 or an  equival5t quantity ( any  
o!r p]fume1 accord+ to ! fancy ( !      
arti/e4    b4 ,f bitt] & sweet almonds  
7blan*$71 equal p>ts2 rose wat]1  q4 s4 
,x requires no o!r p]fume4    c4 ,to    
ei!r ( ! prec$+ add ( sp]maceti1 #a_/b  
oz4 ,! :ite ( an  egg1 or #a_/d oz4 (   
:ite soap1 is add$ by "s mak]s4 ,) ab\t 
#a_/b dr4  ( p[d]$ camphor to ea* oz4 ( 
! above x =ms ! #8camphorat$  almond    
pa/e' ( ! %ops4    d4 ,take f9e ,n>bonne
 honey & :ite bitt] pa/e 7see bel[71 (  
ea* #a lb42 beat !m to a smoo? pa/e1 !n 
add1 9 alt]nate portions1  ( oil (      
almonds1 #b lbs42 yolks ( #e eggs2 &    
r$uce ! :ole to a  p]fectly homog5e\s   
pa/y mass4 ,mu* e/eem$4 ,x is commonly  
sold "u  ! "n ( #8honey pa/e1' #8pte    
royale1' c4 ,9 a simil> mann] are made  

nosegay1 orange1 rose1 vanilla1 & o!r l 
pa/es hav+ almonds = a  basis1 by m]ely 
add+ ! respective p]fumes4    #b4       
7,,pulv]ul5t47----a4 7,gray47 ,prep>$ f 
! cake ( bitt] almonds  f :i* ! oil has 
be5 ?or\ghly express$ by dry+1 gr9d+1 & 
sift+ x4    b4 7,bitt] :ite47 ,z ! la/1 
b ! almonds are blan*$ be=e  be+ press$4
    c4 7,sweet :ite47 ,z ! la/1 b us+   
sweet almonds4    ,obs4 ,all ! above are
 us$ z cosmetics1 to s(t5 & :it5 ! sk91 
prev5t *aps1 abrasions1 *ilbla9s1 c4 ,! 
honey pa/e1 & ! sweet  & bitt] :ite     
pa/es1 are ^? mo/ e/eem$4 7,see bel[47  
,pa/e1 ,almond4 7,9 confection]y47      
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( ,val5tia almonds1  #c
 lbs42 bitt] d41 #a_/d lb42 blan* !m1 & 
r$uce !m to a v smoo?  pa/e by p\nd+1 !n
 put !m into a clean copp] pan along )  
:ite  sug> & good gum ,arabic1 ( ea* #a 
lb4 7! la/ previ\sly dissolv$ 9  ab\t a 
p9t ( wat]27 apply a g5tle heat1 & /ir  
until ! :ole is  mix$ & has acquir$ a   
prop] consi/5ce1 !n p\r x out on a      
smoo?1  oil$1 m>ble slab1 & :5 cold cut 

x into squ>es4    #b4 ,z ! la/1 b :5 !  
mixture has acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( ?ick  
honey1 sett+ x aside to cool2 :5 ne>ly  
cold1 ! :ites ( #f eggs  are to be add$1
 & heat be+ aga9 gradually appli$1 !    
:ole is to  be /irr$ until x acquires ! 
prop] consi/5ce1 z be=e4    #c4 ,blan*$ 
sweet almonds & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42
 blan*$ bitt]  almonds & p[d]$ gum1 (   
ea* #c oz42 beat !m1 9 ! cold1 to a     
p]fectly smoo? pa/e1 ) orange-fl[] wat] 
or rose wat]1 q4 s41 s  t x may be      
suffici5tly /iff n to /ick to ! f+]s1 & 
!n  cut ! mass into squ>es1 z be=e4 ,!  
above are eat5 z confections4    ,pa/e1 
,an*ovy4 ,prep4 ,remove ! l>g] bones f !
 fi%1 & !n  p\nd !m to a smoo? pa/e 9 a 
m>ble mort>1 add+ a little bay-salt  &  
cay5ne pepp] at w2 next rub ! pulp ?r\gh
 a f9e hair sieve1  & ab\t #c-d?s fill !
 pots ) x2 la/ly1 cov] ! surface ( ea*  
to ! dep? ( ab\t #a_/h in* ) good butt] 
9 a melt$ /ate4 ,x  %\ld be kept 9 a    
cool situation4 ,o!r fi% pa/es1 z ^? (  
bloat]s1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 cavi>e1 c41 are

 made 9 a simil> mann]4    ,pa/e1       
,ars5ical4 ,see ,,cau/ics1 ,,pat5t      
,,m$ic9es1 & ,,p[d]s4    ,pa/e1         
,baudry's4 ,see ,,pa/e1 ,,pectoral      
7bel[74    ,pa/e1 ,bird4 ,see ,,g]man   
,,pa/e4    ,pa/e1 ,black ,currant4 ,z   
black currant loz5ges1 b simply cutt+ ! 
mass into dice or squ>e4    ,pa/e1      
,c>rage54 ,prep4 ,f ,iri% moss1 z ! li*5
 pa/e ( !  ,p4 ,cod4 7see bel[74        
,pa/e1 ,*9ese4 ,prep4 ,f bullock's      
blood1 #aj lbs41 r$uc$ to  dryness by a 
g5tle heat1 !n p[d]$1 & mix$ )          
quicklime1 also 9  f9e p[d]1 #a lb4 ,x  
is us$ z a cem5t1 made into a pa/e )    
wat]1  & at once appli$4    ,pa/e (     
,*loride ( ,z9c4 ,see ,,cau/ics4        
,pa/e ( ,dates4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a            
,,dactylif]1 ,p4 ,,dactylorum1 ,l42     
,p,,tes ,,de  ,,dattes1 ,fr4 ,f dates   
7/on$71 z jujube pa/e4 ,pectoral1 &     
slightly  a/r+5t4 ,pa/e ( gum ,s5egal is
 usually sold = x4    ,pa/e1 ,de        
,h&el's4 ,prep4 ,f opium1 #a_/b dr42    
camphor1 #a dr4 7bo? 9  p[d]72 extracts 

( belladonna & h5bane1 ( ea* #a dr42 oil
 ( cajeput  & t9cture ( can?>ides1 ( ea*
 #aj or #ab drops2 di/ill$ wat] (  opium
 7or ( lettuce71 q4 s4 ,9 too?a*e4      
,pa/e1 ,depilatory4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a        
,,epilatoria1 ,l4 ,sev]al prep>ations ( 
?is "* are notic$ at pages #eeb-c4 #a4  
,a mixture ( slack$ lime1 #b  p>ts1 &   
wat]1 #c p>ts1 saturat$ ) sulphurett$   
hydrog51 is said  to be s p[]ful1 t 8a  
lay] a l9e 9 ?ickness d5udes ! scalp 9  
?ree m9utes40 7,beasley47    #b4        
7,payan47 ,p[d]$ sulphate ( copp] made  
into a s(t pa/e ) yolk  ( egg4    ,pa/e 
( ,figs4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,c>ic>um1 ,p4    
,,fic>ia1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f  figs1 z    
jujube pa/e4    #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,pulp (
 figs1 #a "p2 press x ?r\gh a sieve1 mix
 x  ) p[d]$ sug>1 #d p>ts1 conc5trat$ by
 a g5tle heat 7if  necess>y71 roll !    
mass out1 & cut x into squ>es or        
loz5ges4    ,pa/e1 ,fl\r4 ,syn4 ,,colle 
,,de ,p,,te1 ,fr4 ,f :eat5 fl\r4        
,pap]-hang]s1 %oemak]s1 c41 usually add 
to ! fl\r #a_/f to #a_/d ( its  weight (

 f9ely p[d]$ res94 ,x is !n sometimes   
call$ #8h>d pa/e4'  ,! addition ( a few 
drops ( creasote or oil ( cloves1 or a  
little  p[]$ camphor1 colocyn?1 or      
corrosive sublimate 7especially ! fir/  
two & ! la/71 w prev5t insects f attack+
 x1 & pres]ve x  9 cov]$ vessels = ye>s4
 ,%\ld x get too h>d1 x may be s(t5$  ) 
wat]4 ,see ,,cem5ts4    ,pa/e1 ,fruit4  
,prep4 #a4 ,to ea* p9t ( ! /ra9$ juice  
add ( gum  ,arabic1 #a oz41 g5tly       
evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 &   
add an  equal weight ( bruis$ :ite sug>2
 z soon z ! :ole is unit$1 p\r  x out on
 an oil$ slab1 &1 :5 cold en\gh1 cut x  
into pieces4    #b4 ,citric acid1 #c_/d 
oz42 gum ,arabic1 #f oz42 :ite sug>1    
#c_/d lb42 wat]1  q4 s42 dissolve1 &    
flav\r ) any ( ! fruit ess5ces4 ,x may  
be  col\r$ ) any pf ! /a9s us$ =        
confection]y or liqueurs4    #c4 ,z     
fruit loz5ges4    ,pa/e1 ,furniture4    
,see ,,poli%4    ,pa/e1 ,glove4 ,see    
,,gante9e4    ,pa/e ( ,gum ,arabic4     
,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,gummi1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de  

,,gomme1 ,p4 ,,de ,g4  ,,arabique1 ,fr4 
,prep4 #a4 ,z m>%mall[ pa/e1 omitt+ !   
mall[ roots4    #b4 ,gum ,arabic        
7pick$71 #a lb42 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1
 add ( :ite  sug>1 #a lb42 evaporate by 
a g5tle heat to a v ?ick syrup1 !n add  
! :ites ( #c eggs1 previ\sly beat5 up ) 
orange-fl[] wat]1 #a fl4  oz41 & /ra9$  
?r\gh musl91 & cont9ue ! heat ) con/ant 
/irr+1 until ( a prop] consi/5ce on be+ 
cool$4 ,! la/ two are  commonly sold =  
m>%mall[ pa/e 7pte de guimauve74    #c4 
7,transp>5t47 ,f gum ,arabic 7pick$71 #a
 lb42 cold wat]1 #a p9t2  :ite sug>1    
#a-a_/d lb42 proce$ z ! la/1 add+       
orange-fl[] wat] #a  fl4 oz41 t[>ds !   
end4 ,(t5 sold "u ! "n ( #8:ite         
jujubes4'    ,pa/e ( ,gum ,s5egal4 ,syn4
 ,p,,te ,,de ,,gomme ,,s5egal1 ,fr4 ,z  
jujube pa/e1  )\t ! fruit4    ,pa/e1    
,honey4 ,see ,,pa/e1 ,,almond4    ,pa/e1
 ,jujube4 ,syn4 ,,jujubes1 ,,jujube     
,,loz5ges2 ,,pa/a ,,jujub1 ,l42 ,p,,te  
,,de ,,jujubes1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,jujubes 7! fruit71 #a lb42 wat]1 #d    

lbs42 boil #a_/b h\r1 /ra9 ) expression1
 settle1 decant ! cle>  portion1 &      
cl>ify x ) :ite ( egg2 add a /ra9$      
solution ( gum  ,arabic1 #f lbs41 9     
wat]1 #h lbs41 & to ! mixture add ( :ite
 sug>1 #e  lbs42 g5tly evaporate1 at    
fir/ con/antly /irr+1 & aft]w>ds  )\t   
/irr+1 to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract1  
!n add (  orange-fl[] wat]1 #f fl4 oz41 
& place ! pan 9 a vessel ( boil+  wat]4 
,9 #ab h\rs c>efully remove ! scum1 p\r 
! matt] into  slightly oil$ t9 m\lds1 & 
f9i% ! evaporation 7h>d5+7 9 a  /ove    
heat$ to #ajd1 ,fahr4 ,x is commonly    
col\r$ ) beet-root1  co*9eal1 or        
saffron4 ,expectorant2 9 c\ghs1 c4 ,pa/e
 ( gum ,arabic is  usually sold = x4    
,pa/e1 ,li*54 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,li*5is1    
,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,,li*51 ,fr4 ,prep4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,icel& moss1 #a lb42 wat]1  
q4 s42 heat !m to ne>ly !  boil+-po9t1  
/ra9 ) pressure1 reject ! liquor1 & boil
 ! moss  9 fre% wat]1 q4 s41 = #a h\r2  
/ra91 press1 add ( gum ,arabic1 #e      
lbs42 :ite sug>1 #d lbs41 & evaporate to

 a prop] consi/5ce1 z  above4 ,pectoral4
 ,) ! addition ( #a_/b gr4 ( extract (  
opium to ea*  oz41 x =ms ! opiat$ li*5  
pa/e4 7,p4 ,cod47    ,pa/e1 liquorice4  
,syn4 ,,liquorice ,,jujubes2 ,,pa/a     
,,glycirrhiz1 ,l42 ,p,,te  ,,de         
,r,,glisse1 ,p4 ,,de ,r4 ,,noire1 ,fr4  
,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,ref9$ juice &   
:ite sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 gum ,arabic1 #b
 lbs42 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 dissolve1  /ra91 
evaporate consid]ably1 &1 ( f9ely p[d]$ 
orris root1 #a_/b  oz42 oil ( anise$ or 
ess5ce ( c$rat1 a few drops1 & p\r !    
pa/e  ^u an oil$ slab1 or into m\lds1 z 
be=e4    #b4 7,br[n2 ,p,,/a ,g4 ,,fusca2
 ,p,,te ,,de ,r4 ,,brune47 ,ref9$ juice1
 #d oz42 :ite  sug>1 #b lbs42 gum       
,arabic1 #c lbs42 wat]1 #d p9ts2 proce$ 
z la/4    #c4 7,opiat$2 ,p,,te ,,de ,r4 
,,opiace4----,p ,cod47 ,to ! la/ add (  
extract (  opium1 #ae gr4    #d4 7,:ite2
 ,p,,te ,,de ,r,,glisse ,,blan*e47 ,z   
,no4 #b1 sub/itut+ ! p[d] (  !          
decorticat$ root = ! extract4 ,all !    
above are pectoral2 !  second is also   

slightly anodyne4 ,!y are useful 9      
tickl+ c\ghs1  ho>s5ess1 c4    ,pa/e1   
,london4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,lond95sis4      
,equal p>ts ( cau/ic soda &  unslak$    
lime4 ,r$uce to a f9e p[d] 9 a w>m      
mort>1 & mix  intimately4 ,keep x 9 well
 clos$ bottles1 & :5 requir$ = use take 
z mu* z is suffici5t1 & make x into a   
pa/e ) wat]4    ,pa/e1 ,m>%-mall[4 ,syn4
 ,,pa/a ,,al?1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de         
,,guimauve1 ,fr4  ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4     
#ahaf47 ,decorticat$ m>%mall[ root      
7,fr5*71 #d oz42  wat]1 #a_/b gall42    
mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 /ra91 add :ite sug> 
& gum  ,arabic1 ( ea* #b-a_/b lbs42     
dissolve1 /ra91 evaporate )\t boil+ to  
! ?ickness ( honey1 con/antly /irr+1 &  
add1 gradually1 !  :ites ( #ab eggs1    
well beat5 ) orange-fl[] wat]1 #d fl4   
oz41 &  /ra9$2 cont9ue ! evaporation &  
con/ant /irr+ until ! mass is  s firm z 
n to adh]e to ! f+]s1 !n proce$ z be=e4 
,obs4 ,x %\ld be v :ite1 light1 &       
spongy4 ,9 ! ,p4 ,codex ( #ahci  !      
m>%mall[ root is omitt$1 & ! "n is *ang$

 to t ( #8pte  de gomme1' a comp\nd long
 sold = x 9 ! %ops4 ,bo? are agreeable  
pectorals4 ,see ,,pa/e ,,( ,,gum        
,,arabic4    ,pa/e1 ,odontalgic4 ,syn4  
,,pa/a ,,odontalgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
,pellitory  79 p[d]71 #a dr42           
hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #c gr42         
triturate2 add1 (  honey1 #b dr42 & oil 
( cloves1 #f drops4    #b4 ,p[d]$ ma/ic1
 pellitory1 & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a dr42  
*lor(orm1  q4 s4 to =m a pa/e4 ,x mu/ be
 kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,see           
,,too?a*e1 & bel[4    ,pa/e1 ,orange4   
,prep4 ,f orange fl[]s1 #b lbs42 bitt] &
 sweet  almonds1 ( ea* blan*$1 #b-a_/b  
lbs42 beat5 to a p]fectly smoo? pa/e4   
,an agreeable cosmetic4 ,see ,,pa/e1    
,,almond4    ,pa/e1 ,orgeat4 ,prep4 ,f  
blan*$ ,jordan almonds1 #a lb42 blan*$  
bitt] a4 & :ite sug> & honey1 ( ea*     
#a_/d lb42 beat5 to a pa/e1  )          
orange-fl[] wat]1 q4 s4 7or n]oli1 a few
 drops71 & put into  pots4 ,z a cosmetic
 or to make orgeat milk4 ,= use1 rub #a 
oz4 ) #a_/b  p9t ( wat]1 & /ra9 ?r\gh   

musl94    ,pa/e1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a
 ,,pectoralis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p,,te   
,,pectorale  ,,de ,,baudry47 ,take ( gum
 ,arabic & :ite sug> ( ea* #g lbs42     
wat]1  q4 s42 dissolve1 add ( extract ( 
liquorice1 #c oz42 evaporate1 add (     
extract ( lettuce1 #b dr42 balsam (     
tolu1 #a-a_/d oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1    
#d-a_/b fl4 oz42 :ite ( #d eggs2 oil (  
citrons1 #e or #f drops4    #b4 7,p,,te 
,,pectorale ,,balsamique ,,de           
,,regnault47 ,f ! fl[]s ( coltsfoot1    
cudwe$1 m>r[1 & r$ poppy1 ( ea*1 #a oz42
 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil1  /ra92 add1 ( gum 
,arabic1 #cj oz42 :ite sug>1 #bj oz42   
dissolve1  conc5trate1 add ( t9cture (  
tolu1 #c fl4 dr41 & p\r ! mixture on  an
 oil$ slab4    #c4 7,,anisat$           
,,coltsfoot ,,pa/e2 ,p,,te ,,de         
,,tussilage  ,l',,anis47 ,f a /rong     
decoction ( coltsfoot fl[]s1 #a qu>t2   
,spani% juice1 #a_/b lb42 dissolve1     
/ra91 evaporate z be=e1 & t[>ds ! end   
add ( oil ( anise$1 #a  dr4 ,all ! above
 are useful 9 ho>s5ess1 c\ghs1 c4       

,pa/e1 ,phosphor4 ,see ,,rats4    ,pa/e1
 ,poli%+4 ,prep4 #a4 7,= copp] & brass47
 ,see ,,brass ,,pa/e4    #b4 7,= iron & 
/eel47 ,f em]y 79 f9e p[d]7 & l>d1 equal
  p>ts4    #c4 7,= pewt]47 ,f p[d]$ ,ba?
 brick1 #b p>ts2 s(t soap1 #a "p2  wat]1
 q4 s4 to make a pa/e4 ,us$ ) a little  
wat]1 & aft]w>ds  well r9s$ (f4    #d4  
7,= furniture47 ,see ,,poli%4    ,pa/e1 
,razor4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f jewell]'s r\ge1   
plumbago1 & suet1  equal p>ts1 melt$    
toge!r & /irr$ until cold4    #b4 ,f    
prep>$ putty p[d] 7levigat$ oxide ( t971
 #c p>ts2 l>d1 #b  p>ts2 crocus m>tis1  
#a "p2 triturat$ toge!r4    #c4 ,prep>$ 
putty p[d]1 #a oz42 p[d]$ oxalic acid1  
#a_/d oz42 p[d]$  gum1 #bj grs42 make a 
/iff pa/e ) wat]1 q4 s41 & ev5ly & ?9ly 
spread x ov] ! /rop1 ! o!r side ( :i*   
%\ld be cov]$ )  any ( ! common greasy  
mixtures4 ,) v little friction ?is pa/e 
gives a f9e edge to ! razor1 & its      
action is /ill fur!r increas$  by       
slightly moi/5+ x1 or ev5 brea?+ on x4  
,imm$iately aft] its  use1 ! razor %\ld 

receive a few turns on ! o!r side ( !   
/rop4    #d4 ,diamond du/1 jewell]'s    
r\ge1 & plumbago1 ( ea* #a "p2 suet1 #b 
p>ts4 ,p[d]$ qu>tz is g5]ally sub/itut$ 
= diamond du/1 b is  mu* less effective4
    #e4 7,me*i's47 ,em]y 7r$uc$ to an   
impalpable p[d]71 #d p>ts2 de] suet1  #a
 "p2 well mix$ toge!r4    #f4           
7,pradi]'s47 ,f p[d]$ ,turkey /one1 #d  
oz42 jewell]'s r\ge &  prep>$ putty     
p[d]1 ( ea* #a oz42 h>d suet1 #b oz4    
,obs4 ,! above 7g5]ally made up into    
squ>e cakes7 are rubb$ ov] !  razor     
/rop1 & ! surface be+ smoo!d (f ) ! flat
 "p ( a  knife or a phial bottle1 ! /rop
 is set aside = a few h\rs to h>d5  be=e
 be+ us$4    ,pa/e1 ,regnault's4 ,see   
,,pa/e1 ,,pectoral4    ,pa/e1           
,rubefaci5t4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,rubefaci5s1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,cl>us47  ,f acetate ( lead1
 #a oz42 bisulphite ( potassa1 #c oz42  
wat]1 q4 s4 ,x  acts p[]fully & quickly 
on ! sk94    ,pa/e1 ,ru/'s4 ,prep4 ,f   
p[d]$ opium & extract ( h5bane1 (  ea*  
#aj gr42 p[d]$ pellitory & extract (    

belladonna1 ( ea* #bj gr42  oil (       
cloves1 #aj drops4 ,9 too?a*e4    ,pa/e1
 ,%av+4 ,prep4 #a4 ,naples soap 7g5u9e71
 #d oz42 p[d]$  ,ca/ile soap1 #b oz42   
honey1 #a oz42 ess5ce ( amb]gris & oils 
( cassia  & nutmegs1 ( ea* #e or #f     
drops4    #b4 ,:ite wax1 sp]maceti1 &   
almond oil1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 melt1 &1   
:il/ w>m1 beat 9 #b squ>es ( ,w9dsor    
soap previ\sly r$uc$ to a  pa/e ) a     
little rose wat]4    #c4 ,:ite s(t soap1
 #d oz42 sp]maceti & salad oil1 ( ea*   
#a_/b oz42 melt  !m toge!r1 & /ir until 
ne>ly cold4 ,x may be sc5t$ at w4 ,:5   
prop]ly prep>$1 ^! pa/es produce a good 
la!r ) ei!r hot or  cold wat]1 :i* does 
n dry on ! face4 ,! prop] me?od ( us+   
!m is to sme> a m9ute quantity ov] !    
be>d1 & !n to apply !  wett$ %av+-bru%1 
& n to p\r wat] on !m1 z is ! common    
practice4    ,pa/e1 ,/yptic1 ( ,gutta   
,p]*a4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,gutt ,,p]*        
,,/yptica4 7,mr  ,be>dsley47 ,gutta     
p]*a1 #a oz42 ,/ockholm t>1 #a-a_/b or  
#b oz42 creosote1  #a dr42 %ellac1 #a   

oz41 or q4 s4 to r5d] x suffici5tly h>d4
 ,to be  boil$ toge!r ) con/ant /irr+1  
till x =ms a homog5e\s mass4    ,=      
alveol> hmorrhage1 & z a /opp+ = tee? 9 
too?a*e4 ,to be  s(t5$ by m\ld+ ) !     
f+]s4    ,pa/e1 ,sw$iaur4 ,see          
,,*ilbla94    ,pa/e1 ,too?4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a
 ,,d5tifricia1 ,,electu>ium             
,,d5tifricum1 ,l4  ,v>i\s prep>ations   
are kn[n "u ?is "n4 ,!y consi/1 = ! mo/ 
"p1 ( ! ord9>y sub/ances us$ z          
d5tifrices1 r$uc$ to ! /ate  ( a v f9e  
p[d]1 & mix$ ) suffici5t honey1 sug>1 or
  capillaire1 to give !m ! requir$      
consi/5ce4 ,honey ( roses is (t5  us$ = 
?is purpose1 ) "s agreeable p]fume at w4
 ,a little eau  de ,cologne or rectifi$ 
_s is a useful addition4 ,! foll[+ are a
  few examples3----    #a4 7,,c>bon     
,,pa/e2 ,,opiat ,,c>bonique47 ,! *ipp+s 
( ,turkey /one1  cyl9d] *>coal1 & prep>$
 *alk1 ( ea* #b oz42 co*9eal &  cloves1 
( ea* #a dr42 honey1 #e oz42 eau de     
,cologne1 q4 s4 ,x %\ld n  be put into !
 pots until ! next day1 & %\ld be       

aft]w>ds well  pres]v$ f ! air4 ,mu*    
priz$ by smok]s1 & by p]sons tr\bl$  ) a
 fetid brea? f rott5 tee?4    #b4       
7,,coral ,,pa/e2 ,,opiat ,,d5tifrice    
,,r\ge47 ,f prep>$ coral1 #h oz42       
cuttle-fi% bone1 #d oz42 ma/ic1 #b oz42 
co*9eal1 #a_/d oz42 honey1 #c_/d  lb42  
ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a fl dr42 oil (     
cloves1 #a_/b fl4 dr41 dissolv$  9      
rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4       
,cleanse ! tee? rapidly4    #c4 7,dyon's
 ,,*>coal ,,pa/e47 ,f *lorate ( potassa1
 #a dr42 m9t wat]1 #a  fl4 oz42         
triturate until dissolv$1 !n add1 (     
p[d]$ *>coal1 #b oz42  honey1 #a oz4    
#d4 7,,magic ,,pa/e47 ,f :ite m>ble du/ 
#d oz42 pumice /one 79  impalpable      
p[d]71 #c oz42 rose p9k1 #a oz42 honey1 
#a_/b lb42 otto (  roses1 #ae drops4    
,rapidly :it5s ! tee?1 b x %\ld n be us$
 too  freely1 nor too frequ5tly4    #e4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep>$ coral1 #d oz42      
bit>trate ( potassa1 #b oz42  cuttle-fi%
 bone & co*9eal1 ( ea* #a oz42 alum1    
#a_/b dr42 ,n>bonne  honey1 #aj oz42 )  

ess5tial oil1 q4 s4 to aromatise !      
mixture4    #f4 7,pelleti]'s ,,odont9e47
 ,?is is /at$ to be a mixture ( pulv]is$
  sepia-bone1 butt] ( cacao1 & honey1 ) 
ess5tial oil4    #g4 7,,rose ,,pa/e47   
,coral pa/e sc5t$ ) roses1 or !         
foll[+3----,cuttle-fi% bone1 #a oz42    
prep>$ *alk1 #b oz42 co*9eal1 #a_/b     
dr42 honey ( roses1 #c oz42 otto (      
roses1 #f drops4    #h4 7,,soluble      
,,pa/e1 ,,sal9e ,,d5tifrice47 ,f        
bit>trate ( potassa or  sulphate (      
potassa 79 f9e p[d]71 #c oz42 honey (   
roses1 #b oz4    #i4 7,,spani%          
,,d5tifrice1 ,,ca/ilian ,,too? ,,cream47
 ,f ,ca/ile soap 79 f9e  p[d]7 &        
cuttle-fi% bone1 ( ea* #b oz42 honey (  
roses1 #e oz4 ,an  excell5t prep>ation4 
,x is sup]ior to all ! o!r pa/es =      
remov+  t>t> & animalcul f ! tee?4      
#aj4 7,,vanilla ,,pa/e47 ,f r$ c9*ona   
b>k1 #b dr42 vanilla1 #a dr42  cloves1  
#a_/b dr4 7! la/ two r$uc$ to p[d] by   
trituration )72  :ite sug>1 #a oz42     
cuttle-fi% bone & m>ble du/1 ( ea* #a_/b

 oz42  syrup ( saffron1 q4 s4    #aa4   
7,,violet ,,pa/e47 ,f prep>$ *alk &     
cuttle-fi% bone ( ea* #c  oz42 p[d]$    
:ite sug>1 #b oz42 orris root #a oz42   
smalts1 #a_/d oz42 syrup  ( violets1 q4 
s4 to mix4    #ab4 7,w9ckl]'s ,,roseate 
,,d5tifrice47 ,f cuttle-fi% bone1 #a "p2
  cons]ve ( roses 7,ph4 ,l471 #c p>ts2  
:ite otto ( roses1 #b drops to !  oz4   
#ac4 ,*alk1 #h oz42 myrrh & rhatany     
root1 ( ea* #b oz42 orris root1 #a  oz42
 honey ( roses1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,9 f\l &  
spongy gums4    ,pa/e1 ,too?a*e4 ,see   
,,pa/e1 ,,odontalgia4    ,pa/e1         
,torm5til4 ,syn4 ,,pa/a ,,torm5till1 ,l4
 ,prep4 7,mor947  ,p[d]$ torm5til root  
made into a pa/e ) :ite ( egg4 ,9 :itl[2
  appli$ on l954 ,mix$ ) an equal weight
 ( simple syrup1 x has also  be5        
recomm5d$ 9 dys5t]y & di>rha4    ,pa/e1 
,vi5na4 ,see ,,cau/ic ,,potassa ,,)     
,,lime4    ,pa/e1 ,vohl]'s4 ,prep4 ,f   
dragon's blood1 #a dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #b 
dr42 p[d]$ gums ( ma/ic & s&>a*1 ( ea*  
#d dr42 oil (  rosem>y1 #bj drops2      

t9cture ( opium1 q4 s4 to =m a pa/e4 ,9 
too?a*e4    ,pa/e1 ,w>d's4 ,see         
,,confection ,,( ,,pepp]4    ,,pa/es4   
,syn4 ,,artificial ,,gems1 ,,factiti\s  
,g42 ,,pi]res ,,pr,,cieuses             
,,artificielles1 ,fr4 ,vitre\s comp\nds 
made 9 imitation ( ! gems &  preci\s    
/ones4 ,! sub/ances :i* ent] into _!    
composition1 &  ! pr9ciples on :i* _!   
successful production dep5ds1 h be5     
already briefly notic$4 ,! pres5t       
article w1 !re=e1 be conf9$  to giv+ !  
read] a few orig9al =mul1 toge!r )      
sev]al o!rs  c>efully select$ f ! mo/   
reliable ,engli% & ,cont95tal           
au?orities4 ,l enamels ! artificial gems
 h = _! basis a v  fusible1 highly      
transp>5t & brilliant1 d5se glass1 :i*  
is kn[n  "u ! "n ( #8frit1' #8pa/e1'    
#8/rass1' #8flux1' #8fondant1' or       
#8,may5ce base1' & :i* 9 its /ate (     
greate/ excell5ce con/itutes  !         
#8artificial diamond4' ,= conv5i5ce1 ?is
 w be notic$ "h "u  its la/ synonym4    
7,see bel[1 also ,ure's #8,diction>y (  

,arts1' c47    ,ame?y/4 #a4 ,pa/e or    
/rass1 #ejj gr42 oxide ( manganese1 #c  
gr42 oxide  ( cobalt1 #bd gr4    #b4    
7,d\ault-,wil&47 ,/rass1 #dfjh gr42     
oxide ( manganese1 #cf gr42 oxide  (    
cobalt1 #b gr4    #c4 7,lanon47 ,/rass1 
#ibaf gr42 oxide ( manganese1 #ae to #bd
 gr42 oxide (  cobalt1 #a gr4    ,aqua  
,m>9a4 ,f /rass1 #dhjj gr42 glass (     
antimony1 #cj gr42 oxide (  cobalt1     
#a-a_/b gr4 ,see ,,b]yl1 ( :i* ?is is   
m]ely a v>iety4    ,av5tur9e4 #a4 ,f    
/rass1 #ejj gr42 scales ( iron1 #ajj    
gr42 black  oxide ( copp]1 #ej gr42 fuse
 until ! black oxide ( copp] is r$uc$   
to ! regul9e =m1 !n all[ ! mass to cool 
v sl[ly1 s t !  m9ute cry/als ( metal   
may be equally diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,has a  
ri*  gold5 iridesc5ce4    #b4 ,z ! la/1 
b submitt+ oxide ( *romium = ! protoxide
 (  copp]4 ,appe>s br[n1 fill$ )        
c\ntless gold spangles2 or1 :5 mix$  ) m
 pa/e1 ( a gre5i% grey1 fill$ ) gre5    
spangles4    ,b]yl4 7,d\ault-,wil&47    
,/rass1 #cdef gr42 glass ( antimony1 #bd

 gr42  oxide ( cobalt1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,see 
,,aqua ,,m>9a4    ,c>buncle4 ,see       
,,g>net4    ,*rysolite4 ,f /rass #gjjj  
gr42 pure calc9$ sesquioxide ( iron     
7#8trocus m>tis'71 #fe gr4              
,cornelian4 #a4 7,,r$47 ,f /rass1 #gjjj 
gr42 glass ( antimony1 #cejj gr42       
calc9$ p]oxide ( iron1 #hge gr42 b9oxide
 ( manganese1 #ge gr4    #b4 7,,:ite47  
,f /rass1 #gbjj gr42 calc9$ bones1 #bej 
gr42 wa%$ yell[  o*re1 #fe gr4          
,diamond4 #a4 ,f rock cry/al 7pure/71   
#afjj gr42 borax1 #efj gr42  c>bonate ( 
lead 7pure71 #cbjj gr42 oxide (         
manganese1 #a_/b to #a gr42  p[d] ea*   
sep>ately1 mix !m toge!r1 fuse ! mixture
 9 a clean  crucible1 p\r ! melt$ mass  
into wat]1 sep>ate any r$uc$ lead1 &    
aga9 p[d] & remelt ! mass4    #b4 ,pure 
silica1 #aej gr42 pure li?>ge1 #bej gr42
 borax & nitre1 ( ea*  #ej gr42 ars5i\s 
acid1 #ba gr4    #c4                    
7,d\ault-,wil&47----a4 ,f rock cry/al1  
#djef gr42 m9ium1 #fcjj gr42  pota%1    
#baed gr42 borax1 #bgf gr42 ars5ic1 #ab 

gr4    b4 ,f rock cry/al1 #cfjj gr42    
c]use ( ,cli*y 7pure c>bonate (  lead71 
#hejh gr42 pota%1 #abfj gr42 borax1 #cfj
 gr4    #d4 7,fontani]47 ,pure silica1  
#h oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #bd oz42 mix1 bake1
  cool1 treat ! fus$ mixture ) dilute   
nitric acid until eff]vesc5ce  ceases1 &
 aft]w>ds ) wat] z long z ! wa%+s affect
 litmus  pap]2 next dry ! p[d]1 add to x
 ( pure c>bonate ( lead1 #ab oz4  & to e
 #ab oz4 ( ! mixture add ( borax1 #a    
oz42 triturate 9 a  porcela9 mort>1 melt
 9 a clean crucible1 & p\r ! fus$ mass  
into  cold wat]2 dry1 p[d]1 & repeat !  
process a second & a ?ird "t  9 a clean 
crucible1 obs]v+ to sep>ate any reviv$  
lead4 ,to ! ?ird  frit add ( nitre1 #e  
dr41 & aga9 melt4 ,! product is p]fectly
 limpid  & extremely brilliant4    #e4  
7,lanon47 ,li?>ge1 #ajj gr42 pure       
silica1 #ge gr42 :ite t>t> or  pota%1   
#aj gr4    #f4 7,loysel47 ,pure silica1 
#ajj p>ts2 r$ oxide ( lead 7m9ium71 #aej
  p>ts2 calc9$ pota%1 #cj to #ce p>ts2  
calc9$ borax1 #aj p>ts2  ars5i\s acid1  

#a "p4 ,?is produces a pa/e :i* has     
great brilliancy  & refractive &        
disp]sive p[]s1 & also a simil> specific
 gravity  to ! ori5tal diamond4 ,x fuses
 at a mod]ate heat1 & acquires !        
greate/ brilliancy :5 remelt$1 & kept = 
#b or #c days 9 a fus$  /ate1 9 ord] to 
expel ! sup]abundant alkali1 & p]fect ! 
ref9+ 7#8,polyte*4 ,j\rn4'74 ,! products
 ( ! above =mul are n  only employ$ to  
imitate ! diamond1 b !y also =m ! basis 
( !  o!r factiti\s gems4 7,see above47  
#g4 7,,yell[ ,,diamond47 ,/rass1 #ejj   
gr42 glass ( antimony1 #aj gr4    ,eagle
 ,m>9e4 ,f /rass1 #chdj gr42 copp] /a91 
#gb gr42 pure zaffre1  #a gr4           
,em]ald4 #a4 ,f /rass1 #gjjj gr42       
c>bonate ( copp]1 #fe gr42 glass (      
antimony1 #g gr4    #b4 ,pa/e1 #ifj gr42
 glass ( antimony1 #db gr42 oxide (     
cobalt1 #c-a_/b gr4    #c4              
7,d\ault-,wil&7 ,pa/e1 #dfjh gr42 gre5  
oxide ( copp]1 #db gr42 oxide  ( *rome1 
#b gr4    #d4 7,lanon47 ,pa/e1 #ifab    
gr42 acetate ( copp]1 #gb gr42 p]oxide (

 iron1  #a-a_/b gr4    ,g>net4 #a4 ,pa/e
 or /rass1 #abjj gr42 glass ( antimony1 
#ehj gr42 purple  ( cassius & b9oxide ( 
manganese1 ( ea* #c gr4    #b4          
7,d\ault-,wil&47 ,pa/e1 #eac gr42 glass 
( antimony1 #bef gr42 purple  ( cassius 
& oxide ( manganese1 ( ea* #b gr4    #c4
 7,,v9eg> ,,g>net47 ,f pa/e1 #gjjj gr42 
glass ( antimony1 #cdfj gr42  calc9$    
p]oxide ( iron1 #ef gr4    ,lapis       
,lazuli4 ,f pa/e1 #gjjj gr42 calc9$ horn
 or bones1 #egj gr42  oxides ( cobalt & 
manganese1 ( ea* #bd gr4 ,! gold5 ve9s  
are  produc$ by pa9t+ !m on ! pieces ) a
 mixture ( gold p[d]1  borax1 & gum     
wat]1 & !n g5tly heat+ !m until ! borax 
fluxes4    ,opal4 #a4 ,f /rass1 #ifj    
gr42 calc9$ bones1 #dh gr4    #b4       
7,fontani]47 ,pa/e1 #a oz42 horn silv]1 
#aj gr42 calc9$ magnetic ore1  #b gr42  
absorb5t e>? 7calc9$ bones71 #bf gr4    
,ruby4 #a4 ,pa/e1 #de p>ts2 b9oxide (   
manganese1 #a "p4    #b4 ,pa/e1 #a lb42 
purple ( cassius1 #c dr4    #c4         
7,d\ault-,wil&47----a4 ,f pa/e1 #bhhj   

p>ts2 oxide ( manganese1 #gb  p>ts4     
b4 ,topaz-pa/e t has turn$ out opaque1  
#a "p2 /rass1 #h p>ts2 fuse  !m toge!r =
 #cj h\rs1 cool1 & aga9 fuse x 9 small  
pieces be=e  ! bl[pipe4 ,v f9e4    #d4  
7,fontani]47 ,/rass1 #af oz42           
precipitate ( cassius1 p]oxide ( iron1  
gold5 sulphide ( antimony1 & manganese  
calc9$ ) nitre1 ( ea*  #afh gr42 rock   
cry/al1 #b oz41 or m4    #e4 ,pa/e &    
glass ( antimony1 ( ea* #h oz42 rock    
cry/al1 #a oz42 purple  ( cassius1      
#a-a_/b dr4 ,turns on ! orange4         
,sapphire4 #a4 ,f /rass1 #cfjj gr42     
oxide ( cobalt1 #ej gr42 oxide (        
manganese1 #aa gr4    #b4               
7,d\ault-,wil&47 ,pa/e1 #dfjh gr42 oxide
 ( cobalt1 #fh gr42 fuse 9 a  little    
,hessian crucible = #cj h\rs4    #c4    
7,fontani]47 ,pa/e1 #h oz42 oxide (     
cobalt1 #di gr4    ,topaz4 #a4 ,f /rass1
 #ajej gr42 glass ( antimony1 #dd gr42  
purple (  cassius1 #a gr4    #b4        
7,d\ault-,wil&47 ,pa/e1 #cdef gr42      
calc9$ p]oxide ( iron1 #cf gr4          

,turquoise4 ,f blue pa/e1 #bj to #bd    
p>ts2 calc9$ bones1 #a "p4    ,conclud+ 
rem>ks4 ,x is absolutely necess>y = !   
successful  application ( ! prec$+ =mul 
t ! sub/ances employ$ %\ld  be p]fectly 
free f impurities1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( a  
m9]al  k9d4 ,! li?>ge1 oxide ( lead1 &  
c>bonate ( lead1 above all  ?+s1 mu/ be 
entirely free f oxide ( t91 z ! smalle/ 
p>ticle  ( t sub/ance may imp>t a       
#8milk9ess' to ! pa/e4 ,all !  +r$i5ts  
mu/ be sep>ately r$uc$ to p[d]1 &1 aft] 
be+ mix$1  sift$ ?r\gh lawn4 ,! fusion  
mu/ be c>efully conduct$ &  cont9u\s1 & 
! melt$ mass %\ld be all[$ to cool v    
sl[ly1  aft] hav+ be5 left 9 ! fire f   
#bd to #cj h\rs1 at ! lea/4  ,hessian   
crucibles are pref]r$ = ?is purpose1 & !
 heat ( an  ord9>y pott]y or porcela9   
kiln is suffici5t 9 mo/ cases2 b a      
small w9d-furnace1 devot$ exclusively to
 ! purpose1 is1 9 g5]al1  m conv5i5t4 ,x
 is f\nd t ! m tranquil1 cont9u\s1 &    
uni=m ! fusion1 ! d5s] & cle>] is !     
pa/e1 & ! great]  its refractive p[] &  

beauty4    ,all ! col\r$ vitre\s        
comp\nds notic$ "u ,,glass may be work$ 
up  z ornam5tal /ones1 9 ! same way z ^?
 j ref]r$ to4    ,! foll[+ me?od (      
obta9+ artificial rubies & em]alds1 fir/
  po9t$ out by ,bottg]1 is exce$+ly     
simple & inexp5sive1 &  des]ves ! s]i\s 
att5tion ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ?is +5i\s       
art3----,rec5tly precipitat$ & well-wa%$
 hydrate ( alum9um is  moi/5$ ) a few   
drops ( neutral *romate ( potassium1 &  
knead$  s t ! mass assumes a t+e sc>cely
 p]ceptible2 x is !n roll$  up into     
small /icks1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a f+]1 & 
sl[ly dri$1  tak+ ! precaution to fill !
 fissures 7if any7 t =m dur+            
desiccation ) fre% hydrate ( alum9um4   
,:5 p]fectly dry1 & aft]  hav+ be5      
submitt$ to a g5tle heat1 "o end ( ^!   
/icks is br\ght  into ! t]m9ation ( !   
flame ( an oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe1 until a  
portion ( ! mass is fus$ into a small   
globule4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a  few m9utes1 
sev]al m9ute balls =m1 hav+ a diamet] ( 
"s  millimtres1 & ( su* int5se h>dness t

 qu>tz1 glass1 topaz &  granite1 may be 
easily & p]ceptibly scrat*$ ) !m4 ,^!1  
:5  cut & poli%$1 appe>1 h[ev]1 slightly
 opaque4 ,by employ+ nitrate  ( nickel 9
 lieu ( *romate ( potassium1 gre5-col\r$
 globules1  closely resembl+ ! em]ald1  
are obta9$4    ,by ! sub/itution ( oxide
 ( *romium = *romate ( potassium1 ,mr   
,cooley produc$ factiti\s gems (        
consid]able h>dness & beauty1  ?\gh     
slightly opaque 9 "s portion ( ! mass4  
,! addition ( a v  little silica        
prev5t$1 9 a great measure1 ?is t5d5cy  
to opacity4    ,x may be obs]v$ t !     
beauty ( pa/es ( factiti\s gems1 &      
especially ! brilliancy ( mock diamonds1
 is greatly dep5d+ ^u !  cutt+1 sett+   
up1 & ! skilful arrangem5t ( ! foil or  
t9sel  beh9d !m4 ,see ,,enamel1 ,,foils1
 ,,gems1 ,,glass1 c4    ,,pas,,tels4    
,fr4 ,col\r$ crayons4    ,,pas,,til4    
,syn4 ,,pa/ille2 ,,pa/illus1 ,,pa/illum1
 ,l4 ,a loz5ge or  confection4 ,!       
pa/illes 7,,pa/illi7 ( ,fr5* ph>macy1   
are m]ely  #8confection]y drops'        

aromatis$ or m$icat$4 ,! "n is also giv5
 to  mixtures or odor\s sub/ances made  
up into small cones & burnt z  inc5se4  
7,see bel[74    ,pa/ils1 ,explosive4    
,fumigat+ pa/illes1 conta9+ a little    
gunp[d]4 ,us$ to produce div]sion1 b !y 
(t5 prove f> f  h>mless4    ,pa/ils1    
,fumigat+4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,pa/illes1 
,,inc5se ,p42 ,,pa/illi  ,,fumantes1 ,p4
 ,,odorati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,b5zo91 #d   
oz42 casc>illa1 #a_/b oz42  nitre & gum 
,arabic1 ( ea* #c dr42 myrrh1 #a dr42   
oils ( nutmeg &  cloves1 ( ea* #be      
drops2 *>coal1 #g oz42 all 9 f9e p[d]2  
beat !m  to a smoo? ductile mass ) cold 
wat]1 q4 s42 =m x into small cones  ) a 
tripod base1 & dry !m 9 ! air4    #b4   
7,h5ry & ,guib\rt47 ,p[d]$ gum b5zo91   
#af p>ts2 balsam ( tolu  & p[d]$ s&al   
wood1 ( ea* #d p>ts2 a light *>coal     
7,l9d571 #dh  p>ts2 p[d]$ tragacan? &   
true labdanum1 ( ea* #a "p2 p[d]$  nitre
 & gum ,arabic1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 c9namon  
wat]1 #ab p>ts2 z above4    #c4 7,p4    
,cod47 ,b5zo91 #b oz42 balsam ( tolu &  

yell[ s&al wood1 (  ea* #d dr42 nitre1  
#b dr42 labdanum1 #a dr42 *>coal1 #f    
oz42 mix ) a  solution ( gum tragacan?1 
& divide ! mass into pa/illes1 z be=e4  
#d4 7,,pa/illes  ,,la ,,fleur           
,d',,orange47 ,= p[d]$ roses 9 ! next   
=mula  sub/itute pure orange p[d]1 & = !
 ess5ce ( roses use pure  n]oli4    #e4 
7,,pa/illes  ,,la ,,rose47 ,gum b5zo91  
olibanum 79 te>s7 & /yrax 79  te>s71 (  
ea* #ab oz42 nitre1 #i oz42 *>coal1 #d  
lbs42 p[d] ( pale  roses1 #a lb42 ess5ce
 ( roses1 #a oz42 mix ) #b oz4 ( gum    
tragacan?1  dissolv$ 9 rose wat]1 #a    
qu>t4    #f4 7,,pa/illes  ,,la          
,,vanille47 ,gum b5zo91 /yrax1 &        
olibanum 7z la/71  ( ea* #ab oz42 nitre1
 #aj oz42 cloves1 #h oz42 p[d]$ vanilla1
 #a lb42  *>coal1 #d-a_/b lbs42 oil (   
cloves1 #a_/b oz42 ess5ce ( vanilla1 #g 
or #h  fl4 oz42 z be=e4    ,obs4 ,!     
products ( ! above =mula are all (      
excell5t quality4  ,!y may be v>i$ to   
please ! fancy ( ! arti/e1 by ! addition
 or  sub/itution ( o!r p]fumes or       

aromatics4 ,*eap] pa/illes may be made  
by simply increas+ ! quantity ( ! *>coal
 & saltpetre4 ,! :ole  ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld 
be r$uc$ to f9e p[d] be=e mix+ !m4  ,!  
use ( musk & civet1 s (t5 ord]$ 9       
pa/illes1 %\ld be  avoid$1 z !y yield a 
disagreeable od\r :5 burn$4 ,! addition 
( a  little camphor r5d]s !m m suitable 
= a sick *amb]4 ,! simple/  & mo/       
conv5i5t way ( =m+ ! mass into cones is 
by press+ x  into a m\ld ( lead or      
porcela94    ,pa/illes are burn$ ei!r to
 diffuse a pleasant od\r1 or to cov] a  
disagreeable "o4 ,= ?is purpose !y are  
k9dl$ at ! apex & set on  an inv]t$     
sauc] or a p5ny piece to burn4 ,p]sons  
:o use !m  frequ5tly employ a small *9a 
or porcela9 toy 7#8pa/ile h\se'7 sold  =
 ! purpose4    ,pa/ils1 ,m\?4 ,syn4     
,,brea? ,,pill1 ,,ca*\ ,,loz5ges2       
,,pa/illi ,,cosmetici1  ,l42 ,,ca*\     
,,aromatis1 ,c4 ,,aromatique1 ,c4 ,,de  
,,bologna1 ,,gra9s ,,de ,,ca*\1 ,fr4    
,prep4 #a4 ,s(t extract ( liquorice1 #c 
oz42 gum cate*u & :ite sug>1  ( ea* #a  

oz42 gum tragacan? 7p[d]$71 #a_/b oz42  
oil ( cloves1 #a dr42  oil ( cassia1    
#a_/b dr42 ess5ce ( amb]gris & oil (    
nutmeg1 ( ea* #ab  drops2 make a firm   
mass ) rose or orange-fl[] wat]1 q4 s41 
&  divide x into "o-gra9 pills2 :5 ^!   
are dry1 cov] !m ) gold  or silv] leaf4 
#b4 ,solazzi juice 7dri$ by a g5tle heat
 & p[d]$71 #d oz42 lump sug>1  #c oz42  
p[d]$ cate*u1 #b oz42 p[d]$ tragacan?1  
#a oz42 oil ( cloves1  #b fl4 dr42 oil (
 cassia1 #a fl4 dr42 :ite ( egg or rose 
wat]1 q4 s4 to  =m a pill-mass2 z be=e4 
#c4 ,p[d]$ cate*u1 #a oz42 ,solazzi     
juice1 #d oz42 lump sug>1 #ab oz42 oils 
( cloves1 cassia1 & pepp]m9t1 ( ea* #a  
fl4 dr42 mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4 s4 to
 mix2 z be=e4    #d4 ,extract (         
liquorice 7s(t71 #b oz42 :ite sug>1 #c  
oz42 p[d]$  tragacan? & casc>illa 7or   
orris root71 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 oil (     
cloves1  #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil ( cassia1   
#ab drops1 wat]1 q4 s42 z be=e4    #e4  
7,*evalli]47 ,p[d]$ c(fee1 *ocolate &   
sug>1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42  p[d]$ vanilla1

 & fre%ly burnt *>coal1 ( ea* #a oz42   
mucilage (  tragacan?1 q4 s4    #f4     
,*loride ( lime 7dry & good71 #a dr42   
:ite sug>1 #c oz42 p[d]$  tragacan?1 #a 
oz42 oil ( cloves1 #cj drops2 rose wat]1
 q4 s4 ,to dis9fect  ! brea?4    ,obs4  
,almo/ e mak] employs 8 own =ms = ^!    
articles4 ,!  objects to be aim$ at are 
! possession ( r p[]ful &  p]si/5t od\r1
 & a t\ghness to prev5t _! too rapid    
solution 9  ! m\?4 ,! orig9al ,italian  
=mula includ$ liquorice1 ma/ic1         
casc>illa1 *>coal orris root1 oil (     
pepp]m9t1 & ! t9ctures (  amb]gris &    
musk1 b is n[ seldom employ$ 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,!  flav\r ( pepp]m9t does n1   
inde$1 appe> to be approv$ ( by  ,engli%
 smok]s4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( be+ made  
p]fectly sph]ical1  !y are flatt5$ a    
little4    ,,ca*\  ,l',,ambre ,,gris1   
,,ca*\  ,,la ,,canelle1 ,,ca*\  ,,la    
,,fleur ,d',,orange1  ,,ca*\ ,,musqu1   
,,ca*\  ,,la ,,rose1 ,,ca*\  ,,la       
,,vanille1 ,,ca*\  ,,la  ,,violette1 c41
 are m]ely flav\r$ & sc5t$ respectively 

) !  ess5ces or oils ( amb]gris1        
c9namon1 n]oli1 musk1 rose vanilla1     
violets1 c4 ,see ,,brea?1 ,,ca*\        
,,aromatis1 ,,loz5ges1 ,,pills1 c4      
,,pa,,/ry4 ,articles ( food made (      
#8pa/e' or d\gh1 or ( :i* #8pa/e'  =ms a
 pr9cipal & *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,! ^w is 
popul>ly  re/rict$ to ^? :i* conta9 puff
 pa/e1 or su* z =m ! /aple  production (
 ! mod]n pa/rycook2 b x is1 9 reality1 (
 mu* m  g5]al signification4    ,sev]al 
v>ieties ( pa/e are prep>$ = diff]5t    
purposes1 ( :i*  ! foll[+ are !         
pr9cipal3----    ,,puff ,,pa/e4 ,!      
production ( a fir/ class puff pa/e is  
commonly  reg>d$ z a matt] ( consid]able
 difficulty1 b by ! ex]cise (  ! prop]  
precautions x is1 on ! contr>y1 an      
extremely simple affair4  ,?is pa/e1    
be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! ov51 consi/s (       
alt]nate lam9  ( butt] or fat & ord9>y  
fl\r d\gh1 ! latt] be+1 ( c\rse1  !     
?ick] ( ! two4 ,dur+ ! process ( bak+1 !
 ela/ic vap\r  dis5gag$1 be+ 9 "p       
re/ra9$ f fly+ (f by ! butt]$  surfaces 

( ! d\gh1 diffuses itself betwe5 ^!     
lam91 & causes  ! mass to swell up1 & to
 =m an assemblage ( ?9 membranes or     
flakes1 ea* ( :i* is m or less sep>at$ f
 ! o!r4  ,individually1 ^! flakes       
resemble ^? ( an ord9>y ri* unleav5$    
d\gh :5 bak$2 b1 collectively1 !y =m a v
 light cru/1  possess+ an extremely     
invit+ appe>ance & an agreeable flav\r4 
,! precautions above ref]r$ to are----! 
use ( p]fectly dry fl\r1 &  its         
conv]sion into d\gh ) a light h&1 avoid+
 unnecess>ily  work+ x1----! use ( butt]
 free f wat] or butt]milk1 & :i*  has   
be5 r$uc$ to precisely ! same degree (  
pla/icity z ! d\gh  betwe5 :i* x is to  
be roll$1----conduct+ ! op]ation 9 a    
cool  ap>tm5t1 &1 aft] ! second or ?ird 
fold+ ( ! d\gh1 expos+  x to a r l[     
temp]ature be=e proce$+ fur!r ) !       
process2  &1 la/ly1----bak+ ! pa/e 9 a  
mod]ately sm>t b n too hot an  ov54 ,!  
foll[+ are examples3----    #a4 7,ri*47 
,take ( fl\r1 #a lb42 butt]1 #a_/d lb42 
cold spr+ wat]1  q4 s42 make a mod]ately

 s(t flexible d\gh1 !n roll 9 7z        
describ$  above7 ( dry fre% butt]1 #a_/b
 lb4    #b4 7,ord9>y47 ,take ( fl\r1 #a 
lb42 cold wat]1 q4 s42 make a d\gh1 &   
roll 91 z be=e1 ( butt]1 #f oz4    #c4  
7,rundell47 ,take #a_/d peck ( fl\r1 rub
 into x #a lb4 ( butt]1 &  make a       
#8light pa/e' ) cold wat]1 j /iff en\gh 
to "w well2 next  lay x out ab\t z ?ick 
z a cr[n-piece2 put a lay] ( butt] all  
ov]  x1 spr9kle on a little fl\r1 d\ble 
x up1 & roll x out aga92 by  repeat+ ?is
 ) fre% lay]s ( butt] ?ree or f\r times1
 or  (t5]1 a v light pa/e w be =m$4     
,bake x 9 a mod]ately quick  ov54    #d4
 7,soy]47 ,put #a lb4 ( fl\r ^u y\r     
pa/ry slab1 make a hole 9 !  c5tre1 into
 :i* put a teaspoonful ( salt1 mix x )  
cold wat] into  a s(ti% flexible pa/e ) 
! "r h&1 dry x (f a little )  fl\r until
 y h well cle>$ ! pa/e f ! slab1 b d n  
"w  x m ?an y c possibly help2 let x    
rema9 = #b or #c m9utes ^u  ! slab1 !n  
take #a lb4 ( fre% butt] f :i* y h      
squeez$ all  ! butt]milk 9 a clo?1 &    

br\ght to ! same consi/5cy z !  pa/e1 ^u
 :i* place x2 press x out flat ) ! h&1  
!n fold  ov] ! edges ( ! pa/e s z to    
hide ! butt]1 & r$uce x )  ! roll+-p9 to
 ! ?ickness ( ab\t #a_/b an in*1 :5 x w 
be  ab\t two feet 9 l5g?2 fold ov] "o   
?ird1 ov] :i* aga9 pass !  roll+-p92 !n 
fold ov] ! o!r ?ird1 ?us =m+ a squ>e2   
place  x ) ! ends top & bottom be=e y1  
%ak+ a little fl\r bo?  "u & ov]1 &     
repeat ! rolls & turns twice aga9 z     
be=e2  fl\r a #8bak+-%eet1' ^u :i* lay  
x1 on ice1 if h&y1 or o!rwise1  9 "s    
cool place1 = ab\t half an h\r2 !n roll 
x twice m1  turn+ x z be=e1 & aga9 place
 x ^u ice or 9 ! cold = #a_/d  ( an h\r2
 next give x two m rolls1 mak+ sev5 9   
all1 & x is  ready = use4 8,y mu/       
cont9ually add en\gh fl\r :ile roll+ to 
prev5t y\r pa/e /ick+ to ! slab40       
,,half-,,puff ,,pa/e4 ,z ! prec$+1 us+  
only "o half ! quantity (  butt]1 & giv+
 ! pa/e only #c or #d folds4    ,,%ort  
,,pa/e1 ,,%ort ,,cru/4----#a4 ,fl\r 7dry
 & w>m71 #a lb42 sug>1 #c oz42  butt]1  

#a_/d lb42 #b eggs2 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2    
make a light d\gh4 ,if "o half  (       
#8,jones's pat5t fl\r' be us$1 no eggs w
 be requir$4    #b4 7,soy]47 ,put on !  
#8pa/e slab' or #8pie bo>d' #a lb4 (    
fl\r1 #b oz4  ( p\nd$ sug>1 #f oz4 (    
butt]1 #a egg1 #a_/b teaspoonful ( salt1
 & #a_/b  p9t ( wat]2 mix ! sug> & wat] 
well toge!r1 add !m ) !  wat] by degrees
 to ! fl\r1 & =m a pa/e1 b firm] ?an    
puff  pa/e4    ,,pie ,,pa/e4 ,t commonly
 us$ is #8%ort pa/e1' v>i$ at w2 b at   
good tables ! upp] cru/ ( ! pie is      
g5]ally made ( #8puff pa/e1'  & !       
rema9d] ( #8%ort pa/e4'    ,,pudd+      
,,pa/e4 ,?is = bak$ pudd+s may resemble 
! la/4 ,= boil$  pudd+s 7or inde$ =     
any71 ! pa/e may be ei!r ord9>y #8%ort  
pa/e1' or "o made ) #b to #f oz4 ( butt]
 or l>d1 or #c to #h oz4 (  *opp$ beef  
suet1 to ea* lb4 ( fl\r1 ) or )\t an    
egg1 & a  little sug>1 accord+ to !     
means ( ! p>ties4 ,! fir/ is mo/        
appropriate = ^? conta9+ fre% fruit1 & t
 ) suet = meat  pudd+s1 & ^? conta9+    

dri$ fruit1 z groc]s currants1 plums1   
c4 ,milk or milk-&-wat] is (t5 us$      
in/ead ( simple wat] to make  ! d\gh4   
,g+]1 spices1 savory h]bs1 c41 are      
common additions to !  cru/s ( pudd+s4  
,:]e economy is an object1 & especially 
among !  l[] classes1 kit*5 fat is      
frequ5tly sub/itut$ = suet1 & l>d  =    
butt]4 ,:5 #8,jones's pat5t fl\r' is    
employ$1 an excell5t pla9  pudd+ pa/e   
may be made by simply mix+ x up ) v cold
 wat]1 &  imm$iately putt+ x into !     
wat]1 :i* %\ld be boil+1 & kept  9 t    
/ate until ! pudd+ is dress$4           
,,pa,,t5t ,,m$,,ic9es4 ,syn4 ,,m$icam5ta
 ,,arcana1 ,l4 ,! majority ( !          
prep>ations notic$ "u ?is head are !    
no/rums popul>ly t]m$  #8quack m$ic9es1'
 & :i* are sold ) a ,gov]nm5t /amp      
atta*$ to  !m4 ,a few o!r secret or     
propriet>y rem$ies are also1 =          
conv5i5ce1 includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,an         
alphabetical arrangem5t1 bas$ on  !     
names ( ! reput$ inv5tors or proprietors
 ( ! articles1 has  be5 adopt$1 z be+ ! 

"o be/ suit$ = easy ref]5ce4 ,!         
composition ( a numb] ( !m is giv5 f    
c>eful p]sonal inspection  & analysis   
7by ,mr ,cooley71 & t ( ! rema9d] on !  
au?ority (  ,gray1 ,griffi?1 ,p>is1     
,r$wood1 ! memb]s ( ! ,philadelphia     
,college (  ph>macy1 & o!r respectable  
writ]s4 ,a v>iety ( articles1 n  includ$
 9 ! foll[+ li/1 is notic$ along ) o!r  
prep>ations  = ! class to :i* !y belong1
 or "u ! names ( _!  proprietors4 ,see  
,,balsam1 ,,c]ate1 ,,drops1 ,,ess5ce1   
,,t9cture1 ,,o9tm5t1  ,,pills1 c4       
,ab]ne?y's ,pills4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y       
,,m$ic9es4    ,alb9olo's ,o9tm5t4 ,see  
,,holl[ay',s ,,o9tm5t 7bel[74    ,ali   
,ahm$'s ,treasures ( ! ,des]t4 ,!re are 
?ree prep>ations  includ$ "u ?is "n3----
    a4 7,,antiseptic ,,malagma47 ,f lead
 pla/]1 #c p>ts2 gum1 ?us & salad  oil1 
( ea* #b p>ts2 beeswax1 #a "p2 melt$    
toge!r by a g5tle heat1  & spread ^u    
calico4    b4 7,,pectoral1              
,,antiph?isis1 or ,,c\gh ,,pills47 ,f   
myrrh1 #c-a_/b lbs42  squills &         

ipecacuanha1 ( ea* #a lb4 7all 9 p[d]72 
:ite s(t soap1  #aj oz42 oil ( anise$1  
#a-a_/d oz2 treacle1 q4 s4 to =m a pill 
mass4    c4 7,,sphairopeptic or         
,,antibili\s ,,pills47 ,f aloes1 #bh    
lbs42 colocyn?  pulp1 #ab lbs42 rhub>b1 
#g lbs42 myrrh & scammony1 ( ea* #c-a_/b
 lbs42  ipecacuanha1 #c lbs42 c>damom   
se$s1 #b lbs4 7all 9 p[d]72 s(t soap1 #i
  lbs42 oil ( junip]1 #g fl4 oz42       
treacle1 q4 s4 ,?is1 z well z ! la/1  is
 divid$ into #c-a_/b gr4 pills1 :i* are 
!n cov]$ ) t9 foil or  silv] leaf4 ,an  
excell5t ap]i5t pill1 no d\bt1 & "o     
likely to prove  useful 9 all ^? cases 9
 :i* ! adm9i/ration ( a mild            
diaphoretic & /oma*ic purge is indicat$4
 ,unlike _m ( !  adv]tis$ no/rums ( !   
day1 !re is no?+ 9 _! composition t  c  
by any possibility1 prove injuri\s2 b   
beyond ?is !y are  de/itute ( virtue4   
,&]son's ,scot's ,pills4 ,see ,,pills4  
,atk9son's ,infant ,pres]vative4 ,f     
c>bonate ( magnesia1 #f dr42 :ite  sug>1
 #b oz42 oil ( anise$1 #bj drops2 _s (  

sal volatile1 #b-a_/b dr42  laudanum1 #a
 dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #a oz42 c>away   
wat] to make up #a p9t4    ,balm (      
,rackasiri4 ,see ,,balsam4    ,balsam ( 
,life4 ,syn4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,fr4   
,sev]al comp\nd m$ic9es (  ?is "n are   
notic$ on page #bfa4 ,! foll[+ are      
well-kn[n  no/rums3----    #a4          
7,h(fman's7----a4 ,( ! oils ( c9namon1  
cloves1 lemon1 lav5d]1 &  nutmegs1 &    
balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea* #b dr42 ess5ce (   
amb]gris1 oil (  amb]1 & oil ( rue1 (   
ea* #a dr42 co*9eal1 #ab gr42 /ronge/   
rectifi$ _s1 #c-a_/b p9ts2 mix4    b4   
7,ph4 ,dan4 #ahdj47 ,oils ( c9namon1    
cloves1 lav5d]1 & nutmegs1 (  ea* #bj   
gr42 purifi$ oil ( amb]1 #aj drops2     
balsam ( ,p]u1 #cj gr42  rectifi$ _s    
7t+$ ) alkanet root71 #aj oz4    #b4    
7,gabius's47 ,ne>ly simil> to           
,h(fmann's4    #c4 7,turl+ton's47 ,b5zo9
 & liquid /yrax1 ( ea* #ab oz42 balsam (
  tolu & extract ( liquorice1 ( ea* #d  
oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b oz42  aloes1     
myrrh1 & angelica root1 ( ea* #a oz42   

highly rectifi$ _s (  w9e1 #g p9ts2     
dige/1 ) frequ5t agitation = #aj days1 &
 filt]4  ,ext]nally1 ! above are        
rubefaci5t & corroborant2 int]nally1    
/imulant1 cordial1 & pectoral4          
,betton's ,briti% ,oil4 ,f oil (        
turp5t9e1 #a p9t2 ,b>badoes t>1 #a_/b   
lb42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a fl4 oz4          
,blake's ,gre5-m\nta9 ,o9tm5t4 ,we are  
told t ! active +r$i5t  9 ?is comp\nd is
 ,arnica montana1 ) a basis ( soap      
c]ate4 ,x is  v useful z an ext]nal     
applications 9 sev]al affections4 ,!    
*ief  objection to its use is t x is a  
secret prep>ation4    ,blake's ,too?a*e 
,ess5ce4 ,f alum1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a dr42   
sweet  _s ( nitre1 #e dr4    ,bo]haave's
 ,odontalgic ,ess5ce4 ,f opium1 #a_/b   
dr42 oil ( cloves1 #e  dr42 p[d]$       
camphor1 #e dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b   
fl4 oz4    ,b\*>dat's ,ta/eless ,ap]i5t4
 ,f phosphate ( soda1 #c_/d oz41 plac$  
9 a soda-wat] bottle1 :i* is !n fill$ up
 ) c>bonat$ wat]1 at  ! bottl+ ma*9e4 ,=
 a dose4    ,br&'s ,too? ,t9cture4 ,f   

pellitory ( ,spa9 7bruis$71 #a oz42     
camphor1 #c_/d oz42 opium1 #a_/d oz42   
oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 dige/$ = #aj  days
 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t4    ,brodum's 
,n]v\s ,cordial4 ,prep4 #a4 8,orig9ally 
x consi/$ simply (  an infusion ( g5tian
 root 9 ,engli% g91 col\r$ & flav\r$ ) a
  little r$ lav5d] 7comp\nd _s (        
lav5d]474 ,aft] a "t !  doctor add$ a   
little b>k to ! no/rum1 & subsequ5tly   
made o!r  additions40 7#8,anat4 (       
,quack]y1'7    #b4 7,p>is47 ,t9ctures ( 
g5tian1 calumba1 c>damoms1 & c9*ona1    
comp\nd spirits ( lav5d]1 & /eel w9e1 ( 
ea* equal p>ts4 8,x is  tonic1 /oma*ic1 
& /imulant2 b1 beyond ^!1 possesses no  
curative  prop]ties40 #8,anat4 (        
,quack]y4'    ,*lorodyne4 ,?is no/rum1  
:i* 0 fir/ introduc$ z 8a comb9ation  ( 
p]*loric acid ) a new alkaloid10 has    
become a popul> anodyne &  s$ative4     
,sev]al prep>ations are sold "u ?is "n1 
& ! claims (  ! rival mak]s h occasion$ 
"s exp5sive lawsuits4 ,! "n 0  und\bt$ly
 inv5t$ by ,dr ,j4 ,collis ,br[ne1 b ,mr

 ,freeman1  ph>maceutical *emi/1 claims 
to be ! inv5tor ( ! prep>ation4  ,:e!r  
,br[ne's & ,freeman's #8*lorodynes' are 
ess5tially ! same1 we  are n able to    
det]m9e1 b we "k t !re is n ! slighte/  
f\ndation = ! /atem5ts made by ea*      
manufactur] respect+ ! new  vegetable   
pr9ciple conta9$ 9 8 m$ic9e4 ,*lorodyne1
 9 e "o (  its =ms1 is simply a mixture 
( c]ta9 well-kn[n mat]ials1 "s (  :i*   
are r dang]\s +r$i5ts = a popul> no/rum4
 ,accord+ to  ! analysis ( ,dr ,odg51   
,br[ne's *lorodyne is compos$ z         
foll[s3----    ,*lor(orm1 #f dr42 *loric
 e!r1 #a dr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #a_/b 
dr42  oil ( pepp]m9t1 #b drops2         
hydro*lorate ( morph9e1 #h gr42         
,s*eele's  hydrocyanic acid1 #ab drops2 
p]*loric acid1 #bj drops2 t9cture (     
,indian  hemp1 #a dr42 treacle1 #a dr4  
#8,t[le's *lorodyne' is prep>$ accord+  
to  ?is =mula1 ! +r$i5ts be+ nam$ on !  
label4    ,cl>ke's ,conglut9um4 ,see    
,,conglut9um4    ,co*rane's ,c\gh       
,rem$y4 ,acidulat$ syrup ( poppies4     

,corn ,no/rums4 ,see ,,corn4            
,cott]eau's ,odontalgic ,ess5ce4 ,a     
ne>ly saturat$ e!real solution (        
camphor1 mix$ ) ab\t #a_/ab? ( its      
volume ( /rong liquor (  ammonia4       
,curtis's ,anti-v5]eal ,lotion4 ,a      
mixture ( ,beaufoy's solution (  *loride
 ( lime1 #b fl4 oz41 ) cold s(t wat]1 #h
 fl4 oz4 ,= use1 #a to  #b              
table-spoonfuls are put into a          
w9e-glassful ( wat]4    ,dalby's        
,c>m9ative4 #a4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,c>bonate (
 magnesia1 #dj gr42  t9cture ( ca/or &  
comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 ( ea* #cj   
drops2  t9cture ( assaftida1 & _s (     
p5nyroyal1 ( ea* #ae drops2  laudanum1  
#e drops2 oil ( anise$1 #c drops2 oil ( 
nutmeg1 #b drops2 oil (  pepp]m9t1 #a   
drop2 pepp]m9t wat]1 #b fl4             
oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a  teaspoonful4 
,! bottle %\ld be well %ak5 be=e p\r+ x 
out4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,c>bonate (    
magnesia1 #a oz42 t9cture ( ca/or1 #e   
fl4  dr42 t9cture ( assaftida1 #c fl4   
dr42 oils ( anise$ & p5nyroyal1 (  ea*  

#a_/d fl4 dr42 oil ( nutmeg1 #ae drops2 
syrup ( poppies1 #g oz42  rectifi$ _s4  
#c-a_/b fl4 oz42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #a_/b   
p9t2 z be=e4    ,davidson's ,canc]      
,rem$y4 ,a mixture ( ars5i\s acid &     
hemlock1 bo?  9 p[d]4 7,dr ,p>is47      
,davis's ,calorific4 ,! #8,,liquid' is  
comm]cial acetic acid 7sp4 gr4  #ajdh71 
dilat$ ) ab\t an equal volume ( wat]1 & 
col\r$ )  burnt sug> or _s col\r+4 ,!   
#8,,%ield' consi/s ( a piece ( r$       
flannel back$ ) oil sk91 to prev5t      
evaporation4 ,a few drops (  calorific  
are spr9kl$ on ! flannel1 :i* is !n b\nd
 ov] !  affect$ "p4 ,! heat ( ! body    
gradually volatilises ! acetic acid1  & 
! escape ( ! vap\r be+ prev5t$ by ! oil 
sk91 a /rongly  c\nt]-irritant action is
 set up4    ,d]by%ire's ,embrocation4 ,f
 opium & mottl$ soap1 ( ea* #b oz42     
extract ( h5bane1 #b dr42 & mace1 #a_/b 
dr42 boil$ = #cj m9utes1 9  wat]1 #c    
p9ts2 to ! cold liquor1 rectifi$ _s1 #a 
qu>t1 & liquor  ( ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41  
are add$1 &1 aft] repose1 ! cle> portion

 is  decant$4 ,a prev5tive (            
sea-sickness4    ,de%l]'s ,c]ate4 ,yell[
 basilicon4    ,duncan's ,g\t ,m$ic9e4  
,see ,,g\t4    ,dut* ,ague ,rem$y4 ,a   
mixture =m$ ( ,p]uvian b>k & cream (    
t>t>1 ( ea* #a oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42  
r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4----,dose1  #a-a_/b   
dr41 e #c h\rs4 7,dr ,p>is47            
,godfrey's ,cordial4 #a4 7,orig9al      
=mula47 ,opium 7slic$71 #a_/d oz42      
sassafras *ips #a oz42 ,engli% br&y1 #a 
qu>t2 mac]ate = #d or #e days1  !n add1 
( wat]1 #a qu>t1 treacle1 #c-a_/b lbs41 
& simm] ! :ole  g5tly = a few m9utes2 ! 
next day decant ! cle> portion4    #b4  
7,dr ,p>is47 ,anise$1 c>aways1 &        
cori&]s1 ( ea*1 bruis$1 #a oz42         
sassafras *ips1 #i oz42 wat]1 #f p9ts2  
simm] g5tly until r$uc$ to #d  p9ts1 !n 
add ( treacle1 #f lbs42 & :5 ne>ly cold1
 fur!r add (  t9cture ( opium1 #c fl4   
oz4    #c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 ( ,ph>47      
,c>bonate ( potassa1 #b-a_/b oz42 wat]1 
#bf p9ts  7old w9e measure72 dissolve1  
add ( sug>-h\se molasses 7treacle71 #af 

p9ts 7o4 w4 m472 simm] ! mixture1 remove
 ! scum1 & :5 x has  consid]ably cool$1 
add ( t9cture ( opium1 #bd fl4 oz42 oil 
(  sassafras1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 7dissolv$  
97 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t 7o4 w4  m47 ,x  
conta9s ab\t #af drops ( laudanum 7     
#a-a_/h gr4 ( opium7 9 ea*  fl4 oz4     
,! foll[+ =ms are also curr5t 9 !       
:olesale trade3----    #d4 ,f molasses1 
#af lbs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b-c_/d galls42 
oil (  sassafras1 #a fl4 oz42 7dissolv$ 
97 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b gall42 bruis$     
g+]1 #c_/d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42      
laudanum1 #h fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #ad     
days1 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4    #e4      
,sassafras *ips1 #a lb42 g+] 7bruis$71  
#d oz42 wat]1 #c galls42  simm] until   
r$uc$ to #b galls42 !n add ( treacle1   
#af lbs42 rectifi$  _s1 #g lbs42        
laudanum1 #a p9t4    #f4 ,opium1 #a_/b  
oz42 treacle1 #g lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #a   
gall42 dissolve1 &  add1 ( rectifi$ _s1 
#a qu>t2 oil ( sassafrass1 #a_/b dr42   
cloves &  mu/>d se$1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42   
cori&] & c>away se$s1 ( ea* #a dr42     

dige/ = a week4    #g4 ,c>aways1        
cori&]s1 & anise$1 ( ea* #a lb42 wat]1  
#f galls42  di/il #e galls41 & add1 (   
treacle1 #bc lbs42 laudanum1 #a qu>t2 & 
oil  ( sassafras1 #a fl4 oz41 previ\sly 
dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall4        
,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is anodyne &      
n>cotic1 &1 among/ ! l[]  classes1 is   
commonly giv5 to *ildr5 tr\bl$ ) w9d or 
colic4 ,its  frequ5t & excessive use has
 s5t _m infants prematurely to ! grave4 
,gray says1 8,x is *iefly us$ to prev5t 
! cry+ ( *ildr5 9 pa9  or />v+40 ,! dose
 is #a_/c teaspoonful & upw>ds1 accord+ 
to !  age & susceptibility ( ! *ild4    
,grave's ,g\t ,prev5tive4 ,a t9cture    
prep>$ by /eep+1 = a week1  dri$ orange 
peel & hi]a picra1 ( ea* #a oz41 &      
rhub>b1 #a_/b oz41 9  br&y1 #a p9t4     
,gr9rod's ,rem$y = ,spasms4 ,f acetate (
 morphia1 #a gr42 _s (  sal volatile &  
sulphuric e!r1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 camphor
 julep1 #d fl4  oz42 = a mixture4 ,x    
%\ld be kept closely cork$1 9 a cool    
place1 &  %\ld be well %ak5 be=e        

use4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful 9 a glass 
(  cold wat] or w9e1 z requir$4 ,x is a 
really valuable prep>ation4             
,h]r5s*w&'s ,specific4 ,a mixture (     
gamboge1 #aj gr41 ) c>bonate  ( potassa1
 #bj gr4 7,dr ,p>is47    ,holl[ay's     
,o9tm5t4 ,! orig9al =mula ( ,,alb9olo',s
 ,,o9tm5t1 (  :i* ?is pret5ds to be a   
reproduction1 conta9$ ! 8graisses d]    
s]p5t et de vipre10 & o!r ph>maceutical 
curiosities4 ,! pr9cipal  +r$i5ts1      
h[ev]1 9 ! ,,holl[ay',s ,,o9tm5t ( !    
pres5t day are  v homely sub/ances4 ,9 !
 case ( ,sill5 v4 ,holl[ay1 tri$ at !   
,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfc1
 ! pla9tiff's c\nsel ass]t$  t1 on !    
o9tm5t be+ receiv$ by ! ag5t 9 ,p>is1 x 
0  submitt$ to ! au?oris$ gov]nm5t      
*emi/s to be analys$1 9  accordance ) ! 
laws ( ,france prohibit+ ! sale ( secret
  rem$ies1 & 0 f\nd by !m to conta9     
butt]1 l>d1 ,v5ice  turp5t9e1 :ite wax1 
yell[ wax1 & no?+ else4 ,9 a lett] to ! 
#8,times' ,mr ,holl[ay /at$ t ! ,fr5*   
analysis 0 incorrect1 =  ?ree ( !       

+r$i5ts nam$ 7 n 9 ! o9tm5t1 :ile !re 7 
o!r compon5ts :i* ! analy/s _h n        
discov]$4 ,! =mula  adopt$ by ^? :o     
prep>e an imitation o9tm5t on ! l>ge    
scale1 &  :i* closely resembles1 if x be
 n actually id5tical )1 t  employ$ by   
,mr ,holl[ay1 is z foll[s3----,fre%     
butt] 7free f wat]71  #c_/d lb42 beeswax
 7good71 #d oz42 yell[ res91 #c oz42    
melt !m toge!r1  add ( v9eg> (          
can?>ides1 #a fl4 oz41 & simm] ! :ole1 )
  con/ant agitation1 = #aj or #ab       
m9utes1 or until ! moi/ure is ne>ly     
evaporat$2 !n add ( ,canada balsam1 #a  
oz42 express$ oil ( mace1 #a_/b  dr42   
balsam ( ,p]u or liquid /yrax1 #aj or   
#ab drops2 aga9 /ir well1  all[ !       
mixture to settle1 & :5 x is ab\t half  
cold 7n be=e7  p\r x into ! pots1       
previ\sly slightly w>m$1 & all[ x to    
cool  v sl[ly4 ,! label w d ! re/4 ,no  
two samples ( ,holl[ay's  o9tm5t are    
precisely ( ! same col\r or consi/5ce4  
,holl[ay's ,pills4 ,f aloes1 #d p>ts2   
jalap1 g+]1 & myrrh1 ( ea*  #b p>ts2    

made into a mass ) mucilage1 & divid$   
into #b-;gra9 pills1  ( :i* ab\t #d doz5
 are put into ea* #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box4  
,jackson's ,ba?+ ,_s4 ,a species ( soap 
l9im5t1 made ( s(t soap1  #a lb42       
camphor1 #f oz42 oils ( rosem>y & ?yme1 
( ea* #c_/d fl4 oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #a   
gall4    ,kaye's ,infant's ,pres]vative4
 ,a prep>ation p>tak+ ( ! jo9t          
prop]ties ( ,atk9son's no/rum &         
,godfrey's cordial1 b m p[]ful  ?an     
ei!r1 z indicat$ by ! doses 9 :i* x is  
direct$ to be giv5  dur+ e>ly infancy1  
viz4 8two1 ?ree1 or m drops40           
,keat+'s ,c\gh ,loz5ges4 ,^! are said to
 be compos$ (----,lactuc>ium1  #b dr42  
ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 squills1 #c_/d dr42
 extract ( liquorice1 #b oz42  sug>1 #f 
oz42 made into a mass ) mucilage (      
tragacan?1 & divid$  into #bj-;gr4      
loz5ges4    ,k+'s ,s>sap>illa ,pills4 ,f
 ! comp\nd extract4 8,in/ead ( two      
pills be+ equival5t to #a_/b fl4 oz4 ( !
 conc5trat$ decoction or  ess5ce (      
s>sap>illa1 z ass]t$1 x takes ab\t #cb (

 !m to  repres5t ! giv5 quantity1 & ab\t
 #d ( !m to be equal 9 /r5g?  to !      
common decoction ( ! ,ph>macopia40      
8,in/ead ( "o #bs4 #i;d4 box  ( ^! pills
 be+ equal to a p9t ( ! co/ly conc5trat$
 fluid  prep>ation1 x w\ld take ne>ly   
#a-a_/b lb4 ( !m = t purpose40  7#8,m$4 
,circ41' ii1 #dic47    ,kit*5]'s        
,p]i/altic ,p]suad]s4 ,see ,,pills4     
,lamb]t's ,a/hmatic ,balsam4 ,! active  
+r$i5ts 9 ?is comp\nd are  said to be   
squills & aque\s extract ( opium4       
,lemazuri]'s ,odontalgic ,ess5ce4 ,f    
acetate ( morphia1 #a gr42  dissolv$ 9  
*]ry-laurel wat]1 #a oz4 ,= use1 a      
teaspoonful is add$ to  half a          
w9e-glassful ( w>m wat]1 & ! m\? well   
r9s$ out ) !  mixture4    ,l]oy's       
,purgative4----a4 7,no4 #a47 ,vegetable 
turbi?1 #f dr42 scammony1  #a-a_/b oz42 
jalap1 #f oz42 br&y1 #aj p9ts2 dige/ =  
#bd h\rs1 & add a  syrup made ( s5na1 #f
 oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 sug>1 #cb oz4  
b4 7,no4 #b47 ,z ! la/1 only "o ?ird    
/rong]4    c4 7,no4 #c47 ,twice z /rong 

z ,no4 #a4    ,lewis's ,electu>ium4 ,a  
liquid no/rum1 said to be alt]ative & to
  conta9 a small quantity ( bo? antimony
 & m]cury4    ,lewis's ,balsamic        
,o9tm5t4 ,?is prep>ation1 :i* is decl>$ 
by its  proprietor to be 8utt]ly        
unsurpassable10 = ! mo/ "p resemble     
,holl[ay's o9tm5t4 7#8,m$4 ,circ4' ii1  
#dic47    ,lewis's ,silv] ,cream4 ,?is  
no/rum is said to dep5d = its efficacy  
on  :ite precipitate & a salt ( lead4   
,locock's ,pulmonic ,loz5ges4 ,see      
,,waf]s4    ,mahom$'s ,pa/e4 ,see       
,,electu>y4    ,m>dant's ,norton's      
,drops4 ,a mixture ( ! t9ctures ( g5tian
 &  g+]1 hold+ 9 solution a little      
bi*loride ( m]cury1 & col\r$  ) co*9eal4
    ,m>riott's ,dry ,vomit4 ,a mixture (
 equal p>ts ( t>t> emetic &  sulphate ( 
copp]4    ,m>sd5's ,drops4 ,a col\r$    
solution ( corrosive sublimate4 7,dr    
,p>is47    ,mat?ieu's ,v]mifuge4----a4  
7,to de/roy ! worms47 ,t9 fil+s1 #a oz42
  male f]n root1 #f dr42 worm se$1 #d   
dr42 res9\s extract ( jalap &  sulphate 

( potassa1 ( ea* #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to
 =m an  electu>y4----,dose4 ,a          
teaspoonful1 repeat$ e ?ird or f\r? h\r 
=  #b or #c days1 :5 ! foll[+ is to be  
sub/itut$1 & cont9u$ until  ! b[els are 
well act$ on4    b4 7,to expel ! worms47
 ,jalap & sulphate ( potassa1 ( ea* #dj 
gr42  scammony1 #bj gr42 gamboge1 #aj   
gr42 honey1 q4 s4 z be=e4               
,mc,kinsey's ,gold5 ,c]ate4 ,?is appe>s 
to resemble ,poor ,man's ,fri5d4        
,mc,kinsey's ,katapotia4 ,?is notori\s  
no/rum is comp\nd$ ( aloes1 #e  oz42    
soap1 #a-a_/b oz4 7bo? 9 p[d]72 beat5 up
 ) syrup ( saffron &  a little ess5tial 
oil1 & divid$ into pills v>y+ 9 weight f
 #b to  #b-a_/b gr4 ea*4 7#8,m$4        
,circ41' iv1 #hf74    ,mc,kinsey's      
,m$ic9al ,p[d]4 ,syn4 ,,rev4 ,t4        
,,smi?',s ,m4 ,p4 ,f dri$  lav5d] fl[]s 
& rosem>y tops1 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42      
as>abacca1 #a oz42  r$uc$ to p[d]1 &    
fur!r disguis$ ) a little p]fume4 ,a v  
small quantity ( subsulphate ( m]cury is
 also mo/ probably add$4 ,two  or ?ree  

p9*es ( ?is p[d]1 tak5 #c or #d times a 
day z snuff1 is  said by ! proprietor to
 be suffici5t to cure almo/ e kn[n      
disease4 ,see ,,as>abacca4    ,morison's
 ,ap]i5t ,p[d]4 ,a mixture ( cream (    
t>t> & lump sug>1  9 ne>ly equal        
proportions1 ) suffici5t p[d]$ cassia to
 give x an  aromatic flav\r4 ,see       
,,pills4    ,morison's ,adhesive ,pa/e4 
,see ,,pla/]4    ,ollivi]'s ,biscuits4  
,take ( ! :ite ( #b eggs2 wat]1 #c_/d   
p9t2 beat  !m toge!r1 /ra9 ! mixture1 & 
add to x a solution ( bi*loride  (      
m]cury1 #gf gr42 collect ! precipitate1 
wa%1 dry1 p[d]1 &  c>efully weigh x2    
next add to x su* a quantity ( fl\r1 c41
 t  ea* #b-;dr4 biscuit may conta9      
exactly #a_/g gr4    ,papi] ,fay>d4 ,see
 ,,pap] 7,g\t74    ,pate ,ars5icale4 ,a 
p[d] compos$ ( ars5i\s acid1 #h gr42    
dragon's  blood1 #bb gr42 c9nab>1 #gj   
gr4 ,x is to be made into a pa/e ) !    
saliva at ! "t ( apply+ x4 ,a fav\rite  
rem$y 9 canc] on !  ,cont95t4 7,dr      
,p>is74    ,p]ry's ,balm ( ,syriacum4 ,f

 ,engli% g91 #a p9t2 moi/ sug>1 #a_/b   
lb42 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #d oz42 mix1 &  
add ( p>egoric 7,t9ct4 ,camph4          
,co4----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #a oz42 t9cture
 ( tolu1 #a_/b oz42 t9cture (           
can?>ides1 q4 s42 toge!r ) a few drops  
ea* ( ! oils ( anise$  & spe>m9t2       
agitate well toge!r1 & ! next day filt]1
 or decant  ! cle> portion4    ,p]ry's  
,prev5tive ,lotion4 ,?is is said to be a
 solution ( sal  alembro?1 #b dr41 9    
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,= use1 x is dilut$ ) #d  
or #e  times its bulk ( wat]4           
,pie/e's ,too?a*e ,ess5ce4 ,f liquor (  
ammonia1 #b p>ts2 laudanum1 #a  "p4 ,x  
is appli$ on l9t4    ,pilules           
,angliques4 ,syn4 ,,gra9s ,,de ,,sant4  
,take ( aloes & juice (  roses1 ( ea* #d
 oz42 juices ( borage & *icory1 ( ea* #b
 oz42 beat  !m toge!r1 & :5 !y are r$uc$
 to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t  pill-mass1 add 
( p[d]$ rhub>b1 #b dr41 p[d]$ ag>ic1 #a 
dr41 &  divide ! mixture into           
#a-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,a good             
purgative4----,dose1 #d to  #ab4        

,poor ,man's ,fri5d4 7,fr5*47 ,see      
,,o9tm5t 7,br[n74    ,poor ,man's       
,fri5d4 7,dr ,rob]ts'47 ,?is consi/s    
*iefly ( o9tm5t (  nitric-oxide (       
m]cury4    ,pr+le's ,rem$y = ,typhus4   
7,dr ,p>is47 ,pale c9*ona 7bruis$71     
#a_/b  oz42 wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 boil !m  
toge!r = #aj m9utes1 add+1 t[>ds  ! end1
 ,virg9ian snake-root 7bruis$71 #b dr42 
mac]ate = an h\r 9 a  cov]$ vessel1 & to
 ! /ra9$ liquid add ( dilute sulphuric  
acid1 #b  fl4 dr41 & :5 ! mixture is    
cold1 fur!r add ( _s ( c9namon1  #a fl4 
oz4 ,! dose is #b table-spoonfuls e six 
h\rs4    ,reynolds' ,g\t ,specific4 ,w9e
 ( col*icum disguis$ by "s unimportant  
additions4    ,righ9i's ,odontalgic     
,drops4 ,a solution ( creasote 9 an     
equal weight (  ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s1  
col\r$ ) co*9eal1 & disguis$ by  !      
addition ( a few drops ( oil ( pepp]m9t4
    ,rusp9i's ,/yptic4 ,a /rong solution
 ( gallic acid 9 _s ( roses4  ,dr ,a4   
,t4 ,?omson says t x also conta9s       
sulphate ( z9c4    ,ru/'s ,too?a*e      

,pa/e4 ,see ,,pa/e4    ,scott's ,drops4 
,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,soot4 ,f          
wood-soot1 #b oz42  assaftida1 #a oz42  
br&y or pro( _s1 #a p9t4----,dose1 #a to
 #b  table-spoonfuls2 9 hy/]ia1 c4      
,smi?'s ,p[d]4 ,see ,,mck9sey',s ,,p[d]4
    ,solomon's ,anti-impetig9es4 ,a     
solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury  disguis$ 
by ! addition ( a little flav\r+ &      
t9ctorial matt]4  7#8,m$4 ,circ41' ii1  
#fi1 #gj74    ,/&]t's ,r$ ,mixture4     
,take ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a oz42    
p[d]$  ,turkey rhub>b1 #a_/c oz42       
t9cture ( rhub>b1 #c fl4 oz42 t9cture ( 
opium1 #b fl4 dr42 oils ( anise$ &      
pepp]m9t ( ea* #a_/b dr42  7dissolv$ 97 
g9 or pro( _s1 #e fl4 oz42 agitate !    
:ole toge!r1  !n fur!r add ( s(t wat]1  
#a-a_/d p9t4 ,9 colic &                 
di>rha4----,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful4 ,! _s
 is frequ5tly omitt$1 b  !n ! mixture   
soon spoils4    ,/&]t's ,/oma*ic ,c&y4  
,take ( lump sug>1 #a lb42 wat]1 #c fl4 
oz42  dissolve by heat2 add c>damom     
se$s1 g+]1 & rhub>b1 ( ea* #a oz42  & :5

 ! mixture is complete1 p\r x out on an 
oil$ slab or into  m\lds4    ,/orey's   
,worm ,cakes4 ,take ( calomel & c9nab>1 
( ea* #bd gr42  p[d]$ jalap1 #gb gr42   
g+]1 #a dr42 :ite sug>1 #a-a_/d oz42    
syrup1  q4 s42 mix & divide into a doz5 
cakes4 ,resemble #8,*+'s loz5ges' 9  _! 
action4 7,see page #ajjg74    ,/ruve's  
,lotion4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,hoop+-,,c\gh4 
,succession ,p[d]4 ,a mixture ( p[d]$   
qu>tz & diamond du/1  *iefly ! fir/4    
,us$ z an es*>otic4    ,ta/eless ,ague  
,drops4 ,a solution ( ars5ite ( potassa4
 ,x is !  common ague m$ic9e 9 ! f5     
c\nties ( ,engl&4    ,turl+ton's        
,balsam4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,life       
7above74    ,valang9's ,solution (      
,solv5t ,m9]al4 ,f ars5i\s acid1 #a_/b  
dr41  dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1      
#a-a_/b dr41 & ! solution dilut$ )      
di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,9 ague1 c4  
,x has r less ?an half !  /r5g? ( !     
solution ( ars5ite ( potassa1 ,ph4 ,l4  
,vance's ,cream4 ,see ,,*ilbla94        
,wahl]'s ,o9tm5t4 ,see ,,*ilbla94       

,w>d's ,purg+ ,p[d]4 ,a mixture ( jalap 
& cream ( t>t>1 equal  p>ts1 col\r$ ) a 
little r$ bole4----,dose4 ,a            
teaspoonful1 or m1  9 bro? or be]1 twice
 or ?rice daily2 9 dropsy4    ,web/]'s  
,diet ,dr9k4 ,a sweet5$ decoction (     
betony1 dulcam>a1  guaiacum wood1       
liquorice root1 s>sap>illa1 sassafras1  
?yme1 &  turm]ic4    ,wilson's ,g\t     
,t9cture4 ,?is is said to be w9e (      
col*icum4    ,wright's ,pe>l ,o9tm5t4   
,take ( :ite precipitate1 #h oz42       
,g\l>d's  extract1 #a p9t2 rub !m to a  
cream1 & add ! mixture to :ite wax1 #g  
lbs41 & olive oil1 #aj lbs41 previ\sly  
melt$ toge!r by a g5tle heat2  la/ly1   
/ir ! :ole until x is ne>ly cold4       
7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'7    ,"y's ,ap]i5t     
,dr9k4 ,f c>bonate ( soda1 #b-a_/b dr42 
bit>trate (  potassa1 #c dr4 7bo? 9     
cry/als72 ?r[ !m into a soda-wat] bottle
  conta9+ cold wat]1 #h fl4 oz41 &      
imm$iately cork x d[n securely1  & keep 
x inv]t$1 9 a cool place1 until requir$ 
= use4    ,zanhetti's ,bohemian         

,re/orative ,t9cture4 ,f cru%$ rais9s1  
#c_/d lb42  hay saffron1 #b oz42 aque\s 
extract ( opium1 #c dr42 p[d]$ co*9eal1 
#b  dr42 capillaire & orange-fl[] wat]1 
( ea* #a_/b p9t2 pro( _s1  #c p9ts2     
dige/$ toge!r = a week1 & !n /ra9$1 )   
expression4    ,,paull9,,ia4 ,see       
,,gu>ana4    ,,payan,,iz+4 ,! "n giv5 to
 ,mr ,payne's process = pres]v+ &       
m9]alis+ wood4 ,see ,,dry-,,rot4        
,,pea*4 ,syn4 ,,p]sicum1 ,l4 ,! fruit ( 
,amygdalus ,p]sica4 ,two  v>ieties are  
kn[n 9 our g>d5s----,,cl+/one ,,pea* &  
,,free/one ,,pea*1  t]ms :i* expla9     
!mselves4 ,! fruit is :olesome2 b !     
fl[]s  & k]nels conta9 prussic acid1 &  
are poison\s4    ,! pea*1 ! orig9al     
habitats ( :i* 7 ,p]sia & ! ,nor? (     
,india1 is n[ v g5]ally gr[n 9 ! ,s\? ( 
,europe1 9 _m p>ts  ( ! ,ea/1 & v l>gely
 9 ! m temp]ate portions ( ,nor? &  ,s\?
 ,am]ica2 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,p5nsylvania1  
,new ,j]sey1 &  ,m>yl&1 :]e !re are     
ext5sive or*>ds ( pea* trees4 ,?is fruit
 is  also ext5sively cultivat$ by !     

,mormon community at ,utah4 ,! fruit (  
! ,,nect>9e1 :i* is a v>iety ( ! pea*1  
diff]s f t ( !  latt] 9 hav+ a smoo?    
sk94 ,:5 /ew$1 ! fruit ( ! pea* is  said
 to be useful 9 habitual con/ipation4   
,dr ,fres5ius has analys$ ?is fruit1 &  
f\nd its composition to be3----         
,soluble matt]----                      
,l>ge ,dut*4    ,sug>                   
#aehj    ,free acid 7r$uc$ to equival5t 
9 malic acid7             #jfab         
,album9\s sub/ances      #jdfc          
,pect\s sub/ances         #fcac    ,a%  
#jdbb      ,insoluble matt]----    ,se$s
                       #dfbi    ,sk9s   
#jiia    ,pectose                       
,a% f soluble matt] includ$      9      
weights giv5         #jjdb    ,wat]     
#hdiij                                  
----------------                        
#ajjjjj                                 
----------------    ,x w be se5 f !     
above t ! pea* conta9s a v small am\nt  
( sug>4    ,,pea*,,wood4 ,! produce ( a 
species ( ,csalp9ia1 n[ ext5sively  us$ 

9 calico-pr9t+4    ,,pe>4 ,syn4 ,,pyrus1
 ,l4 ,! fruit ( ,pyrus communis 7,l9n471
 "o ( !  rosace4 ,its g5]al qualities   
resemble ^? ( ! apple4                  
,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,pe>4            
,soluble matt]----        ,sug>         
#gjjj      ,free acid 7r$uc$ to         
equival5t        9 malic acid7          
#jjgd      ,album9\s sub/ances          
#jbfj      ,pect\s sub/ances1 c4        
#cbha      ,a%                          
#jbhe      ,insoluble matt]----         
,se$s                         #jcij     
,sk9s                         #cdbj     
,pectose                       #acdj    
,a% f insoluble matt]        includ$ 9  
weights giv5  #jjej      ,wat]          
#hciej                                  
----------------                        
#ajjjjj                                 
7,,fres5ius47    ,,pe>l4 ,syn4          
,,m>g>ita1 ,,m>g>itum ,,p]la1 ,,unio1   
,l4 ,! mo/ beautiful  & co/ly pe>ls are 
obta9$ exclusively f ! pe>l oy/]        
7,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a7 ( ! ,indian     

,seas4 ,! pr9cipal fi%]ies  are on !    
coa/ ( ,ceylon1 & at ,olmutz1 9 !       
,p]sian ,gulf4 ,an  inf]ior description 
( pe>l is procur$ f a fre%-wat] %ell-fi%
  7,unio m>g>itif]a7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 
,omagh1 c\nty ( ,tyrone4 ,a  simil>     
quality is also procur$ f ! riv] ,y?an1 
,ab]de5%ire4 ,x  is probable t pe>ls f  
?is s\rce collect$ by ! anci5t ,britons 
may h giv5 rise to ! /atem5t by         
,tacitus1 9 8 #8,life (  ,agricola1' (  
pe>ls 8n v ori5t1 b pale & wan10 be+    
among !  indig5\s products ( ,great     
,brita94    ,pe>ls are compos$ (        
membrane & c>bonate ( calcium2 or1 9 o!r
  words1 ( sub/ances simil> to bladd] & 
*alk1 9 alt]nate lay]s4    ,! cause ( ! 
production ( pe>ls is highly curi\s &   
int]e/+4  ,:5 any =eign body ga9s a     
p]man5t lodgm5t )9 ! %ells ( any  ( !   
mollusca :i* are l9$ ) pe>ly matt]1 or  
nacre1 ! pe>ly  secretion ( ! animal1   
in/ead ( be+ spread 9 lay]s on ! inside 
( its habitation1 is accumulat$ ar\nd ! 
(f5d+ p>ticles 9  conc5tric films (     

extreme t5uity1 & m or less sph]ical1   
=m+ a  pe>l4    ,pe>ls 7 =m]ly us$ 9    
m$ic9e z absorb5ts or antacids2 & among 
! anci5ts !y 7 occasionally tak51       
dissolv$ 9 acid1 bo? z a  rem$y & = !   
purpose ( display+ ! c>eless opul5ce &  
luxury  ( _! possessors4 ,a p]fect pe>l1
 l>ge1 truly sph]ical1 highly           
iridesc5t1 & reflect+ & decompos+ ! rays
 ( light )  vivacity1 claims to rank ) !
 mo/ co/ly ( ! gems1 & 9 "s  p>ts ( !   
,ea/ is1 ) ju/ice1 m highly priz$ ?an   
ev5 !  diamond4 ,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 !    
pres5t e/imation ( _! value is  some:at 
diff]5t1 8,a h&some necklace ( ,ceylon  
pe>ls1 small] ?an a  l>ge pea1 co/s f   
#agj to #cjj2 b "o ( pe>ls ab\t ! size (
  pepp]corns may be _h = #ae4 ,! pe>ls 9
 ! =m] sell at a gu9ea  ea*1 & ^? 9 !   
latt] at ab\t #as4 #f;d40 7,milburn47   
,se$ pe>ls are  ( little value1 h[ev]   
beautiful4    ,pe>l1 ,artificial4 ,^!   
are holl[ sph]es or beads ( glass1      
p]=at$ ) two holes at opposite sides to 
p]mit ( _! be+  /rung into necklaces4 ,a

 small portion ( ess5ce d'ori5t is      
introduc$  into ea*1 by suction1 & is !n
 spread ov] ! inn] surface ( !  glass4  
,:5 ?is has become dry & h>d1 ! globe is
 fill$ up )  :ite wax1 sp]maceti1 or gum
 ,arabic4 ,! glass ( :i* ! beads are    
=m$ is slightly blui% & opalesc5t1 & v  
?94 ,! late/  improvem5t consi/s 9      
remov+ ! glassy appe>ance ( ! surface ( 
! prep>$ bead by exposure to ! fumes (  
hydr(luoric acid1 highly  dilut$4       
,pe>l1 ,"m (4 ,syn4 ,,unionum ,,con*1   
,l42 ,,nacre ,,de ,,p]le1 ,fr4 ,?is is  
! int]nal or nacre\s lay] ( ^? %ells :i*
 produce ! pe>ls  = ornam5t+ ! p]son2   
h5ce ! t]m #8"m ( pe>l' is by no  means 
inappropriate4 ,x is also d]iv$ f sev]al
 o!r species kn[n  9 trade z e>-%ells1  
gre5 snail-%ells1 ,bombay-%ells1 c4     
,! brilliant hues ( "m ( pe>l d n dep5d 
s mu* ^u !  nature ( ! sub/ance z on its
 /ructure4 ,its surface is cov]$ by     
m9ute corrugations or furr[s1 :i* give a
 *romatic appe>ance to !  reflect$      
light4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] 0 ! fir/ to  

%[ t ?is  sub/ance is capable ( imp>t+  
its iridesc5t appe>ance to fusible      
metal or f9e black wax4    ,"m ( pe>l is
 cut & wr\ght ) ne>ly simil> tools to ^?
 us$  = ivory1 b its treatm5t1 ow+ to   
its m fragile nature &  delicate        
/ructure1 requires consid]ably great]   
c>e4 ,x is poli%$  ) colco?> or putty   
p[d]4    ,! num]\s applications ( "m (  
pe>l1 = buttons &  knife-h&les1 boxes1  
inlay+ "w1 c41 are well kn[n4           
,,pe>l,,a%4 ,?is is prep>$ by calc9+    
crude pota%es on a  rev]b]atory he>?1   
dissolv+ ! calc9$ mass 9 wat]1 &1 aft]  
repose1 decant+ ! cle> solution1 &      
evaporat+ x to dryness 9  flat iron     
pans1 ! product be+ con/antly /irr$     
t[>ds ! end to  r$uce x to a            
semi-granul> /ate4 ,al?\gh pur]1 its    
ri*ness 9  absolute alkali is less ?an t
 ( ! pota%es f :i* x is  prep>$1 be+    
only f #dg to #ea4 ,?is exi/s almo/     
entirely "u  ! =m ( c>bonate4 ,!        
comm]cial value ( ?is sub/ance is       
det]m9$ by ! ord9>y processes (         

,,alkalimetry4    ,,pe>l ,,b>ley4 ,see  
,,b>ley4    ,,pe>l ,,flav\r4 ,see       
,,ess5ce4    ,,pe>l ,,:ite4 ,?is is a   
sub*loride ( bismu?2 b ! "n is n[       
commonly appli$ to trisnitrate ( bismu?1
 :i* is sold = x4    ,,pe>ls 7,rose74   
,syn4 ,,rose ,,beads4 ,! petals ( r$    
roses beat5 9 an  iron mort> = "s h\rs1 
until !y =m a smoo?1 black pa/e1 !n     
roll$ into beads & dri$4 ,h>d2 v        
fragrant2 take a f9e poli%4    ,pe>ls1  
to ,poli%4 ,take v f9ely pulv]is$ rott5 
/one1 & make x  into a ?ick pa/e by add+
 olive oil2 !n add sulphuric acid1 a    
suffici5t quantity to make into a ?9    
pa/e4    ,?is is to be appli$ on a      
velvet cork1 rub quickly1 & z soon z !  
pe>l takes ! poli% wa% x4 ,?is mixture  
:5 prop]ly appli$ w  give to pe>l a     
brilliant poli%4    ,,peas4 ,syn4 ,,g>d5
 ,,peas1 ,,motor ,p42 ,,pisa1 ,l4 ,! se$
 ( ,pisum sativum  7,l9n474 ,poggiale   
f\nd 9 #ajj p>ts ( common gre5 peas1    
dri$ &  %ell$1 #eg ( />*1 #bag ( a      
nitrog5\s sub/ance 7legum971 #ai (      

fatty matt]1 #cb ( cellulose1 #bh ( a%1 
& #abg ( wat]4 ,9 !  fre% /ate 7,,gre5  
,,peas7 !y are nutritive1 &1 ) ! pods   
:i*  conta9 !m1 are highly s]viceable 9 
scurvy4 ,! la/ h be5 us$  = mak+ be]4 ,!
 dri$ se$s are /ill m nutriti\s1 b are  
heavy  & flatul5t unless well cook$4 ,= 
kit*5 use #8,,split ,,peas' %\ld be     
*os51 & aft] hav+ wa%$ !m 9 a little    
clean s(t wat]1 &  all[$ !m to dra91 !y 
%\ld be left to soak 9 cold s(t wat] =  
at lea/ #ab h\rs be=e apply+ heat to !m1
 & %\ld !n be dress$  9 ! same wat] 9   
:i* !y h be5 soak$1 & be only g5tly     
simm]$ until !y are r$uc$ to a pulp4    
,additions ( meat1 vegetables1  c41 %\ld
 n be made until !y h ne>ly arriv$ at   
?is condition4  #8,,:ole ,,peas' require
 soak+ = at lea/ #ah or #bj h\rs4    ,a 
sub/itute = gre5 peas 9 w9t] may be     
obta9$ by plac+ ! dri$  se$ on a flat   
di%1 spr9kl+ !m ) wat]1 & keep+ !m 9 a  
w>m situation4 ,9 a few days g]m9ation  
comm5ces1 &1 aft] x has  proce$$        
suffici5tly f>1 ! :ole is dress$ 9 !    

usual mann]4 ,an  easi] & simpl] plan is
 to pres]ve ! gre5 peas1 :5 !y are 9    
season1 by ! common me?od adopt$ =      
gooseb]ries & o!r l  fruit4             
,illu/ration    ,pea fl\r is sometimes  
us$ to adult]ate ord9>y fl\r4 ,x is nev]
  add$ to ?is latt] to a great] ext5t   
?an #d p] c5t41 z1 if ?is  quantity be  
exce$$1 x makes ! bread heavy & d>k4    
,x is also us$ z a sophi/icant = o!r    
sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly =  butt]4         
,peas1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,pisa ,,pro       
,,fonticulis1 ,l4 ,orange b]ries1 or !  
small unripe fruit ( ! orange tree1     
dri$1 & smoo!d 9 a la!4 ,see  ,,issue4  
,,peb,,ble4 ,! trade "n = ! transp>5t   
col\rless v>iety ( rock  cry/al or qu>tz
 us$ = ! l5ses ( spectacles in/ead (    
glass1 ov]  :i*1 f its extreme h>dness1 
x has ! advantage ( be+ little apt  to  
be scrat*$4    ,,pec,,tic ,,acid4 ,! "n 
giv5 by ,braconnot to an acid :i* is    
f\nd v  g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t !       
vegetable k+dom4    ,prep4 ,f c>rot     
roots1 f :i* ! juice has be5 press$ out1

 by  boil+ !m ) #a_/be? "p ( _! weight (
 c>bonate ( potassium1  & ab\t #f times 
_! weight ( wat]1 until ! liquid becomes
  gelat9\s :5 neutralis$ ) an acid4 ,a  
pectate ( potassium is  =m$1 f :i* !    
acid may be obta9$ by neutralis+ !      
alkali  ) a /rong] acid1 or by c>efully 
add+ a solution ( *loride (  calcium z  
long z a gelat9\s precipitate 7pectate (
 calcium7 falls1  &1 aft] wa%+ ?is )    
wat]1 decompos+ x ) dilute  hydro*loric 
acid4    ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless jelly1 
hav+ an acid reaction2 sc>cely soluble  
9 cold wat]1 m s 9 hot wat]2 &          
precipitat$ by acids1 alkalies1         
alcohol1 salts1 & ev5 sug>4 ,its        
comp\nds ) ! bases are call$  pectates4 
,by long boil+ ) solution ( cau/ic      
alkali x is conv]t$  into metapectic    
acid1 :i* does n gelat9ise4 7,see bel[47
    ,,pec,,t94 ,syn4 ,,vegetable        
,,jelly4 ,obta9$ by add+ alcohol to !   
juice  ( ripe currants or o!r fruit1    
until a gelat9\s precipitate =ms1  :i*  
mu/ be dra9$1 wa%$ ) a little weak      

alcohol1 & dri$4    ,prop41 c4 ,9 ! moi/
 /ate x =ms a neutral1 ta/eless1        
soluble1  transp>5t jelly2 :5 dri$1 a   
transluc5t mass1 closely resembl+       
is+lass2 boil$ ) wat]1 or ) dilute      
acids1 x is conv]t$ into  p>apect9 &    
metapect92 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalies1 ^!1 z
 well z  pect91 are *ang$ into pectic   
acid1 & by cont9u+ ! ebullition =  "s "t
 long]1 into metapectic acid1 :i* is n  
gelat9\s4 ,see  ,,pectic ,,acid4        
,,pectoral ,,balsam4 ,! same z ,,balsam 
,,( ,,honey1 :i* see4 ,! ref]5ce  to    
#8,pectoral balsam1' :i* occurs at ! end
 ( ! article #8,balsam (  ,honey1'      
conveys ! impression t x is a diff]5t   
m$ic9e4 ,?is is an  error4              
,,pec,,torals4 ,"u ?is head are popul>ly
 includ$ all ! v>i\s  rem$ies employ$ 9 
brea? or *e/ diseases4    ,,p$ic,,uli4  
,see ,,l\se4    ,,pel,,licle4 ,see      
,,cry/allisation4    ,,pel,,litory4     
,syn4 ,,pellitory ,,( ,,spa92           
7,,pellitory ,,root2 ,,pyre?ri ,,radix1 
,b4 ,p472 ,,pyre?rum 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471   

,l4 ,! root ( ,anacyclus ,pyre?rum4 ,x  
is a p[]ful topical excitant4 ,x is     
*iefly employ$ z a ma/icatory 9         
heada*e1 too?a*e1 palsy ( ! tongue1 &   
facial neuralgia &  rheumatism2 & made  
into a t9cture ) rectifi$ _s1 x is a    
common  rem$y among d5ti/s = ! too?a*e4 
,int]nally1 x has be5 giv5 z  a ga/ric  
/imulant1 & 9 int]mitt5ts1 c4 ,half to  
#a dr4 may be *ew$  at a "t4            
,,pel,,try4 ,! "n appli$ to fur sk9s 9 !
 /ate 9 :i* !y are  receiv$ f ! hunt]s4 
,to prep>e !m z furs1 ! inside ( !m is  
g5]ally fir/ #8taw$' by ! application ( 
a solution ( alum4 ,!y are  next well   
du/$ ov] & rubb$ ) hot pla/] ( ,p>is or 
:it+1 &  are1 la/ly1 ?or\ghly dri$ &    
bru%$ clean4 ,:5 x is desir$ to  *ange  
or modify _! col\r1 ! grease be+ remov$ 
by lime wat] or a  weak soda lye1 !y are
 /ret*$ out on a table or bo>d1 & !     
ord9>y liquid mordants & dyes are appli$
 to !m hot by means ( a  pa9t]'s bru%4  
,! furs ( ! rabbit & h>e are r5d]$ fit =
 ! purposes ( !  felt & hat manufactur]s

 by a process call$ by ! ,fr5*          
#8scretage1' ,?is consi/s 9 ?or\ghly    
moi/5+ ! hair ) a  solution (           
quicksilv]1 #a "p1 9 aqua=tis1 #af p>ts1
 dilut$ )  half to an equal bulk ( wat]4
 ,?is is appli$ ) a bru%1 & !  moi/5$   
sk9s be+ laid toge!r1 face to face1 are 
dri$ z rapidly z  possible 9 a /ove     
room4 ,see ,,furs4    ,,pemphigus4 ,a   
disease ( ! sk91 9 :i* l>ge vesicles or 
bli/]s  fill$ ) a s]\s fluid1 develop   
!mselves4 ,9 ! mild =m ( !  disord] !   
bli/]s v>y 9 size f a pea to a *e/nut4  
,!y *iefly  attack ! extremities1 &     
break aft] ?ree or f\r days1 :5 !y !n   
give rise to a ?9 scab1 :i* soon heals &
 disappe>s )\t caus+  any bodily        
d]angem5t4    ,9 ! acute =m1 h[ev]1 !re 
is a consid]able con/itutional          
di/urbance1 :i* %[s itself 9 ! %ape ( m 
or less fev] &  inflammation2 ! bli/]s  
too are l>g]1 & ! scabs v irritable  &  
ob/9ate4 ,*ildr5 dur+ tee?+1 or ow+ to  
injudici\s diet1 are  frequ5tly subject 
to ?is k9d ( pemphigus4 ,!re is also a  

*ronic  v>iety ( ! disease1 :i* v>ies b 
slightly f ! acute =m1  except t x      
cont9ues long]4 ,old p are ^? :o        
pr9cipally  suff] f ?is *ronic          
pemphigus4    ,a mild attack seldom     
calls = any treatm5t2 ! be/ c\rse to    
pursue 9  ! case ( an acute "o is to    
adm9i/] "s sal9e ap]i5t1 to adopt a     
mod]ately l[ diet1 & to protect ! expos$
 p>ts caus$ by !  break+ ( ! bli/] by   
apply+ to !m "s simple dress+1 su* z    
sp]maceti o9tm5t4    ,:5 ! case becomes 
*ronic x w be advisable to consult !    
m$ical  practition]4    ,,p5alties4 ,!  
foll[+ sections ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act 
( #ahge ref]  to v>i\s (f5ces = :i*     
p5alties may be inflict$ "u !           
/atute3----    ,,build+ or re-erect+ a  
h\se 9 an urban di/rict )\t prop]       
dra9s1 c41 #ej 7s4 #be74 ,= build+ or   
re-erect+ a h\se 9 any  di/rict )\t     
prop] sanit>y conv5i5ces 7privies1 c471 
#bj1 or less  7s4 #ce74    ,unau?oris$  
build+ ov] sew]s or "u /reets 9 an urban
 di/rict1  #e p5alty1 & #djs4 p] day    

dur+ cont9uance ( (f5ce 7s4 #bf74       
,,burial4 ,= ob/ruct+ a ju/ice's ord] ) 
reg>d to ! burial ( a  p]son :o has di$ 
f an infecti\s disease1 c41 #e1 or less 
7s4 #adb74    ,,bye-,,laws4 ,p5alties   
may be impos$ by local au?orities = !   
contrav5tion ( bye-laws2 su* p5alties   
are n to exce$ #e1 & =  cont9u+ (f5ces  
fur!r p5alties ( sums n exce$+ #djs4 a  
day 7s4  #ahc74 ,p5alty = injury or     
defacem5t ( any bo>d1 c41 on :i* a      
notice or bye-law ( any au?ority is     
inscrib$ by ! au?ority ( !  ,gov]nm5t   
,local ,bo>d1 or ( ! local au?ority1 #e1
 or less 7s4 #cjf74    ,,cell>s1        
,unau?oris$ occupation (1 #bjs4 p] day  
7s4 #gc74    ,,cleans+ ,,& ,,:itewa%+1  
c41 ,failure to comply ) notice to      
cleanse  & :itewa% a h\se1 #ajs4 p] day 
7s4 #df74    ,,contracts4 ,all contracts
 are to specify "s pecuni>y p5alty 7s4  
#agd74  ,(fic]s or s]vants be+ conc]n$  
or int]e/$ 9 contracts1 accept+  fees1  
are liable to a p5alty ( #ej1 recov]able
 ) full co/s ( suit4    ,,dis9fection4  

,failure to comply ) notice to dis9fect 
& cleanse  articles & premises1 n less  
?an #as4 & n m ?an #ajs4 p] day4        
,exp5ses ( local au?ority do+ ! "w may  
also be recov]$ 7s4 #abj74  ,failure to 
dis9fect public conveyances aft] convey+
 infect$ p]sons1  #e1 or less 7s4 #abg74
 ,= lett+ infect$ h\ses )\t prop]       
dis9fection1 #bj1 or less 7s4 #abh74    
,,dra9s1 c4 ,unau?oris$ connection ( a  
dra9 ) a sew]1 #bj1 or less  7s4 #ba74  
,= neglect+ to comply ) notice = !      
con/ruction (  privies1 c41 = factories1
 #bj1 or less1 & #djs4 p] day4 ,=       
non-compliance ) notice = ! con/ruction 
( dra9s1 privies1 c41  #ajs4 p] day 7s4 
#da74    ,,epidemic ,,diseases4 ,=      
violation or ob/ruction ( ! regulations 
( !  ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ) reg>d to  
epidemic diseases1 #e1 or less 7s4      
#adj74    ,,exposure ( infect$ p]sons or
 ?+s1 #e1 or less 7s4 #abf74    ,,h\ses 
,,or ,,rooms4 ,mak+ false /atem5ts )    
reg>d to infecti\s  diseases = ! purpose
 ( lett+1 #bj1 or less1 or imprisonm5t =

  "o mon? ) or )\t h>d lab\r 7s4 #abi74 
,,lodg+-,,h\ses4 ,receiv+ lodg]s 9      
unregi/]$ h\ses1 failure to make  a     
report1 failure to give notice (        
infecti\s diseases1 #e1 or less1 &      
#djs4 p] day dur+ cont9uance ( (f5ce4   
,refusal or neglect to affix or  r5ew   
notice ( regulation 9 common            
lodg+-h\ses1 #e1 or less1 & #ajs4  a day
 dur+ cont9uance ( (f5ce aft] conviction
 7s4 #gi74 ,=  neglect+ ! limewa%+ &    
cleans+ ( lodg+-h\ses accord+ to  ! ,act
 #djs41 or less 7s4 #hb74    ,,manure4  
,failure to comply ) a notice ( urban   
au?ority to p]iodically  remove manure1 
c41 #bjs4 a day 7s4 #ej74    ,,meat4 ,= 
expos+ = sale or hav+ 9 possession      
uns\nd meat & o!r  articles ( food      
specifi$ 9 ! ,act1 #bj1 or less1 = ea*  
c>case or  piece ( meat1 or fi%1 c41 or 
?ree mon?s imprisonm5t ) or )\t  !      
option ( a f9e 7s4 #aag74 ,= ob/ruction 
( (fic] inspect+ !  food1 #e1 or less   
7s4 #aah74    ,,mortgage ,,( ,,rate4    
,refusal ( cu/odian ( regi/] to p]mit   

inspection1  #ej1 or less4 ,neglect or  
refusal ( cl]k to regi/] transf] (      
mortgage1 #bj1 or less4    ,,nuisance4  
,! c\rt may impose a p5alty ( #e1 or    
less1 ) reg>d to  nuisances g5]ally 7s4 
#ih74 ,= want ( dilig5ce 9 c>ry+ out !  
ord] to abate nuisance1 #ajs4 p] day2 = 
contrav5tion ( ord]1 if  wilful1 #bjs4  
p] day dur+ su* contr>y action1 besides 
! exp5ses (  ! local au?ority 9 abat+ ! 
nuisance 7s4 #ih74    ,= nuisance (     
pigs1 pig/ies1 & ! cont5ts ( cesspools1 
c41  ov]fl[+1 #djs41 or less1 & #es4 p] 
day dur+ cont9uance ( (f5ces  7s4 #dg74 
,,ob/ruction4 ,= wilful ob/ruction (    
memb] (1 or p]son au?oris$ by  local    
au?ority1 #e1 or less 7s4 #cjf74        
,ob/ruction ( own] by occupi] 9 c>ry+   
out any ( ! provisions (  ! ,act1 #e p] 
day1 comm5c+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]        
non-compliance  ) ! ju/ice's ord] 7s4   
#cjf74    ,,(fices4 ,c]ta9 (fices are n 
to be held by ! same p]son4 ,p5alty  =  
(f5ce1 #ajj1 recov]able ) full co/s (   
suit 7s4 #aib74    ,,ord] ,,( ,,ju/ices4

 ,refusal to obey ord] = admission (    
local au?ority1  #e1 or less 7s4 #ajc74 
,,rates4 ,refusal ( (fic]s 9 cu/ody (   
rate-books1 valuation li/s =  ! relief (
 ! poor1 c41 to p]mit inspection1 #e1 or
 less 7s4 #bab74    ,refusal ( p]son to 
p]mit inspection ( rate1 #e1 or less 7s4
 #bai74    ,,scav5g+4 ,ob/ruction ( !   
contractor or local au?ority 9 scav5g+  
! /reets or 9 removal ( refuse1 #e1 or  
less 7s4 #db74 ,neglect ( local         
au?ority to scav5ge aft] und]tak+ to d  
s1 #es4 p] day 7s4 #dc74    ,,/reets4   
,wilful unau?oris$ displacem5t or injury
 ( pavem5t /ones1  injury to f5ces1 c41 
( /reets ve/$ 9 urban au?ority1 #e1 or  
less1  & a fur!r p5alty ( #es4 or less =
 e squ>e foot ( pavem5t  injur$1 c4     
,comp5sation may also be aw>d$ by ! c\rt
 = injury to  trees 7s4 #adi74    ,=    
build+ or br++ =w>d build+s beyond !    
g5]al l9e ( !  h\ses 9 ! /reet 9 an     
urban di/rict1 #djs4 p] day aft] writt5 
notice 7s4 #aef74    ,,trade1 ,,(f5sive4
 ,unau?oris$ e/abli%m5t ( 9 an urban    

di/rict1 #ej1  & #djs4 p] day dur+      
cont9uance ( (f5ce 7s4 #aab74 ,nuisance 
aris+  f (f5sive trade is puni%able by  
p5alty----= fir/ (f5ce n less  ?an      
#djs41 & n exce$+ #e2 = second or any   
subsequ5t (f5ce1  d\ble ! am\nt ( ! la/ 
p5alty :i* has be5 impos$1 b 9 no  case 
to exce$ #bjj 7s4 #aad74    ,,wat]4     
,pollution ( by gas1 #bhj2 & :5 (f5ce is
 cont9u$ at ! end  ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs'    
notice1 #bj p] day 7s4 #fh74    ,=      
injur+ wat]-met]s1 #djs41 or less1 & !  
damage su/a9$ may  also be recov]$ 7s4  
#fj74    ,,works4 ,= wilful damage (    
works or prop]ty belong+ to a local     
au?ority1 9 cases :]e no o!r p5alty is  
provid$1 #e1 or less 7s4  #cjg74        
,all p5alties1 =feitures1 co/s1 &       
exp5ses1 direct$ to be  recov]$ 9 a     
summ>y mann]1 or n o!rwise provid$ =1   
may be  prosecut$ & recov]$ "u !        
8,summ>y ,jurisdiction ,acts0 be=e a    
c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction 7,p4 ,h4 ,s4 
#bea72 b proce$+s = !  recov]y (        
p5alties are only to be tak5 by ! p]son 

aggriev$1 or by  ! local au?ority ( !   
di/rict1 except ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( !    
,attorney-,g5]al be obta9$4 ,b ?is      
re/riction does n apply to !  proce$+s (
 a local au?ority ) reg>d to nuisances1 
(f5sive  trades1 h\ses1 c41 )\t _!      
di/rict1 9 cases 9 :i* ! local  au?ority
 are au?oris$ to take proce$+s ) respect
 to any act or  default 7s4 #bec74      
,unless o!rwise provid$ = ! p5alty is   
?us appli$3 ,"o half goes  to ! in=m]1 &
 ! rema9d] to ! local au?ority ( !      
di/rict  9 :i* ! (f5ce 0 committ$2 b if 
! local au?ority be !  in=m]1 !y are    
entitl$ to ! :ole ( ! p5alty recov]$4   
,all p5alties & sums recov]$ by a local 
au?ority are paid to !  treasur]1 &     
c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ! fund applicable to
 !  g5]al purposes ( ! ,public ,heal?   
,act4    7,! ju/ices or c\rt h p[] to   
r$uce p5alties impos$ by #f ,geo4  ,,iv1
 c4 #gh4 ,p4 ,h4 ,"p ,,iii47            
,,p5,,cils4 ,?is "n is appli$ to ! small
 bru%es made ( camel's hair  us$ by     
arti/s1 z well z to ! plumbago crayons  

famili>ly kn[n z  black-lead p5cils4 ,! 
la/ are prep>$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+  
me?ods3----    #a4 ,! blocks ( plumbago 
are expos$ to a bright-r$ heat 9 a      
closely  cov]$ crucible1 & are aft]w>ds 
sawn into m9ute /icks1 & m\nt$  9 cases 
( c$> or sat9 wood4    #b4 ,! plumbago1 
9 p[d]1 is calc9$ z be=e1 & !n mix$ ) an
  equal1 or any o!r desir$ proportion ( 
pure wa%$ clay1 also 9  p[d]1 aft] :i* !
 mixture is r$uc$ to a pla/ic /ate )    
wat]1  & press$ into grooves cut on !   
face ( a smoo? bo>d1 or into            
well-greas$ wood5 m\lds1 9 :i* /ate x is
 left to dry4 ,:5 dry1  ! pieces are    
temp]$ to any degree ( h>dness by expos+
 !m1  surr\nd$ by s& or p[d]$ *>coal1 9 
a closely cov]$ crucible to  v>i\s      
degrees ( heat4 ,! crucible is n op5$   
until ! :ole has  become cold1 :5 !     
prep>$ #8slips' are remov$ & m\nt$ z    
be=e4  ,?is me?od 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,cont 
9 #agie4    #c4 ,! d\gh or pa/e1 prep>$ 
z la/1 is r$uc$ to ! requir$ =m  by =c+ 
x ?r\gh a p]=at$ plate 79 a simil> mann]

 to t  adopt$ = col\r$ crayons71 or into
 m9ute metallic cyl9d]s1 f  :i* x may be
 readily %ak5 aft] x has become p>tially
 dry4    ,obs4 ,! leads = "s v>ieties ( 
draw+-p5cils are imm]s$ =  a m9ute 9 v  
hot melt$ wax or suet be=e m\nt+ !m4 ,to
 !  composition = o!rs a little         
lampblack is add$1 to increase & v>y  ! 
degree ( blackness4 ,! p5cils = asses'  
sk9 books & prep>$  pap] are tipp$ )    
#8fusible metal4' ,num]\s improvem5ts 9 
p5cil  cases & p5cil m\nts h be5 pat5t$ 
( late ye>s by ,/ev5s &  o!rs4          
,,p5nyroy,,al4 ,syn4 ,,pulegium 7,ph4   
,l4  ,e471 ,,m5?a ,p4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4   
8,!  rec5t & dri$ fl[]+ h]b ( ,m5?a     
pulegium1 ,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l47  ,,p5nyroyal
 ,,tea is a popul> emm5agogue1          
expectorant1 & diaphoretic1 &  is 9     
common use 9 a/hma1 bron*itis1          
hoop+-c\gh1 hy/]ia1  suppressions1 c4   
,wat]1 ess5ce1 oil1 & _s ( p5nyroyal are
  (fic9al4 ,!y are n[ *iefly us$ z m]e  
adjuncts or vehicles4    ,,p5ta/omata4  
,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is             

entozoon----! ,p5ta/oma  d5ticulatum1   
:i* ,leuck>t has %[n to be ! l>v ( !    
,p5ta/oma  tnoides1 & ! ,p5ta/oma       
con/rictum4 ,! ,p4 d5ticulatum infe/s  !
 human liv] & small inte/9es4 ,! ,p4    
con/rictum does n appe>  to be kn[n 9   
?is c\ntry4 ,! latt] appe>s to h caus$  
dea? by  sett+ up p]itonitis4 ,accord+  
to ,dr ,aitk5 ^! p>asites are  provid$ )
 two pairs ( hooks or claws1 plac$ on   
ea* side ( a pit or  m\?1 on a flatt5$  
head4 ,he says3 8,^! claws appe> to be  
implant$  9 socket-l holl[s or          
depressions1 surr\nd$ by mu* loose      
integum5t4 ,^! socket-l holl[s appe> to 
be elevat$ on ! summit  ( ! mass (      
tissues :i* lies und]nea? ! folds (     
integum5ts  surr\nd+ ! base ( ! hooks4  
,^! p>ts are reg>d$ z ! feet (  !       
p>asite1 & ! hooks are ! =e claws4 ,!   
pit or m\? is ( an  oval %ape1 ! long   
axis ( ! oval ly+ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g?
  ( ! worm4    8,! less or out] m>g9 ( !
 pit is m>k$ by a well-def9$1 ?9  l9e4  
,!re are no sp9es nor hooks on !        

integum5t ( ! elongat$  body40          
,,pepp] 7,black74 ,syn4 ,,pepp]2 ,,pip]1
 ,b4 ,p42 ,,nigri ,,bacc1 ,,pip]        
,,nigrum  7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,!
 immature fruit 7b]ry7 ( ,pip] nigrum1  
,l9n41 or ! black pepp] v9e40 7,ph4 ,l47
    ,pur4 ,! gr\nd black pepp] ( ! %ops 
is univ]sally adult]at$2 9  fact1 !     
public ta/e & judgm5t are s vitiat$ t ! 
pure spice is  unsaleable4 ,a mo/       
respectable ,london firm1 on comm5c+    
bus9ess1  suppli$ _! cu/om]s )          
unadult]at$ gr\nd pepp]1 b 9 #c cases   
out ( e #d x 0 return$ on _! h&s &      
object$ to1 on acc\nt  ( its d>k col\r &
 ri* pung5cy1 :i* _h induc$ ! belief t x
  0 sophi/icat$4 ,! h\se allud$ to 0    
!re=e compell$ by !  cu/om]s to supply  
!m ) an inf]ior1 b mild] & pal]1        
article4  ,! sub/ances employ$ to l[]   
black pepp] are kn[n 9 ! trade          
z----#8,p4 ,d41' #8,h4 ,p4 ,d41' & #8,w4
 ,p4 ,d1'----abbreviations ( pepp] du/1 
hot  pepp] du/1 :ite pepp] du/4 ,! fir/ 
is compos$ ( ! fad$ leaves  ( autumn1   

dri$ & p[d]$2 ! second1 ! gr\nd husks   
7hulls7 (  black mu/>d1 obta9$ f ! mu/>d
 mills2 & ! ?ird is common  rice1 f9ely 
p[d]$4 ,equal p>ts ( black pepp]corns1  
,h4 ,p4 ,d41 & ,w4  ,p4 ,d41 =m ! v be/ 
gr\nd pepp] sold4 ,! ord9>y pepp] ( !   
%ops does n conta9 m ?an #a_/h? to      
#a_/f? ( g5u9e pepp]1 or #b to  #b-a_/b 
oz4 9 ! lb4 ,v rec5tly1 gr\nd oil-cake  
or l9se$ meal has  be5 *iefly employ$ z 
! adult]ant1 in/ead ( ! old #8,p4 ,d1'  
,illu/ration    ,dr ,p>kes#ib says3 8,! 
microscopic *>act]s ( pepp] are r       
complicat$4 ,!re is a husk compos$ ( f\r
 or five lay]s ( cells &  a c5tral "p4  
,! cortex has ext]nally elongat$ cells1 
plac$  v]tically1 & provid$ ) a c5tral  
cavity1 f :i* l9es radiate  t[>ds !     
circumf]5ce2 !n come "s /rata ( angul>  
cells1 :i*1  t[>ds ! int]ior1 are l>g] &
 fill$ ) oil4 ,! ?ird lay] is  compos$ (
 woody fibre & spiral cells4 ,! f\r?    
lay] is made up (  l>ge cells1 :i* t[>ds
 ! int]ior become small] & ( a deep r$  
col\r2 !y conta9 mo/ ( ! ess5tial oil ( 

! pepp]4 ,! c5tral  "p ( ! b]ry is      
compos$ ( l>ge angul> cells1 ab\t twice 
z long  z broad4 ,/eep$ 9 wat]1 "s ( ^! 
cells become yell[2 o!rs  rema9         
col\rless4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ^! yell[
 cells conta9  pip]9e1 z !y give ! same 
reaction z pip]9e does2 namely1 !  t9t  
is deep5$ by alcohol & nitric acid1 &   
sulphuric acid appli$ to  a dry section 
causes a r$di% hue40 7,hassal47         
,footnote #ib3 #8,practical ,hygi5e4'   
,uses1 c4 ,black pepp] is a p[]ful      
/imulant1 c>m9ative1 &  rubefaci5t4 ,its
 use 9 mod]ation1 z a condim5t1 is      
peculi>ly  s]viceable to p]sons :o are (
 cold habit1 or :o suff] f weak         
dige/ion2 b 9 inflammatory habits1 & 9  
affections ( ! muc\s  membranes1 x is   
g5]ally highly injuri\s4 ,z a m$ic9e x  
is (t5  s]viceable 9 nausea1 vomit+1    
*ronic di>rha1 & agues4 ,9 ,nor?        
,am]ica a common rem$y = ! la/ is #a_/b 
oz4 ( gr\nd pepp] /irr$  up ) a glassful
 ( w>m be]2 or a l quantity made into a 
t9cture  by /eep+ x 9 #e or #f times its

 weight ( g91 rum1 or :isky1 = a  few   
days4    ,prep>$ black pepp] is made by 
/eep+ ! b]ries = #c days 9 #c  times _! 
weight ( v9eg>1 & !n dry+ & gr9d+ !m4 ,x
 is  mild] ?an common pepp]4 ,see       
,,confections1 ,,pip]9e1 c4    ,pepp]1  
,cay5ne4 ,syn4 ,,bird ,,pepp]1 ,,*ili   
,p41 ,,gu9ea ,p41 ,,indian ,p41 ,,r$    
,p42 ,,pip] ,,capsici1 ,p4 ,,cay5ne1 ,l4
 ,?is is prep>$ f *illies1 or !  pods ( 
,capsicum frutesc5s1 or f ,capsicum     
baccatum1 or bird  pepp]1 b g5]ally f ! 
fir/1 on acc\nt ( its great] pung5cy  & 
acrimony2 &1 occasionally1 f ,capsicum  
annuum or m$ic9al  capsicum4    ,prep4  
#a4 ,f ! dri$ pods 7p[d]$71 #a lb42 &   
:eat5 bread or  capta9's biscuits 7heat$
 until !y are p]fectly dry & brittle1 & 
beg9 to acquire a yell[ col\r ?r\gh\t1 &
 !n p[d]$71 #g lbs42  mix$ & gr\nd      
toge!r4 ,col\r+ matt] & common salt are 
frequ5tly  add$1 b are unnecess>y4      
#b4 ,z ! la/1 b mak+ ! mixture into a   
d\gh ) wat]1 !n  =m+ x into small cakes1
 dry+ ^! z rapidly z possible at a      

g5tle heat1 & !n gr9d+ !m4    #c4       
7,l\don47 ,! ripe pods1 dri$ 9 ! sun1   
are /ratifi$ ) :eat5  fl\r 9 a di% or   
tray1 & expos$ 9 a /ove-room or a       
half-cold ov5  until !y are q dry2 !y   
are !n remov$ f ! fl\r1 & gr\nd  to f9e 
p[d]2 to e oz4 ( ?is p[d] #a lb4 7say   
#ae oz47 ( :eat5  fl\r 7includ+ t       
already us$7 are add$1 & ! mixture is   
made  into a d\gh ) a little tepid wat] 
& a teaspoonful ( yea/2 aft]  f]m5tation
 is well set up1 ! d\gh is cut into     
small pieces1 & bak$  9 a sl[ ov5 until 
x is p]fectly h>d & brittle2 x is !n    
beat5  or gr\nd to p[d]1 & =ms #8cay5ne 
pepp]4'    ,pure cay5ne pepp]1 :5 burnt1
 leaves a sc>cely p]ceptible quantity ( 
:ite a%2 a r$-col\r$ a% indicates !     
pres5ce ( r$ o*re1  brick-du/1 ,arm5ian 
bole1 or o!r e>?y col\r+ matt]4 ,if r$  
lead  is pres5t1 x w be left beh9d "u ! 
=m ( a d>k-col\r$  p[d]1 or a small     
metallic globule4    ,pur4 ,! #8cay5ne  
pepp]' ( ! %ops is (t5 a spuri\s        
article1 made  by gr9d+ a mixture ( any 

( ! r$di% woods or sawdu/ ) en\gh  r$   
pods or *illies to r5d] ! mixture       
suffici5tly acrid & pung5t4  ,common    
salt1 colco?>1 r$ bole1 brick-du/1      
v]milion1 & ev5 r$  lead1 are also      
common additions4    ,uses1 c4 ,!       
capsicums resemble ! pepp]s1 except 9 _!
 great]  en]gy & _! pung5cy be+         
unmodifi$ by ! pres5ce ( ess5tial  oil4 
,z a condim5t1 "u ! =m ( cay5ne pepp]1 &
 9 all diseases  9 :i* ! employm5t ( a  
p[]ful /imulant or rubefaci5t is        
indicat$1 _! uses are well kn[n4 ,9     
m$ic9e ! fruit ( ,capsicum  annuum      
7,l9n4----,ph4 ,e4  ,d42 ,c4 fa/igiatum1
 ,blume----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 or       
annual capsicum is ord]$                
7,,capsicum----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d474 ,! 
,london  ,college directs ! fruit to be 
t ( #8,gu9ea1' less ?an "o in* long1    
oblong1 cyl9drical1 & /raight4 ,see     
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cay5ne4    ,pepp]1       
,prep>$ ,cay5ne1 is ! residuum (        
cay5ne----v9eg>1 ess5ce1  or t9cture1   
dri$ & gr\nd 7see bel[74    ,pepp]      

7,soluble7 ,cay5ne4 ,syn4 ,,cry/allis$  
,,soluble ,,cay5ne4 ,prep4  #a4         
,capsicum pods 7rec5t1 gr\nd 9 a pepp]  
mill71 #a lb42 rectifi$  _s1 #b-a_/b    
p9ts2 proce$ by p]colation s z to obta9 
#b-a_/b p9ts2  f ?is di/il "o half ( !  
_s by ! heat ( a wat] ba?2 to  !        
residuum add ( f9e dry salt1 #e lbs42   
mix !m well toge!r1 & dry  ! mixture at 
a v g5tle heat1 frequ5tly /irr+2 la/ly  
rub x  ?r\gh a sieve1 & put x into w>m  
dry bottles4 ,x is usually col\r$  ) a  
little v]milion or r\ge 7sesquioxide (  
iron71 b x possesses  an agreeable col\r
 )\t x1    #b4 ,ess5ce ( cay5ne 7,no4   
#a1 page #feb71 #f p9ts2 di/il (f #c    
p9ts1 add  to ! residual liquor ( dry   
salt #ab lbs42 mix well1 dry by a g5tle 
heat1 & o!rwise proce$ z be=e4    #c4   
,capsicums 7gr\nd71 #c lbs42 r$ s&]s or 
,brazil wood 7slic$ or  rasp$71 #aj oz42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 mac]ate = #ad   
days1 !n  express ! t9cture1 filt]1     
di/il (f "o half1 add ( dry salt1 #ae   
lbs41 & proce$ z be=e4    #d4 ,z ! fir/ 

=mula1 ) ! addition ( a /rong decoction 
(  saffron1 q4 s4 ,x gives a beautiful  
col\r to s\ps1 c4    ,obs4 ,! above =mul
 are ^? actually employ$ by ! h\ses mo/ 
celebrat$ = _! #8soluble cay5ne4' ,!    
products are ( ! v  f9e/ quality1 & are 
p]fectly :olesome4 ,we speak f an       
ext5sive  exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture4 ,!  
_s di/ill$ f ! ess5ce =ms  a mo/        
suitable m5/ruum = mak+ fre% ess5ce or  
t9cture ( cay5ne4    ,pepp]1 ,cubeb4    
,see ,,cubebs4    ,pepp]1 ,jamaica4 ,see
 ,,pim5to4    ,pepp]1 ,kit*54 ,see      
,,spice4    ,pepp]1 ,long4 ,syn4        
,,pip]is ,,longi ,,fructus1 ,,pip]      
,,longum 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471  ,l4 8,!      
immature fruit 7dri$ female spikes7 (   
,pip] longum1 ,l9n40  7,ph4 ,l471 or    
long-pepp] v9e4 ,! spikes are ab\t      
#a-a_/b in* 9 l5g?1  ) an ind5t$        
surface1 & are ( a d>k-grey col\r4 ,9   
its g5]al  prop]ties x resembles black  
pepp]1 b x is less aromatic1 ?\gh       
equally pung5t4 ,elephant pepp] is m]ely
 a l>g] v>iety ( ?is  species4 7,gray47 

,! root & /ems1 slic$ & dri$1 =m !      
#8pippula  moola' ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4     
7,roxburgh47    ,pepp]1 ,r$4 ,see       
,,cay5ne4    ,pepp]1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,pip]
 ,,album1 ,l4 ,?is is made by ei!r soak+
  ord9>y black pepp] 9 a solution (     
common salt1 until ! outside  sk9s are  
s(t1 & !n rubb+ !m (f 9 ! h&s1 or by    
m]ely  rubb+ (f ! sk9s ( ! ov]-ripe     
b]ries t fall f ! v9es4  ,an inf]ior    
quality is made by blea*+ black pepp] ) 
*lor9e4    ,obs4 ,! use ( :ite pepp]    
in/ead ( black is an in/ance ( !        
sacrifices made to please ! eye4 ,pure  
:ite pepp] has only ab\t #a-d?  ( !     
/r5g? ( pure black pepp]1 :il/ x is     
ne>ly de/itute ( !  f9e aroma ( ! latt]4
 ,x also conta9s a m]e trace ( pip]9a or
  pip]9e1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5ts
 ( black pepp]4    ,,pep,,p] ,,pods4    
,capsicums4 ,see ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]4      
,,pep,,p]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,m5?a ,,pip]ita    
7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,! rec5t  & 
dri$ fl[]+ h]b ( ,m5?a pip]ita0 7,ph4   
,l471 or g>d5  pepp]m9t4 ,! flav\r &    

od\r ( ?is h]b are well kn[n4 ,x is !   
mo/ pleasant & p[]ful ( all ! m9ts4     
,pepp]m9t wat] & !  ess5tial oil h long 
be5 employ$ 9 nausea1 grip+1 flatul5t   
colic1  hy/]ic1 di>rha1 c42 b 9 regul>  
practice *iefly to cov] !  ta/e (       
nause\s m$ic9es1 or z an adjunct or     
vehicle = m active  rem$ies4 ,see ,,oils
 7,volatile71 ,,wat]s1 c4    ,,pep,,s94 
,syn4 ,,ga/]ace1 ,,*ymos94 ,a peculi>   
pr9ciple f\nd 9 !  ga/ric juice1 & :i*1 
9 conjunction ) hydro*loric acid1 also  
pres5t 9 ! /oma*1 conf]s ^u x ! p[] (   
dige/+ c]ta9  portions ( ! food1 & (    
dissolv+1 z ,tuson has %[n1 calomel &   
o!r m9]al sub/ances4    ,prep4 #a4      
7,beale1 #8,m$4 ,times  ,gaz41' ,febru>y
 #aj?1 #ahgb1 p4 #aeb47 8,!  muc\s      
membrane ( a p]fectly fre% pig's /oma*  
is c>efully dissect$  f ! muscul> coat1 
& plac$ on a flat bo>d4 ,x is !n lightly
  cleans$ ) a sponge & a little wat]1 & 
mu* ( ! mucus1 rema9s  ( food1 c4       
c>efully remov$4 ,) ! back ( a knife1 or
 ) an ivory  pap]-knife1 ! surface is   

scrap$ v h>d1 9 ord] t ! gl&s  may be   
squeez$ & _! cont5ts press$ out4 ,!     
viscid mucus ?us  obta9$ conta9s ! pure 
ga/ric juice ) mu* epi!lium f !  gl&s & 
surface ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,x is to be 
spread out ^u a  piece ( glass1 s z to  
=m a v ?9 lay]1 :i* is to be dri$ at a  
temp]ature ( #ajj ov] hot wat]1 or 9    
vacuo ov] sulphuric acid4  ,c>e mu/ be  
tak5 t ! temp]ature does n rise mu*     
above #ajj ,f41  because ! action ( !   
solv5t w\ld be completely de/roy$4 ,:5  
dry  ! mucus is scrap$ f ! glass1 p[d]$ 
9 a mort>1 & transf]r$  to a well-/opp]$
 bottle4 ,) ?is p[d] a good dige/ive    
fluid may be  made z foll[s3      ,( !  
p[d]                #e gra9s4    ,/rong 
hydro*loric acid    #ah drops4    ,wat] 
#f ounces4    ,mac]ate x at a temp]ature
 ( #ajj = an h\r4 ,! mixture may be     
filt]$ easily1 & =ms a p]fectly cle>    
solution v conv5i5t =  exp]im5t4    8,if
 ! p[d] is to be tak5 z a m$ic9e1 f two 
to five gra9s may  be giv5 = a dose1 a  
little dilut$ hydro*loric acid 9 wat]   

be+  tak5 at ! same "t4 ,! peps9 p[d]   
may be mix$ ) ! salt at a  meal4 ,x is  
devoid ( smell1 & has only a slightly   
salt ta/e4 ,x  und]goes no *ange if kept
 p]fectly dry1 & conta9s ! active       
pr9ciple ( ! ga/ric juice almo/ unalt]$4
    8,! me?od ( prep>+ ?is peps9 0      
communicat$ to ,mr ,bullock1 (  ! firm (
 ,messrs ,bullock & ,company1 #c1       
,hanov] ,/reet1 ,hanov] ,squ>e1  :o at  
once adopt$ x = ! prep>ation ( m$ic9al  
peps91 & soon  improv$ ^u x 9 "s        
p>ticul>s4 ,! dose is f #b to #d or #e  
gra9s4----,te/4 #d_/e?s ( a gra9 ( ?is  
peps91 ) #aj drops dilute  hydro*loric  
acid & an ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 dissolve
 #ajj gra9s (  h>d-boil$ :ite ( egg 9 f 
twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! body     
probably twice ?is quantity ( :ite ( egg
 or ev5 m w\ld be  dissolv$ 9 a         
comp>atively %ort space ( "t4 ,!        
dige/ive p[d]  prep>$ f ! pig's /oma*   
reta9s its activity = any l5g? (  "t if 
kept dry4 ,i _h "s :i* _h be5 kept 9 a  
bottle = upw>ds  ( five ye>s1 & /ill    

reta9$ its active p[] unimpair$4 ,!     
solution made ) ?is peps9 & hydro*loric 
acid 0 ne>ly ta/eless  & inodor\s4 ,"o  
pig's /oma*1 :i* co/s sixp5ce1 w yield  
ab\t  #de gra9s ( ! p[d] prep>$ z above 
describ$4    8,gradually ! usefulness ( 
?is prep>ation ( peps9 ( ! pig 0  f\nd  
out1 & x _h to be prep>$ 9 increas+     
quantities4 ,i %\ld  be afraid to say h[
 _m pigs' /oma*s h be5 us$ ( late ye>s  
dur+ ! w9t] season4    8,9 #aheg ,dr4   
,pavy c>efully exam9$ ! peps9 prep>$ &  
sold by _m  diff]5t firms1 & f\nd t ?is 
dri$ mucus ( ! pig's /oma* 0  ! mo/     
active ( !m all 7#8,m$ical ,times &     
,gazette1' #aheg1 vol4 i1 p4  #ccf74 ,9 
#ahgj ,pr(essor ,tuson in/itut$ a /ill m
 c>eful comp>ative  exam9ation1 & ) a   
simil> result 7#8,lancet1' ,augu/ #ac?1 
#ahgj72 =  he f\nd t ?is prep>ation 0   
tw5ty-five times /rong] ?an "s  o!rs t  
he obta9$ = exam9ation40    #b4         
7,s*eff]1 #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' ,m>* #bcrd1 
#ahgb1 p4 #gfa47 8,( !  well-clean$ fre%
 hog /oma* ! muc\s membrane is dissect$ 

(f1  *opp$ f9ely & mac]at$ 9 wat]       
acidulat$ ) muriatic acid =  sev]al     
days1 dur+ :i* "t ! mass is frequ5tly   
well /irr$4 ,!  result+ liquid1 aft] be+
 /ra9$1 is1 if n cle>1 set aside = at   
lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ord] to all[ !    
mucus to settle4 ,to !  cl>ifi$ liquid !
 same bulk ( a saturat$ solution (      
sodium *loride  is add$1 & ! :ole       
?or\ghly mix$4 ,aft] sev]al h\rs !      
peps91  :i*1 by ! addition ( *loride (  
sodium1 has sep>at$ f its  solution1 is 
f\nd float+ on ! surface1 f :5ce x is   
remov$ )  a spoon & put ^u cotton clo?  
to dra92 f9ally x is submitt$ to  /rong 
pressure1 to free x z mu* z possible f !
 salt solution4    8,! peps91 :5 tak5 f 
! press & all[$ to become air-dry1 is a 
v t\gh sub/ance1 & pres5ts1 accord+ to  
?ickness1 a diff]5t  appe>ance1 resembl+
 9 ?9 %eets p>*m5t pap]1 & 9 ?ick lay]s 
sole lea!r2 its col\r v>ies f a dim /raw
 yell[ to a br[ni%  yell[4 ,besides a   
little mucus1 x conta9s small quantities
 ( phosphate  ( lime & *loride ( sodium1

 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n int]f]e ) its  dige/ive
 prop]ties1 z !y are f\nd also 9 normal 
ga/ric juice4    8,9 ord] to get a pur] 
article ,i r$issolve ! peps91 z obta9$  
aft] expression1 9 acidulat$ wat]1 filt]
 ! solution ?r\gh pap]  & precipitate   
aga9 ) a solution ( sodium *loride2 !   
precipitate1  aft] dra9+ & press+1 is n[
 free ( phosphate ( lime & mucus1  b    
/ill conta9s salt4 ,9 ! fre%ly          
precipitat$ /ate ! peps9 is  v readily  
soluble 9 wat]1 & _c !re=e be fre$ f    
adh]+  salt by wa%+4    8,by all[+ !    
press$ %eet ( peps9 to get p]fectly     
air-dry----:]eby  x becomes coat$ ) a   
:ite film & small cry/als ( *loride (   
sodium----& by imm]s+ x !n 9 pure wat] =
 a %ort "t1 !  great] "p ( sodium       
*loride c be extract$1 b x has to be    
done  v rapidly1 z ! peps9 swells up    
consid]ably & loses its  t5acity4 ,by   
op]at+ 9 ?is matt] ,i h obta9$ a peps9  
:i*  dissolves 9 acidulat$ wat] to q a  
cle> col\rless liquid1 b z  x /ill      
conta9s traces ( salt1 ,i pref] to call 

x purifi$ peps940    #c4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,a  
prep>ation ( ! muc\s l9+ ( a fre% &     
heal?y  /oma* ( ! pig1 %eep1 or calf4 ,!
 /oma* ( "o ( ^! animals1  rec5tly      
kill$1 hav+ be5 cut op5 & laid on a bo>d
 ) ! inn]  surface upw>ds1 any adh]+    
portions ( food1 dirt1 & o!r impurity1  
are to be remov$ & ! expos$ surface     
slightly wa%$ ) cold wat]2  ! cleans$   
muc\s membrane is !n to be scrap$ ) a   
blunt knife or  o!r suitable in/rum5t1 &
 ! viscid p>ts ?us obta9$ is to be      
imm$iately spread ov] ! surface ( glass 
or glaz$ e>!nw>e1 &  quickly dri$ at a  
temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,f4 ! dri$     
residue is  to be r$uc$ to p[d]1 &      
pres]v$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle4----,dose1 #b 
to #e gra9s4    ,peps91 ,sac*>at$4 ,to  
"w x into sac*>at$ peps9 7#8,am]ican    
,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1' ,janu>y1 #ahga7 !  
damp peps91 z x is tak5 f  ! press1 is  
triturat$ ) a weigh$ quantity ( sug> (  
milk to a  f9e p[d]1 :i*1 :5 x has      
become air-dry1 is weigh$ aga91 !       
quantity ( milk sug> subtract$1 & s !   

am\nt ( peps9 f\nd4 ,!  /r5g? ( ?is dry 
peps9 is n[ asc]ta9$ by f9d+ h[ mu*     
coagulat$ album5 x w dissolve at a      
temp]ature ( #ajj ,f4 9 five or  six    
h\rs1 & aft] ?is suffici5t milk sug> is 
add$ to result 9 a  prep>ation ( :i* t5 
gra9s w dissolve "o hundr$ & tw5ty      
gra9s ( coagulat$ album51 & ?is         
prep>ation ,i h call$  sac*>at$ peps94  
,peps9 ) ,/>*4 ,peps9 mix$ ) />* is !   
m$ic9al ,peps9e  ( ,m4 ,b\dault2 !      
,p\dre nutrim5tive ( ,m4 ,corvis>t4     
,,p]c5tage4 ,lit]ally1 8by ! hundr$40 ,9
 comm]ce ! t]m is appli$  to an all[ance
 duty or commission on a hundr$4        
7,,web/]47    ,,p]*lo,,rate1 ,syn4      
,,p]*loras1 ,l4 ,a salt ( p]*loric acid4
    ,! p]*lorates are di/+ui%$ f !      
*lorates by _! great  /ability1 & by n  
turn+ yell[ :5 treat$ ) hydro*loric     
acid4  ,l ! *lorates1 !y give (f oxyg5  
:5 heat$ to r$ness4 ,!y may  be prep>$  
by directly neutralis+ a solution ( !   
acid ) a  solution ( ! base4 ,see       
,,potassium 7,p]*lorate (71 & ,,*lor9e4 

,,p]*lo,,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,*lor9e4     
,,p]cola,,tion ,syn4 ,,me?od ,,(        
,,displacem5t4 ,a me?od ( extract+ !    
soluble portion ( any sub/ance 9 a      
divid$ /ate1 by caus+ !  m5/ruum to     
filt] or /ra9 ?r\gh x4 ,! #8sp>g+' ( !  
,scot*  brew]s is an example ( !        
application ( ?is pr9ciple on ! l>ge    
scale4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! #8me?od (          
displacem5t' is frequ5tly adopt$  = !   
prep>ation ( t9ctures1 infusions1 c41 & 
is1 9 "s  respects1 sup]ior to dige/ion 
or mac]ation4 8,! solid mat]ials1       
usually 9 co>se or mod]ately f9e p[d]1  
are moi/5$ ) a  suffici5cy ( ! solv5t to
 =m a ?ick pulp4 ,9 twelve h\rs1 or     
frequ5tly )\t delay1 ! mass is put into 
a cyl9d] ( glass1  porcela91 or t9n$    
iron1 op5 at bo? ends1 b ob/ruct$ at !  
l[]  end by a piece ( calico or l951 ti$
 lightly ov] x z a filt]2 &  ! pulp be+ 
back$ by pressure1 rang+ z to degree )  
diff]5t  articles1 ! rema9d] ( ! solv5t 
is p\r$ into ! upp] portion (  ! cyl9d]1
 & all[$ gradually to p]colate4 ,9 ord] 

to obta9 !  portion ( ! fluid :i* is    
absorb$ by ! residuum1 an additional    
quantity ( ! solv5t is p\r$ into !      
cyl9d]1 until ! t9cture  :i* has pass$  
?r\gh equals 9 am\nt ! _s orig9ally     
prescrib$4 ,! _s employ$ = ?is purpose  
is !n recov]$1 =  ! mo/ "p1 by p\r+ ov] 
! residuum z mu* wat] z !re is  _s      
reta9$ 9 x1 :i* may be easily kn[n by an
 obvi\s calculation  9 ea* case4 ,!     
me?od ( p]colation is n[ pref]r$ by all 
:o h  made suffici5t trial ( x to apply 
x correctly40 7,ph4 ,e47    ,! fir/     
portion ( liquid obta9$ by ! me?od (    
displacem5t is  always 9 a /ate ( high  
conc5tration4 ,9 g5]al x is a simple    
solution ( ! soluble +r$i5ts ( ! crude  
drug 9 ! fluid  employ$4 ,b sometimes ! 
solv5t1 if comp\nd1 is resolv$ into its 
compon5t p>ts1 & ! fluid :i* passes     
?r\gh at any giv5 "t is  only "o ( ^!1  
hold+ ! soluble p>ts ( ! drug 9         
solution4 ,?us  if dilut$ alcohol be    
p\r$ ov] p[d] ( myrrh1 9 ! cyl9d] ( !   
p]colator1 ! fluid :i* fir/ drops into !

 receiv] is a solution (  an oily       
consi/5ce1 *iefly compos$ ( res9 &      
volatile oil1 dissolv$  9 alcohol4 ,9 l 
mann]1 :5 ! p[d] ( gall-nuts is treat$ 9
 !  same way by hydrat$ sulphuric e!r1  
two lay]s ( fluid are obta9$1  "o ( :i* 
is a highly conc5trat$ solution ( tann9 
9 ! wat] (  ! e!r1 & ! o!r a weak       
solution ( ! same pr9ciple 9 pure  e!r4 
,9 all cases1 !re=e1 9 :i* x is n       
o!rwise direct$ x  is absolutely        
necess>y to agitate ! sev]al portions ( 
! liquid  obta9$ by p]colation toge!r1 9
 ord] to ensure a product ( uni=m  /r5g?
 or activity4    ,sev]al =ms (          
displacem5t app>atus are employ$ by     
diff]5t  op]ators4 ,a simple & useful "o
 is t figur$ 9 ! m>g94 ,x has  also !   
advantage ( be+ inexp5sive1 & may be    
made by any work] 9  t9 plate4    ,9    
op]at+ on "s sub/ances x is f\nd        
advantage\s to ha/5 !  process by       
pressure4 ,?is may be effect$ by any ( !
 me?ods adopt$  = t purpose1 & already  
describ$ "u ,,filtration4 ,an +5i\s     

little app>atus1 :i* is well adapt$ =   
small quantities1 is %[n 9  ! engr4 ,by 
p\r+ m]cury or wat] ?r\gh 7e71 into !   
bottle  7c71 ! air 9 ! latt] suff]s     
compression1 & acts 9 a  correspond+    
mann] on ! p]colat+ liquor 9 7a74 ,!    
:ole ( !  jo9ts mu/ be made air-tight4  
,illu/ration3 a4 ,p]colator4    b4 ,/&4 
c4 ,receiv]4    d4 ,m5/ruum4    e4      
,sub/ance op]at$ on4    f4 ,calico      
/ra9]4    ,illu/ration3 a4 ,p]colator4  
b4 ,tube connect+2 x )----    c4 ,a     
d\ble-neck$ bottle conta9+----    d4    
,m]cury4    e4 ,fe$+-tube4    f4        
,receiv]4    g4 ,/op-cock to regulate or
 arre/ ! pressure ( air on ! cont5ts  ( 
! cyl9d] 7a74    ,! me?od ( displacem5t1
 al?\gh app>5tly simple1 requires = its 
successful application no inconsid]able 
am\nt ( exp]i5ce & skill 9              
manipulation4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts to be   
att5d$ to are----! r$uction (  !        
sub/ance to ! prop] /ate ( comm9ution   
7nei!r too co>se nor  too f9e71----! due
 regulation ( ! p]iod ( mac]ation       

accord+ to  ! h>dness1 d5sity1 & texture
 ( ! sub/ance2 &1 m important           
/ill1----! prop] pack+ ( ! +r$i5ts 9 !  
cyl9d]4 ,on !  correct p]=mance ( ! la/ 
! success ( ! process ma9ly dep5ds4  ,"s
 sub/ances require consid]able pressure 
to be us$1 :il/ o!rs1  :5 ev5 lightly   
pack$1 sc>cely p]mit ! fluid to pass    
?r\gh !m4  ,:5 ! mat]ial is too loosely 
pack$1 ! m5/ruum passes ?r\gh  quickly1 
b )\t ex]t+ its prop] solv5t action2 :5 
too great  pressure is employ$1         
p]colation ei!r progresses v sl[ly or n 
at  all4 ,on ! :ole1 ! firmness ( !     
pack+ %\ld be inv]sely z !  solv5t &    
s(t5+ p[] ( ! m5/ruum ^u ! solids expos$
 to  its action2 b to ?is rule !re are  
_m exceptions1 & ea* sub/ance  may be   
said to require special treatm5t4 ,an   
excell5t plan1 applicable to  all       
sub/ances1 & especially to ^? ( a       
glut9\s or mucilag9\s  nature1 is to mix
 ! p[d] ) an equal bulk ( well-wa%$     
silice\s  s& be=e rubb+ x up ) !        
m5/ruum4 ,9 ref]5ce to !  co>s5ess ( !  

p[d] x mu/ be obs]v$ t sub/ances :i*    
readily  become s(t & pappy :5 wett$ by 
! m5/ruum1 %\ld n be us$ s  f9e z ^? t  
are m woody & fibr\s1 & n ( a glut9\s or
  res9\s nature4    ,! #8me?od (        
displacem5t' has ! advantage (          
exp$ition1 economy1 &  yield+ products  
possess+ consid]able uni=mity ( /r5g?2 b
 !  difficulties att5d+ its application 
by ! inexp]i5c$ are s]i\s  ob/acles to  
its g5]al adoption 9 ! laboratory4 ,x   
answ]s admirably  = ! prep>ation ( all  
t9ctures t are n ( a res9\s nature1  & =
 mo/ infusions ( a woody & fibr\s       
sub/ances1 z roots1 woods1  b>ks1       
leaves1 se$s1 insects1 c41 & p>ticul>ly 
:5 cold or tepid  wat] is tak5 z !      
solv5t4 ,x is also especially adapt$ = !
  prep>ation ( conc5trat$ infusions &   
ess5ces1 z !y may ?us be  obta9$ ( any  
requir$ /r5g? )\t loss1 or requir+      
conc5tration  by heat1 :i* is s         
de/ructive to _! virtues4    8,:5       
7ord9>y7 t9ctures are made 9 l>ge       
quantities1 displacem5t is  nev] likely 

to sup]s$e mac]ation1 on acc\nt ( any   
practical  advantages x may possess4 ,if
 ! prescrib$ directions be duly att5d$  
to1 ! process ( mac]ation is            
unexceptionable4 ,! process is m  simple
 ?an ! o!r2 ! mode ( op]at+ is m uni=m1 
x is1 9  fact1 always ! same2 x requires
 less ( skill & dext]ity 9  conduct+ x2 
x requires less con/ant att5tion dur+   
its progress  :i*1 9 op]at+ on l>ge     
quantities is a consid]ation2 &1 f9ally1
  ! app>atus requir$ is less complicat$4
 ,:51 h[ev]1 only small  quantities (   
t9cture are made at a "t1 & kept 9 /ock1
 ! adoption  ( ! process ( displacem5t w
 (t5 be f\nd conv5i5t &  advantage\s4 ,x
 (f]s ! means ( mak+ a t9cture 9 two or 
?ree  h\rs1 :i*1 by ! o!r process1 w\ld 
require z _m weeks40 7,mohr  & ,r$wood47
    ,ano!r useful application ( ! me?od 
( displacem5t is to !  manufacture (    
extracts on ! l>ge scale4 ,"h x is      
sup]ior to any  o!r plan4 ,by ! simple &
 inexp5sive =ms ( app>atus 9 block-t91  
/onew>e1 or glass1 :i* h rec5tly be5    

design$ = ! purpose1  n m]ely a         
fir/-class product is ensur$1 b a great 
sav+ 9 fuel  & lab\r is at ! same "t    
effect$4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to !  la/   
edition ( ! #8,unit$ ,/ates             
,ph>macopia1' & to pap]s by ,messrs     
,saund]s & ,s*weitz] 9 !                
#8,ph>maceutical ,ye> ,book = #ahgc1' & 
by  ,mr ,campbell 9 ! same publication =
 #ahgd1 = additional in=mation  9 !     
subject ( 8,p]colation40 ,see ,,brew+1  
,,extract1 ,,t9cture1 c4                
,,p]cus,,sion4 ,syn4 ,,p]cussio1 ,l4 ,9 
m$ic9e1 ! act ( /rik+ any  "p ( ! body )
 ! f+]s1 or any in/rum5t1 to asc]ta9 its
  condition4    ,,p]cus,,sion ,,caps4 ,!
 composition employ$ to prime ^!        
articles is  notic$ "u ,,fulm9at+       
,,m]cury4    ,,p],,fect ,,love4 ,see    
,,liqueur 7,p>fait am\r74    ,,p],,fume4
 ,a sub/ance t emits or ca/s (f volatile
 p>ticles :i*1  :5 diffus$ ?r\gh !      
atmosph]e1 agreeably affect ! organs (  
smell+4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to !      
volatile effluvia s p]ceiv$4  ,!        

pr9cipal s\rce ( p]fumes is ! ,vegetable
 ,k+dom4 ,its fl[]s1  se$s1 woods1 &    
b>ks furni% a ri* v>iety1 f :i* ! mo/   
fa/idi\s connoisseur may select 8       
fav\rite b\quet4 ,a few p]fumes1  z     
musk1 amb]gris1 & civet1 are d]iv$ f !  
,animal ,k+dom2 b  none ( ^! evolve an  
aroma comp>able 9 fre%ness to t ( !     
rose1  or 9 delicacy to t ( !           
orange-blossom1 or ev5 ! unpret5d+      
jasm9e4 ,! ,inorganic ,k+dom yields n a 
s+le p]fume1 s call$2 nor  has ! sci5ce 
( *emi/ry yet be5 able to produce a s+le
 odorif]\s  comp\nd f matt] absolutely  
inorganic4    ,,p]fu,,m]y4 ,p]fumes 9   
g5]al2 also ! art ( p]fum+ !m4 ,9 its   
comm]cial application1 ?is ^w embraces n
 m]ely p]fumes1 b also  cosmetics1 & o!r
 articles ( a closely alli$ "* employ$  
at  ! toilet1 ! manufacture & sale ( :i*
 con/itute ! trade ( !  mod]n p]fum]4   
,=mul = ! prep>ation ( all ! m valuable 
p]fumes1 z well z ( o!rs met ) 9 trade1 
bo? simple &  comp\nd1 w be f\nd "u !   
heads ,,cosmetics1 ,,depilatory1        

,,ess5ce1  ,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,oils1       
,,pa/es1 ,,pa/ils1 ,,pomade1 ,,_s1      
,,wat]s1 c41 to :i* we  ref] ! read]4   
,,p]fumes1 ,,ace,,tic4 ,see ,,v9eg>4    
,p]fumes1 ,ammoniat$4 ,^! may be prep>$ 
by simply add+ a  suffici5t quantity (  
ammonia to ! liquid p]fumes4 ,:5 !      
articles  are to be di/ill$1 a *eap]    
plan is to add ab\t #e dr4 ( sal        
ammoniac  & #h dr4 ( c>bonate ( potassa 
to ea* p9t ( ! article j be=e           
di/illation4 ,ammoniat$ ,cologne wat] is
 n[ a fa%ionable sub/ance =  _s ( sal   
volatile4    ,,p]iodic ,,acid4 ,syn4    
,,hydric ,,p]iodate4 7,,hio#d47 #a4 ,by 
pass+ a  curr5t ( *lor9e gas ?r\gh a    
solution ( sodic iodate1 conta9+  cau/ic
 soda1 9 ! proportion ( #c atoms ( !    
latt] to "o atom (  sodic iodate4 ,!    
hydrat$ basic sodic p]iodate1 :i*       
cry/allises out1  is dissolv$ 9 dilut$  
nitric acid1 & precipitat$ by ! addition
 (  arg5tic nitrate2 a normal arg5tic   
p]iodate cry/allises z ! liquid  cools1 
& ?is salt be+ treat$ ) wat]1 is        

decompos$ into a basic  arg5tic         
p]iodate1 :i* is insoluble1 & p]iodic   
acid1 :i* is  dissolv$4 ,by evaporat+ ! 
solution1 ! p]iodic acid may be obta9$  
9 deliquesc5t1 oblique1 rhombic prisms1 
:i* are some:at soluble 9  alcohol & 9  
e!r4    #b4 ,f p]*loric acid by ! action
 ( iod9e4 ,see ,,iod9e4    ,,p]i/al,,tic
 ,,p]sua,,d]s4 ,see ,,pills 7,kit*5]'s74
    ,,p],,man5t ,,:ite4 ,see ,,b>ium    
7,sulphate7 & ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4         
,,p]nambu,,co ,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,pea*      
,,wood4 ,! wood ( ,csalp9ia e*9ata4  ,x 
con/itutes ! pal] v>iety ( ,brazil wood 
us$ by ! dy]s4    ,,p],,ry4 ,syn4       
,,pyraceum1 ,l4 ,a f]m5t$ liquor prep>$ 
f pe>s 9  ! same way z cid] is f apples4
 ,! r$ r\gh-ta/$ sorts are  pr9cipally  
us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! be/ p]ry conta9s  
ab\t #i (  absolute alcohol2 ord9>y p]ry
 f #e to #g4    ,p]ry is a v            
pleasant-ta/$ & :olesome liquor4 ,:5    
bottl$  #8*ampagne fa%ion1' we h se5 x  
frequ5tly pass$ (f = *ampagne  )\t !    
fraud be+ suspect$4    ,,p],,sian       

,,b],,ries4 ,see ,,fr5* ,,b]ries4       
,,p]spira,,tion4 ,! liquid or vap\r     
secret$ by ! ramifications ( !  cuticul>
 art]ies ov] ! surface ( ! body4 ,!     
p]spiratory  app>atus consi/s ( a gl&   
deeply seat$ 9 ! corium1 communicat+  by
 means ( tubules 7pores7 ) ! surface ( !
 sc>f-sk94    ,! uses ( ! p]spiratory   
functions appe> to be to pres]ve !      
suppl5ess & s5sibility ( ! sk91 to      
ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( !  body at a uni=m
 /&>d1 & to remove f ! sy/em a numb] (  
comp\nds noxi\s to animal life4 ,!      
p]spiration 8is a fluid ^:  regul>ity & 
cont9uance ( exhalation are n m]ely     
conducive1 b  absolutely necess>y1 to   
heal?2 )\t su* regul>ity ! animal       
temp]ature w\ld run riot1 & sub/ances ( 
an injuri\s quality w\ld  be all[$ to   
p]meate ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate ( !       
tissues ( !  body40 7,eras4 ,wilson47   
8,f ! con/riction or con/ipation ( !    
cutane\s pores by ! ambi5t air1         
especially :5 ! body1 be=eh&  put into a
 heat1 is sudd5ly expos$ !reunto1 ! s]\s

 p>ticles :i*  us$ to fly (f cont9ually 
9 vap\r1 be+ n[ p5t 91 excite an  int5se
 & fev]i% eff]vesc5ce2 till1 f9d+ "s o!r
 passage1  ei!r by ! kidneys or by !    
gl&ules ( ! nose & w9dpipe1 !y  are     
dis*>g$ by way ( a cat>rh2 or1 miss+ ?is
 sep>ation1 /ill  keep up ! ebullition1 
v (t5 to ! haz>d ( life1 by suffocat+  !
 vital flame4 ,& ?is is ! natural       
consequ5ce ( ob/ruct$  ins5sible        
p]spiration1 :i*1 9 ! vulg> phrase1 is !
 same )  :at !y mean by cat*+ cold1 & ( 
:i*1 give me leave to rem>k1  t z fev]s 
make two ?irds ( diseases infe/+ mank9d1
 accord+ to  ! computation ( ! judici\s 
,syd5ham1 s two ?irds ( fev]s v         
probably may take _! rise f p]spiration 
h9d]$40 7,daniel ,turn]47  ,suppress$   
p]spiration is also "o ( ! commone/     
causes ( di>rha4    ,,p]u,,vian         
,,balsam4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,p]u4      
,,p]u,,vian ,,b>k4 ,see ,,c9*ona4       
,,pes,,s>y4 ,syn4 ,,pessum1 ,,pess>ium1 
,l4 ,an in/rum5t made ( ca\t*\c1  gutta 
p]*a1 box-wood1 or ivory1 ins]t$ into ! 

vag9a to support !  m\? & neck ( !      
ut]us4 ,!y are v>i\sly =m$1 to meet !   
prejudices ( ! p>ty or ! necessities ( !
 case4 ,! cup1 conical1  globe1 & r+    
pess>ies 7pessi7 are ^? be/ kn[n4       
,m$icat$ pess>ies are prep>$ by add+ !  
active +r$i5ts to a  h>d c]ate1 & press+
 ! mixture into ! desir$ =m4 ,a/r+5ts   
7v>i\s71 belladonna1 acetate ( lead1    
m]cury1 c41 h be5 ?us  appli$ by ,dr    
,simpson & o!rs4    ,! diff]5t =mul are 
giv5 bel[3----    ,pess>y1 ,alum4 ,syn4 
,,pessus ,,alum9is4 ,alum1 cate*u1 wax1 
( ea* #a  dr42 l>d1 #e-a_/b dr4         
,pess>y1 ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,pessus    
,,belladonn4 ,extract ( belladonna1 #aj 
gr42 wax1 #bb-a_/b gr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b    
dr42 9 ea* pess>y4    ,pess>y1          
,m]curial4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,hydr>gyri4  
,/rong m]curial o9tm5t1  #a_/b dr42 wax1
 #a_/b dr42 l>d1 #a dr4 ,mix4           
,pess>y1 ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,plumbi4
 ,acetate ( lead1 #g-a_/b gr42 :ite     
wax1 #bb-a_/b gr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b dr4     
,pess>y1 ,iodide ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pessus

 ,,plumbi ,,iodidi4 ,iodide ( lead1 #e  
gr42 wax1 #be gr42 l>d1 #a-a_/b dr4     
,pess>y1 ,tann94 ,syn4 ,,pessus         
,,tann9i4 ,tann91 #aj gr42 wax1 #be gr42
  l>d1 #a-a_/b dr4    ,pess>y1 ,z9c4    
,syn4 ,,pessus ,,z9ci4 ,oxide ( z9c1 #ae
 gr42 :ite wax1  #bb-a_/b gr42 l>d1     
#a-a_/b dr4    ,,pe/,,il5ce4 ,see       
,,plague4    ,,pe/il5,,tial ,,diseases4 
,all ^? diseases :i* are epidemic &     
malignant & assume ! "* ( a plague4 ,see
 ,,*ol]a1 c4    ,,petong4 ,same z       
packfong4    ,,pet,,rol5e4 ,! pure      
liquid portion ( m9]al t>4 ,x has a pale
 yell[  col\r1 a p5etrat+ od\r1 & a high
 boil+ po9t2 is light] ?an  wat]1 & is  
isom]ic ) ! oils ( turp5t9e & lemons4 ,9
 its  g5]al proportions x resembles     
rectifi$ m9]al naph?a4    ,,petro,,leum4
 ,syn4 ,,rock ,,oil1 ,,liquid ,,bitum51 
,,oil ,,( ,,petre2 ,,oleum ,,petr1      
,,bitum5 ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,,petroleum is 
an oil f\nd ooz+ f ! gr\nd or  obta9$ on
 s9k+ wells 9 ! soil4 ,to a limit$ ext5t
 x is met )  9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe & 

9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 b occurs 9       
abundance 9 ,p5nsylvania & o!r p>ts ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates & 9  ,canada4 ,x v>ies 9  
col\r f slight yell[ to br[ni% black1 9 
consi/5ce f a ?9 mobile liquid to a     
fluid z ?ick z treacle1 9  specific     
gravity f #hjj to #aajj 7wat] be+ #ajjj7
 & is ei!r cle>  & transp>5t or turbid &
 opaque4 ,petroleum is ess5tially a     
volatile  oil1 & :5 submitt$ to         
di/illation yields gases homolog\s )    
light  c>burett$ hydrog5 ( m>%-gas      
7,ronalds obta9$ ?ree71 liquids (       
simil> con/itution 7,pel\ze & ,cah\rs   
isolat$ twelve71 & solid  p>aff9-l      
bodies4 ,comm]cially petroleum is       
di/ill$ s z to yield  petroleum-_s or   
m9]al naph?a us$ z a sub/itute =        
turp5t9e  & = burn+ 9 sponge-lamps &    
co/]mong]s' b>r[-lamps2 petroleum  oil  
us$ all ov] ! _w z m9]al lamp oil =     
illum9at+ purposes2  & a heavy oil      
employ$ = lubricat+ ma*9]y4 ,! value ( a
 sample  ( rock-oil is det]m9$ by ?us   
di/ill+ a weigh$ quantity 9 a small     

glass retort & weigh+ ! products4 ,!    
petroleum or middle product  mu/ be (   
su* a "* z to h a specific gravity n    
high] ?an  #haj or #hbj & to conta9 s   
little petroleum _s t x only evolves    
inflammable vap\r :5 heat$ to #ajj      
,fahr4 9 ! mann] prescrib$ 9  !         
,petroleum ,act1 #ahga 7see bel[74 ,any 
petroleum product or m9]al  oil :i* w n 
/& ?is te/1 & :i* is kept 9 l>g] bottles
  ?an "o p9t1 & 9 l>g] total quantity   
?an ?ree gallons1 _c be  /or$ or sold   
except by lic5ce ( ! local au?orities4  
,directions = ,te/+ ,petroleum to       
asc]ta9 !              temp]ature at :i*
 x gives (f inflammable                 
vap\r4    ,! vessel :i* is to hold ! oil
 %all be ( ?9 %eet iron2 x %all  be two 
in*es deep & two in*es wide at ! op5+1  
tap]+ slightly  t[>ds ! bottom2 x %all h
 a flat rim1 ) a rais$ edge "o  qu>t] ( 
an in* r\nd ! top2 x %all be support$ by
 ?is rim 9 a  t9 vessel f\r in*es & a   
half deep & f\r & a half in*es 9        
diamet]2 x %all also h a ?9 wire /ret*$ 

across ! op5+1  :i* wire %all be s fix$ 
to ! edge ( ! vessel t x %all be a      
qu>t] ( an in* above ! surface ( ! flat 
rim4 ,! !rmomet] to  be us$ %all h a    
r\nd bulb ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & 
is to  be graduat$ ^u ! scale (         
,fahr5heit1 e t5 degrees occupy+ n  less
 ?an half an in* ^u ! scale4    ,! inn] 
vessel %all be fill$ ) ! petroleum to be
 te/$1 b c>e  mu/ be tak5 t ! liquid    
does n cov] ! flat rim4 ,! out]  vessel 
%all be fill$ ) cold1 or ne>ly cold     
wat]2 a small flame  %all be appli$ to !
 bottom ( ! out] vessel1 & ! !rmomet]   
%all be ins]t$ into ! oil s t ! bulb    
%all be imm]s$ ab\t  "o & a half in*es  
b5ea? ! surface4 ,a scre5 ( pa/ebo>d or 
wood  %all be plac$ r\nd ! app>atus1 &  
%all be ( su* dim5sions z  to surr\nd x 
ab\t two ?irds & to rea* sev]al in*es   
above !  level ( ! vessels4    ,:5 heat 
has be5 appli$ to ! wat] until !        
!rmomet] has ris5 to  ab\t #ij ,fahr41 a
 v small flame %all be quickly pass$    
across !  surface ( ! oil on a level ) !

 wire4 ,if no pale blue flick] or  fla% 
is produc$1 ! application ( ! flame is  
to be repeat$ =  e rise ( two or ?ree   
degrees 9 ! !rmomet]4 ,:5 !  fla%+-po9t 
has be5 not$1 ! te/ %all be repeat$ ) a 
fre%  sample ( ! oil1 us+ cold1 or ne>ly
 cold wat] z be=e2 )draw+  ! s\rce (    
heat f ! out] vessel :5 ! temp]ature    
approa*es  t not$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 &  
apply+ ! flame te/ at e  rise ( two     
degrees 9 ! !rmomet]4 ,see ,,naph?a1    
,,oils 7,m9]al71 c4    ,,pew,,t]4 ,?is  
is an alloy ( t9 & lead1 or ( t9 )      
antimony &  copp]4 ,! fir/ only is      
prop]ly call$ pewt]4 ,?ree v>ieties are 
kn[n 9 trade3----    ,prep4 #a4 7,,plate
 ,,pewt]47 ,f t91 #gi2 antimony1 #g2    
bismu? &  copp]1 ( ea* #b2 fus$ toge!r4 
,us$ to make plates1 teapots1 c4  ,takes
 a f9e poli%4    #b4 7,,triple ,,pewt]47
 ,f t91 #gi2 antimon1 #ae2 lead1 #f2 z !
 la/4  ,us$ = m9or articles1 syr+es1    
toys1 c4    #c4 7,,ley ,,pewt]47 ,f t91 
#hj2 lead1 #bj4 ,us$ = measures1 ink/&s1
  c4    ,obs4 ,accord+ to ! report ( !  

,fr5* commission1 pewt] conta9+  m ?an  
#ah p>ts ( lead to #hb p>ts ( t9 is     
unsafe = measures =  w9e1 & simil>      
liquors &1 inde$1 = any o!r ut5sils     
expos$ to  contact ) our food or        
bev]ages4 ,! legal sp4 gr4 ( pewt] 9    
,france  is #ggfd2 if x be great]1 x    
conta9s an excess ( lead1 & is liable   
to prove poison\s4 ,! proportions ( ^!  
metals may be approximately  det]m9$ f !
 sp4 gr42 b correctly only by an assay =
 !  purpose4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,g]man      
,,silv]1 ,,lead1 & ,,t94    ,,ph>aoh',s 
,,s]p5ts4 #a4 ,! *emical toy sold "u ?is
 "n consi/s (  ! p[d] ( sulphocyanide ( 
m]cury made up 9 a capsule ( t9 foil 9  
a conical mass ( ab\t an in* 9 height4  
,ignit$ at ! apex an a% is protrud$1    
long & s]p5t9e 9 %ape4 ,!  fumes evolv$ 
are v poison\s4    #b4                  
7,,non-,,poison\s47 ,bi*romate (        
potassium1 #b p>ts2 nitrate ( potassa1  
#a "p2 & :ite sug>1 #c p>ts4 ,pulv]ise  
ea* ( ! +r$i5ts  sep>ately1 & !n mix !m 
?or\ghly4 ,make small pap] cones ( !    

desir$ size1 & press ! mixture into !m4 
,!y w !n be ready =  use1 b mu/ be kept 
f light & moi/ure4    ,,ph>macy ,,act4  
,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal clauses ( !    
,ph>macy  ,act ( #ahfj 7#ca & #cb       
,victoria1 cap4 cxxi74 ,we h sep>at$ &  
plac$  la/1 ^? provisions ( ! ,act :i*  
relate to ! sale ( poisons3----         
,:]eas x is exp$i5t = ! safety ( !      
public t p]sons keep+  op5 %op = !      
retail+1 disp5s+1 or comp\nd+ ( poisons1
 &  p]sons kn[n z *emi/s & druggi/s %\ld
 possess a compet5t  practical k ( _!   
bus9ess1 & to t end1 t f &  aft] ! day  
h]e9 nam$ all p]sons n already engag$ 9 
su*  bus9ess %\ld1 be=e comm5c+ su*     
bus9ess1 be duly exam9$ z to  _!        
practical k1 & t a regi/] %\ld be kept z
 h]e9  provid$1 & also t ! ,act pass$ 9 
! #ae? & #af? ye>s ( !  reign ( h]      
pres5t ,maje/y1 intitul$ #8,an ,act =   
,regulat+ !  ,qualification (           
,ph>maceutical ,*emi/s1' h]e9aft]       
describ$ z !  ,ph>macy ,act1 %\ld be    
am5d$3 ,be x enact$1 by ! ,que5's mo/   

excell5t ,maje/y1 by & ) ! advice &     
cons5t ( ! ,lords  ,spiritual &         
,temporal & ,commons 9 ?is pres5t       
,p>liam5t assembl$1  & by au?ority ( !  
same1 z foll[s3----    ,f & aft] ! #ca/ 
day ( ,decemb]1 #ahfh1 x %all be        
unlawful =  any p]son to sell or keep   
op5 %op = retail+1 disp5s+1 or  comp\nd+
 poisons1 or to assume or use ! title   
#8,*emi/ & ,druggi/1'  or *emi/ or      
druggi/1 or ph>maci/1 or disp5s+ *emi/1 
or druggi/1  9 any "p ( ,great ,brita91 
unless su* p]son %all be a ph>maceutical
  *emi/1 or a *emi/ & druggi/1 )9 !     
mean+ ( ?is ,act1 & be  regi/]$ "u ?is  
,act1 & con=m to su* regulations z to ! 
keep+1 disp5s+1 & sell+ ( su* poisons z 
may f "t to "t  be prescrib$ by !       
,ph>maceutical ,society ) ! cons5t ( !  
,privy  ,c\ncil 7,clause #a74    ,*emi/s
 & druggi/s )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act %all  
consi/ ( all  p]sons :o at any "t be=e !
 pass+ ( ?is ,act h c>ri$ on 9  ,great  
,brita9 ! bus9ess ( a *emi/ & druggi/ 9 
! keep+ (  op5 %op = ! comp\nd+ ( !     

prescriptions ( duly qualifi$  m$ical   
practition]s1 also ( all assi/ants &    
associates1 :o be=e  ! pass+ ( ! ,act   
%all h be5 duly regi/]$ "u or accord+   
to ! provisions ( ! ,ph>macy ,act1 &    
also ( all su* p]sons z may  be duly    
regi/]$ "u ?is ,act 7,clause #c74       
,all su* p]sons z %all f "t to "t h be5 
appo9t$ to conduct  exam9ations "u !    
,ph>macy ,act %all be1 & are h]eby      
decl>$ to  be1 exam9]s = ! purposes (   
?is ,act1 & are h]eby emp[]$ &  requir$ 
to exam9e all su* p]sons z %all t5d]    
!mselves =  exam9ation "u ! provisions (
 ?is ,act1#ic & e p]son :o  %all h be5  
exam9$ by su* exam9]s1 & %all h obta9$ f
  !m a c]tificate ( compet5t skill1 & k1
 & qualification1  %all be entitl$ to be
 regi/]$ z a *emi/ & druggi/ "u ?is     
,act1 & ! exam9ation a=esaid %all be su*
 z is provid$ "u !  ,ph>macy ,act = !   
purposes ( a qualification to be regi/]$
 z  assi/ant "u t ,act1 or z ! same may 
be v>i$ f "t to "t  by any bye-law to be
 made 9 accordance ) ! ,ph>macy ,act z  

am5d$  by ?is ,act1 provid$ t no p]son  
%all conduct any exam9ation = !         
purposes ( ?is ,act until 8 appo9tm5t   
has be5 approv$ by ! ,privy  ,c\ncil    
7,clause #f74    ,footnote #ic3 ,see    
above4    ,no "n %all be ent]$ 9 !      
regi/]1 except ( p]sons au?oris$ by  ?is
 ,act to be regi/]$1 nor unless !       
regi/r> be satisfi$ by !  prop] evid5ce 
t ! p]son claim+ is entitl$ to be       
regi/]$2 &  any appeal f ! decision ( ! 
regi/r> may be decid$ by !  c\ncil ( !  
,ph>maceutical ,society2 & any entry :i*
 %all be prov$  to ! satisfaction ( su* 
c\ncil to h be5 fraudul5tly or          
incorrectly made may be eras$ f or am5d$
 9 ! regi/]1 by ord]  9 writ+ ( su*     
c\ncil 7,clause #ab74    8,! regi/r>    
%all1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y 9 e ye>1 cause 
to be  pr9t$1 publi%$1 & sold1 a correct
 regi/] ( ! names ( all  ph>maceutical  
*emi/s1 & a correct regi/] ( all p]sons 
regi/]$  z *emi/s & druggi/s1 & 9 su*   
regi/]s1 respectively ! names  %all be 9
 alphabetical ord]1 accord+ to !        

surnames1 ) !  respective resid5ces1 9 !
 =m set =? 9 s*$ule 7,b7 to ?is ,act1   
or to ! l effect1 ( all p]sons appe>+ on
 ! regi/] (  ph>maceutical *emi/s1 & on 
! regi/] ( *emi/s & druggi/s1 on  ! #ca/
 day ( ,decemb] la/ prec$+1 & su* pr9t$ 
regi/]s %all  be call$ #8,! ,regi/]s (  
,ph>maceutical ,*emi/s & ,*emi/s &      
,druggi/s1' & a pr9t$ copy ( su* regi/]s
 = ! "t be+1  purport+ to be s pr9t$ &  
publi%$ z a=esaid1 or any c]tificate  "u
 ! h& ( ! said regi/r>1 & c\nt]sign$ by 
! presid5t  or two memb]s ( ! c\ncil ( !
 ,ph>maceutical ,society1 %all be       
evid5ce 9 all c\rts & be=e all ju/ices (
 ! peace & o!rs1  t ! p]sons !re9       
specifi$ are regi/]$ accord+ to !       
provisions ( ! ,ph>macy ,act or ( ?is   
,act1 z ! case may be1 & !  abs5ce ( !  
"n ( any p]son f su* pr9t$ regi/] %all  
be  evid5ce1 until ! contr>y %all be    
made to appe>1 t su* p]son is  n regi/]$
 accord+ to ! provisions ( ! ,ph>macy   
,act or ( ?is  ,act 7,clause #ac74    ,f
 & aft] ! #ca/ day ( ,decemb]1 #ahfh1   

any p]son :o %all sell  or keep an op5  
%op = ! retail+1 disp5s+1 or comp\nd+   
poisons1 or :o %all take1 use1 or       
exhibit ! "n or title ( *emi/  &        
druggi/1 or *emi/ or druggi/1 n be+ a   
duly regi/]$  ph>maceutical *emi/1 or   
*emi/ & druggi/1 or :o %all take1 use1  
or exhibit ! "n or title ph>maceutical  
*emi/1 ph>maceuti/1 or  ph>maci/1 n be+ 
a ph>maceutical *emi/1 or %all fail to  
con=m  ) any regulation z to ! keep+ or 
sell+ ( poisons1 made 9  pursuance ( ?is
 ,act1 or :o %all comp\nd any m$ic9es ( 
! ,briti%  ,ph>macopia1 except accord+  
to ! =mul>ies ( ! said  ,ph>macopia1    
%all = e su* (f5ce be liable to pay a   
p5alty or  sum ( #e1 & ! same may be su$
 =1 recov]$1 & dealt ) 9 !  mann]       
provid$ by ! ,ph>macy ,act = ! recov]y (
 p5alties "u  t ,act2 b no?+ 9 ?is ,act 
conta9$ %all prev5t any p]son f  be+    
liable to any o!r p5alty1 damages1 or   
puni%m5t to :i* he  w\ld h be5 subject  
if ?is ,act _h n be5 pass$ 7,clause     
#ae74    ,clauses ( ! ,ph>macy ,act     

relat+ to ! sale ( ,poisons4    ,x %all 
be unlawful to sell any poison ei!r by  
:olesale or retail1  unless ! box1      
bottle1 vessel1 wrapp]1 or cov] 9 :i*   
su* poison is  conta9$ be di/9ctly      
labell$ ) ! "n ( ! article & ! ^w       
poison1 & ) ! "n & address ( ! sell] ( !
 poison2 & x  %all be unlawful to sell  
any poison ( ^? :i* are 9 ! fir/ "p  (  
s*$ule 7,a7 to ?is ,act1 or may h]eaft] 
be add$ !reto "u  section ,,ii ( ?is    
,act1 to any p]son unkn[n to ! sell]1   
unless  introduc$ by "s p]son kn[n to ! 
sell]2 & on e sale ( any  su* article ! 
sell] %all1 be=e deliv]y1 make or cause 
to be made  an entry 9 a book to be kept
 = t purpose1 /at+1 9 ! =m set  =? 9    
s*$ule 7,f7 to ?is ,act1 ! date ( !     
sale1 ! "n &  address ( ! pur*as]1 ! "n 
& quantity ( ! article sold1 &  !       
purpose = :i* x is /at$ by ! pur*as] to 
be requir$1 to  :i* entry ! signature ( 
! pur*as] & ( ! p]son1 if any1 :o       
introduc$ him1 %all be affix$2 & any    
p]son sell+ poison o!rwise  ?an is h]e9 

provid$1 %all1 ^u a summ>y conviction   
be=e two  ju/ices ( ! peace 9 ,engl& or 
! %]iff 9 ,scotl&1 be liable to  a      
p5alty n exce$+ #e = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & to 
a p5alty n  exce$+ #aj = ! second or any
 subsequ5t (f5ce2 & = !  purposes ( ?is 
section ! p]son on ^: behalf any sale is
 made by  any appr5tice or s]vant %all  
be deem$ to be ! sell]1 b !  provisions 
( ?is section1 :i* are solely applicable
 to poisons 9 !  fir/ "p ( ! s*$ule 7,a7
 to ?is ,act1 or :i* require t !  label 
%all conta9 ! "n & address ( ! sell]1   
%all n apply to  articles to be export$ 
f ,great ,brita9 by :olesale deal]s1 nor
 to  sales by :olesale to retail deal]s 
9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( :olesale  deal+1 nor 
%all any ( ! provisions ( ?is section   
apply to any  m$ic9e suppli$ by a       
legally qualifi$ apo!c>y to 8 pati5t1   
nor  apply to any article :5 =m+ "p ( ! 
+r$i5ts ( any m$ic9e  disp5s$ by a p]son
 regi/]$ "u ?is ,act provid$ su* m$ic9e 
be  labell$ 9 ! mann] a=esaid ) ! "n &  
address ( ! sell]1  & ! +r$i5ts !re( be 

ent]$1 ) ! "n ( ! p]son to  :om x is    
sold or deliv]$1 9 a book to be kept by 
! sell] = t  purpose1 & no?+ 9 ?is ,act 
conta9$ %all repeal or affect any (  !  
provisions ( an ,act ( ! ,session hold5 
9 ! f\rte5? &  fifte5? ye>s 9 ! reign ( 
h] pres5t ,maje/y1 intitul$ #8,an ,act  
to  regulate ! ,sale ( ,ars5ic' 7,clause
 #ag74              ,,s*$ule 7,a74      
,"p #a4      ,ars5ic & its prep>ations4 
,prussic acid4    ,cyanide ( potassium &
 all metallic cyanides4    ,/ry*n9e &   
all poison\s vegetable alkaloids & _!   
salts4    ,aconite & its prep>ations4   
,emetic t>t>4    ,corrosive sublimate4  
,can?>ides4    ,sav9 & its oil4         
,ergot ( rye & its prep>ations4         
,"p #b4      ,oxalic acid4    ,*lor(orm4
    ,belladonna & its prep>ations4      
,ess5tial oil ( almonds1 unless depriv$ 
( its prussic acid4    ,opium & all     
prep>ations ( opium or ( poppies4    ,by
 virtue & 9 ex]cise ( ! p[]s ve/$ 9 !   
c\ncil ( !  ,ph>maceutical ,society (   
,great ,brita91 ! said c\ncil d h]eby   

resolve & decl>e t ea* ( ! foll[+       
articles1 viz4----      ,prep>ations (  
prussic acid1    ,prep>ations ( cyanide 
( potassium & ( all metallic cyanides1  
,prep>ations ( /ry*n9e1    ,prep>ations 
( atrop9e1    ,prep>ations ( corrosive  
sublimate1    ,prep>ations ( morph9e1   
,r$ oxide ( m]cury 7commonly kn[n z r$  
precipitate ( m]cury71    ,ammoniat$    
m]cury 7commonly kn[n z :ite precipitate
 ( m]cury71    ,e comp\nd conta9+ any   
poison )9 ! mean+ ( #8,! ,ph>macy       
,act1 #ahfh1' :5 prep>$ or sold = !     
de/ruction ( v]m91    ,! t9cture & all  
vesicat+ liquid prep>ations ( can?>ides1
    ----ought to be deem$ a poison )9 ! 
mean+ ( ! #8,ph>macy ,act1  #ahfh1' &   
also t ( ! same ea* ( ! foll[+ articles1
 viz4----      ,prep>ations ( prussic   
acid1    ,prep>ations ( cyanide (       
potassium & ( all metallic cyanides1    
,prep>ations ( /ry*n9e1    ,prep>ations 
( atrop9e1    ----ought to be deem$ a   
poison 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s*$ule 7,a7 to ! 
said #8,ph>macy ,act1 #ahfh1'    ,&     

notice is h]eby also giv51 t ! said     
,society h submitt$ !  said resolution =
 ! approval ( ! ,lords ( ,h] ,maje/y's  
,c\ncil1  & t su* approval has be5 giv54
                        ,by ord]1       
,,elias ,,bremridge1                    
,secret>y & ,regi/r> ( ! ,ph>maceutical 
,society ( ,great ,brita94    ,& :]eas !
 c\ncil ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society (   
,great ,brita9  did1 on ! #ag? day (    
,novemb]1 #ahgg1 resolve & decl>e 9 !   
words  foll[+3----    8,t by virtue & 9 
ex]cise ( ! p[]s ve/$ 9 ! c\ncil ( !    
,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great        
,brita91 ! said c\ncil does h]eby       
resolve & decl>e t ,*loral ,hydrate &   
its prep>ations ought to  be deem$      
poisons )9 ! mean+ ( ! #8,ph>macy ,act1 
#ahfh1' &  ought to be deem$ poisons 9 !
 second "p ( ! s*$ule 7,a7 ( !  said    
#8,ph>macy ,act1 #ahfh4'0    ,& :]eas ! 
said ,society h submitt$ ! said         
resolution = !  approval ( ! ,privy     
,c\ncil1 & ! ,lords ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil  
are (  op9ion t ! said resolution %\ld  

be approv$4    ,n[1 !re=e1 _! ,lord%ips 
are h]eby pleas$ to signify _!  approval
 ( ! said resolution4                   
,c4 ,l4 ,,peel4    ,t>dieu /ates t (    
late ye>s ! crim9al adm9i/ration (      
phosphorus has increas$ consid]ably 9   
,france4 ,= example1 f #ahea to  #ahgb1 
9 #gic cases ( poison+1 #bhg or #cfb p] 
c5t4 7 due to  ars5ic1 & #bfg or #caa p]
 c5t4 to phosphorus2 :il/ 9 ! ye>s #ahgb
  & #ahgd1 9 #ada crim9al poison+s by   
ars5ic & phosphorus1 only #gd  7 due to 
ars5ic4 ,! explanation ( ^! facts may   
reasonably be  ascrib$ to ! mu* great]  
facility ) :i* phosphorus1 9 ! =m  (    
mat*es or v]m9 pa/es1 c be procur$ ?an  
ars5ic4    ,,phe,,nol4 ,c#f;,h#f,o4 ,see
 ,,c>bolic ,,acid4    ,,phe,,nyl4       
,c#f;,h#e4 ,! hypo!tical comp\nd radical
 ( !  ph5yl-s]ies4 ,c>bolic acid is said
 to be its hydrate4    ,,ph5yl,,am9e4   
,c#f;,h#e;,h#b,n4 ,anil9e is sometimes s
 nam$ on acc\nt  ( its relation to !    
ph5yl s]ies4    ,,phials4 ,! ord9>y gre5
 m\ld$ phials us$ by ! ph>maceuti/ are  

made ( a glass obta9$ f common riv] s& &
 soapboil]s' wa/e4 ,9  ! manufacture ( !
 glass = ! :ite phials pur] mat]ials 7& 
^! z free f iron & alum9a z possible7   
are us$4 ,decol\ris+  ag5ts are also    
employ$4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z !          
composition ( a  :ite glass = apo!c>ies'
 phials 9 #8,*emi/ry3 ,!oretical1       
,practical1 & ,analytical1'#id          
,footnote #id3 ,mack5zie & ,co4         
#ajj lbs4 :ite s&4        #cj-bf  0     
pota%1 impure4           #ag  0   lime4 
#aaj-abj  0   a%es4    #be to #e lbs4   
b9oxide ( manganese-cullet4    ,phials1 
,bologna4 ,small flasks or phials (     
unanneal$ glass1 :i* fly  to pieces :5  
_! surface is scrat*$ by a h>d body4    
,?us1 if a small  piece ( fl9t be dropp$
 into !m !y are %iv]$2 :]eas if a bullet
  be us$ !y rema9 un9jur$4              
,,philo,,nium4 ,! anci5t "n ( an        
aromatic opiate1 reput$ to possess  _m  
virtues1 inv5t$ by ,philo4 ,see         
,,confection ,,( ,,opium4               
,,philos,,oph]',s ,,/one4 ,syn4 ,,lapis 

,,philosophorum1 ,l4 ,a wond]ful        
sub/ance1 ! discov]y ( :i* =m$ ! day    
dreams ( ! al*emi/s4  ,x 0 suppos$ to be
 capable ( conv]t+ all ! bas] metals    
into  gold1 & ( cur+ all diseases4 ,"s (
 ! al*emi/s appe> to h  lab\r$ "u !     
delusion t !y _h actually discov]$ x4 ,!
 la/  ( ^! en?usia/s 0 ! tal5t$ &       
un=tunate ,dr ,price1 (  ,guild=d4      
,speak+ ( ! age ( al*emy1 ,liebig       
says3----8,! idea ( !  transmutability (
 metals /ood 9 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony ) all
 !  obs]vations & all ! k ( t age1 & 9  
contradiction to  none ( ^!4 ,9 ! fir/  
/age ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 !         
al*emi/s c\ld n possibly h any o!r      
notions ( ! nature (  metals ?an ^? :i* 
!y actually held4444 ,we he> x said t ! 
idea ( ! philosoph]'s /one 0 an error2 b
 all our views h be5  develop$ f errors1
 & t :i* today we reg>d z tru? 9        
*emi/ry may1 p]haps1 be=e to-morr[1 be  
reg>d$ z a fallacy40    ,,philosoph,,ic 
,,c&le4 ,an inflam$ jet ( hydrog5 gas4  
,,philosophic ,,wool4 ,fl[]s ( z9c4     

,,phil,,tre4 ,syn4 ,,philtrum1 ,l4 ,a   
*>m or potion to excite love4 ,!        
anci5ts _h great fai? 9 su* rem$ies4    
,no?+ c]ta9 is n[ kn[n  respect+ _!     
composition2 b !re is suffici5t evid5ce 
t  rec\rse 0 frequ5tly _h to !m by !    
anci5ts1 & t 8_!  op]ation 0 s viol5t t 
_m p]sons lo/ _! lives & _!  reason by  
_! means40 ,! ,!ssalian philtres 7 ^?   
mo/  celebrat$4 7,juv41 vi1 #faj1 c47   
,at ! pres5t day ! adm9i/ration (       
prep>ations ( ! k9d is int]dict$ by law4
    ,,phlore,,t94 ,c#ae;,h#ad,o#e4 ,a   
cry/allisable1 sweet sub/ance1 =m$      
along ) grape sug>1 :5 phloridz9 is act$
 on by dilute acids4    ,,phlorid,,z94  
,c#ba;,h#bd,o#aj4 ,syn4 ,,phloriz9e2    
,,phloridz9um1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,by act+ on !
 fre% root-b>k ( ! apple1 pe>1 or plum  
tree1  ) boil+ rectifi$ _s2 ! _s is     
di/ill$ (f1 & !  phloridz9 cry/allises  
out ( ! residual liquor z x cools4      
,prop41 c4 ,f9e1 col\rless1 silky       
ne$les1 freely soluble 9 rectifi$  _s & 
9 hot wat]1 b requir+ #ajjj p>ts ( cold 

wat] = its  solution2 its ta/e is bitt] 
& a/r+5t4 ,:5 its solution is boil$  ) a
 little dilute sulphuric acid or        
hydro*loric acid1 x is *ang$  into grape
 sug> & phloret94    ,phloridz9 be>s a  
great lik5ess to salic94 ,x is said to  
be a p[]ful  febrifuge4----,dose1 #c to 
#ae gr4    ,,phoce,,nic ,,acid4 ,see    
,,delph9ic ,,acid4    ,,ph,,nic,,ine4   
,see ,,indigo ,,purple4                 
,,pho,,nograph4 ,"s ye>s back ,pr(4     
,fab]1 ( ,vi5na1 con/ruct$ &  exhibit$ 9
 ! *ief cities ( ,europe #8a talk+      
ma*9e1' :i* 0  able to articulate simple
 words & s5t5ces ) consid]able          
di/9ctness4 ,! complex me*anism by :i*  
?is 0 effect$ 0  contriv$ ^u ! pr9ciples
 ( ! human organs ( spee*1 z !  ma*9e   
possess$ an india-rubb] tongue & lips1 &
 an artificial  l>ynx1 made out ( a ?9  
vibrat+ tube ( ivory4 ,fab]'s automaton1
  al?\gh ( mu* great] sci5tific int]e/  
?an ! automatic flute &  flageolet      
play]s ( ,vancanson1 ! trumpet] ( ,droz1
 & simil>  exhibitions ( curi\s         

workman%ip1 01 l ^!1 only a me*anical   
curiosity1 )\t any promise ( a useful   
application4    ,entirely di/9ct f      
,fab]'s ma*9e1 n only /ructurally & 9 ! 
me?od by :i* x produces its effects1 b  
also 9 ! end design$ =  x by its inv5tor
 be+ an ess5tially practical "o1 is !   
#8speak+  ma*9e or phonograph' ( ,mr    
,edison4    ,! fir/ impression t w occur
 to ^? :o hav+ he>d ,mr ,edison's       
in/rum5t speak h subsequ5tly made       
!mselves acqua9t$ ) its  con/ruction1 w 
probably be "o ( surprise t an effect s 
app>5tly />tl+ z t :i* x has be5 able to
 produce %\ld be  accompli%$ by means s 
simple4    ,illu/ration    ,b is a brass
 cyl9d]1 ?r\gh ^: c5tre passes a metal  
%aft1 ! arms  ( :i* re/ on upright      
supports1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! engrav+4  
,! arm ( ! %aft1 obscur$ f view1        
correspond+ 9 l5g? ) !  "p ( x :i* is   
visible1 is screw-turn$1 & x works 9 a  
nut bor$  out ( ! support4 ,atta*$ to ! 
screw-end ( ! %aft or axle is a  crank  
,c1 by turn+ :i* a d\ble movem5t1 viz4 a

 rotatory & a  horizontal "o1 may be    
simultane\sly imp>t$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,r\nd 
!  surface ( ! cyl9d] is cut a spiral   
groove correspond+ 9 dim5sions  ) !     
?reads ( ! screw "p ( ! %aft4 ,cov]+ !  
:ole ( !  cyl9d] is a %eet ( t9-foil1   
:i* is secur$ to its edges by means (   
%ell-lac v>ni%4 ,9 front ( ! cyl9d]1    
re/+ on a prop] support1  is a          
m\?-piece1 ,a1 at ! bottom ( :i* 7! end 
ne>e/ ! cyl9d]7  is a v ?9 plate or     
diaphragm ( metal1 & to ?is diaphragm is
  atta*$ a r\nd /eel po9t1 :i* :5 n 9   
use does n t\* !  foil4 ,previ\sly to   
us+ ! app>atus ?is /eel po9t has to be  
accurately adju/$ opposite to t "p ( !  
foil ly+ ov] !  spiral groove4 ,if n[ ! 
lips be appli$ to ! m\?-piece1 & any    
s5t5ce be spok51 ! crank be+ at ! same  
"t turn$1 !  vibrations imp>t$ to !     
metal plate by ! voice w cause ! /eel   
po9t to come into contact ) t "p ( !    
foil ov]ly+ ! groove  9 ! cyl9d]1 & to  
make on ! foil a numb] ( ind5tations1 z 
x  revolves1 & is c>ri$ =w>d lat]ally   

be=e ! m\?-piece4  ,fur!rmore ^!        
ind5tations w be f\nd to v>y 9 dep? &   
sectional outl9e accord+ to ! nature ( !
 vibrations :i* h  produc$ !m2 & z      
exp]im5t proves1 are ! specific &       
infallible  caligraphy ( ^? vibrations4 
8,x might be said t at ?is po9t ! ma*9e 
has already become a  complete          
phonograph or s\nd writ]1 b x yet rema9s
 to translate !  rem>ks made4 ,n[1 !re  
is no d\bt t by practice & ! aid ( a    
magnifi] x w\ld be possible to read     
phonetically ,mr ,edison's record (     
dots & da%es1#ie b he saves u t tr\ble  
by lit]ally mak+ x  read itself4 ,!     
di/9ction is ! same1 z if1 in/ead (     
p]us+ a  book ourselves1 we drop x into 
a ma*9e1 set ! latt] 9 motion1 &        
behold6 ! voice ( ! au?or is he>d       
repeat+ 8 own composition4  ,! read+    
me*anism is no?+ b ano!r diaphragm1 held
 9 ! tube  ,d1 on ! opposite side ( !   
ma*9e1 & a po9t ( metal1 :i* is  held   
aga9/ ! t9-foil on ! cyl9d] by a        
delicate spr+4    ,footnote #ie3        

,accord+ to ! #8,polyte*nic ,review1'   
,mr ,edison does n  appe> to h yet solv$
 ! problem ( read+ ! phonograph record  
by  sight4 ,he /ates t al?\gh a specific
 =m exi/s = ea* articulat$  s\nd1 ! *ief
 difficulties arise f ! v>y+ ind5tations
 or m>ks  caus$ by ! same s\nd4 ,among/ 
! circum/ances giv+ rise to ^!  results 
are3 ! same s\nd utt]$ by diff]5t p1 !  
mann] 9  :i* x is spok51 ! di/ance ( !  
m\? f ! in/rum5t1 !  =ce ) :i* x is     
spok51 or ! spe$ ) :i* ! b>rel is       
rotat$4    8,x makes no diff]5ce z to ! 
vibrations produc$1 :e!r a nail  moves  
ov] a file or a file moves ov] a nail1 &
 9 ! pres5t in/ance  x is ! foil or     
ind5t$ foil-/rip :i* moves1 & ! metal   
po9t is  caus$ to vibrate z x is affect$
 by ! passage ( ! ind5tations4  ,!      
vibrations1 h[ev]1 ( ?is po9t mu/ be    
precisely ! same z ^?  ( ! o!r po9ts :i*
 made ! ind5tations1 & ^! vibrations    
transmitt$ to a second membrane1 mu/    
cause ! latt] to vibrate simil>  to !   
fir/ membrane1 & ! result is a syn!sis (

 ! s\nds1 :i*  9 ! beg9n+ we saw1 z x 71
 analys$40#if    ,footnote #if3         
#8,sci5tific ,am]ican1' ,decemb]1 #ahgg4
    ,9 "s ( ! lat] in/rum5ts1 t section 
( ! app>atus %[n at ,d  is disp5s$ )1 & 
! reproduction ( ! spok5 words or       
s5t5ces  is effect$ by br++ ! cyl9d]    
back to its orig9al />t+ po9t1  opposite
 to ! little /eel projection atta*$ to !
 metal disc at !  end ( ! m\?-piece ,a4 
,! /eel po9t is !n br\ght by means ( a  
screw into contact ) ! foil1 & z !      
cyl9d] moves onw>d 9 its  =m] track1 !  
metal po9t retraces ! ind5tations on !  
foil f  beg9n+ to end1 9 do+ :i* x      
communicates ! vibrations x ?us         
receives to ! metal diaphragm 9         
precisely ! same mann]1 & ) !  same     
results z 7 %[n ) ,d4 ,= ! diaphragm1 m 
p>ticul>ly  :5 employ$ z a resonator or 
reproduc] ( ! words :i* h be5  spok5    
into ! m\?-piece1 o!r sub/ances ?an     
metal h be5 tri$1  )1 x is said1 m      
satisfactory results4 ,"o ( ^! is pap]1 
!  s\nds giv5 (f by :i* are /at$ to be m

 di/9ct ?an ^? f  iron4    ,dr ,cl>5ce  
,holt1 ( ,bo/on1 9 a communication to   
,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 writes  t he has   
8con/ruct$ a diaphragm ^u ! pr9ciple ( !
 membrane (  ! human drum ( ! e>1 to be 
us$ z a reproduc+ disc40 ,dr ,holt      
cont9ues 8t 8 object 0 to employ a      
membrane :i* f its  /ructure & %ape w\ld
 reproduce ! light] ov]-tones repres5t+ 
! quality ( ! voice1 & at ! same "t cut 
(f ! %>p]  exagg]at$ ov]-tones emboss$ z
 su* by ! metal disc ^u !  t9foil4 ,he  
says ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts ) su* a    
membrane 7  v gratify+1 & t ! mat]ial ( 
:i* x may be made %\ld be  ei!r /\t     
felt$ pap] 7to be v>ni%$ on ! out]      
surface :5 us$  = speak+7 or drum head  
moi/5$ & press$ into a concave =m  be=e 
us+40#ig    ,footnote #ig3 ,publi%$ 9   
#8,nature1' ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgh4    ,!  
crank 7%[n 9 ! figure7 by :i* ! cyl9d]  
is turn$ is v  frequ5tly supplant$ by an
 app>atus consi/+ ( weights & :eels1 or 
else by clockwork1 :]eby ! cyl9d] is put
 9 motion4 ,! advantage (  ! work+ ( ^! 

arrangem5ts ov] t ( ! crank are1 t      
in/ead  ( an inequality a regul>ity (   
movem5t ( ! cyl9d] is ensur$1 &  x is   
?us made to advance at ! same rate :il/ 
! words are be+  reproduc$ z :5 !y are  
be+ spok54    ,"o ( ! effects ( ?is     
uni=mity ( ! rotation ( ! cyl9d]  "u its
 two modes ( action is to reproduce !   
exact pit* or tone (  ! voice ( !       
speak]1 al?\gh a dep>ture f x w\ld 9 no 
way  affect ! deliv]y ( ! exact words4  
,accord+ly1 !re=e1 to ! diff]5ce 9 !    
rate ( movem5t ( !  cyl9d] dur+ !       
reception & reproduction ( spee*1 w be !
  div]g5ce 9 tone betwe5 ! orig9al & !  
reproduc$ voice4 ,if !  cyl9d] 7 mov$ m 
quickly 9 r$eliv]+ ! words ! result     
w\ld be t !y w\ld be 9 a high]1 &1 9 !  
opposite case1 9 a  l[] key4 ,probably1 
z "o writ] has sugge/$1 ! curi\s effect 
might  be produc$ ( a *ild's voice be+  
conv]t$ into a man's deep base1 or  vice
 v]s4    ,9 view ( ! results ( previ\s  
sci5tific discov]ies1 we %\ld n  be     
ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to admit ! possibility1

 at any rate1 ( !  realisation ( "s ( ! 
applications to :i* its inv5tor believes
 !  phonograph w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be    
put4    ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ^!          
pr$ictions z to its ultimate            
capabilities  are suffici5tly wondr\s4  
,!y are t----! phonograph w be able to  
record & reproduce at a future "t any   
air sung to x1 s t !  vocal triumphs (  
"s ( our mo/ accompli%$ s+]s may be     
pres]v$  & resung aft] _! dea?2 t by its
 means may also be cons]v$ &  respok51  
likewise aft] dea?1 a spee* deliv]$ by a
 great /atesman or  orator2 t a dy+     
te/ator by brea?+ into x 8 la/ wi%es may
  h ^! securely regi/]$1 to be express$ 
aft] 8 demise1 if ne$  be1 9 a c\rt (   
ju/ice2 & t ! cont5ts ( a book or novel 
may be  read to u 9 ! v acc5ts ( its    
au?or1 long aft] he has pass$  away4    
,al?\gh we h no te/imony t any?+ l an   
approa* to ! above  results has be5     
obta9$ by ?is in/rum5t1 su* /atem5ts z  
we  possess ( its action are n a little 
surpris+4    8,mr ,?omas ,edison10 says 

! #8,sci5tific ,am]ican1' describ+ ?is  
contrivance1 8rec5tly came into our     
(fice1 plac$ a little ma*9e on  our     
desk1 turn$ a crank1 & ! ma*9e inquir$ z
 to our heal?1 ask$  h[ we lik$ !       
phonograph1 in=m$ u t x 0 well1 & bid u 
a  cordial good night4 ,^! rem>ks 7 n   
only p]fectly audible to  ourselves1 b  
to a doz5 or m p]sons ga!r$ r\nd40      
,at a meet+ ( ! ,physical ,society (    
,london1 held on ! #bnd ( ,m>*1  #ahgh1 
:5 ! phonograph 0 exhibit$1 ! s\nds x   
gave out are said  to h be5 rem>kably   
di/9ct2 & :5 8,god ,save ! ,que50 0 sung
  z a duet ?r\gh a d\ble m\?-piece1 !   
two voices c\ld be cle>ly  di/+ui%$ on !
 air be+ reproduc$4    ,! writ] 0 at !  
,royal in/itution 9 ,albem>le ,/reet a  
%ort "t  previ\s to ! above date1 &     
al?\gh sitt+ 9 ! top gall]y1 he>d  x    
emit v di/9ctly ! l9e 8,come into !     
g>d51 ,maud10 spok5 by  ,pr(essor       
,tyndall 9 complim5t to ! ,laureate1 :o 
0 pres5t z well  z v>i\s o!r vocal      
reproductions4 ,! second>y s\nd1 h[ev]1 

0  less p[]ful ?an ! orig9al "o4 ,!     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is  aptly describ$
 by a writ] 9 #8,nature1' z caus+ a     
feel+ l t (  look+ ^u a worn pr9t & an  
e>ly wood engrav+4    8,! ma9 utility ( 
! phonograph10 says ,mr ,edison1 8be+ = 
!  purpose ( lett]-writ+1 & o!r =ms (   
dictation1 ! design is  made1 ) a view  
to its utility = t purpose4    8,! g5]al
 pr9ciples ( con/ruction are a flat     
plate or disc1 )  spiral groove on !    
face1 op]at$ by clockwork und]nea? !    
plate2  ! grooves are cut v closely     
toge!r1 s z to give a great total  l5g? 
to ea* in* ( surface----a close         
calculation gives z ! capacity  ( ea*   
%eet ( foil1 ^u :i* ! record is _h1 9 ! 
neighb\rhood  ( #dj1jjj words4 ,! %eets 
be+ b #aj in*es squ>e1 ! co/ is s       
trifl+ t b #ajj words might be put ^u a 
s+le %eet economically4    8,! practical
 application ( ?is =m ( phonograph =    
communications  is v simple4 ,a %eet (  
foil is plac$ 9 ! phonograph1 !         
clockwork  set 9 motion1 & ! matt]      

dictat$ 9 ! m\?-piece1 )\t o!r  ef=t ?an
 :5 dictat+ to a /5ograph]4 ,x is !n    
remov$1 plac$  9 a suitable =m (        
envelope1 & s5t ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annels  
to  ! correspond5t = :om design$4 ,he1  
plac+ x ^u 8 phonograph1  />ts 8        
clockwork1 & li/5s to :at 8 correspond5t
 has to say4  ,inasmu* z x gives ! tone 
( voice ( 8 correspond5t x is  id5tifi$4
 ,z x may be fil$ away z o!r lett]s & at
 any  subsequ5t "t reproduc$1 x is a    
p]fect record4 ,z two %eets (  foil h   
be5 ind5t$ ) ! same facility z a s+le   
%eet1 #8!  writ]' may ?us keep a        
duplicate ( 8 communication4    8,!     
phonograph lett]s maybe dictat$ at home 
or 9 ! (fice ( a  fri5d1 ! pres5ce ( a  
/5ograph] n be+ requir$4 ,!  dictation  
may be z rapid z ! ?\ghts c be =m$1 or !
 lips utt]  !m4 ,! recipi5t may li/5 to 
8 lett]s be+ read at ! rate (  #aej to  
#bjj words p] m9ute1 & at ! same "t busy
 himself ab\t o!r  matt]s4              
,int]jections1 explanations1 emphasis1  
exclamations1 c41 may be  ?r[n into su* 

lett]s ad libitum4    8,! advantages (  
su* an innovation ^u ! pres5t sl[1      
t$i\s1 &  co/ly me?ods are too num]\s1 &
 too readily sugge/ !mselves1 to  w>rant
 _! enum]ation2 :ile !re are no         
disadvantages :i* w n  disappe> co9cid5t
 ) ! g5]al introduction ( ! new         
me?od40#ih    ,footnote #ih3 #8,nor?    
,am]ican ,review1' ,may1 #ahgh4         
,,phos,,g5e ,,gas4 ,see ,,*loroc>bonic  
,,acid4    ,,phos,,phate4 ,syn4         
,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,a salt ( phosphoric    
acid4 ,see  ,,phosphoric ,,acid & !     
respective metals4    ,,phos,,phide4    
,see ,,phosphuret4    ,,phos,,phite4    
,syn4 ,,phosphis1 ,l4 ,a salt (         
phosphor\s acid4 ,see  ,,phosphor\s     
,,acid4    ,,phos,,phorus4 ,p4    ,prep4
 ,?is is n[ only conduct$ on ! l>ge     
scale3----,bone-a% 79  p[d]71 #ab p>ts1 
& wat] #bd p>ts1 are /irr$ toge!r 9 a   
l>ge tub  until ! mixture is r$uc$ to a 
p]fectly smoo? #8pap1' oil ( vitriol1   
#h p>ts1 is !n add$ 9 a sl5d] /ream1    
active /irr+ be+ employ$  dur+ ! :ole   

"t1 & aft]w>ds until ! comb9ation appe>s
  complete2 ! next day ! mass is ?9n$ ) 
cold wat]1 &1 if  conv5i5t1 heat$ 9 a   
lead5 pan or boil] until x has entirely 
lo/  its granul> "*2 x is n[ transf]r$  
to "o or a s]ies ( tall  casks 7accord+ 
to ! ext5t ( ! bat*71 & fur!r dilut$ ) a
  l>ge quantity ( wat]2 aft] repose1 !  
cle> liquid is decant$1 !  s$im5t wa%$ )
 wat]1 & ! #8wa%+s' & #8decant$ liquor' 
evaporat$ 9 a lead5 or copp] boil] until
 ! :ite calc>e\s deposit  7gypsum7      
becomes consid]able2 ! :ole is !n all[$ 
to cool1 !  cle> portion decant$1 & !   
s$im5t ?or\ghly dra9$ on a filt]2  !    
liquid ?us obta9$ is evaporat$ 9 an iron
 pot to ! consi/5ce  ( a ?ick syrup 7say
 #d p>ts71 :5 dry *>coal 79 p[d]71 #a   
"p1 is  add$1 & ! desiccation cont9u$   
until ! bottom ( ! pot becomes  ne>ly r$
 hot1 aft] :i* x is cov]$ ov] & all[$ to
 cool2 !  dry mixture1 :5 cold1 is put  
into "o or m e>!n retorts well  cov]$ ) 
#8lut+' & prop]ly dri$1 & heat is appli$
 7sideways  r ?an at ! bottom7 by means 

( a good air-furnace2 aft] a %ort  "t ! 
beak ( ! retort is connect$ ) a copp]   
tube1 ! o!r end  ( :i* is made to dip   
ab\t "o f\r? ( an in* b5ea? ! surface ( 
"s lukew>m wat] plac$ 9 a tr\gh or      
wide-m\!d bottle4    ,! di/ill$ product 
is purifi$ by squeez+ x ?r\gh *amois    
lea!r  "u w>m wat]1 & is !n m\ld$ = sale
 by melt+ x "u wat]  heat$ to ab\t #ade 
,fahr41 & suck+ x up to any desir$      
height 9  slightly tap]+1 b p]fectly    
/raight1 glass tubes1 previ\sly w>m$  & 
wett$4 ,! bottom ( ! tube be+ n[ clos$ )
 ! f+]1 x is  )drawn1 & transf]r$ to a  
pan ( cold wat] to congeal !            
phosphorus1 :i* w !n commonly fall out1 
or may be easily expell$  by pressure ) 
a piece ( wire4    ,prop4 c4 ,phosphorus
 9 its normal condition is a pale yell[1
  semi-transp>5t1 & highly combu/ible   
solid2 s(t & flexible at  common        
temp]atures2 x becomes waxy at ab\t #ge 
,fahr42 melts at ab\t  #aaa1 & boils at 
#eej ,fahr42 x takes fire 9 ! air at    
#afe1 &  oxidates at all temp]atures    

above #cb4 ,expos$ to ! air bel[ #fj1   
its  surface is sl[ly conv]t$ into      
phosphorus acid4 ,x is app>5tly         
insoluble 9 wat]1 b x conveys its       
peculi> flav\r & od\r to t  fluid :5    
agitat$ ) x2 x is slightly soluble 9    
e!r1 naph?a1 &  ! fix$ & volatile oils1 
& m freely s 9 bisulphide ( c>bon4  ,x  
unites ) oxyg51 =m+ oxides1 & ) oxyg5 & 
hydrog51  =m+ acids1 & ) ! metals1 =m+  
phosphides4    ,phosphorus is rem>kable 
= assum+ sev]al allotropic =ms4 ,9 "o ( 
^! =ms 7amorph\s phosphorus7 its        
prop]ties are s alt]$ t !y  might be ^? 
( a di/9ct elem5t4    ,uses4 ,! pr9cipal
 consumption ( phosphorus is 9 !        
manufacture (  lucif] mat*es4 ,:5       
swall[$1 x acts z a p[]ful corrosive    
poison2  b small doses ( its e!real &   
oily solutions are occasionally         
adm9i/]$ 9 cases ( *ronic debility1     
extreme pro/ration ( !  n]v\s p[]s1     
impot5cy1 c4 ,its action is t ( a p[]ful
 diffusible  /imulant & diuretic2 x is  
also aphrodisiac4 ,its use requires     

great  caution1 & ! effects mu/ be      
n>r[ly wat*$4 ,! treatm5t (  poison+ by 
phosphorus consi/s ( ! adm9i/ration ( a 
p[]ful  emetic & ! copi\s use (         
mucilag9\s dr9ks4 ,! ,fr5*  practition]s
 recomm5d oil ( turp5t9e z ! mo/        
effective antidote4  ,!y adm9i/] ab\t a 
teaspoonful ( ! turp5t9e e f\r h\rs4    
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,f ! great           
inflammability ( phosphorus x c  only be
 safely pres]v$ "u wat]4 ,9 comm]ce1 x  
is always pack$ 9  t9 cyl9d]s fill$ )   
wat]1 & sold]$ up air-tight4 ,! lead+   
po9ts to be obs]v$ to ensure success 9  
?is manufacture are *iefly  connect$ ) !
 fir+4 ,! heat ( ! furnace %\ld be mo/  
sl[ly  rais$ at fir/1 b aft]w>ds equably
 ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( bright  ignition4   
,aft] #c or #d h\rs ( /eady fir+1       
c>bonic & sulphur\s  anhydride are      
evolv$ 9 consid]able abundance1 provid$ 
! mat]ials  _h n be5 well dri$ 9 ! iron 
pot2 !n sulphurett$ hydrog5 makes  its  
appe>ance1 & next phosphurett$ hydrog51 
:i* la/ %\ld  cont9ue dur+ ! :ole ( !   

di/illation4 ,! fir+ %\ld be  regulat$  
by ! escape ( ?is rem>kable gas1 :i*    
ought to be at !  rate ( ab\t two       
bubbles p] second4 ,if ! dis*>ge comes  
to be  int]cept$1 x is to be ascrib$    
ei!r to ! temp]ature be+ too l[1  or to 
! retort gett+ crack$2 & if1 ^u rais+ ! 
heat  suffici5tly1 no bubbles appe>1 x  
is a pro( t ! app>atus has  become      
defective1 & t x is ne$less to cont9ue !
 op]ation4 ,we  may inf] t ! process    
approa*es its conclusion by ! increas+  
sl[ness ) :i* ! gas is dis5gag$ "u a    
p[]ful heat2 & :5  x ceases to come ov] 
we may cease fir+1 tak+ c>e to prev5t   
reflux  ( wat] into ! retort 7&         
consequ5t explosion71 f cond5sation (   
its gase\s cont5ts1 by admitt+ air into 
x ?r\gh a recurv$ glass  tube1 or ?r\gh 
! tube ( ! copp] adapt]4 ,! usual p]iod 
( !  op]ation1 ^u ! great scale1 is f   
#bd to #cj h\rs4    ,phosphorus1        
,amorph\s4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,phosphorus1     
,,allotropic ,,phosphorus2  ,,phosphorus
 ,,fuscus1 ,p4 ,,rub]4 ,l4 ,?is is      

phosphorus 9 t peculi>  condition to :i*
 ,b]zelius has appli$ ! t]m             
8allotropic40 ,! hon\r  ( its discov]y  
is due to ,dr ,%rtt]1 ( ,vi5na4         
,prep4 ,! ord9>y phosphorus ( comm]ce1  
r5d]$ z dry z possible1  is plac$ 9 a   
%all[ vessel ( h>d & well-anneal$       
,bohemian glass1  fitt$ ) a safety tube 
j dipp+ b5ea? ! surface ( a little  hot 
wat] conta9$ 9 an adjac5t vessel2 heat  
is !n appli$ by means  ( a metallic ba? 
7a mixture ( lead & t971 ! temp]ature ( 
:i*  is gradually rais$ until x ranges  
betwe5 #dfd & #dhb ,fahr41 &  bubbles ( 
gas escape f ! end ( ! safety tube &    
cat* fire z  !y come 9 contact ) ! air2 
?is temp]ature is ma9ta9$ until  !      
amorph\s condition is produc$1 ! l5g? ( 
! exposure be+  regulat$ by a m9iature  
op]ation ) tubes conduct$ 9 ! same ba?2 
z soon z ?is po9t is rea*$1 ! app>atus  
is all[$ to cool1 &  ! amorph\s         
phosphorus1 :i* /ill conta9s "s         
unconv]t$  phosphorus1 deta*$ f ! glass2
 x is !n r$uc$ to p[d] by  c>eful       

trituration "u wat]1 dra9$ on a calico  
filt]1 &1 :il/  /ill moi/1 spread ?9ly  
on %all[ trays ( iron or lead2 9 ?is    
/ate  x is expos$1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 to  
heat 9 a *loride ( calcium  ba?1 at fir/
 g5tle1 & !n gradually increas$ to its  
highe/ limit1  & ! heat cont9u$ until no
 m lum9\s vap\r escapes2 ! residuum  on 
! trays is !n cool$1 wa%$ ) wat] until  
?is la/ ceases to  affect te/ pap]1 &   
is1 la/ly1 dra9$ & dri$4 ,to r5d] x     
absolutely free f unalt]$ phosphorus1 x 
may be wa%$ )  bisulphide ( c>bon4      
,on ! small scale1 common phosphorus may
 be conv]t$ into amorph\s  phosphorus by
 simply expos+ x = #ej or #fj h\rs to a 
temp]ature (  ab\t #dgc ,fahr41 9 any   
suitable vessel f :i* ! air is kept     
exclud$ by a /ream ( c>bonic acid1 or   
any o!r gas :i* is unable to  act       
*emically on ! phosphorus4    ,by keep+ 
common phosphorus fus$ at a high        
temp]ature1 "u ! above  conditions1 =   
fully #h days1 compact masses ( amorph\s
 phosphorus may  be obta9$4    ,prop41  

c4 ,a r$di% br[n1 infusible1 inodor\s1  
solid sub/ance1 :i*  is reconv]t$ into  
ord9>y phosphorus by simply expos+ x to 
a heat a  little above #ejj ,fahr4 ,x is
 unalt]$ by atmosph]ic air2 is insoluble
  9 bisulphide ( c>bon1 alcohol1 e!r1 or
 naph?a2 is non-lum9\s 9  ! d>k bel[    
ab\t #cij ,fahr42 & does n take fire at 
a l[]  temp]ature ?an t necess>y = its  
reconv]sion into ! common or  cry/all9e 
=m4 ,! sp4 gr4 ranges betwe5 #bjhi to   
#bjag1 accord+ to  ! me?od ( prep>+ x4  
,its prop]ties r5d] x an admirable      
sub/itute = ! common phosphorus 9 !     
composition = tipp+  mat*es1 bo? z      
reg>ds security f spontane\s ignition & 
! heal?  ( ! manufactur]s1 :o :5 expos$ 
to ! fumes ( ord9>y  phosphorus1 7 v    
liable to be attack$ ) c>ies ( ! l[]    
jaw4    ,phosphorus1 ,tri*loride (4     
,p,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,phosphorus ,,t]*loride1
  ,,phosphorus ,,*loride4 ,by g5tly     
heat+ phosphorus1 9 excess1 9 dry       
*lor9e gas2 or by pass+ ! vap\r (       
phosphorus ?r\gh a /ratum (  p[d]$      

m]curic *loride1 /rongly heat$ 9 a glass
 tube4 ,x is limpid1  col\rless1 highly 
fetid1 fumes 9 ! air1 & is sl[ly resolv$
 by  wat] into phosphorus acid &        
hydro*loric acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ade4        
,phosphorus1 ,p5ta*loride (4 ,p,cl#e4   
,syn4 ,,phosphoric ,,*loride1           
,,p]*loride ,,( ,,phosphorus4    ,prep4 
,by ! spontane\s combu/ion ( phosphorus 
9 an excess ( dry  *lor9e2 or by pass+ a
 /ream ( dry *lor9e into ! liquid       
t]*loride4 ,by ! fir/ me?od x is obta9$ 
z a :ite cry/all9e  sublimate2 by !     
second1 z a solid cry/all9e mass4 ,x is 
volatile2  wat] resolves x into         
phosphoric acid & hydro*loric acid4     
,phosphorus1 ,oxy*loride (4 ,p,cl#c,o4  
,syn4 ,,phosphoric ,,oxy*loride1        
,,phosphoric ,,monoxy*loride4    ,prep4 
,by heat+ p5ta*loride ( phosphorus ) a  
quantity ( wat]  insuffici5t to conv]t x
 into phosphoric acid4 ,x is a          
col\rless1  fum+ liquid1 hav+ ! sp4 gr4 
#ag4    ,phosphorus1 ,hydride (4 ,,ph#c4
 ,syn4 ,,phosphorett$ ,,hydrog51        

,,phosphurett$ ,,hydrog54    ,prep4 #a4 
,phosphorus acid is g5tly heat$ 9 a     
retort1 & ! fir/  portion ( ! gas       
collect$4    #b4 ,f phosphorus 79 small 
lumps7 boil$ 9 a solution ( hydrate (   
potassium or milk ( lime1 conta9$ 9 a   
small retort1 z be=e4 ,take a  v small  
?9 retort1 capable ( hold+ n m ?an #a   
oz4 or #a-a_/b  oz4 ( wat]2 place 9 ?is 
#c or #d fragm5ts ( ! /icks ( fus$      
hydrate ( potassium1 ea* be+ ab\t #a_/b 
in* 9 l5g?2 add z mu*  wat] z w b>ely   
cov] !m1 & !n drop 9 a small fragm5t (  
phosphorus1 ab\t ! size ( a horse-bean2 
apply a v g5tle heat )  ! small flame ( 
a _s lamp1 agitat+ ! retort cont9ually4 
,a pale  lamb5t flame w fir/ appe> 9 !  
int]ior1 & :5 ?is rea*es !  orifice1 &  
burns 9 ! op5 air1 ! retort %\ld be     
plac$ on !  /& ) its beak ab\t an in* "u
 wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to  )draw !   
flame ( ! lamp4 ,:5 ! bubbles ( ! gas   
rise to !  surface !y spontane\sly      
inflame4    #c4 ,f phosphide ( calcium &
 dilute hydro*loric acid1 z above2 or   

simply f ! phosphide ?r[n into ! wat]4  
,obs4 ,! gas obta9$ by me?ods #b & #c is
 contam9at$ ) ! vap\r  ( a liquid       
phosphide ( hydrog51 ,,ph#b1 :i* gives  
to x ! prop]ty  ( spontane\s            
inflammability4    ,prop41 c4           
,col\rless2 v fetid2 slightly soluble 9 
wat]2 burns )  a :ite flame2 decompos$  
by light1 heat1 & /rong acids2 z        
commonly  prep>$1 inflames on contact ) 
air1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 b :5  pure1 
only at ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,sp4 gr4   
#abd4 ,x is r5d]$  q dry by /&+ ov] fus$
 *loride ( calcium4    ,phosphorus1     
,suboxide (4 ,p#d,o4 7,odl+47 ,a        
r$di%-br[n p[d]1  =m$ :5 a /ream ( oxyg5
 is =c$ ^u phosphorus1 melt$ b5ea?  !   
surface ( hot wat]4 ,to purify x f      
phosphoric acid & free  phosphorus1 x is
 wa%$ on a filt] ) wat]1 !n dri$ by     
bibul\s  pap]1 & f9ally dige/$ )        
bisulphide ( c>bon4    ,hypophosphor\s  
,acid4 ,h#c,,po#b4 ,by cauti\sly        
decompos+ a solution  ( hypophosphite ( 
b>ium ) sulphuric acid1 filt]+ f !      

precipitate 7sulphate ( b>yta71 &       
evaporat+4 ,dissolve hypophosphite  (   
calcium1 #dhj gr4 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #f fl4
 oz42 dissolve cry/allis$  oxalic acid1 
#cej gr41 9 ano!r portion ( di/ill$     
wat]1 #c fl4 oz42  mix ! solutions &    
filt] ! mixture ?r\gh :ite filt]+ pap]4 
,add di/ill$ wat] c>efully to ! filtrate
 till x measures #aj fl4 oz41  &        
evaporate ?is to #h-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,!     
solution ?us prep>$ conta9s  ab\t #aj ( 
t]hydrat$ hypophosphor\s acid4    ,prop4
 ,a viscid1 uncry/allisable liquid hav+ 
a /rongly acid reaction4  ,x is a p[]ful
 dry+ ag5t1 & =ms salts call$           
hypophosphites4    ,ammonium1           
,hypophosphite (4 7,,nh#d7c,,po#b4      
,prep4 ,dissolve  hypophosphite (       
calcium1 #f oz41 9 wat]1 #d p9ts2 &     
dissolve  transluc5t sesquic>bonate (   
ammonium1 #gbc oz4 7b>ely #g-a_/d71 9   
wat]1 #b p9ts2 mix ! solutions2 filt]1  
wa%+ out ! solution  reta9$ by !        
c>bonate ( lime ) wat]1 q4 s42 evaporate
 !  filtrate to dryness ) great c>e2    

dissolve x 9 alcohol1 q4 s42  filt]1    
evaporate1 & cry/allise4 ,v soluble 9   
bo? alcohol &  wat]4    ,b>ium1         
,hyp]phosphite (4 ,ba#c7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4
 ,boil phosphorus  9 a solution (       
hydrate ( b>ium 7b>yta wat]7 till all ! 
phosphorus  disappe>s & ! vap\rs h no   
long] a g>lic od\r4 ,filt]1  evaporate1 
& set aside to cry/allise4    ,calcium1 
,hypophosphite (4 ,ca#c7,,po#b7b4       
,prep4 ,slack rec5tly burnt lime1 #d    
lbs41 ) wat]1 #a gall41 & mix x  ) wat]1
 #d galls41 j br\ght to ! boil+         
temp]ature 9 a deep  op5 boil]1 /irr+   
until a uni=m milk ( lime is =m$2 !n add
  phosphorus1 #a lb41 & keep up ! boil+ 
con/antly1 add+ hot wat]  f "t to "t1 s 
z to pres]ve ! measure z ne>ly z may be 
until  all ! phosphorus is oxidis$ &    
comb9$1 & ! /rong od\r ( !  gas has     
disappe>$2 !n filt] ! solution ?r\gh    
musl91 wa% out  t portion reta9$ by !   
calc>e\s residue ) wat]1 & evaporate  ! 
filtrate till r$uc$ to #f p9ts2         
re-filt]1 to remove a portion (         

c>bonate ( calcium result+ f ! action ( 
! air ^u !  solution2 evaporate aga9    
until a pellicle =ms1 & set aside to    
cry/allise----or cont9ue ! heat )       
con/ant /irr+ until ! salt  granulates4 
,obs4 ,z spontane\sly inflammable       
phosphurett$ hydrog5 is giv5 (f  dur+ ! 
boil+1 ! process mu/ be conduct$ "u a   
hood1 ) a  /rong draught or 9 ! op5 air4
 ,small] proportions ?an ^? giv5  may be
 us$4    ,prop4 ,hypophosphite ( calcium
 is a :ite salt1 ) pe>ly lu/re1         
cry/allis+ 9 flatt5$ prisms2 soluble 9  
#f p>ts ( cold wat]1 &  slightly soluble
 9 dilute alcohol4 ,x is ! mo/ important
 ( ^!  comp\nds1 & :5 introduc$ into !  
/oma* x is suppos$ to be  conv]t$ into  
phosphate ( calcium4 ,x has be5 t]m$    
#8*emical food4'  ,by decomposition x   
readily furni%es ! o!r hypophosphites4  
,f]ric1 ,hyp]phosphite (4 ,fe,p,o#b4    
,prep4 ,by precipitat+ a solution  (    
hypophosphite ( sodium or ammonium1 )   
solution ( f]ric sulphate1  wa%+ !      
gelat9\s precipitate ) c>e 7x be+       

some:at soluble72  &1 f9ally1 dry+ x    
into an amorph\s :ite p[d]4 ,?is is     
freely  soluble 9 hydro*loric &         
hypophosphor\s acids4    ,potassium1    
,hypophosphite (4 ,k#c,,po#b4 ,prep4 ,f 
hypophosphite (  calcium1 #f oz41       
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d p9ts2 & granulat$   
c>bonate (  potassium1 #e-c_/d oz41     
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,mix1 filt]1
 & wa%  ! precipitate till ! filtrate   
measures #e p9ts4 ,evaporate till a     
pellicle =ms1 !n /ir con/antly1 cont9u+ 
! heat till ! salt  granulates4 ,a :ite1
 opaque1 deliquesc5t body1 v soluble 9  
wat] &  alcohol4    ,qu99e1             
,hypophosphite (4 ,dissolve sulphate (  
qu99e1 #a oz41 9  wat]1 by ! aid (      
dilut$ sulphuric acid2 precipitate !    
alkaloid )  ammonia2 wa% ! precipitat$  
qu99e & dige/ x 9 hypophosphor\s  acid )
 heat 7! qu99e be+ 9 excess72 aft]      
filt]+ !  solution1 all[ x to evaporate 
spontane\sly till ! requir$ salt        
cry/allises4 ,x =ms elegant tufts ( s(t1
 fea!ry cry/als1 :i* are  soluble 9 #fj 

p>ts ( wat]4    ,sodium1 ,hypophosphite 
(4 ,na#c,,po#b4 ,prep4 ,f hypophosphite 
(  calcium1 #f oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d 
p9ts2 & cry/allis$ c>bonate (  sodium1  
#aj oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4  
,proce$ z 9 mak+  hypophosphite (       
potassium1 b all[+ #f p9ts z ! measure (
 !  filtrate4 ,if requir$ 9 cry/als1 !  
granulat$ salt may be dissolv$ 9        
alcohol sp4 gr4 #hce1 evaporat$ till    
syrupy1 & set by 9 a w>m place4         
,cry/allises 9 rectangul> tables1 ) a   
pe>ly lu/re2 is v soluble  9 wat] &     
ord9>y alcohol1 & deliquesces :5 expos$ 
to ! air4    ,phosphorus1 ,trioxide (4  
,p#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,phosphor\s            
,,anhydride2  ,,anhydr\s ,,phosphoric   
,,acid4    ,prep4 ,by burn+ phosphorus 9
 a limit$ supply ( air4 ,:ite flaky     
p[d]1 ) an od\r ( g>lic1 & rapidly      
absorb+ wat] to =m  phosphor\s acid4    
,phosphor\s ,acid4 ,h#c,,po#c4 ,syn4    
,,hydrat$ ,,phosphor\s ,,acid4 ,pure    
phosphorus is volatilis$ ?r\gh a lay] ( 
p[d]$ m]curic *loride1  conta9$ 9 a     

glass tube2 t]*loride ( phosphorus comes
 ov]1 :i*1  on be+ mix$ ) wat]1 is      
resolv$ into hydro*loric acid &         
phosphor\s acid2 by evaporat+ ! mix$    
liquid to ! consi/5ce ( a  syrup1 ! fir/
 is expell$1 & ! residuum =ms a         
cry/all9e mass (  hydrat$ phosphor\s    
acid on cool+4    ,prop41 c4 ,x is a    
p[]ful deoxidis+ ag5t4 ,heat$ 9 a clos$ 
vessel1 x is resolv$ into hydrat$       
phosphoric acid & pure  phosphurett$    
hydrog5 gas4 ,) ! bases x =ms salts1    
call$  phosphites1 :i* possess little   
practical importance4    ,phosphor\s    
,p5toxide ,acid4 ,p#b,o#e4 ,syn4        
,,anhydr\s ,,phosphoric  ,,acid2        
,,phosphoric ,,anhydride2 ,,phosphoric  
,,oxide4 ,by ! vivid combu/ion (        
phosphorus 9 a /ream ( dry atmosph]ic   
air1 or "u a bell-j>1  copi\sly suppli$ 
) dry air4 ,! product is pure anhydr\s  
phosphoric  acid "u ! =m ( sn[-l flakes4
 ,x mu/ be imm$iately collect$  & put   
into a w>m1 dry1 well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,9 
?is /ate x exhibits  an int5se          

attraction = wat]1 & :5 ?r[n into x     
comb9es )  explosive viol5ce2 expos$ to 
moi/ air = only a few seconds1 x        
deliquesces to a syrupy-look+ liquid4   
,phosphoric ,acid4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct 
acids usually gr\p$ "u  ?is head1       
namely1 ,,metaphosphoric ,,acid1        
,,hpo#c2 ,,pyrophosphoric ,,acid1       
,h#d,p#d,o#g2 & ,,or?ophosphoric ,,acid1
 ,h#c,,po#d4    ,metaphosphoric ,acid4  
,,hpo#c4 ,syn4 ,,monobasic ,,phosphoric 
,,acid2 ,,glacial  ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 
,prep4 ,bones 7calc9$ to :it5ess &      
p[d]$71 #c p>ts1 are dige/$  = sev]al   
days 9 oil ( vitriol1 #b p>ts1 previ\sly
 dilut$ )  wat]1 #f p>ts1 ! mixture be+ 
frequ5tly /irr$ dur+ ! "t2 a  l>ge      
quantity ( wat] is next add$1 ! :ole    
?r[n 9 a /ra9]1 &  ! residual matt] wa%$
 ) "s hot wat]2 ! mix$ liquors are !n   
precipitat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate (   
ammonium1 9 slight excess1  filt]$ f !  
insoluble1 f9ally ignit$ 9 a plat9um    
crucible4    ,by act+ ^u ! anhydride )  
cold wat]4    ,:5 phosphoric acid is    

add$ to a /rong solution ( phosphate (  
zirconium1 & ! mixture1 aft]            
conc5tration1 is expos$ to a l[         
temp]ature1 prismatic cry/als are       
deposit$4 ,^!1 aft] be+ /rongly  heat$  
to expel _! basic wat]1 are pure        
metaphosphate ( sodium4 ,f  ! solution (
 ?is salt 9 cold wat]1 a solution ( pure
 metaphosphoric  acid may be obta9$1 z  
above1 by means ( nitrate or acetate (  
lead &  sulphurett$ hydrog54    ,obs4   
,?is acid precipitates ! salts ( silv]  
:ite1 & is  di/+ui%$ f ! o!r            
modifications ( phosphoric acid by !    
prop]ty :i* its solution possesses (    
coagulat+ album54    ,pyrophosphoric    
,acid4 ,h#d,p#b,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,dibasic    
,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,by  /rongly heat+ 
common or?ophosphate ( sodium4 ,! wat] (
  cry/allisation only is at fir/        
expell$1 & ! salt becomes anhydr\s2  b z
 ! temp]ature rea*es t ( r$ness ! salt  
loses wat] & is  decompos$4 ,by solution
 ( ! alt]$ salt 9 wat]1 cry/als (       
pyrophosphate ( sodium may be obta9$4 ,a

 solution ( ?is la/ comp\nd1  treat$ )  
nitrate ( lead1 & ! result+ precipitate1
 susp5d$ 9  cold wat]1 & decompos$ by   
sulphurett$ hydrog51 yields a solution (
  pure pyrophosphoric acid4    ,obs4    
,heat resolves ?is into a solution ( !  
ord9>y acid4  ,pyrophosphoric acid      
precipitates ! salts ( silv] ( a :ite   
col\r4  ,! salts ( ?is acid are call$   
pyrophosphates4    ,or?ophosphoric      
,acid4 ,h#c,,po#d4 ,syn4 ,,trihydric    
,,phosphate1 ,,tribasic  ,,phosphoric   
,,acid4 ,ord9>y nitric acid is heat$ 9 a
 tubulat$ retort  connect$ ) a receiv]1 
& small fragm5ts ( phosphorus are dropp$
  into x1 s+ly & at int]vals2 z soon z !
 oxyg5ation ( !  phosphorus is complete1
 ! heat is increas$1 ! undecompos$ acid 
di/ill$ (f1 & ! residuum evaporat$ to ! 
consi/5ce ( a syrup4  ,9 ?is /ate x =ms 
! phosphoric acid ( ! %ops4 ,comm]cial  
phosphate ( sodium is dissolv$ 9 wat] & 
! solution precipitat$  ) ano!r (       
acetate ( lead2 an abundant :ite        
precipitate 7phosphate  ( lead7 falls2  

?is is collect$ on a filt]1 well wa%$1  
&1 :il/  /ill moi/1 is susp5d$ 9 di/ill$
 wat]1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5  gas pass$ 
into x1 9 excess2 a black insoluble     
precipitate =ms1 :ile  pure tribasic    
phosphoric acid rema9s 9 solution1 & is 
easily depriv$  ( ! residual sulphurett$
 hydrog5 by a g5tle heat4 ,by           
conc5tration  9 vacuo ov] sulphuric     
acid1 x may be obta9$ 9 ?9 cry/all9e    
plates4    ,! solution ( ?is acid may be
 boil$ )\t *ange1 b :5  conc5trat$ &    
heat$ to ab\t #djj ,fahr4 x is conv]t$  
into  pyrophosphoric acid1 & at a r$    
heat into metaphosphoric acid4 ,its     
salts  are ! ord9>y phosphates1 or      
or?ophosphates1 & !y give a yell[       
precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]4    ,te/s4
 ,! foll[+ reactions *>act]ise ! ord9>y 
or o!r  phosphates3----#a4 ,*loride (   
b>ium produces 9 aque\s solutions ( !   
neutral & basic phosphates a :ite       
precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9  ei!r   
hydro*loric or nitric acid1 & )         
difficulty soluble 9 a  solution (      

*loride ( ammonium4----#b4 ,solution (  
sulphate ( calcium  produces 9 neutral &
 alkal9e solutions ( ! phosphates a :ite
  precipitate1 freely soluble 9 acids1  
ev5 ! acetic4----#c4 ,sulphate (        
magnesium produces 9 solutions ( !      
phosphates1 to :i* "s *loride  (        
ammonium & free ammonia has be5 add$1 a 
:ite1 cry/all9e1 &  quickly subsid+     
precipitate ( ! phosphate ( ammonium &  
magnesium1  :i* is insoluble 9 a        
solution ( ei!r ammonia or *loride (    
ammonium1 b readily soluble 9 acids1 ev5
 ! acetic4----#d4 ,nitrate (  silv]1 )  
neutral & basic alkal9e phosphates1     
gives a light yell[  precipitate4 ,if ! 
fluid 9 :i* ! precipitate is susp5d$    
conta9$  a basic phosphate1 x does n    
affect te/ pap]2 if x conta9$ a  neutral
 phosphate1 ! reaction w be acid4 ,if ! 
phosphate exam9$  has be5 heat$ to      
r$ness be=e solution1 x !n1 z a         
metaphosphate1  gives a :ite precipitate
 ) nitrate ( silv]4----#e4 ,hydro*loric 
acid is  add$ to ! solution to acid     

reaction1 & aft]w>ds #a or #b drops ( a 
conc5trat$ solution ( f]ric *loride2 a  
solution ( acetate (  potassium is next 
add$ 9 excess1 :5 a floccul5t1 gelat9\s1
 :ite  precipitate w be =m$ if          
phosphoric acid or any phosphate 0      
pres5t  9 any =m or comb9ation 9 !      
orig9al liquor4 ,?is te/ is highly      
*>act]i/ic1 & ( g5]al applicability4    
,obs4 ,! insoluble phosphates mu/ be    
fir/ treat$ ) dilut$  hydro*loric or    
sulphuric acid1 & ! result+ solution    
filt]$ &  neutralis$ ) an alkali1 be=e  
apply+ ! reag5ts4 ,:5 !  sub/ance "u    
exam9ation consi/s ( a v small quantity 
(  phosphoric acid or phosphate1 ) a    
l>ge quantity ( sesquioxide (  iron1 x  
%\ld be fus$ ) "s c>bonate ( sodium1 !  
residuum (  ! ignition exhau/$ ) wat]1 &
 ! te/s appli$ to ! filt]$  solution4   
,ars5i\s acid1 if pres5t1 %\ld be remov$
 by sulphurett$  hydrog5 be=e apply+ !  
te/s4 ,:5 phosphate ( alum9um1 !        
solution 9 hydro*loric acid is          
neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( sodium2         

c>bonate ( b>ium is next add$ 9 excess1 
foll[$ by ! addition (  hydrate         
potassium1 also 9 excess1 aft] :i* !    
:ole is boil$4 ,an  insoluble phosphate 
( b>ium is =m$1 :i* may be decompos$ by 
sulphuric acid1 z be=e4 ,see ,,molybdate
 ,,( ,,ammonium4    ,e/im4 ,pure        
solutions ( phosphoric acid may be te/$ 
by ! common  me?ods ( acidimetry4 ,:5 9 
a /ate ( comb9ation1 x may be sep>at$  &
 weigh$ 9 ei!r ( ! =ms notic$ "u        
,,guano4    ,uses1 c4 ,?is acid is !    
common =m1 & is ! comp\nd allud$ to  :5 
#8phosphoric acid' is spok5 (4 ,x is    
ext5sively employ$ by !  blea*]1 dy]1   
calico-pr9t]1 & enamell]4 ,unlike       
sulphuric acid &  ! o!r /rong acids1 x  
does n coagulate album5 nor injure      
vegetable  fibre1 & is n decompos$ by   
contact ) organic matt]4 ,9  comb9ation 
) alum9a & a l>ge boracic acid1 x is    
said to be  capable ( produc+ a glaze = 
e>!nw>e ( extreme beauty &  durability1 
& p]fectly innocu\s4 ,x is also us$ 9   
m$ic9e4    ,,phosphoric ,,acid1         

,,dilut$4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,put #f fl4 oz4 (  
nitric acid 7sp4 gr4  #adb71 dilut$ ) #h
 oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 into a tubulat$    
retort  connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 
& hav+ add$ #dac gr4 (  phosphorus1     
apply a v g5tle heat until #e fl4 oz4 ( 
liquid h  di/ill$ ov]4 ,return ?is to ! 
retort1 & r5ew & cont9ue !  di/illation 
until ! phosphorus has entirely         
dissolv$4    ,transf] ! cont5ts ( !     
retort to a porcela9 capsule & evaporate
  ! liquid until x is r$uc$ to #d fl4   
oz4 ,transf] to a plat9um vessel  &     
evaporate to ab\t #b fl4 oz41 & until   
orange vap\rs cease to =m4  ,mix :5 cool
 9 su* an am\nt ( di/ill$ wat] t !      
volume %all  become "o p9t4 7,x conta9s 
#aj p] c5t4 by weight ( anhydr\s acid4  
,sp4 gr4 #ajh47----;,dose1 #aj to #cj   
m9ims prop]ly dilut$4    ,,phosphorus1  
,,baldw9,s4 ,rec5tly fus$ nitrate (     
calcium4 ,= ?is  purpose x mu/ be brok5 
into fragm5ts :il/ /ill w>m1 & at once  
plac$ 9 dry & well-/opp$ phials4 ,aft]  
exposure = "s "t to !  direct rays ( !  

sun x emits suffici5t light 9 ! d>k to  
r5d]  visible ! figures on ! dial-plate 
( a wat*4    ,,phosphorus1 ,,bolognian4 
,syn4 ,,k]*]',s ,,phosphorus1           
,,bolognian ,,/one4  ,?is sub/ance 0    
accid5tally discov]$ by a %oemak] (     
,bologna1 &  excit$ mu* int]e/ ab\t !   
middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! foll[+  is   
said to h be5 ! =mula employ$ by !      
,logani family1 :o 7  p>ticul>ly        
successful 9 its prep>ation1 & acquir$  
weal? by its  sale to ! curi\s ?r\gh\t  
,europe4    ,prep4 ,r$uce rec5tly calc9$
 native sulphate ( b>ium to p[d]1 make  
x into a pa/e ) mucilage ( gum          
tragacan?1 & roll ! mass into  pieces   
ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick & #a to #b in*es    
long2 dry ^! sl[ly by a  mod]ate heat1 &
 !n expose !m to ignition 9 a w9d       
furnace1 by  plac+ !m loosely among !   
*>coal2 la/ly1 all[ !m to cool  sl[ly1 &
 at once place ! pieces 9 well-/opp$    
phials4 ,l !  prec$+ sub/ance1 x        
phosphoresces 9 ! d>k aft] exposure to !
  sun's rays4    ,,phosphorus1          

,,canton,s4 ,prep4 ,f calc9$ oy/] %ells1
 #c p>ts2  fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a "p2 plac$
 9 alt]nate lay]s 9 a cov]$  crucible1 &
 expos$ to a /rong heat = ab\t an h\r4  
,x is pres]v$  & us$ l ! above4         
,,phosphorus1 ,,homb]g,s4 ,rec5tly      
ignit$ *loride ( calcium4               
,,phosphorus ,,bottles4 ,prep4 #a4      
,phosphorus1 #ab gr42 olive oil1 #a_/b  
oz42  mix 9 an oz4 phial1 & place !     
latt]1 loosely cork$1 9 a bas9 (  hot   
wat]2 z soon z ! phosphorus is melt$1   
remove ! phial1 cork x  securely1 &     
agitate x until ne>ly cold4 ,on be+     
uncork$ x emits  suffici5t light 9 ! d>k
 to see ! "t by a wat*1 & w reta9  ?is  
prop]ty = "s ye>s if n too frequ5tly    
employ$4 ,^! are  frequ5tly call$       
#8lum9\s phials4'    #b4 7,,briquets    
,,phosphoriques47----a4 ,f phosphorus1  
#c p>ts2 :ite wax1 #a  "p2 cauti\sly    
melt$ toge!r by ! heat ( hot wat]2 z !  
mixture  beg9s to cool1 ! bottles are   
turn$ r\nd1 s t x may adh]e to !  sides4
    b4 7,b5dix47 ,cork 7rasp$ small1 &  

dry7 & yell[ wax1 ( ea* #a  "p2         
phosphorus1 #d p>ts2 petroleum1 #h p>ts2
 mix$1 by fusion1 z !  la/4    ,us$ z   
in/antane\s-light bottles4 ,a sulphur   
mat* rubb$ aga9/ !  composition         
imm$iately inflames on exposure to !    
air4 ,!y %\ld be  only un/opp]$ at !    
in/ant ( introduc+ ! mat*1 & %\ld be    
h&l$ ) caution4    ,,phosphorus         
,,mat*es4 ,see ,,mat*es1 & above4       
,,phosphorus ,,pa/e4 ,syn4              
,,anti-,,ars5ical ,,rat-,,poison1       
,,phosphor-,,pa/e4  ,prep4 #a4          
,phosphorus1 #a oz42 w>m wat]1 #a p9t2  
place !m 9 a bottle1  cork x1 & agitate 
!m well toge!r1 until ! phosphorus is   
r$uc$  to a m9ute /ate ( division1 add+ 
t[>ds ! end moi/ sug>1 #a_/b  lb42 next 
add ( l>d 7melt$ by a g5tle heat71 #a   
lb41 & repeat !  agitation until ! :ole 
is ne>ly cold2 :5 cold1 =m x into a /iff
  d\gh ) oatmeal or b>ley meal1 & make  
?is into small balls or  cakes2 la/ly1  
dry ^! 9 ! air1 )\t artificial heat4    
#b4 7,simon47 ,phosphorus1 #h p>ts2 wat]

 7lukew>m71 #ahj p>ts2 mix 9 a  mort>1 &
 add ( rye meal1 #ahj p>ts2 :5 cold1    
fur!r add ( butt]  or l>d1 #ahj p>ts2   
sug>1 #abe p>ts2 & mix ! :ole ?or\ghly  
toge!r4 ,?is is ! =mula au?oris$ by an  
ord9ance ( ! ,prussian  ,gov]nm5t1 dat$ 
,april #bg?1 #ahdc4    ,obs4 ,rats1     
mice1 c41 eat ! above composition )     
avidity1 aft]  :i* !y soon die4 ,x is   
said t ! be/ me?od ( us+ x is to  place 
small pieces ( x 9 & ab\t ! holes1 ) "s 
wat] 9 a  %all[ vessel = !m to dr9k4 ,x 
has ! advantage ( reta9+ its  efficacy =
 _m ye>s1 & is less dang]\s to human    
be+s ?an  compositions conta9+ ars5ic1  
:il/ x is ev5 m effective = !  purpose =
 :i* x is employ$4 ,"s p]sons recomm5d !
 addition ( a  little oil ( rhodium or  
oil ( anise$4 ,see ,,rats1 c4           
,,phos,,phuret4 ,syn4 ,,phosphide2      
,,phosphoretum1 ,,phosphidum1 ,l4 ,a    
comp\nd  ( phosphorus ) a metal or o!r  
basic radical4 ,see ! respective        
,,metals1 c4    ,,phosphurett$          
,,hy,,drog54 ,syn4 ,,phosphorett$       

,,hydrog54 ,see ,,hydrog54              
,,phosphatic ,,dia!sis4 ,syn4 ,,:ite    
,,gravel4 ,a morbid condition ( !       
sy/em1 *>act]is$ by ! deposition 9 !    
ur9e ( c]ta9 salts (  phosphoric acid or
 phosphates4 ,9 ?is affection ! ur9e1   
contr>y to  its normal condition1 is    
always alkal9e1 & ! nature ( !          
phosphatic deposit is influ5c$ by !     
s\rce ( ! alkal9ity4 ,if1 z  mo/        
frequ5tly happ5s1 ?is is ow+ to !       
pres5ce ( c>bonate (  ammonia 7=m$ by ! 
decomposition ( ! urea by ! bladd]      
mucus71  ! deposit w be f\nd to consi/ (
 ! triple phosphate1 or phosphate  (    
magnesia & ammonia1 almo/ always        
associat$ ) a small quantity (  amorph\s
 phosphate ( lime4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !
 ur9e is pale  9 col\r1 & ^u /&+ soon   
decomposes1 9 do+ :i* x gives (f  a     
/rong ammoniacal od\r4 ,phosphatic      
dia!sis is a frequ5t  accompanim5t (    
sp9al affections & ( *ronic inflammation
 ( !  muc\s l9+ ( ! bladd]4    ,9 mild  
attacks ! be/ treatm5t consi/s 9 liv+ r 

g5]\sly1  & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( vegetable
 tonics comb9$ ) prop] doses  ( ! m9]al 
acids4    ,,photog,,raphy4 ,syn4        
,,heliography4 ,! art ( produc+ images  
on  prep>$ surfaces by means ( ! act9ic 
or *emical rays ( ! sun's  light4 ,!    
pr9cipal photographic processes n[ 9 use
 are ! positive-1  negative-1 &         
dry-collodion processes1 9 ea* ( :i* a  
?9 film or  sk9 ( iodis$ collodion =ms !
 s5sitive surface1 a plate ( glass  be+ 
g5]ally us$ z ! f\ndation ( ! film4 ,9 a
 positive picture  ! #8lights' are      
silv]y :ite by reflect$ light1 & !      
#8%ades' are  produc$ by a #8back+' (   
black v>ni% or velvet1 %[+ ?r\gh !      
glass plate4 ,9 a negative picture !    
#8lights' are ( a dirty yell[ or  br[n  
by reflection1 & be+ =m$ by opaque      
deposits1 appe> d5se  black by          
transmitt$ light4 ,negatives are us$ 9 !
 v>i\s  pap]-pr9t+ processes2 !y are    
plac$ ^u prep>$ pap] & expos$  to direct
 light1 :i* d>k5s ^? p>ts ( ! pap] n    
protect$ by  ! opaque #8lights1' & ?us  

produces positive pr9ts ) natural lights
  & %ades4 ,9 ?is way ! portrait #8c>tes
 de visite' & o!r pap]  photographs are 
=m$4    ,( late ye>s !re h be5 devis$ a 
great v>iety ( new photographic         
processes1 "s ( :i* are giv5 bel[1      
toge!r ) mod]n =mul =  ! pr9cipal       
solutions1 c41 9 g5]al reque/ by !      
photograph]4    ,! ,dagu]reotype        
process1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,dagu]re 9     
#ahci1 has be5  entirely sup]s$$ by !   
easi]1 heal?i]1 & less exp5sive         
collodion  processes describ$ fur!r on4 
,x consi/s 9 submitt+ a plate (  silv]  
or silv]$ copp] to ! vap\r ( iod9e &    
brom9e 9 ! d>k4  ,a s5sitive film (     
iodide & bromide ( silv] is ?us =m$ on !
  plate1 :i* is imm$iately expos$ to !  
image ( an object 9 !  cam]a obscura4 ,!
 lat5t image impress$ on ! plate is     
br\ght out or  develop$ by expos+ !     
plate to ! action ( ! vap\r ( m]cury4   
,x is to be not$ t 9 all ,engli%        
photographic =mul ! solid &  fluid      
measures ( apo!c>ies weight are us$2 b 9

 buy+ or sell+  *emical articles1 !     
avoirdupois weight is employ$4          
,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba? 7= ,positives74  
,recry/allis$ nitrate (  silv]1 #e dr41 
dissolv$ 9 #aj oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4      
,filt] ! solution  until x is q cle>1 !n
 add #c drops ( nitric acid & #aj drops 
(  collodion4 ,%ake well toge!r & filt]4
 ,blue litmus pap] %\ld  slightly r$d5 9
 ?is ba?2 %\ld x turn v r$1 add a little
  ammonia1 or oxide ( silv]2 %\ld x n   
r$d5 at all1 add a little  acid c>efully
 drop by drop4 ,x is pref]able to h a   
slight excess (  acid4    ,develop+     
,solution 7= ,positives74 ,protosulphate
 ( iron1 #b dr41  dissolv$ 9 #h oz4 (   
di/ill$ wat]2 add #b-a_/b dr4 ( glacial 
acetic  acid1 #b-a_/b dr4 ( alcohol1 &  
#e m9ims ( nitric acid1 filt]1 & p\r    
into a well-/opp]$ bottle2 d n expose to
 ! air4    ,fix+ ,solution 7=           
,positives74 #ej gr4 ( cyanide (        
potassium  dissolv$ 9 #e oz4 ( di/ill$  
wat]2 t is to say1 = e fluid  ounce (   
solution requir$1 mix #aj gr4 ( cyanide 

( potassium 9 #a oz4 (  di/ill$ wat]4   
,filt] & keep 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle1 & 
label  8,poison40    ,positive ,pap]4   
,pla9 pap] requires prep>+ or salt+ be=e
 x is  ready = use1 or x may be pur*as$ 
already salt$4    ,procure "s %eets (   
pla9 ,saxe pap]1 & imm]se !m = five     
m9utes  7remov+ air-bubbles7 9 ! foll[+ 
solution3----      ,*loride ( ammonium  
#ajj gr4    ,*loride ( b>ium       #ajj 
gr4    ,citrate ( soda           #bj gr4
    ,wat]                     #bj oz4   
,hang ! %eets up to dry4 ,= portraits & 
mo/ o!r uses ! pap] is  album9is$ on "o 
side4 ,:5 photographs are pr9t$ to be   
aft]w>ds  col\r$1 unalbum9is$ pap] is   
us$4    ,album9is$ ,pap]4 ,!re are      
sev]al well-kn[n pap]s sold2 ,rive's1   
:i* is a ,fr5* pap]1 has a high glaze & 
f9e surface2 ! ,saxe1  :i* is m uni=m 9 
its texture1 is made 9 ,g]many4 ,ano!r  
mak] is  ,t[good4 ,positive pap] is     
album9is$ by plac+ x 9 a mixture        
compos$ ( :ite ( eggs & salt4 ,to ! :ite
 ( ea* mod]ate-siz$  egg use #ae gr4 (  

common salt r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]2 :isk   
until !  album5 is all :ite fro?4 ,leave
 ?is fro? 9 a glaz$ e>!n pan =  ab\t #ab
 h\rs1 by :i* "t mo/ ( x has settl$ into
 cle> album52  p\r ! cle> portion into a
 flat porcela9 tray4 ,?is tray %\ld be  
some:at l>g] ?an ! %eets ( pap] to be   
album9is$4 ,lift ! pap]  up by ! ends & 
lay x c>efully on ! album51 keep+ ! side
  m>k$ z 8inf]ior0 upp]mo/ & dry4    ,! 
pap] %\ld be slightly damp be=e x is ?us
 treat$1 z x !n  takes ! album5 m       
regul>ly1 & is n s liable to            
air-bubbles4 ,!  pap] mu/ be lift$ at   
ea* end1 & %\ld any air-bubbles appe>1  
bru% !m (f ) a c>d or small bru%1       
replac+ ! pap] 9 !  ba?4 ,:]ev] ! album5
 does n come into actual contact ) !    
pap]1 a :ite m>k w appe> 9 ! pr9t4      
,remove ! pap] f !  ba? & place x to dry
 on a c>dbo>d frame1 or susp5d x at !   
corn]s by clips4 ,pap] glaz$ ) pure     
album5 acquires too brilliant a  glaze =
 portraits2 ! album5 may be dilut$ ) f a
 #a_/d to #a_/c its  bulk ( wat]4 ,x    

%\ld be kept 9 t9 or z9c cases4    ,pla9
 ,pap]4 ,album9is$ pap] may be us$ z    
pla9 pap] if1 in/ead (  s5sitis+ ! glaz$
 side1 ! pla9 side is plac$ 9 ! s5sitis+
  solution4    ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba? 7=
 ,negatives74 ,recry/allis$ nitrate (   
silv]1 #a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #g oz42 
collodion1 #g drops4 ,%ake well  toge!r 
until ! cry/als h dissolv$1 !n filt]4   
,! purity ( ! negative ba? is a matt] ( 
great importance1 h5ce !  necessity (   
employ+ ! v be/ nitrate ( silv]1 & also 
(  exclud+ all =eign matt]s ( e k9d4 ,:5
 ! ba? gets out (  ord]1 x %\ld be      
dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( di/ill$ wat]1 &
  expos$ to ! sun = a few days1 9 a :ite
 glass bottle1 !n filt]$1  & suffici5t  
nitrate ( silv] add$ to re/ore ! /r5g?  
to #ce  gra9s an ounce1 z indicat$ by ! 
arg5tomet]4    ,! ,arg5tomet]4 ,?is     
in/rum5t is = asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? (  !     
nitrate ( silv] solution1 :i* becomes   
weak5$ to a c]ta9  ext5t1 aft] !        
imm]sion ( e plate4    ,develop+        
,solution 7= ,negatives74 ,protosulphate

 ( iron1 #ge gr42  glacial acetic acid1 
#b dr42 alcohol1 #b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#e oz4  ,dissolve ! cry/als 9 ! wat]1 !n
 add ! acid & alcohol1 &  filt]4 ,9 hot 
wea!r a little m acetic acid may be     
add$1 & if x  does n fl[ readily1 !     
alcohol may be increas$4    ,int5sify+  
,solution1 ,no4 #a 7,negatives74        
,pyrogallic acid1 #aj gr42  citric acid1
 #aj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #e oz4 ,:5 x    
becomes br[n x is  useless4 ,no4 #b4    
,recry/allis$ nitrate ( silv]1 #dj gr42 
di/ill$ wat]1  #a oz42 dissolve & filt]4
 ,?is latt] w keep = any l5g? ( "t  9 ! 
d>k4    ,ano!r ,int5sify+ ,ba?          
7,negatives74 ,a saturat$ solution (    
bi*loride ( m]cury 9 wat]4 ,place !     
negative plate 9 a ba? ( !  solution1   
remove :5 ! film assumes a milky-:ite   
appe>ance1 wa%1 &  !n plunge into a     
solution ( #a oz4 ( liquid ammonia to   
#aj oz4 ( wat]4  ,remove ! plate1 wa%1 &
 place to dry4 ,?is mode ( int5sify+ may
 be  regulat$ by leav+ ! plate 9 !      
bi*loride ( m]cury a %ort]  "t1 :5 x w  

require a weak] ammonia ba? ?an t above 
giv54    ,fix+ ,solution 7= ,negatives74
 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #e oz42  di/ill$ 
wat]1 #e oz42 dissolve & filt]4         
,s5sitis+ ,solution 7= ,pap]74 ,nitrate 
( silv]1 #e dr42 di/ill$  wat]1 #e oz42 
nitric acid1 #b drops2 kaol91 #a oz4    
,dissolve ! nitrate (  silv] 9 ! wat]1 &
 !n add ! acid & kaol92 ! kaol9 w n     
dissolve1 its use be+ to prev5t !       
solution becom+ discol\r$ aft]  us+4    
,?is solution w n require filt]+2 x mu/ 
be all[$ to  become q cle>1 & :5 requir$
 = use mu/ be c>efully decant$4  ,?is   
solution %\ld be occasionally te/$ ) !  
arg5tomet]1 &  suffici5t nitrate ( silv]
 add$ to re/ore x to its orig9al /r5g?4 
,ano!r ,negative ,collodion4 ,e!r1 #a_/b
 oz42 gun-cotton1 #g gr42 bromide  (    
cadmium1 #a_/b gr42 bromide ( ammonium1 
#a-a_/b gr42 iodide ( calcium1 #a  gr42 
iodide ( potassium1 #a gr42 iodide (    
ammonium1 #a gr4 ,=  int5sify+1 flood ) 
*loride ( gold1 #a gr42 wat]1 #ae oz42  
!n  wa%1 & flood ) pyrogallic acid1 #b  

gr42 wat]1 #c oz4    ,ton+ ,ba?s4 #a4   
,*loride ( gold1 #d gr42 acetate ( soda1
 #a_/d oz42  di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42     
dissolve & filt]4 #b4 ,to produce black 
to  bright sepia tones1 accord+ to l5g? 
( imm]sion4 ,take c>bonate (  soda      
suffici5t to cov] a ?reep5ny piece1     
dissolve x 9 a teaspoonful  ( cold wat] 
9 a cup1 add #b gr4 ( *loride ( gold1 !n
 add #c oz4 (  boil+ wat]2 use 9 #ae    
m9utes4 ,?is w suit ,h>t's album9is$    
pap]4    ,fix+ ,solution 7= ,pap]       
,pr9ts74 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #h oz42  
di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,?is solution mu/ 
only be us$ once4    ,/opp+-out         
,negatives4 ,small1 r\nd1 transp>5t     
spots are frequ5tly  f\nd on glass      
negatives1 :i*1 if n /opp$1 occasion    
correspond+  black spots on ! pr9t4 ,lay
 ! plate on a slab ( glass1 hav+ ei!r   
direct or reflect$ light %9+ up ?r\gh x4
 ,!n cov] ! spots )  a mixture compos$ (
 #aj p>ts ( ivory black1 #b p>ts (      
saturat$  solution ( gum ,arabic1 #b    
p>ts ( :ite honey1 #a "p ( sug>-c&y2    

well mix & apply ) a f9e camel-hair     
bru%4 ,%\ld ! spots on !  negative be   
black or opaque1 :ite spots w be =m$ on 
! pr9t2  ^! are easily t9t$ ) a little  
wat] col\r1 to mat* ! o!r  portions ( ! 
pr9t2 x is seldom necess>y1 !re=e1 to   
alt] !  negative on ?is acc\nt4         
,f]rotypes4 ,9 ^!1 in/ead ( a glass     
plate be+ us$ to receive !  picture1 z 9
 a positive glass photograph1 a ?9 plate
 ( black  v>ni%$ iron is employ$4 ,(    
c\rse no black back+ is requir$2 )  ?is 
exception ! photograph is produc$ 9 e   
p>ticul> by ! same  means & 9 ! same    
mann] z ! glass positive is4    ,to     
,clean ,glass ,plates4 7,mr ,hughes47 ,!
 description ( glass kn[n z  8flatt$    
cr[n0 is well suit$ = positives1 b be=e 
us+ x requires  c>eful clean+4 ,! %>p   
edges %\ld be fir/ remov$ ) a           
8corundum0 file1 or by draw+ ! %>p edge 
( "o piece ov] ! %>p  edge ( ano!r2 !n  
place ! glass on a clean flat surface1  
or put x  9 8a plate-clean+ hold]10 &   
p\r a few drops ( ! plate-clean+        

solution 9 ! middle4 ,rub x c>efully ov]
 e "p ) a bit (  clean s(t rag2 turn !  
glass ov]1 & d ! o!r side ! same4 ,!n   
poli% ea* side ) a clean clo?1 & f9i% ) 
a s(t *amois  lea!r kept expressly = ?is
 purpose4 ,n[ brea! on ! glass1 & if  ! 
brea? deposits ev5ly ! plate is clean4  
,if ! plate1 h[ev]1  %[s pat*es & m>ks1 
x mu/ be reclean$4 ,let ! edges be      
c>efully  wip$1 & ! plate is ready =    
use4    ,! foll[+ prep>ation makes a    
good plate-clean+ solution = glasses  t 
require me*anical friction to make !m   
clean3----,ord9>y wat]1 #e  oz42        
alcohol1 #e oz42 iodide ( potassium1 #ae
 gr42 iod9e1 #c gr4 ,:5  dissolv$1 add  
tripoli1 prep>$ *alk1 :it+1 or          
rott5-/one1 9  suffici5t quantity to    
make a creamy pa/e4    ,?is ?9 pa/y     
solution is to be rubb$ on ! plates on  
bo? surfaces  & poli%$ (f z already     
describ$4 ,?is am\nt ( clean+ w  g5]ally
 be suffici5t = new glasses1 b :5 !y h  
be5 us$ !y  require m lab\r4    ,!y mu/ 
!n be well wa%$ "u ! tap1 to get rid (  

all collodion  & *emicals1 & be wip$ on 
clo?s kept expressly = ! purpose4  ,%\ld
 ! plates h be5 v>ni%$ !y mu/ be soak$ =
 "s h\rs  9 a saturat$ solution ( wa%+  
soda till ! v>ni% & film come  freely   
(f4 ,! glasses mu/ !n be imm]s$ = a few 
m9utes 9 a  solution compos$ ( common   
nitric acid1 #b oz41 wat]1 #aj oz41 & be
 well  wa%$ & treat$ z already describ$4
 ,x is a good plan :5 work+ to  h a di% 
( wat] at h&1 & to place ! spoilt       
pictures 9 x at  once :ile !y are wet1 &
 at ! end ( ! day to wa% ! glasses &    
put !m away clean4 ,by ?us n all[+ !    
films to dry on ! glasses  !y are mu*   
easi] clean$1 & few] failures w arise f 
dirty  glasses4    ,collodion is a good 
mat]ial = clean+ glasses :5 !y are n v  
dirty4 ,p\r a few drops on ! glass &    
well rub x ) a clean clo?1  & y w       
entirely remove all grease2 a h9t may   
?us be tak5 h[ to  use up wa/e          
collodion4    ,v>i\s ,solutions us$ 9 ! 
,dry ,process4 ,^! are employ$ 9 cases  
:]e bromo-iodis$ collodion & ! nitrate  

ba? are us$4    ,9 all processes 9 :i* !
 bromo-iodis$ collodion is employ$ #b   
gra9s  ( bromide ( cadmium %\ld be add$ 
to ea* ounce ( ! collodion4    ,mr      
,b>?olomew advises dilut$ alcohol to be 
p\r$ ov] ! plate  previ\s to develop+4  
,acid ,pyro ,develop]4 ,?is develop] is 
=m$ z foll[s3      ,pyrogallic acid     
#a gr4    ,glacial acetic acid    #cj   
m9ims4    ,wat]                   #a oz4
    ,! plate1 aft] be+ wett$ ) dilute   
alcohol & wa%$1 has ?is  solution fl[$  
ov] x1 to :i* has be5 add$ #b or #c     
drops ( a  #aj-;gra9 nitrate ( silv]    
solution4    ,pla9 ,pyro ,develop]4 ,!  
/r5g? ( ?is may v>y f #a to #e gr4 9  an
 ounce ( wat]4 ,two gra9s may be tak5 z 
a m$ium4 ,! dry plate  be+ flood$ )     
alcohol & wat]1 & wa%$ s z to well wet !
  film1 ?is solution is float$ ov] x4   
,alkal9e ,pyro ,develop]4      ,no4     
#a4----,pyrogallic acid        #if gr4  
,absolute alcohol        #a oz4         
,no4 #b4----;,c>bonate ( ammonia   #if  
gr4            ,wat]                    

#a oz4      ,no4 #c4----;,bromide (     
potassium   #aj gr4            ,wat]    
#a oz4    ,at ! "t ( us+1 make up !     
foll[+ solution3      ,wat]             
#a oz4    ,solution ,no4 #a       #aj   
m9ims4    ,solution ,no4 #c        #e   
0    ,p\r ?is ov] ! wett$ plate1 all[ x 
to rema9 on a few seconds only1  & !n   
p\r back into ! develop+ cup1 & add to x
 #e m9ims (  solution ,no4 #b1 & apply  
aga94    ,! ,collodio-,album5 ,dry      
,process4 7,mr ,mudd47 ,9 ?is process ! 
ord9>y bromo-iodis$ collodion is        
employ$4 ,! plate be+ s5sitis$  is wa%$ 
well fir/ ) di/ill$1 !n ) common wat]1 &
 plac$ 9  a di% half fill$ ) solution ( 
iodide ( potassium 7#c gr4 to !  oz471 &
 all[$ to rema9 :ile ! next plate is be+
 prep>$4 ,x is  !n remov$ f ! solution &
 well wa%$ ) clean wat]1 aft]  :i* !    
foll[+ solution is p\r$ ov] its surface3
      ,di/ill$ wat]                     
#b-a_/b oz4    ,:ite ( eggs             
#aj oz4    ,iodide ( potassium          
#ej gr4    ,bromide ( ammonium          

#aj gr4    ,/ronge/ solution ( ammonia  
#abj m9ims4    ,introduce ^! mat]ials ) 
"s pieces ( brok5 glass into a bottle   
capable ( hold+ twice ! quantity1 &     
agitate till ! :ole =ms a  fro?1 & !n1  
:5 settl$1 x is ready4 ,a piece (       
camphor plac$ 9  ! solution w help to   
pres]ve x4 ,x mu/ be filt]$ be=e us+4   
,aft] ! plate has be5 coat$ ) ! above x 
is f9i%$ by dry+  be=e ! fire4    ,9 ?is
 process all ! above op]ations may be   
p]=m$ 9 ord9>y  :ite light4 ,to r5d] !  
plate s5sitive1 heat x z hot z ! h&  w  
be>1 & :5 cool imm]se x aga9 9 ! foll[+ 
aceto-nitrate  ( silv] ba? = "o m9ute1  
us+ only a yell[ light1 !n wa%  ?or\ghly
 9 clean wat]1 & dry 9 ! d>k4           
,nitrate ( silv]        #cj gr4         
,di/ill$ wat]           #a oz4          
,glacial acetic acid       #a_/b dram4  
,! developm5t may be comm5c$ by ei!r    
pla9 or alkal9e pyro2 ,mr ,mudd  gives !
 pref]5ce to ! pla91 & int5sify+ aft] ) 
acid  silv]4    ,dr ,,ryley',s ,modifi$ 
,collodio-album5 ,dry ,process4 ,9 ?is  

me?od !  plate has to be s5sitis$ z     
usual1 & wa%$ ?or\ghly4 ,:5 ! plate  has
 be5 well dra9$1 & :ile /ill wet1 x is  
coat$ ) !  foll[+ solution3      ,album5
           #a oz4    ,wat]              
#b oz4    ,ammonia          #cj m9ims4  
,! solution is beat5 to a fro?1 all[$ to
 settle1 & filt]$ be=e  us+4 ,p\r       
suffici5t ov] ! plate to cov] x1 lett+ x
 fl[  backw>ds & =w>ds s z to soak into 
! film4 ,p\r ! album9\s  solution away &
 ?or\ghly wa% ! plate1 ! la/ r9s+ be+ ) 
di/ill$ wat]4 ,let ! plate dry2 :5      
p]fectly dry1 moi/5 ! plate  ) di/ill$  
wat]1 & p\r ov] ! foll[+ solution3      
,gallic acid       #b gr4    ,wat]      
#a oz4    ,filt] ! solution be=e us+4   
,p\r x on & (f ! plate to well  p]meate 
! film1 !n set ! plate up to dra91 & dry
 )\t wa%+  (f ! gallic acid solution4   
,:5 ! surface is dry f9i% by ! heat  ( a
 dull fire4    ,bromide ( ,silv]1 ,wet  
,process4 ,to e ounce ( good collodion  
add #h  gr4 ( bromide ( cadmium4 ,!     
nitrate ba? mu/ be made #hj gr4 to !    

oz41 & slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid4
 ,! plate mu/ rema9 9  ! ba? ! full "t x
 requires to =m a d5se opaque film4 ,:5 
!  plate is ready 7x mu/ n be remov$ f !
 ba? until ! film is  mu* d5s] ?an 9 !  
ord9>y wet process7 x mu/ be wa%$       
?or\ghly  to remove all silv]4 ,x mu/ !n
 h p\r$ ov] x a #c-;gra9 solution  (    
gelat9 made slightly alkal9e ) c>bonate 
( soda1 or dilut$  album5 7album51 #a   
oz42 wat]1 #d oz41 well beat5 toge!r74  
,:5 !  plate is 9 ?is condition x may be
 expos$ wet1 or x may be all[$ to  dry4 
,prior to developm5t x mu/ be well wa%$1
 & ! alkal9e me?od  mu/ always be       
adopt$4 ,if ! plates are us$ dry1 a     
prelim9>y coat+  ( dilute album5 is     
necess>y1 b if us$ wet1 ?is is n        
necess>y4    ,bromide ( ,silv]1         
,emulsion ,process4 ,by ?is me?od !     
nitrate ba? is  n necess>y1 z ! s5sitive
 mat]ial is conta9$ 9 ! collodion4  ,!  
pur*ase ( ! mat]ial ready-made = work+  
?is process is  recomm5d$ 9 pref]5ce to 
its direct manufacture1 z its prep>ation

  dem&s ! use ( consid]able te*nical    
skill1 toge!r ) !  employm5t ( a gun    
cotton n usually atta9able4 ,mr ,hughes 
says !  #8,liv]pool ,dry ,plate         
,company' supply an excell5t emulsion4  
,x is only  necess>y to p\r ! emulsion  
on to a plate & to all[ x to dry1 :5  ! 
plate is ready = use4 ,! developm5t is  
by ! alkal9e process4                   
,gelat9o-bromide ( ,silv]1 ,emulsion    
,process4 ,9 ?is process ! use  bo? ( ! 
nitrate ba? & ( collodion are aboli%$4  
,! mat]ial employ$ is v tr\blesome to   
prep>e1 & on ?is acc\nt1  z well z      
because ( ! risk ( failure att5d+ ! use 
( home-made  articles1 x is f> pref]able
 x %\ld be pur*as$4 ,x may be obta9$  "u
 ! "n ( #8,k5nett's ,s5sitis$           
,pellicle4'    ,?is pellicle consi/s (  
%r$s ( dry gelat9 conta9+ ! s5sitive    
salts4    ,fre% directions accompany ea*
 packet ( ! 8,s5sitis$ ,pellicle40    ,!
 ,honey ,process4 ,let ! plate be       
clean$1 coat$1 & s5sitis$ 9  ! usual    
mann]2 !n place x 9 a ba? ( di/ill$     

wat]1 wa%+ x  m or less1 z x may be     
requir$ to be kept = a long] or %ort]   
"t4 ,p\r on ! plate a solution made (   
equal p>ts ( honey &  di/ill$ wat] 9 !  
same mann] z :5 us+ collodion2 ?r[ away 
!  fir/ portion1 & repeat ! op]ation1   
lett+ ! solution soak 9 =  "o or two    
m9utes2 p\r back ! honey solution into  
its bottle2 dra9  ! plate on blott+     
pap]1 & keep x 9 ! d>k free f du/4 ,!   
"t requir$ = exposure ( ! plate is ab\t 
d\ble z long z 9 !  ord9>y wet process4 
,! plate %\ld be soak$ 9 di/ill$ wat]   
previ\s to be+ develop$1  9 ord] to s(t5
 or remove ! film ( honey2 ! old] !     
plate !  long] x w require to be soak$1 
aft]w>ds dip ! plate 9 !  silv] ba?1 &  
develop 9 ! usual mann]4    ,! ,c>bon   
,process4 ,9 ?is process1 ! adoption (  
:i* is daily  increas+1 ! mat]ial       
employ$ consi/s ( a lay] ( gelat9       
conta9+ c>bon1 or "s o!r p]man5t pigm5t1
 spread on pap]4    ,9 ?is condition !  
pap] is n s5sitive to light1 b if x be  
treat$ ) a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1

 dri$ 9 ! d>k1 &  aft]w>ds expos$ to    
sunlight "u a negative1 ^? portions ( ! 
pap] :i* h be5 act$ ^u by ! light w     
become insoluble1  :il/ ^? p>ts t h be5 
protect$ f x w be soluble4 ,:51  !re=e1 
aft] suffici5t exposure1 ! prep>$ pap]  
is remov$ f  ! negative1 a picture !    
rev]se ( ! negative w h be5 =m$1  9 :i* 
! pigm5t$ gelat9 alone rema9s1 & p]=ms !
 "p ( !  r$uc$ silv] 9 ! ord9>y         
photograph4    ,if ! film1 aft] exposure
 to light "u a negative1 is soak$ 9 w>m 
wat]1 all ! p>ts :i* h be5 protect$ f ! 
action ( !  light c be dissolv$1 & a    
relief is =m$ :i*1 :5 dry1 is           
suffici5tly h>d to transmit its %ape to 
lead4 ,f ! m\ld or plate  ?us obta9$ a  
comp>atively l>ge numb] ( impressions c 
be tak51  ei!r ) col\r$ gelat9 or )     
fatty col\rs1 ! well-kn[n               
,woodbury-type be+ ! mo/ successful ( ! 
sev]al processes bas$ on  ! fact4       
,photographic ,v>ni%4 ,see ,,v>ni%es4   
,,miscellane\s ,,recipes3    ,to ,clean 
,glass ,plates4 7,mr ,mayall47 ,%ake up 

toge!r alcohol1 #cj p>ts2  /rong liquid 
ammonia1 #aj2 wat]1 #dj2 & f9e tripoli1 
#cj p>ts4 ,!  plates are to be rubb$ h>d
 & ev5ly ) balls ( cotton wool dipp$  9 
?is mixture4 ,rub aga91 :5 dry1 ) a     
clean ball ( cotton2 la/ly1  du/ ! back 
& edges ) a clean hog-hair bru%4    ,to 
,clean (f ,collodion ,pictures4 ,?is may
 be done :e!r !y h be5  v>ni%$ or n1 by 
means ( a tuft ( cotton wool dipp$ 9    
wood _s4    ,to ,col\r ,photographic    
,pr9ts4 ,?is may be done v>i\sly 9 wat] 
&  oils4 ,a simple way is to rub 9 sl[ly
 ) a small camel-hair bru% a  m9ute     
piece ( dry col\r laid ^u ! "p1 z ( fle%
 t9t = !  face1 c4 ,:5 prop]ly          
di/ribut$1 ! pap] may be brea!d ^u1 &  !
 t9t w n easily be rubb$ (f4 ,or x may  
be c>efully coat$ )  gelat94    ,m4     
,m9otto has describ$ a plan ( col\r+ on 
! back ( ! pap]4 ,!  picture1 be+ held  
up to ! light1 is fir/ fa9tly outl9$1 on
 !  rev]se side2 col\rs are !n laid on1 
( wat] or oil1 z pref]r$1 on  ?is side4 
,:5 dry ! pap] is r5d]$ transp>5t by a  

v>ni%1 &  ! col\rs w !n appe> ?r\gh x ) 
all ! delicacy & effect  ( a m9iature on
 ivory4 ,good /rong writ+ pap] is be/ = 
?is  purpose2 ! col\rs mu/ be vivid2 & !
 v>ni% may consi/ ( ,canada  balsam     
dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e1 or a ma/ic v>ni%   
may be us$1 or  turp5t9e & wax1 or oil4 
,to ,remove ,/a9s f ! ,h&s4 ,! p[]fully 
poison\s "* (  cyanide ( potassium r5d]s
 its employm5t = ! above purpose an     
op]ation att5d$ ) consid]able dang]4    
,iodide ( potassium &  iod9e may bo? be 
sub/itut$1 b ! fir/ is exp5sive1 & !    
second  requires consid]able nicety 9   
its application1 le/ a col\r$ /a9 be    
left on ! sk94 ,in/ead ( ! above        
sub/ances1 ,m4 ,=t9 recomm5ds to  wa% ! 
h&s ) a conc5trat$ solution ( ei!r      
sulphate or *loride  ( z9c1 to :i* "s   
acid is add$ at ! same "t4 ,he advises !
  deepe/ & blacke/ /a9s be+ t\*$ )      
metallic z9c1 :]eby !  r$uction ( !     
oxide ( silv] or t ( ! gallate ( iron is
  promot$1 & all metallic /a9s adh]+ to 
or p5etrat+ into ! sk9  remov$4 ,s9ce   

mo/ ( ! salts ( z9c are col\rless1 &    
soluble 9  wat]1 ! h&s soon become q    
clean4 ,!y %\ld !n be wa%$1  fir/ ) pure
 wat]1 & next ) soap & wat]4    ,! read]
 desir\s ( fur!r in=mation on ! subject 
( photography  _c d bett] ?an consult   
,mr ,erne/ ,spon's valuable manual1     
entitl$  #8,work%op ,receipts1' & ,mr   
,hughes' #8,pr9ciples & ,practice (     
,photography1' to bo? ( :i* we are      
l>gely indebt$4 ,capta9 ,abney's  "w on 
#8,photography1' _c be too highly       
comm5d$4 ,see ,,collodion1              
,,photographic4    ,photographic ,wa/e  
,products1 ,recov]y (4 ,we extract !    
foll[+ f  ! #8,am]ican ,*emi/' =        
,febru>y1 #ahgf4 ,! contributor1 ,mr4   
,c4 ,a4  ,pitk91 ,a4 ,b41 /ates t !     
me?ods giv5 h be5 collect$ f !          
#8,philadelphia ,photograph]1' !        
#8,briti% ,photographic ,j\rnal1'       
,h>dwick's #8,photograph ,*emi/ry1' c41 
c42 also t !y include  sugge/ions by    
,pr(essor ,hill4    #a4 ,nitrate ba?1 1 
recov]$2 1 r5ovat$4    #b4 ,hyposulphite

 ba?4    #c4 ,r$uction ( silv] *loride1 
oxide1 or sulphide4    #d4 ,gold wa/e1 1
 recov]$2 1 sep>at$ f silv]1    #e4     
,pap] wa/e & wa%+s f positive pr9ts4    
#f4 ,cyanide solution4    #g4 ,develop]4
                               ,i4      
,nitrate ,ba?1                          
1 ,recov]$4    #a4 ,add solution (      
cau/ic pota% or lime1 z long z !re is a 
br[n  precipitate4 ,all[ to settle1 p\r 
(f liquid1 & collect silv] oxide  =     
r$uction2 vide ,,iii1 bel[4    #b4 ,= #a
 lb4 ( silv]1 add #a oz4 sulphuric acid 
& #a_/b lb4 z9c1 &  all[ to /& two days4
 ,precipitate z *loride1 wa% eight or t5
 times  by decantation1 & dissolve      
gradually 9 nitric acid4                
,,notes4----,te/ complete wa%+ by       
hydro*loric acid4 ,wa% ) wat] till  z9c 
nitrate is remov$4 ,if z9c cl+s to silv]
 wa% ) hydro*loric  acid4    #c4 ,susp5d
 %eet ( copp] 9 ba? = two or ?ree days4 
#d4 ,acidify z nitric acid1 precipitate 
z silv] *loride by sodium  *loride or   
hydro*loric acid1 & r$uce z vide ,,iii1 

bel[4    #e4 ,imm]se 9 ba? two /rips (  
copp] atta*$ to ! poles ( a  ,daniell's 
or ,smee's cell4 ,silv] deposit$ on !   
copp] z 9 #c1 above4    #f4 ,add sodium 
bic>bonate or sodium hydrate4 ,r$uce z  
#c bel[1 or if pure  en\gh1 dissolve    
precipitate at once 9 nitric acid4      
#g4 ,conc5trate ba?1 make alkal9e by    
sodium c>bonate1 & add aque\s  solution 
( oxalic acid neutralis$ ) sodium       
c>bonate4 ,filt]1 dry1  & fuse ) equal  
weight ( sodium bic>bonate4    #h4      
,deposit1 ei!r ) or )\t batt]y1 on iron4
 7,iron c be obta9$  pur] ?an z9c or    
copp]1 & possesses ! additional         
advantage t !  iron salts1 z iodides1   
c41 are all q soluble74 ,fuse )         
potassium  nitrate & sodium c>bonate4   
4 ,r5ovat$4    #a4 ,dilute ) ?ree       
volumes ( di/ill$ wat]1 expose to       
sunlight1  filt]1 add sodium c>bonate   
till slightly turbid4 ,expose to        
sunlight six  h\rs m1 filt]1 add sodium 
c>bonate till silv] all ?r[n d[n4  ,wa%1
 precipitate by decantation1 & dissolve 

9 nitric acid4 ,filt]  aga91 make up to 
#ce grammes2 neutralise1 expose to sun a
 week1 & ba?  is ready = use4    #b4    
,neutralise ) ammonia till j alkal9e2   
boil till black2 let cool1  filt]1      
acidify ) pure nitric acid1 & evaporate 
to cry/allisation1  !n fuse4 ,:5 cool1  
add di/ill$ wat]1 %ake & let /& expos$  
to  light4 ,filt] & add dra9$ cry/als4  
,dissolve & make solution acid  ) pure  
nitric acid4 ,expose aga9 to sunlight1  
filt]1 & ba? is ready  = use4    #c4    
,add potassium p]manganate1 expose to   
sunlight1 filt]1 acidify1 put 9  clean  
bottles f\r-fif?s full1 cork1 & freeze 9
 a tray2 ?aw gradually  till ball ( ice 
"o-eigh? size ( bottle rema9s4 ,?is     
conta9s  impurities to be r$uc$ z ,,iii1
 bel[4 ,use re/ = new ba? at once4      
,,ii4 ,hyposulphite ,ba?4    #a4        
,precipitate z silv] sulphide by        
potassium sulphide4 ,r$uce z ,,iii1     
bel[1 or dissolve 9 nitric acid4    #b4 
,precipitate by hydrosulphuric acid1 &  
r$uce z ,,iii4    #c4 ,decompose        

hyposulphite by wa/e nitro-sulphuric    
acid f manufacture  ( gun-cotton =      
collodion4 ,h silv] sulphide & sulphur1 
) sodium  nitrate & sulphate 9 solution4
 ,susp5d z9c 9 solution1 !n boil two  or
 ?ree h\rs2 wa% on filt]1 dry1 fuse )   
borax & sodium c>bonate4    #d4 ,susp5d 
%eet copp] 9 ba?4    #e4 ,add           
hydro*loric acid1 :i* sets free sulphur 
& precipitates silv]  *loride4 ,oxidise 
sulphur by aqua regia1 & r$uce silv]    
*loride z 9  ,,iii4    #f4 ,add sodium  
hypo*lorite to ! alkal9e solution4 ,wa%1
 precipitate1  & fuse ) mix$ c>bonates4 
,?is gives sodium bisulphate & *loride  
z by-products1 no sulphur1 no fumes4    
,,iii4 ,r$uction ( ,silv] ,*loride1     
,oxide1 or                              
,sulphide4    #a4 ,mix ) "o ?ird weight 
( colophony4 ,heat mod]ately 9 crucible 
till gre5i%-blue flame ceases1 !n       
sudd5ly increase heat1 & obta9 a  button
 ( metal4    #b4 ,melt ) alkal9e        
c>bonates en\gh to cov] surface f air2  
!n  mix ) #ge p] c5t4 ( *alk & #d p]    

c5t4 ( *>coal1 & heat4    #c4 ,ignite ) 
nitre on r$-hot plate c>efully1 & 9     
small quantities  to avoid explosion1   
run d[n to button ) borax & sodic       
c>bonate4    #d4 ,if *loride1 r$uce to  
oxide by boil+ ) /rong pota%1 !n r$uce  
by glucose2 or boil ! *loride ) glucose 
& sodium c>bonate4    #e4 ,add silv]    
*loride dissolv$ 9 ammonia to a boil+   
solution ( "o  "p glucose & ?ree p>ts   
sodium c>bonate 9 #dj p] c5t4 ( wat]1   
keep+ up ! boil+ all ! "t4    #f4 ,add  
to silv] *loride sodium hydrate 9       
solution & grape sug>1 &  expose to     
sunlight 9 op5 di% ) occasional /irr+4  
,r$uce to d>k  br[n oxide ( silv]1      
soluble 9 nitric acid4    #g4 ,mix )    
five times weight ( sodium c>bonate4    
,fill hessian crucible  half full1 &    
spr9kle sodium *loride ov] ! top4 ,heat 
sl[ly 9  an?racite fire4 ,aft] half an  
h\r increase heat till crucible is      
:ite-hot4 ,:5 complete fusion has tak5  
place1 all[ to cool1 & break  out button
 ( silv]4    #h4 ,fuse ) two p>ts mix$  

c>bonates 7sodium & potassium74    #i4  
,add pure z9c & dilute sulphuric acid1 &
 let /& two days4 ,wa%  silv] (f ) wat] 
acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 to remove   
all z9c2  f9ally fuse to a button4      
#aj4 ,mix ) half weight dry sodium      
c>bonate & "o-f\r? weight (  clean dry  
s&1 & ignite4                           
,,iv4 ,gold ,wa/e1 1 ,recov]$4    #a4   
,make j acid ) hydro*loric acid1 add    
solution conta9+ #b oz4  pyrogallic     
acid1 %ake1 let /& #bd h\rs2 filt]4     
,dissolve 9 aqua  regia1 & product aft] 
evaporation w be f\nd bett] = ton+ ?an  
t precipitat$ by iron4    #b4 ,acidify  
ton+ ba?1 & add sulphate ( iron 7#b     
grammes to #a gramme  *loride ( gold47  
4 ,sep>at$ f ,silv]4    #a4 ,treat      
button obta9$ by fus+ wa/e f hypo-ton+ &
 fix+ ba?s  ) dilute nitric acid4 ,wa%  
insoluble "p ) ammonia to remove silv]  
*loride1 if pres5t1 & dissolve 9 aqua   
regia4    #b4 ,dige/ #bj grammes 9 flask
 ) #a fl4 dr4 hydro*loric acid1 #ae m4m4
 (  nitric acid1 & #b dr4 ( wat]4 ,aft] 

qu>t] ( an h\r boil1 add #b oz4  wat]2  
filt]4 ,silv] *loride ) organic matt]1  
c4 left undissolv$4  ,r$uc$ z ,,iii1    
above4    #c4 ,add excess ( pure        
potassium hydrate1 & !n boil 9 flask )  
excess ( solid oxalic acid4             
,v4 ,pap] ,wa/e4    #a4 ,soak pap] 9    
/rong solution ( saltpetre1 & burn4     
#b4 ,treat ) nitric acid1 precipitate ) 
sodium *loride or potassium  hydrate1 !n
 put ) ,,iii1 above1 = r$uction4        
,wa%+s f ,positive ,pr9ts4              
,precipitate by sodium *loride1         
potassium hydrate1 or on copp] plates1  
c41 z above1 & r$uce1 z 9 ,,iii4        
,,vi4 ,cyanide ,solution4    #a4 ,dilute
 ) wat]1 precipitate by 7#a7 potassium  
sulphide1 7#b7 sodium  *loride1 & r$uce 
z #c4    #b4 ,decant ba? into iron      
kettle1 w>m1 add f]r\s sulphate sl[ly   
till  slight precipitate ( oxide4 ,make 
alkal9e1 & add solution ( grape  sug>   
till br[ni%-yell[ col\r4 ,all[ to       
settle1 syphon (f liquid4  ,wa% s$im5t  
on filt]1 & ignite to recov] silv]4     

,,note4----,f]r\s sulphate =ms          
f]rocyanide1 !re=e no free alkal9e      
cyanide %\ld be pres5t4                 
,,vii4 ,develop]4    #a4 ,vide ,,ii4    
7#c1 #d1 #e1 #f71 ) hypo ba?2 7#a7 &    
7#b7 n applicable1  = sulphide ( iron   
w\ld be =m$4    #b4 ,r$uc$ by its own   
iron 7if f]r\s sulphate74               
,,photom,,etry4 ,! art ( det]m9+ !      
relative int5sities (  diff]5t lights4  
,v>i\s me?ods h be5 adopt$1 at diff]5t  
times1  = ?is purpose1 among :i*1 h[ev]1
 a few only are suffici5tly simple  =   
g5]al application4 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ by
 ,b\gu] & ,lamb]t  dep5ds on ! fact t1  
?\gh ! eye _c judge correctly ( !       
proportional =ce ( diff]5t lights1 x c  
g5]ally di/+ui% )  great precision :5   
two simil> surfaces or objects pres5t$  
toge!r  are equally illum9at$1 or :5 !  
%ad[s ( an opaque object produc$  by    
diff]5t lights are equally d>k4 ,n[1 z  
light travels 9 /raight  l9es1 & is     
equally diffus$1 x is evid5t t its      
int5sity w  progressively less5 z !     

di/ance ( its s\rce increases4 ,?is     
dim9ution is f\nd to be 9 ! duplicate   
ratio ( ! di/ance4 ,to apply  ?is       
pr9ciple to c&les1 lamps1 gaslights1 c41
 we h only to arrange  two ( !m s t !   
light or %ad[ result+ f bo? %all be (   
equal int5sity1 aft] :i* we mu/ c>efully
 measure ! di/ance (  ea* ( !m f !      
surface on :i* ! light or %ad[ falls4 ,!
  squ>es ( ^! di/ances give _! relative 
int5sity4 ,9 g5]al1 "s  kn[n light1 z t 
f a wax c&le 7#d to ! lb471 is tak5 z ! 
/&>d ( comp>ison4    ,dr ,rit*ie's      
#8photomet]' consi/s ( a rectangul> box1
 ab\t #b in*es  squ>e1 op5 at bo? ends1 
& black5$ inside to absorb extrane\s    
light4 ,9 ?is1 incl9$ at angles ( #de to
 its axis1 are plac$ two  precisely     
simil> rectangul> plates ( pla9 silv]$  
glass1 & fa/5$  s z to meet at ! top1 9 
! middle ( a n>r[ slit ab\t an in*  long
 & ! eigh? ( an in* broad1 & :i* is     
cov]$ ) a /rip (  tissue or oil$ pap]4  
,9 employ+ ?is in/rum5t1 ! 8lights mu/  
be  plac$ at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r1 & 

f ! in/rum5t  betwe5 !m1 t ! light f ea*
 %all fall on ! reflector next  x1 & be 
reflect$ to ! correspond+ portion ( !   
oil$ pap]4 ,!  photomet] is !n to be    
mov$ ne>] to ! "o or ! o!r1 until !  two
 portions ( ! oil$ pap] correspond+ to !
 two mirrors are  equally illum9at$1 (  
:i* ! eye c judge ) consid]able         
accuracy40    ,9 ,pr( ,:eat/one's       
#8,,photomet]' ! relative int5sity ( !  
two lights  is det]m9$ by ! relative    
brightness ( ! opposite sides ( a       
revolv+ silv]$ ball illum9at$ by !m4    
,9 ! me?od ( photometry usually1 b      
errone\sly1 ascrib$ to ,c\nt  ,rum=d1 ! 
%ad[s ( an opaque object =m$ by diff]5t 
lights1 &  all[$ to fall on a :ite wall 
or pap] scre51 are contra/$4 ,a wire    
ab\t #c_/af?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ab\t a   
foot 9 l5g?1 ) ! "o  end b5t s z to =m a
 h&le1 is commonly us$ to =m ! %ad[s4 ,!
  me?od ( proce$+ is simil> to t fir/   
above notic$4    ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t
 ! equality ( two %ad[s c be  appreciat$
 ) great] c]ta9ty ?an t ( two lights4   

,,ph?is,,ic4 ,a popul> "n = difficulty (
 brea?+1 f its suppos$  resemblance to  
ph?isis4 ,see ,,bron*itis1 & bel[4      
,,ph?isis4 7,a wa/+ away47 ,?is is !    
=midable disease ord9>ily or  popul>ly  
kn[n z 8consumption10 al?\gh1 /rictly   
speak+1 !re are  po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5
 consumption & ph?isis1 z well z betwe5 
^! & ano!r v>iety ( ! malady kn[n z     
tub]culosis4 ,!  /ati/ics :i* foll[1    
h[ev]1 apply to all ^? diseases ( !     
lungs  accompani$ by wa/+1 & z su*      
include ! mortality f ph?isis1          
tub]culosis1 & consumption4    ,9 !     
,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns = _m ye>s pa/1
 "u ! heads  #8ph?isis1' or #8tub]cul>  
disease1' h be5 includ$ *ronic          
bron*itis1 emphysema1 fibroid *anges ( !
 lungs & k9dr$  affections4 #8,x is1    
h[ev]1 probable t ! figures repres5t+ ! 
mortality are fairly accurate1 z !      
errors are to a c]ta9 ext5t  comp5sat+2 
&1 inde$1 tub]cles are (t5 f\nd ev5 9 ! 
diseases  above m5tion$4'#ii            
,footnote #ii3 ,dr ,wynt] ,bly?4    ,!  

foll[+ table1 tak5 f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's
 returns =  #ahdh-ge1 %[s ! annual numb]
 ( dea?s 9 ,engl& f ph?isis1  dur+ a    
p]iod ( #bh ye>s3----      #ahdh        
#ea1ffc    #ahdi      #ej1bii    #ahej  
#df1fah    #ahea      #di1aff    #aheb  
#ej1eid    #ahec      #ed1iah    #ahed  
#ea1bhd    #ahee      #eb1bij    #ahef  
#dh1iej    #aheg      #ej1ajf    #aheh  
#ej1ddb    #ahei      #ej1adi    #ahfj  
#ea1jbd    #ahfa      #ea1icj    #ahfb  
#ej1ifb    #ahfc      #ea1jgb    #ahfd  
#ec1jdf    #ahfe      #ec1gcd    #ahff  
#ee1gad    #ahfg      #ee1jdb    #ahfh  
#ea1dbc    #ahfi      #eb1bgj    #ahgj  
#ed1bca    #ahga      #ec1cgf    #ahgb  
#eb1ehi    #ahgc      #ea1cee    #ahgd  
#di1cgi    #ahge      #eb1idc    ,dr    
,f>r 9 8 lett] to ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al on !
 causes ( dea? 9  ,engl& 9 #ahge1       
writes1 8,ph?isis is a mo/ fatal        
disease1 al?\gh x  has decl9$ )9 ! la/  
tw5ty-five ye>s40    ,accord+ to ! same 
au?ority1 ! mean rate ( mortality f ?is 
disease 0 #bhaa p] #ajjj 9 ! five ye>s f

 #ahej to #ahed1 & #bbhc  9 ! five ye>s 
f #ahgj to #ahgd4    ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t
 facts reveal$ ev5 by a cursory /udy ( !
  /ati/ics ( ph?isis1 is ! l>ge %>e :i* 
! brea?+ ( impure  or ta9t$ air has 9 ! 
orig9 & dissem9ation ( ! disease4       
,h5ce x foll[s t ?ickly populat$ &      
ov]cr[d$ localities suff]  mu* m f its  
ravages ?an ^? :i* are less d5sely      
inhabit$4  ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+
 table3----                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,proximity         ,av]age ,annual      
,mortality                              
or                to #ajj1jjj liv+4     
,d5sityne>ness                          
----------------------------------------
-                (   ( ,p]son           
,o!r diseases                 ,p]sons   
to          ,ph?isis4            ( !    
to a   ,p]son4                          
,respiratory ,organs4                   
,sq4                                    
----------------------------------------

------               ,mile4          #ae
    #be    #ce    #ae    #be    #ce     
,y>ds4   to    to    to    to    to     
to                                      
#be    #ce    #de    #be    #ce    #de  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,heal?y      
di/ricts   #ace    #afc     #ccf   #cih 
#ccj   #cd    #de     #fg      ,london  
#ai1dgj     #ad     #bfd   #cie   #dic  
#de    #fi    #adh      ,lanca%ire      
#a1jjh     #fj     #dai   #dge   #dhd   
#df    #hf    #aie      ,engl&          
& ,wales   #cjh    #ajh     #cfb   #dch 
#djg   #ch    #fa    #aac               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,9 ! v     
badly v5tilat$ ,leopold/adt1 9 ,vi5na1  
#cgh prison]s out (  #dbhj di$ betwe5 ! 
ye>s #ahcd to #ahdg1 or at ! rate ( #hf 
p] #ajjj2  & out ( ^! z _m z #bbj1 or   
#ead p] #ajjj1 di$ f ph?isis4  ,contra/+
 ) ?is ! rate ( mortality f ! same      
disease 9 !  well-v5tilat$ ,h\se (      
,correction 9 ! same city1 we le>n t out

 (  #cjcg !re di$ 9 five ye>s 7f        
#ahej-ahed7 #dc1 or #ad p] #ajjj1 & (   
^! #bd1 or only #gi p] #ajjj1 di$ f !   
same disease4    ,! great preval5ce (   
ph?isis t us$ to prevail1 n only 9 our  
army1 b 9 ! pr9cipal ,european ones1 has
 be5 cle>ly %[n to h  be5 ref]able to ! 
ov]cr[d+ & defective v5tilation ( !     
b>racks4 ,& ?is appli$ equally to !     
b>racks ( milit>y /ations  possess+ su* 
mild & g5ial climates z ,gibralt>1      
,malta1 ,ionia1  ,jamaica1 ,tr9idad1    
,b]muda1 c4#ajj    ,footnote #ajj3 ,dr  
,p>kes4    ,! sanit>y ,commission]s     
appo9t$ "s ye>s back to inquire into !  
preval5ce ( consumption among/ our      
soldi]s1 came to ! conclusion  t ! f\l  
atmosph]e ( ! b>racks 0 ! cause ( x4 ,! 
correctness ( our decision has be5      
corroborat$ by ! greatly  dim9i%$ numb] 
( dea?s :i* h foll[$ ! improv$          
v5tilation  9 our b>racks1 recomm5d$ by 
! ,commission]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t1  ow+  
to ^? hygi5ic improvem5ts1 ! mortality f
 ph?isis is n  m ?an half :at x 0 9 our 

army prior to #ahfg4 ,! same            
satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ by !  
introduction into !  ,fr5* b>racks (    
simil> sanit>y improvem5ts4    ,animals 
are affect$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z  
human be+s4 ,?us1  x is t ph?isis       
attacks monkeys :5 %ut up 9 badly       
v5tilat$  build+s1 & c[s conf9$ 9 close 
%$s4    ,aft] ^! /atem5ts we %all be    
prep>$ to f9d t indoor trades &         
occupations swell ! bills ( mortality f 
ph?isis mu* m ?an  ^? c>ri$ on 9 ! op5  
air4 ,t ?is is ! case is %[n by !       
foll[+ table3----              ,dea?s f 
,ph?isis at ,victoria ,p>k ,hospital1   
%[+ ! influ5ce ( ,occupation4           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------  
,,ages ,,"u                             
,cause ( ,dea?4                         
-------------------------------------,to
tals4                                   
,n                                      
#bj4be4cj4ce4dj4de4ej4ee4fj4fe4/at$4    
----------------------------------------

----------------------------            
,female lives             #de #da #be   
#ae #ab  #c  #a  #a444444  444    #adc  
,indoor occupation        #cb #ca #cj   
#bd #ae  #i  #e444444444   #d     #aej  
,mix$ occupation #aj  #g  #g  #e  #d  #c
  #d444444444   #a      #da      ,males 
,outdoor occup4    #i #ba #ba #ac #ab   
#aa  #h  #b  #a444   #b     #ajj        
----------------------------------------
----                             #ifajj 
#hc #eg #dc #bf #ah  #c  #a444   #g     
#dcd                                    
----------------------------------------
----      ,! same r$uc$ to              
a p] c5tage4                            
,female lives             #cb #bh #ah   
#aj  #h  #b  #a  #a444444  444    #ajj  
,indoor occupation        #ba #ba #bj   
#af #aj  #g  #c444444444   #b     #ajj  
,mix$ occupation #bd #ag #ag #ab #aj  #g
 #aj444444444   #c     #ajj      ,males 
,outdoor occup4    #i #ba #ba #ac #ab   
#aa  #h  #b  #a444   #b     #ajj        
----------------------------------------

----                             #hf #hg
 #gf #ea #dj #bg #bb  #c  #a444   #g    
#djj                                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,!      
influ5ce ( occupation 9 develop+ ph?isis
 is =cibly illu/rat$  9 ! foll[+        
table3----                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,dea?-rate by ,ph?isis &                
o!r ,lung ,diseases at                  
,di/rict4       ,nature ( pr9cipal      
betwe5 #ae & #be ye>s                   
,indu/ry 9 ! ,di/rict4  ( age1 p]       
#ajj1jjj (                              
ea* class ref]r$ to4                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,male4      ,female4                    
,b]khamp/ead    ,ext5sive female        
#bai         #egh         ,leighton     
,buzz>d   employm5t 9              #cai 
#eed                                    
/raw-plait+                             

,newport ,pagnell  ,ext5sive female     
#cja         #fae         ,t[ce/]       
employm5t 9              #bci           
#egg                                    
lace-mak+                               
,ext5sive female 7)                     
,yeovil             "s males7 employm5t 
#bhj         #dji                       
9 glove-mak+                            
,leek             ,ext5sive employm5t   
#dcg         #hef         ,congleton    
7m female ?an          #eff         #gij
         ,macclesfield       male7 9    
silk "w         #eic         #hij       
,/&>d ,nor!rn                           
,di/rict        ,agriculture            
#eca         #ccc                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,! above
 figures may be supplem5t$ by ! o!rs1   
:i* %[ !  diff]5ce betwe5 ! dea?s f     
ph?isis & o!r lung diseases  occurr+    
among/ ! agricultural & ! manufactur+   
populations1 &  are ano!r illu/ration ( 
! nature ( ! toil]'s occupation ^u 8    

liability to consumption4 ,?us1 = e #ajj
 dea?s by ph?isis & o!r  lung diseases t
 take place among/ ! m5 9 v>i\s         
agricultural  di/ricts ( ,engl& betwe5 !
 ages ( fifte5 to fifty-five1 !re are  9
 ,cov5try #afc dea?s2 9 ,blackburn &    
,skipton1 #afg2 9 ,congleton &  ,brad=d1
 #afh2 9 ,leek1 #ahb2 9 ,macclesfield1  
#ahd2 9 ,bolton1 #aij2 9  ,nott+ham1    
#aib2 9 ,ro*dale1 #aic2 9 ,d]by1 #aih2 9
 ,sal=d &  ,a%ton-"u-,lyne1 #bjc2 9     
,le$s1 #bah2 9 ,pre/on1 #bbj2 & 9       
,man*e/]1  #bfc4aja    ,footnote #aja3  
,quot$ by ,dr ,wynt] ,bly?4    ,z be>+  
directly ^u ! above portion ( our       
subject1 we may quote  ! six? report ( !
 m$ical (fic] ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 :o    
!re9  /ates----8,9 proportion z ! p ( a 
di/rict are attract$ to any  collective 
indoor occupation1 9 su* proportion1 o!r
 ?+s be+  equal1 ! di/rict dea?-rate by 
lung diseases w be increas$40    ,! mu* 
l>g] numb] ( cases ( lung disease among/
 ^? :o pursue  indoor call+s ?an among/ 
o!rs ^: occupations are c>ri$ on out  ( 

doors1 arises pr9cipally f ! defective  
v5tilation ( !  work%ops or rooms 9 :i* 
! lab\r is c>ri$ on4    ,:5 indoor      
occupations are practis$ 9 l>ge &       
effici5tly v5tilat$  ap>tm5ts1 or       
exi/5ce is pass$ 9 heal?y h\ses1 z 9 !  
dwell+s  ( ! ri* & upp] classes1 :o h   
also ! additional advantages (  good    
food & w>m clo?+1 ! liability to ph?isis
 becomes imm5sely  dim9i%$4    ,! mu*   
great] immunity f ! disease :i* ! ri*]  
enjoy ov] !  poor] classes has be5      
c>efully po9t$ out by ,dr ,guy1 :o1     
writ+ on  ?is subject 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! 
,/ati/ical ,society1' says----8,! ratio 
( dea?s f consumption foll[s ! same ord]
 z ! av]age age at  dea?1 be+ l[e/ :]e !
 av]age age is highe/1 & ! rev]se4  ,?us
 ! av]age age at dea? ( ! class (       
g5tlem5 is #ehfa1 & !  ratio ( dea?s f  
consumption #a to #bfj2 :ile 9 ! class (
 artisans  ! av]age age is #dhjf1 & !   
proportion f consumption is #a to  #bbi4
                                        
----------------------------------------

-------------------------------------   
,numb] (                                
,dea?s                                  
--------                                
,o                                      
t                                       
h                                       
,c   e                                  
,a               o   r                  
v               n                       
e  a            s   ,d                  
r  t            u   i                   
a               m   s                   
g  ,d            p   e                  
#ae   #bj   #cj   #dj   #ej   #fj  #gj  
e  e            t   a                   
,"u,"u    a   ,ratio4   i   s           
,condition4 to   to   to   to   to   to 
to  #cj4  #dj4  a  t            o   e   
g  h            n   s                   
#bj4  #cj4  #dj4  #ej4  #fj4  #gj4 #hj4 
e  4            4   4                   
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,g5tlem51                               

c4                                      
#ajhdahfgbgaaaibgaejffjccjabieaeffbci   
#a to #ejj #aff #hce    ,tradesm5       
#hdfbdcdbfihbjaaabgjfceajfcbhjeighch    
#a to #bfj #ahi #dia    ,artisans       
#gbebcfibfbdbbgiaccdfbfjdccjidegahch-a_/
ba to #bbibcahecjh                      
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
8,aga91 ! class ( g5try pres5ts a small]
 proportional numb] (  dea?s "u ?irty & 
=ty ?an ei!r ( ! o!r classes4 ,x is also
  wor?y ( obs]vation t ! p]-c5tage      
proportion ( dea?s f  consumption "u    
?irty & =ty is high] 9 ! class (        
tradesm5  ?an 9 t ( ! artisan & lab\r]1 
al?\gh ! ratio ( cases (  consumption is
 great] 9 ! latt] class4 ,?is is        
d\btless acc\nt$  = by ! fact already   
e/abli%$1 t ! /rong ex]tion :i* a       
consid]able portion ( ! lab\r+ class    
employ$ )9 doors use 9  _! occupations1 
& ! l>ge numb] employ$ out ( doors1 has 
!  effect ( ret>d+ ! effect ( pulmon>y  
consumption4 ,! tradesman1 x  w be se51 

occupies ! int]m$iate place betwe5 !    
indoor &  outdoor lab\r]----betwe5 !    
artisan us+ little ex]tion & !  artisan 
us+ mu* ex]tion4    444 ,ano!r po9t     
attracts att5tion1 viz4 ! great         
proportion ( dea?s  f consumption       
occurr+ 9 ! class ( g5try f fifte5 to   
tw5ty  ye>s ( age4 ,does n ?is %[ t !   
liability to ! disease is  great] 9 ?is 
class ?an 9 ! two o!rs1 & does x n t5d  
to  /r5g!n ! position t ! excess ( !    
dea?s f consumption 9  ! o!r classes is 
due to ! unfavorable circum/ances 9 :i* 
!y  are plac$8    8,! ratio ( dea?s f   
consumption 9 ! class ( g5try1 l[ z x   
is1 w\ld h be5 /ill l[] if ! m$ical m51 
:o are includ$ 9  x1 7 omitt$4 ,! numb] 
( cases ( pulmon>y consumption occurr+  
9 memb]s ( t pr(ession is v rem>kable1 &
 x is a subject (  regret ) ! au?or t !y
 7 n made a sep>ate class40    ,mu* less
 cle>ly & satisfactorily e/abli%$ is !  
"q z to  :e!r consumption is or is n    
contagi\s4 ,! in/ances :i* h  occurr$ ( 
its ext5sive & rapid spread 9 ov]cr[d$  

b>racks1  prisons1 m5-(-w>1 m]*ant      
vessels1 l>ge work%ops1 c41 n           
unreasonably seem to l5d weight to !    
op9ion t ! g]ms ( !  disease might h be5
 convey$ by ! atmosph]e *>g$ ) !m f  an 
unheal?y to a heal?y subject1 on :om !y 
might develop ! malady4    8,b10 z ,dr  
,bly? writes1 8x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9   
all cr[d$  localities1 !re is direct    
vitiation ( air1 & x is difficult to say
  :e!r ! f\l air or actual contagion h  
mo/ to d ) !  propagation ( ! malady40  
,he adds 8t consumption1 "u ord9>y      
conditions1 is c]ta9ly n contagi\s2 b1  
"u special insanit>y  influ5ces1 c]ta9  
=ms ( consumption may be contagi\s1     
al?\gh x is  /ill a matt] n prov540 ,dr 
,guy bases 8 objection to ! doctr9e (  !
 g5]ally contagi\s nature ( consumption 
^u ! fact ( ! small  fluctuations 9 !   
annual numb] ( dea?s caus$ by x4    ,!  
l[e/ rate ( mortality = ph?isis = a     
million ( inhabitants 9  ,london 01 he  
/ates1 = any "o ( ! fifte5 ye>s f #ahdj 
to #ahed  inclusive1 #bfde1 & !         

fluctuation 0 v slight4 ,! figures 9    
?ree  consecutive ye>s 7----#ahdi1      
#bggg2 #ahej1 #bfde2 #ahea1 #bigj4 8,if1
 !n10 ,dr  ,guy says1 8any "o 7 to ass]t
 t ?is disease is contagi\s1 :i*  is    
tantam\nt to say+ t x may be epidemic1 !
 figures ,i h quot$  w\ld 9 !mselves    
furni% an answ] 9 ! negative4 ,!y are   
sugge/ive  ( a dome/ic disease1         
influ5c$1 z is bron*itis1 by ! seasons &
  ! wea!r40    ,! /ati/ics be=e quot$ z 
to ! correlation betwe5 ! preval5ce  (  
consumption & unheal?y surr\nd+s1 lead  
to ! belief1 t be=e  ?is connection     
betwe5 ! two 0 s well def9$1 cases (    
ph?isis  7 (t5 errone\sly ref]r$ to     
h]$it>y ta9t1 :5 !y may simply  h aris5 
f ! pati5t hav+ be5 environ$ ) ! same   
unfavorable hygi5ic conditions z 8      
p>5ts2 ^! unfavorable  conditions1      
includ+ n only pollut$ air1 b bad food1 
defici5t  app>el1 & want ( ex]cise4     
,h5ce x is t mo/ ( ! lat]  pa?ologi/s1  
)\t d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! transmitt$ =m ( !
  disease1 believe ! h]$it>y influ5ce   

has be5 greatly ov]  e/imat$4    8,z    
reg>ds ! orig9 ( tub]cle10 writes ,dr   
,d\glas ,p[ell1 8op9ions  are extremely 
v>i\s1 & inde$ irreconcileable2 b !     
t5d5cy (  mod]n rese>*----! exp]im5ts ( 
inoculation 9 animals1 & ! v  p[]ful    
advocacy ( ,pr(4 ,niemey]1 is c]ta9ly to
 %[ t tub]cles  is mu* m commonly a     
second>y disease ?an has until lately   
be5  suspect$----t p are1 9 fact1 only  
exceptionally1 if ev]1 born to  die (   
tub]culosis4    8,a due appreciation (  
?is doctr9e1 s diff]5t f t ev5 n[       
accept$ by _m1 is ( almo/ national      
importance 9 giv+ enc\ragem5t  to ^?    
hygi5ic & o!r measures ( prev5tion1 !   
neglect ( :i*  has too (t5 be5 sanction$
 by a =egone conclusion4    8,x w\ld ,i 
?9k be extremely injudici\s to d5y      
h]$it>y  pr$isposition to tub]cles      
altoge!r4 ,moreov]1 :5 we come to !  "q 
( h]$it>y pr$isposition to ! =ms (      
consumption :i*  orig9ate 9 cat>rhal    
pneumonia1 x is freely admitt$ t !      
(fspr+  ( consumptive p>5ts h a t5d5cy  

to ?is =m ( pulmon>y ph?isis1  t !      
scr(ul\s h a l t5d5cy 7,niemey]71 & t   
scr(ulosis  is sometimes h]$it>y40    ,z
 alli$ to ?is portion ( ! "q may be     
m5tion$ ! op9ion (  "s pa?ologi/1 t     
ph?isis may be ei!r caus$ or promot$ by 
habitual drunk5ness2 & t a drunk>d may  
transmit x to 8  (fspr+4    ,! pron5ess 
to consumption is greatly modifi$ by sex
 & age1 !  influ5ces ( :i* ^u ! disease 
are v def9$ & unmi/akable4  ,?us1 wom5  
are m liable to its attacks ?an m51 & "y
 & middle  ag$ p]sons ( bo? sexes ?an   
old ones4    8,9 ,ed9burgh ! ratio (    
dea?s f ph?isis 0 f\nd to decl9e f  #bhe
 at tw5ty ye>s to #jeb above sixty ye>s2
 at ,nott+ham1 f #daf  to #jag 9 ! same 
p]iod ( "t2 at ,*e/]1 f #bde to #jed2 at
  ,c>lisle1 f #bij to #jig2 & 9 ,p>is1  
accord+ to ,l\is1 f #cbe  to #jdb2 :ile 
! g5]al av]age decl9e 0 f #bhe1 or #bhe 
p]  c5t41 at tw5ty to ?irty1 to #jgh1 or
 #ghj p] c5t41 above #fj40ajb           
,footnote #ajb3 ,bly?4    ,among/ o!r   
conditions unfavorable to ! consumptive 

pati5t1 9  addition to ! brea?+ ( a     
pollut$ atmosph]e1 may be nam$          
insuffici5cy ( n\ri%+ food & app>el1    
v>iable wea!r1 & a damp  soil4 ,?is     
latt] is p>ticul>ly inimical to         
ph?isical suff]]s4 ,inde$  s closely is 
dampness ( soil associat$ ) ! spread (  
ph?isis1  t ! disease has be5           
conclusively %[n to h dim9i%$ 9         
localities 9 proportion z ^! h be5      
prop]ly dra9$4 ,dr ,&rews1  ( ,*icago1  
says t consumption is mo/ preval5t ne> !
 sea1 &  t x dim9i%es 9 proportion to ! 
di/ance ( ! inl& locality  f ! ocean4 ,a
 damp atmosph]e also provokes ! disease4
    ,ph?isis seems to be a malady       
peculi> to temp]ate climates4 ,z to !   
influ5ce ( ! season ^u ! disease1 ,dr   
,havil& says1 8,9 ,engl& we  le>n f !   
/ati/ical returns t ! spr+ is ! mo/     
fatal to  consumptive pati5ts1 :e!r male
 or female1 b ) reg>d to ! o!r  seasons 
!re is consid]able v>iability4 ,=       
in/ance1 suppose we take  ! seasons (   
#ahch 9 ! ord] ( _! fatality to males1  

!y w\ld  /& ?us----spr+1 #aacg2 w9t]1   
#ajdh2 summ]1 #ifh2 autumn1 #ijd4 ,to   
females----spr+1 #igb2 summ]1 #icg2     
w9t]1 #hif2 autumn1 #hbe4 ,!n aga91     
al?\gh ! spr+ inv>iably takes ! lead1 ! 
o!r seasons *ange  places ) ea* o!r f   
ye> to ye>2 & :at is rem>kable1 ?is     
inconsi/5cy does n seem to be dep5d5t ^u
 ! temp]ature1 z we  %all pres5tly see4 
,9 ! returns = #ahec1 ! foll[+ /ati/ics 
9  dea?s f consumption appe>3----,w9t]1 
#ahgb2 spr+1 #aiga2 summ]1 #agde2       
autumn1 #aiad4 ,! ord] ( fatality 9 !   
ye>s above quot$ w\ld  !re=e be3----    
#ahch4----,males4    #a4 ,spr+4   #b4   
,w9t]4   #c4 ,summ]4   #d4 ,autumn4     
#ahch4----;,females4    #a4 ,spr+4   #b4
 ,summ]4   #c4 ,w9t]4   #d4 ,autumn4    
#ahdj4----,total4    #a4 ,spr+4   #b4   
,w9t]4   #c4 ,summ]4   #d4 ,autumn4     
#ahec4----,total4    #a4 ,spr+4   #b4   
,autumn4   #c4 ,w9t]4   #d4 ,summ]4     
8,s f>1 !re=e1 z seasons are conc]n$1 ! 
above table proves t  spr+1 i4e4 ,april1
 ,may1 ,june1 is ! mo/ inimical qu>t] to

  ph?isical pati5ts1 & probably         
,autumn----,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 
!  lea/ s4 ,9 ,london at lea/1 if n     
?r\gh\t ,engl& g5]ally1 !  spr+ is      
und\bt$ly ! mo/ obnoxi\s to consumptive 
cases2 & ?is  /atem5t is 9 accordance ) 
! exp]i5ce ( ^? physicians :o  h        
opportunities ( see+ ! rise1 progress1 &
 end ( _m hundr$s  ( ph?isical pati5ts  
dur+ ! ye>4 ,dr ,ri*>d ,qua9 obs]ves t !
  cold ea/]ly w9d ( spr+ completes ! "w1
 :i* ! w9t] _h left  undone40#ajc       
,footnote #ajc3 #8,climate1 ,wea!r1 &   
,disease1' by ,dr ,havil&4    ,t great] 
or less de/ruction ( ! lungs1 :i* is    
*>act]i/ic (  pulmon>y ph?isis1         
orig9ates 9 ! pres5ce 9 !m ( a diseas$  
gr[?1 consi/+ ( v m9ute masses or gra9s1
 :i* are sometimes  grey1 & at o!rs     
yell[ or *eeselike 9 appe>ance4    ,^!  
little bodies are ei!r diffus$ uni=mly  
?r\gh ! sub/ance (  ! lungs1 or are     
collect$ toge!r 9 !m 9 l>g] or small]   
masses4  ,9 ! latt] case1 ea* little    
mass g5]ally sets up 9 ! surr\nd+       

tissue ( ! lungs1 inflammation &        
suppuration1 :i*1 al?\gh only  processes
 by :i* nature endeav\rs to expel ! ali5
 sub/ance f !  lung1 may1 by con/ant    
repetition1 cause ! de/ruction ( !      
great]  "p ( ! respiratory organs4      
,,phyllox]a ,,va/atrix4 ,9 #ahff ,m4    
,delorme1 ( ,arles1 9 ! ,s\? (  ,france1
 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ t a peculi> disease 
:i* _h  manife/$ itself ! previ\s ye>   
among/ ! v9es gr[+ 9 !  plateau (       
,pujaut on ! we/ bank ( ! riv] ,rhone1 9
 ! ,dep>tm5t  ( ! ,g>d1 0 ( a new &     
specific "*4    ,%ortly aft]w>ds a      
commission appo9t$ by ! ,h]ault         
,agricultural  ,society visit$ "o ( !   
infe/$ localities1 & "o ( its memb]s1   
,m4  ,plan*on1 confirm$ ,m4 ,delorme's  
conjectures1 by discov]+ ! cause (  !   
v9e malady4 ,?is he conclusively %[$ 0  
due to ! pres5ce ( a  peculi> & hi!rto  
unkn[n description ( ,aphis1 belong+ to 
!  g5us ,phyllox]a1 :i*1 z illu/rative (
 its deva/at+ qualities1  he nam$ ,p4   
va/atrix4    ,a full-gr[n ,phyllox]a    

va/atrix does n exce$ m ?an ! #ccrd or  
#dj? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,exam9$ "u a      
microscope1 9 addition to  %ort po9t$   
legs1 x is se5 to be furni%$ ) a        
proboscis ne>ly  half z long z its body4
 ,^u exam9ation ?is proboscis seems to  
be  compos$ ( ?ree tongues1 ( :i* !     
c5tre "o is ! longe/1 &  ^! are unit$ at
 _! base into a k9d ( flat1 %>p-po9t$   
blade1  :i* is ! bor+ or punctur+       
app>atus1 by ! aid ( :i* !  insect      
pi]ces into ! roots1 f :i* x sucks !    
juices t  con/itutes its food4 ,ab\t    
half ! proboscis or suck] is ins]t$ into
  ! b>k ( ! root1 & ! creature c n only 
atta* itself to !  root by means ( x1 b 
c also turn on x1 z on a pivot1 :5      
engag$  9 ! depr$ations4                
,illu/ration3 ,male ,phyllox]a2 dot 9   
circle %[+ natural size4    ,^! are     
cont9u$ f ,april to ,octob]1 by :i* mon?
 ! insect has  lo/ ! yell[ col\r t      
di/+ui%es x 9 ! summ] mon?s1 &  assum$ a
 copp] br[n %ade4    ,f ,octob] to      
,april ! ,phyllox]a hyb]nate1 or r1 su* 

( !m d  z h laid no eggs dur+ ! p]iod ( 
_! active exi/5ce1 = !  egg-lay+ females
 die1 & "y phyllox] only are pres]v$    
dur+ !  w9t] mon?s4    ,) ! return (    
,april !y awake f _! w9t] sleep1 &      
recomm5ce _! deva/at+ c>e]4 ,!y !n      
increase rapidly 9 size  & beg9 to lay  
unimpregnat$ eggs1 = !re are at t "t no 
males4  8,^! br+ =? females :i* 9 _!    
turn develop & lay  unimpregnat$ eggs1 &
 ! virg9al reproduction cont9ues = five 
or  six g5]ations1 ! developm5t increas+
 9 rapidity ) ! heat1 b  ! prolificacy  
or ! numb] ( ! eggs decreases4    8,9   
,july "s ( ! individuals %[ little      
w+-pads at ! sides1 &  beg9 to issue f !
 gr\nd & acquire w+s4 ,^! w+$           
individuals  become v num]\s 9 ,augu/1 &
 cont9ue to appe> 9 dim9i%+  numb]s     
!reaft] till ! leaves h all fall54 ,!y  
are all females  & c>ry 9 _! abdom5 f   
?ree to eight eggs ( two sizes1 !  l>g] 
ones ab\t #b_/ajj?s ( an in* long & half
 z wide2 ! small]  #c_/d? z long4 ,^!   
eggs are also unimpregnat$ & are laid by

  pref]5ce on ! "u side ( ! m t5d]      
leaves1 atta*$ by "o  end1 amid !       
natural d[n4 ,!y increase some:at 9     
size1 & give bir?  9 ab\t t5 days to !  
true sexual individuals1 ! l>g] produc+ 
females1 ! small]1 males4    8,anomal\s 
z x may seem ^! creatures are born      
p]fect1 ?\gh )\t  m\?1 & ) no o!r ?an ! 
reproductive function4    ,illu/ration3 
,true female ,phyllox]a2 a1 v5tral view1
 %[+ obsolete  m\? & solit>y egg1       
occupy+ ne>ly ! entire body2 b1 dorsal  
view2 c1 t>sus2 d1 contract$ anal jo9ts 
aft] ! egg is laid2 dot  9 circle %[+   
natural size4    8,a mo/ rem>kable fact1
 discov]$ by ,babiani1 is t "s ( !      
females nev] acquire w+s1 b always rema9
 on ! roots1 also produce  ! few diff]5t
 siz$ eggs f :i* ^! true1 m\?less males 
&  females hat*4 ,! sexes pair soon aft]
 hat*+1 & ! female is  deliv]$ on ! #crd
 or #d? day ( a solit>y egg1 & !n       
p]i%es4 ,?is  egg is nev] laid on !     
leaf1 b always on ! wood1 ei!r "u !     
b>k1 or 9 %elt]$ situations above gr\nd1

 or on ! roots  und]gr\nd4 ,! "y hat*+ f
 x is ! normal agam\s "m1  :i*1 )       
increas$ vig\r & f]tility1 lays a l>ge  
numb] ( eggs1  & recomm5ces ! virg9al   
reproduction & ! cycle ( ! species'     
curi\s life4 ,! impregnat$ eggs laid    
e>ly 9 ! season d\btless  hat* ! same   
ye>1 ?\gh "s ( ! lat] deposit$ ones may 
pass !  w9t] be=e hat*+40#ajd           
,footnote #ajd3 ,riley4    ,! p>ts ( !  
v9e attack$ by ! ,phyllox]a are !       
rootlets1 :i*  9 a diseas$ plant1 may be
 se5 m or less cov]$ ) :at appe>s to  ! 
nak$ eye1 a yell[i% p[d]1 b ^u a        
microscopic exam9ation  reveals itself z
 a mixture ( phyllox] ( diff]5t sizes1 &
 ( _!  eggs4    ,dur+ ,augu/ &          
,septemb]1 ! phyllox] inve/ ! rootlets 9
  c\ntless numb]s1 & are s abundant z to
 entirely obscure ! col\r  ( ! roots1 & 
to cause !m to appe> yell[ f ! enorm\s  
numb]  ( _! m9ute organisms4    ,!      
effect ( ! attacks ( ! p>asite ^u !     
rootlets is to give  rise 9 x to !      
=mation ( a numb] ( little tumefactions 

or  enl>gem5ts4 ,^! 9 c\rse ( "t decay1 
& _! de/ruction results  9 ! dea? ( !   
plant4    ,exposure to air & sunlight   
acts fatally to ! ,phyllox]a1 %rivell+  
& dry+ x up4 ,h5ce its in/9ct (         
self-pres]vation1 no less ?an  its se>* 
aft] its food1 leads x to bury itself   
b5ea? ! surface (  ! soil4 ,b1 z !      
insect does n possess an organisation t 
fits x  = burr[+1 ! "* ( ! soil has a   
great deal to d 9  af=d+ facilities or !
 rev]se favorable to its exi/5ce4    ,if
 ! soil be ( su* a nature1 t x splits   
easily into fissures or  cracks1 :i*    
bett] lead to or s]ve to expose ! v9e   
roots1 x w (  c\rse af=d a mu* m easy   
means ( access to ! p>asite ?an if x  be
 compact or close4    ,h5ce x is t      
clayey & *alk soils1 f _! liability to  
split up  on ! surface1 af=d mu* m      
cong5ial habitats = ! ,phyllox]a  ?an   
s&y ones1 :i*1 be+ dry & closely-knit1  
af=d a mu* m  imp5etrable b>ri] to !    
entrance ( ! insect1 or to its          
subt]ranean  movem5ts4    ,illu/ration3 

a1 heal?y root2 b1 root on :i* ! lice   
are work+1  %[+ ! knots & swell+s caus$ 
by _! punctures2 c1 root  des]t$ by !m1 
on :i* ! rootlets h begun to decay2 d1  
d1  d1 lice on ! l>g] roots1 natural    
size2 e1 female pupa1 dorsal  view2 f1  
w+$ female1 dorsal view1 greatly enl>g$4
    ,^! /atem5ts are borne out by ! fact
 t :]e ! disease has  %[n itself x has  
be5 f\nd to v>y 9 ext5t & int5sity 9    
proportion z ! soil ( ! v9ey>d is m or  
less clayey2 & _m  in/ances are kn[n 9  
:i* pat*es ( a v9ey>d h cont9u$         
unaffect$ amid/ ! surr\nd+ deva/ation1  
ow+ to ! abs5ce 9  ^? p>ticul> p>ts ( ! 
soil1 ( ! argillace\s elem5t4    ,a     
=cible illu/ration ( ?is malign influ5ce
 ( clay 9 ! soil is  af=d$ by ! foll[+  
analyses ( two specim5s ( e>? tak5 f  ! 
same v9ey>d4 ,! specim5 m>k$ 8heal?y0 0 
f a small plot (  gr\nd 9 :i* ! v9es 7  
p]fectly s\nd2 t di/+ui%$ z  8unheal?y0 
=m$ by f> ! great] portion ( ! soil ( ! 
v9ey>d1  ! plants gr[+ 9 :i* 7 all      
suff]+ f ! ravages ( !  p>asite3----    

,heal?y4   ,unheal?y4      ,wat]        
#bbe         #cbj      ,nitrog5         
#jaa         #jab      ,sulphate (      
calcium      #jfb         #jdb          
,*loride ( sodium       #aae            
#jah      ,c>bonate ( calcium    #dijj  
#dbjj      ,silice\s s&          #bcej  
#ajbj      ,clay                        
#agge        #cgej      ,organic        
sub/ances      & error ( analysis4      
#efb         #fch                       
----------------     ----------------   
#ajjjj       #ajjjj    ,f ! locality    
already indicat$1 :]e x _h fir/ develop$
 itself  9 #ahfe1 ! v9e disease         
gradually ext5d$ until1 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 x
  0 ravag+ ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,g>d1          
,vaucluse1 ,isre1 ,h]ault1 ,drme1       
,b\*es du ,rhone1 ,ard*e1               
,basses-,alpes1 ,v>1 ! ,gironde1 & !    
,*>5tes1 s9ce :i* "t x has gradually    
cont9u$ to spread into !  adjac5t       
di/ricts4    8,we may ga9 a m precise   
idea ?an c be af=d$ by a m]e  obs]vation
 ( ! geographical ext5sion ( ! disease1 

( !  disa/r\s nature ( ! ravages ( !    
,phyllox]a1 by ! exam9ation (  "s ( !   
/ati/ics ( ! grape-crop 9 successive    
ye>s1 9 "s (  ! dep>tm5ts attack$4 ,?us1
 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,vaucluse1 :]e !       
disease %[$ itself 9 #ahff1 !re 7 9     
#ahff1 accord+ to !  results obta9$ by !
 dep>tm5tal commission in/itut$ at      
,avignon to  obs]ve on ! new            
v9e-disease1 #fjjj hect>es absolutely   
dead or dy+1  & a mu* l>g] numb] already
 attack$1 :i* h s9ce succumb$ to  !     
p>asite4 ,out ( ! #cj1jjj hect>es (     
v9ey>ds compris$ 9 ?is  dep>tm5t1       
#be1jjj1 or five six?s ( ! total area1 h
 be5  de/roy$4 ,9 ! ,g>d1 :]e ! v9e     
fl\ri%es bett] ?an 9 !  above-m5tion$   
dep>tm5t1 ! ravages ( ! disease are yet 
mo/  t]rible2 = 9 #ahga1 9 !            
,arrondissem5t ( ,uzes1 b "o half ( !   
av]age crop 0 produc$1 & 9 !            
,arrondissem5t ( ,nismes a t5?  "p ( !  
crop 0 de/roy$4 ,^! proportions1        
moreov]1 h  increas$ s9ce t ye>4    8,if
 we exam9e ! mis*ief done 9 ! less      

ext5d$ areas ( !  communes1 we %all     
obta9 a /ill cle>] idea ( ! rapid spread
 ( !  disease3----      8,,commune ,,(  
,,graveson4      #ahfe-ff-fg mean crop  
#aj1jjj hectolitres4          #ahfh    0
       #e1ejj      0          #ahfi    0
       #b1bjj      0          #ahgj    0
         #djj      0          #ahga    0
         #bje      0          #ahgb    0
         #ajj      0          #ahgc    0
          #ej      0    8,9 ! ,commune (
 ,maillanne ! crop 9 #ahfh 0 only #dj p]
 c5t4 ( !  av]age ( ! ?ree prec$+ ye>s1 
:ile 9 #ahfi x 0 only #aj p]  c5t4 ,9 ! 
,commune ( ,eyragues ! crop 9 #ahfh 0   
ab\t #cc p] c5t4  ( ! av]age ( ! ?ree   
prec$+ ye>s1 & 9 #ahfi !re 0 a  fur!r   
fall+ (f ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,9 #ahgj !  
crop 9 ! ?ree  above-nam$ communes 0    
almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,f in/ances su* 
z  ^!1 fairly select$ f _m o!rs equally 
tragic 9 _! /]n  figures1 we may =m "s  
idea ( ! magnitude ( ! disa/]4 ,inde$1  
x is difficult to see1 s rapid is !     
ext5sion ( ! disease1 h[1  unless "s    

pot5t & effective rem$y c be soon       
appli$1 any  v9e-be>+ di/rict 9 ,france 
c escape ! visitation ( !               
,phyllox]a40#aje    ,footnote #aje3     
#8,nature1' vol4 x4    ,! ,fr5*         
,gov]nm5t1 fully alive to ! p]il ?reat5+
 ! /aple  product ( _! c\ntry1 %ortly   
aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,phyllox]a  9 !    
v9ey>ds ( ,france1 (f]$ ?r\gh _! ,m9i/] 
( ,comm]ce &  ,agriculture a rew>d (    
#cjj1jjj francs = ! discov]y ( a means (
  arre/+ & /opp+ its ravages2 & 9 #ahga 
! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1  at ,p>is appo9t$
 a commission1 presid$ ov] by !         
celebrat$ *emi/  ,m4 ,dumas1 to         
inve/igate ! biology1 habits1 c41 ( !   
p>asite1  toge!r ) ! nature ( ! injuries
 x inflict$ ^u ! v9e1 !  area ( its     
depr$ations1 c4 ,f among/ ! memb]s ( ?is
 commission  ?ree g5tlem5 7 *os5 to     
visit ! infect$ di/ricts1 s z to be     
af=d$ an opportunity ( /udy+ !          
,phyllox]a at its de/ructive  "w1 & its 
environm5ts ( soil1 situation1          
temp]ature1 c4    ,! delegates select$  

by ! ,commission 7 ,,mm4 ,balbiani1     
,cornu1 &  ,duclaux1 respectively among/
 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ liv+  repres5tatives (  
zoology1 botany1 & *emi/ry 9 ,france1 & 
!  results ( _! lab\rs 0 ! issue1 "s few
 ye>s back1 ( a mo/  exhau/ive &        
valuable report to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces
 on ! subject  ( ! ,phyllox]a4    ,!    
v9es ( o!r c\ntries besides ^? ( ,france
 h also suff]$  f ! attacks ( !         
,phyllox]a4 ,?us x has made its         
appe>ance 9 !  v9ey>ds ( ,algi]s1       
,italy1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,portugal1      
,switz]l&1  ,au/ralia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 
on all ( :i* x has be5 productive (  m  
or less s]i\s injury to ! v9tage4       
,among/ ! numb]less rem$ies t h be5     
sugge/$ & tri$1 )  v>y+ b by no means   
uni=m or satisfactory results1 = !      
de/ruction ( ! ,phyllox]a1 may be       
m5tion$ sulphur1 ! sulphites1  tobacco1 
cau/ic soda1 & pota%1 bisulphide (      
c>bon1 coal-t>1 s(t  soap1 lime1 !      
imm]sion ( ! v9e 9 sulpho-c>bonate (    
potassium1  & ! application ar\nd !     

roots ( s&4    ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( success1
 x has be5 said1 has att5d$ ! employm5t 
( ! sulpho-c>bonate ( potassium & s&4   
,an ,am]ican botani/1 ,mr ,riley1       
recomm5ds ! importation into ,fr5*      
v9ey>ds ( ! ,am]ican v9es1 :i* he       
sugge/s %\ld be employ$ z  /ocks on :i* 
to graft ! ,fr5* ones4    ,! ,am]ican   
plant be+ ( a h>dy nature1 he believes  
its incorporation  ) ! m susceptible    
,fr5* ones1 w\ld give rise to a v9e     
suffici5tly vigor\s to resi/1 or at any 
rate n to be injur$ by !  ravages ( !   
p>asite4    ,,physic ,,balls4 ,see      
,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9es4    ,,physo/igmatis 
,,faba4 ,see ,,calab> ,,bean4           
,,pi,,ca4 ,deprav$ appetite4            
,,pic,,am>4 ,"o ( ! peculi> pr9ciples   
discov]$ by ,rei*5ba* 9  bee*-t>1 &     
describ$ by him z a viscid1 col\rless1  
oily liquid1 only  feebly odor\s1 b     
int5sely bitt]2 insoluble 9 wat]2 freely
 soluble  9 alcohol1 e!r1 & oils2 boil+ 
po9t #ebj ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #ajie4 ,see   
,,kreasote4    ,,piccalil,,li4 ,see     

,,pickles4    ,,pick,,le4 ,! liquor 9   
:i* sub/ances us$ z food are pres]v$4 ,t
  = fle% is commonly br9e2 t =          
vegetables1 v9eg>2 bo? ( :i*  are       
commonly flav\r$ ) spices1 c4    ,prep4 
#a4 7,,= ,,meat47----a4 ,f bay salt1 #c 
lbs42 saltpetre1 #b-a_/b oz42  moi/     
sug>1 #a lb42 allspice & black pepp]1 ( 
ea* 7bruis$7 #a oz42  wat]1 #i p9ts2    
simm] !m toge!r 9 a clean cov]$ iron or 
enamell$  vessel = #g or #h m9utes2 :5 !
 :ole has cool$1 remove ! scum1 &  p\r x
 ov] ! articles to be pres]v$4 ,us$ =   
hams1 tongues1 beef1  c41 to :i* x      
imp>ts a f9e r$ col\r & a sup]ior       
flav\r4    b4 ,f bay salt & common salt1
 ( ea* #b lbs42 moi/ sug>1 #a lb42      
saltpetre1 #a_/b lb42 allspice 7bruis$71
 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a gall12 z  be=e4    
,us$ *iefly = pork & hams4 ,common salt 
may be sub/itut$  = bay salt1 b x is    
less p[]fully antiseptic1 & ! flav\r is 
less grateful4    #b4 7,=               
,,vegetables47----a4 ,/rong di/ill$     
v9eg>1 to ea* qu>t (  :i* #a-a_/b oz4 ( 

good salt has be5 add$4    b4 ,good     
di/ill$ v9eg>1 #d p9ts2 common salt1    
#b-a_/b oz42 black  pepp]1 #a_/b oz42   
unblea*$ ,jamaica g+]1 #b-a_/b oz4 7!   
la/ two  bruis$1 b n du/y72 mace        
7%r$d$71 #a_/d oz42 simm] 9 an enamell$ 
iron or /onew>e vessel1 z above1 & /ra9 
?r\gh flannel4 ,sometimes  a little     
capsicum is add$4 ,us$ ei!r hot or cold1
 accord+ to !  vegetable x is int5d$ to 
pres]ve4    ,pickle1 ,lemon4 ,see       
,,sauces4    ,,pickles4 ,^! well-kn[n   
articles are easily prep>$ ( ! f9e/     
quality4 ,! vegetables & fruit1 select$ 
( ! prop] quality & at  ! prop] season1 
aft] be+ well cleans$ ) cold spr+ wat]1 
are  /eep$ = "s "t 9 /rong br9e2 !y are 
!n dra9$ & dri$1  & transf]r$ to bottles
 or j>s2 ! spice 7if any7 is !n add$1 ! 
bottles fill$ up ) hot1 /rong1 pickl+   
v9eg>1 & at once securely  cork$ d[n &  
ti$ ov] ) bladd]4 ,z soon z ! bottles   
are cold  ! corks are dipp$ into melt$  
wax1 ! m surely to pres]ve !m           
air-tight4 ,good wood or di/ill$ v9eg>  

is commonly us$ = ?is  purpose2 b ! be/ 
malt or :ite w9e v9eg> ( ! /r5g? kn[n z 
,no4 #bb or #bd is exclusively employ$ =
 ! f9] pickles :i* are n  spic$4 ,9 ^? =
 e>ly use ! #8/eep' may be made 9 hot or
 boil+  br9e1 by :i* ! product w be     
ready = ! table 9 a mu* %ort]  p]iod2 b 
) sub/ances ( a succul5t & flabby       
nature1 z cabbage1  caulifl[]1 "s fruit1
 c41 or 9 :i* crispness is e/eem$ a m>k 
(  excell5ce1 ?is is inadmissible4 ,to  
su* articles ! v9eg> %\ld also  be add$ 
cold1 or1 at fur!/1 %\ld be only        
slightly w>m$4 ,z a  g5]al rule1 ! s(t] 
& m delicate articles d n require s long
  soak+ 9 br9e z ! h>d] & co>s] k9ds2 & 
!y may be (t5  advantage\sly pickl$ by  
simply p\r+ v /rong pickl+ v9eg> ov]  !m
 )\t apply+ heat4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ 
t beetroot1 &  o!r l sub/ances :i* are  
slic$1 z well z c]ta9 delicate  fruits1 
mu/ n be /eep$ at all4 ,! spice is      
commonly add$ :ole to  ! bottles2 b a m 
economical plan is to /eep x 7bruis$7 = 
"s  "t1 or to simm] x 9 ! v9eg> be=e us+

 ! latt]1 z 9 !  =ms giv5 "u ,,pickle   
7above74    ,! spices & flav\r+ +r$i5ts 
employ$ = pickles are----allspice1      
black & :ite pepp]1 capsicums or r$     
pods1 cloves1 g>lic1 g+]1  hors]adi%1   
lemon peel1 mace1 mu/>d1 %allots1 &     
turm]ic4 ,^! are  *os5 ) ref]5ce to !   
p>ticul> v>iety ( ! pickle1 or !  ta/e (
 ! consum]4    ,a good ,,spic$ ,,v9eg> =
 pickles g5]ally is ! foll[+3----,bruise
 9 a  mort> #b oz4 ( black pepp]1 #a oz4
 ( g+]1 #a_/b oz4 ( allspice1 & #a  oz4 
( salt4 ,if a hott] pickle is desir$1   
add #a_/b dr4 ( cay5ne1 or a  few       
capsicums4 ,= walnuts1 add also #a oz4 (
 %allots4 ,put ^! into a  /one j>1 ) a  
qu>t ( v9eg>1 & cov] !m ) a bladd] wett$
  ) ! pickle1 & ov] ?is place a piece ( 
lea!r4 ,set ! j> on a  trivet ne> ! fire
 = #c days1 %ak+ x #c times a day1 !n   
p\r x on  ! walnuts or o!r vegetables4  
,= walnuts x is us$ hot1 b =  cabbage1  
c41 cold4 ,to save "t x is usual to     
simm] ! v9eg> g5tly  ) ! spices2 :i* is 
be/ done 9 an enamell$ saucepan4    ,9 !

 prep>ation ( pickles x is highly       
necess>y to avoid ! use (  metallic     
vessels1 z bo? v9eg> & br9e rapidly     
corrode brass1 copp]1  lead1 c41 & ?us  
become poison\s4 ,^! liquids may be be/ 
heat$ or  boil$ 9 a /onew>e j> by ! heat
 ( a wat] ba? or a /ove4 ,common  glaz$ 
e>!nw>e %\ld be avoid$1 ei!r = mak+ or  
keep+ !  pickles 91 z ! glaz+ usually   
conta9s lead4 ,pickles %\ld also be     
kept f ! air z mu* z possible1 & %\ld   
only be t\*$ )  wood5 or bone spoons4   
,!y are also bett] prep>$ 9 small j>s1  
or  bottles1 ?an 9 l>ge ones1 z ! m     
frequ5t op5+ ( ! latt]  exposes !m too  
mu*4 ,copp] or v]digris is frequ5tly    
add$ to pickles  to imp>t a gre5 col\r1 
or ! v9eg> is boil$ 9 a copp] vessel    
until suffici5tly #8gre5$' be=e p\r+ x  
on ! vegetables4 ,?is  poison\s addition
 may be readily detect$ by any ( ! te/s 
m5tion$  "u ,,copp]4 ,if a gre5 col\r be
 desir$1 x may be imp>t$ to !  v9eg>1 & 
ultimately to ! pickles1 by /eep+ v9e   
leaves1 or !  leaves ( p>sley or sp9a*1 

9 x4 ,a teaspoonful ( olive oil may be  
advantage\sly add$ to ea* bottle to keep
 ! pickles :ite1 & to  promote _!       
pres]vation4     ,! foll[+ li/ includes 
! lead+ pickles ( ! %ops1 & "s          
o!rs3----    ,b>b]ries4 ,f ! ripe fruit1
 )\t heat4    ,beans4 ,f ! "y gre5 pods 
( ! sc>let bean1 & ! ,fr5* or  kidney   
bean1 ) heat4    ,beetroot4 ,f ! slic$  
root1 )\t /eep+ 9 br9e1 & ) cold  spic$ 
v9eg>4 ,:5 want$ = imm$iate use ! v9eg> 
may be us$  boil+ hot4    ,broccoli4 ,z 
,,caulifl[]s4    ,cabbage4 ,?is1 ei!r r$
 or :ite1 is cut into ?9 slices1 & /eep$
  9 /rong br9e or spr9kl$ ) common salt1
 & all[$ to lie = #a or  #b days2 aft]  
:i* x is dra9$ = #aj or #ab h\rs 9 a w>m
 room1 &  !n put into j>s or bottles1 ) 
or )\t a little mace & :ite  pepp]corns1
 & at once cov]$ ) cold1 /rong1 :ite    
v9eg>4----,ano!r plan is to /eep ! slic$
 cabbage 9 alum wat] =  #aj or #ab h\rs1
 &1 aft] dra9+ & dry+ x1 to p\r ! v9eg> 
^u x z be=e4 ,! product ( ! la/ =mula   
eats v fre% &  crisp1 b takes long] to  

mature ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,"s p]sons add  a 
little salt ) ! v9eg>2 & o!rs mix slices
 ( r$ beet ) !  cabbage4    ,capsicums4 
,z ,,gh]k9s4    ,caulifl[]s4 ,z         
,,cabbage 7ne>ly74 ,or1 !y may be /eep$ 
9 hot br9e  = #a or #b h\rs be=e p\r+ ! 
v9eg> ov] !m4    ,*]ries4 ,f ! sc>cely  
ripe fruit1 bottl$1 & cov]$ ) /rong  &  
col\rless pickl+ v9eg>4    ,codl9s4 ,z  
,,beans4    ,cucumb]s4 ,z ,,gh]k9s4     
,eld]fl[]s4 ,f ! clu/]s1 j be=e !y op51 
z ,,r$ ,,cabbage4  ,a beautiful pickle4 
,engli% ,bamboo4 ,f ! "y %oots ( eld]1  
d5ud$ ( ! out]  sk91 pickl$ 9 br9e = #ab
 or #ad h\rs2 !n bottl$ ) a little  :ite
 pepp]1 g+]1 mace1 & allspice1 & pickl$ 
) boil+  v9eg>4 ,excell5t ) boil$       
mutton4    ,es*alots4 ,) boil+ spic$    
v9eg>1 or spices add$ to ea* bottle4    
,fr5* ,beans4 ,see above4    ,g>lic4 ,z 
,,es*alots4    ,gh]k9s4 ,f small        
cucumb]s 7n too "y71 /eep$ = a week 9  v
 /rong br9e2 ?is la/ is !n p\r$ (f1     
heat$ to ! boil+  po9t1 & aga9 p\r$ on !
 fruit2 ! next day ! gh]k9s are  dra9$  

on a sieve1 wip$ dry1 put into bottles  
or j>s ) "s spice  7g+]1 pepp]1 or      
cay5ne71 & at once cov]$ ) /rong pickl+ 
v9eg>1 boil+ hot4 ,sev]al o!r pickles   
may be prep>$ 9 ! same  way4            
,gooseb]ries4 ,f ! gre5 fruit1 z ei!r   
,,cabbage or ,,caulifl[]s4    ,indian   
,mango4 ,f gre5 pea*es4 7,see bel[47    
,indian ,pickle4 ,syn4 ,,piccalilli4    
,?is is a mix$ pickle :i* is  *>act]is$ 
by be+ highly flav\r$ ) curry-p[d]1 or  
turm]ic1  mu/>d1 & g>lic4 ,! foll[+ =m  
is commonly us$3----,take #a h>d  :ite  
cabbage 7slic$71 #b caulifl[]s 7pull$ to
 pieces71 "s ,fr5*  beans1 #a /ick (    
hors]adi% 7slic$71 ab\t #b doz5 small   
:ite onions1  & #a doz5 gh]k9s2 cov] !m 
) boil+ br9e2 ! next day dra9  ! :ole on
 a sieve1 put into a j>1 & add1 (       
curry-p[d] or  turm]ic1 #b oz42 g>lic1  
g+]1 & mu/>d se$1 ( ea* #a oz42         
capsicums1 #a_/b oz42 fill up ! vessel )
 hot pickl+ v9eg>1 bung x  up close1 &  
let x /& = a mon?1 ) occasional         
agitation4 ,see  ,,mix$ ,,pickles       

7bel[74    ,lemons4 ,f ! fruit1 slit    
half way d[n into qu>t]s1 & cor$1 put   
into a di%1 & spr9kl$ ) a little salt2 9
 ab\t a week ! :ole  is plac$ 9 j>s or  
bottles ) a little turm]ic & capsicums1 
&  cov]$ ) hot v9eg>4    ,limes4 ,z !   
la/4    ,mangoes4 ,z ,,lemons1 add+     
mu/>d se$ & a little g>lic1 ) spices  at
 w4 ,,engli% ,,mangoes are made f       
cucumb]s or small melons1 split  &      
depriv$ ( _! se$s4    ,melons4 ,z       
,,lemons 7ne>ly74    ,mix$ ,pickles4 ,f 
:ite cabbage1 caulifl[]s1 ,fr5* beans1  
cucumb]s1 onions1 or any o!r ( ! ord9>y 
pickl+ vegetables1 at  w 7except r$     
cabbage or walnuts7 treat$ z ,,gh]k9s2 )
 raw g+]1  capsicum1 mu/>d se$1 & long  
pepp]1 = spice1 add$ to ea* bottle4  ,a 
little co>sely bruis$ turm]ic improves  
bo? ! col\r & flav\r4    ,mu%rooms4 ,f !
 small button mu%rooms1 cleans$ ) cold  
spr+  wat]1 & g5tly wip$ dry ) a t[el1  
!n plac$ 9 bottles1 ) a  blade or two ( 
mace1 & cov]$ ) ! /ronge/ :ite pickl+   
v9eg>1 boil+ hot4    ,myrobalans4 ,!    

yell[ myrobalan pres]v$ 9 /rong br9e4   
,g5tly  ap]i5t4    ,na/urtiums4 ,f !    
unripe or sc>cely ripe fruit1 simply    
cov]$ )  cold /rong v9eg>2 or1 z        
,,cabbage or ,,gh]k9s4    ,onions4 ,f ! 
small button or filb]t onion1 depriv$ ( 
! out]  col\r$ sk91 & ei!r at once put  
into bottles & cov]$ ) /rong  :ite      
pickl+ v9eg>1 or previ\sly /eep$ = a day
 or two 9 /rong  br9e or alum wat]4 ,:5 
requir$ = e>ly use1 ! v9eg> %\ld be     
p\r$ on boil+ hot4    ,pea*es4 ,f !     
sc>cely ripe fruit1 z ,,gh]k9s4         
,peas4 ,z ,,beans or ,,caulifl[]s4      
,piccalilli4 ,see ,,indian ,,pickle4    
,radi% ,pods4 ,z ,,beans or ,,gh]k9s4   
,samphire4 ,f ! p]5nial samphire        
7,ery?mum m>itimum71 cov]$  ) /rong     
v9eg>1 to ea* p9t ( :i* #c_/d oz4 ( salt
 has be5 add$1  & p\r$ on boil+ hot4    
,said to excite ! appetite4             
,tomatoes4 ,f ! common tomato or love   
apple1 z ,,gh]k9s4    ,walnuts4 ,f ! "y 
fruit ( ,juglans regia1 or common       
walnut3----#a4  ,/eep !m 9 /rong br9e = 

a week1 !n bottle !m1 add spice1 &  p\r 
on ! v9eg> boil+ hot4    #b4 ,on ea* p9t
 ( ! nuts1 spread on a di%1 spr9kle #a  
oz4 ( common  salt2 expose !m to ! sun  
or a full light = #aj or #ab days1      
frequ5tly  ba/+ !m ) _! own liquor2     
la/ly1 bottle !m1 & p\r on !  v9eg>1    
boil+ hot4    #c4 7,dr ,kit*5]47 ,g5tly 
simm] ! fruit 9 br9e1 !n expose x on a  
clo? = a day or two1 or until x turns   
black2 next put x into bottles  or j>s1 
p\r hot spic$ v9eg> ov] x1 & cork d[n   
imm$iately4 ,9  ?is way ! pickle becomes
 suffici5tly mature = ! table 9 half !  
"t requir$ = t prep>$ by ! common me?od4
 ,dr ,kit*5] also  recomm5ds ?is p>boil+
 process = sev]al o!r pickles4 ,"s      
p]sons  pi]ce ! fruit ) an awl or       
/ock+-ne$le1 9 sev]al places1 9  ord] to
 induce e>ly maturation4 ,! spices      
usually employ$ are mu/>d  se$1         
allspice1 & g+]1 ) a little mace &      
g>lic4    ,,pic,,ol9e4 ,an oily         
sub/ance1 discov]$ by ,dr ,&]son1       
associat$ )  anil9e1 *9ol9e1 & "s o!r   

volatile bases1 9 c]ta9 v>ieties (      
coal-t> naph?a4    ,,pic,,ric ,,acid4   
,,hc#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,o4 ,syn4           
,,c>bazotic ,,acid1  ,,nitroph5isic     
,,acid1 ,,tr9itroph5isic ,,acid4 ,a     
peculi> comp\nd =m$ by  ! action ( /rong
 nitric acid on indigo1 aloes1 wool1 &  
sev]al o!r  sub/ances4    ,prep4 #a4    
,add1 cauti\sly & gradually1 #a "p (    
p[d]$ indigo to #aj  or #ab p>ts ( hot  
nitric acid ( ! sp4 gr4 #adc2 :5 !      
reaction has  mod]at$ & ! scum has      
fall51 add an additional quantity (     
nitric  acid1 & boil ! :ole until r$    
fumes are no long] evolv$2 r$issolve  ! 
cry/als ( impure picric acid deposit$ 9 
boil+ di/ill$ wat]1  & remove any oily  
matt] f\nd float+ on ! surface ( !      
solution  by means ( bibul\s pap]2 a    
second "t r$issolve 9 boil+ wat] !      
cry/als :i* =m z ! liquid cools1        
saturate ! new solution )  c>bonate (   
potassa1 & set x aside to cry/allise2 ! 
cry/als (  picrate ( potassium ?us      
obta9$ mu/ be purifi$ by sev]al         

re-solutions & re-cry/allisations1 &    
next decompos$ by nitric acid2  !       
cry/als deposit$ z ! liquid cools yield 
pure picric acid by aga9  dissolv+ !m 9 
boil+ wat]1 & re-cry/allisation4    #b4 
,dissolve ! yell[ res9 ( ,xan?orrha     
ha/ilis 7,botany ,bay ,gum7 9  a        
suffici5cy ( /rong nitric acid4 ,r$     
vap\rs are evolv$1 accompani$  by viol5t
 fro?+1 & a deep r$ solution is produc$1
 :i* turns  yell[ aft] boil+4 ,evaporate
 ?is solution ov] a wat] ba?4 ,a yell[  
cry/all9e mass is deposit$1 :i* consi/s 
( picric acid ) small  quantities (     
oxalic & nitrob5zoic acids4 ,! picric   
acid is purifi$  by neutralis+ ! yell[  
mass ) potassa1 & cry/allis+ twice out  
( wat]4 ,! pure picrate ( potassium ?us 
obta9$ is decompos$ by  hydro*loric     
acid1 & ! lib]at$ picric acid is purifi$
 by two  cry/allisations4 ,?is process1 
devis$ by ,/5h\se1 is "o ( ! be/1  &    
yields a quantity ( ! acid am\nt+ to #ej
 ( ! res9 employ$4    ,prop41 c4        
,brilliant yell[ scales1 sc>cely soluble

 9 cold wat]1 b  v soluble 9 boil+ wat]1
 & 9 alcohol & e!r2 fusible2  volatile2 
ta/e insupportably bitt]1 & v p]man5t4  
,x =ms salts  ) ! bases 7picrates1      
c>bazotates71 mo/ly possess+ a yell[    
col\r1 & explod+ :5 heat$4 ,! picrate ( 
lead has be5 propos$  z a fulm9at+ p[d] 
= p]cussion caps4 ,! picrate ( potassium
 has  be5 giv5 ) advantage 9 int]mitt5t 
fev]s4 ,a solution ( picric  acid 9     
alcohol is an excell5t te/ = potassa1 if
 !re be n too mu*  wat] pres5t1 z x ?r[s
 d[n a yell[ cry/all9e precipitate )  t 
alkali1 b =ms a v soluble salt ) soda4  
,mo/ ( ! picrates  may be made by !     
direct solution ( ! c>bonate1 hydrate1  
or oxide (  ! metal1 9 a solution ( !   
acid 9 hot wat]4 ,! picrate ( silv]  =ms
 beautiful />ry gr\ps ( acicul> cry/als1
 hav+ ! col\r &  lu/re ( gold4    ,!    
pr9cipal use ( crude picric acid is =   
dye+ yell[4 ,x is said to  be l>gely    
employ$ = ! adult]ation ( be]4 ,x is1   
h[ev]1 highly  poison\s4 ,accord+ to    
,pr(4 ,rapp1 x acts delet]i\sly bo? :5  

swall[$ & appli$ to ! uns\nd sk94 ,five 
gra9s s]i\sly affect$  a l>ge dog1 &    
kill$ x )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x induces   
vomit+1  feebl5ess1 & g5]al loss ( n]v\s
 tone4 ,! tissues ( animals  poison$ by 
x 7ev5 ! :ite ( ! eye7 7 t+$ ( a yell[  
col\r4  ,see ,,port]1 c4                
,,picrotox,,94 ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#e4 ,syn4   
,,picrotox9e1 ,,pictrotoxia1            
,,picrotox9a4 ,a poison\s pr9ciple      
discov]$ by ,b\llay 9 ! fruit (         
,anamirta paniculata1 or ,cocculus      
indicus4    ,prep4 #a4 ,precipitate a   
decoction ( ,cocculus indicus ) a       
solution  ( acetate ( lead1 g5tly       
evaporate to dryness1 r$issolve !       
residuum  9 alcohol ( #hag1 & cry/allise
 by evaporation2 repeat ! solution  &   
cry/allisation a second & a ?ird "t4    
,any adh]+ col\r may be  remov$ by      
agitat+ x ) a v little wat]2 or by      
animal *>coal1  9 ! usual mann]4    #b4 
7,kane47 ,alcoholic extract ( ,cocculus 
indicus is exhau/$ ) !  smalle/ possible
 quantity ( wat]1 & ! mix$ liquors      

filt]$2 to  ! filtrate hydro*loric acid 
is add$1 & ! :ole set aside to          
cry/allise4 ,! product may be purifi$ z 
be=e4    ,prop41 c4 ,x =ms small1       
col\rless1 /ellat$ ne$les2 soluble 9    
alcohol1 e!r1 & acetic acid1 & feebly s 
9 wat]2 boil+ wat]  dissolves x freely2 
ta/e ( solutions inexpressibly bitt]2   
reaction  neutral4 ,x does n comb9e )   
acids1 z =m]ly ass]t$1 b x  =ms feeble  
comb9ations ) "s ( ! bases4 ,x is a     
p[]ful  intoxicant & n>cotico-acrid     
poison4 ,x acts p[]fully on ! sp9al     
cord & n]v\s sy/em g5]ally1 occasion+ an
 increase ( ! animal  temp]ature1 &     
peculi> movem5ts1 simil> to ^? describ$ 
by  ,fl\r5s z result+ f sections ( !    
c]ebellum4 ,x is frequ5tly  pres5t 9    
malt liquors1 ow+ to _! common          
adult]ation ) ,cocculus  indicus4       
,,pictures1 ,oil4 ,to clean4 ,see       
,,pa9t+s1 ,,oil4    ,,pi]re ,,div9e4    
,syn4 ,,cuprum ,,alum9atum4 ,see ,,lapis
 ,,div9us4    ,,pies4 ,alexis ,soy]     
gives ! foll[+ in/ructions = mak+       

pies3----    ,to make a pie to          
p]fection1----:5 y\r pa/e 7half-puff or 
%ort7 is  c>efully made1 & y\r di% or =m
 prop]ly full1 ?r[ a little fl\r  on y\r
 pa/e-bo>d1 take ab\t a #a_/d lb4 ( y\r 
pa/e1 :i* roll )  y\r h& until 7say7 an 
in* 9 circumf]5ce2 !n moi/5 ! rim (  y\r
 pie-di%1 & fix ! pa/e equally on x )   
y\r ?umb4 ,:5 y  h roll$ y\r pa/e = !   
cov]+1 or upp] cru/1 ( an equal         
?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & 9 proportion to !   
cont5ts ( y\r pie 7#a_/b  in* is ab\t ! 
av]age71 fold ! cov] 9 two1 lay x ov] "o
 half (  y\r pie1 & turn ! o!r half ov] 
! rema9+ "p2 next press x  slightly )   
y\r ?umb r\nd ! rim1 cut neatly ! rim ( 
! pa/e1  =m r a ?ick edge1 & m>k ?is ) a
 knife ab\t e qu>t]  ( an in* ap>t2     
obs]v+ to hold y\r knife 9 a slant+     
direction1  :i* gives x a neat          
appe>ance2 la/ly1 make two small holes  
on ! top1  & egg-ov] ! :ole ) a         
pa/e-bru%1 or else use a little milk or 
wat]4 ,any small portion ( pa/e rema9+  
may be %ap$ to fanciful  designs1 &     

plac$ z ornam5ts on ! top4    8,= meat  
pies1 obs]ve t1 if y\r pa/e is ei!r too 
?ick or too  ?91 ! cov]+ too n>r[ or too
 %ort1 & requires pull+ "o way  or !    
o!r1 to make x fit1 y\r pie is sure to  
be imp]fect1 !  cov]+ no long] protect+ 
! cont5ts4 ,x is ! same ) fruit2 &  if !
 pa/e happ5s to be r ri*1 x pulls ! rim 
( ! pie to !  di%1 sodd5s ! pa/e1 makes 
x heavy1 &1 !re=e1 indige/ible z  well z
 unpalatable40    ,meat pies require !  
addition ( ei!r cay5ne1 or black pepp]1 
or  allspice2 & fruit pies1 ( en\gh sug>
 to sweet51 ) mace1 g+]1  cloves1 or    
lemon peel1 accord+ to ta/e & ! sub/ance
 op]at$ on4  ,see ,,pa/ry1 c4    ,,pig4 
,! pig or hog 7,sus scr(a----,l9n471 "o 
( ! common  pa*yd]mata1 is n[ dome/icat$
 9 all ! temp]ate climates ( !  _w4 ,its
 fle% con/itutes pork1 bacon1 ham1 c42  
its fat 7l>d7 is  (fic9al 9 !           
,ph>macopias4 ,! sk91 bri/les1 & ev5 !  
blood &  inte/9es ( ?is animal1 are ei!r
 eat5 z food or turn$ to "s  useful     
purpose 9 ! arts4 ,see ,,pork1 ,,lea!r1 

c4    ,,pig,,m5ts4 ,^! are notic$ "u !  
respective col\rs4    ,,pig-,,/ye4 ,9   
ord] t a pig-/ye may n become a nuisance
 & a  dang] to heal? x is ess5tial t !  
liquid excrem5t ( ! pig  %\ld be c>ri$  
(f by means ( an effective & well-cov]$ 
dra91 &  t ! solid matt]s %\ld be       
frequ5tly remov$4    ,%\ld x come to ! k
 ( ! sanit>y inspector ( ! di/rict  t a 
pig-/ye is defici5t 9 ?is p>ticul>1 !   
inspector has p[]  to compel ! own] ( ! 
/ye to con/ruct prop] dra9age4    ,urban
 au?orities h full p[]s 9 ! matt] (     
pig-/yes1 s9ce "u  section #bf ( !      
,public ,heal? ,act x is enact$ 8t !    
own] ( any  sw9e or pig-/ye kept 9 a    
dwell+-h\se1 or s z to be a nuisance to 
any p]son1 is liable to a p5alty ( #djs4
 or less1 & to a fur!r  p5alty 7if !    
(f5ce is cont9u$7 ( #es4 a day4 ,!      
au?ority c  also1 if !y *oose1 abate !  
nuisance !mselves1 & recov] !  exp5ses (
 su* action f ! occupi] ( ! premises 9 a
 summ>y  mann]4    ,a rural au?ority has
 p[] to deal ) ! matt] "u provision #c1 

section #ia1 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1   
:i* def9es z a nuisance 8any  animal s  
kept z to be a nuisance or injuri\s to  
heal?40    ,,pike4 ,! ,esox lucius      
7,l9n471 a fre%-wat] fi%4 ,x is         
rem>kable  = its voracity1 b is highly  
e/eem$ by epicures4 ,v>i\s p>ts ( x  7  
=m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! fat 7,,oleum     
,,lucii ,,piscis7 0 "o (  ! simples ( ! 
,ph4 ,l4 ( #afah1 & 0 e/eem$ z a        
friction 9  cat>rhs4 ,x is ev5 n[ us$ 9 
"s p>ts ( ,europe to disp]se  opacities 
( ! cornea4    ,,pil,,*>d4 ,! ,clupea   
pil*>dus1 a fi% closely resembl+ !      
common  h]r+1 ?an :i*1 h[ev]1 x is      
small]1 b ?ick] & r\nd] &  m oily4 ,x   
ab\nds on ! coa/s ( ,devon & ,cornwall1 
:]e x is n  only consum$ z food1 b      
press$ = its oil4    ,,piles4 ,syn4     
,,hemorrhoids2 ,h,,morrhoides1 ,l4 ,a   
pa9ful disease occasion$  by ! morbid   
dilatations ( ! ve9s at ! l[] "p ( !    
rectum &  surr\nd+ ! anus4    ,piles are
 pr9cipally occasion$ by co/iv5ess &    
cold2 &1  occasionally1 by ! use ( acrid

 food4 ,!y h be5 di/+ui%$               
into----,,bl9d ,,piles1 or a v>icose    
/ate ( ! ve9s )\t  ble$+1----,,muc\s    
,,piles1 :5 ! tum\rs are excoriat$1 &   
mucus or pus  is dis*>g$1----,,ble$+    
,,piles1 :5 accompani$ ) loss ( blood1  
&----,,excresc5tial ,,piles1 :5 !re are 
loose fle%y excresc5ces ab\t  ! v]ge ( !
 anus & )9 ! rectum4    ,! treatm5t (   
piles consi/s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( mild   
ap]i5ts1  z ca/or oil1 or an electu>y ( 
sulphur & cream ( t>t>4 ,:5 !re  is mu* 
inflammation or ble$+1 cold & a/r+5t    
lotions1 z ^? (  sulphate ( z9c or alum1
 %\ld be appli$2 & :5 ! pa9 is          
consid]able1 fom5tations ( decoction (  
poppy heads may be us$ )  advantage4 ,to
 arre/ ! ble$+1 ice is also frequ5tly   
appli$1 b  cont9u$ pressure is m c]ta94 
,:5 ! tum\rs are l>ge &  flaccid1 !     
comp\nd o9tm5t ( galls is an excell5t   
application2 &  if !re is a t5d5cy to   
inflammation1 a little liquor (         
diacetate (  lead may be add$4 ,9       
confirm$ piles ! int]nal use ( copaiba1 

or1  /ill bett]1 ( ! confection ( black 
pepp]1 %\ld be p]sev]$ 9  = "s "t1      
toge!r ) local applications4 ,9 sev]e   
cases !  protrud$ tum\rs are remov$ by  
surgeons1 by ! knife or ligature4 ,see  
,,o9tm5ts1 ,,electu>ies1 c4    ,,pill   
,,co*ia4 ,see ,,comp\nd ,,colocyn?      
,,pills 7bel[74    ,,pill ,,rufi4 ,see  
,,pills ,,( ,,aloes ,,) ,,myrrh 7bel[74 
,,pills4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 
,,pilula 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l42 ,,pilules1    
,,sac*>ol,s ,,solides1 ,fr4 ,pills are  
little balls1 ( a semi-solid  consi/5ce1
 compos$ ( v>i\s m$ic9al sub/ances1 &   
int5d$ to be  tak5 :ole4 ,! facility )  
:i* !y are made & adm9i/]$1 _!          
comp>atively little ta/e1 _! p[] (      
pres]v+ _! prop]ties =  a consid]able   
l5g? ( "t1 &1 la/ly1 _! portability &   
inexp5siv5ess1 h long r5d]$ !m ! mo/    
frequ5tly employ$ &  ! mo/ popul> =m (  
m$ic9e4    ,! rapid & skilful prep>ation
 ( pills1 f all ! num]\s  sub/ances (   
:i* !y are compos$1 is ju/ly consid]$ to
 dem& !  highe/ qualifications 9 !      

practical disp5s]4 ,! m$ic9als employ$  
mu/ be made into a consi/5t & mod]ately 
firm mass1 suffici5tly  pla/ic to be    
roll$ or m\ld$ into any %ape1 )\t adh]+ 
to !  f+]s1 knife1 or slab1 & yet       
suffici5tly solid to reta9 ! globul>  =m
 :5 divid$ into pills4 ,a few sub/ances1
 z c]ta9 extracts1 c41  are already 9   
?is condition2 b ! o!rs require ! use ( 
an  excipi5t to give !m ! requisite bulk
 or consi/5ce4 ,z a g5]al  rule1 all !  
con/itu5ts ( a pill :i* c be pulv]is$   
%\ld be  r$uc$ to f9e p[d] be=e mix+ !m 
) ! s(t +r$i5ts :i*  ent] into its      
composition2 & ^! la/1 or ! excipi5t1   
%\ld next  be gradually add$1 & !       
mixture triturat$ & beat5 until ! :ole  
=ms a p]fectly homog5e\s mass4 ,x is !n 
ready to be divid$ into  pills4 ,?is is 
effect$ by roll+ x on a slab1 ) a pill  
or bolus  knife1 into small pipes or    
cyl9d]s1 !n divid+ ^! into pieces (  !  
requisite weight2 &1 la/ly1 roll+ !m    
betwe5 ! ?umb &  f+] to give !m a       
globul> =m4 ,a little p[d]$             

liquorice-root or  />* is commonly      
employ$ to prev5t ! pills adh]+ to !    
f+]s1  or to ea* o!r1 aft] !y are made4 
,magnesia1 s frequ5tly us$ =  ?is       
purpose1 is unsuit$ = pills conta9+     
metallic salts or !  alkaloids1 or o!r  
rem$ies1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 v small     
doses4    ,in/ead ( =m+ ! mass into     
pills by h&1 9 ! mann] j  ref]r$ to1 a  
conv5i5t & simple in/rum5t1 call$ a     
#8pill-ma*9e1'  is n[ g5]ally us$ by !  
druggi/s = ! purpose4 ,?is consi/s (    
two pieces4 ,! fir/ 7see fig4 #a7 is    
divid$ into ?ree  comp>tm5ts3----c is a 
vacant space to receive ! divid$ mass1  
:i* is  to be roll$ into pills3----b is 
a groov$ brass plate1 :i* assi/s 9      
divid+ ! mass into pills2 & a is a box =
 conta9+ ! p[d]  = cov]+ ! pills1 & to  
receive !m z !y are =m$4 ,!  second 7see
 fig4 #b7 consi/s ( a brass plate 7a71  
groov$ to mat* !  plate b 9 fig4 #a1 &  
b\nd$ at bo? ends by movable project+   
plates  7b b71 conta9+ ea* two :eels "u 
! l$ge ( ! plate 7b72  & a wood5 back   

7c71 ) two h&les 7d d71 to :i* ?is plate
  is affix$4 ,9 us+ ?is ma*9e1 !        
pill-mass is roll$ into a  cyl9drical =m
 on ! front "p ( x1 by means ( fig4 #b  
inv]t$2 !  small roll is !n laid on !   
cutt+ "p ( ! in/rum5t 7#a1 b71  & divid$
 by pass+ fig4 #b ov] x1 ! little :eels 
enabl+ !  latt] to run easily on ! brass
 plate :i* =ms ! m>g9 ( ! b$  ( ! ma*9e4
 ,! pills1 ?us =m$1 are !n drawn =w>d on
 to !  smoo? b$ on :i* ! mass 0 fir/    
roll$1 & receiv+ a f9i%+  turn or two ) 
! smoo? side ( ! #8cutt]1' by :i* !y are
  r5d]$ m ne>ly sph]ical4 ,!y are1      
la/ly1 ?r[n ov] into #a1 c1  ready to be
 transf]r$ to ! pill-box4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a & ,,fig4 #b4    
,! nature ( ! excipi5t %\ld be suit$ to 
t ( ! active  +r$i5ts 9 pills1 z well z 
9 all o!r =ms ( m$ic9e4  ,fur!rmore1 x  
%\ld be ( su* a nature 8t10 to quote ,dr
 ,r$wood1  8x w modify z little z       
possible ! action ( ! pills1 ei!r by    
caus+ !m to become h>d1 or 9 any o!r    
way1 & w n  unnecess>ily or inconv5i5tly

 increase _! size40 ,s(t extracts1 &    
o!r sub/ances ( a l "*1 may be r5d]$ m  
consi/5t by  ! addition ( any simple    
p[d]1 z t ( liquorice or sug>4          
,vegetable p[d]s are g5]ally beat5 up ) 
syrup or treacle1 & heavy  p[d]s )      
cons]ve ( roses or extract ( liquorice4 
,ca/ile soap 7made  ( olive oil & soda7 
& m$ic9al s(t soap 7made ( olive oil &  
pota%7 are commonly employ$ = fatty &   
res9\s matt]s1 z well z  = _m o!rs :i*  
are n decompos$ by alkalies4 ,:5 ! *ief 
+r$i5t ( ! mass is res91 rectifi$ _s is 
frequ5tly us$ to  s(t5 x1 ei!r ) or )\t 
! addition ( soap to increase its       
solubility 9 ! /oma*4 ,= _m sub/ances no
 excipi5t is requir$4  ,?us1 mo/ ( !    
gum-res9s & /iff extracts may be at once
 made into  pills1 or1 at all ev5ts1    
aft] be+ slightly s(t5$ by heat4        
,mucilage1  =m]ly s mu* us$ 9 !         
prep>ation ( pills1 is n[ only employ$  
= ^? :i* are to be tak5 )9 a day or two 
aft] be+ made2 z  pills conta9+ x become
 s h>d & insoluble :5 kept = "s "t  z to

 resi/ ! action ( ! /oma*1 & frequ5tly  
to pass ?r\gh !  b[els )\t ev5 los+ _!  
=m4 ,glyc]91 z well z a mixture (       
glyc]9 & tragacan? made into a pa/e (   
prop] consi/5ce1 are also  employ$ z    
pill-excipi5ts4    ,! use ( glyc]9 z a  
pill-excipi5t has be5 advocat$ on acc\nt
 (  its g5]ally neutral prop]ties1 &    
also because its sub/itution =  syrup1 !
 cons]ves ( roses1 treacle1 & su* l     
sub/ances1 results  9 ! production ( a  
pill ( small] bulk4 ,x seems to be suit$
 =  pills conta9+ *emical sub/ances1 su*
 z qu99e1 tannic acid1 c4 ,x  is said1  
h[ev]1 to possess ! disadvantage ( mak+ 
! pills moi/ on  _! surfaces4 ,to       
obviate z mu* z possible ?is            
inconv5i5ce1 & to  provide an absorb5t =
 ! sup]flu\s moi/ure1 ,mr ,m>t5dale1 an 
exp]i5c$ ph>maci/1 recomm5ds ! employm5t
 ( a mixture ( glyc]9  & fl\r1 ( :i* he 
writes z foll[s3----8,by /irr+ con/antly
 &  heat+ toge!r until a temp]ature (   
ab\t #bdj ,f4 is rea*$1 #e p>ts  (      
glyc]9 by weight1 & #a "p ( fl\r1 a firm

 adhesive pa/e is  =m$1 :i* ,i %all call
 glyc]9 mass4 ,z an excipi5t = vegetable
  p[d] x answ]s well1 & = o!r sub/ances 
on :i* x c ex]t a  p>tially solv5t      
action x is em95tly useful4 ,among ^!   
are su*  salts z val]ianate ( z9c1 #d   
gr41 :i* ) #a ( ! glyc]9 mass  =ms a    
good pill4    ,qu99e1 #c p>ts1 ) #a ( ! 
glyc]9 mass1 ,p4 ,b4 /r5g?1 works well4 
,comp\nd p[d] ( ipecacuanha1 #e gr41 )  
#c_/d gr4 ( ! mass1 makes a  good pill4 
,oxide ( z9c1 too1 #d gr4 ) #a1 makes a 
good mass4    ,b = mo/ m9]al & insoluble
 p[d]s x is too moi/1 & w n  =m ) !m a  
firm mass2 "s additional absorb5t is    
necess>y1 &  = ?is purpose ,i f\nd no?+ 
bett] ?an fl\r2 equal p>ts ( !  glyc]9  
mass & fl\r =m a tol]ably firm1 solid1  
adhesive pa/e1  some:at resembl+ d\gh1 b
 x is n s ela/ic2 ?is ,i call bread     
mass4 ,x possesses great capacity = !   
absorption ( insoluble p[d]s1  su*1 =   
example1 z calomel 7#c gr4 ) #a-a_/b gr4
 ( ?is mass makes a  good pill71 nitrate
 & c>bonate ( bismu?1 ars5ic1 c4 ,(     

r$uc$  iron1 #c p>ts ) #b ( x1 =m a good
 mass1 9 :i* ! iron is n  liable to     
oxidation4 ,c>bolic acid1 too1 ( :i* x  
is a good solv5t1 is  readily made into 
a pill ) ! bread mass1 a little         
additional fl\r  be+ necess>y = ?is     
sub/ance4 ,!n aga91 sub/ances :i* are   
giv5  9 m9ute doses1 z ! salts (        
morphia1 res9 ( podophyllum1 & o!r      
active pr9ciples to p>tially dilute _!  
action1 or :]e an excipi5t  is ne$$ to  
p>tially increase ! bulk ( ! pill1 x is 
well adapt$  = use4 ,& among ! (ficial  
pill masses an equal quantity ( x c  )  
great advantage be us$ to supplant      
confection ( roses 9 all ^!1  ) !       
exception ( pilula aloes cum f]ro1 = :i*
 ! glyc]9  masses is ne$$1 & pilula f]ri
 c>bonatis4 ,?is1 too1 requires !       
glyc]9 mass1 ) :i* x mixes well1 b aft] 
a "t ! pills h a  t5d5cy to become moi/4
 ,m]curial pill ,i h n tri$ ) x4 ,!     
same quantity ( ?is bread mass w replace
 ! treacle 9 pilula scill  composita4   
,equal p>ts ( x & p[d]$ soap1 9 place ( 

p[d]$ soap  alone 7if ?is might be      
p]mitt$71 =m a mu* bett] mass ?an !     
(ficial "o ( pilula saponis composita4  
,?is pill mass1 made /rictly accord+ to 
! ,ph>macopia1 soon becomes  set into a 
condition resembl+ a piece ( soap1 9 :i*
 /ate mu*  beat+ is necess>y to make x  
aga9 pla/ic4    ,( ! glyc]9 mass to be  
add$ to ! ,ph>macopia quantities (----  
,pil4 cambogi comp4 7vice syrup71 #a    
oz41 makes a good mass4    ,pil4        
colocyn? comp4 7vice wat]71 #c dr41     
makes a good mass1 & does  n get s h>d4 
,pil4 hydr>g4 sub*lor4 comp4 7vice ca/or
 oil71 #a-a_/b oz41 makes a good  mass1 
b becomes slightly moi/4    ,pil4       
ipecac4 cum scilla 7vice treacle71 #a   
oz41 makes a good mass1 :i*  does n     
crumble4    ,pil4 rhei comp4 7vice #d   
oz4 ( treacle71 #b oz41 makes a good    
mass1 &  keeps tol]ably pla/ic4         
,among ! o!r (ficial pill masses :i* ,i 
h n tri$ ) ^!  excipi5ts are pilula     
colocyn?idis et hyoscyamic & pilula     
conii  composita4 ,^! ,i f9d d n g5]ally

 require any excipi5t1 & pilula  f]ri   
iodidi1 ! />* conta9$ 9 ! fl\r1 ) t w\ld
 n =m  an elegant prep>ation4           
,nitrate ( silv] is g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 
works on mat]ia m$ica to  be made into a
 pill ) bread crumb1 b ?is conta9s      
common salt1 )  :i* x is incompatible4  
,i recomm5d ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is a    
modification ( ! bread mass3----        
,nitrate ( silv]   #f gr4               
,di/ill$ wat]     #f m9ims4             
,dissolve1 & add----                    
,glyc]9 mass      #ab gr4               
,fl\r              #bd gr4    ,mix to =m
 a mass :i* may be divid$ into #b gr4   
pills1 ea* conta9+  #a_/d gr4 ( nitrate 
( silv]4 ,! mass rolls out well4 ,keep  
!m f  exposure to ! air & light4    ,=  
,p]*loride ( ,m]cury ,pills3----        
,p]*loride ( m]cury     #f gr4          
,di/ill$ wat]           #dh m9ims4      
,heat 9 a te/-tube till dissolv$1 & add 
to x----      ,glyc]9 mass       #dh gr4
    ,fl\r               #if 0    ,mix   
well1 & divide into #if #b-;gr4 pills1  

ea* ( :i* w conta9 a  sixte5? ( a gra9 (
 p]*loride ( m]cury4    ,sub/ances l    
nitrate ( silv] & p]*loride ( m]cury may
 =m  diff]5t comb9ations ) ! album9oid  
pr9ciples conta9$ 9 !  fl\r1 b 9 su*    
/ate !y w probably be q z readily       
assimilat$1 & h a simil> m$ic9al action1
 z physiologi/s affirm  t mo/ metallic  
sub/ances ent] into ! blood z           
album9ates4 ,i h  _h "s fe> le/ ! glut5 
conta9$ 9 ! fl\r might fav\r "s         
decomposition simil> to f]m5tation1 b   
su*1 f ne>ly two ye>s'  use ( !m1 ,i h  
nev] yet se5 take place2 ! glyc]9 seems 
to *eck  any?+ ( ! k9d4    ,! crude     
glut5 obta9$ 9 ! moi/ condition f fl\r  
,i f9d is  ne>ly entirely soluble 9     
glyc]91 ! solution does n appe> to      
und]go any *ange :5 kept4    ,a mixture 
( glyc]9 & tragacan? is (t5 us$1 &      
produces v  simil> results to ^? ,i h   
obta9$ f ! glyc]9 mass4 ,i h  n _h mu*  
exp]i5ce ) su* a mixture1 b ,i f9d x    
makes a m  ela/ic pa/e1 :i* is (t5 a    
disadvantage1 z x causes ! pills to  h a

 c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+9ess1 & r5d]s !m     
difficult to =m  p]fectly globul>4    ,=
 dri$ sulphate ( iron1 ( :i* a l>ge     
quantity is sometimes ord]$  9 a pill1  
,i f9d syrup ! be/ excipi5t4 ,by ?is    
means #e gra9s ( ?is  c be ?us made into
 a pill4#ajf    ,footnote #ajf3         
#8,ph>maceutical ,ye> ,book4'    ,x may 
be fur!r rem>k$1 t no deliquesc5t salt  
%\ld ent] into  ! composition ( pills n 
int5d$ = imm$iate use2 & t :5           
effloresc5t salts are s employ$ !y %\ld 
be fir/ fre$ f _!  wat] (               
cry/allisation4    ,:5 ! mix$ +r$i5ts   
are made into a mass 7pill-mass71 :i* x 
is  n int5d$ at once to divide into     
pills1 x %\ld be pres]v$ 9 a  piece (   
bladd] or gut-sk9 plac$ 9 a cov]$       
/onew>e or e>!nw>e  pot4 ,9 ?is /ate x  
may be occasionally moi/5$ ) a little   
weak  _s to prev5t its gett+ h>d4    ,! 
weight 7size7 ( pills v>ies f #a_/b gr4 
to #f gr4 ,if heavi] ?an  ?is1 !y are   
call$ #8boluses4' ,=m]ly1 z a g5]al     
rule1 !y 7  made ( #e gr4 ea*2 b pills (

 ?is weight are1 9 g5]al1 s l>ge  t "s  
p]sons f9d a difficulty 9 swall[+ !m4   
,ano!r  disadvantage ( l>ge pills is !  
tr\ble ( nicely apportion+ !            
dose1----"o pill be+1 p]haps1 too small 
a quantity1 & two pills !  rev]se4      
,h5ce1 #b to #c-;gr4 pills are n[ !     
fav\rite size ) bo?  pill-tak]s &       
disp5s]s1 not)/&+ t #e-;gr4 pills are   
/ill  ord]$ 9 "o ( ! au?oris$           
,ph>macopias4    ,pills are occasionally
 coat$ ) gold1 silv]1 & o!r sub/ances1  
to  r5d] !m m agreeable to ! eye1 or to 
prev5t ! ta/e ( nause\s  +r$i5ts affect+
 ! palate dur+ deglutition4 ,!y are     
gild$ &  silv]$ by plac+ !m1 9 ! moi/   
/ate1 on a leaf or two ( !  metal 9 a   
small gallipot1 & cov]+ !m 9 a simil>   
mann] )  ano!r leaf ( metal2 ov] ! m\? (
 ! gallipot is laid a piece (  smoo?    
writ+ pap]1 & on ?is ! palm ( ! h&2 a   
sudd5 & rapid  circul> motion is !n giv5
 to ! :ole4 ,if ! pills are n           
suffici5tly moi/ or /icky1 !y %\ld be   
r5d]$ s by roll+ !m  betwe5 ! f+]s v    

slightly moi/5$ ) mucilage1 be=e        
proce$+ to silv] !m4 ,ano!r me?od is to 
%ake !m 9 a simil>  mann] ) a little    
gold or silv] du/4    ,mr ,haseld5      
recomm5ds a v>ni% compos$ z             
foll[s3----,res9#ajg ( tolu1  #c p>ts2  
rectifi$ _s1 #f p>ts2 me?ylat$ e!r1 #b  
p>ts4 ,well %ake  until all t w is      
dissolv$4 ,use ! cle> solution4 ,mr     
,hasl$5 says  iodide ( iron pills are   
well pres]v$ by ?is coat+1 & also       
granules  ( secale cornutum4            
,footnote #ajg3 ,?is is ! sub/ance :i*  
is left 9 ! prep>ation (  syrup ( tolu4 
,:5 pills are to be cov]$ ) gelat91 ea* 
pill1 be+ /uck on !  po9t ( a v ?9 wire 
f\r or five in*es 9 l5g?1 is dipp$ into 
a  solution ( gelat91 s z to coat x     
completely1 & ! wire is !n  ins]t$ into 
a p9-cu%ion1 or a vessel conta9+ f9e s&1
 & left  until ! gelat9 is firm1 :i*    
occurs 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 !  p9s  
may !n be easily remov$ by simply w>m+  
!m1 by plac+ !  c5tre ( ea* wire = a    
second or two 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp or  

c&le4 #8,sug>-coat$ pills' are prep>$ 9 
ne>ly ! same way1 b  sub/itut+ hot &    
highly conc5trat$ syrup1 to :i* a little
 gelat9  has be5 add$1 = a simple       
solution ( gelat94    ,! foll[+ details 
= coat+ pills ) sug> are tak5 f !       
#8,*emi/ & ,druggi/1'#ajh----8,! pills  
are fir/ v>ni%$ ) !  foll[+ liquids---- 
,footnote #ajh3 ,dec4 #ae?1 #ahga4      
,e!r                #ajj p>ts4    ,bals4
 tolu            #aj   0    ,colophonium
            #a   0    ,absolute alcohol 
#aj   0    8,by fir/ roll+ !m 9 a mort> 
) ?is e!real solution1 & !n  transf]r+  
to a %eet ( writ+ pap] ) ! sides b5t    
upw>ds1  %ak+ be+ cont9u$ till !y are   
p]fectly dry4 ,!n to a small  quantity (
 ! sac*>at$ album5 7see next recipe7 add
 a few drops (  wat]1 at ! same "t beat+
 = a %ort :ile1 s t a ?ick pa/e  w be   
=m$4 ,into ?is mass ! pills are /irr$1 &
 :5 moi/5$  on all sides1 quickly p\r$  
into a wood5 pill-box1 :i* has be5      
previ\sly fill$ ab\t "o ?ird ) ! f9e/   
p[d]$ sug>  obta9able1 & imm$iately     

%ak51 or r roll$ 9 a lively way )  great
 =ce1 sep>at+ f "t to "t ^? coh]+4 ,:5  
no m  sug> w adh]e !y are dri$ ov] a    
g5tle fire1 tak+ c>e n to  br+ !m too   
ne> ! /ove le/ !y %\ld crack4 ,%ak+1 (  
c\rse1  mu/ be cont9u$ till dryness is  
effect$40    ,album5 cum ,sac*>o4 ,take 
! :ite ( an egg1 & 9 an evaporat+  di%  
beat ) x z mu* p[d]$ sug>1 pass$ ?r\gh a
 v f9e  sieve1 z w make r a ?ick fluid4 
,!n place x 9 a wat] ba?  & evaporate to
 dryness1 /irr+ con/antly1 t no sug> may
 be  deposit$4 ,pulv]ise & set aside =  
fur!r use4    ,m4 ,durd5 cov]s pills )  
collodion4 ,o!rs h recomm5d$ = ?is      
purpose a solution ( gutta p]*a 9 ei!r  
*lor(orm or bisulphide (  c>bon4 ,!     
ready solubility 9 ! /oma* ( pills ?us  
cov]$ has1  ) ju/ice1 be5 que/ion$4     
,gelat91 or1 /ill bett]1 gelat9 mix$  ) 
a little sug>1 is unexceptionable 9 ?is 
respect2 :il/ x  und\bt$ly excludes !   
ta/e ( nause\s m$ic9es m effectually ?an
  any o!r sub/ance4 ,mr ,furley employs 
a ?9 coat+ ( album5 to r5d]  pills      

ta/eless4    ,z pill-masses are likely  
to get h>d & brittle by keep+1 an       
excell5t  plan is to keep ! dry +r$i5ts 
p[d]$ & mix$ toge!r 9  well-cork$       
bottles or j>s1 :5 a portion may at any 
"t be beat5 up  ) syrup1 cons]ve1 soap1 
c42 accord+ to ! =mula1 & z want$  =    
use4 ,! mix$ +r$i5ts 9 ?is /ate are     
te*nically kn[n z  #8species' or #8p[d]'
 = ! respective pills4    8,x is g5]ally
 said t pills %\ld be tak5 on an empty  
/oma*1 &  at a consid]able di/ance f a  
meal2 b = ourselves we ?9k t x  is ne>ly
 always bett] to take !m dur+ a meal2   
fir/1 because !  /oma* does n !n f9d    
itself imm$iately "u ! influ5ce (       
sub/ances :i*1 if n always dang]\s1     
seldom fail to act m or less            
disagreeably2 secondly1 because its     
absorb5t action is m c]ta92 &1  la/ly1  
because !y are !n tak5 m easily40       
7,tr\sseau & ,reveil47  ,! meal "h      
ref]r$ to %\ld be a light "o1 f :i*     
acidul\s &  o!r sub/ances likely to     
int]f]e ) ! action ( ! rem$y %\ld  be   

exclud$4 ,! dose %\ld also be increas$4 
,9 ! ,london ,ph>macopia ! s+ul> numb]  
7#8pilula'7 is n[ v  prop]ly employ$ to 
express ! names ( ! (fic9al pill-masses2
 b  9 ! o!r ,ph>macopias ! names are    
giv5 9 ! plural =m4 ,z !  latt] is almo/
 univ]sally adopt$ 9 speak+ ( magi/ral  
=mul &  no/rums1 we h us$ x 9 all cases1
 = ! sake ( uni=mity &  = ease (        
ref]5ce4 ,see ,,bolus ,,extract1        
,,prescrib+1 & bel[4    ,pills1         
,ab]ne?y's4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y ,,m$ic9es    
7page #f74    ,pills ( ,acetate ( ,lead4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,plumbi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4  ,acetate ( lead1 #bj gr42   
p[d]$ camphor1 #ae gr42 cons]ve ( roses1
  q4 s42 mix & divide into #ab pills4   
#b4 7,radius47 ,acetate ( lead & p[d]$  
mall[ or liquorice root1 (  ea* #a_/b   
dr42 simple syrup1 q4 s42 divide into   
#ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #e  daily1   
wa%$ d[n ) wat] s\r$ ) v9eg>2 z a p[]ful
  a/r+5t 9 hmorrhages1 di>rha1 !        
night-sweats 9 ph?isis1 c4 ,see         
,,opiat$ ,,lead ,,pills4    ,pills (    

,acetate ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,hydr>gyri ,,acetatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 
,subacetate ( m]cury1 #ah gr42 sug> (   
milk 7or manna71 #a dr42  mucilage1 q4  
s42 divide into #bd pills4----,dose4 ,z 
an alt]ative1 #a daily2  z a sialogogue1
 #a e f\r or five h\rs1 or (t5]2 9      
syphilis1 c4  ,see ,,keys]',s ,,pills4  
#c4 7,opiat$----,c>mi*ael47 ,acetate (  
m]cury1 camphor1 & opium1 ( ea*  #cj    
gr42 syrup ( poppies to mix4 ,= #cj     
pills4 ,less apt to affect !  /oma* &   
b[els ?an ! la/4    ,pills ( ,acetate ( 
,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,morphi        
,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,acetate (  
morphia1 #b gr42 sug> ( milk1 #ae gr42  
cons]ve ( roses1 #bj  gr42 = #ab pills4 
,anodyne1 s$ative1 &                    
soporific4----,dose4 ,"o1 z  requir$4   
#b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,acetate (   
morphia1 #a gr42 p[d]$ foxglove1 #f     
gr42 p[d]$ camphor1 #aj gr42 p[d]$ gum  
,arabic1 #h gr42 syrup ( tolu1  q4 s42  
to be divid$ into #f pills4 ,s$ative &  
antispasmodic4----,dose4  ,"o1 e #c or  

#d h\rs2 9 ph?isis1 palpitations1       
spasms1 c4 ,!  hydro*lorate ( morphia   
may be us$ in/ead ( ! acetate1 )        
advantage4    ,pills ( ,aconite4 ,syn4  
,,pilul ,,aconiti1 ,p4 ,,extracti ,a41  
,l4 ,prep4 7,dr  ,turnbull47 ,alcoholic 
extract ( aconite1 #a gr42 liquorice    
p[d]1 #ab gr42  simple syrup1 q4 s42    
mix1 & divide ! mass into #f            
pills4----,dose4 ,"o  pill1 e #c or #d  
h\rs2 z a p[]ful anodyne & s$ative 9    
excessive  action ( ! he>t1 acute       
rheumatism1 g\t1 neuralgia1 c4 ,! utmo/ 
c>e %\ld be tak5 bo? 9 _! prep>ation &  
adm9i/ration4    ,pills1 ,alib]t's4 ,see
 ,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t4    ,pills ( ,aloes4 
,syn4 ,,pilula ,,aloes ,,socotr9 7,b4   
,p471 ,,pilul ,,aloetic1  ,,pilul       
,,alo,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4
 ,e47 ,socotr9e aloes 79 p[d]7  &       
,ca/ile soap1 equal p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$  
roses1 q4 s4 to =m a  pill-mass4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,p[d]$ aloes & ,ca/ile   
soap1 equal p>ts1 beat into a  mass1 &  
divid$ into #d-;gr4 pills4    #c4 7,b4  

,p47 ,,pilula ,,aloes ,,b>bad5sis4      
,prep4 ,b>badoes aloes1 9 p[d]1 #b  oz42
 h>d soap1 9 p[d]1 #a oz42 oil ( c>away1
 #a fluid dr42 confection  ( roses1 #a  
oz4 ,beat all toge!r until ?or\ghly     
mix$4    ,obs4 8,?is pill may be also   
correctly made ) ! f9] qualities (  ,ea/
 ,indian aloes1 z ! 7true7 ,socotr9e    
v>iety is v sc>ce2 &  _m1 n )\t reason1 
pref] 7pure7 ,b>badoes aloes40 7,ph4    
,e47 ,!  dose1 z a laxative1 is #e to   
#aj gr42 z a purgative1 #ab to #bj gr41 
or  m4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,aloes ,,&     
,,soap4    ,pills ( ,aloes & ,assaftida4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et             
,,assaf,,tida 7,b4  ,p474 ,prep4        
,socotr9e aloes1 9 p[d]1 #a2 assaftida1 
#a2 p[d]$ h>d  soap1 #a2 confection (   
roses1 #a 7#a_/d confection             
suffici5t----,squire74 ,mix4  ,ca?>tic &
 antispasmodic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 
,pills ( ,aloes 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4       
,,pilul ,,aloetic ,,composit1 ,,pilula  
,,alo,s ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul 
,a4 ,,composit 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4   

#a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,socotr9e aloes 79      
p[d]71 #a oz42 extract ( g5tian1 #a_/d  
oz42 oil  ( c>away1 #dj drops2 treacle1 
q4 s42 ! :ole to be beat5 toge!r  until 
!y =m a mass prop] = mak+ pills4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,d47 ,hepatic aloes 79 p[d]71 #b  
oz42 extract ( g5tian &  treacle1 ( ea* 
#a oz42 oil ( c>away1 #a fl4 dr42 z !   
la/4    ,obs4 ,! above is a v valuable  
purgative 9 habitual co/iv5ess &        
indige/ion1 9 all cases 9 :i* ! use (   
aloes is n  contra-indicat$4 ,! dose is 
f #e to #ae gr41 or m4    ,pills (      
,aloes 7,dilut$74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s 
,,dilut1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr  ,m>%all   
,hall47 ,b>badoes aloes1 ,ca/ile soap1  
extract ( liquorice1 &  treacle1 equal  
p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve1 ) heat1    
/ra91 &  evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a   
pill-mass4 ,resembles ! ,,pilula ,,alo,s
  ,,cum ,,sapone----,ph4 ,l4    ,pills (
 ,aloes & ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,alo,s ,,et ,,assaf,,tida 7,ph4  ,e471 
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aloes 7,socotr9e 
or ,ea/ ,indian1 p[d]$71  assaftida1 &  

,ca/ile soap1 equal p>ts2 beat !m )     
cons]ve ( r$  roses to a prop]          
pill-mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 once
 or twice daily1 z  a /oma*ic tonic &   
laxative1 9 dyspepsia1 flatul5ce1 c42 & 
#ab to  #bj gr41 z a purgative 9 simil> 
cases4 ,x is extremely useful 9         
co/iv5ess1 ) flatul5cy1 occurr+ 9       
hy/]ical & hypo*ondriacal  subjects4 ,! 
,b4 ,p4 prep>ation is ! same z ?is1     
except t h>d soap  is us$ in/ead (      
,ca/ile soap4    ,pills ( ,aloes &      
,g9g]4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et       
,,z+ib]is1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47
 ,aloes1 #a oz42 ,ca/ile soap1 #a_/b    
oz42 g+]1 #a dr42  oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a_/b
 dr42 beat5 to a mass4 ,a useful        
laxative 9 cold  habits4----,dose4 ,z ! 
la/4    ,pills ( ,aloes & ,ipecacuanha4 
,syn4 ,,dr ,,baillie',s ,,d9n] ,,pills2 
,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4  
,prep4 7,dr ,baillie47 ,p[d]$ aloes1 #cj
  gr42 p[d]$ g+] 7f9e/71 #de gr42       
ipecacuanha1 #ab gr42 syrup (  orange   
peel1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #bd              

pills4----,dose4 ,"o1 ab\t an h\r  be=e 
d9n]4    ,pills ( ,aloes & ,iron4 ,syn4 
,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,f]ri 7,ph4 ,e471 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,b>badoes     
aloes1 #b2 sulphate ( iron1 #a-a_/b2    
comp\nd  p[d] ( c9namon1 #c2 confection 
( roses1 #d2 mix 7#f ( confection       
requir$----,squire74----,dose1 #e to #aj
 gr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphate ( iron1
 #c p>ts2 ,b>badoes aloes1 #b p>ts2     
aromatic  p[d]1 #f p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$   
roses1 #h p>ts2 p[d] ! aloes &  sulphate
 ( iron sep>ately1 beat ! :ole to a     
mass1 & divide ?is  into #e-;gr4 pills4 
,an excell5t m$ic9e 9 *lorosis1 hy/]ia1 
& atonic  am5orrha4----,dose1 #a to #c  
pills daily4    ,pills ( ,aloes &       
,mastic4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills
 ( ,aloes & ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul      
,,alo,s ,,cum ,,hydr>gyro1 ,l4 ,see     
,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t 7#h74    ,pills (     
,aloes & ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,rufus',s       
,,pills2 ,,pilula ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,myrrh 
7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,,pilul ,,rufi or      
,,communes 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj71 ,p4 ,,alo,s

 ,,et ,,myrrh  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotr9e or      
hepatic aloes 79  p[d]1 #a_/b oz42      
saffron1 myrrh p[d]$71 & s(t soap 7,ph4 
,l471 ( ea*  #b dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 to  
=m a pill-mass4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47       
,hepatic aloes1 #b oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42  
dri$ saffron1 #a_/b oz42  all 9 p[d]2   
treacle1 #b-a_/b oz4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47  
,aloes 7,socotr9e or ,ea/ ,indian71 #d  
p>ts2 myrrh1 #b p>ts2  saffron1 #a "p2  
beat !m to a pill-mass ) cons]ve ( r$   
roses1  q4 s4    #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf &  
,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,aloes 79 p[d]71 #b    
oz42 saffron &  p[d]$ myrrh1 ( ea* #a   
oz42 syrup1 q4 s4 to =m a pill-mass4    
#e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotr9e aloes1 #b2      
myrrh1 #a2 dri$ saffron1 #a_/b2         
confection (  roses1 #b-a_/b 7#c are    
requir$----,squire74 ,mix4 ,/imulant &  
ca?>tic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4        
,obs4 ,?is comp\nd is a mo/ excell5t    
/oma*ic purgative &  emm5agogue1 :5 !re 
are no febrile symptoms pres5t4 ,x is   
said to  h be5 employ$ ev] s9ce ! "t (  

,rhazes1 & is /ill 9  ext5sive          
use4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4    ,pills 
( ,aloes & ,rhub>b4 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,alo,s ,,et ,,rhei1 ,p4 ,r4 ,,cum      
,,rheo1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ ,socotr9e or  
hepatic aloes1 p[d]$ rhub>b1  & s(t soap
 7,ph4 ,l471 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 oil (     
*amomile1 #aj drops2 =  #cj             
pills4----,dose1 #a to #e1 ei!r z a     
/oma* tonic or laxative2  especially 9  
dyspepsia1 ) loss ( appetite4    ,pills 
( ,aloes & ,rose-juice4 ,syn4 ,,pilul   
,,alo,s ,,rosat1 ,l42 ,,pilules         
,,angeliques1 ,,gra9s ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4 
,prep4 ,take aloes & rose juice1 (  ea* 
#d oz42 juice ( borage & *icory1 ( ea*  
#b oz42 dissolve )  heat1 evaporate to  
an extract2 add1 ( rhub>b1 #b dr42      
ag>ic1 #a dr42 &  divide ! mass into    
#a-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #d to #ab1
 z a purge4    ,pills ( ,aloes ) ,soap4 
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,sapone    
7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47      
,p[d]$ extract ( ,b>badoes aloes1 s(t   
soap1 &  extract ( liquorice1 equal     

p>ts2 treacle1 q4 s4 to =m a            
pill-mass4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 9 !
 usual cases 9 :i* aloes is  adm9i/]$4  
,x is m readily soluble 9 ! juices ( !  
prim vi1  & is mild] ?an mo/ ( ! aloetic
 pills )\t soap4 ,see ,,pills ,,(       
,,aloes 7,dilut$74    ,pills1 ,aloes &  
,turp5t9e4 7,bois47 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,aloes ,,et  ,,t]eb9?94 ,prep4 ,boil$  
turp5t9e1 #b dr42 aloes1 #a_/b dr4      
,divide into  #dj pills4    ,pills1     
,alt]ative4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alt]antes1  
,l4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,calomel1            
,,m]curial1 & ,,plumm]',s1 c4    ,pills 
( ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alum9is1 ,p4   
,a4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4          
7,augu/947 ,alum1 #bj gr42 b5zoic acid1 
#f gr42 p[d]$ gum & :ite  sug>1 ( ea*   
#aj gr42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,=   
#cf pills4 ,9  ph?isis & atonic muc\s   
dis*>ges4 ,! :ole to be tak5 9 ! c\rse  
( #b or #c days4    #b4 7,capuron47     
,cate*u1 #a dr42 alum1 #a_/b dr42 opium1
 #aj gr42 syrup ( r$  roses1 q4 s42     
divide into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a 

to #c2 9 *ronic  di>rha & leucorrha4    
#c4 7,radius47 ,alum & cate*u1 equal    
p>ts2 extract ( g5tian1 q4 s4 to  mix2  
divide into #b or #c-;gr4               
pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 e f\r h\rs2 9
  passive hmorrhages1 muc\s dis*>ges1 & 
*ronic di>rha4    ,pills ( ,ammoniacum4 
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ammoniaci1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 ,gum  ammoniacum1 #a dr42 p[d]$     
sug>1 #a_/b dr42 cons]ve ( hips1 q4 s4  
,9 old  c\ghs & hy/]ical affections4    
#b4 7,comp\nd47----a4 7,a9slie47        
,ammoniacum1 #a dr42 m]curial pill1 #ae 
gr42  p[d]$ squills1 #f or #h gr42      
simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #af pills4 ,9    
a/hmatic c\ghs1 ) d]ang$ action ( !     
liv]4----,dose4 ,"o1 #b or #c  times a  
day4    b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,ammoniacum & 
sagap5um1 ( ea* #a dr42 dri$ sulphate  (
 iron1 #a_/b dr42 cons]ve ( hips1 q4 s4 
,9 ob/ruct$ m5/ruation1 &  9 ! *ronic   
di>rha ( hy/]ical subjects4    ,pills ( 
,ammoniat$ ,copp]4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cupri
 ,,ammoniati 7,ph4 ,e471  ,p4 ,c4       
,,ammoniureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47    

,ammoniat$ copp] 79 f9e p[d]71  #a "p2  
bread-crum1 #f p>ts2 solution ( c>bonate
 ( ammonia1 q4 s4 to  make a mass1 :i*  
is to be divid$ s t ea* pill may conta9 
#a_/b gr4  ( ammoniat$ copp]4 ,9        
epilepsy1 & 9 "s o!r spasmodic          
diseases4----,dose1 #a pill1 night &    
morn+1 gradually increas$ to #e or  #f4 
,pills ( ,ammoniat$ ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul
 ,,f]ri ,,ammoniati1 ,p4 ,f4            
,,ammonio-,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
7,dr4 ,copl&47 ,ammoniat$ iron1 #a dr42 
aloes & extract ( g5tian1 ( ea* #a_/b   
dr42 = #cj pills4 ,9 scr(ula1  *lorosis1
 am5orrha1 c4    #b4 7,radius47         
,ammoniat$ iron & galbanum1 ( ea* #a    
dr42 assaftida1 #b  dr42 ca/or1 #bj gr42
 t9cture ( val]ian1 q4 s4 ,= #c-;gr4    
pills4----,dose1  #b pills1 night &     
morn+2 9 atonic n]v\s disord]s1         
epilepsy1 c4    ,pills (                
,ammonio-citrate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 
,,f]ri  ,,ammonio-,,citratatis1 ,l4     
,prep4 7,b]al47 ,ammonio-citrate ( iron1
 #a dr42  :ite sug>1 #c dr42 mucilage1  

q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #c-;gr4                
pills4----,dose1 #a to  #c1 or m2 z a   
mild *alybeate tonic4    ,pills1        
,analeptic4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,james'1     
,,analeptic1 c4    ,pills1 ,&]son's     
,scot's4 ,v>i\s =mul = ^! pills are     
extant1  ! products ( :i* diff] widely f
 ! g5u9e article4 ,dr ,p>is1  "s ye>s   
s9ce1 decl>$ t !y consi/$ ( ,b>badoes   
aloes1 jalap1  & oil ( anise$4 8,a      
c>eful exam9ation ( ! propriet>y        
article1  ) o!r facts t h come to our k1
 leads u to believe t  ! fir/ ( ! foll[+
 =mul is ! "o n[ employ$ 9 !  prep>ation
 ( ! #8,grana ,angelica1' or #8,&]son's 
,true ,scot's ,pills1' (  ! pres5t day40
 7,cooley47    ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,b>badoes  
aloes1 #g lbs42 jalap 79 f9e p[d]71     
#b-a_/d  lbs42 treacle1 #a_/b lb42 soap1
 #f oz42 melt$ toge!r by ! heat ( a w>m 
ba?1 &1 :5 p>tly cold1 aromatis$ by     
/irr+ 9 ( oil ( anise$1  #a oz4 ,! mass 
is divid$ into ab\t #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills1 
( :i* #bf or #bg  are plac$ 9 ea* #as4  
#a-a_/b;d4 box4 ,a mild & useful        

ap]i5t4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or m4  
#b4 7,orig9al =mula47 ,socotr9e aloes1  
#a oz42 be/ myrrh1 #a_/d oz42  saffron1 
#a dr42 sep>ately p\nd$ v f9e2 mix !m1 9
 an e>!n  pipk91 ) a spoonful ea* ( wat]
 & sweet oil1 by ! heat ( a sl[  fire1 &
 =m ! mass into 8common-siz$ pills40 ,f 
a copy ( !  orig9al docum5t 9 ! ,*apel (
 ! ,rolls4    #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes &  
gamboge1 ( ea* #f dr42 oil ( anise$1 #a 
dr42  syrup1 q4 s42 mix1 & divide into  
#d-;gr4 pills4 ,mu* m p[]ful ?an  !     
prec$+1 & closely resembl+ ,morison's   
#8,no4 #b pills4'    #d4 7,phil4 ,coll4 
( ,ph>m47 ,b>badoes aloes 79 p[d]71 #c  
lbs41 ,ca/ile  soap1 #a_/b lb42 colocyn?
 & gamboge 7bo? 9 f9e p[d]71 #b oz42 oil
 (  anise$1 #a oz42 beat to a mass )    
wat]1 q4 s41 & divide x into #c-;gr4    
pills4 ,less active ?an ! la/1 b m s ?an
 ! #8,true ,scot's  ,pills4'    ,pills1 
,anodyne4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anodyn1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,opium  79      
p[d]71 #f gr42 camphor1 #ae gr42 cons]ve
 ( roses1 q4 s42 divide into  #ab       

pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 z requir$4   
#b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,calomel1        
potassio-t>trate ( antimony1 & opium1   
equal p>ts2 syrup ( saffron1 q4 s42     
divid$ 9 #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,9 acute   
rheumatism & neuralgia4----,dose1 #a    
pill1 at b$time4    ,pills1 ,antibili\s4
 ,all ! ord9>y ap]i5t & /oma*ic pills   
may  be class$ "u ?is head4 ,see ! names
 ( _! proprietors or reput$  inv5tors1  
or ^? ( _! lead+ +r$i5ts4    ,pills     
,anti*lorotic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul            
,,anti*lorotic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4          
7,radius47 ,aloes & c>bonate ( iron1 (  
ea* #a_/b dr42 gum ammoniacum1 #a  dr42 
extract ( t>axacum1 q4 s4 ,= #c-;gr4    
pills4----,dose1 #b to #f1 night  &     
morn+2 9 *lorosis1 am5orrha1 c4    #b4  
7,tr\sseau  ,reveil47 ,porphyris$ iron  
fil+s1 #a dr42 extract (  wormwood1 q4  
s4 ,= #cf pills4----,dose1 #c or #d2 z !
 la/4    ,pills1 ,antimonial 7,comp\nd74
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antimonialis           
,,composit1 ,p4  ,,antimonii ,,co41 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 ,antimonial p[d]1 #a_/b dr42 

calomel1 camphor1  & p[d]$ opium1 ( ea* 
#f gr42 cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s42 divide  
into  #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b1 at   
night2 9 acute rheumatism1 neuralgia1   
*ronic  c\ghs1 c4    #b4 7,/ ,b4 ,hosp47
 ,t>t> emetic1 #a gr42 guaiacum & pill (
 aloes &  myrrh1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42       
treacle1 to mix4 ,= #af pills4 ,z ! la/4
    ,pills1 ,antispasmodic4 ,syn4       
,,pilul ,,antispasmodic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr
 ,a4  ,t4 ,?omson47 ,opium1 #a gr42     
,russian ca/or1 #ac gr42 p[d]$          
digitalis1 #b  gr42 syrup1 to mix2      
divide into #d pills4----,dose1 #a or   
#b1 two or ?ree  times a day2 9         
spasmodic a/hma1 difficulty ( brea?+1 c4
 ,sev]al  o!r =mul = antispasmodic pills
 w be f\nd bo? above & bel[4    #b4     
7,tr\sseau  ,reveil47 ,musk1 #ae gr42   
extract ( val]ian1 #a_/b dr42  liquorice
 p[d]1 q4 s4 ,= #bj pills4----,dose1 #a 
e two h\rs1 until  !re is a m>k$        
improvem5t 9 ! symptoms2 9 pneumonia1   
accompani$  by delirium1 especially 9   
drunk>ds2 9 spasms ( ! ut]us1 & 9  v>i\s

 o!r spasmodic affections4    ,pills1   
,aperi5t4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ap]i5tes1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 ,hepatic  aloes1 #b dr42     
rhub>b & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #a dr42    
scammony1 #a_/b dr4  7all 9 p[d]72      
ess5tial oil 7at w71 #aj or #ab drops2  
beat5 to a  smoo? mass1 & divid$ into   
pills4    #b4 ,comp\nd extract (        
colocyn? 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #a-a_/b dr42 
extract (  g5tian1 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$     
ipecacuanha1 #bj gr42 oil ( cloves1     
c>away1 or  cassia1 a few drops4 ,9     
dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 c4    #c4   
7,ab]ne?y's47 ,see page #f4    #d4      
7,alib]t's47 ,f calomel1 res9 ( jalap1 &
 ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #a  dr42 oil (     
orange peel or citron1 #f or #h drops4  
,= #fj pills4 ,z an  occasional mild    
purgative1 especially 9 bili\s habits & 
worms4    #e4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47       
,comp\nd extract ( colocyn? & m]curial  
pill1 (  ea* #a_/b dr42 scammony &      
,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #ae gr42 oil (      
c>away1 #f  or #g drops4 ,= #bd pills4  
,z ! la/4    #f4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,aloes1 

#a-a_/b dr42 jalap & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea*
 #a dr42  rhub>b & c>damoms1 ( ea* #a_/b
 dr4 7all 9 p[d]72 oil ( junip]1  #ab   
drops4 ,= #c-;gr4 pills4 ,a useful mild 
ap]i5t1 = ei!r frequ5t or  occasional   
use4    #g4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,comp\nd      
extract ( colocyn? 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #dj
 gr42  extract ( h5bane1 #cj gr42       
,ca/ile soap1 #ab gr42 ipecacuanha1 #f  
or #g gr4  ,= two doz5 pills4----,dose1 
#b1 on retir+ to re/4 ,z an ap]i5t 9    
n]v\s affections & irritable habits4    
#h4 7,h>vey47 ,m]curial pill & p[d]$    
aloes1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 g+]1  #bj gr4 ,=
 #bd pills4 ,9 con/ipation1 att5d$ ) a  
defici5cy ( bile4    #i4 7,dr ,neligan47
 ,comp\nd colocyn? pill & soap ( jalap1 
equal p>ts2  ei!r ) or )\t a few drops (
 "s aromatic ess5tial oil4 ,= #d  or    
#e-;gr4 pills4 ,z an ap]i5t = g5]al use4
    #aj4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore47 ,comp\nd
 extract ( colocyn?1 #dj gr42 extract ( 
rhub>b1 #a_/b dr42 scammony & soap1 (   
ea* #ab gr42 oil ( c>away1 #e or  #f    
drops4 ,= #bj or #bd pills4    #aa4     

7,/ahl's2 ,,pilul ,,ap]i5tes            
,,/ahlii----,ph4 ,hannov47 ,p[d]$ aloes1
 #a  oz42 comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1   
#a_/b oz42 iron fil+s1 #b dr42          
mucilage1 q4 s4 ,9 am5orrha1 l[ habits1 
& worms4    #ab 7,vance47 ,comp\nd      
extract ( colocyn?1 #hj gr42 extract (  
rhub>b1 #ab  gr42 ,ca/ile soap1 #f or #h
 gr42 oil ( c9namon1 #d or #e drops4    
,obs4 ,! products ( ! above =mul may be 
divid$ into pills ( any  size deem$ mo/ 
agreeable to ! pati5t1 & !y may be      
aromatis$ by  ! addition ( any ess5tial 
oil at w4 ,! dose v>ies1 accord+ to     
circum/ances1 f #e to #aj or #ab gr41 or
 m4 ,^? conta9+ aloes or  m]curials are 
be/ tak5 at b$time4 ,= o!r =mul see !   
v>i\s  (fic9al & o!r pills conta9+      
aloes1 colocyn?1 gamboge1 rhub>b1       
scammony1 c4    ,pills1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,aromatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4   
,l4 #agdf47  ,comp\nd p[d] ( aloes1 #c  
oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b oz42 syrup (  
orange  peel1 q4 s4 ,ap]i5t1 sudorific1 
& n]v9e4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4       

,pills ( ,arseniate ( ,iron4 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,ars5iatis1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,biett47 ,ars5iate ( iron1 #c gr42     
extract ( hops1 #b dr42 p[d]$           
mall[-root1 #a_/b dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,=  
#dh pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 daily2  9
 canc]\s1 scr(ul\s1 & h]petic           
affections4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ars5ical4   
,pills ( ,ars5iate ( ,sda4 ,syn4 ,,pilul
 ,,sod ,,ars5iatis1 ,l4 ,prep4          
7,erasmus ,wilson47 ,ars5iate ( soda1 #b
 gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 ! smalle/  possible 
quantity to dissolve x2 p[d]$ gum       
guaiacum1 #a_/b dr42  oxysulphuret (    
antimony1 #bj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,=   
#bd pills4----,dose1 #a  pill1 z ! la/2 
9 h]pes1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ars5ical4   
,pills1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,asiatic      
,,pills1 ,,c>natic ,p41 ,,ea/ ,,indian  
,p41  ,,tanjore ,p42 ,,pilul ,,ars5ici1 
,p4 ,,ars5icalis1 ,p4 ,,asiatic1 ,p4    
,,acidi  ,,ars5iosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4    
,cod47 ,ars5i\s acid1 #a gr42 black     
pepp] 79  f9e p[d]71 #ab gr42 rub !m    
toge!r = "s 7consid]able7 "t 9 an  iron 

mort>1 !n add1 ( p[d]$ gum1 #b gr42     
wat]1 q4 s4 to make a  mass2 :i* is to  
be accurately divid$ into #ab pills4    
,ea* pill conta9s  #a_/ab gr4 ( :ite    
ars5ic4    ,obs4 ,?is comp\nd is        
commonly employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies 9     
syphilis1  elephantiasis1 int]mitt5ts1 !
 bites ( v5om\s snakes1 c42 & z a       
prev5tive to hydrophobia4 ,! common     
practice 9 ,engl& is to employ #af  gr4 
( pepp] to #a gr4 ( ars5i\s acid1 & to  
divide ! mass into #af  in/ead ( #ab    
pills4 ,! dose is "o or two pills daily1
 tak5 aft] a  meal4 ,! use ( all        
comp\nds conta9+ ars5ic dem&s great     
caution4    ,pills1 ,ars5ical 7,opiat$74
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ars5ici ,,cum ,,opio1  
,l4 ,prep4  7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,ars5i\s 
acid1 #b gr42 p[d]$ opium1 #h gr42      
,ca/ile  soap1 #bj gr42 simple syrup1 q4
 s4 ,= #cd pills4----,dose4 ,z ! la/2 9 
int]mitt5ts1 h]pes1 lepra1 psoriasis1   
p]iodical heada*es1 neuralgia1  c4 7,see
 above47    ,pills1 ,asiatic4 ,see      
,,pills1 ,,ars5ical4    ,pills (        

,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,assaf,,tida 
7,ph4 ,e4  ,u4 ,s471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a     
7,ph4 ,e47 ,assaftida1 galbanum1 &      
myrrh1 ( ea* #c p>ts2  cons]ve ( r$     
roses1 #d p>ts1 or q4 s42 mix1 & beat !m
 to a prop]  pill-mass4    #b4 7,pb4 ,u4
 ,s47 ,assaftida1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,ca/ile  
soap1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 q4 s42  divide   
into #bdj pills4    ,obs4 ,! above      
7p>ticul>ly ! la/7 are /imulant &       
antispasmodic----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42  
twice or ?rice daily2 9 hy/]ical        
affections1 c4 7,see bel[47    ,pills ( 
,assaftida 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul    
,,assaf,,tid ,,composit 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4 
,d47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,assaftida1  
#b oz42 galbanum1 myrrh1 &  treacle1 (  
ea* #a oz42 mix 9 a capsule1 by ! heat (
 /eam or a wat]  ba?1 & /ir until x     
becomes a uni=m mass4----,dose1 c4 ,z ! 
la/4  ,! ,b4 ,p4 directs ! quantity (   
galbanum to be d\ble ! above4    #b4    
7,hosp4 ,f47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42 s(t    
soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #bj gr42 ipecacuanha  &
 squills1 ( ea* 79 p[d]71 #ab gr42      

syrup1 q4 s4----,dose1 #e to #aj  gr42 9
 *ronic a/hmas1 c\ghs1 c4    ,pills (   
,assaftida ) ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,assaf,,tid ,,cum ,,f]ro1 ,l4  ,prep4  
7,w4 ,cooley47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42      
extract ( *amomile1 #a_/b dr42 mix  ) a 
slight heat2 add1 ( dri$ protosulphate (
 iron1 #ae gr42 oil (  cajeput1 #aj     
drops2 & divide into #cf pills4 ,9      
hypo*ondriasis1 hy/]ia1  am5orrha1      
*lorosis1 c41 aft] an ap]i5t4    ,pills1
 ,a/hma4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anta/hmatic1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,expectorant47  ,f      
comp\nd squill pill1 #bj gr42 calomel1  
#e gr42 p[d]$ opium1 #c gr42  made into 
#f pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 at b$time4
 ,expectorant1 & sometimes  laxative4   
#b4 7,tonic47 ,f comp\nd iron pill1 #b  
dr42 extract ( g5tian1 #a dr42  mix1 &  
divide into #fj pills4----,dose1 #b1    
night & morn+1 ) an  occasional dose (  
laxative m$ic9e4    ,pills1 ,a/r+5t4    
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,a/r+5tes1 ,l4 ,see      
,,pills ,,( ,,acetate  ,,( ,,lead1      
,,alum1 ,,gallic ,,acid1 ,,nitrate ,,(  

,,silv]1 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron1         
,,sulphate  ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,tann91 c4    
,pills ( ,atrop9e4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4    
,,pilul ,,atropi4 ,prep4 ,atropia1      
#a-a_/b gr42 sug> ( milk1 #a dr42 gum   
,arabic1 #ab gr42 syrup ( honey1 q4 s4  
,triturate ! atropia = a long "t ) !    
sug> ( milk1 & make  into #ajj granules 
& silv] !m4 ,granules ( ars5i\s acid1   
digital91  & /ry*nia1 are prep>$ 9 !    
same way4    ,pills1 ,ba*]'s ,tonic4    
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tonic ,,ba*]i1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,dr  ,p>is47 ,extract (     
black hellebore & p[d]$ myrrh1 ( ea* #a 
oz42  p[d]$ bless$ ?i/le1 #c dr42 mix1 &
 divide into #a-;dr4  pills4----,dose1  
#b to #f1 ?ree times a day4    #b4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,alkal9e extract ( hellebore &   
extract ( myrrh1 ( ea* #b  dr42 p[d]$   
bless$ ?i/le1 #a dr4 ,= #d-;gr4         
pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 z  ! la/4 ,an
 alt]ative tonic1 hydragogue1 &         
emm5agogue2 9 debility1  dropsy1        
am5orrha1 c4 ,a fav\rite rem$y 9 "s p>ts
 ( ,europe4    ,pills1 ,dr ,baillie's4  

,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aque\s extract (     
aloes &  comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 (  
ea* #c dr42 ,ca/ile soap1 #a dr42 oil ( 
cloves1 #ae drops4 ,= #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a 
good occasional ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a  to
 #c1 at b$time1 or e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,see 
,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills1 ,balsamic4  
7,morton47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,balsamica4   
,prep4 ,p[d]$  millip$es1 #ah dr42 gum  
ammoniacum1 #i dr42 b5zoic acid1 #f dr42
 saffron1 #a  dr42 balsam ( tolu1 #a    
dr12 anisat$ balsam ( saffron1 #f dr41  
or  suffici5t4    ,pills1 ,b>b>ossa's4  
,^! are suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ m]curial
  prep>ation employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,!y      
consi/$ ( quicksilv]1 rhub>b1  musk1 &  
amb]4    ,pills1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,b>clay's4   
,prep4 7,cooley47 ,res9\s extract (     
jalap1 #a  dr42 almond or ,ca/ile soap1 
#a-a_/b dr42 extract ( colocyn?1 #b dr4 
7or  p[d]$ colocyn?1 #c dr472 gum       
guaiacum1 #c dr42 potassio-t>trate (    
antimony1 #aj gr42 oil ( junip]1 #h or  
#aj drops2 oils ( c>away &  rosem>y1 (  
ea* #d drops2 make a mass ) syrup (     

buck?orn 7!  smalle/ possible quantity71
 & divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a        
diaphoretic  ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a to #c1
 at b$time4    ,pills1 ,dr ,b>on's4     
,prep4 ,f comp\nd rhub>b pill1 #cj gr42 
comp\nd  extract ( colocyn?1 #bj gr42   
p[d]$ ipecacuanha1 #f gr4 ,= #c-;gr4    
pills4  ,an excell5t /oma*ic            
ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 at    
b$time2 9  dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1  
c4    ,pills1 ,b>!z's4 ,prep4 ,f myrrh1 
#a dr42 aloes1 #a_/b dr42 musk1 #ae     
gr42 camphor1 #ab gr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 q4
 s4 to =m a mass4 ,= #c-a_/b-;gr4       
pills4----,dose1 #b1 ?rice daily2 9     
hy/]ia1 am5orrha1 *lorosis1 c4          
,pills1 ,ba? ,dige/ive4 ,prep4          
7,cooley47 ,rhub>b1 #b oz42 ipecacuanha 
&  ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42       
capsicum1 g+]1 & gamboge1 ( ea* #a_/d   
oz4 7all 9 p[d]72 syrup ( buck?orn1 q4  
s4 ,= #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a  z a  
d9n] pill2 #b or #c z an ap]i5t4        
,pills ( ,bebe]9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,bebe]91 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sulphate  (     

bebe]9e1 #a_/b dr42 aromatic confection1
 q4 s42 oil ( cajeput1 #f or #f  drops4 
,= #ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 e f\r 
h\rs2 z an  antip]iodic1 in/ead ( b>k or
 qu99e4    ,pills1 ,be*ic4 ,,pilul      
,,be*ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tr\sseau &        
,reveil47  ,extract ( digitalis1 #ae    
gr42 :ite oxide ( antimony1 #cj gr42    
extract (  liquorice1 #dj gr42 mix      
c>efully1 & divide into #dj pills4      
,expectorant  & s$ative4----,dose1 #b to
 #ab1 or m2 9 cases ( irritat+ c\ghs1   
cat>rh ( ! pulmon>y capill>ies or       
bron*ia1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,c\gh4       
,pills1 ,b$doe's4 ,prep4 ,f dri$        
7effloresc$7 c>bonate ( soda1 #a  dr42  
soap1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil ( junip]1 #ab    
drops2 syrup ( g+]1 q4 s42  divide into 
#cj pills4 ,9 gravel1 /one1 c4----,dose1
 #b to #e4    ,pills ( ,belladonna      
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,belladonn   
,,composit1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,a9slie47  
,extract ( belladonna1 m]curial pill1 & 
p[d]$  ipecacuanha1 equal p>ts4 ,=      
#c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a night &     

morn+1  9 canc]\s & gl&ul> affections4  
#b4 7,debreyne47 ,camphor & assaftida1 (
 ea* #a dr42 extract (  belladonna1 #bj 
gr42 extract ( opium1 #e gr42 syrup1 q4 
s4 ,= #dh  pills4----,dose1 #a pill1    
gradually increas$ to #f1 daily4 ,9     
hy/]ia1  am5orrha1 c4    ,pills1        
,bello/e's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,m]curial4   
,pills1 ,b5net's4 ,see ,,pills1         
,,full]',s4    ,pills1 ,b5zoic4 7,dr    
,p>is47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,b5zoes4 ,prep4  
,b5zoic acid1  #ab gr42 extract (       
poppies1 #ah gr4 ,mix1 = #f             
pills4----,dose1 #a pill4  ,expectorant4
    ,pills ( ,bi*loride ( ,m]cury4      
,pills ( corrosive sublimate4    ,pills 
( ,bi*loride ( ,platinum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 
,,plat9i ,,bi*loridi1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,dr  
,hoef]47 ,bi*loride ( plat9um1 #g-a_/b  
gr42 extract (  guaiacum1 #a dr42       
liquorice p[d]1 q4 s4 ,= #bd            
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1  twice or     
?rice daily2 z an alt]ative1 9 syphilis1
 c4    ,pills1 ,bick]'s4 ,prep4 ,f ru/  
7c>bonate7 ( iron1 #b dr42 aloes1       

myrrh1 & sulphur1 ( ea* #a dr42 ox-gall1
 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #d-;gr4               
pills4----,dose1 #a to #f1 morn+ & ev5+2
 9 debility1 *lorosis1 c4    ,pills (   
,bitt]sweet4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,dulcam>1   
,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47  ,extract (       
bitt]sweet 7dulcam>a71 #a dr42 crude    
antimony & bitt]sweet  79 p[d]71 ( ea*  
#a_/b dr4 ,= #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #f
 to #ab1 twice or  ?rice a day2 9       
ob/9ate sk9 diseases4    ,pills1        
,blaud's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anti*lorotic1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,tr\sseau &  ,reveil47      
,sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 #b p>ts2  
r$uce x to p[d]1 &  dry x 9 a /ove at   
#ajd ,fahr42 add to ?is dry c>bonate (  
potassa1 #b  p>ts2 honey1 #a "p2 & =m ! 
mass into #ej pills4 ,tonic &           
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #a to #aj1 daily2 
9 debility1 *lorosis1 c4    ,pills1     
,blue4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,m]curial4        
,pills1 ,bontius's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,hydrogog1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,bontii1 ,l4 ,prep4
 7,b4  ,cod47 ,socotr9e aloes1 gamboge1 
& gum ammoniacum1 ( ea* #a dr42         

:ite-w9e v9eg>1 #f dr42 dissolve by heat
 at twice1 press out !  liquor1         
evaporate to a pilul> consi/5ce1 &      
divide into #d-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #a
 to #c2 z a /rong ca?>tic1 9 dropsy4    
,pills1 ,brigg's ,g\t & ,rheumatic4 ,?is
 no/rum closely resembles 9  appe>ance1 
od\r1 & prop]ties1 ! ,,plumm]',s ,,pill 
( ! ,ph>macopia2  ! two are probably    
id5tical4 7,cooley47    ,pill ( ,bromide
 ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,f]ri          
,,bromidi1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,mag5die47      
,bromide ( iron & p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 (  
ea* #ab gr42  cons]ve ( roses1 #bj gr42 
mix1 & divide into #bj pills4 ,!y %\ld  
be  kept 9 a dry1 cork$ phial4 ,tonic & 
alt]ative4----,dose1 #a to #b1 night  & 
morn+2 9 debility1 especially t (       
scr(ul\s habits1 9  *lorosis1 c4        
,pills ( ,bruc9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,bruci1
 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mag5die47 ,bruc9e1  #ab   
gr42 confection ( roses1 #a_/b dr42     
c>efully mix$ & divid$ into #bd  pills1 
:i* are recomm5d$ to be silv]$4 ,!      
quantity ( !  confection may be         

advantage\sly d\bl$4----,dose1 #a pill1 
night &  morn+2 9 ! same affections z ^?
 = :i* /ry*n9e is  adm9i/]$4 ,! acetate 
hydro*lorate1 or sulphate ( bruc9e may  
be  sub/itut$ = ! alkaloid 9 ! above    
=mula1 9 a slightly l>g]  quantity4     
,pills ( ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,calomelanos1 ,p4 ,e4 ,,calomelane1 ,p4
  ,,hydr>gyri ,,sub*loridi1 ,p4 ,h4     
,,cloridi1 ,p4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,mitis 7,ph4 ,u4
 ,s471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,calomel1 #d dr42
 p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #a dr42 simple      
syrup1  q4 s42 mix & divide into #bdj   
pills4 ,ea* pill conta9s #a gr4 (       
calomel4  ,a conv5i5t =m ( exhibit+ ?is 
drug :5 uncomb9$ ) o!r                  
rem$ies4----,dose1 #a to #e pills1      
accord+ to ! indication4    #b4 7,u4 ,c4
 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #b dr42 rhub>b1      
#a-a_/b dr42 confection ( s5na1  q4 s4  
,= #d doz5 pills4 ,an excell5t alt]ative
 ap]i5t1 especially 9  hepatic          
affections4    ,pills ( ,calomel        
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,plumm]',s ,,pills1  
,,r$ ,p42 ,,pilula  ,,hydr>gyri         

,,sub*loridi ,,composita1 ,,pilul       
,,calomelanos ,,composit 7,ph4 ,e4      
,d471 ,,pilul ,,plumm]i1 ,,pilula       
,,hydr>gyri ,,*loridi ,,composita1 ,l4  
7,ph4 ,l474  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l474     
,*loride ( m]cury 7calomel7 &           
oxysulphide (  antimony1 ( ea* #b dr42  
rub !m toge!r1 add ( guaiacum 79 p[d]7  
& treacle1 ( ea* #d dr41 & =m ! :ole    
into a pill-mass4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47     
,calomel & gold5 sulphide ( antimony1 ( 
ea* #a "p2  guaiacum 79 p[d]7 & treacle1
 ( ea* #b p>ts2 beat ! :ole to a        
pill-mass1 & divide x into #f-;gr4      
pills4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,calomel &     
precipitat$ sulphide ( antimony1 ( ea*  
#a dr42  triturate !m toge!r1 !n add1 ( 
guaiacum res9 79 p[d]71 #b dr42  ca/or  
oil1 #a fl4 dr42 & beat ! :ole to a     
uni=m mass4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calomel1  
#a2 sulphurat$ antimony1 #a2 guaiac res9
 79 p[d]71  #b2 ca/or oil1 #a2          
mix4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4    ,obs4   
,an excell5t alt]ative pill2 v useful 9 
lepra1 9 second>y  syphilis affect+ !   

sk91 & 9 v>i\s o!r *ronic cutane\s      
diseases2 also 9 dyspepsia & liv]       
compla9ts4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr41     
night & morn+4    ,pills ( ,calomel &   
,opium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,calomelanos ,,et
 ,,opii 7,ph4 ,e471  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,calomel1 #c p>ts2 opium1 #a "p2   
cons]ve ( r$  roses1 q4 s42 divide !    
mass s t ea* pill may conta9 #b gr4 (   
calomel4----,dose1 #a or #b pills1 9    
rheumatism1 facial neuralgia1 &  v>i\s  
inflammatory affections4 ,!y (f] a      
conv5i5t =m =  gradually introduc+      
m]cury into ! sy/em1 &1 if cont9u$1     
induce  salivation4    ,pills (         
,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,camphor1 ,p4  
,,camphorat1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,camphor &     
sug>1 ( ea* 79 p[d]7 #b p>ts2 cons]ve ( 
hips1 #a "p4  ,= #c-;gr4 pills4         
,anaphrodisiac1 s$ative1 diaphoretic1 & 
n]v9e4----,dose1 #a to #e1 twice or     
?rice a day4    ,pills ( ,camphor       
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,camphor     
,,composit1 ,p4  ,,camphorat ,c41 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,dupuytr547 ,camphor1 #bd   

gr42 pure musk1 #h  gr42 opium1 #b gr42 
syrup1 q4 s42 divide into #ab           
pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1  ?ree or f\r 
times daily2 9 putresc5t sores1 hospital
 gangr5e1 c4    #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,gum  
ammoniacum1 #dj gr42 camphor1 #cj gr42  
musk1 #aj gr42  opium1 #e gr42 t9cture (
 val]ian1 q4 s42 divide into #d-;gr4    
pills4----,dose1 #b to #f pills1 daily2 
9 n]v\s & hy/]ical affections1  c4      
#c4 7,ricord47 ,camphor & lactuc>ium 7or
 extract ( lettuce71 equal p>ts2  divide
 into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #f 
pills daily2 z an anaphrodisiac4    #d4 
7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #bj gr42     
assaftida1 #a dr42 extract ( val]ian1   
#b dr4 ,= #cj pills4 ,z ,no4 #b4        
,pills ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,pilul      
,,can?>idis1 ,p4 ,c4 ,,composit1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 ,can?>ides 79 v f9e p[d]71 #h
 gr42 extract ( g5tian1  #a_/b dr42     
liquorice p[d]1 #aj gr4 ,= #ab          
pills4----,dose1 #a to #d daily2 z  a   
diuretic1 emm5agogue1 c4    #b4         
7,ellis47 ,can?>ides 79 v f9e p[d]71 #ah

 gr42 opium & camphor1  #cf gr42 mix1 & 
divide into #cf pills4----,dose1 #a     
pill1 at b$time2 z an  aphrodisiac1 9   
p>ties lab\r+ "u g5]al debility4 ,!y    
%\ld be  us$ ) extreme caution1 & b     
seldom4    ,pills ( ,ca\t*\c4 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,gummi ,,ela/ici1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,b\is47  ,india rubb]1 cut into small  
squ>es or sph]es1 !n moi/5$ ) syrup  (  
tolu1 &1 la/ly1 %ak5 9 a box ) a mixture
 ( p[d]$ gum &  sug>4 ,9                
ph?isis4----,dose1 #a pill1 ?ree or f\r 
times a day4 ,!y pass  ?r\gh ! prim vi  
unalt]$1 & may !re=e fairly be presum$  
to  be in]t4    ,pills ( ,capsicum4     
,syn4 ,,cay5ne ,,pepp] ,,pills2 ,,pilul 
,,capsici1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's      
,hosp47 ,capsicum1 #a "p2 rhub>b1 #b    
p>ts 7bo? 9  p[d]72 treacle1 q4 s42 mix1
 & divide into #c-a_/b-;gr4             
pills----,dose1 #a  to #c1 an h\r be=e  
d9n]1 to create an appetite & promote   
dige/ion4    #b4 7,radius47 ,p[d]$      
capsicum1 #bj gr42 extract ( g5tian1 #a 
dr42  p[d]$ g5tian1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 

,= #fj pills4----,dose1 #b to #d  pills1
 ?rice daily2 9 *ronic dyspepsia1       
especially 9 ! loss ( tone  ( ! /oma*   
aris+ f intemp]ance4    ,pills (        
,c>bolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,acidi   
,,c>bolici4 ,prep4 ,c>bolic  acid1 #c   
drops2 soap p[d]1 #fj gram2 lycopodium1 
#jf gram2 p[d]$  tragacan?1 q4 s4 ,= six
 pills4 ,! two fir/ +r$i5ts =m a        
semi-fluid mass1 :i* ! lycopodium does n
 absorb1 b :i* is  solidifi$ by means ( 
! tragacan?4    ,pills ( ,c>bonate (    
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,vallet',s ,,pills2       
,,pilul ,,f]ri  ,,c>bonatis 7,ph4 ,e71  
,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e47 ,sac*>at$
 c>bonate (  iron1 #d p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$
 roses1 #a "p2 mix1 & divide ! mass     
into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 
or m2 z a mild *alybeate &              
anti*lorotic4 #e to #bj gr41 ,b4 ,p4 ,= 
ano!r =mula1 see ,,pills1 ,,blaud',s    
7above74    ,pills1 ,c>bonic ,acid4 7,mr
 ,morson74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,acidi        
,,c>bonici4  ,prep4 ,mix #a_/b dr4 (    
bic>bonate ( soda & #be gr4 ( t>t>ic    

acid1  co>sely p[d]$1 ) ! smalle/       
possible quantity ( syrup &  mucilage to
 =m a mass4 ,divide into #ab pills4     
,pills1 ,cat>rh4 ,syn4 ,,pilul          
,,anticat>rhales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4        
7,tr\sseau  & ,reveil47 ,turp5t9e1 #d   
dr42 ammoniacum1 #a dr42 balsam ( tolu1 
#a_/b  dr42 aque\s extract ( opium1 #e  
gr42 liquorice p[d]1 q4 s42 mix1 &      
divide into #hj pills4----,dose1 #e or  
#f daily2 9 *ronic cat>rh ( !  bron*i & 
bladd]4    #b4 7,tr\sseau  ,reveil47    
,alcoholic extract ( aconite1 #cj gr42  
sulphuret  ( calcium1 #af gr42 p[d]$    
sug>1 q4 s4 ,= #bd pills4----,dose1 #a  
pill1  ?ree or f\r times daily2 9 *ronic
 pulmon>y cat>rh4    ,pills1 ,ca?>tic4  
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ca?>tic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,dr ,colli]47  ,calomel1 #aj gr42 p[d]$
 jalap & prep>$ *alk1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42  
oil  ( c>away1 #aj drops2 syrup (       
buck?orn1 to mix2 divide into #e-;gr4   
pills4----,dose1 #a to #d4    #b4 7,dr  
,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,scammony1 #d gr42    
extract ( t>axacum1 #af gr42  divide    

into #f pills4----,dose1 #c pills1 twice
 daily2 9 hypo*ondriasis &  *ronic      
inflammation ( ! liv]4    #c4 7,a4 ,t4  
,?omson47 ,calomel1 #ae gr42 p[d]$      
jalap1 #de gr42 mucilage1  q4 s4 to mix4
 ,= #ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 at   
night1 to empty !  b[els1 9 bili\s      
affections4 ,o!r =mul = ca?>tic pills w 
be  f\nd bo? above & bel[4    ,pills1   
,ca?>tic 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul      
,,ca?>tic ,,composit1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 
,u4 ,s47 ,comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 #d
 dr42 p[d]$ extract  ( jalap & calomel1 
( ea* #c dr42 p[d]$ gamboge1 #dj gr42   
wat]1  q4 s42 mix1 & divide into #ahj   
pills4 ,an excell5t purgative1          
especially  9 bili\s affections1        
dyspepsia1 c4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 
,pills ( ,cetr>9e4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,cetr>94 ,cetr>9e1 #bd  gr42  
extract ( calumba1 #a_/b dr42 make into 
#ab pills2 "o e f\r h\rs  z a febrifuge4
    ,pills1 ,*amb]la9's ,re/orative4 ,a 
no/rum compos$ ( c9nab> &  milk (       
sulphur1 equal p>ts2 beat5 up ) cons]ve 

( hips4    ,pills ( ,*amomile4 ,syn4    
,,pilul ,,an!midis1 ,p4 ,,florum        
,,*am,,meli1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,extract (     
g5tian1 #a dr42 p[d]$ aloes1 #a_/b dr42 
p[d]$  rhub>b1 #bj gr42 oil ( *amomile1 
#aj drops4 ,a tonic & /oma*ic           
ap]i5t4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,?is =ms
 ! #8*amomile pills' ( !  %ops4 ,!y %\ld
 be kept 9 a cork$ phial4 7,see bel[47  
,pills ( ,*amomile 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4    
,,pilul ,,an!midis ,,composit1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,a9slie47 ,extract (        
*amomile1 #a dr42 assaftida1 #a_/b dr42 
p[d]$ rhub>b1 #bj gr42 divid$ into #cj  
or1 bett]1 #cf pills4----,dose1  #a1 z a
 d9n] pill2 or #b to #c1 twice a day1 9 
flatul5t dyspepsia4    #b4 7,beasley47  
,aque\s extract ( aloes1 #ab gr42       
extract ( *amomile1 #cf  gr42 oil (     
*amomile1 #c drops4 ,= #ab              
pills4----,dose1 #b at night1 or  twice 
a day2 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 c4 
,see ,,pills1 ,,norton',s  ,,*amomile4  
,pills1 ,*apman's4 ,prep4 ,ma/ic1 #ab   
gr42 aloes1 #af gr42 rhub>b1 #bd gr4  ,=

 #ab pills4 ,an excell5t /oma*ic        
ap]i5t4----,dose1 #b to #d4    ,pills ( 
,*irayta4 ,syn4 ,dr ,,reece',s ,,pills2 
,,pilul ,,*irayt1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f        
*irayta1 #b dr42 dri$ c>bonate ( soda1  
#bj gr42 p[d]$ g+]  7be/71 #ae gr42     
divid$ into #cf pills4----,dose1 #b1    
twice a day4 ,9  acidity1 flatul5ce1 &  
dyspepsia1 especially :5 complicat$ )   
g\t  or debility4    ,pills ( ,*oride ( 
,barium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,b>ii ,,*loridi1
 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,pi]qu947 ,*loride (  
b>ium1 #a dr42 res9 ( guaiacum1 #d dr42 
cons]ves ( fumitory1 q4 s42 divid$ into 
#ahh pills4----,dose1 #a pill1  morn+ & 
ev5+1 aft]w>ds increas$ to #b2 9        
tapeworm1 & 9 !  rheumatism ( scr(ul\s  
subjects4    #b4 7,wal%47 ,*loride (    
b>ium1 #ae gr42 p[d]$ m>%mall[ or       
liquorice  root & mucilage ( tragacan?1 
( ea* q4 s4 to make #bjj                
pills4----,dose1  #c1 gradually increas$
 to #aj or #ab1 daily2 9 canc]1 scr(ula1
 goitre1  syphilis1 c4    ,obs4 ,! above
 are v poison\s1 & _! exhibition dem&s  

great  caution4    ,pills ( ,*loride (  
,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,calcii        
,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,z ! la/4    
#b4 7,grfe47 ,*loride ( calcium1 #a dr42
 extract ( opium1 #aj gr42  mucilage1 q4
 s4 ,= #ed pills4----,dose1 #a1 e two or
 ?ree h\rs1  gradually increas$ until   
#aj1 or ev5 #ab1 are tak5 e h\r2 9      
gonorrha1 m especially :5 occurr+ 9     
scr(ul\s subjects4    ,pills ( ,*loride 
( ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri ,,*loridi 
,l4 ,prep4 ,f  t]*loride ( gold1 #c gr42
 p[d]$ liquorice1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4  
,= #dh  pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice 
or ?rice daily4    ,pills ( ,*loride (  
,gold & ,sdium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri    
,,et ,,sodi  ,,*loridi1 ,p4 ,a4         
,,sodio-,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4           
7,mag5die47 ,soda-*loride (  gold1 #a   
gr42 extract ( mez]eon1 #b dr42 divide  
into #fj pills4    ,pills ( ,*loride (  
,lime4 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,( ,,*lor9at$     
,,lime2 ,,pilul  ,,calcis               
,,hypo*loritis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*loride 
( lime1 #ab gr42 />*  p[d]1 #bd gr42    

cons]ve ( hips1 q4 s42 divide into #cf  
pills4    #b4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,*loride (  
lime1 #ae gr42 comp\nd p[d] ( tragacan?1
  #ij gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #bd          
pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or     
?rice daily2  9 v>i\s putrid affections1
 fev]s1 c4    ,pills ( ,*loride (       
,m]cury4 ,pills ( calomel4    ,pills1   
,*olera4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anti*ol]ic1 ,e4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$  camphor1 #ae gr42   
p[d]$ capsicum 7pure71 #a_/b dr42       
bic>bonate ( soda1 #a  dr42 cons]ve (   
roses1 q4 s4 ,= #cf pills4----,dose1 #b 
to #d1 e #ae  m9utes1 wa%$ d[n ) a      
w9e-glassful ( cold wat] conta9+ half a 
teaspoonful ( e!r2 repeat$ e #ae or #bj 
m9utes until reaction  ensues4 ,!y %\ld 
be fre%ly made4    #b4 7,,pilula        
,,anti*ol]ica ,,arabica47 ,prep4        
,assaftida1 asclepias gigantea1  &      
opium1 ( ea* #a-a_/b gr4 9 ea* pill4 ,"o
 e half or ?ree  qu>t]s ( an h\r1 brok5 
d[n 9 a spoonful ( br&y & wat]1 till  ! 
symptoms yield4 ,aft] vomit+ & purg+ h  
ceas$1 if pro/ration  & spasms are      

urg5t1 give #a_/b or #a_/d doses4 ,black
 pepp] is sub/itut$  = asclepias 9 ?is  
c\ntry4    #c4 7,,pilul ,,cambogi       
,,composit4 ,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,gamboge1   
aloes pods1 &  comp\nd c9namon p[d]1 (  
ea* #a "p2 soap1 #b p>ts2 syrup1  q4    
s4----,dose1 #e gr4 to #aj gr4    ,pills
 ( ,citrate ( ,iron & ,qu99e4 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,citratis  ,,cum ,,qu9a1
 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f citrate ( iron & qu99e1  
#a dr42 p[d]$  citric acid1 #bj gr42    
cons]ve ( hips1 q4 s4 ,= #cf pills4 ,an 
excell5t  tonic 9 debility1 *lorosis1   
c4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or ?rice   
daily4    ,pills1 ,sir ,c4 ,cl>k's4 ,see
 ,,d9n] ,,pills4    ,pills1 ,co9det's4  
,see ,,pills ,,( ,,iodide ,,( ,,m]cury4 
,pills ( ,col*icum4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,g\t4
    ,pills ( ,colocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,pilul   
,,duobus1 ,p4 ,,ex ,,colocyn?ide        
,,simpliciores1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4    
#agdf47 ,colocyn? & scammony1 ( ea* #b  
oz42 oil ( cloves1 #b dr42 syrup (      
buck?orn1 q4 s4 ,an active hydragogue   
ca?>tic4----,dose1 #b to #ab gr4        

,pills ( ,colocyn? 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4    
,,pill ,,( ,,co*ia2 ,,pilul ,,cocci1    
,,pilul ,,co*i1 ,,pilula ,,colocyn?idis 
,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,p4              
,,colocyn?idis  ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l4    
,d471 ,p4 ,,colocyn?idis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  ,extract (      
colocyn? 7simple71 #a dr42 p[d]$ extract
 ( aloes1 #f dr42  p[d]$ scammony1 #b   
dr42 p[d]$ c>damoms1 #a_/b dr42 s(t soap
 7,ph4 ,l471  #a-a_/b dr42 mix1 & beat  
!m altoge!r1 s t a mass may be =m$4     
,?is is int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! comp\nd
 extract ( colocyn? (  ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,socotr9e or ,ea/    
,indian aloes & scammony1 ( ea* #h p>ts2
  sulphate ( potassa1 #a "p2 beat !m    
toge!r2 add ( colocyn?1 9 f9e  p[d]1 #d 
p>ts2 next add ( oil ( cloves1 #a "p2 &1
 ) ! aid ( a  little rectifi$ _s1 beat !
 :ole to a mass & divide ?is into       
#e-;gr4 pills4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47        
,colocyn? pulp1 scammony1 & ,ca/ile     
soap1 ( ea* 79  p[d]7 #a oz42 hepatic   
aloes1 #b oz42 treacle1 #aj dr42 oil (  

cloves1 #a fl4  dr42 mix1 & beat !m into
 a mass ( uni=m consi/5ce4    #d4 7,ph4 
,l4 #agdf47 ,socotr9e aloes & scammony1 
( ea* #b oz42 pulp (  colocyn?1 #a oz42 
oil ( cloves1 #b dr42 syrup ( buck?orn1 
q4 s4 to =m  a pill-mass4 ,?is is !     
orig9al =mul publi%$ by ,gal5 = #8pilul 
co*i m9ores1' &1 "u v>i\s slight        
modifications1 x has cont9u$  9 use ev] 
s9ce4    #e4 ,aloes1 #a-a_/b lb42       
colocyn?1 #c_/d lb42 jalap1 #f oz4 7all 
9 p[d]72 oil  ( cloves1 #a-a_/b oz42    
syrup or treacle1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,prod4  
,ab\t #d-c_/d  lbs4 ,?is =ms ! common   
#8pil4 co*i' ( ! druggi/s4 ,a few1 m    
consci5ti\s ?an ! re/1 add to ! above1  
scammony1 #f oz4 ,x is  greatly inf]ior 
to ! ,ph4 pill4    #f4 7,b4 ,p47        
,colocyn?1 9 p[d]1 #a2 ,b>badoes aloes1 
9 p[d]1 #b2  scammony1 9 p[d]1 #b2      
sulphate ( pota%1 9 p[d]1 #a_/d2 oil (  
cloves1  #a_/d2 di/ill$ wat]1 a         
suffici5cy 7ab\t #a_/d72 mix4 ,dr       
,gregory's  fav\rite pill4----,dose1 #e 
to #aj gr4    ,obs4 ,comp\nd colocyn?   

pill is a *eap & excell5t ca?>tic1 m    
p[]ful ?an ! o!r (fic9al aloetic pills1 
& well adapt$ to cases  ( habitual      
co/iv5ess4 ,x has long be5 ext5sively   
us$ by ! poor]  classes1 & 9 dome/ic    
m$ic9e g5]ally4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 
,pills ( ,colocyn? & ,h5bane4 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,colocyn?idis ,,et  ,,hyoscyami
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,e47 ,colocyn? pill-mass1 #b  p>ts2     
extract ( h5bane1 #a "p2 beat !m up ) a 
few drops (  rectifi$ _s 7if necess>y71 
& divide !m into #e-;gr4                
pills4----,dose1 #a to #c pills2 z an   
anodyne purgative1 9 irritable  b[els4  
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colocyn?1 9 p[d]1 #b2    
,b>badoes aloes1 9 p[d]1 #b2  scammony1 
9 p[d]1 #b2 sulphate ( pota%1 9 p[d]1   
#a_/d2 oil (  cloves1 #a_/d2 extract (  
hyoscyamus1 #c2 di/ill$ wat]1 a         
suffici5cy2  mix4----,dose1 #e to #aj   
gr4    ,pills ( ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 
,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47     
,pure  balsam ( copaiba1 #b oz42 rec5tly
 prep>$ calc9$ magnesia1 #a dr42 mix    

?or\ghly1 !n set ! mixture aside until x
 acquires a pillul>  consi/5ce1 & la/ly1
 divide x into #bjj pills4    ,obs4     
,unless ! magnesia has be5 v rec5tly    
calc9$1 ! copaiba  h>d5s v sl[ly or n at
 all4 ,x is said t 8lime produces !     
effect m completely & uni=mly ?an       
magnesia10 & t 8specim5s  ( copaiba :i* 
are old & conta9 ! mo/ res9 h>d5        
quicke/40  7,r$wood47 ,= pres5t use1 !  
quantity ( magnesia may be at lea/      
d\bl$4 ,dr ,p]eira ord]s copaiba1 #a    
oz42 magnesia1 #e or #f dr4----,dose1   
#aj to #cj gr41 frequ5tly2 9 diseases ( 
! muc\s membranes ( !  ur9>y organs4    
,cubebs are (t5 add$4    ,pills1 ,dr    
,copl&'s4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t &      
,,pectoral4    ,pills ( ,corrosive      
,sublimate4 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,( ,,*loride 
,,( ,,m]cury2 ,p4  ,,( ,,bi*loride ,,(  
,m4 1 ,,h(fman',s ,p42 ,,pilul          
,,sublimatis ,,corrosivi1 ,p4           
,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridi1 ,p4 ,,majores  
,,h(fmanni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,corrosive   
sublimate1 #c gr42 :ite sug>1 #a_/b dr42

 triturate toge!r 9 a glass  mort> = "s 
"t1 !n add ( p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #bj gr41
 & beat  ! :ole to a mass ) dilute      
hydro*loric acid1 q4 s4 ,= #cf pills1   
ea* conta9+ #a_/ab gr4 ( corrosive      
sublimate4    #b4 7,br]a47 ,corrosive   
sublimate1 #c gr42 rectifi$ _s1 !       
smalle/  possible quantity to dissolve  
x2 bread-crum1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,=   
#bd  pills1 ea* conta9+ #a_/h gr4 ( !   
corrosive sublimate4    #c4 7,dr ,p>is47
 ,corrosive sublimate & sal-ammoniac1 ( 
ea* #e gr42 wat]1  #a_/b fl4 dr42       
triturate toge!r until solution is      
complete1 !n add (  honey1 #a_/b dr42   
liquorice p[d]1 #a dr4 7or q4 s471 &    
divide into #dj  pills4 ,ea* pill       
conta9s #a_/h gr4 ( corrosive sublimate4
    #d4 7,ph4 ,hannov47 ,corrosive      
sublimate1 #ae gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/d 
fl4  dr42 crum ( bread1 q4 s4 to =m a   
mass4 ,= #abj pills1 ea* conta9+  #a_/h 
gr4    #e4 7,,pilul ,,hydr>gyri         
,,bi*loridi ,,cum ,,guaiaco4 ,dupuytr547
 ,prep4  ,p]*loride ( m]cury 9 subtle   

p[d]1 #c gr42 extract ( opium1 #f gr42  
extract ( guaiacum1 #ab gr4 ,make into  
#bj pills4    ,obs4 ,! above =mul are   
among ^? mo/ usually employ$4 ,o!r      
au?orities ord] pills conta9+ #a_/af? ( 
a gr4 ,dzondi ord]s #a_/bj gr41  &      
,hfel& only #a_/cj gr41 9 ea* pill4 ,!  
comm5c+ dose %\ld n  exce$ #a pill      
conta9+ ! #a_/ab ( a gra91 twice or     
?rice a day4 ,x  may aft]w>ds be safely 
kept at #a_/h? ( a gra94 ,!y are *iefly 
employ$ 9 syphilis1 b are also          
occasionally exhibit$ ) great  advantage
 9 gl&ul> indurations & enl>gem5ts1 & 9 
canc]2 due  caution be+ obs]v$4         
,pills1 ,c\gh4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,pectoral1
 ,,expectorant1 c4    ,pills (          
,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,creasoti1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,pits*aft47  ,creasote1 #f 
gr42 p[d]$ h5bane1 #bd gr42 cons]ve (   
hips1 q4 s4 ,= #bd  pills4----,dose1 #a 
?ree times daily2 9 sea-sickness1 !     
vomit+ dur+  pregnancy1 c4    #b4       
7,rie*e47 ,creasote1 #a dr42 extract (  
liquorice & gum galbanum1 (  ea* #a_/b  

dr42 p[d]$ mall[-root1 #b dr42 to be    
divid$ into #b-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #c
 to #f1 f\r times a day2 9 acute        
rheumatism1 bron*itis1  neuralgia1      
ph?isis1 c4    ,pills1 ,crespigny's4    
,see ,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills (       
,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,crotonis1 
,p4 ,,tiglii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,croton   
oil1 #c drops2 oil ( cloves1 #d drops2  
bread-crum1 q4 s4 ,= #c  pills1 "o ( :i*
 is a dose4    #b4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,croton
 oil1 #f drops2 pill ( aloes & myrrh1   
#a-a_/b dr42  soap1 #bj gr42 liquorice  
p[d]1 q4 s4 ,= #cj pills4----,dose1 #b  
to #d4    #c4 7,dr ,reece47 ,croton oil1
 #f drops2 ,ca/ile soap1 #a_/b dr42 oil 
( c>away1  #h drops2 liquorice p[d]1 q4 
s4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c4 ,9 
dropsy1  visc]al ob/ructions1 c4 ,see   
,,croton ,,oil4    #d4 7,)              
,,m]cury----,dr ,neligan47 ,croton oil  
soap1 #c gr42 extract ( h5bane  &       
m]curial pill1 ( ea* #bd gr42 oil (     
pim5to1 #ab drops2 divide into  #ab     
pills4----,dose1 #b at b$time4 7,see    

above47    ,pills ( ,cyanide ( ,m]cury4 
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydr>gyri ,,cyanidi1 ,p4
 ,h4  ,,cyanureti1 ,l4 ,prep4           
7,guib\rt47 ,cyanide ( m]cury1 #f gr42  
opium1 #ab  gr42 bread-crum1 #fj gr42   
honey or syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #if            
pills4----,dose1 #a  night & morn+2 9   
syphilis1 *ronic inflammation ( !       
visc]a1 c4    ,pills ( ,cyanide (       
,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,potassii    
,,cyanidi1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,gold+ ,bird47  
,cyanide ( potassium1 #b gr42 arr[root1 
#bj gr42  simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #ah    
pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice or ?rice a   
day2 z a  s$ative 9 hy/]ia1 ga/rodynia1 
extreme n]v\s excitability1 c4 ,see     
,,draught & ,,mixture1 ,,hydrocyanic4   
,pills ( ,d&elion4 ,see ,,pills1        
,,t>axacum4    ,pills1 ,de ,ha5's4      
,prep4 7,/ ,m>ie47 ,gum ammoniacum &    
pill aloes )  myrrh1 ( ea* #a dr42      
extracts ( hemlock & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea*
 #a-a_/b  dr4 ,= #b-;gr4                
pills4----,dose1 #c to #f daily2 9      
pa9ful or ob/ruct$  m5/ruation1         

*lorosis1 c4    ,pills ( ,delph9e4 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,delph9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr     
,turnbull47  ,delph9e1 #a gr42 extracts 
( h5bane & liquorice1 ( ea* #ab gr4 ,=  
#ab  pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice a 
day2 9 dropsy1 g\t1 rheumatism1 c41     
in/ead ( v]atr9e4    ,pills1 ,deob/ru5t4
 7,l4 ,ph41 #agdf47 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,ecphractica4 ,prep4  ,aromatic pill1  
#c oz42 rhub>b1 #a oz42 extract (       
g5tian1 #a oz42 sulphate  ( iron1 #a    
oz42 c>bonate ( pota%1 #a_/b oz42 syrup 
( roses1 q4 s4    ,pills ( ,deuto-iodide
 7,b9iodide7 ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul   
,,hydr>gyri  ,,deuto-,,iodidi4          
7,mag5die47 ,prep4 ,deuto-iodide        
7b9iodide7 ( ,m]cury1  #g-a_/b gr42     
extract ( junip]1 #ge gr42 p[d]$        
liquorice1 q4 s4 = #ajj  pills4         
,pills1 ,diaphoretic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,diaphoretic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4           
,antimonial p[d]1 #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj 
gr42 calomel1 #e gr42 confection (      
opium1 q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #aj    
pills4----,dose1 #a at b$time2 9  c\ghs 

& bron*ial irritability1 aft] an ap]i5t4
    #b4 ,guaiacum1 #ai gr42 emetic t>t> 
& opium1 ( ea* #a gr42 simple syrup1  q4
 s4 to mix2 divide into #c              
pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 9 acute      
rheumatism1  c4    #c4 ,camphor &       
antimonial p[d]1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 opium1
 #aj gr42 aromatic  confection1 q4 s4 to
 mix4 ,= #ab pills4 ,9 fev]s1 & 9 "s    
spasmodic  diseases4----,dose1 #a pill4 
#d4 ,p[d]$ guaiacum1 #aj gr42 comp\nd   
p[d] ( ipecacuanha1 #e gr42  confection 
( roses1 q4 s4 to mix2 = a dose4 ,z a   
diaphoretic1 9  inflammatory affections 
& rheumatism4    ,pills1 ,di>rha4 ,syn4 
,,pilul ,,antidi>rh,,ales1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,tr\sseau   ,reveil47 ,s(t extract (   
opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 calomel & p[d]$     
ipecacuanha1 ( ea* #c gr42 cons]ve (    
hips1 q4 s42 divide into #aj            
pills4----,dose1 #a1 two or ?ree times  
daily2 9 *ronic & *ol]aic  di>rha4      
,pills1 ,digestive4 ,"u ?is head are    
g5]ally class$ all !  /oma*ic & mild]   
ap]i5t pills4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ba?2      

,,pills1 ,,d9n]1 c4    ,pills (         
,digital9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,digital91   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,digital9e1 #a gr42     
p[d]$ sug>1 #a_/b dr42 ?ick mucilage1 q4
 s4 ,= #bd  pills4----,dose1 #a to #d   
daily1 wat*+ ! effects2 z a s$ative to  
r$uce ! =ce ( ! circulation1 9 ph?isis1 
enl>gem5t ( he>t1  c4 ,see ,,pills1     
,,foxglove4    ,pills1 ,d9n]4 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,dict ,,antecibum1 ,l42 ,,gra9s
 ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4  ,prep4 #a4 ,aloes1  
#a dr42 rhub>b & extract ( g5tian1 ( ea*
 #a_/b dr42  ipecacuanha & capsicum1 (  
ea* #ab gr42 syrup ( g+]1 q4 s4 to mix4 
,= #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4    #b4 7,dr      
,baillie's47 ,see above4    #c4 7,,ba?  
,,dige/ive ,,pills47 ,see above4    #d4 
7,,pills ,,( ,,aloes ,,& ,,ma/ic2 ,,lady
 ,,crespigny',s ,,pills1 ,,lady         
,,heske?',s ,p41  ,,lady ,,web/]',s ,p41
 ,,dige/ive ,p41 ,,/oma* ,p41 ,,pilul   
,,alo,s ,,et ,,ma/i*es1 ,p4  ,a4 ,,cum  
,,ma/i*e1 ,p4 ,,/oma*ic ,,mesues2       
,,gra9s ,,de ,,vie1 ,,gra9s ,,de        
,,mesues47  ,f aloes 7p[d]$71 #f dr42   

p[d]$ ma/ic & petals ( r$ roses1 (  ea* 
#b dr42 syrup ( wormwood1 q4 s4 to =m a 
pill-mass4 ,= #c-;gr4 pills4  ,9 small  
doses !y excite ! appetite2 9 l>g] ones 
!y produce a  bulky & copi\s evacuation4
 ,?is is ! =mula ( ! old ,p>is ,codex4  
,rhub>b is n[ frequ5tly sub/itut$ = !   
rose petals4    #e4 7,sir ,c4 ,bell's47 
,f sulphate ( qu99e1 #d gr42 ma/ic1 #f  
gr42  rhub>b1 #ej gr42 syrup ( orange   
peel1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #ab or1          
pref]ably1 #ah pills4    #f4 7,sir ,*as4
 ,cl>ke's47 ,f extract ( *amomile1 #a_/b
 dr42 myrrh &  rhub>b 79 p[d]71 ( ea*   
#bj gr42 p[d]$ ,socotr9e aloes1 #aj gr42
 oil  ( *amomile1 #h drops2 mucilage1 q4
 s4 to =m #bj pills4 8,^! pills1  :i* 7 
orig9ally prescrib$ by ,sir ,*as4       
,cl>ke1 are mu* us$ 9  ,london40        
7,r$wood47    #g4 7,frank's47 ,f aloes &
 jalap1 ( ea* #d p>ts2 rhub>b1 #a "p2   
syrup ( wormwood1 q4 s4 ,= #c-;gr4      
pills4    #h4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes1 #f    
dr42 extract ( c9*ona b>k1 #c dr42      
c9namon1 #a  dr42 syrup ( wormwood1 q4  

s4    ,! dose ( ! above is #c to #e gr41
 ab\t an h\r be=e d9n]1 to  promote !   
appetite2 or1 z a purgative1 #aj to #ae 
gr4    ,pills1 ,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 
,,diuretic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f p[d]$     
foxglove1 #ab gr42 calomel1 p[d]$       
squills1 & opium1 ( ea* #d gr42  cons]ve
 ( hips1 q4 s4 ,= #ab pills4    #b4 7,dr
 ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,m]curial pill1 #a   
dr42 p[d]$ squills1 #bj gr42  confection
 ( roses1 q4 s42 divid$ into #bj pills4 
,! dose ( ei!r (  ! above is #a pill1   
twice or ?rice daily2 9 dropsy1 c4      
,pills1 ,dixon's4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is 
^! pills consi/ ( aloes1  scammony1     
rhub>b1 & a little t>t> emetic1 beat5 up
 ) syrup4 8,!  foll[+ =mula produces a  
pill precisely simil> to ?is            
no/rum3----,take  ( comp\nd extract (   
colocyn? 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #d dr42 p[d]$
 rhub>b1 #b  dr42 potassio-t>trate (    
antimony1 #h gr42 syrup ( buck?orn1 q4  
s42 mix1  & divide into #abj pills4     
,ap]i5t & diaphoretic4----,dose1 #b or  
#c1 at  b$time40 7,cooley47 ,al?\gh a   

no/rum x is really an excell5t m$ic9e1  
adapt$ = num]\s cases4    ,pills1       
,du*esne's4 ,prep4 ,f aloes & gum       
ammoniacum1 ( ea* #cj  gr42 ma/ic &     
myrrh1 #aj gr42 c>bonate ( potassa &    
saffron1 ( ea* #c  gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,9 
! dyspepsia ( hy/]ical pati5ts1 9       
engorgem5ts  ( ! abdom9al visc]a1 foll[+
 int]mitt5t fev]s1 c4    ,pills1        
,dysent]y4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,dys5t]ic1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,pure alum9a  & tannic acid1 (  
ea* #bj gr42 antimonial p[d]1 #ae gr42  
ca/or oil1  #a_/b dr4----,dose1 #e to   
#aj gr42 frequ5tly4    ,pills (         
,elaterium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,elat]ii1 ,l4
 ,prep4 7,radius47  ,elat]ium1 #f gr42  
extract ( g5tian & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea*  
#i gr42 mix1  & divide 9 #ab            
pills4----,dose1 #a to #d2 9 ob/9ate    
con/ipation1 & z  a purge 9 dropsy1 c4  
,pills1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,emetic1
 ,p4 ,,cupri ,,sulphatis ,,composit1 ,l4
  ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,sulphate ( copp] &
 ipecacuanha equal p>ts2 syrup  or      
cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4 ,= #e-;gr4       

pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 repeat$  e #ae
 m9utes1 until vomit+ comes on4 ,see    
,,emetics4    ,pills1 ,epilepsy4 ,syn4  
,,pilul ,,antepileptic1 ,p4 ,,ad        
,,epilepsiam1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4           
7,griffi?47 ,p[d]$ indigo1 #ge gr42     
assaftida1 #ae gr42  ,russian ca/or1 #g 
gr42 mix1 & divide ! mass into #bj      
pills4----,dose1 #a  e h\r4    #b4      
7,rcami]47 ,oxide ( iron1 #i gr42       
camphor & extract ( belladonna1 (  ea*  
#f gr4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1
 e #c or #d h\rs4    ,pills1 ,ergot (   
,rye4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ergot1 ,p4        
,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4    
7,dewees47 ,p[d]$ ergot1 #a_/b dr42     
extract ( g5tian1 #a dr42  divide into  
#ae pills4 ,9 ob/ruct$ & pa9ful         
m5/ruation1 hmorrhages1  c4----,dose1 #a
 pill1 ?rice daily4    #b4 7,lallem&e47 
,aloes1 ergot1 & rue1 ( ea* #h gr42 =   
#ab pills4 ,z  ! la/4    ,pills (       
,ergot9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ergot91 ,l4   
,prep4 7,bonjean47  ,ergot9e            
7,bonjean's71 #bd gr42 liquorice p[d]1  

#dj gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,=  #bd           
pills4----,dose1 #c to #f daily2 z an   
int]nal hmo/atic1 c4    ,pills1         
,ev]la/+4 ,syn4 ,,p]petual ,,pills2     
,,pilul ,,t]n31 ,p4  ,,p]petu1 ,l4      
,small sph]es ( metallic antimony4 ,!y  
possess ! prop]ty  ( purg+ z (t5 z      
swall[$1 b h n[ long fall5 into disuse4 
,pills1 ,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,expectorantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,myrrh1 
#a-a_/b dr42 p[d]$ squills1 #a_/b dr42  
extract ( h5bane1 #b dr42 syrup1  q4 s42
 divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b1   
night & morn+4    #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47
 ,p[d]$ squills & extract ( hemlock1 (  
ea* #a_/b  dr42 ammoniacum1 #a-a_/b dr42
 divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b    
twice or  ?rice a day4 ,9 *ronic c\ghs1 
a/hma1 c41 aft] an ap]i5t4 ,see         
,,pills1 ,,pectoral1 c4    ,pills (     
,extract ( ,walnut ,leaves4 7,negri]47  
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,jugl&is4  ,prep4        
,extract ( walnut leaves1 #a dr42 p[d]$ 
walnut leaves1  suffici5t to =m a mass2 
to be divid$ into #bj pills1 #b or #c to

 be tak5  9 ! day4    ,pills1 ,family   
,antibili\s4 ,syn4 ,,aloe ,,pills2      
,,alo,s ,,rosata1 ,,pilul  ,,alo,s      
,,rosat1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,socotr9e or hepatic
 aloes1 #c oz42 juice (  roses1 #a p9t2 
dissolve by heat1 /ra9 ?r\gh a piece (  
co>se flannel1  evaporate to a prop]    
consi/5ce1 & =m x into pills4           
,purgative1 9  doses ( #e to #ae gr4    
,pills1 ,fev]4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,febrifug1
 ,l4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are  ^? conta9+   
antimonials1 b>k1 qu99e1 & salic9e 7:i* 
see74    ,pills1 ,=dyce's4 ,an active   
purgative1 closely resembl+ 9           
composition  ! comp\nd gamboge pill ( ! 
,ph4 ,l4    ,pills1 ,dr ,fo!rgill's4    
,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes1 #d dr42       
extract (  colocyn? & scammony1 ( ea* #a
 dr42 diaphoretic antimony1 #cj gr42    
syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,a  
diaphoretic ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a to #d  
pills at b$time4    ,pills ( ,foxglove &
 ,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,digitalis ,,et
 ,,hyoscyami1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4  
,?omson47 ,p[d]$ foxglove1 #d gr42 p[d]$

 camphor1  #ab gr42 extract ( h5bane1   
#ah gr4 ,= #f pills----,dose1 #a or #b  
at b$time2  z a s$ative 9 maniacal &    
spasmodic affections1 c4    ,pills (    
,foxglove & ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,digitalis ,,et ,,scill 7,ph4  ,e471   
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,p[d]$ foxglove & 
squills1 ( ea* #a "p2  aromatic electu>y
 7,ph4 ,e471 #b p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$      
roses1 q4 s42 divide  into #d-;gr4      
pills4 ,a valuable diuretic 9           
dropsies4----,dose1 #a to #b pills4     
,pills1 ,frank=t4 ,^! are ! ,pilules    
,angeliques notic$ among ,,pat5t        
,,m$ic9es1 =m$ into #b-;gr4 pills1 &    
silv]$4    ,pills1 ,franks'4 ,see       
,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills (            
,fuligokali4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,fuligokali1
 ,l4 ,prep4 7,des*amps47  ,fuligokali1  
#e dr42 />*1 #b-a_/b dr42 p[d]$         
tragacan?1 #aj gr42 syrup1  q4 s4 ,=    
#ajj pills1 :i* mu/ be cov]$ ) #b or #c 
coats ( gum1 &  pres]v$ f ! air4 ,!     
pills ( sulphurett$ fuligokal 7,pilul   
,fuligokali ,sulphurati7 are prep>$ 9 a 

simil> mann]4    ,pills1 ,full]'s4 ,syn4
 ,,b5net ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,b5$ict1 ,l4 
,prep4  7,cooley47 ,aloes & sulphate (  
iron1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 myrrh & s5na1 (  
ea* #bj gr42 assaftida & galbanum1 ( ea*
 #aj gr42 mace & saffron1 (  ea* #f gr42
 syrup1 q4 s42 mix & divide into #d-;gr4
 pills4 ,antispasmodic1  emm5agogue1 &  
tonic1 & slightly ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a  
to #d1 accord+  to ! object 9 view4     
,pills1 ,gair?orn's ,mild ,provisional4 
,prep4 7,cooley47 ,comp\nd  gamboge     
pill1 #fj gr42 aque\s extract ( aloes1  
#dj gr42 sulphate (  potassa & extract (
 s5na1 #cj gr42 comp\nd scammony p[d]1  
#ae gr42  balsam ( ,p]u1 #f or #h gr42  
emetic t>t>1 #c gr42 mix1 & divide into 
#cf  pills4 ,purgative4----,dose1 #a1   
#b1 or m1 :5 requir$4    ,pills (       
,galbanum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilula    
,,galbani ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471       
,,pilul ,g4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,myrrh & prep>$ sagap5um1  ( 
ea* #c dr42 prep>$ galbanum & s(t soap1 
( ea* #b dr42 prep>$  assaftida1 #a dr42

 treacle1 q4 s4 to =m a pill-mass4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ !
 soap4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,z !    
,ph4 ,l41 except t treacle is sub/itut$ 
=  syrup4    ,obs4 ,^! pills are        
/imulant1 expectorant1 antispasmodic1 & 
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 9 
hy/]ia1 *ronic c\ghs1  *lorosis1        
am5orrha1 c4    ,pills ( ,galbanum )    
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,galbani ,,cum    
,,f]ro1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,guy's ,hosp47     
,comp\nd galbanum pill1 #b p>ts2        
precipitat$ sesquioxide (  iron1 #a "p2 
wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,=            
#d-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,an  excell5t tonic 
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 9 
*lorosis1  am5orrha1 c41 :5 *alybeates  
are n contra-indicat$4    ,pills (      
,gamboge 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,gamboge    
,,pills1 ,,=dyce',s ,p42 ,,pilul        
,,cambogi ,,composita 7,,ph4 ,l471 ,p4  
,,cambogi4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,ph4 ,l47  ,p[d]$ ,socotr9e or hepatic 
aloes1 #c dr42 p[d]$ gamboge1 #b dr42   
p[d]$ g+]1 #a dr42 s(t soap 7,ph4 ,l471 

#d dr42 mix1 & beat !m to a  pill-mass4 
,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf & ,ph4 ,d4   
#ahbf are precisely  simil>4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,e47 ,gamboge1 ,ea/ ,indian or    
,b>badoes aloes1 & aromatic p[d]1  ( ea*
 79 p[d]7 #a "p2 ,ca/ile soap1 #b p>ts2 
syrup1 q4 s4    ,obs4 ,all ! above are  
active ca?>tics4----,dose1 #e to #ae    
gr41 at  b$time2 9 ob/9ate con/ipation1 
c4    ,pills ( ,g5tian 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,g5tian ,,composit1 ,l4       
,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,extract ( g5tian1
 #a dr42 p[d]$ rhub>b &  c>damoms1 ( ea*
 #a_/b dr42 ipecacuanha1 #ab gr4 ,=     
#c-;gr4 pills4  ,/oma*ic4----,dose1 #b  
or #c1 twice or ?rice daily1 to improve 
! appetite  & dige/ion4    ,pills1 ,g\t4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ant>?ritic1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,b\*>dat47  ,extract ( col*icum &  
comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 ( ea* #a    
dr42  aque\s extract ( opium1 #c gr42   
mix1 & divide into #c-;gr4              
pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 accord+ to _!
 purgative action1 z requir$4    #b4    
7,sir ,h4 ,hal=d's47 ,f acetic extract (

 col*icum1 #a_/b dr42 ,dov]'s  p[d] &   
comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 ( ea* #ah   
gr4 ,= #ab  pills4----,dose1 #a pill4   
#c4 7,l>tigue's47 ,f comp\nd extract (  
colocyn?1 #bj gr42 alcoholic  extract ( 
col*icum se$s & alcoholic extract (     
digitalis1 ( ea* #a  gr4 ,= #b-;gr4     
pills4----,dose1 c4 ,z ! la/4    #d4 7,/
 ,george's ,hosp47 ,acetic extract (    
col*icum1 #ab gr42 ,dov]'s  p[d]1 #cj   
gr4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #b pills4   
#e4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore's47 ,f acetic  
extract ( col*icum1 #a dr42 p[d]$       
m>%mall[ root1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,=   
#dj pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 or  m1 ) 
caution1 z requir$4    #f4 7,tr\sseau   
,reveil47 ,p[d]$ col*icum se$s1 #a_/b   
dr42 p[d]$  digitalis & sulphate (      
qu99e1 ( ea* #ae gr42 calomel & extract 
(  colocyn?1 ( ea* #h gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 
,= #bj pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1  dur+ 
! day1 at ! comm5cem5t ( an attack (    
g\t4 ,o!r =mul  = g\t pills w be f\nd "u
 ! respective names4    ,pills1 ,dr     
,griffi?'s4 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #a-a_/b dr42 

sulphate ( iron1 #a_/b  dr42 ,ca/ile    
soap1 #dj gr42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4
 ,= #dh pills4 ,an  excell5t rem$y 9    
co/iv5ess1 ) loss ( tone ( !            
b[els4----,dose1  #b to #d1 at b$time4  
,pills1 ( ,guaiacum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4   
,,pilul ,,guaiaci ,,composit1 ,l4       
,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ res9 ( guaiacum1 #a   
dr42 oxysulphide ( antimony1 #dj  gr42  
oil ( cajeput1 #ab drops2 extract (     
g5tian1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4  ,= #d-;gr4 
pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 ?rice daily2 
9 g\t1 rheumatism1  second>y syphilis1  
v>i\s ob/9ate cutane\s affections1 c4   
#b4 7,/ ,b4 ,hosp47 ,guaiacum1 #cj gr42 
ipecacuanha & opium1 ( ea* #c gr42      
syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #a 
to #c4 ,z ! la/4    ,pills1 ,hal=d's4   
,see ,,pills1 ,,g\t4    ,pills1 ,dr     
,hamilton's4 ,! same z ! colocyn? &     
h5bane pill ( !  ,ph4 ,e4 ,! comp\nd    
pills ( gamboge1 n[ v5d$ "u ! title (   
#8,,morison',s ,,no4 #b ,,pills1' 7 long
 kn[n 9 ,scotl& z ,dr ,hamilton's       
,pills4    ,pills1 ,heada*e4 ,syn4      

,,cephalic ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,cephalic1 
,p4  ,,anticephalalgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
,caffe9e1 #ae gr42 aloes1 #bj gr42      
cons]ve  ( hips1 q4 s4 ,= #ab           
pills4----,dose1 occasionally2 :5 only  
"o side (  ! head is affect$4    #b4    
7,br\ssais47 ,extract ( opium1 #f gr42  
extracts ( belladonna &  h5bane1 ( ea*  
#ae gr42 extract ( lettuce1 #cj gr42    
butt] ( cacao1 #d  dr4 ,= #abj          
pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice or ?rice     
daily2 9 heada*e1  accompany+ spasmodic 
affections1 c4    #c4 7,dr ,wilson      
,philip47 ,p[d]$ nutmeg & rhub>b1 ( ea* 
#bj gr42  extract ( *amomile1 #bj gr42  
oil ( pepp]m9t1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,= #cj
  pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 ?rice      
daily2 9 n]v\s heada*es4    ,pills1     
,helvetius's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alum9is   
,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #b  dr42  
dragon's blood1 #a dr42 honey ( roses1  
to mix4 ,= #dh pills4  ,a/r+5t4         
,pills ( ,hemlock 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,conii ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4  ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47       

,extract ( hemlock1 #e dr42 p[d]$       
ipecacuanha1  #a dr42 treacle1 q4 s4    
,antispasmodic1 expectorant1 &          
n>cotic4----,dose1 #d  to #h gr4 7,b4   
,p4 #e to #aj gr471 twice or ?rice      
daily2 9 hoop+-c\gh1  bron*itis1        
incipi5t ph?isis1 c4    ,pills ( ,h5bane
 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hyoscyami  
,,et ,,z9ci1 ,l42  ,,pilules ,,de       
,,megl91 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47        
,extracts ( h5bane & ,val]ian1  & oxide 
( z9c1 equal p>ts4 ,= #c-;gr4           
pills4----,dose1 #a to #aj2 z an        
anodyne or s$ative 9 neuralgia1 n]v\s   
attacks1 c4    ,pills1 ,lady ,heske?'s4 
,see ,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills1        
,h(fmann's4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,corrosive
 ,,sublimate4    ,pills1 ,holl[ay's4    
,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4    ,pills1      
,hoop]'s ,female4 ,prep4 #a4 7,gray47   
,sulphate ( iron & wat]1  ( ea* #h oz42 
dissolve1 add1 ,b>badoes aloes1 #b-a_/b 
lbs42 :ite canella1  #f oz42 myrrh1 #b  
oz42 opopanax1 #a oz4    #b4 7,phil4    
,coll4 ( ,ph>m47 ,b>badoes aloes1 #h    

oz42 dri$ sulphate ( iron1  #b-a_/d oz42
 myrrh1 extract ( black hellebore1 &    
,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* #b  oz42 canella &  
g+]1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 divide !
 mass into  #b-a_/b- or #c-;gr4 pills1 &
 put #dj 9 ea* box4 ,ca?>tic &          
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #b1 or m4 8,if we 
omit ! soap1 less5 !  quantity ( extract
 ( hellebore1 & increase t ( ! aloes1 we
 ?9k  ! =m w be ne>] t ( ! orig9al40    
7,cooley47    ,pills ( ,h\nd's-tongue4  
7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cum         
,,cynogloss4 ,prep4  ,root-b>k (        
h\nd's-tongue1 #d dr42 h5bane se$s1 #d  
dr42 extract (  opium1 #d dr42 myrrh1 #f
 dr42 olibanum1 #d dr4 & #dh gr42       
saffron1 #if gr42  ca/or1 #if gr42 syrup
 ( honey1 #ad dr4 ,mix4 ,conta9s #a gr4 
( extract (  opium 9 #aj gr4 ,! orig9al 
=m ( ,,nicolans conta9$ /yrax1 & seems  
to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! comp\nd /yrax pill1
 z well z ( ?is  comp\nd4    ,pills1    
,humphrey's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,pectoral4  
,pills1 ,hunt]'s4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,r5al4 
,pills1 ,hydragogue4 ,see ,,bontius',s  

,,pills1 c4    ,pills1 ,hydrophobia4    
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ad ,,rabiem1 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,w]lh(f47  ,can?>ides 79 v f9e p[d]71  
#b gr42 belladonna & calomel1 ( ea*  #d 
gr42 camphor1 #h gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,=
 #ab pills4----,dose1 #b to #c1  twice  
daily4    ,pills ( ,iatropha4 7,dr      
,b>ham47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,iatroph4 ,prep4
  ,decorticat$ se$s ( ,jatropha         
gossypifoli1 #c dr42 gamboge1 extract ( 
colocyn? & scammony1 ( ea* #a dr4 ,make 
into #ij pills4----,dose1 #a1 #b1  or m4
    ,pills ( ,9dian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,pilul
 ,,cannabis ,,indic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f      
alcoholic extract ( ,indian hemp1 #a_/b 
dr42 sug> ( milk1 #a dr42 mucilage1  q4 
s4 ,= #dh pills4 ,an excell5t pill =    
soo?+ pa9 & quiet+ !  sy/em1 act+ )\t   
caus+ heada*e or con/ipation ( !        
b[els4----,dose1 #a pill1 increas$ to #b
 or m1 z necess>y4    ,pills ( ,9digo4  
,see ,,pills1 ,,epilepsy4    ,pills (   
,iodide ( ,ars5ic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,ars5ici ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,dr
 ,neligan47 ,iodide ( ars5ic1 #b gr42   

manna1 #dj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42  mix1 &
 divide into #ab pills4    #b4 7,g>dn]47
 ,iodide ( ars5ic1 #a gr42 extract (    
hemlock1 #bj gr4 ,= #bj                 
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or ?rice
 daily2 9 lepra1 psoriasis1 &  "s o!r   
scaly sk9 diseases4    ,pills ( ,iodide 
( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,iodidi1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,unoxidis$ iron fil+s   
7rec5tly levigat$71 #bj gr42 iod9e1 #dj 
gr42  di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b dr42 mix 9 a  
cold w$gwood-w>e mort>1 &  triturate !m 
toge!r until ! r$ col\r ( ! mixture has 
entirely  disappe>$2 !n add1 ( p[d]$    
gum1 #bj gr42 p[d]$ sug>1 #a dr42       
liquorice p[d]1 q4 s4 to =m a mass1 &   
divide x into #dh pills4 ,ea*  pill     
conta9s #a gr4 ( dry iodide (           
iron4----,dose1 #a to #f pills1 twice or
  ?rice a day4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,f9e    
iron wire1 #dj gr42 iod9e1 #hj gr42     
ref9$ sug>1 9  p[d]1 #gj gr42 liquorice 
root1 9 p[d]1 #adj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1   
#ej  m9ims4 ,agitate ! iron ) ! iod9e & 
! wat] 9 a /rong  /opp]$ ounce phial    

until ! fro? becomes :ite4 ,p\r ! fluid 
^u  ! sug> 9 a mort>1 triturate briskly1
 & gradually add !  liquorice4----,dose1
 #c to #h gr4    #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47     
,protosulphate ( iron1 #fj gr42 iodide (
 potassium1 #hj gr4  7bo? 9 f9e p[d]72  
mix1 add ( p[d]$ tragacan?1 #aj gr42    
p[d]$  sug>1 #cj gr42 & =m ! :ole into a
 mass ) syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #dj  pills4 ,ea*
 pill conta9s ne>ly #b gr4 ( ! dry      
iodide1 or ab\t #b-a_/b  gr4 ( ! common 
hydrat$ iodide ( ! %ops4----,dose1 #a to
 #c1 z !  la/4    ,obs4 ,! above pills  
are reput$ alt]ative1 tonic1 &          
emm5agogue1 &  are f\nd peculi>ly useful
 9 indurations1 scr(ula1 *lorosis1      
leucorrha1 c41 :5 ! adm9i/ration (      
*alybeates is n  contra-indicat$4       
,pills ( ,iodide ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 
,,plumbi ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  iodide
 ( lead1 #ae gr42 p[d]$ sug>1 #a-a_/b   
dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,= #fj             
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 gradually     
increas$ to #c1 or m1 twice a day2 9    
scr(ula1 scirrhus1 c4    ,pills (       

,iodide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,hydr>gyri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4   
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,gre5 iodide ( m]cury 
& p[d]$ g+]1 ( ea* #a  dr42 cons]ve (   
hips1 #c dr4----,dose1 #b to #e gr41    
twice or ?rice daily1  z an alt]ative 9 
scr(ula & scr(ul\s syphilis1 c4    #b4  
7,,co9det',s ,,pills47 ,f gre5 iodide ( 
m]cury1 #a gr42 extract (  liquorice1   
#bj gr42 mix1 & divide into #h          
pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 z !  la/4    
,pills ( r$ iodide ( m]cury are made 9 !
 same way1 b1 ow+  to its great]        
activity1 only "o f\r? ( ! above        
quantity ( iodide  mu/ ent] into _!     
composition4    ,pills ( ,iodide (      
,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,potassii    
,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,iodide (     
potassium & p[d]$ />*1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 
cons]ve (  hips1 q4 s4 ,= #cf           
pills4----,dose1 #a to #f1 ?rice daily2 
9 gl&ul>  indurations & enl>gem5ts1     
goiture1 scr(ula1 c4    #b4 7,vogt47    
,iodide ( potassium1 #ae gr42 burnt     
sponge & extract (  dulcam>a1 ( ea* #e  

dr42 wat]1 q4 s4 ,= #ahj                
pills4----,dose1 #d to #f1  twice a day1
 z ! la/4    ,pills ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,iod9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 
,iod9e1 #f  gr42 extract ( g5tian1 #a   
dr42 p[d]$ gum1 q4 s4 ,= #bd            
pills4----,dose1  #a to #c2 9 scr(ula1  
c42 also1 9 m]curial & scorbutic        
salivation4    ,pills ( ,iodide (       
,silv]4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,arg5ti ,,iodidi4
 7,dr ,patt]son47  ,prep4 ,iodide (     
silv]1 nitrate ( pota%1 ( ea* #aj gr41  
rub toge!r  into a v f9e p[d]1 & add1   
liquorice p[d]1 #a_/b dr42 :ite sug>1   
#bj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 to =m a mass1 
to be divid$ into #dj pills2 #a  ?ree   
times a day4    ,pills ( ,iod(orm4 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,iod(ormi1 ,l4 ,prep4         
7,b\*>dat47  ,iod(orm1 #a_/b dr42       
extract ( wormwood 7or g5tian71 #a dr42 
mix1 &  divide into #cf pills4----,dose1
 #a1 twice or ?rice daily2 9 scr(ula1 c4
    ,pills ( ,ipecacuanha 7,comp\nd74   
,syn4 ,,pills ,,( ,,ipecacuanha ,,)     
,,squills1 ,p4 ,,( ,i4 ,,& ,,opium2     

,,pilul ,,ipecacuanha ,,cum ,,scill     
7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4  ,,ipecacuanh ,,et      
,,opii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 
,l47 ,comp\nd p[d] (  ipecacuanha       
7,dov]'s p[d]71 #c dr42 p[d]$ ammoniacum
 & squills  7fre%ly p[d]$71 ( ea* #a    
dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 to =m a pill-mass4  
,anodyne1 sudorific1 &                  
expectorant4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 9 
*ronic  c\ghs & a/hma1 c4    #b4 7,ph4  
,e47 ,dov]'s p[d]1 #c p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$
 roses1 #a "p2 mix1  & divide into      
#d-;gr4 pills4 ,resembles ,dov]'s p[d] 9
 its effects4 ,x  is h5ce reg>d$ by _m z
 a useless prep>ation4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 
,,pilula ,,ipecacuanh ,,cum ,,scill4    
,prep4 ,comp\nd ipecacuanha  p[d]1 #c   
oz42 fre%-dri$ squill1 #a oz42          
ammoniacum 9 p[d]1 #a oz42  treacle1 q4 
s4 ,beat all toge!r4----,dose1 #e to #aj
 gr4    ,pills ( ,iron 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 
,p4 ,f4  ,,cum ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4
 ,l47 ,myrrh 79 p[d]71 #b dr42 c>bonate 
(  soda1 #a dr42 rub !m toge!r 9 a w>m  

mort>1 !n add ( sulphate (  iron1 #a    
dr41 & aga9 triturate2 la/ly1 add (     
treacle1 #a dr41 & beat  all toge!r1 to 
=m a pill mass4 ,an excell5t mild       
*alybeate tonic &  emm5agogue1 simil> 9 
its prop]ties to #8,griffi?'s           
,mixture1'----,dose1 #e  to #ae gr41 two
 or ?ree times a day4    ,pills1        
,italian ,black4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,italic 
,,nigr1 ,p4 ,,aloetic ,,f]rat1  ,l4     
,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,p[d]$ aloes & dri$ 
sulphate ( iron1 equal  p>ts2 beat5 up )
 rectifi$ _s1 q4 s41 & divid$ into #b-  
or  #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,see ,,pills ,,(
 ,,aloes ,,& ,,iron4    ,pills ( ,jalap4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,jalap1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,e4 #aghc47  ,extract ( jalap1 #b 
dr42 aromatic p[d]1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,soap ( jalap1 #c  
p>ts2 p[d]$ jalap1 #a "p2 beat !m to  a 
pill-mass4----,dose 7( ei!r71 #aj to #ae
 gr4    ,pills1 ,james's ,analeptic4    
,prep4 #a4 ,antimonial p[d]1 guaiacum1 &
  pill ( aloes ) myrrh1 equal p>ts2     
syrup1 q4 s4    #b4 7,cooley47          

,antimonial p[d] 7,james's71 pill aloes 
) myrrh1 &  comp\nd aloes p[d]1 ( ea* #b
 p>ts2 p[d]$ ammoniacum1 #a "p2  beat5  
up ) t9cture ( ca/or1 q4 s41 & divid$   
into #c-a_/b-;gr4  pills4 ,a diaphoretic
 purge4----,dose1 #b to #d pills4       
,pills1 ,dr ,j4 ,johnson's4 ,prep4 ,f   
comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 #b  dr42    
calomel1 #a_/b dr42 potassio-t>trate (  
antimony1 #b gr42 oil (  cassia1 #ab    
drops4 ,= #d doz5 pills4 ,an excell5t   
alt]ative &  diaphoretic                
ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4       
,pills1 ,kaye's4 ,see ,,pills1          
,,worsdell',s4    ,pills1 ,keys]'s4     
,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1  
#a-a_/b oz42  di/ill$ v9eg> 7dilute     
acetic acid71 #a p9t2 dissolve1 add to !
  result+ solution manna1 #b lbs41 &    
triturate = a long "t be=e !  fire1     
until a prop] consi/5ce is atta9$2      
la/ly1 divide ! mass into  pills (      
#a-a_/b gr4 ea*4    ,obs4 ,keys]'s pills
 7 once celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe z a   
rem$y  possess+ extraord9>y virtue1 & s 

highly 7 !y priz$ t !  me?od ( prep>+ !m
 0 pur*as$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t = !     
b5efit ( ! nation4 ,ri*>d1 :o fir/      
publi%$ a full acc\nt (  !m1 concludes  
by obs]v+ t he consid]s ?is comp\nd to  
be1  )\t exception1 ! mo/ effectual     
rem$y = syphilis hi!rto  discov]$4 ,9   
?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 x has long sunk into 
comp>ative  disuse ) ! faculty2 probably
 f pills ( acetate ( suboxide (  m]cury 
be+ errone\sly employ$ "u ! "n1 :]eas1  
accord+ to  ,robiquet1 acetate (        
protoxide ( m]cury 7call$ by him !      
#8p]oxide'7  =ms ! basis ( ! orig9al    
prep>ation4 ,! dose is #a to #b1 night &
  morn+1 z an alt]ative2 & #b to #f1    
twice a day1 z a sialogogue4    ,pills1 
,k+'s4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4          
,pills1 ,kit*5]'s4 ,syn4 ,dr ,,kit*5]',s
 ,,p]i/altic ,,p]suad]s2 ,,pilul  ,,rh,i
 ,,et ,,c>ui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$       
,turkey rhub>b1 #b dr42 simple  syrup1  
#a dr42 oil ( c>away1 #aj or #ab drops4 
,= #dj pills4 ,an admirable  /oma*ic1   
d9n]1 or laxative pill1 accord+ to !    

quantity  tak54----,dose1 #b to #f4 8,f 
#b to #d w g5]ally produce "o additional
  motion )9 #ab h\rs4 ,! be/ "t to take 
!m is e>ly 9 !  morn+40    ,pills1      
,kle9's4 ,prep4 ,f ammoniacum & extract 
( c5taury1 ( ea*  #a-b dr42 ,ca/ile     
soap1 #a dr42 oil ( amb]1 #c drops4 ,=  
#b-;gr4 pills4  ,/oma*ic1 emm5agogue1 & 
pectoral4----,dose1 #b to #f pills4     
,pills ( ,lactate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul
 ,,f]ri ,,lactatis1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,cap47 
,lactate ( protoxide ( iron & p[d]$     
m>%mall[ root1 equal  p>ts2 cl>ifi$     
honey1 q4 s4 ,= #c-;gr4 pills4 ,"o ( !  
mo/ valuable (  ! *alybeates4----,dose1 
#a to #b1 ?ree or f\r times a day4      
,pills ( ,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul    
,,lactuc>ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,br]a47    
,lactuc>ium1 #ah gr42 cons]ve (         
eld]-b]ries & extract ( liquorice1  (   
ea* q4 s4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to 
#b pills1 e ?ree or f\r  h\rs2 9 dry    
a/hma1 ob/9ate c\ghs )\t expectoration1 
c4    #b4 7,dr ,duncan47 ,lactuc>ium1   
#ab gr42 liquorice p[d]1 #bj gr42 simple

  syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1  
#a to #b pills1 e h\r1 z an  anodyne1 or
 to induce sleep4    ,pills1 ,l>tigue's4
 ,see ,,pills1 ,,g\t4    ,pills ( ,lead4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,acetate  
,,( ,,lead4    #b4 7,opiat$2 ,,pilul    
,,plumbi ,,opiat----,ph4 ,e42 ,,pilula  
,,plumbi ,,cum ,,opio----,b4 ,p47       
,acetate ( lead1 #f p>ts2 opium1 #a "p2 
cons]ve ( r$ roses1 ab\t #a  "p2 beat !m
 to a prop] mass1 & divide ?is into     
#d-;gr4 pills4 8,?is  pill may also be  
made ) twice ! quantity ( opium40 ,9    
hmorrhages1  ob/9ate di>rha1 dys5t]y1   
spitt+ ( blood1 & o!r cases  dem&+ ! use
 ( a p[]ful a/r+5t4 ,x has also be5     
highly  extoll$ 9 *ol]a4----,dose1 #a to
 #c pills1 twice or ?rice daily1 wa%$   
d[n ) wat] s\r$ ) pure v9eg>4    ,pills1
 ,lee's ,antibili\s4 ,prep4 7#8,am]4    
,j\rn4 ( ,ph>m4'7 ,aloes1 #ab  oz42     
scammony1 #f oz42 calomel1 #e oz42      
gamboge1 #d oz42 jalap1 #c oz42  ,ca/ile
 soap & syrup ( buck?orn1 ( ea* #a oz42 
mucilage1 #g oz42 beat  !m toge!r1 &    

divide ! mass into #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a    
p[]ful ca?>tic1  &1 f conta9+ m]cury1 n 
adapt$ = frequ5t use4 ,see ,,wyndham',s 
,,pills4    ,pills1 ,lewis's ,alt]ative 
& ,liv]4 ,^! 8= ! mo/ "p resemble       
,,scott',s ,,bili\s ,,& ,,liv] ,,pills4 
,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( a m dra/ic &  p[]ful  
"*1 & frequ5tly op]ate ) consid]able    
viol5ce40    ,pills1 ,lock/adt's4 ,prep4
 7,phbus47 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #c gr42   
aromatic p[d]1 #aj gr42 ess5tial oil (  
almonds1 #a drop2 extract (  g5tian1 q4 
s4 ,= #aj pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1    
?rice daily1 z a /oma*ic  tonic2 or !   
:ole at once1 be=e an expect$ attack (  
an ague or  int]mitt5t4    ,pills1      
,locky]'s4 ,prep4 ,f panacea ( antimony1
 #f gr42 p[d]$  :ite sug>1 #d dr42      
mucilage1 q4 s4 ,= #dh pills4 ,ca?>tic &
  emetic4----,dose1 #a to #d pills4     
,pills ( ,lupul94 7,mag5die47 ,syn4     
,,pilul ,,lupul9i4 ,prep4 ,! p[d]       
triturat$ =ms a suffici5tly t5aci\s mass
 = pills1 )\t any  addition4    ,pills1 
,dr ,lynn's4 ,prep4 ,f pill ( aloes )   

myrrh & comp\nd  extract ( colocyn?1 (  
ea* #a dr42 calomel1 #a_/b dr4 ,= #d    
doz5 pills4  ,ap]i5t &                  
antibili\s4----,dose1 #a to #c2 9       
co/iv5ess1 bili\sness1  c4    ,pills (  
,manganese1 ,c>bonate4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 
,,pilul ,,manganesii  ,,c>bonatis4      
,prep4 ,dissolve sep>ately1 #ag oz4 (   
cry/allis$ sulphate  ( manganese1 & #ai 
oz4 c>bonate ( soda1 9 wat]1 q4 s4 ,mix 
!  solutions & add to e #ag oz4 ( !     
liquid1 #a oz4 ( syrup1 & all[  !       
precipitate to subside 9 a well-clos$   
bottle4 ,p\r (f !  sup]natant liquid1   
wa% ! precipitate ) sug>$ wat]1 express1
 mix  x ) #aj oz4 ( honey1 & evaporate  
rapidly to a pill  consi/5ce4----,dose1 
f #d to #aj #d-;gra9 pills daily1 9     
anmia1  *lorosis1 c4    ,pills (        
,manganese1 ,iodide4 7,hannon47 ,syn4   
,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,iodidi4  ,prep4  
,iodide ( potassium1 #a oz42 dri$       
sulphate ( manganese1 #a oz42  mix )    
honey1 q4 s4 to =m a pill mass2 divide  
into #d-;gr4  pills4----,dose4 ,f #a    

pill daily1 gradually increas$4         
,pills ( ,manganese1 ,malate4 7,hannon47
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,malatis4  
,malate ( manganese1 #ae gr42 p[d]$     
c9*ona b>k1 #ae gr42 honey1 q4 s4  = #bj
 pills4 #c to #e or #f daily4    ,pills 
( ,manganese1 ,muriate4 7,niemann47     
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii  ,,muriatis4 
,prep4 ,*loride ( manganese1 #b         
scruples2 gum ,arabic1 #b  scruples2    
liquorice1 #a scruple4 ,mix4    ,pills (
 ,manganese1 ,phosphate4 7,hannon47     
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii              
,,phosphatis4 ,prep4 ,phosphate (       
manganese1 #a-a_/b dr42 c9*ona b>k1     
#a_/b  dr42 syrup ( cate*u1 q4 s4 ,make 
into #d-;gr4 pills4    ,pills (         
,manganese1 ,t>trate4 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,manganesii ,,t>tratis4 ,z  ,pills (   
,malate ,manganese4    ,pills (         
,manganese & ,sulphate ( ,iron4         
7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul  ,,manganesii  
,,et ,,f]ri ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4         
,sulphate ( iron1 #ac oz42 sulphate  (  
manganese1 #c-a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( soda1

 #ag-a_/b oz42 honey1 #aj oz42  syrup1  
q4 s4 to make a mass to be divid$ into  
#d-;gr4 pills4    ,pills1 ,m>tial4 ,syn4
 ,,pills ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,wormwood2     
,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,cum  ,,abs9?io1 ,p4    
,,m>tiales1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,syd5ham47      
,levigat$ iron-fil+s1 #a  dr42 extract (
 wormwood1 q4 s4 ,tonic &               
hmat9ic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41  twice
 a day4    ,pills1 ,mat!w's4 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,mat?,i1 ,p4 ,,pacific1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,dr  ,p>is47 ,black         
hellebore1 ,ca/ile soap1 liquorice1     
opium1 saffron1 &  turm]ic1 equal p>ts2 
made into pills ) oil ( turp5t9e4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,opium & saffron1 (  
ea* #a dr42 ca/or1 #b dr42 soap (       
turp5t9e1 #c dr42 balsam ( copaiba 7or  
oil ( turp5t9e71 q4 s4 to =m  a mass4   
,alt]ative & anodyne4----,dose1 #c to   
#aj gr4    ,pills1 ,mc,kinsey's4 ,see   
,,mck9sey',s ,,katapotia1 among ,,pat5t 
,,m$ic9es4    ,pills1 ,megl9's4 ,syn4   
,,pilules ,,de ,,megl91 ,fr4 ,see       
,,pills ,,( ,,h5bane  7,comp\nd74       

,pills1 ,m]curial4 ,syn4 ,,blue ,,pill2 
,,pilula ,,hydr>gyri 7,b4 ,p471 ,,pilul 
,,hydr>gyri 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,h4     
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,p4 ,,m]curiales1 ,l42 
,,pilules  ,,m]curielles1 ,fr4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]cury1 #d dr42         
confection ( roses1  #f dr42 rub !m     
toge!r until globules c no long] be se52
 !n add (  liquorice p[d]1 #b dr41 &    
beat ! :ole toge!r1 s t a prop]  mass   
may be =m$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/2 
aft]w>ds divid+ ! mass into #e-;gr4     
pills4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ! ,ph4 ,l4  
=mula1 b tak+ f\r times ! quantity (  ! 
respective +r$i5ts4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47    
,m]cury1 #b2 confection ( roses1 #c2    
decorticat$ liquorice  root1 9 f9e p[d]1
 #a2 rub ! m]cury ) ! confection ( roses
  until metallic globules are no long]  
visible1 !n add ! liquorice1 &  mix !   
:ole well toge!r4----,dose1 #c to #f gr4
 z an alt]ative1 #aj gr4  z a purgative4
    ,obs4 ,! rem>ks "u #8,,m]curial     
,,o9tm5t' 7p4 #aagi71 = ! mo/  "p1 also 
apply "h4 ,?is pill1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 

pres5ts no  globules ( m]cury :5        
mod]ately rubb$ on a piece ( :ite pap]1 
&  imm$iately communicates a :ite /a9 to
 a piece ( bright gold or  copp]4 ,x    
possesses consid]able d5sity1 & has a   
d>k blue or slate  col\r4 ,x conta9s    
#a-crd ( its weight ( m]cury1 :i* may be
  asc]ta9$ f its sp4 gr42 or1 m exactly1
 by an assay = ! metal4  ,x is ! milde/ 
& ! mo/ ext5sively us$ ( all ! m]curial 
prep>ations4----,dose4 ,z an alt]ative1 
#a to #c gr42 z a purgative1 #aj to  #ae
 gr42 & z a sialogogue1 #e or #f gr41 or
 m1 twice or ?rice daily4  ,to prev5t x 
affect+ ! b[els1 x is commonly comb9$ ) 
ei!r  rhub>b or opium4 ,a blue pill tak5
 ov]-night1 & a black draught 9 !       
morn+1 is a popul> rem$y 9 bili\s       
compla9ts4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y  ,,m$ic9es4   
#e4 7,colli]47 ,m]cury1 #b dr42         
sesquioxide ( iron1 #a dr42 confection (
  r$ roses1 #c dr42 triturat$1 z be=e1  
until ! globules disappe>4 ,an  excell5t
 extemporane\s sub/itute = ! common     
m]curial pill4 ,!  addition ( only a few

 grs4 ( ! sesquioxide ( iron to #a oz4 (
  cons]ve1 r5d]s ! latt] capable (      
rapidly kill+ a l>ge quantity  (        
quicksilv]4    #f4 7,tyson47 ,grey oxide
 ( m]cury 7prep>$ by decompos+ calomel )
  liquor ( potassa to :i* a little      
liquor ( ammonia has be5 add$71 #b  dr42
 confection ( roses1 #f dr42 p[d]$      
*amomiles1 #a dr42 mix4 ,z a  sub/itute 
= ! ,college pill4    #g4 7#8,ph>m4     
,j\rn4'7 ,/e>91 #a dr42 rub x 9 a w>m   
mort> till x  assumes ! consi/5ce ( ?ick
 cream1 !n add ( m]cury1 #d dr41 &  aga9
 triturate until ! globules disappe>2   
next fur!r add1 (  confection ( roses & 
:eat5 fl\r1 ( ea* #c dr41 p[d]$ gum1 #a 
dr41  & =m ! :ole into a pill-mass4 ,z a
 sub/itute = ! ,college pill4    #h4    
7,,pilul ,,hydr>gyros----,p4 ,cod47     
,m]cury & honey1 ( ea* #f dr42          
triturate till ! globules are ext+ui%$1 
!n add ( aloes1 #f dr42  rhub>b1 #c dr42
 scammony1 #b dr42 black pepp]1 #a dr42 
& make a pill-mass  z be=e4 ,conta9s    
#a-d? "p ( quicksilv]4 ,alt]ative &     

ap]i5t4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4         
,,bello/e',s1 ,,b>b>ossa',s1            
,s,,dillot',s1 &  ,,morelot',s ,,pills  
are ne>ly simil> comp\nds4 ,see ,,pills 
,,( ,,calomel &  ,,corrosive            
,,sublimate1 c4    #i4 7,,pilul         
,,ungu5ti ,,hydr>gyri----,biett47 ,prep4
 ,m]curial o9tm5t1  p[d]$ s>sap>illa1 #a
 dr4 ,mix1 & divide into #dh pills4 ,f  
#a to #d  daily4    #aj4 7,,pilul       
,,hydr>gyri ,,cum ,,sapone----,p4 ,cod47
 ,prep4 ,m]curial o9tm5t1 #b  dr42 soap1
 #d scruples2 liquorice p[d]1 #b        
scruples4 ,make into #c-;gr4  pills4    
,pills1 ,m]curial 7,arabic74 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,m]curiales ,,arabic1 ,l4      
,prep4  ,take ( quicksilv] & corrosive  
sublimate1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 triturate   
!m pati5tly toge!r until ! globules     
disappe>2 !n add1 ( ag>ic1  pellitory1 &
 s5na1 ( ea* #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to    
make a pill-mass4 ,=  #c-a_/b-;gr4      
pills4----,dose1 #b a day4 ,employ$ 9 ! 
#8traitem5t arabique'  = ! cure (       
ob/9ate cutane\s diseases4    ,pills1   

,m]curial1 ,hahnemann's4 7,f4 ,h47 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,hydr>gyri  ,,hahnemanni4     
,prep4 ,hahnemann's soluble m]cury1 #bj 
gr42 gum ,arabic1 #cj  gr42 sug>1 #cj   
gr4 ,mix1 & divide into #cj pills4      
,pills1 ,mit*ell's4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a_/b
 dr42 rhub>b1 #a dr42 calomel1 #f  gr42 
emetic t>t>1 #b gr4 ,= #cf pills4 ,an   
alt]ative ap]i5t4----,dose1 #b  to #d   
pills4    ,pills1 ,moat's4 ,simil> to   
,,morison',s ,,pills4    ,pills1        
,morison's4 ,prep4----a4 7,no4 #a       
,pills47 ,f aloes & cream (  t>t>1 equal
 p>ts1 made into a mass ) ei!r syrup or 
mucilage4 ,a  mild ap]i5t4    b4 7,no4  
#b pills47 ,f colocyn?1 #a "p2 gamboge1 
#b p>ts2 aloes1 #c  p>ts2 & cream (     
t>t>1 #d p>ts2 made into a mass ) syrup1
 z !  la/4 ,an active purgative1 (t5    
act+ ) great viol5ce4 ,bo? ,no4 #a  &   
,no4 #b are divid$ into #c-;gr4 pills1 (
 :i* #d doz5 are put into ea*  #as4     
#a-a_/b;d4 box4 ,! prop] dose ( ei!r is 
#a to #c or #d pills2 b !y  are (t5 giv5
 by ! ,morisons 9 doses ( #ab1 #bj1 #cj1

 or ev5 m1  daily4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ^!     
pills & _! proprietors1 see #8,anat4 (  
,quack]y1' or #8,m$4 ,circ41' ii1 #i-bg4
    ,pills ( ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul    
,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mag5die47        
,morph9e1 #a gr42 cons]ve ( roses       
7/iff71 q4 s4 ,= #f 7or1 bett]1 #h7     
pills4----,dose1 #a pill2 z an anodyne  
or soporific4    ,pills ( ,morphia      
7,comp\nd74 7,r\gi]47 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,morphi ,,composit4  ,prep4 ,sulphate (
 morphia1 #b gr42 cyanide ( potassium1  
#d gr42 mucilage1  q4 s4 ,make into #bd 
pills2 #a e six h\rs1 9 neuralgia4      
,pills1 ,moseley's4 ,prep4 ,f9e/ ,turkey
 rhub>b1 #fj gr42 ,jamaica g+]1  #cj    
gr42 sug>1 #bj gr4 7all 9 p[d]72 t9cture
 ( rhub>b1 q4 s4 to =m  a mass4 ,=      
#d-;gr4 pills4 ,a mild & excell5t       
m$ic9e1 closely resembl+  ,,kit*5]',s   
,,p]i/altic ,,p]suad]s4    ,pills (     
,musk4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,mos*i1 ,l4 ,prep4
 7,dupuytr547 ,opium1 #b  gr42 musk     
7g5u9e71 #h gr42 camphor 79 p[d]71 #bd  
gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,=  #h pills4         

,antispasmodic & /imulant4----,dose1 #a 
to #c1 ?rice daily1 9  l[ n]v\s         
affections2 or ! :ole dur+ ! day 9      
hospital gangr5e1  c4    ,pills (       
,myrrh4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,aloes ,,&    
,,myrrh4    ,pills1 ,napi]'s            
,neurotonic4 ,( ^!1 l ,,morison',s      
,,pills1 !re are  ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b4 ,! 
fir/ is a simple /oma*ic ap]i5t2 ! o!r1 
a  /imulant tonic4 ,!y bo? owe _! sale &
 reput$ virtues to ext5sive  adv]tis+4  
7#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7    ,pills1      
,napoleon's4 ,see ,,pectoral ,,pills4   
,pills1 ,neuralgia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul       
,,ant9euralgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m>*al  
,de ,calvi47 ,aque\s extract ( opium1 #d
 gr42 sulphate ( qu99e1 #af gr42  p[d]$ 
c9namon1 p[d]$ orange leaves1 & extract 
( val]ian1 (  ea* #bj gr42 syrup (      
belladonna1 q4 s4 ,= #c doz5            
pills4----,dose1 #a1  h\rly4    #b4     
7,tr\sseau  ,reveil47 ,extracts ( opium 
& /ramonium1 ( ea* #h gr42  oxide ( z9c1
 #b dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #dj            
pills4----,dose1 #a1 e two or  ?ree     

h\rs1 gradually increas$ 9 frequ5cy     
until !re is "s  consid]able disord] (  
vision1 c4 ,bo? ( ! above %\ld be us$ ) 
c>e4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,megl9',s1 c4       
,pills ( ,nitrate ( ,bismu?4 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,bismu?i ,,trisnitratis1 ,l4   
,prep4 ,f trisnitrate ( bismu? & p[d]$  
rhub>b1 equal p>ts2  syrup ( orange     
peel1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,= #c-;gr4    
pills4----,dose1 #a to  #b1 e two h\rs2 
z a tonic1 /oma*ic1 & antispasmodic1 9  
dyspepsia1 debility1 spasms1 c4         
,pills ( ,nitrate ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,hydr>gyri ,,proto-,,nitratis4 
,,pilules ,,de ,,sa9te ,,m>ie4 ,prep4   
,p[d] ( proto-nitrate ( m]cury1 #g-a_/b 
gr42 extract ( liquorice1 #a_/b dr4 ,mix
 accurately1 & divide into #fj          
pills4----,dose1 #a1 f\r times a day4   
,pills ( ,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4       
,,pilul ,,arg5ti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,nitrate ( silv]   
7cry/allis$71 #ab gr42 liquorice  p[d]1 
#bd gr42 treacle1 q4 s4 ,= #ab          
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or      

?rice a day2 9 *ronic epilepsy & "s o!r 
spasmodic disord]s4    #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 
,?omson47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #f gr42 crum
 ( bread1 q4 s4 7say  #a_/b dr472 mix1 &
 divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a1 e 
six h\rs4    ,obs4 ,to prev5t ! blue or 
slate col\r$ t+e ( ! sk91 s (t5  produc$
 by ! cont9u$ use ( ! salts ( silv]1 #h 
drops ( dilut$  nitric acid 9 #a fl4 oz4
 ( wat] %\ld be tak5 aft] ea* pill4     
,pills1 ,norton's ,*amomile4 ,prep4 ,f  
aque\s extract ( aloes1 #a dr42  extract
 ( g5tian1 #c dr42 mix1 & drive (f !    
excess ( moi/ure by  ! heat ( a wat]    
ba?2 !n add ( ess5tial oil ( *amomiles1 
#bj  drops1 & divide ! mass into #fj    
pills4 ,to pres]ve _! aromatic          
prop]ties1 !y %\ld be kept 9 a dry glass
 bottle or a well-cov]$  e>!nw>e        
pot4----,dose1 #a1 z a d9n] pill2 or #b1
 night & morn+1 z  a /oma*ic tonic4     
7#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7    ,pills ( ,nux
 ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,nucis ,,vomic1
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nux  vomica & aloes    
7bo? 9 p[d]71 equal p>ts2 syrup1 q4 s4  

,= #c-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1  
twice or ?rice daily1 c>efully wat*+ !  
effects2 9 n]v\s d]angem5t1 g5]al       
debility1 impot5ce1 p>alysis1  c4    #b4
 ,alcoholic extract ( nux vomica1 #a "p2
 p[d]$ sug>1 #b p>ts2  beat5 up )       
rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 ,= #b-a_/b-;gr4      
pills4----,dose1 #a to  #b2 z ! la/4    
#c4 7,mondire47 ,alcoholic extract1 #f  
gr42 levigat$ black oxide ( iron1 #a    
dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,9 atonic incont95ce (
 ur9e1 am5orrha1 c4    ,pills1          
,odontalgic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,odontalgic1
 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47  ,p[d]$ opium &
 extracts ( belladonna & h5bane1 ( ea*  
#aj gr42  oil ( olives1 #bj drops2 p[d]$
 pellitory ( ,spa91 #a_/b dr42 beat !m  
to a mass1 & divide x into #a-;gr4      
pills2 keep !m 9 a cork$ phial4         
,pills1 ,opiat$ ,lead4 ,see ,,pills ,,( 
,,lead4    ,pills ( ,opium4 ,syn4       
,,anodyne ,,pills1 ,,night ,p41 ,,!baic 
,p42 ,,pilul  ,,opii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,p4
 ,o4 or ,,!baic 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium  & cons]ve ( r$   

roses1 ( ea* #a "p2 sulphate ( pota%1 #c
 p>ts2  rub !m toge!r to a prop] mass1 &
 divide into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1   
#a to #b pills1 z an anodyne or         
soporific4 ,ea* pill conta9s #a gr4 (   
opium1 or d\ble ! quantity 9 ! same pill
 ( ! previ\s edition (  ! ,ph4 ,e4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,p[d]$ opium1 #a dr42
 ,ca/ile soap1 #ab gr42 wat]1 q4 s4  ,= 
#fj pills4 ,z ! la/4    ,pills (        
,ox-,gall4 ,syn4 ,,bile ,,pill2 ,,pilul 
,,fellis ,,bov9i1 ,p4 ,,bilis1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 ,f inspissat$ ox-gall =m$    
into pills by ! addition (  any simple  
p[d]2 or ! h>d] extract beat5 up ) a    
little pro(  _s4 ,p[d]$ rhub>b is       
frequ5tly us$ = ! purpose4 ,= #c-;gr4   
pills4----,dose1 #a to #f2 =            
con/ipation1 flatul5ce1 c41 aris+ f a   
defici5cy ( bile4    #b4 7,comp\nd47 ,f 
inspissat$ ox-gall1 #a dr42 p[d]$       
rhub>b1 #a_/b dr42  p[d]$ ipecacuanha & 
capsicum1 ( ea* #ae gr42 oil ( c>away1  
#ab  drops4 ,= #dh pills4----,dose1 #a  
to #d2 9 loss ( appetite & dyspepsia1  )

 torpor ( ! b[els1 c4 ,see              
,,con/ipation1 ,,gall1 c4    ,pills (   
,oxide ( ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri    
,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,mag5die47        
,t]oxide ( gold1 #e gr42 extract (      
mez]eon1 #b dr42 mix1 &  divide into #fj
 pills4 ,ea* pill conta9s #a_/ab gr4 (  
t]oxide4----,dose1 #a  to #c2 9 scr(ula1
 syphilis1 malignant fev]s1 c4    ,pills
 ( ,oxide ( ,m]cury4 ,see ,,pills1      
,,m]curial4    ,pills ( ,oxide ( ,silv]4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,arg5ti ,,oxydi1 ,l4    
,prep4 ,f  oxide ( silv]1 #f gr42 p[d]$ 
rhub>b & extract ( g5tian1 ( ea*  #ab   
gr4 ,= #a doz5 pills4----,dose1 #a pill1
 twice or ?rice daily2 9  ga/ralgia1    
hmorrhages1 n]v\s affections1 c4 ,mild] 
?an ! pills (  nitrate ( silv]4         
,pills ( ,oxide ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,pilul   
,,z9ci ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oxide  (  
z9c1 p[d]$ casc>illa1 & cons]ve ( hips1 
equal p>ts4 ,=  #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4     
,tonic & antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a to 
#c1 ?rice daily2  9 dyspepsia1 ga/ric or
 spasmodic c\ghs1 epilepsy1 *orea1 c4   

,pills1 ,p>r's ,life4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #g 
lbs42 rhub>b & jalap1 ( ea* #e  lbs4    
7all 9 p[d]72 extract ( g5tian1 #c-a_/b 
lbs42 s(t soap1 #a_/b lb42  liquorice   
p[d]1 treacle1 & moi/ sug>1 ( ea*       
#d-a_/b lbs42 oil (  cloves1 #aj oz42   
oil ( c>away1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix1 & beat !
 :ole to a  prop] mass ) syrup bottoms1 
q4 s41 & divide x into #c-a_/b-;gr4     
pills4  8,!re are ab\t #d doz5 9 ea*    
#as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box1 weigh+ 7dry7 b>ely 
#c  gr4 ea*40 ,a good /oma*ic & ap]i5t  
pill1 b possess+ none ( !  extraord9>y  
virtues ascrib$ to x by its proprietors4
 7#8,m$4 ,circ41'  ii1 #adf1 #afg1 c47  
,pills ( ,paull9ia4 ,syn4 ,,gu>ana      
,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,gu>an1 ,p4 ,,paull9i1
  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,paull9ia mix$ up )    
syrup ( orange peel1 & ! mass  divid$   
into #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to
 #h4    #b4 7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,extract ( 
gu>ana1 #a dr42 liquorice p[d]1 q4 s4 ,=
  #dj pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 daily4 
,obs4 ,^! pills are highly e/eem$ on !  
,cont95t z a tonic &  a/r+5t1 9 diseases

 ( ! b[els & bladd]1 9 *lorosis1        
debility1  c4    ,pectoral ,pills4 ,syn4
 ,,brea? ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,pectorales1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,comp\nd squill pill1 #a
 dr42 gum b5zo91 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$       
ipecacuanha  & extract ( h5bane1 ( ea*  
#ae gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #c-;gr4        
pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 ?ree or f\r  
times a day2 9 a/hmas1 *ronic  bron*ial 
affections1 c\ghs1 c4    #b4 7,dr       
,copl&47 ,camphor 79 p[d]71 #aj gr42    
ipecacuanha1 #ae gr42 extract  (        
hemlock1 #a dr4----,dose1 #c to #f gr42 
9 irritat+ & spasmodic c\ghs1  c4    #c4
 7,hagg>t47 ,p[d]$ ipecacuanha &        
squills1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 acetate  (    
morphia1 #f gr42 ,ca/ile soap1 #c dr42  
mix1 & divide into #gb pills4 ,a  mo/   
excell5t m$ic9e1 at once soo?+ &        
expectorant4----,dose1 #a to  #b1 ?rice 
a day1 or (t5]4    #d4 7,,humphries'    
,,c\gh ,,pills47 ,f p[d]$ ipecacuanha1  
#ae gr42 comp\nd  squill-pill1 #a dr42  
comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 #a_/b dr4 ,=
 #c-a_/b-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #b      

pills1 night & morn+4    #e4 7,dr       
,la?am47 ,comp\nd p[d] ( ipecacuanha1 #a
 dr42 fre% squill &  gum ammoniacum1 (  
ea* #bj gr42 calomel1 #d gr4 ,= #bj     
pills4 ,a mo/  valuable pectoral &      
expectorant4----,dose1 #a pill1 ?rice   
daily2 9  bron*itis1 c\ghs1 c41 aft] ! m
 active inflammatory symptoms h         
subsid$4    #f4 7,napoleon's47 ,f       
ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 squills &         
ammoniacum1 ( ea*  #dj gr4 7all 9 p[d]72
 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #bd pills4  
,x is said  t ?is 0 a fav\rite rem$y ) !
 ,emp]or ,napoleon ,i =  difficulty (   
brea?+1 bron*itis1 & v>i\s affections ( 
! organs  ( respiration4----,dose1 #b   
pills1 night & morn+4    #g4 7,dr       
,p>is47 ,p[d]$ squills1 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$
 myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42  extract ( h5bane1 
#dj gr42 wat] 7or simple syrup71 q4 s4  
to mix4 ,=  #d-;gr4 pills1----,dose1 #b 
pills1 night & morn+4 ,z ,no4 #b4    #h4
 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,gum ammoniacum1 #d  
dr42 gum b5zo91 #c dr42 gum myrrh1 #b   
dr42 saffron1 #a dr42 anisat$ balsam (  

sulphur1 #a_/b dr42 syrup ( tolu1  q4 s4
 to mix4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4    #i4 
7,ri*t]47 ,assaftida & val]ian1 ( ea*   
#a_/b dr42 ca/or1 #ae gr42  p[d]$       
squills & sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 (   
ea* #h gr42 extract (  aconite          
7alcoholic71 #c gr4 ,= #d-;gr4          
pills4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 night  
& morn+2 9 spasmodic affections ( !     
respiratory organs4    ,pills1          
,p]petual4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ev]la/+4     
,pills1 ,pet]'s4 ,prep4 7,cooley47      
,aloes1 #c dr42 gamboge1 jalap1 &       
scammony1 ( ea* #b dr4 7all 9 p[d]72    
calomel1 #a dr42 beat5 up )  rectifi$   
_s1 q4 s4 ,a p[]ful ca?>tic4----,dose1  
#a to #c pills4    ,pills ( ,phosphorus4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,phosphori4   
,prep4  ,phosphorus1 #b gr42 balsam (   
tolu1 #abj gr42 yell[ wax1 #fj gr4 ,put 
!  phosphorus & balsam into a w$gwood   
mort> half full ( hot wat]1 &  :5 !     
phosphorus has melt$ & ! balsam become  
suffici5tly s(t1  rub !m toge!r b5ea? ! 
surface ( ! wat] until no p>ticles (    

phosphorus are visible1 ! temp]ature ( !
 wat] be+ ma9ta9$ at  or ne> #adj ,f4   
,add n[ ! wax1 & z x s(t5s mix x        
?or\ghly )  ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,all[ ! mass 
to cool )\t be+ expos$ to !  air1 & keep
 x 9 a bottle imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,x may
 be s(t5$  ) a few drops ( rectifi$ _s  
:5 made into pills4----,dose1 #c to #f  
gr4    ,pills ( ,pip]9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul  
,,pip]91 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f pip]9e1  #a_/b   
dr42 extract ( c9*ona1 q4 s4 ,= #cj     
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 e  two h\rs1  
dur+ ! int]mission ( an ague2 also z an 
aphrodisiac &  a rem$y 9 piles4         
,pills ( ,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,picis   
,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f black pit*  &     
p[d]$ black pepp]1 equal p>ts2 beat5    
toge!r 9 a w>m mort>1  & divid$ into    
#d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b pills1 night
 & morn+2 9  piles1 c4    ,pills1       
,pits*aft's ,eccoprotic4 ,prep4 ,f /ra9$
 aloes &  disulphate ( qu99e1 equal     
p>ts2 made into #b-;gr4 pills4 ,a tonic 
&  /oma*ic ap]i5t4----,dose1 #b to #d1  
at b$time2 9 torpor ( ! l>ge  inte/9es1 

! dyspepsia ( ! debilitat$1 c4    ,pills
 ( ,podophyll94 ,syn4 ,,pilul           
,,podophyll9i4 ,prep4 ,res9 (           
podophyll91 #a_/d gr4 ,extract ( h5bane4
 ,to make "o pill4 ,"o or two =  a dose4
    ,pills ( ,prussian ,blue4 7,jolly47 
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,p]cyanidi        
,,composita4 ,prep4 ,prussian blue1 #ah 
gr12 sulphate ( qu99e1 #ab gr12  extract
 ( opium1 #a gr42 cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4
 ,mix1 & make into #ab  pills2 #a e ?ree
 h\rs1 9 neuralgia4    ,pills1          
,plumm]'s4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,calomel   
7,comp\nd74    ,pills1 ,purgative4 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,purgantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,dr ,rob9son47  ,aque\s extract (      
aloes1 #a dr42 p[d]$ scammony1 #a_/b    
dr42 balsam (  ,p]u1 #aj or #ab gr42 oil
 ( c>away1 #i or #aj drops2 mix1 &      
divide into #cj  pills4 ,a w>m1 /imulat+
 ap]i5t1 highly recomm5d$ to excite !   
p]i/altic action ( ! b[els ( ! ag$1     
s$5t>y1 &  debilitat$4----,dose1 #a to  
#d pills1 z requir$4    #b4 7,tr\sseau  
,reveil47 ,res9 ( jalap1 #a dr42        

scammony1 #a_/b dr42 extract  (         
colocyn?1 #f gr42 excipi5t1 z requir$4  
,= #bj 7or1 bett]1 #bd7                 
pills4----,dose1 #a1 8e two h\rs1 9 !   
morn+1 fa/+1 until !y  op]ate40 ,= o!r  
=mulae see ,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t &          
,,ca?>tic1 & ,,pills  ,,( ,,aloes1      
,,jalap1 ,,colocyn?1 c4    ,pills (     
,qu99e4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( 
,,qu99e4    ,pills1 ,reece's4 ,see      
,,pills1 ,,*irayta4    ,pills1 ,renal4  
,syn4 ,,pilul ,,r5ales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
,squills1 myrrh1 &  digitalis1 ( ea* 79 
p[d]7 #aj gr42 extract ( rhub>b &       
m]curial  pill1 ( ea* #ae gr42 p[d]$    
nitre1 #bj gr42 oil ( junip]1 #aj or #ab
  drops4 ,= #bd pills4 ,alt]ative1      
diuretic1 & tonic4----,dose1 #c to #f1  
?rice a day4 ,hunt]'s ,r5al ,purify+    
,pills are simil>1 b omitt+ !  m]curial 
pill4 ,de ,roos' ,r5al ,pills conta9 a  
prep>ation ( copaiba4    ,pills1        
,rheumatism4 ,syn4 ,,pilul              
,,antirheumatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum    
guaiacum1 #a dr42 nitrate ( potassia1   

#a-a_/b dr4 7bo? 9 p[d]72 s(t  soap     
7,ph4 ,l471 #a_/b dr42 oil ( cajeput1   
#af drops4 ,= #d doz5  pills4----,dose1 
#b to #f1 night & morn+2 9 *ronic       
rheumatism1 &  rheumatic g\t4 ,_! action
 is accel]at$ by ! copi\s use ( lemon   
juice dur+ ! day4    #b4 7,beasley47    
,extract ( arti*oke1 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$   
s>sap>illa1 #bj  gr42 oil ( sassafras1  
#a drop4 ,= #ab pills4----,dose1 #a     
pill1 ?rice  daily4    ,pills ( ,rhub>b4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47  ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #i
 p>ts2 acetate ( potassa1 #a "p2 cons]ve
 ( r$  roses1 #e p>ts2 mix1 & divide    
into #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a /oma*ic & g5tle  
ap]i5t1 p>ticul>ly useful 9 atonic      
dyspepsia4----,dose1 #b to #d pills4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #f dr2
 ,ca/ile soap1 #b dr42 beat5 up )  wat]1
 q4 s41 & divide into #abj pills4 ,z !  
la/4    ,pills ( ,rhub>b 7,comp\nd74    
,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,pills1 ,,balsamic    
,,laxative  ,p41 ,,ed9burgh ,p41        
,,/oma*ic ,p42 ,,pilula ,,rhei          

,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471        
,,pilul ,r4 ,,composit 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 
,p4 ,,/oma*ic1 ,p4 ,,aromatic1 ,l4      
,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #d
 dr42 p[d]$ ,socotr9e aloes1 #c dr42    
p[d]$ myrrh1 #b dr42 s(t soap 7,ph4     
,l471 #a_/b dr42 oil ( c>away1 #ae      
drops2 treacle1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #a 
oz42 aloes1 #f dr42 myrrh1 #d dr42      
,ca/ile soap1 #a dr42 oil ( c>away1     
#a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup1 q4 s4    #c4 7,ph4
 ,e47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #ab p>ts2 aloes1 #i
 p>ts2 myrrh & ,ca/ile  soap1 ( ea* #f  
p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$ roses1 #e p>ts2 oil (
 pepp]m9t1  #a "p2 mix1 & divide into   
#e-;gr1 pills4 ,! oil ( pepp]m9t may be 
omitt$1 :5 s pref]r$4    #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 
,rhub>b1 #a-a_/b oz42 hepatic aloes1 #i 
dr42 myrrh & ,ca/ile  soap1 ( ea* 9 f9e 
p[d]1 #f dr42 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a fl4    
dr42  treacle1 #b oz42 mix1 & beat !    
:ole to a uni=m mass4    #e4 7,ph4 ,u4  
,s4  ,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,rhub>b1 #h dr42  
aloes1 #f dr42 myrrh1 #d dr42  oil (    

pepp]m9t1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup ( orange 
peel1 q4 s42 mix1 &  divide into #bdj   
pills4    #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhub>b1 9 f9e  
p[d]1 #c oz42 ,socotr9e aloes1 9 f9e    
p[d]  7"s physicians pref] ! aque\s     
extract----,squire71 #b-a_/b oz42 myrrh1
  9 f9e p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42 h>d soap1    
#a-a_/b oz42 ,engli% oil (  pepp]m9t1   
#a-a_/b dr42 treacle1 by weight1 #d oz42
 r$uce ! soap to f9e  p[d] & triturate x
 ) ! rhub>b1 aloes1 & myrrh2 add !      
treacle & oil1 & beat into a            
mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4    ,obs4  
,! above are tonic1 /oma*ic1 & g5tly    
laxative2 extremely  useful = obviat+   
co/iv5ess & giv+ tone to ! /oma* &      
b[els4----,dose1 #f or #h to #bj gr4 ,! 
,london pill is n only ! mo/  agreeable1
 b x keeps ! be/4    ,pills ( ,rhub>b & 
,caraway4 ,see ,,kit*5]',s ,,p]i/altic  
,,p]suad]s  7,pat5t m$ic9es74    ,pills 
( ,rhub>b & ,*amomile4 ,syn4            
,,spe$iman',s ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,rhei   
,,et ,,an!midis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f aloes1   
myrrh1 rhub>b 7ea* 9 p[d]71 &  extract (

 *amomile1 ( ea* #a dr42 ess5tial oil ( 
*amomile1 #aj or #ab  drops4 ,= #d-;gr4 
pills4 ,an excell5t tonic & /oma*ic     
ap]i5t1  p>ticul>ly useful 9 ! dyspepsia
 & loss ( appetite ( h>d                
dr9k]s4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 ei!r  
be=e d9n] or at b$time4    ,pills (     
,rhub>b & ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei
 ,,et ,,copaib1 ,p4 ,r4  ,,balsamic1 ,l4
 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b & gum1
 equal p>ts2  balsam ( copaiba1 q4 s4   
,pills ( ,rhub>b & ,ging]4 ,syn4 ,,/oma*
 ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et           
,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ rhub>b1  
#a dr42 p[d]$ g+]1 #a_/b  dr42 ,ca/ile  
soap1 #bj gr42 t9cture or ess5ce ( g+]1 
q4 s4 to =m a  mass4 ,= #cj             
pills4----,dose1 #a to #f4    ,pills (  
,rhub>b & ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,pilul   
,,rhei ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f
 rhub>b1 #a_/b dr42 ipecacuanha1 #ae    
gr42 opium1 #e gr4 7ea* 9  p[d]72 oil ( 
c9namon1 #f drops2 syrup1 q4 s4 ,= #ah  
pills4----,dose4 ,9  loss ( appetite &  
spasmodic dyspepsia1 #a to #c pills1    

twice a day2 9  dys5t]y1 di>rha1 c41 to 
relieve torm9a & t5esmus1 #a e two      
h\rs4    ,pills ( ,rhub>b & ,iron4 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,f]ri 7,ph4 ,e471 
,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dri$ sulphate ( 
iron1 #d p>ts2 extract ( rhub>b1 #aj    
p>ts2 cons]ve ( r$ roses1 #e p>ts2 beat 
!m to a prop] mass1 &  divide ?is into  
#e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d pills2
 9 ! atonic  dyspepsia ( debilitat$     
subjects1 9 *lorosis1 c4    ,pills (    
,rhub>b & ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei
 ,,et ,,fellis ,,bov9i1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f  
p[d]$ rhub>b1 gum ammoniacum1 &         
inspissat$ ox-gall1  equal p>ts2 beat5  
up ) a little t9cture ( g+] or pro( _s1 
& ! mass divid$ into #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4
 ,9 dyspepsia & con/ipation  dep5d5t on 
a torpid action ( ! liv]4----,dose1 #b  
to #f pills4    ,pills ( ,rhub>b & ,sda4
 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,sod1 ,p4   
,r4 ,,comp4 ,,cum  ,,sod1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,guy's ,hosp47 ,dri$ c>bonate ( soda1  
p[d]$ rhub>b1  & extract ( g5tian1 equal
 p>ts4 ,= #d-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 

#b to #d  pills2 9 acidity1 he>tburn1   
di>rha1 loss ( appetite1 c4    ,pills1  
,ri*t]'s4 ,see ,,pectoral ,,pills4      
,pills1 ,dr ,rob9son's4 ,see ,,pills1   
,,purgative4    ,pills1 ,rudius's4 ,syn4
 ,,rudius',s ,,extract2 ,,pilul ,,rudii1
 ,,extractum ,,rudii1  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
,colocyn? pulp1 #f dr42 ag>ic1 black    
hellebore1 &  turpe?um root1 ( ea* #d   
dr42 c9namon1 mace1 & cloves1 ( ea* #dj 
gr42  rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ = #d
 days1 express ! t9cture1 &  evaporate x
 to a prop] consi/5ce = mak+ pills4     
,=m]ly e/eem$  "o ( ! mo/ safe & c]ta9  
ca?>tics 9 tr\blesome                   
con/ipation4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #aghc47 ,black hellebore &
 colocyn?1 ( ea* #b oz42 wat]1 #d  p9ts 
7o4 w4 m472 boil to a qu>t1 /ra91       
evaporate to ! consi/5ce (  honey1 &    
add1 ( aloes1 #b oz42 scammony 7p[d]$71 
#a oz42 next remove  ! vessel f ! fire1 
& fur!r add ( sulphate ( potassa1 #b    
dr42  oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 & =m ! :ole 
into a pill-mass4 ,resembles !  la/     

7ne>ly74    ,pills1 ,rufus's4 ,see      
,,pills ,,( ,,aloes ,,) ,,myrrh4        
,pills ( ,sabadilla4 ,syn4 ,,pilul      
,,cevadill4 ,prep4 ,equal p>ts (        
sabadilla & honey2 make into #e-;gr4    
pills4----,dose4 ,= an adult1 #d to #f  
pills2 = a *ild1 #a to #b4 ,v]mifuge4   
,pills ( ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f hay saffron1 
#a dr42 myrrh1 #a_/b dr42 oil ( cajeput1
 #f drops2 syrup ( saffron1 q4 s4  ,=   
#cf pills4----,dose1 #a to #c or #d1    
occasionally2 z a /imulant 9 l[         
spirits1 hypo*ondriasis1 c4    #b4      
7,phbus47 ,saffron1 myrrh1 & sulphur1   
equal p>ts2 inspissat$ bile1  q4 s4 ,=  
#b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #ab      
daily2 z an emm5agogue4    ,pills (     
,sagapenum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul    
,,sagap5i ,,composit1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 
,l4 #ahcf47 ,sagap5um1 #a oz42 aloes1   
#a_/b dr42 syrup ( g+]1  q4 s4----,dose1
 #e to #bj gr42 z a /imulant            
antispasmodic laxative1 9  dyspepsia )  
flatul5ce1 flatul5t colic1 c4    ,pills 

( ,salic94 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,salic91 ,l4  
,prep4 ,f salic91 #a_/b  dr42 p[d]$     
rhub>b1 #bj gr42 extract ( g5tian1 q4 s4
 to mix4 ,= #d-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #b
 to #d1 e ?ree h\rs1 dur+ ! apyrexia (  
int]mitt5ts4    ,pills ( ,s&al ,wood    
,oil4 7,eb]t47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,olei     
,,santali4 ,prep4  ,oil ( yell[ s&al    
wood1 #a_/b oz42 yell[ wax1 #a_/b oz4   
,melt ! wax into  a capsule1 & weigh    
into x ! oil ( s&al wood4 ,mix1 & /ir   
until  cold1 !n roll out ! mass & divide
 x into #hj pills1 by means ( !  pill   
ma*9e or pill-tite1 9 ! same mann] z 9 !
 ord9>y mass1 &  spr9kle ) m>%mall[ root
 p[d]4 ,ea* pill conta9s ab\t #c gr4 or 
ab\t #e drops ( ! oil4 ,! excipi5t is   
unobjectionable1 z x is  readily soluble
 9 ! juices ( ! /oma*4    ,pills (      
,scammony 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pilul     
,,scammonii ,,composit1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 
7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,scammony1 #bd gr42    
g+]1 #bj gr42 aloes &  gamboge1 ( ea*   
#ab gr42 treacle1 q4 s42 mix1 & divide  
into #ab pills4 ,a  p[]ful ca?>tic &    

v]mifuge4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4     
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,res9 ( scammony1 res9 (  
jalap1 ( ea* #a oz42 curd soap1 9  p[d]1
 #a oz42 /rong t9cture ( g+]1 #a fl4    
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #b  fl4 oz4 ,add !    
t9cture & _s to ! soap & res9s1 &       
dissolve  by ! aid ( a g5tle heat1 !n   
evaporate ! _s ov] a wat]-ba?  until !  
mass has a pilul> consi/5ce4----,dose1  
#e gr4 to #ae gr4    ,pills1 ,scot's4   
,prep4 ,f aloes1 #i lbs42 jalap1 #c     
lbs42 gamboge &  g+]1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42  
beat5 ) treacle1 q4 s4 ,see ,,pills1    
,,&]son',s  ,,scot',s4    ,pills1 ,dr   
,scott's ,bili\s & ,liv]4 ,prep4        
7,cooley47 ,comp\nd extract  ( colocyn? 
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #h oz42 p[d]$ rhub>b1 
#d oz42 p[d]$  myrrh1 #b oz42 s(t soap1 
#a_/b oz42 oil ( c>away1 #b-a_/b dr42   
/rong syrup  ( saffron1 q4 s4 to =m a   
pill-mass4 8,!re are tw5ty-five         
#c-a_/b-;gr4  pills 9 ea* #as4          
#a-a_/b;d4 box40 8,x has be5 /at$ t ^!  
pills  conta9 a m9ute portion (         
antimony40 7#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7      

,pills1 ,sedative4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,s$ativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,hydro*lorate (
  morphia1 #f gr42 p[d]$ sumbul1 #bj    
gr42 alcoholic extract ( ,indian hemp1  
#a_/b dr4 ,= #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a
 to #c1 twice or ?rice daily2 9         
excessive n]v\s irritability1 pa9ful    
m5/ruation1 c4    #b4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47  
,camphor1 #a dr42 r$uce x to p[d] by    
means ( rectifi$  _s1 #c or #d drops2   
add ( extract ( h5bane1 #bj gr41 &      
divide !  mass into #bj pills4 ,to allay
 pa9 & excitem5t1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b 
pills4    #c4 ,to ei!r ( ! above1 add ( 
p[d]$ rhub>b & extract ( g5tian1  ( ea* 
#bj gr41 & divide ! mass into #d-;gr4   
pills4----,dose1 #a to #d  pills2 :51   
besides ! o!r symptoms1 ! /oma* & b[els 
are  disord]$4    ,pills1 ,s$illot's    
,febrifuge4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ opium1 #c   
gr42  sulphate ( qu99e1 #ab gr42        
confection ( opium1 #aj gr41 or q4 s4 ,=
 #ab  pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 e      
second h\r1 dur+ ! int]mission ( an     
ague4    ,pills ( ,s5na4 ,syn4 ,,pilul  

,,s5n1 ,p4 ,s4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4  ,p[d]$ s5na1 #a dr42 extract (     
rhub>b1 #a_/b dr42 p[d]$ capsicum1 #d   
gr42 oil ( junip]1 #f or #h drops4 ,=   
#c-;gr4 pills4 ,an ap]i5t well  suit$ = 
females4----,dose1 #e to #h pills4      
#b4 7,hufel&47 ,p[d]$ s5na1 #a dr42     
extract ( d&elion1 q4 s4 to mix4  ,= #cj
 pills4 ,z ! la/4    ,pills1 ,smi?'s4   
,prep4 ,f p[d]$ aloes1 #d dr42 jalap1 #b
 dr42 g+]  & s(t soap1 ( ea* #a dr42 oil
 ( junip]1 #a_/b dr42 emetic t>t>1 #f   
gr4 ,= #abj pills4 ,laxative &          
diuretic4----,dose1 #a to #d1 at b$time1
 or  e>ly 9 ! morn+4    ,pills1 ,dr     
,hugh ,smi?'s4 ,see ,,/oma* ,,pills4    
,pills ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,saponis1
 ,p4 ,,cum ,,sapone1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4    
,cod47 ,:ite ,ca/ile soap1 #cb p>ts2    
p[d]$ m>%mall[ root1 #d p>ts2  p[d]$    
nitrate ( potassa1 #a "p2 beat !m to a  
mass1 & divide ?is  into #d-;gr4 pills4 
,9 habitual co/iv5ess1 calcul>y         
affections1  c4----,dose1 #a to #f      
pills1 twice or ?rice a day4    ,pills (

 ,soap 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,(    
,,soap ,,& ,,opium1 ,,laudanum  ,,pills2
 ,,pilula ,,saponis ,,composita 7,ph4   
,l471 ,,pilul ,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio1   
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,opium &     
liquorice1 ( ea* 79 p[d]7 #b dr42 s(t   
soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #f dr42 beat !m to a   
uni=m mass4    #b4 7,b4 ,p4  ,ph4 ,u4   
,s47 ,opium 79 f9e p[d]71 #a_/b oz42    
,ca/ile soap1 #b  oz42 di/ill$ wat]1    
#a_/b fl4 dr41 or q4 s42 r$uce ! soap to
 p[d]1  mix x ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 & beat ! 
:ole toge!r1 z  be=e4----,dose1 #c gr4  
to #e gr4 ,see ,,pills ,,( ,,opium4     
,obs4 ,! above pills conta9 #a-e? "p (  
_! weight 9 dry opium4  ,! dose is #c to
 #aj gr41 9 ! usual cases 9 :i* !       
adm9i/ration (  opium is indicat$4 ,mr  
,skey1 ! em95t surgeon ( ,/4            
,b>?olomew's  ,hospital1 has %[n ! great
 value ( ?is pill 9 promot+ ! heal+  (  
ob/9ate ulc]s1 m especially ^? ( ! legs4
    ,pills ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,sod 
,,c>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4       
#ahag47  ,exsiccat$ c>bonate ( soda1 #d 

p>ts2 ,ca/ile soap1 #c p>ts2 syrup1 q4  
s4  to =m a mass4 ,antacid & slightly   
laxative4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,?is 
pill 0 a great fav\rite ( ! once        
celebrat$ ,dr ,b$does4    ,pills1 ,soot4
 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,pilul          
,,fulig9is4 ,prep4 ,extract (  soot1    
#a_/b dr42 comp\nd galbanum pill1 #a    
scruple2 oil ( val]ian1 #ae  m9ims4     
,make into #ab pills4 ,take #b ?ree     
times a day4 ,= hy/]ia4    ,pills1      
,spe$iman's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes1  
#c dr42 rhub>b1 myrrh 7all  9 p[d]71 &  
extract ( *amomile1 ( ea* #a dr42 oil ( 
*amomile1 #bj  drops4 ,= #d-;gr4 pills4 
,an excell5t ap]i5t1 tonic1 &           
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #b to #d pills1 z a  
purgative2 #a1 z a /oma*ic or  d9n]     
pill4    ,pills1 ,spl5etic4 ,syn4       
,,pilul ,,antispl5etic1 ,l4 ,prep4      
7,saund]s47  ,/ra9$ aloes & gum         
ammoniacum1 ( ea* #c dr42 myrrh &       
bryony1 (  ea* #a_/b dr4 ,= #d-;gr4     
pills4----,dose1 #c to #e1 8,extoll$ 9  
am5orrha  & hypo*ondriasis40 7,dr ,r4   

,e4 ,griffi?47    ,pills ( ,squill      
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,c\gh ,,pills1       
,,pills ,,( ,,squills ,,&  ,,g+]2       
,,pilula ,,scill ,,composit 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,,scill ,,composit   
7,ph4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,scill 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fre%ly p[d]$     
squills1 #a dr42 p[d]$ g+] & p[d]$      
ammoniacum1 ( ea* #b dr42  mix1 add (   
s(t soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #c dr42 treacle1 #a
 dr42 & beat ! :ole  toge!r1 s t a mass 
may be =m$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,squills1 
#e p>ts2 ammoniacum1 g+] 7all 9 f9e     
p[d]71 &  ,spani% soap1 ( ea* #d p>ts2  
cons]ve ( r$ roses1 #b p>ts2 mix1 z     
be=e1 & divide ! mass into #e-;gr4      
pills4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,squills 79 f9e
 p[d]71 #b-a_/b dr42 ammoniacum1 g+]1 & 
,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* 79 f9e p[d]7 #b dr42
 treacle1 #a_/b oz4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47    
,squill 79 f9e p[d]71 #a-a_/d2 g+] 79   
f9e p[d]71 #a2  ammoniacum 79 p[d]71 #a2
 h>d soap 79 p[d]71 #a2 treacle 7by     
weight71  #b1 or a suffici5cy2 mix !    
p[d]s1 add ! treacle1 & beat into a     

mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj gra9s4        
,obs4 ,comp\nd squill pill is a mo/     
useful expectorant 9 *ronic  c\ghs1     
a/hmas1 bron*ial affections1 difficulty 
( brea?+1 c42 &1  comb9$ ) calomel &    
foxglove1 &1 occasionally1 ) croton oil1
 z  a diuretic1 c41 9 dropsies4         
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x soon spoils2 &1  
!re=e1 to be effective z a rem$y1 x mu/ 
be rec5tly prep>$4 ,z  an expectorant1 x
 %\ld n be adm9i/]$ until ! inflammatory
  symptoms h be5 subdu$ by purgatives or
 ble$+4 ,a little p[d]$  opium1 or      
extract ( h5bane1 is occasionally add$1 
to allay  irritation4----,dose1 #e to   
#bj gr41 twice or ?rice a day1          
accompani$ by an  occasional ap]i5t4    
,pills1 ,/ahl's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t4
    ,pills1 ,/>key's4 ,prep4 7,orig9al  
=mula47 ,extract ( opium1 #d oz42  m9]al
 b5zo> & nutmeg1 ( ea* #b oz42 saffron &
 ,virg9ian  snake-root1 ( ea* #a oz42   
,/>key's soap1 #a_/b lb42 oil (         
sassafras1 #a_/b  oz42 t9cture (        
antimony 7,old ,ph471 #b fl4 oz4        

,anodyne1 diaphoretic1  c4----,dose1 #c 
to #aj gr4 ,! =mula already giv5 "u     
,,mat!w',s ,,pills  is errone\sly       
assign$ to ?is pill by "s writ]s4       
,pills1 ,mrs4 ,/eph5's4 ,?is once       
celebrat$ rem$y = /one 0  prep>$ f !    
calc9$ %ells ( eggs & snails1 made into 
#c-;gr4  pills ) s(t soap4 ,its active  
+r$i5ts 71 consequ5tly1 lime &  pota%4  
,pills1 ,/imulant4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,/imulantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,capsicum1 
#a_/b dr42 nitrate ( silv]1 #b gr42     
cons]ve ( hips1 q4 s4 ,= #ab            
pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 wa%$ d[n ) a 
spoonful ( w>m _s &  wat]1 & repeat$    
h\rly until reaction ensues2 9 *ol]a1 c4
    #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,/ry*n9e1 #a 
gr42 acetic acid1 #a drop2 crum ( bread1
  #bj gr42 mix v c>efully1 & divide !   
mass into #aj pills4----,dose1 #a  e six
 h\rs2 9 p>alysis aris+ f lead4         
,pills1 ,/o]ck's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,conii1
 ,p4 ,,cicut1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  extract (  
hemlock1 #a dr42 p[d]$ hemlock1 q4 s4 to
 make a mass4 ,=  #b-;gr4               

pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1 twice a day2 
9 v>i\s gl&ul> &  visc]al enl>gem5ts1   
pulmon>y affections1 canc]1 scr(ula1    
neuralgia1  c4    ,pills1 ,/oma*4 ,syn4 
,,pilul ,,/oma*ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4       
,ipecacuanha1 #aj  gr42 sumbul & extract
 ( rhub>b1 ( ea* #cj gr42 p[d]$ quassia1
 #bj  gr42 oil ( sassafras1 #f drops2   
beat5 up ) ess5ce ( g+]  7/ronge/71 q4  
s4 ,= #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1
 ?rice daily2 9 loss  ( appetite1       
flatul5ce1 dyspepsia1 c4    #b4 7,dr    
,hugh ,smi?'s47 ,f aloes1 rhub>b1 g+]   
7all p[d]$71 &  sagap5um1 ( ea* #a dr42 
oils ( pepp]m9t & cloves1 ( ea* #aj     
drops2  balsam ( ,p]u1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= 
#e-;gr4 pills----,dose1 #b or #c        
nightly2 or  #a to #b be=e d9n]4 ,= o!r 
=mul1 see ,,d9n]1 ,,ap]i5t1 ,,comp\nd   
,,rhub>b1 ,,aloes ,,& ,,ma/ic ,,pills1  
c4    ,pills ( ,/orax 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 
,,/orax ,,pills2 ,,pilula ,,/yracis     
,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul         
,,/yracis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,ph4 ,l47  ,prep>$ /orax1 #f dr42      

saffron & p[d]$ opium1 ( ea* #b dr4 beat
  !m toge!r to a uni=m mass4 ,conta9s   
#a-e? ( its weight ( opium4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,e47 ,opium & saffron1 ( ea* #a "p2    
extract ( /yrax1 #b p>ts2  beat !m to a 
uni=m mass1 & divide ?is into #d-;gr4   
pills4 ,conta9s  #a_/d? "p ( opium4     
,obs4 ,! /orax is "h *iefly employ$ to  
disguise ! od\r & ta/e  ( opium4 ,! "n (
 ! prep>ation has be5 *os5 s t ! ^w     
#8opium' may n appe> 9 ! prescription1 a
 po9t highly necess>y )  c]ta9          
pati5ts4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr42 z     
comp\nd soap pill1 & z an  anodyne &    
expectorant 9 *ronic c\ghs1 c4    ,pills
 ( ,/ramonium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,/ramonii1
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,/ramonium  se$s 79     
p[d]71 #ab gr4 7or leaves1 #be gr472    
p[d]$ camphor &  extract ( s5eka root1 (
 ea* #a dr42 p[d]$ sav9e1 #a-a_/b dr42  
oil (  cajeput1 #ae drops4 ,=           
#b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 
?rice daily2 9  rheumatism1 c4    #b4   
7,sir ,h4 ,hal=d47 ,extract ( /ramonium 
& liquorice p[d]1 ( ea* #a  dr42 p[d]$  

,ca/ile soap1 #b dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to
 mix4 ,= #fj  pills4----,dose1 #a night 
& morn+2 9 a/hmas1 c4    ,pills (       
,/ry*n9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,/ry*ni1 ,l4   
,prep4 7,mag5die47  ,/ry*n9e1 #b gr42   
cons]ve ( hips1 #cf gr4 7liquorice p[d]1
 q4 s472 mix  v c>efully1 divide ! mass 
into #bd pills1 & silv] !m4----,dose1 #a
  pill night & morn+2 9 amaurosis1      
impot5ce1 p>alysis1 c4    ,pills (      
,sulphate ( ,copp]4 7,br&e47 ,syn4      
,,pilul ,,cupri ,,sulphatis4  ,prep4    
,sulphate ( copp]1 #c gr42 bread crum1  
#a dr4 ,mix1 = #bd pills2  #a1 ?ree or  
f\r times a day4    ,pills ( ,sulphate (
 ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,sulphatis
 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 
,dri$ sulphate ( iron & cons]ve ( r$    
roses1 (  ea* #b p>ts2 extract (        
d&elion1 #e p>ts4 ,= #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a  
useful  *alybeate tonic4 ,dose1 #a to   
#b1 twice or ?rice daily2 9 dyspepsia1  
*lorosis1 am5orrha1 c4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 
#ahag47 ,sulphate ( iron 7dri$71 #a oz42
 extract ( *amomile1  #a-a_/b oz42 oil (

 pepp]m9t1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,z !    
la/4    #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z ,no4 #a1 b
 sub/itut+ extract ( g5tian = extract  (
 d&elion4 ,= o!r =mul1 see ,,pills1     
,,hoop]',s ,,female1 c4    ,pills (     
,sulphate ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,qu9i
 ,,sulphatis1 ,p4 ,q4  ,,disulphatis1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #bj   
gr42 extract (  g5tian1 #dj gr4 ,= #bj  
pills4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,sulphate (
 qu99e1 #b dr42 p[d]$ gum1 #a_/b dr42   
/ra9$  honey1 q4 s4 ,= #abj pills4 ,ea* 
pill conta9s #a gr4 ( ! sulphate or     
disulphate ( qu99e4----,dose1 #a or #b  
twice a day1 z a tonic &  /oma*ic2 #f to
 #ab1 e two or ?ree h\rs dur+ !         
remissions (  agues4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47   
,mix #fj gr4 ( sulphate ( qu99e1 & #bj  
gr4 ( confection (  hips to a uni=m     
mass4----,dose1 #b gr4 to #aj gr4       
,obs4 ,v>i\s additions are (t5 made to !
 above =mul1 accord+ to  ! indications1 
by :i* num]\s o!r useful pills are      
produc$4 ,?us1  potassio-t>trate (      
antimony is frequ5tly add$ 9 ob/9ate    

int]mitt5ts2 iodide ( potassium1 9      
scr(ul\s affections2 foxglove1 9  !     
hectic fev] ( ph?isis2 bitt] tonics &   
aromatics1 9 dyspepsia1  flatul5ce1 c42 
c>bonate ( soda or magnesia1 9 acidity &
 he>tburn2  calomel1 m]curial pill1 9   
bili\s affections2 rhub>b & aloes1 9    
b[elly affections2 sulphate ( iron & o!r
 *alybeates1 9 debility1  am5orrha1 &   
*lorosis2 calomel1 z an alt]ative1 c41  
c4    ,pills ( ,sulphate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4  
,,pilul ,,z9ci ,,suphatis1 ,p4 ,z4 ,s4  
,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate (  
z9c1 #ab gr42 extract ( g5tian1 #a_/b   
dr42 liquorice p[d]1 q4 s4 ,= #bj pills4
 ,9 dyspepsia1 epilepsy1 &  v>i\s       
convulsive diseases4    #b4 7,dr ,p>is47
 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #aj gr42 p[d]$ myrrh1 
#a-a_/b dr42  cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4 ,= 
#cj pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 twice or 
?rice  daily2 9 hoop+-c\gh1 c4    ,pills
 ( ,sulphuret ( ,iron4 7,biett47 ,syn4  
,,pilul ,,f]ri ,,sulphureti4  ,prep4    
,sulphuret ( iron1 #a_/b dr42 m>%mall[  
p[d]1 #aj gr42 syrup1  q4 s4 ,make into 

#bj pills2 #a to #d pills daily1 9      
scr(ul\s eruptions4    ,pills1          
,syphilis4 ,syn4 ,,pilul                
,,antisyphilitic1 ,l4 ,see ! v>i\s      
pills ( m]cury1 gold1 c4 ,! pills (     
corrosive sublimate commonly pass  "u   
?is "n4    ,pills1 ,tangore4 ,see       
,,pills1 ,,ars5ical4    ,pills ( ,tannic
 ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tann9i1 ,p4     
,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f tannic
 acid or tann9 & p[d]$ sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b
 dr42  cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4 ,= #bd    
pills4----,dose1 #a or #b pills1 ?rice  
daily1 9 di>rha2 or #b e ?ree h\rs1 9   
int]nal hmorrhages1  spitt+ ( blood1 c4 
,pills ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,picis     
,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t>1 #a dr42     
p[d]$ g5tian1 #a_/b dr41 or q4 s4 ,= #bd
 pills4 ,/imulant1 diuretic1 &          
sudorific4----,dose1 #a to #d1 ?rice a  
day2 9 dropsies1 worms1 i*?yosis1  &    
sev]al o!r sk9 diseases1 c4    ,pills ( 
,t>axacum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,t>axaci1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 ,extract (  d&elion1 #a dr42 
p[d]$ rhub>b1 q4 s42 divide into        

#c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,9  dyspepsia1 c41  
complicat$ ) conge/ion ( ! liv]4    #b4 
7,/ ,m>ie47 ,extract ( d&elion & ,ca/ile
 soap1 equal p>ts2 liquid  acetate (    
potassa1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,= #d-;gr4 pills4
 ,z a diuretic 9  dropsy4    #c4        
,extract ( d&elion1 #a dr42 m]curial    
pill1 #bj gr42 p[d]$  digitalis1 #ae    
gr42 liquorice p[d]1 q4 s4 ,= #bd       
pills4----,dose1 #a1  aft]w>ds increas$ 
to #b or #c2 9 dropsy connect$ ) liv]   
disease4    ,pills1 ,?omson's ,/oma* &  
,liv]4 ,prep4 ,f extract ( d&elion1 #a  
dr42 scammony & rhub>b1 ( ea* #ae gr4 ,=
 #ad pills4----,dose1 #b pills1  night &
 morn+2 9 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1 &     
*ronic inflammation  ( ! liv] or        
kidneys4    ,pills ( ,tobacco4          
7,augu/947 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tabaci4      
,prep4 ,p[d] (  tobacco1 #bd gr42       
confection ( roses1 q4 s4 ,mix1 & =m #gb
  pills4----,dose1 #b to #d daily1 till 
nausea is produc$4 ,9 dropsy4    ,pills1
 ,tonic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tonic1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate ( iron1  g+]1 &    

myrrh 7all 9 p[d]71 equal p>ts2 cons]ve 
( roses1 q4 s42  mix1 & divide into     
#d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice a    
day2 9 debility1  *lorosis1 c4    #b4   
,p[d]$ myrrh & sulphate ( iron1 ( ea* #a
 dr42 disulphate (  qu99e1 #a_/b dr41   
p[d]$ capsicum1 #ae gr42 cons]ve (      
roses1 q4 s4 to  mix4 ,= #fj            
pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 twice or     
?rice a day2 9 debility1  dyspepsia1    
ague1 c4    #c4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,t>trate 
( iron & extract ( g5tian1 ( ea* #a dr42
  oil ( c9namon1 #b drops4 ,= #cj       
pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 ?ree or f\r  
times a day4 ,a good /oma*ic tonic4     
#d4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,oxide ( z9c1 #a_/b  
dr4 7or sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr472       
myrrh1 #b dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42        
confection ( hips1 to mix4 ,= #dj       
pills4----,dose1 #a or two pills1 ?ree  
times a day2 9 epilepsy1 *orea1  & o!r  
n]v\s disord]s1 debility1 c4    #e4 7,dr
 ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,rhub>b & g+]1 ( ea* 
#a_/b dr42 extract (  *amomile1 #a dr42 
divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b or  

#c1 twice a day2 9  dyspepsia &         
*lorosis4    #f4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 
,sesquioxide ( iron & extract ( hemlock1
 ( ea*  #a dr42 mix1 & divide into #bj  
pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 twice a day2 
9  fluor albus1 scr(ula1 c4 ,sev]al o!r 
=mul = tonic pills w be  f\nd "u ! names
 ( ! lead+ +r$i5ts1 c4 7,see above47    
,pills ( ,turp5t9e4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4   
,,pilul ,,t]eb9?94 ,prep4  ,v5ice       
turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b oz42 c>bonate (       
magnesia1 #a oz4 ,make into #bjj  pills4
    ,pills ( ,valerian 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4
 ,,pilul ,,val]ian ,,composit1 ,l4      
,prep4 7,dupuytr547 ,p[d]$ val]ian1     
#a_/b dr42 ca/or & :ite oxide (  z9c1 ( 
ea* #bj gr42 syrup1 q4 s42 to mix4 ,=   
#ah pills4----,dose1 #b or #c1  ?rice   
daily2 9 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1        
*lorosis1 hemicrania1 c4    ,pills (    
,valerianate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,pilul      
,,val]ianas1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f val]ianate (
 z9c & p[d]$ gum1 ( ea* #ae gr42 cons]ve
 (  hips1 q4 s4 to =m a mass4 ,= #ah    
pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice daily2 9

  n]v\s heada*e1 neuralgia1 hy/]ia1 c4  
,pills1 ,vallet's4 ,see ,,pills ,,(     
,,c>bonate ,,( ,,iron4    ,pills1       
,vance's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,ap]i5t4       
,pills ( ,v]atr9e4 ,syn4 ,,pilul        
,,v]atr91 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mag5die47    
,v]atr9e1 #a_/b gr42 p[d]$ gum ,arabic &
 syrup ( gum1 ( ea* q4 s4 to  =m #f     
pills4 7,see bel[47    #b4 7,turnbull47 
,v]atr9e1 #a gr42 extract ( h5bane &    
liquorice p[d]1  ( ea* #ab gr42 mix1 &  
divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a     
pill1 e #c  h\rs2 9 dropsy1 epilepsy1   
hy/]ia1 p>alysis1 n]v\s palpitations1 c4
  ,?is %\ld be prep>$ & us$ ) great     
caution4    ,pills1 ,w>d's ,r$4 ,syn4   
,,w>d',s ,,antimonial ,,pills4 ,prep4 ,f
 glass (  antimony 7f9ely levigat$71 #d 
oz42 dragon's blood1 #a oz42 m\nta9 w9e1
  q4 s42 to =m a mass4 ,= #a-a_/b-;gr4  
pills4 ,emetic4 8,!y are recomm5d$  9   
ob/9ate rheumatism affections1 9 f\lness
 ( ! /oma* & b[els1  c4 ,_! action is   
(t5 ( a v unpleasant "*40 7#8,anat4 (   
,quack]y4'7    ,pills1 ,lady ,web/]'s4  

,see ,,pills1 ,,d9n]4    ,pills1        
,:itehead's ,ess5ce ( ,mu/>d4 ,balsam ( 
tolu1 ) res94 7,dr  ,p>is47    ,pills1  
,:ytt's4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,aloes1      
*loride ( iron1 & extract  ( horeh\nd1 (
 ea* #a_/b dr42 assaftida1 #a-a_/b dr4  
,= #b-;gr4  pills4----,dose1 #b to #e1  
?rice daily2 9 leucorrha1 *lorosis1     
hy/]ia1  c41 ) con/ipation4    ,pills1  
,worm4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,an!lm9tic1 ,p4   
,,v]mifug1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,calomel1 #a 
oz42 sug>1 #a-a_/b oz42 mucilage1 q4 s42
 mix1 & divide into  #bdj               
pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 ov]night1    
foll[$ by a /rong dose ( ca/or  oil e>ly
 ! next morn+4    #b4 ,gamboge1 #f gr42 
calomel1 #e gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 divide
 into #c pills4  ,= a morn+'s dose1     
fa/+4    #c4 ,extract ( wormwood1       
calomel1 & p[d]$ scammony1 equal p>ts4  
,=  #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 z
 ! la/4 ,= asc>ides1 & o!r small  worms4
    #d4 7,bresm]47 ,p[d]$ aloes & tansy 
se$1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 oil ( rue1  #i or 
#aj drops4 = #ab pills4----,dose1 #c to 

#f1 9 ! morn+1 fa/+1 &  repeat$ 9 two or
 ?ree h\rs4    #e4 7,phbus47 ,iron      
fil+s1 #a_/b dr42 assaftida1 #a-a_/b    
dr42 ess5tial oil  ( tansy1 #aj or #ab  
drops2 extract ( wormwood1 q4 s42 mix1 &
 divide into  #hj pills4----,dose1 #f   
pills1 ?rice daily4    #f4 7,pes*i]47   
,e!real extract ( male f]n1 #cj drops2  
extract (  d&elion1 #a dr42 p[d]$       
rhizomes ( male f]n1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,=   
#cj  pills4 ,9 tapeworm4----,dose1 #f to
 #ae1 at b$time2 ! dose be+ repeat$  9 !
 morn+1 & !n foll[$ 9 an h\r by a /rong 
dose ( ca/or  oil4    ,pills1           
,wordsell's 7,kaye's74 ,prep4 7,cooley47
 ,p[d]$ aloes1 gamboge1  & g+]1 equal   
p>ts2 toge!r ) a v small quantity (     
diaphoretic antimony1 beat5 into a mass 
) ei!r syrup or treacle1 &  divid$ into 
#b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 8,!re are ab\t      
#d-a_/b doz5 pills 9 ea*  #as4          
#a-a_/b;d4 box40 8,! dose1 z giv5 9 !   
directions1 is f #b to #h  pills 7or ev5
 #aj to #ab7 daily40 7#8,anat4 (        
,quack]y4'7 ,!y frequ5tly  op]ate )     

great viol5ce4    ,pills1 ,wyndham's    
7,lee's74 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes &    
gamboge1 ( ea*  79 p[d]7 #c oz42 ,ca/ile
 soap & extract ( c[-p>snip1 ( ea* #a   
oz42  nitre1 #a_/b oz4 ,= #e-;gr4 pills4
 ,a p[]ful dra/ic ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a 
to #c pills4    ,pills ( ,z9c4 ,see     
,,pills ,,( ,,oxide1 ,,sulphate &       
,,val]ianate ( ,,z9c1 c4    ,,piloc>p9e4
 ,prep4 ,exhau/ ! leaves or b>k (       
,jabor&i ) #hj  alcohol1 to :i*         
hydro*loric acid has be5 add$ 9 !       
proportion ( #h  gra9s p] litre2 di/il &
 evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 
,r$issolve ! extract ) a small quantity 
( di/ill$ wat] &  filt]2 treat ) ammonia
 9 slight excess1 & a l>ge quantity (   
*lor(orm4 ,di/il (f ! *lor(orm1 dissolve
 ! residue 9 di/ill$  wat] acidulat$ )  
hydro*loric acid1 & filt]4 ,treat afre% 
)  *lor(orm & ammonia4 ,! *lor(ormic    
solution is !n %ak5 )  wat]1 to :i*     
hydro*loric acid is add$1 drop by drop1 
up to !  quantity suffici5t to saturate 
! piloc>p9e4 ,! =eign matt]s  rema9 9 ! 

*lor(orm1 & ^u evaporation ( ! aque\s   
liquid !  hydro*lorate is obta9$1 well  
cry/allis$1 9 long ne$les radiat+  f a  
common c5tre4 ,! hydro*lorate dissolv$ 9
 di/ill$ wat]1 &  treat$ ) ammonia &    
*lor(orm1 yields ! piloc>p9e ^u         
evaporation ( ! *lor(orm solution4      
,piloc>p9e appe>s "u ! =m ( a s(t visc\s
 sub/ance2 x is  slightly soluble 9 wat]
 & v soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r &  *lor(orm4
 ,x pres5ts all ! *emical *>act]s ( an  
alkaloid1 &  rotates ! plane ( pol>iz$  
light /rongly to ! "r4 7,p>is           
,ph>maceutical ,society47    ,,pima,,ric
 ,,acid4 ,a res9 acid fir/ obta9$ by    
,laur5t f !  turp5t9e ( ,p9us m>itima   
7,bordeaux turp5t9e71 by ! action (  hot
 alcohol4    ,,pim5,,to4 ,syn4          
,,allspice1 ,,clove ,,pepp]1 ,,jamaica  
,p41 ,,pim5to ,,b]ries2  ,,pim5ta 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,e471 ,,pip]       
,,c>yophyllatum1 ,p4 ,,jamaic5se1 ,p4   
,,odoratum1 ,,pim5t ,,bacc1 ,l4 8,! dri$
 unripe b]ries ( ! allspice  tree1      
,eug5ia pim5ta1 f ! ,we/ ,indies0----,b4

 ,p4 8,! immature fruit  ( ,eug5ia      
pim5ta 7,myrtus pim5ta1 ,l9n470----,ph4 
,l4 ,x possesses a  mix$ od\r ( c9namon1
 cloves1 & nutmegs1 :i*1 ) its o!r      
prop]ties1 x = ! mo/ yields to alcohol1 
e!r1 & wat]4 ,x is a  /imulant & tonic1 
& is mu* e/eem$ z an adjuvant 9 m$ic9es 
prescrib$ 9 dyspepsia1 flatul5ce1 g\t1  
hy/]ia c42 & also to cov]  ! ta/e (     
disagreeable m$ic9es4----,dose1 #e to   
#cj gr41 bruis$ or 9  p[d]4 ,see        
,,ess5ce1 ,,oils 7,volatile71 ,,spirits1
 & ,,wat]s4    ,,pim,,ples4 ,see        
,,eruptions 7,papul>74    ,,p9*,,beck4  
,a gold-l alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,see     
,,dut* ,,gold4    ,,p9e ,,apple4 ,syn4  
,,ananas4 ,! fruit ( ,ananassa sativa1 a
 plant (  ! natural ord] ,bromeliace4 ,x
 is a/r+5t1 escul5t1 & possesses  a ri* 
flav\r & od\r4 ,9 ,europe x is *iefly   
us$ z a delicacy =  ! table2 b 9        
tropical climates x is said to be       
valuable 9 r5al  diseases4 ,see         
,,ess5ce1 c4    ,,pi,,ney ,,tal,,l[4    
,syn4 ,,p9ey ,,res91 ,p4 ,,damm>4 ,an   

oleo-res9\s  sub/ance obta9$ f ! fruit (
 ,vat]ia indica1 a tree common 9        
,malab>1 by boil+ x ) wat]4 ,x is       
int]m$iate betwe5 fat & wax1  makes good
 soap & excell5t c&les4 ,x melts at #ih 
,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibej  to #ibfe4        
,,pi,,nic ,,acid4 ,! portion ( common   
res9 or colophony :i* is soluble  9 cold
 alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #hcc4    ,,p9k4 ,a   
well kn[n %ade ( light r$4 ,! "n is also
 appli$ to  sev]al pigm5ts1 consi/+ (   
:it+ /a9$ ) liquid dyes4 ,see ,,r$  &   
,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts1 c4    ,,p9k ,,dye4   
,prep4 ,f wa%$ saffl[]1 #b oz42 salt (  
t>t>1 #a_/b oz42  cold wat]1 #a qu>t2   
dige/ = #c h\rs1 express ! liquor1 &    
/ra9  x4 ,us$ z a cosmetic1 & to dye    
silk /ock+s1 c41 ( a rose col\r4  ,!    
col\r is br\ght out by aft]w>ds apply+  
to1 or pass+ !  articles ?r\gh1 wat]    
s\r$ ) lemon juice4 ,see ,,sauc]s       
7,p9k74    ,,pip,,er94                  
,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,pip]9a1      
,,pip]9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  ,cod47      
,alcoholic extract ( black pepp] is     

treat$ ) a weak solution (  cau/ic      
potassa 7#a to #ajj71 & ! residuum1 aft]
 be+ wa%$ ) cold  wat]1 is dissolv$ 9   
alcohol2 ! solution is next agitat$ ) a 
little animal *>coal1 & ! filtrate is   
all[$ to evaporate  spontane\sly2 !     
product may be purifi$ by ! re-solution 
9 alcohol  & re-cry/allisation4         
,prop41 c4 ,col\rless1 or only slightly 
yell[2 ta/eless2 inodor\s2  fusible2 &  
cry/allisable2 insoluble 9 wat]2 freely 
soluble 9 /rong  _s1 & 9 ! acids2 v     
feebly basic2 a few def9ite comp\nds  h1
 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$ ) difficulty2 r$d5$  
by oil ( vitriol4  ,x has be5 mu*       
employ$ 9 ,italy & on ! ,cont95t z a    
febrifuge4----,dose1 #b to #aj gr41     
frequ5tly repeat$1 dur+ ! apyrexia  (   
int]mitt5ts4    ,obs4 ,an assay = its   
pip]9 is ! only c]ta9 me?od ( te/+ !    
quality ( ei!r black or :ite pepp]4 ,=  
?is purpose a weight$  quantity ( !     
sample is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & is exhau/$ ) 
alcohol  ( ! sp4 gr4 #hhc2 ! mix$       
t9ctures are !n evaporat$ to an         

extract1 :i* is treat$ z above4 ,see    
,,pepp]4    ,,pipes4 7,9 confection]y47 
,^! are =m$ f any ( ! common            
loz5ge-masses1 by roll+ !m into cyl9d]s 
( ab\t ! ?ickness ( a  goose-quill4 ,!y 
are frequ5tly m$icat$4    ,,pipette4 ,a 
graduat$ glass in/rum5t1 9 frequ5t use 9
 ! *emical  laboratory1 = convey+ a     
measur$ quantity ( fluid f "o vessel to 
ano!r4 ,! pipette mo/ly consi/s ( a     
bulb1 f ea* end ( :i*  proce$s a        
/raight1 sl5d] holl[ /em1 communicat+ ) 
! bulb1 &  v>y+ 9 l5g? ) ! capacity ( ! 
in/rum5t4 ,?us con/ruct$1  ! l[] end ( !
 pipette c be dipp$ into a vessel ) a   
n>r[ &  long neck1 su* z a flask1       
conta9+ a fluid1 ! requir$ volume (  :i*
 c be remov$ f x4 ,! pipette v>ies 9    
capacity f #a to #bjj  cubic c5timtres4 
,dr ,fres5ius gives ! foll[+ directions 
= its use3----8,to fill a  pipette ) !  
fluid :i* x is int5d$ to transf] f "o   
vessel to  ano!r1 ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t 
is dipp$ into ! fluid1 &  suction appli$
 to ! upp] ap]ture1 ei!r direct ) ! lips

 or  ?r\gh a ca\t*\c tube until ! fluid 
9 ! pipette /&s a little  above !       
requir$ m>k2 ! upp]1 some:at n>r[$1     
gr\nd orifice is  !n clos$ ) ! po9t ( ! 
index ( ! "r h&1 :i* to t  end _h always
 bett] be moi/5$ a little1 & hold+ !    
pipette 9 a  p]fectly v]tical direction1
 ! excess ( ov] ! quantity requir$ is   
made to drop out by lift+ ! f+] a       
little4 ,:5 ! fluid 9 !  pipette has    
fall5 to ! requir$ level1 ! drops :i*   
may happ5 to  adh]e to ! outside ( !    
pipette are c>efully wip$ (f1 & !       
cont5ts ( ! tube are !n fully transf]r$ 
to ! o!r vessel4 ,9  ?is process x is   
f\nd t ! fluid does n run out           
completely1 b  t a small portion ( x    
rema9s adh]+ to ! glass 9 ! po9t (  !   
pipette2 aft] a "t1 z ?is becomes       
increas$ by o!r m9ute  p>ticles ( fluid 
trickl+ d[n f ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 a drop
  ga!rs at ! l[] orifice1 :i* may be    
all[$ to fall f its own  weight1 or may 
be made to drop (f by a slight %ake2 if1
 aft] ?is1 !  po9t ( ! pipette be laid  

aga9/ a moi/ portion ( ! inn] side (  ! 
vessel1 ano!r m9ute portion ( fluid w   
trickle out2 & la/ly1  ano!r trifl+     
droplet or s may be got out by bl[+ into
 ! pipette  ?r\gh ! upp] orifice4 ,n[1  
suppos+ ! op]ator foll[s no fix$  rule 9
 ?is respect1 lett+ ! fluid1 = in/ance1 
9 "o op]ation  simply run out1 :il/ 9   
ano!r op]ation he lets x dra9 aft]w>ds1 
& 9 a ?ird bl[s (f ! la/ p>ticles ( x f 
! pipette1 x is  evid5t t ! respective  
quantities ( fluid deliv]$ 9 ! sev]al   
op]ations _c be q equal4 ,i pref] 9 all 
cases ! second me?od1  viz4 to lay !    
po9t ( ! pipette :il/ dra9+ f9ally aga9/
 a  moi/ portion ( ! inn] side ( !      
vessel1 :i* ,i h always f\nd  to give ! 
mo/ accurate correspond+ measurem5ts40  
,,pi/a,,*io ,,nuts4 ,syn4 ,,pi/acia     
,,nuts2 ,,nuces ,,pi/aci1 ,l4 ,! k]nels 
(  ! fruit ( ,piscatia v]a 7,l9n471 "o (
 ! turp5t9e trees4 ,!y  closely resemble
 almonds1 b are sweet]1 & =m a gre5     
emulsion )  wat]4 ,us$ 9 confection]y & 
p]fum]y1 & also z a dess]t fruit4       

,,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,pit*1 ,,boil$   
,p41 ,,/one ,p41 ,,wood ,p42 ,,pix 7,ph4
 ,l471  ,,pix ,,nigra1 ,l4 8,a dry      
bitum5 prep>$ f liquid pit*40 7,ph4 ,l47
 ,!  residuum f boil+ t> 9 an op5 iron  
pot1 or 9 a /ill1 until !  volatile &   
liquid portion is driv5 (f4 ,! volatile 
products  pr9cipally consi/ ( crude     
pyroligne\s acid & oil ( t>4 ,pit* is   
*iefly employ$ 9 %ip-build+4 ,z a       
m$ic9e1 x is /imulant &  tonic1 & has   
be5 us$ int]nally 9 "s sk9 diseases1 & 9
 piles4  ,an o9tm5t made ( x is also    
ext5sively us$ 9 cutane\s affections (  
! scaly4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 
,pit*1 ,burgundy4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,pit*1  
,,burgundy ,,p9e ,,res92 ,,pix          
,,burgundica  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  
,d471 ,l4 8,impure res9 prep>$ f !      
turp5t9e  ( ,abies excelsa10 or ,norway 
spruce fir4 7,ph4 ,l47 8,a concrete     
res9\s  exudation1 probably1 9 a great  
measure1 f ,abies excelsa40 7,ph4 ,e47  
,x is *iefly us$ 9 pla/]s4    ,obs4 ,!  
importation ( ?is sub/ance has = "s ye>s

 pa/ be5  gradually less5+ 9 am\nt1 9   
consequ5ce ( ! sub/itution = x  ( a     
fictiti\s pit*1 made by melt+ common    
res9 ) l9se$ oil1 &  col\r+ ! mass )    
annotta or palm oil4 ,! physiological   
action (  ! two articles is1 h[ev]1     
consid]ably diff]5t1 s9ce ,burgundy pit*
  acts ^u ! sk9 z a p[]ful local        
irritant1 excit+ a slight degree  (     
inflammation1 & n unfrequ5tly produc+ a 
pimply eruption & an  exudation (       
purul5t matt]4 ,x is celebrat$ = its    
effects :5  employ$ z a pla/] 9 all     
cases :]e w>m?1 support1 & long         
adhesion to ! sk91 are desirable2 & 9 ! 
latt] quality no  sub/ance equals x4 ,! 
fictiti\s ,burgundy pit* has simil>     
prop]ties1  b 9 an imm5sely less degree4
    ,,prep>$ ,,burgundy ,,pit* 7,,pix   
,,burgundica ,,pr,,p>ata----,ph4 ,l47 is
 ord]$ to  be obta9$ 9 ! same way z t   
adopt$ = /ra9$ ammoniacum4 ,?is  plan   
is1 h[ev]1 seldom1 if ev]1 adopt$ 9     
trade4    ,pit*1 ,burgundy 7,factiti\s74
 ,syn4 ,,pix ,,burgundica ,,factitia1   

,l4  ,prep4 ,by melt+ good yell[ res91  
#a cwt41) l9se$ oil1 #a gall41  & palm  
oil 7bright71 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,! mixture
 is all[$ to cool  consid]ably1 & is !n 
pull$ ) ! h&s 9 ! same way z lead  pla/]
 is treat$2 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9       
#8bladd]s' or #8/&s' =  sale4    ,obs4  
,! product ( ! above =mula is !         
#8,burgundy pit*' ( !  %ops4 ,! #8pull+'
 or #8work+' de/roys ! transluc5cy ( !  
res91  & imp>ts to x ! peculi>          
semi-opacity ( =eign ,burgundy pit*4    
,cold wat] is commonly employ$ to cool x
 d[n4 ,annotta is (t5  sub/itut$ = palm 
oil z a col\r+ sub/ance4 ,! addition (  
"s (  ! #8dropp+s' or #8bottoms' (      
,canada balsam1 ,*io turp5t9e1 oil (    
junip]1 c41 r5d]s ?is article ne>ly     
equal to =eign pit*2 b 9  comm]ce ?is is
 nev] attempt$1 ! aim be+ only !        
production ( a  lively col\r ) mod]ate  
t\ghness4 ,a common melt+-pan & fire 7if
  clean1 & c>efully manag$7 w succe$    
suffici5tly1 b1 bo? =  safety &         
conv5i5ce1 /eam is pref]able1 & on !    

l>ge scale1  almo/ indisp5sable4 ,a good
 workman c pull & put into /&s or casks 
ab\t #e cwt4 daily2 or f #a-a_/b cwt4 to
 #c cwt4 9 bladd]s1 ! latt]  quantity   
dep5d+ on ! size ( ! bladd]s4 7,see     
above47    ,pit*1 ,cada4 ,syn4 ,,hemlock
 ,,gum1 ,h4 ,,pit*4 ,simil> to ,burgundy
 pit*2  b f ! ,abies canad5ses1 or      
hemlock spruce fir4    ,pit*1 ,jews'4   
,asphaltum4    ,pit*1 ,m9eral4 ,indurat$
 m9]al bitum54 ,see ,,asphaltum1        
,,bitum51 c4    ,,pit,,coal4 ,syn4      
,,coal2 ,,h\ille1 ,fr42 ,,/e9kohle1 ,g]4
 ,?is article has  be5 truly describ$ z 
! mo/ valuable ( all ^? m9]al sub/ances 
f :i* ,great ,brita9 d]ives its         
prosp]ity1 & ! "o :i* may be  reg>d$ z !
 ma9 support ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,briti%   
production4 ,x  fuses ! metals1 x       
produces ! /eam :i* sets our ma*9]y 9   
motion1 &1 9 %ort1 x may be said to r5d]
 all ! res\rces ( ?is  c\ntry available 
= use4    ,! m important k9ds ( coal may
 be classifi$ z foll[s3----#a4 ,lignite 
or br[n coal 7see page #ifi74----b4     

,bitum9\s or cak+ coals4 ,! mo/  widely 
diffus$ & valuable ( ,engli% coals4 ,!y 
are subdivid$ into3  a4 ,cak+ coal4     
,spl9t]s on heat+1 b ! fragm5ts !n fuse 
toge!r 9 a semi-pa/y mass4 ,! *ief      
s\rces ( ?is valuable v>iety  ( coal are
 ! ,newca/le & ,wigan di/ricts1 b4 ,*]ry
 coal or s(t  coal4 ,lu/re v bright2    
does n fuse1 ignites well & burns       
rapidly4  ,glasg[1 ,/af=d%ire1          
,d]by%ire1 ,nott+ham1 ,lanca%ire1 c4 c4 
,spl9t1 r\gh1 or h>d coal4 ,black &     
gli/5+2 does n ignite  readily1 b burns 
up to a cle> hot fire4 ,x con/itutes !  
bulk ( !  great coal fields ( ,nor? &   
,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 & occurs 9 !  ,glasg[  
di/rict1 9 ,%rop%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1     
,w>wick%ire1 c4 d4  ,cannel or p>rot    
coal4 ,d5se & compact1 hav+ a %elly     
fracture1 &  tak+ a poli% l jet4        
,spl9t]s 9 ! fire1 & burns cle>ly &     
brightly4 ,wigan & o!r p>ts (           
,lanca%ire1 ,we/ ,glasg[1 c4 ,!  curi\s 
deposit at ,ba?gate1 ne> ,ed9burgh1     
commonly kn[n z #8,boghead  cannel      

coal1' or #8,torbanehill m9]al1' diff]s 
consid]ably f !  ord9>y                 
#8cannels1'----#c4 ,an?racite or        
/one-coal4 ,! d5se/1 h>de/1  & mo/      
lu/r\s ( all k9ds ( pitcoal4 ,burns )   
little flame or  smoke1 b gives great   
heat4 ,s\? ,wales1 ,devon%ire1 c4----#d4
 ,/eam coal4  ,approa*es ne>ly to       
an?racite4 ,admirably adapt$ =          
/eam-vessels4  ,s\? ,wales1 ,tyne       
di/rict1 c4    ,! quality ( coal may be 
asc]ta9$ by ei!r directly te/+ its      
heat+ p[] or by *emical analysis4 ,9 !  
inve/igations und]tak5 at  ! ,museum (  
,economic ,geology1 "u ! directions (   
,sir ,h4 ,de la  ,be*e1 & :i* furni%$ ! 
mat]ials = ! celebrat$ #8,admiralty     
,reports1' ?ree diff]5t me?ods 7 adopt$ 
= ?is purpose4#aji  ,^! consi/$ 9----!  
det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( wat] :i* a   
giv5 weight ( ! coal 0 capable ( conv]t+
 into /eam1 !  quantity ( li?>ge :i* x 0
 capable ( r$uc+ to ! metallic  /ate1 &1
 la/ly1 its ultimate analysis by        
combu/ion ) oxide (  copp]4 ,see        

,,organic ,,sub/ances4    ,footnote     
#aji3 ,see ,watt's #8,dict4 ( ,*emi/ry1'
 vol4 i1 page #ajcc4    ,! quantity (   
sulphur 9 coal is ano!r matt] (         
importance t may  be det]m9$ by *emical 
analysis4 7,see ,,sulphur47 ,! pres5ce (
 m  ?an #a ( sulphur r5d]s coal unfit = 
! economical production (  good         
light-gas1 & m ?an #b ( sulphur r5d]s x 
objectionable =  use z dome/ic fuel4 ,9 
l mann]1 coals conta9+ m9]al +r$i5ts  9 
excess are to be avoid$1 n m]ely on     
acc\nt ( ! quantity (  a%es left by !m1 
b = _! t5d5cy to vitrify ^u ! b>s ( !   
furnace1 & to produce :at is te*nically 
call$ #8cl9k]s4' ,!  pres5ce ( mu*      
silica or alum9a1 & m p>ticul>ly ( any (
 !  salts ( lime1 9 #8/eam coal1' is1 on
 ?is acc\nt1 highly objectionable4    ,=
 "s fur!r in=mation connect$ ) ?is      
subject1 see ,,an?racite1  ,,*imneys1   
,,coke1 ,,fuel1 ,,gas1 ,,lignite1       
,,oils1 7,m9]al71 ,,organic ,,sub/ances1
  c4    ,,plague4 7,,pe/is74 8,a        
specific fev] att5d$ ) bubo ( ! +u9al  &

 o!r gl&s1 & occasionally ) c>buncles40 
,su* is ! def9ition ( plague giv5 9 !   
#8,nom5clature ( ,diseases'  7publi%$ 9 
#ahfi71 drawn up by a jo9t committee    
appo9t$ by !  ,college ( ,physicians4   
,m detail$ acc\nts ( ! disease1 describ$
 by o!r pa?ologi/s1  /ate t x attacks ! 
pati5t ) great sudd5ess1 or only aft] a 
few premonitory symptoms4 ,^!           
are3----,%iv]+1 extreme pro/ration1     
int5se heada*e & gidd9ess1 excessive    
re/lessness1 & an  ov]:elm+ s5se (      
anxiety4 ,! pati5t's gait becomes       
unc]ta91 &  he /agg]s l a drunk5 man4   
,^! symptoms are m or less  accompani$  
by nausea1 bili\s vomit+1 & frequ5tly by
 bili\s  di>rha4 ,z ! disease advances1 
delirium v frequ5tly sets 92 !  nausea1 
vomit+1 & di>rha increase 9 int5sity1 ! 
tongue becomes  swoll5 & cov]$ ) a d>k  
fur1 :il/ ! lips1 tee?1 & no/rils  are  
coat$ ) a dry fetid incru/ation4        
,provid$ ! attack does n  t]m9ate       
fatally1 9 a v rapid mann]1 ^! symptoms 
are accompani$  by %>p pa9s 7increas+ 9 

int5sity dur+ ! progress ( ! malady7  9 
! gro91 armpits1 & neck4 ,^! pa9s 9 !   
above p>ts prec$e  ! appe>ance ( !      
buboes1 & 9 _m cases1 ( ! c>buncles1    
:i*1  associat$ ) ! fev]1 are s         
*>act]i/ic ( plague4 ,^!  gl&ul> swell+s
 v>y1 9 diff]5t cases1 z to ! "t :5 !y  
make _! appe>ance4 ,sometimes !y d s    
dur+ ! fir/ day ( !  attack1 at o!rs1   
aft] two or ?ree days----& 9 o!rs1 aga91
 n  until ne> ! close ( ! disease4 ,) ! 
buboes & c>buncles1 small  r$ purpli%   
spots 7pete*i71 frequ5tly appe> on !    
body4 ,!  c>buncle is by no means an    
inv>iable accompanim5t ( ! disease4 ,dr 
,russell1 out ( #bgjj cases1 f\nd only  
#dij 9 :i* x %[$ itself4 ,he  /ates t :5
 c>buncle develops itself1 x is         
di/ribut$ ov] !  :ole surface ( ! body )
 ! exception ( ! scalp1 ! palms (  !    
h&s1 & ! soles ( ! feet4    8,! plague  
may be said to assume f\r degrees (     
sev]ity3----#a4 ,slight  fev]1 )\t      
delirium or buboes4 #b4 ,fev]1 delirium1
 & buboes4 #c4  ,fev]1 delirium1 or     

coma1 buboes1 c>buncles1 & pete*i_/e4   
#d4  ,conge/ive fev]1 fatal on ! fir/1  
second1 or ?ird day1 be=e !  appe>ance (
 buboes4 ,! fev]1 ?\gh usually cont9u$1 
may assume !  int]mitt5t or remitt5t    
type40#aaj    ,footnote #aaj3 ,hoop]'s  
#8,vade ,mecum1' edit$ by ,messrs ,guy &
 ,h>ley4    ,!re is consid]able div]sity
 ( op9ion z to ! orig9 ( plague4 ,by  "s
 pa?ologi/s x is ma9ta9$ t x spreads    
solely by contagion2 by  o!rs !         
contagion !ory is altoge!r repudiat$1 & 
c]ta9 local  & epidemic ag5cies are     
ref]r$ to z its s\rce2 :il/ o!rs1 aga91 
adopt a m$ium view &1 :il/ n d5y+ its   
contagi\s orig91 hold  t x may also be  
develop$ by endemic & epidemic causes4  
,x be>s a  great resemblance to typhus4 
,) ! exception ( ! outbreak ( plague at 
,veltianka1 9 ,a/rakan1 9  ! beg9n+ ( ! 
curr5t ye> 7#ahgi71 ! pe/il5ce has n    
visit$  ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! pres5t    
c5tury an exemption :i*1 be+ s  obvi\sly
 due to ! improv$ sanit>y & hygi5ic     
conditions ( !  mod]n ,european cities &

 t[ns1 is a =cible illu/ration ( h[     
l>gely ! p[] ( curtail+ ! propagation & 
progress ( !  sc\rge is )9 ! means (    
human control4 ,!re c be little1 if any1
  d\bt t ! same total abs5ce ( dra9age1 
& ! v possible  consequ5t contam9ation (
 dr9k+ wat]1 add$ to ! n>r[ness ( !     
/reets1 ! ov]cr[d$ & badly v5tilat$ /ate
 ( ! h\ses  !mselves1 & ! dirty habits (
 ! inmates1 :i* are also  *>act]i/ic (  
^? qu>t]s ( ea/]n cities & t[ns 9 :i*   
plague is always m or less occasionally 
preval5t1 obta9$ 9 !  f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 
sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 among/    
,european communities4    ,we le>n1 on !
 au?ority ( ,mr ,m>%all 7:o gets 8      
figures f !  weekly bills ( mortality ( 
! p]iod71 t dur+ ! sixte5? &  sev5te5?  
c5turies ,london 0 seldom free f !      
pe/il5ce1 & t  9 sev]al ye>s1 n usually 
reg>d$ by hi/orians z plague epo*s1 x   
annually slew f less ?an #ajjj to #djjj 
( ! inhabitants4    ,betwe5 ! ye>s #aeic
 & #affe1 five sev]e outbreaks ( !      
disease  occurr$ 9 ,london1 & ! numb] ( 

dea?s = ! respective ye>s 7  z          
foll[s3----#aeic1 #aa1ejc2 #afjc1       
#cf1bfi2 #afbe1 #ce1dag2 #afcf1 #aj1djj2
 #affe1  #fh1eif4 ,accord+ to ,sir      
,william ,petty1 ! av]age mortality dur+
 ^!  sev]al attacks am\nt$ to ab\t a    
fif? ( ! population4    ,t insanit>y    
surr\nd+s & ! spread ( plague1 :il/     
sanit>y  ones & its decl9e1 foll[ ea*   
o!r l cause & effect1 may be  emphasis$ 
by ! /atem5t ( two facts3----#a4 ,!     
m$ical commission]  lately s5t by !     
,russian gov]nm5t to ! seat ( ! late    
outbreak (  ! malady 9 ,a/rakan1        
discov]$ ! p dirty 9 _! habits1  liv+ 9 
noisome1 ov]cr[d$ h\ses1 & ! atmosph]e  
pollut$ )  ! smell ( decay+ fi%1 add$ to
 :i* ! village 0 mo/ mis]ably  dra9$4   
#b4 ,rank5 records t 9 ,rajpootana      
plague propagat$ by !  fil?y habits ( ! 
inhabitants 0 = "s ye>s almo/ entirely  
oblit]at$ by ! adoption ( sanit>y       
precautions4    ,x may "h be notic$ t ! 
,a/rakan plague 0 associat$ )           
inflammation ( ! lungs1 a feature :i* l$

 an em95t ,russian  physician to adopt !
 op9ion1 t ! ,a/rakan malady is ! same z
  ! ,indian plague1 :i* is believ$ to be
 ! same disease :i*1 "u  ! "n ( #8,!    
,black ,dea?1' committ$ su* appall+     
deva/ation 9  ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1
 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4    ,9 8            
#8,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages1'#aaa    
,heck] has told ( ! ravages  ( ?is      
ru?less pe/il5ce1 :i* made its appe>ance
 9 ,europe 9 #acdh4  ,its deva/ations at
 ,flor5ce h be5 v p[]fully describ$ by  
,boccaccio 9 ! introduction to 8        
#8,decam]on4' ,boccaccio 0 9 ,naples  at
 ! "t x 0 deva/at+ ,italy1 !re=e1 x is  
conjectur$1 8  graphic description mu/ h
 be5 d]iv$ f he>say & ! reports (       
eyewitnesses4    ,footnote #aaa3        
,publi%$ by ! ,syd5ham ,society1 #ahdd4 
,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> x broke out at   
,dorset1 f :i* c\nty x  soon rea*$      
,devon & ,som]set1 & !nce rapidly spread
 ?r\gh\t  ,engl&1 slay+ its ?\s&s 9 its 
progress4 ,9 ,london alone x has  be5   
e/imat$ t ! mortality caus$ by x am\nt$ 

to a hundr$  ?\s&4    ,heck] assumes t 9
 ,europe its victims 7 tw5ty-five       
millions4 ,^!  h[ev]1 z well z ! foll[+ 
figures1 mu/ only be receiv$ z          
approximations to ! correct numb]s1 :i*1
 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any  contempor>y     
bills ( mortality1 _c b be v            
imp]fect3----      ,9 ,flor5ce !re di$ (
 !      black plague                    
#fj1jjj    ,9 ,v5ice                    
#ajj1jjj    ,9 ,m>seilles1 9 "o mon?    
#af1jjj    ,9 ,si5na                    
#gj1jjj    ,9 ,p>is                     
#ej1jjj    ,9 ,/ ,d5is                  
#ad1jjj    ,9 ,avignon                  
#fj1jjj    ,9 ,/rasb\rg                 
#af1jjj    ,9 ,lbeck                    
#i1jjj    ,9 ,basle                     
#ad1jjj    ,9 ,erfurt at lea/           
#af1jjj    ,9 ,weim>                    
#e1jjj    ,9 ,lemburg                   
#b1ejj    ,9 ,london at lea/            
#ajj1jjj    ,9 ,norwi*                  
#ea1jjj    ,to :i* may be add$3----     
,franciscan ,fri>s 9 ,g]many  #abd1dcd  

,m9orites 9 ,italy             #cj1jjj  
,f ! circum/ance----illu/rative ( !     
religi\s & bl9d bigotry (  ?is          
p]iod----t ! ,jews 7 brutally tortur$1  
massacr$1 & burnt1  on suspicion ( hav+ 
poison$ ! wells f :i* dr9k+ wat] 0      
drawn1 x may be inf]r$ t ! wells1 ow+ to
 ! entire abs5ce (  dra9age1 :i* l$ to  
_! contam9ation by sewage matt]s1       
contribut$  l>gely to ! spread ( !      
pe/il5ce4    ,( ! pot5cy ( ! contagion  
dissem9at$ by ! #8,black ,dea?' ,heck]  
records3----    8,e spot :i* ! sick _h  
t\*$1 _! brea?1 _! clo!s1  spread !     
contagion2 & 9 all o!r places !         
att5dants & fri5ds1  :o 7 ei!r bl9d to  
_! dang]1 or h]oically despis$ x1 fell a
  sacrifice to _! sympa?y4    8,ev5 !   
eyes ( ! pati5t 7 consid]$ z s\rces (   
contagion1  :i* _h ! p[] ( act+ at a    
di/ance1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _!  unwont$   
lu/re1 or ! di/ortion :i* !y always     
suff] 9 plague1 or  9 con=mity ) an     
anci5t notion1 accord+ to :i* ! sight 0 
consid]$ z ! be>] ( a demoniacal        

excitem5t4    8,! pe/il5tial dea? ( !   
sick1 :o expectorat$ blood1 caus$ a     
t]rible contagion f> & ne>1 = ev5 !     
vic9ity ( ^? :o _h  fall5 ill ( plague 0
 c]ta9 dea?1 s t p>5ts ab&on$ _!        
infect$ *ildr51 & all ! ties ( k9dr$ 7  
dissolv$40    ,!re is a /rik+ simil>ity 
betwe5 ! above description1 ref]r+ to  !
 plague ( #acdh1 & ! foll[+1 :i* is     
extract$ f ,dr  ,dppn]'s (ficial m$ical 
report to ! ,russian gov]nm5t on !      
plague  :i* manife/$ itself at          
,veltianka 9 ,a/rakan z lately z        
,janu>y1  #ahgi4 ,dr ,dppn]1 writes3----
    8,! necess>y rem$ies 7 employ$ to   
combat ! disease4 ,i prescrib$          
especially salicylic acid1 muriatic     
acid1 qu99e1 c41 b ev]y?+  prov$        
useless4 ,n a s+le pati5t recov]$1 viz4 
,dr ,ko* & six (  8 assi/ants di$1 !    
prie/ ( ! ,/anitza1 ! ,cossacks employ$ 
9  bury+ ! dead2 9 a ^w1 all ^? :o      
approa*$ ! p]sons attack$  ) ! disease1 
al?\gh furni%$ ) ! means ( pres]vation  
us$  9 l circum/ances1 v few escap$ !   

plague4#aab0    ,footnote #aab3         
#8,lancet4'    ,no case ( plague has    
occurr$ 9 ,engl& = m ?an two c5turies1  
al?\gh 9 #agba x half depopulat$        
,m>seilles1 & committ$ fe>ful  ravages  
at ,mosc[1 9 #agga4    ,)9 ! pres5t     
c5tury x has appe>$ 9 ,europe at !      
foll[+  places3----,at ,malta1 9 #ahac2 
at ,calabria1 9 #ahaf2 at ,corfu1 9     
#ahah2 9  ,silesia1 9 #ahai2 & among/ ! 
,russian troops 9 ,bulg>ia1 9 #ahbd4 ,9 
,malta betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj p fell      
victims to x4    ,x made its la/        
appe>ance 9 ,engl& 9 #affe1 & 0         
especially fatal  9 ,london1 :]e x c>ri$
 (f1 z we h already se51 #fe1eif p4     
,because ( ! frightful mortality x      
occasion$1 ?is p>ticul> outbreak  ( !   
disease has be5 nam$ by hi/orians 8,!   
,great ,plague ( ,london40  ,rapidly    
spread+ f ,we/m9/]1 :]e x fir/ manife/$ 
itself1 to  ! m closely built city1 its 
progress increas$ ) ! w>m wea!r1  until 
dur+ ! sultry mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]
 x rea*$ its  height4 8,?us10 writes    

,pepys 9 8 di>y1 ,augu/ #ca/1 #affe 8?is
 mon?  ends ) great sadness ^u ! public 
?r\gh ! greatness ( !  plague ev]y:]e   
?r\gh ! k+dom almo/4 ,e day sadd] &     
sadd]  news ( its increase4 ,9 ! city   
di$ ?is week #gdif1 & ( !m #fajb (  !   
plague4 ,b x is fe>$ ! true numb] ( !   
dead ?is week is ne>  #aj1jjj2 p>tly f !
 poor t _c be tak5 notice ( ?r\gh !     
greatness ( ! numb]1 & p>tly ?r\gh !    
,quak]s & o!rs t  w n h ! bell r+ = !m40
 ,! g5]al aspect ( !  pe/il5ce /rick5   
city is ?us describ$ by ,pepys1 8,to !  
,ex*ange1  :]e ,i h n be5 a great :ile4 
,b1 ,"l6 h[ sad a sight x is to  see !  
/reets empty ( p & v few ^u ! #8,*ange4 
,jeal\s (  e door t "o sees %ut up1 le/ 
x %\ld be plague2 & ab\t u  two %ops 9  
?ree1 if n g5]ally m1 %ut up40    ,!    
doors ( a h\se infect$ ) ! plague 7 m>k$
 ) a r$  cross1 & on !m 0 writt5 !      
words1 8,! ,"l h m]cy ^u u40  ,pepys    
tells ( ! fright he exp]i5c$ :5 he came 
^u two h\ses (  ?is description1 9      
,drury-lane1 = ! fir/ "t2 & z he adds t 

he 0 compell$ to buy "s roll tobacco to 
smell & to *ew1 x may be  conclud$ t ?is
 sub/ance 0 at t "t reg>d$ z some:at ( a
  safegu>d aga9/ ! disease4    ,l>ge    
c>ts call$ nightly at ! infect$         
habitations & collect+ !  bodies ( any  
dead convey$ !m to pits1 into :i* !y 7  
flung1  cov]$ ) quicklime4 ,?is rude k9d
 ( burial became a necessity z !        
disease ga9$ gr\nd1 because ! ord9>y    
grave-y>ds 7 full to  ov]fl[+4 8,?is is 
! fir/ "t10 writes ,pepys1 8s9ce ,i h   
be5 9  ! *ur* s9ce ,i left ,london = !  
plague1 & x fright5$ me inde$  to g     
?r\gh ! *ur* m ?an ,i ?\ght x c\ld h    
done1 to see s  _m graves lie s high ^u 
! *ur*y>ds :]e p h be5 buri$  ( !       
plague40    ,su* 0 ! fury ( ! pe/il5ce1 
& frequ5tly s sudd5 7 its  attacks1 t   
wayf>]s 7 (t5 assail$ ) x 9 ! /reets1 & 
/agg]+ l drunk5 m5 fell d[n into ! road 
or pa?ways ins5sible  or dead4 ,m]*ants 
9 _! c\nt+-h\ses1 cl]gym5 9 ! act (     
read+ ! burial s]vice1 buy]s & sell]s 9 
! m>ket-place1 7  simil>ly assail$ by ! 

malignant malady1 & x 0 no uncommon     
occurr5ce = ! m\rn] at ! grave ( a      
relative or fri5d "o day1  to be himself
 borne to 8 own tomb ! next4 ,x is n    
improbable !  infection may h be5       
convey$ by ! rapidly decay+ & putrid    
corpse  to l>ge numb]s ( p1 ow+ to !    
cu/om t prevail$ ( cr[ds  ( m\rn]s      
att5d+ ! obsequies4    ,pepys records h[
 he saw 9 broad daylight two or ?ree    
burials1 "o at  ! v heels ( ano!r1 ea*  
foll[$ by =ty or fifty p4  ,fur!rmore1  
he /ates t "o day on 8 way to ,gre5wi*1 
dur+ !  mon? ( ,augu/ 9 #affe1 he pass$ 
a c(f91 8) a dead body !re91  dead ( !  
plague1 ly+ 9 an op5 close belong+ to   
,coombe ,f>m40    ,if ?is exposure (    
plague-/rick5 corpses 7 at all g5]al1 x 
w  readily be p]ceiv$ h[ greatly x mu/ h
 aid$ ! propagation ( !  pe/il5ce4      
,ano!r important ag5t 9 ! diffusion ( ! 
plague mu/ h be5 !  infect$ clo?+1 :e!r 
( ! dead or ( ^? :o _h be5 9 ne> or     
close contiguity to !m4 ,on ?is "p ( our
 subject ,dr ,guy1  rem>ks3----8,nor w  

?is surprise u if we imag9e ! frantic & 
successful ef=ts t mu/ h be5 made by !  
non-infect$ to escape1  & ! temptation  
to s]vants & nurses to appropriate &    
remove !  prop]ty ( ! dy+ & ! dead4     
,inde$1 ,dr ,hodges accuses ! nurses  ( 
/rangl+ _! pati5ts1 & secretly convey+ !
 pe/il5tial  ta9t f sores ( ! infect$ to
 ^? :o 7 well2 & he ju/ifies  8         
accusations #8( ^! ab&on$               
miscreants'----! ,gamps & ,prigs (  !   
sev5te5? c5tury----by two in/ances2 !   
"o1 ( a nurse :o1 #8z  %e 0 leav+ ! h\se
 ( a family1 all dead1 load$ ) h]       
robb]ies1 fell d[n dead "u h] burd5 9 ! 
/reets1' ! o!r1 (  a wor?y citiz5 :o1   
be+ consid]$ dy+ by 8 nurse1 0 be=eh&   
/ripp$ by h]1 b recov]+ aga91 he came a 
second "t into !  _w nak$40    ,la/ly1 9
 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! great preval5ce
 &  excessively fatal "* ( ?is pe/il5ce1
 we mu/ n leave out (  consid]ation "o  
important factor----viz4 fe>4    ,we c  
easily conceive h[ p[]fully ! appall+   
incid5ts by :i* !  plague 0 accompani$  

mu/ h affect$ ! imag9ations ( ^? :o  7 9
 its mid/1 & ?us h /imulat$ ! fe>1 :i*1 
act+ by its  depress+ m5tal effect1 w\ld
 pr$ispose & prep>e m5 & wom5 =  !      
reception ( ! contagion4    ,9 #8,pepys'
 ,di>y' we f9d a circum/ance record$    
corroborative ( ?is4 ,a  c]ta9 ald]man1 
/umbl+ at night ov] a dead body 9 !     
/reet1 :5  he rea*es home tells 8 wife (
 8 adv5ture1 & %e is =?)  seiz$ ) !     
plague & dies ( x4 ,fur!rmore1 ! belief 
d]iv$  f k ( ! deadly "* ( ! disease1   
op]at+ ^u !  m9ds ( ^? :o 7 attack$ by  
x1 w\ld greatly dim9i% ! *ances  ( _!   
recov]y1 s9ce !y w\ld mo/ likely reg>d  
seizure & dea?  z synonym\s4    ,!re is 
an old ,ea/]n fable :i* tells ( a       
travell] j\rney+ f  an infect$ city1 &  
ov]tak+ ! plague1 :o _h n long left x4  
,!  travell] acco/s ! plague & reproa*es
 him = hav+ sla9 ?irty  ?\s& p 9 ! city4
 8,y are 9 error !re10 repli$ ! plague1 
8,i slew only t5 ?\s&1 fe> slew ! re/40 
,tropical climates are nev] visit$ by   
plague4 ,9 ^? c\ntries :i*  suff] f its 

ravages x prevails mo/ dur+ ! hot mon?s 
( !  ye>1 & its virul5ce & spread appe> 
to be comm5surate ) increase  (         
temp]ature4 ,9 nor!rn climates x        
dim9i%es ) ! approa* (  cold wea!r4 ,9  
,europe x has always be5 mo/ fatal dur+ 
! summ]  & autumn1 & 9 ! great plague ( 
,london ! greate/ mortality  prevail$   
dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]4      
,,plaice4 ,! ,platessa vulg>is1 a       
well-kn[n flat fi%1 common to bo?  !    
,engli% & ,dut* coa/s4 ,its fle% is     
good1 & easy ( dige/ion1  b m wat]y ?an 
t ( ! fl\nd]4    ,,planta94 ,! planta91 
:i* belongs to ! nat4 ord4 ,musace1 & is
 a  native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 is         
cultivat$ 9 all tropical & subtropical  
regions ( ! _w1 9 _m ( :i* x con/itutes 
! pr9cipal food  ( ! inhabitants4 ,!re  
are a great _m v>ieties ( ! planta91 9  
"s ( :i* ! /em is #ae or #bj feet high1 
:il/ 9 o!rs x does n  exce$ #f feet4 ,x 
is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! h]bace\s plants4    
,! fruit is sometimes eat5 raw1 b is m  
g5]ally boil$ or roa/$4  ,x conta9s bo? 

/>* & sug>4 ,boil$ & beat5 9 a mort>1 x 
=ms  ! common food ( ! negroes 9 ! ,we/ 
,indies4 ,x also con/itutes !  *ief food
 ( ! ,indians ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4   
,humboldt has calculat$ t ! food produce
 ( ! planta9 is #dd times  great] ?an t 
( ! potato & #acc times t ( :eat4    ,! 
banana is a species ( planta94 ,see     
,,banana4    ,,plasma4 ,! liquor        
sangu9is4 ,a t5aci\s pla/ic liquid1 =m+ 
!  coagulat+ portion ( ! blood1 & t 9   
:i* ! corpuscles float4    ,,plas,,t]4  
7,9 boil+1 c47 ,see ,,mort>4    ,pla/] (
 ,p>is4 ,calc9$ sulphate ( lime4 ,see   
,,alaba/]1 ,,gypsum1  ,,lime1 c4        
,,pla/]4 7,9 ph>macy47 ,syn4            
,,empla/rum1 ,l4 ,pla/]s 7empla/ra7 are 
ext]nal applications t possess suffici5t
 consi/5ce n to adh]e to  ! f+]s :5     
cold1 b :i* become s(t & adhesive at !  
temp]ature ( ! human body4    ,pla/]s   
are *iefly compos$ ( unctu\s sub/ances  
unit$ to metallic  oxides1 or to p[d]s1 
wax1 or res94 ,!y are usually =m$1 :il/ 
w>m1 into #a_/b-lb4 rolls1 ab\t #h or #i

 in*es long1 & wrapp$ 9 pap]4  ,:5      
requir$ = use1 a little is melt$ (f !   
roll by means ( a  heat$ iron spatula1 &
 spread ^u lea!r1 l951 or silk4 ,! less 
adhesive pla/]s1 :5 spread1 are usually 
surr\nd$ ) a m>g9 (  res9 pla/]1 to     
cause !m to adh]e4    ,9 ! prep>ation ( 
pla/]s ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 or ( /eam1  
%\ld alone be employ$4 ,on ! l>ge scale1
 well-clean$ & poli%$  copp] or t9n$    
copp] pans1 surr\nd$ ) iron jackets1    
suppli$ )  high-pressure /eam1 are us$ =
 ?is purpose4 ,! res9s & gum res9s  t   
ent] into _! composition are previ\sly  
purifi$ by /ra9+4  ,aft] ! +r$i5ts are  
mix$1 & ! mass has acquir$ suffici5t    
consi/5ce by cool+1 portions ( x are    
tak5 into ! h&s1 ano9t$  ) a little     
olive oil1 & well pull$ or work$ until x
 becomes solid  en\gh to admit ( be+ =m$
 into rolls4 ,to promote ! cool+ ( !    
pla/] x is usual to plunge x into cold  
wat]1 & to expose x to !  action ( !    
fluid by work+ x ab\t "u ! surface1 aft]
 :i* x  is well pull$ 9 ! h&s to remove 

! sup]flu\s wat]2 b ?is  process mu/ n1 
on any acc\nt1 be practis$ on comp\nd   
pla/]s1  conta9+ odor\s sub/ances1 or   
sub/ances soluble 9 wat]4 ,^!  %\ld be  
suff]$ to cool on an oil$ m>bl$ slab1   
until suffici5tly  #8/iff' to be =m$    
into rolls4 ,_m pla/]s1 z ^? ( lead &   
res91 d]ive mu* ( _! :it5ess & beauty f 
! treatm5t j  ref]r$ to4 ,:ite pla/]s   
are n1 h[ev]1 always ! be/2 b !y  are ^?
 :i* are mo/ admir$1 & ! mo/ s\ght aft] 
9 trade4    ,pla/]s are pres]v$ by      
envelop+ ! rolls ) pap]1 to exclude !   
air z mu* z possible1 & by keep+ !m 9 a 
cool situation4 ,a few1  z ^? (         
belladonna & ammoniacum ) m]cury1 are   
commonly plac$ 9  pots4 ,:5 kept = any  
l5g? ( "t1 !y are all m or less apt to  
become h>d & brittle1 & to lose _!      
col\r4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1  !y %\ld be   
remelt$ by a g5tle heat1 & suffici5t oil
 add$ to !  mass to re/ore x to a prop] 
consi/5ce4    ,! op]ation ( spread+     
pla/]s = use requires skill & exp]i5ce  
on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,v>i\s textures are

 employ$ = !  purpose1 ( :i* l95 or     
cotton clo?1 or lea!r1 are ^? mo/       
g5]ally employ$4 ,silk & sat9 are us$ = 
#8c\rt pla/]4' ,! %ape  & size mu/ be   
regulat$ by ! "p to :i* !y are to be    
appli$4    ,on ! l>ge scale pla/]s are  
spread by means ( a #8spread+ ma*9e4'   
,comp\nd pla/]s are n[ mu* less         
frequ5tly employ$ 9 m$ic9e ?an  =m]ly4  
,^? pr9cipally 9 use are su* z af=d     
protection to sores  & abrad$ surfaces1 
& give support to ! p>ts4 ,a few1 h[ev]1
 :i*  conta9 acrid1 /imulat+1 & n>cotic 
sub/ances1 & op]ate z  rubefaci5ts1     
bli/]s1 or anodynes1 are /ill reta9$ 9 !
  ,ph>macopias4    ,pla/] ( ,aconite4   
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,aconiti1 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,curtis47  ,g5tly evaporate t9cture (  
aconite to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract1 
!n spread a v small portion ov] !       
surface ( a common adhesive  pla/]1 on  
ei!r calico or lea!r4 ,mr ,curtis has   
/rongly recomm5d$  ?is pla/] 9          
neuralgia4 ,a little ( ! alcoholic      
extract may be  employ$ in/ead ( t      

obta9$ fre% f ! t9cture4    ,pla/]1     
,adher5t4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,soap          
7,comp\nd74    ,pla/]1 ,adhesive4 ,see  
,,pla/]1 ,,res91 ,,c\rt ,p41 c4         
,pla/]1 ,adhesive ,lime4 ,syn4          
,,empla/rum ,,adh,,sivum ,,calc>eum4    
,prep4  ,soap ( lime1 #bjj p>ts2 boil$  
turp5t9e1 #ajj p>ts2 suet1 #be p>ts4    
,pla/]1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,dr         
,,kirkl&',s ,,volatile ,,pla/]2         
,,empla/rum  ,,ammoni1 ,e4 ,a4          
,,hydro*loratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( lead
 pla/]1 #a oz42  :ite soap 7%av$ f9e71  
#a_/b oz42 melt !m toge!r1 &1 :5 ne>ly  
cold1 add ( sal ammoniac 79 f9e p[d]71  
#a dr4 ,/imulant &  rubefaci5t4 ,dr     
,p>is1 :o highly recomm5ds x 9 pulmon>y 
affections1  employs d\ble ! above      
proportion ( sal ammoniac4 ,its efficacy
 dep5ds  on ! gradual extrication ( free
 ammonia by ! decomposition ( ! sal     
ammoniac1 on :i* acc\nt x is prop] to   
r5ew ! application ( x  e #bd h\rs4     
,pla/] ( ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum 
,,ammoniaci 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471  ,l4 

,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47 ,ammoniacum  
7/ra9$71 #e oz42 dilute acetic  acid    
7di/ill$ v9eg>71 #h fl4 oz4 7#i fl4     
oz4----,ph4 ,e472 dissolve1 &1          
frequ5tly /irr+1 evaporate by a g5tle   
heat to a prop] consi/5ce4    #b4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,gum ammoniacum 79 co>se p[d]71 #d 
oz42 pro( _s1 #d fl4  oz42 dissolve by !
 aid ( a g5tle heat1 & evaporate1 z     
be=e4    ,obs4 ,?is pla/] is adhesive1  
/imulant1 & resolv5t1 & is employ$  9   
scr(ul\s & indol5t tum\rs1 :ite swell+s1
 c4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf v9eg> ( squills
 0 ord]$ in/ead ( di/ill$ v9eg>4        
,pla/] ( ,ammoniacum ) ,hemlock4 ,syn4  
,,empla/rum ,,ammoniaci ,,cum  ,,cicut1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,gum       
ammoniacum1 #h oz42 v9eg> (  squills1 q4
 s4 to dissolve2 hemlock juice1 #d oz42 
g5tly evaporate1 z  be=e4 ,9 canc]\s &  
o!r pa9ful tum\rs4 ,a bett] plan is to  
add #a  dr4 ( extract ( hemlock to      
#a-a_/d oz4 ( /ra9$ ammoniacum          
7previ\sly  r$uc$ to a prop] consi/5ce )
 a little di/ill$ v9eg>71 melt$  by a v 

g5tle heat4    ,pla/] ( ,ammoniacum )   
,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,ammoniaci  
,,cum  ,,hydr>gyro 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  
,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4    
,e47 ,olive  oil1 #a dr42 heat x 9 a    
mort>1 add ( sulphur1 #h gr42 triturate2
 fur!r  add ( m]cury1 #c oz42 aga9      
triturate1 & :5 ! globules are          
ext+ui%$1 add x to ammoniacum 7/ra9$71  
#a lb4 7#ab oz41 ,b4 ,p471  previ\sly   
melt$ by a g5tle heat1 & mix !m well    
toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,f ammoniacum 
pla/]1 #d oz42 m]curial pla/]1 #h oz42  
melt$ toge!r by a g5tle heat1 & !n /irr$
 con/antly until ne>ly  cold4    #c4    
7,:olesale47 ,take ( m]cury1 #ch oz42   
prep>$ sevum1 #e oz42  triturate1 z la/1
 & add ! mixture to /ra9$ ammoniacum1   
#aj lbs41  previ\sly suffici5tly s(t5$  
by a g5tle heat4 ,possesses a f9e blue  
col\r1 & is quickly made4    ,obs4 ,?is 
pla/] _c be roll$ till consid]ably      
cool$1 & nei!r  ?is nor ! simple pla/]  
mu/ be put into wat]4 ,x is p[]fully    
discuti5t1 & is appli$ to indurat$ gl&s1

 indol5t tum\rs1 c4    ,pla/]1 ,anodyne4
 ,,see ,,pla/]1 ,,opium1 ,,pla/]1       
,,belladonna1 c4    ,pla/]1 ,antimonial4
 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,antimoniale1 ,e4   
,,antimonii  ,,potassio-,,t>tratis1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,by spr9kl+ t>t>
 emetic1  9 v f9e p[d]1 on ! surface ( a
 spread ,burgundy pit* 7or common       
adhesive7 pla/]4 ,x has be5 successfully
 appli$ to ! nape ( !  neck1 9 !        
sc>lat9a ( *ildr52 also ! *e/1 9        
ph?isis2 &1  ) ! addition ( a little    
opium1 9 rheumatic affections ( !       
jo9ts4    ,pla/]1 ,arnica4 7,ph4 ,u4    
,s47 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,arnic4 ,prep4  
,alcoholic  extract ( arnica1 #a-a_/b   
oz42 res9 pla/]1 #c oz4 ,add ! extract  
to !  pla/] previ\sly melt$ ov] a wat]  
ba?1 & mix x ?or\ghly4    ,pla/]1       
,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,/oma* ,,pla/]2       
,,empla/rum ,,aromaticum1 ,l4  ,prep4   
7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,/ra9$ frank9c5se     
7?us71 #c oz42 beeswax1 #a_/b  oz42 melt
 !m toge!r1 &1 :5 ! mass has consid]ably
 heat$1 add1  ( p[d]$ c9namon1 #f dr42  

oils ( allspice & lemons1 ( ea* #b dr4  
,/imulant2 appli$ ov] ! /oma* 9         
dyspepsia1 spasms1 nausea1  flatul5ce1  
c4 ,camphor1 #a dr41 is commonly add$4  
,pla/] ( ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,antihy/]ic 
,,pla/]1 ,,antispasmodic ,p42           
,,empla/rum ,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4
 ,,antihy/]icum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,f lead pla/] & /ra9$ assaftida1 ( 
ea* #b oz42 /ra9$  galbanum & beeswax1 (
 ea* #a oz42 melt$ toge!r4              
,antispasmodic2  appli$ to ! /oma* or   
abdom5 9 spasms1 hy/]ia1 c42 & to !  *e/
 9 hoop+-c\gh4    ,pla/]1 ,baynton's    
,adhesive4 ,prep4 ,f yell[ res91 #a oz42
 lead  pla/]1 #a lb42 melt$ toge!r4     
,recomm5d$ = bad legs1 & o!r l  sores4  
,pla/] ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum 
,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,soap    
pla/]1 #c oz42 melt x by ! heat ( a     
wat] ba?2 add ( extract ( belladonna    
7deadly night%ade71 #c oz42 &  keep     
con/antly /irr+ ! mixture until x       
acquires a prop]  consi/5ce4    #b4     

7,ph4 ,e47 ,res9 pla/]1 #c oz42 extract 
( belladonna1 #a-a_/b oz42 z !  la/4    
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,res9 pla/]1 #b oz42     
extract ( belladonna1 #a oz4    #d4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,extract ( belladonna1 #c2 res9   
pla/]1 #c2 rectifi$ _s1  #f2 rub !      
extract & _s toge!r 9 a mort>1 & :5 !   
insoluble  matt] has subsid$1 decant !  
cle> solution1 remove ! _s by           
di/illation or evaporation1 & mix !     
alcoholic extract ?us obta9$  ) ! res9  
pla/] melt$ at ! heat ( a wat] ba?1     
cont9u+ !  heat until ) con/ant /irr+ ! 
pla/] has acquir$ a suitable  consi/5ce4
    ,uses1 c4 ,z a p[]ful anodyne &     
antispasmodic2 9 neuralgia &  rheumatic 
pa9s1 & z an application to pa9ful      
tum\rs4 ,! pla/] (  ! %ops is usually   
defici5t 9 extract4 ,! foll[+ =mula is 9
  common use 9 ! :olesale               
trade3----,lead pla/] & res9 pla/]1 (   
ea* #b-a_/b lbs42 extract ( belladonna1 
#a-c_/d lb4 ,?is pla/] mu/ n be         
#8pull$' 9 wat]4    ,pla/]1 ,b]g's      
,antirheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,g\t ,,pap]2     

,,empla/rum  ,,antirheumaticum1 ,,*>ta  
,,antirheumatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by dige/+ 
euphorbium1 #b p>ts1 & can?>ides1 #a "p 
7bo? 9 p[d]71 9  rectifi$ _s1 #aj p>ts1 
= eight days2 add+ to ! /ra9$ liquid1   
black res9 & ,v5etian turp5t9e1 ( ea* #d
 p>ts2 assi/+ !  mixture by a g5tle     
heat4 ,two or ?ree coats ( ! product are
  successively spread ov] ! surface ( ?9
 pap]4 ,us$ 9 g\t &  rheumatism4        
7#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7    ,pla/]1      
,black4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,nigrum4     
,prep4 ,mr ,%>p's black  pla/] 0 =m$ by 
boil+ toge!r olive oil1 #ac oz42 wax1   
#b-a_/b oz42  c>bonate ( lead1 #aj oz4  
,pla/]1 ,black ,dia*ylon4 ,see ,,c\rt   
,,pla/]4    ,pla/] ( ,black ,pit*4 ,syn4
 ,,empla/rum ,,picis ,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 
7,ph4  ,wirtem47 ,black pit*1 black     
res91 & beeswax1 ( ea* #h p>ts2 suet1 #a
  "p2 melt$ toge!r4 ,rubefaci5t &       
/imulant4    ,pla/]1 ,bli/]+4 ,see      
,,pla/] ,,( ,,can?>ides4    ,pla/]1     
,bree's ,antia/hmatic4 ,prep4 ,f lead   
pla/]1 #a oz42 olive  oil1 #a dr42 melt$

 toge!r1 &1 :5 some:at cool$1 mix$ )    
p[d]$ camphor1 #b dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #a  
dr41 & at once spread on  lea!r4        
,pla/]1 ,br[n4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum        
,,fuscum1 ,l42 ,,ongu5t ,,de ,,la       
,m,,re1 ,fr4  ,! butt]1 l>d1 oil1 suet1 
& wax %\ld be fir/ melt$ toge!r1 &  !   
heat gradually increas$ until !y beg9 to
 smoke2 ! li?>ge is  !n to be sift$ 91 &
 ! /irr+ & heat cont9u$ until !  mixture
 assumes a br[n col\r2 ! pit* is next   
add$1 & ! :ole  /irr$ = "s "t long]4    
,pla/]1 ,br[n ,dia*ylon4 ,see ,,pla/]   
,,( ,,galbanum4    ,pla/]1 ,bryony4     
7,bo]haave47 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,bryoni4
 ,prep4  ,/ra9$ galbanum1 #d oz42 wax   
pla/]1 #i oz42 olive oil1 #a oz4 ,melt  
toge!r & add p[d]$ bryony root1 #b oz42 
fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a oz42  ,e?iops m9]al1
 #b dr42 /ir till cold4    ,pla/] (     
,burgundy ,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic       
,,pla/]1 ,,brea? ,p42  ,,empla/rum      
,,picis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,e4   
,p4 ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,burgundic1  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep>$       

7/ra9$7 ,burgundy pit*1 #b lbs42  prep>$
 frank9c5se 7?us71 #a lb42 yell[ res9 & 
beeswax1 ( ea* #d  oz42 melt !m toge!r1 
!n add1 olive oil & wat]1 ( ea* #b fl4  
oz42  express$ oil ( nutmeg 7mace71 #a  
oz42 &1 con/antly /irr+1 evaporate  to a
 prop] consi/5ce4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47     
,burgundy pit*1 #a lb42 res9 & beeswax1 
( ea* #b oz42 olive  oil & wat]1 ( ea*  
#a fl4 oz42 oil ( mace1 #a_/b oz42 z !  
la/4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,burgundy pit*1   
#bf2 common frank9c5se1 #ac2 res91      
#d-a_/b2  yell[ wax1 #d-a_/b2 express$  
oil ( nutmegs1 #a2 olive oil1 #b2 wat]1 
#b2  add ! oil & ! wat] to ! o!r        
+r$i5ts1 previ\sly melt$  toge!r2 /ir1 &
 evaporate to a prop] consi/5cy4        
,uses1 c4 ,burgundy-pit* pla/] is       
/imulant1 rubefaci5t1 &  c\nt]-irritant4
 ,x is a common application to ! *e/ 9  
pulmon>y  affections1 to ! jo9ts 9      
rheumatism1 & to ! lo9s 9 lumbago4      
,spread on lea!r1 x =ms a good w>m pla/]
 to we> on ! *e/  dur+ ! w9t]4 8,:5 x   
produces a s]\s exudation1 x %\ld be    

frequ5tly r5ew$40    ,!                 
,,burgundy-,,pit* ,,pla/] ( ! %ops is   
commonly made z  foll[s3----,factiti\s  
,burgundy pit* 7bright col\r$71 #db     
lbs42 palm oil  7bright71 #c_/d lb42    
beeswax 7bright71 #e lbs42 melt1 &1 :5  
ne>ly cold1  add1 ( oil ( mace1 #f oz42 
oil ( nutmeg1 #a oz4    ,pla/] (        
,burgundy ,pit* 7,irritat+74 7,ph4 ,g47 
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,picis  ,,irritans4  
,prep4 ,burgundy pit*1 #cb oz42 yell[   
wax1 #ab oz42 turp5t9e1  #ab oz42       
euphorbium1 #c oz4    ,pla/]1           
,califaci5t4 ,syn4 ,,w>m ,,pla/]2       
,,empla/rum ,,calefaci5s 7,ph4  ,d471   
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 #a4 ,pla/] (      
can?>ides1 #a_/b lb4 7#a "p72  ,burgundy
 pit*1 #e-a_/b lbs4 7#aa p>ts72 melt !m 
toge!r by a g5tle  heat1 & /ir ! mixture
 z x cools until x /iff5s4 ,/imulant1   
rubefaci5t1 & c\nt]-irritant2 9 a v>iety
 ( affections4 ,9 "s  p]sons1 :5 long   
appli$1 x bli/]s or produces a runn+    
sore4    #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,can?>ides 9    
co>se p[d]1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 

express$ oil ( nutmeg1 #d oz42 yell[    
wax1 #d oz42 res91 #d oz42 soap  pla/]1 
#c-a_/d lbs42 res9 pla/]1 #b lbs4       
,infuse ! can?>ides 9 !  boil+ wat] =   
six h\rs2 squeeze /rongly ?r\gh calico1 
&  evaporate ! express$ liquid by a wat]
 ba? till r$uc$ to "o ?ird4  ,!n add !  
o!r +r$i5ts & melt 9 a wat] ba?1 /irr+  
well  till ! :ole is ?or\ghly mix$4     
,pla/]1 ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum     
,,camphor4 ,camphor is be/ appli$ by    
spr9kl+ ! p[d] on ! w>m surface ( a     
spread adhesive or o!r  pla/]4 ,bli/]s  
are treat$ 9 ?is way to prev5t /rangury4
    ,pla/]1 ,cc]4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum     
,,anticancrosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wax    
pla/]1 #a oz42 extract ( hemlock1 #a    
dr42 levigat$ ars5i\s acid1 #a_/b  dr4  
#b4 7,ri*t]47 ,extract ( hemlock1 #a    
oz42 extract ( h5bane1 #a_/b oz42  p[d]$
 belladonna1 #a dr42 acetate ( ammonia1 
q4 s4 to =m a pla/]4  ,bo? ! above mu/  
be us$ ) great caution4 ,see ,,canc]1 c4
    ,pla/] ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,bli/]+ 
,,pla/]1 ,,vesicant ,p41 ,,pla/]  ,,(   

,,spani% ,,flies2 ,,empla/rum           
,,can?>idis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d471 ,e4 ,c4  ,,vesicator1 ,e4 ,,lytt1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ wax &  
suet1 ( ea*  #g-a_/b oz42 l>d1 #f oz42  
res91 #c oz42 melt !m toge!r1 remove !  
vessel f ! fire1 &1 a little be=e !y    
concrete1 spr9kle 9 (  can?>ides 79 v   
f9e p[d]71 #a lb4 7#ab oz4 ,b4 ,p471 &  
mix4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,can?>ides1      
beeswax1 res91 & suet1 equal p>ts2 z !  
la/4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,spani% flies1 #f
 oz42 prep>$ l>d1 res91 & yell[ wax1 (  
ea* #d oz42 proce$ z be=e1 & 8/ir !     
mixture con/antly until !  pla/] is     
cool40    #d4 7,:olesale47 ,f beeswax & 
good l>d1 ( ea* #d lbs42 flies &  yell[ 
res91 ( ea* #f lbs42 suet1 #aj lbs4 ,a  
commonly us$ =mula1 !  product ( :i* is1
 h[ev]1 greatly inf]ior to t ( !        
,ph>macopia4    ,obs4 ,all ! above are  
us$ to raise bli/]s4 ,! pla/] is spread 
on  :ite lea!r ) a cold knife1 & is     
surr\nd$ ) a m>g9 ( res9  pla/] to make 
x adh]e4 ,a piece ( ?9 musl9 or tissue  

pap] is  usually plac$ betwe5 ! pla/] & 
! sk9 to prev5t absorption4 ,a  little  
p[d]$ camphor is sometimes spr9kl$ on ! 
surface ( !  spread pla/]1 to prev5t    
/rangury4 ,a bett] mode ( obviat+ !     
action on ! ur9>y organs is by ! copi\s 
use ( dilu5ts4 ,?is  pla/] %\ld be roll$
 9 />* p[d]1 & n ) oil4    ,pla/] (     
,can?>ides 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum
 ,,can?>idis  ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,ph4 ,e47 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #d-a_/b oz42
 can?>ides  & ,burgundy pit*1 ( ea* #c  
oz42 beeswax1 #a oz42 v]digris 79 f9e   
p[d]71 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ mu/>d & black   
pepp]1 ( ea* #b dr42 mix at  a heat "u  
#bab ,fahr4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/1 & quick] 
9 its action2  b x causes m pa91 & is   
mu* m apt to occasion tr\blesome        
ulc]ations4 ,us$ 9 g\t1 spasms ( !      
/oma*1 c4    ,pla/]1 ,capu*94 ,see      
,,pla/] ,,( ,,euphorbium4    ,pla/] (   
,c>bonate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum    
,,plumbi ,,c>bonatis1 ,e4  ,,c]uss1 ,l4 
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,c>bonate ( lead1 #a 
lb42 olive oil &  wat]1 ( ea* #b lbs42  

boil !m toge!r until !y comb9e & =m a   
pla/]2 la/ly1 remelt ?is ) :ite wax1    
#c-a_/b oz4 ,its prop]ties  resemble ^? 
( ord9>y lead pla/]4 ,an excell5t       
emolli5t &  def5sive pla/]4 ,see        
,,pla/]1 ,,mahy',s4    ,pla/]1          
,cephalic4 ,syn4 ,,labdanum ,,pla/]2    
,,empla/rum ,,cephalicum1 ,e4           
,,labdani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 
,labdanum1 #c oz42 frank9c5se 7?us71 #a 
oz42 melt1 & add to ! mixture1 :5 ne>ly 
cold1 p[d]$ c9namon &  express$ oil (   
mace1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 oil ( m9t1 #a dr4
 ,appli$ to !  =ehead or temples1 9     
heada*e2 to ! /oma*1 9 colds1 c4 ,see   
,,pla/] ,,( ,,burgundy ,,pit*1 c4       
,pla/]1 ,*eseld5's ,/ick+4 ,syn4        
,,empla/rum ,,plumbi ,,cum ,,pice1 ,l4  
,prep4 ,f lead pla/]1 #b lbs42 ,burgundy
 pit* 7g5u9e71 #a oz42 melt$  toge!r4   
,pla/]1 ,corn4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,ad   
,,clavos1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res9 pla/]1   
#e p>ts2 melt1 /ir 9 ( sal ammoniac 79  
f9e p[d]71 #a "p1 & at  once spread x on
 l95 or s(t lea!r4    #b4 7,k5n$y's47 ,f

 beeswax1 #a lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #e   
oz42 v]digris  79 f9e p[d]71 #a-a_/b    
oz42 mix$ by a g5tle heat1 & spread on  
clo?4  ,x is cut into pieces1 & poli%$1 
& ( ^! #a doz5 are put into  ea* box4   
#c4 7,le ,=et47 ,galbanum pla/]1 #b oz42
 melt by a v g5tle heat2 add1  sal      
ammoniac & saffron1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42    
p[d]$ camphor1 #b oz42 &1  :5 ne>ly cold
 /ir 9 ( liquor ( ammonia1 #b oz4       
,appli$1 spread on  lea!r1 to ! corn    
only1 z x w bli/] ! ?9n] sk9 surr\nd+   
its base4    #d4 7,ph4 ,sax47 ,galbanum 
pla/]1 #a oz42 pit*1 #a_/b oz42 lead    
pla/]1 #b  dr42 melt !m toge!r1 & add   
v]digris & sal ammoniac 79 f9e  p[d]71 (
 ea* #a dr4 ,= o!r =mul1 see ,,pla/] ,,(
 ,,v]digris  7bel[71 & ,,corns4         
,pla/]1 ,c\rt4 ,syn4 ,,/ick+ ,,pla/]1   
,,is+lass ,p42 ,,empla/rum  ,,i*?yocoll1
 ,e4 ,,adhesivum ,,anglicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 ,is+lass1 #a "p2  wat]1 #aj p>ts2   
dissolve1 /ra9 ! solution1 & gradually  
add to x (  t9cture ( b5zo91 #b p>ts2   
apply ?is mixture1 g5tly w>m$1 by means 

( a camel-hair bru%1 to ! surface ( silk
 or s>c5et1 /ret*$ on a  frame1 & all[  
ea* coat+ to dry be=e apply+ ! next "o1 
!  application be+ repeat$ z (t5 z      
necess>y2 la/ly1 give !  prep>$ surface 
a coat+ ( t9cture ( b5zo9 or t9cture (  
balsam (  ,p]u4 ,"s manufactur]s apply  
?is to ! unprep>$ side ( ! pla/]1  &    
o!rs add to ! t9cture a few drops (     
ess5ce ( amb]gris or  ess5ce ( musk4    
#b4 7,des*amps47 ,a piece ( f9e musl91  
l951 or silk is fa/5$ to a  flat bo>d1 &
 a ?9 coat+ ( smoo?1 /ra9$ fl\r pa/e is 
giv5 to  x2 ov] ?is1 :5 dry1 two coats (
 col\rless gelat91 made into size  )    
wat]1 q4 s41 are appli$ w>m4 ,said to be
 sup]ior to ! ord9>y  c\rt pla/]4    #c4
 7,li/on's47 ,soak is+lass1 #a oz41 9   
wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 until x  becomes 
swoll5 & q s(t2 !n add ( pro( _s1       
#c-a_/b fl4 oz41  & expose ! mixture to 
! heat ( hot wat]1 frequ5tly /irr+1     
until ! union is complete2 la/ly1 apply 
f\r coats ( ! solution to  ! surface (  
oil$ silk nail$ to a bo>d1 by means ( a 

s(t bru%4    #d4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,black    
silk or s>c5et is /ra9$ & bru%$ ov] #aj 
or  #ab times ) ! foll[+                
composition3----,gum b5zo91 #a_/b oz42  
rectifi$  _s1 #f oz42 dissolve4 ,9 a    
sep>ate vessel dissolve ( is+lass1 #a   
oz41 9 z little wat] z possible2 /ra9   
ea* solution1 mix !m1  decant ! cle>    
portion1 & apply x w>m4 ,:5 ! la/ coat+ 
is  q dry1 a f9i%+ coat is giv5 ) a     
solution ( ,*io turp5t9e1 #d  oz41 9    
t9cture ( b5zo91 #f oz4    ,obs4 ,!     
common #8,,c\rt ,,pla/]' ( ! %ops is    
g5]ally prep>$  )\t us+ _s1 & ) m]ely   
suffici5t t9cture ( b5zo91 or  o!r      
aromatic1 to give x an agreeable od\r4  
,=m]ly1 black silk or  s>c5et 0         
exclusively employ$ z ! basis ( ! pla/]1
 b at !  pres5t "t *eck]$ silk is also  
mu* 9 fav\r4 #8,,fle%-,,col\r$ ,,c\rt   
,,pla/]' is likewise fa%ionable4        
#8,,transp>5t ,,c\rt ,,pla/]' is prep>$ 
on oil$ silk4 #8,,wat]pro( ,,c\rt       
,,pla/]' is simply ! common pla/]  :i*  
has receiv$ a ?9 coat+ ( pale dry+ oil  

on its expos$  surface4 ,! ,,f9e/ ,,c\rt
 ,,pla/] ( ! ,we/-end h\ses is n[ prep>$
  on gold-beat]s' sk9 7or ! prep>$      
membrane ( ! ccum ( ! ox71  "o side (   
:i* is coat$ ) ! is+lass solution1 z    
above1 & !  o!r ) pale dry+ oil or a    
solution ( ei!r gutta p]*a or  ca\t*\c 9
 *lor(orm1 or 9 bisulphuret ( c>bon4    
,pla/] ( ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum
 ,,crotonis1 ,e4 ,,olei ,,tiglii1 ,l4   
,prep4 7,b\*>dat47 ,to lead pla/]1 #d   
p>ts1 melt$ by a v g5tle  heat1 add (   
croton oil1 #a "p4 ,a p[]ful            
c\nt]-irritant2 x also  g5]ally acts    
p[]fully on ! b[els4    ,pla/] ( ,cum94 
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,cum9i 7,ph4 ,l471   
,e4 ,,cym9i1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 
,burgundy pit*1 #c lbs42 beeswax1 #c    
oz42 melt1 add (  cum9 se$1 c>aways1 &  
bay-b]ries1 ( ea* 79 p[d]7 #c oz42 next 
add  ( olive oil & wat] ( ea* #a-a_/b   
fl4 oz41 & evaporate to a prop]         
consi/5ce4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f yell[ 
res91 #g lbs42 beeswax & l9se$ oil1 (   
ea* #a_/b lb42 p[d]$ cum9 & c>away se$s1

 ( ea* #g oz42 mix4    ,obs4 ,?is is a  
m]e revival ( ! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,l4      
#agbd4 ,9 t  ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #aggh no wat] 
0 ord]$1 & ! p[d]s simply /irr$  into ! 
melt$ mass %ortly be=e x cools2 ! common
 practice 9 all  laboratories4    ,cum9 
pla/] is c>m9ative1 /imulant1 &         
discuti5t4 ,x is appli$  ov] ! regions (
 ! /oma* & b[els 9 colic1 dyspepsia1 &  
flatul5ce1 & is also appli$ to indol5t  
tum\rs4 ,x has long be5 a  fav\rite     
rem$y ) ! l[] classes4    ,pla/]1       
,delacroix's ,agglut9ative4 ,syn4       
,,empla/rum ,,glut9ans ,,sancti  ,,&re  
,a ,,cruce1 ,e4 ,,picis ,,cum ,,elemi1  
,l4 ,,empl,,tre ,d',,&r ,,de ,,la       
,,croix1 ,fr4  ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f    
,burgundy pit*1 #be p>ts2 gum elemi1 #f 
p>ts2  ,v5ice turp5t9e & oil ( bays1 (  
ea* #c p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 &  /ra9$4    
,pla/]1 ,dia*ylon4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,(     
,,lead4    ,pla/]1 ,diapalma4 ,see      
,,pla/]1 ,,palm4    ,pla/] ( ,elemi4    
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,elemi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f
 wax pla/]1  #c p>ts2 gum elemi1 #a "p2 

melt$ toge!r by a g5tle heat4 ,/imulant 
& discuti5t4 ,us$ = issues1 c4    ,pla/]
 ( ,euphorbium4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum       
,,euphorbii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,guy's    
,hosp47 ,burgundy pit* pla/]1 #h oz42   
melt1 & add ( euphorbium  79 p[d]71 #a  
dr4    #b4 7,,capu*9 ,,pla/]----,ph4    
,wirt47 ,burgundy pit* & beeswax1 ( ea* 
#c  oz42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a oz42 melt  
!m toge!r1 add1 gum ammoniacum1         
olibanum1 ma/ic1 & lapis calam9>is1 (   
ea* #a oz42 euphorbium1  pyre?rum1 &    
common salt1 ( ea* 79 p[d]7 #b oz42 &   
/ir until !  mass concretes4 ,bo? ( !   
above are /imulant1 rubefaci5t1 &       
c\nt]-irritant4    ,pla/]1 ,fay>d's4    
,see ,,pap] 7,g\t74    ,pla/] ( ,fl[] ( 
,o9tm5ts4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,flos      
,,ungu5torum  ,,dictum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f   
frank9c5se 7?us71 yell[ res91 suet1 &   
beeswax1 ( ea* #a lb42 olibanum1 #a_/b  
lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #e oz42 gum       
myrrh1 #b oz42 :ite w9e1 #af fl4 oz42   
boil to a pla/]1 add+1 be=e  ! mass     
cool1 ( camphor1 #a_/b oz4 ,calorifaci5t

 & /imulant4    ,pla/] ( ,frankinc5se4  
,syn4 ,,/r5g!n+ ,,pla/]2 ,,empla/rum    
,,?uris1 ,e4 ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4     
7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,to lead pla/]1 #b    
lbs41  melt$ by a g5tle heat1 add (     
frank9c5se 7?us71 #a_/b lb41 dragon's   
blood 79 p[d]71 #c oz41 & /ir well4 ,9  
muscul> relaxations1 weak  jo9ts1 c4 ,mr
 ,r$wood says t a 8bett]-look+ pla/] is 
produc$ by  melt+ ! frank9c5se &        
dragon's blood toge!r1 & /ra9+ !m  ?r\gh
 a clo?1 !n mix+ ^! ) ! lead pla/]      
previ\sly  melt$40 ,see ,,pla/] ,,(     
,,oxide ,,( ,,iron4    ,pla/] (         
,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,galbanum   
,,pla/]1 ,,yell[  ,,dia*ylon1 ,,gum     
,,pla/]1 ,,dia*ylon ,,) ,,! ,,gums1     
,,empla/rum ,,galbani 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4   
,l471 ,e4 ,,gummosum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take ( /ra9$     
galbanum1 #h oz42 common turp5t9e1 #a   
oz42 melt !m toge!r1 !n add (  prep>$   
frank9c5se 7?us71 #c oz42 & next1 ( lead
 pla/]1 #c lbs41  previ\sly melt$ ov] a 
sl[ fire4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gum        

ammoniacum & galbanum1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 
melt !m  toge!r1 /ra91 & add1 ( li?>ge  
pla/]1 #d oz42 beeswax1 #a_/b oz4  7bo? 
previ\sly melt$72 & mix ! :ole ?or\ghly4
 ,^! proportions  are ! same z ^? ( !   
,b4 ,p4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f lead     
pla/]1 #db lbs42 yell[ res91 #ab lbs42  
/ra9$ galbanum1 #c lbs42 /ra9$          
assaftida1 #a oz4    ,obs4 ,galbanum    
pla/] is /imulant & resolv5t1 & is mu*  
us$ 9  indol5t1 scr(ul\s1 & o!r tum\rs1 
pa9ful g\ty & rheumatic  jo9ts1 9       
rickets1 c4    ,pla/]1 ,gaul?i]'s4      
,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,palm pla/]1 #ab     
p>ts2 olive  oil & :ite wax1 ( ea* #a   
"p2 melt1 & add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b   
p>ts4 ,m adhesive ?an ! simple ,,palm   
,,pla/]4    ,pla/] ( ,g9g]4 ,syn4       
,,empla/rum ,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,see ,,g+]4  
,pla/]1 ,g\t4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum         
,,ant>?riticum1 ,l4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,(    
,,galbanum1 ,,pit*1 c42 ,,pap]1 ,,g\t4  
,pla/] ( ,gum4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,(         
,,galbanum4    ,pla/] ( ,hemlock4 ,syn4 
,,empla/rum ,,conii1 ,e4 ,,cicut1 ,l4   

,prep4 #a4  ,wax1 #a "p2 ,burgundy pit*1
 #i p>ts2 melt !m toge!r1 & add (       
extract ( hemlock1 #c p>ts4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,bat47 ,lead pla/] & beeswax1 ( ea* #a 
lb42 olive oil1 #f fl4  oz42 melt1 & add
 ( p[d]$ hemlock 7rec5t71 #a lb4        
,obs4 ,hemlock pla/] is occasionally us$
 z an application to pa9ful  & malignant
 ulc]s & tum\rs1 pa9ful jo9ts1 c4 ,a    
spread pla/] (  x1 ) #f or #h gr4 ( t>t>
 emetic 79 v f9e p[d]7 spr9kl$ ov]  its 
surface1 has be5 highly extoll$ z a     
c\nt]-irritant 9  hoop+-c\gh1 ph?isis1  
c4    ,pla/] ( ,h5bane4 ,syn4           
,,empla/rum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z !
  la/1 b us+ h5bane in/ead ( hemlock4 ,z
 an anodyne1 9 v>i\s  ext]nal           
affections4    ,pla/] ( ,iodide ( ,lead4
 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,plumbi  
,,iodidi4  ,prep4 ,add iodide ( lead 9  
f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 to soap pla/] &  res9 
pla/]1 ( ea* #d oz41 previ\sly melt$    
toge!r4 ,mix ?or\ghly4    ,pla/] (      
,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum 
,,potassii ,,iodidi 7,ph4  ,l471 ,l4    

,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide ( potassium1  
#a oz42 olive oil1 #b fl4 dr42          
triturate !m toge!r1 !n add1 ( /ra9$    
frank9c5se 7?us71 #f oz42  wax1 #f dr42 
& /ir con/antly until ! mass cools4     
8,?is pla/] is to  be spread on l951 r  
?an on lea!r40 ,us$ z a discuti5t or    
resolv5t2 m p>ticul>ly z an application 
to scr(ul\s tum\rs &  indurations4      
,pla/] ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum      
,,iod9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,triturate  iod9e1 
#a dr41 9 a w>m mort>1 ) olive oil1 #a  
oz42 !n add1 (  beeswax1 #a oz42 yell[  
res91 #a_/b oz42 previ\sly melt$ toge!r1
 &  /ir ! :ole until x concretes4 ,x    
%\ld be1 pref]ably1 spread at  once on  
lea!r1 & appli$ %ortly aft] be+ prep>$4 
,us$ z !  la/4    ,pla/] ( ,iod9e       
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,iod9ii  
,,compositum1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,iod9e1 #a
 dr42 iodide ( potassium1 #b dr42 rub !m
 to a f9e  p[d]1 add ?is to lead p[d]1  
#b oz42 ,burgundy pit*1 #a oz42         
previ\sly  melt$ toge!r1 & j ab\t to    
concrete4 ,m active ?an ei!r (  !       

prec$+4    #b4 7,,emp4 ,,iod4 ,,cum     
,,belladonn47 ,to belladonna pla/]1 #b  
oz41 melt$ by a  v g5tle heat1 add iod9e
 & iodide ( potassium 79 f9e p[d]71 (   
ea* #a dr42 & /ir ! mixture until ne>ly 
cold4 ,p[]fully resolv5t  & anodyne4    
,us$ 9 ! same cases z ! prec$+1 :5 !re  
is mu*  pa94    ,pla/] ( ,iron4 ,see    
,,pla/] ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,iron4         
,pla/] ( ,is+lass4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,c\rt4
    ,pla/]1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum   
,,ad ,,fonticulos1 ,,sp>adrapum ,,pro   
,,fonticulis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f beeswax1
 #a_/b lb42 ,burgundy pit* & ,*io       
turp5t9e1 ( ea* #d oz42 v]milion & orris
 p[d]1 ( ea* #a oz42  musk1 #d gr42     
melt$ toge!r & spread ^u l954 ,?is is   
aft]w>ds  poli%$ ) a smoo? piece ( glass
 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & cut into  pieces4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,au/47 ,yell[ wax1 #f oz42    
mutton suet1 #b oz42 l>d1 #a-a_/b oz42  
melt1 add ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b oz41 &    
aft]w>ds ( r$ lead1 #d oz42 dip  pieces 
( l95 into ! melt$ mixture1 pass ^!     
betwe5 roll]s1 &1  :5 cold1 poli% !m1 z 

be=e1 & cut !m into squ>es4 ,! issue    
pla/] 7issue pap]2 *>ta ad fonticulos7 (
 ! ,ph4 ,suecica is a ne>ly  simil>     
comp\nd1 ) ! addition ( ab\t #a-dh? "p (
 v]digris1 9  v f9e p[d]1 & be+ spread  
^u pap]4    ,pla/]1 ,k5n$y's4 ,see      
,,pla/]s1 ,,corn4    ,pla/]1 ,kirkl&'s4 
,see ,,pla/]1 ,,ammoniacal4    ,pla/] ( 
,labdanum4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,cephalic4    
,pla/] ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,lead ,,pla/]1   
,,li?>ge ,p41 ,,common ,p41 ,,dia*ylon1 
,,simple ,,dia*ylon1 ,,:ite ,d42        
,,empla/rum ,,plumbi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4     
,l471 ,e4  ,,ly?>gyri 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471  
,e4 ,,commune1 ,,dia*ylon ,,simplex1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,l47 ,oxide ( lead   
7li?>ge71 9 v f9e p[d]1 #f lbs42 olive  
oil1  #a gall42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil !m  
ov] a sl[ fire1 con/antly /irr+  to !   
consi/5ce ( a pla/]1 add+ a little boil+
 wat]1 if ne>ly  ! :ole ( t us$ 9 !     
beg9n+ %\ld be consum$ be=e ! end  ( !  
process4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,li?>ge1 #e  
oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz42 wat]1 #h   
fl4 oz42 z  ! la/4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47    

,li?>ge1 #e lbs42 olive oil1 #a gall42  
wat]1 #a qu>t4    #d4 7,otto ,kohnke47  
,= ea* lb4 ( li?>ge employ$1 add #a_/d  
p9t (  col\rless v9eg> 7ea* fl4 oz4 (   
:i* is capable ( saturat+ #a_/b dr4  (  
c>bonate ( potassa72 add ! oil1 boil    
until all moi/ure is  evaporat$1 & until
 only a few /ri ( li?>ge rise to !      
surface1  !n remove ! vessel f ! heat1  
add gradually #a_/c to #a_/b z mu*      
v9eg> z be=e1 & boil ! mixture to a     
prop] consi/5ce4    #e4 7,:olesale47 ,f 
,g5oa oil1 #g galls4 7or #fe lbs472     
li?>ge 7p]fectly  free f copp]71 #bh    
lbs42 wat]1 #b-a_/b galls42 boil to a   
pla/]1 z  be=e4    #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide 
( lead1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a2 olive oil1    
#b-a_/b2 wat]1  #a2 boil all ! +r$i5ts  
toge!r g5tly by ! heat ( a /eam ba?1  & 
keep !m simm]+ = #d or #e h\rs1 /irr+   
con/antly until !  product acquires !   
prop] consi/5ce = pla/]1 add+ m wat]    
dur+ ! process1 if necess>y4    ,obs4 ,!
 ,london ,college ord]s too little oil4 
,! second1 f\r?1 &  fif? =mul produce   

beautiful pla/]s1 t keep well2 ^? ( !   
o!rs1 al?\gh v :ite1 get h>d & brittle  
mu* m rapidly4 ,!  prop] proportion (   
oil is fully #b-a_/c times ! weight ( ! 
li?>ge1----#b-a_/b times appe>s ! be/   
quantity2 & )\t ?is is  us$1 ! pla/]    
spe$ily gets h>d & non-adhesive4 ,!     
process  consi/s 9 putt+ ! wat] & !     
li?>ge into a p]fectly clean &          
well-poli%$ t9n$ copp] or copp]-pan1    
mix+ !m well toge!r )  a spatula1 add+ !
 oil1 & boil+1 ) con/ant /irr+1 until ! 
pla/] is suffici5tly h>d1 :5 ?or\ghly   
cold4 ,?is process usually  occupies f  
#d to #e h\rs1 b by adopt+ ! f\r? =mula 
an  excell5t pla/] may be made 9 f #bj  
to #cj m9utes4 ,?is pla/] is  g5]ally   
cool$ by imm]sion 9 cold wat]2 & to r5d]
 x v :ite1  a quality highly priz$ 9 !  
trade1 x is usual to submit x to        
labori\s #8pull+1' 9 ! mann] already    
notic$4    ,use4 ,z a simple def5sive   
pla/] or /rapp+2 b pr9cipally z a  basis
 = o!r pla/]s4    ,pla/]1 ,li/on's4 ,see
 ,,pla/]1 ,,c\rt4    ,pla/]1 ,mahy's4   

,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,plumbi ,,c>bonatis1 
,e4 ,p4 ,c4  ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,c>bonate ( lead 7pure   
:ite lead71 #a  lb42 olive oil1 #cb fl4 
oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 boil !m toge!r1       
con/antly  /irr+ until p]fectly         
incorporat$2 !n add1 ( yell[ wax1 #d    
oz42  lead pla/]1 #a-a_/b lb42 & :5 ^!  
are melt$1 & ! mass some:at  cool$1 /ir 
9 ( p[d]$ orris root1 #i oz4 ,a fav\rite
 application 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates (       
,am]ica to inflam$ & excoriat$ surfaces1
 b$  sores1 burns1 c4    ,pla/] (       
,melilot4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,meliloti1 
,e4  ,,meliloto1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,e4 #agdd47 ,fre% melilot1 *opp$ small1 
#f lbs42 suet1 #c  lbs42 boil until     
crisp1 /ra9 ) pressure1 & add1 ( yell[  
res91 #h  lbs42 beeswax1 #d lbs41 & boil
 to a pla/]4 ,/imulant4 ,us$ to dress   
bli/]s1 c4 ,! great] portion ( ?is pla/]
 9 ! %ops is made  )\t ! h]b1 & is      
col\r$ ) v]digris4 7,see ! next =mula47 
#b4 7,:olesale47 ,take ( yell[ res91 #ah
 lbs42 gre5 o9tm5t1 #d-a_/b lbs42  yell[

 wax1 #c lbs42 f9ely p[d]$ v]digris1 q4 
s4 to give a deep-gre5  col\r4          
,pla/]1 ,m]curial4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum    
,,m]curiale1 ,e4 ,,hydr>gyri 7,b4  ,p41 
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,ph4 ,l47 ,add1 gradually1 ( sulphur1  
#h gr41 to heat$ olive oil1 #a fl4 dr41 
& /ir ! mixture con/antly  ) a spatula  
until !y unite2 next add ( m]cury1 #c   
oz41 & triturate  until globules are no 
long] visible2 la/ly1 gradually add (   
lead  pla/] 7melt$ ov] a sl[ fire71 #a  
lb41 & mix !m all well toge!r4  7,ab\t  
#a fl4 dr4 ( balsam ( sulphur may be    
sub/itut$ = ! oil &  sulphur ord]$      
above47 ,^! proportions are ! same z ^? 
( ! ,b4  ,p4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,res91 #a
 oz42 olive oil1 #i fl4 dr42 mix by     
heat1 cool1 add (  m]cury1 #c oz41 &    
triturate until its globules disappe>2  
!n add (  li?>ge pla/]1 #f oz4          
7previ\sly liquefi$71 & mix ! :ole      
?or\ghly4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil (      
turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 res91 #b oz42     
dissolve1 ) !  aid ( heat2 add ( m]cury1

 #f oz42 triturate until ! globules     
disappe>1 & ! mixture assumes a d>k grey
 col\r1 !n add (  li?>ge pla/]          
7previ\sly melt$71 #ab oz41 & /ir ! :ole
 until x  /iff5s on cool+4    #d4       
7,:olesale47 ,take ( m]cury1 #g lbs42   
prep>$ s]um1 #a_/b lb42  triturate until
 ! globules disappe>1 & add ! mixture to
 lead  pla/] 7melt$ by a g5tle heat71   
#cf lbs42 /ir !m well toge!r1 &  until  
!y concrete4 ,v f9e blui%-slate or lead 
col\r4    ,obs4 ,m]curial pla/] is us$ z
 a discuti5t 9 gl&ul>  enl>gem5ts1 & o!r
 swell+s2 & is also appli$ ov] ! hepatic
  regions 9 liv] compla9ts4    ,pla/]1  
,m]curial1 ) ,belladonna4 ,syn4         
,,empla/rum ,,hydr>gyri ,,cum           
,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f m]curial     
pla/]1 #f dr42 extract (  belladonna1 #b
 dr42 olive oil1 #a dr42mix$ by a g5tle 
heat4 ,"o ( our  mo/ useful anodyne &   
discuti5t applications1 9 pa9ful        
scirrh\s1  scr(ul\s1 & syphilitic       
tum\rs4 ,! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,ph>m4    
ord]s  #a_/b fl4 dr4 ( hydrocyanic acid 

to be add$ to e #b oz4 ( ! above4       
,pla/] ( ,mez]eon & ,can?>ides4 7,ph4   
,g47 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,mez]ei         
,,can?>idatum4 ,prep4 ,can?>ides 9 co>se
 p[d]1 #c oz41 mez]eon cut  & dri$1 #a  
oz42 acetic e!r1 #aj oz4 by weight4     
,mac]ate = #h days1  filt]1 & dissolve 9
 ! filt]$ liquid #age gr4 ( s&>ac1 #hg  
gr4 (  eleme1 #hg gr4 ( res91 :i*1      
spread on silk previ\sly cov]$ ) !      
foll[+ solution2 is+lass1 #b oz42       
di/ill$ wat]1 #bj oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #e 
oz4 by weight4    ,pla/] ( ,m9ium4 ,syn4
 ,,empla/rum ,,m9ii1 ,e4  ,,m9io1 ,e4   
,,plumbi ,,oxydi  ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,olive oil1 #d lbs42  
m9ium 7r$ lead71 9  f9e p[d]1 #b-a_/b   
lbs42 wat]1 q4 s42 proce$ z = lead pla/]
 7:i*  x closely resembles74    ,obs4   
,to ensure a good col\r & ! quality (   
keep+ well1 !  quantity ( oil %\ld be   
increas$ ab\t #a-crd4 ,:5 discol\r$ by  
heat  x =ms ! #8br[n m9ium pla/]' 7emp4 
m9io fuscum7 ( old ph>macy4  ,lead      
pla/]1 ei!r alone or ) ! addition ( a   

little r$ lead1 is  usually sold = x4   
,pla/] ( ,m9ium 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4       
,,nuremb]g ,,pla/]2 ,,empla/rum ,,m9ii  
,,compositum1 ,l42 ,,empl,,tre ,,de     
,,nuremb]g1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,r$
 lead1  #ab p>ts2 olive oil1 #h p>ts2   
gr9d !m toge!r on a porphyry slab1 &    
add ! mixture to lead pla/]1 #ej p>ts1  
beeswax1 #bd p>ts1 melt$  toge!r2 la/ly1
 :5 ne>ly cold1 /ir 9 ( camphor1 #a "p4 
,pla/]1 ,morrison's ,adhesive4 ,syn4    
,,morrison',s ,,adhesive ,,pa/e4 ,f     
:eat5 fl\r1 #b oz42 mild ale1 #a_/b p9t2
 /ir !m toge!r1 & heat !  mixture to !  
boil+ po9t2 :5 cold1 add ( p[d]$ res91  
#c oz42  &1 con/antly /irr+1 aga9 heat  
!m to boil+4 ,us$ z a depilatory  9     
r+worm1 c4    ,pla/] ( ,mucilages4 ,syn4
 ,,dia*ylon ,,compositum1 ,,empla/rum   
,,mucilag9ibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4    
#agdf47 ,beeswax1 #bj oz42 oil (        
mucilages1 #d oz42 melt1 & add !m to    
/ra9$ ammoniacum1 #c oz42 common        
turp5t9e1 #a oz41 previ\sly melt$       
toge!r4 ,/imulant & emolli5t4    ,pla/] 

( ,must>d4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,s9apis1  
,l4 ,?is is always an  extemporane\s    
prep>ation4 ,fl\r ( mu/>d is made into a
 /iff pa/e  ) lukew>m wat]1 or ) v9eg>1 
& is !n spread on a piece (  calico or  
l95 7fold$ two or ?ree times72 ov] !    
surface ( !  mu/>d is plac$ a piece (   
gauze or ?9 musl91 & ! pla/] is !n      
appli$ to ! "p ( ! body x is int5d$ to  
m$icate4 ,its action is  t ( a p[]ful   
rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant2 b its      
application  %\ld n be cont9u$ long1    
unless 9 extreme cases4 ,its effects are
  (t5 app>5tly wond]ful4 ,we h se5 v    
sev]e cases ( facial  neuralgia1 sore   
?roat1 pa9ful jo9ts1 rheumatic pa9s1 c41
 reliev$ 9  a few m9utes by means ( a   
mu/>d pla/] or #8p\ltice4'    ,pla/]1   
,nuremb]g4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,m9ium        
7,,comp\nd74    ,pla/] ( ,oak-mi/letoe4 
7,h>dy47 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,visci      
,,qu]c9i4  ,prep4 ,to #b p>ts ( melt$   
beeswax add gradually #a "p ( juice (   
true  oak mi/letoe1 & =m a pla/]4 ,9    
neuralgic pa9s4    ,pla/] ( ,opium4     

,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,anodynum1 ,e4 ,,opii
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e4  ,d471 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lead pla/]1 #h   
oz42 melt1 & add (  frank9c5se 7?us71 #b
 oz42 next1 add ( extract ( opium1 #a   
oz41  previ\sly dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1  
#a fl4 oz42 &1 con/antly  /irr+1        
evaporate ! mixture ov] a sl[ fire to a 
prop] consi/5ce4  ,?is pla/] is mu*     
/rong] ?an t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf & ( !   
o!r ,briti% ,colleges4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 
#ahcf47 ,lead pla/]1 #a lb42 melt1 add (
 p[d]$ ?us1 #c oz42  mix1 & fur!r add1 (
 p[d]$ opium1 #a_/b oz41 wat]1 #h fl4   
oz41 &  boil to a prop] consi/5ce4      
#c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,li?>ge pla/]1 #ab oz42  
,burgundy pit*1 #c oz42 liquefy by      
heat1 !n add1 by degrees1 ( p[d]$ opium1
 #a_/b oz41 & mix !m  ?or\ghly4 ,?is & !
 prec$+ conta9s only #a-crd "p ( ! opium
  ord]$ 9 ! pres5t ,ph4 ,l4  ,d4    #d4 
7,ph4 ,d47 ,res9 pla/]1 #i oz42 opium1 9
 f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 z !  la/4 ,same z ,b4
 ,p4    #e4 7,ph4 ,b471 ,p[d]$ opium1 #a
 oz42 res9 pla/]1 #i oz42 melt ! pla/]  

& add ! opium4    ,obs4 ,! above pla/]  
is reput$ anodyne1 & useful 9 v>i\s     
local  pa9s2 b its virtues 9 ?is way h  
be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,!  =mula ( !    
,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 f be+ less co/ly1 is    
/ill (t5  employ$ 9 place ( t ( ! ,ph4  
,l4 #ahea4 ,! foll[+ is commonly        
us$3----,lead pla/]1 #ad lbs42 yell[    
res91 #b lbs42 p[d]$ opium1 #a_/b  lb4  
,pla/] ( ,opium & ,camphor4 7,dr ,p>is47
 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,opii ,,et          
,,camphor4 ,prep4 ,opium & camphor1 (   
ea* #a_/b dr4 ,lead pla/] q4 s4  ,mix4  
,pla/] ( ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,iron   
,,pla/]1 ,,frank9c5se ,p41  ,,/r5g!n+   
,p42 ,,empla/rum ,,roborans1 ,e4 ,,f]ri 
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471  ,e4      
,,?uris1 ,e4 ,,f]ri ,,oxydi ,,rubri1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lead pla/]1 #h  
oz42 frank9c5se 7?us71 #b oz42 melt !m  
toge!r ov] a sl[ fire1  spr9kle into !  
mixture sesquioxide ( iron1 #a oz41 &   
mix ! :ole  well toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,li?>ge pla/]1 #c oz42 yell[ res91 
#f dr42 beeswax1 #c dr42  melt !m       

toge!r1 !n add ( r$ oxide ( iron1 #a    
oz41 previ\sly  triturat$ ) olive oil1  
#c-a_/b fl4 dr4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47       
,li?>ge pla/]1 #h oz42 ,burgundy pit*1  
#b oz42 p]oxide (  iron1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a 
oz42 z ,no4 #a4 ,same z ,b4 ,p4    #d4  
7,:olesale47 ,f lead pla/] 7q dry71 #hd 
lbs42 p[d]$ yell[  res91 #ad lbs42      
#8crocus m>tis' 7lively col\r$71 #ad    
lbs42 olive oil1 #c  p9ts2 z ,no4 #b4   
#e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,add hydrat$ p]oxide (    
iron 9 f9e p[d]1 #a oz41 to  ,burgundy  
pit*1 #b oz41 & li?>ge pla/]1 #h oz41   
previ\sly melt$  toge!r1 & /ir ! mixture
 con/antly till x /iff5s on cool+4      
,obs4 ,iron pla/] is reput$ /r5g!n+ &   
/imulant4 ,x is employ$  z a me*anical  
support 9 muscul> relaxation1 weakness (
 ! jo9ts1  c41 especially by public     
danc]s4 ,its tonic action is probably   
:olly  imag9>y4 ,no4 #d is !            
#8,,empla/rum ,,roborans' ( ! %ops at ! 
pres5t  "t4    ,pla/]1 ,oxycroceum4     
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,oxycroceum1 ,l4     
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,e4 #agdd47 ,beeswax1 

#a lb42 black pit* & /ra9$ galbanum1 (  
ea* #a_/b  lb42 melt1 & add ( ,v5ice    
turp5t9e1 p[d]$ myrrh1 & olibanum1 (    
ea* #c oz42 p[d]$ saffron1 #b oz4    #b4
 7,:olesale47 ,f black pit*1 #i lbs42   
black res91 #aa lbs42 beeswax  & l>d1 ( 
ea* #b-a_/b lbs42 melt$ toge!r4 ,w>m2   
discuti5t4 ,/ill  popul> ) ! l[] ord]s4 
,! saffron ( ! orig9al =mula nev]  f9ds 
its way into ! oxycroceum pla/] ( !     
druggi/s4    ,pla/]1 ,palm4 ,syn4       
,,empla/rum ,,diapalmum1 ,l42           
,,diapalme1 ,,empl,,tre  ,,diapalme1    
,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lead pla/]1 #cb
 p>ts2 yell[ wax1 #b  p>ts2 melt !m     
toge!r1 add ( sulphate ( z9c1 #a "p1    
dissolve 9 a  little wat]1 & cont9ue !  
heat1 ) con/ant agitation1 until all  ! 
wat] is evaporat$4    ,obs4 ,?is pla/]  
orig9ally conta9$ palm oil1 & ?is +r$i5t
 is  /ill ord]$ 9 ! =mul ( ,pl5ck &     
,reuss4 ,s\beiran directs :ite  wax to  
be employ$4    ,pla/]1 ,p>acelsus's4    
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,p>acelsi1 ,e4       
,,/ypticum1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f lead pla/]1  

#bh lbs42 galbanum pla/]1 #b lbs42 p[d]$
  :ite canella & gum ?us1 ( ea* #a-a_/b 
lb42 melt$ toge!r4 ,!  orig9al =mula1 z 
well z t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #agba 7 simil>1   
al?\gh mu* m complicat$4    ,pla/] (    
,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,poor ,,man',s ,,pla/]1   
,,g\t ,p41 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,p42      
,,empla/rum ,,paup]is1 ,e4              
,,antirheumaticum1 ,e4 ,,ant>?riticum1  
,e4 ,,picis  ,,commune1 ,l4 ,?is has be5
 already notic$ "u ! head ( ,,res9      
,,pap]4  ,x is also1 b less frequ5tly1  
spread on clo? & lea!r4    ,pla/]1      
,pre/at's ,adhesive4 ,prep4 ,f lead     
pla/]1 #b-a_/b lbs42  yell[ res91 #e    
oz42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #d oz42 gum       
ammoniacum & ma/ic1  ( ea* #a-a_/d oz42 
made into a pla/]1 & spread on l95 or   
calico4    ,pla/] ( ,r$ ,lead4 ,see     
,,pla/] ,,( ,,m9ium4    ,pla/] ( ,res94 
,syn4 ,,adhesive ,,pla/]1 ,,res9\s ,p42 
,,empla/rum  ,,adhesivum1 ,e4 ,,res9    
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,e4 ,,res9osum
 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4  ,,ly?>gyri ,,cum      
,,res91 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to   

lead pla/]1 #c lbs41  melt$ by a g5tle  
heat1 add ( res91 #a_/b lb41 also       
liquefi$ by heat1  & mix4 ,! =mula ( !  
,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is simil>4    #b4 7,ph4    
,e47 ,li?>ge pla/]1 #e oz42 res91 #a    
oz42 mix ) a mod]ate  heat4    #c4 7,ph4
 ,d47 ,to li?>ge pla/]1 #b lbs41 melt$  
by a g5tle heat1 add1 (  p[d]$ res91 #d 
oz41 ,ca/ile soap1 9 p[d]1 #b oz41 & mix
 !m  intimately4    #d4 7,:olesale47    
,pale lead pla/] 7f a previ\s bat*1 & q 
dry71  #gb lbs42 olive oil 7,g5oa71 #c  
lbs42 melt !m toge!r 9 a bright &       
p]fectly clean copp] pan1 & sift 9 (    
pale yell[ res9 79 p[d]71  #ab lbs41    
/irr+ all ! :ile4 ,! mixture is to be   
cool$1 & #8pull$'  or #8work$1' aft] !  
mann] ( lead pla/]4    #e4 7,b4 ,p47    
,res9 79 p[d]71 #b2 li?>ge pla/]1 #af2  
h>d soap1 #a2 melt  ! pla/] ) a g5tle   
heat1 add ! res9 & soap1 fir/ liquefi$1 
& mix4    ,obs4 ,res9 pla/]1 spread ^u  
calico1 =ms ! well-kn[n #8,,/rapp+'  or 
#8,,adhesive ,,pla/]' s ext5sively us$  
to protect raw surfaces1 support  p>ts1 

& = dress+ ulc]s1 reta9+ ! lips ( rec5t 
cuts &  w\nds 9 contact1 c4 ,x is g5tly 
/imulant1 & is ?\ght to assi/  ! heal+  
process4 ,x is also employ$ z a basis = 
o!r pla/]s4  ,! #8,,hospital ,,pla/]' ( 
c]ta9 h\ses is ( ?is k9d4 ,see ,,pla/]  
,,(  ,,soap1 ,,comp\nd4    ,pla/]1      
,resolv5t4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,resolv5s1
 ,e4 ,,ex ,,mixtis ,,quatuor1  ,l4      
,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,galbanum1 hemlock1  
m]curial1 & soap pla/]s1  equal p>ts1   
melt$ toge!r4    ,pla/]1 ,rop]'s ,royal 
,ba?4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,/ra9$ black    
pit*1 #af  oz42 ,burgundy pit*1 #aj oz42
 t> & beeswax1 ( ea* #a oz42 melt1 &1   
:5 consid]ably cool$1 add ( express$ oil
 ( mace1 #b dr42 croton oil1  #a dr42 & 
spread ! mixture ^u he>t-%ap$ pieces (  
:ite  %eep-sk91 )\t remelt+ x4 ,/imulant
 & c\nt]-irritant2  recomm5d$ by its    
proprietor z a cure = all human ailm5ts4
 ,!  #8,,ba?-,,pla/] ,,pills1' also     
prep>$ by ,mr ,rop]1 resemble sev]al ( !
  ap]i5t pills already notic$4 7,see    
#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7    ,pla/]1       

,scott's4 ,prep4 ,f lead pla/]1 #ad oz42
 olive oil & :ite  res91 ( ea* #a oz42  
melt$ toge!r1 & spread on calico4       
,pla/]1 ,%>p's ,black4 ,prep4 ,f olive  
oil1 #e p>ts2 c>bonate (  lead1 #d p>ts2
 beeswax1 #a "p2 boil$ to a pla/]4      
,pla/]1 ,simple4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,wax4   
,pla/] ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum       
,,sapone1 ,e4 ,,saponis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4   
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to lead
 pla/]1 #c lbs41 melt$ by a sl[  heat1  
add ( ,ca/ile soap1 slic$1 #a_/b lb41   
res91 #a oz41 bo? 7also7  liquefi$ by   
heat1 &1 con/antly /irr+1 evaporate to a
 prop]  consi/5ce4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,to
 li?>ge pla/]1 #d oz41 gum pla/]1 #b    
oz41 melt$  toge!r1 add ( ,ca/ile soap1 
9 %av+s1 #a oz41 & boil a little4    #c4
 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to li?>ge pla/]1 #b-a_/b   
lbs41 melt$ ov] a g5tle fire1  add (    
,ca/ile soap1 9 p[d]1 #d oz41 & heat !m 
toge!r 7con/antly  /irr+7 until !y      
comb9e4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,h>d soap 79   
p[d]71 #f2 lead pla/]1 #cf2 res9 79     
p[d]71  #a2 to ! lead pla/]1 previ\sly  

melt$1 add ! soap & ! res91  fir/       
liquefi$1 !n1 con/antly /irr+1 evaporate
 to a prop]  consi/5ce4    ,obs4 ,c>e   
mu/ be tak5 to evaporate all ! moi/ure f
 ! above  comp\nds1 z1 if any is left 9 
! pla/]1 x turns out crumbly1 &  does n 
keep well4 ,mu* heat discol\rs x4 7,see 
bel[47    ,soap pla/] is emolli5t &     
resolv5t1 & is us$ 9 abrasions &        
excoriations1 & z a dress+ to s(t corns1
 lymphatic tum\rs1 c4    ,pla/] ( ,soap 
7,camphorat$74 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4        
,,empla/rum ,,saponis  ,,camphoratum4   
,soap pla/]1 #aj oz42 camphor1 #dh gr4  
,pla/] ( ,soap 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4        
,,empla/rum ,,saponis ,,compositum1 ,e4 
,,adh,,r5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47
 ,res9 pla/]1 #c oz42 soap pla/]1 #b    
oz42 melt$ toge!r4    ,obs4 ,less       
emolli5t1 b m /imulant1 ?an ! simple    
pla/]4 ,!  #8,,empla/rum  ,,m9io ,,cum  
,,sapone'----,ph4 ,e4 #agdd 0 made by   
melt+ #a "p (  soap ) #e p>ts ( m9ium   
pla/]4 ,nei!r ( ! above mu/ be put into 
wat]4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,( ,,res91 ,ph4 ,d4 

,pla/] ( ,soap-cerate4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum
 ,,c]ati ,,saponis 7,b4 ,p474  ,prep4   
#a4 ,f soap c]ate1 heat$ by means ( a   
wat] ba? until all !  moi/ure is        
evaporat$4 ,sometimes #b or #c dr4 ea* (
 p[d]$ ma/ic &  gum ammoniacum are add$ 
= ea* p\nd ( c]ate4 ,! product is       
g5]ally spread :il/ /ill w>m4 ,said to  
be suppurative1 resolv5t1  cool+1 &     
desiccative4 ,see ,,c]ate 7soap74    #b4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,h>d soap1 #aj2 beeswax1     
#ab-a_/b2 oxide ( lead 79 p[d]71 #ae2   
olive oil1 #bj2 v9eg>1 #afj2 boil !     
v9eg> ) ! oxide ov] a sl[  fire1 or by a
 /eam ba?1 con/antly /irr+ !m until !y  
unite2 !n  add ! soap & boil aga9 9 a   
simil> mann] until all ! moi/ure is     
evaporat$2 la/ly1 mix ) ! wax previ\sly 
dissolv$ 9 ! oil1 &  cont9ue ! process  
till ! product takes ! consi/5ce ( a    
pla/]4    ,pla/] ( ,squill1 ,comp\nd4   
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,scill ,,compositum4 
,prep4 ,galbanum1 #a_/b oz42 soap1 #a_/b
 oz42 li?>ge pla/]1 #b oz42 melt        
toge!r1 & add opium1 #a dr42 ammoniacum1

 #a_/b oz42 v9eg> ( squills1 #c  oz41   
mix$ toge!r2 keep !m ov] ! fire         
con/antly /irr$ till !y  are            
incorporat$4    ,pla/]1 ,/ ,&rew's4     
,prep4 ,f yell[ res91 #h oz42 gum elemi1
 #b  oz42 ,bordeaux turp5t9e & oil ( !  
bay-laurel1 ( ea* #a oz42 melt$  toge!r 
by a g5tle heat4 ,a /imulant1 resolv5t1 
& adhesive pla/]1  once suppos$ to      
possess extraord9>y virtues4    ,pla/]1 
,/ick+4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,c\rt1 ,,pla/]   
,,( ,,res91 c4    ,pla/]1 ,/oma*4 ,see  
,,pla/]1 ,,aromatic1 c4    ,pla/]1      
,/r5g?en+4 ,see ,,pla/]s ,,(            
,,frank9c5se & ,,oxide ,,( ,,iron4      
,pla/]1 ,/yptic4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,(       
,,oxide ,,( ,,iron1 ,,p>acelsus',s ,p41 
c4    ,pla/] ( ,sulphate ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4
 ,,empla/rum ,,qu9i1 ,e4 ,q4            
,,disulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate 
( qu99e1 #a dr42 res9 pla/]1 #a  oz4    
,appli$ to ! abdom5 9 int]mitt5ts4      
#b4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #a dr42 m]curial 
pla/]1 #b oz4 ,9 affections (  ! liv] or
 sple51 foll[+ int]mitt5ts1 appli$ ov] !

 regions (  ^? visc]a4    #c4 ,res9     
pla/]1 #i dr42 sulphate ( qu99e1 #a dr42
 camphor & oil (  cajeput1 ( ea* #a_/b  
dr4 ,appli$ ov] ! epiga/rium z a        
prophylactic (  *ol]a4    ,pla/] ( ,?us4
 ,see ,,pla/] ,,( ,,frank9c5se4         
,pla/] ( ,v]digris4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum   
,,rug9is1 ,e4 ,,cupri ,,subacetatis1    
,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,beeswax1 #d     
p>ts2 ,burgundy pit*1 #b p>ts2 melt1 add
 (  ,v5ice turp5t9e & prep>$ v]digris 79
 p[d]71 ( ea* #a "p1 &  /ir until ! mass
 is ne>ly cold4 ,= o!r =mul1 see        
,,pla/]1 ,,corn1  c4    ,pla/]1         
,v]mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum            
,,v]mifugum1 ,e4 ,,an!lm9ticum1 ,l4     
,prep4 ,f p[d]$ aloes1 #a dr42 oil (    
*amomile1 #aj drops2 croton oil1  #b    
drops2 oil ( turp5t9e1 q4 s4    ,pla/]1 
,vigo's4 ,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,vigonis1   
,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lead  pla/]1 #dj
 oz42 m]cury1 #ab oz42 liquid /yrax1 #f 
oz42 beeswax1  turp5t9e1 & res91 ( ea*  
#b oz42 ammoniacum1 bdellium1 myrrh1 &  
olibanum1 ( ea* #e dr42 saffron1 #c dr42

 oil ( lav5d]1 #b dr42 made into  a     
pla/] s4a4    ,pla/]1 ,w>m4 ,see        
,,calefaci5t ,,pla/]1 ,,burgundy ,,pit* 
,p41 c4    ,pla/] ( ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,simple
 ,,pla/]2 ,,empla/rum ,,attrah5s1 ,e4   
,,simplex  7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,c]1 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beeswax1 #c oz42 
suet & yell[  res91 ( ea* #b oz42 melt  
!m toge!r1 & /ir ! mixture briskly      
until x concretes by cool+4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,yell[ wax & suet1 ( ea* #c
 lbs42 yell[ res91 #a  lb42 z ! la/4    
,int5d$ to be employ$ z a simple dress+1
 especially  to bli/]$ surfaces4 ,x is  
n[ seldom us$4    ,pla/]1 ,:ite         
,dia*ylon4 ,see ,,pla/] ,,( ,,lead4     
,pla/]1 ,yell[ ,dia*ylon4 ,see ,,pla/]  
,,( ,,galbanum4    ,pla/]1 ,z9co-lead4  
,syn4 ,,empla/rum ,,z9co-,,plumbicum1   
,e4  ,,diapompholygos1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 
,suec47 ,beeswax1 #a lb2 olive oil &    
graphite 7black lead71 ( ea* #f oz42    
c>bonate ( lead1 #d oz42 oxide (  z9c   
7impure71 #c oz42 olibanum1 #a-a_/b oz42
 boil to a pla/]4 ,a/r+5t  & desiccant4 

,o!r =ms sub/itute an equal weight (    
li?>ge = !  graphite4    ,,plate4 ,! "n 
is commonly giv5 to gold & silv] wr\ght 
into  in/rum5ts or ut5sils = dome/ic    
use4    ,! clean+ ( plate is an         
important op]ation 9 a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 
z its durability1 & mu* ( its beauty1   
dep5d on ?is be+ prop]ly  done4 ,!      
common practice ( us+ m]curial plate    
p[d] is de/ructive  to bo? ( ^!1 z      
m]cury n only rapidly erodes ! surface (
  silv]1 b r5d]s x s(t1 &1 9 extreme    
cases1 ev5 brittle4 ,! only  p[d] t may 
be safely us$ = silv] is prep>$ *alk1 ( 
! be/  quality4 ,= gold1 ! =m ( r$ oxide
 ( iron1 kn[n z ,jewell]'s  ,r\ge1 is ! 
mo/ useful & appropriate4    ,9 8       
#8,work%op ,receipts' ,mr ,spon         
recomm5ds ! foll[+3----8,take an  ounce 
ea* ( cream ( t>t>1 common salt1 & alum1
 & boil 9 a gallon  or m ( wat]4 ,aft] !
 plate is tak5 out & rubb$ dry x puts on
 a  beautiful silv]y :it5ess4 ,p[d]$    
magnesia may be us$ dry =  articles     
slightly t>ni%$1 b if v dirty x mu/ be  

us$ fir/ wet  & !n dry40    ,*amois     
lea!r1 a plate bru%1 or v s(t wooll5    
rags1 %\ld alone be  us$ to apply !m2 & 
_! application %\ld be g5tle & long     
cont9u$1 r ?an ! rev]se4 ,dirty plate1  
aft] be+ clean$ )  boil+ wat]1 may be   
re/or$ by boil+ x 9 wat]1 ea* qu>t ( :i*
  conta9s a few gra9s ( c>bonate ( soda1
 & ab\t an ounce ( prep>$  *alk1 calc9$ 
h>t%orn1 or cuttle-fi% bone1 9 v f9e    
p[d]4 ,!  ebullition sets up a g5tle    
friction1 :i* effects its purpose       
admirably4  ,! boil$ plate1 aft] be+    
dri$1 is be/ #8f9i%$ (f' ) a piece  (   
s(t lea!r or wooll5 clo? :i* has be5    
dipp$ into ! cold  mixture ( *alk &     
wat]1 & !n dri$4 ,! same me?od answ]s   
admirably ) ,g]man silv]1 brass1 pewt]1 
& all ! s(t] metals4  ,see ,,p[d]       
7,plate71 c4    ,,plat,,ina4 ,see       
,,plat9um4    ,,pla,,t+4 ,! art ( cov]+ 
copp] & o!r metals ) ei!r  silv] or     
gold4    ,plat+ is p]=m$ 9 v>i\s ways4  
,sometimes ! silv] is flux$ on to  !    
surface ( ! copp] by means ( a solution 

( borax1 & subsequ5t  exposure 9 !      
#8plat+ furnace1' & ! comp\nd +ot is !n 
roll$  to ! requisite ?9ness betwe5     
cyl9d]s ( poli%$ /eel4 ,! common        
?ickness ( ! silv] plate be=e roll+ is  
equal to ab\t ! #a-dj?  ( t ( ! comp\nd 
+ot4 ,sometimes ! nobl] metal is        
precipitat$  f its solutions ^u ! copp] 
by ! action ( *emical aff9ity1 or1  m   
frequ5tly1 by ! ag5cy ( electro-*emical 
decomposition  7electro-plat+74    ,!   
metal employ$ = plat+ is a mixture (    
copp] & brass1 anneal$  or h>d5$1 z !   
case may require4 ,= electro-plat$      
goods1 #8nickel  silv]' is n[ almo/     
inv>iably employ$4 ,see ,,electrotype1  
,,gild+1  ,,plat9is+1 ,,silv]+1 c4      
,,plat,,inis+4 ,metals may be coat$ )   
plat9um by ne>ly simil>  processes to ^?
 already ref]r$ to "u ,,plat+4 ,9 !     
#8moi/ way'  vessels ( brass1 copp]1 &  
silv] are conv5i5tly plat9is$ 9 !       
foll[+ mann]3----,solid bi*loride (     
plat9um1 #a "p1 is dissolv$ 9  wat]1    
#ajj p>ts1 & to ?is solution is add$ (  

common salt1 #h p>ts2  or1 /ill bett]1  
#a "p ( ammonio-*loride ( plat9um & #h  
p>ts (  *loride ( ammonium are plac$ 9 a
 suitable porcela9 vessel1 ) ab\t  #dj  
p>ts ( wat]1 & ! :ole heat$ to          
ebullition2 ! vessels or  ut5sils1      
previ\sly made p]fectly bright1 are !n  
imm]s$ 9 !  boil+ liquid4 ,9 a few      
seconds !y g5]ally acquire a brilliant &
  firmly adh]+ lay] ( plat9um4    ,silv]
 plates = voltaic batt]ies are commonly 
plat9is$ by imm]s+  !m = a few seconds 9
 a mixture ( saturat$ solution (        
bi*loride (  plat9um1 #a "p2 dilute     
sulphuric acid1 #c p>ts2 wat]1 #d to #f 
p>ts4  ,plat9um batt]y plates are cov]$ 
) a pulv]ul5t deposit ( plat9um  by     
means ( ! electrotype4    ,plat9is$     
asbe/os is prep>$ by dipp+ asbe/os into 
a solution (  bi*loride ( plat9um1 or "o
 ( ! d\ble *lorides ( t metal1 &  !n    
gradually heat+ x to r$ness4 ,x is us$ z
 a sub/itute =  spongy plat9um4 ,see    
,,electrotype1 ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 
,,plat,,inum4 ,pt4 ,syn4 ,,plat9a1      

,,:ite ,,gold2 ,,plat9um1 ,l4 ,a heavy1 
greyi%-:ite metal1 occurr+ *iefly 9     
c]ta9 ( ! alluvial  di/ricts ( ,mexico &
 ,brazil1 9 ! ,ural m\nta9s ( ,russia1 9
  ,ceylon1 & 9 a few o!r places4 ,x     
occurs 9 nature "u ! =m (  gra9s & small
 roll$ masses1 associat$ ) palladium1   
rhodium1  osmium1 ru!nium1 iridium1 & a 
little iron4 ,x has only be5 kn[n 9     
,europe s9ce #agdh4    ,prep4 ,! native 
alloy ( ?is metal 7crude plat9um7 is    
act$ ^u1 z  f> z possible1 by           
nitro-hydro*loric acid conta9+ an excess
 (  hydro*loric acid1 & slightly dilut$ 
) wat]1 9 ord] to dissolve  z small a   
quantity ( iridium z possible2 to ! deep
 yell[i%-r$ &  high acid solution ?us   
produc$ ammonium *loride is add$1 by :i*
  ne>ly ! :ole ( ! plat9um is ?r[n d[n 9
 ! /ate (  ammonio-*loride4 ,?is        
sub/ance1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) a little cold 
wat]1 is dri$ & heat$ to r$ness2 !      
product is spongy metallic  plat9um4    
,?is is made into a ?9 uni=m pa/e )     
wat]1 introduc$  into a slightly conical

 m\ld ( brass1 & subject$ to a graduat$ 
pressure1 by :i* ! wat] is squeez$ out1 
& ! mass r5d]$ at  l5g? suffici5tly     
solid to be> h&l+4 ,x is next dri$1 v   
c>efully heat$ to :it5ess1 & hamm]$1 or 
subject$ to p[]ful  pressure by suitable
 means1 :il/ 9 ! heat$ /ate4 ,x w n[ be>
  =g+ into a b>1 & may aft]w>ds be roll$
 into plates1 or drawn  into wire1 at   
pleasure4    ,prop41 c4 ,plat9um is "o (
 ! heavie/ sub/ances kn[n1 its sp4 gr4  
be+ #bae4 ,x is :it] ?an iron1 h>d] ?an 
silv]1 infusible 9 !  /ronge/ heat ( our
 furnaces1 & melts only :5 expos$ to !  
highe/  temp]ature obta9$ by ,deville's 
oxyhydrog5 gas furnace4 ,x is  unaffect$
 by air1 wat]1 & all ! ord9>y acids1 &  
ev5 its poli%  is un9jur$ by ! /ronge/  
heat ( a smi?'s =ge2 aqua regia1  h[ev]1
 dissolves x1 ?\gh ) mu* m difficulty   
?an gold2 x is  also sup]ficially       
oxidis$ by fus$ hydrate ( potassium4    
,spongy  plat9um1 p[d]$ plat9um1 & ev5  
p]fectly clean plat9um foil1  possess ! 
rem>kable prop]ty ( caus+ ! union (     

oxyg5 &  hydrog5 gases1 ) m or less     
elevation ( temp]ature4 ,plat9um is     
precipitat$ f its solutions by deoxidis+
 sub/ances "u ! =m  ( a black p[d]      
7plat9um black71 :i* has ! p[] ( absorb+
  oxyg51 & aga9 imp>t+ x to combu/ible  
sub/ances1 & ?us caus+  _! oxidation4 ,9
 ?is way alcohol & pyroxylic _s may be  
conv]t$  into acetic & =mic acids1 c4   
,plat9um black is simply plat9um 9 a f9e
 /ate ( division1 & is  readily obta9$ z
 foll[s3----#a4 ,a solution ( plat9ic   
*loride1 to :i*  an excess ( c>bonate ( 
sodium & a quantity ( sug> h be5 add$1  
is boil$ until ! precipitate :i* =ms    
aft] a little "t becomes  p]fectly      
black1 & ! sup]natant liquid col\rless2 
! black p[d]  is !n collect$ on a filt]1
 wa%$1 & dri$ by g5tle heat4    #b4     
,plat9ic-ammonium *loride1 r$uc$ to v   
f9e p[d]1 is moi/5$  ) /rong sulphuric  
acid1 & a small piece ( z9c is ?ru/ into
 !  mixture2 aft] ! :ole is r$uc$ to a  
black p[d] x is wa%$1 fir/  )           
hydro*loric acid1 & !n ) pure wat]1 &   

is1 la/ly1 dri$4    #c4 7,zdrawk[it*47  
,plat9um black1 9 a highly active       
condition1 c be  obta9$1 accord+ to !   
au?or1 by add+ #c to #e c4c4 ( solution 
(  p]*loride ( plat9um1 drop by drop1 to
 a boil+ mixture ( #ae c4c4 (  glyc]9 & 
#aj c4c4 ( solution ( cau/ic pota% (    
#ajh sp4 gr4    #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,boil d[n
 rapidly1 solution ( pota%1 #b p9ts1 9 a
 silv] or  clean iron vessel1 until !re 
rema9s a fluid ( oily consi/5ce1 a drop 
( :i* remov$ on a w>m glass rod         
solidifies on cool+4 ,p\r ?is into      
prop] m\lds1 & :5 solidifi$ & :ile /ill 
w>m put x into  /opp]$ bottles4         
,plat9um1 9 ! /ate ( plat9um black1     
possesses ! prop]ty (  cond5s+ gases1 m 
especially oxyg51 into its pores1 &     
aft]w>ds  giv+ x out to v>i\s oxidisable
 sub/ances4 ,:5 plac$ 9 contact  ) a    
solution ( =mic acid x conv]ts x1 )     
copi\s eff]vesc5ce1  into c>bonic acid2 
alcohol1 dropp$ ^u x1 becomes *ang$ by  
oxidation  into acetic acid1 ! rise (   
temp]ature be+ (t5 suffici5t to cause   

inflammation2 expos$ to a r$ heat1 x    
%r9ks 9 volume1 assumes !  appe>ance (  
spongy plat9um1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 loses ^! 
peculi>ities4 ,t prep>$ ) z9c explodes1 
:5 heat$1 l  gunp[d]4 ,! spongy plat9um 
is obta9$ by ignit+ ! ammonium  plat9ic 
*loride at a r$ heat4    ,! salts (     
plat9um are recognis$ z                 
foll[s3----,sulphurett$ hydrog5  ?r[s   
d[n f neutral & acid solutions ( !      
plat9ic salts a  blacki%-br[n           
precipitate1 :i* is only =m$ aft] a "t 9
 ! cold1  b imm$iately on heat+ !       
liquid4 ,ammonium sulphide also gives a 
blacki%-br[n precipitate1 :i* completely
 r$issolves 9 a l>ge excess  ( !        
precipitant1 provid$ ! latt] conta9s an 
excess ( sulphur4    ,*loride ( ammonium
 & *loride ( potassium give yell[       
cry/all9e  precipitates1 insoluble 9    
acids1 b soluble 9 excess ( !           
precipitate1 ^u ! application ( heat1 & 
decomposable by heat1 )  production (   
spongy plat9um4 ,ammonia & potassium    
hydrate also give  simil> precipitates 9

 solutions previ\sly acidulat$ )        
hydro*loric  acid4    ,e/im4 ,?is may be
 effect$ by ?r[+ d[n ! metal 9 ! =m (   
*loride ( ammonium & plat9um1 :i*1 aft] 
be+ wa%$ on a filt]  ) a little weak _s 
to :i* a little ( ! precipitate has be5 
add$1 & aft]w>ds ) ! _s alone1 may be   
c>efully dri$ at  #bab ,fahr41 & weigh$4
 ,or1 ! precipitate may be ignit$ 9 a   
plat9um  crucible1 & weigh$ 9 ! /ate ( a
 spongy plat9um4 #aicbe gr4 (  ! plat9ic
 & ammonium *lorides are equival5t to   
#ihge gr4 (  metallic plat9um4    ,uses4
 ,plat9um is valuable = ! =mation (     
crucibles1 capsules1 &  o!r ut5sils or  
in/rum5ts int5d$ to be expos$ to a /rong
 heat1 or  to ! action ( acids4 ,plat9ic
 *loride & ! plat9ic & sodium  *loride  
are mu* us$ 9 *emical analysis4 ,bo? (  
^! are also us$  9 m$ic9es ) ! same     
int5tions1 & 9 ! same doses1 z !        
correspond+ salts ( gold4 ,^! comp\nds  
are poison\s4 ,! antidotes  & treatm5t  
are simil> to ^? describ$ "u ,,gold4    
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4----,daville & ,debray

 h introduc$ a me?od (  ref9+ plat9um1  
:i* has already done mu* to ext5d !     
useful  applications ( ! metal4 ,!      
process consi/s 9 submitt+ ! crude      
metal to ! action ( an int5sely high    
temp]ature1 obta9$ by !  combu/ion (    
hydrog5 7or coal-gas7 ) oxyg51 9 a      
crucible ( lime4  ,by ?is means l>ge    
quantities ( plat9um 7#ej lbs4 or m7 c  
be kept  fus$ until ! sulphur1          
phosphorus1 ars5ic1 & osmium1 g5]ally   
occurr+ 9 crude plat9um1 are oxidis$ &  
volatilis$1 & ! iron  & copp] are       
oxidis$ & absorb$ by ! lime =m+ !       
crucible4 ,at  ! ,int]national          
,exhibition ( #ahfb an +ot ( pure       
plat9um1 weigh+  ov] #b cwt41 0 exhibit$
 by ,messrs ,johnson  ,ma!y1 z an       
illu/ration  ( ! practical results ( ?is
 process4    ,plat9ic ,*loride4         
,pt,cl#d4 ,syn4 ,,bi*loride ,,(         
,,plat9um1 ,,*loride ,,(  ,,plat9um1    
,,p]*loride ,,( ,p42 ,,plat9i           
,,bi*loridum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,,plat9i   
,,tetra*loridum4 ,prep4 ,by dissolv+    

plat9um 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid1  &    
evaporat+ ! solution to dryness at a    
g5tle heat4 ,prop41 c4  ,r$di%-br[n1    
deliquesc5t1 & v soluble 9 bo? wat] &   
alcohol1  yield+ orange-col\r$          
solutions4 ,x comb9es ) a v>iety (      
metallic  *lorides to =m #8d\ble salts4'
 ,us$ z a te/ 9 *emical analysis1 &  z  
an alt]ative 9 second>y syphilis1       
c4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr41       
dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 or made into a 
pill ) syrup & liquorice  p[d]4 ,"s     
p]sons prescribe mu* l>g] doses1 b      
unsafely4 ,hoef]  recomm5ds an o9tm5t   
made ) x z an application to indol5t    
ulc]s4  ,9 doses ( #e gr4 & upw>ds x    
acts z a viol5t cau/ic poison4 ,?is  la/
 salt is ! #8*loride ( plat9um' ( !     
%ops1 & ! "o us$ 9  ! arts & m$ic9e4 ,x 
=ms "o ( ! te/s includ$ 9 ! ,app5dix  to
 ! ,ph4 ,l4    ,plat9ic-,ammonium       
,*loride4 ,pt7,,nh#d7b;,cl#f1 or        
,pt,cl#d #b,,nh#d;,cl4  ,syn4           
,,ammonio-,,*loride ,,( ,,plat9um1      
,,plat9o-,,*loride ,,( ,,ammonium4      

,prep4  ,a solution ( *loride ( ammonium
 is add$ to a /rong solution (  plat9ic 
*loride1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ) dilute  
alcohol4    ,prop4 ,m9ute1 transp>5t1   
yell[ octah$ral cry/als v feebly        
soluble 9 wat]1 less s 9 dilute alcohol1
 & insoluble 9 acids2 heat  conv]ts x   
into spongy plat9um4                    
,plat9ic-,potassium ,*loride4           
,pt,k#b;,cl#f1 or ,pt,cl#db,k,cl4 ,syn4 
,,plat9o-,,*loride ,,( ,,potassium1     
,,potassio-,,*loride ,,( ,,plat9um4     
,prep4 ,a  bright yell[1 cry/all9e      
precipitate1 =m$ :5ev] solutions ( !    
*lorides ( plat9um & ( potassium are    
mix$2 or a salt ( potassium1  acidulat$ 
) a little hydro*loric acid1 is add$ to 
plat9ic *loride4  ,9 appe>ance1         
solubility1 c41 x closely resembles     
ammonio-*loride (  plat9um4             
,plat9ic-,sodium ,*loride4              
,pt,na#b;,cl#f1 or ,pt,cl#db,na,cl4     
,syn4  ,,*loride ,,( ,,plat9um ,,&      
,,sodium1 ,,sodio-,,*loride ,,(         
,,plat9um1  ,,plat9o-,,bi*loride ,,(    

,,sodium2 ,,plat9i ,,et ,,sodii         
,,*loridum1 ,,plat9i                    
,,sodio-,,*loridium1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4     
7,r$wood47 ,plat9ic *loride1 #ag p>ts2  
*loride ( sodium1 #f p>ts2 dissolve !   
two salts sep>ately 9 wat]1  q4 s41 mix 
! solutions1 & evaporate1 t cry/als may 
=m4 ,!  cry/als are l>ge1 transp>5t1 & (
 a yell[-r$ col\r4----,dose1 #a_/ab  to 
#a_/b gr42 9 ! same cases z ! bi*loride4
    ,plat9ic ,oxide4 ,pt,o#b4 ,syn4     
,,b9oxide ,,( ,,plat9um4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by 
exactly decompos+ ! plat9ic sulphate )  
nitrate ( b>ium1 &  add+ pure hydrate ( 
sodium to ! filt]$ solution1 s z to     
precipitate only half ! oxide4          
7,b]zelius47----#b4 ,by boil+ plat9ic   
*loride ) hydrate ( sodium1 9           
consid]able excess1 & !n add+  acetic   
acid4    ,prop41 c4 ,z ! hydrate        
7,pt7,,ho7#d71 x is a bulky br[ni% p[d]2
  ?is1 :5 g5tly heat$1 becomes black &  
anhydr\s4 ,x =ms salts )  ! acids1 &    
comb9es ) "s ( ! bases4 ,! salts h a r$ 
or  yell[ col\r1 & a rem>kable t5d5cy to

 =m d\ble salts ) !  alkal9e salts4     
,obs4 ,bo? ! oxides ( plat9um are r$uc$ 
to ! metallic /ate on  ignition4        
,plat9\s ,oxide4 ,pt,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide   
,,( ,,plat9um4 ,prep4 ,by heat+ to  bel[
 r$ness ! plat9ic *loride & dige/+ )    
hydrate (  potassium ! residue4         
,prop41 c4 ,a black p[d]1 soluble 9     
excess ( alkali1 & freely s 9  ! acids1 
=m+ br[n solutions ( ! plat9\s salts4   
,^! are  di/+ui%$ f solutions ( !       
plat9ic salts by n be+  precipitat$ by  
*loride ( ammonium4 ,plat9\s oxalate1 9 
f9e  copp]-col\r$ ne$les1 may be obta9$ 
by heat+ plat9ic oxide 9 a  solution (  
oxalic acid4    ,plat9um ,gas4 ,syn4    
,,gaz-,,plat9e2 ,,gill>d',s ,,gas4 ,9   
,p>is ?is gas is  employ$ by gold- &    
silv]smi?s & electro-plat]s because x   
gives  rise to no sulphur product &     
burns )\t giv+ (f soot or smoke4 ,x  is 
free f smell4 ,/eam is decompos$ by be+ 
made to pass ?r\gh a  retort fill$ )    
r$-hot *>coal4 ,! hydrog5 be+ fre$ f !  
c>bonic acid :i* is associat$ ) x1 by   

means ( cry/allis$  c>bonate ( soda1 is 
burnt f an ,arg& burn] provid$ ) num]\s 
small holes4 ,! flame1 :i* is n lum9\s 9
 itself1 is surr\nd$ by  a network (    
mod]ately f9e plat9um wire1 :i* on      
becom+ :ite-hot  becomes lum9\s4 ,x     
burns q /eadily1 & its illum9at+ p[] is 
said to exce$ slightly t ( coal gas4    
,plat9um1 ,spongy4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+ 
ammonio-*loride ( plat9um to  r$ness4   
#b4 ,crude bi*loride ( plat9um & *loride
 ( ammonium are sep>ately  dissolv$ 9   
pro( _s1 & ! "o solution add$ to ! o!r z
 long  z a precipitate =ms2 ?is is      
collect$1 &1 :il/ /ill moi/1 =m$  into  
little balls or pieces1 :i* are !n dri$1
 & gradually heat$ to  r$ness4          
,prop41 c4 ,^! h be5 notic$ above4      
,small balls ( spongy plat9um  are us$ =
 ! hydrog5 in/antane\s-light lamp       
7,db]e9]'s lamp72  b !y are apt to      
absorb moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & !n lose 
_! p[] ( inflam+ hydrog51 until !y are  
re-dri$ & heat$4    ,,pleurisy4         
,inflammation ( ! pleura1 or membrane   

cov]+ ! lungs4  ,! symptoms ( pleurisy  
are a %>p pa9 9 ! side1 :i* is r5d]$  m 
acute :5 a deep brea? is tak52 quick1   
%ort1 difficult  inspiration2 a quick   
pulse2 & fev]4 ,mu* pa9 is also exp]i5c$
 if  ! attempt be made to lie on !      
affect$ side4    ,pleurisy sometimes    
accompanies pneumonia or inflammation ( 
! sub/ance  ( ! lungs4 ,if all[$ to run 
on1 ! disease produces effusion ( s]um  
or ( lymph into ! cavity ( ! *e/1 9 ei!r
 case giv+ rise to  adhesions1 :i* cause
 emb>rassm5t ( brea?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 
may  t]m9ate by resolution or complete  
recov]y4    ,pleurisy g5]ally arises f  
exposure to ! cold4 ,a bl[ or a w\nd  w 
also cause x1 & a n uncommon orig9 is ! 
spl9t]$ end ( a  brok5 rib4 ,9 e case ! 
advice ( ! m$ical practition] %\ld be   
s\ght ^u ! fir/ indications ( ! disease4
 ,! foll[+ treatm5t  is sugge/$ =       
adoption only by emigrants1 or o!rs     
unable to procure  ! s]vices ( ! m$ical 
man 9 cases ( urg5cy3----    ,"u ^!     
circum/ances ! pati5t1 sitt+ 9 an       

upright po/ure1  %\ld be bl$ until he is
 able to brea! )\t feel+ pa94 ,if aft]  
ble$+ ! pa9 %\ld return1 lee*es1 if     
obta9able1 %\ld be appli$  to ! pa9ful  
"p1 & a l>ge bli/] %\ld be plac$ ne> !  
affect$ spot4 ,aft] be+ bl$ ! pati5t    
%\ld h a hot ba?4  ,%\ld ! pa9 n        
subside1 lee*+ mu/ be _h free rec\rse   
to1 or  blood be drawn by cupp+4 ,a     
brisk purgative %\ld be giv5 at !       
comm5cem5t ( ! disease1 & aft] ?is has  
ceas$ act+ ! pati5t  %\ld take two gra9s
 ( calomel & a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( opium e 
f\r h\rs1 b ?is treatm5t mu/ n be       
cont9u$ long] ?an is  necess>y4 ,!      
pati5t %\ld rema9 9 b$ 9 a room :i* has 
a uni=m  temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 & adopt a
 l[ diet4    ,,9 ,,horses4----,symptoms4
 ,fev]1 indicat$ by %iv]+1 indisposition
 to  move or turn1 quick pulse1 pa9ful  
c\gh1 & hurri$ respiration4    8,place !
 animal )\t delay 9 a cool1 airy1 loose 
box1 & ble$ to  ! ext5t ( sev5 or eight 
qu>ts1 or until ! pulse falt]s4 ,ble$+  
is nev] ju/ifiable aft] ! ?ird day1 :5 !

 pulse rea*es #gj4 ,?ree  or f\r dra*ms 
( aloes 9 solution w suffice = ! horse1 
&  cly/]s mu/ also be giv54 ,until !    
physic op]ates s$atives mu/ be  us$ )   
great caution4 ,tw5ty m9ims ( ,flemm+'s 
t9cture ( aconite  %\ld be giv5 e ?ree  
h\rs4    8,t[>ds ! close ( ! second day 
! aconite may be discont9u$1 &  a       
scruple ( calomel & a dra*m ( opium giv5
 9 a bolus1 & repeat$  e f\r h\rs until 
f\r or five doses h be5 giv54 ,apply    
l9im5t  ( ammonia or mu/>d to ! sides4  
,if ! animal be ?ir/y give wat] 9  :i*  
nitre has be5 dissolv$4 ,keep ! animal  
p]fectly quiet1 & let  x h s(t laxative 
food40 7,f9lay ,dun47    ,,plug,,g+4 ,! 
introduction ( a mass ( l9t1 sponge1 or 
o!r suitable  mat]ial1 into a w\nd or   
cavity1 ) ! int5tion ( arre/+           
hmorrhage4 ,x is n[ seldom adopt$1      
except 9 cases ( ble$+ f !  nose1 & t   
only aft] m approv$ me?ods h fail$4     
,,plum4 ,a "n appli$ to sev]al v>ieties 
( ! ,prunus dome/icus  7,l9n471 or wild 
plum4 ,among ! cultivat$ v>ieties1 !    

damson1  gre5gage1 ,fr5* plum1 magnum   
bonum or ,mogul p41 mirabelle p41       
,orleans  p41 & prune1 are ^? be/ kn[n4 
,groc]s' #8plums' are rais9s1 or  dri$  
grapes4    ,9 ! foll[+ table w be f\nd !
 composition ( ! pr9cipal  v>ieties (   
plum4                                   
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,gre5gage4                  ,mussel     
,plums4                                 
,black-                                 
,mirabelle1-------------- blue1  ,d>k   
---------------                         
common  ,yell[-,l>ge  middle-black-     
,italian1                        yell[4 
gre51 gre51  siz$   r$  ,common4  v     
middle   v  ,plums4 ,plums4             
sweet4                                  
size4  sweet4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,soluble matt]----                      
,sug>               #cehd   #bifj  #cdje
  #aiif  #bbeb  #egic  #fgcj       ,free

 acid1                                  
r$uc$ to                                
equival5t 9                             
malic acid          #jehb   #jifj  #jhgj
  #abgj  #acca  #jieb  #jhda            
,album9\s                               
sub/ances          #jaig   #jdgg  #jdja 
#jdjj  #jdbf  #jghe  #jhcb       ,pect\s
                                        
sub/ances1 c4     #eggb  #ajdge #aajgd  
#bcac  #ehea  #cfdf  #daje       ,a%    
#jegj   #jcah  #jcih  #jdif  #jeec      
#jgcd  #jeij                            
,insoluble                              
matt]----                               
,se$s               #eghj   #cbej  #bheb
  #daij  #ccbi  #cedj  #cabd            
,sk9s1 c4          #jagi   #jfhj  #ajce 
#aiij  #jigb       ,pectose             
#ajhj   #jjaj  #jbde #jeji  #ajbj #jfcj 
#aecd     ,a% f                         
insoluble matt]                         
includ$ on                              
weights giv5     #jjhb                  
#jjcijjcgjjdajjfcjjidjjff       ,wat]   

#hbbef  #hjhda #gigbj #hhgea #hebch     
#haicj #habgb                           
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
#ajjjj   #iiigaajjjj  #iiibeajjjj #ajjjj
 #ajjjj                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,,plumba,,g4 ,syn4 ,,graphite1          
,,black-,,lead4 ,"o ( ! native =ms (    
c>bon4 ,x conta9s f #ie to #ajj ( pure  
c>bon2 has a metallic lu/re1  & conducts
 electricity ne>ly z well z ! metals4 ,x
 0 =m]ly  reg>d$ z a c>bide ( iron1 b ! 
iron g5]ally f\nd is n[ kn[n  to be     
m]ely 9 a /ate ( mixture4 ,!re are two  
di/9ct v>ieties (                       
graphite----cry/allis$ or foliat$       
graphite1 obta9$ *iefly f ,ceylon2  &   
amorph\s graphite 7! ord9>y plumbago or 
black-lead71 l>gely  import$ to ?is     
c\ntry f ,g]many4 ,! ,borr[dale m9e 9   
,cumb]l&1  f :i* ! f9e/ black-lead 0    
=m]ly d]iv$1 is n[ ne>ly  exhau/$4 ,!   
foliat$ graphite ( ,ceylon & o!r p>ts is

 !  pr9cipal mat]ial employ$ = mak+     
plumbago crucibles & o!r  fire-resi/+   
goods4 ,! amorph\s graphite is us$ =    
mak+ black-lead  p5cils1 poli%+ p[d] =  
/oves & grates 7#8lu/re1' #8s]vants'    
fri5d1' c471 & to dim9i% friction 9     
heavy ma*9]y 7anti-friction  p[d]74 ,its
 p[d] is also us$ to give conduct+      
surfaces to articles  on :i* x is desir$
 to deposit copp] by ! electrotype4 ,9  
m$ic9e  plumbago has be5 us$ ) app>5t   
advantage 9 h]pes & sev]al  *ronic sk9  
diseases----ext]nally1 z an o9tm5t made 
) f\r times its  weight ( l>d2 &        
int]nally1 made into pills4             
,purification4 ,= m$ical & *emical use  
graphite may be treat$ z  foll[s3----   
#a4 7,dumas & ,/as47 ,heat x to r$ness )
 cau/ic potassa1 9 a cov]$  crucible1 !n
 wa% x well ) wat]1 boil x 9 nitric acid
 & 9 aqua  regia1 aga9 wa% x ) wat]1 dry
 x1 & expose x at a :ite heat to  a     
/ream ( dry *lor9e gas2 la/ly1 wa% x )  
wat]1 & aga9 heat  x to dull r$ness4 ,9 
analysis4    #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,pure     

native plumbago1 #a lb41 is boil$ 9 wat]
 = #a h\r1  !n dra9$1 & dige/$ = #bd    
h\rs 9 a mixture ( wat]1 #h oz42  nitric
 acid & hydro*loric acid1 ( ea* #b oz42 
x is1 la/ly1 well  wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$4 
#c4 7,brodie's pat5t47 ,?is process is  
only applicable to ! h>d  v>ieties (    
graphite1 z t ( ,ceylon4 ,x consi/s 9   
introduc+  co>sely p[d]$ graphite1      
previ\sly mix$ ) #a_/ad? ( its weight ( 
*lorate ( potassa1 into #b p>ts (       
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :i* is  heat$
 9 a wat] ba? until ! evolution ( acid  
fumes ceases4 ,! acid  is !n remov$ by  
wat]1 & ! graphite dri$4 ,?us prep>$1   
?is  sub/ance1 :5 heat$ to a temp]ature 
approa*+ a r$ heat1 swells up  to a     
volum9\s mass ( f9ely divid$ graphite4  
,?is p[d]1 :i* is  q free f grit1 may be
 aft]w>ds consolidat$ by pressure1 & us$
  = mak+ p5cils or o!r purposes4        
,,plum,,bic ,,acid4 ,b9oxide ( lead     
occasionally receives ?is "n on  acc\nt 
( its comb9+ ) "s ( ! bases to =m       
comp\nds :i*  h be5 call$ plumbates4    

,,plum,,bum ,,cor,,neum4 ,see ,,lead1   
,,*loride ,,(4    ,,plum,,ose ,,al,,um4 
,! old "n ( ! silky amian?9e cry/als ( !
  d\ble sulphate ( alum9um & iron       
occasionally f\nd on alum slate4        
,asbe/os has also be5 s call$4          
,,plunket',s ,,canc] ,,rem$y4 ,see      
,,cau/ic1 ,,plunket',s4    ,,pneumonia4 
,inflammation ( ! sub/ance ( ! lungs4   
,:5 !  inflammation ext5ds to ! pleura1 
or cov]+ ( ! lungs1 ! disease  is       
di/+ui%$ z ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4 ,by mo/
 pa?ologi/s pneumonia is  describ$ "u ! 
?ree g5]al heads (----7#a7 ,cr\p\s      
pneumonia1 7#b7  cat>rhal pneumonia1    
7#c7 *ronic pneumonia1 ea* ( :i* h1 by  
"s  m$ical writ]s1 be5 subdivid$ into   
o!r =ms & v>ieties4    #a4 ,,acute      
,,cr\p\s ,,pneumonia4 ,?is fir/         
description ( pneumonia is mo/  common  
among/ p]sons ( f tw5ty to ?irty ye>s ( 
age1 al?\gh no  age escapes x1 & x is   
g5]ally v sev]e 9 "* :5 x  attacks ! v  
"y or old4 ,x prevails m among/ m5 ?an  
wom51  s9ce ! =m]1 f _! m frequ5t       

exposure to ! wea!r & to  *anges (      
temp]ature1 run great] risk ( be+       
ov]tak5 by a v  f]tile cause ( cr\pal   
pneumonia1 viz4 a sudd5 *ill :5 ! body  
is  unusually heat$4    ,x frequ5tly    
seizes ^? suff]+ f *ronic or acute      
disord]s1 z  well z ^? :o are intemp]ate
 & drunk54 ,x (t5 assails pati5ts       
suff]+ f contagi\s & acute maladies1 su*
 z measles1 smallpox1  pymia1 pu]p]al   
fev]1 typhus1 & z appe>s f ! acc\nts ( !
  rec5t outbreak ( ,a/rakan plague 9 t  
disease also4 ,x likewise  frequ5tly    
prevails among/ ! poor & badly f$ liv+ 9
 !  ov]cr[d$ qu>t]s ( l>ge t[ns &       
cities4    ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal     
symptoms ( acute cr\p\s pneumonia1  giv5
 by ,dr ,rob]ts3#aac----    ,footnote   
#aac3 #8,h&book ( ! ,!ory & ,practice ( 
,m$ic9e1' by ,f4 ,j4  ,rob]ts1 ,m4,d41  
c4 ,lewis1 #ahgc4    8,9 "s cases !re   
are premonitory signs ( g5]al           
indisposition = a  %ort "t4 ,9 prim>y1  
or unmix$ pneumonia1 ! attack sets 9    
usually  v sudd5ly1 ! invasion be+      

att5d$ ) a s+le1 sev]e1 m or  less      
prolong$ rigor4 ,!re may be great       
pro/ration ) fev]2 vomit+  or n]v\s     
symptoms1 viz4 heada*e1 delirium1       
re/less /upor1 or1 9  *ildr51           
convulsions4 ,! special symptoms are    
local & g5]al4    8,local               
symptoms4----,pa9 9 ! side is usually   
pres5t1 commonly /abb+  or pi]c+1       
increas$ by a deep brea?4 ,difficulty ( 
brea?+4 ,c\gh  also comm5ces spe$ily2 x 
does n come on 9 viol5t p>oxysms1 b is  
%ort & hack+ & difficult to repress4    
,soon expectoration occurs1 !           
expectorat$ matt] pres5t+ peculi>       
*>act]s4 ,x is sc>cely at all  fro?y b  
extremely viscid & adhesive1 & ! vessel 
:i* conta9s x  may (t5 be ov]turn$ )\t  
its escap+4 ,! expectorat$ matt] has  a 
ru/y col\r or pres5ts v>i\s t9ts ( r$1 f
 admixture ( blood1  & z ! case         
progresses1 *anges ( col\r are obs]v$   
?r\gh %ades  ( yell[1 until f9ally !y   
become m]ely l ! expectoration (        
bron*itis4 ,9 "s cases ( cr\pal         

pneumonia pa9 & o!r symptoms  are       
sometimes v slight or abs5t1 & !        
expectoration may be m]ely  l t 9       
bron*itis1 abs5t1 or 9 l[ cases pres5t !
 appe>ance (  a d>k1 (f5sive1 ?9 fluid1 
resembl+ liquorice or prune juice4      
8,g5]al symptoms4----,^! may be summ$ up
 g5]ally z sev]e fev]  ) great          
depression & pro/ration4 ,! sk9 is hot1 
dry1 & burn+4  ,! temp]ature rises )    
great rapidity to #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 or  
sometimes high]4 ,x has be5 kn[n to rea*
 #ajg 9 cases :i*  recov]$1 & 9 fatal   
cases x has atta9$ to #ajid4 ,9 a l>ge  
numb]  ( in/ances x does n exce$ #ajd4  
,!re is usually consid]able  flu%+ ( !  
*eeks4 ,! pulse ranges g5]ally f #ij to 
#abj1 or may  be mu* above ?is40    ,9 !
 majority ( cases ?is v>iety ( pneumonia
 has a favorable  t]m9ation1 b h[ev]    
slight ! =m 9 :i* x %[s itself1 or !    
mildness ( its attack1 ! prop]ly        
qualifi$ practition] %\ld be  call$ 9 to
 combat x4 ,we h describ$ ! nature &    
cause ( !  disease & giv5 ! c\rse to be 

foll[$ 9 treat+ x1 = !  b5efit only ( ! 
emigrant & o!rs simil>ly situat$4 ,!    
above  comm5ts are meant to apply to !  
o!r descriptions ( pneumonia1 :i*  w be 
adv]t$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t article4 
,treatm5t to be foll[$ 9 cr\p\s         
pneumonia4----,ble$+ 0 =m]ly  _h rec\rse
 to1 b ?is treatm5t has ei!r be5 ab&on$ 
( late  ye>s1 or v r>ely practis$1 !    
only case 9 :i* its mod]ate  employm5t  
is recomm5d$ be+ t 9 :i* ! pati5t is    
?reat5$  ) dea? f p>tial privation or   
susp5sion ( brea?4    ,lee*es may be    
appli$ to ! spot 9 pa91 & a l>ge bli/]  
ne> x1  b x is pref]able to fir/ try !  
effect ( hot fom5tations &  p\ltices    
conta9+ laudanum2 or turp5t9e spr9kl$ on
 a w>m damp  flannel may be tri$4 ,a    
?ird ( a gra9 ( t>t>is$ antimony1 ) a   
few drops ( laudanum1 or a ?ird ( a gra9
 ( hydro*lorate ( morphia  may be giv5 e
 f\r h\rs4    8,9 all l[ =ms ( ! disease
 ! only *ance is 9 free  /imulation4 ,at
 ! same times full doses ( c>bonate (   
ammonia1 )  b>k1 spirits ( *lor(orm1    

e!r1 camphor1 & su* rem$ies1 mu/ be     
adm9i/]$4 ,9 "s cases qu99e ) iron is   
useful40#aad    ,footnote #aad3 ,dr     
,rob]ts4    ,! be/ diet consi/s ( milk &
 beef tea4 ,! pati5t1 x is ne$less  to  
say1 %\ld be kept 9 b$1 & ! temp]ature (
 8 *amb] %\ld  be ma9ta9$ at ab\t #fj   
,f4 ,x is also mo/ ess5tial t ! room    
%\ld be ?or\ghly v5tilat$1 & all !      
expectorat$ matt]1 /ools1  c41 ?or\ghly 
dis9fect$ be=e removal4    #b4          
,,cat>rhal ,,pneumonia4 ,! acute v>iety 
( ?is =m ( pneumonia is  t :i*          
pr9cipally attacks infants & *ildr51 &  
frequ5tly  complicates diph!ria1        
hoop+-c\gh1 measles1 & influ5za2 al?\gh 
x  may occasionally occur :5 n associat$
 ) ^! diseases4    ,9 ! o!r             
v>iety----*ronic cat>rhal pneumonia----!
 great] numb] (  cases arise f          
bron*itis4 ,_m au?orities look ^u ! la/ 
v>iety  ( pneumonia z ! cause ( a great 
proportion ( ! cases ( pulmon>y         
ph?isis4    ,symptoms4----,^! diff]1 9 !
 great majority ( cases1 f cr\pal       

pneumonia1 9 n be+ prec$$ by rigors4    
,!re is always fev] & a  rise ( bodily  
temp]ature f #ajc to #aje4 ,!re is (t5  
copi\s  p]spiration & increas$ pulse4 ,z
 ! disease progresses ! brea?+  becomes 
m difficult & rapid1 ! c\gh *anges its  
"*1 &  8becomes %ort1 h>%1 hack+1 &     
pa9ful1 ! *ild endeav\r+ to  repress x1 
& hav+ an expression ( pa9 or cry+ &    
dim9i%$  expectoration40#aae            
,footnote #aae3 ,dr ,rob]ts4    ,!      
treatm5t ( ?is =m ( pneumonia consi/s 9 
keep+ up !  /r5g? ( ! pati5t by means ( 
good n\ri%+ food1 & /imulants           
judici\sly adm9i/]$4 ,ammonia & s5ega   
%\ld be giv5 if !  suff]] is v weak4 ,9 
ord9>y cases ipecacuanha w9e w be f\nd  
useful4 ,p\ltices ( l9se$ or mu/>d to ! 
*e/ are also prescrib$4  ,dur+          
convalesc5ce ! pati5t requires c>eful   
wat*+2 8 diet  %\ld be g5]\s1 & %\ld    
include w9e2 cod-liv] oil1 qu99e1 &     
iron1 or o!r tonics are additionally    
necess>y4    #c4 ,,*ronic ,,pneumonia4  
,?is disease1 9 :i* ! sub/ance ( ! lung 

is  9 a m or less abnormal or alt]$     
condition1 is mo/ly ! result (  "s      
previ\s pulmon>y affection4 ,x frequ5tly
 foll[s successive  attacks ( ! cat>rhal
 v>iety ( pneumonia & ! bron*ial        
irritation  aris+ f ! inhalation ( small
 p>ticles ( du/ giv5 (f by  sub/ances   
employ$ 9 c]ta9 occupations or          
manufactures1 su* z coal1  /eel1        
granite1 c4    ,! symptoms are pa9s 9 ! 
side1 c\gh1 sometimes occurr+ 9 sev]e   
p>oxysms1 %ortness ( brea?+1 ! pati5t   
meantime gradually becom+  ?9n] & weak]4
 ,sometimes night sweats occur1 b       
g5]ally !re is  little or no fev]4    ,!
 be/ treatm5t is n\ri%+ diet1 comb9$ )  
tonics & cod-liv]  oil4    ,( late ye>s 
! doctr9e ( ! contagi\s nature ( "s =ms 
( acute  pneumonia 7:e!r complicat$ )   
pleurisy or n7 seems to h be5  ga9+     
gr\nd among/ m$ical practition]s4 ,!    
well-kn[n fact t !  pleuro-pneumonia (  
cattle is propagat$ by contagion1 if x  
does n  prove ?is cont5tion1 is at any  
rate 8wor?y10 z ,dr ,p>kes rem>ks1 8(   

all att5tion40    ,! foll[+ cases1      
select$ f among/ _m o!rs equally /rik+1 
w\ld appe> to l5d consid]able support to
 ?is view3    #a4 ,! #8,lancet' =       
,janu>y #i?1 #ahfb1 conta9s a           
communication f ,dr  ,bryson1 describ+  
an epidemic ( pleuro-pneumonia :i*      
occurr$ 9 #ahfj  among/ ! ,m$it]ranean  
fleet4 ,! infecti\s "* ( ! disease  is  
/at$ to h be5 v m>k$2 besides :i* !re 7 
sev]al  po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 x & !
 pleuro-pneumonia :i* attacks  cattle4  
#b4 ,pr(essor ,bock ( ,*ri/iana has     
record$ an outbreak ( pneumonia  :i*    
took place 9 ! ,ak]hus prison ( t city 9
 #ahff4 ,out ( #cfj  prison]s #fb ( !m 7
 attack$ ) pneumonia 9 six mon?s4 ,!    
prison1 l ! cattle %$s1 ravag$ by       
pleuro-pneumonia1 0 badly  v5tilat$ &   
ov]cr[d$4    ,! foll[+ illu/rations are 
extract$ f ,dr ,wynt] ,bly?'s valuable  
#8,diction>y ( ,hygi5e & ,public        
,heal?4'    #a4 8,mr ,alfr$ ,mayo1      
,mild5hall1 ,suffolk1 9 a private lett] 
to !  au?or1 gives a s]ies ( cases 9 :i*

 ! infecti\s "* ( !  malady 0 well m>k$4
 ,! fir/ case 0 t ( a bricklay]1 ab\t   
?irty-five ye>s ( age1 :o 0 tak5 ill )  
pleuro-pneumonia4 ,8  "m1 :o nurs$ him1 
v %ortly aft]w>ds took ! same disease & 
di$4 ,a neighb\r1 a heal?y "y woman ov] 
?irty1 :o came 9 to nurse  ! la/ pati5t1
 0 also tak5 simil>ly ill1 & di$ ) all !
  physical & o!r signs & symptoms well  
develop$2 & la/ly1 h]  *ild contract$ ! 
disease1 b ev5tually recov]$4 ,!re 7 o!r
  cases 9 ! neighb\rhood at ! same "t1 &
 all ( !m 7  rem>kable = _! fatality40  
#b4 8,dr ,ri*>d ,budd1 ( ,b>n/aple1 has 
communicat$ to ! au?or !  foll[+        
rem>kable cases3----#a4 ,a cl]gyman1    
aft] att5d+ a public  meet+1 became     
affect$ ) acute pneumonia4 #b4 ,! nurse 
9 att5dance  became ill ( ! same disease
 ab\t a week aft]w>ds4 #c4 ,! cl]gyman's
  si/]1 tak+ ! place ( ! nurse1 0 9 h]  
turn also seiz$ )  pneumonia4 #d4 ,a    
bro!r ( ! cl]gyman1 :o n[ und]took !    
duty (  nurse1 0 9 a v %ort "t laid up )
 ! same malady4 ,! nurse  & si/] di$1 ! 

two bro!rs recov]$4 ,dr ,budd concludes 
8  communications z foll[s3 #8,s9ce t "t
 ,i h witness$ innum]able  in/ances ( ! 
occurr5ce ( ?is disord] 9 sev]al memb]s 
( !  same family 9 succession1 & ,i am  
?or\ghly conv9c$ t x spreads  by        
infection1 z ! facts ,i h obs]v$ admit (
 no o!r  explanation4'0    ,! foll[+    
table1 f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report =  
#ahge1 gives  ! ye>ly numb] ( dea?s f   
pneumonia 9 ,engl& f #ahdh to #ahge3----
      #ahdh  #ba1hfh    #ahdi  #ba1aid  
#ahej  #bj1cjc    #ahea  #bb1jja        
#aheb  #ba1dba    #ahec  #bd1jih        
#ahed  #bc1ebc    #ahee  #bf1jeb        
#ahef  #bb1fec    #aheg  #bc1deb        
#aheh  #bf1dhf    #ahei  #bd1ead        
#ahfj  #be1bfd    #ahfa  #bb1iad        
#ahfb  #bc1gac    #ahfc  #bd1aha        
#ahfd  #bd1dgj    #ahfe  #bb1dhi        
#ahff  #be1aee    #ahfg  #ba1aah        
#ahfh  #ai1ijh    #ahfi  #be1bdf        
#ahgj  #bc1gbi    #ahga  #bb1gfh        
#ahgb  #bj1bhb    #ahgc  #bb1ijd        
#ahgd  #be1ibg    #ahge  #bg1afa    ,z a

 comm5t>y ^u ! high dea?-rate f         
pneumonia = #ahge1 we may  quote !      
,report = #ahgg ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al to !
 ,presid5t ( !  ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 
,he writes1 8,! w9t] ( #ahge 0 unusually
  sev]e2 extremes ( temp]ature1 ) a long
 cont9uance ( ea/ w9ds1  7 fatal to     
infants & to eld]ly p1 & no less ?an    
#afb1aef  dea?s 7 regi/]$ 9 ,engl& = !  
fir/ qu>t] ( ! ye>2 !  mortality 0 at ! 
annual rate ( #bge p] #ajjj1 or #bf p]  
#ajjj above  ! av]age ( ! ?irty-eight   
ye>s----#ahch-ge40    ,9 animals4 ,=    
pneumonia & ord9>y pleuro-pneumonia1 !  
treatm5t  prescrib$ = pleurisy may be   
foll[$4    ,,epidemic                   
,,pleuro-,,pneumonia ,,( ,,cattle4 ,x is
 n[ univ]sally admitt$ t  ?is disease is
 v (t5 traceable to contagion1 & h5ce t 
its  propagation has be5 l>gely due to !
 practice ( pur*as+ infect$  animals 9  
op5 m>ket1 & aft]w>ds all[+ !m to h]d ) 
heal?y  ones4 ,:5 a c[ is attack$ ) ?is 
epizootic disease1 ! fir/  noticeable   
symptoms are g5]ally t5d]ness &         

flabb9ess ( ! udd]1  & a fro?y condition
 ( ! milk4    ,^! symptoms are          
accompani$ ) a dry c\gh & irregul>ity ( 
appetite2 at ! same "t ! m\?1 horns1 &  
legs become hot1 !  pulse becomes m     
rapid1 & ! brea?+ also4 ,:5 on its feet 
!  animal ar*es its back1 & :5 ly+ d[n  
re/s itself ^u its brea/  bone4         
,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 :5 9 ! recumb5t po/ure1
 x lies on t  side :]e ! affect$ lung   
is4    ,! treatm5t1 omitt+ ! ble$+1 is v
 simil> to t recomm5d$  = pleurisy1     
except t x %\ld be supplem5t$ by !      
application to  ! sides ( fom5tations ( 
hot wat]1 foll[$ by ! rubb+ 9 (  mu/>d  
or ( "s vesicant4 8,if no improvem5t    
occur aft] ! ?ird or  f\r? day1 give    
?ree times daily an ounce ea* ( g+] &   
g5tian1  ) f\r dra*ms ( sulphate ( iron4
 ,:]e !re is debility1 arre/$           
secretion1 & cold extremities1 give     
sev]al times a day a qu>t ( w>m  ale1 ) 
an ounce ea* ( g+]1 c>damoms1 f5ugreek1 
or o!r  aromatics40#aaf    ,footnote    
#aaf3 ,f9lay ,dun4    ,,poa*,,+4 ,among/

 cooks1 a peculi> me?od ( cook+ small   
articles by  a slight boil+ or /ew+     
process4    ,,poa*$ ,,eggs are prep>$ by
 break+ !m into a small saucepan or     
/ewpan conta9+ ab\t #a_/b a p9t ( boil+ 
wat]1 to :i* a  teaspoonful ( common    
salt1 &1 occasionally1 a little v9eg>1  
is add$1  & g5tly simm]+ !m = #c or #d  
m9utes1 or until suffici5tly firm  to   
be> removal ) a spoon or #8slice4'      
,ano!r me?od is to employ  melt$ butt]  
in/ead ( wat]1 & to dress !m ei!r ) or  
)\t  /irr+4    ,poa*$ eggs are commonly 
s]v$ on toa/1 or ) fri$ ham or bacon1  )
 spice or vegetable season+ at w4 ,!y =m
 an excell5t  breakfa/1 or #8make-%ift  
d9n]4'    ,,podoph,,yll94 ,syn4 ,,res9  
,,( ,,podophyllum2 ,,res9a ,,podophylli 
7,b4 ,p474  ,obta9$ f ! root ( !        
,podophyllum peltatum 7,l9n471 or       
may-apple1 a sub/ance (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4  
,u4 ,s4    ,prep4 #a4 ,! alcoholic      
extract ( may-apple is dige/$ 9 cold e!r
 to  remove fatty matt]1 & is !n        
dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s2 !  solution is  

decol\r$ ) a little animal *>coal1 &    
filt]$2 x is1  la/ly1 all[$ to evaporate
 spontane\sly4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47         
,podophyllum1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$
 _s1 #c-c_/d1 or a  suffici5cy2 di/ill$ 
wat] & hydro*loric acid1 ( ea* a        
suffici5cy2  exhau/ ! podophyllum by    
p]colation ) ! _s2 di/il ov] !  _s2     
sl[ly p\r ! liquid rema9+ aft] !        
di/illation ( !  t9cture into ?ree times
 its volume ( wat] acidulat$ ) #a_/bd?  
"p  ( its weight ( hydro*loric acid1    
con/antly /irr+2 let x /& #bd  h\rs2    
collect ! res9 :i* falls1 wa% on a filt]
 ) di/ill$  wat]1 & dry 9 a /ove4       
,*olagogue purgative2 us$ z a sub/itute 
=  calomel4----,dose1 #a_/f to #a_/b    
gr41 or ev5 #b gr4 ,x is be/ to beg9 )  
#a_/h gr4 7,squire47    ,prop41 c4 ,an  
amorph\s1 greyi%-:ite mass1 soluble 9   
alcohol1 &  slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,x 
is a safe & c]ta9 ca?>tic1 sup]ior 9    
activity to res9 ( jalap4----,dose1     
#a_/b to #c gr4 ,see ,,extract ,,(      
,,may-,,apple4    ,,podophyllum ,,root4 

,syn4 ,,podophylli ,,radix 7,b4 ,p47 ,! 
dri$ rhizome (  ! ,podophyllum peltatum2
 import$ f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,active &     
c]ta9 ca?>tic4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 
,,pois,,on4 ,syn4 ,,toxicum1 ,,v55um1   
,l4 ,any sub/ance :i*1 :5 swall[$  or   
appli$ 9 any p>ticul> way to ! liv+     
body1 di/urbs1 susp5ds1  or de/roys "o  
or m ( ! vital functions4 ,9 suffici5t  
quantity1 or  9 small doses long        
cont9u$1 ! common result ( !            
adm9i/ration (  delet]i\s sub/ances is  
ei!r impair$ vitality or dea?4          
,poisons are classifi$ by ,orfila "u f\r
 heads3----    #a4 ,,irritant ,,poisons1
 or su* z inflame or corrode ! p>ts )   
:i*  !y come 9 contact4 ,_! *ief effects
 are ^u ! alim5t>y canal1  )1 sometimes1
 ulc]ation ( ! tongue1 fauces1 &        
sophagus4 ,nausea1  vomit+1 /oma*ic &   
inte/9al pa9s1 extreme anxiety & angui%1
  quick & feeble pulse1 cold & clammy   
sk91 & muc\s1 bili\s1 or  bloody di>rha1
 are among ! common lead+ symptoms4     
,ars5ic1 blue  vitriol1 v]digris1 /rong 

acids & alkalies1 dra/ic purgatives1 &  
num]\s o!r sub/ances1 belong to ?is     
class4    #b4 ,,n>cotic ,,or ,,/upefy+  
,,poisons1 or su* z p>alyse ! functions 
(  ! n]v\s sy/em1 & produce heada*e1    
v]tigo1 confus$ vision1  delirium1      
/upor1 convulsions1 coma1 c4 ,x includes
 morphia1 opium1  h5bane1 oil ( bitt]   
almonds1 prussic acid1 c4    #c4        
,,n>cotico-,,acrid ,,poisons1 :i*       
produce at ! same "t n>cotism &         
irritation ( ! p>ts :i* !y t\*4         
,alcohol1 belladonna1 cocculus  indicus1
 col*icum1 foxglove1 hemlock1 poison\s  
fungi1 /ry*n9e1  tobacco1 v]atr9e1 c41  
are ( ?is k9d4    #d4 ,,septic ,,or     
,,putrefiant ,,poisons1 includ+ all ^?  
:i* alt]1 liquefy1  or cause !          
putresc5ce ( ! fluids ( ! body2 z       
sulphurett$  hydrog51 ! gas f sew]s &   
cesspools1 putrefy+ organic matt]1      
miasmata1 c4    ,! treatm5t ( cases (   
poison+ v>ies ) ! sub/ance occasion+  x2
 ! prop] antidotes w be f\nd notic$ "u !
 names ( !  v>i\s sub/ances t ex]t a    

delet]i\s action on ! animal body4 ,x   
may "h1 h[ev]1 be useful to rem>k t1 9  
almo/ all cases (  poison+1 copi\s      
vomit+ %\ld be excit$ z soon z possible 
by !  adm9i/ration ( a p[]ful emetic2   
its action be+ promot$ by copi\s        
draughts ( lukew>m wat]1 tickl+ ! ?roat 
) ! f+]1 c4  ,%\ld ?is fail1 b n        
o!rwise1 ! /oma*-pump %\ld be _h        
rec\rse to4 ,! vomit+ %\ld be kept up & 
! /oma* well wa%$  out ) bl& album9\s or
 mucilag9\s liquids1 su* z milk-&-wat]1 
b>ley wat]1 sweet5$ wat]1 fl\r-&-wat]1  
or any simil> matt]s1 z  circum/ances   
may af=d4 ,aft] ! vomit+ a brisk ap]i5t 
draught1 or  cly/]1 may be adm9i/]$1 &  
n]v\s irritability or exhau/ion  allay$ 
by means ( e!r1 opium1 w9e1 or w>m      
_s-&-wat]1 z !  case may require4 ,ev5 9
 a suspect$ case ( poison+1 :5 prop]    
m$ical advice is n at h&1 an emetic %\ld
 be imm$iately  adm9i/]$4 ,vomit+ may   
be1 9 g5]al1 produc$ v promptly by      
m]ely swall[+ a cupful ( w>m wat] mix$ )
 a teaspoonful ( fl\r  ( mu/>d4 ,if no  

dry mu/>d is at h&1 a portion ( !       
cont5ts ( a  mu/>d-pot1 put into ! wat]1
 w answ] ne>ly z well4 ,z mu/>d  may ?us
 prove ( s mu* use1 x %\ld nev] be want+
 9 any h\se2  b ev5 %\ld !re be no mu/>d
 at h&1 w>m wat] by itself1 freely      
tak51 =ms a tol]ably efficaci\s emetic4 
,,pol>isa,,tion 7( ,light74 ,a *ange    
produc$ ^u light by ! action (  c]ta9   
m$ia & surfaces1 by :i* x ceases to     
pres5t ! ord9>y  ph5om5a ( reflection & 
transmission4 ,in/rum5ts or app>atus    
employ$ to effect ?is *ange are call$   
#8pol>iscopes4' ,al?\gh !  pol>isation (
 light is frequ5tly employ$ z a means ( 
*emical  inve/igation1 & is ( ! utmo/   
int]e/ to ! philosophical  inquir]1 its 
consid]ation sc>cely comes )9 ! prov9ce 
( ?is  "w4 ,see #8,watt's ,dict4 (      
,*emi/ry1' #8,ganot's ,physics1' c4     
,,pol,,i%4 ,v>i\s sub/ances1 diff]+     
widely f ea* o!r1 are  popul>ly kn[n "u 
?is "n4 ,see ,,p[d]s1 ,,v>ni%1 c41 &    
bel[4    ,poli%1 ,fr5*4 ,see ,,fr5*     
,,poli%4    ,poli%1 ,fr5* ,reviv]4      

,prep4 #a4 ,l9se$ oil1 #a_/b p9t2 pale  
lac  v>ni% & wood naph?a1 ( ea* #a_/d   
p9t2 well %ak5 toge!r1 &  aga9 e "t be=e
 use4    #b4 ,me?ylat$ rectifi$ _s1 #c  
p9ts2 l9se$ oil & ,fr5* poli%1 (  ea* #a
 p9t2 z ! la/4    #c4 ,l9se$ oil 7pale71
 #a qu>t2 /rong di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a_/b    
p9t2 _s  ( turp5t9e1 #a_/d p9t2 muriatic
 acid1 #a oz4    ,furniture ,cream4     
,prep4 #a4 ,pe>la%1 #b oz42 s(t soap1 #d
 oz42 beeswax1  #a lb42 wat]1 #a gall42 
boil until ! :ole is unit$ & =ms a      
creamy  liquid :5 cold4    #b4 ,beeswax1
 #a_/b lb42 good yell[ soap1 #a_/d lb43 
wat]1 #e p9ts2 boil to a  prop]         
consi/5ce ) con/ant agitation1 !n add ( 
boil$ oil &  _s ( turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a_/b 
p9t4 ,= use1 ! above are dilut$  ) wat]1
 spread ^u ! surface ) a pa9t]'s bru%1 &
 !n  poli%$ (f ) a h>d bru%1 clo?1 or   
lea!r4    #c4 ,boil$ oil 7pale71 #a_/b  
p9t2 beeswax1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix$ by heat4
 ,appli$  by a #8rubb]1' & at once      
poli%$ (f4    #d4 7,= wood5 furniture47 
,:ite wax1 #h p>ts2 res91 #b p>ts2 true 

,v5ice  turp5t9e1 #a_/b p9t2 melt at a  
g5tle heat4 ,! w>m mass1 completely     
melt$1 is p\r$ into a /one j>1 agitat$1 
& #f p>ts ( rectifi$ oil  ( turp5t9e    
add$ !reto4 ,aft] #bd h\rs ! mass1 hav+ 
!  consi/5cy ( s(t butt]1 is ready =    
use4 ,be=e us+ ! pa/e !  furniture %\ld 
be wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 & !n well dri$4  
7#8,d+l]'s ,j\rnal4'7    ,furniture     
,oil4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,mix$4    ,furniture
 ,pa/e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a  
p9t2 alkanet root1 #a_/d  oz42 dige/    
until suffici5tly col\r$1 !n add (      
beeswax 7scrap$  small71 #d oz42 put !  
vessel into hot wat]1 & /ir until !     
mixture  is complete1 !n put x into     
pots4 ,if want$ pale1 ! alkanet root    
%\ld be omitt$4    #b4 7,:ite47 ,:ite   
wax1 #a lb42 solution ( potassa1 #a_/b  
gall42 boil to a  prop] consi/5ce4      
,poli%1 ,h>ness4 ,see ,,black+1         
,,h>ness4    ,poli%1 ,lea!r4 ,see       
,,black+4    ,,pol,,l>d4 ,see ,,fl\r4   
,,pol,,y*re/4 ,syn4 ,,poly*re/us1 ,l4 ,a
 t]m =m]ly appli$ to sev]al  m$ic9es on 

acc\nt ( ! num]\s virtues !y 7 suppos$  
to  possess4 ,sal polycre/us is ! old "n
 = sulphate ( potassa4                  
,,pol,,y*roite4 ,! "n =m]ly giv5 to !   
col\r+ matt] (  saffron1 f ! v>iety (   
col\rs :i* x exhibits ) diff]5t         
reag5ts4 ,its alcoholic & aque\s        
solutions are ( a gold5 yell[2  nitric  
acid turns x gre52 sulphuric acid1 fir/ 
blue1 & !n lilac4    ,,pom,,ace4 ,see   
,,cid]4    ,,poma,,tum4 ,syn4 ,,pommade1
 ,fr4 ,?is t]m 0 orig9ally appli$ to a  
fragrant o9tm5t prep>$ ) l>d & apples2 b
 is n[ :olly  re/rict$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 to
 solid greasy sub/ances us$ 9 dress+  ! 
hair4 ,! pomatums ( ,fr5* ph>macy       
7,,pommades1 ,,graisses                 
,m,,dicam5teuses----,p4 ,cod42          
,,lip>ol,s----,guib\rt2 ,,lip>ol,s &    
,,lip>oid,s----,bral2                   
,,/e>ol,s----,*reau7 are s(t o9tm5ts1   
hav+ a basis  ( l>d or fat1 )\t res9\s  
matt]4 ,see ,,o9tm5t & ,,pommade4       
,,pomegran,,ate4 ,! ,tunica granatum    
7,l9n471 a small tree indig5\s 9  ,p]sia

 & ! ,ea/4 ,fruit 7,,pomegranate2       
,,granata1 ,,mala ,,punica7 is cool+  & 
a/r+5t2 fruit-r9d 7,,pomegranate ,,peel2
 ,,matacorium1 ,,cortex ,,granati2      
,,granatum----,ph4 ,l47 & root-b>k      
7,,granati ,,radix----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41
 ,e41  ,d47  are p[]fully a/r+5t1       
det]sive1 & an!lm9tic2 ! la/ m          
p>ticul>ly s4 ,! d\ble fl[]s ( ! wild   
tree 7,,balau/9es2  ,,balau/i71 z well z
 ^? ( ! cultivat$ "o 7,,cyt9i71 are     
tonic &  a/r+5t4----,dose1 #ae to #bj   
gr4 ( ! root-b>k1 repeat$ e #cj or  #dj 
m9utes1 until f\r doses h be5 tak51     
foll[$ by ca/or oil2 9  tapeworm4 ,z an 
a/r+5t1 all ! p>ts describ$ are commonly
 giv5  "u ! =m ( decoction4             
,,pommade4 ,fr4 ,! t]m appli$ by        
,cont95tal p]fum]s to any s(t  fragrant 
o9tm5t 7,,pomatum74    ,9 ! prep>ation (
 pommades "o ( ! fir/ objects (         
consid]ation  is to obta9 _! fatty basis
 9 z fre% & pure a /ate z possible4     
,l>d1 beef1 & mutton suet1 beef m>r[1   
veal fat1 & be>'s fat1 are  ! sub/ances 

commonly employ$ = ?is purpose1 ei!r    
s+ly or 9  mixtures ( two or m ( !m4 ,! 
fat1 c>efully select$ f a "y  & heal?y  
animal1 aft] be+ sep>at$ f extrane\s sk9
 & fibre1  is p\nd$ 9 a m>ble mort>1 9 !
 cold1 until all ! membranes are        
completely torn asund]4 ,x is next plac$
 9 a cov]$ porcela9 or  poli%$ metal    
pan1 & submitt$ to ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 
:i* is  cont9u$ until its fatty portion 
has liquefi$1 & ! album9\s &  aque\s    
matt]1 & o!r =eign sub/ances1 h         
completely sep>at$  & subsid$4 ,! liquid
 fat is !n c>efully skimm$1 & at once   
pass$  ?r\gh a clean flannel filt]4 ,9  
?is /ate x may be aromatis$ or  p]fum$  
at w2 aft] :i*1 :5 x is int5d$ t !      
pommade %\ld  be opaque & :ite1 x is    
assidu\sly /irr$ or beat5 ) a glass or  
wood5 knife1 or spatula1 until x        
concretes2 b :5 x is desir$ t  x %\ld   
appe> transp>5t or cry/all9e1 x is all[$
 to cool v  sl[ly1 & )\t be+ di/urb$4   
,to prev5t ! accession (  rancidity1 a  
little b5zoic acid1 gum b5zo91 or nitric

 e!r may be  add$ to ! fat1 :il/ 9 !    
liquid /ate1 z notic$ "u ,,fat &        
,,o9tm5t4 ,sometimes a small portion (  
:ite wax or beeswax 7accord+ to  !      
int5d$ col\r ( ! product7 is melt$ ) !  
fat to increase its  solidity4 ,"s      
p>ties employ a few gra9s ( p[d]$ citric
 acid p]  ounce1 9 a l mann]1 ) !       
int5tion ( increas+ ! :it5ess (  !      
comp\nd2 b ! practice is n to be        
comm5d$1 z pommades s  prep>$ prove     
injuri\s to ! hair4    ,! ,fr5* p]fum]s1
 :o are celebrat$ = ! v>iety & excell5ce
 (  _! pommades1 divide !m into f\r     
classes3----    #a4 ,,pommades ,,by     
,,infusion4 ,^! are made by g5tly melt+ 
9 a clean pan1  ov] a wat] ba?1 #b p>ts 
( hog's l>d1 & #a "p ( beef suet 7bo? ( 
! f9e/ quality1 & c>efully #8r5d]$'71 & 
add+ !reto "o "p  ( ! giv5 fl[]s1       
previ\sly c>efully pick$ & sep>at$ f    
=eign matt]2 or1 if ! odor\s sub/ance is
 a solid1 !n co>sely  bruis$1 b n r$uc$ 
to f9e p[d]4 ,! mixture is next dige/$  
at a  v g5tle heat = f #ab to #bd h\rs1 

) occasional /irr+1 !  vessel be+ kept  
cov]$ z mu* z possible dur+ ! :ole "t4  
,!  next day ! mixture is reheat$1 &    
aga9 well /irr$ = a %ort "t1  aft] :i* x
 is p\r$ into canvas bags1 & ^!1 be+    
securely ti$1  are submitt$ to p[]ful   
pressure1 gradually increas$1 9 a screw 
or  b>rel press4 ,?is op]ation is       
repeat$ ) ! same fat & fre%  fl[]s1     
sev]al times1 until ! pommade is        
suffici5tly p]fum$4 ,a good  pommade    
requires ?rice to six times its weight 9
 fl[]s to be ?us  consum$2 or ( !       
aromatic b>ks & se$s a correspond+      
proportion4  ,! pommades ( cassia1      
orange fl[]s1 & sev]al o!rs kept by !   
,fr5* p]fum]s1 are prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4  
#b4 ,,pommades ,,by ,,contact           
7,,enfleurage74 ,^! are made by spread+1
 ) a  palette knife1 simple pommade     
7made ) l>d & suet z above7 on panes  ( 
glass or pewt] plates1 to ! ?ickness ( a
 f+]1 & /ick+ !  surface all ov] ) !    
sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s4 ,^! la/ are r5ew$    
daily = "o1 two1 or ?ree mon?s1 or until

 ! pommade has become  suffici5tly      
p]fum$4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! panes are   
plac$ 9 small  %all[ frames1 made ( f\r 
pieces ( wood nicely fitt$ toge!r1 &    
are !n closely pil$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,on !  
small scale1 pewt] plates  are g5]ally  
us$1 & !y are inv]t$ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,9 "s
 (  ! p]fum]ies ( ,france _m ?\s&s (    
frames are employ$ at once4  ,! pommades
 ( jasm91 jonquil1 orange fl[]s1        
n>cissus1 tub]ose1  violet1 & ( "s o!r  
delicate fl[]s1 are prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 
#c4 ,,pommades ,,by ,,addition4 ,^! are 
prep>$ by simply add+ ! fragrant        
ess5ces or ess5tial oils1 9 ! requir$   
quantity1 to ! simple  pommade ( l>d &  
suet to produce ! prop] od\r4 ,9 ?is way
 !  pommades ( b]gamotte1 cdrat1        
c9namon1 lemons1 lemon ?yme1 lav5d]1    
limettes1 m>joram1 ,portugal roses1     
rosem>y1 ?yme1 v]b5a1 & ab\t #dj  o!rs  
kept by ! ,p>isian p]fum]s1 are made4   
#d4 ,,mix$ ,,pommades4 ,( ^! a great    
v>iety exi/s1 prep>$ by !  addition (   
judici\s comb9ations ( ! m e/eem$       

p]fumes to simple  pommade2 or1 by !    
admixture ( ! diff]5t p]fum$ pommades1  
:il/  9 ! semi-liquid /ate4 7,see bel[47
    ,,! ,,col\r$ ,,pommades d]ive _!    
respective t9ts f t9ctorial matt]  add$ 
to ! melt$ fat be=e p]fum+ x4 ,,gre5 is 
giv5 by gum  guaiacum 79 p[d]71 or by ! 
gre5 leaves or tops ( sp9a*1 p>sley1    
lav5d]1 or walnut2----,,r$1 by alkanet  
root & c>m9e2----,,yell[ &  ,,orange1 by
 annatto or palm oil2 ,,:ite ,,pommades 
are made ) mutton suet1  in/ead ( beef  
suet4 ,! ,,br[n & ,,black h>d pomatums1 
v5d$ "u !  "n ( #8,,cosmetique1' are    
notic$ at page #eac4 ,a few comp\nd     
pommades are  us$ z sk9 cosmetics4      
,pommade4 ,syn4 ,,pomatum4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,,pla9 ,,pomatum1 ,,simple ,p47----a4  
,f l>d1 #b lbs42 beef suet1 #a lb42     
c>efully r5d]$ z above4 ,!  ord9>y      
consi/5ce = temp]ate climates4    b4    
,l>d & suet1 equal p>ts4 ,= w>m         
climates4 ,bo? may be sc5t$ at  w4      
#b4 7,,sc5t$ ,,pomatum47----a4 ,pla9    
pomatum1 #a lb42 melt x by ! lea/       

possible degree ( heat1 add ( ess5ce (  
lemon or ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #c  dr42 &   
/ir ! mixture until x concretes4 ,?is   
=ms ! ord9>y  #8pomatum' ( ! %ops4    b4
 ,pla9 pomatum1 #a-a_/b lb42 ess5ce (   
b]gamot1 #a-a_/b dr42 ess5ce (  lemon1  
#a dr42 oils ( rosem>y & cassia1 ( ea*  
#a_/b dr42 oil ( cloves1  #bj drops4 ,m 
fragrant ?an ! la/4    ,pommade1 ,ca/or 
,oil4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ca/or oil1 #a lb42  
:ite wax1 #d  oz42 melt !m toge!r2 !n   
add1 :5 ne>ly cold1 ( ess5ce (  b]gamot1
 #c dr42 oil ( lav5d] 7,engli%71 #a_/b  
dr42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1  #aj drops4     
,suppos$ to r5d] ! hair glossy4    #b4  
7,cry/allis$47 ,f ca/or oil1 #a lb2     
sp]maceti1 #c oz42 melt !m  toge!r by a 
g5tle heat1 add1 ( ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #c 
dr42 oil (  v]b5a1 lav5d]1 & rosem>y1 ( 
ea* #a_/b dr42 p\r x into  wide-m\!d    
glass bottles1 & all[ x to cool v sl[ly 
&  undi/urb$4    ,pommade1 ,ca/or ,oil &
 ,glyc]9e4 7,am]ican receipt47 ,:ite    
wax1 #a-a_/b  oz42 glyc]91 #b oz42 ca/or
 oil1 #ab oz42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #e dr42  

ess5ce  ( b]gamot1 #b dr42 oil ( lav5d]1
 #a dr42 oil ( cloves1 #aj drops2       
annatto1 #aj gr42 rectifi$ _s & di/ill$ 
wat]1 ( ea* a  suffici5t quantity4 ,by a
 mod]ate heat dissolve ! wax 9 a small  
portion ( ! ca/or oil 7"o f\r?71 &      
triturate x ) !  rema9d] ( ! oil &      
glyc]9 till q cool2 !n add volatile     
oils4  ,la/ly1 rub ! annatto ) a dra*m (
 wat] till smoo?ly susp5d$2  add a dra*m
 ( alcohol1 & /ir ! col\r+ into ! pomade
 until x  is ?or\ghly mix$4 ,avoid mu*  
heat4    ,pommade1 ,caz5ave's4 ,prep4 ,f
 prep>$ beef m>r[1 #d oz42 t9cture  (   
can?>ides 7,p4 ,cod471 #c to #d dr42    
p[d]$ c9namon1 #a_/b oz42 melt  !m      
toge!r1 /ir until ! _s has1 = ! mo/ "p1 
evaporat$1  !n decant ! cle> portion1 & 
aga9 /ir x until x concretes4           
,recomm5d$ z a rem$y = baldness & weak  
hair4 ,x is to be us$ night  & morn+2 ! 
head be+ wa%$ ) soap-&-wat]1 & aft]w>ds 
) salt-&-wat]1 be=e apply+ x4 ,dr       
,cattell sc5ts x ) !  oils ( origanum & 
b]gamot in/ead ( c9namon4    ,pommade1  

,collante4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( almonds1 #c
 oz42 :ite wax1 #c_/d oz42  melt !m     
toge!r1 & add1 ( t9cture ( ma/ic        
7/rong71 #a oz42  ess5ce ( b]gamot1     
#a_/b dr4 ,us$ to /iff5 ! hair1 & keep x
 9  =m4    #b4 ,burgundy pit* 7true71 #c
 oz42 :ite wax1 #b oz42 l>d1 #a oz42    
melt1 &1  :5 consid]ably cool$1 /ir 91 (
 t9cture ( b5zo91 #a oz42 ess5ce  (     
b]gamot1 #a_/b dr4 ,us$ to fa/5 false   
curls4    ,pommade1 ,c[slip4 ,prep4 ,f  
pla9 pommade1 #b lbs42 ess5ce (         
b]gamot1 #c dr42 ess5ce ( lemon & ess5ce
 ( orange peel1 ( ea* #a  dr42 huile au 
jasm9 & ess5ce de petit gra91 ( ea*     
#a_/b dr42 ess5ce  ( amb]gris1 #f drops4
    ,pommade1 ,cry/allis$4 ,prep4 ,f    
olive oil & sp]maceti1 z  cry/allis$    
ca/or oil pommade1 ) sc5t at w4         
,pommade ( ,cucumb]s4 ,syn4 ,,pommade   
,,de ,,concombres1 ,,ungu5tum ,,cucumis4
  ,prep4 ,l>d1 #aj oz42 veal suet1 #f   
oz42 balsam ( tolu1 #i gr42 rose wat]1  
#dd m9ims2 cucumb] juice1 #ab oz41 by   
weight4 ,melt ! l>d & ! suet  ov] a wat]

 ba?1 & add ! tolu1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9
 a little  alcohol1 & !n ! rose wat]4   
,:5 cle>1 decant x into a t9n$  bas91 !n
 add to a ?ird ( ! cucumb] juice1 & /ir 
cont9ually =  #d h\rs2 p\r (f ! juice & 
add ano!r ?ird1 /ir z be=e1 !n  p\r (f1 
& add ! rema9d] ( ! juice2 sep>ate z mu*
 z possible  ! fat f ! liquid1 melt by a
 wat] ba?1 & aft] "s h\rs skim1  & put  
into pots4 7,beat1 :5 9 a semi-liquid   
/ate1 ) a wood5  spatula1 :5 x w become 
mu* light] & ne>ly d\ble 9 bulk47       
,pommade d',alyon4 ,see ,,o9tm5t ,,(    
,,nitric ,,acid4 ,see ,,cups4           
,pommade de ,beaut4 ,prep4 ,f oil (     
almonds1 #b oz42 sp]maceti1 #b  dr42    
:ite wax1 #a-a_/b dr42 glyc]91 #a dr42  
balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr42  mix$ by a    
g5tle heat4 ,us$ z a sk9 cosmetic z well
 z = ! hair4    ,pommade de ,casse4     
,prep4 ,f pla9 pommade1 #a lb42 palm    
oil1 #a_/b oz42  melt1 p\r (f ! cle>1 & 
add oil ( cassia & huile au jasm91 (    
ea* #a dr42 n]oli1 #bj drops2 oil (     
v]b5a or lemon grass1 #ae drops2  otto (

 roses1 #e drops2 & /ir until ne>ly     
cold4 ,v fragrant4    ,pommade d',hebe4 
,prep4 ,to :ite wax1 #a oz41 melt$ by a 
g5tle heat1  add1 ( ! juice ( lily bulbs
 & ,n>bonne honey1 ea* #b oz42 rose     
wat]1 #b dr42 otto ( roses1 #b drops4   
,appli$ night & morn+ to remove         
wr9kles4    ,pommade de ,n9on de        
l,enclos4 ,prep4 ,take ( oil ( almonds1 
#d oz42  prep>$ l>d1 #c oz42 juice (    
h\seleek1 #c fl4 oz4 ,us$ *iefly z a sk9
  cosmetic4 ,said to be v s(t5+ &       
refre%+4    ,pommade ,div9e4 ,prep4 #a4 
,wa%$ & purifi$ beef m>r[1 #b lbs42     
liquid /yrax1 cypress wood1 & p[d]$     
orris root1 ( ea* #b oz42  p[d]$        
c9namon1 #a oz42 cloves & nutmegs1 ( ea*
 7bruis$7 #a_/b oz42  dige/ ! :ole      
toge!r by ! heat ( a wat] ba? = six     
h\rs1 &  !n /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4    #b4  
,pla9 pommade1 #b lbs42 ess5ce ( lemon &
 b]gamot1 ( ea* #b dr42  oils ( lav5d] &
 origanum1 ( ea* #a dr42 oils ( v]b5a1  
cassia1  cloves1 & n]oli1 ( ea* #ab     
drops2 huile au jasm91 #c dr42 ess5ce ( 

violets1 #a_/b oz4    ,pommade1         
,dupuytr5's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( prep>$  
beef m>r[1 #ab oz42  melt1 add ( baume  
n]val 7see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,n]v9e71 #d oz42  
,p]uvian balsam  & oil ( almonds1 ( ea* 
#c oz42 & la/ly1 ( alcoholic extract (  
can?>ides1 #cf gr42 7dissolve 97        
rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 dr4 ,?is is !       
orig9al =mula = ?is celebrat$ pommade4  
,! foll[+ modifications  ( x are n[     
commonly employ$3----    #b4 7,cap47    
,beef m>r[1 #b oz42 alcoholic extract ( 
can?>ides1 #h gr42  rose oil1 #a dr42   
ess5ce ( lemons1 #cj drops4    #c4      
7,guib\rt47 ,beef m>r[ & #8baume n]val' 
7page #aagi71 ( ea* #a oz42  rose oil1  
#a dr42 alcoholic 7or acetic7 extract ( 
can?>ides1 #f gr42  7dissolv$ 97        
rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 ,^! comp\nds are us$ 
to promote  ! gr[? ( ! hair & to prev5t 
baldness1 = :i* purpose !y are  usually 
col\r$ & sc5t$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( !    
manufactur]4  ,to be useful1 !y %\ld be 
well rubb$ on ! scalp1 at lea/ once     
daily1 = sev]al weeks1 & ! head %\ld be 

occasionally wa%$ )  soap-&-wat]4       
,pommade1 ,ea/ ,india4 ,prep4 ,take (   
suet1 #c lbs42 l>d1 #b lbs42 beeswax    
7bright71 #a_/b lb42 palm oil1 #b oz42  
p[d]$ gum b5zo91 #c oz42 musk           
7previ\sly triturat$ ) a little lump    
sug>71 #bj gr42 dige/ ! :ole  toge!r 9 a
 cov]$ vessel1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 =
 #b h\rs1  !n decant ! cle> portion1 &  
add1 ( ess5ce ( lemon1 #a_/b oz42 oil  (
 lav5d]1 #a_/d oz42 oils ( cloves1      
cassia1 & v]b5a1 ( ea* #a_/b  dr4 ,a    
fav\rite pommade 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4      
,pommade = ,freckles4 7#8,new ,york     
,druggi/s' ,circul>4'7 ,prep4 ,citr9e   
o9tm5t & oil ( almonds1 ( ea* #a dr42   
sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #f dr42  oil ( roses1 
#c drops4 ,mix well 9 a w$gwood mort>1  
us+ a wood5 or  bone knife4    ,pommade1
 ,h>d4 ,syn4 ,,h>d ,,pomatum1 ,,roll ,p4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( beef  suet1 #b lbs42
 yell[ wax1 #a_/d lb42 sp]maceti1 #a    
oz42 p[d]$ b5zo91  #a_/d oz42 melt !m   
toge!r1 !n add1 ( oil ( lav5d]1 #b dr42 
ess5ce  ( amb]gris1 #a_/b dr4 ,be=e x   

concretes p\r x into m\lds ( pap] or  t9
 foil4    #b4 ,mutton suet & l>d1 ( ea* 
#a lb42 :ite wax1 #f oz42 melt1 & add1  
( ess5ce ( lemon1 #b dr42 oil ( cassia1 
#a_/b dr4 ,o!r p]fumes may be  employ$  
at w4    ,h>d pomatums are us$ to gloss 
& set ! hair4 ,!y act bo? z  #8pommade' 
& #8fixateur4' ,see ,,cosmetique4       
,pommade1 ,macass>4 ,prep4 ,f ca/or oil1
 #e oz42 :ite wax1 #a oz42  alkanet     
root1 #a_/b dr42 heat !m toge!r until   
suffici5tly col\r$1  !n /ra91 & add1 oil
 ( origanum & oil ( rosem>y1 ( ea* #a   
dr42  oil ( nutmeg1 #a_/b dr42 otto (   
roses1 #aj drops4 ,said to be equal 9   
efficacy to ,,macass> ,,oil4            
,pommade1 ,m>e*al4 ,pla9 pommade sc5t$  
by dige/+ x ) p\dre  m>*ale4            
,pommade1 ,m>r[4 ,syn4 ,,m>r[ ,,pomatum4
 ,prep4 ,f prep>$ beef  m>r[1 #a_/b lb42
 beef suet1 #a_/d lb42 palm oil1 #a_/d  
oz42 melt$ toge!r  & sc5t$ at w4        
,pommade1 ,millefleur4 ,prep4 ,f pla9   
pommade sc5t$ ) a mixture  ( ess5ce (   
lemon & ess5ce ( amb]gris1 ea* #d p>ts2 

oil (  lav5d]1 #b p>ts2 oil ( cloves &  
ess5ce de petit gra91 ( ea* #a  "p2 or )
 o!r l p]fumes s proportion$ to ea* o!r 
t no  "o %all pr$om9ate4 ,mu* e/eem$4   
,pommade1 ,roll4 ,see ,,pommade1 ,,h>d4 
,pommade1 ,roman4 ,see bel[4            
,pommade1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,rose ,,pomatum4
 ,?is is pla9 pommade or h>d l>d1  :i*  
has be5 well beat5 ) eau de rose1 or1   
bett] /ill1 sc5t$  ) otto ( roses4 ,x is
 sometimes t+$ ) alkanet root4          
,pommade1 ,s(t4 ,pla9 pomatum sc5t$ at  
w4    ,pommade1 ,s\beiran's4 ,prep4 ,f  
beef m>r[1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil (  almonds1 
#a_/b oz42 disulphate ( qu99e1 #a dr4   
,recomm5d$ =  /r5g!n+ & re/or+ ! hair4  
,pommade1 ,transp>5t4 ,prep4 ,sp]maceti1
 #b oz42 ca/or oil1 #e oz42  alcohol1 #e
 oz42 oil ( b]gamot1 #a_/b dr42 oil (   
,portugal1 #a_/b dr4    ,pommade1       
,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,roman ,,pommade1      
,,pommade  ,,la ,,vanille1 ,,pommade    
,,roma94 ,f pla9 pommade & pommade  la  
rose1 ( ea* #ab lbs42  p[d]$ vanilla1 #a
 lb42 heat !m toge!r 9 a wat] ba?1 /ir  

con/antly = #a h\r1 let x settle = ano!r
 h\r1 decant ! cle>1  & add1 oil  la    
rose1 #b-a_/b lbs42 b]gamot1 #d oz4     
,,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,poppy2 ,,papav] 
,,somnif]um1 ,l4 ,! capsules or fruit   
78mature0----,ph4 ,l42 8n q             
ripe0----,ph4 ,e47 =m ! poppies or      
poppy-heads ( ! %ops 7,,papav]is        
,,capsul2 ,,papav]----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d474  ,!y are anodyne & n>cotic1 simil>
 to opium1 b 9 only a v slight  degree4 
,! se$s 7,,maw ,,se$71 :i* are sweet1   
oleag9\s1 & nutriti\s1  are us$ z a     
sub/itute = almonds 9 confection]y &    
mixtures1 &  are press$ = _! oil4 ,see  
,,extract1 ,,opium1 & ,,syrup4          
,poppy1 ,r$4 ,syn4 ,,corn ,,poppy1      
,,corn ,,rose2 ,,papav] ,,rh,,z1 ,l4 ,! 
fre%  petals or fl[]s 7,,rh,,ados       
,,petala2 ,,rh,,z----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d47 are reput$  pectoral1 b are *iefly 
employ$ on acc\nt ( _! ri* col\r4 ,see  
,,syrup4    ,,pop,,ul94 ,syn4           
,,popul9um1 ,l4 ,a peculi> neutral1     
cry/allisable  sub/ance1 =m]ly suppos$  

to be an alkaloid1 f\nd1 associat$ )    
,,salic91 9 ! root-b>k ( ! ,populus     
tremula 7,l9n471 or asp54    ,prep4     
,conc5trate ! decoction by a g5tle heat1
 & set x aside 9 a  cool situation to   
cry/allise2 dissolve ! cry/als :i* are  
deposit$  9 rectifi$ _s1 decol\r !m by  
dige/ion ) animal *>coal1  filt]1 & aga9
 cry/allise4 ,to r5d] !m /ill pur] !y   
may be  r$issolv$ & cry/allis$ a second 
& a ?ird "t1 if necess>y4    ,prop41 c4 
,x resembles salic9 9 appe>ance &       
solubility1 b1  unlike t sub/ance1 has a
 p5etrat+ sweet ta/e4 ,dilute acids     
conv]t  x into b5zoic acid1 grape sug>1 
& saliret92 & ) a mixture (  sulphuric  
acid & bi*romate ( potassa x yields a   
l>ge quantity (  salicyl\s acid4 ,x     
appe>s to be tonic1 /oma*ic1 &          
febrifuge4    ,,por,,cela94 ,see        
,,pott]y4    ,,pork4 ,! value ( pork z  
an article ( diet is well kn[n4 ,t f  ! 
"y & prop]ly f$ animal is sav\ry1 easy (
 dige/ion1 &1 :5  only occasionally     
employ$1 highly :olesome2 b x is apt to 

disagree  ) "s /oma*s1 & %\ld1 9 su*    
cases1 be avoid$4 ,to r5d] x  prop] =   
food1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly b n ov]cook$4  
,:5 salt$  x is less dige/ible4 ,!      
frequ5t use ( pork is said to fav\r     
obesity1  & to occasion disord]s ( !    
sk91 especially 9 ! s$5t>y4 ,see        
,,meat4    ,,por,,phyriz$1              
,,porphoriza,,tion4 ,words co9$ by rec5t
 ph>maceutical  writ]s1 & possess+      
simil> mean+s to ,,levigat$ &           
,,levigation4    ,,porphy,,rox94 ,a     
neutral cry/allisable sub/ance discov]$ 
by ,m]ck 9  opium4 ,x is soluble 9 bo?  
alcohol & e!r1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & is   
*>act]is$ by assum+ a purpli%-r$ col\r  
:5 heat$ 9 dilute  hydro*loric acid4    
,,porri,,g4 ,see ,,r+worm4    ,,por,,t]4
 ,?is well-kn[n bev]age1 n[ ! common    
dr9k ( !  inhabitants ( ,london1 by :om 
x is g5]ally t]m$ #8be]1' orig9at$  ) a 
brew] nam$ ,h>wood1 9 #agbb4 ,previ\sly 
to ?is date1 #8ale1'  #8be]1' &         
#8twop5ny1' con/itut$ ! /ock 9 trade ( !
 ,london  publican1 & 7 drunk1 ei!r s+ly

 or toge!r1 "u ! names (  #8half-&-half'
 or #8?ree ?reads1' = :i* ! v5dor 0     
compell$ to  h rec\rse to two or ?ree   
diff]5t casks1 z ! case might dem&4  ,! 
inconv5i5ce & tr\ble ?us incurr$ l$ ,mr 
,h>wood to endeav\r to  produce a be]   
:i* %\ld possess ! flav\r ( ! mix$      
liquors4 ,9  ?is he succe$$ s well t 8  
new bev]age rapidly sup]s$$ !  mixtures 
!n 9 use1 & obta9$ a g5]al pref]5ce     
among ! l[]  classes ( ! p4 ,at fir/ ?is
 liquor 0 call$ #8entire' or #8entire   
butt1' on acc\nt ( x be+ drawn f "o cask
 only1 b x aft]w>ds  acquir$1 at fir/ 9 
d]ision1 ! n[ famili> "n ( #8port]1' 9  
consequ5ce ( its g5]al consumption among
 port]s & lab\r]s4 ,!  ^w #8entire' is  
/ill1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly met ) on !       
signbo>ds (  tav]ns ab\t ! metropolis4  
,! *>act]i/ics ( pure & :olesome port]  
are its transp>5cy1  lively d>k br[n    
col\r1 & its peculi> bitt] & slightly   
burnt  ta/e4 ,orig9ally1 ^! qualities 7 
d]iv$ f ! #8high-dri$  malt1' ) :i*     
alone x 0 brew$4 ,x is n[ g5]ally1 if n 

entirely1 made f #8pale' or #8amb]      
malt1' mix$ ) a suffici5t  quantity (   
#8pat5t' or #8roa/$ malt' to imp>t !    
necess>y flav\r &  col\r4 ,=m]ly1 ?is   
liquor 0 #8vatt$' & #8/or$' = "s "t     
be=e be+ s5t out to ! retail]1 b ! *ange
 9 ! ta/e ( !  public dur+ ! la/ qu>t] (
 a c5tury 9 fav\r ( ! mild or new  port]
 has r5d]$ ?is unnecess>y4 ,! be/       
#8draught port]1' at !  "t ( its        
consumption1 is n[ only a few weeks old4
 ,9 ?is /ate only  w\ld x be tol]at$ by 
! mod]n be]-dr9k]4 ,! old & acid        
bev]age t 0 =m]ly sold "u ! "n ( port]  
w\ld be reject$  at ! pres5t day z      
#8h>d' & unpleasant1 ev5 by ! mo/ ?ir/y 
vot>ies ( malt liquor4    ,! #8be]' or  
#8port]' ( ! metropolitan brew]s is     
ess5tially a weak  mild ale1 col\r$ &   
flav\r$ ) roa/$ malt4 ,its ri*ness 9    
sug>  & alcohol1 on :i* its /imulat+ &  
nutritive prop]ties dep5d1 is  h5ce less
 ?an t ( an uncol\r$ mild ale brew$ f a 
l orig9al  quantity ( malt4 ,= pale malt
 is assum$ to yield #hj to #hd lbs4 (   

sac*>9e p] qu>t]2 :]eas ! torrefi$ malt 
employ$ by ! port]  brew]s only yields  
#ah to #bd lbs4 p] qu>t]1 & mu* ( ev5   
?is small  quantity is alt]$ 9 its      
prop]ties1 & is incapable ( und]go+ !   
v9\s f]m5tation4 ,9 ! manufacture (     
port] !re is a wa/e ( malt  :i* does n  
occur 9 brew+ ale2 & ! consum] mu/1     
!re=e1  ei!r pay a high] price = x or be
 cont5t ) a weak] liquor4    ,! hygi5ic 
prop]ties ( port]1 = ! mo/ "p1 resemble 
^? (  o!r malt liquors4 ,"s memb]s ( !  
faculty conceive t x is bett]  suit$ to 
p]sons ) delicate /oma*s & weak dige/ion
 ?an ei!r  ale or be]4 ,t !re may be "s 
reason = ?is pref]5ce1 9 su*  cases1 we 
are n prep>$ to d5y1 b und\bt$ly1 :5 !  
int5tion is  to /imulate & n\ri% !      
sy/em1 ale is pref]able4 ,c]ta9 x is1   
h[ev]1 t ! d>k col\r & /rong ta/e (     
port] r5d] its  adult]ation easi] ?an t 
( ale1 :il/ su* adult]ation is m        
difficult ( detection ?an 9 ! pal]      
v>ieties ( malt liquors4 8,=  m$ical    
purposes1 #8bottl$ port]' 7,,c]evisia   

,,lag5>ia7 is usually  pref]r$ to       
#8draught port]4' ,x is useful z a      
re/orative 9 ! latt]  /ages ( fev]1 & to
 support ! p[]s ( ! sy/em aft] surgical 
op]ations1 sev]e accid5ts1 c40 7,p]eira1
 ii1 #ihb47 ,:5 #8out (  condition' or  
adult]at$1 port]1 m ?an p]haps any o!r  
malt  liquor1 is totally unfit = use z a
 bev]age1 ev5 = ! heal?y2 &  :5 tak5 by 
! invalid1 ! consequ5ces mu/ necess>ily 
be s]i\s4  ,dr ,ure says t pure port]1  
8:5 drank 9 mod]ation1 is a f>  :olesom]
 bev]age = ! p ?an ! ?9 acidul\s w9es ( 
,france  & ,g]many40    ,! manufacture (
 port] has be5 describ$ 9 our article on
 ,,brew+1  & is also ref]r$ to above4 ,x
 pres5ts no difficulty or peculi>ity    
beyond ! *oice ( ! prop] mat]ials4 ,a   
mixture ( #8br[n' & #8black  malt' is   
?\ght to yield a f9] flav\r & col\r to !
 pale malt t  gives ! body to ! liquor  
?an :5 #8black' or #8roa/$ malt' is     
employ$ alone4 ,! proportion ( ! =m] to 
! latt] commonly v>ies  f #a-f? to      
#a-d?4 ,:5 #8black malt' is alone us$1 !

 proportion  v>ies f ! #a-aj? to #a-ae?4
 #a lb4 ( #8roa/$ malt1' ma%$ )  ab\t   
#gi lbs4 ( pale malt1 is said to be     
capable ( imp>t+ to !  liquor ! flav\r &
 col\r ( port]4 ,! foll[+ =mul 7  =m]ly 
commonly employ$ 9 ,london3----    #a4  
7,,draught ,,port]47 ,f pale malt1      
#c-a_/b q4 s42 amb] malt1 #c q4 s42     
br[n malt1 #a-a_/b q42 ma% at twice )   
#bh & #bd b>rels ( wat]1 boil  ) br[n   
,k5t hops1 #ef lbs41 & set ) yea/1 #dj  
lbs4 ,prod4 #bh  b>rels1 or #c-a_/b     
times ! malt1 besides #bj b>rels (      
table-be] f a  ?ird ma%+4    #b4        
7,,bottl+ ,,port]2 ,,br[n ,,/\t47 ,f    
pale malt1 #b q4 s42 amb] &  br[n malt1 
( ea* #a-a_/b qr42 ma% at #c times )    
#ab1 #g1 & #f b>rels  ( wat]1 boil )    
hops1 #ej lbs41 & set ) yea/1 #bf lbs4  
,prod4 #ag  b>rels1 or #a-a_/b times !  
malt4    ,! purity & quality ( port]1 z 
well z ( o!r malt liquors1 may be       
inf]r$ 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,be]2 b c   
only be positively  det]m9$ by a *emical
 exam9ation4 ,= ?is purpose sev]al      

di/9ct  op]ations are requir$3----      
#a4 ,ri*ness 9 ,,alcohol4 ,?is may be   
correctly f\nd by ! me?od ( ,m4         
,gay-,lussac2 or f ! boil+ po9t4 7,see  
,,alcoholometry &  ,,ebullioscope47 ,!  
me?od ) anhydr\s c>bonate ( potassa w   
also  give results suffici5tly ne> to ! 
tru? = ord9>y purposes1 :5  /rong or old
 be] is op]at$ on4 ,! quantity ( !      
liquor te/$  %\ld be #cfjj wat] gra9s   
measure2 & x %\ld be well agitat$1 )    
free exposure to ! air1 aft] weigh+ x1 b
 be=e te/+ x = its  alcohol4 ,! weight (
 alcohol f\nd1 multipli$ by #ahehg1     
gives its  equival5t 9 sug>4 ,?is may be
 conv]t$ into #8brew]'s p\nds' or       
d5sity p] b>rel1 z bel[4    #b4 ,ri*ness
 9 ,,sac*>9e or ,,extractive ,,matt]4 ,a
 l quantity ( !  liquor "u exam9ation1  
aft] be+ boil$ = "s "t to dissipate  its
 alcohol1 is made up ) di/ill$ wat]1 s z
 to be aga9 exactly  equal to #cfjj     
wat]-gra9s measure4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( !      
result+ liquid is  !n tak51 & ?is is    
r$uc$ to #8brew]s' p\nds' p] b>rel1 by  

multiply+ its excess ( d5sity above t ( 
wat] 7or #ajjj7 by #cfj1  & po9t+ (f !  
?ree "r-h& figures z decimals4    #c4   
,,acetic ,,acid or ,,v9eg>4 ,?is is     
det]m9$ by any ( ! common me?ods  (     
,,acidimetry 7:i* see2 see also         
,,acetimetry74 ,ea* gra9 ( anhydr\s     
acetic acid s f\nd repres5ts #afgfe gr4 
( sug>4    #d4 ,gravity ( ,,orig9al     
,,wort4 ,?is is obta9$ by ! addition ( !
  respective quantities ( sac*>9e matt] 
f\nd 9 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c  7above74 ,^! 
results are always slightly "u ! true   
orig9al  d5sity ( ! wort1 z cane sug>   
appe>s to h be5 tak5 by !  ,excise z !  
basis ( _! calculations4 ,m correctly1  
#ab ( pro(  _s is equival5t to #ai lbs4 
( sac*>9e p] b>rel4 #aj-a_/b lbs4 (     
sac*>9e are equiv4 to #a gall4 ( pro(   
_s4    #e4 ,detection ( ,,n>cotics4 ,?is
 may be effect$ ei!r by ! me?od         
describ$ "u ,,alkaloid1 or by "o or o!r 
( ! foll[+ processes3----    a4 ,half a 
gallon ( ! be] "u exam9ation is         
evaporat$ to dryness  9 a wat] ba?2 !   

result+ extract is boil$ = #cj or #dj   
m9utes 9 a  cov]$ vessel ) #aj or #ab   
fl4 oz4 ( alcohol or /rong rectifi$  _s1
 ! mixture be+ occasionally /irr$ ) a   
glass rod1 to  promote ! action ( !     
m5/ruum2 ! alcoholic solution is next   
filt]$1 treat$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( 
solution ( diacetate (  lead to         
precipitate col\r+ matt]1 & aga9 filt]$2
 ! filtrate is  treat$ ) a few drops (  
dilute sulphuric acid1 aga9 filt]$1 &   
!n evaporat$ to dryness2 x may !n be    
te/$ ) any ( ! usual  reag5ts1 ei!r 9 ! 
solid /ate1 or aft] be+ dissolv$ 9      
di/ill$  wat]4 ,or ! extract1 obta9$ z  
above1 may be boil$ z direct$ )         
rectifi$ _s1 ! solution filt]$1 ! _s    
di/ill$ (f1 & a  small quantity ( pure  
liquor ( potassa add$ to ! aque\s       
residue1  :i* is !n to be %ak5 up ) ab\t
 #a fl4 oz4 ( e!r2 la/ly1 !  e!real     
solution1 :i* sep>ates & floats on !    
surface1 is decant$1  evaporat$1 & !    
residuum te/$1 z be=e4 ,! alkal9e       
liquid1 f  :i* ! e!r has be5 decant$1 is

 !n sep>at$ f any precipitate  :i* may h
 =m$1 & bo? ( ^! sep>ately te/$ =       
alkaloids4    b4 ,f #b to #c oz4 (      
purifi$ animal *>coal are diffus$ ?r\gh 
#a_/b  gall4 ( ! be]1 & is dige/$ 9 x1 )
 frequ5t agitation1 =  f #h to #ab h\rs2
 ! liquor is next filt]$1 & ! *>coal    
collect$ on ! filt] is boil$ ) ab\t     
#a_/b p9t ( rectifi$ _s2  ! result+     
alcoholic solution is !n fur!r treat$ z 
above1 &  te/$4 ,?is answ]s well = !    
detection ( /ry*nia or nux vomica4      
#f4 ,,picric ,,acid4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* 
0 =m]ly employ$ to imp>t  bitt]ness to  
,london port] 9 lieu ( hops1 may be     
detect$ z foll[s3----    a4 ,a portion (
 ! liquor agitat$ ) a little solution ( 
diacetate  ( lead loses its bitt] flav\r
 if x dep5ds on hops1 b reta9s x if  x  
dep5ds on picric acid4    b4 ,pure be]  
is decol\r$ & deodoris$ by animal       
*>coal2 b be]  conta9+ picric acid1 :5  
?us treat$1 reta9s a lemon-yell[ col\r  
& ! od\r4    c4 ,unblea*$ %eep's wool1  
boil$ = six or t5 m9utes1 & !n  wa%$1   

takes a can>y-yell[ col\r if picric acid
 be pres5t4 ,! te/  is s delicate t #a  
gra9 ( ! adult]ant 9 #aej1jjj gr4 ( be] 
is  readily detect$4    d4              
7,vitate4#aag7 ,! au?or agitates #aj    
c4c4 ( ! suspect$ be] 9 a  te/ tube )   
half its volume ( pure amylic alcohol4  
,if ! mixture is  left to settle1 !     
amylic /ratum sep>ates entirely1 & is   
drawn (f  ) a pipette1 evaporat$ to     
dryness at a conv5i5t temp]ature 9 a    
porcela9 capsule1 & ! residue is f9ally 
tak5 up 9 a little  di/ill$ wat] ) ! aid
 ( heat4 ,! aque\s solution is divid$   
into  portions1 & submitt$ to ! foll[+  
reag5ts4 ,"o portion is treat$  ) a     
solution ( ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1    
:i*1 9 dilute solutions  ( picric acid1 
in/antly produces a turbidity1 due to ! 
=mation (  v m9ute cry/als ( !          
ammonio-picrate ( copp]1 ( a gre5i%     
col\r4 ,ano!r portion may be treat$ ) a 
conc5trat$ solution (  cyanide (        
potassium1 :i* produces a blood-r$      
col\r1 m or less  int5se1 accord+ to !  

quantity ( picric acid pres5t1 9        
consequ5ce  ( ! =mation ( iso-purpuric  
acid4 ,a ?ird portion may be submitt$ to
  ! action ( sulphide ( ammonium1 r5d]$ 
/ill m alkal9e by !  addition ( a few   
drops ( ammonia4 ,"h also a blood-r$    
col\r is  produc$1 :i* becomes m int5se 
on ! application ( heat1 & is  due to ! 
=mation ( picramic acid4    ,footnote   
#aag3 #8,*emical ,news1' vol4 xxxv1 p4  
#ge4    #g4 ,,m9]al ,,matt]4----a4 ,a   
weigh$ quantity ( pure be] evaporat$ to 
dryness1 & !n inc9]at$1 does n furni% m 
?an f #bj to  #ce ( a%1 ! quantity v>y+ 
)9 ^! limits ) ! /r5g? (  ! liquor & !  
"* ( ! wat] us$ 9 brew+ x4    b4 ,a     
solution ( ?is a%1 made by decoction )  
di/ill$ wat]1  %\ld be only r5d]$       
slightly turbid by solutions ( acetate (
 lead1  bi*loride ( plat9um1 nitrate (  
b>yta1 nitrate ( silv]1 oxalate (       
ammonia1 & sulphurett$ hydrog54    c4   
,if ! be] conta9$ common salt1 ! above  
solution w give a  cl\dy :ite           
precipitate ) a solution ( nitrate (    

silv]4 ,ea* gra9  ( ?is precipitate is  
equival5t to #a_/b gr4 ( common salt    
7ne>ly74    d4 ,if ,,gre5 ,,copp]as     
7sulphate ( iron7 is pres5t1            
f]ridcyanide (  potassium gives a blue  
precipitate1 & f]rocyanide ( potassium a
  blui%-:ite "o1 turn+ d>k blue 9 ! air2
 solution ( *loride (  b>ium gives a    
:ite precipitate1 ea* gra9 ( :i*1 aft]  
be+ wa%$1  dri$1 & ignit$1 repres5ts    
#aahh gr4 ( cry/allis$ protosulphate (  
iron4    e4 ,! a%1 dige/$ 9 wat]        
slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 &  !n 
boil$1 yields a solution :i*1 :5 cold1  
gives a black precipitate  ) sulphurett$
 hydrog51 & a :ite "o ) dilute sulphuric
 acid  :5 lead is pres5t4    #h4        
,witt/e9's me?od = ! detection (        
,,adult]ants 9 be]4#aah  ,"o litre ( !  
suspect$ be] is evaporat$ by a mod]ate  
heat to !  consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup4    
,?is is p\r$ into a t>$ glass cyl9d]    
capable ( conta9+ t5 times its volume & 
weigh$2 five times its  weight ( #ic to 
#ie alcohol is add$1 & ! :ole frequ5tly 

/irr$1  by means ( a ?ick glass rod1    
dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4    ,footnote #aah3 
#8,ar*iv d] ,ph>macie1' ,janu>y1 #ahgf1 
7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1'  #crd s]ies1 v47    
,by ?is means all ! gum1 dextr91        
sulphates1 phosphates1 & *lorides  are  
sep>at$1 & a comp>atively small portion 
is obta9$ 9 solution4  ,aft] cle>+1 ?is 
solution is decant$1 ! residue is aga9  
treat$  ) fre% alcohol1 ! two products  
mix$1 filt]$1 & ! alcohol  driv5 (f by a
 g5tle heat4    a4 ,( ! syrupy residue  
left aft] ?is evaporation1 a small      
portion is  dilut$ ) ?ree times its bulk
 ( wat]1 & te/$ = picric acid1  accord+ 
to ! directions already giv54    b4 ,!  
rema9+ l>ge/ portion ( ! syrup is       
agitat$ = "s "t  ) six times its weight 
( pure col\rless b5zol 7boil+ po9t #hj  
,c472 ?is is decant$ (f1 & ! op]ation is
 repeat$ ) fre%  b5zol1 & ! two liquors1
 ! fir/ ( :i* has become yell[1 !       
second hav+ sc>cely *ang$ col\r1 are    
evaporat$ at a g5tle heat4  ,! pale1    
yell[1 res9\s residue ?us obta9$ may    

possibly conta9  bruc9e1 /ry*n9e1       
col*ic9e1 or colocyn?94 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1
 ?ree  portions ( ! res9 are plac$ on a 
porcela9 capsule2 "o is treat$  ) nitric
 acid 7sp4 gr4 #acc to #adj71 ano!r )   
conc5trat$  sulphuric acid1 & ! ?ird1   
aft] a few morsels ( r$ *romate (  pota%
 h be5 add$1 also ) sulphuric acid4 ,a  
r$ col\r1 produc$  by ! nitric acid1    
indicates bruc9e ) c]ta9ty1 & a violet  
col\r  col*ic9e2 a r$ col\r produc$ by  
sulphuric acid indicates colocyn?91  & a
 purple violet1 produc$ by sulphuric    
acid & bi*romate ( pota%1  reveals      
/ry*n9e4 ,res9 9 :i* "o or o!r ( ^!     
colorations is  produc$ possesses an    
extremely bitt] ta/e2 t 9 :i* !         
coloration  does n take place is also   
bitt]1 b ! bitt]ness recalls !          
well-kn[n hop flav\r4    c4 ,! syrup :i*
 has be5 treat$ ) b5zol is fre$1 by     
g5tle  heat+1 f ! small quantity ( b5zol
 rema9+1 & agitat$ twice  ) pure        
col\rless amylic alcohol 7boil+ po9t    
#acb ,c474 ,! fir/  portion ( ! alcohol 

acquires a m or less w9e or gold5-yell[ 
col\r4 ,x w\ld take up any picrotox9 or 
aloes if pres5t1 & !reby  acquire a     
/rongly bitt] ta/e4    ,if nei!r ( ^!   
two sub/ances be pres5t1 ! amylic       
alcohol does n  become bitt]1 because   
nei!r ! hop bitt] nor ! rema9+ f\r      
bitt] pr9ciples----abs9?91 g5tipicr91   
m5yan?91 & quassi9----are  soluble 9 x4 
,9 ord] to di/+ui% picrotox9 f aloes a  
portion ( ! fir/  obta9$ amylic         
alcoholic solution is p\r$ ^u glass1 &  
all[$ to  evaporate spontane\sly4 ,if a 
f9e :ite cry/allisation be =m$          
picrotox9 is pres5t1 if n aloes is      
pres5t1 & c only be recognis$  by its   
peculi>1 saffron-l od\r4    d4 ,! syrup 
:i* has be5 treat$ ) b5zol & amylic     
alcohol is  fre$ by means ( blott+ pap] 
f ! small quantity ( amylic alcohol     
adh]+ to x1 evaporation by heat be+     
impracticable 9 consequ5ce (  ! high    
boil+ po9t ( ! alcohol1 & %ak5 )        
anhydr\s e!r4  ,?is takes up ! hop bitt]
 yet pres5t & abs9?94 ,aft] evaporation 

! latt] is easily recognis$ ?r\gh its   
wormwood-l aroma2 x also  gives a       
r$di%-yell[ solution ) conc5trat$       
sulphuric acid1 :i*  *anges quickly to  
an indigo-blue col\r4    e4 ,aft] treat+
 ) e!r ! syrup has yet to be te/$ =     
g5tipicr91 m5yan?91 & quassi94 ,z x is  
n[ free f ! hop  bitt]1 a decid$ly bitt]
 ta/e po9ts to "o ( ^! ?ree sub/ances4  
,any rema9+ e!r is remov$1 & ! syrup is 
dissolv$ 9 wat] &  filt]$2 to "o portion
 is add$ /rong ammoniacal solution (    
silv]1  & x is !n heat$4    ,if x rema9s
 cle> quassi9 is pres5t2 if a silv]     
mirror be =m$ x  orig9ates ei!r )       
g5tipicr9 or m5yan?94 ,ano!r portion is 
evaporat$ to dryness on porcela91 &     
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid add$4  ,if1   
:ile cold1 no *ange ( col\r takes place1
 b on heat+ x becomes  c>m9e r$1        
g5tipicr9 is pres5t2 m5yan?9 w\ld give a
  yell[i%-br[n col\r1 gradually *ang+ to
 violet4    ,= fur!r in=mation connect$ 
) ?is subject1 see ,,alcoholometry1     
,,ale1 ,,be]1 ,,brew+1 ,,malt ,,liquors1

 c4    ,,port-,,fire4 ,a pap] tube1 f #i
 to #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 fill$ ) a         
sl[-burn+ composition ( metal p[d]1     
nitre1 & sulphur1 ramm$  mod]ately h>d1 
by a simil> process to t adopt$ = small 
rockets4  ,x is us$ 9 lieu ( a t\*-mat*1
 to fire guns1 mort>s1 pyrote*nical     
devices1 c4    ,,portl& ,,cem5t4 ,a     
species ( mort> =m$ by calc9+ a mixture 
(  lime/one & argillace\s e>?1 & gr9d+ !
 calc9$ mass to  p[d]1 9 :i* /ate x mu/ 
be pres]v$ f ! air4 ,x is  *>act]is$ by 
absorb+ a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & !n    
rapidly  becom+ solid1 &1 aft] a "t1    
acquir+ consid]able h>dness4 ,see       
,,mort> & ,,cem5t4    ,,posol,,ogy4 ,see
 ,,dose4    ,,pos,,set4 ,syn4           
,,possetum1 ,l4 ,milk curdl$ ) w9e or   
any o!r  slightly acidul\s liquor4 ,x is
 usually sweet5$ ) ei!r sug> or         
treacle1 & is tak5 hot4    ,prep4 ,f new
 milk1 #a_/b p9t2 %]ry or m>sala1 #a    
w9e-glassful2  treacle1 #a or #b        
tablespoonfuls1 or q4 s42 heat !m toge!r
 9 a clean  saucepan until ! milk       

coagulates4 ,?is is call$ #8treacle     
posset' or  #8molasses posset1' &1 tak5 
on retir+ to re/1 is highly e/eem$ 9  "s
 p>ts ( ! c\ntry z a dome/ic rem$y =    
colds4 ,lemon juice1  /rong old ale1 or 
ev5 v9eg>1 is occasionally sub/itut$ =  
w9e1 &  p[d]$ g+] or nutmeg add$ at w4  
,,pot ,,metal4 ,see ,,cock ,,metal4     
,,pot,,a%4 ,! #8pota%1' or #8pota%es' ( 
comm]ce is an impure c>bonate  (        
potassium1 s nam$ aft] ! pots or vessels
 9 :i* x 0 fir/  made4 ,! #8pota%1' or  
#8potassa1' ( ! *emi/ is ! hydrate ( a  
peculi> metal1 potassium1 :i* is m      
p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to bel[4  ,! ^w pota% 
is vulg>ly appli$ to ! crude or         
comm]cial c>bonate  ( potassium4 ,see   
,,c>bonate ,,( ,,potassium1 c4    ,pota%
 is n[ pr9cipally obta9$ f ! foll[+     
s\rces3----    #a4 ,f c>nallite1#aai a  
hydrat$ d\ble *loride ( potassium &     
magnesium1 :i* occurs associat$ ) o!r   
salts ( potassium &  magnesium1 z well z
 ( sodium1 9 a b$ ( clay1 at ,/assfur?1 
ne>  ,madgeburg1 9 ,prussia4            

,footnote #aai3 ,c>nallite conta9s ne>ly
 a f\r? ( its weight (  potassium       
*loride4    #b4 ,feldsp> & simil>       
m9]als4    #c4 ,sea wat]1 & ! "m-liquor 
( salt works4    #d4 ,native saltpetre4 
#e4 ,! a%es ( sev]al plants4    #f4 ,!  
calc9$ residue ( ! molasses ( beet-root 
sug> rema9+ aft]  di/illation4    #g4 ,!
 seawe$s1 z a by-product ( ! manufacture
 ( iod9e4    #h4 ,f ! fleece ( !        
%eep4#abj    ,footnote #abj3 ,maum5 &   
,rogelet /ate t a fleece weigh+ #i lbs4 
conta9s ab\t #f ounces ( pure pota%4    
,! foll[+ is a process = obta9+ alkali f
 seawe$1 describ$ 9  ! #8,*emical ,news'
 = ,nov4 #aj?1 #ahgf3----    ,at !      
*emical works at ,aalb\rg1 9 ,jutl&1    
,d5m>k1 :]e ab\t #cj  tons ( alkali are 
made p] week by ! ammonia process1 ,mr  
,!obald  ,s*midt1 ! director ( !        
manufactory1 proposes to "w1 9          
conjunction  ) ?is process1 a me?od     
devis$ by himself ( treat+ seawe$ s z   
to obta9 iod9e1 pota%1 salts1 & o!r     
m>ketable products !refrom4    ,9 ,d5m>k

 a v heavy duty is levi$ on !           
importation ( common salt1  :il/ enorm\s
 quantities ( seawe$ ri* 9 iod9e & pota%
 c be  obta9$ at small co/ 9 !          
neighb\rhood ( ! works4 ,mr ,s*midt's   
process is z foll[s3----,aft] ! seawe$  
is dri$ & burnt1 a  conc5trat$ solution 
( ! a% is made & add$ to ! liquor1      
conta9+ *lorides ( sodium & calcium1    
left aft] ! ammonia has  be5 recov]$ 9 !
 ammonia-soda process by boil+ ) lime4  
,!  sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1
 conta9$ 9 ! a% ( !  seawe$ are !reby   
decompos$1 & hydrat$ sulphate ( lime &  
hydrat$  magnesia are precipitat$ 9 a =m
 :i* may be available =  pap]-mak+1 z   
#8pe>l-h>d5+4' ,! la/ traces ( sulphates
 are got  rid ( by add+ a small quantity
 ( solution ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,to  !   
cle> solution nitrate ( lead is n[ add$1
 until all ! iod9e is  precipitat$ z    
iodide ( lead1 :i* is !n sep>at$ by     
filtration &  treat$ = ! production (   
iod9e or iodides4 ,aft] filtration !    
liquid is boil$2 nitrate ( soda is add$ 

to conv]t ! *loride (  potassium pres5t 
into nitrate ( pota%4 ,! latt] is       
sep>at$ by  cry/allisation4 ,!re rema9s 
a solution ( common salt1 conta9+       
traces ( ammonia f ! previ\s soda       
op]ation1 & a trace (  *loride (        
potassium4 ,?is solution is aga9 treat$ 
by ! ord9>y  ammonia-soda process = !   
production ( bic>bonate ( soda & :ite   
alkali4 ,see ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,potassium1
 c4    ,,potas,,sium4 ,k4 ,! metallic   
base ( pota%4 ,x 0 discov]$1 9 #ahjg1   
by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :o obta9$ x by       
submitt+ moi/5$ potassium hydrate1  "u a
 film ( naph?a1 to ! action ( a p[]ful  
voltaic curr5t4 ,x  has s9ce be5 procur$
 by easi] me?ods1 ( :i* ! foll[+1       
inv5t$ by ,brunn]1 is ! be/4    ,prep4  
,an intimate mixture ( c>bonate (       
potassium & *>coal is  prep>$ by calc9+1
 9 a cov]$ iron pot1 ! crude t>t> (     
comm]ce2 :5 cold1 x is rubb$ to p[d]1   
mix$ ) #a-aj? "p (  *>coal 9 small      
lumps1 & quickly transf]r$ into a retort
 ( /\t  hamm]$ iron2 ! latt] may be "o (

 ! iron bottles 9 :i*  quicksilv] is    
import$1 a %ort & some:at wide iron tube
 hav+ be5  fitt$ to ! ap]ture2 ! retort1
 ?us *>g$1 is plac$ ^u its side1  9 a   
furnace s con/ruct$ t ! flame ( a v     
/rong fire1  pref]ably f$ ) dry wood1   
may wrap r\nd x1 & ma9ta9 e "p  ( x at a
 v high & uni=m degree ( heat4 ,a copp] 
receiv]1  divid$ 9 ! c5tre by a         
diaphragm1 is next connect$ to ! iron   
pipe1  & kept cool by ! application (   
ice1 :il/ ! receiv] itself is  p>tly    
fill$ ) m9]al naph?a1 to pres]ve ! newly
 =m$ potassium  z x di/ils ov]4 ,!      
arrangem5t ( ! app>atus be+ complet$1 ! 
fire is gradually rais$ until !         
requisite temp]ature1 :i* is t (  full  
:it5ess1 is rea*$1 :5 decomposition ( ! 
alkali by !  *>coal comm5ces1 c>bonic   
acid gas is abundantly dis5gag$1 &      
potassium di/ils ov]1 & falls 9 l>ge    
drops into ! liquid4 ,to  r5d] ! product
 absolutely pure1 x is r$i/ill$ 9 an    
iron or  gre5-glass retort1 into :i* "s 
naph?a has be5 put1 t its vap\r  may    

expel ! air1 & prev5t ! oxidation ( !   
metal4 ,! pieces (  *>coal are introduc$
 = ! purpose ( absorb+ ! melt$ c>bonate 
( potassium & prev5t+ its sep>ation f ! 
f9ely divid$  c>bonace\s matt]4 ,prod4  
#c to #d ( ! weight ( t>t> act$ on2 #a  
lb4 yield$ #bhj gr4    ,prop41 c4 ,pure 
potassium is a brilliant :ite metal1 ) a
 high  lu/re2 at ! common temp]ature ( !
 air x is s(t1 & may be easily  cut ) a 
knife1 b at #cb ,fahr4 x is brittle &   
cry/all9e2 x melts  completely at #acf  
,fahr41 & 9 close vessels di/ils unalt]$
 at a l[  r$ heat4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfe4 ,its  
mo/ rem>kable prop]ty is its aff9ity =  
oxyg51 :i* is s great t x takes x f mo/ 
o!r sub/ances  conta9+ x4 ,expos$ to !  
air1 its surface is in/antly t>ni%$1 &  
quickly becomes cov]$ ) a cru/ ( oxide  
or hydrate4 ,x inflames  spontane\sly :5
 ?r[n on wat]1 & burns ) a beautiful    
purple or  purple-r$ flame1 yield+ a    
pure alkal9e solution4 ,x c only be     
pres]v$ 9 naph?a1 rock oil1 or "s o!r   
fluid hydroc>bon4    ,! salts (         

potassium are all soluble 9 wat]1 !     
t>trate1 p]iodate1  & fluosilicate be+ !
 lea/ s2 !y are usually col\rless1      
unless  ! acid be col\r$1 cry/allise    
readily1 & =m num]\s d\ble  comp\nds4   
,!y c be recognis$ z foll[s3----        
,sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphide (        
ammonium1 & c>bonate ( ammonium1 d  n   
affect !m4 ,a solution ( t>t>ic acid1   
add$ 9 excess1 to  mod]ately /rong      
neutral or alkal9e solutions ( potassium
 salts1 gives  a quickly subsid+1 gritty
 or cry/all9e1 :ite precipitate1 :i* is 
r$issolv$ on heat+ ! liquid1 & aga9     
sep>ates z x cools2 & is  also soluble 9
 aque\s solutions conta9+ free alkali1  
or free m9]al  acids4 ,plat9ic *loride  
produces1 9 neutral & acid solutions1 a 
yell[  cry/all9e precipitate4 ,alkal9e  
solutions require to be fir/ slightly   
acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,!        
sep>ation ( ! precipitate "h1  z well z 
t produc$ by t>t>ic acid1 is promot$ by 
viol5t  agitation & friction aga9/ !    
sides ( ! vessel1 & ! delicacy  ( bo? is

 increas$ by ! addition ( "s alcohol4   
,:5 conv]t$ into  c>bonate by ignit+ )  
excess ( c>bonate ( ammonium & alcohol1 
& treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 solution 
& nitro-prusside (  sodium1 gives a     
spl5did violet col\r1 turn+ ?r\gh r$ to 
gre5 on  /&+4    ,potassium salts give )
 sodium p]iodate & hydro-fluosilicic    
acid  :ite precipitates soluble 9 mu*   
wat]4    ,heat$ 9 ! inn] flame ( !      
bl[-pipe on plat9um wire1 !y imp>t a    
violet coloration1 mask$1 h[ev]1 by a   
m]e trace ( sodium salts4    ,potassium1
 ,acetate (4 ,,kc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4     
,,acetate ,,( ,,pota%1  ,,potassic      
,,acetate2 ,,potass ,,acetas 7,b4 ,p41  
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,acetic acid1 #bf fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1
 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 & add1  gradually1   
c>bonate ( potassium1 #a lb41 or q4 s4  
to saturate ! acid2  next1 filt] !      
solution1 & evaporate x by ! heat ( a s&
 ba?1  gradually appli$1 until ! salt is
 dri$4    ,prop41 c4 ,acetate (         
potassium1 prep>$ z above1 occurs 9 %9+ 

:ite masses1 hav+ a foliat$ s(t texture1
 a slight b peculi> od\r1  & a w>m %>p  
ta/e2 x deliquesces 9 ! air2 dissolves 9
 r  less ?an its own weight ( wat]1 & 9 
ab\t twice its weight (  alcohol2 & by  
exposure to a r$ heat is conv]t$ into   
pure c>bonate (  potassium4 ,9 trade x  
is pres]v$ 9 well-cork$ & seal$ bottles4
    ,pur4 ,x is entirely soluble 9 wat]1
 & 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,^!  solutions nei!r  
affect litmus nor turm]ic1 nor are !y   
di/urb$ by  ei!r *loride ( b>ium or     
nitrate ( silv]2 b if f a /rong]        
solution any?+ is ?r[n d[n by nitrate ( 
silv]1 ! same is aga9  dissolv$ on !    
addition ( wat] or dilute nitric acid4  
,sulphuric acid  be+ add$1 ! vap\r (    
acetic acid is evolv$4 #ajj gr4 ( ?is   
salt1  dige/$ 9 sulphuric acid1 !       
solution evaporat$1 & ! residuum  dri$  
at a high temp]ature1 furni% #hhh gr4 ( 
sulphate ( potassium4    ,uses1 c4      
,acetate ( potassium has be5 f\nd useful
 9 dropsies1  febrile affections1       
jaundice1 scurvy1 calculus1 & sev]al    

*ronic sk9  diseases4 ,dur+ its         
exhibition ! ur9e becomes at fir/       
neutral1 &  !n alkal9e1 ow+ to ! salt   
be+ conv]t$ into c>bonate (  potassium 9
 ! sy/em4----,dose4 ,z a diaphoretic &  
antiscorbutic1 #ae  to #bj gr42 z a     
diuretic1 #bj to #fj gr42 z an ap]i5t1  
#b to #c dr42 9  ea* case dissolv$ 9 "s 
bl& liquid1 or 9 ! infusion ( "s mild   
vegetable bitt]4    ,potassium          
,antimoniates4 ,! normal potassic       
antimoniate may be obta9$  by heat+1 9  
an e>!n crucible1 #a "p ( metallic      
antimony ) #d  p>ts ( nitrate ( pota%4  
,! mass s obta9$ is r$uc$ to p[d]1 &    
aft]w>ds wa%$ ) w>m wat] to remove !    
excess ( pota% &  potassic nitrite4 ,!  
residue mu/ be boil$ 9 wat] = an h\r or 
two2  ! insoluble anhydr\s antimoniate  
is ?us conv]t$ into a soluble  hydrat$  
modification 7,k#b,sb#b,o#f1e;,h#b,o47  
,! insoluble residue  n[ consi/s *iefly 
( acid antimoniate ( potassium4 ,!      
normal salts  possess ! prop]ty (       
readily dissolv+ ! acid antimoniate1 :i*

 is  precipitat$ :5 su* a solution is   
mix$ ) any neutral salt ( "o (  !       
alkalies4 ,! normal antimoniate does n  
cry/allise1 & has an  alkal9e reaction4 
,acid antimoniate ( potassium           
7,k#b,sb#d,o#aa47 may be procur$ by     
pass+ a /ream ( c>bonic anhydride ?r\gh 
a solution ( ! normal  antimoniate4     
,acid metantimoniate ( pota%1 or        
hydro-potassic metantimoniate is  prep>$
 z foll[s3----,potassic antimoniate is  
fir/ =m$ by deflagrat+  antimony )      
nitre1 ! residue be+ wa%$ & boil$ z     
describ$  above1 s z to br+ ! :ole ( !  
normal antimoniate into solution2  !    
result+ liquid is filt]$1 & evaporat$ to
 a syrup consi/5ce 9  a silv] di%1      
fragm5ts ( cau/ic pota% are !n add$1 & !
  evaporation is cont9u$ until a drop ( 
liquid plac$ ^u a cold slip (  glass    
beg9s to cry/allise2 x is !n all[$ to   
cool & ! alkal9e  sup]natant liquid is  
p\r$ (f ! cry/als1 :i* are all[$ to dra9
  ^u a por\s tile4 ,?is salt is employ$ 
z a te/ = sodium4    ,potassium1        

,ars5iate (4 ,,kh#b;,as,o#d4 ,syn4      
,,ars5iate ,,( ,,potassa1               
,,monopotassic ,,ars5iate1 ,,potassium  
,,dihydric ,,ars5iate2 ,,potass         
,,b9>s5ias1  ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( ars5i\s 
acid 7:ite ars5ic7 & nitrate (          
potassium1 ( ea*1 9 p[d]1 #a "p2 heat ! 
mixture to dull r$ness 9  a glass flask1
 until x fuses & r$ vap\rs cease to be  
evolv$2  dissolve ! residuum1 :5 cold1 9
 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #ej p>ts2          
conc5trate ! solution by evaporation1 & 
set x aside to cry/allise4    ,prop41 c4
 ,?is salt =ms l>ge cry/als1 :i* are    
p]man5t 9 dry  air1 soluble 9 ab\t      
#d-a_/b p>ts ( wat]1 & insoluble 9      
alcohol4 ,x  is reput$ tonic1 alt]ative1
 & antip]iodic4----,dose1 #a_/af to     
#a_/h gr4  dissolv$ 9 sweet5$ wat]4 ,x  
is also us$ to =m a resi/-pa/e 9  calico
 pr9t+1 & 9 ! manufacture ( cobalt blue4
    ,potassium1 ,borate (4              
,k#d;,b#d,o#h4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,boras1  
,l4 ,prep4  ,f dry c>bonate ( potassium 
& dry boracic acids1 equal p>ts1  r$uc$ 

to p[d]1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 a cov]$    
crucible2 !  sublim$ mass1 :5 cold1 be+ 
dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & !  filt]$      
solution conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & !n
 set aside to  cry/allise2 or at once   
completely evaporat$ to                 
dryness4----,dose1 #a to #f  gr42 9     
calculi1 c4    ,potassium1 ,borot>trate 
(4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,borot>tras1 ,,cremor
 ,,t>t>i  ,,solubilis1 ,l42 ,,cr,,me    
,,de ,,t>tre ,,soluble1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4
 ,cod47 ,cry/allis$  boracic acid1 #a   
"p2 bit>trate ( potassium1 #d p>ts2     
wat]1 #bd p>ts2  dissolve1 by ! aid (   
heat1 9 a silv] bas91 &1 con/antly      
/irr+1  evaporate ! result+ solution1   
ei!r to dryness1 & !n p[d] x1  or m]ely 
to a syrupy consi/5ce1 :5 x may be      
spread ^u plates1 &  dri$ 9 scales1 by !
 heat ( a /ove4 ,x mu/ aft]w>ds be      
pres]v$  f ! air4    ,prop41 c4 ,a :ite1
 deliquesc5t p[d]1 freely soluble 9     
wat]4 ,x has  be5 us$ z a solv5t = li?ic
 calculi1 & 9 g\t1 c4----,dose1 #ae to  
#cj gr4 ,9 doses ( #b to #c dr4 x is    

laxative1 & is v popul> z su*  on !     
,cont95t4    ,potassium1 ,bromide (4    
,k,br4 ,syn4 ,,potassii ,,bromidum 7,b4 
,p474 ,prep4  ,exactly z ! iodide1 :i* x
 resembles 9 its "*1 only be+  some:at  
less soluble 9 wat] & m 9 alcohol4      
,employ$ 9 simil>  cases & giv5 9 simil>
 doses to ! iodide4    ,potassium1      
,c>bonate (4 ,k#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4         
,,c>bonate ,,( ,,potassa1  ,,subc>bonate
 ,,( ,,potassa1 ,,salt ,,( ,,t>t>2      
,,potass ,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  
,e41 ,d474 ,impure or crude c>bonate (  
potassium is *iefly import$ f  ,am]ica &
 ,russia1 & is obta9$ by lixiviat+ wood 
a%es1 &  evaporat+ ! solution to        
dryness4 ,! mass is !n transf]r$ into   
iron pots1 & is kept 9 a /ate ( fusion =
 sev]al h\rs1 until x  becomes quiesc5t1
 :5 ! heat is )drawn1 & ! :ole is left  
to  cool4 ,x is next brok5 up & pack$ 9 
air-tight b>rels1 & 9 ?is  /ate         
con/itutes ! #8pota%es' or #8pota%' (   
comm]ce4 ,ano!r me?od  is to transf] !  
black salts1 or product ( ! fir/        

evaporation1 f  ! kettles to a l>ge ov5 
or furnace1 s con/ruct$ t ! flame is    
made to play ov] ! alkal9e mass1 :i* is 
kept con/antly /irr$ by  means ( an iron
 rod4 ,! ignition is cont9u$ until !    
impurities are  burn$ out1 & ! mass     
*anges f a blacki% t9t to a dirty or    
blui%  :ite4 ,! :ole is next all[$ to   
cool1 & is !n brok5 into  fragm5ts1 &   
pack$ 9 casks z be=e4 ,x n[ con/itutes  
#8pe>la%4'    ,:5 pe>la% is dissolv$ 9  
cold di/ill$ wat]1 ! solution  depurat$1
 filt]$ & cry/allis$1 or simply         
evaporat$ to dryness1 x  =ms #8ref9$    
a%es1' or c>bonate ( pota% suffici5tly  
pure = mo/  ph>maceutical & te*nical    
purposes4 ,! granulat$ c>bonate ( pota%1
  salt ( t>t>1 or prep>$ kali1 ( ! %ops1
 is simply ref9$ a%es  :i*1 dur+ !      
evaporation1 & m especially t[>ds !     
conclusion  ( ! desiccation1 has be5    
assidu\sly /irr$1 s t x may =m  small   
:ite granulations1 in/ead ( adh]+ toge!r
 to =m an  amorph\s solid mass4 ,9 ?is  
/ate x con/itutes ! ord9>y or  c>bonate 

( potassa ( ! ,ph>macopias4 ,ord9>y     
pota% or pe>la% may  be ref9$ z         
foll[s3----,raw pota%1 #aj p>ts1 is     
dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1  #f p>ts1 & !     
solution is all[$ to rema9 = #bd h\rs1 9
 a cool  place2 x is !n filt]$1 &       
some:at conc5trat$ by evaporation1      
cry/allisation be+ prev5t$ by cont9ually
 /irr+ ! mass until !  :ole is ne>ly    
cold2 x is next decant$ into a /ra9]1 & 
!  "m-liquor all[$ to drip (f2 !        
residuum is evaporat$ to dryness  at a  
g5tle heat1 & r$issolv$ 9 an equal      
quantity ( cold di/ill$  wat]2 ! new    
solution1 aft] filtration1 is aga9      
evaporat$ to dryness4  ,! product is q  
free f potassium sulphate1 & is ne>ly   
free f  bo? potassium *loride &         
silicates4    ,potassium1 ,pure         
,c>bonate (4 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,potassa   
7,,potass ,,c>bonas  ,,purum----,ph4 ,e4
  ,d41 & ,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf74----7,ph4 ,l41
 #ahcf47 ,f bic>bonate  ( potassium1 9  
cry/als1 heat$ to r$ness 9 a crucible4  
7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/4 ,or1 m *eaply1 by  

dissolv+ bit>trate (  potassium 9 ?irty 
p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 sep>at+ & wa%+ !     
cry/als :i* =m on cool+1 heat+ !m 9 a   
loosely cov]$ crucible  to r$ness z long
 z fumes are dis*>g$1 break+ d[n ! mass1
 &  roa/+ x 9 an ov5 = two h\rs1 )      
occasional /irr+2  lixiviat+ ! product )
 7cold7 di/ill$ wat]1 filt]+ !  solution
 ?us obta9$1 evaporat+ x to dryness1    
granulat+ ! salt  t[>ds ! close by brisk
 agitation2 &1 la/ly1 heat+ ! granul>   
salt ?us obta9$ ne>ly to r$ness4        
7,ph4 ,d47 ,bit>trate ( potassium1 #b   
lbs41 is expos$ to a r$ heat 9 an  iron 
crucible1 z be=e2 ! p[d]$ calc9$ mass is
 boil$ = #bj  m9utes 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1 ! 
solution filt]$1 & ! filtrate wa%$  )   
wat]1 #a p9t1 to :i* ammonium           
sesquic>bonate1 #a_/b oz41 has be5      
add$2 ! mix$ & filt]$ liquors are       
evaporat$ to dryness1 &1 a  l[ r$ heat  
hav+ be5 appli$1 ! residuum is rapidly  
r$uc$ to  p[d] 9 a w>m mort>1 & at once 
enclos$ 9 7dry &7 well-/opp]$  bottles4 
,prop4 ,^! are well kn[n4 ,x exhibits   

mo/ ( ! prop]ties (  hydrate (          
potassium1 b 9 a va/ly less degree4 ,x  
is v  deliquesc5t1 eff]vesces ) acids1  
exhibits a m>k$ alkal9e reaction  ) te/ 
pap]1 is insoluble 9 alcohol1 b         
dissolves 9 less ?an its  own weight (  
wat]1 its aff9ity = ! la/ be+ s great t 
x  takes x f alcoholic mixtures4        
,pur41 c4 ,c>bonate ( potassium         
frequ5tly conta9s an undue quantity  (  
wat]1 z well z silicic acid1 sulphates1 
& *lorides4 ,! wat] may  be detect$ by !
 loss ( weight ! salt suff]s :5 heat$2 !
  silica1 by add+ to x hydro*loric acid 
9 excess1 evaporat+ to  dryness1 &      
ignit+ ! residuum1 by :i* ?is           
contam9ation is  r5d]$ insoluble2 !     
sulphates & *lorides may be detect$ by  
add+  nitric acid 9 excess1 & te/+ !    
liquid ) nitrate ( silv] &  *loride (   
b>ium4 ,if ! =m] produces a :ite        
precipitate1 a *loride  is pres5t2 & if 
! latt] does ! same1 ! contam9ation is a
  sulphate4 ,c>bonate ( potassium       
deliquesces 9 ! air1 & is almo/         

entirely dissolv$ by wat]2 9 an op5     
vessel x spontane\sly liquefies4  ,x    
*anges ! col\r ( turm]ic br[n4          
,sup]saturat$ ) nitric acid1  nei!r     
c>bonate ( sodium nor *loride ( b>ium   
?r[s d[n any?+1  & nitrate ( silv] v    
little4 #ajj gr4 lose #af gr4 ( wat] by 
a  /rong r$ heat2 & ! same weight loses 
#bfc gr4 ( c>bonate anhydride  :5 plac$ 
9 contact ) dilute sulphuric acid4      
,potassium1 ,bic>bonate (4 ,,khco#c4    
,syn4 ,,potassium ,,hydrog5  ,,c>bonate1
 ,,bic>bonate ,,( ,,potassa2 ,,potass   
,,bic>bonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47      
,c>bonate ( potassium1 #f lbs42 di/ill$ 
wat]1 #a gall42 dissolve1 & pass c>bonic
 anhydride 7f *alk &  sulphuric acid    
dilut$ ) wat]7 ?r\gh ! solution to      
saturation2  apply a g5tle heat1 s t    
:atev] cry/als h be5 =m$ may be         
dissolv$1 & set aside ! solution t      
cry/als may aga9 =m2  la/ly1 ! liquid   
be+ p\r$ (f1 dry !m4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47  
,c>bonic anhydride1 obta9$ by ! action (

 dilute  hydro*loric acid on *alk 7!    
latt] conta9$ 9 a p]=at$ bottle  imm]s$ 
9 a vessel conta9+ ! acid71 is pass$1 by
 means ( glass  tubes connect$ by       
vulcanis$ india rubb]1 to ! bottom ( a  
bottle  conta9+ a solution ( c>bonate ( 
potassium1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #b-a_/b  p>ts2
 z soon z ! air is expell$ f ! app>atus 
! corks ?r\gh  :i* ! tubes pass are     
r5d]$ air-tight1 & ! process left to    
itself = a week2 ! cry/als ?us obta9$   
are !n %ak5 ) twice  _! bulk ( cold     
wat]1 dra9$1 & dri$ on bibul\s pap]1 by 
simple  exposure to ! air4 ,f !         
"m-liquor1 filt]$1 & conc5trat$ to  "o  
half1 at a heat n exce$+ #aaj ,fahr41 m 
cry/als may be  obta9$4 ,! tube imm]s$ 9
 ! solution ( c>bonate ( potassium w  h 
to be occasionally cle>$ ( ! cry/als )  
:i* x is liable to  become *ok$1 else ! 
process w be susp5d$4    #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 
,! same4    #d4 7,apo!c>ies' ,hall1     
,london47 ,potassium c>bonate1 #ajj     
lbs42 di/ill$  wat]1 #ag galls42        
dissolve1 & saturate ! solution )       

c>bonic  anhydride1 z 9 ,no4 #a1 :5 #ce 
to #dj lbs4 ( cry/als ( bic>bonate (    
potassium may be obta9$2 next dissolve  
c>bonate ( potassium1 #ej lbs41  9 !    
"m-liquor1 & add en\gh wat] to make !   
:ole a second "t  equal to #ag galls42 !
 rema9+ "p ( ! op]ation is !n to be     
p]=m$ z be=e4 ,?is plan may be repeat$  
aga9 & aga91 = "s  "t1 provid$ !        
c>bonate us$ is suffici5tly pure4    #e4
 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take ( c>bonate (          
potassium1 #f oz42 sesquic>bonate (     
ammonium1 #c-a_/b oz42 triturate !m     
toge!r1 &1 :5 r$uc$ to a v  f9e p[d] &  
p]fectly mix$1 make !m into a /iff pa/e 
) a v  little wat]2 dry ?is1 v c>efully1
 at a heat n high] ?an #adj  ,fahr41    
until a f9e p[d]1 p]fectly devoid (     
ammoniacal od\r1 be  obta9$1            
occasionally triturat+ ! mass t[>ds !   
end ( !  process4    #f4 7,comm]cial47  
,f c>bonate ( potassium1 9 p[d]1 made   
into a pa/e  ) wat]1 & expos$ = "s "t on
 %all[ trays1 9 a *amb]  fill$ ) an     
atmosph]e ( c>bonic anhydride1 g5]at$ by

 !  combu/ion ( ei!r coke or *>coal1 &  
purifi$ by be+ =c$  ?r\gh a ci/]n ( cold
 wat]2 ! result+ salt is next dissolv$ 9
  ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat] at !  
temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr41 &  ! solution 
filt]$ & cry/allis$4    ,prop4 ,x is    
soluble 9 #d times its weight ( wat] at 
#fj ,fahr42 is  fix$ 9 ! air1 b loses   
c>bonic acid bel[ ! temp]ature ( a      
c>bonate at a r$ heat4 ,x possesses !   
g5]al alkal9e prop]ties (  c>bonate (   
potassium1 b 9 an inf]ior degree1 hav+  
only a slightly  alkal9e ta/e1 &1 :5    
absolutely pure1 n affect+ ! col\r (    
turm]ic4    ,pur4 ,9 a solution ( pure  
bic>bonate ( potassium a solution (     
m]curic *loride m]ely causes an         
opalesc5ce1 or v slight :ite            
precipitate2 if x conta9s c>bonate1 a   
brick-col\r$ precipitate is  ?r[n d[n4  
,f #ajj gr4 ( ! pure cry/als (          
bic>bonate1 #cjg gr4 (  wat] & c>bonic  
acid are expell$ at a r$ heat4 ,9 o!r   
respects x  may be te/$ l ! c>bonate4   
,uses1 c4 ,bic>bonate ( potassium is !  

mo/ agreeable ( all !  salts (          
potassium1 & is mu* us$ z an antacid or 
absorb5t1 & =  mak+ eff]vesc+ sal9e     
draughts4 ,x has also be5 successfully  
employ$ 9 rheumatism1 scurvy1 g\t1      
dyspepsia1 & v>i\s o!r  diseases 9 :i* !
 use ( potassium is indicat$4 ,! dose is
 f #aj  gr4 to #a_/b dr4            #bj 
gr4 bic>bonate1 9 cry/als1              
---------------------_/-----------------
----                   are equival5t to 
---------------------_/-----------------
----    #ad gr4 ( cry/allis$ nitric     
acid1    #ae gr4 ( cry/allis$ t>t>ic    
acid1 &    #a_/b oz4 ( lemon juice4     
,potassium1 ,*lorate (4 ,k,cl,o#c4 ,syn4
 ,,*lorate ,,( ,,pota%2 ,,potass        
,,*loras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 ,*lor9e gas is conduct$ by a 
wide tube into a mod]ately /rong & w>m  
solution ( hydrate or  c>bonate (       
potassium1 until ! absorption ( ! gas   
ceases & !  alkali is completely        
neutralis$2 ! liquid is !n kept at !    
boil+  temp]ature = a few m9utes1 aft]  

:i* x is g5tly evaporat$ 7if  necess>y7 
until a pellicle =ms on ! surface1 & is 
next set aside1  s z to cool v sl[ly2 ! 
cry/als1 ?us obta9$1 are dra9$ &        
c>efully wa%$ on a filt]1 ) ice-cold    
wat]1 & are purifi$ by  re-solution &   
re-cry/allisation4 ,! product is *lorate
 ( potassium4  ,! "m-liquor1 :i* conta9s
 mu* *loride ( potassium mix$ )  "s     
*lorate1 is ei!r evaporat$ = m cry/als  
7:i* are1 h[ev]1  less pure ?an ! fir/  
crop7 or is pres]v$ = a future op]ation4
    ,obs4 ,! product ( ! above process  
is small1 v>y+ f #aj to #de  ( ! weight 
( ! potassium consum$ 9 x1 accord+ to ! 
skill )  :i* x is conduct$2 ?is app>5t  
loss ( potassium arises f a l>ge        
portion ( x be+ conv]t$ into *loride1 a 
salt ( comp>atively  little value4 ,!   
foll[+ processes h be5 devis$ pr9cipally
 )  ! view ( prev5t+ ?is wa/e1 or (     
employ+ a *eap] salt (  potassium ?an ! 
c>bonate3----    #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,mix    
slak$ lime1 #ec oz41 ) c>bonate ( pota%1
 #bj oz41 &  triturate !m ) a few ounces

 ( di/ill$ wat]1 s z to make !  mixture 
slightly moi/4 ,place oxide ( manganese1
 #hj oz41 9 a l>ge  retort or flask1 &  
hav+ p\r$ ^u x hydro*loric acid1 #bd    
p9ts1  dilut$ ) #f p9ts ( wat]1 apply a 
g5tle s& heat1 & conduct !  *lor9e z x  
comes ov]1 fir/ ?r\gh a bottle conta9+  
#f oz4 (  wat]1 & !n into a l>ge c>boy  
conta9+ ! mixture ( c>bonate (  pota% & 
slak$ lime4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ! *lor9e has   
come ov]  remove ! cont5ts ( ! c>boy &  
boil !m = #bj m9utes ) #g  p9ts (       
di/ill$ wat]2 filt] & evaporate till a  
film =ms on !  surface1 & set aside to  
cool & cry/allise4    ,! cry/als ?us    
obta9$ are to be purifi$ by dissolv+ !m 
9 #c  times _! weight ( boil+ di/ill$   
wat]1 & aga9 all[+ !  solution to       
cry/allise4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4
    #c4 ,a solution ( *loride ( lime is 
precipitat$ ) a solution (  c>bonate (  
potassium1 & ! liquid1 aft] filtration1 
saturat$ )  *lor9e gas2 x is !n         
evaporat$ & cry/allis$ z be=e4 ,dr ,ure 
has  sugge/$ ! sub/itution ( sulphate ( 

potassium = ! c>bonate1 by  :i* !       
process w\ld be r5d]$ v inexp5sive4     
#d4 ,c>bonate ( potassium1 #fi p>ts ( ! 
dry or #hb p>ts ( !  granulat$1 hydrate 
( calcium1 #cg p>ts 7dry fre% slak$     
lime71 bo? 9  p[d]1 are mix$ toge!r1 &  
expos$ to ! action ( *lor9e gas1 to     
saturation 7! gas is absorb$ ) great    
rapidity1 ! temp]ature rises  above #bab
 ,fahr41 & wat] is freely evolv$72 !    
heat1 ) free  exposure1 is !n ma9ta9$ at
 #bab = a few m9utes 7to remove "s      
trace ( #8hypo*lorite'71 ! residuum1    
consi/+ ( *lorate (  potassium & *loride
 ( calcium1 is treat$ ) hot wat]1 & !   
*lorate ( potassium cry/allis$ out ( !  
result+ solution1 z  be=e4 ,?is process1
 :i* is an excell5t "o 7! loss (        
potassium  be+ = ! mo/ "p avoid$71 has  
be5 modifi$ & improv$ by  v>i\s         
au?orities1 z w be se5 bel[4    #e4 ,a  
solution ( *loride ( lime 7#ah to #bj   
,baum7 is heat$ 9 a lead5  or ca/-iron  
vessel1 & suffici5t ( a salt ( potassium
 add$ to raise  ! d5sity ( ! liquid #c  

or #d hydromet] degrees2 ! solution is  
!n  quickly1 b c>efully1 conc5trat$     
until ! gravity rises to #cj or #ca     
,baum1 :5 x is set aside to cry/allise4 
,a good & economical process4    #f4    
,*loride ( potassium1 #gf p>ts1 & fre%  
calcium hydrate1 #bbb p>ts1  are r$uc$  
to a ?9 pa/e ) wat]1 q4 s41 & a /ream ( 
*lor9e  gas pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture1 to   
saturation2 *loride ( calcium &  *lorate
 ( potassium are =m$2 ! la/ is !n remov$
 by solution 9  boil+ wat]1 & is        
cry/allis$ z be=e4 ,?is process1 :i* has
  receiv$ ! approval & recomm5dation (  
,liebig1 has long be5  practis$ 9       
,g]many1 & 0 orig9ally introduc$ to ?is 
c\ntry by ,dr  ,wag5mann4 ,! product is 
v l>ge1 & ( excell5t quality4    ,prop4 
,:ite1 inodor\s1 f\r-or six-sid$ pe>ly  
scales1 soluble 9  ab\t #bj p>ts ( cold 
& #b-a_/b p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 9 ta/e x   
resembles nitre1 b is some:at m au/]e2  
at ab\t #dej ,fahr4 x  und]goes ! igne\s
 fusion1 & on increas+ ! heat almo/ to  
r$ness  eff]vesc5ce ensues1 & fully #ci 

( pure oxyg5 gas is giv5 (f1  :il/ !    
salt becomes *ang$ into *loride (       
potassium4 ,:5 mix$  ) inflammable      
sub/ances & triturat$1 heat$1 or        
subject$ to a  sm>t bl[ or /rong        
pressure1 or moi/5$ ) a /rong acid1 x   
explodes ) great viol5ce4    ,pur41     
,te/s1 c4 ,! usual impurity ( ?is salt  
is *loride (  potassium1 aris+ f c>eless
 or imp]fect manipulation4 ,:5 ?is is   
pres5t1 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]    
gives a curdy :ite precipitate1  soluble
 9 ammonia2 :]eas a solution ( ! pure   
*lorate rema9s cle>4    ,uses4 ,*lorate 
( potassium is pr9cipally us$ 9 !       
manufacture (  lucif] mat*es1 fireworks1
 oxyg5 gas1 c41 & z an oxidis+ ag5t 9   
calico pr9t+4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ to fill    
p]cussion caps1 b 0  ab&on$ = fulm9at+  
m]cury1 on acc\nt ( its disposition to  
ru/  ! nipples ( ! guns4 ,z a m$ic9e x  
is /imulant & diuretic4 ,x  has be5 giv5
 9 dropsy1 syphilis1 scurvy1 *ol]a1     
typhus1 & o!r  depress+ affections4 ,x  
gives a f9e artificial col\r to ! blood4

  7,/ev5s47----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 9  
solution1 twice or ?rice a day4         
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4----,=m]ly1 *lorate ( 
potassium 0 a salt :i*  0 made only on !
 small scale1 & *iefly us$ 9 exp]im5tal 
*emi/ry2 n[ x is 9 consid]able dem&1 &  
=ms an important  article ( *emical     
manufacture4 ,! latt] has h5ce1 ( late  
ye>s1  receiv$ consid]able att5tion &   
improvem5t 9 ! lead+  laboratories (    
,europe4 ,! *lorate requires to be h&l$ 
) great  c>e4 ,x %\ld nev] be kept 9    
admixture ) any inflammable sub/ance1  m
 especially ) sulphur1 phosphorus1 or ! 
sulphides1 z ^!  comp\nds are explod$ by
 ! mo/ trivial causes1 &1 n unfrequ5tly1
  explode spontane\sly4    ,potassium1  
,*loride (4 ,k,cl4 ,syn4 ,,*loride ,,(  
,,potassa4 ,prep4 ,!  *loride (         
potassium ( comm]ce is usually a        
second>y product 9 !  manufacture (     
*lorate ( potassium & o!r sub/ances4 ,! 
"m-liquor ( ! =m] is evaporat$ to       
dryness & heat$ to dull  r$ness1 !      
calc9$ mass is !n dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !    

solution  purifi$ by defecation &       
evaporat$ d[n = cry/als4    ,x c also be
 well prep>$ by neutralis+ boil+        
solution ( c>bonate  ( potassium by     
dilute hydro*loric acid1 evaporat+ d[n1 
&  cry/allis+4    ,prop41 c4 ,x closely 
resembles cul9>y salt 9 appe>ance2 is   
anhydr\s2 dissolves 9 ab\t #d p>ts (    
cold & #b ( boil+ wat]2 has  a slightly 
bitt]1 sal9e ta/e2 fuses at a r$ heat2 &
 is volatilis$  at a v high temp]ature4 
,z a m$ic9e x is diuretic & ap]i5t4 ,x  
0 =m]ly 9 high repute z a resolv5t &    
antiscorbutic1 &1  p>ticul>ly1 z a rem$y
 = int]mitt5ts4 ,x is n[ seldom         
us$4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or 
m4    ,potassium1 ,*romate (4           
,k#b;,cr,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,*romate ,,(       
,,potassa1  ,,neutral ,,*romate ,,( ,p41
 ,,mono*romate ,,( ,p41 ,,yell[ ,c4 ,,( 
,p41 ,,salt ,,(  ,,*rome2 ,,potass      
,,*romas1 ,p4 ,c4 ,,flava1 ,l4 ,?is salt
 is only prep>$ on !  l>ge scale4 ,its  
s\rce is #8,,*rome ,,ore1' a natural    
octah$ral *romate (  iron1 f\nd 9 v>i\s 

p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,= m$ic9al    
purposes  ! comm]cial *romate is purifi$
 by solution 9 hot wat]1 filtration1  & 
recry/allisation4    ,prep4 #a4 ,! ore1 
previ\sly assay$ to det]m9e its ri*ness1
 &  fre$ z mu* z possible f its gangue1 
is gr\nd to p[d] 9 a mill1  & mix$ ) a  
quantity ( co>sely p[d]$ nitre r less   
?an t  ( ! oxide ( *romium :i* x        
conta9s2 ?is mixture is expos$1 =       
sev]al h\rs1 to a p[]ful heat on ! he>? 
( a rev]b]atory  furnace1 dur+ :i* "t x 
is frequ5tly /irr$ up ) iron rods2 !    
calc9$ mass is next rak$ out & lixiviat$
 ) hot wat]1 & !  result+ yell[-col\r$  
solution evaporat$ briskly ov] a nak$   
fire1  or by ! heat ( high-pressure     
/eam2 *romate ( potassium falls1 "u  !  
=m ( a granul> yell[ salt1 :i* is remov$
 f "t to "t  ) a ladle1 & ?r[n into a   
wood5 vessel1 furni%$ ) a bottom  full (
 holes 7dra9+ box71 :]e x is left to    
dra9 & dry4 ,9 ?is  /ate x =ms ! *romate
 ( potassium ( comm]ce4 ,by a second    
solution  & recry/allisation1 x may be  

obta9$ 9 l>ge & regul> cry/als4  ,! next
 process has = its object ! employm5t ( 
a *eap] salt (  potassa ?an ! nitrate4  
#b4 7,sw9dell  ,co4 ,pat5t dat$ ,nov41  
#ahej47 ,a mixture ( pulv]is$  *rome ore
 & *loride ( potassium is expos$ to a   
full r$ heat1 on !  he>? ( a rev]b]atory
 furnace1 ) occasional /irr+ = "s "t1   
:5 /eam at a v elevat$ temp]ature is    
made to act on x until !  conv]sion is  
complete1 kn[n by assay+ a portion ( !  
mass2 !  *romate is !n dissolv$ out ( ! 
residuum1 z be=e4 ,common salt or       
hydrate ( calcium may be sub/itut$ =    
*loride ( potassium1 :5 !  *romates (   
sodium or calcium are respectively      
produc$4    #c4 ,on ! small scale ?is   
salt may be prep>$ f ! bi*romate by     
neutralis+ x ) hydrate ( potassium4     
,prop4 ,yell[2 ta/es cool1 bitt]1 &     
disagreeable2 soluble 9 #b p>ts  ( wat] 
at #fj ,fahr42 ! cry/als are            
effloresc5t4    ,pur4 ,! salt ( comm]ce 
is frequ5tly contam9at$ ) l>ge          
quantities ( sulphate or *lorate (      

potassium4 ,to detect ^!1 ,m4  ,zueb]   
adds t>t>ic acid1 dissolv$ 9 #ej p>ts ( 
wat]1 to a l  solution ( ! sample4 ,z   
soon z ! decomposition is complete1 & ! 
col\r v]ges t[>ds ! gre51 ! sup]natant  
liquor %\ld af=d no  precipitate )      
solutions ( ! nitrates ( silv] & b>ium1 
:5ce  ! abs5ce ( *lorides & sulphates   
may be respectively inf]r$4 ,!          
proportions are1 #h p>ts ( t>t>ic acid  
to #a "p ( ! *romate4 ,if  saltpetre is 
! adult]at+ +r$i5t1 ! sample deflagrates
 :5  ?r[n ^u burn+ coals4    ,assay4 #a4
 ,a solution ( #ej gr4 ( ! salt is      
treat$ ) a solution (  nitrate ( b>ium1 
! precipitate dige/$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! 
insoluble portion 7sulphate ( b>ium7    
wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 #aag gr4  ( ?is   
sub/ance are equival5t to #hi gr4 (     
sulphate ( potassium4    #b4 ,! nitric  
solution1 ) ! wa%+s 7see above71 is     
treat$ ) a  solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 
& ! precipitate ( *loride c>efully      
collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 
#add gr4 ( *loride (  silv] repres5t #gf

 gr4 ( *loride ( potassium4    #c4 ,!   
nitric solution1 ) ! wa%+ 7see above71  
aft] hav+ any  rema9+ b>ium ?r[n d[n by 
add+ dilute sulphuric acid1 9 slight    
excess1 is treat$ ) ammonia1 & ! result+
 precipitate ( *romic  oxide collect$ on
 a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 c>efully ignit$ 9 
a silv]1  plat9um1 or porcela9 crucible1
 & weigh$4 #dj gr4 ( ?is oxide  repres5t
 #ajj gr4 ( pure *romate ( potassium4   
,any defici5cy consi/s  ( impurities or 
adult]ants4    ,uses4 ,*romate (        
potassium is us$ 9 dye+1 blea*+1 !      
manufacture ( *romic acid1 bi*romate (  
potassium1 c4 ,x is ! common  s\rce (   
ne>ly all ! o!r comp\nds ( *romium4 ,x  
is reput$  alt]ative 9 doses ( #a_/ab to
 #a_/b gr42 & is emetic 9 doses ( #a to 
#d  gr4 ,a solution 9 #h p>ts ( wat] is 
occasionally us$ to de/roy fungus2  #a 9
 #cj to #dj p>ts ( wat] is also us$ z an
 antiseptic & desiccant4    ,conclud+   
,rem>ks4----,! fir/ process is und\bt$ly
 ! be/1 :5  exp5se is n an object4 ,to  
r$uce ?is1 a mixture ( #8pota%' or      

#8pe>la%1' ) ab\t #a_/b ( its weight (  
nitre1 or #a-e? "p ( its  weight (      
p]oxide ( manganese1 may be sub/itut$   
)\t mu*  inconv5i5ce4 ,! assay ( ! *rome
 ore1 allud$ to above1 may be made  by  
r$uc+ #ajj gr4 ( x to p[d]1 mix+ x )    
twice its weight (  p[d]$ nitre1 & a    
little hydrate ( calcium1 & subject+ !  
mixture to a /rong r$ heat = #c or #d   
h\rs2 ! calc9$ mass may !n  be exhau/$ )
 boil+ wat]1 & ! result+ solution1 aft] 
precipitation ) dilute sulphuric acid1 9
 slight excess1 &  filtration1 may be   
treat$ ) rectifi$ _s1 :5 its *romium may
 be  ?r[n d[n by ! addition ( ammonia4  
7,see above47 ,9 ! conv]sion  ( *rome   
ore into *romate ( potassium c>e %\ld1 9
 all cases1 be  tak5 t ! proportion (   
nitre or alkali %\ld be slightly less   
?an  :at is absolutely requir$ to       
saturate ! ore1 z ! production ( a      
neutral salt is !reby ensur$2 = %\ld n !
 :ole ( ! *romate  be decompos$ by !    
fir/ calc9ation1 x may easily be roa/$ a
 second  "t ) fre% alkali1 %\ld ! rema9+

 quantity he ?\ght wor? !  tr\ble4 ,!   
nature ( ! furnace to be employ$ 9 !    
conv]sion is n  ( any great importance1 
s long z c>bonace\s matt]s f ! fire are 
entirely exclud$1 & ! requir$ temp]ature
 is atta9able4    ,potassium1 ,bi*romate
 (4 ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g1 or                  
,k#b;,cr,o#d1;,cr,o#c4  ,syn4           
,,bi*romate ,,( ,,potassa1 ,,r$         
,,*romate ,,( ,,pota%1 ,,acid ,c4 ,,(   
,p42  ,,potass ,,bi*romas1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 ,to a conc5trat$ solution ( yell[   
*romate ( potassium1 sulphuric acid1 or1
 bett]1 acetic acid1 is add$  9 quantity
 equal to "o half t requir$ = ! entire  
decomposition  ( ! salt2 ! liquid is !n 
conc5trat$ by evaporation & sl[ly       
cool$1 s t cry/als may =m4    #b4       
7,jacquela947 ,*rome ore1 f9ely gr\nd & 
sift$1 is mix$ )  *alk2 ! mixture is    
spread on a ?9 lay] on ! he>? ( a       
rev]b]atory furnace1 & heat$ to bright  
r$ness1 ) repeat$  /irr+1 = #i or #aj   
h\rs4 ,! yell[i%-gre5 product consi/s   
ess5tially ( neutral *romate ( calcium1 

mix$ ) f]ric oxide4 ,x is  gr\nd & /irr$
 up ) hot wat]1 & sulphuric acid is add$
 till a  slight acid reaction becomes   
app>5t1 a sign t ! neutral *romate  has 
be5 conv]t$ into bi*romate4 ,*alk is n[ 
/irr$ 9 to precipitate  ! f]ric         
sulphate1 & aft] a :ile ! cle> solution 
is run (f into  ano!r vessel1 :]e x is  
treat$ ) c>bonate ( potassium1 :i*      
precipitates ! lime & leaves bi*romate (
 potassium 9 solution4 ,!  solution is  
!n evaporat$ to ! cry/allis+ po9t4 ,?is 
process1 :5  c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale1 
is v economical4    ,prop41 c4 ,x =ms v 
beautiful squ>e tables1 or flat f\r-sid$
  prismatic cry/als2 p]man5t 9 ! air2   
soluble 9 #aj p>ts ( wat] at  #fj1 & 9  
less ?an #c p>ts at #bab ,fahr42 x has a
 metallic1 bitt]  ta/e1 & is poison\s4  
,x is *iefly us$ 9 dye+ & blea*+1 &  z a
 s\rce ( *romic acid4 ,! te/s1 c41 are !
 same z = !  yell[ *romate4             
,potassium1 ,citrate (4                 
,k#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,potass      
,,citras1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f a solution (   

citric acid neutralis$ ) c>bonate (     
potassium1 evaporat$1 & granulat$1 or   
cry/allis$2 v deliquesc5t4  ,or1        
extemporane\sly1 9 ! =m ( solution1 by  
add+ c>bonate or  bic>bonate ( potassium
 to lemon juice1 z 9 ! common eff]vesc+ 
draught4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,! same4            
,potassium1 ,cyanate (4 ,k,cy,o1 or     
,,kcno4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by roa/+1 at a r$   
heat1 dry f]rocyanide ( potassium1 9 f9e
 p[d]1 ^u an iron plate1  con/antly     
/irr+ x until x becomes fus$ into "o    
mass1 :i* mu/ be  r$uc$ to f9e p[d] &   
dige/$ 9 boil+ alcohol1 f :i*  cry/als (
 ! cyanate w be deposit$ z ! solution   
cools4    #b4 7,liebig47 ,a mixture (   
f]rocyanide ( potassium1 ) half its     
weight  ( p]oxide ( manganese1 may also 
be us$ to produce ?is salt1 z !  la/2 ! 
comp\nd %\ld be k9dl$ by a r$-hot body1 
& all[$ to  sm\ld] away1 aft] :i* x may 
be treat$ ) alcohol1 z be=e4    #c4 ,a  
mixture ( f]rocyanide ( potassium &     
li?>ge is heat$ z  be=e1 & dissolv$ out 
by alcohol1 & cry/allis$4    ,prop4     

,cry/allisable col\rless or :ite salt1  
readily soluble 9  alcohol & wat]1 b    
readily decompos$ :5 moi/ into          
bic>bonate (  potassium & ammonia1 or 9 
solution into ! c>bonate ( potassium &  
ammonium4    ,?is salt is poison\s4 ,!  
cyanates ( silv]1 lead1 & _m o!r  metals
 may be made by add+ a solution (       
cyanate ( potassium to ano!r  ( a       
neutral salt ( ! base4    ,potassium1   
,cyanide (4 ,,kcn1 or ,k,cy4 ,syn4      
,,cyanide ,,( ,,pota%1 ,,cyanuret  ,,(  
,,potassium2 ,,potassii ,,cyanidum1 ,p4 
,,cyanuretum1 ,l4    ,prep4 #a4         
7,,m$ic9al ,,cyanide ,,(                
,,potassium47----a4 ,a solution ( pure  
hydrate ( potassium1 #b p>ts1 9 highly  
rectifi$ _s1 #g p>ts1 is  plac$ 9 a     
receiv] furni%$ ) a safety tube1 &      
surr\nd$ )  bruis$ ice2 ! beak ( a      
tubulat$ retort1 conta9+ f]rocyanide (  
potassium1 9 p[d]1 #d p>ts1 is !n adapt$
 to x 9 su* a mann] t  any gas or vap\r 
evolv$ 9 ! retort mu/ trav]se ! solution
 9 !  receiv]2 ! arrangem5t be+         

complete1 sulphuric acid1 #c p>ts1      
dilut$  ) an equal weight ( wat]1 &     
all[$ to cool1 is cauti\sly p\r$  into !
 retort1 & ! di/illation conduct$ v     
sl[ly1 a v g5tle  heat only be+ appli$1 
z circum/ances may direct2 z soon z !   
=ce  ( ebullition 9 ! retort has        
subsid$1 ! di/illation is complete1  & !
 connection betwe5 ! retort & receiv] is
 brok52 ! cont5ts  ( ! receiv]1 n[      
trans=m$ into a mixture ( a cry/all9e   
precipitate ( cyanide ( potassium1 & an 
alcoholic solution (  undecompos$       
hydrate ( potassium1 is c>efully ?r[n on
 a filt]1 &  ! precipitate1 aft] !      
"m-liquor has dra9$ (f1 v cauti\sly     
wa%$ ) ice-cold & highly rectifi$ _s1 & 
!n dra9$1  press$1 & dri$ on ! same     
filt]4 ,! product is *emically pure1 &  
equal to fully #aj ( ! f]rocyanide      
employ$4 ,?is is a modification (  :at  
is commonly kn[n z #8,wigg]'s process4' 
b4 ,expose well-dri$ & p[d]$ f]rocyanide
 ( potassium to a  mod]ate r$ heat1 9 a 
close vessel2 :5 cold1 p[d] ! fus$ mass1

  place x 9 a funnel1 moi/5 x ) a little
 alcohol1 & wa% x )  cold wat]2         
evaporate ! solution ?us =m$ to dryness1
 expose x to a  dull r$ heat 9 a        
porcela9 di%1 cool1 p[d]1 & dige/ x 9   
boil+  rectifi$ _s2 z ! _s cools1       
cry/als ( cyanide ( potassium1  ne>ly   
pure1 w be deposit$4 ,! alcohol employ$ 
9 bo? ?is & !  prec$+ process may be    
recov]$ by di/illation f calc9$ sulphate
  ( iron4    #b4 7,,crude or ,,comm]cial
 ,,cyanide----,liebig47 ,comm]cial      
f]rocyanide (  potassium1 #h p>ts1 r5d]$
 anhydr\s by g5tly heat+ x on an iron   
plate1 is intimately mix$ ) dry c>bonate
 ( potassium1 #c p>ts2 ?is  mixture is  
?r[n into a r$-hot e>!n crucible1 & kept
 9 a /ate (  fusion1 ) occasional /irr+1
 until gas ceases to be evolv$1 & !     
fluid portion ( ! mass becomes          
col\rless2 ! crucible is !n left at  re/
 = a few m9utes1 to all[ its cont5ts to 
settle1 aft] :i* !  cle> portion is p\r$
 f ! heavy black s$im5t at ! bottom ^u a
  clean m>ble slab1 & ! mass1 :il/ yet  

w>m1 brok5 up1 & plac$ 9  well-clos$    
bottles4    ,obs4 ,a *eap & excell5t    
process4 ,! product is said to conta9   
ab\t  #a-h? "p ( cyanate ( potassium1 &1
 ?\gh n suffici5tly pure =  employm5t 9 
m$ic9e z potassium cyanide1 is admirably
 adapt$ = !  v>i\s te*nical applications
 ( ?is sub/ance1 z 9 electro-plat+1     
electro-gild+1 photography1 c4 ,x may   
also be advantage\sly  sub/itut$ = !    
f]rocyanide 9 ! prep>ation ( hydrocyanic
 acid by  ! di/illation ( t sub/ance    
along ) dilute sulphuric acid4          
,prop41 c4 ,:5 pure1 ?is salt is        
col\rless & od\rless2 x =ms  cubic or   
octah$ral cry/als1 :i* are anhydr\s2 x  
is freely soluble 9  wat] & 9 boil+     
alcohol1 b mo/ ( x sep>ates f ! latt] z 
! solution cools2 x is fusible2 &       
und]goes no *ange1 ev5 at a full  r$    
heat1 9 close vessels2 x exhibits an    
alkal9e reaction2 :5 expos$  to !       
atmosph]e1 x absorbs moi/ure1 & acquires
 ! smell (  hydrocyanic acid4 ,if x     
eff]vesces ) acids1 x conta9s c>bonate (

  potassium1 & if x be yell[ x conta9s  
iron4 ,x is employ$ 9  *emical analysis1
 & = ! prep>ation ( hydrocyanic acid2   
cyanide (  sodium may be made 9 ! same  
way4 ,! dose is #a_/ab to #a_/d gr41 9  
solution2 9 ! usual cases 9 :i* !       
adm9i/ration ( hydrocyanic  acid is     
indicat$4----,antidotes4 ,! same z =    
hydrocyanic acid4    ,potassium1        
,f]ricyanide (4 ,k#c;,fe,cy#f1 or       
,k#c1;,fe,c#f,n#f4 ,syn4  ,,f]ridcyanide
 ,,( ,,potassium1 ,,f]ricyanuret ,,(    
,p41 ,,r$ ,,prussiate ,,( ,,pota%2      
,,potassii ,,f]ricyanidum1 ,p4          
,,prussias ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,?is important 
&  beautiful salt 0 discov]$ by ,l4     
,gmel94 ,at fir/ x 0 m]ely  reg>d$ z a  
*emical curiosity1 b x is n[ ext5sively 
employ$ 9  dye+1 calico pr9t+1 assay+1  
c4    ,prep4 #a4 ,*lor9e gas1 prep>$ 9 !
 ord9>y mann]1 is sl[ly pass$  into a   
cold solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1
 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #aj  p>ts1 ) con/ant    
agitation1 until ! liquid appe>s ( a    
deep  r$di%-gre5 col\r1 or ( a f9e r$   

col\r by transmitt$ light1 &  ceases to 
give a blue precipitate1 or ev5 a blue  
t+e1 to a solution (  f]ric *loride1 an 
excess ( *lor9e be+ c>efully avoid$2 !  
liquor is next evaporat$ by ! heat (    
/eam or boil+ wat]1 until  a pellicle   
=ms ^u ! surface1 :5 x is filt]$1 & set 
aside  to cool2 ! cry/als are aft]w>ds  
purifi$ by re-solution &                
re-cry/allisation4----,ano!r me?od is   
simply to evaporate ! orig9al  solution 
to dryness1 by a /eam heat1 ) agitation1
 !n to re-dissolve  ! residuum 9 ! lea/ 
possible quantity ( boil+ wat]1 &1 aft] 
defecation or filtration1 to all[ ! new 
solution to cool v sl[ly1  t cry/als may
 =m4    #b4 7,extemporane\s47 ,add      
nitric acid1 v gradually1 to a cold     
solution  ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 )  
con/ant agitation1 until a drop ( !     
mixture ceases to imp>t a blue col\r to 
a solution ( f]ric *loride1  c>efully   
avoid+ excess ( acid4 ,x may be at once 
us$ 9 solution1 or  evaporat$1 c41 z    
be=e4    ,prop1 c4 ,magnific5t regul>   

prismatic or1 sometimes1 tubul> cry/als1
  ( a ri* ruby-r$ t9t2 p]man5t 9 ! air2 
combu/ible2 decompos$ by  a high        
temp]ature2 soluble 9 #d p>ts ( cold    
wat]2 insoluble 9  alcohol4 ,col\rs     
f]ric salts a pale br[n1 gives ) f]r\s  
salts a  deep blue1 & precipitates      
bismu? salts pale yell[2 cadmium &      
m]curic salts1 yell[2 z9c salts1 deep   
yell[2 m]cur\s1 cupric1  molybd5ic1     
silv]1 & uranic salts1 r$di% br[n2      
cobalt salts1 d>k  br[n2 mangan\s salts1
 br[n2 cupric salts1 gre5i%2 & nickel\s 
salts1 olive br[n4    ,potassium1       
,e?ylate4 7,c#b;,h#e,,ko47 ,lweg &      
,weidmann obta9$ ?is  comp\nd by heat+  
toge!r acetate ( e?yl & potassium4 ,dr  
,b4 ,w4  ,ri*>dson1 "s few ye>s ago1    
recomm5d$ ! employm5t ( ! alkal9e       
e?ylates z cau/ics1 & !y are n[         
frequ5tly us$ z su* 9  surg]y4 ,:5 fir/ 
appli$ to ! body ! e?ylates produce no  
action1  b z !y absorb wat] f ! tissues 
!y are decompos$1 !  potassium or sodium
 is oxidis$1 yield+ cau/ic pota% or soda

 9 !  fre% condition1 :ile alcohol is   
re=m$ f ! recomb9ation (  hydrog5 d]iv$ 
f ! wat]4 ,dr ,ri*>dson believes !      
e?ylates (  potassium & sodium w be f\nd
 ! mo/ effective & manageable (  all    
cau/ics1 & t 9 cases ( canc]1 :5 x is   
important to de/roy  /ructure )\t       
resort+ to ! knife1 & 9 ! removal ( nvus
 &  o!r simple gr[?s1 !y w be ( ess5tial
 s]vice4 ,! e?ylates  dissolve 9 alcohol
 ( diff]5t /r5g?s2 ! solution may ei!r  
be  appli$ ) a glass bru% or inject$ by 
! ne$le1 & a sl[ or quick  effect c be  
insur$ accord+ to ! wi% ( ! op]ator4 ,! 
e?ylate  ( potassium is ! m p[]ful ag5t4
    ,potassium1 ,f]rocyanide (4         
,k#d1;,fe,cy#f1 or ,k#d1;,fe,c#f,n#f4   
,syn4 ,,f]rocyanuret ,,( ,,potassium1   
,,prussiate ,,( ,,pota%1 ,,yell[ ,p4 ,,(
 ,p42  ,,potass ,,prussia ,,flava 7,b4  
,p471 ,,potassii ,,f]rocyanidum 7,ph4   
,l41 ,e41  ,d471  ,l4 ,?is valuable     
salt1 ! well-kn[n #8prussiate ( pota%' (
 comm]ce1  0 discov]$ by ! illu/ri\s    
,s*eele ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah?  c5tury4 

,x is n[ only manufactur$ on ! l>ge     
scale4    ,prep4 ,good #8pota%' or      
#8pe>la%1' #b p>ts1 & dri$ blood1 horns1
  ho(s1 wooll5 rags1 or o!r refuse      
animal matt]1 #e or #f p>ts1 are  r$uc$ 
to co>se p[d]1 & mix$ ) "s co>se iron   
bor+s2 !  mixture is !n inject$ into    
egg-%ap$ ca/-iron pots 9 a /ate (       
mod]ate ignition2 ! mass is frequ5tly   
/irr$ ) an iron spatula1 s  z to prev5t 
x runn+ toge!r1 & ! calc9ation is       
cont9u$ until  fetid vap\rs cease to be 
evolv$1 & flame is no long] se5 on /irr+
  ! mixture1 c>e be+ tak5 to exclude !  
air f ! vessels z mu*  z possible2 dur+ 
! latt] "p ( ! process ! pots are kept  
con/antly cov]$1 & ! ignit$ mass /irr$  
less frequ5tly2 ! hot  pa/y mass is !n  
remov$ ) an iron ladle1 & exclud$ f !   
air  until cold2 x is next exhau/$ by   
edulcoration ) boil+ wat]1 &  ! result+ 
solution1 aft] defecation or filtration1
 is conc5trat$ by  evaporation1 s t     
cry/als may =m z ! liquid cools2 ^! are 
r$issolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & ! solution all[$

 to cool v sl[ly1  :5 l>ge & beautiful  
yell[ cry/als ( f]rocyanide ( potassium 
are  deposit$4----,product4 #a ton (    
dri$ blood or wooll5 refuse1 ) #c cwt4  
( pe>la%1 yields f #b to #b-a_/b cwt4 ( 
comm]cial f]rocyanide4 ,!  "m-liquor    
conta9s sulphate ( potassium4    ,prop4 
,x =ms l>ge & v beautiful yell[ cry/als1
 :i* are  p]man5t 9 ! air1 & v t\gh &   
difficult to p[d]2 x is  soluble 9 #d   
p>ts ( cold & #b p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 has 
a mild sal9e  ta/e2 at a g5tle heat     
loses wat]2 at a high] temp]ature1 9    
clos$  vessels1 x is = ! mo/ "p conv]t$ 
into cyanide ( potassium1 &1  :5 expos$ 
to ! air1 into cyanate ( potassium4     
,precipitates solutions  ( antimon\s1   
bismu?1 m]cur\s1 & z9c salts1 :ite2     
cadmium salts1  ( a pale yell[2 cupr\s  
salts1 :ite1 turn+ r$2 f]r\s salts1     
:ite1  turn+ blue2 lead salts1 :ite2    
mangan\s salts1 :ite1 turn$ r$2  m]curic
 salts1 :ite1 turn+ blui%2 nickel\s     
salts1 :ite1 turn+  gre52 silv] salts1  
:ite2 /ann\s salts1 :ite2 cobalt salts1 

gre52  cupric salts1 *ocolate r$2 f]ric 
salts1 d>k blue2 pallad\s salts1  gre52 
/annic salts1 yell[2 uranic salts1 r$di%
 br[n2 & z9c salts1  :ite4    ,uses1 c4 
,f]rocyanide ( potassium is *iefly us$ 9
 dye+ & calico  pr9t+1 9 ! manufacture (
 ,prussian blue1 9 electro-plat+1 &1 9  
*emi/ry1 z a te/1 & a s\rce (           
hydrocyanic acid4 ,z a m$ic9e x  is said
 to be s$ative & a/r+5t1 & 9 l>ge doses 
purgative1 b  appe>s to possess little  
action4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 
dissolv$ 9  wat]2 9 hoop+-c\gh1 *ronic  
bron*itis1 night-sweats1 leucorrha1 c4  
,d',arcet swall[$ a solution conta9+    
#a_/b oz4 ( ?is salt )\t  exp]i5c+ any  
injuri\s effects4    ,potassium1        
,hydrate (4 ,,kho4 ,syn4 ,,potassa      
,,hydrate1 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,potassa1     
,,potassa1 ,,cau/ic ,p41 ,,hydrat$      
,,oxide ,,( ,,potassium2 ,,potassa      
,,cau/ica 7,b4  ,p471 ,,potassa 7,ph4   
,e471 ,p4 ,,cau/ica 7,ph4 ,d471 ,p4     
,,hydras 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,,fusa4  ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,liquor ( potassa1 #a   

gall42 evaporate ! wat] 9 a  clean iron 
vessel ov] ! fire until ! ebullition be+
 f9i%$1 !  residuum ( potassium hydrate 
liquefies2 p\r ?is into prop] m\lds4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d47 ,z ! la/1 b p\r+ !  
fus$ hydrate ^u a bright  & clean iron  
plate 7silv] or iron di%----,ph4 ,d472 z
 soon z x  solidifies1 break x quickly  
7into fragm5ts71 & put x into /opp]$    
glass 7gre5-glass----,ph4 ,d47 bottles4 
#c4 7,pure47 ,! hydrate1 obta9$ z above1
 is dissolv$ 9 alcohol or  rectifi$ _s1 
&1 aft] repose = a few days 9 a closely 
/opp$  gre5-glass or silv] vessel1 !    
solution is decant$1 & cauti\sly        
evaporat$ 9 a deep silv] bas91 out (    
contact ) ! air4    #d4 7,pure47 ,m4    
,polacci /ates t he procures v pure     
hydrate ( pota%  9 a few m9utes by !    
foll[+ process4 ,he heats toge!r 9 an   
iron  vessel to a r$ heat a mixture     
consi/+ ( #a "p ( nitrate ( pota%  well 
triturat$ ) #b or #c p>ts ( iron fil+s4 
,! mass becomes r$ 9  a few m9utes1 &1  
aft] cool+1 x is treat$ ) wat]1 left to 

settle1 & !n decant$4 ,a m or less      
conc5trat$ solution may ?us  be obta9$1 
or x may be evaporat$ to produce ! solid
 pota%4    ,prop41 c4 ,:5 p]fectly pure 
x is :ite1 solid1 v soluble 9 wat]  & 9 
alcohol2 v deliquesc5t2 int5sely acrid &
 corrosive2 &  exhibit+ ! usual signs ( 
alkal9ity 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,t (  !    
%ops has usually a greyi% or blui%      
col\r4    ,potassium1 ,iodate (4        
,,kio#c4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,iodas4 ,l4    
,prep4  ,neutralise a hot solution (    
hydrate ( potassium ) iod9e1 evaporate  
to dryness by a g5tle heat1 p[d] !      
residuum1 & dige/ x 9  alcohol1 to      
remove iodide ( potassium1 dissolve !   
insoluble portion 9  hot wat]1 &        
cry/allise4    ,obs4 ,iodate ( potassium
 is resolv$ at a r$ heat into oxyg5 gas 
&  iodide ( potassium4 ,x has be5       
recomm5d$ 9 bron*ocele4----,dose1 #a to 
#e gr4    ,potassium1 ,iodide (4 ,,ki4  
,syn4 ,,potassii ,,iodidum 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  & ,d474    #a4 7,ph4 ,l4
 #ahcf47 ,take ( iron fil+s1 #b oz42    

di/ill$ wat]1 #b qu>ts2  iod9e1 #f oz12 
mix !m1 & heat ! solution until x turns 
gre51 &  !n add ( c>bonate ( potassium1 
#d oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a qu>t2       
filt]1 wa% ! residuum on ! filt] ) wat]1
 evaporate ! mix$  filt]$ liquors &     
cry/allise4----,product1 #a oz4 ( iod9e 
yields #a oz4  #de gr4 ( iodide4    ,!  
=mul ( ! ,ph4 ,d4 & ,ph4 ,e4 are v      
simil>4    #b4 ,add iod9e to a hot      
solution ( pure hydrate ( potassium     
until !  alkali is p]fectly neutralis$1 
c>efully avoid+ excess2 evaporate !     
liquid to dryness1 & expose ! dry mass  
to a g5tle r$ heat 9 a  plat9um or iron 
crucible2 aft]w>ds dissolve out ! salt1 
g5tly  evaporate1 & cry/allise4 ,an     
excell5t process1 yield+ a l>ge         
product1 b1 if ! ignition be n c>efully 
manag$1 x is apt to  conta9 a little    
undecompos$ iodate4 ,to obviate ?is1 ,mr
 ,scanlan proposes  ! addition ( a      
little p[d]$ *>coal to ! mass be=e      
ignition----a  plan adopt$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 
,s4    #c4 ,iod9e is treat$ ) a small   

proportion ( phosphorus 9 wat]1 &  is   
?us conv]t$ into #8hydriodic acid1'     
hydrate ( calcium is !n add$1  & !      
#8iodide ( calcium' =m$ is fir/ fus$1 & 
!n decompos$ by  sulphate ( potassium   
into #8sulphate ( calcium1' :i* is      
precipitat$1  & #8iodide ( potassium1'  
:i* rema9s 9 solution1 & may be         
cry/allis$1 z 9 ! o!r processes4 ,?is is
 a modification ( a  me?od devis$ by    
,liebig4    #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,put solution
 ( pota%1 #a gall41 into a glass or     
porcela9  vessel1 & add iod9e #bi oz41  
or q4 s41 9 small quantities at a "t1  )
 con/ant agitation1 until ! solution    
acquires a p]man5t br[n  t9t4 ,evaporate
 ! :ole to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%1    
pulv]ise !  residue1 & mix ?is          
intimately ) wood *>coal 9 f9e p[d]1 #c 
oz4  ,?r[ ! mixture1 9 small quantities 
at a "t1 into a r$-hot crucible1  & :5 !
 :ole has be5 br\ght to a /ate ( fusion1
 remove !  crucible f ! fire & p\r out  
its cont5ts4 ,:5 ! fus$ mass has  cool$1
 dissolve x 9 #b p9ts ( boil+ di/ill$   

wat]1 filt] ?r\gh  pap]1 wa%+ ! filt] ) 
a little di/ill$ boil+ wat]2 unite !    
liquids1 & evaporate till a film =ms on 
! surface4 ,set aside to cool  &        
cry/allise4 ,dra9 cry/als & dry quickly 
) a g5tle heat2 m  cry/als may be obta9$
 by evaporat+ ! "m liquor1 & cool+4  ,! 
salt %\ld be kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle4    
,prop4 ,x cry/allises 9 cubes1 :i* 9 !  
pure salt are extremely  :ite1 ?\gh     
frequ5tly opaque2 ^! are anhydr\s2 fuse 
:5 heat$1  )\t decomposition2 dissolve 9
 less ?an an equal weight ( wat]1 at    
#fj ,fahr41 & v freely 9 alcohol2 & d n 
deliquesce 9 mod]ately  dry air unless  
!y conta9 undecompos$ hydrate (         
potassium4 ,its  solution dissolves !   
iod9e freely1 & also1 less readily1     
sev]al (  ! insoluble metallic iodides &
 oxides4    ,pur4 ,x is entirely soluble
 9 bo? wat] & alcohol4 ,its aque\s      
solution alt]s ! col\r ( turm]ic ei!r n 
at all or b v  slightly1 nor does x     
affect litmus pap]1 or eff]vesce )      
acids4  ,nitric acid & />* be+ add$     

toge!r1 x becomes blue4 ,x is n  col\r$ 
by ! addition ( t>t>ic acid ) />*4 ,no  
precipitate  occurs on add+ ei!r a      
solution ( hydrate ( calcium or (       
*loride (  b>ium4 #ajj gr41 dissolv$ 9  
wat]1 by ! addition ( nitrate ( silv]1  
yield a precipitate ( #ada gr4 ( iodide 
( silv]4    ,assay4 ,! iodide ( comm]ce 
frequ5tly conta9s fully "o half its     
weight ( ei!r *loride or c>bonate (     
potassium1 or bo? ( !m1 )  v>iable      
quantities ( iodate ( potassium1 a mu*  
less valuable salt4 ,!  pres5ce ( ^!    
sub/ances is readily detect$ by ! above 
te/s4 ,z  ! fir/ ( ^! is only v slightly
 soluble 9 cold alcohol1 & !  o!rs      
insoluble 9 t liquid1 a ready me?od (   
det]m9+ !  ri*ness ( a sample 9 pure    
iodide1 suffici5tly accurate = ord9>y   
purposes1 is z foll[s3----,r$uce #ej gr4
 ( ! sample to f9e p[d]1  introduce ?is 
into a te/ tube ) #f fl4 dr4 ( alcohol1 
agitate !  mixture viol5tly = "o m9ute1 
& ?r[ ! :ole on a weigh$ filt]  set 9 a 
cov]$ funnel1 obs]v+ to wa% :at rema9s  

on ! filt] )  ano!r fl4 dr4 ( alcohol4  
,! filtrate1 evaporat$ to dryness1 gives
  ! quantity ( pure iodide1 & ! filt]1  
dri$ by ! heat ( boil+  wat]1 t ( !     
impurities pres5t 9 ! sample exam9$1    
provid$ x  conta9$ no hydrate (         
potassium4 ,! quantity ( alkali1 :e!r   
hydrate  or c>bonate1 may be f\nd by !  
common me?od ( #8alkalimetry4'    ,uses1
 c4 ,*iefly 9 photography1 m$ic9e1 &    
ph>macy4----,dose1 #a to  #aj gr41 twice
 or ?rice daily1 made into pills1 or1   
bett]1 9 solution1  ei!r alone or comb9$
 ) iod9e2 9 bron*ocele1 scr(ula1 *ronic 
rheumatism1 dropsy1 syphilis1 gl&ul>    
indurations1 & v>i\s o!r  gl&ul>        
diseases4 ,also ext]nally1 made into a  
lotion or o9tm5t4    ,potassium1        
,nitrate (4 ,,kno#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,(
 ,,pota%1 ,,nitre1  ,,saltpet]2 ,,potass
 ,,nitras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471
 ,,nitrum1 ,,sal ,,nitri1  ,,sal ,,petr1
 ,,kali ,,nitratum1 ,l4 ,?is salt is    
produc$ naturally 9 ! soil  by ! action 
( ! atmosph]e1 & cry/allises ^u its     

surface1 9  v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1          
especially 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,on !      
,cont95t x has long be5 produc$         
artificially1 by expos+ a mixture (     
calc>e\s soil & animal matt] to !       
atmosph]e1 :5 calcium nitrate  is sl[ly 
=m$1 & is extract$ by lixiviation4 ,!   
liquid is !n  decompos$ by ! addition ( 
wood a%es1 or c>bonate ( potassium1 by  
:i* c>bonate ( calcium is precipitat$1 &
 nitrate ( potassium  rema9s 9 solution4
 ,! places :]e ^! op]ations are p]=m$   
are  call$ #8nitri>ies1' or #8nitrires  
artificielles4' ,! ,briti% m>ket is     
:olly suppli$ f ,india4 ,! salt ( ! fir/
 cry/allisation1 by  ei!r process1 is   
call$ #8crude nitre' or #8r\gh          
saltpetre4' ,?is is  purifi$ by solution
 9 boil+ wat]1 skimm+1 &1 aft] a %ort "t
  all[$ = defecation1 /ra9+ 7:ile /ill  
hot7 into wood5  cry/allis+ vessels4 ,! 
cry/als ?us obta9$ are call$ #8s+le     
ref9$ nitre1' & :5 ! process is repeat$ 
#8d\ble ref9$ nitre4'    #a4 7,,potass  
,,nitras ,,purum----,ph4 ,d47 ,comm]cial

 nitre1 #d lbs42 boil+  di/ill$ wat]1 #a
 qu>t2 dissolve1 )draw ! heat1 & /ir !  
solution con/antly z x cools2 ! m9ute   
cry/als1 ?us obta9$1 are  to be dra9$1 &
 wa%$1 9 a glass or e>!nw>e p]colator1 )
 cold  di/ill$ wat]1 until t :i*        
trickles ?r\gh ceases to give a         
precipitate ) a solution ( nitrate (    
silv]1 ! cont5ts ( !  p]colator are !n  
to be )drawn1 & dri$ 9 an ov54    ,prop4
 ,:ite1 pellucid1 six-sid$ prisms2      
p]man5t 9 ! air2 soluble  9 #g p>ts (   
wat] at #fj & 9 #a "p at #bab ,fahr42   
insoluble 9  alcohol2 its ta/e is cool1 
sal9e1 & slightly bitt] & pung5t2 at    
ab\t #efj x fuses to an oily-look+ mass1
 :i* concretes on cool+1  =m+ #8sal     
prunella1' at a r$ heat x gives out     
oxyg51 &1  aft]w>ds1 nitr\s fumes2 sp4  
gr4 #aibe to #aige4    ,pur4 ,comm]cial 
nitre g5]ally conta9s *lorides1         
sulphates1 or  calc>e\s salts4 ,! fir/  
may be detect$ by its solution giv+ a   
cl\dy :ite precipitate ) nitrate (      
silv]4 ,! second by *lorides  ( b>ium or

 calcium giv+ a :ite precipitate1 & !   
?ird by oxalate  ( ammonium giv+ a :ite 
precipitate4    ,assay4 ,( ! num]\s     
me?ods prescrib$ = ?is purpose1 few are 
suffici5tly simple = m]e practical m54  
,! proportion ( *lorides1  sulphates1 & 
calc>e\s salts may be det]m9$ z above2 &
 !  g5]al ri*ness ( ! sample by ! me?od 
( ,gay-,lussac1 modifi$ z               
foll[s3----#ajj gr4 ( ! sample 7fairly  
*os57 are triturat$ ) #ej gr4  (        
lampblack & #djj gr4 ( common salt1 & ! 
mixture plac$ 9 an iron  ladle1 & ignit$
 or fus$ !re91 due c>e be+ tak5 to      
prev5t loss2  ! residuum is exhau/$ )   
hot wat]1 & ! solution ?us obta9$  te/$ 
by ! usual me?ods ( alkalimetry =       
c>bonate ( potassium4 ,!  quantity (    
c>bonate f\nd1 multipli$ by #babe or    
#b-a_/h1 gives !  p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! 
sample 9 nitrate4    ,uses1 c4 ,nitre is
 *iefly employ$ 9 ! manufacture (       
gunp[d]1  fireworks1 & nitric acid4 ,x  
is also us$ 9 m$ic9e z a s$ative1       
refrig]ant1 & diaphoretic1 & z a cool+  

diuretic4 ,x has be5  recomm5d$ 9 active
 hmorrhages 7especially spitt+ ( blood71
 9  v>i\s febrile affections1 9 scurvy1 
& 9 h]petic eruptions2 & x  has be5     
highly extoll$ by ,dr ,ba%am z a rem$y 9
 acute  rheumatism4----,dose1 #e to #ae 
gr41 e #b h\rs4 ,a small piece1 dissolv$
  sl[ly 9 ! m\?1 frequ5tly /ops a sore  
?roat at ! comm5cem5t4  ,9 l>ge doses x 
is poison\s4 ,! be/ treatm5t is a p[]ful
 emetic1  foll[$ by opiates4            
,potassium1 ,nitrite (4 ,,kno#b4 ,syn4  
,,nitrite ,,( ,,potassa2 ,,potass       
,,nitris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+ nitre
 to r$ness1 dissolv+ ! fus$  mass 9 a   
little wat]1 & add+ twice ! volume ( !  
solution 9  alcohol2 aft] a few h\rs !  
upp] /ratum ( liquid is decant$1 &  !   
l[] "o1 sep>at$ f ! cry/als1 evaporat$  
to dryness4    #b4 7,cor5w9d]47 ,nitric 
acid1 #aj p>ts1 are p\r$ on />*1 #a "p1 
&  ! evolv$ gas pass$ ?r\gh a solution (
 hydrate ( potassium ( !  sp4 gr4 #achj1
 to saturation2 ! liquid is !n ei!r     
neutralis$ ) a  little hydrate (        

potassium 7if necess>y71 & kept 9 !     
liquid =m1  or at once evaporat$4 ,fus$ 
p9ki% mass1 or cle> col\rless soluble   
cry/als1 us$ 9 *emi/ry z a reag5t1 &    
deoxidis]4    ,potassium1 ,oxalate (4   
,k#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,oxalate
 ,,(  ,,potassa2 ,,potass ,,oxalas1 ,l4 
,prep4 ,neutralise a solution ( oxalic  
acid1  or ! acid oxalates1 ) c>bonate ( 
potassium1 evaporate1 &  cry/allise4    
,transp>5t col\rless rhombic prisms1    
soluble 9 #c p>ts (  wat]1 & ( ! =mula  
,k#b;,c#b,o#d1;,aq4    ,potassium1      
,hydrog5 ,oxalate (4 ,,khc#b,o#d4 ,syn4 
,,potassium  ,,b9oxalate1 ,,salt ,,(    
,,sorrel1 ,,ess5tial ,,salt ,,(         
,,lemons2 ,,potass ,,b9oxalas1  ,l4     
,prep4 ,by saturat+ a solution ( oxalic 
acid1 #a "p1 ) c>bonate  ( potassium1   
add+ to ! mixture a simil> solution ( #a
 "p ( oxalic  acid1 unneutralis$1 &     
evaporat+ = cry/als4 ,x may also be     
obta9$  f ! express$ juice ( wood or    
%eep's sorrel1 by cl>ify+ x )  eggs or  
milk1 & evaporat+1 c41 z be=e4          

,col\rless rhombic cry/als  ( ! =mula   
,,khc#b,o#d1;,aq41 soluble 9 #dj p>ts ( 
cold & #f p>ts  ( boil+ wat]1 yield+ a v
 s\r solution4    ,potassium1           
,trihydrog5 ,oxalate (4                 
,,kh#c7;,c#b,o#d71 or ,,khc#b,o#d1      
,h#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,potassium        
,,quadroxalate1 ,,potassium ,,acid      
,,oxalate4  ,prep4 ,by neutralis+ #a "p 
( oxalic acid ) c>bonate (  potassium1  
add+ to ! solution #c p>ts m ( oxalic   
acid1  evaporat+ & cry/allis+4          
,resembles ! la/2 has ! =mula           
,,kh#c7;,c#c,o#d7b1b;,aq2 b is less     
soluble1 & m int5sely s\r1  & =ms       
modifi$ octah$ral cry/als4 ,! salt is   
occasionally sold  "u ! names ( #8sal   
acetosell1' #8salt ( sorrel1' &         
#8ess5tial salt  ( lemons4' ,bo? are us$
 to remove ink & iron /a9s f l951 to    
blea* ! /raw us$ = mak+ bonnets1 &1     
occasionally1 9 m$ic9e1  z a refrig]ant4
    ,potassium1 ,oxide (4 ,k#b,o4 ,prep4
 ,burn pure potassium 9 a curr5t (      
oxyg54 ,:ite p[d]1 rapidly absorb+ wat] 

& =m+ ! hydrate4    ,potassium1         
,p]*lorate (4 ,k,cl,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,potass 
,,p]*loras1 ,l4  ,prep>$ by project+    
well-dri$ & f9ely p[d]$ *lorate (       
potassium 9 small portions at a "t1 into
 w>m nitric acid4 ,! salt is  sep>at$ f 
! #8nitrate' by cry/allisation4         
,potassium1 ,prussiate (4 ,see          
,,potassium ,,f]ricyanide &             
,,f]rocyanide4    ,potassium1           
,salicylite (4 ,=m$ by mix+ salicyl\s   
acid 7artificial  oil ( mead[-sweet7 ) a
 /rong solution ( hydrate ( potassium2 x
  sep>ates1 on agitation1 z a yell[     
cry/all9e mass1 :i*1 aft]  pressure 9   
bibul\s pap]1 is recry/allis$ f alcohol4
 ,gold5-yell[  cry/als1 soluble 9 bo?   
wat] & alcohol2 damp air gradually      
conv]ts  !m into acetate ( potassium &  
melanic acid4    ,potassium1 ,silicate  
(4 7,ure47 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,silicas4    
,prep4 ,mix #a  "p ( p[d]$ qu>tz or     
fl9t1 or ( f9e silice\s s& ) #b p>ts  ( 
c>bonate ( pota%1 & fuse !m 9 a ,hessian
 crucible4 ,dissolve !  mass 9 wat]1    

filt] ! solution & evaporate x to       
dryness----,dose1 #aj  gr4 to #ae gr4 9 
#f or #h oz4 ( wat]1 twice a day4 ,to   
dissolve g\t  concretions4 ,an impure   
silicate ( pota% is us$ z a wat]-glass4 
,potassium1 ,sulphate (4 ,k#b,,s#d4     
,syn4 ,,potass ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d474 ,prep4 ,! sulphate (   
potassium ( comm]ce is a  second>y      
product ( sev]al *emical & manufactur+  
processes4 ,?us1  ! residuum ( !        
di/illation ( nitric acid f nitre is    
dissolv$  9 wat]1 ! solution neutralis$ 
) c>bonate ( potassium1 &1 aft]         
defecation1 evaporation until a pellicle
 =ms2 x is !n /ra9$1 or  decant$1 & set 
aside to cry/allise4 ,or1 ! residuum is 
simply  ignit$1 to expel excess ( acid1 
& !n dissolv$ & cry/allis$ z  be=e4     
,prop41 c4 ,anhydr\s1 heavy1 qu>tz-l    
cry/als2 p]man5t 9 ! air2  soluble 9 #ab
 p>ts ( wat] at #fj & 9 #e p>ts at #bab 
,fahr42  insoluble 9 alcohol2 extremely 
nause\s1 & bitt]-ta/$4 ,x crepitates  on
 ! application ( heat2 fuses at a r$    

heat1 b loses no?+ 9  weight4 #ajj gr4  
dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 on ! addition (
 *loride  ( b>ium & hydro*loric acid1   
furni% #acb gr4 ( sulphate ( b>ium1     
dri$ at a r$ heat4    ,potassium1       
,bisulphate (4 ,,khso#d4 ,syn4          
,,potassium-,,hydrog5 ,,sulphate1       
,,acid ,,potassium ,,sulphate2 ,,potass 
,,bisulphas4 ,prep4 #a4 7,anhydr\s47    
,neutral sulphate ( potassium & oil (   
vitriol1 equal p>ts2 hot wat]1  q4 s4 7n
 m7 to dissolve2 anhydr\s bisulphate    
cry/allises out1 9  long delicate       
ne$les1 z ! solution cools4 ,if ^! are  
left =  sev]al days 9 ! "m-liquor !y are
 r$issolv$1 & cry/als (  ! ord9>y       
hydrat$ bisulphate are deposit$4    #b4 
7,hydrat$17----a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47     
,salt left 9 di/ill+ nitric acid1 #b    
lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #c qu>ts2 dissolve2   
add ( sulphuric acid #a lb42  conc5trate
 by evaporation1 & set ! liquid aside1 s
 t cry/als may  =m4    b4 7,ph4 ,d47    
,sulphate ( potassium 79 p[d]71 #c oz42 
sulphuric acid1 #a  fl4 oz42 mix !m 9 a 

porcela9 capsule1 & expose x to a heat  
capable  ( liquefy+ its cont5ts1 until  
acid vap\rs cease to be evolv$2 p[d]  ! 
residuum1 & pres]ve x 9 a well-/opp$    
bottle4    ,prop41 c4 ,s\r & slightly   
bitt]-ta/$ rhombic prisms2 soluble 9    
ab\t #b p>ts ( cold & #a "p ( boil+     
wat]1 ! solution exhibit+  a /rongly    
acid reaction4 ,x is mu* employ$1 9 lieu
 ( t>t>ic acid1  = ! production (       
c>bonic acid1 9 #8gazog5es1' c42 also to
  adult]ate cream ( t>t> & t>t>ic acid4 
,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is1 x  =ms a         
8grateful adjunct to rhub>b40----,dose1 
#ab gr4 to #a-a_/b dr41 9  solution1    
comb9$ ) rhub>b or bitt]s1 z ! neutral  
sulphate4    ,potassium1 ,sulphide (4   
,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,( ,,potassium1      
,,liv] ,,(  ,,sulphur2 ,,potassii       
,,sulphuretum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,u4 ,s471
 ,,hep> ,,sulphuris 7,ph4  ,d471 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 
c>bonate ( potassium1 #d oz42  mix1 heat
 !m 9 a cov]$ crucible till !y =m a     
uni=m fus$ mass2  :5 cold1 break x into 

fragm5ts1 & pres]ve x 9 well-clos$      
vessels4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf &   
,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 are simil>4    #b4 7,ph4   
,d47 ,sublim$ sulphur1 #d oz42 c>bonate 
( potassium 7f  pe>la%1 fir/ dri$1 & !n 
r$uc$ to p[d]71 #g oz42 mix 9 a w>m     
mort>1 heat !m 9 a ,hessian crucible1 z 
be=e1 p\r ! fus$ mass  into an iron cup1
 ov] :i* imm$iately inv]t a second      
vessel1 to  exclude ! air1 &1 :5 cold1  
break ! mass into fragm5ts1 &  pres]ve x
 9 a gre5-glass /opp]$ bottle4          
,prop41 c4 ,a h>d1 brittle1 liv] or     
gre5i%-br[n col\r$ solid2  inodor\s :il/
 dry2 soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a highly-fetid
 solution2  &1 9 acids1 evolv+ /rong    
fumes ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 reaction1  
alkal9e2 expos$ to ! air1 x is gradually
 conv]t$ into sulphate (  potassa4 ,z a 
m$ic9e x is reput$ diaphoretic1         
expectorant1 &  /imulant4----,dose1 #b  
to #f gr41 9 solution1 or made into     
pills ) soap2  9 g\t1 rheumatism1 liv]  
affections1 & v>i\s *ronic sk9 diseases4
  ,ext]nally1 made into a lotion &      

o9tm5t4 ,x is highly acrid &  corrosive1
 & 9 l>ge doses poison\s4    ,potassium1
 ,sulphocyanide (4 ,,kcns1 or ,k,cy,s4  
,syn4 ,,sulpho-,,cyanuret ,,(           
,,potassium2 ,,potassii                 
,,sulphocyanidum1 ,p4                   
,,sulpho-,,cyanuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
,f]rocyanide ( potassium 7anhydr\s1 or  
dri$ by a g5tle heat71 #df  p>ts2       
sulphur1 #cb p>ts2 pure c>bonate (      
potassium1 #ag p>ts2 r$uce  !m to p[d]1 
& v gradually heat ! mixture to l[      
r$ness 9 a  cov]$ iron crucible1 :i* x w
 less ?an "o half fill2 remove !        
half-refrig]at$ & /ill s(t mass1 cru% x1
 exhau/ x ) wat]1  & evaporate ! aque\s 
solution to dryness2 p[d] ! residuum1 & 
exhau/ x ) hot alcohol or rectifi$ _s2 !
 alcoholic solution  w yield beautiful  
:ite cry/als z x cools1 & ! residuum or 
"m-liquor may be evaporat$ = ! rema9d] (
 ! salt4    #b4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #c
 p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p2 wat]1 #f p>ts2   
dige/  !m toge!r = "s "t1 add #c p>ts m 
( wat]1 filt]1 evaporate1  & cry/allise4

    ,prop41 c4 ,long1 sl5d]1 col\rless  
prisms or plates1 :i* are  anhydr\s1    
bitt]-ta/$1 deliquesc5t1 fusible1 v     
soluble 9 bo?  wat] & alcohol1 &        
non-poison\s4 ,x is *iefly us$ z a te/ =
  f]ric oxide1 = :i* purpose x is       
pref]able to all o!r sub/ances4         
,potassium1 ,t>trate (4                 
,k#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,neutral     
,,t>trate ,,(  ,,potassium1 ,,t>trate   
,,( ,,potassa1 ,,neutral ,,t>t>1        
,,soluble ,t42 ,,potass  ,,t>tras 7,b4  
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,,kali       
,,t>t>izatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47     
,c>bonate ( potassium1 #h oz42 di/ill$  
wat]1 #b qu>ts2 dissolve1 & to  !       
solution1 :il/ boil+ hot1 gradually add 
( bit>trate (  potassium1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a
 lb41 or q4 s41 s t ! liquid1 aft]      
ebullition = a c\ple ( m9utes1 ceases to
 *ange ! col\r ( ei!r  blue or r$d5$    
litmus pap]2 next filt] ! liquid ?r\gh  
calico1  evaporate x until a pellicle   
=ms on ! surface1 & set x aside to      
cry/allise2 aft] #ab h\rs collect !     

cry/als1 dry !m on bibul\s  pap]1 &     
pres]ve !m f ! air4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4   
,l4 #ahcf is  ne>ly simil>4    ,prop41  
c4 ,! cry/als ( ?is salt1 :i* are obta9$
 )  difficulty1 are "r rhombic prisms1 &
 are deliquesc5t4 ,! salt (  comm]ce is 
usually 9 ! =m ( a :ite granul> p[d]1   
:i* is  obta9$ by simply evaporat+ !    
solution to dryness1 ) con/ant  /irr+4  
,9 ?is /ate x requires ab\t #d p>ts (   
cold wat] =  its solution4 ,acids conv]t
 x into ! bit>trate4 ,z a m$ic9e x  acts
 z a g5tle diuretic & ap]i5t1 & is valu$
 = correct+  ! grip+ prop]ties ( s5na & 
res9\s purgatives4 ,x is also           
antiscorbutic4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to   
#c_/d oz41 9 p[d]1 or dissolv$ 9  wat]4 
,! solution *anges ! col\r nei!r (      
litmus nor turm]ic4 ,!  addition ( almo/
 any acid ?r[s d[n cry/als ( bit>trate (
  potassium1 :i* g5]ally adh]e to !     
vessel4 ,! precipitate  occasion$ by    
ei!r *loride ( b>ium or acetate ( lead  
is dissolv$ by  dilute nitric acid4     
,potassium1 ,bit>trate (4               

,,khc#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,t>trate
 ,,(  ,,potassa1 ,,sup]-,,t>trate ,,(   
,p41 ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>2 ,,cremor       
,,t>t>i1 ,,potass  ,,bit>tras 7,b4 ,p41 
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,,potass          
,,sup]-,,t>tras1 ,,t>t>i  ,,cry/alli1   
,l4 ,?is well-kn[n salt is deposit$ dur+
 ! f]m5tation (  grape juice z a cru/ on
 ! sides ( ! casks or vats4 ,9 its      
unprep>$ or crude /ate x is call$ :ite  
or r$ t>t> or argol1  accord+ to ! w9e f
 :i* x has be5 obta9$4 ,x is purifi$ by 
boil+ x 9 wat]1 cry/allisation1         
re-solution 9 wat]1 & treatm5t  ) fre%ly
 burnt *>coal & alum9\s clay1 to remove 
! col\r2 !  cle> liquid is !n decant$1  
:il/ /ill hot1 & all[$ to cool  sl[ly2 !
 result+ cry/als =m ! #8cream ( t>t>' ( 
comm]ce4    ,prop41 c4 ,small1          
transluc5t1 gritty1 prismatic cry/als1  
irregul>ly  gr\p$ toge!r2 p]man5t 9 !   
air2 requir+ fully #ajj p>ts ( cold     
wat]1 & ab\t #ae p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 = _!
 p]fect solution2  ! solution has a h>%1
 s\r ta/e1 &1 l t ( ! t>trate1  suff]s  

spontane\s decomposition by keep+4 ,its 
solution r$d5s litmus4  ,at a r$ heat x 
is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( potassium4   
,entirely  soluble 9 #dj p>ts ( boil+   
wat]2 #dj gr41 9 solution1 are          
neutralis$  by #cj gr4 ( cry/allis$     
c>bonate ( soda4----,dose4 ,z an ap]i5t1
 #a to  #c dr42 z a diuretic1 #a_/b dr4 
to #a dr42 z an antiscorbutic1 #aj to   
#bj gr4  frequ5tly4 ,x is mu* us$ to    
make a pleasant cool+ dr9k              
7#8,imp]ial'71  & 9 too?-p[d]s4         
,,pota,,to4 ,?is well-kn[n & valuable   
article ( food is ! tub] (  ! ,solanum  
tub]osum or escul5tum1 a plant :i* 0    
introduc$ to  ?is c\ntry by ei!r ,sir   
,francis ,drake or ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1
 t[>ds  ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,x  
is n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9  all !     
temp]ate climates ( ! _w4 ,x yields a   
va/ quantity (  food on a small space ( 
gr\nd1 b only ab\t #a-g? "p ( ! weight  
( ! tub] is nutriti\s1 & ?is is *iefly  
f>9ace\s4 ,its f>9a or  />* is1 h[ev]1  
accompani$ by no inconsid]able portion (

 sal9e  matt]1 m especially ( potassa1  
:i* r5d]s x highly antiscorbutic1  & a  
p[]ful corrective ( ! grossness ( animal
 food4 ,:5 =m+  "p ( a mix$ diet1 p]haps
 no sub/ance is m :olesome ?an !        
potato1 &1 c]ta9ly1 no o!r escul5t      
hi!rto discov]$ appe>s  equally adapt$ =
 univ]sal use4    ,b\ss+ault gives !    
foll[+ z ! av]age composition ( ! tub]s 
( ! potato3----                   ,moi/ 
,dry4    ,wat]         #gei       ----  
,album5        #bc       #if    ,oily   
matt]    #jb       #jh    ,fibre        
#jd       #ag    ,/>*        #bjb       
#hch    ,salts          #aj       #da   
------------    ------------            
#ajjj     #ajjj    ,manur+ exp]im5ts on 
potatoes 9 #ahfg-ahfi %[ t on light     
soils a  mixture ( m9]al sup]phosphate1 
crude pota% salts1 & ammonium  sulphate1
 produces v b5eficial results2 on /iff  
soils nitrog5\s  manures h little       
effect4 ,fur!r pro( is giv5 t manur+ )  
common salt t5ds to decrease ! yield4   
,analyses1 conduct$ by ,a4 ,/ock>dt1 (  

potatoes gr[n 9 eight diff]5t  ye>s1 %[ 
t ^? manur$ ) salt inv>iably conta9 less
 />*  ?an ^? unmanur$1 ! decrease be+ f 
#aj to #bj p] c5t4 (  />*2 ! same effect
 is produc$ :5 ! salt is mix$ ) o!r     
manures4    ,"u ! microscope ! cells are
 se5 to be v sp>+ly fitt$ )  />* gra9s4 
,unmanur$ potatoes conta9$ #dc p] c5t4 (
 sodium *loride 9 ! dry  sub/ance1 & ^? 
:i* _h receiv$ a small dress+ ( common  
salt  #acd p] c5t4#aba    ,footnote     
#aba3 ,voelck] #8,roy4 ,agric4          
,society's ,j\rnal1' quot$ 9  #8,j\rnal 
( ,*emical ,society1' vol4 ,,xxv4    ,no
 c]ta9 rule c be laid d[n = #8dress+'   
potatoes4 8,if boil$1 x  may be t !y    
require to be put into boil+ wat]1 or1  
may be1 into  cold1 & ei!r boil$ quickly
 or sl[ly2 b ?is y mu/ f9d out4  ,*oose 
!m all ab\t ! same size1 ) a smoo? sk91 
& :5 !y are  boil$ & beg9 to crack1 ?r[ 
(f ! wat] imm$iately1 z x only  damages 
! root4 ,:5 dress$ let !m /& ne> ! fire1
 ) a clo?  ov] !m1 & s]ve !m 9 _! sk9s4 
,salt may be put into ! wat]  at !      

beg9n+4 ,a wat]y potato w require quick 
boil+1 &1  sometimes1 to be put into    
boil+ wat]40 7,soy]47    ,to reta9 !    
highe/ am\nt ( n\ri%m5t 9 potatoes !y   
%\ld be  #8dress$' ) _! sk9s on !m4 ,!  
bruis$ or damag$ p>ts1  worm-holes1 c41 
be+ remov$ ) a knife1 ! dirt %\ld be    
c>efully  clean$ out ( ! #8eyes1' & f ! 
r\gh p>ts ( ! sk9s1 by means  ( a bru% &
 wat]1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be well r9s$ 9  
clean  wat]1 & dra9$ 9 a col&]4 ,if !y  
are at all dry or %rivell$1  !y may be  
advantage\sly left to soak = #c or #d   
h\rs 9 clean cold  wat] be=e cook+ !m4  
,potatoes #8dress$' 9 ! sk9s h be5 f\nd 
to be ne>ly twice z ri* 9 potassa salts 
z ^? :i* h be5 fir/  peel$4 ,! sk9s are 
easily remov$ be=e s5d+ !m to table4    
,,new ,,potatoes %\ld h _! loose out]   
sk9 rubb$ (f ) a clo? or  /iff bru% be=e
 be+ dress$ or cook$4    ,illu/ration3  
,potato />* granules4    ,illu/ration3  
,potato />* granules swoll5 by liquor   
potass4    ,,ma%$ ,,potatoes are prep>$ 
by cru%+1 ) ! back ( a spoon1 or  ) a   

roll+-p91 ! hot #8dress$' tub]s1 plac$ 9
 a b[l or di%1 or  on a pie-bo>d4 ,a    
little milk1 butt]1 & salt may be add$  
to !m at  w1 & !y may be ei!r at once   
#8s]v$ up1' or press$ into #8=ms1'  &   
fir/ #8br[n$ (f' 9 ! ov54 ,potatoes1 if 
n s(t & mealy1 &  well ma/icat$1        
frequ5tly escape ! solv5t action ( !    
/oma*1 &  pass (f undige/$1 (t5 to !    
s]i\s d]angem5t ( ! heal?4 ,by  ma%+ !m 
?is inconv5i5ce is remov$4 ,! delicate1 
! dyspeptic1  & ! ag$ %\ld take !m 9 no 
o!r =m4    ,potatoes may be pres]v$ s z 
to /& ! longe/ voyages un*ang$1 by      
?or\ghly desiccat+ !m 9 an ov51 or by   
/eam heat4 ,= ?is purpose  ! roots1 ei!r
 raw or ?ree p>ts dress$1 are g5]ally   
fir/ cut into  dice ( above #c_/d in*   
squ>e1 to facilitate ! op]ation4 ,"u a  
pat5t  grant$ to ,mr ,d[nes ,edw>ds1    
,aug41 #ahdj1 ! boil$ potatoes are ma%$ 
& granulat$ by =c+ !m ?r\gh a p]=at$    
plate be=e dry+  !m4 ,! granulat$       
product1 beat5 up ) a little hot milk or
 hot  wat]1 =ms an excell5t             

extemporane\s di% ( ma%$ potatoes4    ,!
 microscopic detection ( potato />* is  
easy4 ,in/ead ( be+ r\nd  or oval1 & ) a
 c5tral hilum1 ! />* gra9s are pyri=m1 )
 an  ecc5tric hilum plac$ at ! small]   
end1 & ) well-m>k$ conc5tric  r+s4 ,a   
weak solution ( liquor potass 7"o drop (
 ! ,ph>macopia  prep>ation to t5 ( wat]7
 swells !m out greatly aft] a "t2 :ile  
:eat />* is little affect$ by pota% (   
?is /r5g?2 if !  /r5g? is #a to #c 7z 9 
! figs47 ! swell+ takes place v         
rapidly4    ,,pot ,,p\rri4 ,fr4 ,a      
mixture ( odor\s fl[]s1 roots1 gums1 c41
 v>i$  accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! op]ator1   
ei!r mix$ toge!r dry1 or 9  ! fre% /ate 
pres]v$ ) salt4 8,! usual way ( mak+ x  
is to  collect roses1 lav5d]1 & o!r     
sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s1 z !y bl[2 to  put !m 
into a l>ge j> mix$ 7/ratifi$7 ) salt1  
until a suffici5t  quantity has be5     
collect$2 !n to add to ^! su* o!r odor\s
  sub/ances z may be requir$ to =m an   
agreeable p]fume40 ,among !  sub/ances  
?us add$ are----amb]gris1 b5zo91 calamus

 root1 casc>illa1  cassia1 cassia buds1 
c9namon1 civet1 cloves1 musk1 musk se$1 
orange  b]ries & fl[]s1 orris root1     
pim5to1 /orax1 vanilla1 yell[ s&al      
wood1 c4    8,in/ead ( ! fre% fl[]s1    
dri$ roses are sometimes us$1 &1 )  !   
addition ( "s ess5tial oils1 ^! answ] q 
z well40  7,r$wood47    ,! foll[+ is a  
,fr5* =mula3----,take ! petals ( ! pale 
& r$  roses1 p9ks1 violets1 moss rose1  
orange fl[]1 lily ( ! valley1  acacia   
fl[]s1 clove gillifl[]s1 mignonette1    
heliotrope1 jonquils1 )  a small        
proportion ( ! fl[]s ( myrtle1 balm1    
rosem>y1 & ?yme2  spread !m out = "s    
days1 & z !y become dry put !m into a   
j>1 ) alt]nate lay]s ( dry salt mix$ )  
orris p[d]1 till !  vessel is fill$4    
,close x = a mon? & /ir ! :ole up1 &    
moi/5  x ) rose wat]4    ,,pot,,t$      
,,meats4 ,see ,,putrefaction & ,,pott+  
7bel[74    ,,pot,,t]y4 ,! me*anical     
op]ations connect$ ) ! manufacture (    
pott]y 7,,c]amic ,,art7 d n come )9 !   
prov9ce ( ?is "w4 ,!  mat]ials employ$1 

9 ?is c\ntry1 to produce ! be/ k9d (    
e>!nw>e 7,,/af=d%ire ,,w>e7 are ! f9e   
:ite clays ( ,devon%ire  & ,cornwall1 & 
p[d]$ *]t or fl9t4 ,?is is br\ght to a  
p]fectly  homog5e\s pla/ic mass ) wat]1 
& 9 ?is /ate is fa%ion$ ^u  ! pott]'s   
:eel & la!1 or by m\ld+1 into all ! v>i$
 objects  ( utility & ornam5t1 :i* are  
made 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,aft] ! newly  =m$  
vessels & o!r articles h be5 dri$ by    
exposure 9 heat$  rooms1 !y are enclos$ 
9 clay cases 7,,segg>s7 & expos$ to heat
 9 a  kiln1 by :i* !y arrive at a /ate  
7,,biscuit7 :i* r5d]s !m fit =  glaz+2 !
 patt]ns 7if any7 &1 aft]w>ds1          
appropriate vitre\s  mat]ials hav+ be5  
appli$ to _! surfaces1 !y are aga9 plac$
 9  ! segg>s1 & are aga9 expos$ 9 a kiln
 to a heat suffici5tly high  to fuse !  
newly appli$ comp\nd1 by :i* !y acquire 
a uni=m  enamell$ surface1 & become fit 
= ! m>ket4 ,,porcela91 or ,,*9a1 z  x is
 commonly call$1 is manufactur$ 9 a     
ne>ly simil> mann]1 b !  mat]ials are   
select$ & ! v>i\s processes conduct$ )  

correspond+ skill & c>e4    ,! ornam5tal
 patt]ns are produc$ ^u bo? ,/af=d%ire  
w>e &  porcela9 by a numb] ( +5i\s      
processes1 among :i* pr9t+1  pa9t+1 &   
m\ld+ are ! pr9cipal4 ,! col\rs employ$ 
are ^?  :i* h be5 already ref]r$ to "u  
,,enamels4    ,! metallic lu/res n[ s   
common on /onew>e1 c41 are giv5 z       
foll[s3----    #a4 ,,gold ,,lu/re4      
,dissolve gra9-gold1 #a dr41 9 aqua     
regia1 #c_/d oz42 to !  solution add (  
metallic t91 #f gr42 & :5 ?is is        
dissolv$1 p\r x  v gradually1 ) con/ant 
/irr+1 into a mixture ( balsam (        
sulphur1 #a_/b dr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #bj 
gr42 :5 ! mass beg9s to  /iff51 #a_/b   
dr4 m ( oil ( turp5t9e mu/ be add$1 &   
well mix$  94 ,m gold deep5s & bright5s 
! lu/re2 m t9 turns x on !  violet or   
purple4    #b4 ,,iron ,,lu/re4 ,f a     
mixture ( #8muriate ( iron' 7f]ric      
*loride7 &  _s ( t>4    #c4 ,,plat9um   
,,lu/re4 ,to a solution ( plat9um 9 aqua
 regia 7plat9ic  *loride7 is add$1 drop 
by drop1 a mixture ( _s ( t> & balsam ( 

sulphur 9 equal proportions1 until by a 
trial ! composition is f\nd to  give !  
requir$ result4 ,?is gives ! appe>ance (
 poli%$ /eel4    #d4 ,,silv] ,,lu/re4 ,!
 ammonio-*loride ( plat9um is r$uc$ to  
an  impalpable p[d]1 gr\nd up to !      
requisite consi/5ce ) a little  _s ( t>1
 & at once appli$ ) a bru%4    ,! above 
lu/res are appli$1 ov] an easily fusible
 glaze1 to ! out]  surfaces only ( !    
vessels1 aft] :i* adhesion is produc$ by
 expos+  ! pieces to a slight degree (  
heat 9 ! muffle4 ,to give !m _!  full   
beauty !y mu/ be rubb$ ) cotton1 wool1  
or *amois lea!r1  aft] ! fir+4 ,see     
,,alum9a1 ,,clay1 ,,enamels1 ,,gild+1   
,,glazes1 ,,kaol91 c4    ,,pot,,t+4 ,a  
t]m commonly appli$ to ! op]ation or    
practice (  pres]v+ animal sub/ances 9 a
 /ate fit = imm$iate use1 9 small  pots 
or j>s4 ,! me?od ( proce$+ is1 fir/1 to 
m9ce ! sub/ance  7previ\sly well dress$1
 & c>efully depriv$ ( bones1 s9ews1 sk91
  c471 &1 next1 to p\nd x 9 a clean     
poli%$ m>ble or iron mort>1  along ) a  

little butt] & "s cay5ne pepp]1 or o!r  
suitable  spice or sauce1 until x =ms a 
p]fectly smoo? pa/e2 ?is is press$  into
 ! pots1 s z to ab\t #b-crds fill !m1 & 
cl>ifi$ melt$  butt] is !n p\r$ 9 to !  
dep? ( ab\t #a-h? ( an in*2 ! pots  are1
 la/ly1 closely cov]$ ov]1 & kept 9 a   
cool situation4 ,9 ?is  /ate _! cont5ts 
may be pres]v$ = a ye>1 or long]4 ,pott$
 beef1  ham1 veal1 p\ltry1 game1        
an*ovies1 bloat]s1 salmon1 c41 are      
commonly  sold 9 ! %ops4 ,!y are all    
int5d$ = reli%es1 & are spread ^u  bread
 9 ! same mann] z butt]4    ,,p\dre     
,,k\sique4 ,fr4 ,a ,fr5* no/rum1 consi/+
 ( nitre &  sulphur1 ( ea* #ej p>ts2    
*>coal & antimony1 ( ea* #a "p4 ,x is   
divid$ into #a_/b-;dr4 doses1 ( :i* ?ree
 are put into ea* packet4 ,x is  giv5 to
 dogs 9 a ball ( butt]1 to prev5t !     
disord]s to :i* !y  are liable4         
,,p\dre ,,metallique4 ,fr4 ,see ,,too?  
,,cem5ts4    ,,p\dre ,,subtile4 ,fr4    
,see ,,depilatory4    ,,p\drette4 ,fr4  
,dri$ night-soil4 ,! manure sold "u ?is 

"n is a  comp\nd ( night-soil ) clay1   
*>coal1 or gypsum1 made into balls or   
cakes4 ,its ext5sive use 9 ,belgium1    
,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1  &1 
m p>ticul>ly1 9 ,*9a1 :]e x 0 fir/      
employ$1 has %[n  x to be ! mo/ f]tilis+
 & g5]ally applicable ( all ! num]\s    
sub/ances us$ z manure4 ,un=tunately1 ! 
prejudices ( ,engli%m5  lead !m to      
poison ! air ( _! cities & t[ns1 & !    
wat]s (  _! riv]s1 ) a sub/ance :i*1 if 
rightly appli$1 w\ld cr[n  _! fields )  
gold5 h>ve/s1 & drive paup]ism f ! l&4  
,t>dieu1 speak+ ( ! m5 engag$ 9 mak+    
p\drette1 says3----8,!  action ( !      
exhalations f ! manure manufactur]s is  
c]ta9ly n  injuri\s4 ,! workm5 %[       
actually no trace ( sickness or disease 
:i* c be ref]r$ to ! influ5ce ( ^!      
exhalations40    ,t #8p\drette' is1     
h[ev]1 occasionally liable to set up    
f]m5tation  seems und5iable2 & :5 ?is is
 ! case1 & l>ge quantities (  p\drette  
are /or$ )9 a small space1 s]i\s        
consequ5ces may ensue4    ,p>5t         

,du*telet cites ! case ( a vessel c>ry+ 
p\drette to  ,guadal\pe1 9 :i* half !   
crew di$1 & ! rema9d] 7 9 a v  l[ /ate (
 heal? on ! arrival ( ! vessel at       
,guadal\pe1 ow+1 z  he affirms1 to !    
exhalations giv5 (f by ! p\drette4      
,,p\l,,tice4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasm2         
,,cataplasma1 ,l4 ,an ext]nal           
application1  g5]ally extemporane\s1 us$
 to promote suppuration1 allay pa9 &    
inflammation1 resolve tum\rs1 c4        
,p\ltices 7cataplasmata7 are g5]ally    
prep>$ ) sub/ances capable (  absorb+   
mu* wat]1 & assum+ a pulpy consi/5ce1 s 
z to admit (  _! application to any     
surface1 h[ev] irregul>4 ,_! curative   
action  pr9cipally dep5ds ^u ! liquids )
 :i* !y are moi/5$1 &  ! heat reta9$ by 
! mass4 ,) ?is object !y %\ld nev] be   
heavy  or v bulky1 & %\ld be frequ5tly  
repeat$1 & lightly1 b  securely1 b&ag$  
on1 to prev5t displacem5t4    ,!        
addition ( a little l>d1 olive oil1 or1 
/ill bett]1 glyc]91 to a  p\ltice1 t5ds 
greatly to promote its emolli5t action1 

& to ret>d its  h>d5+4    ,z ! cont9u$  
m$ication ( ! "p ) w>m? & moi/ure1 or ) 
sub/ances appli$ 9 ! moi/ way1 is !     
pr9cipal object to be  atta9$ 9 !       
application ( p\ltices1 a fold or two ( 
l9t or s(t  l95 dipp$ 9 hot wat]1 ei!r  
simple or m$icat$1 & cov]$ ) a  piece ( 
?9 %eet gutta p]*a or india-rubb] clo?1 
to prev5t  evaporation1 may be (t5      
conv5i5tly appli$ 9 _! /ead4 ,a v       
elegant & useful sub/itute ( ?is k9d is 
sold "u ! "n (  #8spongio pil9e4' ,its  
cleanl9ess1 lightness1 & ease (         
application has  l$ to its ext5sive     
adoption by ! m$ical pr(ession4    ,!   
foll[+ =mul embrace all ! cataplasma ( !
 ,ph>macopias3----    ,p\ltice ( ,alum4 
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf47 ,alum 79   
p[d]71 #a dr42 :ites ( #b eggs2 %ake !m 
toge!r  until !y =m a coagulum4 ,appli$1
 betwe5 ! folds ( f9e l951 to  *ilbla9s1
 sore nipples1 inflam$ eyes1 c4         
,p\ltice1 ,anodyne4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4   
,,cataplasma ,,anodynum4 ,prep4 ,poppy  

heads1 #a oz42 dri$ leaves ( h5bane1 #b 
oz42 wat]1 #bd oz4 ,boil1 /ra91  & add  
to ! liquor #d oz4 ( emolli5t meals1 to 
=m a p\ltice4    ,p\ltice1 ,antiseptic4 
7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma        
,,antisepticum4  ,prep4 ,b>ley fl\r1 #f 
oz42 p[d]$ ,p]uvian b>k1 #a oz42 wat]1  
q4 s4  ,boil &1 :5 cool en\gh1 add      
camphor 9 p[d]1 #a dr4    ,p\ltice1     
,a/r+5t4 7,foy47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma     
,,a/r+5s4 ,prep4  ,cate*u1 #a oz42 p[d]$
 oak b>k & b>ley meal1 ( ea* #a oz42    
cold  wat]1 q4 s4    ,p\ltice (         
,belladonna4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4        
,,cataplasma ,,belladonn4  ,prep4       
,extract ( belladonna1 made 9 vacuo1 #a 
dr42 oatmeal1 #a_/b lb42  boil+ wat]1 q4
 s4    ,p\ltice1 ,bran4 ,syn4           
,,cataplasma ,,furfuris4 ,prep4 ,f9e    
bran1 ) "o  t5? ( l9se$ meal1 made into 
a p\ltice ) boil+ wat]4 ,mr ,payne      
recomm5ds1 z a *eap hospital p\ltice1   
#c-a_/b pecks ( poll>d1 #ad lbs4  (     
bruis$ meal1 & #a_/d lb4 ( l>d4         
,p\ltice ( ,bread4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma   

,,panis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f crum (  bread1   
soak$ 9 hot wat]1 slightly press$1 & !n 
beat5 up ) a  little l>d1 butt]1 or oil4
 ,emolli5t4 ,see ,,p\ltice1 ,,l9se$     
,,meal  7bel[74    ,p\ltice ( ,c>rot4   
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,dauci1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,f !  common escul5t c>rot1 scrap$  
f9e1 s z to =m a pulp4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 
#ahbf47 ,f ! cultivat$ c>rot boil$ ) a  
little wat]  until x becomes s(t en\gh  
to =m a p\ltice4 ,anodyne & antiseptic4 
,us$ 9 f\l & pa9ful ulc]s1 burns1       
contusions1 c4 ,t f !  fir/ =mula is ! m
 /imulant4    ,p\ltice ( ,*>coal4 ,syn4 
,,cataplasma ,,c>bonis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4   
,l471 ,c4 ,c4  ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,soak bread1 #b oz41 9 boil+ 
wat]1 #a_/b  p9t2 to ?is add1 by        
degrees1 ( l9se$ meal1 #aj dr42 &1      
aft]w>ds1  ( p[d]$ 7rec5tly burnt7      
*>coal1 #b dr42 la/ly1 spr9kle on !     
surface ( ! p\ltice p[d]$ *>coal1 #a dr4
 ,z an application to  fetid & gangr5\s 
sores2 frequ5tly r5ew$4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,wood *>coal1 #a_/b oz42 bread1 #b oz42

 l9se$ meal1 #a-a_/b oz42  boil+ wat]1  
#aj oz42 soak ! bread 9 ! wat] ne> !    
fire1 add !  l9se$ meal & half ! *>coal1
 /irr+ to a s(t p\ltice1  spr9kl+ !     
rema9d] ( ! *>coal on ! surface4        
,p\ltice ( ,*loride ( ,sda4 ,syn4       
,,cataplasma ,,sod ,,*lor9at 7,b4  ,p41 
,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,boil+ wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 l9se$  meal1   
#d-a_/b oz42 mix gradually1 !n add (    
solution ( *lor9at$ soda1  #b fl4 oz4   
,appli$ to f\l ulc]s1 gangr5\s p>ts1 c4 
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution ( *lor9at$ soda1
 #a2 l9se$ meal1 #b2 boil+  wat]1 #d2   
add ! l9se$ meal gradually to ! wat]1   
/irr+  con/antly1 !n mix ! solution (   
*lor9at$ soda4    ,p\ltice1 ,comp\nd    
,f>9a4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,f>9         
,,compositum4 ,prep4  ,rye fl\r1 #a lb42
 old yea/1 #d oz42 salt1 #b oz42 hot    
wat]1 q4 s4    ,p\ltice1 ,cumm94 7,l4   
,ph4 #aghh47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,cum9i4
 ,prep4  ,cumm9 se$s1 #a lb42 bay       
b]ries1 scordium leaves1 s]p5t>ia root1 
(  ea* #c oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 to be    

p[d]$ toge!r & mix$ ) ?rice  _! weight (
 honey4    ,p\ltice1 ,discuti5t4 ,syn4  
,,cataplasma ,,discuti5s4 ,prep4 ,b>ley 
meal1  #f oz42 fre% hemlock1 #b oz42    
v9eg>1 q4 s4 ,boil & add sal ammoniac1  
#a_/b  oz4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,! same1 ) #b  
dr4 ( acetate ( lead add$4    ,p\ltice1 
,eff]vesc+4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma          
,,eff]vesc5s4 ,prep4 ,fre%  wort ?ick5$ 
) oatmeal1 & a spoonful ( yea/ add$4    
,p\ltice1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma   
,,emeticum4 ,prep4 ,bruis$ gr\ndsel     
7,s5ecio vulg>is7 appli$ ov] ! /oma*    
produces vomit+4    ,cataplasma ( ,fig4 
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fici4 ,prep4 ,a    
dri$ fig1 roa/$  or boil$ 7sometimes 9  
milk71 is frequ5tly appli$ to gum-boils1
 c4    ,p\ltice1 ,foxglove4 7,mr ,all&47
 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,digitalis4 ,prep4 
,a  /rong decoction ( foxglove1 )       
bread-crum1 or l9se$ meal1 q4 s4        
,p\ltice1 ,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma 
,,galbani4 ,prep4 ,lily roots1 #d  oz42 
figs1 #a oz42 boil till s(t1 & bruise !m
 ) #a-a_/b oz4 ( onions  & #a_/b oz4 (  

galbanum1 triturat$ ) yolk ( egg & a    
suffici5t  quantity ( l9se$ meal4       
,p\ltice1 ,galvanic4 7,recami]47 ,syn4  
,,cataplasma ,,galvanicum4 ,x  consi/s (
 cotton wadd+ conta9+ a lay] ( v ?9 z9c 
plates1  & ano!r lay] ( copp] ones4 ,?is
 pad1 conv5i5tly quilt$1 is  enclos$ 9 a
 bag1 "o face ( :i* is ( quilt$ calico1 
! o!r (  imp]meable tissue4 ,! natural  
p]spiration1 conf9$ by ! imp]meable     
tissue1 excites galvanic action betwe5 !
 metals4    ,p\ltice ( ,hemlock4 ,syn4  
,,cataplasma ,,conii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4     
,l471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,boil+ 
wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 l9se$ meal1 #d-a_/b    
oz41 or  q4 s42 make a p\ltice1 & on ?is
 spread ( extract ( hemlock 7,ph4 ,l471 
#a oz41 fir/ s(t5$ ) a little hot wat]4 
,anodyne4 ,9 irritable &  pa9ful        
canc]\s1 scr(ul\s1 & syphilitic sores1  
tum\rs1 c4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hemlock    
leaf1 9 p[d]1 #a oz42 l9se$ meal1 #c    
oz42 boil+  wat]1 #aj oz42 mix !        
+r$i5ts1 !n add !m to ! wat] gradually1 
con/antly /irr+4    ,p\ltice1 ,h5bane4  

,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,hyoscyami4 ,! same 
z ,,p\ltice ,,(  ,,poppy4    ,p\ltice1  
,hop4 7,dr ,trott]47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma 
,,humuli4 ,hops s(t5$  ) hot wat]4 ,to  
f\l ulc]s4    ,p\ltice1 ,iod9e4 ,syn4   
,,cataplasma ,,ioduretum4 ,to a common  
p\ltice add  solution or t9cture (      
iod9e4    ,p\ltice1 ,lead4 ,syn4        
,,cataplasma ,,plumbi4 ,prep4 ,g\l>d    
wat]1 #a lb42  bread crum1 q4 s4        
,p\ltice1 ,lily4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma     
,,lilii4 ,! pulp ( ! :ite lily  boil$ & 
bruis$4    ,p\ltice1 ,lime4 ,syn4       
,,cataplasma ,,calcis4 ,prep4 ,slak$    
lime1 #b oz42  oatmeal1 #b oz42 l>d1 #d 
oz4 ,=m]ly us$ at ,ba? ,hospital4       
,p\ltice ( l9se$ ,meal4 ,syn4           
,,cataplasma ,,l9i 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to boil+    
wat]1 #a_/b p9t1 add1 gradually1        
con/antly /irr+1 ( l9se$ meal1 #d-a_/b  
oz41 or q4 s4 ,emolli5t4 ,us$  to       
promote ! suppuration or #8rip5+' (     
tum\rs4 ,a little oil or l>d  %\ld be   
add$1 & "s sme>$ ov] ! surface z well1  

to prev5t its  gett+ h>d4 ,= small      
#8ga!r+s1' z ( ! f+]s1 a little *ew$    
bread & butt] is an effici5t & conv5i5t 
sub/itute4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,l9se$ meal1
 #d2 olive oil1 #a_/b2 boil+ wat]1 #aj2 
mix !  l9se$ meal ) ! oil1 add ! wat]   
gradually1 con/antly /irr+4    ,obs4    
,l9se$ meal prep>$ f ! cake1 f :i* ! oil
 has be5  express$1 is less adapt$ =    
p\ltices ?an t prep>$ f !  unpress$1    
:ole se$4 ,! latt] is ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4
    ,p\ltice1 ,malt4 7,guy's ,hosp47    
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,bynes4 ,prep4      
,gr\nd  malt1 ) yea/1 q4 s41 to =m a    
p\ltice2 to be appli$ w>m4    ,p\ltice1 
,maturative4 7,l4 #agde47 ,syn4         
,,cataplasma ,,maturans4 ,prep4  ,pulp (
 figs1 #d oz42 res9 o9tm5t1 #a oz42     
/ra9$ galbanum1 #a_/b oz4    ,p\ltice ( 
,must>d4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,s9apis    
7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,l47 ,l9se$ meal & p[d]$ mu/>d1 (  
ea* #b-a_/b oz41 or  q4 s42 boil+ wat]1 
#a_/b p9t2 mix z be=e4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 
#ahcf47 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ boil+     

v9eg> = wat]4  ,us$ z a p[]ful          
c\nt]-irritant1 /imulant1 & rubefaci5t2 
9 l[  fev]s1 apoplexy1 coma1 c41 :]e !re
 is a det]m9ation ( blood to  ! head2 9 
deep-seat$ inflammatory pa9s1 neuralgic 
pa9s1 c4 ,x  %\ld n be left on long     
en\gh to raise a bli/]4 ,see ,,pla/]s4  
,p\ltice1 ,onion4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma    
,,cep4 ,prep4 ,onions roa/$ &  ma%$4    
,p\ltice ( ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma   
,,papav]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod4   
#ahci47 ,a /rong decoction ( poppies1   
?ick5$ ) crum ( bread4  ,anodyne4       
,p\ltice1 ,pota%1 ,acetate (4 ,syn4     
,,cataplasma ,,potass ,,acetatis2       
,,cataplasma ,,neutrale4 ,prep4 ,acetate
 ( pota%1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 crum  ( 
bread1 q4 s4 ,to ill-condition$ sores4  
,p\ltice ( ,potato4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma  
,,solani ,,tub]osi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f  ! raw
 potato1 scrap$ or grat$ f9e4 ,a popul> 
application to fre%  bruises1           
extravasations1 burns1 scalds1 c4       
,p\ltice ( ,potato ,/>*4 7,p4 ,cod47    
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fecul4 ,prep4      

,potato />*1 #b oz42 mix ) a little cold
 wat]1 add to x #bj oz4 (  boil+ wat]1 &
 boil = an in/ant4 ,cataplasms ( rice & 
:eat  />* are made 9 ! same mann]4      
,p\ltice1 ,pradi]'s4 ,syn4 ,,pradi]',s  
,,cataplasma2 ,,cataplasme ,,de         
,,pradi]1  ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take ( balsam ( 
,mecca1 #f dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #af oz42   
dissolve2 next1 sep>ately1 take r$      
c9*ona b>k1 s>sap>illa1 &  sage1 ( ea*  
#a oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1
 #cb oz42 dige/  = #dh h\rs1 & filt]2   
mix ! two liquors2 add to !m twice _!   
weight ( lime wat]4 ,9 g\t2 #b fl4 oz4  
are spr9kl$ on ! surface ( a  hot       
l9se$-meal p\ltice suffici5tly l>ge to  
surr\nd ! affect$  "p4 ,x is said t !   
,emp]or ,napoleon gave #bejj = ?is      
receipt4    ,p\ltice ( ,pyroligne\s     
,acid4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma 
,,acidi  ,,pyrolignosi4 ,prep4 ,bran1 #a
 lb42 l9se$ meal1 #a oz42 impure        
pyroligne\s  acid1 q4 s4 ,= scr(ul\s    
ulc]s2 occasionally #cj m9ims ( t9cture 
(  p]*loride ( iron1 & #c dr4 ( extract 

or p[d] ( hemlock1 are add$4    ,p\ltice
 ( ,r$ ,w9e4 7,gl4 ,hosp47 ,syn4        
,,cataplasma ,,v9i ,,rubri4 ,prep4      
,l9se$ meal1 #a-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #e
 oz42 /ir x ov] a sl[ fire  = a m9ute1  
remove1 & add #b oz4 ( r$ w9e4          
,p\ltice1 ,roa/$ ,apple4 ,syn4          
,,cataplasma ,,mali4 ,! s(t pulp (      
roa/$ apple1 appli$ to inflam$ eyes4    
,o!r +r$i5ts are sometimes  add$4       
,p\ltice1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma     
,,ros4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ alum1 #cj gr42     
confection ( roses1 #d oz42 mix4        
,p\ltice ( ,sea-wrack4 7,dr ,russell47  
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fuci4 ,prep4  ,fre%
 bladd] fucus 7sea-wrack7 bruis$4       
,appli$ to gl&ul> tum\rs1 c4            
,p\ltice1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma   
,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 
,p[d] = a cataplasma & boil+ wat]1 ( ea*
 q4 s4 to =m a  p\ltice1 ! surface ( :i*
 is to be sme>$ ov] ) olive oil4        
,emolli5t4 ,bread p\ltice & l9se$-meal  
p\ltice are n[ g5]ally  call$ by ?is "n4
 ,see ,,p[d] 7,p\ltice74    ,p\ltice (  

,slipp]y ,elm4 ,,cataplasma ,,ulmi4 ,!  
p[d]$ b>k ( !  slipp]y elm 7,ulmus      
fulva7 mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( hot
  wat]4    ,p\ltice ( ,soap4 ,syn4      
,,cataplasma ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f   
:ite soap  7scrap$ or slic$71 #a oz42   
boil+ wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 dissolve1 & add  
crum ( bread1 q4 s4 ,z an application to
 scalds & burns4    ,p\ltice1 ,sorrel4  
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,oxalis4 ,prep4     
,bruis$ sorrel  leaves1 mix$ ) oatmeal &
 be]4    ,p\ltice1 ,/imulat+4 7,dr ,hugh
 ,smi?47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,/imulans4 
,prep4 ,rye fl\r1 #a lb42 old yea/1 #d  
oz42 common salt1 #b oz4    ,p\ltice1   
,sulphate ( ,lime4 7,bliz>d47 ,syn4     
,,cataplasma ,,calcis  ,,sulphatis4     
,prep4 ,p>is pla/] mix$ ) wat] to a s(t 
pa/e1 &  appli$ be=e x h>d5s4 ,=m]ly    
appli$ to ulc]s to =m an  artificial    
scab2 n[ occasionally us$ to af=d       
me*anical support 9  "s surgical cases4 
,p\ltice ( ,sulphate ( ,soda4 7,kirkl&47
 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,sod  ,,sulphatis4 
,prep4 ,sulphate ( soda1 #a oz42 boil+  

wat]1 #a_/b lb42 crum  ( bread1 a       
suffici5t quantity4    ,p\ltice to cause
 ,suppuration4 7,e4 ,ph4 #aggd47 ,syn4  
,,cataplasma  ,,suppurans4 ,to an       
emolli5t cataplasm add bruis$ onions1   
#a-a_/b oz42  basilicon o9tm5t1 #a oz4  
,p\ltice ( ,tannate ( ,lead4 7,g4 ,ph47 
,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,ad ,,decumbitum2   
,,plumbum ,,tannicum ,,pulti=me4 ,prep4 
,boil #b oz4 ,( oak b>k 9 suffici5t     
wat] to yield #aj oz4 ( /ra9$ decoction2
 add to ?is #a oz4 7by weight7  ( liquid
 subacetate ( lead1 collect !           
precipitate on a filt]1 & put  x into a 
bottle ) #b dr4 ( rectifi$ _s4          
,p\ltice1 ,tonic4 7,g4 ,hosp47 ,syn4    
,,cataplasma ,,tonicum4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$   
b>k1 #a oz42 *>coal1 #a oz42 camphor1   
#a-a_/b dr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 q4 s4      
,p\ltice1 ,turnip4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma   
,,rapi4 ,prep4 ,peel turnips1 boil  !m  
till s(t1 beat !m to a pulp1 & apply    
w>m4    ,p\ltice1 ,turp5t9e4 7,dr       
,reece47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,t]eb9?94  
,prep4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #b dr42 olive   

oil1 #a oz42 l9se$ meal1 #a oz42        
oatmeal1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s4 ,to  
indol5t ulc]s1 &1 ) m  turp5t9e1 to deep
 burns1 scalds1 & *ilbla9s4    ,p\ltice 
( ,v9eg>4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,aceti1   
,l4 ,prep4 ,f crum (  bread soak$ 9     
v9eg>4 ,appli$ cold 9 bruises1          
extravasations1 c41  especially black   
eyes4 ,v]juice is (t5 employ$ 9 ! same  
way4    ,p\ltice ( ,walnut ,leaves4     
7,p]fect47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,jugl&is4
  ,prep4 ,! fre% leaves ( walnut bruis$ 
& mix$ ) honey4 ,appli$  ov] ! abdom5 z 
a v]mifuge4    ,p\ltice ( ,yea/4 ,syn4  
,,cataplasma ,,f]m5ti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4    
,l471 ,c4 ,f4  ,,c]evisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,be] yea/ & wat] at #ajj    
,fahr41 (  ea* #e fl4 oz42 mix1 /ir 9   
fl\r1 #a lb41 & place x ne> ! fire      
until x rises4 ,9 gangr5\s or f\l ulc]s2
 to correct ! fetor ( !  dis*>ge1 & to  
ha/5 ! sl\gh+4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,be]    
yea/1 #f2 fl\r1 #ad2 wat] 7at #ajj      
,fahr471 #f2 mix4 ,place  ! mass ne> !  
fire till x rises4    ,,p\l,,try4       

,dome/ic birds1 :i* are propagat$ & f$ =
 ! table1  & = _! eggs1 fea!rs1 c4    ,!
 p\ltry ( ?is c\ntry are ! common       
dome/ic f[l1 ! turkey1 !  duck1 & !     
goose2 to :i* "s writ]s add ! gu9ea-f[l 
& !  peacock4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is ! mo/    
g5]ally useful4 ,?\gh a native  (       
,india1 x accompanies man ?r\gh almo/ e 
gradation (  civilisation & climate1 &  
fl\ri%es almo/ ev]y:]e1 :5 prop]ly      
secur$ f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 & all[$ 
an ample supply (  fre% air1 ) prop]    
food4 ,= ! production ( abundance ( eggs
 x  mu/1 h[ev]1 be well f$ & w>mly      
lodg$4 ,! h5-roo/s &  p\ltry-h\ses %\ld 
be well protect$ f ! wea!r1 & _!        
temp]ature %\ld be duly ma9ta9$ by      
proximity to ! /ables1  c[-h\ses1 or    
dwell+-h\se1 &1 9 cold wea!r1 by !      
employm5t1  :5 necess>y1 ( artificial   
heat4 ,! food %\ld also conta9 an ample 
supply ( nitrog5\s matt]1 = )\t ?is h[ c
 x be expect$ t  h5s c produce abundance
 ( eggs1 :i* are peculi>ly ri* 9        
nitrog58  ,! #8greaves' ( ! tall[-*&l]s1

 & su*-l sub/ances1 are h5ce  excell5t  
additions to ! ord9>y food ( p\ltry4 ,b 
x is n  suffici5t m]ely to supply p\ltry
 ) abundance ( food & w>m?2 x  is       
equally necess>y t !y %\ld h ample space
 = ex]cise &  recreation4 ,?is space    
8%\ld always conta9 liv+ plants ( v>i\s 
k9ds1 & "s gravelly or s&y soil2 because
 worms1 snails1 z well z1  occasionally1
 grass & h]bage1 =m a "p ( ! food (     
p\ltry2 &  s& or gravel is swall[$ by !m
 = ! purpose ( promot+  dige/ion4 ,h5ce1
 no heal?y p\ltry c ev] be re>$ 9 t[ns1 
h[ev]  mu* ! natural food may be imitat$
 by ! supply ( animal matt]s1  h]bage1 &
 s&40 7,l\don47    ,,p\nce4 ,p[d]$ gum  
s&>ac g5]ally passes "u ?is "n4 ,x is   
us$ to prep>e p>*m5t = writ+ on1 & to   
prev5t ink f  spread+ ^u pap] aft]      
erasures4 ,p[d]$ cuttle-fi% bone is     
occasionally employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,bo? 
are appli$ to ! surface by  means ( a   
cyl9drical roll ( li/ call$ a #8rubb]4' 
,pack]s rub !  surface ( por\s & greasy 
woods1 z ! heads ( boxes1 cases1 casks1 

c41 ) :it+ or p[d]$ res91 to make !m be>
 ! ink4 ,!  col\r$ p[d]s us$ by patt]n  
draw]s1 = spr9kl+ ov] prick$  pap]s1 are
 also call$ #8p\nce4' ,= liquid p\nce1  
see ,,m>k+ ,,ink4    ,,p[d]4 ,syn4      
,,pulvis1 ,l4 ,p[d]s are divid$ by      
ph>maceutical writ]s  into two          
classes----simple & comp\nd4 ,! fir/ are
 prep>$ by simple  pulv]isation2 !      
second by ! admixture ( two or m simple 
p[d]s4  ,= use ! appropriate doses are  
sep>ately weigh$1 & plac$ 9  sep>ate    
pap]s4 ,!y are usually exhibit$ 9 a     
little honey1 sug>1 or  milk1 ei!r tak5 
f a spoon or made into an electu>y or   
bolus1 &  swall[$ 9 ! semi-solid =m4    
,metallic & o!r heavy p[d]s are  be/    
tak5 9 ! latt] /ate4 ,v active sub/ances
 %\ld be1 9 all  cases1 mix$ ) "s in]t  
p[d]1 z t ( />*1 gum1 liquorice1 or     
m>%mall[1 at ! "t ( #8disp5s+' !m4      
8,?is =m ( prep>+ m$ic9es is ! simple/1 
& p]haps ! lea/  objectionable2 b x is n
 applicable to all ! articles ( !       
,mat]ia  ,m$ica4 ,^? rem$ies :i* are v  

unpleasant to ! ta/e2 ^? :i*  deliquesce
 rapidly :5 expos$ to ! air1 or are v   
volatile2 &  ^? :i* require to be giv5 9
 v l>ge doses1 or :i* are n  diffus$    
readily 9 wat]1 _c1 ) propriety1 be     
adm9i/]$ 9 !  =m ( p[d]4 ,"s sub/ances  
_c be r$uc$ to p[d] unless !y be  v mu* 
dri$1 & ! heat necess>y = t purpose     
alt]s _!  prop]ties40 ,nor c we 8be     
surpris$ t a great alt]ation %\ld be    
effect$ 9 a %ort "t by ! action ( ! air 
on s great an ext5sion  ( surface z     
takes place 9 ! op]ation usually adopt$ 
= r$uc+  drugs to a f9e p[d]40 7,a4 ,t4 
,?omson47    ,9 ?is c\ntry comp\nd p[d]s
 appe> to be a fav\rite =m ( m$ic9e  9 !
 diseases ( infancy & *ildhood4    8,x  
is necess>y t :atev] we ord] to be r$uc$
 to p[d] %\ld be  rubb$ ?r\gh a f9e     
sieve1 s t ! impurities & co>s] p>ts may
  be sep>at$2 & x is ne$ful t mo/ p[d]s 
%\ld be rec5tly  prep>$1 & n too long   
kept40 7,ph4 ,l47    ,z ne>ly all p[d]s 
suff] by exposure to ! air & light1 !y  
%\ld  be pres]v$ 9 closely-cork$ opaque 

or gre5-glass bottles1 or 9 t9  cani/]s 
f :i* ! ext]nal air is c>efully exclud$4
 ,see  ,,pulv]isation1 c4    ,p[d]1     
,alg>o?'s4 ,see ,,antimony1             
,,oxy*loride4    ,p[d] ( ,aloes         
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,alo,s      
,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4  ,,alo,s   
,,cum ,,guaiaco1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,socotr9e or hepatic aloes 79  p[d]71   
#a-a_/b oz42 guaiacum 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 
comp\nd c9namon p[d]1  #a_/b oz42 rub !m
 toge!r4 ,a w>m1 sudorific              
purgative4----,dose1 #aj to #bj  gr4    
,p[d] ( ,aloes ) ,canella4 ,syn4        
,,aloetic ,,p[d]1 ,,holy ,,bitt]2       
,,hi]a ,,picra1 ,,pulvis ,,aloes ,,cum  
,,canell1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ ,socotr9e 
or hepatic aloes1 #d p>ts2 p[d]$ :ite   
canella1 #a "p4 ,uses & dose1  z ! la/4 
,obs4 ,once a highly popul> rem$y4 ,x 0 
orig9ally made into an  electu>y )      
honey1 & 9 ?is =m 0 frequ5tly call$     
#8,,hi]a  ,,logadii1' ,x is /ill a      
fav\rite 9 dome/ic m$ic9e & vet]9>y     
practice4 ,! pr9cipal objection to bo?  

?is & ! prec$+  prep>ation is ! nause\s 
flav\r ( ! aloes1 :i* is ill conceal$   
by ! aromatics4 ,! #8,,hi]a ,,picra' =  
f>ri]s is usually made ) !  *eape/ ,cape
 aloes4    ,p[d] ( ,aloes ) ,iron4 7,l4 
,ph4 #aghh47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,aloeticus 
,,cum  ,,f]ro4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a-a_/b   
oz42 myrrh1 #b oz42 sulphate ( iron1 #a 
oz42  dri$ extract ( g5tian1 #a oz4     
,p[d] ( ,alum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,/yptic
 ,,p[d]2 ,,pulvis ,,/ypticus1 ,p4       
,,alum9is ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,alum1 #d oz42 k9o1 #a
  oz42 mix !m1 & r$uce !m to f9e p[d]4  
,a/r+5t &  /yptic4----,dose1 #e to #ae  
gr42 9 di>rha1 pr(use m5/ruation1 c4    
,ext]nally1 9 hmorrhages1 c4    ,p[d]1  
,alum1 ,opiat$4 7,b\*>dat47 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,alum9is ,,opiatus4  ,prep4   
,alum1 #a dr42 sug>1 #a dr42 opium1 #d  
gr42 mix = #ab p[d]s4 #b or  #c daily 9 
ob/9ate di>rhz & passive hmorrhages4    
,p[d] ( ,alum ) ,capsicum4 7,dr         
,turnbull47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,alum9is    
,,cum  ,,capsico4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #c p>ts2

 conc5trat$ t9cture ( capsicum1 #a "p2  
mix1 dry1 & triturate aga94 ,appli$ to !
 tonsils4    ,p[d] ( ,alum ) ,gum4      
7,frankel47 ,prep4 ,alum1 gum tragacan?1
 (  ea* equal p>ts4 ,appli$ to sore     
brea/s4    ,p[d] ( ,alum ) ,/>*4 7,/4   
,?4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,alum9is    
,,cum  ,,amylo4 ,prep4 ,alum & />*1     
equal p>ts4 ,9 insufflation (  rh9orrha4
    ,p[d] ( ,amb]gris ) ,musk4 7,bat4   
,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,amb]grise        
,,mos*atus4 ,prep4 ,amb]gris1 #f dr42   
musk1 #a dr42 oil ( c9namon1 #b         
scruples2 ref9$ sug>1 #aa-a_/b oz42 mix4
    ,p[d]1 ,ammoniat$ ,aromatic4 ,syn4  
,,pulvis ,,ammoniatus ,,aromaticus2     
,,leayson',s ,,ammoniacal ,,collyrium4  
,prep4 ,muriate ( ammonia1 #a dr42 slak$
  lime1 #a oz42 *>coal1 #ae gr42        
c9namon1 #ae gr42 cloves1 #ae gr41 bole1
 #a_/b  dr4 ,put !m into a bottle &     
moi/5 ) a little wat]4    ,p[d] (       
,an*ovy4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,clupe         
,,encrasicoli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,p\nd         
an*ovies to a pa/e1 !n rub !m ?r\gh a   

sieve1 & add en\gh fl\r  to make a d\gh1
 :i* mu/ be roll$ out into ?9 slices &  
dri$ by a  g5tle heat 9 a /ove2 x is1   
la/ly1 p[d]$ & bottl$4 ,col\r+ is       
frequ5tly add$4 ,*iefly us$ to make     
sauces4 ,briti% an*ovies are  frequ5tly 
sub/itut$ = ! g5u9e fi%4    ,p[d]1      
,an?rakokali1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis  
,,an?rakokali1 ,,comp\nd4  ,prep4       
,an?rakokali1 #b gr42 wa%$ sulphur1 #f  
gr42 mix4 ,= #a dose4    ,p[d]1         
,an?rakokali1 ,simple4 7,poyla47 ,syn4  
,,pulvis ,,an?rakokali  ,,simplex4      
,prep4 ,an?rakokali1 #b gr42 liquorice  
p[d]1 #f gr42 mix4 ,= #a  dose4         
,p[d]1 ,antiepileptic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis   
,,antiepilepticus 7,e4 ,ph41 #agdd47    
,prep4 ,:ite dittany1 pony1 val]ian1    
mi/letoe ( ! oak1 equal  p>ts4----,dose1
 #aj to #f gr4 7,behr5ds47 ,prep4       
,val]ian1 #d dr42 magnesia1  muriate (  
ammonia1 oil ( cajeput1 ( ea* #a        
scruple4----,dose4 ,a  teaspoonful ?ree 
times a day4 ,dr ,p>is says ! foll[+ 0  
us$  successfully by a ,dut*            

empiric3----,sulphur1 #a scruple2       
sulphate ( pota%1  #aj gr42 rhub>b1 #e  
gr42 nutmeg1 #b gr42 mix4 7,g]m4 ,hosp47
 ,prep4 ,oxide (  z9c1 #af gr42 c>bonate
 ( magnesia1 #dh gr42 oleo-sac*>um (    
cajeput1 #c  dr4 ,mix = #h doses4 ,p\dre
 de ,ragolo4 ,oxide ( z9c1 #aj gr42     
val]ian1  mi/letoe1 sug>1 orange leaves1
 ( ea* #d dr42 magnesia1 #b scruples2   
oil  ( cajeput1 #b scruples2 a          
teaspoonful ?ree times a day4 ,pasqui]  
prescribes----,wall crop1 #aj gr42 gum  
,arabic1 #aj gr42 #a to #d p[d]s daily  
= eight times4 ,,somm]',s ,,specific    
consi/s (----,wall crop1 #f to #aj gr42 
oleo-sac*>um ( m9t1 #h gr42 "o morn+ &  
ev5+ = six times4 ,see  ,,pulvis        
,,artemisi ,,sac*>atus4 ,! ,p\dre de    
,guttte consi/s (  mi/letoe1 #b p>ts2   
:ite dittany1 #b2 pony root & se$s1 #b2 
prep>$  coral1 #a2 elk's ho(1 #b2 se$s (
 ora*e1 #b4 ,giv5 9 doses ( a few  gra9s
 9 convulsions ( infants1 or 9 l>g]     
doses = epilepsy4    ,p[d]1             
,antihydrophobic4 7,dr ,mead47 ,syn4    

,,pulvis ,,antilyssus4 ,prep4           
,a%-col\r$ gr\nd liv]-wort 7,pettidea   
can9a71 #a_/b oz42 black pepp]1  #b dr42
 mix1 & give a f\r? "p e morn+ = #d     
times4    ,p[d]1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4     
,,fev] ,,p[d]1 ,,lisle',s ,p41          
,,james',s ,p42  ,,pulvis ,,jacobi1     
,,pulvis ,,antimonialis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,e41  ,d471 ,,pulvis ,,antimonii        
,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,a mixture ( t]sulphide (    
antimony1 #a lb41 & h>t%orn %av+s1 #b   
lbs41 is r$uc$ to p[d]1  ?r[n into a    
crucible heat$ to :it5ess1 & /irr$      
con/antly until  vap\r no long] rises2 !
 calc9$ mixture is !n rubb$ to p[d]1    
aga9 put into ! crucible1 & ! heat      
gradually increas$ to  :it5ess1 &       
ma9ta9$ s = #b h\rs2 ! residuum is1     
la/ly1 r$uc$  to a v f9e p[d]4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,e47 ,f sulphide ( antimony &     
h>t%orn %av+s1 equal  weights2 z ! la/4 
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,t>t>is$ antimony1 #d    
oz41 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a_/b gall41  &
 add$ to solution ( phosphate ( soda1 #d

 oz41 9 wat]1 #a qu>t2 a  solution (    
*loride ( calcium1 #b oz41 9 wat]1 #a   
qu>t1 & to :i*  solution ( ammonia 7,ph4
 ,d471 #d fl4 oz41 has be5 add$1 is next
 p\r$  91 & ! :ole boil$ = #bj m9utes2 !
 precipitate is !n collect$  on a calico
 filt]1 & wa%$ ) hot di/ill$ wat]1 until
 ! liquid  :i* passes ceases to give a  
precipitate ) a weak solution ( nitrate 
( silv]2 x is1 la/ly1 dri$ by a /eam or 
wat] heat1 & r$uc$ to a  f9e p[d]4      
#d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide ( antimony1 #a2    
precipitat$ phosphate ( lime1 #b2       
mix4----,dose1 #b to #f gr4    ,uses1 c4
 ,febrifuge & diaphoretic4 ,int5d$ z a  
sub/itute = !  propriet>y & m exp5sive  
,,james',s ,,p[d]4----,dose1 #c to #aj  
or #ab gr41  or m1 repeat$ e f\r? or    
fif? h\r until diaphoresis is set up2  9
 fev]s1 rheumatic affections1 *ronic sk9
 diseases1 c4 ,x is a v  unc]ta9 &      
v>iable comp\nd1 unless x has be5       
c>efully prep>$4 ,dr  ,elliotson        
exhibit$ x 9 doses ( #ajj gr4 )\t       
produc+ any s5sible  effect4 ,a spuri\s 

article1 made by triturat+ #a oz4 ( t>t>
 emetic  ) #ah or #ai oz4 ( burnt       
h>t%orn1 is frequ5tly sold = x 9 !      
%ops4 ,see ,,antimoni\s ,,acid &        
,,james',s ,,p[d]4    ,p[d]1            
,antispasmodic4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,antispasmodicus4 ,prep4      
,cyanide ( z9c1 #c gr42 calc9$ magnesia1
 #bd gr42 c9namon1 #ab gr42 mix4  ,= #f 
doses4    ,p[d]1 ,antispasmodic4        
7,j\rdan47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis               
,,antispasmodicus4 ,prep4  ,val]ian1 #a 
oz42 oxide ( z9c1 #a scruple2 musk1 #h  
gr42 mix4    ,p[d]1 ,aromatic4 ,see     
,,p[d]1 ,,comp\nd ,,c9namon4    ,p[d]1  
,ars5ical4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,es*>otic4     
,p[d] ( ,as>abacca 7,comp\nd74 ,see     
,,snuff 7,cephalic74    ,p[d]1 ,a/r9g5t4
 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,a/r+5s1 ,p4           
,,/ypticus1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,f ,aleppo  
galls & burnt alum1 9 f9e p[d]1 equal   
p>ts4 ,us$ 9  piles1 s(t polypi ( !     
nose1 *ilbla9s1 c4    ,p[d]1 ,bak+4     
,prep4 #a4 ,t>t>ic acid1 #a_/b lb42     
bic>bonate ( soda  & potato f>9a or     

,briti% arr[-root1 ( ea* #c_/d lb4 7ea* 
9 p[d]72  sep>ately dry !m p]fectly by a
 v g5tle heat1 !n mix !m 9 a  dry room1 
pass ! mixture ?r\gh a sieve1 & at once 
put x into  packets1 obs]v+ to press x  
h>d1 & to cov] x ) t9foil or  close-made
 pap]1 to pres]ve x z mu* z possible f !
 air &  moi/ure4    #b4 7,del=te's47    
,p[d]$ t>t>ic acid1 #a_/d lb42 p[d]$    
alum1 #a_/b lb42  bic>bonate ( soda1    
#c_/d lb42 f>9a1 #a lb42 dry sep>ately1 
z be=e1  mix1 & fur!r add (             
sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 79 p[d]71 #c   
oz42  la/ly1 closely pack x 9 t9foil4   
#c4 7,gre5's47 ,t>t>ic acid1 #ce lbs42  
sesquic>bonate ( soda1 #ef lbs42  potato
 fl\r1 #a cwt42 mix z be=e4    ,uses1 c4
 ,bak+ p[d] is *iefly employ$ z a       
sub/itute = yea/4 #a  or #b teaspoonfuls
 are mix$ ) ! dry fl\r & o!r +r$i5ts1   
:i* are !n made into a d\gh1 z quickly z
 possible1 ) cold wat]1  & at once bak$ 
or boil$ z ! case may be4 ,by ! addition
 ( ab\t  #a_/b dr4 ( turm]ic p[d] to ea*
 p\nd ( ! mixture x is conv]t$  into egg

 p[d]4 ,:5 int5d$ to be kept = any l5g? 
( "t x %\ld  be pres]v$ 9 bottles or    
t9s1 s z to prev5t ! absorption (       
moi/ure4 ,we h discov]$ traces ( ars5ic 
9 "s ( ! bak+  p[d]s ( ! %ops1 :i* we   
ref] to common wa%]woman's soda be+  us$
 9 _! composition1 in/ead ( ! pure      
c>bonate or  sesquic>bonate4    ,p[d]1  
,basilic4 ,syn4 ,,royal ,,p[d]1         
,,corna*9i',s ,p42 ,,pulvis             
,,basilicus1 ,p4 ,,corna*9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 
,f scammony1 calomel1 cream (  t>t>1 &  
diaphoretic antimony1 equal p>ts4 ,?is  
is ! =mula  g5]ally adopt$ = ?is        
comp\nd1 :i* has n[ long be5 omitt$ f  !
 ,ph>macopias4 ,x is /ill a fav\rite )  
_m practition]s1 z an  alt]ative        
purgative1 & v]mifuge =                 
*ildr54----,dose4 ,= a *ild1 #b  to #h  
gr42 = an adult1 #e to #bj gr4 ,comp\nd 
p[d] ( scammony is n[  g5]ally sold = x4
    ,p[d]1 ,belladonna1 ,sac*>at$4      
7,w]tzl]47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,belladonn   
,,sac*>atus4 ,prep4 ,belladonna root1   
#ae gr42 pure sug>1 #a dr42 mix4 ,=  #gb

 p[d]s4 ,"o twice a day1 or (t5]1       
accord+ to ! age4 ,9  hoop+-c\gh4       
,p[d]1 ,bla9e's ,di/emp]4 ,! basis ( ?is
 prep>ation is ! #8aurum  musivum1' or  
bisulphuret ( t94 7,dr ,p>is47    ,p[d]1
 ,blancmange4 ,prep4 ,f sago meal1 #a   
lb42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #ae  drops2 mace1  
#ab gr42 mix4    ,p[d]1 ,blea*+4        
,*loride or hypo*lorite ( lime4         
,p[d]1 ,blue4 ,see ,,smalts4    ,p[d]1  
,bronze4 ,see ,,/annic ,,sulphide1      
,,bronz+1 c4    ,p[d] ( ,burnt ,h>t%orn4
 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cornu ,,c]v9i ,,u/i1  
,l4 ,prep4  ,f pieces ( h>t%orn calc9$  
to :it5ess1 & p[d]$4 ,x consi/s         
pr9cipally ( phosphate ( lime4----,dose1
 #aj to #cj gr42 9 rickets1 c4    ,p[d] 
( ,burnt ,h>t%orn ) ,opium4 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,opiatus1 ,,pulvis  ,,cornu   
,,u/i ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ 
calc9$ h>t%orn1 #a oz42  p[d]$ opium &  
co*9eal1 ( ea* #a dr4----,dose1 #e to   
#bj gr4    ,p[d] ( ,camphor4 ,camphor   
may be readily pulv]is$ by triturat+ x  
) ! addition ( a few drops ( rectifi$ _s

 or e!r4    ,p[d]1 ,camphorat$ ,nitre4  
7,sw$iaur47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,nitro      
,,camphoratus4  ,prep4 ,nitre1 #aj gr42 
camphor1 #d gr42 gum ,arabic1 #bd gr42  
mix4 ,= two or  ?ree doses4    ,p[d]1   
,capu*94 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ cevadilla1     
p>sley se$1  /avesacre1 & tobacco1 equal
 p>ts4 ,us$ to de/roy p$iculi4    ,p[d]1
 ,ca/illon's4 ,prep4 ,f sago meal1      
salep1 & gum tragacan?1  ( ea* #c dr42  
prep>$ oy/] %ells1 #a dr42 co*9eal1 q4  
s4 to col\r4  ,absorb5t4----,dose1 #a_/b
 to #a dr41 boil$ 9 milk2 9 di>rha1 c4  
,p[d] ( ,cate*u 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,cate*u ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41
  ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47  
,take cate*u & k9o1 ( ea* #b oz42       
c9namon & nutmeg1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 r$uce
 ea* to a f9e p[d]1 mix1  & keep !      
prep>$ p[d] 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4      
,aromatic &  a/r+5t4----,dose1 #a_/d dr4
 to #b dr42 9 v>i\s affections4    #b4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,pale cate*u2 k9o1 #b2        
rhatany1 #b2 c9namon1 #a2 nutmeg1 #a2   
mix4----,dose1 #ae to #cj gr4    ,p[d] (

 ,*alk 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cret
 ,,aromaticus 7,b4 ,p471  ,,pulvis      
,,cret ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d471 ,p4 ,,c>bonatis ,,calcis ,,comp41 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep>$ *alk1
 #a_/b lb42 c9namon1 #d oz42 torm5til  &
 gum acacia1 ( ea* #c oz42 long pepp]1  
#a_/b oz42 rub !m1 sep>ately1  to a v   
f9e p[d]1 & mix !m4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47   
,prep>$ *alk1 #d oz42 c9namon1 9 f9e    
p[d]1 #a-a_/b dr42  nutmeg1 9 f9e p[d]1 
#a dr4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prep>$ *alk1  
#e oz42 c9namon1 #b-a_/b oz42 gum1 #b   
oz42  nutmeg1 #a_/b oz4    #d4          
7,,aromatic ,,p[d] ,,( ,,*alk----,b4    
,p47 ,*alk1 #aa2 c9namon1 #d2 nutmeg1   
#c2  saffron1 #c2 cloves1 #a-a_/b2      
c>damom se$1 #a2 ref9$ sug>1 #be2 all 9 
p[d]2 mix4----,dose1 #cj to #fj gr4     
,uses1 c4 ,aromatic1 a/r+5t1 &          
antacid4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 9    
acidity1 flatul5ce1 he>tburn1 di>rha1 c4
 ,! foll[+ =m is us$  by _m :olesale    
h\ses3----,prep>$ *alk1 #d lbs42 p[d]$  
cassia1 #b  lbs42 p[d]$ calamus         

aromaticus1 #c_/d lb42 p[d]$ gum1       
#a-a_/b lb42 long  pepp]1 #a_/d lb4     
,p[d] ( ,*alk ) ,opium 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4
 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,aromaticus  ,,cum    
,,opio 7,b4 ,p472 ,,opiat$ ,,*alk       
,,p[d]2 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,compositus    
,,cum ,,opio  7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pulvis      
,,cret ,,opiatis 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  ,comp\nd *alk    
p[d]1 #f-a_/b oz42 p[d]$ opium1 #hj gr4 
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,comp\nd *alk p[d]1 #f   
oz42 p[d]$ opium1 #hj gr4    #c4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,comp\nd *alk p[d]1 #d oz4 #g dr42 
opium1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a  dr4    #d4       
7,:olesale47 ,comp\nd *alk p[d]1 #ba    
oz42 p[d]$ opium1 #a_/b oz4  ,anodyne1  
antacid1 & c>m9ative4----,dose1 #aj to  
#cj gr42 9 ! same  cases z ! prec$+1 ?an
 :i* x is m active4 ,x has long be5 a   
fav\rite rem$y 9 all cases ( simple &   
ev5 *ol]aic di>rha4    #e4 ,aromatic    
p[d] ( *alk 7see ,,p[d] ,,( ,,*alk      
7,comp\nd71 #d71 #ci2  opium1 9 p[d]1   
#a2 mix ?or\ghly1 & pass ?r\gh a        
sieve4----,dose1 #aj  to #dj gr4        

,p[d]1 ,*alk ,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis   
,,pro ,,mi/ura ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prep4       
7,beasley47 ,p[d]$ gum acacia1 #e oz42  
prep>$ *alk1 #d oz42 :ite sug>1  #c oz42
 oil ( c9namon1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4   
#dj gr4 ( ?is p[d]1  triturat$ ) #a fl4 
oz4 ( wat]4    ,p[d]1 ,*olera 7,sal9e74 
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,sal9us ,,anti*ol]icus1 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,o',%aughnessy47   
,c>bonate ( soda1 #e gr42 *loride (     
sodium1 phosphate ( soda1 & sulphate (  
soda1 ( ea* #aj gr4 ,= a  dose4    ,p[d]
 ( ,c9namon 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic
 ,,p[d]2 ,,pulvis ,,c9namomi            
,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471       
,,pulvis ,,aromaticus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,c9namon1 #b oz42
 c>damoms1 #a-a_/b oz42 g+]1 #a oz42    
long pepp]1 #a_/b  oz42 rub !m toge!r s 
t a f9e p[d] may be made4    #b4 7,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,e47 ,c9namon1 c>damom se$s1 &
 g+]1 equal p>ts2 to  be kept 9 a       
well-clos$ glass vessel4    #c4 7,ph4   
,d47 ,c9namon & g+]1 ( ea* #b oz42      
c>damom se$s 7husk$71  & nutmegs1 ( ea* 

#a oz4 ,aromatic & c>m9ative4----,dose1 
#aj to #cj gr4  ,9 ! p[d] ( ! %ops      
cassia is g5]ally sub/itut$ = c9namon4  
,p[d]1 ,clarify+4 ,flake album54 ,see   
,,album54    ,p[d]1 ,cockle4 ,f !       
well-kn[n %ell-fi% ,c>dium edule        
7,l9n471  z oy/] p[d]4    ,p[d]1        
,colbat*e's ,specific4 ,prep4 ,f        
solution ( sesqui*loride (  iron &      
acetate ( lead1 ( ea* #d oz42 mix1      
evaporate to dryness1 p[d]  ! residuum1 
& pres]ve x f ! air4 ,a/r+5t &          
hmo/atic4----,dose1 #c to #h grs4       
,p[d] ( ,colocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis       
,,colocyn?idis1 ,l4 ,t ( ! %ops  is     
g5]ally prep>$ f ! :ole ( ! peel$ fruit1
 ) ! se$s1  in/ead ( m]ely f ! pulp1 by 
:i* its activity is greatly  less5$4 ,a 
factiti\s article is also met ) 9 trade1
 made by gr9d+  bryony root ) ab\t twice
 its weight ( colocyn? se$s & a v  small
 quantity ( gamboge4    ,p[d]1 ,comp\nd 
,almond4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis      
,,amygdal ,,compositus4  ,prep4 ,/eep #h
 oz4 ( ,jordan almonds 9 w>m wat] till  

_! sk9s c  be easily remov$2 &1 :5      
blan*$1 dry !m ?or\ghly ) a s(t  clo?1 &
 rub !m lightly 9 a mort> to a smoo?    
consi/5ce2 mix gum  ,arabic 9 p[d]1 #a  
oz42 & ref9$ sug>1 9 p[d]1 #d oz42 &    
add+  !m to ! pulp gradually1 rub ! :ole
 to a co>se p[d]4 ,keep x 9 a  lightly  
cov]$ j>4    ,p[d]1 ,comp\nd ,b>k4      
7,g5eva ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,c9*on    
,,compositus4  ,prep4 ,p]uvian b>k1 #a  
oz42 rhub>b1 #a-a_/b dr42 muriate (     
ammonia1  #a-a_/b dr42 mix4    ,p[d]1   
,comp\nd ,belladonna4 #a4 7,heck]47     
,prep4 ,belladonna1 #a to #c  gr42 musk1
 #e gr42 camphor1 #e gr42 :ite sug>1 #cj
 gr42 mix4 ,= #h p[d]s4    #b4 7,kopp47 
,belladonna root1 #b gr42 ipecacuanha1  
#b gr42 sulphur1 #cb gr42  sug> ( milk1 
#cb gr4 ,mix1 & divide into #c p[d]s1   
?ree daily4 ,9  hoop+-c\gh4    ,p[d]1   
,comp\nd ,c]use4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,syn4
 ,,pulvis ,,c]us ,,compositus4  ,prep4  
,c>bonate ( lead1 #e oz42 s>cocol1      
#a-a_/b oz42 tragacan?1 #a_/b  oz42 mix4
 ,= outw>d use4    ,p[d]1 ,comp\nd1 (   

,cyanide ( ,z9c4 7,guib\rt47 ,syn4      
,,pulvis ,,z9ci  ,,cyanidi ,,compositus4
 ,prep4 ,cyanide ( z9c1 #b gr42 calc9$  
magnesia1 #bg  gr42 c9namon1 #aj gr42   
mix4 ,= #f doses1 9 cramp ( ! /oma*4    
,p[d]1 ,comp\nd ,f5nel4 7,brunsw4 ,ph47 
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,f,,niculi  ,,compositus4
 ,prep4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a oz42   
f5nel se$s1 #a-b oz42  orange peel1 #b  
dr42 :ite sug>1 #b dr4 ,r$uce ea* to a  
f9e p[d] &  mix4    ,p[d]1 ,comp\nd     
,musk4 7,russ4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis     
,,mos*i ,,compositus4  ,prep4 ,musk1 #h 
p>ts2 val]ian1 #aj p>ts2 camphor1 #c    
p>ts4    ,p[d]1 ,comp\nd ,opium4 7,b4   
,p47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,opii ,,compositus4
 ,prep4  ,mix ?or\ghly #a-a_/b oz4 (    
opium1 9 p[d]1 ) #b oz4 ( p[d]$ black   
pepp]1 #e oz4 ( g+]1 #f oz4 ( c>aways1 &
 #a_/b oz4 ( tragacan?4  ,pass ! p[d]s  
?r\gh a f9e sieve1 rub !m lightly 9 a   
mort>1 &  keep ! p[d] 9 a /opp]$ bottle4
 ,?is p[d] ne>ly repres5ts !  dry       
+r$i5ts ( confection ( opium1           
,l4----,dose1 #b to #e gr4    ,p[d]1    

,comp\nd ,silv]4 7,s]re47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,arg5ti ,,compositus4  ,prep4 ,*loride
 ( silv]1 #a gr42 wa%$ orris p[d]1 #b   
gr4 ,us$ 9  frictions1 ! same z         
,,comp\nd ,,gold ,,p[d]4    ,p[d]1      
,comp\nd ( ,sulphate ( ,soda4 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,,sod ,,sulphatis              
,,compositus4 ,,sel ,,de ,,gu9dre4      
,prep4 ,dri$ sulphate ( soda1 #ah dr42  
nitrate ( pota%1 #a_/b dr42             
potassio-t>trate ( antimony1 #a gr4 ,a  
?ird  "p to be tak5 9 wat] or h]b bro?4 
,p[d]1 ,comp\nd ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,sulphuris ,,compositus4              
,,rati]3----,sulphur1 #a oz42 cream (   
t>t>1 #a oz42 :ite sug>1 q4 s4 ,,van    
,,mons 7antidys5t]ic p[d]73----,sulphur1
 #a oz42 f5nel se$1 #a dr42 :ite  sug>1 
#b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 mix4       
,,sw$iaur 7pectoral  p[d]73----,sulphur1
 #a_/b oz42 liquorice1 #a oz42 orris1 #b
 dr42 b5zoic acid1  #a scruple2 :ite    
sug>1 #b oz42 oil ( anise & f5nel1 ( ea*
 #aj drops4    ,p[d] ( ,contray]va      
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,contray]v  

,,compositus1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4     
#ahbd47 ,p[d]$ contray]va root1 #e oz42 
prep>$  oy/] %ells1 #a-a_/b lb42 mix4 ,a
 tonic absorb5t or antacid4----,dose1   
#aj  gr4 to #a_/b dr41 z requir$4       
,p[d]1 ,cool+4 7,g4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,temp]ane4 ,prep4 ,nitrate (  pota%1  
#a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #c oz42 sug>1 #f  
oz4    ,p[d]1 ,corn4 ,see ,,corn        
,,solv5t & ,,p[d]1 ,,w>t 7bel[74        
,p[d]1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis        
,,cosmeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hann4   
#ahca47 ,blan*$ sweet almonds & beans1 (
 ea* #ah oz42 orris root1 #h  oz42 :ite 
,spani% soap1 #f oz42 sp]maceti1 #a-a_/b
 oz42 dri$ c>bonate (  soda1 #a oz42    
oils ( lav5d]1 b]gamot1 & lemon1 ( ea*  
#f dr42 mix1  & beat !m to a p[d]4 ,see 
,,p[d]1 ,,hair1 & ,,h& 7bel[71 ,,pa/e   
7,almond71 ,,p[d]s 7,sc5t$71 c4    ,p[d]
 ( ,cry/al4 ,f qu>tz1 l ,,p[d]$ ,,glass 
7page #hje74 ,us$ to  make f9e glass2   
also = a dry] = pa9ts1 & sold "u ! "n ( 
#8diamond du/' = razor /rops4    ,p[d] (
 ,cubebs ) ,alum4 7,mat?ieu47 ,syn4     

,,pulvis ,,cubeb ,,cum  ,,alum9e4 ,prep4
 ,cubebs1 #b oz42 alum1 #d dr42 mix4 ,= 
#i doses4 ,?ree  daily1 9 gonorrha4     
,p[d]1 ,curry4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,curry   
,,p[d]4 ,! samples ( ?is comp\nd  prep>$
 by diff]5t h\ses v>y s greatly f ea*   
o!r 9 !  proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 t x is
 difficult to reg>d any "o z  a /&>d4 ,!
 foll[+ are !re=e m]ely giv5 z          
examples3----    ,prep4 #a4 ,cori&]s1 #a
 lb42 turm]ic1 #c_/d lb42 black pepp]1  
#a_/b lb42  scor*$ mu/>d1 #a_/d lb42    
g+]1 #b oz42 cum9 se$1 #a oz42          
capsicums1  #c_/d oz42 mace1 #a_/d oz4  
7all 9 p[d]72 mix well4    #b4 ,cori&]  
se$s & black pepp]1 ( ea* #h lbs42      
turm]ic & cum9  se$s1 ( ea* #d lbs41    
allspice1 #c_/d lb42 mace1 #a oz4 7all 9
 p[d]72  mix4 ,?is receipt is employ$ by
 an em95t :olesale h\se t does v  l>gely
 9 curry p[d]4    #c4 7,see page #ebd47 
,us$ z a condim5t & flav\r+ +r$i5t4 ,!  
addition ( a few heads  ( g>lic gives x 
an increas$ ze/ = ,indian vet]ans4      
,p[d]1 ,cu/ard4 ,prep4 ,f sago meal1 #b 

lbs42 p[d]$ turm]ic1 #a_/b  oz42        
bitt]-almond p[d]1 cassia1 & mace1 ( ea*
 #a_/b dr4    ,p[d]1 ,cyprus4 ,f        
,cladonia rangif]9a1 or re9de] moss4 ,x 
has a  v agreeable smell1 &1 be+        
extremely ret5tive ( od\rs1 is mu*  us$ 
z a basis = sc5t-p[d]s1 sa*ets1 c4 ,!   
li*5 kn[n z !  ragg$ ho>y ev]nia also   
possesses ne>ly simil> prop]ties1 & is  
(t5 sub/itut$ = x4 ,see ,,p[d]s         
7,sc5t$74    ,p[d]1 ,diap5te4 7,ed4 ,ph4
 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,diap5te4      
,prep4  ,ari/olo*ia root1 g5tian1 bay   
b]ries1 myrrh1 ivory du/1 ( ea* #b oz42 
mix4    ,p[d]1 ,dis9fect+4 ,syn4        
,,pulvis ,,dis9fectans1 ,l4 ,prep4      
7,kei/47  ,bisulphate ( potassa1 #da    
p>ts2 sug> ( lead1 #g p>ts2 b9oxide (   
manganese1 #c p>ts1 r$uce !m sep>ately  
to a f9e p[d]1 &1 :5  want$ = use1 mix a
 prop] quantity 9 any suitable vessel4  
,= o!r  =mul1 see ,,dis9fect+           
,,comp\nds4 ,! "n is g5]ally appli$ to  
hypo*lorite ( lime4    ,p[d]1 ,diuretic4
 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis             

,,diureticus4 ,prep4 ,gum  ,arabic1 #f  
oz42 sug> ( milk1 #f oz42 nitrate (     
pota%1 #a oz42 m>%mall[  root1 #a oz42  
liquorice root1 #b oz42 mix4    ,p[d]1  
,dov]'s4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,dov]i1 ,l4    
,prep4 7,orig9al =mula47  ,nitre &      
sulphate ( potassa1 ( ea* #d oz42 melt  
!m toge!r 9 a  r$-hot crucible1 r$uce ! 
cold fus$ matt] to p[d]1 & add p[d]$    
ipecacuanha1 liquorice1 & opium1 ( ea*  
#a oz4 ,?is is ! =mula  adopt$ 9 ! ,p>is
 ,codex4 ,,comp\nd ,,ipecacuanha ,,p[d] 
is n[ sold "u  ?is "n4 7,see bel[47     
,p[d]1 ,duke ( ,portl&'s4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,anti>?riticus4 ,prep4 ,r\nd          
bir?wort1 g5tian1 tops ( less] c5taury1 
tops ( gr\nd p9e1 &  g]m&]1 ( ea* equal 
p>ts4----,dose1 #a dr4    ,p[d]1 ,egg4  
,see ,,p[d]1 ,,bak+4    ,p[d] (         
,elat]ium1 ,comp\nd4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,,pulvis
 ,,elat]ii ,,compositus4  ,prep4        
,elat]ium1 #aj gr42 sug> ( milk1 #ij gr4
 ,rub !m toge!r to f9e  p[d]4----,dose1 
#a_/b gr4 to #e gr4    ,p[d]1           
,emm5agogue4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis             

,,emm5agogus1 ,p4 ,h,,mat9us1 ,p4       
,,contra  ,,am5orrh,,am1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
,sac*>9e c>bonate ( iron1 #c p>ts2 p[d]$
  myrrh1 g+]1 & nutmeg1 ( ea* #a "p2    
divide into #a_/b-;dr4 pap]s4 ,"o  = a  
dose1 twice or ?rice daily4    #b4      
7,augu/947 ,myrrh1 #ab gr42 saffron1 #c 
gr42 oil ( cloves1 #a drop4 ,= a  dose1 
z ! la/4    #c4 7,kle947 ,calomel1 #d   
gr42 extract ( yew1 #aj gr42 p[d]$      
sav9e1 #a  dr42 ,quev5ne's iron1 #a_/b  
dr42 loaf sug>1 #b dr4 ,= #f p[d]s2 z   
be=e4    ,p[d]1 ,emulsive1 ( ,glut54    
7,taddei47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,glut5is     
,,emulsivus4  ,prep4 ,fre% vegetable    
glut51 #aj oz42 soap1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a  
p9t4  ,dissolve1 evaporate ! solution1  
dry x on plates1 & r$uce to p[d]4  ,z an
 antidote to corrosive sublimate4       
,p[d]1 ,es*>otic 7,ars5ical74 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,,es*>oticus ,,ars5icalis1     
,l42 ,,p\dre ,,du ,,fr,,res ,,cosme1    
,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al =mula47 ,f    
:ite  ars5ic1 #ab gr42 burnt h>t%orn1   
#a_/b dr42 c9nab>1 #a dr4    #b4 7,p4   

,cod47 ,r$ sulphuret ( m]cury & p[d]$   
dragon's blood1 ( ea*  #b p>ts2 levigat$
 ars5i\s acid1 #a "p2 c>efully mix$     
toge!r4 ,see  ,,cau/ic1 ,,ars5ical4     
,p[d] ( ,extract ( ,colocyn? 7,comp\nd74
 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,extracti              
,,colocyn?idis ,,compositi1 ,l4 ,prep4  
,f comp\nd extract ( colocyn?  7,ph4 ,l4
 #ahcf71 dri$ by a g5tle heat1 & p[d]$4 
,obs4 ,?is1 l _m o!r articles employ$ by
 lazy disp5s]s1 does  n repres5t !      
prep>ation = :i* x is us$ z a sub/itute2
  :il/1 f its peculi> "*1 x is v op5 to 
sophi/ication----a  practice1 we regret 
to say1 v g5]al ) c]ta9 druggi/s4       
,inde$1  "s ( ^! p>ties make ?is article
 by simply ?r[+ ! +r$i5ts  ( ! extract  
into a pan along ) a little wat]1 &1 :5 
!y h  become s(t1 /irr+ !m toge!r ) a   
spatula1 aft] :i* !y are  desiccat$ &   
p[d]$4 ,?is is !n labell$ by c]ta9      
h\ses1 8,pulv4  ,ext4 ,coloc4 co4----,p4
 ,l410 & sold to _! un=tunate cu/om]s z 
su*1  al?\gh no su* an extract has be5 9
 ! ,ph4 ,l4 s9ce t ( #ahcf4    ,p[d]1   

,fayn>d's4 ,! *>coal ( bee*wood1 f9ely  
p[d]$4 7,p>is47  ,us$ 9 piles1 & z a    
/yptic4    ,p[d]1 ,fev]4 ,see ,,p[d]1   
,,antimonial 7above74    ,p[d] ( ,fl9t4 
,syn4 ,,silex ,,contritus 7,ph4 ,l471   
,l4 ,prep4 ,z p[d]$  glass4 7,see page  
#hje47 ,x is ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 to be   
employ$1 in/ead  ( magnesia1 = ! purpose
 ( me*anically divid+ ! ess5tial oils   
us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,x is
 also us$ z an  es*>otic4    ,p[d]1     
,fly4 ,prep4 ,f :ite ars5ic1 #e oz42    
:ite sug>1 #f lbs42  rose p9k1 #b oz42  
mix1 & put #f dr4 9 ea* pap]4 ,us$ to   
kill flies4 ,x  is poison\s1 & %\ld be  
employ$ ) great caution1 p>ticul>ly  :]e
 !re are *ildr54    ,p[d]1 ,fumigat+4   
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,fumalis1 ,l4 ,prep4    
7,ph4 ,russ47  ,amb]1 ma/ic1 & olibanum1
 ( ea* #c p>ts2 /orax1 #b p>ts2 b5zo9 & 
labdanum1 ( ea* #a "p2 r$uce !m to co>se
 p[d]1 & mix !m well4  ,see             
,,fumigation4    ,p[d]1 ,galls (        
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,gall       
,,compositus1 ,l4 ,see  ,,p[d]1         

,,a/r+5t4    ,p[d]1 ,gascoign's4 ,syn4  
,,pulvis ,,e*elis ,,compositus4 ,prep4  
,prep>$  crab %ells1 #a lb42 prep>$     
*alk1 #c oz42 prep>$ coral1 #c oz42 mix4
    ,p[d]1 ,goelis's ,antihectic4 ,prep4
 ,f burnt h>t%orn1 p[d]$  nutmeg1 black 
pepp]1 & roa/$ laurel b]ries1 ( ea* #a  
"p2  liquorice p[d]1 #c p>ts4----,dose1 
#a_/b to #a dr2 9 ! hectic fev] (       
scr(ul\s subjects4    ,p[d]1 ,gold4     
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,auri4 ,triturate gold  
leaf ) #aj or #ab  times its weight (   
sulphate ( pota% till bright p>ticles   
are no long]  visible2 pass x ?r\gh a   
sieve1 mix ) boil+ wat]1 wa% :at  rema9s
 on ! filt]1 & dry 9 a /ove4    ,p[d]1  
,gold ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,auri   
,,compositus4 ,prep4  ,auro-*loride (   
sodium1 #a gr42 lycopodium1 />*1 or wa%$
 orris  p[d]1 #a scruple2 mix4 ,a       
#a_/ae? "p1 gradually increas$ to #a_/h?
 "p1  ( ?is p[d] to be rubb$ on ! gums4 
,p[d] ( ,gold & ,iron4 7,buckl]47 ,syn4 
,,pulvis ,,auri ,,et ,,f]ri4 ,prep4     
,pulv]is$ gold1 #b scruples2 clean      

levigat$ iron fil+s1 #b scruples2 gum   
,arabic 9 p[d]1 #cj gr42 mix4 ,= "o     
dose1 to be giv5 9 wat]  acidulat$ ) a  
few drops ( sulphuric acid1 z an        
antidote =  corrosive sublimate4        
,p[d]1 ,g\l>d4 ,effloresc$ sug> ( lead4 
,poison\s4    ,p[d]1 ,grey4 ,m]curial   
p[d]4    ,p[d]1 ,gregory's4 ,see ,,p[d] 
,,( ,,rhub>b 7,comp\nd74    ,p[d] (     
,gu>ana1 ,comp\nd4 7,dr ,gavrelle74     
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,paull9i  ,,compositus4 
,prep4 ,gu>ana1 #a dr42 comp\nd c9namon 
p[d]1 #d dr4 ,mix4    ,p[d]1 ,gum4 7,g4 
,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,gummosus4 ,prep4 
,gum ,arabic1 #c oz42  liquorice1 #b    
oz42 ref9$ sug>1 #a oz4 ,mix4    ,p[d]1 
,hmo/atic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,h,,mo/aticus1
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,guib\rt47 ,*>coal &  
gum ,arabic1 ( ea*1 9 p[d]1 #a "p2 p[d]$
  res91 #d p>ts4    #b4 7,mialhe47 ,f   
p[d]$ alum1 gum tragacan?1 & tann91     
equal p>ts4  ,us$ to *eck local ble$+4  
#c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,res91 #d dr42   
gum ,arabic1 #a dr42 p[d]$ cate*u1 #a   
dr4 ,mix4    ,p[d]1 ,hair4 ,syn4        

,,pulvis ,,pro ,,cr9e1 ,l4 ,/>* r$uc$ to
 a v f9e  p[d]1 & !n sc5t$ accord+ to ! 
fancy ( ! arti/2 x is1  la/ly1 pass$    
?r\gh a gauze sieve4 ,9 its simple =m1  
)\t any  addition1 x con/itutes #8pla9  
hair p[d]4' ,9 o!r cases x is  di/+ui%$ 
by ! "n ( ! sub/ance add$ to p]fume x4  
,?us1 we  h #8rose hair p[d]1' #8violet 
h4 p41' c4 ,potato f>9a1 well           
triturat$1 is n[ commonly us$ = hair    
p[d]4 ,among/ ! l[]  classes1 ! cont5ts 
( ! #8fl\r dr$g]' ( ! kit*5 are         
frequ5tly  misappropriat$ to ?is        
purpose4 ,see ,,p[d]s1 ,,sc5t$ 7bel[74  
,p[d]1 ,h&4 ,prep4 ,f almond p[d]1 #a   
lb42 p[d]$ cuttle-fi%  bone & :ite soap1
 ( ea* #d oz42 orris p[d]1 #a oz42 mix4 
,us$ to  clean ! h&s1 & to r5d] !m s(t &
 :ite4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,cosmetic4         
,p[d]1 ,helvetius's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis     
,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,a mixture ( p[d]$  alum
 & dragon's blood4 7,dr ,p>is47         
,p[d]1 ,h]r5s*w&'s ,specific4 ,see      
,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4    ,p[d]1 ,hi]a      
,picra4 ,p[d] ( aloes ) canella 7see    

above74    ,p[d]1 ,hufel&'s4 ,syn4      
,,hufel&',s ,,qu9qu9a ,,factice1        
,,pulvis ,,c9*on  ,,factitius1 ,p4      
,,salicis ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f   
b5net 7! h]b71  calamus aromaticus1     
*e/nut b>k1 g5tian root1 & will[ b>k1   
equal  p>ts2 r$uc$ to p[d]4    ,p[d]1   
,hunt]'s4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,w>t 7bel[74    
,p[d]1 ,hunt's4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,breakfa/4
    ,p[d] ( ,ipecacuanha 7,comp\nd74    
,syn4 ,,dov]',s ,,p[d]1 ,,comp\nd       
,,p[d] ,,( ,,ipecacuanha ,,) ,,opium2   
,,pulvis ,,dov]i1 ,,pulvis ,,ipecacuanh 
,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41   
,d471 ,l42 ,,p\dre ,d',,ipecacuanha ,,et
 ,d',,opium1  ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 
,ph4 ,l47 ,ipecacuanha & opium1 ( ea*1 9
 f9e  p[d]1 #a dr42 sulphate ( potassa1 
9 f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 mix !m  7?or\ghly74 
,! ,ed94 & ,dubl9 ,=mul are simil>4     
#b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,nitre & sulphate (     
potassa1 ( ea* #d oz42 ipecacuanha1     
liquorice root1 & h>d extract ( opium1 (
 ea* #a oz4 ,?is closely  resembles !   
orig9al =mula4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f   

p[d]$ ipecacuanha & opium1 ( ea* #a lb42
  p[d]$ sulphate ( potassa1 #h lbs4     
,uses1 c4 #8,dov]'s p[d]' is a  p[]ful &
 valuable sudorific4----,dose1 #e to #ae
 or #bj gr41 foll[$ by  w>m dilu5ts2 9  
inflammatory affections1 rheumatisms1   
colds1 c4    ,p[d]1 ,it*4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,antipsoricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphur
 &  potato f>9a1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 ess5ce
 ( b]gamot1 #a_/d oz42 mix4    #b4      
7,p\dre de ,pihorel47 ,a mixture ( f9ely
 pulv]is$ sulphuret (  calcium & f>9a1 9
 ne>ly equal quantities4 ,us$ ei!r z a  
du/+  p[d] or mix$ ) a little oil or    
fat1 & rubb$ into ! affect$  "p4    #c4 
7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a oz42 
acetate ( lead1 #a oz4 ,mix4    #d4     
,equal p>ts ( sulphur & *>coal4    ,p[d]
 ( ,jalap 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis    
,j,,lap ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4     
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4   
,l47 ,jalap1 #c oz42 bit>trate (        
potassa1  #f oz42 g+]1 #b dr42 rub !m   
sep>ately into f9e p[d]1 !n mix !m4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ ! g+]4  

#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,jalap1 #b oz42 bit>trate
 ( potassa1 #c-a_/b oz42 g+]1 #a_/b  oz4
 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 mix by c>eful        
trituration4----,dose1 #bj to #fj  gr42 
z a purgative 9 habitual co/iv5ess1     
dropsies1 c42 also 9 worms1  ! tumid    
bellies ( *ildr51 c4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47   
,jalap1 9 p[d]1 #e2 acid t>trate (      
pota%1 #i2 g+]1 9  p[d]1 #a2            
mix4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr4    #e4    
7,,pulvis ,,l5itivus2 ,,sucre ,,orange  
,,purgativ47 ,f ref9$ sug>1 #c_/d lb42  
jalap & cream ( t>t>1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil 
( orange peel1 #a_/d oz4 ,a  popul>     
purgative on ! ,cont95t4----,dose1 #a to
 #c dr4    ,p[d]1 ,james's4 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,jacobi1 ,p4 ,,febrifugus     
,,jacobi1 ,l4 ,!  antimonial p[d]1 or   
comp\nd p[d] ( antimony1 ( !            
,ph>macopias  7see above7 is !          
prep>ation :i* usually passes "u ?is "n2
 b  ! true ,james's p[d] is a no/rum !  
pret5d$ secret ( !  prep>ation ( :i* is 
claim$ to be possess$ by only two p>ties
 9 !  k+dom4 ,! pat5t specification ( ! 

once celebrat$ ,dr ,james runs z        
foll[s3----    8,take ( antimony1 calc9e
 x ) a cont9u$ protract$ heat1 9 a flat1
  unglaz$ e>!n vessel1 add+ to x1 f "t  
to "t1 a suffici5t  quantity ( any      
animal oil & salt1 well dephlegmat$2 !n 
boil x 9  melt$ nitre = a consid]able   
"t1 & sep>ate ! p[d] f !  nitre by      
dissolv+ x 9 wat]40 ,on ?is x has be5   
rem>k$ t x  yields a product totally    
diff]5t f t :i* ,dr ,james & 8          
successors h sold "u ! "n1 & he has h5ce
 be5 *>g$ )  conceal+ ! real =mula = 8  
p[d]1 & publi%+ a false "o 9  its /ead4 
,accord+ to ,dr ,rob9son1 ! orig9al     
=mula = ?is no/rum1 & t  /ill adopt$ by 
! v5dors ( ! propriet>y article at !    
pres5t  day1 is----,t>t>is$ antimony1 #a
 "p2 prep>$ burnt h>t%orn & calx (      
antimony1 ( ea* #e p>ts2 c>efully mix$  
toge!r1 & divid$ into  #ba-;gr4 p[d]s4  
7#8,phil4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m41' vi1 #bhb47    
,f analyses rec5tly made ( ?ree specim5s
 ( ,james's p[d]  7#8,newb]ry's1'       
#8,butl]'s1' & a sample ( #fj ye>s old  

obta9$ by ,mr  ,squire71 x appe>s t     
antimoni\s acid 0 pres5t 9 diff]5t      
proportions1 f ab\t #de to #cc1 ! am\nt 
be+ greate/ 9 ! old  specim52 t]oxide ( 
antimony 0 also pres5t to ! ext5t ( f #i
  to less ?an #a1 ! greate/ quantity be+
 aga9 9 ! old prep>ation2  ! rema9d] 9  
ea* specim5 consi/$ *iefly ( phosphate (
 lime2 no  trace ( t>t>ic acid 0        
discov]able 9 any ( ! samples4          
,p]haps no no/rum ev] receiv$ su*       
ext5sive patronage f ! faculty  z       
,james's p[d]4 ,dr ,james himself 0     
rem>kably successful 9 its use2  b :e!r 
8 success dep5d$ ^u 8 p[d] or !         
m]curials &  b>k :i* he commonly employ$
 at ! same "t is /ill undet]m9$4        
,p[d] ( ,k]mes ) ,camphor4 7,g]m4       
,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,k]metis ,,cum  
,,camphora4 ,prep4 ,k]mes m9]al1 #c gr42
 camphor1 #f gr42 :ite sug>1 #b  dr42   
mix4 ,= #ab doses4    ,p[d] ( ,k]mes )  
,ipecacuanha4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,syn4       
,,pulvis ,,k]metis  ,,cum ,,ipecacuanha4
 ,prep4 ,k]mes1 #b gr42 ipecacuanha1 #b 

gr42 crabs' eyes1 #b  scruples2 gum     
,arabic1 #b scruples2 mix4 ,= #ab doses4
 ,9 hoop+-c\gh4    ,p[d] ( ,kino        
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,k9o        
,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4  ,prep4    
7,ph4 ,l47 ,k9o1 #ae dr42 c9namon1 #d   
dr42 dri$ opium1 #a dr42 r$uce  !m      
sep>ately to f9e p[d]1 & !n mix         
!m4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr42  9 di>rha1 
pyrosis1 c4    7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,k9o1   
#c-c_/d oz42 c9namon1 #a oz42 opium1    
#a_/d oz42  mix4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4
    ,p[d]1 ,lausanne4 ,prep4 ,f nitre1  
#a-a_/b dr42 c>bonate ( magnesia1       
bit>trate ( potassa1 precipitat$        
sulphur1 & oleo-sac*>um (  pepp]m9t1 (  
ea* #d dr42 sug> ( milk1 #a oz4 ,l5itive
 &  antidys5t]ic4    ,p[d]1 ,laxative4  
,see ,,species1 ,,laxative4    ,p[d] (  
,liquorice 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis   
,,glycyrrhiz ,,compositus1 ,l4  ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,liquorice root & s5na 
leaves1 ( ea* #f oz42  f5nel se$ & milk 
( sulphur 7pure71 ( ea* #c oz42 :ite    
sug>1 #ah oz4  7all 9 f9e p[d]72 mix4   

,pectoral & laxative4    #b4 7,b4 ,ph47 
,prep4 ,s5na & liquorice root1 bo? 9 f9e
 p[d]1 ( ea*  #b oz42 sug>1 9 f9e p[d]1 
#f oz4 ,mix ?or\ghly & pass ?r\gh a f9e 
sieve4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4    
,p[d] ( ,magnesia & ,rhub>b4 ,see ,,p[d]
 ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,rhub>b  7bel[74        
,p[d]1 ,m>t9's ,canc]4 ,an ,am]ican     
no/rum1 compos$ ( ! p[d]$  /ems ( !     
,oroban*e ,virg9iana 7,l9n471 comb9$ ) a
 v small  quantity ( ars5i\s acid4 ,x is
 us$ z a spr9kle = op5 canc]s &  canc]\s
 sores4    ,p[d]1 ,m]curial4 ,syn4      
,,grey ,,p[d] 7,,hydr>gyrum ,,cum       
,,cret1 ,b4 ,p471  ,,m]cury ,,) ,,*alk4 
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,m]cury1 #a2 prep>$
 *alk1 #b2  triturate till ! globules   
disappe>4----,dose1 #c to #h gr4    #b4 
,m]cury1 #c oz42 p[d]$ res91 #c_/d oz42 
prep>$ *alk1 #e oz42  rectifi$ _s1 q4   
s42 make a pa/e ) ! res9 & a small      
quantity  ( ! _s2 add ! m]cury1 :i* may 
be ext+ui%$ 9 a %ort "t2  !n ! *alk &   
alcohol1 gradually1 s z to keep up !    
pa/y  consi/5ce2 la/ly1 add suffici5t _s

 to dissolve out ! res91 wa%  ! p[d] on 
a filt]1 & dry x4 ,rectifi$ oil (       
turp5t9e may be  sub/itut$ = ! _s4      
,p[d]1 ,morison's ,aperi5t4 ,see ,,pat5t
 ,,m$ic9es4    ,p[d] ( ,mugwort1        
,sac*>at$4 7,bresl]47 ,p[d]$ mugwort    
root1 #c oz42  sug>1 #f oz42 a          
teaspoonful f\r times a day 9 *orea &   
epilepsy4    ,p[d] ( ,mu%room4 ,syn4    
,,pulvis ,,ag>ici1 ,p4 ,a4 ,,escul5ti1  
,l4 ,f  edible mu%rooms1 dri$ by a g5tle
 heat1 & !n p[d]$ along ) a  little :ite
 pepp]1 cloves1 & mace4 ,"s cay5ne is   
frequ5tly add$4    ,p[d] ( ,mussel4 ,f !
 ,mytilus edulis 7,l9n471 or common     
mussel1  9 ! same way z ,,p[d] ,,(      
,,oy/]4    ,p[d] ( ,myrrh 7,comp\nd74   
,syn4 ,,pulvis  ,,myrrh ,,compositus1   
,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,myrrh1   
dri$ sav9e1 dri$ rue1 & ,russian ca/or1 
equal p>ts1 rubb$ to p[d]1 & !n well    
mix$4 ,emm5agogue &                     
antispasmodic4----,dose1 #ab to #cj gr4 
,p[d]1 ,nephritic4 7,full]47 ,syn4      
,,pulvis ,,nephriticus4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$   

roots ( smallage & saxifrage1 ( ea* #b  
dr42 crabs' eyes1 #a dr42  sulphate (   
pota%1 #a dr42 sal prunella1 #b         
scruples2 oil ( junip]1 #d  drops4      
,mix4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr4    ,p[d]1
 ,nurs]y4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,violet 7bel[74 
,p[d] ( ,nux ,vomica1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4   
,,pulvis ,,nucis ,,vomic ,,compositus2  
,,vogt',s ,,/oma*ic ,,p[d]4 ,prep4 ,nux 
vomica1 #ah gr42 ipecacuanha1 #bd gr42  
rhub>b1 #a dr42 prep>$ oy/] %ell1 #dh   
gr42 oleo-sac*>um ( m9t1 #a  dr4 ,mix1 &
 divide into #ab p[d]s4    ,p[d]1       
,opiat$4 ,p[d] ( *alk ) opium4    ,p[d]1
 ,opiat$ ,guaiacum4 7,p>eira47 ,syn4    
,,pulvis ,,guaiaci ,,opiatus4  ,prep4   
,guaiacum1 #a dr42 orange leaves1 #a_/b 
dr42 acetate ( morphia1 #c_/d  gr4 ,mix1
 & divide into #f p[d]s4 ,"o e two h\rs 
9 articul>  rheumatism4    ,p[d] (      
,oyst]4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,o/r1 ,l4 ,prep4
 ,f ! common  oy/] 7,o/rea              
edulis----,l9n471 pulp$ ?r\gh a sieve1  
made into a pa/e  ) :eat5 fl\r & a      
little salt1 & !n roll$ out into ?9     

pieces1 & dri$2 ^! are r$uc$ to p[d]1   
sift$1 & pack$ 9  well-cork$ bottles4   
,us$ to make sauce2 ab\t #a oz41 to     
wat]1 #a p9t4  ,o!r %ell-fi% are treat$ 
9 ! same way4    ,p[d] ( ,oxide ( ,z9c )
 ,/>*4 7,caz5ave47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,z9ci
  ,,oxydi ,,cum ,,amylo4 ,prep4 ,/>*1 #a
 oz42 oxide ( z9c1 #a dr42 camphor1 9   
p[d]1 #a dr4 ,= excoriations & b$-sores4
    ,p[d]1 ,p>turifaci5t4 7,e4 ,ph4     
#agdd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ad ,,p>tum4    
,prep4  ,borax1 #d dr42 ca/or1 #a-a_/b  
dr42 saffron1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil (        
c9namon1 #h  drops2 oil ( amb]1 #f      
drops4 ,mix4----,dose1 #bj to #cj gr4   
7,?is "n1 &  also t ( ,,pulvis          
,,p>turifaci5s1 has be5 giv5 to p[d]$   
ergot47    ,p[d]1 ,pea4 ,syn4 ,,pea     
,,fl\r2 ,,f>9a ,,pisorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f 
peas1 9  ! usual mann]4 ,us$ to make    
extemporane\s pea-s\p4    ,p[d]1 ,pe>l4 
,prep4 ,f pure pe>l :ite & ,fr5* *alk   
7scrap$  f9e by ,dut* ru%es71 equal     
p>ts2 triturat$ toge!r1 ,"s mak]s add  m
 ,fr5* *alk4 ,us$ z a sk9 cosmetic4 ,?is

 mixture is pref]able to  pe>l :ite     
alone1 f be+ m adhesive4    ,p[d]1      
,pease4 ,prep4 ,f dri$ m9t & sage1 ( ea*
 #d oz12 cel]y  se$ & :ite pepp]1 ( ea* 
#a_/b oz42 turm]ic p[d]1 #a_/d oz42     
r$uc$  to f9e p[d]4 ,us$ z a condim5t & 
kit*5-spice4    ,p[d]1 ,pectoral4 ,see  
,,p[d] ,,( ,,liquorice1 c4    ,p[d] (   
,phosphate ( ,lime1 ,sac*>at$4 ,syn4    
,,pulvis ,,calcis  ,,phosphatis1        
,,sac*>atus4 ,prep4 ,precipitat$        
phosphate ( lime1 #ae gr41  :ite sug>1  
#he gr42 triturate & divide into #bj    
packets4 ,two or m  p[d]s daily1 accord+
 to age ( *ild4 ,9 rickets4    ,p[d]1   
,piles4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis                  
,,antih,,morrhoidalis1 ,p4              
,h,,morrhoidalis1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,fr4 
,hosp47 ,precipitat$ sulphur1 #c oz42   
cream ( t>t> &  black pepp]1 ( ea* #a   
oz42 oil ( cubebs1 #a_/b dr4----,dose4  
,a  teaspoonful1 9 milk or honey1 ?rice 
a day4    #b4 7,ext]nal47----a4 ,f      
,aleppo galls1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #b oz42    
opium1  9 f9e p[d]1 #a dr4 ,a p9* to be 

appli$ occasionally4    b4 ,f           
sesquioxide ( iron1 #a oz42 p[d]$       
acetate ( lead1 #a_/b dr4 ,z  ! la/4    
,p[d] ( ,pit*1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis 
,,picis ,,compositus2 ,,dis9fect+       
,,p[d] ,,( ,,corne ,,& ,,demaux4 #ajj   
p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is are triturat$      
?or\ghly ) #a to #e p>ts ( coal t>4 ,us$
 z an absorb5t &  dis9fectant to fetid  
ulc]s & w\nds4    ,p[d]1 ,plate4 ,syn4  
,,pulvis ,,pro ,,arg5to1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
,jewell]'s  r\ge1 #a_/d lb42 prep>$ *alk
 or levigat$ burnt h>t%orn1 #c_/d lb42  
mix4    #b4 ,levigat$ putty p[d]1 #a_/d 
lb42 burnt h>t%orn1 #a_/b lb42 prep>$   
*alk1 #a lb42 rose p9k1 #a oz4    #c4   
7,,m]curial47 ,f quicksilv] ) *alk1 #a  
oz42 prep>$ *alk1 #aa  oz42 mix4 ,us$ to
 clean & poli% plate4 ,see ,,plate4     
,p[d]1 ,plate ,boil+4 ,prep4 ,f cream ( 
t>t>1 common salt1 &  alum1 equal p>ts4 
,a little ( ?is p[d]1 add$ to ! wat] 9  
:i*  plate is boil$1 gives to x a silv]y
 :it5ess4    ,p[d]1 ,plumm]'s           
,alt]ative4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,e?iops   

,,(4    ,p[d]1 ,p\ltice4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis 
,,pro ,,cataplasmate 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71  
,l4  ,prep4 ,f l9se$ meal1 #a "p2       
oatmeal1 #b p>ts2 mix$ toge!r4    ,p[d]1
 ,purgative & ,an!lm9tic4 7,bo]haave74  
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,purgans  ,,an!lm9ticus4
 ,prep4 ,jalap1 #ab gr4 7or ag>ic1 #h   
gr471 ,e?iops m9]al1  #ab gr42 = "o     
dose4    ,p[d] ( ,qu99e1 ,a]at$4 7,dr   
,meireu74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,qu9i         
,,a]atus4  ,prep4 ,t>t>ic acid1 #ae gr42
 disulphate ( qu9ia1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,mix1 &
  add bic>bonate ( soda1 #ah gr42 ref9$ 
sug>1 #cj gr4 ,mix = "o dose1  betwe5 ! 
fits ( int]mitt5t fev]4    ,p[d] (      
,qu99e & ,tobacco4 7,hug47 ,syn4        
,,pulvis ,,qu9i ,,sulphatis ,,et        
,,tabaci4 ,prep4 ,disulphate ( qu99e1   
#ab gr42 snuff1 #a oz4 ,to be us$ z  a  
snuff = n]v\s heada*es4    ,p[d]1 ,rat4 
,see ,,rats4    ,p[d] ( ,rhub>b         
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,gregory',s          
,,mixture1 ,,gregory',s  ,,p[d]2        
,,pulvis ,,rhei ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41  
,ph4 ,e4 & ,d47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4    

,e47 ,calc9$ magnesia1 #a lb42 rhub>b1  
#d oz42 g+]1 #b oz4 7all 9 f9e  p[d]72  
mix1 & pres]ve x f ! air4    #b4 7,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,calc9$ magnesia1 #f oz42
 rhub>b1 #b oz42 g+]1 #a oz4    #c4     
,calc9$ magnesia1 #h oz42 rhub>b1 #c    
oz42 *amomile1 #b oz42 g+]1 #a  oz4     
,obs4 ,an excell5t /oma*ic1 antacid1 &  
laxative4----,dose1 #bj gr4 to  #a_/b   
dr4 ,"s druggi/s sub/itute ! heavy      
c>bonate = ! calc9$  magnesia ord]$     
above1 b ?is alt]s ! nature ( !         
prep>ation1 &  requires ! dose to be    
increas$4 ,heavy calc9$ magnesia may1   
h[ev]1  be employ$ ) advantage4         
,p[d]1 ,sa*et4 ,see ,,sc5t$ ,,p[d]s4    
,p[d]1 ,sal9e 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,sal9us ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471  ,l4 
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pure *loride ( sodium
 & sulphate ( magnesia1 (  ea* #d oz42  
sulphate ( pota%1 #c oz42 ea* sep>ately 
dri$ by a g5tle  heat1 & pulv]is$1 !n   
triturat$ toge!r1 & pres]v$ 9           
well-clos$ vessels4 ,an excell5t sal9e  
purgative4----,dose1 #b to #f dr41  9   

#a_/b p9t ( wat] or table-be]1 9 !      
morn+1 fa/+4    ,p[d] ( ,scammony       
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scammonii  
,,compositus 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47         
,scammony & h>d extract (  jalap1 ( ea* 
#b oz42 g+]1 #a_/b oz42 rub !m sep>ately
 to a v f9e  p[d]1 & !n mix             
!m4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,e47 ,scammony & bit>trate ( potassa1 (
 ea*1 9 v f9e  p[d]1 equal              
p>ts4----,dose1 #g to #bj gr4    #c4    
7,ph4 ,d47 ,scammony1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a    
oz42 comp\nd p[d] ( jalap1 #c  oz42     
mix1----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4    #d4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,scammony1 #d2 jalap1 #c2 g+]1
 #a2 mix1 & r$uce to f9e                
p[d]4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4    ,obs4 
,! above are fav\rite ca?>tics 9 worms1 
especially =  *ildr54 ,!y are commonly  
sold = basilic p[d]4 7,see above47      
,p[d] ( ,scammony ) ,calomel4 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,,scammonii ,,cum              
,,calomelane1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f scammony1   
#a_/b oz42 calomel & :ite sug>1 (  ea*  

#b dr4 ,an excell5t v]mifuge =          
*ildr54----,dose4 ,= an adult1 #e  to   
#bj gr42 = a *ild1 #b to #h gr4 ,sold = 
basilic p[d]1 to :i* x  approa*es ne>] 9
 composition ?an ! prec$+4    ,p[d] (   
,scammony ) ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis       
,,scammonii ,,cum ,,fulig9e2  ,,p\dre   
,d',,ailhaut4 ,prep4 ,scammony1 #a dr42 
wood soot1 #a-a_/b dr42 res91 #b  dr42  
mix4 ,dose1 #a_/b dr4 ,a once fa%ionable
 purgative4    ,p[d]1 ,s*midt's         
,p>turifaci5t4 ,syn4 ,,s*midt',s ,,p\dre
 ,,ocytique1  ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ ergot
 ( rye1 borax1 & oleo-sac*>um (         
camomile1 ( ea* #h gr42 p[d]$ sug>1 q4  
s4 ,= a dose2 to be repeat$  e qu>t] (  
an h\r until "s effect is produc$4      
,p[d] ( ,scordium 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,e ,,scordio ,,compositus4 7,l4
  ,ph4 #agdf47 ,prep4 ,bole1 #d oz42    
scordium1 #b oz42 c9namon1 #a-a_/b oz42 
/yrax torm5til1 bi/ort1 g5tian1 dittany1
 galbanum1 gum acacia1 r$  rose petals1 
( ea* #a oz42 long pepp]1 #a_/b oz42    
g+]1 #a_/b oz4 ,make a  p[d]4    ,p[d] (

 ,scordium ) ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,e  
,,scordio ,,cum ,,opio4 ,prep4  ,add to 
! prec$+1 #c dr4 ( dry /ra9$ opium1 &   
p[d] x ) !  o!r +r$i5ts4    ,p[d] (     
,s5na 7,battley's ,gre574 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,s5n ,,viridis1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f s5na   
leaves1 dri$ & heat$ until !y turn      
yell[1 !n  p[d]$ along ) a little 7blue7
 *>coal1 to give a gre5 col\r4    ,p[d] 
( ,s5na 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,s5n
 ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,l4    
#ahbd47 ,s5na & bit>trate ( potassa1 (  
ea* #b oz42 scammony1  #a_/b oz42 g+]1  
#b dr42 all 9 f9e p[d]2 mix4----,dose1  
#bj to #cj gr41 or  m2 z a purgative or 
an!lm9tic4    ,p[d]1 ,silv]+4 ,prep4 #a4
 ,silv] du/ 7f9e71 #bj gr42 alum1 #cj   
gr42  common salt1 #a dr42 cream ( t>t>1
 #c dr42 rub !m toge!r to a f9e  p[d]4  
#b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ #ce gr4 (     
nitrate ( silv] = !  silv] du/4    #c4  
,*loride ( silv] is dissolv$ 9 a        
solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1  & !    
solution made into a pa/e ) levigat$    
burnt h>t%orn or bone  du/2 ?is is next 

dri$1 & p[d]$4    #d4 ,silv] du/1 #a    
oz42 common salt & sal ammoniac1 ( ea*  
#d oz42  corrosive sublimate1 #a_/d oz4 
,obs4 ,! above p[d]s1 made into a pa/e )
 a little wat]1 are us$  to silv]       
dial-plates1 /atuettes1 & o!r articles 9
 copp]1  previ\sly well clean$1 by      
friction4 ,! be/ silv] p[d] = !  purpose
 is t precipitat$ f its nitric solution 
by means ( a copp]  plate4 ,:5 ! product
 ( ! la/ =mula is us$1 ! articles %\ld  
be aft]w>ds made r$ hot1 & poli%$4      
,p[d] ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,contritus1
 ,,pulvis ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,ca/ile soap1  
slic$ or cut small1 dri$ by exposure to 
a w>m atmosph]e1 or by a v  g5tle heat1 
& !n p[d]$4 ,us$ 9 disp5s+2 also z a h&1
  %av+1 & too? p[d]4 ,z a cosmetic x may
 be sc5t$ at w4    ,p[d]1 ,sp]maceti4   
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cetacei4 ,sp]maceti is 
pulv]is$ z  camphor1 by ! aid ( a few   
drops ( _s4    ,p[d] ( ,sp]maceti1 )    
,sug>4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cetacei ,,cum   
,,sac*>o4  ,"o "p ( p[d]$ sp]maceti )   
two ( sug>4 ,pectoral4    ,p[d] (       

,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,spongi1 ,p4   
,,spongi ,,u/1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,let  sponge1 
cut into small pieces1 be beat5 s z to  
free x f s& or  /ones2 !n burn x 9 a    
cov]$ iron vessel1 until x becomes black
 &  friable2 f9ally1 r$uce x to p[d]4   
,deob/ru5t4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c dr42  
9 gl&ul> indurations & enl>gem5ts1 c4 ,x
 %\ld be ( a  br[ni%-black col\r2 if ov]
 burnt its efficacy is de/roy$4    ,p[d]
 ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scill1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,remove !  membran\s integum5ts 
f ! bulb ( ! squill1 cut x into ?9      
slices1 & dry x at a heat betwe5 #ij &  
#ajj ,fahr42 next r$uce x to  p[d]1 &   
keep x 9 well-/opp]$ bottles4    ,p[d]1 
,/]nutatory4 ,see ,,snuffs 7,m$icat$74  
,p[d]1 ,/ahl's ,resolv5t4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis
 ,,resolv5s ,,/ahlii4 ,prep4            
,antimonial p[d]1 nitre1 prep>$ crabs'  
eyes1 9 equal p>ts4    ,p[d] ( ,/>* )   
,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,amyli ,,et      
,,sod2 ,,dev]gie',s  ,,alkal9e ,,p[d]4  
,prep4 ,mix #a "p ( c>bonate ( soda 9   
f9e p[d]  ) #aj ( :ite />*4 ,= ext]nal  

use 9 "s sk9 diseases4    ,p[d]1        
,/yptic4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,a/r+5t1         
,,fayn>d',s ,p41 c4    ,p[d]1 ,tonqu94  
,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antityssus             
,,tunqu95sis2 ,sir ,g4 ,,cobb',s        
,,tonqu9 ,,p[d]4 ,prep4 ,musk1 #af gr42 
c9nab>1 #dh gr42 to be mix$ or  wa%$ d[n
 ) arrack or o!r _s4 ,?ree doses to be  
giv5 on ?ree  alt]nate days1 & ?ree m on
 ! ?ree next *anges ( ! moon4    ,p[d] (
 ,tragacan? 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis  
,,tragacan? ,,compositus  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4
 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,gum tragacan?1 gum acacia1  & />*1 (   
ea*1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42 p[d]$ :ite
 sug>1 #c  oz4 ,! ,ed9burgh =mula is    
simil>4 ,demulc5t4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4  
to #b  dr41 9 wat] or any simple liquid2
 9 ho>s5ess & cat>rhs1 comb9$  ) squills
 & h5bane1 to allay irritation2 9       
dys5t]y1 comb9$ )  ipecacuahna2 9       
gonorrha1 /rangury1 c41 comb9$ ) acetate
 (  potassa or nitre4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47  
,tragacan?1 9 p[d]1 #a2 gum ,arabic1 9  
p[d]1 #a2 />*1 9  p[d]1 #a2 ref9$ sug>1 

9 p[d]1 #c2 rub well toge!r4----,dose1  
#aj to  #fj gr4    ,p[d] ( ,vanilla1 )  
,sug>4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis       
,,vanill ,,cum  ,,sac*>o2 ,,p\dre ,,de  
,,vanille ,,sucr,e4 ,vanilla is r$uc$ to
 p[d] by  cutt+ x 9 pieces1 & triturat+ 
x ) #i times its weight (  ref9$ sug>4  
,p[d] ( ,v]digris ) ,calomel4 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,,rug9is ,,cum ,,calomelane4   
,prep4 ,prep>$ v]digris1 #a dr42        
calomel1 #a dr42 mix4 ,= ext]nal use4   
,p[d]1 ,violet4 ,syn4 ,,nurs]y ,,p[d]1  
,,sk9 ,p4 ,?is is simply />*1  r$uc$ to 
a v f9e p[d]1 & sc5t$ ) orris p[d] or   
ess5ce (  violets4 ,! be/ k9ds are also 
p]fum$ ) a little musk or amb]gris1  &  
are n[ g5]ally made ) potato f>9a4 ,!   
common] sort is only  sc5t$ ) a little  
ess5ce ( b]gamot or ess5ce ( lemon4     
#8,pla9  violet p[d]' is1 ( c\rse1      
unsc5t$4    ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ />*1 #bh  
lbs42 p[d]$ orris root1 #a lb42 ess5ce  
( amb]gris & ess5ce ( b]gamot1 ( ea*    
#a_/b oz42 oil ( rhodium1 #a_/b  dr42   
mix1 & pass ! p[d] ?r\gh a sieve4    #b4

 ,p[d]$ />*1 #ad lbs42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1
 #a_/b oz42 oil ( cloves1  #a_/b oz42 z 
la/4 ,us$ z a du/+ p[d] 9 excoriations1 
c4 ,see  ,,p[d]s1 ,,cosmetic 7bel[74    
,p[d]1 ,w>d's ,sweat+4 ,resembles       
,,dov]',s ,,p[d]4    ,p[d]1 ,w>t4 ,syn4 
,,corn ,,p[d]1 ,,cosmetic ,,cau/ic1 c4  
,prep4 #a4 ,ivy  leaves gr\nd to p[d]4  
,a p9* is appli$ ) a rag1 ! "p be+  fir/
 moi/5$ ) /rong v9eg>4 ,useful = s(t    
corns & w>ts4    #b4 7,hunt]'s47 ,f     
sav9e & v]digris1 equal p>ts4 ,see      
,,corn ,,solv5t4    ,p[d]1 ,w>wick's    
7,e>l (74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,comitis      
,,w>wic5cis1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f scammony1   
prep>$ ) ! fumes ( sulphur1 #b oz42     
diaphoretic antimony1 #a oz42 cream (   
t>t>1 #a_/b oz4----,dose1 #ae to #cj    
gr4    ,obs4 ,?is is a modification (   
,,corna*9i',s ,,p[d]4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 
! pres5t ,ph>macopias by ,,comp\nd      
,,scammony ,,p[d]4 8,corna*9i wrote a   
:ole book ab\t 8 p[d]1 ! proportions ( !
 +r$i5ts ( :i*  he v>i$ accord+ to      
circum/ances40 7#8,m$4 ,lex4'7    ,p[d]1

 ,wa%+4 ,! num]\s comp\nds v5d$ "u ?is  
"n h =  _! basis ! soda-a% ( comm]ce1   
bl5d$ ) common ,scot* soda 9  v>iable   
proportions4 ,! be/ ( !m consi/ ei!r    
:olly or *iefly (  ! fir/ ( ^!          
sub/ances4 ,! alkal9e matt] is r$uc$ to 
co>se  p[d]1 & /irr$ up ) liquid size1  
or ) a decoction ( l9se$1  ,iri% moss1  
or ,briti% gum1 & is !n dri$1 & aga9    
cru%$ or  p[d]$1 & at once put into !   
packages1 9 :i* x is ramm$ tight1  &    
cov]$ up imm$iately4 ,! object aim$ at  
by ! manufactur] is to  keep 8 commodity
 f ! air z mu* z possible1 because      
exposure  r5d]s x less cau/ic1 &        
consequ5tly less det]g5t4    ,p[d] (    
,yell[ ,bladd]-wrack4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,syn4  
,,pulvis ,,qu]cus ,,m>94  ,prep4 ,yell[ 
bladd]-wrack1 9 fl[]1 is dri$1 cleans$1 
& heat$ 9  a crucible ) a p]=at$ lid    
till vap\rs cease to be giv5 (f1 &  !   
c>bonace\s residue r$uc$ to             
p[d]4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #b dr4       
,,p[d]s4 ,! foll[+ prep>ations h be5    
plac$ "u ?is head  in/ead ( "u          

#8,,p[d]1' because "s are inv>iably     
spok5 ( 9 !  plural numb]1 & ! o!rs may 
be conv5i5tly notic$ 9 classes or       
gr\ps4    ,p[d]s1 ,a]at$ ,%]bet 7,,9    
,,"o ,,bottle74 ,d\ble ref9$ sug>1      
#ad-a_/b  oz42 p[d]$ orange peel1 #ab   
gr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #c-a_/b oz42    
ess5ce  ( c$rat1 #ab drops2 oil ( orange
 peel1 #fj drops2 t>t>ic acid1 #d oz4   
,! p[d]s mu/ be c>efully dri$1 mix$     
quickly1 & aft]w>ds kept  dry1 9 a      
bottle securely cork$4 ,a measure hold+ 
ne>ly #c dr4 ( !  p[d] %\ld accompany   
ea* bottle4    ,p[d]s1 ,eff]vesc+4      
,prep4 #a4 7,,pulv]es                   
,,eff]vesc5tes----,ph4 ,e47  ,take (    
t>t>ic acid1 #a oz42 bic>bonate ( soda1 
#a oz4 #ed gr4 7#ecd gr471  or          
bic>bonate ( potassa1 #a oz4 #b dr4 #dj 
gr4 7#fdj gr472 r$uce ! acid  & ei!r    
bic>bonate sep>ately to f9e p[d]1 divide
 ea* ( ^!  into #af p[d]s1 & pres]ve !  
acid & alkal9e p[d]s 9 sep>ate  pap]s ( 
diff]5t col\rs4    #b4 7,,pulv]es       
,,eff]vesc5tes ,,citrati----,ph4 ,d47   

,take ( citric acid  7cry/allis$71 #i   
dr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #aa dr41 or     
bic>bonate (  potassa1 #ac dr41 proce$ z
 la/1 divid+ ea* into #ah p>ts4    #c4  
7,,pulv]es ,,eff]vesc5tes               
,,t>t>izati----,ph4 ,d47 ,take ( t>t>ic 
acid 79  cry/als71 #aj dr42 bic>bonate (
 soda1 #aa dr41 or bic>bonate ( potassa1
  #ac dr42 r$uce !m to p[d]1 & divide !m
 into #ah p>ts1 z be=e4  7,see bel[47   
,p[d]s1 ,eff]vesc+1 ) ,iron4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,syn4 ,,pulv]es  ,,eff]vesc5tes ,,cum  
,,f]ro4 ,prep4 ,t>t>ic acid1 #b-c_/d    
oz42 bic>bonate (  soda1 #b oz42 p[d]$  
sug>1 #i oz42 dri$ sulphate ( iron1 #df 
gr4 ,mix !  acid & ! sulphate ( iron    
7previ\sly r$uc$ to co>se p[d]71 add  ! 
sug>1 & la/ly ! soda1 n 9 v f9e p[d]4   
,all !  +r$i5ts mu/ be v dry4 ,half an  
ounce ( ?is p[d] is to be  quickly add$ 
to #b p9ts ( pure wat] 7)\t air7 conta9$
 9 a  bottle1 :i* is to be imm$iately   
cork$4    ,p[d]s = ,gazog5e4 ,= #b      
p9ts3----,p[d]$ t>t>ic acid1 #ad        
scruples2  bic>bonate ( soda1 #ag       

scruples4    ,= #c p9ts3----,p[d]$      
t>t>ic acid1 #ag scruples2 bic>bonate ( 
soda1 #ba  scruples4    ,= #e           
p9ts3----,"o ea* *>ge ( #b & #c p9ts4   
,p[d]s1 ,g9g] ,be]4 ,syn4 ,,pulv]es     
,,eff]vesc5tes ,,cum ,,z+ib]e1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #a to #b   
dr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #bf gr42  f9e/  
p[d]$ ,jamaica g+]1 #f gr42 ess5ce (    
lemon1 #a drop2 mix1 &  wrap x 9 blue   
pap]4 ,9 ! :ite pap] put ( p[d]$ t>t>ic 
acid1  #ce gr41 or ( p[d]$ citric acid1 
#cj gr4    #b4 ,f9e/ ,jamaica g+]1 #a   
dr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #e dr42 :ite    
sug>1  #af dr42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #f or #h
 drops2 mix1 & divide x betwe5 #ab      
pap]s 7blue74 ,= ! :ite pap]s1 divide   
t>t>ic acid1 #f dr41 9 !  same way4 ,by 
tak+ ! dra*ms z ounces1 ! quantity w be 
suffici5t  = #h doz54 ,= use dissolve "o
 ( ea* col\r sep>ately 9 some:at  less  
?an half a glass ( wat]1 mix ! two1 &   
dr9k ! mixture :il/  eff]vesc+4    #c4  
7,9 "o bottle47----a4 ,! sug> & ! sal9e 
+r$i5ts are  sep>ately dri$ by a v g5tle

 heat1 !n mix$ 9 a dry room ) !  g+] &  
ess5ce ( lemon1 & at once put into      
bottles4    b4 ,by add+ to ! #8acidulat$
 kali1' notic$ at page #ibi1 ab\t #a-af?
  ( its weight ( ! f9e/ p[d]$ ,jamaica  
g+] 7i4 e4 #a_/b dr4 to  ea* oz42 #a oz4
 to ea* lb47 at ! "t ( mix+ ! +r$i5ts   
toge!r4 ,a dess]t-spoonful1 ?r[n into a 
tumbl] two ?irds fill$ )  cold wat]1    
produces an excell5t glass ( g+] be]4   
,p[d]s1 ,ink4 ,! article usually sold "u
 ?is "n is notic$ "u  ,,ink4 ,ano!r     
=mula1 :i* we h adopt$ ) consid]able    
success1 is  z foll[s3----,good black   
ink1 #c p9ts1 lump sug>1 #a-a_/b oz41 & 
gum  ,arabic1 #a_/b oz41 are put into a 
clean iron pan1 & evaporat$ by ! heat  (
 boil+ wat]1 ) occasional /irr+1 to     
dryness2 ! dri$ mass is  r$uc$ to p[d]1 
& divid$ into #ab p>ts1 :i* are envelop$
 9  ei!r t9-foil or glaz$ pap]1 & kept  
dry4 ,"o ( ^! pap]s  dissolv$ 9 #a_/d   
p9t ( hot wat] =ms t quantity ( excell5t
 black  ink1 )\t s$im5t1 & :i* answ]s   
well ) ! copy+ press4    ,p[d]s1        

,lemonade4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,%]bet2       
,,limonadum ,,siccum1 ,,pulvis ,,pro    
,,lim9ado1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ citric 
or t>t>ic acid1 #ab gr42 p[d]$  :ite    
sug>1 #a_/b oz42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #a drop
 7or a little ( ! yell[  peel ( a lemon 
rubb$ (f on a piece ( sug>72 mix4 ,= "o 
glass4    #b4 ,:ite sug>1 #d lbs42      
citric or t>t>ic acid1 #a-a_/b oz42     
ess5ce (  lemon1 #a_/d oz42 mix well1 & 
pres]ve x 9 a bottle = use4 #a to #b    
dess]t-spoonfuls make a glass (         
lemonade4 ,x is also put up 9 pap]s     
conta9+ ab\t #b-a_/b dr4 ea*4    #c4    
7,,eff]vesc+47----a4 ,= ! blue pap]s1   
take ( p[d]$ :ite  sug>1 #a lb42        
bic>bonate ( soda1 #a_/d lb42 ess5ce (  
lemon1 #a-a_/b dr42  mix1 & divide x    
betwe5 #f doz5 pap]s4 ,next divide      
t>t>ic or citric  acid1 #e oz41 betwe5  
#f doz5 :ite pap]s4 ,or ! two may be    
kept 9 bulk1  9 sep>ate bottles4    b4  
7,9 "o bottle47 ,z #8,,acidulat$        
,,kali1' ,"s mak]s slightly increase  ! 
quantities ( acid & ess5ce ( lemon !re  

ord]$4    ,p[d]s1 ,orangeade4 ,syn4     
,,a]at$ ,,%]bet4 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ sug>1    
#ad-a_/b oz42 p[d]$ orange peel1 #ab    
gr42 oil ( orange peel1 #fj drops2      
ess5ce ( c$rat1 #ab drops2 bic>bonate ( 
soda1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix1 & put  #ade gr4 
9 ea* blue pap]4 ,9 ! :ite pap] put #cb 
gr4 ( t>t>ic acid  7or #cj gr4 ( citric 
acid74 ,or ! alkal9e & acid p[d]s may be
 put  into sep>ate bottles1 ) a measure 
hold+ ! prop] proportions (  ea*4 ,!    
orange peel may be omitt$1 if necess>y4 
,p[d]s1 ,poli%+4 ,prep4 #a4 7,= brass & 
copp]47----a4 ,f  rott5 /one1 #c oz42   
p[d]$ soap1 #a oz4    b4 ,f rott5 /one1 
#g oz42 p[d]$ oxalic acid1 #a oz4 ,bo?  
are us$  ) a little wat]4 ,see ,,brass  
,,pa/e4    #b4 7,= gold47 ,jewell]'s    
r\ge4 ,see ,,sesquioxide ,,( ,,iron4    
#c4 7,= ivory47 ,pumice /one & putty    
p[d]4    #d4 7,= plate47 ,see ,,plate & 
,,p[d]1 ,,plate4    #e4 7,= silv]47 ,z !
 la/4    ,p[d]s1 ,sc5t$4 ,prep4 #a4     
,,cosmetic ,,p[d]s4----a4 7,,p\dre ,,de 
,,*ipre47  ,mac]ate oak moss 9 runn+    

wat] = #b or #c days1 !n dry & p[d]  x4 
,us$ z a basis = o!r p[d]s1 on acc\nt ( 
its be+ highly  ret5tive ( od\rs4       
,re9de] moss & ragg$ ho>y ev]nia are    
also us$  = ! same purpose4 ,see        
,,cyprus ,,p[d] 7above74    b4 7,,p\dre 
,,de ,,*ipre ,,de ,,montpeli]47 ,f p\dre
 de *ipre1 #b lbs42  musk1 #cj gr42     
civet1 #bj gr4 7! la/ two p[d]$ by means
 ( a little  sug>72 cloves1 #a_/d oz4   
c4 7,,p\dre ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges47
 ,f />* or cyprus p[d]1 #be lbs42       
orange fl[]s1 #a lb42 mix$ 9 a cov]$    
*e/1 & /irr$ twice or  ?rice daily2 !   
process be+ repeat$1 ) fre% fl[]s1 a    
second &  a ?ird "t4 ,or1 ! pla9 p[d] is
 sc5t$ by ! addition ( a little  n]oli  
or ess5ce ( petit gra94    d4 7,,p\dre  
,,de ,,frangipanni47 ,f p\dre de fleurs 
d'oranges & p\dre  de *ipre1 ( ea* #f   
lbs42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a oz42 civet  
7p[d]$  ) sug>71 #a_/b dr4 ,a%-grey     
col\r4    e4 7,,p\dre ,,de ,,jasm9e47 ,z
 ,,p\dre ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges1 b  
us+ jasm9  fl[]s4    f4 7,,p\dre  ,,la  

,,m>,,*ale47 ,f p\dre de *ipre1 #b lbs42
 />*  p[d]1 #a lb42 calamus aromaticus1 
cloves1 & cyp]us p]5nis or  rotundis1 ( 
ea* #b oz4 ,or1 />* p[d]1 #bh lbs42     
p[d]$ cloves1 #c_/d  lb42 p[d]$ orris   
root1 #a_/b lb42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #b  
dr4    g4 7,,p\dre  ,,la ,,m\ssel9e47 ,f
 orris root1 #a lb42 cori&] se$1 #f     
oz42 mace & violet ebony1 ( ea* #b oz42 
musk se$1 cassia1 cloves1 &  s&al wood1 
( ea* #a oz4    h4 7,,p\dre ,,de        
,,jonquille47 ,f jonquils1 z ,,p\dre    
,,de ,,jasm9e4    i4 7,,p\dre           
,l',,illet47 ,f pla9 p[d]1 #b lbs42     
orris root & dri$  r$ rose leaves1 ( ea*
 #a lb42 cloves & musk se$1 ( ea* #d    
oz42  ess5ce ( b]gamot & ess5ce de petit
 gra91 ( ea* #a_/b dr4    k4 7,,p\dre   
,,de ,,roses ,,communes47 ,f pale roses1
 z ,,p\dre ,,de ,,fleurs  ,d',,oranges4 
l4 7,,p\dre ,,de ,,roses ,,musqu,,es47  
,f musk roses1 z ! la/4    m4 7,,p\dre  
,,la ,,vanilla47 ,f p\dre de *ipre or   
cyprus1 #c lbs42  vanilla1 p[d]$ by     
means ( sug>1 #b dr42 oil ( cloves &    

ess5ce (  amb]gris1 ( ea* #bj drops4    
n4 7,,p\dre  ,,la ,,violette47 ,see     
,,p[d]1 ,,violet 7z above74    ,! above 
are us$ z cosmetic p[d]s = ! sk9 & hair2
 also1 b  less frequ5tly1 = sa*ets1     
draw]s1 c4    #b4 ,,sa*et ,,p[d]4----a4 
,f orris root1 #b oz42 cassia1 #a-a_/b  
oz42 cloves1  #a oz42 yell[ s&al wood1  
#a_/d oz42 oils ( lav5d] & b]gamot1 (   
ea*  #a dr42 otto ( roses1 #bj drops2   
musk & amb]gris1 ( ea*1 rubb$ ) a       
little sug>1 #f gr42 r$uce ! dry +r$i5ts
 to co>se p[d]1 mix  !m1 & add ! oils4  
b4 ,f cori&]s1 orris root1 rose leaves1 
& calamus aromaticus1 (  ea* #d oz42    
lav5d] fl[]s1 #h oz42 rhodium wood1 #a  
dr42 musk1 #bj gr4    c4 ,f cori&]s1    
orris1 calamus aromaticus1 & r$ roses   
7dri$71 (  ea* #a oz42 lav5d] fl[]s1 #b 
oz42 mace & cloves1 ( ea* #a dr42       
ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #aj drops4    d4
 ,z la/1 b sub/itut+ musk1 #e gr41 = !  
oil ( almonds4    e4 ,f pat*\li1 #h oz42
 lav5d] fl[]s1 7lightly dri$71 #c oz42  
orris root1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42     

ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #a dr42 ess5ces (     
amb]gris & musk1 ( ea* #a_/b dr4    ,^! 
are us$1 along ) cotton wool1 to fill   
sc5t bags1 cassolettes1  c42 & z sc5t   
p[d] = boxes1 draw]s1 & ! l4 ,! sc5t is 
add$ to ! dry +r$i5ts1 sep>ately r$uc$  
to p[d]1 & ! :ole  is !n pass$ ?r\gh a  
f9e sieve1 to ensure p]fect admixture4  
#c4 ,,p>fum ,,p\r ,,les ,,autres        
,,p\dres4 ,f p\dre d'ambrette1 #ab lbs42
  civette1 #a-a_/b oz42 musk1 #a dr42   
r$uce ! la/ two to p[d] by gr9d+  !m )  
"s dry lump sug>1 !n mix ! :ole toge!r1 
& pass x  ?r\gh a sieve4 ,us$ to p]fume 
hair p[d]1 sa*ets1 c4    ,p[d]s1        
,seidlitz4 ,syn4 ,,pulv]es              
,,eff]vesc5tes ,,ap]i5tes1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 ,potassio-t>trate ( soda 7,ro*elle  
salt71 #b dr42 bic>bonate ( soda1  #dj  
gr42 mix1 & put x 9 a blue pap]2 t>t>ic 
acid1 #ce gr42 to be put  9 a :ite pap]4
 ,= ab\t #a_/b p9t ( wat]4 ,laxative4   
#b4 7,9 "o bottle47 ,f potassio-t>trate 
( soda1 #ab oz42 bic>bonate (  d41 #d   
oz42 t>t>ic acid1 #c-a_/b oz42 :ite     

sug>1 #a lb4 7all 9 f9e  p[d]72 dry ea* 
sep>ately by a g5tle heat1 add ( ess5ce 
( lemon1  #a_/b dr42 mix well1 pass !   
mixture ?r\gh a sieve1 & put x at once  
into clean dry bottles4----,dose4 ,a    
dess]t-spoonful1 or m1 to a  tumbl]ful (
 wat]4    ,obs4 ,! above mixtures1 ?\gh 
n[ univ]sally sold z ,seidlitz p[d]1  d 
n1 :5 dissolv$1 exactly resemble !      
natural wat]1 :i* conta9s  c>bonates1   
sulphates1 & *lorides ( calcium &       
magnesium4 ,h[ev]1  ! factiti\s article 
is equally effective1 & mu* m agreeable4
    ,p[d]s1 ,%]bet4 ,^! are made ( !    
same mat]ials z lemonade  p[d]s1 !      
flav\r+ +r$i5t be+ v>i$ to suit !       
p>ticul>  case4    ,p[d]s1 ,sda-wat]4   
,syn4 ,,eff]vesc+ ,,p[d]s1 ,e4 ,,sal9e  
,p41 ,,sodaic  ,p41 ,,a]at$ ,,soda ,p42 
,,pulv]es ,,eff]vesc5tes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 ,f  bic>bonate ( soda1 #cj gr4 9 ea*   
blue pap]2 t>t>ic acid1 #be gr4 7or     
citric acid1 #bd gr471 9 ea* :ite pap]4 
,"o ( ea* is dissolv$  sep>ately 9 ab\t 
half a glassful ( wat]1 & ! two         

solutions mix$1  & drank imm$iately4 ,a 
cool+1 :olesome summ] bev]age1 b x %\ld 
n be indulg$ 9 to excess4    #b4        
7,*alybeat$47 ,by add+ #a gr4 ( dri$    
protosulphate ( iron to ea*  pap] (     
acid4 ,tonic4    #c4 7,midgeley's47     
,made by add+ #a_/h gr4 ( t>t>is$       
antimony to ea*  pap] ( acid4           
,refrig]ant & diaphoretic4 ,= ! ,ph4    
=mul see  ,,p[d]s1 ,,eff]vesc+ 7above74 
,p[d]s1 ,s\p4 ,see ,,p[d]1 ,,curry1     
,,p[d]1 ,,pea1 ,,spice1 c4    ,p[d]s1   
,spruce ,be]4 ,syn4 ,,pulv]es           
,,eff]vesc5tes ,,cum ,,abiete1 ,l4      
,prep4 ,z g+]-be] p[d]s1 b sub/itut+    
ess5ce ( spruce1 #c to #f  drops1 = !   
p[d]$ g+]4    ,p[d]s1 ,too?4 ,syn4      
,,pulvis ,,d5tifricii1 ,l4 ,! g5]al     
pr9ciples  :i* %\ld be kept 9 view 9 !  
selection ( ! mat]ials1 & 9 !           
prep>ation ( d5tifrices1 h be5 already  
fully notic$ "u  ,,d5tifrices1 & ne$ n1 
!re=e1 be repeat$ "h4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5  
t all ! dry +r$i5ts be f9ely pulv]is$1 &
 t ! h>d] &  gritty ones be r$uc$ to !  

/ate ( an impalpable p[d]1 ei!r by      
levigation or elutriation4 ,! mixture ( 
! +r$i5ts mu/ also be  complete4 ,?is is
 ! mo/ readily effect$ by /irr+ !m well 
toge!r  until !y =m an app>5tly         
homog5e\s p[d]1 & !n pass+ ?is  p[d]    
?r\gh a v f9e sieve4 ,^? :i* conta9     
volatile sub/ances  %\ld be pres]v$ 9   
closely cork$ wide-m\? bottles1 & ^? :i*
  conta9 acidul\s or gritty matt] %\ld n
 be frequ5tly employ$4 ,!  selection ( !
 too? bru% likewise des]ves att5tion4 ,x
 %\ld be  suffici5tly /iff to effect its
 purpose completely2 b1 at ! same  "t1 x
 %\ld be s =m$ z n to cause irritation  
or injury to !  gums dur+ its use4      
,prep4 #a4 ,cuttle-fi% bone & prep>$    
*alk1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil (  cloves1 #bj  
drops4 ,?is may be p]fum$ at w1 &       
m$icat$ by any (  ! sub/ances ref]r$ to 
"u ,,d5tifrices4    #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( 
p[d]$ ,ca/ile soap1 #b oz4    #c4       
,prep>$ *alk1 #ab oz42 cuttle-fi% bone1 
#h oz42 orris root1 #d oz42  dragon's   
blood1 #a-a_/b oz42 oils ( cloves &     

cassia1 ( ea* #a_/b dr4    #d4 ,prep>$  
*alk1 #a lb42 pumice-/one1 9 impalpable 
p[d]1 #a_/d lb42  orris root1 #b oz42   
pure r\ge1 #a_/d oz42 n]oli1 #a_/b dr4  
#e4 ,yell[ c9*ona b>k & myrrh1 ( ea*    
#a_/b oz42 rec5tly burnt  *>coal1 #c    
oz42 cloves1 #a dr4    #f4 ,pumice-/one1
 r$ coral1 & p[d]$ rhatany root1 ( ea*1 
#b oz42  orris root1 #a_/b oz42 ess5ce (
 vanilla1 #a_/b dr4    #g4 7,,aromatic  
,,too? ,,p[d]47 ,f cuttle-fi% bone1 #d  
oz42 calamus  aromaticus1 #b oz42 p[d]$ 
,ca/ile soap1 #a oz42 oil ( cloves1     
#a_/b dr4    #h4 7,,asiatic             
,,d5tifrice47 ,f prep>$ r$ coral1       
#h-a_/d lbs42 ,v5etian  r$1 #c_/d lb42  
prep>$ *alk & pumice-/one1 ( ea* #a-a_/d
 lb42 ,*9a  musk1 #cj gr4    #i4        
7,cadet's47 ,f lump sug> & *>coal1 ( ea*
 #a oz42 ,p]uvian b>k1  #a_/b oz42 cream
 ( t>t>1 #a_/d oz42 c9namon1 #a_/b dr4  
#aj4 7,camphorat$47 ,see ,,camphorat$   
,,*alk4    #aa4 7,,*>coal ,,d5tifrice47 
,f *>coal1 pref]ably t f ! will[  or !  
areka nut1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) twice 

its weight (  prep>$ *alk4 ,sc5t or     
m$ic9als injure x4 7,see #i1 #ai1 &     
#bf47    #ab4 7,,coral ,,d5tifrice47    
,see #af1 #bc1 & #be 7bel[74    #ac4    
7,des*amp's ,,alkal9e ,,d5tifrice47 ,f  
p[d]$ talc1 #d oz42  bic>bonate ( soda1 
#a oz42 c>m9e1 #f gr42 oil ( m9t1 #ab or
 #ae drops4    #ad4 7,,flor5t9e         
,,d5tifrice47 ,f prep>$ %ells1 #d oz42  
orris root1  #a-a_/b oz42 bit>trate (   
potassa1 #c_/d oz42 ,flor5t9e lake1 q4  
s4 to  col\r4    #ae4 7,,galvanic       
,,d5tifrice47 ,f gold1 #c leaves2 silv]1
 #d leaves2  triturate !m ) alum &      
sulphate ( potassa1 ( ea* #a-a_/b dr42  
!n  add1 ( dry common salt1 pellitory ( 
,spa91 & ,p]uvian b>k1 ( ea* #a  dr42   
prep>$ h>t%orn1 #a oz42 mix1 & ei!r     
col\r x blue ) smalts  or r$ ) lake4 ,a 
useless comp\nd4    #af4 7,grosv5or's47 
,f r$ coral1 #c lbs42 prep>$ oy/]-%ells1
 #b-a_/b  lbs42 orris p[d]1 #a_/b lb42  
oil ( rhodium1 #be drops4 ,rose-p9k is  
n[  commonly sub/itut$ = ! coral4       
#ag4 7,hemet's47 ,f cuttle-fi% bone1 #f 

oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 orris  root1 
#a_/b oz4    #ah4 7#8,lancet4'7 ,r$ b>k 
& ,arm5ian hole1 ( ea* #a oz42 p[d]$    
c9namon & bic>bonate ( soda1 ( ea* #a_/b
 oz42 oil ( c9namon1 #b or #c  drops4   
#ai4 7,l>dn]'s47 ,f *>coal1 9 v f9e     
p[d]1 #a oz42 prep>$  *alk1 #c oz42 mix4
    #bj4 7,mialhe's ,,rational          
,,d5tifrice47 ,f sug> ( milk1 #c oz42   
pure  tann91 #c dr42 r$ lake1 #a dr42   
oils ( m9t & anise$1 ( ea* #g or #h     
drops2 n]oli1 #d or #e drops4    #ba4   
7,,myrrh ,,d5tifrice47 ,f cuttle-fi%    
bone1 #f oz42 myrrh & orris  root1 ( ea*
 #b oz4    #bb4 7,,pe>l ,,d5tifrice47 ,f
 heavy c>bonate ( magnesia or           
precipitat$  *alk1 #a lb42 f9e/ smalts1 
#c dr42 ess5ce de petit gra91 #a_/b dr4 
#bc4 7,pelleti]'s ,,qu99e ,,d5tifrice47 
,f prep>$ r$ coral1 #c oz42  myrrh1 #a  
dr42 disulphate ( qu99e1 #ab to #ae gr4 
#bd4 7,ph4 ,russ47 ,c9*ona b>k1 #d oz42 
orris root1 #b oz42 cate*u &  myrrh1 (  
ea* #a-a_/b oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a oz42  
oil ( cloves1 #bj drops4    #be4        

7,,p\dre ,,d5tifrice----,p4 ,cod47 ,r$  
coral1 r$ bole1 & cuttle-fi%  bone1 (   
ea* #c oz42 dragon's blood1 #a-a_/b oz42
 c9namon1 #c_/d oz42  co*9eal1 #c dr42  
cloves1 #a dr42 bit>trate ( potassa1    
#d-a_/b oz42 r$uce  !m sep>ately to v   
f9e p[d] be=e mix+ !m4 ,?is is ! #8coral
  d5tifrice' ( ! ,fr5*4    #bf4         
7,rign9i's47 ,f *>coal1 #a oz42 yell[   
b>k1 #a_/d oz4    #bg4 7,,rose          
,,d5tifrice47 ,f precipitat$ *alk1 #f   
oz42 cuttle-fi% bone1 #c  oz42          
bic>bonate ( soda1 #b oz42 r$ lake1     
#a_/d oz42 otto ( roses1 #bj  drops4    
#bh4 7,rusp9i's47 ,f cuttle-fi% bone1 #h
 oz42 ,roman alum & orris root1  ( ea*  
#a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #b oz42 oil (     
rhodium1 #f or #h drops4    #bi4        
7,,violet ,,too? ,,p[d]47 ,f orris root1
 #c oz42 cuttle-fi% bone &  rose p9k1 ( 
ea* #e oz42 precipitat$ *alk1 #ab oz42  
pure indigo1 q4 s4  to give x a pale    
violet t+e4    #cj4 7,ziet]'s47 ,f f9ely
 p[d]$ calc9$ h>t%orn & cuttle-fi%      
bone1 ( ea* #f oz42 calamus aromaticus1 

cassia1 & pellitory ( ,spa91  ( ea* #a  
oz42 ess5ce ( vanilla1 #a dr42 ess5ce ( 
amb]gris1 #aj or #ab  drops4    #ca4    
,*alk1 c>bonate ( magnesia1 & pale b>k1 
( ea* #a oz42 oil (  pepp]m9t1 #e drops4
    #cb4 ,cream ( t>t>1 sug> ( milk1 (  
ea* #b oz42 c>m9e1 #hh gr4 7all 9  v    
subtle p[d]72 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #d drops4 
,p[d]s1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,pulv]es          
,,an!lm9tici1 ,p4 ,,v]mifugi1 ,l4 ,prep4
  #a4 7,b\*>dat47 ,p[d]$ ,corsican moss 
& worm-se$1 ( ea* #e dr42  calomel1 #dj 
gr42 rub !m toge!r4    #b4 7,colli]47 ,f
 p[d]$ jalap & scammony1 ( ea* #a dr42  
cream (  t>t>1 #b dr42 ,e?iops m9]al1 #c
 dr4    #c4 7,guib\rt47 ,sulphate (     
iron1 #a dr42 tansy1 #b dr42 worm-se$1  
#c dr4    #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,corsican moss
 & worm-se$1 ( ea* #b oz42 rhub>b1 #a   
oz42  rubb$ to a f9e p[d]1 & c>efully   
mix$4    ,,pox4 ,a corruption ( a ,saxon
 ^w1 orig9ally appli$ to pu/ules or     
eruptions ( any k9d1 b n[ re/rict$ to   
v>icella1 v>iola1 vacc9ia1  &1 9 its    
unqualifi$ =m1 to syphilis4 7,see bel[47

    ,pox1 ,*icken4 ,syn4 ,,wat]-,,pox2  
,,v>icella1 ,l4 ,an eruptive disease1   
consi/+ ( smoo?1 semi-transp>5t         
vesicles1 ( v>i\s sizes1 :i*  aft]w>ds  
become :ite & /raw-col\r$1 & ab\t ! f\r?
 day break  & scale (f1 )\t leav+ any   
p]man5t m>k beh9d !m4 ,9 hot  wea!r !   
dis*>ge sometimes becomes purul5t1 & at 
o!rs !  eruption is att5d$ ) consid]able
 fev]4 ,sometimes ! vesicles  assume a  
po9t$ =m1 & ! fluid rema9s cle> ?r\gh\t 
! disease2  x is !n frequ5tly call$ !   
8sw9e-pox40 ,:5 ! vesicles are l>ge  &  
globul>1 & _! cont5ts1 at fir/          
:ey-col\r$1 aft]w>ds turn  yell[1 x is  
popul>ly kn[n z #8hives4'    ,! treatm5t
 ( *ick5-pox consi/s 9 ! adoption ( a   
light1  vegetable diet1 & 9 !           
adm9i/ration ( mild sal9e ap]i5ts &     
cool+ dr9ks4    ,! *ick5-pox1 except 9  
*ildr5 ( a v bad habit ( body1 is an    
extremely mild disease4 ,l ! smallpox1 x
 r>ely attacks ! same  p]son m ?an once 
dur+ life4    ,pox1 ,c[4 ,syn4          
,,vacc9ia1 ,,v>iola ,,vacc9a1 ,l4 ,?is  

disease 0 propos$  z a sub/itute & a    
prev5tive ( smallpox by ,dr ,j5n] 9     
#agih1 & its  artificial production     
7vacc9ation7 has r5d]$ smallpox a       
comp>atively  r>e disease 9 ,brita94    
,!re appe>s no reason to d\bt t !       
pret5sions ( ! advocates ( vacc9ation h 
be5 fully ju/ifi$ by  ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an
 half a c5tury2 or t ?is disease1 :5    
actively develop$1 ev9c$ by !           
complet5ess & maturation ( !  pu/ules1  
acts z a prophylactic ( smallpox4    ,! 
process ( vacc9ation is simil> to t (   
inoculation = smallpox4  ,! po9t ( a    
lance is wett$ ) ! matt] tak5 f "o ( !  
pu/ules1 & is !n g5tly ins]t$ "u !      
cuticle1 & ! scrat*  aft]w>ds rubb$ ov] 
) ! same4 ,hmorrhage %\ld be avoid$1 z !
  blood is apt to wa% away ! virus1 or  
to =m a cake :i* %ields !  liv+ tissue f
 its action4    ,pox1 ,small4 ,syn4     
,,v>iola1 ,l4 ,?is disease comes on ) ! 
usual  symptoms ( inflammatory fev]4    
,ab\t ! ?ird day r$ spots1 resembl+     
flea-bites1 make _! appe>ance on ! face 

& head1 & gradually  ext5d ov] ! :ole   
body4 ,ab\t ! fif? day small circul>    
vesicles1  depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ 
by an areola1 & conta9+ a  col\rless    
fluid1 beg9 to =m1 :5 ! fev]i% symptoms 
abate2 ab\t  ! six? day ! ?roat becomes 
sore2 ab\t ! eigh? day ! face is        
swoll52 & ab\t ! elev5? day ! pu/ules   
acquire ! size ( a  pea1 & cease to     
enl>ge1 ! matt] :i* !y conta9 becomes   
opaque  & yell[1 a d>k c5tral spot =ms  
on ea*1 ! swell+ ( ! face  subsides1 &  
second>y symptoms ( fev] come on2 !     
pu/ules become  r\gh1 break1 & scab ov]1
 & a d>k spot rema9s = "s days1 (t5     
foll[$ by p]man5t ind5tations1 popul>ly 
kn[n z #8pock-m>ks4' ,at  ! end ( !     
sixte5? or eighte5? day ! symptoms      
usually disappe>4  ,9 ! conflu5t        
smallpox1 a sev]] =m ( ! disease1 !     
pu/ules  coalesce1 ! eruption is        
irregul> 9 its progress1 & !            
inflammatory  symptoms are m sev]e4     
,! treatm5t ( ord9>y cases ( smallpox   
resembles1 = ! mo/ "p1  t m5tion$ above 

= *ick5-pox4 ,z soon z ! febrile        
symptoms  become m>k$ ! pati5t %\ld n be
 suff]$ to lie 9 a hot b$1 b  on a      
mattress1 9 a cool & well-v5tilat$      
ap>tm5t1 & antiseptic  cool+ dr9ks %\ld 
be freely adm9i/]$4 ,:5 convulsions     
occur1 or  great irritability exi/s1    
small doses ( morph9e1 opium1 or camphor
 may  be adm9i/]$1 & ob/9ate vomit+     
arre/$ by eff]vesc+ sal9e  draughts4 ,:5
 ! sk9 is pale & cold1 ! pulse weak1 & !
  eruption languidly develop$1 ! w>m or 
tepid ba? is (t5  s]viceable4 ,an       
infusion ( ! root ( ,s>rac5ia pupurea1  
an ,am]ican  plant1 has be5 /rongly     
recomm5d$ z a prev5tive & cure (        
smallpox1  b _m ( our mo/ em95t         
physicians reg>d x z valueless4 ,!      
application on ! ?ird day ( a mask =m$ (
 ?9 musl91 cov]$ )  m]curial o9tm5t1 &  
hav+ holes cut 9 x = ! no/rils1 eyes1 & 
m\?1 w effectually prev5t #8pitt+4'     
7,dr4 ,/ew>dson47 ,) ! same  int5tion "s
 p]sons recomm5d ! puncture ( ! pu/ules 
z soon z  !y are mature4 ,a solution (  

india rubb] 9 *lor(orm is n[ (t5  pa9t$ 
ov] ! face :5 ! eruption has become     
fully develop$4 ,!  *lor(orm quickly    
evaporates1 leav+ an ela/ic film ( india
 rubb]1  :i* almo/ entirely removes !   
it*9ess ( ! pu/ules & prev5ts  #8pitt+4'
 ,to remove ! pock-m>ks1 :e!r rec5t or  
old1 no?+  appe>s to be bett] ?an w>m   
sea-ba?+1 or ! use ( tepid iodurett$    
lotions4    ,! smallpox is em95tly      
contagi\s1 b only attacks ! same p]son  
once dur+ life4 ,=m]ly1 a mild] =m ( !  
disease 0 propagat$ by  inoculation1 a  
practice introduc$ into ,engl& f ,turkey
 by ,lady ,m>y  ,wortley ,montague1 ab\t
 ! ye> #agba4 ,at ! pres5t day1 9       
,engl&1  inoculation1 z well z !        
exposure ( a pati5t lab\r+ "u  smallpox1
 is p5al1 ! puni%m5t be+ ei!r by f9e or 
imprisonm5t4  ,see ,,pox1 ,,c[ 7above74 
8,! absolute necessity = en=c+ ?is      
measure aft] smallpox is  conclusively  
%[n by ! foll[+ cases :i* occurr$ dur+ !
 late  sev]e outbreak ( ! disease at    
,ipswi*4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance a "y  man    

br\ght a bundle ( infect$ l95 ) him f   
,london & _h x  wa%$ at ,ipswi*4 ,twelve
 days aft]1 ! s]vant :o wa%$ x %[$      
symptoms ( smallpox4 ,9 ano!r case1 a   
woman :o _h be5 at ,highgate  ,hospital 
br\ght ) h] a %awl :i* %e _h worn dur+  
convalesc5ce1  b _h n be5 dis9fect$2 & 9
 f\rte5 days h] si/]1 :o wa%$  ! %awl1 0
 attack$ ) smallpox40----,sanit>y       
,record4    ,,precip,,itate4 ,any       
sub/ance :i* has sep>at$ f its solution 
9 a  solid &1 usually1 a pulv]ul5t or   
floccul5t =m4 ,! sub/ance by  :i* su* a 
*ange is produc$ is call$ !             
#8precipitant1' & ! act  or op]ation by 
:i* x is effect$ is call$               
#8precipitation4' ,! old  *emi/s gave   
?is "n to sev]al comp\nds4 ,r$          
precipitate1 or  precipitate p] se1 is !
 r$ oxide ( m]cury prep>$ by heat4 ,:ite
  precipitate is ! ,,ammoniat$ ,,m]cury 
( ! ,b4 ,p4    ,,precipita,,tion4 ,!    
=mation or subsid5ce ( a precipitate4   
7,see  above47 ,:5 ! precipitate is !   
*ief object ( ! process1 x is  necess>y 

to wa% x1 aft] x is sep>at$1 by         
filtration4 ,?is op]ation  requires     
little att5tion :5 ! sub/ance ?r[n d[n  
is insoluble 9  wat]2 b :5 x is 9 "s    
degree soluble 9 t liquid1 great        
att5tion is requir$ to prev5t ! loss :i*
 might result f ! use  ( too mu* wat]4  
,precipitates soluble 9 wat]1 b         
insoluble 9  alcohol1 are frequ5tly1 on 
! small scale1 wa%$ ) _s m or  less     
conc5trat$4    ,illu/ration    ,! be/   
precipitat+ vessel is a v tall glass j>1
 furni%$ ) a  lip & sp\t1 & n>r[] at !  
bottom ?an at ! m\?1 s t !  precipitate 
may readily collect by subsid5ce1 & !   
sup]natant liquor  be decant$ (f ) m    
ease4    ,,preg,,nancy4 ,= ! pres]vation
 ( ! heal?1 & ! prev5tion (  ! num]\s   
discom=ts & dang]s :i* s frequ5tly att5d
 ?is  condition1 no?+ is s effective z  
ex]cise4 ,x is ?is t is s  favorable to 
! humble peasant1 & x is its abs5ce t   
inflicts su*  calamities on ! weal?i]   
classes4 ,ex]cise1 mod]ate & unfatigu+1 
:5 assi/$ by regul> habits1 & a diet    

nutriti\s1 b n too  lib]al1 is1 inde$1  
capable ( n only af=d+ pleasure &       
increas+  ! com=ts ( exi/5ce1 b is also 
g5]ally suffici5t to greatly  less5 !   
sev]ity ( ! suff]+s1 & to w>d (f ! n    
unfrequ5tly fatal results :i* t]m9ate   
?is int]e/+ condition4    ,! sickness ( 
pregnancy may be greatly ameliorat$1 if 
n remov$1 by  ! occasional use ( a sal9e
 ap]i5t1 & by eff]vesc+ draughts  =m$ ) 
! bic>bonate ( potassa & citric acid4 ,!
 oxalate (  c]ium is /rongly recomm5d$  
by ,pr(essor ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 z a 
rem$y = ob/9ate vomit+ 9                
pregnancy4----,dose1 #a gr4 to #b gr4   
?ree  times a day 9 pills4              
,,prescri,,b+ 7,art (74 ,besides a k (  
diseases & _!  treatm5t1 mu* ( ! success
 ( ! physician dep5ds on circum/ances   
connect$ ) ! =m 9 :i* ! rem$ies are     
exhibit$4 ,9 writ+ a  prescription x is 
necess>y to consid] ! age1 sex1         
temp]am5t1 habits  & idiosyncracy ( !   
pati5t1 z well z ! conditions ( climate 
&  season1 be=e ! selection ( ! lead+   

m$icam5t & !  apportion+ ( ! dose4 ,!   
mo/ conv5i5t =m ( exhibit+ x1  :e!r x   
%\ld be giv5 alone or 9 "s simple =m1 or
 comb9$ )  o!r +r$i5ts1 ! compatibility 
( ! latt]1 & h[ f> ^! are  likely to    
assi/1 imp$e1 or modify its op]ation1   
mu/ also receive !  consid]ation ( !    
practition]4 ,)\t a c>eful att5tion to  
all  ^! circum/ances ! mo/ valuable     
rem$ies may be r5d]$ wor?less1  & !     
highe/ m$ical skill & ! be/ int5tions   
fru/rat$4    ,a prescription g5]ally    
conta9s sev]al m$ic9al sub/ances1 :i*   
are  di/+ui%$ by m$ical writ]s by names 
indicative ( ! (fice :i*  ea* ( !m      
p]=ms4 ,^! are----#a4 ,! ,,basis1 :i* is
 ! pr9cipal or  mo/ active              
+r$i5t2----#b4 ,! ,,adjuvant1 or t :i*  
is int5d$ to  promote ! action ( !      
base2----#c4 ,! ,,corrective1 int5d$ to 
correct1  modify1 or control its action1
 or to cov] its od\r or ta/e1 z :5 we   
add c>m9atives or diaphoretics to       
ca?>tics1 or aromatics or liquorice  to 
nause\s sub/ances2----#d4 ,! ,,excipi5t1

 or t :i* gives ! :ole a  commodi\s or  
agreeable =m1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 gives 
!  prescription its peculi> "*1 z t (   
draught1 mixture1 pills1  c4 ,to ^!1    
c]ta9 ,cont95tal writ]s add a #e?1 !    
,,int]m$ium1  :i* is ! sub/ance employ$ 
to unite rem$ies :i* are n1 by          
!mselves1 miscible ) ea* o!r1 or ) !    
excipi5t4 ,( ?is  "* are ! yolk ( egg & 
mucilage1 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation (      
emulsions4    ,! m$ic9al sub/ances1 ) ! 
quantities to be tak51 g5]ally  arrang$ 
z above1 are said to =m !               
#8inscription1'----! directions z  to _!
 comb9ation or disp5s+1 :i* usually     
comes next1 !  #8subscription1' &----!  
ord]s = ! exhibition ( ! comp\nd        
m$ic9e1 :i* foll[ ^!1 ! #8in/ructions4' 
,^! di/9ctions are1  h[ev]1 9 _m cases m
 te*nical ?an useful4    ,9 *oos+ ! =m (
 a prescription x %\ld be recollect$ t  
solutions & emulsions g5]ally act ) m   
c]ta9ty & rapidity  ?an p[d]s diffus$   
?r\gh wat]2 & ^!1 aga91 ?an ! semi-solid
  & solid =ms ( m$ic9e1 repres5t$ by    

electu>ies1 boluses1 &  pills4 ,on ^!   
matt]s1 h[ev]1 ! ta/e & wi%es ( ! pati5t
  %\ld n be disreg>d$4 ,= ?is purpose ! 
ta/e ( nause\s  m$ic9es %\ld be disguis$
 z mu* z possible by ! judici\s         
selection ( an appropriate corrective or
 excipi5t4 ,?us1 !  disagreeable flav\r 
( ,epsom salt may be 9 a great measure  
cov]$ by  dissolv+ x 9 pepp]m9t wat]2 t 
( aloes by liquorice2 t (  ca/or oil &  
copaiba by orange peel2 & t ( p[d]$ b>k 
by mix+  x ) milk imm$iately be=e tak+  
x2 :il/ ! bitt]ness ( all  bitt]        
sub/ances is conceal$ by /rong c(fee4   
,9 ord] t a prescription may be well    
made x is n necess>y to unite  all !    
elem5ts above ref]r$ to4 ,! basis & !   
excipi5t are !  only two :i* are        
absolutely necess>y1 s9ce !re are _m    
m$ic9es  :i* h no ne$ ( an adjuvant4 ,! 
agreeable flav\r & od\r (  "s1 & ! mild 
& h>mless nature ( o!rs1 (t5 r5d] !     
int]v5tion ( a corrig5t unnecess>y :5 !y
 are employ$4 ,a s+le  sub/ance may also
 8be capable ( answ]+ two or m purposes4

 ,?us1  ! adjuvant may also act z a     
corrig5t1 z :5 ! addition ( soap to     
aloes1 or to extract ( jalap1 less5s _! 
grip+ prop]ties1 & at  ! same "t        
promotes _! action4 ,9 ! same way       
neutral salts  correct ! colic :i*      
foll[s ! use ( res9\s purgatives1 &     
accel]ate _! action40 ,accord+ to       
,gaubius1 ! numb] ( +r$i5ts  9 a        
prescription %\ld sc>cely ev] exce$ ?ree
 or f\r4 ,see ,,dose1  ,,m$ic9es1       
,,incompatibles1 ,,pills1 c4            
,,prescrip,,tions4 ,recipes or =mul = ! 
prep>ation & exhibition (  m$ic9es      
int5d$1 g5]ally1 = imm$iate use4 ,see   
,,prescrib+  7above74    ,,pres]ves4 ,a 
g5]al t]m1 "u :i* are includ$ ! v>i\s   
fruits  & vegetables :i* are season$ &  
kept 9 sug> or syrup1 m  especially ^?  
:i* are s pres]v$ :ole or 9 slices4 ,see
 ,,c&y+1  ,,jam1 ,,m>malade1 c4         
,,press 7,correct+ = !74 ,see ,,pro(s4  
,,pressure1 ,,b>ometric1 on ! ,ph5om5a (
 ,life4 ,m4 ,b]t has contribut$  to !   
#8,comptes ,r5dus'#abb 7lxxiii1 #bac1   

#ejc2 lxxiv1 #fag2 lxxv1 #bi1 #hh7  an  
acc\nt ( ! foll[+ exp]im5tal rese>*es on
 ! influ5ce (  *anges 9 ! ,b>ometric    
,pressure on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,life3----    
,footnote #abb3 #8,j\rnal ,*emical      
,society1' vol4 xxv4    ,he f9ds t at   
pressures "u #ah c5timtres ( m]cury     
animals die  f want ( oxyg52 at a       
pressure ( "o to two atmosph]es1 f want 
(  oxyg5 & pres5ce ( c>bonic acid2 at   
#b-f atmosph]es1 f !  pres5ce ( c>bonic 
acid alone2 at #f-ae atmosph]es1 f !    
pres5ce (  c>bonic acid & ( excess (    
oxyg52 & at #ae-be atmosph]es1 f !      
poison\s action ( oxyg5 alone4          
,animals die f want ( oxyg5 :5 ! am\nt  
conta9$ 9 _!  art]ial blood is n        
suffici5t to balance a pressure ( #ce p]
 c5t4 (  oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,!y die f 
poison+ by c>bonic anhydride  :5 ! am\nt
 conta9$ 9 _! v5\s blood is suffici5t to
 balance a  pressure ( #bf to #bh p]    
c5t4 ( c>bonic anhydride 9 ! atmosph]e 9
  ! case ( sp>r[s1 ( #bh to #cj =       
mammals1 & ( #ae or #af =  reptiles4    

,z ! pressure ( oxyg5 9 ! surr\nd+ air  
dep5ds on two factors1  ! p]c5tage      
proportion & ! b>ometric pressure1 !    
b>ometric  pressure may be r$uc$ to #f  
c5timtres = sp>r[s1 if ! proportion  (  
oxyg5 9 ! air is increas$2 & x may be   
rais$ to #bc atmosph]es  )\t caus+ dea?1
 if ! proportion ( oxyg5 is r$uc$ by    
mix+  ! air ) nitrog54 ,a]onauts might1 
!re=e1 asc5d high] ?an x  has hi!rto be5
 possible to d by tak+ ) !m a bag (     
oxyg5 to  inhale2 & ! dang] t ?reat5s   
div]s ( be+ poison$ by !  oxyg5 9 !     
compress$ air might be av]t$ by us+ a   
mixture ( air  & nitrog54    ,f an      
exam9ation ( ! gases 9 ! blood ( animals
 conf9$ 9  r>efi$ air ! au?or f9ds t bo?
 ! oxyg5 & ! c>bonic  anhydride 9 !     
blood dim9i%4 ,! dyspna :i* is felt 9   
asc5d+  m\nta9s is !re=e due to want (  
oxyg5 9 ! blood4 ,! dim9ution  9 oxyg5  
becomes dim9i%$ at #bj c5timtres        
pressure1 yet ?is is !  pressure "u :i* 
! inhabitants ( ! elevat$ ,mexican      
plateau (  ,anahuac live4 ,! oxyg5      

dim9i%es m quickly & m regul>ly ?an  !  
c>bonic anhydride4 ,al?\gh !re are b v  
small quantities (  gases simply        
dissolv$ 9 ! blood1 ! *emical           
comb9ations 9 :i*  !y take "p are       
dissociat$ v easily & 9 a progressive   
mann]  "u ! influ5ce ( dim9i%$ pressure1
 & ?is dissociation takes  place m      
easily 9 ! organisms ?an 9 exp]im5ts 9  
vacuo4    ,,pr9ce',s ,,metal4 ,"o ( !   
names = ,dut* gold4 7,see ,,gold1       
,,dut*47    ,,pr9t,,+ 7,ana/atic74 ,a   
me?od ( z9cography1 pat5t$ 9 #ahde1 hav+
  = its object ! reproduction ( draw+s1 
engrav+s1 & lett]-press1  f copies h[ev]
 old4 ,to describe briefly ! prep>ation 
( a plate or  cyl9d]1 let u suppose a   
newspap] ab\t to be repr9t$ by ?is      
means4  ,! %eet is fir/ moi/5$ ) dilute 
acid & plac$ betwe5 %eets (  blott+     
pap]1 9 ord] t ! sup]flu\s moi/ure may  
be absorb$4  ,! ink resi/s ! acid1 :i*  
attacks ! blanks only4 ,9 all cases  :]e
 ! lett]-press is ( rec5t date1 or n    
p]haps old] ?an half a  ye>1 a few      

m9utes suffice = ?is purpose4 ,! pap] is
 !n c>efully  plac$ ^u ! plate ) :i* !  
lett]-press to be transf]r$ is 9        
imm$iate contact1 & ! :ole pass$ "u a   
press1 on removal f  :i*1 & on c>efully 
dis5gag+ ! pap]1 ! lett]s are f\nd 9    
rev]se on ! plate4 ,a prep>ation ( gum  
is !n appli$ to ! plate by  means ( a   
roll]1 aft] :i* ! lett]s receive an     
addition ( ink1  :i* is imm$iately      
incorporat$ ) t by :i* !y are already   
=m$4 ,^! op]ations are effect$ 9 a few  
m9utes4 ,! surface ( !  plate r\nd !    
lett]s is next bitt5 9 a v slight degree
 by dilute  acid1 & on ! fre%           
application ( ! ink x is reject$ by !   
z9c1  & receiv$ only by ! lett]s1 :i*   
are *>g$ ) ! ink by !  common roll] us$ 
9 h&-pr9t+4 ,ea* lett] comes f ! press z
  cle> z if x _h be5 impr9t$ by type    
metal2 & ! copies are  fac-similes1 :i* 
_c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! orig9al %eet4 
,:5 p5-&-ink draw+s are to be reproduc$1
 !y are made on any pap]  free f hairs  
or filam5ts1 & well-siz$4 ,! ink us$ is 

a  prep>ation made = ! purpose1 closely 
resembl+ li?ographic ink1 &  may be mix$
 to any degree ( ?ickness 9 pure di/ill$
 wat]4 ,x %\ld  be us$ fre%1 & slightly 
w>m :5 a f9e effect is to be giv54 ,9   
mak+ or copy+ a design a p5cil may be   
us$2 b ! m>ks mu/ be  left on ! pap]1 & 
by no means rubb$ ) india rubb] or      
bread4 ,x  is necess>y to add t ! pap]  
%\ld be kept q clean & free  f friction1
 & %\ld n be t\*$ by ! f+]s1 inasmu* z x
  w reta9 m>ks ( v slight t\*es4        
,be=e clos+ ?is notice ( ana/atic pr9t+ 
x may be prop] to  rem>k1 t ! great     
pret5sions orig9ally set up by !        
pat5tees h  n be5 fulfill$ by its       
ext5sive adoption 9 trade4    ,,pr9t+   
7,lett]press74#abc ,syn4 ,,typography4  
,! art ( collect+  toge!r & arrang+     
movable types = ! purpose ( pr9t+1 9 "o 
or m col\rs1 by pressure appli$ f a flat
 surface or by means ( a  cyl9d] bit+ ! 
pap] to be pr9t$1 & :i* is ins]t$ betwe5
  itself & ! type4    ,footnote #abc3 ,!
 ,editor is mu* indebt$ to ,mr ,j4 ,e4  

,adl>d = ?is  int]e/+ article4    ,9    
illu/ration ( ?is section1 "s specim5   
types are app5d$1 !  great] portion be+ 
f ! well-kn[n f\ndry ( ,messrs ,v4  ,j4 
,figg9s1 & %\ld n[ be c>efully read d[n 
to r5d] ! fur!r  rem>ks intelligible4 ,!
 key is conta9$ 9 itself by read+ !     
column  z "o cont9u\s p>agraph ) ! help 
( ! foot-notes4 ,"s idea may  ?us be =m$
 ( ! va/ numb] ( di/9ct k9ds ( type     
necess>y to  c>ry out ! requirem5ts ( ! 
pres5t sy/em ( pr9t+4    ,m5tion !re has
 be5 made t ! "n ( ! body is det]m9$ by 
its  numb] ( l9es to a foot2 b ?is mu/  
be qualifi$4 ,! ,imp]ial foot1  or in*1 
or y>d1 is an arbitr>y measure ( l5g? 9 
reality z well z  9 "n4 ,:5 "o f\ndry 0 
suffici5t to supply all ! types t 7     
requir$ = use 9 ! e>ly ages ( pr9t+1 !n 
a "n & its  dim5sions c\ld be tak5 z    
absolute4 ,b ) ! increase ( pr9t+1      
type-f\nd]s also increas$2 & ?is has    
produc$ ! v>iations (  bodies :i* are s 
annoy+ to ! typograph]1 = "o s+le lett] 
or  space tak5 f a body l>g] ?an its    

own1 yet ( ! same "n1 w be  en\gh to ?r[
 ! column ( type out ( a /raight l9e all
 ! way  ?r\gh4 ,/ill1 :5 we look to !   
fact t1 accord+ to ! anci5t  ma/]s1 !   
l>ge-siz$ type call$ ,pica 7,no4 #c &   
,nos4 #ah1 #ai1bj   #ba7 requires       
#gb-a_/b l9es to ! foot1 & t ,nonp>eil1 
half its size  7,no4 #i1 & ,nos4 #bf1   
#bg1 #bh  #bi71 requires #ade l9es to ! 
foot1 &  recollect+ t ! slighte/        
v>iation multipli$ #ade times mu/       
produce a v s5sible deviation1 ! wond]  
is t ea* ( ! f\nd]s  %\ld approa* ea*   
o!r s closely z !y d4 ,an attempt 0 made
 "s  ye>s ago to introduce a c]ta9      
fixity ( /&>d = ea* body  ?r\gh\t !     
trade1 bas$ on ! ,fr5* sy/em2 !         
difficulties (  alt]+ ! /&>ds & matrices
 ( ea* f\ndry 7 se5 to be s  great t !  
ef=t 0 unavail+4    ,illu/ration3       
,ref]5ces to ! above types----by read+  
across4      ,,body4    ,,bookwork      
,,face4        ,,display ,,face4    #a  
,great ,prim]----  ,roman  #ad ,gt      
,prim] ,manuscript                      

#ae ,gt ,prim] ,ext4 ,ornam5t$          
#af ,gt ,prim] ,black    #b ,engli%---- 
,roman  #ag ,gt ,prim] ,cond5s$ ,black  
#c ,pica----          ,roman  #ah ,pica 
,antique                             #ai
 ,pica ,cl>5don                         
#bj ,pica ,ru/ic    #d ,small ,pica---- 
,roman  #ba ,pica ,n>r[ ,gauge    #e    
,long ,prim]----   ,roman  #bb ,long    
,prim] ,cond5s$    #f ,b\rgeois----     
,roman                 ,sanss]if    #g  
,brevi]----       ,roman  #bc ,brevi]   
,grotesque                              
#bd ,brevi] ,ext5d$    #h               
,m9ion----,rom4  ,italic  #be ,brevi]   
,op5 ,sanss]if    #i ,nonp>eil----      
,roman  #bf ,nonp>eil ,egyptian         
#bg ,nonp>eil ,hair l9e                 
#bh ,nonp>eil ,ornam5t$                 
#bi ,nonp>eil ,cond5s$ ,grotesque    #aj
 ,ruby----         ,roman    #aa        
,pe>l----        ,roman  #cj ,pe>l      
,cl>5don    #ab ,diamond----      ,roman
  #ca ,diamond ,grotesque    #ac ,small 
,pica #b-l9e 7,no4 #d d\bl$7 ,g]man     

,text    ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! pres5t  
c5tury !re has be5 a gr[+  disposition  
to return to ! cut ( ! lett]s z us$ by !
 e>ly  pr9t]s4 ,to meet ?is desire1     
ne>ly all ! type-f\nd]s h  introduc$    
,old-/yle faces1 b yet mod]nis$ z to _! 
peculi>ities4  ,consid]+ t ?is article  
w\ld n be complete )\t "s su*  notice   
!re(1 z well z to %[ ! contra/1 ! foll[+
 is "h  introduc$ to ! read]4           
,illu/ration    ,^! old-fac$ types cut  
by ! celebrat$ ,william ,caslon1 9 or   
ab\t  ! ye>s #agaf-cj1 are ev5 n[ view$ 
) great satisfaction1 & held  9 high    
e/eem1 by judges ( ! typographic art z  
ma/]-pieces ( %ape  & f9i%4    ,to ! li/
 ( types pres5t$1 & :i* give a suffici5t
 g5]al view1  may be add$               
,em]ald----betwe5 ,m9ion &              
,nonp>eil----= book-"w1  & also = bord]s
 & fl[]s to be us$ 9 neat & arti/ic "w2 
,gem  & ,semi-,nonp>eil = music2 &      
,m9ik91 = music & ,ori5tal  "w4    ,!   
l>g] sizes ( type are1 ) v few          
exceptions1 simple multiples  ( ! ,pica2

 = in/ance1 #f-l9e ,roman means a roman 
lett] ( !  dep? ( six l9es ( ,pica2     
#bj-l9e ,antique1 an antique ( ! dep? ( 
tw5ty l9es2 & s on4    ,v little m ne$  
be said on ! names appli$ to ! diff]5t  
faces4  ,lett]s us$ 9 ,title-pages are  
especially cut = & /yl$                 
,titl+----,squ>e1 ,cond5s$1 & if v mu*  
cond5s$ 9 wid?1  ,compress$ or          
,n>r[-,gauge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! lett]s 
seem  pull$ out "r & left1 !y are /yl$  
,ext5d$4    ,if ! read] w notice ! type 
9 :i* ?is volume is compos$1 he  w      
obs]ve t ! bottoms ( ! tail lett]s are v
 close d[n  ^u ! tops ( ! tall lett]s1 &
 all b t\*3 ?is is t]m$  solid4 ,:5 a   
page or book is requir$ to look light & 
less we>isome  to ! vision1 ! l9es (    
type are remov$ f ea* o!r1 & a          
space-l9e ins]t$ betwe5 !m----! page is 
n[ t]m$ lead$4 ,^!  space-l9es us$ to be
 cut1 by ! compositor1 f mill$ lead1    
fir/ 9  /rips ( ! necess>y wid?1 !n ( ! 
requir$ l5g?2 h5ce ! t]m  leads1 by :i* 
"n !y are commonly kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 b 

poor appliances at ! be/4 ,m\lds are n[ 
us$ = ca/+ ! metal to  ! specifi$       
?ickness 9 /rips ( ab\t #i in*es long1  
!n cut by a  ma*9e to a set gauge2 by ^!
 means ! ?ickness ( ! space-l9es1  or   
leads is n only m uni=mly secur$1 b f>  
great] regul>ity  obta9$ 9 ! l5g?s cut4 
,"h1 z 9 ! l>ge type1 z above  m5tion$1 
,pica is ! /&>d :i* regulates ! lead2 9 
o!r words1  leads are ca/ z #c to a     
pica1 t is1 #c leads =m ! solid         
measurem5t  ( ! ,pica body2 #d-to-pica  
requires #d leads1 & ! body ( ! lead    
cont9ues to decrease accord+ to !       
prefix$ figure1 :i* simply  d5otes into 
h[ _m p>ts ! pica is to be divid$4      
,leads are ca/ s  delicately f9e t #af  
=m ! pica1 b !y are seldom us$4 ,9 _m  (
 ! ,news (fices brass space-l9es h      
sup]s$$ ^? ca/ f  type-metal4    ,!     
me?od ( manufactur+ type is----    ,!   
face hav+ be5 det]m9$ ^u----light or    
heavy1 r\nd or n>r[1 z  well z !        
?ickness ( ! d[n/roke----a piece (      
prep>$ s(t iron is  tak51 & ^u ! tip-end

 !re( ! propos$ lett] is cut 9 relief2  
:5 ?is cutt+ is f9i%$ x is case-h>d5$1 &
 aft]w>ds /yl$  ! pun*4 ,! /rike is !   
next op]ation4 ,! pun* 7! lett] cut  ^u 
:i*1 by-!-bye1 is backw>d7 is n[ pun*$1 
or /ruck1 into an  oblong piece ( copp]1
 ab\t #c in*es long & #a_/crd ( an in*  
?ick1  ! bread? su* z ! size ( ! lett]  
may require3 ?is is !  matrix4 ,a mo/   
p>ticul> "p has n[ to be p]=m$1 call$   
ju/ify+2  :i* means t ! matrices %all1  
:5 plac$ 9 ! m\ld1 deliv] !  lett]s     
p]fectly upright1 & all to be true on a 
l9e z f9e z a  razor's edge4 ,:5 !      
process ( ju/ify+ is accompli%$1 !      
matrix  is fix$ at ! bottom ( a m\ld1 ( 
! %ape ( a p>allelogram1 ( !  size ( !  
body "o way1 ( ! wid? ( ! lett] ! o!r1 &
 !  dep? ! /&>d height ( ! type2 ! molt5
 metal is =c$ d[n  ?is tube1 ei!r by h& 
or by a pump work$ by h& or /eam1 !     
metal  fill+ ! matrix 7! sunk lett] ^u  
:i* is n[ =w>d7 receives  ! %ape ( !    
lett]1 :i* is once m rev]s$1 or 9 a     
backw>d  position1 l z ! orig9al pun* 0 

cut4 ,! ca/+s are releas$  f ! m\ld by a
 v +5i\s me?od ( op5+ f ! two diagonal  
corn]s4 ,! types z ca/ are =w>d$ on to !
 dress]s to remove  burrs & o!r         
sup]fluities2 !n are plac$ 9 long l9es 9
 a frame  = f9i%+2 next turn$ face      
d[nw>ds1 & a groov+ plane driv5  across 
! feet to insure correctness 9 height2  
f9ally look$ ov] =  blemi%es1 :5 all    
faulty lett]s are ?r[n out2 ! process is
  complet$ by rang+ into l9es ( h&y     
l5g?1 & ti$ up----ready =  deliv]y to ! 
typograph]4    ,,pr9t,,+ ,,ink4         
,prep4----a4 ,! ,,v>ni%4 ,l9se$ or nut  
oil1 #aj or #bj  galls41 is set ov] !   
fire 9 an iron pot capable ( conta9+    
fully z  mu* m2 :5 x boils1 x is kept   
/irr$ ) an iron ladle1 &1 if  x does n  
take fire ( itself soon aft] ! smoke    
beg9s to rise1 x is  k9dl$ by means ( a 
piece ( burn+ pap]1 /uck 9 ! cleft end (
 a  long /ick2 ! pot is %ortly aft]w>ds 
remov$ f ! fire1 & !  oil is suff]$ to  
burn = ab\t half an h\r1 or until a     
sample ( !  v>ni% cool$ ^u a palette    

knife may be drawn into /r+s ( ab\t     
#a_/b  in* long1 betwe5 ! f+]s2 ! flame 
is n[ ext+ui%$ by !  application ( a    
closely fitt+ t9 cov]1 &1 z soon z !    
fro? (  ! ebullition has subsid$1 black 
res9 is add$1 9 ! proportion (  #c_/d   
lb4 to #a lb4 = e qu>t ( oil ?us treat$2
 ! mixture is next  /irr$ until ! res9  
is dissolv$1 :5 dry br[n soap1 cut into 
slices1 #a-c_/d lbs41 is fur!r add$     
7cauti\sly71 & ! +r$i5ts are  aga9 /irr$
 ) ! spatula until ! :ole is unit$1 !   
pot be+  once m plac$ ov] ! fire to     
promote ! comb9ation2 :5 ?is is         
effect$1 ! v>ni% is remov$ f ! heat1 &1 
aft] a good  /irr+1 is cov]$ ov] & set  
aside4    b4 ,! ,,ink4 ,indigo &        
,prussian blue1 ( ea*1 9 f9e p[d]1      
#b-a_/b  oz42 m9]al lampblack 7f9e/71 #d
 lbs42 vegetable lampblack1 #c-a_/b     
lbs42  /ir !m gradually into ! w>m v>ni%
 7a71 & submit ! mixture to  c>eful     
gr9d+1 ei!r 9 a mill or by means ( a    
slab & mull]4 ,on  ! l>ge scale1 /eam   
p[] is n[ g5]ally employ$ = ?is purpose4

    ,an extemporane\s sup]f9e black ink 
may be made by ! foll[+  =mula3----,take
 ( balsam ( copaiba 7pure71 #i oz42     
lampblack1 #c oz42  indigo & ,prussian  
blue1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 ,indian r$1 #c_/d
 oz42 yell[  soap 7dry71 #c oz42 gr9d ! 
mixture to an impalpable smoo?ness by   
means  ( a /one & mull]4 ,canada balsam 
may be sub/itut$ = balsam (  copaiba :]e
 ! smell ( ! latt] is objectionable1 b !
 ink !n  dries v quickly4    ,,col\r$   
,,pr9t+ ,,inks are made 9 a simil> way f
 ! foll[+  pigm5ts3----,c>m9e1 lakes1   
v]milion1 *rome yell[1 r$ lead1 orange  
r$1  ,indian r$1 ,v5etian r$1 = r$2     
orange *rome1 *rome yell[1 burnt  t]ra  
di si5na1 gall-/one1 ,roman o*re1 yell[ 
o*re1 = orange &  yell[2 v]digris1      
,s*eele's gre51 ,s*we9furt gre51 blues1 
& yell[s  mix$1 = gre5s2 indigo1        
,prussian blue1 ,antw]p b41 cobalt b41  
*>coal  b41 = blue2 lu/re1 bronze p[d]s1
 c41 = metallic col\rs2 &  umbia1 sepia1
 c41 = br[n4    ,obs4 ,x is necess>y to 
prep>e two k9ds ( v>ni%1 v>y+ 9         

consi/5ce1 f m or less boil+1 to be     
occasionally mix$ toge!r  z circum/ances
 may require2 t :i* answ]s well 9 hot   
wea!r be+  too ?ick 9 cold1 & vice v]s4 
,l>ge *>act]s also require a  ?9n] ink  
?an small ones4 ,old l9se$ oil is       
pref]able to new4 ,yell[  res9 soap is  
pref]r$ = black & d>k-col\r$ inks1 &    
:ite curd  soap = light ones4    ,a good
 v>ni% may be drawn into ?reads l glue1 
& is v ?ick &  t5aci\s4 ,! oil loses f  
#aj to #ad by ! boil+4 ,mr ,savage      
obta9$ ! l>ge m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts 
= 8 black ink made z  above4    ,a      
,,pr9t]',s ,,ink ,,easily ,,remov$ ,,f  
,,wa/e ,,pap]4 ,! foll[+ process =  !   
prep>ation ( a pr9t]'s ink t c be f> m  
readily remov$  f wa/e pap] ?an ord9>y  
pr9t]'s ink has be5 pat5t$ by ,kirs*]  &
 ,ebn]4 ,iron is dissolv$ 9 "s          
acid----sulphuric1 hydro*loric1  acetic1
 c41 w answ]1 & half ( ! solution is    
oxidis$ ) nitric  acid & add$ to ! o!r  
half & ! oxide precipitat$ f !  mixture 
by means ( soda or pota%4 ,! precipitate

 is ?or\ghly wa%$1  & treat$ ) equal    
p>ts ( solutions ( tannic & gallic      
acids1 &  ! blui% black1 or pure black  
pigm5t =m$1 is ?or\ghly wa%$ &  dri$1 & 
mix$ ) l9se$-oil v>ni%1 & c !n be       
imm$iately  us$ = pr9t+ f type1 copp]1  
wood1 /eel1 or /one4 ,wa/e pap]  pr9t$ )
 x c be blea*$ by dige/+ x = #bd h\rs 9 
a lukew>m  ba? ( pure wat]1 & #aj p]    
c5t4 ( cau/ic pota% or soda1 & !n  gr9d+
 x well 9 ! rag eng9e1 & ?r[+ ! pulp ^u 
clo? &  all[+ x to dra94 ,x is !n to be 
wa%$ ) pure wat]1 conta9+  #aj p] c5t4 (
 hydro*loric1 acetic1 or oxalic acids1  
or ( b9oxalate (  potassa1 & all[$ to   
dige/ = #bd h\rs1 & may !n be work$ up  
into pap]1 or x c be dri$ & us$ z a     
sub/itute 9 ! manufacture  ( f9] pap]4  
,,pr9ts 7,ack]man's ,liquor =74 ,prep4  
,take ( ! f9e/ pale glue &  :ite curd   
soap1 ( ea* #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #c p9ts2
 dissolve1 !n add  ( p[d]$ alum1 #b oz4 
,us$ to size pr9ts & pictures be=e      
col\r+  !m4    ,,pr9ts1 ,to ,blea*4     
,simple imm]sion ( ! pr9ts 9 a solution 

(  hypo*lor\s acid 7! article rema9+ 9 !
 solution = a long] or  %ort] space1    
accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution7 is     
g5]ally all  t is requir$ to :it5 x4    
,,privies4 ,see ,,wat]-,,closets4       
,,pro(4 ,see ,,acetimetry1              
,,alcoholometry1 c4    ,,pro(s          
7,correct+74 ,! specim5 bel[1 ) ! notes1
 w1 if  c>efully p]us$1 put ! read] into
 possession ( all ! secrets (  ?is      
useful art4    ,illu/ration    ,! same  
correct$4    ,z ! v9e1 :i* has long tw9$
 its graceful foliage ab\t ! oak1  & be5
 lift$ by x into sun%9e1 w1 :5 ! h>dy   
plant is rift$  by ! ?und]bolt1 cl+ r\nd
 x ) its c>ess+ t5drils1 & b9d  up its  
%att]$ b\ghs s is x beautifully ord]$ by
 ,provid5ce1 t  ,,woman1 :o is ! m]e    
dep5dant & ornam5t ( man 9 8 happi]     
h\rs1  %\ld be 8 /ay & solace :5 smitt5 
by sudd5 calamity2 w9d+  h]self into !  
rugg$ recesses ( 8 nature1 t5d]ly       
support+ !  droop+ head1 & b9d+ up !    
brok5 he>t4    ,x also is int]e/+ to    
notice h[ "s m9ds seem almo/ to create  

,,!mselves1 spr++ up "u e disadvantage1 
& work+ _!  8solit>y1 b irresi/ible     
way10 ?r\gh a ?\s& ob/acles4 ,nature    
seems1 c4                               
,,irv+4                                 
,explanation ( ! m>ks3    #a4 ,:5 a     
lett] or ^w is to be 9 italics4    #b4  
,:5 a lett] is turn$ upside d[n4    #c4 
,! sub/itution ( a comma = ano!r po9t or
 lett]4    #d4 ,! ins]tion ( a hyph52   
also m>k$ 7-74    #e4 ,:5 lett]s %\ld be
 close toge!r4    #f4 ,:5 a lett] or ^w 
is to be omitt$4    #g4 ,:5 a ^w is to  
be *ang$ to roman4    #h1 #i4 ,two      
me?ods ( m>k+ a transposition3 :5 !re   
are sev]al  words to be transpos$1 & !y 
are mu* int]mix$1 x is a common plan  to
 numb] !m1 & to put ! usual m>k 9 !     
m>g94    #aj4 ,sub/itution ( a capital =
 a small lett]4    #aa4 ,:5 a ^w is to  
be *ang$ f small lett]s to capitals4    
#ab4 ,! transposition ( lett]s 9 a ^w4  
#ac4 ,! sub/itution ( "o ^w = ano!r4    
#ad4 ,:5 a ^w or lett] is to be ins]t$4 
#ae4 ,:5 a p>agraph occurs improp]ly4   

#af4 ,! ins]tion ( a semicolon4    #ag4 
,:5 a space or quadrat /&s up1 & is se5 
along ) ! type4    #ah4 ,:5 lett]s ( a  
wrong f\nt are us$4    #ai4 ,:5 words   
cross$ (f are to rema94    #bj4 ,! m>k =
 a p>agraph1 :5 its comm5cem5t has be5  
neglect$4  ,sometimes ! sign 1 or 1 or !
 ^w #8break1' is us$ in/ead ( !         
syllables #8,new ,p>1'    #ba4 ,= !     
ins]tion ( a space :5 omitt$ or         
insuffici5t4    #bb4 ,to *ange capitals 
to small lett]s4    #bc4 ,to *ange small
 lett]s to small capitals4    #bd4 ,:5  
l9es or words are n /raight4    #be1    
#bf4 ,! ins]tion ( inv]t$ commas4 ,!    
apo/rophe is simil>ly  m>k$4    #bg4 ,! 
ins]tion ( a p]iod :5 omitt$1 or 9 place
 ( ano!r po9t  or lett]4    #bh4        
,sub/itution ( "o lett] = ano!r4    #bi4
 ,! me?od ( m>k+ an omission or ins]tion
 :5 too long = !  side m>g94            
,,propyla,,m9e4 ,syn4 ,,tritylam9e4     
,c#c;,h#i,n1 or ,c#c;,h#g               
,h      ,n4                         ,h  
,?is comp\nd or sub/itut$ ammonia1 9 :i*

 "o ( ! ?ree atoms (  hydrog5 is        
displac$ by ! radicle propyl or trityl  
7,c#c;,h#g71 is  isomorph\s )           
trime?ylam9e1 :i* has be5 (t5 mi/ak5 =  
x4    ,propos$ z a rem$y = acute &      
*ronic rheumatism4    ,h5ce x is t !    
comm]cial sub/ance kn[n "u ! "n (       
#8propylam9e1' :i* has be5 propos$ &    
employ$ z a rem$y =  rheumatism1 has be5
 %[n to be n propylam9e1 b its isom]1   
trime?ylam9e1 or a mixture ( ?is latt]1 
9 v>y+ proportions1 )  ammonia4         
,m5dius gives ! foll[+ process = !      
prep>ation (  propylam9e3----#cf grams (
 cyanide ( e?yl1 #ejj grams ( common    
alcohol1  #bjj grams ( wat]1 & #ej grams
 ( #bj p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid1 are    
all[$ to act on excess ( granulat$ z9c1 
& !n di/ill$4    ,! di/illate is put    
back once1 & #djj grams ( hydro*loric   
acid are  add$4    ,! product is di/ill$
 to get rid ( ! alcohol1 !n excess (    
alkali  add$ to ! residue1 & !          
di/illation cont9u$1 :]eupon  propylam9e
 & wat] come ov]4 ,m5dius says #cf grams

 ( ! cyanide (  e?yl yield #i grams (   
pure propylam9e4 ,! propylam9e is dri$  
by  di/illation f solid pota%4          
,propylam9e is a bright1 col\rless1     
highly refract+1 v mobile  liquid1      
possess+ a peculi>1 /rongly ammoniacal  
od\r4 ,x mixes )  wat]1 heat be+ g5]at$ 
by ! mixture4 ,x boils at #ej ,c41 & has
 a  sp4 gr4 ( #gacd at #ba ,c4          
,propylam9e comb9es ) acids1 & =ms      
cry/allis$ salts4 ,!  *loride is a v    
deliquesc5t salt4 ,! sulphate occurs 9  
cry/als1 &  is also deliquesc5t4 ,see   
,,trime?ylam9e4    ,,propyl,,ic         
,,alcohol4 ,c#c;,h#g,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrat$ 
,,oxide ,,( ,,propyl1 ,,trityl          
,,alcohol4 ,a liquid boil+ at #bjdh     
,fahr41 obta9$ by repeat$ly  rectify+ ! 
fir/ products ( ! di/illation ( ! fusel 
oil ( m>c  br&y4 ,x /&s to e?ylic       
alcohol 7ord9>y alcohol7 9 ! same       
relation 9 :i* ! latt] /&s to me?ylic   
alcohol 7pyroxylic  _s74    ,,pro,,te94 
,! "n giv5 by ,mld] to a sub/ance :i* he
 reg>d$ z  ! orig9al matt] f :i* animal 

album51 case91 & fibr91 7  d]iv$2 b :i* 
is n[ consid]$ z a product ( !          
decomposition (  ^? important pr9ciples 
by mod]ately /rong cau/ic alkali4       
,prep4 7,liebig47 ,album51 case91 or    
fibr9 is dissolv$ 9 mod]ately  /rong    
potassa1 ! solution heat$ = "s "t to    
#abj ,fahr41 &  acetic acid add$2 a     
gelat9\s precipitate subsides1 :i*1 aft]
 be+  wa%$ & dri$1 is prote94    ,obs4  
,! names b9oxide & t]oxide ( prote9 h   
be5 giv5 by  ,mld] to products ( !      
long-cont9u$ action ( boil+ wat] ^u     
fibr9 9 contact ) ! air4    ,,pro,,tide4
 ,a soluble1 /raw-yell[ sub/ance1 =m$1  
along ) o!r  products1 by ! action (    
/rong solution ( potassa on album51     
fibr91  or case94 ,see ,,ery?roprotide4 
,,proto-4 ,see ,,nom5clature4           
,,provi,,sions 7,pres]vation (74 ,see   
,,putrefaction4    ,,prunes4 ,fr4 ,!    
fruit ( cultivat$ v>ieties ( ,prunus    
dome/ica  7,l9n474 ,! dri$ fruit 7,,fr5*
 ,,prunes or ,,plums2 ,,prunum----,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,,pruna----,ph4 ,e4     

,d47 is cool+ & g5tly laxative1 &1 z    
su*1 is  useful 9 habitual co/iv5ess &  
fev]s4    ,prunes1 ,pulp (4 ,syn4       
,,prep>$ ,,prunes2 ,,pulpa ,,prunorum1  
,,prunum  ,,pr,,p>atum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4  
,prep4 ,! import$ dri$ fruit is boil$   
g5tly  = f\r h\rs ) wat]1 q4 s4 to cov] 
!m1 & !n press$1 fir/  ?r\gh a f9e cane 
sieve1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh a f9e hair      
sieve2 !  pulp is1 la/ly1 evaporat$ by !
 heat ( a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce  ( a  
confection4 ,a bett] plan is to use z   
little wat] z possible1 by  :i* !       
necessity ( subsequ5t evaporation is    
avoid$4 ,us$ 9 !  prep>ation (          
confection ( s5na4    ,,pru,,n+ v>ies   
accord+ to ! k9d ( plant or tree op]at$ 
on &  ! p>ticul> object 9 view1 & its   
skilful p]=mance mu/1  !re=e1 greatly   
dep5d on ! exp]i5ce & k ( ! g>d5]4  8,9 
! op]ation ( prun+1 ! %oots are cut (f  
close to ! buds1 or  at a di/ance n     
great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! bran* to be cut
 (f2  because )\t ! ne> proximity ( a   
bud ! w\nds w n heal ov]4  ,9 %oots :i* 

produce _! buds alt]nately ! cut is made
 at ! back  ( ! bud slop+ f x1 s t x may
 be readily cov]$ by ! b>k  9 ! same or 
9 ! foll[+ ye>2 b 9 ! case ( bran*es :]e
  ! buds are produc$ opposite ea* o!r1  
ei!r "o bud mu/ be  sacrific$ or ! bran*
 mu/ be cut (f at "r angles to its l9e (
  direction1 :i* is mo/ conv5i5tly done 
) ! prun+ %e>s40  7,l\don47             
,,prus,,sian ,,al,,kali4 ,f]rocyanide ( 
potassium4    ,,prus,,sian ,,blue4 ,syn4
 ,,b]l9 ,,blue1 ,,p>is ,b41             
,,f]rocyanide ,,( ,,iron1  ,,prussiate  
,,( ,i41 ,,cyanuret ,,( ,i4 ,?is is !   
well-kn[n blue pigm5t ( !  %ops4        
,prep4 #a4 ,! crude b cle> solution (   
f]rocyanide ( potassium  7blood lye7 is 
precipitat$ by a mix$ solution ( alum1  
#b p>ts1 &  gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #a "p2
 ! d+y gre5i% precipitate t falls       
gradually becomes blue by absorption (  
atmosph]ic oxyg51 :i* is  promot$ by    
exposure & agitation ( ! liquor2 z soon 
z x has  acquir$ its full col\r1 !      
s$im5t is repeat$ly wa%$ ) wat]1  & is  

!n dra9$1 & dri$1 at fir/ 9 a /ove1 b   
aft]w>ds on  *alk /ones4 ,product l>ge1 
b inf]ior 9 quality4    #b4 ,repeat$ly  
dige/ & wa% ! precipitate obta9$ by !   
above  process 9 v dilute hydro*loric   
acid1 & !n 9 pure wat]2 dra9  & dry x1 z
 be=e4 ,sup]ior4    #c4 7,p>is          
blue47----a4 ,neutralise ! solution (   
f]rocyanide (  potassium 7blood lye7 )  
dilute sulphuric acid1 precipitate !    
liquid  ) a solution ( any p]salt or    
sesquisalt ( iron 7z ! p]sulphate1      
nitrate1 sesqui*loride1 or p]acetate72  
well wa% ! precipitate )  wat]1 & dry x1
 z be=e4 ,a v ri* & int5se col\r4    b4 
7,ho*/tt]47 ,cry/allis$ f]rocyanide (   
potassium & gre5  sulphate ( iron1 ( ea*
 #f p>ts1 are ea* sep>ately dissolv$ 9  
wat]1  #ae p>ts2 aft] ! admixture ( !   
solutions1 & frequ5t agitation1  oil (  
vitriol1 #a "p1 & fum+ hydro*loric acid1
 #bd p>ts1 are  /irr$ 92 aft] "s h\rs h 
elaps$ a /ra9$ solution ( *loride  (    
lime1 #a "p1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #hj p>ts1 
is gradually add$1 !  addition be+ /opp$

 z soon z an eff]vesc5ce f ! escape (   
*lor9e is p]ceiv$2 ! :ole is n[ left =  
#e or #f h\rs1 :5 !  precipitate is     
?or\ghly wa%$ 9 pure s(t wat]1 dra9$1 & 
dri$4  ,or1 in/ead ( ! above1 !         
precipitate is at once wa%$ 9 dilute    
nitric acid until its col\r ceases to be
 improv$ by ! process4 ,!  product is ( 
! f9e/ quality4    ,prop4 ,insoluble 9  
wat] & 9 dilute acids1 except ! oxalic1 
9  solutions ( :i* x dissolves freely :5
 pure2 oil ( vitriol dissolves  x to a  
:ite pa/y mass1 :i* is aga9 precipitat$ 
( ! usual blue  col\r by wat]2 alkalies 
in/antly decompose x1 & s d r$ oxide (  
m]cury & "s o!r oxides :5 boil$ ) x2 x  
burns 9 ! air  l t9d]1 leav+ an a% (    
oxide ( iron4 ,x is n poison\s4         
,pur41 c4 ,! quality ( ,prussian blue   
may be e/imat$ by ! ri*ness  ( its      
col\r1 & by ! quantity ( potassa or soda
 requir$ to de/roy  ?is4 ,if x          
eff]vesces ) acids1 x conta9s *alk2 & if
 x =ms a  pa/e ) boil+ wat]1 x is       
adult]at$ ) />*4 ,x is pure if1  8aft]  

be+ boil$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1    
ammonia ?r[s d[n  no?+ f ! filt]$       
liquid40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,x is        
di/+ui%$ f  indigo by exhibit+ a copp]y 
t9t :5 brok51 b :i* is remov$ by  rubb+ 
) ! nail4    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,!      
comm]cial ,prussian blue is n pure      
f]rocyanide ( iron1 b a mixture ( ?is   
salt ) v>y+ proportions  ( ! f]ricyanide
 ( iron & potassium1 :i* also has a f9e 
deep blue  col\r4 ,! object 9 employ+   
alum is to prev5t or less5 !            
precipitation ( oxide ( iron by ! free  
alkali 9 ! blood lye1 b a  portion (    
alum9a is 9 consequ5ce ?r[n d[n ) !     
blue1 & t5ds  to r5d] x pal] & increase 
! product4 ,! quantity ( alum employ$   
may be v>i$ accord+ to ! %ades ( !      
int5d$ blue4 ,samples  conta9+ ?is      
contam9ation mu/ n be employ$ m$ic9ally4
 7,see page  #cbd47    ,prussian ,blue1 
,soluble4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,basic ,,prussian
 ,,blue47 ,by add+ a  solution (        
protosulphate ( iron to a solution (    
f]rocyanide (  potassium2 a blui%-:ite  

precipitate1 turn+ d>k blue by free     
exposure1  is =m$1 :i*1 aft] x has      
acquir$ ?is col\r1 is wa%$ until x      
beg9s to dissolve 9 ! wat]1 & col\r x   
blue2 x is !n ei!r  collect$ & dri$1 or 
is at once dissolv$ 9 pure wat]4 ,?is   
v>iety  is n precipitat$ f its solution 
by alcohol4    #b4 7,,f]rocyanide ,,(   
,,potassium ,,& ,,iron47 ,by precipitat+
 a solution ( a  sesquisalt or p]salt ( 
iron 7z ! p]sulphate1 p]nitrate1        
p]acetate1  or sesqui*loride7 ) a /rong]
 solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1  s 
t ! latt] may be 9 consid]able excess4  
,a blue precipitate is  =m$1 :i* is     
treat$ z be=e4 ,?is v>iety is           
precipitat$ by  alcohol4 ,bo? are freely
 soluble 9 pure wat]1 b n 9 wat] :i* has
  ! slighte/ sal9e contam9ation4 ,h5ce x
 is t l5g!n$ exposure  to ! atmosph]e & 
! use ( ! common /eel p5 causes !       
gradual  precipitation ( ?is sub/ance f 
its solution :5 us$ z ink4 ,see  ,,writ+
 ,,fluids4    ,,pru,,ssic ,,acid4 ,see  
,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4                   

,,pseu,,d-,,mor,,phia4 ,a sub/ance (    
little importance1 occasionally f\nd  9 
opium4 ,x diff]s f morph9e *iefly 9 n   
decompos+ iodic acid4  ,x is said to    
conta9 nitrog54    ,,ptis,,an4 ,syn4    
,,ptisana1 ,l4 ,a decoction made ( pe>l 
b>ley1 liquorice1  rais9s1 & o!r l      
vegetable matt]s1 ei!r alone or s       
slightly  m$icat$ z to be tak5 z a      
common dr9k 9 fev]s1 cat>rhs1 c4 ,^?    
reta9$ 9 ,engli% ph>macy h be5 already  
notic$4 ,! ,fr5*  physicians (t5 employ 
?is =m ( m$ic9e4 ,! 'tisanes' ( ! ,p4   
,cod4 are num]\s4 ,see ,,decoction1     
,,infusion1 ,,julep1 ,,tisane1 c4       
,,pty,,al94 ,a peculi> animal matt]1    
analog\s to dia/ase1 obta9$ f  ! saliva4
 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 b insoluble 9    
alcohol4    ,mialhe nam$ ptyal9 8animal 
dia/ase10 & reg>d$ x z ! pr9cipal  ag5t 
9 effect+ ! dige/ion ( />*y foods1 by   
conv]t+ !m into  soluble glucose4 ,"o "p
 ( ptyal91 accord+ to ,mialhe1 0 capable
 (  trans=m+ #hjj p>ts ( insoluble />*  
into sug>4 ,x has be5  comput$ t !      

av]age daily secretion ( ptyal9 by an   
adult am\nts  to #aaf gra9s4 ,x v       
quickly decomposes1 & 9 prop]ties       
some:at  resembles sodic album9ate4     
,,pu*a ,,pat4 ,syn4 ,,pat*\li4 ,pu* pt  
is ! dri$ foliace\s tops (  ,pogo/emon  
,pat*\li1 an ,indian species ( ,labiat4 
,x is mu* us$ 9  p]fum]y1 p>ticul>ly =  
mak+ sa*ets2 b its od\r1 al?\gh v       
durable1 is n s agreeable z t ( _m o!r  
sub/ances1 unless x  is comb9$ ) lav5d]1
 b]gamot1 amb]gris1 musk1 or "s o!r l   
p]fume4    ,,pud,,d+s4 ,! in/ructions   
giv5 "u ,,cakes1 ,,pies1 c41 w be f\nd1 
) "s slight modifications1 also to apply
 to pudd+s1 &1 !re=e1  ne$ n be repeat$ 
"h4 ,soy] tells u t e sort ( pudd+1 if  
sweet or savory1 is pref]ably dress$ 9 a
 bas9 in/ead ( 9 a clo?4  ,if boil$ 9 a 
bas9 ! pa/e receives all ! nutrim5t ( ! 
mat]ials1 :i*1 if boil$ 9 a clo?1 are   
dissolv$ out by ! wat]1  :5 by neglect x
 ceases boil+4 ,to cause !m to turn well
 out1 !  inside ( ! bas9 %\ld be        
?or\ghly #8l>d$' or rubb$ ) butt]4    ,9

 ! prep>ation ( meat pudd+s ! fir/ & mo/
 important po9t is  nev] to use any meat
 t is ta9t$2 = 9 pudd+1 above all o!r   
di%es1 x is lea/ possible to disguise x 
by ! conf9$ progress :i*  ! +r$i5ts     
und]go4 ,! gradual heat+ ( ! meat1 :i*  
alone  w\ld accel]ate decomposition1 w  
cause ! smalle/ piece ( ta9t$  meat to  
contam9ate all ! re/4 ,be p>ticul>1     
also1 t ! suet &  fat are n rancid1 ev] 
rememb]+ ! gr& pr9ciple t ev]y?+  :i*   
gratifies ! palate n\ri%es40    8,a     
pudd+ clo?1 h[ev] co>se1 ought nev] to  
be wa%$ ) soap2 x  %\ld be simply dri$ z
 quickly z possible1 & kept dry & free f
  du/1 & 9 a draw] or cupbo>d free f    
smell40 7,soy]47    ,,pud,,dl+4 ,see    
,,iron4    ,,pulmoni,,tis4 ,inflammation
 ( ! lungs4    ,,pulp4 ,syn4 ,,pulpa1   
,l4 ,! s(t] p>ts ( plants1 m p>ticul>ly 
(  fruits1 sep>at$ f ! fibr\s & h>d]    
portions4    8,pulpy fruits1 if !y be   
unripe1 or ripe & dri$1 are to be plac$ 
9 a  damp situation until !y become s(t2
 !n ! pulp is to be press$ out  ?r\gh a 

hair sieve2 aft]w>ds x is to be boil$ ) 
a g5tle heat1  frequ5tly /irr+2 &       
f9ally1 ! 7excess (7 wat] is to be      
evaporat$ 9 a wat] ba?1 until ! pulp    
acquire prop] consi/5ce4    8,press !   
pulpy fruits :i* are ripe & fre% ?r\gh a
 hair sieve1  )\t boil+ !m40 7,ph4 ,l4  
#ahcf47    ,,pulv]isa,,tion4 ,! r$uction
 ( any sub/ance to du/ or p[d]4    ,on !
 small scale1 pulv]isation is usually   
p]=m$ by means ( a  pe/le & mort>2 on ! 
l>ge scale1 by /amp+1 gr9d+ or cutt+  ! 
sub/ance 9 a mill4 ,a few s(t sub/ances1
 z c>bonate ( magnesia1  c>bonate (     
lead1 c41 may be pulv]is$ by simply     
rubb+ !m ?r\gh a  f9e sieve1 plac$ ov] a
 %eet ( pap]2 :il/ _m h>d1 gritty       
sub/ances c only be r$uc$ to f9e p[d] by
 porphyrisation or  levigation4         
,elutriation1 or #8wa%+ ov]1' is adopt$ 
= sev]al  sub/ances1 z *alk1 antimony1  
c41 :i* are requir$ to be r$uc$ to  f9e 
p[d] on ! l>ge scale4 ,= "s articles :i*
 are v t\gh1  fibr\s1 or resi/+1 a rasp 
or file is employ$4 ,:i*ev] ( ^!  me?ods

 is adopt$1 ! body to be p[d]$ mu/ be v 
dry1 & :]e  spontane\s dry+ is          
insuffici5t1 artificial desiccation 9 a 
/ove or  ov51 g5tly heat$1 is employ$4  
,to facilitate ?is1 ! sub/ance %\ld  be 
fir/ cut into pieces or cru%$ small4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 a few  sub/ances1 z rice1    
sago1 nux vomica1 & ,/ ,ignatius's bean1
 are (t5  soak$ 9 wat]1 or /eam$1 be=e  
be+ fur!r op]at$ on4 ,:5ev] a  sub/ance 
_c be dri$ completely1 )\t an alt]ation 
( its  prop]ties1 an int]m$ium is _h    
rec\rse to1 by :i* ! moi/ure may  be    
absorb$1 or its /ate ( aggregation      
modifi$4 ,?us1 sug> is employ$  9       
pulv]is+ civet1 musk1 nutmeg1 & vanilla4
 ,:5 camphor is to be  pulv]is$1 !      
addition ( a v small quantity ( alcohol 
r5d]s !  op]ation easy4 ,9 o!r cases !  
int]m$ium is ( s h>d a nature z  to     
assi/ 9 break+ d[n ! sub/ance to be     
p[d]$2 ?us1 gold leaf  is r$uc$ to p[d] 
by rubb+ x ) sulphate ( potassa1 &      
aft]w>ds remov+ ?is la/ by means ( wat]4
 ,fusible metals1 z z9c  & t91 are p[d]$

 by p\r+ !m into a mort>1 & /irr+ !m    
rapidly :il/ cool+2 or1 by briskly      
agitat+ !m1 9 ! melt$  /ate1 9 a wood5  
box cov]$ ) *alk or :it+4 ,phosphorus is
  p[d]$ by melt+ x 9 ur9e or lime wat]1 
& !n %ak+ ! bottle  until its cont5ts h 
become q cold4 ,glass1 qu>tz1 & silicat$
  /ones1 require to be heat$ r$ hot1 & 9
 ?is /ate to be ?r[n into  cold wat]1 by
 :i* !y become suffici5tly friable to   
admit (  pulv]isation4 ,_m salts :i* are
 r$uc$ to f9e p[d] ) v great            
difficulty1 & d n dissolve 9 _s ( w9e1  
are easily obta9$ 9  a pulv]ul5t =m1 by 
agitat+ _! conc5trat$ aque\s solution ) 
a consid]able quantity ( rectifi$ _s2 ! 
dis5gag$ f9e  cry/allis$ p[d] may !n be 
dri$1 & fur!r divid$ by trituration4    
,potassio t>trate ( antimony may be     
advantage\sly ?us treat$4 ,a l>ge  numb]
 ( salts1 includ+ nitre1 sal ammoniac1 &
 c>bonate ( pota%1  may also be r$uc$ to
 p[d] by keep+ _! solutions 9 a /ate (  
con/ant & viol5t agitation dur+ _! rapid
 evaporation4    ,! foll[+ rules %\ld be

 obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( p[d]s3----     
#a4 ,if possible1 p]fectly dry articles 
%\ld alone be op]at$ on1 &  only 9 dry  
wea!r4    #b4 ,! nature ( ! mort>1 & !  
mode ( op]at+1 %\ld be adapt$  to !     
nature ( ! sub/ance4 ,?us1 woods & b>ks 
%\ld be pulv]is$  9 an iron mort>2 sug>1
 alum1 & nitre1 9 "o ( m>ble or         
w$gwood-w>e2 & corrosive sublimate1 only
 9 "o ( glass4    #c4 ,! mort> %\ld be  
provid$ ) a cov]1 to prev5t loss &      
annoyance to ! op]ator4 ,if mu* p[d]    
escapes1 or if x is dang]\s  or         
disagreeable :5 brea!d1 or if ! sub/ance
 is r>e or co/ly1 !  mort> %\ld be cov]$
 ) a sk9 ( lea!r1 to :i* ! pe/le is     
atta*$1 s t ! latt] may be freely mov$  
)\t caus+ !  slighte/ op5+ = ! escape ( 
! du/ occasion$ by ! process4  ,:5 aloes
 or gamboge is p[d]$1 a few drops (     
olive oil are commonly  add$ ) ! same   
int5tion4    #d4 ,! pulv]is$ portions   
%\ld be sep>at$ f "t to "t by aid (  a  
sieve1 ! co>s] p>ticles be+ return$ to !
 mort> to be aga9  beat5 & triturat$2 & 

?is alt]nate pulv]isation & sift+ is to 
be repeat$ until ! process is complete4 
,,pum,,ice ,,/one4 ,syn4 ,,pumex1       
,,lapis ,,pumiceus1 ,l4 ,,pumicis1 ,l4  
,f\nd 9 !  neighb\rhood ( volcanoes4    
,us$1 9 ! solid =m1 to poli% wood1      
pa9t1 c42 also1 :5 pulv]is$1 z a poli%+ 
p[d] = glass1 bone1  ivory1 m>ble1      
metals1 c4    ,,pump ,,= ,,use ,,9      
,,*emical1 ,,pap]1 & o!r ,works4 ,!     
,p]reaux ,pump  ,valve is made (        
vulcanis$ india rubb]1 & is ( ! =m ( !  
valves  9 ! human body4 ,x is ( !       
greate/1 & p]haps ! really only         
valuable improvem5t 9 valves applicable1
 equally1 to ! common h& or  jack pump1 
& ! mo/ elaborate me*anical comb9ations 
= rais+  wat]4    ,! valve may be tak5 z
 ! key ( ! pump2 a p]fect valve r5d]s an
  indiff]5t pump a valuable & effective 
ma*9e1 :]eas an imp]fect  valve1 9 an   
o!rwise excell5tly con/ruct$ pump1 r5d]s
 x  practically useless4    ,! pump :i* 
,simon ! tann]1 ( ,joppa1 us$ = pump+ 8 
pits1  ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago1 may be  

tak5 z ! type ( ! common h&  pump 9 use 
to ?is day4 ,v>i\s me*anical improvem5ts
 h be5 made 9  its =m & con/ruction1 b1 
practically1 & effectively1 ! only  real
 & valuable improvem5t is ! ,p]reaux    
valve1 n[ "u  consid]ation4             
,con/ruct$ ( a flexible mat]ial1 & made 
9 =m1 z ne>ly z may be1  to ! valves ( !
 human body1 !y may be said to be       
automatic 9 _!  action1 or self act+2 ^u
 ! pump be+ actuat$1 ! lea/ motion (  ! 
pump ensur+ a correspond+ action ( !    
valve1 & ! mo/ rapid  action ( ! pump1  
be+ equally respond$ to by ! pulsation (
 !  valves4    ,al?\gh ! mo/ p]fect     
valves = pump+ cle> wat]1 because1 :at  
is  me*anically t]m$ ! duty ( ! pump is 
complete1 9 o!r words1 !  quantity      
displac$ is dis*>g$1 absolutely )\t     
loss1 yet _! mo/  valuable feature is t 
!y pump semi-fluids equally well z cle> 
wat]4    ,= ! pulps & /uffs 9 pap]      
mills1 = blea*es1 dyes1 & corrosive     
liquors1 = liquid manures & o!r su*     
semi-fluids1 !y /& alone1  !y are       

absolutely un*okable4    ,us$ 9         
conjunction ) cyl9d]s or b>rels made (  
t\gh5$ glass1  !y =m ! mo/ p]fect pump  
:]e ! fluid to be rais$ is ( a  cau/ic  
or corrosive nature1 & :]e ! fluid w\ld 
be de/ructive to  or de/roy$ by its     
action ^u metals1 su* = example z !     
cau/ic  blea* us$ 9 ! manufacture (     
pap]1 c4 ,see ,,valves4    ,,pun*4 ,an  
acidul\s1 intoxicat+ bev]age1 compos$ ( 
wat] sweet5$  ) sug>1 ) a mixture (     
lemon juice & _s1 to :i* "s  aromatic1 z
 nutmeg1 mace1 or c9namon1 is           
occasionally add$4 ,w9e is  sometimes   
sub/itut$ = _s4 ,x is mu* less drunk ?an
 =m]ly4 ,rum  pun* is ! mo/ popul>      
among/ sailors1 :o are n[ ! pr9cipal    
consum]s ( ?is bev]age4    ,prep4 #a4   
,juice ( #c or #d lemons2 yell[ peel (  
#a lemon2 lump sug>1 #c_/d  lb42 boil+  
wat]1 #c-a_/b p9ts2 infuse #a_/b an h\r1
 /ra91 & add1 (  bitt] ale1 #a_/b p9t2  
rum & br&y1 ( ea* #c_/d to #a p9t 7or   
rum  alone1 #a-a_/b to #b p9ts74 ,m hot 
wat] & sug> may be add$ if !  pun* is   

desir$ ei!r weak] or sweet]4    #b4     
7,,cold ,,pun*47 ,f arrack1 port w9e1 & 
wat]1 ( ea* #a p9t2 juice  ( #d lemons2 
:ite sug>1 #a lb4    #c4 7,,g9 ,,pun*47 
,f ! yell[ peel ( #a_/b a lemon2 juice (
 #a lemon2  /ronge/ g91 #c_/d p9t2 wat]1
 #a-c_/d p9t2 %]ry1 #a glassful4    #d4 
7,,ic$ ,,pun*47 ,f *ampagne or ,rh5i%   
w9e1 #a qu>t2 arrack1 #a p9t2  juice (  
#f lemons2 yell[ peel ( #c lemons2 :ite 
sug>1 #a lb42 soda  wat]1 #a or #b      
bottles2 to be ic$ z cream4    #e4      
7,,milk ,,pun*2 ,,v]d]47 ,/eep ! yell[  
r9ds ( #ah lemons & #f  oranges1 = #b   
days1 9 rum or br&y1 #b qu>ts2 !n add #c
 qu>ts m (  ei!r _s2 hot wat]1 #c qu>ts2
 lemon juice1 #a qu>t2 loaf sug>1 #d    
lbs42 #b nutmegs1 grat$2 & boil+ milk1  
#b qu>ts2 mix well1 & 9 #b  h\rs /ra9 ! 
liquor ?r\gh a jelly-bag4    #f4        
7,,norfolk ,,pun*47 ,take ( ,fr5* br&y1 
#bj qu>ts2 yell[ peels ( #ah  oranges & 
#cj lemons2 infuse = #ab h\rs2 add1 (   
cold wat]1 #cj qu>ts2  lump sug>1 #bj   
lbs42 & ! juice ( ! oranges & lemons2   

mix well1  /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve1 add 
( new milk #b qu>ts1 & 9 #f weeks       
bottle 94 ,keeps well4    #g4 7,,orange 
,,pun*47 ,z ,no4 #a1 us+ oranges1 & add+
 "s orange w9e1  if at h&4 ,a little    
curacoa1 noyau1 or m>es*9o improves x4  
#h4 7,,raspb]ry ,,pun*47 ,z ! la/1 b us+
 raspb]ry juice1 or raspb]ry  v9eg>1 = !
 oranges or lemons4    #i4 7,,reg5t',s  
,,pun*47 ,f /rong hot gre5 tea1 lemon   
juice1 &  capillaire1 ( ea* #a-a_/b p9t2
 rum1 br&y1 arrack1 & curacoa1 ( ea*  #a
 p9t2 *ampagne1 #a bottle2 mix & slice a
 p9eapple into x4    #aj4 7,,tea        
,,pun*47 ,f /rong hot tea1 #a qu>t2     
arrack1 #a_/b bottle2 :ite  sug>1 #f    
oz42 juice ( #h lemons2 & ! yell[ r9ds (
 #d lemons2 mix$  toge!r4    #aa4 7,,w9e
 ,,pun*47 ,f :ite sug>1 #a lb42 yell[   
peel ( #c lemons2 juice  ( #i lemons2   
arrack1 #a p9t2 port or %]ry 7hot71 #a  
gall42 c9namon1 #a_/d  oz42 nutmeg1 #a  
dr42 mix4    #ab4 7,,yankee ,,pun*47    
,mac]ate slic$ p9eapple1 #c oz42        
vanilla1 #f gr42 &  amb]gris 7rubb$ ) a 

little sug>71 #a gr41 9 ! /ronge/ pale  
br&y1 #a p9t1 = a few h\rs1 ) frequ5t   
agitation2 !n /ra9 )  expression2 add1 (
 lemon juice1 #a p9t2 lemon syrup1 &    
ei!r cl>et or  port w9e1 ( ea* #a       
bottle2 ) sug>1 #a_/b lb41 dissolv$ 9   
boil+  wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,see ,,%rub4  
,,purg,,atives4 ,syn4 ,,dejectoria1     
,,purgantia1 ,,purgativa1 ,l4 ,^! h be5 
divid$ into five ord]s or classes1      
accord+ to _! p>ticul>  actions4 ,!     
foll[+ are ! pr9cipal ( ea* class3----  
#a4 7,,laxatives1 ,,l5itives1 or ,,mild 
,,ca?>tics47 ,manna1 cassia pulp1       
tam>9ds1 prunes1 honey1 phosphate (     
soda2 ca/or1 almond1 & olive  oils2 ripe
 fruit4    #b4 7,,sal9e or ,,cool+      
,,laxatives47 ,epsom salt1 ,glaub]'s    
salt1 phosphate (  soda 7ta/eless salt71
 seidlitz p[d]s1 c4    #c4 7,,active    
,,ca?>tics1 occasionally acrid1         
frequ5tly tonic &  /oma*ic47 ,rhub>b1   
s5na1 aloes1 c4    #d4 7,,dra/ic or     
,,viol5t ,,ca?>tics47 ,jalap1 scammony1 
gamboge1 croton oil1  colocyn?1         

elat]ium1 c4    #e4 7,,m]curial         
,,purgatives47 ,calomel1 blue-pill1     
quicksilv] ) *alk1 c4    ,9 prescrib+   
purgatives reg>d %\ld be _h to !        
p>ticul> portion  ( ! alim5t>y canal on 
:i* we desire m imm$iately to act1 z    
well z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! m$ic9e effects
 its purpose4 ,?us1  ,epsom salt1       
sulphate ( potassa1 & rhub>b1 act *iefly
 on ! duod5um2  aloes on ! rectum2      
blue-pill1 calomel1 & jalap on ! l>g]   
inte/9es g5]ally2 & t>trate & bit>trate 
( potassa1 & sulphur  on ! :ole l5g? ( !
 inte/9al canal4 ,aga91 o!rs are        
/imulant1  z aloes1 croton oil1 jalap1  
scammony1 c42 o!rs are refrig]ant1 z    
mo/ ( ! sal9e ap]i5ts2 magnesia & its   
c>bonate are bo? ap]i5t  & antacid2 :il/
 ano!r class1 includ+ rhub>b1 damask    
roses1 c41  are a/r+5t4 ,fur!r1 "s      
produce only s]\s or wat]y dejections1  
)\t greatly increas+ ! p]i/altic action 
( ! b[els2 :il/ a  few occasion a copi\s
 dis*>ge ( ! fces 9 an app>5tly natural 
=m4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,mixture1 ,,pills1 

,,prescrib+1 c4    ,,purl4 ,prep4 ,to   
ale or be]1 #a_/b p9t1 g5tly w>m$1 add (
 bitt]s1 #a  w9e-glassful1 or q4 s4 ,"s 
add a little _s4 ,a fav\rite bev]age  ) 
h>d dr9k]s e>ly 9 ! morn+4              
,,pur,,ple4 ,a ri* comp\nd col\r1       
produc$ by ! admixture ( pure blue  &   
pure r$4 ,?is col\r has always be5 !    
di/+ui%+ badge (  royalty & di/9ction4  
,! celebrat$ ,tyrian purple 0 produc$ f 
a  %ell-fi% call$ murex4    ,purple     
,anil9e4 ,syn4 ,,p]k9',s ,,purple1      
,,mauve4 ,?is valuable dye-/uff  is     
prep>$ "u ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k9's pat5t1 by mix+
 solutions ( sulphate  ( anil9e &       
bi*romate ( potassa 9 equival5t         
proportions1 &1 aft]  "s h\rs1 wa%+ !   
black precipitate ) wat]1 dry+ x1 dige/+
  x repeat$ly 9 coal-t> naph?a1 &1      
f9ally1 dissolv+ x 9 boil+  alcohol4 ,x 
may be fur!r purifi$ by evaporat+ !     
alcoholic solution  to dryness1 dissolv+
 ! residue 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+    
wat]1  reprecipitat+ by cau/ic soda1    
wa%+ ) wat]1 dissolv+ 9  alcohol1       

filt]+1 & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,?us    
purifi$1 mauve =ms  a brittle sub/ance1 
hav+ a bronze-col\r$ surface4 ,x imp>ts 
a deep  purple col\r to cold wat]1 ?\gh 
dissolv+ sp>+ly 9 t liquid2  x is m     
soluble 9 hot wat]1 & v soluble 9       
alcohol4 ,see ,,purple  ,,dye 7bel[71 & 
,,t> ,,col\rs4    ,purple ( ,cassius4   
,syn4 ,,purple ,,precipitate ,,(        
,,cassius1 ,,gold ,,purple1  ,,gold     
,,prep>$ ,,) ,,t92 ,,aurum ,,/anno      
,,p>atum1 ,,purpura ,,m9]alis ,,casii1  
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,cry/allis$ proto*loride
 ( t91 #a "p2 cry/allis$  p]*loride (   
t91 #b p>ts2 dissolve ea* sep>ately1 mix
 ! solutions1  & add ( cry/allis$       
t]*loride ( gold 79 solution71 #a "p2   
c>efully wa%1 & dry ! precipitate4 ,v   
f9e4    #b4 7,frick47 ,dissolve pure    
gra9 t9 9 cold dilute aqua regia until !
  fluid becomes fa9tly opalesc5t1 !n    
take ! metal out & weigh x2  next1      
dilute ! solution l>gely ) wat]1 & add1 
simultane\sly1 a  dilute solution ( gold
 & dilute sulphuric acid 9 su*          

proportion t  ! t9 9 ! "o %all be to !  
gold 9 ! o!r 9 ! ratio ( #aj to  #cf4   
#c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,t]*loride ( gold1 #a   
"p1 is dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1  #bjj   
p>ts2 ano!r solution is made by dissolv+
 9 ! cold1 pure t91 #a  "p1 9 a mixture 
( nitric acid1 #a "p1 & hydro*loric     
acid1 #b p>ts2  ?is la/ solution is     
dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 #ajj p>ts1 & is  
!n  add$ to ! solution ( t]*loride (    
gold until precipitation ceases to  take
 place2 ! p[d] is1 la/ly1 wa%$ by       
decantation1 & dri$ by a  v g5tle heat4 
#d4 ,silv]1 #aej p>ts2 gold1 #bj p>ts2  
pure gra9 t91 #ce p>ts2 fuse !m  toge!r 
"u *>coal & borax1 cool1 lam9ate1 &     
dissolve out !  silv] ) nitric acid4    
,obs4 ,purple ( ,cassius is g5]ally     
suppos$ to be a comb9ation (  oxide (   
gold & sesquioxide ( t91 9 :i* ! latt]  
acts z an acid4  ,heat resolves x into a
 mixture ( metallic gold & b9oxide ( t94
 ,x  is us$ z a purple 9 porcela9 pa9t+1
 & to communicate a ruby-r$  col\r to   
glass1 :5 melt$ 9 op5 vessels4          

,,purple ,,dye4 ,! purples n[ 9 vogue   
are ! num]\s %ades ( #8mauve'  &        
#8mag5ta' obta9$ by ! #8anil9e col\rs4' 
7,see above1 also ,,r$47  ,= silk &     
wooll5 goods no mordant is requir$4 ,!  
prop] proportion  ( ! cle> alcoholic    
solution is mix$ ) wat] slightly w>m1   
any  scum t may =m is cle>$ (f1 & !     
goods are ent]$ & work$  until ! requir$
 %ade is obta9$2 a small quantity (     
acetic or  t>t>ic acid is recomm5d$ to  
be add$ 9 "s cases4 ,= dye+ on  cotton )
 ! anil9e col\rs1 ! clo? or y>n is /eep$
 9 sumac or  tannic acid1 dy$ 9 ! col\r1
 & !n fix$ by t92 or x may be  /eep$ 9  
sumac & mordant$ ) t91 & !n dy$4        
,purples 7  =m]ly1 & are /ill           
occasionally1 produc$ by fir/ dye+ a    
blue 9  ! #8indigo vat1' & !n dye+ a    
co*9eal or lac sc>let ^u ! top4  ,see   
,,violet ,,dye4    ,,pur,,purate ,,(    
,,ammo,,nia4 ,see ,,murexide4           
,,purpu,,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,murexan4    
,,purpur94 ,c#i;,h#f,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,madd] 
,,purple4 ,! "n giv5 by  ,robiquet &    

,col9 to a beautiful col\r+ pr9ciple    
obta9$ f  madd]4    ,prep4 ,co>sely     
p[d]$ madd] is all[$ to f]m5t ) wat]1   
aft]  :i* x is boil$ 9 a /rong solution 
( alum2 ! decoction is next  mix$ )     
sulphuric acid1 & ! result+ r$          
precipitate is purifi$  by "o or m      
cry/allisations f alcohol4    ,prop41 c4
 ,cry/all9e r$ ne$les1 insoluble 9 cold 
wat]1 b soluble  9 hot wat]1 & 9        
alcohol1 e!r1 & solutions ( alum & !    
alkalies4 ,x diff]s f aliz>9 or madd] r$
 9 conta9+ #b atoms  less ( c>bon4      
,,pur,,ree4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,yell[4 ,a  
yell[ sub/ance1 ( d\btful orig91        
import$ f ,*9a & ,india1 & n[ ext5sively
 us$ 9 bo? oil &  wat]-col\r pa9t+4     
,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,/5h\se &      
,erdmann x consi/s ( purreic acid1 a    
/rongly t9ctorial vegetable  sub/ance1  
unit$ to magnesia4    ,,purre,,ic       
,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,euxan?ic ,,acid4 ,?is   
sub/ance is obta9$ f  purree4 ,x        
cry/allises 9 ne>ly col\rless ne$les1   
:i* are only  sp>+ly soluble 9 cold     

wat]1 & =ms ri* yell[-col\r$ comp\nds  )
 ! alkalies & e>?s4 ,heat conv]ts x into
 a neutral1  cry/allisable sub/ance1    
call$ purr5one4    ,,pus4 ,! cream-l1   
:ite or yell[i% liquid secret$ by w\nd$ 
surfaces1 abscesses1 sores1 c4          
,,putrefac,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,putrefactio1  
,l4 ,! spontane\s decomposition (       
animal & nitrog5is$ vegetable sub/ances1
 "u ! jo9t influ5ce (  w>m?1 air1 &     
moi/ure4 ,! solid & fluid matt]s are    
resolv$ into  gase\s comp\nds & vap\rs1 
:i* escape1 & into e>?y matt]s1  :i*    
rema94 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is    
species (  decomposition is ! ammoniacal
 or fetid exhalations t con/antly       
accompany x4    ,! nature (             
putrefaction1 & ! conditions ess5tial to
 its  occurr5ce1 h be5 briefly allud$ to
 "u f]m5tation1 to :i* we  mu/ ref] !   
read]4 ,x may "h1 h[ev]1 be useful to   
reit]ate t  ?is *ange c only be prev5t$ 
by ! ab/raction or exclusion ( !        
conditions ess5tial to its occurr5ce4   
,?is may be affect$ by----r$uction  (   

temp]ature1----exclusion ( atmosph]ic   
air1 or----! ab/raction (  moi/ure4 ,!  
antiseptic processes 9 common use are   
effective 9  precisely ! same degree z  
^! prev5tive means are c>ri$ out4       
,froz5 meat may be pres]v$ = an unlimit$
 p]iod1 :ile ! same  sub/ance w sc>cely 
keep = m ?an a few days at ! ord9>y heat
  ( summ]4 ,animal sub/ances w also     
rema9 un9jur$ = a long p]iod  if kept 9 
vessels f :i* ! air is entirely exclud$1
 z 9 !  process n[ s ext5sively adopt$ =
 ! pres]vation ( fre% meat =  ! use (   
our army & m>9e4 ,! ?ird condition is   
fulfill$ :5  nitrog5is$ matt] is pres]v$
 9 alcohol1 br9e1 or any simil> fluid1  
& :5 x is dri$4 ,9 ei!r case wat] is    
ab/ract$ f ! surface1  :i* !n loses its 
prop5sity to putrefy1 & =ms an imp]vi\s 
lay]1  :i* excludes atmosph]ic oxyg5 f !
 int]ior & s(t] portion (  ! sub/ance4  
,creasote1 & mo/ ( ! antiseptic salts1  
also act 9  ?is way4    ,among special  
antiseptic processes are ! foll[+3      
,,application ,,( ,,cold4 ,! accession (

 putrefaction is prev5t$1 & its         
progress arre/$1 by a temp]ature bel[ t 
at :i* wat] freezes4 ,9  ! cold]        
climates ( ! _w1 but*]s' meat1 p\ltry1 &
 ev5  vegetables1 are pres]v$ f "o      
season to ! o!r 9 ! froz5  /ate4 ,9     
,nor? ,am]ica millions are ?us suppli$ )
 animal food1  :i*1 we c /ate1 f p]sonal
 exp]i5ce1 is (t5 sup]ior 9  flav\r1    
t5d]ness1 & app>5t fre%ness1 to t f !   
rec5tly  kill$ animal4 ,9 temp]ate      
climates1 & 9 cold ones dur+ _! %ort    
summ]1 ice-h\ses & ice-safes af=d a     
temp]ature suffici5tly l[ =  keep+ meat 
fre% & sweet = an indef9ite p]iod4      
,sub/ances  pres]v$ 9 ?is mann] %\ld be 
all[$ to gradually assume _!  natural   
condition be=e cook+ !m2 & on no acc\nt 
%\ld !y be  plung$ into hot wat]1 or put
 be=e ! fire1 :il/ 9 ! froz5  /ate4     
,,bucan+4 ,a rude k9d ( dry+ & smok+    
meat1 cut into ?9 slices1  practis$ by  
hunt]s 9 ! prairies & =e/s4             
,,desiccation or ,,dry+4 ,9 ?is way e   
article ( food1 bo? animal &  vegetable1

 may be pres]v$ )\t ! application ( salt
 or o!r  =eign matt]4 ,! prop] me?od is 
to expose ! sub/ances1 cut into  slices 
or small fragm5ts1 9 ! sun1 or 9 a      
curr5t ( w>m dry air1  ! temp]ature (   
:i* %\ld be "u #adj ,fahr4 ,articles s  
treat$1  :5 imm]s$ = a %ort "t 9 cold   
wat]1 to all[ ! album5 &  organic fibres
 to swell1 & !n boil$ 9 ! same wat]1 are
 ne>ly z  nutriti\s z fre% meat cook$ 9 
! same mann]4 ,if a high] degree (  heat
 ?an #adj be employ$ = animal sub/ances1
 !y become h>d &  insipid4 ,ow+ to !    
practical difficulties 9 ! way ( apply+ 
!  above process to fre% meats1 x is    
usually employ$ 9 conjunction )  ei!r   
salt+ or smok+1 &1 frequ5tly1 ) bo? (   
!m4    ,,exclusion ,,( ,,atmosph]ic     
,,air4 ,?is is effect$ by ! me?od (     
pres]v+  9 sug>1 pott+ 9 oil1 &1 m      
p>ticul>ly1 by "s ( ! pat5t$  me?ods    
notic$ bel[4 ,fre% meat may be pres]v$ =
 "s mon?s 9 t  /ate1 by keep+ x 9 wat]  
p]fectly depriv$ ( air4 ,9 practice "s  
iron fil+s & sulphur may be plac$ at !  

bottom ( ! vessel1 ov]  :i* mu/ be set !
 meat2 ov] ! :ole is g5tly p\r$ rec5tly 
boil$ wat]1 & ! vessel is at once clos$1
 s z to exclude !  ext]nal air4         
,,imm]sion ,,9 ,,antiseptic ,,liquids4  
,"o ( ! commone/ & mo/ effective        
liquids employ$ = ?is purpose is alcohol
 ( #fj to #gj1 to :i* a  little camphor1
 ammonia1 sal ammoniac1 or common salt1 
is occasionally  add$4 ,a *eap] &       
equally effici5t plan is to employ a    
weak _s  hold+ a little creasote 9      
solution4 ,a weak solution ( sulphur\s  
acid  may be sub/itut$ = alcohol4 ,weak 
solutions ( alum1 or c>bolic acid1  ) or
 )\t ! addition ( a few gra9s (         
corrosive sublimate1 or (  ars5i\s acid1
 are also highly antiseptic4 ,^! are    
*iefly employ$ =  anatomical specim5s1  
c4 ,a solution conta9+ only #a_/fjj? "p 
(  nitrate ( silv] is likewise v        
effective2 b1 f ?is salt be+  poison\s1 
x _c be employ$ = pres]v+ articles (    
food4  ,but*]s' meat is occasionally    
pickl$ 9 v9eg>4 ,by imm]s+ x = #a  h\r 9

 wat] hold+ #a_/djj? "p ( creasote 9    
solution1 x may be  pres]v$ un*ang$ = "s
 "t ev5 dur+ summ]4    ,,injection ,,(  
,,antiseptic ,,liquids into ! ve9s or   
art]ies ( ! rec5tly  kill$ animal4 ,x is
 f\nd t ! soon] ?is is done aft] !      
slaught] ( ! animal ! m effective x     
becomes1 z ! absorb5t  p[] ( ! vessels  
rapidly decrease by age4 ,see           
,,gannal',s ,,process  7bel[74    ,,j]k+
 is a me?od ( pres]v+ fle% sometimes    
adopt$ 9 hot climates4  ,x consi/s 9    
cutt+ ! lean p>ts ( ! meat into ?9      
slices1 &  expos+ ^! to ! sun%9e until q
 dry & brittle1 :5 !y are  bruis$ 9 a   
mort>1 & press$ into pots4    ,,pickl+  
,,9 ,,v9eg>4 ,9 ?is me?od ! sub/ances1  
r5d]$ z dry z  possible by exposure to !
 air1 are plac$ 9 glass or /onew>e j>s  
7n salt-glaz$71 or wood5 vessels1 :5    
/rong v9eg>1 ei!r cold or  boil+ hot1 is
 p\r$ ov] !m1 & ! vessel at once closely
 cork$ or  o!rwise cov]$ up1 & pres]v$ 9
 a cool situation4 ,meat is             
occasionally ?us treat$2 vegetables     

frequ5tly s4 ,see ,,pickle4    ,,pott+  
,,9 ,,oil4 ,9 ?is case salad or olive   
oil is sub/itut$ = v9eg>  7see above71 &
 is always us$ cold4    ,,salt+ acts    
*iefly by ab/ract+ wat] f ! album9\s    
portions (  ! meat1 by :i* its          
disposition to *ange is less5$4         
,,smok+4 ,?is process1 :i*1 z well z !  
la/1 is ref]r$ to fur!r  on1 acts bo? by
 ! ab/raction ( moi/ure & ! antiseptic  
prop]ties  ( c]ta9 sub/ances 7creasote1 
c47 conta9$ 9 wood smoke4 ,fre% meat  & 
fi% are occasionally smok$2 b1 9 g5]al1 
sub/ances int5d$ to  be ?us treat$ are  
fir/ salt$4    ,9 ,donk9 & ,gamble's    
pat5t process ! sub/ances1 previ\sly    
p>boil$1 are plac$ 9 small t9 cyl9d]s1  
:i* are !n fill$ up  ) ri* s\p2 ! lids  
are next sold]$ on q air-tight1 & a     
small hole is aft]w>ds made 9 ! c5tre2 !
 cyl9d]s are !n plac$  9 a ba? ( /rong  
br9e1 or a /rong solution ( *loride (   
calcium1  :i* is at once heat$ to !     
boil+ po9t1 to ne>ly complete !  cook+  
process2 aft] :i* ! small hole 9 ! lid  

is h]metically  seal$ by cov]+ x ) sold]
 :ile ! vessel /ill rema9s boil+  hot2 !
 t9s are1 la/ly1 aga9 submitt$ to heat 9
 ! heat$ ba?1 !  duration ( :i* is      
proportion$ to ! quantity & "* ( _!     
cont5ts1 ! #8dress+' ( :i* is to be     
p]fect$ by ?is op]ation4  ,! ends ( !   
t9s1 on cool+1 assume a concave =m1 f ! 
pressure  ( ! atmosph]e1 )\t :i* !y _c  
be air-tight1 & ! process  has be5      
unsuccessful4 ,to det]m9e ?is1 !        
pat5tees expose !  cani/]s1 prep>$ z    
be=e1 = at lea/ a mon? 9 an ap>tm5t     
heat$  to ab\t #ajj ,fahr42 :51 if !    
process has fail$1 putrefaction         
comm5ces1 & ! ends ( ! cases1 in/ead (  
rema9+ concave1 bulge  or become convex4
 ,?is is call$ ! #8te/4' ,by ?is        
process1 :i* 0  inv5t$ by ,m4 ,app]t 9  
,france ab\t ! ye> #ahjh1 fi%1 fle%1    
p\ltry1  & vegetables may be pres]v$ =  
ye>s 9 any climate4    ,goldn]'s process
 diff]s some:at f ! prec$+1 9 !         
employm5t  ( a high] degree ( heat1 m   
ha/ily appli$1 & n prolong$ or  repeat$ 

aft] ! t9s are sold]$ up4    ,gannal's  
process1 hav+ = its object ! pres]vation
 ( but*]s' meat  9 ! fre% /ate1 dep5ds  
on ! peculi>ly absorb5t prop]ty ( !     
fle% ( rec5tly kill$ animals1 above     
ref]r$ to4 ,?is process consi/s  9      
inject+ a solution ( sulphate ( alum9a1 
or1 bett]1 ( *loride (  alum9ium1 ( !   
sp4 gr4 #ajgj to #ajhe 7#aj to #ab      
,baum71 into !  c>otid art]y1 by means (
 a syphon1 z soon z ! blood ceases to   
fl[  f ! slaught]$ animal2 bo?          
extremities ( ! jugul> ve9 be+          
previ\sly ti$4 #i to #ab qu>ts ( !      
solution are suffici5t = an ox1  & a    
proportionate quantity = small] animals4
 ,a less quantity is also  requir$ 9    
w9t] ?an summ]4 ,:5 ! animal has be5    
well bl$1 &  ! injection skilfully      
p]=m$1 x is sc>cely p]ceptible t !      
animal has und]gone any prep>ation4 ,!  
inject$ animal is cut up 9 !  usual way2
 & :5 int5d$ to be eat5 )9 #b or #c     
weeks m]ely  requires to be hung up 9 a 
dry1 airy situation free f flies2 b if x

  is to be kept = a long] p]iod1 x is   
direct$ to be wa%$ ) a  mix$ solution ( 
common salt & *loride ( alum9ium at #aj 
,baum1 &  !n simply dri$ & pack$ 9 clean
 air-tight b>rels1 & kept 9 a  cool1 dry
 place4 ,if ! air _c be p]fectly        
exclud$1 x %\ld be  pack$ 9 dry salt1 n 
= ! purpose ( pres]v+ x1 b to prev5t  ! 
vegetation ( bissus1 z1 )\t ?is         
precaution1 ! meat becomes  mu/y f      
exposure & ! action ( moi/ure4 ,meat    
pres]v$ by ?is  process may be kept =   
sev]al ye>s1 & m]ely requires soak+ =   
#bd  h\rs 9 wat]1 = ! purpose ( swell+  
its pores1 to give x !  appe>ance & ta/e
 ( fre% meat1 fit = ei!r roa/+ or boil+4
  ,= hot climates a some:at /rong]      
solution1 or a l>g] quantity ( !  usual 
"o1 may be inject$4 ,! use ( ! /rong    
solutions ord]$ 9  "s rec5t works1      
h[ev]1 deprives ! fle% ( a portion ( its
  app>5t fre%ness1 & makes x m ne>ly    
approa* 9 flav\r to t  :i* has be5      
slightly salt$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4    ,9  
addition to ! above x may be add$ t bo? 

fle% & fi% may be  pres]v$ by dipp+ !m  
into1 or bru%+ !m ov] )1 pyroligne\s    
acid1 & !n dry+ !m4 ,?is gives !m a     
smoky flav\r2 b if pure  acetic acid    
7,ph4 ,l47 be us$1 no ta/e w be imp>t$4 
,^! fluids may  be appli$ by means ( a  
clean pa9t]'s bru%1 or ev5 a /iff fea!r4
 ,a  table-spoonful is suffici5t to bru%
 ov] a l>ge surface4 ,fi% & fle%  s     
prep>$ w be> a voyage to ! ,ea/ ,indies 
& back1 un9jur$4    ,fi% may also be    
pres]v$ 9 a dry /ate1 & p]fectly fre%1  
by means  ( sug> alone4 ,fre% fi% may be
 ?us kept = "s days1 s z to be z  good  
:5 boil$ z if j caught4 ,if dri$ & kept 
free f  m\ld9ess1 !re seems no limit to 
_! pres]vation2 & !y are mu*  m         
nutriti\s 9 ?is way ?an :5 salt$4 ,?is  
process is p>ticul>ly  valuable 9 mak+  
:at is call$ #8kipp]$ salmon1' & ! fi%  
pres]v$ 9 ?is mann] are f> sup]ior 9    
quality & flav\r to ^?  :i* are salt$ or
 smok$4 ,a few tablespoonfuls ( br[n    
sug> are  suffici5t = a salmon ( five or
 six p\nds' weight2 & if salt be        

desir$1 a teaspoonful or two may be     
add$4 ,saltpetre may be us$ in/ead  (   
salt1 if x be wi%$ to make ! kipp] h>d4 
,! well-kn[n prop]ty possess$ by e!r1   
alcohol1 pyroxylic _s1  *lor(orm1 &     
c]ta9 o!r hydroc>bons1 ( av]t+          
putrefaction1 has  be5 ?us appli$ by ,m4
 ,rob93----,he encloses ! meat or o!r   
sub/ances  to be pres]v$ 9 a glass case1
 along ) a sponge or a capsule  conta9+ 
! pres]vative liquid1 :i* latt] is      
cont9ually evolv$ 9  a vapor\s          
condition1 & ex]cises ! pres]vative     
ag5cy4 ,9 ?is way  ! vap\rs (           
hydrocyanic acid are f\nd to be v       
efficaci\s4 ,camphor  is ?us employ$ 9 !
 ,,mummy ,,cases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4   
,x has be5 ass]t$ by ,mr ,george        
,hamilton t 9 an atmosph]e (  b9oxide ( 
nitrog51 9 ! d>k1 fle% pres]ves its     
natural col\r &  fre%ness = ab\t five   
mon?s2 & eats well provid$ x be boil$ 9 
op5 vessels1 to expel nitr\s fumes4 ,see
 ,,c&y+1 ,,egg1 ,,fi%1 ,,fruit1  ,,milk1
 ,,pickles1 ,,pott+1 ,,pres]ves1        

,,salt+1 ,,smok+1 ,,/uff+1 ,,vegetable  
,,sub/ances1 c4    ,,put,,ty4 ,?is "n is
 giv5 to ! foll[+ prep>ations 7:5 us$   
alone4 #8,glazi]'s putty' is g5]ally    
indicat$73----    ,putty1 ,glazi]'s4 ,f 
:it+ made into a /iff pa/e ) dry+ oil4  
,x is us$ to fix panes ( glass 9 sa%es1 
to fill holes & cracks 9  wood be=e     
pa9t+ x1 c4    ,putty1 ,pla/]]'s4 ,a f9e
 cem5t us$ by pla/]]s1 made ( lime only4
  ,x diff]s f #8,,f9e ,,/uff' 9 ! abs5ce
 ( hair4    ,putty1 ,poli%]'s4 ,syn4    
,,putty ,,p[d]1 ,,calc9e2 ,,c9]es       
,,/anni1 ,,/anni  ,,oxydum ,,crudum1 ,l4
 ,a crude p]oxide ( t91 obta9$ by expos+
 metallic  t9 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 &
 rak+ (f ! dross z x =ms2 ?is  is       
aft]w>ds calc9$ until x becomes :iti%1 &
 is !n r$uc$ to  p[d]4 ,ano!r me?od is  
to melt t9 ) r m ?an an equal  weight ( 
lead1 & !n to rapidly raise ! heat s z  
to r5d] !  mix$ metal r$ hot1 :5 ! t9 w 
be imm$iately flung out 9 !  /ate (     
#8putty' or #8p]oxide4' ,! products (   
bo? ^! processes are  v h>d1 & are us$ =

 poli%+ glass & japan "w1 & to col\r    
opaque :ite enamel4 ,see ,,t94          
,putty1 ,to ,s(t54 ,take #a lb4 (       
,am]ican pe>la% & #c lbs4 (  quick-lime4
 ,aft] slak+ ! lime 9 wat] add ! pe>la%1
 & let !  mixture be made ( a consi/5ce 
ab\t ! same z t ( pa9t4 ,:5  requir$ =  
use apply x to bo? sides ( ! glass1 &   
let x rema9 9  contact ) ! putty =      
twelve h\rs2 aft] :i* ! putty w h       
become s s(t5$ t ! glass may be remov$ f
 ! frame )\t  any difficulty4           
,,puzzola,,na4 ,,puozzolana1 or1 m      
correctly1 ,,puzzuolana1 is a volcanic  
a% f\nd at ,puzzuoli1 ne> ,naples4 ,:5  
mix$ ) lime x =ms an  excell5t hydraulic
 cem5t4 ,a good ,,factiti\s ,,puzzolana 
may be made by  heat+ a mixture ( #c    
bu%els ( clay & #a bu%el ( fre%-slak$   
lime  = "s h\rs to r$ness4 7,m4         
,bruy]e47 ,see ,,cem5t & ,,mort>4       
,,pyri,,tes4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al    
native metallic sulphides4 ,,iron       
,,pyrites is ! be/ kn[n ( ^!4           
,,py,,ro-4 ,! t]m is appli$ to sev]al   

acids t are obta9$ by !  action ( heat  
on o!r sub/ances2 z1 ,,pyrogallic       
,,acid1 ,,pyroligne\s ,a41  c4          
,,pyroace,,tic ,,_s4 ,see ,,_s          
7,pyroacetic74    ,,pyrogal,,lic ,,acid4
 ,,hc#f;,h#e,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,acidum        
,,pyrogallicum1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 ,f ei!r 
gallic or tannic acid1 heat$ 9 a retort 
by means  ( an oil ba?1 & /eadily       
ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #dbj     
,fahr4 z long z cry/als are =m$ 9 ! neck
 ( ! retort1 or 9 !  receiv]1 bo? ( :i* 
%\ld be kept well cool$4 ,pure4 ,if a   
mu* high]  heat is employ$1 ! product   
consi/s *iefly ( metagallic acid4    #b4
 ,f ,aleppo galls1 9 v co>se p[d]1 heat$
 9 a di% cov]$ )  ?9 filt]+ pap] pa/$ to
 its edge1 & connect$ ) a well-cool$    
receiv]4 ,dr ,ure says t ! s-call$      
,*9ese galls furni%1 by dry             
di/illation1 a 8v conc5trat$ solution ( 
pyrogallic acid1 :i*1  evaporat$ on !   
wat] ba?1 yields ( br[n cry/all9e       
pyrogallic acid  ne>ly #ae ( ! weight ( 
! galls40    #c4 7,dr ,/5h\se47 ,by     

sublimation f ! dry aque\s extract (    
nut-galls1 9 a ,mohr's app>atus1 9 !    
same way t b5zoic acid is  obta9$ f     
b5zo9 res91 obs]v+ ! precautions ref]r$ 
to 9 ,no4  #a 7above74 ,ne>ly pure4 ,!  
product is fully #aj ( ! weight (       
extract op]at$ on4    ,prop4 ,light     
cry/als1 :i*1 :5 p]fectly pure1 are q   
:ite2  freely soluble 9 wat]1 b !       
solution _c be evaporat$ )\t  turn+     
black & suff]+ decomposition2 x /rikes a
 ri* blacki%-blue  col\r ) ! protosalts 
( iron1 & r$uces ^? ( ! sesquioxide  to 
! /ate ( protoxide2 :5 heat$ to #dhj    
,fahr41 x is conv]t$ into  ,,metagallic 
,,acid & wat]4    ,uses1 c4 ,pure       
pyrogallic acid is n[ v ext5sively      
employ$ 9  photography4 ,a solution ( ! 
crude acid mix$ ) a little _s is  us$ to
 dye ! hair1 to :i* x imp>ts a f9e br[n 
col\r1 b has !  disadvantage ( also /a9+
 ! sk9 :5 appli$ to x4    ,,py,,rog5    
,,acids4 ,^? g5]at$ by heat4            
,,pyro,,la4 ,see ,,w9t] ,,gre54         
,,pyrolig,,ne\s ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,v9eg>   

,,( ,,wood1 ,,_s ,,( ,w41 ,,smok+       
,,liquor1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,smoke2 ,,acidum
 ,,pyrolignosum1 ,l4 ,impure acetic     
acid1  obta9$ by ! de/ructive           
di/illation ( wood 9 close vessels4 ,x  
comes ov] along ) t> creasote1 & o!r    
liquid & gase\s matt]s4  ,9 ?is /ate x  
conta9s mu* empyreumatic matt] 9        
solution2 b by  sep>ation f ! t>1       
saturation ) slak$ lime or *alk1        
defecation1  & evaporation1 an impure   
acetate ( pyrolignate ( lime is obta9$1 
:i*1 aft] be+ g5tly heat$1 to de/roy "p 
( its empyreumatic  matt]1 )\t injur+   
its acetic acid1 is aga9 dissolv$ &     
defecat$1 & !n precipitat$ by a solution
 ( sulphate ( soda1 :5 a  solution (    
acetate ( soda & a precipitate (        
sulphate ( lime are  =m$ by d\ble       
decomposition4 ,! solution is next      
evaporat$ to  dryness1 ! dry mass       
7pyrolignite ( soda7 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & 
!  new solution filt]$ & recry/allis$4  
,! cry/als ( acetate ( soda1  obta9$ by 
! la/ process1 yield ne>ly pure acetic  

acid by  di/illation along ) sulphuric  
acid4 ,see ,,acetic ,,acid & ,,v9eg>4   
,,pyrolig,,ne\s ,,_s4 ,see ,,_s         
7,pyroxilic74    ,,pyrom,,et]4 ,an      
in/rum5t to measure high degrees ( heat4
 ,,w$gwood',s  ,,pyromet]1 ! "o be/     
kn[n1 dep5ds on ! prop]ty :i* clay      
possesses ( contract+ :5 /rongly heat$4 
,,pr( ,,daniel',s ,,pyromet]  consi/s1  
ess5tially1 ( a small rod or b> (       
plat9um1 :i* acts 9 a  precisely        
opposite mann] to ! prec$+1 viz41 by its
 expansion4    ,,pyroph,,orus4 ,syn4    
,,luft-,,zund]1 ,g]4 ,any sub/ance t    
inflames  spontane\sly :5 expos$ to !   
air4    ,prep4 #a4 ,neutral *romate (   
lead1 #f p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p2 triturate
  !m ) wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a pa/e1 & make 
?is into pellets2 dry  ^! p]fectly by a 
g5tle heat1 !n heat !m 9 a clos$ tube   
until  ! sulphur is all driv5 (f2 la/ly1
 transf] !m to a /opp]$ phial4    #b4   
7,,homb]g',s ,,pyrophorus47 ,f alum &   
br[n sug>1 equal p>ts2 /ir  ! mixture 9 
an iron ladle ov] ! fire until dry1 !n  

put x into an  e>!n or coat$ glass      
phial1 & keep x at a r$ heat s long z ! 
flame is emitt$2 x mu/ !n be c>efully   
/opp$ up & cool$4    #c4 7,dr ,h>e47    
,lampblack1 #c p>ts2 burnt alum1 #d     
p>ts2 c>bonate (  potassa1 #h p>ts2 z ! 
la/4    #d4 7,gay ,lussac47 ,f sulphate 
( potassa1 #i p>ts2 calc9$ lampblack1 #e
  p>ts2 z ,no4 #b4    #e4 ,alum1 #c     
p>ts2 :eat fl\r1 #a "p2 z ,no4 #b4      
#f4 7,,lead ,,pyrophorus----,gbel47     
,heat t>trate ( lead to r$ness 9 a glass
  tube1 & !n h]metically seal x4 ,see   
,,t>trate ,,( ,,lead4    ,obs4 ,:5 !    
above are prop]ly prep>$1 a little ( !  
p[d]  rapidly becomes v hot1 & inflames 
on exposure to ! air4 ,!  accession ( ! 
combu/ion is promot$ by moi/ure1 z a    
damp atmosph]e  or ! brea?4 ,) !        
exception ( ! fir/ & six?1 8!y owe _!   
combu/ibility to ! pres5ce ( sulphide ( 
potassium40 7,gay ,lussac47             
,,pyrophosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see         
,,dibasic ,,phosphoric ,,acid           
7,phosphorus74    ,,pyro,,sis4 ,syn4    

,,black ,,wat]1 ,,wat] ,,bra%1 ,,wat]   
,,qualm4 ,an affection (  ! /oma*1      
att5d$ by a s5sation ( heat & !         
eructation ( a ?91  s\r liquid1 (t5 9   
consid]able quantity1 especially 9 !    
morn+4    ,! foll[+ pill w be f\nd (    
s]vice 9 ?is affection3----,p[d]$       
opium1 #a_/h? gr42 subnitrate ( bismu?1 
#e gr42 extract ( g5tian1  suffici5t to 
make into #b pills4 ,to be tak5 two or  
?ree times a day1  be=e meals4    ,!    
solution ( bismu? & citrate ( ammonia   
7,liquor ,bismu?i et ,ammoni  ,citratis1
 ,b4 ,p471 9 doses ( #a_/b dr4 to #a    
dr41 tak5 z above1 is ano!r  m$ic9e :i* 
may be _h rec\rse to1 %\ld ! above fail 
to give  relief4    ,,pybot>t>,,ic      
,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#e;,h#f,o#d4 ,obta9$ by !
 de/ructive  di/illation ( t>t>ic acid4 
,see ,,t>t>ic ,,acid4    ,,pyrote*,,ny4 
,! art ( mak+ fireworks4 ,! ?ree        
pr9cipal mat]ials  employ$ 9 ?is art are
 *>coal1 nitre1 & sulphur1 along ) fil+s
  ( iron1 /eel1 copp]1 or z9c1 or )     
res91 camphor1 lycopodium1 or  o!r      

sub/ances1 to imp>t col\r1 or to modify 
! effect or !  duration ( ! combu/ion4  
,gunp[d] is us$ 8ei!r 9 gra91 half      
cru%$1 or f9ely gr\nd1 = diff]5t        
purposes4 ,! long] ! iron  fil+s are1 ! 
bright] r$ & :ite spots !y give2 ^? be+ 
pref]r$ :i* are made ) a co>se file1 & q
 free f ru/4  ,/eel fil+s & ca/-iron    
bor+s conta9 c>bon1 & af=d a m          
brilliant fire1 ) wavy radiations4      
,copp] fil+s give a gre5i% t9t  to      
flame2 ^? ( z9c1 a f9e blue col\r2 !    
sulphide ( antimony  gives a less gre5i%
 blue ?an z9c1 b ) mu* smoke2 amb] af=ds
 a  yell[ fire1 z well z colophony      
7res97 & common salt2 b ! la/  mu/ be v 
dry4 ,lampblack produces a v r$ col\r ) 
gunp[d]1 &  a p9k "o ) nitre 9 excess2 x
 s]ves = mak+ gold5 %[]s40  ,:5 ?is     
sub/ance is lightly mix$ ) gunp[d] & put
 into cases1 x  ?r[s out small />s      
resembl+ ! r[el ( a spur2 ?is           
composition  has h5ce be5 call$ #8spur  
fire4' 8,! yell[ s&1 or gli/5+ mica1    
communicates to fire-works gold5        

radiations4 ,v]digris imp>ts a pale     
gre52 sulphate ( copp] & sal ammoniac   
gives a palm-tree gre54  ,camphor yields
 a v :ite flame & aromatic fumes1 :i*   
masks ! bad  smell ( o!r sub/ances4     
,b5zo9 & /orax are also us$1 on acc\nt (
  _! agreeable od\r4 ,lycopodium burns )
 a rose col\r & a  magnific5t flame2 b x
 is pr9cipally employ$ 9 !atres to      
repres5t  lightn+1 or to *>ge ! tor* ( a
 ,fury40 7,ure47 ,see ,,fires 7,col\r$71
  ,,flame ,,col\rs1 ,,gunp[d]1 ,,/>s1   
,,rockets1 c4    ,! foll[+ sub/ances are
 9 requisition by ! ,pyrote*ni/3----    
,,z9c4 ,?is metal is employ$ 9 ! =m (   
f9e p[d]1 :i* is obta9$  z foll[s3----,!
 metal1 sc>cely melt$1 is p\r$ into a   
hot mort>1  :]e x is r$uc$ to p[d]1 be+ 
kept dur+ ! op]ation at a  temp]ature ( 
#dja ,f4 ,x is !n sift$ to remove any   
p>ticles :i* may  h escap$ contact ) !  
pe/le4    ,,copp]4 ,?is metal may be    
obta9$ 9 a /ate ( m9ute division by     
precipitat+ x f a solution ( sulphate ( 
copp] by means ( iron1  ! precaution be+

 tak5 ( us+ a l>ge quantity ( iron4 ,!  
precipitate1 aft] be+ well wa%$1 is dri$
 betwe5 folds ( blott+  pap]1 & kept 9  
well /opp]$ bottles4    ,,iron-,,s&4 ,a 
quantity ( sulphur is melt$ 9 a crucible
 ov] a sl[ fire1  & :5 x is q fluid1    
iron fil+s are ?r[n 9 :ile ! :ole is    
be+ /irr$4 ,! crucible is remov$ f !    
fire1 & ! cont5ts are  rapidly /irr$    
until cold4 ,! mat]ial is !n roll$ on a 
bo>d till x  is brok5 up z f9e z corn$  
p[d]1 aft] :i* ! sulphur is sift$  out4 
,,soda ,,p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is prep>$ ) !  
same precaution z ord9>y  gunp[d]1 !    
proportions :i* answ] be/ be+3          
,nitrate ( soda      #fcj p>ts4         
,sulphur              #abe   0          
,*>coal             #abe   0            
--------                         #hhj   
p>ts4    ,z ! nitrate ( soda is         
hygrometric1 ?is p[d] mu/ be pres]v$ 9  
clos$ vessels f ! moi/ure ( ! air4      
,,lead ,,p[d]4 ,?is mixture is also     
prep>$ l gunp[d]1 & !  con/itu5ts are   
us$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3             

,nitrate ( lead      #ab p>ts4          
,nitrate ( pota%     #b   0    ,*>coal  
#c   0                         ----     
#ag p>ts4    ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is     
mixture on a l>ge scale consid]able c>e 
is  necess>y1 s9ce ! mixture ( nitrate (
 lead & *>coal is v  liable to ignite by
 friction4    ,,prep>$ ,,blood4 #dej to 
#ejj grammes ( z9c is dissolv$ 9 #acdj  
grammes (  hydro*loric acid #bb ,b41    
l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 & filt]$4 ,?is    
solution is aga9 dilut$ ) its own volume
 ( wat]1 & mix$ )  fre% blood4 ,! :ole  
is well /irr$ f "t to "t = #dh h\rs1 &  
! cle> liquor is siphon$ (f f !         
precipitate4 ,! precipitate is  well    
wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$1 & r$uc$ to p[d]1 9   
:i* /ate x  may be kept = any l5g? ( "t4
    ,,t\* ,,pap]4 ,?is pap] is prep>$ by
 imm]s+ purple or blue pap] 9 a         
solution ( nitrate ( pota% 9 spirits (  
w9e or v9eg>1 & c>efully  dry+ x4    ,:5
 ! t\* pap] is us$ ) small articles1 a  
piece is ti$ r\nd  ! orifice ) ?read1   
leav+ suffici5t pap] to =m a small tube 

at  ! end4 ,?is tube is fill$ ) gunp[d]1
 & ! pap] twi/$ ov]  x1 :5 all is ready 
= fir+4    ,t\* pap] = capp+ e          
description ( fireworks1 su* z squibs1  
crack]s1 ,roman c&les1 c41 is prep>$ 9 !
 foll[+  mann]3----,dissolve #b oz4 ( ! 
be/ saltpetre 9 #a qu>t ( w>m wat]1  &  
take c>e t ! wat] is v clean4    ,aft] !
 mixture has /ood = half an h\r1 p\r (f 
#a-a_/b p9t into a  :ite bas91 !n cut   
y\r %eets ( d>k blue d\ble-cr[n pap] 9  
half4  ,! weight ( ! pap] %\ld be #ab or
 #ad lbs4 p] ream4    ,place ! pap] on a
 slab suffici5tly l>ge to give y room to
 use a  small piece ( sponge1 ) :i* y   
use ! liquor to wet y\r pap]4  ,cov] ea*
 half %eet ) ! liquor z quickly z       
possible1 on "o side  only1 & imm$iately
 ?is is done place x on a l9e1 ! wet    
side on  outw>ds1 & :5 ne>ly dry1 if y h
 a great numb] ( %eets1 place  !m toge!r
 z ev5ly z possible "u a press = "o h\r1
 !n lay  !m out to dry1 aft] :i* !y w be
 q smoo? & ready = use4    ,9 pa/+ ?is  
pap] on ! "w1 take c>e t ! pa/e does n  

t\*  t "p :i* is to burn4 ,to use ?is   
pap] correctly1 cut x 9 /rips           
suffici5tly long to g twice r\nd ! m\? (
 ! case1 or ev5 m if  requisite4 ,:5 y  
pa/e on ! /rips1 leave a little above ! 
m\? (  ! case n pa/$2 9 small cases a   
little meal p[d] is put into !  m\?1 &  
!n ! pap] is twi/$ to a po9t4 ,9 l>g]   
cases damp  prim+ is us$1 & :5 dry1 !   
capp+ process is proce$$ )4             
,,crack]s4 ,! foll[+ mixtures are us$ = 
ord9>y crack]s3----      ,meal p[d]     
p>ts  #e  #ae   #f   #h  #af    ,f9e    
*>coal      0    #a   #d  ----   #b  #ag
    ,co>se *>coal    0   ----  ----   #f
  ----  ----    ,sulphur            0   
----  ----   #b  ----   #a    ,saltpetre
          0   ----  ----  #af   #a   #g 
,composition = crack]s ) ,*9ese fire----
      ,meal p[d]      p>ts  #i      #f  
#af    ,saltpetre          0    #f      
#h     ----    ,sulphur            0    
#a      #b      #c    ,*>coal           
0    #a-a_/b  #a-a_/b  #b    ,f9e iron  
0    #e     ----      #g    ,s&         

0   ----      #e     ----               
,composition = crack]s ) brilliant      
fire----      ,meal p[d]      p>ts  #h  
#h     #cf  #ah  #cb    ,sulphur        
0    #a  #a-a_/b  #a   #a   #c    ,iron 
fil+s       0    #b  #b-a_/b ----  ---- 
----    ,li?>ge           0   ----  ----
    ----   #b  ----    ,/eel fil+s      
0   ----  ----     #h   #c  #ab    ,!   
pap] g5]ally us$ = c>tridge is t kn[n z 
#8elephant' or  c>tridge1 ! latt] be+ ! 
m frequ5tly employ$4    ,c>tridge pap]  
is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( crack]s1 :i*
 v>y  f #ab to #ae in*es1 & #c-a_/b     
in*es diamet]4 ,"o edge ( ! pap] is     
fold$ d[n ab\t #c_/d-;in* 9 bread?1 !n !
 d\ble edge is turn$ d[n  ab\t          
#a_/d-;in*1 & ! s+le edge is b5t back   
ov] ! d\ble fold s  z to =m a *annel    
#a_/d-;in* wide4 ,?is is fill$ ) meal   
p[d]1 :i*  is !n to be cov]$ by ! folds 
on ea* side1 :5 ! :ole is to be  press$ 
v smoo? & close1 by pass+ x ov] ! edge (
 a flat  rul]4 ,! "p conta9+ ! p[d] is  
to be gradually fold$ into !  rema9d] ( 

! pap]1 ea* fold be+ c>efully press$    
d[n4 ,!  crack] is !n d\bl$ backw>ds &  
=w>ds into z _m folds ( ab\t  #b-a_/d   
in*es z ! pap] w all[4    ,! :ole is    
press$ toge!r by means ( a wood5 vice1 a
 piece ( tw9e  is pass$ twice r\nd !    
middle across ! folds1 & ! jo9+s are    
secur$ by caus+ ! tw9e to take a turn   
r\nd ! middle at e  turn4 ,"o ( ! ends (
 ! folds may be d\bl$ %ort "u1 :i* w    
produce an extra report1 b ! o!r mu/    
project a little beyond !  re/1 = !     
prim+ & capp+ ) ! t\* pap]4 ,:5 ^!      
crack]s are fir$ !y give a report at e  
turn ( ! pap]4    ,! crack]s may also be
 made ( two s+le c>ds1 roll$ ov] ea* o!r
  & cov]$ ) pap] coat$ ) pa/e4 ,!       
crack]s are p>tially  fill$ ) !         
composition by means ( a t9 funnel4     
,ord9>y p[d] is  !n introduc$1 & !      
rema9+ space is fill$ ) a little sawdu/4
    ,,revolv+ ,,crack]s4 ,^! crack]s are
 *>g$ at ea* end ) clay to a  dep? ( two
 l9es1 & fill$ ) a composition )\t      
gunp[d]4 ,!  clay prev5ts ! fire /ream+ 

out at ! ends1 & x escapes ?r\gh  two   
holes plac$ opposite ea* o!r4 ,! two    
holes are unit$ at ! same  "t by        
connect+ !m by means ( a quick-mat*1 & a
 rotatory motion  is ?us communicat$ to 
! cyl9d]4    ,,engli% ,,p9 ,,:eels4 ,p91
 or ,ca!r9e :eels are ( v simple        
con/ruction4 ,a long wire ab\t #c_/af? (
 an in* 9 diamet] is !  =m]2 on ?is wire
 are =m$ ! pipes1 :i* be+ fill$ )       
composition1 are aft]w>ds w\nd r\nd a   
small circle ( wood s z to  =m a helix  
or spiral l9e4 ,! cases are g5]ally made
 ( d\ble-cr[n  pap] 7yell[ wove71 & cut 
into /rips to give ! greate/ l5g?1 &  ( 
wid? suffici5t to roll ab\t f\r times   
r\nd ! wire1 & pa/$ at  ! edge s z to   
bite firmly at ! end ( ! la/ turn4 ,:5 a
 numb]  ( pipes are made & p]fectly dry1
 !y are fill$ ) composition4  ,^! cases 
are n driv5 = fill+1 b are fill$ by     
means ( a t9  funnel ) a tube #c_/d ( an
 in* long1 made to pass easily into !   
m\?  ( ! case1 :i* is gradually fill$ by
 lift+ a wire up & d[n 9  ?is tube1 !   

diamet] ( ! *>g+ wire be+ half t ( !    
tube4  ,! dry composition be+ plac$ 9 ! 
funnel1 ! mom5t an action (  ! wire     
takes place ! composition beg9s to fall 
into ! case1 :i*  ! *>g+ wire compresses
 by cont9u\s motion until y h fill$  !  
pipe to )9 #c_/d ( an in* ( ! top4 ,!   
pipe is !n remov$1  & ! m\? neatly      
twi/$1 :i* w be ! po9t = light+4    ,:5 
a numb] ( pipes are ready1 place !m on a
 damp floor1 or 9 any  damp situation1  
until !y become v pliant1 b by no means 
wet2 !n  comm5ce w9d+ !m r\nd a circle (
 wood ^: sub/ance mu/ be  equal to !    
?ickness ( ! diamet] ( ! pipe2 & :5     
w\nd1 secure  ! end ) seal+-wax1 to     
prev5t its spr++ op52 aft] w9d+ !       
requir$ quantity let !m dry4 ,n[ cut "s 
/rips ( crimson or purple  pap] #c_/af? 
( an in* wide1 & 9 l5g? twice ! diamet] 
( !  :eel2 !n pa/e all ov] ?or\ghly4    
,take a /rip & pa/e x across  ! :eel    
diametrically1 rub x d[n1 !n turn ! :eel
 ov]1 & place  ! ends d[n to correspond 
) ! opposite side2 :5 dry1 ! :eel  w be 

ready = fir+4    ,!y may be fir$ on a   
l>ge p9 or held 9 ! h&1 b x is pref]able
  to drive ! p9 into ! end ( a /ick1 :i*
 w prev5t any accid5t1  %\ld a section (
 ! :eel bur/4    ,,squibs4 ,^! are ei!r 
fill$ ) gra9$ p[d]1 or ) a mixture      
consi/+ (3----,gunp[d]1 #h p>ts2 *>coal1
 #a "p2 sulphur1 #a "p4 ,!  cases1 :i*  
are ab\t #f in*es long1 are made by     
roll+ /rips ( /\t  c>tridge pap] ?ree   
times r\nd a roll]1 & pa/+ ! la/ fold4  
,!y are !n firmly ti$ d[n ne> ! bottom1 
& ! end is ei!r  dipp$ into hot pit* or 
cov]$ ) seal+-wax4 ,! cases are fill$ by
  putt+ a ?imble full ( ! p[d] 91 &     
ramm+ x tightly d[n )  a roll]1 ?is     
op]ation be+ cont9u$ until ! case is    
fill$4 ,x is  !n capp$ ) t\* pap]4      
,,s]p5ts 7,,m>roon ,,squibs74 ,a        
suitable case be+ ready1 x is fill$ two 
?irds up ) a p[d] consi/+               
(3----,saltpetre1 #af p>ts2 sulphur1 #h 
p>ts2 f9e gunp[d]1 #d p>ts2 antimony1 #a
 "p4 ,?is1 aft] be+ ramm$  d[n into !   
case tol]ably tightly1 ! rema9d] ( !    

space is fill$  ) gra9$ or corn$ p[d]4  
,,sp>ks4 ,^! fireworks diff]s f />s 9   
size1 be+ v small &  made )\t cases4 ,! 
,engli% me?od ( prep>+ !m is z          
foll[s3----,a  mixture (      ,f9e      
gunp[d]       #a "p    ,p[d]$ saltpetre 
#c p>ts    ,p[d]$ camphor     #d   0    
is plac$ 9 a mort>1 & "s weak gum-wat] 9
 :i* a little gum  tragacan? has be5    
dissolv$1 is p\r$ ov] x1 & ! :ole work$ 
up  into a ?9 pa/e4 ,"s l9t1 prep>$ by  
boil+ x 9 v9eg> or  saltpetre1 &        
aft]w>ds dri$ & unravell$1 is plac$ 9 ! 
composition s z to absorb ! :ole4 ,?is  
is !n p\r$ into balls  ab\t ! size ( a  
pea1 dri$ & spr9kl$ ) f9e gunp[d]4    ,9
 ,g]many ! foll[+ compositions are us$3 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacad    
----------------------------------------
----------------    ,*lorate (          
pota% p>ts                              
#bddjabbj------------djbabaadbjifdj     
,*lorate (                              

pota% &                                 
copp]   0                               
--------------------------------#bcbc---
-------------    ,*lorate (             
b>yta   0                               
----------------#ah---------------------
---------------    ,nitrate (           
pota%   0                               
--------------------#abbf---------------
-------------    ,nitrate (             
lead     0                              
#bd-------------------------------------
---------------    ,nitrate (           
b>yta   0                               
------------#dj-------------------------
---------------    ,calomel    0        
------------#ac #g--------bhabab #d     
#hah----    ,sulphide (                 
copp]   0                               
----------------------------#bh----abf  
#d--------    ,sulphate (               
/rontia 0                               
----------------------------------------
----#bjgbcg    ,oxalate (               
soda     0                              

----#afaj-------------------------------
-------------    ,*alk      0           
----------------------------------------
 #e------------    ,p[d]$               
z9c     0                               
--------------------#adbh---------------
-------------    ,p[d]$                 
*>coal 0   --------------------         
#eaa----------------------------        
,sulphur    0   #ab----                 
#aac------------------------ #f         
#c--------    ,gum lac    0   #a  #h----
 #a #c------------------------ #bah #h  
,soap       0   ---- #c                 
#a---------------- #c #c                
#c----------------    ,/>*     0        
----------------------------#aj---------
---------------    ,sug>      0         
-------------------------------- #d     
#d----------------    ,p9e soot  0      
----------------------------------------
-------- #a----                         
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------    ,!   
above mixtures are int5d$ to give col\r$

 sp>ks1 accord+ to !  numb]s4      ,no4 
#a gives a blui%-:ite col\r4    0   #b &
 #c give yell[4    0   #d gives gre54   
0   #e gives gre54    0   #f1 #g1 #h1 #i
 & #aj give blue4    0   #aa & #ab give 
violet4    0   #ac gives r$4    0   #ad 
gives purple4    ,! mat]ials are mix$ ) 
a small quantity ( a solution ( />*1 s  
z to =m a ?ick pa/e1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh a 
p]=at$ plate1 !  holes 9 :i* are twice z
 l>ge z x is int5d$ ! sp>ks %\ld be  on 
dry+4 ,! small pieces fall on a         
pa/ebo>d1 to :i* ! workman  gives a     
rapid horizontal motion to r\nd ! gra9s4
 ,!y are !n dri$1  & ^? :i* are p]fectly
 r\nd are select$ & sep>at$ by sieves  (
 diff]5t me%es to collect ^? ( ! same   
size toge!r4                  ,,*9ese   
,,fire4              ,r$ ,*9ese or ,g]be
 ,fire4      ,calibre ( ! case4         
,saltpetre4  ,sulphur4  ,*>coal4        
,iron ,s&4                              
#a/ ord]4      #ab to #af lbs4          
#a lb4      #c oz4     #d oz4         #g
 oz4    #af to #bb  0             #a  0 

#c  0      #e  0          #g  0  #h     
drms4    #bb to #cf  0             #a  0
       #d  0      #f  0          #h  0  
,:ite ,*9ese ,fire4      ,calibre4      
,saltpetre4  ,bruis$ ,p[d]4 ,*>coal4    
,iron ,s&4                              
#crd ord]4      #ab to #af lbs4         
#a lb4      #ab oz4     #g oz4 #h drms4 
#aa oz4    #af to #bb  0           #a  0
       #aa  0      #h  0             #aa
  0  #h drms4    #bb to #cf  0          
#a  0       #aa  0      #h  0  #h  0    
#ab  0    ,! iron s& is moi/5$ ) a      
little spirits ( w9e1 & !n mix$  ) !    
*>coal & saltpetre1 :i* h be5 previ\sly 
incorporat$  9 ano!r mort>4    ,,simple 
,,/>s ,,or ,,fireballs4 ,^! are g5]ally 
us$ 9 comb9ation )  o!r arrangem5ts1 c41
 & ! composition ( :i* !y are made1     
consi/s (----saltpetre1 #af p>ts2       
sulphur1 #h p>ts2 f9e gunp[d]1 #c  p>ts4
    ,^! mat]ials are mix$ ) gum & z     
little spirits ( w9e z w  suffice to    
make a v /iff pa/e4 ,?is pa/e is cut up 
into small  squ>es1 :i* are roll$ up    

into balls on a bo>d cov]$ ) gunp[d]4   
,! gunp[d]1 :i* adh]es1 s]ves = !       
purpose ( fir+ !m4 ,:5  p]fectly dry1 !y
 are ready = use4    ,,g]bes4 ,^!       
fireworks display !mselves z lum9\s jets
 ( fire  some:at resembl+ a wat] sp\t4  
,previ\sly to putt+ 9 ! brilliant       
composition1 put two scoops ( fir/ fir+ 
or prep>atory fire1 = :i*  ! foll[+ w   
suit1 9 cases n l>g] ?an #a_/d lb4      
size3----#af oz4  meal p[d]1 #f oz4     
saltpetre1 #c oz4 sulphur1 #c oz4 f9e   
coal4 ,x is  important to see t !       
int]ior ( ! cases are q smoo? & free  f 
wr9kles4    ,,gold ,,ra94 ,! l>g]       
rockets are fill$ ) ?is mat]ial1 :i*    
consi/s ( small squ>es made 9 ! same way
 z ! simple />s4 ,x is  compos$ z       
foll[s3----                             
,ord9>y4 ,*9ese4                        
,composition =                          
imm$iate use4      ,saltpetre    p>ts   
#af       #d    ,saltpetre      p>ts    
#d    ,sulphur        0       #h        
#b    ,sulphur          0        #b     

,f9e *>coal  0       #b       #d    ,f9e
 small coals 0        #a    ,p9e soot   
0       #b      ----    ,f9e gunp[d]   0
        #h    ,meal p[d]    0       #d  
#af    ,co>se ca/ iron 0        #d    ,a
 portion ( ! cotton is s(t5$ 9 l9se$ oil
 & ! mat]ials  prep>$ 9 a mort> ) wat]4 
,,roman ,,c&les4 ,^! are made some:at l 
g]bes & fill$ ) !  same mat]ials1 ! only
 diff]5ce be+ t />s are plac$ betwe5  ! 
diff]5t lay]s ( sub/ances4 ,! mat]ials  
mu/ n be too tightly  ramm$ d[n or ! />s
 w be de/roy$4    ,,simple ,,/>s ,,or   
,,fireballs4 ,take ( saltpetre #af p>ts1
 sulphur #h p>ts1  f9e gunp[d] #c p>ts2 
mix !m ) gum & only j en\gh spirits (   
w9e to make a v /iff pa/e4 ,cut ?is up  
into small squ>es1 & roll  into balls   
cov]$ ) gunp[d]4 ,:5 prop]ly dry !y are 
ready =  use4    ,,m>roons4 ,^! are     
small cubical boxes fill$ ) an explosive
  composition :i* explodes sudd5ly1 mak+
 a l\d report4 ,!y are  g5]ally us$ 9   
comb9ation ) o!r fireworks4 ,! boxes are
 made (  pa/ebo>d1 ! corn]s be+ made    

tight by pa/+ pap] ov] !m1 b  leav+ !   
top op5 until !y are fill$4 ,!y are     
fill$ ) co>se  gunp[d]1 :5 ! top is     
clos$ ) /rong pap] well cem5t$1 & !     
:ole box is wrapp$ r\nd two or ?ree     
times ) l9d cord dipp$ 9  /rong glue4 ,a
 hole is made 9 "o ( ! corn]s1 into :i* 
a  quick-mat* is introduc$1 & ! m>roon  
is ready = action4    ,! read] :o may be
 desir\s ( fur!r in=mation on ! subject 
(  ,pyrote*ny1 _c d bett] ?an consult ! 
article on ! subject 9  #8,knapp's      
,*emical ,te*nology1' edit$ by ,messrs4 
,ri*>dson &  ,watts4#abd    ,footnote   
#abd3 ,vol4 #a1 "p #d1 ,no4 #a4 ,ballire
  ,co4    ,to ?is "w we are indebt$ =   
mu* ( ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 !  pres5t     
pap]s4 ,see ,,col\r$ ,,fires4           
,,pyroxyl,,ic ,,_s4 ,see ,,_s           
7,pyroxylic74    ,,pyrox,,yl94 ,syn4    
,,fulm9at+ ,,cotton1 ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,a 
highly inflammable  & explosive comp\nd1
 discov]$ by ,s*nbe94 ,x is obta9$ by ! 
action ( nitric acid on cotton 7cellul91
 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e71 9 !  pres5ce (        

sulphuric acid4    ,by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! 
nitric acid ?ree k9ds (  gun-cotton may 
be obta9$1 call$ respectively           
mononitro-cellul9                       
,c#f;,h#i7,,no#b7,o#e1 d9itro-cellul9   
,c#f;,h#h7,,no#b7b,o#e1  &              
tr9itro-cellul9 ,c#f;,h#g7,,no#b7c,o#e4 
,! fir/ is b  slightly explosive2 !     
second is n suffici5tly explosive to be 
us$ z  a sub/itute = gunp[d]1 b is be/  
adapt$ = ! prep>ation (  collodion2 !   
?ird is highly explosive1 & is ! v>iety 
employ$ 9  m9+ & milit>y op]ations1 c4  
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41                    
,,d9itro-,,cellul947 ,cotton-wool1 #a2  
sulphuric acid1 #e2  nitric acid1 #e2   
mix ! acids1 imm]se ! cotton1 & /ir ) a 
glass  rod = ?ree m9utes1 or until x is 
?or\ghly wett$1 !n remove x1  & ?or\ghly
 wa% out ! acid1 s t ! wa%+s cease to   
produce a  precipitate ) *loride (      
b>ium4 ,dra9 on filt]+ pap]1 & dry 9  a 
wat] ba?4 ,us$ 9 ! prep>ation (         
,,collodion4    #b4 ,conc5trat$ nitric  
acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj7 & conc5trat$       

sulphuric  acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde7 are mix$
 toge!r 9 ab\t equal measures2 :5 !     
mixture has become cold x is p\r$ into a
 glass or w$gwood-w>e mort>  or bas91 & 
clean1 dry c>d$ cotton1 9 z loose a /ate
 z  practicable1 is imm]s$ 9 x = #d or  
#e m9utes1 ! action ( !  liquid be+     
promot$ by incessant /irr+ ) a glass    
rod2 ! acid is  next p\r$ (f1 & !       
cotton1 aft] be+ squeez$ z dry z        
possible1  by means ( ! glass /irr]1 or 
betwe5 two plates ( glass1 is ?r[n  into
 a l>ge quantity ( clean s(t wat]1 &    
aga9 squeez$ to free x  f sup]flu\s     
moi/ure2 x is !n wa%$ 9 a /ream ( pure  
wat]  until x becomes p]fectly free f   
acid1 & is1 la/ly1 c>efully dri$  by !  
heat ( hot wat] or /eam1 at a temp]ature
 n high] ?an ab\t  #ahj ,fahr4 #c4      
7,s*nbe947 ,nitric acid 7#ade to #aej71 
#a "p2 sulphuric  acid 7#ahe71 #c p>ts  
7bo? by volume72 proce$ z above1 b1 aft]
 !  cotton has be5 squeez$ f ! acid1    
all[ x to rema9 9 a cov]$  vessel = an  
h\r be=e wa%+ x1 & aft] wa%+ x1 dip x   

into a  solution ( c>bonate ( potassa1  
#a oz41 9 pure wat]1 #a gall41 !n       
squeeze1 & p>tially dry x2 next dip x   
into a weak solution ( nitre1  & dry x 9
 a room heat$ by hot air or /eam to ab\t
 #aej ,fahr4 7,see  ,pat5t ,specif47    
#d4 7,von ,l5k47 ,! cotton1 hav+ be5    
?or\ghly cleans$ & dri$1 is  /eep$1 z   
above1 9 a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric 
acids 7!  /ronge/ obta9able 9 comm]ce71 
squeez$ z dry z possible1 &  imm]s$ 9 a 
fre% mixture ( /rong acids1 be+ all[$ to
 rema9 9  ?is second mixture #dh h\rs4  
,x is !n wa%$ 9 a /ream ( wat] =  sev]al
 weeks1 & f9ally treat$ ) a solution (  
silicate ( potassa  7soluble glass74    
,?is is ! celebrat$ ,au/rian gun-cotton 
:i* 0  report$ on s favorably by a      
committee ( ! ,briti% ,association 9    
#ahfc4 ,! treatm5t ) silicate ( potassa 
is adopt$ m]ely = !  purpose ( ret>d+ ! 
combu/ion4    #e4 7#8,bullet9 de ,/     
,pt]sb\rg1'7----a4 ,take ( p[d]$ nitre1 
#bj p>ts2  sulphuric acid 7#ahcj to     
#ahce71 #ca p>ts2 dissolve 9 a glass    

vessel1  &1 :il/ ! solution is /ill w>m 
7#abb ,fahr471 add ( dry c>d$  cotton #a
 "p1 & employ agitation until ?is la/ is
 well saturat$2  !n cov] ov] ! vessel ) 
a plate ( glass1 & let x /&1 = #bd      
h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hf ,fahr42
 next well wa% ! cotton1 z  above1 fir/ 
) cold & aft]w>ds ) boil+ wat]1 & dry x 
c>efully at a v l[ temp]ature4    b4 ,f 
sulphuric acid 7conta9+ #c equiv4 (     
wat]71 #ac p>ts2 nitric  acid           
7monohydrat$71 #ab p>ts2 c>d$ cotton1 #a
 "p2 ! imm]sion be+  limit$ to "o h\r at
 a temp]ature ( f #ajd to #abb ,fahr4   
7,see  #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' vol4 xiii1 ,no4
 #b47    ,prop41 c4 ,pyroxyl9 explodes1 
) a v sudd5 fla%1 & !  developm5t ( v   
little heat1 )\t ei!r smoke or residue1 
at a  temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj ,fahr4     
7,no4 #c at #bgg ,fahr474 ,sev]al       
modifications ( pyroxyl9 are kn[n1 v>y+ 
consid]ably 9 composition1  ?\gh !y all 
conta9 ! elem5ts ( hyponitric acid1 &   
are all  explosive4 ,"s are insoluble 9 
a mixture ( e!r & alcohol1 :il/  o!rs   

are readily dissolv$1 =m+ ! glut9\s     
solution :i* is us$  9 surg]y "u ! "n ( 
#8collodion1' & :i* is also ext5sively  
us$ 9 photography4 ,! be/ gun-cotton    
7,von ,l5k's7 is ( no use  :atev] = mak+
 collodion4 ,! pyroxyl9 prep>$ by !     
=mula #e1  a 7above71 is soluble 9 a    
mixture ( #g p>ts ( e!r & #a "p (       
alcohol2 :il/ ! product ( #e1 b1 if     
prep>$ by #b h\rs' dige/ion  in/ead (   
#a1 is said to be ev5 soluble 9 absolute
 alcohol4    ,obs4 ,g5]al von ,l5k has  
ov]come all ! difficulties :i* h  hi!rto
 prev5t$ gun-cotton be+ us$ 9 place (   
gunp[d]4 ,by  sp9n+ ! gun-cotton into   
?read or y>n1 & weav+ ?is into webs1  he
 has succe$$ 9 mak+ c>tridges :i* w     
produce ! exact am\nt  ( =ce requir$4 ,!
 "t ne$$ = ! complete ignition ( !      
c>tridge c be dim9i%$ or increas$ at    
pleasure by v>y+ !  me*anical arrangem5t
 ( ! spun ?reads4 ,ea* gun & ea* k9d (  
projectile requires a c]ta9 d5sity (    
c>tridge4 ,9 g5]al1 x is  f\nd t !      
proportion ( #aa lbs4 ( gun-cotton      

occupy+ #a cubic foot  ( space produces 
a great] =ce ?an gunp[d] ( :i* f #ej to 
#fj  lbs4 occupies ! same space1 & a =ce
 ( ! nature requir$ =  ord9>y artill]y4 
,see ,,collodion & ,,xyloid92 consult   
also ,abel's  rese>*es 9 !              
#8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4'   
,,quack ,,m$,,ic9es4 ,see ,,pat5t       
,,m$ic9es1 ,,o9tm5t1 ,,pills1 c4        
,,quail4 ,! ,coturnix vulg>is1 a        
gall9ace\s bird1 alli$ to !  p>tridge1 b
 ( small] size4 ,its fle% is highly     
e/eem$ by epicures4  ,x is import$ f    
,turkey1 pres]v$ 9 oil2 & f ,italy1     
pott$ )  cl>ifi$ butt]4    ,,qu>ant9e4  
,! old laws ( ,qu>ant9e1 z ! ,fr5*      
d]ivation ( !  ^w indicates1 compell$ a 
vessel com+ f ! %ores ( a c\ntry  liable
 to1 or ravag$ by1 an infecti\s disease1
 su* z plague1 to ^?  ( a region free f 
contagion1 to und]go =ty days' isolation
 be=e  x 0 unlad51 or its pass5g]s 7    
all[$ to l& at ! heal?y  port4    ,9    
,europe ^! anci5t enactm5ts aga9/ !     
importation ( infection  are /ill m or  

less vexati\sly en=c$ 9 ,spa91          
,portugal1 ,greece &  ,turkey2 & 9 a    
modifi$ =m at ,malta & "s ( ! ,fr5* &   
,italian  ports4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean      
ports1 %ips com+ f c\ntries :i* lie  9 !
 s\!rn or ea/]n %ores ( t sea are       
usually subject$ to a  qu>ant9e ( f six 
to fifte5 days1 dur+ :i* p]iod !        
pass5g]s  are conf9$ 9 a sort ( b>rack  
call$ a #8laz>etto1' ! m]*&ise1  lett]s1
 c41 ( ! vessel be+ 9 ! meantime        
frequ5tly fumigat$1 or  o!rwise         
dis9fect$4    ,! inconv5i5ces to comm]ce
 & ! necess>y int]c\rse betwe5  nations 
att5d+ ! too rigor\s c>ry+ out (        
qu>ant9e h1 )9  ! la/ twelve ye>s1 l$ to
 a s]ies ( sanit>y int]national         
conf]5ces betwe5 ! ,european ,gov]nm5ts1
 ) ! object ( divis+  "s me?ods :i*1 )\t
 weak5+ ! safegu>ds to ! public heal?1  
%\ld z mu* z possible r$uce !           
inconv5i5ces att5d+ !  en=cem5t (       
qu>ant9e to a m9imum4 ,at ! la/ ( ^!    
conf]5ces1  :i* 0 held at ,vi5na 9      
#ahgc1 ! memb]s 7 almo/ unanim\s 9      

advis+ ! abolition ( qu>ant9e on        
,european riv]s4    ,until )9 ! la/     
tw5ty ye>s ! old qu>ant9e laws 7 pretty 
/rictly en=c$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce ?is   
"t1 h[ev]1 !y h  be5 consid]ably relax$1
 or1 we %\ld r say1 sup]s$$ by !  foll[+
 ord9ances1 :i*1 ^u ! au?ority ( an ord]
 9 c\ncil (  ,july #ca/1 #ahga1 c be    
en=c$ 9 ! case ( suspect$ vessels4      
,?is ord9ance decl>es t x is lawful = a 
sanit>y au?ority1 hav+  reason to       
believe t any %ip arriv+ 9 its di/rict  
comes f a  place infect$ ) *ol]a1 to    
visit & exam9e ! %ip be=e x  ent]s !    
port4    ,art4 #c provides t ! ma/] ( a 
*ol]a-infect$ %ip1 or "o t  has ev5 be5 
expos$ to ! infection ( *ol]a1 is to    
moor1 an*or1 or  place h] 9 su* a       
position z f "t to "t ! sanit>y au?ority
  %all direct4    ,art4 #d provides t no
 p]son %all l& f any su* %ip until aft] 
! exam9ation4    ,art4 #e provides = !  
prop] exam9ation ( all p]sons on bo>d by
 a  legally-qualifi$ practition]1 &     
p]mits ^? n suff]+ f  *ol]a to l&       

imm$iately4    ,ano!r ord] 9 c\ncil1    
dat$ ,augu/ #crd1 #ahgd1 emp[]s any     
cu/om-h\se (fic]1 or o!r p]son hav+     
au?ority f !  ,commission]s or ,bo>d (  
,cu/oms1 at any "t be=e ! ,nuisance     
,au?ority %all visit & exam9e ! %ip1 to 
deta9 ! %ip4    8,no p]son %all1 aft]   
su* det5tion1 l& f ! %ip1 & !  (fic]    
%all =?) give notice ( ! det5tion1 & ( !
 cause  !re(1 to ! prop] nuisance       
7local7 au?ority2 & ! det5tion %all     
cease z soon z ! nuisance au?ority %all 
visit & exam9e ! %ip1  or at !          
expiration ( twelve h\rs aft] notice    
%all h be5 giv5 to  su* nuisance        
au?ority40    ,ano!r ord] 9 c\ncil1 dat$
 ,augu/ #e?1 #ahga1 directs t ! ma/]  ( 
a vessel1 9 :i* *ol]a has exi/$1 %all n 
be all[$ to br+  8 vessel into port     
until he has de/roy$ ! infect$ clo!s &  
b$d+4    ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>ds are    
also inve/$ ) consid]able executive     
p[]s1 by :i* !y are enabl$ to en=ce     
qu>ant9e dur+ !  preval5ce ( any        
contagi\s disease 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ma9

 ,act1  h[ev]1 relat+ to qu>ant9e1 is ! 
#f? ( ,geo4 ,,iv41 c4 #gh2 & all        
vessels hav+ on bo>d any p]son or p]sons
 affect$ ) a dang]\s or  infections     
disord]1 are to be deem$ z com+ )9 its  
provisions 7see  #8,public ,heal? ,act1'
 ,s*$ule v41 "p #c74 ,!re is a l&1 z    
well z a  sea qu>ant9e4 ,?us1 = in/ance1
 9 "s c\ntries1 m p>ticul>ly  ^? (      
,ea/]n ,europe1 ! =m] is /ill 9 =ce on !
 fronti]s (  contigu\s ,/ates1 to !     
great imp$im5t ( comm]ce & inconv5i5ce  
( travell]s4    ,! late outbreak (      
plague 9 ,a/rakan has l$ to its be+     
e/abli%$  & v /rictly c>ri$ out on !    
bord]s ( ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1  &  
,g]many4    ,heck]1 writ+ on ! probable 
orig9 ( qu>ant9e1 rem>ks3----8,!  =tie? 
day1 accord+ to ! mo/ anci5t notions1   
has always be5  reg>d$ z ! la/ ( ard5t  
diseases1 & ! limit ( sep>ation  betwe5 
^! & ^? :i* are *ronic4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to 
subject  ly+-9 wom5 = =ty days to a m   
exact sup]9t5d5ce4    ,!re 0 a good deal
 also said 9 m$ical works ( =ty days'   

epo*s 9  ! =mation ( ! ftus1 n to m5tion
 t ! al*emi/s always  expect$ m durable 
revolutions 9 =ty days1 :i* p]iod !y    
call$  ! philosophical mon?4 ,?is p]iod 
be+ g5]ally held to prevail 9  natural  
processes1 x appe>$ reasonable to assume
 & reasonably to  e/abli% x2 z t requir$
 = ! developm5t ( lat5t pr9ciples (     
contagion1 s9ce public regulations _c   
disp5se ) decisions ( ?is  k9d1 ev5 ?\gh
 !y %\ld n be :olly ju/ifi$ by ! nature 
( !  case4 ,great /ress has also be5    
laid on !ological & legal gr\nds1  :i* 7
 c]ta9ly ( great] weight 9 ! fifte5?    
c5tury ?an 9  mod]n times2 su* z ! =ty  
days' duration ( ! flood2 ! =ty  days'  
soj\rn ( ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 our     
,savi\r's fa/ = ! same  l5g? ( "t 9 !   
wild]ness2 la/ly1 :at is call$ ! ,saxon 
t]m1  :i* la/s = =ty days4              
,,qu>,,tan4 ,occurr+ e f\r? day4        
,,qu>ta,,tion4 ,! practice1 among       
assay]s1 ( alloy+ #a "p ( gold  ) #c    
p>ts ( silv]1 be=e submitt+ x to !      
op]ation (  #8p>t+1' 9 ord] t its       

p>ticles may be too f> sep>at$ to       
protect  ! copp]1 lead1 palladium1      
silv]1 or o!r metals1 ) :i* x is        
contam9at$1 f ! solv5t action ( ! nitric
 or sulphuric acid1 z  ! case may be4   
,see ,,assay+4    ,,qu>tz4 ,pure native 
silica4 ,x is an ess5tial con/itu5t (   
granite  & _m o!r rocks4 ,its cry/all9e1
 transp>5t v>ieties1 are kn[n z  rock   
cry/al4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,p[d]1 c4        
,,quass4 ,syn4 ,,posca ,,v5alis1 ,l4    
,prep4 ,mix rye-fl\r & w>m wat]  toge!r1
 & keep ! mixture by ! fireside until x 
has turn$ s\r4  ,us$ z v9eg> 9 ,russia4 
,,quas,,sia4 ,syn4 ,,quassia 7,ph4 ,l41 
,e41  ,d42 ,,quassia ,,lignum1 ,,quassia
  ,,wood1 ,b4 ,p474 ,! 8wood ( ,picrna  
7,picrasma7 excelsa1 ,l9dl40 7,b4  ,p41 
,ph4 ,l471 or ,jamaica quassia2 & also (
 ! 8,quassia am>a1  ,l9n40 7,ph4 ,e471  
or ,sur9am quassia4 ,! latt] is !       
orig9al quassia1  b x is no long]       
import$4 ,quassia is *>act]is$ by its   
int5se  bitt]ness4 ,x is reput$ tonic & 
/oma*ic1 assi/+ dige/ion1 &  giv+ tone &

 vig\r to ! sy/em4 ,its "n 0 giv5 to x  
by ,l9nu1  9 hon\r ( a negro slave :o _h
 long employ$ x z a rem$y = !  malignant
 endemic fev]s ( ,sur9am4 ,:5 slic$1 x  
=ms ! #8quassia  *ips' ( ! %ops4 ,x is  
g5]ally tak5 9 ! =m ( infusion4 ,?is    
la/1 sweet5$ ) sug>1 =ms a safe &       
effective poison =  flies4----,dose 79  
p[d]71 #aj to #bj gr4    ,,roa/$        
,,quassia1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 is l>gely     
employ$1 in/ead ( hops1  to embitt]     
port]2 & ! unroa/$ p[d] is us$ = ! same 
purpose  9 ! adult]ation ( ! bitt]      
v>ieties ( ale4    ,,quas,,s94 ,syn4    
,,quassite1 ,,quass9a4 ,a peculi> bitt] 
pr9ciple1  obta9$ by precipitat+        
decoction ( quassia ) milk ( lime1      
evaporat+ ! filtrate1 dissolv+ ! residue
 9 alcohol1 treat+ )  animal *>coal1    
aga9 evaporat+1 dissolv+ 9 wat]1 &      
cry/allis+4 #h lbs4 ( quassia *ips yield
 #a dra*m4    ,,que5',s ,,blue4 ,?umb   
blue4 ,see ,,blue4    ,,que5',s         
,,met,,al4 ,a species ( pewt] us$ =     
teapots1 c41 made by  fus+ "u *>coal a  

mixture ( t91 #i p>ts1 & antimony1      
bismu?1  & lead1 ( ea* #a "p2 or1 t91   
#ajj p>ts2 antimony1 #h p>ts2 copp]1 #d 
p>ts2 bismu?1 #a "p4 ,see ,,britannia   
,,metal & ,,pewt]4    ,,que5',s         
,,yel,,l[4 ,subsulphate ( m]cury4       
,,qu]citr94 ,! b>k ( ! ,qu]cus t9ctoria 
yields a neutral  sub/ance1 to :i* !    
above "n has be5 giv54 ,qu]citr9 may be 
prep>$ z foll[s by ! process (          
,ro*l$]3----,! b>k is boil$ )  wat]1 !  
decoction is left to cool1 & ! impure   
qu]citr9 :i*  sep>ates is collect$1 !n  
rubb$ to a pulp ) alcohol ( #ce ,b41    
heat$ ov] ! wat] ba?1 collect$ on l951 &
 press$1 :]eby !  pr9cipal impurities   
are remov$4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 a  
l>g]  quantity ( boil+ alcohol1 !       
solution is filt]$ hot1 & wat] is  add$ 
to x until x becomes turbid1 s t !      
great] "p ( !  qu]citr9 sep>ates be=e ! 
liquid is cold4 ,x is !n collect$1      
press$1 & purifi$ by a repetition ( !   
same treatm5t4    ,ano!r process1 by    
,zw5g] & ,dronke1 is ?is3----,! b>k1 9  

small  pieces1 is exhau/$ ) boil+       
alcohol1 ! alcohol is di/ill$ (f1  & !  
residue1 :ile /ill w>m1 is mix$ ) a     
little acetic acid1 &  !n ) neutral     
acetate ( lead2 ! filtrate1 fre$ f lead 
by  sulphuric acid1 is evaporat$1 & !   
qu]citr9 :i* cry/allises is  purifi$ by 
repeat$ cry/allisation f alcohol4       
8,hydrat$ qu]citr9 =ms microscopic1     
rectangul>1 p>tly rhombic  tablets1 hav+
 _! obtuse lat]al edges truncat$2 pale  
yell[ :5  pulv]is$4 ,x is neutral1      
inodor\s1 ta/eless 9 ! solid /ate1 bitt]
  9 solution1 p]man5t 9 ! air40#abe     
,footnote #abe3 ,watts4                 
,,qu],,citron4 ,! b>k ( ,qu]cus nigra or
 t9ctoria1 a species (  oak indig5\s 9  
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,) alum mordants x yields
 a v  p]man5t yell[ dye4                
,,qu],,citron4 ,a yell[ dye /uff1       
compos$ ( ! %av+s & p[d] (  ! b>k (     
,qu]cus t9ctoria1 or ,q4 nigra1 or ,q4  
citr9a1 a k9d (  oak1 a native ( ,nor?  
,am]ica4 ,x ab\nds m p>ticul>ly 9       
,p5nsylvania1 ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4    ,9

 ,am]ica qu]citron is us$ = tann+1 & 9  
,europe = dye+ only4  ,:5 employ$ = !   
latt] purpose x is us$ 9 ! =m ( an      
aque\s  decoction1 mordant$ ) alum or   
*loride ( t94 ,lees*+ /ates t a  dye    
possess+ great] colorific p[d] may be   
procur$ by boil+ !  b>k ) dilute        
sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4          
,,quick,,silv]4 ,see ,,m]cury4          
,,quillai ,,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,quillay ,,b>k1 
,,soap ,,b>k4 ,! ,quillaya sapon>ia1  f 
:i* yields ?is b>k1 is an ev]gre5 tree1 
gr[+ 9 !  m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,*ili1 9 ,s\? 
,am]ica4    ,x is believ$ to take its "n
 f ! native ^w quillay1 :i*  signifies  
to wa%4 ,! inn] b>k only is employ$4 ,:5
 bruis$ &  agitat$ 9 wat] x imp>ts a    
la!r to ! wat]1 9 ! same way t  soap    
does4 ,?is quality has be5 f\nd to be   
due to ! exi/5ce 9 !  b>k ( sapon9----! 
same pr9ciple :i* conf]s a simil>       
prop]ty on  ,sapon>ia (fic9alis4 ,! b>k 
is free f any bitt] pr9ciple1 z  well z 
f tannic acid4 ,x is v g5]ally us$      
among/ !  inhabitants resid+ on ! we/]n 

side ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x is  employ$ =
 remov+ grease f silk1 & also 9 ! =m ( a
 wa% =  cleans+ & pres]v+ ! hair4    ,:5
 _h rec\rse to = cleans+ silks1 quillai 
b>k is said n to  *ange ! col\r ( !     
fabric4 ,x is sometimes giv5 z a        
febrifuge1 &  z a rem$y = cold 9 ! head4
 ,= ?is latt] purpose ! p[d] is  snuff$ 
up ! no/rils1 :5 x occasions sneez+ &   
pr(use dis*>ge  f ! nose4    ,,quills4  
,prep4 #a4 ,! quills or w+-fea!rs ( !   
goose 7goose  quills7 are sep>ately     
plung$1 = a few seconds1 into hot a%es1 
c9d]s1 or s&1 ( a temp]ature ab\t equal 
to t ( boil+ wat]1  aft] :i* !y are     
scrap$ ) a blunt knife1 /rongly rubb$ ) 
a  piece ( flannel or wooll5 clo?1 &    
g5tly #8/ov$1' !y are1 la/ly1  ti$ up 9 
bundles by wom5 or *ildr54 ,a yell[ t+e 
is (t5 giv5 to  !m by dipp+ !m = a %ort 
"t into dilute hydro*loric or nitric    
acid1 or into an infusion ( turm]ic4    
#b4 ,susp5d ! quills 9 a copp] ov] wat] 
suffici5tly high to ne>ly  t\* ! nibs2  
!n close x /eam tight1 & apply ?ree or  

f\r h\rs'  h>d boil+2 next1 )draw !     
quills1 & dry !m1 & 9 #bd h\rs cut  !   
nibs & draw out ! pi?2 la/ly1 rub !m ) a
 piece ( clo?1  & expose !m to a mod]ate
 heat 9 an ov5 or /ove4 ,quills prep>$ 9
  ?is way are z h>d z bone1 )\t be+     
brittle1 & ne>ly z  transp>5t z glass4  
,cr[ quills & swan quills may be cur$ 9 
! same  mann]4    ,,qui,,na4 ,see       
,,qu99e4    ,,qu9am9e4 ,syn4 ,,qu9am9a4 
,c#bj;,h#bf,n#b,o#b4 ,?is alkaloid 0    
discov]$ by ,hesse1 9 #ahgb1 9 ! b>k (  
,c9*ona succirubra1  cultivat$ at       
,d>jeel+1 9 ,briti% ,sikhim4    ,dr de  
,vrij gives ! foll[+ process = !        
prep>ation (  qu9am9e3----,! mix$       
alkaloids obta9$ f ! r$ b>k are conv]t$ 
into neutral sulphates1 & ! solution    
treat$ ) ,ro*elle salt1  :]eby !        
t>trates ( qu99e & ( c9*onid9e are      
sep>at$4 ,aft]  collect+ ^! ^u a filt] !
 filt]$ liquid is %ak5 ) cau/ic  soda & 
e!r4 ,by ?is process ! amorph\s alkaloid
 & ! qu9am9e  are dissolv$ by ! e!r1 )  
slight traces ( c9*on9e1 :il/ !  bulk ( 

?is la/ alkaloid rema9s undissolv$4     
,aft] di/ill+ !  e!real solution !      
residue is trans=m$ into neutral        
acetate1 & !  solution ( ?is mix$ ) a   
solution ( sulphocyanate ( potassium4   
,by ?is reaction ! sulphocyanate ( !    
amorph\s alkaloid is  precipitat$ 9 !   
%ape ( a yell[1 s(t1 res9\s sub/ance1   
:il/  ! sulphocyanate ( qu9am9e rema9s  
dissolv$4 ,aft] subsid+ &  filt]+1 !    
solution is cle> & q col\rless1 & by    
addition (  cau/ic soda ! qu9am9e is    
precipitat$4 ,x is !n collect$ ^u a     
filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,x c n[ easily be  
obta9$ cry/allis$ by  dissolv+ x 9 boil+
 _s1 f :i* x cry/allises 9 cool+4 ,by   
?is process ! au?or obta9$ #jch p] c5t4 
( pure qu9am9e f  samples ( r$ c9*ona   
quill b>k1 :i* he _h receiv$1 ?r\gh !   
,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india1 f !         
plantations 9 ,briti% ,sikhim4          
,,qu9ce4 ,syn4 ,,cydonia1 ,l4 ,! fruit (
 ,cydonia vulg>is1 or common  qu9ce     
tree4 ,its flav\r 9 ! raw /ate is au/]e1
 b x =ms an  excell5t m>malade 7qu9ce   

m>malade71 & its juice yields an        
agreeable  & :olesome w9e4 ,! se$ or    
pips 7cydoni sem92 cydonium----,ph4 ,l47
  ab\nd 9 gummy matt]1 :i* =ms a        
mucilage ) wat]1 & possesses  !         
advantage ( n be+ affect$ by ! salts (  
iron or alcohol4 ,see  ,,decoction1     
,,fixature1 & ,,jelly4    ,,qu9etum4 ,! 
alkaloids conta9$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian r$   
b>k 7,c9*ona  succirubra7 consi/ ( a    
l>ge p]c5tage ( c9*onid9e1 c9*on9e1     
qu99e1 & amorph\s alkaloid1 besides a   
trace ( qu9id9e1 !  prepond]at+ alkaloid
 be+ c9*onid9e4    ,dr de ,vrij1 ( !    
,hague1 has devis$ a process by :i* ^! c
 be  extract$ 9 _! entirety1 & to ! mix$
 alkaloids s obta9$ !  "n #8qu9etum' has
 be5 giv54    ,x is affirm$ ( qu9etum t 
x possesses a rem$ial value z a tonic  &
 antip]iodic t r5d]s x1 9 _m cases1     
sup]ior to qu99e1 ague  be+ "o ( ^!2    
also t x may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 
affections 9 :i* qu99e w\ld be          
inadmissible4 ,a m$ical  correspond5t   
in=ms u t he has us$ x ) signal success 

9 hay  a/hma4 ,ano!r advantage x has ov]
 qu99e is1 x is mu* l[] 9  price4       
,qu9etum1 accord+ to ,dr de ,vrij's     
process1 z well z a sulphate  &         
hydro*lorate1 are prep>$ by ,mr ,:iff51 
( ,batt]sea4    ,,qu9ic9e4 ,an alkaloid 
obta9$ 9 #ahec by ,pa/eur1 by expos+    
qu99e  or qu9id9e1 "u favorable         
circum/ances1 to a temp]ature v>y+ f    
#bdh to #bff ,fahr41 = sev]al h\rs4 ,x  
is v probable t ?is  alkaloid is ei!r   
id5tical1 or 9 v close connection1 ) !  
amorph\s alkaloid soluble 9 e!r :i*     
occurs 9 all b>ks1 &  p>ticul>ly 9 ! "y 
b>ks ( ! plantations 9 ,india4          
,,qu9id9e4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,o#b,n#b4b;,aq4   
,syn4 ,,qu9idia1 ,,con*99e1 c4  ,an     
alkaloid conta9$ 9 _m species ( c9*ona1 
toge!r ) qu99e  & c9*on9e1 & !re=e (t5  
f\nd 9 ! "m liquors ( qu99e             
manufactures4 ,x is id5tical ) !  qu99e 
( ,van ,heyn+51 & 0  discov]$1 9 #ahcc1 
by ,h5ry & ,delondre4 ,z ! c9*onid9e    
discov]$  by ,w9ckl]1 9 #ahdh1 has be5  
unhappily d5om9at$ qu9id9e by ?is       

*emi/1 !re is /ill a confusion ab\t ^!  
alkaloids1 &1 !re=e1  ! qu9id9e (       
comm]ce 0 v (t5 a mixture ( bo?1 till   
,pa/eur  made1 9 #ahec1 a classical     
inve/igation ( ?is matt]4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! 
"n ( qu9id9e = ! alkaloid discov]$ by   
,h5ry & ,delondre1  because x is isom]ic
 ) qu99e1 & gives ! same gre5 col\r :5  
treat$ ) *lor9e foll[$ by ammonia1 &    
gave ! "n (  c9*onid9e to ! alkaloid    
discov]$ by ,w9ckl]1 because x is       
isom]ic ) c9*on9e4 ,he det]m9$ also !   
action ( ! solutions  ( ^! alkaloids on 
! plane ( pol>isation1 & f\nd t !       
qu9id9e turn$ ?is plane to ! "r1 its    
molecul> rotation 9  alcoholic solution 
be+ a  #bejge 1 :il/ he f\nd t !        
c9*onid9e turn$ ?is plane to ! left1 its
 molecul> rotation 9  alcoholic solution
 be+ a  #addfa 4    ,prop4 c4 ,_m ( !   
salts ( qu9id9e are v simil> to ^? (    
qu99e1 b ! normal salt ) hydriodic acid 
is n only v  diff]5t f t ( qu99e1 b also
 f ^? ( all ! o!r  c9*ona-alkaloids4 ,! 
normal hydriodate ( qu9id9e is s v      

sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] t #a "p requires1 
at #fj ,fahr41 n less  ?an #abjj p>ts ( 
wat] to be dissolv$4 ,!re=e ! pres5ce ( 
sulphate ( qu9id9e 9 ! sulphate ( qu99e1
 :i* (t5 occurs1  ei!r f t article be+  
c>elessly made or f wilful  adult]ation1
 c be easily detect$ by add+ a few m9ims
 ( solution (  iodide ( potassium to !  
saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( qu99e 9  
wat] ( #fj ,fahr41 :]eby1 if qu9id9e is 
pres5t1 its hydriodate w  be sep>at$    
ei!r 9 ! %ape ( a s&y precipitate or1 if
 only  traces are pres5t1 9 ! %ape ( /ri
 on ! sides ( ! glass :]e  ?is has be5  
rubb$ by a glass rod4    ,= an acc\nt ( 
its m$ic9al prop]ties1 ! read] %\ld     
consult !  rec5t report f ,india ^u !   
exp]im5ts made !re by ord] (  ,gov]nm5t 
) all ! f\r c9*ona-alkaloids1 :i*       
exp]im5ts are  v favorable to !         
!rapeutical action ( qu9id9e comp>$ ) t 
( qu99e4    ,,qu99e4 ,c#aj;,h#ab,,on4   
,syn4 ,,qu9a1 ,,qu9ia4 ,till rec5tly x 0
  f\nd 9 ! greate/ quantity 9 good      
,calisaya b>k1 p>ticul>ly 9 t  f        

,bolivia1 b s9ce x has be5 f\nd 9 great 
quantity 9 "s o!r  b>ks1 especially 9 ! 
b>k ( ,c9*ona (fic9alis1 = in/ance1 9  !
 b>k ( t species gr[n 9 ,ceylon4 ,r$ b>k
 conta9s n only  qu99e & c9*on9e1 b also
 c9*onid9e4    ,prep4 #a4 ,by           
precipitat+ a solution ( sulphate (     
qu99e ) a  slight excess ( ammonia1     
potassa1 or soda1 & wa%+ & dry+ !       
precipitate4 ,by solution 9 alcohol1 sp4
 gr4 #hae1 & spontane\s  evaporation1 x 
may be procur$ 9 cry/als4 ,cry/als may  
also be obta9$  f 8its solution 9 hot   
wat] ) a little ammonia40 7,liebig47    
#b4 7,direct47 ,by add+ hydrate ( lime1 
9 slight excess1 to a /rong  decoction (
 ! gr\nd b>k made ) wat] acidulat$ )    
sulphuric  acid1 wa%+ ! precipitate :i* 
ensues1 & boil+ x 9 alcohol2 !          
solution1 filt]$ :ile hot1 deposits !   
alkaloid on cool+4    ,prop41 c4 ,qu99e1
 :5 prep>$ by precipitation1 is an      
amorph\s  :ite p[d]1 b :5 ?is           
precipitate is left 9 ! liquor x        
assumes1  aft] "s "t1 ! appe>ance (     

aggregat$ cry/all9e ne$les2 :5  sl[ly   
cry/allis$ f its solution1 ^! ne$les are
 rem>kably f9e1  & ( a pe>ly or silky   
lu/re4 ,x is freely soluble 9 rectifi$  
_s  & 9 e!r1 & ( all ! c9*ona-alkaloids 
x is ! mo/ soluble 9  ammonia4 ,x is ^u 
?is fact t ,k]n]'s me?od = te/+ ! purity
  ( sulphate ( qu99e is f\nd$4 ,its     
normal salts1 if dissolv$ 9  wat]1 h a  
slightly alkal9e reaction ^u r$ litmus  
pap]4 ,x is only  sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1
 ev5 :5 boil+2 bo? ! fix$ & volatile    
oils dissolve x ) ! aid ( heat1 m       
especially :5 x has be5  r5d]$ anhydr\s1
 or is pres5t$ to !m "u ! =m ( an e!real
  solution4 ,x fuses by a g5tle heat1   
)\t decomposition2 =ms  cry/allisable   
salts1 :i* are only slightly soluble 9  
wat]1 unless x  be acidulat$1 &1 l !    
pure alkaloid1 are extremely bitt]1 &   
possess mu* ( ! *>act]i/ic flav\r (     
c9*ona b>k4 ,x is  precipitat$ by !     
alkalies & _! c>bonates1 by tannic acid1
 & by  mo/ a/r+5t sub/ances4    ,pur4   
,see ,,qu99e1 ,,sulphates ,,(1 &        

,,qu9ometry 7bel[74    ,te/s4 ,qu99e is 
recognis$ by----#a4 ,its appe>ance "u ! 
microscope4----#b4 ,its solubility 9    
e!r1 & 9 pure ammonia wat]4----#c4  ,its
 solubility 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1   
=m+ a col\rless liquid1  :i* does n     
become yell[i% until x is heat$4----#d4 
,! solubility (  itself & salts1 :5     
pure1 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 =m+  
col\rless fluids1 8:i* d n acquire any  
coloration ^u be+ heat$  to ! po9t (    
incipi5t evaporation ( ! sulphuric acid1
 b :i*  aft]w>ds become yell[1 & f9ally 
br[n40 7,fres5ius47----#e4 ,its         
solubility 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid  
to :i* "s nitric acid has  be5 add$1 =m+
 a col\rless1 or1 at ! mo/1 only a      
fa9tly  yell[i% liquid4----#f4 ,x is    
:olly de/roy$ by heat4    ,a solution ( 
qu99e 9 acidulat$ wat]1 & solutions (   
its salts1  exhibit ! foll[+            
reactions3----#a4 ,ammonia1 potassa1 & !
 alkal9e  c>bonates1 give :ite1         
pulv]ul5t precipitates1 becom+ cry/all9e
  aft] "s "t 7see above71 & :i* are     

soluble 9 ammonia 9 excess1  & :i*1 :5  
e!r is add$ aft] ! ammonia1 & ! :ole is 
agitat$1 r$issolve 9 ! e!r1 :il/ ! cle> 
liquid1 on repose1  pres5ts two di/9ct  
lay]s4----#b4 ,bic>bonate ( soda 7avoid+
 excess7  gives a simil> precipitate1   
bo? 9 acid & neutral solutions (  qu99e1
 ei!r at once or aft] a %ort "t4 ,!     
precipitate is soluble  9 excess ( !    
precipitant1 & is aga9 precipitat$ f !  
new  solution ^u protract$ ebullition4  
8,vigor\s /irr+ ( ! liquid  promotes !  
sep>ation ( ?is precipitate40           
7,fres5ius47----#c4 ,if rec5tly  prep>$ 
*lor9e be add$ to x1 & !n ammonia1 a    
beautiful  em]ald-gre5 col\r is         
develop$4 7,ph4 ,l47----#d4 ,a          
conc5trat$ solution (  f]rocyanide (    
potassium be+ add$1 9 excess1 aft] !    
*lor9e1  in/ead ( ! ammonia1 a d>k r$   
col\r is in/antly produc$1 :i*  aft] "s 
"t passes into gre51 especially :5      
freely expos$ to !  light4 ,?is reaction
 is n *>act]i/ic ( qu99e1 = ) qu9id9e   
"o gets ! same reaction4----#e4 ,if     

cau/ic potassa be us$ in/ead (  ammonia 
7see above71 ! solution acquires a      
sulphur-yell[ col\r4  8,^! reactions are
 re/rict$ to ?is alkaloid40 7,dr        
,g>rod47    ,flckig]#abf says2----8,!   
mo/ *>act]i/ic te/ = asc]ta9+ !  pres5ce
 ( qu99e is ! =mation ( ! spl5did gre5  
comp\nd call$  ?alleio*9e1 :i* is       
produc$ if solutions ( ! alkaloid or its
  salts are mix$ ) *lor9e wat]1 & !n a  
drop ( ammonia add$40    ,footnote #abf3
 ,9 #8,jahrb4 f4 ,ph>m41' ,april1 #ahgb1
 #acf 7#8,ph4 ,j\rn1'1 #crd  s]ies1 ii1 
#ija74    ,if "o "p ( qu99e is dissolv$ 
9 #djjj p>ts ( acidulat$ wat]1 &  !n    
ab\t #a_/aj ( ! volume ( ! liquid1 (    
*lor9e wat]1 & a drop  ( ammonia add$1 a
 gre5 zone w be readily =m$ if ! liquids
 are  cauti\sly plac$ 9 a flask )\t     
%ak+4    ,if ! solution ( qu99e conta9  
no m ?an #a_/ejjj1 ! gre5 ( "o  may /ill
 be obta9$1 b 9 m dilut$ solutions !    
success becomes  m & m unc]ta94    ,f a 
practical po9t ( view we may /ate t     
#a_/ejjj ( ! alkaloid is  ! smalle/     

quantity ^: pres5ce c ?us be discov]$ ) 
c]ta9ty2 ,k]n] 7#ahgj7 has succe$$ )    
#a_/bjjjj b ,i 0 n able to  corroborate 
?is /atem5t4    ,! au?or 0 also induc$  
to try ! action ( brom9e 9 place (      
*lor9e4 ,! ?alleio*9e is !n1 inde$1     
produc$ 9 solution :i*  conta9 only     
#a_/bjjjj ( qu99e4    ,yet ! behavi\r ( 
brom9e displays "s /rik+ diff]5ces4     
,*lor9e  alone1 z already /at$1 causes  
no imm$iate alt]ation ( some:at  dilut$ 
solutions ( qu99e1 :]eas !y became      
turbid on addition (  brom9e z long z   
!re is ab\t #a_/bejj or m ( qu99e       
pres5t4 ,n[1  ! precipitate :i* is      
produc$ by brom9e 9 solution ( qu99e    
does  n turn gre5 if a little ammonia is
 subsequ5tly add$1 or1 at lea/1  !      
?alleio*9e ?us obta9$ is r greyi%4 ,b 9 
m dilute  solutions ( qu99e brom9e acts 
m readily ?an *lor9e4 ,an excess (      
brom9e is to be c>efully avoid$4    ,?is
 is easily p]=m$ if ! vap\r ( brom9e1 n 
! liquid brom9e  itself1 is all[$ to    
fall d[n on ! surface ( ! solutions (   

qu99e2 _! sup]ficial lay] only mu/ be   
saturat$ ) brom9e by  g5tly mov+ !      
liquid4 ,!n a drop ( ammonia w produce !
 gre5 or  some:at blui% zone1 :i* is mu*
 m p]si/5t ?an t due to  *lor9e4        
,consequ5tly1 = demon/ration ( ! te/ "u 
notice1 *lor9e is to  be us$ 9          
comp>atively conc5trat$ solutions4 ,9   
solutions conta9+  s little qu99e 7less 
?an #a_/bejj7 t x is no long]           
precipitat$ by  ! vap\r ( brom9e1 !     
?alleio*9e te/ succe$s mu* bett] )      
brom9e1 & goes mu* fur!r1 z %[n above4  
,! au?or also %[s t morph9e gives a d>k1
 d+y br[n col\r )  *lor9e & ammonia1 :i*
 is capable ( m or less mask+ !         
reaction ( qu99e4    ,ano!r te/ = qu99e 
is ! =mation ( its iodosulphate1 !      
s-call$ h]apa?ite4 ,= ?is purpose !     
qu99e is dissolv$ 9 #aj  p>ts ( pro( _s1
 acidulat$ ) #a_/bj? "p ( sulphuric     
acid1 &  to ?is solution an alcoholic   
solution ( iod9e is c>efully add$1 &  ! 
liquid 9 ! mean:ile /irr$ ) a glass rod4
 ,!re appe>s ei!r  imm$iately or aft] "s

 m9utes a black precipitate (           
iodosulphate (  qu99e1 :i* if r$issolv$ 
9 boil+ pro( _s1 =ms 9 cool+  !         
beautiful cry/als ( h]apa?ite4 #ajj p>ts
 ( ?is h]apa?ite1 if  dri$ on a wat]    
ba?1 repres5t #efe p>ts ( pure qu99e4   
,dr de ,vrij pref]s ! employm5t ( !     
iodosulphate ( *9iod9e z a  reag5t = !  
detection & e/imation ( qu99e4 ,9 a     
communication to  ! #8,ph>maceutical    
,j\rnal' he writes3----8,9 e/imat+ qu99e
 9 a  mixture ( c9*ona-alkaloids by     
means ( an alcoholic solution ( iod9e  !
 reag5t requires to be add$ 9 slight    
excess1 9 ord] to ensure  complete      
precipitation4 ,an undue excess ( !     
reag5t1 h[ev]1 causes  ! =mation ( a    
comp\nd ri*] 9 iod9e & mu* m soluble 9  
alcohol ?an h]apa?ite1 & ?us r5d]s !    
det]m9ation  inaccurate40#abg ,= ?is    
reason ! au?or sugge/s ! application (  
an alcoholic solution ( iodosulphate (  
*9iod9e 7s-call$ sulphate (  amorph\s   
qu99e7 9 place ( free iod9e4 ,! reag5t  
is made z  foll[+3----    ,footnote     

#abg3 #crd s]ies1 vi1 #dfa4    ,two p>ts
 ( sulphate ( *9iod9e are dissolv$ 9    
eight p>ts ( wat]  conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( 
sulphuric acid4 ,to ?is cle> solution1  
conta9$ 9 a l>ge capsule1 a solution (  
"o "p ( iod9e & two  p>ts ( iodide (    
potassium1 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 is sl[ly 
add$  ) cont9u\s /irr+1 s t no "p ( !   
solution ( *9iod9e  comes into contact )
 excess ( iod9e4 ,by ?is addition an    
orange-col\r$ floccul5t precipitate is  
=m$ ( iodosulphate (  *9iod9e1 :i* ei!r 
spontane\sly1 or by a slight elevation (
  temp]ature1 collapses into a d>k br[n1
 r$-col\r$1 res9\s  sub/ance1 :il/ !    
sup]natant liquor becomes cle> &        
slightly yell[  col\r$4 ,?is liquor is  
p\r$ (f1 & ! res9\s sub/ance is wa%$  by
 heat+ x on a wat] ba? ) di/ill$ wat]4  
,aft] wa%+1 !  res9\s sub/ance is heat$ 
on ! wat] ba? till all ! wat] has be5   
evaporat$4 ,x is !n s(t & t5aci\s at !  
temp]ature ( boil+  wat]1 b becomes h>d 
& brittle aft] cool+4 ,"o "p ( ?is      
sub/ance is n[ treat$ ) #f p>ts (       

alcohol ( #ib or #id p] c5t4  until x is
 completely dissolv$1 & ! solution all[$
 to cool4 ,9  cool+ a "p ( ! dissolv$   
sub/ance is sep>at$4 ,! cle>  d>k-col\r$
 solution is evaporat$ on a wat] ba?1 & 
! residue  dissolv$ 9 #e p>ts ( cold    
alcohol4 ,?is second solution leaves a  
small  "p ( insoluble sub/ance4 ,! cle> 
d>k-col\r$ solution obta9$ by  !        
sep>ation ( ?is insoluble matt]1 ei!r by
 decantation or  filtration1 con/itutes 
! reag5t :i* ! au?or has us$ = "s  "t "u
 ! "n ( iodosulphate ( *9iod9e1 bo? = ! 
qualitative & quantitative det]m9ation (
 cry/allisable qu99e4    ,to det]m9e a  
quantity ( qu99e conta9$ 9 ! mix$       
alkaloids  obta9$ f a sample ( c9*ona   
b>k1 #a "p ( ! alkaloid is  dissolv$ 9  
#bj p>ts ( alcohol1 ( #ij or #ib p]     
c5t41 conta9+ #af  p] c5t4 ( sulphuric  
acid1 to obta9 an alcoholic solution ( !
 acid  sulphates ( ! alkaloids4    ,f   
?is solution ! qu99e is sep>at$ by add+ 
c>efully1 by means  ( a pipette1 !      
above-m5tion$ solution ( ! iodosulphate 

(  *9iod9e1 z long z a d>k br[n-r$      
precipitate ( iodosulphate (            
qu99e-h]apa?ite is =m$4 ,z soon z all ! 
qu99e has be5  precipitat$1 & a slight  
excess ( ! reag5t has be5 add$1 !       
liquor acquires an int5se yell[ col\r4  
,! beak] conta9+ ! liquor  ) !          
precipitate is n[ cov]$ by a wat*-glass1
 & heat$ on a  wat] ba? till ! liquid   
beg9s to boil4    ,aft] cool+1 ! beak]  
is weigh$1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( liquid  
:i* is necess>y 9 ord] to be able to    
apply lat] ! above-m5tion$  correction4 
,= al?\gh qu99e-h]apa?ite is v little   
soluble 9  alcohol1 x is n insoluble1 & 
!re=e a correction mu/ be appli$  = !   
quantity :i* has be5 dissolv$ bo? by !  
alcohol us$ = !  solution ( ! alkaloids 
& ! alcohol conta9$ 9 ! reag5ts4    ,!  
liquor is n[ filt]$ to collect !        
iodosulphate ( qu99e on a  small filt]1 
:]e x is wa%$ ) a saturat$ solution (   
h]apa?ite  9 alcohol4 ,aft] ! wa%+ has  
be5 complet$1 ! weight ( ! funnel  ) !  
moi/ filt] is tak51 & ! filt] all[$ to  

dry 9 !  funnel4 ,z soon z x is dry !   
weight is tak5 aga91 to asc]ta9 !  am\nt
 ( solution ( h]apa?ite :i* rema9$ 9 !  
filt]1 & :i*  left ! dissolv$ h]apa?ite 
on ! filt] aft] ! evaporation ( !       
alcohol4    ,?is am\nt is subtract$ f ! 
total am\nt ( liquid1 & = !  rema9+ !   
correction is calculat$ ) ref]5ce to !  
temp]ature  ( ! laboratory dur+ ! "t ( !
 analysis4 ,! dry iodosulphate (  qu99e 
is tak5 f ! filt] & dri$ on a wat] ba?1 
9 "o ( a  c\ple ( l>ge wat*-glasses     
clos+ tightly ^u ea* o!r1 s t !  weight 
( ! sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! glass may be   
tak5 )\t !  access ( air4    ,:51 aft]  
repeat$ly asc]ta9+ ! weight1 x rema9s   
con/ant1  ?is weight is not$ d[n1 & to x
 is add$ ! product ( !  calculat$       
correction4 ,! sum ( ?is addition is !  
total am\nt  ( iodosulphate ( qu99e     
obta9$ f ! mix$ alkaloids  subject$ to !
 op]ation1 & f ?is weight ! am\nt (     
cry/allisable qu99e c be calculat$ by ! 
use ( ,hau]'s =mula1                    
#b;,c#dj;,h#bd,n#b,o#dc7;,,ho#a,,s#c71  

#ca 7old notation71 :i* !  au?or has    
f\nd to be correct4 ,accord+ to ?is     
=mula1 #a "p (  iodosulphate ( qu99e1   
dri$ at #ajj ,c41 repres5ts #jeeji p]   
c5t4 (  anhydr\s qu99e1 or #jgcde p]    
c5t4 ( disulphate ( qu99e4    ,!        
accuracy ( ?is det]m9ation may be se5 f 
! foll[+  examples3    #jbd gram (      
anhydr\s cry/allis$ qu99e gave #jeda    
gram ( h]apa?ite  dri$ at #ajj ,c4      
#jbih gram ( qu99e4    ,accord+ to      
,hau]'s =mula1 #jeccf gram ( h]apa?ite  
#jbid gram (  qu99e1 :i* ought to h be5 
obta9$4    #ajdh gram ( bit>trate (     
qu99e gave #abbd gram ( h]apa?ite       
#jfgd gram ( qu99e4    ,accord+ to !    
=mula ( ! bit>trate1                    
,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#ba;,c#d;,h#f,o#f  ,aq4
  #ddb2 #ajdh ( bit>trate  repres5ts    
#jfi ( qu99e1 s t #abee gram ( h]apa?ite
 %\ld h  be5 obta9$4    ,not)/&+ !      
diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* ! reag5t 0   
appli$1 ! results are satisfactory4     
,! two foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made ) pure   
qu99e1 dri$ at #ajj  ,c41 at :i*        

temp]ature x /ill reta9s wat]1 "u       
id5tical  circum/ances3----    #ajffd   
gram ( hydrat$ qu99e gave #agbff gram ( 
h]apa?ite  #afde  p] c5t4    #ajee grams
 ( ! same hydrat$ qu99e gave #agcdc gram
 ( h]apa?ite   #afdc p] c5t4    ,! au?or
 fur!r /ates t ! iodosulphate ( qu99e & 
(  qu9id9e prep>$ by means ( 8 new      
reag5t h an analog\s  composition1 & are
 id5tical ) ! comp\nd describ$ by       
,h]apa?1  :il/ ! iodosulphates ( c9*on9e
 & c9*onid9e h a diff]5t  composition f 
! =m]1 & bo? require m iod9e to be      
conv]t$  into ! optical iodosulphates   
describ$ by ,h]apa?4 ,( all ^!          
iodosulphates t ( qu99e is by f> ! mo/  
insoluble 9 alcohol1 &  is precipitat$  
fir/ & free f ! o!rs by a judici\s      
application  ( ! iodosulphate (         
*9ioid9e4    ,qu99e is di/+ui%$ f bo?   
c9*on9e & qu9id9e by its  comp>atively  
free solubility 9 e!r2 ! la/ ( ^! be+ v 
sp>+ly soluble1 & ! o!r :olly insoluble1
 9 t m5/ruum4 ,!  pres5ce ( c9*on9e may 
also be positively det]m9$ by ref]5ce to

  ! behavi\r ( t alkaloid4 ,qu9id9e is  
also di/+ui%$ f  qu99e by ! diff]5t     
cry/allisation1 great] specific gravity1
 &  fre] solubility ( its salts 9 cold  
wat]4#abh    ,footnote #abh3 ,an        
extremely elegant & highly s5sitive     
me?od ( te/+  = qu99e & qu9id9e by means
 ( ! microscope1 c41 is describ$ at     
consid]able l5g?1 by ,dr ,h]apa?1 9 !   
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4' = ,novemb]1  #ahec4    
,e/im4 ,see ,,qu9ometry4    ,uses1 c4   
,pure qu99e is b r>ely us$ 9 m$ic9e1 b  
sev]al (  its salts are employ$ z       
rem$ies1 on acc\nt ( _! great /imulant1 
tonic1 & febrifuge p[]s4 ,z a tonic 9   
dyspeptic affections1 & =  re/or+ /r5g? 
& vig\r to morbidly weak5$ habits1 & z  
an  antip]iodic or ag5t to c\nt]act     
febrile action1 x appe>s to be  sup]ior 
to all o!r rem$ies1 provid$ no abnormal 
irritability ( !  muc\s membranes1 or ( 
! circulatory organs1 exi/s4 ,! dose ( !
  salts ( qu99e1 z a tonic1 is #a_/b to 
#a gr41 twice or ?rice daily2 z  an     
antip]iodic1 #b to #e gr41 or ev5 m1 e  

second or ?ird h\r1  dur+ ! int]vals ( !
 p>oxysms ( ague1 & ( o!r int]mitt5t  or
 p]iodic affections2 also 9 acute       
rheumatism4 ,! sulphate  7disulphate7 is
 ! salt g5]ally us$2 ?is & o!r salts are
 mo/  effective :5 tak5 9 solution4     
,! nature ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u blood by
 qu99e 01 9 #ahgb1  made ! subject ( a  
fre% inve/igation by ,s*ulte4#abi ,its  
extraord9>y p[] ( /opp+ f]m5tation &    
putrefaction1 by  de/roy+ l[ organisms1 
su* z bact]ia & fungi1 has be5 be=e     
po9t$ out4 ,x is suppos$ to dim9i% !    
=mation ( pus 9  inflammation by arre/+ 
! motions & prev5t+ ! exit f !          
blood-vessels ( ! :ite blood-corpuscles1
 ! accumulation ( :i*1  accord+ to      
,cohnheim1 con/itutes pus4    ,footnote 
#abi3 #8,n4 ,rep4 ,ph>m41' xx1 #eci     
7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' #crd s]ies1 ii1      
#fbi74    ,by depriv+ ! r$              
blood-corpuscles ( ! p[] to produce     
ozone1 x  dim9i%es ! *ange ( tissue 9 ! 
body1 & !reby less5s !  production (    
heat4 ,ranke & ,k]n] h %[n ! wa/e (     

tissue is  r$uc$ :5 l>ge doses ( qu99e  
are adm9i/]$1 z indicat$ 9 !  small     
proportion ( uric acid & urea excret$4  
,) ! object ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ?is effect  
is ref]able to !  direct influ5ce (     
qu99e on oxidation 9 ! blood1 or to its 
indirect  influ5ce ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 
,s*ulte employ$ a me?od1 bas$  ^u !     
*anges occurr+ 9 ! alkal9ity ( ! blood1 
obs]v$ by  ,zuntz1 :o _h notic$ t a     
consid]able =mation ( acid takes place  
9 fre%ly-drawn blood1 & cont9ues 9 a    
less degree till putrefaction  comm5ces4
    ,! am\nt ( acid =m$ 0 e/imat$ f !   
dim9i%$ alkal9ity (  ! blood1 z         
comp>atively %[n by ! quantity ( dilute 
phosphoric  acid requir$ = exact        
saturation4    ,a suffici5t quantity (  
*loride ( sodium 0 add$ to ! phosphoric 
acid to prev5t ! blood-corpuscles f be+ 
dissolv$1 & int]f]+  ) ! reaction by _! 
col\r+ matt]4 ,! po9t ( saturation 0    
fix$ at ! po9t ( transi5t r$d5+ (       
c>efully prep>$ te/ pap]  by ! c>bonic  
acid4 ,s*ulte has ?us be5 enabl$ to     

confirm !  exp]im5ts ( ,zuntz &         
,s*>r5broi*1 %[+ t qu99e &  b]b]9e less5
 ! production ( acid1 & t qu99e c /op x 
bo?  be=e & aft] coagulation2 t sodium  
nitropicrate has an action  simil> to1 &
 ne>ly z p[]ful z1 qu99e2 :ile ! action 
(  c9*on9e is mu* less en]getic4 ,h>ley 
has %[n t :il/ qu99e  less5s oxidation 9
 blood1 "s sub/ances1 su* z snake       
poisons1  increase x4 ,b9z f\nd t :5    
putrid fluids 7 inject$ into !          
circulation ( an animal1 ! temp]ature   
rose2 b t ?is increase (  temp]ature    
c\ld be m or less prev5t$ by ! addition 
( qu99e to  ! putrid liquid1 or !       
simultane\s injection ( ! qu99e4    ,)  
respect to ! influ5ces ( qu99e on !     
*ange ( tissue1  ,s*ulte gives ! result 
( "s c>eful exp]im5ts made by ,zuntz1 :o
  f\nd t aft] tak+ ?ree #jf gram doses (
 hydro*lorate ( qu99e  = two days1 !    
am\nt ( ur9e he excret$ 0 increas$ by "o
 ?ird1  & !n decreas$ z mu*1 ! specific 
gravity fall+ f #ajah to  #ajab2 ! urea 
also %[$ a m>k$ decrease4    ,! salts ( 

qu99e may be made by simply saturat+ !  
dilute acids  ) ! base1 s t "p ( ! latt]
 rema9s undissolv$1 & g5tly  evaporat+ !
 solutions = cry/als1 or to dryness4    
,pr9ce ,luci5  ,bonap>te recomm5ds all  
^! salts to be prep>$ by ! addition ( a 
/rong alcoholic solution ( qu99e to a   
cold solution ( ! acid4 ,we  h tri$ ?is 
me?od ) success4    ,qu99e1 ,acetate (4 
,syn4 ,,qu9 ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,mix  qu99e1 #b p>ts1 )     
wat]1 #c p>ts2 heat ! mixture1 & add (  
acetic  acid1 q4 s4 to dissolve !       
alkaloid1 & to r5d] ! solution slightly 
acid2 la/ly1 decant or filt] ! solution 
:il/ boil+ hot1 & set x  aside to       
cry/allise4 ,! "m wat]1 on evaporation1 
w yield a  second crop ( ! acetate4     
#b4 ,effloresc$ sulphate ( qu99e1 #ag   
p>ts1 is dissolv$ 9 boil+  wat]1 & mix$ 
) cry/allis$ acetate ( soda1 #f p>ts4 ,!
 acetate  ( qu99e cry/allises4          
,prop41 c4 ,sat9y1 acicul> cry/als1 :i* 
are r m soluble 9  wat] ?an ^? ( !      
sulphate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #e gra9s4  

,qu99e1 ,arseniate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9       
,,ars5ias1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b\rires47       
,ars5ic acid1 #a-a_/b dr42 qu99e1 #e    
dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 boil  !m 
toge!r 9 a cov]$ glass vessel until !   
alkaloid is dissolv$1  !n set ! solution
 aside to cry/allise4    ,uses1 c4      
,recomm5d$ by ,dr ,neligan1 & o!rs1 z   
be+ m  p[]fully antip]iodic ?an ! o!r   
prep>ations ( qu99e4----,dose1  #a_/ab  
to #a_/d gr41 made into pills2 9 agues1 
neuralgia1 c42 also 9  canc]4    ,qu99e1
 ,ars5ite (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9 ,,ars5is1 ,l4  
,prep4 ,sulphate (  qu99e1 #ajj p>ts1 is
 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 #fjj p>ts1 & boil$ 
)  ars5i\s acid1 #ad p>ts4 ,! liquid is 
!n filt]$4 ,! poison\s salt  is deposit$
 9 ! cry/all9e =m z ! liquid cools4     
,uses1 c4 ,z ! la/4    ,qu99e1 ,*loride 
(4 ,hydro*lorate ( qu99e 7see bel[74    
,qu99e1 ,citrate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9         
,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by mix+ a hot 
solution ( sulphate ( qu99e ) a l       
solution ( citrate ( soda4    #b4 ,f    
qu99e & citric acid1 z ! acetate4       

,ne$le-%ap$  prisms4----,dose1 c4 ,z !  
sulphate or disulphate4    ,qu99e1      
,disulphate (4 ,sulphate ( qu99e 7see   
bel[74    ,qu99e1 ,f]rocyanide (4 ,syn4 
,,cyanide ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,qu99e2 ,,qu9 
,,hydr(]rocyanas1 ,,qu9                 
,,f]ro-,,prussias1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4      
,cod47 ,sulphate (  qu99e1 #ajj p>ts2   
f]rocyanide ( potassium1 #ca p>ts2      
di/ill$ wat]1  #bejj p>ts2 boil = a few 
m9utes1 &1 :5 cold1 sep>ate ! impure    
salt :i* floats z an oily mass on !     
surface1 wa% x ) a little  cold wat]1 & 
dissolve x 9 boil+ alcohol2 ! solution w
 deposit  cry/als z x cools4    ,obs4   
,?is comp\nd is by "s said to be ! mo/  
efficaci\s ( all !  salts ( qu9ia4      
,pel\ze ass]ts t x is simply qu99e mix$ 
) "s  ,prussian blue4----,dose1 #a to #f
 gr4    ,qu99e1 ,f]rosulphate (4 ,see   
,,qu99e ,,& ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,(      
7bel[74    ,qu99e1 ,hydriodate (4 ,syn4 
,,iodide ,,( ,,qu99e2 ,,qu9 ,,hydriodas1
 ,q4  ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by     
add+1 drop by drop1 a conc5trat$        

solution (  iodide ( potassium to a l   
solution ( acid sulphate ( qu99e1 &     
dry+ ! precipitate 9 ! %ade2 or heat !  
liquid ne>ly to !  boil+ po9t1 & all[ x 
to cry/allise4    #b4 7,p>ri%47         
,effloresc$ sulphate ( qu99e1 #e p>ts1  
dissolv$ 9  alcohol1 & decompos$ by an  
alcoholic solution ( #c p>ts ( iodide ( 
potassium1 precipitates sulphate (      
potassa1 & yields1 on cool+ &           
evaporat+1 hydriodate ( qu99e 9 f9e     
cry/all9e ne$les4#acj    ,footnote #acj3
 8#a & #b are n id5tical2 #a is an acid 
salt :i* readily  cry/allises1 b #b is a
 normal salt :i* ,i nev] saw cry/allise1
 b  always l a fluid res91 q            
amorph\s40----,de ,vrij4    #c4         
7,,iodurett$----,b\*>dat47 ,f an acid   
solution ( qu9ia & a  solution ( iodide 
( iron conta9+ a slight excess ( iron1 z
 ,no4 #a4    ,obs4 ,! above are reput$  
alt]ative1 tonic1 &                     
antip]iodic4----,dose1  #a to #d gr42 9 
ob/9ate int]mitt5ts1 & 9 ! scr(ul\s     
affections  ( debilitat$ subjects4      

,qu99e1 ,hydro*lorate (4 ,syn4 ,,*loride
 ,,( ,,qu99e1 ,,muriate ,,(  ,,qu99e2   
,,qu9 ,,hydro*loras1 ,,qu9 ,,murias1 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,by neutralis+  dilute      
hydro*loric acid ) ! base1 z above4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,*loride ( b>ium1 #e   
dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a lb42 dissolve1  add1
 gradually1 ( sulphate ( qu99e1 #b oz42 
boil g5tly = a few  m9utes1 filt] !     
solution :il/ hot1 & set x aside t      
cry/als  may =m4    #c4 7,,qu9          
,,murias----,ph4 ,d47 ,dissolve *loride 
( b>ium1 #abc gr41 9  di/ill$ wat]1 #b  
fl4 oz42 add ( sulphate ( qu99e1 #a oz41
 dissolv$  9 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2   
mix1 evaporate ! solution to "o half1   
filt]1 & aga9 evaporate until spicul    
beg9 to appe>2 next all[ !  liquid to   
cool1 collect ! cry/als1 & dry !m on    
bibul\s pap]4 ,!  "m liquor1 by fur!r   
conc5tration & cool+1 w yield an        
additional product4    ,obs4            
,hydro*lorate ( qu99e occurs 9 sn[-:ite 
gr\ps ( fea!ry  cry/als1 ( a "m-(-pe>l  
lu/re1 :i* are m freely soluble ?an  ^? 

( ! disulphate4    ,qu99e & ,iodide (   
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,qu9 ,,et ,,f]ri          
,,iodidum4  7,b\*>dat47 ,prep4 ,p\r a   
/rong solution ( acid sulphate ( qu99e  
into a fre% solution ( iodide ( iron2   
collect ! precipitate1 dry x  quickly by
 press+ x betwe5 blott+ pap]1 & keep x f
 ! air4    ,qu99e1 ,kinate (4 ,syn4     
,,qu9 ,,k9as1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by saturat+ a 
solution ( k9ic acid ) qu99e1 & purify+ 
by cry/allisation out  ( alcohol4 ,!    
k9ate ( qu99e is obta9$ 9 cry/all9e     
w>ts1  soluble 9 #d p>ts ( wat] & #h    
p>ts ( alcohol4    ,qu99e1 ,lactate (4  
,syn4 ,,qu9 ,,lactas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z !   
,,acetate or  ,,citrate4 ,by spontane\s 
evaporation f9e cry/als may be obta9$4  
,said to  agree bett] ) dyspeptic       
pati5ts ?an ! o!r salts ( qu99e4        
,qu99e1 ,muriate (4 ,hydro*lorate (     
qu99e 7see above74    ,qu99e1 ,neutral  
,hydrobromate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9            
,,hydrobromas4 7,m4 ,boille47  ,?is salt
 is prep>$ by d\ble decomposition (     
bromide ( b>ium &  neutral sulphate (   

qu9ia1 & is ?us easily obta9$ pure &    
free f  *loride1 ! great solubility (   
bromide ( b>ium 9 alcohol  facilitat+ ! 
removal ( any *loride :i* is insoluble4 
,! two salts are dissolv$ sep>ately 9   
alcohol & ! solutions  filt]$4 ,!       
neutral sulphate ( qu9ia solution is    
gradually add$1 9  slight excess1 to !  
bromide ( b>ium solution until a        
precipitate  ceases to =m4    ,!        
solutions1 dilut$ ) wat]1 are di/ill$ to
 recov] ! alcohol1  aft]w>ds filt]$ to  
sep>ate ! sulphate ( qu9ia :i* has be5  
precipitat$ by ! wat]1 & !n conc5trat$  
suffici5tly to induce  rapid            
cry/allisation4 ,! addition ( wat] is   
indisp5sable = !  conc5tration &        
cry/allisation2 ! hydrobromate1 be+     
soluble 9  alcohol ( all proportions1   
r$issolves z ! alcoholic liquor is      
conc5trat$4 ,m4 ,boille claims = 8      
neutral hydrobromate ( qu99e its  mu*   
readi] solubility ov] ! (fic9al         
sulphate1 z well z its  sup]ior ri*ness 
9 qu99e4    ,qu99e1 ,nitrate (4 ,syn4   

,,qu9 ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z !         
,,hydro*lorate1 sub/itut+ dilute nitric 
acid1 or nitrate ( b>yta 7,p4  ,cod471 =
 hydro*loric acid or *loride ( b>ium4   
,qu99e1 ,phosphate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9       
,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,z ! ,,acetate4 ,silky1 
ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 ) a pe>ly lu/re4 ,x 
has be5 highly  recomm5d$ 9 int]mitt5ts1
 c41 associat$ ) rickets & /oma*        
affections4    ,qu99e1 ,salicylate (4   
,syn4 ,,qu9 ,,salicylas4 ,?is may be    
made by  mix+ an alcoholic solution (   
qu99e ) an alcoholic solution (         
salicylic acid to complete saturation1 &
 aft]w>ds all[+ ! alcohol  sl[ly to     
evaporate4    ,qu99e1 ,sulphates (4 ,!  
salt (t5 call$ #8disulphate ( qu99e' is 
n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z ! normal sulphate1  
:ile ! soluble salt1  (t5 call$ !       
#8neutral sulphate' is consid]$ to be an
 acid salt4  ,?is *ange 9 nom5clature   
results f d\bl+ ! atomic weight ( !     
alkaloid qu99e3----    #a4 ,qu99e ,acid1
 ,sulphate (4                           
7,c#bj,p#bd,n#c,o#b4;,h#b,,s#d4g;,aq47  

,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,qu99e1 ,,neutral 
,,sulphate ,,( ,,qu99e1 ,,soluble ,s4   
,,(  ,q42 ,,qu9 ,,sulphas ,,solubilis1  
,l4 ,prep4 ,f sulphate ( qu99e1 #a oz41 
dissolv$1 by ! aid ( heat1 9 wat]1 #a_/b
 p9t1 previ\sly acidulat$  ) dilute     
sulphuric acid1 #e fl4 dr42 ! solution  
af=ds cry/als on  cool+1 & m on         
evaporation4    ,obs4 ,?is salt         
possesses ! advantage ( be+ soluble 9   
ab\t #aj  p>ts ( wat] at #fj ,fahr42 b x
 is seldom us$ 9 ! cry/all9e  =m2 /ill1 
z ! (fic9al sulphate 7#8disulphate'7 is 
g5]ally  prescrib$ along ) a small      
quantity ( dilute sulphuric acid to r5d]
  x soluble1 ?is acid sulphate is1 9    
fact1 ! comp\nd :i* is commonly  giv54  
,x is ! #8bisulphate1' #8sup]sulphate1' 
or #8acid sulphate (  qu9a' ( ,s\beiran 
& o!r ,cont95tal *emi/s4    #b4 ,qu99e1 
,sulphate (4                            
7,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b7b4b;,h#b,,s#d4g;,aq
4  ,syn4 ,,normal ,,sulphate ,,(        
,,qu99e1 ,,disulphate ,,( ,q41 ,,qu99e2 
,,qu9  ,,disulphas 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,qu9    

,,sulphas 7,ph4 ,e41 ,d41  ,u4 ,s41  ,p4
 ,cod471 ,,qu9  ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p471    
,l42 ,,sulphate ,,de ,,qu99e1 ,fr4      
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47  ,take (   
yell[ c9*ona b>k1 bruis$1 #g lbs42      
sulphuric acid1 #d-a_/d oz42  7dilut$ )7
 wat]1 #f galls42 boil !m = #a h\r1 &   
/ra92 repeat  ?is a second "t = #a h\r1 
) a l quantity ( acid & wat]1 &  aga9   
/ra92 next boil ! b>k = #c h\rs1 9 wat]1
 #h galls41 &  /ra92 wa% ! residue )    
fre% quantities ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]2   
to ! mix$ decoctions & wa%+s1 add moi/  
hydrat$ oxide ( lead to  saturation1    
decant ! sup]natant fluid1 & wa% !      
s$im5t )  di/ill$ wat]2 boil d[n !      
liquor = #ae m9utes1 & /ra91 !n         
precipitate ! qu9a ) liquor ( ammonia & 
wa% ! precipitate  7) v cold wat]7 until
 no?+ alkal9e is p]ceptible2 saturate   
:at rema9s ) sulphuric acid1 #a_/b oz41 
dilut$ ) wat]1 q4 s41  dige/ ) animal   
*>coal1 #b oz41 & /ra92 la/ly1 ! *>coal 
be+  well wa%$1 evaporate ! mix$        
liquors1 t cry/als may =m4    #b4 7,ph4 

,e47 ,?is process v>ies f ! la/ "o1 9 ! 
b>k 7#a lb47  be+ fir/ boil$ 9 wat] 7#d 
p9ts7 along ) c>bonate ( soda 7#d  oz472
 ! residuum1 be+ press$1 is moi/5$ )    
wat]1 & aga9  press$1 & ?is op]ation is 
repeat$ a second & a ?ird "t1 !  object 
be+ to remove1 z mu* z possible1 !      
acids1 col\r+ matt]1  gum1 & extractive1
 be=e proce$+ to extract ! alkaloid4    
,c>bonate  ( soda is also us$ z !       
precipitant1 in/ead ( ammonia1 & !      
precipitate is =m$ into a sulphate      
7disulphate7 by be+ /irr$ )  boil+ wat]1
 #a p9t1 to :i* sulphuric acid1 #a fl4  
scruple1 or q4 s41  is subsequ5tly add$4
 ,! cry/als1 aft] dige/ion ) prep>$     
animal  *>coal1 #b dr41 are ord]$ to be 
dri$ at a heat n high] ?an #adj  ,fahr4 
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,yell[ b>k1 #a lb41 is   
mac]at$ = #bd h\rs 9 wat]1 #b  qu>ts1   
acidulat$ ) oil ( vitriol1 #b fl4 dr41 &
 !n boil$ =  half an h\r1 aft] :i* !    
fluid is decant$2 ?is is repeat$ a      
second  & a ?ird "t ) wat]1 #b qu>ts1 & 
oil ( vitriol1 #a fl4 dr42 !  decant$   

7or /ra9$7 liquors are evaporat$ to a   
qu>t1 & filt]$1  & slak$ lime1 #a oz41  
or q4 s41 add$ to ! solution until x    
exhibits  a decid$ly alkal9e reaction2 !
 precipitate is next collect$ on a      
calico filt]1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ )   
cold wat]1 p>tially  dri$ on por\s      
bricks1 & subject$ to p[]ful pressure   
envelop$ 9  blott+ pap]1 is boil$ = #bj 
m9utes 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t1 &  !      
liquid1 aft] subsid5ce1 decant$2 ?is is 
repeat$ a second & a  ?ird "t ) a fre%  
p9t ( _s1 & ! residuum be+ well  press$1
 ! mix$ liquors are filt]$1 & ! _s      
remov$ by  di/illation2 ! br[n viscid   
residuum is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 #af  
fl4 oz41 boil$1 & dilute sulphuric acid1
 #a_/b fl4 oz1 or q4 s41 add$ to  r5d] !
 solution neutral or only slightly acid2
 animal *>coal1 #a_/b  oz41 is next     
/irr$ 91 ! mixture boil$ = ab\t #e      
m9utes1 filt]$1  & set aside to         
cry/allise2 ! cry/als are dri$ on blott+
 pap] by  m]e exposure to a dry         
atmosph]e4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,yell[      

c9*ona b>k1 9 co>se p[d]1 #af2          
hydro*loric acid1  #c2 di/ill$ wat]1 a  
suffici5cy2 solution ( soda1 #hj2 dilute
 sulphuric  acid1 a suffici5cy4 ,dilute 
! hydro*loric acid ) #aj p9ts ( !  wat]4
 ,place ! b>k 9 a porcela9 bas91 & add  
to x z mu* ( !  dilut$ hydro*loric acid 
z w r5d] x ?or\ghly moi/4 ,aft]         
mac]ation1 ) occasional /irr+1 =        
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 place !  b>k 9 a        
displacem5t app>atus1 & p]colate ) !    
dilut$  hydro*loric acid until !        
solution :i* drops ?r\gh is ne>ly       
de/itute ( bitt] ta/e4 ,into ?is liquid 
7hydro*lorate ( qu99e7  p\r ! solution (
 soda1 agitate well1 let ! precipitate  
7qu99e7  completely subside1 decant !   
sup]natant fluid1 collect ! precipitate 
on a filt]1 & wa% x ) cold di/ill$ wat] 
until ! wa%+s  cease to h col\r4        
,transf] ! precipitate to a porcela9 di%
  conta9+ a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]1 &1      
apply+ to ?is ! heat ( a  wat] ba?1     
gradually add dilut$ sulphuric acid     
until v ne>ly !  :ole ( ! precipitate   

has be5 dissolv$1 & a neutral liquid has
 be5  obta9$4 7,or add ab\t half !      
precipitat$ qu99e to "s wat] 9 an       
evaporat+ bas91 w>m ! mixture & p\r 9   
dilut$ sulphuric acid  until !          
precipitate has dissolv$ & ! liquid is  
neutral or only  fa9tly acid1 !n add !  
o!r half1 /ir well1 & aga9 heat liquid47
  ,filt] ! solution 7sulphate ( qu99e71 
:ile hot1 ?r\gh pap]1 wa%  ! filt] )    
boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 conc5trate till a   
film =ms on  ! surface ( ! solution1 &  
set x aside to cry/allise4 ,!  cry/als  
%\ld be dri$ on filt]+ pap] )\t !       
application (  heat4    #e4 8,^? :o are 
well acqua9t$ ) ! *emi/ry ( !           
c9*ona-alkaloids all agree ) me 9       
condemn+ ! boil+ ( b>k  ) dilute acids4 
,i pref] ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* c also be  
us$  on a small scale = qu9ometry3----  
8,yell[ b>k1 or any o!r b>k 9 :i* qu99e 
prevails1 l1 =  in/ance1 t ( ,c9*ona    
(fic9alis1 #a lb41 is mix$ ) milk (     
lime1 made f #d oz4 ( lime & #dj oz4 (  
wat]4 ,aft] dry+ ?is  mixture x is      

exhau/$ ) /rong me?ylat$ _s 7! /ronge/  
possible7 & ! slightly col\r$ solution  
neutralis$ ) sulphuric  acid1 s t !     
liquor has a slight acid reaction ^u    
blue litmus  pap]4 ,aft] filt]+ or      
subsid+1 ! cle> liquid is di/ill$ & !   
residue 9 ! /ill dissolv$ 9 wat]1       
c>efully neutralis$1 s t  ! solution has
 a slight alkal9e reaction ^u r$ litmus 
pap]1 treat$  ) *>coal & cry/allis$1    
c40----,de ,vrij4    #f4 7#8,,hospital  
,,sulphate'----,mr ,e4 ,h]r+47 ,! cru%$ 
b>k is boil$ 9 a  solution ( cau/ic soda
 or potassa1 to extract col\r+ matt] &  
gum2  x is !n press$1 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 
a second "t boil$ ) a  solution ( cau/ic
 alkali1 & aga9 press$1 wa%$1 & press$2 
!  decol\r$ & purifi$ b>k is next       
exhau/$ by coction ) acidulat$  wat]1 9 
! usual way1 & ! filt]$ mix$ decoctions 
are  precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( soda2 !   
precipitat$ qu9a is !n  dissolv$ 9 hot  
dilute sulphuric acid1 to saturation1 :5
 ! #8,,hospital  ,,sulphate' cry/allises
 out z ! solution cools2 ?is is1 la/ly1 

wa%$  ) a little cold wat]1 dra9$1 &    
dri$4----,! advantage ( ?is  process is 
! non-use ( animal *>coal z a blea*]1 & 
!  consequ5t less co/ ( ! product4 ,9 ! 
prep>ation ( 8 #8,,:ite  ,,sulphate1'   
,mr ,h]r+ uses b5zol z a solv5t1 in/ead 
( alcohol4 ,pat5t  dat$ ,july #bh?1     
#ahec4    ,prop4 ,:5 pure1 sulphate (   
qu99e =ms v light1 delicate1  flexible1 
:ite ne$les1 :i* are effloresc5t1       
inodor\s1 & int5sely  bitt]2 x is       
soluble 9 #gdj p>ts ( wat] at #fj1 & 9  
#cj p>ts at  #bab ,fahr42 x takes ab\t  
#hj p>ts ( cold rectifi$ _s = its       
solution1 b is freely soluble 9 boil+   
alcohol & 9 acidulat$  wat]2 x melts at 
#bdj ,fahr41 & is *>r$ & de/roy$ at a   
heat  bel[ t ( r$ness4 ,! cry/als conta9
 #gfa ( qu99e1 #hg (  sulphuric acid1 & 
#aeb ( wat]2 ( ! la/1 !y lose ab\t      
#c-d?s by  exposure to dry air1 & ne>ly 
! :ole :5 kept 9 a /ate ( fusion  = "s  
"t4    ,pur4 ,?is may n be inf]r$ f ! =m
 ( its cry/allisation1 =  ! sulphates ( 
qu9id9e & ( c9*onid9e may be obta9$ 9 ! 

same  =m ( cry/allisation4 ,z m5tion$   
already1 ! reaction ) *lor9e  & ammonia 
does n di/+ui% qu99e f qu9id9e1 z bo?   
give !  same gre5 col\r4 8,x is entirely
 soluble 9 wat] 7hot71 & m  readily s :5
 an acid is pres5t4 ,precipitat$ by     
ammonia1 ! residu>y  liquid1 aft]       
evaporation1 %\ld n ta/e ( sug>4 ,by a  
g5tle heat x  loses #h or #aj ( wat]4 ,x
 is :olly consum$ by heat4 ,if *lor9e be
  fir/ add$1 & !n ammonia1 x becomes    
gre540 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,on  add+     
*loride ( b>ium to #ajj gr4 ( ?is salt1 
dissolv$ 9 wat]  mix$ ) hydro*loric     
acid1 #bff gr4 ( sulphate ( b>yta1 dri$ 
at a  r$ heat1 are prep>$40 7,ph4 ,l4   
#ahea47 8,a solution ( #aj gr41 9 #a fl4
  oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & #b or #c drops (
 sulphuric acid1 if decompos$  by a     
solution ( #a_/b oz4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 
9 two wat]s1 & heat$  until !           
precipitate %r9ks & fuses1 yields1 on   
cool+1 a solid mass1  :i*1 :5 dry1      
weighs #gd gr4 & :5 r$uc$ to p[d]1      
dissolves  entirely 9 a solution (      

oxalic acid40 7,ph4 ,e47    ,adult4     
,sulphate ( qu99e is said to be (t5     
adult]at$ ) />*1  magnesia1 gum1 sug>1  
c9*on9e1 qu9id9e1 c42 b1 accord+ to ,de 
,vrij1 ^? ) />*1 magnesia1 gum1 & sug>1 
are v r>e if ev]  !y 7 really obs]v$4 ,v
 frequ5t are ^? ) ! sulphates (  ! o!r  
c9*ona-alkaloids1 & ^! become ev5 /ill m
 frequ5t1  z v diff]5t k9ds ( b>k are   
us$ = ! manufacture ( qu99e4  ,salic9   
is1 if ev]1 b v seldom us$ = adult]ation
 ( qu99e4 ,!  be/ practical te/ = !     
purity ( sulphate ( qu99e is !          
foll[+3----,a saturat$ solution ( ! salt
 is made at #fj ,fahr41 & "o  "p ( ?is  
solution is mix$ ) #b or #c m9ims ( a   
conc5trat$  solution ( iodide (         
potassium1 :il/ ano!r "p is mix$ ) #b or
 #c  m9ims ( a conc5trat$ solution (    
t>trate ( pota% & soda4 ,if !  sulphate 
( qu99e is pure its solution w rema9    
unalt]$ by bo?  reag5ts1 ev5 aft] rubb+ 
! sides ( ! te/ tube ) a glass rod  &   
/&+ _m h\rs4 ,b if x conta9s "o or m ( !
 o!r  c9*ona-alkaloids !re w appe> ei!r 

precipitates or /ri on !  glass :]e x   
has be5 rubb$ by ! glass rod4 ,iodide ( 
potassium  indicates p>ticul>ly !       
pres5ce ( ev5 traces ( qu9id9e1 b also  
( c9*onid9e & c9*on9e1 provid$ _!       
quantity be n too small4  ,t>trate (    
pota% & soda indicate1 "u ^!            
circum/ances1 only !  pres5ce (         
c9*onid9e4 ,! fir/ ?ree rema9 undissolv$
 :5 ! salt  is dige/$ 9 _s2 ! f\r? is   
dissolv$ out by cold wat]2 !  fif? may  
be detect$ by its total insolubility 9  
e!r2 or1 by  precipitat+ ! qu99e by     
solution ( potassa1 & dissolv+ !        
precipitate 9 boil+ alcohol2 c9*on9e    
cry/allises out z !  solution cools1 b !
 qu99e rema9s 9 ! "m liquor2 & !  la/1  
by ! great] solubility & sp4 gr4 ( !    
salt1 c4 ,if ! sample  dis5gages        
ammoniacal fumes :5 treat$ ) liquor (   
potassa1 x  conta9s sal ammoniac4 ,!    
pres5ce ( mo/ =eign organic sub/ances is
  also %[n by ! sample be+ turn$ br[n1 &
 be+ soon *>r$ :5  treat$ ) a drop (    
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,if x turn r$

 x  conta9s salic91 a sub/ance :i* is n[
 frequ5tly us$ to adult]ate  sulphate ( 
qu99e4 ,! pure sulphate is n discol\r$  
by ?is reag5t4    ,uses1 c4 ,! sulphate 
is m ext5sively employ$ ?an any ( !  o!r
 salts ( qu99e1 &1 inde$1 to almo/ !    
exclusion ( !m4 ,x  is ! article int5d$ 
to be us$ :5ev] #8sulphate' or          
#8disulphate' (  qu99e1 or ev5 #8qu99e1'
 is ord]$ = m$ic9al purposes1 unless !  
"n is qualifi$ by "s o!r t]m4 ,x is a   
mo/ valuable /oma*ic1 9  doses ( #a_/d  
to #a gr42 z a tonic1 #a to #c gr42 & z 
a febrifuge1 #b to #bj  gr4    ,qu99e1  
,sulpho-t>trate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9          
,,sulpho-,,t>tras1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f       
sulphate ( qu99e1 #d p>ts2 t>t>ic acid1 
#e p>ts2 di/ill$  wat]1 #bj p>ts2 mix1  
g5tly evaporate to dryness1 & p[d] !    
residuum4    ,qu99e1 ,tannate (4 ,syn4  
,,qu9 ,,tannas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve    
sulphate  ( qu99e 9 slightly acidulat$  
wat]1 & add a solution ( tannic acid  z 
long z a precipitate =ms2 wa% ?is ) a   
little cold wat]1 &  dry x4 ,! ,ph4     

,grca ord]s infusion ( galls to be us$ z
 !  precipitant4 ,9 int]mitt5t          
neuralgia4    ,qu99e1 ,t>trate (4 ,syn4 
,,qu9 ,,t>tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  
,f  t>t>ic acid & qu99e1 z ! acetate4   
,qu99e1 ,valerianate (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9     
,,val]ianas 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 
,z ! acetate or citrate4    #b4 7,ph4   
,d47 ,val]ianate ( soda1 #abd gr41      
di/ill$ wat]1 #b fl4 oz42  dissolve2    
also dissolve hydro*lorate ( qu99e1 #g  
dr41 9 di/ill$  wat]1 #ad fl4 oz42 next 
heat ea* solution to #abj 7n high]71 mix
 !m1  & set ! vessel aside = #bd h\rs2  
la/ly1 press ! mass ( cry/als  ?us      
obta9$1 & dry !m1 )\t ! application (   
artificial heat4    ,prop41 c4 ,silky   
ne$les & prisms2 its solution suff]s    
decomposition  :5 heat$ mu* above #abj  
,fahr4 ,x is p[]fully antispasmodic1    
antip]iodic1 & n]v9e4----,dose1 #a_/b   
gr41 e two h\rs1 or #a to #c  gr4 twice 
or ?rice daily2 9 epilepsy1 hemicrania1 
hy/]ia1 neuralgia1  & o!r n]v\s         
affections4    ,,qu99e ,,& ,,cod-,,liv] 

,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil ,,)     
,,qu99e1  ,,qu9i>ett$ ,,cod-,,liv]      
,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,morrhu ,,cum ,,qu91    
,,oleum ,,jecoris ,,aselli  ,,cum ,,qu91
 ,l4 ,?is m$ic9e is a solution ( pure   
anhydr\s qu99e 9  pure cod-liv] oil4    
,prep4 #a4 ,pure qu99e 7pref]ably       
rec5tly precipitat$7 is fus$ 9 a  glass 
or porcela9 capsule by ! heat ( an oil  
or s& ba?1 c>efully  appli$1 by :i* x   
assumes a br[n col\r & ! appe>ance ( a  
res92  x is !n all[$ to cool out (      
contact ) ! air1 aft] :i* x is  r$uc$ to
 p[d] 9 a dry mort>1 & add$ to pure pale
 ,newf\ndl&  cod-liv] oil1 g5tly heat$ 9
 a clos$ glass vessel ov] a wat] ba?2  !
 solution ( ! alkaloid is promot$ by    
con/ant agitation1 &1 :5  complete1 !   
vessel1 /ill cork$1 is set aside 9 a d>k
 situation to  cool2 :5 ! #8qu9i>ett$   
oil' is q cold x is put into bottles1 9 
! usual mann]1 & pres]v$ z mu* z        
possible f ! light &  air4    #b4 ,!    
anhydr\s qu99e is dissolv$ 9 a little   
anhydr\s e!r be=e  add+ x to ! oil1 :i* 

9 ?is case ne$ n be heat$1 z ! union  is
 effect$ by simple agitation2 %\ld ?is n
 take place1 x may be  g5tly w>m$ = a   
few m9utes4    #c4 ,! anhydr\s qu99e is 
dissolv$ 9 anhydr\s alcohol1 & aft]  be+
 add$ to ! oil1 ! :ole is g5tly heat$1 9
 an op5 vessel1 by  ! heat ( a wat] ba?1
 until ! alcohol is expell$2 agitation1 
c41  be+ _h rec\rse to z 9 ,no4 #a4     
,prop41 c4 ,! above prep>ation resembles
 ord9>y cod-liv] oil1  except 9 hav+ a  
pale yell[i% col\r & a slightly bitt]   
ta/e1  simil> to t ( c9*ona b>k4 ,x is  
said to possess all ! prop]ties  (      
cod-liv] oil comb9$ ) ^? peculi> to     
qu99e1 by :i* !  tonic1 /oma*ic1 &      
antip]iodic qualities ( ! latt] are     
associat$1  9 "o rem$y1 ) ! g5ial       
support+1 & alt]ative action ( !  o!r4  
,! common /r5g? is #b gr4 ( qu99e p] oz4
    ,,qu99e ,,& ,i,,ron4 ,^! two        
important m$ic9al ag5ts are comb9$      
toge!r 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! foll[+ comp\nd  
salts are (t5  prescrib$4    ,qu99e &   
,iron1 ,citrate (4 ,syn4 ,,citrate ,,(  

,,iron ,,& ,,qu99e2 ,,f]ri  ,,et ,,qu9  
,,citras1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47  
,solution ( p]sulphate ( iron1  #d-a_/b2
 sulphate ( qu9ia1 #a2 dilute sulphuric 
acid1 #a-a_/b2 citric acid1  #c2        
solution ( ammonia & di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea*
 a suffici5cy2 mix #h  ( ! solution (   
ammonia ) #dj ( ! wat]1 & to ?is add !  
solution ( p]sulphate ( iron1 previ\sly 
dilut$ ) #dj ( ! wat]1  /irr+ !m        
con/antly & briskly4 ,let ! mixture /& =
 #b h\rs1  /irr+ x occasionally1 !n put 
x on a calico filt]1 & :5 !  liquid has 
dra9$ away1 wa% ! precipitate ) di/ill$ 
wat] until  t :i* passes ?r\gh ! filt]  
ceases to give a precipitate )  *loride 
( b>ium4 ,mix ! sulphate ( qu9ia ) #h ( 
! wat]1 add  ! sulphuric acid1 & :5 !   
salt is dissolv$1 precipitate ! qu9ia  )
 a slight excess ( solution ( ammonia4  
,collect ! precipitate on a  filt]1 &   
wa% x ) #cj ( ! wat]4 ,dissolve ! citric
 acid 9 #e (  ! wat]1 & hav+ appli$ !   
heat ( a wat] ba?1 add ! oxide (  iron1 
previ\sly well dra9$2 /ir !m toge!r1 &  

:5 ! oxalic  acid has dissolv$1 add !   
precipitat$ qu9ia1 cont9u+ ! agitation  
until ?is also has dissolv$4 ,let !     
solution cool1 !n add1 9 small          
quantities at a "t1 #a-a_/b solution (  
ammonia1 dilute ) #b ( !  wat]1 /irr+ ! 
solution briskly1 & all[+ ! qu9ia :i*   
sep>ates ) ea* addition ( ammonia to    
dissolve be=e ! next  addition is made4 
,filt] ! solution1 evaporate x to !     
consi/5ce (  a ?9 syrup1 !n dry x 9     
lay]s on flat porcela9 or glass plates1 
at  ! temp]ature ( #ajj ,fahr41 remove !
 dry salt 9 flakes1 & keep x  9 a /opp]$
 bottle4 ,solubility1 #b 9 #a4----,te/4 
,ta/e bitt] z well  z *alybeate4 ,:5    
burn$ ) exposure to air1 x leaves a     
residue  7oxide ( iron7 :i* yields no?+ 
to wat]4 #ej gr41 dissolv$ 9 an  ounce (
 wat]1 & treat$ ) a slight excess (     
ammonia1 gives a :ite  precipitate      
7qu9ia7 :i*1 :5 collect$ on a filt] &   
dri$1 weighs #h  gr4 ,! precipitate is  
entirely soluble 9 pure e!r1 indicat+   
abs5ce  ( qu9idia & c9*onia4 ,:5 burn$ x

 leaves no residue4 ,:5  dissolv$ by !  
aid ( an acid x =ms a solution :i*1 aft]
  decolorisation by a little purifi$    
animal *>coal1 turns ! plane (          
pol>isation /rongly to ! left 7c9*ona   
turns x to !  "r74----,dose1 #e to #aj  
gr4 z a tonic1 ?ree times a day1 9      
solution or  9 pill4    #b4 7,ph4 ,u4   
,s47 ,triturate sulphate ( qu99e1 #a    
oz41 ) di/ill$ wat]1  #f fl4 oz41 & hav+
 add$ suffici5t dilut$ sulphuric acid to
 dissolve  x1 cauti\sly p\r into !      
solution wat] ( ammonia ) con/ant       
/irr+1 until 9 slight excess4 ,wa% !    
precipitat$ qu99e on a  filt]1 & hav+   
add$ solution ( citrate ( iron1 #aj fl4 
oz41 keep !  :ole at a temp]ature ( #abj
 by means ( a wat] ba?1 & /ir  con/antly
 until ! alkaloid is dissolv$4 ,la/ly1  
evaporate ! solution  to ! consi/5ce ( a
 syrup1 & spread x on plates ( glass1 s 
t1  on dry+1 ! salt may be obta9$ 9     
scales4----,dose1 #b gr4 to #e gr4      
,qu99e & ,iron1 ,iodide (4 ,syn4 ,,qu9  
,,et ,,f]ri ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,f   

protiodide ( iron1 #b p>ts2 hydriodate (
 qu99e1 #a "p2 rectifi$  _s1 #ab p>ts2  
heat !m toge!r1 & ei!r evaporate to     
dryness or  cry/allise by refrig]ation4 
,a p[d]1 or cry/all9e scales4    ,qu99e 
& ,iron1 ,sulphate (4 ,syn4             
,,f]rosulphate ,,( ,,qu99e2 ,,qu9       
,,f]ro-,,sulphas1 ,,qu9 ,,et ,,f]ri     
,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f solutions ( !  
sulphates ( iron & qu99e1 9 atomic      
proportions1 mix$ :il/ hot1  & ! cry/als
 :i* =m z ! liquid cools c>efully dri$ &
  pres]v$ f ! air4    ,,qu99e ,,&       
,,m]cury4 ,see ,,m]curic ,,& ,,qu99e    
,,*loride4    ,,qu9oa4 ,! se$ ( ?is     
plant 7a species ( ,*5opodium7 is l>gely
  consum$ by ! p :o dwell 9 ! elevat$   
regions ( ,*ili &  ,p]u1 9 :i* c\ntries 
x is f\nd gr[+ at a height ( "s #ac1jjj 
feet above ! sea-level4 ,mr ,john/on    
says !re are two v>ieties ( x1  a sweet 
& a bitt] "o4 ,x is a highly nutriti\s  
c]eal1 resembl+  o9tm5t 9 prop]ties4    
,accord+ to ,voelk]1 qu9oa has ! foll[+ 
composition3                            

,qu9oa se$s dri$  ,qu9oa                
at #bab ,f4      fl\r4      ,nitrog5\s  
matt]         #bbhf            #ai      
,/>*                     #efhj          
#fj    ,fatty matt]                #egd 
#e    ,vegetable fibre             #iec 
----    ,a%                         #eje
            ----    ,wat]               
----              #af    ,,qu9oid,,ine4 
,syn4 ,,amorph\s ,,qu99e1 ,,*9oid9e2    
,,qu9a ,,amorpha1 ,,qu9a  ,,in=mis1     
,,qu9oidia1 ,,qu9oid9a1 ,,qu9oid9um1    
,,*9oideum1 ,l4 ,a few ye>s  aft] !     
discov]y ( ! qu99e by ,pelleti] &       
,cav5t\1 ,s]tu]n]1  a ,g]man physician1 
& kn[n z ! discov]] ( morphia1 obta9$1  
by a  peculi> me?od1 f yell[ b>k1 an    
amorph\s alkaloid :i* 0 call$  by him   
,*9oid9#aca 7to :i* ! "n amorph\s qu99e 
is improp]ly  giv571 & also fev]-kill]  
7,fieb]tdt]74 ,he f\nd t n only ?is     
alkaloid itself1 b also all its comp\nds
 ) acids1 7 equally  amorph\s4 ,z rec5t 
inve/igations h prov$ t ?is amorph\s    
alkaloid occurs 9 all c9*ona b>ks1 & is 

f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 _m  "y ,indian b>ks 9 
great quantity1 x is q natural t 9 !    
manufacture ( qu99e ! uncry/allisable   
sulphate ( ?is alkaloid  %\ld accumulate
 9 ! "m liquors ( ! sulphate ( qu99e4 ,f
  su* liquors x is precipitat$ 9 an     
impure /ate by an alkali1 &  br\ght into
 comm]ce "u ! "n ( qu9oid9e4 ,z ?is     
amorph\s  alkaloid has ! prop]ty (      
prev5t+ ! cry/allisation ( ! salts  ( ! 
o!r alkaloids1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( qu9id9e1 
x is cle> t  ! qu9oid9e ( comm]ce v (t5 
conta9s qu9id9e & also  c9*onid9e4 ,dr  
de ,vrij1 = in/ance1 f\nd sometimes m   
?an #bj (  qu9id9e 9 "s samples (       
qu9oid9e ( comm]ce4 ,al?\gh comm]cial   
qu9oid9e conta9s _m impurities :i* may h
 _! orig9 p>tly 9  ! adult]ation ( !    
c9*ona-alkaloids1 unadult]at$ qu9oid9e1 
no  d\bt1 *iefly consi/s ( ! amorph\s   
alkaloid discov]$ by  ,s]tu]n]4         
,footnote #aca3 ,s]tu]n]1 #8,die neue/5 
,entdeckung5 9 d] ,physik1  ,heilkunde1 
und ,*emie1' #ct] ,b&1 #btes ,heft1     
,suite #bfi 7#ahcj74    ,! qu9oid9e (   

comm]ce ought nev] to be us$ 9 m$ic9e   
unless  purifi$4 ,= ?is purification !re
 are two me?ods3 #a4 ,t ( ,mr  ,bullock1
 :i* gives ! pur] b ! m exp5sive        
product4 ,crude  qu9oid9e is exhau/$ )  
e!r1 :i*1 aft] defecation1 is di/ill$   
(f1 leav+ ! purifi$ qu9oid9e beh9d4 ,?is
 process has be5  pat5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,mr
 ,bullock4 #b4 ,t ( ,dr de ,vrij1 :i*   
consi/s  9 boil+ #i p>ts ( crude        
qu9oid9e ) a solution ( #b p>ts (       
oxalate ( ammonium 9 wat]4 ,by ?is      
process ! alkaloids conta9$ 9  !        
qu9oid9e are dissolv$ :il/ ! impurities1
 & among/ !m !  lime :i* is (t5 conta9$ 
9 ! crude qu9oid9e1 rema9 undissolv$4   
,! solution is mix$ ) a l>ge bulk (     
wat]1 !n filt]$ & !  purifi$ qu9oid9e   
precipitat$ by a slight excess ( liquor 
( soda4    ,prop41 c4 ,9 its crude =m   
qu9oid9e some:at resembles aloes2 9 its 
pure/ /ate x is a yell[i%-br[n1 res9-l  
mass1 freely soluble 9  alcohol & e!r1 b
 ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]2 ) ! acids x =ms
  d>k-col\r$1 uncry/allisable salts4 ,x 

is p[]fully febrifuge1 b  less s ?an    
ei!r qu9id9e or qu99e1 al?\gh x is      
id5tical 9  *emical composition ) bo? ( 
!m4----,dose1 #b to #d gr4 = adults1    
#a_/d to #a gr4 = *ildr51 giv5 9 w9e1   
lemonade1 or acidulat$ honey4           
,,qu9om,,etry4 ,syn4 ,,c9*onometry4 ,!  
art ( e/imat+ ! quantity (  qu99e 9     
c9*ona b>k1 & 9 ! comm]cial salts ( ?is 
alkaloid4    ,proc4 #a4 ,,= ,,b>k4----a4
 7,ph4 ,e47 ,a filt]$ decoction ( #ajj  
gr4 (  b>k1 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #b fl4 oz41 
is precipitat$ ) #a fl4 dr41 or  q4 s4 (
 a conc5trat$ solution ( c>bonate (     
soda2 ! precipitate1  aft] be+ heat$ 9 !
 fluid s z to become a fus$ mass1 & hav+
  aga9 become cold1 is dri$ & weigh$4   
8,x %\ld be #b gr41 or m1 &  entirely   
dissolve 9 a solution ( oxalic acid40   
,to r5d] ! result  /rictly accurate1 !  
product %\ld be dissolv$ 9 #aj p>ts (   
pro(  _s1 conta9+ #a_/bj? ( sulphuric   
acid1 & to ?is solution  c>efully add$  
an alcoholic solution ( iod9e z long z  
!re appe>s a  br[n precipitate1 :i*     

imm$iately turns black by /irr+ ) a     
glass  rod4 ,?is precipitate1 collect$  
^u a filt]1 wa%$ ) /rong alcohol  & dri$
 on a wat] ba?1 is ,h]apa?'s            
iodosulphate ( qu99e1 ( :i*  #ajj p>ts  
repres5t #efe p>ts ( pure qu99e4    b4  
7,reb\rda947 #ajj gr4 ( ! b>k 7co>sely  
p[d]$7 are exhau/$  ) acidulat$ wat]1 & 
! filt]$ solution r5d]$ alkal9e )       
solution ( potassa2 x is next %ak5 )    
ab\t #a-crd ( its volume (  *lor(orm1 & 
!n all[$ to repose = a %ort "t2 !       
*lor(orm  hold+ ! alkaloid 9 solution   
s9ks to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 a  di/9ct 
/ratum1 f :i* ! sup]natant liquid is    
sep>at$ by  decantation2 ! *lor(ormic   
solution1 ei!r at once or aft] be+  wa%$
 ) a little cold wat]1 is all[$ to      
evaporate2 ! residuum1  :5 weigh$1 gives
 ! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample4        
,obs4 ,a l result may be obta9$ ) e!r   
in/ead ( *lor(orm2 9  :i* case !        
solution ( qu99e w =m ! upp] /ratum4    
c4 ,in/ead ( ,reb\rda9's process1 ,dr de
 ,vrij pref]s t (  ,*>les1#acb s f> z   

reg>ds ! sep>ation ( ! total mix$       
alkaloids f ! b>k4 ,to ?is mixture is   
appli$ ! process m5tion$  above 7a71    
viz4 solution 9 acidulat$ pro( _s1 c4   
,footnote #acb3 #8,j\rnal de ,ph>macie  
et de ,*imie1' #d;e srie1 t4 #ab1 p4 #ha
  7,aot1 #ahgj74    #b4 ,= ! ,,salts4 ,!
 above me?ods1 z well z sev]al o!rs :i* 
h  be5 devis$ = ! purpose1 may also be  
appli$ to ! salts ( qu99e2  b1          
un=tunately1 !y are inapplicable :5     
great accuracy is requir$1  ow+ to !    
non-recognition ( ! pres5ce ( qu9id9e1 z
 su*1 &  :i*1 consequ5tly1 goes to swell
 ! app>5t ri*ness ( ! sample 9  qu99e4  
,! foll[+ +5i\s me?od1 inv5t$ by ,dr    
,ure1 n m]ely  enables u to detect !    
pres5ce ( c9*on9e & qu9id9e 9  comm]cial
 samples ( ! salts ( qu99e1 b1 ) "s     
trifl+  modifications1 x also enables u 
to det]m9e ! quantity ( ea* (  ^!       
alkaloids pres5t 9 any sample3----8#aj  
gr4 ( ! salts to be  exam9$0 7! sulphate
 is "h m especially ref]r$ to7 8is put  
into  a /rong te/-tube1 furni%$ ) a     

tight-fitt+ cork2 to ?is are to be  add$
 #aj drops ( dilute sulphuric acid 7#a  
acid & #e wat]71 ) #ae  drops ( wat]1 & 
a g5tle heat appli$ to accel]ate        
solution4 ,?is  hav+ be5 effect$1 & !   
solution entirely cool$1 #fj drops (    
(fic9al sulphuric e!r1 ) #bj drops (    
liquor ( ammonia1 mu/ be  add$1 & ! :ole
 well %ak5 :ile ! top is clos$ by !     
?umb4 ,!  tube is !n to be closely      
/opp$1 & %ak5 g5tly f "t to "t1  s t !  
bubbles ( air may readily ent] ! lay] ( 
e!r4 ,if !  salt be free f c9*on9e &    
qu9id9e1 or conta9 ! latt] 9 no  great] 
proportion ?an #aj1 x w be completely   
dissolv$2 :ile on !  surface1 :]e       
contact ( ! two lay]s ( cle> fluid takes
 place1 !  me*anical impurities only w  
be sep>at$4 ,aft] "s "t ! lay] (  e!r   
becomes h>d & gelat9\s1 & no fur!r      
obs]vation is  possible40    8,f ! above
 /atem5t respect+ ! solubility ( qu9id9e
 9 e!r1  x appe>s t ! #aj gr4 ( ! salt  
exam9$ may conta9 #a gr4 (  qu9id9e1 &  
/ill a complete solution ) e!r & ammonia

 may  foll[2 b 9 ?is case ! qu9id9e w   
%ortly beg9 to cry/allise  9 a lay] (   
e!r4 ,! lea/ trace ( qu9id9e may be yet 
m  def9itely detect$ by employ+1 in/ead 
( ! ord9>y e!r1 "s  e!r previ\sly       
saturat$ ) qu9id9e1 by :i* means all ( !
  qu9id9e conta9$ 9 ! qu99e exam9$ mu/  
rema9 undissolv$4 ,x is  p>ticul>ly     
requisite1 9 p]=m+ ?is la/ exp]im5t1 to 
obs]ve1  7imm$iately7 aft] ! %ak+1 :e!r 
all has dissolv$2 =1 ow+ to  ! great    
t5d5cy ( qu9id9e to cry/allisation1 x   
may become aga9  sep>at$ 9 a cry/all9e  
=m1 & be a s\rce ( error40    8,if m ?an
 #a-aj? ( qu9id9e or 7any7 c9*on9e be   
pres5t1 !re  w be f\nd an insoluble     
precipitate at ! limits ( ! two lay]s ( 
fluid4 ,if ?is be qu9id9e1 x w be       
dissolv$ on ! addition (                
proportionately m e!r1 :ile c9*on9e w   
rema9 unaffect$40    ,note4 ,to ,dr     
,ure's te/ ,dr de ,vrij pref]s1 = sev]al
 reasons1 ,dr  ,k]n]'s te/1             
#8,zeits*rift fr ,analytis*e ,*emie1'   
von ,fres5ius1 #a/  ,jahrg1 #ahfb2      

#8,ueb] ,die ,prufung des ,kufli*5      
,s*wefelsaur5 ,*99s auf  fremde         
,alkaloides1' von ,dr ,g4 ,k]a]4        
,,qu9ovic ,,acid4 ,c#bh;,h#cc,o#d4 ,?is 
is insoluble 9 wat]1 also 9  *lor(orm1 &
 difficultly soluble 9 alcohol4 ,x c be 
obta9$ f  ! boil+ alcoholic solution1 by
 cool+1 9 small cry/als4 ,9 !  leaves1  
b>k1 & wood ( ! c9*ona tree ?is acid is 
conta9$1  toge!r ) qu9ov91 & x is ?is   
mixture :i* has be5 rec5tly  appli$ 9   
!rapeutics1 z a p[]ful tonic 9 cases (  
dys5t]y1 c4  ,! mixture c easily be     
obta9$ f ! leaves1 b>k1 or wood (       
c9*ona1 & ev5 f b>k :i* has be5 exhau/$ 
by ebullition )  wat] or dilut$ acids1  
by cold mac]ation ) weak milk ( lime1 by
  :i* x is dissolv$1 z x comb9es easily 
) bases4 ,x is only !  qu9ovate ( lime  
:i* has till n[ be5 us$ 9               
m$ic9e4----,dose1 #b to  #h gr4 e two   
h\rs4    ,,qu9ov94 ,c#cj;,h#dh,o#h4     
,syn4 ,,c9*ov91 ,,qu9ovia4    ,,qu9ov94 
,a v bitt] amorph\s glucoside conta9$ 9 
! g5us  ,c9*ona1 ,nauslea1 & probably 9 

_m o!r alli$ g5]a4 ,x is  insoluble 9   
wat]1 v soluble 9 rectifi$ _s & 9       
*lor(orm1  ) :i* la/ liquid x =ms1 9    
conc5trat$ solutions1 a jelly4 ,if a    
curr5t ( hydro*loric gas is pass$ into  
its alcoholic solution !  liquid becomes
 hot & ! qu9ov9 is split up into a      
peculi> k9d (  sug>4    ,,qu9,,qu9a4 ,dr
 de ,vrij /ates t ! sub/ance kn[n "u ?is
 "n  is a mixture ( hydro*lorate (      
c9*onid9e & ( c9*on9e4 ,see  ,,c9*ona4  
,,qu9,,sy4 ,see ,,?roat ,,affections4   
,,qu9tes,,s5ce4 ,syn4 ,,qu9ta ,,ess5tia1
 ,l4 ,a t]m inv5t$ by !  al*emi/s to    
repres5t a conc5trat$ alcoholic solution
 ( ! active  pr9ciples ( organic bodies4
 ,x is /ill occasionally employ$ 9      
p]fum]y & ! cul9>y art4 ,see ,,ess5ce1  
,,t9cture1 c4    ,,quittor4 ,x g5]ally  
%[s itself at ! top or coronet ( ! ho( (
  ! horse1 9 ! =m ( a fi/ul\s op5+ 7:5ce
 quittor is also  call$ #8! pipes'71    
fill$ ) a purul5t dis*>ge4    ,quittor  
inv>iably po9ts to ! pres5ce ( an       
int]nal ulc]1 abscess1  or "s o!r       

irritat+ cause1 ! dis*>ge f :i*1        
accumulat+  "u ! h>d ho(1 sl[ly works   
its way to ! surface4 ,! orig9 (        
quittor is g5]ally "s injury to ! ho(1  
su* z a corn1 a prick1 or  an inequality
 ( tread4    ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to
 remove ! animal's %oe1 to cut away any 
dead or discol\r$ horn1 s z to rea* !   
seat ( ! suppuration1 &  to all[ x to   
escape by a m direct outlet4 ,hot-wat]  
fom5tations &  p\ltices %\ld aft]w>ds be
 appli$ = a few days4 ,%\ld ! sores  %[ 
an indisposition to heal1 ! p>ts %\ld be
 wa%$ ) a tol]ably  /rong solution (    
sulphate ( z9c1 or ( bi*loride (        
m]cury----#be grams  ( ! latt] to an    
ounce ( wat]4 ,! application ( /rong    
cau/ics is  to be p>ticul>ly deprecat$4 
,,quotid,,ian4 ,occurr+ or return+      
daily4 ,see ,,ague4      ,,rab,,bit4 ,! 
,lepus cuniculus 7,l9n47 ( ! ,cuvian    
ord] ,rod5tia4  ,! dome/ic rabbit1 :5   
"y1 is a light & :olesome article (     
food1  approa*+ 9 delicacy to ! common  
b>n-door f[l2 b has less flav\r  ?an !  

wild animal4 ,! fat is among !          
#8simples' ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4  ,its    
hair & sk9 are made into *eap furs1     
gloves1 hats1 c4                        
,composition ( ,rabbit's ,fle%          
7,,b>tlett74#acc    ,footnote #acc3     
#8,lancet1' ,m>* #bi?1 #ahgc4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,rabbit  ,rabbit   ,rabbit              
,no4 #a4  ,no4 #b4   ,no4 #c4   ,av]age 
,p]c5tage4                              
,gra9s4  ,gra9s4  ,gra9s4  ,gra9s4      
,gra9s4                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,wat]   
#e1ihb    #f1fbc    #g1cae    #f1fdj    
#gcag       ,fibr9 & ,synton9     #a1adc
    #a1bdg    #a1cic    #a1bfa    #acij 
,gelat9                   #cjb      #cce
      #cej      #cbi     #cfc       ,fat
                       #bdj      #bgb   
#cde      #bhf     #cae       ,album5   
#bgf      #cje      #cdj      #cjg      
#cch       ,alcoholic extract1          

#ajf      #aai      #ace      #abj      
#acb         includ+ salts              
,wat]y extract            #ajb      #ajh
      #abe      #aab     #abc           
,calcium phosphates         #af         
#ai       #be       #bj     #jbb        
----------------------------------------
-------        ,edible portion          
#h1afg    #i1jbh   #aj1jbi    #i1jge    
#ajjjj                                  
,additional gelat9                      
f /ew+ bones      #bae      #bcb        
#bea      #bcc     #bjf       ,bones1   
c41 dissect$                            
out & /ew$        #a1eja    #a1fgd      
#a1hed           #aghh       ,%ank      
bones1 fur &                            
eyes1 ?r[n away       #cac      #ceb    
#chb   #b1jbg   wa/e4                   
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
#aj1bja   #aa1bhf   #ab1eaf   #aa1cce   
444                                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,rabbit 

,pie4 ,cut up two "y rabbits1 season )  
:ite pepp]1 salt1 a  little mace1 &     
nutmeg1 all 9 f9e p[d]2 add also a      
little cay5ne4  ,pack ! rabbit ) slices 
( ham1 =cemeat balls1 & h>d eggs1 by    
turns 9 lay]s4 ,if x is to be bak$ 9 a  
di% add a little wat]1 b  omit ! wat] if
 x is to be rais$ 9 a cru/4 ,by ! "t x  
is tak5  out ( ! ov5 h ready a gravy (  
knuckle ( veal1 or a bit ( !  scrag1 )  
"s %ank bones ( mutton1 season$ ) h]bs1 
onions1 mace1  & :ite pepp]4 ,if ! pie  
is to be eat5 hot1 truffles1 morels or  
mu%rooms may be add$1 b n if int5d$ to  
be eat5 cold4 ,if x be  made 9 a di% put
 z mu* gravy z w fill ! di%1 b 9 rais$  
cru/s ! gravy mu/ be c>efully /ra9$1 &  
!n put 9 cold z  jelly4    ,rabbit      
,pudd+4 ,cut a rabbit into sixte5       
pieces1 & slice a qu>t] (  a p\nd (     
bacon2 season ) *opp$ sage1 pepp]1 &    
salt2 !n add  potatoes & onions accord+ 
to ! size ( ! family1 & half a p9t  (   
wat]4 ,boil = two h\rs4 ,! meat &       
vegetables mu/ be well mix$4  ,rice may 

be sub/itut$ = potatoes if pref]r$4     
,rabbit1 ,rag\t (4 8,wa% & clean a      
good-siz$ ,o/5d rabbit2 boil !  liv] &  
he>t1 *op !m1 & mix ) veal /uff+2 fill !
 rabbit1  sew x up1 & tie x into %ape4  
,put a piece ( fat beef & #a lb4 (      
bacon1 cut 9 slices1 into a saucepan1 ) 
#a oz4 ( dripp+2 put 9 !  rabbit to     
br[n1 turn+ x ov] to br[n bo? sides2 p\r
 (f !  dripp+1 & put 9 #a qu>t ( wat]2  
let x simm] g5tly an h\r & a  half4 ,a  
qu>t] ( an h\r be=e s]v+ skim (f all !  
fat1 &  ?ick5 ! gravy ) a little corn   
fl\r2 season ) pepp] & salt1  &1 if     
lik$1 /ew a bun* ( h]bs & half an onion 
) x4 ,lay !  rabbit on a di% ) ! bacon  
r\nd x1 & p\r ! gravy ov]40             
7,tegetmei]47    ,,rac,,ah\t4 ,syn4     
,,racah\t ,,des ,,arabes4 ,?is is said  
to be f>9a  prep>$ f ! acorns ( ,qu]cus 
,ballota1 or ,b>b>y oak1 disguis$  ) a  
little flav\r+4 ,! foll[+ is recomm5d$ z
 an  imitation3----,roa/$ cacao or      
*ocolate nuts1 #d oz42 tapioca1 & potato
  f>9a1 ( ea* #f oz42 :ite sug>1        

slightly flav\r$ ) vanilla1 #a_/b  lb4  
,v nutriti\s4 ,us$ z arr[-root4         
,,race,,mic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,p>at>t>ic   
,,acid4 ,?is comp\nd 0 discov]$ by      
,ke/n] 9 #ahbj1 replac+ t>t>ic acid 9   
grape juice ( ! ,dep>tm5t  ( ! ,vosges4 
,racemic acid & t>t>ic acid h exactly ! 
same  composition1 & yield1 :5 expos$ to
 heat1 ! same products2 !  racemates    
also correspond 9 ! close/ mann] ) !    
t>trates4  ,racemic acid is r less      
soluble ?an t>t>ic1 & sep>ates fir/  f a
 solution conta9+ ! two acids4 ,a       
solution ( racemic acid  precipitates a 
neutral salt ( calcium1 :i* is n ! case 
)  t>t>ic acid4 ,a solution ( racemic   
acid does n affect a ray (  pol>is$     
light1 :ile a solution ( t>t>ic acid    
rotates ! ray to !  "r4    8,dess>gnes &
 ,jungfleis* f\nd by exp]im5t t "u !    
influ5ce  ( heat ord9>y t>t>ic acid is  
readily trans=m$ into inactive  t>t>ic  
acid & racemic acid1 & ! latt] *emi/    
?\ght to f9d 9  ?is fact an explanation 
( ! production ( racemic acid4    8,b   

obs]vations cont9u$ ?r\gh _m ye>s ^u "m 
liquors f  v>i\s t>t>ic acid factories  
%[$ t al?\gh m or less inactive  t>t>ic 
acid 0 pres5t 9 all ( !m1 racemic acid 0
 n1 ev5 :5  !y _h be5 subject$ to       
prolong$ treatm5t1 & its occurr5ce 9    
appreciable quantity 0 conf9$ to a small
 numb] ( specim5s4 ,9 fact1  "s samples 
( "m liquor f factories :]e evaporation 
0 c>ri$  on 9 a p>tial vacuum conta9$ m 
racemic acid ?an o!rs f  factories :]e  
evaporation 0 c>ri$ on ov] a pure fire4 
,rec5tly  ,jungfleis* notic$ t ! liquors
 ri*e/ 9 inactive t>t>ic acid  7 also   
ri* 9 alum9a1 & ! suspicion t alum9a    
fav\r$ !  conv]sion 0 confirm$ by direct
 exp]im5t2 also t ! neutral  alum9um    
sulphate has b little action4           
,jungfleis* has come to !  conclusion t 
:5 !re is an accumulation ( alum9a on ! 
"m  liquor1 ! conditions are favorable =
 ! production ( a l>ge  proportion (    
inactive t>t>ic acid1 & a small         
proportion ( racemic  acid1 al?\gh :5 ! 
latt] is pres5t 9 consid]able quantity1 

x  becomes ! mo/ manife/ ?r\gh its      
comp>ative insolubility4  ,exam9ation ( 
liquors f :i* racemic acid has be5      
deposit$ has  always %[n !m to conta9   
mu* inactive t>t>ic acid4 ,?is !ory does
  n exclude ! probability t c]ta9 v9es  
"u p>ticul> conditions  produce racemic 
acid40#acd    ,footnote #acd3           
#8,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal4'    ,,rack,,+4
 ,see ,,cid] & ,,w9es4    ,,rad,,icle4  
,syn4 ,,radical4 ,accord+ to ! b9>y !ory
 ( !  con/itution ( sal9e comp\nds1 e   
salt is compos$1 l *loride (  sodium    
7,na,cl71 ( two sides or p>ts1 :i* are  
t]m$ its radicals4 ,t  "p ( a salt :i*  
consi/s ( a metal1 or ( a body ex]cis+ !
  *emical functions ( "o1 is call$ !    
metallic1 basic1 or basyl\s  radical2   
:ile ! o!r "p1 :i*1 l *lor9e1 by comb9+ 
)  hydrog5 w\ld produce an acid1 is     
designat$ ! *lor\s or acidul\s  radical4
 ,e salt1 !re=e1 consi/s ( a basic & (  
an acid  radical4 ,sometimes radicals   
are elem5t>y 9 _! nature1 :5 !y are     
call$ simple2 & sometimes !y are made up

 ( a gr\p ( elem5ts1  :5 !y are t]m$    
comp\nd4 ,"s radicals1 bo? simple &     
comp\nd1  h be5 isolat$1 :ile _m h b a  
hypo!tical exi/5ce4 ,9 !  foll[+ =mul ! 
v]tical l9e sep>ates ! basic f ! acid   
radicals1 ! =m] be+ on ! left1 ! latt]  
on ! "r3----      ,h           ,f       
,hydr(luoric acid 7,fluoride ( hydrog574
    ,na          ,cl      ,*loride (    
sodium4    ,k           ,,cn            
,cyanide ( potassium4    ,ca            
,,co#c  ,c>bonate ( calcium4    ,,nh#d  
,cl      ,*loride ( ammonium4           
,c#b;,h#e  ,,no#b  ,nitrite ( e?yl4     
,,rad,,i%4 ,! common g>d5 radi%         
7,,raphanus1 ,l47 is ! root (  ,raphanus
 sativus 7,l9n471 "o ( ! ,crucif]4 ,!re 
are sev]al  v>ieties4 ,!y are all       
slightly diuretic & laxative1 & possess 
consid]able p[] 9 excit+ ! appetite4 ,! 
se$ is press$ = oil4  ,! hors]adi%      
7,,armoracia1 ,l47 belongs to a di/9ct  
g5us4    ,,ra9-,,gauge4 ,syn4           
,,ombomet]1 ,,pluviamet]1 ,,udomet]4 ,an
 in/rum5t =  det]m9+ ! quantity ( wat]1 

:i* falls z ra91 at any giv5  place4 ,a 
simple & conv5i5t ra9-gauge =           
agricultural purposes is  =m$ ( a wide  
m\!d funnel1 or op5 receiv]1 connect$ ) 
a glass  tube furni%$ ) a /op-cock4 ,!  
diamet] ( ! tube may be exactly  #a-ajj?
 t ( ! receiv]1 & if ! tube be graduat$ 
into in*es &  t5?s1 ! quantity ( ra9 t  
falls may be easily read (f to !        
#a-ajjj? ( an in*4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be  
set 9 "s p]fectly op5  situation2 &1 =  
agricultural purposes1 ) its edge z     
ne>ly level  ) ! gr\nd z possible4      
,ano!r =m ( gauge is furni%$ ) a  float1
 ! height ( :i* m>ks ! am\nt ( liquid4  
,! diamet] ( !  gauge %\ld range betwe5 
#d & #h in*es4 ,! quantity ( wat] %\ld  
be  duly measur$ & regi/]$ at #i a4m4   
daily4    ,mr ,symonds1 ,f4,r4,b4,s41   
has drawn ! foll[+ code ( in/ructions = 
!  guidance ( ^? regi/]+ ! am\nt (      
ra9fall at any locality3----    #a4     
,site4 ,a ra9-gauge %\ld n be set on a  
slope or t]race1 b on a  level piece (  
gr\nd1 at a di/ance f %rubs1 trees1     

walls1 &  build+s----at ! v lea/ z _m   
feet f _! base z !y are 9  height4      
,tall gr[+ fl[]s1 vegetables1 & bu%es   
mu/ be kept away f !  gauges4 ,if a     
?or\ghly cle> site _c be obta9$1 %elt]  
is mo/  endurable f nor?-we/1 nor?1 &   
ea/2 less s f s\?1  s\?-ea/1 & we/2 & n 
at all f s\?-we/ or nor?-ea/4    #b4    
,old ,gauges4 ,old-e/abli%$ gauges %\ld 
n be mov$1 nor _!  regi/ration          
discont9u$1 until at lea/ two ye>s aft] 
a new "o has  be5 9 op]ation1 o!rwise ! 
cont9uity ( ! regi/] w be  irrep>ably   
de/roy$4 ,bo? ! old & ! new ones mu/ be 
regi/]$ at  ! same "t1 & ! results      
record$ = comp>ison4    #c4 ,level4 ,!  
funnel ( a ra9-gauge mu/ be set q level1
 & s  firmly fix$ t x w rema9 s1 9 spite
 ( any gale ( w9d or  ord9>y            
circum/ances4 ,its correctness 9 ?is    
respect %\ld be te/$  f "t to "t4    #d4
 ,height4 ,! funnel ( gauges newly plac$
 %\ld be "o foot above  grass4          
,in=mation respect+ height above sea    
level may be obta9$ f  ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 

,esq41 #fd1 ,camd5 ,squ>e1 ,n4,w41      
,london4    #e4 ,ru/4 ,if ! funnel ( a  
japann$ gauge become s oxidis$ z to     
reta9 ! ra9 9 its pores1 or ?reat5s to  
become ru/y1 x %\ld h  a coat ( gas t>  
or japan black1 or a fre% funnel ( z9c  
or copp]  %\ld be provid$4    #f4 ,float
 ,gauges4 ,if ! measur+ rod is deta*$ f 
! float x  %\ld nev] be left 9 ! gauge2 
if x is atta*$ to ! float x  %\ld be    
pegg$ or ti$ d[n1 & only all[$ to rise  
to its prop]  position at ! "t ( read+4 
,to all[ = ! weight ( ! float &  rod ^! 
gauges are g5]ally s con/ruct$ z to %[  
#j only :5 a  small am\nt ( wat] is left
 9 !m4 ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 to set  !
 rod to ! z]o or #j4    #g4 ,c & ,bottle
 ,gauges4 ,! measur+ glass %\ld always  
be held  upright4 ,! read+ is to be tak5
 midway betwe5 ! two app>5t  surfaces ( 
! wat]4    #h4 ,date ( ,entry4 ,! am\nt 
measur$ at #i a4m4 on any day is to be  
set  aga9/ ! previ\s "o1 because ! am\nt
 measur$ at #i a4m4 (1 say1  ! #ag?1    
conta9s ! fall dur+ fifte5 h\rs ( !     

#af?1 & only  n9e h\rs ( ! #ag?4 7,!    
rule has be5 approv$ by ! meteorological
  societies ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 _c be   
alt]$1 & is p>ticul>ly  comm5d$ to !    
notice ( obs]v]s47    #i4 ,mode (       
,entry4 ,if less ?an "o t5? 7#aj7 has   
fall51 ! ciph]  mu/ always be prefix$2  
?us1 if ! measure is full up to ! sev5? 
l9e1 x mu/ be ent]$ z #jg----t is1 no   
in*es1 no t5?s1 & sev5  hundr$?s4 ,= !  
sake ( cle>ness x has be5 f\nd necess>y 
to lay  d[n an inv>iable rule t !re %all
 always be two figures to !  "r ( !     
decimal po9t4 ,if !re be only "o figure1
 z 9 ! case (  "o t5? ( an in* 7usually 
writt5 #a71 a ciph] mu/ be add$1 mak+  x
 #aj4 ,neglect ( ?is rule causes mu*    
inconv5i5ce4 ,all columns %\ld  be ca/  
twice----once up & once d[n----s z to   
avoid ! same error  be+ made twice4 ,:5 
!re is no ra9 a l9e %\ld be drawn r ?an 
a ciph] ins]t$4    #aj4 ,caution4 ,!    
am\nt %\ld always be writt5 d[n be=e !  
wat]  is ?r[n away4    #aa4 ,small      
,quantities4 ,! unit ( measurem5t be+   

#ja1 obs]v]s ^:  gauges are suffici5tly 
delicate to %[ less ?an t are1 if !     
am\nt  is "u #jje1 to ?r[ x away2 if x  
is #jje to #jaj inclusive1 !y are  n to 
ent] x z #ja4    #ab4 ,abs5ce4 ,e obs]v]
 %\ld tra9 "s "o z an assi/ant2 b  :]e  
?is is n possible1 in/ructions %\ld be  
giv5 t ! gauge  %\ld be empti$ at #i    
a4m4 on ! #a/ ( ! mon?1 & ! wat]        
bottl$1 labell$1 & tightly cork$1 to    
await ! obs]v]'s return4    #ac4 ,heavy 
,ra9s4 ,:5 v heavy ra9s occur x is      
desirable to measure  imm$iately on _!  
t]m9ation2 & x w be f\nd a safe plan1   
aft]  measur+1 to return ! wat] to !    
gauge1 s t ! morn+  regi/ration w n be  
int]f]$ )4 ,( c\rse1 if !re is !        
slighte/ d\bt z to ! gauge hold+ all !  
falls x mu/ be empti$1  ! am\nt be+     
previ\sly writt5 d[n4    #ad4 ,sn[4 ,9  
sn[ ?ree me?ods may be adopt$2 x is well
 to try !m  all3----7#a7 ,melt :at is   
caught 9 ! funnel by add+ to ! sn[ a    
previ\sly asc]ta9$ quantity ( w>m wat]1 
& !n d$uct+ ?is  quantity f ! total     

measurem5t1 ent] ! residue z ra94 7#b7  
,select  a place :]e ! sn[ has n drift$1
 inv]t ! funnel1 &1 turn+ x  r\nd1 lift 
& melt :at is enclos$4 7#c7 ,measure ) a
 rule ! av]age  dep? ( sn[1 & take "o   
twelf? z ! equival5t ( wat]4 ,"s        
obs]v]s use 9 sn[y wea!r a cyl9d] ( !   
same diamet] z !  ra9-gauge1 & (        
consid]able dep?4 ,if ! w9d is at all   
r\gh all !  sn[ is bl[n out ( a         
flat-funnell$ ra9-gauge4    #ae4        
,ov]fl[4 ,x w\ld seem ne$less to caution
 obs]v]s on ?is head1  b z a rec5t =eign
 table conta9s six in/ances 9 "o day1 9 
:i* gauges 7 all[$ to run ov]1 x is     
evid5tly necess>y t  ,briti% obs]v]s    
%\ld be on ! al]t4 ,x is n desirable to 
pur*ase  any new gauge ( :i* ! capacity 
is less ?an f\r in*es4    #af4 ,second  
,gauges4 ,x is (t5 desirable t obs]v]s  
%\ld h two  gauges1 & t "o ( !m %\ld be 
capable ( hold+ eight in*es (  ra94 ,"o 
( ! gauges %\ld be regi/]$ daily1 ! o!r 
weekly or  mon?ly1 z pref]r$1 b always  
on ! #a/ ( ea* mon?4 ,by ?is means  a   

?or\gh *eck is kept on accid5tal errors 
9 ! entries1 :i* is n  ! case if bo? are
 read daily4    #ag4 ,dew & ,fog4 ,small
 am\nts ( wat] are at times deposit$ 9  
ra9-gauges by fog & dew4 ,!y %\ld be    
add$ to ! am\nt (  ra9fall1 because 7#a7
 8!y t5d to wat] ! e>? & n\ri% !        
/reams10 & n = t reason only1 b 7#b7    
because 9 _m cases !  ra9-gauges c only 
be visit$ mon?ly1 & x w\ld !n obvi\sly  
be  impossible to sep>ate ! yield ( sn[1
 ra91 c42 !re=e1 = !  sake ( uni=mity1  
all mu/ be tak5 toge!r4    #ah4 ,d\btful
 ,entries4 ,:5ev] !re is ! lea/ d\bt    
respect+ !  accuracy ( any obs]vation1 !
 entry %\ld be m>k$ ) a 81 & !  reason  
/at$ = its be+ plac$ !re4    ,obs4 ,!   
height at :i* ! ra9-gauge is elevat$ f !
 gr\nd is a  matt] ( consid]able mom5t4 
,?us1 "o obs]v] f\nd ! fall ( ra9  at   
,york = twelve mon?s 7#ahcc-ahcd7 to    
be----at a height ( #bac feet f  !      
gr\nd1 #adif in*es2 at #dd feet1 #aihe  
in*es2 & on ! gr\nd1  #bega in*es4      
,lat] exp]im5tali/s h confirm$ ?is      

curi\s fact4 ,?us1 ,colonel  ,w>de f\nd 
! foll[+ to be ! relative ra9fall at    
diff]5t p]iods  = ! f\r ye>s ext5d+ f   
#ahfd to #ahfg3                         
,in*es4    ,on a level ) ! gr\nd    #ajg
    ,at a height ( #b in*es       #aje  
0       #f   0          #aja           0
       #a foot         #ajj           0 
#b feet         #jii           0        
#c   0          #jih           0        
#e   0          #jif           0        
#aj   0          #jie           0       
#bj   0          #jid    ,"o ( ! causes 
t h be5 assign$ = ?is s+ul> ph5om5on has
  be5----! great] exposure 9 elevat$    
situations ( ! ra9 to  disp]sive action 
( ! w9d1 a surmise :i* d]ives "s support
 f  ! circum/ance1 t :5 a ra9-gauge is  
plac$ on a build+1 ! ro(  ( :i* is flat1
 ( l>ge area1 & ) few1 if any1 *imneys  
to di/urb  ! air curr5ts1 an am\nt ( ra9
 is collect$ equall+ t obta9$  on !     
surface ( ! gr\nd4    ,,rai,,s9s4 ,syn4 
,,dri$ ,,grapes2 ,,uv 7,b4 ,p474 ,,uv   
,,siccat1 ,,uva 7,ph4 ,l471  ,,uv ,,pass

 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 8,! prep>$ fruit (
 ,vitis v9if]a0  7,l9n47----,ph4 ,l4 ,! 
grapes are all[$ to rip5 & dry on ! v9e4
 ,aft]  be+ pluck$ & clean$1 !y are     
dipp$1 = a few seconds1 into a  boil+   
lye ( wood a%es & quicklime at #ab or   
#ae ,baum1 to e #d  galls4 ( :i* a h&ful
 ( cul9>y salt & a p9t ( salad oil has  
be5 add$2 !y are !n expos$ = #ab or #ad 
days 9 ! sun to dry2  !y are1 la/ly1    
c>efully g>bl$1 & pack$ = exportation4  
,!  sweet1 fle%y k9ds ( grapes are ^?   
select$ = ! above treatm5t2  &1 9 g5]al1
 _! /alks are cut ab\t "o half ?r\gh1 or
 a r+ (  b>k is remov$1 to ha/5 _!      
maturation4    ,rais9s are nutriti\s1   
cool+1 antiseptic1 &1 9 g5]al1 laxative2
  ! latt] to a great] ext5t ?an ! fre%  
fruit4 ,!re are _m  v>ieties f\nd 9     
comm]ce4 ,_! uses z a dess]t & cul9>y   
fruit1  & 9 ! manufacture ( w9e1 c41 are
 well kn[n1 & are ref]r$ to  else:]e4   
,see ,,grapes1 ,,w9es1 c4               
,,rancid,,ity4 ,! /rong1 s\r flav\r &   
od\r :i* oleag9\s bodies  acquire by age

 & exposure to ! air4 ,= its prev5tion1 
see ,,fats1 ,,oils  7,fix$71 c4         
,,rape ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils 7,fix$74      
,,ra%4 ,erasmus ,wilson notices f\r     
diff]5t affections1 z includ$  "u ?is   
head3----    #a4 ,,/ ,,an?ony',s ,,fire1
 or ,,erysipelas1 ! sev]e/ ( !m all1    
already  ref]r$ to4    #b4              
,,nettle-,,ra%1 or ,,urtic>ia1 *>act]is$
 by its t+l+ & prick+  pa91 & its little
 :ite elevations on a r$di% gr\nd1 l !  
:eals  caus$ by ! /+ ( a nettle4 ,?is   
effloresc5ce seldom /ays _m  h\rs1 &1   
sometimes1 n ev5 _m m9utes1 9 ! same    
place1 & is  multipli$ or reproduc$     
:5ev] any "p ( ! sk9 is scrat*$ or  ev5 
t\*$4 ,no "p ( ! body is exempt f x1 &  
:5 _m ( !m  occur toge!r1 & cont9ue = an
 h\r or two1 ! p>ts are (t5  consid]ably
 swell$1 & ! features tempor>ily        
disfigur$4 ,9 _m  cases ^! eruptions    
cont9ue to infe/ ! sk91 sometimes 9 "o  
place1  & sometimes 9 ano!r1 = "o or two
 h\rs toge!r1 two or ?ree  times a day1 
or p]haps1 = ! greate/ "p ( ! tw5ty-f\r 

h\rs4  ,9 "s con/itutions ?is la/s only 
a few days2 9 o!rs sev]al  mon?s4       
,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( nettle-ra% or
 urtic>ia notic$ by m$ical  writ]s1     
among :i* ,,urtic>ia ,,febrilis1        
,,p]si/ans1 & ,,evanida1 are !          
pr9cipal4    ,! common cause (          
nettle-ra% is "s d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive 
functions1 aris+ ei!r f ! use ( improp] 
food or a disord]$  /ate ( ! n]v\s or   
o!r sy/ems ( ! body4 ,lob/]s1 crabs1    
mussels1 %rimps1 dri$ fi%1 pork1        
cucumb]s1 mu%rooms1 & adult]at$  be] or 
port]1 be> ! "* ( frequ5tly caus+ ?is   
affection4  ,9 *ildhood x commonly      
arises f tee?+4 ,occasionally1 9 p]sons 
(  peculi> idiosyncrasy1 ! mo/ simple   
article ( food1 z almonds1 nuts1  & ev5 
milk1 rice1 & eggs1 w produce ?is       
affection4    ,! treatm5t may consi/ ( !
 adm9i/ration ( g5tle sal9e  ap]i5ts1 & 
9 sev]] cases a g5tle emetic1 foll[$ by 
! copi\s  use ( acidulat$ dilu5t dr9ks1 
z weak lemon-juice-&-wat]1  eff]vesc+   
potassa-draughts1 c41 &1 :5 requir$1    

diaphoretics4 ,!  clo?+ %\ld be light1 b
 w>m1 & ! it*+1 :5 sev]e1 may be  allay$
 by ! application ( a lotion ( wat] to  
:i* a little v9eg>  or camphorat$ _s has
 be5 add$2 ! latt] mu/1 h[ev]1 be       
employ$ ) caution4 ,a hot knee-ba? is   
useful 9 draw+ ! affection  f ! face &  
upp] "p ( ! body4 ,a #8compress1' wrung 
out ( cold  wat] until x ceases to drip1
 & kept 9 contact ) ! /oma* by  means ( 
a dry b&age1 has be5 recomm5d$ to       
relieve excessive  irritation ( ! /oma* 
& b[els4 ,x has be5 /at$ t decoction (  
,virg9ian snake-root is p>ticul>ly      
useful 9 reliev+ *ronic  urtic>ia4      
#c4 ,,r$-,,ra%1 ,,r$-,,blot*1 or ,,fi]y 
,,spot1 is commonly ! consequ5ce (      
disord]$ g5]al heal?1 ( dyspepsia1 &    
p>ticul>ly1 ( females1 (  tight lac+4   
,sometimes x is slight & evanesc5t2 at  
o!rs x  approa*es 9 sev]ity to ! mild]  
=ms ( erysipelas1 !re be+ mu*  swell+ & 
inflammation4 ,*aps1 galls1             
excoriations1 & *ilbla9s are  v>ieties (
 ?is disease produc$ by cold1 excessive 

moi/ure1 or  friction4 ,! treatm5t is   
simil> to t ( nettle-ra%4    #d4        
,,rose-,,ra%1 ,,false ,,measles1 or     
,,roseola1 is an effloresc5ce1 or r a   
discoloration ( a rose-r$ t9t1 9 small  
irregul> pat*es1 )\t  :eals or papul1   
:i* spread ov] ! surface ( ! body1 & are
  u%]$ 9 by slight febrile symptoms4    
,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,!  causes are
 ! same z ^? :i* produce ! prec$+       
affections1 &  ! treatm5t may be simil>4
 ,9 all ( !m /rict att5tion to ! diet1  
& a c>eful avoidance ( cold             
applications1 or exposure to cold1 s z  
to cause a retrocession1 are matt]s ( ! 
fir/ mom5t4    ,,rasp,,b]ry4 ,syn4      
,,h9db]ry4 ,! fruit ( ,rubus ,idu       
7,l9n471 a  small %rub ( ! natural ord] 
,rosace4 ,x is cool+1 antiscorbutic1  & 
mildly ap]itive4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ to 
communicate a f9e flav\r  to liqueurs1  
confection]y1 w9e1 c4 ,see ,,fruits &   
,,vegetables4    ,fres5ius gives !      
foll[+ z ! composition ( raspb]ries3    
,,cultivat$4                            

,wild ,r$4      ,r$4        ,:ite4      
,soluble ,matt]----      ,sug>          
#ceig        #dgjh        #cgjc         
,free acid 7r$uc$ to equival5t        9 
malic acid7                     #aihj   
#acef        #aaae      ,album9\s       
sub/ances                #jedf          
#jedd        #jffe      ,pect\s         
sub/ances1 c4              #aajg        
#agdf        #acig      ,a%             
#jbgj        #jdha        #jcah         
,insoluble ,matt]----      ,se$s        
,sk9s1 c4                          #hdfj
        #dajf        #debj      ,pectose
                              #jahj     
#jejb        #jjdj      ,a% f insoluble 
matt] includ$        9 weights giv5     
#jacd      #jbif      #jjha      ,wat]  
#hfhfj       #hfeeg       #hhahj        
----------------     ----------------   
----------------                        
#ajjjjj      #ajjjjj      #ajjjjj       
,,ratafi,a4 ,orig9ally a liquor drank at
 ! ratification ( an agreem5t  or       
treaty4 ,x is n[ ! common g5]ic "n 9    

,france ( liqueurs  comp\nd$ ( _s1 sug>1
 & ! odorif]\s & flav\r+ pr9ciples  (   
vegetables1 m p>ticul>ly ( ^? conta9+ ! 
juices ( rec5t  fruits1 or ! k]nels (   
apricots1 *]ries1 or pea*es4 ,9 its     
unqualifi$ s5se ?is "n is commonly      
und]/ood z ref]r+ to  *]ry-br&y or      
pea*-br&y4    ,ratafias are prep>$ by   
di/illation1 mac]ation1 or extemporane\s
  admixture1 9 ! mann] expla9$ "u ! head
 ,,liqueur4 ,! foll[+  li/ includes ^?  
:i* are commonly prep>$ by ! ,fr5*      
liquori/es3----    ,ratafia             
d',angelique4 ,f angelica se$s1 #a dr42 
angelica /alks1 #d oz42  blan*$ bitt]   
almonds1 bruis$1 #a oz42 pro( _s or     
br&y1 #f qu>ts2  dige/ = #aj days1      
filt]2 add1 ( wat]1 #a qu>t2 :ite sug>1 
#c-a_/b  lbs42 mix well1 & 9 a =tnight  
decant ! cle> portion ?r\gh a  piece (  
clean flannel4    ,ratafia d',anis4 ,see
 7,liqueur7 ,,cordial1 ,,anise$4        
,ratafia de ,baume de ,tolu4 ,f balsam (
 ,tolu1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1  #a qu>t2  
dissolve1 add wat]1 #c p9ts2 filt]1 &   

fur!r add ( :ite  sug>1 #a-a_/b lb4     
,pectoral & traumatic4    ,ratafia de   
,br\ de ,noix4 ,f "y walnuts ) s(t %ells
 7prick$ or  pi]c$71 #fj 9 no42 br&y1 #b
 qu>ts2 mace1 c9namon1 & cloves1 ( ea*  
#ae gr42 dige/ = #h weeks2 press1 filt]1
 add ( :ite sug>1 #a lb42 &  keep+ x =  
"s mon?s be=e decant+ x = use4 ,/oma*ic4
    ,ratafia de ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,r4 ,,de  
,,*ocolat4 ,f ,c>acca cacao-nuts1 #a    
lb42  ,we/ ,indian d41 #a_/b lb42 7bo?  
roa/$ & bruis$27 pro( _s1 #a  gall42    
dige/ = #ad days1 filt]1 & add1 ( :ite  
sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs42  t9cture ( vanilla1 
#a_/b dr4 7or %r$ ( vanilla may be      
infus$ ) !  nuts 9 ! _s in/ead72 la/ly1 
decant 9 a mon?1 & bottle x4    ,ratafia
 de ,caf4 ,f c(fee1 gr\nd & roa/$1 #a   
lb42 br&y or pro(  _s1 #a gall42 sug>1  
#b lbs4 7dissolv$ 972 wat]1 #a qu>t2 z  
la/4    ,ratafia de ,cassis4 ,f black   
currant juice1 #a qu>t2 c9namon1 #a dr42
  cloves & pea* k]nels1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42
 br&y1 #a gall42 :ite sug>1 #c  lbs42   
dige/ = a =tnight1 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4

    ,ratafia de ,c]ise4 ,f ,morello     
*]ries1 ) _! k]nels bruis$1 #h  lbs42   
br&y or pro( _s1 #a gall42 :ite sug>1 #b
 lbs42 z la/4    ,ratafia de ,*ocolat4  
,ratafia de cacao 7see above74          
,ratafia de ,co+s4 ,f qu9ce juice1 #c   
qu>ts2 bitt] almonds1 #c dr42  c9namon &
 cori&] se$s1 ( ea* #b dr42 mace1 #a_/b 
dr42 cloves1 #ae gr4  7all bruis$72     
rectifi$ _s1 7q flav\rless71 #a_/b      
gall42 dige/  = a week1 filt]1 & add (  
:ite sug>1 #c-a_/b lbs4    ,ratafia de  
,crme4 ,f crme de noyeau & %]ry1 ( ea*  
#a_/d p9t2  capillaire1 #a_/b p9t2 fre% 
cream1 #a p9t2 beat5 toge!r4    ,ratafia
 de ,curaoa4 ,curaoa4    ,ratafia de    
,framboises4 ,raspb]ry cordial4         
,ratafia de ,g5ivre4 ,f junip] b]ries   
7ea* prick$ ) a =k71  #a_/d lb42 c>away 
& cori&] se$1 ( ea* #dj gr42 f9e/ malt  
_s  7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42 :ite sug> #b 
lbs42 dige/ a week1 & /ra9 )            
expression4    ,ratafia de ,gr5oble4 ,f 
! small wild black *]ry 7) ! k]nels     
bruis$71 #b lbs42 pro( _s1 #a gall42    

:ite sug>1 #c lbs42 citron  peels1 a few
 gra9s2 z be=e4    ,ratafia de ,gr5oble1
 de ,teyssre4 ,f *]ries 7bruis$ ) !     
/ones71 #a qu>t2 rectifi$ _s1 #b qu>ts2 
mix1 dige/ = #dh h\rs1  !n express !    
liquor1 & heat x to boil+ 9 a close     
vessel2 :5  cold1 add ( sug> or         
capillaire1 q4 s41 toge!r ) "s noyeau1  
to  flav\r1 & a little syrup ( ! bay    
laurel1 & ( galangal2 9 #c  mon?s       
decant1 & bottle x4    ,ratafia de      
,noyeau4 ,f pea* or apricot k]nels      
7bruis$71 #abj 9 no42  pro( _s or br&y1 
#b qu>ts2 :ite sug>1 #a lb42 dige/ = a  
week1  press1 & filt]4    ,ratafia de   
illets4 ,f clove-p9ks 7)\t ! :ite buds71
 #d lbs42  c9namon & cloves1 ( ea* #ae  
gr42 pro( _s1 #a gall42 mac]ate =  #aj  
days1 express ! t9cture1 filt]1 & add ( 
:ite sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs4    ,ratafia     
d',ecorce d',orange4 ,crme d',orange4   
,ratafia de ,fleurs d',orang]4 ,f fre%  
orange petals1 #b lbs42 pro(  _s1 #a    
gall42 :ite sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs42 z la/4  
,in/ead ( orange  fl[]s1 n]oli1 #a dr41 

may be us$4    ,ratafia  la ,prov5ale4  
,f /rip$ p9ks1 #a lb42 br&y or pro(  _s1
 #a qu>t2 :ite sug>1 #c_/d lb42 juice ( 
/rawb]ries1 #c_/d p9t2  saffron1 #bj    
gr42 z be=e4    ,ratafia des ,quatre    
,fruits4 ,f *]ries1 #cj lbs42           
gooseb]ries1 #ae  lbs42 raspb]ries1 #h  
lbs42 black currants1 #g lbs42 express !
 juice1 &  to ea* p9t add1 ( :ite sug>1 
#f oz42 c9namon1 #f gr42 cloves & mace1 
( ea* #c gr4    ,ratafia ,r\ge4 ,f !    
juice ( black *]ries1 #c qu>ts2 juices (
  /rawb]ries & raspb]ries1 ( ea* #a     
qu>t2 c9namon1 #a dr42 mace &  cloves1 (
 ea* #ae gr42 pro( _s or br&y1 #b       
galls42 :ite sug>1 #g  lbs42 mac]ate1   
c41 z be=e4    ,ratafia ,sec4 ,take ( ! 
juice ( gooseb]ries1 #e p9ts2 juices (  
*]ries1 /rawb]ries1 & raspb]ries1 ( ea* 
#a p9t2 pro( _s1 #f  qu>ts2 sug>1 #g    
lbs42 z be=e4    ,ratafia  la ,violette4
 ,f orris p[d]1 #c oz42 litmus1 #d oz42 
rectifi$ _s1 #b galls42 dige/ = #aj     
days1 /ra91 & add ( :ite  sug>1 #ab     
lbs42 dissolv$ 9 s(t wat]1 #a gall4     

,,rats4 ,! common or br[n rat is ! ,mus 
,decumanus 7,l9n471 "o ( !  mo/ prolific
 & de/ructive species ( ! ,rod5tia4 ,x 0
 introduc$  to ^! ,isl&s f ,asia2 & has 
s9ce spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1  &       
multipli$ at ! exp5se ( ! black rat     
7,mus ,rattus----,l9n471  :i* is ! old  
,briti% species ( ?is animal1 until its 
inroads on our  gran>ies1 our /ores1 &  
dwell+-h\ses h increas$ to su* an       
ext5t1 t its extirpation has become a   
matt] ( s]i\s1 if n (  national1        
importance4    ,= ! de/ruction ( ^!     
noxi\s animals two me?ods are           
adopt$3----    #a4 ,trapp+4 ,to r5d] !  
bait m attractive1 x is commonly spr9kl$
  ) a little ( "o ( ! rat sc5ts notic$  
bel[4 ,! trap is also  occasionally s   
treat$4    #b4 ,poison+4 ,! foll[+ are  
reput$ ! mo/ effective mixtures =  ?is  
purpose3----    ,,ars5ical ,,pa/e4 ,f   
oatmeal or :eat5 fl\r1 #c lbs42 p[d]$   
indigo1  #a_/b oz42 f9ely p[d]$ :ite    
ars5ic1 #a_/d lb42 oil ( anise$1 #a_/b  
dr42  mix1 add ( melt$ suet1 #b-a_/b    

lbs42 & beat ! :ole into a pa/e4 ,a     
simil> comp\nd has ! sanction ( ! ,fr5* 
,gov]nm5t4    ,,ars5ical ,,p[d]4 ,f     
oatmeal1 #a lb42 moi/ sug>1 #a_/d lb42  
:ite ars5ic  & rott5 *eese1 ( ea* #a    
oz42 rat-sc5t1 a few drops4    ,,mill]s'
 ,,rat ,,p[d]4 ,f fre% oatmeal1 #a lb42 
nux vomica 79 v f9e  p[d]71 #a oz42     
rat-sc5t1 #e or #f drops4 ,?is is highly
 spok5 ( by ^?  :o h us$ x4    ,,m9]al  
,,rat-,,poison4 ,f c>bonate ( b>yta1    
#a_/d lb42 sug> & oatmeal1  ( ea* #f    
oz42 oils ( anise$ & c>away1 ( ea* a few
 drops4    ,,philantrope ,,muophobon4 ,a
 ,fr5* prep>ation1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr  
,beasley1 consi/s ( t>t> emetic1 #a "p1 
) f>9ace\s matt]1 #d  p>ts1 & "s o!r    
7unimportant7 +r$i5ts4    ,,phosphor    
,,pa/e4    ,,rat-,,sc5ts4 ,! foll[+ are 
said to be ! mo/ attractive3    a4      
,p[d]$ can?>ides /eep$ 9 ,fr5* br&y4 ,= 
traps4 ,x is said  t rats are s fond (  
?is1 t if a little be rubb$ ab\t ! h&s  
!y may be h&l$ ) impunity4    b4 ,f     
p[d]$ assaftida1 #h gr42 oil ( rhodium1 

#b dr42 oil (  anise$1 #a dr42 oil (    
lav5d]1 #a_/b dr42 mix by agitation4    
c4 ,f oil ( anise$1 #a_/b oz42 t9cture (
 assaftida1 #a_/d oz4    d4 ,f oil (    
anise$1 #a_/d oz42 nitr\s acid1 #b to #c
 drops2 musk1  triturat$ ) a little     
p[d]$ sug>1 #a gr4    ,,ra,,zors4 ,see  
,,pap]s1 ,,pa/e1 & ,,%av+4              
,,rea,,g5ts4 ,see ,,te/s4    ,,real,,g>4
 ,?is valuable r$ pigm5t is ! bisulphide
 ( ars5ic4 ,x is  f\nd native 9 "s      
volcanic di/ricts2 b t ( comm]ce is     
prep>$  by di/ill+1 9 an e>!n retort1   
ars5ical pyrites1 or a mixture (        
sulphur & ars5ic1 ( orpim5t & sulphur1  
or ( ars5i\s acid1  sulphur1 & *>coal1 9
 ! prop] proportions4 ,see ,,disulphide 
,,(  ,,ars5ic4    ,,recomm5dations ,,to 
,,f>m]s4 ,a s]ies ( valuable sugge/ions1
 int5d$  = ! guidance ( f>m]s 9 !       
pur*ase ( manures & cattle-fe$+         
mat]ials h lately be5 issu$ by ! ,royal 
,agricultural ,society (  ,engl&4 ,9    
sub/ance !y are z foll[s3----,9 !       
pur*ase (  fe$+-cakes1 ! gu>antee (     

#8pure' %\ld be insi/$ ^u1 s9ce ?is     
means a legal w>ranty t ! article is    
produc$ f good clean se$4  ,! t]ms      
#8be/' & #8g5u9e' are ( no value1 & %\ld
 be object$ to4  ,fur!rmore1 ! sample   
%\ld be subject$ to analysis4 ,= ?is    
purpose  a sample %\ld be tak5 out ( !  
middle ( ! cake1 :il/ !  rema9d] ( !    
cake f :i* ! sample has be5 select$1    
%\ld be  seal$ up & plac$ aside =       
ref]5ce 9 case ( dispute4    ,! foll[+  
advice is giv5 to f>m]s ab\t to pur*ase 
manures3----,raw  bones or bone du/ %\ld
 be pur*as$ #8z pure1' :il/ !y %\ld be  
gu>ante$ to conta9 n less ?an #de p]    
c5t4 ( tribasic phosphate (  lime1 & #d 
p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 #8,boil$ bones' %\ld 
be pur*as$ z  #8pure' boil$ bones1      
gu>ante$ to conta9 n less ?an #dh p]    
c5t4 (  tribasic phosphate ( lime1 &    
#a-c_/d p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,dissolv$    
bones v>y s greatly t ! buy] %\ld insi/ 
on a gu>antee (  quality "u ! heads (   
#8soluble phosphate ( lime1' #8insoluble
  phosphate ( lime1' & #8nitrog5' or    

#8ammonia1' also = an all[ance at       
curr5t rates = ea* unit p] c5t4 if !    
bones %\ld prove on  analysis to conta9 
less ?an ! gu>ante$ p]-c5tages1 c4 ,x   
%\ld  be insi/$ t m9]al sup]phosphates  
are deliv]$ dry & 9 good  condition1 &  
be gu>ante$ to conta9 a c]ta9 p]-c5tage 
( soluble  phosphates at a c]ta9 price  
p] unit p] c5t4 ,no value is to be      
atta*$ to #8insoluble phosphates4'      
,comp\nd artificial manures1 :i* are    
r>ely us$1 %\ld be pur*as$ on exactly ! 
same t]ms4 ,nitrate (  soda %\ld be     
pur*as$ on exactly ! same t]ms4 ,nitrate
 ( soda %\ld  be gu>ante$ to conta9 #id 
to #ie p] c5t4 ( pure nitrate4 ,sulphate
 (  ammonia %\ld yield #ce p] c5t4 (    
ammonia4 ,p]uvian guano %\ld be  sold "u
 t "n1 & gu>ante$ to be 9 a dry1 friable
 condition1  & to conta9 a c]ta9        
p]-c5tage ( ammonia4    ,9 buy+         
artificial manures ! pur*as] is         
recomm5d$ to obta9 a  gu>antee t !y %all
 be deliv]$ 9 a suffici5tly dry & p[d]y 
condition to all[ ( s[+ by ! drill4     

,samples1 tak5 out ( ?ree or f\r bags1  
%\ld be well mix$ toge!r1  & !y %\ld be 
analys$ n lat] ?an ?ree days aft]       
deliv]y4 ,two  t9s1 hold+ ab\t half a   
p\nd ea*1 %\ld be fill$ 9 ! pres5ce (  a
 witness1 seal$ up1 "o s5t to ! analy/1 
& ! o!r reta9$ =  future ref]5ce4       
,,rectifca,,tion4 ,! r$i/illation1 c41 (
 a fluid1 = ! purpose (  r5d]+ x pur]4  
,,r$4 ,a t]m d5ot+ a bright col\r1      
resembl+ blood4 ,r$ is a simple  or     
prim>y col\r1 b ( sev]al diff]5t %ades  
or hues1 z sc>let1  crimson1 v]milion1  
orange-r$1 c4    ,,r$1 ,,an,,il9e4 ,syn4
 ,,rosanil9e4 ,?is artificial base is   
prep>$ by  ! action ( bi*loride ( t91   
m]curial salts1 ars5ic acid1 & _m  o!r  
oxidis+ ag5ts1 ^u anil9e4 ,! anil9e reps
 ( comm]ce1 n[ s  l>gely us$ = dye+1 are
 sal9e comp\nds1 m or less pure1 (      
rosal9e1 ) #a equiv4 ( acid4 ,^!        
comp\nds are kn[n "u ! names  (         
#8mag5ta1' #8fu*s9e1' #8rose9e1'        
#8azale9e1' c4 ,9 ,engl& !  anil9e r$   
commonly employ$ is ! acetate (         

rosanil9e1 :i* has be5  prep>$ by ,mr   
,ni*olson 9 spl5did cry/als ( v         
consid]able  dim5sions4 ,9 ,france !    
hydro*lorate ( rosanil9e is *iefly      
employ$4  ,! free base pres5ts itself 9 
col\rless cry/all9e plates1 b its       
comp\nds ) #a equiv4 ( acid h1 :5 dry1 a
 beautiful gre5 col\r1  ) gold5 lu/re1 &
 furni% ) wat] an int5sely col\r$ r$    
solution4 ,see ,,purple 7,anil9e7 & ,,r$
 ,,dye1 also ,,t> ,,col\rs4    ,,r$     
,,dye4 ,! sub/ances pr9cipally employ$ =
 dye+ r$s are  co*9eal1 lac-dye1 &      
madd]1 :i*1 "u prop] treatm5t1 yield    
p]man5t col\rs ( consid]able brilliancy1
 ! fir/ & ?ird m  p>ticul>ly s4         
,extremely beautiful b fugitive col\rs  
are also  obta9$ f ,brazil wood1        
saffl[]1 ar*il1 & "s o!r sub/ances4  ,= 
purple-r$ or crimsons 7mag5ta1 fu*s9e1  
c471 on silk or wool1 !  anil9e r$s     
7salts ( rosanil9e7 are n[ ext5sively   
us$4 7,see  ,,t>-,,col\rs47 ,! mode (   
apply+ !m is notic$ "u ,,purple ,,dye4  
,,silk  is usually dy$ ( a p]man5t r$ or

 sc>let ) co*9eal1 saffl[]1  or lac dye2
 wool1 ) co*9eal &1 /ill m frequ5tly1 ) 
madd]2  & cotton1 ) madd] 7*iefly71     
,brazil wood1 c4 ,! lead+ prop]ties  (  
^! sub/ances are giv5 "u _! respective  
names1 & !  me?ods ( employ+ !m are     
g5]ally ref]r$ to 9 ! articles  ,,dye+1 
,,mordants1 c41 &1 !re=e1 ne$ n be      
repeat$ "h4 ,!  foll[+ may1 h[ev]1 be   
useful to ! read]3----    #a4 ,fir/1    
give ! #8goods' a mordant ( alum1 or (  
alum-&-t>t>1  r9se1 dry1 & boil !m 9 a  
ba? ( madd]4 ,if acetate ( iron be us$  
in/ead ( alum1 ! col\r w be purple1 & by
 comb9+ ! two1 z  mordants1 any         
int]m$iate %ade may be produc$4    #b4  
,! y>n or clo? is put into a v weak     
alkal9e ba? at ! boil+  temp]ature1 !n  
wa%$1 dri$1 & #8gall$' 7or1 :5 ! calico 
is to  be pr9t$1 = ?is ba? may be       
sub/itut$ "o ( c[-dung1 subsequ5t       
exposure to ! air = a day or two1 &     
imm]sion 9 v dilute  sulphuric acid4 ,9 
?is way ! /uff gets op5$1 & takes &     
reta9s  ! col\r bett]74 ,aft] ! #8gall+'

 ! goods are dri$1 & alum$  twice2 !n   
dri$1 r9s$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a madd] ba?1  
compos$ (  #c_/d lb4 ( good madd] = e   
lb4 weight ( ! goods2 ?is ba? is  sl[ly 
rais$ to ! boil+ po9t 9 ! c\rse ( #ej or
 #fj m9utes1 m  or less1 accord+ to !   
%ade ( col\r requir$2 aft] a few m9utes 
! /uff is tak5 out1 & slightly wa%$2 !  
op]ation is !n  repeat$1 9 ! same mann]1
 ) fre% madd]2 x is1 la/ly1 wa%$ &      
dri$1 or pass$ ?r\gh a hot soap ba?1 :i*
 c>ries (f !  fawn-col\r$ p>ticles4     
#c4 7,,adrianople ,,r$1 ,,turkey ,r47   
,?is comm5ces ) cleans+ or sc\r+  !     
goods by alkal9e ba?s1 aft] :i* !y are  
/eep$ 9 oily liquors  br\ght to a creamy
 /ate by a little c>bonate ( soda2 a ba?
 ( %eep's  dung is next (t5 us$ z an    
int]m$iate or second>y /eep2 !  oleag9\s
 ba?1 & ! op]ation ( remov+ ! sup]flu\s 
or loosely  adh]+ oil ) an alkal9e ba?1 
is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 due  c>e  
be+ tak5 to dry ! goods ?or\ghly aft]   
ea* di/9ct process2  !n foll[ ! di/9ct  
op]ations ( gall+1 alum+1 madd]+1 &     

bright5+1 ! la/ = remov+ ! dun-col\r$   
pr9ciple1 by boil+  at an elevat$       
temp]ature ) alkal9e liquids & soap2 !  
:ole is  g5]ally conclud$ ) treatm5t by 
_s ( t94 ,9 ?is way are giv5  ! mo/     
brilliant r$s on cotton4    ,obs4 ,wool 
takes f half its weight ( madd] to an   
equal weight to dye  x r$2 cotton & l95 
take r less4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative  
insolubility ( ! col\r+ matt] ( madd]1  
?is dye-/uff mu/ be  boil$ along ) !    
goods to be dy$1 & n remov$ f !         
decoction1 z is ! practice 9 us+ _m o!r 
articles4 ,o!r  dye-/uffs are frequ5tly 
add$ to ! madd] ba?1 to v>y ! %ades (   
col\r4 ,decoction ( fu/ic1 weld1        
logwood1 qu]citron1 c41 are (t5  ?us    
employ$1 ! mordants be+ modifi$         
accord+ly4 ,by add+ bran to  ! madd] ba?
 ! col\r is said to be r5d]$ mu* light]1
 & ( a  m agreeable t9t4    ,,r$ ,,gum4 
,a slight eruptive disease ( infancy1   
occasion$ by tee?+1  &1 less frequ5tly1 
by irritation f r\gh flannel worn next  
to !  sk94 ,see ,,/rophulus4    ,,r$    

,,lav,,end]4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,lav5d]
 7,comp\nd74    ,,r$ ,,liq,,uor4 ,!     
crude solution ( acetate or             
sulpho-acetate ( alum9a  employ$ 9      
calico pr9t+4 ,x is g5]ally prep>$ by   
mix+ crude  sulphate ( alum9a ) ab\t an 
equal weight ( crude pyrolignite (      
lime1 bo? be+ 9 ! /ate ( solution4      
,,r$ ,,pig,,m5ts4 ,! prep>ation ( !     
pr9cipal r$ pigm5ts are  describ$ "u _! 
respective names4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes
 mo/  ( ! r$s 9 use3----    ,armenian   
,bole4 ,syn4 ,,bole ,,arm5ian2 ,,bolus  
,,arm5i1 ,l4 ,=m]ly  import$ f ,arm5ia1 
,portugal1 ,tuscany1 c42 n[ g5]ally made
 by  gr9d+ toge!r a mixture ( :it+1 r$  
oxide ( iron1 & r$ o*re1  9 ne>ly equal 
proportions4    ,r$1 ,br[n4 ,a factiti\s
 mixture ( r$ oxide ( iron & r$ o*re1 9 
v>iable proportions4    ,c>m9e4         
,c>m9at$ ,lake4    ,r$ ,*rome4 ,syn4    
,,di*romate ,,( ,,lead1 ,,r$ ,,*romate  
,,( ,l42 ,,plumbi  ,,di*romas1 ,p4      
,,*romus ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil 
pure c>bonate ( lead  ) *romate (       

potassa1 9 excess1 until x assumes a    
prop] col\r2  !n wa% x well ) pure wat]1
 & dry x 9 ! %ade4    #b4 ,boil neutral 
*romate ( lead ) a little wat] ( ammonia
 or lime  wat]4    #c4 7,liebig &       
,whl]47 ,fuse saltpetre at a l[ r$ heat 
9 a ,hessian  crucible1 & ?r[ 9 *romate 
( lead 7pure *rome yell[71 by small     
portions at a "t1 z long z a /rong      
ebullition foll[s ^u ea*  addition ( !  
pigm5t1 obs]v+ to /ir ! mixture         
frequ5tly ) a  glass rod2 aft] repose = 
a m9ute or two1 p\r (f ! fluid "p1 &1  z
 soon z ! solid residuum is cold1 wa% x 
) wat]1 & dry x by a  g5tle heat4       
,obs4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak51 9 conduct+
 ! la/ process1 n to  employ too mu*    
heat1 nor to all[ ! sal9e matt] to /&   
long ov]  ! newly =m$ *rome-r$1 z !     
col\r is ?us apt to *ange to a  br[n or 
orange4 ,:5 well manag$ ! product has a 
cry/all9e texture1  & s beautiful a r$  
col\r t x vies ) native c9nab>4 ,!      
liquid p\r$ f ! crucible is res]v$ =    
manufactur+ *rome  yell[4    ,r$1       

,9dian4 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,o*re2 ,,o*ra   
,,purpurea ,,p]sica1 ,,t]ra  ,,p]sica1  
,l4 ,?is is a native production1 br\ght 
f ,ormus4 ,a factiti\s  article is      
prep>$ by calc9+ a mixture ( colco?> &  
r$ o*re4    ,lakes 7,v>i\s74    ,r$1    
,light4 ,f yell[ o*re1 by c>eful        
calc9ation4 ,x works well  ) bo? oil &  
wat]1 & produces an admirable fle%-col\r
 by  admixture ) pure :ite4 ,all !      
o*res1 bo? r$ & yell[1 are  d>k5$ by    
heat4    ,r$ ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,s&ix4     
,obta9$ f :ite lead by calc9ation4  ,v  
bright4    ,realg>4 ,bisulphide (       
ars5ic4    ,r$ ,bole4 ,see ,,arm5ian &  
,,v5etian ,,bole4 7,o*res47    ,r$      
,*alk4 ,a clay iron ore1 mu* us$ =      
p5cils & crayons1 &1 :5  gr\nd1 also =  
pa9ts4    ,r$ ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,m9ium4 ,!  
f9e/ r$ lead is prep>$ by expos+  gr\nd 
& elutriat$ massicott1 or dross ( l5d1 9
 %all[ iron trays  7ab\t #ab in*es      
squ>e1 & ab\t #d or #e in*es deep71 pil$
 up on !  he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace1 
to a heat ( ab\t #fjj to #fej ,fahr41  )

 occasional /irr+1 until x acquires !   
prop] col\r4 ,! furnace  employ$ = !    
prep>ation ( massicot dur+ ! day usually
 possesses  suffici5t residu>y heat dur+
 ! night = ?is process1 by :i* fuel  is 
sav$4 ,lead = ! above purpose %\ld be q 
free f copp] &  iron4    ,r$ ,o*re4 ,a  
natural product ab\nd+ on ! ,m5dip      
hills4    ,r$ ,orpim5t4 ,syn4 ,,r$      
,,ars5ic4 ,t]sulphide ( ars5ic4    ,r$  
,v5etian4 ,syn4 ,,bolus ,,v5eta1 ,l4 ,a 
species ( o*re1 br\ght f  ,italy4       
,rose ,p9k4 ,?is is :it+ col\r$ ) a     
decoction ( ,brazil wood to  :i* a      
little pe>la% has be5 add$4 ,a v pretty 
col\r1 b x does  n /&4 ,x is always kept
 9 a damp /ate4 ,! col\r may be v>i$ by 
sub/itut+ alum = pe>la%1 or by !        
addition ( a little spirits (  t94      
,v]milion4 7,see "u t ^w47              
,,r$uc,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,revivification4 ,a
 t]m 9 its fulle/ s5se appli$  to any   
op]ation by :i* a sub/ance is re/or$ to 
its neutral /ate2  b n[ g5]ally         
re/rict$1 9 *emi/ry1 to ! ab/raction (  

oxyg51  & h5ce frequ5tly t]m$           
deoxidation or deoxidisem5t4 ,?is *ange 
is  op]at$ by ei!r heat+ ! sub/ance 9   
contact ) c>bon or  hydrog51 or 9 expos+
 x to ! action ( "s o!r body hav+ a     
p[]ful aff9ity = oxyg54 ,see            
,,potassium1 c4    ,,refi,,n+4 ,a t]m   
employ$ 9 comm]cial *emi/ry & metallurgy
  synonym\sly ) purification4 ,!        
sep>ation ( ! preci\s metals f  ^? (    
less value1 z 9 ! op]ation ( p>t+1      
con/itutes !  bus9ess ( ! #8ref9]4' ,see
 ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 c4    ,,refrac,,tion  
7( ,light74 ,! deviation ( a ray ( light
 f its  orig9al pa? on ent]+ a m$ium ( a
 diff]5t d5sity or p[]4 ,=  ! practical 
application ( ?is prop]ty1 see ,,gems4  
,,refri,,g]ants4 ,m$ic9es or ag5ts :i*  
t5d to less5 ! animal  temp]ature )\t   
caus+ any m>k$ dim9ution ( s5sibility or
  n]v\s en]gy4 ,among int]nal           
refrig]ants cold wat]1 weak acidul\s    
dr9ks1 & sal9e ap]i5ts1 are ^? :i* are  
probably ! be/ kn[n  & ! mo/ useful4    
,among ext]nal refrig]ants are cold     

wat]1  evaporat+ lotions1 weak solutions
 ( subacetate ( lead1 c4                
,,refrig]a,,tion4 ,! abatem5t ( heat2 ! 
act or op]ation ( cool+4    ,among !    
purposes to :i* refrig]atory processes  
are appli$ 9 !  arts1 ! pr9cipal        
are----! cond5sation ( vap\rs----! cool+
 (  liquids----! congelation ( wat]1    
&----! production ( extreme degrees  (  
cold 9 *emical op]ations4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  
is ref]r$ to "u  ! heads ,,di/illation1 
,,/ill1 c41 & ! second "u ,,wort4 ,x is1
  !re=e1 only necess>y to notice "h !   
?ird & f\r? applications  ( cold1       
artificially produc$1 above ref]r$ to4  
,! refrig]atory processes at pres5t     
employ$ dep5d ^u ! great]  capacity =   
heat :i* ! same body possesses z its    
d5sity less5s1 or  its att5uation       
increases2 z exhibit$ 9 ! sudd5         
liquefaction (  solids1 ! rapid         
evaporation ( liquids1 & ! almo/        
in/antane\s  return ( atmosph]ic air1 or
 o!r gase\s body1 f a highly cond5s$    
/ate to its normal condition4 ,! loss ( 

s5sible heat 9 ! fir/  example is !     
basis ( ! v>i\s processes ( produc+ cold
 by :at  are commonly call$ #8,,freez+-'
 or #8,,frigorific-,,mixtures1' all (   
:i* act  ^u ! pr9ciple ( liquefy+ solid 
sub/ances )\t supply+ heat4  ,! caloric 
( liquidity be+ 9 ^! cases d]iv$ f t    
previ\sly  exi/+ 9 ! solid itself 9 a   
s5sible /ate1 ! temp]ature mu/          
necess>ily fall4 ,! degree ( cold       
produc$ dep5ds ^u ! quantity (  heat :i*
 is ?us diffus$ ?r\gh a l>g] mass1 or   
:i*1 z x 71  disappe>s2 & ?is is dep5d5t
 on ! quantity ( solid matt]  liquefi$1 
& ! rapidity ( ! liquefaction4 ,sal9e   
comp\nds are !  sub/ances mo/ frequ5tly 
employ$ = ?is purpose1 & ^? :i* h  !    
greate/ aff9ity = wat]1 & ?us liquefy ! 
mo/ rapidly1  produce ! greate/ degree (
 cold4 ,simil> *anges occur dur+ !      
evaporation ( liquids4 ,:5 heat passes f
 ! s5sible to !  ins5sible /ate1 z 9 !  
=mation ( vap\r1 cold is g5]at$4 ,?is   
may be %[n by p\r+ a few drops ( e!r or 
rectifi$ _s on !  palm ( ! h&1 :5 a     

/rong s5sation ( cold is exp]i5c$4 ,a   
/ill  m famili> illu/ration ( ?is fact  
is exhibit$ 9 ! rapidity )  :i* ! animal
 body loses heat :5 envelop$ 9 damp or  
wet clo?+4  ,! evaporation ( wat]       
produces a degree ( cold :i* is great]  
?an  t ( o!r liquids1 9 exact proportion
 z ! ins5sible or lat5t  heat ( its     
vap\r exce$s !irs4 ,9 ! att5uation or   
r>efaction (  gases simil> ph5om5a      
occur4    ,x has be5 f\nd t evaporation 
proce$s mu* m rapidly f !  surface (    
fluids 9 a vacuum ?an 9 ! atmosph]e4    
,wat] may be easily  froz5 by introduc+ 
a surface ( sulphuric acid "u ! receiv] 
( an  air-pump1 ov] :i* is plac$ a      
capsule fill$ ) wat]1 s t !  vap\r aris+
 f ! latt] may be imm$iately absorb$ by 
! =m]4  ,aft] a few /rokes ( ! pi/on !  
wat] is conv]t$ into a solid cake  (    
ice4 ,! acid op]ates by absorb+ ! aque\s
 vap\rs z soon z  g5]at$1 & ?us ma9ta9+ 
! integrity ( ! vacuum4 ,pr(essor       
,leslie f\nd t1 :5 air is ?us r>ifi$    
#bej times1 ! surface (  evaporation 0  

cool$ d[n #abj 9 w9t]2 & :5 only #ej    
times1 a  depression ( #hj or ev5 #ajj  
took place4 8,sulphuric acid is capable 
(  congeal+ m ?an #bj times its weight (
 wat] be=e x has imbib$  ne>ly its own  
bulk ( t liquid1 or has lo/ ab\t #a_/h? 
( its  refrig]at+ p[]40 7,ure47         
,sulphuric acid1 :i* has become dilut$ 9
  ?is way1 may be reconc5trat$ by heat4 
,any sub/ance hav+ a great  t5d5cy to   
absorb moi/ure may be sub/itut$ = !     
sulphuric acid4  ,fus$ *loride (        
calcium1 quicklime1 nitrate ( magnesium1
 *loride (  z9c1 & oatmeal 7dri$ ne>ly  
to br[nness be=e a common fire71 h  be5 
us$ = ?is purpose4 ,aga91 in/ead (      
employ+ an air-pump1 a  vacuum may be   
produc$ by ! ag5cy ( /eam1 aft]w>ds     
cond5s$ by !  affusion ( cold wat]4     
,a pleas+ philosophical toy1 illu/rative
 ( ! evaporative p[] ( a  vacuum1 is !  
#8,,cryophorus1' or #8,,fro/-,,be>]1' ( 
,dr ,wolla/on4 ,?is  in/rum5t consi/s ( 
two small glass globes1 unit$ by a tube1
 "o (  :i* is p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,!    

:ole app>atus is p]fectly free  f air1 &
 is1 consequ5tly1 fill$ ) att5uat$      
aque\s vap\rs4 ,no  soon] is ! pressure 
remov$ z by plung+ ! empty ball into a  
freez+ mixture 7:i* cond5ses ! vap\r71  
?an rapid evaporation  comm5ces1 & !    
wat] 9 ! o!r ball is froz5 9 two or ?ree
  m9utes4    ,illu/ration    ,ev5 9 hot 
climates ice may be produc$ "u favorable
 circum/ances by  evaporation4 ,on ! op5
 pla9s1 ne> ,calcutta1 ?is is effect$ by
  expos+ a ?9 /ratum ( wat] to !        
atmosph]e1 dur+ ! f9e cle>  nights (    
,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,! pans  
are made ( por\s  e>!nw>e1 & wat] is    
p\r$ 9 to ! dep? ( ab\t #a-a_/b in*4 ,a 
l>ge numb] ( ^! vessels are arrang$ 9 an
 excavation 9 ! gr\nd1  #cj or #dj feet 
squ>e & #b feet deep1 ! bottom ( :i* is 
cov]$1 to  ! dep? ( #aj or #ab in*es1 ) 
sug> canes or ! /alks ( ,indian  corn4  
,at sunrise ! pans are visit$1 ! ice    
sep>at$ f ! wat]1  & pack$ z tight z    
possible 9 a deep cavity or pit1 well   
scre5$  f ! heat4    ,sev]al ma*9es h   

rec5tly be5 inv5t$ by :i* wat] is froz5 
9  l>ge quantities by exposure to       
cond5s$ air 9 ! act ( its subsequ5t     
expansion4 ,!y are work$ by ei!r h& or  
/eam p[]4 ,!  refrig]at+ app>atus inv5t$
 by ,mr ,kirk1 ( ! ,ba?gate ,p>aff9     
,works1 acts on ?is pr9ciple2 & x does  
its "w s effici5tly t x  produces a     
cool+ effect equival5t to two tons ( ice
 e tw5ty-f\r  h\rs1 at a v small        
exp5diture ( fuel4 ,a small model work$ 
by h&  w readily freeze m]cury4 ,kirk's 
app>atus is us$ at ,ba?gate to cause  ! 
cry/allisation ( solid p>aff9 f ! heavy 
p>aff9 oils4  ,=m]ly1 a ma*9e1 act+ by !
 evaporation ( e!r1 0 employ$ =  ! same 
purpose4    ,= ! production ( an        
extremely l[ temp]ature1 su* z is       
requir$  = ! liquefaction ( "s gases1   
,f>aday employ$ solid c>bonic acid  mix$
 ) a little e!r4    ,9 ! production (   
ice or an extreme degree ( cold1 by     
sal9e mixtures1  ! salts %\ld be 9 !    
cry/allis$ /ate1 & z ri* z possible 9   
wat]1 b )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ damp4 ,!y %\ld 

also be co>sely  pulv]is$ at ! "t ( us+ 
!m1 & %\ld n be mix$ until  imm$iately  
be=e ?r[+ !m into ! liquid +r$i5ts4 ,!  
mixture  %\ld be made 9 a ?ick vessel1  
well clo!d1 to prev5t ! accession  (    
ext]nal heat2 & ! sub/ance to be act$ on
 %\ld be conta9$ 9  a v ?9 vessel1 s z  
to expose x m fully to ! action ( !     
mixture4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a vessel     
call$ a #8,,freez+ ,,pot' or            
#8,,saboti,,re' is commonly employ$4 ,! 
foll[+ table1 ?\gh f\nd$ on  exp]im5ts  
made m ?an #ej ye>s ago by ,mr ,walk]1  
gives full &  accurate in=mation on !   
subject ( freez+ mixtures3----          
,table exhibit+ a few ( ! mo/ useful    
,,frigorific ,,mixtures4 ,drawn up f    
actual            exp]im5ts p]=m$ by    
,,mr ,,walk]4                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,deg4 ( cold          ,+r$i5ts4         
,!rmomet] s9ks4       produc$4          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 

,sn[ or p\nd$ ice      #b  p>ts       ,f
 any                                    
,*loride ( sodium       #a  0           
temp]ature4  to  -#e       ----         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,sn[ or p\nd$ ice      #e  0            
,f any                                  
,*loride ( sodium       #b  0           
temp]ature4  to -#ab       ----         
,sal ammoniac             #a  0         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,sn[ or p\nd$ ice     #ab  0            
,f any                                  
,*loride ( sodium       #e  0           
temp]ature   to -#be       ----         
,nitrate ( ammonia       #e  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #h  0     
,hydro*loric                            
,f  #cb to -#bg           #ei           
acid 7conc5trat$7    #e  0              
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #b  0     
,cry/allis$ *loride                     
,f  #cb to -#ej           #hb           
( calcium               #c  0           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sal ammoniac             #e  0    
,nitrate ( potassa       #e  0          
,f  #ej to #aj           #dj            
,wat]                   #af  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,nitrate ( ammonia       #a  0     
,f  #ej to  #d           #df            
,wat]                    #a  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,nitrate ( ammonia       #a  0     
,c>bonate ( soda        #a  0           
,f  #ej to  #g           #eg            
,wat]                    #a  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,phosphate ( soda        #i  0     

,nitrate ( ammonia       #f  0          
,f  #ej to -#ba           #ga           
,dilut$ nitr\s acid#aced  0             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sulphate ( soda         #h  0     
,f  #ej to   #j           #ej           
,hydro*loric acid        #e  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #c  0     
,f    #j to -#df           #df          
,dilut$ nitr\s acid#aceb  0             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #b  0     
,sulphuric acid#acf      #a  0          
,f  -#bj to -#fj           #dj          
,wat]                    #a  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #a  0     
,cry/allis$ *loride                     
,f    #j to -#ff           #ff          
( calcium               #b  0           

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #a  0     
,cry/allis$ *loride                     
,f  -#dj to -#gc           #cc          
( calcium               #c  0           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
     ,sn[                     #h  0     
,sulphuric acid           #e  0         
,f  -#fh to -#ia           #bc          
,wat]                    #e  0          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
    ,footnote #ace3 ,fum+ 8nitr\s acid10
 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #a "p2 by weight4       
,footnote #acf3 ,pr(4 ,pfaundl] has %[n 
t an acid conta9+ #ffai p]  c5t4 (      
,h#b,,s#d1 is ! mo/ advantage\s to      
employ = ?is purpose2  "o "p ( an acid (
 ?is /r5g? ) #ajig p>ts ( sn[ =m+ a     
refrig]at+ mixture :i* w r$uce !        
temp]ature to -#cg ,c4 7-#cf  ,f474 ,=  
practical purposes x is sugge/$ an      
excess ( sn[ w\ld be  bett]1 s9ce !     

refrig]at+ value ( ! mixture is !reby   
l>gely  increas$1 ?\gh ! l[e/ temp]ature
 is n obta9$4 ,see ,,ice4    ,obs4 ,!   
mat]ials 9 ! fir/ column are to be      
cool$1 previ\sly to  mix+1 to !         
temp]ature requir$ 9 ! second1 by ! use 
( o!r  mixtures4    ,,reg,,ulus4 ,a t]m 
appli$ by ! al*emi/s to v>i\s metallic  
matt]s  obta9$ by fusion2 z ,,regulus   
,,( ,,antimony1 ,,ars5ic1 c4 ,x is n[   
obsolete4    ,,rel,,i%es4 ,see ,,sauces4
    ,,rem$ies1 ,,f]rug9\s4 ,rob4        
,freygang3----    ,,/eel ,,br&y is an   
ord9>y cle> br[ni% br&y1 conta9+ a v    
little bitt] matt]1 l ! /oma*ic bitt]s (
 ! apo!c>ies1 &  mix$ ) ab\t #a p] c5t4 
( sug>4 #aj1jjj p>ts conta9 ab\t #a-a_/b
  "p oxide ( iron4    ,,/eel ,,/oma*ic  
,,bitt]s4 ,?is is m aromatic1 b o!rwise 
simil> to  ! /eel br&y2 #aj1jjj p>ts    
conta9 #b_/c "p iron oxide4    ,,/eel   
,,liqueur is a cle>1 agreeably-ta/+     
liqueur1 ( ! col\r &  conta9+ mu* ( !   
juice ( raspb]ries4 #aj1jjj p>ts conta9 
ne>ly  #a1bjj ( sug> & only #a ( iron   

oxide4    ,,/eel ,,syrup----,syrop      
f]rug9eux de ,qu9qu9a4 ,a cle> slightly 
violet-col\r$1 ?91 sweet fluid1 conta9+ 
_s & sug>1 ( :i*  c9*ona b>k may be an  
+r$i5t1 ?\gh x is appreciable by nei!r  
ta/e nor te/s4 ,x conta9s #a-a_/d "p    
iron 9 #aj1jjj p>ts4    ,,/eel ,,bonbons
 conta9 a trace ( iron oxide4    ,! iron
 pres5t 9 ! above prep>ations is 9 ! =m 
( citrate4  7,hag]47    ,,remit,,t5t4 ,a
 t]m appli$ to fev]s1 & o!r diseases1   
:i* exhibit  a decid$ remission 9       
viol5ce dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b )\t    
entirely leav+ ! pati5t1 9 :i* !y diff] 
f int]mitt5ts or  agues4    ,,r5,,net4  
,syn4 ,,runnet1 ,,prep>$ ,,calf',s      
,,maw4 ,! f\r? or true  dige/+ /oma* ( !
 calf1 fre$ f ! out] sk91 fat1 & useless
  membrane1 wa%$1 treat$ ) ei!r br9e or 
dry salt = a few h\rs1  & !n hung up to 
dry4 ,:5 well prep>$1 ! dri$ #8vells'   
some:at  resemble p>*m5t 9 appe>ance4   
,uses1 c4 ,r5net is employ$ to curdle   
milk4 ,a piece ( ! requisite  size is   
cut (f1 & soak$ = "s h\rs 9 :ey or wat]1

 aft] :i*  ! :ole is add$ to ! milk =   
curdl+1 slightly w>m$1 & !  mixture is  
sl[ly heat$1 if necess>y1 to ab\t #abb  
,fahr4 ,9 a %ort  "t aft] ?is temp]ature
 has be5 atta9$ ! milk sep>ates into a  
solid :ite coagulum 7curd71 & into a    
yell[i%1 transluc5t liquid  7:ey74 ,two 
squ>e in*es f ! bottom ( a good #8vell' 
are suffici5t  = a *eese ( #fj lbs4 ,x  
is ! ga/ric juice ( ! /oma* t  op]ates  
^! *anges4 ,! /oma*s ( all suck+        
quadrup$s possess !  same prop]ties4    
,see ,,*eese4    ,r5net1 ,liquid4 ,syn4 
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,r5net4 ,prep4 ,f fre%    
r5net 7cut  small71 #ab oz42 common     
salt1 #c oz42 knead !m toge!r1 & leave !
  mixture at re/1 9 a cool place1 = #e  
or #f weeks2 !n add ( wat] #ah  oz42    
good rum or pro( _s1 #b oz42 la/ly1     
dige/ = #bd h\rs1 filt]1  & col\r !     
liquid ) a little burnt sug>4    ,r5net1
 ,liquid4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,r5net4   
,fre% r5net1 #ab oz42 salt1 #b  oz42    
pro( _s1 #b oz42 :ite w9e1 a qu>t2 dige/
 = #bd h\rs &  /ra94 ,a qu>t ( milk     

requires #b or #c teaspoonfuls4 ,,wisl9 
directs #aj  p>ts ( a calf's /oma*2     
salt1 #c p>ts4 ,! membrane ( ! /oma* is 
to be cut ) scissors & knead$ ) ! salt1 
& ) ! r5net  f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( t organ2
 ! :ole left 9 a cool place 9 an  e>!n  
pot till ! *eesy od\r is replac$ by !   
prop] od\r (  r5net1 :i* w be 9 "o or   
two mon?s4 ,!n add #af p>ts ( wat] &  #a
 ( _s4 ,filt] & col\r ) burnt sug>4     
,! ,g]man ,ph>macopia gives ! foll[+    
=mula = liquid r5net3----#c  p>ts ( !   
muc\s membrane ( fre% calf's r5net1     
mac]at$ = ?ree  days 9 #bf p>ts ( :ite  
w9e1 #a "p ( table salt be+ add$4       
,obs4 #b or #c teaspoonfuls w curdle a  
qu>t ( milk4 ,"s p]sons use  :ite w9e   
in/ead ( wat]1 ) simple dige/ion = a day
 or two4    ,,res,,94 ,syn4 ,,res9a1 ,l4
 ,?is "n is appli$ to _m vegetable      
pr9ciples compos$ ( ! elem5ts c>bon1    
hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,!  res9s 7,,res97 _c 
be v accurately def9$1 b we may 9 a     
g5]al  way describe !m z sub/ances :i*  
are solid at ord9>y temp]atures1  m or  

less transp>5t1 inflammable1 readily    
fusible1 d n volatilise  un*ang$1 become
 negatively electrifi$ by rubb+2 are    
insoluble 9  wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol2 
mo/ly inodor\s1 & readily incorporat$  )
 fatty bodies by fusion4 ,_! sp4 gr4    
v>ies f #i to #ab4  ,accord+ to ,liebig1
 !y are oxidis$ ess5tial oils4 ,common  
res91  ros91 or colophony1 & ! %ellac ( 
:i* seal+-wax is made1 are  famili>     
examples ( ^! sub/ances4 7,see bel[47   
,res91 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,ros91 ,,black    
,r41 ,,colophony2 ,,res9a ,,nigra1      
,,colophonia1 ,l4 ,:at rema9s ( turp5t9e
 aft] ! oil has be5  di/ill$4 ,:5 ?is   
sub/ance1 :il/ /ill fluid1 is agitat$ ) 
ab\t  #a-h? "p ( wat]1 x =ms ! yell[    
res9 ( ph>macy4 ,us$ =  viol9 b[s1      
d>k-col\r$ o9tm5ts1 v>ni%es1 c4         
,res91 ,yell[4 ,syn4 ,,yell[ ,,ros91    
,,:ite ,r42 ,,res9a ,,flava1 ,,res9a    
7,ph4 ,l471 ,la4 ,det]g5t4 ,us$ 9       
o9tm5ts1 pla/]s1 c4 7,see above47       
,,res,,inoids4 ,syn4 ,,res9\s           
,,extracts1 ,,conc5trat$ ,e42 ,,extracta

 ,,res9a1  ,l4 ,"u ?is head1 ! s-call$  
#8,eclectics1' :o =m a num]\s class     
among ,am]ican physicians1 place _! mo/ 
important #8conc5trat$  rem$ies4'       
8,view$ z ph>maceutical prep>ations     
eligible = use 9  m$ic9e1 ?\gh n purifi$
 s z to rank z di/9ctive proximate      
pr9ciples1 ^! are v appropriately nam$  
#8res9\s extracts1' or  #8res9s4' ,! t]m
 #8res9oid1' s commonly us$1 is less    
appropriate to  ! class1 imply+1 z x    
does1 a resemblance to res9s1 :ile all (
  ^! are ei!r res9s1 oleo-res9s1 or m or
 less mix$ proximate  pr9ciples possess+
 no real resemblance to ! class (       
res9s40  7,p>ri%47 ,mo/ ( !m are prep>$ 
f plants indig5\s to ,nor?  ,am]ica1 by 
precipitat+ a /rong alcoholic t9cture ) 
wat]4 ,!y are  all br\ght to ! condition
 ( p[d]1 ^? :i* are naturally s(t &     
oily be+ mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity (  
sug> ( milk1 or o!r dry  mat]ial4 ,"o ( 
^! eclectic rem$ies has be5 introduc$   
into regul>  practice4 ,see             
,,podophyll94    ,,res91 or ,,ros9      

,,oil4 ,?is is a product ( ! dry        
di/illation ( res94  ,! app>atus us$    
consi/s ( an iron pot1 a head piece1 a  
cond5s+  arrangem5t1 & a receiv]4    ,9 
di/ill+ ! res91 a bright oil fir/ comes 
ov] ) wat]4 ,z soon  z a cessation 9 !  
fl[ ( ! di/illate occurs ! receiv] is   
*ang$1 & ! heat is fur!r rais$1 :5 a    
r$-col\r$ & heavy  ros9 oil comes ov]4  
,! black residue rema9+ 9 ! pot is us$ z
  pit*4 ,! light oil1 call$ #8p9ol9e1'  
is rectifi$1 & ! acetic acid  wat] pass+
 ov] ) x is saturat$ ) calcium hydrate1 
filt]$ &  evaporat$ to dryness2 & !     
calcium acetate obta9$ is employ$ 9 !   
manufacture ( acetic acid4 ,! ros9 oil1 
obta9$ aft] ! light oil  has pass$ ov]1 
has a d>k violet-blue col\r1 & is call$ 
#8blue ros9  oil4' ,! r$ oil is boil$ = 
a day ) wat]1 ! evaporat$ wat]  be+     
return$ to ! vessel2 next day ! wat] is 
drawn (f1 & !  rema9+ ros9 oil is       
saponifi$ ) cau/ic soda lye ( #cf ,baum1
 &  ! result+ solid mass is di/ill$ s   
long z oil passes ov]4    ,! product    

obta9$ is #8rectifi$ ros9 oil1' :i* is  
all[$ to /&  9 iron vessels1 protect$ by
 a ?9 lay] ( gypsum1 :]eby aft] a few   
weeks a p]fectly cle> oil is obta9$ free
 f wat]4 ,! oil ( fir/  quality is      
obta9$ by a repetition ( ! =ego+        
op]ation ^u !  once rectifi$ oil4 ,!    
residues ( bo? op]ations are melt$ up ) 
!  pit*4#acg    ,footnote #acg3 ,d+l]'s 
#8,polyte*4 ,j\rn41' ccvi1 #bdf         
7#8,j\rn4 ,*em4  ,soc41' new s]ies1 vol4
 xi1 #cjd74    ,ros9 oil is employ$ 9 ! 
manufacture ( axle grease1 ! oil be+    
previ\sly conv]t$ into a soap by heat+ )
 slak$ lime4    ,,resolv,,ents4 ,syn4   
,,discuti5ts2 ,,resolv5tia1 ,l4         
,sub/ances or ag5ts  :i* discuss or     
resolve inflammatory & o!r tum\rs4 ,see 
,,dige/ives4    ,,respira,,tion4 ,!     
peculi> function by :i* ! blood is      
submitt$ to  ! action ( ! air1 = !      
purpose ( remov+ c>bonic acid1 &  re/or+
 its vitality by ! absorption (         
atmosph]ic oxyg54    ,! air expir$ f !  
lungs is f\nd to h und]gone a mo/       

rem>kable *ange4 ,x is n[ load$ ) aque\s
 vap\r1 :il/ a  consid]able portion (   
its oxyg5 has disappe>$1 & its place is 
suppli$ by ab\t a l volume ( c>bonic    
acid4 ,x is no long] capable  ( support+
 animal life1 & ev5 a light$ tap] plung$
 into x is  imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,9 !   
mean "t ! #8v5\s blood' :i*  ent]$ !    
lungs f ! "r *amb]s ( ! he>t has lo/ its
 d+y  hue1 & has acquir$ ! ri* florid   
col\r :i* is *>act]i/ic (  #8art]ial    
blood4' ,9 ?is /ate x is return$ to !   
left *amb]s ( !  he>t1 & is propell$ by 
t organ to e "p ( ! body1 f  :i* x      
passes by ! capill>ies to ! ve9s1 & by  
^! aga9 to !  he>t & lungs1 to und]go ! 
same *anges & circulation z be=e4  ,!   
c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! blood1 ultimately   
d]iv$ f ! food1  are1 9 ?is c\rse1      
gradually conv]t$ into c>bonic acid &   
wat] by a  species ( sl[ combu/ion2 b h[
 ^! *anges are effect$ is n  def9itely  
asc]ta9$4    ,! lungs1 z is well kn[n1  
receive ! atmosph]ic air ?r\gh !  tra*ea
 or w9dpipe4 ,at ! root ( ! neck ?is    

divides into two  bran*es1 call$ bron*i1
 & ea* bron*us1 ^u ent]+ its respective 
lung1 divides into an inf9ity ( small   
tubes4 ,! latt] t]m9ate 9  small p\*es1 
call$ ! air-cells1 & a numb] ( ^! little
  air-cells communicate toge!r at !     
extremity ( ea* small tube4 ,!  numb] ( 
air-cells 9 ! two lungs has be5 e/imat$ 
at #a1gdd1jjj1jjj1  & ! ext5t ( !       
membrane :i* l9es ! cells & tubes toge!r
 at  #aejj squ>e feet4 7,dr ,addison47  
,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 f #bb to  #dc  
cubic in*es ( air are ?r[n out at ea*   
expiration2 b1 by a =c$  ef=t1 #ej or   
#fj in*es are ord9>ily expell$4 ,! numb]
 (  respirations p] m9ute 9 heal?1 :5 ! 
individual is tranquil &  undi/urb$1 is 
ab\t #ae4 ,ex]cise increases ?is numb]4 
,see ,,food1  ,,nutrition1 c4           
,respiration1 ,artificial4 ,v>i\s means 
h be5 adopt$ = ?is  purpose1 among :i*  
bl[+ air into ! lungs is1 p]haps1 t     
g5]ally adopt$4 ,a bett]1 &1 9 g5]al1 a 
mu* m effici5t  me?od1 is z             
foll[s3----,p[]ful b n viol5t pressure  

is made ^u !  sides ( ! *e/ & ^u !      
abdom5 at ! same "t1 by :i* !  cavity ( 
! ?orax is dim9i%$1 & ! air conta9$ 9 ! 
lungs is  expell$2 ! compression is !n  
sudd5ly )drawn1 :5 ! ela/icity  ( ! ribs
 causes !m to resume _! old exp&$       
positions2 ! *e/  is aga9 enl>g$1 a     
p>tial vacuum is =m$1 & air ru%es into !
  lungs1 to be aga9 expell$ by pressure 
^u ! ribs & abdom5 z  be=e4 ,by ?is     
means artificial respiration may be kept
 up = a great  l5g? ( "t1 )\t ! use (   
bell[s1 or any o!r app>atus4 ,!  *ief   
pr9ciple ( ,dr ,m>%all ,hall's s-call$  
#8ready me?od' is !  po/ural p]=mance ( 
artificial respiration4 ,! pati5t is    
fir/  plac$ g5tly on ! face1 & !n turn$ 
on ! side2 !n on ! face  aga91          
alt]nately2 ^! measures be+ repeat$     
delib]ately1  effici5tly1 & p]sev]+ly1  
fifte5 times 9 ! m9ute4 ,:5 !  prone    
position is resum$1 equable1 b effici5t1
 pressure is appli$  along ! sp9e2 ?is  
pressure is remov$ imm$iately be=e      
rotation on  ! side4    ,! #8,silve/]   

me?od1' inv5t$ by ,dr ,h5ry ,silve/]1 is
 n[  ackn[l$g$ to be f> m effective ?an 
,dr ,hall's me?od1 & is  adopt$ by !    
,royal ,humane ,society = ! re/oration (
 ! app>5tly  dr[n$4 ,x consi/s 9 lay+ ! 
pati5t on ! back1 slightly rais+  ! head
 & %\ld]s1 draw+ ! tongue =w>ds1 & keep+
 x s by  pass+ an ela/ic b& ov] x & "u !
 *94 ,! arms are !n  grasp$ j above !   
elb[s1 & drawn g5tly upw>ds until !y    
meet  above ! head 7?is is = ! purpose (
 draw+ air into ! lungs71  keep+ ! arms 
9 t position = two seconds4 ,! pati5t's 
arms are  !n turn$ d[n1 & press$ g5tly &
 firmly = two seconds aga9/  ! sides ( !
 *e/ 7?is is = ! purpose ( press+ ! air 
out (  ! lungs74 ,artificial brea?+ is  
?us c>ri$ on4 ,^! ef=ts are  repeat$    
fifte5 times 9 a m9ute1 until a         
spontane\s ef=t to respire  is p]ceiv$4 
,dur+ ! employm5t ( ^! means ! no/rils  
are  excit$ ) snuff or smell+ salts1 or 
! ?roat is tickl$ ) a  fea!r4 ,aft]     
natural brea?+ has be5 re/or$1 w>m? &   
circulation  are induc$ by wrapp+ ! body

 9 hot blankets1 apply+ bottles or      
bladd]s ( hot wat]1 heat$ bricks1 c41 to
 ! pit ( ! /oma*1 !  armpits1 betwe5 !  
?ighs1 & to ! soles ( ! feet1 & by rubb+
  ! limbs upw>ds firmly & en]getically4 
,9 ! #8,l&w4 ,v]su*s ,/at4' 7xviii1     
#ha-afi7ach ,rudolph ,pott has  record$ 
a s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts in/itut$ ) !
 object (  det]m9+ ! comp>ative         
quantities ( c>bonic acid excret$ by    
respiration & p]spiration 9 diff]5t     
species ( animals 9 equal  int]vals (   
"t2 toge!r ) "s exp]im5ts on ! excretion
 (  c>bonic acid by ! same animals "u   
diff]5t physiological  conditions4      
,footnote #ach3 #8,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41'  
#ahgf1 vol4 i1 p4 #gba4    ,! au?or     
/ates t 9 8 rese>*es he us$ an air tight
 box1 )  glass sides1 9 :i* ! animal is 
plac$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! air c  be drawn at 
any rate requir$ by means ( an          
aspirator4    ,! air be=e ent]+ ! glass 
*amb] passes ov] cau/ic pota% &  ?r\gh  
b>yta wat]2 aft] leav+ ! *amb] x passes 
?r\gh ?ree  flasks conta9+ kn[n         

quantities ( b>yta wat]4    ,9 ! fir/ "p
 ( ?is pap] ! au?or e/imates ! am\nt (  
c>bonic acid excret$ by diff]5t animals 
dur+ ! space ( six h\rs1  & "u o!rwise  
simil> circum/ances4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/
  important conclusions he arrives      
at3----    #a4 ,! greate/ quantity (    
c>bonic acid 9 proportion to _! weight  
is  giv5 (f by birds4 ,mammals are !    
next 9 ord]4 ,insects exhale less  ?an  
ei!r ( ^!4    #b4 ,worms1 amphibia1     
fi%es1 & snails =m ano!r gr\p :i*       
excrete  mu* less c>bonic acid4 ,( ^!   
worms exhale ! mo/ & snails !  lea/4    
#c4 ,^? animals ( ! second gr\p1 :i*    
live 9 wat]1 give (f !  greate/ "p ( _! 
c>bonic acid to ! air1 & only a mu*     
small]  portion to ! surr\nd+ wat]4     
#d4 ,"y animals excrete m c>bonic acid  
?an old ones2 ?is is mo/  m>k$ 9        
amphibia4 ,= example #ajj grams ( an old
 frog 7,rana  tempor>ia7 exhal$ 9 six   
h\rs #bac grm41 :]eas #ajj grams ( a "y 
frog gave (f 9 ! same "t #gfe grm4      
#e4 ,! l>v ( insects exhale less c>bonic

 acid ?an ! insects  !mselves4    #f4   
,diff]5t individuals ( ! same species   
exhale 9 ! same "t  ne>ly ! same        
quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 proportion to 
_!  body-weight4    ,9 ! second "p ( ?is
 pap] ! au?or describes exp]im5ts 9 !   
influ5ce ( col\r$ light on ! excretion (
 c>bonic acid2 9 ! same  animal 7m\se7 &
 = ! same "t4    ,he concludes t----    
#a4 ,! excretion ( c>bonic acid is less 
9 ord9>y daylight ?an 9  col\r$ light4  
#b4 ,! violet & r$ rays ex]cise ! lea/  
influ5ce on ! excretion  ( c>bonic acid1
 ! gre5 & yell[ are ! mo/ active2 & !   
milk-:ite & blue rays occupy an         
int]m$iate position4 ,! relation (  ^!  
diff]5t actions may be express$ by !    
foll[+ figures3----      ,violet4       
,r$4     ,milk-:ite4    #hfhi      #icch
         #ajj      ,blue4      ,gre54   
,yell[4    #abbfc     #abheb      #agdgi
    ,f9ally1 ! au?or exp]im5t$ ) a m\se 
dur+ ! night1 & f\nd  !n ! excretion (  
c>bonic acid at t "t is consid]ably less
 ?an  dur+ ! day4    ,,reval5,,ta       

,,arabica4 ,a mixture ( ! r$ ,arabian or
 ,egyptian l5til )  b>ley fl\r1 & a     
little sug> or salt4 7#8,lancet4'7 ,see 
,,l5til &  ,,reval5ta4                  
,,rev]b,,eratory ,,furnace4 ,see        
,,furnace4    ,,revi,,v]4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,,black ,,reviv]1 ,,p>is',s            
,,antic>dium47----a4 ,blue  galls       
7bruis$71 #d oz42 logwood & suma*1 ( ea*
 #a oz42 v9eg>1 #a  qu>t2 mac]ate 9 a   
clos$ vessel1 at a g5tle heat1 = #bd    
h\rs1 !n  /ra9 (f ! cle>1 add iron fil+s
 & gre5 copp]as1 ( ea* #a oz41  %ake x  
occasionally = a week1 & pres]ve x 9 a  
cork$ bottle4    b4 ,galls1 #a lb42     
logwood1 #b lb42 boil = #b h\rs 9 wat]1 
#e qu>ts1  until r$uc$ to a gallon1 !n  
/ra91 & add ( gre5 copp]as #a_/b lb4    
,us$ to re/ore ! col\r ( fad$ black     
clo?4    #b4 7,,blue ,,reviv]47 ,f      
soluble ,prussian blue1 #a oz42 dissolv$
 9  di/ill$ wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,us$ = ei!r  
black or blue clo?4    ,,rham,,n94      
,prep4 ,express ! juice f buck?orn      
b]ries sc>cely  ripe1 :i* is to be      

reject$2 boil ! cake or residue ) wat]1 
/ra9  ) pressure1 & filt] ! liquid :il/ 
hot2 crude rhamn9 w be  deposit$ z !    
liquid cools1 :i*1 by solution 9 boil+  
alcohol &  filtration1 may be procur$ 9 
cry/als4    ,obs4 ,buck?orn juice       
7succus rhamni71 8! juice ( ! fruit (   
,rhamnus ca?>ticus 7,l9n4710 is (fic9al 
9 ! ,ph4 ,l4    ,,rhat,,any4 ,syn4      
,,rhatany ,,root2 ,,kram]i ,,radix 7,b4 
,p472 ,,kram]ia 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e4  ,d471   
,,rhatani ,,radix1 ,l4 8,! root (       
,kram]ia tri&ria40 7,ph4 ,l47  ,x is    
/oma*ic1 & p[]fully a/r+5t &            
/yptic4----,dose1 #bj to #fj  gr41 ei!r 
9 p[d] or made into a decoction or      
infusion4 ,x is mu*  employ$ 9 too?     
p[d]s1 to fix ! tee? :5 !y become loos5$
 by  ! recession ( ! gums1 & also =     
improv+ ! natural r$ col\r  ( ! lips &  
gums4 ,a saturat$ t9cture or fluid      
extract1 made )  br&y1 =ms !            
#8w9e-col\r+' us$ by ! ,portuguese to   
give  r\ghness1 col\r1 & tone to _! port
 w9e4 ,h>d extract ( rhatany is  also   

mu* employ$ = ! same purpose4           
,,rhe,,94 ,syn4 ,,*rysophanic ,,acid4 ,!
 yell[ col\r+ pr9ciple (  rhub>b4       
,,rheumatic & ,,g\t ,,pills4 7,w4 ,gross
 ,c>diff74 ,pills weigh+ #b grammes     
roll$ 9 lycopodium1 ! ess5tial +r$i5ts (
 :i* are qu99e  sulphate1 gamboge1      
jalap1 res91 & a little rhub>b4 7,hag]47
    ,,rheu,,matism4 ,syn4               
,,rheumatismus1 ,l4 ,an affection ( !   
jo9ts1 & (  ! ext]nal muscul>1 t5d9\s1 &
 fibr\s textures ( ! body1  att5d$ )    
swell+1 /iffness1 & great pa94 ,acute   
rheumatism or  rheumatic                
fev]1----ar?ritis1 inflammation ( !     
synovial membrane1 or  rheumatic        
g\t1----sciatica1 or rheumatism ( !     
cellul> envelope ( !  great sciatic     
n]ve1 affect+ ! hip1----& lumbago1 or   
rheumatism ( !  lo9s1 are v>ieties ( ?is
 disease4    ,! treatm5t ( rheumatism   
consi/s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( purgatives  &
 diaphoretics or sudorifics1 accompani$ 
by tonics1 z b>k1 qu99e1  c4 ,calomel ) 
opium1 & iodide ( potassium1 h also be5 

frequ5tly  & successfully employ$ 9 ?is 
compla9t4 ,( late ye>s !  adm9i/ration (
 ! bic>bonate1 citrate1 or nitrate (    
potassa1 9  r l>ge doses1 has be5       
/rongly recomm5d$1 & 9 num]\s cases     
adopt$ ) success4 ,lemon juice1 lib]ally
 tak51 has also prov$ useful  9 sudd5ly 
cutt+ %ort sev]e attacks ( c]ta9 =ms (  
rheumatism4  ,! comp\nd p[d] (          
ipecacuanha1 tak5 at night1 w g5]ally   
promote  ! ease & sleep ( ! pati5t1 &1  
by its sudorific action1 t5d            
consid]ably to ha/5 a cure4 ,:]e        
possible1 a dry atmosph]e & a  regul>   
temp]ature %\ld be s\ght1 s9ce a damp   
atmosph]e1 &1  inde$1 exposure to damp  
"u any =m1 are ! pr9cipal causes (      
rheumatism4 ,/imulat+ embrocations1     
bli/]s1 frictions1 &1 above all1  ! hot 
or vap\r ba?1 are also frequ5tly        
s]viceable 9 rheumatism1  especially 9  
lumbago & casual attacks aris+ f cold4  
,! daily use  ( oranges1 or ( lemon     
juice dilut$ ) wat]1 has be5 f\nd1 9 !  
majority ( cases1 to less5 !            

susceptibility ( ^? :o employ !m  to    
attacks ( rheumatism & rheumatic g\t    
aris+ f a damp situation  or exposure to
 ! wea!r4 ,see ,,lemon ,,juice4         
,,rho,,dium4 ,a :iti% metal discov]$ by 
,wolla/on1 9 #ahjc1 associat$  )        
palladium 9 ! ore ( plat9um4    ,x is   
*iefly employ$ = tipp+ ! nibs ( metallic
 p5s 7#8rhodium' or  #8ev]la/+ p5s'74 ,a
 v small quantity add$ to /eel is said  
to  improve its clos5ess1 h>dness1 &    
t\ghness1 & to r5d] x less  easily      
corrodible by damp4    ,,rhu,,b>b4 ,syn4
 ,,rhei ,,radix 7,b4 ,p472 ,,rheum 7,ph4
 ,e4  ,d471 ,,rheum----,s95se  7,ph4    
,l471 ,,rhab>b>um1 ,,rh,m1 ,l4 8,! root 
( unc]ta9 species (  ,rheum40 7,ph4 ,l47
 ,accord+ to ,dr ,f4 ,f>re1 ! t]m       
#8s95se' 7,*9ese71  employ$ by ! ,london
 ,college1 80 plac$ aft] #8rheum1' to   
include !  s-call$ ,russian & ,ea/      
,indian rhub>bs1 :i* are consid]$ to be 
!  produce ( ,*9a & ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 & to 
exclude ,european1 ,himalayan1  c40     
,?ree pr9cipal v>ieties ( rhub>b are    

kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry3----    ,russian or   
,turkey rhub>b is ! produce (           
six-ye>-old plants ( !  m\nta9          
declivities ( ,*9ese ,t>t>y2 & its      
pr9cipal excell5ce  dep5ds on its m     
c>eful prep>ation1 & subsequ5t g>bl+1   
bo?  be=e its selection = ! ,russian    
m>ket1 & aft] its arrival at  ,kia*ta1 &
 aga9 at ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,at ,kia*ta all 
pieces ( a por\s1  grey1 or pale col\r  
are reject$1 ! :ole be+ p>$ & p]=at$1  !
 bett] to det]m9e ! quality ( ! int]ior 
portion4 ,at ,/  ,pet]sburg ! pieces are
 aga9 c>efully exam9$ & g>bl$1 & are1   
f9ally1 pack$ 9 close cases or *e/s1 :i*
 are r5d]$ air-tight by  ! application (
 pit* on ! outside4    ,ea/ ,india or   
,*9ese rhub>b is ! produce ( ! locality 
j ref]r$  to1 z well z ( o!r p>ts (     
,*9a4 ,x is obta9$ f y\ng]  plants1 &   
its prep>ation & subsequ5t selection or 
g>bl+ is  conduct$ ) less c>e4          
,engli% rhub>b is pr9cipally produc$ at 
,banbury1 ,ox=d%ire1 f !  ,rheum        
rhaponticum4 ,x is cut & dress$ up aft] 

! mann] ( ,turkey  rhub>b1 = :i* x is   
sold by it9]ant v5dors1 habit$ z ,turks4
    ,adult4 ,dr ,mais*#aci says !       
pres5ce ( turm]ic may be detect$ 9      
p[d]$ rhub>b by ! foll[+ me?od3----,a   
small quantity ( !  suspect$ rhub>b is  
agitat$ = a m9ute or two ) /rong        
alcohol1 &  !n filt]$1 *rysophanic acid 
be+ sp>+ly soluble 9 ?is  m5/ruum4 ,!   
br[n yell[ col\r ( ! filtrate is due to 
! res9\s  pr9ciples ( rhub>b ma9ly2 if  
adult]at$ ) turm]ic1 ! t9cture  w be ( a
 bright] yell[ %ade2 a /rong solution ( 
borax produces 9  bo? t9ctures a deep   
r$-br[n col\r4    ,footnote #aci3       
#8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1' xliii1  
#bei4    ,if n[ pure hydro*loric acid be
 add$ 9 l>ge excess1 ! t9cture (  pure  
rhub>b w in/antly assume a light yell[  
col\r1 :ile !  t9cture ( ! adult]at$    
p[d] w *ange m]ely to a light] %ade  (  
br[n-r$4    ,! te/ is a v delicate "o1 &
 is bas$ on ! lib]ation ( boracic  acid1
 :i* imp>ts to curcum9e a col\r simil>  
to t produc$ by  alkalies1 :ile all !   

pr9ciples ( rhub>b soluble 9 /rong      
alcohol  yield pale yell[ solutions 9   
acid liquids4    ,qual4 ,russian or     
,turkey rhub>b occurs 9 irregul>        
plano-convex or  r\ndi% lumps1 p]=at$ ) 
a circul> hole2 x possesses a yell[     
col\r outside2 :5 rec5tly brok51 !      
inside pres5ts a ri* mottl$  appe>ance1 
& evolves a peculi> & some:at aromatic  
od\r4 ,x is  firm1 compact1 heavy1      
p]fectly free f moi/ure1 & easily grat$4
 ,its  ta/e is bitt]1 slightly a/r+5t1 &
 sub-acid2 & :5 *ew$ x  feels gritty1 & 
t+es ! saliva ( a beautiful yell[ col\r4
 ,x  breaks ) a r\gh1 hackly fracture1  
is easily pulv]is$1 & its p[d]  is ( a  
bright buff-yell[ col\r4    ,ea/ ,india1
 ,canton1 or ,*9ese rhub>b is 9 flat    
pieces1 seldom  p]=at$1 & its ta/e &    
od\r are /rong] ?an ! o!r4 ,x is  also  
heavi]1 t+es ! saliva ( an orange-r$    
hue1 & :5 pulv]is$  ! p[d] is r$d] ?an t
 ( ,russian rhub>b4    ,engli% rhub>b   
possesses all ! prec$+ qualities 9 a    
greatly less  degree4 ,x is light &     

spongy1 does n feel gritty betwe5 !     
tee?1  its ta/e is mucilag9\s1 & its    
p[d] has a peculi> p9ki% hue n  pres5t 9
 ei!r ( ! o!r v>ieties ( rhub>b4 ,z a   
m$ic9e x  possesses little value1 & is  
*iefly employ$ to adult]ate ,ea/ ,india 
& ,turkey rhub>b4    ,prop41 c4 ,rhub>b 
is a/r+5t1 /oma*ic1 & purgative4 ,9     
small  doses its op]ation is pr9cipally 
or :olly conf9$ to ! dige/ive  organs2 9
 l>g] ones1 x fir/ acts z a mild ap]i5t1
 &1 aft]w>ds1  z an a/r+5t2 h5ce its    
value 9 di>rha4 ,x has also be5 us$     
ext]nally to promote ! heal+ ( indol5t  
sores4----,dose4 ,z a  /oma*ic1 #a to #e
 gr42 z a purgative1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,x  
is mo/ effective  :5 *ew$1 or 9 ! =m (  
p[d] produc$ by grat+ x4    ,rhub>b1    
,roa/ed4 ,syn4 ,,burnt ,,rhub>b2 ,,rheum
 ,,u/um1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  ,rhub>b1 9     
co>se p[d]1 is c>efully & regul>ly heat$
 9 a smoo?  %all[ iron disc1 ) con/ant  
/irr+1 until its col\r has *ang$ to  a  
mod]ately d>k br[n1 :5 x is all[$ to    
cool out ( contact )  ! air2 :5 cold1 x 

is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & at once put into a  
well-clos$ bottle4    #b4 7,hoblyn47    
,roa/ p[d]$ rhub>b1 9 an iron vessel1   
con/antly  /irr+1 until x becomes almo/ 
black2 !n smo!r x 9 a cov]$             
j>4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 z an a/r+5t
 9 di>rha1 & a tonic 9  dyspepsia1 c4   
,pr(4 ,proct]1 ! well-kn[n ,am]ican     
,ph>maceuti/1  recomm5ds ! rhub>b to be 
only roa/$ to a #8light br[n4'          
,,rice4 ,syn4 ,,oryza1 ,l4 ,! se$ (     
,oryza sativa1 a plant ( !  natural ord]
 ,gram9ace4 ,sev]al v>ieties are kn[n 9 
comm]ce1  di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! c\ntry or
 di/rict :i* produces !m4  ,! f9e/ is t 
import$ f ,c>ol9a4 ,x rea*es ?is c\ntry 
9 a  decorticat$ condition4 #8,paddy' is
 rice ) ! husk ^u x4 ,dr ,le!by         
e/imates t x af=ds n\ri%m5t to n less   
?an a hundr$ millions  ( p4    ,z an    
article ( diet1 rice is highly nutriti\s
 & :olesome :5  comb9$ ) fre% animal or 
o!r nitrog5is$ food2 b1 ow+ to !  v     
small quantity ( #8fle%-=m]s' :i* x     
conta9s1 & its  comp>ative de/itution 9 

sal9e matt]1 x is totally unfit to =m ! 
pr9cipal portion ( ! diet ( ! work+     
classes1 or ! poorly f$1  at lea/ 9 ?is 
climate4 8,x does n appe> s well        
calculat$ =  ,european con/itutions z ! 
potato1 = we f9d ! poor con/antly       
reject x :5 potatoes c be _h40 ,?is     
pref]5ce evid5tly dep5ds on  some?+ m   
?an m]e :im or ta/e1 = "s ye>s ago1 :5  
rice 0  sub/itut$ = potatoes 9 "s ( our 
union workh\ses1 ! mo/ s]i\s            
consequ5ces foll[$4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 n9e or  
t5 dea?s f scurvy &  alli$ diseases     
occurr$ 9 a s+le =tnight4 ,l>ge         
quantities ( rice  are annually import$ 
into ,brita91 & us$ by di/ill]s 9 !     
manufacture ( spirits4    ,le!by gives !
 foll[+ z ! composition ( rice3----     
,nitrog5\s matt]    #fc                 
,c>bo-hydrates       #gie    ,fatty     
matt]          #jg    ,sal9e matt]      
#je    ,wat]                #acj        
------------                            
#ajjj    ,pay5 gives ! foll[+ z !       
composition ( dri$ rice3----            

,nitrog5\s matt]   #gee    ,/>*         
#hhfe    ,dextr91 c4         #ajj       
,fatty matt]         #jhj    ,cellulose 
#aaj    ,m9]al wat]        #jij         
------------                            
#ajjjj    ,a% ( rice3----      ,pota%   
#ahdh    ,soda                #ajfg     
,lime                 #abg    ,magnesia 
#aafi    ,oxide ( iron        #jde      
,phosphoric acid     #eccf    ,*lor9e   
#jbg    ,silica               #cce      
------------                            
#iied    ,rice1 ,to ,cook4 ,if rice is  
boil$ x %\ld be subject$ to a l[        
temp]ature4 ,! be/ way ( cook+ rice1    
h[ev]1 is by ?or\ghly  /eam+ x4 ,by ?is 
me?od1 x is said1 ! loss ( nitrog5\s    
matt] is  prev5t$1 & ! gra9 consequ5tly 
suff]s no dim9ution ( nutritive  p[]1 z 
9 ! case ( boil+4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #a4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  
,microscopic appe>ance ( ,rice4    ,fig4
 #a----,transv]se section ( ! husk (    
rice4    ,fig4 #b4----;,appe>ance ( husk
 z se5 9 a transp>5t m$ium ( glyc]9  &  

gum3 a1 ,silice\s granules arrang$ 9    
longitud9al & transv]se  ridges1 p]=at$ 
by op5+s----/omata1 "s hav+ hairs ov]   
!m4 b  c1 ,transv]se & longitud9al1     
brittle1 r\gh-edg$ fibres1 d1 ,a f9e    
membrane ( transv]se angul> cells2 ^!   
ov]lie a v delicate  membrane ( l>ge    
cells1 e4    ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic 
appe>ance ( gr\nd rice-fl\r4            
,,ric9o,,leic ,,acid4 ,a v>iety ( oleic 
acid discov]$ 9 saponifi$  ca/or oil4   
,,rick,,ets4 ,syn4 ,,ra*itis1 ,l4 ,a    
disease1 g5]ally conf9$ to  *ildhood1   
*>act]is$ by a l>ge head1 prom95t       
=ehead1 protrud$  brea/ bone1 flatt5$   
ribs1 tumid belly1 emaciat$ limbs1 &    
great  g5]al debility4 ,! bones1 m      
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! sp9e &  legs1 become  
di/ort$1 & exhibit a defici5cy ( e>?y   
matt]2 !  /ools are frequ5t & loose1 a  
sl[ fev] succe$s1 ) c\gh1 pa9ful  &     
difficult respiration1 &1 unless ! *ild 
rallies1 atrophy is  confirm$1 & dea?   
ensues4 ,:5 recov]y takes place !re is  
always  m or less de=mity left4    ,!   

common causes ( rickets are bad nurs+1  
exposure to damp & cold1  & insuffici5t 
nutrition1 aris+ f ! use ( :ite bread   
conta9+  alum1 or any ( ! p]nici\s      
comp\nds v5d$ "u ! names (  #8,,f>9ace\s
 ,,food1' #8,,infants' ,f41' #8,,pat5t  
,f41' c4 ,rickets1 l c>ies  ( ! bones1  
is a disease :i* is sc>cely kn[n among/ 
infants ^:  pap is made ( pure :eat5    
bread1 & ^: mo!rs or nurses consume !   
same !mselves4    ,! treatm5t ( rickets 
dep5ds m on prop] dome/ic managem5t ?an 
on direct m$ication4 ,c>eful nurs+1 w>m 
dry clo?+1 ?or\gh  v5tilation1 mod]ate  
ex]cise1 &1 above all1 a light nutriti\s
 mix$  diet ab\nd+ 9 nitrog5\s matt] & !
 phosphates1 w d mu* to  effect a cure4 
,to ^! may be add$ ! adm9i/ration ( !   
mild]  *alybeate tonics1 b>k1 or qu99e1 
) occasional doses ( "s mild  ap]i5t1 z 
phosphate ( soda1 or1 :5 !re is di>rha1 
( rhub>b or  "s o!r tonic purge4 ,!     
adm9i/ration ( small doses ( phosphate (
  lime or ( dilute phosphoric acid1     
frequ5tly repeat$1 or1 /ill bett]1  !   

daily use ( jelly made ( pure ivory or  
bone %av+s1 w (t5  effect wond]s 9 ^?   
cases 9 :i* ! bones are implicat$ f an  
app>5t defici5cy ( e>?y matt]4 ,see     
,,bread1 ,,f>9a1 ,,nurs+1 c4            
,,r+,,worm4 ,syn4 ,,scald-,,head2       
,,porrigo1 ,l4 ,! common r+worm1 !      
,,porrigo ,,scutulata ( m$ical writ]s1  
is a disease t appe>s 9  circul> pat*es 
( little pu/ules1 :i* aft]w>ds =m scabs1
 leav+  a r$ pimply surface1 & de/roy+ !
 bulbs ( ! hair 9 its  progress4 ,x     
spreads rapidly1 & is v infecti\s1 (t5  
runn+  ?r\gh a :ole s*ool4 ,x *iefly    
affects ! neck1 =ehead1 & scalp  (      
weakly *ildr51 & frequ5tly arises )\t   
any app>5t cause1 b1  9 g5]al1 may be   
trac$ to uncleanness1 or contact )      
p>ties  suff]+ f ! disease4    ,!       
treatm5t ( r+worm consi/s 9 %av+ ! "p1 &
 keep+ x  clean ) soap & wat]1 at ! same
 "t t an occasional mild sal9e  ap]i5t  
is adm9i/]$1 & a light1 nutriti\s diet1 
( :i* ! r$  meat & ripe fruits %\ld =m a
 portion1 be rigor\sly adh]$ to4 ,:5  ! 

scabb+ comm5ces1 dress+s ( t> o9tm5t1 or
 ( ! o9tm5t (  nitrate or r$ oxide (    
m]cury1 or a mixture ( equal p>ts ( !   
fir/  & ei!r ! second or ?ird1 %\ld be  
appli$1 9 ea* case dilut+  ! mixture )  
suffici5t l>d to adapt x to ! /ate (    
irritability  ( ! "p4 ,dur+ ?is treatm5t
 ! head %\ld be cov]$ ) an  ord9>y      
nightcap1 or "s simple b&age1 & n       
envelop$ 9 a bladd]  or oil-sk9 case1 z 
is commonly ! practice1 s9ce ! complete 
exclusion ( atmosph]ic air t5ds to      
aggravate ! disease4    ,,ri,,p5+4 ,see 
,,brew+1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,w9e1 c4    
,,roa/,,+4 ,alexis ,soy] recomm5ds1 8z  
an inv>iable rule10 t 8all  d>k meats1  
su* z beef & mutton1 %\ld be put d[n to 
a %>p fire  = at lea/ fifte5 m9utes1    
until ! outside has acquir$ a coat+ (   
osmazome1 or cond5s$ gravy1 & !n remov$ 
back1 & all[$ to cook  g5tly4 ,lamb1    
veal1 & pork1 if "y & t5d]1 %\ld be done
 at a  mod]ate fire4 ,veal %\ld ev5 be  
cov]$ ) pap]4    8,v ri* meat1 if cov]$ 
) pap]1 does n require ba/+4 ,f[ls1  c41

 %\ld be plac$ close to ! fire1 to set !
 sk91 & 9 ab\t t5  m9utes rubb$ ov] ) a 
small piece ( butt]1 press$ 9 a spoon4  
,meats1 :il/ roa/+1 %\ld be dr$g$ )     
fl\r1 j at ! "t  :5 ! gravy beg9s to    
appe>2 ! fl\r absorbs x1 & =ms a coat+  
:i* prev5ts any m com+ out4 ,h>es &     
small game %\ld be treat$  9 ! same     
mann]40    ,"u ord9>y circum/ances z to 
! fire1 & ! di/ance betwe5 x  & ! jo9t1 
beef1 mutton1 & veal1 take ab\t #a_/d   
h\r p] lb4 9  roa/+4 ,lamb1 p\ltry1 &   
small game1 require only #ab to #ad     
m9utes p]  lb42 :il/ veal takes fully   
#ae m9utes1 & pork takes f #a_/d h\r to 
#bj m9utes1 z !y mu/ always be well     
done4 ,! fle% ( old animals  requires m 
cook+ ?an ! fle% ( "y ones2 & inf]ior1  
t\gh1  & bony p>ts ?an ! prime jo9ts &  
pieces4    ,roa/+ is n an economical    
me?od ( cook+ pieces ( meat ab\nd+  9   
bone or t5d9\s matt]1 s9ce ! nutriti\s  
portion ( ^! is  ei!r de/roy$ or r5d]$  
insoluble by ! heat employ$4 ,?us1 ! raw
  bones f a jo9t are capable ( af=d+ a  

ri* & excell5t bas9 (  s\p1 highly      
nutriti\s2 :il/ ! bones f a correspond+ 
jo9t :i*  has be5 roa/$ are ne>ly       
wor?less :5 s treat$4 ,! same applies  )
 ev5 great] =ce to ! gri/ly & t5d9\s    
portions4 ,a dry heat  ei!r de/roys !m  
or conv]ts !m into a horny sub/ance1    
unfit =  food2 :il/ by boil+ !y are     
trans=m$ into a highly succul5t &       
nutriti\s article ( food1 besides af=d+ 
excell5t s\p or jelly4  ,h5ce ! policy (
 #8bon+' meat be=e roa/+ or bak+ x2 or1 
at all  ev5ts1 ( remov+ ! bony portion  
:i* w\ld be mo/ expos$ to !  action ( ! 
fire4 ,see ,,bone & ,,jelly4    ,,rob4  
,syn4 ,,roob4 ,a t]m1 d]iv$ f ! ,arabic1
 =m]ly appli$ to  ! inspissat$ juice (  
ripe fruit1 mix$ ) honey or sug> to !   
consi/5ce ( a cons]ve ( ?9 extract4 ,rob
 ( eld]-b]ries 7,,eld]  ,,rob2 ,,roob   
,,sambuci71 junip] b]ries 7,,junip]     
,,rob2 ,,roob ,,junip]i71  mulb]ries    
7,,mulb]ry ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,diamorum71 & 
walnuts 7,,walnut ,,rob2 ,,roob         
,,dyac>yon71 ) a few o!rs1 are /ill f\nd

 9 "s ( ! =eign  ,ph>macopias4          
,,rock4 ,! popul> "n ( a sweetmeat =m$ (
 sug> boil$ to a c&y1  & !n p\r$ ^u an  
oil$ slab1 & all[$ to cool 9 ! lump4 ,x 
is  v>i\sly flav\r$4    ,,rock          
,,crys,,tal4 ,native cry/allis$ silica4 
,see ,,qu>tz4    ,,rock ,,oil4 ,see     
,,petroleum4    ,,rock ,,soap4 ,a native
 silicate ( alum9a2 us$ = crayons1 & =  
wa%+ clo?4    ,,roc,,kets4 7,9          
pyrote*ny47 ,prep4 ,! ,,cases4----,^!   
are made ( /\t  c>tridge pap]1 roll$ on 
a m\ld & pa/$1 & !n ?rottl$ a little    
bel[ ! m\?1 l ! neck ( a phial4 ,!      
diamet] %\ld be exactly  equal to t ( a 
lead5 ball ( ! same weight1 & ! l5g?    
%\ld  be equal to #c-a_/b times !       
ext]nal diamet]4 ,above ! sp9dle !re    
mu/ be "o int]ior diamet] ( composition 
driv5 solid4 ,!y are fill$  ) ! foll[+  
mixtures1 tightly driv5 91 & :5 int5d$ =
  flight 7,,sky-,,rockets71 !y are      
#8g>ni%$1' & affix$ to will[ rods to    
direct _! c\rse4    ,!                  
,,composition4----#a4 7,m>%47----a4 ,=  

#b-oz4 rockets4 ,f nitre1 #ed-a_/b      
p>ts2 sulphur1 #ah p>ts2 *>coal1        
#bg-a_/d p>ts2 all 9 f9e p[d]1 &  pass$ 
?r\gh lawn4    b4 ,= #d-oz4 d4 ,f nitre1
 #fd p>ts2 sulphur1 #af p>ts2 *>coal1   
#bj  p>ts2 z ! la/4    c4 ,= #a_/b-lb4  
to #a-lb4 d4 ,f nitre1 #fb-c_/d p>ts2   
sulphur1 #ae-c_/d  p>ts2 *>coal1        
#ba-a_/b p>ts4    #b4 7,ruggi]i47----a4 
,= rockets ( #c_/d-;in* diamet]4 ,f     
nitre1 #af  p>ts2 *>coal1 #g p>ts2      
sulphur1 #d p>ts4    b4 ,= #c_/d- to    
#a-a_/b-;in* rockets1 use #a "p m (     
nitre4    c4 ,= #a-c_/d-;in* rockets1   
use #b p>ts m ( nitre4    d4 ,by us+ #a 
"p less ( *>coal & add+ respectively #c1
 #d1 & #e  p>ts ( f9e /eel fil+s1 !     
above are conv]t$ into #8,,brilliant    
,,fires1'    e4 ,by ! sub/itution (     
co>se ca/-iron bor+s = fil+s1 & a  fur!r
 omission ( #b p>ts ( *>coal f ea*1 !   
latt] are  conv]t$ into #8,,*9ese       
,,fire1'    ,,h&-,,rockets &            
,,gr\nd-,,rockets are usually load$ )   
no?+ b v  f9e meal gunp[d] & iron or z9c

 fil+s or bor+s4    ,aft]               
,,sky-,,rockets & ,,wat]-,,rockets are  
*>g$1 a piece ( clay is driv5  91 ?r\gh 
:i* a hole is pi]c$1 & ! #8head' or     
#8g>niture' fill$  ) />s1 & a little    
corn-p[d] is !n appli$4 ,see ,,fires1   
,,/>s1  & ,,pyrote*ny4    ,,rolls4 ,a   
v>iety ( fancy bread1 g5]ally 9 ! =m (  
small  semi-cyl9drical cakes1 prep>$ by 
! bak]s1 & int5d$ to be eat5  hot =     
breakfa/4 ,!y diff] f ord9>y f9e or     
,fr5* bread1 z x  is call$1 *iefly 9    
conta9+ m wat]4 ,"s are wett$ up ) milk 
& wat]1 & are h5ce call$ #8milk rolls4' 
,,roll 7,w9e74 ,prep4 ,soak a ,fr5* roll
 or sponge-biscuit 9 rais91  m>sala1 or 
%]ry w9e1 surr\nd x by a cu/>d or cream 
?ick5$ )  eggs1 & add "s spice &        
ornam5ts4    ,,root4 ,syn4 ,,radix1 ,l4 
,t "p ( a plant :i* imbibes its         
n\ri%m5t f ! soil or m$ium 9 :i* x gr[s4
 ,9 popul>  language1 bulbs1 corms1     
tub]s1 c41 are improp]ly includ$ "u ?is 
t]m4    ,,ro,,p9ess4 ,see ,,malt        
,,liquors & ,,w9es4    ,,rhypoph,,agon4 

,prep4 ,f yell[ soap1 slic$1 #a oz42 s(t
 soap  7f9e/71 #c oz42 melt !m by ! heat
 ( hot wat]1 !n all[ !m to  cool a      
little1 & /ir 9 ( oil ( cloves1 #a_/b   
dr42 ess5ce (  amb]gris1 #aj drops4 ,x  
is kept a mon? be=e sale4 ,us$ = %av+4  
,,rose4 ,syn4 ,,rosa1 ,l4 ,! typical    
g5us ( ! natural ord] ,rosace4  ,x      
includes num]\s species greatly priz$ z 
g>d5 plants4    ,rose1 ,cabbage4 ,syn4  
,,hundr$-,,leav$ ,,rose2 ,,ros          
,,c5tilfoli ,,petala 7,b4  ,p471 ,,rosa 
,,c5tifolia 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 8,!    
fre% petals0 7,ph4 ,l47 ( ?is  species  
are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,odor\s & slightly    
a/r+5t &  laxative4 ,see ,,wat]s &      
,,syrup4    ,rose1 ,dog4 ,! ,rosa can9a1
 or wild bri>4 ,see ,,hips4    ,rose1   
,fr5*4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,rose2 ,,ros ,,gallic
 ,,petala 7,b4 ,p471 ,,rosa ,,gallica   
7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 8,! fre% & dri$
 unexp&$ petals0 7,ph4 ,l47 (  ?is      
species are (fic9al4 ,! :ite claws ( !  
petals are remov$  be=e dry+ !m4        
,uses1 c4 ,! r$ rose is an elegant      

a/r+5t & tonic1 &1 z su*1  is us$ z !   
basis ( sev]al ph>maceutical            
prep>ations4 ,see  ,,confection1        
,,honeys1 ,,infusion1 & ,,syrup4        
,,rose,,m>y4 ,syn4 ,,rosm>9us 7,ph4 ,l4 
,e4  ,d47 ,! fl[]+ tops (  ,rosm>9us    
(fic9alis 7,l9n471 or ! common rosem>y (
 our g>d5s1  are (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 ,e4   
,d42 z is also ! oil 7oleum rosm>9i7 9  
! ,b4 ,p4 & ,ph4 ,l4 ,! od\r ( bo? is   
refre%+1 & !y are reput$  c>m9ative1    
emm5agogue1 & neurotic4 ,! dri$ leaves  
are occasionally  us$ by ! hy/]ical &   
hypo*ondriacal z a sub/itute = ,*9a tea4
  ,! oil is an +r$i5t 9 ,hung>y wat]1 & 
is mu* us$ 9 v>i\s  cosmetic comp\nds1  
"u ! presumption ( its enc\rag+ ! gr[? (
  hair & improv+ its quality4    ,,rose 
,,p9k4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4    ,,ro,,s94
 ,see ,,res94    ,,rosy-,,drop4 ,see    
,,acne4    ,,rot4 ,syn4 ,,greatrot1     
,,hydrophic ,r41    ,,%eep ,r41 ,,wet   
,r4 ,a disease peculi> to %eep1 produc$ 
by ! pres5ce 9  ! liv] ( ! ,di/oma      
hepatica1 a p>asite commonly kn[n "u !  

"n ( 8a fluke40 ,rot prevails dur+ v wet
 or ra9y seasons4 ,!  lead+ symptoms are
 loss ( fle% & vivacity2 ! lips & tongue
 look  vivid1 & ! eyes sad & glassy2 !  
pelt comes (f on ! slighte/  pull2 !    
brea? is fetid1 & ! ur9e highly col\r$ &
 scanty2 &  !re is ei!r black purg+ or  
ob/9ate co/iv5ess4 ,! treatm5t  consi/s 
9 a *ange to a dry w>m elevat$          
situation1 & a dry diet1  consi/+ (     
oats1 b>ley meal1 tail-:eat1 c41 to :i* 
"s turnips1  c>rots1 or mangel wurzel   
may be add$1 ) a lib]al supply ( common 
salt1 & a few gra9s ( sulphur1 daily4   
,^! la/ two sub/ances =m  ! active      
+r$i5ts 9 ,fle%'s #8,pat5t ,re/orative4'
 ,see ,,meat1 ,,disease  ,,(4    ,,rot  
79 ,timb]74 ,see ,,dry ,,rot4           
,,rota,,tion 7( ,crops74 ,! rotation or 
succession ( crops is absolutely        
necess>y = ! successful & economical    
cultivation ( ! soils4  ,crops h be5    
divid$ by agriculturi/s into exhau/+    
crops1 re/or+  crops1 & clean+ crops4 ,!
 mo/ exhau/+ crops are usually  consid]$

 to be ^? ( corn1 b all ^? t are all[$  
to rip5  _! se$ & :i* are c>ri$ (f !    
gr\nd are also exhau/+1 b  9 diff]5t    
degrees4 ,ev5 clov]1 t>es1 & grass cut  
gre5 are  consid]$ z exhau/+1 b 9 a less
 degree ?an ^? t are all[$  to rip54    
,re/or+ crops are su* z are all[$ to    
decay ^u !  gr\nd1 or are consum$ ^u x  
by dome/ic animals4 ,clean+ crops are   
su* z are gr[n 9 drills1 & und]go !     
usual op]ations ( we$+1  hoe+1 c42 !    
majority ( ^! may also be reg>d$ z      
exhau/+  crops4 ,an exhau/+ crop %\ld   
always be foll[$ by a re/or+ or a       
clean+ crop2 or1 :]e possible1 by bo?   
comb9$4 ,crops %\ld also  succe$ ea* o!r
 9 su* a way t ! soil may n be exhau/$ (
 any  "o p>ticul> k9d ( nutrim5t4 ,?is  
is be/ effect$ by s rotat+ !  crops t   
plants :i* are ne>ly alli$ %\ld n succe$
 ea* o!r on  ! same soil1 or1 at all    
ev5ts1 n m ?an once4 ,see ,,agriculture1
  ,,soils1 c4    ,,rot,,t5 ,,/one4 ,see 
,,tripoli4    ,,r\ge4 ,syn4 ,,toilet    
,,r\ge2 ,,r\ge ,,vegetal1 ,,r\ge        

,d',,espagne1 ,fr4 ,prep4  ,wa% saffl[] 
7any quantity7 until ! wat] comes (f    
col\rless2 dry  & pulv]ise x1 & dige/ ! 
p[d] 9 a weak solution ( cry/allis$     
c>bonate ( soda2 !n place "s f9e        
cotton-wool at ! bottom ( a  porcela9 or
 glass vessel1 p\r ! filt]$ t9ctorial   
solution on ?is1  & ?r[ d[n ! col\r+    
matt]1 by gradually add+ lemon juice or 
:ite-w9e v9eg>1 until x ceases to       
produce a precipitate2 next wa%  !      
prep>$ cotton 9 pure cold wat]1 &       
dissolve out ! col\r ) a  fre% solution 
( soda2 to ! new solution add a quantity
 ( f9ely  p[d]$ talc or ,fr5* *alk1     
proportionate to ! int5d$ quality (     
r\ge2 mix well1 & precipitate ) lemon   
juice1 z be=e2 la/ly1  collect ! p[d]1  
dry x ) great c>e1 ) z little heat z    
possible1 & triturate x ) a v small     
quantity ( oil ( olives1 to  r5d] x     
smoo? & adhesive4    ,obs4 ,accord+ to !
 be/ au?orities1 ?is is ! only article  
:i*  w bright5 a lady's complexion )\t  
injur+ ! sk94 ,! relative  f95ess &     

proportion ( talc employ$ det]m9es !    
quality ( !  r\ge4 ,x is appli$ by means
 ( a camel-hair p5cil1 a small #8p[d]   
puff1' or a h>e's foot4 ,x is also      
employ$ "u ! =m ( #8pommade'  &         
#8crepons4' ,! la/ ( ^! consi/ ( pieces 
( :ite wooll5 crape1  ^u :i* ! col\r+   
matt] ( ! c>?amus has be5 precipitat$1  
in/ead ( ^u ! talc1 notic$ above4    ,! 
foll[+ articles also pass "u ! "n (     
r\ge1 & are us$ =  ! purposes nam$ aft] 
ea*3----    ,r\ge1 ,br[n-r$4 ,jewell]'s 
r\ge4    ,r\ge1 ,*9ese ,c>d4 ,?is is    
said to be a #8c>?amate ( soda1' x is   
col\rless :5 appli$1 b1 be+ decompos$ by
 ! acid secretions (  ! sk91 acquires a 
mo/ beautiful rose-l t9t4               
7,o',%aughnessy47    ,r\ge1 ,jewell]'s4 
,sesquioxide ( iron prep>$ by           
calc9ation4 ,us$ to  poli% gold1 c4     
,r\ge1 ,liquid4 ,! r$ liquid left f !   
prep>ation ( c>m9e2 or a  solution (    
c>m9e 9 weak c>bonate ( pota% wat]1 or (
 pure r\ge 9  alcohol acidulat$ ) acetic
 acid4    ,r\ge1 ,indi5ne4 ,! t]ra      

p]sica1 or ,indian r$2 import$ f ,ormuz4
    ,r\ge de ,prusse4 ,light r$ or burnt
 yell[ o*re4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4       
,r\ge1 ,spani% ,lady's4 ,?is is cotton  
wool :i* has be5 repeat$ly  wett$ ) an  
ammoniacal solution ( c>m9e1 & dri$4 ,x 
is appli$  l #8r\ge crepons4'    ,r\ge  
d',a!nes1 ,v]t4 ,syn4 ,,pure ,,r\ge4    
,see ,,c>?am9e4    ,,r\gh,,en+4 ,see    
,,w9es4    ,,rubefa,,ci5ts4 ,syn4       
,,rubefaci5tia1 ,l4 ,sub/ances or ag5ts 
:i*1  :5 appli$ = a c]ta9 "t to ! sk91  
occasion a r$ness &  increase ( heat1   
)\t bli/]+4 ,!y act z c\nt]-irritants4  
,mu/>d1 p[d]$ g+] 7bo? made into a pa/e 
) wat]71 h>t%orn  & oil1 & e!r & _s (   
w9e 7:5 _! evaporation is  prev5t$71 are
 famili> examples ( ?is class ( rem$ies4
    ,,rube,,ola4 ,see ,,measles4        
,,rubia,,c94 ,an orange-col\r$ sub/ance1
 obta9$ f madd]4    ,,rubid,,ium4 ,eng41
 ,l4 ,a metal belong+ to ! alkal9e gr\p 
discov]$  by ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f by means 
( spectrum analysis4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m    
m9]al wat]s associat$ ) csium4          

,,ru,,by4 ,see ,,gems & ,,pa/es4        
,,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rut ,,folia1 ,,ruta 7,ph4
 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 8,! leaf ,ruta          
graveol5s40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a p[]ful        
antispasmodic1 diuretic1 & /imulant4  ,x
 is also reput$ n]v9e & emm5agogue4 ,!  
fre% leaves are  p[]fully acrid1 & ev5  
vesicant2 b !y become mild] 9           
dry+4----,dose4 ,( ! p[d]1 #ae to #cj   
gr41 twice or ?rice daily2 9  hy/]ia1   
flatul5t colic1 c4 ,see ,,infusion &    
,,oils 7,volatile74    ,,rum4 ,syn4     
,,spiritus ,,jamaci5sis1 ,,spiritus     
,,sac*>i1 ,l4 ,an ard5t _s  obta9$ by   
di/illation f ! f]m5t$ skimm+s ( !      
sug>-boil]s  7syrup scum71 ! dra9+s ( ! 
sug>-pots & hog%eads 7molasses71  !     
wa%+s ( ! boil]s & o!r vessels1 toge!r )
 suffici5t  rec5t cane juice or wort1   
prep>$ by ma%+ ! cru%$ cane1 to imp>t  !
 necess>y flav\r4 ,! sweet liquor be=e  
f]m5tation commonly  conta9s f #ab to   
#af ( sac*>9e1 & e t5 gallons yield f   
"o to two gallons ( rum4    ,! av]age   
/r5g? ( rum1 z import$ into ?is c\ntry1 

is ab\t #bj  ,o4,p4 ,l all o!r spirits1 
x is col\rless :5 x issues f !  /ill1 b 
ow+ to ! ta/e ( ! consum] ! di/ill] is  
compell$  to col\r x be=e x leaves 8    
premises4    ,obs4 ,rum is import$ f !  
,we/ ,indies4 ,! be/ comes f ,jamaica1  
& is h5ce di/+ui%$ by t "n4 ,leew>d     
,isl& rum is less  e/eem$4 ,! duty on   
rum is #ajs4 #b;d4 p] pro(-gallon if    
import$  direct f any ( ! ,briti%       
,colonies 7,colonial rum71 b #ajs4 #e;d4
  if f any o!r "p ( ! _w 7=eign rum74 ,!
 consumption ( rum  has long be5 decl9+ 
9 ,engl&2 its place be+ *iefly suppli$  
by  g94 ,rum owes its flav\r to a       
volatile oil & butyric acid1 a fact :i* 
! w>y *emi/ has avail$ himself ( 9 !    
manufacture ( a butyric  comp\nd 7ess5ce
 ( rum7 = ! especial purpose ( enabl+ ! 
_s  deal] to manufacture a factiti\s rum
 f malt or molasses _s4 ,9  ,jamaica x  
is usual to put slic$ p9e apples into ! 
pun*eons  conta9+ ! f9] qualities ( rum1
 :i* is !n t]m$ p9e-apple  rum4 ,see    
,,alcohol1 ,,_s1 c4    ,,rum1 ,,bay1 ,r4

 ,ro!r's ,=mula =4 ,accord+ to an       
,am]ican au?ority1  true bay rum is made
 f ,pim5ta acris 7,myrica acris1        
,s*w>tz2  ,myrtus acris1 ,willd471 & n f
 ,laurus nobilis1 z commonly  suppos$2 !
 me?od ( its di/illation n be+ kn[n     
outside ! ,we/  ,indies1 x has be5      
cu/om>y to make x extemporane\sly ) !   
oil (  bay di/ill$ f ! leaves ( ! =m]   
plant4 ,?is prep>ation is  inf]ior 9    
fragrance1 h[ev]1 to ! g5u9e article4 ,!
 foll[+  =mula ( ,r4 ,ro!r is said to   
give v good results4 ,take ( oil (      
bayb]ry1 #a fl4 oz42 ,jamaica rum1 #a   
p9t2 /rong alcohol1 #d p9ts2 wat]1  #c  
p9ts4 ,mix ! rum1 alcohol1 & wat]1 !n   
add ! oil2 mix &  filt]4    ,,rup]t',s  
,,drops4 ,^! are made by lett+ drops (  
melt$ glass fall  into cold wat]4 ,by   
?is means !y assume an oval =m1 ) a tail
 or  neck resembl+ a retort4 ,!y possess
 ?is s+ul> prop]ty t1 if a  small       
portion ( ! tail is brok5 (f1 ! :ole    
bur/s into p[d] )  an explosion1 & a    
consid]able %ock is communicat$ to ! h&4

    ,,rupia4 ,?is is an affection ( !   
sk9 att5d$ by ! =mation on x  (         
vesicles1 t develop into ulc]s :i*      
copi\sly dis*>ge a f\l1  unheal?y1 &    
r$di% matt]4 ,aft] a "t ?is matt] h>d5s 
& =ms  a ?ick incru/ation ov] ! sores4  
,! be/ treatm5t is to put ! pati5t ^u a 
g5]\s diet1 includ+  w9e1 & to adm9i/]  
iodide ( potassium ) s>sap>illa or      
qu99e4  ,! scabs %\ld be p\ltic$4       
,,rup,,ture4 ,see ,,surg]y4    ,,rusks4 
,prep4 ,f #d eggs2 new milk & w>m wat]1 
( ea* #a_/b p9t2  melt$ butt] & sug>1 ( 
ea* #a_/d lb42 yea/1 #c table-spoonfuls2
 beat  well toge!r ) z mu* fl\r1 add$   
gradually1 z w make a v  light pa/e2 let
 x rise be=e ! fire = half an h\r1 !n   
add a  little m fl\r1 =m into small     
loaves or cakes #e or #f in*es wide1 &  
flatt5 !m2 bake ^! mod]ately1 &1 :5     
cold1 cut !m into slices  ( ! size (    
rusks1 & put !m into ! ov5 to br[n a    
little4 ,a nice  tea-cake :5 hot1 or )  
c>aways1 to eat cold4 ,,pla9 ,,rusks are
 made by  simply cutt+ loaves ( bread   

into slices1 & bak+ !m 9 a sl[ ov5  to !
 prop] col\r4    ,,rus,,ma4 ,an ars5ical
 iron pyrites1 f\nd 9 ,galatia1 :i*1 :5 
r$uc$  to p[d]1 & mix$ ) half its weight
 ( quicklime1 is us$ by !  ,turki%      
ladies to make _! #8,,psilo?rons1' or   
comp\nds to remove  sup]flu\s hair4 ,see
 ,,depilatory4    ,,ru/4 ,syn4 ,,rubigo1
 ,l4 ,! coat+ or film ( oxide or        
c>bonate :i*  =ms on ! surface ( sev]al 
( ! metals :5 expos$ to a moi/          
atmosph]e2 m p>ticul>ly1 t :i* =ms on   
iron or /eel 7,,f]ri  ,,hydrate2        
,,hydrat$ ,,sesquioxide ,,( ,,iron2     
,,f]rugo1 ,,f]ri ,,rubigo74    ,to      
prev5t iron or /eel goods ru/+1 x is    
m]ely necess>y to pres]ve  !m f damp or 
moi/ure4 ,9 ! %ops1 small articles 9    
/eel are1  commonly1 ei!r v>ni%$ or     
enclos$ 9 quick-lime f9ely pulv]is$2    
l>ge articles are g5]ally protect$ ) a  
coat+ ( plumbago1 or (  boil$ oil1 or "s
 *eap v>ni%1 appli$ to !m1 previ\sly    
g5tly  heat$4 ,surgical in/rum5ts are   
frequ5tly slightly sme>$ ) a little     

/rong m]curial o9tm5t1 ) ! same         
int5tion4    ,spots ( ru/ may be remov$ 
f ! surface ( poli%$ iron or /eel by    
rubb+ !m ) a little tripoli or v f9e    
em]y made into a pa/e  ) sweet oil2 or1 
*emically1 by a mixture ( poli%]'s      
putty-p[d]  ) a little oxalic acid1     
appli$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! la/ is employ$1  ! 
articles %\ld be aft]w>ds well r9s$ 9   
pure wat]1 !n wip$  dry1 & f9i%$ (f ) a 
w>m & dry rubb]1 9 ord] to remove e     
trace ( acid4    ,,ru!nic ,,acid4 ,syn4 
,,ru!nic ,,anhydride 7,ru,o#c74 ,?is may
 be procur$  by heat+ any ( ! prec$+    
oxides ) potassic nitrate4 ,ru!nic  acid
 is insoluble 9 wat]4    ,ru!nic        
,sesquioxide 7,ru#b,o#c72 occurs 9 !    
anhydr\s =m :5  ! metal is ignit$ 9 a   
curr5t ( air4 ,x is ! mo/ /able ( !     
basic oxides ( ! metal4 ,alkalies fail  
to dissolve x4 ,) acids x  =ms soluble  
salts ( a yell[ col\r2 :51 to a solution
 ( ^!1 an  alkali is add$1 a bulky      
blacki%-br[n precipitate ( ! hydrat$    
oxide1  hav+ ! composition              

,ru#b,o#c1h;,h#b,o1 is ?r[n d[n4    ,!re
 are ?ree *lorides (                    
ru!nium3----,ru,cl#b2 ,ru,cl#c2 &       
,ru,cl#d4    ,,ru!n,,ium4 7,ru4  #ajdb47
 ,a metal discov]$ by ,claus1 associat$ 
)  iridium1 9 ! residue f crude plat9um1
 :i* is insoluble 9 aqua  regia4 ,x =ms 
small angul> masses1 ) a metallic lu/re2
 is v  brittle & infusible2 resi/s !    
action ( acids1 b readily oxidises  :5  
heat$ 9 ! air4 ,sp4 gr4 #aa to #aad4    
,9 ,fremy's process = sep>at+ osmium f !
 residues ( plat9um  ore1 ru!nium occurs
 9 a dioxide4 ,by heat+ ?is dioxide 9 a 
curr5t  ( oxyg51 ! metal may be obta9$ 9
 ! =m ( a p[d] ( d>k grey  col\r4    ,) 
oxyg51 ru!nium =ms f\r                  
comp\nds3----,ru,o2 ,ru#b,o#c2 ,ru,o#b2 
& ,ru,o#c4    ,ru!nium ,tri*loride      
7,ru,cl#c71 :i* is ! mo/ important ( !  
*lorides1 may be procur$ by dissolv+ !  
sesquioxide 9 hydro*loric  acid4 ,!     
solution be+ evaporat$1 ! tri*loride    
occurs z a  gre5i%-blue deliquesc5t     
mass1 :i* is soluble 9 alcohol4         

,te/s4 ,9 solutions ( ! tri*loride1     
hydrog5 sulphide gives a br[n           
precipitate ( ru!nic sesquisulphide1 !  
sup]natant liquid be+ ( a  bright blue  
col\r4 ,?is reaction is a v delicate z  
well z a v  *>act]i/ic "o4    ,metallic 
z9c r$uces ! yell[ tri*loride to ! blue 
di*loride1 !  metal be+ aft]w>ds        
precipitat$ z a black p[d]4 ,plumbic    
acetate  gives a purpli%-r$ precipitate1
 m]curic cyanide a blue "o1 !           
sup]natant liquid be+ also blue4 ,!     
cau/ic & c>bonat$ alkalies  ?r[ d[n a   
black precipitate ( sesquioxide (       
ru!nium1 :i* is  insoluble 9 excess ( ! 
precipitant4 ,if ! salts ( ru!nium are  
boil$ ) sodic =miate or oxalate !       
solution becomes col\rless1 b  no       
precipitate ( r$uc$ metal takes place4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4----,transv]se  
section ( te/a1 c4  #ajh4    ,,fig4     
#b4----;,coats 9 situ f )\t1  #agj4 a1  
,ext]nal2 b1 ,middle2  c1 ,int]nal coat2
 d1 ,/>* gra9s1  #ajh4    ,,rye4 ,syn4  
,,secale1 ,l4 ,! se$ ( ,secale c]eale1 a

 gram9e\s  plant1 ! native c\ntry ( :i* 
is undet]m9$4 ,x is a m c]ta9  crop &   
requires less culture & manure ?an :eat1
 & is h5ce l>gely  cultivat$ 9 ,g]many1 
,russia1 & 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1   
:]e  x is ext5sively employ$ = bread4   
,:5 roa/$ x is occasionally us$  z a    
sub/itute = c(fee4 ,x furni%es an       
excell5t malt = !  di/illation ( _s1 &  
is mu* us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ,holl&s4    ,rye  
bread is v likely to cause di>rha 9 ^?  
unaccu/om$ to  p>take ( x4 ,by cont9u$  
use1 h[ev]1 ?is inconv5i5ce disappe>s4  
,rye bread is acid & d>k 9 col\r4 ,x is 
ab\t equal 9 nutritive p[]  to :eat4 ,x 
is less abundant ?an :eat 9 fibr91 b    
ri*] 9 case9  & album54    ,! =ego+     
plate repres5ts ! microscopic appe>ance 
( rye4    ,somm] recomm5ds ! microscopic
 exam9ation ( rye fl\r to be conduct$  z
 foll[s3----,! fl\r is plac$ on a glass 
slide1 & moi/5$ )  wat]2 a s+le drop (  
oil ( vitriol is add$1 & a small disc is
 laid  ^u x4 ,if1 n[1 x be view$ ) a    
magnify+ p[] ( #bjj1 ! />*  gra9s ( :eat

 & rye are se5 to dissolve 9 a uni=m    
mann]1 b !  gra9s ( b>ley />*1 aft] los+
 _! ext]nal coat1 break up into a  numb]
 ( polyh$rons be=e _! solution is       
complet$4    ,rye1 ,spurr$4 ,see        
,,ergot4      ,,sabadil,,la4 ,syn4      
,,cebadilla1 ,,cevadilla1 ,,sabadilla   
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  ,! dri$ fruit 
7,asagra (fic9alis74 ,a dra/ic & dang]\s
  ca?>tic1 occasionally us$ 9 tapeworm2 
&1 ext]nally1 to de/roy  p$iculi1 b1 ev5
 = ?is purpose1 :5 ! scalp has be5 d5ud$
 or  ulc]at$1 x has sometimes caus$     
dea?4 ,x is n[ us$ *iefly z a  s\rce (  
,,v]atr9e4    ,,sa,,ble4 ,! ,mu/ella    
,zibell9a 7,l9n471 a small quadrup$ ( ! 
m>t9-cat family1 f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,asia4  
,its fur is rem>kable = its  f9e quality
 & ri* col\r1 & = ! hairs turn+ ) equal 
ease 9  e direction4 ,! sk9s ( ! rabbit1
 cat1 c41 dress$1 pa9t$1 &  lu/r$1 are  
sold "u ! "n ( ,,common or ,,mock       
,,sable4    ,,saboti,,re4 ,fr4 ,an      
app>atus ( peculi> con/ruction1 employ$ 
by !  ,fr5* confection]s = mak+ ices4 ,x

 consi/s ( a pail to conta9 a  freez+   
mixture1 & an inn] vessel = ! creams to 
be ic$4 ,x may be  us$ ) a mixture (    
p\nd$ ice & salt1 or any o!r freez+     
mixture4 ,! pail & cream vessels be+    
load$1 & closely cov]$1 an  alt]nate    
rotatory motion is giv5 to ! app>atus by
 means ( !  h&le1 = #aj or #ae m9utes1  
c>e be+ tak5 to occasionally scrape d[n 
! froz5 portion ( ! cream f ! sides1 by 
means ( a wood5  spoon4 ,see ,,ices &   
,,refrig]ation4    ,,sac*>,,ic ,,acid4  
,syn4 ,,oxalhydric ,,acid4 ,a comp\nd1  
result+ f  ! action ( dilate nitric acid
 on sug>4    ,,sac,,*>9e4 ,! te*nical "n
 ( ! uncry/allisable sug> f\nd 9        
malt-wort4    ,,sac*>9e ,,f]m5tation4   
,?is occurs dur+ ! g]m9ation &          
kiln-dry+ ( gra9 9 ! op]ation ( malt+1 &
 9 ! ma%+ (  malt 9 brew+4 ,! sweet5+ ( 
bread dur+ its exposure to heat 9  ! ov5
 is also includ$ "u ?is head by _m      
writ]s4    ,! sub/ance :i* mo/ p[]fully 
excites ! sug> f]m5tation 0  fir/ %[n by
 ,pay5 & ,p]soz to be a peculi> pr9ciple

 to :i* !y  h giv5 ! "n ( #8,,dia/ase1' 
,?is is always pres5t 9 good malt1  &   
possesses ! s+ul> prop]ty ( conv]t+     
,,/>* successively into  gum 7dextr97 & 
sug>1 at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #adi 
& #afh  ,fahr4 ,dur+ ! action ( ?is     
sub/ance on />* x is itself  decompos$2 
& :5 ! sug> f]m5tation ceases x is f\nd 
to h  entirely disappe>$4 ,x is !       
pres5ce ( dia/ase 9 malt :i* alone      
conv]ts ! />* ( ! gra9 into sug> dur+ ! 
op]ation (  ma%+ ) hot wat]2 & h5ce !   
absolute necessity ( employ+  wat] at ! 
prop] temp]ature1 z on ?is dep5ds !     
/r5g? &  sweetness ( ! wort1 &          
consequ5tly its fitness = und]go+ !     
v9\s f]m5tation1 & = mak+ be]4          
,vegetable album5 & glut5  also possess 
! prop]ty ( excit+ ! sac*>9e f]m5tation1
 b 9  a consid]ably inf]ior degree to   
dia/ase4    ,! sug> =m$ dur+ ! g]m9ation
 ( se$s conta9+ />* results  f ! action 
( dia/ase1 & disappe>s z soon z ! woody 
fibre  7lign971 :i* has a simil>        
con/itution1 is develop$1 =m+ !         

skeleton ( ! "y plant4 7,liebig47 ,see  
,,brew+1 ,,dia/ase1 ,,dextr91 c4        
,,sac*>om,,et]4 ,an in/rum5t simil> 9   
pr9ciple to ! common _s  hydromet]1 b s 
weight$ & graduat$ z to adapt x = !     
indication ( ! ri*ness ( malt-worts 9   
sug>1 or sac*>9e1  express$ 9 p\nds p]  
b>rel1 or ! excess ( gravity ov] t (    
wat]1 ! la/ be+ tak5 at #ajjj4 ,see     
,,brew+1 ,,syrup1 ,,wort1 c4            
,,sa*,,et4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus1 ,l4 ,sa*ets
 7,,sacculi7 are little bags  conta9+   
dry sub/ances1 us$ = ! ext]nal m$ication
 ( p>ts1 or  = communicat+ agreeable    
p]fumes to we>+ app>el1 draw]s1         
furniture1 c4 ,^? belong+ to p]fum]y are
 commonly fill$ )  mixtures ( fragrant  
vegetable sub/ances1 r$uc$ to co>se     
p[d]1 &  diff] f ^? employ$ = pot p\rri 
*iefly 9 be+ us$ 9 !  dry /ate4 ,sacculi
 are n[ seldom employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9   
legitimate  m$ic9e4 ,see ,,p[d]s        
7,sc5t$71 c4    ,sa*et1 ,ammoniacal4    
,syn4 ,,sacculus ,,ammoniacalis4 ,prep4 
,equal p>ts (  sal ammoniac & quicklime 

are mix$1 & spr9kl$ betwe5 cotton       
wadd+1 :i* is to be quilt$ 9 musl94     
,sa*et1 ,anodyne4 7,qu9cy47 ,syn4       
,,sacculus ,,anodynus4 ,prep4           
,*amomiles1  #a oz42 bay b]ries1 #a oz42
 lav5d] fl[]1 #a_/b oz42 h5bane se$1 #a 
dr42  opium1 #a dr4 ,to be dipp$ 9 hot  
spirits4    ,sa*et1 ,anti-ph?isic4 ,syn4
 ,,sacculus ,,anti-,,ph?isicus1 ,l4     
,prep4  ,dissolve ( aloes1 #a oz41 9    
/rong decoction ( fre% rue1 #a_/b p9t2  
next  fold a piece ( s(t musl9 9 eight  
folds l>ge en\gh to cov] ! *e/  & "p ( !
 /oma*2 /eep ?is 9 ! decoction1 & dry x 
9 !  %ade2 la/ly1 place 9 a small bag1  
"o side ( :i* is =m$ (  sc>let silk or  
wool1 & ! o!r1 int5d$ to be worn next ! 
sk91 (  ! f9e/ net or gauze4 ,a         
celebrat$ dome/ic rem$y = consumption & 
a/hma4 ,x is int5d$ to be con/antly worn
 on ! *e/4    ,sa*et1 ,resolvent4 ,syn4 
,,melt+ ,,bag2 ,,sacculus ,,resolv5s1   
,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,dr ,breslau47 ,iodide 
( potassium1 #a "p2 sal ammoniac1 #h    
p>ts2 dry1  & r$uce ea* sep>ately to f9e

 p[d]2 mix !m1 & enclose #a_/b oz4  to  
#a oz4 ( ! mix$ p[d] 9 a small bag ( l95
 or silk4 ,us$ z a  resolv5t to indol5t 
tum\rs1 especially goitres & scr(ul\s   
indurations4 ,x %\ld be worn on ! "p    
night & day = "s "t4  ,! "p next ! sk9  
%\ld be well prick$ ) a ne$le1 & !  p[d]
 %ak5 up & readju/$ e #b or #c days2 & x
 %\ld be  r5ew$ ab\t once a =tnight4    
#b4 7,tr\sseau  ,reveil47 ,iodide (     
potassium1 #a "p2 burnt sponge1 #d      
p>ts2 f9e sawdu/1 #e p>ts2 z be=e4      
,sa*et1 ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus       
,,spongii1 ,,colli] ,,de ,,mor&4 ,prep4 
,muriate ( ammonia1 *loride ( sodium1   
burnt sponge1 ( ea* #a oz42 mix1        
spr9kle ! p[d] on a piece ( cotton wool1
 & quilt betwe5 musl91  9 ! =m ( a      
cravat4 ,to be worn con/antly 9 goitre  
or bron*ocele1  r5ew+ x e mon?4         
,sa*et1 ,/oma*ic4 7,full]47 ,syn4       
,,sacculus4 ,prep4 ,m9t1 #d drm42       
wormwood1 ?yme1 r$ roses1 ea* #b drm42  
bala/9es1 angelica root1  c>away se$1   
nutmeg1 mace1 cloves1 ( ea* #a drm4     

,co>sely p[d] !  +r$i5ts1 & put !m into 
a bag1 to be moi/5$ ) hot r$ w9e  :5    
appli$ = flatul5ce4    ,,sack4 7,f      
,,sec1 ,fr41 dry47 ,a w9e us$ by our    
ance/ors1 suppos$ by  "s to h be5 ,rh5i%
 or ,can>y2 b1 ) m probability1 by      
o!rs1 to h be5 dry m\nta9----v9         
d',espagne2 v9 sec----7,h[ell1 #8,fr4  &
 ,eng4 ,dict41' #afej74 ,fal/aff#adj    
calls x #8%]ris sack' 7%]ry  sack71 f   
,x]es1 a sea t[n ( ,corduba1 :]e t k9d (
 sack 7w9e7  is made4 7,bl\nt47 ,at a   
lat] p]iod ! t]m came to be us$ z a     
g5]al "n = all sweet w9es4    ,footnote 
#adj3 ,9 ,%akespe>e's day sack 0        
occasionally adult]at$ )  lime1 z we    
le>n f ,fal/aff's spee* to ! ,draw]3 8,y
 rogue1  !re's lime 9 ?is sack40        
,,saf,,fl[]4 ,syn4 ,,ba/>d ,,saffron1   
,,dy]',s ,s42 ,,c>?amus1 ,l4 ,! florets 
( ,c>?amus t9ctorius1 a plant cultivat$ 
9 ,spa91 ,egypt1 & !  ,levant4 ,x       
conta9s two col\r+ pr9ciples----! "o    
yell[1 & !  o!r r$4 ,! fir/ is remov$ by
 wat]1 & is reject$4 ,! second is       

easily dissolv$ out by weak solutions ( 
! c>bonat$ alkalies1 & is  aga9         
precipitat$ on ! addition ( an acid4    
,?is prop]ty is tak5  advantage ( 9 !   
manufacture ( r\ge1 & 9 dye+ silk &     
cotton4    ,! mo/ lively t9ts ( *]ry1   
flame1 fle%1 orange-r$1 poppy1 & rose   
col\r1 are imp>t$ to silk by ! foll[+   
process1 modifi$ to suit  ! p>ticul>    
%ade requir$3----,! saffl[] 7previ\sly  
depriv$ ( its  yell[ col\r+ matt] by    
wat]7 is exhau/$ ) wat] conta9+  ei!r   
c>bonate ( soda or ( potassa1 9 !       
proportion ( ab\t #e (  ! weight ( !    
prep>$ dye-/uff act$ on2 ! result+      
liquid is  next treat$ ) pure lemon     
juice until x acquires a di/9ct & ri*   
r$ col\r2 ! silk is !n introduc$ & turn$
 ab\t z long z x is  p]ceiv$ to take up 
col\r1 a little m lemon juice be+ add$ z
 may  appe> necess>y2 = deep %ades ?is  
is repeat$ ) "o or m fre%  ba?s1 ! silk 
be+ dri$ & r9s$ betwe5 ea* imm]sion2 x  
is1  la/ly1 bright5$ by turn+ x = a few 
m9utes ?r\gh a ba? ( w>m  wat]1 to :i* a

 little lemon juice has be5 previ\sly   
add$4 ,= flame  col\r ! silk %\ld       
receive a slight %ade ) annotta be=e    
putt+  x into ! saffl[] ba?4 ,= ! deep] 
%ades1 :5 exp5se is an  object1 a little
 ar*il is commonly add$ to ! fir/ &     
second ba?4  ,see ,,ca?>m94             
,,saf,,fron4 ,! prep>$ /igmata or /igmas
 ( ! ,crocus sativus1 or  saffron       
crocus4 ,!re are two pr9cipal v>ieties  
kn[n 9 comm]ce3----    #a4 7,,saffron1  
,,hay',s42 ,,crocus ,,9 ,f,,no1 ,c4     
,,hispaniolus1 ,,croci/igmata2          
,,crocus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d47 ,?is consi/$ ( ! /igmas1 ) "p  ( ! 
/yles1 c>efully pick$ f ! o!r p>ts ( !  
fl[]s1 &  !n dri$ on pap] by a v g5tle  
heat1 g5]ally 9 a portable ov5          
con/ruct$ = ! purpose4    #b4 7,,cake   
,,saffron2 ,,crocus ,,9 ,,plac5t47 ,?is1
 pr(ess$ly1 m]ely v>ies  f ! la/1 x be+ 
compress$ into a cake aft] x has become 
s(t5$ by ! fire1 & be+ !n dri$ 9 t      
condition4 ,! #8cake  saffron' ( comm]ce
 is n[1 h[ev]1 mo/ly1 if n entirely1    

compos$ (  saffl[] made into a pa/e ) "s
 sug> & gum wat]1 roll$ out on  pap]    
into oval cakes #aj to #ab in*es long1  
#i or #aj broad1 & ab\t #a_/h?  ( an in*
 ?ick1 & !n dri$4 8,i c detect nei!r    
saffron nor  m>igold 9 !m40 7,dr        
,p]eira47    ,pur4 ,saffron1 ( all !    
articles ( comm]ce1 except ,fr5* br&y1  
is1  p]haps1 ! "o mo/ l>gely & con/antly
 adult]at$4 ,abroad x is  frequ5tly mix$
 ) saffl[]1 & 9 ,engl& ) #8prep>$       
m>igolds1'  or #8,fr5* 7mock7 saffron4' 
,^! frauds may be detect$ by !          
inf]iority ( ! col\r1 & by soak+ !      
leaves 9 wat]1 :5 !  /igmas ( ! ,crocus 
sativus may be readily di/+ui%$ f !     
florets ( saffl[] & ! petals ( m>igolds4
 ,w9ckl] & ,grn]  propos$ to detect ^!  
sub/ances by means ( a solution (       
nitrate (  silv] or ( sesqui*loride (   
iron4 ,! infusion ( true saffron is n   
alt]$ by ^? reag5ts1 b t ( ei!r ( !     
above-m5tion$  adult]ants is r5d]$      
opaque1 & is at l5g? precipitat$4 8,x   
consi/s ( trip>tite filam5ts1 ( an      

orange-r$ col\r1 ) ! small  filam5ts    
t[>ds ! apex dilat$40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,9 !   
:olesale drug trade  prep>$ m>igolds are
 n only employ$ to mix ) g5u9e saffron1 
b  are ext5sively sold to ! c\ntry      
deal]s = t purpose4 ,old & dry  saffron 
is #8fre%5$ up' by rubb+ x betwe5 ! h&s 
slightly oil$1  & !n repick+ x4    ,!   
late ,mr ,d4 ,hanbury1 ,f4,r4,s41 f\nd t
 ! article kn[n 9 comm]ce  z alicante   
saffron 0 l>gely sophi/icat$ ) c>bonate 
( lime1  :i* he says _h be5 made to     
adh]e to ! ?read-l saffron )\t  9 ! lea/
 alt]+ its g5]al appe>ance4 ,to asc]ta9 
! am\nt (  e>?y matt] ?us fraudul5tly   
add$1 he subject$ sev]al specim5s (     
saffron to inc9]ation1 ea* hav+ 9 ! fir/
 in/ance be5 dri$ 9  w>m air until x    
caus$ x to lose its weight4 ,! result   
indicat$ t  :ile good ,val5tia saffron  
yields f #d to #f p] c5t4 ( a%1 !       
alicante furni%es f #ab to #bh p] c5t4  
,! me?od ( tak+ a sample  ( saffron =   
e>?y adult]ation :i* ,mr ,hanbury       
recomm5ds is  ?is3----,place 9 a wat*   

glass a small quantity 7say #a gra97 ( !
  saffron1 & drop ^u x #h or #aj drops (
 wat]2 lightly t\* !  saffron ) ! tip ( 
! f+]1 s z to cause ! wat] to wet x4 ,if
  ! drug is free f e>?y matt]1 a cle>   
bright-yell[ solution w  be imm$iately  
obta9$2 if adult]at$1 a :ite p[d] w     
in/antly  sep>ate1 caus+ ! wat] to appe>
 turbid2 & if a drop (  hydro*loric acid
 be n[ add$1 a brisk eff]vesc5ce w take 
place4    ,mr ,hanbury says t saffron   
almo/ always conta9s a few ( ! pale     
yell[ /am5s1 accid5tally ga!r$2 b !     
poll5 f !m :i* is  deta*$ :5 ! drug is  
wett$1 b :i* is m9ute 9 quantity1 is    
easily di/+ui%$ f c>bonate ( lime1 by n 
dissolv+ :5  hydro*loric acid is add$4  
,moreov]1 ! =m ( poll5 gra9s may be     
easily recognis$ "u ! microscope4    ,mr
 ,hanbury fur!rmore /ates t an effectual
 me?od ( exam9ation is  to scatt] a v   
small p9* ( saffron on ! surface ( a    
glass ( w>m  wat]4 ,! /igma ( !         
saffron-crocus imm$iately exp&s1 &      
exhibits  a =m s *>act]i/ic t x _c be   

conf\nd$ ) ! fl[]ets  ( saffl[]1        
m>igold1 or arnica1 or ) ! /am5s (      
crocus  itself4#ada    ,footnote #ada3  
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'    ,prop41 c4 ,saffron 
is anodyne1 cordial1 emm5agogue1 &      
exhil>ant2 b  is n[ seldom employ$1     
except z an adjuvant1 9 m$ic9e4 ,among/ 
cooks1  confection]s1 & liquori/es1 x is
 l>gely us$ on acc\nt ( its f9e  col\r4 
,saffron1 ,meadow4 ,see ,,col*icum4     
,,sagape,,num4 ,?is sub/ance is describ$
 9 ! ,london ,ph>macopia z a  gum res91 
! production ( an unc]ta9 species (     
,f]ula4 ,! mass (  ! sagap5um sold to ! 
retail trad] is1 h[ev]1 a factiti\s     
article1  =m$ by s(t5+ a mixture (      
assaftida1 #c p>ts1 & galbanum1 #ae     
p>ts1 ov] a wat] or /eam ba?1 & !n /irr+
 9 ab\t #a_/ag? (  _! weight ( oil (    
turp5t9e1 ) a little oil ( junip]4 ,?is 
mixture is labell$ #8,gum ,sagap5i      
,opt4' an inf]ior sort be+ made by  add+
 sundry portions ( yell[ res9 & pa/e (  
gum tragacan? to !  above4    ,,prep>$  
,,sagap5um 7,,sagap5um                  

,,pr,,p>atum----,ph4 ,l47 is ord]$ to be
  prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z #8prep>$      
ammoniacum4'    ,obs4 ,sagap5um is !    
feeble/ ( all ! fetid gum               
res9s4----,dose1 #e  to #ae gr41 made   
into pills2 z an antispasmodic &        
emm5agogue4    ,,sa,,g4 ,syn4 ,,sago    
7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 8,! fcula    
7/>*7 f !  /em ( ,sagus lvis1 ,s4       
,rumphii1 &1 p]haps1 ( o!r species (    
palms40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,x =ms ! pr9cipal    
portion ( ! pi? ( ! ,sago  palms1 !     
,gommuti palm1 ! ,talipot palm1 & o!r   
alli$ trees4 ,its  prop]ties & uses1 = !
 mo/ "p1 resemble ^? ( arr[-root4 ,x  is
 us$ = mak+ pudd+s1 jellies1 c4    ,"u !
 microscope ! />*-gra9s ( sago pres5t an
 elongat$ =m1  r\nd$ at ! l>g] ends1 &  
compress$ at ! small]4 ,!y diff]        
altoge!r 9 appe>ance f potato />*4    ,!
 pilum ( ! sago />*-gra9s is a po9t1 or1
 m frequ5tly1 a  crop1 slit1 or />1 & is
 seat$ at ! small] end1 :il/ 9 !        
m>santa arr[-root ! pilum is situat$ at 
! l>g] end4 ,r+s are  m or less cle>ly  

se54    ,sag1 ,to ,prep>e4 ,wa% an ounce
 ( pe>l sago 9 cold wat]2 !n boil  x v  
g5tly 9 a p9t ( fre% wat]1 /irr+ x      
frequ5tly till  dissolv$4 ,x may be     
flav\r$ ) w9e1 spices1 & sug>4 ,=       
*ildr51  & = consumptive & debilitat$   
p]sons1 x w be f\nd advantage\s  to     
sub/itute milk = wat]4 ,! common sago   
be+ 9 l>g] gra9s1 m  "t is requir$ to   
dissolve x1 & x is usually /eep$ = "s   
h\rs  be=e boil+ x4    ,sag ,milk4 7,see
 above47    ,illu/ration3 ,sago (       
comm]ce1 magnifi$ #adg times4    ,sag   
,posset4 7,= invalids47 ,mac]ate a      
table-spoonful ( sago 9 a  p9t ( wat] = 
two h\rs on ! hob ( a /ove1 !n boil =   
#ae  m9utes1 assidu\sly /irr+4 ,add     
sug>1 ) an aromatic1 su* z g+]  or      
nutmeg1 & a table-spoonful or m ( :ite  
w9e4 ,if :ite w9e be  n p]mitt$ flav\r )
 lemon juice4    ,,/ ,,vitus' ,,dance4  
,see ,,*orea4    ,,sal4 ,l4 ,salt4 ,a ^w
 mu* us$ 9 comp\nd names1 h&$ d[n to u  
f ! old *emi/s4    ,sal ,abs9?ii4       
,c>bonate ( potassium4    ,sal          

,acetosell4 ,b9oxalate & quadroxalate ( 
potassium4    ,sal ,alembro?4 ,ammoniat$
 m]cury 7:ite precipitate74    ,sal     
,ammoniac4 ,*loride ( ammonium4    ,sal 
de ,duobus4 ,sulphate ( potassium4      
,sal ,diureticus4 ,acetate ( potassium4 
,sal ,enixum4 ,crude bisulphate (       
potassium4    ,sal ,gemm4 ,rock or      
fossil salt 7*loride ( sodium74    ,sal 
,m>tis4 ,sulphate ( iron4    ,sal       
,mirabile4 ,sulphate ( sodium4    ,sal  
,p]latum4 ,phosphate ( sodium4    ,sal  
,polycre/u4 ,sulphate ( potassium4      
,sal ,prunella4 ,syn4 ,,sore-,,?roat    
,,salt1 ,,cry/al ,,m9]al2 ,,potass      
,,nitras  ,,fusa1 ,,nitrum ,,tabulatum1 
,,sal ,,prunell1 ,l4 ,f nitre fus$ 9 a  
,hessian  crucible1 & p\r$ out on a     
smoo? surface1 or into m\lds1 to cool4  
,its  usual =m & size is t ( an ord9>y  
musket bullet1 ) ! tail1  9 :i* /ate x  
is kn[n 9 ! drug trade z #8sal prunell  
globosum4'  ,:5 9 cakes x is (t5 call$  
#8sal p4 9 plac5tis1' or #8s4 p4        
tabulatum4' ,a small portion all[$ to   

dissolve sl[ly 9 ! m\?1 !  saliva be+   
sl[ly swall[$1 (t5 removes incipi5t     
inflammatory sore  ?roat4    ,sal       
,saturni4 ,sug> ( lead 7neutral acetate 
( lead74    ,sal ,seignette4 ,ro*elle   
salt 7t>trate ( potassium & sodium74    
,sal ,volatile4 ,sesquic>bonate (       
ammonia4 ,! "n is commonly us$ z  an    
abbreviation ( aromatic _s ( ammonia4   
,see ,,spirits 7,m$ic9al74    ,,sal,,ads
 are g5]ally made ( escul5t vegetables1 
ei!r s+ly or  mix$1 *os5 accord+ to ta/e
 or "t ( ye>1 & #8dress$' ) oil1  v9eg>1
 & salt1 & sometimes also ) mu/>d & o!r 
condim5ts4  ,slic$ boil$ egg is a common
 addition4    ,sydney ,smi?'s recipe =  
salad dress+3----          ,to make ?is 
condim5t y\r poet begs        ,! p[d]$  
yell[ ( two h>d-boil$ eggs2        ,two 
boil$ potatoes pass$ ?r\gh kit*5-sieve  
,smoo?ness & s(tness to ! salad give2   
,let onion atoms lurk )9 ! b[l1         
,&1 half suspect$1 animate ! :ole2      
,( mordant mu/>d add a s+le spoon       
7,di/ru/ ! condim5t t bites too soon72  

,b deem x n1 ?\ man ( ta/e1 a fault     
,to add a d\ble quantity ( salt2        
,&1 la/ly1 o'er ! flav\r$ comp\nd toss  
,a magic s\pon ( an*ovy sauce4          
,oh6 gre5 & glori\s6 ,oh6 h]bace\s      
treat6        ',tw\ld tempt ! dy+       
an*orite to eat2        ,back to ! _w   
he'd turn 8 fleet+ s\l1        ,& plunge
 8 f+] 9 ! salad b[l2        ,s]5ely    
full ! epicure w\ld say1        8,fate  
_c h>m me1 ,i h d9$ today40#adb         
,footnote #adb3 ,! poet has inadv]t5tly 
ignor$ ! oil & v9eg>4    ,ano!r recipe =
 salad dress+3----,yolk ( two eggs2     
table salt1 #a_/d oz42  salad oil1 #d   
oz42 mu/>d1 #a_/b oz42 be/ v9eg>1 #f    
oz42 is+lass1 #a dr42  soluble cay5ne1  
#aj grams4 7#8,ph>4 ,j\r4'7    ,cold    
meat1 p\ltry1 & game1 slic$ small1 ) "s 
cucumb] or cel]y1  & a little onion or  
*opp$ p>sley1 or1 in/ead ( !m1 "s       
pickles1  make a v reli%+ salad4 ,fi%   
are also employ$ 9 ! same mann]4    ,mr 
,c4 ,j4 ,rob9son1 writ+ to              
#8,nature'#adc on our salad h]bs1       

says3----8,!re is1 p]haps1 no c\ntry 9 !
 _w s ri* z ,engl& 9  native mat]ials = 
salad mak+1 & none 9 :i* ignorance &    
prejudice h m re/rict$ _! employm5t4 ,at
 e season ( !  ye> ! peasant may cull f 
! field & h$g][ :olesome h]bs  :i* w\ld 
imp>t a pleasant v>iety to 8 monoton\s  
meal1 & save 8  /ore ( potatoes f       
premature exhau/ion4 ,besides !re c be  
no  "q t 9 hot seasons a judici\s       
admixture ( fre% gre5 food is  z salut>y
 z x is agreeable4 ,mu* has be5 said    
lately ab\t !  advantage :i* ! lab\r+   
man w\ld d]ive f an accurate            
acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s =ms ( fungus2 he  
has be5 gravely told  t ! ,fi/ul9a      
hepatica is an admirable sub/itute =    
beef-/eak1  ! ,ag>icus gambosus = !     
equally unkn[n veal cutlet4    ,footnote
 #adc3 ,augu/ #ah?1 #ahgj4    8,b       
deep-seat$ suspicion is n easily        
eradicat$1 & !re w always  be a c]ta9   
am\nt ( haz>d 9 deal+ ) a class (       
products 9 :i*  ! di/9ctions betwe5     
noxi\s & innocu\s are n v cle>ly  m>k$4 

8,!re is n ?is difficulty ) reg>d to    
salad h]bs1 & we conceive  t ! diffusion
 ( a little k z to _! prop]ties & value 
w\ld be an unmix$ b5efit to our rural   
population4    8,! fir/ place mu/ be    
assign$ on ! score ( antiquity to !     
sorrel  plant 7,rumex acetosa71 :i* 9 "s
 di/ricts /ill pres]ves ! "n  ( #8gre5  
sauce1' assign$ to x 9 e>ly times1 :5 x 
=m$ almo/ !  only d9n] vegetable4       
8,its acid is pleasant & :olesome1 m    
delicate 9 flav\r ?an t (  ! wood-sorrel
 7,oxalis acetosella71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is   
us$ = table  purposes 9 ,france &       
,g]many4 ,*]vil 7,an?riscus c]efolium7  
is (t5  f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 & is an     
admirable addition to ! salad b[l2 &  x 
is unnecess>y to enl>ge ^u ! virtues (  
cel]y 7,apium  graveol5s7 :5 improv$ by 
cultivation40    ,john ,ray1 writ+ 9    
#affc1 says t 8! ,italians use sev]al   
h]bs =  sallets1 :i* are n yet1 or h n  
be5 us$ lately1 b 9 ,engl&1  viz4       
,sell]i1 :i* is no?+ else b ! sweet     
smallage2 ! "y  %oots :]e(1 ) a little (

 ! head ( ! root1 cut (f1 !y eat  raw ) 
oil & pepp]10 & to ?is we may add t !   
alis&]  7,smyrnium olusattrum7 is no bad
 sub/itute = its bett]-kn[n  cong5]4 ,! 
d&elion1 :i* 9 ,france is blan*$ = !    
purpose1  af=ds t am>ie aliquid :i* !   
pr(ess$ salad mak] f9ds 9 !  leaves ( ! 
endive1 & ! same ess5tial +r$i5t may be 
suppli$ by  ! av5s 7,geum urbanum71 !   
bladd] campion 7,sil5e inflata71 &  !   
t5d] %oots ( ! wild hop4 ,mo/ p are     
famili> ) !  prop]ties ( ! wat]cress    
7,na/urtium (fic9ale71 g>lic h$ge  mu/>d
 7,erysimum ali>ia71 b x may n be       
g5]ally kn[n t !  common %eph]d's purse 
7,eupsulla ,bursa-pa/oris7 & !          
lady's-smock  7,c>dam9e prat5sis7 are   
pleasant additions1 ^: m]its h long  be5
 recognis$ by our =eign neighb\rs4 ,9   
fact1 !re is sc>cely a  h]b t gr[s :i*  
has n "s cul9>y virtue 9 a ,fr5*        
peasant's  eyes4 ,out ( ! blan*$ %oots (
 ! wild *icory 7,ci*orium ,intybus7  he 
=ms ! well-kn[n b>be de capucius1 &     
dignifies ) ! title  ( ,salade de *amo9e

 our own neglect$ corn-salad 7,f$ia     
olit>ia74  ,x w\ld be v easy to ext5d ! 
dim5sions ( our li/ ( native salad      
h]bs1 = !re are1 p]haps1 "s palates to  
:i* ! /rong flav\rs  ( ! *ives 7,allium 
s*noprasum7 & /onecrop 7,s$um reflexum7 
may  comm5d !mselves2 b en\gh has be5   
said to %[ t nature has n  dealt        
nigg>dly ) u1 & t only k is ne$ful to   
make !  ri*es %e (f]s available4    ,if 
! ,briti% peasant c be taught to discov]
 hidd5 virtues 9 ^!  plants1 ) ^: outw>d
 =ms he has _h life-long famili>ity1 we 
d  n despair ( 8 acquir+ ! "o secret (  
salad-mak+1 viz4 !  judici\s employm5t (
 oil1 s z to correct ! acrid juices ( ! 
plants1 & yet pres]ve _! sev]al flav\rs 
unimpair$4    ,salad1 ,lettuce4 ,prep4  
,take two l>ge lettuces1 remove ! fad$  
leaves & ! co>s] gre5 ones2 next cut !  
gre5 tops (f1 pull ea*  leaf (f         
sep>ately1 r9se x 9 cold wat]1 cut x    
l5g?ways1 & !n  into f\r or t5 pieces2  
put ^! into a b[l1 & spr9kle ov] !m1  ) 
y\r f+]s1 #a small teaspoonful ( salt1  

#a_/b d4 ( pepp]1 #c d4  ( salad oil1 & 
#b d4 ( ,engli% or #a ( ,fr5* v9eg>2 !n 
) !  spoon & =k turn ! salad lightly 9 !
 b[l until ?or\ghly mix$2  ! less x is  
h&l$ ! bett]4 ,a teaspoonful ea* ( *opp$
 *]vil  & t>ragon is an imm5se          
improvem5t4    ,obs4 ,! above season+ is
 said to be en\gh = #a_/d lb4 ( lettuce4
  ,accord+ to ,soy]1 x is 8su* z !      
,italian c\nt us$ to make "s  ye>s s9ce1
 by :i* he made a =tune 9 dress+ salads 
= ! tables  ( ! ari/ocracy40 ,! above   
may be v>i$ by ! addition ( #b eggs1    
boil$ h>d1 & slic$1 a little es*alot1 or
 a few *ives or "y  onions4 ,sev]al o!r 
salad h]bs1 especially endive1          
wat]-cresses1 &  mu/>d-&-cress1 may be  
#8dress$' 9 ! same mann]2 always        
rememb]+  t ! excell5ce ( a salad dep5ds
 *iefly on ! vegetables :i*  compose !m 
be+ rec5tly ga!r$ & c>efully cleans$4   
,to improve ! appe>ance ( ! above & o!r 
salads1 :5 on ! table  or sidebo>d1 be=e
 be+ us$1 ! gay fl[] ( ! na/urtium or   
m>igold1 ) a little slic$ beet-root or  

radi%1 & slic$ cucumb]1  may be         
ta/efully int]mix$ ) !m4    ,salad1     
,lobst]4 ,prep4 7,soy]47 8,h ! b[l half 
fill$ ) any  k9d ( salad h]b y l1 z     
endive1 lettuce1 c42 !n break a lob/]  9
 two1 op5 ! tail1 extract ! meat 9 "o   
piece1 break ! claws1 cut  ! meat ( bo? 
9 small slices1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*   
?ick1 &  arrange ^! ta/efully on !      
salad2 next take out all ! s(t "p  f !  
belly1 mix x 9 a bas9 ) #a teaspoonful (
 salt1 half d4 (  pepp]1 #d d4 ( v9eg>1 
& #d d4 ( oil2 /ir ^! well toge!r1 &    
p\r ! mixture on ! salad2 la/ly1 cov] x 
) #b h>d eggs1 cut into  slices1 & a few
 slices ( cucumb]40 8,to v>y ?is1 a few 
cap]s &  "s fillets ( an*ovy may be     
add$1 /irr$ lightly1 & !n s]v$  ei!r )  
or )\t "s salad sauce4 ,if = a d9n]     
ornam5t x )  "s fl[]s ( ! na/urtium &   
m>igold40    ,,sal,,ep4 ,syn4 ,,salop1  
,,saloop4 ,! tub]\s roots ( ,or*is      
mascula1  & o!r alli$ species1 wa%$1    
dri$1 & aft]w>ds r$uc$ to co>se  p[d]4  
,t import$ f ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or occurs

 9 small oval  gra9s1 ( a :iti%-yell[   
col\r1 (t5 semitransluc5t1 ) a fa9t1    
peculi> smell1 & a ta/e some:at resembl+
 gum tragacan?4 ,x  consi/s1 *iefly1 (  
bassor9 & />*1 is v nutriti\s1 & is     
reput$ aphrodisiac4 ,x is employ$ 9 !   
same way z sago4 ,a decoction  ( ab\t #a
 oz4 ( ?is sub/ance 9 a p9t ( wat] 0    
=m]ly sold at  /reet-/alls4 ,a tea made 
( sassafras *ips1 flav\r$ ) milk &      
co>se br[n sug> or treacle1 0 also sold 
9 ! same way1 & "u  ! same "n4    ,,fr5*
 ,,salep is prep>$ f ! potato4 ,dr ,ure 
says t ! ,or*is  mascula ( our own      
c\ntry1 prop]ly treat$1 w\ld af=d an    
article (  salep equal to ! ,turkey1 &  
at a va/ly l[] price4    ,,sal,,ic94    
,c#ac;,h#ah,o#g4 ,a :ite1 cry/all9e     
sub/ance discov]$  by ,le ,r\x & ,bu*n] 
9 ! b>k & leaves ( sev]al species (     
,salix & ,populus4 ,x occurs mo/        
abundantly 9 ! :ite will[  7,salix alba7
 & ! asp5 7,salix helix71 b is also f\nd
 9 all !  bitt] popl>s & will[s4 ,f     
will[ b>k :i* is fre%1 & ri* 9  salic91 

x may be obta9$ by ! cauti\s evaporation
 ( ! cold  aque\s infusion4    ,prep4   
#a4 7,m]ck47 ,exhau/ will[ b>k by       
repeat$ coction ) wat]1  conc5trate !   
mix$ liquors1 &1 :ile boil+1 add li?>ge 
until !  liquid is ne>ly decol\r$2      
filt]1 remove ! dissolv$ oxide ( lead1  
fir/ by sulphuric acid1 & aft]w>ds by   
sulphuret ( b>ium2 filt]1  & evaporate1 
t cry/als may =m2 ! cry/als mu/ be      
purifi$ by  re-solution &               
recry/allisation4    #b4 ,z ,no #a1 b   
us+ a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 to   
free !  solution f lead4    #c4 7,p4    
,codex47 ,to a /rong filt]$ decoction ( 
will[ b>k add milk (  lime1 to ?r[ d[n !
 col\r2 filt]1 evaporate ! liquor to a  
syrupy  consi/5ce1 add alcohol 7sp4 gr4 
#hdg71 to sep>ate ! gummy matt]1  filt]1
 di/il (f ! _s1 evaporate ! residuum1 & 
set x aside 9  a cool place to          
cry/allise2 ! cry/als are purifi$ by    
solution 9  boil+ wat]1 agitation ) a   
little animal *>coal1 &                 
recry/allisation4    ,prop41 c4 ,salic9 

=ms :ite1 silky ne$les & plates2 x is   
int5sely bitt]2 inodor\s2 neutral2      
non-basic2 fuses at #bcj ,fahr41 )      
decomposition2 burns ) a bright flame2  
is soluble 9 #e-a_/b p>ts (  wat] at    
#fj1 & 9 mu* less at #bab2 dissolves    
readily 9 alcohol1 b  is insoluble 9    
e!r4 ,x is tonic1 l sulphate ( qu99e1 b 
less  liable to irritate ! /oma*4 ,x is 
giv5 9 indige/ion &  int]mitt5t         
diseases1 9 f #e- to #aj-;gr4 doses4    
,salic9 has lately be5 us$ ) consid]able
 advantage 9 acute  rheumatism4    ,dr  
,maclagan#add /ates t he f\nd :5        
adm9i/]$ 9 doses ( #aj gr4  to #a_/b    
dr41 e #b to #d h\rs1 ! pa9 & fev] ceas$
 9 ! c\rse (  #dh h\rs4 ,! results are  
/at$ to h be5 q z favorable z ^?  foll[+
 ! employm5t ( salicylic acid4 ,x 0 f\nd
 to effect )  c]ta9ty a great r$uction 9
 ! bodily temp]ature4    ,footnote #add3
 #8,lancet1' ,m>* #d? & #aa?1 #ahgf4    
,pur4  ,te/s4----#a4 ,x is entirely     
soluble 9 wat] & rectifi$  _s4----#b4   
,:5 /rongly heat$ x is :olly dissipat$1 

&1 if k9dl$1  burns ) a bright flame1   
leav+ a bulky *>coal4----#c4 ,its       
solution is  absolutely neutral to      
te/-pap]4----#d4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric  
acid causes  x to agglut9ate into res9-l
 lumps1 ) ! accession ( an int5se       
blood-r$ col\r4----#e4 ,:5 its aque\s   
solution is mix$ ) "s  hydro*loric acid1
 or dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! mixture  
is boil$ =  a %ort "t1 ! liquid sudd5ly 
becomes turbid1 & deposits ,,saliret91  
"u ! =m ( a granul> cry/all9e           
precipitate4 ,?is is  *>act]i/ic4----#f4
 ,no reag5t deposits salic9 )\t         
decomposition4 ,see  ,,salicylic &      
,,salicyl\s ,,acids4    ,,sal,,icyl4    
,c#g;,h#d,o4 ,a comp\nd radical1 =m+ !  
basis ( !  s-call$ ,,salicyl-,,comp\nds1
 or ,,salicyl-,,s]ies4 ,x is kn[n only 9
  comb9ation4 ,! volatile oil (         
mead[-sweet is a natural hydride (      
salicyl1 a sub/ance :i*1 :5 artificially
 prep>$1 is bett] kn[n  "u ! "n (       
,,salicyl\s ,,acid4 7,see bel[47        
,,salicyl,,ic ,,acid4                   

,h#b;,c#g;,h#d,o#c4 ,a peculi> volatile1
  cry/allisable acid1 discov]$ by       
,piria4 ,x is obta9$ by fus+  salicyl\s 
acid ) solid hydrate ( potassa 9 slight 
excess1 until !  mixture turns :ite &   
gas is dis5gag$1 & treat+ a solution ( !
  residuum ) hydro*loric acid1 9 slight 
excess to sep>ate ! potassa2  !         
salicylic acid sep>ates 9 cry/als1 :i*  
are purifi$ by solution  9 hot wat]4 ,x 
may also be obta9$ f ! oil (            
p>tridge-b]ry  7,gaul!ria procumb5s71 by
 act+ on x ) a /rong & hot solution  (  
potassa1 & aft]w>ds sep>at+ ! acid z    
be=e4 ,?is oil is  me?ylo-salicylic e!r1
 or salicylate ( me?yl4 ,9 its g5]al    
prop]ties1 salicylic acid closely       
resembles b5zoic acid4    ,! great] "p1 
if n ! :ole1 ( ! salicylic acid (       
comm]ce is  n[ obta9$ by a me?od inv5t$ 
by ,pr(essor ,kolbe4 ,?is process1 :i*  
consi/s 9 act+ on sodium c>bolate )     
c>bonic acid1 is ?us  describ$ 9 !      
#8,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41' #crd s]ies1 v1     
#dde4ade ,9 a /rong  crude soda liquor (

 kn[n /r5g? is dissolv$ a suffici5cy (  
previ\sly melt$ cry/als ( c>bolic acid  
to saturate ! soda4    ,footnote #ade3  
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1' #crd s]ies1 v1 #dba4 
,! solution is !n evaporat$ 9 an iron   
capsule1 & by means (  /irr+ br\ght to a
 dry p[d]4 ,! sodium c>bolate s obta9$  
is  gradually heat$ 9 a retort to a     
temp]ature ( f #bbj to #bej ,c41 9  a   
cont9u\s curr5t ( dry c>bonic anhydride4
    ,! reaction is end$ :5 at !         
above-m5tion$ temp]ature no m  c>bolic  
acid passes ov]4 ,x might h be5 expect$ 
t1 ! reaction  go+ =w>d 9 ?is mann]1 a  
molecule ( c>bonic anhydride w\ld h  be5
 introduc$ into ! molecule ( sodium     
c>bonate1 & ?us a molecule  ( sodium    
salicylate be =m$4    ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n 
! case1 only half ! sodium c>bolate be+ 
conv]t$ into salicylate4 ,! reaction    
proce$s accord+ to !  foll[+            
equation3----    #b,na,c#f;,h#e,o       
,,co#b  ,na#b;,c#g;,h#d,o#c             
,,hc#f;,h#e,o4    ,! disodic salicylate 
is dissolv$ 9 wat] & decompos$ by       

hydro*loric acid4 ,salicylic acid !n    
sep>ates 9 cry/all9e films &  may be    
purifi$ by recry/allisation out ( its   
solution 9 hot wat]4                    
,props4----,salicylic acid is a :ite    
solid :i* =ms acicul> cry/als2  x melts 
at f #aee-aef ,c42 x dissolves 9 ab\t   
#ahjj p>ts ( cold  wat]1 b is m soluble 
9 boil+ wat] z well z 9 alcohol & 9     
e!r4 ,an aque\s solution ( salicylic    
acid mix$ ) "o ( a f]ric  salt produces 
a deep violet col\r4    ,pr(essor ,kolbe
 surmis$ t f ! con/itution ( salicylic  
acid1 z  reveal$ by 8 syn!tical process1
 t x w\ld split up ) heat into  c>bonic 
anhydrate & c>bolic acid1 & h5ce t x    
might be employ$  z an antiseptic &     
antiputrefactive ag5t4 ,he quotes !     
foll[+  exp]im5ts z confirmatory ( 8    
views on ?is po9t3----,mu/>d meal1  :i*1
 9 a few m9utes aft] be+ mix$ ) w>m     
wat]1 gave (f a  /rong smell ( mu/>d    
oil1 =m$ ) wat] a sc5tless mixture1 :5 a
  little salicylic acid _h be5 previ\sly
 add$4 ,no f]m5tation 0 set  up by yea/ 

9 a f]m5tation ( grape sug>1 to :i*     
salicylic acid _h  be5 add$2 :il/ 9 a   
sug> solution already 9 f]m5tation !    
action  /opp$ aft] ! addition ( "s      
salicylic acid4 ,! pres]vation  influ5ce
 ( ?is acid ^u fre% meat is also        
record$4    ,! foll[+1 among o!r        
exp]im5ts1 9 _! results1 illu/rate !    
physiological action ( salicylic        
acid3----    ,solution ( amygdal9 mix$ )
 emulsion ( sweet almonds develop$ no   
smell ( bitt] almonds if "s salicylic   
acid 7 add$4 ,be]1 to :i*  salicylic    
acid1 9 ! proportion ( #a to #ajjj1 0   
add$1 0 !reby  prev5t$ f be+ spoil$ by  
fungoid gr[?4    ,fre% pure c['s milk1  
mix$ ) #jjd p] c5t4 ( salicylic acid1 & 
all[$ to /& 9 an op5 vessel at a        
temp]ature ( #ah ,c41 curdl$  ?irty-six 
h\rs lat] ?an a simil> quantity ( milk  
/&+ by !  side ( x1 b conta9+ no        
salicylic acid4 ,! milk rema9$ ( a good 
flav\r1 ! small quantity ( salicylic    
acid pres5t n be+  p]ceptible to !      
palate4    ,"s fre% ur9e 0 divid$ into  

two portions1 & plac$ 9 sep>ate         
vessels1 aft] "s salicylic acid _h be5  
add$ to "o portion4    ,! ur9e conta9+ !
 acid 0 on ! ?ird day /ill cle> & free  
f ammoniacal od\r1 :il/ ! o!r portion 0 
f> advanc$ 9  putrefaction4    ,pr(essor
 ,?i]s* has inve/igat$ ! antiseptic     
action ( ?is acid1  specially 9 relation
 to surg]y4 ,he has f\nd t z a p[d]1    
ei!r  alone or mix$ ) />*1 x de/roys = a
 long "t ! fetid od\r (  canc]\s        
surfaces or uncleans$ w\nds1 )\t sett+  
up any  inflammatory symptoms4 ,a       
solution ( "o "p ( salicylic acid1 &    
?ree  p>ts ( sodium phosphate 9 fifty   
p>ts ( wat]1 promotes ! heal+ (         
granulat$ surfaces4    ,accord+ to ,dr  
,rudolph ,wagn]1 salicylic acid may be  
appli$ to !  foll[+ indu/rial           
purposes3----    ,if a conc5trat$ aque\s
 solution ( salicylic acid be appli$ to 
fre%  meat1 & ! meat be !n plac$ 9      
well-clos$ vessels1 x w rema9  p]fectly 
fre% = a long p]iod4 ,?is solution is   
also v useful 9  ! manufacture (        

sausages & su* food4 ,butt] conta9+ a   
bitt]  salicylic acid w rema9 fre% =    
mon?s1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ wea!r4  ,! same   
acid prev5ts ! m\ld+ ( pres]v$ fruits4  
,9 !  manufacture ( v9eg> ?is acid is ( 
great utility4    ,! addition ( a little
 salicylic acid r5d]s glue m t5aci\s4 ,!
  acid also prev5ts decomposition 9 gut 
& p>*m5t dur+ _!  manufacture4    ,sk9s 
to be us$ = mak+ lea!r d n und]go       
decomposition if  /eep$ 9 a dilute      
solution ( salicylic acid4    ,weav]'s  
or bookb9d]'s glue & o!r alli$ sub/ances
 may be pres]v$  = a long p]iod by      
treat+ !m ) a solution ( ?is acid4      
,album5 may be pres]v$ by ! same means4 
,?is acid is a v delicate te/ reag5t =  
iron4    ,! me?yl e!r & amyl e!r (      
salicylic acid are us$ z p]fumes4  ,!   
calcium salt on keep+ & di/ill+ ) wat]  
yields a liquid  :i* has a /rong od\r ( 
roses4    ,mr ,ro!r1 an ,am]ican *emi/1 
cont5ds t ! antiseptic p[]s (  salicylic
 acid h be5 mu* ov]rat$4 ,he /ates t he 
_h tri$ x  = ! pres]vation ( ! syrups ( 

m>%mall[1 raspb]ry juice1 &  milk1 & t x
 0 a failure4 ,pr(essor ,salk[sky reg>ds
 x z ( less  value z an antiseptic ?an  
b5zoic acid4    ,dr ,mut] gives ! foll[+
 me?od = e/imat+ ! value ( comm]cial    
samples ( salicylic acid1 & ( detect+ x 
9 milk & simil> organic                 
solutions3----,a /&>d solution ( pure   
salicylic acid 7#a gra9 ( acid  dissolv$
 9 #a litre ( wat]1 s t #a c4c4         
repres5ts #a mgm4 ( acid7  is prep>$2 ! 
indicator solution consi/s ( a solution 
( pure  neutral f]ric *loride1 ( su* a  
/r5g? t #a c4c4 add$1 drop by  drop1 to 
#ej c4c4 ( /&>d acid1 j ceases to give  
any increase 9  int5sity ( col\r2 #a    
gram ( ! comm]cial sample is !n dissolv$
 9  #a litre ( wat]1 & #ej c4c4 is put  
into a ,nessl] tube2 to ?is #a c4c4  (  
f]ric solution is add$1 & ! col\r obs]v$
 aft] /&+ =  five m9utes1 "s ( ! /&>d   
acid is also p\r$ into ano!r tube1  &   
made up to #ej c4c4 ) wat]1 & ! #a c4c4 
( f]ric *loride  add$4 ,:5 ! col\rs are 
alike ! am\nt ( pure acid pres5t 9 !    

sample is equal to ! am\nt ( pure acid  
add$4 ,all m9]al acids %\ld  be abs5t1  
ev5 acetic acid affects ! reaction4 ,to 
detect ! pres5ce  ( salicylic acid add$ 
to be] or milk1 f\r ounces ( ^! liquids 
are  dialys$ = twelve h\rs 9 a p9t (    
di/ill$ wat]2 if aft] t "t  salicylic   
acid is /ill f\nd to be pres5t1 !       
dialysis mu/ be  cont9u$ = =ty-eight    
h\rs4 ,! am\nt pres5t is det]m9$ 9 !    
mann] above /at$4    ,,salicyl,,ous     
,,acid4 ,c#g;,h#f,o#b4 ,syn4            
,,salicylol1 ,,hydrosalicylic  ,,acid1  
,,hydride ,,( ,,salicyl1 ,,artificial   
,,oil ,,( ,,mead[-,,sweet4 ,a ne>ly     
col\rless1 oily1 inflammable liquid1    
discov]$ by ,pag5/e*] 9 !  volatile oil 
( ,spira ulm>ia 7mead[-sweet71 :i*1 :5  
pure1  entirely consi/s ( x2 & by       
,piria1 z a product ( ! decomposition  (
 salic94    ,prep4 ,! oil ( mead[-sweet 
is mix$ ) a /rong solution ( cau/ic     
potassa1 & ! yell[ cry/all9e mass :i*   
sep>ates on agitation is  purifi$ by    
pressure betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap] &  

recry/allisation  f alcohol2 ! result+  
cry/als 7salicylite ( potassium7 are !n 
decompos$ by ! addition ( dilute        
sulphuric acid1 ! float+ oil  sep>at$ f 
! wat]1 & fre$ f moi/ure by c>eful      
di/illation  f *loride ( calcium4       
,prop41 c4 ,salicyl\s acid is soluble 9 
e!r & alcohol1 & slightly  s 9 wat]1 to 
:i* x imp>ts its peculi> fragrance & !  
*>act]i/ic prop]ty ( /rik+ a deep violet
 col\r ) !  sesquisalts ( iron4 ,x is   
di/+ui%$ f salicylic acid1 :i* also     
exhibits ?is reaction1 by its liquid =m 
& od\r4    ,,sali,,va4 ,see             
,,ma/ication4    ,,salm,,on4 ,syn4      
,,salmo1 ,l4 ,! ,salmo ,sal> 7,l9n471 a 
well-kn[n1  s(t-f9n$ abdom9al fi%4 ,its 
normal locality is at ! m\? or e/u>y  ( 
! l>g] riv]s ( ! nor!rn seas1 :i*1 dur+ 
! bre$+  season1 x asc5ds1 soon] or     
lat]1 9 ! summ] mon?s1 aga9/ all        
ob/acles1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ its    
spawn4    ,! salmon is an excell5t &    
highly e/eem$ fi%2 b x is ri*1 oily1  & 
difficult ( dige/ion1 &1 !re=e1 ill     

adapt$ to ! delicate or  dyspeptic4 ,:5 
pickl$1 salt$1 or smok$ x is only fitt$ 
= p]sons  ( v /rong /oma*s1 al?\gh 9 ?is
 /ate x is reg>d$ z a great  delicacy by
 epicures4    ,salmon has ! foll[+      
composition3----      ,nitrog5\s matt]  
#afa    ,fat                    #ee     
,sal9e matt]          #ad    ,wat]      
#gg                                     
--------------                          
#ajjj    ,salmon is pref]ably cook$ by  
boil+4 ,"o weigh+ #aj lbs4 w require  to
 be g5tly simm]$ = ab\t an h\r1 reckon+ 
f ! "t ! wat]  comm5ces boil+4 ,= fi% ( 
o!r weights1 f #f to #g m9utes p] lb4   
may be all[$4 ,see ,,fi%1 c4            
,,saloop4 ,sassafras 7*ips7 tea1 flav\r$
 ) milk & sug>4 ,a  :olesome & useful   
dr9k 9 cutane\s & rheumatic affections4 
,see  ,,salep4    ,,salt4 ,syn4 ,,sal1  
,l42 ,,sel1 ,fr4 ,salts may be reg>d$ z 
acids 9 :i*  "o or m atoms ( hydrog51 a 
con/ant con/itu5t ( all true acids1  are
 replac$ by a metal or o!r basic        
radical4 ,?is relation%ip betwe5  acids 

& salts w be bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce  
to ! subjo9$  li/ ( acids & _!          
correspond+ potassium & ammonium        
salts3----               ,acids4        
,salts4      ,h,cl 7,hydro*loric acid7  
---- ,k,cl 7,*loride ( potassium74     0
       0         0         ----         
,,nh#d;,cl 7,*loride ( ammonium74       
,,hno#c 7,nitric acid7        ----      
,,kno#c 7,nitrate ( potassium74       0 
0     0           ---- ,,nh#d,,no#c     
7,nitrate ( ammonium74    ,h#b,,s#d     
7,sulphuric acid7 ---- ,k#b,,s#d        
7,sulphate ( potassium74         0      
0       0    ---- 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d        
7,sulphate (                            
ammonium74    ,acids are1 9 fact1       
hydrog5 salts4 ,! s-call$ ,,d\ble       
,,salts are1  accord+ to "o view1       
comb9ations ( two salts ( ! same acid1 b
 (  diff]5t basic radicles2 ?us1 common 
alum is a comp\nd ( sulphate (  alum9um 
& sulphate ( potassium4    ,! salts are 
a mo/ important class ( bodies1 & _!    
applications &  uses 9 ! arts ( life &  

civilisation are almo/ inf9ite4 ,see    
,,nom5clature1 c4    ,salt ( ,b>k4 ,see 
,,extract ,,( ,,b>k1 ,,dri$4    ,salt1  
,bitt] ,purg+4 ,epsom salt4    ,salt1   
,ca?>tic4 ,( ,,glaub]1 sulphate (       
sodium2 ,,engli% or ,,bitt] ,s41        
sulphate ( magnesium 7,epsom salt74     
,salt1 ,common4 ,syn4 ,,cul9>y ,,salt4  
,*loride ( sodium4    ,salt1 ,diuretic4 
,acetate ( potassium4    ,salt1 ,epsom4 
,sulphate ( magnesium4    ,salt1        
,febrifuge4 ,*loride ( potassium4       
,salt1 ,fusible4 ,phosphate ( ammonium4 
,salt1 ,glaub]'s4 ,sulphate ( sodium4   
,salt1 ,macque]'s4 ,b9>s5iate (         
potassium4    ,salt1 ,microcosmic4      
,phosphate ( sodium & ammonium4         
,salt1 ,r$4 ,common salt wett$ ) an     
infusion ( beet-root1 or  co*9eal1 or   
t9cture ( r$ s&]s wood1 !n dri$1 & rubb$
 ?r\gh  a sieve4 ,us$ to imp>t a col\r  
to gravies1 c4 ,infusion ( saffron also 
gives a beautiful col\r = ?is purpose4  
,x has be5 propos$ to col\r  ,epsom salt
 9 ?is way1 to di/+ui% x f oxalic acid4 

,salt1 ,ro*elle4 ,t>trate ( potassium & 
sodium4    ,salt1 ,sea4 ,*loride (      
sodium4    ,salt1 ,s$ative4 ,boracic    
acid4    ,salt1 ,smell+4 ,see ,,salts   
7bel[74    ,salt1 ,sore-?roat4 ,sal     
prunella4    ,salt1 ,ta/eless4          
,phosphate ( sodium4    ,salt1          
,vegetable4 ,t>trate ( potassium4       
,salt1 ,volatile4 ,common c>bonate (    
ammonium4    ,salt ( ,lemons4 ,syn4     
,,sal ,,limonum1 ,l4 ,citric acid4 ,t   
sold 9 !  %ops = ! removal ( ink spots f
 l95 is b9oxalate or  quadroxalate (    
potassium1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) "o half 
its weight  ( cream ( t>t>4    ,salt (  
,sorrel4 ,b9oxalate or quadroxalate (   
potassium4    ,salt ( ,/eel4 ,sulphate (
 iron4    ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,c>bonate (    
potassium4    ,salt ( ,vitriol4         
,sulphate ( z9c4    ,salt ( ,wormwood4  
,c>bonate ( potassium4    ,,salt,,+4    
,,pickl+4 ,syn4 ,?is is an easy me?od ( 
pres]v+  but*]'s meat1 fi%1 &1 inde$1   
mo/ animal sub/ances4 ,x is p]=m$  9 two
 ways3----    #a4 7,,dry ,,salt+47 ,?is1

 z practis$ 9 ,hamp%ire1 ,york%ire1 & 9 
v>i\s l>ge e/abli%m5ts else:]e1 consi/s 
9 m]ely well rubb+  ord9>y cul9>y salt1 
mix$ ) a little saltpetre1 into ! meat1 
until e crevice is ?or\ghly p5etrat$1 &1
 aft]w>ds1 spr9kl+  "s ov] x1 & plac+ x 
on a bo>d or 9 a tr\gh1 9 su* a mann]  t
 ! br9e may dra9 (f4 ,on ! small scale1 
9 private families1 a  mixture ( salt1  
#b lbs41 ) saltpetre1 #a-a_/b or #b oz41
 ei!r ) or  )\t ab\t an oz4 ( good moi/ 
sug>1 is commonly us$ = !  purpose1 &   
imp>ts a f9e flav\r to ! meat4 ,9 bo?   
cases ! pieces  are turn$ e day1 or e   
o!r day1 until suffici5tly cur$1 a      
little fre% salt be+ add$ z requir$4    
,sometimes ! fre% meat is  pack$ at once
 9 casks1 ) ! be/ co>se-gra9$ or bay    
salt4 ,?is  me?od is t commonly adopt$ =
 sea /ores4    #b4 7,,wet ,,salt+1 or   
,,pickl+ ,,9 ,,br9e47 ,:5 ! meat is     
all[$ to lie 9  ! liquor t runs f x 7see
 above71 or is at once plung$ into      
/rong br9e1 x is said to be #8pickl$1'  
or #8wet salt$4' ,on ! small  scale1 ?is

 is mo/ conv5i5tly p]=m$ by rubb+ ! fre%
 meat )  salt1 c41 z above1 &1 aft] x   
has la9 a few h\rs1 putt+ x into a      
pickle =m$ by dissolv+ ab\t #d lbs4 (   
good salt & #b oz4 (  saltpetre 9 #a    
gall4 ( wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition (
 #a_/b  to #a lb4 ( moi/ sug>4 ,?is     
pickl+ liquor gets weak] by use1 &      
%\ld1 !re=e1 be occasionally boil$ d[n a
 little1 & skimm$1 at  ! same "t add+ "s
 m ( ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,?ree to t5 days1   
dep5d+ on ! size1 is suffici5tly long to
 keep meat 9 ! br9e4  ,:5 x is tak5 out 
x %\ld be hung up to dry1 aft] :i* x may
 be  pack$ 9 b>rels ) co>se-gra9$ salt1 
or smok$1 :i*ev] may be  desir$4        
,saltpetre add$ to br9e gives ! meat a  
r$ col\r1 & br[n  sug> improves !       
flav\r4    ,! soon] animal sub/ances1 m 
especially fle%1 are salt$ aft]  be+    
kill$1 ! bett]1 z !y !n possess         
consid]able absorb5t  p[]1 :i* !y       
gradually lose by age4 ,see             
,,putrefaction1 ,,scurvy1  ,,smok+1 c4  
,,saltpe,,tre4 ,nitrate ( potassium4    

,,salts = produc+ ,factiti\s ,m9]al     
,wat]s4 ,,a]at$1 ,,or ,,c>bonate        
,,wat]s4 ,^! require ! aid ( ! p[]ful   
ma*9e employ$ by  soda-wat]             
manufactur]s1 to *>ge ! wat]s /rongly ) 
c>bonic-acid  gas4 ,! gas is made f :it+
 & dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & is  =c$ by a
 pump into ! wat]y solution4 ,sometimes 
! gas is produc$  by ! mutual action ( !
 +r$i5ts introduc$ into ! bottle (      
wat]1 :i* mu/ be in/antly clos$2 b ?is  
me?od is f\nd  practically inconv5i5t1 &
 is only adopt$ 9 ! abs5ce ( prop]      
app>atus4 ,! quantity ( gas introduc$ is
 direct$1 9 ! ,fr5* &  ,am]ican         
ph>macopias1 9 mo/ cases1 to be #e times
 ! volume ( liquid4  ,= *alybeate &     
sulphurett$ wat]s ! wat] %\ld be        
previ\sly  depriv$ ( ! air x naturally  
conta9s1 by boil+1 & all[+ x to  cool 9 
a clos$ vessel4    ,!re are v>i\s       
manufactur]s ( a]at$-wat] ma*9es1 & (   
syphon  bottles = hold+ ^! wat]s :5     
made4 ,! names & addresses (  ^! mak]s  
may be f\nd 9 any trade directory4      

,,simple ,,a]at$ ,,wat]4 ,c>bonic-acid  
gas wat]4 ,wat] *>g$ ) five or  m       
volumes ( c>bonic-acid gas1 z above4    
,,alkal9e ,,a]at$ ,,wat]s4 ,a]at$ soda &
 pota% wat]s %\ld be made by  dissolv+ a
 dra*m ( ! c>bonat$ alkali 9 ea* p9t (  
wat]1 &  *>g+ x /rongly ) c>bonic-acid  
gas4 ,! soda wat] ( ! %ops  g5]ally     
conta9s b little 7or no7 soda4          
,,a]at$ ,,magnesia ,,wat]4 ,?is is made 
( v>i\s /r5g?s4    ,,murray',s &        
,,d9ne=d',s ,,fluid ,,magnesia may be   
?us made3----,to a boil+  solution ( #af
 oz4 ( sulphate ( magnesia 9 #f p9ts (  
wat] add a  solution ( #ai oz4 (        
cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda 9 ! same     
quantity  ( wat]2 boil ! mixture till   
gas ceases to escape1 /irr+ con/antly2  
!n set x aside to settle2 p\r (f !      
liquid1 & wa% ! precipitate  on a cotton
 or l95 clo?1 ) w>m wat]1 till ! latt]  
passes  ta/eless4 ,mix ! precipitate1   
)\t dry+ x1 ) a gallon ( wat]1  & =ce   
c>bonic-acid gas into x "u /rong        
pressure1 till a complete  solution is  

effect$4 ,! ,eau ,magnsi5ne ( ! ,fr5*   
codex is ab\t a  ?ird ( ?is /r5g?2 & we 
h met ) "s prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry  n mu*   
/rong]4    ,,c>bonat$ ,,lime ,,wat]4    
,c>r>a wat]4 ,lime wat] 7prep>$ f lime  
made  by calc9+ ,c>r>a m>ble7 is        
sup]saturat$ by /rong pressure )        
c>bonic acid1 s t ! c>bonate ( lime at  
fir/ ?r[n d[n is  r$issolv$4 ,x conta9s 
#h gr4 ( c>bonate ( lime 9 #aj fl4 oz4 (
  wat]4    ,,a]at$ ,,li?ia ,,wat]4 ,?is 
may be conv5i5tly made f ! fre%         
precipitat$ c>bonate1 dissolv$ 9        
c>bonat$ wat]1 z direct$ =  fluid       
magnesia4 ,its antacid & antili?ic      
prop]ties promise to be  useful4        
,,sal9e ,,c>bonat$ ,,wat]s4    ,! foll[+
 af=d approximate imitations ( ^! wat]s4
 ,! e>?y  salts1 ) ! salts ( iron1 %\ld 
be dissolv$ toge!r 9 !  smalle/ quantity
 ( wat]4 ,! o!r +r$i5ts to be dissolv$ 9
 !  l>g] portion ( ! wat]1 & ! solution 
impregnat$ ) ! gas4  ,! fir/ solution   
may be !n add$ or be previ\sly introduc$
 into !  bottles4 ,! salts1 unless      

o!rwise /at$1 are to be cry/allis$4     
,,bad5 ,,wat]4 ,*loride ( magnesium1 #b 
gr42 *loride ( calcium1 #dj gr42        
p]*loride ( iron1 #a_/d gr4 7or #c m9ims
 ( ! t9cture72 *loride (  sodium1 #cj   
gr42 sulphate ( soda1 #aj gr42 c>bonate 
( soda1 #a gr42 wat]1  #a p9t2          
c>bonic-acid gas1 #e volumes4           
,,c>lsbad ,,wat]4 ,*loride ( calcium1 #h
 gr42 t9cture ( *loride ( iron1  #a     
drop2 sulphate ( soda1 #ej gr42 c>bonate
 ( soda1 #fj gr42 *loride (  sodium1 #h 
gr42 c>bonat$ wat]1 #a p9t4    ,,eg]4   
,c>bonate ( soda1 #e gr42 sulphate (    
soda1 #d scruples2 *loride (  sodium1   
#aj gr42 sulphate ( magnesia1 #c gr42   
*loride ( calcium1 #e gr42  c>bonat$    
wat]1 #a p9t4 7,or x may be made )\t    
app>atus1  ?us3----,bic>bonate ( soda1  
#cj gr42 *loride ( sodium1 #h gr42      
sulphate (  magnesia1 #c gr42 wat]1 a   
p9t2 dissolve1 & add a scruple ( dry    
bisulphate ( soda1 & close ! bottle     
imm$iately47    ,,ems4 ,c>bonate ( soda1
 #b scruples2 sulphate ( pota%1 #a gr42 

sulphate (  magnesia1 #e gr42 *loride ( 
sodium1 #aj gr42 *loride ( calcium1 #c  
gr42  c>bonat$ wat]1 a p9t4             
,,m>i5bad4 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #b         
scruples2 sulphate ( soda1 #if gr42     
sulphate ( magnesia1 #h gr42 *loride (  
sodium1 #ae gr42 *loride (  calcium1 #aj
 gr42 c>bonat$ wat]1 a p9t4 7,or1       
bic>bonate ( soda1 #ej  gr42 sulphate ( 
soda1 #a dr42 *loride ( sodium1 #ae gr42
 sulphate (  magnesia1 #aj gr42 dissolve
 9 a p9t ( wat]1 add #be gr4 ( dry      
bisulphate ( soda1 & cork imm$iately47  
,,m>i5bad ,,purg+ ,,salts4 ,bic>bonate (
 soda1 #e oz42 dri$ sulphate (  soda1   
#ab oz42 dry *loride ( sodium1 #a-a_/b  
oz42 sulphate ( magnesia1  dri$1 #b oz42
 dri$ bisulphate ( soda1 #b-a_/b oz4    
,mix ! salts1  previ\sly dri$1          
sep>ately1 & keep !m c>efully f ! air4  
,,pullna ,,wat]4 ,sulphate ( soda1 #d   
dr42 sulphate ( magnesia1 #d dr42       
*loride ( calcium1 #ae gr42 *loride (   
magnesium 7dry71 a scruple2  *loride (  
sodium1 a scruple2 bic>bonate ( soda1   

#aj gr42 wat]1  slightly c>bonat$1 #a   
p9t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ active ( ! purgative   
sal9e wat]s4    ,,pullna ,,wat] ,,)\t   
,,! ,,ma*9e4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #ej    
gr42 sulphate (  magnesia1 #d dr42      
sulphate ( soda1 #c dr42 *loride (      
sodium1 a scruple2  dissolve 9 a p9t (  
wat]2 add1 la/ly1 #b scruples (         
bisulphate (  soda1 & close ! bottle    
imm$iately4    ,,salts ,,= ,,mak+       
,,pullna ,,wat]4 ,dry bic>bonate ( soda1
 #a oz42 exsiccat$  sulphate ( soda1 #b 
oz42 exsiccat$ sulphate ( magnesia1     
#a-a_/b oz42 dry  *loride ( sodium1 #b  
dr42 dry t>t>ic acid1 #c_/d oz4 7or r   
dry  bisulphate ( soda1 #a oz474        
,,seidlitz ,,wat]4 ,?is is usually      
imitat$ by /rongly a]at+ a solution  (  
#b dr4 ( sulphate ( magnesia 9 a p9t (  
wat]4 ,x is also made )  #d1 #f1 & #h   
dr4 ( ! salts to a p9t ( wat]4          
,,seidlitz ,,p[d]4 ,! common seidlitz   
p[d]s d n resemble ! wat]4 ,a  clos]    
imitation w\ld be made by us+ effloresc$
 sulphate ( magnesia  in/ead ( !        

potassio-t>trate ( soda4 ,a /ill m exact
 comp\nd w  be ! foll[+3----,effloresc$ 
sulphate ( magnesia1 #b oz42 bic>bonate 
(  soda1 #a_/b oz42 dry bisulphate (    
soda1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 & keep 9 a close  
bottle4    ,,seids*utz ,,wat]4 ,sulphate
 ( magnesia1 #c dr42 *loride ( calcium1 
nitrate ( lime1 bic>bonate ( soda1 ( ea*
 #h gr42 sulphate ( pota%1  #e gr42     
a]at$ wat]1 #a p9t4    ,,seltz] ,,wat]4 
,*loride ( calcium & *loride (          
magnesium1 ( ea* #d  gr42 dissolve ^! 9 
a small quantity ( wat]1 & add x to a   
simil>  solution ( #h gr4 ( bic>bonate (
 soda1 #bj gr4 ( *loride sodium1 & #b   
gr4 ( phosphate ( soda2 mix1 & add a    
solution ( #a_/d gr4 ( sulphate  ( iron2
 put ! mix$ solution into a #bj-oz4     
bottle1 & fill up )  a]at$ wat]4 ,mu* ( 
! ,seltz] wat] sold is said to be no?+ m
  ?an simple c>bonat$ wat]1 conta9+ a   
little *loride ( sodium4 ,an  imitation 
( ,seltz] wat] is also made by putt+    
into a /one ,seltz]  bottle1 fill$ )    
wat]1 #b dr4 bic>bonate ( soda1 & #b dr4

 ( citric  acid 9 cry/als1 cork+ !      
bottle imm$iately4 ,sodaic p[d]s are    
sometimes sold z ,seltz] p[d]s4         
,,vi*y ,,wat]4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a   
dr42 *loride ( sodium1 #b gr42  sulphate
 ( soda1 #h gr42 sulphate ( magnesia1 #c
 gr42 t9cture ( *loride  ( iron1 #b     
drops2 a]at$ wat]1 a p9t4 ,dorvault     
directs #ge gr4 (  bic>bonate ( soda1 #d
 gr4 ( *loride ( sodium1 #a_/e gr4      
sulphate (  iron1 #aj gr4 sulphate (    
soda1 #c gr4 sulphate ( magnesia1 to a  
p9t (  wat]4 ,by add+ #de gr4 7or less7 
( citric acid1 an eff]vesc+ wat] is     
obta9$4    ,m4 ,s\beiran1 rely+ on !    
analysis ( ,long*amps1 imitates ,vi*y   
wat]  by ! foll[+                       
comb9ation3----,bic>bonate ( soda1 #ace 
gr42 *loride (  sodium1 #b-a_/b gr42    
cry/4 *loride ( calcium1 #ab gr42       
sulphate ( soda1  #aa-a_/b gr42 sulphate
 ( magnesia1 #c-c_/d gr42 t>trate ( iron
 & pota%1  #a_/h gr42 wat]1 #b-a_/aj    
p9ts 7#a litre72 c>bonic acid1 #cje cub4
 in*es 7#e  litres74 ,dissolve ! salts (

 soda & iron 9 "p ( ! wat]1 & add  !    
sulph4 magnes4 & !n ! *lor4 calc4 9 !   
rema9+ wat]4  ,*>ge n[ ) ! c>bonic-acid 
gas "u pressure4    ,,vi*y ,,salts4     
,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 *loride
 ( sodium1 #ae gr42  effloresc$ sulphate
 ( soda1 #a dr42 effloresc$ sulphate (  
magnesia1 #a  scruple2 dry t>t>is$ pota%
 & iron1 #a gr42 dry t>t>ic acid1 #a oz4
  7or dry bisulphate ( soda72 mix !     
p[d]s1 previ\sly dri$1 & keep  !m 9 a   
close bottle4    ,,sal9e ,,wat]s1 ,c41  
,,n ,,c>bonat$4    ,,sea ,,wat]4        
,*loride ( sodium1 #d oz42 sulphate (   
soda1 #b oz42 *loride (  calcium1 #a_/d 
oz42 *loride ( magnesium1 #a oz42 iodide
 ( potassium1 #d  gr42 bromide (        
potassium1 #b gr42 wat]1 a gallon4 ,a   
common sub/itute =  sea wat] z a ba? is 
made by dissolv+ #d or #e oz4 ( common  
salt 9 a  gallon ( wat]4    ,! foll[+   
mixture ( dry salts may be kept = !     
imm$iate  production ( a good imitation 
( sea wat]3----,*loride ( sodium 7t     
obta9$ f evaporat+ sea wat]1 & n        

recry/allis$1 9  pref]5ce71 #he oz42    
effloresc$ sulphate ( soda1 #ae oz42 dry
 *loride  ( calcium1 #d oz42 dry *loride
 ( magnesium1 #af oz42 iodide (         
potassium1  #b dr42 bromide ( potassium1
 #a gr4 ,mix1 & keep dry4 ,put #d or #e 
oz4 to a  gallon ( wat]4    ,,bal>uc    
,,wat]4 ,*loride ( sodium1 #a oz42      
*loride ( calcium1 #a oz42  *loride (   
magnesium1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate ( soda1  
#c dr42 bic>bonate (  soda1 #b dr42     
bromide ( potassium1 #a gr42 wat]1 a    
gallon4 ,*iefly us$  = ba?s4            
,,sulphurett$ ,,wat]s4    ,,simple      
,,sulphurett$ ,,wat]s4 ,pass sulphurett$
 hydrog5 into cold wat]  7previ\sly     
depriv$ ( air by boil+1 & cool$ 9 a     
clos$ vessel7  till x ceases to be      
absorb$4    ,,aix-,,la-,,*apelle ,,wat]4
 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #ab gr42 *loride ( 
sodium1 #be  gr42 *loride ( calcium1 #c 
gr42 sulphate ( soda1 #h gr42 simple    
sulphurett$ wat]1 #b-a_/b oz42 wat]1    
slightly c>bonat$1 #ag-a_/b oz4         
,,b>,,ges ,,wat]4 7,caut]ets1 ,bagnres  

de ,lu*on1 ,eaux ,bonnes1 ,/ ,sauveur1  
may be made ! same47 ,cry/allis$        
hydrosulphate ( soda1 cry/allis$        
c>bonate ( soda1 & *loride ( sodium1 (  
ea* #a-a_/b gr42 wat] 7fre$  f air71 a  
p9t4 ,a /rong] solution = add+ to ba?s  
is ?us  made3----,cry/allis$            
hydrosulphate ( soda1 cry/allis$        
c>bonate ( soda1  & *loride ( sodium1 ( 
ea* #b oz42 wat]1 #aj oz42 dissolve4 ,to
 be  add$ to a common ba? at ! "t ( us+4
    ,,naples ,,wat]4 ,cry/allis$        
c>bonate ( soda1 #ae gr42 fluid         
magnesia1 #a  oz42 simple sulphurett$   
wat]1 #b oz42 a]at$ wat]1 #af oz4       
,introduce !  sulphurett$ wat] into !   
bottle la/4    ,,h>rogate ,,wat]4       
,*loride ( sodium1 #ajj gr42 *loride (  
calcium1 #aj gr42  *loride ( magnesium1 
#f gr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #b gr42 wat]1
 #ah-a_/b  oz4 ,dissolve1 & add simple  
sulphurett$ wat]1 #a-a_/b oz4           
,,*alybeate ,,wat]s4    ,,simple        
,,*alybeate ,,wat]4 ,wat] fre$ f air by 
boil+1 #a p9t2 sulphate  ( iron1 #a_/b  

gr4    ,,a]at$ ,,*alybeate ,,wat]4      
,sulphate ( iron1 #a gr42 c>bonate (    
soda1 #d  gr42 wat] 7depriv$ ( air &    
*>g$ ) c>bonic-acid gas71 a p9t4  ,dr   
,p]eira recomm5ds #aj gr4 ea* ( sulphate
 ( iron & bic>bonate (  soda to be tak5 
9 a bottle ( ord9>y soda wat]4 ,?is is  
equival5t to  #d gr4 ( c>bonate ( iron4 
,,brighton ,,*alybeate4 ,sulphate (     
iron1 *loride ( sodium1 *loride (       
calcium1 ( ea* #b gr42 c>bonate ( soda1 
#c gr42 c>bonat$ wat]1 #a  p9t4         
,,bussang1 ,,=ges1 ,,prov9s1 & o!r      
simil> wat]s1 may be imitat$ by         
dissolv+ f #a_/b to #b_/crds ( a gra9 ( 
sulphate ( iron1 #b or #c gr4  (        
c>bonate ( soda1 #a gr4 ( sulphate (    
magnesia1 & #a ( *loride (  sodium1 9 a 
p9t ( a]at$ wat]4    ,,mont ,d',,or     
,,wat]4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #gj gr42    
sulphate ( iron1 #b_/c gr42  *loride (  
sodium1 #ab gr42 sulphate ( soda1 #a_/b 
gr42 *loride (  calcium1 #d gr42 *loride
 ( magnesium1 #b gr42 a]at$ wat]1 a p9t4
    ,,passy ,,wat]4 ,sulphate ( iron1 #b

 gr42 *loride ( sodium1 #c gr42 c>bonate
  ( soda1 #d gr42 *loride ( magnesium1  
#b gr42 a]at$ wat]1 a p9t4    ,,pyrmont 
,,wat]4 ,sulphate ( magnesia1 #bj gr42  
*loride ( magnesium1 #d gr42  *loride ( 
sodium1 #b gr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #af  
gr42 sulphate ( iron1  #b gr42 ,c>r>a   
wat]1 a p9t4    ,,v>i\s ,,a]at$         
,,m$ic9al ,,wat]s ,,n ,,resembl+ ,,any  
,,natural ,,spr+4    ,,mialhe',s ,,a]at$
 ,,*alybeate ,,wat]4 ,wat]1 a p9t2      
citric acid1 #a dr42  citrate ( iron1   
#ae gr42 dissolve1 & add #ge gr4 (      
bic>bonate ( soda4    ,,trosseau',s     
,,m>tial ,,a]at$ ,,wat]4                
,potassio-t>trate ( iron1 #aj gr42      
artificial ,seltz] wat]1 a p9t4         
,,b\*>dat',s ,,gase\s ,,purgative4      
,phosphate ( soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 c>bonat$
  wat]1 a p9t4    ,,mialhe',s           
,,iodurett$ ,,gase\s ,,wat]4 ,iodide (  
potassium1 #ae gr42  bic>bonate ( soda1 
#ge gr42 wat]1 a p9t2 dissolve & add    
sulphuric  acid1 dilut$ ) its weight (  
wat]1 #ge gr4 ,cork imm$iately4         

,,dupasqui]',s ,,gase\s ,,wat] ,,(      
,,iodide ,,( ,,iron4 ,solution ( iodide 
( iron  7conta9+ #a_/aj? ( dry iodide71 
#cj gr42 syrup ( gum1 #b-a_/b oz42      
a]at$ wat]1 #ag-a_/b oz4    ,,salts     
7,smell+74 ,syn4 ,,sal ,,volatilis      
,,oleosus1 ,l4 ,sesquic>bonate (        
ammonia commonly passes "u ! "n (       
#8,,smell+ ,,salts1' &1 ) !  addition ( 
a few drops ( ess5tial oil1 is frequ5tly
 employ$ to fill  #8,,smell+ ,,bottles1'
 b :5 a /rong & durable pung5cy is      
desir$1 !  c>bonate %\ld alone be us$1 z
 9 "o or o!r ( ! foll[+  =mul3----      
#a4 ,c>bonate 7n sesquic>bonate7 (      
ammonia1 #a lb42 oil ( lav5d]           
7,mit*am71 #b oz42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #a 
oz42 oil ( cloves1 #a_/d oz42 rub  !m   
toge!r1 & sublime2 keep ! product 9     
well-/opp$ bottles4    #b4 ,c>bonate (  
ammonia1 #a lb42 oil ( lav5d]1 #b oz42  
oils ( b]gamot  & lemon1 ( ea* #a oz42 z
 ! la/4    #c4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1     
#a_/b lb42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #a oz42 oil
 (  v]b5a1 #a_/d oz42 otto ( roses1 #a  

dr42 z be=e4    #d4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1
 #c_/d lb42 ess5ces ( b]gamot & lemon1 (
 ea*  #a_/b oz42 ess5ce de petit gra91  
#a_/d oz42 oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 z be=e4
    #e4 7,extemporane\s47----a4 ,f sal  
ammoniac1 #a dr42 pure potassa1 #c dr42 
gr9d !m toge!r1 & add1 ( ess5ce (       
lemons1 #ae drops2 oil (  cloves1 #c or 
#d drops4----b4 ,f c>bonate or          
sesquic>bonate ( ammonia  7bruis$71 q4  
s42 volatile ammoniacal ess5ce1 a few   
drops4    ,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is1        
,,godfrey',s ,,smell+ ,,salts are made  
by resublim+  volatile salt )           
subc>bonate ( potassa & a little spirits
 ( w9e  7& ess5tial oil74    ,,salve4 ,a
 "n indiscrim9ately appli$ by ! vulg> to
 any consi/5t1  greasy prep>ation us$ 9 
m$ic9e4    ,salve1 ,lip-4 ,syn4 ,,c]atum
 ,,labiale1 ,l4    ,prep4 #a4 7,,r$ or  
,,p]uvian47 ,f sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #a_/b  
lb42 alkanet  root1 #a_/b oz42 melt !m  
toge!r until suffici5tly col\r$1 /ra91  
&1 :5 ! /ra9$ fat has cool$ a little1   
add ( balsam ( ,p]u1 #c  dr42 /ir well1 

& 9 a few m9utes p\r (f ! cle> portion f
 !  dregs2 la/ly1 /ir 9 ( oil ( cloves1 
#bj or #cj drops4 ,?is nev] gets        
rancid4    #b4 7,,rose47 ,see ,,c]ate4  
#c4 7,,:ite47 ,f ! f9e/ sp]maceti o9tm5t
 or c]ate1 #c oz42 f9ely  p[d]$ :ite    
sug>1 #a oz42 n]oli or ess5ce de petit  
gra91 #aj or #ab  drops1 or q4 s4       
,obs4 ,num]\s =mul are extant =         
lip-salves1 z = o!r l  articles1 b !    
prec$+ are ^? g5]ally employ$ 9 trade4  
,!  p]fumes may be v>i$ at w & ! salve  
nam$ aft] !m4 ,a v  small quantity (    
f9ely p[d]$ borax is occasionally add$4 
,,fr5*  ,,lip-,,salve is said to conta9 
alum1 9 f9e p[d]2 & ,,g]man             
,,lip-,,salve is  said to be made (     
cacao butt]4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,pommade1 & 
,,o9tm5t4    ,,s&4 ,syn4 ,,ar5a1 ,l4    
,riv] & sea s& consi/ *iefly ( f9ely    
divid$ silice\s matt]1 mix$1            
occasionally1 ) c>bonate ( lime4  ,t (  
,lynn & ,alum ,bay is ne>ly purely      
silica1 & is1 !re=e1  select$ = !       
manufacture ( glass4 ,s& is us$ by      

m\ld]s 9 metal1  & z a manure = heavy   
l&4 ,x is a l>ge & necess>y portion (  e
 f]tile soil4    ,,s& ,,pap]4 ,!        
#8,am]ican ,build]' gives ! foll[+      
process =  mak+ s&-pap] ( sup]ior       
quality1 at almo/ nom9al co/3    8,!    
device = mak+ s&-pap] is simple & at h& 
to any "o :o has  occasion to use !     
pap]4 ,a quantity ( ord9>y w9d[ glass is
 tak5  7t hav+ a gre5 col\r is said to  
be ! be/7 & p\nd$ f9e1  aft] :i* x is   
pass$ ?r\gh "o or m sieves ( diff]5t    
degrees  ( f95ess1 to secure ! glass =  
co>se or f9e pap]4 ,!n any t\gh  pap] is
 cov]$ ev5ly ) glue1 hav+ ab\t "o ?ird m
 wat] ?an  is g5]ally employ$ = wood "w4
 ,! glass is sift$ ^u ! pap]1  all[$ a  
day or two 9 :i* to become fix$ 9 !     
glue1 :5 ! refuse  glue is %ak5 (f1 & ! 
pap] is fit = use40    ,,san,,dal       
,,wood4 #a4 7,,r$ ,,s&]s ,,wood1 ,r4    
,,saund]s ,w42 ,,lignum ,,santali       
,,rubri1 ,,lignum ,,santal9um ,,rubrum1 
,,pt]oc>pus----,ph4 ,l4  ,e47 ,! wood ( 
,pt]oc>pus santil9us4 ,x is us$ 9 m$ic9e

 z a col\r+ matt]4 ,x  is also employ$ 9
 dye+1 & to /a9 v>ni%es4 ,,wool may be  
dy$ a  c>m9e r$ by dipp+ x alt]nately   
into an infusion ( ?is wood & an        
acidul\s ba?1 7,trommsdorff47 ,prep>$ ) 
a mordant ( alum & t>t>1  & !n dy$ 9 a  
ba? ( s&al wood & suma*1 x takes a      
r$di%-yell[4 7,bancr(t47 ,see ,,santal94
    #b4 7,,:ite ,,s&al ,,wood1 ,,:ite   
,,s&]s2 ,,santalum ,,album47 ,! "y      
timb]1  or1 accord+ to o!rs1 ! outside  
wood ( ,santalum album4 7,l9n47    #c4  
7,,yell[ ,,s&al ,,wood2 ,,santalum      
,,citr9um1 ,s4 ,,flavum47 ,! old timb]1 
or1  accord+ to o!rs1 ! he>t ( ! same   
tree4 ,bo? ! latt] are mu*  e/eem$ on   
acc\nt ( _! fragrance1 & yield a        
valuable ess5tial  oil4    ,,san,,d>a*4 
,syn4 ,,s&rac1 ,,gums4 ,a res9 obta9$ f 
,?uja  articulata1 & ,junip]us communis 
79 w>m climates74 ,x is slightly        
fragrant1 is freely soluble 9 rectifi$  
_s1 & has a sp4 gr4 ( #aje  to #aji4 ,x 
is us$ z inc5se1 p\nce1 9 v>ni%es1 c4   
,,san,,d]s ,,wood4 ,see ,,s&al ,,wood4  

,,san,,div]4 ,syn4 ,,glass ,,gall2      
,,fell ,,vitri1 ,,sal ,,vitri1 ,l4 ,!   
sal9e scum  t swims on glass :5 fir/    
made4 ,x is occasionally us$ 9 too?     
p[d]s4    ,,sangu9a,,r9e4 ,syn4         
,,sangu9>9a1 ,l4 ,obta9$ f ! root (     
,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis 7,l9n471 or       
blood-root1 by dige/+ x 9  anhydr\s     
alcohol2 exhau/+ x ) weak sulphuric     
acid2 precipitat+  by liquor ( ammonia2 
dissolv+ out by e!r1 & precipitat+      
sulphate  ( sangu9>9e by ! addition (   
sulphuric acid4 ,! sulphate may be      
decompos$ by ammonia1 :i* precipitates !
 alkaloid z a :ite pe>ly  sub/ance1 ( an
 acrid ta/e1 v soluble 9 alcohol1 also  
soluble 9  e!r & volatile oils4 ,) acids
 x =ms soluble salts1 rem>kable =  _!   
beautiful r$1 crimson1 & sc>let col\rs4 
,^! salts are us$ 9  m$ic9e z           
expectorants1 9 doses ( fractions ( a   
gra94    ,! #8sangu9>9' ( ! ,am]ican    
#8,eclectics' is prep>$ by precipitat+  
a saturat$ t9cture ( blood-root by wat]4
 ,x conta9s an unc]ta9  proportion ( !  

alkaloid1 & is ( a deep r$di%-br[n      
col\r4 ,see  ,,res9oids4    ,,sanit>y   
,,au?orities ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,di/ricts4  
,) ! exception ( !  metropolis1 ! :ole (
 ,engl& & ,irel& is divid$ into urban & 
rural sanit>y di/ricts1 :i* are         
respectively gov]n$ by urban &  rural   
au?orities4    ,! ,public ,heal? ,act   
7sec4 #f7 ?us def9es an urban di/rict1 &
 an  urban au?ority 9 ,engl&3----       
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,urban ,di/ricts4             ,urban    
,au?ority4                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------    ,bor\gh1       
con/itut$ su* ei!r be=e  ,! mayor1      
ald]m51    or aft] ! pass+ ( ?is ,act4  
& burgesses1                            
act+ by !                               
c\ncil4                                 
,improvem5t act di/rict1 con/itut$    ,!
 improvem5t    su* be=e ! pass+ ( !     
,public    commission]s4    ,heal? ,act1
 #ahgb1 & hav+ no             "p ( its  

area situat$ )9 a          bor\gh or    
local gov]nm5t di/rict4                 
,local gov]nm5t di/rict con/itut$    ,! 
local bo>d4    su* ei!r be=e or aft] !  
pass+     ( ?is ,act1 hav+ no "p (      
its area situat$ )9 a bor\gh1         & 
n co9cid5t 9 area ) a           bor\gh  
or improvem5t act di/rict4              
----------------------------------------
---------------------    ,provid$ t---- 
#a4 ,any bor\gh ! :ole ( :i* is includ$ 
9 & =ms "p ( a local  gov]nm5t di/rict  
or improvem5t act di/rict1 & any        
improvem5t act  di/rict :i* is includ$ 9
 & =ms "p ( a local gov]nm5t  di/rict1 &
 any local gov]nm5t di/rict :i* is      
includ$ 9 & =ms  "p ( an improvem5t act 
di/rict1 %all1 = ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 
be deem$ to be absorb$ 9 ! l>g] di/rict 
9 :i* x is includ$1  or ( :i* x =ms "p2 
& ! ,improvem5t commission]s1 or local  
bo>d1 z ! case may be1 ( su* l>g]       
di/rict1 %all be ! urban  au?ority !re92
 &    #b4 ,:]e an improvem5t act di/rict
 is co9cid5t 9 area ) a local  gov]nm5t 

di/rict1 ! improvem5t commission]s1 & n 
a local bo>d1  %all be ! urban au?ority 
!re2 &    #c4 ,:]e any "p ( an          
improvem5t act di/rict is situat$ )9 a  
bor\gh or local act di/rict1 or :]e any 
"p ( a local gov]nm5t  di/rict is       
situat$ )9 a bor\gh1 ! rema9+ "p ( su*  
improvem5t act di/rict or ( su* local   
gov]nm5t di/rict s p>tly  situat$ )9 a  
bor\gh1 %all = ! purposes ( ?is ,act    
cont9ue  subject to ! l jurisdiction z x
 w\ld h be5 subject to if ?is  ,act _h n
 be5 pass$1 unless & until ! ,local     
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d by  provisional ord]    
o!rwise directs4    ,= ! purposes ( !   
,public ,heal? ,act1 ! bor\ghs ( ,ox=d1 
,cambridge1 ,bl&=d1 ,calne1 ,w5lock1    
,folke/one1 & ,newport1 ,isle (  ,wight1
 are n to be deem$ bor\ghs4    ,! bor\gh
 ( ,cambridge is to be deem$ an         
improvem5t act di/rict1 !  bor\gh (     
,ox=d is to be includ$ 9 ! local        
gov]nm5t di/rict (  ,ox=d1 & !re is a   
special provision 9 ! case ( ! bor\gh ( 
,folke/one4    ,an ,engli% rural sanit>y

 di/rict & au?ority are ?us def9$ by !  
,public ,heal? ,act 7sec4 #i73----      
8,! area ( any union :i* is n co9cid5t 9
 area ) an urban  di/rict1 nor :olly    
includ$ 9 an urban di/rict 79 ?is       
section  call$ a rural union71 ) !      
exception ( ^? portions 7if any7 (  !   
area :i* are includ$ 9 any urban        
di/rict1 %all be a rural  di/rict1 & !  
gu>dians ( ! union %all =m ! rural      
au?ority (  su* di/rict1 provid$ t----  
8#a4 ,an ex (ficio gu>dian resid5t 9 any
 p>i% or "p ( a p>i%  belong+ to su*    
union1 :i* p>i% or "p ( a p>i% =ms or is
  situat$ 9 an urban di/rict1 %all n act
 or vote 9 any case 9 :i*  gu>dians (   
su* union act or vote z memb]s ( ! rural
 au?ority1  unless he is ! own] or      
occupi] ( prop]ty situat$ 9 ! rural     
di/rict ( a value suffici5t to qualify  
him z an elective gu>dian =  ! union4   
8#b4 ,an elective gu>dian ( any p>i%    
belong+ to su* union1 &  =m+ or be+     
includ$ )9 an urban di/rict1 %all n act 
or vote  9 any case 9 :i* gu>dians ( su*

 union act or vote z memb]s ( !  rural  
au?ority4    8#c4 ,:]e "p ( a p>i%      
belong+ to a rural union =ms or is      
situat$  9 an urban di/rict1 ! ,local   
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may by ord] divide su*  
p>i% into sep>ate w>ds1 & det]m9e !     
numb] ( gu>dians to be  elect$ by su*   
w>ds respectively1 9 su* mann] z to     
provide = !  due repres5tation ( ! "p ( 
! p>i% situat$ )9 ! rural  di/rict2 b   
until su* ord] has be5 made1 ! gu>dian  
or gu>dians (  su* p>i% may act & vote z
 memb]s ( ! rural au?ority 9 ! same     
mann] z if no "p ( su* p>i% =m$ "p (1 or
 0 situat$ 91  ! urban di/rict40    ,:]e
 ! numb] ( elective gu>dians1 :o are n  
by ?is section  disqualifi$ f act+ &    
vot+ z memb]s ( ! rural au?ority1 is    
less ?an five1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 
may f "t to "t by ord]  nom9ate su*     
numb] ( p]sons z may be necess>y to make
 up t  numb]1 f own]s or occupi]s (     
prop]ty situat$ 9 ! rural  di/rict ( a  
value suffici5t to qualify !m z elective
 gu>dians =  ! union2 & ! p]sons s      

nom9at$ %all be entitl$ to act & vote  z
 memb]s ( ! rural au?ority1 b n fur!r or
 o!rwise4    ,subject to ! provisions ( 
?is ,act1 all /atutes1 ord]s1 & legal   
provisions applicable to any bo>d (     
gu>dians %all apply to !m 9  _! capacity
 ( rural au?ority "u ?is ,act = !       
purposes ( ?is  ,act2 & x is h]eby      
decl>$ t ! rural au?ority are ! same    
body  z ! gu>dians ( ! union or p>i% =  
or )9 :i* su* au?ority  act4    ,sanit>y
 di/ricts 9 ,irel& are3----,! ,city (   
,dubl91 o!r corporate  t[ns above #fjjj1
 & t[ns or t[n%ips hav+ commission]s "u 
local  ,acts4    ,& urban au?orities    
are3----    ,9 ! ,city ( ,dubl91 ! ,"r  
,hon4 ! ,"l ,mayor1 ,ald]m51 &          
,burgesses act+ by ! t[n c\ncil4    ,9  
t[ns corporate1 ! t[n c\ncil4    ,9 t[ns
 exce$+ #fjjj1 hav+ commission]s "u !   
,light+1  ,clean+1 & ,wat*+ ,act (      
,george ,,iv2 or hav+ municipal         
commission]s  "u #c & #d ,vict41 c4     
#ajh2 or t[n commission]s "u ! ,t[ns    
,improvem5t 7,irel&7 ,act 7#ag & #ah    

,vict41 c4 #ajc71 ! said  commission]s1 
municipal1 or t[n c\ncillors            
respectively4    ,9 t[ns or t[n%ips hav+
 commission]s "u local ,acts1 ! t[n or  
t[n%ip commission]s 7#cg & #ch ,vict4 c4
 #ih1 s4 #c74    ,! ,iri% rural sanit>y 
di/ricts & au?orities are exactly       
analog\s  to ! ,engli%4    ,9 ,scotl&1  
sanit>y p[]s are ex]cis$ by t[n c\ncils1
 police  commission]s1 & p>o*ial bo>ds1 
controll$ & sup]vis$ by a bo>d  (       
sup]vision2 b ! names ( urban & rural   
sanit>y au?orities h  n yet be5 appli$  
to !m4    ,"u ! ,engli% ,public ,heal?  
,act1 !re may also be =m$ unit$         
di/ricts2 = example3    ,:]e1 on !      
application ( any local au?ority ( any  
di/rict1 x  appe>s to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t
 ,bo>d t x w\ld be = ! advantage  ( !   
di/ricts1 or any ( !m1 or any p>ts !re(1
 or ( any  contributory places1 9 any   
rural di/rict or di/ricts1 to be =m$    
into  a unit$ di/rict = all or any ( !  
purposes foll[+3----    #a4 ,! procur+ a
 common supply ( wat]2 or    #b4 ,! mak+

 a ma9 sew]1 or c>ry+ into effect a     
sy/em ( sew]age  = ! use ( all su*      
di/ricts1 or contributory places2 or    
#c4 ,= any o!r purposes ( ?is ,act1 !   
,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may1 by          
provisional ord]1 =m su* di/ricts or    
contributory places into a  unit$       
di/rict4    ,all co/s1 *>ges1 & exp5ses 
( & incid5tal to ! =mation ( a  unit$   
di/rict are1 9 ! ev5t ( ! unit$ di/rict 
be+ =m$1 to  be a fir/ *>ge on ! rates  
leviable 9 ! unit$ di/rict 9  pursuance 
section #bgi ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act4   
,notice ( ! provisional ord] mu/ be made
 public 9 ! locality2 &  %\ld ! union be
 c>ri$ out1 ! incid5tal exp5ses !reto   
are a  fir/ *>ge on ! sanit>y rates ( ! 
unit$ di/rict4 ,a unit$  di/rict is     
gov]n$ by a jo9t bo>d consi/+ ( su* ex  
(ficio1 &  ( su* numb] ( elective memb]s
 z ! provisional ord] det]m9es4    ,!   
bus9ess arrangem5ts ( ! jo9t bo>d diff] 
little f ^? ( a  sanit>y au?ority4    ,!
 jo9t bo>d is a body corporate hav+ a   
"n----det]m9$ by !  provisional         

ord]----a p]petual succession1 & a      
common seal1 & hav+  p[] to acquire &   
hold l&s )\t any lic5ce 9 mortma94 ,!   
jo9t  bo>d has only bus9ess & p[] 9     
matt]s = :i* x has be5 =m$4  ,) !       
exception ( ^! special objects1 !       
compon5t di/ricts  cont9ue z be=e to    
ex]cise indep5d5t p[]s4    ,nev]!less1 !
 jo9t bo>d may delegate to ! sanit>y    
au?ority (  any compon5t di/rict !      
ex]cise ( any ( its p[]s1 or !  p]=mance
 ( any ( its duties 7,public ,heal?     
,act1 sec4 #bha74    ,sanit>y au?orities
 & di/ricts may be also comb9$ = !      
execution  & ma9t5ance ( works1 = !     
prev5tion ( epidemic diseases1 z well  z
 = ! purpose ( appo9t+ a m$ical (fic] ( 
heal?4 ,di/ricts  :5 once =m$ are n fix$
 & unv>iable1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d  
hav+ ! mo/ ext5sive p[]s ov] !          
alt]ations ( areas4    #a4 ,! ,local    
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 by provisional ord]1   
may dissolve any  local gov]nm5t        
di/rict1 & may m]ge any su* di/rict 9 "s
 o!r  di/rict1 or may decl>e ! :ole or  

any portion ( a local gov]nm5t or  a    
rural di/rict imm$iately adjo9+ a local 
gov]nm5t di/rict to be  includ$ 9 su*   
la/ m5tion$ di/rict1 or may decl>e any  
portion ( a  local gov]nm5t di/rict     
imm$iately adjo9+ a rural di/rict to be 
includ$ 9 su* la/-m5tion$ di/rict2 &    
!reupon ! includ$ area  %all1 = !       
purposes ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 be    
deem$ to =m "p  ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x is  
includ$ 9 su* ord]2 & ! rema9+  "p 7if  
any7 ( su* local gov]nm5t di/rict or    
rural di/rict affect$  by su* ord]1 %all
 cont9ue subject to ! l jurisdiction z x
 w\ld  h be5 subject to if su* ord] _h n
 be5 made1 unless & until !  ,local     
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d by provisional ord]     
o!rwise directs4    #b4 ,9 ! case ( a   
bor\gh compris+ )9 its area ! :ole ( an 
improvem5t act di/rict1 or hav+ an area 
coext5sive ) su*  di/rict1 ! ,local     
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 by provisional ord]1   
may dissolve  su* di/rict1 & transf] to 
! c\ncil ( ! bor\gh1 all or any (  !    
jurisdiction & p[]s ( ! improvem5t      

commission]s ( su*  di/rict1 rema9+ ve/$
 9 !m at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( !  ,public    
,heal? ,act4    #c4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t 
,bo>d may1 by ord]1 dissolve any special
 dra9age  di/rict con/itut$ ei!r be=e or
 aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,public  ,heal? ,act 9
 :i* a loan = ! execution ( works has n 
be5 rais$1  & m]ge x into ! p>i% or     
p>i%es 9 :i* x is situat$2 b 9  ! cases 
:]e a loan has be5 rais$ ! ,local       
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d c only  d ?is by        
provisional ord] 7,public ,heal? ,act1  
sec4 #bga74    ,disputes ) reg>d to !   
b\nd>ies ( di/ricts are to be settl$ by 
! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d aft] local     
inquiry 7,public ,heal? ,act1 sec4      
#bgh74    ,:]e di/ricts also are        
con/itut$ = ! purposes ( ma9 sew]age    
only1 9 pursuance ( ! ,public ,heal?    
,act ( #ahdh1 or :]e a di/rict  has be5 
=m$ subject to ! jurisdiction ( a jo9t  
sew]age bo>d1 9  pursuance ( ! ,sewage  
,utilisation ,act ( #ahfg1 su* di/ricts 
or  di/rict may be dissolv$ by          
provisional ord]1 & ! ,local ,gov]nm5t  

,bo>d may con/itute x a unit$ di/rict1  
subject to ! jurisdiction (  a jo9t bo>d
 7,public ,heal? ,act1 sec4 #cbc74    ,!
 ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may also decl>e 
by provisional ord] any rural  di/rict  
to be a local gov]nm5t di/rict4    ,!   
,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d has also !       
important p[] ( inve/+ a  rural au?ority
 ) urban p[]s z foll[s3    8,! ,local   
,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may1 on ! application ( 
! au?ority (  any rural di/rict1 or (   
p]sons rat$ to ! relief ( ! poor1 !     
assessm5t ( ^: h]$itam5ts am\nts at !   
lea/ to "o t5? ( !  net rateable value (
 su* di/rict1 or ( any contributory     
place !re91  by ord] to be publi%$ 9 !  
#8,london ,gazette1' or 9 su* o!r mann] 
z ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may direct1  
decl>e any provisions ( ?is  ,act 9 =ce 
9 urban di/ricts to be 9 =ce 9 su* rural
 di/rict or  contributory place1 & may  
inve/ su* au?ority ) all or any ( !     
p[]s1 rights1 duties1 capacities1       
liabilities1 & obligations ( an  urban  
au?ority "u ?is ,act1 & su* inve/m5t may

 be made ei!r  unconditionally or       
subject to any conditions to be specifi$
 by ! bo>d  z to ! "t1 portion ( its    
di/rict1 or mann] dur+1 at1 & 9  :i* su*
 p[]s1 rights1 duties1 liabilities1     
capacities1 &  obligations are to be    
ex]cis$ & atta*1 provid$ t an ord] ( !  
,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d made on !        
application ( "o t5? ( ! p]sons  rat$ to
 ! relief ( ! poor 9 any contributory   
place %all n inve/  ! rural au?ority )  
any new p[]s beyond ! limits ( su*      
contributory places0 7,public ,heal?    
,act1 sec4 #bgf74    ,p[]s & ,duties (  
,sanit>y ,au?orities4 ,9 ,engl& urban   
sanit>y  au?orities h v ext5sive p[]s & 
duties "u ! ,public ,heal?  ,act (      
#ahge1 & 9 addition !y h to c>ry out !  
,bakeh\se  ,regulation ,act1 & !        
,artisans' & ,lab\r]s' ,dwell+s ,act4   
,!y also  h p[] to adopt ! ,ba?s &      
,wa%-h\ses ,acts1 & ! ,lab\r+  ,classes'
 ,lodg+ ,h\ses ,acts2 b :]e adopt$ or 9 
=ce1 ! p[]s1  rights1 duties1 c41 ( ^!  
,acts belong to ! urban au?ority4 ,!    

p[]s ( any local act = sanit>y purposes 
7except a ,riv] ,cons]vancy  ,act7 are  
transf]r$ to ! urban au?ority4    ,!    
p[]s ( an ,engli% rural au?ority are    
ex]cis$ pr9cipally "u  ! ,public ,heal? 
,act1 b !y h also to c>ry out !         
,bakeh\se  ,regulation ,act4    ,! p[]s 
giv5 by ! ,iri% ,public ,heal? ,act to  
,iri% ,sanit>y  ,au?orities are simil>4 
,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act is n 9 =ce !re1
 & equal p[]s are giv5  )\t di/9ction to
 urban & rural sanit>y au?orities4    ,!
 duties ( sanit>y au?orities are to c>ry
 out ! ,acts :i* apply  to !m1 & appo9t 
c]ta9 (fic]s1 su* z m$ical (fic]s (     
heal?1  inspectors ( nuisances1 cl]k1   
treasur]1 c4    ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may  
be affirm$ t all sanit>y au?orities are 
inve/$ ) ample p[]s = en=c+ sanit>y     
measures4 ,_! duty  consi/s 9 p]fect+   
dra9age1 sew]age1 & wat] supply4 ,9 t[ns
 !y  h ! control ( /reets & h\ses1 bo?  
private & public1 & 9  all localities !y
 possess ample p[]s to cause e species (
  nuisance to be abat$1 :i* is 9 ! lea/ 

inimical to heal?4    ,! ,public ,heal? 
,act conta9s a proviso = deal+ ) an     
au?ority  :i* fails 9 its duty4 ,"u ^!  
circum/ances1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t  ,bo>d 
is inve/$ ) compulsory p[]s1 & may      
compel ! due  p]=mance ( :atev] x may   
deem necess>y4    ,,sanit>y ,,h]bal     
,,bitt]s----,gesundheitskrut]-,bitt]4   
,an indisp5sable  h\sehold rem$y = e    
family1 = colic1 /oma*-a*e1 cramp 9 !   
bladd]1 flatul5ce1 loss ( appetite1     
nausea1 *ronic liv] diseases1           
con/ipation1 & di>rha2 also z a soo?+   
ag5t = infants  7,gotts*li*74 ,! fluid  
conta9s 9 #ajj grammes ! soluble portion
 (  ab\t #h gramme opium4 7,hag]47      
,,sanit>y ,,liqueur----,gesundheits     
,liqueur4 ,sw$i% elixir ( life1 )       
rhub>b 9 place ( ! aloes1 made into a   
liqueur ) sug> & _s4  7,hag]47          
,,sanit>y1 ,,popul>1 ,,errors4 ,x is a  
popul> sanit>y error to ?9k t  ! m a man
 eats ! fatt] & /rong] he w become4 ,to 
believe  t ! m h\rs *ildr5 /udy ! fa/]  
!y le>n4 ,to conclude  t1 if ex]cise is 

good1 ! m viol5t ! m good is done4 ,to  
imag9e t e h\r tak5 f sleep is an h\r   
ga9$4 ,to act on !  presumption t !     
smalle/ room 9 ! h\se is l>ge en\gh to  
sleep  94 ,to imag9e t :atev] rem$y     
causes "o to feel imm$iately bett]  is  
good = ! sy/em1 )\t reg>d to ! ult]ior  
effects4 ,to eat  )\t an appetite2 or to
 cont9ue aft] x has be5 satisfi$1 m]ely 
to  gratify ! ta/e4 ,to eat a he>ty     
supp] at ! exp5se ( a :ole night  (     
di/urb$ sleep & we>y wak+ 9 ! morn+     
7#8,sanit>y ,record'74    ,,sanit>y     
,,ratafia----,gesundheits ,ratafia4 ,=  
remov+ all /oma*1 *e/1  & b[el          
compla9ts1 indige/ion1 colic1 di>rha1   
vomit+1 flatul5ce1  dysuria1 &          
affections caus$ by *ills4 ,a cle> br[n 
s*napps  conta9+1 9 #bej grammes by     
weight1 #ge grammes sug>1 #aje grammes  
wat]1  #ajj grammes /rong _s1 #dj       
grammes ea* ( t9cture ( orange peel &   
t9cture ( orange b]ries1 #be grammes ea*
 t9cture ( cloves &  t9cture ( wormwood1
 #a drop oil ( pepp]m9t1 #e drops acetic

 e!r1 &  "s drops ( c>amel4 7,dr ,horn47
    ,,sanit>y ,,s\l1 ,fl[]s             
(4----,gesundheitsblum5gei/4 ,a mixture 
(  _s1 #ejj p>ts2 t9ct4 aromatica1 #e   
p>ts2 oils ( b]gamot1 lav5d]1  &        
rosem>y1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 oil ( ?yme1 #c  
p>ts2 oil ( spe>m9t1 #a  "p4 7,hag]47   
,,sanitation1 ,,dome/ic4 ,n "o ( ! lea/ 
cr$itable or important  b5efits conf]r$ 
( late ye>s1 by ! ef=ts ( philan?ropic &
  enlight5$ ent]prise ^u ! poor] classes
 ( ?is c\ntry1 has be5  ! erection----9 
cities & l>ge t[ns m p>ticul>ly----(    
heal?y  h\ses = !m to dwell 94 ,9 !     
con/ruction ( ^! habitations !          
ar*itects & design]s h = ! mo/ "p be5   
guid$ by s\nd  sanit>y pr9ciples1 !     
c>ry+ out ( :i* has be5 effect$ by means
  ( legislative sup]vision1 & if ne$ful1
 ( legislative action4    ,! result ( ^!
 measures has1 9 mo/ cases1 be5 to      
provide  resid5ces = our poor] bre?r51  
:]e91 among/ o!r advantages1  !y enjoy !
 two prim>y ones ( pure air & wat]4 ,t !
 ri*]1  upp]1 & middle classes1 :il/    

devis+ & a*iev+ s mu* 9 !  way ( com=t &
 heal? = ^? b5ea? !m1 %\ld !mselves 9 s 
_m cases live 9 h\ses notori\sly        
unheal?y1 & %\ld fail to  recognise !   
advantages ( ! compulsory en=cem5t (    
necess>y  hygi5ic arrangem5ts1 are      
anomalies s amaz+ z to be1 at fir/      
sight1  sc>cely cr$ible4 ,yet a little  
piece ( /ati/ics may s]ve to discomfit  
^? :o are incr$ul\s on ?is po9t4 ,!     
av]age mortality 9 ,london  is #bd      
p]sons 9 a #ajjj4 ,9 ! improv$ dwell+s (
 ! poor x is only  #ad 9 ! #ajjj4       
,?is subject 0 v5tilat$ 9 a v e>ne/ &   
valuable pap] read  be=e ! ,social      
,sci5ce ,congress at ,brighton 9 #ahge  
by ,mr ,h4 ,h4  ,coll9s4 ,9 ?is pap] ,mr
 ,coll9s ref]s only to ! h\ses ( !      
metropolis & its suburbs1 & ma9ta9s t1 z
 f> z reg>ds !  en=cem5t ( sanit>y      
precautions 9 h\se build+1 ,london & its
  suburbs are inf9itely worse provid$ = 
?an _m second-rate prov9cial  t[ns1 mo/ 
( :i*1 he says1 h ! con/ruction ( _!    
build+s  & /reets regulat$ by bye-laws  

issu$ "u ! p[]s ( ! ,public  ,heal?     
,act1 & sanction$ by ! ,home ,secret>y1 
:]eas 9 ,london !  v>i\s ,acts (        
,p>liam5t = ?is purpose h be5           
inop]ative4 ,mr  ,coll9s describes !    
insanit>y condition ( "s ( ! high-r5t$  
h\ses he exam9$ & says ! descriptions   
:i* foll[ equally apply to  _m o!rs     
situat$ 9 ! mo/ ari/ocratic qu>t]s (    
,london4    ,imag9e "o ( our legislators
 :o1 p]haps1 _h be5 vot+ = !  pass+ ( ! 
8,nuisance ,removals ,act10 return+ f 8 
p>liam5t>y  duties to su* a mansion z is
 portray$ by ,mr ,coll9s 9 ! foll[+     
extract3----8,i h rec5tly pur*as$ on    
behalf ( a cli5t ! lease ( a  mansion 9 
,portl& ,place f a well-kn[n nobleman1  
:o _h sp5t1 z ,i  0 in=m$1 a =tune 9    
provid+ new dra9age2 inde$1 ,i f\nd !   
pr9cipal wat]-closet built out ( ! h\se 
altoge!r2 ! soil-pipe (  x1 h[ev]1 0    
c>ri$ ?r\gh ! basem5t1 :]e x 0 suppos$  
to be  connect$ ) ! dra94 ,^u remov+ !  
floor-bo>ds to exam9e x1 ,i  f\nd !     
gr\nd surr\nd+ ! connection lit]ally "o 

mass ( black  sewage1 ! soil ooz+ ?r\gh 
! po9t ev5 at ! "t ( !  exam9ation1 & ! 
connection ) ! ma9-dra9 laid 9 x at "r  
angles4 ,! #i-;in* dra9-pipes ran ?r\gh 
! c5tre ( ! h\se1 hav+  a v slight      
gradi5t1 & _h evid5tly n be5 laid 9 _m  
ye>s1 yet  !y 7 ne>ly full ( consolidat$
 sewage1 & b little space 0  left = !   
passage ( ! fluid4 ,) b a slightly      
increas$ pressure  ! jo9ts w\ld h giv5  
way1 & ! sewage w\ld h fl[$ "u  ! bo>ds 
in/ead ( into ! sew]4 ,! s9ks1          
wat]-closets1 &  ci/]ns 7 all badly     
situat$1 & all m or less defective 9    
sanit>y arrangem5t4 ,9 ! butl]'s pantry 
! s9k 0 plac$ next to  ! turn-up b$/ead 
( ! butl]1 :o mu/ h inhal$ draughts (   
impure atmosph]e at e inspiration4 ,!   
soil-pipes ( ! closets _h  inde$ be5    
v5tilat$ ) a z9c rectangul> tube1 b1 z  
?is _h be5  s plac$ z to let ! sew]-gas 
?r\gh an adjac5t skylight into !  h\se1 
& ! od\r be+ extremely disagreeable1 x  
_h be5 by 8  lord%ip's directions 7z ,i 
am told7 clos$4 ,"h 0 evid5ce t x _h  at

 all ev5ts be5 do+ "s s]vice1 & probably
 _h only poison$ a  few ( ! dome/ics4 ,i
 f\nd ! b5ds ( soil-pipes likewise      
riddl$  ) holes1 z describ$ by ,dr      
,le>gus4 ,!re happ5$ to be a h\semaids' 
s9k situat$ close to a b$room1 ! wa/e f 
:i* _h be5 c>efully  connect$ ) !       
soil-pipe1 s t probably _h ! closets be5
  satisfactorily v5tilat$1 ?is          
arrangem5t w\ld h defeat$ ! object  9   
view4 ,i %\ld also m5tion t ! be/       
wat]-closet 0 situat$ on  ! b$room floor
 "u ! /airs1 & 0 light$ & v5tilat$ ?r\gh
  a small %aft =m$ ( wood bo>d+ & c>ri$ 
to ! ro(2 x also  op5$ by a w9d[ to !   
ma9 or pr9cipal /aircase4 ,! gutt] ( !  
ro( ran ?r\gh ! b$rooms & "u ! floors2  
at ! "t (  exam9ation x 0 full ( black  
slimy fil?4 ,?is is a fair specim5 (  ! 
sanit>y arrangem5ts ( a nobleman's t[n  
h\se1 situat$ 9 "o (  ! be/ /reets ( ?is
 great metropolis 9 ! ye> ( grace       
#ahge40    ,let u take ano!r            
example3----8,a few ye>s ago a cli5t (  
m9e1 :o  resid$ 9 a l>ge h\se 9 a weal?y

 suburb1 in=m$ me t 8 wife  & two       
daught]s _h suff]$ 9 heal? ev] s9ce !y  
_h occupi$  _! h\se1 t he _h consult$   
sev]al m$ical m5 )\t b5eficial  result1 
& t he wi%$ me to make a survey ( !     
premises4 ,he paid a  r5tal ( ab\t #bjj 
p] annum4 ,i f\nd t ! dra9age 0 9 e way 
defective1 al?\gh he told me t he _h    
sp5t a l>ge sum ( money 9  mak+ x       
#8p]fect1' ! gradi5ts 7 bad1 ! pipes    
*ok$1 & !  jo9ts uns\nd4 ,! s]vants'    
wat]-closet 0 adjac5t to ! scull]y1  :i*
 0 9 communication ) ! kit*51 ! s9k be+ 
directly  opposite ! kit*5 range4 ,!    
wat]-closet 0 suppli$ direct f !  ci/]n1
 ! wa/e f :i* ent]$ ! dra91 al?\gh x 0  
said to  be trapp$4 ,! wa/e ( ! s9k 0   
simply connect$ ) ! dra9s &  trapp$ ) an
 ord9>y bell-trap1 ! cov] or trap ( :i* 
,i f\nd  brok54 ,"u ! kit*5 range       
hot-wat] tap ,i f\nd a trapp$ op5+1     
also lead+ into ! dra94 ,! dome/ics     
compla9$ ( frequ5t  heada*es & g5]al    
depression1 & ,i ne$ n add t x excit$ no
  surprise1 see+ t ! kit*5 fire 0       

cont9u\sly draw+ 9 f  ! sew]s & h\se    
dra9s a /eady supply ( sew]-gas to !    
h\se &  dr9k+-wat] ci/]n4 ,9 addition ,i
 f\nd ! basem5t walls damp1 ow+  to !   
abs5ce ( a damp-pro( c\rse & ! want (   
dry areas4 ,! upp]  wat]-closets1       
h\se-closets1 & ci/]ns 7 situat$ ov] ea*
 o!r1  (f ! fir/-floor l&+1 & directly  
opposite ! b$room doors4 ,!  ba? &      
lavatory 7 fix$ 9 ! dress+-room1        
communicat+ ) !  be/ b$room1 ! wa/es f  
:i* 7 c>ri$ into ! soil-pipe (  closets4
 ,?is latt] 0 unv5tilat$1 b 0 trapp$ )  
an ,s pipe at  bottom4 ,! wat]-closets 7
 pan closets1 & 7 trapp$ by ,d traps4   
,! upp] closet p]iodically untrapp$ !   
l[] closet1 & bo? traps  leav+ ! impure 
air free access to ! h\se & ci/]n1 :i*  
latt]  0 also 9 communication by means (
 its wa/e-pipe ) !  h\se-dra9s4 ,!      
ov]fl[s f safes ( ! wat]-closets 7      
practically untrapp$4 ,! peculi>        
nauseat+ od\r ( sew]-gas 0  di/9ctly    
p]ceptible1 & ,i _h b little d\bt b t   
atonic disease  0 rapidly mak+ its      

inroads on ! occupants4 ,! l&lord refus$
 to  recognise ! tru? ( my report4 ,my  
cli5t1 act+ on my advice1  rel9qui%$ 8  
lease1 took ano!r h\se1 ! sanitation (  
:i* 0  c>efully att5d$ to1 & 8 wife &   
*ildr5 h _h no recurr5ce (  illness40   
,mr ,coll9s m5tions a v al>m+ &         
unsuspect$ s\rce ( a]ial  poison+ 9 _m  
t[n-h\ses to be ! exi/5ce ( old disus$  
cesspools  9 ! c5tre ( ! build+s4 ,^!   
receptacles1 :i* are frequ5tly  ne>ly   
fill$ ) decay+ fcal sub/ances1 are v (t5
 f\nd to be  insecurely cov]$ ov] )     
tiles1 /ones1 or bo>d+4 ,to ensure !    
con/ruction ( a heal?y dwell+-h\se1 ,mr 
,coll9s reg>ds att5tion to  ! foll[+    
conditions z ess5tial3----8,all subsoil 
%\ld be prop]ly  dra9$1 prop] ?ickness (
 ! concrete %\ld be appli$ to !         
f\ndations1 damp-pro( c\rses %\ld be    
ins]t$ ov] foot+s1 e>?  %\ld be kept    
back f walls by dry areas prop]ly dra9$ 
&  v5tilat$1 ext]nal walls %\ld be built
 ( good h>d well-burnt /ock  brickwork1 
( graduat$ ?icknesses1 & nev] less ?an  

#ad in*es ?ick2  int]nal divisions %\ld 
be ( brick 9 cem5t4 ,! mort> & cem5t    
%\ld be ( good quality4 ,all basem5t    
floors %\ld h a concrete or  cem5t      
bottom1 ) air fl[+ "u ! same1 & ! bo>d+ 
!re(  %\ld be tongu$ s z to prev5t      
draught & exhalation p5etrat+  ?r\gh !  
jo9ts ( ! same4 ,ample areas back &     
front %\ld be  insi/$ on1 ! divisional  
or p>ty f5ce walls ( :i* %\ld nev] be   
all[$ to exce$ #g feet 9 height1 to all[
 free circulation & to  prev5t ! areas  
becom+ wells or %afts = /agnant air4 ,! 
ma9  dra9s %\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! back   
y>ds1 &1 to prev5t  inconv5i5ce to      
adjo9+ own]s f any ob/ruction1 !y %\ld  
be  laid 9 subways1 s t ! sew] inspector
 c\ld ga9 ready access  !reto )\t ent]+ 
any ( ! premises or caus+ any annoyance 
to  ! t5ants4 ,no basem5t %\ld on any   
acc\nt be all[$ to be  con/ruct$ at su* 
a level z w n p]mit ( ! pipes hav+ good 
/eep gradi5ts to ! sew]4    ,all s9ks   
%\ld be plac$ next ext]nal walls1 hav+  
w9d[s ov] !  same1 & remov$ f ! influ5ce

 ( ! fire-grates4 ,all wa/es %\ld       
dis*>ge ext]iorly ov] & n into trapp$   
cess-pits1 all ( :i*  %\ld be provid$ ) 
spla%+ /ones fix$ r\nd ! same4 ,!       
basem5t ci/]nage %\ld be plac$ 9        
conv5i5t & accessible  positions1       
protect$ f dirt & gu>d$ f ! effects (   
alt]nations ( temp]ature4 ,!y %\ld be ( 
slate & galvanis$ iron1  & nev] ( lead  
or z9c4 ,!y %\ld be fitt$ ) ov]fl[s     
dis*>g+ ov] ! s9k1 or ov] trapp$ cesses 
z j m5tion$4 ,!y  %\ld be suppli$ ) /\t 
lead encas$1 block-t9 pipe1 ! s]vices   
!refrom = all dr9k+ purposes %\ld be ( !
 same description1 &  %\ld be atta*$ to 
an asc5d+ filt]1 s t wat] may be deliv]$
  free f lead or organic impurities4    
,lead poison+ is m frequ5t ?an  is      
g5]ally believ$4 ,cupbo>ds "u /airs1 "u 
s9ks1 "u  dress]s1 or out-(-!-way places
 %\ld be avoid$1 & :5 fitt$ up  %\ld    
always be well v5tilat$4 ,all passages  
%\ld be well light$ &  v5tilat$4 ,borr[$
 lights are bett] ?an none at all4 ,e   
room %\ld  be furni%$ ) a fireplace1 &  

,comyn & ,*+o v5tilators ov] doors  &   
w9d[s %\ld be freely dispos$4 ,x w\ld   
conduce to ! heal? (  ! h\se1 )\t add+  
"o %ill+ to its co/1 to build next !    
kit*5 flue a sep>ate v5tilat+ flue1 & to
 conduct ! products (  combu/ion f gas &
 o!r impure or soil$ air1 c41 into !    
same1  f v5tilators plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( or
 close to ! ceil+s1 z may  be f\nd mo/  
conv5i5t4 ,by c>efully proportion+ !    
inlet & outlet  v5tilation1 ! air w be  
kept mov+ )\t draught1 & pres]v$ 9  a   
pure & sweet condition = respiration4 ,!
 w9d[s & doors w  !n s]ve only _!       
legitimate objects ( admitt+ light1 & ( 
af=d+ +ress & egress to ! v>i\s         
ap>tm5ts4 ,! /aircase  %\ld be made !   
ma9 v5tilator ( ! h\se1 & x is          
ess5tially  necess>y to pres]ve ! air   
surr\nd+ ! same1 uncontam9at$1 pure1  & 
undefil$4 ,x w be bett] to light &      
v5tilate x f ! top2  & to prev5t !      
,e?iopians or blacks ( ,london f9d+ _!  
way into  ! h\se1 an invisible gauze net
 may be plac$ "u x1 :i* c  p]iodically  

be easily remov$ & cleans$1 or x may be 
furni%$ ) a  movable inn]1 ornam5tal    
flat light4    ,"u no circum/ances mu/  
lavatories or s9ks be br\ght 9          
connection  ) ! dra9s4 ,mo/ p desire !  
ba?-room to be 9 proximity to  !        
b$rooms2 :e!r s plac$ or n1 all         
connection ) ma9 dra9age  mu/ be        
/udi\sly avoid$4 ,! hot & cold pipes1   
kn[n z ! fl[ &  return pipes1 %\ld be ( 
galvanis$ iron1 ) junctions c>efully    
made  ) runn+ jo9ts 9 r$ lead2 on no    
acc\nt %\ld ^! be 9 contact  ) any o!r  
pipes4 ,! wa/es f ! ba? safe 7&         
lavatories if  any7 %\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh 
! front wall ( ! h\se1 & %\ld  turn ov] 
& into ra9-wat] head1 cov]$ ) domical   
wire grat+ to  prev5t birds build+ _!   
ne/s !re91 & c>ri$ d[n to !  basem5t    
area1 :]e !y mu/ dis*>ge ov] a trapp$   
cess-pit1 z  be=e describ$1 surr\nd$ ) a
 spla%-/one or curve to obviate !       
nuisance ( ! soap-suds fl[+ ov] !       
pavem5t4 ,a bru% pass$ up &  d[n ^!     
wat]s n[ & !n w effectually remove any  

soapy s$im5t  :i* may cl+ to _!         
surfaces4 ,! wa/e f ba?1 c41 into heads 
%\ld be furni%$ ) a gr\nd valve flap &  
coll> to prev5t  draught1 & ! ba? %\ld  
be fitt$ ) india-rubb] seat+s betwe5  ! 
metal & wood fram+4 ,mans>de or slop+   
ro(s %\ld be avoid$2  !y are injuri\s to
 ! heal? ( ! dome/ics1 ^: sleep+ *amb]s 
!y are g5]ally appropriat$ to2 !y are   
unheal?y1 hot 9 summ]1 &  prejudicially 
cold 9 w9t]1 lay+ ! basis = future      
disease =  ^? lea/ able to be> x4       
,gutt]s tak5 ?r\gh ro(s1 kn[n z         
#8tr\gh1' %\ld nev] be p]mitt$2 !y      
congregate putresc5t fil?1  :i* rema9s 9
 !m = ye>s to ta9t & poison !           
atmosph]e40  ,consult also1 z supplem5t+
 ?is subject1 ! articles ,,dra9s1       
,,du/b9s1 ,,cesspools1 ,,tanks1 ,,traps1
 ,,wat]-,,closets4    ,,san,,tal94 ,!   
col\r+ pr9ciple ( r$ s&]s wood4         
,,san,,ton94 ,c#ae;,h#ah,o#c4 ,syn4     
,,santonic ,,acid2 ,,santon9um1 ,l4 ,!  
cry/all9e & *>act]i/ic pr9ciple ( ! se$ 
( sev]al v>ieties  ( ,artemisia4        

,prep4 7,ph4 ,bad51 #ahda47 ,take (     
worm-se$1 #d p>ts2 hydrate ( lime1      
#a-a_/b "p2 mix1 & exhau/ !m ) alcohol (
 #ij2 di/il1 (f #c-d?s  ( ! _s1 &       
evaporate ! rema9d] to "o half1 :i*1 at 
!  boil+ temp]ature1 is to be mix$ )    
acetic acid 9 excess1 &  aft]w>ds )     
wat]2 on repose1 impure santon9         
subsides2 wa% ?is )  a little weak _s1  
!n dissolve x 9 rectifi$ _s1 #aj p>ts1  
decol\r by ebullition = a few m9utes )  
animal *>coal1 & filt]2  ! filtrate     
deposits col\rless cry/als ( santon9 z x
 cools2 ^!  are to be dri$1 & kept 9    
opaque bottles4    ,mr ,w4 ,g4 ,smi?1   
,m4,b41 /ates t two s+ul> effects are   
kn[n to result  f ! adm9i/ration (      
santon9 9 mod]ate doses1 viz4 visual    
d]angem5ts & a peculi> alt]ation 9 !    
col\r ( ! ur9e4 ,he adds  t ?ree h\rs   
aft] tak+ #e gr4 ( pure :ite santon91 he
 became  consci\s1 :ile read+1 ( a      
yell[i% t9t on ! pap]1 & a yell[  haze 9
 ! air4 ,8 own h&s1 & ! complexions (   
o!rs1 appe>$ (  a sall[ unheal?y col\r2 

& ! ev5+ sky1 :i* 0 really ( a pale     
lav5d] col\r1 seem$ to be light gre54   
,vision 0 n p]fectly  di/9ct = "s h\rs1 
& 0 accompani$ by a c]ta9 vagu5ess (    
def9ition4 ,mr ,smi? endorses !         
obs]vations ( previ\s obs]v]s :o  _h    
notic$ t ! ur9e ( p]sons "u ! influ5ce (
 santon9 is  t+$ ( a saffron yell[ or   
gre5i% col\r4 ,! col\r$ ur9e  resembles 
t ( a p]son slightly jaundic$1 & l ?is  
p]man5tly  /a9s l95 ( a light yell[     
col\r4    ,! be/ te/ = santon9 9 ! ur9e 
is an alkali1 ^u ! addition (  :i* !    
ur9e imm$iately assumes a f9e *]ry-r$   
col\r1 v>y+ 9  dep? accord+ to ! am\nt (
 santon9 pres5t4 ,pota% 0 f\nd to be  ! 
pref]able alkali4    ,prop41 c4         
,prismatic or tubul> cry/als2 inodor\s2 
ta/eless1 or only  slightly bitt]2      
fusible2 volatilisable2 soluble 9 #dejj 
p>ts ( cold &  ab\t #bej p>ts ( boil+   
wat]2 soluble 9 cold alcohol & e!r2     
freely soluble 9 hot alcohol4 ,x is mu* 
e/eem$ z a ta/eless worm  m$ic9e1 & is  
especially adapt$ to remove lumbricales 

7l>ge r\nd  worms74----,dose1 #f to #ah 
or #bj gr41 repeat$ night & morn+1      
foll[$  by a brisk purge4    7,ph4 ,b47 
,boil #a lb4 ( santonico1 bruis$1 ) #a  
gall4 ( di/ill$  wat]1 & #e oz4 ( slak$ 
lime1 9 a copp] or t9n$ iron vessel = an
  h\r1 /ra9 ?r\gh a /\t clo? & express  
/rongly4 ,mix ! residue  ) #a_/b gall4 (
 di/ill$ wat] & #b oz4 ( lime1 boil =   
half an  h\r1 /ra9 & express z be=e4    
,mix ! /ra9$ liquors1 let !m  settle1   
decant ! fluid f ! deposit1 evaporate to
 ! bulk ( #b-a_/b  p9ts4 ,to ! liquor   
:ile hot add1 ) dilig5t /irr+1          
hydro*loric  acid1 until ! fluid has    
become slightly & p]man5tly acid1 & set 
x  aside = five days t ! precipitate may
 subside4 ,remove1 by skimm+1  any oily 
matt] :i* floats on ! surface1 &        
c>efully decant !  great] "p ( ! fluid f
 ! precipitate4 ,collect ?is on a pap]  
filt]1 wa% x fir/ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1  
till ! wa%+s pass  col\rless & ne>ly    
free f acid reaction1 !n ) #a_/b fl4 oz4
 (  solution ( ammonia1 previ\sly dilut$

 ) #e oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1  &1 la/ly1 )  
cold di/ill$ wat]1 till ! wa%+s pass    
col\rless4  ,press ! filt] conta9+ !    
precipitate betwe5 folds ( filt]+  pap]1
 & dry x ) a g5tle heat4 ,scrape ! dry  
precipitate f !  filt]1 & mix x ) #fj   
gr4 ( purifi$ animal *>coal4 ,p\r on !m 
#i  fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s1 dige/ = half 
an h\r1 & boil = t5  m9utes4 ,filt] :ile
 hot1 wa% ! *>coal ) #a fl4 oz4 ( boil+ 
_s1 & set ! filtrate aside = two days 9 
a cool d>k place to  cry/allise4        
,sep>ate ! "m liquor f ! cry/als1 &     
conc5trate  to obta9 a fur!r product4   
,collect ! cry/als1 let !m dra91        
r$issolve !m 9 #d fl4 oz4 ( boil+ _s1 & 
let ! solution  cry/allise z be=e4      
,la/ly1 dry ! cry/als on filt]+ pap] 9 !
  d>k & pres]ve !m 9 a bottle protect$ f
 ! light4    ,,sap ,,gre54 ,see ,,gre5  
,,pigm5ts4    ,,saponifica,,tion4 ,see  
,,soap4    ,,sap,,on94 ,syn4 ,,sapon9um1
 ,l4 ,a :ite1 non-cry/allisable         
sub/ance1  obta9$ by ! action ( hot     
dilut$ alcohol on ! root ( ,sapon>ia    

(fic9alis 7,l9n471 or soapwort4         
,prop41 c4 ,sapon9 is soluble 9 hot     
wat]1 & ! solution fro?s  /rongly on    
agitation4 ,! smalle/ quantity ( ! p[d] 
causes viol5t  sneez+4    ,,s>cocol,,la4
 ,a gum-res9 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f "o or
 m plants  ( ! natural ord] ,r5ace1 gr[+
 9 ,arabia & ,p]sia4 ,x some:at         
resembles gum ,arabic1 except 9 be+     
soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol1  & 9 hav+ 
a bitt]-sweet ta/e4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9    
surg]y4    ,,s>,,cos9e4 ,c#c;,h#g,o#b,n4
 ,a feebly basic sub/ance1 obta9$ by    
boil+ kreat9e = "s "t ) a solution (    
pure b>yta4 ,x =ms  col\rless1 transp>5t
 plates1 freely soluble 9 wat]1 sp>+ly s
 9  alcohol1 & insoluble 9 e!r2 x may be
 fus$ & volatilis$4    ,,s>sap>il,,la4  
,syn4 ,,s>s ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,radix  
,,s>z1 ,,radix  ,,s>sap>ill1 ,,s>za     
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,,s>sap>illa 7,ph4 ,d4 
,u4 ,s471 ,l4  8,jamaica s>za4 ,! root (
 ,smilax (fic9alis1 ,kun?0 7,ph4 ,l472  
8&  probably ( o!r species40 7,ph4 ,e47 
,! s>sap>illas ( comm]ce are divid$ by  

,dr ,p]eira into two                    
classes3----#8,mealy s>sap>illa' &      
#8non-mealy s>sap>illas4' ,9 ! fir/  are
 plac$ ,brazilian or ,lisbon1 ,c>accas  
or g\ty ,v]a ,cruz1 & ,honduras2  !     
second includes ,jamaica1 ,lima1 & true 
,v]a ,cruz4    ,! mealy s>sap>illas are 
di/+ui%$ by 8! mealy "* ( !  inn]       
cortical lay]s1 :i* are :ite or         
pale-col\r$4 ,! meal or  />* is         
sometimes s abundant1 t a %[] ( x1 9 !  
=m (  :ite du/1 falls :5 we fracture !  
roots40 ,! m$ulla or pi? is also        
frequ5tly v amylace\s4    ,! non-mealy  
s>sap>illas 8are *>act]is$ by a deeply  
col\r$ 7r$  or br[n71 usually non-mealy1
 cortex4 ,! cortex is r$1 & mu* ?9n]    
?an 9 ! mealy sorts40 8,if a drop ( oil 
( vitriol be appli$ to a  transv]se     
section ( ! root ( ! non-mealy          
s>sap>illas1 bo? cortex  & wood acquire 
a d>k-r$ or purpli% t9t20 :il/ 9 !      
prec$+  v>ieties1 ! mealy coat1 &1      
sometimes1 ! pi?1 is b little alt]$  9  
col\r4 8,! decoction ( non-mealy        

s>sap>illa1 :5 cold1 is  some:at d>k5$1 
b does n yield a blue col\r :5 a        
solution (  iod9e is add$ to x40 ,!     
aque\s extract1 :5 rubb$ d[n ) a  little
 cold di/ill$ wat] 9 a mort>1 does n    
yield a turbid liquid1  nor become blue 
on ! addition ( iod9e4 ,! rev]se is !   
case )  ! decoction & extract ( ! mealy 
v>ieties4    ,! ,,jamaica1 ,,r$         
,,jamaica1 or ,,r$-,,be>d$ ,,s>sap>illa 
7,,s>za  ,,jamaic5sis----,ph4 ,d471 is !
 v>iety :i* %\ld alone be us$ 9  m$ic9e4
 ,?is k9d yields f #cc to #dd ( its     
weight ( extract  7,battley1 ,h5nell1   
,pope71 & conta9s less />*y matt] ?an ! 
o!r  v>ieties4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by        
exhibit+ ! above peculi>ities 9 a  m>k$ 
degree1 by ! dirty r$di% col\r ( its    
b>k1 :i* 8is n  mealy10 & by be+ 8beset 
v pl5tifully ) rootlets0                
7fibres74----,ph4  ,l4 ,its p[d] has    
also a pale r$di%-br[n col\r4 ,! o!r    
v>ieties (  s>sap>illa1 viz4 ! ,lisbon1 
,lima1 ,v]a ,cruz1 & ,honduras1 are     
frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! ,jamaica by !   

druggi/s 9 !  prep>ations ( ! decoctions
 & extracts ( ?is drug2 b ! products    
are va/ly inf]ior 9 quantity1 col\r1    
ta/e1 & m$ic9al virtue1 to  ^? prep>$ f 
! (fic9al s>sap>illa4 ,decoction (      
s>sap>illa1  :5 made ) ! ,honduras root1
 is v liable to f]m5t1 ev5 by a few     
h\rs' exposure1 9 hot wea!r4 ,we h se5  
hog%eads ( ! /rong  decoction1 aft]     
exposure = a s+le night1 9 z active a   
/ate (  f]m5tation z a gyle ( be]1 ) a  
fro?y head1 & evolv+ a mo/  disagreeable
 od\r1 t 0 n :olly remov$ by sev]al     
h\rs' boil+4  ,:5 ?is occurs ! decoction
 suff]s 9 d5sity1 & ! product 9  extract
 is1 consequ5tly1 consid]ably less5$4   
,yet ?is is frequ5tly  all[$ to occur 9 
! :olesale laboratory1 :]e ! rule %\ld  
be----always beg9 a #8ba? ( s>za' 7z x  
is call$71 &1 inde$1 (  o!r p]i%able    
articles1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & f9i% x1     
completely  & entirely1 ! same day4     
,s>sap>illa has be5 recomm5d$ z a mild b
 efficaci\s alt]ative1  diaphoretic &   
tonic4 ,x has long be5 a popul> rem$y 9 

*ronic  rheumatism1 rheumatic & g\ty    
pa9s1 scurvy1 scr(ula1 syphilis1        
second>y syphilis1 lepra1 psoriasis1 &  
sev]al o!r sk9 diseases2  &1 especially1
 9 ca*exia1 or a g5]al bad habit ( body1
 & to  remove ! symptoms aris+ f !      
injudici\s use ( m]curials1 (t5  falsely
 call$ #8second>y syphilis4' ,dur+ its  
use ! sk9 %\ld be  kept w>m1 & dilu5ts  
%\ld be freely tak54 ,its efficacy has  
be5  greatly exagg]at$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1   
mu* m effective 9 w>m ?an 9  nor!rn     
climates4----,dose4 ,9 sub/ance1 #a_/b  
to #a dr41 ?ree or f\r  times daily2 b1 
pref]ably1 made into a decoction or     
infusion4    ,! articles s mu* puff$ "u 
! names ( ,am]ican or ,unit$ ,/ates     
s>sap>illa & extract ( s>sap>illa are   
8no?+ m ?an !  decoction ( a common h]b1
 a sort ( #8aralia1' inhabit+ ! swamps &
  m>%es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 cut up x 
has ! appe>ance ( *aff1  b n ! slighte/ 
resemblance 9 "*1 col\r1 or ta/e1 to ev5
  ! mo/ inf]ior species ( smilax 7or    
s>za74 ,! decoction is sweet5$  ) a     

little sug>1 flav\r$ ) b5zo9 &          
sassafras1 &1 f9ally1  pres]v$ f        
decomposition by means ( ! bi*loride (  
m]cury40 8,i  h he>d ( sev]al cases (   
deadly sickness1 & o!r dang]\s          
symptoms1 foll[+ its use40 8,we d n     
believe t a p>ticle ( real  s>sap>illa  
ev] ent]$ into ! composition ( ei!r ( ! 
articles  ref]r$ to40 7#8,m$4 ,circ41'  
ii1 #bbg47 ,see ,,decoction & ,,extract4
    ,,s>sap>il,,l94 ,syn4 ,,p>igl91     
,,p>illic ,,acid1 ,,salsap>91 ,,smilac94
 ,a  :ite1 cry/allisable1 od\rless1 &   
ne>ly ta/eless sub/ance1  discov]$ by   
,pallotta & ,fol*i1 9 s>sap>illa4       
,prep4 ,! b>k ( ,jamaica s>sap>illa is  
treat$ ) hot rectifi$  _s1 & ! result+  
t9cture r$uc$ to ab\t "o ?ird by        
di/ill+ (f ! _s2 ! residual liquid is !n
 filt]$1 :il/  boil+1 slightly          
conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & set aside  
to  cry/allise2 ! cry/all9e deposit is  
r$issolv$ 9 ei!r hot  rectifi$ _s or    
boil+ wat]1 & decol\r$ by agitation ) a 
little animal *>coal2 ! filtrate        

deposits cry/als ( ne>ly pure  smilac9 z
 x cools4 ,x may also be extract$ by    
boil+ wat]4    ,prop41 c4 ,a            
non-nitrog5is$ neutral body4 ,wat] hold+
 a v small  quantity ( x 9 solution     
fro?s consid]ably on agitation4 ,?is is 
especially ! case ) infusion ( ,jamaica 
s>sap>illa1 & ?is  prop]ty has          
consequ5tly be5 propos$ z a te/ ( !     
quality (  s>sap>illa root4 ,its m$ic9al
 prop]ties are simil> to ^? (           
s>sap>illa4 ,accord+ to ,pallotta1 x is 
a p[]ful s$ative1 &  dim9i%es ! vital   
en]gies 9 proportion to ! quantity      
tak54----,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 9 ! usual
 cases 9 :i* ! root is  giv54           
,,sas,,safras4 ,syn4 ,,sassafras ,,radix
 7,b4 ,p471 ,,sassafras ,,radix1        
,,sassafras  7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 
8,! root ( ,sassafras (fic9ale1 ,nees4  
,laurus  sassafras1 ,l9n40----,ph4 ,l4  
,x has a fragrant od\r1 & a sweeti%     
aromatic ta/e4 ,x has long be5 reput$ a 
/imulat+1 alt]ative1  diaphoretic1      
diuretic1 & tonic2 & an infusion ( !    

*ips 7sassafras  *ips71 "u ! "n (       
sassafras tea1 has be5 a popul> #8diet  
dr9k'  9 v>i\s cutane\s affections1 g\t1
 *ronic rheumatism1 c4                  
,,satura,,tion4 ,! /ate 9 :i* a body has
 tak5 its full dose1 or  *emical        
proportion1 ( any o!r sub/ance ) :i* x c
 comb9e1 or  :i* x c dissolve2 z wat] ) 
sug> or a salt1 or an alkali ) an  acid1
 :5 ! prop]ties ( bo? are neutralis$4   
,,sauc]s 7= ,dye+74 ,prep4 #a4 7,,blue47
 ,f blue c>m9e1 made into a  pa/e ) gum 
wat]1 :i* is !n spread ov] ! inside ( ! 
sauc]s1  & dri$4    #b4 7,,p9k47----a4  
,f pure r\ge mix$ ) a little c>bonate ( 
soda1  !n made into a pa/e ) ?9 gum     
wat]1 & appli$ z ! la/4    b4 ,well-wa%$
 saffl[]1 #h oz42 c>bonate ( soda1 #b   
oz42 wat]1 #b  gall42 infuse1 /ra91 add 
( ,fr5* *alk 7scrap$ f9e ) ,dut*        
ru%es71 #b lbs42 mix well1 & precipitate
 ! col\r by add+ a solution  ( t>t>ic   
acid2 collect ! r$ p[d]1 dra9 x1 add a v
 small  quantity ( gum1 & apply ! pa/e  
to ! sauc]s4 ,inf]ior4 ,bo? !  above are

 us$ to t+e silk /ock+s1 gloves1 c4     
,,sauce4 ,a liquid or semi-liquid       
condim5t or season+ = food4 ,!  foll[+  
receipts = sauces may be useful to !    
read]3    ,sauce1 ,an*ovy4 #a4          
7,extemporane\s47 ,f #c or #d an*ovies1 
*opp$  small2 butt]1 #c oz42 wat]1 a    
w9e-glassful2 v9eg>1 #b tablespoonfuls2 
fl\r1 #a d42 /ir ! mixture ov] ! fire   
till x ?ick5s1 !n rub x  ?r\gh a co>se  
hair sleeve4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,z     
ess5ce ( an*ovies4 ,o!r fi% sauces may  
be made 9  ! same mann]4    ,sauce1     
,apple4 ,f %>p apples1 cor$1 slic$1 /ew$
 ) a spoonful  or two ( wat]1 & !n      
beat51 to a p]fectly smoo? pulp ) a     
little  good moi/ sug>4 ,tomato1 & _m   
o!r l sauces1 may be made 9 !  same     
mann]4    ,sauce1 ,ari/ocratique4 ,f    
gre5-walnut juice & an*ovies1 equal     
p>ts2 cloves1 mace1 & pim5to1 ( ea*1    
bruis$1 #a dr4 to e lb4 (  juice2 boil &
 /ra91 & !n add to e p9t1 #a p9t (      
v9eg>1 #a_/b  p9t ( port w9e1 #a_/d p9t 
( soy1 & a few %allots2 let ! :ole  /& =

 a few days1 & decant ! cle> liquor4    
,be*amel4 ,a species ( f9e :ite bro? or 
consomme1 ?ick5$ )  cream1 & us$ z      
#8:ite sauce4'    ,sauce1 ,cap]4 ,put   
twelve table-spoonfuls ( melt$ butt]    
into a  /ewpan1 place x on ! fire1 &1 :5
 on ! po9t ( boil+1 add #a  oz4 ( fre%  
butt] & #a table-spoonful ( cap]s2 %ake 
! /ewpan  r\nd ov] ! fire until ! butt] 
is melt$1 add a little pepp] &  salt1 & 
s]ve :]e direct$4 ,also z m9t sauce4    
,sauce1 ,*utney4 #a4 ,f s\r apples 7p>$ 
& cor$71 tomatoes1 br[n  sug>1 & sultana
 rais9s1 ( ea* #c oz42 common salt1 #d  
oz42 r$  *illies & p[d]$ g+]1 ( ea* #bi 
oz42 g>lic & %allots1 ( ea*  #a oz42    
p\nd ! :ole well1 add1 ( /rong v9eg>1 #c
 qu>ts2 lemon  juice1 #a d42 & dige/1 ) 
frequ5t agitation1 = a mon?2 !n p\r  (f 
ne>ly all ! liquor1 & bottle x4 ,us$ =  
fi% or meat1 ei!r  hot or cold1 or to   
flav\r /ews1 c4 ,! residue is !         
#8,*utney1'  #8,*etney1' or #8,*itni1'  
:i* mu/ be gr\nd to a smoo? pa/e ) a    
/one & mull]1 & !n put into pots or j>s4

 ,x is us$ l mu/>d4    #b4 7,,b5gal     
,,*itni47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ tam>9ds in/ead
 ( apples1  & only suffici5t v9eg> &    
lemon juice to =m a pa/e4    ,corat*4 ,f
 good mu%room ket*up1 #a_/b gal42 walnut
 ket*up1 #c_/d  p9t2 ,india soy & *illie
 v9eg>1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 ess5ce (       
an*ovies1 #e or #f oz42 mac]ate = a     
=tnight4    ,sauce1 ,epicuri5ne4 ,to !  
la/ add ( walnut ket*up & port w9e1 (   
ea* #a qu>t2 g>lic & :ite pepp]1 ( ea*  
7bruis$7 #d oz42 *illies  7bruis$71 #a  
oz42 mace & cloves1 ( ea* #a_/b oz4     
,sauce1 ,fi%4 ,f port w9e #a gall42     
m\nta9 d41 #a qu>t2 walnut  ket*up1 #b  
qu>ts2 an*ovies 7) ! liquor71 #b lbs42  
#h lemons1 #dh  %allots1 scrap$         
hors]adi%1 #a-a_/b lb42 fl\r ( mu/>d1 #h
 oz42 mace1 #a  oz42 cay5ne1 q4 s42 boil
 ! :ole up g5tly1 /ra91 & bottle4       
,ket*up4 ,see "u t "n4    ,sauce1       
,kit*5]'s4 ,syn4 ,,kit*5]',s ,,reli%4 ,f
 salt1 #c oz42 black  pepp]1 #b oz42    
allspice1 hors]adi%1 & %allots1 ( ea* #a
 oz42  burnt-sug> col\r+1 a             

w9e-glassful2 mu%room ket*up1 #a qu>t   
7all  bruis$ or scrap$72 mac]ate = #c   
weeks1 /ra91 & bottle4    ,lemon        
,pickle4 ,f lemon juice & v9eg>1 ( ea*  
#c gall42 bruis$  g+]1 #a lb42 allspice1
 pepp]1 & grat$ lemon peel1 ( ea* #h    
oz42  salt1 #c-a_/b lbs42 cay5ne1 #b    
oz42 mace & nutmegs1 ( ea* #a oz42 dige/
  = #ad days4    ,sauce1 ,lobst]4 ,f    
lob/]s1 z ,,an*ovy ,,sauce4    ,sauce1  
,m9t4 ,f g>d5 m9t1 *opp$ small1 & !n    
beat5 up )  v9eg>1 "s moi/ sug>1 & a    
little salt & pepp]4    ,sauce1 ,onion4 
,f onions boil$ to a pulp & !n beat5 up 
)  melt$ butt] & a little w>m milk4     
,sauce1 ,oyst]4 ,f ab\t #ab oy/]s1 & #f 
or #g oz4 ( melt$ butt]1  ) a little    
cay5ne pepp]1 & #b or #c spoonfuls (    
cream1 /irr$  toge!r ov] a sl[ fire1 !n 
br\ght to a boil1 & s]v$4    ,sauce1    
,piquante4 ,f soy & cay5ne pepp]1 ( ea* 
#d oz42 port w9e1  #a_/b p9t2 br[n      
pickl+ v9eg>1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix1 & let !m
 /& =  #g or #h days be=e bottl+4       
,sauce1 ,qu9's4 ,f walnut pickle & port 

w9e1 ( ea* #a p9t2  mu%room ket*up1 #a  
qu>t2 an*ovies & %allots 7*opp$ f9e71 ( 
ea*  #b doz52 soy1 #a_/b p9t2 cay5ne1   
#a_/d oz42 simm] g5tly = #aj m9utes1  & 
9 a =tnight /ra91 & bottle4    ,sauce au
 ,roi4 ,f br[n v9eg> 7good71 #c qu>ts2  
soy & walnut  ket*up1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2  
cloves & %allots1 ( ea* #a doz42 cay5ne 
pepp]1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 & dige/ = #ad  
days4    ,sauce1 ,%rimp4 ,f %rimps or   
prawns1 z ,,an*ovy ,,sauce4    ,soy4    
,see t article4    ,sauce1 ,sup]lative4 
,f port w9e1 & mu%room ket*up1 ( ea* #a 
qu>t2 walnut pickle1 #a p9t2 soy1 #a_/b 
p9t2 p[d]$ an*ovies1 #a_/b lb42  fre%   
lemon peel1 m9c$ %allots1 & scrap$      
hors]adi%1 ( ea* #b oz42  allspice &    
black pepp] 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a oz42     
cay5ne pepp] &  bruis$ cel]y se$1 ( ea* 
#a_/d oz4 7or currie p[d]1 #c_/d oz472  
dige/  = #ad days1 /ra91 & bottle4 ,v   
reli%+4    ,sauce1 ,tomato4 ,f bruis$   
tomatoes1 #a gall42 good salt1 #a_/b    
lb42 mix1  9 #c days press out ! juice1 
to ea* qu>t ( :i* add ( %allots1 #b     

oz42 black pepp]1 #a dr42 simm] v g5tly 
= #bj to #cj m9utes1 /ra91  & add to !  
/ra9$ liquor1 mace1 allspice1 g+]1      
nutmegs1 &  co*9eal1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42   
cori&] se$1 #a dr42 simm] g5tly = #aj   
m9utes1 /ra91 cool1 & 9 a week put x    
into bottles4    ,sauce1 ,wat]loo4 ,f   
/rong v9eg> 7ne>ly boil+71 #a qu>t1 port
  w9e1 #c_/d p9t2 mu%room ket*up1 #a_/b 
p9t2 walnut ket*up1 #a_/d p9t2  ess5ce (
 an*ovies1 #d oz42 #h cloves ( g>lic2   
co*9eal 7p[d]$71 #a_/b  oz4 7or r$ beet1
 slic$1 #c oz472 let !m /& toge!r = a   
=tnight  or long]1 occasionally %ak+ !  
bottle4    ,sauce1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,butt] 
,,sauce1 ,,melt$ ,,butt]4 ,f good butt]1
 #d  oz42 cream1 #b-a_/b oz42 salt 79 v 
f9e p[d]71 #a_/b teaspoonful2 put  !m   
into a pot or bas91 set ?is 9 hot wat]1 
& beat ! :ole ) a  bone1 wood51 or silv]
 spoon1 until x =ms a p]fectly smoo?1   
cream-l mixture1 avoid+ too mu* heat1   
:i* w\ld make x run oily4  ,a           
table-spoonful ( %]ry1 m>sala1 lemon    
juice1 or v9eg>1 is sometimes  add$2 b !

 selection mu/ dep5d on ! di%es ! sauce 
is int5d$  =4 ,us$ ei!r by itself1 or z 
a basis = o!r sauces4 ,beat5 up )  any (
 ! #8bottl$ sauces1' an excell5t comp\nd
 sauce ( ! add$  +r$i5t is imm$iately   
obta9$4    ,sauces1 ,am]ican4 ,:ite     
v9eg>1 #ae gall42 walnut ket*up1 #aj    
gall42  ,madeira w9e1 #e gall42 mu%room 
ket*up1 #aj gall12 table salt1 #be lbs4 
7troy72 ,canton soy1 #d gall42 p[d]$    
capsicum #b lbs4 7troy72 allspice1      
p[d]$1 cori&] p[d]1 ( ea* #a lb4 7troy72
 cloves1 mace1 c9namon1  ( ea* #a_/b lb4
 7troy72 assaftida1 #a_/d lb4 7troy72   
dissolv$ 9 br&y1 #a  gall42 #bj lbs4 (  
hog's liv] is boil$ = #ab h\rs ) #aj    
gall4 (  wat]1 r5ew+ ! wat] f "t to "t4 
,take out ! liv]1 *op x1  mix x ) wat]1 
& "w x ?r\gh a sieve2 mix ) ! sauce4    
#b4 ,:ite v9eg>1 #bdj gall42 ,canton    
soy1 #cf gall42 sug>-h\se syrup1 #cj    
gall42 walnut ket*up1 #ej gall42 mu%room
 ket*up1 #ej gall42 table salt1  #abj   
lbs4 7troy72 p[d]$ capsicum1 #ae lbs4   
7troy72 allspice1 cori&]1  ( ea* #g lbs4

 7troy72 cloves1 mace1 c9namon1 ( ea* #d
 lbs4 7troy72  assaftida1 #b-a_/b lbs4  
7troy71 dissolv$ 9 ,/ ,croix rum1 #a    
gall4    #c4 ,:ite v9eg>1 #a gall4      
,canton soy1 molasses1 ( ea* #a p9t2    
walnut  ket*up1 #a-a_/b p9t2 table salt1
 #d oz42 p[d]$ capsicum1 allspice1 (    
ea* #a oz42 cori&]1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1  
mace1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 c9namon1 #f  dr41
 assaftida #a_/d oz4 9 #d oz4 ( rum4    
,,sau]kraut4 ,g]4 ,prep4 ,clean :ite    
cabbages1 cut !m into small  pieces1 &  
/ratify !m 9 a cask along ) cul9>y salt 
& a few  junip] b]ries & c>away se$s1   
obs]v+ to pack !m d[n z h>d z  possible1
 )\t cru%+ !m1 & to cov] !m ) a lid     
press$ d[n  ) a heavy weight4 ,! cask   
%\ld be plac$ 9 a cold situation z soon 
z a s\r smell is p]ceiv$4 ,us$ by !     
,g]mans & o!r nor!rn  nations ( ,europe1
 l our #8pickl$ cabbage1' b m           
ext5sively4    ,,sau,,sages4 ,f ! fat & 
lean ( pork 7,,pork ,,sausages71 or (   
beef  7,,beef ,,sausages71 *opp$ small1 
flav\r$ ) spice1 & put into gut  sk9s1  

or press$ into pots or balls 7,,sausage 
,,meat74 ,crum ( bread is also  add$4   
,_! quality is proportionate to t ( !   
+r$i5ts1 & to  ! c>e & cleanl9ess       
employ$ 9 prep>+ !m4    ,a pea sausage1 
compos$ ( pea fl\r1 fat pork1 & a little
 salt1 0  l>gely consum$ by ! ,g]man    
soldi]s dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man campaign4 
,dr ,p>kes f\nd #ajj p>ts ( ?is sausage 
to consi/ (----#afb p>ts (  wat]1 #gai (
 salts1 #abbig ( album9ates1 #ccfe (    
fat1 & #cjffc (  c>bohydrates4 ,x is    
ready cook$1 b c be made into s\p1      
al?\gh  mu* reli%$ = a few days4 ,!     
soldi]s soon became tir$ ( x4 ,9  "s    
cases x gave rise to flatul5ce & di>rha4
 ,see ,,meat4    ,,sav,,eloys4 ,pork    
sausages made 9 su* a way t !y keep good
 = a  consid]able "t4 ,prep4 7,mrs      
,rundell47 ,take ( "y pork1 free f  bone
 & sk91 #c lbs42 salt x ) #a oz4 (      
saltpetre1 & #a_/b lb4 (  common salt1 =
 #b days2 !n *op x f9e1 add1 #c         
teaspoonfuls ( pepp]1  #a doz4 sage     
leaves1 *opp$ f9e1 & #a lb4 ( grat$     

bread2 mix well1  fill ! sk9s1 & /eam !m
 or bake !m half an h\r 9 a slack ov54  
,!y are said to be good ei!r hot or     
cold4    ,,sav,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,sav92      
,,folia ,,sab91 ,,sab9a 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 
,d471 ,l4 8,!  rec5t & dri$ tops (      
,junip]is sab9a1 ,l9n410 or common      
sav9e4  7,ph4 ,l47 ,x is a p[]ful       
/imulant1 diaphoretic1 emm5agogue1 &    
an!lm9tic2 &1 ext]nally1 rubefaci5t1    
es*>otic & vesicant4 ,9  l>ge doses x is
 apt to occasion abortion1 & acts z a   
poison4 ,,sav9e  ,,p[d] mix$ ) v]digris 
is (t5 appli$ to corns & w>ts4 ,x is n[ 
*iefly us$ 9 ! =m ( o9tm5t4----,dose1 #e
 to #ae gr41 twice or  ?rice daily 7)   
c>e71 9 am5orrha & worms4 ,see ,,c]ate4 
,,savonettes4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,wa% ,,balls4 
,^! are made ( any ( ! mild  toilet     
soaps1 sc5t$ at w1 g5]ally ) ! addition 
( "s  p[d]$ />* or f>9a1 & sometimes s&4
 ,! sph]ical or sph]oidal  =m is giv5 to
 !m by pressure 9 m\lds1 or by fir/     
r\ghly =m+  !m ) ! h&s1 &1 :5 q h>d1    
turn+ !m 9 a la!4  ,accord+ to ,mr      

,beasley1 8!y are =m$ into sph]ical     
balls by tak+ a  mass ( ! prep>$ soap 9 
! left h&1 & a conical dr9k+-glass  ) r 
?9 edges 9 ! "r4 ,by turn+ ! glass &    
ball ( soap  9 e direction1 ! r\nd$ =m  
is soon giv52 :5 dry1 ! surface  is     
scrap$1 to r5d] x m smoo? & ev540       
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( curd soap1 #c lbs42  
f9e/ yell[ soap1 #b lbs4 7bo? 9  %av+s72
 s(t wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 melt by a g5tle   
heat1 /ir 9 (  p[d]$ />* 7f>9a71 #a-a_/b
 lb42 :5 ! mass has consid]ably  cool$1 
fur!r add ( ess5ce ( lemon or b]gamot1  
#a oz41 & make x  into balls4    #b4    
7,,camphor47 ,melt sp]maceti1 #b oz42   
add camphor 7cut small71 #a oz42        
dissolve1 & add ! liquid mass to :ite   
curd soap1 #a-a_/b lb41  previ\sly melt$
 by ! aid ( a little wat] & a g5tle     
heat1 &  all[$ to cool consid]ably z    
above4 ,^! %\ld be cov]$ )  t9-foil4    
#c4 7,,honey47 ,f ! f9e/ bright-col\r$  
yell[ soap1 #g lbs42 palm oil1  #a_/d   
lb42 melt1 & add ( oil ( v]b5a1         
rose-g]anium1 or g+]-grass1  #a oz42 z  

,no4 #a4 ,sometimes #a_/b oz4 ( oil (   
rosem>y is also add$4    #d4            
7,,mottl$47----a4 ,,r$4 ,cut :ite curd  
or ,w9dsor soap 7n too dry7 into  small 
squ>e pieces1 & roll ^! 9 a mixture (   
p[d] bole or r\ge1  ei!r ) or )\t !     
addition ( "s />*2 !n squeeze !m        
/rongly into balls1 obs]v+ to mix !     
col\r z little z  possible4----b4       
,,blue4 ,roll ! pieces 9 p[d]$ blue1 &  
proce$ z  be=e4----c4 ,,gre54 ,roll !   
pieces 9 a mixture ( p[d] blue &  bright
 yell[ o*re4 ,by v>y+ ! col\r ( ! p[d]1 
mottl$  savonettes ( any col\r may be   
produc$4    #e4 7,,s&47 ,f soap 7at w71 
#b lbs42 f9e silice\s s&1 #a lb42 sc5t1 
q4 s42 z ,no4 #a4 ,= ! f9] qualities1   
f9ely p[d]$ pumice-/one is  sub/itut$ = 
s&4    #f4 7,,violet47 ,f palm-oil soap1
 #d lbs42 f>9a1 #b lbs42 f9ely p[d]$    
orris root1 #a lb4 ,sometimes a little  
smalts1 or indigo1 is add$4    ,,sawdu/1
 ,prep>ation ( ,alcohol f4 ,m4          
,zett]l&#adf /ates t he  has obta9$     
alcohol f sawdu/ by ! foll[+            

process3----,into an  ord9>y /eam-boil]1
 heat$ by means ( /eam1 7 introduc$ #i  
cwt4 (  v wet sawdu/1 #ajg cwt4 (       
hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aah71 & #cj  
cwt4 ( wat]2 aft] elev5 h\rs boil+ !re 0
 =m$ #aifg p] c5t4  ( grape sug>4       
,footnote #adf3 #8,*emical ,news1'      
xxvi----#aha4    ,! acid 0 next saturat$
 ) *alk1 s z to leave 9 ! liquid only  a
 small quantity 7#a_/b degree by        
,lud]sdorf's acid areomet]72 :5 !       
sac*>9e liquid 0 cool$ d[n to #cj yea/ 0
 add$1 & !  f]m5tation f9i%$ 9 tw5ty-f\r
 h\rs4 ,by di/illation !re 7  obta9$    
#bfe litres ( alcohol ( #ej p] c5t4 at  
#ae1 q free f  any smell ( turp5t9e1 & (
 excell5t ta/e4 ,x appe>s t !           
prep>ation ( alcohol f sawdu/ may be    
successfully c>ri$ on  indu/rially :5 x 
is precisely asc]ta9$ :at degree (      
dilution (  acid is requir$1 & h[ long !
 liquid has to be boil$4    ,if all !   
cellulose pres5t 9 sawdu/ c\ld be       
conv]t$ into sug>1 #ej  kilos ( ! =m]   
sub/ance w\ld yield1 aft] f]m5tation1   

#ab litres  ( alcohol at #ej p] c5t4    
,,scab,,ies4 ,see ,,it*4    ,,scab ,,9  
,,%eep4 ,?is disease1 correspond+ to    
mange 9 ! dog1 !  horse1 or 9 cattle1 is
 caus$ by a species ( ac>is1 a m9ute    
insect  :i* burr[s "u ! sk9 ( ! %eep1 & 
sets up !re9 a  consid]able am\nt (     
irritation1 :i* is foll[$ by an         
irruption (  pimples1 accompani$ )      
scurf1 b frequ5tly ! wool comes (f f  ! 
affect$ "p4    ,! foll[+ are "s ( !     
num]\s rem$ies employ$ = ?is            
disease3----    #a4 ,quicksilv]1 #a lb42
 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a_/b lb42 rub !m     
toge!r until  ! globules are no long]   
visible2 !n add #a_/b p9t ( oil (       
turp5t9e1 & #d lbs4 ( l>d4 ,! mode (    
apply+ ?is o9tm5t is z  foll[s3----,beg9
 at ! head ( ! %eep1 & proce$+ f betwe5 
!  e>s along ! back to ! end ( ! tail1  
divide ! wool 9 a furr[  till ! sk9 c be
 t\*$2 & let a f+]1 slightly dipp$ 9 !  
o9tm5t1 be drawn along ! bottom ( !     
furr[4 ,f ?is furr[  simil> ones mu/ be 
drawn along ! %\ld]s & ?ighs to ! legs1 

z  f> z ! wool ext5ds4 ,& if mu*        
infect$1 #b or m %\ld also be  drawn    
along ea* side1 p>allel ) t on ! back1 &
 "o d[n ea*  side be=e ! h9d & =e legs4 
,x kills ! %eep-fag1 & probably  ! tick 
& o!r v]m94 ,x %\ld n be us$ 9 v cold or
 wet  wea!r4 7,sir ,joseph ,banks47     
#b4 ,t> oils4 ,tobacco juice4           
,/avesacre4 7,f9lay ,dun47    #c4 ,/rong
 m]curial o9tm5t1 #a "p2 l>d1 #e p>ts2  
mix4 7,y\att47    #d4 ,quicksilv]1 #a   
lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a_/b lb42 _s (   
turp5t9e1 #b  oz41 l>d1 #d-a_/b lb42 to 
be made & us$ z ,no4 #a4 ,9 summ] #a lb4
 (  res9 may be sub/itut$ = alike       
quantity ( l>d4 7,clat]47    #e4 ,/rong 
m]curial o9tm5t1 #a lb42 l>d1 #d lbs42  
oil ( turp5t9e1 #h  oz42 sulphur1 #ab   
oz4----,,:ite4    #f4 ,mild4 ,fl[]s (   
sulphur1 #a lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #d    
oz42 rancid  l>d1 #b lbs42 /rong        
m]curial o9tm5t1 #d oz42 mix            
well4----,,clat]4    #g4 ,l>d or o!r    
fat1 ) an equal quantity ( oil (        
turp5t9e4----,,daub5ton4    #h4 ,)\t    

m]cury4 ,l>d1 #a lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d
 oz42 fl[]s (  sulphur1 #f              
oz4----,,:ite4    #i4 ,/rong m]curial   
o9tm5t1 #a lb42 l>d1 #d lbs42 ,v5ice    
turp5t9e1 #h  oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b   
oz4 ,if mix$ by heat1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n 
to  use m heat ?an is necess>y1 & to add
 ! oil ( turp5t9e :5 !  o!r +r$i5ts beg9
 to cool & to /ir till                  
cold4----,m',,ew54    #aj4 ,corrosive   
sublimate1 #b oz42 :ite hellebore1 #c   
oz42 fi% oil1 #f  qu>ts2 res91 #a_/b    
lb42 tall[1 #a_/b lb4 ,! sublimate & !n 
!  hellebore to be rubb$ ) a portion ( !
 oil till p]fectly smoo?1  & !n mix$ ) !
 o!r +r$i5ts melt$ toge!r4----,,/ev5son4
    #aa4 ,! foll[+ once _h consid]able  
local celebrity1 b x obvi\sly  requires 
to be us$ ) caution4 ,dissolve #b-a_/d  
oz4 ( corrosive  sublimate 9 ! same     
quantity ( muriatic acid1 & beat up !   
solution  ) #f lbs4 ( /rong m]curial    
o9tm5t2 put 9 a l>ge pan1 & p\r on  x   
#ai-a_/b lbs4 ( l>d1 & #a-a_/b lb4 (    
common turp5t9e1 melt$  toge!r & /ill   

hot1 & /ir ! :ole cont9ually until x    
becomes  solid4    #ab4 ,ca/or-oil se$s 
well bruis$ & /eep$ = #ab h\rs 9 s\r    
milk1  aft] /ra9+ rub ! liquid briskly  
into ! sk94 7,an ,indian rem$y47        
,,scaglio,,la4 ,a species ( pla/] or    
/ucco1 made ( pure gypsum1 )  v>iegat$  
col\rs1 9 imitation ( m>ble4 ,9 g5]al1 !
 liquid  employ$ is a weak solution (   
,fl&]s glue2 & ! col\rs1 any :i*  are n 
decompos$ or de/roy$ by admixture )     
sulphate ( lime &  exposure to ! light4 
,! composition is (t5 appli$ ^u holl[   
columns =m$ ( wood1 or ev5 ( la?s nail$ 
toge!r1 & ! surface1  :5 h>d1 is turn$  
smoo? 9 a la!1 & poli%$4    ,,scales4 ,a
 special article "u ! head ( 8,,balance0
 has be5 devot$  to ! scales employ$ by 
! *emi/ & analy/4    ,b al?\gh ^! claim$
 f _! great] complexity ( /ructure &  ! 
extreme delicacy ( movem5t requir$ ( !m 
a sep>ate notice1 e  ph>maci/ & apo!c>y 
w recognise ! importance ( be/[+ an     
equal am\nt ( att5tion ^u 8 disp5s+     
scales2 &1 to ensure  accurate weigh+ by

 !m1 w take c>e to keep !m scrupul\sly  
clean1  & prop]ly pois$4    ,= disp5s+  
purposes1 scales fitt$ ) glass pans 7or 
at lea/ )  "o glass pan1 9 :i* m$ic9al  
sub/ances c be weigh$7 %\ld always  be  
employ$4 ,! beams %\ld be ( /eel1 & !   
atta*m5ts ( "o  piece ( brass only1 9   
pref]5ce to *a9s1 or supports ( silk5   
?read4 ,! beams are be/ clean$ ) s&     
pap]1 or rott5 /one1 &  may be protect$ 
f ru/ by be+ rubb$ ov] ) a little almond
 oil4    ,,scald-,,head4 ,see ,,r+worm4 
,,scalds4 ,see ,,burns ,,& ,,scalds4    
,,scall4 ,syn4 ,,scald4 ,! popul> "n (  
sev]al sk9 diseases  di/+ui%$ by scabs  
or scurf9ess1 :e!r dry or humid4 ,see   
,,eruptions1  ,,r+worm1 c4              
,,scam,,mony4 ,syn4 ,,scammonium 7,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,! 8gum  
res9 emitt$ f ! cut root ( ,convolvulus 
,scammonia1 ,l9n40 7,ph4  ,l471 or      
,aleppo scammony plant4    ,!re are ?ree
 pr9cipal v>ieties or qualities (       
scammony kn[n 9 !  m>ket2 viz4 ,,virg9  
7sp4 gr4 #aba72 ,,seconds 7sp4 gr4 #adfj

 to #adfc72 &  ,,?irds 7sp4 gr4 #adfe to
 #aejj74 ,! be/1 & t only int5d$ to be  
us$ 9 m$ic9e1 is import$ f ,aleppo4     
,pur4 ,scammony is n only l>gely        
adult]at$ 9 ! c\ntry ( its  production1 
b aga9 aft] its arrival 9 ,engl&4       
,,smyrna ,,scammony1 a  v inf]ior       
v>iety1 is also commonly dress$ up1 &   
sold z ,aleppo  scammony4 ,9 _m cases   
sub/ances are sold at ! public sales 9  
,london1  & else:]e1 z scammony1 :i*    
conta9 only a m]e trace ( t  article4   
,?is is all gr\nd up to =m ! scammony   
p[d] ( ! %ops4  7,vide #8,evid4 ,com4   
,ho4 ,com41' #aaee47 ,,pure ,,scammony  
has a peculi> *eesy  smell1 & a         
gre5i%-grey col\r4 ,x is 8por\s &       
brittle1 & !  fre%ly brok5 surface %9es2
 hydro*loric acid be+ dropp$ on x1 x    
emits no bubbles2 nor does ! p[d] dige/$
 9 wat]1 at heat ( #agj  ,fahr41 become 
blue by ! simultane\s addition ( iodide 
( potassium &  dilute nitric acid4 ,out 
( #ajj gr41 #gh 7#hj----,ph4 ,e47 %\ld  
be soluble 9  e!r40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,!       

t9cture ( pure scammony is n turn$ gre5 
by  nitric acid4 ,if ! p[d] eff]vesce ) 
dilute acids1 x conta9s  *alk4    ,uses1
 c4 ,pure scammony is a p[]ful dra/ic   
purgative &  an!lm9tic1 inadmissible 9  
inflammatory conditions ( ! alim5t>y    
canal1 b well adapt$ = torpid & inactive
 conditions ( !  abdom9al organs4       
,associat$ ) calomel1 rhub>b1 or        
sulphate (  potassa1 x is useful 9 all  
cases 9 :i* an active ca?>tic or        
v]mifuge may be requir$1 especially =   
*ildr54----,dose4 7,= an  adult7 #e to  
#ae gr41 9 p[d]1 or made into a bolus or
 emulsion4    ,,sc>lati,,na4 ,see       
,,sc>let ,,fev]4    ,,sc>,,let ,,dye4   
,proc4 7,porn]47----a4 ,! #8,b\illon4'  
,take ( cream (  t>t>1 #a-c_/d oz42     
wat]1 q4 s42 boil 9 a block-t9 vessel1 &
 :5  dissolv$1 add ( solution ( t9 7made
 by dissolv+ #b oz4 ( gra9 t9  9 a      
mixture ( #a lb4 ea* ( nitric acid &    
wat]1 & #a-a_/b oz4 ( sal  ammoniac71   
#a-c_/d oz42 boil = #c m9utes1 !n       
introduce ! clo?1 boil  = #b h\rs1 dra9 

x1 & let x cool4----b4 ,! #8,r\gie4'    
,next take (  cream ( t>t>1 #a_/d oz42  
wat]1 q4 s42 boil1 & add p[d]$ co*9eal1 
#a oz42 aga9 boil = #e m9utes1 !n       
gradually add ( solution ( t91 #a  oz41 
/irr+ well all ! "t2 la/ly1 put 9 !     
goods & dye z  quickly z possible4 ,!   
quantities giv5 are ^? = #a to #a-a_/d  
lb4 (  wooll5 clo?4 ,! result is a full 
sc>let4 ,to make ! col\r turn on  !     
#8ponceau' or poppy1 a little turm]ic is
 add$ to ! ba?4    ,obs4 ,sc>let is r$ )
 a t+e ( yell[2 x is ne>ly always       
produc$  by co*9eal4 ,see ,,r$ ,,dye4   
,,sc>let ,,fe,,v]4 ,syn4 ,,sc>lat9a1    
,,febris ,,sc>lat9a1 ,l4 ,a highly      
contagi\s disease1 s nam$ aft] ! peculi>
 eruption or effloresc5ce  ( ! sk9 :i*  
accompanies x4 ,! mild] =m ( ?is disease
  7,,sc>lat9a ,,simplex1 ,s4 ,,mitis7   
comes on ) languor1 *ill9ess  alt]nat$  
by fits ( heat1 nausea1 vomit+          
7frequ5tly71 & o!r  common symptoms (   
fev]2 foll[$1 on ! ?ird or f\r? day1 by 
a  sc>let effloresc5ce ^u ! sk91 :i*    

aft] ?ree or f\r days ends  9 ! cuticle 
or sc>f-sk9 peel+ (f 9 branny scales4   
,dropsical  swell+ ( ! :ole body        
sometimes foll[s ! disappe>ance ( !     
eruption2 b ?is1 ) ! febrile symptoms1 &
 ! sor5ess ( !  ?roat 7if any71 !n give 
way1 & ! pati5t gradually rega9s 8  =m] 
heal? & /r5g?4 ,9 ! malignant =m (      
sc>let fev]  7,,sc>lat9a ,,cynan*ica1   
,s4 ,,ang9osa1 ,s4 ,,maligna7 ! febrile 
symptoms1  f ! fir/1 are m al>m+2 !re is
 bili\s vomit+1 great  sor5ess &        
ulc]ation ( ! ?roat1 ! pulse is small & 
quick1 &  ! brea?+ labori\s4 ,^!        
symptoms rapidly increase on ! appe>ance
  ( ! eruption2 ! body !n becomes       
swoll51 ! nose & eyes  inflam$1 ! brea? 
fetid1 ! ?roat suppurates1 putrid       
symptoms ensue1  & ! pati5t is ei!r     
sudd5ly cut (f or recov]s v sl[ly4    ,!
 e>ly symptoms ( sc>let fev] are        
di/+ui%$ f ^? ( !  ,,measles &          
,,smallpox by ! great] ext5t & want (   
elevation ( !  eruption1 & by its n     
congregat+ into pat*es4 ,nor are !re !  

c\gh or runn+ f ! eyes & nose :i* u%] 9 
! measles4    ,! treatm5t ( ! mild] =m (
 sc>let fev]1 especially t (  *ildhood1 
may consi/ ( ! adm9i/ration ( an emetic1
 foll[$ by a  sal9e ap]i5t1 to cle> !   
b[els2 ! latt] be+ repeat$ z  occasion  
may require4 ,! pati5t %\ld be kept 9 a 
cool &  well-v5tilat$ room1 ! diet %\ld 
be light & f>9ace\s1 & !  use ( dilu5t  
dr9ks copi\sly indulg$ 94 ,if ! febrile 
symptoms are  sev]e1 or ! ?roat mu*     
affect$1 small doses ( "s mild m]curial1
  z calomel1 m]curial pill1 or          
quicksilv] ) *alk1 may be  adm9i/]$1    
ei!r sep>ately or comb9$ ) antimonial   
diaphoretics  or ,dov]'s p[d]4 ,9       
malignant sc>let fev] a sm>t emetic %\ld
 be  giv5 e>ly1 & m]curials &           
diaphoretics at once freely exhibit$4   
,acidulat$ g>gles may be us$ = ! ?roat1 
&1 :5 ! heat ( !  body is mu* above !   
natural /&>d1 spong+ ! :ole body ) cold 
wat]1 or ) v9eg> & wat]1 may be _h      
rec\rse to4 ,if ! malignant  symptoms   
run high1 & assume a typhoid or putrid  

"*1 ! sy/em  mu/ be support$ ) /imulant 
tonics z w9e1 b>k1 capsicum1 c4         
,accord+ to ,hahnemann1 ,koreff1 &      
,r&hahn1 belladonna is a prophylactic   
aga9/ sc>let fev]4 ,! homopa?i/s also   
hold x to be almo/ a  specific 9 !      
disease4    ,dr ,r5frew's m$ic9al       
treatm5t consi/s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a   
mixture consi/+ ( t9cture ( p]*loride ( 
iron & *lorate (  pota%4 ,he cont5ds t !
 *lor9e :i* ! mixture conta9s de/roys  !
 blood poison1 t ! hydro*loric acid     
supplies a desirable  +r$i5t = ! blood1 
t ! iron improves ! impair$ r$ blood    
disks & assi/s 9 =m+ new ones1 :il/ !   
*lorate ( pota% is a  s\rce ( oxyg5     
:]eby ! dis9tegrat$ matt]s float+ 9 !   
blood  are burnt up & de/roy$4          
,sc>let fev] is common to all ages (    
life1 b *ildr5 & "y  p]sons are ! mo/   
subject to x4 ,unlike ! smallpox1 x     
occasionally  attacks ! same p]son m ?an
 once4 ,x is mo/ common 9 dirty1 close1 
damp situations4    ,9 horses1 ! comm5c+
 symptoms are v simil> to ^? 9          

man----indisposition to movem5t1 febrile
 symptoms z indicat$ by a hot &  dry    
sk91 & sore ?roat1 ! gl&s ab\t ! head & 
neck be+  frequ5tly t5d] & swoll54 ,!   
respiration becomes quick5$ & !  pulse  
?ready4 ,9 ab\t #dh h\rs sc>let spots   
ab\t ! size ( a pea  %[ !mselves on !   
muc\s membrane ab\t ! lips & no/rils1 ! 
spots aft] a "t becom+ conflu5t4 ,except
 ! attack be a v mild  "o1 simil> spots 
spread all ov] ! body1 b are mo/        
pl5tiful ab\t  ! animal's head & neck4  
,aft] ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 !   
hair leaves ! p>ts on :i* ! spots are1 &
 !n desquamation sets  91 & b>e bald    
pat*es are left4 ,! aft] results be> a  
great  resemblance to ^? :i* frequ5tly  
foll[ an attack ( ! same disease  9 !   
human be+4 ,! be/ treatm5t consi/s 9    
plac+ ! animal 9 a  cool1 well-v5tilat$ 
loose box1 apply+ b&ages to ! legs1 & a 
l95 cov] to ! body1 ) a w>m rug ov] t4  
,a dose ( nitre & ,m9d]]us _s %\ld be   
giv5 9 wat] ?ree times  a day1 comb9$ ) 
mild tonics1 /imulants1 & diuretics4    

,see  ,,dis9fectants4    ,,sc5e-,,pa9t+4
 ,a v>iety ( di/emp] pa9t+ employ$ 9    
!atres1  c41 gov]n$ by p]spective1 &    
hav+ = its object ! production (  /rik+ 
effects :5 view$ at a di/ance4 ,wat]1   
size1 turp5t9e1 &  ! ord9>y pigm5ts1 are
 ! mat]ials us$ = ! purpose4    ,,sc5t  
,,bags4 ,see ,,sa*ets4    ,,sc5t        
,,balls4 ,syn4 ,,pa/illes ,,de          
,,toilette ,,odorantes1 ,fr4 ,^! are    
prep>$ f any ( ! mat]ials notic$ "u     
,,pot ,,p\rri1 ,,sc5t$  ,,p[d]s1 &      
,,sa*ets1 made into a pa/e ) mucilage ( 
gum tragacan?1  & m\ld$ into any desir$ 
=ms1 z t ( balls1 beads1 m$allions1  c4 
,! l>g] ones are frequ5tly poli%$4      
,,sc5t$ ,,cas,,solettes4 ,see ,,pot     
,,p\rri1 & above4    ,,sc5ts 7,pommade74
 ,prep4 #a4 7,,c[slip47 ,f ess5ce (     
b]gamot1 #h oz42  ess5ce ( lemon1 #d    
oz42 oil ( cloves1 #b oz12 ess5ce de    
petit gra91 #a  oz4    #b4              
7,,jonquille47 ,f ess5ce ( b]gamot &    
lemon1 ( ea* #h oz42 oils (  orange peel
 & cloves1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil (          

sassafras1 #a oz42 liquid  /orax1 #a_/b 
oz12 dige/1 ) w>m? & agitation1 = a few 
h\rs1 &  decant ! cle> portion 9 a week4
    #c4 7,,millefleur47 ,f ess5ce (     
amb]gris 7f9e/71 #d oz42 ess5ce (       
lemon1 #c oz42 oil ( cloves & ,engli%   
oil ( lav5d]1 ( ea* #b oz42  ess5ce de  
petit gra91 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 & balsam (
 ,p]u 7g5u9e71  ( ea* #a oz42 z ! la/4  
,obs4 ,! above are employ$ to sc5t      
pomatums1 hair oils1 c4 #a oz4 (  any "o
 ( !m1 dissolv$ 9 "o p9t ( ! /ronge/    
rectifi$ _s1  produces a delici\s p]fume
 = ! h&k]*ief4    ,,sc5ts 7,snuff74     
,prep4 #a4 ,ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #b oz42   
otto ( roses &  n]oli1 ( ea* #a dr4     
#b4 ,oil ( lav5d]1 #a oz42 ess5ce (     
lemon1 #b oz42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #d  oz4
    #c4 ,to ! la/1 add ( oil ( cloves1  
#b oz4    #d4 ,ess5ce ( musk & amb]gris1
 ( ea* #a oz42 liquor ( ammonia1 #a_/b  
dr4 ,see ,,snuff1 c4    ,,s*eele',s     
,,gre54 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4          
,,s*lippe',s ,,salt4 ,sulphantimoniate (
 sodium4 ,see ,,antimony1               

,,sulphantimoniate4    ,,s*w>tz',s      
,,drops4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,worm4          
,,sciat,,ica4 ,see ,,rheumatism4        
,,sci5ce4 8,man10 says ,:ewell1 8is !   
int]pret] ( nature4 ,sci5ce !  "r       
int]pretation4 ,! s5ses place be=e u !  
*>act]s ( !  #8,book ( ,nature1' b ^!   
convey no k to u till we h  discov]$ !  
alphabet by :i* !y are to be read40     
,v>i\s classifications ( ! sci5ces h be5
 propos$ by diff]5t  au?ors4 ,dr ,neil  
,arnott conceiv$ t ! object ( all !     
sci5ces1  viz4 a k ( nature1 might be   
be/ atta9$ by ! /udy (  physics1        
*emi/ry1 life & m9d1 includ+ "u ?is     
latt] ! laws (  society1 or ! mod]n     
sci5ce ( sociology4    ,z to ma!matics  
he reg>d$ x z a sy/em ( 8te*nical       
m5suration10  invad$ by ! m9d 9 ord] to 
enable x to /udy ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9  8   
#8,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive1'     
,comte trav]ses ! entire circle (  !    
!oretical1 ab/ract1 or fundam5tal       
sci5ces1 & divides !m into  ma!matics1  
a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 &  

sociology4 ,he  admits no di/9ct sci5ce 
on psy*ology or ! sci5ce ( m9d4    ,mr  
,h]b]t ,sp5c] proposes to classify !    
sci5ces into ?ree gr\ps2  viz43----#a4  
,ab/ract sci5ce1 :i* treats ( ! =ms (   
ph5om5a  deta*$ f _! embodim5ts4 #b4    
,ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 or !  ph5om5a 
( nature analys$ into _! sep>ate        
elem5ts4 #c4 ,concrete  sci5ce or       
natural ph5om5a 9 _! totalities4    8,= 
! classification ( ! sci5ces x is       
conv5i5t to prep>e !  way by di/+ui%+   
betwe5 !oretical sci5ces :i* are !      
sci5ces  prop]ly s call$1 & practical   
sci5ce4 ,a !oretical sci5ce embraces  a 
di/9ct dep>tm5t ( nature1 & is s arrang$
 z to give 9 ! mo/  compact =m ! entire 
body ( asc]ta9$ 7sci5tific7 k 9 t       
dep>tm5t1 su* z ma!matics1 *emi/ry1     
physiology1 & zoology4 ,a  practical    
sci5ce is ! application ( sci5tifically 
obta9$ facts &  laws 9 "o or m dep>tm5ts
 to "s practical end1 :i* end rules !   
selection & arrangem5t ( ! :ole2 z =    
example1 navigation1  eng9e]+1 m9+1 &   

m$ic9e4 ,ano!r di/9ction mu/ be made    
be=e  lay+ d[n ! sy/ematic ord] ( !     
!oretical sci5ces4    8,a c]ta9 numb] ( 
^! sci5ces h = _! subject-matt] ea* a   
sep>ate dep>tm5t ( natural =ces or p[]s2
 ?us1 biology deals )  ! dep>tm5t (     
organis$ be+s1 psy*ology ) m9d4 ,o!rs   
deal )  ! application ( p[]s else:]e    
recognis$ to "s region ( concrete  facts
 or ph5om5a4 ,?us1 geology does n       
discuss any natural p[]s n  f\nd 9 o!r  
sci5ces1 b seeks to apply ! laws (      
physics1  *emi/ry1 & biology to acc\nt =
 ! appe>ance ( ! e>?'s cru/4    8,!     
sci5ces t embrace peculi> natural p[]s  
are call$ ab/ract1  g5]al1 or fundam5tal
 sci5ces2 ^? t apply to ! p[]s treat$  (
 "u ^!1 to regions ( concrete ph5om5a1  
are call$ concrete1  d]iv$1 or appli$   
sci5ces40#adg    ,footnote #adg3        
#8,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4'    ,!        
sep>ation ( ! sci5ces into ^! two       
sections is t n[  g5]ally accept$4    ,!
 fir/ section1 t ( ! ab/ract or         
!oretical sci5ces1 is  subdivid$ by     

almo/ common cons5t into ma!matics1     
physics1 *emi/ry1  biology 7vegetable & 
animal physiology71 psy*ology 7m9d71 &  
sociology 7! laws ( society74    ,!     
second section1 t ( ! concrete sci5ces1 
includes meteorology1  m9]alogy1 botany1
 zoology1 geology1 & geography4    ,!   
ord] 9 :i* ! ab/ract sci5ces are arrang$
 above has also be5  f\nd to be/        
illu/rate ! sequ5ce 9 :i* !y may be mo/ 
advantage\sly /udi$4    ,,scil,,lit94   
,syn4 ,,scillit9a1 ,,scillitite4 ,a     
:iti%1 res9\s1  transluc5t1 bitt]1      
deliquesc5t sub/ance1 obta9$ by ,vgel f 
squills4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 
& acetic acid1 & is  purgative1 acrid1 &
 poison\s4    ,,scorbu,,tus4 ,see       
,,scurvy4    ,,sco,,ria4 ,dross2 !      
refuse or useless "p ( any sub/ance1 m  
especially t left f bodies :i* h be5    
subject$ to ! action  ( fire4 ,x is     
frequ5tly us$ 9 ! plural 7,,scori74     
,,scott',s ,,drops4 ,see ,,pat5t        
,,m$ic9es4    ,,sc\r,,+4 ,! common me?od
 ( clean+ clo? is by heat+ &  bru%+ x1  

unless x be v dirty1 :5 x und]goes !    
op]ation (  sc\r+4 ,?is is be/ done on !
 small scale1 z ) ,,articles ,,(  ,,we>+
 ,,app>el1 z foll[s3----,a little curd  
soap is dissolv$ 9 wat]1  &1 aft] mix+ x
 ) a little cl>ifi$ ox-gall1 is appli$  
to all  ! spots ( grease1 dirt1 c41 &   
well rubb$ into !m ) a /iff  bru%1 until
 !y appe> to be remov$2 aft] :i* !      
article is well  clean$ all ov] ) a bru%
 or sponge dipp$ into "s w>m wat]1 to   
:i* ! previ\s mixture & a little m      
ox-gall has be5 add$4 ,!  clo? is next  
?or\ghly r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & hung up to
 dry4 ,=  d>k-col\r$ clo?s1 "s full]s   
e>? is (t5 add$ to ! mixture (  soap &  
gall4 ,:5 ! article is ne>ly dry1 ! nap 
is laid smoo?1 &  x is c>efully press$  
7if ) a hot iron1 on ! wrong side71 aft]
  :i* a s(t bru%1 moi/5$ ) a drop or two
 ( olive oil1 is  frequ5tly pass$ ov] x1
 to give x a f9i% & gloss4    ,clo? is  
also clean$ 9 ! dry way3----,! spots be+
 remov$1 z above1  & ! wett$ p>ts hav+  
become dry1 clean damp s& is /rew$ ov]  

x1 & beat5 into x ) a bru%1 aft] :i* !  
article is well gone  ov] ) a h>d bru%1 
:5 ! s& comes out1 & br+s ! dirt )  x4  
,,buff & ,,drab ,,clo? is g5]ally clean$
 by cov]+ x ) a pa/e made  ) pipe-clay &
 wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t a little umb] to   
temp]  ! col\r1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is rubb$ & 
bru%$ (f4    ,:5 ! article requires     
r5ovation z well z sc\r+1 x is plac$1   
:il/ /ill damp1 on a bo>d1 & ! ?readb>e 
p>ts are rubb$ ) a  half-worn hatt]'s   
c>d fill$ ) flocks1 or ) a teasel1 or a 
prickly  ?i/le1 until a nap is rais$2 x 
is next hung up to dry1 aft] :i* x  is  
#8f9i%$ (f' z be=e4 ,:5 ! clo? is mu*   
fad$1 x is usual to  give x a #8dip1' z 
x is call$1 or to pass x ?r\gh a dye ba?
 to  fre%5 up ! col\r4 ,,black & ,,d>k  
,,blue ,,clo?1 if ru/y or fad$1 is      
commonly treat$ to a coat ( #8reviv]1'  
in/ead ( be+ #8re-dipp$1' &  is !n hung 
up until next day1 be=e be+ press$ &    
f9i%$ (f4  ,see ,,spots & ,,/a9s4       
,,sc\r+ ,,9 ,,animals4 ,see ,,di>rh,a4  
,,sc\r+ ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops4          

,,scr(ula4 ,syn4 ,,k+',s ,,evil1        
,,/ruma1 ,,/rum\s ,,disease4 ,by mod]n  
pa?ologi/s scr(ula is reg>d$ z a        
con/itutional t5d5cy to =m &  deposit 9 
v>i\s tissues & organs ( ! body a       
sub/ance call$  tub]cle4#adh ,! t5d5cy  
may1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases only exi/  )\t   
any actual tub]cul\s deposit tak+ place4
 ,sir ,james ,paget ?us  describes      
scr(ula z g5]ally und]/ood to be a 8/ate
 ( con/itution  di/+ui%$ 9 "s measure by
 peculi>ities ( appe>ance ev5 dur+      
heal?1 b mu* m by peculi> liability to  
c]ta9 diseases1 includ+  pulmon>y       
ph?isis4 ,! *ief ( ^! #8scr(ul\s'       
diseases are v>i\s  swell+s ( !         
lymphatic gl&s1 aris+ f causes :i* w\ld 
be  inadequate to produce !m 9 heal?y   
p]sons4    ,footnote #adh3 ,see         
,ph?isis4    8,! swell+s are due        
sometimes to m]e enl>gem5t1 z f an      
increase  ( natural /ructure1 sometimes 
to *ronic inflammation1 sometimes to an 
acute inflammation or abscess1 sometimes
 to tub]cul\s disease ( !  gl&s4    8,b 

besides ^! x is usual to reckon z       
#8scr(ul\s' affections  c]ta9 *ronic    
inflammations ( ! jo9ts2 sl[ly          
progressive c>i\s  inflammations (      
bones2 *ronic & frequ5t ulc]s ( !       
cornea2  oph?almia att5d$ ) extreme     
intol]ance ( light1 b ) little1 if  any1
 ( ! ord9>y consequ5ces ( inflammation2 
frequ5t *ronic  abscesses2 pu/ules or   
o!r cutane\s eruptions frequ5tly appe>+ 
^u  slight affection ( ! heal? or local 
irritation2 habitual swell+ &  cat>rh ( 
! muc\s membrane ( ! nose2 habitual     
swell+ ( ! upp]  lip40    ,scr(ula is a 
disease :i* almo/ always %[s itself dur+
 *ildhood1  & r>ely aft] maturity has   
be5 atta9$4    ,scr(ul\s *ildr51 or ^? (
 scr(ul\s dia!sis1 are frequ5tly        
n>r[-*e/$1 or _! *e/s pres5t t project+ 
appe>ance kn[n  z #8pigeon-brea/$1' _!  
abdom5s are also unnaturally l>ge1 & _! 
limbs emaciat$4 ,_! circulation is      
languid1 & !y are v g5]ally  attack$ )  
*ilbla9s dur+ inclem5t wea!r4 ,!y also  
suff] f  ob/9ate indige/ion4 ,be>+ 9 m9d

 ! fact t scr(ula is  frequ5tly induc$1 
irrespective ( h]$it>y ta9t1 9 ! *ildr5 
(  ! poor by bad & damp air1 insuffici5t
 food & clo?+1 exclusion  f sun%9e1 &   
su* l insanit>y surr\nd+s1 ! *ief       
treatm5t  t w sugge/ itself w consi/ 9  
rem$y+ ^! adv]se  conditions4 ,h5ce !   
pati5t %\ld live on g5]\s b dige/ible   
food1  p>tak+ ( meat twice a day4 ,milk 
& eggs also =m an excell5t diet  = !    
scr(ul\s4 ,a scr(ul\s "m %\ld refra9 f  
suckl+ h]  (fspr+1 & procure a wet-nurse
 = t purpose4 ,flannel %\ld be  worn bo?
 summ] & w9t]4 ,v>i\s m$ic9es h be5     
employ$ 9 ?is  disease1 includ+ cod-liv]
 oil1 s>sap>illa1 b>k1 syrup ( iodide ( 
iron1 ! alkalies1 & m9]al acids4 ,( ^!  
cod-liv] oil & syrup (  iodide ( iron   
des]v$ly enjoy ! highe/ reputation4     
,,scudamore',s ,,lotion4 ,see ,,lotion1 
,,g\t4    ,,scurf4 ,syn4 ,,furfura4     
,scurf 8is a natural & heal?y =mation1 &
  ?\gh x may be kept f accumulat+1 x _c 
be prev5t$4 ,x is  produc$ on e "p ( !  
body :]e hair is f\nd1 al?\gh1 f !  m   

active gr[? ( hair on ! scalp1 !        
facilities = collect+1  & ! contra/ (   
col\r1 x /rikes ! eye mo/ disagreeably 9
 t  situation4 ,?is w %[ h[ futile any  
attempt mu/ be :i* %all h  = its object 
to prev5t ! =mation ( ! scurf4 ,x may be
 remov$1  & %\ld be remov$1 e day1 ) !  
hair-bru%2 b prev5tion is  impossible1  
inasmu* z x is oppos$ to a law ( nature4
 ,occasionally1 z  a morbid action1 an  
unusual quantity ( scurf is produc$1 9  
:i* case  m$ical means may be adopt$ to 
br+ ! scalp into a m heal?ful  /ate40   
7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,9 su* cases ! daily  
use ( "s mild  /imulat+ or det]g5t wa%1 
) due att5tion to ! /oma* &  b[els1 w   
g5]ally abate ?is annoyance4    ,,scurf 
,,p[d]----,gr9dpulv] 7,mahon1 ,p>is74   
,?ree p[d]s :i*1 accord+  to ,*evali] & 
,figui]1 are no?+ b wood a%es4 ,bu*n]   
f\nd no  alkalies1 b ann\nc$ ! foll[+   
composition3----,organic calcium        
c>bonate 7oy/] %ells1 egg %ells1 crab   
%ells71 ) a little gypsum1  *>coal p[d]1
 & m or less brick-du/1 p[d]$1 mix$1 &  

expos$  to a mod]ate r$ heat 9 a cov]$  
crucible1 till "p ( ! *alk is  conv]t$  
into quicklime1 & ! gypsum r$uc$ by !   
*>coal p[d] to  calcium sulphide1 :i* 9 
its turn is gradually conv]t$ by ! air  
into  calcium sulphite4 ,all ?ree p[d]s 
are made ( ! same +r$i5ts1 b  9 diff]5t 
proportions4 ,no4 #a has m gypsum &     
*>coal p[d]2 ,no4 #b  less *>coal & m   
*alk2 & ,no4 #c m brickdu/4 7,witt/e947 
,,scurf ,,salve----,gr9salbe4 ,9 ,france
 x is g5]ally a mixture ( #b p>ts  slak$
 lime1 #e p>ts soda cry/als1 & #be p>ts 
fat4 7,hag]47    ,,scur,,vy4 ,syn4      
,,scorbutus1 ,l4 ,?is disease comm5ces )
 indol5ce1  sall[ looks1 debility1 &    
loss ( spirits2 ! gums become sore &    
spongy1 ! tee? loose1 & ! brea? fetid2 !
 legs swell1 eruptions  appe> on diff]5t
 p>ts ( ! body1 &1 at l5g?1 ! pati5t    
s9ks  "u g5]al emaciation1 di>rha1 &    
hmorrhages4    ,! treatm5t ( ord9>y     
cases ( ?is disease ma9ly consi/s 9     
employ+ a diet ( fre% animal & gre5     
vegetable food1 ) mild ale1  be]1 or    

lemonade1 z bev]ages2 scrupul\sly avoid+
 salt$ & dri$  meat4 ,! fre%-squeez$    
juice ( lemons is1 p]haps1 ( all o!r    
sub/ances1 ! mo/ p[]ful rem$y 9 ?is     
disease 9 its e>ly /ages1  & is useful 9
 all ( !m4 ,eff]vesc+ draughts =m$ ) !  
bic>bonate ( potassa 7n soda7 are also  
excell5t4    ,9 =m] ye>s1 be=e ! nature 
( ?is malady _h be5 intellig5tly        
inve/igat$1 & ! prop] prev5tive me?ods &
 rem$ial measures =  combat+ x 7 unkn[n1
 scurvy 0 n only a v common b a v  fatal
 disease 9 our own navy1 z well z 9 !   
navies ( o!r p[]s4  ,( #ifa m5 :o       
con/itut$ ,anson's fleet s5t out dur+   
our w> )  ,spa9 9 #agdb1 #fbf di$ (     
scurvy 9 n9e mon?s2 :il/ ,sir ,gilb]t   
,blane  records t 9 ! ye> #aghj1 out ( a
 fleet compos$ ( betwe5 #gjjj &  #hjjj  
m51 m ?an #ajjj1 or "o 9 sev51 p]i%$ f !
 same cause4  ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s1 "o ( 
! naval celebrities ( ,elizabe? &       
,james'  reign1 affirm$ t d>+ tw5ty ye>s
 he _h kn[n #bj1jjj sailors fall        
victims to scurvy alone2 & a ,portuguese

 writ]1 quot$ by ,sir ,*>les  ,blane1   
speak+ ( ! numb] ( victims f scurvy1    
dur+ a naval  explor+ exp$ition ( 8 own 
c\ntry m51 says 8t if ! dead :o  f ?is  
cause _h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d betwe5 ! coa/ 
( ,gu9ea &  ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 &    
betwe5 t ,cape & ,mozambique1 c\ld h  _h
 tomb/ones plac$ = !m1 ea* on ! spot :]e
 he sank1 ! :ole  way w\ld h appe>$ "o  
cont9u$ cemet]y40#adi    ,footnote #adi3
 ,dr ,guy4    ,! /ati/ical report ( !   
navy = #ahga (f]s a gratify+ contra/  to
 ! above figures4 ,f ?is docum5t x      
appe>s t out ( a total  =ce ( #dgbj     
sailors1 only f\r 7 affect$ ) scurvy    
dur+ t  ye>4 ,! mu* great] numb] ( m5   
attack$ by ! disease on bo>d  m]*ant    
%ips appe>s to be due to ! inf]ior or   
wor?less "* (  ! lime or lemon juice    
pur*as$ by !m4    ,writ+ on ! hygi5ic   
condition ( ! m]*ant m>9e 9 #ahfg1 ,mr  
,h>ry  ,lea* says3----    8,we are      
prep>$ to ma9ta91 f ! foll[+ table 7&   
o!r  /ati/ics f :i* ^! h be5 tak571 t ! 
want ( good lime  or lemon juice 0      

di/9ctly ! cause ( scurvy 9 ! vessels   
bel[  m5tion$4                      ,no4
 ( ,h&s  ,cases (  ,result ( exam9ation 
,"n ( ,%ip4    7all told74  ,scurvy4    
( ,lime juice4      ,h]mione            
#ag           #e        ,sulphuric acid4
    ,m]rie ,engl&      #bi          #aj 
,/9k+4    ,/irl+ ,ca/le     #cb         
#f        ,v weak4    ,hoang-,ho        
#ba           #e        ,acetic acid4   
,blan*e ,moore       #ce           #h   
,mu/y & nause\s4    ,/ ,&rew's ,ca/le   
#ai           #g        ,citric acid4   
,tam]lane           #ba           #d    
,nause\s4    ,m>lbor\gh         #bc     
#h        ,v weak4    ,gall[ay          
#bi           #f        ,%ort all[ance4 
,tam>               #ag           #b    
,v weak4    ,fr5* ,empire       #bg     
#g or #h     ,citric acid4    ,eaglet   
#ad           #c        ,?ick & na/y4   
,geelong             #ad           #i   
,tak5 irregul>ly4    ,?orndean          
#ce           #b        ,spoil$ 7%ort   
supply (                                

provisions74    ,tak5 ) %ips t1 ) o!rs1 
h arriv$ 9 ! port ( ,london  dur+ ! pa/ 
two ye>s ) cases ( scurvy4    8,( direct
 causes ?is is und\bt$ly fir/ & =emo/2 b
 ( indirect  causes we h a few words to 
say4 ,dirt1 bad provisions1 & any =m (  
disease to :i* sailors1 9 common ) o!r  
m51 are subject1 w  pr$ispose to scurvy4
 ,?is _c & %\ld n be d5i$1 b x af=ds  to
 p>simoni\s capta9s a v l>ge peg :]eon  
to hang sundry  invectives z to ! cry   
lately made ab\t ! cont9u$ preval5ce (  
?is disease 9 ! m]cantile m>9e4 ,su*    
capta9s1 ) p>donable  ignorance1 consid]
 scurvy a =m ( v5]eal disease1 give !   
wret*$  subject !re( m]cury1 & br+ him  
into port salivat$ z well z  scorbutic40
    ,mr ,lea* fur!r adds3----    8,9    
summ+ up /ati/ics ( scurvy = ! pa/ ye>  
7#ahfg71 we f9d t  a total ( #bce       
accr$it$ cases 7 admitt$ into ,briti%   
hospitals1  giv+ no acc\nt ( ^? :o      
convalesc$ 9 sailors' homes or else:]e4 
8,to ?is we may add1 t sev5 sailors 7   
left at ,/ ,hel5a1 f a  %ip rec5tly     

arriv$ 9 ! ,?ames2 t a vessel put into  
,falm\? on  ! #bi? ult41 ) no less ?an  
sixte5 sev]e cases ( scurvy on bo>d1  & 
t betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty cases h arriv$ 9 
?is port dur+  ! pres5t mon?4 ,x w\ld be
 well 7z a supplem5t>y aid to !         
prev5tion ( scurvy by inspection ( lime 
juice7 t ! dues levi$ =  ! ,/ ,hel5a    
,hospital %\ld be aboli%$4 ,x 0 /at$ to 
u "s weeks  ago by a v old inhabitant ( 
t ,isl&1 t ?is fact alone caus$  _m %ips
 to pass )\t call+ = ne$ful supplies (  
antiscorbutic  mat]ial4    8,i w\ld     
h[ev] rem>k1 t if ! sy/em propos$ by !  
,seam5's  ,hospital ,society 7 put 9    
=ce1 no su* aid to ! prev5tion ( ?is    
disease w\ld be requir$1 inasmu* z e %ip
 w\ld !n be suppli$  ) good lime juice40
    ,! foll[+ figures1 giv+ ! numb] (   
pati5ts suff]+ f scurvy  admitt$ into ! 
,seam5's ,hospital1 %[s a decrease 9 !  
disease1  s9ce ! publication ( !        
above3----      ,9 #ahfe1 f ,briti%     
vessels1 #aja2   =eign d4 #a    0  #ahff
       0          0      #if         0  

#e    0  #ahfg       0          0       
#ij         0      #d    0  #ahfh       
0          0      #fd         0     #aj 
0  #ahfi       0          0      #ca    
0      #i    0  #ahgj       0          0
      #cj         0     #ba    0  #ahga 
0          0      #bd         0     #af 
,,seal,,+ ,,wax4 ,see ,,wax4    ,,sea   
,,sickness4 ,! mo/ effectual prev5tive (
 sea sickness appe>s to  be ! horizontal
 position4 ,:5 !re is mu* pa91 aft] !   
/oma* has  be5 well cle>$1 a few drops (
 laudanum may be tak51 or an opium      
pla/] may be appli$ ov] ! region ( !    
/oma*4 ,p]sons ab\t to  proce$ to sea   
%\ld put _! /oma* & b[els 9 prop] ord]1 
by !  use ( mild ap]i5ts1 & ev5 an      
emetic1 if requir$1 :5 x w  g5]ally be  
f\nd t a glass ( w>m & weak br&y-&-wat]1
 to  :i* #ae or #bj drops ( laudanum1   
or1 /ill bett]1 #a or #b drops (        
creasote1 h be5 add$1 w effectually     
prev5t any disposition to sea  sickness1
 provid$ ! b[els be att5d$ to1 & excess 
9 eat+ &  dr9k+ be at ! same "t avoid$4 

,a spoonful ( cru%$ ice1 9 a            
w9e-glassful ( cold wat]1 or weak       
br&y-&-wat]1 w (t5 af=d  relief :5 all  
o!r means fail4 ,smok+ at sea is v apt  
to induce  sickness4 ,m4 ,f4 ,curie1 9 !
 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ass]ts t draw+ 9  !
 brea? z ! vessel desc5ds1 & exhal+ x z 
x asc5ds1 on !  bill[s1 by prev5t+ !    
movem5ts ( ! diaphragm act+ abnormally  
on  ! phr5etic n]ves1 prev5ts sea       
sickness4 ,on ?is ,mr ,atk9son1 at "o  (
 ! meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1     
obs]v$ t----if a p]son1  seat$ on bo>d  
%ip1 hold+ a tumbl] fill$ ) wat] 9 8 h&1
  makes an ef=t to prev5t ! wat] runn+  
ov]1 at ! same "t  all[+ n m]ely 8 arm1 
b also 8 :ole body1 to p>ticipate 9  !  
movem5ts1 he w f9d t ?is has ! effect ( 
prev5t+ !  gidd9ess & nausea t ! roll+ &
 toss+ ( ! vessel h a  t5d5cy to produce
 9 inexp]i5c$ voyag]s4 ,if ! p]son is   
suff]+  f sickness at ! comm5cem5t ( 8  
exp]im5t1 z soon z he grasps  ! glass ( 
liquid 9 8 h&1 & suff]s 8 arm to take   
its c\rse  & g ?r\gh ! movem5ts allud$  

to1 he feels z if he 7 p]=m+  !m ( 8 own
 free w1 & ! nausea abates imm$iately1 &
 v  soon ceases entirely1 & does n      
return s long z he suff]s 8 arm  & body 
to assume ! po/ures into :i* !y seem to 
be drawn4 ,%\ld  he1 h[ev]1 resi/ ! free
 c\rse ( 8 h&1 he in/antly feels a      
?rill ( pa91 ( a peculi>ly /unn+ k9d1   
%oot ?r\gh 8 head1 &  exp]i5ces a s5se (
 dizz9ess & return+ nausea4    ,dr      
,dor+1 a ,vi5nese physician1 /ates t an 
ord9>y dose ( *loral  hydrate is an     
unfail+ rem$y = sea sickness4 ,9 v>i\s  
cases record$  by him x seems to h be5 (
 ! greate/ s]vice1 ev5 dur+ long sea    
voyages1 ensur+ a good night's re/1     
arre/+ viol5t sickness :5 x  has set 91 
& prev5t+ its return4    ,,s$ative      
,,pills1 ,gun!r's4 ,^! are compos$ ( !  
foll[+  +r$i5ts3----,assaftida p[d]1 #ej
 p>ts2 extract ( val]ian1 #ej2  extract 
( belladonna1 #c2 oxide ( z9c1 #a "p2   
ca/or1 #b p>ts4 ,make  into a pill-mass1
 to be adm9i/]$ 9 doses ( #c to #aj     
gra9s1 twice  daily1 9 *orea1 c4        

,,s$,,atives4 ,syn4 ,,s$ativa1 ,l4      
,m$ic9es & ag5ts :i* dim9i% !  =ce ( !  
circulation or ! animal en]gy1 & allay  
pa94 ,foxglove1  h5bane1 tobacco1       
potassio-t>trate ( antimony1 & sev]al ( 
!  neutral salts & acids1 act z         
s$atives4 ,cold is1 p]haps1 ! mo/       
p[]ful ag5t ( ?is class4    ,,se$4 ,syn4
 ,,sem51 ,l4 ,! se$s ( plants are       
conspicu\s = _!  va/ numb] & v>iety1 &  
_! extreme usefulness to man4 ,! se$s ( 
c]ta9 ( ! ,gram9ace furni% him ) 8 daily
 bread2 "s (  ^? ( ! ,legum9os 9 ei!r ! 
immature or ripe /ate1 supply 8  table )
 :olesome escul5ts1 or provide a n\ri%+ 
diet = 8  dome/ic animals2 :il/ ^? (    
num]\s o!r plants1 disp]s$ ?r\gh  e     
class1 ord]s1 & family1 yield _!        
treasures ( oil1 m$ic9als1  or p]fumes =
 8 use4    ,,sel5,,ic ,,acid4           
,h#b,se,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,sel5icum1 
,l4 ,prep4 ,by  fus+ sel5ium ) nitrate (
 potassium or ( sodium1 act+ on !  fus$ 
mass ) wat]1 precipitat+ ! result+      
solution ) acetate  or nitrate ( lead1 &

 decompos+ ! precipitate 7sel5ate (     
lead71  diffus$ 9 wat]1 ) sulphurett$   
hydrog54 ,! sel5ic acid1 ?us  obta9$1   
may be cauti\sly conc5trat$ 9 a glass   
vessel1 if necess>y2  b if ?is be pu%$  
too f>1 x is resolv$ into sel5i\s acid  
7,h#b,se,o#c7 & oxyg54    ,prop41 c4    
,hydrat$ sel5ic acid is a col\rless     
liquid1 closely  resembl+ sulphuric     
acid2 its salts 7sel5ates7 be> ! close/ 
analogy  to ! sulphates4    ,,sel5ic    
,,acid 7,h#b,se,o#d74 ,no sel5ic        
anhydride is kn[n4 ,sel5ic acid  may be 
obta9$ 9 solution by deflagrat+ sel5ium 
or a sel5ite )  potassic nitrate4 ,!    
residue dissolv$ 9 wat] is mix$ ) a     
solution  ( plumbic nitrate1 an         
insoluble plumbic sel5iate be+          
precipitat$4 ,!  plumbic sel5iate is    
susp5d$ 9 wat] & decompos$ by means ( a 
curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,plumbic  
sulphide is precipitat$1 &  ! lib]at$   
sel5ic acid sep>at$ by filtration is    
conc5trat$ until  x acquires a sp4 gr4 (
 #bf2 if heat$ above #eed ,f4 x         

decomposes into  sel5i\s anhydride1     
wat]1 & oxyg54 ,sel5ic acid has a great 
resemblance to sulphuric acid4 ,x acts  
^u ! metals 9 ! same mann]1  & ev5      
dissolves gold4 ,! sel5iates are also v 
simil> 9  prop]ties to ! sulphates1 &   
bo? classes ( salts are isomorph\s4  ,! 
sel5iates give ! same *>act]i/ic od\r   
be=e ! bl[pipe z  ! sel5ites4 ,_!       
solutions give :ite precipitates ) !    
salts (  b>ium1 /rontian & lead1        
insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,if a soluble  
sel5iate is boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1   
sel5ic acid is set free1 &  is r$uc$ to 
sel5i\s acid1 sulphur\s acid w !n       
precipitate  r$uc$ sel5ium f ! solution4
 ,b>ic sel5iate may be also decompos$  9
 a simil> mann]1 & ?is reaction         
di/+ui%es x f b>ic  sulphate4           
,,sele,,nium4 ,se4 ,a r>e *emical       
elem5t1 discov]$ by ,b]zelius 9 #ahag  9
 ! refuse ( a sulphuric acid manufactory
 ne> ,fahlun1 9 ,sw$51 x  hav+ be5 d]iv$
 f ! pyrites employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( !
  acid4 ,h5ce ! pyrites ( ,fahlun =ms ! 

*ief s\rce ( ?is r>e  body1 al?\gh x    
exi/s1 b less abundantly1 9 comb9ation )
 a few  o!r metals1 t]m$ sel5ides4      
,sel5ium is *iefly int]e/+ to !  *emi/ f
 its rem>kable analogy 9 *emical        
prop]ties to sulphur4  ,l ?is latt]     
elem5t1 x is capable ( assum+ ?ree      
allotropic  =ms----! amorph\s1 !        
vitre\s1 & ! cry/all9e4    ,! latt]     
v>iety ( sel5ium1 l ! cry/all9e =m (    
sulphur1  dissolves 9 bisulphide (      
c>bon1 b mu* less readily4 ,sel5ium     
boils  bel[ a r$ heat & becomes conv]t$ 
into a deep yell[ vap\r1 :i*1  :5 heat$1
 is subject to ! same anomal\s expansion
 z sulphur vap\r4  ,x is n s combu/ible 
z sulphur1 :i* x /ill fur!r resembles by
  burn+ ) a blue flame :5 ignit$ 9 !    
air4 ,dur+ combu/ion x  gives (f a      
peculi> & *>act]i/ic smell1 resembl+ t (
 putrid  horse-radi%4 ,heat$ ) /rong    
sulphuric acid1 sel5ium =ms a gre5      
solution4 ,if ?is solution is p\r$ into 
wat]1 ! sel5ium sep>ates  & is ?r[n d[n4
 ,sel5ium is )\t ta/e or smell1 is      

insoluble 9  wat]1 & 9 its normal /ate  
is a non-conductor ( heat & electricity4
  ,sel5ium may be extract$ f ! ,fahlun  
residue by ! foll[+  process3----,x %\ld
 be fir/ boil$ ) sulphuric acid1 dilut$ 
) an  equal volume ( wat]1 & nitric acid
 %\ld !n be add$ 9 small  quantities    
until ! oxidation ( ! sel5ium is        
accompli%$1 :i* may  be kn[n :5 r$ fumes
 cease to be cool$4 ,! solution :i*     
conta9s  sel5i\s 7,se,o#b7 & sel5ic     
7,se,o#c7 acid is !n to be l>gely       
dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 ! filtrate mix$ )
 ab\t "o f\r? (  its bulk ( hydro*loric 
acid1 & !n conc5trat$ a little by       
evaporation1 ! result ( :i* is t !      
hydro*loric acid r$uces !  sel5ic to    
sel5i\s acid4 ,a curr5t ( sulphur\s acid
 be+ !n pass$  ?r\gh ! solution1 !      
sel5ium is precipitat$ 9 r$ flakes1 :i* 
=m into a d5se black mass :5 ! liquid is
 g5tly heat$4 ,!  foll[+ equation       
illu/rates ! reaction3----              
,h#b,o1,se,o#b  ,h#b,o  #b,,s#b         
#b7;,h#b,,s#c7  ,se4    ,l sulphur1     

sel5ium comb9es ) oxyg5 & =ms an        
anhydride  correspond+ to sulphur\s     
anhydride4 ,,sel5i\s ,,anhydride        
7,se,o#b7 may  be obta9$ by burn+       
sel5ium 9 a curr5t ( oxyg52 x is1 h[ev]1
  m easily prep>$ by boil+ sel5ium )    
nitric acid or ) aqua  regia1 ! excess (
 acid be+ expell$ by heat1 ! sel5i\s    
anhydride  is left z a :ite mass4 ,:5   
?is is dissolv$ 9 wat] x yields a       
cry/all9e hydrate ( sel5i\s acid        
7,h#b,se,o#c74 ,! salts =m$ by  sel5i\s 
acid 7sel5ites71 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! 
alkali  metals1 are mo/ly insoluble 9   
wat]4 ,!y are easily kn[n by !  peculi> 
od\r ( sel5ium :i* !y give (f :5 heat$  
on *>coal 9  ! r$uc+ flame ( ! bl[pipe2 
solutions ( ! sel5ites give a           
r$di%-br[n precipitate :5 treat$ )      
sulphur\s acid4    ,sel5iurett$ ,hydrog5
 7,h#b,se74 ,?is may be obta9$ 9 a      
precisely  simil> mann]1 namely1 by act+
 on sel5ide ( iron or potassium )       
dilut$ sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4   
,sel5iurett$ hydrog5 is soluble  9 wat]1

 & precipitates _m metals f _! salts z  
sel5ides4 ,!  solution is feebly acid1  
&1 l its analogue solution ( sulphurett$
  hydrog51 if expos$ to ! air1 absorbs  
oxyg5 & deposits sel5ium4 ,!  sel5ides (
 ! alkali metals are soluble 9 wat]4 ,! 
sel5ides (  c]ium1 z9c1 & manganese are 
fle%-col\r$2 mo/ ( ! o!rs are  black4   
,?is gas is inflammable l sulphurett$   
hydrog52 x has1  h[ev]1 a /ill m (f5sive
 smell ?an ?is latt] gas1 ,b]zelius lo/ 
8 s5se ( smell = sev]al h\rs by !       
application to 8 nose ( a  bubble (     
sel5iurett$ hydrog5 n l>g] ?an a pea4   
,!re are two  *lorides ( sel5ium----a   
di*loride 7,se#b;,cl#b71 a volatile     
liquid ( a  br[n col\r1 & a             
tetra-*loride 7,se,cl#d71 :i* occurs z a
 :ite  cry/all9e solid4 ,sel5ium unites 
) sulphur1 =m+ a bisulphide  7,se,s#b7 &
 a t]sulphide 7,se,s#c74 ,a v curi\s    
physical prop]ty (  sel5ium :5 expos$ to
 ! action ( light 0 fir/ notic$ 9 #ahgc 
by  ,mr ,may1 assi/ant *emi/ at !       
,telegraph ,/ation at ,val5tia1 9       

,irel&1 :o obs]v$ t a /ick ( cry/allis$ 
sel5ium :i* _h be5  us$ = "s "t 9       
telegraphy1 :]e high electrical         
resi/ance 0  requir$1 (f]$ a consid]ably
 dim9i%$ resi/ance to ! curr5t :5       
expos$ to ! light ?an :5 kept 9 ! d>k4  
,mr ,may's discov]y1 :i*  0 at fir/     
receiv$ ) "s am\nt ( incr$ulity1 has    
s9ce be5  amply corroborat$ by !        
obs]vations & rese>*es ( _m physici/s1  
among/ !m by ,pr(essor ,w]n] ,siem5s1 ! 
result ( ^: exp]im5ts  on ?is int]e/+   
subject we quote f a lecture deliv]$ at 
! ,royal  ,in/itution by 8 bro!r1 ,dr   
,william ,siem5s1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgf4    
,aft]  describ+ ! me?od by :i* 8 bro!r  
arrang$ ! sel5ium1 s t1  :5 ins]t$ 9 !  
galvanic curr5t ( a s+le ,daniell's     
cell1 !  surface action produc$ by !    
light ^u x atta9$ a maximum effect1  &  
!reby did away ) ! necessity ( employ+ a
 l>ge galvanic  batt]y1 & at ! same "t  
all[$ an ord9>y galvanomet] to be us$   
in/ead ( a delicate "o1 z hi!rto        
employ$1 ,dr ,siem5s proce$$ to         

illu/rate ! action ( light ^u ! elem5t  
by exp]im5t4 8,i "h  hold10 he said1 8an
 elem5t s prep>$ ( amorph\s sel5ium1 :i*
 ,i  place 9 a d>k box1 & ins]t 9 a     
galvanic circuit compris+ a  ,daniell's 
cell & a delicate galvanomet]1 ! face ( 
:i* w be  ?r[n ^u ! scre5 ?r\gh a mirror
 by means ( ! electric light4    8,9    
clos+ ! circuit x w be se5 t no         
deflection ( ! ne$le  ensues4 ,we w n[  
admit light ^u ! sel5ium disc & close ! 
circuit1 :5 aga9 no deflection w be     
obs]v$1 %[+ t !  sel5ium 9 its pres5t   
condition is a non-conductor bo? 9 ! d>k
 &  "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,i w n[      
submit a simil> disc ( sel5ium  :i* has 
be5 kept 9 boil+ wat] = an h\r &        
gradually cool$ to  ! same te/s z be=e4 
,9 clos+ ! circuit :ile ! plate is 9 !  
d>k a c]ta9 deflection ( ! galvanomet] w
 be disc]nible1 b ,i  w n[ op5 ! lid ( !
 box s z to admit light ^u ! disc1 :5   
on aga9 clos+ ! circuit a slight        
deflection ( ! galvanomet]  ne$le w be  
obs]v$4 ,9 clos+ ! box aga9/ ! light ?is

  deflection w subside1 b w aga9 be     
visible ! mom5t ! light is  readmitt$ to
 ! box4 ,"h we h1 !n1 ! extraord9>y     
effect (  light ^u sel5ium cle>ly       
illu/rat$4    8,i w n[ ins]t into ! same
 circuit ano!r sel5ium plate :i* has    
be5 heat$ up to #baj ,c1 &1 aft] hav+   
be5 kept at t temp]ature  = sev]al h\rs1
 has be5 gradually cool$2 x w be obs]v$ 
t  ?is plate is affect$ to a great]     
ext5t ?an ! =m] by ! action  ( light1 & 
o!r conditions1 to :i* ,i %all pres5tly 
allude1 prove  ! sel5ium heat$ to a     
high] temp]ature to be 9 o!r respects   
dissimil> to ! o!r two modifications ( !
 same4 ,^! diff]5ces  w be be/ reveal$ 9
 describ+ my bro!r's exp]im5t4 ,he plac$
 "o  ( 8 amorph\s prep>ations ( sel5ium 
9 an air-ba? heat$ above !  melt+ po9t (
 sel5ium 7to #bfj ,c471 :ile ! connect+ 
wires 7  ins]t$ 9 a galvanic circuit    
consi/+ ( only "o ,daniell's elem5t  & a
 delicate reflect+ galvanomet]1 & e five
 m9utes !  temp]ature & conductivity ( !
 sel5ium 7 not$4 ,up to !  temp]ature ( 

#hj ,c4 no curr5t pass$2 f ?is po9t     
onw>d !  conductivity ( ! mat]ial       
rapidly increas$ until x obta9$ its     
maximum at ! temp]ature ( #baj ,c41 be+ 
ne>ly its melt+ po9t1  aft] :i* an      
equally rapid dim9ution ( conductivity  
comm5c$1  rea*+ a m9imum at a temp]ature
 ( ab\t #bdj ,c41 :5 !  conductivity 0  
only su* z c\ld be detect$ by a mo/     
delicate  galvanomet]4 ,9 cont9u+ to    
increase ! temp]ature ( ! fluid  sel5ium
 v gradually b /eadily1 its conductivity
 increas$ aga94    ,! int]pretation ( ^!
 exp]im5ts is z foll[s3 ,amorph\s       
sel5ium  reta9s a v l>ge am\nt (        
specific heat1 :i* r5d]s x a            
non-conductor ( electricity3 :5 heat$ to
 #hj ?is amorph\s solid mass  beg9s to  
*ange its amorph\s condition = !        
cry/all9e =m1 9  :i* =m x possesses a   
greatly r$uc$ am\nt ( specific heat1    
giv+  rise to ! increase ( temp]ature   
beyond t ( surr\nd+ objects  :5 ! *ange 
( condition is once set 94 ,if c>e is   
tak5 to limit !  rise ( temp]ature ( !  

sel5ium to #ajj ,c41 & if x is v        
gradually cool$ aft] be+ ma9ta9$ = an   
h\r or two at t  temp]ature1 a mass is  
obta9$ :i* conducts electricity to "s   
ext5t1  & :i* %[s increas$ conductivity 
"u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,b  9 exam9+ !   
conductivity ( sel5ium s prep>$ at v>i\s
  temp]atures bel[ #hj1 & )\t accession 
( light1 x 0 f\nd t  its conductivity   
increases ) rise ( temp]ature1 9 :i*    
respect x  resembles c>bon1 sulphide (  
metals1 & g5]ally electrolytes4 ,?is my 
bro!r t]ms 8 fir/ modification (        
sel5ium4    ,b 9 ext5d+ ! heat+ influ5ce
 up to #baj1 & 9 ma9ta9+ t  temp]ature  
by means ( a ba? ( p>aff9 = "s h\rs be=e
 gradually  r$uc+ ! same1 he obta9$ a   
second modification ( sel5ium1 9 :i*    
its conductivity increases ) fall (     
temp]ature1 & 9 :i*  modification x is1 
!re=e1 analog\s to ! metals4 ,?is second
  modification ( sel5ium is a bett]     
conductor ( electricity ?an !  fir/1 &  
its s5sitiv5ess to light is s great t   
its conductivity 9  sunlight is fifte5  

times great] ?an x is 9 ! d>k1 z w be   
se5  f ! foll[+ table1 9 :i* is giv5 !  
effects ( diff]5t  int5sities ( light on
 sel5ium 7,modification ,,ii7 obta9$ at 
,woolwi* on  ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1         
#ahgf3----                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,sel5ium 9   
,relative ,conductivities4    ,resi/ance
 9                                      
-------------------------      ,ohms4   
,deflections4  ,ratio4                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    #a4 ,d>k     
#cb         #aj          #aj1jgj1jjj    
#b4 ,diffus$                            
daylight4         #aaj         #cd      
#b1icj1jjj    #c4 ,lamplight            
#ahj         #ef           #a1gij1jjj   
#d4 ,sunlight           #dgj        #adg
             #fhj1jjj                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,un=tunately1
 h[ev]1 ! second modification is n s    
/able z !  fir/2 :5 l[]$ 9 temp]ature   

p>ts ( x *ange back into ! fir/  or     
metalloid modification by tak+ up       
specific heat1 & 9 wat*+ ?is  effect a  
po9t is discov]$ at :i* ratio ( increase
 ( conductivity  ) fall ( temp]ature    
*anges sign1 or :]e ! electrolyte       
sub/ance  appe>s to pr$om9ate ov] !     
metallic sel5ium4 ,if cool$ d[n to #ae  
,c41 ! :ole ( ! metallic sel5ium is     
gradually be+ conv]t$ back  into ! fir/ 
v>iety4 ,! physical conclusions "h      
arriv$ at may be  said to be an ext5sion
 ( ,helmholtz's !ory t ! conductivity ( 
metals v>ies inv]sely z ! total heat    
conta9$ 9 !m4 ,helmholtz _h  only !     
s5sible heat ( temp]ature 7c\nt+ f !    
absolute z]o  po9t7 9 view1 b x has     
already be5 %[n by ,hittorf & ,w]n]     
,siem5s t x applies 9 ! case ( t9 & "s  
o!r metals1 also to  specific heat & to 
! lat5t heat ( fusion4 ,9 sel5ium !     
specific  heat is an extremely v>iable  
quantity1 *ang+ 9 ! solid mass at  c]ta9
 temp]atures1 &1 x is cont5d$1 "u !     
influ5ce ( light4  ,aid$ by ^!          

exp]im5tal rese>*es1 my bro!r arrives at
 !  conclusion t ! influ5ce ( light ^u  
sel5ium may be expla9$ by a  8*ange (   
its molecul> condition ne> ! surface1 f 
! fir/ or  electrolyte into ! second or 
metallic modification1 or 9 o!r words1  
by a lib]ation ( specific heat ^u !     
illum9at$ surface (  cry/all9e sel5ium1 
:i* lib]at$ heat is reabsorb$ :5 !      
lib]at+ cause has ceas$ to act40        
,pr(essor ,adams1 :o has likewise       
inve/igat$ ?is s+ul> action ( light ^u  
sel5ium1 ascribes x to a  diff]5t cause4
 ,he says3----    #a4 ,t ! light fall+  
on ! sel5ium causes an electromotive =ce
 9  x 9 ! same direction z ! batt]y     
curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x1 !  effect be+     
simil> to ! effect due to pol>isation 9 
an electrolyte1  b 9 ! opposite         
direction4    #b4 ,t ! light fall+ on ! 
sel5ium causes a *ange on its surface   
ak9 to ! *ange :i* x produces on !      
surface ( a phosphoresc5t  body1 & t 9  
consequ5ce ( ?is *ange ! electro-curr5t 
is  enabl$ to pass m readily ov] !      

surface ( ! sel5ium4    ,,sem,,ola      
7,bullock's74 ,?is prep>ation consi/s ( 
:eat5 fl\r depriv$  ( mu* ( its />* by  
wa%+s ) wat]1 & conta9s ! l>ge/  am\nt  
7#dh p] c5t47 ( nitrog5\s or album5oid  
pr9ciples consi/5t  ) its adaptability  
to cul9>y purposes4 ,x is specially     
int5d$ z a  food = infants1 weakly      
*ildr51 & invalids4    ,,semoli,,na4    
,syn4 ,s,,m\le1 ,,sem\l9a4 ,! l>ge h>d  
gra9s ( :eat  fl\r reta9$ 9 ! bolt+     
ma*9e1 aft] ! f9e fl\r has pass$  ?r\gh 
its me%es4 8,! be/ sm\le is obta9$ f !  
:eat ( !  s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,) !    
sm\le ! f9e :ite ,p>isian bread  call$  
#8gruau' is bak$40 7,ure47    ,,s5,,ega4
 ,syn4 ,,s5eka1 ,,snak]oot1             
,,rattlesnake ,r42 ,,s5eg ,,radix 7,b4  
,p472  ,,s5ega 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471   
,,radix ,,s5eg1 ,l4 8,! root ( !        
,polygala  ,s5ega1 ,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a 
/imulat+ diaphoretic1 & expectorant2 9  
l>ge doses diuretic1 ca?>tic1 & emetic4 
,9 ,am]ica x is us$ z  an antidote to ! 
bite ( ! rattlesnake4 ,drs ,*apman &    

,h>t%orne extol x z an emm5agogue4 ,dr  
,p]eira says t x is an  exce$+ly        
valuable rem$y 9 ! latt] /ages (        
bron*ial or  pulmon>y inflammation1 :5  
?is disease occurs 9 ag$1  debilitat$1  
or torpid con/itutions4----,dose1 #aj to
 #cj gr41 9  p[d] or decoction 7comb9$ )
 aromatics1 opium1 or camphor71  ?rice  
daily4    ,accord+ to ,patr\ill>d s5ega 
is occasionally adult]at$ ) !  roots (  
,asclepias v9cetoxicum4 ,! bran*es ( !  
latt] root are  cyl9drical1 v :ite1 &   
almo/ devoid ( ta/e2 ^? ( s5ega1 on  !  
contr>y1 are yell[i% & twi/$1 & h a v   
acrid ta/e4 ,!  fro? produc$ by %ak+ an 
infusion ( s5ega keeps mu* long] ?an  t 
produc$ by an infusion ( ! adult]ant4 ,9
 o!r respects !re is  a great           
resemblance betwe5 ! two roots4         
,,s5,,eg94 ,syn4 ,,polygal91 ,,polygalic
 ,,acid4 ,a :ite od\rless p[d]1         
discov]$ by ,gehl9 9 ! b>k ( s5eka root 
7,polygala ,s5ega74    ,,s5,,na4 ,syn4  
,,s5na1 ,,s5n ,,folia1 ,l4 ,!re are ?ree
 pr9cipal  v>ieties3----    #a4         

,,alex&rian ,,s5na 7,,s5na              
,,alex&r9a----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41   
,d471  ref]r$ 9 !1 ,ph4 ,l4 to ,cassia  
(fic9alis & ,cassia obovata1 9  ! ,ph4  
,d4 to ,cassia acutifolia 7,delile71 & 9
 ! ,ph4 ,e4 to v>i\s  species ( cassia4 
,! leaves are 8unequal at ! base1 ovate 
acute1 or  obovate mucronate40 7,ph4    
,l47 ,x is g5]ally mix$ ) ! leaves (    
,sol5o/emma ,argel 7argel leaves71 !    
pres5ce ( :i* is (t5 !  occasion ( mu*  
grip+4 ,! leaf ( argel is fully an in*  
long1 w>ty1  regul> 9 its =mation1 & !  
lat]al n]ves are imp]fectly se5 on  ! "u
 side2 :il/ t ( ! true ,alex&rian s5na  
nev] exce$s  #c_/d in* 9 l5g?1 is       
oblique1 & ! n]ves on ! "u side are v   
conspicu\s4    #b4 ,,indian ,,s5na      
7,,s5na ,,indica----,b4 ,p42 ,ph4 ,l41  
,e47 is ref]r$ to ,cassia  (fic9alis 9 !
 ,ph4 ,l41 & 9 ! ,ph4 ,e4  ,d4 to       
,cassia elongata  7,lemaire1            
,lisanc\rt74 ,! leaf is 8unequal at !   
base10 &  8,lanceolate40 7,ph4 ,l47     
#c4 ,,t9nevelly ,,s5na1 =m+ ! f9e/      

,indian1 n[ introduc$ into !  ,ph4 ,d41 
is !re9 describ$ z compos$ ( ! leaflets 
( ,cassia  oblongata4 ,^! are pale gre51
 ?91 flexible1 & f #a to #b in*es  long1
 & ne>ly #a_/b in* broad4 ,?is v>iety is
 equal 9 m$ic9al virtue  to ! be/       
,alex&rian1 & is to be pref]r$1 on      
acc\nt ( its be+  import$ p]fectly free 
f adult]ation4    ,s5na is purgative 9  
doses ( #aj to #cj gr41 ei!r 9 p[d] or  
made into  an infusion ( tea ) ,wat]1   
comb9$ ) g+]1 c>aways1 or "s  o!r       
aromatic1 to prev5t grip+4 ,x acts      
*iefly on ! small  inte/9es1 & g5]ally  
effects its purpose )9 #d h\rs aft] be+ 
tak54    ,,se,,pia4 ,a pigm5t prep>$ f !
 #8ink' or black fluid secret$ by       
,sepia (fic9alis 7,l9n471 & sev]al o!r  
v>ieties ( cuttle-fi%4  ,! cont5ts ( !  
#8ink bags' are inspissat$ z soon z     
possible aft]  collection1 & !n =m !    
crude sepia ( comm]ce4 ,?is is prep>$  =
 arti/s by boil+ x = a %ort "t 9 a weak 
lye ( cau/ic  alkali1 precipitat+ !     
solution ) an acid1 & well wa%+ &       

c>efully dry+ ! precipitate by a g5tle  
heat4 ,x possesses a f9e  br[n col\r1 & 
is us$ l ,indian ink4    ,,s],,p5t>y4   
,syn4 ,,virg9ian ,,snake-,,root2        
,,s]p5t>ia ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471  ,,s]p5t>i
 ,,radix1 ,,s]p5t>ia 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471   
,,ari/olo*ia ,,s]p5t>ia  7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4
 ,an excell5t /imulat+ diaphoretic &    
tonic2 9 typhoid  & putrid fev]s1       
dyspepsia1 c4 ,x is admirably suit$ to  
*eck vomit+  & to tranquilise ! /oma*1  
p>ticul>ly 9 bili\s cases4 7,dr         
,*apman47----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 e   
?ird or f\r? h\r1 its use be+  prec$$ by
 an ap]i5t4    ,,se,,rum4 ,syn4         
,,s]album54 ,! cle> pale fluid 9 :i* !  
blood-globules float1 & :i* sep>ates f  
blood dur+ its  coagulation4 ,x is1     
ess5tially1 a feebly alkal9e solution ( 
album54  ,see ,,album54    ,,sesqui-4   
,see ,,nom5clature4    ,,se,,ton4 ,syn4 
,,setaceum4 ,an artificial ulc]1 made by
 pass+ a portion  ( silk or ?read "u !  
sk9 by means ( a seton ne$le1 a "p (    
:i* is drawn ?r\gh daily1 & ?us keeps up

 a con/ant irritation4  ,occasionally ! 
?read is ano9t$ ) "s irritat+ sub/ance =
 !  purpose ( increas+ ! dis*>ge4       
,,sev5 ,,seals1 or ,gold5 ,wond]----,dr 
,radcliffe's ,great ,rem$y4 ,accord+ to 
! prospectus1 ?is rem$y is good = *ol]a 
morbus1 dys5t]y1  di>rha1 burns1 spra9s1
 rheumatism1 w>ts & corns1 & all        
diseases4  ,9 a quadrangul> bottle we   
f9d ab\t #ie grammes ( a br[ni%-orange  
cle> fluid1 :i* is a spiritu\s t9cture (
 cay5ne pepp] mix$ )  e!r1 *lor(orm1    
,am]ican oil ( pepp]m9t1 & a little     
camphor4 ,!  proportion ( ^! +r$i5ts is1
 approximately1 #d grammes e!r1 #f      
grammes *lor(orm1 #d gramme camphor or  
camphorace\s oil1 #b grammes oil  (     
pepp]m9t1 #ce grammes t9cture (         
capsicum4 #ej grammes _s ( w9e  7#ij p] 
c5t47 7,hag]47    ,,se,,vum 7,prep>$74  
,syn4 ,,sevum ,,pr,,p>atum 7,b4 ,p471   
,,sevum ,,magneticum1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4   
7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'7 ,m\ld c&les1 at lea/ 
#b ye>s old1 melt$  by a v g5tle heat1 &
 /ra9$ f ! wicks4    #b4 ,z ,,magnetic  

,,adeps4 ,us$ to make m]curial o9tm5t4  
,triturat$ ) #h1  #ab1 or #af times its 
weight ( quicksilv]1 ! globules are     
completely  ext+ui%$ 9 f #aj to #ae     
m9utes4    ,,sewage1 ,removal &         
,disposal (4 ,! wa/e & putrescible      
refuse  dis*>g$ f dwell+-h\ses by       
h\se-pipes & dra9s into sew]s may  be   
said1 9 g5]al t]ms1 to consi/1 besides  
human fces & ur9e1#aej  ( ! dirty wat] &
 soapsuds aris+ f wa%+ our bodies1 our  
h\ses1 & l951 m or less f\l1 z well z ! 
wat] :i*1 hav+  be5 us$ = cook+         
op]ations1 necess>ily conta9s v>iable   
quantities  ( m9]al & vegetable matt]4  
,footnote #aej3 ,9 ! dra9age ( "s t[ns !
 fces are n all[$ to  ent] ! sew]s4     
,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! exception4    ,! above
 /atem5t w h prep>$ u n only = ! complex
 nature  ( sewage wat] z %[n 9 ! foll[+ 
tables1 b also = !  v>iability 9 ! am\nt
 ( its con/itu5ts1 ?is latt] condition  
dep5d+ ^u locality1 &1 z exp]im5t %[s1 !
 h\r ( ! day at  :i* ! sewage 0         
collect$4              ,composition (   

,sew] ,wat] 7,,way74                    
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,gra9s p] ,gallon4                      
-------------------------------         
#a4      #b4     #c4      #d4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,organic      
matt]s 7soluble7       #aidj   #dajc    
#abcj    #ibj     ,organic matt]s       
7susp5d$7     #ciaj   #agjj  #bdcg      
,lime                            #ajac  
#adga  #abeb    #aabe     ,magnesia     
#adb    #ahb   #aei     #ace     ,soda  
#dja    #bdj   #bda     #ahi     ,pota% 
#cff    #ceg   #cca     #aji            
,*loride ( ,sodium              #bfdj   
#bbfa  #cdcj     #eeh     ,sulphuric    
,acid                   #ecd    #eca    
#fdj     #cdc     ,phosphoric ,acid     
#bfc    #egf   #bdh     #jfd            
,c>bonic ,acid                    #ija  
#hib  #aagf             ,silicia ,oxide 
( ,iron          #fbj   #acee   #fdf    
#dgg             ,oxide ( ,z9c          

,ammonia                          #gdh  
#hdc   #ghh                             
-------------------------------         
#acdgh  #adeaa #abegh    #cibj          
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,london ,sew] ,wat] 7,,le!by74          
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,gra9s p] gallon4                       
----------------------------------------
---                      ,day ,sewage4  
,night ,sewage4 ,/orm ,sewage4          
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,soluble matt]s 
#eegd        #feji         #gjbf        
,organic matt]s      #aejh         #gdb 
#adge           ,nitrog5                
#edd         #eai          #gbf         
,m9]al matt]s      #djff        #egfg   
#eega           ,phosphoric acid        
#jhe         #jfi          #ajc         
,pota%                #aba         #aae 
#afa           ,susp5d$ matt]s    #chae 
#acii         #cahh           ,organic  

#afaa         #gdh         #agee        
,nitrog5              #jgh         #jbi 
#jfg           ,m9]al              #bbjd
         #fea         #adcc             
,phosphoric acid       #jhi         #jfd
          #jih           ,pota%         
#hjh         #jjd          #jaf         
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,le!by /ates t !
 sew] wat] 9 t[ns ) wat]-closets has !  
foll[+ av]age composition p] gallon3    
,organic matt]      #bggb    ,nitrog5   
#fba    ,phosphoric acid      #aeg      
,pota%               #bjc    ,sew] wat] 
plac$ "u ! microscope reveals v>i\s dead
 decay+  matt]s1 besides sw>ms (        
bact]ia1 ciliat$ infusoria1 ambi=m      
bodies1  & fungi1 consi/+ ( spores &    
mycelium4 ,! rotif]a1 diatoms1 &        
desmids are few 9 numb]4#aea ,t a fluid 
hav+ a composition su* z  sewage wat]   
has be5 %[n to possess1 :5 mix$ ) solid 
excreta1  w\ld1 f ! decomposition t s   
soon takes place 9 x1 s]i\sly  endang] !
 heal? ( ^? 9 ^: habitations x 0 all[$  

to  rema91 is s self-evid5t to !        
sanit>ian & pa?ologi/ t x is no  wond] e
 civilis$ community %\ld endeav\r to get
 rid ( ?is  refuse f _! habitations z   
spe$ily & effectively z possible4 ,b  ! 
removal ( ! home sewage is a proce$+ z  
illogical z x is  imp]fect if we        
aft]w>ds neglect s to dispose ( x z to  
r5d] x  innocu\s or devoid ( dang] to ! 
public heal?4 ,! old me?od (  gett+ rid 
( sewage 7ev5 :5 depriv$ ( ! fcal matt]7
 by turn+  x into riv]s & /reams1 has1 m
 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! ,report ( !  ,riv]s  
,pollution ,commission]s 9 #ahgj1 be5   
gradually ab&on$4 ,t  :5 sew] wat]      
passes into a riv] x und]goes a great   
am\nt (  purification f oxidation1      
subsid5ce1 & ! ag5cy ( wat]-plants is   
und5iable4    ,footnote #aea3 ,p>kes4   
,le!by consid]$ t if sewage mix$ ) tw5ty
 times its bulk (  wat] fl[$ = n9e miles
 x w\ld be p]fectly oxidis$4 ,x appe>s1 
h[ev]1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,frankl&1 t s f> 
z sewage :5  mix$ ) tw5ty times its     
volume ( wat] be+ oxidis$ dur+ a fl[  ( 

t5 or twelve miles1 sc>cely two ?irds ( 
x w\ld be s de/roy$ 9  ! fl[ ( #afh     
miles1 at ! rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 or   
aft] !  lapse ( a week4 ,! results (    
,frankl&'s exp]im5ts l$ him to inf]  t  
!re is no riv] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom (      
suffici5t l5g? to  effect ! de/ruction (
 sewage by oxidation2 & he adds1 8!re is
 no  process practicable on a l>ge scale
 by :i* ! noxi\s mat]ial 7sewage  matt]7
 c be remov$ f wat] once s contam9at$1  
&1 !re=e1 ,i  am ( op9ion t wat] :i* has
 be5 once contam9at$ by sewage or       
manure matt] is !nce=? unsuitable =     
dome/ic use40    ,! dis*>ge ( sewage    
wat]1 :e!r ) or )\t solid excreta1 into 
our spr+s & riv]s1 0 a practice s       
dang]\s & prejudicial to  heal? t x is  
no cause = wond] ! ,legislature %\ld1   
dur+ !  session ( #ahgf1 h pass$ a      
measure ! object ( :i* 0 aft] !  lapse (
 "o ye> to facilitate legal proce$+s be+
 in/itut$ aga9/  p]sons :o p]mitt$      
sewage or o!r delet]i\s refuse to fl[   
into  riv]s or /reams4 ,?is measure1    

kn[n z ! 8,riv]s ,pollution ,prev5tion  
,act10 is n[ 9 =ce1 & p]mits (f5d]s to  
be proce$$ aga9/2 b  x /ill leaves      
unsolv$ ! important hygi5ic             
problem----,h[ are we  ultimately & )   
safety to ! community to dispose ( our  
sewage8    ,! num]\s processes 7! *ief (
 :i* w be br\ght "u notice7  propos$ = !
 atta9m5t ( ?is end h be5 divid$ by     
writ]s &  au?orities on sanit>y sci5ce  
into----    #a4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4    #b4  
,,dry ,,me?ods4    #a4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4  
,^! comprise ! removal ( excreta----7#a7
 ,by dis*>g+  x into runn+ wat]4 7#b7   
,by /orage 9 tank ) ov]fl[4 7#c7 ,by    
c>ry+ x into ! sea4 7#d7 ,by            
precipitation4 7#e7 ,by irrigation &    
filtration4    7#a7 ,by dis*>g+ x into  
runn+ wat]4 ,our previ\s rem>ks h       
already %[n 9 :at respect ?is proposal  
is fallaci\s1 & :y x has1  !re=e1 be5   
discont9u$4    7#b7 ,by /orage 9 tank ) 
ov]fl[4 ,9 ?is process ! sewage runs    
into a well-cem5t$ tank fitt$ ) an      
ov]fl[ pipe1 :i* sometimes  leads into a

 second tank arrang$ 9 ! same mann]2 !  
solids subside1  & are remov$ f "t to   
"t1 :il/ ! liquid is all[$ to run  away4
 ,in/ead ( p]mitt+ ! liquid to escape   
into a dit* or /ream1  x has be5 propos$
 to c>ry x into dra9 pipes1 :i* are     
buri$ f  half a foot to a foot 9 !      
subsoil1 :]e x w be readily suck$ up  by
 ! roots ( grasses4 ,?is plan is only   
suit$ = small villages1 or  = a s+le    
h\se or mansion4    7#c7 ,by c>ry+ x    
into ! sea4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$ 
9 !  work+ ( ?is sy/em are1 :]ev]       
possible1 to let ! outlet or  dis*>ge   
pipe1 :i* conveys ! sewage to ! sea1 be 
always "u wat]  ev5 at ebb tide1 & to   
take special c>e t ! w9d does n bl[ up  
! sew]s4 ,a tide-flap1 op5+ outw>ds1 :i*
 is usually fix$ by a  h+e on ! sew] at 
its outlet1 w obviate ?is la/ cont+5cy4 
,at  high wat] ! tide w fill ! outfall  
sew]s to its own level1 & to  t ext5t w 
*eck ! dis*>ge ( sewage1 & ?us cause a  
deposit  9 ! sew]s fill$ ) mix$ sea wat]
 & sewage4 ,x is mo/ important  t ?is   

%\ld be remov$4    8,if ! sewage _c be  
got well out to sea1 & if x issues 9    
n>r[  *annels1 x may cause a nuisance1 &
 may require to be purifi$ be=e         
dis*>ge40#aeb    ,footnote #aeb3 ,p>kes4
    7#d7 ,by precipitation4 ,! simple/ (
 ! plans propos$ = ?is me?od  ( removal 
is by subsid5ce only1 & w\ld aft]w>ds   
p]mit !  dis*>ge ( ! sup]natant sewage  
wat] into runn+ wat] or ov] !  l&4 ,!   
removal ( ! solid mat]ial is effect$ 9 a
 mann] some:at  simil> to t foll[$ 9    
plan ,no4 #b1 b z ! ?9 wat] :i* runs  (f
 mu/1 :5 p\r$ into riv]s or /reams1 be  
almo/ z dang]\s z  ! sewage itself1 !   
process ( precipitation by settlem5t    
alone has  little to comm5d x ov] ! old 
rude & objectionable practice1 a        
circum/ance t 9 ^! days w d\btless lead 
to its entire  prohibition4    ,9 ord]  
to ensure great] purification ! sewage 9
 ! subsid+ tanks  is n[ usually mix$ )  
c]ta9 *emical reag5ts1 :i*1 x is        
believ$1 h ! effect n only ( spe$ily    
precipitat+ ! solid  mat]ials1 b also   

c>ry+ d[n injuri\s matt]s susp5d$ 9 !   
sewage wat]1 ?us r5d]+ x suffici5tly    
pure to be dis*>g$ )\t  risk to heal?   
into any wat]c\rse4    ,( ! num]\s      
precipitants employ$ = ?is purpose1 we  
may m5tion !  foll[+3    ,lime & salts (
 lime4 ,quicklime1 9 ! proportion ( #h  
gr4 to a  gallon ( wat]2 or #a lb4 to   
ab\t #fjj galls4 ( sewage2 lime1 ) !    
addition ( ab\t a =tie? ( its weight (  
*loride ( lime2 calcic  phosphate       
dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid2 ,:itehead's  
pat5t1 :i* consi/s  ( a mixture ( mono- 
& dicalcic phosphate2 *loride ( calcium4
    ,alum9\s comp\nds4 ,bird's          
process----,a mixture ( alum9\s e>?s &  
sulphuric acid4 ,&]sons &               
,l5k's----,impure sulphate ( alum2      
refuse (  alum works1 ei!r alone or mix$
 ) lime or *>coal4 ,scott's cem5t       
process----,clay mix$ ) lime2 natural   
phosphate ( alum9ium dissolv$ by        
sulphuric acid & mix$ ) lime4    ,!     
quantities ( ! above sub/ances :5 us$ z 
precipitants v>y1 9  "s ( !m fifty1 & 9 

o!rs eighty gra9s to a gallon ( sew]    
wat]  be+ employ$4    ,magnesium salts4 
,impure *loride ( magnesium mix$ )      
sup]phosphate  ( lime4    ,c>bon4 ,z    
vegetable *>coal1 peat1 seawe$ *>coal1  
c>bonis$ tan1  lignite1 & ,boghead coke4
    ,iron4 ,9 ! =m ( sulphate4          
,ell]man's & ,dale's----,p]*loride2 !   
sulphate is sometimes mix$ ) coal du/4  
,manganese4 ,condy's fluid4    ,z9c4 ,z 
sulphate & *loride4    ,sill>'s process4
 ,! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 process1 s call$ because
 compos$ (  alum1 blood1 *>coal1 & clay4
    ,hill's process4 ,lime & t> are !   
precipitants4 ,! efflu5t wat] is  filt]$
 ?r\gh *>coal4 ,! "q n[ arises z to :e!r
 ! sew]  wat] aft] treatm5t ) any ( !   
above sub/ances is 9 a fit  condition to
 be p\r$ into a /ream or riv]4 ,! ,riv]s
 ,pollution  ,commission]s 9 _! fir/ &  
second reports give a numb] ( analyses1 
f :i* x appe>s t on an av]age ! *emical 
treatm5t removes  #hih p] c5t4 ( !      
matt]s susp5d$ 9 ! sewage wat]s1 b only 
#cff p] c5t4 ( ! organic nitrog5 is     

dissolv$ 9 !m4    ,( ! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4      
process1 ,mr ,crookes /ates t1 :5       
prop]ly c>ri$  out1 x removes all !     
phosphoric acid2 & ,pr(essor ,voelck]'s 
analysis  ( ! efflu5t wat] f sewage     
treat$ by ! acid phosphate ( alum9a     
process gives m ammonia ?an ! orig9al   
sew] wat]1 less organic  nitrog5 by "o  
half1 & less phosphoric acid4 ,su* a    
wat] is said by  "s au?orities to be    
pure en\gh to be dis*>g$ into /reams4   
,g5]al ,scott's process4 ,g5]al ,scott  
proposes to treat ! sew] wat]  ) lime & 
clay1 & in/ead ( employ+ ! precipitate  
obta9$ by  ?is means z a manure1 w\ld1  
aft] burn+ x1 use x z cem5t4 ,he  argues
 t ! deposit conta9s s mu* combu/ible   
matt] z to  consid]ably r$uce ! quantity
 ( coal usually exp5d$ 9 !  manufacture 
( cem5t1 & consequ5tly ! cem5t c\ld be  
sold at a  remun]ative price4    ,?is1 l
 ! #8c>bonisation' process1 possesses ! 
m]it ( effectually  de/roy+ any noxi\s  
pr9ciples pres5t 9 ! deposit4           
,comm5t+ on ! v>i\s precipitation       

processes ,dr ,p>kes writes3----8,:5  ! 
sew] wat] is cle>$ by any ( ^! plans is 
x fit to be  dis*>g$ into /reams8 ,9 !  
op9ion ( "s au?orities1 if !            
precipitate is a good "o x may be s1 & x
 appe>s c]ta9 t 9  _m cases x is        
*emically a tol]ably pure wat]1 & x w no
 long]  silt up ! b$ nor cause a        
nuisance4 ,b x /ill conta9s1 9 all      
cases1  "s organic matt]1 z well z      
ammonia1 pota%1 & phosphoric acid4 ,x   
has1 !re=e1 f]tilis+ p[]s c]ta9ly1 &    
possibly x has also  injuri\s p[]s4 ,no 
pro( ( ?is has be5 giv51 b also no      
dispro( at  pres5t1 & :5 we consid] h[  
small ! ag5cies ( ! specific  diseases  
probably are1 & h[ likely x is t !y     
rema9 susp5d$1 we  d n seem to be 9 a   
position to expect t ! wat]1 aft]       
subsid5ce  ( ! deposit1 w be safe to    
dr9k4    7#e7 ,by irrigation &          
filtration4 ,by ?is process is meant !  
pass+  ( ! sew] wat] ov] & ?r\gh soil1 )
 ! object n only (  effect+ its         
purification to su* an ext5t z to r5d] x

 fit to be  dis*>g$ into a riv] or      
/ream1 b also ( employ+ x z a valuable  
manure4 ,9 ! pres5t article we %all     
treat only ( ! application (  ! process 
to ! fir/ ( ^! purposes4    ,!re is     
ample evid5ce to %[ t1 if c>ri$ out )   
due att5tion to  detail1 no process = ! 
treatm5t ( efflu5t sewage wat]1 s z to  
r5d] x innocu\s1 is equal to t :i*      
subjects x to irrigation &  filtration4 
,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission]s ?us  
report on x3----8,we are1 !re=e1        
ju/ifi$ 9 recomm5d+ irrigation z a safe 
z well z pr(itable &  effici5t me?od (  
cleans+ t[n sewage40    ,! conditions   
necess>y = ! successful c>ry+ out ( ?is 
sy/em  are ?us /at$ by ,mr ,t4 ,j4      
,dyke1 9 expla9+ 8! process ( !  d[nw>d 
int]mitt5t filtration ( sewage at       
,tro$yrhiw1 ne> ,m]?yr                  
,tydvil30----8#a4 ,! soil ( ! l& to be  
us$ mu/ be por\s4 #b4 ,a ma9  efflu5t   
dra91 :i* mu/ n be less ?an six feet f !
 surface1  mu/ be provid$4 #c4 ,!       
surface ( ! soil to be s incl9$ z to    

p]mit ! sewage /ream to fl[ ov] ! :ole  
l&4 #d4 ,! filt]+  area %\ld be divid$  
into f\r equal p>ts1 ea* "p to be       
irrigat$  ) ! sewage = six h\rs1 & !n an
 int]val ( eighte5 h\rs to  elapse be=e 
a second irrigation takes place2 ea* ( !
 f\r p>ts  w\ld ?us be us$ = six h\rs   
out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,an acre ( l&  s     
prep>$ w\ld purify #ajj1jjj gallons (   
sewage p] day40 ,at ,tro$yrhiw  ! sewage
 has lime add$ to x1 & ! mixture is     
/ra9$ ?r\gh  c9d]s into tanks4 ,f ! tank
 x fl[s on to ! conduit1 by :i* x  is   
convey$ to ! filt]+ areas4    8,^!      
consi/ ( ab\t tw5ty acres ( l&1         
imm$iately adjo9+ !  road on :i* ! tanks
 are plac$1 & h be5 arrang$ into filt]+ 
areas or b$s on a plan devis$ by ,mr ,j4
 ,bayley ,d5ton4 ,! l& is a  loamy soil1
 eighte5 in*es ?ick1 ov]ly+ a b$ (      
gravel4 ,! :ole (  ^! tw5ty acres h be5 
und]dra9$ to a dep? ( f five to sev5    
feet4 ,! lat]al dra9s are plac$ at      
regul> di/ances f ea* o!r1  & run t[>ds 
! ma9 or efflu5t dra94 ,?is is ev]y:]e  

six feet  deep4 ,! surface ( ! l& is =m$
 into b$s2 ^! h be5 made to  slope t[>ds
 ! ma9 dra9 by a fall ( #a 9 #aej4      
8,! surface is pl\gh$ 9 ridges2 on ^!   
vegetables are plant$ or  se$s s[n4 ,!  
l9e ( ! ridg$ furr[ is 9 ! direction ( !
 "u  dra94 ,along ! rais$ m>g9 ( ea* b$1
 9 ea* area1 deliv]+  c>ri]s are plac$1 
"o edge be+ slightly depress$4    8,!   
/ra9$ sewage passes f ! conduits into ! 
deliv]y c>ri]s1  & z x ov]fl[s !        
depress$ edges runs g5tly into & along !
  f>r[s d[n to ! l[e/ & mo/ di/ant "p ( 
! plot4 ,! sewage  cont9ues to be s     
deliv]$ = six h\rs1 !n an int]val ( re/ 
(  eighte5 h\rs takes place1 & aga9 ! l&
 is ?or\ghly *>g$ )  ! f]tilis+ /ream4  
,! wat] p]colates ?r\gh ! six feet (    
e>?1 & rea*es ! lat]al dra9s1 :i* convey
 x to ! ma9  efflu5t dra94    8,! result
 ( ?is plan ( dispos+ ( sewage by d[nw>d
 int]mitt5t  filtration1 may be se5 9   
samples ( ! efflu5t wat] tak5 f !       
outlet ( ! ma9 dra94 ,su* wat] is       
bright1 p]fectly pellucid1 free  f      

smell1 & ta/es only ( common salt4 ,x   
may be safely drunk----9  fact1 is us$  
by ! workm5 employ$ on ! f>m4 ,dur+ !   
process (  irrigation no nuisance is    
caus$1 = ! soil quickly absorbs all !   
fluids pass$ on to x2 9 fact1 9 two or  
?ree h\rs aft] ! wat] has  ceas$ to fl[ 
on ! l&1 an obs]v] w\ld say t ! gr\nd _h
 n  be5 wett$ = days4 ,! workm5 say t no
 unpleasant smell is notic$1  nor has ! 
heal? ( ! p]sons employ$1 9 any "o      
in/ance1 be5  affect$ by any presum$    
poison\s exhalation4    8,! only        
imp]fection ( ! plan is t1 at ! end ( ! 
furr[s  ne>e/ ! l[e/ corn] ( a plot1 a  
slight deposit ( scum is =m$4  ,?is scum
 is =m$ by ! f9e insoluble precipitate  
caus$ ma9ly by !  addition ( lime to !  
sewage /ream40    ,! table bel[1 tak5 f 
! report ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution          
,commission]s1 gives ! composition ( !  
efflu5t wat] aft] x has  pass$ ?r\gh !  
soil4    ,if ^? results be comp>$ ) !   
condition ( ! sup]natant sewage  wat]1  
aft] treatm5t by any ( ! *emical        

precipitants already  enum]at$1 !       
inf]iority ( ^! latt] z me?ods ( removal
 ( !  organic impurity ( ! sewage wat] w
 be evid5t4    ,! be/ ( ^! precipitants 
give a removal ( only #feh p] c5t4 (    
organic nitrog51 :il/ ! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4     
process %[s a dim9ution ( #ehi  only4 ,x
 appe>s f ! fir/ & second reports ( !   
,riv]s ,pollution  ,commission]s1 t on  
an av]age ! precipitation processes     
remove #hih  p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt]s1
 b only #cff p] c5t4 ( ! organic        
nitrog5 dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4    ,!      
effects ( a soil ^u sewage wat] pass+   
?r\gh x are !  foll[+3----    #a4 ,!    
filt]+ prop]ty ( ! soil me*anically     
arre/s & reta9s !  susp5d$ p>ticles ( ! 
sewage4    #b & #c4 ,! porosity &       
physical attraction ( ! soil lead to !  
oxidation ( ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! 
sewage1 z in/anc$ 9  ! discov]y (       
nitrates & nitrites 9 ! efflu5t wat]1   
:i* did  n exi/ previ\s to filtration4  
#d4 ,a *emical reaction takes place     
betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( ! sewage  & ^? ( !

 soil4    ,if ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ !    
sy/em ( irrigation1 viz4 t x is         
detrim5tal to ! heal? & com=t ( ^? :o   
reside ne> sewage  f>ms _c be d5i$1 x   
seems pretty c]ta9 t1 9 mo/ cases1 any  
ill effects aris+ f ! me?od may be trac$
 to its defective  managem5t4 ,!        
selection ( ! soil :i* is to receive !  
sewage is a  highly important           
consid]ation4 ,! be/ = ?is purpose seems
 to be a  loose m>l1 conta9+ oxide (    
iron & alum9a2 b s&1 z well z  *alk1 are
 bo? said to answ] excell5tly4          
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,p]c5tage ( dissolv$,p]c5tage           
,organic ,pollution      susp5d$        
remov$4          ,organic       ,results
 ( irrigation1 9 "p p]                  
#ajj1jjj4----------------------,pollutio
n                                       
,organic   ,organic    remov$           
,c>bon4   ,nitrog54                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     

,on fall[ l& at ,*orley 7adhesive loam7 
#fbc        #gjb      #ajj        ,at   
,ed9burgh 7bo? s& & clay7               
#dec        #haa       #hdi       ,b>k+ 
7gravelly soil7                         
#feh        #hfb      #ajj              
,ald]%ot 7light s&7----                 
,be/ result                             
#iah        #hgc       #iig             
,wor/ result                            
#fii        #hbi       #hgg             
,av]age result                          
#hji        #hea       #icg             
,c>lisle 7light loam7                   
#ggi        #eih      #ajj        ,p5ri?
 7light loam7                           
#gej        #ggb      #ajj        ,rugby
 7adhesive soil7                        
#gbc        #ibi       #ifj             
,banbury 7pr9cipally clay7----          
,be/ result                             
#hgh        #iac       #ifj             
,wor/ result                            
#fda        #hja       #ijc             
,av]age result                          

#gf         #heg       #icb             
,w>wick 7/iff clay7                     
#gag        #hif      #ajj        ,wor?+
 7loam7                                 
#dbg        #hec      #ajj        ,b$=d 
7light gravelly soil71                  
av]age result                           
#gaf        #hac      #ajj              
,norwood 7clay71 av]age result          
#fej        #gea      #ajj              
,croydon 7gravelly soil7----            
,be/ result                             
#gcb        #icb      #ajj              
,wor/ result                            
#faf        #ijd      #ajj              
,av]age result                          
#fgd        #iah      #ajj              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,if ! soil be ( a /iff clayey nature x  
mu/ be brok5 up & mix$  ) s&1 lime1 or  
a%es4 ,! upp] p>ts mu/ be comm9ut$ &    
r5d]$ por\s1 & x mu/ be effici5tly &    
deeply dra9$4 ,at  ,tro$yrhiw1 z we h   
se51 ! efflu5t dra9 is six feet deep4   

,! sew] wat] %\ld be p\r$ ov] ! l& 9 z  
fre% a condition z  possible1 hav+ be5  
previ\sly depriv$ ( any solid or gross] 
p>ts by  /ra9+4 ,at ,c>lisle1           
decomposition ( ! sewage dur+ its fl[ is
  prev5t$ by add+ c>bolic acid to x4    
,la/ly1 x is ( ! utmo/  consequ5ce t !  
am\nt ( l& us$ z ! filt]+ m$ium %all be 
l>ge4 ,le!by has %[n t :]e ?is          
precaution is neglect$1 n only  is !    
purification ( ! sewage incomplete1 b ! 
plan becomes a  public nuisance4 ,!     
am\nt ( filt]+ e>? %\ld n be less ?an "o
  cubic y>d = eight gallons ( sewage 9  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 prop]ly  prep>$ soils2
 9 "s soils m ?an a cubic y>d is        
requir$4    ,! late ,dr ,p>kes has giv5 
a summ>y ( v>i\s reports t h f  "t to "t
 be5 issu$ z to ! effects ( sewage f>ms 
^u ! public  heal? & com=t4 ,he         
says3----8,t sewage f>ms1 if too ne> to 
h\ses1  & if n c>efully conduct$1 may   
give (f disagreeable effluvia is  c]ta92
 b x is also cle> t 9 "s f>ms ?is is v  
trifl+1  & t :5 ! sew] wat] gets on ! l&

 x soon ceases4 ,x is  d5i$ by "s p]sons
 t m nuisance is excit$ ?an by any o!r  
mode ( us+ manure4 ,z reg>ds heal?1 x   
has be5 alleg$ t ^!  f>ms may----#a/1   
give (f effluvia :i* may produce ent]ic 
fev] or  dys5t]y1 or "s alli$ affection2
 or1 #bnd1 & 9 ! spread (  entozoic     
diseases2 or1 #crd1 make gr\nd swampy & 
m>%y1 & may also  poison wells1 & ?us   
affect heal?40    ,! evid5ce (          
,ed9burgh1 ,croydon1 ,ald]%ot1 ,rugby1  
,wor?+1 ,rom=d1  ! ,sussex ,lunatic     
,asylum1 is v /rong aga9/ any influ5ce 9
 !  production ( typhoid by sewage f>ms 
effluvia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr  ,cl\/on's  
record ( ! outbreak ( dys5t]y 9 !       
,cumb]l& ,asylum is  c\nt] evid5ce (    
weight1 & s is "o ( ! cases not$ by     
,le!by (  typhoid fev] outbreak 9       
,copley1 :5 a mead[ 0 irrigat$ ) !      
brook wat] conta9+ ! sewage ( ,halifax4 
,! negative evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 s /rong z
 to ju/ify ! view t  ! effluvia f a     
well-manag$ sewage f>m d n produce      
typhoid fev]1  or dys5t]y1 or any       

affection ( ! k9d4 ,9 a case at ,eton 9 
:i*  "s cases ( ent]ic fev] 7 attribut$ 
to ! effluvia1 ,dr ,bu*anan  discov]$ t 
! sew] wat] _h be5 drunk2 ?is 0 m likely
 to  h be5 ! cause4    ,) reg>d to !    
second po9t1 ! spread ( entozoic        
diseases by !  c>riage ( ! sew] wat] to 
! l&1 has be5 ?\ght probable by         
,cobbold1 ?\gh z solid excreta f t[ns h 
be5 = "s ye>s  l>gely employ$ z manure1 
x is d\btful :e!r ! liquid plans w\ld   
be m dang]\s4 ,! special entozoic       
diseases :i*1 x is fe>$1  might ?us     
arise1 are tapeworms1 r\nd worms1       
tri*9a1 ,bilh>zia1 &  di/oma hepaticum 9
 %eep4 ,cobbold's late/ obs]vations %[ t
 !  embryos ( ,bilh>zia die s rapidly1 t
 ev5 7 x introduc$ into  ,engl& !re w\ld
 be little dang]4    ,! tri*9a disease  
is only kn[n at pres5t to be produc$ 9  
m5 by !  worms 9 ! fle% ( pigs :i* is   
eat51 & x seems d\btful :e!r  pigs      
receive !m f ! l&4 ,!re rema91 !n1 only 
tapeworms &  r\nd worms = m5 & di/oma   
hepaticum = %eep to be dread$4 ,)  reg>d

 to ^!1 ! evid5ce at pres5t is negative2
 & ?\gh mu*  weight mu/ be atta*$ to any
 op9ion ( ,cobbold's1 ?is argum5t aga9/ 
sewage irrigation mu/ be admitt$ to want
 evid5ce f exp]i5ce4    ,! ?ird         
criticism appe>s to be true4    ,! l&   
may become swampy & ! adjac5t wells     
poison$1 & disease  7ague1 & p]haps     
di>rha & dys5t]y7 be ?us produc$4 ,b ?is
 is  ow+ to mismanagem5t1 & :5 a sewage 
f>m is prop]ly arrang$ x is  n damp1 & !
 wells d n suff]4#aec    ,footnote #aec3
 #8,practical ,hygi5e4'    ,! =ego+     
processes = ! removal ( excreta f       
dwell+s  necessitates ! jo9t employm5t (
 sew]s & l>ge quantities ( wat]4  ,x    
may1 h[ev]1 sometimes happ5 t ! adoption
 ( ei!r ( ^!  appliances may be n only  
difficult1 b altoge!r impracticable2 z =
  in/ance1 9 localities :]e a suffici5t 
fall _c be obta9$ = !  sew]s2 or :]e !  
supply ( wat] is n adequate2 or :5 !    
sev]ity  ( ! climate at c]ta9 times is  
su*1 t = mon?s 9 ! ye> !  wat] is froz54
 ,"u ^! conditions ! excreta mu/ ei!r be

 all[$  to accumulate ab\t h\ses1 or    
else be remov$ by me?ods o!r ?an ^?  we 
h describ$1 at m or less %ort int]vals4 
,( c\rse _! spe$y  removal is ! be/ &   
safe/2 b 9 cases :]e !y are p]mitt$ to  
accumulate1 x is ess5tial !y %\ld be    
mix$ ) deodorants1 &  conf9$ 9 prop]ly  
con/ruct$ receptacles 7z f> z possible f
  dwell+s71 f :i* category su*          
pre-em95tly unsanit>y arrangem5ts  z    
cesspools & dead wells mu/ be exclud$4  
,:5 excreta are got rid ( f h\ses by o!r
 means ?an ^? (  sew]s & wat]1 !        
processes employ$ are t]m$1    #b4 ,,dry
 ,,me?ods4 ,^! comprise----    #a4      
,removal ( ! excreta )\t admixture4     
#b4 ,removal ( ! excreta aft] treatm5t )
 deodoris+ &  anti-putresc5t sub/ances4 
#a4 ,removal )\t admixture4 ,9 "s cases 
boxes & tanks receive !  ordure & ur9e1 
& ^! are *ang$ m or less frequ5tly4     
,9 ,glasg[ ! excreta f a "p ( ! city    
conta9+ eighty ?\s&  p is ?us collect$ &
 remov$ )\t admixture1#aed daily4       
,footnote #aed3 ,except t f ! g>bage ( !

 h\ses4    ,9 ,ed9burgh !re are also _m 
closets suppli$ ) movable metal  pails1 
:i* are likewise remov$ daily4 ,_m l>ge 
dwell+-h\ses 9  ?is latt] city are      
entirely )\t wat]-closet accommodation2 
h5ce  ! cu/om ( plac+ pails full (      
excrem5t1 ur9e1 c41 outside !  h\ses to 
be tak5 away by ! scav5g]4 ,9 ,ro*dale !
 excrem5t1 c41  is collect$ 9 tubs1 )   
tight-fitt+ lids1 :i* are empti$ twice  
or  ?rice a week4 ,^! tubs are          
manufactur$ out ( disus$ p>aff9 casks4  
,9 ,le$s1 also1 ! excreta are collect$ 9
 boxes )\t be+ subject$  to admixture4  
,9 "s t[ns 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ! excreta  
fall into  receptacles con/ruct$ ^u :at 
is t]m$ ! #8,g\x' pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is      
sy/em ! pails or receptacles are l9$ )  
"s absorb5t l9+1  :i* ab/racts !        
ur9e2#aee ano!r contrivance is to h !   
receptacle fitt$ ) a pipe or dra92 !    
object 9 ea* case be+ to  r5d] ! fces   
dri] & to delay _! decomposition4       
,footnote #aee3 ,! refuse ( clo?        
manufactur]s is *iefly us$ = ?is        

purpose4    ,! pail or tub sy/em        
7,fosses ,mobiles7 :i* is employ$ 9     
,belgium1 has  = its object ! collection
 ( ! fces 9 a /ate ( purity1 )\t        
admixture ) wat]1 9 a clean & od\rless  
condition4    ,! app>atus = c>ry+ x out 
consi/s (----    #a4 ,! seat4 ,?is      
consi/s simply ( a soil-pan ( /onew>e or
  faence1 )\t woodwork1 ! soil-pan m]ely
 project+ f ! top  ( ! desc5t pipe4 ,its
 bord]s are furni%$ ) a groove fill$ )  
wat] or s&1 into :i* ! rais$ rim ( ! lid
 fits4    #b4 ,! connect+ pipe4 ,?is    
pipe is /raight )\t a syphon1 &  jo9s ! 
desc5t pipe at ! v acute angle ( #bb1 & 
is ab\t #d  in*es 9 diamet] inside4 ,x  
is1 l ! next1 made ( /onew>e1 glaz$     
inside4    #c4 ,desc5t pipe4 ,?is is f  
#f to #h in*es 9 int]nal diamet]2 x is  
v]tical1 & is compos$ ( a s]ies ( pipes1
 connect$ ) ea* o!r  by dry s& jo9ts1   
)\t cem5ts1 fix$ to ! wall by iron b&s4 
,x re/s at ! gr\nd-floor level on a     
/rong flag/one4 ,its prolongation  ?r\gh
 & bel[ ?is /one consi/s ( a slid+ pipe 

( wr\ght copp]  capable ( be+ l5g!n$ or 
%ort5$1 & solidly fix$ to ! /one  by a  
ca/-iron connector4 ,a sort ( circul>   
%all[ di% 7ecuelle71  :i* c be hung "u  
?is la/ "p ( ! desc5t pipe1 s]ves at a  
giv5 mom5t to %ut its l[] orifice4      
#d4 ,tub 7,tonneau74 ,! excrem5tal      
matt]s com+ d[n ! desc5t pipe  fall into
 a tub ( f #b to #c hectolitres 7#dd to 
#ff gallons71 9 a hole  9 ! top ( :i* ! 
l[] "p ( ! pipe fits tightly4 ,a cov]   
fitt$ ) a spr+ s]ves to %ut & lute ! tub
 :5 x is full4  ,plac$ on a /& furni%$ )
 :eels1 ! tub is easily manag$4    ,:5  
fill$ x is imm$iately replac$ by ano!r  
simil> contrivance4 ,if  ! tub is       
und]gr\nd1 ! rails 7on :i* ! /& moves7  
%\ld be  plac$ on an incl9e1 s t !      
removal & replacem5t may be easily      
effect$4 ,! und]gr\nd *amb] mu/ be      
isolat$1 & ! entrance to x  plac$       
outside ! build+4 ,! ?or\gh t>r+ ( !    
int]ior ( !  tub n only pres]ves !      
/aves1 b also p>tly neutralises ! effect
  ( ! mephitic gases :i* ! excrem5tal   

matt]s dis*>ge4    ,v5tilation pipe4 ,to
 prev5t ! smells & gases :i* are giv5 (f
  f ! m\? ( ! tub f spread+ !mselves 79 
! h\se7 by  means ( ! op5+ 9 ! privy    
seat1 at ! upp] extremity ( !  desc5t   
pipe1 is fix$ a v5tilation pipe1 :i*    
rises above ! cop+ (  ! ro(1 & ! action 
( :i* is increas$ by means ( a vane1 or 
any  o!r contrivance produc+ ! same     
effect4#aef    ,footnote #aef3          
,corfield4    ,x is said t 9 ! work+ (  
any ( ! above processes1 little or no   
nuisance ensues1 if only ord9>y c>e &   
intellig5ce are us$4 ,9 _m  cases !     
excreta collect$ by ! me?ods above      
specifi$ is convey$ to  manufactories & 
!n conv]t$ into manure4    ,x does n    
appe> t 9 ,engl& ! heal? ( ! workm5     
employ$ 9 a  manure manufactory or ( ^? 
:o live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( x suff]s  9  
consequ5ce4    ,removal ( ! excreta aft]
 treatm5t ) deodoris+ &  antiputresc5t  
sub/ances4 ,?is is ! me?od usually      
adopt$ :5 !  dry process is foll[$2 !   
excreta mix$ ) ! deodoris+ sub/ance  :5 

remov$ f ! h\se be+ at once appli$ to ! 
l&4    a4 ,coal & wood a%es4 ,x is a    
common practice 9 ! nor? (  ,engl& to   
?r[ coal a%es on ! excreta1 :i* fall    
into closets made  ) h+$ flaps or seats 
= ! purpose ( admitt+ ! a%es1 z at      
,man*e/] & ,sal=d4 ,wood a%es are f> m  
effective deodoris]s ?an  coal a%es1 b  
!y are seldom procurable4 8,9 "s t[ns   
!re are  receptacles call$ #8midd5s1'   
int5d$ bo? = excreta & a%es2  sometimes 
^! are cem5t$1 & !re may be a pipe lead+
 into a sew]  s z to dry !m4 ,! midd5   
sy/em is a bad "o2 ev5 ) e c>e1  ! va/  
heaps ( putrefy+ mat]ial :i* accumulate 
9 "s ( our  t[ns mu/ h a v s]i\s        
influ5ce on ! heal?1 & ! soon] !  midd5s
 are aboli%$ ! bett]40#aeg    ,footnote 
#aeg3 ,p>kes4    b4 ,deodoris+ p[d]s4   
,at "s ( ! ,indian /ations deodorants1  
su* z ,m',d\gall's1 or ,calv]t's c>bolic
 acid p[d]s1 h be5  successfully        
employ$1 a comp>atively small quantity  
be+ mix$ ) !  excreta4    ,9 ,g]many a  
mixture ( lime1 *loride ( magnesium1 &  

t> is l>gely  us$ = ! same purpose1 & is
 kn[n z ,sv]ns' deodoris]40    ,ano!r   
deodoris] 7! ,mll] ,s*r71 also us$ 9 !  
dry me?od1 is  compos$ ( lime1 #ajj     
lbs42 p[d]$ wood *>coal #bj lbs42 peat  
p[d] or  sawdu/1 #aj lbs42 & c>bolic    
acid 7conta9+ #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( real 
acid7 #a lb4 ,aft] hav+ be5 mix$1 ! mass
 is plac$ "u cov] = a  night to avoid   
any *ance ( spontane\s ignition1 & :5   
dry x is  pack$ 9 b>rels4    c4 ,*>coal4
 ,! p[]fully deodoris+ prop]ties (      
*>coal  obvi\sly adapt x = ! removal (  
excreta 9 ! dry /ate1 aft] !  admixture 
) !m4 ,b ! comp>atively high price (    
animal *>coal1  al?\gh ne>ly six times !
 value ( dry e>? z a deodorant1         
prohibits  its be+ ext5sively us$4 ,peat
 is1 h[ev]1 *eap] ?an animal  *>coal4   
,to obviate ! objection ( co/1 ,mr      
,/an=d1 9 #ahgb1 propos$  to make *>coal
 = ?is purpose f seawe$4 ,! *>coal      
obta9$ f  ?is s\rce is said to be *eap &
 ( great s]vice z an excretal           
deodoris]4 ,! mix$ *>coal & sewage is   

suffici5tly od\rless to be  /or$ = "s   
mon?s 9 a conv5i5t receptacle outside a 
dwell+-h\se4    ,aft] ! seawe$ *>coal   
has become ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) fces  &
 ur9e1 ! mixture is rec>bonis$ 9 a      
retort1 & ! c>bon c be  aga9 us$2 !     
di/ill$ products 7ammoniacal liquor1    
conta9+ acetate  ( lime1 t>1 & gas7 are 
suffici5t to pay ! co/1 & x is said ev5 
to yield a pr(it4#aeh    ,footnote #aeh3
 ,ab\t ! same "t c>bonisation ( sewage 9
 retorts1  ) or )\t previ\s admixture ) 
*>coal1 0 propos$ by ,mr  ,hickey1 (    
,d>jeel+4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1      
reg>d$ 9 a  purely sanit>y po9t ( view1 
c>bonisation ( sewage matt] is an       
excell5t plan4 ,mr ,hickey propos$ !    
utilisation ( ! ammoniacal  products    
result+ f 8 process4    d4 ,dri$ e>?4 ,!
 ,rev4 ,mr ,m\le 0 ! fir/ to direct     
att5tion to  ! value ( dri$ e>? z a     
deodorant ( excreta4    ,mr ,m\le's     
#8e>? closet' consi/s ( a box ) a       
receptacle bel[ =  ! excreta4 ,by pull+ 
a plug dri$ e>?1 :i* is plac$ 9 a hopp] 

above1 ent]s ! closet & falls ^u !      
excreta1 ?us dis9fect+ &  deodoris+ x4  
,! consumption ( e>? av]ages f #a-a_/d  
to #a-a_/b lb4  a day4 ,! slop wat] %\ld
 n be ?r[n into ! closet1 b dispos$  ( 9
 "s o!r way4 ,9 ano!r plan1 z 9         
,taylor's improv$ closet1 !  ur9e is    
c>ri$ (f )\t mix+ at all ) ! fces4      
,clay1 m>l1 & vegetable humus =m ! be/  
k9d ( e>?s4 ,:5 dri$  ! clay may be     
easily r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,*alk & s& are    
comp>atively  useless4 ,! receptacle is 
empti$ f "t to "t1 ! cont5ts =m+  a     
valuable manure4    ,! e>? closet is m  
p>ticul>ly adapt$ = small villages &    
isolat$ mansions4 ,"o difficulty ( its  
application by cottag]s consi/s  9 !    
necessity ( collect+1 dry+1 & /or+ !    
e>?2 !  cottag]'s mo/ly limit$ space 9 8
 dwell+ n p]mitt+ ?is4 ,"o  great       
ob/acle to ! effective c>ry+ out ( ?is  
sy/em among/  ext5sive communities is ! 
difficulty ( procur+ ! l>ge supply (    
e>? t its adoption necessitates4 ,)     
prop] sup]vision & c>e !  #8e>? sy/em'  

answ]s admirably2 b if ^! are n be/[$ on
 x1 x  z signally fails4 ,x has be5     
adopt$ ) great success 9 _m s*ools1     
b>racks1 & o!r l>ge build+s4    8,x is  
com+ into great use 9 ,india1 & is c>ri$
 out ) great  att5tion to detail4 ,9 ^? 
,european /ations :]e wat] is n         
procurable ,mr ,m\le's inv5tion has be5 
a boon ( great value1 &  m$ical (fic]s  
say t no?+ has be5 done 9 ,india ( late 
ye>s  :i* has contribut$ s mu* to !     
heal? & com=t ( ! m54 ,!  plan ( sep>at+
 ! ur9e f ! fces has be5 /rongly        
advocat$ by  ,dr ,corni%1 ( ,madras1 &  
w\ld1 no d\bt1 be att5d$ ) great        
advantages 9 ,india if !re are means (  
disposal ( ! ur9e4 ,! *ief  difficulty 9
 ! ,european b>racks 9 ,india is felt   
dur+ ! ra9y  season1 :5 ! mix$ excreta &
 e>? _c be kept suffici5tly dry4  ,9 !  
case ( natives ( ,india1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s 
difficulty arises 9  ! use ( ! e>?      
sy/em1 9 consequ5ce ( ! univ]sal use (  
wat]  = ablution aft] us+ ! closet4 ,e  
native takes ) him a small  vessel hold+

 t5 to tw5ty ounces ( wat]1 s t a l>ge  
am\nt (  fluid has to be dispos$ (4 ,!  
usual e>? closet does n suffice =  ?is4 
,mr ,*>les ,turn]1 ,c4,e41 ( ,s\?ampton1
 has contriv$ a closet  suitable = !    
native family2 x is un=tunately too     
co/ly1 &  possibly a simple iron box1 ) 
a pipe to c>ry (f ! ur9e &  ablution    
wat]1 w\ld be bett] suit$ = ! poor]     
classes40#aei    ,footnote #aei3 ,p>kes4
    e4 ,capta9 ,lieurnur's pneumatic    
plan4 ,?is process1 ! inv5tion ( a      
,dut* eng9e]1 is 9 use at ,am/]dam1     
,leyd51 ,drodre*t1 & a few o!r          
,cont95tal t[ns4 ,x is also kn[n z !    
#8aspiration plan4' ,its outl9es  are z 
foll[s3----8,! pipes &1 tubes lead+ f ! 
v>i\s  wat]-closets & privies peculi> to
 ! sy/em are connect$ ) /reet  ma9s1 :i*
 ma9s aga9 communicate ) und]gr\nd      
horizontal ca/-iron  cyl9d]s or tanks1  
^! tanks be+ directly connect$ ) a      
p[]ful  air-pump work$ by /eam4         
,communication betwe5 ! ma9 & ! tanks1 z
  well z betwe5 ! tanks & ! pump1 c be  

made or brok5 by means (  /opcocks4     
,h5ce x foll[s t :5 access is all[$     
betwe5 "o ( !  tanks & ! air-pump1 ?is  
latt] w1 :5 put into action1 produce a  
vacuum 9 ! tank1 & if ! /opcock ( ! ma9 
lead+ to ! tank be  !n op5$1 ! cont5ts (
 all ! privies & wat]-closets1 ! pipes  
( :i* run into ! ma91 w be remov$ by be+
 swept into ! tank  by pneumatic =ce4 ,9
 ?is mann] ea* tank is treat$ 9         
succession4  ,simil>ly ! sewage is c>ri$
 to ! l>ge res]voirs ( a manure         
manufactory4 ,x is "h mix$ ) a little   
sulphuric acid to prev5t !  =mation (   
ammonia1 & be+ evaporat$ d[n 9 vacuo    
becomes  conv]t$1 :5 suffici5tly dry1   
into p\drette4 ,9 ,lieurnur's process   
all deodorants are disp5s$ )1 & its     
mixture ) wat] is prev5t$  by means (   
por\s dra9 pipes laid above ! sew]s1 by 
:i* contrivance  ! subsoil wat] is kept 
out ( ! sew]s4    ,sewage1 ,utilisation 
(4 8,mr ,p]egr9e ,bir* read be=e !      
,in/itution  ( ,surveyors a pap] on #8,!
 ,use ( ,sewage by ,f>m]s1' :i* embodi$ 

"s facts t des]ve to be notic$1 z be>+  
on a "q we h  repeat$ly discuss$4 ,x    
appe>s t !re are at ! pres5t "t         
#8upw>ds ( "o hundr$ own]s & occupi]s ( 
l& 9 ,great ,brita9 :o  use sewage = !  
sake alone ( :at !y c get out ( x by    
agricultural means4' ,( ^! #8m ?an sixty
 are t5ant f>m]s1 :o  cont9ue to use x  
al?\gh !y h1 annually at lea/1 ! option 
(  ceas+ to d s1' ,x seems five out (   
six ( ! t5ant f>m]s pur*ase  ! sewage !y
 employ1 s t _! adhesion to ! me?od     
proves  conclusively t x pays4 ,ne>ly   
f\r ?\s& acres ( l& are "u  regul>      
cultivation ) sewage4 ,mr ,bir* is (    
op9ion t #8advocates (  sewage          
precipitation processes %\ld n reg>d    
sewage f>m]s z _!  rivals1 = a *emical  
process might be v l>gely us$ )         
advantage  :5 f>m]s are be+ p]suad$ or  
taught to use sewage4 ,b ?is %\ld  be ! 
di/9ct aim ( all cultivation1 = !re is  
no *emical process  t c\ld n be work$ to
 great] advantage dur+ two mon?s ( !    
ye> ?an twelve1 or appli$ to a small    

quantity ( sewage at less co/  ?an to a 
l>ge4' ,our prim>y int]e/ is to see !   
utilisation ( sewage  g5]ally adopt$2 ! 
me?od employ$ mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce
 on  ! gr\nds ( *eapness &              
exp$i5cy40----,lancet4    ,,%ad,,dock4  
,a l>ge species ( orange1 ! fruit (     
,citrus ,decumana  7,l9n474    ,,%agre54
 ,?is is prep>$ f ! sk9s ( ! horse1 wild
 ass1 &  camel1 z foll[s3----,! sk91    
fre$ f epid]mis & hair by soak+ 9  wat]1
 &1 aft] dress+ ) ! curri]'s            
fle%+-knife1 is spr9kl$  ov]1 :il/ /ill 
wet & /ret*$1 ) ! se$s ( a species (    
*5opodium1 :i* are imb$d$ 9 x by /rong  
pressure1 & 9 ?is  /ate x is dri$2 !    
se$s are !n %ak5 (f1 & ! surface rubb$  
or %av$ d[n1 ne>ly to ! bottom ( !      
se$-pits or ind5tations2 x  is next     
soak$ 9 wat]1 by :i* ! sk9 swells1 & !  
rec5tly  depress$ surface rises into a  
numb] ( m9ute prom95ces2 x is1  la/ly1  
dy$ & smoo!d (f4 ,black is giv5 to x )  
galls &  copp]as2 blue1 ) a solution (  
indigo2 gre51 ) copp] fil+s &  sal      

ammoniac2 & r$1 ) co*9eal & alum4       
,%agre5 0 =m]ly v  ext5sively us$ =     
cov]+ ! cases ( wat*es1 spectacles1     
surgical  in/rum5ts1 c4    ,,%allot4    
,syn4 ,,es*alot4 ,! ,allium ascalonicum 
7,l9n471 a plant  alli$ to ! onion1 !   
bulb ( :i* is mu* us$ z a sauce or      
pot-h]b4    ,,%ampoo,,+4 ,a practice    
common 9 ! ,ea/1 hav+ = its object !    
increase or re/oration ( ! tone & vig\r 
( ! body1 or !  mitigation ( pa94 ,x is 
appli$ ei!r 9 ! ba? or imm$iately aft]  
quitt+ x1 g5]ally ! latt]1 & consi/s 9  
press+ & knead+  ! fle%1 /ret*+ & relax+
 ! knee-jo9ts1 & labori\sly  bru%+ &    
scrubb+ ! sk94    ,,%>ps4 ,see ,,fl\r4  
,,%a,,v+4 ,! foll[+ are ,mr ,me*i's     
in/ructions = ?is1 to _m  p]sons1       
tr\blesome op]ation3----,nev] fail to   
well wa% y\r be>d )  soap & cold wat]1 &
 to rub x dry1 imm$iately be=e y apply !
  la!r1 ( :i* ! m y use ! easi] y w     
%ave4 ,nev] use  w>m wat]1 :i* makes a  
t5d] face4 ,place ! razor 7clos$1 (     
c\rse7  9 y\r pocket1 or "u y\r arm1 to 

w>m x4 ,! mom5t y leave y\r  b$ is ! be/
 "t to %ave4 ,always put y\r %av+-bru%  
away ) !  la!r on x4    ,! razor 7be+   
only a v f9e saw7 %\ld be mov$ 9 a slop+
 or  saw+ direction1 hold+ x ne>ly flat 
to y\r face1 c>e be+ tak5 to  draw ! sk9
 z tight z possible ) ! left h&1 s z to 
pres5t an  ev5 surface & ?r[ out ! be>d4
 ,! practice ( press+ on ! edge  ( a    
razor 9 /ropp+ g5]ally r\nds x2 !       
pressure %\ld be  direct$ to ! back1 :i*
 mu/ nev] be rais$ f ! /rop4 ,if y  %ave
 f heel to po9t ( ! razor1 /rop x f po9t
 to heel2 b if  y beg9 ) ! po9t1 !n /rop
 f heel to po9t4 ,if y only once  put   
away y\r razor )\t /ropp+ or o!rwise    
clean+ ! edge1 y  mu/ no long] expect to
 %ave well1 ! soap & damp s soon ru/ !  
f9e tee? or edge4 ,a piece ( plate lea!r
 %\ld always be kept )  ! razors4       
,,%av+ ,,fluid4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,(       
,,soap4    ,,%awls1 ,to ,sc\r4 ,scrape  
"o p\nd ( soap into ?9 %av+s1 & let  x  
be boil$ ) z mu* wat] z w conv]t into a 
?9 jelly4 ,:5  cold1 beat x ) ! h&1 &   

mix ) x ?ree tablespoonfuls ( oil  (    
turp5t9e1 & "o ( h>t%orn4 ,let ! %awl be
 well wa%$ 9 ?is  mixture1 & aft]w>ds   
r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 s z to get rid ( all !
  soap4    ,next let ! %awl be r9s$ 9   
salt & wat]1 !n wr+ out ! wat]  f x1 &  
fold x betwe5 two %eets1 be+ c>eful n to
 all[ two  folds ( ! %awl to lie toge!r2
 f9ally mangle1 & iron ) a cool  iron4  
,,%eep4 ,syn4 ,,ovis1 ,l4 ,! ,ovis      
aries1 an animal dome/icat$ almo/       
ev]y:]e4 ,its fle% supplies u ) food1   
its sk9 ) lea!r1 its  fleece ) wool1 &  
its inte/9es ) catgut4 ,its fat 7sevum7 
is  (fic9al4 ,see ,,mutton1 ,,suet1 c4  
,%eep ,wa%es4 #a4 ,ars5i\s acid 9 p[d]1 
c>bonate ( pota%1 ( ea*  #f oz42 wat]1  
#ad gall4 ,boil toge!r = half an h\r4   
#b4 ,ars5i\s acid 9 p[d]1 s(t soap1 &   
c>bonate ( pota%1 ( ea* #f  oz42        
sulphur1 #d oz42 bruis$ hellebore root1 
#b oz42 wat]1 #ad gall4 ,boil  ! +r$i5ts
 9 a portion ( ! wat] = half an h\r1 or 
until !  ars5ic is dissolv$1 !n add !   
rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & /ra9  ?r\gh a co>se 

sieve4 ,mr ,y\att says3----8,m c>e ?an  
is usually tak5  %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ord] 
t ! fluid may p5etrate to e "p (  ! sk91
 & :i* %\ld be ensur$ by a previ\s wa%+ 
9 soap &  wat]4 ,! ars5ic t necess>ily  
rema9s ab\t ! wool :5 ! wat]  has dri$  
away w\ld probably de/roy ! ac>i z fa/ z
 !y are  produc$4 ,:5 a great] quantity 
( ars5ic has be5 us$1 or ! %eep  has be5
 kept too long 9 ! wat]1 fatal          
consequ5ces h occasionally  ensu$40     
#c4 ,a %eep-dipp+ composition employ$ on
 ! ,cont95t is3----,ars5i\s  acid1 #a   
lb42 sulphate ( z9c1 #aj lbs42 dissolv$ 
9 #be gallons ( wat]4    #d4 ,!         
,au/ralian %eep f>m]s use a weak        
solution ( bi*loride (  m]cury 7#a oz4 (
 ! bi*loride to #d gall4 ( wat]74    #e4
 ,wat]1 #dj p>ts1 at ! temp]ature ( #ej 
to #eg ,c42 to ?is add #a  "p ( soluble 
glass 7! soluble silicates74 ,?is is    
recomm5d$ z a  v effici5t & p]fectly    
safe %eep wa% by ,messrs ,ba]le & ,co41 
(  ,worms4 ,9 wa%+ ! %eep ) ?is         
prep>ation c>e %\ld be tak5 to  cov] !  

eyes ( ! animal ) a b&age1 to p]=m !    
wa%+ )  ! solution in/antane\sly1 & to  
remove ! surplus ) tepid wat]4    8,y>ds
 into :i* newly clipp$ %eep are to be   
turn$ %\ld be  previ\sly cle>$ ( all    
gre5 food1 hay1 & ev5 fre% wat]2 if     
p]fectly empty !y are /ill saf]4 ,:5 !  
dipp+ is f9i%$ !y  %\ld be clean$1 wa%$1
 & swept1 & any ( ! unus$ dipp+         
solution at once p\r$ d[n ! dra9s4      
,dipp$ %eep %\ld rema91 if  possible1 9 
an op5 expos$ place1 z on a dry road1 or
 9 a l>ge op5  y>d4 ,ov]-cr[d+ %\ld be  
avoid$1 & e facility giv5 = rapid  dry+1
 :i* is greatly exp$it$ by select+ = !  
op]ation f9e1  cle>1 dry+ wea!r4 ,on no 
acc\nt %\ld %eep be return$ to _!       
graz+s until !y are dry1 & all risk (   
dripp+ ov]4#afj    ,footnote #afj3      
,f9lay ,dunn4    ,,%ell-,,fi%4 ,! common
 "n = ! ,cru/acean & ,mollusc\s animals 
t are us$ = food4 #8,%ell-fi%' are      
extremely liable to di/urb !  functions 
( ! /oma* & b[els4 ,! oy/] 7,o/rea      
edulis71 &  ! cockle 7,c>dium edule71   

are1 p]haps1 ! lea/ objectionable4 ,!   
crab 7,canc] pagurus71 ! crayfi%        
7,a/acus fluvialis71 ! lob/]  7,hom>us  
vulg>is71 ! mussel 7,mytilus edulis71 ! 
prawn 7,palmon  s]ratus71 ! p]iw9kle    
7,littor9a littorea71 & ! %rimp         
7,crangon vulg>is71 ) ! exception ( !   
claws ( ! fir/ ?ree1  are always        
suspici\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot wea!r1 & (t5
 absolutely  poison\s4 ,we h se5 ! mo/  
al>m+1 nay1 fatal symptoms1 foll[ !  use
 ( mussels1 ev5 among/ ^? habitually    
accu/om$ to take !m2  :il/ x is a well  
kn[n fact t ! lusci\s bodies ( ! crab & 
lob/] h too (t5 =m$ ! la/ supp] ( !     
epicure4 ,see ,,oy/]1  c4               
,,%el-,,lac4 ,see ,,lac4    ,,%ells     
7,prep>$74 ,syn4 ,,te/ ,,pr,,p>at 7,ph4 
,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,l4       
#ahcf47 ,wa% oy/]-%ells 7,,o/r----,ph4  
,l47 ) boil+ wat]1 hav+  previ\sly fre$ 
!m f extrane\s matt]s2 !n prep>e !m 9 ! 
mann] direct$ = *alk4 ,! product is     
simil> 9 con/itution &  prop]ties to    
prep>$ *alk4    ,%ells1 ,to ,poli%4 #a4 

,! surface ( ! %ell %\ld be fir/ clean$ 
by rubb+ x ov] ) a rag dipp$ 9          
hydro*loric acid1 till ! out]  dull sk9 
is remov$4 ,x mu/ be !n wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1
 dri$ 9 hot  sawdu/1 & poli%$ ) *amois  
lea!r4 ,^? %ells :i* are  de/itute ( a  
natural poli%$ surface1 may be ei!r     
v>ni%$ or rubb$  ) a mixture ( tripoli  
p[d] & turp5t9e appli$ by means ( a     
wa%-lea!r1 aft] :i* f9e tripoli alone   
%\ld be us$1 &1 f9ally1  a little olive 
oil1 ! surface be+ br\ght up ) ! *amois 
lea!r  z be=e4    #b4 8,! %ells are fir/
 boil$ 9 a /rong solution ( pota%1 !n   
w\nd  on :eels1 sometimes ?r\gh "o /rata
 to %[ an und]ly+ "o1 !n  poli%$ )      
hydro*loric acid & putty p[d]4 ,9 ?is   
op]ation !  h&s are 9 great dang]4 ,%ell
 gr9d]s are g5]ally almo/ all  cripples 
9 _! h&s4 7,spon47    ,,%],,bet4 ,p]s4  
,a cool+ dr9k1 us$ 9 ! ,ea/1 prep>$ ) ! 
juices ( fruit1 & wat]1 v>i\sly sweet5$ 
& flav\r$4 ,! ^w  has be51 ( late ye>s1 
commonly employ$ 9 ^! c\ntries 9 a      
simil>  mann]4 ,see ,,lemonade1         

,,orangeade1 & ,,p[d]s4    ,,%],,ry4    
,syn4 ,,%]ry ,,w9e1 ,,%]ris2 ,,v9um     
,,x]icum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,v9um  ,,album    
7,ph4 ,e471 ,,v9um ,,album ,,hispanicum 
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,?is is ! only w9e      
ord]$ 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopias4 ,see    
,,w9es4    ,,%]ry-,,cobbl]4 ,prep4      
7,r$wood47 ,half fill a tumbl] ) clean  
p\nd$ ice2 add a table-spoonful ( p[d]$ 
:ite sug>1 a few ?9  slices ( lemon ) ! 
peel 7or "s /rawb]ries or o!r simil>    
fruit1 bruis$71 & a w9e-glassful or m ( 
%]ry w9e2 mix !m  toge!r 7lightly71 & z 
! ice melts1 suck ! liquor ?r\gh a /raw 
7or a small tube ( silv] or glass74     
,obs4 ,a fav\rite ,am]ican dr9k2 v      
refre%+ 9 hot wea!r4    ,,%9,,gles4     
,syn4 ,,zo/]1 ,,h]pes ,,zo/]1 ,,h]pes   
,,zona1 ,l4 ,a local  v>iety ( h]pes or 
tett]1 rem>kable = =m+ a k9d ( belt r\nd
  or p>tly r\nd "s "p ( ! trunk ( !     
body1 *iefly ! wai/ or  abdom54 ,see    
,,tett]s4    ,,%oddy4 ,! epi!t 7we      
believe ( ,am]ican orig97 is appli$ to !
  old1 us$-up wool & clo?1 fraudul5tly  

mix$ ) fre% wooll5  fabrics4 ,a plan = !
 exam9ation ( a fabric suspect$ (       
conta9+  %oddy has be5 giv5 by a ,g]man 
*emi/1 ,h]r ,s*les+]1 & is z            
foll[s3----,exam9e x ) ! microscope &   
note if x conta9s cotton1  silk1 or l951
 z well z wool4 ,if s dissolve !m by    
ammoniacal  solution ( copp]4 ,a        
qualitative exam9ation is ?us obta9$4   
,!n  direct att5tion to ! wool4 ,9 %oddy
 bo? col\r$ & col\rless  fibres are (t5 
se51 ! fibres hav+ be5 d]iv$ f diff]5t  
clo?s :i* h be5 p>tially blea*$2 !      
col\r+ matt]1 if any1  in/ead ( consi/+ 
( "o pigm5t1 w be compos$ ( two or ?ree 
diff]5t k9ds1 su* z indigo1 purpur91 or 
madd]4 ,aga91 ! diamet]  ( ! wool is    
nev] s regul> z 9 fre% wool1 b is se5 to
 v>y  sudd5ly or gradually 9 diamet]1 & 
sudd5ly wid5s aga9 ) a little  swell+1 &
 tap]s (f aga91 besides :i* ! cross     
m>k+s or scales  are almo/ always abs5t4
 ,:5 %oddy-wool is plac$ 9 liquor potass
 x  is mu* m spe$ily attack$ ?an new    
wool4    ,,%ot ,,metal4 ,prep4 ,f lead1 

#ajjj p>ts2 ars5ic1 #c p>ts4 ,:5 !  lead
 is co>se1 #f to #h p>ts ( metallic     
ars5ic are requir$ to fit x  = ?is      
purpose4    ,,%[ ,,bottles4 ,! l>ge     
ornam5tal c>boys & j>s fill$ ) col\r$   
liquids1 & display$ 9 ! %op-w9d[s (     
druggi/s1 may be notic$  "u ?is head4   
,!y are /rik+ objects :5 ! solutions !y 
conta9  are bright & ( a deep pure t9t1 
especially at night1 :5 !y are  se5 by  
transmitt$ light4 ,! foll[+ =mul = !    
solutions h  be5 recomm5d$ by diff]5t   
p]sons3----    ,,amb]4 ,f dragon's blood
 79 co>se p[d]71 #a "p2 oil ( vitriol1  
#d  p>ts2 dige/1 &1 :5 ! solution is    
complete1 dilute ! mixture )  di/ill$ or
 s(t wat]1 q4 s4    ,,blue4----a4 ,f    
blue vitriol1 #b oz42 oil ( vitriol1    
#a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a  p9t4----b4 ,a      
solution ( indigo 9 sulphuric acid1     
dilut$ ) wat]1  q4 s4----c4 ,a solution 
( soluble ,prussian blue 9 ei!r oxalic  
or  hydro*loric acid1 slightly dilut$1 &
 aft]w>ds fur!r dilut$ )  wat] to !     
prop] %ade ( col\r4    ,,crimson4----a4 

,f alkanet root1 #a oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1
 #a p9t4 ,us$  *iefly = ! bull's eyes ( 
lamps4----b4 ,z ,,p9k 7b71 bel[4        
,,gre54----a4 ,f sulphate ( copp]1 #b   
oz42 bi*romate ( pota%1 #a dr41  or q4  
s42 wat]1 #a p9t4----b4 ,a solution (   
sulphate ( copp]1 #b oz42  *loride (    
sodium1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a p9t1 or q4     
s4----c4 ,a solution (  di/ill$ v]digris
 9 acetic acid1 dilut$ ) wat]1 q4       
s4----d4  ,dissolve blue vitriol 9 wat]1
 & add nitric acid until x turns gre54  
,,lilac4----a4 ,dissolve crude oxide (  
cobalt 7zaffre7 9 nitric or  hydro*loric
 acid1 add sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 9  
excess1 &  aft]w>ds suffici5t           
ammonio-sulphate ( copp] to /rike !     
col\r4----b4 ,z ! purple1 b m dilut$4   
,,mag5ta4 ,acetate ( rosanil9e1 dissolv$
 9 wat]1 q4 s4    ,,olive4 ,dissolve    
sulphate ( iron & oil ( vitriol1 equal  
weights1 9  wat]1 & add ( nitrate (     
copp]1 q4 s4 to /rike ! col\r4          
,,orange4----a4 ,a solution ( bi*romate 
( pota% 9 wat]1 ei!r ) or  )\t !        

addition ( "s hydro*loric or sulphuric  
acid4----b4  ,dissolve gamboge or       
annotta 9 liquor ( potassa2 dilute )    
wat]1 &  add a little _s4               
,,p9k4----a4 ,to a solution ( *loride or
 nitrate ( cobalt1 9 wat]1 add          
sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 q4 s4 to      
dissolve ! precipitate at fir/          
=m$4----b4 ,f madd] 7wa%$ ) cold wat]71 
#a oz42 sesquic>bonate  ( ammonia1 #d   
oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 dige/1 ) agitation1 
= #bd h\rs1  !n dilute ) m wat]1 &      
filt]4    ,,purple4----a4 ,a solution ( 
sulphate ( copp]1 #a oz41 9 wat]1 #a    
qu>t1  or q4 s41 ) ! addition (         
sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a-a_/b       
oz4----b4  ,to ! la/ add a suffici5t    
quantity ( ! fir/ p9k 7above7 to turn  !
 col\r4----c4 ,to an infusion ( logwood1
 add c>bonate ( ammonia or  ( potassa1  
q4 s4----d4 ,sug> ( lead1 #c oz42 p[d]$ 
co*9eal1 #a dr42  wat]1 q4 s4----e4 ,add
 sulphate ( indigo1 ne>ly neutralis$ )  
*alk1  to an infusion ( co*9eal1 till x 
turns purple4    ,,r$4----a4 ,dissolve  

c>m9e 9 liquor ( ammonia1 & dilute )    
wat]4----b4 ,dige/ p[d]$ co*9eal 9 a    
weak solution ( ammonia or (  sal       
ammoniac1 & aft]w>ds dilute )           
wat]4----c4 ,add oil ( vitriol1  #d oz41
 to wat]1 #a gall41 & dige/ dri$ r$ rose
 leaves1 #h oz41 9 !  mixture = #bd     
h\rs4----d4 ,dissolve madd] lake 9 a    
solution (  sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 & 
dilute ! solution ) wat]4    ,,violet4  
,to a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt 9 a   
solution (  sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1   
add solution ( ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1
  q4 s4 to /rike ! col\r4               
,,yell[4----a4 ,a solution ( sesquioxide
 or ru/ ( iron1 #a_/b lb41 9            
hydro*loric acid1 #a qu>t1 dilut$ )     
wat]4----b4 ,to a /rong  decoction (    
,fr5* b]ries add a little alum4----c4 ,a
 simple solution (  *romate or bi*romate
 ( pota% 9 di/ill$ wat]4----d4 ,a       
solution (  equal p>ts ( nitre & ei!r   
*romate or bi*romate ( pota%1 9  wat]4  
,obs4 ,mo/ ( ! above require filt]+1 :i*
 %\ld be done ?r\gh  p[d]$ glass1 plac$ 

9 a glass funnel1 & nev] ?r\gh pap]4 ,!y
  usually ne$ a second filtration1 aft] 
be+ expos$ to ! light =  "s weeks2 h5ce 
x is conv5i5t always to make a little m 
( !m  ?an is requir$ to fill ! bottle1 z
 sev]al ( !m1 :5 dilut$  aft]           
filtration1 become aga9 turbid4 ,di/ill$
 wat] or filt]$ ra9  wat] %\ld be us$4  
,,%rimp4 ,see ,,%ell-,,fi%4    ,,%rub4  
,a species ( conc5trat$ cold pun*1      
prep>$ ) lemon juice1  _s1 sug>1 & wat]4
 ,:5 ! ^w is us$ 9 its unqualifi$ =m1   
,,rum ,,%rub is allud$ to4    ,%rub1    
,br&y4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( br&y1 #a      
gall42 orange & lemon  juice1 ( ea* #a  
p9t2 peels ( #b oranges2 d4 ( #a lemon2 
dige/ = #bd  h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( :ite   
sug>1 #d lbs41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #e      
p9ts2 9 a =tnight decant ! cle> liquid =
 use4    #b4 ,z ,,rum ,,%rub 7bel[71 b  
us+ br&y4    ,%rub1 ,lemon4 ,syn4       
,,lemonade ,,%rub4 ,conc5trat$ lemonade1
 ei!r )  or )\t ! addition ( a little   
_s4 ,us$ to make lemonade or lemon      
%]bet4    ,%rub1 ,pun*4 ,conc5trat$     

pun*1 made ) equal p>ts ( _s &  wat]4   
,us$ to make pun*4    ,%rub1 ,rum4      
,prep4 #a4 ,z ,,br&y ,,%rub1 b sub/itut+
 rum = br&y4    #b4 ,take ( rum1 at     
pro(1 #cd gall4 7or1 if ( any o!r /r5g?1
 an  equival5t quantity72 ess5tial oils 
( orange & lemon1 ( ea* #b oz41         
dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 good   
lump sug>1 #cjj lbs42  dissolv$ 9 wat]1 
#bj galls42 mix well by #8rummag+1' &   
gradually &  cauti\sly add ( ,seville   
orange juice1 or ( a solution ( t>t>ic  
acid  9 wat]1 q4 s4 to produce a        
pleasant b sc>cely p]ceptible acidity2  
next #8rummage' well = #ae m9utes1 !n   
add suffici5t wat] to make !  :ole      
measure exactly #ajj galls41 & aga9     
#8rummage' well = at lea/  half an h\r2 
la/ly1 bung ! cask d[n loosely1 & all[ x
 to repose  = "s days4 ,9 a =tnight1 or 
less1 x w usually be suffici5tly        
#8brilliant' to be rack$4 ,! product is 
#ajj galls41 at #ff u4 p4    ,obs4 ,rum 
%rub is ! k9d 9 ! greate/ dem&1 & t hav+
 a  slight prepond]ance ( ! orange      

flav\r is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,if :olly       
flav\r$ ) lemon x is apt to acquire a   
k9d ( #8dead' or #8mu/y'  flav\r by long
 keep+4 ,! sub/itution ( a few gallons (
 br&y = a  portion ( ! rum1 or !        
addition1 aft] rack+1 ( ab\t #a oz4 ea* 
(  bruis$ bitt] almonds1 cloves1 &      
cassia1 ! peels ( ab\t #b doz5  oranges1
 & a #8?read' ( ! ess5ces ( amb]gris &  
vanilla1 r5d]  x delici\s4              
,,sial,,ogogues4 ,m$ic9es :i* increase !
 fl[ ( saliva4 ,m]curials  & pellitory (
 ,spa9 belong to ?is class4             
,,sick,,ness4 ,nausea & vomit+ frequ5tly
 arise f ! use ( improp]  food1 & o!r   
articles :i* (f5d ! /oma*2 at o!r times 
x is  symptomatic ( "s disease1 z colic1
 *ol]a1 dyspepsia1 head  affections1    
incipi5t fev]1 c42 9 :i* case ! prim>y  
affection  %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,nausea   
l[]s ! pulse1 contracts ! small         
vessels1 occasions cold p]spiration1    
sev]e rigors1 & trembl+2 &  dim9i%es1 z 
long z x la/s1 ! actions1 & ev5 ! g5]al 
p[]s1  ( life4 ,! act ( ret*+1 & vomit+ 

m especially1 on !  contr>y1 r\ses r ?an
 depresses1 puts to flight all ! prec$+ 
symptoms1 & (t5 re/ores ! sy/em to      
itself4    ,! be/ rem$ies or palliatives
 9 ^! affections are eff]vesc+  sal9e   
draughts1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a  
few drops (  t9cture ( h5bane1 or       
t9cture ( opium4 ,a glass ( g5u9e       
lemonade1  ic$1 or a spoonful ( cru%$   
ice 9 a w9e-glassful ( m9t wat]1 is     
also v s]viceable4 ,peps9 7,bullock &   
,reynolds7 & oxalate ( c]ium  are said  
to be mo/ valuable rem$ies 9 ! sickness 
( pregnancy4 ,see  ,,draughts1          
,,pregnancy1 ,,sea ,,sickness1 c4       
,,sift,,+ is to pulv]ul5t sub/ances :at 
filtration is to liquids2 b  9 ?is case 
! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! sub/ance passes is1 
usually1 (  a simpl] & co>s]            
description4 ,sieves are commonly       
employ$ = !  purpose1 :i* are fitt$ )   
silk or brass-wire gauze = f9e purposes1
  & horsehair clo?1 or wire nett+1 =    
co>s] ones4 ,drum sieves are  su* z are 
furni%$ ) cov]s & an enclos$ space to   

receive !  f9e p[d] t passes ?r\gh1 by  
:i* du/ & loss are prev5t$4    ,,sight4 
,see ,,vision4    ,sight1 ,effect (     
,gaslight on4 ,! ,g]man ,m9i/] (        
,in/ruction has  rec5tly issu$ a report 
on ! influ5ce ( gaslight on ! eye4 ,!   
conclusion arriv$ at 9 ?is report----!  
result ( frequ5t conf]5ce  ) well-kn[n  
physicians----is t no evil results foll[
 a mod]ate use  ( gas1 if ! direct      
action ( ! yell[ flame on ! eye is      
prev5t$4  ,= ?is purpose scre5s or %ades
 are employ$4 ,v great objections1      
h[ev]1 exi/ to ! use ( z9c or lead      
%ades1 mo/ evils affect+ !  eye be+     
traceable to !m4 ,_! use1 x is said1    
inevitably t5ds to  bl9dness or         
inflammation1 & o!r h>mful effects4 ,!  
milky-:ite  glass %ade is ! be/1 z x    
di/ributes ! light & has a grateful     
effect on ! eyes4 ,! burn] %\ld n be too
 close to ! head1 z  conge/ions ( !     
=ehead & heada*es result f ! radiat$    
heat4  ,! glass plate bel[ ! gas1       
employ$ 9 "s places1 is especially      

useful = ! purpose1 z x causes an equal 
di/ribution ( !  light----necess>y :]e a
 numb] are work+ at "o burn]----prev5ts 
!  radiation ( heat1 & t5ds to a /eady  
illum9ation by %ield+ !  flames f       
curr5ts ( air4 ,9 cases ( highly-inflam$
 eyes1 d>k-blue  globes c be v          
b5eficially employ$4 ,) precautions (   
?is k9d no  evil effects f ! burn+ ( gas
 ne$ be fe>$4    ,,sig,,natures         
7,fac-similes (74 ,^! may be readily    
obta9$ z  foll[s3----    #a4 ,let ! "n  
be writt5 on a piece ( pap]1 &1 :ile !  
ink is  /ill wet1 spr9kle ov] x "s      
f9ely-p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 !n make a  rim 
r\nd x1 & p\r on x "s fusible alloy 9 a 
liquid /ate4  ,impressions may be tak5 f
 ! plates =m$ 9 ?is way1 by means (     
pr9t+ ink & ! copp]-plate press4    #b4 
,by ! use ( transf] ink & li?ography4   
,,silb] ,,light4 ,?is light is ?us      
describ$ 9 #8,d+l]'s ,polyte*nic        
,j\rnal1'#afa----,?is mode ( illum9ation
 is recomm5d$ :]e gas _c  be _h4        
,footnote #afa3 ccix1 #gi 7#8,j\rn4     

,*em4 ,society1' vol4 xi1 new s]ies1    
#abgc74    ,! mat]ial us$ is oil1 :i* is
 conv]t$ into gas be=e combu/ion  takes 
place1 :]eby ! combu/ion ( ! wick is    
greatly less5$ 7"o  wick may la/ a ye>72
 ! accumulation ( impurity is obviat$1 &
 !  prev5tion ( smell completely        
effect$4 ,! light is regul> & uni=m1  & 
( a :ite col\r4 ,! light1 ) a burn]     
#a-a_/d in* wide1 is equal  to t ( #bh  
sp]m c&les1 ea* consum+ #abj gr4 p] h\r1
 & ) "o  #a-c_/d in* wide a light is    
obta9$ equal to #ej su* c&les4    ,!    
burn+ app>atus consi/s ( a r[ (         
conc5trically enclos$ d\ble  cyl9d]s1   
p]p5dicul>ly arrang$ at def9ite         
int]vals4 ,! inn]mo/  cyl9d] conta9s !  
wick betwe5 its two walls1 ! holl[ space
 9 !  int]ior s]v+ to convey fre% air to
 ! int]ior ( ! flame4 ,!  second cyl9d] 
conveys air to ! out] side ( ! wick1 & !
 ?ird  conta9s oil1 & is 9 direct       
communication ) bo? wick & res]voir4  ,!
 m\?s ( all ^! *amb]s h a dome-%ap$     
head1 & =m a  suitable op5+ 9 ?is2 ! gas

 /reams =? 9 su* a mann] t x  comes 9   
contact ) a curr5t ( air1 & ?us a       
complete combu/ion is  atta9$4          
,accord+ to ! nature ( ! oil burnt !    
con/ruction is some:at  v>i$ 9 its m9or 
details4 ,rape oil or light hydroc>bon  
oils are  m5tion$4    ,,sil,,ica4       
,si,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,silicic ,,anhydride1   
,,silicic ,,acid1 ,,silex1  ,,silice\s  
,,e>?1 ,,e>? ,,( ,,fl9ts4 ,?is exi/s 9  
qu>tz & rock cry/al  9 a ne>ly pure     
/ate4 ,! s&s ( riv]s & ! sea-%ore1 fl9t1
 &  almo/ all ! sc9tillat+ /ones1 *iefly
 consi/ ( x4    ,silica occurs "u two   
conditions----! cry/all9e & ! amorph\s4 
,!  =m] v>iety has a sp4 gr4 ( #bfdb2 ! 
amorph\s ( #bb-bc4 ,"s (  our well-kn[n 
native gems & preci\s /ones consi/ almo/
 :olly (  "o ( ! above =ms ( silica4 ,9 
agate & calc$ony ! two v>ieties  are    
comb9$4 ,ame?y/ is silica1 col\r$ purple
 by f]ric oxide4 ,onyx is  =m$ (        
calc$ony arrang$ 9 lay]s ( diff]5t      
col\rs4 ,cornelian is  a r$ or br[n     
v>iety ( silica col\r$ ) f]ric oxide1   

:il/ opal  is amorph\s silica comb9$ )  
v>y+ quantities ( wat]4 ,silica is      
pres5t 9 ! /ems ( c]ta9 plants1 su* z   
:eat1 _m grasses1 to  :i* ! %9+         
appe>ance ( ! /ems is due1 c4 ,!        
,italians poli%  m>ble ) ! a%es ( burnt 
/raw1 ! usefulness ( :i* = su* a        
purpose dep5ds ^u ! silica conta9$ 9 !  
/raw2 = simil>  reasons ! ,dut* ru% is  
?us employ$4 ,silica also occurs 9      
solution 9  _m natural wat]s4 ,9 !      
geys]s1 or boil+ spr+s ( ,icel&1 x      
exi/s 9 l>ge quantity4    ,x may be     
obta9$ 9 a /ate ( absolute purity by    
pass+ gase\s  fluoride ( silicon into   
wat]1 collect+ ! result+ gelat9\s       
precipitate on a calico filt]1 wa%+ x ) 
di/ill$ wat]1 dry+  x1 & heat+ x to     
r$ness4 ,ano!r me?od is to precipitate a
 solution  ( silicate ( soda or potassa 
7soluble glass7 ) dilute hydro*loric    
acid1 & to treat ! precipitate z be=e4  
,ne>ly pure silica may also be procur$  
by heat+ col\rless qu>tz to  r$ness1 &  
plung+ x into cold wat]1 by :i* treatm5t

 ! qu>tz is  r5d]$ s friable z to be    
easily r$ucible to f9e p[d]4 ,ord9>y    
fl9ts1 subject$ to ?is me?od1 are f\nd  
to yield silica 9 a condition  approa*+ 
to purity4 ,amorph\s silica is mu* m    
easily attack$ by  solv5ts ?an !        
cry/all9e v>iety4 ,! artificial =ms (   
silica are  all amorph\s4    ,! te/ = a 
silicate consi/s 9 fus+ ! suspect$ body 
) sodic  or potassic c>bonate1 heat+ !  
residue ) acid1 & evaporat+ to  dryness4
 ,if ! residue be !n treat$ ) hot wat] !
 silica rema9s  undissolv$ 9 ! =m ( a   
:ite p[d]1 :i* w yield a col\rless  bead
 :5 fus$ ) sodic c>bonate ^u a piece (  
plat9um foil be=e  ! bl[pipe flame4 ,if 
silica be fus$ ) borax x becomes sl[ly  
dissolv$1 =m+ a cle>1 col\rless bead4   
,*apman conte/s ,plattn]'s op9ion t1 :5 
silicates are fus$ )  phosphor salt1 !  
#8silica skeleton' t results is         
especially due to !  pres5ce ( alkalies 
or e>?y bases4    ,*apman says3 8,x is  
true en\gh t silicates 9 :i* ^! bases   
are  pres5t exhibit ! reaction2 b z o!r 

silicates----practically all1           
inde$----exhibit ! reaction also1 !     
inf]5ce impli$ 9 ! above  /atem5t is q  
errone\s4    8,! opalesc5ce ( ! glass   
arises entirely f precipitat$ silica4   
8,if "s pure silica 7or a silicate ( any
 k9d71 9 a p[d]$ condition1  be dissolv$
 be=e ! bl[pipe flame 9 borax until !   
glass be  saturat$1 & "s phosphor salt  
be !n add$1 & ! bl[+ be  cont9u$ = an   
in/ant1 a precipitate ( silicate w      
imm$iately take  place1 ! bead becom+   
milky :ite 7or1 9 ! case ( _m silicates1
  opaque7 on cool+4 ,?is te/ may be     
resort$ to = ! detection (  silica 9 !  
case ( silicates1 :i* dissolve )        
difficulty 9  phosphor salt alone1 or   
:i* d n give ! pron\nc$ #8skeleton' )  t
 reag5t40#afb    ,footnote #afb3 ,*apman
 on #8,bl[-pipe ,reactions4'    ,prop41 
c4 ,a f9e1 :ite1 ta/eless1 infusible    
p[d]1 insoluble 9 all  acids1 aft] be+  
heat$1 except ! hydr(luoric2 requires ! 
heat (  ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe = its      
fusion2 approa*es ! preci\s /ones 9     

h>dness2 soluble 9 /rong alkal9e        
solutions2 its salts are call$          
,,silicates4 ,sp4 gr4 #bff4 ,see        
,,glass1 ,,glass1 ,,soluble1 c4         
,silica1 ,hydrates (4 ,by p\r+ a dilute 
solution ( sodium silicate  into a      
consid]able excess ( hydro*loric acid ! 
:ole ( ! silica is  reta9$ 9 solution1  
toge!r ) ! *loride ( sodium =m$ by !    
action ( ! hydro*loric acid ^u ! soda4  
,by subject+ ?is solution  to dialysis  
7see ,,dialysis7 ! hydro*loric acid &   
*loride ( sodium  are remov$1 :il/ !    
hydrate ( silica is left beh9d1 9       
solution1 9  ! dialys]4 ,graham         
recomm5ds a /ratum ( ! liquid f\r t5?s (
 an  in* 9 dep?1 to be subject$ = f\r or
 five days to dialysis1 !  wat] 9 ! out]
 vessel to be *ang$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4   
,if ! solution s obta9$ be c>efully     
evaporat$ d[n 9 a flask1 &  any dry+ ( !
 silicic acid at ! edges ( ! liquid be+ 
prev5t$1  a solution may be obta9$      
conta9+ #ad p] c5t4 ( silica4    ,!     
solution has a v feebly acid reaction1 &

 is )\t ta/e or  col\r4 ,x _c be pres]v$
 9 ! liquid /ate = m ?an a v  few days1 
ev5 9 well-clos$ vessels1 b becomes     
conv]t$ into a  transp>5t gelat9\s mass1
 :i* sep>ates f ! wat]4 ,hydro*loric    
acid1 z well z small quantities ( cau/ic
 pota% or soda1 ret>d !  coagulation4   
,:5 ! solution is evaporat$ 9 vacuo at  
#ei ,f4 ov] sulphuric acid1  a lu/r\s   
transp>5t glass is left beh9d1 :i*      
consi/s ( #bb p]  c5t4 ( wat]1 :i*      
closely accords ) ! =mula               
,si,o#b;,h#b,o4    ,by ! action ( moi/  
air ^u silicic e!r a transp>5t glassy   
hydrate  0 obta9$ by ,ebelm51 to :i* ?is
 *emi/ assign$ ! =mula                  
#b,si,o#b1c;,h#b,o4 ,two hydrates (     
silica 7 obta9$ by ,fu*s1 "o  hav+ !    
=mula #c,si,o#b1;,h#b,o1 ! o!r1         
#d,si,o#b1;,h#b,o4    ,silicic ,*loride4
 ,syn4 ,,silicic ,,tetra*loride4        
7,si,cl#d47 ,?is  comp\nd is r>ely1 if  
ev]1 obta9$ by ! direct me?od1 viz4 by  
heat+ silicon 9 *lor9e1 b by ! foll[+   
indirect process3----,a  pa/e is made ( 

f9ely divid$ silica1 oil1 & *>coal1 &   
heat$ 9 a  cov]$ crucible4 ,! fragm5ts (
 ! *>r$ sub/ance 7consi/+ (  silica &   
c>bon7 are !n plac$ 9 a porcela9 tube1  
:i* is rais$ to  a r$ heat 9 a furnace1 
& dur+ ! ignition ( ! fragm5ts a  curr5t
 ( dry *lor9e is pass$ into & ov] !m2 ! 
silicic *loride  :i* is ?us =m$ be+ made
 to di/il ov] into a b5t tube  surr\nd$ 
by a freez+ mixture ( ice & salt1 :]eby 
x becomes  cond5s$4    ,silicic *loride 
is a v voluble & /rongly fum+ gas1      
transp>5t  & col\rless1 ) an irritat+ & 
pung5t smell4 ,x is imm$iately          
decompos$ by wat] into hydro*loric acid 
& hydrat$ silica1 :i*  deposits 9 !     
vessel4    ,silicic ,fluoride4 ,syn4    
,,silicic ,,tetrafluoride4 7,si,f#d47   
,?is gas is  be/ prep>$ by heat+ 9 a    
capaci\s flask or retort equal p>ts (   
f9ely p[d]$ fluorsp> & :ite s&1 or glass
 ) t5 or twelve  times _! weight ( /rong
 sulphuric acid4 ,?is gas mu/ be        
collect$  ov] m]cury1 & 9 j>s t are free
 f ! lea/ trace ( moi/ure4    ,silicic  

fluoride is a col\rless gas1 ) a v      
pung5t od\r1 fum+  /rongly 9 ! air1 &   
nei!r burn+ nor support+ combu/ion4     
,f>aday succe$$ 9 liquefy+ x "u great   
pressure1 & ,natt]]  /ates t at a       
temp]ature ( -#bbj ,f4 x may be         
solidifi$4 ,by wat] x  is p>tially      
decompos$ & p>tially dissolv$1 yield+   
silicic acid &  hydr(luosilic acid4     
,) twice its volume ( ammoniacal gas    
silicic fluoride comb9es to =m  a       
cry/all9e volatile4 ,silicic hydride has
 an acid reaction4    ,silicic ,hydride4
 7,h#d,si87 ,to procure ?is gas silicide
 ( magnesium is  decompos$ ) cold dilut$
 hydro*loric acid4    ,! silicide (     
magnesium may be prep>$ z               
foll[s3----,mix intimately #dj  p>ts (  
fus$ magnesic *loride1 #ce ( dri$ sodic 
silico-fluoride1 &  #aj ( fus$ sodic    
*loride2 ^! are mix$ 9 a w>m1 dry tube1 
) #bj  p>ts ( sodium 9 small fragm5ts1 &
 ?r[n into a r$-hot ,hessian  crucible1 
:i* is imm$iately cov]$1 ! op]ation be+ 
f9i%$ :5  ! vap\rs ( sodium cease to    

burn4    ,silicic hydride becomes       
spontane\sly ignit$ 9 ! air1 & 9 do+ s  
gives (f :ite fumes1 :i* consi/ (       
amorph\s silica 7,si,o#b74 ,a cold      
body1 su* z a piece ( porcela9 or glass1
 introduc$ into ! flame1  becomes cov]$ 
) a br[n deposit ( r$uc$ silicon4 ,pass$
 into  solutions ( cupric sulphate1     
arg5tic nitrate1 & palladium *loride1   
?is gas ?r[s d[n ! metals1 9 mo/ cases  
comb9$ ) silicon4    ,,silic(luoric     
,,acid4 ,see ,,fluosilicic ,,acid4      
,,sil,,icon4 ,si4 ,syn4 ,,silicium4 ,an 
elem5t>y sub/ance =m+ ! base  ( silica4 
,?is elem5t 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,sir       
,humphry ,davy1 by act+ ^u silica  )    
potassium4 ,x is n[ procur$ mu* m easily
 by ! decomposition  ( silico-fluoride (
 potassium1 at an elevat$ temp]ature1 ) 
potassium or sodium4 ,by heat+ a mixture
 ( fluorsp> & gr\nd fl9ts  ) sulphuric  
acid a gase\s tetra-fluoride ( silicon  
is =m$1 :i*1  be+ p>tially soluble 9    
wat]1 yields an acid solution ( !       
tetra-fluoride4 ,cau/ic pota% is !n add$

 to ! acid solution ( !  tetra-*loride  
until x becomes neutralis$1 & ! sp>+ly  
soluble  silico-fluoride ( potassium ?us
 =m$ is ?or\ghly dri$ & mix$ 9  a glass 
or iron tube ) eight or n9e t5?s ( its  
weight ( potassium  or half its weight (
 sodium1 & heat$4 ,! foll[+ equation    
expla9s  ! reaction t takes place3      
#b,,kf1,si,f#d  #b,k#b  ,si  #f,,kf4    
,! result+ mass1 consi/+ ( potassic     
fluoride1 & r$uc$ silicon  9 p>tial     
comb9ation ) ! excess ( potassium1 is   
treat$ ) cold  wat]1 :5 a copi\s        
evolution ( hydrog5 gas ensues1 ow+ to !
  decomposition ( ! wat] by ! excess (  
potassium4 ,! potassic  fluoride is got 
rid ( by wa%+ ) cold wat]1 its entire   
removal  be+ indicat$ by ! wat] ceas+ to
 h an alkal9e reaction on te/  pap]1    
:il/ amorph\s silicon is left beh9d 9 ! 
=m ( a br[n  p[d]4    ,ano!r me?od by   
:i* silicon may also be procur$ is by   
pass+ !  vap\r ( silicic *loride ov]    
heat$ potassium or sodium1 plac$ on a   
porcela9 tray 9 a glass tube4 ,9 ?is    

op]ation x is advisable to  protect !   
l9+ ( ! tube ) ?9 plates ( mica4    ,!  
silicon obta9$ by ! above processes is  
kn[n z amorph\s  silicon1 &1 z already  
/at$1 occurs z a br[n p[d]4 ,x is dull 9
  col\r1 &1 be+ heavi] ?an wat]1 z well 
z insoluble 9 x1 s9ks  9 t fluid4 ,x is 
a non-conductor ( electricity1 is       
unaffect$ by  nitric or sulphuric acid1 
b dissolves readily 9 hydr(luoric acid1 
&  9 a w>m solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,x  
burns ) great brilliancy :5  heat$ 9 air
 or oxyg51 & becomes conv]t$ into       
silica1 :i*1 ow+  to ! great heat (     
combu/ion1 fuses1 & ?us =ms a sup]ficial
 cru/  ov] ! unburnt silicon4 ,a        
cry/all9e v>iety ( silicon may also be  
procur$ by heat+ ! br[n amorph\s        
silicon1 already describ$1  int5sely 9 a
 plat9um crucible1 ) exclusion ( air4   
,?is cry/all9e  silicon s obta9$ is mu* 
d>k] 9 col\r ?an ! amorph\s1 & also     
consid]ably d5s]2 besides :i* x diff]s  
widely 9 prop]ties f  ! latt]4 ,x w n   
take fire if heat$ /rongly 9 ! air or   

oxyg51  ev5 if be=e ! bl[pipe flame4    
,its d5sity is su* t x s9ks 9  /rong    
sulphuric acid1 & hydr(luoric acid fails
 to dissolve x1  al?\gh x is soluble 9 a
 mixture ( hydr(luoric & nitric acids4  
,x  does n become oxidis$1 ev5 if fus$ )
 potassic nitrate or *lorate1  unless a 
:ite heat is obta9$1 :5 x burns         
brilliantly1 giv+ rise1  on s do+1 to ! 
=mation ( silica4    ,9 addition to !   
above1 a graphitoid =m ( silicon1       
occurr+ 9  plates1 has be5 describ$ by  
,deville & ,whl]4 ,^! *emi/s obta9$  ?is
 la/ modification f an alloy ( silicon &
 alum9ium1 :i* 0  treat$ 9 succession ) 
boil+ hydro*loric & hydr(luoric acids4  
,! plates ( silicon :i* are left h a    
metallic lu/re1 & a sp4  gr4 ( #bdi4 ,! 
graphitoid be>s a great resemblance 9   
prop]ties to !  cry/all9e silicon4 ,x is
 a conductor ( electricity4 ,l !        
cry/all9e v>iety1 x dissolves 9 a       
mixture ( hydr(luoric & nitric  acids1  
al?\gh sl[ly1 b1 unlike ! cry/all9e1 x  
und]goes no  *ange :5 heat$ to :it5ess 9

 a curr5t ( oxyg54    ,deville /ates t  
silicon requires a temp]ature betwe5 !  
melt+  po9ts ( iron & /eel to fuse x4   
,he effect$ its fusion 9 a plat9um      
crucible l9$ ) lime1 ! plat9um crucible 
be+ !n plac$ 9 a  clay crucible1 :i* 0  
!n expos$ to int5se heat 9 a w9d        
furnace4    ,by pass+ ! vap\r ( silicic 
*loride ov] pure alum9ium1 plac$ on a   
porcela9 tray1 & rais$ to an int5se     
heat1 ! alum9ium becomes  volatilis$ z  
alum9ic *loride1 :il/ ! silicon rema9s  
beh9d 9  cry/als possess+ a r$di% lu/re4
 ,^! cry/als occur 9 regul>  six-sid$   
prisms1 t]m9at$ by ?ree-sid$ pyramids1  
d]iv$ f !  octoh$ra1 & are s h>d t glass
 may be cut by !m1 9 ! same way  z by ! 
diamond4    ,) oxyg5 silicon =ms only "o
 oxide1 silica1 describ$ above4         
,,silk4 ,z an article ( clo?+1 z f> z   
8r\ndness ( fibre1 s(tness  ( texture1  
abs5ce ( attraction = moi/ure1 & p[] (  
communicat+  w>m?1 are conc]n$1 silk is 
greatly sup]ior to bo? l95 & cotton2    
moreov]1 x gives ! s5sation ( fre%ness  

to ! t\* :i* is s  agreeable 9 l954 ,b1 
) all ^! advantages1 silk 7:5 worn next 
! body7 has its defects2 on ! slighte/  
friction x di/urbs !  electricity ( !   
sk91 & ?us becomes a s\rce ( irritation4
  ,sometimes1 x is true1 ?is irritation 
is advantage\s1 z caus+ a  det]m9ation (
 blood to ! surface2 b :5 ?is action is 
n  requir$1 x is disagreeable1 & q      
equal1 9 a s5sitive  con/itution1 to    
produc+ an eruption on ! sk94 ,i h se5  
eruptions  occasion$ 9 ?is mann]1 &1 :5 
!y h n occurr$1 s mu*  it*+ & irritation
 z to call = ! ab&onm5t ( ! g>m5t40     
7,eras4 ,wilson47    ,silk is *>act]is$ 
by its fibres appe>+ p]fectly smoo? &   
cyl9drical1 )\t depressions1 ev5 "u a   
magnify+ p[] ( #afj4  ,its fibres 7ev5  
:5 dy$7 acquire a p]man5t /raw-yell[    
col\r :5  /eep$ 9 nitric acid ( ! sp4   
gr4 #abj to #acj4 ,! fibres ( :ite or   
light-col\r$ silk are simil>ly /a9$ by a
 solution ( picric acid4 ,a  ?read (    
silk1 :5 inflam$1 %rivels & burns )     
difficulty1 evolves  a peculi> od\r1 &  

leaves a bulky *>coal4 ,by ^! prop]ties 
silk is  di/+ui%$ f cotton & l954       
,cotton1 wool1 & silk may be easily     
di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by  means ( !        
microscope4    ,! cotton fibre w be se5 
to consi/ ( only "o cell2 wool 7z well  
z hair & alpaca7 is made up ( num]\s    
cells 9 juxtaposition2 :il/  silk fibre 
is simil> to ! secret$ matt] ( spid]s & 
cat]pill>s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#a-c4    ,! silk fibre 7fig4 #a7 is     
smoo?1 cyl9drical1 devoid ( /ructure1 n 
holl[ inside1 & equally broad4 ,!       
surface is glossy1 & only seldom  are   
any irregul>ities se5 on x4 ,if x is    
desir$ to detect 9 a wov5  fabric !     
g5u95ess ( ! silk1 x is be/ to cut a    
sample to pieces1  place x "u wat] "u ! 
object-glass ( a microscope1 magnify+   
#abj to #bjj times1 cov]+ x ) a ?9 piece
 ( glass4 ,! r\nd1  glaz$1 equally      
proportion$ silk fibre 7fig4 #a71 is    
easily di/+ui%$  f ! unequall$ & scal$  
wool fibre 7,w 9 fig4 #b71 & f !  flat1 
b&-l1 & spiral cotton fibre 7,b1 fig4   

#c74 ,"u ! microscope  also ! mixture ( 
inf]ior ) sup]ior fibres ( silk c be    
easily  detect$4    ,black silk1 !      
weight ( :i* has be5 augm5t$ by ext5sive
  sophi/ication1 is n uncommon 9        
,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man m>kets4 ,x  is 
kn[n z #8weight$' or #8%ott$' silk1 & v 
frequ5tly conta9s no  m----& frequ5tly  
less----?an "o ?ird ( its weight ( silk1
 !  rema9+ two ?irds consi/+1 accord+ to
 ,p]soz1 ( a comb9ation (  iron salts1 )
 "s a/r+5t sub/ance1 salts ( t91 &      
cyanides4 ,x  is easily di/+ui%able f   
g5u9e silk by its want ( ela/icity &    
t5acity1 & its mu* great] combu/ibility4
 ,p]soz f\nd a specim5 (  ?is adult]at$ 
silk to yield1 ^u inc9]ation1 m ?an #h  
p] c5t4  ( f]ric oxide4    ,! clean+ &  
r5ovation ( articles ( we>+ app>el made 
( silk  are matt]s requir+ "s c>e4 ,no  
silk goods look well aft] be+  wa%$1    
h[ev] c>efully x may be done2 & ?is     
me?od %\ld1  !re=e1 nev] be resort$ to b
 f absolute necessity4 ,x is  recomm5d$ 
to sponge fad$ silks ) w>m wat] & curd  

soap1 !n to  rub !m ) a dry clo? on a   
flat bo>d1 & aft]w>ds to iron !m on  !  
wrong side ) an ord9>y smoo?+ iron4     
,spong+ ) _s1  b5zol1 or pure oil (     
turp5t9e1 also greatly improves old     
silk1 & is  (t5 pref]able to any o!r    
me?od4 ,! od\r ( ! b5zol passes (f  v   
quickly1 t ( ! turp5t9e aft] exposure = 
a few days4 ,:5  ! iron+ is done on ! "r
 side ?9 pap] %\ld be spread ov] !      
surface to prev5t #8glaz+4' ,see ,,dye+1
 ,,gild+1 c4    ,silk ,mat]ial1 a ,new4 
,! #8,textile ,manufactur]' conta9s !   
foll[+3----,! utilisation ( new         
sub/ances z raw mat]ial =  manufactures 
is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! sci5tific     
inve/igations  ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o (
 ! mo/ rec5t sugge/ions is !  result ( !
 rese>*es ( ,h]r ,ty*o ,tulburg1 an     
em95t ,g]man  naturali/1 on ! products (
 ! mussel4 ,x w be rememb]$ x 0  f "o ( 
! mussel species ! fam\s purple dye 0 9 
pa/ ages  obta9$1 & ?is col\r ga9$ an   
imp]i%able r5[n f its be+  adopt$ by !  
,roman emp]ors1 & ! imp]ial purple      

became ! symbol  ( sov]eignty4 ,9 ^!    
latt] days animal products h be5        
displac$  by anil9e dyes1 & !re is no   
likelihood ( _! rega9+ _!  =m]          
celebrity4 ,! rese>*es ( ,tulburg h n1  
h[ev]1 be5 9 !  direction ( dyes1 b 9 ! 
adaptation ( animal products o!r ?an !  
silkworm = silk y>ns4 ,! mussel         
7,mytilus edulis7 fa/5s itself to  !    
rocks by /rong ?reads1 call$ by         
naturali/s byssus1 & x is  ?is sub/ance 
:i* x is propos$ to utilise = !         
manufacture (  silk4 ,! mat]ial is ( a  
silky texture & v t\gh1 & !  exp]im5ts t
 h be5 made prove t x is well adapt$ to 
be made  into y>n4 ,already ! ,p9na1 "o 
( ! mussel tribe1 has be5 already       
manufactur$ into fabrics1 al?\gh x is n 
( g5]al use1 nor at  pres5t ( mu*       
comm]cial value1 & ! same ob/acles to ! 
use ( !  byssus ( ! common mussel are   
app>5t4 ,not)/&+ ! abundant  supply (   
?is popul> %ell fi%1 x is difficult to  
see h[ a suffici5t  quantity ( byssus c 
be collect$ to enable manufactur]s to   

pur*ase  ! raw mat]ial at rates l[ en\gh
 = a m>ketable remun]ation on !         
manufactur$ article4 ,b ! records (     
indu/rial progress te/ify to  great]    
difficulties ?an ^! hav+ be5            
successfully ov]come2 &  %\ld !         
comm]cial value ( ! new mat]ial be      
satisfactorily  demon/rat$1 !re is no   
d\bt "s ag5cy w be develop$ :]eby !     
requisite supply may be obta9$4    ,at  
pres5t x is suffici5t to notice !       
discov]y t has be5 made1  & to welcome  
ano!r in/ance ( ! results ( sci5tific   
lab\r be+  = ! advantage ( manufactur]s4
    ,,silk,,worm1 ,diseases (4          
,silkworms are liable to a disease kn[n 
z  pbr9e1 :i* ,pa/eur has %[n to be due 
to ! pres5ce1 on ! body1  ! egg1 & 9 !  
blood ( ! insect1 ( peculi> p>asitic    
corpuscles4    ,pa/eur /ates t ! black  
specks :i* con/itute ^! bodies are  v   
easily di/+ui%able 9 ! mo? ( ! silkworm1
 b t 9 !  e>li] /ages ( its developm5t1 
su* z 9 ! egg & worm condition1  !      
detection ( !m becomes difficult1 if n  

impossible4 ,pa/eur  fur!r adds t s\nd  
mo?s produce s\nd eggs1 & uns\nd mo?s ! 
rev]se1 & t al?\gh ! uns\nd eggs %[ no  
sign ( disease1 !y  nev] give rise to   
heal?y worms4    ,pa/eur advises ! silk 
cultivator1 !re=e1 to ensure bre$+ f    
heal?y mo?s at />t+1 & to ab&on ! old & 
useless precaution  ( hat*+ app>5tly    
heal?y eggs4    ,! loss result+ f !     
silkworm disease 9 ,italy may be se5 f !
  foll[+ tables1 :i* are calculat$ =    
bales ( #ajb lbs4  weight3#afc----      
,footnote #afc3 #8,briti% ,manufactory (
 ,indu/ries1' ,/am=d4    ,av]age        
production prior to disease1 #ha1fjj4   
#ahfc ,bales1 #ej1fjj ,deficit1 #ch p]  
c5t4    #ahfd  0     #ch1jjj    0       
#ec    0    #ahfe  0     #ch1gjj    0   
#eb    0    #ahff  0     #ci1fjj    0   
#ea    0    #ahfg  0     #dd1jjj    0   
#df    0    #ahfh  0     #da1jjj    0   
#di    0    #ahfi  0     #dg1cjj    0   
#db    0    #ahgj  0     #fi1ijj    0   
#ad    0    #ahga  0     #gf1cjj    0   
#f    0    #ahgb  0     #fh1jjj    0    

#af    0    ,! value ( ! cocoons gr[n 9 
! :ole _w 9 #ahgj 0 said to be  z       
foll[s3----,france1 #d1ccd1jjj2 ,italy1 
#aa1bfj1jjj2 ,spa9 & o!r  ,european     
c\ntries1 #ihd1jjj2 giv+ a total =      
,europe ( #af1ehh1jjj4  ,*9a1           
#ag1jjj1jjj2 ,india1 #d1hjj1jjj2 ,japan1
 #c1bjj1jjj2 ,p]sia1  #ibj1jjj2 o!r     
,asiatic /ates1 #b1aib1jjj2 giv+ a total
 = ,asia (  #bh1aab1jjj4 ,africa1       
#fh1jjj4 ,am]ica1 #bj1jjj4 ,mak+ a g5]al
 total (  #dd1ghh1jjj4    ,silkworm     
,gut4 ,see ,,gut4    ,,sil,,labub4      
,prep4 ,grate (f ! yell[ peel ( a lemon 
) lump sug>1  & dissolve ! sug> 9 #c_/d 
p9t ( w9e2 add ! juice ( #a_/c a lemon1 
& a #a_/d p9t ( cream2 beat ! :ole      
toge!r until ( a prop]  ?ickness1 & !n  
put x into glasses4    ,obs4 #c_/d to #a
 p9t ( new milk is (t5 sub/itut$ = !    
cream1 &  /rong cid] or p]ry = ! w9e4   
,grat$ nutmeg is (t5 add$4 ,:5  #8:ipp$'
 to a fro? x is call$ #8,,:ipp$         
,,sillabub1' ,see ,,cream 7,:ipp$74     
,,silv]4 ,ag4 ,syn4 ,,arg5tum1 ,l4 ,?is 

metal1 l gold1 appe>s to h  be5 z mu*   
valu$ 9 ! remote/ ages ( antiquity ( :i*
 we h any  record1 z at ! pres5t "t4 ,x 
is f\nd 9 nature1 bo? 9 !  metallic /ate
 & m9]alis$1 9 ! /ate ( alloy1 & comb9$ 
)  sulphur1 *lor9e1 & o!r metallic      
sulphurets4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x is  f\nd
 9 comb9ation *iefly ) lead4 ,x is      
extract$ f its ores  pr9cipally by !    
process ( amalgamation1 f\nd$ on its    
easy solubility  9 m]cury1 & by         
subsequ5t cupellation4 ,x is only prep>$
 on !  l>ge scale4    ,*emically pure   
silv] may be obta9$ by ! me?ods notic$  
subsequ5tly4    ,prop4 ,pure silv] has a
 v :ite col\r1 a high degree ( lu/re1 is
  exce$+ly malleable & ductile1 & is !  
be/ conductor ( heat &  electricity     
kn[n4 ,its h>dness is betwe5 t ( copp] &
 gold2 its  sp4 gr4 is #ajdge to #ajejj2
 x melts at ab\t #ahgc ,fahr42 or bright
  r$ness 7,daniell72 is freely soluble 9
 nitric acid1 & dissolves 9  sulphuric  
acid by ! aid ( heat2 x refuses to      
oxidise alone at any  temp]ature1 b1 :5 

/rongly heat$ 9 op5 vessels1 x absorbs  
_m  times its bulk ( oxyg51 :i* is aga9 
dis5gag$ at ! mom5t (  solidification2  
its surface is rapidly t>ni%$ by        
sulphurett$ hydrog5  & by ! fumes (     
sulphur4    ,pur4 8,entirely soluble 9  
dilut$ nitric acid4 ,?is solution1      
treat$  ) an excess ( muriate ( soda1   
gives a :ite precipitate entirely       
soluble 9 ammonia wat]1 & a fluid :i* is
 n affect$ by  sulphurett$ hydrog540    
7,ph4 ,e47    ,te/s4 #a4 ,! comp\nds (  
silv]1 mix$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 &  expos$
 on a *>coal support to ! inn] flame ( !
 bl[pipe1 af=d  :ite1 brilliant1 &      
ductile metallic globules1 )\t any      
incru/ation  ( ! *>coal4----#b4 ,! salts
 ( silv] are non-volatile & col\rless1  
b mo/ ( !m acquire m or less a black t9t
 by exposure to full  daylight4    ,!   
soluble salts ( silv] give----#a4 ,a    
:ite curdy precipitate 7*loride  (      
silv]7 ) hydro*loric acid & ! soluble   
metallic *lorides1  :i* is soluble 9    
ammonia & insoluble 9 nitric acid1 &    

black5$ by  exposure to light2----#b4   
,:ite precipitates ) solutions ( !      
alkal9e  c>bonates1 oxalates1 &         
f]rocyanides2----#c4 ,yell[ precipitates
 ) !  alkal9e ars5ites &                
phosphates2----#d4 ,) ! ars5iates1 r$   
precipitates2----#e4 ,) ! fix$ alkalies1
 br[n precipitates2----#f4 ,)           
sulphurett$ hydrog5 & hydrosulphuret (  
ammonia1 a black p[d]1 :i*  is insoluble
 9 dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkal9e      
sulphurets1 & cyanide  ( potassium1 b   
readily soluble1 ) sep>ation ( sulphur1 
9 boil+  nitric acid2 &----#g4 ,)       
phosphorus1 & ) metallic copp] or z9c1  
pure silv]4    ,assay4 #a4 ,! me?od (   
assay+ silv] by cupellation has be5     
expla9$ "u ,,assay & ,,cupellation2 & t 
me?od is alone applicable  :5 ! alloy   
conta9s a v small quantity ( silv]1 z a 
few ounces  only p] ton4 ,:5 ! rev]se is
 ! case1 z ) ! silv] (  comm]ce1 !      
foll[+ is a mu* m accurate me?od3----   
#b4 ,humid assay ( silv]4----a4         
,dissolve #aj gr4 ( ! silv] = assay  9  

#ajj gr4 ( nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #abh1 by
 ! aid ( heat1 ! solution  be+ made 9 a 
tall /opp]$ glass tube1 furni%$ ) a     
foot2 !n  place x 9 a v delicate        
balance1 br+ x into an exact /ate (     
equilibrium1 & add ! te/ solution 7see  
bel[71 gradually &  cauti\sly1 until !  
:ole ( ! silv] be ?r[n d[n1 ! numb] (   
gra9s n[ requir$ to re/ore ! equilibrium
 ( ! balance or scales  gives ! exact   
quantity ( pure silv] 9 #ajjj p>ts ( !  
sample4----,obs4 ,to ensure accuracy1   
aft] ea* addition ! /opp] %\ld  be plac$
 9 ! tube1 & ! latt] viol5tly agitat$ = 
a %ort "t1  :5 ! liquor w rapidly cle> &
 enable u to see :5 ! op]ation  is      
conclud$4 ,we mu/ !n1 z a *eck1 add a   
small quantity ( a solution  ( nitrate (
 silv] to ! liquor 9 ! tube1 aft] hav+  
fir/  c>efully tak5 ! weight4 ,if too   
mu* ( ! te/ liquor has be5 add$1  ?is w 
produce a fre% precipitate1 & ! assay _c
 !n be  dep5d$ on4----,in/ead ( weigh+ !
 quantity ( te/ liquor us$1 a tube      
graduat$ into #ajj p>ts1 & hold+ #ajjj  

gr41 may be employ$1 e  division ( :i*1 
requir$ to ?r[ d[n ! silv]1 w repres5t !
  #a_/aj? ( a gra94 ,see ,,alkalimetry &
 ,,acidimetry4    b4 ,! precipitate (   
*loride ( silv] may be collect$ 9 a pap]
  filt]1 & be dri$1 wa%$1 fus$1 &       
weigh$4 ,! previ\s weight (  ! pap]1    
d$uct$ f ! gross weight ( ! filt] & its 
cont5ts1  gives ! quantity ( *loride (  
silv] pres5t1 :i* multipli$ by  #jgebgh1
 gives ! weight ( ! pure silv] 9 !      
sample4    ,te/ liquor4 ,dissolve #edbg 
7#ed-a_/d7 gr4 ( pure sea salt 9 #iidegc
 gr4  7or #bb oz4 & #cbj-c_/d gr4       
avoirdupois7 ( di/ill$ wat]2 filt]1 &   
keep ! liquor 9 a /opp]$ bottle = use4  
,pure sea salt is obta9$  by boil+      
toge!r1 = a few m9utes1 9 a glass       
vessel1 a solution (  common salt ) a   
little pure bic>bonate ( soda2 !n add+  
to !  filt]$ liquor suffici5t           
hydro*loric acid to r5d] x neutral to   
litmus & turm]ic pap]1 &1 la/ly1        
evaporat+ & cry/allis+4    ,obs4 ,!     
pres5ce ( m]cury1 lead1 or sulphuret (  

silv]1 int]f]es  ) ! accuracy ( ! above 
assay4 ,:5 m]cury is pres5t1 !          
precipitate black5s less readily by     
exposure to light2 & :5 x  conta9s      
#d_/ajjj or #e_/ajjj ( *loride ( m]cury1
 x rema9s ( a dead  :ite2 ) #c_/ajjj x  
is n s5sibly discol\r$ by ! diffus$     
light (  a room1 ) #b_/ajjj only        
slightly d>k5$1 ) #a_/ajjj m s1 b )     
pure *loride ( silv]1 ! effect is v     
rapid & int5se4 ,:5 ?is  metal is       
pres5t1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 seldom ! case1 ! 
assay sample  mu/ be plac$ 9 a small    
crucible1 & expos$ to a full r$ heat1   
be=e  solution 9 ! acid4 ,ano!r me?od1  
propos$ by ,m4 ,levol1 & modifi$  by ,m4
 ,gay-,lussac1 is to add to ! nitric    
solution ( ! silv]  suffici5t acetate ( 
ammonia or cry/allis$ acetate ( soda to 
saturate  all ! nitric acid exi/+ 9 !   
liquor1 ei!r 9 ! free /ate or  comb9$ ) 
! silv]4 ,:5 ! alloy conta9s lead1 %[n  
by !  precipitat$ *loride be+ p>tly     
soluble 9 wat]1 x may ei!r be  lam9at$ &
 subject$ to ! action ( acetic acid be=e

 solution 9  ! nitric acid2 or1 ! te/   
solution ( *loride ( soda %\ld be       
replac$ by "o ( *loride ( lead2 7#acicee
 gr4 ( ! latt] are equiv4  to #ehgcb gr4
 ( ! =m]74 ,! pres5ce ( sulphuret (     
silv] is  detect$ :il/ dissolv+ ! sample
 9 nitric acid1 by ! black flakes  :i*  
may be obs]v$ float+ ab\t 9 ! liquor 9  
an insoluble /ate4  ,^! flakes may be   
dissolv$ by fum+ nitric acid1 or by add+
 pure  conc5trat$ sulphuric acid to !   
solution1 :i* %\ld be !n heat$  = ab\t a
 #a_/d h\r 9 a /eam-ba?4 ,:5 ?us treat$1
 ! precipitate  produc$ by ! te/ liquor 
repres5ts ! :ole ( ! silv] conta9$  9 ! 
alloy4    ,dr ,grg]#afd gives ! foll[+  
process ( ! prep>ation ( pure  metallic 
silv]3----,he dissolv$ ! alloy ( silv] 9
 nitric acid1 tak+  c>e to use z small a
 quantity ( ! acid z possible4 ,!       
solution is  !n transf]r$ to a l>ge-siz$
 porcela9 bas91 & gradually  neutralis$ 
) previ\sly lixiviat$ *alk free f       
*lor9e4 ,!  neutralis$ liquid is next   
boil$1 & *alk aga9 add$ to x1 :ile      

boil+1 until ! fluid has become         
col\rless4 7,9 ord] to te/ m            
accurately1 a drop ( ! liquid is p\r$ on
 a piece ( :ite  filt]+-pap]1 & next to 
t drop is plac$ "o ( a solution (       
f]rocyanide ( potassium2 z long z !     
well-kn[n r$ col\ration1  copp]         
reaction1 h]eby ensues1 *alk is add$47  
,! fluid is next  filt]$ to sep>ate !   
c>bonate ( copp]1 & ! filtrate 7a       
solution  ( nitrate ( silv]1 & nitrate (
 lime7 is aga9 boil$1 & ei!r  fur!r     
treat$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 or bett] /ill1
 ) c>bonate (  soda4 ,! bright          
yell[-col\r$ precipitate !reby ensu+1 a 
mixture (  c>bonate ( silv]1 & c>bonate 
( lime1 is wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$1  leav+ 
a greyi%-:ite mass ( metallic silv]1    
mix$ ) c>bonate (  lime4 ,?is mixture is
 treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 wa%$ 
)  di/ill$ wat]1 & !n fus$ along )      
borax1 yield+ pure silv]4  ,! bright    
gre5 col\r$ c>bonate ( copp] c be us$ z 
a pigm5t =  pa9t+ purposes4    ,footnote
 #afd3 #8,*emical ,news1' xxv1 ,no4     

#fda1 #aai4    ,krg] says3----,9        
frequ5tly exp]im5t+ ) silv] salts1 a    
mixture (  solution ( precipitates is   
obta9$1 9 :i* silv] exi/s 9 all k9ds  ( 
comb9ation4 ,:5 su* mixtures are %ak5 up
 ) an e!real solution  ( phosphorus1 !  
solution & ! precipitate soon sep>ate1 !
 =m]  be+ m or less yell[1 ! latt]      
int5sely black4 ,if light-col\r$        
p>ticles are p]ceiv$ 9 ! precipitate1 ! 
quantity ( phosphorus  solution employ$ 
is n suffici5t1 & m mu/ be add$ till !  
precipitate is uni=mly black4 ,!        
precipitate is next filt]$1 wa%$1  &    
dri$1 or plac$ :ile /ill damp1 9 a      
porcela9 di% & boil$ )  pota% solution4 
,pure metallic silv] is ?us obta9$4 ,if 
a solid fus$  mass is requir$1 pure     
potassium hydrate is fus$ 9 a crucible1 
& to  ?is ! dri$ precipitate is add$ 9  
small portions4    ,uses1 c4 ,metallic  
silv]1 unless 9 a /ate ( v m9ute        
division1  has no action on ! human     
body4 ,a plate ( silv] is ord]$1 9 !    
,ph4  ,l41 z a te/ ( ! pres5ce ( nitric 

acid 9 ! acetic & phosphoric  acids2 &  
metallic silv] 7pref]ably granulat$7 is 
employ$ by !  o!r colleges 9 !          
prep>ation ( ! nitrate4 ,its num]\s     
applications 9 ! arts are well kn[n4 ,! 
/&>d silv] ( ,engl&  conta9s #aaa p>ts (
 silv] & #i p>ts ( copp]4    ,conclud+  
,rem>ks4 ,! rese>*es ( ,tillet1         
,d',arcet1 & ,gay-,lussac  h cle>ly %[n 
t ! p]c5tage ( silv] 9 an alloy1 z      
indicat$  by cupellation1 is always bel[
 its real ri*ness 9 t metal1 ow+ to     
loss 9 ! process2 &1 t ! cupell$ button 
always reta9s a trace  ( lead & copp]1 !
 precise quantity ( :i* is v>iable4 ,!  
foll[+ table exhibits ! additions to be 
made on ?is score1 :5 !  quantity assay$
 7assay p\nd7 is #bj gr43----           
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,actual ri*ness  ,p]c5tage      ,weight 
aft] cupellation4  9 pure    ( ri*ness 9
                               silv]4   
pure silv]4                             
----------------------------------------

--------------             #aiigi       
#bj            #ajj                     
#ahie                 #ai               
#ie                   #agib             
#ah             #ij                     
#afiag                #ag               
#he                   #aeiad            
#af             #hj                     
#adia                 #ae               
#ge                   #acije            
#ad             #gj                     
#abije                #ac               
#fe                   #aaijf            
#ab             #fj                     
#ajijf                #aa               
#ee                    #iijf            
#aj             #ej                     
#giba                 #h             #dj
                    #eidh               
#f             #cj                      
#cidi                 #d             #bj
                    #aihb               
#b             #aj                      
----------------------------------------
--------------    ,9 assay+ lead ores v 

poor 9 silv] ! be/ quantity to be tak5  
= cupellation is #ejj gr42 & f t        
quantity #jjadh ( silv]1  includ+       
comp5sation = loss1 repres5ts "o ounce (
 silv] to !  ton4 ,a cupel may absorb   
its own weight ( lead4 ,if ! quantity ( 
lead to  be absorb$ is m consid]able1   
ano!r cupel may be turn$ topsy-turvy1  &
 ! cupel 9 :i* ! assay is to be made may
 be plac$ ^u x4 ,see  ,assay1 & ,m4     
,gay-,lussac's elaborate memoir on !    
#8,humid ,assay (  ,silv]1'    ,= !     
recov]y or r$uction ( silv] f ! *loride 
& its o!r  comp\nds1 sev]al me?ods are  
employ$3----    a4 ,! wa%$ *loride is   
plac$ 9 a z9c or iron cup1 along ) a    
little wat] /rongly acidulat$ )         
sulphuric acid2 or 9 a glass or         
porcela9 cup along ) a z9c plate2 ! :ole
 may !n be left to  itself = "s h\rs2   
or1 to ha/5 ! r$uction1 g5tly heat$1 or 
ev5  boil$2 ! precipitat$ silv] is wa%$ 
) pure wat]1 & dri$4    b4 7,hornung47  
,dige/ ! *loride ) "s ammonia & pure    
copp]  fil+s1 = #bd h\rs1 !n wa% & dry !

 p[d]4    c4 7,m4 ,levol47 ,! wa%$      
*loride is mix$ ) an equal weight (     
sug>1 & ! mixture is dige/$ 9 an excess 
( a mod]ately /rong  solution ( cau/ic  
potassa1 ) occasional agitation = #bd   
h\rs2 or  ! :ole is boil$ = "s "t2 !    
r$uc$ silv] is wa%$ )  di/ill$ wat]4    
d4 7,mohr47 ,! dry *loride is mix$ )    
#a-crd ( its weight (  p[d]$ black res91
 & mod]ately heat$ 9 a crucible until ! 
flame  ceases to h a gre5i%-blue col\r2 
! heat is !n sudd5ly increas$  s z to   
melt ! metal into a button or +ot4    e4
 7,m4 ,gay-,lussac47 ,if ! *loride1 dry 
x1 & ?r[ x1 9 successive  portions1 into
 twice its weight ( c>bonate ( potassa  
fus$ 9 a r$-hot  ,hessian crucible2     
eff]vesc5ce ensues1 & ! pure silv]      
subsides to  ! bottom4----,if a 8soluble
 salt10 z ! nitrate1 acidulate !        
solution1  & precipitate x by means ( a 
poli%$ plate ( copp]2 ! silv] is  !n    
obta9$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]4 ,! products ( !   
above processes1  :5 ! latt] are        
c>efully conduct$1 are *emically pure   

silv]4    ,silv]1 ,acetate (4 ,syn4     
,,arg5ti ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by add+ a
  solution ( acetate ( potassa to a l   
solution ( nitrate ( silv]1  wa%+ !     
precipitate ) cold wat]1 r$issolv+ x 9 a
 little hot  wat]1 & sett+ ! solution   
aside to cry/allise4 ,small col\rless   
ne$les4    ,silv]1 ,ammoniuret (4 ,see  
,,fulm9at+ ,,silv] 7,b]?ollet's1 ,nos4  
#a &  #b1 page #gfh74    ,silv]1        
,ammonio-*loride (4 ,syn4               
,,arg5to*loride ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,arg5ti 
,,ammonio-,,*loridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add1  
gradually1 *loride ( silv] 7rec5tly     
precipitat$ & well wa%$7 to conc5trat$  
liquor ( ammonia1 z long  z x is        
dissolv$ on agitation1 apply+ a g5tle   
heat t[>ds ! end2  !n heat ! solution to
 ! boil+-po9t1 conc5trate a little1 &   
all[ x to cool v sl[ly2 collect !       
cry/als :i* =m1 dry !m by  pressure 7)  
c>e7 betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]1 & at  
once pres]ve  !m f ! light &            
air4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr4      
,silv]1 ,b5zoate (4 ,ag,c#g;,h#e,o#b4   

,?9 transp>5t plates1 :i*  are black5$  
by exposure to ! light4 ,see ,,b5zoate4 
,silv]1 ,bromide (4 ,ag,br4 ,resembles !
 *loride4    ,silv]1 ,c>bonate (4       
,ag#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,arg5ti ,,c>bonas1 
,l4 ,a :ite  insoluble p[d]1 obta9$ by  
precipitat+ a cold solution ( nitrate ( 
silv] ) ano!r ( c>bonate ( sodium4 ,x is
 decompos$ by heat4    ,silv]1 ,*loride 
(4 ,ag,cl4 ,syn4 ,,arg5tic ,,*loride4   
,prep4  ,precipitate a solution (       
nitrate ( silv] by dilute hydro*loric   
acid or  a solution ( common salt2 wa% !
 precipitate1 & dry x 9 !               
%ade4----,dose1 #a_/d to #c gr41 ?rice  
daily2 9 epilepsy1 *ronic  dys5t]y1     
*ol]a1 di>rha1 c4 ,dr ,p]ry reg>ds x z  
pref]able to !  nitrate4 ,:5 fus$1      
*loride ( silv] =ms horn silv]1 ! #8luna
  cornea' ( ! old] writ]s4    ,silv]1   
,cyanide (4 ,ag,c,n4 ,syn4 ,,arg5tic    
,,cyanide1 ,,hydrocyanate ,,(  ,,silv]4 
,prep4 ,add dilute hydrocyanic acid to a
 solution ( nitrate (  silv]1 z long z a
 precipitate falls2 wa% ?is ) di/ill$   

wat]1  & dry x4    ,prop41 c4 ,cyanide (
 silv] is a :ite p[d]1 soluble 9        
ammonia1 &  decompos$ by contact )      
vegetable sub/ances2 light turns x      
violet-col\r$4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h
 gr42 9 syphilis1 c4 ,x has be5  propos$
 z a s\rce ( hydrocyanic acid4          
7,ev]itt47    ,silv] ,hyposulphite (4   
,ag#b,s#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,arg5ti           
,,hyposulphis1  ,l4 ,a :ite sub/ance1   
insoluble 9 wat]1 & v prone to          
decomposition4  ,x is v soluble 9 !     
alkal9e hyposulphites1 =m+ comp\nds     
possess+ an int5sely sweet ta/e4 ,see   
,,hyposulphur\s ,,acid4    ,silv]1      
,iodide (4 ,ag,i4 ,syn4 ,,arg5tic       
,,iodide2 ,,arg5ti ,,iodidum1 ,l4       
,prep4 ,precipitate a solution ( nitrate
 ( silv] ) ano!r ( iodide  ( potassium2 
wa% ! precipitate ) di/ill$ wat]1 & dry 
x 9 !  %ade4 ,pale gre5i%-yell[2        
insoluble 9 wat] & 9 liquor ( ammonia2  
soluble 9 a solution ( hyposulphite (   
soda4 ,us$ 9 "s ( ! ,fr5*  hospitals 9 !
 /oma* affections ( scr(ul\s subjects3  

also 9  epilepsy4----,dose1 #a_/ab to #a
 gr4    ,silv]1 ,nitrate (4 ,ag,n,o#c4  
,syn4 ,,arg5ti ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,?is       
article is  f\nd 9 comm]ce "u two       
=ms3----    #a4 ,,cry/allis$4 ,prep4 ,by
 dissolv+ gra9 silv] 9 nitric acid      
dilut$  ) ab\t twice its weight ( wat]1 
evaporat+ ! solution until x is  /rong  
en\gh to cry/allise on cool+1 & !n all[+
 x to cool v  sl[ly4 ,col\rless2        
transp>5t1 anhydr\s rhombic prisms or   
tables2  soluble 9 an equal weight (    
cold & 9 half _! weight ( boil+  wat]2  
soluble 9 alcohol2 fuse :5 heat$1 & at a
 high] temp]ature  suff] decomposition2 
black5$ by light1 & by contact ) organic
  sub/ances4 ,its solution 9 di/ill$    
wat] is n s5sibly d>k5$ by  light1 9 !  
abs5ce ( organic matt]4 ,us$ =          
solutions1 & 9  photography4    #b4     
,,fus$ 7,,lun> ,,cau/ic2 ,,arg5ti       
,,nitras----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e41 ,a4 
,n4  ,,fusum----,ph4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,ph4 
,d47 ,ref9$ silv]1 #c oz42 pure nitric  
acid1  #d fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #e fl4 

oz42 mix 9 a glass flask1 & apply 9  a  
g5tle heat until ! metal is dissolv$2   
transf] ! solution to a  porcela9       
capsule 7or a l>ge porcela9 crucible71  
decant+ x (f a  heavy black p[d] :i*    
appe>s at ! bottom ( ! flask1 &1 hav+   
evaporat$ x to dryness1 raise ! heat 79 
a d>k room7 until ! mass  liquefies2 !n 
p\r x into a brass m\ld 7iron           
m\lds----,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4  #ahcf71    
furni%$ ) cyl9drical cavities ( ! size (
 a goose-quill1  & :i* !n admits ( be+  
op5$ by a h+e2 pres]ve ! concret$  salt 
9 well-/opp$ bottles1 imp]vi\s to !     
light4 ,! =mul ( !  ,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4  
#ahcf are simil>4    ,obs4 ,9 prep>+ ?is
 salt c>e %\ld be _h t ! silv] is free  
f copp]4 ,pure nitrate ( silv] may1     
h[ev]1 be prep>$ f silv]  conta9+ copp]1
 by evaporat+ ! nitric solution to      
dryness1 &  cauti\sly heat+ ! mix$      
nitrates to fusion4 ,a small portion ( !
  melt$ mass is exam9$ f "t to "t1 until
 a little dissolv$ 9  wat]1 & treat$ )  
ammonia 9 excess1 ceases to /rike a blue

 col\r4  ,:5 ?is po9t is arriv$ at1 !   
fus$ nitrate is all[$ to cool1 :5  x is 
r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$ or decant$ f ! 
insoluble black  oxide ( copp]1 &       
evaporat$ 9 ! usual way4    ,! heat     
employ$ 9 prep>+ ! fus$ nitrate %\ld n  
exce$ #dbj  ,fahr41 & ! fusion %\ld be  
effect$ completely1 b ) mod]ate         
exp$ition1 to prev5t loss ( nitric acid4
 ,=m]ly1 a mass (  well-temp]$ :ite     
clay1 p]=at$ by means ( a well-greas$   
goose-quill1 0 us$ in/ead ( metal m\lds4
 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf  ! m\lds 
are ord]$ to be greas$2 :5 ?is is done1 
! /icks (  cau/ic %\ld be wip$ clean    
be=e roll+ !m 9 pap]4 ,! m\lds  %\ld be 
g5tly heat$ be=e p\r+ ! fus$ nitrate    
into !m4 ,mr  ,b5zo91 ! celebrat$ ,dani%
 ph>maceuti/1 recomm5ds m\ld =m$ (  !   
massive :ite ,bohemian talc or ( ,engli%
 slate4    ,pur41 c4 ,pure nitrate (    
silv]1 :e!r cry/allis$ or fus$1 is      
entirely soluble 9 wat]1 yield+ a       
col\rless solution1 f :i*  metallic     
silv] is precipitat$ by a piece ( bright

 copp]2 bo? are  orig9ally :ite1 b are  
d>k5$ by exposure to light & contact )  
organic matt]4    ,uses1 c4 ,nitrate (  
silv] is a p[]ful tonic1 antispasmodic1 
a/r+5t & es*>otic4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a
 gr41 gradually increas$1  twice or     
?rice a day1 made into a pill ) crum (  
bread2 9 *ol]a1  epilepsy1 c41 prec$$ by
 purgatives4 ,x has be5 highly extoll$  
by ,mr  ,ross z a rem$y 9 *ol]a4 ,its   
cont9u$ use p]man5tly col\rs !  sk94 ,x 
is also ext5sively employ$ ext]nally z a
 cau/ic4 ,x is  p[]fully poison\s4 ,a   
solution ( common salt1 emetics1 &      
demulc5ts1  con/itute ! treatm5t 9 su*  
cases4 ,nitrate ( silv] is mu* employ$  
9 ! manufacture ( #8indelible ink' =    
l951 & hair dyes4    ,silv]1 ,dioxide (4
 ,ag#b,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,arg5ti ,,suboxydum1 
,l4 ,prep4  ,f dry citrate ( silv] heat$
 to #bab ,fahr41 9 a /ream ( hydrog5    
gas1 until x turns d>k br[n1 :5 x is    
dissolv$ 9 wat]2 !  solution is next    
treat$ ) potassa1 & ! precipitate is    
c>efully  wa%$ & dri$4 ,a black p[d]1   

easily decompos$1 & soluble 9  ammonia4 
,silv]1 ,oxide (4 ,ag#b,o4 ,syn4        
,,protoxide ,,( ,,silv]2 ,,arg5ti       
,,oxydum1  ,a4 ,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,lane47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #b p>ts2 
hydrate  ( potassa1 #a "p2 dissolve ea* 
sep>ately 9 di/ill$ wat]1 mix !         
solutions1 &1 aft] frequ5t agitation    
dur+ an h\r1 collect & wa%  !           
precipitate1 & dry x by a g5tle heat 9 !
 %ade4 ,a pale br[n  p[d]4    #b4       
,rec5tly precipitat$ *loride ( silv] is 
boil$ 9 a solution (  hydrate (         
potassium ( ! sp4 gr4 #abe1 ) frequ5t   
/irr+ &  trituration1 until1 on te/+ a  
little ( x1 x is f\nd to be entirely    
soluble 9 dilute nitric acid1 :5 x is   
wa%$ & dri$1 z be=e4 ,a  black & v d5se 
p[d]4 ,*emically pure4    #c4 ,nitrate (
 silv]1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz41    
dissolve1 & p\r !  solution into a      
bottle conta9+ lime wat]1 #b qu>ts1 or  
q4 s42 agitate  ! mixture well1 collect 
& wa% ! s$im5t1 & dry x at a heat n     
exce$+ #bab ,fahr4 ,a d>k olive-br[n    

p[d]4 ,pure4    ,prop41 c4 ,v soluble 9 
solutions ( ammonia & ( ! alkal9e       
hyposulphites2 slightly soluble 9 wat]2 
reaction alkal9e2 decompos$ by          
light4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr42 9     
epilepsy1 ga/ralgic irritations1 c4 ,x  
is mu* us$ 9 ,france1 & has be5 highly  
extoll$ 9 m5orrhagia4 ,by  "s1 h[ev]1 x 
is n consid]$ sup]ior to ! nitrate4     
,silv] ,p5cils1 ,nitrate (4 ,accord+ to 
,a4 ,hub]1 v ?9 p5cils (  nitrate (     
silv]1 su* z are sometimes requir$ =    
intra-ut]9e  applications may be prep>$ 
9 ! foll[+ mann]3----,silv] nitrate is  
fus$ 9 a capsule1 & ! liquid drawn up by
 sl[ & cauti\s suction  into a glass    
tube1 ! calibre ( :i* is a trifle l>g]  
?an !  requir$ diamet] ( ! p5cil4       
,especial c>e is to be tak5 t no        
cavities fill$ ) air-bubbles are produc$
 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tube4  ,:5 entirely    
cold ! tube is w>m$ by turn+ ov] a      
_s-lamp until  ! out] surface ( ! /ick  
has become s(t1 :5 x may be easily  pu%$
 out by means ( a knitt+ ne$le4 ,) a    

little practice v  h&some p5cils (      
consid]able l5g? may be obta9$ 9 ?is    
mann]4    ,silv]1 ,p]oxide (4 ,syn4     
,,arg5ti ,,p]oxydum1 ,l4 ,a black       
cry/all9e  sub/ance :i* =ms on !        
positive electrode ( a voltaic          
arrangem5t  employ$ to decompose        
solution ( nitrate ( silv]4    ,silv]1  
,sulphate (4 ,ag#b,,s#d4 ,syn4          
,,arg5ti-,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4  ,by     
boil+ silv] 9 sulphuric acid2 or1 by    
precipitat+ a solution (  ! nitrate by  
ano!r ( sulphate ( sodium4 ,x dissolves 
9 #hj p>ts (  hot wat]1 & falls 9 small 
col\rless ne$les z ! solution cools4    
,silv]1 ,sulphide (4 ,ag#b,s4 ,syn4     
,,sulphuret ,,( ,,silv]2 ,,arg5ti       
,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep>$ by pass+     
sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh a  solution ( 
nitrate ( silv]2 or1 by melt+ its       
con/itu5ts toge!r4  ,x possesses a      
greyi%-black col\r1 & is a /rong        
sulphur-base4    ,silv]1 ,oxidis$4 ,!   
high appreciation 9 :i* ornam5tal       
articles 9  oxidis$ silv] are n[ held1  

r5d]s a notice ( ! process foll[$       
int]e/+4 ,!re are two di/9ct %ades 9    
use1 "o produc$ by  *lor9e1 :i* has a   
br[ni% t9t1 & ! o!r by sulphur1 :i* has 
a  blui%-black t9t4 ,to produce ! =m]1 x
 is only necess>y to wa% !  article ) a 
solution ( sal ammoniac4 ,a mu* m       
beautiful t9t may1  h[ev]1 be obta9$ by 
employ+ a solution compos$ ( equal p>ts 
(  sulphate ( copp] & sal ammoniac      
dissolv$ 9 v9eg>4 ,a f9e black  t9t may 
be produc$ by a slightly w>m solution ( 
sulphide ( potassium  or ( sodium4      
7#8,*em4 ,te*n4'7    ,,silv] ,,du/4     
,syn4 ,,silv] ,,p[d]2 ,,arg5ti ,,crocus1
 ,a4 ,,pulvis1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 ,pure    
pulv]ul5t silv]1 obta9$ by any ( !      
me?ods expla9$ on  ! previ\s page4 ,us$ 
to coat pills1 by japann]s1 c4    #b4   
,heat oxide ( silv] to dull r$ness 9 a  
porcela9 crucible1 cool1  triturate !   
p[d] 9 an agate mort>1 & pass x ?r\gh a 
f9e sieve4  ,us$ at ! hospital (        
,montpelli]4    ,,silv] ,,%ells4 ,^! are
 prep>$ & us$ l gold %ells4             

,,sil,,v]+4 ,! art ( cov]+ ! surfaces ( 
bodies ) a ?9  coat+ ( silv]4 ,lea!r1   
pap]1 wood1 c41 are silv]$ by cov]+  !m 
) silv] leaf1 by a simil> process to t  
employ$ = gild+  !m4    ,silv]+ (       
,glass4 ,two di/9ct me?ods are adopt$ = 
?is  purpose----"o ( :i* consi/s 9      
employ+ a lay] ( t9-foil &  m]cury1     
falsely call$ #8silv]+1' ! o!r 9 us+ a  
coat+ ( real  silv] precipitat$ f a     
solution ( t metal4    #a4 ,plane       
surfaces1 z ^? ( mirrors1 c41 are       
commonly silv]$ z  foll[s3----,a %eet ( 
t9-foil correspond+ to ! size ( ! plate 
(  glass is ev5ly spread on a p]fectly  
smoo? & solid m>ble table1 &  e wr9kle  
on its surface is c>efully rubb$ d[n ) a
 bru%2 a  portion ( m]cury is !n p\r$   
on1 & rubb$ ov] ! foil ) a  clean piece 
( v s(t wooll5 /uff1 or a h>e's foot1   
aft] :i* two  rules are appli$ to !     
edges1 & m]cury p\r$ on to ! dep? ( a   
cr[n-piece1 :5 any oxide on ! surface is
 c>efully remov$1 & !  %eet ( glass1    
made p]fectly clean & dry1 is slid along

 ov] !  surface ( ! liquid metal1 s t no
 air1 dirt1 or oxide c possibly  ei!r   
rema9 or get betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! glass has 
arriv$ at its  prop] position1 g5tle    
pressure is appli$1 & ! table slop$ a   
little  to c>ry (f ! wa/e m]cury1 aft]  
:i* x is cov]$ ) flannel &  load$ )     
heavy weights2 9 #bd h\rs x is remov$ to
 a wood5 table &  fur!r slant$1 & ?is   
position is progressively increas$ dur+ 
a  mon?1 until x becomes p]p5dicul>4    
,= silv]+ convex or concave surfaces a  
m\ld ( pla/] ( ,p>is is  employ$1 s t ! 
amalgamat$ foil may be accurately fitt$ 
to !  surface4    ,globes & o!r holl[   
vessels are commonly silv]$ by !        
application  ( "o ( ! silv]+ amalgams   
notic$ at page #aag4    #b4 ,9 ! ,,humid
 ,,way4----a4 7,drayton47 ,a mixture is 
fir/ made ( nitrate  ( silv] 79 co>se   
p[d]71 #a oz41 ammonia1 #a_/b oz41 &    
wat]1 #b oz41  :i*1 aft] /&+ = #bd h\rs1
 is filt]$ 7! deposit ^u !  filt]1 :i*  
is silv]1 be+ pres]v$71 & an addition is
 made !reto  ( _s 7by pref]5ce1 rectifi$

 _s at #fj o4 p471 or naph?a1 #c  oz42 f
 #bj to #cj drops ( oil ( cassia are !n 
add$2 &1 aft]  rema9+ = ab\t #f h\rs    
long]1 ! solution is ready = use4 ,!    
glass to be silv]$ 7fir/ well clean$ &  
poli%$7 is plac$ 9 a  horizontal        
position1 & a wall ( putty1 or o!r      
suitable mat]ial1  =m$ ar\nd x2 ! above 
solution is !n p\r$ ov] x to ! dep?  ( f
 #a_/h to #a_/d in*2 f #f to #ab drops (
 a mixture ( oil ( cloves  & _s ( w9e 79
 ! proportion ( #a "p1 by measure1 ( oil
 (  cloves1 to #c ( _s ( w9e7 are next  
dropp$ into x1 at diff]5t  places2 or ! 
dilut$ oil ( cloves may be mix$ ) !     
solution be=e  x is p\r$ ^u ! glass1 a  
l>g] quantity1 9 bo? cases1 increas+  ! 
rate ( ! deposit4 ,:5 ! glass is        
suffici5tly silv]$1 !  solution is p\r$ 
(f2 & z soon z ! silv] on ! glass is    
p]fectly dry1 x is v>ni%$ ) a           
composition =m$ by melt+  toge!r equal  
quantities ( beeswax & tall[4 ,!        
solution1 aft] be+  p\r$ (f1 is all[$ to
 /& = #c or #d days1 9 a close vessel2 z

 x  /ill conta9s silv]1 & may be aga9   
employ$ aft] filtration1 & !  addition (
 a suffici5t quantity ( fre% +r$i5ts to 
supply ! place  ( ^? :i* h be5 us$4 #ah 
gr4 ( nitrate ( silv] are suffici5t  =  
"o squ>e foot ( glass4 ,holl[ vessels   
may he silv]$ by p\r+  ! solution into  
!m4 ,by ! addition ( a small quantity ( 
oil (  c>away1 oil ( cloves1 or oil (   
?yme1 ! col\r ( ! silv] may be  v>i$4   
7#8,pat5t ,j\rn4'7    b4 7,?omson       
,melli%47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #b oz42 wat]
 & rectifi$  _s1 ( ea* #c fl4 oz42      
dissolve1 add ( _s ( h>t%orn or liquor  
( ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41 mix1 & aft] a    
%ort "t filt] ! solution2 to  ea* ounce 
( ?is add ( grape sug>1 #a_/d oz41      
previ\sly dissolv$ 9 a  mixture (       
rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2    
aft] #c or #d  h\rs' repose x is fit =  
use4 ,?is solution is appli$ to ! glass1
  heat$ to ab\t #afj ,fahr41 9 a simil> 
mann] to ! la/4 ,pat5t$4    c4 ,! be/   
plan ( silv]+ pla9 or slightly curv$    
surfaces is1  h[ev]1 ! me?od employ$ =  

coat+ ! specula ( ! silv]$-glass        
,newtonian telescopes4 ,?is me?od is v  
easy1 & has ! advantages (  giv+ a      
brilliant & durable surface on bo?      
sides1 & ! film is  suffici5tly firm to 
admit ( be+ poli%$ ) r\ge & f9e         
wa%-lea!r4    ,"o half ounce ( pure     
nitrate ( silv] is dissolv$ 9 #d oz4 (  
di/ill$ wat]1 & divid$ into two equal   
portions4 ,"o is treat$ )  dilute       
ammonia until ! br[ni% precipitate is   
entirely r$issolv$2 &  to ?is cle>      
solution1 #a_/b oz4 ( pure hydrate (    
potassium dissolv$ 9  #h oz4 ( wat]     
add$2 & ! br[n precipitate1 & grey      
s$im5t t  rema9s aft] ! br[n precipitate
 disappe>s1 dissolv$ by ! cauti\s       
addition ( ammonia1 /irr+ well all ! "t4
 ,! rema9+ nitrate (  silv] solution is 
n[ add$1 /irr+ well until x gives a     
greyi%  precipitate t does n disappe>   
aft] well /irr+4 ,! bulk ( !  solution  
is next made up to #ajj oz41 & all[$ to 
settle1 :5 ! cle>  solution is p\r$ (f =
 use4    ,! r$uc+ solution is prep>$ by 

dissolv+ #a_/b oz4 ( pure milk  sug> 9  
#aj oz4 ( hot wat]1 & add+ #aj m9ims (  
pure alcohol4    ,?is quantity ( silv]+ 
solution w coat ov] two squ>e feet (    
glass surface ) a brilliant film ( pure 
silv]4 ,! glass mu/ be  p]fectly clean1 
& is to be susp5d$ face d[nw>ds on !    
surface (  ! solution & all[$ to /& "o  
h\r2 ! temp]ature ( !  solution be+ be/ 
ab\t #hj ,fahr4    d4 7,r4 ,siem5s47 ,z 
a r$uc+ ag5t1 acetic aldehyde is us$ 9 !
  =m ( aldehyde ammonia1 prep>$ by pass+
 dry ammoniacal gas into  aldehyde4 ,f\r
 grams ( silv] nitrate & #b-a_/b grams (
 aldehyde ammonia  are sep>ately        
dissolv$ 9 a litre ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !  
solutions  mix$ & filt]$4 ,! article to 
be silv]$1 aft] wa%+ out )  potassium   
c>bonate1 & !n ) spirits ( w9e & di/ill$
 wat]1 to  remove e trace ( grease1 is  
fill$ ) ?is solution 7z f> z x  is      
desir$ to silv]71 & !n hung up 9 ! wat] 
ba?4    ,x is n[ gradually heat$1 & z   
soon z ! temp]ature rea*es #ej ,c4  !   
sep>ation ( ! silv] mirror beg9s1 & soon

 spreads ov] !  :ole inn] glass surface4
 ,its =mation is soon f9i%$1 usually    
betwe5  #ee or #fj4 ,:5 ! beauty ( !    
silv] surface rea*es a maximum x is  "t 
to )draw ! article f ! wat] ba?1 & p\r  
(f !  cont5ts1 or ! brilliancy ( !      
mirror w be impair$4 ,! article is      
f9ally r9s$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4    e4       
7,m>t947 ,m4 ,m>t9 makes use ( f\r      
liquids1 viz41 fir/1 a #aj p]  c5t4     
solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 second1     
liquor ammoni1 sp4 gr4 #igj2  ?ird1 a #d
 p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda2 & f\r?1
 a #ab-a_/b p]  c5t1 solution ( :ite    
sug>1 to :i* he adds #b-a_/b p] c5t4 (  
nitric  acid1 & aft] tw5ty m9utes' boil+
 he adds to x #be p>ts ( alcohol  &     
wat]1 to make up ! bulk to #bej4 ,!     
silv]+ solution is made by  mix+ toge!r 
#ab p>ts ( solution ,no4 #a1 #h p>ts (  
,no4 #b1 #bj p>ts (  ,no4 #c1 & #fj p>ts
 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & f9ally1 9 tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs1  #aj p>ts ( ,no4 #d4 ,! object to 
be silv]$ is !n imm]s$1 :5 x  w be cov]$
 ) a film ( r$uc$ silv]1 :i* 9 t5       

m9utes' "t  w be suffici5tly ?ick = use4
 ,aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ )  di/ill$ wat] &  
dri$ ! surface may be poli%$ ) *amois   
lea!r  & r\ge4    ,silv]+ ( ,metals4 #a4
 7,,leaf ,,silv]+47 ,?is is p]=m$ ) leaf
  silv]+ 9 ! way describ$ "u ,,gild+ = !
 gild+ ( poli%$  metals4    #c4 7,,cold 
,,silv]+47 ,mix *loride ( silv]1 #a "p1 
) pe>la%1 #c  p>ts1 common salt1 #a-a_/b
 "p1 & :it+1 #a "p2 & well rub !        
mixture on ! surface ( ! brass or copp] 
7previ\sly well clean$71  by means ( a  
piece ( s(t lea!r1 or a cork moi/5$ )   
wat] &  dipp$ into ! p[d]4 ,:5 prop]ly  
silv]$ ! metal %\ld be well  wa%$ 9 hot 
wat] slightly alkalis$1 & !n wip$ dry4  
#c4 7,,electeo-,,silv]+47 ,?is is       
describ$ "u ,,electrotype4    ,silv]1 ,a
 ,new ,imitation (4 ,a pat5t = an alloy 
has be5 tak5 out by  ,m4 ,lem>qu&1 :i*  
is said to be> a close resemblance to   
silv] 9  appe>ance1 & to be unaffect$ by
 atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,x has !  foll[+ 
composition3----      ,pure copp]       
#gej p>ts4    ,nickel                   

#adj   0    ,black oxide ( cobalt       
#bj   0    ,t91 9 /icks                 
#ah   0    ,z9c                         
#gb   0    ,,sim>\,,ba4 ,syn4 ,,sim>uba 
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,! root-b>k (      
,sim>uba  am>a or (fic9alis1 ! m\nta9   
damson4 ,tonic1 bitt]1 &                
a/r+5t4----,dose1 #bj to #cj gr42 9     
int]mitt5ts1 ob/9ate di>rha1  dys5t]y1 &
 dyspepsia4    ,,s9,,am9e4              
,c#d;,h#f,n#b4 ,a basic sub/ance =m$1   
along )  sulphide ( lead1 :5 ?ios9am9e  
is treat$ ) oxide ( lead4 ,x is  v bitt]
 ta/$1 has a p[]ful alkal9e reaction1 &1
 :5 sl[ly  obta9$ f its conc5trat$      
aque\s solution1 =ms brilliant          
col\rless cry/als4    ,,s9,,apism4 ,syn4
 ,,s9apismus1 ,l4 ,a mu/>d p\ltice4     
,,s9,,apol9e4 ,c#g;,h#ab,n#b,o4 ,a basic
 sub/ance1 =m$1 along )  c>bonic acid1  
:5 ! volatile oil ( mu/>d1 or           
sulphocyanide (  allyl1 is treat$ )     
oxide ( lead4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] &    
alcohol1  has an alkal9e reaction1 &    
cry/allises 9 col\rless plates4         

,,s9ks4 8,9 no case10 says ,mr          
,eassie1#afe 8%\ld ! wa/e pipe (  s9k1  
laboratory1 or ba? lead direct into !   
dra9s2 yet h[ frequ5tly  is ?is ! case1 
& a special c>d s5t out to disease &    
dea?4    ,footnote #afe3 #8,heal?y      
,h\ses1' by ,wm4 ,eassie1 ,c4,e4        
,simpk91 ,m>%all   ,co4    8,x mu/ also 
be rememb]$ x is e :it z dang]\s if ^!  
wa/e  conduits lead into ! soil pipe ( a
 closet4 ,wa/e pipes f !  above-nam$    
places %\ld be l$ d[n to )9 #ab or #ah  
in*es f !  gr\nd1 & %\ld deliv] on to ! 
grat+ ( a gully or y>d trap40    ,?is   
subject has be5 already treat$ 9 !      
article on 8,sanitation1  ,dome/ic10    
:]e9 we h embodi$ ! practical sugge/ions
 ( ,mr  ,coll9s1 ano!r sanit>y h\se     
re=m]1 z well z 9 our article on        
8,dra9age10 9 :i* w be f\nd details =   
c>ry+ out ! sy/em  recomm5d$ by ,messrs 
,eassie & ,symonds1 & ?us prev5t+ !     
admission into our dwell+-h\ses ( !     
poison\s sew] gas4    ,! matt] has s    
important a be>+ ^u heal?1 t we %all    

make no  apology = hav+ ?us reit]at$ &  
emphasis$ x by quot+ ,mr  ,eassie's     
words ( w>n+4 ,see ,,traps4             
,,sit,,fa/s4 ,^! h>d tum\rs1 possess+ b 
little s5sibility1 are  situat$ 9 ^?    
sup]ficial p>ts ( ! horse's body :i* h  
be5  expos$ to ! unequal pressure ( !   
coll>1 ! saddle1 or ! h>ness4  ,! tum\r 
%\ld be remov$ by ! vet]9>y surgeon1 if 
! previ\s  application ( ei!r bli/]s1   
b9iodide ( m]cury o9tm5t1 or a seton  h 
be5 tri$ & fail$ to disp]se x4 ,!       
precursor ( ! sitfa/ is  always a swell+
 fill$ ) s]um & lymph1 caus$1 z be=e    
/at$1  by badly-fitt+ h>ness4 ,h5ce !   
s\nde/ treatm5t is to prev5t its        
developm5t into ! h>d =m1 by prop]      
means1 directly x %[s itself1  ! be/    
rem$ies be+ ! application ( salt & wat] 
or ,g\l>d  wat]1 & correct+ ! defects ( 
! h>ness4    ,,size4 ,obta9$1 l glue1 f 
! sk9s ( animals1 b is evaporat$  less1 
& kept 9 ! s(t /ate4 ,see ,,gold &      
,,gold ,,size4    ,size1 ,oil4 ,?is may 
be made by gr9d+ yell[ o*re or burnt r$ 

o*re  ) boil$ l9se$ oil1 & ?9n+ x ) oil 
( turp5t9e4    ,,skate4 ,! ,raia batis  
7,l9n474 ,o!r v>ieties ( ,raia also pass
  "u ! "n4 ,x is a co>se fi%1 & is      
pr9cipally salt$ & dri$  = exportation4 
,,sk9 7,!74 ,syn4 ,,cutis1 ,,d]mis1     
,,pellis1 ,l4 ,e p]son mu/ be  famili> )
 ! ext]nal appe>ance & g5]al prop]ties (
 ! sk92  b !re are _m ( our read]s :o   
may n be aw>e ( its peculi>  comp\nd "*4
 ,! sk91 !n1 al?\gh app>5tly a s+le     
membrane1  is compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct     
lay]s or membranes1 ea* ( :i* p]=ms  its
 special duties3----#a4 ,! ext]ior ( ^! 
is call$ ! cuticle1  epid]mis1 or       
sc>f-sk94 ,x is an album9\s tissue1     
possess+ no  s5sibility1 & is f\nd      
?icke/ on ^? p>ts ( ! body mo/ expos$   
to friction or injury4----#b4 ,! muc\s  
net1 or rete mucosum1 :i* is a  ?9 lay] 
( s(t pulpy matt]1 :i* lies imm$iately  
"u ! cuticle1  & is suppos$ to be ! seat
 ( ! col\r ( ! sk94----#c4 ,! d]ma1     
cutis v]a1 or true sk91 is a highly     
s5sitive1 vascul>1 gelat9\s  texture1 ! 

?ird1 & la/ 9 succession f ! surface ( !
 body4  ,x is ?is :i*1 :5 ! sc>f-sk9 &  
hair h be5 remov$1 is  conv]t$ by !     
process ( tann+ or taw+ into lea!r4     
,! sk91 because ( its t\gh1 ela/ic1     
flexible nature & its  und]ly+ lay] (   
fat1 is admirably adapt$ = cov]+ ! v>i\s
  int]nal p>ts & organs1 z well z =     
bodily movem5t & ex]tion4  ,besides ?is1
 x ex]cises1 9 common ) ! lungs1 ! liv]1
 & !  kidneys1 ! important function ( a 
depurator1 & may1 ) ! organs  above     
specifi$1 be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ma9 outlets
 = ! wa/e  products ( ! body2 ! effete &
 noxi\s matt]s ( :i*1 :5 9 a  heal?y    
condition1 x effects ! removal1 are ^?  
conta9$ 9 !  p]spiration1 & 9 addition  
c>bonic acid1 &1 9 ! case ( unheal?y    
subjects1 nitrog54 ,! importance ( !    
removal ( ^! sub/ances f  ! organism w  
be realis$ :5 x is /at$ t1 :5 ?is       
excretory  function ( ! sk9 has1 9 !    
c\rse ( exp]im5ts ^u animals1 be5       
prev5t$ by cov]+ _! bodies ov] ) a coat 
( v>ni% or "s  o!r imp]meable ag5t1 !   

animal has quickly p]i%$4    ,!         
p]spiration is v>iable 9 am\nt1 ow+ to  
v>i\s causes1 su* z  temp]ature1 ! am\nt
 ( ex]cise tak51 ! m or less hygroscopic
  condition ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]es1 !  
quantity ( fluid swall[$1  ! season ( ! 
ye>1 c41 ) ! exception ( t :i* occurs "u
  ! armpits & ^u ! soles ( ! feet1 x has
 g5]ally an acid  reaction1 due to !    
pres5ce 9 x ( uncomb9$ =mic & lactic    
acids4  ,"u ord9>y conditions ( life x  
av]ages daily ab\t #b lbs4 9  quantity1 
be+1 z might be expect$1 m abundant ?an 
! ur9e 9  summ]1 & less 9 w9t]4 ,!      
p]spiration is ( v complex  composition1
 & conta9s lactates1 butyrates1 &       
acetates ( sodium &  ammonium1 sodic    
*loride1 phosphate ( calcium1 &         
sulphates----^!  latt]1 h[ev]1 occurr+ 9
 b small quantities4 ,x also conta9s a  
peculi> nitrog5\s sub/ance t v quickly  
decomposes1 & a  peculi> odor\s         
pr9ciple4 ,accord+ to ,anselm9o !       
proportion ( solid  matt] 9 !           
p]spiration v>ies f #e to #abe p>ts 9   

#ajjj4    ,v>i\s obs]v]s h arriv$ at    
diff]5t conclusions respect+ !  am\nt ( 
c>bonic acid exhal$ f ! sk94 ,pr(essor  
,s*>l+  believ$ x to be f a =tie? to a  
sixtie? ! am\nt giv5 (f by  ! lungs4    
,rec5t obs]vations seem1 h[ev]1 to h %[n
 t ?is  e/imate 0 too high4 ,dr ,edw>d  
,smi?1 op]at+ ^u himself by plac+  e "p 
( 8 body except ! head 9 a ca\t*\c bag1 
&  subsequ5tly collect+ ! evolv$ c>bonic
 acid 7! exp]im5t be+  p]=m$ 9 ! summ]  
"t71 f\nd ! quantity evolv$ to be #f    
gra9s  p] h\r1 or ab\t a hundr$? "p ( t 
pass+ (f f ! lungs4    ,aub]t's         
exp]im5ts l$ him to ! conclusion t x 0  
ab\t half !  am\nt giv5 by ,smi?2 :il/  
,re9h>t e/imat$ x at #cd or #ce gra9s a 
day4    ,^! excretory processes ( ! sk9 
are effect$ by means ( v m9ute  vessels 
call$ ! sudorip>\s or sweat-gl&s4 ,^!   
gl&s ab\nd  9 almo/ e "p ( ! human sk94 
,!y are ( l>ge/ size "u !  axill or     
arm-pits1 :]e p]spiration is mo/ pr(use4
 ,!y are also v  abundant ^u ! palms ( !
 h&4 ,pr(essor ,erasmus ,wilson says t z

  _m z #cebh ( ^! sweat-gl&s exi/ 9 a   
squ>e in* ( surface on  ! palm ( ! h&2 &
 z e tube1 :5 /raight5$ out1 is ab\t  a 
qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 x foll[s t1 9 a  
squ>e in* ( sk9  f ! palm ( ! h&1 !re   
exi/s a l5g? ( tube equal to #hhb       
in*es1 or #gc-a_/b feet4 ,^! gl&s1 z we 
h se51 v>y 9 numb] =  diff]5t p>ts ( !  
human body2 b if we take ,pr(essor      
,wilson's  av]age = ! sup]ficial area ( 
a man ( ord9>y /ature1 viz41 #bhjj  ( !m
 to ! squ>e in*1 x foll[s 8! total numb]
 ( pores on su*  a man's sk9 w\ld be    
ab\t sev5 millions1 & ! l5g? (          
p]spiratory tub+ w\ld !n be #a1gej1jjj  
in*es1 or #ade1hcc feet1 or  #dh1faa    
y>ds1 or ne>ly #bh miles40#aff          
,footnote #aff3 ,c>p5t]'s #8,human      
,physiology4'    ,illu/ration3          
,sudorif]\s ,gl& f ! palm ( ! h&        
magnifi$ #dj  diam43----a1 a1 contort$  
tubes1 compos+ ! gl&1 & unit+ 9 two     
excretory ducts2 b1 b1 :i* unite into "o
 spiral canal t p]=ates  ! epid]mis at  
c1 & op5s on its surface at d2 ! gl& is 

imb$d$ 9 fat-vesicles1 :i* are se5 at e1
 e4    ,9 addition to ! sudorip>\s1 !   
sk9 also possesses sebace\s  gl&s :i*   
/ud almo/ e "p ( its surface except !   
palms ( !  h&s & ! soles ( ! feet4 ,!   
sebace\s gl&s secrete a  semi-fluid1    
greasy k9d ( sub/ance1 ! (fice ( :i* is 
probably to  aid 9 r5d]+ ! sk9 s(t &    
supple1 & to prev5t ! too rapid         
evaporation ( moi/ure f x4 ,! sebace\s  
gl&s are m  p>ticul>ly f\nd on ! scalp1 
! anus1 & ! nose1 _! locality 9  ! sk9 (
 ?is la/ feature be+ sometimes m>k$ by  
small black specs1  :i* :5 squeez$ yield
 a little :ite mass resembl+ a maggot 9 
appe>ance4 ,?is is m]ely ! solidifi$    
secretion f ! sebace\s  gl&4 ,a p>asite 
kn[n z ! ,ac>us folliculorum infe/s !   
sebace\s  gl&s4 ,9 ! c>tilag9\s "p ( !  
ext]nal passage ( ! e> are  o!r gl&s1 ! 
c]um9\s1 :i* secrete ! wax t =ms a      
protective film = ! membrane ( !        
tympanum or drum1 & gu>ds x  aga9/ du/1 
insects1 c4 ,see ,,ex]cise1             
,,p]spiration4    ,,sk9 ,,balsam1       

,glyc]9----,glyc]9 ,haut1 ,balsam4 ,a   
mixture ( #ajjj p>ts  glyc]91 #abj p>ts 
orange-fl[] wat]1 #a "p ea* oils ( n]oli
 &  bitt] almonds4 7,hag]47    ,,sk9    
,,cosmet,,ics4 ,! simple/1 *eape/1 & mo/
 g5]ally employ$  cutane\s cosmetics are
 soap & wat]1 :i* at once cleanse & s(t5
  ! sk94 ,soap conta9+ a full proportion
 ( alkali ex]cises a solv5t  p[] ^u !   
cuticle1 a m9ute portion ( :i* x        
dissolves2 b :5  x conta9s a small      
prepond]ance ( oily matt]1 z ! pr9cipal 
"p (  ! mild] toilet soaps n[ d1 x      
me*anically s(t5s ! sk9 &  promotes its 
smoo?ness4 ,almond1 ,naples1 & ,ca/ile  
soaps are e/eem$  = ^! prop]ties1 & milk
 ( roses1 cold cream1 & almond p[d]     
7pa/e71 are also us$ = a simil> purpose4
 ,to produce an opposite  effect1 & to  
h>d5 ! cuticle1 spirits1 a/r+5ts1 acids1
 &  a/r+5t salts1 are commonly employ$4 
,! frequ5t use ( h>d wat]  has a simil> 
effect4 ,! application ( ^! articles is 
g5]ally =  ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ or       
pres]v+ "s p>ticul> "p aga9/  ! action (

 cold1 moi/ure1 c42 z ! lips1 or mamm1 f
 *app+1  or ! h&s f contract+ *ilbla9s2 
b 9 ?is respect oils1  pommades1 & o!r  
oleag9\s bodies1 are g5]ally reg>d$ z   
pref]able4    ,ano!r class ( cutane\s   
cosmetics are employ$ to remove freckles
 &  eruptions4 ,among ! mo/ innoc5t &   
valuable ( ^! is ,g[l&'s  lotion1 :i*   
has long be5 a popul> article1 &        
des]v$ly s1 = x  n only t5ds to imp>t a 
delightful s(tness to ! sk91 b is a mo/ 
valuable rem$y = _m ob/9ate eruptive    
diseases :i* frequ5tly  resi/ ! usual   
me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,bitt] almonds h be5 
recomm5d$ to remove freckles 7,celsus71 
b moi/5+ !m ) a lotion  made by mix+ #a 
fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s1 & a teaspoonful (
  hydro*loric acid ) #g or #h fl4 oz4 ( 
wat]1 is said to d ?is m  effectually4  
,a safe & excell5t cosmetic is an       
infusion ( hors]adi%  9 cold milk4      
7,)]+47    ,h]mann prescribes ! foll[+  
lotion3----,blan*$ almonds1 #b oz42 rose
  wat]1 #h oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #b oz4
 ,make an emulsion1 /ra91 & add  sal    

ammoniac1 #a dr42 simple t9cture (      
b5zo91 #b dr4    ,sk9 pa9ts & sk9 /a9s  
are employ$ to give an artificial bloom 
or  delicacy to ! sk94 ,r\ge & c>m9e are
 ! articles mo/ g5]ally  us$ to         
communicate a r$ col\r4 ,! fir/ is !    
only cosmetic t c  be employ$1 )\t      
injury1 to bright5 a lady's complexion4 
,! o!r1  ?\gh possess+ unrivall$ beauty1
 is apt to imp>t a sall[ness to !  sk9  
by frequ5t use4 ,/>* p[d] is employ$ to 
imp>t a :ite t9t1  & g5]ally proves     
p]fectly h>mless4 ,! ,am]ican ladies1 :o
 are v  fond ( pa9t+ _! necks :ite1 use 
f9ely-p[d]$ magnesia1 ano!r  v innoc5t  
sub/ance4 ,sev]al metallic comp\nds1 z !
 trisnitrate1  *loride1 & oxide ( bismu?
 7pe>l :ite1 ,f>d's :ite1 c71 c>bonate  
( lead 7flake :ite71 :ite precipitate1  
c41 are frequ5tly us$ to  revive fad$   
complexions2 b !y are n only injuri\s to
 ! sk91 b  act z poisons if tak5 up by !
 absorb5ts4 ,trisnitrate ( bismu?  7pe>l
 :ite71 probably ! lea/ injuri\s ( ^!   
articles1 has be5  kn[n to cause        

spasmodic trembl+s ( ! muscles ( ! face1
 end+ 9  p>alysis4 7#8,voght4 ,ph>m4'7  
,! employm5t ( liquid prep>ations       
conta9+ sug> ( lead1 :i* are commonly   
sold "u ! "n ( milk  ( roses1 cream (   
roses1 c41 is equally injuri\s4 ,ano!r  
disadvantage  ( ^! metallic prep>ations 
is1 t !y readily turn black :5  expos$  
to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1  
or ! vap\rs (  sulphur1 su* z frequ5tly 
escape into ! ap>tm5t f coal fires4     
,!re are _m in/ances record$ ( a :ole   
company be+ sudd5ly  al>m$ by ! pe>ly   
complexion ( "o ( its belles be+ ?us    
trans=m$ into a sickly grey or black    
col\r4    ,9 conclusion1 x may be rem>k$
 t ! be/ purifi]s ( ! sk9 are  soap &   
wat]1 foll[$ by ! use ( a co>se b n a   
/iff clo?1 9  opposition to ! co/ly &   
smoo? diap]s t are commonly employ$2  & 
! be/ beautifi]s are heal?1 ex]cise1 &  
good temp]4    ,sk91 ,goldbeater's4 ,see
 ,,goldbeat]',s ,,sk94    ,,sk9s 7(     
,animals74 ,! prep>ation & pres]vation (
 fur sk9s are  notic$ "u ,,peltry2 !    

prep>ation & uses ( ! sk9s ( ! l>g]     
animals "u ,,lea!r1 ,,tann+1 ,,taw+1 c4 
,,slack4 ,small coal1 su* z is us$ =    
kilns4    ,,slag4 ,! semi-vitrifi$      
comp\nds1 produc$1 on ! l>ge scale1 dur+
  ! r$uction ( metallic ores by fluxes4 
,^? f iron & copp] works  are (t5 us$ = 
build+ mat]ials1 m5d+ roads1 c4         
,accord+ to ,egle/on#afg ! foll[+ are "s
 ( ! indu/rial  applications to :i* !   
slag f bla/ furnaces is put4            
,footnote #afg3 ,d+l]'s #8,polyte*4     
,j\rn41' #8,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,society4'      
,:5 requir$ = build+ /ones ! slag is run
 f ! bla/ furnace  into a semicircul>   
vessel on mov+ :eels1 & hav+ its bottom 
cov]$  ?ree c5timetres deep ) s& & coke 
du/4 ,by means ( a b5t iron  in/rum5t ! 
slag is mix$ ) s& & coke du/ till !     
escape (  gases has ne>ly ceas$ & ! mass
 is suffici5tly t\gh4 ,) ! same  tool x 
is next press$ into a m\ld furni%$ ) a  
lid1 :i* is =c$  d[n z soon z ! escape (
 gas ceases4 ,! r$-hot /one is !n plac$ 
9 ! cool+ ov51 cov]$ ) coke du/1 & all[$

 to rema9 ?ree  or f\r days to cool     
completely4 ,^! /ones are imp]vi\s to   
damp1 &  make good f\ndations4 ,accord+ 
to ano!r me?od ! slag1 :i* %\ld  conta9 
f #ch to #dd p] c5t4 ( silica1 is run   
d[n a %oot into a  l>ge cavity1 & !n    
cov]$ ov] ) s& & a%es1 & left to cool  f
 five to t5 days1 :5 x is di/ribut$ 9   
m\lds1 & !re  h>d5s4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts (    
,belgium slag is p\r$ ^u iron plates &  
cool$ by wat]1 & ?us a k9d ( glass is   
manufactur$4    ,9 o!r di/ricts ! slag  
is granulat$ z x fl[s f ! bla/  furnace 
by means ( a /ream ( wat]4 ,! granulat$ 
slag is pref]r$ by  ! puddl]s to ! s& = 
! m\lds ( pig iron4 ,! slag gravel may  
be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = s& 9 mort> 
mak+1 a m rapid  h>d5+ be+ ?us secur$1 a
 matt] ( great mom5t 9 build+  f\ndation
 walls4    ,artificial /one is also     
manufactur$ f ! granulat$ slag1 & us$  =
 build+ purposes1 furni%+ w>m dry h\ses 
( h&some appe>ance4    ,:5 /ones =      
build+ ) enamell$ surfaces are requir$  
!y are  obta9$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe z    

foll[s3----,! unburnt bricks are  cov]$ 
) granulat$ slag1 & aft] dry+ are burnt 
9 a furnace  :]e !y d n come 9 contact )
 c>bon4 ,! /ones are completely  glaz$1 
& accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( slag us$  
are t9t$ (  diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is        
op]ation is also employ$ advantage\sly )
  tiles1 pipes1 & e>!nw>e4    ,if1 9 !  
prep>ation ( fire-pro( bricks1 a c]ta9  
proportion (  mixture ( clay & granulat$
 slag be add$ to ! mixture1 v h>d &     
durable fire bricks are obta9$4 ,^! h   
be5 te/$ 9 a brass  furnace1 & exp]im5ts
 are be+ tri$ z to _! applicability to  
build+ puddl+ furnaces4 ,?is granulat$  
slag may also be  advantage\sly us$ =   
manure4 ,bla/ furnace slag has also be5 
drawn out  9 f9e ?reads or filam5ts1    
furni%+ ! s-call$ #8furnace wool4'  ,?is
 sub/ance1 be+ a v bad conductor ( heat1
 has sugge/$ v>i\s  h\sehold & o!r uses4
 ,a *eap & valuable cem5t1 said to be   
equal to  ,portl& cem5t1 has be5 prep>$ 
f ! f9ely granulat$ slag1 :i*  w also   
resi/ well ! action ( acids4    ,mr     

,britt5 9 #ahgf pat5t$ a process = !    
manufacture ( glass f  bla/ furnace     
slag4 ,l>ge works = ! purpose ( c>ry+   
out ?is  inv5tion1 "u ! title (         
#8,britt5's ,pat5t ,glass ,company1' h  
be5  erect$ at ,f9$on 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1
 & are1 we believe1 successfully  work$ 
9 manufactur+ glass bottles4    ,! me?od
 consi/s 9 remov+ molt5 slag 9 a ladle f
 ! bla/  furnace1 & p\r+ into a ,siem5's
 furnace1 :5 c]ta9 am\nts (  c>bonate ( 
sodium & silica are add$1 dep5d+ ^u !   
quality (  ! slag us$1 & ( ! glass      
requir$4    ,,slate4 ,! excell5ce ( ?is 
mat]ial = wat] ci/]ns des]ves a  pass+  
notice "h4    ,iri% slate 7,lapis       
,hib]nicus7 is an argillace\s m9]al1    
said to  conta9 iron & sulphur1 f\nd 9  
diff]5t p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,x is a  common  
rem$y1 among ! vulg>1 = int]nal bruises1
 tak5 9 a glass (  g94    ,,sleep4 ,dur+
 ! p]iod ( our wak+ h\rs ! ex]cise ( !  
animal  functions entails a wa/e or     
de/ruction ( tissue 9 ! organs  p]=m+   
!m1 :i*1 unless duly repair$1 w\ld soon 

lead to !  enfeeblem5t & consequ5t      
failure ( ! p[]s ( ! organs  !mselves4  
,= ! animal economy !re=e to be ma9ta9$ 
9 a /ate  ( effici5cy ! repair ( ! r$uc$
 tissues is a necessity2 & ?is  ess5tial
 condition is effect$ by ! ag5cy (      
sleep1 dur+ :i*  respiration1           
circulation1 dige/ion1 c41 cont9ue to be
 c>ri$ on  simultane\sly ) assimilative 
processes :i* end 9 ! reg5]ation  ( !   
impair$ tissue4    ,a prop] am\nt (     
sleep is !re=e z great or ev5 a great]  
necessity  ?an a prop] supply ( food2 & 
any "o fail+ to obta9 x soon  p]i%es (  
exhau/ion4 ,?us x is t any great m5tal  
emotion----su* z  int5se remorse1 grief1
 anxiety1 or ! depress+ effect ( a      
rev]se (  =tune----s frequ5tly exp$ites 
dea?4 ,l ,macbe? 8x murd]s sleep10  "o (
 ! great ne$s ( man's exi/5ce4          
,infants & *ildr5 x is well kn[n require
 mu* m sleep ?an adults4  ,9 ^! latt] ! 
organism1 be+ already matur$1 dem&s only
 s mu*  sleep z w enable x to make up = 
! daily wa/e ( ! body1 :i*  wa/e falls v

 f> bel[ ! am\nt ( nutrition requir$ by 
! gr[+  infant4 ,9 a /ill e>li] /ate (  
developm5t1 viz41 ! ftal "o1  life may  
be said to be pass$ entirely 9 slumb]2  
:il/ *ildr5  prematurely born sc>cely   
ev] wake except = food4 ,we may assume  
t1  z a g5]al rule1 infants take treble 
! am\nt ( sleep t adults d1  & t v "y   
infants ?rive ! bett] ! l>g] ! am\nt (  
sleep !y get1 is borne out by ! exp]i5ce
 ( m$ical practition]s1  :o affirm t !y 
h kn[n _m *ildr5 :o 7 born small &      
weakly1 b :o slept ! greate/ "p ( _!    
e>ly exi/5ce1  aft]w>ds became /rong &  
heal?y2 :il/ ^? *ildr5 on !  contr>y :o1
 be+ born l>ge & /rong1 7 n good        
sleep]s1 became  subsequ5tly enfeebl$ & 
unheal?y4 ,z reg>ds ! sleep ( adults1 if
  ! slumb] has be5 ( av]age l5g?1 or !  
subject ( x awakes fully  refre%$       
!refrom1 a second sleep in/ead ( be+    
conducive is  prejudicial to heal?1 &   
%\ld nev] be enc\rag$4    ,dur+ sickness
 a pati5t1 if 9 a v helpless & enfeebl$ 
/ate1 may  (t5 be expos$ :il/ asleep to 

great p]il1 unless ! nurse :o  att5ds   
him ex]cises intellig5ce & a prop] am\nt
 ( vigilance4 ,9  8 "w on #8,h\sehold   
,m$ic9e' ,dr ,g>dn] has po9t$ out !     
dang]s  t beset ! sleep+ pati5t1 & !    
means by :i* !y may be  avoid$4 8,hav+  
dispos$10 he says1 8( ! pati5t 9 b$ 9 ! 
be/  mann]1 be c>eful t no "p ( ! pill[ 
c project ov] ! m\?  or nose1 & t !     
b$clo!s d n cov] ! m\?4    8,! att5dant 
%\ld be p>ticul>ly att5tive to ^! po9ts1
 :5 a  n>cotic has be5 tak51 :5 !       
disease is p>alysis1 fev]1 head         
diseases1 bron*itis1 or any pulmon>y    
compla9t4 ,! pati5t %\ld be  wat*$ until
 he sleeps1 & dur+ 8 sleep1 if a nurse  
is n  con/antly pres5t1 %\ld be visit$  
frequ5tly1 to obs]ve :e!r !  m\? &      
no/rils are free1 & no?+ ob/ructs !     
brea?+4    8,v little suffices = an     
ob/ruction 9 su* cases1 :i* may  ext+ui%
 life4 ,hundr$s1 p]haps we may say ?\s&s
 ( p]sons die  prematurely f suffocation
 dur+ sleep1 9 a l[ condition ( ! vital 
en]gies4    8,h[ (t5 does x happ5 t a   

pati5t left 9 a calm sleep is f\nd  dead
 ^u be+ visit$ an h\r or two aft]4 ,s(t 
yield+ pill[s1 9  :i* ! head & face get 
buri$1 are ! in/rum5ts ( suffocation to 
weakly p]sons1 v1 v (t540    ,! l>g]    
am\nt ( sleep indulg$ 9 by ! v old1 ov] 
adults1 is  ref]able to ! incapacity ( !
 ag$ = ex]cise1 & to _!  enfeebl$ p[]s (
 nutrition4 ,besides age1 temp]am5t1    
habit1 &  surr\nd+ circum/ances ex]cise 
consid]able influ5ce on ! am\nt (  sleep
 necess>y = man4 ,p]sons ( lymphatic    
temp]am5t are g5]ally  great sleep]s2   
:il/ ^? ( a n]v\s & active nature are   
mo/ly !  rev]se4 ,! late ,e>l ,russell 0
 we believe 9 ! ye>s ( 8 active         
political life a v small sleep]1 8      
slumb]s seldom ext5d+ ov]  five h\rs4   
,s1 likewise 0 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton2     
,g5]al ,elliott1 !  def5d] ( ,gibralt>1 
seldom slept m ?an f\r h\rs out ( !     
tw5ty-f\r4 ,z a contra/ to ^! cases may 
be m5tion$ t ( ,dr  ,reid1 !            
metaphysician1 ( :om x is /at$ t he c\ld
 take z  suffici5t food & aft]w>ds z mu*

 sleep z w\ld suffice = an  ord9>y man =
 two days4    ,sev]al well-atte/$ cases 
( excessive slumb] are on record 9 :i*  
! sleep la/$ 9 "s cases = weeks1 & 9    
o!rs ev5 = mon?s4    ,9 ! #8,comptes    
,r5dus' = #ahfd ,dr ,blan*et records !  
case ( "o (  8 pati5ts1 a lady ( #bd    
ye>s ( age1 :o _h slept = #dj days :5   
%e 0 #ah ye>s ( age4 ,two ye>s lat] %e  
_h a sleep la/+ #ej days4  ,^u a        
subsequ5t occasion %e fell asleep on    
,ea/] ,sunday1 #ahfb1 & did  n wake till
 ,m>*1 #ahfc4 ,%e 0 f$ dur+ ?is p]iod ) 
milk &  s\p4 ,%e cont9u$ motionless &   
ins5sible1 ! pulse 0 l[1 !  brea?+      
sc>cely p]ceptible1 !re 7 no            
evacuations1 & %e  betray$ no signs (   
wa/+ away1 :il/ h] complexion is        
describ$ z  florid & heal?y4    ,?is1   
h[ev]1 z well z o!r cases ( a simil>    
k9d1 mu/ n be  reg>d$ z an extreme      
in/ance ( heal?y slumb]1 b z a =m (     
le?>gy or coma1 z indicative ( disease1 
z ! opposite condition or               
sleeplessness1 t is frequ5tly an        

accompanim5t ( c]ta9 =ms (  fev]s1      
inflammatory affections1 & bra9         
disord]s4    ,mr ,durham1 ( ,guy's      
,hospital1 seems to h dispos$ ( !       
condition t  sleep is caus$ by !        
pressure ( ! di/5d$ ve9s on ! bra94     
,a piece ( bone be+ remov$ f a dog's    
skull s t ! animal's  bra9 c\ld be      
obs]v$ :5 sleep+1 x 0 f\nd1 #a1 ! ve9s 7
 n  di/5d$4 #b4 ,dur+ sleep ! bra9 is 9 
a comp>atively bloodless  condition1 & !
 blood 9 ! encephalic vessels is n only 
dim9i%$  9 quantity1 b moves ) dim9i%$  
rapidity2 & ?is is corroborat$  by !    
obs]vations ( ,dr ,hughl+s ,jackson on !
 oph?almoscopic  condition ( ! ret9a    
dur+ sleep1 ! optic disk be+ !n :it]1  !
 art]ies small]1 & ! ret9a g5]ally m    
anmic ?an 9 !  wak+ /ate4 #c4 ,!        
condition ( ! c]ebral circulation dur+  
sleep is  f physical causes1 t :i* is   
mo/ favorable to ! nutrition ( !  bra9  
tissue4 ,see ,,b$1 ,,wat*fulness4       
,,sleeplessness ,,& ,,cold ,,feet4 ,!   
association betwixt cold feet &         

sleeplessness is mu* clos] ?an is       
commonly imag9$4 ,p]sons ) cold  feet   
r>ely sleep well1 especially wom54 ,yet 
! numb] ( p]sons s  tr\bl$ is           
consid]able4 ,we n[ "k t if !           
blood-supply to !  bra9 be kept up1     
sleep is impossible4 ,an old !ologian1  
:5 we>y &  sleepy ) mu* writ+1 f\nd t he
 c\ld keep 8 bra9 active by  imm]s+ 8   
feet 9 cold wat]2 ! cold drove ! blood f
 ! feet  to ! head4    ,n[1 :at ?is old 
g5tleman accompli%$ by design is secur$ 
= _m  p]sons mu* aga9/ _! w4 ,cold feet 
are ! bane ( _m wom54  ,light boots keep
 up a bloodless condition ( ! feet 9 !  
day1 & 9  _m wom5 !re is no subsequ5t   
dilatation ( ! blood-vessels :5 !  boots
 are tak5 (f4 ,^! wom5 come 9 f a walk &
 put _! feet to  ! fire to w>m----! mo/ 
effective plan ( cultivat+ *ilbla9s4 ,at
  night !y put _! feet to ! fire1 & h a 
hot bottle 9 b$4 ,b  x is all ( no use2 
_! feet /ill rema9 cold4 ,h[ to get _!  
feet  w>m is ! great "q ( life ) !m----9
 cold wea!r4 ,!  effective plan is n v  

attractive at fir/ sight to _m m9ds4 ,x 
consi/s 9 fir/ driv+ ! blood-vessels    
into firm contraction1 aft]  :i*        
second>y dilatation foll[s4 ,see !      
sn[ball]'s h&s6 ,! fir/  contact ( ! sn[
 makes ! h&s t]ribly cold2 = ! small    
art]ies  are driv5 !reby into firm      
contraction1 & ! n]ve-end+s ( !         
f+]-tips feel ! l[ temp]ature v ke5ly4  
,b z ! sn[ball]  p]sev]es1 8 h&s comm5ce
 to gl[2 ! blood-vessels h become       
second>ily dilat$1 & ! ru% ( w>m art]ial
 blood is felt agreeably  by ! p]iph]al 
n]ve-end+s4 ,?is is ! plan to adopt )   
cold feet4  ,!y %\ld be dipp$ 9 cold    
wat] = a brief p]iod2 (t5 j to  imm]se  
!m1 & no m1 is suffici5t2 & !n !y %\ld  
be rubb$  ) a pair ( hair fle% gloves1  
or a r\gh ,turki% t[el1 till !y  gl[1   
imm$iately be=e gett+ into b$4 ,aft] ?is
 a hot-wat] bottle  w be successful     
en\gh 9 ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! feet1  
?\gh )\t ?is prelim9>y x is impot5t to d
 s4 ,disagreeable z  ! plan at fir/     
sight may appe>1 x is effici5t2 & ^? :o 

h  once fairly tri$ x cont9ue x1 & f9d t
 !y h put an end to  _! bad nights &    
cold feet4 ,pills1 potions1 loz5ges1    
8night-caps10  all n>cotics1 fail to    
enable ! suff]] to woo sleep            
successfully3 get  rid ( ! cold feet1 & 
!n sleep w come ( itself4----,briti%    
,m$ical ,j\rnal4    ,,smallpox4 ,see    
,,pox4    ,smallpox 9 ,%eep4 ,syn4      
,,v>iola ,,ov9a4 ,?is disease1 al?\gh   
be>+  ! same "n z t :i* attacks ! human 
subject1 is a p]fectly  di/9ct malady1 &
 incapable ( be+ communicat$ to man ei!r
 by  inoculation or contagion4 ,9 ab\t  
t5 days f ! "t ( ! animal's  hav+ imbib$
 ! contagion fev]i% symptoms set 9      
accompani$ ) a  muc\s dis*>ge ( a       
purul5t "* f ! nose4 ,r$ inflammatory   
pimples !n beg9 to develop1 fir/ appe>+ 
:]e ! sk9 is ?94  ,aft] ! pimples h be5 
out ab\t ?ree days !y assume a :ite     
appe>ance1 & are fill$ ) s]um & pus4    
8,"s ( ! vessels dry  up1 leav+ br[n    
scabs2 o!rs1 especially 9 ! sev]] cases1
 run  toge!r1 & ! sc>f sk9 is deta*$1   

leav+ an ulc]at$ surface4 ,x  is 9 ?is  
ulc]at$ /age t ! pro/ration rea*es its  
height1 &  t mo/ %eep die4 ,! mortality 
f smallpox 9 %eep ranges f #be  to #ij  
p] c5t40#afh    ,footnote #afh3 ,f9lay  
,dun4    ,! disease be+ a v infecti\s   
"o1 ! affect$ animals mu/ be kept       
sep>ate f ! heal?y ones4 ,?irty gra9s ( 
*lorate ( pota% %\ld  be giv5 ?ree times
 a day1 :il/ ! food %\ld be nutriti\s & 
su*  z to tempt ! animal's appetite4 ,x 
may consi/ ( bruis$ oilcake1  bran1 &   
/eep$ oats4 ,pr(essor ,simonds recomm5ds
 inoculation z a  prophylactic measure4 
,smallpox ,m>ks1 ,prev5tion (4 #a4 ,=   
prev5t+ disfigurem5t f  smallpox m>ks1  
,dr ,b]n>d sugge/s t ! pu/ules z soon z 
!y h  acquir$ a c]ta9 size %\ld be      
punctur$ ) a f9e ne$le1 & !n  repeat$ly 
wa%$ ) tepid wat]4    #b4 ,dr ,?orburn  
,patt]son prescribes ! foll[+           
o9tm5t3----,c>bonic  acid1 #bj to #cj   
m9ims2 glyc]9e1 #a-a_/b dr42 o9tm5t (   
oxide ( z9c1 #f  dr4    #c4 ,cream sme>$
 on ! pu/ules1 frequ5tly dur+ ! day1 ) a

  fea!r4 ,see also ,,o9tm5ts4           
,,smalts4 ,syn4 ,,azure1 ,,p[d] ,,blue1 
,,silice\s ,b41 ,,smalt1 ,,azurum1      
,,smalta1  ,l4 ,?is consi/s1 ess5tially1
 ( glass col\r$ by fus+ x ) oxide  (    
cobalt4    ,prep4 #a4 ,cobalt ore is    
roa/$1 to drive (f ! ars5ic1 !n made    
into  a pa/e ) oil ( vitriol1 & heat$ to
 r$ness = an h\r2 !  residuum is p[d]$1 
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! f]ric oxide        
precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( potassium1     
gradually add$1 until a  rose-col\r$    
p[d] beg9s to fall2 ! cle> portion is !n
 decant$1  & precipitat$ ) a solution ( 
silicate ( potassium 7prep>$ by  fus+   
toge!r1 = #e h\rs1 a mixture ( #aj p>ts 
( pota%1 #ae p>ts (  f9ely gr\nd fl9ts1 
& #a "p ( *>coal72 ! precipitate aft]   
be+  dri$ is fus$1 & r$uc$ to a v f9e   
p[d]4 ,a v ri* col\r4    #b4 ,roa/$     
cobalt ore & c>bonate ( potassium1 ( ea*
 #a "p2  silice\s s&1 #c p>ts2 fuse !m  
toge!r1 & cool & p[d] !  residuum4 ,us$ 
z a blue pigm5t1 also to col\r glass1 & 
= #8blue+'  ! />* us$ to get up l954    

,see ,,blue ,,pigm5ts4    ,,smell,,+    
,,salts4 ,see ,,salts1 ,,smell+4        
,,smelt4 ,a beautiful little abdom9al   
fi% ab\nd+ 9 ! ,?ames1 & a  few o!r     
riv]s1 betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] &      
,febru>y4 ,x is  e/eem$ a great delicacy
 by epicures1 b sometimes proves (f5sive
 to  ! delicate & dyspeptic4    ,,smoke 
,,prev5,,tion4 ,al?\gh ! full           
consid]ation ( ?is subject  belongs to  
public hygi5e & civil eng9e]+1 its      
imm$iate  application & advantages are  
int]e/+ & important to ev]ybody4    ,!  
hi/ory ( smoke burn+ sc>cely comm5ces   
be=e ! ye> #ahdj1 at  :i* date ,mr      
,*>les ,wye ,williams obta9$ a pat5t =  
?is purpose4  ,s9ce t "t a #8?\s&-&-"o' 
s*emes1 ei!r pat5t$ or  non-pat5t$1     
pr(ess$ly = ! same object1 h be5 br\ght 
be=e  ! public4 ,mo/ ( ^! h be5 support$
 by ! mo/ reckless  /atem5ts reg>d+ _!  
value1 made by int]e/$ p>ties2 & ! mo/  
s]i\s inconv5i5ce & losses h (t5 foll[$ 
_! adoption4  ,williams's me?od is to   
admit an abundant supply ( cold air     

?r\gh a  l>ge numb] ( small p]=ations 9 
! door & front "p ( !  furnace4 ,l>k's  
me?od is bas$ on ! admission ( heat$    
air1 "u due  regulation1 bo? ?r\gh !    
door1 & at ! bridge or back ( !         
furnace1 by :i* means combu/ion is r5d]$
 m complete1 & smoke  !reby prev5t$4    
,ivison's plan consi/s 9 ! introduction 
( /eam by m9ute jets ov]  ! fire1 :i* is
 ?us greatly increas$ 9 int5sity )\t !  
production ( smoke1 & ) a sav+ ( fuel4  
,9 ,jucke's arrangem5t !  grate b>s ( a 
furnace are replac$ by an endless *a9   
web1 :i* is  c>ri$ r\nd ^u two roll]s1 9
 su* a way t ea* "p ( ! fuel  is expos$ 
to conditions mo/ favorable = p]fect    
combu/ion4 ,o!r  inv5tions are bas$ ^u  
supply+ fuel to ! fires f b5ea?1 s  t ! 
products ( combu/ion mu/ pass ?r\gh !   
inc&esc5t coals  above4    ,= h\sehold  
fires1 ! smokeless grate1 inv5t$ by ,dr 
,arnott1 w be  f\nd entirely successful1
 & mo/ economical4 ,its g5]al           
introduction  w\ld be a great advance 9 
bo? dome/ic & public hygi5e2 &1 be+     

h5ce ( national importance1 %\ld be     
en=c$ by law4    ,,smo,,k+4 ,?is is     
done1 on ! l>ge scale1 by hang+ up !    
articles  7previ\sly m or less salt$7 9 
smok+ rooms1 into :i* smoke is  v sl[ly 
admitt$ f smo!r$ dry-wood fires1 k9dl$ 9
 ! cell>1  = ! purpose ( all[+ x to cool
 & deposit its crud] "p be=e  x arrives 
at ! meat4 ,?is process requires f six  
days to z _m  weeks to p]=m x prop]ly1 &
 is be/ done 9 w9t]4 ,9 f>m-h\ses1  :]e 
dry wood is burnt1 hams1 c41 are (t5    
smok$ by hang+ !m up 9  "s cool "p ( !  
kit*5 *imney4 ,:5 ! meat is cut into    
slices1  or scor$ deeply ) a knife1 to  
all[ ! smoke to p5etrate x1 x is  call$ 
#8,,bucan+1'    8,! quality ( ! wood has
 an influ5ce ^u ! smell & ta/e ( !      
smoke-dri$ meat2 smoke f bee* wood & oak
 be+ pref]able to t  f fir & l>*4 ,smoke
 f ! twigs & b]ries ( junip]1 f         
rosem>y1 pepp]m9t1 c41 imp>t some:at ( !
 aromatic flav\r (  ^! plants40 7,ure47 
,! occasional addition ( a few cloves or
 allspice  to ! fuel gives a v agreeable

 flav\r to ! meat4    ,hung beef1 a     
highly e/eem$ v>iety ( smok$ beef1 is   
prep>$ f any  "p1 free f bone & fat1 by 
well salt+ & press+ x1 & !n  dry+ &     
smok+ x 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x is be/ eat5 
%r$d$4 ,see  ,,putrefaction1 ,,salt+1 c4
    ,,snake-,,poison+1 ,mortality f4 ,! 
#8,lancet'#afi quot+ a lett] f  ,t4 ,b4 
,beighton1 ,esq41 ( ! ,b5gal ,civil     
,s]vice1 magi/rate ( ! ,culna  di/rict (
 ! ,burdwan prov9ce ( ,b5gal1           
says3----8,! ,culna di/rict  comprises1 
we presume1 #hj or #ajj squ>e miles1 &  
has a population (  ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,mr  
,beighton says t dea?s f snakebite are  
s+ul>ly  common 9 ! subdivision4 ,an    
av]age ( "o p] day is report$ ?r\gh  !  
police4 ,! actual dea?s are probably    
d\ble ! numb] report$4 ,if  ?is daily   
av]age is meant to apply ! :ole ye>     
r\nd1 we %\ld ?us  get 9 a comp>atively 
small di/rict ! frightful dea? ( #gjj   
p]sons  f snakebite4 ,x is lam5table to 
?9k t despite ! suppos$  rem$ial        
discov]ies 9 ?is direction1 we /ill seem

 to be )\t an  ag5t to neutralise !     
effects ( ! bites ( poison\s snakes40   
,footnote #afi3 #8,analy/1' #aa?1 #ahgj4
    ,,snake-,,root4 ,see ,,s5ega4 ,=    
#8,virg9ian snake-root' see ,,s]p5t>y4  
,snakewe$ 7,bi/ort radix7 is ! root (   
,polygonum ,bi/orta 7,l9n474    ,,snipe4
 ,! ,scolopax ,gall9ago1 a well-kn[n    
bird indig5\s to ?is  c\ntry4 ,x is     
f9e-flav\r$1 b r indige/ible4    ,,sn[1 
,=eign ,bodies 94 ,m4 ,bondi]#agj hav+  
lately made an  exam9ation ( sn[1       
records t ( ! solid matt]s float+ 9 !   
air  & reta9$ 9 ! sn[1 ! mo/ abundant 0 
f\nd to be soot2 next  "s cells (       
,protococcus virictis1 & spores &       
filam5ts ( o!r  cryptograms2 !n granules
 ( />* & cells & fibres ( v>i\s  plants4
 ,epi!lial cells & hairs ( animals 7    
also pres5t1 z well  z fibres ( wool &  
silk4 ,^! la/1 be+ dy$1 indicat$ !      
pres5ce  ( man1 z did also ! fibres (   
hemp1 cotton1 & indigo4 ,! am\nt (      
=eign matt] 0 greate/ 9 ! sn[ collect$  
at ! l[e/ levels1  especially 9 !       

vic9ity ( human habitations & ( woods1  
:i* are  bo? f]tile s\rces ( float+     
p>ticles4 ,p]manganate ( potassium 0    
us$ to e/imate ! am\nt ( organic matt]  
dissolv$ by ! filt]$  sn[ wat]4         
,footnote #agj3 #8,j\rn4 ,*4 ,soc4'     
,imm$iately mix$ ) ! soot 7 ! f]rug9\s  
corpuscles obs]v$  by ,tiss&i]4 ,^! are 
reg>d$ by ! au?or1 9 opposition to !    
op9ion ( ,tiss&i]1 z ( t]re/rial orig94 
,,snuff4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,tabaci1 ,l42  
,,tabac ,,en ,,p\dre1 ,fr4 ,a p[d]1     
prep>$  f tobacco1 = ! purpose ( be+    
sniff$ up ! nose z a /imulant  or       
intoxicant4    ,! f9] k9ds ( snuff are  
made f ! s(t portions ( ! be/           
description ( manufactur$ leaf-tobacco1 
sep>at$ f ! damag$  portion2 b ! ord9>y 
snuffs ( ! %ops are mo/ly prep>$ f !    
co>s] & damag$ portions1 ! mid-ribs1    
/ems1 or /alky p>ts t  rema9 f !        
manufacture ( #8%ag tobacco1' ! du/ or  
p[d] sift$  f ! bales1 & ! fragm5ts t   
are unfit = o!r purposes4    ,prep4 ,!  
prop] mat]ial be+ *os51 & if n 9 a      

suffici5tly  mature /ate r5d]$ s by     
fur!r f]m5tation1 !y are suffici5tly    
dri$ by a g5tle heat or exposure to !   
air to admit ( be+  pulv]is$4 ,?is is   
p]=m$1 on ! l>ge scale1 9 a mill1 & on !
  small scale1 ) a k9d ( pe/le & mort>4 
,dur+ ! op]ation !  tobacco is frequ5tly
 sift$1 t x may n be r$uc$ to too f9e a 
p[d]1 & is sev]al times slightly moi/5$ 
) rose or orange-fl[]  wat]1 or eau     
d'ange1 :i* are ! only liquids fit = !  
sup]ior  k9ds ( snuff4 ,9 prep>+ ! dry  
snuffs no moi/ure is us$4 ,! sc5t  or   
o!r l matt]s are next add$1 &1 aft]     
?or\gh admixture1 !  snuff is pack$ 9   
j>s or cani/]s4    ,adult4 ,dur+ ! gr9d+
 ( tobacco x is frequ5tly mix$ )        
d>k-col\r$ rott5 wood1 v>i\s ,engli%    
leaves1 col\r+1 & o!r  matt]4 ,ammonia1 
hellebore1 euphorbium1 & p[d]$ glass are
 common  additions to snuffs to increase
 _! pung5cy4 ,we h se5 p[d]$ sal        
ammoniac s5t by ! hundr$weight at "o "t 
to a c]ta9 celebrat$  ,london           
tobacconi/4 ,! moi/ k9ds ( snuff are    

g5]ally drugg$ )  pe>la%1 = ! triple    
purpose ( keep+ !m damp & increas+ _!   
pung5cy & col\r4 ,! dry snuffs1         
especially #8,scot*' & #8,wel%1' are    
commonly adult]at$ ) quicklime1 !       
p>ticles ( :i* may be  occasionally     
di/+ui%$ ev5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,?is        
addition causes  _! bit+ & desiccat+    
effect on ! pituit>y membrane4 8,we 7   
once sev]ely injur$ by tak+ snuff :i*1  
aft] our suspicions 7  awak5$1 we f\nd  
to conta9 a mixture ( r$ lead & umb]40  
7,cooley47    ,! foll[+ circum/ance     
relat$ by ,dr ,g>rod#aga 9 a lecture at 
,k+'s ,college ,hospital leads to !     
inf]5ce t ! cu/om ( pack+  snuff 9 lead 
is n free f dang]4 ,! doctor says3----,a
 g5tleman1 a  resid5t 9 ,india1 began to
 suff] "s "t s9ce f n]v\s  exhau/ion1   
anmia1 & debility ( bo? extremities2 he 
0 a great snuff  tak]1 tak+ on an av]age
 z mu* z an ounce 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,he
  consult$ sev]al m$ical m5 9 ,india1 & 
!y attribut$ 8 symptoms  to inord9ate   
snuff tak+4 ,he1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to take 

snuff & to  get worse1 & at la/ came to 
,engl& to seek fur!r advice4 ,:5 ,dr    
,g>rod saw him he discov]$ a blue l9e on
 ! gums4 ,8 suspicions 7  direct$ to !  
snuff1 :i* he f\nd to conta9 a          
consid]able quantity  ( lead4 ,to       
asc]ta9 :e!r or n ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ?is
  circum/ance 0 an accid5tal            
circum/ance1 six packets 7 ord]$ f  !   
h\se 9 ,calcutta ) :i* ! g5tleman _h be5
 9 ! habit (  deal+4 ,! snuff 0 conta9$ 
9 %eet-lead packages1 :i* 7 all  f\nd to
 conta9 lead to ab\t ! same ext5t z !   
fir/ specim54 ,dr  ,g>rod exhibit$ a    
solution1 :i* he te/$ 9 ! foll[+        
way3----,t5  gra9s ( snuff 7 burn$ 9 a  
plat9um crucible1 & ! a% 0  treat$ )    
nitric acid1 ! cry/allis$ result 0      
dissolv$ 9 wat]  ) ! addition ( a small 
quantity ( acetic acid1 & !n te/$ )     
iodide ( potassium1 :i* ?rew d[n an     
abundant precipitate ( yell[  iodide (  
lead4 ,! lead5 packages 7 labell$ #8be/ 
br[n rappee1' &  bore ! "n ( a well-kn[n
 ,engli% firm1 f :i* !y _h be5  export$ 

to ,india4 ,! snuff itself 0 r moi/4    
,:]e x adh]$ to  ! sides ( ! case x 0   
dott$ ) :ite spots1 probably consi/+  ( 
c>bonate ( lead1 =m$ by1 ,dr ,g>rod     
sugge/s1 ! f]m5tation (  ! damp snuff4  
,footnote #aga3 #8,lancet4'    ,s9ce ,dr
 ,g>rod's att5tion has be5 direct$ to   
?is subject1 he has  spok5 to a m$ical  
man rec5tly return$ f ,calcutta1 :o told
 him t  he _h q lately met ) ?ree cases 
( lead-poison+1 :i*1 on  inve/igation1 7
 f\nd to be due to ! use ( snuff4       
,v>4 ,snuffs are divid$ into two        
k9ds----,,dry ,,snuffs1 z #8,scot*1'    
#8,iri%1' #8,wel%1' & #8,spani% snuff1' 
#8,lundyfoot1' c42 & ,,moi/ ,,snuffs1   
or ,,rappees1 includ+ #8black' & #8br[n 
rappee1' #8c>rotte1' #8,cuba1'          
#8,h>dham's mixture1' #8pr9ce's         
mixture1' #8pr9ceza1' #8que5's snuff1'  
c4  ,! la/ ?ree also come "u !          
d5om9ation ( ,,sc5t$ ,,snuffs4    ,!    
imm5se v>iety ( snuffs kept 9 ! %ops1   
indep5d5tly ( !  above-nam$ conditions1 
dep5d = _! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics on  !   

l5g? ( ! f]m5tation1 ! f95ess ( ! p[d]1 
! height to  :i* !y are dri$1 & !       
addition ( odor\s sub/ances4 ,tonqu9    
beans1 ess5ce ( tonqu9 bean1 amb]gris1  
musk1 civet1 leaves ( or*is  fusca1 root
 & oil ( calamus aromaticus1 p[d] &     
ess5ce ( orris  root1 & ! ess5ces or    
oils ( b]gamot1 c$ra1 cloves1 lav5d]1   
petit  gra91 n]oli1 & roses 7otto71 z   
well z sev]al o!rs1 ei!r alone  or      
comp\nd$1 are ?us employ$4 ,,tabac      
,,p>fum,e ,,aux ,,fleurs is p]fum$ by   
putt+ orange fl[]s1 jasm9s1 tub]oses1   
musk roses1 or common roses1  to ! snuff
 9 a close *e/ or j>1 sift+ !m out aft] 
#bd h\rs1 &  repeat+ ! treatm5t ) fre%  
fl[]s1 z necess>y4 ,ano!r way is  to lay
 pap]1 prick$ all ov] ) a l>ge p91      
betwe5 ! fl[]s &  ! snuff4    ,,mac\ba  
,,snuff is imitat$ by moi/5+ ! tobacco )
 a mixture (  treacle & wat]1 & all[+ x 
to f]m5t well4    ,,spani% ,,snuff is   
made f unsift$ #8,havannah snuff1' r$uc$
 by add+  gr\nd ,spani% nut%ells1       
spr9kl+ ! mixture ) treacle wat]1 &     

all[+ x to sweat = "s days be=e pack+4  
,,yell[ ,,snuff is prep>$ f ord9>y pale 
snuff moi/5$ ) a mixture  ( yell[ o*re  
diffus$ 9 wat]1 to :i* a few spoonfuls (
 ?9  mucilage h be5 add$2 :5 dry1 !     
col\r t does n adh]e to !  snuff is     
sep>at$ ) a f9e sieve4    ,,r$ ,,snuff4 
,z la/1 b us+ r$ o*re4    ,snuff1       
,as>abacca4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,snuff1   
,,comp\nd ,,p[d] ,,(  ,,as>abacca2      
,,pulvis ,,as>i ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47  ,as>abacca      
leaves1 #a oz42 lav5d] fl[]s1 #a dr4    
7bo? dri$72 mix &  p[d] !m4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,e4 #ahag47 ,as>abacca leaves1 #c dr42 
leaves ( m>joram & fl[]s  ( lav5d]1 (   
ea* #a dr42 z be=e4 ,bo? are us$ z      
errh9es 9  heada*es & oph?almia4 ,see   
,,snuff1 ,,cephalic1 ,,as>abacca1 c4    
,snuff1 ,cephalic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f        
as>abacca leaves & ,lundyfoot snuff1  ( 
ea* #b oz42 lav5d] fl[]s1 #a_/d oz42    
ess5ce ( b]gamotte & oil (  cloves1 (   
ea* #b or #c drops2 mix$ & gr\nd to a   
p[d]1 ! p]fume  be+ add$ la/4    #b4    

7,boeli's47 ,f tobacco or pure snuff &  
val]ian root1 ( ea* #a_/b  oz42 r$uc$ to
 p[d]1 & sc5t$ ) ! oils ( lav5d] &      
m>joram1 ( ea* #e or #f drops4    ,obs4 
,! fir/ =mula is an excell5t "o2 & !    
product is v  useful 9 n]v\s heada*es1  
dimness ( sight1 c4 ,see ,,snuff1       
,,as>abacca  7above74    ,snuff1 ,eye4  
,prep4 ,f f9ely levigat$ tribasic       
sulphate ( m]cury  7#8,turpe? m9]al'71  
#a_/b dr42 pure dry ,scot* or ,lundyfoot
 snuff1 #a oz42  triturate !m well      
toge!r4 ,a p9* ( ?is1 occasionally1 has 
be5  recomm5d$ 9 inflammation ( ! eyes1 
dimness ( sight1 heada*e1  polypus1 c42 
b x %\ld be us$ ) caution1 & n too (t54 
,,soap4 ,syn4 ,,sapo1 ,l42 ,,savon1 ,fr4
 ,,spani%1 ,,ca/ile1 or ,,h>d ,,soap1   
made  ) olive oil & soda 7,,sapo1 ,,sapo
 ,,ex ,,oliv ,,oleo ,,et ,,sod          
,,confectus----,ph4  ,l42 ,,sapo        
,,durus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41  ,d471 &  
,,s(t ,,soap1 made ) olive oil  & pota% 
7,,sapo ,,mollis----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  
,e41 ,,sapo ,,ex ,,oliv ,,oleo ,,et     

,,potass ,,confectus----,ph4 ,l471 are !
 only k9ds direct$ to be employ$ 9      
m$ic9e4 ,! =m] is int5d$ :5ev] #8soap'  
is ord]$1 & is !  "o :i* is pr9cipally  
employ$ int]nally2 ! latt] is us$ 9     
o9tm5ts1 c41 & 9 "s ( ! (fic9al pills4  
,prep4 ,! fatty or oleag9\s matt] is    
boil$ ) a weak alkal9e lye  7soap-lye7  
r5d]$ cau/ic by quicklime1 & portions ( 
/rong] lye are  add$ f "t to "t1 !      
ebullition be+ /ill cont9u$1 until  ^!  
sub/ances1 react+ on ea* o!r1 comb9e to 
=m a t5aci\s  comp\nd1 :i* beg9s to     
sep>ate f ! wat]2 to promote ?is        
sep>ation & ! granulation ( ! newly-=m$ 
soap1 "s common salt  is g5]ally add$1 &
 ! fire be+ )drawn1 ! cont5ts ( !  boil]
 are all[$ to repose = "s h\rs1 9 ord] t
 ! soap may  collect into "o /ratum1 &  
solidify2 :5 ?is happ5s x is put into   
wood5 frames or m\lds1 & :5 x has become
 /iff en\gh to be h&l$  x is cut into   
b>s or pieces1 & expos$ to ! air1 9 a   
w>m  situation1 to fur!r h>d5 & to dry4 
,9 ! pr9t works ( ,alsace1 :]e an imm5se

 quantity ( egg album5 is  consum$1 !re 
collect1 z a necess>y result1 enorm\s   
quantities ( !  yolks ( egg4 ,among/ o!r
 purposes to :i* ^! are appli$ t (      
soap-mak+ is "o4 ,accord+ to ,k+zett1 ! 
ole9 is n ! only  +r$i5t ( ! yolk :i*   
reacts ^u ! soda or pota%1 & ?us        
produces soap2 b ! yolk also conta9s    
ano!r body1 :i*1 absorb+  wat] "u !     
influ5ce ( ! bases1 splits up into oleic
 & m>g>ic  acids4    8,besides ! ole9   
conta9$ 9 ! free /ate1 !re is10 says ,mr
  ,k+zett1 8pres5t a body call$ leci?9e 
( ! =mula  ,c#db;,h#hd,,npo#i40 ,gobloy1
 ,diakon[1 ,/reck]1 ,?udicum1 & ,k+zett 
h /udi$ ?is sub/ance1 & express its     
*emolysis z foll[s3----                 
,leci?9e4       ,wat]4                  
,glyc]o-phosphoric                      
acid4    ,c#db;,h#hd,,npo#i - #c;,h#b,o 
,c#c;,h#i,,po#f            ,*ol9e4      
,oleic acid4           ,palmitic        
acid4     ,c#e;,h#ae,,no#b              
,c#ah;,h#cd,o#b  ,c#af;,h#cb,o#b4    ,t 
is to say1 bases h ! p[]1 by ab/ract+   

wat]1 to split up  leci?9e into1 among  
o!r products1 oleic & palmitic acid2 s t
  :5 eggs are us$ = soap-mak+ ?is       
process actually occurs1 ! soda  or     
pota% employ$ be+ suffici5t to effect ! 
necess>y decomposition1  & ! result+    
soap be+1 !re=e1 ! product f n only !   
ole91 b f ! fatty acids s =m$4          
,tessie du ,mo?ay has propos$ a me?od = 
! recov]y ( pota%1 soda1  c41 f soap    
wat]1 :i* is z foll[s3----,he decomposes
 ! soap wat]  by calcium1 b>ium1 or     
magnesium c>bonate1 & !n passes c>bonic 
acid  ?r\gh ! liquid4 ,! bic>bonate =m  
precipitates organic matt] &  o!r       
impurities1 & ^! settle d[n4 ,! solution
 is !n evaporat$  or treat$ ) b>yta     
wat]1 :i* precipitates ! la/ portion (  
=eign matt]s1 & leaves a solution (     
cau/ic alkali4 ,at a p>ticul>  /age ( ! 
process an acid is us$ 9 ord] to ha/5 ! 
sep>ation (  ! res9\s sub/ances1 &1 9   
c]ta9 cases1 ( ! sulphides ( sodium  &  
calcium1 or b>ium & calcium & f]ric     
oxide1 & !n passes  c>bonic acid into ! 

liquid4 ,! precipitat$ metallic         
sub/ances c>ry  d[n ) !m ! humus-l      
sub/ances pres5t4    ,v>4 ,! pr9cipal   
v>ieties ( soap f\nd 9 comm]ce are3---- 
,,almond ,,soap 7,,sapo ,,amygdal9us71  
made f almond oil & cau/ic soda1 &      
*iefly us$ = ! toilet4    ,! ,p4 ,codex 
gives ! foll[+ =mula = its              
prep>ation3----,solution (  cau/ic soda 
7#accd71 by weight1 #aj oz42 oil (      
almonds1 by weight1 #ba  oz42 add ! lye 
to ! oil 9 small portions1 /irr+        
frequ5tly2 leave  ! mixture = "s days at
 a temp]ature ( f #fd to #fh ,fahr41    
/irr+ occasionally1 & :5 x has acquir$ !
 consi/5ce ( a s(t  pa/e1 put x into    
m\lds until suffici5tly solidifi$4 ,x   
%\ld be  expos$ to ! air = "o or two    
mon?s be=e x is us$4    ,,animal ,,soap4
 ,,sapo ,,animalis1 ,,curd ,,soap 7,b4  
,p474 ,a soap made ) soda & a  purifi$  
animal fat consi/+ pr9cipally ( /e>9    
7,p4 ,cod474 ,put #e  p>ts ( beef m>r[ )
 #aj p>ts ( wat] into a porcela9 or     
silv]  bas91 heat1 & :5 melt$ add by    

portions1 ) con/ant /irr+1  #b-a_/b p>ts
 ( liquor sod 7#acc72 :5 saponifi$1 add 
#a "p ( salt2  /ir1 remove ! soap f !   
surface1 dra9 x1 melt x ) a g5tle  heat1
 & p\r x into m\lds4    ,,ca/ile ,,soap1
 ,,spani% ,s41 ,,m>seilles ,s42 ,,sapo  
,,ca/ili5sis1 ,,sapo  ,,hispanicus4 ,an 
olive-oil soda soap1 kept bo? 9 ! :ite &
 m>bl$  /ate4 ,! =m] is said to be !    
pure/1 ! latt] ! /ronge/4    ,,curd     
,,soap1 made ) tall[ 7*iefly7 & soda    
7see above74    ,,m$icat$ ,,soaps1      
conta9+ v>i\s active +r$i5ts4 ,! *ief ( 
^!  are notic$ bel[4    ,,mottl$ ,,soap1
 made ) refuse kit*5-/uff1 c4    ,,s(t  
,,soap 7( comm]ce71 made ) :ale1 seal1  
or cod oil1 tall[1 &  cau/ic pota%4     
,n4 ,grg]#agb gives ! foll[+ me?od = !  
easy det]m9ation (  ! fat & alkali 9 s(t
 7pota%7 soaps3----#be to #ej grammes ( 
soap are  dissolv$ 9 #aej c4c4 ( wat] by
 aid ( heat1 cool$1 & mix$ ) an  excess 
( salt1 s t a soda-soap sep>ates out2 ! 
latt] is wa%$ on  a pap] filt] ) a      
saturat$ solution ( salt4 ,9 ! filtrate 

! free  alkali is e/imat$ by a normal   
acid4 ,! precipitate is decompos$ by    
w>m+ ) excess ( normal acid1 & !        
quantity ( acid neutralis$  by ! comb9$ 
alkali1 det]m9$ by a /&>d soda solution4
 ,! cake  ( fat :i* sep>ates 9 ! la/    
op]ation1 is dri$ & weigh$ aft]  add+ to
 x1 :ile melt$1 a kn[n weight ( /e>9 or 
p>aff9 to give  x h>dness4    ,footnote 
#agb3 #8,d+l]'s ,j\rnal' 7#8,j\rn4 (    
,*em4 ,soc41' vol4 ix1 new    ,,toilet  
,,soaps1 prep>$ f any ( ! prec$+        
v>ieties1 & v>i\sly  col\r$ & sc5t$4    
,=mul are giv5 bel[4    ,,yell[ ,,soap1 
,,res9 ,,soap1 made ) tall[1 res91 &    
cau/ic soda4  ,soluble glass is n[      
l>gely employ$ 9 place ( res94    ,soaps
 are also divid$ into ,,s(t or ,,pota%  
,,soaps1 & ,,h>d or ,,soda ,,soaps4     
,assay4 #a4 ,= ! ,,wat]4 ,a piece1      
fairly tak5 f ! sample1 &  weigh+ #ajj  
gr41 is r$uc$ to ?9 %av+s1 :i* are dri$ 
by ! heat  ( boil+ wat]1 until !y cease 
to lose weight4 ,! loss indicates !     
proportion ( free wat]4 ,?is %\ld n     

exce$ #ce = ord9>y curd &  mottl$ soap1 
#de = yell[ soap1 & ab\t #ae to #af =   
,ca/ile soap4    #b4 ,= ! ,,alkali4 #ajj
 gr4 ( ! soap are dissolv$ 9 #d or #e   
fl4 oz4 (  boil+ wat]1 & ! solution te/$
 by ! common me?od (  alkalimetry4 ,curd
 & yell[ soap usually conta9 f #f to #g1
 mottl$  soap f #g to #h1 & ,ca/ile soap
 #h to #i ( soda4    #c4 ,= ! ,,oil or  
,,fat4 ,! solution te/$ = alkali 7see   
,no4 #b7 is  heat$1 & !n all[$ to cool  
sl[ly2 :5 cold ! float+ fatty  matt] is 
remov$1 fre$ f wat]1 & weigh$4 ,:5 ! fat
 or oil has  little consi/5ce1 #ajj gr4 
( pure :ite wax is add$ to ! soap       
solution be=e heat+ x4 ,! weight obta9$1
 9 gra9s 9 ! "o  case1 & ! excess above 
#ajj gr4 9 ! o!r1 give ! proportion (   
oil or fat pres5t4 ,?is1 9 ord9>y mottl$
 soap1 %\ld be ab\t #fh2  9 yell[ soap1 
#fe2 9 curd soap1 #fj2 & 9 ,ca/ile soap1
 #ge4    #d4 ,,unsaponifi$ ,,fatty      
,,matt]4----a4 ,pure soap is entirely   
soluble 9  di/ill$ wat] & insoluble 9   
sal9e solution2 if a film ( fatty  matt]

 =ms on its solution 9 ! =m]1 aft]      
repose1 t portion has  n be5 saponifi$4 
b4 ,! fat sep>at$ f soap 7see ,no4 #b71 
:5 x has be5 p]fectly  saponifi$1 is    
entirely soluble 9 alcohol4    #e4 ,,o!r
 ,,impurities4 ,pure soap is soluble 9  
rectifi$ _s1 =m+ a  col\rless or ne>ly  
col\rless solution4 ,! undissolv$       
portion1 if  exce$+ #a1 is adult]ation4 
,,ano!r ,,me?od ,,( ,,soap ,,assay 7,m4 
,m(fit74 ,! con/itu5ts to be  det]m9$ 9 
an analysis ( soap are alkalies 7comb9$ 
& free71  c>bonates1 fatty acids1 res91 
glyc]91 salts1 col\r+ matt]s1 &  wat]4  
,?ree portions ( ! f9ely divid$ soap are
 weigh$ (f1 conta9+  respectively #aj   
grams1 #bj grams1 & #dj grams4 ,t5 grams
 are dige/$ )  alcohol on ! wat]-ba? &  
filt]$4 ,! residue conta9+ c>bonates  & 
o!r salts1 col\r+ matt]1 c41 is dri$ at 
#ajj1 weigh$1  dige/$ ) wat]1 & titrat$ 
) normal oxalic acid4 ,e c4c4 (  acid   
us$ indicates #jjec ,na#b;,,co#c4       
,reg>d mu/ be _h to a slight precipitate
 ( calcium oxalate4 ,! weight  (        

,na#b;,,co#c f\nd is subtract$ f ! total
 residue insoluble 9  alcohol1 !        
diff]5ce is ! weight ( ! salts & =eign  
matt]s4  ,! filtrate is subject$ to a   
/ream ( c>bonic acid1 filt]$1 & !       
precipitate dissolv$ 9 wat] & titrat$ ) 
oxalic acid4 ,ea* c4c4  ( acid indicates
 #jjca free soda1 or #jjdb free pota%4  
,no precipitate  %[s ! abs5ce ( free    
alkalies4 ,! filtrate f ! precipitate   
produc$ by ! c>bonic acid is1 aft] !    
addition ( #ae c4c4 ( wat]1  evaporat$  
to remove ! alcohol4 ,! aque\s solution1
 treat$ )  normal oxalic acid to acid   
reaction1 %[s = e c4c4 ( acid #jjca     
soda1 or #jjdb pota% 9 comb9ation4      
,sulphuric acid is !n add$1 &  ! :ole is
 heat$ on a wat] ba? ) pure beeswax to  
sep>ate !  fatty acids & res91 :i* are  
!n weigh$1 ! weight ( ! beeswax  be+    
subtract$4    ,=ty grams ( ! soap are   
next dissolv$ 9 wat] & mix$ )  sulphuric
 acid1 z long z any precipitate is =m$4 
,on /&+ !  fatty acids sep>ate1 & c be  
dri$ & weigh$4 ,^! fatty acids are      

dige/$ ) a mixture ( equal volumes (    
wat] & alcohol1 till !  liquid on cool+ 
ceases to appe> milky4 ,! solid lay] is 
aga9  weigh$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !     
weight & t obta9$ above  %[s ! weight ( 
! res94    ,! melt+ po9t ( ! acids is   
next det]m9$4 ,t5 grams are !n  dissolv$
 9 alcohol1 & sulphuric acid dilut$ )   
alcohol is add$1  till a precipitate is 
no long] =m$4 ,! liquid is filt]$1 mix$ 
)  b>ium c>bonate1 & aga9 filt]$4 ,!    
sweet residue left aft]  evaporation ( !
 alcohol is glyc]94 ,! weights ( !      
c>bonates1  salts1 & =eign matt]s1 free 
& comb9$ alkalies1 fatty acids1  res91 &
 glyc]9 are add$ toge!r1 & ! sum        
subtract$ f #aj  grams gives ! weight ( 
! wat]4    ,see also ,soap analysis1    
#8,*em4 ,news1' xxxv1 #b4 ,! article is 
too long to  all[ ( ins]tion "h4        
,uses1 c4 ,! common uses ( soap ne$ n be
 enum]at$4 ,z a m$ic9e  x acts z a mild 
purgative & li?ontriptic1 & x has be5   
?\ght by  "s to be useful 9 c]ta9       
affections ( ! /oma* aris+ f  defici5cy 

( bile4 ,ext]nally x is /imulant &      
det]g5t4----,dose1 #c  to #bj or #cj    
gr41 made into pills1 & usually comb9$ )
 aloes or  rhub>b4    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4
 ,prior to ! rese>*es ( ,*evreul1 no    
correct  ideas 7 ent]ta9$ z to !        
con/itution ( soap4 ,x 0 long kn[n  t ! 
fix$ oils & fats1 9 contact ) cau/ic    
alkal9e solutions  at a high temp]ature1
 und]go ! rem>kable *ange :i* is call$  
saponification2 b "h ! k ( ! matt]      
/opp$4 ,*evreul  discov]$ t if ! soap1 s
 produc$1 be aft]w>ds decompos$ by !    
addition ( an acid1 ! fat :i* sep>ates  
is f\nd to be completely  *ang$ 9 "*2 to
 h acquir$ a /rong acid reaction :5     
appli$  9 a melt$ /ate to te/ pap]1 & to
 h become soluble ) !  greate/ facility 
9 w>m alcohol2 9 o!r words----t a new   
sub/ance1  capable ( =m+ salts1 &       
exhibit+ all ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties  (  
an acid1 has be5 g5]at$ out ( ! elem5ts 
( ! neutral fat  "u ! influ5ce ( ! base4
 ,/e>91 :5 ?us treat$1 yields  /e>ic    
acid1 palmit9 gives palmitic acid1 ole9 

gives oleic acid1 &  common animal fat1 
:i* is a mixture ( sev]al neutral       
bodies1 af=ds1  by saponification by an 
alkali & subsequ5t decomposition ( !    
soap1 a  mixture ( ! correspond+ fatty  
acids4 ,^! bodies are n1 h[ev]1  ! only 
products ( saponification2 ! *ange is   
always accompani$ by  ! =mation ( a v   
peculi> sweet sub/ance call$ glyc]91 :i*
  rema9s 9 ! "m liquor f :i* ! acidifi$ 
fat has be5  sep>at$4 ,! process (      
saponification itself proce$s ) p]fect  
facility1 ev5 9 a clos$ vessel2 no gas  
is dis5gag$2 ! neutral fat1  ( :atsoev] 
k9d1 is simply resolv$ into an alkal9e  
salt ( ! fatty  acid1 :i* is soap1 &    
into glyc]91 a neutral body resembl+    
syrup1  &1 l t liquid1 miscible ) wat] 9
 e proportion4    8,:5 yell[ soap is    
made ) ! *eap] k9ds ( fat x w h>dly     
acquire a suffici5t degree ( firmness or
 h>dness to satisfy ! ?rifty  wa%]woman4
 ,x melts away too rapidly 9 hot wat]1 a
 defect :i* may be  well rem$i$ by !    
introduction into ! soap ( a little     

7#abj?7 fus$  sulphate ( soda2 & ?is    
salt concret+ gives ! soap a desirable  
h>dness1 :il/ x improves its col\r1 &   
r5d]s x a m desirable  article = ! wa%+ 
tub40 7,ure47 ,?is process 0 pat5t$ by  
,dr  ,norm&y1 b soon prov$ a s\rce (    
annoyance & mole/ation to him on  ! "p (
 ! ,bo>d ( ,excise1 x be+ an enorm\s    
crime 9 law to  attempt to improve &    
*eap5 soap4    8,soda :i* conta9s       
sulphurets is pref]r$ = mak+ mottl$ or  
m>ble  soap1 :]eas ! desulphurett$ soda 
makes ! be/ :ite curd soap40  8,!       
,b>illas always conta9 a small          
proportion ( pota%1 to :i* _!  peculi>  
value1 9 mak+ a less brittle or m pla/ic
 h>d soap ?an  ! factiti\s sodas1 may1 )
 great probability1 be ascrib$40 7,ure47
    ,! mottl$ appe>ance is usually giv51
 9 ! ,london ,soap-works1 by  wat]+ !   
ne>ly f9i%$ soap ) a /rong lye ( crude  
soda1 by  means ( a wat]+ c furni%$ ) a 
rose sp\t4 ,= #8,ca/ile soap' a         
solution ( sulphate ( iron is s employ$4
 ,see ,,soaps 7,m$icat$ &  ,toilet74    

,soap1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,sapo          
,,ars5icalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bcurs47 ,f   
c>bonate ( pota%1 #ab oz42 :ite ars5ic1 
:ite soap1 & air-slak$  lime1 ( ea* #d  
oz42 p[d]$ camphor1 #c_/d oz42 made into
 a pa/e )  wat]1 q4 s4 ,us$ to pres]ve !
 sk9s ( birds1 & o!r small animals4     
,soap1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,nig]1 ,s4 
,,mollis ,,communis1 ,l4 ,a crude s(t   
soap1 made ( fi% oil & pota%2 b ! foll[+
 mixture is usually  sold = x3----,s(t  
soap1 #g lbs42 tra9 oil1 #a lb42 wat]1  
#a gall42 boil to  a prop] consi/5ce1   
add+ ivory black or p[d]$ *>coal1 q4 s41
 to  col\r4 ,us$ by f>ri]s4    ,,soaps  
7,m$icat$74 ,a few only ( ^! des]ve     
notice "h3----    ,soap1 ,antimonial4   
,syn4 ,,sapo ,,antimonialis1 ,,sapo     
,,/ibiatus1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,hamb4 ,cod4   
#ahde47 ,gold5 sulphuret ( antimony1 #b 
dr42 solution (  cau/ic potassa1 #f dr4 
7or q4 s472 dissolve & triturate !      
solution  ) m$icat$ 7,ca/ile7 soap 79   
p[d]71 #a-a_/b oz41 until ! mass        
assumes a pilul> consi/5ce4 ,x %\ld be (

 a greyi%-:ite col\r4    ,soap1         
,*lor9at$4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,calcis        
,,*lor9at1 ,l42 ,,savon                 
,,antisyphilitique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f      
,ca/ile soap 79 p[d]71 #aa oz42  *loride
 ( lime 7dry & good71 #a oz42 mix1 beat 
!m to a mass )  rectifi$ _s1 q4 s42     
7hold+ 9 solution7 oil ( v]b5a or ( g+] 
grass1 #a_/d oz42 la/ly1 =m ! mass into 
flat tablets1 & wrap ^! 9  ?9 %eet gutta
 p]*a4 ,a mo/ excell5t det]g5t &        
/imulant soap 9  v>i\s affections1      
admirably adapt$ = hospital use1 & =    
remov+  /a9s f ! sk9 & r5d]+ x :ite4 ,x 
is ! mo/ p[]ful kn[n  ag5t aga9/        
infection f contagi\s diseases          
communicable by contact4    ,soap1      
,cod-,liv] ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,olei    
,,jecoris 7,des*amps74 ,prep4  ,cod-liv]
 oil1 #b oz42 cau/ic soda1 #b dr42 wat]1
 #e dr42 dissolve ! soda  9 ! wat]1 &   
mix x ) ! oil4 ,an iodurett$ soap is    
made by  mix+ ) ! above1 #a dr4 ( iodide
 ( potassium dissolv$ 9 #a dr4 (  wat]4 
,soap1 ,croton4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,crotonis1

 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f croton oil &  liquor (   
potassa1 equal p>ts2 triturat$ toge!r 9 
a w>m mort> until  !y comb9e4           
,ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a to #c gr4        
,soap ( ,gamboge4 ,syn4 ,,sapo          
,,gambogi4 7,s\beiran47 ,prep4 ,mix #a  
"p  ( gamboge ) #b ( soap1 dissolve x ) 
a little _s1 & evaporate  to a pilul>   
consi/5ce4    ,soap1 ( ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 
,,sapo ,,guaiaci1 ,,sapo ,,guaiac9us1   
,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,bor47 ,liquor (      
potassa1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b oz42 mix 9 a  
porcela9  capsule1 apply heat1 &        
gradually add ( res9 ( guaiacum 79      
p[d]71 #f  dr41 or z mu* z x w dissolve2
 next decant or filt]1 & evaporate  to a
 pilul> consi/5ce4----,dose1 #aj to #cj 
gr42 9 *ronic rheumatism1  v>i\s sk9    
diseases1 c4    ,soap ,iod9e4 ,syn4     
,,sapo ,,ioduratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f       
,ca/ile soap  7slic$71 #a lb42 iodide ( 
potassium1 #a oz42 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #c
 fl4  oz42 melt !m toge!r 9 a glass or  
porcela9 vessel1 ov] a wat] ba?4        
,excell5t 9 v>i\s sk9 diseases2 also z a

 common soap = scr(ul\s  subjects4      
,soap ( ,jalap4 ,see ,,jalap1 ,,soap    
,,(4    ,soap1 ,l>*4 ,syn4 ,,sapo       
,,l>icis4 7,dr ,moore47 ,prep4 ,dissolve
 #ab oz4 (  :ite curd soap 9 #bd oz4 (  
rose wat] on a /eam ba?4 ,infuse #d oz4 
(  :eat bran 9 #aj oz4 ( cold wat] = #bd
 h\rs1 & express4 ,add to !  la/1 #c oz4
 ( pure glyc]94 ,dissolve #f dr4 (      
extract ( l>* b>k 9 #a  oz4 ( boil+     
wat]4 ,mix ^! solutions ) ! dissolv$    
soap1  evaporate ov] a /eam ba? to a    
prop] consi/5ce1 & p\r into m\lds  to   
cool4 ,= ! local treatm5t ( psoriasis4  
,soap1 ,macqu]'s ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,sapo    
,,vitriolicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ,ca/ile    
soap1 #d oz42 s(t5$ by heat & a little  
wat]1 & !n cont9ually  triturat$ 9 a    
mort> ) oil ( vitriol 7add$ drop by     
drop74  ,det]g5t4 ,us$ :]e alkalies w\ld
 be prejudicial4    ,soap1 ,m>9e4       
,pat5t4 ,?is is made by sub/itut+ cocoa 
nut oil =  ! fats & oils us$ 9 !        
manufacture ( common soap4 ,x has !     
advantage ( =m+ a la!r ) salt wat]4     

,soap1 ,m]curial4 ,syn4 ,,sapo          
,,hydr>gyri4 7,m4 ,h]b]t47 #a4 ,prep4   
,dissolve #d oz4 ( quicksilv] 9 its     
weight ( nitric acid )\t heat2  melt 9 a
 porcela9 bas9 by wat] ba? #ah oz4 (    
veal suet1 & add !  solution1 /irr+ !   
mixture till ! union is complete4 ,to #e
 oz4 (  ?is o9tm5t1 add #b oz4 (        
solution ( cau/ic soda 7#acc71 porphyry 
slag1 till a soap is =m$1 :i* is        
completely soluble 9 wat]4 ,=  ext]nal  
use1 alone1 or dissolv$ 9 wat]1 9 "s    
cutane\s diseases4    #b4 ,,sapo        
,,m]curialis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,,sapo        
,,sublimatis ,,corrosivi47 ,f ,ca/ile   
soap 79 p[d]71 #d oz42 corrosive        
sublimate1 #a dr42 7dissolv$ 97         
rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz42 beat5 to a     
uni=m mass 9 a porcela9 or  w$gwood-w>e 
mort>4    #c4 7,,sapo ,,hydr>gyri1      
,,precipitati ,,albi----,sir ,h4 ,m>%47 
,prep4 ,beat #ab oz4  ( :ite ,w9dsor    
soap 9 a m>ble mort>1 add #a dr4 (      
rectifi$ _s1 #b  dr4 ( :ite precipitate1
 & #aj drops ( otto4 ,beat ! :ole to a  

uni=m pa/e4    #d4 7,,sapo ,,hydr>gyri1 
,,precipitati ,,rubri----,sir ,h4 ,m>%47
 ,f :ite ,w9dsor  soap1 #b oz42 nitric  
oxide ( m]cury 7levigat$71 #a dr42 otto 
( roses1 #f  or #h drops2 7dissolv$ 97  
rectifi$ _s1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 z ! la/4 
,bo? ! above are employ$ z /imulant     
det]g5ts & repellants1 9  v>i\s sk9     
diseases2 also z ,,savon                
,,antisyphilitique4    ,soap (          
,subacetate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,sapo       
,,saturni 7,bri/ol ,infirm>y74  ,prep4  
,boil #a lb4 ( :ite soap 9 #d p9ts ( ra9
 wat]2 :5 ! soap  is dissolv$ add #a oz4
 ( camphor pulv]is$ ) _s1 & mix$ ) #b   
oz4 ( liquid subacetate ( lead1 /ir !   
:ole till cold4    ,soap1 ,sulphurett$4 
,syn4 ,,sapo ,,sulphuris1 ,,sapo        
,,sulphuratus1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,sir ,h4    
,m>%47 ,f :ite soap1 #b oz42 sublim$    
sulphur1 #a_/d oz42 beat5  to a smoo?   
pa/e 9 a m>ble mort> ) #a or #b fl4 dr4 
( rectifi$  _s /rongly col\r$ ) alkanet 
root1 & hold+ 9 solution otto  ( roses1 
#aj or #ab drops4 ,9 it* & v>i\s o!r    

cutane\s diseases4    ,soap1 ,t>4 ,syn4 
,,sapo ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,,sapo         
,,piceus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t>1  #a "p2     
liquor ( potassa & soap 79 %av+s71 ( ea*
 #b p>ts2 beat  !m toge!r until !y      
unite4 ,/imulant4 ,us$ 9 psoriasis1     
lepra1 c4    ,soap1 ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4    
,,/>key',s ,,soap2 ,,sapo ,,t]eb9?91 ,s4
  ,,t]eb9?9atus1 ,l42 ,,savon           
,t,r,,b9?9e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47    
,subc>bonate ( pota%1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & 
,v5ice turp5t9e1 equal  p>ts2 triturate 
!m toge!r1 9 a w>m mort>1 ) a little    
wat]1  until !y comb9e2 put ! product   
into pap] m\lds1 & 9 a few days  slice  
x1 & pres]ve x 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4   
,,soaps 7,toilet74 ,( toilet soaps !re  
are two pr9cipal v>ieties3----    #a4   
7,h>d47 ,! basis ( ^! is1 g5]ally1 a    
mixture ( suet1 #i p>ts1  & olive oil1  
#a "p1 saponifi$ by cau/ic soda2 !      
product is  v>i\sly sc5t$ & col\r$4 ,!y 
are also made ( :ite tall[1 olive1      
almond1 & palm-oil soaps1 ei!r alone or 
comb9$ 9 v>i\s  proportions1 & sc5t$4   

#b4 7,s(t47 ,! basis ( ^! is a soap made
 ( hog's l>d & pota%1  v>i\sly sc5t$ &  
col\r$4    #c4 ,guido ,s*nitz]1 writ+ to
 #8,d+l]'s ,j\rnal' 7cciii1             
#abi-acb71agc  says t ! use ( sodium    
silicate 7ord9>y wat]-glass7 has prov$ (
  great value 9 ! manufacture ( palm oil
 & cocoa-nut oil soaps1 z x  increases  
_! alkal9ity1 & gives to !m great]      
h>dness &  durability4 ,x is = ^!       
reasons ! silicate is mu* us$ 9 !       
manufacture ( toilette soaps4           
,footnote #agc3 #8,j\rn4 ( ,*em4 ,soc41'
 new s]ies1 vol4 x4    ,he /ates t dur+ 
! ,am]ican w>1 :5 ! price ( res9 soap   
rea*$ a high price1 sodium silicate 0   
mu* us$ z a sub/itute 9  soap mak+4 ,!  
soap is f\nd to be ! m active & durable 
9  proportion to ! am\nt ( silica 9 !   
silicate4    ,s*nitz] made a s]ies (    
exp]im5ts 9 ord] to discov] a mixture   
:i*1 on fus+1 w yield a silicate z ri* z
 possible 9 silica1  )\t be+ insoluble 9
 boil+ wat]1 & he f\nd ! foll[+         
proportions yield$ on fusion ! be/      

silicate = ! above purposes3----    #ajj
 p>ts ( soda a% 7conta9+ #ia p] c5t1 (  
,na#b;,,co#c71 & #ahj  ( s&4 ,9 !       
solution ( silicate obta9$ on treatm5t )
 boil+  wat]1 ! proportion ( ! ,na#b,o  
to ! ,si,o#b w\ld !n be z #a to  #bi4   
,aft] long boil+ ) wat]1 !re ord9>ily   
rema9s a slimy residue1  :i*1 on boil+  
up ) fre% dilute soda-lye = a long "t1  
furni%es  a conc5trat$ solution (       
silicate4 ,?is residue1 consi/+ (       
silica1  ) insoluble high] silicates1 0 
boil$ ) soda solution at #f  ,baume1 & !
 solution conc5trat$ to #dj ,baume1 :5 !
 proportion  !re9 ( ,na#b,o to ,si,o#b 0
 f\nd to be z #a to #a1 & on cool+  ^?  
cry/allis$ out1 sodium silicate ( !     
=mula ,na#b,si,o#c   #h;,h#b,o1 9 :ite  
foliat$ cry/als4    ,on ! small scale ! 
p]fume is g5]ally add$ to ! soap melt$ 9
 a  bright copp] pan by ! heat ( a wat] 
ba?2 on ! l>ge scale x is  mix$ ) !     
liquid soap1 at ! soap-mak]'s1 be=e !   
latt] is  p\r$ into ! frames4    ,!     
foll[+ are examples ( a few ( ! lead+   

toilet soaps3#agd    ,footnote #agd3    
,see also ,,savonettes4    ,soap1 ,bitt]
 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,savon ,d',,am&e1 ,fr4 
,prep4 ,f :ite  tall[ soap1 #ef lbs42   
ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #c_/d lb42 z    
be=e4    ,savon au ,b\quet4 ,fr4 ,prep4 
,f tall[ soap1 #cj lbs42 olive-oil      
soap1 #aj lbs42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #d    
oz42 oils ( cloves1 sassafras1 &  ?yme1 
( ea* #a oz42 pure n]oli1 #a_/b oz42    
br[n o*re 7f9ely p[d]$71  #a_/b lb42    
mix$ z ! la/4    ,soap1 ,c9namon4 ,prep4
 ,f tall[ soap1 #ad lbs42 palm-oil soap1
 #g  lbs42 oil ( c9namon 7cassia71 #c   
oz42 oil ( sassafras & ess5ce (         
b]gamot1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 levigat$ yell[
 o*re1 #a_/b lb4    ,soap1 ,float+4     
,prep4 ,f good oil soap1 #ad lbs42 wat]1
 #c p9ts2  melt$ toge!r by ! heat ( a   
/eam or wat] ba?1 & assidu\sly  beat5   
until ! mixture has at lea/ d\bl$ its   
volume1 :5 x mu/ be  put into ! frames1 
cool$1 & cut into pieces4 ,any sc5t may 
be add$4    ,soap1 ,glyc]94 ,any mild   
toilet soap be+ liquefi$1 glyc]9 is     

intimately mix$ ) x 9 ! proportion ( f a
 #bj? to a #be? ( !  weight ( ! soap4   
,sometimes a r$1 & o!rs an orange t9t is
 giv5 to  x4 ,! sc5t usually consi/s (  
b]gamot1 or rose g]anium1 mix$ ) a      
little oil ( cassia1 to :i* sometimes a 
little oil ( bitt] almonds is  add$4    
#b4 7,spon47 #dj lbs4 ( tall[1 #dj lbs4 
( l>d1 & #bj lbs4 ( cocoa-nut  oil1 are 
saponifi$ ) #de lbs4 ( soda lye1 & #e   
lbs4 ( pota% lye1 (  #dj ,baume1 :5 !   
soap is to be made 9 ! cold way4 ,to !  
pa/e !n  add1 pure glyc]9 #f lbs41 oil (
 ,portugal1 #a_/b oz41 oil ( b]gamot1   
#a_/c  oz41 bitt] almond oil1 #e oz41   
oil ( vitiv]t1 #c oz4    ,soap1 ,honey4 
,prep4 #a4 ,f palm-oil soap & olive-oil 
soap1 ( ea*  #a "p2 curd soap1 #c p>ts2 
melt$ toge!r & sc5t$ ) ! oil (  v]b5a1  
rose-g]anium1 or g+]-grass4    #b4 ,f ! 
f9e/ bright-col\r$ yell[ soap1 sc5t$ ) !
 oils (  g+]-grass & b]gamot4    ,soap1 
,liquid ,glyc]9----,glyc]9seife1        
,flssige4 ,sesame or cotton-se$  oil is 
saponifi$ ) suffici5t cau/ic pota%1 &   

:ile moi/ is  dissolv$ 9 six times its  
weight ( _s ( w9e4 ,! solution is       
filt]$1 five-six?s ( ! _s is di/ill$ f a
 wat] ba?1 &  ! cool$ residue is r$uc$  
to ! consi/5ce ( ?9 honey1 ) a  mixture 
( #b p>ts glyc]9 & #a "p _s4 ,x is !n   
p]fum$4    ,soap1 ,musk4 #a4 ,a good ox 
suet or tall[ soap is g5]ally us$ = !   
basis ( ?is4 ,! sc5t is compos$ ( a     
mixture ( ess5ce ( musk1 )  small       
quantities ( ! oils ( b]gamot1 c9namon1 
& cloves4 ,!  quantity ( musk mu/ be    
regulat$ by ! am\nt ( fragrance requir$4
  ,! soap is usually col\r$ ) c>amel4   
#b4 ,ano!r k9d is made ) tall[ &        
palm-oil soap1 to :i* is add$ a  mixture
 ( ! p[d]s ( cloves1 roses1 &           
gillifl[]s1 oil (  b]gamot1 & ess5ce (  
musk4 ,! col\r+ matt] is br[n o*re4     
,soap1 ,musk4 ,z ,,c9namon ,,soap1 b )  
ess5ce ( musk1 support$ ) a  little     
ess5ce ( b]gamot & oil ( cloves1 z      
p]fume1 & burnt sug>1  to col\r4        
,soap1 ,naples4 ,f olive oil & pota%4   
,soap1 ,orange-fl[]4 ,z ,,savon  ,,la   

,,rose1 ) oil ( n]oli or ess5ce  de     
petit gra91 support$ ) a little ( !     
ess5ce ( amb]gris &  ,portugal1 =       
p]fume4    ,soap1 ,palm-oil4 ,syn4      
,,violet ,,soap4 ,made ( palm oil &     
cau/ic soda  lye4 ,x has a pleasant od\r
 ( violets & a lively col\r4    ,soap1  
,pe>l4 ,syn4 ,,almond ,,cream2 ,,cr,,me 
,d',,am&es1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f a  soap made 
( l>d & cau/ic pota% lye2 :5 q cold x is
 beat5 9  small portions at a "t 9 a    
m>ble mort>1 until x unites to =m a     
homog5e\s mass1 or #8pe>ls1' z x is     
call$2 ess5ce ( bitt] almonds1  q4 s41  
to p]fume1 be+ add$ dur+ ! p\nd+4       
,savon  la ,rose4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f a      
mixture ( olive-oil soap1 #cf  lbs42 be/
 tall[ soap1 #bd lbs4 7bo? new & 9      
%av+s72 wat]1 #a  qu>t2 melt$ 9 a cov]$ 
bright copp] pan1 by ! heat ( a wat]    
ba?1  !n col\r$ ) v]milion 7f9ely       
levigat$71 #b-a_/b oz42 &1 aft] !       
mixture has cool$ a little1 sc5t$ ) otto
 ( roses1 #c oz42 ess5ce (  b]gamot1    
#b-a_/b oz42 oil ( cloves & c9namon1 (  

ea* #a oz4    ,soap1 ,rondeletia4 ,?is  
is m]ely c9namon soap sc5t$ ) ! ess5ce  
made ) mix$ ess5tial oils1 c41 kn[n z   
rondeletia4 ,x is col\r$  ) br[n or     
yell[ o*re4    ,soap1 ,%av+4 ,see ,,pa/e
 7,%av+74    ,soap1 ,transpar5t4 ,prep4 
,f p]fectly dry almond1 tall[1 or s(t   
soap1 r$uc$ to %av+s1 & dissolv$1 9 a   
clos$ vessel or /ill1 9  an equal weight
 ( rectifi$ _s1 ! cle> portion1 aft] a  
few h\rs'  repose1 be+ p\r$ into m\lds  
or frames2 aft] a few weeks' exposure to
  a dry atmosph]e1 ! pieces are #8trimm$
 up' & /amp$1 z desir$4 ,x  may be sc5t$
 & col\r$1 at w1 by add+ ! +r$i5ts to x 
:ile 9 ! s(t /ate4 ,a rose col\r is giv5
 by t9cture ( ar*il2 &  yell[1 by       
t9cture ( turm]ic or annotta4 ,x does n 
la!r well4    ,soap1 ,w9dsor4 ,syn4     
,,sapo ,,v9desor1 ,s4 ,,v9desori5sis1   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,,:ite2 ,s4 ,v4        
,,albus47 ,! be/ #8,engli%' is made ( a 
mixture ( olive  oil1 #a "p1 & ox tall[ 
or suet1 #i p>ts1 saponifi$ by cau/ic   
soda4  #8,fr5* ,w9dsor-soap' is made (  

hogs' l>d1 ) ! addition ( a  little palm
 oil4 ,t ( ! %ops is m]ely ord9>y curd  
soap1 sc5t$  ) oil ( c>away1 support$ ) 
a little oil ( b]gamot1 lav5d]1 or      
origanum4 ,to ! f9] qualities a little (
 ! ess5ces ( musk &  amb]gris is        
occasionally add$4 #a-a_/b lb4 ( ! mix$ 
sc5ts is !  common proportion p] cwt4   
#b4 7,,br[n2 ,s4 ,v4 ,,fuscus47 ,?is    
m]ely diff]s f ! la/ 9 be+  col\r$ )    
burnt sug>1 or 7less frequ5tly7 ) umb]4 
,orig9ally x  0 ! :ite v>iety1 t _h     
become mell[ & br[n ) age4    ,,s,,da4  
,see ,,sodium4    ,,s,,dium4 ,na4 ,syn4 
,,natrium4 ,! metallic base ( soda4 ,x 0
 fir/  obta9$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 9      
#ahjg1 by means ( a p[]ful galvanic     
batt]y2  b x may be m conv5i5tly &      
*eaply procur$1 9 quantity1 by !  me?od 
describ$ "u ,,potassium4 ,! process1 :5 
well conduct$1 is1  h[ev]1 mu* easi] & m
 c]ta9 ?an t = ! la/-nam$ metal4        
,prep4 ,! anhydr\s c>bonate ( sodium1 #f
 p>ts1 is dissolv$ 9 a  little wat]1 & !
 solution mix$ ) *>coal 9 f9e p[d]1 #b  

p>ts1 & *>coal 9 small lumps1 #a "p2 !  
:ole is !n evaporat$  to dryness1       
transf]r$ to an iron retort1 & treat$ 9 
! mann]  describ$ at page #acec4        
,obs4 ,v important improvem5ts h be5    
made 9 ! manufacture (  ?is metal by    
,deville1 consi/+ p>tly 9 !             
simplification ( !  receiv]1 & p>tly 9 !
 addition ( c>bonate ( calcium to !     
mixture1 :i* addition appe>s to         
facilitate ! r$uction ( ! sodium  9 a   
mo/ rem>kable mann]4    ,prop41 c4      
,sodium is a s(t silv]-:ite metal1      
sc>cely solid at common  temp]atures1   
fuses at #aid ,fahr41 & volatilises at a
 r$ heat2 x  oxidises v rapidly 9 ! air2
 :5 plac$ on ! surface ( cold  wat]1 x  
decomposes t liquid ) great viol5ce1 b  
g5]ally  )\t flame1 9 :i* x diff]s f    
potassium2 on hot wat] x burns  ) a     
bright yell[ flame----9 bo? cases a     
solution ( pure soda be+  =m$4 ,sp4 gr4 
#igb2 x is m malleable ?an any o!r      
metal1 & may  be easily r$uc$ into v ?9 
leaves 7,ure72 its o!r prop]ties        

resemble ^? ( potassium1 b are ( a      
feebl] "*4 ,) oxyg5  x =ms two oxides2 )
 *lor9e1 a *loride 7common salt72 &----)
  brom9e1 iod9e1 fluor9e1 c41 bromide1  
iodide1 fluoride1 c41 all (  :i* may be 
obta9$ by simil> processes to !         
respective comp\nds (  potassium1 :i*1 =
 ! mo/ "p !y resemble4    ,uses4 ,until 
rec5tly sodium has be5 reg>d$ z a m]e   
me*anical or  philosophical curiosity2 x
 has n[1 h[ev]1 become ( great practical
  importance1 f be+ employ$ 9 !         
manufacture ( ! metals  alum9ium1       
magnesium1 c4    ,te/s4 ,sodium salts   
are recognis$ by _! solubility 9 wat]1 &
 by  _! giv+ a precipitate ) none ( !   
ord9>y reag5ts4 ,!y give a  ri* yell[   
col\r to ! col\rless ,buns5 or ! pale   
blue bl[pipe  flame4 ,!y c1 to a c]ta9  
ext5t1 be also di/+ui%$ f potassium     
salts by ! c>bonate be+ an easily       
cry/allisable salt1 eff]vesc+  9 dry    
air2 ! c>bonate ( potassium be+         
cry/allis$ ) difficulty1  & deliquesc5t4
 ,plat9um *loride does n give a         

precipitate )  sodium *loride2 nei!r    
does picric acid1 p]*lorate ( ammonium1 
nor  t>t>ic acid4    ,sodium1 ,acetate  
(4 ,na,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,(
 ,,soda2 ,,sod  ,,acetas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,d471 ,l4 ,prep>$ f c>bonate ( sodium z 
!  correspond+ potassium salt2 b !      
result+ solution is evaporat$ to  a     
pellicle1 & set aside to cry/allise4    
,its cry/als are /riat$  oblique rhombic
 prisms2 x effloresces slightly 9 ! air1
 & is soluble  9 #d p>ts ( wat] at #fj  
,fahr4 ,diuretic4----,dose1 #bj to #dj  
gr4    ,sodium1 ,alum9ate4 ,?is salt has
 ( late be5 9 ext5sive dem& by !  calico
 pr9t] & dy]4 ,9 ,france x is obta9$ f  
banxite1 a native  hydrate ( alum9ate1  
by treatm5t ) cau/ic or c>bonate ( soda4
 ,if  cau/ic soda be employ$1 ! p[d]$   
banxite is boil$ ) a solution  ( !      
alkali1 :]eas if c>bonate ( soda be us$1
 x is fus$ ) !  banxite 9 a rev]batory  
furnace4 ,by ! fir/ process ! result+   
alum9ate ( soda is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 &   
evaporat$ to dryness1 =ms  ! comm]cial  

article4 ,if prep>$ by ignition1 !      
semifus$ mass is  lixiviat$ ) wat]1 & !n
 evaporat$ to dryness4 ,alum9ate ( soda 
prep>$ z above occurs z a :ite p[d]1 ( a
 gre5i%-yell[ hue1 &  dry to ! t\*4     
,x is equally soluble 9 bo? hot & cold  
wat]1 & readily decompos$  by c>bonic & 
acetic acids1 bic>bonate & acetate (    
soda1 *loride (  ammonia1 c4 ,dr ,wagn] 
/ates t x is us$ = ! prep>ation ( lake  
col\rs1 ! induration ( /one1 9 !        
manufacture ( artificial /one1  & = !   
saponification ( fats 9 ! manufacture ( 
/e>9 c&le  manufacture1 also 9 !        
prep>ation ( an opaque1 milky-look+     
glass1 or  semi-porcela94    ,alum9ate (
 soda may likewise be procur$ f         
cryolite1 z describ$  "u ,,alum4        
,sodium ,ars5iates4 ,syn4 ,,sod         
,,ars5ias 7,b4 ,p474 ,ars5i\s acid1 #aj 
oz42  nitrate ( soda1 #h-a_/b oz42 dri$ 
c>bonate ( soda1 #e-a_/b oz42 boil+     
di/ill$ wat]1 #ce fl4 oz4 ,r$uce ! dry  
+r$i5ts sep>ately to f9e  p[d]1 & mix !m
 ?or\ghly 9 a porcela9 mort>4 ,put !    

mixture  into a l>ge clay crucible &    
cov] x ) ! lid4 ,expose x to a full  r$ 
heat till all eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 &  
complete fusion has tak5  place4 ,p\r   
out ! fus$ salt on a clean flag/one1 & z
 soon z x has  solidifi$ & :ile x is    
/ill w>m put x into ! boil+ di/ill$     
wat]1 /irr+ dilig5tly4 ,:5 ! salt has   
dissolv$ filt] !  solution ?r\gh pap]1 &
 set x aside to cry/allise4 ,dra9 !     
cry/als1 & hav+ dri$ !m rapidly on      
filt]+ pap]1 enclose !m  9 a /opp]$     
bottle4    ,sodium1 ,b5zoate4 ,syn4     
,,sod ,,b5zoas4 7,b4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,heat
 g5tly  b5zoic acid & wat]1 & add cau/ic
 soda1 q4 s4 to neutralise !  acid4     
,filt]1 evaporate1 & cry/allise ov]     
sulphuric acid "u a  bell-glass4        
,sodium1 ,bisulphate4 ,syn4 ,,acid      
,,sulphate1 ,,sod ,,bisulphis4 ,prep4   
,dissolve cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda 9  
twice its weight ( wat]1 &  pass        
sulphur\s acid 9 excess ?r\gh !         
solution4 ,set x aside to  cry/allise4  
,its solution is us$ to pres]ve         

subjects4    ,sodium1 ,bromide (4 ,syn4 
,,sodii ,,bromidum4 ,prep>$ z bromide ( 
potassium4    ,sodium1 ,c>bonate (4     
,na#b;,,co#c4 #aj;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonate 
,,( ,,soda1  ,,mono-,,c>bonate ,,(      
,,soda1 ,,subc>bonate ,,( ,s41 ,salt (  
b>illa2 ,,sod  ,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,! c>bonate (      
sodium ( comm]ce  7,,wa%+ ,,soda7 0     
=m]ly prep>$ f ! a%es ( seawe$1 & o!r   
m>9e vegetables1 9 a some:at simil>     
mann] to t by :i* c>bonate  ( potassium 
is obta9$2 b x is n[ usually obta9$ f   
*loride (  sodium by ! action ( heat1   
sulphuric acid1 & c>bonace\s matt]4     
,illu/ration3 ,scot* ,soda ,furnace4    
,prep4 #a4 7,f common salt or sulphate (
 sodium47 ,! latt] is  g5]ally obta9$ by
 decompos+ ! =m] ) sulphuric acid1 !    
evolv$ gas be+ pass$ into wat]1 or ?r\gh
 flues fill$ ) coke1  ov] :i* a v small 
/ream ( cold wat] con/antly fl[s1 by :i*
 x  is cond5s$1 & =ms #8,,liquid        
,,hydro*loric ,,acid1' a sub/ance       
aft]w>ds  consum$1 9 l>ge quantities1 9 

! manufacture ( *loride ( lime1 &  = o!r
 purposes4 ,! sulphate ( sodium1 obta9$ 
f ?is or any  o!r s\rce1 is well mix$ ) 
an equal weight ( *alk or lime/one1  &  
ab\t half its weight ( small coal1 ea*  
be+ previ\sly gr\nd to  p[d]1 & !       
mixture is expos$ to a /rong heat 9 a   
#8rev]batory  furnace' 7see engr47 until
 ! decomposition ( ! sulphate is        
complete1 ! mass dur+ ! calc9ation be+  
frequ5tly /irr$ ab\t  ) a long iron rod2
 ! semi-liquid is n[ rak$ into an iron  
tr\gh1  :]e x is all[$ to cool1 :il/ !  
furnace is re*>g$ ) fre%  mat]ials4 ,!  
crude d>k-grey product1 ?us obta9$1 is  
kn[n z #8ball  alkali1' or #8,briti%    
b>illa1' & usually conta9s ab\t #bb or  
#bc (  pure hydrate ( sodium4 ,?is is n[
 lixiviat$ ) tepid wat]1 & !  solution1 
aft] defecation1 evaporat$ to dryness2 !
 residuum is mix$  ) a c]ta9 quantity ( 
sawdu/1 coal-du/1 or *>coal1 & roa/$ 9  
a rev]b]atory furnace1 at a heat n      
exce$+ #gjj ,fahr41 until all !  sulphur
 is expell$4 ,! product is ! #8soda-a%1'

 #8soda salt1' or  #8,briti% alkali1' ( 
comm]ce1 & conta9s ab\t #ej ( pure      
sodium1  p>tly 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 &   
p>tly z hydrate1 ! rema9d]  be+ *iefly  
sulphate ( sodium & common salt4 ,:5 ?is
 is purifi$ by  solution 9 wat]1        
defecation1 evaporation1 &              
cry/allisation1 x  furni%es comm]cial   
cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda4 ,:5 ?is la/ 
is  r$issolv$1 & ! filt]$ solution is   
c>efully cry/allis$1 x  con/itutes !    
ord9>y c>bonate ( sodium us$ 9 ph>macy &
  m$ic9e4    ,ano!r process = !         
prep>ation ( comm]cial c>bonate (       
sodium1  kn[n z ! #8ammonia process1'   
has ( late ye>s met ) consid]able       
adoption4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is process1      
toge!r ) ! process itself1  are ?us     
describ$ by ,dr ,r4 ,wagn]3#age 8,six   
ye>s ago 7he 0 writ+ 9  #ahgc71 :5 !    
int]national jury at ! ,p>is ,exhibition
 express$ _!  op9ion ^u ! /ate ( ! soda 
indu/ry at t "t1 all ! judges1  :e!r    
practical or !oretical m51 believ$ t    
,leblanc's process  7t previ\sly        

describ$7 w\ld hold ! field = a long "t 
yet4 ,?is  seem$ /ill m probable1 s9ce a
 process _h j be5 introduc$ =  recov]+ !
 sulphur f ! soda residues4 ,at t "t all
 ! soda  9 use 0 prep>$ by ?is process1 
except+ a comp>atively small  am\nt     
obta9$ f ,*ili saltpetre & cryolite1    
al?\gh !re 7  already tangible          
indications t soda c\ld be made on a    
l>g] scale by  ano!r me?od1 :i* w\ld be 
*eap] ?an ,leblanc's process4           
,footnote #age3 #8,j\rnal ( ,appli$     
,*emi/ry4'    8,! *emical section ( !   
int]national jury at ! ,vi5na           
,exposition1  "u ! presid5cy ( ,pr(essor
 ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann1 con/itut$ a congress (
  *emical te*nology4 ,by its lab\rs dur+
 ! c\rse ( ! summ] ?is  congress (      
sci5tific m5 0 able to au!nticate ! v   
important  fact t al?\gh ,leblanc's     
process might 9 ! future possess "s     
importance = c]ta9 bran*es ( ! indu/ry1 
yet 9 mo/ places  ano!r soda process    
w\ld be introduc$ 9 ! imm$iate future1 &
  entirely sup]s$e t ( ,leblanc4 ,s9ce !

 "t ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition  ?is new      
process has gr[n f a small g]m to a     
/rong tree4    8,! process 9 "q1 & :i*  
is call$ by ,pr(essor ,h(mann #8!       
ammonia process1' is n new1 f ei!r a    
*emical or sci5tific po9t  ( view4 ,x   
belongs to ! same me?ods z ^? 9 :i*     
oxide ( lead1  bic>bonate ( magnesia1   
quicklime1 alum9a1 silicate ( alum9a1   
oxide (  *romium1 or fluosilicic acid   
are employ$ to decompose *loride (      
sodium1 & conv]t x directly into soda or
 its c>bonate4 ,none ( ^!  attempts met 
) a success des]v+ ( notice2 al?\gh = a 
c5tury  pa/ ef=ts h be5 made to r5d] !m 
practically op]ative4 ,! new  process is
 f\nd$ ^u a reaction notic$ ov] ?irty   
ye>s ago----t (  bic>bonate ( ammonia ^u
 a /rong solution ( common salt4 ,!     
great]  "p ( ! sodium is precipitat$ z  
bic>bonate1 :ile *loride (  ammonium    
rema9s 9 solution1 f :i* ! ammonia = a  
second  op]ation is expell$ by          
quicklime4 ,! c>bonic acid necess>y to  
conv]t  ! ammonia into bic>bonate (     

ammonia1 & ?us make ! process a         
cont9u\s "o1 is obta9$ by heat+ !       
bic>bonate ( soda to conv]t  x into !   
simple c>bonate4    8,! s5sation :i* !  
ammonia process has creat$ 9 indu/rial  
circles  w r5d] a brief hi/ory ( its    
developm5t n un9t]e/+4    8,s f> z ,i   
"k1 ,h>rison1 ,dy]1 ,grey1 & ,hemm+ 7 ! 
fir/ to  pat5t ! ammonia process 9      
,great ,brita9 9 #ahch4 ,great          
expectations  7 excit$ by x1 b x soon   
sank into oblivion4    8,?irty or =ty   
ye>s ago ! manufacture ( soda 0 by no   
means at !  head ( ! great bran*es (    
indu/ry2 at t "t1 too1 ammonia 0 n  to  
be _h *eaply & 9 imm5se quantities1 & t 
bran* ( ma*9e  build+ :i* has furni%$ ! 
necess>y app>atus = *emical  indu/ries  
did n exi/4 ,besides ?is1 ,anton1 (     
,prague1 9 #ahdj1 claim$  to h prov$ t 9
 ! ammonia process a v consid]able      
portion (  ! common salt /ill rema9$    
undecompos$4    8,aft] a sleep ( sixte5 
ye>s ! ammonia process aga9 ent]$ !     
field4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,may1 #ahed1 ,turck 

took out a pat5t 9 ,france1 & on  ! #ba/
 ,june1 ! same ye>1 ,s*ls+1 *emi/ ( !   
,imp]ial ,tobacco  ,factory at ,p>is1   
took out a pat5t = ,france & ,great     
,brita94 ,!  me*anical portion & ma*9]y 
= ,s*ls+'s process 7 design$ by  ,eng9e]
 ,e4 ,roll&1 director ( ! tobacco       
factory4 ,9 #ahee a company  0 organis$ 
to "w ?is process4 ,an exp]im5tal       
manufactory 0  />t$ at ,puteaux1 ne>    
,p>is1 b1 ow+ to its situation &        
arrangem5ts1 z well z ! salt monopoly1 x
 c\ld n produce soda  *eap en\gh to     
compete ) ! o!r process1 & h5ce1 9      
#aheh1 !  exp]im5t 0 ab&on$4 ,s*ls+ &   
,roll& 7 ( ! op9ion t  soon] or lat] !  
new process mu/ come into use 9 mak+    
soda4    8,x mu/ "h be notic$ t 9 #aheh 
,pr(essor ,he]51 ( ,hanov]1  subject$ ! 
ammonia process to a v c>eful te/ 9 8   
laboratory4    8,f 8 exp]im5ts &        
calculations x 0 asc]ta9$ t ?is  process
 0 bett] adapt$ to ! manufacture ( !    
bic>bonate ?an (  ! simple protoc>bonate
 ( soda4    8,to r5d] ?is sket* m       

complete & hi/orically true1 x mu/ be   
m5tion$ t ,t4 ,bell1 ( ,engl&1 took out 
a pat5t1 ,oct4 #ac?1 #aheg1  = a new    
soda process1 :i* 9 pr9ciple & practice 
0 almo/  lit]ally ! same z t ( ,dy]4    
8,x 0 kn[n :5 ! jury 0 work+ at ,p>is 9 
#ahfg t ess5tial  improvem5ts _h be5    
introduc$ into ! ammonia process by !   
ef=ts  ( ,m>gu]ite & ,de ,s\rdeval1 (   
,p>is1 & ,james ,"y1 ( ,glasg[4 ,a  m   
important fact1 h[ev]1 is t ,solvay &   
,co41 ( ,conillet1 9  ,belgium1 actually
 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition        
c>bonate ( soda  prep>$ by ?is new      
process4    8,s9ce t "t ! ammonia       
process has be5 develop$ & p]fect$ to   
su* an ext5t1 especially by ,solvay1    
,honigmann1 & ,pr(4 ,g]/5hf]1  t z e>ly 
z ,febru>y1 #ahgc1 ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann1 9 8 
introduction to !  ?ird gr\p ( !        
catalogue ( ! ,exhibition ( ! ,g]man    
,empire1 0  able to make ?is            
rem>k3----#8,at all ev5ts ! ammonia     
process is ! only  "o :i* ?reat5s to    
become an important competitor ( ! n[   

also mo/  exclusively employ$ process ( 
,leblanc4' ,! ,vi5na ,exposition has    
s9ce  prov$ ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4      
8,!re are n[ l>ge works 9 ,engl&1       
,hung>y1 ,switz]l&1 ,we/phalia1         
,?u]+ia1 & ,bad51 :i* employ ! improv$  
ammonia process1 & "s  ( !m make fifte5 
tons ( soda p] day4    8,! advantages ( 
! new process ov] t ( ,leblanc are v    
evid5t1  al?\gh ! details ( ! process h 
n yet be5 made public4    8,! *ief      
advantage consi/s 9 ! direct conv]sion (
 salt into  c>bonate ( soda1 & next f ! 
fact1 t f a saturat$ br9e  only ! sodium
 is precipitat$1 ) none ( ! o!r metals (
 !  "m liquor4 ,besides ?is1 ! product  
is absolutely free f all  sulphur       
comp\nds1 ! soda is ( a high grade1 !   
app>atus & ut5sils  are v simple1 !re is
 a great sav+ ( lab\r & fuel1 & no      
noxi\s gases & wa/e products are        
produc$1 :i* is ( importance f  a       
sanit>y po9t ( view4 ,! only weak po9t (
 ! ammonia process is  ! loss ( *lor9e1 
:i* is conv]t$ into wor?less *loride (  

calcium4    8,! effect :i* ! g5]al      
introduction ( ! new soda process w     
ex]t ^u l>ge *emical indu/ries 9 g5]al1 
& especially ^u !  consumption (        
sulphur1 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1
 & *loride (  lime1 _c be ov]look$40    
#c4 ,ano!r me?od = ! direct prep>ation (
 soda & pota% f _!  *lorides is describ$
 9 ! #8,bay]is*es ,indu/rie und ,gew]be 
,blatt4'#agf ,! process is ?us describ$ 
by its au?or1 ,h]r ,e4 ,bohlig3         
,footnote #agf3 #8,new ,rem$ies1' #ahgh1
 #d4    #a4 ,magnesium oxalate 7fre%ly  
prep>$ :5 newly />t+1 b1 aft] !  fir/   
op]ation1 obta9$ z a dry product 9 !    
next /ep7 is all[$  to dra91 & !n mix$ 9
 a l>ge vat ) ! prop] quantities (      
sodium *loride1 or conc5trat$ br9e &    
hydro*loric acid1 aft] :i*  x is all[$  
to /& a few h\rs4 ,decomposition takes  
place almo/  in/antane\sly2 all !       
magnesium goes into solution 9 =m (     
syrupy  magnesium *loride1 :ile all !   
sodium & oxalic acid are deposit$ z  a  
cry/all9e acid salt 7acid sodium        

oxalate1 or b9oxalate ( sodium74        
,s9ce ! magnesium oxalate is always     
obta9$ ( ! same composition &  9 ! same 
quantity1 x is suffici5t to det]m9e its 
weight once =  all1 & to take ea* "t !  
previ\sly common am\nts ( common salt4  
,! acid ne$ n be weigh$ ei!r2 x mu/ be  
add$ 9 j suffici5t  quantity to de/roy !
 milky appe>ance :i* ! mixture fir/     
assumes4    ,! reaction is z foll[s3    
,mg,c#b,o#d  ,h,cl        ,na,cl        
,na,h,c#b,o#d  ,mg,cl#b      ,magnesium 
,hydro*loric  ,sodium      ,sodium      
,magnesium     oxalate4      acid4      
*loride4    b9oxalate4     *loride4     
,! cry/all9e p[d] ( sodium b9oxalate is 
transf]r$ to l>ge  dra9+ filt]s1 wa%$ ) 
wat] until ! acid solution ( magnesium  
*loride is remov$1 & work$ up1 z bel[   
describ$1 :ile /ill moi/4    ,! acid    
solution ( magnesium *loride is made use
 ( sev]al times 9  succession z s mu*   
hydro*loric acid1 toge!r ) a quantity ( 
fre%  acid suffici5t = ! reaction4      
,f9ally1 :5 ! magnesium *loride has     

inconv5i5tly accumulat$1 x is work$ up  
by itself into magnesia &  hydro*loric  
acid4    #b4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! soda1 ! 
sodium b9oxalate is br\ght toge!r  ) an 
equival5t quantity ( magnesium c>bonate 
& wat] 9 a tight  cask4 ,z soon z !     
rema9+ air has be5 ne>ly expell$ by !   
g5]at$ c>bonic acid gas1 ! cask is      
clos$1 & a /irr+ me*anism  set 9 motion4
    ,a pressure gauge atta*$ to ! cask  
indicates a gradual rise ( !  pressure  
to two atmosph]es1 b1 on cont9ual /irr+1
 ?is dim9i%es1  until1 f9ally1 ! gauge  
/&s aga9 at #j4 ,! cask n[ conta9s a    
conc5trat$ solution ( sodium bic>bonate1
 & a precipitate (  magnesium oxalate1  
:i* latt]1 be+ co>sely granul>1 is      
easily  sep>at$ f ! liquid1 & is us$ ov]
 aga91 aft] wa%+1 = a  new op]ation4    
,! solution ( sodium bic>bonate is boil$
 = a %ort "t )  magnesia1 obta9$ 9      
di/ill+ magnesium *loride1 & bo? are    
!reby  conv]t$ into simple c>bonates4   
,bo? reactions are %[n 9 !  foll[+      
s*eme3      #a4 ,na,h,c#b,o#d  ,mg,c,o#c

  ,na,h,c,o#c  ,mg,c#b,o#d              
,sodium        ,magnesium               
,sodium         ,magnesium              
b9oxalate4     c>bonate4                
bic>bonate4     oxalate4      #b4       
#b,na,h,c,o#c    ,mg,o                  
,na#b;,,co#c  ,mg,c,o#c   ,h#b,o        
,sodium        ,magnesia4   ,sodium     
,magnesium  ,wat]       bic>bonate4     
c>bonate4     c>bonate4    ,z ! solution
 ( sodium c>bonate1 aft] conc5tration to
 #dj;,b41 is  incapable ( dissolv+ or   
reta9+ 9 solution any sodium oxalate1 x 
foll[s t ! :ole ( ! oxalic acid is      
recov]$4 ,! magnesia :i*  is requir$ = !
 purpose is obta9$ by di/ill+ magnesium 
*loride1  :i* !reby splits up into      
hydro*loric acid & magnesia4 ,"o half ( 
! latt] receives1 z we h se51 its       
c>bonic acid by boil+ )  sodium         
bic>bonate2 ! o!r half is plac$1 :il/   
/ill moi/1 ^u  trays 9 great wood5      
closets1 ?r\gh :i* ! gases ( ! furnace  
pass1 & is !reby c>bonat$4 ,! process   
may also be s modifi$ t  ! sodium       

b9oxalate is fir/ decompos$ by cau/ic   
magnesia1 & t  magnesium c>bonate is    
aft]w>ds add$4    ,! :ole mixture is !n 
transf]r$ to a /irr+ cask1 provid$ )    
op5+s = ! passage ( cool$ furnace gases1
 :]eby ! cau/ic soda  pres5t is v soon  
c>bonat$4    #c4 ,z soon z a l>ge       
quantity ( magnesium *loride solution   
has  accumulat$1 x is te/$ z            
foll[s3----,a small sample is mix$1 :ile
  boil+1 ) magnesium oxalate1 z long z !
 latt] is dissolv$1 &  !n all[$ to cool4
 ,!re %\ld be no cry/all9e deposit (    
sodium  b9oxalate =m$1 a pro( t !       
solution does n conta9 any sodium       
*loride 9 excess1 & is fit =            
di/illation4 ,x is fir/ neutralis$  by  
add+ "s m magnesia1 & evaporat$ ov] a   
nak$ fire 9 l>ge  kettles to a d\ghy    
consi/5ce1 %ort ( driv+ (f ! hydro*loric
  acid4 ,x is !n transf]r$ into ! ord9>y
 soda furnace1 :]e x is  di/ill$ ) a    
mod]ate fire4 ,! elim9at$ hydro*loric   
acid is  cond5s$ 9 ! usual mann]4    ,! 
residu>y mass %\ld n be heat$ r$ hot1 s 

z n to impair its  porosity or its ready
 aff9ity = c>bonic acid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !  
fir/-m5tion$ te/ %[s ! magnesium *loride
 to conta9 sodium  *loride ! :ole mass  
mu/ be mix$ ) magnesium oxalate1 & aft] 
removal ( ! precipitat$ sodium oxalate1 
saturat$ ) magnesia &  di/ill$4 ,! same 
process1 9 all its details1 may also be 
employ$ =  ! manufacture ( potassa & its
 c>bonate4    #d4 ,ano!r me?od (        
manufacture ( comm]cial soda is by      
treat+ !  m9]al cryolite 7a d\ble       
fluoride ( sodium & alum9ium7 ) ei!r    
cau/ic1 or hydrate ( lime4 ,! results ( 
! reaction are cau/ic soda1  sodium     
alum9ate1 & calcium fluoride4    ,!     
alum9ate & cau/ic soda be+ bo? soluble 9
 wat]1 a /ream (  c>bonic acid is pass$ 
?r\gh ! solution conta9+ !m1 :]eby all  
! soda becomes conv]t$ into c>bonate1   
:il/ ! alum9a is ?r[n  d[n z an         
insoluble precipitate4 ,9 ! wet way1 if 
en\gh hydrate (  lime be employ$1 all ! 
soda may be obta9$ 9 ! cau/ic condition4
    ,?is process is l>gely us$ 9        

,g]many4 ,v>i\s o!r processes = !       
manufacture ( comm]cial soda h be5      
devis$1 "s ( :i* are /ill  foll[$1 :il/ 
o!rs1 be+ impracticable1 h collaps$4    
,mr ,k+zett1 9 8 "w on ! alkali trade1  
has describ$ mo/ ( !m4    ,:5 anhydr\s  
c>bonate ( sodium is requir$ 7,,sod     
,,c>bonas ,,exsiccata1  ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4   
,l42 ,,sod ,,c>bonas ,,siccatum1 ,ph4   
,e4  ,d471 ! cry/allis$  c>bonate is    
heat$ to r$ness1 &1 :5 cold1 p[d]$4     
,prop41 c4 ,c>bonate ( sodium =ms l>ge1 
transp>5t1 oblique rhombic  prisms1 :i*1
 z ord9>ily met )1 & ( ! =mul           
,na#b;,,co#c4aj;,aq2 b by p>ticul>      
managem5t may be _h ) fifte51  n9e1     
sev51 or sometimes ) only "o molecule ( 
wat] (  cry/allisation 7,f[nes72 x is   
soluble 9 twice its weight ( wat] at    
#fj1 & less ?an an equal weight at #bab 
,fahr4 ,z a m$ic9e x is  deob/ru5t &    
antacid1 & is giv5 9 doses ( #aj to #cj 
gr4 ,x is also1  occasionally1 us$ to   
make eff]vesc+ draughts4 ,:5 tak5 9 an  
ov]dose x is poison\s4 ,! antidotes are 

! same z = c>bonate (  potassium4 ,!    
crude c>bonate is l>gely employ$ 9 !    
manufacture (  soap1 glass1 c4    ,fifty
 ?ree gr4 ( ! dri$ c>bonate are equal to
 #adc ( !  cry/allis$ salt4 ,! m$ic9al  
prop]ties ( bo? are simil>4 ,x has1     
h[ev]1 ! disadvantage ( be+ difficultly 
soluble 9 wat]4    ,! ord9>y c>bonate ( 
sodium g5]ally conta9s ei!r sulphates or
  *lorides1 or bo?2 & ^! may be detect$ 
z "u ,,c>bonate ,,(  ,,potassium4 8,:5  
sup]saturat$ ) nitric acid1 x           
precipitates only  slightly1 or n at    
all1 *loride ( b>ium or nitrate ( silv]2
 & #adc  gr4 require at lea/ #ifj       
gra9-measures ( solution ( oxalic acid0 
7,b4  ,p474 ,at a high temp]ature #ajj  
gr4 lose #fbe gr4 ( wat]4    ,sodium1   
,bic>bonate (4 ,na,h,c,o#c4 ,syn4       
,,sesquic>bonate ,,( ,,soda1 ,,sod      
,,bic>bonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d474 ,?is salt c be prep>$ 9 exactly  !
 same mann] z ! correspond+ salt (      
potassium4 ,ano!r me?od is  z           
foll[s3----,take ( cry/allis$ c>bonate (

 sodium1 #a "p2 dri$  c>bonate ( sodium1
 #b p>ts 7bo? 9 p[d]72 triturate !m well
  toge!r1 & surr\nd !m ) an atmosph]e ( 
c>bonic acid gas1 "u  pressure2 let !   
action g on until no m gas is absorb$1  
:i* w  g5]ally occupy #aj to #ad h\rs1  
accord+ to ! pressure employ$1 !n       
remove ! salt1 & dry x at a heat n above
 #abj ,fahr4    ,prop41 c4 ,a cry/all9e 
:ite p[d]2 x is soluble 9 #aj p>ts (    
wat] at #fj ,fahr41 b x _c be dissolv$ 9
 ev5 w>m wat] )\t  p>tial decomposition2
 x is m pleasant ta/$ & m feebly alkal9e
  ?an ! c>bonate ( ! same base4 ,:5     
absolutely pure x does n  d>k5 turm]ic  
pap]1 or only v slightly4 ,! dose is f  
#aj to #dj  gr41 z an antacid &         
absorb5t4 ,x is mu* employ$ 9 !         
prep>ation  ( eff]vesc+ p[d]s &         
draughts1 = :i* purpose                 
#bj gr4 ( comm]cial bic>bonate ( sodium 
------------------_/--------------------
_/                               are    
tak5 )                                  
_/------------------_/---------------   

#ah gr4 ( cry/allis$ t>t>ic acid2       
#ag gr4 ( cry/allis$ citric acid2 or    
#a_/b fl4 oz4 ( lemon juice4    ,!      
quantity ( bic>bonate any giv5 sample   
conta9s may be approximately  det]m9$ by
 well wa%+ #ajj gr4 ( ! salt ) an equal 
weight (  wat]1 & filt]+ ! solution4 ,! 
residuum left ^u ! filt]1  dri$ at a    
heat ( #abj ,fahr41 & weigh$1 gives !   
p]-c5tage ( pure  bic>bonate ( sodium   
pres5t 7v ne>ly74 ,! solution ( ?is 9   
wat]  w give only a v trifl+ :ite       
precipitate ) corrosive sublimate2  :il/
 ! filt]$ portion1 :i* 0 us$ to wa% !   
salt1 w give a  r$ "o1 if x conta9s !   
simple c>bonate ( sodium4    ,sodium1   
,*loride (4 ,na,cl4 ,syn4 ,,sodii       
,,*loridum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,d471   
,,sod ,,murias 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,?is     
important & :olesome comp\nd appe>s to  
h be5 kn[n 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( :i* we h   
any record4 ,x is  m5tion$ by ,moses    
7,g54 xix1 #bf71 & by ,hom] 9 ! ,iliad  
7lib4 ix1  #bad74 ,9 anci5t ,rome x 0   
subject$ to a duty 7vectigal sal9>ium72 

& ev5 at ! pres5t day a simil> tax      
furni%es no inconsid]able  portion ( !  
rev5ue ( c]ta9 nations4 ,common salt =ms
 no small  portion ( ! m9]al weal? (    
,engl&1 & has become an important       
article ( comm]ce 9 e "p ( ! kn[n _w4 ,!
 pr9cipal  portion ( ! salt consum$ 9   
?is c\ntry is procur$ by !  evaporation 
( ! wat] ( br9e spr+s4 ,x is also prep>$
 by !  evaporation ( sea-wat] 7h5ce !   
t]m #8sea-salt'71 b ?is process has  be5
 almo/ ab&on$ 9 ,engl&1 be+ m suit$ to  
hot dry climates or  to v cold ones4    
,v>4 ,,bay ,,salt2 ,,sal ,,m>9us1 ,,sal 
,,nig]2 import$ f ,france1 ,portugal1  &
 ,spa91 & obta9$ f sea-wat] evaporat$ 9 
%all[ ponds by !  sun2 l>ge-gra9$ &     
d>k-col\r$4----,,briti% ,,bay ,,salt1   
,,*e%ire  ,,l>ge-,,gra9$ ,s42 by        
evaporat+ native br9e at a heat ( #acj  
to #adj  ,fahr42 h>d cubical cry/als4   
,bo? ( ! above are us$ to salt          
provisions = hot climates1 z !y dissolve
 v sl[ly 9 ! br9e z  x gr[s weak]4      
,,*e%ire ,,/ov$ ,,salt1 ,,lump ,s41     

,,basket ,s42 obta9$ by  evaporat+ !    
br9e ( salt spr+s2 small flaky          
cry/als4----,,london',s  ,,pat5t ,,solid
 ,,salt2 ,*e%ire rock salt1 melt$ &     
ladl$ into  m\lds4----,,rock ,,salt1    
,,fossil ,s42 ,,sal ,,gemm1 ,,sal       
,,fossilis2 f\nd 9 m9]al  b$s 9 ,*e%ire2
 has commonly a r$di% col\r2 *iefly     
export$ =  purification4    ,prop4 ,pure
 *loride ( sodium is fix$ 9 ! air2      
cry/allises 9  anhydr\s cubes1 :i* are  
(t5 gr\p$ into pyramids or /eps2        
dissolves  9 ab\t #b-a_/b p>ts ( wat] at
 #fj ,fahr42 its solubility is n        
increas$ by heat2 x is slightly soluble 
9 pro( _s2 insoluble 9  alcohol2        
decrepitates :5 heat$2 fuses at a r$    
heat1 & volatilises at  a mu* high]     
temp]ature4    ,pur41 c4 ,! common salt 
( comm]ce conta9s small portions (      
*loride ( magnesium1 *loride ( calcium1 
& sulphate ( calcium2 &  h5ce has       
commonly a slightly bitt] ta/e1 &       
deliquesces 9 ! air4 ,to  sep>ate ^!1   
dissolve ! salt 9 #d times its weight ( 

pure wat]1 &  drop into ! filt]$        
solution1 fir/1 *loride ( b>ium1 & !n   
c>bonate ( sodium1 z long z any         
precipitate falls2 filt]1 &  evaporate !
 cle> fluid v sl[ly1 until ! la/        
cry/allises1 :i*  is pure *loride (     
sodium4 7#8,?omson's ,*em41' ii1 #cgg47 
,= m$ical  purposes ! ,ph4 ,e4 ord]s !  
salt to be dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 &  !  
solution to be filt]$ & evaporat$ ov] ! 
fire1 skimm+ (f !  cry/als z !y =m1 :i* 
mu/ !n be quickly wa%$ 9 cold wat]1  &  
dri$4 ,a solution ( pure salt is n      
precipitat$ by a solution (  c>bonate ( 
ammonium1 foll[$ by a solution (        
phosphate ( sodium2 a  solution ( #i gr4
 9 di/ill$ wat] is n entirely           
precipitat$ by a  solution ( #bf gr4 (  
nitrate ( silv]4 7,ph4 ,e47    ,uses4   
,common salt is /imulant1 antiseptic1 & 
v]mifuge1 & is h5ce  employ$ z a        
condim5t1 & = pres]v+ animal & vegetable
  sub/ances4 ,x is also occasionally us$
 9 m$ic9e1 9 cly/]s &  lotions4         
,sodium1 ,dri$ ,sulphate (4 ,syn4 ,,sod 

,,sulphas ,,exsiccata1 ,,effloresc$     
,,glaub] ,,salt4 ,expose ! cry/als to a 
w>m dry air till !y fall into  p[d]4 ,!y
 lose half _! weight4 ,! dose is r$uc$ 9
 l  proportion4    ,sodium1 ,eff]vesc+  
,citro-t>trate (4 ,syn4 ,,sod           
,,citro-,,t>tras  ,,eff]vesc5s4 7,b4    
,p47 ,prep4 ,mix ?or\ghly1 p[d]$        
bic>bonate (  soda1 #ag oz42 t>t>ic     
acid1 #h oz42 & citric acid1 #f oz42    
place 9 a  di% or pan ( suitable =m1    
heat$ to betwe5 #bjj & #bbj ,fahr41 &   
:5 ! p>ticles beg9 to aggregate1 /ir    
assidu\sly till !y assume a  granul> =m4
 ,by means ( suitable sieves sep>ate !  
granules (  uni=m & mo/ conv5i5t size4  
,pres]ve 9 well-clos$ bottles4          
,sodium1 ,e?ylate4 ,prep>$ z ,,potassium
 ,,e?ylate1 sub/itut+ sodium  =         
potassium4 ,prop]ties simil> to e?ylate 
( potassium4    ,sodium1 ,hydrate (4    
,na,h,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,soda1    
,,sodium ,,hydrate1  ,,cau/ic ,,soda2   
,,sod ,,hydras4 ,prep4 ,exactly 9 ! same
 mann] f  c>bonate ( sodium z potassium 

hydrate is prep>$ f c>bonate (          
potassium4    ,! #8,ph>maceutical       
,j\rnal'#agg /ates t a pure hydrate (   
sodium is  n[ manufactur$ f metallic    
sodium by ! foll[+ me?od3----,a deep    
silv] vessel1 ( a hemisph]ical =m1 &    
capable ( hold+ ab\t f\r  gallons (     
wat]1 is employ$4 ,into ?is vessel1 :i* 
is cool$  ext]nally ) a curr5t ( cold   
wat]1 is plac$ a v little wat]1  & ^u ! 
wat] is plac$ a cube ( metallic sodium1 
( ab\t half an  in* 9 diamet]4          
,footnote #agg3 #crd s]ies1 i1 #fe4     
,! vessel is made to revolve1 s z       
cont9ually to br+ fre% portions  (      
liquid into contact ) ! metal1 & by ?is 
means explosion is  avoid$4 ,:5 ! fir/  
cube ( metal has dissolv$1 & yield$ a   
?ick  syrupy liquid1 a little m wat] & a
 second cube ( metal are add$1  & !     
reaction all[$ to take place1 z be=e1 ! 
vessel be+ kept  9 motion all ! "t4 ,9  
?is mann] sev]al p\nds ( sodium may be  
work$ up into soda4    ,! ?ick syrup s  
result+ is next evaporat$ d[n1 heat$ to 

r$ness1  fus$1 & p\r$ into a m\ld4      
,inasmu* z ! price ( sodium is five     
%ill+s a p\nd1 ! yield (  soda f #a lb4 
( metal be+ ab\t #a-c_/d lb41 x is pla9 
t !  alkali s prep>$ mu/ be *eap4    ,! 
dang] ( explosions 7:i*1 h[ev]1 are n   
likely to occur if  prop] c>e is tak57  
necessitates ! employm5t ( skill$ lab\r 
9  ?is manufacture1 & con/itutes a v    
s]i\s drawback to !  comm]cial success (
 ! process4    ,greyi%1 semitransluc5t1 
deliquesc5t masses1 v soluble 9 wat]1 & 
be>+ a v great resemblance to !         
correspond+ potassium comp\nd4          
,sodium1 ,hypo*lorite (4 ,syn4          
,,*lor9at$ ,,soda1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,soda2
  ,,soda ,,*lor9ata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr    
,*ri/ison47 ,dri$ c>bonate ( sodium1 #ai
  p>ts1 are triturat$ ) wat]1 #a "p1 & !
 mixture plac$ 9 a  prop] vessel1 &     
expos$ to ! prolong$ action ( *lor9e    
gas1  g5]at$ f a mixture ( *loride (    
sodium1 #aj p>ts2 b9oxide (  manganese1 
#h p>ts2 sulphuric acid1 #ad p>ts2      
7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #aj  p>ts4    ,sodium  

,hypophosphate4 ,see ,,phosphorus4      
,sodium1 ,hyposulphite (4 ,na#b,s#b,o#c4
 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,hyposulphis1 ,l4  ,prep4 
#a4 ,dri$ c>bonate ( sodium1 #a lb42    
fl[] ( sulphur1 #aj oz42  mix1 & sl[ly  
heat ! p[d] 9 a porcela9 di% until !    
sulphur  melts2 /ir ! fus$ mass freely  
to expose x to ! atmosph]e until !      
inc&esc5ce flags1 !n dissolve ! mass 9  
wat]1 & imm$iately boil  ! filt]$ liquid
 ) "s fl[]s ( sulphur2 la/ly1 c>efully  
conc5trate ! solution = cry/als4    #b4 
,a /ream ( well-wa%$ sulphur\s anhydride
 gas is pass$ into a  /rong solution (  
c>bonate ( sodium1 :i* is !n dige/$ )   
sulphur at a g5tle heat dur+ sev]al     
days2 by evaporat+ ! solution  at a     
mod]ate temp]ature1 ! salt is obta9$ 9  
l>ge & regul>  cry/als4    #c4          
7,capaun's process47 ,boil a dilute     
solution ( cau/ic soda ) sulphur  to    
saturation1 !n pass sulphur\s acid gas  
into ! solution until a  small portion1 
:5 filt]$1 is f\nd to h a v pale yell[  
col\r2  :5 ?is is ! case1 x mu/ be      

filt]$ & evaporat$1 z be=e4    #d4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,dissolve c>bonate ( sodium1 #h  
p>ts1 9 wat]1 #af p>ts2  add ( sublim$  
sulphur1 #a "p1 & pass sulphur\s acid   
gas1 9 excess1  into ! solution2 next   
boil ! liquid 9 a glass matrass = a few 
m9utes1 filt]1 g5tly evaporate !        
filtrate to #a-crd its volume1 &  set x 
aside 9 a cool place to cry/allise4     
,prop41 c4 ,hyposulphite ( sodium       
cry/allises 9 f\r-sid$ prisms1  :i*1 9 !
 dry /ate1 are unalt]able 9 ! air2 x is 
freely soluble  9 wat]4 ,x may be       
p]fectly fre$ f sulphide ( sodium by    
agitat+  x ) ab\t half its weight (     
alcohol2 ! alcohol dissolves out !      
sulphide1 :i* may !n be easily sep>at$4 
,?is salt is n[ v  ext5sively us$ 9 !   
practice ( photography1 also z an       
#8anti*lore1'  to extract ! la/ traces f
 pap] pulp4    ,sodium1 ,iodide (4      
,na,i4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,iodidum4 ,prep4  
,z ,,iodide ,,(  ,,potassium4 ,?is1 z   
well z ! bromide1 cry/allises 9 cle> or 
:iti%  cubes1 deliquesc5t1 & soluble 9  

wat]4 ,us$ 9 m$ic9e 9 ! same  mann] z ! 
correspond+ potassium salts4    ,sodium 
& ,iron1 ,pyrophosphate (4 ,syn4 ,,sod  
,,et ,,f]ri ,,pyrophosphas1  ,,natrum   
,,pyrophosphoricum ,,f]ratum4 7,ph4 ,g47
 ,prep4 ,dissolve #bj oz4 (             
pyrophosphate ( soda 9 #dj oz4 ( cold   
di/ill$ wat]1 & add1  gradually1 to !   
solution1 & ) con/ant /irr+1 #h oz4 7by 
weight7  ( solution ( p]*loride ( iron  
7,ph4 ,g471 previ\sly dilut$ ) #bb  oz4 
( di/ill$ wat]1 z long z ! precipitate  
is r$issolv$4 ,filt]1  & to ! cle>1     
bright gre5 liquid ?us obta9$ p\r 9 #ajj
 oz4 7by  weight7 ( rectifi$ _s1 wa% !  
precipitate ) m _s1 press  x betwe5     
blott+ pap]1 & dry by a g5tle heat4     
,sodium ,lactate4 ,syn4 ,,sodii         
,,lactas4 ,prep4 ,let lactate acid be   
dilut$  ) ?ree p>ts ( wat]2 saturate    
:il/ boil+ ) sodium  bic>bonate2 !n     
evaporate1 & run into flakes4    ,sodium
 lactate is a v deliquesc5t salt4 ,!    
solution evaporat$ to !  consi/5ce ( a  
syrup deposits flatt5$ prismatic        

cry/als1 & /ell>  gr\ps ( ne$les4       
,sodium1 ,nitrate (4 ,na,n,o#c4 ,syn4   
,,*ili ,,saltpetre1 ,,cubic ,,nitre2    
,,sod  ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,?is salt occurs   
native l ord9>y nitre1 & is *iefly      
import$ into ,engl& f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x  
is l>gely employ$ z a  manure1 9 !      
prep>ation ( nitric acid1 &1 rec5tly1 9 
!  manufacture ( fireworks1 on acc\nt ( 
! comp>ative sl[ness )  :i* x burns4 ,x 
is deliquesc5t & v soluble 9 wat]4      
,sodium1 ,nitrite (4 ,syn4 ,,sod        
,,nitris4 7,b4 ,p41 #ahfd47 ,mix nitrate
 (  soda1 #a lb41 & *>coal1 rec5tly     
burn$1 & 9 f9e p[d]1 #a-a_/d oz41       
?or\ghly 9 a mort>1 & drop ! mixture 9  
successive portions into a  clay        
crucible1 heat$ to a dull r$ness4 ,:5 ! 
salt has become q  :ite1 raise ! heat s 
z to liquefy x1 p\r on to a clean       
flag/one1  & :5 x has solidifi$ break   
into fragm5ts1 & keep 9 a /opp]$        
bottle4    ,sodium1 ,oxide (4 ,na#b,o4  
,syn4 ,,anhydr\s ,,soda4 ,prep4 ,by     
burn+ dry  metallic sodium 9 air4 ,:ite 

p[d]1 v deliquesc5t1 & soluble 9  wat]1 
=m+ pure sodium hydrate4    ,sodium1    
,phosphate (4 ,na#b,,po#d4ab;,aq4 ,syn4 
,,common ,,tribasic  ,,phosphate ,,(    
,,soda1 ,,rhombic ,p4 ,,( ,s42 ,,sod    
,,phosphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take (     
p[d]$ bone a%es1 #aj lbs42 sulphuric    
acid1 #dd fl4 oz42 mix1 add gradually ( 
wat] #f p9ts1 & dige/ = #c  days1       
replac+ ! wat] :i* evaporates2 !n add #f
 p9ts ( boil+  wat]1 /ra9 ?r\gh l951 &  
wa% ! residue on ! filt] )  boil+ wat]2 
mix ! liquors1 &1 aft] defecation1      
decant &  evaporate to #f p9ts2 let !   
impurities aga9 settle1 & neutralise !  
cle> fluid1 heat$ to boil+1 ) a solution
 ( c>bonate ( sodium 9  slight excess2  
cry/als w be deposit$ z ! solution      
cools1 & by  successively evaporat+1    
add+ a little m c>bonate ( sodium to !  
"m liquor till x is feebly alkal9e1 &   
cool+1 m cry/als may  be obta9$2 ^! mu/ 
be kept 9 close vessels4 ,! =mula ( !   
,ph4  ,d4 is ne>ly simil>4 ,x is plac$ 9

 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ! ,b4 ,p4 &  ,ph4   
,l4    #b4 7,funcke47 ,to gr\nd calc9$  
bones1 diffus$ ?r\gh wat]1 add a  little
 dilute sulphuric acid to saturate any  
c>bonate ( calcium pres5t2  :5          
eff]vesc5ce ceases1 dissolve ! :ole 9   
nitric acid1 q4 s42 to  ?is solution add
 z mu* sulphate ( sodium z ! bone a%    
us$1 &  di/il ! :ole to recov] ! nitric 
acid2 ! residuum is treat$ )  wat]1 & ! 
result+ solution filt]$1 evaporat$1 &   
cry/allis$4    ,prop41 c4 ,x =ms v      
beautiful oblique rhombic prisms1 ( !   
=mula ,na#b;,h1,,po#d1ab;,h#b,o1 :i*    
effloresce 9 ! air1 dissolve 9  ab\t #d 
p>ts ( cold wat] & 9 #b p>ts at #bab    
,fahr41 & fuse :5  heat$4 ,z a m$ic9e x 
is mildly ap]i5t1 9 doses ( #a_/b to #a 
oz41 or  ev5 m2 & antacid 9 doses ( #bj 
to #cj gr41 frequ5tly repeat$4 ,x  has a
 purely sal9e ta/e1 resembl+ t ( cul9>y 
salt1 & is  commonly tak5 9 bro? or s\p4
    ,sodium ,pyrophosphate              
7,cry/allis$74 ,syn4 ,,sod              
,,pyrophosphas  ,,cry/allisata4 7,p4    

,cod47 ,prep4 ,?is salt may be obta9$ by
 heat+1  g5tly at fir/1 & aft]w>ds to a 
r$ heat1 cry/allis$ phosphate (  sodium 
9 a plat9um crucible until all ! wat] is
 driv5 (f1 & !  salt has become fus$4   
,dissolve ! fus$ mass 9 wat]1 filt]1 &  
conc5trate until x has a d5sity ( #abj1 
& cry/allise 9 ! cold4    ,sodium1      
,salicylate (4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,salicylus4 
,prep4 ,made by  neutralis+ a solution (
 pure salicylic acid ) cau/ic soda1 &   
evaporat+ to dryness4 ,x mu/ be purifi$ 
by cry/allisation f  alcohol4           
,antipyretic2 giv5 9 acute              
rheumatism4----,dose1 #aj to #bj grams4 
,sodium ,santonate4 ,syn4 ,,sod         
,,santonas4 ,?is salt is made by dige/+ 
an alcoholic solution ( santonic acid ) 
c>bonate ( soda1  evaporat+1 r$issolv+ 9
 /rong alcohol1 & cry/allis+4           
,sodium1 ,sesquic>bonate (4             
,na#d;,h#b7;,,co#c7c4 ,a salt f\nd      
native  on ! banks ( ! soda lakes (     
,sotr5a1 9 ,africa1 :5ce x is  export$ z
 #8,trona4'    ,sodium ,silicate4 ,see  

,,glass1 ,,soluble4    ,sodium1 ,/annate
 (4 ,na#b,sn,o#c4 ,prep4 7,gre5wood     
,co47 ,cau/ic  soda1 #bb lbs41 is heat$ 
to l[ r$ness 9 an iron crucible1 :5     
nitrate  ( sodium1 #h lbs41 & common    
salt1 #d lbs41 are add$2 :5 ! mixture is
  at a #8flux+ heat1' #aj lbs4 ( fea!r$ 
block t9 is /irr$ 9 ) an  iron rod1 bo? 
! /irr+ & heat be+ cont9u$ until ! mass 
becomes r$ hot & #8pa/y1' & ammoniacal  
fumes are giv5 (f4 ,!  product may be   
purifi$ by solution & cry/allisation4   
,pat5t$4 7,see  bel[47    ,sodium1      
,/annite (4 ,prep4 7,gre5wood  ,co47 ,f 
cau/ic soda1  #ac-a_/b lbs42 fea!r$     
block t9 & common salt1 ( ea* #d lbs42 z
 !  la/4 ,pat5t$4 ,bo? ! above are us$  
to prep>e t9 mordants 7ab\t #ab  oz4 to 
wat]1 #a gall474 ,! /annate & /annite ( 
potassium are  prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 
,sodium ,sulphate4 ,syn4 ,,sod          
,,sulphis4 ,prep4 ,pass sulphur\s acid  
to  saturation ?r\gh a solution (       
c>bonate ( soda4 ,us$ int]nally =  s>c9a
 v5triculi1 & ext]nally z an application

 9 sk9 diseases (  fung\s orig94        
,hyposulphate ( soda is employ$ 9 ! same
 cases4    ,sodium1 ,sulphate (4        
,na#b,,s#d4aj;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,glaub]',s    
,,salt2 ,,sod  ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,,sal ,,ca?>ticus      
,,glaub]i1 ,l4 ,?is is  obta9$ z a      
second>y product 9 v>i\s *emical        
processes2 b x may  be easily =m$       
directly f its con/itu5ts4    ,prop41 c4
 ,x =ms transp>5t1 six-sid$1 irregul>1  
*annell$  prisms1 ) dih$ral summits1 ( !
 =mulae ,na#b,,s#daj;,h#b,o1 :i*        
effloresce 9 ! air1 & fall to an opaque 
:ite p[d]2 soluble 9  ab\t #c p>ts (    
wat] at #fj1 & 9 consid]ably less at    
#ajj ,fahr41 b  at a high] temp]ature   
its solubility rapidly less5s2 insoluble
 9  alcohol2 fuses :5 heat$4 ,x is      
seldom wilfully adult]at$4 ,:5 pure  !  
solution is neutral to te/ pap]2 nitrate
 ( silv] ?r[s d[n  sc>cely any?+ f a    
dilute solution2 nitrate ( b>yta m1 :i* 
is  n dissolv$ by nitric acid4 ,x loses 
#eee ( its weight by a /rong  heat4     

,uses4 ,x is purgative1 b be+ extremely 
bitt]-ta/$1 is n[ less  frequ5tly us$   
?an =m]ly4 ,its nause\s flav\r is said  
to be cov]$  by lemon juice4----,dose1  
#a_/b to #a oz4 ,! dri$ salts 7,,sod    
,,sulphas  ,,exsiccata7 is twice z      
/rong4 ,,lym+ton ,,glaub]',s ,,salt is a
 mixture (  ! sulphates ( soda & potassa
 obta9$ f ! "m liquor ( sea  salt4      
,sodium1 ,sulphide (4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,saturate a solution ( cau/ic  soda    
7sp4 gr4 #abjj7 ) sulphurett$ hydrog51  
closely cov] up !  vessel1 & set x aside
 t cry/als may =m2 dra91 press !m 9     
bibul\s pap]1 & at once pres]ve !m 9 a  
well-clos$ bottle4 ,us$ to  make m9]al  
wat]s1 & 9 c]ta9 sk9 diseases4    ,( ?is
 salt ,dr ,r+] says----8x possesses !   
prop]ty ( prev5t+ &  arre/+ suppuration1
 & /opp+ ! =mation ( pus4 ,giv5 = boils 
& c>buncles2 x also produces excell5t   
results4----,dose4 ,= adults1  #a_/aj? (
 a gra91 mix$ ) sug> ( milk e h\r or two
 on !  tongue4    ,! anhydr\s sulphides 
resemble closely & are prep>$ 9 ! same  

mann] z ! potassium sulphides4          
,sodium1 ,sulpho-,c>bolate4 ,syn4 ,,sod 
,,sulpho-,,c>bolas4 7,p>eira47  ,prep4  
,mix two volumes ( pure c>bolic acid )  
"o volume ( sulphuric  acid 9 a flask1 &
 heat ! mixture to #bhj or #bij ,f4 =   
five m9utes4  ,let cool1 dilute1 &      
saturate ) c>bonate ( soda1 evaporate1 &
  cry/allise4 ,! o!r sulpho-c>bolates   
may be prep>$ 9 ! same  mann]4----,dose1
 #aj to #cj gr41 9 ph?isis & zymotic    
diseases2  ext]nally1 z a lotion 9 ozna 
& fetid ulc]s4    ,sodium1              
,sulpho-,salicylate (4 ,syn4 ,,sod      
,,sulpho-,,salicylas4 ,mr ,j4  ,williams
 obta9s ?is salt by treat+ v pure       
salicylic acid ) ab\t  twice its weight 
( sulphuric acid1 !n add+ c>bonate (    
b>ium1 &  decompos+ ! sulpho-salicylate 
( b>ium by sulphate ( soda 7see         
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' ,sept4 #cj?1 #ahgf74  
,sodium ,sulphov9ate4 ,syn4 ,,sodii     
,,sulphov9as4 ,prep4 ,sulphov9ic acid   
is fir/ prep>$ by p\r+ gradually1 )     
great c>e1 & increas+ly  /irr+ ) a glass

 rod1 #ajjj grams ( #fj sulphuric acid  
into #ajjj  grams ( rectifi$ #if        
alcohol4 ,! mixture is left = "s h\rs 9 
contact1 !n dilut$ ) #d litres ( di/ill$
 wat]1 & aft]w>ds  saturat$ ) pure b>ium
 c>bonate4    ,:5 ! saturation is       
complete ! b>ium sulphate is all[$ to   
deposit  on a filt]4 ,! solution ( b>ium
 sulphov9ate is !n decompos$ )  pure    
c>bonate ( soda until x ceases to give a
 precipitate4    ,! liquid1 evaporat$ 9 
a wat] ba?1 is left to cry/allise4 ,if  
necess>y ! cry/als are purifi$ by       
recry/allisation4 ,!y %\ld be  kept 9   
well-clos$ flasks4    ,sodium           
sulphov9ate cry/allises 9 hexagonal     
tables1 :i* are slightly  unctu\s to !  
t\*1 & v soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol4 ,if
 heat$  9 a capsule !y give (f1 at #abj1
 ! alcohol :i* !y conta9 9  comb9ation4 
,!y become gradually depriv$ (          
bitt]ness4 ,sodium  sulphov9ate ought n 
to conta9 sulphuric acid1 nor h an acid 
ta/e4  ,x %\ld n be precipitat$ by b>ium
 *loride1 & especially by  soluble      

sulphates4 ,! possession ( ei!r ( ^!    
prop]ties is a pro(  ( faulty           
prep>ation1 & t a portion ( ! sulphov9ic
 acid has be5  decompos$4 ,9 su* a case 
x %\ld be reject$4    ,sulphov9ate (    
soda is said to be a v effective1 & by  
no means  unpleasant1 sal9e ap]i5t1 & to
 be unatt5d$ ) subsequ5t  con/ipation4  
,! dose is f #e to #f dr4    ,sodium1   
,t>trate (1 & ,potassium4               
,k,na,c#d;,h#d,o#f4d;,aq4 ,syn4         
,,t>trate ,,( ,,potassa ,,& ,,soda1     
,,ro*elle ,,salt1 ,,seignette',s ,s41   
,,t>t>is$  ,,soda2 ,,sod ,,t>t>ata 7,b4 
,p471 ,,sod1 ,,potassio-,,t>tras 7,ph4  
,l471 ,,sod ,,et  ,,potass ,,t>tras     
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,,soda ,,t>t>izata11   
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4  #ahcf47 ,take (   
c>bonate ( sodium1 #ab oz42 boil+ wat]1 
#b qu>ts2  dissolve1 & add1 gradually1 (
 p[d]$ bit>trate ( potassium1 #af oz4   
7or q4 s472 /ra91 evaporate to a        
pellicle1 & set x aside to  cry/allise2 
dry ! result+ cry/als1 & evaporate ! "m 
liquor  t x may yield m ( !m4 ,! =mul ( 

! o!r colleges are  ne>ly simil>4       
,prop41 c4 ,l>ge1 transp>5t1 h>d1 "r    
rhombic prisms1 (t5  occurr+ 9 halves2  
slightly effloresc5t2 soluble 9 #e p>ts 
( wat] at  #fj ,fahr4 ,its 8solution    
nei!r *anges ! col\r ( litmus nor (     
turm]ic4 ,on ! addition ( sulphuric     
acid1 bit>trate ( potassium is  ?r[n    
d[n2 on add+ ei!r nitrate ( silv] or    
*loride ( b>ium  no?+ is ?r[n d[n1 or   
only :at is r$issolv$ by ! addition (   
wat]40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,by heat x yields a   
mixture ( ! pure c>bonates (  potassium 
& sodium4    ,potassio-t>trate ( sodium 
is a mild & cool+ laxative4----,dose1   
#a_/d  to #a oz41 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 
,x =ms ! basis ( ! popul>  ap]i5t call$ 
,,seidlitz ,,p[d]s4    ,sodium1         
,valerianate (4 ,na,c#e;,h#f,o#b4 ,syn4 
,,sod ,,val]ianas 7,ph4  ,d471 ,l4      
,prep47,ph4 ,d47 ,dilute oil ( vitriol1 
#f-a_/b fl4 oz41 ) wat]1  #a_/b p9t2 !n 
dissolve ( p[d]$ bi*romate ( potassium1 
#i oz41 )  ! aid ( heat1 9 wat]1 #c-a_/c
 p9ts2 :5 bo? solutions h cool$1  put !m

 into a matrass1 & hav+ add$ ( fusel oil
 7alcohol  amylicum----,ph4 ,d47 #d fl4 
oz41 %ake !m toge!r repeat$ly until !   
temp]ature1 :i* fir/ rises to #aej1 has 
fall5 to #hj or #ij ,fahr42 a  cond5s]  
be+ connect$1 next apply heat s z to    
di/il ov] ab\t #d  p9ts ( liquid2       
saturate ?is exactly ) a p9t1 or q4 s41 
( solution  ( cau/ic soda1 sep>ate !    
liquid f ! oil :i* floats ^u !  surface1
 & evaporate x until ! residual salt is 
p>tially liquefi$2  ! heat be+ n[       
)drawn1 & ! salt concret$1 ?is la/1 :il/
  /ill w>m1 is to be divid$ into        
fragm5ts1 & pres]v$ 9 well-/opp$        
bottles4    ,obs4 ,?is salt is int5d$ to
 be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( !              
,,val]ianates ,,( ,,iron1 ,,qu99e1 &    
,,z9c4    ,,soils4 ,^! are classifi$ by 
agriculturi/s accord+ to _! *ief        
+r$i5ts1 z loamy1 clayey1 s&y1 *alky1 & 
peaty soils4 ,( ^!  ! fir/ is ! be/ =   
mo/ purposes1 b ! o!rs may be improv$ by
  ! addition ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( :i* 
!y are defici5t4 ,s&  & lime or *alk are

 ! prop] additions to clayey soils1 &   
clay  gypsum1 or loam1 to s&y & gravelly
 ones4 ,clayey soils are exp5sive to    
br+ into a f]tile /ate2 b :5 ?is is once
 effect$1 & !y are  well manur$1 !y     
yield imm5se crops ( :eat1 oats1 beans1 
clov]1 &  mo/ fruits & fl[]s ( !        
rosace\s k9ds4    ,! f]tilisation (     
soils is sugge/$ p>tly by *emical       
analysis1  practical exp]i5ce1 &        
geological obs]vations4 ,9 cases :]e a  
b>r5  soil is exam9$ ) a view to its    
improvem5t x is1 :5 possible1  comp>$ ) 
an extremely f]tile soil 9 ! same       
neighb\rhood1 & 9  a simil> situation2 !
 diff]5ce giv5 by _! analyses indicates 
!  nature ( ! manure requir$1 & ! mo/   
judici\s me?ods (  cultivation2 & ?us a 
plan ( improvem5t is sugge/$1 f\nd$ ^u  
sci5tific pr9ciples4    ,! analysis (   
soils may be briefly & g5]ally describ$ 
z foll[s3----    #a4 ,! g5]al "* ( !    
soil1 z loamy1 s&y1 /ony1 r  /ony1 c41  
be+ not$1 #c or #d lbs4 ( x1 fairly     
select$ z an av]age  specim51 may be    

tak5 dur+ a p]iod ( ord9>y dry wea!r4 ,f
 ?is1  aft] cru%+ or bruis+ ! lumps ) a 
piece ( wood1 all /ones ( a  l>g] size  
?an t ( a filb]t may be pick$ out1 & _! 
proportion  to ! :ole quantity duly     
regi/]$4    #b4 #ajjj gra9s ( ! rema9d] 
may be next dri$ by ! heat ( boil+      
wat]1 until ! mass ceases to lose       
weight2 &1 aft]w>ds1 expos$ to a  moi/  
atmosph]e = "s "t4 ,! loss ( weight 9 ! 
fir/ case1 &  ! increase ( weight 9 !   
second1 indicate ! absorb5t p[]s ( !    
soil4    #c4 ,! matt] f ,no4 #b1 fre$ f 
silice\s /ones by g>bl+1 may be         
gradually heat$ to dull r$ness 9 a %all[
 op5 vessel1 avoid+ wa/e  f             
decrepitation1 c4 ,! loss ( weight1     
divid$ by #aj1 gives !  p]c5tage        
quantity ( vegetable or organic matt]   
pres5t 7ne>ly74    #d4 ,ano!r #ajjj     
gra9s 7see ,no4 #a7 may be next wa%$ )  
successive  portions ( cold wat] z long 
z any?+ is remov$4 ,! residuum1 aft]    
be+ dri$1 indicates ! proportion ( s& & 
gravel 7ne>ly74    #e4 ,ano!r portion ( 

! soil 7#ajj1 #bjj1 or m gr41 accord+ to
 its  "*7 is te/$ 9 ! mann] describ$ "u 
,,c>bonate &  ,,alkalimetry4 ,! loss (  
weight 9 c>bonic acid indicates !       
quantity (  ,,c>bonate ( lime pres5t 9 !
 sample exam9$2 #bb gr4 ( ! =m]  be+    
equal to #ej gr4 ( ! latt]4    #f4      
,ano!r l portion ( ! soil may be g5tly  
boil$ = #d or #e h\rs1  along ) dilute  
hydro*loric acid1 9 a flask furni%$ ) a 
long  glass tube pass+ ?r\gh ! cork1 to 
prev5t loss 7see ,,e!r72 aft]  t "t !   
:ole mu/ be ?r[n ^u a filt]1 & :at      
refuses to pass  ?r\gh 7silica7 wa%$ )  
di/ill$ wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4   
#g4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s f ,no4 #f are   
next successively treat$ =  alum9a 7pure
 clay71 lime1 phosphate ( lime1         
phosphoric acid1 oxide (  iron1 alkalies
 7potassa or soda71 ammonia 7bo? ready  
=m$ & lat5t71  c4 c41 9 ! mann] notic$  
"u ,,glass1 ,,guano1 & ! names ( !      
respective sub/ances ref]r$ to4 ,see    
,,agriculture1 ,,manures1 c4            
,,sol,,an9e4 ,syn4 ,,solani1 ,,solan9a1 

,l4 ,a peculi> basic sub/ance1  obta9$ f
 ! leaves & /em ( ,solanum ,dulcam>a or 
bitt]-sweet1 & o!r species ( !          
,solanace4    ,,sol,,d]+4 ,! union (    
metallic surfaces by means ( a m fusible
  metal flux$ betwe5 !m4 ,! me?od (     
autog5\s sold]+1 inv5t$ by  ,m4 ,de4    
,ri*mont1 is an exception to ?is        
def9ition4 ,9 all ! cases  surfaces mu/ 
be p]fectly clean1 & 9 absolute contact1
 & ! air  mu/ be exclud$1 to prev5t     
oxidation4 ,= ?is la/ purpose ! brazi]  
& silv]smi? use p[d]$ borax made into a 
pa/e ) wat]2 !  copp]smi?1 p[d]$ sal    
ammoniac2 & ! t9man1 p[d]$ res94        
,t9-foil appli$ betwe5 ! jo9ts ( f9e    
brass "w1 fir/ wett$ )  a /rong solution
 ( sal ammoniac1 makes an excell5t      
juncture1 c>e be+  tak5 to avoid too mu*
 heat4 ,see ,,solution 7,sold]+71 &     
bel[4    ,,sol,,d]s4 ,prep4 #a4 7,=     
copp]1 iron1 & d>k brass47 ,f copp] &   
z9c1 equal p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 ,= pale  
brass m z9c mu/ be us$4    #b4 7,f9e    
sold]47 ,f t91 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4    

,melts at #cej ,fahr4  ,us$ to t9 &     
sold] copp]1 t9 plates1 c4    #c4 7,=   
,g]man silv]47 ,f ,g]man silv]1 #e p>ts2
 z9c1 #d p>ts2 melt$  toge!r1 run into  
?9 flakes1 & !n p[d]$4 ,also z ,no4 #g4 
#d4 7,glazi]'s47 ,f lead1 #c p>ts2 t91  
#a "p4 ,melts at #ejj ,fahr4    #e4 7,= 
gold47 ,gold1 #ab p5nyweights2 copp]1 #d
 d42 silv]1 #b d4    #f4 7,= lead &     
z9c47 ,f lead1 #b p>ts2 t91 #a "p4      
#g4 7,= pewt]1 ,britannia metal1 c47 ,f 
t91 #aj p>ts2 lead1 #e p>ts2  bismu?1 #a
 to #c p>ts4    #h4 7,= silv]47 ,f f9e  
brass1 #f p>ts2 silv]1 #e p>ts2 z9c1 #b 
p>ts4    #i4 7,= t9 plate47 ,f t91 #b   
p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 ,! addition (        
bismu?1 #a "p1 r5d]s x fit = pewt]4     
,,sole4 ,! ,solea vulg>is1 a well-kn[n  
fi%4 ,x is p]haps m  frequ5tly eat5 ?an 
any o!r flat fi%1 &1 :5 skilfully cook$1
  exce$s !m all 9 delicacy1             
nutriti\sness1 & flav\r4                
,,solu,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,solutio1 ,l4 ,"u !
 head ( solutions 7,,solutiones71  9    
ph>macy1 are prop]ly includ$ only ^?    

liquids :i* consi/ (  wat]1 or an aque\s
 m5/ruum1 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ an     
appropriate  quantity ( any soluble     
sub/ance to imp>t to ! liquor its       
peculi>  prop]ties4 ,:5 _s is ! m5/ruum1
 ! liquid receives ! "n (  alcoholic    
solution1 _s1 or t9cture4 ,9 ! ,b4 ,p4 &
 ! ,ph4 ,l4  ,d4  aque\s solutions are  
nam$ ,,liquors 7,,liquores71 :il/ 9 !   
,ph4 ,e41 &  9 ! old ph>macopias        
g5]ally1 !y are t]m$ ,,wat]s 7,,aqu74   
,! foll[+ li/ embraces all ! solutions (
 ! ,briti%  ph>macopias1 ) a few o!rs   
likely to be useful to ! read]4 ,"s  o!r
 prep>ations to :i* ! "n has be5 giv5 w 
be f\nd "u  ,,liquors1 ,,t9ctures1 c4   
,solution ( ,acetate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4  
,,liquor ,,( ,,acetate ,,( ,,ammonia1   
,,wat] ,,( ,a4 ,,( ,a41 ,,m9d]]us' ,,_s2
 ,,ammoni ,,acetatis ,,liquor 7,b4 ,p471
  ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,acetatis 7,ph4 ,l4
  ,d471 ,,ammoni ,,acetatis ,,aqua 7,ph4
 ,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f    
dilute acetic acid1 #a p9t2 exactly     
neutralis$  by sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 

79 co>se p[d]71 #i dr41 or q4 s4 ,sp4   
gr4  #ajbb4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,di/ill$  
v9eg> 7pref]ably f ,fr5* v9eg>71 sp4 gr1
  #ajje1 #bd fl4 oz42 c>bonate          
7sesquic>bonate7 ( ammonia1 #a oz41 or  
q4 s4  ,sp4 gr4 #ajaa4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47
 ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #b-a_/b oz42
 dilute acetic acid1 #c  p9ts4 ,sp4 gr4 
#ajab4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c>bonate (     
ammonia1 #c-a_/d1 or suffici5t2 acetic  
acid 7#bh p]  c5t471 #aj2 di/ill$ wat]1 
#ej4 ,dissolve ! c>bonate 9 ! acid1 &   
add ! wat]4    ,prop41 c4 ,free f col\r 
& od\r4 ,x *anges ! col\r nei!r (       
litmus nor turm]ic4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5
 be+ dropp$ 91 x is n  discol\r$1 nei!r 
is any?+ ?r[n d[n on ! addition (       
*loride  ( b>ium4 ,:at is precipitat$ by
 nitrate ( silv] is soluble 9 wat]1  b  
especially s 9 nitric acid4 ,potassa be+
 add$1 x emits ammonia2  & sulphuric    
acid be+ add$1 x gives (f acetic vap\rs4
 ,! fluid  be+ evaporat$1 :at rema9s is 
completely de/roy$ by heat4    ,uses1 c4
 ,solution ( acetate ( ammonia is a v   

common & excell5t  febrifuge &          
diaphoretic1 &1 9 l>ge doses1 ap]i5t    
sal9e liquor4  ,tak5 w>m1 9 b$1 x       
g5]ally proves a p[]ful sudorific2 & z x
  op]ates )\t heat1 x is mu* us$ 9      
febrile & inflammatory  disord]s4 ,its  
action may likewise be det]m9$ to !     
kidneys1 by  walk+ ab\t 9 ! cold        
air4----,dose1 #b to #f dr41 twice or   
?rice daily1  ei!r by itself or along ) 
o!r m$ic9es4 ,ext]nally1 z a  discuti5t 
& refrig]ant lotion2 & dilut$ 7#a oz4 to
 #i oz4 ( wat]71  z a collyrium 9 *ronic
 oph?almia4 ,= ?is la/ purpose x mu/ be 
free f excess ( ammonia4    #e4         
7,conc5trat$47 ,saturate acetic acid1   
sp4 gr4 #ajch1 #a_/b gall41 )  c>bonate 
( ammonia 79 p[d]71 #b-a_/b lbs41 or q4 
s42 c>efully avoid+  excess4    ,obs4   
,?is article is 9 great dem& 9 !        
:olesale drug trade1 "u  ! "n (         
#8conc5trat$ liquor ( acetate ( ammonia'
 7,,liq4 ,,ammon4 ,,acet4  ,,conc474 ,x 
is v conv5i5t = disp5s+4 ,"o fl4 dr4    
add$ to #g fl4  dr4 ( wat] =ms !        

,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,acetatis ( ! ,ph4   
,l4    ,solution ( ,acetate ( ,lead4    
,see ,,solution ,,( ,,diacetate ,,(     
,,lead4    ,solution ( ,acetate (       
,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi       
,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l41  ,d471  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,acetate (    
morphia1 #d dr42 acetic  acid1 #ae      
drops2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 pro( _s1   
#a_/b p9t2 mix1 &  dissolve4 ,sixty     
drops 7m9ims7 conta9 #a gr4 ( acetate ( 
morphia4----,dose1 #e to #ae or #bj     
drops4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,acetate (      
morphia1 #d gr42 dilut$ acetic acid1 #h 
m9ims2  rectifi$ _s1 #b dr42 di/ill$    
wat]1 #f dr42 dissolve 9 ! mix$         
liquids4----,dose1 #aj to #fj m9ims4    
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,acetate ( morphia1 #hb  
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz42  di/ill$  
wat]1 #ae fl4 oz4 #abj drops 7m9ims7    
conta9 #a gr4 ( !  acetate4----,dose1   
#aj to #de or #ej drops1 or simil> to t 
( t9cture (  opium4    #d4 7,mag5die47  
,ea* fl4 dr4 conta9s #a-a_/b gr4 (      
acetate  7ne>ly74----,dose1 #e to #ae   

drops4 ,anodyne1 hypnotic1 & n>cotic2 9 
^? cases 9 :i* opium is inadmissible4   
,see ,,morphia4    ,solution (          
,aconitia4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,aconiti    
7,dr ,turnbull74 ,prep4  ,aconitia1 #a  
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a dr4 ,to be appli$  
ext]nally by means  ( a sponge 9        
neuralgic & rheumatic affections4       
,solution ( ,alum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4     
,,bate',s ,,alum ,,wat]2 ,,liquor       
,,alum9is  ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471     
,,aqua ,,alum9osa ,,composita 1 ,l4     
,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,alum  & sulphate (   
z9c1 ( ea* #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #c p9ts2 
dissolve1 &  filt] 7if necess>y74       
,det]g5t & a/r+5t4 ,us$ z a lotion = old
  ulc]s1 *ilbla9s1 excoriations1 c42 &1 
l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 z  an eye-wa% &   
injection4    ,solution ( ,ammonia4 ,see
 ,,liquor ,,( ,,ammonia4    ,solution ( 
,ammonio-nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4        
,,hume',s ,,te/2 ,,solutio  ,,arg5ti    
,,ammoniati 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4
 ,e47 ,nitrate ( silv] 7pure            
cry/allis$71 #dd gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a  

fl4 oz42 dissolve & add  ammonia wat]1  
gradually1 until ! precipitate1 at fir/ 
?r[n d[n1 is  v ne>ly1 b n entirely1    
r$issolv$4 ,us$ z a te/ = ars5ic4       
,solution ( ,ammonio-sulphate ( ,copp]4 
,syn4 ,,liquor ,,cupri                  
,,ammonio-,,sulphatis 7,ph4 ,l471       
,,cupri ,,ammoniati ,,solutio 7,ph4     
,e471 ,c4 ,a4 ,,aqua1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 
,l47 ,ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1 #a dr42 
wat]1 #a p9t2  dissolve1 & filt]4       
,/imulant & det]g5t4 ,appli$ to indol5t 
ulc]s1  &1 :5 l>gely dilut$1 to remove  
specks on ! cornea2 also us$ z a  te/ = 
ars5ic4    ,solution = ,anatomical      
,prep>ations1 c4 ,syn4 ,,antiseptic     
,,solution4  ,prep4 #a4 ,ne>ly saturate 
wat] ) sulphur\s acid1 & add a little   
creasote4    #b4 ,dissolve *loride ( t91
 #d p>ts1 9 wat]1 #ajj p>ts1 to :i* #c (
  hydro*loric acid has be5 add$4    #c4 
,dissolve corrosive sublimate1 #a "p1 & 
*loride ( sodium1 #c p>ts1  9 wat]1 #ajj
 p>ts1 to :i* #b ( hydro*loric acid has 
be5 add$4    #d4 ,mix liquor ( ammonia  

7/rong7 ) #c times its weight 7ea*7 (   
wat]  & rectifi$ _s4    #e4 ,sal        
ammoniac1 #a "p2 wat]1 #aj or #aa p>ts4 
,= muscul> p>ts (  animals4    #f4      
,sulphate ( z9c1 #a "p2 wat]1 #ae to #be
 p>ts4 ,= muscles1  integum5ts1 &       
c]ebral masses4    #g4 7,dr ,bab+ton47  
,wood naph?a1 #a "p2 wat]1 #g p>ts2 or  
wood naph?a  undilut$1 z an injection4  
#h4 7,sir ,w4 ,burnett47 ,conc5trat$    
solution ( *loride ( z9c1 #a lb42  wat]1
 #a gall4 ,! sub/ances are imm]s$ 9 !   
solution = #b to #d  days1 & !n dri$ 9 !
 air4    #i4 7,gannal47 ,alum & cul9>y  
salt1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 nitre1 #a_/d lb42
  wat]1 #a gall4    #aj4                
7,goadsby47----a4 ,f bay salt1 #b oz42  
alum1 #a oz42 bi*loride (  m]cury1 #a   
gr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,= ord9>y purposes4  
b4 ,to ! la/ add ( bi*loride ( m]cury1  
#a gr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,=  v t5d]        
tissues1 & :]e !re is a t5d5cy to       
m\ld9ess4    c4 ,f bay salt1 #a_/d lb42 
bi*loride ( m]cury1 #a gr42 wat]1 #a    
p9t4  ,= subjects conta9+ c>bonate (    

lime4    d4 ,f bay salt1 #a_/d lb42     
ars5i\s acid1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #a p9t2    
dissolve by heat4 ,= old prep>ations4   
e4 ,to ! la/ add ( bi*loride ( m]cury1  
#a gr4 ,z ! la/1 :5  !re is a t5d5cy to 
! s(t5+ ( p>ts2 &1 dilut$1 = mollusca4  
,^! solutions are approv$ ( by ,pr(4    
,ow54    #aa4 7,m4 ,rb\let47 ,nitre1 #a 
"p2 alum1 #b p>ts2 *loride ( lime1 #d   
p>ts2 wat]1 #af or #bj p>ts2 to be      
aft]w>ds dilut$ accord+ to              
circum/ances4 ,= pa?ological specim5s4  
#ab4 7,dr ,/apleton47 ,alum1  #b-a_/d   
oz42 nitre1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,=   
pa?ological specim5s4    #ac4 7,=       
,,fea!rs----,beasley47 ,/ry*nia1 #af    
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t4    ,obs4 ,^!  
fluids are us$ = pres]v+ ,,anatomical   
,,prep>ations1  ,,objects ,,( ,,natural 
,,hi/ory1 c41 by imm]s+ !m !re91 9 close
  vessels2 or1 = tempor>y purposes1     
apply+ !m by means ( a bru% or  piece ( 
rag4 ,! pres5ce ( corrosive sublimate is
 apt to r5d] animal  sub/ances v h>d4   
,see ,,putrefaction4    ,solution1      

,antiseptic4 7,see above47    ,solution 
( ,ars5iate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor  
,,ars5iatis ,,ammoni4  7,hosp4 ,( ,/    
,l\is47 ,prep4 ,ars5iate ( ammonia1 #d  
gr42 di/ill$ wat]1  #d oz42 _s (        
angelica1 #b dr4----,dose1 #ab to #cj   
m9ims4 ,!re are o!r  =mul = ! solution1 
diff]+ 9 /r5g? f ! above4    ,dr        
,neligan gives u ,biett's3----,ars5iate 
( ammonia1 #a-a_/b gr42 di/ill$  wat]1  
#c oz42 _s ( angelica1 #f dr4----,dose1 
#a to #c dr4    ,b\*>dat says #f gr4 to 
#h oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4----,dose4 ,f #ab 
drops  to #a dr4    ,solution (         
,ars5iate ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,liquor       
,,ars5iatis ,,sod4 ,,pe>son',s          
,,ars5ical ,,solution4 ,prep4 ,ars5iate 
( soda1 #d gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d        
oz4----,dose1 #ab m9ims to #cj4         
,solution ( ,ars5iate ( ,soda4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,ars5iatis4      
,prep4 ,dissolve ars5iate ( soda 7r5d]$ 
anhydr\s by a heat n  exce$+ #cjj       
,fahr47 #d gr4 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #a       
oz4----,dose1 #e to #aj  m9ims4         

,solution1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,m9]al     
,,solution2 ,,solutio ,,ars5icalis1     
,,solutio ,,m9]alis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
7,dev]gie47 ,z ,,solution ,,( ,,ars5ite 
,,(  ,,potassa1 ,ph4 ,l41 b ( only      
#a-ej? ! /r5g?1 & flav\r$ )  comp\nd _s 
( balm1 & col\r$ to a deep rose )       
co*9eal4    #b4 7,pe>son47 ,ars5iate (  
soda1 #d gr42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz42         
dissolve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops    
dur+ ! day4 7,see bel[47    ,solution ( 
,arseni\s ,acid4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,ague1 &
 ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4    ,solution (       
,ars5ite ( ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,f[l]',s    
,,m9]al ,,solution2  ,,liquor ,,potass  
,,ars5itis4 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,liquor        
,,ars5icalis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 ,d41   
,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41
  ,e47 ,ars5i\s acid1 co>sely  p[d]$1 & 
c>bonate ( potassa1 ( ea* #hj gr42      
di/ill$ wat]1 #a  p9t2 boil until       
dissolv$1 & add1 to ! cold solution1    
comp\nd  t9cture ( lav5d]1 #e fl4 dr42  
wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole exactly      
measure a p9t4 ,tonic1 antip]iodic1 &   

alt]ative4----,dose1 #d or #e  drops1   
gradually & cauti\sly increas$2 9 agues 
& v>i\s scaly sk9  diseases4 ,x is      
pref]ably tak5 soon aft] a meal4 ,see   
,,ars5i\s ,,acid1  c4    ,solution (    
,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,atropi 7,b4  
,p474 ,prep4 ,atropia1 #d  gr43 rectifi$
 _s1 #a dr42 dissolve1 & add wat]1 #g   
dr42  mix4----,dose1 #a m9im4           
,solution ( ,auro-,*loride ( ,gold4     
,syn4 ,,solutio ,,auri                  
,,ammonio-,,*loridi4  7,furn>i47 ,prep4 
,ammonio-*loride ( gold1 #h gr42 di/ill$
 wat] &  rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #aj         
oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful morn+ &    
ev5+ 9 sug>$ wat] = dysm5orrha &        
am5orrha4    ,solution ( ,bimeconate (  
,morphi4 ,,solutio ,,morphi             
,,bimeconatis4 ,!re is  no /&>d =mula = 
?is prep>ation4 ,x is made ab\t ! same  
/r5g? z t9cture ( opium4 ,! foll[+      
conta9s #a gr4 9 #hd                    
m9ims3----,bimeconate ( morphia1 #aj    
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a dr42 di/ill$  wat]1
 #ac dr4    ,solution ( ,bismu? &       

,citrate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor     
,,bismu?i ,,et  ,,ammoni ,,citratis 7,b4
 ,p474 ,purifi$ bismu?1 #a2 nitric acid1
 #b2 citric  acid1 #b2 solution (       
ammonia1 a suffici5cy2 mix ! nitric acid
 ) an  ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add !    
bismu? 9 successive portions4 ,:5       
eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 apply = t5 m9utes
 a heat approa*+ t (  ebullition1 &     
decant ! solution f any insoluble matt]4
 ,evaporate  ! solution until x is r$uc$
 to #b1 !n add ! citric acid previ\sly  
dissolv$ 9 #d ( di/ill$ wat]1 & aft]w>ds
 ! solution ( ammonia  9 small          
quantities at a "t1 until ! precipitate 
=m$ is  r$issolv$1 & ! solution is      
neutral or slightly alkal9e to te/      
pap]2 dilute ) di/ill$ wat] to ! volume 
( #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a  dr4      
,solution ( ,brom9e4 ,syn4 ,,liquor     
,,brom9ii4 7,p\r*e47 ,prep4 ,brom9e1  #a
 "p2 di/ill$ wat]1 #dj p>ts4----,dose1  
#e or #f drops1 #c times a day4 ,a      
/rong] solution 7#a "p to #aj7 is       
sometimes us$ ext]nally4    ,solution ( 

,c>bon 7,det]g5t74 ,syn4 ,,liquor       
,,c>bonis ,,det]g5s4 ,?is  "n is appli$ 
to an alcoholic solution ( coal t>4     
,prop]ly dilut$ x  is us$ ext]nally 9   
sk9 diseases4    ,solution1 ,br&i%'s4   
,see ,,solution ,,( ,,potassa4          
,solution1 ,burnett's4 ,a solution (    
*loride ( z9c4 ,see ,,solution ,,=      
,,anatomical ,,prep>ations 7above71 also
 ,,dis9fect+ ,,comp\nds4    ,solution ( 
,camphor1 ,c>bonat$4 ,syn4 ,,solutio    
,,camphor ,,c>bonica4  7,sw$iaur47      
,prep4 ,wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid    
gas1 #b lbs42  p[d]$ camphor1 #c dr4    
,solution ( ,camphor & ,*lor(orm4 ,syn4 
,,solutio ,,camphor ,,et  ,,*lor(ormi4  
7,messrs ,smi?47 ,prep4 ,camphor1 #c    
dr42 *lor(orm1 #a fl4 dr4  ,dissolve4 ,=
 exhibit+ camphor ) yolk ( egg 9        
emulsions4    ,solution ( ,c>bolic      
,acid4 ,,= ,,! ,,toilette4 ,prep4       
,cry/allis$  c>bolic acid1 #aj p>ts2    
ess5ce ( millefleur1 #a "p2 t9cture (   
,quillai ,sapon>ia1 #ej2 wat]1 #ajjj    
p>ts4 ,mix4 ,! sapon9e replaces soap  ) 

advantage4 ,! above %\ld be employ$     
dilut$ ) #aj times its  bulk ( wat]1 =  
dis9fect+ ! sk91 = wa%+ ! h&s1 aft] any 
risk ( contagion1 inoculation1 c4       
,solution ( ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 
,,solution ,,( ,,sesquic>bonate  ,,(    
,,ammonia1 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,ammonia     
,,wat]2 ,,liquor ,,ammoni               
,,sesquic>bonatis  7,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqua   
,,ammoni ,,c>bonatis 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4 
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47  ,sesquic>bonate (      
ammonia1 #d oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2  
dissolve4  ,/imulant &                  
antacid4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 
9 wat]4    ,solution ( ,c>bonate (      
,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi     
,,c>bonatis 7,b4  ,p47 ,prep4 ,dissolve 
sep>ately1 ea* 9 #a_/b a p9t ( di/ill$  
wat]1  sulphate ( magnesia1 #b oz42 &   
c>bonate ( soda1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,heat !    
solution ( sulphate ( magnesia to !     
boil+ po9t1 add ! solution (  c>bonate (
 soda1 & boil toge!r until c>bonic acid 
ceases to be  evolv$4 ,collect !        
precipitat$ c>bonate ( magnesia1 & wa%  

until  :at passes ceases to give a      
precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium4 ,mix !   
precipitate ) a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]1 & 9 
a suitable app>atus1  *>ge ) pure wa%$  
c>bonic acid gas4 ,reta9 excess (       
c>bonic acid  "u pressure = #bd h\rs4   
,filt] to remove undissolv$ c>bonate1 & 
aga9 pass c>bonic acid into ! solution4 
,keep 9 a bottle securely  clos$4 7,?is 
conta9s ab\t #ac gr4 ( c>bonate (       
magnesia 9 ea* fluid  ounce47           
,solution ( ,c>bonate ( ,potassa4 ,syn4 
,,oil ,,( ,,t>t>1 ,,wat] ,,(            
,,subc>bonate ,,( ,,pota%2 ,,liquor     
,,potass ,,c>bonatis 7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471   
,l4 ,p4  ,,subc>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #bj oz4 
7#aj  oz4----,ph4 ,d472 wat]1 #a p9t2   
dissolve & filt] 7or decant74 ,sp4      
gr4----,ph4  ,l41 #adgc2 ,ph4 ,d41      
#acaj4----;,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41 z
 an antacid1 c4    ,solution ( ,c>bonate
 ( ,sda4 ,syn4 ,,subc>bonate ,,( ,,soda 
,,wat]2 ,,sod  ,,c>bonatis ,,liquor     
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47       

,c>bonate ( soda 79  cry/als71 #a-a_/b  
oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,sp4 gr4     
#ajbf4----;,dose1 #a_/d  to #a-a_/b fl4 
oz41 z an antacid2 9 he>tburn1          
dyspepsia1 c4    ,solution ( ,*loride ( 
,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,antimonii ,,*loridi  
,,liquor 7,b4  ,p474 ,prep4 ,dissolve   
black sulphide ( antimony 9 boil+       
hydro*loric  acid4 ,us$ z an es*>otic1 &
 9 ! prep>ation ( oxide ( antimony4     
,solution ( ,*loride ( ,ars5ic4 ,syn4   
,,liquor ,,ars5ici  ,,hydro*loricus 7,b4
 ,p471 ,,liquor ,,ars5ici ,,*loridi     
7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,l47  
,ars5i\s acid 79 co>se p[d]71 #a_/b dr42
 hydro*loric acid1  #a-a_/b fl4 dr42    
di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 boil until !  
solution ( !  ars5i\s acid is complete1 
&1 :5 cold1 add en\gh di/ill$ wat] to   
make ! :ole exactly measure a           
p9t4----,dose1 #d to #e drops4    #b4   
7,b4 ,p47 ,ars5i\s acid1 #hj gr42       
hydro*loric acid1 #b dr42 di/ill$  wat]1
 #bj oz42 boil ! two acids ) #d oz4 ( ! 
wat] until a solution  is effect$1 !n   

add suffici5t di/ill$ wat] to make up   
#bj  oz4----,dose1 #b to #h m9ims4      
,solution ( ,*loride ( ,barium4 ,syn4   
,,solution ,,( ,,muriate ,,( ,,b>yta2   
,,liquor ,,b>ii ,,*loridi 7,ph4 ,l4     
,d471 ,,solutio ,,b>yt ,,muriatis 7,ph4 
,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47       
,dissolve *loride ( b>ium1 #a dr4 7#a   
oz4----,ph4 ,d471  9 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4   
7#h oz4 ,ph4 ,d471 & filt] ! solution4  
,sp4 gr4 7,ph4  ,d47 #ajhh4----;,dose1  
#e drops1 gradually increas$ to #aj or  
#ab1 twice or  ?rice daily2 9 scr(ula1  
scirrh\s affections1 & worms2 ext]nally1
  l>gely dilut$1 z a lotion 9 scr(ul\s  
oph?almia4    ,solution ( ,*loride (    
,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,muriate
 ,,( ,,lime2  ,,calcii ,,*loridi        
,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,calcis ,,muriatis
 ,,solutio 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4
 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,fus$ *loride ( calcium1 #d
 oz4 7cry/als1 #h oz4----,ph4  ,e472    
wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & filt]4   
#b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,fus$ *loride ( calcium1 
#c oz42 wat]1 #ab oz4 ,sp4 gr4          

#abbe4----;,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41  
or m2 9 scr(ul\s & gl&ul>  diseases1 c4 
,solution ( ,*loride ( ,z9c4 ,syn4      
,,liquor ,,z9ci ,,*loridi 7,b4 ,p474    
,prep4 ,granulat$ z9c1 #h2 hydro*loric  
acid1 #bb2 solution ( *lor9e1  q4 s42   
c>bonate ( z9c1 #a_/d2 di/ill$ wat]1    
#aj4 ,mix ! acid & wat]  9 a porcela9   
di%1 add ! z9c1 & apply a g5tle heat to 
promote !  action until gas is no long] 
evolv$2 boil = half an h\r1 supply+  !  
wat] lo/ by evaporation1 & all[ !       
product to cool4 ,filt] x  into a       
bottle1 & add solution ( *lor9e by      
degrees1 ) frequ5t  agitation until a   
br[n s$im5t appe>s4 ,filt] ! liquid into
 a  porcela9 bas91 & evaporate until x  
is r$uc$ to ! bulk ( #bj4    ,solution (
 ,*lor9at$ ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,blea*+        
,,liquid1 ,,solution ,,(  ,,*loride ,,( 
,,lime1 ,s4 ,,( ,,hypo*lorite ,,(       
,,lime2 ,,solutio ,,calcis ,,hypo*loris1
  ,s4 ,,calcis ,,*loridi1 ,,calcis      
,,*lor9at ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,d47 ,*lor9at$ lime   

7#8*loride ( lime'71 #a_/b lb42 wat]1   
#a_/b gall42  triturate !m toge!r1 !n   
transf] ! mixture to a /opp]$ bottle1  &
 %ake x repeat$ly = ! space ( #c h\rs2  
la/ly1 filt] ?r\gh  calico1 & pres]ve x 
9 a well-/opp$ bottle4    #b4 ,*loride (
 lime 7dry & good1 & rubb$ to f9e p[d]71
 #i lbs42  tepid wat]1 #f galls42 mix 9 
a /onew>e bottle capable ( hold+ #h     
galls41 agitate frequ5tly = a day or    
two1 &1 aft] #b or #c days'  repose1    
decant ! cle> portion1 & keep x 9       
well-cork$ bottles1 9 a  cool situation4
 ,if filt]$1 x %\ld be done z rapidly z 
possible1 &  only ?r\gh co>sely p[d]$   
glass 9 a cov]$ vessel4    #c4 ,,liquor 
,,calcis ,,*lorat 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4     
,bl5d well toge!r1 by  trituration 9 a  
l>ge mort>1 #a lb4 ( *lor9at$ lime ) #a 
gall4 (  wat]1 transf] ! mixture to a   
/opp]$ bottle1 & %ake x frequ5tly  = !  
space ( #c h\rs2 p\r x on a calico      
filt]1 & let ! solution  :i* passes     
?r\gh be kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4   
,sp4 gr4 #ajce4    ,obs4 ,! la/ is !    

usual /r5g? sold 9 trade1 "u v>i\s      
attractive names1 to give x importance4 
,x is us$ z a dis9fectant1  blea*]1 &   
fumigation2 &1 dilut$ ) wat]1 z a       
lotion1 injection1  or collyrium1 9     
sev]al diseases4 ,see ,,hypo*lorite ,,( 
,,calcium4    ,solution ( ,*lor9at$     
lime1 ,spiritu\s4 ,syn4 ,,solutio       
,,calcis  ,,*loridi1 ,,spirituosa4      
7,*evalli]74 ,prep4 ,*loride ( lime1 #c 
dr42  di/ill$ wat]1 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s1
 #b oz4 ,mix & filt]4    ,solution (    
,*lor9at$ ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,(
 ,,*loride ,,(  ,,pota%1 ,s4 ,,(        
,,hypo*lorite ,,( ,,potassa1            
,,javelle',s ,,blea*+ ,,liquid2         
,,solutio ,,potass ,,hypo*loris1        
,,liquor ,,potass ,,*loridi1 ,l4        
,,potass  ,,*lor9at1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de    
,,javelle1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve    
c>bonate (  potassa1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #aj 
p>ts1 & pass *lor9e gas ?r\gh !         
solution to saturation4    #b4 ,*loride 
( lime 7dry & good71 #a "p2 wat]1 #ae   
p>ts3 agitate !m  toge!r = an h\r2 next 

dissolve ( c>bonate ( potassa1 #b oz41 9
  wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 mix ! two solutions1 
& aft] a "t ei!r decant or              
filt]4----,uses1 c4 ,z ! la/4           
,solution ( ,*lor9at$ ,soda4 ,syn4      
,,solution ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,soda1 ,s4
  ,,( ,,hypo*lorite ,,( ,,soda1         
,,lab>raque',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,liquid2    
,,solutio ,,sod  ,,hypo*loris1          
,,hypo*loris ,,sodicus ,,aqua ,,solutus 
7,p4 ,cod471 ,,liquor ,,sod  ,,*lor9at  
7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4   
,l471 ,c>bonate ( soda 79  cry/als71 #a 
lb42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1 & pass    
?r\gh ! solution  ! *lor9e evolv$ f a   
mixture ( common salt1 #d oz42 b9oxide (
  manganese1 #c oz42 sulphuric acid1    
#b-a_/b fl4 oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,l4     
#ahcf72  dilut$ ) wat]1 #c fl4 oz42     
plac$ 9 a retort1 heat be+ appli$ to    
promote ! action1 & ! gas be+ purifi$ by
 pass+ ?r\gh #e fl4  oz4 ( wat] be=e x  
ent]s ! alkal9e solution4    #b4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,*lor9at$ lime1 #a_/b lb41 & wat]1 
#c p9ts1 are triturat$  toge!r 9 a m>ble

 mort>1 aft] :i* ! mixture is transf]r$ 
to a  /opp]$ bottle1 agitat$ frequ5tly  
dur+ ?ree h\rs1 & !n  filt]$ ?r\gh      
calico2 9 ! mean "t c>bonate ( soda     
7cry/471 #g  oz41 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a
 p9t2 ! two solutions are next mix$1 &1 
aft] agitation = ab\t #aj m9utes1 ! :ole
 is filt]$ z be=e4 ,!  filtrate is to be
 pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4    #c4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #ab oz4 ( c>bonate (
 soda 9 #cf oz4 ( di/ill$  wat]1 & put !
 solution into a glass vessel4 ,mix     
black oxide (  manganese1 #d oz41 &     
hydro*loric acid1 #ae fl4 oz41 9 a glass
 flask1  ) a b5t tube atta*$ by means ( 
a cork to its m\?1 apply a g5tle  heat1 
& ) a suitable arrangem5t cause ! gas   
evolv$ to pass fir/  ?r\gh a wa%-bottle 
conta9+ #d oz4 ( wat]1 & !n into !      
solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 regulat+    
heat s t ! gas %all be  sl[ly b         
con/antly introduc$4 ,:5 ! dis5gagem5t (
 *lor9e has  ceas$1 transf] ! solution  
:i* has absorb$ x to a /opp]$ bottle1  &
 keep 9 a cool & d>k place4 ,sp4 gr4    

#aajc4    ,obs4 ,?is solution is us$ z  
an antiseptic1 dis9fectant1 & blea*+    
liquid4----,dose1 #bj to #cj drops1 9   
any bl& fluid1 9 sc>let fev]1  sore     
?roat1 c42 x is also made into a lotion1
 g>gle1 injection1 &  eye-wat]4 ,meat 9 
a ne>ly putrid /ate1 unfit = food1 is   
imm$iately  re/or$ by wa%+ or imm]sion 9
 ?is liquid4    ,solution ( ,*lor9e4    
,syn4 ,,*lor9e ,,wat]2 ,,solutio        
,,*lor9ii1 ,,liquor  ,,*lor9i 7,ph4 ,l4 
,d471 ,,*lor9ei ,,aqua 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,on  b9oxide (    
manganese 79 p[d]71 #b dr41 plac$ 9 a   
retort1 p\r  hydro*loric acid1 #a fl4   
oz41 & pass ! *lor9e 9 di/ill$ wat]1    
#a_/b p9t1 until x ceases to be evolv$4 
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,muriate ( soda 7common  
salt71 #fj gr42 r$ oxide ( lead1 #cej   
gr42 triturate !m toge!r1 & put !m into 
#h fl4 oz4 ( di/ill$  wat]1 conta9$ 9 a 
/opp]$ bottle2 !n add ( sulphuric acid1 
#b fl4  dr42 & hav+ replac$ ! /opp]1    
agitate ! :ole1 occasionally1  until !  
oxide ( lead turns :ite2 la/ly1 aft]    

subsid5ce1 p\r (f  ! cle> liquid into   
ano!r /opp]$ bottle4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47  
,introduce into a gas bottle p]oxide (  
manganese 79 f9e  p[d]71 #a_/b oz42 add 
( hydro*loric acid1 #c fl4 oz41 7dilut$ 
)7  wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 apply a g5tle     
heat1 & cause ! evolv$ gas to pass      
?r\gh wat]1 #b fl4 oz41 & !n into a     
#c-p9t bottle conta9+  di/ill$ wat]1 #bj
 fl4 oz41 & ^: m\? is loosely plugg$ )  
t[2  :5 ! air has be5 entirely displac$ 
by ! *lor9e1 cork ! bottle  loosely1 &  
%ake x until ! *lor9e is absorb$2 x %\ld
 n[ be  transf]r$ to a p9t /opp]$       
bottle1 & pres]v$ 9 a d>k & cool  place4
    7,b4 ,p47 ,,liquor ,,*lori4 ,prep4  
,put #a oz4 ( black oxide ( manganese1 9
  f9e p[d]1 into a gas bottle1 & hav+   
p\r$ ^u x #f fl4 oz4 (  hydro*loric     
acid1 dilut$ ) #b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1   
apply a g5tle  heat1 & by suitable tubes
 cause ! gas1 z x is develop$1 to pass  
?r\gh #b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat] plac$ 9 an  
int]m$iate small phial1  & !nce to !    
bottom ( a #c-p9t bottle conta9+ #cj oz4

 ( di/ill$  wat]1 ! m\? ( :i* is loosely
 plugg$ ) t[4 ,z soon z !  *lor9e ceases
 to be develop$1 let ! bottle be        
disconnect$ f !  app>atus 9 :i* ! gas   
has be5 g5]at$1 cork$ loosely1 & %ak5   
until ! *lor9e is absorb$4 ,la/ly1      
introduce ! solution into a  gre5 bottle
 furni%$ ) a well-fitt+ /opp]1 & keep x 
9 a cool  & d>k place4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajjc4  
,"o fluid ounce conta9s #bff gra9s (    
*lor9e4    ,prop41 c4 ,irritant & acrid1
 b1 :5 l>gely dilut$1 /imulant &        
antiseptic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4   
dr41 9 #a_/b p9t ( wat]1 sweet5$  ) a   
little sug>1 9 divid$ doses1 dur+ ! day2
 9 sc>lat9a1  malignant sore ?roat1 c4  
,on ! l>ge scale1 liquid *lor9e may be  
procur$ by pass+ ! gas obta9$ by any ( !
 me?ods nam$ "u  ,,*lor9e into wat]1    
until x w absorb no m4    ,solution (   
,citrate ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor     
,,ammoni ,,citratis 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4     
,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dissolve   
citric acid1 #c oz41 9 di/ill$  wat]1 #a
 p9t2 & to ! solution add (             

sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 79  p[d]71     
#b-a_/b oz41 or q4 s4 to exactly        
neutralise ! liquor4----,dose1 #b  to #f
 fl4 dr4    ,solution ( ,citrate (      
,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,magnesi   
,,citratis4 ,see  ,,magnesium1 ,,citrate
 ,,(4    7,b4 ,p47 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1
 #ajj gr42 citric acid1 #bjj gr42 syrup 
(  lemons1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 bic>bonate (  
pota% 9 cry/als1 #dj gr42 wat]1  q4 s4  
,dissolve ! citric acid 9 #b oz4 ( !    
wat]1 & hav+ add$ !  c>bonate (         
magnesia1 /ir until x is dissolv$4      
,filt] ! solution  into a /rong half-p9t
 bottle1 add ! syrup & wat] suffici5t to
  ne>ly fill ! bottle1 !n introduce !   
bic>bonate ( pota%1 &  imm$iately close 
! bottle ) a cork1 :i* %\ld be secur$ ) 
/r+ or wire1 aft]w>ds %ake till !       
bic>bonate has  dissolv$4----,dose1 #e  
to #aj fl4 oz4    ,solution ( ,citrate (
 ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi      
,,citratis1 ,,solutio  ,m4 ,c41 ,l4     
,prep4 7,mag5die47 ,pure morphia1 #ac   
gr42 citric acid1 #h or #aj  gr42 wat]1 

#a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( co*9eal1 #b fl4   
dr4----,dose1 #c to #ab  drops4         
,solution ( ,citrate ( ,pota%4 ,syn4    
,,liquor ,,potass ,,citratis4 ,,neutral 
,,mixture4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,citric
 acid1 #a_/b troy oz42 bic>bonate (     
pota%1 #ccj gr42 wat]1 #h oz4           
,solution ( ,copaiba4 ,see ,,solution1  
,,specific4    ,solution ( ,corrosive   
,sublimate4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,(        
,,*loride ,,(  ,,m]cury2 ,,liquor       
,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridi 7,ph4 ,l474     
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  ,corrosive       
sublimate & sal ammoniac1 ( ea* #aj gr42
 wat]1 #a p9t1  dissolve4----,dose4 ,z  
an alt]ative1 #aj to #cj drops2 z an    
antisyphilitic1  #a_/b to #b fl4 dr41 9 
simple or sweet5$ wat]4 ,x mu/ n be     
all[$ to  t\* any?+ metallic4 ,x also   
=ms a mo/ useful lotion 9 v>i\s  sk9    
diseases4    #b4 ,see ,,lotion1         
,,m]curial4    ,solution ( ,cyanide (   
,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potassii   
,,cyanidi4  7,lam+47 ,prep4 ,cyanide (  
potassium1 #bb gr42 pro( _s1 #i fl4 dr4 

,?is is ! /r5g? ( 8 hydrocyanic acid1   
:i* conta9s #a gr4 ( real  acid 9 #a fl4
 dr4 ,mag5die's m$ic9al hydrocyanate (  
pota% consi/s (  cyanide ( potassium    
dissolv$ 9 #h times its weight ( di/ill$
 wat]4    ,solution ( ,delph9ia4 ,syn4  
,,solutio ,,delph9i4 7,dr ,turnbull47   
,delph9ia1 #a scruple2 rectifi$ _s1 #b  
oz4 ,= outw>d use4    ,solution (       
,diacetate ( ,lead4 ,see ,,solution ,,( 
,,subacetate ,,( ,,lead4    ,solution1  
,donovan's4 ,see ,,solution ,,(         
,,hydriodate ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,& ,,m]cury  
7bel[74    ,solution1 ,es*>otic         
7,freyburg's74 ,syn4 ,,solutio          
,,es*>otica1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f camphor1 #cj
 gr42 corrosive sublimate1 #fj to #ajj  
gr42  rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve4
 ,9 syphilitic vegetations1 &  specially
 condylomes4 ,x is spread ov] ! diseas$ 
surface1 ei!r at  once or aft] !        
application ( a ligature4    ,solution (
 ,fl9ts4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,( ,,fl9ts2    
,,liquam5 ,,silicum1 ,,liquor  ,,potass 
,,silicatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,soluble    

glass dissolv$ 9 wat]4    #b4 7,bate47  
,p[d]$ qu>tz1 #a "p2 dry c>bonate (     
pota%1 #b p>ts 7#c  p>ts----,turn]72    
triturate !m toge!r1 fuse ! mixture 9 a 
,hessian  crucible1 & all[ ! result+    
glass to deliquesce by exposure 9 a     
damp situation4----,dose1 #e or #f to   
#cj drops2 9 g\ty concretions1 /one1  c4
 8,x resolves ! /one1 & op5s            
ob/ructions40 ,see ,,soluble ,,glass4   
,solution1 ,gannal's4   ,see ,,solution 
,,=    ,solution1 ,goadsby's4           
,,anatomical ,,prep>ations4             
,solution1 ,g\l>d's4 ,see ,,solution ,,(
 ,,subacetate ,,( ,,lead4    ,solution1 
,hahnemann's ,prophylactic4 ,syn4       
,,liquor ,,belladonn1 ,,solutio         
,,prophylactica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f extract (
 belladonna 7alcoholic71 #c gr42        
di/ill$ wat]1 #f fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1  
#b fl4 dr42 dissolve4 ,us$  aga9/ sc>let
 fev]4----,dose1 #b or #c drops = a *ild
 "u #ab mon?s2  & an additional drop = e
 ye> above t age to maturity4           
,solution ( ,h>t%orn1 ,succ9at$4 ,syn4  

,,liquor ,,cornu ,,c]vi ,,succ9atus4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,neutralise true spirits (  
h>t%orn 7or a solution ( #a oz4 (  salt 
( h>t%orn 9 #a oz4 ( wat]7 ) acid (     
amb]4    ,solution ( ,hydriodate (      
,ars5ic & ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,donovan',s   
,,solution2 ,,solutio ,,ars5ici ,,et    
,,hydr>gyri ,,iodidi1 ,,ars5ici ,,et    
,,hydr>gyri  ,,hydriodatis ,,liquor4    
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,donovan47  
,triturate metallic  ars5ic1 #fjh gr41  
m]cury1 #aech gr41 & iod9e1 #ej gr41 )  
alcohol1 #a  fl4 dr41 until dry2 to ?is 
add1 gradually1 ( di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4  
oz41  & aga9 well triturate2 next put ! 
:ole into a flask1 add (  hydriodic     
acid1 #a_/b fl4 dr41 & boil = a few     
m9utes2 la/ly1 :5  cold1 add di/ill$    
wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure      
exactly #h fl4  oz4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47   
,pure ars5ic 79 f9e p[d]71 #f gr42 pure 
m]cury1 #af gr42  pure incl9e1 #ej-a_/b 
gr42 alcohol1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 triturate z
 be=e1 add1  gradually1 ( wat]1 #h fl4  
oz41 heat ! mixture until x beg9s to    

boil1  &1 aft]w>ds1 make up ! cold &    
filt]$ solution to exactly #h fl4  oz4  
#f fl4 dr4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f       
metallic ars5ic1 #fa gr42 iod9e1 #ejj   
gr42 m]cury1  #aed gr42 rectifi$ _s1    
#a-a_/b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b qu>ts2
  hydriodic acid1 #e fl4 dr42 z ,no4 #a2
 ! product be+ made up )  di/ill$ wat] s
 z to measure exactly #d p9ts1 or #hj   
fl4 oz41 or to  weigh #e lbs4 #a-a_/d   
oz4 7av471 :5 cold4    ,obs4 ,great c>e 
mu/ be tak5 t ! :ole ( ! ars5ic be      
dissolv$1 :i* c only be effect$ by ! mo/
 c>eful trituration4  ,s\beiran         
recomm5ds ! employm5t ( #a "p1 ea*1 ( ! 
respective  iodides1 ) #ih p>ts ( wat]1 
z furni%+ a simpl] & equally  effective 
product1 proportions :i* are almo/      
exactly ^? employ$ by  ,mr              
,donovan4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1   
twice or ?rice a day1 pref]able  soon   
aft] a meal2 9 lepra1 psoriasis1 lupus1 
& sev]al o!r scaly  sk9 diseases4 ,x is 
a mo/ valuable m$ic9e 9 ^! affections4  
,solution ( ,hydro*lorate ( ,morphia4   

,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,muriate ,,(      
,,morphia2 ,,liquor ,,morphi            
,,hydro*loratis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,solutio   
,,morphi ,,muriatis  7,ph4 ,e471        
,,morphi ,,muriatis ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47              
,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #d dr42 pro(   
_s1 #a_/b p9t2 di/ill$ wat]1  #a p9t2   
dissolve by ! aid ( a g5tle heat4 #fj   
drops 7m9ims7 ( ?is  solution conta9 #a 
gr4 ( hydro*lorate ( morphia4----,dose1 
#e to #ae or #bj  drops4    #b4 7,ph4   
,e4  ,d47 ,muriate ( morphia1 #ij gr42  
rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz42  di/ill$ wat]1 
#ae fl4 oz4 #ajg drops 7m9ims7 conta9 #a
 gr4 ( !  hydro*lorate4----,dose1 #aj to
 #cj or #dj drops1 or ne>ly z laudanum4 
#c4 7,apo!c>ies' ,hall47 ,muriate (     
morphia1 #af gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a  fl4  
dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 #cj drops 7m9ims7
 conta9 #a gr4----,dose1 #c to  #aj     
drops4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,acetate ,,(
 ,,morphia1 c4    ,solution (           
,hypo*lorite ( ,lime4 ,solution (       
*lor9at$ lime4    ,solution ( ,iodide ( 

,ars5ic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ars5ici       
,,p]iodidi1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,wack5rod]47   
,ea* dra*m conta9s #a_/h gr4 ( t]iodide 
(  ars5ic2 equival5t to #a_/dh gr4 (    
metallic ars5ic1 & #a_/aj gr4 7ne>ly7  (
 iod9e4    ,solution ( ,iodide ( ,m]cury
 & ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor           
,,iodohydr>gyratis ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,*ann+47 ,iodide (      
potassium1 #c-a_/b gr42 b9oxide (       
m]cury1 #da_/b gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a    
fl4 oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #b to #e or
 #f drops1 ?ree times a day1 mu*        
dilut$2 9 dyspepsia1 indurations1       
enl>gem5t ( ! sple51 dropsy1 c4         
,solution ( ,iodide ( ,potassium        
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,iodurett$ ,,wat]1   
,,comp\nd ,,solution ,,( ,,iod9e2       
,,liquor ,,potassii ,,iodidi            
,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l4   ,d471 ,,liquor 
,,iod9ei ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,d47  ,iodide (   
potassium1 #aj gr42 iod9e1 #e gr42 wat]1
 #a p9t2  dissolve4----,dose1 #a to #f  
dr42 9 ! usual cases :]e iod9e is       

employ$4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,iodide (    
potassium1 #a oz42 iod9e1 #b dr42 wat]1 
#af fl4 oz4  ,?is is #cj times z /rong z
 ! prec$+4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops4   
,solutions ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,liquor     
,,iodi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,dissolve #bj  
gr4  ( iod9e & #cj gr4 ( iodide (       
potassium 9 #a oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4      
7,lugol's47 ,syn4 ,,solutiones ,,iod9ii 
,,vel ,,ioduret4 ,prep4 ,iodurett$      
wat]s1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c2 iod9e1       
#a-a_/b gr41 #b gr41 & #b-a_/b gr42     
wat]1  #a p9t4 ,drops4----,iod9e1 #a    
scruple2 iodide ( potassium1 #b         
scruples2  wat]1 #i dr4 ,lotions1       
c4----,iod9e1 #a-a_/b gr4 to #c gr42    
iodide (  potassium1 #c gr4 to #f gr42  
wat]1 #a p9t4 ,rubefaci5t4----,iod9e1 #a
 p9t2  iodide ( potassium1 #b p>ts2     
wat]1 #ab p>ts4 ,cau/ic4----,iod9e1 #a  
"p2  iodide ( potassium1 #a "p2 wat]1 #b
 p>ts4    ,solution ( ,iodide ( ,iron4  
,syn4 ,,liquor ,,f]ri ,,iodidi4 7,ph4   
,u4 ,s474  ,prep4 ,mix #b oz4 7troy7 (  
iod9e ) #e oz4 ( wat]1 & add #a oz4     

7troy7 ( iron fil+s1 /ir frequ5tly1 &   
heat ! mixture g5tly till  x assumes a  
gre5i% col\r2 !n filt] into a glass     
bottle conta9+  #ab oz4 ( p[d]$ sug>1 & 
aft] x has pass$1 p\r di/ill$ wat] on  !
 filt]1 until ! filt]$ liquor1 includ+ !
 sug>1 measures #bj  oz41 la/ %ake !    
bottle till ! sug> is                   
dissolv$4----,dose1 #ae m9ims  to #a dr4
    ,solution ( ,iod9e ) ,hemlock4 ,syn4
 ,,solutio ,,iod9ii ,,cum ,,conio4 ,dr  
,,scudamore',s ,,solution4 ,= inhal+4   
,iod9e1 #f gr42 iodide ( potassium1 #f  
gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b dr42 wat]1 #e oz4  
#f dr4 ,f #a_/b dr4 to #e dr4 (  ?is    
solution1 ) #a_/b dr4 ( t9cture (       
hemlock to be add$ to w>m  wat] at #abj 
,f4 9 a glass inhal]1 & us$ twice a day4
 ,two ?irds (  ! +r$i5ts are fir/ put   
into ! inhal]1 & ! re/ add$ :5  half !  
"t = inhal+ has elaps$4    ,solution (  
,iron 7,alkal9e74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,f]ri 
,,alkal9i1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47
 ,iron fil+s1 #b-a_/b dr42 nitric acid1 
#b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #f  fl4 oz42 dissolve1

 decant1 gradually add ( solution (     
c>bonate (  pota% #f fl4 oz41 & 9 #f    
h\rs decant ! cle> portion4 ,?is 0      
int5d$ z an imitation ( ,/ahl's ,t9ctura
 ,m>tis ,alkal9a4 ,x is tonic1          
emm5agogue1 c4----,dose1 #bj to #fj     
drops4    ,solution ( ,iron & ,alum4    
,syn4 ,,solutio ,,f]ri ,,alum9osa4      
7,sw$iaur47  ,calc9$ sulphate ( iron1   
#aj scruples2 alum1 #e scruples2 wat]   
suffici5t  to dissolve !m2 sulphuric    
acid1 #ae drops4----,dose1 #aj to #ae   
drops4 ,once  a celebrat$ no/rum 9      
,g]many1 "u ! "n ( ,t9ctura n]vosa4     
,solution1 ,javelle's4 ,see ,,solution  
,,( ,,*lor9at$ ,,pota%4    ,solution1   
,lab>raque's4 ,see ,,solution ,,(       
,,*lor9at$ ,,soda4    ,solution ( ,lime4
 ,syn4 ,,lime ,,wat]2 ,,solutio ,,calcis
 ,,hydratis1 ,,liquor  ,,calcis 7,ph4   
,l4  ,d471 ,,aqua ,,calcis 7,ph4 ,e471  
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,^u !  lime1 #a_/b
 lb41 fir/ slak$ 7by spr9kl+ x7 ) a     
little ( ! wat]1  p\r ! rema9d] ( wat]1 
#ab p9ts1 & %ake !m well toge!r 7= #e   

m9utes----,ph4 ,d472 imm$iately cov] !  
vessel1 & set x aside = ?ree  h\rs2 !n  
keep ! solution ) ! rema9+ lime 7equally
 divid$7 9  /opp]$ glass vessels1 &1 :5 
x is to be us$1 decant ! requir$        
portion f ! cle> solution 7replac+ x ) m
 wat]1 &  agitat+ briskly1 z            
be=e----,ph4 ,e474    ,,liquor ,,calcis 
7,b4 ,p474 ,syn4 ,lime wat]4 ,put #b oz4
 ( slak$ lime into a  /opp]$ bottle     
conta9+ #a gall4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & %ake 
well =  two or ?ree m9utes4 ,aft] #ab   
h\rs ! excess ( lime w h  subsid$1 & !  
cle> solution may be drawn (f ) a siphon
 z x is  requir$ = use1 or transf]r$ to 
a gre5 glass bottle furni%$ ) a         
well-gr\nd /opp]4    ,obs4 ,cold wat]   
dissolves m lime ?an hot wat]4 #a p9t ( 
wat] at  #cb ,fahr4 dissolves #ac-a_/d  
gr41 at #fj x dissolves #aa-a_/b gr41 b 
at  #bab only #f-a_/b gr4 7,phillips47  
,uses1 c4 ,lime wat] is antacid1 a/r+5t1
 antili?ic1 tonic &  v]mifuge4----,dose4
 ,a w9e-glassful1 or m1 #b or #c times a
 day1 9 milk  or bro?2 9 dyspepsia1     

di>rha1 calcul\s affections1 c42 &1     
ext]nally1 z a det]sive & discuti5t     
lotion4    ,solution ( ,lime            
7,sac*>at$74 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,liquor   
,,calcis  ,,sac*>atus4 ,prep4 ,slak$    
lime1 #a2 ref9$ sug> 79 p[d]71 #b2      
di/ill$ wat]1 #bj2 dige/ = "s h\rs &    
/ra94----,dose1 #ae to #fj  m9ims 9     
milk4    ,solution ( ,li?ia1 ,eff]vesc+4
 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,li?i ,,eff]vesc5s4    
7,b4  ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #aj gr4 (        
c>bonate ( li?ia & #a p9t ( wat] 9 a    
suitable app>atus1 & *>ge ) c>bonic acid
 gas "u a pressure (  #g atmosph]es4    
,keep 9 bottles securely cork$4         
,solution1 ,mack5zie's4 ,prep4 ,f       
nitrate ( silv]1 #bj gr41 dissolv$  9   
di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,us$ to wa% !  
?roat & fauces1 & to  sponge ! tra*ea1 9
 affections ( ^? p>ts4    ,solution (   
,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,a]at$ ,,magnesia     
,,wat]1 ,,c>bonat$ ,m4 ,w41  ,,fluid    
,,magnesia1 ,,cond5s$ ,,solution ,,(    
,m41 ,,conc5trat$ ,s4 ,,( ,m42 ,,liquor 
,,magnesi ,,c>bonatis1 ,,aqua ,m4 ,c41  

,l42 ,,eau ,,magnesi5ne1 ,fr4 ,prep4    
7,d9ne=d's47 ,wat] & ,h[>d's heavy      
c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 !  proportion (  
#ag-a_/b gr4 ( ! latt] to e fl4 oz4 ( ! 
=m]1 are  introduc$ into a cyl9drical   
t9n$ copp] vessel1 & c>bonic acid1      
g5]at$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid on  
:it+1 is =c$ into x by  /eam p[] =      
#e-a_/b h\rs1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t !    
cyl9d]  is kept 9 motion4 ,sir ,j4      
,murray's is simil>4 ,! ,p>is ,codex    
ord]s  rec5tly precipitat$ c>bonate (   
magnesia to be us$ :ile /ill moi/4      
,antacid & laxative4 ,see ,,fluid       
,,magnesia4    ,solution1 ,m9eral4 ,see 
,,solution ,,( ,,ars5ite ,,( ,,potassa4 
,solution ( ,morphia4 ,see ,,solutions  
,,( ,,acetate1 ,,hydro*lorate1 &        
,,sulphate4    ,solution ( ,myrrh1      
,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,myrrh       
,,alkal9a4 7,sw$iaur47  ,prep4 ,c>bonate
 ( soda1 #a dr42 myrrh1 #b oz42 boil+   
wat]1 #h oz4  ,dige/ 9 a wat] ba? = #b  
days1 frequ5tly /irr+1 & /ra94          
,solution ( ,nitrate ( ,m]cury 7,acid74 

,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydr>gyri ,,nitratis   
,,acidus 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,m]cury1 #d2 
nitric acid1 #e2 di/ill$ wat]1  #a-a_/b2
 mix ! nitric acid ) ! wat] 9 a flask1 &
 dissolve !  m]cury 9 ! mixture )\t !   
application ( heat4 ,boil g5tly = #ae   
m9utes1 cool1 & pres]ve ! solution 9 a  
/opp]$ bottle4 ,us$  alone1 z a cau/ic2 
#a to #b m9ims to #a oz4 ( wat]1 z a    
g>gle2 & #a  m9im to #b oz4 ( wat]1 z an
 injection 9 gonorrha4    ,solution (   
,nitrate ( ,m]cury & ,ammonia4 ,syn4    
,,solutio ,,hydr>gyri ,,et  ,,ammoni    
,,nitratis4 ,,w>d',s ,,:ite ,,drop4     
,prep4 ,nitrate ( ammonia &  m]cury 9   
cry/als1 #a "p2 rose wat]1 #c p>ts2     
dige/ till dissolv$4    ,solution (     
,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4 ,,liquor       
,,arg5ti ,,nitratis 7,ph4 ,l471         
,,solutio ,a4 ,n4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nitrate ( silv] 7cry/471 #a
  dr4 7#dj gr4----,ph4 ,e472 di/ill$    
wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 7#afjj gr4----,ph4     
,e472  dissolve4 ,us$ z an es*>otic1 c4 
,x %\ld be kept f ! light4 ,see         

,,lotion1 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv]1 c4     
,solution ( ,opium 7,s$ative74 ,see     
,,liquor4    ,solution ( ,oxysulphate ( 
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,f]ri            
,,oxysulphatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f sulphate 
( iron 79 p[d]7 & nitric acid1 ( ea* #c 
dr42  triturat$ toge!r = #ae m9utes1 &  
!n dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1  #a-a_/b fl4
 oz4----,dose1 #e or #f to #ab drops4   
,solution ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron4 ,syn4   
,,liquor ,,f]ri ,,p]*loridi 7,b4  ,p474 
,prep4 ,/rong] solution ( p]*loride (   
iron 7see bel[71 #a2  di/ill$ wat]1     
#c4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims4        
,solution ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron          
7,/rong]74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,f]ri        
,,p]*loridi ,,=tior 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4   
,iron wire1 #b oz42 hydro*loric acid1   
#ab oz42 nitric acid1 #i dr42 di/ill$   
wat]1 #h gr4 ,mix #h ( !  hydro*loric   
acid ) ! wat]1 & p\r ! mixture on ! iron
 wire1  apply+ a g5tle heat1 s t ! :ole 
( ! metal may be dissolv$2  filt] !     
solution1 & add to x ! rema9d] ( !      
hydro*loric &  nitric acids2 heat !     

mixture briskly1 until1 on ! sudd5      
evolution (  r$ fumes1 ! liquid becomes 
( an orange-br[n col\r1 !n evaporate by 
! heat ( a wat] ba? until x is r$uc$ to 
#aj fl4 oz4 ,us$ z an  application to   
diph!ritic pat*es1 = inject+ nvi1 z a   
p[]ful  /yptic1 & 9 ! prep>ation (      
,,solution ,,( ,,p]*loride ,,( ,,iron4  
7,see  above47    ,solution ( ,p]*loride
 ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydr>gyri  
,,p]*loridi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,corrosive
 sublimate1 #aj gr42 *loride (          
ammonium1 #aj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #bj    
oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #abj    
m9ims4    ,solution ( ,p]*loride (      
,m]cury 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,liquor      
,,hydr>gyri1  ,,p]*loridi ,,compositus1 
,,liquor ,,m]curielle ,,normale         
7,mialhe74 ,prep4  ,di/ill$ wat]1 #af   
oz12 *loride ( sodium1 #af gr42 *loride 
( ammonium1  #af gr42 :ite ( #a egg1    
p]*loride ( m]cury1 #d gr4 ,beat ! :ite 
(  egg ) ! wat]1 filt]1 dissolve ! salts
 9 ! liquid & filt]  aga94    ,solution 
( ,p]manganate ( ,potassa4 ,syn4        

,,liquor ,,potass ,,p]manganatis  7,b4  
,p474 ,prep4 ,p]manganate ( potassa1 #d 
gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz42  dissolve4   
,dilut$ ) #dj p>ts ( wat]1 x is us$ z a 
g>gle or z a  cleans+ wa% = diseas$     
surface4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4         
,solution ( ,p]nitrate ( ,iron4 ,syn4   
,,solution ,,( ,,p]sesqu9itrate ,,(     
,,iron2 ,,f]ri ,,p]nitras ,,liquor 7,ph4
 ,d471 ,,solutio ,,p]sesqu9itras ,,f]ri 
7,k]r71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d474 ,take (  
pure nitric acid1 #c fl4 oz42 wat]1  #af
 fl4 oz42 mix1 add f9e iron wire1 #a    
oz42 dissolve1 & to ! cle>  solution add
 z mu* wat] z w make ! :ole measure     
#a-a_/b p9t4 ,sp4  gr4 #aajg4----;,dose1
 #e or #f to #cj drops1 or m2 9 passive 
hmorrhages1  muc\s dis*>ges1 *ronic     
di>rha ) pro/ration1 c4    ,solution (  
,p]sulphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor     
,,f]ri ,,p]sulphatis4  ,prep4 ,sulphate 
( iron1 #h2 sulphuric acid1 #c_/d2      
nitric acid1 #c_/d2  di/ill$ wat]1 #ab4 
,add ! sulphuric acid to #aj ( ! wat]1 &
  dissolve ! sulphate ( iron 9 ! mixture

 ) ! aid ( heat4 ,mix !  nitric acid ) !
 rema9+ #b ( ! wat]1 & add ! dilute acid
 to  ! solution ( sulphate ( iron4      
,conc5trate ! :ole by boil+ until1  by !
 sudd5 evolution ( ruddy vap\rs1 !      
liquid ceases to be black1  & acquires a
 r$ col\r4 ,a drop ( ! solution is n[ to
 be te/$ )  f]ricyanide ( potassium1 &  
if a blue precipitate be =m$1 a few     
additional drops ( nitric acid %\ld be  
add$1 & ! boil+ r5ew$1  9 ord] t ! :ole 
may be conv]t$ into p]sulphate ( iron4  
,:5  ! solution is cold1 make up !      
quantity to #aa by ! addition1 if       
necess>y1 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,us$ 9 mak+   
sev]al prep>ations (  iron2 x is also a 
good /yptic4    ,solution ( ,phosphoric 
,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,phosphori       
,,!rea4 ,prep4  ,slic$ phosphorus1 #e   
gr42 rectifi$ e!r1 #a oz42 mix1 set !   
bottle 9 a  d>k place = #c or #d days1  
%ak+ occasionally1 & decant4            
,solution = ,plate4 ,syn4 ,,plate       
,,liquor2 ,,solutio ,,pro ,,arg5to1 ,l4 
,prep4  ,f alum1 cream ( t>t>1 & common 

salt1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #a_/b  gall42 
dissolve4 ,us$ to increase ! lu/re &    
:it5ess ( silv]  plate1 ! articles be+  
boil$ 9 x4    ,solution ( ,potassa4     
,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,hydrate ,,(      
,,potassa1 ,,liquor ,,(  ,,potassa1     
,,pota% ,,wat]1 ,,cau/ic ,p4 ,w42       
,,liquor ,,potass 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471  
,,aqua ,,potass 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,potass    
,,cau/ic ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,aqua    
,,kali ,,puri1  ,,lixivium ,,sapon>um1  
,,aqua ,,kali ,,cau/icum1 ,,lixivium    
,,cau/icum1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,lime 7rec5tly burnt71 #h oz42 boil+    
di/ill$ wat]1 #a  gall42 spr9kle a      
little ( ! wat] on ! lime 9 an e>!n     
vessel1  &1 :5 x is slak$ & fall5 to    
p[d]1 add ( c>bonate ( potassa  #ae oz41
 dissolv$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! wat]2 bung    
d[n1 & %ake  frequ5tly1 until ! mixture 
is cold1 !n all[ ! :ole to settle1 &    
decant ! cle> sup]natant portion into   
p]fectly clean &  well-/opp]$ gre5-glass
 bottles4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfc4 ,x conta9s #fg
 (  pure potassa4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47     

,c>bonate ( potassa 7dry71 #d oz42      
quicklime1 #b oz42 wat]1 #de  fl4 oz42  
boil+ briskly = a few m9utes aft] ea*   
addition ( ! milk  ( lime2 to yield at  
lea/ #ce fl4 oz41 by decantation1 aft]  
#bd h\rs'  repose 9 a deep1 n>r[1 glass 
vessel4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajgb4    #c4 7,ph4    
,d47 ,pure c>bonate ( potassa1 #a lb42  
di/ill$ wat]1 #a gall42  dissolve1 heat 
! solution to ! boil+ po9t 9 a clean    
iron vessel1  gradually add to x ( fre% 
quicklime1 #aj oz41 previ\sly slak$ )   
wat]1 #g fl4 oz41 & cont9ue ! ebullition
 = #aj m9utes1 )  con/ant /irr+2 next   
all[ x to cool out ( contact ) ! air1 &1
  :5 p]fectly cle>1 decant x by means ( 
a syphon1 & bottle x z  be=e4 ,sp4 gr4  
#ajfh4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c>bonate (     
pota%1 #b2 slak$ lime1 #a-a_/b2 di/ill$ 
wat]1  #bj2 dissolve ! c>bonate ( pota% 
9 ! wat]1 & hav+ heat$ !  solution to ! 
boil+ po9t 9 a clean iron vessel1       
gradually mix !  slak$ lime1 & cont9ue !
 ebullition = #aj m9utes ) con/ant      
/irr+2 decant ! cle> liquid4----,dose1  

#ae to #fj m9ims #c times a day  9 be]1 
milk1 or ,mi/ura ,amygdal4    #e4       
7,whl]47 ,nitrate ( potassa1 #a "p1 is  
mix$1 9 alt]nate lay]s1  ) clipp+s (    
%eet copp]1 #b or #c p>ts1 & !n heat$ to
 mod]ate  r$ness = ab\t #a_/b an h\r 9 a
 copp] or iron crucible2 :5 cold1 !     
potassa is wa%$ out ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! 
solution1 aft] repose  9 a clos$ vessel1
 decant$ z be=e4 ,n a trace ( copp] c be
  detect$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! clipp+s may be 
aga9 us$ if mix$ ) a  little fre%       
metallic copp]4    #f4 7,:olesale47 ,f  
c>bonate ( pota% 7kali71 #a lb41 &      
quicklime1 #a_/b  lb41 to ea* gall4 (   
wat]4    #g4 7,,br&i%',s ,,alkal9e      
,,solution2 ,,liquor ,,potass           
,,br&i%ii47 ,f  ,am]ican pe>la%es1 #f   
lbs42 quicklime & wood a%es 7f ! a%71 ( 
ea* #b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #f galls4 7old 
meas472 to ea* gall4 ( !  cle> product  
is add$ #ab or #ae drops ( oil ( junip]4
 ,?is #8solution'  is mu* ask$ = 9      
trade4 ,ord9>y liquor ( potassa is      
g5]ally sold  = x4    ,pur4 8,no?+1 or  

sc>cely any?+1 is ?r[n d[n f ?is        
solution  on ! addition ( lime wat]2 &  
:5 x has be5 fir/ saturat$ by  nitric   
acid1 no precipitate falls on ! addition
 ( c>bonate ( soda1  *loride ( b>ium1 or
 nitrate ( silv]4 ,:at is ?r[n d[n by   
bi*loride ( plat9um is yell[i%40 7,ph4  
,l47    ,uses1 c4 ,liquor ( potassa is  
antacid1 diuretic1 resolv5t1 &          
li?ontriptic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or   
#dj drops1 9 any bl& dilu5t 7n          
acidul\s72 9 he>tburn1 g\t1 calculi1    
indurations1 scr(ula1 lepra1  psoriasis1
 c4    ,obs4 ,quicklime fails to ab/ract
 ! c>bonic acid f ! alkal9e  c>bonates 9
 solutions mu* /rong] ?an ^? above      
ref]r$ to4 ,weak]  solutions may1 h[ev]1
 be easily conc5trat$ by evaporation 9  
iron  vessels4 ,see ,,potassium1        
,,hydrate ,,(1 & bel[4    ,solution (   
,potassa 7,eff]vesc+74 ,syn4 ,,liquor   
,,potass ,,eff]vesc5s  7,b4 ,p472       
,,eff]vesc+ ,,pota% ,,wat]1             
,,sup]c>bonate ,,( ,,potassa ,w42 ,,aqua
  ,,potass ,,eff]vesc5s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,a4 

,p4 ,,sup]c>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4   
,l4   ,e47 ,bic>bonate ( pota%1 #a dr42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 =ce  9  
c>bonic acid gas 9 excess1 & keep x 9 a 
well-/opp]$ bottle4  ,resembles soda    
wat]1 b sits bett] on ! /oma*4 ,x is    
almo/  specific 9 ! e>ly /ages ( scurvy4
    7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #cj gr4 (       
bic>bonate ( pota% 9 "o p9t ( di/ill$   
wat]1 filt]1 pass 9 wa%$ c>bonic acid   
7obta9$ by ! action (  sulphuric acid on
 *alk7 up to a pressure ( #g atmosph]es4
 ,keep 9  bottles closely secur$4       
,obs4 ,an excell5t sub/itute = ?is      
prep>ation is to p\r a bottle (  soda   
wat] into a tumbl] conta9+ #bj gr4 (    
p[d]$ bic>bonate (  pota%1 & to dr9k x  
imm$iately4    ,solution (              
,potassio-t>trate ( ,antimony4 ,syn4    
,,solutio ,,antimonii                   
,,potassio-,,t>tratis1 ,,antimonii      
,,t>t>izati ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4    
,prep4 7,ph4  ,d47 ,t>t>is$ antimony1 #a
 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #g fl4 oz42 di/ill$  
wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 ,/r5g?1 doses1 &

 uses1 simil> to ^? (  antimonial w9e   
7:i* see71 ?an :i* x keeps bett]4       
,solution1 ,prophylactic4 ,see          
,,hahnemann',s ,,solution4    ,solution 
( ,protonitrate ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4        
,,liquor ,,hydr>gyri ,,nitrici          
7,,proto-,,nitratis7 7,g4 ,ph474 ,prep4 
,protonitrate ( m]cury1 #a oz42  di/ill$
 wat]1 #i oz42 nitric acid 7#aahe71 #df 
gr4 ,filt]4----,dose1 #a to  #e drops4  
,solution ( ,sesquic>bonate ( ,ammonia4 
,see ,,solution ,,( ,,c>bonate ,,(      
,,ammonia4    ,solution ( ,silicate (   
,potassa4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,fl9ts4  
,solution ( ,sda4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,(  
,,hydrate ,,( ,,soda1 ,,liquor ,,(      
,,soda1  ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,wat]2        
,,liquor ,,sod 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471     
,,sod ,,cau/ic ,,liquor 7,ph4  ,d471 ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,c>bonate ( soda1
 7cry/471 #cb oz42 lime1 #i  oz42 boil+ 
di/ill$ wat]1 #a gall42 proce$ z =      
solution (  potassa4 8,9 #ajj gr4 are   
conta9$ #a gr4 ( 7pure7 soda40 7,ph4    
,l47 ,sp4 gr4  #ajfa4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 

,c>bonate ( soda 7cry/471 #b lbs42      
fre%-burn$ lime1 #aj oz42  wat]1 #a     
gall4 #g fl4 oz42 z liquor ( potassa4   
,sp4 gr4 #ajef4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47        
,c>bonate ( soda1 #g2 slak$ lime1 #c2   
di/ill$ wat]1 #dj2  dissolve ! c>bonate 
9 ! wat]1 boil 9 a clean iron vessel1   
gradually mix+ ! lime1 & /irr+ con/antly
 = t5 m9utes2 decant  into a gre5-glass 
bottle1 ) air-tight /opp]4 ,sp4 gr4     
#ajdg4----;,dose1  #a_/b to #a dr4      
,solution ( ,soda 7,eff]vesc+74 ,syn4   
,,soda ,,wat]2 ,,liquor ,,sod           
,,eff]vesc5s1 ,,aqua ,s4 ,e4 7,ph4 ,e471
 ,a4 ,s4 ,,sup]c>bonatis1 ,,sod         
,,c>bonatis  ,,aqua ,,acidula1 ,l4      
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a
 dr42 di/ill$  wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 &
 =ce c>bonic acid gas into ! solution   
"u pressure4 ,us$ z an antacid &        
grateful /imulant1 (t5 prov+  g5tly     
laxative4 ,! soda wat] ( ! %ops _c be   
sub/itut$ =  ?is prep>ation1 z1 9       
opposition to its "n1 x is usually made 
)\t soda4 7,b4 ,p47 ,half ! /r5g?4      

,solution1 ,sold]+4 ,prep4 ,dissolve z9c
 9 hydro*loric acid ne>ly  to           
saturation1 add #a-e? "p ( p[d]$ sal    
ammoniac1 & simm] = #e  m9utes4 ,us$ to 
make sold] fl[ easily & take well2      
appli$ ) a  fea!r4 ,see ,,sold]+4       
,solution1 ,specific 7,frank's74 ,syn4  
,,specific ,,solution ,,( ,,copaiba2    
,,liquor ,,copaib ,,alkal9a1 ,l4 ,prep4 
,take ( balsam ( copaiba1 #b p>ts2      
liquor ( potassa 7,ph4 ,l471 #c p>ts2   
wat]1 #g p>ts2 boil ! mixture =  #b or  
#c m9utes1 put x into a sep>ator1 & all[
 x to /& = #e or #f  days2 !n draw x (f 
f ! bottom1 avoid+ ! upp] /ratum ( oil1 
& to ! cle> liquid add ( sweet _s (     
nitre 7p]fectly free f  acid71 #a "p2   
%\ld x turn f\l or milky1 a v little    
liquor (  potassa w usually bright5 x2  
if n1 place x 9 a clean sep>ator1  & let
 x /&1 closely cov]$1 = a few days1 & !n
 draw x (f  f ! bottom z be=e1 :5 x w be
 p]fectly transp>5t1 )\t  filt]+4 ,"s   
p]sons add ! sweet _s ( nitre :il/ !    
solution  is /ill w>m1 mix x 9 z rapidly

 z possible1 & imm$iately cork or  fa/5 
up ! vessel4 ,?is is a good way :5 !    
article is want$ 9 a  hurry1 b is       
objectionable f ! loss ( _s !reby       
occasion$1  & ! dang]1 )\t c>e1 ( bur/+ 
! sep>ator4    ,obs4 ,a receipt = ?is   
article1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,battley1 has  
be5  go+ ! r\nd ( ! ph>maceutical works 
= _m ye>s4 ,x is z  foll[s3----,take #ab
 oz4 ( balsam ( copaiba1 & #f oz1 (     
calc9$  magnesia2 rub toge!r1 add a p9t 
( pro( _s1 filt]1 & !n add  #a_/b oz4 ( 
sweet spirits ( nitre4 7#8,gray's       
,supplem5t4'7 ,! product (  ?is =mula1  
utt]ly unlike #8,frank's ,specific      
,solution1' is a col\rless  t9cture1    
sc>cely flav\r$ ) copaiba1 & hold+ v    
little ( !  active matt] ( ! balsam 9   
solution1 ow+ to ! comp\nd =m$ )  !     
magnesia be+ insoluble 9 _s4 ,su* is !  
aff9ity ( ?is e>?  = copaiba 7copaibic  
acid71 t x w ev5 take x f cau/ic        
potassa4 ,see ,,copaiba1 & its          
prep>ations4    ,solution ( ,/ry*nia4   
,syn4 ,,liquor ,,/ry*ni 7,b4 ,p474      

,prep4  ,/ry*nia1 9 cry/als1 #d gr42    
dilute hydro*loric acid #f m9ims2       
rectifi$ _s1 #b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f   
dr42 mix ! hydro*loric acid  ) #d dr4 ( 
! wat]1 & dissolve ! /ry*nia 9 x by     
means (  heat2 !n add ! _s & ! rema9d] (
 ! wat]4----,dose1 #d to #aj  m9ims4    
,solution ( ,subacetate ( ,lead4 ,syn4  
,,liquor ,,( ,,subacetate ,,( ,,lead1   
,l4  ,,( ,,diacetate ,,( ,l41 ,,g\l>d',s
 ,,extract2 ,,liquor ,,plumbi1 ,l4      
,,plumbi  ,,diacetatis 7,ph4 ,l471      
,,plumbi ,,diacetatis ,,solutio 7,ph4   
,e471 ,,plumbi  ,,subacetatis ,,liquor  
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,acetate ( lead1 #bg  oz42 li?>ge1 9 f9e
 p[d]1 #af oz42 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 boil =  
#a_/b an  h\r1 con/antly /irr+1 & !n add
 en\gh di/ill$ wat] to make !  :ole     
measure #c qu>ts2 la/ly1 filt]1 if      
requir$1 & keep x 9 a  clos$ vessel4 ,! 
proportions1 ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,e4 are     
simil>4 ,sp4 gr4  #abfj4    #b4 7,ph4   
,d47 ,acetate ( lead1 #f oz42 li?>ge1 #d
 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a  qu>t2 boil1 c41 

z be=e2 to produce #a qu>t4 ,sp4 gr4    
#ajff4 7,b4 ,p47  ! same4    #c4        
7,:olesale47 ,f f9ely p[d]$ li?>ge1 #cb 
lbs42 di/ill$ v9eg>1  #cb galls42 boil 9
 a p]fectly bright copp] pan = #b h\rs1 
cool1 add  wat] to make up #cb galls41  
aga9 simm] = #a m9ute1 cov] up !        
vessel1 & 9 an h\r decant ! cle>        
portion4 ,common trade /r5g?4  7,see    
bel[47    ,solution ( ,subacetate (     
,lead 7,dilute74 ,syn4 ,,g\l>d1         
,,g\l>d',s  ,,lotion1 ,,g\l>d',s ,,wat]2
 ,,liquor ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis         
,,dilutus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,plumbi          
,,subacetatis ,,liquor ,,compositus     
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,liquor (  diacetate ( lead1 #a-a_/b fl4
 dr42 pro(-_s1 #b fl4 dr42 di/ill$      
wat]1 #a p9t2 mix4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47    
,solution ( subacetate ( lead & pro( _s1
 ( ea* #b fl4  oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b 
gall42 mix1 filt]1 & pres]ve x 9 a      
well-/opp]$ bottle4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47    
,solution ( subacetate ( lead1 #b fl4   
dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b  fl4 dr42 di/ill$  

wat]1 #ai-a_/b oz4 ,filt] ?r\gh pap]4   
,obs4 ,bo? ! above prep>ations 7 =m]ly  
made ) common v9eg>1  & h5ce 7 col\r$1 b
 ^? ( ! ,ph>m4 are :ite4 ,if want$      
col\r$1 a little _s col\r+ may be add$4 
,! /rong] liquor is  only us$ dilut$2 & 
! dilute solution is n[ seldom prep>$ by
 !  :olesale druggi/4 ,! la/ 7dilut$    
solution7 is employ$ z a s$ative1       
refrig]ant1 & a/r+5t wa%1 9 v>i\s       
affections4 ,bo? are  poison\s4 ,= !    
antidotes1 see ,,lead4    ,solution (   
,sulphate ( ,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor    
,,atropi ,,sulphatis 7,b4  ,p474 ,prep4 
,sulphate ( atropia1 #d gr42 di/ill$    
wat]1 #a oz42  dissolve4----,dose1 #a to
 #b m9ims4    ,solution ( ,sulphate (   
,copp]4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,cupri          
,,sulphatis  ,,compositus1 ,,aqua       
,,/yptica4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf74 ,sulphate (
 copp]1 #c oz42 alum1  #c oz42 sulphuric
 acid1 #b oz42 7by wt471 wat]1 #bd oz4  
,= ext]nal use4    ,solution ( ,sulphate
 ( ,indigo4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,indigo     
,,sulphatis4 ,prep4  ,dige/ #a "p (     

p[d]$ indigo 9 #aj ( sulphuric acid2 :5 
dissolv$  dilute x ) wat]4 ,us$ z a te/4
    ,solution ( ,sulphate ( ,morphia4   
,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi ,,sulphatis1 ,l4
  ,prep4 ,f sulphate ( morphia1 z !     
solution ( ! acetate or  hydro*lorate4  
,! uses1 doses1 c41 are ! same4         
,solution ( ,sulphate ( ,z9c 7,comp\nd74
 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,alum1 ,,comp\nd4 
,solution ( ,sulphuret ( ,potassium4    
,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,hydrosulphate ,,(
  ,,potassa2 ,,solutio ,,potassii       
,,sulphureti1 ,,liquor ,,potass         
,,hydrosulphatis1 ,,aqua  ,,potass      
,,sulphureti 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4     
,take ( wa%$ sublim$ sulphur1 #a  "p2   
wat] ( cau/ic potassa1 #aa p>ts3 mix1   
boil = #aj m9utes1  filt]1 & keep !     
solution 9 well-clos$ bottles4 ,sp4 gr4 
#aaag4 ,!  product is a mix$ solution ( 
hydrosulphate & hyposulphate (          
potassa4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1    
dilut$ 9 wat]2 &1 ext]nally1 made  into 
a lotion2 9 it*1 & sev]al o!r eruptive  
diseases4    ,solution ( ,t>trate (     

,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi     
,,t>tratis4  7,airat47 ,prep4 ,t>t>ic   
acid1 #ae-a_/d oz4 troy2 di/ill$ wat]1  
#bj  p9ts2 fre% calc9$ magnesia1 diffus$
 9 #af oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 #c  oz4 troy 
& #a dr4----,dose4 ,z a purgative1 #ae  
oz4    ,solution ( ,v]atria4 ,syn4      
,,solutio ,,v]atri4 ,prep4 ,v]atr9e1 #a 
gr42  di/ill$ wat]1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,dr     
,turnbull's solution1 = ext]nal use1    
is----v]atria1 #a scruple2 rectifi$ _s1 
#b oz4    ,solution1 ,swan's4 ,syn4     
,,solutio ,,sod ,,hypophosphitis4 ,prep4
 ,mr4 ,squire  says ?is conta9s #c gr4 (
 ! salt 9 a dra*m4    ,,sol,,v5t4 ,syn4 
,,m5/ruum1 ,l4 ,! liquid 9 :i* any      
sub/ance is  dissolv$4 ,! sub/ance      
dissolv$ is1 occasionally1 call$ !      
#8solv5d4'  7,kirwan47    ,solv5t1      
,glazi]'s4 ,syn4 ,,glazi]',s ,,pickle4  
,f s(t soap dissolv$ 9  ?rice its weight
 ( /rong soap]s' lye2 or1 f fre%ly slak$
 lime  made into a ?9 pa/e or cream )   
twice its weight ( pe>la%  dissolv$ 9 a 
little wat]4 ,v cau/ic4 ,us$ to s(t5 old

 putty1 &  to remove old pa9t4          
,,somnambulism4 ,*ildr5 are mo/ subject$
 to sleep-walk+4 ,:5 adults  are affect$
 ) x ! cause may g5]ally be trac$ to    
m5tal  exhau/ion1 ov]-excitem5t1 or     
emotional feel+4 ,! mo/ pref]able  me?od
 ( awak5+ a somnambuli/1 if ?is be      
desirable1 is by da%+  cold wat] on !   
face4 ,x is well to occasionally adm9i/]
 an  ap]i5t1 & also to rectify any      
errors ( diet1 if necess>y1 & to  remove
 by ! ex]cise ( judici\s & k9dly advice1
 & *ange ( sc5e  undue excitem5t or     
morbid feel+4    ,! o!r precautions1 su*
 z secur+ ! feet1 c41 dur+ sleep1  gu>d+
 ! exits ( ! b$-*amb]1 are s obvi\s z to
 ne$ no  fur!r allusion to4    ,,soot4  
,syn4 ,,fuligo4 ,wood soot 0 =m]ly      
(fic9al1 & reput$  v]mifuge &           
antiseptic4 ,! soot f pit-coal conta9s1 
besides  empyreumatic matt]1 sulphate ( 
ammonia2 h5ce x is valuable z a  manure1
 :5 n too freely appli$4 ,x is also     
employ$ by g>d5]s to  kill insects4     
,,soporif,,ics4 ,hypnotics 7:i* see74   

,,sorbite4 ,a cry/all9e sac*>9e sub/ance
 resembl+ mannite1 obta9$  by ,b\ss+ault
 f ! b]ries ( ! m\nta9 a%4 ,x 0 obta9$ f
  ! liquid conta9+ ! undecompos$ sac*>9e
 matt] rema9+ aft]  ! juice ( ! b]ries  
_h be5 subject$ to f]m5tation4          
,,s\,,jee4 ,syn4 ,,soojee4 ,a species ( 
semol9a4 ,semoletta 7semola  r>ita7 is a
 /ill small] v>iety ( pe>l$ :eat1       
sep>at$ f !  o!rs by means ( a sieve4   
#8,ba/]'s soojee' is said to be a       
mixture (  ord9>y :eat fl\r & sug>4     
,,s\r ,,kr\t4 ,see ,,sau]-,,kr\t4       
,,s\p4 ,a /rong decoction ( fle%1       
prop]ly season$ ) salts1 spices1  c41 = 
! table4 ,! diff]5t ta/es ( p require m 
or less (  ! flav\r ( spices1 salt1     
g>lic1 butt]1 c41 :i* c1 !re=e1  nev] be
 ord]$ by g5]al rules4 ,if ! cook has n 
a good ta/e1 &  att5tion to t ( 8 or h] 
employ]s1 n all ! +r$i5ts :i*  nature & 
art c furni% w give an exquisite flav\r 
to ! di%es4  ,! prop] articles %\ld be  
always at h&1 & mu/ be proportion$      
until ! true ze/ be obta9$4 ,a v>iety ( 

flav\rs may be giv5 to  diff]5t di%es   
s]v$ at ! same "t1 or ev5 to ! same s\p1
 by  v>y+ ! condim5ts & spices4 ,at a   
,p>isian re/aurant "o cauldron  is made 
to produce almo/ e imag9able v>iety (   
s\p4    ,s\p1 ,cabbage1 ,*eap4 ,wa% a   
l>ge cabbage & cut x into n>r[  /rips1  
?r[+ !m into #a_/b a gallon ( boil+     
wat]1 conta9+ #b oz4  ( butt]4 ,let x   
boil = an h\r & a half2 !n add half a   
p9t (  milk & flav\r ) pepp] & salt4    
,s]ve :5 hot4    ,s\p1 ,c>rot4 ,,+r$i5ts
 ,,requir$4----#d qu>ts ( liquor 9 :i* a
 leg  ( mutton or beef has be5 boil$1 a 
few beef bones1 #f l>ge c>rots1 #b  l>ge
 onions1 #a turnip1 season+ ( salt &    
pepp] to ta/e1 #c lumps (  sug>1 &      
cay5ne4    ,mode4 ,put ! liquor1 bones1 
onions1 turnips1 pepp] & salt into a    
/ewpan1 & simm] = #c h\rs4 ,scrape & cut
 ! c>rots ?91 /ra9  ! s\p on !m1 & /ew  
!m till s(t en\gh to pulp ?r\gh a hair  
sieve or co>se clo?2 !n boil ! pulp ) ! 
s\p1 :i* %\ld be  ( ! consi/5cy ( pea   
s\p4 ,add cay5ne4 ,pulp only ! r$ "p ( !

  c>rot1 & make ?is s\p ! day be=e x is 
want$4    ,"t4----#d-a_/b h\rs4         
,seasonable f ,octob] to ,m>*4          
,suffici5t = #h  p]sons4    ,s\p1       
,cel]y4 ,,+r$i5ts4----#i heads ( cel]y1 
#a teaspoonful ( salt1  nutmeg to ta/e1 
#a lump ( sug>1 #a_/b p9t ( /rong /ock1 
a p9t (  cream1 & #b qu>ts ( boil+ wat]4
    ,mode4----,cut ! cel]y into small   
pieces2 ?r[ x into ! wat]1  season$ ) ! 
nutmeg1 salt & sug>4 ,boil x till       
suffici5tly  t5d]2 pass x ?r\gh a sieve1
 add ! /ock & simm] x = half an  h\r4   
,n[ put 9 ! cream1 br+ x to ! boil+     
po9t1 & s]ve  imm$iately4    ,"t4----#a 
h\r4    ,s\p1 ,giblet4 ,scald & c>efully
 clean #c or #d sets ( goose or duck    
giblets2 let !m /ew well1 a p\nd or two 
( gravy beef1 scrag (  mutton1 or ! bone
 ( a knuckle ( veal1 an ox-tail1 or "s  
%anks (  mutton1 ) #c onions1 a l>ge    
bun* ( sweet h]bs1 a teaspoonful (  :ite
 pepp]1 & a l>ge spoonful ( salt4 ,add  
#e p9ts ( wat] &  simm] till ! gizz>ds  
7:i* mu/ be ea* 9 f\r pieces7 are q     

t5d]2 skim nicely1 & add a #a_/d p9t (  
cream1 #b teaspoonfuls (  mu%room p[d]1 
& #a oz4 ( butt] mix$ ) a               
dess]t-spoonful (  fl\r4 ,let x boil a  
few m9utes1 & s]ve ) ! giblets4 ,in/ead 
(  cream1 two glasses ( %]ry or         
,madeira1 a l>ge spoonful ( ket*up1 &   
"s cay5ne may be us$ = ! season+4 ,add  
salt :5 ! s\p is 9  ! ture54    ,= !    
l>g] "p ( ! above cul9>y prep>ations we 
are indebt$ to  ! excell5t cook+ manuals
 ( ,miss ,acton & ,mrs ,beeton4    ,s\p1
 a ,good ,family4 ,,+r$i5ts4----,rema9s 
( a cold tongue1 #b lbs4 (  %9 ( beef1  
any cold pieces ( meat or beef bones1 #b
 turnips1 #b c>rots1  #b onions1 #a     
p>snip1 #a head ( cel]y1 #d qu>ts (     
wat]1 #a_/b teacupful (  rice1 salt &   
pepp] to ta/e4    ,mode4----,put all !  
+r$i5ts 9 a /ewpan1 & simm] g5tly = #d  
h\rs1 or until all ! goodness is drawn f
 ! meat4 ,/ra9 (f !  s\p & let x /& till
 cold4 ,! k]nels & s(t "p ( ! tongue    
mu/ be sav$4 ,:5 ! s\p is want$ = use1  
skim (f all ! fat1 put  9 ! k]nels & s(t

 p>ts ( ! tongue1 slice 9 a small       
quantity (  fre% c>rot1 turnip1 & onion2
 /ew till ! vegetables are t5d]1 &  s]ve
 ) toa/$ bread4    ,"t4----#e h\rs4     
,seasonable at any "t4 ,suffici5t = #h  
p]sons4    ,s\p1 ,gravy4                
,,+r$i5ts4----#d lbs4 ( %9 ( beef1 a    
piece ( !  knuckle ( veal weigh+ #d     
lbs41 a few pieces ( trimm+s ( meat or  
p\ltry1 #c slices ( nicely flav\r$ lean 
ham1 #a_/d lb4 ( butt]1 #b  onions1 #d  
c>rots1 #a turnip1 ne>ly a head ( cel]y1
 #a blade ( mace1 #f  cloves1 a bun* (  
sav\ry h]bs1 season+ ( salt & pepp] to  
ta/e1 #c  lumps ( sug>1 #e qu>ts ( boil+
 s(t wat]4 ,x c be flav\r$ )  ket*up1   
,leam+ton sauce1 or ,h>vey's sauce & a  
little soy4    ,mode4----,slightly br[n 
! meat & ham 9 ! butt]1 b d n let  !m   
burn4 ,:5 ?is done1 p\r to x ! wat]1 put
 9 ! salt1 & z  ! scum rises take x (f2 
:5 no m appe>s1 add all ! o!r  +r$i5ts1 
& let ! s\p simm] sl[ly by ! fire = #f  
h\rs  )\t /irr+ x any m f ! bottom2 take
 x (f1 & pass x  ?r\gh a sieve4 ,:5     

p]fectly cold & settl$ all ! fat %\ld be
  remov$1 leav+ ! s$im5t unt\*$1 :i*    
s]ves nicely = ?ick  gravies1 ha%es1 c4 
,! flav\r+s %\ld be add$ :5 ! s\p is    
heat$ = table4    ,"t4----#g h\rs4      
,seasonable all ! ye>4 ,suffici5t = #ab 
p]sons4    ,s\p1 ,gre5 ,pea4            
,,+r$i5ts4----#c p9ts ( gre5 peas1 #a_/d
 lb4 ( butt]1  #b or #c ?9 slices ( ham1
 #d onions slic$1 #d %r$d$ lettuces1 !  
crumb  ( #b ,fr5* rolls1 #b h&fuls (    
sp9a*1 #a lump ( sug>1 #b qu>ts (  m$ium
 /ock4    ,mode4----,put ! butt]1 ham1  
#a qu>t ( ! peas1 onions & lettuces1 to 
a p9t ( /ock & simm] = an h\r2 !n add ! 
rema9d] ( !  /ock1 ) ! crumb ( ! ,fr5*  
rolls1 & boil = ano!r h\r4 ,n[  boil !  
sp9a*1 squeeze x v dry1 & rub x1 ) !    
s\p1 ?r\gh  a sieve1 to give !          
prep>ation a good col\r4 ,h ready a p9t 
( "y  peas boil$2 add !m to ! s\p1 put 9
 ! sug>1 give "o boil1 &  s]ve4         
,"t4----#b-a_/b h\rs4 ,seasonable f     
,june to ! end ( ,augu/4  ,suffici5t =  
six p]sons4     ,x w be well to add1 if 

! peas are n q "y1 a little m  sug>2 :]e
 economy is ess5tial1 wat] may be us$   
in/ead ( /ock =  ?is s\p1 boil+ 9 x     
likewise ! pea%ells1 & us+ r a l>g]     
quantity ( vegetables4    ,s\p1 ,h>e4   
,cut d[n a h>e into jo9ts1 & put x into 
a s\p-pot or  l>ge /ewpan1 ) ab\t a p\nd
 ( lean ham1 9 ?ick slices1 #c          
mod]ately siz$ mild onions1 #c blades ( 
mace1 a faggot ( ?yme1 sweet  m>joram & 
p>sley1 ) ab\t #c qu>ts ( good beef     
/ock4 ,let x /ew  v g5tly = full ?ree   
h\rs f ! "t ( its fir/ beg9n+ to  boil1 
& m if ! h>e be old4 ,/ra9 ! s\p1 & p\nd
 toge!r  v f9e1 ! slices ( ham & all !  
fle% ( ! back1 legs1 &  %\ld]s ( ! h>e1 
& put ?is meat into a /ewpan ) ! liquor1
  9 :i* x 0 boil$1 ! crumb ( two ,fr5*  
rolls1 & half a p9t (  port w9e4 ,set x 
on ! /ove to simm] tw5ty m9utes2 !n rub 
x  ?r\gh a sieve1 place x aga9 on ! /ove
 till v hot1 b d n let  x boil2 season x
 ) salt & cay5ne1 & s5d x to table      
directly4    ,,+r$i5ts4----,h>e1 #a2    
ham1 #ab to #af oz42 onions1 #c to #f2  

mace1 #c blades2  faggot ( sav\ry h]bs2 
beef /ock1 #c qu>ts2 #b h\rs4 ,crumb (  
#b rolls2  port w9e1 #a_/b p9t2 little  
salt & cay5ne2 #bj m9utes4    ,s\p1     
,h>e1 a less ,exp5sive4 ,p\r on two     
p\nds ( neck or %9 (  beef1 & a h>e well
 wa%$ & c>v$ into jo9ts1 "o gallon (    
cold  wat]1 & :5 x boils & has be5      
?or\ghly skimm$1 add #a-a_/b oz4 (      
salt1 #b onions1 #a l>ge head ( cel]y1  
#c mod]ate-siz$ c>rots1 a  tablespoonful
 black pepp]corns1 & #f cloves4    ,let 
^! /ew g5tly = #c h\rs1 or long]1 %\ld !
 h>e n be  p]fectly t5d]4 ,!n take up ! 
pr9cipal jo9ts1 cut ! meat f  !m1 m9ce1 
& p\nd x to f9e pa/e1 ) ! crumb ( #b    
p5ny rolls  7or #b oz4 ( crumb (        
h\sehold bread71 :i* has be5 soak$ 9 a  
little  ( ! boil+ s\p1 & !n press$ v dry
 9 a clo?2 /ra91 & mix  smoo?ly ) x !   
/ock f ! rema9d] ( ! h>e2 pass ! s\p    
?r\gh a /ra9]1 season x ) cay5ne1 & s]ve
 x :5 at ! po9t  ( boil+2 if n          
suffici5tly ?ick1 add to x a            
tablespoonful (  arr[-root1 moi/5$ ) a  

little bro?1 & let ! s\p simm] = an     
in/ant aft]w>ds4 ,two or #c glasses (   
port w9e1 & #b doz5 ( small  =cemeat    
balls may be add$ to ?is s\p ) good     
effect4    ,,+r$i5ts4----,beef1 #b lbs42
 h>e1 #a2 wat]1 #a gall42 salt1 #a-a_/b 
oz42  onions1 #b2 cel]y1 #a head2       
c>rots1 #c2 bun* ( sav\ry h]bs2         
pepp]corns1 #a teaspoonful2 cloves1 #f2 
#c h\rs or m4 ,bread1 #b oz42  cay5ne1  
arr[-root 7if ne$$7 #a tablespoonful4   
,s\p1 ,h>icot ,bean4 ,take a qu>t (     
h>icot beans & let !m soak all  night 9 
cold wat]4 ,!n p\r on !m #b-a_/b p9ts ( 
cold wat]1 add #a  onion1 & put on !    
fire1 & :5 ! liquid beg9s to boil1 let  
!m  cont9ue to boil = #c h\rs4 ,!n      
remove f ! fire & /ra9 ?r\gh  a wire    
sieve1 aft] :i* return to ! saucepan1 & 
season ) pepp]  & salt2 next add #b oz4 
( butt] & a little milk4 ,!n j boil up1 
& s]ve4 ,an economical & nutriti\s s\p =
 ! poor4    ,s\p1 ,juli5ne4             
,,+r$i5ts4----#a_/b p9t c>rots1 #a_/b   
p9t ( turnips1 #a_/b  p9t ( onions1 #b  

or #c leeks1 #a_/b head ( cel]y1 #a     
lettuce1 a little  sorrel & *]vil1 if   
lik$1 #b oz4 butt]1 #b qu>ts ( m$ium    
/ock4    ,mode4----,cut ! vegetables    
into /rips ab\t #a-a_/d 94 long1 & be   
p>ticul> !y are all ! same size1 or "s w
 be h>d1 :il/ !  o!rs w be done to a    
pulp4 ,cut ! lettuce1 sorrel1 & *]vil   
into  l>g] pieces2 fry ! c>rots 9 !     
butt]1 & p\r ! /ock boil+  to !m4 ,:5   
?is is done1 add all ! o!r vegetables   
!reto1 & /ew  g5tly = ne>ly an h\r4     
,skim (f all ! fat1 p\r ! s\p ov] ?9    
slices ( bread cut r\nd1 ab\t ! size ( a
 %ill+1 & s]ve4    ,"t4----#a-a_/b h\r4 
,seasonable all ! ye>4 ,suffici5t = #g  
or #h  p]sons4     ,9 summ]1 gre5 peas1 
z asp>agus tops1 ,fr5* beans1 c41 c be  
add$4 ,:5 ! vegetables are v /rong1     
in/ead ( fry+ !m 9  butt] at fir/1 !y   
%\ld be blan*$1 & aft]w>ds simm]$ 9 !   
/ock4    ,s\p1 ,mac>oni4 ,?r[ #d oz4 (  
f9e1 fre%1 mell[ ,naples mac>oni into  a
 pan ( fa/-boil+ wat]1 ) ab\t #a oz4 (  
fre% butt]1 & a small  onion /uck ) #c  

or #d cloves 7! onion mu/ be omitt$ =   
:ite  s\ps74 ,:5 x has swell$ to its    
full size1 & become t5d]1 dra9 x  well1 
cut x into half-in* l5g?s1 & slip x into
 a c\ple ( qu>ts  ( cle> gravy s\p2 let 
x simm] = a few m9utes1 :5 x w be  ready
 = table4 ,obs]ve t ! mac>oni %\ld be   
boil$ q t5d]2  b x %\ld by no means be  
all[$ to bur/1 nor to become pulpy4     
,s]ve  grat$ ,p>mesan *eese ) x4        
,,+r$i5ts4----,mac>oni1 #d oz42 butt]1  
#a oz42 #a small onion2 #e cloves2 #c_/d
  h\r1 or m4 ,9 s\p #e to #aj m9utes4   
,s\p1 ,mock ,turtle4 ,,+r$i5ts4----,half
 a calf's head1 #a_/d lb4 butt]1 #a_/d  
lb4 lean ham1 #b tablespoonfuls ( m9c$  
p>sley1 a little m9c$ lemon  ?yme1 sweet
 m>joram1 basil1 #b onions1 a few *opp$ 
mu%rooms 7:5  obta9able71 #b %alots1 #b 
tablespoonfuls ( fl\r1 #b glasses (     
madeira or  %]ry1 =cemeat balls1 cay5ne1
 salt & mace to ta/e1 ! juice ( "o      
lemon & #a ,seville orange1 #a          
dess]t-spoonful ( p\nd$ sug>1 #c qu>ts  
( be/ /rong /ock4    ,mode4----,scald ! 

head ) ! sk9 on1 remove ! bra91 tie !   
head  up 9 a clo?1 & let x boil = an    
h\r4 ,!n take ! meat f !  bones1 cut x  
into small squ>e pieces1 & ?r[ !m into  
cold wat]4  ,n[ take ! meat1 put x into 
a /ewpan1 & cov] x ) /ock2 let x  boil  
g5tly = an h\r1 or r m1 if n q t5d]1 &  
set x  on "o side4 ,melt ! butt] 9 ano!r
 /ewpan1 & add ! ham1 cut  small1 ) !   
h]bs1 p>sley1 onions1 %alots1 mu%rooms1 
& ne>ly a  p9t ( /ock2 let ^! simm]     
sl[ly1 = #b h\rs1 & !n dr$ge 9 z  mu*   
fl\r z w dry up ! butt]4 ,fill up ) !   
rema9d] ( !  /ock1 add ! w9e1 let x /ew 
g5tly = #aj m9utes1 rub x ?r\gh a       
sieve1 & put x to ! calf's head2 season 
) cay5ne1 &1 if  requir$1 a little salt2
 add ! juice ( ! orange & lemon2 & :5   
lik$1 #a_/d teaspoonful ( p\nd$ mace1 & 
! sug>4 ,put 9 !  =cemeat balls1 simm]  
#e m9utes1 & s]ve v hot4                
,"t4----#d-a_/b h\rs4 ,seasonable 9     
w9t]4 ,suffici5t = #aj p]sons4     ,!   
bones ( ! head %\ld be well /ew$ 9 !    
liquor x 0 fir/  boil$ 91 & w make good 

:ite /ock1 flav\r$ ) vegetables4        
,s\p1 ,ox-tail4 ,a v inexp5sive &       
nutriti\s s\p may be made (  ox-tails1 b
 x w be insipid )\t ! addition ( a      
little ham1  knuckle ( bacon1 or a p\nd 
or two ( o!r meat4    ,wa% & soak #c    
tails1 p\r on !m a gallon ( cold wat]1  
let !m be  br\ght gradually to boil1 ?r[
 9 #a-a_/b oz4 ( salt1 & cle> (f !  scum
 c>efully z soon z x =ms ^u ! surface2  
:5 x ceases to  rise1 add f\r           
mod]ate-siz$ c>rots1 f #b to #d onions1 
accord+ to  ! ta/e1 a l>ge faggot (     
sav\ry h]bs1 a head ( cel]y1 a c\ple (  
turnips1 #f or #h cloves1 & #a_/b a     
teaspoonful ( pepp]corns4 ,/ew ^!  g5tly
 f #c to #c-a_/b h\rs1 if ! tails be v  
l>ge2 lift !m out1  /ra9 ! liquor1 &    
skim (f all ! fat2 divide ! tails into  
jo9ts1  & put !m into a c\ple ( qu>ts or
 r m ( ! /ock2 /ir 9  :5 ^! beg9 to     
boil1 a ?ick5+ ( arr[-root or rice fl\r1
 mix$  ) z mu* cay5ne & salt z may be   
requir$ to flav\r ! s\p well1  & s]ve x 
v hot4    ,,+r$i5ts4----,ox tails1 #c2  

wat]1 #a gall42 salt #a-a_/b oz42       
c>rots1 #d2  onions1 #b to #d2 turnips1 
#b2 cel]y1 #a head2 cloves1 #h2         
pepp]corns1 #a_/b  teaspoonful2 faggot (
 sav\ry h]bs2 #c to #c-a_/b h\rs4 ,= a  
ri*] s\p1  #e to #f h\rs4    ,s\p1      
,ord9>y ,pea4 ,wa% well a qu>t ( good   
split peas1 & float (f  su* z rema9 on !
 surface ( ! wat]2 soak !m = "o night1 &
  boil !m ) a bit ( soda ! size ( a     
filb]t1 9 j suffici5t  wat] to all[ !m  
to break to a ma%4 ,put !m into f #c to 
#d qu>ts  ( good beef bro?1 & /ew !m 9 x
 g5tly = an h\r2 !n "w !  :ole ?r\gh a  
sieve1 heat afre% z mu* z may be requir$
 = table1  season x ) salt1 or cay5ne1  
or common pepp]1 cle> x p]fectly f      
scum1 & s5d x to table ) fri$ or toa/$  
bread4 ,cel]y slic$ &  /ew$ 9 x w be    
f\nd a great improvem5t4                
,,+r$i5ts4----,peas1 #a qu>t2 soak$ "o  
night1 boil$ 9 #b qu>ts or  r m ( wat]1 
#b to #b-a_/b h\rs4 ,beef bro?1 #c to #d
 qu>ts2 #a h\r4  ,salt & cay5ne or      
pepp]1 z ne$$2 #c m9utes4    ,s\p1      

,portable4 ,syn4 ,,glaze4 ,f sk9 ( beef1
 or o!r l "p2 !  s\p be+ g5tly simm]$   
until r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9       
syrup1 & !n p\r$ into small upright     
jelly-pots1 ) cov]s1 or1  ^u flat di%es1
 to lie ab\t #a_/d in* deep4 ,! latt]1  
:5 set1 is  divid$ into pieces1 :i* are 
dri$4 ,us$ to make extemporane\s s\p &  
glazes4 ,a simil> article1 prep>$ on !  
l>ge scale1 n[ g5]ally  =ms "p ( e %ip's
 /ores4    ,s\p1 ,potato4 ,ma% to a     
smoo? pa/e1 #c lbs4 ( good mealy        
potatoes1  :i* h be5 /eam$1 or boil$ v  
dry2 mix ) !m1 by degrees1 #b  qu>ts (  
boil+ bro?1 pass ! s\p ?r\gh a /ra9]1   
set x aga9 on  ! fire1 add pepp] & salt1
 & let x boil = five m9utes4 ,take (f   
entirely ! black scum t w rise ^u x1 &  
s]ve x v hot1  ) fri$ or toa/$ bread4   
,:]e ! flav\r is approv$1 #b oz4 (      
onions m9c$ & fri$ a light br[n1 may be 
add$ to ! s\p1 &  /ew$ 9 x = #aj m9utes 
be=e x is s5t to ! table4               
,,+r$i5ts4----,potatoes1 #c lbs42 bro?1 
#b qu>ts2 #e m9utes4 7,) onions1  #b    

oz47 #aj m9utes4    ,s\p1 ,spani%       
,onion4 ,peel two l>ge ,spani% onions & 
cut !m into  r+s2 fry !m ) a little     
dripp+ 9 a /ewpan4 ,:5 ! onions h       
br[n$1 add #b-a_/b p9ts ( boil+ wat]1 & 
let !m boil = two h\rs  & a half2 add   
pepp] & salt to flav\r1 & a little      
v9eg>4 ,?ick5  ) oatmeal or bread crumbs
 7oatmeal is ! m n\ri%+72 let !  mixture
 boil = ano!r half h\r1 & s]ve4 ,a good 
*eap :olesome  s\p4    ,s\p1 ,turnip1   
,*eap4 ,wa% & wipe ! turnips1 p>e &     
weigh !m2  all[ #a-a_/b lb4 = e qu>t (  
s\p1 cut !m 9 slices ab\t #a_/d in*     
?ick4 ,melt #d oz4 ( butt] 9 a clean    
/ewpan1 & put 9 ! turnips  be=e x beg9s 
to boil2 /ew !m g5tly #c_/d h\r1 tak+   
c>e t !y  %all n br[n1 !n h ! prop]     
quantity ( s\p ready boil+1 p\r  x on !m
 & let !m simm] 9 x = #c_/d h\r4 ,pulp !
 :ole ?r\gh  a co>se sieve or s\p /ra9]1
 put x aga9 on ! fire1 keep x /irr$     
until x has boil$ ?ree or f\r m9utes1   
take (f ! scum1 add salt or  pepp] if   
requir$1 & s]ve x v hot4                

,,+r$i5ts4----,turnips1 #c lbs42 butt]1 
#d oz42 #c_/d h\r4 ,s\p1 #b qu>ts2      
#c_/d h\r4 ,la/ "t1 #c m9utes4    ,s\p1 
,v]micelli4 ,drop v lightly & by degrees
 #f oz4 ( v]micelli1  brok5 r small1    
into #c qu>ts ( boil+ b\illon1 or cle>  
gravy  s\p2 let x simm] = half an h\r   
ov] a g5tle fire1 & /ir x  (t54         
,,+r$i5ts4----,b\illon or gravy s\p1 #c 
qu>ts1 v]micelli1 #f oz42 #cj  m9utes4  
,or s\p1 #c qu>ts2 v]micelli1 #d oz42   
blan*$ 9 boil+ wat]1  #e m9utes2 /ew$ 9 
s\p #aj to #ae m9utes4    ,,s\r,,+4 ,see
 ,,malt ,,liquors & ,,w9es4    ,,soy4   
,g5u9e soy is a species ( ?ick black    
sauce1 import$ f ,*9a4  ,prep4 ,take ( !
 se$s ( ,soja hispida 7:ite h>icots or  
kidney  beans may be us$ = !m71 #a      
gall42 boil !m 9 wat]1 q4 s41 until     
s(t1 add ( bruis$ :eat1 #a gall41 & keep
 ! mixture 9 a w>m place  = #bd h\rs2 !n
 add ( common salt1 #a gall42 wat]1 #b  
gall42 put !  :ole into a /one j>1 &    
bung x up loosely = two or ?ree mon?s1  
%ak+ x v frequ5tly dur+ ! :ole "t2 la/ly

 press out !  liquor & bottle x2 !      
residuum may be treat$ afre% ) wat] &   
salt1 = soy ( an inf]ior quality4       
,obs4 ,! soy ( ! %ops is1 9 n9e cases   
out ( t51 a spuri\s  article made 9 ?is 
c\ntry1 by simply saturat+ molasses or  
treacle  ) common salt4 ,a bett] & a    
really :olesome imitation is made z     
foll[s3----,malt syrup1 #a gall4 7or1   
#ac-a_/b lbs472 treacle1 #e lbs42 salt1 
#d-a_/d lbs42 mu%room juice1 #a qu>t2   
mix1 ) a g5tle heat1 & /ir  until !     
union is complete2 9 a =tnight decant ! 
cle> portion4    ,,span,,i% ,,flies4    
,see ,,can?>ides4    ,,sp>,,adrap4 ,syn4
 ,,sp>adrapum1 ,l4 ,orig9ally a c]eclo?2
 n[ appli$  to spread pla/]s2 z         
,,sp>adrapum ,,commune1 common /rapp+ or
 adhesive  pla/]2 ,s4 ,,vesicatorium1   
bli/]+ pla/] or tissue1 c4    ,! foll[+ 
are 9 occasional dem& by ! ph>maci/3----
    ,sp>adrap1 ,opium4 ,syn4            
,,sp>adrapum ,,opii 7,m4 ,s*ufelle47    
,prep4 ,on a  piece ( black s>c5et ( a  
close & /rong texture1 prop]ly /ret*$2  

spread ) a bru%1 #c lay]s ( extract (   
opium1 s(t5$ ) wat]1 to  ! consi/5ce (  
treacle1 & mix$ ) a six? "p ( p[d]$ gum4
  ,keep ! pla/] dry4    ,sp>adrap1      
,?apsian4 ,syn4 ,,sp>adrapum ,,?apsi4   
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4  ,yell[ wax1 #d-a_/d 
oz42 res91 #a-a_/b oz42 ,burgundy pit*1 
#a-a_/b oz42 boil$  turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b   
oz42 ,swiss turp5t9e1 #a_/b oz42 glyc]91
 #a_/b oz42  honey1 #a_/b oz42 res9 (   
?apsia1 #c_/d oz4 ,melt ! fir/ five     
sub/ances  toge!r & /ra9 ?r\gh l954     
,keep !m liquefi$ & add !  glyc]91 !    
honey1 & ! res94 ,:5 well mix$1 & ( a   
prop]  consi/5ce1 spread on /rips ( l95 
clo?4    ,sp>adrap1 ,wax4 ,,sp>adrapum  
,,cum ,,c]a1 ,,toile ,,de ,,mai4 7,p4   
,cod47 ,prep4  ,:ite wax1 #h oz42 7by   
wt471 oil ( almonds1 #d oz42 7by wt471  
,swiss  turp5t9e1 #a oz4 ,melt toge!r & 
dip into x /rips ( l95 clo?1  :i* are to
 be pass$ betwe5 wood5 roll]s1 to remove
 ! sup]flu\s  pla/]4 ,spread on pap] x  
=ms wax$ pap]4    ,,sp>te,,ine4 ,syn4   
,,sp>te9a1 ,l4 ,a volatile oily liquid1 

possess+  basic prop]ties1 obta9$ f     
,sp>tium scop>ium1 or broom4 ,x is      
highly poison\s1 & resembles con9e &    
nicot9e 9 its g5]al  prop]ties4         
,,spasms4 ,syn4 ,,cramp2 ,,spasmus1 ,l4 
,an involunt>y contraction ( !  muscles1
 g5]ally ( ! extremities1 accompani$ )  
pa9 m or less  sev]e4 ,spasms are       
di/+ui%$ into clonic spasms or          
convulsions1 9  :i* ! contractions &    
relaxations are alt]nate1 z 9 epilepsy2 
&  into tonic spasms1 9 :i* !re is      
cont9u$ rigidity1 z 9 lock$-jaw4  ,t =m 
:i* commonly attacks ! muscles ( ! legs 
& feet1  especially aft] great ex]tion  
or exposure to cold1 is commonly call$  
cramp4 ,! be/ treatm5t = ?is is         
imm$iately to /& upright1 & to  well rub
 ! "p ) ! h&4 ,! application ( /rong    
/imulants1 z  spirits ( ammonia1 or (   
anodynes1 z opiate l9im5ts1 has be5     
recomm5d$4 ,:5 spasm or cramp occurs 9 !
 /oma*1 a teaspoonful (  sal volatile 9 
wat]1 or a teaspoonful ( good br&y1 may 
be swall[$  imm$iately4 ,:5 cramp comes 

or dur+ cold ba?+1 ! limb %\ld be  ?r[n 
out z sudd5ly & viol5tly z possible1 :i*
 w g5]ally  remove x1 c>e be+ also tak5 
n to become flurri$ or fright5$1 z      
pres5ce ( m9d is v ess5tial to p]sonal  
safety on su* an occasion4  ,a common   
cause ( spasm is indige/ion1 & ! use (  
acesc5t liquors2  ^! %\ld1 !re=e1 be    
avoid$1 & bitt]s & absorb5ts _h  rec\rse
 to4 ,see ,,antispasmodics1 & ! names ( 
! pr9cipal spasmodic  diseases4         
,,spe>,,m9t4 ,see ,,m9t4    ,,spe,,cies4
 7,9 ph>macy47 ,mixtures ( dri$ plants1 
or p>ts ( plants1  9 a divid$ /ate1 :i*1
 = conv5i5ce1 are kept mix$ = use4 ,!   
dry +r$i5ts ( pills1 cons]ves1          
electu>ies1 mixtures1 c41 t d  n keep   
well :5 made up1 or :i* are 9 little    
dem&1 may be  economically & conv5i5tly 
pres]v$ 9 ?is /ate4 ,! ^w1 ?us  appli$1 
is obsolete out ( ! ph>maceutical       
laboratory4    ,species1 ,an!lm9tic4    
,syn4 ,,species ,,an!lm9tic1 ,l4 ,! dri$
  fl[]+ tops ( tansy & wormwood1 & !    
fl[]s ( *amomile1 equal  p>ts2 mix1 &   

keep !m 9 a close vessel4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,species1 ,ap]itive4 ,see ,,species1    
,,diuretic 7bel[74    ,species1         
,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,p[d]2     
,,species ,,aromatic1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 
,bor47 ,leaves ( balm & curl$-leaf m9t  
7,m5?a crispa71  ( ea* #d oz42 lav5d]   
fl[]s1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 dry !m by
 a  g5tle heat1 & !n p[d] !m4           
,species1 ,a/r9g5t4 ,syn4 ,,species     
,,a/r+5tes1 ,l4 ,! roots (  bi/ort &    
torm5til1 & b>k ( pomegranate1 equal    
p>ts4 7,p4 ,cod47    ,species1 ,be*ic4  
7,p4 ,cod47 #a4 ,leaves ( ,canadian     
maid5hair1 gr\nd  ivy1 h>t/ongue1       
spe$well1 hyssop tops & poppy capsules1 
7fre$ f  se$71 ( ea* equal p>ts4 ,cut & 
mix4 #b4 ,dri$ fl[]s ( mall[1  catsfoot1
 coltsfoot & petals ( r$ poppy1 ( ea* #a
 oz4 ,mix4 ,!  ,fructs ,be*ici          
are3----,dates 7/or$7 #a oz42 jujubes1  
#a oz42 figs1 #a oz42  rais9s1 #a oz4   
,species1 ,bitt]4 ,syn4 ,,?ree ,,bitt]  
,,h]bs2 ,,species ,,am>1 ,,h]b ,,am>1   
,l4 ,! leaves ( g]m&]1 & dri$ tops (    

less] c5taury &  wormwood1 equal p>ts4  
7,p4 ,cod47    ,species1 ,c>m9ative4    
,syn4 ,,species ,,c>m9ative4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,prep4  ,equal p>ts ( anise$s1 c>away  
se$s1 cori&] se$s1 & f5nel se$s4        
,species1 ,capill>y4 ,syn4 ,,five       
,,capill>y ,,h]bs2 ,,h]b ,,qu9que       
,,capill>es1 ,l4 ,h>t/ongue1 black maid5
 hair1 :ite d41 gold5 d41 &  sple5wort1 
equal p>ts4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47           
,species1 ,cordial4 ,syn4 ,,f\r         
,,cordial ,,fl[]s2 ,,species            
,,cordiales1 ,l4  ,! fl[]s ( borage1    
bugloss1 roses1 & violets1 equal p>ts4  
7,ph4 ,l4  #agbj47    ,species =        
,decoction ,woods4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,ad 
,,decoctum ,,liquorum4 7,g4  ,ph47      
,prep4 ,rasp$ guaiacum wood1 #d oz42 cut
 burdock root1 #b oz42 ononis  root1 #b 
oz42 cut liquorice1 #a oz2 cut          
sassafras1 #a oz4 ,mix1    ,species1    
,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,ap]i5t ,,roots1      
,,ap]itive ,,species2 ,,species         
,,diuretic1 ,l4 #a4 7,,five ,,great]    
,,ap]itive ,,roots----,p4 ,cod41  ,ph4  

,e4 #agdd47  ,! dri$ roots ( asp>agus1  
but*]'s broom1 p>sley1 smallage1 &      
sweet f5nel1 equal p>ts4    #b4 7,,five 
,,less] ,,ap]itive ,,roots47 ,^? ( cap]1
 dog-grass1 eryngo1  madd]1 & re/h>r[4  
,species1 ,emolli5t4 ,syn4 ,,species    
,,emolli5tes1 ,l4 #a4 7,,?ree ,,emolli5t
  ,,meals2 ,,f>9 ,,emolli5tes47 ,! meal 
( b>ley1 l9se$1 & rye1 equal  p>ts4 7,p4
 ,cod47    #b4 7,,five ,,emolli5t       
,,h]bs2 ,,h]b ,,qu9que                  
,,emolli5tes47----a4 ,! dri$  leaves (  
gr\ndsel1 common mall[1 m>%mall[1 great 
mulle91 & wall  pellitory1 equal p>ts4  
7,p4 ,cod47    b4 ,! leaves ( mall[1    
m>%mall[1 ,fr5* m]cury1 pellitory ( !   
wall1 & violet4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47       
,species = ,enemas4 ,syn4 ,,h]bs ,,=    
,,cly/]s2 ,,h]b ,,pro ,,enemate1 ,l4    
,mall[ leaves1 #b p>ts2 *amomile fl[]s1 
#a "p4    ,species ( ! five ,h]bs4 ,syn4
 ,,species ,,diet2 ,,qu9que ,,h]b4      
,,five  ,,capill>y ,,h]bs4 7,ph4 ,l4    
#agbj47 ,prep4 ,black & :ite maid5hair1 
sple5wort1 h>t/ongue1 & gold5 maid5hair4

    ,species = ,fom5tations4 ,syn4      
,,species ,,pro ,,fotu1 ,,h]b ,,pro     
,,fotu1 ,l4  ,leaves ( s\!rnwood1 tops (
 sea-wormwood1 & fl[]s ( *amomile1 (    
ea* #b p>ts2 bay leaves1 #a "p4         
,species1 ,hot4 #a4 7,,f\r ,,great]     
,,hot ,,se$s47 ,! se$s ( anise1 c>away1 
cum91 & f5nel4    #b4 7,,f\r ,,less]    
,,hot ,,se$s47 ,! se$s ( bi%op's we$1   
smallage1 /one  p>sley1 & wild c>rot4   
,species1 ,laxative4 ,syn4 ,,/ ,,g]ma9  
,,laxative ,,p[d]2 ,,species ,,laxantes 
,,/ ,,g]ma91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47    
,s5na leaves 7exhau/$ ) _s71 #d  oz42   
eld] fl[]s1 #b-a_/b oz42 anise$ & f5nel 
se$1 ( ea* #a-a_/d oz42  r$uce !m to    
co>se p[d]1 &1 :5 disp5s+1 add ( p[d]$  
cream  ( t>t>1 #a dr41 to ea* #a-a_/b   
oz4 ( ! mixture4    ,species1 ,n>cotic4 
,syn4 ,,f\r ,,n>cotic ,,h]bs2 ,,species 
,,n>cotic1 ,l4  ,dri$ leaves (          
belladonna1 black night%ade1 h5bane1 &  
?orn-apple1  equal p>ts4    ,species1   
,purg+4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,purgantes4 ,,?
 ,,de ,,sant4 ,,? ,,de ,,/  ,,g]ma94    

7,p4 ,cod47 ,s5na1 #ab dr42 eld] fl[]s1 
#e dr42 f5nel se$s1 #c  dr42 anise$1 #e 
dr42 cream ( t>t>1 #c dr4 ,eighty gra9s 
9 a cup (  boil+ wat] = a dose1 said to 
be v s]viceable & l>gely us$ 9  ,france 
= habitual con/ipation4    ,species1    
,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,be*ic1     
,,species ,,ad ,,infusum  ,,pectorales1 
,l1 #a4 ,mall[ root1 #d oz42 coltsfoot  
leaves1 #b oz42 liquorice  root1 #a-a_/b
 oz42 anise$1 great mulle9 fl[]s &      
r$-poppy fl[]s1 (  ea* #a oz42 orris    
root1 #a_/b oz4 7,ph4 ,bor47            
,species1 ,refrig]ant4----#a4 7,,f\r    
,,cold ,,se$s47 ,! se$s ( cucumb]1      
g\rd1 melon1 & wat]-melon4    #b4 7,,f\r
 ,,less] ,,cold ,,se$s47 ,! se$s (      
endive1 lettuce1 purslane1 &  succory4  
,species1 ,resolv5t4 ,syn4 ,,f>9        
,,resolv5tes1 ,l4 ,! meal ( ! se$s  (   
b>ley1 bean1 t>e1 & :ite lup94          
,species1 ,vuln]>y4 ,syn4 ,,species     
,,vuln]>i4 ,,? ,,siusse4 ,prep4  ,leaves
 & tops ( wormwood1 betony1 bugle1      
calam9t1 g]m&]1 hyssop1  gr\nd ivy1     

millefoil1 origanum1 p]iw9kle1 rosem>y1 
self-heat1 sage1  h>t/ongue1 wat]-g]m&]1
 ?yme1 spe$well1 fl[] ( ,armea1 fl[] (  
catsfoot1 fl[] ( coltsfoot1 ( ea* equal 
p>ts4 ,cut & mix$4    ,,specif,,ic      
,,gravity is ! comp>ative weights (     
equal bulks ( diff]5t  sub/ances1 !     
assum$ /&>d be+ #a & sometimes #ajjj4   
,?is /&>d  is pure di/ill$ wat] =       
liquids & solids1 & atmosph]ic air =    
gase\s bodies & vap\rs4#agh ,9 ,engl& ! 
sp4 gr41 unless :5  o!rwise express$1 is
 always tak5 at #fj ,fahr42 b 9 ,france 
x is  tak5 at #cb ,fahr4 7#j ,c71 or !  
temp]ature ( melt+ ice4 ,9 !  #8,briti% 
,ph>macopia1' :5ev] specific gravity is 
m5tion$1 !  sub/ance spok5 ( is suppos$ 
to be ( ! temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr4 ,9    
mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x is suffici5t m]ely  
to note ! temp]ature1 &  to apply a     
correction1 dep5d+ on ! kn[n d5sity (   
wat]1 or air1 at  ! diff]5t degrees ( ! 
!rmometric scale4    ,footnote #agh3 ,by
 _m mod]n *emi/s hydrog51 ! lighte/     
sub/ance  9 nature1 is tak5 z ! /&>d = !

 specific gravity ( gases &  vap\rs4    
,to det]m9e ! specific gravity z a      
solid1 we weigh x1 fir/ 9 !  air1 & !n 9
 wat]4 ,9 ! latt] case x loses1 ( its   
weight1 a  quantity precisely equal to !
 weight ( its own bulk ( wat]2 &  h5ce1 
by comp>+ ?is weight ) its total weight1
 we f9d its  specific gravity4 ,! rule  
is----,divide ! total weight by ! loss (
  weight 9 wat]2 ! quoti5t is ! specific
 gravity4    ,! specific gravity ( a    
sub/ance light] ?an wat] may be det]m9$ 
by atta*+ x to "s sub/ance1 z a piece ( 
lead1 ! sp4 gr41 c41  ( :i* is kn[n4 ,9 
?is way1 by d$uct+ ! loss 9 weight ( !  
two  sub/ances1 :5 weigh$ 9 wat]1 f !   
loss su/a9$ by ! lead  alone1 :5 s      
weigh$1 we obta9 a diff]5ce 7a7 :i*1    
add$ to !  weight ( ! sub/ance tak5 9   
air 7b71 gives ! respective  d5sities4  
,f ^! ! sp4 gr4 is f\nd by ! rule (     
?ree3----      7a  b7 3 #a 33 b 3 sp4   
gr4    ,! specific gravities ( sub/ances
 soluble 9 wat] are tak5 9 pure  oil (  
turp5t9e1 rectifi$ _s1 olive oil1 or "s 

o!r liquid1 !  d5sity ( :i* is exactly  
kn[n4 ,sometimes1 = r\gh purposes1 !    
article is cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ma/ic      
v>ni%4 ,?is la/ me?od  answ]s = m]curial
 pill4    ,! specific gravity ( a       
sub/ance 9 fragm5ts1 or 9 p[d]1 may be  
f\nd by putt+ a portion 7say #ajj gr47  
into a sp4 gr4 bottle1 fill+  ! latt] ) 
di/ill$ wat]1 & !n weigh+ x4 ,! weight (
 wat]  :i* x is f\nd to conta91 d$uct$ f
 #ajjj 7! weight ( ! bottle  :5 fill$ ) 
di/ill$ wat]71 gives a diff]5ce 7a7 :i* 
be>s  ! same relation to ! sp4 gr4 (    
wat] 7#ajjj7 z ! weight ( !  p[d] 7b7   
put into ! bottle does to ! requir$ sp4 
gr4 ,or----      a 3 #ajjj 33 b 3 sp4   
gr4    ,! specific gravity ( alloys &   
mixtures1 :5 no cond5sation has         
occurr$1 is equal to ! sum ( ! weights  
divid$ by ! sum ( !  volumes1 comp>$ to 
wat] reckon$ z unity2 & is n m]ely !    
ari?metical mean betwe5 ! two numb]s    
d5ot+ ! two sp4 gr41 z is  frequ5tly    
taught4 ,see ,,beads 7,lovi's71         
,,hydromet]1 ,,mixtures 7,ari?metic  (71

 c4 ,= ! mode ( det]m9+ ! specific      
gravity ( gases1 !  read] is ref]r$ to !
 works on *emi/ry ( ,mill] & ,f[nes4    
,! specific gravity ( a liquid is f\nd  
by weigh+ x 9 a sp4 gr4  bottle1 glass  
flask1 or o!r vessel ( kn[n capacity1 & 
divid+ t  weight by ! weight ( ! same   
bulk ( wat]2 ! quoti5t is1 z  be=e1 !   
specific gravity4 ,a bottle ( ! capacity
 ( #ajjj  wat]-gra9s 7specific gravity  
bottle7 gives ! d5sity ( a liquid at    
once1 by simply fill+ x to ! giv5 m>k1 &
 !n accurately weigh+  x4    ,we repr9t 
f ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society'#agi
 a new me?od (  det]m9+ ! specific      
gravity ( liquids1 :i* is said by ,dr   
,h4  ,spr5gel1 ! *emi/ :o devis$ x1 to  
be bo? exp$iti\s & accurate4  ,dr       
,spr5gel says3    ,footnote #agi3 7#b7  
xi1 #egg4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4   
8,! =m ( my in/rum5t1 z %[n 9 !         
accompany+ fig4 #a1 is t  ( an elongat$ 
,u-tube1 ! op5 ends ( :i* t]m9ate 9 two 
capill>y  tubes1 :i* are b5t at "r      
angles 9 opposite directions4 ,! size & 

weight ( ?is in/rum5t %\ld be adapt$ to 
! size & capability (  ! balance 9 :i* x
 is to be weigh$4 ,z our usual balances 
indicate  #a_/aj milligram :5 load$ )   
#ej grams1 ! ,u-tube1 :5 *>g$ )  !      
liquid1 %\ld n be heavi] ?an #ajjj      
gr47#fdgii grams74    ,! in/rum5t :i*   
s]v$ = my det]m9ations1 m5tion$ bel[1 _h
 a  l5g? ( #agg cm4 7#g in*es71 & 0 made
 ( a glass tube1 ! out]  diamet] ( :i* 0
 #aa mm4 7#g_/af ( an in*74 ,x ne$ h>dly
 be  m5tion$ t ! ,u-%ape is adopt$ = !  
sake ( pres5t+ a l>ge  surface1 & s     
r5d]+ ! in/rum5t s5sitive to *anges (   
temp]ature4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to   
notice m p>ticul>ly 7=  reasons expla9$ 
bel[7 is ! diff]5t calibre ( ! two      
capill>y  tubes4 ,! %ort] "o is a good  
deal n>r[] 7at lea/ t[>ds ! end7  ?an ! 
long] "o1 ! inn] diamet] ( :i* is ab\t  
#a_/b mm4 ,!  horizontal "p ( ?is wid]  
tube is m>k$ ne> ! b5d ) a delicate  l9e
 7b74 ,?is l9e1 & ! extremity ( !       
opposite capill>y tube  7a71 are ! m>ks 
:i* limit ! volume ( ! liquid to be     

laid4    ,! fill+ ( ! in/rum5t is easily
 effect$ by suction1 provid$ t  ! little
 bulb app>atus 7z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b7  
has previ\sly be5  atta*$ to ! n>r[     
capill>y tube by means ( a p]=at$ /opp]1
  i4 e4 a bit ( an india-rubb] tube     
tightly fitt+ ! conical tubules  ( !    
bulb4 ,on dipp+ ! wid] & long] capill>y 
tube into a liquid1  suction appli$ to !
 op5 end ( ! india-rubb] tube w produce 
a  p>tial vacuum 9 ! app>atus1 caus+ !  
liquid to ent] ! ,u-tube4  ,z ! p>tial  
vacuum ma9ta9s itself = "s "t 7on acc\nt
 ( !  bulb1 :i* acts z an air-*amb]71 x 
is n necess>y to cont9ue !  suction if !
 end ( ! india-rubb] tube be timely     
clos$ by  compression betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,:5
 bulb & ,u-tube h ab\t equal  capacity1 
x is h>dly necess>y dur+ ! fill+ to     
repeat !  exhau/ion m ?an once4    ,)\t 
su* a bulb ! fill+ ( ! ,u-tube ?r\gh ^! 
f9e capill>y  tubes is f\nd some:at     
tiresome2 ! empty+ ! ,u-tube is effect$ 
by  rev]s+ ! action1 & s compress+ !    
air4 ,aft] ! ,u-tube has  be5 fill$1 x  

is deta*$ f ! bulb1 plac$ 9 wat] ( !    
/&>d  temp]ature almo/ up to ! b5ds ( ! 
capill>y tubes1 left !re  until x has   
assum$ ?is temp]ature1 & aft] a c>eful  
adju/m5t (  ! volume1 is tak5 out1 dri$1
 & weigh$4    ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 
to ensure ! correctness ( ! /&>d        
temp]ature1 = a mi/ake ( #ja causes !   
weight ( #aj c4c4 ( wat]  to be e/imat$ 
ei!r too high or too l[ by #jad         
milligram1 giv+ rise  to an error 9 !   
fif? decimal1 or mak+ #ajj1jjj p>ts     
#ajjjjad p>ts4  ,^! det]m9ations h be5  
made 9 ,dupr's app>atus1 :i*1 :5        
furni%$ ) a s5sitive !rmomet]1 all[s !  
fluctuations (  temp]ature to be fix$ )9
 ! limits ( #jja4 ,if _m det]m9ations   
_h to be made1 ,i %\ld avail myself (   
,s*eibl]'s 7#8,zeits*rift fr            
,analytis*e ,*emie1' vol4 vii1 p4 #hh1  
#ahfh7 electro-magnetic regulator =     
ma9ta9+ a con/ant temp]ature4    ,a     
peculi> feature ( my in/rum5t is ! ease 
& precision ) :i*  ! measurem5t ( !     
liquid c be adju/$ at ! mom5t x has tak5

  ! /&>d temp]ature2 = x w be f\nd t !  
liquid exp&s &  contracts only 9 ! wid] 
capill>y tube1 viz4 9 ! direction ( !   
lea/ resi/ance4 ,! n>r[ capill>y tube   
rema9s always completely  fill$4        
,suppos+ ! liquid rea*es beyond ! m>k b1
 x may be  r$uc$ ?r\gh capill>y =ce by  
t\*+ ! po9t a ) a little  roll ( filt]+ 
pap]4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t 9 s do+ too mu*
  liquid is ab/ract$1 capill>y =ce w    
r$ress ! fault if po9t a  be t\*$ ) a   
drop ( ! liquid "u exam9ation2 = ?is    
g5tle  =ce acts in/antly ?r\gh ! :ole   
mass ( ! liquid1 caus+ x to  move =w>d  
aga9 to or beyond ! m>k4    ,z !        
in/rum5t itself possesses ! prop]ties ( 
a delicate  !rmomet]1 ! "t :5 x has     
rea*$ ! /&>d temp]ature ( !  ba? may be 
le>n$ f ! /ability ( ! ?read ( liquid   
inside !  wid] tube4 ,! l5g? ( ?is ?read
 rema9s con/ant aft] ! lapse (  ab\t    
five m9utes4    ,9 wip+ ! in/rum5t 7aft]
 its removal f ! ba?7 c>e %\ld be  tak5 
n to t\* po9t a1 z capill>ity might     
extract "s ( !  liquid2 o!rwise ! h&l+ (

 ! liquid requires no especial          
precaution4    ,! capill>y tubes ne$ n  
be clos$ = ! purpose ( arre/+           
evaporation1 at lea/ t ( wat]4 ,i h     
le>n$ f ! mean (  sev]al det]m9ations t 
! error aris+ f ?is s\rce am\nts 9  "o  
h\r to #a_/bj ( a milligram4    ,9 cases
 :]e ! temp]ature ( ! balance-room is   
high1 & !  expansion coeffici5t ( !     
liquid to be exam9$ is consid]able1 x   
may  be f\nd necess>y to put a small cap
 7bead-%ap$ & op5 at bo? ends7  ov] !   
extremity ( ! wid] capill>y tube1 = !   
purpose (  reta9+ ! liquid1 :i* dur+ !  
"t ( weigh+ might o!rwise be  lo/1 ow+  
to its expansion4 ,:5 a cap is us$ !    
wid] capill>y  tube ne$ n be long] ?an !
 n>r[ "o4#ahj    ,footnote #ahj3 ,?is   
in/rum5t is manufactur$ by ,e4 ,cetti   
,co41 #aa1  ,brooke ,/reet1 ,holborn1   
,london4    ,! #8,compte ,r5dus'#aha    
describes a new specific gravity        
app>atus1 !  inv5tion ( ,m4 ,pisani4 ,! 
app>atus 9 "q consi/s ( a glass  vessel 
ab\t #e c4c4 capacity1 clos$ ) a p]=at$ 

/opp] l an  ord9>y specific gravity     
bottle4 ,to ! side ( ! vessel is jo9$ a 
tube1 com+ (f at an angle ( ab\t #de1   
ab\t #be cm4 long1 & #d mm4  int]nal    
diamet]1 & graduat$ at #ej?s ( a c4c4 ,!
 vessel is fill$  ) wat]1 ! level ( :i* 
is read (f 9 ! tube held v]tically1  !  
f+] be+ held ov] ! hole 9 ! /opp]2 #b or
 #c grams ( a  m9]al are !n plac$ 9 !   
flask1 ! /opp] is replac$1 c>e be+  tak5
 to lose no wat]1 & ! level is aga9 read
 (f 9 ! graduat$  tube1 held v]tically z
 be=e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two read+s gives 
! volume ( ! m9]al tak54    ,footnote   
#aha3 lxxxvi1 #cej-ceb 7#8,j\rn4 ,*em4  
,soc4'7    ,illu/ration                 
,,spec,,tacles4 ,see ,,eye1 ,,vision1 c4
    ,,spec,,troscope4 ,an in/rum5t      
devis$ = exam9+ ! spectra (  flames4    
7,see bel[47    ,,spec,,trum            
,,anal,,ysis4 ,see ,,analysis1          
,,spectrum4    ,,spec,,ulum ,,met,,al4  
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( copp]1 #fd p>ts2 pure
 t91 #fi  p>ts2 melt !m sep>ately "u a  
little black flux2 next incorporate  !m 

?or\ghly by /irr+ ) a wood5 spatula1 &  
run ! metal into  ! m\lds1 s t ! face ( 
! int5d$ mirror may be d[nw>ds2  la/ly1 
all[ ! :ole to cool v sl[ly4    #b4     
,pure copp]1 #b p>ts2 pure t91 #a "p4   
,us$ to make ! mirrors (  reflect+      
telescopes4 ,! addition ( a little      
metallic ars5ic r5d]s  x :it]4          
,,spel,,t]4 ,see ,,z9c4                 
,,sp]mace,,ti4 ,syn4 ,,cetaceum 7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,a       
concretion  prep>$ f ! oily matt] ( !   
head ( ! ,physet]  macrocephalus1 or    
sp]maceti :ale4 ,x is demulc5t &        
emolli5t2  *iefly us$ 9 o9tm5ts &       
c]ates4    ,,sph]oid,,al ,,/ate4 ,x is  
f\nd t wat]1 or any o!r volatile liquid1
  ?r[n on a metallic plate heat$ to dull
 r$ness1 is n resolv$ into  vap\r1 b1   
assum+ a some:at globul> =m1 rema9s     
intact1 until !  temp]ature becomes     
suffici5tly l[]$ to all[ ( contact      
betwe5 !  liquid & ! heat$ surface4 ,x  
is !n imm$iately volatilis$4 ,m4        
,b\tigny1 :o fully inve/igat$ ?is       

subject1 has also %[n t !  same ?+      
happ5s :5 a solid body conta9+ wat] is  
sub/itut$ =  ! liquid 9 ! above & simil>
 exp]im5ts4 ,?us1 ! f+] or h&1  "u c]ta9
 re/rictions1 may be ?ru/1 ) p]fect     
impunity1 into a  /ream ( molt5 metal1 &
 ice may be produc$ by ?r[+ wat] into a 
r$-hot crucible4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t1 z   
p]=m$ by ,,mm4 ,b\tigny &  ,prevo/aye1  
is ess5tially z foll[s3----,a ?ick      
plat9um crucible1 ( !  capacity ( #a fl4
 oz41 is heat$ to r$ness ov] a p[]ful _s
 lamp1  & "s liquid anhydr\s sulphur\s  
acid 7a v volatile sub/ance7  p\r$ into 
x by means ( a pipette2 ! acid assumes a
 sph]oidal =m1  & does n evaporate2 a   
few drops ( wat] are n[ introduc$ into !
  sulphur\s acid 9 ! same way2 ! dilut$ 
& slightly cool$ acid  in/antly fla%es  
(f 9 vap\r1 &1 robb+ ! wat] ( its       
caloric1  leaves ! latt] 9 a froz5 /ate2
 &1 if ! op]ator seizes ! "r  mom5t1 a  
solid lump ( ice may be ?r[n out ( !    
r$-hot crucible4    ,by sub/itut+ =     
anhydr\s sulphur\s acid a mixture (     

solid c>bonic  anhydride & e!r1 & = wat]
 a few gra9s ( quicksilv]1 ?is  latt]   
may be r$uc$ to ! solid condition1 & may
 be turn$ out ( !  r$-hot crucible 9 !  
=m ( a small froz5 mass4    ,! sph]oidal
 condition ( 8liquids is a complicat$   
result ( at lea/  f\r di/9ct causes4 ,( 
^! ! mo/ influ5tial is ! repulsive =ce  
:i* heat ex]ts betwe5 objects :i* are   
closely approximat$ t[>ds  ea* o!r4 ,:5 
! temp]ature rea*es a c]ta9 po9t actual 
repulsion  betwe5 ! p>ticles ensues4    
8,besides ?is repulsive action occasion$
 by heat1 ! o!r causes :i*  may be      
m5tion$ z t5d+ to produce ! assumption (
 ! sph]oidal  condition by ! liquid are 
^!3----    8#a4 ,! temp]ature ( ! plate 
is s high t x imm$iately conv]ts  any   
liquid t t\*es x into vap\r1 ^u :i* !   
sph]oid re/s z  on a cu%ion4    8#b4    
,?is vap\r is a bad conductor ( heat1 & 
prev5ts ! rapid  conduction ( heat f !  
metal to ! globule4    8#c4 ,!          
evaporation f ! entire surface ( !      
liquid c>ries (f !  heat z x arrives1 & 

assi/s 9 keep+ ! temp]ature bel[ !      
po9ts ( ebullition4 ,! drop assumes !   
sph]oidal =m z a necess>y  consequ5ce ( 
! action ( cohesion among ! p>ticles ( !
 liquid1  & ! simultane\s action (      
gravity on ! mass40#ahb    ,b\tigny f\nd
 t1 :5 a liquid 9 a /ate ( ebullition 0 
br\ght  into contact ) a surface heat$  
to su* a degree z to cause ! liquid  to 
assume ! sph]oidal /ate1 its temp]ature 
imm$iately fell #c or #d  ,c4 bel[ !    
boil+ po9t4    ,all liquids are capable 
( assum+ ! sph]oidal condition2 b1 z !  
temp]ature necess>y = ?is purpose1 v>ies
 ) ! boil+ po9t (  ea* liquid 7! l[] !  
boil+ po9t ! l[] ! temp]ature  necess>y1
 & vice v]s71 x foll[s t ! conduct+     
surface  requires to be diff]5tly heat$ 
= ea* liquid4 ,! exact temp]ature  to   
:i* ! plate %\ld be heat$ to produce !  
sph]oidal condition 9  any liquid1      
dep5ds p>tly ^u ! conduct+ p[] ( !      
plate1 &  p>tly ^u ! lat5t heat ( !     
vap\r2 ! less ?is is1 ! m  ne>ly !      
temp]ature ( ! plate approximates to !  

boil+ po9t (  ! liquid4    ,b\tigny     
believ$ t ! temp]ature ( ea* liquid1 :5 
9 !  sph]oid condition1 0 z inv>iable z 
t ( its boil+ po9t2 b  ,b\tan has       
demon/rat$ t ?is is a n q accurate      
/atem5t1 s9ce  ! temp]ature ( ! same    
liquids1 :5 assum+ ! sph]oidal =m1 is   
liable to slight div]g5ce4    ,! foll[+ 
table1 %[+ ! l[e/ temp]ature ( ! plate &
 !  temp]ature ( ! sph]oid = c]ta9      
liquids1 is giv5 by ,b\tigny3----       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,temp]ature ( ,plate4  ,temp]ature (    
,sph]oid4                               
----------------------------------------
-------      ,liquid employ$4        ,f4
        ,c4         ,f4          ,c4    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------     ,wat]
                    #cdj        #aga    
#bjeg        #ifd         ,alcohol      
#bgc        #acd         #afgi          
#gee         ,e!r                       
#adb         #fa          #icf          

#cdb         ,sulphur\s anhydride       
444        444          #aca        #aje
                                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,solids may also be made to assume !    
sph]oidal condition1 z :51 =  in/ance1  
"s cry/als ( iod9e are ?r[n ^u a r$-hot 
plat9um disc1  or into a plat9um        
crucible simil>ly heat$4    ,footnote   
#ahb3 ,mill]4    ,! nature ( ! plate or 
crucible employ$ appe>s to be immat]ial1
  provid$ x is a good conductor4        
,plat9um1 silv]1 copp]1 & iron answ]    
equally well2 inde$1 ,toml9son has %[n t
 "o liquid may ev5 be made  to assume ! 
sph]oidal /ate1 on ! surface ( ano!r1 z 
:5 wat]1  alcohol1 & e!r are plac$ ^u   
hot oil4 ,if ! exp]im5t be conduct$  )  
wat] x mu/ be c>efully manag$1 s9ce1 if 
! wat] be all[$ to  s9k 9 ! oil1 x soon 
becomes conv]t$ into /eam1 ) ! result ( 
scatt]+ ab\t ! hot oil to ! dang] ( !   
op]ator4    ,b\tigny has advanc$ !      
op9ion t ! prop]ty ( wat] to assume !   

sph]oidal /ate "u ! conditions we h     
specifi$ w acc\nt =  c]ta9 cases (      
explosion 9 /eam-boil]s4 ,?us we c      
imag9e a boil]1  :i* has run dry ( wat]1
 to h become int5sely ov]heat$4 ,"u  ^! 
circum/ances1 :5 fre% wat] 0 admitt$ x  
w\ld at fir/  assume ! sph]oidal /ate2 &
 z m cold wat] fl[$ into x1 !  boil]    
w\ld become !reby r$uc$ 9 temp]ature    
until x rea*$ !  po9t at :i* its        
conv]sion into /eam w\ld take place2 !  
sudd5  g5]ation1 l>ge volume1 & ela/ic  
=ce ( :i* w\ld lead to !  rupture ( !   
boil]1 accompani$ ) explosive viol5ce4  
,,spice4 ,a g5]al "n = vegetable        
sub/ances possess+ aromatic &  pung5t   
prop]ties1 & employ$ = season+ or       
flav\r+ food4    ,spice1 ,horse4 ,syn4  
,,c[ ,,spice2 ,,species ,,equ9us1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 ,anise$1  allspice1 cum9 se$1
 g+]1 liquorice1 & turm]ic1 equal p>ts4 
#b4 ,turm]ic & cum9 se$1 ( ea* #e lbs42 
g+]1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,us$ by  f>ri]s4      
,spice1 ,kit*54 ,syn4 ,,mix$ ,,spice1   
,,kit*5 ,,pepp]1 c4 ,prep4 ,f  black    

pepp]1 #b lbs42 g+]1 #a lb42 c9namon1   
allspice1 & nutmegs1 (  ea* #h oz42     
cloves1 #a oz42 dry salt1 #f lbs42 well 
gr\nd toge!r4 ,useful  to flav\r        
gravies1 s\p1 c4    ,spice1 ,mix$4 ,z ! 
la/1 omitt+ half ! salt4    ,spice1     
,pease4 ,see ,,p[d]4    ,spice1 ,rag\t4 
,prep4 ,f dry salt1 #a lb42 fl\r (      
mu/>d1 black  pepp]1 & grat$ lemon peel1
 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 cay5ne pepp]1 #b oz42 
allspice1 & g+]1 ( ea* #a oz42 nutmeg1  
#a_/b oz42 all sep>ately  p[d]$4        
,spice1 ,sausage 7,fr5*74 ,syn4 ,,epice 
,,f9es1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f black  pepp]1 #e 
lbs42 g+]1 #b-a_/b lbs42 cloves &       
nutmegs1 ( ea* #a lb42  anise$ & cori&] 
se$s1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 p[d] & mix !m4   
,spice1 ,sav\ry4 ,prep4 #a4 7,kidd]'s47 
,f cloves1 mace1 nutmegs1  pepp]1 &     
salt1 equal p>ts4 ,us$ by cooks4    #b4 
7,dr ,kit*5]'s47 ,see ,,spice1 ,,rag\t  
7above74    ,spice1 ,s\p4 ,syn4         
,,kit*5]',s ,,s\p-,,h]b ,,p[d]1         
,,kit*5]',s ,,vegetable  ,,reli%1 c4    
,prep4 ,f p>sley1 lemon ?yme1 sweet     

m>joram1 & w9t]  sav\ry1 ( ea*1 dri$1 #b
 oz42 sweet bazil & yell[ peel ( lemon1 
(  ea*1 dri$1 #a oz42 mix1 & p[d]4      
,spice1 ,sweet 7,kidd]'s74 ,prep4 ,f    
c9namon1 cloves1 mace1 nutmegs1  & sug>1
 equal p>ts4 ,us$ 9 pa/ry4              
,,spige,,lia4 ,syn4 ,,c>ol9a ,,p9k      
,,root2 ,,spigelia 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,!   
root (  ,spigelia ,m>il&ica1 or worm    
grass4 ,x is purgative1 n>cotic1 &      
v]mifuge4----,dose1 #aj to #dj gr41 9   
p[d] or infusion1 night &  morn+1 until 
! worms are expell$4 ,rhub>b or calomel 
is commonly  add$ to x4    ,,_s4 ,syn4  
,,spiritus1 ,l4 ,"u ?is t]m are includ$ 
all !  inflammable & intoxicat+ liquors 
obta9$ by di/illation1 & us$ z          
bev]ages1 z ,,br&y1 ,,g91 ,,rum1 c41 ea*
 ( :i* is notic$ 9 its  alphabetical    
ord]4 ,_s may also be obta9$ by         
f]m5tation &  di/illation f all         
vegetable juices or solutions t conta9  
sug>4    ,! _s us$ 9 ph>macy & *emi/ry  
is di/+ui%$ by names :i*  h ref]5ce to  
its ri*ness 9 alcohol4 7,see ,,tables47 

,spiritu\s liquors1 l all o!r fluids at 
common temp]atures1 exp&  :5 !y are     
heat$1 & dim9i% 9 volume :5 !y are      
cool$4 ,x is  f\nd t #ajjj galls4 ( pro(
 _s1 measur$ at ! temp]ature ( #ej      
,fahr41 w1 if re-measur$ at #ei1 be f\nd
 to h increas$ 9 bulk to  full          
#ajjd-a_/d galls42 :il/ #ajjj galls4 ( !
 same _s1 measur$ at  #gg ,fahr41 w be  
only equal to #iia-a_/d galls4 at #ei4  
,^! *anges are  /ill m m>k$ at high]    
/r5g?s1 & at extreme temp]atures1 &1  f 
n be+ recognisable by ! hydromet]1 (t5  
lead to s]i\s  losses 9 trade1 & to     
s]i\s fluctuations 9 #8/ock1' :i*1 to ^?
  unaw>e ( ! action ( temp]ature1 are   
p]fectly unacc\ntable4 ,a  gallon ( pro(
 _s only weighs #i-a_/e lbs4 at #fj     
,fahr4 ,at a high]  temp]ature x w weigh
 less----at a l[] "o m2 b z ?is weight  
con/itutes ! /&>d gallon at ! temp]ature
 ! pro( is calculat$  =1 x is manife/ t 
any v>iations f x mu/ result 9 loss ei!r
  to ! buy] or sell]4 ,h5ce ! equity (  
buy+ & sell+ liquors by  weight in/ead (

 by measure4 ,! /ock-keep] 9 e :olesale 
h\se  %\ld be aw>e ( ?is fact1 & on     
#8tak+ /ock' %\ld z regul>ly  ent] !    
temp]ature ( 8 liquors 9 8 /ock-book z  
he does !  #8dip' or #8wet in*es4' ,see 
,,alcohol1 ,,alcoholometry1 ,,specific  
,,gravity1  ,,spirits 7,m$ic9al71       
,,spirits 7,p]fum$71 c4    ,_s ( ,acetic
 ,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,!ris          
,,acetici4 7,prus4 ,ph47  ,prep4 ,acetic
 e!r1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c oz4       
,_s1 ,alexit]ius4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus      
,,alexit]ius1 ,,aqua ,,alexit]ia        
,,spirituosa4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf74 ,prep4  
,m9t1 #a_/b lb42 ,angelica root1 #d oz42
  tops ( sea wormwood1 #d oz42 pro( _s1 
#a gall4 7old w9e measure72  wat]1 a    
suffici5t quantity4 ,di/il #a gall4     
,_s1 ,amylic4 ,see ,,fusel ,,oil4    ,_s
 ( ,angelica4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus          
,,angelic4 ,prep4 ,slic$ angelica  root1
 #b oz42 slic$ val]ian1 #a_/b oz42      
bruis$ junip] b]ries1 #a_/b oz4  ,put   
into a retort1 & p\r on #i oz4 (        
rectifi$ _s by weight1 &  #ae-a_/b oz4 (

 wat]1 & mac]ate = #bd h\rs2 !n draw out
 #ab-a_/b oz4  7by weight71 9 :i*       
dissolve #a_/d oz4 ( camphor4    ,_s (  
,ants4 ,,spiritus ,,=mic>um4 7,ph4 ,g47 
,prep4 ,ants fre%ly  collect$1 & bruis$1
 #b lbs42 _s ( w9e 7at #hcj71 #c lbs42  
wat]1 #c  lbs4 ,mac]ate = #b days4      
,di/il #d lbs4----,dose1 #bj to #fj     
drops1 also us$  outw>dly4              
,i4 ,,table ( ! ,ph>macopial ,spirits4  
,sp4 gr4    ,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,b4          
7absolute7               #jgie  ne>ly   
0      ,ph4 ,e4                         
#jgif  pure                             
,alcohol4        0      ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf  
#jhaj or #gj o4 p4        0      ,ph4   
,l4 #ahcf                     #jhae 0   
#fh   0    ,/rong] ,_s 7,spiritus       
,=tior71     #jhah 0  #ff   0           
,ph4 ,d4                                
#ahc,rectifi$ ,_s 7,_s ( ,w9e72 #jhch 0 
#ef   0              7,spiritus         
,rectificatus71 ,b4 ,p4     ,rectifi$   
,_s ,ph4 ,d4                  #jhdj or  
#ed-c_/d o4 p4    ,pro( ,_s 7,spiritus  

,t5uior71        #jibj 0    ----        
,ph4 ,b4                                
,alcohol 7absolu71 ,p4 ,cod4            
#jgig 0    ----       0      7at #dj7   
0                   #jhaj 0  #gj       0
       0      7du comm]ce71 ,p4 ,cod4   
#jhfc 0  #da       0       0            
7faible7          0              #jibc 0
  #b-a_/b u4 p4    ,footnote #ahc3 8,?is
 _s c be r$uc$ to ! /&>d ( ! weak]  7or 
pro(7 _s1 by add+1 to e #e p9ts ( x1 #c 
p9ts ( di/ill$  wat]1 at #fb ,fahr40    
7,ph4 ,l47              ,,ii4 ,,table ( 
! ,pr9cipal ,spiritu\s ,liquors sold    
9 ,engl&1 ) _! usual ,/r5g?s1 c4        
,,key3      ,head+s3      ,a4           
,d5om9ation4    ,b4 ,rev5ue ,m>k4    ,c4
 ,import ,/r5g?4    ,d4 ,legal ,limits (
 ,/r5g?4    ,e4 ,usual ,sell+ ,/r5g?4   
,f4 ,by ,p]mit4    ,g4 ,conta9s ,alcohol
 ( #jhbe4    ,h4 ,conta9s absolute      
,alcohol4    ,i4 ,specific gravity at   
#fj ,fahr4      ,a4 ,d5om9ations3       
#a4 ,g9 7/ronge/7#ahd    #b4 ,d4 7be/   
ord9>y7#ahd    #c4 ,d4 7cordial7#ahe    

#d4 ,d4#ahe    #e4 ,pepp]m9t#ahf    #f4 
,d4#ahf    #g4 ,cloves#ahf    #h4       
,bitt]s#ahf    #i4 ,raspb]ry#ahf    #aj4
 ,noyau#ahf    #aa4 ,c9namon#ahf    #ab4
 ,t5t#ahf    #ac4 ,anise$#ahf    #ad4   
,c>away#ahf    #ae4 ,loveage#ahf    #af4
 ,usquebaugh#ahf    #ag4 ,orange        
,cordial#ahf    #ah4 ,citron#ahf    #ai4
 ,rum    #bj4 ,rum ,%rub#ahf    #ba4    
,d4#ahf    #bb4 ,fr5* ,br&y    #bc4 ,_s 
( ,w9e#ahg    #bd4 ,malt1 gra91 or      
molasses _s 7s5t out by ,briti%         
di/ill]s7    #be4 ,holl&s    #bf4       
,:iskey 7,iri%7    #bg4 ,d4 7,scot*7    
,footnote #ahd3 ,frequ5tly retail$ at   
#be to #ce u4 p4    ,footnote #ahe3     
,?\gh #8p]mitt$' at #bb to #bd1 are     
g5]ally f #be to #ce  u4 p41 or ev5     
weak]4    ,footnote #ahf3 ,^!1 ?\gh     
#8p]mitt$' at #fj or #fd u4 p41 are     
g5]ally  #ge or #hj u4 p4    ,footnote  
#ahg3 ,usual /r5g? #ed to #fj o4 p4     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,e4                                     

-------------------------------      ,a4
      ,b4        ,c4          ,d4       
,f4     ,g4    ,h4      ,i4             
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#a4  ,x7#ag u4p47  44444    ,n /rong]   
#ag u4p4 44444  #dj    #jicie           
?an #be o4p4                            
#b4  ,x7#bb u4p47  44444         d4     
#bb u4 p444444 #cgd   #jidde         #c4
  ,x7#bb u4p47  44444         d4     #bb
 u4 p444444  d4 #ahhj           #d4     
,x7#bd u4p47  44444         d4     #bd  
u4 p444444 #cfeahhj           #e4  ,x   
m9t4     44444         d4     #fj u4    
p444444  #ba #ahhj           #f4     d4 
44444         d4     #fd u4 p444444  #ah
 #ahhj           #g4                    
#h4                                     
#i4                                     
#aj4                                    
#aa4                                    
#ab4 ,x7#fd u4p47  44444         d4     
#fd u4 p444444  d4 #ahhajfe       #ac4  
to            #ad4                      

#ajhj         #ae4                      
#af4                                    
#ag4                                    
#ah4                                    
#ai4      ,r4      ,ab\t      ,no limit4
  #aa u4 p444444  #dc    #jicbi         
#aj o4p4 to                             
to                           #dc o4p4   
#jheig        #bj4    ,r4 ,%4     44444 
d4     #fd u4 p444444  #ah #ahhj        
#ba4      d4      44444        d4       
#fj u4 p444444  #ba #ahhj               
#bb4     ,f4        ,ab\t        d4     
#aj u4 p444444  #dd    #jicah           
#e o4p4 to #h                           
or #aj u4p4                             
#bc4     ,s4 ,w4    444444   ,n less    
?an#ed to #fd44444 44444   #jhdae       
#dc o4p4       o4p4                 to  
#jhbba        #bd4   ,p4 ,s4      444444
   ,n /rong]  44444  44444 44444        
#jhffi to                               
?an #be o4p4                            
#jicah                                  
#be4   ,g5eva4    444444    ,no limit4  

44444  #eafjdje   #jiceh                
#bf4    ,p4 ,s4     444444  ,n /rong]   
44444   #ed   #ej                  #bg4 
,p4 ,s4     444444  ?an #be o4p4 44444  
#edc #ejb                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,footnote #ahh3 ,! specific gravity is  
no guide :5 sug> is pres5t1 z  9        
comp\nds4    ,_s1 ,blue4 ,syn4          
,,spiritus ,c,,ruleus4 7,ham4 ,ph47     
,prep4 ,wormwood1  scordium1 sav91      
lav5d] fl[]s1 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42 pro(   
_s1 #e  p9ts2 di/il #b-a_/b p9ts1 & add 
#f dr4 ( v]digris & wat] (  ammonia1 #i 
oz4 ,= outw>d use4    ,_s ( ,bryony     
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,bryon    
,,compositus4 7,ph4 ,e4  #agdd47 ,prep4 
,bryony1 #a_/b lb42 val]ian1 #b oz42    
p5nyroyal1 #c oz42 rue1 #c  oz42 mugwort
 fev]few fl[]s1 sav9 tops1 ( ea* #d dr42
 orange peel1 #a  oz42 loveage se$s1 #a 
oz42 br&y1 #a gall4 ,di/il4 ,)\t !      
bryony ?is  prep>ation is kn[n z ,aqua  
hy/]ica4----,dose1 #a oz4    ,_s (      

,cajeput4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cajeputi4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a  fl4 oz4 (
 oil ( cajeput 9 #ci fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ 
_s4    ,_s ( ,c>damom4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus 
,,c>damomi4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,prep4    
,c>damom se$1 #e troy oz42 pro( _s1 #a  
gall42 wat] a suffici5t  quantity4      
,di/il #a gall4    ,_s ( ,*lor(orm4     
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,*lor(ormi4 7,b4 ,p47 
,prep4  ,dissolve #a fl4 oz4 ( *lor(orm 
9 #ai fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s4 ,sp4  gr4  
#hga4    ,_s ( ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus
 ,,c>yophylli4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4       
,cloves1  #aj oz42 _s 7#hfd71 #hj oz41  
by weight2 draw ov] all ! spiritu\s  "p4
    ,_s ( ,cori&]4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus     
,,cori&ri4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4  ,cori&]  
se$1 #a oz42 _s 7#jhfd71 by weight1 #h  
oz4 ,di/il to dryness4    ,_s1 ,dy]'s4  
,see ,,t9 ,,mordants4    ,_s1           
,febrifuge1 ( ,clutton4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus
 ,,febrifugus ,,cluttoni4 ,see  ,,_s ,,(
 ,,hydro*loric ,,e!r4 ,prep4 ,! orig9al 
=m is----oil ( sulphur  by ! bell1 oil (
 vitriol & sea salt1 ( ea* #a oz42 _s ( 

w9e1 #f  oz4 ,let !m dige/ = a mon?1 !n 
di/il to dryness4    ,_s1 ,fioravanti4  
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,fioravanti4 7,p4     
,cod47 ,prep4 ,swiss  turp5t9e1 #e oz42 
eleme1 #a oz42 res9 ( tacamahaca1 #a    
oz42 amb]1 #a oz42  liquid /yrax1 #a    
oz42 galbanum1 #a oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42   
aloes1 #a_/b oz42 bay  b]ries1 #a oz42  
galanga root1 #a_/b oz42 g+]1 #a_/b oz42
 z$o>y root1 #a_/b  oz42 c9namon1 #a_/b 
oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b   
oz42 leaves ( cretum  m>um1 #a_/b oz4   
,mac]ate #f days & di/il ov] a wat] ba? 
till #ce oz4  come ov]4    ,_s ( ,fl[]  
,sage4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,salvi4 ,prep4 
,fl[] sage1 #a  lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #c    
lbs42 wat]1 #a lb4 ,di/il #c lbs4    ,_s
 ( ,fr5* ,w9e4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,v9i   
,,gallici1 ,,br&y4    ,_s ( ,lemon      
,peel4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,citri         
,,corticis4 ,) lemon peel z  _s ( orange
 peel4    ,_s ( ,m>joram4 ,syn4         
,,spiritus ,,m>joram4 ,prep4 ,sweet     
m>joram1 #a  lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #c lb42  
wat]1 #a lb42 di/il #c lbs4    ,_s (    

,ma/ic 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus     
,,ma/i*es ,,compositus4  ,prep4 ,ma/ic1 
#a oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42 olibanum1 #a oz42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a  p9t4 ,di/il4    ,_s1  
,me?ylat$4 ,_s ( w9e to :i* "o t5? ( its
 volume (  wood naph?a 7/r5g? n less ?an
 #fj o4 p47 has be5 add$1 ! object  (   
su* addition be+ t ( r5d]+ ! mixture    
unpotable ?r\gh its  (f5sive od\r &     
ta/e4 ,! purification ( ?is mix$ _s1 or 
!  sep>ation ( ! two alcohols1 ?\gh (t5 
attempt$1 has always prov$  a failure4  
,x might be suppos$ t1 ow+ to ! l[      
boil+-po9t (  me?ylic alcohol1 simple   
di/illation w\ld effect ?is2 b exp]i5ce 
has %[n t bo? spirits di/il ov]         
simultane\sly4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1  due to
 ! diff]5ce ( _! vap\r d5sities4        
,me?ylat$ _s1 be+  sold duty free1 c be 
employ$ by ! *emical manufactur] z a    
solv5t  9 _m processes = :i*1 f its     
great] co/1 duty-paid _s w\ld  be       
comm]cially inapplicable4 ,b 9 !        
prep>ation ( m$ic9es1  conta9+ _s1 z !  
vehicle or m5/ruum by :i* m active      

sub/ances are adm9i/]$1 ! employm5t (   
me?ylat$ _s is highly  improp]4 ,!      
,c\ncil ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society     
obta9$ f !  ,ph>macopia ,committee ( !  
,m$ical ,c\ncil1 ! decid$ op9ion t  8!  
sub/itution ( #8me?ylat$' = #8rectifi$' 
_s 9 any ( !  processes ( ! ,ph>macopia 
%\ld be /rictly prohibit$40    ,! use ( 
me?ylat$ _s 9 ! prep>ation ( t9ctures1  
sweet _s  ( nitre1 common e!r1 or any   
m$ic9e to be us$ int]nally1 is n[       
prohibit$ by law4    ,_s ( ,orange      
,peel4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,aurantii4 7,p4
 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,!  yell[ "p ( fre%      
orange peel1 #a lb42 _s ( w9e 7#hfd71 #f
 lbs42  mac]ate = #b days1 & di/il by   
wat] ba? to dryness4    ,_s ( ,origanum4
 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,origani4 ,prep4     
,wild m>joram1 #a  lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #c 
lbs42 wat]1 #a lb4 ,di/il #c lbs4    ,_s
 ( ,p>a ,cress4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus        
,,spilan?i4 7,b]al47 ,prep4  ,bruis$    
,p>a cress 7,spilan!s ol]acea71 9 fl[]1 
#a "p2 _s  7#hfc71 #b p>ts4 ,mac]ate #b 
or #c days1 & di/il #b p>ts4    ,_s1    

,pro(4 ,see ,,alcohol4    ,_s1          
,pyroacetic4 ,syn4 ,,acetone2 ,,spiritus
 ,,pyroaceticus1 ,l42 ,,ac,,tone1       
,,esprit ,,pyroacetique1 ,fr4 ,an       
inflammable volatile liquid obta9$ )    
c>bonic acid & o!r products :5 !        
metallic acetates 9 an  anhydr\s /ate   
are subject$ to de/ructive di/illation4 
,! acetate (  lead is ! mo/ eligible    
salt = ?is purpose4    ,prep4 #a4 ,dri$ 
acetate ( lead is c>efully di/ill$ 9 a  
l>ge e>!n  or coat$-glass retort1 by a  
heat gradually rais$ to r$ness1 !       
volatile products be+ pass$ ?r\gh a     
cond5s] well suppli$ ) cold  wat]4 ,!   
di/illation is cont9u$ until no?+ b     
f9ely divid$ lead  7lead pyrophorus7    
rema9s 9 ! retort4 ,! receiv] conta9s   
crude  acetone1 :i* is to be saturat$ ) 
c>bonate ( potassa1 &  aft]w>ds rectifi$
 9 a wat] ba? f *loride ( calcium4      
#b4 ,by pass+ ! vap\r ( /rong acetic    
acid ?r\gh an iron tube heat$  to dull  
r$ness1 & cond5s+ ! acetone ?us =m$4    
,obs4 ,9 bo? ( ! above processes c>bonic

 acid & o!r p]man5t  gases are produc$1 
consequ5tly ! receiv] mu/ n fit too     
closely to  ! tube ( ! cond5s]4         
,prop4 ,col\rless1 limpid1 ( peculi>    
od\r1 & v inflammable1  giv+ a brilliant
 flame1 )\t smoke2 boil+ po9t #acb      
,fahr42 sp4 gr4  #gib4 ,x dissolves     
res9s & ess5tial oils4 ,see ,,mesitilol1
 ,,mesityl1  ,,metacetone1 c4    ,_s1   
,pyroxylic4 ,syn4 ,,pyroligne\s ,,_s1   
,,wood ,s41 ,,m$ic9al  ,,naph?a1 ,,wood 
,n41 ,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,me?yl2     
,,spiritus ,,pyroxylicus 7,ph4 ,d471    
,l4 ,a light volatile liquid1 discov]$  
by ,p4 ,taylor1 9 #ahab1 among !  limpid
 products ( ! di/illation ( dry wood4 ,x
 has be5 %[n by  ,dumas & ,peligot to be
 8really a second alcohol1 =m+ an e!r1 &
 a  s]ies ( comp\nds 7,,mytayl-,,s]ies7 
exactly correspond+ ) ^? (  v9\s _s1 &1 
9 "s po9ts1 ev5 m complete ?an ! latt]40
    ,prep4 ,crude pyroligne\s acid 7:i* 
conta9s ab\t #a ( ! _s7 is  subject$ to 
di/illation1 & ! fir/ or m volatile     
portion :i*  passes ov] is neutralis$ ) 

hydrate ( lime4 ,aft] repose ! cle>     
liquid is sep>at$ f ! oil :i* floats on 
! surface1 & f !  s$im5t at ! bottom ( !
 vessel2 ?is1 :5 r$i/ill$1 =ms !  wood  
_s ( comm]ce4 ,x may be /r5g!n$ 9 ! same
 mann] z  ord9>y alcohol1 by            
rectification1 & ultimately r5d]$ pure  
by  c>eful di/illation f quicklime by ! 
heat ( a wat] ba?4 ,b]zelius  recomm5ds 
! crude _s to be agitat$ ) a fatty oil1 
to remove  empyreumatic matt]1 & !n to  
rectify x1 fir/1 f rec5tly burnt        
*>coal1 & next ) *loride ( calcium4     
,prop41 c4 ,pure pyroxylic _s is a      
transp>5t col\rless liquid1  hav+ a     
p5etrat+ e!real smell1 & a hot          
disagreeable ta/e2 x is  v inflammable1 
burn+ ) a pale blue flame4 ,x is neutral
 to te/  pap]2 mixes ) wat]1 alcohol1 & 
e!r1 9 all proportion2 & boils  at #aeb 
,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #gih at #fh ,fahr4      
7,regnault & ,liebig47 ,dr ,ure  /ates !
 sp4 gr4 to be #hbd at #fj2 ! ,dubl9    
,college makes x #hdf4  ,t ( ! latt] mu/
 !re=e h conta9$ a little wat]4 ,x does 

n dissolve india rubb] & gutta p]*a1 l  
m9]al or true naph?a4    ,pyroxylic _s  
is di/+ui%$ f acetone or pyroacetic _s  
by !  "* ( its flame1 & by freely       
dissolv+ *loride ( calcium1  :i* is q   
insoluble 9 ! latt]4 ,9 a mixture ( ^!  
two liquids  two di/9ct /rata are =m$ :5
 ?is sub/ance1 ei!r 9 p[d] or           
conc5trat$ solution1 is add$4           
,pyroxylic _s is di/+ui%$ f v9\s _s by  
,nessl]'s te/  7:i* see71 by its =m+ a  
solid cry/all9e salt 7me?ylic oxalate7  
:5 di/ill$ ) an oxalate & sulphuric     
acid1 & by its l[]  boil+ po9t4 ,!      
pres5ce ( alcohol1 9 a mixture ( ! two1 
is  readily detect$ by di/ill+ !        
suspect$ sample ) sulphuric acid4  ,!   
=mation ( common e!r indicates e?ylic   
alcohol1 & f !  am\nt =m$ ! proportion (
 alcohol may be det]m9$4    ,uses1 c4   
,*iefly to dissolve res9s & volatile    
oils1 especially  %ell-lac1 & z a       
sub/itute = alcohol 9 _s lamps4 ,z a    
m$ic9e  x is anodyne & s$ative2 & has   
be5 b5eficially employ$ by ,drs         

,*ri/ison1 ,ha/+s1 & ,neligan1 to allay 
! h>ass+ c\gh1  tr\blesome vomit+1 &    
excessive expectoration1 9 ph?isis & "s 
o!r affections4----,dose1 #e to #cj     
drops1 ?rice a day1 9 wat]4    ,_s1     
,rais94 ,prep4 ,f rais9s f]m5t$ along ) 
wat]1 &  ! wa% di/ill$ by a quick fire4 
,us$ to give a br&y flav\r to malt  _s4 
#a gall4 add$ to #aej gall4 ( pla9 _s1  
along ) "s  col\r+1 & a little cate*u1  
ei!r ) or )\t a little acetic  e!r1     
makes a v dec5t 8,briti% br&y40    ,_s (
 ,raspb]ries4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,rubri  
,,id,i4 ,prep4 ,raspb]ries1  #c lbs42   
rectifi$ _s1 #b lbs42 di/il #b lbs4     
,_s1 ,rectifi$4 ,see ,,alcohol1 & ,table
 ,i1 "u ,,_s4    ,_s ( ,salt4           
,hydro*loric acid4    ,_s ( ,sassafras4 
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,sassafras4 ,prep4    
,sassafras1 troy1  #a lb42 rectifi$ _s  
7#hfc71 #h lbs4 ,mac]ate #d days1 &     
di/il ne>ly  to dryness4    ,_s (       
,scurvy ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus        
,,co*le>ia4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4  ,fre%    
leaves ( fl[]+ scurvy grass1 #h lbs42   

rectifi$ _s1 #c lbs42  wat]1 #c lbs4    
,di/il #d lbs4    ,_s ( ,scurvy ,grass  
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,co*le>i  
,,compositus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,fre%  
scurvy grass1 #e lbs42 _s 7#jhfd71  #f  
lbs42 hors]adi%1 #aj-a_/b oz4 ,di/il #e 
lbs4    ,_s ( ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus   
,,fulig9is4 ,an empyreumatic _s 0  =m]ly
 di/ill$ f wood soot1 9 ! same mann] z  
h>t%orn4 ,an  alcoholic _s is also made 
f #a "p ( wood-soot1 #e ( pro( _s1  #ae 
( wat]4 ,di/il #d p>ts4    ,_s (        
,s\p-h]bs4 ,z ess5ce ( s\p-h]bs1 b      
sub/itut+ #a qu>t  ( br&y or pro( _s = !
 rectifi$ _s4    ,_s ( ,sweet ,flag     
,root4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,calamus4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,prep4  ,calamus1 #a lb41 troy1  
_s ( w9e 7#hfc71 #h lbs42 mac]ate #d    
days1 &  di/il ne>ly to dryness4    ,_s 
( ,?yme4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,?yme4 ,f    
lime1 z _s ( sage4    ,_s ( ,turp5t9e1  
,e!real4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,t]eb9?9     
,,!reus4  7,van ,mons47 ,prep4 ,_s (    
nitric e!r1 ) z mu* rectifi$ oil (      
turp5t9e z x w dissolve4 ,rectifi$ oil (

 turp5t9e is also t]m$  8,e!real ,_s (  
,turp5t9e40    ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,see         
,,alcohol1 & ,table ,i1 "u ,,_s4    ,_s 
( ,wormwood 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus
 ,,abs9?ii ,,compositus ,,vel  ,,aqua4  
7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47 ,prep4 ,dri$ wormwood1
 #a_/b lb42 c>damom se$1 #a_/b  oz42    
cori&] se$1 #a-a_/b oz42 br&y1 #a gall4 
,di/il4    ,_s ( ,vanilla4 ,see ,,ess5ce
 ,,( ,,vanilla4    ,,spirits            
7,m$icinal74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus           
,,m$ic9ales1 ,l4 ,! spirits (  ph>macy  
are ei!r prep>$ by mac]at+ ! bruis$     
se$s1 fl[]s1  h]bs1 c41 9 ! _s1 = #b or 
#c days be=e di/illation1 & !n  draw+ x 
(f by a g5tle heat2 or extemporane\sly1 
by add+ a prop]  proportion ( ess5tial  
oil to pure _s ( ! prescrib$  /r5g?4#ahi
 ,?is latt] plan is v g5]ally adopt$ 9 !
 ,ph4 ,d4 ,9  ! fir/ me?od1 :5 a nak$   
fire is employ$1 a little wat] is put   
into ! /ill along ) ! _s1 to prev5t     
empyreuma4 ,^! spirits  are pr9cipally  
employ$ z aromatics & /imulants1 or z   
adjuvants 9  draughts & mixtures4       

,footnote #ahi3 ,9 ! ,briti%            
,ph>macopia1 = mo/ di/ill$ spirits is   
sub/itut$ a solution ( #a "p ( volatile 
oil 9 #di ( rectifi$  _s4----,,ed4    ,!
 foll[+ are ! pr9cipal m$ic9al          
spirits3----    ,_s ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4   
,,spiritus ,,ammoni 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4  ,e47 ,take ( quicklime1 #ab  
oz42 %ake x ) wat]1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 add
 (  f9ely p[d]$ *loride ( ammonium1 #c  
oz42 & di/il 9 a glass retort  furni%$ )
 a tube rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( a     
bottle conta9+  rectifi$ _s1 #b p9ts1 & 
kept well cool$4 ,a s& heat is to be    
employ$1 & ! di/illation cont9u$ z long 
z any?+ passes ov]4  ,! product has a   
sp4 gr4 ab\t #hde1 & %\ld n eff]vesce ) 
acids4 ,! alkali is "h 9 ! cau/ic /ate1 
& 9 ?is respect x  resembles ! _s (     
ammonia1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 & ,dzond's cau/ic
 _s (  ammonia1 ,ph4 ,bor4    #b4 7,ph4 
,l4 #ahcf47 ,*loride ( ammonium1 #aj    
oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #af  oz42      
rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #c p9ts2 mix1 
& let #c p9ts  di/il4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d4  

#ahbf47 ,dissolve #c-a_/b oz4 ( c>bonate
 ( ammonia1 9 rectifi$  _s1 #c w9e p9ts4
    ,obs4 ,! ammonia 9 ! la/ two        
prep>ations exi/ 9 ! c>bonat$  /ate4 ,!y
 are *iefly employ$ to make o!r         
prep>ations4    #d4 7,,anisat$ ,,_s ,,( 
,,ammonia2 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,anisanus1
 ,,spiritus ,a4  ,a4----,ph4 ,bor47     
,rectifi$ _s1 #ab oz42 oil ( anise$1 #c 
dr42 dissolve1  & add ( cau/ic solution 
( ammonia 7#ifj71 #c oz4    #e4         
7,,aromatic ,,_s ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,_s ,,(
 ,,sal ,,volatile2 ,,spiritus ,,ammoni  
,,aromaticus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 
,d47----a4 7,ph4 ,l474 ,take (          
hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 #f oz42 c>bonate
 ( potassa1 #aj oz42 c9namon  & cloves1 
( ea*1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b dr42 fre% lemon  
peel1 #e oz42  rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea*
 #b qu>ts2 mix1 & di/il #c qu>ts4  ,sp4 
gr4 #iah4    b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,_s (        
ammonia1 #h fl4 oz42 oil ( rosem>y1     
#a-a_/b fl4  dr42 oil ( lemon peel1 #a  
fl4 dr42 mix4    c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rectifi$
 _s1 #c p9ts2 oil ( lemon1 #a_/b fl4    

oz42 oil (  nutmeg1 #b fl4 dr42 oil (   
c9namon1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 dissolve & add (
  /rong] solution ( ammonia1 #f fl4 oz4 
,sp4 gr1 #heb4    d4 7,b4 ,p474         
,c>bonate ( ammonia1 #h oz42 /rong      
solution ( ammonia1 #d  oz42 volatile   
oil ( nutmeg1 #d dr42 oil ( lemon1 #f   
dr42 rectifi$ _s1  #f p9ts2 wat]1 #c    
p9ts2 di/il #g p9ts4----,dose1 #bj to   
#fj m9ims 9  camphor wat]4    ,obs4 ,!  
ammonia exi/s 9 ! /ate ( neutral        
c>bonate 9 ! product  ( ! a =mula1 b 9 !
 cau/ic /ate 9 ^? ( !  o!rs4----,dose1  
#a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 9 wat] or1 any bl& 
liquid2 z a  diffusible /imulant &      
antacid1 9 debility1 l[ spirits1        
dyspepsia1  he>tburn1 flatul5t colic1   
hy/]ia1 c4 ,! _s ( sal volatile (  !    
%ops is g5]ally a spuri\s comp\nd (     
little m ?an half !  above /r5g?4    #f4
 7,,fetid ,,_s ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,spiritus
 ,,ammoni ,f,,tidus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4    
,l41 ,e41   ,d471 ,l4----a4 7,ph4 ,e47  
,hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 #aj oz42       
c>bonate (  potassa1 #af oz42 assaftida1

 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #c   
p9ts2 mix well1 !n sl[ly di/il #c p9ts4 
,sp4 gr4 #hfa4    b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,_s (   
ammonia1 #aj-a_/b fl4 oz42 assaftida    
7brok5  small71 #a_/b oz42 dige/ = #ab  
h\rs1 !n di/il #aj-a_/b fl4 oz41 by !   
heat ( a vap\r 7wat]7 ba?4    c4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,assaftida1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectifi$  
_s1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/  = #bd h\rs1 !n  
di/il (f ! :ole ( ! _s1 & mix ! product 
) /rong] solution ( ammonia1 #c fl4 oz4 
,sp4 gr4 #hdi4    d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,/rong   
solution ( ammonia1 #b2 assaftida1 9    
small pieces1  #a-a_/b2 rectifi$ _s1    
suffici5t2 mac]ate ! assaftida 9 #ae ( !
  _s = #bd h\rs1 di/il1 add ! di/illate 
to ! ammonia1 & make  up ) _s to        
#bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4    ,obs4
 ,! dose1 c41 are ! same z ^? ( ! la/1 b
 x is  pref]r$ = hy/]ical & spasmodic   
affections4    ,_s1 ,amylic4 ,syn4      
,alcohol amylicum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,see  
,,fusel ,,oil4    ,_s ( ,anise$4 ,syn4  
,,spiritus ,,anisi 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,oil ( anise$1 #c

 fl4 dr42 pro( _s1 #a gall42 dissolve4  
,c>m9ative4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 to  
#d fl4 dr4    #b4 7,,ess5tia            
,,anisi----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil ( anise$1 #a  
fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #i  fl4 oz42 mix )
 agitation4 ,*iefly us$ to make anise$  
wat]4    #c4 7,,comp\nd ,,_s ,,(        
,,anise$2 ,,spiritus ,,anisi            
,,compositus----,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47        
,anise$ & angelica se$1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42
 pro( _s1 #a gall42 wat]1  q4 s42 di/il 
#a gallon4 ,:5 col\r$ ) saffron1 or sap 
gre51 x  closely resembles ! ,iri%      
usquebaugh4 7,montgom]y47----,dose1 #a  
to #d fl4  dr4    ,_s1 ,arquebusade4    
,see ,,vuln]>y ,,_s 7bel[74    ,_s (    
,balm 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,wat]1  
,,c>melite ,w42 ,,aqua ,,meliss         
,,composita1 ,,spiritus ,m4             
,,compositus1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,des ,,c>mes1 
,,eau ,,de ,,melisse ,,des  ,,c>mes1    
,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fre% fl[]+ 
tops ( balm1 #bd oz42  fre% lemon peel1 
#d oz42 c9namon1 cloves1 & nutmegs1 (   
ea* #b oz42  cori&] se$ & dri$ angelica 

root1 ( ea* #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #h     
lbs42 mac]ate = #h days & di/il 9 a wat]
 ba? to dryness4 ,!  _s is mu* e/eem$ 9 
,france z a /oma*ic1 a cosmetic1 & a    
/imulant4    ,_s1 ,ba?+4 ,soap l9im5t4  
,_s ( ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphorat$ ,,_s2
 ,,spiritus ,,camphor2 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4  
,l471 ,,t9ctura ,,camphor1 ,,spiritus   
,,camphoratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4     
,l47 ,camphor1 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a  
qu>t2 dissolve4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47        
,camphor1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #i2          
dissolve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj  m9ims1 9
 milk or on sug>4 ,us$ z an application 
to *ilbla9s1 & 9  *ronic rheumatism1    
*ol]a1 c4 ,see ,,ess5ce & ,,t9cture4    
,_s ( ,c>away4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,c>ui  
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4  
,l47 ,oil ( c>away1 #b fl4 dr42 pro( _s1
 #a gall42 dissolve4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47  
,c>away se$s 7bruis$71 #a_/b lb42 pro(  
_s1 #g p9ts2  mac]ate = #b days 9 a     
cov]$ vessel1 !n add ( wat]1 #a-a_/b    
p9t1  & di/il #g p9ts4 ,aromatic &      
c>m9ative4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 ,a

  simil> _s1 8sweet5$ ) sug>10 is drunk 
9 ,g]many z a dram  7,k,,melliqueur2    
,k,,melbr&twe974    #c4 7,,ess5tia      
,,c>ui----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil ( c>away1 #a   
fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #i  fl4 oz4 ,us$  
to make c>away wat]4    ,_s ( ,cassia4  
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,f  co>sely p[d]$ cassia1 #a    
lb42 pro( _s1 #g p9ts2 wat]1 #a-a_/b    
p9t1  or q4 s42 draw (f #g              
p9ts4----,dose1 c41 z ! la/4 ,x is almo/
  univ]sally sub/itut$ = _s ( c9namon4  
,_s ( ,c9namon4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus        
,,c9namomi 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil ( c9namon1 #b fl4   
dr42 pro( _s1 #a gall42 dissolve4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f c9namon1 z _s (          
cassia4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4      
#c4 7,,ess5tia ,,c9namomi----,ph4 ,d47  
,oil ( c9namon1 #a fl4 oz42 rectifi$    
_s1 #i fl4 oz4 ,us$ to make c9namon     
wat]1 c4    ,_s ( ,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,(  
,,sulphuric ,,e!r1 ,,sweet ,,_s ,,(     
,,vitriol2 ,,spiritus ,,!ris 7,b4 ,p471 
,,spiritus ,,!ris ,,sulphurici 7,ph4    

,e471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4----;a4 7,ph4 ,e47 
,sulphuric e!r1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #b  
p>ts4 ,sp4 gr4 #hji4 ,obs4 ,?is         
prep>ation %\ld be neutral to te/  pap]1
 mix 7cle>7 ) wat]1 &1 :5 %ak5 ) twice  
its volume (  conc5trat$ solution (     
*loride ( calcium1 #bh ( e!r %\ld       
sep>ate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b or #c fl4
 dr42 z a /imulant & anodyne4    b4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,e!r1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #b2        
mix4----,dose1 #cj to #fj m9ims4    #b4 
,,comp\nd ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r1 ,,h(fmann',s  
,,anodyne ,,liquor2 ,,spiritus ,,!ris   
,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,!ris     
,,oleosus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4----a4 7,ph4   
,l47 ,e!r1  #h fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #af
 fl4 oz42 e!real oil1 #c fl4 dr42 mix4  
b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,mix 9 a glass matrass1   
oil ( vitriol1 #a-a_/b p9t1 )  rectifi$ 
_s1 #a p9t2 connect ?is ) a ,liebig's   
cond5s]1 apply  heat1 & di/il until a   
black fro? beg9s to rise2 !n sep>ate !  
upp] /ratum ( ! di/ill$ liquid1 &1 hav+ 
expos$ x to ! air  = #bd h\rs1 let ! oil
 be transf]r$ to a moi/ pap] filt]1 &   

wa%$ ) a little cold wat]2 la/ly1       
dissolve x 9 a mixture (  rectifi$ _s1  
#a_/b p9t2 sulphuric e!r1 #e fl4 oz4    
,obs4 ,?is comp\nd is anodyne &         
antispasmodic1 & 0 once held 9  v great 
repute4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4   
#c4 ,,aromatic ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r1 ,a4 ,s4  
,,( ,,sulphuric ,e41 ,,sweet ,,elixir   
,,(  ,,vitriol2 ,,spiritus ,,!ris       
,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4      
#ahbd47 ,bruis$  c9namon1 #c dr42       
c>damoms1 #a-a_/b dr42 long pepp] & g+]1
 ( ea* #a  dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj fl4    
oz42 sulphuric e!r1 #e fl4 oz42 mix1 &  
dige/ #ad days4 ,! la/ two prep>ations  
are also frequ5tly call$  #8sweet elixir
 ( vitriol4'    ,_s ( ,h>tshorn4 ,syn4  
,,liquor ,,( ,,spiritus ,,volatilis     
,,cornu ,,c]vi1  ,l4 ,orig9ally di/ill$ 
f h>t%orn4 ,dilute liquor ammonia is n[ 
g5]ally sold = _s ( h>t%orn4    ,_s (   
,hors]adi% 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus 
,,armoraci ,,compositus  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,slic$  
hors]adi% & dri$  orange peel1 ( ea* #bj

 oz42 bruis$ nutmegs1 #e dr42 pro( _s1  
#a  gall42 wat]1 #a qu>t1 or q4 s42     
di/il #a gall4 ,/imulant &              
diuretic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 9 
dropsies1 :5 !re is mu*  debility4 ,x is
 usually comb9$ ) infusion ( junip]     
b]ries or  foxglove4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47   
,fre% root1 slic$1 #bj2 dri$ orange     
peel1 #bj2 nutmeg1 bruis$1  #a_/b2 pro( 
_s1 #afj2 wat]1 #dj2 mix1 & di/il ov]   
#afj4----;,dose1 #a to  #c dr4    ,_s ( 
,hydro*loric ,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,(       
,,muriatic ,,e!r1  ,,clutton',s         
,,febrifuge ,,_s2 ,,!r ,,hydro*loricus  
,,alcoholicus1 ,,spiritus  ,,!ris       
,,muriatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f          
hydro*loric e!r & rectifi$  _s1 equal   
p>ts1 mix$ toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e4     
#agdd47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a "p2       
rectifi$ _s1 #c p>ts2  dige/ "s days1 & 
di/il 9 a s& ba?4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c 
fl4 dr42  9 dyspepsia1 liv] compla9ts1  
hectic fev]1 c4    ,_s ( ,junip]4 ,syn4 
,,spiritus ,,junip]i 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4  
,engli%  oil ( junip]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 

#di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj     
m9ims4    ,_s ( ,junip] 7,comp\nd74     
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,junip]i ,,compositus 
7,ph4  ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil ( junip]1 #a-a_/b fl4   
dr42 oils  ( c>away & f5nel1 ( ea* #ab  
drops2 pro( _s1 #a gall42 dissolve4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,junip] b]ries1   
bruis$1 #ae oz42 c>away & f5nel  se$1 ( 
ea*1 bruis$1 #b oz42 pro( _s1 #a gall42 
wat]1 #a qu>t1 or  q4 s42 di/il #a      
gallon4    ,obs4 ,?is _s is /imulant &  
diuretic4----,dose1 #b to #d fl4 dr4    
,mix$ ) twice or ?rice its w eight (    
pro( _s1 & sweet5$ )  a little sug>1 x  
makes no bad sub/itute = ,holl&s g94    
,_s ( ,lavend]4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus        
,,lav&ul 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4       
,prep4 #a4 ,f fre% lav5d]1 #b-a_/b lbs42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42  wat]1 #a qu>t1 
or q4 s42 di/il #a gallon 7#g           
p9ts----,ph4 ,e474    #b4 7,:olesale47  
,f ,mit*am oil ( lav5d]1 #c oz42        
rectifi$ _s1 #a  gall42 dissolve4       
,cordial & fragrant4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47   

,engli% oil ( lav5d]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1  
#di2  dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj    
m9ims4 ,see ,,spirits 7,p]fum$71        
,,t9cture1 c4    ,_s ( ,nitric ,e!r4    
,syn4 ,,_s ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,e!r1 ,,sweet  
,,_s ,,(  ,,nitre1 ,,nitr\s ,,e!real    
,,_s1 ,,nitre ,,drops2 ,,spiritus ,,!ris
 ,,nitrici 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,e471  
,,spiritus ,,!ris ,,nitrosus 7,ph4 ,d471
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,take (     
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 nitric acid1      
#c-a_/b fl4 oz42 add !  acid1 by        
degrees1 to ! _s2 !n mix !m1 & let #bh  
fl4 oz4 di/il  ov]4 ,an e>!nw>e /ill &  
cond5s+ worm %\ld be employ$4 ,sp4 gr4  
#hcd4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pure hyponitr\s
 e!r 7,ph4 ,e471 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #d 
p>ts 7bo? by volume72 mix4 ,sp4 gr4     
#hdg4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nitr\s or      
hyponitr\s e!r 7:i* has be5 wa%$ ) half 
( its volume ( liquor ( ammonia71 #d fl4
 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 89 #db  fl4 oz42 mix1
 & pres]ve ! comp\nd 9 small1 /rong1 &  
accurately-/opp$ bottles40    #d4 7,b4  
,p47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #c2   

sulphuric acid1 #b2 copp]1 9  f9e p[d]  
7,no4 #be71 #b2 rectifi$ _s1 a          
suffici5cy2 to #bj ( !  _s add gradually
 ! sulphuric acid1 /irr+ !m toge!r2 !n  
add  to ?is1 also gradually1 #b-a_/b ( !
 nitric acid4 ,put ! mixture into a     
retort or o!r suitable app>atus1 into   
:i* ! copp] has be5  introduc$1 & to :i*
 a !rmomet] is fitt$4 ,atta* n[ an      
effici5t  cond5s]1 &1 apply+ a g5tle    
heat1 let ! _s di/il at a  temp]ature   
comm5c+ at #agj & ris+ to #age1 b n     
exce$+ #ahj1  until #ab h pass$ ov] &   
be5 collect$ 9 a bottle kept cool1 if   
necess>y1 ) ice-cold wat]2 !n )draw !   
heat1 &1 hav+  all[$ ! cont5ts ( !      
retort to cool1 introduce ! rema9+ #a_/b
 (  nitric acid1 & resume ! di/illation 
z be=e1 until ! increas$  product has   
be5 increas$ to #ae4 ,mix ?is ) #dj ( ! 
rectifi$  _s1 or z mu* z w make !       
product correspond to ! te/s (  specific
 gravity & p]-c5tage ( e!r sep>at$ by   
*loride (  calcium4 ,pres]ve x 9        
well-clos$ vessels4    ,*>4 & ,te/s4    

,transp>5t1 & ne>ly col\rless1 ) a v    
light  t+e ( yell[1 mobile1 inflammable1
 ( a peculi> p5etrat+ apple-l  od\r1 &  
sweeti%1 cool+1 %>p ta/e4 ,x eff]vesces 
feebly1 or n  at all1 :5 %ak5 ) a little
 bic>bonate ( soda4 ,:5 agitat$ )       
solution ( sulphate ( iron & a few drops
 ( sulphuric acid1 x becomes  deep      
olive-br[n or black4 ,if x be agitat$ ) 
twice its volume ( a  saturat$ solution 
( *loride ( calcium 9 a clos$ tube1 #b (
 its  orig9al volume w sep>ate 9 ! =m ( 
nitr\s e!r1 & rise to  ! surface ( !    
mixture4 ,sp4 gr4 #hde4----;,dose1 #a to
 #b fl4 dr4    ,pur41 c4 ,pure _s (     
nitric e!r boils at ab\t #afj ,fahr41   
sc>cely r$d5s litmus pap]1 & 8gives (f  
no bubbles ( c>bonic acid  gas on !     
addition ( c>bonate ( soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 
8,:5 agitat$ )  twice its volume (      
conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( calcium1
 #ab (  e!r sl[ly sep>ates40 7,ph4      
,e47----,dose1 #a_/b to #c fl4 dr41 z a 
febrifuge1 a diaphoretic1 diuretic1     
antispasmodic1 c42 9 v>i\s  affections4 

,obs4 ,! mass ( ! sweet spirits ( nitre 
( ! %ops is ( v  inf]ior quality1 & is  
sc>cely1 if ev]1 made directly f _s t   
has paid ! duty4 ,"o1 & a v l>ge        
portion1 is obta9$ f  ,scotl&2 ano!r1 f 
! manufactur]s ( fulm9at+ m]cury2 & a   
?ird1 &1 9 fact1 ! pr9cipal "p1 f c]ta9 
p]sons 9 !  neighb\rhood ( ! metropolis 
:o employ contrab& _s = its  prep>ation1
 z ?is article is n "u ! excise4        
,rec5tly me?ylat$  _s has be5 employ$ = 
! purpose4    ,sweet spirits ( nitre1   
sp4 gr4 #hej1 is n[ commonly & publicly 
sold1  9 quantity1 at a price :i* is    
only ab\t #b-crds t ( ! _s 9  x1 if !   
latt] _h paid duty4 ,! _s obta9$ f !    
manufactur]s ( fulm9at+ m]cury frequ5tly
 conta9s no inconsid]able  quantity (   
hydrocyanic acid4    ,! m]e admixture ( 
nitric or hyponitr\s e!r ) alcohol does 
n  af=d an (fic9al ,,spir4 ,,!r4        
,,nitr41 z ?is always conta9s aldehyde1 
:i*1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,liebig1 is an    
ess5tial con/itu5t ( !  (fic9al comp\nd4
    ,_s ( ,nitr\s ,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus

 ,,!ris ,,nitrosi 7,b4 ,p474 ,see  ,,_s 
,,( ,,nitric ,,e!r4    ,_s ( ,nutmeg4   
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,myri/ic 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l41  ,e471 ,s4  ,,nucis ,,mos*at1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47 ,bruis$  
nutmegs1 #b-a_/b oz42  pro( _s1 #a      
gall42 wat]1 #a p9t1 or q4 s42 di/il a  
gallon4 ,cordial  & c>m9ative4----,dose1
 #a to #d fl4 dr42 *iefly us$ to flav\r 
mixtures  & draughts4    #b4 7,,ess5tia 
,,myri/ic ,,mos*ate----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil ( 
nutmegs1 #a fl4 oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #i   
fl4 oz4 ,us$ 9 disp5s+4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,volatile oil ( nutmeg1 #a2 rectifi$   
_s1 #di2  dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj
 m9ims4    ,_s ( ,p5nyroyal4 ,syn4      
,,spiritus ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4    
,,m5?  ,,pulegii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l47 ,oil ( p5nyroyal1 #c fl4 dr42 pro( 
_s1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,/imulant1      
antispasmodic1 &  c>m9ative4----,dose1  
#a_/b to #b fl4 dr4    #b4 7,,ess5tia   
,,m5? ,,pulegii----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil (     
p5nyroyal1 #a fl4 oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #i 
fl4 oz4 ,us$ *iefly 9 disp5s+4    ,_s ( 

,pepp]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,m5?       
,,pip]it 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471  ,s4 ,,m5?
 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,oil ( pepp]m9t1 #c fl4 dr42  pro( _s1  
#a gall42 dissolve4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47   
,gre5 pepp]m9t1 #a-a_/b lb42 pro( _s1 #g
 p9ts2 mac]ate #b  days2 add ( wat]1 q4 
s41 & di/il #g p9ts4----,dose1 #a_/b to 
#b dr4    #c4 7,,ess5tia ,,m5?          
,,pip]it----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil ( pepp]m9t1  
#a fl4 oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #i fl4 oz4    
,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pepp]m9t4    #d4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,engli% oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a2   
rectifi$ _s1 #di2  dissolve4----,dose1  
#cj to #fj m9ims1 or1 = *ildr5 "u five  
ye>s1 #a  to #c m9ims4    ,_s ( ,pim5to4
 ,syn4 7,,_s ,,( ,,allspice2 ,,spiritus 
,,pim5t----,ph4 ,l4   ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil ( pim5to1 #b fl4 dr42
 pro( _s1 #a  gall42 dissolve4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,e47 ,f pim5to1 bruis$1 #a_/b lb42
 & pro( _s1 #g p9ts2 z  _s ( c>away4    
,c>m9ative & /oma*ic4----,dose1 #a to #d
 fl4 dr42 9  flatul5t colic1 dyspepsia1 
c4    #c4 7,,ess5ti ,,pim5t----,ph4 ,d47

 ,oil ( pim5to1 #a fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1
  #i fl4 oz4 ,us$ to make pim5to wat]1 &
 9 disp5s+4    ,_s ( ,p9e-tops4 ,syn4   
,,spiritus ,,turionum ,,p9i1 ,l4 ,see   
,,balsam1 ,,riga4    ,_s ( ,rosem>y4    
,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,rosm>9i 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l41  ,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l47 ,z ,,_s ,,( ,,pim5to4    #b4 7,ph4 
,e47 ,rosem>y tops1 #b-a_/b lbs42       
rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 z  ,,_s ,,(      
,,lav5d]4 ,fragrant & /imulant4    #c4  
7,,ess5tia ,,rosm>9i----,ph4 ,d47 ,z    
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pim5to4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 
,oil ( rosem>y1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #di2   
dissolve4----,dose1 #aj  to #cj m9ims4  
,_s ( ,spe>m9t4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,m5?  
,,viridis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,m5?         
,,sativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,z   
,,_s ,,( ,,pepp]m9t----,ph4 ,l4    #b4  
7,,ess5tia ,,m5? ,,viridis----,ph4 ,d47 
,z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pepp]m9t----,ph4 ,d4  
,!  uses & doses are also ! same4    ,_s
 ( ,sulphuric ,e!r4 ,see ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r 
7above74    ,_s ( ,vitriol 7,sweet74    
,see ,,aromatic ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r 7above74 

,_s1 ,vuln]>y4 ,syn4 ,,vuln]>y ,,wat]1  
,,arquebusade2 ,,spiritus  ,,vuln]>ius1 
,l42 ,,eau ,d',,arquebusade1 ,fr4 ,prep4
 #a4 ,dri$ tops ( sage1  wormwood1      
f5nel1 hyssop1 m>joram1 savory1 ?yme1   
rosem>y1 calam9t1  balm1 pepp]m9t1 &    
scordium1 fre% leaves ( angelica &      
basil1 &  lav5d] fl[]s1 ( ea* #d oz42   
pro( _s1 #b galls42 dige/ = #ad  days1 &
 di/il ov] #a-a_/b gall4    #b4 ,rosem>y
 leaves1 #a-a_/b lb42 leaves ( ?yme &   
summits ( millefoil1  ( ea* #a_/b lb42  
junip] b]ries1 #c oz42 pro( _s1 #b      
galls12 di/il  ov] #e qu>ts4    ,obs4   
,?is prep>ation is /imulant & vuln]>y1 &
 is 9 great repute  on ! ,cont95t z a   
cosmetic & cordial4    ,,spirits        
7,p]fum$74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,odorif]i1 
,,odores ,,spirituosi1 ,l4 ,!  odorif]\s
 spirits ( ! p]fum] are1 = ! mo/ "p1    
prep>$ f  v>i\s aromatic & odor\s       
sub/ances1 by a simil> process to t     
describ$ "u ,,ess5ces & ,,spirits       
7,m$ic9al72 b 9 ?is case a  p]fectly    
pure1 flav\rless1 & sc5tless _s mu/ be  

employ$4 ,!  di/illation %\ld also be   
pref]ably conduct$ by /eam1 or ! heat ( 
a wat] ba?1 & ! di/ill$ _s %\ld be kept 
= "s "t 9 a  cell>1 or o!r cold         
situation1 previ\sly to be+ us$4 ,:5    
simple  solution ( an ess5tial oil 9 !  
_s is adopt$1 c>t %\ld be  tak5 t ! oil 
is pale & new2 or1 at lea/1 has n be5   
mu*  expos$ to ! air2 z 9 t case x w\ld 
conta9 res91 :i* w\ld  make ! p]fum$ _s1
 or ess5ce1 liable to /a9 delicate      
articles (  clo?+ to :i* x may be       
appli$4 ,mo/ ( ! #8eaux' & #8esprits' ( 
! p]fum]s are prep>$ by "o or o!r ( !   
above me?ods4 ,x is  f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !   
p]fum$ spirits ( "s ( ! m delicate      
fl[]s _c be well obta9$ by ei!r infusion
 or di/illation1 or by  ! simple        
solution ( _! ess5tial oils 9 _s2 or1 at
 lea/1 !y  are n usually s prep>$ by !  
=eign p]fum]s4 ,! spirits (  orange     
fl[]s1 jasm91 tub]ose1 jonquille1 roses1
 & ( "s o!r  fl[]s1 & ( cassia1 vanilla1
 c41 are commonly prep>$ by dige/+  pure
 rectifi$ _s = #c or #d days on half its

 weight ( ! respective  pommades or     
oils1 obta9$ by infusion or contact4 ,! 
op]ation is  p]=m$ 9 a clos$ vessel     
plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 & frequ5t  agitation
 is employ$ = #c or #d days1 :5 ! p]fum$
 _s is  decant$ into a second dige/]1   
conta9+ a l quantity ( oil to !  fir/4  
,! :ole process is repeat$ a second & a 
?ird "t1 aft]  :i* ! _s is all[$ to     
settle & is !n decant$4 ,x n[ =ms  ! mo/
 fragrant & p]fect odorif]\s _s         
7extrait7 ( !  ,cont95tal p]fum]4 ,!    
product is call$ #8esprit' or #8extrait 
( !  fir/ infusion4' ,! ?ree portions ( 
oil are !n treat$ aga9 )  fre% _s 9 !   
same mann]1 & ?us spirits or ess5ces (  
inf]ior  quality are obta9$1 :i* are    
di/+ui%$ by ! p]fum]s z ,no4 #b1  #c1   
#d1 c41 or #8esprits' or #8extraits ( ! 
fir/1 second1 ?ird1' c41  op]ation or   
infusion4 ,9 "s1 ?\gh only a v few      
cases1 ! spirits  are aft]w>ds di/ill$4 
,! /r5g? ( ! _s = ! conc5trat$ ess5ces  
%\ld n be  less ?an #ef o4 p4 7sp4 gr4  
#hcgf72 t = eaux1 esprits1 & extraits1  

n less ?an #ce o4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #hgbc74 ,!
 /r5g? ( ! second quality  ( ! la/ ?ree 
mu/ be fully pro( 7sp4 g4 #ibj74 ,see   
,,alcohol1  ,,di/illation1 ,,ess5ce1    
,,oils1 ,,pommade1 c41 & bel[4    ,eau  
d',ambre ,royale4 ,fr4 ,f ess5ces (     
amb]gris & musk1 ( ea* #a  fl4 oz42 _s (
 ambrette & orange-fl[] wat]1 ( ea* #a  
p9t2  rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mix4    ,eau
 d',ange4 ,fr4 ,f fl[]+ tops ( myrtle   
7bruis$71 #a-a_/b lb42  rectifi$ _s1 #g 
p9ts2 wat]1 #c p9ts2 dige/ a week1 add (
 common  salt1 #b lbs41 & di/il #a gall4
    ,eau d',arquebusade4 ,fr4 ,see      
,,vuln]>y ,,_s 7back74    ,eau de       
,b\quet4 ,fr4 ,f spirits ( rosem>y &    
ess5ce ( violets1  ( ea* #a fl4 oz42    
ess5ces ( b]gamot & jasm91 ( ea* #a fl4 
dr42  oils ( v]b5a & lav5d]1 ( ea* #a_/b
 fl4 dr42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a  fl4 oz42
 eau de rose1 #a_/b p9t2 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 qu>t2 mix4    ,eau de ,b\quet de       
,flore4 ,fr4 ,f spirits ( rosem>y &     
roses &  ess5ce ( violets1 ( ea* #a_/b  
fl4 oz42 oil ( c$ra & ess5ce (          

amb]gris1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 orange-fl[] 
wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a p9t4 
,eau des ,c>mes4 ,fr4 ,see ,,_s ,,(     
,,balm 7,,comp\nd74    ,eau de ,cologne4
 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,cologne ,,wat]2 ,,aqua    
,,coloni5sis1 ,a4 ,c4  ,,spirituosa1    
,,spiritus ,,coloni5sis1 ,l4 ,= !       
production ( good eau de  ,cologne x is 
absolutely ess5tial t ! _s be ( ! pure/ 
description1 bo? ta/eless & sc5tless1 & 
t ! oils be n only  g5u9e1 b rec5tly    
di/ill$1 z old oils are less odor\s1 &  
conta9  a consid]able quantity ( res9 & 
camphor1 :i* prove injuri\s4 ,:5  fl[]s 
& ! fl[]+ tops ( plants are ord]$1 x is 
also necess>y  t !y be ei!r fre% ga!r$  
or well pres]v$1 )\t dry+ !m4  ,to      
produce an article ( ! f9e/ quality1    
di/illation %\ld be _h  rec\rse to4 ,a v
 excell5t eau de ,cologne may1 h[ev]1 be
 produc$ by  simple solution ( ! oils or
 ess5ces 9 ! _s1 provid$ !y be  new1    
pale col\r$1 & pure4 ,! mass ( ! eau de 
,cologne prep>$ 9  ,engl&1 "s ( :i*     
possess ! mo/ delicate fragrance1 & is  

ne>ly  equal to ! be/ import$1 is made  
)\t di/illation4 ,9 ! %ops two  k9ds (  
?is article are g5]ally kept----,fr5* & 
,g]man4 ,t  prep>$ by ,f>9a ( ,cologne  
is e/eem$ ! be/1 & is pref]r$ 9  !      
fa%ionable _w4    ,prep4 #a4 ,f ess5ces 
( b]gamot & lemon1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 oil
 (  orange1 #a_/b dr4 oil ( n]oli1 #bj  
drops2 oil ( rosem>y1 #aj drops2  ess5ce
 ( amb]gris & musk1 ( ea* #a drop2      
rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2  mix4    #b4    
,ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #c fl4 oz42 ess5ce ( 
lemon1 #c fl4 dr42 ess5ce (  c$rat1 #b  
fl4 dr42 oils ( n]oli & rosem>y1 ( ea*  
#a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil  ( balm1 #a_/b fl4 
dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b gall42 mix4   
#c4 7,cadet ,gass9c\rt47 ,take ( pure   
n]oli1 ess5ces 7oils7 ( c$rat1  orange1 
lemon1 b]gamot1 & rosem>y1 ( ea* #bd    
drops2 less] c>damom  se$s1 #a_/d oz42  
_s at #cb ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #hfi71 #a qu>t2
 dige/ a few  days & !n di/il #a-a_/b   
p9t4    #d4 7,f>9a47 ,take ( rectifi$   
_s1 #e galls42 calamus aromaticus1 sage1
  & ?yme1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 balm-m9t &   

spe>m9t1 ( ea* #a oz42  angelica root1  
#aj gr42 camphor1 #ae gr42 petals (     
roses & violets1 (  ea* #c dr42 lav5d]  
fl[]s1 #a-a_/b dr42 orange fl[]s1 #a    
dr42 wormwood1  nutmeg1 cloves1 cassia  
lignea1 & mace1 ( ea* #bj gr42 oranges &
  lemons1 slic$1 ( ea* #b 9 no42 bruise 
or slice ! solids1 mac]ate1  )          
agitation1 = #dh h\rs1 !n di/il (f      
#b_/crds1 & add to !  product----ess5ces
 ( lemon1 c$rat1 balm-m9t1 & lav5d]1 (  
ea* #a fl4  dr42 pure n]oli & ess5ce ( !
 se$s ( an?os1 ( ea* #bj drops2  ess5ces
 ( jasm9 & b]gamot1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42   
mix well & filt]1  if necess>y4    #e4  
7,p4 ,cod47 ,oils ( b]gamot1 lemon1 &   
c$rat1 ( ea* #c oz42 oils (  rosem>y1   
lav5d]1 & n]oli1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 oil 
( c9namon1 #c_/d  oz42 _s ( rosem>y1 #a 
qu>t2 comp\nd _s ( balm 7eau de melisse 
des ,c>mes71 #c p9ts2 rectifi$ _s1 #c   
galls42 dige/ = #h days1 !n  di/il #c   
galls4    #f4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47    
,oils ( b]gamot1 orange1 & rosem>y1 (   
ea* #a  fl4 dr42 c>damom se$s1 #a dr42  

rectifi$ _s & orange-fl[] wat]1  ( ea*  
#a p9t2 mix1 dige/ = a day1 & !n di/il a
 p9t4    #g4 7,trommsdorff47 ,oils (    
n]oli1 citron1 b]gamot1 orange1 &       
rosem>y1  ( ea* #ab drops2 ,malab>      
c>damoms1 bruis$1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s ( 
w9e1 #a qu>t2 mix1 &1 aft] /&+ #b or #c 
days1 di/il a qu>t4    ,obs4 ,eau de    
,cologne is pr9cipally us$ z a p]fume1 b
 a v l>ge  quantity is consum$ by       
fa%ionable ladies z a cordial &         
/imulant4 ,=  ?is purpose x is dulcifi$ 
) sug>4 ,a piece ( l95 dipp$ 9  ,cologne
 wat]1 & laid across ! =ehead1 is a     
fa%ionable rem$y =  heada*e4    ,eau    
d',elegance4 ,fr4 ,f _s ( jessam9e1 #a  
p9t2 rectifi$ _s  & spirits ( hyac9? &  
/orax1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 t9ctures (      
/>-anise & tolu1 ( ea* #b fl4 oz42      
t9cture ( vanilla1 #a fl4 oz42  ess5ce (
 amb]gris1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 & 9 a week   
decant ! cle>  portion4    ,eau de      
,framboises4 ,fr4 ,f /rawb]ries1 bruis$1
 #af lbs42 rectifi$  _s1 #a gall42      
dige/1 & di/il to dryness 9 a salt-wat] 

or /eam  ba?4    ,eau d',heliotrope4    
,fr4 ,f ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a_/b fl4    
dr42 vanilla1  #a_/b oz42 orange-fl[]   
wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2  
dige/  a week1 & filt]4    ,eau         
d',hongrie4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,hung>y ,,wat]2 
,,aqua ,,hung>ica1 ,,spiritus  ,,rosm>9i
 ,,compositus1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,la     
,,re9e ,d',,hongrie1 ,fr4 ,a fragrant   
/imulant & cosmetic4 ,sweet5$ ) sug> x  
is also us$ z a liqueur4    ,prep4 #a4  
,rosem>y tops1 9 blossom1 #d lbs42 fre% 
sage1 #a_/b lb42 bruis$  g+]1 #b oz42   
rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b gall42 wat]1 #a_/b 
gall42 mac]ate  = #aj days1 add ( common
 salt1 #c lbs41 & !n di/il #aa p9ts4    
#b4 ,f oil ( rosem>y 7g5u9e71 #a-a_/b   
fl4 dr42 oil ( lav5d]1 #a_/b  dr42      
orange fl[] wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 rectifi$   
_s1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix4  ,,_s ,,(         
,,rosem>y 7see above7 is n[ commonly    
sold = x4    ,eau d',ispahan4 ,fr4 ,f   
oil ( ! bitt] orange1 #b fl4 oz42 oil ( 
rosem>y1 #b dr42 oils ( cloves & n]oli1 
( ea* #a fl4 dr42 oil (  spe>m9t1 #a_/b 

fl4 dr42 eau de rose1 #a p9t2 rectifi$  
_s1 #g p9ts2  mix4 ,x is bett] =        
di/illation4 ,us$ z ,eau de ,cologne4   
,eau de ,jasm94 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit ,,de 
,,jasm9 ,,odorante 7bel[74    ,eau de   
,lav&e4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,lav5d] ,,wat]1     
,,d\ble ,,di/ill$ ,l4 ,w42  ,,aqua      
,,lav&ul1 ,a4 ,l4 ,,odorif]a1 ,,spiritus
 ,l41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f !  fl[]+ tops ( 
lav5d] 7fre%ly & c>efully pick$71 #g    
lbs42  rectifi$ _s1 #b gall42 mac]ate = 
a week1 add ( wat]1 #a_/b gall42  7hold+
 9 solution7 common salt1 #c lbs42 &    
di/il #b gallons4    #b4 ,f ,mit*am oil 
( lav5d]1 #h oz42 ess5ce ( musk1 #d oz42
 ess5ce (  amb]gris & oil ( b]gamot1 (  
ea* #a-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #b  gall42
 mix well4 ,v f9e4    #c4 7,br&e47 ,oil 
( lav5d]1 #bj oz42 oil ( b]gamot1 #e    
oz42 ess5ce (  amb]gris 7f9e/71 #a_/b   
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #e gall42 mix4        
,obs4 ,! products ( ! la/ two =mul are  
bett] = di/illation2  b 9 t case !      
ess5ces ( amb]gris & musk %\ld be add$  
to !  di/ill$ _s4 ,! oils %\ld be ( !   

be/ quality1 & newly  di/ill$1 & ! _s   
%\ld be p]fectly sc5tless4    ,x may be 
useful to obs]ve "h1 t ! common lav5d]  
wat]1 d\ble  di/ill$ lav5d] wat]1 or _s 
( lav5d] ( ! %ops1 is made )  _s at     
pro(1 or ev5 weak]2 h5ce its inf]ior    
quality to t ( !  m celebrat$ p]fum]s4  
,"o ounce ( true ,engli% oil ( lav5d] is
  all t w prop]ly comb9e ) #a gall4 (   
pro( _s1 )\t  r5d]+ x muddy or cl\dy4   
,eau de lav&e is a mo/ agreeable &      
fa%ionable p]fume4 ,! article  produc$  
by ! second =mula has receiv$ !         
comm5dation ( ,h]  ,maje/y & _m ( !     
nobility4    ,eau de ,lav&e de          
,millefleurs4 ,to ea* qu>t ( ! ord9>y   
eau de  lav&e 7,no4 #b or #c71 add ( oil
 ( cloves1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 ess5ce (    
amb]gris1 #a_/b fl4 dr4    ,eau de      
,lavange 7,ammoniacal74 #a4 ,to lav5d]  
wat]1 #a p9t2 add ( liquor  ( ammonia1  
#a_/b fl4 oz4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,engli%
 oil ( lav5d]1 #a oz42 _s ( ammonia1 #b 
lbs42  dissolve4 ,us$ z a /imulat+ sc5t 
9 fa9t+4 ,see ,,p]fumes  7,ammoniat$74  

,eau de ,luce4 ,fr4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,(  
,,ammonia1 ,,comp\nd4    ,eau de        
,m>*ale4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,,de      
,,m>,,*ale1 ,fr4 #a4 ,f  amb]gris & gra9
 musk1 ( ea* #bj gr42 oils ( b]gamot1   
lav5d]1 &  cloves1 ( ea* #a oz42 oils ( 
sassafras & origanum1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4   
dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b qu>ts2 mac]ate )   
agitation = a week4    #b4 ,rectifi$ _s1
 #a p9t2 ess5ce ( violets1 #a oz42      
ess5ces (  b]gamot & illets1 ( ea* #a_/d
 oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mix4 
,eau de ,melisse4 ,fr4 ,see ,,_s ,,(    
,,balm1 ,,comp\nd4    ,eau de ,miel4    
,fr4 ,syn4 ,,honey ,,wat]1              
,,sweet-,,sc5t$ ,h4 ,w42 ,,aqua         
,,mellis1  ,a4 ,m4 ,,odorif]a1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( _s ( roses 7,no4     
#c----see  above71 #b qu>ts2 _s ( jasm9 
& rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #a  qu>t2 ess5ce ( 
,portugal1 #a fl4 oz42 ess5ces ( vanilla
 & musk1 (  ea* 7,no4 #c7 #d fl4 oz42   
fl[]s ( b5zo91 #a-a_/b dr42 mix1        
agitate1 &  add ( eau de fleurs         
d'oranges1 #a qu>t4 ,delightfully       

fragrant4    #b4 ,honey 7f9e/71 #a_/d   
lb42 ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #a_/b oz42 ess5ce
 (  lemon1 #a_/d oz42 oil ( cloves1 #ab 
drops2 musk1 #ab gr42 amb]gris1 #f gr42 
orange-fl[] & rose wat]1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 
rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42  mac]ate = #ad   
days1 ) frequ5t agitation1 & filt]4     
,obs4 ,! la/ is (t5 col\r$ ) #bj or #cj 
gr4 ( saffron1 & made  into a ratafia ) 
sug>4 ,,honey ,,wat] ,,= ,,! ,,hair is a
 diff]5t article  to ! above4 ,x is     
obta9$ by ! dry di/illation ( honey1    
mix$ )  an equal weight ( clean s&1 a   
g5tle heat only be+ employ$4 ,!  product
 is yell[i% & acidul\s1 f ! pres5ce (   
acetic acid4 ,?is  la/ is us$ to promote
 ! gr[? ( ! hair4    ,eau de            
,millefleurs4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,,de 
,,millefleurs1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4  ,f gra9 
musk1 #ab gr42 amb]gris1 #bj gr42 ess5ce
 ( lemon1 #a-a_/b oz42  oils ( cloves & 
lav5d] 7,engli%71 ( ea* #a oz42 n]oli & 
oil (  v]b5a1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ 
spirits1 #b qu>ts2 mac]ate 9 a  clos$   
vessel1 & a w>m situation = a =tnight4  

#b4 ,balsam ( ,p]u 7g5u9e7 & ess5ce (   
cloves1 ( ea* #a oz42 ess5ces  ( b]gamot
 & musk1 ( ea* #b oz42 ess5ces ( n]oli &
 ?yme1 ( ea*  #a_/d oz42 eau de fleurs  
d'oranges1 #a qu>t2 rectifi$ _s1 #i     
p9ts2 mix  well4 ,v f9e4    #c4 ,ess5ce 
( b]gamot1 #a_/d oz42 eau de lav&e &    
ess5ce ( jasm91 (  ea* #a oz42          
orange-fl[] wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 rectifi$  
_s1 #a p9t2 mix4    ,eau de ,m\ssell9e4 
,fr4 ,f eau de fleurs d'oranges & _s (  
clove-gillyfl[]1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 _s (    
roses 7,no4 #c----see above71  _s (     
jasm9 7,no4 #d71 & _s ( orange fl[]s    
7,no4 #d71 ( ea* #b  qu>ts2 ess5ces (   
vanilla & musk1 ( ea* 7,no4 #c71 #b fl4 
oz42 s&]s  wood1 #a_/b oz4 ,v f9e4      
,eau de ,naphe4 ,fr4 ,see ,,wat]s       
7,p]fum$74    ,eau sans ,p>eille4 ,fr4  
#a4 ,f ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #e dr42 ess5ce 
(  lemon1 #h dr42 ess5ce ( citron1 #d   
dr42 ,hung>y wat]1 #a p9t2 rectifi$  _s1
 #f qu>ts2 mix1 & di/il4    #b4 ,gra9   
musk1 #bj gr42 amb]gris1 #be gr42 oils (
 lav5d] & cloves1 (  ea* #a oz42 ess5ce 

( b]gamot1 #a_/b oz42 oils ( sassafras &
 origanum1  ( ea* #bj drops2 rectifi$   
_s1 #a gall42 mac]ate = #ad days4       
,eau1 ,roma94 ,fr4 ,f ess5ce ( amb]gris1
 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture (  b5zo91 #d fl4   
oz42 _s ( tub]ose1 #a_/b p9t2 _s (      
acacia fl[]s  & t9cture ( vanilla1 ( ea*
 #a p9t2 _s ( jasm91 #c p9ts2 mix4      
,eau de ,rosires4 ,fr4 ,f _s ( roses1 #a
 p9t2 spirits (  cucumb]1 angelica root1
 & cel]y se$s1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 spirits 
(  jasm9 & orange fl[]s1 ( ea* #a_/d    
p9t2 t9cture ( b5zo91 #b fl4  oz42 mix4 
,eau de ,violette4 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit   
,,de ,,violettes 7bel[74    ,esprit     
d',ambrette4 ,fr4 ,see ,,ess5ce4        
,esprit de ,b]gamotte4 ,fr4 ,f ess5ce   
7oil7 ( b]gamot 7be/71 #e  oz42 ess5ce (
 amb]gris 7pale71 #b fl4 oz42 ess5ce (  
musk1 #a_/b fl4 oz42  oil ( v]b5a1 #b   
fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall12 mix4    
,esprit de ,b\quet4 ,fr4 ,f ,mit*am oil 
( lav5d]1 #a oz42 oils (  cloves &      
b]gamot1 ( ea* #c fl4 dr42 ess5ce (     
musk1 #a fl4 dr42 otto  ( roses1 #aj    

drops2 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t4    ,esprit 
de ,fleurs4 ,fr4 ,see ,,_s ,,( ,,!      
,,fl[]s ,,( ,,italy 7bel[74    ,esprit  
de ,jasm94 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de        
,,jasm91 ,fr4    ,esprit de ,jasm9      
,odorante4 ,fr4 ,f _s ( jasm9 & rectifi$
  _s1 ( ea* #a p9t2 ess5ce ( amb]gris1  
#a fl4 dr4    ,esprit de ,jonquille4    
,fr4    ,esprit de la ,re9e4 ,fr4 ,f oil
 ( b]gamot1 #a fl4 oz42 ess5ce (        
amb]gris1 #b fl4 dr42 otto ( roses1 #a  
fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t4          
,esprit de ,rondeletia4 ,fr4 ,syn4      
,,extrait ,,de ,,rondeletia1 ,fr4 ,f    
,mit*am oil ( lav5d]1 #c oz42 oil (     
cloves1 #a-a_/d oz42 oil ( b]gamot1  #a 
oz42 ess5ces ( musk & amb]gris1 ( ea* #b
 fl4 dr42 rectifi$  _s1 #c p9ts4        
,esprit de ,rose4 ,fr4 #a4 ,f _s ( roses
 7see g5]al directions1  page #aedg71 #a
 p9t2 ess5ce ( amb]gris & oil (         
rose-g]anium1 ( ea*  #a_/b fl4 dr4      
#b4 ,f otto ( roses1 #b dr42 n]oli1     
#a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42       
dissolve1 add ( *loride ( calcium 7well 

dri$ & 9 p[d]71 #a-a_/b  lb42 agitate   
well1 & di/il #g p9ts4 ,v f9e4          
,esprit de ,suave4 ,fr4 ,f ! ess5ces (  
cloves & b]gamot1 ( ea*  #a-a_/b fl4    
dr42 n]oli1 #a fl4 dr42 ess5ce ( musk1  
#a fl4 oz42 _s (  tub]ose & rectifi$ _s1
 ( ea* #a p9t2 spirits ( jasm9 &        
cassia1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 dissolve1 !n add 
( eau de rose1 #a p9t1 &  mix well4     
,esprit de ,ta94 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,(    
,,lemon ,,?yme2 ,,spiritus ,,?ymi1 ,l4  
,f tops ( lemon ?yme1 #b lbs42 pro( _s1 
#a gall42 di/il #g p9ts4    ,esprit de  
,violettes4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,(         
,,violets1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,v41 ,e4  ,,(   
,,orris4 ,f ,flor5t9e orris root1 r$uc$ 
to co>se p[d]1 #a_/d lb42  rectifi$ _s1 
#a p9t2 by simple mac]ation = a =tnight4
 ,a /rong]  & f9] article 7,,ess5ce ,,( 
,,violets7 is prep>$ f orris root1 #e   
lbs41 to rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 by      
p]colation4    ,extrait de ,b\quet4 ,fr4
 ,extract ( nosegay4    ,extrait de     
,m>*ale4 ,fr4 ,see ,,eau ,,de ,,m>,,*ale
 7above74    ,extrait de ,millefleurs4  

,fr4 ,see ,,eau ,,de ,,millefleurs      
7above74    ,extrait de ,rondeletia4    
,fr4 ,see ,,esprit 7above74    ,odeur1  
,dlectable4 ,fr4 ,f oils ( lav5d]1      
b]gamot1 rose-g]anium1  & cloves1 ( ea* 
#a fl4 dr42 eaux de rose & fleurs       
d'orange1 ( ea*  #a_/d p9t2 rectifi$ _s1
 #a-a_/b p9t4    ,odeur ,suave4 ,fr4    
,see ,,esprit 7above74    ,_s ( ,cy!rea4
 ,f ! spirits ( violets1 tub]ose1       
clove-gillyfl[]1 jasm9 7,no4 #b----see  
above71 roses 7,no4 #b71 &  ,portugal1 (
 ea* #a p9t2 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a qu>t2 
mix4    ,_s ( ! ,fl[]s ( ,italy4 ,syn4  
,,esprit ,,de ,,fleurs1 ,fr4 ,f !       
spirits ( roses 7,no4 #a----see above71 
jasm9 7,no4 #b71 oranges 7,no4 #c71  &  
cassia 7,no4 #b71 ( ea* #d p9ts2        
orange-fl[] wat]1 #c p9ts2 mix4         
,victoria ,p]fume4 ,see ,,esprit ,,de   
,,la ,,re9e 7above74    ,,spit,,t+ ,,(  
,,blood4 ,see ,h,,moptysis4    ,,spl9t4 
,?is is ! common "n giv5 to an enl>gem5t
 ( ! bone 9  horses2 :i* g5]ally occurs 
bel[ ! knee1 betwe5 ! l>ge & small      

spl9t bones1 usually on ! inside ( !    
limb4 ,x mo/ly results f  fa/ driv+ or  
rid+1 or f ! animal hav+ be5 mu* work$  
:ile  "y1 or made to unduly trav]se h>d 
or pav$ roads4 ,! spl9t is a  frequ5t   
cause ( lam5ess if x develops j "u !    
knee1 s9ce x  int]f]es ) & circumscribes
 ! free movem5t ( ! jo9t4 ,x is  v      
ess5tial to h rec\rse to prompt measures
 directly ?is affection  %[s itself4    
,! treatm5t usually prescrib$ is !      
con/ant application to ! "p  ( cold     
wat]1 if ! spl9t he accompani$ by mu*   
t5d]ness or  inflammation4 ,?is may be  
accompli%$ by b&ages soak$ 9 cold wat]1 
tak+ c>e to r5ew ! cold wat] z soon z x 
becomes w>m4 ,mr ,f9lay  ,dun advises ! 
horse1 :]e practicable1 to /& = an h\r  
sev]al  times a day up to ! knees 9 a   
/ream or pool ( wat]4 ,9 addition he    
prescribes re/ = t5 days or a =tnight1 &
 :5 ! heat &  t5d]ness h be5 subdu$ !   
application ( a bli/]1 or ( b9iodide  ( 
m]cury o9tm5t1 or ! hot iron4           
,,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,spongia1 ,s4          

,,(fic9alis1 ,l4 ,sponge is a cellul>   
fibr\s  /ructure1 produc$ by m>9e       
animals ( ! humble/ type1 belong+ to  ! 
subk+dom ,protozoa4 ,! f9e/ quality is  
import$ f ,smyrna1 &  is kn[n z ,,turkey
 ,,sponge2 ano!r1 call$ ,,we/ ,,indian  
or ,,bahama ,,sponge1  is mu* less      
e/eem$1 be+ co>se1 d>k col\r$1 & v      
rott54    ,sponge1 z collect$1 & also z 
g5]ally import$1 conta9s _m  impurities1
 m especially s&1 mo/ ( :i* may be      
remov$ by beat+  x1 & by wa%+ x 9 wat]4 
,amus+ disputes (t5 arise betwe5 !      
small] import]s & ! :olesale pur*as]s on
 ?is subject----!  privilege ( beat+ x  
be=e weigh+ x1 ! numb] ( m9utes s       
employ$1 & ev5 ! size ( ! /ick1 be+ (t5 
made important  matt]s 9 ! #8haggl+4'   
#a4 ,,blea*$ ,,sponge 7,,:ite ,,sponge2 
,,spongia ,,dealbata7 is prep>$ by soak+
  ord9>y sponge 9 v dilute hydro*loric  
acid1 to remove calc>e\s  matt]1 !n 9   
cold wat]1 *ang+ x frequ5tly1 & squeez+ 
!  sponge out ea* "t1 & next1 9 wat]    
hold+ a little sulphuric or  sulphur\s  

acid1 or1 /ill bett]1 a v little *lor9e1
 9 solution2  ! sponge is1 la/ly1       
repeat$ly wa%$ & soak$ 9 clean wat]     
sc5t$  ) rose or orange-fl[] wat]1 &    
dri$4    #b4 ,! sponges are fir/ soak$ 9
 hydro*loric acid to remove ! lime1  !y 
are !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds plac$ =  
t5 m9utes 9 a  #b p] c5t4 solution (    
p]manganate ( potassium4 ,:5 tak5 out !y
  h a br[n appe>ance2 ?is is ow+ to !   
deposition ( mangan\s  oxide1 & may be  
remov$ by /eep+ ! sponge = ab\t two     
m9utes 9  a #b p] c5t4 solution ( oxalic
 acid1 to :i* a little sulphuric acid   
has be5 add$4 ,z soon z ! sponges appe> 
:ite !y are well wa%$  out 9 wat] to    
remove ! acid4 ,/rongly dilut$ sulphuric
 acid may be  us$ in/ead ( oxalic acid4 
#c4 ,sponges c be blea*$ by fir/ soak+  
!m 9 hydro*loric acid1  dilut$ ) #a-a_/b
 p>ts ( wat]1 until no m c>bonic acid is
 giv5  (f2 !n wa% 9 pure wat]1 &        
aft]w>ds leave 9 a ba? compos$ ( #b     
lbs4 ( hyposulphite ( soda1 #ab lbs4 (  
wat]1 & #b lbs4 ( hydro*loric  acid4 ,if

 ! sponge be aft]w>ds dipp$ 9 glyc]9 &  
well press$1 to  remove excess ( liquid1
 x rema9s ela/ic1 & c be us$ =          
mattresses1 cu%ions1 & g5]al uphol/]y4  
,sponge mattresses prep>$  9 ?is way are
 n[ f9d+ great fav\r4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n 
necess>y  to blea* ! sponge :]e x is    
int5d$ to be us$ = su*  purposes4#aij   
,footnote #aij3 #8,ph>maci/4'    ,,burnt
 ,,sponge 7,,spongia ,,u/a----,ph4 ,d47 
is prep>$ by heat+ ! cutt+s  &          
unsaleable pieces 9 a clos$ iron        
crucible until !y become black  &       
friable1 avoid+ too mu* heat1 & all[+ ! 
:ole to cool be=e  expos+ x to ! air4 ,x
 0 =m]ly 9 great repute 9 bron*ocele &  
scr(ul\s compla9ts4----,dose1 #a to #c  
dr41 9 wat]1 or made into an  electu>y  
or loz5ges4 ,:5 good burnt sponge       
evolves violet fumes (  iod9e on be+    
heat$ 9 a flask along ) sulphuric acid4 
,,compress$ or ,,wax$ ,,sponge          
7,,spongia ,,c]ata1 ,s4 ,,compressa7 is 
sponge :i*  has be5 dipp$ into melt$ wax
 & !n compress$ betwe5 two iron  plates 

until cold4 ,:5 cut into pieces x =ms   
#8,,sponge ,,t5ts1' :i* are  us$ by     
surgeons to dilate w\nds4    ,sponge1   
,to ,clean a4 ,!re is no?+ m pleasant = 
wa%+ ! sk9  ?an a fre% good sponge1 or !
 rev]se :5 n kept ?or\ghly clean4  ,)\t 
! greate/ c>e1 a sponge is apt to get   
slimy long be=e x is  worn out4 ,x may  
be made almo/ z good z1 9 fact (t5 bett]
 ?an1  new1 by ! foll[+                 
process3----,take ab\t #b or #c oz4 (   
c>bonate (  soda1 or ( pota%2 dissolve 9
 #b-a_/b p9ts ( wat]2 soak ! sponge 9  x
 = #bd h\rs1 !n wa% & r9se x 9 pure     
wat]4 ,!n put x =  "s h\rs 9 a mixture1 
#a glassful ( muriatic acid to #c p9ts (
 wat]2  f9ally1 r9se 9 cold wat]1 & dry 
?or\ghly4 ,a sponge %\ld always  be     
dri$1 if possible1 9 ! sun e "t x has   
be5 us$4    ,,sponges ,employ$ 9 ,wa%+  
,w\nds1 ,purification (4 ,m4 ,l]i*e     
advises  ! sponge to be fir/ saturat$ ) 
a solution ( #d p>ts (  p]manganate (   
potassium 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 !n pass$  
?r\gh a  solution ( sulphur\s acid1 &   

f9ally wa%$ ?or\ghly ) wat]4 ,!  sponges
 are said to become p]fectly dis9fect$ &
 deodoris$1 :il/  ! tissue is n affect$ 
by ! treatm5t4    ,,sporokton4 ,see     
,,sulphur\s ,,anhydride4    ,,spots &   
,,/a9s4 #a4 ,,oil & ,,grease ,,spots on 
bo>ds1 m>ble1 c41 :5  rec5t1 may be     
remov$ by cov]+ !m ) a pa/e made (      
full]s  e>? & hot wat]1 & ! next day1 :5
 ! mixture has become  p]fectly dry1    
sc\r+ x (f ) hot soap-&-wat]4 ,= old    
spots1 a  mixture ( full]s e>? & s(t    
soap1 or a pa/e made ( fre%-slak$  lime 
& pe>la%1 w be bett]2 obs]v+ n to t\* ! 
la/ )  ! f+]s4    #b4 ,,rec5t ,,spots ( 
,,oil1 ,,grease1 or ,,wax1 on wooll5    
clo? or silk1 may be  remov$ ) a little 
clean oil ( turp5t9e or b5zol2 or ) a   
little  full]s e>? or scrap$ ,fr5* *alk1
 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 &  all[$ to   
dry on !m4 ,!y may also be g5]ally      
remov$ by means ( a  r hot flat-iron &  
blott+-pap] or spongy br[n pap]1 m      
especially if ! clo?1 or "o ( ! pieces (
 pap]1 be fir/ slightly  damp$4 ,,old   

,,oil & ,,grease ,,spots require to be  
treat$ ) ox-gall or  yolk ( egg1 made   
into a pa/e ) full]s e>? or soap4 ,,pa9t
 ,,spots1  :5 rec5t1 g5]ally yield to ! 
la/ treatm5t4 ,old ones1 h[ev]1 are  m  
ob/9ate1 & require "s full]s e>? & s(t  
soap made into a  pa/e ) ei!r ox-gall or
 _s ( turp5t9e4    ,! #8,am]ican ,*emi/'
 gives ! foll[+ me?od = extract+        
grease-spots f books or pap]3----,g5tly 
w>m ! greas$ or spott$ "p  ( ! book or  
pap]1 & !n press ^u x pieces ( blott+   
pap] "o  aft] ano!r1 s z to absorb z mu*
 ( ! grease z possible4 ,h  ready "s    
f9e1 cle>1 ess5tial oil ( turp5t9e heat$
 almo/ to a  boil+ /ate2#aia w>m !      
greas$ leaf a little1 & !n ) a s(t1     
clean bru%1 wet ) ! heat$ turp5t9e bo?  
sides ( ! spott$  "p4 ,by repeat+ ?is   
application ! grease w be extract$4     
,la/ly1  ) ano!r bru% dipp$ 9 rectifi$  
spirits ( w9e g ov] ! place1  & ! grease
 w no long] appe>1 nei!r w ! pap] be    
discol\r$4    ,footnote #aia3 ,?is      
op]ation ought to be v c>efully         

accompli%$1 z  ! turp5t9e is a highly   
inflammable body4    ,,fruit & ,,w9e    
,,/a9s1 on l951 commonly yield easily to
 hot  soap-&-wat]4 ,if n1 !y mu/ be     
treat$ z ^? bel[4    ,,ink ,,spots &    
,,rec5t ,,iron ,,m\lds on wa%able       
fabrics may be remov$ by  dropp+ on ! "p
 a little melt$ tall[ f a common c&le1  
be=e  wa%+ ! articles2 or1 by !         
application ( a little lemon juice1 or  
( a little p[d]$ cream ( t>t> made into 
a pa/e ) hot wat]4 ,old  ink spots &    
iron m\lds w be f\nd to yield almo/     
imm$iately to a  v little p[d]$ oxalic  
acid1 :i* mu/ be well rubb$ ^u ! spot   
previ\sly moi/5$ ) boil+ wat]1 & kept   
hot ov] a bas9 fill$  ) ! same4         
,boettg] recomm5ds ! use ( pyrophosphate
 ( soda = ! removal (  ink /a9s f col\r$
 wov5 tissues1 to be appli$ 9 ! =m ( a  
conc5trat$ solution4 ,! rec5t ink /a9s  
are readily remov$1 b  old] /a9s require
 wa%+ & rubb+ ) ! solution = a long  "t4
    ,,/a9s aris+ f ,,alkalies &         
,,alkal9e ,,liquors1 :5 ! col\rs are  n 

de/roy$1 give way be=e ! application ( a
 little lemon juice2  :il/ ^? aris+ f ! 
weak] acids & acidul\s liquids yield to 
! fumes ( ammonia1 or ! application ( a 
little _s ( h>t%orn  or sal volatile4   
,,/a9s ,,( ,,m>k+ ,,ink may be remov$ by
 soak+ ! "p 9 a solution (  *loride (   
lime1 & aft]w>ds r9s+ x 9 a little      
solution (  ammonia or ( hyposulphate ( 
soda2 or !y may be rubb$ ) !  t9cture ( 
iod9e1 & !n r9s$ z be=e4    ,,nitric    
,,acid ,,/a9s1 ,,to ,,remove4 ,! yell[  
/a9 left by nitric acid c be  remov$    
ei!r f ! sk9 or f br[n or black wooll5  
g>m5ts by  moi/5+ ! spots = a:ile )     
p]manganate ( pota%1 & r9s+  ) wat]4 ,a 
br[ni% /a9 ( manganese rema9s1 :i* may  
be remov$  f ! sk9 by wa%+ ) aque\s     
solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,if !  spots 
are old !y _c be entirely remov$4 ,see  
,,balls1 ,,clo!s1 ,,h&s1  ,,sc\r+1      
,,/a9s1 c4    ,,spra94 ,syn4            
,,subluxatio1 ,l4 ,an injury ( a jo9t1 9
 :i* x has be5  /ra9$ or twi/$ 9 an     
unnatural mann]1 )\t actual dislocation4

  ,pa91 swell+1 & inflammation1 are !   
common consequ5ces1 :i* mu/  be combat$ 
by purgatives1 repose1 & a l[ diet1 )   
refrig]ant  lotions1 or w>m fom5tations1
 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 extreme    
cases1 blood %\ld be tak54 ,:]e !re is  
simple /iffness &  weakness1 ex]cise is 
(t5 s]viceable4    ,treatm5t = ! ,horse 
& o!r ,animals4 ,fom5t4 ,apply lead     
lotion &  refrig]ants4    ,,if ,,=      
,,curb use c\nt]-irritants1 or r$ iodide
 ( m]cury o9tm5t1 or  ! fir+ iron2 & if 
= a horse a high-heel$ %oe4    ,,sprat4 
,! ,clupea ,sprattus 7,l9n471 a small   
fi% ( ! h]r+  family1 ab\nd+ on our     
coa/s4 ,gutt$1 col\r$1 & pickl$1 x is   
sold  = an*ovies1 or z ,briti% an*ovies1
 & mu* us$ to make ! sauce (  t "n4     
,sprats conta9 ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( fat4   
,,spr5gel',s ,,pump4 ,see ,,air ,,pump4 
,,spr9kles4 ,see ,,bookb9d+4            
,,spruce4 ,see ,,be]1 ,,ess5ce1 &       
,,p[d]s4    ,,spunk4 ,see ,,amad\4      
,,squill4 ,syn4 ,,scilla 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,! bulb (  8,urg9ea

 ,scilla10 slic$ & dri$4 ,9 small doses1
 squill acts z a  /imulat+ expectorant &
 diuretic2 9 l>g] ones1 z an emetic &   
purgative4 ,) ! fir/ int5tion x is      
g5]ally giv5 9 sub/ance  7p[d]71 9 doses
 ( #a to #c or #d gr42 ) ! latt]1 ei!r  
made into  v9eg> or oxymel 7:i* see74 ,x
 is an excell5t rem$y 9 c\ghs1  c41 aft]
 ! inflammatory symptoms h subsid$4     
,,/agg]s4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( !     
disease kn[n "u ?is "n  by :i* horses   
are affect$1 viz4 /oma* /agg]s1 & grass 
or sleepy  /agg]s4 ,! fir/1 :i*         
occasionally kills ! horse 9 twelve or  
fifte5 h\rs aft] ! attack1 is g5]ally   
induc$ by an ov]lad5  /oma* & improp]   
food4 ,! animal has p]haps p>tak5 l>gely
 &  rapidly1 & aft] too long a fa/1 ( "s
 diet to :i* x is  unaccu/om$1 su* z    
vet*es1 clov]1 or grass4 ,^! und]go     
decomposition )9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 &  
give rise to su* an  evolution ( gas1 z 
ei!r to set up inflammation ( ! /oma* & 
inte/9es1 or to lead to _! rupture1 9   
:i* latt] case ! result  is1 ( c\rse1   

fatal4 ,! symptoms are a quick & feeble 
pulse1 attempts  at vomit+1 a /agg]+    
gait1 :il/ v frequ5tly ! animal sits on 
its haun*es l a dog4 ,sleepy /agg]s1 :i*
 is a m *ronic  manife/ation ( !        
disease1 is mo/ common dur+ ! summ] &   
autumn  mon?s1 & g5]ally occurs among/  
horses f$ on t\gh & indige/ible  food1  
su* z vet*es or rye grass1 f :i*        
circum/ances ! compla9t  has be5 call$  
#8grass /agg]s4' ,bo? k9ds ( ! disease  
require !  same treatm5t4    ,mr ,f9lay 
,dun prescribes a brisk purge1 consi/+ (
 #f dr4 ( aloes 9  solution1 ) a dr4 (  
calomel & #b oz4 ( oil ( turp5t9e2 also 
!  injection e h\r ( cly/]s1 consi/+ (  
salt1 soap1 or tobacco  smoke1 ! abdom5 
be+ at ! same "t dilig5tly rubb$ &      
fom5t$  ) wat] ne>ly boil+4 ,to w>d (f  
/upor he recomm5ds ! frequ5t            
adm9i/ration ( #b or #c dr4 ( c>bonate (
 ammonia1 ) an ounce or two  ( _s (     
nitr\s e!r1 or ( /rong :iskey toddy1    
comb9$ )  pl5ty ( g+]4 ,to gu>d aga9/ a 
return ( ! attack light & easily        

dige/ible food %\ld be adm9i/]$ e f\r or
 five h\rs1 &  occasional mild          
purgatives %\ld be giv54    ,horses are 
also subject to ano!r =m ( /agg]s call$ 
#8mad /agg]s4'  ,?is disease orig9ates1 
h[ev]1 9 causes :olly dissimil> f ^?  j 
/at$1 be+ ! result ( phr5itis or        
inflammation ( ! bra94  ,! animal is    
frequ5tly v furi\s & excit$1 & seems    
:olly unable  to control itself1 ?r[+   
itself madly ab\t1 & attempt+ to run d[n
  anybody t comes 9 its way2 x is also  
frequ5tly unable to keep on its  legs1 &
 :5 x falls1 plunges1 & /ruggles        
viol5tly4    ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ is   
prompt & copi\s bloodlett+1 comb9$  )   
active purges & enemas1 ) refrig]ant    
lotions to ! head4    ,,/a9$ ,,glass4 ,!
 art ( pa9t+ or /a9+ glass resembles    
enamel  pa9t+1 9 ! effect be+ produc$ by
 flux+ c]ta9 metallic  sub/ances1 z     
oxides or *lorides1 on its surface1 by  
means ( heat  appli$ 9 a suitable       
furnace4 ,! op]ations x embraces are    
difficult1  & require great promptitude 

& exp]i5ce to prove successful4 ,!      
col\rs or comp\nds employ$ are1 = ! mo/ 
"p1 simil> to ^?  notic$ "u ,,enamel &  
,,pa/e4    ,,/a9s4 ,discolorations f    
=eign matt]s4 ,liquid dyes are also     
frequ5tly t]m$ #8/a9s4' ,see ,,spots1   
c41 & bel[4    ,/a9s1 ,blood4 ,spots (  
dri$ blood on wood1 l951 c41 h[ev] old1 
are easily recognis$ by ! microscope2 b 
simple /a9s or m>ks (  blood ( a slight 
"*1 especially ^? occurr+ on iron or    
/eel1  are recognis$ ) great]           
difficulty4 ,to obviate ?is1 ,h4        
,zollik(]  adopts ! foll[+ plan3----,!  
spot is remov$1 by scrap+1 f !  surface 
( ! metal1 & ! result+ p[d] is dige/$ 9 
tepid wat]1  :5 a liquid is obta9$ :i*  
exhibits ! foll[+ reactions3    #a4 ,!  
liquid is neutralis$ ) acid1 & heat$ to 
ebullition1 :5  opalisation occurs1 or a
 dirty r$ coagulum =ms4    #b4 ,!       
coagulum is dissolv$ 9 hot liquor (     
potassa2 ! solution1 if  blood 7hmat97  
be pres5t1 is dia*romatic1 or appe>s    
gre5 by  transmitt$ light & r$ by       

reflect$ light4    #c4 ,by ! addition ( 
conc5trat$ *lor9e wat]1 9 excess1 to    
ei!r  solution1 :ite flocks ( album5 &  
*lorhmat9 sep>ate1 :i* are  free f iron1
 z te/$ by sulphocyanide ( potassium4   
,obs4 ,! la/ two reactions are said to  
be *>act]i/ic4 ,v old  spots mu/ be     
boil$ 9 wat] conta9+ a little liquor (  
potassa4 ,see  ,dr ,taylor's #8,m$ical  
,jurisprud5ce1' & ,,blood4    ,/a9s1    
,bookb9d]'s4 ,see ,,lea!r1 ,,m>bl+1 c4  
,/a9s1 ,confection]'s4 ,^! are simil> to
 ^? notic$ "u  ,,liqueur4 ,m9]al col\rs1
 especially m9]al blues1 gre5s1 &       
yell[s1  mu/ on no acc\nt be us$1 z !y  
are ne>ly all dang]\s poisons2 nor  is  
!re any inducem5t to use !m1 s9ce !     
vegetable sub/ances  ref]r$ to af=d1 by 
prop] managem5t1 e %ade t c be possibly 
requir$4 ,^! /a9s are also us$ = cakes &
 pa/ry4    ,/a9s1 ,liqueur4 ,see        
,,liqueur4    ,/a9s1 ,map4 ,see ,,maps1 
,,velvet ,,col\rs1 c4    ,,/am,,m]+4    
,syn4 ,,bl,,sitas1 ,l4 ,occasionally ?is
 dep5ds on "s  organic affection1 or    

slight mal=mation ( ! p>ts ( ! m\? or   
?roat imm$iately connect$ ) ! utt]ance (
 vocal s\nds2 b1 mu*  m frequ5tly1 x is 
a habit result+ f c>elessness1 or       
acquir$  f example or imitation4 ,:5 !  
latt] is ! case1 x may be  g5]ally      
remov$ by p]sev]+ly adopt+ ! plan ( nev]
 speak+  )\t hav+ ! *e/ mod]ately fill$ 
) air1 & !n only sl[ly  & delib]ately4  
,ha/y & rapid speak+ mu/ n be attempt$  
until  ! habit ( /amm]+ is completely   
subdu$4 ,n]v\s excitem5t &  confusion   
mu/ be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 & !     
g5]al heal?  att5d$ to1 z circum/ances  
may direct4 ,?is v>iety ( /amm]+ is     
commonly di/+ui%$ by ! p]son be+ able to
 s+ )\t  hesitation4 ,/amm]+ dep5d+ on  
elongation ( ! uvula1 & o!r  l causes1  
may be g5]ally remov$ by a simple       
surgical op]ation4    ,,/an,,nic ,,acid4
 ,p]oxide ( t94    ,,/>*4               
,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,amylace\s       
,,fecula2 ,,amylum1 ,l4 ,"o (  ! mo/    
important & widely diffus$ ( ! proximate
 pr9ciples (  vegetables be+ f\nd1 9    

great] or less quantity1 9 e plant4 ,!  
mealy & f>9ace\s se$s1 fruits1 roots1 & 
! /em-pi? ( c]ta9  trees1 consi/ *iefly 
( />* 9 a ne>ly pure /ate4 ,:eat conta9s
  ab\t #ge & potatoes ab\t #ae ( ?is    
sub/ance4 ,f ^! s\rces !  fecula is     
obta9$ by rasp+ or gr9d+ to pulp !      
vegetable /ructure1  & wa%+ ! mass ^u a 
sieve1 by :i* ! torn cellul> tissue is  
reta9$1 :il/ ! />* passes ?r\gh ) !     
liquid1 & ev5tually  settles d[n f !    
latt] z a s(t1 :ite1 insoluble p[d]1    
:i*1  aft] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) cold     
wat]1 is dri$ 9 ! air1 or  ) a v g5tle  
heat4    ,,:eat ,,/>* 7,,amylum1 ,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d47 is commonly   
prep>$ by  /eep+ ! fl\r 9 wat] = a week1
 or a =tnight1 dur+ :i* "t  ! sac*>9e   
portion f]m5ts & ! />* granules become  
fre$1 =  ! mo/ "p1 f ! glut9\s matt] :i*
 envelops !m1 by !  dis9tegrat+ & solv5t
 action ( ! lactic acid g5]at$ by !     
f]m5tation4 ,! s\r liquor is !n drawn   
(f1 & ! fecul\s residue  wa%$ on a      
sieve2 :at passes ?r\gh is all[$ to     

settle1 :5 !  liquid is aga9 drawn (f1 &
 ! />* ?or\ghly wa%$ f !  slimy matt]2 x
 is !n dra9$ 9 p]=at$ boxes1 cut up into
 squ>e  lumps1 plac$ on por\s bricks to 
absorb ! moi/ure1 &1 la/ly1 air-  or    
/ove-dri$4    ,9 ! prep>ation ( />* f   
potatoes 7potato />*7 & o!r l  vegetable
 sub/ances1 ! roots or tub]s1 aft] be+  
wa%$ & peel$1  ei!r by h&-lab\r or by   
ma*9]y1 are rasp$ by a revolv+ grat]1  &
 ! pulp wa%$ on hair sieves until fre$ f
 fecul\s matt]4  ,successive portions ( 
! pulp are ?us treat$ until ! vessel ov]
  :i* ! sieves are plac$1 or into :i* ! 
wa%+s run1 is  suffici5tly full4 ,! />* 
held 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat] hav+  subsid$ 
to ! bottom1 ! wat] is drawn (f1 & ! />*
 /irr$ up  ) fre% wat]1 & aga9 all[$ to 
subside4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$       
sev]al times1 ) fre% wat]1 until ! />*  
is r5d]$ suffici5tly  pure = comm]cial  
purposes1 :5 x is wa%$ & dri$ z be=e4 ,!
  wa/e fibres & ! wa%+ wat]s are us$ z  
manure4    ,! />* manufactory at        
,hoh5ziatz treat$ #abaf tons ( potatoes 

=  />* betwe5 ! #d? ,octob]1 #ahgd1 & ! 
#f? ,febru>y1 #ahge4 ,!  wa/e wat] aft] 
pass+ ?r\gh precipitat+ vats1 c41 = !   
purpose  ( collect+ all ! p>ticles (    
/>*1 0 conduct$ into a res]voir  & mix$ 
) spr+ wat]4 ,?is wat] 0 conduct$ ov] a 
mead[ (  #ahe acres1 & !n pass$ to a    
mead[ ( #die acres1 & f ?is to  ! ?ird &
 la/1 :i* conta9$ #fai acres4 ,! #bifd  
acres receiv$  ! wat] f #ajfd tons (    
potatoes1 or = ea* acre #dch cwt4 (     
pota%1 #abf cwt4 ( phosphoric acid &    
#abg ( nitrog54    ,! foll[+ table %[s  
analysis 7#a7 ( potato wat]2 7#b7 ( !   
same  dilut$2 7#c7 ( wat] f ! fir/      
mead[2 7#d7 wat] f ! second  mead[2 #a  
litre conta9$----                       
#a4       #b4       #c4       #d4       
mg4      mg4      mg4      mg4          
,:ole solid matt]  #ahegh    #cbch      
#cbbh    #bfbj    ,organic matt]        
#aacdb    #ajah     #chj     #ghh       
,inorganic matt]     #gbch    #bbbj     
#cdhh    #ahcb    ,pota%                
#babe     #eej     #dab      #hb        

,phosphoric acid       #eff      #ee    
trace    trace    ,nitrog5              
#adjg     #abj      #dj      #ia        
,ammonia               #cgd        #j   
#j        #j    ,nitric acid            
#ch    trace    trace    trace    ,!    
disappe>ance ( ammonia & phosphoric acid
 9 #b is acc\nt$ = by  ! precipitation (
 phosphate ( magnesium & ammonium on !  
addition  ( ! spr+ wat]4    ,! h>ve/ 9  
hay be=e ! use ( potato wat] 0 #aiac    
cwt4 p] acre1  & aft]w>ds #cahh cwt4 ,! 
composition ( ! hay is bett] ?an  be=e1 
z w be se5 by ! foll[+ comp>ative       
table3----                              
#a      #b      ,moi/ure                
#aejj  #aejj    ,woody matt]            
#bbff  #bbhh    ,m9]al matt]        #gfd
   #hfi    ,sol4 9 e!r         #bjj     
#bcj    ,album5              #ajhi      
#aehe    ,extractable matt]       n     
conta9+    #daha  #cecd      nitrog5    
------------ ------------               
#ajjjj #ajjjjaib    ,footnote #aib3     
#8,d+l4 ,polyt4 ,j\r41' ccxxv1 #cid-cif 

7#8,j\rn4 ,*em4  ,soc1'74    ,9 !       
manufacture ( />* f rice & ,indian corn 
7rice />*1 maize  />*71 a v dilute      
solution ( cau/ic soda1 conta9+ ab\t    
#bjj gr4  ( alkali to ea* gallon (      
liquid1 is employ$ to facilitate !      
dis9tegration & sep>ation ( ! glut5 &   
o!r nitrog5is$  matt]s4 ,a weak solution
 ( ammonia1 or sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1
 is  also simil>ly employ$ ) advantage4 
,! glut5 may be recov]$ by  saturat+ !  
alkali ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,su* />*
 does n  require boil+1 & is less apt   
?an :eat />* to attract moi/ure  f !    
atmosph]e4 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ #8:eat5 />*'
 ( comm]ce  us$ by laundresses is n[    
prep>$ f rice4    ,to :it5 ! />*es made 
f damag$ roots & gra9s1 & ! co>s]       
portions ( ^? f s\nd ones1 a little     
solution ( *loride ( lime  is           
occasionally add$ to ! wat]1 foll[$ by  
ano!r wat] conta9+ a  v little dilute   
sulphuric acid2 e trace ( ! la/ be+     
aft]w>ds remov$ by ! copi\s use ( pure  
s(t or spr+ wat]4    ,! blui%-:ite />*  

us$ by laundresses is col\r$ ) a mixture
 (  smalts & alum 9 wat]1 & is reg>d$ z 
unfit = m$ic9al purposes4    ,prop41 c4 
,/>* is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & 9      
alcohol & mo/  o!r liquids1 b x readily 
=ms a gelat9\s comp\nd 7amid97 )  wat]  
at ab\t #age ,fahr42 alcohol & mo/ ( !  
a/r+5t salts  precipitate x f its       
solutions2 infusion ( galls ?r[s d[n a  
copi\s  yell[i% precipitate1 conta9+    
tannic acid1 :i* is r$issolv$ by  heat+ 
! liquid2 heat & dilute acids conv]t x  
into dextr9 &  grape sug>2 /rong alkal9e
 lyes dissolve x1 & ultimately decompose
  x4 ,sp4 gr4 #aec4    ,to ! nak$ eye x 
pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a s(t1 :ite1 & (t5
  gli/5+ p[d]2 "u ! microscope x is se5 
to be altoge!r  de/itute ( cry/all9e    
/ructure1 b to possess1 on ! contr>y1 a 
k9d ( organisation1 be+ made (          
multitudes ( little r\nd$  transp>5t    
bodies1 ^u ea* ( :i* a s]ies ( depress$ 
p>allel  r+s1 surr\nd+ a c5tral spot or 
hilum1 may be trac$4 ,! />*  granules f 
diff]5t plants v>y bo? 9 magnitude & =m4

 ,^? (  potato />* & canna />* 7t\s les 
mois7 are ! l>ge/1 & ^?  ( rice & millet
 />* ! smalle/1 ! dim5sions rang+ f     
#a_/bjj  to ! #a_/ajjjj ( an in*4 ,!    
granules ( arr[-root & t\s les mois  are
 ovoid1 ^? ( potato />* bo? oblong &    
circul> ^? (  tapioca mull]-%ap$1 & ^? (
 :eat />* circul>4    ,id5tif4 ,"o ( !  
commone/ frauds practis$ ^u ! pr(ession 
&  ! public is ! admixture ( ! *eap]    
k9ds ( />*1 *iefly potato  f>9a1 )      
arr[-root1 & v5d+ manufactur$ = g5u9e   
tapioca1  sago1 & o!r articles ( diet1  
us$ = invalids & *ildr54 ,^!            
sophi/ications are mo/ easily detect$ ) 
a good microscope4#aic    ,footnote     
#aic3 ,draw+s ( ! pr9cipal />*es w be   
f\nd "u !  sub/ances f :i* !y are       
obta9$1 z 8arr[-root10 c4    ,/>*1      
,iodide (4 ,syn4 ,,amyli ,,iodidum1     
,,amyli ,,iodatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4     
,ca/r4 ,ru!na47 ,iod9e1 #bd gr42        
rectifi$ _s1 a few drops2 rub !m  to a  
p[d]2 !n add ( />*1 #a oz41 & aga9      
triturate1 until !  mass assumes a uni=m

 col\r4 ,recomm5d$ by ,dr ,a4 ,bu*anan1 
( ,glasg[1  z produc+ ! alt]ative       
effects ( iod9e1 )\t ! usual irritant   
action ( t m$ic9e4----,dose4 ,a         
teaspoonful1 or m1 9 wat]-gruel1  or any
 bl& liquid1 twice or ?rice a day4      
,/>*1 ,soluble ,iodide (4 7,petit47     
,prep4 ,iod9e1 #ab grammes2 />*1  #ajj  
grammes2 e!r1 q4 s4 ,dissolve ! iod9e 9 
! e!r1 p\r !  result+ solution ov] !    
/>*1 & triturate until ! e!r has        
suffici5tly evaporat$4 ,put ! product 9 
a porcela9 capsule & expose  x to ! heat
 ( a boil+ wat] ba? = half an h\r1 )    
occasional  /irr+4 ,?is treatm5t is     
suffici5t to r5d] x entirely soluble 9  
hot wat]4    ,dr ,bell9i /rongly        
recomm5ds iodide ( />* z a valuable     
antidote 9  cases ( poison+ by cau/ic   
alkalies1 alkal9e1 or e>?y sulphides1 & 
vegetable alkaloids4 ,! advantages      
att5d+ its employm5t1 he says1  are3 t x
 may be adm9i/]$ 9 l>ge doses2 t x does 
n possess  ! irritat+ prop]ties ( free  
iod9e2 & t x readily =ms  h>mless       

comp\nds ) ! sub/ances nam$4 ,to avoid !
 subsequ5t  decomposition ( ! latt]1 he 
advises its adm9i/ration to be foll[$   
by an emetic4 ,z an antidote to alkal9e 
& e>?y sulphides1 ! au?or  ?9ks x       
pref]able to all o!rs4 ,9 cases (       
poison+ by ammonia1  cau/ic pota%1 or   
soda1 x is applicable :5 acid dr9ks are 
n on  h&4    ,,/>*+ 7,cle>74 ,musl9s1   
c41 are #8cle>-/>*$' or #8got-up' by    
laundresses 9 ! foll[+ mann]3----,r9se !
 articles 9 ?ree wat]s1  dry !m1 & dip  
!m into ?ick-made />*1 :i* has be5      
previ\sly  /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( musl92 
squeeze !m1 %ake !m g5tly1 &  aga9 hang 
!m up to dry2 :5 !y are dry1 dip !m     
twice or ?rice  into cle> wat]1 squeeze 
!m1 spread !m on a l95 clo?1 roll !m up 
9 x1 & let !m lie an h\r be=e iron+ !m4 
,"s p]sons put a  morsel ( sug> into !  
/>*1 to prev5t its /ick+ :il/ iron+1  & 
o!rs /ir ! />* ) a c&le to effect ! same
 end2 bo?  ^! practices are z injuri\s z
 unnecess>y4 ,! be/ plan to prev5t      
/ick+ is simply to use ! be/ />*1 & to  

make x well1 & to  h ! irons q clean &  
highly poli%$4 ,mr ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]   
recomm5ds ! addition ( a small piece (  
p>aff9 7a piece ( p>aff9  c&le-end7 to !
 />*1 to increase ! gloss9ess ( ! iron$ 
fabric4    ,,/>s4 7,9 pyrote*ny47 ,prop4
 #a4 7,brilliant----,m>%47 ,nitrate1    
#eb-a_/b  p>ts2 sulphur & black         
antimony1 ( ea* #ac p>ts2 r$uce !m to   
p[d]1 make !m into a /iff pa/e )        
is+lass1 #a-a_/b p>ts1  dissolv$ 9 a    
mixture ( v9eg>1 #f-a_/b p>ts2 & spirits
 ( w9e1 #ac  p>ts2 la/ly1 =m ?is into   
small pieces1 & :il/ moi/1 roll !m 9    
meal gunp[d]4    #b4                    
7,,:ite----,ruggi]i47 ,nitre1 #af p>ts2 
sulphur1 #g p>ts2 gunp[d]1 #d  p>ts2 z !
 la/4    #c4 7,,gold5 ,,ra947----a4     
7,ruggi]i47 ,nitre & gunp[d]1 ( ea* #af 
p>ts2  sulphur1 #aj p>ts2 *>coal1 #d    
p>ts2 lampblack1 #b p>ts2 mix1 & pack x 
into small pap] tubes4    b4 7,ruggi]i47
 ,nitre1 #af p>ts2 sulphur & gunp[d]1 ( 
ea* #h p>ts2  *>coal & lampblack1 ( ea* 
#b p>ts2 z ! la/4    c4 7,m>%47 ,meal$  

gunp[d]1 #ff-c_/d p>ts2 sulphur1 #aa    
p>ts2 *>coal1  #bb-a_/d p>ts2 z be=e4   
,us$ = ! #8g>niture' ( rockets1 c4 ,see 
,,pyrote*ny4    ,,/aves,,acre4 ,syn4    
,,/avesacre ,,se$s2 ,,/aphisagri        
,,sem9a1 ,,/aphisagria  7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471
 ,l4 8,! se$ ( ,delph9ium ,/aphisagria1 
,l9n40 7,ph4 ,l47  ,?is article is      
p[]fully emetic & ca?>tic1 b is n[      
sc>cely ev]  us$ int]nally4 ,mix$ ) hair
 p[d]1 x is us$ to kill lice4 ,an       
infusion or o9tm5t made ) x is said to  
be infallible 9 it*1 b  its use requires
 "s caution4    ,,/ays4 ,syn4 ,,corset4 
,/ays1 8be=e womanhood1 are in/rum5ts ( 
b>b>ity & torture1 & !n !y are ne$$ only
 to give beauty to !  *e/4 ,x is ! duty 
( e "m1 & e gu>dian ( *ildr51 to        
inquire ! purpose = :i* /ays 7 introduc$
 into female attire4  ,0 x = w>m?8 ,if  
s1 !y c]ta9ly fulfil ! int5tion v badly1
  & are mu* inf]ior to an ela/ic wooll5 
habit1 or "o ( silk quilt$  ) wool4 ,0 x
 to =ce ! ribs1 :ile yet s(t & pliable1 
into !  place ( ! liv] & /oma*1 & ! two 

latt] into ! space allott$  = o!r p>ts1 
to eng5d] disease & de=mity to ! suff]] 
& h]  *ildr5 = g5]ations8 ,truly1 if ?is
 7 ! object1 ! device is  mo/           
successful1 & ! int5tion mo/ +5i\sly    
fulfill$40 7,eras4  ,wilson47    8,only 
obs]ve10 exclaim$ ,dr ,john             
,hunt]----8only obs]ve1 if ! /atue (  ! 
,m$icean ,v5us 7 to be dress$ 9 /ays1 & 
h] beautiful feet  compress$ into a pair
 ( execrably tight %oes1 x w\ld extort a
 smile  f an ,h]aclitus1 & a horse-laugh
 f a ,cynic40    8,! ,turki% ladies     
express horror at see+ ,engli%wom5 s    
tightly  lac$40 7,lady ,m4 ,w4          
,montague47 ,see ,,di/ortions4          
,,/eam4 ,! application ( /eam ( !       
laboratory1 z a s\rce ( heat1  is       
commonly effect$ by means ( d\ble pans1 
to ! space betwe5 :i*  /eam1 at a       
mod]ate pressure1 is introduc$1 !       
arrangem5ts be+ su*  z to p]mit ( !     
cond5s$ /eam1 or di/ill$ wat]1 be+      
remov$1 by  means ( a cock1 ne>ly z soon
 z =m$1 or z may be desirable4 ,ano!r   

plan is to place coils ( metal pipe     
along ! bottom ( ci/]ns1 vats1  c41 =m$ 
ei!r ( wood or metal1 & to keep !m      
suppli$ )  high-pressure /eam4    8,x is
 q susceptible ( positive pro( t by no  
arrangem5t yet  discov]$1 c m ?an two   
?irds ( ! heat g5]at$ by a giv5         
quantity ( coal1 dur+ combu/ion1 be     
fairly absorb$ & utilis$ 9  any ( our   
manufactories2 &1 moreov]1 !re are      
und5iable facts1 :i*  demon/rate t      
seldom1 9 ! burn+ ( coal1 are m ?an ?ree
  f\r?s ( ! total heat1 :i* might be    
elim9at$1 actually obta9$2  ?us ju/ify+ 
! supposition t "o half ( all ! coal n[ 
consum$  is virtually wa/$ & lo/ to     
society40 ,to less51 z mu* z possible1  
?is loss v>i\s improvem5ts h be5 made1  
8:i*1 = ! mo/ "p1  h consi/$ 9 l5g!n+ ! 
flues1 & expos+ a l>g] surface (  !     
boil] to ! action ( ! heat$ air pass+ f 
! furnace to !  *imney40 8,rememb]+ t   
air is an extremely bad conductor (     
heat1 &  t wat] ab\t to be conv]t$ into 
/eam is also a bad conductor1 x is      

evid5t t "t mu/ =m an important elem5t 9
 ! p]fect  transmission ( heat f "o ( ^!
 to ! o!r2 & h5ce1 ) a  great velocity (
 curr5t exi/+ 9 ! flues1 v little heat  
w\ld  pass f air1 h[ev] high its        
temp]ature1 to wat] conta9$ 9 a  boil]1 
& s circum/anc$ ) respect to its all b  
gase\s  condition40 ,! results ( !      
exp]im5ts on fuel made at ! ,museum (   
,practical ,geology by ,sir ,h4 de la   
,be*e & ,dr ,lyon ,playfair g cle>ly to 
%[ t 8to op5 ! damp] ( a /eam-boil]     
furnace is pretty  g5]ally to dim9i% !  
effective p[] ( ! fuel40 8,great wa/e ( 
coal n[ arises f ?is simple circum/ance2
 & mu* ( ! heat ( !  fire1 :i* ought to 
g to ! boil]1 is lo/ by its 7too7 ha/y  
transmission up ! *imney4 ,if1 h[ev]1   
!re be ?us f> room =  improvem5t 9 !    
direction j indicat$1 /ill wid] is !    
vacant  space1 caus$ by imp]fect        
combu/ion1 or1 9 te*nical phrase1 #8bad 
/ok+1' m]ely because ! /ok]1 to         
economise 8 lab\r1 & to avoid  tr\ble1  
?r[s on to ! b>s ( 8 furnace a ?ick lay]

 ( fuel1 by  :i* loss is caus$ 9 two or 
?ree directions40 ,^! are1 pr9cipally1  
imp]fect combu/ion1 & ! volatilisation (
 fuel1 z smoke1 c41 f  an insuffici5t   
supply ( air1 & f a mass ( m]e r$-hot   
coke or  c9d]1 two or ?ree in*es ?ick1  
ly+ betwe5 ! boil] & !  hotte/ "p ( !   
furnace2 :i* la/1 accord+ to ,dr ,k5n$y1
 is ab\t  "o in* above ! fire-b>s4      
,besides :i*1 89 pass+ ov] ?is  r$-hot  
coke1 ! c>bonic acid w\ld be conv]t$    
into c>bonic oxide1  & ?us n only remove
 a quantity ( c>bon equal to its own1   
)\t  yield+ any additional heat1 b      
actually ) ! production ( cold1  or1 9  
o!r words1 ! absorption ( heat40        
7#8,dict4 ,arts1 ,manuf41 &  ,m9es4'7   
,?is po9ts to ! evid5t policy ( us+ a   
smoke-consum+  furnace1 z notic$        
else:]e4    ,ano!r matt] wor?y ( rem>k  
is ! con/ant wa/e ( heat1 &1            
consequ5tly1 ( fuel1 9 laboratories &   
manufactories 9 :i* /eam is  employ$1   
ow+ to ! expos$ condition ( ! pipes1    
boil]s1 & pans4  ,all ( ^! %\ld be well 

#8clo!d' or cov]$ by "s non-conduct+    
m$ium1 to prev5t loss ( heat by         
radiation1 & by contact ) !  atmosph]e4 
,n only does economy dictate su* a      
c\rse1 b ! heal?  & com=t ( ! workpeople
 dem& t ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y  lab\r %\ld
 be z little heat$ & poison$ z possible4
              ,,table ( correspond+     
,pressure & ,temp]atures (              
,/eam4 ,by ,,arago & ,,dulong4          
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,pressure       
,temp]ature1,pressure                   
,temp]ature1    9                       
9                                       
,atmosph]es4#aid    ,fahr4              
,atmosph]es4#aid    ,fahr4              
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,degrees4                    ,degrees4  
#a               #bab             #ac   
#chjff           #a-a_/b           #bcd 
#ad            #chfid           #b      
#beje            #ae            #cibhf  
#b-a_/b           #bfch            #af  

#cihdh           #c               #bgeb 
#ag            #djchc           #c-a_/b 
#bhe             #ah            #djhib  
#d               #bicg            #ai   
#dacgh           #d-a_/b           #cjjc
            #bj            #dahdf       
#e               #cjge            #ba   
#dbbif           #e-a_/b                
#cadbd           #bb            #dbgbh  
#f               #cbjcf           #bc   
#dcadb           #f-a_/b                
#cbfbf           #bd            #dceef  
#g               #ccag            #be   
#dcicd           #g-a_/b                
#ccfhf           #cj            #degaf  
#h               #cdagh           #ce   
#dgbgc           #i               #cejgh
           #dj            #dhfei        
#aj               #cehhh           #de  
#diiad          #aa               #cffhe
           #ej            #eajf         
#ab               #cgd                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,footnote #aid3 
,e/imat+ #adf lbs4  #a atmosph]e4    ,a 

cubic in* ( wat]1 dur+ its conv]sion    
into /eam1 "u !  ord9>y pressure ( !    
atmosph]e1 exp&s into #afif cubic in*es1
 or  ne>ly a cubic foot4    ,"o "p1 by  
weight1 ( /eam1 at #bab ,fahr41 :5      
cond5s$ into cold  wat]1 is f\nd to be  
capable ( rais+ #ef p>ts ( ! latt] f !  
freez+ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,see ,,fuel1    
,,pit-,,coal1 ,,smoke1 c4    ,,/e>,,ic  
,,acid4 ,,hc#ah;,h#ce,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,/e>9 
7,comm]cial74 ,?is is  obta9$ f /e>9    
7see bel[71 by saponification4    ,prep4
 #a4 ,repeat$ly dissolve & cry/allise   
comm]cial /e>ic acid 9  hot alcohol1    
until its melt+ po9t becomes con/ant at 
n less ?an  #aeh ,fahr4 ,pure4    #b4   
7,*evreul47 ,saponify mutton suet )     
cau/ic potassa1 & dissolve !  newly =m$ 
soap 9 #f times its weight ( hot wat]2  
to ! solution add  #dj or #ej p>ts (    
cold wat]1 & set ! mixture aside 9 a    
temp]ature  ( ab\t #eb ,fahr42 aft] a "t
 sep>ate ! pe>ly matt] 7/e>ate &        
m>g>ate ( potassa7 :i* falls1 dra9 & wa%
 x on a filt]1 &  dissolve x 9 #bd p>ts 

( hot alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #hbj2 collect ! 
/e>ate ( potassa :i* falls z ! liquid   
cools1 recry/allise x 9  alcohol1 &     
decompose x1 9 boil+ wat]1 ) hydro*loric
 acid2  la/ly1 wa% ! dis5gag$ /e>ic acid
 9 hot wat]1 & dry x4    #c4            
7,comm]cial47 ,ord9>y tall[ is boil$ 9  
l>ge wood5 vessels1 by  means ( high    
pressure /eam1 ) ab\t #af ( hydrate (   
lime 7equiv4 to  #aa ( pure lime71 = #c 
or #d h\rs1 or until ! comb9ation is    
complete1  & an e>?y soap is =m$1 :5 !  
:ole is all[$ to cool2 !  product       
7/e>ate ( lime7 is !n transf]r$ to ano!r
 wood5 vessel1  & decompos$ by add+ to x
 #d p>ts ( oil ( vitriol 7dilut$ )      
wat]7 = e #c p>ts ( slak$ lime previ\sly
 employ$1 ! action  be+ promot$ by /eam 
heat & brisk agitation2 aft] repose1 !  
lib]at$ fat is decant$ f ! s$im5t       
7sulphate ( lime7 & wat]1  & is !n well 
wa%$ ) wat]1 & by bl[+ /eam into x2 x is
  next all[$ to cool1 :5 x is r$uc$ to  
%av+s by means ( a numb]  ( knives work$
 by ma*9]y1 & 9 ?is divid$ /ate is plac$

 9  canvas bags & submitt$ to ! action (
 a p[]ful hydraulic press1 by  :i* a    
l>ge portion ( ! oleic acid :i* x       
conta9s is expell$2 !  press$ cakes are 
!n a second "t expos$ to ! action ( /eam
 &  wat]1 aga9 cool$1 & co>sely p[d]$1 &
 aga9 submitt$ to !  jo9t action ( /eam 
& pressure2 !y are1 la/ly1 melt$1 & ca/ 
into blocks = sale4    ,obs4 ,?is       
product is a m or less impure mixture ( 
/e>ic acid &  o!r fatty bodies1         
p>ticul>ly ! s-call$ m>g>ic acid1 n[    
g5]ally reg>d$ z a mixture ( palmitic & 
/e>ic acids4 ,! h>d1  fatty acids (     
vegetable orig9 7palmitic1 coc9ic1      
myri/ic1 c471 n[ s  ext5sively us$ z    
c&le mat]ials1 are obta9$ f ! natural   
oils  & butt]s by ! process kn[n z      
#8sulphuric acid saponification1' :i*   
consi/s 9 treat+ ! fatty bodies ) #e or 
#f ( conc5trat$  sulphuric acid at a    
high temp]ature 7ab\t #cej ,fahr41      
produc$ by  sup]heat$ /eam71 & di/ill+ !
 result+ mass by ! aid ( /eam  heat$ to 
ab\t #efj ,fahr4 ,frequ5tly ! op]ations 

( hot & cold  press+ are resort$ to 9   
ord] to free ! product f ! s(t]  fats4  
,by a pat5t process employ$ at ,price's 
c&le works ! natural vegetable  fats are
 decompos$ into _! con/itu5ts 7fatty    
acids & glyc]97 by  ! action ( sup]heat$
 /eam alone1 )\t previ\s                
#8saponification'  ) lime or sulphuric  
acid4    ,ano!r me?od = ! prep>ation (  
comm]cial /e>ic acid is t (  ,messrs    
,mo9i] & ,bontigny4 ,?is process is ?us 
describ$ 9 !  #8,*emical ,te*nology' (  
,messrs ,ronalds & ,ri*>dson3----,two   
tons (  tall[ & #ijj gall4 ( wat] are   
introduc$ into a l>ge rectangul> vat  ( 
ab\t #bgj feet capacity4    ,! tall[ is 
melt$ by means ( /eam admitt$ ?r\gh a   
pipe coil$  r\nd ! bottom1 & ! :ole kept
 at ! boil+ heat = an h\r1  dur+ :i* a  
curr5t ( sulphur\s acid is =c$ 94 ,at ! 
end ( ?is  p]iod #f cwt4 ( lime1 made   
into milk ) #cej gall4 ( wat]1 are add$4
  ,! mixture soon acquires consi/5ce1 & 
becomes fro?y & viscid4 ,!  :ole is n[  
agitat$ 9 ord] to regulate !            

ebullitions1 & prev5t  ! sudd5 swell+ up
 ( ! soapy mat]ials4 ,! pa/y appe>ance (
 !  lime soap succe$s1 & x !n           
agglom]ates into small nodul> masses4   
,! admission ( sulphur\s acid is n[     
/opp$2 b ! injection ( !  /eam is       
cont9u$ until ! small masses become h>d 
& homog5e\s4 ,!  :ole p]iod occupies    
eight h\rs1 b ! admission ( ! sulphur\s 
acid is discont9u$ at ! end ( ab\t ?ree 
h\rs4 ,! wat] conta9+  ! glyc]9 is run  
(f ?r\gh a tube into ci/]ns prep>$ to   
receive  x4    ,! arrangem5ts = prep>+  
sulphur\s acids are retorts1 into :i*   
are put sulphuric acid & pieces ( wood2 
^u ! application ( heat  ! sulphur\s    
acid passes (f1 & is convey$ by lead5   
pipes into !  vessels conta9+ ! tall[4  
,! lime soap =m$ is !n moi/5$ )  #ab    
cwt4 ( sulphuric acid1 at #aej ,fahr41  
dilut$ ) #ej gall4 ( wat]4  ,! :ole is  
?or\ghly agitat$ & ! /eam cauti\sly     
admitt$1 s z  n to dilute ! acid too mu*
 until ! decomposition is g5]al at all  
po9ts4 ,?is occupies ab\t #c h\rs1 & 9  

#b or #c h\rs m ! sulphate  ( lime has  
collect$ at ! bottom1 :ile ! fatty acids
 are float+ on  ! surface ( ! solution (
 ! bisulphate ( lime4 ,sev]al processes 
( wa%+ ) /eam & wat] are necess>y to    
ensure ! removal ( !  sulphate ( lime1  
c41 & aft] settl+ = #d h\rs ! fatty     
acids are  =c$ ?r\gh a fix$ siphon1 into
 a vat1 :]e !y are aga9 wa%$  ) wat]2 !y
 are !n siphon$ at la/ into a tr\gh l9$ 
) lead1  on ! bottom ( :i* are plac$    
lead5 gutt]s1 pi]c$ bel[ by long  pegs (
 wood4 ,! fatty acids are !n plac$ 9    
clo!s & subject$ to  pressure 9 ! /e>9  
cold press4    ,9 #ahga ,pr(essor ,boek 
( ,cop5hag51 aft] a c>eful microscopic &
  *emical inve/igation1 discov]$ t !    
neutral fats 7 compos$ (  a cong]ies (  
little globules enclos$ 9 album9\s      
envelopes4 ,to !  pres5ce ( ^! latt]    
sub/ances 9 ! fat he attribut$ !        
difficulty ( elim9at+ ! fatty acids f x 
by means ei!r (  sulphuric acid1 except 
9 excess1 or ( alkali1 except "u great  
pressure2 conceiv+ t bo? ^! ag5ts z     

employ$ "u ! usual  me?ods 7 exp5d$ 9   
ruptur+ & de/roy+ ! album9\s  cov]+s4   
,! inconv5i5ces aris+ f ! above         
processes are1 9 ! case (  ! excess ( ! 
sulphuric acid1 a consid]able de/ruction
 ( ! fatty  acid1 z well z ! necessity (
 its di/illation1 & ! consequ5t  dang] (
 conflagration2 :il/ 9 ! case ( !       
alkali1 ?is mu/  ei!r be us$ 9          
quantities mu* great] ?an !ory requires1
 or else be  heat$ "u great pressure1 at
 ! risk ( giv+ rise to an explosion4    
,9 ,pr(essor ,boek's process ^! dang]s1 
toge!r ) ! wa/e (  mat]ial1 are avoid$4 
,by submitt+ ! fat = a limit$ "t & at a 
giv5 temp]ature to ! action ( a small   
quantity ( sulphuric acid1 !  album9\s  
envelopes are brok5 & p>tly de/roy$4 ,! 
neutral fat ?us  lib]at$ is !n plac$ 9  
op5 tanks 9 wat]1 by :i*1 aft] !        
expiration ( sev]al h\rs1 x becomes     
decompos$4 ,:5 ?is is  completely       
effect$ ! glyc]91 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] us$ 
= !  decomposition1 is remov$2 ! fatty  
acids :i* rema9 beh9d1 & :i*  am\nt to  

#id p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al fat1 be+ at ?is 
/age ( !  op]ation d>k br[n or blacki% 9
 col\r4    ,9 ?is condition !y are plac$
 9 op5 tanks1 & dilute solutions (      
c]ta9 ag5ts are p\r$ ^u !m1 :]eby !     
album9\s dbris z well  z ! col\r+ matt]s
 ) :i* !y are associat$ become oxidis$1 
:il/ ! specific gravity ( ^! latt] is 9 
consequ5ce s increas$  z to cause !m to 
subside to ! bottom ( ! tank1 leav+ !   
fatty  acids1 n[ greatly :it5$1 on !    
upp] "p ( ! liquid4    ,! acids aft] be+
 wa%$ #b or #c times ) dilute acid &    
wat] are  !n cool$1 & hot-press$ 9 !    
usual mann]1 & ! /e>ic acid  ?us obta9$ 
is said to h a high] melt+ po9t1 & to be
 l>g] 9  yield ?an t obta9$ by any o!r  
me?od1 an oleic acid ( excell5t  quality
 be+ at ! same "t produc$4    ,9 #ahgd a
 ,fr5* pat5t 0 tak5 out = an improvem5t 
9 !  manufacture ( /e>ic acid4 ,!       
pat5tee employs c>bon disulphide to     
increase ! fluidity ( ! oleic acid1 s t 
! w>m pressure ( !  crude /e>ic acid is 
avoid$4 ,! addition ( ! c>bon disulphide

 may  be made ei!r be=e or aft] ! cold  
press+ ( ! /e>ic acid4 ,!  crude fat    
acid is melt$ 9 a special app>atus1 &   
#bj p] c5t4 ( !  disulphide is mix$ ) x 
:il/ 9 ! fluid /ate4 ,x is !n left to   
cool & subject$ to cold pressure4 ,!    
/e>ic acid ?us obta9$ %\ld  be free f   
oleic acid4    ,prop41 c4 ,pure /e>ic   
acid cry/allises 9 milk-:ite ne$les1 :i*
  are soluble 9 e!r & 9 cold alcohol1 & 
=ms salts ) ! bases1  call$ /e>ates4 ,! 
comm]cial acid is made into c&les4 ,see 
,,c&les1  ,,fat1 ,,oils 7,fix$71 &      
,,tall[4    ,,/e,,ar94 ,c#eg;,h#aaj,o#f4
 ,! solid portion ( fats :i* is         
insoluble 9 cold alcohol4    ,prep4     
,pure /ra9$ mutton suet is melt$ 9 a    
glass flask along ) #g  or #h times its 
weight ( e!r1 & ! solution all[$ to     
cool2 !  s(t1 pa/y1 semi-cry/all9e mass 
is !n transf]r$ to a clo? & is  /rongly 
press$ z rapidly z possible1 9 ord] to  
avoid unnecess>y  evaporation2 ! solid  
portion is !n r$issolv$ 9 e!r1 & !      
solution all[$ to cry/allise1 z be=e4 ,!

 product is ne>ly pure4    ,prop41 c4   
,:ite2 semi-cry/all9e2 insoluble 9 wat] 
& cold alcohol2  soluble 9 #bbe p>ts (  
cold e!r1 & freely s 9 boil+ e!r4 ,x    
melts at #acj ,fahr4 ,! /e>9 ( comm]ce  
is /e>ic acid4    ,,/e>op,,t54 ,! "n    
giv5 by ,h]b]g] to ! concrete portion or
  camphor ( volatile oils4 ,bizio calls 
x /]eus94    ,,/eel4 ,?is important     
mat]ial may be def9$ z iron *emically   
comb9$ ) suffici5t c>bon to give x      
extreme t\ghness & h>dness  )\t         
brittl5ess4 ,accord+ to "o ( our greate/
 au?orities on  metallurgy1 /eel %\ld   
conta9 f #hcc to #afg ( c>bon1 ^!       
numb]s ref]r+ respectively to ! s(te/ & 
! h>de/ v>ieties4    ,by "s au?orities  
silicon 9 small quantities is suppos$ to
 be a useful  +r$i5t 9 /eel1 & to       
increase its capacity = be+ h>d5$2 an   
op9ion diss5t$ f by o!rs1 :o hold t its 
pres5ce has a  t5d5cy to int]f]e ) !    
weld+ ( ! metal4 ,f>aday & ,/od>t       
believ$ t ! addition ( small quantities 
( *romium & iridium to  /eel s]v$ to    

improve its quality1 & ! same has be5   
ass]t$ (  tung/5 & titanium2 b on ^!    
po9ts !re is /ill a div]g5ce (  op9ion1 
& no satisfactory decision has yet be5  
arriv$ at conc]n+  !m4    ,manganese has
 also be5 cr$it$ ) ! prop]ty ( improv+  
/eel1 b  z x has be5 f\nd t only a v    
m9ute quantity ( ! manganese is  tak5 up
 by ! /eel1 an indirect influ5ce may    
possibly be ex]cis$ by  x1 viz4 its p[] 
( unit+ ) ! /age1 & ( c>ry+ away any    
prejudicial excess ( sulphur &          
phosphorus ) x2 & 9 ?is mann]  x may    
contribute to ! increas$ purity ( !     
metal4 ,! addition (  manganese to ca/  
/eel con/itutes ,mr ,hea?'s pat5t1 !    
*ief advantage  ( :i* is t bli/]$ /eel  
made f ,briti% b> iron c be  sub/itut$ =
 ! mu* m exp5sive ,sw$i% & ,russian     
iron1 9  c]ta9 bran*es ( iron           
manufacture4    8,among ! v>i\s         
sub/ances :i* are frequ5tly pres5t 9    
malleable  iron & 9 ca/ iron1 ^? :i* are
 m prejudicial to ! quality (  /eel are 
sulphur1 phosphorus1 & copp]4 ,! am\nt (

 sulphur 9 /eel  ( ! be/ quality r>ely  
exce$s #jab2 )9 ! limit ( #a p] c5t4  x 
is consid]$ to r5d] ! metal m capable ( 
be+ weld$ at a  mod]ate heat1 b to make 
x r$ %ort4 ,phosphorus also r5d]s /eel  
m capable ( be+ weld$1 & at ! same "t   
makes its cold %ort  :5 x am\nts to #a  
p] c5t4 ,! be/ /eel r>ely conta9s s mu*4
  ,copp] r5d]s /eel decid$ly r$ %ort :5 
pres5t 9 v small  am\nt1 & = ?is reason 
iron smelt$ f ores conta9+ copp]        
pyrites is n suitable = mak+ /eel40#aie 
,footnote #aie3 ,pay54    ,)9 ! la/ few 
ye>s great att5tion has be5 paid to !   
inve/igation ( ! *emi/ry ( /eel4 ,!     
rese>*es ( ,despretz &  ,fremy t5d to ! 
conclusion t nitrog5 ex]cises a v       
important  influ5ce ov] ! ph5om5a (     
#8/eel+1' & t c>bon plays a less        
necess>y "p2 :ile ^? ( ,c>on & ,deville 
/ill ref] ! =mation  ( /eel to ! *emical
 comb9ation ( iron ) c>bon4 ,!re is no  
te/  ( ! value ( /eel beyond its        
ela/icity & temp]1 & ! f95ess1          
equality1 & smoo?ness ( its gra94       

,ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron1 & /eel are all  
comb9ations ( iron &  c>bon1 diff]+ 9 ! 
am\nt !y conta9 ( ! latt] elem5t4 ,z    
ca/ iron conta9s a l>g] & wr\ght iron a 
small] proportion (  c>bon ?an /eel1 x  
foll[s t to conv]t ! ca/ iron into /eel1
  its excess ( c>bon mu/ be remov$2 :il/
 conv]sely1 to make !  wr\ght iron into 
/eel1 ! requisite am\nt ( c>bon mu/ be  
add$ to  x4    ,?us x is t ! v>i\s      
processes = ! manufacture ( /eel 7)  !  
exception ( ^? :i* propose to obta9 x   
direct f ! ores7  are direct$ to "o or  
o!r ( ^! ends1 viz4 ! dec>buration ( ca/
  or pig iron1 & ! c>buration ( wr\ght  
or malleable iron4    #a4 ,9 ! fir/1 or 
dec>buration me?od1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air     
plays an  important "p4 ,be/ c>bon is   
heat$ ) coal or *>coal1 9 "s works  on !
 ref9+ he>?1 9 o!rs ^u ! b$ ( ! puddl+  
furnace4  ,! oxyg5 burnt (f ! excess (  
c>bon f ! iron & /eel is left4  ,pay5   
says t :5 ! iron conta9s slag1 ! f]r\s  
silicate pres5t  9 ?is takes "p 9 !     
reaction4    ,! /eel obta9$ by ?is me?od

 is call$ natural /eel4 ,x is  aft]w>ds 
subject$ to =g+1 & be+ ( inf]ior quality
 is employ$  9 ! manufacture ( spr+s =  
ma*9]y1 railway c>riages1 :eel  tyres1  
pl\ghs1 & o!r f>m+ implem5ts4           
,! foll[+ ,table1 f #8,pay5's ,indu/rial
            ,*emi/ry' gives !           
,composition ( sev]al k9ds (            
,/eel4                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,c>bon4                                 
--------------    ,k9d (                
,/eel4,locality4 ,fe4   ,mn4   ,cu4     
,comb- ,graphi-                         
in$4  tic4                              
----------------------------------------
---------------    ,natural ,/eel ,sieg5
    444   444  #cgi  #afih  444         
,ditto         ,sol+5  444   444   444  
#aegj  444        ,puddl$ ,/eel ,h>tz   
444  #jab   444  #achj  444             
,cem5t ,/eel  ,engli%   444   444   444 
#ahjg  444        ,ditto         ,g]man 
444   444   444   #daf  #jhj       ,ca/ 

,/eel    ,%effield 444   444   444      
#iej  #bbj       ,ditto         ,ditto  
444   444   444      #ageh              
,ditto         ,fr5*    444   444   444 
#fe           ,sword ,/eel   ,damascus  
444   #jgj  444      #ajhi              
,ditto         ,ditto     444  trace    
444       #gge          ,wootz          
,indian    444   444   444      #aejj   
,ditto         ,ditto    #ihjib 444     
444  #accc   #cab       ,ca/ ,/eel      
,g]man    444  trace #cjj      #aahj    
,ditto         ,engli%   444  #jbd  #jff
      #abge          ,bessem]           
,/eel,d[lais   444  #egf  #jbe          
#dij          ,ditto         ,sw$5      
444  trace  444       #jhe              
,ditto          444      444  #agi   444
       #cjj          ,ditto          444
      444  #bef   444       #gjj        
,ditto          444      444  #dfh   444
       #iej          ,ditto          444
      444  #cee   444      #ajej        
,wir$         ,b>r[-   444  #bad   444  
#bjj                        9-,furness  

,rail ,heads    ,g]man    444  #chf     
444       #ach          ,rails          
444      444  #bfd   444       #aej     
,ditto          444      444  #fch   444
       #jdf          ,boil] ,plates  444
      444  #acf   444       #bej        
,ditto          444      444  #bgc   444
       #cjj                             
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
----------------------------------------
-    ,k9d ( ,/eel4 ,si4   ,s4    ,p4    
,au?ority4                              
----------------------------------------
-    ,natural ,/eel #jch  444    444    
,k>/54      ,ditto         #jbj  444    
444 ,lampadius4    ,puddl$ ,/eel #jjf   
7at#ab7trace,brauns4       ,cem5t ,/eel 
#ajj  444    444 ,b]?i]4     ,ditto     
444  444    444 ,bromeis4      ,ca/     
,/eel     444  444    444 ,ditto4       
,ditto          444  444    444 ,k>/54  
,ditto         #jdj  444    444  444    
,sword ,/eel    444 7,ni#jg ,wo#ja7 444 
,ditto          444 7,ni#ba        444  

,co trace                               
,wo trace7                  ,wootz      
#fjj  444    444  444          ,ditto   
#jde 7z #jcg7 444 ,h5ry4        ,ca/    
,/eel    #ccj 7,ni #ab7 #jbj 444        
,ditto         #bac 7z#jjg7  444 444    
,bessem] ,/eel#jji #jjc    #jcf 444     
,ditto         #jjh trace               
#jbe;,brusewitz4    ,ditto         #jdd 
d4    #jcc  ,ditto4      ,ditto         
#jcb  d4     444  ,ditto4      ,ditto   
#jdg  d4    #jcb  ,ditto4      ,ditto   
#jfg  d4     444  ,ditto4      ,wir$    
#agi #jcj    #jbf  ,ditto4      ,rail   
,heads    #cjf #jdj    #jcd  ,ditto4    
,rails         #jia #jbe    #jcb        
,ditto4      ,ditto         #fcd #jde   
#jic  ,ditto4      ,boil] ,plates #jaf  
#jaj    444   ,ditto4      ,ditto       
#jef #jdj    #jda  ,ditto4              
----------------------------------------
-    ,krupp's ca/ /eel1 manufactur$ at  
,ess51 ne> ,cologne1 is a natural  /eel1
 be+ made on ! b$ ( a puddl+ furnace4 ,x
 is obta9$ f  hmatite & spa?ic ore1 coke

 be+ us$ = ! smelt+4 ,! proportion  (   
c>bon 9 ,krupp's /eel is ab\t #ab p]    
c5t4 ,:5 requir$ =  ordnance x is fus$ )
 a little b> iron 9 pots1 ea* ( :i*     
holds  #cj lbs4 ,x sometimes happ5s t 9 
! manufacture ( a huge gun or  cannon ! 
cont5ts ( z _m z #abjj ( ^! pots are    
requir$4 ,:5  ?is is ! case ! pots are  
empti$ ( _! molt5 cont5ts  simultane\sly
 into a *annel lead+ to ! ca/1 #djj     
well-drill$ m5  be+ requir$ to c>ry out 
! op]ation4    ,x is v ess5tial t ca/+s 
( su* magnitude %\ld be all[$ to  cool v
 gradually4 ,!y are !re=e envelop$ 9 hot
 c9d]s = two  or ?ree mon?s1 aft] :i* !y
 are ready = ! =g+4    #b4 ,! c>buration
 me?od4 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ by !    
process  kn[n z #8cem5tation1' :i* is   
c>ri$ out z foll[s3----,two *e/s1 made  
( fire-brick or /one1 "o n>r[ end ( ea* 
( :i* is %[n 9 !  accompany+ plate1 are 
s fix$ 9 a dome-%ap$ furnace1 s t !     
flames f ! he>? b5ea? c effectually play
 ar\nd !m4    ,! process r5d]s x        
necess>y t ! temp]ature ( ! furnace     

%\ld be /eadily ma9ta9$ = "s days2 & ?is
 is a*iev$ by  surr\nd+ ! furnace ) a   
conical wall ( brick-"w1 z %[n 9 !  cut4
 ,! *e/s are usually ab\t #aj or #ab    
feet 9 l5g?1 #c feet 9  height1 & #c    
feet 9 dep?4 ,a lay] ( *>coal ( a f95ess
 to pass  ?r\gh a sieve ( a #a_/d in*   
me%1 or ( soot1 is plac$ on ! bottom (  
ea* *e/1 & ^u ?is ! b>s ( wr\ght iron   
:i* are int5d$ =  conv]sion into /eel4  
,! b>s inside mu/ be ( iron ( ! be/     
quality1 & g5]ally ab\t #c in*es broad &
 #c_/d ( an in* ?ick4 ,:5  arrang$      
regul>ly a little di/ance ap>t1 !       
int]/ices betwe5 !m  are fill$ up )     
*>coal1 ) :i* !y are !n cov]$ to a dep? 
( ab\t an in*4 ,simil> lay]s ( b>s1     
simil>ly arrang$1 succe$ to  ?is fir/   
"o1 until ! *e/s are fill$4    ,!y are  
!n cov]$ 9 to a dep? ( #f in*es ) a lut+
 ( damp clay  or s&4 ,ea* *e/ :5 ?us    
fill$ conta9s f #e to #f tons ( iron4   
,"o ( ! b>s projects ?r\gh an op5+ at ! 
end ( ! *e/1 to  facilitate an          
inspection ( x f "t to "t by a workman1 

s t he  may be enabl$ to judge ( !      
progress ( ! op]ation4 ,! mat]ials (    
:i* ! *e/s are compos$ r5d] x important 
t ! temp]ature (  ! furnace %\ld be     
c>efully & gradually increas$1 z a too  
sudd5  accession ( heat w\ld lead to !  
splitt+ ( ! *e/s4 ,!  temp]ature        
necess>y to effect ! c>buration ( ! iron
 has be5 f\nd  to be t requir$ = ! melt+
 ( copp]1 viz4 #aiif ,fahr4 ,:5 ?is     
temp]ature is rea*$ x is ma9ta9$ = eight
 or t5 days1 or ev5  long]1 ! p]iod     
dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! iron1 & !      
degree ( h>dness x is desir$ x %all     
possess4 ,six or eight days are         
suffici5t to yield /eel ( a mod]ate     
degree ( h>dness4 ,at ! end (  !        
requisite "t ! fire is gradually put    
out1 & ! *e/s z  gradually cool$1 a     
process :i* occupies ab\t ano!r t5 days4
    ,illu/ration    ,! effect ( !       
treatm5t to :i* ! iron b>s h be5        
subject$ has  be51 9 ! fir/ place1 to   
entirely alt] _! int]ior /ructure2 =  if
 !y are brok5 asund] at any "p1 in/ead (

 %[+ ! fibr\s  arrangem5t obs]vable 9 b>
 iron1 !y pres5t a closely granul> "o4  
,9 ! second place1 *emical analyses     
demon/rate t ! iron has  comb9$ ) ab\t  
#a p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & t ?is comb9ation  
has  n only tak5 place on ! surface ( ! 
b>1 b has ext5d$  ?r\gh\t its :ole      
sub/ance4 ,x is because ( ?is p]fect    
impregnation  ( ! iron by ! solid c>bon 
t ! process by :i* x has ?us be5        
conv]t$ into /eel is call$              
#8cem5tation4'    ,two sugge/ions h be5 
(f]$ 9 explanation ( ! bli/]$ surface   
pres5t$ by ! /eel4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! !ory (   
,mr ,t4 ,h4 ,h5ry1 is  t "p ( ! c>bon 9 
p5etrat+ into ! body ( ! b> iron _h     
comb9$ ) ! small quantity ( sulphur     
pres5t 9 ! iron1 & t  ! bisulphide (    
c>bon ?us =m$ becom+ vaporis$ by !      
elevat$  temp]ature1 9 escap+ ?r\gh !   
s(t surface ( ! metal1 has caus$  its   
bli/]$ condition4 ,! second conjecture  
is t ! blebs h  aris5 f ! extrication ( 
c>bonic oxide1 :i* _h be5 =m$ 9  ! b> by
 ! union ( ! c>bon ) ! small quantity ( 

oxide (  iron or slag accid5tally rema9+
 9 x4    ,graham has %[n t s(t iron has 
! p[] ( absorb+ or occlud+ at  a l[ r$  
heat #dae times its volume ( c>bolic    
oxide1 :i* ! metal1  :5 x becomes cold1 
reta9s1 b :i* x p>ts ) :5 subject$ to a 
temp]ature su* z t :i* prevail$ 9 !     
cem5tation box4 ,?is fact  seems to (f] 
a reasonable confirmation ( ! reaction x
 has be5  surmis$ takes place dur+ !    
cem5tation process1 & :i* is suppos$  to
 be z foll[s3    ,! small quantity (    
atmosph]ic oxyg5 rema9+ 9 ! *e/ unites  
) ! c>bon to =m c>bonic oxide4 ,?is     
c>bonic oxide gives up half  its c>bon  
to ! iron 7:i* !reby becomes conv]t$    
into /eel71 &  9 do+ s *anges to c>bonic
 acid1 :i* becomes r$uc$ to c>bonic     
oxide by ! absorption ( m c>bon f !     
*>coal1 :i* c>bon !  c>bonic oxide aga9 
transf]s to ! iron4    ,! above reaction
 may n improbably occur ?r\gh\t !       
sub/ance (  ! b>4 ,by "s *emi/s1 cyanog5
 comp\nds are suppos$ to be pres5t  9 ! 
cem5tation p[d]1 & ! cyanog5 conta9$ 9  

^! is suppos$  to be ! c>ri] ( ! c>bon  
to ! iron4    8,! bli/]$ /eel obta9$ by 
?is process is1 z w\ld be expect$1  f> f
 uni=m1 ei!r 9 composition or texture2  
"s portions ( !  b> conta9 m c>bon ?an  
o!rs1 & ! int]ior conta9s num]\s        
cavities4 ,9 ord] to improve its quality
 x is subject$ to a process (  fagott+  
simil> to t employ$ 9 ! case ( b> iron2 
! b>s (  bli/]$ /eel1 be+ cut into %ort 
l5g?s are made up into bundles1  :i* are
 rais$ to a weld+ heat1 & plac$ "u a    
tilt hamm]  weigh+ ab\t #b cwt41 :i*    
/rikes #bjj or #cjj bl[s 9 a m9ute2 9   
?is  way1 ! sev]al b>s are consolidat$  
into "o comp\nd b>1 :i* is  !n ext5d$ "u
 ! hamm] till ( ! requir$ dim5sions4    
8,! b>s1 be=e be+ hamm]$1 are spr9kl$ ) 
s&1 :i* comb9es  ) ! oxide ( iron ^u !  
surface1 & =ms a vitre\s lay] :i*       
protects ! b> f oxidation4 ,! /eel :i*  
has be5 ?us hamm]$ is  mu* d5s] & m     
uni=m 9 composition2 its t5acity1       
malleability1  & ductibility are greatly
 increas$1 & x is fitt$ = !  manufacture

 ( %e>s1 files1 & o!r tools4 ,x is      
commonly kn[n z  %e> /eel4 ,d\ble %e>   
/eel is obta9$ by break+ ! tilt$ b>s  9 
two1 & weld+ ^! into a comp\nd b>4 ,!   
be/ v>iety ( /eel1  h[ev]1 :i* is       
p]fectly homog5e\s 9 composition1 is t  
kn[n z  ca/ /eel1 to obta9 :i* ab\t #cj 
lbs4 ( bli/]$ /eel are brok5  into      
fragm5ts1 & fus$ 9 a fire-clay or       
plumbago crucible1 heat$ 9 a  w9d       
furnace1 ! surface ( ! metal be+        
protect$ f oxidation by a  little glass 
melt$ ^u x4 ,! fus$ /eel is ca/ into    
+ots1 sev]al  crucibles be+ empti$      
simultane\sly into ! same m\ld4 ,ca/    
/eel is  f> sup]ior 9 d5sity & h>dness  
to %e> /eel1 b1 s9ce x is  exce$+ly     
brittle at a r$ heat1 great c>e is      
necess>y 9 =g+ x4  ,x has be5 f\nd t1 9 
addition to #ajj p>ts ( ! ca/ /eel1 ( "o
  "p ( a mixture ( *>coal & oxide (     
manganese1 produces a v f9e  gra9$ /eel1
 :i* admits ( be+ ca/ on to a b> (      
wr\ght iron 9  ! +ot m\ld1 s t ! t5acity
 ( ! latt] may comp5sate = !  brittl5ess

 ( ! /eel2 :5 ! comp\nd b> is =g$1 !    
wr\ght  iron =m+ ! back ( ! implem5t1 & 
! /eel its cutt+  edge40#aif            
,footnote #aif3 ,bloxam's #8,*emi/ry    
,inorganic & ,organic4'    ,ano!r di/9ct
 me?od f ! cem5tation "o1 by :i* !      
c>buration  ( iron is affect$1 is t 9   
:i* scrap or malleable iron is mix$  )  
pig or ca/ iron1 ?is latt] be+ fus$ ) ! 
scrap iron 9  quantity suffici5t to af=d
 su* an am\nt ( c>bon z is necess>y to  
conv]t ! mixture into /eel4 ,/eel made  
by ?is op]ation is entirely  homog5e\s1 
! tilt+ process :i* prec$es ! ca/+ ( !  
/eel  obta9$ by cem5tation is !re=e     
unnecess>y4 ,! pig iron is plac$  on !  
b$ 7made ( refractory s&7 ( "o (        
,siem5s' reg5]ative  furnaces1 heat$ by 
gase\s fuel4 ,! temp]ature 9 ?is furnace
 is s  int5se t ! pig iron becomes      
p]fectly liquid1 &1 :5 9 ?is  condition1
 ! scrap iron1 :i* has be5 previ\sly    
heat$ to r$ness 9  an adjo9+ refractory 
furnace1 is add$1 x becomes dissolv$ by 
x4  ,iron may also be c>burett$ by heat+

 wr\ght iron b>s 9 c>burett$  hydrog54  
,?is process1 h[ev]1 is seldom _h       
rec\rse to4    ,9 ! manufacture (       
,bessem] /eel bo? ! c>buration &        
dec>buration processes are practis$4 ,f 
#a to #e tons ( pig or ca/  iron 9 a    
molt5 /ate are run f a contigu\s bla/1  
cupola1 or  rev]b]atory furnace1 ) an   
app>atus kn[n z a conv]t]1 :i* is       
previ\sly heat$ up to r$ness by means ( 
coke4 ,! conv]t] is figur$  "u two      
aspects 9 ! annex$ engrav+4    ,?is     
vessel1 :i* is g5]ally made ( boil]     
plates ( %eet iron1 has  an inside l9+1 
consi/+ ( a silice\s firepro( mat]ial1 &
 is  p]=at$ at ! bottom ) a numb] (     
conc5tric little op5+s1  :i* are !      
orifices ( z _m little tubes or tuy]es1 
t lead into  an outside ma9 tube1 z %[n 
9 ! plate4 ,by means ( ^! tubes  cond5s$
 air is =c$ into ! mass ( melt$ metal1  
:i* is soon  ?r[n into viol5t commotion1
 & s5ds out a %[] ( ignit$ sp>ks4  ,!   
oxide ( iron =m$ at ! same "t be+ set   
into active movem5t  by ! incom+ bla/ ( 

air1 is br\ght into intimate contact ) e
  p>ticle ( ! c>bon & silicon conta9$ 9 
! ca/ iron1 &  conv]ts ! =m] into       
c>bonic oxide1 :i* burns ) its          
*>act]i/ic flame at ! m\? ( ! conv]t]1 &
 ! silica into  silicic acid1 :i* ent]s 
into ! slag1 & floats1 9 ! =m ( foam1   
on ! top ( ! heavi] molt5 iron4         
,illu/ration    ,! removal ( ! c>bon    
7:i* is kn[n by ! discont9uance ( !     
c>bonic oxide flame7 be+ ?us accompli%$1
 ! iron has next to be  submitt$ to !   
c>burett+ op]ation4 ,?is is p]=m$ by    
runn+ into  ! liquid iron 9 ! conv]t]   
su* a quantity ( molt5 pig or ca/  iron 
z conta9s ! requir$ proportion ( c>bon4 
,! pig iron us$ = ?is purpose g5]ally   
conta9s1 9 addition to a  l>ge am\nt (  
c>bon1 a v p]ceptible quantity (        
manganese4 ,!  conv]t] 7z %[n 9 ! plate7
 is !n by means ( ! trunnion tilt$1  s t
 its cont5ts c be run into a ladle &    
transf]r$ to !  necess>y m\lds4 ,! "t ( 
conv]sion occupies f t5 to tw5ty        
m9utes4    ,by ,bessem]'s process !     

sulphur pres5t 9 ! pig iron is almo/    
entirely elim9at$2 ! great] "p ( !      
silicon is also sep>at$1  toge!r ) !    
c>bon1 & almo/ 9 ! same proportion2 b ! 
phosphorus is n remov$1 &1 ow+ to !     
oxidation ( "s iron1 !  am\nt is        
actually great] 9 ! f9i%$ /eel ?an 9 !  
pig  iron4#aig    ,footnote #aig3       
,pay5's #8,indu/rial ,*emi/ry1' edit$ by
 ,b4 ,h4 ,paul1  ,ph4,d4    ,bessem]'s  
/eel is 9 l>ge dem&1 & is excell5tly    
suit$ = rails  = railroads1 cannon1     
boil] plates1 arm\r plates1 & simil>    
heavy  mat]ial1 = ! manufacture ( :i* x 
has l>gely supplant$ wr\ght  iron1 b n  
at all adapt$ = ! manufacture ( knives1 
razors1  lancets1 or simil> in/rum5ts1 9
 :i* a %>p or ke5 edge is  desirable4   
,! ,bessem] process1 :i* is l>gely      
adopt$ by ! manufactur]s (  /eel ?r\gh\t
 ,europe & ,am]ica1 has prov$ a s\rce ( 
pr9cely  income to its inv5tor1 :o      
obta9s a b\nty ( a %ill+ on e ton (     
/eel made by x4 ,9 ,europe alone 9 #ahei
 #e-a_/b million cwts4 ,sev5ty p]  c5t4 

( ?is quantity 0 ! produce ( ,briti%    
indu/ry4    ,latt]ly1 attempts h be5    
made to obta9 /eel direct f ! ores4  ,! 
ef=ts made 9 ?is direction h be5 greatly
 /imulat$ by !  inv5tion ( ! reg5]at+   
furnace ( ,siem5s4 ,9 ^! furnaces1 9    
:i* an int5se temp]ature is obta9$ by   
means ( ! combu/ion (  inflammable gases
 7*iefly consi/+ ( c>bonic oxide1       
hydrog51 &  c>burett$ hydrog571 ! ore   
aft] 79 "o process7 be+ melt$ 9  hopp]s 
by means ( ! burn+ gases1 runs d[n1 & is
 gradually  dissolv$ 9 "s melt$ pig iron
 plac$ on ! he>? ( ! furnace4  ,:5 ?is  
latt] has be5 suffici5tly dilut$ ) !    
dec>bonis$ iron  ! op]ation is complete4
    ,prop]ties ( ,/eel4 ,! effects (    
temp]ature ^u /eel are  rem>kable1 & a k
 ( !m has prov$ ( great practical       
utility  9 ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s      
/eel-w>e articles t are s  indisp5sable 
to our e-day wants & ne$s4 ,if =g$ & s(t
 /eel  is heat$1 & !n sudd5ly cool$1 x  
becomes h>d1 ! h>dness v>y+  ) !        
temp]ature & ! rapidity ) :i* ?is has   

be5 r$uc$4  ,! high] ! temp]ature & ! m 
rapidly x is cool$1 ! great]  w be its  
h>dness4 ,/eel1 :i* has be5 heat$ until 
:ite-hot1 &  !n sudd5ly plung$ into a   
ba? ( cold m]cury1 acquires a h>dness   
ne>ly equall+ t ( ! diamond4 ,t1 h[ev]1 
:i* ! /eel ga9s  9 h>dness1 x loses 9   
pliancy & ela/icity1 besides becom+ s   
brittle z to be ( no possible use4      
,s(t /eel1 :i* has be5 made h>d by heat+
 x to r$ness1 & by  subsequ5t sudd5     
imm]sion 9 cold wat]1 may be reconv]t$  
into s(t  /eel by aga9 heat+ x to r$ness
 & all[+ x to cool sudd5ly4 ,by  /opp+  
%ort1 h[ev]1 ( heat+ x to r$ness1 its   
h>dness may be  proportionally modifi$4 
,h5ce /eel articles1 v>y+ z mu* 9 !     
qualities ( h>dness &  ela/icity z a    
lancet & wat*-spr+1 are made ei!r by    
#8heat+ d[n'  h>d /eel to requisite     
temp]ature & all[+ x to cool1 or by     
#8heat+ up' s(t /eel to ! necess>y po9t 
& also lett+ x  gradually cool4 ,:5 /eel
 is s treat$ x is said to be temp]$ or  
anneal$4 ,if poli%$ /eel be heat$ ov] a 

flame to a temp]ature (  #dcj ,f4 its   
surface becomes ( a v pale yell[ col\r2 
! col\r  passes ?r\gh diff]5t %ades (   
yell[ & blue ) ea* successive  increase 
( temp]ature1 until :5 rais$ to #fjj ,f4
 x becomes blacki%  blue4    ,^! effects
 are due to ! =mation on ! surface ( !  
/eel (  films ( oxide ( diff]5t degrees 
( ?ickness1 & to ! action ( !  light on 
^!4 ,!y are precisely analog\s to ^? :i*
 are caus$  :5 a ray ( reflect$ light   
falls ^u any o!r body1 ! surface (  :i* 
is compos$ ( ?9 lay]s1 :i* are          
cont9ually *ang+ 9  ?ickness1 su* z a   
soap-bubble1 or a ?9 coat+ ( t> or oil  
swimm+  on wat]1 & :i* are exemplifi$ 9 
,newton's r+s4    ,z ea* %ade ( col\r is
 an index ( ! temp]ature ( ! /eel1 &  z 
?is det]m9es its adaptability = v>i\s   
purposes1 all t !  workman has to d1 :5 
he requires x = any special object1 is  
to heat  x by ! prop] me?ods 7su* z a   
ba? ( oil1 or tall[1 or melt$  metal7   
until x acquires ! desir$ col\r1 & !n to
 all[ x to  gradually cool4    ,! foll[+

 table1 exhibit+ ! diff]5t melt+ po9ts (
 /eel :5  employ$ 9 ! manufacture (     
diff]5t k9ds ( works1 toge!r ) !        
correspond+ col\rs1 ! composition ( !   
metallic ba?s1 c41 is f  ,dr ,wagn]'s   
#8,h&book ( ,*emical ,te*nology1' edit$ 
by ,w4 ,crookes1 ,esq41  ,f4,r4,s4      
,composition (                          
,metallic ,mixture4                     
,melt+                                  
,lead4  ,t94    ,po9t4                  
,temp]ature4      ,lancets              
#g     #d      #bbj ,c    ,h>dly pale   
yell[4    ,razors                       
#h     #d      #bbh 0    ,pale yell[ to 
/raw yell[4    ,p5knives                
#h-a_/b #d      #bcb 0    ,/raw yell[4  
,pairs ( scissors             #ad     #d
      #bed 0    ,br[n4    ,clasp-knives1
 jo9]s' &   #ai     #d      #bfe 0      
,purpli% col\r4        c>p5t]s' tools   
,swords1 cutlasses1 wat*-    #dh     #d 
#bhh 0    ,bright blue4        spr+s    
,/ilettos1 bor+ tools1 & #ej     #b     
#bib 0    ,deep blue4        f9e saws   

,ord9>y saws               9 boil+ l9se$
                                oil     
#caf 0    ,blacki% blue4    ,/eel is ( a
 greyi%-:ite col\r1 & has a sp4 gr4 v>y+
 f #gff to  #gic4 ,dur+ h>d5+ ! sp4 gr4 
becomes r$uc$ f #gic to #gff1  :il/ x   
exp]i5ces a slight increase ( volume4 ,!
 prop]ty 7already  po9t$ out7 t /eel    
possesses ( becom+ h>d aft] be+ heat$ to
  r$ness1 & sudd5ly *ill$1 does n belong
 to pure iron1 su* z may  be obta9$ by  
electrolysis4 ,unlike pure iron1 too1   
/eel pres5ts a  granul> in/ead ( a      
fibr\s /ructure :5 brok52 ! be/ samples 
closely resembl+ silv] 9 ?is respect4 ,!
 *emical diff]5ce betwe5  h>d & s(t /eel
 appe>s to consi/ 9 ! mu* m intimate    
comb9ation ( ! c>bon ) ! iron 9 ! h>d   
v>iety ?an 9 !  s(t4 ,9 ?is latt] k9d ! 
c>bon seems to be only me*anically mix$1
  = if x be imm]s$ 9 hydro*loric acid ! 
iron is dissolv$1 &  leaves ! c>bon     
beh9d4 ,/eel is ! mo/ t5aci\s ( all !   
metals1  be+ great] ?an t ( ei!r ca/ or 
malleable iron4    ,:at is t]m$         

case-h>d5+ 7:i* see7 is a process by :i*
 small  articles ( iron1 su* z keys1    
gun-locks1 c41 are sup]ficially  conv]t$
 into /eel4 ,x is p]=m$ by heat+ !      
articles 9 contact  ) iron fil+s or     
p[d]$ *>coal4 ,ano!r me?od is to make ! 
iron  sub/ance r$ hot1 & !n to spr9kle  
p[d]$ potassic f]rocyanide all  ov] x4  
,,/]eo*romy4 ,?is is a bran* ( !        
pictorial art conf9$ to !  embelli%m5t (
 walls & monum5ts4 ,9 ! op]ations by :i*
 x is  accompli%$ x w be se5 t ! soluble
 silicates 7wat] glass7 play  an        
important "p4    ,! f\ndation = ! future
 picture or col\r$ design mu/ be ( "s   
durable /one or imp]i%able cem5t4 ,ov]  
?is is fir/ plac$ a lay] (  lime mort>1 
to :i* is appli$ :5 x is dry & has      
become  suffici5tly h>d1 a solution (   
wat] glass1 by :i* all ! int]/ices  ( ! 
mort> are fill$ up4 ,ano!r coat+ ( mort>
 made ( %>p s&  & a lye ( *alk is next  
laid on1 & ?is1 aft] x has be5 c>efully 
smoo!d1 prop]ly levell$ on ! surface1 & 
become q dry1 is  wa%$ ov] & ?or\ghly   

impregnat$ ) wat]-glass solution4 ,:5   
?is la/ lay] has become dry x is ready  
to receive ! pa9t+1 :i*  mu/ be execut$ 
9 wat] col\rs4 ,aft] lay+ on ^! col\rs  
may be  p]man5tly fix$ by cov]+ !m )    
wat] glass4 ,! foll[+ are !  col\rs     
us$3----,z9c :ite1 *rome gre51 *rome    
oxide1 cobalt gre51  *rome r$1 z9c      
yell[1 oxide ( iron1 sulphide ( cadmium1
 ultram>9e1  o*re1 c4 ,v]million is     
inadmissible1 s9ce1 9 fix+1 x turns f r$
  to br[n4 ,cobalt ultram>9e1 on !      
contr>y1 increases greatly 9  brilliancy
 ^u ! application ( ! fix+ solution4    
,/]eo*romatic  pa9t+s are f\nd to be v  
durable1 & imp]vi\s to damp1 smoke1 or  
v>iations ( temp]ature4    ,,/e,,reotype
 ,,metal4 ,see ,,type ,,metal4          
,,/],,l+4 ,! tru? ( ! old prov]b1 t 8all
 is n gold :i*  glitt]s10 is (t5        
pa9fully exp]i5c$ by ! pur*as] ( mod]n  
jewelry4 ,! foll[+ table w1 !re=e1 prove
 highly useful to !  read] 9 det]m9+ !  
value ( articles 9 gold1 provid$ he     
asc]ta9  ! #8f95ess' ( ! metal1 ei!r by 

exam9ation or writt5 w>ranty3----       
,/]l+ value ( ,gold ( diff]5t degrees ( 
#8,f95ess1'      ,c>ats4                
,value p]    ,f9e4                      
oz4 ,troy4                              
s4  d4    #bd c>ats                   #d
    #d  #aa-a_/b    #bc   0             
#d    #a   #e    #bb   0  7,briti% /&>d7
  #c   #ag  #aj-a_/b    #ba   0         
#c   #ad   #d    #bj   0                
#c   #aj   #i-a_/b    #ai   0           
#c    #g   #c    #ah   0  7l[e/         
,hall-m>k7  #c    #c   #h-a_/b    #ag   
0                        #c    #j   #b  
#af   0                        #b   #af 
#g-a_/b    #ae   0                      
#b   #ac   #a    #ad   0                
#b    #i   #f-a_/b    #ac   0           
#b    #f   #j    #ab   0                
#b    #b   #e-a_/b    #aa   0           
#a   #ah  #aa    #aj   0                
#a   #ae   #d-a_/b     #i   0           
#a   #aa  #aj     #h   0                
#a    #h   #c-a_/b     #g   0           
#a    #d   #i     #f   0                

#a    #a   #b-a_/b     #e   0           
#j   #ag   #h     #d   0                
#j   #ad   #b     #c   0                
#j   #aj   #g-a_/b     #b   0           
#j    #g   #a     #a   0                
#j    #c   #f    ,,/]eo-,,metal4 ,a     
rem>kable alloy rec5tly inv5t$ by ,b>on 
de ,ro/horn1  ( ,vi5na1 & us$ 9 place ( 
ord9>y gun-metal4 ,x consi/s ( copp]  & 
spelt]1 ) small proportions ( iron & t91
 & to ^! latt]  its peculi> h>dness1    
t5sile /r5g?1 & ela/icity1 are          
attribut$4    ,,/e?,,oscope4 ,an        
in/rum5t employ$ 9 auscultation4 ,x     
consi/s ( a  tube 7usually made ( wood1 
sometimes ( gutta p]*a7 wid5+           
consid]ably at "o end1 & b slightly at !
 o!r4 ,! wide end is  appli$ to ! *e/ or
 o!r "p ( ! pati5t1 ! physician putt+  8
 e> at ! o!r end2 & f ! s\nds emitt$ by 
! he>t1 lungs1  c41 ! /ate ( ^! p>ts is 
asc]ta9$4    ,,/ew,,+4 ,a me?od ( cook+ 
food int]m$iate to fry+ & boil+1  p]=m$ 
by simm]+ x 9 a saucepan or /ewpan1 )   
m]ely suffici5t  wat] to prev5t burn+1 &

 to effect ! object 9 view2 ! :ole  be+ 
s]v$ up to =m ! #8di%4' ,x is und\bt$ly 
! mo/ simple &  economical1 &1 :5       
skilfully conduct$1 "o ( ^? be/         
calculat$ to  develop ! flav\r &        
nutriti\s qualities ( animal food4 ,!   
foll[+  is "o ( ! mo/ popul> /ews3----  
,/ew1 ,iri%4 ,prep4 7,soy]47 ,take ab\t 
#b lbs4 ( scrag or neck (  mutton2      
divide x into t5 or twelve pieces1 & lay
 !m 9 ! pan2 add  #h l>ge potatoes & #d 
onions cut into slices1 season ) #a-a_/b
  teaspoonful ( pepp]1 & #c d4 ( salt2  
cov] all ) wat]1 put x  into a sl[ ov51 
or on a /ove1 = two h\rs1 !n /ir x all  
up well1  & s]ve x up 9 deep di%es4 ,if 
a little m wat] is add$ at !            
comm5cem5t1 y c take out1 :5 half done1 
a nice cup ( bro?4    ,,/ill4 ,a vessel 
or app>atus employ$ = ! di/illation (   
liquids on  ! l>ge scale4 ,! =ms (      
/ills1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are  made1 
v>y accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are  
int5d$1 "s  be+ exce$+ly simple1 :il/   
o!rs are equally elaborate &            

complicat$4 ,! engr4 repres5ts ! mo/    
common & useful app>atus  ( ?is k9d1 & !
 "o almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 !       
laboratory4  ,x is us$ z                
foll[s3----,aft] ! fluid & o!r matt]s   
7if any7 are put  into ! /ill1 ! head is
 plac$ on & connect$ ) ! worm-tub or    
refrig]ator1 & ! jo9ts are all securely 
lut$4 ,= ord9>y liquids1  a /iff pa/e   
made ) l9se$ meal & wat]1 to :i* a      
little *alk  may be add$1 answ]s well = 
?is purpose4 ,= corrosive liquids1  no?+
 is bett] ?an ela/ic b&s or r+s int]pos$
 betwe5 !  jo9ts1 :i* are !n #8br\ght   
home1' z x is call$1 ) screws or        
clamps4 ,heat is next appli$1 & !       
worm-tub is suppli$ ) cold wat]  9      
suffici5t quantity to pres]ve its       
cont5ts at a prop] temp]ature2  !       
application ( ! heat be+ s regulat$ t ! 
liquid may drop  f ! end ( ! refrig]ator
 q cold & unaccompani$ ) vap\r4  ,=     
highly volatile liquids a clos$ receiv] 
%\ld be provid$4    ,illu/ration3       
a4  ,body ( /ill1 :i* may be ei!r plac$ 

9 a /eam jacket or 9          a brick   
furnace4    b4  ,/ill head or capital4  
c4  ,worm-tub4    d4  ,pewt]-worm or    
refrig]ator4    e4  ,cold-wat] pipe4    
f4  ,wa/e-pipe4    g4  ,receiv]4    ,( !
 v>i\s =ms ( di/illatory app>atus t     
pat5t$ by ,c(fey 9  #ahcb is ! "o almo/ 
univ]sally employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x     
yields !  /ronge/ spirits obta9able on a
 l>ge scale4 ,c(fey's /ill 7( :i* a     
draw+ is giv5 on ! next page7 effects a 
great economy 9 !  exp5diture ( heat1 by
 caus+ ! liquid to be expos$ to a v     
ext5d$ heat$ s]vice2 :il/ x effects !   
evaporation ( ! alcohol  f ! wa% by     
pass+ a curr5t ( /eam ?r\gh x4          
,illu/ration3 ,c(fey's ,/ill4    ,! wa% 
is pump$ f ! #8wa% *>g]' into !         
worm-tub1 :i* passes  f top to bottom ( 
! rectifi]4 ,9 circulat+ ?r\gh ?is tube 
x  exp]i5ces a slight elevation (       
temp]ature4 ,arriv$ at ! la/            
convolution ( ! tube 9 ! rectifi]1 ! wa%
 passes by ! tube ,m 9  at ! top ( !    
#8analys]4' ,x falls1 & collects on !   

top %elf till  ?is ov]fl[s1 :5ce x falls
 on ! second %elf1 & s on to !  bottom4 
,all ! "t ?is op]ation is go+ on /eam is
 pass$ up f  ! /eam boil] ?r\gh f9e     
holes 9 ! %elves1 & ?r\gh valves  op5+  
upw>ds4 ,z ! wa% gradually desc5ds 9 !  
analys] x becomes  rapidly weak] 9      
alcohol1 p>tly f cond5sation ( /eam :i* 
is  pass$ into x1 & p>tly f loss (      
alcohol1 ei!r evaporat$ or  expell$ by !
 /eam1 till :5 x arrives at ! bottom x  
has p>t$  ) ! la/ traces ( spirits4     
,at ! same "t ! vap\r1 z x rises ?r\gh  
ea* %elf ( !  analys]1 becomes con/antly
 ri*] 9 alcohol1 & conta9s less & less  
wat] because ( its cond5sation2 x !n    
passes f ! top ( !  analys] 9 at !      
bottom ( ! l[] comp>tm5t ( ! rectifi]4  
,"h  x asc5ds 9 a simil> way1 bubbl+    
?r\gh ! desc5d+ wa%1 until  x arrives at
 ,f1 above :i* x m]ely circulates r\nd !
 e>li]  w9d+s ( ! wa% pipe2 ! l[        
temp]ature ( :i* cond5ses !  spirits2   
:i*1 collect+ on ! %elf at ,f1 fl[s (f  
by ! tube into  ! f9i%$ _s cond5s]4     

,to /ill fur!r effect a sav+ ( heat1 !  
wat] = supply+ !  boil] is made to pass 
?r\gh a long coil ( pipe1 imm]s$ 9 boil+
  sp5t wa%1 by :i* means its temp]ature 
is rais$ be=e x ent]s !  boil]4         
,ano!r v>iety ( di/illatory app>atus is 
t ( ,siem5s' 7see page  #aeff71 mu*     
employ$ 9 ! di/illation ( br&y4    ,x   
consi/s ( two ma% /ills set 9 a boil]1 &
 capable ( be+  alt]nately us$ by means 
( ! ?ree cocks 7a1 b1 & c74 ,l is !     
boil]2 ,p "o ( ! ma% retorts2 ,k is ! l[
 w9e receiv]2 ,r ! =e  w>m]1 a res]voir 
9 :i* ! cond5s$ wat] int5d$ z fe$ wat] (
  ! boil] is collect$2 ,c is !          
dephlegmator2 ,b a res]voir = !  vap\rs 
cond5s$ 9 ,c4    ,f ! dephlegmator !    
vap\r passes to a cond5s]1 n %[n 9 !    
engrav+4    ,! ma% w>m] consi/s ( a     
cyl9drical portion 7i i71 ! l[] "p  (   
:i* has an ind5tation 7c74 ,9 ! cyl9d]  
is plac$ a n>r[]  portion 7o o7 ( ! real
 ma%1 conta9+ a vessel1 fitt$ ) !  head+
 tube 7f n74 ,! upp] "p ( ! =e w>m] is  
fitt$ to !  l[] "p by means ( ! flange  

7h h72 r is a /irr+ app>atus1  :i* is   
frequ5tly set 9 op]ation dur+ ! process 
( di/illation4  ,! vap\rs f ! second    
/ill are c>ri$ into ! depression 7c7  "u
 ! =e w>m]1 :i*1 9 ord] t ! vap\rs may  
come into  contact ) ! phlegma1 is cov]$
 ) a sieve4    ,illu/ration3 ,siem5s'   
,di/illatory ,app>atus4    ,! vap\rs    
surr\nd ! "u "p ( ! ma% res]voir1 & ent]
 into  ! tube 7f71 ?r\gh :i* !y pass to 
! l[] cyl9d] ( !  dephlegmator4 ,!      
cond5s$ wat] ( ! dephlegmator is        
conduct$ into  ! res]voir 7,a74 ,! upp] 
& "u "p ( ! =e w>m] are made (  ca/     
iron1 b ! int]ior bottom & heat+        
surfaces are made (  copp]4 ,?is k9d (  
=e w>m] has ! advantage ( uni=mly       
di/ribut+ ! heat1 :ile x c be easily    
cleans$4    ,! dephlegmator 7,c7 is s   
contriv$ t ! rectifi$ vap\r c be        
convey$ to ! cond5s] by two sep>ate     
pipes plac$ 9 an opposite  direction to 
ea* o!r1 :i* are jo9$ aga9 9 close      
proximity to !  cond5s]4    ,! rema9d] (
 ! details w be se5 by /udy+ ! engrav+4 

,ano!r di/ill+ app>atus is t kn[n z     
,d]osne's1 :i* is an  improvem5t ^u "o  
inv5t$ by ,celli]-,blum5?al4 ,?is       
app>atus is  only design$ = !           
di/illation ( w9e1 & n1 l ! previ\s     
ones1 ( ma%4    ,! engrav+ on page #aefh
 gives a repres5tation ( x4    ,x       
consi/s ( two /ills 7,a & ,a72 ! fir/   
rectifi] 7,b72 ! second  rectificator   
7,c72 ! w9e w>m] & dephlegmator 7,d72 ! 
cond5s] 7,f72  ! regulator 7,e72 a      
contrivance = regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! fluid  
w9e  f ! ci/]n 7,g74    ,! /ill ,a1 :i*1
 z well z ! /ill ,a1 is fill$ ) w9e1    
acts z  a /eam boil]4 ,! l[ w9e vap\rs  
evolv$ come1 :5 !y h arriv$  9 !        
rectifi]s1 9 contact ) an un9t]rupt$    
/ream ( w9e1  :]eby dephlegmation is    
effect$2 ! vap\r1 ?us enri*$ 9 alcohol1 
becomes /rong] 9 ! vessel 7,d71 & ?us   
arrives at ! cool+  app>atus 7,f74 ,9   
ord] t a real rectification %\ld take   
place 9 !  rectificators ! /ream ( w9e  
%\ld be heat$ to a c]ta9  temp]ature1   
:i* is imp>t$ to x by ! heat+ ( !       

cond5s$  wat]4 ,! /eam f ! /ill ,a is   
c>ri$ by means ( ! pipe 7,z7 to  !      
bottom ( ! /ill ,a4    ,bo? /ills are   
heat$ by ! fire ( ! same furnace4 ,by   
means ( !  tube ,b ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! 
/ill ,a c be run into ! /ill ,a4  ,!    
fir/ rectificator 7,b7 conta9+ a numb] (
 semicircul> discs (  unequal size1     
plac$ "o above ! o!r1 & :i* are s fa/5$ 
to a  v]tical c5tre rod t !y c be easily
 remov$ & cleans$4 ,!  l>g] discs1      
p]=at$ 9 ! mann] ( sieves1 are plac$ )  
_!  concave surfaces upw>ds4            
,illu/ration3 ,d]osne's ,di/illatory    
,app>atus4    ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is       
arrangem5t ! vap\rs asc5d+ f ! /ills    
meet ) l>ge surfaces moi/5$ ) w9e1 :i*1 
moreov]1 trickles  d[nw>d 9 ! mann] ( a 
cascade f ! discs1 & comes1 !re=e1  into
 v intimate contact ) ! vap\rs4 ,!      
second rectificator 7,c7  is fitt$ ) six
 comp>tm5ts2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( !        
p>tition  walls 7iron or copp] plates7 a
 hole is cut1 & ov] ?is hole1 by means  
( a v]tical b>1 is fa/5$ an inv]t$ cup1 

:i* ne>ly rea*es to  ! bottom ( !       
comp>tm5t :]e9 x is plac$4 ,z a portion 
( !  vap\rs are cond5s$ 9 ^! comp>tm5ts1
 ! vap\rs are necess>ily  =c$ ?r\gh a   
lay] ( l[ w9e1 & h to ov]come a pressure
 ( a  column ( liquid two c5timtres     
high4 ,! =e w>m] & dephlegmator  7,d7 is
 a horizontal cyl9d] made ( copp] fitt$ 
) a worm1 !  convolutions ( :i* are     
plac$ v]tically4 ,! tube 7,m7           
communicates  ) ?is worm1 ! o!r end (   
:i* passes to ,o4 ,a phlegma collects 9 
! convolutions ( ?is tube1 :i* is ri*] 9
 alcohol 9 ! =mo/  w9d+s1 & weak] 9 ^? m
 remote2 ?is fluid1 collect+ 9 !  l[] "p
 ( ! spirals1 may be drawn (f by means (
 small tubes1  !nce to be transf]r$1 at 
! op]ator's pleasure1 ei!r all or 9  "p1
 by ! aid ( ano!r tube & /opcocks1 to ! 
tube 7,o71 or into  ! rectificator4     
,by means ( ! tube 7,l7 ! previ\sly w>m$
 w9e ( ! dephlegmator  c be run into !  
rectificator4 ,! cond5sor 7,f7 is a     
cyl9drical  vessel clos$ on all sides1 &
 conta9+ a worm communicat+ ) !  tube   

7,o74    ,! o!r end ( ! cond5s+ tube    
c>ries ! di/illate away4 ,on !  top (   
?is portion ( ! app>atus ! tube 7,k7 is 
plac$1 by means (  :i* w9e is run into !
 dephlegmator4 ,! cold w9e fl[s into !  
cool+ vessel by ! tube 7,i74    ,ano!r  
v>iety ( di/illatory app>atus1 inv5t$ by
 ,langi]1 is t  repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+
 cut4    ,illu/ration    ,! fluid int5d$
 = di/illation fl[s f ! tube 7s7 into ! 
funnel 7p71 !nce into ! vessel 7,a71    
ent]+ its l[] "p1 &  s]v+ to cond5se !  
alcoholic vap\r4 ,f ?is vessel ! w>m$   
fluid passes by means ( ! tube 7r7 into 
! l[] "p ( ! second  vessel 7,b71 :]e   
dephlegmation takes place by means ( a  
cond5s+ tube4  ,f ,b ! fluid fl[s ?r\gh 
! tube 7c7 into ! second /ill 7,c71  :i*
 is heat$ by ! hot gases evolv$ f !     
fire1 kept burn+ "u  ! fir/ /ill 7,d72 9
 ! /ill 7,c7 ! fluid und]goes a         
rectification1  & ! v9asse fl[s by !    
tube 7e7 into ! /ill 7,d72 m is !  pipe 
= convey+ ! hot vap\r f ,d into ,c2 !   
tube 7b7 c>ries  ! alcoholic vap\rs into

 ! dephlegmator4 ,! tube 7d7 conveys !  
phlegma into ! /ill 7,c72 g & h are     
glass gaug+-tubes =  indicat+ ! height (
 ! fluid 9 ! int]ior ( ! /ills2 ! tube  
7l7 conveys ! uncond5s$ vap\rs f !      
dephlegmator into !  cond5s+ app>atus1  
:ile i c>ries ! vap\rs =m$ 9 ! vessel   
7,b7 into ! cond5s+ app>atus4    ,!     
alcohol cond5s$ 9 ! cool+ app>atus fl[s1
 z %[n 9 ! cut1  into ! vessel 7o71     
provid$ ) a hydromet]1 :i* %[s !  /r5g? 
( ! liquid4 ,! cool+ app>atus ( ! vessel
 7,b7 consi/s  ( sev5 comp>tm5ts or     
sections =m$ by wide spirals1 to ea* (  
:i*1 at its l[] level1 is atta*$ a n>r[ 
tube1 all ( :i* tubes  are connect$ to !
 tube 7d71 :i* latt] conveys ! cond5s$  
fluids  back into ! /ill4    ,a v simple
 =m ( app>atus 9 use is t figur$ bel[4  
,illu/ration    ,a is a cyl9d] made (   
ca/ iron or copp]1 9 :i* ! fluid to be  
di/ill$ is heat$ by a spiral tube made (
 copp]4 ,! inlet ( ?is  tube is %[n at b
 & ! outlet at a42 c s]ves to c>ry (f ! 
v9asse2 ,b is ! dephlegmator1 ?r\gh :i* 

! fluid to be di/ill$  cont9ually fl[s 9
 a d[nw>d direction1 :ile ! vap\r ( ! l[
  w9e evolv$ 9 ,a asc5ds un9t]rupt$ly4  
,! dephlegmator is s con/ruct$ z to h z 
l>ge a surface & z  _m po9ts ( contact z
 possible4 ,! vap\r asc5ds to ! res]voir
  7,e71 & passes into ! rectifi] 7,c7 by
 ! tube 7,f74 ,! cond5s$  portion       
returns ?r\gh ! tube 7,h7 to !          
dephlegmator1 :il/ !  uncond5s$ vap\r   
passes on to ! cond5s] ( ! vessel 7,d71 
:]e x  becomes cond5s$1 & is c>ri$ (f   
?r\gh ,m4 ,! liquid int5d$ =            
di/illation is kept 9 a tank 7n %[n 9 ! 
engrav+71 plac$ above  ! app>atus1 & is 
convey$ to ! latt] by ! tube 7,l ,i71   
fitt$  ) ! /op-cock 7,k71 s t ! liquid  
arrives fir/ 9 ,d1 is next  convey$ to  
,c1 !nce ?r\gh ,g into ! dephlegmator1 &
 f9ally into  ! cyl9d]4    ,div]s       
adaptations = heat+ by /eam h be5       
arrang$1 9 a v  conv5i5t =m1 by ,mr     
,c(fey4 ,8 s-call$ ,,esculapian ,,/ill  
af=ds !  ph>maceutical *emi/ ! means (  
conduct+ ! processes (  ebullition1     

di/illation1 evaporation1 desiccation1  
c41 on ! small  scale4 ,! foll[+ cut    
repres5ts 8 app>atus4    ,illu/ration3  
,b1 a burn] suppli$ ) gas by a flexible 
tube2 ,c4 !  boil] or /ill2 ,i1 an      
evaporat+ pan fix$ ov] ! boil]1 & =m+  !
 top ( ! /ill head2 ,k1 a valve = %utt+ 
(f ! /eam f ,i1  :5 x passes ?r\gh !    
tube 7,m71 o!rwise x w\ld pass ?r\gh ,l1
  & communicate heat to ! dry+ closet   
7,o ,o71 & f !nce to !  cond5s] 7,t ,t74
 o is a second evaporat+ pan ov] ! dry+ 
closet4    ,= fur!r in=mation on !      
subject ( /ills consult #8,ure's        
,diction>y1' #8,illu/rat$ ,*emi/ry1' &  
,wagn]'s #8,*emical ,te*nology4'        
,,/im,,ulants4 ,syn4 ,,/imulantia1 ,l4  
,m$ic9es or ag5ts :i* possess  ! p[] (  
excit+ vital action4 ,!y are divid$ 9   
g5]al  /imulants1 or ^? :i* affect !    
:ole sy/em1 z m]cury or b>k2  & local or
 topical /imulants1 or ^? :i* affect a  
p>ticul> organ  or "p only1 z mu/>d     
appli$ z a p\ltice4 ,diffusible         
/imulants are  g5]al /imulants ! effects

 ( :i* are rapid b fugaci\s1 z e!r  or  
alcohol4 8,mu* discrim9ation & caution  
are requir$ 9 !  adm9i/ration ( articles
 ( ?is class1 because1 if giv5 :5       
inflammation is pres5t1 !y are liable to
 create m mis*ief ?an  b5efit2 b !y are 
call$ = :51 on ! decl9e ( t condition ( 
an organ or organs1 a /ate ( relaxation 
or torpidity exi/s4 ,9 ?is  /ate ( ?+s a
 g5tle /imulation mat]ially assi/s !    
functions1 &  is productive ( mu*       
b5efit40    ,,/+s4 ,see ,,bites4        
,,/ir-,,ab\t4 ,?ick gruel =m$ ( oatmeal 
& wat] boil$ toge!r4  ,:5 eat5 ) cold   
milk1 x =ms ! porridge ( ! ,scot*2 & :5 
mix$ ) ! liquor 9 :i* meat or vegetables
 h be5 boil$1 x is  call$ beef brose1   
kale brose1 c4    ,,/ock4 ,among cooks1 
is cond5s$ s\p or jelly1 us$ to make    
extemporane\s s\p1 bro?1 c4    ,,/om,,a*
 ,,affec,,tions4 ,^? ( a "* to admit (  
be+ usefully  notic$ 9 a popul> "w are  
ref]r$ to "u ! heads ,,appetite1        
,,dyspepsia1 ,,sickness1 c4    ,dr ,budd
 recomm5ds small doses ( ipecacuanha z a

 rem$y = ^? cases  ( indige/ion 9 :i*   
dige/ion is sl[1 & ! food lies heavily  
on  ! /oma*1 & !re is an inability =    
m5tal or bodily ex]tion =  "s "t aft]   
meals4 ,he says x %\ld be giv5 9 !      
morn+1 fa/+1  & 9 quantity b>ely        
suffici5t to occasion a slight feel+ (  
v]miculat+ motion 9 ! /oma*1 b )\t caus+
 any s5sation (  pa9 or nausea4 ,! dose 
to produce ?is effect v>ies f #a_/d to  
#b gr4  ,he ?9ks !re is no o!r m$ic9e   
:i* appe>s s effectual 9  remov+ !      
affections 9 "q4 ,small doses ( rhub>b1 
g+]1 &  cay5ne pepp]1 h a simil> k9d (  
action1 & may be giv5 s+ly or  toge!r = 
! same purpose4 8,i g5]ally prescribe f 
#a_/b to #a gr4 (  ipecacuanha1 9 a     
pill1 ) #c or #d gr4 ( rhub>b4 ,) _m1 a 
fav\rite  rem$y = ! discom=t result+ f  
sl[ dige/ion is a gra9 (  cay5ne pepp]1 
) #c or #d gr4 ( rhub>b4 ,! be/ "t =    
giv+ ^!  m$ic9es is %ortly0 7say #a_/b  
an h\r7 8be=e any meal aft] :i* a  s5se 
( oppression is usually felt40          
,,/opp,,ers1 :5 ob/9ately immoveable 9  

bottles1 are ! mo/ safely  treat$ by    
pati5tly hitt+ !m upw>ds alt]nately on  
opposite sides  ) a piece ( wood4 ,:5   
?is fails ! "p may be dipp$ into hot    
wat]4    8,ano!r me?od ( remov+ a       
bottle-/opp] is to ins]t its head into a
  *9k1 & !n endeav\r+ to turn ! bottle )
 bo? h&s4 ,if !  neck ( ! /opp] break1 !
 h& is out ( ! way ( dang]4 ,an  upright
 bo>d1 su* an "o z supports ! ends ( a  
set ( %elves1  %\ld be select$ 9 a      
conv5i5t situation 9 ! laboratory1 & a  
v]tical slit cut ?r\gh x ab\t a foot 9  
l5g?1 an in* 9 wid?  above1 b gradually 
decreas+ 9 size1 s z to be ab\t "o ?ird 
( an  in* at ! bottom4 ,! top ( ! hole  
may be ab\t ! height ( !  brea/4 ,?is   
ap]ture w 9 "o "p or ano!r receive &    
reta9 !  head ( almo/ any /opp]1 &      
prev5t its turn+ ) ! bottle4 ,!n  by    
wrapp+ a clo? ab\t ! bottle & grasp+ x )
 bo? h&s1 !  attempt to turn x r\nd s z 
to move ! /opp] may be made ) any       
degree ( =ce :i* x may be ?\ght safe to 
ex]t4 ,! =ce employ$  %\ld nev] be c>ri$

 s f> z to cause fracture any:]e1 b !   
attempts1 if unavail+ ) ! application ( 
a mod]ate degree1 %\ld  be desi/$4      
,ano!r & v successful me?od ( remov+ a  
/opp] is  to turn ! bottle r\nd :5 held 
horizontally ov] ! small flame ( a  _s  
lamp or c&le appli$ to ! neck4 ,! heat  
%\ld be appli$ only  to ! "p r\nd ! plug
 ( ! /opp]1 & 9 a few mom5ts1 :5 t  has 
become w>m1 ! /opp] %\ld be tapp$ ) !   
piece ( wood z  be=e /at$4 ,z soon z !  
/opp] moves by tapp+ x is to be tak5    
out1 & mu/ n be replac$ till ! glass is 
cold4    8,! application ( heat 9 ?is   
mann] mu/ be %ort & ! op]ation          
altoge!r1 to be successful1 mu/ be a    
quick "o4 ,if ! cont5ts ( !  bottle are 
fluid1 x %\ld be s incl9$ t !y mu/ n    
become  heat$2 if !y are volatile ?is   
me?od %\ld be tri$ v c>efully1  le/ !   
vap\r =m$ )9 %\ld bur/ ! bottle4    8,x 
is (t5 advantage\s to put a little olive
 oil r\nd ! edge ( !  /opp] at its      
ins]tion1 all[+ x to soak 9 = a day or  
two4 ,if ?is  be done be=e ! heat be    

appli$1 x frequ5tly p5etrates by        
increas$  facility2 by oil1 heat1 &     
tapp+ v ob/9ate /opp]s may be  remov$4  
8,:5 a /opp] has be5 fix$ by            
cry/allisation f solution1 wat]  w      
sometimes set x free1 & x is m          
efficaci\s 9 su* cases ?an  oil1 because
 x dissolves ! cem5t4 ,:5 ! cem5t+ matt]
 is a  metallic oxide or sub-salt1 a    
little muriatic acid may be useful if   
!re  be no objection to its application 
aris+ f ! nature ( !  sub/ance )940#aih 
,footnote #aih3 ,f>aday4    ,a writes 9 
#8,new ,rem$ies' sugge/s t1 9 attempt+  
to extricate !  fix$ /opp] by means (   
knock+ ) a piece ( wood1 ! motion giv5  
to x :5 putt+ x 9 %\ld be rev]s$1 t is1 
! /opp] %\ld  be knock$ f "r to left4   
,,/orm-,,glass4 ,a philosophical toy1   
consi/+ ( a ?9 glass tube ab\t  #ab     
in*es long & #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 ab\t  
?ree f\r?s fill$ )  ! foll[+ liquid1 &  
cov]$ ) a brass c> hav+ an almo/        
capill>y hole ?r\gh x1 or else ti$ ov] )
 bladd]4    ,! solution4 ,take (        

camphor1 #b dr42 nitre #a-a_/b dr42 sal 
ammoniac1 #a  dr42 pro( _s #b-a_/d fl4  
oz42 dissolve1 & place x 9 ! tube above 
ref]r$ to4 ,us$ to =etell *anges ( !    
wea!r4    ,,/oves4 ,9 ,engl& ! op5 grate
 or fireplace1 because ( its *e]ful     
appe>ance & ! s5se ( com=t x sugge/s :5 
fill$ ) gl[+  coal1 is ! favorite &     
g5]al receptacle = ! fuel ) :i* we  w>m 
our ap>tm5ts4 ,! cozy appe>ance1 h[ev]1 
( our old-fa%ion$  ,engli% grate1       
con/itutes its *ief1 if n its only m]it2
 = x n  only fails 9 uni=mly w>m+ &     
effectively v5tilat+ our  ap>tm5ts1 b x 
m or less sets into circulation a numb] 
( draughts  ( cold air1 & besides       
occasionally fill+ our rooms ) smoke &  
spoil+ our furniture by ! deposition (  
soot & du/1 wa/es our  fuel1 by all[+ x 
to escape unconsum$ 9 ! %ape ( smoke1 & 
?us  pollutes ! atmosph]e ( our cities &
 t[ns4    ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1
 ,russia1 & o!r ,european c\ntries1 z   
well  z 9 ,am]ica & ,canada1 ! /ove or  
clos$ fireplace is us$4 ,!  dome/ic /ove

 ( ^! c\ntries is made ei!r ( %eet or   
ca/-iron1 or  fire-clay4 ,! iron /oves1 
be+ mo/ly compos$ ( ?9 plates1 soon     
absorb & radiate ! heat2 & al?\gh ?is   
prop]ty enables !m to  rapidly w>m an   
ap>tm5t1 x has ! disadvantage1 if ! /ove
 becomes  r$-hot1 ( all[+ ! escape ?r\gh
 ! heat$ metal into !  surr\nd+ air ( ! 
c>bonic acid g5]at$ 9 ! /ove2 &         
fur!rmore1 9 its imm$iate vic9ity       
conv]ts a portion ( x into  c>bonic     
oxide4 ,su* /oves mu/ necess>ily be     
unsafe unless us$ 9  well-v5tilat$      
ap>tm5ts4#aii ,ano!r effect ( ! ov]     
heat+ ( !  /ove is to desiccate or p>* !
 air1 & to r5d] x irritat+ :5  brea!d4  
,! fire-clay /oves are free f ^!        
drawbacks1 & cont9ue  to radiate f _!   
surfaces a l>ge am\nt ( heat1 ev5 :5 !  
fuel  ) :i* !y h be5 suppli$ is consum$4
 ,b al?\gh we exclude  ! close /ove f   
our sitt+ rooms & dormitories1 x is 9   
frequ5t  requisition 9 halls1           
picture-gall]ies1 *ur*es1 !atres1       
lecture-rooms1 & ! l4    ,footnote #aii3

 ,dr ,bond has sugge/$ coat+ !m )       
soluble glass1 z a  rem$y = ?is4        
8,/ove lit]ature10 if su* a t]m may be  
appli$ to ! v>i\s treatises  descriptive
 ( ! multitude ( patt]ns 9 use1 :i* h   
emanat$ alike  f inv5tors & _! critics1 
is s volum9\s t x is impossible  = u to 
attempt to give ev5 a li/ ( ! numb]less 
/oves 9 use1 to  say no?+ ( a comm5t>y  
on _! relative value4 ,( close /oves    
suitable = heat+ spaces o!r ?an dwell+  
or sleep+-rooms1 m5tion  may be made (  
,arnott's /ove1 & "o kn[n z 8,!         
,belfa/40 ,^!  /oves are s]viceable :5 x
 is desirable to keep up a fire = "s    
"t1 z 9 heat+ a lobby4 ,!y h ! advantage
 ( requir+ little1  if any1 att5tion    
aft] ! fuel has be5 plac$ 9 !m & ignit$4
    ,( late ye>s1 gas-/oves1 bo? = heat+
 & cook+ purposes1 h  come l>gely into  
use4 ,"o ( ^? = ! =m] purpose is call$ !
  8,pyropneumatic40 ,! inn] "p ( ?is    
app>atus is =m$ ( lumps (  fire-clay    
trav]s$ by v]tical air-passages :i*     
communicate ) !  ext]nal air by a       

special *annel4 ,! air becomes heat$ z x
 passes  ?r\gh ! lumps ( fire-clay1 &   
ris+ to ! top ( ! /ove1  escapes !refrom
 by an outlet into ! room4 ,ano!r       
s-call$  8v5tilat+0 w>m+ gas-/ove is ,mr
 ,george's 8,culirog540 ,x consi/s (  a 
/ove made ( ?9-roll$ iron1 inside ( :i* 
is a coil (  wr\ght-iron tub+ op5 at !  
top ( ! /ove4 ,! l[] end ( ?is  tub+ is 
9 connection ) an iron pipe :i* is c>ri$
 ?r\gh !  wall ( ! ap>tm5t1 & f$ ) air f
 )\t4 ,gas is ! fuel  g5]ally us$ to    
heat ! inside ( ! /ove4 ,! cont9u\s     
curr5t (  air z x ru%es into ! iron pipe
 f )\t1 ?us becomes w>m$ z  x asc5ds    
into ! coil1 :i* x leaves to become     
diffus$ into !  surr\nd+ ap>tm5t1 :il/ !
 products ( combu/ion ( ! gas us$  z    
fuel are1 by means ( a pipe atta*$ to ! 
/ove1 c>ri$ into !  *imney1 z ) coal    
fire4    ,a gas-cook+ app>atus possesses
 _m advantages ov] an ord9>y coal  fire4
 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is m cleanly2 9 !   
second1 x af=ds a  mu* m uni=m & equable
 temp]ature2 9 ! ?ird1 x =ms no  smoke1 

& 9 ! f\r? x is m economical z well z   
exp$iti\s4    ,mr ,eassie gives ! foll[+
 practical sugge/ions to int5d+         
pur*as]s ( gas-/oves3----    8,x is n   
necess>y "h to ent] into a description (
 any ( !  numb]less common patt]ns      
extant1 b x might be well to record !   
op9ion ( ! be/ eng9e]s1 t ! simple/     
gas-/ove is ! be/4  ,!y %\ld n be       
surr\nd$ by a non-conduct+ mat]ial1 z t 
af=ds no advantage1 b ! contr>y4 ,an    
,arg& or fi%-tail burn]  %\ld also be   
us$ in/ead ( r+s pi]c$ = s _m sep>ate   
jets1  & :]e practicable1 ! ,buns5-burn]
 %\ld be employ$1 z !  mixture ( common 
air ) ! gas n only prev5ts ! =mation (  
soot1 b also int5sifies ! heat40        
,,/rabis,,mus4 ,syn4 ,,squ9t+4 ,?is ne$ 
n be describ$4 ,:5 "o eye  only is      
affect$1 an excell5t plan is to bl9dfold
 ! s\nd eye dur+  sev]al h\rs ea* day1  
until ! affection be remov$4 ,:5 bo?    
eyes are  affect$1 a project+ piece (   
pa/ebo>d1 9 ! l9e ( ! nose1 may  be worn
 z mu* z possible ) ! same object4 ,9   

bad cases (  squ9t+ inw>ds1 z x is      
call$1 ! division ( ! int]nal rectus    
muscle ( ! eyeball by a skilful surgeon1
 is said to (t5 relieve !  de=mity4     
,,/rangulation4 ,see ,,hang+4           
,,/rap,,p+4 ,spread adhesive pla/]4 ,us$
 to dress w\nds1 c4    ,,/rass4 ,see    
,,enamel4    ,,/raw,,b]ry4 ,syn4        
,,frag>ia1 ,l4 ,! fruit ( ,frag>ia vesca
 7,l9n471  or /rawb]ry plant4           
,/rawb]ries are1 p]haps1 ! milde/ ( all 
!  cultivat$ fruits2 !y are cool+1 &    
slightly laxative & diuretic2  rubb$ on 
! tee?1 !y dissolve ! t>t>1 & :it5 !m4  
,!y 7  =m]ly 9 repute 9 g\t1 /one1 &    
consumption4 ,! root ( ! plant  is      
ap]i5t4    ,/rawb]ry ess5ce1 factiti\s4 
,nitric e!r1 #a "p2 acetate ( e?yl1  #e 
p>ts2 =m9ate ( e?yl1 #e p>ts2 butyrate (
 e?yl1 #e p>ts2  salicylate ( me?yl1 #a 
"p2 acetate ( amyl1 #c p>ts2 butyrate ( 
amyl1  #b p>ts2 glyc]91 #b p>ts2        
alcohol1 #ajj p>ts4#bjj    ,footnote    
#bjj3 #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'    ,,/raw        
,,plait1 & ! articles made ( x1 are     

blea*$ by expos+ !m  to ! fumes ( burn+ 
sulphur 9 a close *e/ or box2 or1 by    
imm]s+  !m 9 a weak solution ( *loride (
 lime1 & aft]w>ds well wa%+  !m 9 wat]4 
,wat] acidulat$ ) oil ( vitriol or      
oxalic acid is also  us$ = ! same       
purpose4 ,/raw plait may be dy$ ) any ( 
! simple  liquid dyes4    ,,/r+halt4 ,! 
same z ,,*orea1 :i* see4                
,,/ron,,tium4 ,sr4 ,! metallic base ( ! 
e>? /rontia4 ,x 0  discov]$ by ,sir ,h4 
,davy1 9 #ahjh4 ,x closely resembles    
b>ium1 b is  less lu/r\s4 ,) *lor9e x   
comb9es to =m a *loride ( /rontium1  a  
some:at deliquesc5t salt1 soluble 9 #b  
p>ts ( cold & 9 less (  boil+ wat]1 &   
freely soluble 9 alcohol4 ,) oxyg5 x =ms
 an  oxide4    ,te/4 ,/rontium salts are
 precipitat$ by sulphuric acid & alkal9e
  c>bonates & sulphate4 ,!y are di/+ui%$
 f b>ium by n giv+  su* a decid$        
precipitate ) sulphates1 & by n be+     
precipitat$  by bi*romate ( potassium4  
,f calcium1 by sulphates ( calcium      
solution giv+ a precipitate1 & by       

conc5trat$ solutions giv+ a  precipitate
 ) *romate ( potassium4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f
 magnesium  by ! insolubility ( its     
sulphate4    ,/rontium1 ,oxide (4 ,sr,o4
 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,/rontium1      
,,/rontia4  ,prep4 ,q pure cry/all9e    
nitrate ( /rontium4 ,prop4 ,greyi%-:ite 
p[d]1 unit+ ) wat] to =m a :ite1 some:at
 soluble sub/ance1  ! hydrate (         
/rontium1 ,sr7,,ho7#b4    ,) acids x =ms
 v>i\s salts1 ( :i* ! c>bonate is a :ite
  insoluble p[d]1 & ! nitrate a :ite    
cry/all9e salt1 soluble 9 #e  p>ts (    
cold wat]1 & 9 alcohol2 communicat+ a   
brilliant r$ col\r  to flame4           
,,/roph,,ulus4 ,a papul> eruption       
peculi> to infants4 ,!re are sev]al     
v>ieties3----,9 /rophulus int]t9ctus1 r$
 gum1 or r$ g[n1 ! pimples  rise s5sibly
 above ! level ( ! cuticle1 possess a   
vivid r$ col\r1  & are usually di/9ct f 
ea* o!r2 !y commonly attack ! *eeks1    
=e>m1 & back ( ! h&1 &1 occasionally1   
o!r p>ts ( !  body4----,9 /rophulus     
albidus1 or :ite gum1 !re are a numb] ( 

m9ute  :iti% specks1 :i* are1 sometimes1
 surr\nd$ by a slight r$ness4 ,!  two   
prec$+ v>ieties commonly occur dur+ !   
fir/ two or ?ree  mon?s (               
lactation4----,9 /rophulus conf]tus1    
rank r$ gum1 or too?  ra%1 :i* usually  
appe>s ab\t ! f\r? or fif? mon?1 !      
pimples  usually occur on ! *eeks &     
sides ( ! nose1 sometimes on !  =ehead &
 arms1 & /ill less frequ5tly on ! lo9s4 
,!y are  small]1 set clos] toge!r1 &    
less vivid1 b m p]man5t ?an 9  ! common 
r$ gum4----,9 /rophulus volaticus small 
circul> pat*es or  clu/]s ( pimples1 ea*
 conta9+ f #f to #ab1 appe> successively
 on  diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 accompani$ )
 r$ness2 & z "o pat*  decl9es ano!r     
spr+s up ne> x1 by :i* ! effloresc5ce   
(t5  spreads gradually ov] ! :ole face &
 body4----,9 /rophulus c&idus  ! pimples
 are l>g] ?an 9 ! prec$+1 & are pale1   
smoo? &  %9+2 x pr9cipally attacks !    
upp] p>ts ( ! arms1 !  %\ld]s1 & ! lo9s4
 ,! la/ two v>ieties commonly appe>     
betwe5  ! ?ird & n9? mon?4    ,!        

treatm5t ( ! above affections consi/s   
*iefly 9 remov+ acidity  & indige/ion & 
duly regulat+ ! b[els by an occasional  
dose (  magnesia or rhub>b1 or bo?      
comb9$4 ,di>rha may be met by ! w>m  ba?
 & ! daily use ( arr[root 7g5u9e71 to   
:i* a teaspoonful or  two ( pure port   
w9e has be5 add$2 & it*+ & irritation   
may be  alleviat$ by ! use ( a lotion   
consi/+ ( wat]1 to :i* a little  milk1  
lemon juice1 borax1 or glyc]91 has be5  
add$4    ,,/ry*,,n9e4                   
,c#ba;,h#bb,n#b,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,/ry*n9a1   
,,/ry*nia 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve          
hydro*lorate or sulphate  ( /ry*n9e 9   
di/ill$ wat]1 & ?r[ d[n ! alkaloid )    
ammonia1 c>efully avoid+ excess2        
r$issolve ! precipitate 9 hot  rectifi$ 
_s1 & collect ! cry/als :i* =m z !      
liquid cools4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nux    
vomica 79 p[d]71 #a lb41 is dige/$ = #bd
 h\rs 9 #a_/b  gall4 ( wat] acidulat$ ) 
#b fl4 dr4 ( sulphuric acid1 aft] :i* x 
is boil$ = half an h\r1 & ! decoction   

decant$2 ! residuum is  boil$ a second &
 a ?ird "t ) a fre% #a_/b gall4 ( wat]  
acidulat$ ) #a fl4 dr4 ( ! acid1 & !    
undissolv$ matt] is  f9ally submitt$ to 
/rong expression2 ! decoctions are next 
filt]$  & conc5trat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a 
syrup1 :i* is boil$ )  rectifi$ _s1 #c  
p9ts1 = ab\t #bj m9utes1 hydrate (      
calcium1 #a  oz41 or q4 s41 be+ add$ 9  
successive portions dur+ ! ebullition1  
until ! solution becomes di/9ctly       
alkal9e2 ! liquid is !n  filt]$1 ! _s   
di/ill$ (f1 & ! residuum dissolv$ 9     
dilut$  sulphuric acid1 q4 s42 ammonia1 
9 slight excess1 is add$ to ! filt]$    
solution1 & ! precipitate :i* falls is  
collect$ ^u a pap]  filt]1 & dri$2 x is 
next r$issolv$ 9 a m9imum ( boil+       
rectifi$ _s1 & dige/$ ) #a_/b oz4 (     
animal *>coal = #bj  m9utes2 ! filt]$   
liquid1 z x cools1 deposits /ry*n9e1 9  
cry/als4    #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,nux vomica  
#a lb41 acetate ( lead #ahj gr41        
solution ( ammonia  q4 s41 rectifi$ _s  
q4 s41 di/ill$ wat] q4 s4 ,subject ! nux

  vomica = two h\rs to /eam 9 any       
conv5i5t vessel2 *op or slice x2  dry x 
9 a wat] ba? or hot-air *amb]1 &        
imm$iately gr9d x 9 a  c(fee mill4      
,dige/ ! p[d] at a g5tle heat = #ab h\rs
 ) two  p9ts ( ! _s & #a p9t ( ! wat]1  
/ra9 ?r\gh l951 express  /rongly1 &     
repeat ! process twice4 ,di/il (f ! _s f
 !  mix$ fluid1 evaporate ! wat]y       
residue to ab\t #af oz41 & filt] :5     
cold4 ,add n[ ! acetate ( lead1         
previ\sly dissolv$ 9 di/ill$  wat]1 s   
long z x occasions any precipitate2     
filt]2 wa% !  precipitate ) #aj oz4 (   
cold wat]1 add+ ! wa%+s to !  filtrate2 
evaporate ! cle> fluid to #h oz41 & :5 x
 has cool$ add  ! ammonia 9 slight      
excess1 /irr+ ?or\ghly4 ,let ! mixture  
/&  at ! ord9>y temp]ature = #ab h\rs2  
collect ! precipitate on a  filt]1 wa% x
 once ) a few ounces ( cold di/ill$     
wat]1 dry x 9  a wat]-ba? or hot-air    
*amb]1 & boil x ) successive portions ( 
rectifi$ _s1 till ! fluid sc>cely ta/es 
bitt]4 ,di/il (f mo/  ( ! _s1 evaporate 

! residue to ! bulk ( ab\t #a_/b oz41 & 
set  x aside to cool4 ,cauti\sly p\r (f 
! yell[i% "m-liquor 7:i*  conta9s !     
brucia ( ! se$s7 f ! :ite cru/ ( /ry*nia
 :i*  adh]es to ! vessel4 ,?r[ ! cru/ on
 a pap] filt]1 wa% x ) a  mixture ( two 
p>ts ( rectifi$ _s & "o ( wat]1 till !  
wa%+s cease to become r$ on ! addition (
 nitric acid2 f9ally1  dissolve x1 by   
boil+ x ) #a oz4 ( rectifi$ _s1 & set x 
aside to cry/allise4 ,m cry/als may be  
obta9$ by evaporat+ !  "m-liquor4       
,/ry*n9e is m readily obta9$1 & 9 great]
  purity1 f ,/ ,ignatius's ,bean4 ,!    
usual dose ( /ry*nia & its  salts to    
comm5ce ) is f #a_/cj? to #a_/ab? ( a   
gra91 to be v  sl[ly increas$1 c>efully 
wat*+ its effects4 ,mag5die says ! salts
  are m active ?an _! base4    ,prop4 ,a
 :ite1 inodor\s1 infusible p[d]2 or     
small1 b exce$+ly  brilliant1 transp>5t1
 col\rless1 octah$ral cry/als2 soluble 9
 ab\t  #gjjj p>ts ( wat] at #fj1 & 9    
#bejj p>ts at #bab ,fahr42 freebly      
soluble 9 hot rectifi$ _s2 insoluble 9  

absolute alcohol1 e!r1 &  solutions ( ! 
cau/ic alkalies2 imp>ts a di/9ctly bitt]
 ta/e to  #fjj1jjj times its weight (   
wat] 7#a "p 9 #a1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat] is 
/ill p]ceptible----,f[nes72 exhibits an 
alkal9e reaction2 & =ms salts  ) !      
acids1 :i* are easily prep>$1 are       
cry/allisable1 & well  def9$4           
,te/s4----#a4 ,potassium hydrate & !    
c>bonate produce1 9 solutions (  ! salts
 ( /ry*nia1 :ite precipitates1 :i* are  
insoluble 9 excess  ( ! precipitant1 &  
:i*1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a l5s magnify+ #ajj 
times1 appe> z aggregates ( small       
cry/all9e ne$les4 ,9 weak  solutions !  
precipitate only sep>ates aft] "s "t1 9 
! =m (  cry/all9e ne$les1 :i* are1      
h[ev]1 9 ?is case1 p]fectly visible  to 
! nak$ eye4----#b4 ,ammonia gives a     
simil> precipitate1 :i* is  soluble 9   
excess ( ! precipitant4----#c4          
,bic>bonate ( sodium produces1  9       
neutral solutions1 a l :ite precipitate1
 :i* is insoluble 9  excess1 b :i*      
r$issolves on ! addition ( a s+le drop (

 acid2 9  acid solutions no precipitate 
occurs = "s "t 9 ! cold1 b  imm$iately  
on boil+ ! liquid4----#d4 ,nitric acid  
dissolves pure  /ry*nia & its salts to  
col\rless fluids1 :i* become yell[ :5   
heat$4 ,comm]cial /ry*n9e1 f conta9+ a  
little bruc9e1 is  r$d5$ by ?is         
te/4----#e4 ,a m9ute quantity ( /ry*n9e 
be+ mix$  ) a small drop ( conc5trat$   
sulphuric acid1 plac$ on a :ite  capsule
 or slip ( glass1 =ms a col\rless       
solution1 b yields1 on !  addition ( a v
 small cry/al ( bi*romate ( potassium1  
or a v  m9ute portion ( *romic acid1 a  
ri* violet col\r1 :i* gradually  *anges 
to r$ & yell[1 & disappe>s aft] "s "t4  
,! #a_/ajjj? (  a gra9 yields v di/9ct  
indications4----#f4 ,pure oxide or      
p]oxide (  lead produces a simil>       
reaction to ! la/1 provid$ ! sulphuric  
acid  conta9 ab\t #a ( nitric acid4     
,pois4 ,! *>act]i/ic symptom is !       
special influ5ce ex]t$ ^u  ! n]v\s      
sy/em1 :i* is manife/$ by a g5]al       
contraction ( all  ! muscles ( ! body1 )

 rigidity ( ! sp9al column4 ,a pr(\nd   
calm soon succe$s1 :i* is foll[$ by a   
new tetanic seizure1 long]  ?an ! fir/1 
dur+ :i* ! respiration is susp5d$4 ,^!  
symptoms  !n cease1 ! brea?+ becomes    
easy1 & !re is /upor1 foll[$ by  ano!r  
g5]al contraction4 ,9 fatal cases ^!    
attacks are r5ew$1 at  int]vals1 )      
increas+ viol5ce1 until dea? ensues4 ,"o
 ph5om5on  :i* is only f\nd 9 poison+s  
by sub/ances conta9+ /ry*n9e is1  t t\*+
 any "p ( ! body1 or ev5 ?reat5+ to d s1
  in/antly produces ! tetanic spasm4    
,treat4 ,! /oma* %\ld be imm$iately     
cle>$ by means ( an emetic1  tickl+ !   
fauces1 c4 ,to c\nt]act ! asphyxia f    
tetanus1 c41  artificial respiration    
%\ld be practis$ ) dilig5ce & c>e4 8,if 
! poison has be5 appli$ ext]nally1 we   
ought imm$iately to caut]ise  ! "p1 &   
apply a ligature tightly above ! w\nd4  
,if ! poison has  be5 swall[$ = "s "t1  
we %\ld give a purgative cly/]1 &       
adm9i/] draughts conta9+ sulphuric e!r  
or oil ( turp5t9e1 :i*  9 mo/ cases     

produce a salut>y effect4 ,la/ly1       
injections ( *lor9e  & decoction ( tann9
 are ( value40    ,accord+ to ,*4       
,gun!r1 ! greate/ reliance may be plac$ 
on full  doses ( opium1 assi/$ by       
v5esection1 9 cases ( poison+ by        
/ry*nia or nux vomica4 ,8 plan is to    
adm9i/] ?is drug 9 ! =m  ( solution or  
mixture1 9 comb9ation ) a sal9e ap]i5t4 
,uses1 c4 ,x is a mo/ frightful poison1 
produc+ tetanus & dea? 9  v small doses4
 ,ev5 #a_/bd gr4 w sometimes occasion   
tetanic twit*+s  9 p]sons ( delicate    
temp]am5t4 #a_/d gr4 bl[n into ! ?roat (
 a  small dog produc$ dea? 9 #f m9utes4 
,9 v m9ute doses x acts z a  useful     
tonic 9 v>i\s n]v\s diseases1 *ronic    
di>rha1 leucorrha1  c42 9 slightly l>g] 
ones1 x has be5 advantage\sly employ$ 9 
c]ta9 =ms ( p>alysis1 9 tic d\l\reux1   
impot5ce1 c4----,dose1  #a_/bd to #a_/af
 gr4 7dissolv$ 9 wat] by means ( a drop 
( acetic or  hydro*loric acid71         
gradually & cauti\sly increas$ until x  
slightly  affects ! muscul> sy/em4      

,ext]nally1 #a_/h to #a_/d gr4 at a "t4 
,! ,ed9burgh ,college ord]$ ! nux vomica
 to be expos$ = two h\rs  to /eam1 to   
s(t5 x1 !n to *op or slice x1 next to   
dry x by !  heat ( a vap\r ba? or hot   
air1 &1 la/ly1 to gr9d x 9 a            
c(fee-mill4 ,9 ! process ( ! ,ph4 ,l4   
#ahcf magnesia 0 employ$ to  effect !   
precipitation4 ,9 ! la/ ,ph4 ,l4 /ry*n9e
 appe>s 9 !  ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,mo/ ( t ( 
comm]ce is n[ obta9$ f ,/  ,ignatius's  
bean1 :i*1 accord+ to ,geisel]1 yields  
#a-a_/d ( x2  :]eas #c lbs4 ( nux vomica
 produce little m ?an #a dr4 ,comm]cial 
/ry*n9e may be fre$ f bruc9e by dige/+ !
 p[d] 9 dilute  alcohol4    ,! salts (  
/ry*n9e1 :i* are occasionally ask$ = 9  
trade1 are  ! acetate 7/ry*ni acetas71  
hydro*lorate or muriate 7s4             
murias----,ph4  ,d471 hydriodate 7s4    
hydriodas71 nitrate 7s4 nitras71        
phosphate 7s4  phosphas71 & sulphate 7s4
 sulphas74 ,all ( ^! may be easily =m$  
by  simply neutralis+ ! acid previ\sly  
dilut$ ) #b or #c p>ts (  wat]1 ) !     

alkaloid1 assi/+ ! solution ) heat2     
cry/als are  deposit$ z ! liquid cools1 
& m may be obta9$ by evaporat+ !        
"m-liquor4    ,,/ry*nos4 ,see ,,nux     
,,vomica & ,,bean1 ,,/ ,,ignatius',s4   
,,/uc,,co4 ,! "n ( sev]al calc>e\s      
cem5ts or mort>s4 ,f9e /ucco  is ! ?ird 
or la/ coat ( ?ree-coat pla/]1 & consi/s
 ( a mixture  ( f9e lime & qu>tzose s&1 
:i*1 9 application1 is 8twice h&  float$
 & well tr[ell$40 ,see ,,cem5ts4        
,,/uff+4 ,season+1 plac$ 9 meat1 p\ltry1
 game1 c41 be=e dress+  !m1 to give !m  
an increas$ reli%4 ,! same mat]ials =m$ 
into  balls1 are add$ to s\ps1 gravies1 
c41 "u ! "n ( ,,=cemeat4    ,prep4 #a4  
7,= f[ls1 c47 ,%r$ a little ham or      
gammon1 "s cold veal  or f[l1 "s beef   
suet1 a small quantity ( onion1 "s      
p>sley1 a v  little lemon peel1 salt1   
nutmeg1 or p\nd$ mace1 & ei!r :ite pepp]
  or cay5ne1 & bread crumbs1 p\nd !m 9 a
 mort>1 & b9d x ) #a  or #b eggs4    #b4
 7,= h>e1 or any?+ 9 imitation (        
x4----,mrs ,rundell47 ,! scald$  liv]1  

an an*ovy1 "s fat bacon1 a little suet1 
"s p>sley1 ?yme1  knott$ m>joram1 a     
little %alot1 & ei!r onion or *ives1 all
 *opp$  f9e1 ) "s crumbs ( bread1 pepp]1
 & nutmeg1 beat5 9 a mort>  ) an egg4   
#c4 7,= goose47 ,f sage1 onion1 suet1 & 
crumb ( bread4 ,geese are n[1  h[ev]1 m 
commonly /uff$ ) veal /uff+4    #d4 7,= 
veal----,soy]47 ,*op #a_/b lb4 ( suet1  
put x into a bas9 ) #c_/d  lb4 ( bread  
crumbs1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 a #a_/d d4
 ( pepp]1 a little  ?yme or lemon peel  
*opp$1 & #c :ole eggs2 mix well4        
,obs4 #a lb4 ( bread crumbs & "o m egg  
may be us$2 !y w make  x cut firm]4     
,?is1 z well z ,no4 #a1 is n[ commonly  
employ$ =  p\ltry & meat4 ,ude1 a great 
au?ority 9 ^! matt]s1 obs]ves t  8x w\ld
 n be amiss to add a piece ( butt]1 & to
 p\nd ! :ole 9  a mort>40 8,grat$ ham or
 tongue may be add$ to ?is /uff+40      
7,rundell47 ,?is is also us$ = turkeys1 
& = #8=cemeat patties4'    ,,/uff+      
7,birds1 c474 ,! sk9s are commonly du/$ 
ov] ) a mixture  ( camphor1 alum1 &     

sulphur1 9 ab\t equal quantities2 or1 !y
 are  sme>$ ) ,bcur's ars5ical soap1    
notic$ "u ,,soap4 ,accord+ to  ,crace   
,calv]t1 c>bolic acid1 :i* is wor? only 
ab\t #bs4 p] gall41 is  sup]ior to all  
o!r sub/ances = pres]v+ ! sk9s ( birds &
  animals1 z well z corpses4 ,see       
,,taxid]my1 ,,practical4    ,,/urdy4    
,?is disease1 kn[n also by ! "n ( ,,gad1
 :i* attacks  cattle & %eep1 b m        
p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 is caus$ by !       
pres5ce 9 ! bra9 ( ! animal1 ( a        
hydatid----a creature enclos$ 9  a sac (
 s]\s fluid4 ,?is hydatid develops f !  
ova ( ! tape  worm1 9 ! animal's body1  
:5ce x has ga9$ an entrance1 ) !  grass 
:i* con/itutes ! cattle or %eep's food  
^u :i* x has be5  void$ by dogs & o!r   
animals4    ,x is mo/ common 9 %eep ( f 
#f to #h mon?s old1 &1 z might be       
expect$1 ) ^? :i* fe$ 9 damp mead[s4 ,! 
animals attack$ by  x turn r\nd & r\nd 9
 "o position1 lose _! greg>i\s habits1  
seem daz$1 & refuse _! food2 :i* latt]  
circum/ance frequ5tly  causes dea? by   

induc+ />vation4    ,z reg>ds ! treatm5t
 ( ?is disease ,mr ,f9lay ,dun writes3  
8,a /\t  /ock+ wire ?ru/ up ! no/rils   
has long be5 us$ ) occasional  success1 
to get rid ( ! hydatid2 b ! use ( !     
troc> & canula  n[ sold by mo/ surgical 
in/rum5t mak]s is mu* saf] & bett]4 ,!  
%eep is plac$ ) its feet ti$ ^u a table 
or b5*1 & ! head  c>efully exam9$1 :5 a 
s(t place may (t5 be detect$1 indicat+  
t ! hydatid lies und]nea?4 ,a portion ( 
! sk9 is dissect$ back  & ! troc> &     
canula introduc$1 :5 ! hydatid w (t5    
come  away z ! troc> is )drawn40 ,mr    
,dun says 8t1 %\ld ! troc>  fail to     
extract x1 x mu/ be drawn to ! surface  
by a small syr+e  made = ! purpose4     
,fur!rmore1 ! w\nd1 aft] ! removal ( !  
hydatid1 mu/ be treat$ ) a cold wat]    
dress+40    ,all cattle simil>ly affect$
 %\ld be treat$ z above4    ,,/ur,,geon4
 ,sev]al species ( ,acip5s] pass "u ?is 
"n4 ,!  common /urgeon is ! ,acip5s]    
/urio 7,l9n474 ,! roe is made into      
#8cavi>e1' ! swimm+-bladd] into         

#8is+lass4'    ,,/y4 ,syn4 ,,/ye1       
,,/ian2 ,,hordeolum1 ,l4 ,a small       
inflam$ tum\r1 or boil1  at ! edge ( !  
eyelid1 some:at resembl+ a b>leycorn4 ,x
 is usually  recomm5d$ to promote its   
maturation by w>m applications1 s9ce 8! 
/ye1 l o!r furuncul\s inflammations1 =ms
 an exception to !  g5]al rule1 t ! be/ 
mode 9 :i* inflammatory swell+s c end   
is resolution40    ,,/yp,,tics4 ,syn4   
,,/yptica1 ,l4 ,sub/ances :i* arre/     
local ble$+4  ,creasote1 tannic acid1   
alcohol1 alum1 & mo/ ( ! a/r+5t salts1  
belong to ?is class4    ,/yptic1        
,broc*i]i's4 ,a no/rum consi/+ ( ! wat] 
di/ill$ f  p9e tops4    ,/yptic1        
,eaton's4 ,a solution ( sulphate        
disguis$ by ! addition (  "s unimportant
 sub/ances4 8,helvetius's /yptic 0 = a  
long "t  employ$ "u ?is title40 7,p>is47
    ,/yptic ,helvetius's4 ,syn4         
,,/ypticum ,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,iron fil+s  
7f9e71  & cream ( t>t>1 mix$ to a prop] 
consi/5ce ) ,fr5* br&y4  ,see ,,p[d]1   
,,helvetius',s4    ,,/y,,rax4 ,syn4     

,,/orax1 ,,/orax ,,balsam2 ,,/yrax 7,ph4
 ,l41  ,e471 ,l4 8,!  liquid balsam ( an
 unc]ta9 plant40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,! 8balsamic
 exudation (  ,/yrax (fic9ale1 ,l9n40   
7,ph4 ,e471 or cane /orax tree4 ,two or 
?ree  v>ieties are kn[n 9               
comm]ce3----,liquid /orax 7/yrax        
liquida71 lump  ( r$ /orax 7s4 9        
massis71 :i* is g5]ally v impure2 /orax 
9  te>s 7s4 9 la*rymis71 & /orax 9 re$s 
7s4 calamita74 ,! la/  are n[ seldom met
 ) 9 trade4    ,,prep>$ ,,/orax 7/yrax  
colata2 s4 prp>ata1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47  
is  obta9$ by dissolv+ /orax1 #a lb41 9 
rectifi$ _s1 #d p9ts1 by a  g5tle heat1 
/ra9+ ! solution ?r\gh l951 di/ill+ (f  
great]  "p ( ! _s1 & evaporat+ :at is   
left to a prop] consi/5ce  by ! heat ( a
 wat] ba?4 ,x is less fragrant ?an ! raw
 drug4    ,/orax is /imulant1           
expectorant1 & n]v9e4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* us$
  9 m5/rual ob/ructions1 ph?isis1 c\ghs1
 a/hmas1 & o!r brea?  diseases4 ,x is n[
 *iefly us$ z a p]fume4----,dose1 #f to 
#bj or #cj gr4  7#aj to #bj gr4 twice a 

day1 ,b4 ,p474    ,a factiti\s /ra9$    
,/orax is made z foll[s3----#a4 ,balsam 
( ,p]u1 #a  lb42 balsam ( tolu1 #d lbs42
 mix4    #b4 ,gum b5zo91 #h lbs42 liquid
 /orax1 #f lbs42 balsam ( tolu &        
,socotr9e aloes1 ( ea* #c lbs42 balsam (
 ,p]u1 #b lbs42 ,n4,s4,w4 yell[  gum1 #g
 lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #g gall42 dige/1 )  
frequ5t agitation1  = a =tnight1 /ra9 & 
di/il (f ! _s 7ab\t #e-a_/b galls47     
until ! residuum has a prop] consi/5ce4 
,prod4 #bh lbs4    #c4 ,liquid /orax1 #a
 oz42 ,socotr9e aloes1 #a_/d lb42 balsam
 ( tolu1 #b lbs42  rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4   
,,sub-4 ,see ,,nom5clature & ,,salts4   
,,su,,b]ic ,,acid4 ,obta9$ by boil+     
rasp$ cork = "s "t 9 nitric  acid4      
,,sublima,,tion4 ,! process by :i*      
volatile sub/ances are r$uc$ to  ! /ate 
( vap\r by heat1 & aga9 cond5s$ 9 !     
solid =m4 ,x  diff]s f ord9>y           
di/illation 9 be+ conf9$ to dry solid   
sub/ances1 & 9 ! heat employ$ be+1 9    
g5]al1 mu* great]4    ,,sub,,/antive    
,,col\rs1 9 ! art ( dye+1 are su* z     

imp>t _!  t9ts to clo? & y>ns )\t !     
int]v5tion ( a mordant2 9               
contradi/9ction to adjective col\rs1 :i*
 require to be fix$ by  c]ta9           
#8int]m$es1' or sub/ances :i* h a jo9t  
aff9ity = !  col\r+ matt] & ! mat]ial to
 be dy$4    ,,succ9,,ic ,,acid4         
,c#d;,h#d,o#d;,h#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum      
,,succ9icum4 ,prep4  ,f amb]1 9 co>se   
p[d]1 mix$ ) an equal weight ( s&1 &    
di/ill$ by a gradually increas$ heat2 or
 f ! impure acid obta9$  dur+ !         
di/illation ( oil ( amb]2 ! product 9   
bo? cases be+  purifi$ by wrapp+ x 9    
bibul\s pap]1 & submitt+ x to /rong     
pressure1 to remove ! oil1 & !n         
resublim+ x4    ,f malic acid1 by       
f]m5tation1 or by dige/ion ) hydriodic  
acid 9  seal$ tubes4    ,prop41 c4      
,col\rless2 inodor\s 7:5 pure72         
cry/allises 9 oblique  rhombic prisms2  
soluble 9 #e p>ts ( cold & 9 #b-a_/b    
p>ts ( boil+  wat]2 fusible & volatile1 
)\t decomposition4 ,its salts are call$ 
#8succ9ates1' mo/ ( :i* are soluble4    

,succ9ate ( ammonium is us$ z  a te/ =  
iron4 ,succ9ic acid is di/+ui%$ f b5zoic
 acid by its  great] solubility1 & by   
giv+ a br[ni% or pale r$ bulky          
precipitate  ) f]ric *loride 9 neutral  
solutions2 :]eas t ) b5zoic acid  is    
pal] & yell[]4    ,uses1 c4 ,succ9ic    
acid is antispasmodic1 /imulant1 &      
diuretic1 b  is n[ seldom us$4----,dose1
 #e to #ae gr4    ,,suc,,cory4 ,*icory1 
or wild endive4 7,see ,,*icory47        
,,sudorif,,ics4 ,see ,,diaphoretics4    
,,su,,et4 ,syn4 ,,sevum1 ,,sebum1 ,l4   
,?is is prep>$ f ! fat ( !  lo9s ( !    
%eep or bullock by melt+ x by a g5tle   
heat1 &  /ra9+ ! liquid fat4 ,9 ?is /ate
 x =ms ! ,,adeps ,,ovillus 7,ph4  ,d471 
,,sevum 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,,sevum        
,,ovillum1 or ,,sevum ,,pr,,p>atum1     
employ$ 9  m$ic9e & p]fum]y1 z ! basis (
 o9tm5ts1 c]ates1 pla/]s1  pommades1 c4 
,suet1 ,melilot4 ,syn4 ,,sevum          
,,meliloti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f suet1 #h lb42 
melilot leaves1 #b lb42 boil until !    
leaves are crisp1 /ra91 & all[  x to    

cool v sl[ly1 s t x may #8gra9 well4'   
,us$ by f>ri]s1 &  to make melilot      
pla/]4    ,,suffoca,,tion4 ,! treatm5t  
v>ies ) ! cause4 ,see ,,asphyxia1       
,,*>coal1 ,,dr[n+1 ,,hang+1             
,,sulphurett$ ,,hydrog51 c4             
,,sug,,ar4 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,syn4      
,,cane ,,sug>2 ,,sac*>um1 ,l42 ,,sucre1 
,fr4  ,?is well-kn[n & mo/ useful       
sub/ance is f\nd 9 ! juice ( _m (  !    
canes or grasses1 9 ! sap ( sev]al =e/  
trees1 & 9 ! roots  ( v>i\s plants4 ,9  
tropical climates x is extract$ f !     
sug>-cane 7,sac*>um (fic9>um71 9 ,*9a f 
! sweet sorgho  7,sorghum sac*>atum71 9 
,nor? ,am]ica f ! sug>-maple 7,ac]      
sac*>9um71 & 9 ,france1 ,g]many1        
,russia1 & ,belgium1 f :ite  beet-root  
7,beta vulg>is1 v>4 alba74    ,until (  
late ye>s ! ord9>y sug> consum$ 9 ?is   
c\ntry 0 t  *iefly s5t f ! ,we/ ,indian 
,isl&s1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,mauritius1  c41
 & 0 ! produce ( ! sug> cane2 rec5tly1  
h[ev]1 l>ge &  increas+ quantities (    
beet-root sug> h f\nd _! way into !     

,engli% m>kets f ! ,cont95tal factories4
    ,! ,sac*>um (fic9>um1 ( :i* !re are 
sev]al v>ieties1 !  sug>-cane ranges 9  
height f #f to #ae feet1 & 9 diamet] f  
#a to #b  in*es4 ,9 ord] to obta9 !     
sac*>9e juice conta9$ 9 x1 ! cane1      
/ripp$ ( its leaves1 is cut j be=e !    
comm5cem5t (  infloresc5ce1 ! p]iod 9   
:i* x is ri*e/ 9 juice4 ,z ?is sap or   
juice is f\nd to ab\nd mo/ 9 sug>1 :5   
tak5 f ! l[] "p (  ! /em1 ! cane is cut 
(f ne>ly close to ! gr\nd4    ,! /ump   
:i* rema9s develops into a fre% plant1 &
 "o plant ?us  treat$ w la/ sev]al ye>s1
 n1 h[ev]1 )\t a gradual  dim9ution 9 ! 
size ( ! successive crops4    ,9 ,s\?   
,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies a v>iety kn[n z
 ! ,otaheita cane  is ext5sively        
cultivat$1 s9ce x is v productive &     
yields a l>ge  am\nt ( juice4    ,!     
annual av]age produce 9 raw sug> = a    
hect>e 7ab\t #b-a_/d ,engli%  /atute    
acres7 ( l& is 9      ,m>t9ique         
#bjjj kilos4#bja    ,guadal\pe          
#cdjj   0    ,mauritius         #djjj   

0    ,brazil            #fjjj   0       
,footnote #bja3 ,a kilo  #bbjdf lbs4    
,sug>-cane gr[+ 9 ! bel[-m5tion$ places 
has1 accord+ to !  analysis ( ! ?ree    
*emi/s ^: names are app5d$1 ! foll[+    
composition3----                  7a47  
7b47      7c47               ,pligot4   
,dupuy4      ,ic]y4      ,sug>          
#ahj          #agh        #bjj    ,wat] 
#gba          #gbj        #fij          
,cellulose    #ii           #ih         
#ajj    ,salts        ----              
#jd       #jg-ab    ,! cane1 !re=e1 may 
be said to yield #ij p] c5t4 ( juice1   
:i*  latt] conta9s f #ah to #bj p>ts (  
pure sug>4 ,h[ev]1 ! actual  quantity   
obta9$ is r>ely if ev] m ?an #a lb4 (   
sug> to a gallon  ( juice1 or #aj p]    
c5t42 & mu* m frequ5tly only #h p] c5t4 
,a l>ge "p ( ?is loss is due to !       
prolong$ exposure ( ! cane  juice dur+  
its repeat$ boil+s to heat1 :]eby a l>ge
 proportion (  its cry/allisable sug> is
 conv]t$ into ! uncry/allisable v>iety  
:i* passes away 9 ! =m ( molasses &     

treacle4 ,ano!r important  cause ( loss 
is ! ret5tion ( a l>ge am\nt ( juice by 
! cane4    ,! foll[+ figures w convey an
 idea ( ! enorm\s quantities (  cane    
sug> produc$ & consum$ ye>ly ?r\gh\t !  
globe4 ,x is tak5  f #8,briti%          
,manufactur+ ,indu/ries1' "o ( a s]ies (
 excell5t  indu/rial manuals publi%$ by 
,mr ,s&=d1 ( ,*>+ ,cross3----      ,cuba
                                        
#fjj1jjj tons4    ,! o!r ,we/ ,indian   
colonies          #bej1jjj  0    ,java &
 ,sumatra                               
#agj1jjj  0    ,*9a                     
#adj1jjj  0    ,fr5* colonies 9 ,am]ica 
& ,africa   #abj1jjj  0    ,brazil      
#ajj1jjj  0    ,mauritius               
#hj1jjj  0    ,briti% ,guiana           
#hj1jjj  0    ,porto ,rico              
#ij1jjj  0    ,manilla                  
#fj1jjj  0    ,mexico                   
#ce1jjj  0    ,egypt                    
,l>ge & gr[+4    ,! late ,dr ,edw>d     
,smi? f\nd t #ih p] c5t4 ( indoor       
op]atives  p>took ( #g-a_/b oz4 ( sug>  

p] adult weekly2 t #if p] c5t4 (  ,scot*
 lab\r]s use x2 & #hj p] c5t4 ( ,iri%4  
,he fur!r /ates t  9 ,wales sug> is     
commonly us$ to an av]age ext5t ( #f oz4
 p] adult  weekly2 b t !re is a m>k$    
diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( consumption  9 !    
nor!rn & s\!rn portions ( ! pr9cipality4
 ,9 ,nor? ,wales1  = example1 ! av]age  
am\nt p] head is #aa-a_/d oz42 :]eas 9  
,s\?  ,wales x is only #c oz4    ,!     
manufacture ( sug> is exclusively       
conduct$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,!  rec5t     
canes are cru%$ betwe5 roll]s1 & !      
express$ juice is  suff]$ to fl[ into a 
suitable vessel1 :]e x is sl[ly heat$ to
  ne>ly ! boil+-po9t1 to coagulate      
album9\s matt]4 ,! cru%$  canes g5]ally 
supply ! fuel ne$$ = ?is purpose4 ,!    
a%es left  aft] ! combu/ion ( ! canes   
are c>efully collect$ & us$ z a  manure 
= future crops ( sug> cane4    ,! cut   
bel[ repres5ts a press = ! extraction ( 
! juice f !  canes4 ,by means ( ! screws
 7i i71 ! roll]s are adju/$ to !  prop] 
di/ance ap>t2 ! upp] roll] is half !    

size ( ! two l[]  ones1 & all are mov$  
by cogg$ :eels fitt+ on to ! axes ( !   
roll]s4 ,! sug>-canes are transf]r$ f ! 
slate gutt] 7d d7 to  ! roll]s 7a c71   
:i* press !m a little2 & f !nce !y are  
c>ri$ ov] ! ar*$ plate 7n7 to ! roll]s  
7c b74 ,! press$  sug>-canes fall ov] ! 
gutt] 7f71 ! express$ juice collect+ 9  
g g1 & runn+ (f ?r\gh h4 ,a small       
quantity ( milk ( lime is  !n add$ to ! 
juice to remove me*anical impurities1 & 
! skimm$  & cl>ifi$ juice1 aft] be+     
suffici5tly conc5trat$ by rapid         
evaporation 9 op5 pans1 is transf]r$ to 
cool]s1 & !nce into  upright casks      
p]=at$ at ! bottom1 & s plac$ t ! syrup1
 or  uncry/allisable portion1 may dra9  
(f into a tank or ci/]n f !  newly =m$  
sug>4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( cry/allisation x  
is frequ5tly  agitat$1 9 ord] to ha/5 ! 
*ange1 & to prev5t ! =mation (  l>ge    
cry/als4 ,! solid portion ( ! product   
=ms moi/1 raw1 or  muscovado sug>2 !    
uncry/allisable syrup1 molasses or      
treacle4#bjb    ,footnote #bjb3 ,! t]m  

#8molasses' is usually re/rict$ to !    
dra9+s  f raw sug>1 & #8treacle' to !   
?ick] syrup :i* has dra9$ f  ref9$ sug> 
9 ! m\lds4    ,illu/ration    ,raw sug> 
is ref9$ by r$issolv+ x 9 wat]1 add+ to 
! solution  album51 "u ! =m ( s]um (    
blood or :ite ( egg1 &1 sometimes1  a   
little lime-wat]1 & heat+ ! :ole to !   
boil+-po9t2 !  impurities are !n remov$ 
by c>eful skimm+1 & ! syrup is  decol\r$
 by filtration ?r\gh rec5tly burnt      
animal *>coal2 ! cle>  decoloris$ syrup 
is next evaporat$ to ! cry/allis+-po9t 9
 vacuo1  & at once transf]r$ into       
conical e>!rn m\lds1 :]e x solidifies1  
aft] "s "t1 to a confus$ly cry/allis$   
mass2 ?is1 :5 dra9$1  wa%$ ) a little   
clean syrup1 & dri$ 9 a /ove1 con/itutes
  ord9>y loaf1 lump1 or ref9$ sug>4     
,sometimes 9 wa%+ !  cry/allis$ mass = !
 purpose ( remov+ ! col\r$ syrup :i* is 
m+l$ ) x1 ! process kn[n z #8clay+' is  
foll[$4    ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( :ite   
syrup be+ us$1 a lay] ( ?9 mud or a     
pa/e ( ?9 pipe-clay is p\r$ into ! m\ld 

on to ! base ( !  inv]t$ sug> cone1     
?r\gh :i* ! wat] escap+ f ! mud or      
pipe-clay p]meates1 & c>ries ) x !      
col\r$ syrup4 ,nei!r !  mud nor !       
pipe-clay mix ) ! sug>1 b rema9+ on !   
top soon  become h>d1 :5 !y are remov$4 
,z ! syrup runn+ f ! m\lds  /ill conta9s
 a l>ge quantity ( cry/all9e cane sug>1 
?is is  recov]$ z foll[s3    ,! syrup1  
aft] be+ suffici5tly conc5trat$ by boil+
 9 ! vacuum  pan1 is remov$ & all[$ to  
cool1 :5 x assumes ! appe>ance ( a      
cry/all9e magma kn[n z #8cru%$ sug>4'   
,cru%$ sug> is a mixture ( a l>ge       
quantity ( sug> cry/als )               
uncry/allisable syrup4 ,to get rid ( ?is
 latt] f ! cry/als1 !  mass is plac$ 9  
quantities ( #c or #d cwts4 at a "t 9 a 
#8c5trifugal  ma*9e4' ,?is1 ( :i* an    
engrav+ is giv5 bel[1 consi/s1 z w be   
se51 ( a drum fix$ on a v]tical axis4 ,!
 walls ( ! drum are made  ( p]=at$      
metal1 or are =m$ ( me%$ wire "w1 & !   
drum  itself enclos$ 9 an out] metal    
cyl9d]1 :i* is fix$1 &1 (  c\rse1       

unp]=at$4 ,:5 ! drum is made to revolve 
on its axis at !  rate ( #ajjj or #abjj 
revolutions 9 a m9ute1 ! syrup fly+ (f  
by  c5trifugal action1 & escap+ ?r\gh ! 
p]=ation at ! sides (  ! drum1 is       
receiv$ into ! out] cyl9d]1 :5ce x      
escapes by a  tr\gh into a prop]        
receptacle1 leav+ beh9d ! cry/als 9 !   
int]ior ( ! drum4    ,illu/ration    a  
is an op5 drum ( f9e me%$ wirework1     
caus$ to revolve 9 !  ca/-iron vessel 7b
 b71 by means ( ! bevel :eels 7c d71    
ge>+  ) a motive p[]4 ,! motion ( ! drum
 c be /opp$ by means ( !  brake 7e71 &  
regulat$ by ! weights plac$ at o4    ,:5
 ! cry/allisation ( sug> is all[$ to    
take place quietly &  sl[ly1 ! product  
is sug> c&y4 ,! evaporation at a l[     
temp]ature  9 vacuum pans has ! effect (
 dim9i%+ ! yield ( treacle4    ,prop4   
,sug> requires = its solution only      
#a_/crd ( its weight ( cold  & /ill less
 ( boil+ wat]2 x is sl[ly dissolv$ by   
cold rectifi$  _s2 x dissolves 9 #d p>ts
 ( boil+ rectifi$ _s & 9 #hj  p>ts (    

boil+ absolute alcohol2 x melts by heat1
 & cools to a glassy  amorph\s mass     
7b>ley sug>72 at ab\t #djj ,fahr4 x     
suff]s rapid  decomposition1 & fuses to 
a br[n1 uncry/allisable mass 7c>amel72  
long boil+ ) wat] increases its col\r1 &
 less5s its t5d5cy to  cry/allise2 its  
aque\s solution dissolves alkalies1     
e>?s1 & _m  metallic oxides1 ) facility4
 ,! pres5ce ( cane sug> 9 solutions     
conta9+ c]ta9 metallic salts prev5ts !  
precipitation ( _!  oxides by alkalies4 
,! oxides ( copp] & iron are among/ ^?  
?us  kept 9 solution4 ,sug> also        
possesses ! p[] ( effect+ ! p>tial  or  
complete r$uction ( _m metallic oxides1 
if boil$ ) _! salts2  ! fir/ results is 
exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! *romates2 = if a
  *romate be add$ to a solution ( sug>1 
& to ! mixture a few drops  ( free acid1
 ! *romic acid suff]s r$uction to *romic
 oxide1 :i*1  dissolv+ 9 ! excess (     
acid1 imp>ts a gre5 col\r to ! liquid4  
,m]curic salts become r$uc$ to m]cur\s1 
:il/ ! salts ( gold ?r[  d[n a          

precipitate ( ! metal 9 f9e p[d]4 ,!    
action ( /rong oil  ( vitriol on cane   
sug> is v en]getic4 ,! sug> is in/antly 
r$uc$  to a black *>r$ mass1 :il/       
c>bonic & =mic acids are giv5 (f4  ,!   
same effects are produc$ by expos+ x to 
dry *lor9e at a  temp]ature ( #bab ,f4  
,by nitric acid ( sp4 gr4 #abe1 cane    
sug> is  conv]t$ into sac*>ic acid2 if a
 /rong] acid be employ$1 oxalic acid  is
 produc$4 ,:5 a mixture ( conc5trat$    
nitric & sulphuric acids is  p\r$ on to 
cane sug>1 an explosive comp\nd1        
resembl+ gun cotton1 is  produc$4 ,?is  
body is kn[n z #8nitro-sug>4' ,weak     
syrups take up ab\t  half z mu* hydrate 
( calcium z !y conta9 sug>2 :5 sl[ly    
cry/allis$1 x assumes ! =m ( oblique    
#d-sid$ prisms1 t]m9at$ by  #b-sid$     
summits4 ,sp4 gr4 #afj 7#aegg----,ure74 
,pur4 ,moi/ or muscovado sug> & cru%$   
lump sug> are occasionally  adult]at$ ) 
*alk1 pla/]1 s&1 potato-fl\r1 & o!r     
fecula2 b  frequ5tly1 & 9 c]ta9         
neighb\rhoods con/antly1 ) />* sug> or  

potato-sug>4#bjc ,^! frauds may be      
detect$ z foll[s3    ,footnote #bjc3    
,see fur!r on4    ,te/s4----#a4 ,pure   
cane sug> dissolves freely & entirely 9 
bo? wat]  & pro( _s1 =m+ transp>5t      
col\rless solutions1 :i* are  unaffect$ 
by ei!r sulphurett$ hydrog5 or dilute   
sulphuric acid4----#b4  ,its solution   
b5ds ! lum9\s rays 9 circumpol>isation  
to ! "r1  :]eas grape & fecula sug>s b5d
 x to ! left4#bjd----c4  7,*evalli]47   
,boil$ = a %ort "t 9 wat] conta9+ #b or 
#c (  cau/ic potassa1 ! liquid rema9s   
col\rless2 b x turns br[n1 :i*  is m or 
less int5se1 accord+ to ! quantity1 if  
/>* sug> is  pres5t4 ,ev5 #b or #c ( />*
 sug> may be ?us detect$4----#d4 7,e4   
,krantz47 ,a filt]$ solution ( #cc gr4 (
 cane or beet sug> 9 #a fl4 oz4  ( wat]1
 mix$ ) #c gr4 ( pure hydrate (         
potassium1 & !n agitat$  ) #a-a_/b gr4 (
 sulphate ( copp] 9 an air-tight bottle1
 rema9s  cle>1 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( sev]al
 days2 b if />* sug> be  pres5t1 a r$   
precipitate is =m$ aft] "s "t2 & if x is

 pres5t  9 consid]able quantity1 ! copp]
 w be :olly conv]t$ into oxide  )9 #bd  
h\rs1 ! solution turn+ fir/ blue or     
gre51 & !n  entirely los+ its           
col\r4----#e4 7,tromm]'s te/47 ,a       
solution ( cane sug>  is mix$ ) a       
solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & hydrate (
 potassium  add$ 9 excess2 a blue liquid
 is obta9$1 :i*1 on be+ heat$1 is at    
fir/ b little alt]$2 a small quantity ( 
r$ p[d] falls aft] a  "t1 b ! liquid    
long reta9s its blue t9t4 ,:5 grape sug>
 or  fecula sug> is ?us treat$1 ! fir/  
application ( heat ?r[s d[n a  copi\s   
gre5i% precipitate1 :i* rapidly *anges  
to sc>let1 &  ev5tually to d>k r$1 leav+
 a ne>ly col\rless solution4 ,?is is an 
excell5t te/ = di/+ui%+ ! two v>ieties (
 sug>1 or  discov]+ an admixture ( grape
 sug> ) cane sug>4 ,! #a_/ajjj? "p  (   
grape sug> may be ?us detect$4 ,!       
proportion ( oxide ( copp]  produc$     
af=ds a good crit]ion1 n only ( ! purity
 ( ! sug>1  b also ( ! ext5t ( !        
adult]ation4----#f4 7,ure47 ,dissolve a 

little  sulphate ( copp] 7say #bj gr47 9
 a measur$ quantity ( wat]1 & add  to x1
 9 ! cold1 a solution ( hydrate (       
potassium1 until1 by te/+  ) turm]ic    
pap]1 ! liquid appe>s fa9tly alkal9e1   
%[n by !  pap] becom+ slightly br[n4 ,if
 a small quantity ( ?is te/-liquor      
7previ\sly well %ak57 be add$ to an     
aque\s solution ( ! sug>1 &  ! :ole     
boil$1 ! solution becomes at fir/ gre51 
& !n  olive-gre51 if dextr9 is pres5t2 b
 if x conta9 grape sug>1 !  salt ( copp]
 is imm$iately r$uc$ into ! /ate (      
orange & oxide2  :il/ a solution ( pure 
sug> und]goes no *ange1 or is sc>cely   
alt]$4----#g4 ,m4 ,riff>d1#bje tak+     
advantage ( ! fact t sug>1  l t>t>ic1   
malic1 citric acid1 & album51 prev5ts ! 
precipitation  ( iron by ammonia1       
employs iron z a means = e/imat+ sug>4  
,a  solution conta9+ sug> & iron 9 a    
c]ta9 proportion1 :5 saturat$  )        
ammonia1 w =m a comp\nd ( a f9e r$      
col\r1 :i* rema9s  cle> if no alkal9e   
e>?y metals are pres5t4 ,m4 ,riff>d has 

appli$ to  sug> ! me?od propos$ by ,m4  
,juette = ! e/imation ( t>t>ic  acid4   
,he obs]v$ t a neutral or acid solution 
( cry/allis$  p]*loride ( iron1 :5 heat$
 = a consid]able "t to #ajj ,c1         
requires #bgaj grams ( sug>1 if #ajj    
milligrams ( iron are to rema9 9        
solution 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonia4 ,if1 on 
! o!r h&1 ! solution  is prep>$ simply  
by dissolv+ cry/allis$ p]*loride ( iron 
9 pure  wat]1 )\t ! addition ( an acid1 
#ajj milligrams ( iron only  require    
#behg grammes ( sug> to rema9 dissolv$4 
,9 ?is case !  liquid is p]fectly cle>1 
& rema9s s2 b if a small] quantity (    
sug> be add$1 x is turbid1 & deposits   
p]oxide ( iron4 ,to e/imate  ! sug> by  
?is process1 #behgj grammes ( ! sub/ance
 to be te/$  are dissolv$1 ! solution   
mix$ ) a few drops ( oxalate ( ammonia  
to precipitate ! lime1 filt]$ & made up 
) wat] to #bej c4c41 #be  c4c4 ( ?is    
mixture require ! addition ( z _m       
milligrams ( iron  z !re are p] c5ts4 ( 
pure sug> 9 ! sample "u exam9ation1 &   

by two te/s ! foll[+ results w be arriv$
 at3----,) n  milligrams ( iron !       
solution is cle>4 ,) n  #a milligrams ( 
iron  ! solution is precipitat$4 n      
repres5t+ ! numb] ( p] c5ts4 (  sug>    
conta9$ 9 ! sample4----#h4 ,m4 ,p]rot's 
me?od = !  det]m9ation ( sug>s by means 
( normal solutions is z foll[s3----,he  
prep>es a /&>d solution ( copp] by      
dissolv+ #cibge grams (  sulphate (     
copp]1 v pure1 & dri$ betwe5 sev]al     
folds (  filt]+ pap]1 & makes x up )    
di/ill$ wat] to #ajjj c4c4 ,ea*  c4c4 ( 
?is solution conta9s #jja grams ( copp]4
 ,on ! o!r h&1  he dissolves ab\t #be   
grams ( pure cyanide ( potassium 9 #a   
litre (  di/ill$ wat]4 ,( ?is solution  
#aj c4c4 are tak5 & put 9 a flask1  to  
:i* ab\t #bj c4c4 ( ammonia are add$1 & 
! liquid is kept at a  temp]ature ( #fj 
or #gj4 ,he p\rs 9 ! copp] solution drop
 by drop by  means ( a burette graduat$ 
into t5?s ( a c4c41 until !re appe>s  ! 
blue t9t *>act]i/ic ( salts ( copp] 9 an
 ammoniacal solution4  ,! numb] (       

degrees ( ! burette are !n read (f1 &   
indicate !  quantity ( copp] :i* has be5
 requir$ to produce ! reaction4 ,!      
solution ( ! sug> 9 "q 7previ\sly inv]t$
 if x is requir$  to det]m9e cry/all9e  
sug>7 is !n plac$ 9 contact ) an excess 
( ,fehl+'s liquor1 & r$uc$ 9 ! wat]-ba?4
 ,! :ole is filt]$  9 ord] to collect ! 
precipitate ( suboxide1 :i* is fir/ well
  wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & dissolv$ 9 nitric  
acid1 dilut$ ) an equal  volume ( wat]1 
& a few fragm5ts ( *lorate ( potassa are
 add$4  ,?is solution is effect$ on !   
filt]1 :i* is !n c>efully wa%$ 9        
acidulat$ wat]4 ,! filtrate to :i* !    
wa%+s are add$ is !n  mix$ ) wat] en\gh 
to make up #ajj or #aej c4c41 & is !n   
p\r$ by  means ( ! burette into #aj c4c4
 ( cyanide1 mix$ ) #bj c4c4 (  ammonia z
 above1 /opp+ :5 ! blue col\r appe>s1 & 
read+ (f  ! quantity ( copp] employ$4 ,f
 ! =m] exp]im5t x is kn[n  h[ mu* copp] 
#aj c4c4 ( ! cyanide solution require4  
,h5ce x is easy  to calculate ! total   
am\nt ( copp] :i* has be5 pres5t z      

suboxide4 ,! am\nt ( sug> is !n f\nd f !
 data t #ibih p>ts  ( copp] equal #ejjj 
( cry/all9e sug>1 or #ebfc (            
glucose4#bjf----i4  ,! specific         
gravities & cry/all9e =ms (f] o!r means 
(  di/+ui%+ ! v>ieties ( sug>4          
,footnote #bjd3 ,( late ye>s1 ow+ to !  
little diff]5ce 9 price  betwe5 ! two1  
?is =m ( adult]ation has be5            
ab&on$4----,,ed4    ,footnote #bje3     
#8,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*imie1' #ahgd1
 #di 7#8,ph>m4 ,ye>  ,book1' #ahgd74    
,footnote #bjf3 #8,comptes ,r5dus       
,hebdomadaire des ,sci5ces' 7#8,*em4    
,news'71  ,janu>y #e?1 #ahgg4           
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,ref9$ sug>          
7,,sac*>um----,ph4 ,l41 ,s4             
,,purum----,ph4 ,e41  ,s4               
,,purificatum----,ph4 ,d471 raw sug>    
7,s4 ,,commune----,ph4 ,e471 & molasses 
or  treacle 7,,sac*>i ,f,x----,ph4 ,l4  
,e471 7 (fic9al4    ,! relative sweet5+ 
p[] ( cane sug> is e/imat$ at #ajj2 t ( 
pure grape sug>1 at #fj2 t ( fecula or  
/>* sug>1 at #cj to #dj4    ,accord+ to 

,messrs ,oxl&'s me?od 7pat5t$ #ahdi7 (  
defecat+ &  blea*+ ! juice ( beet-root1 
cane1 c41 acetate ( alum9ium1 =m$  by   
dissolv+ #d lbs4 ( t e>? 9 acetic acid1 
is boil$ ) ea* ton  ( sug>1 & z soon z !
 acetic acid is ne>ly all driv5 (f1 a   
solution ( tann91 =m$ f #a lb4 ( bruis$ 
valonia & #b galls4 (  hot wat]1 is add$
 to ! boil+ syrup2 ! excess ( alum9ium  
is  aft]w>ds sep>at$ by lime1 & ! usual 
me?od ( fur!r proc$ure  adopt$4 ,by _!  
second pat5t 7#ahea71 sup]phosphate (   
alum9ium or (  calcium is sub/itut$ =   
acetate ( alum9ium1 9 ! proportion (    
ab\t #f lbs4 ( alum9ium1 dissolv$ 9     
phosphoric acid1 = ea* ton (  sug>4     
,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sal9e bodies 9 a     
solution ( cane sug>1  ex]cises a v     
prejudicial effect ^u x1 s9ce ^!1 by    
comb9+  ) ! sug>1 give rise to comp\nds 
:i* contribute to ! m or  less r$uction 
( ! sug> to ! uncry/allisable condition1
 & to a  consequ5t increase ( !         
molasses4    ,( "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts (
 ! sug>-cane t possesses ?is            

objectionable prop]ty is pota% 9        
comb9ation ) acids1 bo? organic  &      
inorganic4 ,la/ ye> a pat5t = ! removal 
( ^! pota% salts  0 tak5 out by !       
,messrs ,newl&s4 ,! pat5tees proce$ ^u !
 facts  t ! solubility ( alum 9 wat] is 
v trifl+1 & t x  conta9s only #a_/aj? "p
 ( its weight ( pota%4 ,!y add to a     
conc5trat$ syrup a /rong solution (     
sulphate ( alum9a 7hav+ by a  previ\s   
exam9ation ( ! syrup det]m9$ ! quantity 
requir$74  ,sulphate ( pota% is !reby   
=m$1 & ?is1 unit+ ) ! sulphate  (       
alum9a1 ! result+ alum aft] a "t        
deposits 9 a cry/all9e =m  at ! bottom (
 ! vessel conta9+ ! sug> solution4 ,?is 
be+ run  (f into ano!r receptacle1 !    
free acid1 ( :i* x n[ conta9s a  l>ge   
quantity1 is neutralis$ ) lime or *alk1 
boil$1 filt]$1 &  pass$ ?r\gh *>coal4   
,! addition ( ! lime has also ?r[n d[n !
 alum9a lib]at$ by !  reaction1 :i* has 
c>ri$ ) x & remov$ c]ta9 injuri\s       
nitrog5\s pr9ciples previ\sly pres5t 9 !
 sac*>9e liquid4    ,"s few ye>s back   

,messrs ,dubrunfaut & ,pligot be+       
cognisant ( !  fact ( ! insolubility1 9 
boil+ wat]1 ( ! comp\nds ( sug> )  lime1
 bas$ ^u x a me?od ( sep>at+            
cry/allisable sug> f  treacle4 ,pligot  
has obta9$ f common treacle "o f\r? (   
its weight  ( cry/allis$ sug>1 by       
dissolv+ ! precipitat$ sug> lime 9 wat]1
  & sep>at+ ! lime by pass+ into !      
mixture a /ream ( c>bonic  acid4        
,sug> may be obta9$ f ne>ly all sweet   
vegetable sub/ances1 by a  process      
ess5tially simil> to t describ$ above4  
,table %[+ ! ,specific ,weight ( ,sug>  
,solutions             ) ! correspond+  
p]c5tage ( ,cane ,sug> at               
#age ,c4----,,g]la*4                    
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,p]c5tage1   ,specific  ,p]c5tage1      
,specific   ,p]c5tage1   ,specific      
,cane ,sug>4    ,weight   ,cane ,sug>4  
,weight    ,cane ,sug>4    ,weight      
( ,sol4                 ( ,sol4         
( ,sol4                                 

#ge       #achc1cdb      #di            
#abbg1bda       #bd       #aaja1cgg     
#gd       #acgf1hbb      #dh            
#abba1gga       #bc       #ajif1gib     
#gc       #acgj1cde      #dg            
#abaf1cci       #bb       #ajib1bdj     
#gb       #acfc1iaj      #df            
#abaj1ide       #ba       #ajhg1gba     
#ga       #aceg1eah      #de            
#abje1ehi       #bj       #ajhc1bcd     
#gj       #acea1afh      #dd            
#abjj1bfi       #ai       #ajgh1ggi     
#fi       #acdd1hfj      #dc            
#aaid1ihf       #ah       #ajgd1cef     
#fh       #acch1eid      #db            
#aahi1gdj       #ag       #ajfi1ife     
#fg       #accb1cgj      #da            
#aahd1eca       #af       #ajfe1fjf     
#ff       #acbf1ahh      #dj            
#aagi1ceh       #ae       #ajfa1bgh     
#fe       #acbj1jdf      #ci            
#aagd1bba       #ad       #ajef1ihb     
#fd       #acac1idf      #ch            
#aafi1aba       #ac       #ajeb1gaf     
#fc       #acjg1hhg      #cg            

#aafd1jef       #ab       #ajdh1dhb     
#fb       #acja1hfh      #cf            
#aaei1jbf       #aa       #ajdd1bgh     
#fa       #abie1hij      #ce            
#aaed1jcb       #aj       #ajdj1ajd     
#fj       #abhi1ieb      #cd            
#aadi1jgc        #i       #ajce1ifa     
#ei       #abhd1jed      #cc            
#aadd1aej        #h       #ajca1hdh     
#eh       #abgh1aig      #cb            
#aaci1bfa        #g       #ajbg1gfd     
#eg       #abgb1cgi      #ca            
#aacd1djf        #f       #ajbc1gaj     
#ef       #abff1fjj      #cj            
#aabi1ehf        #e       #ajai1fhf     
#ee       #abfj1hfa      #bi            
#aabd1hjj        #d       #ajae1fia     
#ed       #abee1afa      #bh            
#aabj1jdh        #c       #ajaa1gbe     
#ec       #abdi1ejj      #bg            
#aaae1ccj        #b       #ajjg1ghh     
#eb       #abdc1hgg      #bf            
#aaaj1fdf        #a       #ajjc1hhj     
#ea       #abch1bic      #be            
#aaje1iie        #j       #ajjj1jjj     

#ej       #abcb1gdh                     
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,sug>1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,sac*>um           
,,alum9atum1 ,,alum5 ,,sac*>9um1 ,l4 ,f 
alum & :ite sug>1 9 f9e p[d]1 equal     
p>ts1 =m$ into m9ute  sug>-loaf %ap$    
lumps ) mucilage ( gum ,arabic made )   
rose wat]4  ,us$ to make a/r+5t lotions 
& eye-wat]s4    ,sug>4 ,b>ley4 ,syn4    
,,sac*>um ,,hordeatum1 ,,p5idium1       
,,sac*>um  ,,p5idium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take (
 saffron1 #ab gr42 hot wat]1 q4 s42     
sug>1 #a  lb42 boil to a full #8c&y     
height1' or t /ate call$ #8crack1' or   
#8crackl$ sug>1' :5 #b or #c drops (    
cle> lemon juice or :ite v9eg>  mu/ be  
add$1 & ! pan remov$ f ! fire & set = a 
s+le  m9ute 9 cold wat]1 to prev5t its  
burn+2 ! sug> mu/ be !n at  once p\r$   
out on an oil$ m>ble slab1 & ei!r cut   
into pieces or  roll$ into cyl9d]s &    
twi/$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,"o drop ( oil ( 
citron1 orange1 or lemon1 w flav\r a    
consid]able quantity4 ,:ite  b>ley sug> 

is made ) a /ra9$ decoction ( b>ley     
in/ead ( wat]1  or />* is add$ to :it5  
x4    ,sug>1 ,beet-root4 ,syn4 ,,sac*>um
 ,,bet1 ,l4 ,sug> obta9$ f !  :ite beet4
    ,9 ! foll[+ table ! names ( !       
c\ntries 9 :i* ?is plant is  cultivat$  
are giv51 toge!r ) ! am\nt ( sug>       
annually produc$  9 ea*3      ,france   
#bhj1jjj tons4#bjg    ,g]many           
#bfj1jjj  0    ,au/ria & ,hung>y        
#ahj1jjj  0    ,russia & ,pol&          
#acj1jjj  0    ,belgium                 
#ej1jjj  0    ,holl& & o!r c\ntries     
#ag1jjj  0    ,footnote #bjg3 ,briti%   
,manufactur+ ,indu/ries1 ,glan=d4    ,! 
:ite beet is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! r$     
v>ieties1 n only  because ( ! col\r (   
its juice1 b also 9 consequ5ce ( its be+
  ri*] 9 sug>4 ,! roots v>y 9 _! yield (
 sug> accord+ to  quality & ! season ( !
 ye>4 ,!y are g5]ally 9 be/ condition  9
 ,octob]4 ,! root is made up ( a s]ies (
 small cells1 :i* are  fill$ ) ! sac*>9e
 fluid4 ,accord+ to ,wagn] ! con/itu5ts 
(  ! sug>-beet are z foll[s3      ,wat] 

#hbg    ,sug>                           
#aac    ,cellulose                      
#jh    ,album51 case91 & o!r bodies     
#ae    ,fatty matt]                     
#ja    ,organic sub/ances1 citric acid1 
pect91 & pectic acid4 ,asp>ag91         
asp>tic acid1 & beta91 a sub/ance hav+1 
accord+ to              ,s*iebl]1 !     
=mula ,c#ae;,h#cc,n#c,o#f               
,organic salts1 oxalate & pectate (     
calcium1 oxalate & pectate         (    
potassium & sodium                      
#cg    ,inorganic salts1 nitrate &      
sulphate ( pota%1 phosphate ( lime      
& magnesia                              
,twelve & a half hundr$ weight ( beet   
yield on an av]age #a cwt4      ( raw   
sug>1 or #h p] c5t4    ,! fir/ op]ation 
9 ! manufacture ( beet-root sug> aft]   
wa%+  & cleans+ ! roots 7an op]ation :i*
 sometimes r$uces _! weight  #aj or #bj 
p] c5t47 is ! extraction f !m ( ! juice4
 ,?is may be  effect$ ei!r by3      #a4 
,pressure4    #b4 ,c5trifugal p[]4      
#c4 ,dialysis4    #a4 ,pressure4 ,!     

roots be+ put into a prop] cru%+ ma*9e  
are soon  r$uc$ to an uni=m pulp1 :i* 9 
"s manufactories is subject$ to         
pressure wrapp$ 9 l95 clo?s "u /one or  
iron roll]s1 & 9  o!rs is plac$ 9 bags &
 plac$ "u ! ,bramah or hydraulic press1 
! result+ juice be+ collect$ 9 prop]    
receptacles4    #b4 ,c5trifugal p[]4    
,?is me?od is t g5]ally employ$ =       
sep>at+ ! juice f ! pulp1 :i* ?us yields
 betwe5 #ej or #fj p]  c5t4 ( juice4 ,a 
weak sac*>9e solution1 also us$ 9 sug>  
manufacture1 is aft]w>ds obta9$ by mix+ 
! residue ( ! pulp )  wat]1 & subject+ x
 to ! same process4    #c4 ,dialysis4 ,!
 application ( ! pr9ciple ( diffusion = 
!  extraction ( ! sug> f ! beet-root    
orig9at$ ) ,m4 ,rob]t4 ,!  fre% roots1  
cut into ?9 slices1 are imm]s$ 9 a      
little m ?an  _! own weight ( wat] heat$
 to ab\t #abj ,f4 ,! cry/alloid sug>    
?us diffuses out ?r\gh ! cell membrane  
:i* encloses x into !  surr\nd+ wat]1   
leav+ ! pect\s & colloid matt]s1 su* z  
album51 gum1 c41 beh9d4 ,! op]ation :i* 

is s manag$ z to br+  ! same wat] into  
contact ) successive quantities ( root1 
yields a  sac*>9e solution ( ne>ly !    
same /r5g? z ! natural juice4 ,!        
solution s obta9$ is1 aft] conc5tration 
& ! usual me?ods1  conv]t$ into sug>4 ,!
 same process is said to h be5 tri$ )   
cane sug>1 & ) equally satisfactory     
results4    ,! succe$+ /ages ( !        
manufacture ( beet sug>1 su* z ref9+1   
lim+1 decoloris+1 c41 are ! same z ^?   
already describ$ "u  cane sug>4    ,beet
 sug> is 9 e respect id5tical ) cane4 ,x
 0 discov]$ 9  #agdg by ,m>ggraf1 (     
,b]l91 b x did n come into use until    
ab\t !  beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 its   
manufacture at ?is p]iod 9  ,france be+ 
necessitat$ by an edict ( ! fir/        
,napoleon's1 :i*  prohibit$ !           
importation ( cane sug> into t c\ntry4  
,! engrav+ repres5ts a vacuum pan mu*   
us$ 9 ! ,fr5* sug>  ref9]ies4    ,fig4  
#a gives a p]spective1 & fig4 #b a      
sectional view ( ?is  evaporat+ pan4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4                

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4    ,! boil+-pan
 7,b7 consi/s ( two air-tight           
hemisph]es1 surm\nt$ by a  funnel1      
connect$ by ! tube 7l7 ) ! cond5s] 7,a74
 ,! app>atus  is suppli$ by /eam by 7r  
s71 ! /eam circulat+ 9 ! boil+-pan  by  
means ( ! pipes 7g71 fig4 #b4 ,by op5+ !
 lev] valves 7f7 !  juice c be run by   
means ( ! pipe 7o7 into ! pan 7p74 ,:5 !
  pan1 aft] cont9u$ boil+1 requires to  
be refitt$1 ! pipes 7l &  w7 are        
connect$ to an air-pump4 ,! manomet] 7h7
 %[s ! /ate (  ! air pressure1 :i* c be 
regulat$ by op5+ ! pipes connect$ to  ! 
vacuum *amb]4 ,by means ( ! gauge cyl9d]
 7,g7 ! quantity (  syrup 9 ! boil+-pan 
c be asc]ta9$1 ! gauge cyl9d] be+       
connect$ to ! boil+-pan by ! pipes 7a & 
i71 & ! height  read (f f ! gauge tube  
7n74 ,! syrup c be remov$1 = !  purpose 
( asc]ta9+ its consi/5cy1 f ! gauge     
cyl9d] by means  ( ei!r ( ! ?ree pipes  
7b1 c1 d74 ,by u /eam c be admitt$  to !
 boil+-pan & cond5s]4 e is g5]ally ( /\t
 glass1 &  enables ! /ate ( ! juice to  

be se54 g is ! grease cock1 f !         
manhole4 ,! cond5s] consi/s ( ! jacket  
7,b71 arrang$ to prev5t !  mix+ ( !     
juice ) ! wat] us$ = cond5sation4 x is !
  gauge4 ,! pipe 7m7 convey+ wat] to !  
cond5s] t]m9ates 9 a  rose4 z is a      
!rmomet] %[+ ! int]ior temp]ature ( !   
boil+-pan4    ,! air-pump be+ set 9     
op]ation ! tube 7c7 is op5$1 & !  gauge 
cyl9d] fill$ by ! juice ris+ f q4 ,by   
clos+ m &  op5+ y ! juice is admitt$ to 
! boil+-pan4 ,:5 ?is is half  full !    
/eam pipe 7s7 is op5$1 ! /eam quickly   
heat+ !  cont5ts ( ! pan to ! boil+     
po9t4 ,! cond5s] is !n plac$ 9  work+2  
by op5+ ! pipe 7l7 ! /eam ( ! juice     
passes into !  cond5s]1 :]e x is spe$ily
 cond5s$1 pass+ ) ! wat] ?r\gh  4       
,sug>1 ,diabetic4 ,grape sug> f\nd 9 !  
ur9e ( p]sons lab\r+  "u diabetes4 ,9   
diabetes insipidus1 a sub/ance hav+ !   
g5]al  prop]ties ( a sug>1 b de/itute ( 
a sweet ta/e1 appe>s to be  produc$     
7,?n>d47    ,sug>1 ,gelat94 ,see        
,,glycoc9e4    ,sug>1 ,grape1           

,c#f;,h#ab,o#f4;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,glucose1
 ,,fruit ,,sug>2  ,,sac*>um ,,uv1 ,s4   
,,fructus1 ,l4 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd 9 !
 juice (  grapes & o!r fruit1 9 ! ur9e (
 diabetic pati5ts1 & 9 !  liquid =m$ by 
act+ on />* & woody fibre ) dilute      
sulphuric  acid4    ,prep4 #a4 ,f !     
juice ( ripe grapes or an infusion ( !  
ripe fruit  7rais9s71 by saturat+ ! acid
 ) *alk1 decant+ ! cle> liquid1         
evaporat+ to a syrup1 cl>ify+ ) :ite (  
egg or bullock's blood1  & !n c>efully  
evaporat+ to dryness2 x may be purifi$ =
 *emical  purposes by solution &        
cry/allisation 9 ei!r wat] or boil+     
alcohol4 ,l o!r sug>1 x may be decol\r$ 
by animal *>coal4    #b4 ,f honey1 by   
wa%+ ) cold alcohol1 :i* dissolves !    
fluid  syrup & leaves ! solid           
cry/allisable portion4    ,prop4 ,x is  
less sweet & less soluble ?an cane sug>1
 requir+ #a-a_/b  "p ( cold wat] = its  
solution2 in/ead ( bold cry/als1 x =ms  
granul> w>ty masses1 )\t di/9ct         
cry/all9e faces2 x does n  easily comb9e

 ) ei!r oxide ( calcium or oxide ( lead2
 ) heat1  cau/ic alkal9e solutions turn 
x br[n or black1 b x dissolves 9 oil  ( 
vitriol )\t black5+1 ! rev]se be+ ! case
 ) cane sug>2  ) *loride ( sodium x =ms 
a soluble salt1 :i* yields l>ge1        
regul>1 & beautiful cry/als4 ,sp4 gr4   
#adjj4    ,! v>i\s fruits conta9 grape  
sug> 9 ! foll[+ proportions3            
,p] ,c5t4    ,pea*          #aeg        
,apricot        #ahj    ,plum           
#bab    ,raspb]ry      #djj             
,blackb]ry     #ddd    ,/rawb]ry        
#egc    ,bilb]ry       #egh    ,currant 
#faj    ,plum           #fbf            
,gooseb]ry     #gaf    ,cranb]ry        
#gde 7accord+ to ,fres5ius74    ,pe>    
#hjb to #ajh 7,e4 ,wolff74    ,apple    
#hcg 7,fres5ius74     0             #gbh
 to #hjd 7,e4 ,wolff74    ,s\r *]ry     
#hgg    ,mulb]ry       #iai    ,sweet   
*]ry  #ajgi    ,grape         #adic     
,obs4 ,cane sug> is conv]t$ into grape  
sug> dur+ ! process (  f]m5tation1 & by 
! action ( acids4 ,see ,,sug>1 & ,,sug>1

 ,,/>*  7bel[74    ,sug>1 ,maple4 ,syn4 
,,sac*>um ,,ac]9um1 ,l4 ,f ! juice ( !  
sug>  maple4 ,x is id5tical ) cane sug>4
    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,briti%      
,colonies ( ,nor? ,am]ica  consid]able  
quantities ( ?is sug> are made4 ,! juice
 is obta9$ by  bor+ ?r\gh ! b>k ( ! tree
 to a dep? ( ab\t a qu>t] or half  an   
in*4 ,ea* tree has g5]ally two p]=ations
 made 9 x1 & !y are  always made on t   
side ( ! tree :i* faces t[>ds ! s\?1 &  
at  a di/ance ( ab\t #bj in*es f !      
gr\nd4 ,! juice fl[s into  suitable     
vessels1 into :i* x is conduct$ by re$s 
plac$ "u !  p]=ations4 ,! p]iod *os5 =  
tapp+ ! trees is t dur+ :i*  x is kn[n !
 sap is asc5d+1 f ,m>* to ,may4         
,sometimes ! tree  und]goes a second    
tapp+ 9 ! autumn1 b ?is is n g5]ally    
practis$1 inasmu* z x is injuri\s to !  
tree4 ,a daily yield ( #f  galls1 (     
juice f ea* incision is look$ ^u z a    
#8good run1' & if  ?is #f gall4 be !    
produce ( an old tree or #8old bu%' !y w
 yield #a  lb4 ( sug>4 ,9 a "y tree or  

#8"y bu%' ! yield ( sug> f !  same      
quantity ( sap is only half4 ,by prop]  
c>e ! same tree may be  tapp$ #bj or #cj
 ye>s foll[+4 ,unlike ! sug>-cane !     
juice 9 !  maple is ! ri*e/ 9 sug> !    
high] x is f\nd f ! gr\nd4 ,!           
conc5trat$ sac*>9e liquid is conc5trat$ 
e #bd h\rs4 ,! raw  cry/allis$ sug>     
und]goes no ref9+1 & be+ made into      
blocks is  !n s5t to m>ket4    ,sug>1   
,milk4 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4;,h#b,o4 ,syn4  
,,sug> ,,( ,,milk1 ,,lact92  ,,sac*>um  
,,lactis 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,g5tly  
evaporate cl>ifi$ :ey  until x          
cry/allises on cool+1 & purify ! cry/als
 by dige/ion  ) animal *>coal & repeat$ 
cry/allisations4    ,prop41 c4 ,:ite1   
transluc5t1 v h>d cyl9drical masses or  
f\r-sid$ prisms2 soluble 9 ab\t #f p>ts 
( cold & 9 #b p>ts (  boil+ wat]2 ne>ly 
insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 ammoniacal   
plumbic  acetate precipitates x f its   
solutions4 ,:5 an alkal9e solution (    
grape sug> is boil$ ) ! salts ( copp]1  
silv]1 or m]cury1 x  r$uces !m2 x       

produces "r-h&$ rotation ( a ray (      
pol>is$  light2 by boil+ ) dilute acid x
 is conv]t$ into galactose              
7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f72 treat$ ) nitric acid x
 yields mucic acid1 )  small quantities 
( sac*>ic1 oxalic1 & t>t>ic acid4 ,milk 
sug> is  unsusceptible ( ! v9\s         
f]m5tation1 except "u ! action (  dilute
 acids1 :i* conv]t x into grape sug>2 9 
solution1 x is  conv]t$ into lactic or  
butyric acid by ! action ( case9e &     
album9\s matt]4 ,milk conta9s ab\t #e ( 
x4 7,b\ss+ault47    ,obs4 ,sug> ( milk  
is *iefly import$ f ,switz]l&4 ,9 ?is   
c\ntry  x is *iefly us$ z a vehicle = m 
active m$ic9es1 especially  among !     
homopa?i/s4    ,sug>1 ,/>*4 ,syn4       
,,potato ,,sug>1 ,f,,cula ,s4 ,?is is   
grape sug>  obta9$ by ! action ( dia/ase
 on />*1 9 ! mann] notic$ "u  ,,gum     
7,briti%71 or by ! action ( dilute      
sulphuric acid on />*1 or (  ! /rong    
acid on lign91 or on sub/ances conta9+  
x4    ,prep4 #a4 ,f corn4 ,! corn is    
fir/ /eep$ 9 soda lye2 x is !n  gr\nd   

wet & pass$ ?r\gh revolv+ sieves to     
sep>ate ! husks &  glut54 ,! />* is     
c>ri$ ?r\gh long tr\ghs1 9 :i* are plac$
  transv]se pieces ( wood1 aga9/ :i* !  
solid p>ticles ( />*  lodge1 & are ?us  
sep>at$ f ! wa%+ wat]s4 ,^! wa% wat]s   
run into a l>ge ci/]n1 :]e x und]goes   
f]m5tation into weak  v9eg>4 ,! />* 9 ! 
wet /ate is !n put into a ma% tub &     
treat$ = f #c to #h h\rs ) #a p] c5t4 ( 
sulphuric acid4 ,! acid  liquor is      
neutralis$ ) *alk & evaporat$ 9 vacuum  
pans2 & aft]  be+ sep>at$ f ! sulphate (
 lime x is run into b>rels &  all[$ to  
cry/allise4 ,! grape sug> is sometimes  
manufactur$ 9  blocks #f in*es squ>e1 & 
dri$ on pla/] plates 9 a curr5t ( dry   
air1 z hot air w\ld decolorise x4 ,l>ge 
quantities ( grape sug>  manufactur$ z  
above are n[ produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
p>ticul>ly  9 ,new ,orleans1 ,buffalo1 &
 ,brooklyn4 ,a consid]able am\nt f !    
same  s\rce rea*es ?is c\ntry f !       
,cont95t1 & is employ$ 9 our  brew]ies4 
,:5 specially prep>$ = ! use ( ! latt] !

 blocks  are cru%$ into small pieces    
ab\t ! size ( malt gra9s4 ,our excise   
au?orities prohibit ! entrance ( glucose
 into a brew]'s premises 9  ! liquid    
/ate4 ,9 ! brew+ ( pale sp>kl+ ales     
grape is e/eem$  m ?an ei!r cane sug> or
 malt1 & is said to yield a m s\nd &    
:olesome liquor1 & "o free f ! acidity1 
impurity1 & treacly  sweetness frequ5tly
 f\nd 9 be]s brew$ f raw or inf]ior     
sug>s4  ,glucose may also be obta9$ f   
cellulose1 b ! process is too  exp5sive 
to admit ( be+ practically work$4    #b4
 ,potato />*1 #ajj p>ts2 wat]1 #jj p>ts2
 sulphuric acid1 #f p>ts2  mix1 boil =  
#ce or #dj h\rs1 add+ wat]1 to make up =
 evaporation2  !n saturate ! acid ) lime
 or *alk1 decant or filt]1 & evaporate  
! cle> liquor4 ,"u pressure ! conv]sion 
is m rapid4 ,prod4  #aje4    #c4 8,! />*
 ( potatoes c be conv]t$ into glucose by
 dige/ion =  a few h\rs ) p>+s ( !      
potato4 ,?is op]ation is l>gely         
practis$ by ,g]man f>m]s 9 ! prep>ation 
( food = fatt5+ hogs4  ,an excell5t />* 

sug> c be prep>$ f ,indian corn1 :i* w  
yield alcohol "o eigh? *eap]1 & q z pure
 z t f cane  sug>40#bjh    ,footnote    
#bjh3 #8,j\rn4 ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry4'     
#d4 ,%r$s ( l95 or pap]1 #ab p>ts2 /rong
 sulphuric acid1 #ag p>ts  7,braconnot2 
#e ( acid1 & #a ( wat]----,vogel72 mix 9
 ! cold2 9 #bd  h\rs dilute ) wat]1 &   
boil x = #aj h\rs2 !n neutralise )      
*alk1 filt]1 evaporate to a syrup1 & set
 ! vessel aside to  cry/allise4 ,prod4  
#aad4 ,sawdu/1 glue1 c41 also yield     
grape sug> by  l treatm5t4 ,see ,,lign94
    ,sug> f o!r ,s\rces4 ,consid]able   
quantities ( ,ea/ ,indian cane  sug> are
 yield$ by c]ta9 ,indian palms1 !       
pr9cipal ( :i* are !  ,ar5ga sac*>if]a &
 ! ,phnix sylve/ris or wild date4 ,ano!r
  s\rce :5ce l>ge quantities ( cane sug>
 are procur$ is ! ,sorghum  sac*>atum or
 sug> grass4 ,?is plant is exclusively  
gr[n 9 ,ohio1 &  yields annually m ?an  
#ae1jjj1jjj gall4 ( juice1 :i* is made  
into  sug>4    ,melezitose              
7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa74 ,f l>* manna4       

,mycose or trehalose 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa74
 ,f ,turki% manna4    ,melitose         
7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab74 ,f ! eucalyptus4    
,maltose 7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab74 ,f malt4   
,eucal5 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f74 ,by f]m5tation
 ( melitose4    ,sorb9 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f74
 ,f ! b]ries ( ! s]vice tree4           
,effects ( ! v>ieties ( ,sug> on        
,pol>is$ ,light4 ,bo? sucrose1 or  cane 
sug>1 & dextrose produce rotation ^u a  
ray ( pol>is$ light4  ,! plane (        
rotation is rotat$ to ! "r by sucrose r 
m  p[]fully ?an by dextrose4 ,x is      
rem>kable t ! uncry/allisable  sug> (   
fruits produces an opposite rotation1   
viz4 to ! left4 ,s9ce !  degree (       
rotation is proportionate 9 columns (   
equal l5g? to !  quantity ( sug> pres5t1
 x has be5 propos$ to employ ?is prop]ty
 9  ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( sug>   
pres5t 9 syrups4#bji ,!  foll[+1 accord+
 to ,b]!lot1 are ! rotatory p[]s ( !    
diff]5t v>ieties ( sug>1 if equal       
weights ( ea* are dissolv$ 9 an  equal  
bulk ( wat]2 ! quantities ( ea* sug> are

 calculat$ = !  =mul annex$3            
,footnote #bji3 ,mill]4                 
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,temp]ature4             ,v>iety4       
,=mula4       ,rotation4                
,fahr4  ,c5t4                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,sucrose 7cane sug>7                    
7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7,"r #gch              
,melezitose                             
7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7  0   #ida            
,mycose                                 
7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7  0  #aic             
,melitose                               
7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab7  0  #ajb             
,dextrose 7grape sug>77,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7  
0   #egd                    ,malt sug>  
7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7    0  #agb             
,lvulose 7fruit                         
sug>7              7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7     
,left #ajf     #ef     #acc      ,eucal9
               7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7  ,"r #ej
                      ,sorb9            

7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7  ,left  #dfi           
,lactose 7milk sug>7  7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7  
,"r #efd                    ,glucose (  
ditto                                   
7galactose7         7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7    
0   #hcc                    ,inv]t$ cane
 sug>   7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7  ,left  #bh    
#eg     #aci                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,,sug>-,,boil+4 ,! art or bus9ess ( !   
confection] or sug>-bak]2  ! c&y+ (     
sug>4 ,! /ages are z foll[3----,well    
cl>ifi$ &  p]fectly transp>5t syrup is  
boil$ until a #8skimm]' dipp$ into x1  &
 a portion #8t\*$' betwe5 ! =ef+] &     
?umb1 on op5+ !m1  is drawn into a small
 ?read1 :i* cry/allises & breaks4 ,?is  
is  call$ a #8weak c&y height4' ,if     
boil$ aga91 x w draw into a l>g]  /r+1 &
 if bladd]s may be bl[n ?r\gh !         
#8dripp+s' f !  ladle1 ) ! m\?1 x has   
acquir$ ! second degree1 & is n[  call$ 
#8bloom sug>4' ,aft] /ill fur!r boil+1 x
 arrives at ! /ate  call$ #8fea!r$      

sug>4' ,to det]m9e ?is re-dip ! skimm]1 
& %ake  x ov] ! pan1 !n give x a sudd5  
flirt beh9d1 & ! sug> w  fly (f l       
fea!rs4 ,! next degree is t ( #8crackl$ 
sug>1' 9  :i* /ate ! sug> t hangs to a  
/ick dipp$ into x1 & put  directly into 
a pan ( cold wat]1 is n dissolv$ (f1 b  
turns h>d  & snaps4 ,! la/ /age ( ref9+ 
?is article r$uces x to :at is  call$   
#8c>mel sug>1' prov$ by dipp+ a /ick    
fir/ into ! sug>1 &  !n into cold wat]1 
:51 on ! mom5t x t\*es ! latt]1 x w1  if
 matur$1 snap l glass4 ,x has n[ arriv$ 
at a #8full c&y height4'  ,c>e mu/ be   
tak5 ?r\gh\t t ! fire is n too fi]ce1 z1
 by  flam+ up aga9/ ! sides ( ! pan1 x w
 burn & discol\r !  sug>2 h5ce ! boil+  
is be/ conduct$ by /eam heat4    ,any   
flav\r or col\r may be giv5 to ! c&y by 
add+ ! col\r+  matt] to ! syrup be=e    
boil+ x1 or ! flav\r+ ess5ces :5 !      
process is ne>ly complete4 ,see ,,/a9s1 
c4    ,,sug> ,,c,,dy4 ,syn4 ,,sac*>um   
,,c&idum1 ,s4 ,,cry/all9um1 ,s4         
,,cry/allizatum1 ,l4 ,sug> cry/allis$ by

 leav+ ! saturat$ syrup 9 a  w>m place  
7#ij to #ajj ,fahr471 ! %oot+ be+       
promot$ by plac+  /icks1 or ?reads1 at  
small di/ances f ea* o!r 9 ! liquor2 x  
is also deposit$ f comp\nd syrups1 &    
does n seem to reta9 mu*  ( ! =eign     
sub/ances ) :i* !y are load$4 ,br[n sug>
 c&y is  prep>$ 9 ?is way f raw sug>2   
:ite d41 f ref9$ sug>2 &  r$ d41 f a    
syrup ( ref9$ sug> :i* has be5 col\r$ r$
 by  means ( co*9eal4    ,sug> c&y is   
*iefly us$ z a sweetmeat2 &1 be+ long] 9
  dissolv+ ?an sug>1 9 c\ghs1 to keep ! 
?roat moi/2 r$uc$ to  p[d]1 x is also   
bl[n into ! eye1 z a mild es*>otic 9    
films or  dimness ( t organ4    ,,sug>  
,,( ,,lead4 ,acetate ( lead4    ,,sug>  
,,plums4 ,syn4 ,,bon-,,bons1 ,,drag,,es1
 ,fr4 ,^! are made by v>i\s  me?ods1    
among :i* are ^? notic$ "u ,,drops      
7,confection]y71  ,,loz5ges1 & ,,pa/ils1
 to :i* may be add$ ! foll[+3----,take a
  quantity ( sug> syrup1 9 ! proportion 
to _! size1 9 t /ate  call$ a #8bl['    
7:i* may be kn[n by dipp+ ! skimm] into 

! sug>1  %ak+ x1 & bl[+ ?r\gh ! holes1  
:5 p>ts ( light may be  se571 & add a   
drop or two ( any e/eem$ flav\r+ ess5ce4
 ,if !  #8bon-bons' are pref]r$ :ite1 :5
 ! sug> has cool$ a little1 /ir  x r\nd 
! pan till x gra9s & %9es on ! surface4 
,:5 all is  ready1 p\r x ?r\gh a funnel 
into little clean1 bright1 lead5 m\lds1 
:i* mu/ be ( v>i\s %apes1 & be previ\sly
 slightly moi/5$ )  oil ( sweet almonds2
 x w !n take a prop] =m & h>d54 ,z soon 
z ! plums are cold1 take !m f ! m\lds2  
dry !m = two or  ?ree days 9 ! air1 &   
put !m ^u pap]4 ,if ! bon-bons are      
requir$ to be col\r$1 add ! col\r j z ! 
sug> is ready to be  tak5 (f ! fire4    
,,cry/allis$ ,,bon-,,bons are prep>$ by 
du/+ !m ) p[d]$  d\ble-ref9$ lump sug>  
be=e dry+ !m4    ,,liqueur ,,bon-,,bons1
 n[ s beautifully got up by ! ,p>isian  
confection]s1  are obta9$ by press+     
pieces ( poli%$ bone or metal into f9ely
  p[d]$ sug>1 fill+ ! holl[ spaces s =m$
 ) saturat$  solutions ( sug> 9 !       
respective liqueurs1 & !n spread+ ov]  !

 :ole an ample lay] ( p[d]$ sug>4 ,9 !  
c\rse ( ?ree or f\r  days ! bon-bons may
 be remov$1 & t9t$ by ! arti/ at w4     
,in/ead ( :ite p[d]$ sug> ord]$ above1  
col\r$ sug> may be us$4  ,^! bon-bons   
are f\nd to be holl[ sph]es1 conta9+ a  
small quantity  ( ! _s or liqueur       
employ$1 & w be> keep+ = _m mon?s4  ,see
 ,,sweetmeats1 c4    ,,sug>s 7,m$icat$74
 ,syn4 ,,sac*>ides2 ,,sac*>a ,,m$icata1 
,l42  ,,sac*>ol,s1 ,,sac*>ures1 ,fr4 ,"s
 ( ^! are prep>$ by moi/5+  :ite sug> ) 
! m$ic9al sub/ance1 !n g5tly dry+ x1 &  
rubb+ x to p[d]2 9 o!r cases !y are     
obta9$ 9 ! mann]  notic$ "u ,,pulv]ul5t 
,,extracts1 or ,,oleosac*>um4 ,! mo/    
valuable  prep>ation ( ?is class 9      
,briti% ph>macy is ! sac*>at$ c>bonate  
( iron 7,,f]ri ,,c>bonas ,,cum          
,,sac*>o----,ph4 ,l474    ,,su9t1 ,gas  
f4 ,by ?is is und]/ood a gas prep>$ f ! 
fatty  mat]ials pres5t 9 ! soap-suds us$
 9 wa%+ raw wool & spun  y>ns4 ,! wat]  
conta9+ ! su9t & soap-suds is run into  
ci/]ns1  & is !re mix$ ) milk ( lime1 & 

left to /& = twelve h\rs4  ,a ?9        
precipitate is =m$1 :i*1 aft] !         
sup]natant cle> liquor  has be5 run (f1 
is put ^u co>se canvas = ! purpose (    
dra9+  (f any impurities1 s&1 hair1 c41 
:ile ! mass :i* runs ?r\gh !  filt] is  
put into a tank1 9 :i* x =ms1 aft] six  
or eight days1 a  pa/y mass1 :i*1 hav+  
be5 dug out & m\ld$ into bricks1 is dri$
  9 op5 air4 ,at ,rheims ! fir/ wa%-wat]
 ( ! wool is us$ = mak+  bo? gas &      
pota%1 because ! wat] conta9s no soap & 
only su9tate  ( pota%4 ,havrez1 at      
,v]vi]s1 has rec5tly propos$ to employ  
su9t----:i*1 by-!-bye1 is v ri* 9       
nitrog5----= ! purpose (  mak+          
f]rocyanide ( potassium4    ,! dri$     
brick-%ap$ lumps are submitt$ to        
di/illation1 yield+ a gas  :i* does n   
require purification1 & :i* possesses an
 illum9at+  p[] ?ree times t ( good coal
 gas4 ,! wa%-wat] ( a wool-sp9n+  mill )
 #bj1jjj sp9dles yields daily1 :5 treat$
 z describ$1 ab\t  #ejj kilos ( dri$    
su9t]1 z ! sub/ance is te*nically call$4

 ,"o  kilo ( ?is sub/ance yields #baj   
litres ( gas4 ,annually ab\t #aej1jjj   
kilos ( su9t] are obta9$1 & ?is quantity
 w yield #ca1ejj1jjj  litres  #a1aab1dhe
 cubic feet ( gas4 ,e burn] consum+ #ce 
litres (  gas p] h\r1 & tak+ ! "t (     
burn+ at #abjj h\rs1 ! quantity  ( gas w
 suffice = #gej burn]s1 & z a sp9n+ mill
 ( #bj1jjj  sp9dles only requires #ejj  
burn]s1 !re is an excess ( gas supply   
available = #bej o!r burn]s1 or ! own]  
may dispose ( #ejjj kilos (  su9t]1 :i* 
is valu$ at ,augsburgh at ab\t #cs4 p]  
#ej kilos1 & at  ab\t #ds4 at           
,mulh\se4#baj    ,footnote #baj3        
,wagn]'s #8,*emical ,te*nology4'        
,,sul,,phate4 ,syn4 ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,a   
salt ( sulphuric acid4    ,,sul,,phide4 
,a salt consi/+ ( sulphur & a metal or  
o!r basic  radical4 ,see ,,sulphurett$  
,,hydrog54    ,,sulph9dyl,,ic ,,acid4   
,syn4 ,,sulph9digotic ,,acid4 ,an       
int5sely blue pa/y  mass1 =m$ by        
dissolv+ #a "p ( indigo 9 ab\t #ae p>ts 
(  conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,see      

,,sulphate ,,( ,,indigo4                
,,sul,,phite4 ,a salt ( sulphur\s acid4 
,,sulphoc>bolic ,,acid4                 
7,,sulphoc>bolates47 ,c>bolic acid1 :5  
act$ ^u  by bases1 yields a class (     
salts t]m$ c>bolates4 ,^! comp\nds are  
v un/able2 !y readily absorb wat] f !   
air1 :i* sets free  c>bolic acid2 !y    
usually h ! p[]ful od\r ( ! latt]4 ,:51 
h[ev]1 equival5t weights ( c>bolic &    
sulphuric acids are mix$1  union takes  
place1 a def9ite d\ble acid             
7sulphoc>bolic7 results1 &  ! salts =m$ 
by ?is d\ble acid ) ! v>i\s bases are   
entirely  diff]5t f ! simple salts (    
c>bolic acid4 ,!y are v /able1  v       
soluble1 possess nei!r od\r nor ta/e (  
c>bolic acid1 & are  s+ul>ly beautiful 9
 cry/all9e =m4    ,sulphoc>bolic ,acid  
7,,hc#f;,h#c,,s#d7 is obta9$ by !       
cry/allisation 9 long col\rless ne$les2 
unlike c>bolic acid1 x is  soluble 9    
wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r1 9 any proportions4
    ,sulphoc>bolate ( ,calcium          
,ca7,c#f;,h#e,,s#d7b  ,aq4 is obta9$  9 

v long1 f9e1 d5sely int]lac+ cry/als1   
:i* =m 9 bulk1 by  _! int]lacem5t1 a    
por\s mass4 ,unlike ! usual lime-salts1 
?is is  exce$+ly soluble4 ,?is fact     
ov]comes ! great difficulty ( treatm5t  
:5 9 disease !re is a defici5cy ( lime 9
 ! body1 especially 9  rickets1 9 :i*   
disease ! want ( lime 9 ! bones gives   
rise to  di/ortions4 ,! sulphoc>bolate (
 magnesium cry/allises 9 l>ge1  cle>1   
rhombic prisms1 easily soluble 9 wat]4  
,sulphoc>bolate ( ,copp]                
,cu7,c#f;,h#e,,s#d7b =ms f9e  prismatic 
cry/als ( a blue col\r4 ,x is us$ z !   
z9c  sulphoc>bolate1 *iefly z a lotion &
 dress+1 9 ! proportion ( #c  to #aj    
gra9s to ! ounce ( di/ill$ wat]4        
,sulphoc>bolate ( ,iron                 
,fe7,c#f;,h#e,,s#d7b is 9 col\rless or  
pale gre5 rhombic plates4 ,x is readily 
adm9i/]$1 & seems 9 "s  in/ances to be  
pref]r$ to o!r salts ( iron4 ,x seems to
 h be5 (  especial use 9 ! sk9 diseases 
( *ildr51 :]e9 !re is mu*  =mation (    
matt]4    ,sulphoc>bolate ( ,sodium     

,na7,c#f;,h#e7,,s#d4;,aq is 9 brilliant1
  cle>1 rhombic prisms4 ,! salt is v    
soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is salt c be  adm9i/]$
 z a m$ic9e 9 doses ( #bj to #fj gr42 x 
is sl[ly  decompos$ 9 ! textures1       
c>bolic acid be+ evolv$4 ,x ?us becomes 
a v simple means ( obta9+ ! b5eficial   
effects ( !  adm9i/ration ( ?is         
antiseptic )\t ! difficulties & dang]s  
:i* att5d x 9 its uncomb9$ irritant &   
cau/ic =m4 ,x has prov$  ( great s]vice 
9 ! treatm5t ( infecti\s diseases4      
,adm9i/]$ 9  ! sev]e/ cases ( diph!ria1 
malignant sc>let fev]1 typhoid1         
erysipelas1 c41 ! rem$y has prov$ (     
extreme value4    ,sulphoc>bolate ( ,z9c
 ,zn7,c#f;,h#e,,s#d7b is *iefly employ$ 
9 solution z a lotion4 ,by high surgical
 au?orities x is consid]$ to  answ] all 
! purposes ( ! antiseptic dress+ (      
c>bolic acid4 ,x is  inodor\s1 & has v  
slight irritat+ action4    ,!           
,sulphoc>bolates ( ,potassium           
,,kc#f;,h#e,,s#d & ,ammonium            
,,nh#d;,c#f;,h#e,,s#d are also brilliant

 cry/als2 !y are freely  soluble1       
adm9i/]$ ) ! greate/ ease1 & h be5 us$ )
  success z rem$ial ag5ts4              
,,sulphocyan,,og54 ,a well-def9$ salt   
radical1 conta9+ sulphur unit$  to !    
elem5ts ( cyanog54 ,its comp\nds are !  
sulphocyanides1 mo/ (  :i* may be =m$ by
 directly saturat+ hydrosulphocyanic    
acid ) !  oxide or hydrate ( ! base2 or1
 f ! sulphocyanide ( potassium &  a     
soluble salt ( ! base1 by d\ble         
decomposition4    ,,sulph(orm4 ,syn4    
,,sulp(ormum4 ,an oily liquid obta9$ by 
di/ill+  "o "p ( iod(orm ) ?ree (       
sulphide ( m]cury4    ,,sulphophe,,nic  
,,acid4 ,a synonym ( sulphoc>bolic acid4
 ,see  ,,sulphoc>bolates4               
,,sulphov9,,ic ,,acid4                  
,c#b;,h#e;,,hso#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphe?ylic  
,,acid2 ,,acidum  ,,sulphov9icum1 ,l4   
,?is sub/ance is =m$ by ! action ( heat 
on a  mixture ( alcohol & sulphuric     
acid2 x is ! int]m$iate product  :i* is 
develop$ 9 ! prep>ation ( e!r4 ,! salts 
are call$  sulphov9ates or              

sulpho?ylates4    ,,sul,,phur4 ,eng41   
,l4 ,syn4 ,,brim/one2 ,,s\fre1 ,fr4 ,an 
elem5t>y  sub/ance4 ,t ( comm]ce is     
*iefly import$ f ,sicily & ,italy1 &  is
 a volcanic production4    ,v>4 ,!      
pr9cipal ( ^! are3    ,,amorph\s        
,,sulphur1 ,,br[n ,s42 ,,sulphur        
,,amorphum1 ,s4 ,,fuscum1 ,s4 ,,in=me1  
,s4  ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,prep>$ f sublim$    
sulphur1 by melt+ x1 increas+ !  heat to
 f #cbj to #cej ,fahr41 & cont9u+ x at t
 temp]ature =  ab\t half an h\r1 or     
until x becomes br[n & viscid1 & !n p\r+
  x into wat]4 ,9 ?is /ate x is ductile1
 l wax1 may be easily  m\ld$ 9 any =m1  
is mu* heavi] ?an usual1 & :5 x has     
cool$  does n aga9 become fluid until   
heat$ to above #fjj ,fahr4 ,! same      
effect is produc$ m rapidly by at once  
rais+ ! temp]ature ( !  melt$ mass to f 
#dcj to #dhj ,fahr4    ,,precipitat$    
,,sulphur1 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,sulphur1     
,,milk ,,( ,s42 ,,sulphuris ,,hydras1   
,,lac ,,sulphuris1 ,,sulphur            
,,pr,,cipitatum 7,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4  

,f sublim$  sulphur1 #a "p2 dry &       
rec5tly slak$ lime1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #be  
p>ts1  or q4 s42 boil = #b or #c h\rs1  
dilute ) #be p>ts m ( wat]1  filt]1 &   
precipitate ) dilute hydro*loric acid2  
dra91 & well  wa% ! precipitate1 & dry x
 by a g5tle heat4 ,resembles sublim$    
sulphur 9 its g5]al prop]ties1 b is mu* 
pal]1 & 9 a f9] /ate  ( division4    #b4
 7,b4 ,ph47 ,sublim$ sulphur1 #e oz42   
slak$ lime1 #c oz42 hydro*loric  acid1  
#c fl4 oz41 or q4 s42 di/ill$ wat]1 q4  
s4 ,heat ! sulphur &  lime1 previ\sly   
well mix$1 9 #a p9t ( wat]1 /irr+       
dilig5tly )  a wood5 spatula1 boil = #ae
 m9utes & filt]4 ,boil ! residue aga9  9
 #a_/b p9t ( wat] & filt]4 ,let ! unit$ 
filtrates cool1 dilute  ) #b p9ts (     
wat]1 & 9 an op5 place1 or "u a *imney1 
add 9  successive quantities !          
hydro*loric acid previ\sly dilut$ ) #a  
p9t  ( wat] until eff]vesc5ce ceases1 & 
! mixture acquires an acid  reaction4   
,all[ ! precipitate to settle1 decant (f
 ! sup]natant  liquid1 p\r on fre%      

di/ill$ wat]1 & cont9ue ! purification  
by  affusion ( di/ill$ wat] & subsid5ce1
 until ! fluid ceases to h  an acid     
reaction1 & to precipitate ) oxalate (  
ammonia4 ,collect !  precipitat$ sulphur
 on a calico filt]1 wa% x once ) di/ill$
  wat]1 & dry x at a temp]ature n exce$+
 #abj ,fahr4    ,prop4 ,a greyi%-yell[  
p[d] free f gritt9ess1 & ) no smell (   
sulphurett$ hydrog54    ,obs4 ,_m       
ph>maci/s reg>d ,,lac ,,sulphuris &     
,,sulphur ,,precipitatum z  di/9ct      
sub/ances1 & assume t by milk ( sulphur 
is int5d$ a  prep>ation made by an old  
ph>macopial process1 9 :i* sulphuric    
acid  be+ employ$1 ! sulphur s          
precipitat$ conta9s f #ej to #ge p]     
c5t4 ( sulphate ( lime4 ,p>eira1 ,royle1
 ,atfield1 & "s o!r  au?orities1 hold t 
,,lac ,,sulphuris & ,,sulphur           
,,precipitatum are  synonym\s2 :il/     
o!rs1 includ+ ,pr(essor ,r$wood 7"o ( ! 
compil]s ( ! ,b4 ,p47 ent]ta9 a contr>y 
op9ion4    ,,roll ,,sulphur1 ,,cane ,s41
 ,,/ick ,s42 ,,sulphur ,,9 ,,bacculis1  

,s4 ,,9 ,,rotulis1 ,s4  ,,rotundum1 ,l4 
,?is is crude sulphur1 purifi$ by melt+ 
& skimm+ x1  & !n p\r+ x into m\lds4 ,t 
obta9$ dur+ ! roa/+ (  copp] pyrites1 & 
:i* =ms ! common roll sulphur ( ,engl&1 
frequ5tly conta9s f #c to #g ( yell[    
ars5ic4    ,,sublim$ ,,sulphur1 ,,fl[]s 
,,( ,,sulphur2 ,,flores ,,sulphuris1    
,,sulphur 7,ph4 ,l471  ,,sulphur        
,,sublimatum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471  
,l4 ,prep>$ by sublim+ sulphur  9 iron  
vessels4 ,= m$ical purposes1 x is ord]$ 
to be well wa%$  ) wat]1 & dri$ by a    
g5tle heat4 8,a slightly gritty p[d]1 ( 
a  f9e gre5i%-yell[ col\r1 )\t ta/e &   
)\t od\r till  heat$40 7,b4 ,p47        
,,sulphur ,,vivum1 ,,black ,,sulphur1   
,,crude ,s41 ,,horse ,,brim/one2        
,,sulphur ,,nigrum1  ,s4 ,,caball9um1   
,s4 ,,griseum1 ,l4 ,?is is crude native 
sulphur4 ,x is a grey  or m\se-col\r$   
p[d]4 ,! residuum 9 ! sublim+ pots f !  
prep>ation ( fl[]s ( sulphur is n[      
commonly sub/itut$ = x4 ,x  g5]ally     
conta9s mu* ars5ic1 & is consequ5tly v  

poison\s4    ,pur4 ,! sublim$ sulphur ( 
! %ops is n[1 9 g5]al1 (  respectable   
quality1 b ! precipitat$ sulphur        
frequ5tly conta9s  ab\t #b_/c ( its     
weight ( sulphate ( lime 7pla/] (       
,p>is71 ow+ to  ! sub/itution (         
sulphuric acid = hydro*loric acid 9 its 
manufacture4#baa ,?is is readily detect$
 by /rongly heat+ a little (  ! suspect$
 sample 9 an iron spoon or %ovel1 :5 !  
sulphur is burnt  or volatilis$1 &      
leaves beh9d ! sulphate ( lime z a :ite 
a%2  ?is1 :5 mix$ ) wat]1 & g5tly dri$1 
gives ! am\nt ( !  adult]ation4 ,a /ill 
simpl] plan is to dissolve out ! sulphur
 9 !  sample ) a little hot oil (       
turp5t9e or liquor ( potassa2 !         
undissolv$ portion is =eign matt]4      
,footnote #baa3 ,see ,,precipitat$      
,,sulphur1 above4    ,prop4 ,sulphur    
melts to a cle> ?9 fluid1 & volatilises 
at ab\t #bcb  ,fahr41 & 9 op5 vessels   
rapidly takes fire1 burn+ ) a blui%     
flame4 ,x is insoluble 9 bo? wat] &     
alcohol2 x is soluble 9 oil (  turp5t9e 

& ! fatty oils1 & freely s 9 bisulphide 
( c>bon &  hot liquor ( potassa4 ,)     
oxyg5 x unites to =m sulphur\s          
anhydride1  & ) ! metals to =m          
sulphides4 ,sp4 gr4 #aihb to #bjae4     
,e/im4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! quantity (    
sulphur1 phosphorus1 &  *lor9e1 9 a /ate
 ( comb9ation1 especially 9 organic     
mixtures1 is  (t5 r tr\blesome4 ,!      
proportion ( sulphur is be/ det]m9$ by  
oxidis+ a kn[n weight ( ! sub/ances by  
/rong nitric acid1 or by  fus+ x 9 a    
silv] vessel ) #aj or #ab times its     
weight ( pure  hydrate ( potassa & ab\t 
half z mu* nitre4 ,! sulphur is ?us     
conv]t$ into sulphuric acid1 ! quantity 
( :i* c be det]m9$ by  dissolv+ ! fus$  
mass 9 wat]1 acidulat+ ! solution )     
nitric  acid1 add+ a salt ( b>yta1 &    
weigh+ ! result+ sulphate4  ,phosphorus 
is1 9 l mann]1 oxidis$ to phosphoric    
acid1 ! quantity  ( :i* is det]m9$ by   
precipitation 9 comb9ation ) sesquioxide
 (  iron1 or o!rwise4 ,! *lor9e is      
correctly det]m9$ by plac+ a  small     

weigh$ portion 9 a combu/ion-tube1 :i*  
is aft]w>ds fill$  ) fragm5ts ( pure    
quicklime4 ,! lime is !n br\ght to a r$ 
heat1  & ! vap\r ( ! liquid driv5 ov] x1
 :5 *loride ( calcium is  =m$4 ,!       
cont5ts ( ! tube1 :5 cold1 are dissolv$ 
9 dilute  nitric acid1 filt]$1 ! *lor9e 
precipitat$ by nitrate ( silv]1 &  !    
*lor9e weigh$ "u ! =m ( *loride ( silv]4
 ,see ,,organic  ,,sub/ances4    ,uses1 
c4 ,sulphur is ext5sively us$ 9 !       
manufacture ( gunp[d]1  9 blea*+1 c41 c4
 ,:5 swall[$1 x acts z a mild laxative &
  /imulat+ diaphoretic2 & has h5ce be5  
long tak5 9 v>i\s *ronic  sk9 diseases1 
9 pulmon>y1 rheumatic1 & g\ty           
affections1 & z a  mild purgative 9     
piles1 prolapsus ani1 c4 ,ext]nally1 x  
is ext5sively  us$ 9 sk9 diseases1      
especially ! it*1 = :i* x appe>s to be a
  specific4----,dose1 #bj to #fc gr41 9 
sug>1 honey1 treacle1 or milk4          
,sulphur1 ,*lorides (4 ,sev]al ( ^!     
comp\nds exi/ b !  foll[+ are ! mo/     
important4 #a4 7,,di*loride1            

,s#b;,cl#b47 ,prep>$  by pass+ dry      
*lor9e gas ov] ! surface ( sulphur melt$
 9 a  bulb$-tube or small retort        
connect$ ) a well-cool$ receiv]4 ,!     
product is a deep orange-yell[ & v      
mobile liquid1 :i* possesses a          
disagreeable od\r1 & boils at #bhj      
,fahr4 ,x is soluble 9 bisulphide (     
c>bon1 & 9 b5zol1 )\t decompos+4 ,x     
dissolves sulphur 9 l>ge  quantities1   
especially :5 heat$4 ,a solution ( !    
di*loride )  excess ( sulphur 9 crude   
b5zol is us$ = vulcanis+ ca\t*\c4    #b4
 7,,*loride1 ,,hypo*loride1 or          
,,hypo*lorite ( ! %ops2 ,,sulphuris     
,,*loridum1 ,s4 ,,hypo*loridum1 ,s4     
,,hypo*loritis1 ,l47 ,?is is prep>$ by  
spread+ wa%$ sulphur ?9ly on ! bottom ( 
a wood5 box1 or o!r  *amb]1 & pass+     
*lor9e gas sl[ly ov] until x ceases to  
be  absorb$4    ,obs4 ,?is la/ comp\nd  
is ( v>iable & undet]m9$ con/itution4 ,x
  has be5 recomm5d$ = int]nal use1 by   
,d]ks5gi1 9 old g\ty  affections1 comb9$
 ) pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 & 9 sev]e n]v\s      

fev]4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr42        
dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & tak5 ) old  ,hung>y   
w9e4 ,x is also us$ ext]nally 9         
psoriasis invet]ata1 &  o!r sk9         
diseases4    ,sulphur1 ,iodide (4       
,s#b;,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,b9iodide ,,(         
,,sulphur2 ,,sulphuris  ,,iodidum 7,ph4 
,l471 ,,sulphur ,,iodatum 7,ph4 ,d471   
,l4 ,prep4 ,into a glass flask  put #a  
"p ( sublim$ sulphur1 & ov] x place #d  
p>ts ( iod9e2  ins]t ! cork loosely1 &  
place ! flask 9 a wat] ba?2 z soon z    
its cont5ts melt1 /ir !m ) a glass rod1 
replace ! cork1 remove  ! ba? f ! fire1 
& let ! :ole cool toge!r4 ,:5 cold1     
break  ! iodide into pieces1 & place x 9
 a wide-m\!d /opp]$ bottle4  ,9 ?is way 
a beautiful semi-cry/all9e1 d>k grey    
mass1 resembl+  antimony1 is obta9$4 ,! 
=mul ( ! ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d41  
,ph4 ,u4  ,s41  ,p4 ,cod41 are          
ess5tially simil>4 ,! ,ph4 ,d4 ord]s !  
two  sub/ances to be p[d]$ & mix$ be=e  
heat+ !m4    ,uses1 c4 ,x is /imulant & 
alt]ative4 ,an o9tm5t made ( x has  be5 

recomm5d$ by ,biett & o!rs 9 tub]cul\s  
affections ( !  sk91 9 lepra1 psoriasis1
 lupus1 porrigo1 c4    ,iodide ( sulphur
 /a9s ! sk9 l iod9e1 & is readily       
decompos$  by contact ) organic         
sub/ances4    ,,sulphura,,tion4 ,!      
process by :i* silk1 cotton1 & wooll5   
goods1  /raw plait1 c41 are subject$ to 
! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 or  sulphur\s  
acid1 = ! purpose ( blea*+ or decol\r+  
!m4 ,on !  l>ge scale1 ?is is effect$ 9 
clos$ ap>tm5ts1 call$ #8sulphur+        
rooms1' to :i* suffici5t air only is    
admitt$ to keep up ! sl[  combu/ion ( ! 
sulphur4 ,on ! small scale1 z = /raw    
hats1 bonnets1  c41 a l>ge wood5 *e/ is 
frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! same way4         
,,sul,,phuret4 ,syn4 ,,sulphide2        
,,sulphuretum1 ,,sulphidum1 ,l4 ,see    
,,sulphide4    ,,sulphuret,,t$          
,,hy,,drog5 7,h#b,s74 ,syn4 ,,hydrog5   
,,sulphide1 ,,dihydric  ,,sulphide1     
,,hydric ,,sulphide2 ,,hydrosulphuric   
,,acid4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5  occurs 9  
nature among/ ! gase\s products giv5 (f 

by volcanoes1 z  well z 9 _m m9]al      
wat]s1 among/ :i* may be in/anc$ ^? (   
,h>rogate1 9 ,engl&1 ( ,m(fat1 9        
,scotl&1 & ( ,b>ges1 ,eaux  ,bonnes1 ,/4
 ,sauveur1 c41 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x is also 
evolv$ f  decay+ animal matt] conta9+   
album51 su* z :ite-(-egg1 z well  z f   
putrisable animal & vegetable sub/ances1
 :5 9 contact ) a  soluble sulphate1 &  
is always "o ( ! gases pres5t 9 ! air ( 
dra9s & sew]s4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 may 
be procur$ by ! direct  union ( hydrog5 
& sulphur1 z by pass+ hydrog5 into boil+
  sulphur4 ,b ?is me?od ( procur+ x is  
r>ely1 if ev]1 adopt$4 ,!  mu* readi]   
process ( act+ ^u a metallic sulphide by
 an acid  con/itutes ! means by :i* !   
*emi/ almo/ inv>iably obta9s ?is  gas4  
,! details ( ! process are z foll[s3    
#a4 ,ab\t an ounce ( f]r\s sulphide1    
previ\sly r$uc$ to small pieces1  is    
plac$ 9 a bottle1 & !n !re is p\r$ on to
 x a fluid ounce (  sulphuric acid      
dilut$ ) #h times its bulk ( wat]1 :5 ! 
foll[+  reaction ensues3----,fe,s       

,h#b,,s#d  ,h#b,s  ,fe,s,o#d4    ,! gas 
:i* is imm$iately & copi\sly giv5 (f may
 be collect$ 9  an app>atus1 a draw+ &  
description ( :i* are giv5 bel[4        
,illu/ration    ,! dilut$ acid1 hav+    
become cool1 is p\r$ ?r\gh ! bulb-%ap$  
ap]ture d[n ! glass tube ^u ! f]r\s     
sulphide1 & ! evolv$  gas pass+ ?r\gh ! 
small int]m$iate wa%-bottle into !      
bottle at  ! read]'s "r h&1 is absorb$  
by ! wat] !re9 conta9$1 !  op]ation be+ 
cont9u$ until ! wat] has become saturat$
 ) !  gas4 ,! glass tubes are connect$ )
 vulcanis$ india rubb]1 z %[n  9 ! above
 plate4 ,dilut$ hydro*loric acid is     
frequ5tly sub/itut$  = sulphuric4    #b4
 ,9 ! above process1 ! gas obta9$1 ow+  
to ! contam9ation (  ! iron sulphide1 is
 m or less impure4 ,:5 sulphurett$      
hydrog5 is  requir$ 9 a /ate ( purity1  
#a oz4 ( antimoni\s sulphide mu/ be     
employ$ in/ead ( ! iron sulphide1 &     
in/ead ( sulphuric #c or #d  p>ts (     
hydro*loric acid4 ,z heat mu/ be appli$ 
to ! mixture1 x  w be necess>y to       

sub/itute a flask = ! l>g] bottle1 & to 
support x on a retort /&4 ,9 o!r        
respects ! app>atus ne$s no  alt]ation4 
#c4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is also        
obta9able :5 p>aff9 is heat$ at a       
mod]ately elevat$ temp]ature ) sulphur1 
! reaction be+ att5d$  ) an abundant    
evolution ( ! gas1 & a simultane\s      
sep>ation (  c>bon4     ,! solution (   
sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* is s           
indisp5sable to !  *emi/1 & consequ5tly 
9 su* con/ant requisition 9 !           
laboratory1  un=tunately v quickly      
decomposes into wat]1 & sulphur1 :i*    
deposits at ! bottom ( ! vessel conta9+ 
x4 ,to dim9i% z mu* z  possible ! t5d5cy
 to det]ioration1 ! solution %\ld be    
made ei!r  ) boil$ wat]1 or ) ! cle>    
spoilt solution4    ,qualities1 c4      
,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is a col\rless     
inflammable gas1  some:at heavi] ?an    
air1 its specific gravity be+ #aagd4 ,:5
 ignit$1  x burns ) a blui% flame1 to   
wat] & sulphur\s anhydride if !         
combu/ion take place 9 a suffici5t      

quantity ( air1 b if ! supply  ( air be 
too limit$1 sulphur is deposit$4 ,"u a  
pressure ( #ag  atmosph]es x is cond5s$ 
to a col\rless & v mobile fluid1 :i*    
boils at #gif ,f41 & freezes at #gbh ,f4
 to a transp>5t solid4 ,bo?  ! gas & its
 aque\s solution ex]cise a feebly acid  
reaction on  litmus4    ,sulphurett$    
hydrog5 is highly poison\s2 :5 inhal$ 9 
any quantity x  causes fa9t+2 & 9 small]
 quantities1 ev5 :5 consid]ably dilut$  
by air1 if brea!d = any l5g? ( "t1 x    
acts z a dang]\s  depressant & insidu\s 
poison4 ,^u ! l[] animals x acts ) fatal
  rapidity1 ev5 if dilut$ ) #hjj or     
#ajjj p>ts ( atmosph]ic air4            
,transmitt$ ?r\gh tubes heat$ to r$ness1
 sulphurett$ hydrog5 becomes  p>tially  
decompos$ into its elem5ts1 hydrog5 &   
sulphur4 ,wat] at #cb  ,f4 takes up #dcg
 times its bulk ( ?is gas1 & at #ei1    
#cbc times its  hulk1 h5ce ! importance 
( collect+ x1 ov] w>m wat]1 if requir$  
9 ! gase\s =m4    ,9 ! pres5ce (        
moi/ure1 sulphur\s anhydride &          

sulphurett$  hydrog51 if equival5t      
quantities ( ea* react ^u ea* o!r1      
become  decompos$ into sulphur1 wat]1 & 
p5ta?ronic acid2 h5ce ! value (         
sulphur\s acid z a dis9fectant4 ,!      
deposit$ sulphur is f\nd always  to     
occur 9 ! electro-positive condition4   
,*lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e1  also         
decompose sulphurett$ hydrog5 )         
deposition ( sulphur1 &  =mation (      
hydro*loric1 hydrobromic1 & hydriodic   
acids4    ,hydrosulphates or ,sulphides4
 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 or hydrosulphuric 
acid1 z x is sometimes call$1 :5 br\ght 
into contact ) bases 9  solution1 gives 
rise to comp\nds1 :i* by "s *emi/s are  
reg>d$ z  hydrosulphates1 or comb9ations
 ( ! base ) hydrosulphuric acid2 &  by  
o!rs z sulphides or comb9ations ( !     
metal ) sulphur1 !  latt] reaction be+  
att5d$ ) ! elim9ation ( wat]1 z :5 a    
base is act$ ^u by hydro*loric acid4 ,by
 ^? :o hold ! =m] view  ! reaction w\ld 
be z foll[s3      ,k#b,o  ,h#b,s        
,k#b,o#a;,h#b,s4    ,9 ! latt] case x   

w\ld be ?us repres5t$3      ,k#b,o      
,h#b,s  ,k#b,s  ,h#b,o4    ,! latt] is !
 m g5]al op9ion1 & x receives support f 
!  fact t :5 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is     
pass$ into ! solution ( a  metallic     
salt1 an insoluble precipitate ( a      
sulphide ( ! metal is  ?r[n d[n4 ,?us1  
:5 ! gas is pass$ into a solution (     
cupric  sulphate1 ! precipitate consi/s 
( hydrat$ cupric sulphide1 !  lib]at$   
sulphuric acid r5d]s ! liquid :i* 0 be=e
 neutral1  acid4 ,! l>g] numb] (        
sulphides s =m$1 comb9+ ) wat] at  !    
in/ance ( _! precipitation1 occur z     
hydrates4    ,!re is also a class (     
sulphides kn[n z hydrosulphides1        
sulphydrates1  or d\ble sulphides1 9 :i*
 an equival5t ( ! metal is replac$ by an
  equival5t ( hydrog54 ,examples ( ^!   
are ! potassic hydrosulphide  7,,khs71  
sodic hydrosulphide 7,na,h,s71 & ammonic
 hydrosulphide 7,h#d,,nhs74  ,no su*    
comb9ations occur ) hydrog5 & ! metals (
 ! e>?  prop]1 & ( ! iron gr\p4         
,te/s4 ,_m ( ! hydrosulphates or        

sulphides may be detect$1 by  dropp+ on 
!m "s hydro*loric acid1 :5 ! *>act]i/ic 
smell (  sulphurett$ hydrog5 w be       
imm$iately evolv$ f !m4 ,v small        
quantities ( a sulphide may be detect$ z
 foll[s3----,place ! suspect$  sulphide 
9 a small te/ tube1 on ! upp] "p ( :i*  
is ins]t$ a  piece ( blott+ pap] moi/5$ 
) a solution ( plumbic acetate1 !n      
c>efully p\r "s hydro*loric acid on to !
 sub/ance1 :51 if x be  a sulphide1 !   
pap] w become4 imm$iately br[n$ or      
black5$4    ,_m small quantities ( !    
soluble sulphides are reveal$ 9 neutral 
or  alkal9e solutions by ! ri* purple   
col\r :i* !y =m on !  addition ( a      
solution ( sodic nitro-prusside4 ,mo/ ( 
!m1 :5 heat$  be=e ! bl[-pipe1 give (f !
 smell ( sulphur\s acid4    ,!          
quantitative det]m9ation ( free         
sulphurett$ hydrog51 or ( a  soluble    
sulphide 9 any solution1 is conduct$ z  
foll[s3----,! liquid to  be te/$ is mix$
 ) a small quantity ( a cold solution ( 
/>*1  made slightly acid ) acetic acid4 

,a solution ( iod9e ( kn[n  /r5g?1      
dissolv$ 9 potassic iodide is !n add$1  
until ! liquid  j beg9s to turn blue f !
 action ( ! excess ( iod9e on !  />*4 ,9
 ?is process ! sulphurett$ hydrog5      
conv]ts ! iod9e into  hydriodic acid1   
:il/ sulphur is lib]at$4    ,( c\rse !  
quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is       
calculat$ f !  quantity ( iod9e employ$4
 ,! reaction is----      #b;,h#b,s      
#b;,i#b  #d;,,hi  ,s#b4    ,! value (   
sulphurett$ hydrog5 z a reag5t has      
already be5 allud$  to4 ,x ?r[s d[n mo/ 
( ! metals f solutions ( _! salts 9 !   
=m ( insoluble sulphides2 & ea* ( !     
sulphides s produc$ 9 _m  cases be+     
di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by a special &        
*>act]i/ic  col\r4 ,! sulphurett$       
hydrog5 ?us pres5ts ! metal 9 a =m 9    
:i* x c1 9 _m in/ances1 be easily & )   
c]ta9ty recognis$4  ,?us sulphide ( lead
 is black1 ( ars5ic yell[1 ( antimony   
orange1 (  manganese salmon col\r1 & (  
z9c :ite4 ,by means ( sulphurett$       
hydrog51 also1 ! *emi/ is enabl$ to     

sep>ate ! metals into gr\ps4    ,=      
in/ance1 f solutions conta9+ c]ta9      
metallic salts1  sulphurett$ hydrog5    
?r[s d[n ! metals z sulphides1 provid$ !
  solution has be5 previ\sly made       
slightly acid4 ,copp]1 ars5ic1 t91 &    
cadmium1 are "s ( ! metals ?r[n d[n "u  
^! conditions4    ,! salts ( iron1      
nickel1 cobalt1 & c]ta9 o!rs1 al?\gh !y 
d  n yield precipitates "u l            
circum/ances1 are f\nd to d s if  _!    
solutions are made alkal9e in/ead (     
acid4 ,aga91 !re are o!r  salts1 ^? ( ! 
alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 :i*1 :5        
sulphurett$  hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ^!  
solutions1 give no precipitates ei!r 9  
acid or alkal9e solutions4 ,! *emi/1    
!re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( an  analysis1        
frequ5tly avails himself ( a k ( ^!     
facts to  sep>ate c]ta9 metals f ea*    
o!r4    ,hydrog51 ,p]sulphide (4 ,syn4  
,,hydric ,,p]sulphide1 ,,hydrog5        
,,disulphide4 ,to procure ?is sub/ance1 
calcium disulphide 7,ca,s#b7 9  solution
 is p\r$ into hydro*loric acid dilut$ ) 

twice its bulk (  wat]4 ,! solution be+ 
g5tly w>m$1 ! p]sulphide subsides at !  
bottom z an oily fluid4 ,hydric         
p]sulphide has a great resemblance to   
hydric p]oxide 9 qualities4 ,x blea*es1 
& is decompos$1 )  viol5ce1 :5 br\ght   
into contact ) ! oxides ( manganese &   
silv]4 ,x easily decomposes into sulphur
 & sulphurett$ hydrog54    ,,sulphu,,ric
 ,,acid4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,(     
,,vitriol1 ,,briti% ,o4 ,,( ,v41        
,,vitriolic ,,acid2 ,,acidum            
,,sulphuricum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 
,,acidum  ,,sulphuricum ,,v5ale 7,ph4   
,d471 ,,acidum ,,vitriolicum1 ,l4 ,?is  
acid1 9 a  conc5trat$ =m1 0 discov]$ by 
,basil ,val5t9e t[>ds ! end (  ! #ae?   
c5tury4 ,at fir/ x 0 obta9$ by !        
di/illation ( gre5  vitriol1 b is n[    
made by ! oxidation ( sulphur\s         
anhydride1  obta9$ by ! combu/ion ei!r (
 sulphur or ( c]ta9 sulphides4 ,9       
consequ5ce ( ! gr[+ dem& = sulphur 9 !  
manufacture (  gunp[d]1 ultram>9e1 & = !
 de/ruction ( ! v9e p>asites 9  !       

v9ey>ds ( ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa91     
sulphuric acid is n[ seldom  made by    
burn+ sulphur1 b1 ) few exceptions1 by  
roa/+ iron  pyrites1 or bisulphide (    
iron4    ,! foll[+ table w convey an    
idea ( ! enorm\s consumption (  ?is     
m9]al 9 vitriol mak+ 9 ,engl& alone4 ,! 
quantities giv5  repres5t tons4         
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,pyrites f#bab                          
,date4----------------------------------
------------------- ,sum                
,norway4,g]many4,belgium4,portugal4     
,spa94 ,italy4,sundry ,total4           
,places4                                
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    #ahfb      
#d1ige   #f1hag   #i1hfj   #ec1bif      
#cc1gag  444   #b1ahg #aaj1heb    #ahfc 
#f1gcf  #ae1dji  #ab1jei  #aji1ahj      
#cc1bac  444   #b1fbh #agi1bbe    #ahfd 
#af1jhg  #ab1gea   #g1jfi  #aah1dhi     
#ae1ebi  444   #a1jfe #agj1iij    #ahfe 
#bb1bbi  #ad1gbg   #b1aba  #acg1ghg     

#af1cic  444     #cfi #aic1fbf    #ahff 
#ch1bfb  #ba1egd   #d1jjf  #afe1iic     
#aa1iaj  444   #a1fbe #bdd1eif    #ahfg 
#gg1hie  #cd1eib   #b1bii  #aje1eef     
#ej1bbb  444   #b1acd #bgb1fih    #ahfh 
#fc1jjg  #da1eei    444    #ge1hhc      
#dg1deh  #gid   #a1jai #bbi1gbj    #ahfi
 #fc1jia  #ac1ihc    444   #adj1hje     
#ii1fdh  444   #b1dbj #cai1idg    #ahgj 
#fg1dfd  #ad1iad    444   #agd1dei      
#aej1iij  444   #c1fgf #daa1eab    #ahga
 #gd1daf  #ab1hji    444   #abj1egc     
#bdb1afc  444   #d1eha #ded1edb    #ahgb
 #ga1ffe   #e1fhb    444   #ahj1cbi     
#beg1dbi  444   #b1eba #eag1fbf         
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,footnote  
#bab3 8,developm5t ( ! ,*emical ,arts   
dur+ ! la/ ,t5  ,ye>s10 by ,dr ,a4 ,w4  
,h(man 7#8,*emical ,news1' vol4 xxv1    
#ahgi74    ,( ! o!r sulphides employ$ 9 
vitriol mak+ may be m5tion$ gal5a1  or  
native sulphide ( lead1 :i*1 :5 roa/$1  
is made to give up half  its sulphur4 ,!
 *ief consumption ( ?is m9]al is 9 !    

,h>z4 ,copp]  pyrites is also us$ 9 !   
,h>z1 z well z 9 ,swansea & ,glasg[4    
,bl5de1 or native sulphide ( z9c1 is    
also occasionally _h rec\rse to4    ,9  
addition to ! above sulphides1 ! vitriol
 mak] 9 ,engl&1 ,france1  & ,g]many has 
lately l>gely avail$ himself ( a comp\nd
 kn[n z  #8,lam+'s mixture1' :i* is an  
impure oxide ( iron t has be5 us$ 9  gas
 manufacture = ! removal f ! gas ( !    
sulphur4 ,lam+'s  mixture is consequ5tly
 ri* 9 ?is la/ elem5t4    ,associat$ ) !
 pyrites 9 small quantities are v>i\s   
sub/ances1  "s ( :i*1 becom+ volatilis$ 
:5 ! ore is burnt1 ent] !  *amb]s ) !   
mix$ gases1 & ?us f9d _! entrance into !
 acid1  :il/ o!rs rema9 beh9d 9 ! iron  
residue ( impure f]ric oxide1  left on !
 he>? ( ! furnace aft] roa/+4 ,! =m] (  
^!  =eign bodies1 :i* are f\nd 9 mo/    
comm]cial acids1 are describ$  bel[ "u !
 section 8,purification40 ,among/ !     
solid non-volatile  matt]s1 ! extraction
 ( :i* f ! burnt iron has be5 f\nd 9  _m
 works to yield a pr(it1 are z9c1 copp]1

 silv] & ?allium4    ,at ,wolcrum1 9    
,g]many1 ! z9c :i* exi/s 9 ! residue 9 !
 =m  ( sulphate is extract$ by          
lixiviation1 & !n treat$ ) common  salt1
 ! reaction giv+ rise to ! production ( 
sulphate ( soda &  *loride ( z9c4 ,!    
soda obta9$ is suffici5t to pay = !     
work+  ( ! op]ation1 :il/ a good pr(it  
is made by ! sale ( ! l>ge  quantities (
 *loride ( z9c :i* are ?us yield$4#bac  
,footnote #bac3 ,ibid4    ,! copp]1 :i* 
9 "s residues is met ) to ! am\nt ( #d  
p]  c5t41 also pays = extraction1 & is  
sold to ! smelt]4 ,x is fir/  conv]t$   
into *loride1 & !n precipitat$ by iron4 
,! silv] is  recov]$ by ,claudet's      
process1 :i* consi/s 9 precipitat+ x f a
  sal9e solution 9 :i* x is 9 ! /ate ( a
 soluble *loride1 by  iodide (          
potassium4    ,9 ! ,widnes ,copp] ,works
 ! silv] s extract$ yields an annual    
pr(it  ( #cjjj4bad    ,footnote #bad3   
,ibid4    ,?allium is f\nd 9 ! f9e du/  
caus$ by ! combu/ion ( !  pyrites1 :i*  
du/ deposits 9 ! flues betwe5 ! furnace 

& !  *amb]s4 ,! metal is extract$ f !   
du/ by treat+ ?is latt]  ) dilute       
sulphuric acid4 ,! result+ sulphate is  
conv]t$ into  *loride1 & aga9 reconv]t$ 
alt]nately into sulphate & *loride      
sev]al times1 ! sulphate la/ obta9$ be+ 
r$uc$ by metallic  z9c4#bae    ,footnote
 #bae3 ,ibid4    ,sel5ium is also a     
frequ5t con/itu5t 9 ! flue du/4 ,"s     
ores1 aft]  be+ subject$ to roa/+1 yield
 iron capable ( be+ work$4 ,?is is  m   
p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! ,spani% &         
,portuguese pyrites4    ,! foll[+ is an 
outl9e ( ! process by :i* sulphuric acid
 is  obta9$1 & ( ! *emical *anges :i*   
occur dur+ its manufacture3    ,!       
sulphur or sulphide be+ plac$ on ! he>? 
( ! furnace1 %[n  at ,a 9 ! accompany+  
cut1 :5 heat$ f bel[1 soon takes fire1 &
  comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]ic air1 !
 admission ( :i*  into ! furnace is     
regulat$ by an exp]i5c$ workman1 by !   
door %[n  9 ! plate1 =ms sulphur\s      
anhydride4 ,an iron pot1 /&+ on !  he>? 
( ! furnace1 conta9s a mixture ( nitrate

 ( soda & oil (  vitriol1 & ?is becom+  
heat$ by ! burn+ sulphur1 decomposition 
(  ! salt ensues1 & fumes ( nitric acid 
are giv5 (f4 ,! sulphur\s  anhydride &  
nitric acid gases ?us =m$ toge!r ) air  
are c>ri$  into l>ge lead5 *amb]s1 /&+  
on1 & support$ by1 massive  frameworks (
 /\t timb]4 ,/eam is admitt$ cont9u\sly 
by sev]al jets  7see plate7 into ^!     
*amb]s1 :i* are cov]$ at ! bottom )     
wat] to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree in*es4    ,z 
soon z ! mix$ gases ent] ! *amb] & come 
into contact )  ! /eam1 ! sulphur\s     
anhydride acts on ! nitric acid1 =m+    
sulphuric acid1 :i* falls into & is     
absorb$ by ! wat] on ! floor  ( ! *amb]1
 & nitric oxide1 :i* is lib]at$ 9 !     
*amb]4    ,! foll[+ equation w illu/rate
 ! reaction3      #b;,,hno#c  #c,,s#b   
#b;,h#b,o  #c;,h#b,,s#d  #b,,no4    #agj
 p>ts by weight ( nitrate ( soda are    
requir$ to oxidise to  sulphuric acid   
#if p>ts ( sulphur1 :]eas r>ely m1 &    
frequ5tly  less1 ?an #e p>ts ( soda are 
requir$ by ! vitriol mak]4 ,?is sav+  ( 

mat]ial is effect$ by ! function p]=m$ 9
 ! *amb] by !  nitric oxide result+ f ! 
decomposition ( ! nitric acid4    ,!    
nitric oxide react+ ^u ! air 9 ! *amb]  
ab/racts oxyg5  f x & becomes conv]t$   
into nitric p]oxide1 ?us3      #b,,no   
,o#b  #b,,no#b4    ,nitric p]oxide is a 
v un/able comp\nd1 & directly x comes   
into  contact ) ! fre% sulphur\s        
anhydride ent]+ ! *amb]1 x  oxidises x 9
 ! pres5ce ( wat] to sulphuric acid1    
?us3      #b,,no#b  #b,,s#b  #b;,h#b,o  
#b;,h#b,,s#d  #b,,no4    ,?is deportm5t 
( ! nitric oxide be+ cont9u\s1 x w be   
se5 x  acts ! "p ( a c>ri] ( oxyg5 f !  
atmosph]ic air conta9$ 9  ! *amb] to !  
sulphur\s acid1 & by s do+ 7!oretically7
  r5d]s any fur!r supply ( nitrate (    
soda ?an t requir$ to />t  ! process    
unnecess>y4    ,z soon z ! wat]1 or r   
liquid acid on ! floor ( ! lead5        
*amb]s1 has acquir$ ! sp4 gr4 ( #ace to 
#aej1 x is drawn (f1 &  conc5trat$ by   
boil+ 9 %all[ lead5 pans to ! d5sity (  
ab\t  #agb1 aft] :i* x is fur!r         

conc5trat$ 9 gre5-glass or plat9um      
retorts1 until ! sp4 gr4 rea*es #ahdb to
 #ahdf4 ,:5 ( sp4 gr4 f  #ace to #aej x 
is call$ *amb] acid1 & :5 ( ! la/ /r5g?1
 is  us$ 9 ! manufacture ( salt-cake1   
sulphate ( ammonia1 "s k9ds (  manure1 &
 nitric acid4 ,sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 
#agbj is mo/ly  employ$ 9 ! prep>ation (
 sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,aft]            
conc5tration  to #ahdb or #ahdf1 ! cle> 
acid is put into l>ge globul> bottles ( 
gre5 glass 7c>boys71 surr\nd$ ) /raw &  
basket-"w1 & is s5t  into ! m>ket "u !  
"n ( #8oil ( vitriol4'    ,! lead5      
*amb]s 9 :i* ! *emical *anges take      
place1 t result  9 ! =mation ( ! acid1  
v>y greatly 9 dim5sions 9 diff]5t       
works1 be+ sometimes z mu* z #ab or #ae 
feet high1 #ae or #bj wide1 &  f #aej to
 #cjj feet long4 ,!y are mo/ly p>tially 
divid$ by incomplete  lead5 p>titions1  
kn[n z curta9s1 s arrang$ on ! ro( & !  
floor z to cause ! curr5ts ( mix$ gases 
to come into collision1 &  ?us cause _! 
admixture4 ,:]e !re are a numb] ( small 

sep>ate  *amb]s !y are connect$ by means
 ( lead5 tubes4 ,a *amb] hav+ a         
capacity ( #be1jjj cubic feet w yield   
#aj tons ( acid weekly4    ,! %eets (   
lead us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! *amb]s are 
unit$ by  fusion1 or melt+ toge!r ( _!  
edges4 ,if cem5t 7 us$ x w\ld  be       
spe$ily attack$ & de/roy$ by ! acid &   
gase\s products4    ,! process = !      
manufacture ( sulphuric acid above      
describ$1 0  devis$ 9 #aggd by a calico 
pr9t] ( ,r\51 & improv$ by ,*aptal4     
,9 #aggf ! fir/ vitriol factory 0 set up
 at ,pre/onpans1 by ,dr  ,roebuck1 (    
,birm+ham1 ) :om orig9at$ ! idea ( !    
lead5  *amb]s4    ,v>i\s attempts h be5 
at diff]5t times unsuccessfully made to 
sup]s$e ! old process4 ,( ^! we may     
m5tion3    #a4 ,! proposal to oxidise   
sulphur\s acid by means ( *lor9e 9 !    
pres5ce ( /eam4    #b4 ,p]soz's me?od to
 oxidise sulphur\s acid by means (      
nitric acid1 &  to reg5]ate ! nitric    
oxide result+ f ! r$uction ( ! acid by  
! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 ! pres5ce ( /eam4     

#c4 a1 by ! decomposition ( gypsum by   
sup]heat$ /eam at a r$ heat2  or b1 by  
decompos+ ! gypsum by *loride ( lead4   
,! failure ( ! above & o!r ef=ts has l$ 
to ! *emi/ turn+  8 att5tion to !       
elaboration & p]fection ( ! old process1
 9 !  work+ ( :i* consid]able           
improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ )9 !  la/ t5
 or fifte5 ye>s2 improvem5ts result+ n  
only 9 a dim9i%$  co/ ( production1 b 9 
! manufacture ( a pur]1 & !re=e  bett]  
acid4    ,! prop] con/ruction ( !       
furnaces1 ov5s1 & grates on :i* !  fir+ 
( ! sulphur or pyrites takes place1     
toge!r ) ! flues1 is  an important      
condition 9 ! manufacture ( ! acid2 & to
 ?is end a  great deal ( sci5tific k &  
exp]i5ce h lately be5 appli$  ) excell5t
 effect4 ,( ! _m improvem5ts 9 ?is      
direction =  burn+ poor ores ( pyrites  
is a contrivance mu* us$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e 
! furnace on :i* x is c>ri$ out is kn[n 
z ,g]/5hf]'s ov54 ,x  is %[n 9 !        
accompany+ draw+4    ,illu/ration    ,! 
furnace is fitt$ inside ) a numb] (     

little fire-clay  projections1 arrang$ z
 %[n 9 ! plate1 9 banks or t]races1 !   
function ( :i* is to prolong ! exposure 
( ! pyrites to heat4 ,!  furnace hav+   
be5 previ\sly rais$ to a r$ heat1 by    
means ( a coal or  wood fire 7:i* is !n 
ext+ui%$71 ! pyrites are admitt$ into x 
?r\gh ! hopp]s 7a74 ,at ! base ( !      
hopp]s are groov$ iron  roll]s1 :i* cru%
 ! lumps ( ore z !y ent] ! *amb]s1 & by 
?us r$uc+ _! size1 expose a l>g] am\nt (
 surface to ! action  ( heat4 ,! great] 
"p ( ! sulphur ( ! pyrites is ?us burnt 
(f1  z ! lumps pass f t]race to t]race1 
! heat at ! same "t  g5]at$ by _!       
combu/ion be+ suffici5t to keep up t ( !
  furnace4 ,a mod]ate bla/ ( air is     
admitt$ at c1 :il/ ! sulphur\s  acid =m$
 asc5ds ?r\gh d into ! lead5 *amb]s1 !  
sp5t  pyrites fall+ out ?r\gh ! ap]tures
 at c4    ,ano!r improv$ furnace is     
,p]ret's1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ,france4  
,9  ?is1 small lumps ( pyrites are plac$
 on horizontal plates1 & expos$  to !   
hot gases g5]at$ 9 kilns bel[4 ,! gases1

 on _! way to !  *amb]s1 sweep ov] !    
pyrites & rob !m ( _! sulphur4    ,! mo/
 important & noticeable improvem5t1     
h[ev]1 ( late ye>s 9  sulphuric acid    
manufacture is t result+ f ! addition to
 !  plant ( a contrivance (             
,gay-,lussac4 ,previ\s to ?is inv5tion1 
!  sulphuric acid ( comm]ce1 among/ o!r 
impurities1 always conta9$  appreciable 
quantities ( c]ta9 oxides ( nitrog51 !  
results ( :i*  7 n only ! contam9ation (
 ! acid1 b a wa/e ( sub/ances1  :i*1    
prop]ly utilis$1 are ess5tial = !       
conv]sion ( !  sulphur\s & sulphuric    
acid1 & ! loss ( :i* leads to an        
increas$  consumption ( nitrate ( soda4 
,"u ! old me?od1 ^! valuable  oxides (  
nitrog51 :i*1 ) a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 &
 a small  quantity ( oxyg51 con/itut$ ! 
sp5t air ( ! la/ lead5 *amb]1  7 c>ri$  
(f into ! air1 & consequ5tly lo/4 ,n[1  
in/ead (  be+ all[$ to diffuse into !   
atmosph]e1 !y are made to pass  ?r\gh a 
t[] or *amb] 7%[n at ,c 9 ! plate bel[7 
fill$ )  coke1 ?r\gh :i* a ?9 /ream (   

sulphuric acid is made to trickle4 ,9   
pass+ ?r\gh ! coke1 !re=e1 ! expir+ sp5t
 gases come into  contact ) ! sulphuric 
acid1 to :i* !y give up _! oxides (     
nitrog54 ,f ! t[] 7,c7 ! acid fl[s into 
a ci/]n 7,d71 :5ce x  is pump$ up to !  
top ( ano!r t[] 7,e71 ei!r fill$ ) coke1
 or  arrang$ ) incl9$ %elves1 z %[n 9 ! 
plate4 ,9 ?is t[] !  acid meets ) a     
curr5t ( hot sulphur\s acid & air com+  
up f  ! furnace1 :i* deprive x ( !      
oxides ( nitrog51 & ! gase\s  mixture   
ent]s ! *amb]s1 :il/ ! d5itrafi$ acid   
fl[s (f into a  suitable res]voir4      
,illu/ration    ,s9ce ! introduction ( !
 above1 ! consumption ( nitrate ( soda  
is  sometimes less5$ by m ?an half4     
,ano!r v rec5t improvem5t1 ! inv5tion ( 
a ,g]man *emi/ nam$  ,spr5gel1 is !     
sub/itution ( wat] spray1 bl[n 9 by     
/eam1 = /eam  jets1 9 ! lead5 *amb]s4   
,by ?is me?od a sav+ ( coal to !  ext5t 
( "o ?ird is said to be effect$4    ,9  
!ory1 #a molecule ( sulphur requires    
only #c molecules ( oxyg5 to  conv]t x  

into sulphuric acid1 viz4 #b to =m      
sulphur\s anhydride1 & #a  to conv]t !  
latt] into sulphuric anhydride1 :i*     
comb9es ) #a  molecule ( wat] to =m !   
acid4 ,?us1 #a kilogram ( sulphur       
requires  #aejj grams or #ajee litres ( 
oxyg51 :i* is equival5t to #ebge litres 
(  air conta9+ #dbbj litres ( nitrog52  
:5 pyrites is us$1 a f> l>g]  quantity (
 air is requir$1 = ! obvi\s reason t !  
pyrites  becomes conv]t$ into f]ric     
p]oxide4 #a kilogram ( pyrites requires 
=  its combu/ion ne>ly #ffjj litres (   
air4    ,9 well-regulat$ works ! sp5t & 
escap+ gases %\ld n conta9  m ?an #b p] 
c5t4 ( oxyg54 ,if f #ajj kilograms (    
sulphur #cjf  kilograms ( /rong acid (  
sp4 gr4 #ahd be obta9$1 ! result is     
reg>d$ z v satisfactory2 m frequ5tly !  
product f #ajj  kilograms ( sulphur does
 n exce$ #bhj or #bij kilograms4        
,purif4 ,comm]cial sulphuric acid       
frequ5tly conta9s nitr\s acid &  o!r    
oxides ( nitrog51 ars5ic1 lead1 & sal9e 
matt]4 ,! nitr\s  acid may be remov$ by 

add+ a little sulphate ( ammonia1 &     
heat+  ! acid to ebullition = a few     
m9utes4 ,bo? nitric & nitr\s acid are   
?us entirely decompos$ into wat] &      
nitrog5 gas4 ,! ars5ic may be  got rid (
 by add+ a little sulphide ( b>ium to ! 
acid1 agitat+  ! mixture well1 &1 aft]  
repose1 decant+ & di/ill+ x4 ,lead1  :i*
 exi/s z sulphate1 may be sep>at$ z a   
:ite precipitate by  simply dilut+ !    
acid ) wat]4 ,sal9e matt] may be remov$ 
by  simple rectification4 ,a good way ( 
purify+ oil ( vitriol is to heat x      
ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t1 & pass a curr5t (
 hydro*loric acid  ?r\gh x2 ! ars5ic is 
?us c>ri$ ov] z ! volatile *loride (    
ars5ic1 :ile ! nitr\s & nitric acids are
 expell$ almo/  completely4 ,to obta9 a 
p]fectly pure acid1 x %\ld be di/ill$   
aft]  ! removal ( ! nitr\s acid & ars5ic
 by ! me?ods indicat$  above4 8,!       
di/illation is mo/ conv5i5tly conduct$1 
on ! small  scale1 9 a glass retort1    
conta9+ a few plat9um *ips1 & heat$ by a
  s& ba? or gas-flame1 reject+ ! fir/   

#a_/b fl4 oz4 t comes ov]40  7,ph4 ,e47 
,9 ! ,ph4 ,d4 ! fir/ t5? ( ! di/illate  
is ord]$ to be  reject$1 & ! process to 
be /opp$ :5 no m ?an ab\t #a fl4 oz4  is
 left 9 ! retort4    ,accord+ to ,dr    
,ure1 ! capacity ( ! retort %\ld be f #d
 to #h  times z great z ! volume ( !    
acid1 & connect$ ) a l>ge  tubul>       
receiv] by a loosely fitt+ glass tube1  
#d feet long & #a to #b  in*es 9        
diamet]4 8,! receiv] %\ld n be surr\nd$ 
) cold  wat]40 ,we f9d t fragm5ts (     
glass1 or ( rock cry/als1 may be        
advantage\sly sub/itut$ = plat9um foil1 
to less5 ! explosive  viol5ce ( !       
ebullition4 ,sulphuric acid :i* has     
become br[n by  exposure may be         
decoloris$ by heat+ x g5tly1 ! c>bon ( !
  organic sub/ances be+ ?us conv]t$ into
 c>bonic acid4    ,prop4 ,comm]cial     
sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 is a     
col\rless1  od\rless1 & highly corrosive
 liquid1 ! g5]al prop]ties ( :i*  are   
well kn[n4 ,its sp4 gr4 at #fj %\ld nev]
 be great] ?an #ahdh1 or  less ?an      

#ahdj4 7,mill] & ,odl+ give ! sp4 gr4 ( 
! pure &  conc5trat$ acid z #ahdb2 ,abel
 & ,bloxam1 z #ahdh2 ,apjohn gives x z  
#ahdf1 & ,h>dwi* ab\t #ahde47 ,x is     
imm$iately col\r$ by contact  ) organic 
matt]4 ,x attracts wat] s rapidly f !   
atmosph]e :5  freely expos$ to x1 z to  
absorb #a-crd ( its weight 9 #bd h\rs1 &
 #f  times its weight 9 a few mon?s4 ,:5
 #c volumes are sudd5ly mix$ ) #b  (    
wat]1 ! temp]ature ( ! mixture rises m  
?an #ahj ,fahr4 ,its  freez+ po9t appe>s
 to be ab\t #fj bel[ t ( wat] 7,mill] & 
,odl+ give t ( ! rectifi$ acid z -#cj   
,fahr42 ,apjohn & ,abel &  ,bloxam1     
-#bi74 ,x boils at ab\t #fbj ,fahr4     
7#fbjf1 ,odl+2 #fbj1  ,h>dwi* & ,f[nes2 
#fag1 ,apjohn2 #eijf1 ,abel & ,bloxam74 
,x exhibits  all ! prop]ties ( ! acids 9
 an exalt$ degree4 ,its salts are call$ 
sulphates4    ,9 ! foll[+ table is giv5 
! quantity ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid    
conta9$ 9 sulphuric acid at #fj;,f4     
7#aee;,c474                             
----------------------------------------

--------------------------    ,hydrat$  
,sp4 ,gr4   ,anhydr\s  ,hydrat$     ,sp4
 ,gr4   ,anhydr\s     ,sulphuric        
,acid4    ,sulphuric                    
,acid4       ,acid4                     
,acid4                                  
#ajj        #ahdhe      #haed       #gf 
#affcj     #faig         #ii            
#ahdge      #hjgb       #ge             
#afebj     #faae         #ih            
#ahdfj      #giij       #gd             
#afdae     #fjcd         #ig            
#ahdci      #giji       #gc             
#afcba     #eiee         #if            
#ahdaj      #ghbh       #gb             
#afbjd     #ehga         #ie            
#ahcgf      #ggdj       #ga             
#afjij     #eghi         #id            
#ahccf      #gffe       #gj             
#aeige     #egjh         #ic            
#ahbij      #gehc       #fi             
#aehfh     #efbf         #ib            
#ahbcc      #gejb       #fh             
#aegfj     #eede         #ia            
#ahagi      #gdbj       #fg             

#aefdh     #edfc         #ij            
#ahaae      #gcci       #ff             
#aeejc     #echb         #hi            
#ahjdc      #gbeg       #fe             
#aecij     #ecjj         #hh            
#agifb      #gage       #fd             
#aebhj     #ebah         #hg            
#aghgj      #gjid       #fc             
#aeagj     #eacg         #hf            
#agggd      #gjab       #fb             
#aejff     #ejee         #he            
#agfgc      #fica       #fa             
#adifj     #digd         #hd            
#agegj      #fhdi       #fj             
#adhfj     #dhib         #hc            
#agdfe      #fgfh       #ei             
#adgfj     #dhaa         #hb            
#agcfj      #ffhf       #eh             
#adffj     #dgbi         #ha            
#agbde      #ffje       #eg             
#adefj     #dfeh         #hj            
#agabj      #febc       #ef             
#addfj     #defh         #gi            
#afiic      #fddb       #ee             
#adcfj     #ddhe         #gh            

#afhgj      #fcfj       #ed             
#adbfe     #dejc         #gg            
#afgej      #fbgh       #ec             
#adagj     #dcbb                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,pur4     
8,free f col\r & od\r4 ,sp4 gr4 #ahdc4  
#ajj gr4 are saturat$  by #bhe gr4 (    
cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 
8,:at rema9s  aft] ! acid is di/ill$ to 
dryness does n exce$ #a_/djj? "p ( its  
weight4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid is n     
discol\r$ by sulphurett$  hydrog540     
7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,dilut$ ) its own    
volume ( wat]1 only a  scanty mudd9ess  
arises1 & no orange fumes escape4 ,sp4  
gr4 #ahdj40 7,ph4  ,e47 8,! rectifi$    
acid 7,,acidum ,,sulphuricum            
,,purum----,ph4 ,e4  ,d47 is  col\rless2
 dilution causes no mudd9ess2 solution (
 sulphate ( iron  %[s no r$d5+ at ! l9e 
( contact :5 p\r$ ov] x4 ,sp4 gr4       
#ahde40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp4 gr4             
#ahdf----,ph4 ,d42 #ahdc----;,b4 ,p42   
#ahdb----,ure4    ,te/s4----,see        

,,sulphate4    ,uses1 c4 8,! uses (     
sulphuric acid are s num]\s t x w\ld be 
impossible to m5tion all ( !m1 sulphuric
 acid be+ to *emical  indu/ry :at iron  
is to ! me*anical4 ,sulphuric acid is   
employ$ 9  prep>+ a great _m o!r        
acids----among !m1 nitric1 hydro*loric1 
sulphur\s1 c>bonic1 t>t>ic1 citric1     
phosphoric1 /e>ic1 oleic1 &  palmitic4  
,fur!r1 sulphuric acid is us$ 9 mak+    
sup]phosphates1 soda1  sulphate (       
ammonia1 alum1 sulphates ( copp] & iron1
 9 p>aff9 &  petroleum ref9+1 silv]     
ref9+1 manufacture ( g>ac9e1 g>anceux1  
& o!r madd] prep>ations1 manufacture (  
glucose f />*1 to  dissolve indigo1     
c4#baf ,9 ! dilut$ /ate x is us$ 9      
m$ic9e4  ,:5 swall[$1 x acts z a viol5t 
corrosive poison4 ,! antidotes are      
*alk1 :it+1 magnesia1 c>bonate ( soda1  
or c>bonate ( pota%1 mix$  ) wat]1 or   
any bl& dilu5t1 & tak5 freely1 an emetic
 be+ also  adm9i/]$4    ,footnote #baf3 
,wagn]4    ,e/im4 ,! /r5g? ( sulphuric  
acid is mo/ correctly asc]ta9$ by  its  

p[] ( saturat+ bases4 ,9 comm]ce1 x is  
usually det]m9$ f  its sp4 gr4 ,!       
quantity ( sulphuric acid pres5t 9 a    
comp\nd may be  det]m9$ by weigh+ x "u !
 =m ( sulphate1 z expla9$ 9 a  =m] "p ( 
?is volume4 ,see ,,acidimetry4          
,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,accord+ to mo/ ( our
 /&>d works on  *emi/ry1 ,briti% oil (  
vitriol1 :5 purifi$ & br\ght to its     
maximum /r5g? by di/illation1 is a      
def9ite *emical comp\nd1 hav+  ! =mula  
,h#b,,s#d1 & designat$ normal sulphuric 
acid by ,odl+4  ,m>ignac1 h[ev]1 ass]ts 
t ! di/ill$ acid always conta9s an      
excess ( wat]1 & t ! true monohydrate c 
only be obta9$ by  submitt+ fum+        
sulphuric acid 7#8,nordhaus5 s4 a1'7 to 
congelation4  ,accord+ to ?is *emi/1 !  
true monohydrate readily freezes 9 cold 
wea!r1 & rema9s solid up to #ea ,fahr4  
,two o!r def9ite hydrates (  sulphuric  
acid are g5]ally recognis$ by *emi/s1   
viz4----,bihydrat$  sulphuric acid      
7#8glacial s4 a1'71 hav+ a sp4 gr4 (    
#agh2 freez+ at  ab\t #dj ,fahr4 7#dg1  

,mill]72 & boil+ at ab\t #dce 7,apjohn2 
#dja to  #daj1 ,odl+73 ,t]hydrat$       
sulphuric acid1 hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #afcb1 
&  ! boil+-po9t #cdh ,fahr4 ,see also   
,,sulphuric ,,acid1 ,,nordhaus5  7bel[74
    ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,alcoholis$4 ,syn4
 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,alcoholisatum1
  ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,rabel1 ,fr4 ,prep4  
7,p4 ,cod47 ,to rectifi$ _s1 #c p>ts1   
add1  v gradually1 sulphuric acid1 #a   
"p4 ,x is g5]ally col\r$ by  lett+ x /& 
ov] a little co*9eal4 ,refrig]5t1 &1    
ext]nally1  es*>otic4----,dose1 #a_/b   
fl4 dr4 to wat]1 #a p9t2 z a cool+ dr9k 
9  fev]s1 c4    ,sulphuric ,acid1       
,anhydr\s4 ,,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuric     
,,anhydride1 ,,dry  ,,sulphuric ,,acid2 
,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,s9e ,,aqu1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+  ,nordhaus5 acid to
 ab\t #ajj ,fahr4 9 a glass retort      
connect$ ) a  well-cool$ receiv]4    #b4
 ,by di/ill+ anhydr\s bisulphate ( soda1
 :i* has previ\sly be5  rais$ to a l[ r$
 heat 9 an e>!n retort1 to :i* a receiv]
 is  fitt$ )\t ! aid ( corks4    #c4    

7,b>reswill47 #b p>ts ( ! /ronge/ oil ( 
vitriol are gradually  add$ to #c p>ts (
 anhydr\s phosphoric acid1 conta9$ 9 a  
retort  surr\nd$ by a freez+ mixture2 :5
 ! comp\nd has assum$ a br[n  col\r1 !  
retort is remov$ f ! ba?1 & connect$ ) a
 receiv]  :i* is set !re 9 its place2 a 
g5tle heat is n[ appli$ to x1 :5  :ite  
vap\rs pass ov] into ! receiv]1 &       
cond5se !re "u !  =m ( beautiful silky  
cry/als4 ,! product equals 9 weight t ( 
!  phosphorus orig9ally employ$4 8,if a 
few drops ( wat] be add$1 a  dang]\s    
explosion ensues40    ,prop4 ,:ite1     
silky1 asbe/os-l cry/als1 deliquesc+    
rapidly1 &  fum+ 9 ! air2 put into wat]1
 x hisses l a r$-hot iron2 x melts  at  
#gg1 & rapidly volatilises at #hf       
,fahr42 x does n r$d5 dry  litmus pap]2 
sp4 gr4 #aig at #gh ,fahr4    ,sulphuric
 ,acid1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,(   
,,vitriol1 ,,acid ,e4 ,,( ,v42  ,,acidum
 ,,sulphuricum ,,aromaticum 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4
   ,d47 ,oil ( vitriol1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42

 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix1  add (  
p[d]$ c9namon1 #a-a_/b oz42 p[d]$ g+]1  
#a oz42 dige/ = #f  days 7#g            
days----,ph4 ,d471 & filt]4 ,sp4 gr4    
#igd----,ph4 ,d4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f 
comp\nd t9cture ( c9namon1 #a gall42 oil
 (  vitriol1 #a lb42 mix1 & 9 a week    
filt]----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 9 !   
same case z ! dilute acid4    #c4 7,b4  
,p47 ,sulphuric acid1 #c2 rectifi$ _s1  
#dj2 c9namon1 9 p[d]1  #b2 g+]1 9 p[d]1 
#a-a_/d2 mix ! acid gradually ) ! _s1   
add  ! p[d]s1 mac]ate = #g days1 &      
filt]4----,dose1 #e to #cj m9ims4       
,sulphuric ,acid1 ,dilute4 ,syn4 ,,_s   
,,( ,,vitriol2 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum   
,,dilutum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41      
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take ( 
sulphuric acid1 #ae fl4 dr41 & dilute x 
gradually ) di/ill$ wat]1  q4 s4 to make
 ! :ole exactly measure a p9t4 ,sp4 gr4 
#aajc4 8#a fl4 oz4  ( ?is acid is       
exactly saturat$ by #baf gr4 (          
cry/allis$ c>bonate (  soda40    #b4    
7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 

wat]1 #ac fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajij4    #c4
 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure sulphuric acid1 #a fl4
 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #ac oz4 ,sp4  gr4   
#ajhd4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphuric acid1
 #c2 di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 to measure     
#ce-c_/d2  mix by add+ ! acid gradually 
to ! wat]4----,dose1 #d to #bj m9ims4   
,prop41 c4 ,antiseptic1 tonic1 &        
refrig]ant4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 
l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 sev]al times      
daily2 9 l[ typhoid fev]s1  passive     
hmorrhages1 pr(use p]spiration1 9 v>i\s 
sk9 diseases to  relieve ! it*+1 9      
dyspepsia1 c4 ,x is also us$ ext]nally4 
,sulphuric ,acid1 ,nordhaus54 ,syn4     
,,fum+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid2 ,,acidum     
,,sulphuricum ,,fumans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by  
di/ill+ calc9$ f]r\s sulphate  7#8gre5  
vitriol'7 9 e>!n retorts4 ,! retorts1   
:i* are %[n at ,a 9  ! plate aft] !     
#8gre5 vitriol' has be5 put into !m1 are
 plac$ 9  a galley-furnace1 z %[n bel[1 
! necks pass+ ?r\gh ! wall (  ! furnace1
 & be+ prop]ly secur$ to ! necks ( !    
receiv]s 7,b  ,b474 ,into ea* ( ! flasks

 #b-a_/b lbs4 ( gre5 vitriol are put2 on
 !  fir/ application ( heat only        
sulphur\s acid & weak hydrat$ sulphuric 
acid come ov]1 & are usually all[$ to   
escape1 ! receiv]s n be+  securely lut$ 
until :ite vap\rs ( anhydr\s sulphuric  
acid are se54  ,into ea* ( ! receiv+    
flasks #cj grams ( wat] are p\r$1 & !   
di/illation cont9u$ = #bd to #cf h\rs4  
,! retort flasks are !n  aga9 fill$ )   
raw mat]ial1 & ! op]ation repeat$ f\r   
times  be=e ! oil ( vitriol is deem$    
/rong en\gh4 ,! residue 9 !  retorts is 
r$ 7p]oxide7 ( iron1 /ill reta9+ "s     
sulphuric acid4  ,! product is a br[n   
oily liquid1 :i* fumes 9 ! air1 is      
int5sely  corrosive1 & has a sp4 gr4    
ab\t #aijj4 ,:5 heat$ to ab\t #ajj      
,fahr4  ! anhydr\s acid is giv5 (f1 &   
ord9>y oil ( vitriol is left4  ,accord+ 
to ,m>ignac1 cry/als ( normal sulphuric 
acid 7,h#b,,s#d7 are  =m$ 9 ?is acid :5 
x is submitt$ to a l[ temp]ature4       
,nordhaus5  acid is s call$ f ! place ( 
its manufacture 9 ,saxony4 ,x may be    

reg>d$ z a mixture or comp\nd (         
,h#b,,s#d & ,,s#b4 ,x is *iefly  us$ =  
dissolv+ indigo4    ,illu/ration        
,,sulphuric ,,anhydride4 ,see           
,,sulphuric ,,acid1 ,,anhydr\s4         
,,sulphuric ,e,,!r4 ,see ,,e!r4         
,,sul,,phur\s ,,acid4 ,,s#b4 ,syn4      
,,sulphurus ,,anhydride2 ,,acidum       
,,sulphurosum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,?is comp\nd is  
freely evolv$ 9 ! gase\s =m  :5 sulphur 
is burnt 9 air or oxyg51 & :5 ! metals  
are dige/$  9 hot sulphuric acid2 &1    
mix$ ) c>bonic acid1 :5 *>coal1 *ips  ( 
wood1 cork1 & sawdu/1 are treat$ 9 !    
same way4    ,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+ toge!r
 sulphur & /rong sulphuric acid4    #b4 
,by ! action ( sulphuric acid on *ipp+s 
( copp] or m]cury at a  g5tle heat4     
,pure4    #c4 7,b]?i]47 ,by heat+1 9 a  
glass retort1 a mixture ( black oxide ( 
manganese1 #ajj p>ts1 & sulphur1 #ab or 
#ad p>ts4 ,pure4 ,! gas evolv$  %\ld be 
collect$ ov] m]cury1 or receiv$ into    
wat]4    #d4 7,r$wood47 ,p\nd$ *>coal1  
#a_/b oz42 oil ( vitriol1 #d fl4 oz42   

mix 9  a retort1 apply ! heat ( a _s    
lamp1 & conduct ! evolv$ gases  by means
 ( a b5t tube into a bottle conta9+     
wat]4 ,! sulphur\s  acid is absorb$1    
:il/ ! c>bonic acid gas passes (f4      
#e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,di/ill$ wat]1 saturat$ ) 
sulphur\s anhydride4 ,x is  col\rless & 
emits a pung5t od\r4 ,us$ z a deoxidis]1
 dis9fectant1  & antiseptic4 ,dilut$ ) f
 #a to #b p>ts ( wat] x is employ$ z  a 
lotion = w\nds1 cuts1 ulc]s1 b$-sores1  
scalds1 & burns2 ) f  #a to #e ( wat] x 
is us$ z a g>gle1 also z a lotion 9     
p>asitic sk9  diseases2 f #a_/b to #a   
dr41 9 a w9e-glassful ( wat]1 #c times a
 day1  relieves con/ant sickness4       
,prop41 c4 ,wat] absorbs #cj times its  
volume ( ?is gas4 ,pure liquid          
sulphur\s acid c only be obta9$ by pass+
 ! pure dry gas ?r\gh a  glass tube     
surr\nd$ by a p[]ful freez+ mixture4    
,its sp4 gr4 is #ade2  boil+ po9t1 #ad  
,fahr42 x causes int5se cold by its     
evaporation4  ,sulphur\s acid =ms salts 
call$ sulphites4    ,uses4 ,to blea*    

silks1 wooll5s1 /raw1 c41 & to remove   
vegetable  /a9s & iron-m\lds f l954 ,=  
^! purposes x is prep>$ f  sawdu/ or any
 o!r refuse c>bonace\s matt]4    ,sev]al
 prep>ations conta9+ sulphur\s acid h   
rec5tly be5  inv5t$ by ! ,editor &      
introduc$ to ! public z ag5ts 9         
sanitation "u ! "n ( ,sporokton         
7g]m-kill]74 ,to und]/& !  nature &     
m]its ( ^! prep>ations x is desirable to
 expla9 !  true & individual mean+s (   
#8,deodoris]1' #8,antiseptic1' &        
#8,dis9fectant1'----words :i* are too   
(t5 improp]ly employ$ z if !y  _h ! same
 signification1 & z if1 9 fact1 !y 7    
conv]tible  t]ms4    ,a deodoris] is a  
sub/ance :i* w absorb or de/roy bad     
smells2 an  antiseptic is an ag5t :i* w 
prev5t or ret>d putrefaction2 & a       
dis9fectant is an ag5t :i* w r5d]       
h>mless ! virus ( smallpox1  sc>let     
fev]1 measles1 diph!ria1 influ5za1      
pleuro-pneumonia1 cattle  plague1 gl&]s1
 di/emp] 9 dogs1 & o!r infecti\s or     
contagi\s  diseases4    ,n[1 m$ical     

au?orities & sanit>ians are ( op9ion t !
 mo/  pot5t dis9fectant ) :i* we are    
acqua9t$ is sulphur\s acid1 a gas  :i*  
has be5 us$ = ages1 z a fumigator4      
,sulphur\s acid has n1  h[ev]1 be5 s    
g5]ally employ$ = dis9fect+ purposes z  
"o might  f ^! circum/ances h expect$1  
on acc\nt ( ! difficulties  &           
inconv5i5ces :i* =m]ly att5d$ its       
g5]ation4    ,to remove ^! drawbacks1 & 
to r5d] sulphur\s acid1 bo? z a gas  & 9
 solution1 easily & *eaply available = !
 above-nam$ & _m  o!r applications1     
sporokton has be5 inv5t$4 ,sev]al       
v>ieties are  made2 !y are z foll[s3    
,liquid ,no4 #a4----,?is prep>ation     
consi/s ( a col\rless solution ( a      
non-volatile antiseptic1 usually a salt 
( z9c1 impregnat$ ) eighty  times its   
bulk ( sulphur\s acid gas2 9 o!r words1 
"o p9t ( !  liquid conta9s t5 gallons ( 
gas4 ,liquid sporokton is1 9 fact1 a    
comb9ation ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful          
antiseptics ) ! dis9fectant2  ! =m]     
+r$i5t w effectually prev5t !           

putrefaction ( any  solid or liquid     
animal or vegetable matt] ) :i* x may   
come 9  contact1 :ile ! sulphur\s acid w
 rapidly pass (f 9 ! gase\s  /ate into !
 surr\nd+ air & act z an en]getic       
de/roy] (  noxi\s atmosph]ic impurities4
    ,liquid sporokton absorbs ammonia & 
sulphurett$ hydrog51 de/roys bad        
smells1 & prev5ts ! spread ( infecti\s  
diseases2 x is1  consequ5tly1 a valuable
 ag5t = ! deodorisation & dis9fection ( 
w>ds ( hospitals1 sick rooms1 dairies1  
l>d]s1 %ip1 /ables1  c[-h\ses1 k5nels1  
pigg]ies1 slaught]-h\ses1 ur9als1       
wat]-closets1  privies1 cesspools1      
sew]s1 dra9s1 & o!r simil> build+s &    
places4    ,aft] x has p>t$ ) ! :ole (  
its sulphur\s acid gas1 liquid          
sporokton leaves an od\rless1           
non-volatile antiseptic & absorb] (     
ammonia & sulphurett$ hydrog54          
,liquid sporokton evolves its sulphur\s 
acid by simple exposure to air1  )\t !  
aid ( heat1 s t no risk ( fire att5ds   
its use1 z is  ! case :5 rooms1 build+s1

 holds ( %ips1 c41 are fumigat$ )  ?is  
gas by ! old plan2 x w n /a9 or 9 any   
o!r way injure  undy$ wooll51 l951 or   
cotton goods4 ,x is consequ5tly well    
adapt$  = ! dis9fection ( und]clo?+1    
%eets1 blankets1 b$-furniture1  c4      
,liquid sporokton may be employ$ = !    
in/antane\s prep>ation ( a  ba? or      
lotion ( sulphur\s acid1 to be us$1 "u  
m$ical direction1 9  ! treatm5t ( it*1  
r+worm1 *ronic eczema1 lepra1 psoriasis1
  impetigo1 pityriasis1 c41 9 man1 z    
well z mange1 scab1 & o!r sk9           
affections 9 ! l[] animals4    ,liquid  
sporokton is clean1 x requires no skill 
9 us+ x1 & its  action is p]fectly      
controllable4    ,liquid1 ,no4          
#b4----,?is prep>ation is specially made
 = ! dis9fection  & purification ( old  
be] b>rels1 w9e casks1 & ! l4 ,x is     
simil> 9 composition to1 & may be us$ = 
! same purpose z ,no4 #a2  except1      
h[ev]1 t z ,no4 #b1 unlike ,no4 #a1 is  
liable1 f its  conta9+ iron in/ead (    
z9c1 to /a9 l951 wood1 c41 x %\ld n  be 

employ$ = dis9fect+ clo?+ or spr9kl+ ov]
 floors1 decks (  %ips1 & ! l4          
,solid4----,?is is a p[d]1 usually a    
mixture ( calcium sulphite &  f]ric     
*loride1 :i*1 by simple expose to air1 w
 sl[ly & /eadily1  or :5 spr9kl$ ) wat]1
 rapidly give out #be p] c5t4 ( its     
weight  ( sulphur\s acid & leave no     
unpleasant smell beh9d x4    ,sulphur\s 
acid gas1 unlike non-volatile           
dis9fectants1 quickly m+les  ) ! air1 & 
seeks out1 z x 71 ! noxi\s atmosph]ic   
impurities x is capable ( de/roy+4      
,solid sporokton1 9 addition to evolv+  
sulphur\s acid1 conta9s an  excess (    
f]ric *loride :i*1 toge!r ) ?is gas1    
r5d]s x a mo/  useful & effici5t        
antiseptic4    ,sulphur\s ,anhydride4   
,see ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4    ,,su,,ma*4  
,?is dye /uff is *iefly us$ z a         
sub/itute = galls4 ,)  a mordant (      
acetate ( iron1 x gives grey or black2 )
 t9 or acetate  ( alum9a1 yell[2 & )    
sulphate ( z9c1 a yell[i%-br[n2 alone1  
x gives a gre5i%-fawn col\r4            

,,sum,,bul4 ,syn4 ,,musk ,,root1        
,,jatamansi1 ,,sumbul ,,root2 ,,sumbul  
,,radix 7,b4 ,p474  ,a sub/ance         
introduc$ to ,briti% m$ic9e by ,dr ,a4  
,b4 ,granville1 9 #ahej4  ,x occurs 9   
circul> pieces1 v>y+ f #a to #c or #d   
in*es 9 diamet]2  has a musk-l od\r1 & a
 sweet balsamic ta/e4 ,x acts z a p[]ful
  /imulant1 especially ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 
,9 ,india & ,p]sia x has  long be5 us$ z
 a m$ic9e1 a p]fume1 & z                
inc5se4----,dose1 #ae gr4  to #a dr41   
ei!r ma/icat$1 or made into an infusion1
 electu>y1 or  t9cture2 9 *ol]a1 hy/]ia1
 neuralgia1 epilepsy1 l[ fev]s1 &  v>i\s
 o!r spasmodic & n]v\s disord]s4        
,,summ] ,,dr9ks4 ,see ,,lemonade1       
,,%]bet1 c4    ,,su,,p]-4 ,see          
,,nom5clature4    ,,sup,,p]4 ,! ev5+    
meal2 ! la/ meal ( ! day4 ,supp] is     
g5]ally  an unnecess>y meal1 &1 :5 ei!r 
heavy1 or tak5 at a p]iod n long  be=e t
 ( retir+ to re/1 proves ne>ly always   
injuri\s1  prev5t+ s\nd & refre%+ sleep1
 & occasion+ unpleasant dreams1         

nightm>e1 bili\sness1 & all ! wor/      
symptoms ( imp]fect dige/ion4  ,! la/   
meal ( ! day %\ld be tak5 at lea/ ?ree  
h\rs be=e  b$time4 ,ev5 :5 x consi/s (  
"s #8trifle1' z a s&wi* or biscuit1  an 
int]val ( at lea/ an h\r %\ld elapse    
be=e retir+ to re/4 ,9  ?is way         
re/lessness & unpleasant dreams w become
 r>e4    ,,suppos,,itory4 ,syn4         
,,suppositorium1 ,l4 ,a m$ic9e plac$ 9 !
 rectum  = ! purpose ( affect+ ! l[]    
inte/9e1 or1 by absorption1 !  sy/em    
g5]ally4 ,suppositories are r\nd$1      
usually elongat$ masses1  hav+ ! active 
m$ic9e comb9$ ) "s sub/ance :i* w reta9 
! prop] %ape1 z soap1 sp]maceti c]ate1  
or cacao-butt]4 ,! latt]  sub/ance is1  
p]haps1 ! be/ vehicle = rem$ies         
prescrib$ 9 ?is  =m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r too
 s(t to be us$ )\t admixture4  ,accord+ 
to ,dorvault1 ! addition ( "o eigh? "p  
by weight ( wax  imp>ts ! prop] h>dness4
    ,all difficulty ( remov+            
suppositories f ! m\ld may be obviat$ by
  hav+ ! m\lds previ\sly du/$ )         

lycopodium4    ,! mode ( proportion+ !  
doses ( active +r$i5ts has be5 notic$  9
 ! article ,,enema4    ,suppository1    
,a/r+5t4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,a/r+5s 
7,reuss74  ,prep4 ,p[d]$ oak b>k1 #b    
dr42 torm5til1 #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 ,=  
#h  suppositories4    ,suppository (    
,c>bolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium   
,,acidi ,,c>bolici 7,ph4  ,u4 ,s474     
,prep4 ,c>bolic acid1 #ab gr42 oil (    
!obroma1 #cdh gr42 wat]1  q4 s4         
,dissolve ! acid 9 a few drops ( wat]1 &
 mix x ) #a dr4 (  oil ( !obroma2 !n add
 x to ! rema9d] ( ! !obroma previ\sly   
melt$1 & cool$ to ! temp]ature ( #ie    
,f41 & p\r ! :ole  imm$iately into m\lds
 ( #cj gr4 ea*1 /&+ 9 ic$ wat]4         
,suppository ( ,copaiba4 ,syn4          
,,suppositorium ,,copaiba 7,colombat74  
,prep4  ,solidifi$ copaiba1 #a dr42     
butt] ( cacao1 #a dr42 extract ( opium1 
#a_/b  gr4    ,suppository ( ,elat]ium4 
,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,elat]ii 7,/ ,b4 
,h474  ,prep4 ,extract ( elat]ium1 #b   
gr42 h>d soap1 #aj gr42 wat]1 q4 s4     

,mix4    ,suppository1 ,emolli5t4 ,syn4 
,,suppositorium ,,emolli5s4 ,prep4      
,butt]  ( cacao & sp]maceti 9 equal     
p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4    ,suppository (   
,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4             
,,suppositorium ,,potassii  ,,iodidii   
7,mr ,/af=d74 ,prep4 ,iodide (          
potassium1 #a gr4 to #d gr42  extract ( 
h5bane1 #f gr42 extract ( hemlock1 #f   
gr4 ,9 enl>g$ pro/ate4    ,suppository1 
,irritant4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium        
,,irritans 7,ri*>d74 ,prep4  ,butt] (   
cacao1 #b dr42 aloes1 #d gr42 t>t>is$   
antimony1 #a gr4 ,to  re/ore !          
hmorrhoidal flux4    ,suppository (     
,lead 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium 
,,plumbi ,,compositum  7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4
 ,acetate ( lead1 9 p[d]1 #cf2 opium1 9 
p[d]1 #ab2  b5zoat$ l>d1 #db2 :ite wax1 
#aj2 oil ( !obroma1 #hj2 melt ! wax &   
oil ( !obroma ) a g5tle heat1 !n add !  
o!r +r$i5ts1  previ\sly rubb$ toge!r 9 a
 mort>1 &1 hav+ mix$ !m ?or\ghly1  p\r !
 mixture :ile x is fluid into suitable  
m\lds ( ! capacity (  #ae gr4 ,! above  

makes #ab suppositories4    ,suppository
 ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium       
,,hydr>gyri 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4  ,o9tm5t (
 m]cury1 #fj gr42 b5zoat$ l>d1 #bj gr42 
:ite wax1 #bj gr42  oil ( !obroma1 #hj  
gr42 melt all b ! m]curial o9tm5t       
toge!r1  !n add ! o9tm5t ( m]cury1 /ir  
till well mix$1 & imm$iately  p\r into  
m\lds ( ! capacity ( #ae gr4 ,! above   
makes #ab  suppositories4               
,suppository ( ,morphia4 ,syn4          
,,suppositorium ,,morphi 7,b4 ,p474     
,prep4  ,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #f gr42
 oil ( !obroma1 #ij gr42 b5zoat$ l>d1   
#fd gr42 :ite wax1 #bj gr42 melt ! wax &
 oil ( !obroma ) a g5tle  heat1 !n add !
 hydro*lorate ( morphia & b5zoat$ l>d1  
previ\sly  rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>1 & mix
 all ! +r$i5ts ?or\ghly2 p\r  ! mixture1
 :ile x is fluid1 into suitable m\lds ( 
! capacity ( #ae  gr41 or ! fluid       
mixture may be all[$ to cool1 & !n be   
divid$ into  #ab equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i*  
%\ld be made into a conical =m4         
,suppository ( ,opium4 ,syn4            

,,suppositorium ,,opii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474  
,prep4  ,extract ( opium1 #ab gr42 oil (
 !obroma1 #cdh gr42 wat]1 q4 s4 ,proce$ 
z = c>bolic acid suppository4           
,suppository = ,piles4 ,syn4            
,,suppositorium ,h,,morrhoidale1 ,s4    
,,s$ativum1  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$      
opium1 #b gr42 f9ely p[d]$ galls1 #aj   
gr42  sp]maceti c]ate1 #a dr4    #b4    
7,ellis47 ,p[d]$ opium1 #b gr42 soap1   
#aj gr42 mix4    #c4 7,ri*>d47 ,extracts
 ( opium & /ramonium1 ( ea* #a gr42     
cacao-butt]1 #b dr4 ,us$ :5 ! piles are 
v pa9ful4    ,suppository1 ,purgative4  
,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,ca?>ticum1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4  ,soap1 #a dr42 elat]ium1 #a 
to #b gr42 mix4 ,z a /rong purge4    #b4
 7,niemann47 ,soap1 #b dr42 common salt1
 #a dr42 honey1 q4 s42 mix4 ,z a  mild  
ca?>tic4    ,suppository ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4
 ,,suppositorium ,,qu9 7,b\d974 ,prep4  
,sulphate ( qu99e1 #ae gr42 butt] (     
cacao1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,mix4                
,suppository1 ,resolv5t4 ,syn4          
,,suppositorium ,,resolv5s1 ,l4 ,prep4  

7,/af=d47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #c to #d 
gr42 extracts ( h5bane &  hemlock1 ( ea*
 #f gr4 ,9 enl>gem5t or induration ( !  
pro/ate gl&4    ,suppository ( ,rhatany4
 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,rhatani 7,p4   
,cod74 ,prep4  ,butt] ( cacao1 #a dr42  
extract ( rhatany1 #ae gr41 = #a        
suppository4    ,suppository1 ,s$ative4 
,see above4    ,suppository ( ,sulphate 
( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,sod    
,,sulphatis  7,phbus74 ,prep4 ,dri$     
sulphate ( soda1 #b dr42 p[d]$ soap1 #d 
dr42  honey1 q4 s4 ,= #d suppositories4 
,to be sme>$ ov] ) oil :5  appli$4      
,suppository ( ,tannic ,acid4 ,syn4     
,,suppositorium ,,acidi ,,tannici 7,b4  
,p474  ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #cf gr42    
b5zoat$ l>d1 #dd gr42 :ite wax1 #aj gr42
  oil ( !obroma1 #ij gr42 melt ! wax &  
oil ) a g5tle heat1 !n  add ! tannic    
acid & b5zoat$ l>d1 previ\sly rubb$     
toge!r1 &  mix ?or\ghly4 ,p\r ! mixture 
:ile x is fluid into suitable m\lds (  !
 capacity ( #ae gr4 ,! above makes #ab  
suppositories4    ,suppository1         

,v]mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium        
,,an!lm9ticum1 ,s4  ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4    
,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,aloes1 #d dr42      
common salt1 #c dr42  fl\r1 #b dr42     
honey1 q4 s4 to make a /iff mass2 divide
 into prop]-%ap$  pieces1 weigh+ ab\t   
#ae gr4 ea*4 ,"o to be us$ aft] ea*     
motion4    ,suppositories ( ,aloes4     
,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,aloes 7,b4 ,p474 
,prep4 ,aloes  9 f9e p[d]4 #a dr42 oil (
 !obroma1 #cjj gr4 ,proce$ z = c>bolic  
acid suppository1 omitt+ ! wat]4        
,suppositories ( ,assaftida4 ,syn4      
,,suppositoria ,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,u4   
,s474  ,prep4 ,t9cture ( assaftida1 #a  
oz42 oil ( !obroma1 #cbj gr4 ,let !     
t9cture evaporate by exposure to ! air  
until ( ! consi/5ce ( a  ?ick syrup1 &  
proce$ z = suppositories ( c>bolic acid4
    ,suppositories ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 
,,suppositoria ,,belladonn 7,ph4 ,u4    
,s474  ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract (      
belladonna1 #f gr42 oil ( !obroma1 #ced 
gr4  ,proce$ z = c>bolic acid           
suppositories4    ,suppositories (      

,c>bolic ,acid ) ,soap4 ,syn4           
,,suppositoria ,,acidi  ,,c>bolici ,,cum
 ,,sapone 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,c>bolic    
acid1 #ab gr42 curd soap1 9  p[d]1 #ahj 
gr42 />*1 q4 s42 mix ! c>bolic acid ) ! 
soap1 &  add />*1 q4 s41 to make ( a    
suitable consi/5cy2 divide into #ab     
equal  p>ts1 & make ea* suppository into
 a conical or o!r conv5i5t =m4          
,suppositories ( ,colocyn?4 ,syn4       
,,suppositoria ,,colocyn?idis 7,sp4     
,ph474  ,prep4 ,colocyn?1 #cj gr42 salt1
 #a dr4 ,evaporate to a due consi/5ce4  
,suppositories ( ,morphia ) ,soap4 ,syn4
 ,,suppositoria ,,morphi ,,cum  ,,sapone
 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,hydro*lorate (      
morphia1 #f gr42 glyc]9 (  />*1 #ej gr42
 curd soap 9 p[d]1 #ajj gr42 />*1 q4 s4 
,mix !  hydro*lorate ) ! glyc]9 ( />* & 
soap1 & add />* q4 s4  to =m a pa/e (   
suitable consi/5ce4 ,divide into #ab    
equal p>ts1 ea*  ( :i* is to be made    
into a conical or o!r conv5i5t =m (     
suppository4    ,suppositories ( ,tannic
 ,acid ) ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria    

,,acidi  ,,tannici ,,cum ,,sapone 7,b4  
,p474 ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #cf gr42     
glyc]9 (  />*1 #ej gr42 curd soap 9     
p[d]1 #ajj gr42 />*1 q4 s4 ,mix ! tannic
  acid ) ! glyc]9 ( />* & soap1 & add   
/>* q4 s4 to =m a  pa/e ( suitable      
consi/5ce1 divide into #ab equal p>ts1  
ea* ( :i*  is to be made into a conical 
or o!r conv5i5t =m ( suppository4       
,suppositories1 ,vag9al4 ,syn4          
,,suppositoria ,,vag9ale 7,guadri/74    
,prep4  ,liquid *loride ( z9c1 #e m9ims2
 sulphate ( morphia1 #a_/b gr42 mix )   
#b dr4 ( ! foll[+ pa/e3----,?ick        
mucilage ( tragacan?1 #f p>ts2  :ite    
sug>1 #c p>ts2 />*1 #i p>ts4 ,mr ,druitt
 prescribes 9  leucorrha3----,tann91 #aj
 gr41 ) mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s4     
,,surg]y4 8,?is ^w10 says ,br&e1 89 its 
mod]n acceptation1 may be  def9$ z !    
practical application ( sci5ce1 9 ! use 
( all  me*anical & in/rum5tal means1 = !
 removal ( diseases & !  relief ( human 
suff]+40    ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pr(essors ( !
 anci5t art ( surg]y1 ( :om  hi/ory     

af=ds a reliable record1 0 ,hippocrates1
 a ,greek1 :o liv$ 9  ! fif? c5tury (   
our era1 & :o seems to h be5 a man (    
consid]able skill = ! p]iod 9 :i* he    
fl\ri%$1 s9ce he c\ld  set fractures1   
r$uce dislocations1 & p]=m o!r important
  op]ations4 ,ab\t two c5turies aft]    
,hippocrates ! /udies ( surg]y1         
anatomy1 & m$ic9e 7 prosecut$ ) evid5t  
success at ,alex&ria4  ,! ,alex&rian    
s*ool produc$ "s able surgeons1 "o (    
:om1 ,ammianus1  inv5t$ an in/rum5t =   
cru%+ ! /one 9 ! bladd]1 & 0 ?us  ! fir/
 to practise ! n[ important surgical    
op]ation kn[n z  li?otrity4 ,at ! beg9n+
 ( ! ,*ri/ian era ,celsus practis$ ! art
  ( surg]y 9 ,rome2 he appe>s to h be5 !
 fir/ to op]ate =  cat>act1 & to apply  
ligatures to art]ies aft] op]ations4 ,x 
is  curi\s to note t s practical a p z !
 ,romans held ! art (  surg]y 9         
comp>ative contempt1 & bani%$ its       
pr(essors1 ^:  s]vices !y disc>d$1 = !  
practice ( spells1 incantations1 &      
*>ms4    ,9 ! six? c5tury liv$ tius1 :o 

conceiv$ ! idea ( dissolv+  ur9>y       
calculi by ! adm9i/ration ( int]nal     
rem$ies2 & 9 !  t5?1 ,avic5na1 :o1 x has
 be5 conjectur$1 inv5t$ ! flexible      
ca!t]1 & 0 ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t n[    
kn[n z ,hey's saw4  ,9 #abga ! ,p>is    
,college ( ,surgeons 0 f\nd$1 & !       
,college (  ,surgeons ( ,london 9 #adfj1
 & ! ,ed9burgh ,college 9 #aeje4    ,!  
mo/ prom95t figure 9 ! annals ( surg]y (
 ! #af? c5tury 0  ,p>1 a man ( great    
orig9ality ( ?\ght1 ^: works ex]cis$ a  
consid]able influ5ce ov] 8 own          
contempor>ies1 & = _m ye>s  subsequ5tly4
 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury liv$      
,wiseman1 s]jeant  surgeon to ,*>les    
,,ii4 ,wiseman 0 a man ( consid]able    
ability1 & 0  ! fir/ to demon/rate t    
gun-%ot w\nds 7 n ( a poison\s  nature2 
& t !re=e ! old practice ( apply+ pa9ful
 &  cau/ic dress+s to !m might mo/      
advantage\sly be ab&on$4 ,a  contempor>y
 ( ,wiseman 0 ,"y1 ( ,plym\?1 :o m]its  
notice z  be+ ! fir/ :o p]=m$ !         
flap-op]ation 9 amputation4    ,9 ! #ag?

 c5tury also liv$ ,frre ,/ ,cosme1 a    
,fr5* monk1 :o obta9$  consid]able fame 
z an op]ator = li?otomy1 = ! p]=mance ( 
:i* he reg>d$ himself z especially *os5 
by ,heav54 ,9 ! #ah?  c5tury liv$ 9     
,engl& ,*eseld5 & ,d\glas1 two em95t    
li?otomi/s2  ,john ,hunt]1 ,pott & ,ley2
 9 ,scotl&1 ,b5jam9 & ,john ,bell &     
,monro2  & 9 ,irel&1 ,o',halloran &     
,deases2 :il/ 9 ,france fl\ri%$ ,petit1 
celebrat$ = 8 treatise on diseases ( !  
bones2 f ,g]many1  ,re*t] & ,hall]4     
,9 ?is c5tury 7#aghd7 0 f\nd$ ! ,royal  
,college ( ,surgeons 9  ,irel&4 ,9 !    
pres5t c5tury !re are few bran*es (     
sci5ce 9 :i*  great] progress has be5   
made ?an t ( surg]y4 ,f among/ ! mo/    
em95t ( ! ,engli% surgeons ( ! pres5t   
c5tury we may select !  foll[+          
names3----,ab]ne?y1 ,bliz>d1 ,a/ley     
,coop]1 ,brodie1 ,dalrymple1  ,gu?rie1  
,a/on ,key1 ,li/on1 ,/anley1 ,trav]s1   
,arnott1 ,b[man1 ,eri*s51  ,f]gusson1   
,prescott ,hewett1 ,hilton1 ,lane1      
,lawr5ce1 ,paget1 ,sp5c] ,wells1        

,m>%all1 ,*ri/oph] ,hea?1 ,durham1      
,bryant1 ,nunn1 ,lee1 ,h4 ,smi?1 ,mason1
  & ,pollock4    ,,susp5d$ ,,animation4 
,see ,,asphyxia4    ,,swal,,l[4 ,?ree or
 f\r species ( hirundo 7,l9n47 pass "u  
?is  "n4 ,x 0 once held 9 great repute 9
 m$ic9e4 ,ev5 ! excrem5t 0  includ$     
among ! simples ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,!  
swall[ is an  insectivor\s bird1 b1 l ! 
sp>r[ & rook1 is mu* p]secut$ =  its    
good s]vices4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t1   
directly & indirectly1 a  s+le swall[ is
 ! humble means ( less5+ ! race ( "o k9d
 (  insect alone to ! ext5t (           
#efj1igj1dhi1jjj1jjj1jjj ( its race 9 "o
  ye>4    ,,sweep+4 ,be=e comm5c+ to    
sweep1 ! floor %\ld be /rew$ ) a  good  
am\nt ( damp tea-leaves1 sav$ = !       
purpose2 ^! collect !  du/ & !reby save 
! furniture1 :i* z f> z practicable %\ld
 be  cov]$ up dur+ ! process4           
,tea-leaves may also be advantage\sly   
us$  ^u druggets & %ort-pil$ c>pets4    
,light sweep+ & s(t brooms are          
desirable if ^! latt] are to be op]at$  

^u4 ,_m a c>pet is  prematurely worn out
 by ov]-viol5t sweep+4    ,9 sweep+     
?ick-pil$ c>pets1 su* z ,axm9/] &       
,turkey c>pets1 !  s]vant %\ld always be
 in/ruct$ to bru% ! way ( ! pile2 by    
foll[+ ?is advice ! c>pets may be kept  
clean = ye>s2 b if !  broom is us$ 9 a  
contr>y direction1 all ! du/ w be =c$   
into  ! c>pet1 & soon spoil x4          
,,sweet ,,balls4 ,prep4 ,take (         
,flor5t9e orris root1 #c oz42 cassia1 #a
  oz42 cloves1 rhodium wood1 & lav5d]   
fl[]s1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42  amb]gris &     
musk1 ( ea* #f gr42 oil ( v]b5a1 #aj or 
#ab drops2 beat  !m to a pa/e1 =m ?is   
into balls ) mucilage ( gum tragacan?   
made ) rose wat]1 pi]ce !m1 :il/ s(t1 ) 
a ne$le1 &1 :5  !y are q dry & h>d1     
poli% !m4 ,worn 9 ! pocket z a p]fume4  
,"s p]sons v>ni% !m1 b t keeps 9 !      
smell4    ,,sweet ,,bay4 ,syn4 ,,laurel2
 ,,laurus ,,nobilis 7,l9n471 ,l4 ,!     
fruit 7,,lauri  ,,bacc2 ,,laurus----,ph4
 ,l471 z well z ! leaves 7,,lauri       
,,folia71 are reput$  aromatic1         

/imulant1 & n>cotic4 ,!y 7 =m]ly v      
popul> 9  c\ghs1 colic1 hy/]ia1         
suppressions1 c42 & ext]nally1 9 spra9s1
  bruises1 c4    ,,sweet,,bread4 ,!     
?ymus gl& ( ! calf4 ,:5 boil$1 x is     
light &  dige/ible2 b :5 highly dress$ &
 season$ x is improp] bo? =  dyspeptics 
& invalids4 7,p]eira47    ,,sweet       
,,flag4 ,syn4 ,,acorus ,,calamus1 ,l4 ,a
 plant ( ! natural ord]  ,orontiace4 ,! 
rhizome 7#8root'7 is an aromatic        
/imulant1 & is  reg>d$ by "s z a        
valuable m$ic9e 9 agues1 & z a useful   
adjunct  to o!r /imulants & bitt]       
tonics4 ,x is sometimes employ$ by !    
rectifi]s ( g94 ,! volatile oil obta9$ f
 x by di/illation is  employ$ = sc5t+   
snuff & 9 ! prep>ation ( aromatic v9eg>4
    ,,sweet,,meats4 ,"u ?is head are    
prop]ly includ$ confections1 c&ies1  &  
pres]ves1 9 sug>2 b1 z g5]ally employ$1 
! ^w embraces all  ! sweet comp\nds ( ! 
confection]4    ,sweetmeats1 z well z   
cakes1 blancmange1 & jellies1 are n     
unfrequ5tly col\r$ ) delet]i\s          

sub/ances1 ! consequ5ces (  :i* are     
always p]nici\s1 & 9 _m in/ances h prov$
 fatal4  ,gamboge1 a dra/ic ca?>tic2    
*rome yell[1 r$ lead1 orpim5t1 em]ald   
gre51 & v>i\s o!r pigm5ts conta9+ lead1 
ars5ic1 copp]1 or  o!r poisons1 h be5   
?us employ$4 ,! :ole ( ^! may be readily
  detect$ by ! te/s & *>act]i/ics app5d$
 to _! respective  names4    ,! col\rs &
 /a9s :i* may be safely employ$ to      
increase ! beauty  ( ^! articles are    
notic$ "u ,,/a9s & ,,liqueur4           
,,sweets4 ,home-made w9es3 ,briti% w9es4
    ,,sw9e-,,pox4 ,see ,,pox4           
,,syd5ham',s ,,l5,,itive4 ,prep4 ,take (
 rhub>b 7rec5tly grat$ or  p[d]$71 #c   
dr42 tam>9ds1 #b oz42 s5na1 #a_/b oz42  
cori&] se$s  7bruis$71 #b dr42 boil+    
wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #c h\rs 9 a     
cov]$  vessel1 & /ra94 ,an excell5t     
/oma*ic & laxative4----,dose1 #a_/b to  
#a  w9e-glassful4    ,,syl,,vic ,,acid4 
,syn4 ,,silvic ,,acid4 ,! portion (     
common res9 or  colophony :i* is ! lea/ 
soluble 9 cold & some:at dilute alcohol4

    ,,symbols4 ,9 *emi/ry are           
repres5tations ( "o atom ( ea* ( !      
elem5t>y bodies1 by ! capital initial   
lett] ) or )\t !  addition ( a small    
lett] ( _! ,lat9 names4 ,z ,c1 = c>bon2 
,fe  7f]rum71 iron2 ,o1 oxyg51 c4       
,symbols1 ,al*emical#bag----            
,footnote #bag3 ,?is li/ ( al*emical &  
botanical symbols &  abbreviations is a 
repr9t ( t conta9$ 9 ! #8,lexicon (     
,t]ms us$  9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,alli$         
,sci5ces1' n[ be+ publi%$ by ! ,new     
,syd5ham ,society1 "u ! ,editor%ip (    
,h5ry ,p[]1 ,m4,b41 & ,leon>d  ,w4      
,s$gwick1 ,m4,d4      ,acetum           
symbol    ,acetum de/illatum            
symbol    ,acidum                       
symbol    ,ar                           
symbol    ,a]ugo                        
symbol    ,alum5                        
symbol    ,alembic                      
symbol    !r                      symbol
    ,amalgama                   symbol  
,ammonium                   symbol      
,aqua                       symbol      

,aqua =tis                symbol        
,aqua pluvialis             symbol      
,aqua regia                 symbol      
,ar5a                      symbol       
,arg5tum                   symbol       
,ars5icum                  symbol       
,auripigm5tum              symbol       
,aurum                      symbol      
,aurantium                  symbol      
,baln4 ar5                symbol        
,baln4 m>i                symbol        
,baln4 vaporis              symbol      
,b>yta                     symbol       
,bismu?                    symbol       
,borax                      symbol      
,calc>ia                   symbol       
,calc>ia u/a              symbol        
,camphora                   symbol      
,canc]                     symbol       
,caput mortuum              symbol      
,c>bo                      symbol       
,c>bonicum                 symbol       
,c>duus b5$ictus         symbol    ,c>d4
 m>ianus             symbol    ,c]a     
symbol    ,c9is clavelatum              

symbol    ,c9is                         
symbol    ,c9nab>                       
symbol    ,cornu c]vi                   
symbol    ,cri/alli                     
symbol    ,crucibulum                   
symbol    ,cuprum                       
symbol    ,di/ill>e                     
symbol    ,f]rum                        
symbol    ,fictile                      
symbol    ,fixum                        
symbol    ,flores                       
symbol    ,gummi                        
symbol    ,hora                         
symbol    ,hydr>gyrum                   
symbol    ,hydr4 *loridum               
symbol    ,hydr4 corrosivum             
symbol    ,ignis                        
symbol    ,kali                         
symbol    ,lapis                        
symbol    ,li?>gyrum                    
symbol    ,magnet                       
symbol    ,magnesia                     
symbol    ,m5/ruum                      
symbol    ,natrum                       
symbol    ,nitrum                       

symbol    ,oleum                        
symbol    ,oxidatum                     
symbol    ,oxidulatum                   
symbol    ,p] deliquium                 
symbol    ,plumbum                      
symbol    ,precipit>e                   
symbol    ,prep>>e                      
symbol    ,pulvis                       
symbol    ,regulus                      
symbol    ,res9a                        
symbol    ,retorta                      
symbol    ,sac*>um                      
symbol    ,sal                          
symbol    ,sal kali                     
symbol    ,sal ammoniac                 
symbol    ,sal m$ius                    
symbol    ,sapo                         
symbol    ,spiritus                     
symbol    ,spiritus v9i                 
symbol    ,spiritus rectificatissimus   
symbol    ,spiritus rectificatus        
symbol    ,/annum                       
symbol    ,/ibium                       
symbol    ,/ratum sup] /ratum           
symbol    ,sublim>e                     

symbol    ,succ9um                      
symbol    ,sulphur                      
symbol    ,t>t>us                       
symbol    ,t]ra                         
symbol    ,t]ra foliata                 
symbol    ,t9ctura                      
symbol    ,vitriolum                    
symbol    ,vitrum                       
symbol    ,volatile                     
symbol    ,ur9a                         
symbol    ,u/>e                         
symbol    ,z9cum                        
symbol          ,symbols &              
,abbreviations1 ,botanical4      symbol 
,monoc>p4 ,a plant :i* produces         
se$ only once dur+ its life4 ,!         
symbol repres5t+ ! sun4      ,a1 symbol 
,annual4 ,a monoc>p :i* dies 9          
! same ye> t x g]m9at$1                 
e4g4 ,mu/>d4      ,b1 symbol   ,bi5nial4
 ,a monoc>p :i* produces                
leaves only ! fir/ ye> &                
p]fects its se$ ! next1 e4g4 ,mulle94   
,p             ,p]5nial4 ,a plant :i*   
produces                        se$ = an

 indef9ite numb] (                      
ye>s1 e4g4 ,apple4      symbol          
,rhizoc>p4 ,a p]5nial ! /ems            
( :i* die d[n to ! gr\nd                
e ye>1 e4g4 ,rhub>b1 ,m9t4              
,! symbol repres5t+ ,jupit]1            
:i* has a p]iod ( revolution            
r\nd ! sun ( #ab ye>s4      symbol      
,cauloc>p4 ,a p]5nial1 ! /ems           
( :i* are p]si/5t ?r\gh\t               
! :ole ( its life1 e4g4 ,apple4         
,! symbol repres5t+ ,saturn1            
! p]iod ( revolution ( :i*              
r\nd ! sun is #cj ye>s4      ,h         
,h]b4 ,a plant1 ! /ems ( :i*            
rema9 s(t or succul5t1 e4g4 ,m9t        
or ,rhub>b4      ,s1 symbol   ,%rub4 ,a 
plant 9 :i* ! /ems                      
are woody1 & :i* usually divide         
ne> ! gr\nd into num]\s                 
bran*es & twigs1 e4g4 ,lilac4           
symbol        ,"u %rub4 ,a small %rub2  
"o                        t does n gr[ m
 ?an #c feet                        9   
height1 e4g4 ,gooseb]ry4      ,t1 symbol

   ,tree4 ,a plant :i* gr[s to #bj feet 
or m 9 height1 hav+ a woody             
/em =m+ a di/9ct trunk1 e4g4            
,oak4      symbol        ,a climb+ plant
 :i* foll[s !                           
sun1 e4g4 ,hop4      symbol        ,a   
climb+ plant :i* moves aga9/            
! sun1 e4g4 ,sc>let-runn]4      symbol  
,fl[]s hav+ /am5s only 7unisexual1      
/am9if]\s1 or male71                    
e4g4 male fl[]s ( ,box4 ,! symbol       
repres5t+ ,m>s1 ! p]iod                 
( revolution ( :i* is #b ye>s4          
symbol        ,fl[]s hav+ pi/ils only   
7unisexual1                             
pi/illate1 or female71 e4g4             
female fl[]s ( ,box4 ,! symbol          
repres5t+ ,v5us4      symbol            
,fl[]s hav+ bo? /am5s &                 
pi/ils 7bisexual or h]maphrodite71      
e4g4 ,butt]cup4      symbol             
,abortive /am9if]\s fl[]s 7neut]74      
symbol        ,abortive pi/illate fl[]s 
7neut]71                        e4g4 !  
florets ( ! ray 9 ,daisy4      symbol   

,monci\s plants1 produc+ male           
& female fl[]s ^u ! same                
individual1 e4g4 ,box4      symbol      
,dici\s plants1 produc+ male &          
female fl[]s1 b ^u sep>ate              
individuals1 e4g4 ,will[4      symbol   
,polygam\s plants1 :i* produce          
h]maphrodite & unisexual fl[]s          
^u ! same or diff]5t individuals1       
e4g4 ,atriplex4      symbol             
,indef9ite 9 numb]2 appli$ to           
/am5s & o!r p>ts ( fl[]s4      symbol   
,cotyl$ons accumb5t1 radicle lat]al4    
symbol        ,cotyl$ons incumb5t1      
radicle dorsal4      symbol             
,cotyl$ons conduplicate1 radicle dorsal4
      symbol        ,cotyl$ons twice    
fold$1 radicle dorsal4      symbol      
,cotyl$ons ?rice fold$1 radicle dorsal4 
symbol        ,trim]\s1 appli$ to fl[]s 
:5                        ! :orls ( !   
fl[] are multiples                      
( ?ree1 z 9 mo/ endog5s4      symbol    
,p5tam]\s1 appli$ to fl[]s :5           
! :orls ( ! fl[] are multiples          

( five1 z 9 exog5s g5]ally4      ,bab41 
,bab+ton4    ,b]k41 ,b]keley4    ,br41  
,br[n4    ,cal41 calyx4    ,caul1       
caulis1 /em4    ,cl41 ,classis1 class4  
,cor41 corolla4    ,cuv41 ,cuvi]4    ,d4
 ,c41 or ,de ,c&41 ,de ,c&olle4         
,endl41 ,endli*]4    ,fam41 family4     
,fr41 fructus1 fruit4    ,g541 g5us1    
g5us4    ,hook41 ,hook]4    ,juss41     
,jussieu4    ,d4 or ,l9n41 ,l9nu4       
,l9dl41 ,l9dley4    ,nat4 ,ord41        
,natural ord]4    ,o4 or ,ord41 ordo1   
ord]4    ,p]41 p]ian?us1 p]ian?4        
,rad41 radix1 root4    ,ri*41 ,ri*>d4   
,sp4 or ,spec1 species1 species4        
,subord41 ,subord]4    ,subk41          
,subk+dom4    ,v>41 v>ietas1 v>iety1    
,v4 s4 c41 vidi siccam cultam1 a dry    
cultivat$ plant se54    ,v4 s4 s41 vidi 
siccam spontaneam1 a dri$ specim5 se54  
,v4 v4 c1 vidi vivam cultam1 a liv+     
cultivat$ plant se54    ,v4 v4 s41 vidi 
vivam spontaneam1 a liv+ wild plant se54
    ,willd41 ,willd5[4    ,)41 ,)]+4    
,,sympa!t,,ic ,,ink4 ,see ,,ink4        

,,syn,,aptase4 ,syn4 ,,emuls94 ,! "n    
giv5 by ,robiquet to ! ,,emuls91 a      
nitrog5is$ or album9oid pr9ciple exi/+ 9
 bo? ! bitt] & sweet  almond4 ,x        
possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty ( conv]t+ 
amygdal91 9  ! pres5ce ( wat]1 into     
hydrocyanic acid & ! ess5tial oil (     
bitt] almonds4 #ajj gr4 ( amygdal9      
yield1 "u ! influ5ce (  synaptase &     
wat]1 #dg gr4 ( raw oil1 & #ei gr4 (    
anhydr\s  hydrocyanic acid4 7,liebig47  
,,syn,,cope4 ,see ,,fa9t+4    ,,syr,,up4
 ,syn4 ,,sirup1 ,,sirop2 ,,syrupus1 ,l4 
,a saturat$1 or ne>ly  saturat$1        
solution ( sug> 9 wat]1 ei!r simple1    
flav\r$1 or  m$icat$4    ,9 ! prep>ation
 ( syrups c>e %\ld be tak5 to employ !  
be/  ref9$ sug>1 & ei!r di/ill$ wat] or 
filt]$ ra9 wat]2 by :i*  !y w be r5d]$  
mu* less liable to spontane\s           
decomposition1 &  w be p]fectly         
transp>5t1 )\t ! tr\ble ( cl>ification4 
,:5  inf]ior sug> is employ$1           
cl>ification is always necess>y4 ,?is is
  be/ done by dissolv+ ! sug> 9 ! wat]1 

or o!r aque\s  m5/ruum1 9 ! cold1 & !n  
beat+ up a little ( ! cold syrup  ) "s  
:ite ( egg1 & an ounce or two ( cold    
wat]1 until !  mixture fro?s well2 ?is  
mu/ be add$ to ! syrup 9 ! boil]1 &  !  
:ole #8:isk$ up' to a good fro?2 heat   
%\ld n[ be appli$1 &  ! scum :i* =ms    
remov$ f "t to "t ) a clean #8skimm]4'  
,z  soon z ! syrup beg9s to slightly    
simm] x mu/ be remov$ f !  fire1 & all[$
 to /& until x has cool$ a little1 :5 x 
%\ld be  aga9 skimm$1 if necess>y1 & !n 
pass$ ?r\gh clean flannel4 ,:5          
vegetable infusions or solutions ent]   
into ! composition ( syrups1  !y %\ld be
 r5d]$ p]fectly transp>5t by filtration 
or  cl>ification1 be=e be+ add$ to !    
sug>4    ,m4 ,magnes-,lah5s#bah         
describes bel[ a process = !            
cl>ification (  syrups1 ! orig9ator (   
:i* 0 ,m4 ,dem>e/1 a ph>maci54 ,!       
process is z foll[s3----,:ite unsiz$    
pap] is beat5 up into a pulp )  a       
portion ( ! syrup1 & !n mix$ ) ! bulk4  
,! proportion (  pap] %\ld be "o gram to

 e litre ( syrup2 & ! latt] %\ld be     
ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #ce to #dj ,c4
    ,footnote #bah3 #8,g]m4 ,ph>m4      
,*em41' #d? ,s]ies1 xv1 #adj 7#8,ye>    
,book1  ,ph>41' #ahgb74    ,a filt] (   
molesk9 capable ( hold+ ab\t "o ?ird ( !
 volume (  ! syrup1 & hav+ ! =m ( an    
inv]t$ sug>-loaf1 is support$  ov] a    
suitable receptacle2 ! syrup ) ! pulp is
 p\r$ rapidly into  x1 s z to fill x z  
quickly z possible2 & ! filt] is kept   
full  s long z any ( ! syrup rema9s4 ,:5
 ! great] "p has run  ?r\gh1 & b little 
rema9s 9 ! filt]1 & consequ5tly !       
#8felt+' ( ! pap] pulp is complete1 !   
syrup :i* has already run  ?r\gh1 is    
aga9 p\r$ into ! filt]4 ,! liquid :i* n[
 passes is  p]fectly bright1 & may be   
collect$4 ,9 p\r+ ! syrup into !  filt]1
 ! /ream %\ld be direct$ into ! middle1 
& n ^u !  sides1 s z to avoid dis>rang+ 
! felt1 :i* w\ld int]f]e )  ! success ( 
! op]ation4    ,! au?or v /rongly       
recomm5ds ?is me?od = ! cl>ification (  
all k9ds ( syrups2 its advantages be+ t 

x results 9 a p]fectly  limpid liquid1 &
 t x involves nei!r tr\ble nor loss ( "t
 or  mat]ial4 ,he /ates t 9 #d or #e    
h\rs1 ) a filt] ( #h litres 9  capacity1
 #bd litres ( syrup may be cl>ifi$4     
,! small quantity ( syrup reta9$ 9 !    
filt] & pulp1 may be  recov]$ by p\r+ on
 a suffici5t quantity ( w>m wat]1 press+
  /rongly1 evaporat+ ! liquid to a      
syrupy consi/5ce1 beat+ up )  a little  
pap] pulp1 & pass+1 x aga9 ?r\gh a small
 filt]4    ,! prop] quantity ( sug> =   
syrups w1 9 g5]al1 be f\nd to be #b     
lbs4 7avoir47 to e imp]ial p9t ( wat] or
 ?9 aque\s fluid4 ,^!  proportions1     
all[+ = ! wat] t is lo/ by evaporation  
dur+ !  process1 are ^? be/ calculat$ to
 produce a syrup ( ! prop]  consi/5ce1 &
 possess+ good #8keep+ qualities4' ,!y  
closely  correspond to ^? recomm5d$ by  
,guib\rt = ! production ( a  p]fect     
syrup1 :i*1 he says1 consi/s ( #cj p>ts 
( sug> to #af p>ts  ( wat]4    ,9 !     
prep>ation ( syrups x is ( great        
importance to employ z little  heat z   

possible1 z a solution ( sug>1 ev5 :5   
kept at !  temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1     
und]goes sl[ decomposition4 ,! plan :i* 
we adopt is to p\r ! wat] 7cold7 ov] !  
sug>1 & to all[ ! two  to lie toge!r = a
 few h\rs1 9 a cov]$ vessel1            
occasionally  /irr+1 & !n to apply a    
g5tle heat 7pref]ably t ( /eam or  wat] 
ba?7 to f9i% ! solution4 ,"s p]sons     
7falsely7 deem a syrup  ill prep>$      
unless x has be5 all[$ to boil well2 b  
if ?is me?od  be adopt$1 ! ebullition   
%\ld be only ( ! g5tle/ k9d             
7#8simm]+'71 & %\ld be *eck$ aft] !     
lapse ( #a or #b m9utes4    ,mr ,orynski
 recomm5ds ! prep>ation ( all syrups )\t
 !  application ( heat1 z foll[s3       
,introduce #cj or #cb oz4 ( sug>        
7accord+ to ! temp]ature7 into a        
p]colator1 9 :i* has be5 previ\sly      
introduc$ a piece ( l9t or  sponge1 well
 adju/$1 & gradually p\r on #af ounces (
 liquid1 s z to  make ! p]colate 7syrup7
 pass drop by drop4 ,if ! fir/ liquid is
  turbid p\r x back into ! p]colator    

till ! syrup passes cle>4    ,!         
advantages claim$ = ?is process are3    
,fir/1 ! syrups are cle>2  & !re is no  
necessity = purify+ !m4    ,secondly1 !y
 possess _! m$ic9al prop]ties unalt]$2  
s9ce _m  drugs may be injur$ by heat1 m 
especially aromatics1 & ^?  conta9+     
readily volatile sub/ances2 &----       
,?irdly1 ! syrups w nei!r cry/allise nor
 f]m5t2 & may be  prep>$ 9 l>ge         
quantity1 provid$ ! vessels or bottles  
are clean  be=e fill+ !m ) syrup4    ,:5
 x is necess>y to ?ick5 a syrup by      
boil+1 a few fragm5ts (  glass %\ld be  
introduc$1 9 ord] to l[] ! boil+ po9t4  
,to make highly transp>5t syrups1 ! sug>
 %\ld be 9 a s+le lump1  &1 by pref]5ce1
 tak5 f ! bottom or broad end ( ! loaf1 
z1  :5 tak5 f ! small] end1 or if x be  
p[d]$ or bruis$1 !  syrup w be m or less
 cl\dy4    ,syrups are judg$1 by !      
laboratory man1 to be suffici5tly boil$ 
:5  "s tak5 up 9 a spoon1 p\rs out l    
oil1 or a drop cool$ on !  ?umb-nail    
gives a prop] #8?read' :5 t\*$4 ,:5 a ?9

 sk9 appe>s  on bl[+ ^u ! syrup1 x is   
judg$1 by ! same p>ty1 to be  completely
 saturat$4 ,^! rude te/s (t5 lead to    
errors1 :i* might  be easily prev5t$ by 
employ+ ! prop] proportions1 or det]m9+ 
! sp4 gr4    ,a fluid ounce ( ,,saturat$
 ,,syrup weighs #egg-a_/b gr42 a gallon 
weighs  #ac-a_/e lbs4 7avoir472 its sp4 
gr4 is #acai to #acba1 or #ce ( ,baum's 
aromet]2 its boil+-po9t is #bba ,fahr41 
& its d5sity at !  temp]ature ( #bab is 
#abfj to #abfa1 or #cj ,baum4 ,! syrups 
prep>$  ) ! juices ( fruits1 or :i*     
conta9 mu* extractive matt]1 z  ^? (    
s>sap>illa1 poppies1 c41 m>k ab\t #b or 
#c m on ,baum's  scale ?an ! o!r syrups4
    ,9 mo/ ph>maceutical works          
directions are giv5 to completely       
saturate  ! wat] ) sug>4 ,our own       
exp]i5ce1 :i* is ext5sive1 leads u to   
disapprove ( su* a practice1 s9ce we f9d
 t1 "u all ord9>y  circum/ances1 a syrup
 ) a v slight excess ( wat] keeps bett] 
?an "o fully saturat$4 ,9 ! latt] case a
 portion ( sug> g5]ally  cry/allises out

 on /&+1 & ?us1 by ab/ract+ sug> f !    
rema9d] ( ! syrup1 s weak5s x1 t x      
rapidly f]m5ts &  spoils4 ,?is *ange    
proce$s at a rapidity proportionate to !
  temp]ature4 ,saturat$ syrup kept 9 a  
vessel t is frequ5tly uncork$  or expos$
 to ! air soon loses suffici5t wat]1 by 
evaporation f its  surface1 to cause !  
=mation ( m9ute cry/als ( sug>1 :i*1    
fall+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 cont9ue to
 increase 9 size at !  exp5se ( ! sug> 9
 ! solution4 ,we h se5 a s+le #f-;gallon
 /one  bottle1 9 :i* syrup has be5 kept 
= "s "t1 ! inside ( :i*1  :5 brok51 has 
be5 f\nd to be entirely cas$ ) sug> c&y1
  am\nt+ 9 weight to #af or #ah lbs4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 syrups conta9+  too mu* wat] 
also rapidly f]m5t1 & become acesc5t2 b 
( ! two  ?is is ! less evil1 & may be m 
easily prev5t$4 ,! proportions  ( sug> &
 wat] giv5 above w =m an excell5t syrup1
 provid$ c>e  be tak5 t an undue        
quantity be n lo/ by evaporation4    ,! 
decimal "p ( ! numb] d5ot+ ! sp4 gr4 ( a
 syrup1 multipli$  by #bf1 gives ! numb]

 ( p\nds ( sug> x conta9s p] gallon1 v  
ne>ly4 7,ure47    ,9 boil+ syrups1 if !y
 appe> likely to boil ov]1 a little oil1
 or  rubb+ ! edges ( ! pan ) soap1 w    
prev5t x4    ,syrups may be decol\r$ by 
agitation )1 or filtration ?r\gh1       
rec5tly burnt animal *>coal4 ,m$icat$   
syrups %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be  treat$ 9 ?is  
way4    ,! pres]vation ( syrups1 z well 
z ( all o!r sac*>9e solutions1  is be/  
promot$ by keep+ !m 9 a mod]ately cool1 
b n a v  cold1 place4 8,let syrups be   
kept 9 vessels well clos$1 & 9 a        
situation :]e ! temp]ature nev] rises   
above #ee ,fahr40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,!y  are   
bett] kept 9 small] r ?an 9 l>ge        
bottles1 z ! long] a  bottle la/s ! m   
frequ5tly x w be op5$1 &1 consequ5tly1 !
  m x w be expos$ to ! air4 ,by bottl+  
syrups :il/ boil+ hot1  & imm$iately    
cork+ d[n & ty+ ! bottles ov] ) bladd]  
p]fectly air-tight1 !y may be pres]v$1  
ev5 at a summ] heat1 =  ye>s1 )\t f]m5t+
 or los+ _! transp>5cy4    ,! #8c&y+1'  
or cry/allisation1 ( syrup1 unless x be 

ov]saturat$  ) sug>1 may be prev5t$ by !
 addition ( a little acetic or citric   
acid 7#b or #c dr4 p] gall474    ,!     
f]m5tation ( syrups may be effectually  
prev5t$ by ! addition (  a little       
sulphite ( potassa or ( limes4 ,*lorate 
( potassa has be5  propos$ = ?is purpose
 by ,dr ,maccullo*1 on !oretical gr\nds4
 ,m4  ,*]eau recomm5ds ! addition ( "s  
7ab\t #c to #d7 sug> ( milk1  ) ! same  
int5tion4 ,dr ,dur& ass]ts t by add+    
ab\t #a fl4 dr4  ( #8,h(mann's anodyne' 
to ea* p9t ( syrup1 ! accession (       
f]m5tation may n only be prev5t$1 b     
arre/$ :5 x occurs1  f]m5t+ syrups may  
be imm$iately re/or$ by expos+ ! vessel 
conta9+ !m to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4
 ,! addition ( a  little _s is ord]$ 9 !
 new #8,london ,ph>macopia4'    ,9 mak+ 
! above additions to syrup1 c>e mu/ be  
_h n to mix  incompatible sub/ances4    
,?us1 9 g5]al ! two me?ods ref]r$ to  _c
 be practis$ toge!r4    ,syrup is1      
p]haps1 ! wor/ possible =m ( m$ic9e1 ow+
 to !  difficulty ( accurately saturat+ 

x ) active m$ic9als1 & its  liability to
 *ange4 ,few p]sons ?9k t 8sweetness    
r5d]s a nause\s  drug m palatable40 ,see
 also ,squire's #8,companion to !       
,briti%  ,ph>macopia4'    ,syrup (      
,acetate ( ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus    
,,morphi ,,acetatis1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,solution ( acetate ( morphia1 #a  
fl4 oz42 simple syrup1  #ae fl4 oz42    
mix4 ,ea* fl4 oz4 conta9s #a_/d gr4 (   
acetate4----,dose1 #a_/b to  #b         
teaspoonfuls4    ,syrup ( ,almond4 ,syn4
 ,,b>ley ,,syrup1 ,,orgeat2 ,,syrupus   
,,amygdal1 ,l42  ,,sirop ,d',,orgeat1   
,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sweet almonds1 #a lb42 
bitt] almonds1 #a  oz42 blan*1 beat !m  
to a smoo? pa/e1 & make an emulsion )   
b>ley  wat]1 #a qu>t2 /ra91 to ea* p9t  
add ( sug>1 #b lbs41 & a  table-spoonful
 or two ( orange-fl[] wat]2 put !       
mixture into small  bottles1 & pres]ve x
 9 a cool place4 ,"s p]sons add a little
  br&y4    #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,sweet      
almonds1 #h oz42 bitt] almonds1 #b oz42 
blan* !m1  aft] cold mac]ation1 !n beat 

!m 9 a m>ble mort>1 ) a wood5  pe/le1 to
 a pa/e1 add+1 gradually1 ( wat]1 #af   
fl4 oz42 orange-fl[]  wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 
aft] /ra9+ ?r\gh flannel1 dissolve #c   
lbs4 (  sug> 9 ea* p9t ( ! emulsion4 ,an
 agreeable pectoral & demulc5t4         
,syrup ( ,anise$4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,anisi4 ,prep4 ,infuse #a_/b oz4 (     
bruis$ anise$ 9 #d oz4 ( hot wat]1 /ra91
 & add #b dr4 ( sug>4    ,syrup1        
,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus         
,,antiscorbuticus 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4    
,scurvy-grass1 wat]cresses1 hors]adi%1  
all fre%1 ( ea* #aj oz42  buckbean1 #a  
oz42 bitt] orange peel1 #b oz42 c9namon1
 #a_/b oz42 :ite w9e1  #dj oz4 7by      
weight72 mac]ate #b days & di/il (f #aj 
oz4 7by weight72  !n add to ! di/illate1
 sug>1 #be oz42 /ra9 ! residue left 9 ! 
retort1 decant & make into a syrup )    
ano!r #be oz4 ( sug>2 cl>ify  ) :ite (  
egg1 & :5 cold1 add to x ! =m]          
syrup4----,dose1 #d  dr4    ,syrup (    
,balsam ( ,p]u4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus         
,,balsami ,,p]uviani4 7,ph4 ,g47  ,prep4

 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #aa
 oz42 dige/ ) frequ5t  agitation till   
cold1 & =m #aj oz4 ( ! filt]$ liquid    
into a syrup1  ) #ah oz4 ( sug>4        
,syrup ( ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,c9*on4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,calisaya b>k1  #a   
oz42 p]colate1 ) #aj oz4 ( pro( spirits 
7#iif71 & !n )  wat]1 s z to yield #aj  
oz4 ( liquid2 di/il (f _s1 filt]1 & add 
#aj oz4 ( sug>2 r$uce by a g5tle heat1 s
 z to obta9 #ae-a_/d oz4 7by  weight7 ( 
product4    ,syrup ( ,b>k1 ,v9\s4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,c9*on ,,v9osus4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,prep4 ,s(t extract ( b>k1 #a oz42 :ite 
w9e1 #b p9ts #c oz42 dissolve1  filt]1  
add #c-a_/b lbs4 ( :ite sug>1 & dissolve
 by a wat] ba?4    ,syrup ( ,belladonna4
 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,belladonn4 7,p4      
,cod47 ,t9cture (  belladonna 7,p4      
,cod71 #c_/d oz4 7by weight72 syrup1 #aj
 oz4 7by weight74    ,syrup1 ,boyle's4  
,see ,,syrup1 ,,symphytic4    ,syrup (  
,buck?orn4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhamni 7,b4
 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,s4  ,,rhamnni    
,,ca?>tici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   

,juice ( ,buck?orn1 defecat$  by #c     
days' repose1 #b qu>ts2 g+] & allspice1 
( ea* 7bruis$7 #f dr42  mac]ate ! spice 
9 #a p9t ( ! juice1 at a g5tle heat1 =  
#d h\rs1  & filt]2 boil ! rema9d] ( !   
juice to #a-a_/b p9t1 mix !  liquors1   
dissolve !re9 ( :ite sug>1 #f lbs42 &   
add to ! 7ne>ly  cold7 syrup #f fl4 oz4 
( rectifi$ _s4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,e4 ! _s is    
omitt$4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,buck?orn      
juice1 #ig2 g+]1 slic$1 #a2 pim5to1     
bruis$1 #a2  ref9$ sug>1 #ig2 rectifi$  
_s1 #h oz42 evaporate ! juice to ne>ly  
half 7#e_/h72 add ! g+] & pim5to1 dige/ 
at a g5tle heat = f\r  h\rs1 & /ra92 :5 
cold add ! _s1 let ! mixture /& = two   
days1 !n decant (f ! cle> liquor1 & 9   
?is dissolve ! sug> at  a g5tle heat2   
sp4 gr4 #acb4----;,dose1 #a dr4    #c4  
7,:olesale47----a4 ,take ( buck?orn     
juice1 #c gall42 bruis$ pim5to  & g+]   
7sift$ f ! du/71 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 simm] 
= #ae m9utes1  /ra91 & add ( sug>1 #dd  
lbs4    b4 ,take ( buck?orn juice1 #c   
galls42 boil to #b gall42 add ( bruis$  

pim5to & g+] gruffs 7free f du/71 ( ea* 
#c_/d lb42 boil to #a  gall41 /ra91 add 
molasses1 #gb lbs41 & f9i% ! boil+4     
,obs4 ,syrup ( buck?orn is a brisk b    
unpleasant ca?>tic4 ,x is n[  *iefly us$
 9 vet]9>y practice4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4
 oz4 to #a fl4 oz4  ,%\ld ! col\r be    
dull1 ! addition ( a few gra9s ( citric 
or  t>t>ic acid w bright5 x4    ,syrup (
 ,cabbage-tree ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus    
,,ge(froy4 7,dr ,wright47  ,prep4       
,decoction ( cabbage-tree b>k made into 
a syrup ) twice its  weight ( sug>4     
,v]mifuge4----,dose1 #a to #d           
tablespoonfuls4    ,syrup ( ,cah9ca4    
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cah9c4 7,s\beiran47   
,prep4 ,alcoholic  extract ( cah9ca1 #fd
 gr42 syrup1 #af oz42 dissolve ! extract
 9 a  little wat]1 & add ! solution to !
 boil+ syrup4----,dose1 #a oz4  daily4  
,syrup ( ,capillaire4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,( 
,,maid5hair2 ,,syrupus ,,adian?i1       
,,syrupus ,,capillorum ,,v5]is1 ,l42    
,,capillaire1 ,,sirop ,,de ,,capillaire1
 ,fr4  ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,canadian     

maid5hair 7,adiantum p$atum----,l9n471  
#d oz42  boil+ wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2      
infuse1 /ra91 add ( :ite sug>1 #e lbs41 
& p\r ! boil+ cl>ifi$ syrup ov] #b oz4 m
 ( maid5hair2  re-infuse = #b h\rs1 &   
aga9 /ra94    ,obs4 ,demulc5t4 ,cl>ifi$ 
syrup flav\r$ ) orange-fl[] wat] or     
curaoa is n[ commonly sold =            
,,capillaire4 ,x is usually #8put up' 9 
small bottles ( a peculi> %ape1 kn[n 9 !
 trade z #8capillaires4' ,x  is n[      
*iefly us$ to sweet5 & flav\r grog4 ,see
 ,,capillaire4    ,syrup ( ,c>rage54    
,syn4 ,,syrup ,,( ,,icel& ,,moss4 ,prep4
 ,boil  horeh\nd1 #a oz41 liv]wort1 #f  
dr41 9 wat]1 #d p9ts1 = #ae m9utes2     
express & /ra92 !n add c>rage5          
7previ\sly s(t5$ ) cold  wat]71 #f dr42 
aga9 boil = #ae m9utes1 /ra9 ?r\gh      
flannel1 & add  sug>1 #a lb41 to ea*    
p9t4 ,an agreeable demulc5t 9 c\ghs4    
,syrup ( ,ca/or1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4        
,,syrupus ,,ca/orii ,,compositus4       
7,lebron47  ,prep4 ,val]ian wat]1 #e    
oz42 *]ry laurel wat]1 #b-a_/b oz42     

ca/or  7dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity 
( _s71 #c dr42 :ite sug>1 #ae oz4  ,9   
spasmodic a/hma4    ,syrup ( ,cate*u4   
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cate*u4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,prep4 ,extract  cate*u1 #b-a_/b oz42   
syrup1 #f lbs42 dissolve ! extract 9    
d\ble its  weight ( wat]1 & add to !    
syrup4    ,syrup ( ,*amomile4 ,syn4     
,,syrupus ,,an!midis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4
  ,*amomile fl[]s1 dri$1 #a lb42 boil+  
wat]1 #aj lbs42 mac]ate1 /ra9  )        
expression1 & =m ! infusion into a syrup
 ) twice its weight  ( sug>4    ,syrup (
 ,*loral ,hydrate4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus      
,,*loralis ,,hydratis4 7,b4 ,ph47       
,prep4 ,hydrate ( *loral1 #hj gr42      
di/ill$ wat]1 #d fl4 dr4 ,syrup to      
measure1 #a fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 
dr4 to #b fl4 dr4    ,syrup ( ,*loride (
 ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,*loridi       
,,calcis4 7,dr ,reid47  ,prep4 ,liquid  
*loride ( lime1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #b    
dr42 syrup ( orange  peel1 #aj dr4      
,syrup ( ,c9*on9e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus      
,,c9*on94 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4  ,sulphate 

c9*on9e1 #bj gr42 syrup1 #af oz4 7by    
weight74    ,syrup ( ,citrate (         
,caffe9e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,caffe9      
,,citratis4  7,hannon47 ,prep4 ,citrate 
( caffe9e1 #a scruple2 syrup1 #a oz4    
,syrup ( ,citrate ( ,iron & ,ammonia4   
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri ,,et ,,ammoni    
,,citratis4 7,b]al47 ,prep4             
,ammonio-citrate ( iron1 #a_/d oz42     
syrup #i-a_/b  oz4 7by weight72 c9namon 
wat]1 #a_/d oz4    ,syrup ( ,citrate (  
,iron & ,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri  
,,et ,,qu9i  ,,citratis4 ,a syrup is    
prep>$ by ,mr ,bullock "u ?is "n1 b its 
composition has n be5 made kn[n4 ,ano!r 
=m is citrate ( iron &  qu99e1 #a oz42  
syrup ( orange peel1 #a p9t4 7,beasley47
    ,syrup ( ,citric ,acid4 ,syn4       
,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,citrici 7,ph4 ,d471 
,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,d47 ,take ( citric   
acid 79 p[d]7 & di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea*1    
#b-a_/b oz42 dissolve1 add ! solution1  
toge!r ) t9cture ( lemon  peel1 #e fl4  
dr41 to simple syrup1 #c p9ts1 & mix )  
agitation4 ,an  agreeable refrig]ant4   

,us$ = sweet5+ b>ley wat]1 c41 & =      
flav\r+ wat] to be us$ z a bev]age 9    
fev]s & o!r  inflammatory diseases4     
,syrup ( ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,c>yophylli4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prep4 ,clove1 
,july fl[]s1 #a troy oz42 boil+ wat]1 #d
 oz42 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1  /ra91 & add  
sug>1 #g oz42 make a syrup4 ,us$ = its  
col\r &  flav\r4    ,syrup ( ,co*9eal4  
,syn4 ,,sryupus ,,cocc9ell1 ,,syrupus   
,,cocci 7,ph4 ,l471  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4   
,l47 ,take ( co*9eal 7bruis$71 #hj gr42 
boil+ di/ill$  wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #ae 
m9utes 9 a clos$ vessel1 /ra91 & add (  
sug>1 #c lbs41 or twice t ( ! /ra9$     
liquor2 la/ly1 :5 !  syrup has cool$1   
add ( rectifi$ _s1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 or  
#a_/b fl4 dr4  to ea* fl4 oz4 ( syrup4  
,us$ z a col\r+ syrup1 & (t5 sold =     
,,syrup ,,( ,,clove-,,p9ks4    ,syrup ( 
,co*9eal1 ,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,cocci ,,alkal9us4 ,prep4  ,co*9eal 9  
p[d]1 #b scruples2 c>bonate ( pota% 9   
p[d]1 #d  scruples2 triturate1 & add    
boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #af oz42 /ra91 &    

add #d oz4 ( sug> c&y4 ,a popul> dome/ic
 rem$y = hoop+  c\gh4----,dose4 ,f a    
teaspoonful to a tablespoonful1 accord+ 
to !  age ( ! *ild1 #c or #d times a    
day4    ,syrup ( ,cod-liv] ,oil4 ,syn4  
,,syrupus ,,olei ,,morrhu4 7,duclos47   
,prep4  ,mix #e p>ts ( p[d]$ gum ) #d ( 
simple syrup2 add #h p>ts (  cod-liv]   
oil1 triturate till p]fectly mix$1      
gradually add+ #ab p>ts  ( wat]2 la/ly1 
dissolve 9 ! emulsion1 #bd oz4 ( sug> by
 means ( a  g5tle heat4 ,9 ! same mann] 
may be prep>$ syrups f ! oil (  skate1  
ca/or oil1 c4    ,syrup ( ,c(fee4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,caffe4 ,prep4 ,conc5trat$   
infusion (  fre%-roa/$ c(fee1 #d oz42   
ref9$ sug>1 #h oz42 dissolv$ 9 a clos$  
vessel by a g5tle heat4    ,syrup (     
,col*icum4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,col*ici4   
7,ph4 ,e41 #ahag47 ,prep4  ,fre%        
col*icum1 #a oz42 v9eg>1 #af oz42       
mac]ate = #b days1 & /ra9  ) g5tle      
expression2 add to ! cle> liquor #bf oz4
 ( sug>1 & boil4    ,syrup ( ,coltsfoot4
 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,tussilag9is1 ,l4     

,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,fl[]s ( coltsfoot1 
#a lb4 7or dri$ fl[]s1 #b oz472 boil+   
wat]1 #b  lbs42 mac]ate = #ab h\rs2     
/ra91 press1 filt]1 & add ( :ite  sug>1 
#d lbs4 ,a popul> rem$y 9 c\ghs1 colds1 
c4----,dose1 #a to #b  table-spoonfuls1 
ad libitum4    ,syrup ( ,copaiba4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,copaib4 7,pu*e47 ,prep4     
,triturate #b  oz4 ( copaiba ) #a_/b oz4
 ( p[d]$ gum & #a-a_/b oz4 ( wat]2 add  
#cb  drops ( ess5ce ( pepp]m9t1 & #ab   
oz4 ( simple syrup4    ,syrup (         
,corsican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus        
,,helm9?ocorti4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,mac]ate #a
 lb4 ( cleans$ ,corsican moss 9 #b-a_/b 
lbs4 ( boil+ wat]2  9 six h\rs /ra94    
,mac]ate ! residue 9 suffici5t boil+    
wat]1 s  z to obta91 includ+ ! product (
 ! fir/ mac]ation1 #b-c_/d lbs41  9 :i* 
dissolve #e lbs4 ( sug>4    ,syrup (    
,cream4 ,f9ely p[d]$ lump sug> mix$ ) an
 equal weight (  fre% cream4 ,x w keep =
 a long "t if put into bottles1 &       
closely  cork$ & seal$ ov]4 ,x is       
commonly plac$ 9 #b-oz4 wide-m\!d       

phials1 & tak5 on long voyages1 a fre%  
phial be+ op5$ at e  meal4    ,syrup (  
,cyanide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus  
,,potassii ,,cyanidi2 ,,syrop ,,de      
,,hydrocyanate ,,de ,,potasse4 ,prep4   
,cl>ifi$ syrup1 #af oz42 m$ic9al        
hydrocyanate ( pota% 7a solution ( #a "p
 ( cyanide ( potassium 9 #h  ( wat]71 #a
 dr4    ,syrup ( ,dittany4 ,syn4        
,,syrupus ,,diotamni4 ,f ,dittany (     
,crete1 z  ,,syrup ,,( ,,hyssop4        
,syrup ( ,dulcam>a4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,(   
,,bitt] ,,sweet1 ,,syrupus ,,dulcam>4 ,z
  ,,syrup ,,( ,,corsican ,,moss4        
,syrup1 ,ea/on's4 ,?is prep>ation is    
said to conta9 9 ea* fluid  dra*m----#a 
gr4 ( phosphate ( iron1 #a gr4 (        
phosphate ( qu9ia1 & a  #a_/cb gr4 (    
/ry*nia4 ,! dose is #a dr4 ,a           
precipitate1 :i* consi/s (  phosphate ( 
qu99e1 sometimes =ms 9 ?is syrup4 ,?is  
may be obviat$  by avoid+ z mu* z       
possible exposure ( ! syrup to ! air1   
caus$  by filtration ( ! qu99e solution 
into ! syrup4    ,syrup ( ,eggs4 ,syn4  

,,syrupus ,,ovorum4 7,full]47 ,prep4    
,beat ! :ites  ( #c eggs ) #f oz4 (     
planta9 wat]1 & "w x 9 a mort> ) #f oz4 
( p[d]$ sug> till !y =m a syrup4        
,syrup ( ,emet9a4 ,,syrupus ,,emit94    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,col\r$ emet9e1  #ab 
gr42 syrup1 #ag-a_/b oz4 7by weight72   
mix4    ,syrup1 ,empyreumatic4 ,treacle4
    ,syrup ( ,ergot9e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus  
,,ergot9 7,bonjean47 ,ergot9e 7wat]y    
extract ( ergot71 #b dr42 orange-fl[]   
wat]1 #a oz42 dissolve1 & add  !        
solution to #af oz4 7by weight7 ( boil+ 
syrup4----,dose1 #b to #d  spoonfuls 9 !
 day4    ,syrup ( ,e!r4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,!ris1 ,s4 4 ,,sulphurici1 ,l42 ,,sirop
  ,d',,!r1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47      
,sulphuric e!r1 #a "p2 :ite 7simple7    
syrup1 #af p>ts2 place !m 9 a glass     
vessel hav+ a tap at ! bottom1  %ake !m 
frequ5tly = #e or #f days1 & !n draw (f 
! cle> syrup  into small                
bottles4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c fl4 dr4  
,syrup ( ,eucalyptus4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus   
,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 ,prep4 #a4 #ajj  

gr4 ( ! *opp$ leaves are infus$ = #f    
h\rs 9 #a litre ( boil+  wat]1 ! liquid 
express$1 & aft] all[+ x to deposit1 x  
is made  into a syrup by ! addition (   
#aij grams ( sug>1 = #ajj grams ( !     
cle> liquid4    #b4 7,dorvault47        
,di/ill$ wat] ( eucalyptus1 #ej p>ts2   
sug>1 #ie p>ts2  dissolve4    ,syrup1   
,eu/on's4 ,see ,,syrup ,,( ,,phosphate  
,,( ,,iron1 ,,) ,,qu99e ,,&  ,,/ry*nia4 
,syrup ( ,f5nel4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus        
,f,,niculi4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,infuse   
bruis$ f5nel se$1 #b oz41 9 #ab oz4 (   
boil+ wat] = ?ree h\rs2  /ra9 (f #aj    
oz41 & dissolve x 9 #ah oz4 sug>4       
,syrup ( ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,digitalis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,t9cture
  ( foxglove 7,p4 ,cod71 #a_/b oz4 7by  
weight72 syrup1 #bj oz4 7by weight74    
,syrup ( ,fumitory4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,fum>i4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,cl>ifi$ juice (   
fumitory1 #a lb42 :ite sug>1 #b lbs42   
boil to a syrup4    ,syrup ( ,g>lic4    
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,allii4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 
,prep4 ,g>lic1 #f oz4  troy2 di/ill$    

v9eg>1 #af oz4 7o4 m472 mac]ate = #d    
days2 express1 &  =m a syrup ) ! cle>   
liquor & sug>1 #b troy lbs4    ,syrup ( 
,g>lic1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,allii ,,compositus4 ,dr ,,w',s        
,,syrup4 ,prep4 ,g>lic1 cut small1 #a_/b
 oz42 bruis$ anise$1 #a_/b oz42         
elecampane root1 #c dr42 liquorice root1
 #b dr42 br&y1 #bd oz42 dige/ =  #b or  
#c days1 /ra91 & =m a syrup ) #a-a_/b   
lb4 ( sug>4    ,syrup ( ,g9g]4 ,syn4    
,,syrupus ,,z+ib]is 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 
,e41  ,d471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,bruis$ g+]1 #b-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a
 p9t2  mac]ate = #d h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( 
:ite sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs41 or  q4 s42 &   
rectifi$ _s1 z direct$ = syrup (        
co*9eal4 ,! ,ph4  ,e4 omits ! _s4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,d47 ,t9cture ( g+]1 #a fl4 oz42 
simple syrup1 #g fl4 oz42 mix4          
,/imulant & c>m9ative4 ,*iefly us$ z an 
adjuvant1 9 mixtures4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47  
,/rong t9cture ( g+]1 #a2 syrup1 #be2   
mix4----,dose1 #a to #d  dr4    ,syrup (
 ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,auri4 7,p4    

,cod47 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ gold1 #bj  gr42    
syrup1 #a oz4 ,z a local application4   
,syrup ( ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4         
,,syrupus ,,guaiaci ,,ligni4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,prep4  ,boil rasp$ guaiacum wood1 #c  
oz4 twice1 & = an h\r ea* "t1 9 #cj  oz4
 ( wat]2 /ra9 ?r\gh a ?ick clo?2 mix !  
two liquids1 &  conc5trate until !y are 
r$uc$ to #f oz4 7by weight72 let cool1  
filt]  ?r\gh pap]1 & add #aj oz4 ( sug>4
    ,syrup ( ,gu>ana4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus   
,,paull9i1 ,,syrupus ,,gu>an4 ,prep4    
,extract ( gu>ana1 #b-a_/b dr42 syrup1  
#cb oz4    ,syrup ( ,gum4 ,syn4         
,,syrupus ,,acaci1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,,de    
,,gomme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4  ,cod47       
,dissolve pale & pick$ gum ,arabic 9 an 
equal weight ( wat]1 by  a g5tle heat1  
add ! solution to f\r times its weight (
 simple syrup1  simm] = #b or #c m9utes1
 remove ! scum1 & cool4 ,a pleasant     
demulc5t4 ,! addition ( #a or #b fl4 oz4
 ( orange-fl[] wat] to ea*  p9t greatly 
improves x4    ,syrup ( ,gum            
,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,gummi    

,,ammoniaci4 7,wurt4 ,ph47  ,prep4      
,dissolve #b oz4 ( gum ammoniacum 9 #h  
oz4 ( :ite w9e1 by !  heat ( a wat]-ba?1
 & add sug>1 #af oz4    ,syrup ( ,gum   
,tragacan?4 ,,syrupus ,,gummi           
,,tragacan?4 7,m\*on47 ,prep4  ,gum     
tragacan?1 #a oz42 wat]1 #cb oz42       
mac]ate = #dh h\rs1 press ?r\gh  a l95  
clo?1 & mix ! mucilage ) #h lbs4 (      
syrup1 heat$ to #agf  ,f41 & /ra9 ?r\gh 
co>se clo?4    ,syrup ( ,h$ge ,mu/>d4   
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,erysimi4 ,prep4 ,f !  
express$ juice ( h$ge mu/>d 7cl>ifi$71  
#a lb42 sug>1 #b lbs42 make  into a     
syrup4    ,syrup ( ,h$ge ,mu/>d1        
,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,erysimi     
,,compositus1  ,,sirop ,,de ,,vel>1     
,,sirop ,,de ,,*antre4 7,p4 ,cod47      
,prep4 ,pe>l b>ley1 rais9s1  liquorice  
root1 ( ea* #c_/d oz42 cut & dri$ leaves
 ( borage &  *icory1 ( ea* #a oz42 fre% 
h$ge mu/>d1 #ae oz42 dri$ elecampane    
root1 #a oz42 maid5hair1 #a_/d oz42 dri$
 lav5d] & rosem>y tops1 (  ea* #a_/d    
oz42 gre5 anise$s1 #a_/d oz42 sug>1 #bj 

oz42 honey1 #e oz4 ,boil  ! pe>l b>ley 9
 ! wat] until x bur/s1 add ! rais9s & ! 
slic$ liquorice1 ! borage & ! *icory1 & 
aft] j boil+  /ra9 & press4 ,!n p\r !   
/ra9$ liquid on to ! o!r sub/ances      
prop]ly bruis$ & cut1 & let ! mixture   
dige/ = #bd h\rs ov] a  wat] ba?2 !n    
di/il1 draw+ ov] #b-a_/b oz4 liquid 7by 
weight72 on !  o!r h&1 press & /ra9 !   
liquor t rema9s 9 ! retort1  cl>ify )   
:ite ( egg1 add ! sug> & honey1 & make  
into a syrup  t1 :5 boil+1 %all h a sp4 
gr4 ( #abi2 :5 ne>ly cold add !  #b-a_/b
 oz4 ( di/ill$ liquid1 & /ra94----,dose1
 #a_/b to #b oz4    ,syrup ( ,h5bane4   
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hyoscyami 7,p4 ,cod474
 ,f ! t9cture  7,p4 ,cod47 z syrup (    
belladonna4    ,syrup1 ,hive4 ,comp\nd  
syrup ( squills4    ,syrup ( ,horeh\nd4 
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,m>ubii1 ,l42 ,,sirop  
,,de ,,prassio1 ,fr4  ,prep4 #a4 7,p4   
,cod47 ,dri$ horeh\nd1 #a oz42 horeh\nd 
wat]1 #b lbs42  dige/ 9 a wat] ba? = #b 
h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( :ite sug>1 #d lbs4  
#b4 ,:ite horeh\nd 7fre%71 #a lb42 boil+

 wat]1 #a gall42 infuse = #b  h\rs1     
press out ! liquor1 filt]1 & add ( sug>1
 q4 s4    ,obs4 ,a popul> rem$y 9 c\ghs 
& diseases ( ! lungs4----,dose4 ,a      
table-spoonful1 ad libitum4 8,x is sold 
= any syrup ( h]bs t is  dem&$1 & :i* is
 n 9 ! %op40 7,gray47    ,syrup1        
,hors]adi%4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,armoraci4 
7,dr ,cull547 ,prep4  ,scrap$ hors]adi%1
 #a oz42 hot wat]1 #h oz42 dige/1 /ra91 
& dissolve  9 ! liquor twice its weight 
( sug>4----,dose1 #a dr4 frequ5tly 9    
ho>s5ess f relaxation4    ,syrup (      
,h\nd/ongue4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus            
,,cynoglossi4 7,full]47 ,prep4  ,cl>ifi$
 juice ( h\nd/ongue boil$1 ) its weight 
( sug>1 to a  syrup4 ,9 cat>rh\s hum\rs4
    ,syrup ( ,hydro*lorate ( ,morph9e4  
,syn4 ,,syrup ,,( ,,muriate ,,(         
,,morph9e2 ,,syrupus ,,morphi ,,muriatis
 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47      
,solution  ( muriate ( morphia1 #a fl4  
oz42 simple syrup1 #ag fl4 oz42 mix4    
,ea* fl4  oz4 conta9s #a_/d gr4 ( !     
muriate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b          

teaspoonfuls4    ,syrup ( ,hydrocyanic  
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acidi          
,,hydrocyanici4 ,! ,p>is  ,codex ord]s a
 syrup1 9 :i* #bjj p>ts 7by weight7     
conta9 #a "p 7by  weight7 ( (fic9al     
m$ic9al hydrocyanic acid1 conta9+ #aj p]
 c5t4  ( anhydr\s acid4    ,syrup (     
,hypophosphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,f]ri ,,hypophosphitis4  7,wood47      
,prep4 ,granulat$ sulphate ( iron1 #dhj 
gr42 hypophosphite (  lime1 #cbf gr42   
dilut$ phosphoric acid1 #a fl4 oz42     
wat]1 #a-a_/b oz42  syrup1 #c dr4       
,dissolve )\t heat ! iron 9 ! acid1 mix$
 ) !  wat]2 rub ! hypophosphite to f9e  
p[d]1 & p\r on x ! solution  ( sulphate 
( iron2 rub toge!r = two or ?ree m9utes2
 !n p\r !  mixture on a piece ( damp    
calico1 & squeeze out ! liquid2 filt] ! 
solution s obta9$1 & add to x sev5 times
 its volume ( syrup4    ,syrup (        
,hypophosphite ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,calcis ,,hypophosphitis4  7,*ur*ill47 
,prep4 ,hypophosphite ( lime1 #a "p2    
syrup1 #ajj p>ts4    ,syrup (           

,hypophosphite ( ,pota%4 ,see ,,syrup   
,,( ,,! ,,hypophosphites4    ,syrup (   
,hypophosphite ( ,soda4 ,see ,,syrup ,,(
 ,,! ,,hypophosphites4    ,syrup (      
,hyposulphite ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus  
,,sod ,,hyposulphitis4  7,m\*on47 ,prep4
 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #a oz42 wat]1 #ab
 oz42 sug>1 #cc  oz4 ,dissolve ) a g5tle
 heat1 & filt]4    ,syrup ( !           
,hypophosphites4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus        
,,hypophosphiticus4 ,prep4              
,hypophosphite ( lime1 pota%1 & soda1 #a
 "p ea*1 dissolv$ ) heat  9 syrup1 #ajj 
p>ts4----,dose1 #a dr4    ,syrup (      
,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hyssopi4 7,p4
 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,z syrup (  coltsfoot4   
,syrup ( ,icel& ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus  
,,li*5is4 ,icel& moss depriv$ (  its    
bitt]ness1 #a oz42 syrup1 #cb oz4 ,make 
a conc5trat$ decoction ( !  moss1 /ra9 &
 add ! syrup1 & boil to a prop]         
consi/5ce4    ,syrup ( ,indian          
,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hemidesmi
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,ph4 ,d47 ,indian s>sap>illa           

7,hemidesmus ,indicus----,br[n71        
bruis$1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2     
infuse = #d h\rs1 & to !  /ra9$ &       
defecat$ infusion add twice its weight (
 sug>4 ,tonic1  diuretic1 c4----,dose1  
#b to #d fl4 dr42 9 nephritic compla9ts1
 & 9  "s o!rs1 in/ead ( s>sap>illa4     
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hemidesmus1 bruis$1 #a2  
ref9$ sug>1 #g2 boil+ di/ill$  wat]1 #e2
 infuse #d h\rs1 /ra91 add ! sug>1 &    
dissolve4 ,! product  %\ld weigh        
#aj-a_/b oz41 & measure #h4 ,sp4 gr4    
#acce4----;,dose1 #a to #d dr4    ,syrup
 ( ,iodide ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,f]ri ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41     
,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,mix iod9e1 #a oz41 & iron wire #c dr41 
) di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz41 & heat !    
solution until x assumes a  gre5i%      
col\r2 !n /ra9 x1 evaporate x to ab\t #d
 fl4 oz41 & add  to x ( :ite sug>1 #aj  
oz42 la/ly1 :5 ! syrup has cool$1 add z 
mu* wat] z may be necess>y1 t x may     
measure exactly #ae fl4 oz41  & keep x 9
 a well-/opp]$ black glass bottle4 ,!   

=mul ( ! ,ph4  ,e4  ,d4 are ne>ly       
simil>1 a fl4 dr4 ( ea* conta9+ ab\t #e 
gr4 (  ! pure dry iodide4 ,?is syrup is 
tonic & resolv5t1 &  hmat9ic4----,dose1 
#ae or #bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 9 anmia1
 debility1  scr(ula1 c4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,iron wire1 #a2 iod9e1 #b2 ref9$ sug>1 
#bh2 di/ill$ wat]1  #ac4 ,make a syrup )
 ! sug> & #aj ( ! wat]1 & keep x hot4   
,put  into a /rong soda-wat] bottle1    
cov]$ ) a clo?1 ! iron wire1 !  iod9e1 &
 #c ( ! wat]1 %ake !m toge!r until !    
fro? ( !  mixture becomes :ite1 filt]   
:il/ /ill hot into ! syrup4 ,! product  
%\ld be made up by wat] to weigh #dc or 
to measure #ca-a_/b4 ,sp4 gr4           
#ache4----;,dose1 #bj to #fj m9ims4     
,syrup ( ,iodide ( ,iron1 ,comp\nd4     
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri ,,iodidi         
,,compositus4 7,ricord47 ,prep4 ,?is may
 be made by add+ #a oz4 ( !  syrup to #i
 oz4 ( comp\nd syrup ( s>sap>illa1 bo?  
by weight4    ,syrup ( ,iodide ( ,iron &
 ,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri ,,et    
,,qu9i  ,,iodidi4 7,b\*>dat47 ,prep4    

,dige/ #a dr4 ( iod9e ) #a_/b dr4 ( iron
  fil+s & #d dr4 ( wat]1 ) a g5tle heat 
& frequ5t agitation1  till ! solution is
 col\rless4 ,filt] x rapidly into a     
vessel  conta9+ #bh oz4 ( simple syrup4 
,dissolve also #ab gr4 ( sulphate (     
qu99e 9 #b dr4 ( wat] acidulat$ )       
sulphuric acid1 & add to !  =m]4        
,syrup ( ,iodide ( ,manganese4 ,syn4    
,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,iodidi4 7,m4   
,hannon47 ,pure hydrat$ c>bonate (      
manganese1 #a dr42 conc5trat$  hydriodic
 acid1 q4 s4 to dissolve x4 ,mix ?is    
solution ) #af-a_/b oz4 (  sudorific    
syrup4----,dose4 ,f #b to #f            
tablespoonfuls daily4    ,syrup (       
,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus   
,,potassii ,,iodidi4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,prep4
 ,iodide ( potassium1 #a_/d oz42 wat]1  
#a_/d oz42 syrup1 #i-a_/d oz4 7by       
weight74    ,syrup ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4      
,,syrupus ,,iod9ii4 7,foy474 ,prep4     
,comp\nd  t9cture ( iod9e1 #d dr42 m9t  
wat]1 #d oz42 syrup1 #af oz4    ,syrup (
 ,iodohydr>gyrate ( ,potassium4 ,syn4   

,,syrupus ,,iodohydr>gyratis  ,,potassii
 7,pu*e74 ,prep4 ,iodohydr>gyrate (     
potassium1 #af gr42 t9cture  ( saffron1 
#b-a_/b dr42 syrup1 #af oz4    ,syrup ( 
,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus           
,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47     
,ipecacuanha 79 co>se p[d]71 #d oz42    
rectifi$ _s1 #ae fl4 oz42  dige/ = #bd  
h\rs at a g5tle heat1 & /ra92 add ( pro(
 _s1 #ad  fl4 oz41 & aga9 dige/ & /ra91 
& repeat ! process ) wat]1  #ad fl4 oz42
 di/il (f ! _s f ! mix$ liquors1        
evaporate to #ab  fl4 oz41 & filt]2 next
 add to ! residuum rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4  
oz41  & simple syrup1 #g p9ts1 & mix    
well4----,dose4 ,z an emetic =  infants1
 #a_/b teaspoonful2 = adults1 #a to     
#a-a_/b fl4 oz42 z an  expectorant1 #a  
to #c teaspoonfuls4    ,syrup ( ,iron & 
,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus   
,,f]ri ,,et ,,potassii  ,,iodidi4 ,prep4
 ,dissolve #a oz4 ( iodide ( potassium 9
 #f oz4 ( hot  wat]1 add #ab-a_/d oz4   
7fl47 ( syrup ( iodide ( iron1 &        
suffici5t  simple syrup to make up      

#a-a_/b p9t4    ,syrup ( ,jalap4 ,syn4  
,,syrupus ,,jalap9us4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4
 ,jalap1 #aj  dr42 cori&]1 #a_/b dr42   
f5nel se$1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #ab oz42    
heat to #bab  ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes1 let x 
/& #bd h\rs2 /ra91 & make a syrup  ) #bd
 oz4 ( sug>4    ,syrup ( ,k]mes4 ,syn4  
,,syrupus ,,k]metis1 ,,syrupus          
,,antimoniatus4 ,prep4  ,k]mes m9]al1   
#bj gr42 syrup ( squills1 #a-a_/b oz42  
syrup ( m>%mall[1  #a-a_/b oz4 ,mix4    
,syrup ( ,lactate ( ,iron4 ,syn4        
,,syrupus ,,f]ri ,,lactatis4 7,cap47    
,prep4  ,lactate ( iron1 #a dr42 boil+  
di/ill$ wat]1 #f oz42 pure sug>1 #ab    
oz4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4    ,syrup (  
,lacto-phosphate ( ,lime4 ,syn4         
,,syrupus ,,calcis                      
,,lacto-,,phosphatis4 7,p4 ,v9c5t4#bai7 
,prep4 ,burnt bones1 #aee gr42          
hydro*loric acid1 #caj gr42 liquid      
ammonia1 #bjj gr42 conc5trat$ lactic    
acid1 di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea* q4 s42 sug>1  
#ah-a_/b oz42 leave toge!r  = "s "t !   
bone a% & ! acid until eff]vesc5ce      

ceases1 !n  add di/ill$ wat]1 #ejj gr42 
precipitate ) ! ammonia1 filt]1 &  well 
wa% ! precipitate ) di/ill$ wat]1 until 
! wa%+s cease  to give a precipitate )  
nitrate ( silv]4 ,leave to dra9 = #ab   
h\rs1  aft] g5tly heat+ 9 a porcela9    
capsule1 & add suffici5t lactic  acid to
 dissolve ! precipitate2 add suffici5t  
di/ill$ wat] to make  ! product weigh   
#i-a_/b oz42 filt]1 & add ! sug>2 make  
dissolve )  a g5tle heat4    ,footnote  
#bai3 #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'    ,syrup (      
,lactuc>ium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus            
,,lactuc>ii4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4           
,lactuc>ium1 #a troy oz42 syrup1 #ad oz4
 7o4 m472 pro( _s1 q4 s42 rub  !        
lactuc>ium ) ! pro( _s to a syrupy      
consi/5ce1 transf] to  a p]colator &    
p]colate ) pro( _s until #h oz4 7o4 m47 
(  t9cture h be5 obta9$4 ,evaporate ?is 
portion 9 a wat] ba? at  #afj;,f4 to #b 
oz4 7o4 m474 ,mix x ) ! syrup made hot1 
& /ra9  imm$iately4    ,syrup ( ,lemon4 
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,limonis 7,b4 ,p471    
,,syrupus ,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l4   ,e471   

,,syrupus ,,citri ,,m$ic4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,ph4 ,l47 ,lemon juice 7/ra9$ or       
defecat$71 #a p9t2 :ite sug>1 #b-a_/b   
lbs42 dissolve by a g5tle heat1  & set x
 aside2 9 #bd h\rs remove ! scum1 decant
 ! cle> portion1  & add ( rectifi$ _s1  
#b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,college   
omits !  _s4 ,a pleasant refrig]ant     
syrup 9 fev]s1 c4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4
  dr41 9 any dilu5t4 ,) wat] x =ms an   
excell5t extemporane\s  lemonade4    #b4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,fre% lemon peel1 #b2 lemon  
juice1 /ra9$1 #bj2 ref9$ sug>1  #cf4    
,heat ! lemon juice to ! boil+ po9t1 &  
hav+ put x into a  cov]$ vessel ) !     
lemon peel1 let !m /& until !y are cold1
  !n filt] & dissolve ! sug> 9 ! filt]$ 
liquid ) a g5tle  heat4 ,! product %\ld 
weigh #ef & measure #da4----;,dose1 #a  
to #b dr4    ,syrup ( ,lettuce4 ,syn4   
,,syrupus ,,lactuc4 7,p4 ,cod47         
,dissolve #b oz4 (  extract ( lettuce 9 
#h times its weight ( cold wat]1 filt]1 
& add #f  lbs4 #b oz4 ( syrup1 :i*1 :5  
boil+1 has a specific gravity ( #abf4   

,syrup ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus         
,,calcis4 7,tr\sseau47 ,prep4 ,slake1   
#b-a_/b  dr4 ( quicklime1 ) #c oz4 (    
wat]1 & add x to #cb fl4 oz4 ( simple   
syrup2 boil #aj m9utes & filt]4 ,?is is 
usually dilut$ ) #d p>ts (  syrup4 ,giv5
 9 di>rha4    ,syrup ( ,liquorice4 ,syn4
 ,,syrupus ,,glycyrrhiz4 ,prep4         
,liquorice root1  #d oz42 boil+ wat]1   
#af oz42 dige/1 /ra91 & make a syrup )  
sug>4    ,syrup ( ,lobelia4 ,syn4       
,,syrupus ,,lobeli4 7,mr ,proctor47     
,prep4 ,v9eg>  ( lobelia1 #f oz42 sug>1 
#ab oz4 ,dissolve 9 a g5tle heat4       
,syrup ( ,malate ( ,manganese4 ,syn4    
,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,malatis4 7,m4  
,hannon47 ,prep4 ,malate ( manganese1 #a
 oz42 simple syrup1 #af oz42 _s  ( lemon
 peel1 #b dr4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a 
dr4    ,syrup ( ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,mann4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #c  
oz4 (  manna 9 #ab oz4 ( wat]1 /ra9 &   
filt]2 !n add #af oz4 ( sug>1 &  make x 
into a syrup4    ,syrup ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4
 ,,syrupus ,,hydr>gyri4 ,prep4 8,!re are

 sev]al  =ms = m]curial syrups1 b !y all
 appe> liable to s]i\s  objection4      
,pl5k3----,quicksilv]1 #a dr42 p[d]$ gum
 ,arabic1 #c dr42 syrup1  #b oz42       
triturate & gradually add #a oz4 ( wat]4
 ,l>rey3----,sudorific  syrup1 #a p9t2  
bi*loride ( m]cury1 #e gr42 muriate (   
ammonia1 #e gr42  extract ( opium1 #e   
gr42 ,h(man's anodyne liquor1 #a_/b     
dr4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4  to #a oz4      
,cr]on's syrup consi/s ( m]curial e!r   
7#d gr4 ( sublimate to  #b dr4 ( e!r71  
#b dr42 syrup1 #h oz40 7,beasley47      
,syrup ( ,m>%mall[4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,al? 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,m>%mall[ root1 fre% & slic$1
 #a-a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]  7cold71 #a  
p9t2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 press out !    
liquor1 /ra9 x  ?r\gh l951 & add to !   
/ra9$ liquor twice its weight ( :ite    
sug> 7ab\t #c lbs472 dissolve by a g5tle
 heat1 &1 :5 cold1 add (  rectifi$ _s1  
#b-a_/b fl4 oz41 or q4 s4 ,see ,,syrup  
,,( ,,co*9eal4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 
,take ( fre% m>%mall[ root1 bruis$1 #h  

oz42 wat]1 #d  p9ts2 boil d[n to "o     
half1 & express ! liquor :5 x is cold2  
set  x aside = #bd h\rs1 t ! fces may   
subside1 !n decant (f !  cle> liquid1 &1
 hav+ add$ to x ( sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs41   
boil ! :ole  to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,!   
=mula ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is simil>4    ,obs4  
,?is is a popul> demulc5t &             
pectoral4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42  9
 c\ghs1 c4 ei!r alone or add$ to        
mixtures4    ,syrup ( ,milk4 ,syn4      
,,syrupus ,,lactis4 ,r$uce skimm$ milk  
by g5tle  evaporation to "o half1 & add 
twice its weight ( sug>4    ,syrup (    
,monosulphide ( ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus
 ,,sodii ,,monosulphidi4 7,p4  ,cod47   
,cry/allis$ monosulphide ( sodium1 #dd  
gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz42  syrup1 #id  
oz4 7by weight74    ,syrup ( ,mugwort4  
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,artemisi4 ,z ,,syrup  
,,( ,,wormwood4    ,syrup ( ,mugwort1   
,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,artemisi    
,,compositus4 7,p4  ,cod47 ,prep4 ,take 
( fre% tops ( mugwort1 p5nyroyal1       
catm9t1 &  sav9e1 ( ea* #b oz42 fre%    

roots ( elecampane1 lovage1 & f5nel1 (  
ea* #hh gr42 fre% tops ( wild m>joram1  
hyssop1 fev]few1 rue1 &  basil1 ( ea* #a
 oz42 anise$1 #a_/d oz42 c9namon1 #a_/d 
oz42 all prop]ly  divid$2 rectifi$ _s1  
#b-a_/b oz4 7by weight72 wat]1 #cj oz42 
syrup (  honey1 #ab-a_/b oz4 7by        
weight74 ,put ! plants 9 a vessel ov] a 
wat]  ba?1 p\r on ! wat] mix$ ) ! _s1   
let x /& #bd h\rs1 &  !n di/il ov]      
#c-a_/b oz4 7by weight74 ,on ! o!r h&1  
press !  residue ( ! di/illation1 cl>ify
 ) :ite ( egg1 & add sug>1 #be  oz42 !n 
make into a syrup1 :i*1 :5 boil+1 has ! 
sp4 gr4 #abf4  ,take ! weight &         
evaporate until x has lo/ weight1 equal 
to t (  ! di/ill$ liquid1 !n add ! syrup
 ( honey1 & la/ly1 :5 ne>ly  cold1 !    
di/ill$ liquid1 & /ra94----,dose1 #b to 
#ab dr4    ,syrup ( ,mulb]ries4 ,syn4   
,,syrupus ,,mori 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,ph4 ,l47 ,juice (     
mulb]ries1 /ra9$1 #a p9t2 sug>1 #b-a_/b 
lbs42  dissolve by a g5tle heat1 & set !
 solution by = #bd h\rs2 !n  remove !   

scum1 decant ! cle> liquid1 & add (     
rectifi$ _s1  #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,us$ z a  
col\r+ & flav\r+1 :5 alkalies & e>?s    
are n pres5t4 ,syrup ( r$ poppies       
7rhados71 slightly acidulat$  ) t>t>ic  
or dilute sulphuric acid1 is v g5]ally  
sold = x4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mulb]ry     
juice1 #bj2 ref9$ sug>1 #cb2 rectifi$   
_s1 #b-a_/b2  heat ! juice to ! boil+   
po9t1 &1 :5 x has cool$1 filt] x2       
dissolve ! sug> 9 ! filt]$ liquid by a  
g5tle heat1 & add !  _s4 ,! product %\ld
 weigh #ed4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a
 to #b dr4    ,syrup ( ,muriate (       
,morphia4 ,see ,,syrup ,,(              
,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,morph9e4    ,syrup 
( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,opii4 7,p4  
,cod47 ,prep4 ,extract ( opium1         
#hg-a_/b gr41 dissolve 9 #f dr4 ( cold  
wat]1 & mix ) suffici5t syrup  to make  
up #f-a_/d lbs4 7#a 9 #ejj74    ,syrup (
 ,orange ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus        
,,aurantii ,,floris 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4    
,orange-fl[] wat]1 #h2 ref9$ sug>1 #dh2 
di/ill$ wat]1 #af1 or a  suffici5cy2    

heat ! sug> & wat] toge!r1 /ra91 & :5   
ne>ly  cold add ! orange-fl[] wat]4 ,:5 
f9i%$ %\ld weigh #gb &  measure #ed4    
,sp4 gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4  
,syrup ( ,orange ,juice4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus
 ,e ,,succo ,,aurantiorum4 7,ph4 ,e41   
#agdd47 ,prep4 ,orange juice1 #a lb42   
sug>1 #b lbs4 ,dissolve by heat4        
,syrup ( ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,aurantii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d471 ,s4 ,,citri ,,aurantii1 ,s4       
,,corticibus ,,aurantiorum1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,dri$ orange peel1      
#b-a_/b oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2
  mac]ate = #ab h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1  
press out ! liquor1 simm] x  = #aj      
m9utes1 & !n complete ! process z       
direct$ = ,,syrup ,,(  ,,co*9eal4 ,9 !  
,ph4 ,e4  ,d41 & ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 no _s  
is ord]$4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,t9cture (   
orange peel1 #a2 syrup1 #g2             
mix4----,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #c4      
7,:olesale47----a4 ,f fre% orange peel1 
#ah oz4 7or dri$1 #c_/d lb472  sug>1 #ah
 lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4    b4 ,f t9cture (   

orange peel1 #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1  
#ai fl4 oz42  mix4 ,an agreeable flav\r+
 & /oma*ic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4  
,syrup1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus      
,,pectoralis4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,black  
maid5hair1 #e oz42 liquorice root1 #d   
oz42 boil+ wat]1 #d p9ts2 mac]ate  = "s 
h\rs1 /ra91 add to ! infusion twice its 
weight ( sug>1 &  make a syrup4         
,syrup ( ,peps9e4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,peps94 7,corvis>t47 ,prep4 #f p>ts  ( 
peps9 9 #bj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & add$ to 
#gj p>ts ( acidulat$  syrup ( *]ries4   
,syrup ( ,p]sulphuret ( ,iron4 ,,syrupus
 ,,f]ri ,,p]sulphureti4  7,b\*>dat47    
,prep4 ,r$uce #aj oz4 ( syrup by        
evaporation to #i oz41 &  add #b oz4    
hydrat$ p]sulphuret ( iron 9 a gelat9\s 
/ate2 mix1 &  keep 9 a close            
bottle4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful two or 
?ree times a day 9  scr(ul\s & cutane\s 
affections4 ,z an antidote = poison+ by 
!  salts ( lead1 m]cury & copp]4 ,give a
 teaspoonful frequ5tly4    ,syrup (     
,phosphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     

,,f]ri ,,phosphatis4 7,b4 ,p47  ,prep4  
,granulat$ sulphate ( iron1 #bbd gr42   
phosphate ( soda1 #bjj gr42  acetate (  
soda1 #gd gr42 dilute phosphoric acid1  
#e-a_/b oz42 ref9$ sug>1  #h oz42       
di/ill$ wat]1 #h oz4 ,dissolve !        
sulphate ( iron 9 #d oz4 (  ! wat]1 & ! 
phosphate & acetate ( soda 9 ! rema9d]2 
mix !  two solutions1 &1 aft] c>eful    
/irr+1 transf] ! precipitate to a       
calico filt]1 & wa% x ) di/ill$ wat]    
till ! filtrate ceases  to be affect$ ) 
*loride ( b>ium4 ,!n press ! precipitate
  /rongly betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]1 &
 add to x ! dilute  phosphoric acid4 ,z 
soon z ! precipitate has dissolv$1 filt]
 !  solution1 add ! sug>1 & dissolve )\t
 heat4 ,! product %\ld  measure exactly 
#ab fluid ounces4 ,"o fluid dra*m       
conta9s #a gra9 (  phosphate ( iron4    
,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is syrup z mu*       
exp$ition z possible %\ld be  us$ 9 wa%+
 & press+ ! precipitate ( phosphate (   
iron =m$4  ,x is be/ wa%$ by            
decantation4 ,! wat] employ$ %\ld be j  

previ\sly boil$ to expel oxyg52 !       
protosulphate ( iron %\ld be  entirely  
free f p]sulphate1 & cle> cry/als (     
phosphate ( soda  %\ld be *os54 ,mr     
,h[ie 7^: sugge/ions ! previ\s ones are 
9  sub/ance7 proposes ! use ( bic>bonate
 ( soda in/ead ( acetate1 !  phosphate (
 iron be+ soluble to a consid]able ext5t
 9 ! acetic  acid lib]at$1 if acetate ( 
soda be employ$4 ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,jones#bbj 
gives  a process = ! prep>ation ( ?is   
syrup1 :i* consi/s 9 dissolv+  metallic 
iron 9 phosphoric acid & wat]1 & !n add+
 ! solution  to syrup4    ,footnote     
#bbj3 #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' #crd s]ies1 vol4
 v1 p4 #eda4    ,syrup ( ,phosphate (   
,iron1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri 
,,phosphatis  ,,compositus2 ,,p>ri%',s  
,,*emical ,,food2 ,,syrup ,,( ,,!       
,,comp\nd ,,phosphates2  ,,syrupus      
,,phosphaticus4 7,mr ,e4 ,p>ri%1 ,u4    
,s47 ,dissolve sulphate ( iron1 #aj     
dr41 9 boil+ wat]1 #b oz42 & phosphate (
 soda1 #ab dr41 9 boil+  wat]1 #d oz4   
,mix1 & wa% ! precipitat$ phosphate (   

iron4 ,dissolve  phosphate ( lime1 #ab  
dr41 9 #d oz4 ( boil+ wat]1 ) en\gh     
hydro*loric acid to make a cle>         
solution2 precipitate ) liquid  ammonia1
 & wa% precipitate4 ,add to ! fre%      
precipitates glacial  phosphoric acid1  
#bj dr41 dissolv$ 9 #d dr4 ( wat]2 :5   
cle>1 add  c>bonate ( soda1 #b scruples1
 & c>bonate ( potassa1 #a dr41 & !n     
suffici5t hydro*loric acid to dissolve !
 precipitate4 ,n[ add wat] to  make !   
solution measure #bb oz4 old measure1 & 
add p[d]$ co*9eal1  #b dr42 mix$ sug>1  
#cb troy oz42 apply heat1 &1 :5 ! syrup 
is  =m$1 /ra9 x & add orange-fl[] wat]1 
#a oz4----,dose4 ,a  teaspoonful4 ,9    
addition to phosphate ( iron & phosphate
 ( lime ?is  syrup conta9s small]       
quantities ( ! alkal9e phosphates4 ,mr  
,h[ie  po9ts out t ,p>ri% is incorrect 9
 /at+ t ?is syrup conta9s #a  gr4 (     
phosphate ( iron & #b-a_/b gr4 phosphate
 ( lime 9 ! fluid  dra*m1 if ?is /atem5t
 be comp>$ ) 8 =mula1 :i* by            
calculation w be f\nd to give #gae gr4 (

 phosphate ( iron & #b gr4  ( phosphate 
( lime = ! fluid dra*m1 ev5 if none ( ! 
=m] 7  wa/$ 9 ! process4 ,mr ,h[ie      
deprecates ! use ( hydro*loric acid     
sometimes _h rec\rse to 9 prep>+ !      
syrup1 & he adds t !  pure/ sug> only   
%\ld be us$1 & t made f beet-root %\ld  
be  c>efully avoid$4 ,see a valuable    
pap] by ,mr ,h[ie on ?is subject1       
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 vi1  
p4 #hjd4    ,syrup ( ,phosphate ( ,iron 
& ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus           
,,f]riphosphatis  ,,et ,,manganesii4    
,prep4 ,dissolve #f dr4 ( glacial       
phosphoric acid 9 a  small quantity (   
wat]1 add #gb gr4 ( phosphate ( iron1 & 
#dh gr4 (  phosphate ( manganese2 apply 
heat to dissolve1 !n add sug>1 #aj oz41 
& wat] up to measure ( #ab oz4----,dose1
 #a to #d dr4    ,syrup ( ,phosphate (  
,iron1 ) ,qu99e & ,/ry*nia4 ,syn4       
,,syrupus  ,,f]ri ,,phosphatis1 ,,cum   
,,qu9ia ,,et ,,/ry*nia4    ,syrup (     
,phosphate ( ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus
 ,,manganesii ,,phosphatis4  7,m4       

,hannon47 ,prep4 ,phosphate ( manganese1
 #a_/b dr42 _s ( tolu1 #c  oz4 #c dr2   
syrup ( b>k1 #e oz42 _s ( lemon peel1   
#a-a_/b dr42 p[d] (  tragacan?1 #aj gr4 
,mix quickly & pres]ve 9 a well-/opp]$  
bottle4    ,syrup ( ,phosphate ( ,qu99e4
 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,qu99i ,,phosphatis4  
,prep4 ,phosphate ( qu99e1 #if gr42     
wat]1 #ac-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrupy          
phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #b-a_/b
 fl4 dr42 syrup1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,mix !     
acid ) ! wat]1 add ! qu99e1 & filt] into
 ! syrup4    ,syrup ( ,phosphate ( ,z9c4
 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,z9ci ,,phosphatis4   
,prep4  ,phosphate ( z9c1 #aib gr42     
wat]1 #aa fl4 dr42 syrupy phosphoric    
acid 7sp4  gr4 #aejj71 #e fl4 dr42      
syrup1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,rub ! phosphate ) ! 
wat]1  add ! acid & filt] into ! syrup4 
,syrup ( ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,syn4       
,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,phosphorici4 ,prep4 
,phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aded71 #a_/b 
oz42 syrup1 #cb-a_/b oz4 7bo? by        
weight74 ,syrup ( raspb]ries may be     
sub/itut$ = simple syrup4    ,syrup (   

,pomegranate-root ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,corticis ,,radicis ,,granati4         
7,guibort47 ,prep4 ,obta9 f #a lb4 (    
p[d]$ b>k ( pomegranate root  #d lbs4 ( 
infusion by p]colation4 ,boil ?is )     
#bh-a_/b oz4 ( syrup till  r$uc$ to #b  
lbs4    ,syrup ( ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,syrup
 ,,( ,,:ite ,,poppies2 ,,syrupus        
,,papav]is 7,b4  ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471   
,s4 ,p4 ,,somnif]i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 
,p47 ,poppy capsules1  co>sely p[d]$1   
free f se$s1 #cf2 rectifi$ _s1 #af2     
ref9$  sug>1 #fd2 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 a 
suffici5cy2 mac]ate ! poppy  capsules 9 
#hj ( ! wat]4 ,infuse = #bd h\rs1 !n    
pack 9 a  p]colator1 &1 add+ m ( ! wat]1
 all[ ! liquor sl[ly to pass  until #cbj
 h be5 collect$ or ! poppies are        
exhau/$2 evaporate !  liquor by a wat]  
ba? until x is r$uc$ to #fj2 :5 q cold  
add !  _s2 let ! mixture /& = #ab h\rs &
 filt]4 ,di/il (f !  _s1 evaporate !    
rema9+ liquor to #dj1 & !n add ! sug>4  
,!  product %\ld weigh #ajd & measure   
#gh-c_/d4 ,sp4 gr4 #acb4----;,dose1 #a  

dr42  #aj to #bj m9ims = *ildr51        
increas+ cauti\sly4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,poppy-heads1 dri$1 bruis$1 & )\t ! se$1
 #c lbs42  boil+ wat]1 #e galls42 boil  
d[n to #b galls41 press out ! liquor1   
evaporate ! express$ liquid to #b qu>ts1
 /ra9 x :il/ hot1 & set  x aside = #ab  
h\rs2 next decant ! cle> portion f !    
fces1 boil  ?is d[n to #a qu>t1 &       
dissolve 9 x sug>1 #e lbs42 la/ly1 :5   
cold1  add ( rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz4    
8,ea* fl4 oz4 is equival5t to #a gr4 (  
dry extract40 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,d4   
#ahbf no _s is ord]$4    #c4            
7,:olesale47 ,extract ( poppies1 #a-a_/b
 lb42 boil+ wat]1 #b-a_/b  galls42      
dissolve1 cl>ify1 or filt]1 s t x may be
 p]fectly  transp>5t :5 cold1 !n add (  
:ite sug>1 #dd lbs41 & dissolve4        
,obs4 ,syrup ( poppies is anodyne &     
soporific4----,dose4 ,= an infant1      
#a_/d to #a_/b teaspoonful2 = an adult1 
#b to #d fl4 dr4 ,accord+ to ,m4        
,*]eau1 its t5d5cy to f]m5tation is     
prev5t$ by ! addition ( #cb  p>ts ( sug>

 ( milk to e #ajjj p>ts ( ! syrup4      
,syrup ( ,potassio-t>trate ( ,iron4     
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri                  
,,potassio-,,t>tratis4 ,prep4 ,dissolve 
#d dr4 ( potassio-t>trate ( iron 9  #d  
dr4 ( c9namon wat]1 & mix ! solution )  
#af oz4 ( syrup4    ,syrup (            
,pyrophosphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 
,,f]ri ,,pyrophosphatis4  7,p>ri%47     
,prep4 ,pyrophosphate ( iron 9 scales1  
#af gr42 syrup1 #a fl4  oz4    ,syrup ( 
,pyrophosphate ( ,iron & ,ammonia4 ,syn4
 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri  ,,pyrophosphatis ,,et
 ,,ammoni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4           
,pyrophosphate ( iron )  citrate (      
ammonia1 #a dr42 wat]1 #b dr42 syrup1   
#ab oz4    ,syrup ( ,qu99e ) ,c(fee4    
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,qu9i ,,cum ,,caffea4  
,prep4  ,prep>e #a-a_/b p9t ( cle>      
infusion f #d oz4 ( roa/$ c(fee2        
dissolve x 9 #e lbs4 ( ref9$ sug>1 & add
 to ! syrup #a-a_/b dr4 (  sulphate (   
qu99e dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 ) !     
addition ( a  few drops ( sulphuric     
acid4    ,syrup ( ,raspb]ry4 ,syn4      

,,syrupus ,,aceti ,,rubi ,,id,a4 7,p4   
,cod47 ,prep4  ,raspb]ry v9eg>1 #aj oz4 
7by weight72 sug>1 #ag-a_/b oz42 boil !m
  toge!r4    ,syrup ( ,r$ ,poppies4     
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rh,,ados 7,ph4 ,l4    
,e471 ,s4  ,,papav]is ,,rh,,ados1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,petals ( ! r$    
poppy1 #a lb42  boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mix 
9 a wat] ba?1 remove ! vessel1 mac]ate  
= #ab h\rs1 press out ! liquor1 &1 aft] 
defecation or filt]+1  complete !       
process z direct$ = ,,syrup ,,(         
,,co*9eal4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f dri$  
r$-poppy petals1 #c lbs12 boil+ wat]1 q4
 s42  :ite sug>1 #dd lbs42 z ! la/4     
,obs4 ,syrup ( r$ poppies is *iefly     
employ$ = its f9e r$ col\r4 ,a  little  
acid bright5s x4 ,! col\r is injur$ by  
contact ) iron1  copp]1 & all ! common  
metals4    ,syrup ( ,r$ ,roses4 ,syn4   
,,syrupus ,,ros 7,b4 ,p471 ,,syrupus    
,,ros ,,gallic  7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4    
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dri$ petals ( !  
r$ rose1 #b oz42  boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2   
pure sug>1 #bj oz42 z ! la/4    #b4     

7,ph4 ,d47 ,dri$ petals ( ! gallic rose1
 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2  boil 9 a  
glass or porcela9 vessel until ! col\r  
is extract$1 /ra9  ) expression1 &1 aft]
 defecation1 add to ! cle> decant$      
liquor  twice its weight ( :ite sug>4   
,a/r+5t & /oma*ic2 *iefly us$ z  an     
adjunct 9 mixtures1 c4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 
,dri$ rose petals1 #a2 ref9$ sug>1 #ae2 
boil+ di/ill$  wat]1 #aj2 infuse !      
petals 9 ! wat] #b h\rs1 squeeze ?r\gh  
calico1  heat ! liquor to ! boil+ po9t1 
& filt]2 add ! sug> &  dissolve ) heat4 
,! product %\ld weigh #bc & measure     
#ag-a_/d4 ,sp4  gr4 #acce4----;,dose1 #a
 to #b dr4    ,syrup ( ,rhatany4 ,syn4  
,,syrupus ,,kram]i4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z syrup
 (  cate*u4    ,syrup ( ,rhub>b4 ,syn4  
,,syrupus ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 #a4  
7,b4 ,p474  ,rhub>b1 9 co>se p[d]1 #b2  
cori&] fruit1 9 p[d]1 #b2 ref9$  sug>1  
#bd2 rectifi$ _s1 #h2 di/ill$ wat]1 #bd2
 mix ! rhub>b &  cori&]1 pack !m 9 a    
p]colator1 pass ! _s & wat]1  previ\sly 
mix$1 sl[ly ?r\gh !m1 evaporate ! liquid

 t has  pass$ until x is r$uc$ to #ac1 &
 9 ?is1 aft] x has be5 filt]$1  dissolve
 ! sug> ) a g5tle heat4----,dose1 #a to 
#d dr4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bruis$       
rhub>b1 #c oz42 cold wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 
mac]ate =  #ab h\rs1 filt]1 & add ( :ite
 sug>1 #cb oz4    #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47    
,take ( rectifi$ _s1 #h fl4 oz42 wat]1  
#bd fl4 oz42  rhub>b 7co>sely p[d]$71 #b
 oz42 7mix$ )7 s&1 an equal bulk1 or  q4
 s42 make a t9cture by p]colation1      
evaporate ?is1 ov] a wat] ba?1  to #ac  
fl4 oz41 & dissolve x 9 #b lbs4 ( :ite  
sug>4 ,an excell5t  =mula4    #d4       
7,:olesale47 ,rhub>b 7bruis$71 #a-c_/d  
lb42 cold wat]1 q4 s42 sug>1 #bj  lbs42 
z ,no4 #a4 ,/oma*ic &                   
purgative4----,dose4 ,= an infant1 #a_/b
 to #a  teaspoonful2 = an adult1 #a_/b  
to #c_/d fl4 oz41 or m4    ,syrup (     
,rhub>b & ,s5na4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhei 
,,et ,,s5n4 7,ph4 ,e41  #agde47 ,prep4  
,rhub>b1 #a oz42 s5na1 #b oz42 f5nel    
se$1 #b dr42 c9namon1  #b dr42 boil+    
wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 

/ra91 & boil  ) #c lbs4 ( sug> to a     
syrup4    ,syrup ( ,rhub>b 7,splic$74   
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhei ,,aromaticus1 ,l4
 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,rhub>b1 #b-a_/b
 oz42 cloves & c9namon1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42
  nutmeg1 #a_/d oz4 7all bruis$72 pro(  
_s1 #cb fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #ad  days 7or
 p]colate71 /ra91 g5tly evaporate to #af
 fl4 oz41 filt] :il/  hot1 & mix !      
liquid ) simple syrup 7g5tly w>m$71     
#d-c_/d p9ts4 ,a  cordial               
laxative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a         
teaspoonful2 9 infantile  con/ipation1  
di>rha1 c4    ,syrup ( ,roses4 ,syn4    
,,syrupus ,,ros 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,syrupus   
,,ros ,,c5tifoli  7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ petals ( damask   
roses 7,rosa  c5tifolia71 #g oz42 boil+ 
wat]1 #c p9ts2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1      
filt]1 evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to #a     
qu>t1 & add ( :ite sug>1 #f  lbs42 &1 :5
 cold1 rectifi$ _s1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4     
#b4 7,:olesale47 ,f rose leaves1 #a lb42
 sug>1 #ai lbs42 wat]1 q4 s42 z  ! la/4 
,g5tly laxative4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a  

fl4 oz4 ,x is usual to add a  few drops 
( dilute sulphuric acid1 to bright5 !   
col\r4 ,alkalies turn  x gre54    ,syrup
 ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rut1 ,l4     
,prep4 ,take ( oil ( rue1 #ab to  #ae   
drops2 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b fl4 oz42      
dissolve1 & add x to simple  syrup1 #a  
p9t4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 
9 ! flatul5t colic (  *ildr54 ,an       
infusion ( #a_/b oz4 ( ! h]b is         
sometimes sub/itut$ =  ! solution ( !   
ess5tial oil4    ,syrup ( ,saffron4     
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,croci 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hay   
saffron1 #e dr4 7#aj dr4----,ph4 ,e2    
#a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,d472 boil+  wat]1 #a 
p9t2 mac]ate 9 a cov]$ vessel = #ab     
h\rs1 !n /ra9 !  liquor1 & add ( :ite   
sug>1 #c lbs41 q4 s41 & rectifi$ _s1    
#b-a_/b  fl4 oz41 or q4 s4 9 ! mann]    
direct$ "u ,,syrup ,,( ,,co*9eal4 ,!    
,ph4  ,e4  ,d4 omit ! _s4    #b4        
7,:olesale47 ,hay saffron1 #f oz42 boil+
 wat]1 #f qu>ts2 :ite sug>1  #bd lbs42 z
 ! la/4 ,us$ = its col\r & flav\r2 !    

fir/ is v  beautiful4    ,syrup (       
,salic94 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,salic9i4     
,prep4 ,salic91 #a dr42  boil+ wat]1 #a 
oz42 sug>1 #b oz4    ,syrup ( ,santonate
 ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sod         
,,santonatis4 ,?is =mula  is recomm5d$  
because ( ! adaptability ( its          
adm9i/ration to  *ildr52 ! syrup be+ ( v
 pleasant ta/e4 ,x is made z            
foll[s3----,p[d]$ santonate ( soda1 #e  
grams2 simple syrup1 #ijj grams2  syrup 
( orange fl[]1 #ajj grams4 ,susp5d !    
santonate 9 #bej grams (  ! syrup1 &    
heat x ov] a _s-lamp until dissolv$2 add
 !  rema9d] ( ! syrup1 !n ! syrup (     
orange fl[]1 & mix  c>efully4 ,a        
tablespoonful or #bj grams ( ?is syrup w
 conta9 #aj  c5tigrams ( santonate1 or !
 equival5t ( #e c5tigrams ( santon94  ,=
 adults ! dose might be d\ble1 or a     
syrup made conta9+ #bj  c5tigrams to !  
tablespoonful4    ,syrup ( ,s>sap>illa4 
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,s>z 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471  
,,syrupus  ,,s>sap>ill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,take ( s>sap>illa 7slic$71  

#c-a_/b  lbs42 boil x 9 wat]1 #b galls41
 d[n to "o half2 p\r (f ! liquor1  &    
/ra9 x :il/ hot2 aga9 boil ! s>sap>illa4
 9 ano!r gall4 (  wat] d[n to "o half1 &
 /ra92 evaporate ! mix$ liquors to #a   
qu>t1 & 9 ^! dissolve ( :ite sug>1 #h   
oz42 la/ly1 :5 ! syrup  has cool$1 add  
to x ( rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,s>sap>illa 
7slic$71 #ae oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a  gall42
 mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 boil to #b qu>ts1  
/ra91 add ( sug>1 #ae  oz41 & boil to a 
syrup4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,take (      
extract ( s>sap>illa1 #c lbs42 boil+    
wat]1 #c  qu>ts2 dissolve1 /ra91 & add (
 :ite sug>1 #ab lbs4 ,alt]ative &       
tonic4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,see      
,,s>sap>illa4    ,syrup ( ,s>sap>illa1  
,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,s>z         
,,compositus1 ,l42  ,,syrop ,,de        
,,cuis9i]1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47   
,s>sap>illa 7bruis$71 #b  lbs42 guaiacum
 wood1 rasp$1 #c oz2 damask roses1 s5na1
 & liquorice  root1 bruis$1 ( ea* #b    
oz42 dilut$ alcohol 7pro( _s71 #aj w9e  

p9ts 7#a gall4 imp]ial72 mac]ate = #ad  
days1 express1 filt] ?r\gh  pap]1 &     
evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to #d w9e p9ts   
7#c-a_/d p9ts1  imp]ial72 !n add ( :ite 
sug>1 #h lbs42 &1 :5 cold1 fur!r add (  
oils ( sassafras & anise$1 ( ea* #e     
drops1 & oil ( p>tridge b]ry  7,gaul!ria
 procumb5s71 #c drops1 previ\sly        
triturat$ ) a little (  ! syrup4        
,obs4 ,?is is an excell5t prep>ation2 b 
! rose leaves might be well             
omitt$4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #c or #d
 times a day1 z an alt]ative1 tonic1  & 
re/orative4 ,! syrup ( ! ,p4 ,cod4 is   
made ) wat] in/ead (  _s1 & is inf]ior z
 a rem$y to ! prec$+4    ,syrup (       
,s>sap>illa1 ,iodurett$4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus
 ,,s>s ,,iodureti4  7,ricord47 ,prep4   
,syrup ( s>sap>illa1 #ca p>ts2 iodide ( 
potassium1 #a  "p4    ,syrup ( ,s5ega4  
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,s5eg4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4
 ,s5ega 9  mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #d troy  
oz42 sug>1 #ae troy oz42 pro( _s1 #b    
p9ts 7o4 m47 ,introduce ! s5ega into a  
p]colator & p\r on ! pro(  _s2 :5 f9i%$1

 evaporate ! p]colate by a wat] ba? at  
#afj ,f4  to #h oz4 7o4 m472 filt]1 add 
! sug>1 dissolve by a g5tle heat1 &     
/ra9 :il/ hot4    ,syrup ( ,s5na4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,s5n 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4      
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take (
 s5na1 #c-a_/b oz42 f5nel se$ 7bruis$71 
#aj dr42  boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = 
#f h\rs1 ) a g5tle heat2 !n  /rongly    
press out ! liquid ?r\gh l951 & dissolve
 9 x ( manna1  #c oz42 next add ?is     
solution to treacle1 #c lbs41 previ\sly 
evaporat$  ov] a wat] ba? until a little
 ( x1 on be+ cool$1 almo/ concretes1  & 
/ir !m well toge!r4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47   
,s5na1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #bd fl4 oz42 
infuse1 /ra91 add  ( treacle1 #dh oz41 &
 evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4        
,ap]i5t4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4    #c4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,s5na1 brok5 small1 #h oz42   
oil ( cori&]1 #d-a_/b m9ims2  ref9$     
sug>1 #ab oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #ej oz42 or
 a suffici5cy2  rectifi$ _s1 #a oz42    
dige/ ! s5na 9 #c_/d ( ! wat] tw5ty-f\r 
h\rs at a temp]ature ( #abj1 press1 &   

/ra92 dige/ ! m>c 9 !  rema9d] ( ! wat] 
six h\rs1 press1 & /ra92 evaporate !    
mix$  liquors to #e oz42 :5 cold add !  
rectifi$ _s conta9+ ! oil (  cori&]2    
filt]1 & wa% ! filt] ) wat] to make up  
to #h oz42 add  ! sug>1 & dissolve )    
g5tle heat4 ,! product %\ld weigh #ba   
oz41  & measure #af oz4 ,sp4 gr4        
#acaj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    ,syrup
 ( ,s5na ) ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,s5n
 ,,cum ,,manna4 7,ph4 ,g47  ,prep4      
,infuse #aj oz4 ( s5na leaves & #a oz4 (
 bruis$ f5nel se$s  = "s h\rs 9 #bje    
p9ts ( hot wat]2 /ra91 & dissolve 9 !   
/ra9$ liquor #ae oz4 ( manna4 ,p\r (f   
#e-a_/b oz4 7by weight7 ( liquid  f !   
s$im5t1 & dissolve x 9 #c lbs4 #b oz4 ( 
sug>4    ,syrup1 ,simple4 ,syn4         
,,syrupus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,syrupus
 ,,simplex 7,ph4 ,e4   ,d471 ,l4    #a4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ite sug>1 #c lbs42 di/ill$ 
wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve by a  g5tle heat4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47     
,pure sug>1 #aj lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #c    
p9ts4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ref9$ sug> 79  

p[d]----cru%$71 #e lbs42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#a  qu>t4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ref9$ sug>1 
#f2 di/ill$ wat]1 #c2 dissolve ! sug> 9 
!  wat] ) ! aid ( heat1 & :5 cool add   
wat] to make ! product  weigh #i &      
measure v ne>ly #g4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4      
#e4 7,:olesale47 ,f9e/ d\ble ref9$ sug>1
 #dd lbs42 di/ill$ wat]1  #b-c_/d gall42
 make a syrup4    ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation 
%\ld be z :ite & transp>5t z wat]4 ,us$ 
z capillaire1 c41 & to give cohesiv5ess 
& consi/5ce to  pulv]ul5t sub/ances 9 ! 
prep>ation ( electu>ies1 pills1 c4      
,syrup ( ,snails4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,limacibus 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,v9e     
snails1  depriv$ ( _! %ells & ( ! black 
portions1 & cut up1 #b oz42  wa% 9 cold 
wat] & !n boil ) #aj oz4 ( wat] to #g   
oz42 !n add  #aj oz4 ( sug>4    ,syrup (
 ,soap ,wort4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sapon>i4
 ,f ! root1 ! same z  syrup ( coltsfoot4
    ,syrup ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus  
,,scill 7,b4 ,h41 ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4   
,prep4  #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,v9eg> ( squills1
 #c p9ts2 :ite sug> 79 p[d]71 #g lbs42  

dissolve by a g5tle heat4    #b4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,v9eg> ( squills1 #h fl4 oz42 ref9$
 sug> 79 p[d]71 #a  lb42 dissolve4      
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,v9eg> ( squills1 #bj2    
ref9$ sug>1 #dj2 dissolve ) !  aid (    
heat4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4    #d4  
7,:olesale47 ,take ( v9eg> ( squills    
7p]fectly transp>5t71 #ad  lbs42 d\ble  
ref9$ sug>1 #bh lbs42 dissolve 9 a      
/onew>e vessel1 9  ! cold1 or at mo/ by 
a v g5tle heat4    ,obs4 ,?is syrup1 l !
 la/1 %\ld be z cle> z wat]1 & ne>ly    
col\rless4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 z
 an expectorant2 9 *ronic c\ghs  &      
a/hma4 ,9 l>ge doses x proves emetic4   
,syrup ( ,squills1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4      
,,hive ,,syrup2 ,,syrupus ,,scill       
,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 
,squills & s5ega1 ( ea*1 bruis$1 #e     
oz42 wat]1 #a_/b gall42 boil to a qu>t2 
add ( sug>1 #d-a_/b lbs42  evaporate to 
#c p9ts1 or a prop] consi/5ce1 &        
dissolve 9 x1 :il/  hot1 (              
potassio-t>trate ( antimony 79 p[d]71 #a
 dr4    ,obs4 ,?is syrup is a popul>    

expectorant 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 :]e x is kn[n  
z hive syrup4----,dose4 ,z an           
expectorant1 #bj to #cj drops1 = adults2
 =  *ildr51 #e to #aj drops2 9 cr\p1 #aj
 drops to #a_/b fl4 dr41 repeat$ until  
x vomits4    ,syrup ( ,/9k+ ,hellebore4 
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hellebori ,f,,tidi4   
,prep4  ,spr9kle ! fre% leaves ( be>'s  
foot ) v9eg>1 & express !  juice4 ,boil 
?is ) twice its weight ( sug>4    ,syrup
 ( ,/ramonium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus          
,,/ramonii4 ,f ! t9cture z  syrup (     
belladonna4    ,syrup ( ,/ry*nia4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,/ry*ni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,! ,p>is
 ,codex  ord]s a syrup conta9+ #a_/d gr4
 ( sulphate ( /ry*nia 9 #ajjj gr4 (     
syrup4    ,syrup1 ,sudorific4 ,syn4     
,,syrupus ,,sudorificus4 7,foy47        
,s>sap>illa1 #f  oz42 guaiacum rasp+s1  
#f oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts4 ,mac]ate = #bd   
h\rs1  evaporate to #a-a_/b p9t2 /ra91 &
 make into a syrup ) #b-a_/b lbs4 (     
sug>4    ,syrup ( ,sulphate ( ,iron4    
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,f]ri ,,sulphatis4     
7,willis47  ,prep4 ,sulphate ( iron1 #a 

dr42 wat]1 #b dr42 syrup1 #af oz4       
,syrup ( ,sulphate ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4      
,,syrupus ,,qu99 ,,sulphatis4 7,p4      
,cod47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #cj gr4 (       
sulphate ( qu99e 9 #d dr4 ( wat]1  )    
#a_/b dr4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & mix
 ! solution ) #ac oz4 (  :ite syrup4    
,syrup ( ,sulphuret ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 
,,syrupus ,,potassii ,,sulphureti4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,prep4 ,liv] ( sulphur1 #h gr42  
wat]1 #af gr42 syrup1 #a oz4    ,syrup (
 ,sup]phosphate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus
 ,,f]ri-,,sup]phosphatis4  7,mr         
,gre5i%47 ,prep4 ,sup]phosphate ( iron1 
#b scruples2 simple syrup1 #a  fl4 oz4  
,syrup1 ,symphytic4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus     
,,symphyti2 ,,boyle',s ,,syrup4 7,ph4   
,e4 #agde47  ,prep4 ,fre% comfrey root1 
#a_/b lb42 planta9 leaves1 #a_/b lb42   
bruise1  express ! juice1 boil to half1 
& make a syrup ) an equal weight (      
sug>4    ,syrup ( ,tann94 ,syn4         
,,syrupus ,,tann9i4 7,foy47 ,prep4      
,tann91 #b oz42  wat]1 #af oz42 sug>1   
#cb oz4    ,syrup ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus

 ,,picis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,t> wat]1  
#e-a_/d  oz42 sug>1 #aj oz4 ,dissolve by
 wat] ba?1 & filt] ?r\gh pap]4    ,syrup
 ( ,t>t>ic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus       
,,acidi ,,t>t>ici4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,prep4  
,t>t>ic acid1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b oz12     
sug>1 #f lbs4 #a oz4 ,dissolve  9 !     
cold4    ,syrup ( ,t>trate ( ,manganese4
 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,manganesii           
,,t>tratis4  ,made ) t>trate (          
manganese1 z syrup ( malate ( manganese4
    ,syrup ( ,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic    
,,syrup2 ,,syrupus ,,tolutanus 7,b4 ,p41
 ,ph4 ,l41  ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,balsam ( ,tolu1 #aj dr4 7#a 
oz4----,ph4 ,d472  boil+ di/ill$ wat]1  
#a p9t2 boil 9 a cov]$ vessel = #a_/b an
 h\r1  frequ5tly /irr+1 !n cool1 /ra91 &
 dissolve 9 ! liquor sug>1  #b-a_/b lbs4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,simple syrup 7w>m71 
#b lbs42 t9cture ( ,tolu1 #a oz42 mix by
  degrees1 & agitate !m briskly toge!r 9
 a clos$ vessel4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47       
,balsam ( ,tolu1 #a-a_/d2 sug>1 #cb2    
wat]1 #bj2 boil ! balsam  half an h\r1  

add+ wat] :5 requir$2 :5 cold make up to
 #af1 filt]1  add ! sug>1 & dissolve4 ,!
 product weighs #dh & measures #cf4 ,sp4
  gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4     
#d4 7,:olesale47 ,to w>m wat]1 #bc lbs41
 add t9cture ( ,tolu1 gradually1  until 
x w be> no m )\t becom+ opaque2 !n cork 
d[n !  bottle1 & occasionally agitate   
until cold2 :5 q cold1 filt] x  ?r\gh   
pap]1 & add ( ! f9e/ d\ble-ref9$ sug>1  
#dd lbs42  la/ly1 promote ! solution1 9 
a clos$ vessel1 by a g5tle heat1 9 a    
wat] ba?4    ,obs4 ,?is syrup %\ld be   
cle> & col\rless z wat]2 b1 z met  ) 9 !
 %ops1 x is usually milky4 ,x is /range 
t ! ,london  ,college %\ld h omitt$ f _!
 =mula ! usual addition (  rectifi$ _s1 
al?\gh ?is syrup1 p]haps m ?an any o!r1 
w\ld  be b5efit$ by x4    ,syrup ( ,tolu
 is pectoral & balsamic4    ,syrup (    
,val]ian4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,val]ian4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,infuse #a  lb4 (    
bruis$ val]ian 9 #d lbs4 ( boil+ wat] = 
six h\rs2 /ra91  & press2 !n p\r ^u !   
m>c #b lbs4 m ( boil+ wat]1 or q4 s4  s 

z to obta9 #d-a_/b lbs4 ( infusion1     
includ+ ! product ( ! fir/  infusion2   
filt]1 & add #a lb4 ( val]ian wat]1 & !n
 dissolve 9  x1 by ! aid ( a wat] ba?1  
#aj lbs4 ( sug>4    ,syrup ( ,vanilla4  
,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,vanill4 ,prep4        
,vanilla1 #b oz42 :ite  sug>1 #ah oz42  
wat]1 #i oz4 ,beat ! vanilla ) a few    
drops ( _s1  !n ) "p ( ! sug>1 & wat]1  
q4 s4 to =m a s(t pa/e2 add  ! re/ ( !  
sug> & wat]1 & dige/ = #ah or #bj h\rs 9
 a glass  vessel plac$ 9 a wat] ba?4    
,/ra9 & cl>ify ) :ite ( egg if  requir$4
    ,syrup1 ,velno's ,vegetable4        
,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is & ,sir ,b4        
,brodie1 ?is  celebrat$ no/rum is prep>$
 z foll[s3----,"y & fre% burdock root1  
slic$1 #b oz42 d&elion root1 #a oz42    
fre% spe>m9t1 s5na1 cori&]  se$1 &      
bruis$ liquorice root1 ( ea* #a-a_/b    
dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2  boil d[n g5tly 
to a p9t1 /ra91 add ( lump sug>1 #a lb41
 boil to a  syrup2 &1 la/ly1 add a small
 quantity ( corrosive sublimate1        
previ\sly dissolv$ 9 a little _s4 ,us$ z

 an alt]ative &  purifi] ( ! blood4     
,syrup ( ,v9eg>4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus        
,,aceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take (  
v9eg> 7,fr5*1 9 pref]5ce71 #aa fl oz42  
:ite sug>1 #ad oz42 & make  a           
syrup4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #a fl4 oz42 z
 an expectorant1 9 c\ghs &  colds1 or   
diffus$ ?r\gh any mild dilu5t1 z a dr9k 
9 fev]s4 ,a m  agreeable prep>ation is t
 ( ! ,p4 ,cod41 made by dissolv+ #cj    
p>ts  ( sug> 9 #af p>ts ( raspb]ry      
v9eg>4    ,syrup ( ,violets4 ,syn4      
,,syrupus ,,viol>um1 ,,syrupus ,,viol   
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l47 ,mac]ate violet fl[]s1 #i oz41 9   
boil+ wat]1 #a  p9t1 = twelve h\rs1 !n  
press1 /ra91 & set aside ! liquid1 t  ! 
fces may subside2 aft]w>ds complete !   
process ) sug>1 #c lbs41  & rectifi$ _s1
 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 7or z mu* ( ea* z may  
be  necess>y71 9 ! way :i* has be5 ord]$
 conc]n+ syrup (  co*9eal4    #b4 7,ph4 
,e47 ,fre% violets1 #a lb42 boil+ wat]1 
#b-a_/b p9ts2 infuse =  #bd h\rs 9 a    
cov]$ vessel ( glass or e>!nw>e1 /ra9 (f

 !  liquor 7) g5tle pressure71 filt]1 & 
dissolve 9 ! liquid :ite  sug>1 #g-a_/b 
lbs4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f d\ble-ref9$ 
:ite sug>1 #ff lbs42  #8an?okyan1'#bba  
#aa lbs42 wat]1 #bb lbs41 or q4 s42     
dissolve 9  e>!nw>e4    ,footnote #bba3 
,! express$ juice ( violets1 defecat$1  
g5tly heat$ 9  e>!nw>e to #aib ,fahr41  
!n skimm$1 cool$1 & filt]$2 a little  _s
 is next add$1 & ! next day ! comp\nd is
 aga9 filt]$4    ,uses4 ,syrup ( violets
 is g5tly laxative4----,dose4 ,= an     
infant1 a  teaspoonful4    ,obs4 ,g5u9e 
syrup ( violet has a lively violet-blue 
col\r1 is  r$d5$ by acids1 turn$ gre5 by
 alkalies1 & bo? smells & ta/es (  !    
fl[]s4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ z a te/4 ,a  
spuri\s sort is met )  9 ! %ops1 :i* is 
col\r$ ) litmus1 & slightly sc5t$ )     
orris root4 ,! pure/ sug>1 p]fectly free
 f ei!r acid or alkal9e  contam9ation1  
%\ld alone be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is 
syrup4 ,!  ,ph4 ,e4 ord]s ! infusion to 
be /ra9$ )\t pressure2 & ! ,p4  ,cod41 &
 "s o!r ,ph41 direct ! fl[]s to be fir/ 

wa%$ 9 cold  wat]4    ,syrup ( ,wild    
,*]ry ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,primi     
,,virg9ian4 7,u4 ,s47  ,prep4 ,moi/5 #e 
troy4 oz4 ( co>sely p[d]$ b>k ( wild    
*]ry &  wat]2 let x /& #bd h\rs1 !n put 
x into a p]colator1 add+ wat]  till #af 
oz4 7o4 m47 ( liquid are obta9$4 ,to ?is
 add #b-a_/d troy lbs4 (  sug> 9 a      
bottle & agitate until x is dissolv$4   
,syrup1 ,wilks'4 ,see ,,syrup ,,(       
,,g>lic1 ,,comp\nd4    ,syrup (         
,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,abs9?ii1   
,l42 ,,sirop ,d',,abs9!1 ,fr4  ,prep4   
7,p4 ,cod47 ,tops ( wormwood 7dri$71 #a 
"p2 boil+ wat]1 #h  p>ts2 infuse = #ab  
h\rs1 /ra91 ) expression1 & dissolve 9 !
  liquor twice its weight ( sug>4       
,bitt]1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4----,dose1 #a  
to #c fl4 dr4    ,syrups = ,a]at$       
,wat]s4 #a4 a4 ,lemon                   
,syrup4----,dissolve #a oz4 (  citric   
acid 9 #d oz4 ( wat]1 & add to #i p9ts (
 simple syrup2 also  add #d fl4 oz4 (   
mucilage ( acacia & half a fluid ounce (
 t9cture (  lemon4    b4 ,grate (f !    

yell[ r9d ( lemons & beat x up ) a      
suffici5t  quantity ( granulat$ sug>4   
,express ! lemon-juice2 add to ea* p9t (
  juice #a p9t ( wat] & #c-a_/b lbs4 (  
granulat$ sug>1 includ+ t  rubb$ up by !
 r9d4 ,w>m until ! sug> is dissolv$1 &  
/ra94    c4 ,dissolve #f dr4 ( t>t>ic   
acid & #a oz4 ( gum ,arabic 9 pieces 9  
#a gallon ( simple syrup1 !n flav\r )   
#a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( be/ oil (  lemon4 ,or 
flav\r ) ! saturat$ t9cture ( ! peel 9  
,cologne  spirits4    #b4 a4 ,orange    
,syrup4 ,to be prep>$ f ! fruit 9 ! same
 mann]  z b1 ,lemon ,syrup4    b4       
,dissolve #f dr4 ( citric acid 9 #a     
gall4 ( simple syrup1 & add #b  fl4 dr4 
( fre% oil ( orange 9 #b oz4 ( alcohol1 
or1 in/ead ( !  alcohol solution ( !    
oil1 use ! saturat$ t9cture1 obta9$ by  
mac]at+ ! fre% peel = t5 days 9         
suffici5t ,cologne spirits to  cov]4 ,! 
lemon & orange syrups made f ! fruit1   
aft] be+  /ra9$1 may be dilut$ ) an     
equal bulk ( simple syrup4 ,"o doz5 (  !
 fruit is suffici5t to make #a gallon ( 

f9i%$ syrup4    #c4 ,vanilla ,syrup4    
,see ,,syrup4    #d4 ,syrup ( ,c(fee4   
,see ,,syrup4    #e4 ,/rawb]ry &        
,raspb]ry ,syrups4 ,ma% ! fre% fruit1   
express !  juice1 & to ea* qu>t add     
#c-a_/b lbs4 ( granulat$ sug>4 ,! juice1
  heat$ to #ahj ,fahr4 & /ra9$ or filt]$
 previ\s to dissolv+ !  sug>1 w keep =  
an indef9ite "t4 ,see also ,,/rawb]ry   
,,ess5ce1  ,,factiti\s4    #f4          
,p9e-apple ,syrup4 ,express$ juice (    
p9e-apple1 #a p9t2 sug>1 #b  lbs4 ,boil 
g5tly1 & :5 cold1 filt]4    #g4 ,nect>  
,syrup4 ,mix #c p>ts ( vanilla syrup )  
#a ea* ( p9e-apple  & lemon syrup4      
#h4 ,%]bet ,syrup4 ,mix equal p>ts (    
orange1 p9e-apple1 & vanilla  syrup4    
#i4 ,grape ,syrup4 ,mix #a_/b p9t (     
br&y1 #a_/d oz4 ( t9cture ( lemon1  &   
suffici5t t9cture ( r$ s&]s1 ) #a gall4 
( syrup4    #aj4 ,cream ,syrup4 ,cond5s$
 milk1 #a p9t2 wat]1 #a p9t2 sug>1      
#a-a_/b lb4  ,heat to boil+1 & /ra94    
#aa4 ,org5t ,syrup4 ,cream syrup &      
vanilla syrup1 ( ea* #a p9t2 oil (      

bitt] almonds1 #d m9ims4    #ab4 ,g+]   
,syrup4 ,syrup1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 ess5ce 
( g+] 7#a "p (  g+] to #d ( _s71 #a_/b  
oz4    #ac4 ,syrup ( ,*ocolate4         
,*ocolate1 #h oz42 syrup1 suffici5t2    
wat]1 #a_/b  p9t2 :ite ( #a egg4 ,grate 
! *ocolate & rub x 9 a mort> ) !  egg4  
,:5 ?or\ghly mix$1 add ! wat] gradually1
 & triturate till a  uni=m mixture is   
obta9$4 ,f9ally1 add syrup to #d p9ts1 &
 /ra94      ,,taba%e]4 ,a deposit *iefly
 compos$ ( silica1 f\nd 9 ! jo9ts (  !  
bamboo4 ,:5 dry x is opaque1 b possesses
 ! prop]ty ( becom+  transp>5t :5 plac$ 
9 wat]4 ,its deposition 9 ! nodes &     
jo9ts  ( ! bamboo appe>s to be due to a 
diseas$ condition ( ^! p>ts4  ,taba%e]  
is mu* & unduly priz$ by ! natives (    
,india z a tonic &  con/itutional       
re/orative1 & is *ew$ mix$ ) betel4 ,x  
has !  lea/ refractive p[] on light (   
any body kn[n4    ,,tabes ,,dorsalis4 ,a
 disease ( ! po/]ior column ( ! sp9al   
cord1  result+ 9 incoord9ation ( !      
movem5ts ( ! legs1 sometimes  spread+ to

 ! upp] limbs1 s t ! pati5t 9 walk+ ?r[s
 out  ! legs ) a j]k1 & br+s !m d[n     
viol5tly ^u ! heels4 ,su*  pati5ts are  
popul>ly call$ 8,/amp]s40               
,,tablettes4 ,fr4 ,see ,,loz5ges &      
,,savonettes4    ,,tacamahaca4 ,! res9\s
 sub/ance kn[n by ?is "n1 is believ$ to 
be  obta9$ f ! ,fag>a oct&ra 7( ,l9nu71 
a l>ge tree gr[+ 9  ! isl& ( ,curaoa & 9
 ,v5ezuela4 ,! juice1 :i* exudes f !    
tree spontane\sly1 becomes h>d ^u       
exposure4 ,! comm]cial article  v>ies   
greatly 9 size1 sometimes occurr+ 9     
irregul>-%ap$ pieces (  "o or two in*es 
9 diamet]1 :il/ at o!rs x is met ) no   
l>g]  ?an a mu/>d se$4 ,! pieces are    
usually ( a r$di%-br[n or light  yell[  
col\r4 ,!y h a res9\s agreeable od\r1 ) 
a balsamic1  bitt]1 slightly acrid ta/e4
 ,tacamahaca dissolves p>tially 9       
alcohol1  & entirely s 9 e!r & fix$     
oils4 ,x is compos$ ( res9 & a  little  
volatile oil4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties (
 ?is sub/ance4 ,at "o  "t ,tacamahaca   
enjoy$ a high reputation z an int]nal   

rem$y =  ur9>y & scorbutic affections4  
,x is n[ only occasionally employ$ 9    
m$ic9e z an +r$i5t 9 o9tm5ts & pla/]4   
,sometimes x ent]s  into ! composition (
 inc5se4 ,9 prop]ties x is v simil> to !
  turp5t9es4    ,,taf,,fetas4 ,pla/]s on
 silk are occasionally s call$4 ,=      
,,taffetas  ,,anglicum1 see ,,c\rt      
,,pla/]2 = ,,taffetas ,,vesicans1 see   
,,vesicants4    ,,talc4 ,syn4 ,,foliat$ 
,,talc2 ,,ubruc4 ,a transp>5t1 foliat$1 
silice\s  magnesian m9]al1 flexible1 b n
 ela/ic1 f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 !  ,tyrol1 &   
else:]e4 ,x is us$ z a cosmetic1 to     
imp>t a silky  :it5ess to ! sk92 also 9 
! composition ( r\ge vgtal1 & to  give a
 fle%-l poli% to alaba/] figures4 ,a    
second & h>d] species  ( ?is m9]al      
7,,fr5* ,,*alk1 ,,soap/one1 ,,/eatite2  
,,creta ,,gallica7 is  employ$ z a      
crayon by c>p5t]s1 glazi]s1 & tailors1 &
 =ms !  boot-p[d] ( ! boot-mak]s4 ,writ+
 execut$ ) x on glass1 ev5  aft] be+    
app>5tly remov$ by friction1 becomes    
aga9 visible :5  brea!d ^u4    ,,tal,,l[

 & o!r fats are commonly purifi$ by     
melt+ !m along )  wat]1 pass+ ! mix$    
fluids ?r\gh a sieve1 & lett+ ! :ole    
cool sl[ly1 :5 a cake ( cleans$ fat is  
obta9$4----,ano!r plan is to  keep !    
tall[ melt$ = "s "t1 along ) ab\t #b (  
oil (  vitriol1 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1   
employ+ con/ant agitation1 &  all[+ !   
:ole to cool sl[ly2 !n to remelt ! cake 
) a l>ge  quantity ( hot wat]1 & to wa% 
x well4----,ano!r me?od is to bl[  /eam 
= "s "t ?r\gh ! melt$ fat4 ,by ei!r ?is 
or !  prec$+ process a :ite h>d tall[   
may be obta9$4----,"s p]sons add a      
little nitre to ! melt$ fat1 &1         
aft]w>ds1 a little dilute nitric or     
sulphuric acid1 or a solution (         
bisulphate ( pota%4 ,o!rs boil ! fat    
along ) wat] & a little dilute nitric or
 *romic acid1 or a mixture  ( bi*romate 
( pota% & sulphuric acid2 & aft]w>ds wa%
 x  ?or\ghly ) wat]4 ,^! me?ods answ]   
well = ! tall[ or mix$  fats ( :i*      
ord9>y c&les are made4    ,tall[ conv]t$
 into /e>ic acid by saponification is   

readily h>d5$  & blea*$1 if mod]ately   
pure4 ,a mixture compos$ ( #a "p (      
oxalic  acid & #bjjj p>ts ( wat] is     
suffici5t to blea* #ajjj p>ts ( /e>ic   
acid4 ,! mode ( op]at+ is z             
foll[s3----,?r[ ! /e>ic acid1 cut  into 
small pieces1 into a vessel ( cold wat]1
 & turn on /eam2 z soon  z x has melt$ &
 assum$ a turbid appe>ance1 add !       
solution (  oxalic acid1 & boil !       
mixture4 ,aft] boil+ = #c_/d h\r1 long  
?reads appe> 9 ! liquid2 ! liquid       
itself1 :i* previ\sly 0 ( a  greyi%     
col\r1 becomes black1 & ! ?reads unite  
toge!r4 ,! boil+  mu/ n[ be discont9u$1 
& ! cont5ts ( ! vessel1 hav+ be5  all[$ 
to settle = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 mu/ be    
drawn (f into !  cool]s4    ,z comm]cial
 /e>ic acid frequ5tly conta9s           
undecompos$ tall[1 z  well z v>i\s =eign
 matt]s1 ?is process is occasionally    
unsuccessful4 ,to obviate ! inconv5i5ces
 connect$ ) ! use ( ?is  impure mat]ial1
 ! c&le may be run at two op]ations1 z  
foll[s3----8,! /e>ic acid1 treat$ z     

above1 is expos$ = a mon? to  ! sun1 by 
:i* means ! =eign matt]s are oxidis$1 & 
! blea*$  /e>ic acid acquires a dirty   
yell[ col\r2 ! oxidis$ blocks are !n    
melt$ 9 wat] conta9+ a little sulphuric 
acid1 at ab\t #aej ,fahr42  an addition 
( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( good :ite wax 7or  
sp]maceti7 is  next made1 & ! :ole boil$
 = half an h\r2 ! :ite ( an egg1        
previ\sly beat5 up 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 is  
!n add$ to ea* #a cwt4 (  /e>ic acid1 ! 
temp]ature ( ! mass hav+ be5 r$uc$ to   
#ajj1 or  at mo/ #abj ,fahr41 aft] :i* !
 mixture is aga9 well /irr$ &  boil$1 :5
 ! liquid soon becomes cle>1 :i* is se5 
by ! d>k  col\r x assumes4    8,?is     
mixture ( /e>ic acid & wax or sp]maceti 
is v suitable =  =m+ ! ext]ior coat+ ( !
 c&le2 x is transp>5t1 & (  p]fect      
:it5ess1 &1 z x is devoid ( oxalic acid1
 x does n injure  ! m\lds2 :il/ at !    
same "t1 z x is less fusible ?an pure   
/e>ic acid1 c&les made ) x d n run4 ,!  
fir/ coat+ may be  run hot )\t          
cry/allis+2 ! int]ior ( ! c&le1 be+     

protect$  f )\t aga9/ too sudd5 a cool+1
 may also be run some:at hot2  by ?is   
means ! c&le acquires a :it5ess & a     
transp>5cy :i*  _c be realis$ by o!r    
processes40 7#8,le ,moniteur            
,indu/riel4'7    ,! sulphuric acid      
saponification ( inf]ior tall[ & o!r    
solid or  semi-solid fatty bodies is n[ 
c>ri$ out on a v l>ge scale =  produc+ !
 *eap] v>ieties ( #8/e>9e c&les4' ,= ?is
 purpose1  ! tall[ or fat is mix$ ) #e  
or #f ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1  &   
expos$ to a /eam heat ( #cej to #cfj    
,fahr4 ,aft] cool+1 ! black  mass ?us   
obta9$ cry/allises to a tol]ably solid  
fat1 :i* is well  wa%$ once or twice )  
wat]1 or high-pressure /eam1 & is !n    
submitt$ to di/illation by ! aid ( /eam 
heat$ to ab\t #efj ,fahr4  ,! product ( 
! di/illation is beautifully :ite1 & may
 be at once  us$ = mak+ c&les4 ,x is    
bett]1 h[ev]1 to fir/ submit x to !     
processes ( cold & hot press+1 :]eby a  
mu* m solid fat is  obta9$4    ,accord+ 
to ,m4 ,pohl1 palm oil or palm tall[ is 

mo/ easily purifi$ by  simple exposure  
to a high temp]ature1 provid$ x has be5 
fir/ well  defecat$4 ,:5 quickly heat$  
to ab\t #dfe ,fahr41 & kept at t        
temp]ature = f #e to #ae m9utes1 x is   
completely decol\r$4 ,!  product has a  
slight empyreumatic od\r1 b ?is         
disappe>s by age1  exposure1 or         
saponification1 & ! natural violet od\r 
( ! oil  returns4 ,ca/-iron pans %\ld be
 employ$ 9 ! process1 & %\ld be  only   
#b-crds fill$1 & well cov]$ dur+ !      
op]ation4    ,by ! di/illation (        
sulphurat$ palm oil 9 clos$ vessels1 at 
a heat  rang+ f #egj to #fjj ,fahr41 f  
#fh to #ge ( a mixture ( palmitic  &    
palm-oleic acid passes ov]1 ( :i* #be to
 #cj is col\rless1 h>d1  & cry/all9e1 & 
! re/ d>k] & s(t]4 7,pohl47 ,! residuum 
9  ! /ill is a f9e h>d pit*4 ,see       
,,c&les1 ,,fat1 ,,glyc]91 ,,oils        
7,fix$71  ,,/e>ic ,,acid1 c4            
,,tam>,a4 ,a mix$ spice us$ 9 ,italian  
cook]y1 consi/+ ( c9namon1  cloves1 &   
cori&]s1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 anise$ & f5nel  

se$1 ( ea*  #a "p4    ,,tam,,ar9d4 ,syn4
 ,,tam>9dus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d471 ,l4 ,! pulp or  pres]v$ fruit or  
pod ( ! ,tam>9dus ,indica1 or tam>9d    
tree4    ,tam>9d pulp is refrig]ant &   
g5tly laxative4 ,mix$ ) wat]1 x  =ms a  
grateful acidul\s dr9k 9                
fev]s4----,dose1 #a_/d oz4 & upw>ds4    
,composition ( ! ,tam>9d4----,vanquel94 
,citric acid             #idj p] c5t4   
,t>t>ic 0              #aee    0        
,malic    0              #jde    0      
,bit>trate ( pota%    #cbe    0    ,sug>
                  #abej    0    ,besides
 gum1 vegetable jelly1 p>5*yma1 & wat]4 
,,tanks4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 wat]-tanks &
 ci/]ns is n v  obvi\s4 ,p]haps !       
def9ition ! mo/ ne>ly repres5t+ ! g5]al 
idea respect+ !m w\ld be1 t :il/ bo? 7  
receptacles =  wat]1 9 tanks wat] w\ld  
be /or$ = a long] p]iod ?an 9  ci/]ns1  
:i* supply+ ! con/antly recurr+ ne$s ( a
 h\se or a  build+ ( any k9d w\ld be m  
frequ5tly fill$ & empti$2 al?\gh  9 _m  
in/ances !re might be no su* di/9ction  

betwe5 !m1 &  !y might be reg>d$ z      
synonym\s4 ,9 :atev] s5se ! t]ms may be 
und]/ood1 ! rem>ks t foll[ z to _!      
con/ruction &  managem5t h a common     
application4    ,! mat]ials = tanks &   
ci/]ns = ! reception ( wat] consi/ (    
/one1 cem5t1 brick1 slate1 iron1 z9c1 & 
lead4 ,( ^! mat]ials1 !  be/1 al?\gh !  
de>e/1 is slate4 ,! slate ci/]n1 h[ev]1 
is  occasionally liable to leakage1 a   
defect mo/ly aris+ f !  employm5t (     
mort> in/ead ( cem5t = jo9+ ! slabs4    
,wr\ght-iron ci/]ns & tanks z well z !  
pipes 9 connection )  !m are 9 v g5]al  
use4 ,! t5d5cy ( bo? to corrosion by !  
action ( ! wat] is consid]ably r$uc$ by 
coat+ ! insides )  ,portl& cem5t or a   
vitre\s glaze4    ,mr ,burn advocates ! 
employm5t ( a comp\nd ( t>1 :i*1 he     
says1  mo/ effectually protects !m4     
,z9c1 al?\gh *eap1 & little act$  ^u by 
wat]1 is seldom employ$ = ci/]ns4 ,dr   
,osborne says he has  se5 sev]al cases (
 z9c poison+1 caus$ by dr9k+ wat] t _h  
pass$ ?r\gh z9c pipes1 or _h /ood 9 z9c 

pails4 ,equal1 if n  great] risk is     
incurr$ :5 dr9k+-wat] is kept 9 lead    
ci/]ns1 or  is made to run ?r\gh lead   
pipes4 ,9 sett+ up ci/]ns or tanks made 
(  /one or cem5t1 common mort> mu/ n be 
us$1 z lime is tak5 up &  ! wat] is     
r5d]$ h>d 9 consequ5ce4    ,9 seasons ( 
dr\ght x is by no means an unusual      
occurr5ce = _m  rural di/ricts to lack a
 suffici5cy ( wat]1 ! limit$ supply (   
:i* entails consid]able suff]+1         
sometimes t]m9at+ fatally ^u  f>m /ock1 
) frequ5t loss to ! own]s4 ,few p]sons1 
p]haps1 c  =m a correct idea ( ! imm5se 
quantity ( wat] t 9 ! %ape (  ra9 falls 
ev5 9 ! lea/ humid portions ( our isl&s4
 ,if ?is ra91  :i* is n[ all[$ to run   
wa/e1 7 prop]ly collect$ & /or$1 x  w\ld
 =m a valuable res\rce 9 times & at     
places :]e !re 0 a  de>? or sc>city (   
?is necess>y elem5t4    ,mr ,bayley     
,d5ton1 writ+ on ?is subject1           
says3----8,take an ord9>y  middle-class 
h\se 9 a village ) /abl+ & outbuild+s1 !
 space  ( gr\nd cov]$ by ! ro(s w       

frequ5tly rea* #aj poles1 :ile !  space 
cov]$ by a f>m-lab\r]'s cottage &       
outbuild+s w be #b-a_/b  poles4         
,assum+ t ! ro( is slate & ! wat] dripp+
 f x is prop]ly  caught by eave-tr\gh+1 
& conduct$ by d[n-pipes & imp]vi\s      
dra9-pipes into a wat]-tight tank       
suffici5tly capaci\s to prev5t  ov]fl[  
"u any circum/ances1 & t by ?is me?od   
#bj in*es (  wat] f ra9 & dew are       
collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 !  private  
h\ses w h ! comm& ( #bh1bhj gallons1 & !
 cottage  #gjgj gallons 9 a ye>4444 ,a  
tank #af feet long1 & t5 feet wide1 w   
hold #ajjj gallons 9 e foot ( dep?1 &   
:]e ! wat] is n  want$ = dr9k+1 x ne$ n 
be cov]$1 except ) a common bo>d$       
float+ ro( ( half-in* bo>ds fa/5$       
toge!r4 ,?is float+ ro(  keeps ! wat]   
clean1 & prev5ts evaporation40#bbb      
,footnote #bbb3 #8,on ! ,/orage (       
,wat]1' by ,bayley ,d5ton4    ,leakage (
 pipes ( any k9d into a ci/]n or tank   
%\ld be p>ticul>ly  gu>d$ aga9/4 ,ano!r 
important precaution claim+ adoption is 

to see  t ! ov]fl[-pipe is n directly   
connect$ ) ! sew]1 = if x  be1 ! sew]   
gases w rise ?r\gh x1 & be+ prev5t$     
escap+  f ! ci/]n because ( its cov]+1 w
 become absorb$ by !  wat]4 ,to obviate 
?is1 ! ov]fl[-pipe is curv$1 s z to =ce 
a  syphon trap2 b ?is device conduces to
 a s5se ( false security1 s9ce  x mo/ly 
fails ow+ to ! evaporation ( ! wat] 9 x1
 or to !  gases =c+ _! way ?r\gh x4 ,!  
ov]fl[-pipe1 !re=e1 %\ld  nev] h direct 
communication ) ! sew]1 b %\ld always   
end  above gr\nd1 & dis*>ge ov] a trapp$
 grat+ into x4 ,= simil>  reasons ! same
 tanks or ci/]ns %\ld nev] supply ! wat]
 us$ =  cul9>y or dr9k+ purposes & also 
! wat]-closets4    ,to ! wat] 9 ! tanks 
atta*$ to ^! latt]1 "s dis9fectant      
sub/ance %\ld f "t to "t be add$2 m     
p>ticul>ly dur+ hot  wea!r4    ,unless a
 ci/]n be effici5tly protect$1          
p>ticul>ly if x be plac$ 9  an expos$   
situation1 v>i\s disgu/+ & fil?y        
sub/ances1 su* z  ! ordure ( birds1     
cats1 rats1 & dead insects1 c41 w be    

liable to  fall into x1 & f\l its       
cont5ts4 ,?is mu/ n only be gu>d$ aga9/ 
by ! prop] means1 b ev5 :]e !           
contam9ation may n be  suspect$1 or     
likely to occur1 ! ci/]n %\ld be        
frequ5tly exam9$  & p]iodically cleans$2
 "p ( ! prop] c>ry+ out ( :i* %\ld      
consi/ 9 always runn+ (f ! wat] rema9+ 9
 x & r5ew+ x  ) fre%4    ,! ,london &   
,g5]al ,wat] ,purify+ ,company h adopt$ 
an excell5t  idea 9 connection ) tanks &
 ci/]ns2 !y fit !m ) filt]s1 s  t ! wat]
 drawn f ! pipes %all h be5 submitt$ to 
filtration previ\s to deliv]y4          
,,tan,,nate4 ,a salt ( tannic acid4     
,,tan,,n]',s ,,b>k4 ,! be/ ( ?is is oak 
b>k2 b ! b>k ( !  *e/nut1 will[1 & l>*1 
& o!r trees :i* ab\nd 9 tann91 are  also
 us$ = prep>+ lea!r4    ,,tan,,nic      
,,acid4 ,c#bg;,h#bb,o#ag4 ,syn4 ,,tan1  
,,tann91 ,,gallo-,,tannic  ,,acid2      
,,tann9um1 ,,acidum ,,tannicum 7,b4 ,p41
 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d41  ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,a       
peculi> vegetable pr9ciple1 rem>kable = 
its a/r+5cy & its p[]  ( conv]t+ ! sk9s 

( animals into lea!r4    ,prep4 #a4     
7,pel\ze47 ,f galls1 9 mod]ately f9e    
p[d]1 by  p]colation1 9 a clos$ vessel1 
) sulphuric e!r t has be5  previ\sly    
agitat$ ) wat]4 ,aft] "s "t ! p]colat$  
liquid w  be f\nd divid$ into two di/9ct
 portions1 ! l[] & heavi] "o  be+ a     
wat]y solution ( tannic acid1 & ! upp]  
"o an e!real  solution ( gallic acid &  
col\r+ matt]4 ,fre% e!r mu/ be pass$    
?r\gh ! p[d] z long z ! l[] /ratum (    
liquid cont9ues to  augm5t4 ,! two      
fluids are n[ c>efully sep>at$1 & aft] !
 heavi]  "o has be5 well wa%$ ) e!r1 x  
is g5tly evaporat$ to dryness1          
pref]ably "u ! receiv] ( an air pump1 or
 ov] sulphuric acid4 ,!  e!r may be     
recov]$ unalt]$ f ! e!real solution1 by 
cauti\s  di/illation 9 a retort connect$
 ) a ,liebig's cond5s] suppli$ )        
ice-cold wat]4 ,prod4 ,ab\t #dj4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,d47 ,f galls1 9 tol]ably f9e     
p[d]1 #h oz41 & a mixture (  sulphuric  
e!r1 #c p9ts1 ) wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 by    
p]colation1 9  successive portions1 l ! 

la/2 ! aque\s solution ( tannic acid    
be+ evaporat$1 & f9ally dri$ at a heat n
 exce$+ #bab ,fahr4    ,prop41 c4 ,pure 
tannic acid is p]fectly :ite1 b z       
ord9>ily met  ) x has a slight yell[i%  
col\r1 ow+ to ! action ( ! air2 x  is   
uncry/allisable2 possesses a p[]ful &   
purely a/r+5t ta/e1  )\t bitt]ness2 is  
freely soluble 9 wat]1 less s 9 alcohol1
 &  only v slightly 9 e!r2 x r$d5s      
vegetable blues2 :5 boil$ )  acids1 x   
assimilates wat] & splits into gallic   
acid & grape sug>2  :5 heat$ 9 ! dry    
/ate1 x suff]s decomposition1 metagallic
 &  pyrogallic acids be+ =m$2 x unites )
 ! bases1 =m+ salts  call$ tannates1 :i*
 are *>act]is$ by /rik+ a deep black ) !
  p]salts ( iron 7ink71 & =m+ a :ite    
precipitate ) gelat94    ,e4 ,s*midt#bbc
 gives ! foll[+ comp>ative me?od (      
det]m9+  tann+ mat]ials1 /at+1          
prelim9>ily1 8t ! "q to be solv$  is1   
kn[+ t a c]ta9 weight ( pure tann9 is   
requir$ to obta9 a  c]ta9 result1 h[ mu*
 ( ano!r tann+ body1 e4g4 ! extract ( a 

wood1 is requir$ to produce ! same      
result8 ,none ( ! publi%$  me?ods = !   
det]m9ation ( tann9 is suffici5tly      
precise1 easy1 &  rapid = indu/rial     
purposes40    ,footnote #bbc3 ,*em4     
,news1 f #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,*em4 de  
,p>is4'    ,! au?or proposes a          
modification ( ,pibram's me?od ) sug> ( 
lead1  ! modification be+ z foll[s3     
,a4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,te/ ,liquor4 ,fifty
 grams neutral acetate ( lead  are      
dissolv$ 9 #djj grams ( alcohol1 ( #ib  
p] c5t41 & di/ill$  wat] is add$ to make
 up #a litre4    ,on ! o!r h&1 #a gram (
 tann9 is dissolv$ 9 #dj grams ( alcohol
 (  ! same /r5g?1 & ! solution is made  
up ) wat] to ! bulk (  #ajj c4c4 ,?is   
be+ done1 #aj c4c4 ( ! tann9 solution   
are mix$ )  #bj c4c4 ( wat]1 & heat$ to 
#fj4 ,! lead liquor is !n run into !    
hot solution f a burette1 graduat$ to   
t5?s ( a c4c41 s long z a  precipitate  
is =m$4 ,at ?is temp]ature1 & ) ^!      
alcoholis$  liquids1 ! precipitate =ms &
 settles rapidly4 ,iodide ( potassium   

may be us$ z an indicator to %[ excess (
 lead1 proce$+ 9 ! same  mann] z is done
 ) f]rocyanide 9 titrat+ phosphates )   
nitrate  ( uranium4 ,if we suppose t to 
precipitate #aj c4c4 ( ! tann9  solution
 #bh ( ! lead liquor h be5 requir$1 !n  
#bh c4c4 ( !  latt]  #jaj gram ( tann94 
,b4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample to be te/$4 
,suppose t *e/nut b>k is  to be exam9$4 
,x is co>sely p[d]$1 & #aj grams are    
mix$ ) an  equal volume ( wa%$ s&1 &    
exhau/$ ) wat] at #ej or #fj ,c4 ,!     
filt]$ liquid is evaporat$ to dryness 9 
a wat] ba? 9 a t>r$  porcela9 capsule4  
,aft] evaporation ! capsule is weigh$1  
:i* %[s  ! yield ( ! b>k 9 aque\s       
extract4 ,?is is tak5 up 9 #dj grams (  
alcohol at #ib1 & wat] is add$ to make  
up #ajj c4c4 ,! liquid is  filt]$ if    
ne$ful4 ,9 ?is mann] ! res9\s1          
album9oid1 pectic1 &  gummy matt]s are  
got rid (4    ,c4 ,titration4 ,! liquid 
?us prep>$ is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,!  
fir/1 "o ?ird ( ! entire volume1 s]ves =
 direct det]m9ation (  ! acetate ( lead4

 ,suppose t a gram ( ! dry extract (    
*e/nut  has requir$1 = #aj c4c4 ( !     
tann9 liquor1 9 ?ree successive         
exp]im5ts1 #af1 #ag1 & #af ( ! burette1 
:i* corresponds to #eg p]  c5t4 ( tann94
 ,?us figure #eg repres5ts n only tann91
 b e  o!r sub/ance capable ( precipitat+
 acetate ( lead4    ,! tann9 is !n      
absorb$ ) bone black1 previ\sly wa%$ )  
hydro*loric acid1 & dri$ at #ajj ,c4 9 !
 foll[+ mann]3----,we act  ) bone black 
^u ! tann9 liquor1 & on a solution (    
pure tannic1  prep>$ at a /&>d some:at  
l[] ?an t indicat$ = ! extract  by !    
fir/ direct titration4 ,9 ! pres5t case 
?is solution ( tann9  %\ld be prep>$ at 
#ee p] c5t4    ,f "o & ! same glass     
tube1 ab\t #a c5timtre 9 diamet]1 we cut
  (f two l5g?s ( #bj c5timtres ea*1 & we
 draw out ea* at "o ( its  ends4 ,! two 
tubes are fix$ p]p5dicul>ly ) ! po9ts   
d[nw>ds1  & plugg$ ) a little c>d$      
cotton4 ,into ea* is put #aj grams ( !  
bone black1 p\r+ into "o ( !m ! second  
"p ( ! tann9 liquor  "u exam9ation1 &   

into ! o!r ! same volume ( ! pure       
solution  ( pure tann9 at #ee p] c5t4   
,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! tann9 liquor 7:i* w be  
f\nd to h reta9$  its orig9al br[n col\r
 9 spite ( ! bone black7 are n[ heat$ to
  #fj ,c41 & ! /&>d lead liquor is add$ 
f ! burette z be=e4  ,two successive    
trials %[ #af  #h = #aj c4c4 9 place ( !
 #af f\nd  = #aj c4c4 on direct         
titration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #bj c4c4 ( !   
solution ( pure tann9 require #ad1 or #g
 = #aj c4c4 ,?us we see t  9 ! tann9    
liquor 7*e/nut extract7 !re is a c]ta9  
quantity (  matt] :i* acts ^u ! /&>d    
lead solution l tann91  correspond+ to  
#a ( ! lead liquor1 i4 e4 to #ceg ?\s&?s
 ( a  c5tigram ( tann92 #bh1 !re=e1     
correspond to #aj c5tigrams4 ,!  figure 
#eg1 obta9$ by direct titration1 is1    
!re=e1 too high by #ceg  p] c5t41 & !   
extract conta9s #eg - #ceg  #ecdc p]    
c5t4 ( tann94    ,uses1 c4 ,! value (   
sub/ances conta9+ tann9 9 ! prep>ation  
( lea!r is well kn[n4 ,9 its pure =m x  
is us$ z an a/r+5t 9  m$ic9e2 int]nally1

 9 di>rha1 hmorrhages1 z a tonic 9      
dyspepsia1  c42 ext]nally1 made into a  
g>gle1 injection1 or o9tm5t4----,dose1  
#a to  #aj gr41 9 ! =m ( pills or       
solution4 ,see ,,gallic ,,acid1 c4      
,,tan,,n94 ,see ,,tannic ,,acid4        
,,tan,,n+4 ,:5 ! sk9 ( an animal1       
c>efully depriv$ ( hair1 fat1  & o!r    
impurities1 is imm]s$ 9 a dilute        
solution ( tannic acid1 !  gelat9       
gradually comb9es ) t sub/ance z x      
p5etrates inw>ds1  =m+ a p]fectly       
insoluble comp\nd1 :i* resi/s           
putrefaction  completely2 ?is is tann$  
lea!r4 ,9 practice1 lime wat] is us$ =  
cleans+ & prep>+ ! sk91 wat] acidulat$ )
 oil ( vitriol =  #8rais+' or op5+ !    
pores1 & an infusion ( oak b>k1 or      
sometimes  ( cate*u1 or o!r a/r+5t      
matt]1 z ! s\rce ( tannic acid4 ,!      
process itself is necess>ily a sl[ "o1 z
 dilute solutions only c be  safely us$4
 ,sk9s int5d$ = ! curri]s1 to be dress$ 
= #8upp]s1'  commonly require ab\t #c   
weeks2 & #8?ick hides1' f #ab to #ah    

mon?s4    ,( late ye>s v>i\s +5i\s      
contrivances h be5 adopt$1 ) m  or less 
success1 to ha/5 ! process ( tann+ sk9s 
& hides4 ,among  ^! may be m5tion$ !    
employm5t ( /rong] tan solutions1 !     
application ( a g5tle heat1 punctur+ !  
sk9s to af=d m ready  access = ! liquid 
to _! int]ior p>ts1 & mac]ation 9 ! tan 
liquor "u pressure1 ei!r at once or aft]
 ! vessel conta9+ !m  has be5 exhau/$ ( 
air by means ( an air-pump4 ,on ! m]it (
 ^!  sev]al me?ods x has be5 rem>k$ 8t !
 saturat$ infusions (  a/r+5t b>ks      
conta9 mu* less extractive matt]1 9     
proportion to  _! tann91 ?an ! weak     
infusions2 & :5 ! sk9s are quickly      
tann$ 9 ! =m]1 common exp]i5ce %[s t x  
produces lea!r  :i* is less durable ?an 
lea!r sl[ly =m$40 7,sir ,h4 ,davy47     
8#ajj  lbs4 ( sk91 quickly tann$ 9 a    
/rong infusion ( b>k1 produce #acg  lbs4
 ( lea!r2 :ile #ajj lbs41 sl[ly tann$ 9 
a weak infusion1 produce  only #aag-a_/b
 lbs40 8,lea!r ?us highly 7& ha/ily7    
*>g$ ) tann9  is1 moreov]1 s spongy z to

 all[ moi/ure to pass readily ?r\gh its 
pores1 to ! great discom=t & dang] (    
p]sons we>+ %oes made (  x40 7,ure47    
,accord+ to ,mr ,g4 ,lee1 mu* ( !       
orig9al gelat9 ( ! sk9 is wa/$  9 !     
prelim9>y processes to :i* !y are       
subject$1 m especially  ! #8lim+' &     
#8bat+1' ,he says1 t #ajj lbs4 (        
p]fectly dry hide1  clean$ f extrane\s  
matt]1 %\ld1 on *emical pr9ciples1 af=d 
at  lea/ #ahj lbs4 ( lea!r4    ,,morocco
 ,,lea!r is prep>$ f goat or %eep sk9s1 
:i*1 aft] !  action ( lime wat] & a dung
 ba?1 are slightly tann$ 9 a ba? (      
suma*4 ,!y are subsequ5tly gra9$1       
poli%$1 c4    ,,russia ,,lea!r is       
g5]ally tann$ ) a decoction ( will[ b>k1
 aft]  :i* x is dy$1 & curri$ ) !       
empyreumatic oil ( ! bir* tree4  ,x is !
 la/ sub/ance :i* imp>ts to ?is lea!r   
its peculi> od\r  & p[] ( resi/+ m\ld & 
damp4 ,see ,,lea!r1 ,,tannic ,,acid1    
,,taw+1  c4    ,,tantalic ,,acid4 ,syn4 
,,tantalic ,,anhydride2 ,,columbic      
,,acid4 ,rose believ$  ?is sub/ance to  

be a dioxide1 to :i* he gave ! =mula    
,ta,o#b2 b  ! subsequ5t rese>*es (      
,m>ignac1 & ! cry/all9e =m (  potassic  
tantalic fluoride #b,,kf1 ,ta,f#e1 seem 
to %[ t x is to be  reg>d$ r z          
,ta#b,o#e4    ,,tan,,talum4 ,ta4 ,syn4  
,,columbium4 ,a r>e metal discov]$ by   
,mr ,hat*ett1  9 #ahja1 9 a m9]al f     
,massa*usetts2 & by ,m4 ,ekeb]g1 9      
#ahjc1 9  tantalite1 a m9]al f\nd 9     
,sw$54 ,x exi/s 9 mo/ ( its ores 9      
comb9ation ) oxyg54    ,,tapeworm4 ,see 
,,worms4    ,,tapeworm ,,cure 7,blo*1   
,vi5na74 ,co>sely p[d]$ pomegranate root
 b>k1  #abe grammes1 boil$ = half an h\r
 9 #hjj grammes wat]4 ,to ?is add       
solution ( ammonia1 #e grammes2 boil    
aga9 = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,add  k\sso    
fl[]s #be grammes4 ,aga9 boil = a few   
m9utes1 & :5 cold add  citric acid1 #a  
gramme2 & alcohol1 #cj grammes4 ,press1 
filt]1 & set  aside4 ,! product %\ld    
weigh ab\t #ejj grammes4 ,kl+] says ?is 
rem$y is m]ely a conc5trat$ ess5ce (    
pomegranate root b>k1 &  conta9s nei!r  

ammonia nor citric acid4    ,tapeworm   
,cure 7,jacoby1 ,b]l974 ,a box conta9+  
#bj grammes ( k\sso  p[d] & directions =
 use4 7,hag]47    ,tapeworm ,cure       
7,mix74 7a7 ,a mixture conta9+ #c       
decigrammes (  sulphate ( qu99e1 ) a few
 drops ( hydro*loric acid to dissolve x 
9 #bjj grammes wat]4 ,to be tak5 9 !    
c\rse ( ?ree days4 7b7 ,a box  ) #ab    
grammes k\sso p[d]4 ,a teaspoonful to be
 tak5 ea* morn+ 9  black c(fee4         
7,s*dl]47    ,tapeworm ,cure 7,ri*>d    
,mohrmann1 ,frank5b]g1 ,saxony74 ,?is   
,mohrmann  travels ab\t 9 ! fa%ion ( !  
old *>latans1 to sell 8 m$ic9es4  ,^!   
consi/ ( two v>ieties1 ! fir/ be+ #aj   
grammes ( extract (  male f]n1 ! second 
a mixture ( #h grammes ea* ( raspb]ry   
juice &  ca/or oil4 ,^! rem$ies h be5   
us$ = tapeworm = almo/ #ajj  ye>s4 ,!   
doctor's directions = use are to mix #cj
 grammes ( !  extract ) ! ca/or oil &   
raspb]ry comp\nd1 & #cj drops ( !       
mixture to be tak5 e qu>t] ( an h\r1    
until purg+ occurs4    ,tapeworm ,cure  

7,mork1 ,b]l974 ,a decoction ( ab\t #aaj
 grammes (  pomegranate root b>k1 yield+
 #djj grammes ( liquid1 & mix$ #a gramme
  ( extract ( male f]n4 ,! directions   
ord] t on "o day "o or two              
tablespoonfuls ( ca/or oil %\ld be tak51
 a h]r+ salad 9 !  ev5+1 & ! foll[+     
morn+1 aft] c(fee1 a ?ird ( ! cont5ts  (
 ! bottle1 ano!r ?ird half an h\r lat]1 
& ! rema9d] 9 yet  ano!r half h\r4      
7,hag]47    ,tapeworm ,cure = ,*ildr5 & 
,adults 7,e4 ,k>ig1 ,b]l974 ,burn$ oxide
  ( copp]1 #a gramme2 cassia p[d]1      
#a-a_/b gramme2 sug> ( milk1 #aj        
grammes4 ,divide 9 #bd p[d]s4 7,s*dl]47 
,tapeworm ,pills1 ,laffon's1 are        
comp\nd$ ( ! e!real extract ( !  root ( 
,aspidium ,lon*itis1 ,asp4 ,helveticum1 
& ,asp4 ,filixmas1  toge!r ) ! alcoholic
 extract ( ! fl[]s ( ,a*illea mutell9a  
& mas*ata1 & ! p[d] ( ! fl[]s ( ,arnica 
,doronicum4  7,witt/e947    ,tapeworm   
,pills1 ,pes*i]'s4----,e!real extract & 
p[d] ( ! rhizome  ( male f]n1 ( ea*     
gramme #af make #bj pills4 ,take t5 at  

night & t5  9 ! morn+4    ,,tapio,,ca4  
,syn4 ,,tapioca 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,! 
fecula ( ! root (  ,janipha manihot     
7,jatropha manihot----,l9n471 :i* has   
be5 well wa%$  9 wat]1 & dri$ on hot    
plates1 by :i* x assumes ! appe>ance (  
w>ty-look+ granules4    ,illu/ration3   
,microscopic appe>ance ( tapioca4       
,pure tapioca is insipid1 inodor\s1 only
 slightly soluble 9 cold wat]1  b       
entirely soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 =m+ a    
transluc5t & highly  nutriti\s jelly4   
,its granules are mull]-%ap$1 ab\t      
#a_/bjjj ( an in*  9 diamet]1 & display 
v m>k$ hilums4 ,x is us$ 9 a simil>     
mann] to sago & arr[-root4 ,see         
,,cassava4    ,,taps1 ,,wood5 7to prev5t
 _! crack+74 ,! taps are plac$ 9 "m     
p>aff91 heat$ to f #aaj to #abj2 by ?is 
means ! wat] is  elim9at$ f ! wood1 & ! 
wood becomes ?or\ghly impregnat$ )      
p>aff94 ,! taps are heat$ 9 ?is ba?     
until all ! aque\s vap\r  has be5       
expell$1 & are left 9 x1 aft] ! removal 
( ! vessel  f ! fire1 up to ! v mom5t ! 

p>aff9 beg9s to solidify4  ,wood5 taps  
?us prep>$ are v durable1 d n become    
soak$ )  liquids1 keep v tight1 & are n 
liable to become m\ldy4 ,! excess  (    
p>aff9 is wip$ (f ) c>e1 & ! taps are   
next rubb$ clean  ) a piece ( flannel4  
7,dr ,e4 ,kopp47#bbd    ,footnote #bbd3 
#8,*emical ,news4'    ,,t>4 ,syn4 ,,pix 
,,liquida 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41      
,d471 ,l4 ,a liquid bitum5  prep>$ f !  
wood ( ,p9us sylve/ris1 & o!r species1  
by heat4  ,! *emical con/itution ( t> is
 v complicat$4 ,its uses 9 ! arts  are  
well kn[n4 ,z a m$ic9e x is /imulant1   
diuretic1 sudorific1 &                  
v]mifuge4----,dose1 #bj to #fj m9ims1   
made into pills ) fl\r2 9  i*?yosis1 c4 
,ext]nally1 9 lepra1 psoriasis1 f\l     
ulc]s1 c4 ,see  ,,o9tm5t & ,,infusion4  
,t>1 ,b>badoes4 ,syn4 ,,pix ,,liquida   
,,b>bad5sis1 ,,petroleum ,,b>bad5se1    
,,petroleum 7,ph4 ,l4 & ,e471 ,l4       
8,black liquid bitum51 exud+            
spontane\sly  f ! e>?40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,its 
prop]ties = ! mo/ "p resemble ^?  ( !   

la/4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 9      
a/hma1 *ronic c\ghs1 tapeworm1  c4      
,ext]nally1 9 *ilbla9s1 *ronic &        
rheumatic pa9s1 c4 ,see  ,,petroleum4   
,t>1 ,coal4 ,produc$ dur+ ! di/illation 
( bitum9\s coal = gas4  ,see ,,naph?a1  
c4    ,,t>ax,,acum4 ,see ,,d&elion4     
,,t> ,,col\rs4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,t>        
,,col\rs1 ,,anil9e ,,col\rs1 c4 ,coal   
t>1 !  s\rce ( ! anil9e col\rs1 consi/s 
( ! oily fluid obta9$ 9 !  de/ructive   
di/illation ( coal1 dur+ ! manufacture (
 ord9>y  illum9at+ gas1 & collect$ 9 a  
tank f ! hydraulic ma9 &  cond5s]s4     
,! composition ( coal t> is highly      
complex1 ! mo/ important  con/itu5ts    
be+1 h[ev]1 a s]ies ( homolog\s         
hydroc>bons obta9$  by di/ill+ coal t>1 
& kn[n z #8coal naph?a4' ,naph?a1 by    
rectification betwe5 #ahj & #bej ,fahr4 
7#hb & #aba ,c5t471 yields a  light     
yell[ oily liquid1 ( sp4 gr4 #hh1 !     
b5zol ( comm]ce4    ,by ! action ( a    
mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids on   
b5zol1  nitro-b5zol1 a heavy oily liquid

 ) an od\r ( oil ( bitt] almonds  is    
obta9$4 ,9 comm]ce ?is sub/ance is made 
9 l>ge ca/-iron pots1  fitt$ ) tight    
cov]s1 & provid$ ) /irr]s work$ by /eam 
p[]4 ,by means ( pipes ! reag5ts are    
admitt$ & ! nitr\s fumes  are c>ri$ (f1 
:ile ! nitro-b5zol & ! sp5t reag5ts are 
drawn  (f f ! bottom4 ,! entire *>ge (  
b5zol is fir/ plac$ into !  vessels1 & !
 mix$ acids are1 z ! reaction is v      
en]getic1  cauti\sly run 91 ! :ole be+  
well /irr$ ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 f9i%$1  !       
cont5ts are drawn (f1 & ! nitro-b5zol   
collect$1 wa%$ )  wat]1 &1 if necess>y1 
neutralis$ ) a solution ( soda4 ,see    
,,b5zol4    ,nitro-b5zol is conv]t$ into
 anil9e 9 a simil> app>atus1 only       
provid$ ) means ( admitt+ a curr5t (    
sup]heat$ /eam1 &  cond5s+ ! anil9e z x 
di/ils ov]4 ,into ! vessel iron bor+s   
are plac$1 & acetic acid & nitro-b5zol  
cauti\sly run 9 z !  r$uction is viol5t1
 /irr+ well all ! "t4 ,a curr5t (       
sup]heat$  /eam is pass$ ?r\gh1 & !     
anil9e collect$ z x di/ils ov] z a      

pale1 %]ry-col\r$ oily liquid1 boil+ at 
#cfj ,fahr4 7#ahb ,c5t471 &  ( sp4 gr4  
#ajb4 ,see ,,anil9e4    ,,mauve1        
,,indis9e1 ,,viol9e1 ,,ph5am9e1 !       
fir/-discov]$ coal t>1 or  anil9e col\r1
 0 obta9$ by ,mr ,p]k9s dur+ "s         
exp]im5ts  direct$ t[>ds ! artificial   
=mation ( qu99e1 & 0 also fir/          
practically manufactur$ by ,mr ,p]k9s4  
,comm]cially1 mauve is made z  foll[s3  
,anil9e & sulphuric acid 9 prop]        
proportions are dissolv$ 9 wat] 9  a vat
 by aid ( heat1 & :5 cold a solution (  
bi*romate ( potassium  add$1 & ! :ole   
all[$ to /& a day or two1 :5 a black    
precipitate is obta9$1 :i*1 aft]        
collect+ on %all[ filt]s1 is  wa%$ &    
well dri$4 ,?is black res9\s sub/ance is
 dige/$ )  dilute me?ylat$ _s 9 a       
suitable app>atus1 to dissolve out !    
mauve1 & ! major portion ( ! _s di/ill$ 
(f4 ,! mauve is  precipitat$ f ! aque\s 
solution left beh9d by hydrate ( sodium1
  & aft] wa%+ is ei!r dra9$ to a pa/e or
 dri$4    ,! am\nt ( mauve ?us obta9$ is

 b small 9 comp>ison ) ! raw  mat]ial1  
coal t>1 z #ajj lbs4 ( coal yield #aj   
lbs4 #ab oz4 ( coal t>2  #h-a_/b oz4 (  
m9]al naph?a1 #b-c_/d oz4 ( b5zol2      
#d-a_/d oz4 (  nitro-b5zol1 #b-a_/d oz4 
( anil9e1 & #a_/d oz4 ( mauve4 ,mauve is
 usually  s5t into ! m>ket 9 pa/e or    
solution1 ! exp5se ( ! cry/als  be+     
heavy1 & (f]+ no correspond+ advantages4
    ,o!r salts ?an ! bi*romate (        
potassium h be5 employ$ to conv]t       
anil9e into mauve1 z *loride ( copp]1   
p]manganate ( potassium1 c42  b exp]i5ce
 has %[n none to possess ! same         
advantages z !  bi*romate ( potassium4  
,,mauve9e1 ! organic base ( mauve or    
anil9e purple1 is a black  cry/all9e    
p[d]1 ( ! =mula ,c#bg;,h#bd,n#c1 yield+ 
a dull  violet solution4 ,! mom5t1      
h[ev]1 mauve9e is br\ght 9 contact )  an
 acid1 x turns a magnific5t purple      
col\r4 ,! salts ( mauve9e =m  beautiful 
cry/als possess+ a spl5did gre5 metallic
 lu/re1 soluble  v readily 9 alcohol1 & 
less s 9 wat]4 ,! comm]cial salt1 or    

mauve1 is ! acetate1 or sometimes !     
hydro*lorate4    ,mag5ta4 ,syn4 ,,anil9e
 ,,r$1 ,,rose9e1 ,,fu*s9e1 ,,azale9e1   
,,solf]9o1  ,,tyral9e4 ,v>i\s processes 
h be5 propos$ & pat5t$ = !  prep>ation (
 ?is comm]cially important coal-t>      
col\r4 ,among/ ^!  processes are----    
#a4 ,g]b]-,kell]'s1 pat5t$ 9 ,france1   
,octob] #bi?1 #ahei4 ,by ?is !  anil9e  
is treat$ ) m]curic nitrate4    #b4     
,lau? & ,dep\illy us$ nitric acid4      
#c4 ,m$lock 7pat5t dat$ ,janu>y1 #ahfj74
 ,ni*olson1 & ,messrs ,gir>d &  ,de     
,laire1 all 9 #ahfj1 sep>ately pat5t$ ! 
use ( ars5ic acid4 ,?is  process1 be+ ! 
"o n[ almo/ exclusively employ$1 is ?us 
describ$  9 ,crace ,calv]t's "w1 #8,dye+
 & ,calico ,pr9t+1' edit$ by ,messrs    
,/5h\se & ,grove4 8,! manufacture (     
mag5ta1 z x is n[ conduct$  9 ! l>ge    
col\r works1 is a comp>atively simple   
process1 !  app>atus employ$ consi/+ ( a
 l>ge ca/-iron pot set 9 a furnace1     
provid$ ) means ( c>efully regulat+ !   
heat4 ,x is furni%$ )  a /irr]1 :i* c be

 work$ by h& or by me*anical means1 !   
ge>+  = ! /irr] be+ fix$ to ! lid1 s t  
by means ( a crane !  lid may be remov$1
 toge!r ) ! /irr] & ge>+4 ,!re is also a
  b5t tube pass+ ?r\gh ! lid = ! exit ( 
! vap\rs1 :i* c  be easily connect$ or  
disconnect$ ) a worm at pleasure2 la/ly1
 !re  are l>ge op5+s at ! bottom ( !    
pot1 clos$ by suitable /opp]s1  s t !   
*>ge c be remov$ ) facility z soon z !  
reaction is  complete4 ,into ?is        
app>atus1 :i* is capable ( hold+ ab\t   
#ejj  gallons1 a *>ge ( #bgdj lbs4 ( a  
conc5trat$ solution ( ars5ic acid1      
conta9+ #gb ( ! anhydr\s acid1 is       
introduc$1 toge!r ) #afjj  lbs4 (       
comm]cial anil9e4 ,! anil9e select$ =   
?is purpose %\ld  conta9 ab\t #be ( !   
toluid9e4    8,aft] ! mat]ials h be5    
?or\ghly mix$ by ! /irr] ! fire is      
light$1 & ! temp]ature gradually rais$  
to ab\t #cfj ,f4 ,9 a %ort  "t wat]     
beg9s to di/il1 !n anil9e makes its     
appe>ance along )  ! wat]1 &1 la/ly1    
anil9e alone comes ov]1 :i* is ne>ly    

pure1  conta9+1 z x does1 b a v small p]
 c5tage ( toluid9e4 ,!  op]ation usually
 la/s ab\t eight or t5 h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t
 ab\t  #agj gallons ( liquid pass ov]1 &
 are cond5s$ 9 ! worm atta*$ to  !      
app>atus2 ( ?is ab\t #aej lbs4 are      
anil9e4 ,! temp]ature %\ld  n exce$ #chj
 ,f4 at any p]iod dur+ ! op]ation4 ,:5  
?is is  complete /eam is bl[n 9 ?r\gh a 
tube1 9 ord] to sweep out ! la/  traces 
( ! free anil9e1 & boil+ wat] is        
gradually introduc$ 9  quantity         
suffici5t to conv]t ! cont5ts into a    
homog5\s liquid4 ,:5  ?is occurs !      
liquid is run out ( ! op5+s at ! bottom 
into  ci/]ns provid$ ) agitators2 "h m  
boil+ wat] is add$1 9  ! proportion (   
#cjj galls4 to e #fjj lbs4 ( crude      
mag5ta1 & also  #f lbs4 ( hydro*loric   
acid4 ,! mass is !n boil$ = f\r or five 
h\rs by means ( /eam pipes1 ! agitators 
be+ kept 9 con/ant  motion4 ,! solution 
( hydro*loride1 ars5ite1 & ars5iate (   
rosanil9e ?us obta9$ is filt]$ ?r\gh    
wooll5 clo?1 & #gbj lbs4  ( common salt 

add$ to ! liquid 7:i* is kept boil+7 =  
ea* #fjj  lbs4 ( crude mag5ta4 ,by ?is  
means ! :ole ( ! rosanil9e is  conv]t$  
into hydro*loride1 :i*1 be+ ne>ly       
insoluble 9 ! /rong  solution ( ars5iate
 & ars5ite ( sodium produc$ 9 ! d\ble   
decomposition1 sep>ates & rises to !    
surface2 a fur!r quantity is  deposit$ f
 ! sal9e solution on all[+ x to cool &  
/& =  "s "t4 ,9 ord] to purify ! crude  
rosanil9e hydro*loride x is  wa%$ ) a   
small quantity ( wat]1 r$issolv$ 9 boil+
 wat]  slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric 
acid1 filt]$1 & all[$ to  cry/allise40  
,if 9 ! treatm5t ( anil9e ) ars5ic acid 
! latt] be  consid]ably beyond !        
proportion ( anil9e employ$1 ,,violet & 
,,blue  dyes may be =m$4 ,! production (
 su* has be5 pat5t$ by ,gir>d &  ,de    
,laire4    #d4 ,laur5t & ,ca/hlaz h     
obta9$ anil9e r$ direct f b5zol1  )\t ! 
prelim9>y isolation ( anil9e4           
,nitrob5zol is treat$ )  twice its      
weight ( iron f9ely divid$1 & half its  
weight (  conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4  

,! col\r+ matt] obta9$ by ?is  process  
is said to be inf]ior 9 beauty to t     
procur$ f anil9e4    #e4 ,messrs ,r5>d  
,bro!rs include 9 _! pat5t ! ebullition 
(  anil9e ) /ann\s1 /annic1 m]cur\s1 &  
m]curic sulphates1 )  f]ric & uranic    
nitrates & nitrate ( silv]1 & ) /annic &
  m]curic bromides4    #f4 ,messrs ,dale
 & ,curo's 7pat5t dat$ #ahfj7 consi/s 9 
! treatm5t (  anil9e or hydro*lorate (  
anil9e ) nitrate ( lead4    #g4 ,mr     
,smi? claims ! ebullition ( anil9e )    
p]*loride ( antimony1  or ! action (    
antimonic acid1 p]oxide ( bismu?1       
/annic1 f]ric1  m]curic1 & cupric       
oxides1 ^u hydro*lorate or sulphate (   
anil9e1 at  ! temp]ature ( #ahj4        
,c\pi]'s process = ! manufacture (      
mag5ta )\t ! use (  ars5ic acid is z    
foll[s3----,he heats toge!r pure anil9e1
 nitrotolu5e1  hydro*loric acid1 & a    
small quantity ( f9ely-divid$ metallic  
iron1  to a temp]ature ( ab\t #djj ,f4 =
 sev]al h\rs4 ,! pa/y mixture  soon     
solidifies to a friable mass resembl+   

crude anil9e r$----ord9>y  comm]cial    
anil9e4 ,! above processes are = !      
prep>ation ( crude  anil9e r$ only4 ,!  
crude col\rs conta9 "s undecompos$      
anil9e1  mo/ly 9 ! =m ( salts4 ,!y are  
also contam9at$ ) t>ry  matt]s1 "s      
insoluble 9 wat] & dilute acids2 o!rs   
soluble 9  bisulphide ( c>bon1 naph?a1  
or 9 cau/ic or c>bonat$ alkalies4 ,if1  
!re=e1 ! crude r$ be boil$ ) an excess (
 alkali !  undecompos$ anil9e is        
expell$1 ! acid :i* exi/s 9 ! product   
be+ fix$4 ,on treat+ ! residue )        
acidulat$ boil+ wat] ! r$  is dissolv$1 
:ile c]ta9 t>ry matt]s rema9 insoluble4 
,if n[ !  boil+ solution be filt]$1 & !n
 saturat$ ) an alkali1 !  col\r+ matt]  
is precipitat$ 9 a tol]able /ate (      
purity4 ,by  r$issolv+ ! precipitat$ r$ 
9 an acid1 n employ$ 9 excess1 a        
solution is obta9$ :i* frequ5tly        
cry/allises1 or f :i* a pure  r$ may be 
?r[n d[n by a new addition ( *loride (  
sodium or o!r  alkal9e salt4    ,dr     
,h(mann & ,mr ,ni*olson h demon/rat$ t  

pure anil9e1 f  :atev] s\rce obta9$1 is 
incapable ( furni%+ a r$ dye1 b t  x    
does s :5 mix$ ) its homologue          
toluid9e----toluid9e by itself  be+     
equally incapable ( yield+ x4 ,f ?is x w
 be evid5t t  an anil9e ri* 9 toluid9e  
is an ess5tial condition = obta9+       
anil9e r$4    ,mag5ta consi/s (         
brilliant l>ge cry/als1 hav+ a beautiful
  gold5-gre5 metallic lu/re1 & soluble 9
 wat] to an int5se  purpli%-r$ solution4
 ,x is a salt ( a col\rless base1       
rosanil9e1  :i* is prep>$ f mag5ta by   
boil+ ) hydrate ( potassium1 &  all[+ ! 
solution to cool1 :5 x cry/allises out 9
 col\rless  cry/als1 hav+ ! =mula       
,c#bj;,h#ai,n#c;,h#b,o4 ,all ! salts (  
rosanil9e h a spl5did purple-r$ col\r1 &
 t usually met ) z  mag5ta is !         
hydro*lorate1 al?\gh ! nitrate1 oxalate1
 & acetate  are also to be obta9$4      
,sug>1 previ\sly dy$ ) mag5ta1 is       
sometimes us$ z an adult]ant (          
cry/allis$ mag5ta4 ,if pres5t1 ! l>g]   
cry/als ( dy$ sug> may be  readily      

detect$ by _! col\r be+ pal] at ! edges1
 :5 !  suspect$ sample is spread out on 
a %eet ( :ite pap] 9 ! sun%9e4  ,"o ( ! 
be/ me?ods ( te/+ mag5ta is to make a   
comp>ative dye+  exp]im5t ) ! sample "u 
exam9ation1 & ) "o ( kn[n  purity1 us+  
:ite wooll5 y>n4    ,f mag5ta or        
hydro*lorate ( rosanil9e a l>ge numb] ( 
col\r+  matt]s are produc$1 ! mo/       
important ( :i* w be briefly  describ$  
bel[4    ,,anil9e ,,black4 8,dissolve   
#bj p>ts ( potassium *lorate1 #dj p>ts (
  sulphate ( copp]1 #af p>ts ( *loride (
 ammonium1 & #dj p>ts (  anil9e         
hydro*loride1 9 #ejj p>ts ( wat]1 w>m+ !
 liquid to ab\t  #fj1 & !n remov+ x f ! 
wat] ba?4 ,9 ab\t ?ree m9utes !         
solution fro?s up & gives (f vap\rs :i* 
/rongly attack !  brea?+ organs4 ,if !  
mass does n become q black aft] ! lapse 
( a few h\rs x is aga9 heat$ to #fj1 &  
!n expos$ 9 an op5  place = a day or    
two1 & aft]w>ds c>efully wa%$ out till  
no salts  are f\nd 9 ! filtrate4 ,= use 
9 pr9t+1 ! black pa/e is mix$  ) a      

some:at l>ge quantity ( album51 & !     
goods aft] pr9t+  are /rongly /eam$4 ,! 
pa/e c be press$ into m\lds1 & us$ z a  
sub/itute = ,indian ink40 7,a4 ,mll]47  
8,mix equal weights ( anil9e  7conta9+  
toluid9e71 hydro*loric acid1 & potassium
 *lorate1 ) a  m9ute quantity ( cupric  
*loride & a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 &
  leave ! mixture to evaporate          
spontane\sly1 :5 a black p[d] w be      
obta9$40 7,rhe9eck47    ,,anil9e ,,blue1
 or ,,bleu ,,de ,,lyons4 ,?is dye is    
prep>$ by heat+ a mixture  ( mag5ta1    
acetate ( sodium1 & anil9e 9 iron pots1 
provid$ )  /irr]s1 c41 9 an oil ba?1 to 
#cgj ,fahr4 7#aij ,c471 & ! excess (    
anil9e di/ill$ ov]4 ,:5 a good blue has 
be5 obta9$ ! heat is  remov$1 & ! ?ick  
treacly fluid purifi$4 ,?is is effect$ =
 !  common] v>ieties by treat+ ! crude  
product ) hydro*loric acid1  to dissolve
 all ! excess ( anil9e1 & ! v>i\s r$ &  
purple  impurities2 b = ! bett]         
qualities by mix+ ! crude product )     
me?ylat$ _s1 & p\r+ ! :ole into wat]    

acidulat$ )  hydro*loric acid1 & !n     
?or\ghly wa%+ ! col\r+ matt] t  is      
precipitat$1 ) wat] & dry+4    ,?is     
blue1 l mag5ta1 is a salt ( a col\rless 
base1 :i*  has be5 nam$                 
,triph5yl-rosanil9e4 ,c#ch;,h#ca,n#c1 or
  ,c#bj;,h#af7;,c#f;,h#e7c,n#c4 ,anil9e 
blue1 or ,lyons blue1 is s5t  into !    
m>ket ei!r z a co>se p[d] ( a copp]y    
lu/re1 or 9  alcoholic solution2 z x is 
insoluble 9 wat]1 :i* necessitates x    
be+ add$ to ! dye ba? 9 solution 9 _s1 a
 great drawback4    ,mr ,ni*olson1 by   
treat+ ,lyons blue 9 ! same mann] z     
indigo is  conv]t$ into sulph9digotic   
acid1 has succe$$ 9 r5d]+ x soluble2    
dissolv+ 9 alkalies to =m col\rless     
salts1 & decompos$ by acids  into its   
orig9al blue col\r4    ,by a            
modification ( ?is me?od #8,,ni*olson',s
 ,,blue' is prep>$1 a f9e  soluble blue 
dye4 ,ano!r col\r+ matt] call$ ,p>is    
blue or bleu de  ,p>is 0 obta9$ by heat+
 /annic *loride ) anil9e = #cj h\rs  at 
a temp]ature ( #cef ,fahr4 7#ahj ,c474  

,x is a f9e pure blue1 soluble  9 wat]1 
& cry/allis+ 9 l>ge blue ne$les ) a     
copp]y lu/re4    ,ano!r me?od pursu$ 9  
manufacture ( ?is col\r on a l>ge scale 
is  c>ri$ out by all[+ a mixture ( a    
salt ( rosanil9e1 ) an excess  ( anil9e1
 to dige/ at a temp]ature ( #aej to #afj
 = a consid]able  "t4 ,if a mixture ( #b
 kilogrammes ( dry hydro*lorate (       
rosanil9e1  & #d kilogrammes ( anil9e be
 employ$1 ! op]ation is complet$ 9  f\r 
h\rs4 ,! crude blue is purifi$ by treat+
 x successively )  boil+ wat]1 acidulat$
 ) hydro*loric acid1 & ) pure wat]1     
until x is ( ! pure/ blue col\r4        
#8,ni*olson's blue' is obta9$ by  dige/+
 triph5yl rosanil9e----mono-sulphonic   
acid 7made by dissolv+  triph5yl        
rosanil9e hydro*loride 9 /rong sulphuric
 acid1 & heat+  ! solution = five or six
 h\rs4 ,on ! addition ( wat]1 ! acid is 
obta9$ z a d>k blue precipitate1 & dri$ 
at #ajj71 ) a quantity  ( soda-lye n q  
suffici5t = saturation1 filt]+ !        
solution  & evaporat+4 ,x is dri$ at    

#ajj4 ,wool dipp$ into a hot aque\s     
solution ( ,ni*olson's blue1 especially 
if borax or wat]-glass be add$1         
extracts x 9 a col\rless /ate1 & holds x
 s fa/ t x _c be  wa%$ out ) wat]1 b on 
dipp+ ! wool ?us prep>$ into an acid  ! 
salt is decompos$1 & ! col\r+ matt] is  
set free4    ,,anil9e ,,blue ,,=        
,,pr9t+4 ,blum]-,zweefel gives ! foll[+ 
process3----8,mix #ajj p>ts ( />* )     
#ajjj p>ts ( wat]1 & add to x  :ile w>m 
#dj p>ts ( potassium *lorate1 #c to #d  
p>ts ( f]r\s  sulphate1 & #aj p>ts ( sal
 ammoniac4 ,! well-mix$ pa/e1 :5 q      
cold1 is mix$ ) #gj p>ts ( anil9e       
hydro*loride1 or an equival5t  quantity 
( t>trate1 & imm$iately us$4 ,! pr9t$   
goods are  oxidis$1 !n pass$ ?r\gh w>m  
or fa9tly alkal9e wat]1 :]eby !  blue   
col\r is develop$40    ,,violet         
,,imp]ial4 ,if ! action ( ! anil9e &    
mag5ta 9 ! process  ( manufactur+ anil9e
 blue be /opp$ be=e x is f9i%$1 & !     
result+ product treat$ ) dilute acid1 a 
col\r+ matt] call$  violet imp]ial is   

obta9$4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 replac$ by !   
,h(mann  violets4    ,mr ,ni*olson      
obta9s ano!r violet f anil9e r$1 by     
heat+ x 9 a  suitable app>atus to a     
temp]ature betwe5 #bjj & #bae ,c4 ,!    
result+  mass is exhau/$ ) acetic acid1 
& ! deep-violet solution dilut$  ) en\gh
 alcohol to give ! dye a conv5i5t /r5g?4
 ,anil9e violet1  al?\gh x resi/s !     
action ( light to a v consid]able ext5t1
 has  be5 %[n by ,*evreul to be inf]ior 
9 ?is p>ticul> ?an ei!r  madd]1 co*9eal1
 or indigo4    ,,h(mann ,,violets4 ,on a
 l>ge scale ^! violets are produc$ 9    
deep  ca/-iron pots1 surr\nd$ by a /eam 
jacket1 & provid$ ) a lid1  hav+ a      
p]=ation = di/ill+ ov] ! excess (       
reag5ts4    ,^! vessels are *>g$ ) a    
solution ( mag5ta 9 me?ylat$ or wood    
_s1 & iodide ( e?yl or me?yl1 9         
proportions accord+ to !  %ade requir$1 
& ! :ole heat$ by /eam = five or six    
h\rs1 :5  ! excess ( alcohol & iodide ( 
e?yl is di/ill$ ov]4 ,! result+  product
 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$1 precipitat$

 ) common salt1  & well wa%$4    ,l mo/ 
( ! o!r col\rs1 ,h(mann violets are     
salts ( col\rless  bases4 ,t ( a r$ %ade
 has a =mula ( ,c#bb;,h#bc,n#c1 or      
,c#bj;,h#ah7;,c#b;,h#e7,n#c2 ( a true   
violet %ade ,c#bd;,h#bg,n#c1  or        
,c#bj;,h#ag7;,c#b;,h#e7b,n#b2 & ( a blue
 %ade ( violet1 (  ,c#bf;,h#ca,n#c1 or  
,c#bj;,h#af7;,c#b;,h#e7c,n#c4 ,!y are   
all  mod]ately fa/ on wool & silk1      
al?\gh less s on cotton1 &1 z !y  c be  
produc$ 9 ne>ly e %ade ( violet1 are 9  
great use1 hav+  replac$ mo/ ( ! o!r    
violets4    ,! foll[+ processes h also  
be5 propos$ = ! production (  anil9e    
violet3    #a4 ,oxidation ( an anil9e   
salt by means ( a solution ( p]manganate
 (  potassium4 7,williams47    #b4      
,oxidation ( an anil9e salt by means ( a
 solution ( f]ricyanide (  potassium4   
7,smi?47    #c4 ,oxidation ( a cold &   
dilute solution ( hydro*lorate ( anil9e1
 by  means ( a dilute solution ( *loride
 ( lime4 7,bolley1 ,beale1 &            
,kirkmann47    #d4 ,oxidation ( a salt (

 anil9e by means ( p]oxide ( lead "u !  
influ5ce ( an acid4 7,price47    #e4    
,oxidation ( a salt ( anil9e 9 an aque\s
 solution ( p]oxide (  manganese4       
7,kay47    #f4 ,oxidation ( a salt (    
anil9e by free *lor9e or free hypo*lor\s
  acid4 7,smi?47    ,,dahlia4 ,?is is   
prep>$ f mauve & iodide ( e?yl1 9 ! same
  mann] z ! ,h(mann violets1 & is a     
purple-r$ violet4 ,x is a good  col\r1 b
 ! exp5se precludes its g5]al use4      
,,britannia ,,violet4 ,?is is obta9$ 9 !
 same mann] z ! ,h(mann  violets1 by    
act+ on an alcoholic solution ( mag5ta1 
) a ?ick1  viscid1 oily fluid ( ! =mula 
,c#aj;,h#ae;,br#c1 obta9$ by  cauti\sly 
act+ ) brom9e on oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x is a
 beautiful  violet1 capable ( be+       
manufactur$ ( e %ade1 f purple to blue1 
& mo/ ext5sively us$4    ,,aldehyde     
,,gre54 ,prep>$ by dissolv+ "o "p (     
mag5ta 9 ?ree p>ts  ( sulphuric acid1   
dilut$ ) "o "p ( wat]1 add+ by degrees  
"o  & a half "p ( aldehyde1 & heat+ !   
:ole on a wat] ba? until a  drop put 9  

wat] turns a f9e blue4 ,x is !n p\r$    
into a l>ge  quantity ( hot wat] conta9+
 ?ree p>ts ( hyposulphite ( sodium1     
boil$ & filt]$4 ,! filtrate conta9s !   
gre51 :i* c ei!r be  kept 9 solution or 
be precipitat$ by means ( tannic acid or
 acetate (  sodium4 ,l ! o!r col\rs1 ?is
 gre5 is a salt ( a col\rless base1     
conta9+ sulphur1 ! =mula ( :i* is n     
kn[n1 & is pr9cipally  us$ = dye+ silk1 
be+ v brilliant 9 bo? day & artificial  
light4    ,,iodide ,,gre54 ,produc$ dur+
 ! manufacture ( ! ,h(mann col\rs1 &  is
 n[ us$ = dye+ cotton & silk2 its col\r 
be+ blu] ?an t  ( aldehyde gre51 x is m 
useful4 ,iodide gre51 n be+ precipitat$ 
by c>bonate ( sodium1 is usually sold 9 
alcoholic solution4    ,,p]k9s ,,gre54  
,?is is also a mag5ta d]ivative1 & a    
salt ( a p[]ful  col\rless base4 ,x     
resembles ! iodide gre51 b is           
precipitat$ by  alkal9e c>bonates &     
picric acid4 ,?is col\r is us$ *iefly = 
calico pr9t+1 & is q z fa/ z ! ,h(mann  
col\rs4    ,,anil9e ,,gre54 ,:5 treat$ )

 *lorate ( potassium1 to :i* a  quantity
 ( hydro*loric acid has be5 add$1 anil9e
 assumes a ri*  indigo-blue col\r4 ,!   
same result occurs if ! anil9e be treat$
 )  a solution ( *lor\s acid4 ,simil>   
blues h be5 obta9$ by ,messrs  ,crace   
,calv]t1 ,l[e1 & ,clift4 ,mo/ ( ^! blues
 possess ! prop]ty1  :5 subject$ to !   
action ( acids1 ( acquir+ a gre5 t9t1   
call$  ,,em]ald9e4 ,dr ,calv]t obta9$   
?is col\r directly ^u clo?1 by  pr9t+ ) 
a mixture ( an anil9e salt & *lorate (  
potassium1 &  all[+ x to dry4 ,9 ab\t   
twelve h\rs ! gre5 col\r is develop$4   
,?is col\r may be conv]t$ into blue by  
be+ pass$ ?r\gh a hot  dilute alkal9e   
solution1 or ?r\gh a ba? ( boil+ soap4  
,,anil9e ,,yell[4 ,among/ ! second>y    
products obta9$ dur+ !  prep>ation (    
anil9e r$1 !re occurs a well-def9$ base 
( a spl5did  yell[ col\r1 to :i* ! "n   
*rysanil9e has be5 giv54 ,x is  prep>$  
by submitt+ ! residue1 f :i* ! rosanil9e
 has be5  extract$1 to a curr5t ( /eam =
 "s "t1 :5 a quantity ( !  *rysanil9e   

passes into solution4 ,by add+ nitric   
acid to ! solution1  ! *rysanil9e is    
?r[n d[n 9 ! =m ( a difficultly soluble 
nitrate4 ,! intimate relation betwe5    
*rysanil9e1 rosanil9e1 &  leucanil9e has
 be5 %[n by ,h(mann4      ,*rysanil9e   
,c#bj;,h#ag,n#c4    ,rosanil9e          
,c#bj;,h#ai,n#c4    ,leucanil9e         
,c#bj;,h#ba,n#c4    ,,saffran9e4 ,?is   
dye /uff is ( a bright r$-rose col\r4   
,m5 says x  may be prep>$ comm]cially by
 treatm5t ( heavy anil9e oils           
successively ) nitr\s & ars5ic acids2 or
 two p>ts ( ! anil9e  may be heat$ ) "o 
( ars5ic acid1 & "o ( an alkal9e nitrate
 =  a %ort "t1 to #bjj or #bab ,f4 ,!   
product is extract$ ) boil+  wat]1      
neutralis$ ) an alkali1 filt]$1 & !     
col\r ?r[n d[n by  common salt4         
,besides ! above products obta9$ f      
anil9e1 a s]ies ( col\rs h  be5 obta9$ f
 ph5ol1 or c>bolic acid1 ano!r sub/ance 
obta9$  f coal t>4    ,,picric ,,acid4  
,?is is obta9$ by treat+ 9 a suitable   
app>atus1 )  prop] precautions1 c>bolic 

acid ) nitric acid4 ,x is a pale yell[  
cry/all9e acid1 =m+ d>k orange explosive
 salts1 & dye+ silk a  f9e yell[4       
,,isopurpurate ,,( ,,potassium4 ,,gr5ate
 ,,br[n4 ,,gr5ate ,,soluble4 ,by treat+ 
picric acid ) cyanide ( potassium a v   
explosive salt is obta9$1  us$ to dye   
wool a d>k m>oon col\r4    ,,aur9e1 or  
,,rosolic ,,acid4 ,?is is obta9$ by     
heat+ a mixture (  sulphuric1 oxalic1 & 
c>bolic acids1 & purify+ ! products4 ,x 
is  a beautiful r$di%1 res9\s sub/ance1 
) a pale gre5 lu/re1 &  yield+ an orange
 col\r$ solution1 *ang$ by alkalies to a
 spl5did  crimson4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty 
9 us+ x1 h[ev]1 x is n v  ext5sively    
employ$4    ,,peon9e1 or ,,corall9e4    
,?is dye is =m$ :5 rosolic acid &       
ammonia  are heat$ to betwe5 #bdh & #bhd
 ,fahr4 7#abj to #adj ,c474 ,x is a f9e 
crimson dye1 =m+ %ades simil> to saffl[]
 on silk1 b1 ow+ to  ! bad effects (    
acids1 n mu* us$4    ,,azul9e4 ,prep>$  
by heat+ corall9e & anil9e toge!r4 ,a   
copp]y  col\r$ res9\s sub/ance1 soluble1

 9 alcohol1 & ) difficulty 9  wat]1 &   
dye+ silk a blue col\r4 ,! anil9e blues1
 h[ev]1 h  sup]s$$ x to a great ext5t4  
,!re are o!r sub/ances obta9$ f coal t> 
t h be5 employ$  to =m dyes1 b ( :i* we 
%all only ref] to "o----naph?al9e4 ,by  
treat+ ?is 9 exactly ! same mann] z     
b5zol1 x is conv]t$ into  anil9e4 ,a    
solid cry/all9e :ite base1 t]m$         
naph?ylam9e1 is  produc$4 ,f ?is        
sub/ance is obta9$ ! foll[+ dye4        
,,d9itronaph?al1 or ,,man*e/] ,,yell[4  
,naph?ylam9e is conv]t$ into            
diazynaph?ol by treatm5t ) nitrate (    
potassium1 & ! latt]1 :5  heat$ ) nitric
 acid1 yields ! col\r4 ,x is a weak     
acid1 & !  salt employ$ 9 comm]ce is !  
beautiful yell[ cry/all9e calcium salt  
:i* dyes silk & wool a magnific5t       
gold5-yell[ col\r4    ,,t>pau,,l94 ,syn4
 ,,t>pawl+4 ,canvas cov]$ ) t> or any   
composition to r5d] x wat]pro(4         
,,t>,,ras4 ,syn4 ,,t]ras4 ,a volcanic   
product resembl+ puzzolano1 t  imp>ts to
 mort> ! prop]ty ( h>d5+ "u wat]4       

,sev]al o!r  argillo-f]rug9\s m9]als    
possess ! same p[]1 & are us$ "u  ?is   
t]m4    ,,t>,,t>4 ,syn4 ,,argal1        
,,orgol2 ,,t>t>um1 ,,t>t>us1 ,l4 ,impure
 bit>trate  ( potassa4 ,crude t>t> is ! 
concrete deposit =m$ ^u ! sides (  !    
casks & vats dur+ ! f]m5tation ( grape  
juice4 ,t obta9$  f :ite w9e is :ite    
argol2 t f r$ w9e1 r$ argol4 ,aft]      
purification x =ms cream ( t>t>4        
,t>t>1 ,ammoniat$4 ,syn4                
,,ammonio-,,t>trate ,,( ,,potassa1      
,,soluble ,,t>t>  7,ammoniat$72 ,,t>t>us
 ,,ammoniatus1 ,,t>t>um ,,solubile      
,,ammoniatum1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,neutralise a 
solution ( cream ( t>t> ) ammonia 9     
slight  excess1 !n evaporate1 &         
cry/allise4 ,v soluble 9 wat]4 ,a       
fav\rite laxative on ! ,cont95t4        
,t>t>1 ,boraxat$4 ,syn4 ,,soluble       
,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>1 ,,boro-,,t>trate ,,(
  ,,potassa ,,& ,,soda2 ,,t>t>um        
,,boraxatum1 ,,cremor ,,t>t>i           
,,solubilis1 ,,potass ,,et  ,,sod       
,,t>tras ,,boraxata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f      

borax1 #b lbs2 cream ( t>t>1 #e  lbs4   
7bo? 9 p[d]72 dissolv$ 9 wat]1          
evaporat$1 & cry/allis$4  ,see          
,,potassium ,,borot>trate4    ,t>t>1    
,*alybeat$4 ,potassio-t>trate ( iron4   
,t>t>1 ,cream (4 ,bit>trate ( potassa4  
,t>t>1 ,emetic4 ,potassio-t>trate (     
antimony4    ,t>t>1 ,oil (4 ,deliquesc$ 
c>bonate ( potassa4    ,t>t>1 ,r$uc$4   
,syn4 ,,cremor ,,t>t>i ,,r$uctus1 ,l4   
,an article is sold1  "u ! "n (         
#8,briti% cream ( t>t>1' :i* conta9s    
#a_/d its weight  or m ( bisulphate (   
potassa4    ,t>t>1 ,salt (4 ,c>bonate ( 
potassa4    ,t>t>1 ,soluble4 ,neutral   
t>trate ( potassa4    ,t>t>1 ,_s (4     
,pyrot>t>ic acid4    ,,t>t>,,ic ,,acid4 
,h#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,(    
,,t>t>1 ,,ess5tial  ,,salt ,,( ,t42     
,,acidum ,,t>t>icum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 
,e41  ,d471 ,,sal ,,ess5tiale  ,,t>t>i1 
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take (
 cream ( t>t>1 #d lbs42  boil+ wat]1 #b 
gall42 dissolve by boil+2 add1          
gradually1 ( prep>$  *alk1 #ab oz4 #g   

dr4 7made into a milk ) wat]71 &1 :5 !  
eff]vesc5ce ceases1 add ano!r l portion 
( prep>$ *alk1  dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric  
acid1 #bf-a_/b fl4 oz41 or q4 s41 dilut$
 )  wat]1 #d p9ts2 collect ! precipitate
 7#8t>trate ( lime'71 &1 aft]  well wa%+
 x ) wat]1 boil x = #ae m9utes 9 dilute 
sulphuric  acid1 #g p9ts & #ag fl4 oz42 
next filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate 7to !  
d5sity ( #ach71 & set x aside to        
cry/allise2 r$issolve ! cry/als  9 wat]1
 conc5trate ! solution by evaporation1 &
 recry/allise a  second & a ?ird "t4 ,! 
,ed9burgh =mula is ne>ly simil>4 ,9 !   
,ph4 ,l4  ,d4 t>t>ic acid is plac$ 9 !  
,mat]ia ,m$ica4    #b4 7,gatty47 ,!     
solution ( argol or t>t> is fir/        
neutralis$ )  c>bonate ( potassa1 & to e
 #cjj gall4 ( ! cle> liquid1 at #e      
,twaddell1 #cd gall4 ( milk ( lime 7#a  
lb4 ( lime p] gall47 are add$2  c>bonic 
acid gas is !n =c$ 91 ) agitation2      
decomposition ensues1  ) ! =mation (    
#8bic>bonate ( potassa' & #8t>trate (   
lime1' !  la/ is conv]t$ into t>t>ic    

acid 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! =m]  is       
evaporat$ 9 iron pans1 & roa/$ 9 a      
rev]b]atory furnace = its  potassa4     
,prop4 ,t>t>ic acid =ms inodor\s1       
sc>cely transp>5t1 oblique  rhombic     
prisms1 m or less modifi$1 :i* are      
p]man5t 9 ! air2 x  possesses a purely  
s\r ta/e1 dissolves 9 ab\t #b p>ts (    
wat] at #fj  ,fahr41 & 9 ab\t its own   
weight ( boil+ wat]2 x is slightly      
soluble 9 alcohol2 ! aque\s solution    
exhibits "r-h&$  pol>isation1 & suff]s  
gradual decomposition by age4    ,x is  
free f col\r2 is entirely1 or almo/     
entirely1 dissipat$ by  ignition2 & is  
entirely soluble 9 wat]4    ,te/s4 #a4  
,t>t>ic acid is kn[n to be su* by its   
solution giv+ :ite  precipitates )      
solutions ( cau/ic lime1 b>yta1 &       
/rontia1 :i*  dissolve 9 excess ( !     
acid4----#b4 ,a solution ( potassa      
causes a :ite  granul> precipitate (    
cream ( t>t>1 soluble by agitation 9    
excess (  ! precipitant4----#c4 ,nitrate
 ( silv] & acetate ( lead give :ite     

precipitates1 :i*1 :5 heat$1 f n9e1 &   
yield ! pure metal4----#d4 ,if  to a    
solution ( t>t>ic acid1 or a t>trate1   
solution ( a f]ric or  alum9um salt be  
add$1 & subsequ5tly ammonia or potassa1 
no  precipitate is =m$4----#e4 ,at ab\t 
#egj ,fahr4 all ! t>trates are  black5$1
 & yield a peculi> & *>act]i/ic od\r4   
,uses1 c4 ,t>t>ic acid is *iefly employ$
 9 calico pr9t+1 &1 9  m$ic9e1 z a      
sub/itute = citric acid & lemon juice 9 
!  prep>ation ( cool+ dr9ks & sal9e     
draughts4 ,= ! latt] purpose1           
bic>bonate ( soda is ! alkal9e salt     
commonly employ$4----,dose1 #aj to  #cj 
gra9s4    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,on ! l>ge 
scale ! decomposition ( ! t>t>  is      
usually effect$ 9 a copp] boil]1 & t ( !
 t>trate ( lime  9 a lead5 ci/]n4 ,?is  
"p ( ! process is (t5 p]=m$ by m]e      
dige/ion = a few days1 )\t ! application
 ( heat4 ,lead5 or  /onew>e vessels are 
us$ z cry/allis]s4 ,good cream ( t>t>   
requires  #bf ( *alk & #bhe ( dry       
*loride ( calcium = its p]fect          

decomposition4 ,dry t>trate ( lime      
requires #ge ( oil ( vitriol to  lib]ate
 ! :ole ( its t>t>ic acid4 ,a v slight  
excess ( sulphuric  acid may be safely1 
nay1 advantage\sly1 employ$4 ,"s        
manufactur]s  blea* ! col\r$ solution ( 
! fir/ cry/als by treat+ x )  animal    
*>coal2 b = ?is purpose ! latt] sub/ance
 %\ld be fir/  purifi$ by dige/+ x 9    
hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds by         
edulcorat+ x ) wat]1 & expos+ x to a    
dull r$ heat 9 a  cov]$ vessel4 ,! g5]al
 managem5t ( ?is manufacture resembles t
  ( citric acid4 ,to obta9 a l>ge       
product1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !  :ole ( !  
t>trate ( lime be ?or\ghly decompos$1 a 
matt] n  always effect$ by clumsy       
manipulators1 :o d n adapt _! quantities
  or practice to ! circum/ances be=e !m4
    ,,t>,,trate4 ,a salt ( t>t>ic acid4 
,,t>ts4 ,^! may be reg>d$ z m9iature    
pies1 consi/+ ( fruit1  ei!r fre% or    
pres]v$1 bak$ or spread on puff-pa/e4   
,,t>ts4 ,to make an apple t>t take ab\t 
#b lbs4 ( apples1 peel !m1 cut  ea* into

 f\r pieces1 & remove ! cores2 !n let   
ea* ( ! qu>t]s  be subdivid$ into two or
 ?ree pieces1 accord+ to ! size ( !     
apple4 ,hav+ done ?is1 put half ! pieces
 into a pie-di%1 press !m  ev5ly d[n1 & 
spr9kle ov] !m two ounces ( br[n sug>2  
!n add  ! rema9+ apples1 & aft]w>ds     
ano!r #b oz4 ( sug>1 s t !  apples %all 
=m a k9d ( dome1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ab\t  
two in*es  above ! sides1 n[ add a      
w9eglassful ( wat]1 & cov] ! top ov]  ) 
%ort pa/e4 ,let bake 9 a mod]ately heat$
 ov5 f half to ?ree  qu>t]s ( an h\r4   
,! quantity ( sug> mu/ dep5d ^u !       
quality1 & ! degree (  sweetness1 or !  
rev]se1 ( ! apples us$4 ,if !y are ( !  
sweet  k9d or v ripe1 use less sug>1 b a
 d\ble quantity ( wat]2 9 !  latt] case 
a little ( ! juice ( lemon w improve !  
flav\r4  ,*opp$ lemon-peel1 or c9namon1 
or cloves1 may also be add$ to ! t>t  ) 
advantage4    ,on mak+ gre5 rhub>b or   
gre5gage t>ts x w be necess>y to use a  
little m sug>1 & to proce$ z = apple    
t>t1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1  to omit ! lemon  

juice & peel1 c9namon1 or cloves4 ,t>ts 
( ripe  currants1 raspb]ries1 *]ries1   
damsons1 & mulb]ries1 may be made 9  !  
same mann] z rhub>b t>t4 ,p9k rhub>b    
does n require peel+4    ,,tau,,r94     
,c#b;,h#g,,nso#c4 ,obta9$ :5 purifi$    
bile is boil$ =  "s h\rs ) an excess (  
hydro*loric acid4 ,by filtration1       
evaporation1 & dissolv+ ! dry residuum 9
 ab\t #f p>ts ( boil+  alcohol1 ne>ly   
pure taur9 cry/allises out z ! solution 
cools4 ,x  =ms ) cry/all9e ne$les1 :i*  
are soluble 9 wat]1 & sp>+ly  soluble 9 
alcohol4 ,x is rem>kable = conta9+ fully
 #be ( sulphur4    ,,tauro*olal,,ic     
,,acid4 ,see ,,*oleic ,,acid4           
,,taw,,+4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,,taw$    
,,lea!r us$ = gloves1  h\s+s1 c41 ! sk9s
 are fir/ soak$1 scrap$1 & hung 9 a w>m 
room until !y beg9 to exhale an         
ammoniacal od\r1 & ! wool readily  comes
 (f2 !y are !n de-hair$1 & soak$ 9 wat] 
) "s  quicklime = sev]al weeks1 ! wat]  
be+ *ang$ two or ?ree times  dur+ t     
p]iod2 !y are !n aga9 beam$1 smoo!d1 &  

trimm$1  aft] :i* !y are r9s$1 & resoak$
 9 a vat ( bran-&-wat]1  :]e !y are kept
 9 a /ate ( g5tle f]m5tation = "s weeks 
79  ?is /ate !y are call$ #8pelts'72 !  
sk9s are next well work$ ab\t  9 a w>m  
solution ( alum & salt1 aga9 f]m5t$ 9   
bran-&-wat] =  a %ort "t1 & are !n      
/ret*$ on hooks1 & dri$ 9 a /ove-room2  
!y are1 la/ly1 aga9 soak$ 9 wat] &      
trodd5 or work$ 9 a pail or  tub conta9+
 "s yolks ( eggs beat5 to a fro? ) wat]1
 aft]  :i* !y are /ret*$ & dri$ 9 a l(t1
 & are smoo!d ) a w>m  smoo?+-iron4     
,sometimes ! process is %ort5$ by soak+ 
! sk9s 9  ! foll[+ mixture aft] ! fir/  
/eep ) bran3----,common salt1 #c-a_/b   
lbs42 alum1 #h lbs42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s42 
dissolve1 add ( :eat5 fl\r1  #ba lbs42  
yolks ( #i doz5 eggs2 make a pa/e4 ,=   
use1 a portion is to be  l>gely dilut$ )
 wat]4    ,,*amois or ,,%ammy ,,lea!r is
 g5]ally prep>$ f ei!r %eep or          
doe-sk9s1 :i*1 aft] dress+1 lim+1 c41   
are well oil$ on ! gra9  side1 !n roll$ 
into balls1 & ?r[n into ! tr\gh ( !     

full+-mill1 :]e !y are beat5 = #b1 #c1  
or #d h\rs4 ,!y are next  air$1 & aga9  
oil$ & full$1 & ?is is repeat$ a ?ird   
"t1 or  (t5]1 z circum/ances may direct4
 ,! oil$ sk9s are !n expos$ to  a f]m5t+
 process1 or heat+ 9 a close *amb]1 &   
are aft]w>ds  fre$ f r$undant oil by be+
 sc\r$ 9 a weak alkal9e lye4 ,!y  are1  
la/ly1 r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 wrung at !    
peg1 dri$1 &  #8f9i%$' at ! /ret*]-iron4
    ,,taw$ ,,lea!r diff]s f ,,tann$     
,,lea!r 9 yield+ size or glue "u  !     
influ5ce ( heat & moi/ure1 9 ne>ly !    
same way z ! raw  sk9s4    ,,taxid]my1  
,practical4 ,! foll[+ review on !       
excell5t "w on ?is  subject is f #8,!   
,baza>1' #8,practical ,taxid]my2 a      
manual (  in/ruction to ! amateur 9     
collect+1 pres]v+1 & sett+ up  ,natural 
,hi/ory ,specim5s ( all k9ds4 ,by       
,montagu ,br[ne4'    8,! au?or ( ?is    
little book beg9s at ! beg9n+1 &1 be=e  
detail+ ! process ( sk9n+1 pres]v+1 &   
m\nt+ any giv5  v]tebrate1 he />ts ) a  
*apt] on #8,trapp+ & ,decoy+ ,birds &   

,animals4' ,9 ?is *apt] descriptions are
 giv5 ( v>i\s =ms (  spr+s1 sn>e1       
#8figure-#d trap1' clap-net1 glade-net1 
b[-net1 & box  trap2 & "s wr9kles are   
imp>t$ :i* may be useful to wildf[l     
%oot]s1 to say no?+ ( gamekeep]s1 ^:    
livelihood dep5ds on _!  success 9      
de/roy+ :at !y are pleas$ to reg>d z    
#8v]m94' ,*apt]  #c is devot$ to        
#8,necess>y ,tools1' ( :i* n only       
descriptions1 b  figures are giv51 & ^? 
:o h no k ( taxid]my w  probably be     
surpris$ to le>n h[ few tools are really
 necess>y = !  purpose4    8,on !       
subject ( pres]vative soaps & p[d]s1 ,mr
 ,br[ne has a good  deal to say1 & gives
 no less ?an sev5te5 diff]5t receipts4  
,_m (  ^!1 h[ev]1 are only notic$ to be 
condemn$1 = ! au?or has be5  a great    
exp]im5tali/1 & has te/$ ! effici5cy or 
o!rwise ( all  ! prep>ations he names1 )
 a view ( asc]ta9+ ! be/1 & at  ! same  
"t t :i* is mo/ h>mless to ! op]ator4 ,=
 !  pres]vation ( birds he p9s 8 fai? to
 ! f\r? =mula 7p4 #df71  :i* is a       

pres]vative soap = ! inside ( ! sk91    
compos$ ( #a-a_/b  lb4 :it+ or *alk1 #a 
lb4 ( s(t soap1 & #b oz4 ( *loride (    
lime1  f9ely p\nd$4 ,^! +r$i5ts are     
boil$ toge!r 9 a p9t ( wat]1  & !       
mixture1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 is said to  
be s efficaci\s z to  completely sup]s$e
 ars5ical pa/e or soap4 ,presum+ t x is 
us$  only = su* specim5s z are to be    
imm$iately cas$ up 9 air-tight  cases1  
no?+ fur!r is ne$$2 b z reg>ds su*      
specim5s z are  left expos$ or uncas$1  
#8a wa% ( b5zol9e lib]ally appli$ f "t  
to "t----say twice a ye>----to !        
outside1' is recomm5d$4    8,we h long  
s9ce prov$ ! efficacy ( ?is fluid1 n    
only 9  repell+ ! attacks ( mo?s1 & !   
l>v ( de/ructive beetles su*  z ,d]me/es
 l>d>ius1 b 9 kill+ !m 9 sk9s t h be5   
already attack$ by !m4 ,we c !re=e      
indorse ,mr ,br[ne's rem>ks1  & may     
supplem5t !m by a #8wr9kle' :i* he has  
probably discov]$ by  ?is "t1 al?\gh he 
does n ref] to x4 ,x is ?is4 ,if !      
amateur 9  se>* ( b5zol9e applies to !  

ne>e/ *emi/ = x1 he w be  s]v$ ) !      
#8rectifi$' fluid1 & w be ask$ ?ree     
%ill+s or  ?ree & sixp5ce = an ord9>y   
m$ic9e bottlefull4 ,if he proce$s1      
h[ev]1 to an oil & col\r %op1 & asks = x
 z suppli$ =  burn+ 9 ! sponge lamps1 he
 may get a p9t = ab\t a ti! ( !  co/4   
8,! be/ way to apply x is to p\r "s out 
9 a sauc]1 saturate a  p9* ( cotton wool
 ) x1 & dab x on all ov] ! fur or       
fea!rs4  ,! great advantage ab\t x is t1
 :ile kill+ or repell+ insects1  x does 
n 9 ! lea/ injure ! specim5 to :i* x is 
appli$4 ,we  h se5 a m\nt$ specim5 ( a  
bird almo/ saturat$ ) x1 s t  ! fea!rs  
look$ q draggl$2 b z soon z ! moi/ure _h
  evaporat$1 ! fea!rs all resum$ _! =m] 
%ape & glossy  appe>ance4 ,c>e %\ld be  
tak5 n to use x by c&le light1 z !      
vap\r is inflammable4    8,among/ !     
sev5te5 receipts = #8pres]vatives' (    
diff]5t k9ds1 we  d n see a v simple    
p[d] :i* we h us$ ) success = v  small  
bird sk9s1 :i* 7 almo/ too delicate to  
/& ! application  ( a bru% & pa/e1 or   

soap4 ,x is compos$ ( burnt alum & sug> 
(  lead1 & mix$ 9 ! proportion ( two    
?irds ( ! =m] to "o ?ird  ( ! latt]4 ,! 
alum dries1 ! sug> ( lead pres]ves1 & if
 !  specim5 :ile be+ sk9n$ be du/$ ) ?is
 mixture1 x w absorb  all moi/ure z x   
arises1 = :i* purpose pla/] ( ,p>is is  
usually  employ$4 ,a v little goes a    
long way1 & x is desirable n to apply   
too mu*1 le/ ! a/r+5t nature ( ! alum   
%\ld cause ! sk9 to  become brittle &   
crack4    8,possibly ,mr ,br[ne has n   
ref]r$ to ?is mixture on acc\nt ( !     
poison\s nature ( ! sug> ( lead4 ,he    
ju/ly rem>ks t too mu*  c>e _c be       
ex]cis$ 9 ! employm5t ( poison\s        
pres]vatives1 &  we fully agree ) him4  
8,on ! subject ( 8 in/ructions = sk9n+  
birds we h n mu*  criticism to (f]1     
except p]haps z reg>ds 8 mode ( fill+   
out !  sk9 aft] ! pres]vative has be5   
appli$1 & be=e ! sk9 is sewn  up4 ,we h 
f\nd by exp]i5ce t1 aft] ! artificial   
neck ( t[ or  cotton wool has be5       
ins]t$1 & ! w+ bones ti$ inside1 ! sk9  

is  mu* bett] fill$ by degrees ) little 
bits ( cotton wool ins]t$  piecemeal1   
in/ead ( ) an artificial body #8z ne>ly 
z possible  %ap$ to ! orig9al body ( !  
bird4' ,! advantage ( ! =m] plan  is t x
 is mu* m quickly execut$1 & a nice s(t 
sk9 is !  result1 in/ead ( a            
comp>atively h>d "o4 ,by introduc+ !    
wool  piecemeal1 too1 sc>cely any       
portion ( ! sk9 is left )\t support  on 
! inside1 z is (t5 ! case :5 a #8made   
body' is ins]t$4 ,?is  is mat]ial2 = if 
!re be any want ( inside support at a   
giv5 po9t1  pressure ^u t po9t f !      
outside w cause ! sk9 to crack4  ,^!    
rem>ks1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 to apply only
 to su* specim5s z  are int5d$ to be    
pres]v$ z sk9s1 & are n to be set up4   
8,few amateurs1 probably1 give mu* "t to
 m\nt+ _! specim5s1 =  !y c get !m s    
well done by pr(essional taxid]mi/s1 at 
prices  v>y+ to suit all purses4 ,! art 
( sk9n+ wild animals & birds1  h[ev]1 & 
cur+ or dress+ animal hides1 %\ld be    
acquir$ by e  sportsman & naturali/ :o  

int5ds to travel & collect & br+ home   
trophies4 ,to su* a "o we may specially 
recomm5d ! *apt]s :i* are  devot$ to ?is
 portion ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r   
respects1 ,mr  ,br[ne's book is a       
#8practical' manual ( taxid]my40        
,,tax9e4 ,a poison\s alkaloid pres5t 9 !
 leaves & se$s ( ! yew  7,taxus         
faccata74    ,,tea4 ,syn4 ,,!a1 ,l4 ,!  
dri$ leaves ( ! ,*9ese tea plants 7,!a  
,bohea & ,!a viridis74    ,x 0 =m]ly    
suppos$ t ,,black ,,teas c\ld only be   
obta9$ f ,t4  ,bohea1 & ,,gre5 ,,teas f 
,t4 viridis1 b ,=tune & o!rs h  prov$ t 
bo? sorts may be made f ei!r species1 & 
t !  diff]5ces 9 col\r & flav\r dep5d   
*iefly on ! age ( ! leaves  & ! treatm5t
 !y und]go 9 ! dry+ process4 ,ano!r     
species1  nam$ ,!a ,assamica1 furni%es  
,,assam ,,tea4    ,muld] gives ! foll[+ 
z ! composition ( tea3                  
,black  ,gre5                           
,tea4   ,tea4    ,ess5tial oil          
#jfj   #jgi    ,*lorophyll              
#ahd   #bbb    ,wax                     

#jjj   #jbh    ,res9                    
#cfd   #bbb    ,gum                     
#gbh   #hef    ,tann9                   
#abhh  #aghj    ,!9e                    
#jdf   #jdc    ,extractive matt]        
#bacf  #bbhj    ,col\r+ sub/ances       
#aiai  #bcfj    ,album5                 
#bhj   #cjj    ,fibre                   
#bhcc  #aghj    ,a% 7m9]al sub/ances7   
#ebd   #eef    ,dr ,walt] ,bly?1 comm5t+
 ^u ! above1 says1 ! am\nt ( !9e is     
c]ta9ly und]/at$4    ,pur4 ,! *ief      
adult]ation ( tea :i* is ext5sively     
practis$ at !  pres5t day is mix+ x ) a 
c]ta9 portion ( exhau/$ tea-leaves1  :i*
 h be5 r$ri$ & curl$4 ,! collection &   
prep>ation (  ^! occupy sev]al hundr$   
p]sons1 *iefly wom5 & *ildr51 9 &  ab\t 
,london4 ,! leaves :i* h be5 f\nd 9 !   
possession ( !  manufactur]s ( imitation
 tea are ^? ( ! sloe tree1 a% tree1 eld]
  bu%1 & :ite ?orn4 ,accord+ to ,mr     
,w>r+ton1 a mo/ ext5sive sy/em  (       
adult]at+ tea is practis$ 9 ,*9a4 ,_m   
samples directly import$  f t c\ntry1   

exam9$ by him1 did n conta9 a s+le gra9 
( tea1  be+ made up entirely ( o!r      
leaves4 ,! ord9>y gre5 teas he f\nd1  = 
! mo/ "p1 spuri\s1 be+ manufactur$ out (
 ! *eap] black  teas4 ,^! are #8fac$ up'
 or #8pa9t$' ) v>i\s col\r+ sub/ances1  
p[d]$ porcela91 clay1 c41 :i* are       
readily p]ceiv$ "u !  microscope1 & ev5 
admit ( be+ sep>at$1 & *emically exam9$4
    ,x is a g5]al practice among !      
groc]s 9 ?is c\ntry to imp>t :at  !y    
call a #8bloom' to _! gre5 teas by      
#8r\nc+' !m up ) a  little calc9$       
magnesia1 or f9ely p[d]$ talc or ,fr5*  
*alk4 ,!  quantity t adh]es to ! tea is 
v trifl+1 b x1 greatly  improves its    
appe>ance4 ,black teas are #8fac$1' 9 a 
simil> mann]1 )  f9ely p[d]$ plumbago or
 black-lead4    ,pure ,*9a tea is n     
turn$ black by be+ put into wat]        
impregnat$  ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1  
nor does x t+e a solution ( ammonia     
blue4 ,! infusion is amb]-col\r$1 & is n
 r$d5$ by ! addition  ( an acid4 ,! a%es
 left f ! combu/ion ( g5u9e tea are     

:ite1  & d n exce$ #e to #e-a_/b4 ,if !y
 exce$ ?is !y may be *emically  exam9$ )
 ! usual te/s = alum9a1 *romate ( lead1 
copp]1  cyanide ( potassium1 gypsum1    
lime1 magnesia1 c4 ,_m ( ^! sub/ances   
may be detect$ by simply agitat+ ! tea )
 a little cold wat]1 :5  !y w be deta*$ 
f its surface1 & r5d] ! wat] turbid1 or1
  by _! gravity1 s9k to ! bottom4    ,mr
 ,a4 ,h4 ,all5#bbe arranges !           
adult]ation ( tea "u f\r heads1  giv+ at
 ! same "t directions = _! detection3   
,footnote #bbe3 #8,*emical ,news1' xxix1
 #abc1 #afg1 #ahi1 #bba2 & xxx1 #b4     
#a4 ,m9]al additions = increas+ weight  
or bulk3 7a7 ,magnetic  matt]4 ,detect$ 
by draw+ a magnet "u a weight$ portion (
 ! tea  spread ^u pap]1 :]eby ! magnetic
 matt] is sep>at$ f ! tea  & may be     
weigh$4    7b7 ,silice\s matt]4 ,! a%   
mu/ be e/imat$ by ignit+ a weigh$       
portion ( ! tea4 ,! a% ( g5u9e tea v>ies
 f #ebd to #fj p]  c5t4 ,! a% is !n     
boil$ ) wat]1 ! insoluble "p aga9 treat$
  ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! silica        

collect$ & weigh$4 ,g5u9e tea  does n   
conta91 on an av]age1 m ?an #jcj p] c5t4
 ( a% insoluble  9 acid2 adult]at$ teas 
sometimes conta9 z mu* z #aj p] c5t4    
#b4 ,organic adult]ations = increas+    
weight or bulk3 7a7 ,exhau/$  tea       
leaves4 ,be/ detect$ by e/imat+ ! tann91
 gum1 soluble a%1  insoluble matt]1 c4  
4 ,tann94 #e gr4 ( lead acetate are     
dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( wat]1 &  !        
solution filt]$ aft] /&+2 #e mgms4 (    
pure potassium  f]ricyanide are dissolv$
 9 #e c4c4 ( wat]1 & an equal bulk (    
/rong  ammonia solution is add$4 ,! lead
 solution is /&>dis$ by dilut+  #aj c4c4
 to #ajj c4c4 ) boil+ wat]1 & add+ to x 
f a burette a  solution ( #ja pure tann9
 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 until a few drops1 
:5  all[$ to fall ?r\gh a filt] on to a 
drop ( ! f]ricyanide  solution1 spott$  
on a slab1 produce a p9k col\r4 ,a      
solution ( ! tea  is made by repeat$ly  
boil+ ab\t #b grams ( ! f9ely-p[d]$     
sample  ) #hj c4c4 ( wat]1 until x is   
completely exhau/$4 ,! solution is      

filt]$ & made up to #bej c4c41 & us$ z  
already describ$4    ,! am\nt ( tann9 9 
g5u9e black tea av]ages ab\t #aj p] c5t4
 ,a  small quantity ( tann91 ab\t #b p] 
c5t41 rema9s 9 ! exhau/$  leaves4 ,!    
p]c5tage ( exhau/$ leaves1 ,e1 9 a      
sample may be  e/imat$1 :5 ! p] c5t4 (  
tann91 ,t1 is kn[n by ! equation3       
,e  7#aj - ,t7 _/ #h  #ajj4    4        
,insoluble matt] is be/ e/imat$ by boil+
 ! p\nd$ sample  repeat$ly ) wat]1 &    
dry+ ! residue at #abj ,c41 until !     
weight  is con/ant4 ,! insoluble matt] 9
 black tea v>ies f #dfg to #ecf  p]     
c5t41 :ile 9 previ\sly infus$ leaves x  
v>ies betwe5 #gb to #ge  p] c5t4        
,gum4 ,! aque\s decoction is evaporat$  
ne>ly to dryness1 ! residue  treat$ )   
me?ylat$ _s1 filt]$1 wa%$ ) _s1 r9s$ (f 
! filt] ) hot wat]1 ! liquid evaporat$  
at a /eam heat1 weigh$1  ignit$1 &      
weigh$ aga94 ,! loss repres5ts gum4    4
 ,soluble a%4 ,! aque\s solution ( ! a% 
is evaporat$1 g5tly  ignit$1 & weigh$4  
,g5u9e tea conta9s n less ?an #c p] c5t4

 (  soluble a%1 :ile 9 exhau/$ leaves   
?is item falls z l[ z #jeb p]  c5t4 ,if 
,s repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( soluble a%1 ! 
p]c5tage (  exhau/$ leaves ,e may be    
approximately f\nd 9 ! abs5ce ( =eign   
leaves by ! equation3      ,e  7#f -    
#b,s7  #bj4    7b7 ,=eign leaves4 ,!    
pres5ce ( leaves1 o!r ?an ^? ( ! tea    
plant1 may be detect$ ) "s accuracy by  
e/imat+ ! insoluble  matt]1 tann91 gum1 
& a%2 b ! microscope mu/ decide ?is  "q4
    ,illu/ration3 ,leaves & /alks ( be/ 
tea br\ght f ,*9a 7#ahfa7 by  private   
h&4 ,natural size4 ,g5]ally 9 comm]cial 
tea ! leaves are  mu* l>g] & ?ick]1 &   
(t5 are cut transv]sely into two or ?ree
  p>ts4 ,"s /alks & rema9s ( fl[]s are  
f\nd 9 all tea1 ev5 !  be/4             
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration3 ,leaves   
us$ 9 ! adult]ation ( tea----! sloe1    
will[1  oak1 bee*1 eld]1 & haw?orn1 h   
be5 nature-pr9t$ & !n  li?ograph$4 ,!   
draw+s ( ! *loran?us inconspicuus & !   
camellia sasanqua1 :i* are said to be   
us$ by ! ,*9ese1 are copi$  f ,hassall4 

,! leaves ( ! elm1 popl>1 & plane are   
said to be  sometimes us$ 9 ,engl&4     
,falsification ) any k9d ( leaf is1     
h[ev]1 n[ decid$ly uncommon 9 ?is       
c\ntry4    #c4 ,adult]ants = imp>t+ a   
fictiti\s /r5g?4 7a7 ,extrane\s  tann9  
matt]s1 su* z cate*u1 c41 are detect$ by
 an unusually high  p]c5tage ( tann91 z 
indicat$ by ! lead process4 ,tea1       
adult]at$  ) cate*u1 gives an infusion  
:i* quickly becomes muddy on cool+4 #a  
gram ( ! sample & #a gram ( pure tea are
 ea* infus$ 9 #ajj c4c4 (  wat]1 & !    
solutions p\r$ (f f ! leaves are        
precipitat$1  :ile boil+1 ) a slight    
excess ( neutral lead acetate1 filt]$1 &
  te/$ z foll[s3----,ab\t #bj c4c4 ( !  
pure tea infusion1 :5 g5tly  heat$ ) a  
few drops ( silv] nitrate1 gives a      
slight cl\d9ess only2  :ile tea1 conta9+
 cate*u1 gives a copi\s br[ni%          
precipitate1 &  ! liquid acquires a     
di/9ct yell[ t+e4 ,"o drop ( f]ric      
*loride  gives a light gre5 col\r if    
cate*u is pres5t1 & a greyi%-gre5       

precipitate on /&+2 ! solution f pure   
tea gives a r$di% col\r  ) f]ric        
*loride1 due to acetate1 & no           
precipitate on /&+4  ,^! te/s are       
applicable only :5 cate*u is pres5t 9   
tol]ably l>ge  quantities4    7b7 ,lie  
tea1 :5 ?r[n into hot wat]1 falls to    
p[d]1 because !  gum or />* us$ to keep 
x 9 a compact =m is dissolv$4 ,! liquid 
may be acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1       
decol\ris$ ) p]manganate1 &  te/$ = />*4
 ,! a% ( lie tea is (t5 z high z #cj or 
#dj p]  c5t4    7c7 ,cap] tea is made   
into little glossy masses by ! aid ( gum
 or  />*2 x is usually mu* adult]at$4 ,!
 insoluble matt] is usually  mu* less   
?an 9 g5u9e tea2 ! gum am\nts to #ae or 
#bj p] c5t4 ,!  soluble a% (t5 falls    
bel[ #b p] c5t4    7d7 ,soluble iron    
salts are add$ to give an appe>ance (   
/r5g? by  ! =mation ( tannate ( iron4   
,!y are detect$ by %ak+ !  p[d]$ leaves 
) cold dilute acetic acid1 filt]+1 &    
te/+ =  iron1 9 ! filtrate4    7e7      
,alkal9e c>bonates are sometimes add$ to

 tea4 ,! soluble a%  gives ! yell[      
sodium flame1 if sodium salts h be5     
add$2 !  alkal9ity may also be det]m9$ 9
 ! soluble a%4 ,! av]age am\nt  ( pota% 
7,k#b,o7 9 tea is ab\t #afb p] c5t4     
#d4 ,fac+ & col\r+ mat]ials4 ,^! may be 
detect$ "u !  microscope1 or ! leaves   
may be wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 ! col\r+  matt] 
collect$ & exam9$4 ,indigo is be/       
detect$ by ! microscope2  ,prussian     
blue1 by boil+ ) cau/ic alkali1 filt]+1 
& te/+ =  f]rocyanide by f]ric *loride4 
,! residue1 insoluble 9 alkali1 is  fus$
 ) alkal9e c>bonate1 evaporat$ to       
dryness ) hydro*loric  acid2 ! residue  
te/$ = silica1 & ! filtrate te/$ = lime 
&  magnesia4    ,moi/ure v>ies f #f to  
#h p] c5t4    ,among dome/ic sub/itutes 
= tea are----! leaves ( spe$well1 wild  
g]m&]1 black currant1 syr+a or mock     
orange1 purple-spik$ will[  h]b1 w9t]   
gre51 sweetbri>1 *]ry tree1 sloe1 c41   
all ( :i* are  us$ = tea1 ei!r s+ly or  
mix$4 ,! addition ( a s+le bud ( !      
black currant to ! infusion ( ord9>y    

black tea imp>ts to x a  flav\r closely 
resembl+ t ( gre5 tea4    ,!            
br[ni%-col\r$ p[d] v5d$ "u ! "n ( #8la  
v5o b5o' is a  mixture ( #b p>ts (      
tea-du/ ) #e p>ts ( p[d]$ cate*u or t]ra
  japonica4 ,a few gra9s ( ?is sub/ance 
?r[n into ! teapot are  describ$ 9 !    
adv]tisem5ts z be+ capable ( m ?an d\bl+
 !  /r5g? ( ! bev]age4    ,tea1 ,lie4 ,(
 ?is comp\nd1 ,dr ,hassall says3----8,x 
is s call$ because  x is a spuri\s      
article & n tea at all4 ,x consi/s ( du/
 ( tea  leaves1 sometimes ( =eign leaves
 & s& made up by means ( />* or  gum    
into little masses1 :i* are aft]w>ds    
pa9t$ & col\r$1 s z  to resemble ei!r   
black or gre5 gunp[d]4 ,! skill exhibit$
 9 !  fabrication ( ?is spuri\s article 
is v great1 & we h met )  at lea/ a doz5
 v>ieties ( x1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 ! size
  & col\r+ ( ! little masses40    ,!    
once notori\s #8,,p>aquay ,,plant1' sold
 9 packets1 0 simply new  mead[-hay t _h
 be5 wett$ ) a /rong infusion ( cate*u1 
!n  dri$1 *opp$ small1 & /rongly        

compress$4 ,see ,,!9e & ,,caffe9e4      
,tea4 8,! tea is n a meal2 :5 x is      
prop]ly us$1 x %\ld n be  a meal2 b x   
has a special purpose to fulfil1 :i* ,i 
w n[ expla94  ,tea----& "u ! g5]ic t]m  
tea ,i include c(fee----tea is usually  
tak5  ?ree h\rs aft] d9n]4 ,?is is !    
mom5t :i* corresponds ) !  completion ( 
dige/ion1 :51 ! food hav+ be5 convey$   
away f !  /oma*1 no?+ rema9s beh9d b !  
excess ( ! acid juices employ$  9       
dige/ion1 ^! acid juices create an      
uneasy s5sation at ! /oma*1  & a call is
 made = some?+ to relieve ! uneas9ess2  
tea fulfils  t object40 8,on ! same     
pr9ciple1 aft] ! bus9ess ( !  d9+-room1 
! antacid & refre%+ bev]age1 ei!r 9 !   
%ape (  tea or c(fee1 is prep>$ 9 !     
draw+-room4 ,9 tak+ ei!r1 !  ne>] !y    
approa* to ! simple infusion ! bett]2   
little milk or  cream1 & less sug>1 %\ld
 be ! pr9ciple4 ,b1 see+ ! purpose (    
tea1 h[ unreasonable to make x ! excuse 
= a meal1 to conjo9 ) x  toa/1 muff9s1  
bread & butt]1 & id g5us omne40 8,?ree  

meals a day  may be tak5 z ! /&>d (     
habit & cu/om2 tea & c(fee hav+ a       
specific place & purpose z a bev]age1 b 
none z a meal40 7,eras4  ,wilson47 ,see 
,,meals1 c4    ,al?\gh tea is und\bt$ly 
prejudicial to *ildr5 & to adults (     
n]v\s & irritable temp]am5t1 !re c be no
 "q t1 if its  use be n abus$1 x        
possesses valuable physiological        
prop]ties4 ,on !  n]v\s sy/em x acts z a
 pleasant /imulant & re/orative1 its    
mod]ate use n be+ foll[$ by depression4 
,dr ,p>kes says ^!  effects are 9 "s    
measure due to ! w>m? ( ! infusion4     
,accord+  to ! same au?ority its use is 
foll[$ by v little quick5+ ( !  pulse1  
:il/ !re is an increase 9 ! am\nt (     
p]spiration1 & a  slightly dim9i%$      
action on ! b[els4 ,cases1 h[ev]1 are n 
uncommon  9 :i* ?is latt] effect is     
rev]s$4    ,dr ,edw>d ,smi? says t tea  
increases ! excretion ( pulmon>y        
c>bonic acid4 ,! cont5tion t !          
elim9ation ( urea is less5$1  does seem 
to h be5 n satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,if 

s1 !  dim9ution is v trifl+4 ,sir       
,ranald ,m>t9 says tea is mo/ useful    
aga9/ excessive fatigue1 especially 9   
hot climates4 ,! travell] 9  !          
,au/ralian bu% speaks highly ( its      
r5ovat+ effects at ! end (  a long day  
pass$ 9 ! saddle4    ,a cup ( /rong gre5
 tea )\t milk or sug> is a popul> &     
frequ5tly by no means ineffici5t rem$y =
 a sev]e n]v\s heada*e4  ,accord+ to    
,liebig1 tea & c(fee resemble s\p 9 _!  
effect on !  sy/em4 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts
 seem to %[ t !y less5 ! wa/e (  tissue 
9 ! human body4 ,tea tak5 too           
cont9u\sly1 or 9 excess1  produces      
indige/ion1 flatul5ce1 & con/ipation1   
besides r5d]+ its  vot>ies anmic &      
depress$ 9 spirits4    ,x is a fallacy  
to suppose t s(t wat] makes ! be/ tea4  
,x  c]ta9ly yields a d>k] infusion ?an t
 made f mod]ately h>d  wat]1 b ?is is   
ow+ to ! s(t wat] tak+ up a l>ge        
quantity (  bitt]1 physiologically in]t1
 extractive matt] f ! tea1 !  delicate  
flav\r ( :i* becomes !reby greatly      

impair$4 ,?is is :y  connoisseurs object
 to an infusion ( too d>k a col\r4      
,mod]ately h>d  boil+ wat]1 on !        
contr>y1 fails to dissolve ?is          
objectionable  +r$i5t1 & h5ce produces a
 bev]age 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic  ta/e ( !   
pleasant aromatic pr9ciple ( ! tea is n 
mask$ by !  bitt] sub/ance4 ,london     
wat]1 :i*1 :5 boil$1 has a h>dness (    
ab\t #e degrees 7equal to #e gra9s (    
lime salts to ! gallon71 makes  excell5t
 tea----bett]1 9 fact1 ?an a wat] ( half
 ! h>dness1 !  latt] yield+ a slightly  
bitt] infusion4 ,9 ! use ( mod]ately h>d
  wat]1 x is ess5tial t x %\ld be all[$ 
to rema9 on ! tea  suffici5tly long4 ,! 
,*9ese nev] employ ei!r v s(t or        
immod]ately h>d wat]1 b a wat] ( m$ium  
h>dness4    8,exp]im5tally x is f\nd t  
infusions ( tea & c(fee are /rong  en\gh
 :5 ! =m] conta9s #jf p] c5t4 (         
extractive matt]1 &  ! latt] #c p] c5t41
 s t a mod]ate-siz$ cup 7#e oz47 %\ld   
conta9 ab\t #ac gra9s ( ! extract ( tea1
 or #ff gra9s ( c(fee4  ,^! proportions 

w be obta9$ :5 #bfc gra9s ( tea 7ab\t   
#b-a_/b  teaspoonfuls7 or #b oz4 (      
fre%ly-roa/$ c(fee are infus$ 9 a p9t ( 
boil+ wat]2 & ! am\nts ( ! sev]al       
con/itu5ts dissolv$ are  ab\t z         
foll[s3----      8,con/itu5ts4          
,tea4    ,c(fee4                        
grs4     grs4    ,nitrog5\s matt]s      
#agb      #ddj    ,fatty matt]          
----        #cj    ,gum1 sug>1 &        
extractive   #cag     #ajcb    ,m9]al   
matt]s               #ia      #bbh      
--------    ------------    ,total      
extract$              #ehh     #agcj    
8,s t tea yields1 to a p9t ( fre% wat]1 
ab\t #bb p] c5t4 ( its  weight1 & c(fee 
ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,lehmann f\nd t only   
#ae-a_/b p]  c5t4 ( tea 0 dissolv$ by   
wat]1 :]eas ,sir ,humphry ,davy e/imat$ 
x  at #cc-a_/b p] c5t4 ,no d\bt !       
quality ( ! wat]1 z well z t (  ! tea1  
affects ! results1 = cold di/ill$ wat] w
 extract f  #dj to #dd p] c5t4 ( black  
tea1 & ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( gre52 b1  =  
all ?is1 ab\t #bb p] c5t4 is a good     

av]age ) boil+  wat]40#bbf    ,footnote 
#bbf3 ,le!by1 #8,lectures on ,food4'    
,longmans4    ,dr ,edw>d ,smi? has %[n 9
 ! foll[+ table t1 :5 ! usual  cu/om (  
measur+ tea into ! teapot by ! spoonful 
is foll[$1 v  v>y+ weights ( tea are    
employ$4 ,?us he f\nd t ! weight ( a    
spoonful ( tea 0 =----                  
,black ,teas4      ,oolong              
#ci gra9s4    ,cong\ 7inf]ior7          
#eb   0    ,fl[]y ,pekoe            #fb 
0    ,s\*ong                 #gj   0    
,cong\ 7f9e7            #hg   0         
,gre5 ,teas4      ,hyson                
#ff gra9s4    ,twankay                  
#gj   0    ,f9e ,imp]ial            #ij 
0    ,sc5t$ ,cap]           #ajc   0    
,f9e ,gunp[d]          #abc   0    ,!   
attempt to make good tea w prove a      
failure unless ! wat]  employ$ is boil+4
 ,previ\sly to mak+ ! infusion1 ! teapot
  %\ld always be w>m$ up by means (     
boil+ wat]4 ,! kettle %\ld be  fill$ f !
 tap1 & n ! boil]4 ,x %\ld also be borne
 9 m9d  t nei!r good tea nor c(fee c be 

obta9$ if !y are made )  wat] t has be5 
9 ! kettle = _m h\rs4 ,! tea is ready to
 be  drank aft] ! boil+ wat] has /ood on
 x = five m9utes4    ,tea1 ,beef4 ,syn4 
,,infusum ,,c>nis ,,bubul1 ,,jusculum   
,,cum ,,c>ne ,,bovis1 ,l4  ,?is is m]ely
 a v conc5trat$ s\p =m$ ( lean beef4    
,accord+ to  ! common plan1 lean beef1  
#a lb41 is g5tly simm]$ 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1
  = ab\t #a_/b an h\r1 :5 spices1 salt1 
c41 are add$1 & 9 a few  m9utes ! :ole  
is /ra9$ = use4 ,! foll[+ are o!r =mul3 
#a4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,take good   
rump /eak1 #a_/b lb42 cut x into ?9     
slices1 spread ^! ov] a holl[ di%1      
spr9kle a little salt on !m1  add a p9t 
( boil+ wat]1 & place ! di% 7cov]$7 ne> 
! fire  = #a_/b an h\r2 !n remove ! :ole
 to a saucepan1 & boil x g5tly  = #ae   
m9utes2 la/ly1 /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve4 
#b4 7,pr(4 ,liebig47 ,beef1 free f fat1 
#a lb41 is to be m9c$ v small1  mix$ )  
an equal weight ( cold wat]1 &1 aft]    
dige/ion &  agitation 9 ! cold = ab\t   
#a_/b an h\r1 heat$ sl[ly to boil+2  :5 

x has boil$ = a m9ute or two1 /ra9 x    
?r\gh a clo?4 ,x may  be col\r$ ) roa/$ 
onion or burnt sug>1 & spic$ & salt$ to 
ta/e4    ,obs4 ,simil> prep>ations are  
ord]$ 9 "s =eign ,ph>macopias f  calves'
 lights1 crayfi%1 frogs1 mutton1        
pullets1 snails1 tortoise1 veal1  c4 ,9 
! ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf a =m 0 giv5 = vip] bro?
 7,,jusculum  ,,vip]9um74 ,see ,,ess5ce 
,,( ,,beef1 ,,extract ,,( ,,meat1 c4    
,,tee? 7,!74 ,syn4 ,,d5tes1 ,l4 ,an     
object v subs]vi5t to heal?1 &  :i*     
m]its due att5tion1 is ! pres]vation ( !
 tee?2 ! c>e (  :i*1 consid]+ _!        
importance 9 prep>+ ! food = dige/ion1  
is1 9 g5]al1 f> f be+ suffici5tly       
appreciat$4 ,comp>atively  v few p]sons 
wa% _! m\? & clean _! tee? ev5 once a   
day2 a  feat :i* ought always to be     
practis$ at ! conclusion ( a meal1 :5   
ei!r animal food or vegetables are eat52
 = ! fir/ is apt to leave  beh9d x a    
rancid acrimony1 & ! o!r an acidity1 bo?
 ( !m  hurtful to ! tee?4 ,^? :o abhor a
 fetid brea?1 rott5 tee?1 &  ! too?a*e1 

w\ld d well to inv>iably clean _! tee?  
be=e  retir+ to re/4 ,) smok]s1 ?is     
practice is almo/ obligatory4  ,wa%+ !  
m\? frequ5tly ) cold wat] is n only     
s]viceable 9  keep+ ! tee? clean1 b 9   
/r5g!n+ ! gums1 ! firm adhesion  ( :i*  
to ! tee? is ( ! greate/ importance 9   
pres]v+ !m  s\nd & secure4 ,"s p]sons   
?9k x s]viceable to add a few drops (   
_s or ess5ce ( camphor to ! wat] ?us    
employ$1 a plan we  c]ta9ly approve (4  
,see ,,brea?1 ,,d5tifrices1 ,,pa/es1    
,,p[d]s1 ,,too?  ,,cem5ts1 ,,wa%es1 c4  
,tee?1 ,/opp+s =4 ,see ,,d5ti/ry4       
,,tee?,,+4 ,syn4 ,,d5tition4 ,*ildr5 are
 sometimes born ) "o or  m tee?2 b1 9   
g5]al1 ! tee?1 at bir?1 consi/ ( m]e    
pulpy  rudim5ts buri$ 9 ! gum4 ,_!      
developm5t is gradual4 ,ab\t ! ?ird  or 
f\r? mon? !y beg9 to assume %ape &      
h>dness4 ,at ?is p]iod  *ildr5 become   
fretful1 ! saliva fl[s copi\sly1 ! gums 
gr[ turgid1  & !re is a fondness ( bit+ 
h>d cold objects4 ,9 ne>ly all cases    
!re is m or less fev]1 frequ5tly a c\gh 

or di>rha1 & a ra%  commonly appe>s1 :i*
 is call$ by nurses ! #8r$ gum4' ,^!    
symptoms  g5]ally abate aft] a =tnight  
or ?ree weeks1 & ! *ild rema9s          
undi/urb$ until ! sev5? or eigh? mon?4  
,ab\t ?is p]iod ! gums  aga9 become r$1 
t5d]1 & swoll51 & (t5 extremely         
s5sitive1 &  pa9ful4 ,! upp] "p ( ! gum 
gradually becomes att5uat$ & pale1  &1 j
 be=e ! too? appe>s1 ev5 cov]$ ) a      
bli/]4 ,^!  *anges are usually att5d$ by
 an increas$ fl[ ( saliva1 or           
#8drivell+1' & a lax /ate ( ! b[els1 bo?
 ( :i* are reg>d$ z  favorable symptoms4
 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! di>rha is         
excessive1 :5 x  may be cauti\sly       
re/ra9$ by a dose or two (              
rhub>b-&-magnesia1  ) a little dill or  
pepp]m9t wat]2 or1 bett]1 by ! daily use
 ( a  little arr[-root1 to :i* a few    
drops ( pure port w9e may be add$4      
,sometimes ! local irritation is        
consid]able1 or !re are spasms or       
convulsions1 9 :i* case ! practice is to
 lance ! gums4 ,:5 !re  is dr[s9ess1    

/upor1 or oppress$ respiration1 "o or   
two lee*es may be  appli$ to ! temples1 
& a small bli/] to ! back ( ! neck1 or  
beh9d ! e>4 ,sluggi%ness ( ! b[els may  
be remov$ by a little  ca/or oil2 or1 :5
 !re is actual con/ipation1 by a little 
calomel or  m]curial p[d] & rhub>b4     
,excessive irritability1 )\t o!r m>k$   
symptoms1 is be/ combat$ by a drop or   
two ( t9cture ( hops 9  sweet5$ wat]4   
,?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( d5tition ! use (
 w>m  dry clo?+1 fre$om f tight b&ages1 
) ?or\gh v5tilation1 good  nurs+1       
ex]cise1 fre% air )\t undue exposure1   
abundance ( crawl+  on ! c>pet1 &       
frequ5t w>m ba?s1 w be f\nd mo/         
advantage\s4  ,inde$1 ! la/1 )\t o!r    
treatm5t1 are (t5 suffici5t to subdue  !
 mo/ di/ress+ convulsions & ! mo/       
ob/9ate di>rha1 & 9  no case c !y d h>m4
 ,see ,,nurs+1 ,,/rophulus1 c4          
,,telephone4 ,)9 ! memory ( ! pres5t    
g5]ation ,sir ,*>les  ,:eat/one made "s 
exp]im5ts on ! transmission ( s\nd1 :i* 
7  subsequ5tly repeat$ & enl>g$ ^u by   

,pr(essor ,h5ry 9 ,am]ica4  ,connect+   
toge!r by means ( a b> ( wood ! s\nd+   
bo>ds ( two  pianos plac$ 9 h\ses on    
opposite sides ( ! /reet1 ,h5ry f\nd t  
:5 ! piano on "o side ( ! /reet 0 play$ 
^u ! musical  s\nds x gave out 7        
reproduc$ by t on ! o!r side4 ,! next   
rese>* 9 ?is direction 0 t ( ,page1 9   
#ahcg1 :o1 sett+ up  vibrations 9 b>s ( 
iron1 by rapidly magnetis+ & demagnetis+
 !m  elicit$ f !m musical notes         
correspond+ ) ! velocity ( !  vibration4
 ,simil> effects1 b m m>k$ 9 "*1 7      
produc$ by  ,de la ,rive1 9 #ahdc1 by   
means ( a succession ( electric curr5ts 
transmitt$ ?r\gh a copp] wire /ret*$    
?r\gh a cyl9d] made (  insulat$ copp]   
wire4    ,9 #ahfa ,reiss1 (             
,freidri*sdorf1 p]fect$ an in/rum5t :i*1
 by means  ( ! vibrations ( a diaphragm 
alt]nately complet+ & break+ !          
cont9uity ( a galvanic circuit1         
reproduc$ musical s\nds 9 an iron b>  at
 a di/ance4    ,v>ley1 9 #ahgj1 obta9$  
simil> results to ,reiss by ! rapid *>g+

  & dis*>g+ ( a cond5s]4    ,9 ! fir/ ( 
^! exp]im5ts----viz4 ,h5ry's----! s\nd 0
  me*anically conduct$ along ! b> ( wood
 f ! /r+s ( "o piano  to ^? ( ! o!r1    
:i*1 be+ ?r[n into simil> vibratory     
movem5ts gave rise to simil> s\nds4     
,9 ! o!r exp]im5ts1 on ! contr>y1 !     
s\nds 7 n due to !  *emical conduction  
at all1 b to curr5ts ( electricity4 ,x  
has be5  expla9$ t ,reiss' in/rum5t 0   
capable ( reproduc+ musical s\nds  at a 
di/ance f _! orig94 ,reiss' may1 !re=e1 
be reg>d$ z !  orig9al telephone4 ,b1   
al?\gh able to reproduce a musical note 
or  s\nd orig9at+ at a di/ance1 ?is     
in/rum5t fail$ altoge!r 9 !  case ( a ^w
 or a s5t5ce1 = ! simple reason t !     
curr5t (  electricity :i* passes ?r\gh !
 wires is an int]mitt5t "o4 ,musical    
s\nds diff] 9 tone1 9 int5sity1 &       
quality4 ,! tone dep5ds ^u  ! numb] (   
vibrations produc$ 9 ! air p] second2 :5
 ^! are  less ?an sixte5 no s\nd is     
produc$4 ,! int5sity is due to ! ext5t  
or amplitude ( ! vibrations2 & ! quality

 or timbre1 to ! =m  ( ! undulations    
made by ! vibrat+ p>ticles ( !          
atmosph]e4 ,n[1  ( all ^! qualities or  
v>ieties ( s\nd1 ! fir/ only1 or ! tone1
  c be reproduc$ by a curr5t (          
int]mitt5t electricity1 s t ,reiss'  is 
a tone telephone1 & z su* is only       
capable ( r$eliv]+ a  numb] ( musical   
notes4 ,to ,pr(essor ,a4 ,graham ,bell  
alone belongs !  m]it ( hav+ inv5t$ an  
articulat+ or speak+ telephone1 or an   
app>atus by means ( :i* n only tone1 b  
int5sity & timbre (  s\nd----9 %ort1    
spee* 9 its entirety c be electrically  
convey$ f  "o po9t to ano!r1 no matt] h[
 di/ant4 ,! practical result ( ?is  is t
 a conv]sation c be c>ri$ on1 ! di/ance 
by :i* !  speak]s may be sep>at$ be+ (  
no import4 ,to ! p>ticul> species (     
electricity by :i* ?is is accompli%$    
,pr(essor ,bell has giv5 !  "n          
#8undulatory1' 9 contradi/9ction to     
#8int]mitt5t' or #8pulsatory4'  ,!      
annex$ plate1 :i* is half ! actual size 
( ,bell's articulat+  telephone1        

repres5ts t in/rum5t 9 section4         
,illu/ration    m m is a p]man5t        
b>-magnet1 to ! upp] end ( :i* is atta*$
 a  s(t iron core1 :i* becomes magnetis$
 by ! p]man5t magnet4  ,surr\nd+ ! iron 
core is a coil ( v f9e insulat$ copp]   
wire  7b71 ! two ends ( :i* are c>ri$ to
 ! t]m9als 7t t71 by  means ( :i* "o is 
connect$ ) ! l9e wire1 & ! o!r ) !  e>?1
 d is a disc ( ?9 iron plate1 ei!r t9n$ 
or japann$1 ab\t  ! size ( a cr[n piece1
 & c is ! cavity or m\?-piece4 ,^u      
apply+ ! lips to ?is & speak+ into x1 ! 
iron disc 7d7  vibrates t[>ds ! s(t iron
 core1 ! result be+ t a curr5t (  induc$
 electricity is set up 9 ! coil 7b71    
,:i*1 be+ 9  connection by means ( !    
telegraph wire ) a precisely simil>     
arrangem5t at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1        
reproduces !re ! spok5  words by means (
 a correspond+ disc4 ,! magnet ) its    
atta*m5ts  are enclos$ 9 a wood5 case 7a
 a1 a a1 a a72 n n are screws  :i*      
secure ! iron disk 7b72 s is a screw =  
adju/+ !  di/ance betwe5 ! polo ( !     

magnet & ! disk 7b74    ,! extreme      
simplicity ( ,pr(essor ,bell's telephone
 0 ! outcome (  sev]al antec$5t         
exp]im5ts1 work$ out by =ms ( app>atus  
gradually  dim9i%+ 9 complexity4    ,!  
,g]man physici/ ,helmholtz _h previ\sly 
%[n t by ! ag5cy (  a curr5t (          
int]mitt5t electricity pass$ ?r\gh a    
tun+-=k1 he  c\ld produce simultane\s   
vibrations 9 a numb] ( o!r =ks connect$ 
) ! fir/ by a wire1 & t by v>y+ !       
l\dness ( ^!  vibrations by means (     
resonators1 s z to comb9e ! musical     
notes 9  diff]5t proportions1 ! result+ 
s\nd 0 an imitation ( c]ta9  v[el s\nds1
 or a copy ( ! timbre ( s\nd4           
,pr(essor ,bell's fir/ telephone 0 an   
ext5sion ( ,helmholtz's device  =       
produc+ v[el or composite s\nds4 ,a     
numb] ( /eel wires (  diff]5t pit* 7    
made into a h>p1 & connect$ by a p[]ful 
p]man5t magnet1 ! same arrangem5t be+   
repeat$ at ! o!r end (  ! circuit4 ,9 ! 
magnetic field ( ! p]man5t magnet 0 an  
electro-magnet4 ,:5 a p]man5t magnet is 

vibrat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood  ( an          
electro-magnet1 ?is latt] w h a curr5t (
 electricity  g5]at$ 9 x1 ! int5sity (  
:i* w v>y ) ! velocity ( !  vibrations 9
 ! p]man5t magnet1 :il/ x w be ei!r     
positive or  negative accord+ to !      
direction ( ^! same vibrations4 ,s t a  
v[el s\nd1 if produc$ by caus+ a numb] (
 ! rods ( ! h>p to  vibrate at ! same   
"t1 c be transmitt$ by a curr5t (       
electricity1  & w be reproduc$ by ! h>p 
at ! o!r end ( ! connect+  wire4 ,if a  
piano 7 sung into :il/ ! p$al 0 d[n1 n  
only w\ld  ! pit* ( ! voice be e*o$     
back1 b an approa* to ! quality (  !    
v[el w\ld also be obta9$4 ,& !ory tea*es
 t if ! piano _h  a v mu* l>g] numb] (  
/r+s to ! octave1 we %\ld get n only  an
 approximation to1 b an exact vocal     
reproduction ( ! v[el4 ,if1  !re=e1 9 ! 
h>p !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( /eel rods to ! 
octave1 & y 7 to speak 9 ! neighb\rhood 
( su* a h>p1 !  rods w\ld be ?r[n into  
vibration ) diff]5t degrees ( amplitude1
  produc+ curr5ts ( electricity1 & w\ld 

?r[ into vibration ! rods  at ! o!r end 
) ! same relative amplitude1 & ! timbre 
( !  voice w\ld be reproduc$4    ,!     
effect :5 y vibrate m ?an "o ( ^! rods  
simultane\sly is  to *ange ! %ape ( !   
electrical undulation1 & a simil> effect
 is  produc$ :5 a batt]y is includ$ 9 ! 
circuit4 ,9 ?is case !  batt]y curr5t is
 ?r[n into waves by ! action ( ! p]man5t
  magnets4 ,h5ce y w see t ! resultant  
effect on ! curr5t ( a  numb] (         
musical-tones1 is to produce a vibration
 :i* corresponds 9  e degree to ! mov+  
velocity ( ! air4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y
  vibrate two rods 9 ! h>p1 y h two     
musical notes produc$1 b (  c\rse if y  
pay att5tion to a p>ticle ( air1 x is   
impossible t  any p>ticle ( air c       
vibrate 9 two directions at ! same "t2 x
  foll[s ! resultant =m ( vibration4 ,"o
 curve w\ld %[ !  vibration ( a p>ticle 
( air = "o musical tone1 ! next "o =    
ano!r1 & ! ?ird ! result+ motion ( a    
p>ticle ( air :5 bo?  musical tones are 
s\nd$ simultane\sly4 ,y h by ! h>p      

app>atus  ! resultant effect produc$ by 
a curr5t ( electricity1 b ! same        
resultant effect c\ld be produc$ 9 !    
air4 ,!re is an in/rum5t  call$ !       
phonantograph4 ,x consi/s ( a cone :i*1 
:5 spok5 into1  cond5ses ! air f !      
voice4 ,at ! small end ( ! cone !re is a
  /ret*$ membrane :i* vibrates :5 a s\nd
 is produc$1 & 9 !  c\rse ( its         
vibration x controls ! movem5t ( a long 
/yle ( wood1  ab\t "o foot 9 l5g?4 ,if a
 piece ( glass ) a smok$ surface is     
rapidly drawn be=e ! /yle dur+ its      
movem5t1 a s]ies ( curves  w be drawn ^u
 ! glass4 ,i myself utt]$ ! v[els e1 ay1
 eh1  ah1 aah4 ,^! v[els 7 sung at !    
same pit* & ! same =ce1  b ea* is       
*>act]is$ on ! glass by a %ape (        
vibration ( its own4  ,9 fact1 :5 y come
 to exam9e ! motion ( a p>ticle ( air1  
!re  c be no d\bt t e s\nd is *>act]is$ 
by a p>ticul> motion4  ,x /ruck me t if1
 in/ead ( us+ t complicat$ h>p1 &       
vibrat+ a numb] ( rods tun$ to diff]5t  
pit*es1 & ?us creat+  on ! l9e ( wire a 

resultant effect1 we 7 at once to       
vibrate a piece  ( iron1 to give to t   
piece ( iron n ! vibration ( a musical  
tone1 b to give x ! resultant vibration 
( a v[el s\nd1 we c\ld  h an undulatory 
curr5t produc$ directly1 n indirectly1  
:i* w\ld  correspond to ! motion ( ! air
 9 ! production ( a s\nd4    ,!         
difficulty1 h[ev]1 0 h[ to vibrate a    
piece ( iron 9 ! way  requir$4    ,!    
foll[+ app>atus gave me ! clue to !     
solution ( ! problem 9  ! attempt to    
improve ! phonantograph4 ,i attempt$ to 
con/ruct "o  modell$ z ne>ly z possible 
on ! me*anism ( ! human e>1 b on  go+ to
 a fri5d 9 ,bo/on1 ,dr ,cl>5ce ,j4      
,blake1 an auri/1 he sugge/$  ! novel   
idea ( us+ ! human e> itself z a        
phonantograph1 & ?is  app>atus we       
con/ruct$ toge!r4 ,x is a human e>4 ,!  
int]ior  me*anism is expos$1 & to a "p (
 x is atta*$ a long /yle ( hay4  ,^u    
moi/5+ ! membrane & ! little bones ) a  
mixture (  glyc]9 & wat]1 ! mobility ( !
 p>ts 0 re/or$1 & on  speak+ into !     

ext]nal artificial e> a vibration 0     
obs]v$1 &  aft] _m exp]im5ts we 7 enabl$
 to obta9 trac+s ( ! vibration  on a    
%eet ( smok$ glass drawn rapidly along4 
,?is app>atus gave me !  clue to !      
pres5t =m ( ! telephone4 ,:at ,i want$ 0
 an app>atus  t %\ld be able to move a  
piece ( iron 9 ! way t a p>ticle (  air 
is mov$ by ! voice4#bbg    ,footnote    
#bbg3 ,f ,pr(essor ,bell's lecture at ! 
,society ( ,arts1 ,nov4  #bh?1 #ahgg1   
publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society1 vol4  
#bf1 p4 #ag4    ,we ne$ n foll[         
,pr(essor ,bell ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages by  
:i* he  arriv$ at 8 mo/ successful      
solution ( ?is problem fur!r ?an to     
/ate t ! simplicity ( con/ruction       
exhibit$ 9 ! pres5t =m (  in/rum5t did n
 *>act]ise ! e>li] articulatory         
telephones4  ,among/ ! causes contribut+
 to ?is simplicity may be m5tion$ !     
ab&onm5t ( an animal membrane atta*$ to 
! iron plate1 !  dim9ution ( ! coil (   
insulat$ wire1 & ! sub/itution = !      
galvanic batt]y :i* =m]ly =m$ "p ( !    

circuit1 ( !  p]man5t magnet4           
,pr(essor ,bell records ! curi\s fact t 
h>dly any diff]5ce is  obs]vable 9 !    
results by v>y+ ! size1 ?ickness1 & =ce 
( !  p]man5t magnet1 & t beyond a       
rem>kable effect 9 ! quality (  ! voice1
 di/9ct articulations might be obta9$ f 
iron plates (  f #a in* to #b feet 9    
diamet] & f #a_/fd? to #a_/d? in* 9     
?ickness4 ,) plates ( uni=m ?ickness1 b 
( v>y+ diamet]1 he  obta9$ ! foll[+     
results4 ,) a plate ( small diamet] !   
articulation 0 p]fectly di/9ct1 b ! s\nd
 emitt$ 0 z if a  p]son 7 speak+ ?r\gh !
 nose4 ,by gradually enl>g+ ! diamet]  (
 ! plate ?is nasal effect z gradually   
disappe>$1 until :5 a  c]ta9 diamet] 0  
atta9$ a v good quality ( voice manife/$
  itself4    ,by cont9u+ to enl>ge !    
diamet]1 a co>se1 holl[1 drum-l effect  
0 produc$1 until :5 ! diamet] became v  
l>ge1 ! s\nd  resembl$ t "o he>s :5 !   
head is inside a b>rel1 & 0  accompani$ 
) a rev]b]at+ s\nd4 ,by rev]s+ ! above  
conditions----t is1 by keep+ ! diamet]  

con/ant1 & v>y+ !  ?ickness----x 0 f\nd 
t ) a v ?9 plate ! drum-l s\nd  0       
produc$2 by gradually increas+ !        
?ickness ?is effect pass$  (f2 !n foll[$
 di/9ct articulation1 until at a c]ta9  
increase (  ?ickness ! peculi> nasal    
quality aga9 develop$ itself4    ,9     
practice x has be5 f\nd desirable1 9    
e/abli%+ speak+  communication betwe5   
two di/ant places1 to employ two        
telephones in/ead  ( a s+le "o2 "o be+  
appli$ to ! m\? & ! o!r to ! e>  dur+ a 
conv]sation4    ,) "o telephone x 0 no  
unusual occurr5ce = confusion to arise 9
  consequ5ce ( ! two speak]s talk+ or   
li/5+ at ! same "t4    ,s fai?ful is !  
transmission by ! telephone ( e v>iety (
  s\nd1 t ,mr ,preece /ates1 :5 9       
telephonic communication ) ,pr(4  ,bell1
 ?r\gh a qu>t] ( a mile he has he>d him 
8laugh1 sneeze1 c\gh1  &1 9 fact1 make  
any s\nd ! human voice c produce40 ,x   
mu/ be  borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !         
transmitt$ spee* c only be di/9ctly     
he>d 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! receiv+   

app>atus2 ! ke5e/  he>+ fails to detect 
x at ! di/ance ( little m ?an a foot    
away4 ,h5ce1 :5 a message is expect$1 ! 
recipi5t has to place 8  e> to !        
m\?piece ( ! in/rum5t1 & use x z an     
e>-trumpet4    ,a circum/ance t5d+ to   
impair ! satisfactory work+ ( ,bell's   
telephone is1 t ! l9e wire to :i* ! ends
 ( ! coil are  atta*$ becomes           
inductively affect$ by ! curr5ts (      
electricity  pass+ ?r\gh ! p>allel &    
contigu\s telegraph wires1 ! effect1  on
 a l9e :]e !re is an active transmission
 ( telegraphic messages1  be+ t !       
telephone 8emits s\nds t are v l !      
patt]+ (  hail aga9/ a w9d[1 & :i* are s
 l\d z to ov]p[] ! effects  ( ! human   
voice40#bbh    ,footnote #bbh3 ,preece4 
,?is inconv5i5ce c1 h[ev]1 x is /at$1 be
 rem$i$4    ,if all ! arrangem5ts ( !   
in/rum5t 7 p]fect1 !re %\ld be no       
limits to ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* spee* c\ld
 be convey$ by !  telephone4 ,pr(essor  
,bell says t 9 laboratory exp]im5ts 8no 
difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 us+ an        

app>atus ( ?is con/ruction  ?r\gh a     
circuit ( #fjjj miles20 & t he _h f\nd x
 act effici5tly  betwe5 ,new ,york &    
,bo/on1 a di/ance ( #beh miles1 subject 
to !  condition t ! neighb\r+ telegraph 
wires 7 n 9 action4    ,mr ,preece has  
c>ri$ on conv]sations betwe5 ,dubl9 &   
,holyhead1 a  di/ance ( #ajj miles4     
,two useful applications ( ! telephone  
are record$ by ,pr(essor ,bell1  ! "o   
its employm5t 9 connection ) ! div+     
bell2 ! o!r z a  means ( communication  
betwe5 ^? above & bel[ gr\nd 9 m9es4 ,x 
has be5 l>gely adopt$ 9 ext5sive        
factories & 9 comm]cial h\ses  bo? 9    
,am]ica & 9 ?is c\ntry1 supplem5t+1     
because ( its mu*  great] simplicity &  
easy application1 ! electric telegraphs 
previ\sly 9 use 9 su* e/abli%m5ts4      
,we extract ! foll[+ f ! #8,j\rnal ( !  
,society ( ,arts1'#bbi    ,footnote     
#bbi3 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #hhg4    8,,!       
,,telephone ,,& ,,! ,,torp$o4    8,a    
novel application ( ! ,bell telephone is
 "o :i* has be5 made 9  connection )    

torp$oes by ,capta9 ,c4 ,a4 ,m',evoy1 ( 
#ah1 ,adam ,/reet1  ,adelphi4 ,!        
torp$oes to :i* ! telephone has be5     
appli$ are ^?  ( ! buoyant contact      
class----t is1 float+ torp$oes1 :i* are 
us$  = ! protection ( riv]s & h>b\rs4   
,^! torp$oes are held 9  position b5ea? 
! surface ( ! wat] by moor+ l9es &      
an*ors1  & x is necess>y to asc]ta9 f "t
 to "t t ^! deadly  ag5ts are 9 active  
work+ ord]4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 connect$  
to !  %ore by electric wires by :i* !y  
may be explod$4 ,!y are also  arrang$ s 
t !y may be explod$ electrically by     
contact ) pass+  vessels4 ,= ?is latt]  
purpose !y are fitt$ ) :at is kn[n z a  
circuit clos]1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! middle (
 ! *>ge )9 !  torp$o4 ,! te/+ is        
ord9>ily p]=m$ by s5d+ a curr5t (       
electricity ?r\gh ! torp$o & fuse2 b1 9 
ord] t ! fuse may  n be fir$1 & ! torp$o
 consequ5tly explod$ dur+ ! process (   
te/+1 an extremely weak curr5t has to be
 us$ 9 connection ) a  s5sitive         
galvanomet]4 ,! consequ5ce is t !       

indications receiv$  are s v delicate t 
!y are n always to be reli$ on4 ,n[1 :at
  ,capta9 ,m',evoy does is to supplem5t 
! electrical te/ by ! te/ (  s\nds1 & to
 ?is end he encloses an ord9>y ,bell    
telephone 9 ea*  torp$o4 ,! telephone is
 s plac$ t ! vibrat+ diaphragm is 9 a   
horizontal plane1 & ^u x are laid a few 
%ot or p>ticles ( metal1  & ^! are box$ 
94 ,e motion ( ! torp$o causes ! %ot to 
%ift _! position ^u ! face ( ! diaphragm
 & to cause a slight  noise1 :i* is     
di/9ctly he>d 9 ! receiv+ telephone on  
%ore4 ,?us  ea* torp$o two or ?ree miles
 away1 9 ! re/less wat]s ( a *annel1  is
 cont9ually tell+ ! op]ator on %ore (   
its own condition 9  language sometimes 
excit$1 accord+ to ! /ate ( calmness or 
agitation ( ! wat] at ! "t4 ,%\ld !     
torp$oes be sunk1 !y  w\ld lie          
motionless on ! bottom1 & ! sil5ce ( !  
telephone w\ld  indicate ! fact ( _!    
inop]ativ5ess4 ,! telephones are        
connect$  to ! ord9>y electric wires ( !
 torp$oes1 b ?is does n prev5t  !m f be+

 te/$ 9 ! usual way f ! batt]y on %ore40
    ,,tellu,,rium4 ,a r>e greyi%-:ite   
elem5t>y sub/ance1 f\nd only 9  small   
quantities1 associat$ ) gold1 silv]1    
lead1 & bismu?1 9 !  gold m9es (        
,transylvania4 ,x has (t5 be5 describ$ z
 a metal1 b is  n[ commonly class$ ) !  
non-metals4    #a4 ,tellurium may be    
obta9$ f ! bismu? ore 7! telluride (    
bismu?7 by /rongly heat+ ! ore ) a      
mixture ( c>bonate ( pota%  & *>coal4 ,a
 potassium telluride is =m$ :i*         
dissolves 9 wat]1  =m+ a solution ( a   
purpli%-r$ col\r1 f :i* ! tellurium     
deposits on exposure ( ! liquid to !    
atmosph]e4    #b4 ,s*rtt] gives ! foll[+
 me?od = ! obta9m5t ( metallic          
tellurium3----,! raw mat]ial is treat$ )
 dilute hydro*loric acid z  long z c>bon
 dioxide is evolv$1 !n ) /rong acid     
until all  sulphurett$ hydrog5 is driv5 
(f4    ,! liquid is decant$ f ! residue1
 :i* is wa%$ ) hydro*loric  acid & hot  
wat]1 !n boil$ ) aqua regia until !     
insoluble matt]  is :ite4 ,f ! aqua     

regia solution any gold t may be pres5t 
is  precipitat$ by means ( f]r\s        
sulphate1 & aft]w>ds z9c is add$ to     
precipitate ! tellurium4 ,! precipitate 
on ! z9c is wa%$1 dri$1  & heat$ to     
r$ness1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid to      
remove any silv]1  & ! rema9+ tellurium 
is !n collect$4    ,tellurium be>s a    
great resemblance to bismu? 9 appe>ance1
 hav+ a  p9ki% metallic lu/re2 x fur!r  
resembles bismu? 9 be+ cry/all9e  &     
brittle4    ,bel[ a r$ heat x ent]s into
 a /ate ( fusion2 at a high temp]ature  
x becomes conv]t$ into a yell[ vap\r4 ,x
 burns 9 air1 :5 /rongly  heat$1 ) a    
blue flame hav+ a gre5 rim1 & giv+ (f   
:ite fumes  t h a peculi> od\r4 ,:5 tak5
 int]nally1 ev5 9 v m9ute  quantities1  
tellurium imp>ts to ! brea? an (f5sively
 p[]ful od\r  ( g>lic4 ,tellurium       
dissolves 9 cold conc5trat$ sulphuric   
acid1 to  :i* x imp>ts a ri* purple-r$  
col\r4 ,if ! acid solution be dilut$  ) 
wat] ! tellurium precipitates un*ang$4  
,!re are two oxides (  tellurium3 !     

dioxide 7,te,o#b7 & ! trioxide          
7,te,o#c71 ! fir/ (  :i* corresponds to 
sulphur\s1 & ! second to sulphuric      
anhydride4    ,tellur\s acid            
7,h#b,te,o#c7 is obta9$ by p\r+ a       
solution (  tellurium on nitric acid (  
#abe into wat]1 :5 ! tellur\s acid is   
precipitat$ z a bulky hydrate4 ,?is     
hydrate is slightly soluble 9 wat]  &   
r$d5s litmus4 ,x =ms salts call$        
tellurites4    ,telluric acid           
7,h#b,te,o#d74 ,:5 tellurium or tellur\s
 acid is g5tly  heat$ ) nitre a potassic
 tellurate is =m$1 ?is be+ decompos$ by 
a salt ( b>ium1 :il/ ! result+ b>ium    
tellurate is 9 its turn  decompos$1 & ! 
telluric acid sep>at$ by sulphuric acid4
 ,!  telluric acid occurs 9 hexagonal   
prismatic cry/als1 :i*1 :5 heat$        
usually to r$ness1 becom+ conv]t$ into  
telluric anhydride1 :i* !n  assumes an  
orange-yell[ col\r4 ,?is telluric       
anhydride 7,te,o#c7 is  entirely        
insoluble 9 wat]1 nitric & hydro*loric  
acids1 & alkal9e  solutions4 ,al?\gh x  

has b a feeble attraction = bases1      
telluric  acid =ms salts :i* are call$  
tellurates4 ,!re are two *lorides (     
tellurium3 ! di*loride 7,te,cl#b7 & !   
tetra*loride 7,te,cl#d74  ,!y may bo? be
 obta9$ by ! direct action ( *lor9e on  
tellurium4    ,tellurett$ hydrog51 or   
dihydric telluride4 7,h#b,te74 ,?is     
comp\nd  pres5ts a /rik+ analogy to     
sel5iurett$ & sulphurett$ hydrog54  ,l  
bo? ( ^! x is gase\s1 b resembles !     
latt] 9 smell m  ?an ! =m]4 ,x burns ) a
 blue flame1 r$d5s litmus1 & :5  fus$   
into wat] =ms a col\rless solution1 :i* 
becomes br[n by  exposure to ! air1 ow+ 
to ! oxidation ( hydrog5 & ! deposition 
( tellurm94 ,! salts ( mo/ ( ! metals   
are decompos$ :5 a  curr5t ( tellurett$ 
hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ^! solutions1 f  
:i* ! metals are !n ?r[n d[n z          
tellurides4 ,^! tellurides  pres5t a    
close resemblance to ! correspond+      
sulphides4 ,! tellurides  ( ! alkali    
metals1 l ! sulphides1 are soluble 9    
wat]4    ,te/s4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive "* (   

tellurium comp\nds is !  r$di%-purple   
solution ( potassium telluride !y furni%
 :5 fus$  ) potassic c>bonate & *>coal &
 treat$ ) wat]4    ,,tem,,p]ature4 ,9   
,engli% ph>macy x is cu/om>y to measure 
! degree  ( heat by ,fahr5heit's        
!rmomet]4 ,:5 a boil+ heat is direct$1  
#bab  is meant4 ,a g5tle heat is t :i*  
is d5ot$ by any degree betwe5 #ij  &    
#ajj ,fahr4    ,:5ev] specific gravity  
is m5tion$1 ! sub/ance spok5 ( is       
suppos$ to be ( ! temp]ature ( #fb      
,fahr4 7,ph4 ,l47    ,9 ! ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,e41  ,d41 & 9 *emical works 9 ?is      
c\ntry  g5]ally1 ! specific gravities ( 
bodies are tak5 at1 or ref]r$ to1  !    
temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr4 ,see            
,,!rmomet]s4    ,! foll[+ data may be ( 
use to ! ph>maci/3      ,degree ( ,fahr4
       #bghf          ,ca/ iron melts   
7,daniell74       #bjaf          ,gold  
melts 7,daniell74       #aiif           
,copp] melts 7,daniell74       #ahgc    
,silv] melts 7,daniell74       #agej    
,brass 7conta9+ #be ( z9c7 melts        

7,daniell74       #ajjj          ,iron1 
bright *]ry r$ 7,poillet74        #ihj  
,r$ heat1 visible 9 daylight 7,daniell74
        #ida          ,z9c beg9s to burn
 7,daniell74        #ggc          ,z9c  
melts 7,daniell74        #fdd           
,m]cury boils 7,daniell71 #ffb          
7,graham74        #fdj                  
,sulphuric acid boils 7,m>ignac71 #fbj  
7,graham74        #fcj          ,:ale   
oil boils 7,graham74        #fag        
,pure lead melts 7,rudb]g74        #fjj 
,l9se$ oil boils4        #eah           
,bismu? melts 7,gmel974        #ddb     
,t9 melts 7,cri*ton74        #chj       
,ars5i\s acid volatilises4        #cef  
,metallic ars5ic sublimes4        #cae  
,oil ( turp5t9e boils 7,kaure74         
#cjb          ,e!rification ends4       
#beg          ,saturat$ sol4 ( sal      
ammoniac boils 7,taylor74        #bef   
,saturat$ sol4 ( acetate ( soda boils4  
#bci          ,sulphur melts 7,mill]71  
#bbf 7,f[nes74        #bch              
,saturat$ sol4 ( nitre boils4           

#bba          ,saturat$ sol4 ( salt     
boils 7,p>is ,codex74        #bbj       
,saturat$ sol4 ( alum1 c>b4 soda1 &     
sulph4 z9c1 boil4        #bah           
,saturat$ sol4 ( *lorate & prussiate    
pota%1 boil4        #baf                
,saturat$ sol4 ( sulph4 iron1 sulph4    
copp]1 nitrate ( lead1 boil4        #bad
          ,saturat$ sol4 ( acetate lead1
 sulph4 & bit>trate pota%1 boil4        
#bac or 7#bace7 ,saturat$ sol4 ( wat]   
beg9s to boil 9 glass4        #bab      
,wat] boils 9 metal1 b>omet] at #cj4    
#baa          ,alloy ( #e bismu?1 #c t91
 #b lead1 melts4        #bja            
,alloy ( #h bismu?1 #e lead1 #c t91     
melts 7,kane74        #bjg              
,sodium melts 7,regnault74        #ade  
,:ite ( egg beg9s to coagulate4         
#ahe          ,nitric acid #aeb beg9s to
 boil4        #ahj 7ab\t7  ,/>* =ms a   
gelat9\s comp\nd ) wat]4        #agf    
,rectifi$ _s boils1 b5zol di/ils4       
#agc          ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #gif to 
#hjj7 boils4        #aea                

,beeswax melts 7,kane71 #adb 7,lepage74 
#aej          ,pyroxylic _s boils       
7,scanlan74        #adah                
,*lor(orm1 & ammonia ( #ide1 boil4      
#dde        ,potassium melts 7,buns574  
#acb          ,acetone 7pyroacetic _s7  
boils 7,kane74        #abb              
,mutton suet & /yrac9 melt4        #aaf 
,bisulphuret ( c>bon boils 7,graham74   
#aae          ,pure tall[ melts         
7,lepage71 #ib 7,?omson74        #aab   
,sp]maceti & /e>9 ( l>d melt4           
#aaa          ,phosphorus melts         
7,mill]74         #ih                   
,temp]ature ( ! blood4         #ie      
,e!r 7#gbj7 boils4         #ie          
,c>bolic acid cry/als become an oily    
liquid4         #hh          ,acet\s    
f]m5tation ceases1 wat] boils 9 vacuo4  
#gg          ,v9\s f]m4 ends1 acet\s    
f]m4 beg9s4         #fdd        ,oil (  
anise liquefies4         #ei            
,gay ,lussac's ,alcoomtre graduat$ at4  
#ee          ,syrups to be kept at 7,p4 
,l474         #cj 7ab\t7  ,olive oil    

becomes p>tially solid4         #cb     
,wat] freezes4          #e         ,cold
 produc$ by sn[ #b p>ts & salt #a "p4   
-#cgi         ,m]cury freezes4    ,,t5t4
 ,a piece ( l9t1 or compress$ sponge1   
us$ to dilate op5+s1  w\nds1 c4         
,,t]bium4 ,a r>e metal f\nd by ,pr(4    
,mos&]1 associat$ ) erbium  & yttrium 9 
ord9>y yttria4 ,see ,,erbium &          
,,yttrium4    ,,t],,ra4 ,l4 ,e>?4 ,,t]ra
 ,,japonica1 cate*u2 ,,t]ra ,,pond]osa1 
sulphate  ( b>yta1 c4    ,,t],,ra       
,,cot,,ta4 ,lit]ally1 bak$ clay2 a t]m  
appli$ to /atues1  ar*itectural         
ornam5ts1 c41 made ( pure :ite clay1 f9e
 s&1 &  p[d]$ pot%]ds1 sl[ly dri$1 &    
bak$ to a /rong h>dness4    ,,te/4 ,syn4
 ,,reag5t4 ,any sub/ance employ$ to     
det]m9e ! "n or  "* ( any o!r sub/ance1 
or to detect its pres5ce 9 comp\nds4    
,,te/ ,,solutions4 ,! te/ solutions "h  
giv5 are ^? ( ! ,briti%  ,ph>macopia1   
:i* are us$ = det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( v>i\s   
,ph>macopial prep>ations by volumetric  
analysis4 ,9 ! ,ph>macopia x  is /at$3  

,! processes = volumetric e/imations may
 be p]=m$  ei!r ) ,briti% or ) metrical 
weights & measures1 & !  solutions are s
 arrang$ t !y w be ( ! same /r5g?1 & !  
same indications w be obta9$ 9 us+ !m1  
:i*ev] sy/em is  employ$1 )\t !         
necessity ( alt]+ any ( ! figures by :i*
  ! quantities ( ! sub/ances te/$ or ( !
 te/ solutions requir$  9 ! process are 
express$4    ,accord+ to ! ,briti%      
sy/em1 ! quantities ( ! sub/ances to be 
te/$ are express$ 9 gra9s by weight1    
:il/ ! quantities ( !  te/ solutions    
employ$ 9 te/+ are express$ 9           
gra9-measures1 !  gra9-measure be+ !    
volume ( a gra9 ( di/ill$ wat]4         
,accord+ to ! metrical sy/em1 !         
quantities ( ! sub/ances to be  te/$ are
 express$ 9 grammes by weight1 :il/ !   
quantities ( !  te/ solutions employ$ 9 
te/+ are employ$ 9 cubic c5timtres1 !   
cubic c5timtre be+ ! volume ( a gramme (
 di/ill$ wat]4    ,z ! cubic c5timtre   
be>s ! same relation to ! gramme t !    
gra9-measure be>s to ! gra91 ! "o sy/em 

may be sub/itut$ =  ! o!r1 ) no diff]5ce
 9 ! results except+ t1 by !  metrical  
sy/em1 all ! quantities w be express$ 9 
relation to a  weight 7! gramme7 :i* is 
m ?an fifte5 times z great z !  ,briti% 
gra94    ,9 practice x w be f\nd        
conv5i5t 9 sub/itut+ metrical =  ,briti%
 weights & measures1 to r$uce ! values (
 all numb]s to  "o-t5? by mov+ ! decimal
 po9ts1 & ?is has be5 done 9 !  tables  
app5d$ to ! descriptions ( ! volumetric 
solutions4 ,!  quantities indicat$ 9 !  
,ph>macopia1 :i* 9 gra9s &              
gra9-measures c be conv5i5tly us$1 w\ld 
be f\nd inconv5i5tly  l>ge if ! same    
numb]s ( grammes & cubic c5timtres 7    
employ$4    ,! foll[+ app>atus is       
requir$ 9 ! prep>ation & use ( ^!       
solutions4    ,= ,briti% weights &      
measures3    #a4 ,a flask1 :i*1 :5 fill$
 to a m>k on ! neck1 conta9s exactly    
#aj1jjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat] at #fj4 ,! 
capacity ( ! flask is  !re=e #aj1jjj    
gra9-measures4    #b4 ,a graduat$       
cyl9drical j> :i*1 :5 fill$ to ,o1 holds

 #aj1jjj  gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]1 & is    
divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts4    #c4 ,a  
burette4 ,a graduat$ glass tube :i*1 :5 
fill$ to ,o1 holds #ajjj  gra9s (       
di/ill$ wat]1 & is divid$ into #ajj     
equal p>ts4 ,ea* "p  !re=e corresponds  
to #aj gra9-measures4    ,= metrical    
weights & measures3    #a4 ,a glass     
flask :i*1 :5 fill$ to a m>k on ! neck1 
conta9s #a  litre1 or #ajjj cubic       
c5timtres4    #b4 ,a graduat$ cyl9drical
 j> :i*1 :5 fill$ to ,o1 conta9s #a     
litre  7#ajjj cubic c5timtres71 & is    
divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts4    #c4 ,a  
burette4 ,a graduat$ tube :i*1 :5 fill$ 
to ,o1 holds #ajj cubic  c5timtres1 & is
 divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts4    7,"o   
cubic c5timtre is ! volume ( "o gramme (
 di/ill$ wat] at #d  ,c4#bcj1 #ajjj     
cubic c5timtres equal #a litre74        
,footnote #bcj3 ,x is cu/om>y to make ! 
measurem5ts ) metrical  app>atus at #fj 
,fahr4    ,volumetric solutions1 be=e   
be+ us$1 %\ld be %ak5 9 ord] t  !y may  
be ?r\gh\t ( uni=m /r5g?4 ,!y %\ld also 

be pres]v$  9 /opp]$ bottles4 ,all      
measurem5ts %\ld be made at #fj4        
,,volumetric ,,solution ,,( ,,bi*romate 
,,( ,,pota% 7,bi*romate ( pota%1        
,,ko1#b;,cr,o#c  #adge1 or              
,k#b;,cr#b,o#g  #bie74      ,take (---- 
,bi*romate ( pota%  #adge gra9s4        
,di/ill$ wat]       a suffici5cy4       
,put ! bi*romate ( pota% into ! #aj1jjj 
gra9 flask1 &1 hav+ half  fill$ ! flask 
) wat]1 all[ ! salt to dissolve2 !n     
dilute !  solution ) m wat]1 until x has
 ! exact bulk ( #aj1jjj  gra9-measures3 
#ajjj gra9-measures ( ?is solution      
conta9 #adge gra9s  ( ! bi*romate       
7#a_/aj? ( ,k#b;,cr,o#c1 or #a_/bj? (   
,k#b;,cr#b,o#g  9 gra9s71 &1 :5 add$ to 
a solution ( a protosalt ( iron1        
acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 are       
capable ( conv]t+ #afh gra9s  7#a_/aj? (
 #f;,fe1 or #a_/bj? ( #f;,fe 9 gra9s7 f 
! /ate ( protosalt to  t ( p]salt       
grammes1 & cubic c5timtres may be       
employ$ in/ead (  gra9s & gra9-measures2
 b = conv5i5ce #a_/aj? ( ! numb]s  %\ld 

be tak54 ,?us1 #adge grammes ( bi*romate
 ( pota% %\ld be  made to =m #ajjj cubic
 c5timtres ( solution4 #ajj cubic       
c5timtres (  ?is solution conta9 #adge  
grammes ( ! bi*romate 7#a_/ajj? (       
,,ko1#b;,cr,o#c1 or #a_/bjj? (          
,k#b;,cr#bjg 9 grammes71 &1 :5 add$  to 
a solution ( protosalt ( iron acidulat$ 
) hydro*loric acid1 are  capable (      
conv]t+ #afh grammes ( iron 7#a_/ajj? ( 
#f;,fe1 or #a_/bjj (  #f;,fe1 9 grammes7
 f ! /ate ( protosalt to t ( p]salt4    
,?is solution is us$ = det]m9+ !        
proportion ( protoxide ( iron  9 !      
foll[+ prep>ations4 ,x is kn[n t ! :ole 
( ! protosalt  has be5 conv]t$ into a   
p]salt :5 a m9ute drop ( ! liquid1 plac$
  9 contact ) a solution ( r$ prussiate 
( pota% on a :ite plate1  ceases to     
/rike ) x a blue col\r4                 
,briti% ,weights               ,metrical
 ,weights                           &   
,measures4                 & ,measures4 
_/-----------_/------------- or         
_/---------_/--------                   

,gra9s weight  ,gra9 measures   ,grams  
weight  ,c4 ,c4 (                   (   
sub/ance4   ( vol4 sol4     ( sub/ance4 
vol4 sol4      ,f]ri ars5ias      #bj   
#agj     or     #bj          #agj     0 
c>b4 sac*4    #bj              #ccj     
0      #bj          #ccj     0  oxid4   
magn4     #bj               #hc     0   
#bj           #hc     0  ,phosphas      
#bj              #bej     0      #bj    
#bej    ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,(     
,,hyposulphite ,,( ,,soda 7hyposulphite 
( soda cry/allis$1 ,na,o#a,s#b,o#b      
#e;,,ho  #abd1 or                       
,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d4d;,h#bj  #bdh74      
,take (----    ,hyposulphite ( soda1 9  
cry/als  #bhj gra9s4    ,di/ill$ wat]   
a suffici5cy4    ,dissolve !            
hyposulphite ( soda 9 #aj1jjj           
gra9-measures ( wat]4 ,fill  a burette )
 ?is solution & drop x cauti\sly 9 #ajjj
 gra9-measures  ( ! volumetric solution 
( iod9e until ! br[n col\r is j         
dis*>g$4 ,note ! numb] ( gra9-measures  
7n7 requir$ to produce  ?is effect2 !n  

put #hjjj gra9-measures ( ! same        
solution into a  graduat$ j>1 & augm5t  
?is quantity by ! addition ( di/ill$    
wat] until x am\nts to 7#hjjj  #ajjj7 _/
 n gra9-measures4 ,if1 =  example1      
n#iej1 ! #hjjj gra9-measures ( solution 
%\ld be  dilut$ to ! bulk ( 7#hjjj      
#ajjj7 _/ #iej  #hdba gra9-measures4    
#ajjj gra9-measures ( ?is solution      
conta9s #bdh gra9s ( !  hyposulphite    
7#a_/aj? ( #b7,na,o1,s#b,o#b  #e;,,ho71 
or #a_/aj? (                            
,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d1d;,h#b,o 9 gra9s71 & 
!re=e corresponds  to #abg gra9s ( iod9e
 7#a_/aj? ( an equival5t74    ,grammes &
 cubic c5timtres may be employ$ in/ead (
 gra9s &  gra9-measures1 b = conv5i5ce  
#a_/aj? ( ! numb]s %\ld be tak54  #ajj  
cubic c5timtres ( ?is solution conta9   
#bdh grammes ( !  hyposulphite 7#a_/ajj 
( #b7,na,o1,s#b,o#b #e;,,ho71 or        
#a_/ajj? (  ,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d4d;,h#b,o 
9 grammes71 & !re=e corresponds to  #abg
 gra9s ( iod9e 7#a_/ajj? ( an           
equival5t74    ,?is solution is us$ =   

te/+ ! foll[+ sub/ances4 ,9 ea* case1   
except t ( iod9e1 a solution ( iodide ( 
potassium & hydro*loric  acid are add$  
to ! sub/ance1 & ! am\nt ( iod9e s      
lib]at$ is  indicat$ by ?is solution3   
,briti% ,weights              ,metrical 
,weights                             &  
,measures4                 & ,measures4 
_/------------_/------------ or         
_/---------_/---------                  
,gra9s weight  ,gra9-measures  ,grams   
weight   ,c4 ,c4 (                     (
 sub/ance4    ( vol4 sol4   ( sub/ance4 
vol4 sol4      ,calx ,*lorata           
#ajj       #hej         or    #ajj      
#hej    ,iodum                  #abg    
#ajjj         0     #abg        #ajjj   
,liq4 calc4 *lorat    #fjj       #ejj   
0     #fjj         #ejj    ,liq4 *lori  
#dcij       #gej         0    #dcij     
#gej    ,liq4 ,sod *lorat     #gjj      
#ejj         0     #gjj         #ejj    
,,volumetric ,,solution ,,( ,,iod9e     
7iod9e1 ,i  #abg1 or ,i  #abg74         
,take ( iod9e       #abg gra9s4         

,iodide ( potassium  #ahj   0           
,di/ill$ wat]      a suffici5cy4    ,put
 ! iodide ( potassium & ! iod9e into !  
#aj1jjj gra9 flask1  fill ! flask to    
ab\t two ?irds its bulk ) di/ill$ wat]1 
g5tly  agitate until solution is        
complete1 & !n dilute ! solution ) m    
wat]1 until x has ! exact volume (      
#aj1jjj gra9-measures4 #ajjj            
gra9-measures ( ?is solution conta9     
#a_/aj? ( an equival5t 9 gra9s  7#abg   
gra9s7 ( iod9e1 & !re=e correspond to   
#ag gra9s (  sulphurett$ hydrog51 #cb   
gra9s ( sulphur\s acid1 & #die gra9s (  
ars5i\s acid4    ,grammes & cubic       
c5timtres may be employ$ in/ead ( gra9s 
&  gra9-measures1 b = conv5i5ce #a_/aj? 
( ! numb]s %\ld be tak54  #ajj cubic    
c5timtres conta9 #abg grammes ( iod9e1 &
 correspond to  #jag grammes (          
sulphurett$ hydrog51 #jcb grammes (     
sulphur\s1 &  #jdie grammes ( ars5i\s   
acid4 ,?is solution is = te/+ !  foll[+ 
sub/ances4 ,x is dropp$ f ! burette into
 ! liquid to be  te/$1 until free iod9e 

beg9s to appe> 9 ! solution4            
,briti% ,weights               ,metrical
 ,weights                               
& ,measures4                & ,measures4
                                        
_/------------_/------------ or         
_/---------_/--------                   
,gra9s weight  ,gra9-measures  ,grams   
weight  ,c4 ,c4 (                       
( sub/ance4    ( vol4 sol4   ( sub/ance4
  vol4 sol4      ,acid4 ars5ios         
#dj           #hjh     or    #jdj       
#hjh    ,acid4 sulphurosum        #cdg  
#ajjj     0     #cdg       #ajjj        
,liquor ars5icalis      #ddae           
#hjh     0    #ddae        #hjh         
,liquor ars5ici                         
hydro*loricus  #ddae           #haj     
0    #ddae        #haj    ,,volumetric  
,,solution ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv]    
7nitrate ( silv]1 ,ag,o1 ,,no#e   #agj1 
or ,ag,n,o#c99  #agj74      ,take (     
nitrate ( silv]   #agj gra9s4           
,di/ill$ wat]             a suffici5cy4 
,put ! nitrate ( silv] into ! #aj1jjj   

gra9 flask1 & hav+ fill$  half ! flask )
 wat]1 all[ ! salt to dissolve2 !n      
dilute !  solution ) m wat] until x has 
! exact bulk ( #aj1jjj  gra9-measures4  
,! solution %\ld be kept 9 an opaque    
/opp]$ bottle4 #ajjj  gra9-measures (   
?is solution conta9 #a_/aj? ( an        
equival5t 9 gra9s  ( nitrate ( silv] 7or
 #agj gra9s74 ,grammes & cubic c5timtres
 may  be employ$ in/ead ( gra9s &       
gra9-measures1 b = conv5i5ce  #a_/aj? ( 
! numb]s %\ld be tak54 #ajj cubic       
c5timtres conta9  #a_/aj? ( an equival5t
 9 grammes ( nitrate ( silv] 7or #ag    
grammes74    ,x is us$ 9 te/+ ! foll[+  
sub/ances4                              
,briti% ,weights             ,metrical  
,weights                            &   
,measures4                & ,measures4  
_/------------_/------------ or         
_/--------_/---------                   
,gra9s weight  ,gra9-measures  ,grams   
weight  ,c4 ,c4 (                    (  
sub/ance4    ( vol4 sol4   ( sub/ance4  
vol4 sol4      ,acid4 hydrocyan4        

#bgj            #ajjj     or    #bgj    
#ajjj    ,potass4 bromid4       #aj     
#hdj     0      #aj         #hdj    ,sod
 ars5ias 7dry7   #aj            #afac   
0      #aj        #afac    ,,volumetric 
,,solution ,,( ,,oxalic ,,acid          
7cry/allis$ oxalic acid1 #b;,,ho1       
,c#d;,h#f  #d;,,ho  #abf1 or            
,h#b;,c#b,o#db;,h#b,o  #abf74 ,take     
(----      ,purifi$ oxalic acid 9       
cry/als1 q dry1 b  #fcj gra9s4    n     
effloresc$              ,di/ill$ wat]   
a suffici5cy4    ,put ! oxalic acid into
 ! #aj1jjj gra9 flask1 fill ! flask to  
ab\t  two ?irds ( its bulk ) wat]1 all[ 
! acid to dissolve1 & !n  dilute !      
solution ) m wat] until x has ! exact   
volume (  #aj1jjj gra9-measures4 #ajjj  
gra9-measures ( ?is solution conta9 half
  an equival5t 9 gra9s 7#fc gr47 (      
oxalic acid1 & are !re=e capable  (     
neutralis+ an equival5t 9 gra9s ( an    
alkali or alkal9e  c>bonate4 ,grammes & 
cubic c5timtres may be employ$ in/ead ( 
gra9s  & gra9-measures1 b = conv5i5ce   

#a_/aj? ( ! numb]s %\ld be  tak54 #ajj  
cubic c5timtres conta9 #a_/bj? ( an     
equival5t 9 grammes  7#fc grammes7 (    
oxalic acid1 & w neutralise #a_/aj? ( an
 equival5t  9 grammes ( an alkali4 ,!   
foll[+ sub/ances are te/$ ) ?is         
solution3                               
,briti% ,weights           ,metrical    
,weights                             &  
,measures4              & ,measures4    
_/-------_/-------     or               
_/--------_/--------                    
,gra9s     ,gra9-         ,grams        
,c4 ,c4 (                               
weight (   measures       weight (      
vol4 sol4                               
sub/ance4  ( vol4 sol4   sub/ance4      
,ammoni c>b4             #eij     #ajjj 
or     #eij     #ajjj    ,borax         
#aiaj     #ajjj      0    #aiaj         
#ajjj    ,liq4 ammon4               #hej
      #ejj      0     #hej      #ejj    
,liq4 ammon4 =t4         #ebc     #ajjj 
0     #ebc     #ajjj    ,liq4 calcis    
#dchjj      #bjj      0   #dchjj        

#bjj    ,liq4 calcis sac*>      #dfjb   
#bed      0    #dfjb      #bed    ,liq4 
plumbi subacet4     #dacc      #haj     
0    #dacc      #haj    ,liq4 potass    
#dfbi      #dhb      0    #dfbi         
#dhb    ,liq4 potass eff]ves4  #dchjj   
#aej      0   #dchjj      #aej    ,liq4 
sod                #dehj      #dgj      
0    #dehj      #dgj    ,liq4 sod       
eff]ves4     #dchjj      #agh      0    
#dchjj      #agh    ,plumbi acetas      
#chj      #bjj      0     #chj      #bjj
    ,potassa cau/ica          #efj      
#ijj      0     #efj      #ijj          
,potass bic>b4           #ejj      #ejj 
0     #ejj      #ejj    ,potass c>b4    
#hcj      #ihj      0     #hcj      #ihj
    ,potass citras           #ajbj      
#ajjj      0    #ajbj     #ajjj         
,potass t>tras          #aacj     #ajjj 
0    #aacj     #ajjj    ,potass t>tras  
acida    #ahhj     #ajjj      0    #ahhj
     #ajjj    ,soda cau/ica             
#djj      #ijj      0     #djj      #ijj
    ,soda t>t>ata           #adaj       

#ajjj      0    #adaj     #ajjj    ,sod 
bic>b4              #hdj     #ajjj      
0     #hdj     #ajjj    ,sod c>b4       
#adcj      #ifj      0    #adcj         
#ifj    ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,(     
,,soda 7hydrate ( soda1 ,na,o1 ,,ho     
#dj1 or ,na,h,o  #dj74      ,take (     
solution ( soda  a suffici5cy4          
,di/ill$ wat]           a suffici5cy4   
,fill a burette ) ! solution ( soda1 &  
cauti\sly drop ?is into #fc  gr4 (      
purifi$ oxalic acid1 dissolv$ 9 ab\t #b 
oz4 ( wat]1 until !  acid is exactly    
neutralis$ z indicat$ by litmus4        
,note ! numb] ( gra9-measures 7n7 ( !   
solution us$1 & hav+  !n introduc$ #ijjj
 gra9-measures ( ! solution ( soda 9 a  
graduat$  j>1 augm5t ?is quantity by !  
addition ( wat] until x becomes         
#ijjj  #ajjj _/ n gra9-measures     ,if1
 = example1 n  #icj1 ! #ijjj            
gra9-measures %\ld be augm5t$ to        
#ijjj  #ajjj _/ #icj  #i1fgg            
gra9-measures4    ,"o ?\s& gra9-measures
 ( ?is solution conta9 "o equival5t 9   

gra9s 7#dj gr47 ( hydrate ( soda1 & w   
!re=e neutralise "o  equival5t 9 gra9s (
 any monobasic acid4    ,grammes & cubic
 c5timtres may be employ$1 in/ead (     
gra9s &  gra9-measures2 b = conv5i5ce   
#a_/aj? ( ! numb]s %\ld be tak54  #ajjj 
cubic c5timtres conta9 #a_/aj? ( an     
equival5t 9 grammes 7#d  grammes7 (     
hydrate ( soda1 & w neutralise #a_/aj? (
 an equival5t  9 grammes ( an acid4     
,?is solution is us$ = te/+ ! foll[+    
sub/ances3                              
,briti% ,weights         ,metrical      
,weights                                
& ,measures4           & ,measures4     
_/--------_/------- or                  
_/--------_/--------                    
,gra9s      ,gra9-    ,grams       ,c4  
,c4 (                                   
weight (    measures  weight (  vol4    
sol4                                    
sub/ance4   ( vol4   sub/ance4          
sol4      ,acetum                       
#dded      #djb  or    #dded     #djb   
,acid4 acet4                   #ahbj    

#ajjj   0    #ahbj    #ajjj    ,acid4   
acet4 dil4              #ddjj      #cac 
0    #dddj     #cac    ,acid4 acet4     
glac4              #fjj      #iij   0   
#fjj     #iij    ,acid4 citric          
#gjj     #ajjj   0     #gjj    #ajjj    
,acid4 hydro*loric            #aadh     
#ajjj   0    #addh    #ajjj    ,acid4   
hydro*loric dil4       #cdej     #ajjj  
0    #cdej    #ajjj    ,acid4 nitric    
#ijj     #ajjj   0     #ijj    #ajjj    
,acid4 nitric dil4             #cfac    
#ajjj   0    #cfac    #ajjj    ,acid4   
nitro-hydro*lor4 dil4  #cebd      #ibj  
0    #cebd     #ibj    ,acid4 sulph4    
#ejf     #ajjj   0     #ejf    #ajjj    
,acid4 sulph4 arom4            #cjdb    
#hcj   0    #cjdb     #hcj    ,acid4    
sulph4 dil4             #ceij     #ajjj 
0    #ceij    #ajjj    ,acid4 t>t4      
#gej     #ajjj   0     #gej    #ajjj    
,,te,,tanus4 ,spasm ) rigidity4 ,:5 x   
affects ! "u jaw1 x is  call$ ,,trismus1
 or lock$-jaw2 :5 ! body is drawn       
backw>d by !  contraction ( ! muscles1 x

 is call$ ,,opi/hotonos2 :5 ! body is   
b5t =w>d1 ,,empro/hotonos2 & :5 ! body  
is drawn to "o side1  ,,pleuro/hotonos4 
,! cause ( tetanus1 9 temp]ate climates1
 is g5]ally irritation (  ! n]ves1 aris+
 f local injuries1 especially punctur$  
or lac]at$  w\nds4 ,( ^! ! mo/ trivial  
are occasionally suffici5t to produce   
lock$-jaw4 ,9 hot climates ! disease is 
occasionally produc$ by  exposure to    
cold1 or by sudd5ly suppress$           
p]spiration4 ,! la/ v>iety  is curable2 
! =m] "o sc>cely ev] s4 ,! prop]        
treatm5t is a  matt] /ill undet]m9$4    
,s$atives1 antispasmodics1 & p[]ful     
/imulants1 h ea* _h _! advocates4 ,l>ge 
doses ( w9e &  spirits1 9 conjunction ) 
opium1 h occasionally be5 adm9i/]$  )   
success4 ,electricity & ! vap\r ba? h   
also prov$ useful4 ,9  all cases ! b[els
 %\ld be mov$ by active ap]i5ts1 ei!r by
 !  m\? or p] anum4 ,dr ,%rimpton#bca   
recomm5ds ! ,*9ese mode (  treat+       
tetanus1 :i* is z foll[s3----,f f\r to  
five gra9s ( solid  opium are mix$ )    

tea-leaves1 or dri$ roses1 & c>efully   
beat5  toge!r ) molasses4 ,! pati5t     
smokes ?is mixture1 & endeav\rs to  draw
 ! smoke into ! lungs1 leav+ (f :5 !    
n>cotic effects are  produc$4 ,^! la/   
g5]ally f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,! same     
op]ation %\ld be repeat$ :5ev] !re are  
any signs ( return+  spasms4            
,footnote #bca3 #8,lancet1' #ahga1 vol4 
ii1 page #edg4    ,,tet,,t]s4 ,! popul> 
"n ( sev]al cutane\s diseases1 !        
treatm5t  ( :i* c only be prop]ly       
und]tak5 by ! exp]i5c$ m$ical man4      
,,?al,,lium4 ,tl4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,a heavy   
metal1 belong+ to ! m]cury1  silv]1 &   
lead gr\p1 discov]$ by ,crookes 9 ! e>ly
 "p ( #ahfa1  & display$ by him z 8a new
 metallic elem5t0 at ! op5+ ( !         
,int]national ,exhibition1 on ! #a/ (   
,may1 #ahfb4 ,?allium is a              
widely-diffus$ metal1 be+ f\nd 9 _m     
m9]als1 p>ticul>ly 9 iron-  &           
copp]-pyrites & native sulphur4 ,x has  
rec5tly be5 obta9$ 9  comp>atively l>ge 
quantities f ! du/ ( ! flues lead+ to   

sulphuric acid *amb]s4 ,! spectrum (    
?allium consi/s ( a s+le  mo/ *>act]i/ic
 l9e ( a beautiful gre5 col\r4 ,!       
spectrum  produc$ :5 ! metal is burnt 9 
! electric arc is1 h[ev]1 m  complicat$1
 & consi/s ( sev]al gre51 blue1 & o!r   
l9es4    ,?allium melts at #eej ,fahr41 
& at a less heat may be readily weld$1 a
  prop]ty t has hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z     
peculi> to iron & plat9um4  ,its        
specific gravity v>ies f #aah to #aai1  
accord+ to ! mode (  prep>ation4 ,:5    
fre%ly cut x has a dull :ite col\r1     
de/itute ( !  brilliancy ( poli%$ silv]4
 ,expos$ to ! air1 x t>ni%es rapidly1 a 
/raw-col\r$ oxide mak+ its appe>ance on 
! surface4 ,! oxide is  alkal9e & cau/ic
 to ! ta/e1 & mu* m soluble ?an ! oxides
  ( silv] & lead4 ,! metal is rem>kable 
= its /rongly m>k$  diamagnetic *>act]s1
 resembl+ bismu? 9 ?is respect4 ,!      
alloys (  ?allium are v rem>kable4      
,copp]1 alloy$ ) only "o half p] c5t1  (
 ?allium1 becomes q brittle2 b ! alloy )
 t9 is malleable4  ,mr ,crookes has     

prep>$ a great numb] ( ! salts ( ?is    
int]e/+  metal4 ,^! ne$ n be describ$   
"h1 z !y h n yet be5 appli$  to any use 
9 ! arts4 ,see ,,sulphuric ,,acid4      
,,?allog5s4 ,?allog5s or ,?allog5\s     
plants are /ructurally !  simple/ ( !   
acotyl$on\s1 or fl[]less plants1 consi/+
 simply (  a collection ( cellul>       
tissue1 call$ a ?allus4 ,!y are entirely
  de/itute ( woody fibre4 ,! ,alg1      
,*>ace1 ,fungi1 & ,li*5s are  ?allog5\s 
plants4    ,,!ba,,ine4                  
,c#ai;,h#ba,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,!baia1       
,,p>amorphia4 ,a  cry/all9e sub/ance    
obta9$ by ,?ib\rmry f an infusion (     
opium  t has _h its morphia extract$ by 
act+ on x by an excess ( lime4          
,,!,,ine4 ,c#h;,h#aj,n#d,o#b4 ,syn4     
,,!9a4 ,an alkaloid extract$  f tea4 ,x 
is id5tical ) caffe9e1 & may be obta9$ f
 tea 9  ! same mann] z t sub/ance is f  
c(fee4 ,! be/ #8gunp[d] tea'  conta9s   
fully #f ( !9e1 ab\t "o half ( :i* is   
lo/ 9 !  pres5t c>eless mode ( mak+     
infusion ( tea = ! table4    ,mr ,lewis 

,?ompson1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 9 a contribution
 to ! #8,m$ical ,times &  ,gazette' =   
#ahga1 directs att5tion to ! value ( !9e
 z a  !rapeutic ag5t1 z well z gives an 
easy me?od = its prep>ation4 ,he  writes
 z foll[s3----8,i wi% to direct !       
att5tion ( ! m$ical  pr(ession to a     
valuable ag5t :i* has hi!rto escap$     
notice1 al?\gh  its p[]s are mo/        
unque/ionable1 & its co/ price v        
trivial4 ,!  article to :i* ,i allude is
 !9e1 a sub/ance exi/+ 9 tea &  c(fee1  
&1 z ,i believe1 9 _m o!r vegetable     
products4    8,z a m$ic9e1 !9e is       
p[]fully tonic & /imulant1 & appe>s to  
possess ! tonic virtues ( ! disulphate (
 qu9ia unit$ to !  /imulat+ p[] ( w9e1 b
 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! /imulus  f !9e is n
 foll[$ by depression1 z 9 ! case ( w9e 
&  alcohol4    8,!9e seems to act *iefly
 on ! great sympa!tic or ganglionic     
sy/em ( n]ves1 & b slightly on ! bra94  
,i h us$ x 9 doses  ( f #a to #e grams1 
) v m>k$ advantage1 9 ! l[ /age (       
typhoid fev]s1 conflu5t smallpox1 & t =m

 ( mortification ( !  toes :i* is s     
s+ul>ly fatal to old p4 ,b1 9 addition  
to ?is1  diff]5t m$ical fri5ds ( m9e h  
f\nd x useful 9 hemicrania1  neuralgia1 
& :at has be5 call$ relaps+ fev]2 & 9 ! 
case ( an  ov]dose ( opium1 x appe>$ to 
relieve ! n>cotic symptoms spe$ily4     
8,) reg>d to ! co/ ( ?is m$ic9e1 ,i h   
discov]$ t 9 !  ord9>y process ( roa/+  
c(fee1 ! :ole ( ! !9e is driv5 (f  be=e 
! torrefaction ( ! c(fee is complet$2 & 
?us !9e may be  *eaply collect$ by mak+ 
! axis ( ! c(fee roa/] tubul>4 ,if1     
in/ead ( a solid axis1 we employ at "o  
end ( ! roa/]s a tube  pass+ away to !  
di/ance ( ab\t ?ree feet1 ! !9e is      
cond5s$  9 ?is tube by ! refrig]at+ p[] 
( ! atmosph]e1 & may  aft]w>ds be easily
 dissolv$ out by a little wat]1 &       
purifi$ 9 !  mann] ab\t to be indicat$4 
8,z ! result ( mu* exp]i5ce1 ,i h obta9$
 on an av]age1 #ge  gra9s ( !9e f !     
roa/+ ( #a lb4 ( raw c(fee2 & :5 we     
reflect t 9 ,great ,brita9 alone1 !re   
are m ?an #ac1jjj tons (  c(fee roa/$   

annually1 we see t ab\t #adj tons ( !9e 
are wa/$  & lo/ e ye> by %e] ignorance4 
,x may1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t  ! sav+ ( !  
!9e w damage ! flav\r ( ! c(fee1 b f    
exp]i5ce ,i "k t x has no su* effect2 &1
 9 po9t ( fact1 x is  an advantage to ! 
flav\r ( ! c(fee to make bo? ! axes ( ! 
roa/] tubul>1 & to cause a g5tle curr5t 
( air to pass ?r\gh !  app>atus dur+ !  
roa/+ ( ! c(fee1 s z to expel !         
empyreumatic products t are =m$4 ,i w n[
 relate ! fact ^u  :i* ! purification ( 
!9e dep5ds1 & :5 ?is is once cle>ly     
und]/ood1 ! manufacture ( !9e f ei!r tea
 or c(fee becomes an  extremely simple  
matt]4 ,!9e is absolutely insoluble 9 a 
conc5trat$  solution ( ! c>bonate (     
pota%1 & ?us we may precipitate x f  its
 admixture ) sug>1 mucilage1 & vegetable
 extract4 ,if1 !n1 by  means ( !        
subacetate ( lead1 we h remov$ f a      
vegetable infusion  ! tann91 malic acid1
 c41 we h only to evaporate ! filt]$    
solution to a small bulk1 & add to x its
 own weight ( dry c>bonate (  pota%1 & !

 :ole ( ! !9e becomes at once insoluble2
 s t  hav+ collect$ ?is insoluble       
product1 & boil$ x 9 rectifi$  spirits (
 w9e1 we h a solution ( pure !9e1 :i*1  
aft]  di/ill+ (f ! _s1 furni%es cry/als 
fit = imm$iate use4 ,9  conclusion1 ,i w
 m]ely m5tion a di/9ctive te/ = !9e1    
suffici5tly delicate to detect ! "o     
?\s&? ( a gra9 ( t  sub/ance4 ,dissolve 
! !9e 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 & pass 
?r\gh ?is a /ream ( eu*lor9e1 !n all[ ! 
fluid to evaporate at  a /eam heat2 a   
blood-col\r$ sub/ance w rema91 :i*1 on !
  application ( a few drops ( cold wat]1
 =ms a beautiful sc>let  solution l r$  
ink4 ,x is1 ,i appreh5d1 almo/          
unnecess>y = me to  say t eu*lor9e gas  
is =m$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid ^u
  ! *lorate ( pota%4    8,i ought1      
p]haps1 to add t !9e collect$ z a wa/e  
product (  c(fee1 & purifi$ by myself1  
has co/ me less ?an ?reep5ce p] ounce   
troy40    ,,!n>d',s ,,blue4 ,see        
,,ultram>9e 7,cobaltic74    ,,!obrom    
,,oleum4 ,syn4 ,,cacao ,,butt]4 ,a      

concrete oil1 obta9$ by  expression &   
heat f ! gr\nd se$s ( ,!obroma ,cacao4  
,occurs 9  cakes ( a yell[i% col\r1 ( a 
pleasant cacao od\r4 ,does n become     
rancid f exposure to air4 ,conta9$ 9 all
 ! suppositories4    ,n (ficial4----,!  
foll[+ =m good bases =                  
suppositories3----,!obroma oil1 :5      
melt$1 beg9s to solidify at #gb  ,fahr42
 /e>9e ( cocoa-nut oil at #ge ,fahr42 #d
 ( /e>9e & #b (  mutton fat at #gg      
,fahr42 #d ( /e>9e & #a sp]maceti at #hj
 ,fahr4  ,/e>9e alone is1 p]haps1 a     
bett] sub/ance ?an cacao butt] =  mak+  
suppositories4 ,x beg9s to solidify at  
#gh ,fahr41 b !re is  /e>9e t solidifies
 at #abj ,fahr42 ?is w n answ] =        
suppositories4    ,,!obro,,m9e4 ,a      
peculi> pr9ciple1 closely resembl+      
caffe9e or  !9e1 f\nd by ,woskres5sky 9 
! se$ ( ! ,!obroma ,cacao1 or !  nuts f 
:i* *ocolate is prep>$4 ,its =m is t ( a
 light1 :ite1  cry/all9e p[d]1 :i* is r 
less soluble ?an caffe9e4 ,x is  obta9$ 
l caffe9e4 ,see ,,cocoa4    ,,!ri,,aca4 

,a "n giv5 9 anci5t ph>macy to v>i\s    
comp\nd  m$ic9es1 *iefly electu>ies or  
confections1 employ$ z antidotes to     
poisons or infection4 ,! ,,!riaca       
,,&roma*i1 ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf1 conta9$      
above #fj +r$i5ts4 ,mi?ridate & ,v5ice  
treacle are examples ( ?is  class4 ,see 
,,treacle4    ,,!rmom,,et]s4            
,,fahr5heit',s scale is ! "o g5]ally    
employ$ 9  ,engl&1 :ile t ( ,,celsius1  
or ! ,,c5tigrade scale1 is pr9cipally   
us$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,,reaumur',s is ano!r
 scale occasionally employ$4  ,,de      
,,lisle',s !rmomet] 0 =m]ly us$ 9       
,russia1 & "s o!r p>ts  ( ! nor? (      
,europe4 ,z ref]5ces to ^! scales are   
frequ5tly met  ) 9 books1 x is useful to
 "k _! relative value1 & ! me?od  (     
r$uc+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! boil+ po9t (    
wat] is indicat$  by #bab on            
,fahr5heit's scale1 #ajj on ! ,c5tigrade
 scale1 #hj on t  ( ,reaumur1 & ,o on t 
( ,de ,lisle2 ! freez+ po9t ( wat] m>ks 
#cb ,fahr5heit1 & #j1 or z]o1 on !      
,c5tigrade & ,reaumur1 & #aej  on !     

scale ( ,de ,lisle4 ,! #j1 or z]o (     
,fahr5heit1 is #cb bel[ !  freez+ po9t (
 wat]4    #a4 ,to r$uce ,c5tigrade      
degrees to ^? ( ,fahr5heit1 multiply !m 
by  #i1 divide ! product by #e1 & to !  
quoti5t add #cb2 t is----      ,c5t4  #i
 _/ #e  #cb  ,fahr4    #b4 ,to r$uce    
,fahr5heit's degrees to ,c5tigrade3     
7,fahr4 - #cb7  #e _/ #i  ,c5t4    #c4  
,to r$uce ,reaumur's to ,fahr5heit's3   
,reau4  #i _/ #d  #cb  ,fahr4    #d4 ,to
 conv]t ,fahr5heit's to ,reaumur's3---- 
7,fahr4 - #cb7  #d _/ #i  ,reaumur4     
,!rmomet]s int5d$ to regi/] extreme     
degrees ( heat are call$  ,,pyromet]s   
7:i* see7    ,,?ibant',s ,,balsam4 ,,=  
,,w\nds4 ,dige/ fl[]s ( ,/ ,john's wort1
 "o  h&ful 9 #a_/b p9t ( rectifi$ _s2 !n
 express ! liquor1 &  dissolve 9 x      
myrrh1 aloes1 & dragon's blood1 ( ea* #a
 dr41 )  ,canada balsam1 #a_/b oz4      
,,?o,,rium4 ,?4 ,syn4 ,,?or9um4 ,a v r>e
 elem5t1 belong+ to !  gr\p ( e>?y      
metals4 ,metallic base ( ?oria4 ,x is   
obta9$ by !  action ( potassium on !    

*loride ( ?orium1 & wa%+ ! result+  mass
 9 wat]4    ,,?orn-,,apple4 ,see        
,,datura4    ,,?roat ,,affections4 ,we  
int5d "h only to allude to ^? aris+ f   
exposure or cold4 ,! li/ is1 !re=e1 a   
%ort "o4 ,,cr\p1 "o ( !  mo/ important1 
has be5 already briefly notic$4         
,,qu9sy1 or ,,inflammatory ,,sore       
,,?roat1 commonly comm5ces ) /iffness & 
pa9 on "o side ( ! ?roat1 & swell+ ( !  
tonsils1 att5d$ by  febrile symptoms1   
:i* increase z tumefaction advances1 &  
sometimes  become extreme4 ,!re is great
 re/lessness & anxiety1 consid]able     
difficulty 9 swall[+ ev5 liquids1 !     
respiration is pa9ful &  labori\s1 & !  
spee* ob/ruct$4 ,:5 ! inflammation is n 
resolv$1 ^! symptoms rapidly increase 9 
sev]ity1 ! pati5t suff]s  ! greate/     
mis]y1 ! tum\r suppurates rapidly1 !    
abscess bur/s1  & ) ! rupture comes     
almo/ imm$iate relief4 ,x occasionally  
happ5s t ! o!r side ( ! ?roat !n becomes
 affect$1 & goes  ?r\gh ! same /ages2 b 
9 g5]al ?is is n ! case1 & !  pati5t    

rapidly recov]s1 a few det]g5t g>gles & 
a light nutriti\s  diet be+ all t is    
requir$4 ,sometimes1 at ! v comm5cem5t (
  ! attack1 ! inflammation may be       
resolv$ by ! pati5t suck+ a  loz5ge or  
p[d]1 e h\r or two1 conta9+ #a_/d or    
#a_/b gra9 (  t>t>is$ antimony c>efully 
triturat$ ) ab\t #bj gr4 ( lump sug>1  s
 z to keep up a con/ant /ate ( nausea or
 vomit+ = h\rs4    ,,malignant ,,sore   
,,?roat is m>k$ by ! inflammation ( !   
tonsils be+  m sup]ficial2 b no soon]   
does x occur ?an x passes into small    
ulc]s ( v>i$ col\rs & appe>ance1 ext5d+ 
to ! ph>ynx1 &  spread+ ov] ! :ole      
fauces into ! no/rils1 & ev5 ar\nd !    
glottis & d[n ! sophagus4 ,^! ulc]s     
rapidly sl\gh1 & !  febrile symptoms ( a
 typhoid "*1 :i* are pres5t ?r\gh\t1    
become m or less sev]e4 ,9 ?is way !    
disease (t5 ha/5s to a  fatal t]m9ation1
 &1 be+ highly contagi\s1 (t5 ext5ds    
itself to  all1 or ne>ly all1 ! memb]s (
 a family4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be simil>  to
 t adopt$ = typhus fev]4 ,/imulat+      

g>gles1 conta9+  capsicum1 ! m9]al      
acids1 or port w9e1 are useful local    
rem$ies4 ,see  ,,diph!ria4    ,,?ru%4   
,syn4 ,,aph?a1 ,l4 ,a disease ( infancy1
 :i*1 9 its common  =m1 is m>k$ by small
 :ite ulc]s ^u ! tongue1 palate1 & gums4
  ,9 "s cases x ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole     
c\rse ( ! alim5t>y canal1  &1 assum+ a  
malignant =m1 proves fatal4 ,! treatm5t 
consi/s ( a  g5tle emetic ( ipecacuanha 
w9e1 foll[$ by an occasional dose (     
rhub>b & magnesia1 to keep ! b[els cle>1
 & to arre/ di>rha4  ,! ulc]ations may  
be t\*$ ) a little honey or borax2 & if 
!y  assume a d>k col\r1 or !re be mu*   
debility1 a/r+5ts & tonics  %\ld be _h  
rec\rse to4 ,9 all cases ! diet %\ld be 
light1 b  support+1 z imp]fect nutrition
 is a common cause ( ! disease4    ,9   
,animals4 ,topical applications ( alum  
or borax1 glyc]9e1 ,condy's  fluid2     
laxatives4 ,! food %\ld be cool+ &      
dige/ible4    ,,?ymol4 ,syn4 ,,?ymic    
,,acid1 ,c#aj;,h#ad,o4 ,?is sub/ance is 
!  oxyg5at$ con/itu5t ( ! ess5tial oils 

( ?yme 7,?ymus vulg>is71  horse m9t     
7,mon>da punctata71 & 7,pty*otis aj[an7 
a common  umbellif]\s plant gr[+ 9      
,india4 ,?ymol is isom]ic ) cymilic     
alcohol1 & homolog\s ) ph5yl4    ,?ymol 
may be procur$ f ei!r ( ! above s\rces  
by treatm5t )  cau/ic pota% or soda1 z  
describ$ bel[1 or by submitt+ ! ess5tial
  oils to a l[ temp]ature = "s days4 ,:5
 prep>$ by ! fir/  process ?ymol occurs 
z an oily fluid2 & :5 by ! second1 z a  
cry/all9e solid4    ,! foll[+ are !     
details ( ! prep>ation ( ! liquid v>iety
 (  ?ymol z giv5 by ! ,p>is             
,ph>maceutical ,society 9 _! =mul =  new
 rem$ies publi%$ 9 #ahgg3----    8,treat
 ess5tial oil ( ?yme ) an equal volume (
 an aque\s solution  ( pota% or soda1 & 
%ake sev]al times to facilitate         
comb9ation4 ,!  ?ymol dissolves1 =m+ a  
soluble comp\nd1 :il/ ! ?ym5e1 a  c>bide
 ( hydrog51 t accompanies x 9 ! ess5ce1 
does n comb9e  ) ! alkali & sep>ates4   
,filt] ! solution obta9$ & treat )  an  
acid----hydro*loric acid1 =             

example----:i* sets free ! ?ymol4 ,!    
product %\ld be purifi$ by wa%+1 dri$1 &
 di/ill$4 ,?ymol 0  obta9$ 9 f9e tubul> 
cry/als by ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 :o      
expos$  oil ( aj[an to a temp]ature ( #j
 ,c42 ! oil s treat$ yield$ #ce p]  c5t4
 ( its weight ( cry/allis$ ?ymol4 ,mr   
,g]r>d says x is /at$  t oil ( ?yme     
yields z mu* z #ej p] c5t4    8,z f\nd 9
 comm]ce1 ?ymol consi/s ( irregul> brok5
 cry/als1  ne>ly transp>5t & col\rless2 
! ta/e is burn+ & aromatic1 sp4  gr4    
#ajbh1 b light] ?an wat] :5 fus$2 its   
melt+ po9t is ab\t  #dd ,c4 ,:5 once    
completely fus$ & all[$ to cool to !    
ord9>y  temp]ature1 x w ma9ta9 itself 9 
! fluid condition = sev]al  days1 b !   
contact ( a cry/al w at once cause x to 
cry/allise4  ,x is freely soluble 9     
alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5zol1 c>bon    
bisulphide1 fats1 & oils1 & b sp>+ly 9  
wat] & glyc]94 ,!  alkal9e hydrates (   
pota% & soda are p[]ful solv5ts ( ?ymol2
  ammonia dissolves x b sp>+ly4    8,!  
pota% & soda solutions are spok5 ( by "s

 au?ors z *emical  comb9ations2 b !     
foll[+ te/ w demon/rate !m o!rwise4 ,:5 
%ak5 ) e!r ! ?ymol c be entirely remov$1
 & obta9$ z a  neutral volatile         
residue40#bcb    ,footnote #bcb3 8,?ymol
 & its ,ph>macy10 by ,a4 ,w4 ,g]r>d1    
,f4,c4,s41 #8,ph4  ,j\rn41' vol4 viii1  
#crd s]ies1 #fde4    ,) sulphuric acid  
?ymol =ms cry/allisable colugat$ acid1 !
 ?ymol  sulphuric hav+ ! =mula          
,,hc#aj;,h#ac,,s#d4 ,undilut$ ?ymol is  
an  en]getic cau/ic4 ,accord+ to        
,bu*olz1 ?ymol possesses t5 times !     
septic p[] ( c>bolic acid1 ov] :i* x    
also has ! advantage (  be+             
non-poison\s1 & ( giv+ (f an agreeable  
od\r4 ,al?\gh  consid]ably de>] ?an     
c>bolic acid1 ! mu* small] quantity     
requir$  to produce an equival5t effect 
ne>ly equalises x 9 po9t ( co/4 ,x  is  
said to h be5 successfully employ$ 9 !  
antiseptic treatm5t (  w\nds 9 de/roy+ !
 ftor aris+ f ulc]at$ surfaces & c>i\s  
bones2 9 ! =m ( spray dur+ surgical     
applications1 z well z =  c]ta9 ?roat   

affections1 & z an o9tm5t & lotion 9    
psoriasis &  o!r sk9 diseases4 ,:5 ?ymol
 is to be us$ = lotions1 injections1    
inhalations1 or spray solutions1 ! ,p>is
 ,ph>maceutical ,society  recomm5ds #a  
"p ( ?ymol to be dissolv$ 9 #d p>ts (   
alcohol at #ij1  & ?is to be add$ to    
#iie p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4    ,dr        
,crock]1 ( ,univ]sity ,college          
,hospital1 /rongly recomm5ds ?ymol      
lotion to be prep>$ ) glyc]91 :i*1 he   
says1 obviates ! dry+  effect ^u ! sk9  
produc$ by aque\s or spiritu\s solutions
 ( !  ?ymol alone4 ,accord+ to ,mr      
,g]r>d1 ?is lotion is prep>$ by         
dissolv+ #a "p ( ?ymol 9 #abj p>ts (    
glyc]91 & r$uc+ by  wat] to #fjj p>ts4  
,dr ,symes says he f9ds milk to be an   
excell5t solv5t  = ?ymol1 ( :i* x w take
 up readily to ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( its  
weight4 ,9 cases1 !re=e1 9 :i* solutions
 are requir$ ( great]  /r5g? ?an aque\s 
ones1 he recomm5ds ! employm5t ( !      
fluid4    ,an o9tm5t v>y+ 9 /r5g? f #a  
to #e p>ts ( ?ymol to #ajj (  l>d1 is   

said by ,mr ,g]r>d to be employ$ 9 our  
hospitals4 ,9 !  prep>ation ( ?is       
o9tm5t1 x is ( importance to fir/       
dissolve !  ?ymol 9 a few drops (       
spirits1 & !n to mix x ) ! l>d4 ,!      
neglect ( ?is precaution causes !       
undissolv$ p>ticles ( ?ymol  pres5t 9 ! 
o9tm5t to act z a cau/ic irritant on !  
sk91 & to  eat little holes 9 x4 ,mr    
,g]r>d f\nd vasel9e an unsuitable &     
objectionable vehicle = ! application ( 
?ymol1 s9ce1 aft] a few  days1 an o9tm5t
 prep>$ ) x _h its surface cov]$ ) m9ute
  cry/als ( ?ymol4    ,! #8,m$ical      
,times' conta9s ! foll[+ =mula = !      
prep>ation (  ?ymol gauze = dress+      
w\nds3----8,blea*$ gauze1 #ajjj p>ts2   
sp]maceti1 #ejj2 res91 #ej2 ?ymol1 #af  
p>ts40 ,?is is said to yield an         
extremely s(t & pliant prep>ation1      
excell5tly adapt$ = w\nds1  fitt+       
accurately to !m1 & absorb+ at ! same "t
 ! blood &  secretions f !m l a sponge  
w\ld d4 ,dr ,ranke has po9t$ out  t1 9  
consequ5ce ( ! great r$uction 9 ! am\nt 

( secretion  f w\nds caus$ by ! use (   
?ymol1 ! consequ5t consumption (  b&ages
 becomes s mu* less z to m ?an comp5sate
 = ! great  diff]5ce 9 price betwe5     
?ymol & c>bolic acid4    ,ano!r         
advantage possess$ by ?ymol ov] c>bolic 
acid is t !  r$ness1 vesication1 &      
eczema1 frequ5tly induc$ :5 dress+s ( ! 
latt] ag5t are us$1 does n foll[ !      
application ( ?ymol  dress+s4    ,mr    
,squire prep>es an antiseptic adhesive  
pla/]1 conta9+ #a "p (  ?ymol to a #ajjj
 ( pla/]4    ,mr ,g]r>d 9 op]at+ ^u n9e 
diff]5t samples ( comm]cial oil (  ?yme 
7s-call$ oil ( origanum7 by means bo? ( 
cau/ic soda &  refrig]ation1 /ates1 t   
except 9 "o d\btful case1 he 0 unable to
  obta9 ! slighte/ trace ( ?ymol4 ,f ?is
 circum/ance ,mr ,g]r>d  inf]s t ?ymol  
is n pres5t 9 ! ,engli% oils ( ?yme (   
comm]ce1 f :i* x mu/ h be5 remov$ 9 !   
c\ntries :]e x  is produc$1 ! residual  
cym5e & ?ym5e be+ s5t u is an oil (     
?yme4    ,l>ge quantities ( ?ymol are   
prep>$ 9 ,g]many1 pr9cipally f !  se$s (

 ! ,pty*otis aj[an4 ,"o firm ( *emical  
manufactur]s  resid+ 9 ,leipzig is      
report$ to h s5t out dur+ ! mon?s (     
,septemb] & ,novemb] la/ ye> m ?an a ton
 ( x4 ,?ymol wadd+ is  also 9 ext5sive  
dem&4    ,,tic ,,d\l\reux4 ,fr4 ,accord+
 to a writ] 9 "o ( ! m$ical  p]iodicals1
 a solution ( atropia1 #b gr41 9 wat]1  
#a fl4 dr41 to :i*  nitric acid1 #a drop
 7m9im71 has be5 previ\sly add$1 appli$ 
z a  pa9t1 by means ( a camel-hair      
p5cil1 to ! "p ( ! face ov] !  spot     
affect$1 imm$iately & completely subdues
 ! pa91 or1 at all  ev5ts1 )9 #c to #e  
m9utes1 9 all accid5tal cases1 & af=ds  
consid]able relief 9 o!rs4 ,!           
application is to be cont9u$ until  "s  
relief is exp]i5c$4 ,! solution1 be+ v  
poison\s1 mu/ n  be tak5 int]nally1 nor 
appli$ to ! sk9 :5 brok54 ,see ,,atropia
 &  ,,neuralgia4    ,,t94 ,sn4 ,syn4    
,,/annum 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,?is metal
 has be5 kn[n f  ! mo/ remote antiquity1
 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! books ( ,moses 7,numb4 
xxxi1 #bb71 & by ,hom] 7#8,iliad1' x1   

#be71 & o!r e>ly writ]s4 ,!  anci5ts    
obta9$ x pr9cipally1 if n solely1 f     
,cornwall4 ,!  ,phnicians trad$ ) ,engl&
 = ?is metal at lea/ #ajjj ye>s be=e  ! 
bir? ( ,*ri/4    ,t9 occurs 9 nature 9 !
 /ate ( oxide1 &1 m r>ely1 z sulphide   
7,,t9 ,,pyrites74 ,9 ,cornwall x is f\nd
 "u ! =m ( p]oxide  7,,m9e-,,t91        
,,t9-,,/one71 associat$ ) copp] ore1 9 !
 slate &  granite rocks1 & z an alluvial
 deposit 7,,/ream-,,t97 9 ! b$s (       
riv]s4    ,prep41 c4 ,! ore is fir/     
r$uc$ to p[d] 9 /amp+-mills1 wa%$  to   
remove e>?y matt]1 & !n roa/$ to expel  
ars5ic & sulphur2 x  is next deoxidis$  
or r$uc$ by smelt+ x ) ab\t #a-f? ( its 
weight ( p[d]$ culm1 & a little slak$   
lime2 x is1 la/ly1 ref9$  by            
#8liquation1' foll[$ by a second smelt+ 
( ! pur] portion1 :i*1  aft] be+ treat$ 
9 a /ate ( fusion1 = "s "t ) billets (  
gre5 wood1 or #8toss$1' z ! workm5 call 
x1 is all[$ to settle1 &  is !n ca/ into
 l>ge blocks1 :i*1 aft] be+ assay$1     
receive !  /amp ( ! du*y4 ,two v>ieties 

( comm]cial t9 are kn[n1 call$          
respectively gra9 t9 & b> t94 ,! fir/ is
 ! be/1 & is prep>$  f ! /ream ore4     
,prop4 ,t9 approa*es silv] 9 :it5ess &  
lu/re2 9 h>dness x is  int]m$iate betwe5
 gold & lead2 x is v malleable :5 pure1 
b  ! pres5ce ( a v small quantity ( any 
o!r metal1 p>ticul>ly  lead1 deprives x 
( ?is prop]ty2 :5 rubb$ x evolves a     
peculi>  od\r1 & :5 b5t backw>ds & =w>ds
 x emits a peculi> crackl+  noise2 x    
melts at #ddb ,fahr42 volatilises at a  
:ite heat2 & :5  heat$ above its        
melt+-po9t1 ) free access ( air1 is     
spe$ily  conv]t$ into a yell[i%-:ite    
p[d]1 :i* is ! p]oxide1 or !  #8putty   
p[d]' ( poli%]s4 ,sp4 gr4 #gbi to #gca4 
,pur4 ,x is almo/ entirely dissolv$ by  
hydro*loric acid1 yield+ a  col\rless   
solution2 ! precipitate ?r[n d[n by     
hydrate ( potassium  is :ite1 & soluble 
9 excess ( ! precipitant4 ,if x conta9  
ars5ic1  br[ni%-black flocks w be       
sep>at$ dur+ ! solution1 &  ars5iurett$ 
hydrog5 evolv$1 :i* may be inflam$ &    

te/$ 9 !  usual mann]4 ,! pres5ce ( o!r 
metals 9 t9 may be detect$ by  treat+ ! 
hydro*loric solution ) nitric acid1 sp4 
gr4 #aaf1 fir/  9 ! cold1 & aft]w>ds )  
heat1 until all ! t9 is ?r[n d[n 9  !   
/ate ( insoluble /annic oxide4 ,!       
decant$ acid solution f pure  t9 leaves 
no residuum on evaporation4 ,if1 aft]   
all ! acid has be5  dissipat$ by heat1  
dilution ) wat] occasion a heavy :ite   
precipitate1 ! sample conta9$ bismu?2   
if1 aft] dilution1 a solution  (        
sulphate ( ammonium or ( sodium produce 
a simil> :ite precipitate  7sulphate (  
lead71 x conta9$ lead2 if ammonia1 add$ 
9 excess1  occasion r$di%-br[n flocks1  
or if f]ricyanide ( potassium give a    
blue  precipitate1 x conta9$ iron2 &1 if
 ! cle> sup]natant liquid leave  a      
residuum on evaporation1 copp]4         
,te/s4 ,! /ann\s salts are *>act]is$ z  
foll[s3----#a4 ,hydrate (  potassium    
gives a bulky :ite precipitate1 readily 
soluble 9 excess (  ! precipitant2 on   
conc5trat+ ! solution1 ! precipitate is 

*ang$  f /ann\s hydrate into /annic     
hydrate1 :i* rema9s 9 solution1 &       
metallic t91 :i* sep>ates 9 br[n        
flakes4----#b4 ,ammonia1 & !  c>bonates 
( potassium1 sodium1 & ammonium1 give   
:ite precipitates1  insoluble 9         
excess4----#c4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5     
gives1 9 neutral & acid  solutions1 a   
d>k br[n precipitate1 :i* is soluble 9  
hydrate (  potassium1 9 ! alkal9e       
sulphides 7especially :5 !y conta9 an   
excess ( sulphur71 & 9 /rong hot        
hydro*loric acid2 & insoluble 9  nitric 
acid1 ev5 :5 boil+4----#d4 ,sulphide (  
ammonium produces a l  br[n precipitate1
 soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant1      
provid$ !  latt] conta9s an excess (    
sulphur4----#e4 ,t]*loride ( gold gives1
 9  ! cold1 on ! addition ( a little    
nitric acid1 a precipitate ( !  purple (
 ,cassius4----#f4 ,m]curic *loride gives
 a black precipitate1 b 9  excess x     
produces a :ite "o4    ,/ann\s ,*loride4
 ,sn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,proto*loride ,,(     
,,t94 ,prep4  7,,anhydr\s47 ,di/il a    

mixture ( t9 & m]curic *loride4 ,grey1  
res9-l1 solid1 fusible1 & volatile4     
7,,hydrat$2 ,,t9 ,,salt47 ,boil an      
excess ( t9 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,a      
p[]ful deoxidis+ ag5t4 ,x is some:at    
ext5sively us$ z a mordant  9 dye+4     
,/ann\s ,hydrate4 ,sn7,,ho7#b4 ,syn4    
,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,t94 ,prep4      
,precipitate /ann\s *loride ) c>bonate (
 potassium1 well wa%1 &  dry "u #aif4   
,greyi%-:ite p[d]1 soluble 9 acids &    
alkal9e  hydrates1 except ammonia4      
,/ann\s ,iodide4 ,sn,i#b4 ,syn4         
,,protiodide ,,( ,,t94 ,heat t9 & iod9e 
toge!r4 ,a fusible br[ni%-r$1 transluc5t
 sub/ance1 soluble 9  wat]4    ,/ann\s  
,oxide4 ,sn,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,(    
,,t94 ,prep4 ,ignite ! hydrate  9 an    
atmosph]e ( c>bonic anhydride4 ,black   
p[d]1 inflammable 9 air1  & insoluble 9 
acids4    ,/ann\s ,sulphide4 ,sn,s4     
,syn4 ,,protosulphide ,,( ,,t94 ,a      
brittle  blui%-grey sub/ance1 obta9$ by 
heat+ t9 & sulphur4    ,! /ann\s salts  
behave ) reag5ts z foll[s3----#a4       

,hydrate (  potassium1 ammonia & alkal9e
 c>bonates1 give a :ite precipitate1    
:i* is freely soluble 9 an excess (     
hydrate ( potassium & 9 acids1  sp>+ly  
soluble 9 excess ( ammonia1 only v      
slightly soluble 9  excess ( c>bonate ( 
potassium1 & insoluble 9 excess (       
c>bonate (  ammonium4----#b4            
,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gives1 9 acid      
neutral solutions1 a  gold5-yell[       
precipitate1 ei!r at once or on heat+ ! 
liquid1 :i*  is readily soluble 9 pure  
hydrate ( potassium1 ! alkal9e          
sulphides1  & boil+ hydro*loric acid2   
less soluble 9 ammonia1 & insoluble 9   
nitric acid4----#c4 ,a plate ( metallic 
z9c ?r[s d[n metallic t91 "u  ! =m (    
grey scales or a spongy mass1 f         
solutions free f nitric  acid2 & f ^?   
conta9+ free nitric acid1 :ite /annic   
hydrate4----#d4 ,m]curic *loride gives a
 :ite precipitate4----#e4 ,f]rocyanide  
( potassium gives no precipitate at     
fir/1 b aft] a "t ! :ole  =ms a ?ick    
jelly4    ,assay4 ,ea* gra9 ( /annic    

oxide 7see above71 aft] be+ wa%$ &      
g5tly ignit$1 is equival5t to #ghcfe gr4
 ( pure t94 ,! loss (  weight repres5ts 
! impurities4 ,ea* gr4 ( sulphate (     
lead1 s  treat$1 is equiv4 to #fhc gr4 (
 metallic lead 7ne>ly74    ,uses4 ,!    
uses ( t9 9 ! arts are well kn[n4 ,9    
m$ic9e1 #a to #c  dr4 ( ! fil+s or p[d]1
 made into an electu>y ) treacle1 are   
sometimes giv5 9 tapeworm1 = #b or #c   
successive morn+s1 foll[$ by  an ap]i5t4
    ,/annic ,*loride4 ,sn,cl#d4 ,syn4   
,,bi*loride ,,( ,,t91 ,,tetra*loride ,,(
  ,,t91 ,,p]*loride ,,( ,,t91           
,,p]muriate ,,( ,t42 ,,/anni            
,,bi*loridum1 ,,/anni  ,,p]muras1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,liebig47 ,by dissolv+ gra9 
t9 9 a mixture (  hydro*loric acid1 #b  
p>ts2 nitric acid & wat]1 ( ea* #a "p   
7all by  volume72 obs]v+ to add ! t9 by 
degrees1 & to all[ "o portion to        
dissolve be=e add+ ano!r1 z )\t ?is     
precaution ! action is  apt to become   
viol5t1 & /annic oxide ( t9 to be       
deposit$4    #b4 7,,anhydr\s2           

,,libavius',s ,,fum+ ,,liquor47 ,by     
heat+ /ann\s *loride 9  *lor9e gas2 or1 
by di/ill+ a mixture ( p[d]$ t91 #a "p1 
)  corrosive sublimate1 #c p>ts 7#e     
p>ts----,f[nes74 ,a v volatile1         
col\rless1 mobile liquid1 :i* fumes 9 ! 
air1 & boils at #bdh  ,fahr42 :5 mix$ ) 
#a-crd ( its weight ( wat]1 x solidifies
 to a  cry/all9e mass4    ,obs4         
,solution ( /annic *loride is mu* us$ by
 dy]s1 "u !  names ( #8,,spirits ,,(    
,,t91' #8,,dy]s' ,,spirits1' #8,,t9     
,,mordant1' c41 !  proportions ( !      
+r$i5ts & ! /ate ( dilution be+ v>i\s1  
accord+ to circum/ances or ! caprice ( !
 manufactur]4 ,a process1  :i* has be5  
highly recomm5d$1 & :i* seems pref]able 
to all  o!rs1 is to prep>e a simple     
solution ( ! /ann\s *loride1 & to       
conv]t x into a solution ( ! /annic     
*loride1 ei!r by ! addition  ( nitric   
acid & a g5tle heat1 or by pass+ *lor9e 
?r\gh x4 ,see  ,,t9 ,,mordants4         
,/annic ,hydrate4 ,sn7,,ho7#d4 ,syn4    
,,hydrat$ ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,t91 ,,/annic  

,,acid4 ,prep4 ,by add+ hydrate (       
potassium or an alkal9e c>bonate to a   
solution ( /annic *loride4 ,soluble 9   
acids & pure alkalies4 ,its  comp\nd ) !
 latt] are sometimes call$ ,,/annates4  
,/annic ,iodide4 ,sn,i#d4 ,by dissolv+  
/annic hydrate 9 hydriodic  acid4       
,yell[1 silky cry/als4    ,/annic       
,oxide4 ,sn,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,b9oxide ,,(    
,,t91 ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,t94 ,prep4  ,by ! 
action ( nitric acid on metallic t91 !  
result+ :ite p[d]  be+ well wa%$ ) wat]2
 or1 by heat+ metallic t9 above its     
melt+-po9t1 9 ! air4 ,yell[2 anhydr\s2  
insoluble4    ,obs4 ,frmy has giv5 ! "n 
( ,,meta/annic ,,acid to ! oxide prep>$ 
by ! action ( nitric acid on metallic   
t92 ! hydrate he calls ,,/annic  ,,acid4
 ,see ,,poli%]s' ,,putty4    ,/annic    
,sulphide4 ,sn,s#b4 ,syn4 ,,bisulphide  
,,( ,,t91 ,,bronze ,,p[d]1  ,,mosaic    
,,gold2 ,,aurum ,,musivum1 ,,aurum      
,,mosaicum1 ,,/anni ,,bisulphuretem1 ,l4
  ,prep4 #a4 ,to pure t91 #ab oz41 melt$
 by a g5tle heat1 add ( m]cury1 #f  oz42

 to ! p[d]$ mass1 :5 cold1 add ( *loride
 ( ammonium1 #f oz42  fl[]s ( sulphur1  
#g oz2 & aft] ?or\gh admixture place !  
comp\nd  9 a glass flask or matrass1 &  
gradually heat x1 imb$d$ 9 s&1 to  l[   
r$ness1 & cont9ue ! heat = sev]al h\rs1 
or until :ite fumes  cease to be        
dis5gag$2 ! #8aurum musivum' rema9s at !
 bottom ( !  vessel1 "u ! =m ( s(t & v  
brilliant gold-col\r$ flakes4    #b4    
7,b]zelius47 ,/annic oxide & sulphur1 ( 
ea* #b p>ts2 *loride (  ammonium1 #a "p2
 mix1 & expose x to a l[ r$ heat1 9 a   
glass or  e>!nw>e retort1 until         
sulphur\s fumes cease to be evolv$4     
,us$ z a metallic gold col\r1 or        
sub/itute = p[d]$ gold1 9  bronzes1     
v>ni% "w1 seal+-wax1 c4    ,,t9         
,,fi,,l+s4 ,see ,,t9 ,,p[d] 7bel[74     
,,t9foil1 ,lead 94 ,t9foil v r>ely      
consi/s ( pure t92 g5]ally x  conta9s m 
or less lead4 ,accord+ to ! rec5t       
analysis ( ,augu/  ,vogel1 :o has exam9$
 a great numb] ( samples f v diff]5t    
s\rces1 x conta9s f #a to #ai p] c5t4 ( 

lead4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1  specim5s (      
t9foil :i* conta9 s little lead t x     
h>dly gives a  reaction ) ! appropriate 
te/s4    ,s9ce t9foil is s mu* us$ =    
cov]+ articles ( diet1 or (             
confection]y1 or ( p]fum]y1 x 0 a matt] 
( "s int]e/ to  det]m9e :e!r or n !re 0 
any dang] ( transf]5ce ( lead f  !      
wrapp] to ! cont5ts4 ,a numb] (         
exp]im5ts ^u soap1 *ocolate1  & diff]5t 
k9ds ( dry sug>1 :i* _h be5 envelop$ 9  
t9foil v  highly *>g$ ) lead1 %[$ t !re 
0 no contam9ation )  lead4 ,*eese1 on ! 
o!r h&1 on acc\nt ( its be+ moi/1 & be+ 
closely 9 contact ) ! foil1 did take up 
lead4    ,( c\rse ! lactic acid ( !     
*eese w\ld also fav\r ! tak+ up (  !    
metal4 ,a po9t wor?y ( be+ record$ 9    
connection ) ?is matt]  is ! rapid      
dim9ution ( ! lead t[>d ! c5tre ( !     
*eese4 ,(t5  pl5ty ( lead 0 f\nd 9 !    
r9d1 & none a little way 9 !  *eese4#bcc
    ,footnote #bcc3 #8,rep]torium fr    
,ph>macie1' ,von ,bu*nee4    ,,t9       
,,glass4 ,see ,,bismu?4    ,,t9         

,,mor,,dants4 ,syn4 ,,dy]s' ,,_s1       
,,solution ,,( ,,t91 ,,_s ,,( ,t41      
,,nitromuriate ,,( ,t4 ,^!1 z notic$    
above1 v>y greatly 9 _!  composition &  
"*4    ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( aqua=tis1 #h  
p>ts2 sal ammoniac or common salt1 #a   
"p2 dissolve1 & add1 v gradually1 ( gra9
 t91 #a "p2 &1 :5  dissolv$1 pres]ve x 9
 /opp]$ bottles f ! air4 ,?is is !      
common #8,,_s ,,( ,,t9' ( ! dy]s4    #b4
 7,b]?ollet47 ,nitric acid1 at #cj      
,baum1 #h p>ts2 sal ammoniac1 #a "p2    
dissolve1 !n add by degrees1 ( t91 #a   
"p2 & :5 dissolv$1 dilute  ! solution ) 
#a-d? ( its weight ( wat]4    #c4       
7,damb\rney47 ,hydro*loric acid1 at #ag 
,baum1 #d p>ts2 nitric acid1 at  #cj    
,baum1 #a "p2 mix1 & add by degrees1 (  
,molucca t91 #a "p4    #d4 7,hellot47   
,nitric acid & wat]1 ( ea* #a lb42 sal  
ammoniac1 #a oz42  nitre1 #a_/b oz42    
dissolve1 !n add1 by degrees1 (         
granulat$ t91 #b oz4    #e4 7,po]n]47   
,nitric acid & wat]1 ( ea* #a lb42 sal  
ammoniac1 #a-a_/b  oz42 dissolve1 !n    

add1 by v sl[ degrees1 ( pure t94 beat5 
into  rib&s1 #b oz4    #f4 7,s*oeff]47  
,nitric acid & wat]1 ( ea* #b lbs42 sal 
ammoniac1 #b  oz42 pure t91 #d-a_/b oz42
 z la/4 ,all ! above are us$ *iefly =   
dye+ sc>let1 m p>ticul>ly ) co*9eal4    
#g4 7,,lac ,,_s47 ,f gra9 t91 #a lb1    
sl[ly dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric  acid 7sp4 
gr4 #aai71 #bj lbs4 ,recomm5d$ z a      
solv5t = lac dye4 ,=  use1 #c_/d to #a  
lb4 ( ! liquid is dige/$ on ea* lb4 ( ! 
dye = #e  or #f h\rs1 be=e add+ x to !  
dye ba?4    #h4 ,hydro*loric acid1      
#f-c_/d lbs42 aqua=tis1 #a_/b lb42 gra9 
t91  gradually add$1 #a lb4 ,recomm5d$ =
 lac dye4    ,,t9-,,plate4 ,iron-plate  
cov]$ ) a coat+ ( t91 by dipp+ x into  a
 ba? ( t metal4    ,,t9 ,,p[,,d]4 ,syn4 
,,t9 ,,fil+s1 ,,t9 ,,du/2 ,,/anni       
,,pulvis 7,ph4 ,e  ,d471  ,l4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,e47 ,melt gra9 t9 9 an iron     
vessel1 p\r x into an  e>!nw>e mort>    
heat$ a little above its melt+-po9t1 &  
triturate  briskly z ! metal cools2     
la/ly1 sift ! product1 & repeat !       

process ) :at rema9s 9 ! sieve4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,d47 ,melt gra9-t9 9 a black-lead 
crucible1 &1 :il/ x is  cool+1 /ir x ) a
 rod ( iron until x is r$uc$ to p[d]2   
let !  f9] p>ticles be sep>at$ by means 
( a sieve1 & :51 aft] hav+  be5 sev]al  
times 9 succession %ak5 ) di/ill$ wat]1 
! decant$  liquor appe>s q cle>1 let !  
product be dri$ = use4    ,obs4 ,p[d]$  
t9 is also prep>$ by fil+ &             
rasp+4----,dose1 #b to  #d dr41 z a     
v]mifuge4 ,,poli%]s' ,,putty1 col\r$ )  
ivory black1 is  frequ5tly sub/itut$ =  
?is p[d]1 & h5ce arises ! ill effects  t
 sometimes foll[ its use4    ,,t9,,n+4  
,proc4 #a4 ,plates or vessels ( brass or
 copp]1 boil$ ) a  solution ( /annate ( 
potassa1 mix$ ) turn+s ( t91 become1 9  
! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 cov]$ ) a firmly
 atta*$ lay] ( pure  t94    #b4 ,a      
simil> effect is produc$ by boil+ !     
articles ) t9 fil+s  & cau/ic alkali or 
cream ( t>t>4    ,obs4 ,by ei!r ( !     
above me?ods *emical vessels made (     
copp] or  brass may be easily & p]fectly

 t9n$4    #c4 ,! foll[+ me?od = t9n+    
copp]1 brass1 & iron 9 ! cold1  & )\t   
app>atus1 is by ,f4 ,/olba4#bcd         
,footnote #bcd3 #8,! ,ph>maci/1' iv1    
#hf4    ,! requisites = accompli%+ ?is  
object are3----#a/4 ,! object to be     
coat$ ) t9 mu/ be entirely free f oxide4
 ,x mu/ be c>efully  clean$ & c>e be    
tak5 t no grease spots are left2 x makes
 no  diff]5ce :e!r ! object be clean$   
me*anically or *emically4 #bnd4  ,z9c   
p[d]2 ! be/ is t prep>$ artificially by 
melt+ z9c1 &  p\r+ x into an iron mort>4
 ,x c be easily pulv]is$ imm$iately     
aft] solidification2 x %\ld be ab\t z   
f9e z writ+ s&4 #crd4 ,a  solution (    
proto*loride ( t9 conta9+ #e or #aj p]  
c5t41 to :i* z  mu* pulv]is$ cream (    
t>t> mu/ be add$ z w g on to ! po9t  ( a
 knife4 ,! object to be t9n$ is moi/5$ )
 ! t9n$ solution1  aft] :i* x is rubb$  
h>d ) ! z9c p[d]4 ,! t9n+ appe>s at     
once4 ,! t9-salt is decompos$ by ! z9c1 
metallic t9 be+  deposit$4 ,:5 ! object 
t9n$ is poli%$ brass or copp]1 x appe>s 

z beautiful z if silv]$1 & reta9s its   
lu/re = a long "t4 #d?4  7,c4           
,paul47#bce ,! z9c or iron articles are 
imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( #a  "p sulphuric or
 nitric acid ) #aj p>ts ( wat]2 a       
solution ( copp]  sulphate or acetate is
 !n sl[ly add$4 ,aft] ! deposition ( a  
?9  lay] ( copp]1 ! articles are remov$1
 wa%$1 moi/5$ ) a  solution ( #a "p #8t9
 cry/als1' 9 #b p>ts wat] & #b p>ts     
hydro*loric acid1 & !n %ak5 up ) a      
mixture ( f9e *alk &  copp]4 ,ammonium  
sulphate1 :i* is prep>$ by dissolv+ #a  
"p (  copp] sulphate 9 #af p>ts ( wat]1 
& add+ ammonia until a cle>  d>k blue   
liquid is obta9$4    ,footnote #bce3    
,d+l4 ,polyt1 ,j41 ccviii1 #dg-di1      
#8,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4'    ,! articles may
 n[ be t9n$ by imm]sion 9 a solution (  
#a "p ( t9  cry/als ) #c p>ts :ite argol
 9 wat]4 ,brass1 copp]1 or nickel       
goods1 also iron & z9c articles :i* h   
be5 copp]-plat$1 may be  silv]$ by      
treatm5t 7aft] ?or\gh cleans+71 ) a     
solution ( #ad  grams silv] 9 #bf grams 

( nitric acid1 to :i* is add$ a solution
 (  #abj grams ( potassium cyanide 9 #a 
litre wat]1 & also #bh grams (  f9ely   
p[d]$ *alk4    ,,t9s1 ,to ,clean4 ,all  
k9ds ( t9s1 m\lds1 measures1 c41 may be 
clean$  by be+ well rubb$ ) a pa/e made 
( :it+ & wat]4 ,!y %\ld  !n be rubb$ ) a
 lea!r1 & any du/ rema9+ on !m %\ld be  
remov$ by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,f9ally1  
!y mu/ be poli%$ )  ano!r lea!r4 ,always
 let ! inside ( any vessel be clean$    
fir/1  s9ce 9 clean+ ! inside ! outside 
always becomes soil$4 ,= v  dirty or    
greasy t9s1 grat$ ba?-brick & wat] mu/  
be us$4    ,,t9c,,ture4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura1
 ,l42 ,,te9ture1 ,fr4 ,t9ctures         
7,,t9ctur2  ,,alcool,s1 ,,alcoolatures7 
are solutions ( ! active pr9ciples (    
bodies1  obta9$ by dige/+ !m 9 alcohol m
 or less dilute4 ,,e!real  ,,t9ctures   
7,,t9ctur ,,!re2 ,,e?,,rol,s1           
,,e?,,rolatures7 are simil>  solutions  
prep>$ ) e!r4    ,prep4 8,t9ctures are  
usually prep>$ by r$uc+ ! solid +r$i5ts 
to small fragm5ts1 co>se p[d]1 or f9e   

p[d]1 mac]at+ !m = #g  days1 or long]1 9
 pro( _s or rectifi$ _s1 /ra9+ !        
solution ?r\gh l95 or calico 7or pap]71 
& f9ally express+ !  residuum /rongly1  
to obta9 :at fluid is /ill reta9$ 9 !   
mass4  ,!y are also advantage\sly prep>$
 by ! me?od ( displacem5t or            
p]colation40 7,ph4 ,e47 8,all t9ctures  
%\ld be prep>$ 9 clos$ glass  7or       
/onew>e7 vessels1 & be %ak5 frequ5tly   
dur+ ! process (  mac]ation40 7,ph4 ,l47
 ,coop]'s pat5t j>s are v conv5i5t = !  
prep>ation ( t9ctures1 z !y are made )  
wide m\?s l>ge en\gh  to admit ! h&1 &  
yet may be clos$ 9 an in/ant1 ) z mu*   
ease  & c]ta9ty z an ord9>y /opp]$      
bottle4    ,t9ctures are bett] cl>ifi$  
by repose ?an by filtration1 z 9 !      
latt] case a consid]able portion is     
reta9$ by ! filt]+ m$ium1  & lo/ by     
evaporation4 ,! wa/e 9 ?is way is nev]  
less ?an #aj (  _s4 ,9 all ord9>y cases1
 x is suffici5t to all[ ! t9cture to    
settle = a few days1 & !n to p\r (f !   
cle> sup]natant portion  ?r\gh a funnel 

loosely *ok$ ) a piece ( sponge or t[2  
aft] :i*  ! rema9+ f\l portion ( !      
liquid may be filt]$ ?r\gh bibul\s  pap]
 9 a cov]$ funnel4 ,! filtration %\ld be
 conduct$ z rapidly  z possible1 = !    
d\ble purpose ( less5+ ! am\nt lo/ by   
evaporation & ! action ( ! air on !     
fluid4 ,t9ctures :i* h  be5 long expos$ 
to ! air frequ5tly lose _! transp>5cy )9
 a  few days aft] be+ filt]$1 ow+ to !  
oxidisem5t & precipitation  ( "s portion
 ( ! matt] previ\sly held 9 solution1 a 
*ange :i*  occurs ev5 9 /opp]$ bottles4 
,res9\s & oily t9ctures1 z ^? (  myrrh1 
tolu1 & lav5d] 7comp471 may be g5]ally  
re/or$ to _!  =m] brightness by !       
addition ( a quantity ( rectifi$ _s1    
equal  to t :i* !y h lo/ by evaporation2
 b _m t9ctures resi/  ?is mode (        
treatm5t1 & require refilt]+4    ,e!real
 t9ctures are be/ prep>$ by p]colation1 
& %\ld be bo?  made & kept 9 /opp]$     
bottles4    ,mr ,umney says3----,x mu/  
always be rememb]$ t ! quantity ( _s    
requir$ to make ! measure ( t9ctures to 

a giv5 bulk1 w only be  /rictly uni=m1 9
 s f> z ! op]ators proce$ "u precisely !
  same circum/ances4    ,no causes w be 
f\nd to influ5ce results m ?an !        
manufacture (  t9ctures ^u a small1 z   
comp>$ ) a l>ge1 scale1 & ! use (  !    
screw z comp>$ ) ! hydraulic press1 9 ! 
f9al removal (  ! _s f ! m>e2 ev5 !     
temp]ature ( summ] & w9t] may  cause a  
v>iation 9 ! results4    ,qual4 ,!      
t9ctures ( ! %ops are usually v unc]ta9 
& inf]ior  prep>ations1 ow+ to _!       
manufacture be+ c>elessly conduct$1 &   
refuse drugs & an insuffici5t quantity (
 _s be+ employ$ 9  _! production4 ,x is 
a g5]al practice among ! druggi/s to    
sub/itute a mixture ( equal p>ts (      
rectifi$ _s & wat]1 or a  _s ( ab\t #bf 
u4 p41 = pro( _s2 & a mixture ( #b      
galls4 (  wat] ) #e galls4 ( rectifi$   
_s1 = rectifi$ _s4 ,9 "s  :olesale      
drug-h\ses all ! simple t9ctures 7except
 ^? t are ( a  v active or valuable k9d1
 z ,,laudanum1 = in/ance7 are made ) #a 
lb4 ( ! dry +r$i5t to ! gall4 ( _s1     

irrespective ( !  in/ructions 9 !       
,ph>macopia4 ,appe>ance is ! object :i* 
is alone  aim$ at1 )\t ref]5ce to       
quality4 ,if ! t9cture be p]fectly      
transp>5t1 & has a good col\r1 !        
consci5ce ( ! sell] & !  /oma* ( !      
consum] are alike satisfi$4    ,assay4  
#a4 ,! ,,ri*ness 9 ,,alcohol may be     
readily det]m9$ by ,br&e's  me?od (     
alcoholometry2 b m accurately by ! me?od
 ( ,m4  ,gay-,lussac 7see               
,,alcoholometry74 ,t ( t9ctures conta9+ 
simple  extractive1 sac*>9e1 or l       
organic matt]1 9 solution1 may be       
approximately f\nd f ! boil+-po9t1 or f 
! temp]ature ( !  vap\r ( ! boil+       
liquid4    #b4 ,! ,,quantity ( ,,solid  
,,matt] p] c5t4 may be asc]ta9$ by      
evaporat+ to dryness #ajj gra9s-measure1
 9 a weigh$ capsule1 by !  heat ( boil+ 
wat]4    #c4 ,! ,,quantity ( ! ,,+r$i5ts
 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( t9ctures  may be  
inf]r$ f ! weight la/ f\nd1 ref]5ce be+ 
_h to !  kn[n p]-c5tage ( extract :i* ! 
sub/ances employ$ yield to _s  ( ! /r5g?

 "u exam9ation4 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts conta9    
alkaloids1  or consi/ ( sal9e or m9]al  
matt]1 an assay may be made = !m4       
,uses1 c4 ,t9ctures1 f ! quantity (     
alcohol :i* !y conta91  are necess>ily  
adm9i/]$ 9 small doses1 unless 9 cases  
:]e  /imulants are indicat$4 ,! mo/     
important & useful ( !m are ^?  t conta9
 v active +r$i5ts1 su* z ! t9cture (    
opium1  foxglove1 hemlock1 h5bane1 c4 ,9
 _m in/ances ! solv5t1 ev5 9  doses ( a 
few fluid dra*ms1 acts m p[]fully on !  
liv+ sy/em  ?an ! pr9ciples x holds 9   
solution2 &1 :5 cont9u$ = "s  "t1       
produces ! same delet]i\s effects z !   
habitual use ( ard5t  spirits4 ,:5 !    
action ( a sub/ance is ! rev]se (       
/imulant1 x  _c ) propriety be exhibit$ 
9 ?is =m1 unless ! dose be s  small t ! 
op]ation ( ! _s _c be tak5 into acc\nt1 
z  ) ! n>cotic t9ctures4 ,h5ce1 ?is     
class ( rem$ies are 9 less  frequ5t use 
?an =m]ly4    ,! foll[+ li/ embraces all
 ! =mul ( ! t9ctur ( ! ,london1         
,ed9burgh1 ,dubl91 & ,briti%            

,ph>macopias1 ) a few o!rs likely to  be
 useful to ! read]4 ,^! w furni%        
examples = ! prep>ation  ( o!rs 9 less  
g5]al use1 c>e be+ _h to proportionate !
  +r$i5ts ) due ref]5ce to ! prop] or   
usual dose ( t9ctures (  t class4       
,t9cture ( ,acetate ( ,iron4 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,f]ri ,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47     
,solution ( p]sulphate ( iron1 #e2      
acetate  ( pota%1 #d2 rectifi$ _s1 q4   
s42 dissolve ! acetate ( pota% 9  #bj ( 
wat] & add #af ( _s to ! solution (     
iron2 mix ! two  liquids1 & %ake well   
occasionally = an h\r1 !n filt]1 & add  
to  ! filt]$ liquid suffici5t rectifi$  
_s to make up #dj4----;,dose1 #e  to #cj
 m9ims4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to wat]1 #i  
fl4 oz41 add ( pure sulphuric acid1 #f  
fl4 dr42  & 9 ! mixture1 ) ! aid ( a    
g5tle heat1 dissolve sulphate (  iron1  
#h oz42 next add ( pure nitric acid1    
#a_/b fl4 oz41 previ\sly dilut$  ) wat]1
 #a fl4 oz41 & evaporate ! result+      
solution to !  consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup2

 dissolve ?is 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2   
also dissolve ( acetate ( pota%1 #h oz41
 9 ano!r qu>t ( rectifi$  _s2 & hav+    
?or\ghly mix$ ! solutions1 by frequ5t   
agitation  9 a l>ge bottle1 filt] !     
:ole1 ) expression1 fir/ ?r\gh  calico1 
& !n ?r\gh pap]4 ,sp4 gr4               
#hia4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj drops1 9    
wat]1 9 ! same cases z 9 ! o!r          
*alybeates4    ,t9cture ( ,acetate (    
,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,z9ci ,,acetatis1
 ,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,acetate 
( pota% & sulphate ( z9c1 ( ea* #a oz42 
rub  !m toge!r1 !n add ( rectifi$ _s1   
#af fl oz42 mac]ate = a  week1 & filt]4 
,a/r+5t4 ,dilut$ ) wat]1 x is us$ z a   
collyrium & injection4    ,t9cture (    
,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,aconiti     
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,t9ct4 ,,aconiti  ,,radicis
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,p[d]$ root1 #a2 rectifi$  _s 
to p]colate1 #h2 mac]ate = #dh h\rs )   
?ree f\r?s ( !  _s1 agitat+             
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator & let x
 dra91  !n p\r on ! rema9+ _s2 :5 x     

ceases to drop1 press ! m>c  & add _s to
 make up #h4----;,dose1 #e to #ae m9ims1
 twice or ?rice a  day4    #b4 7,ph4    
,l47 ,take ( aconite root1 co>sely      
p[d]$1 #ae oz4 7#bj oz4----,ph4  ,d472  
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days1
 press1 & filt]4    ,obs4 ,^! t9ctures  
diff] mat]ially 9 /r5g?4----,dose4 ,( ! 
,ph4  ,l41 #e to #aj drops2 ( ! ,ph4    
,d41 #c to #f drops1 two or ?ree times  
daily  7c>efully wat*+ its effects72 9  
rheumatism1 g\t1 syphilis1 c41  :]e a   
n>cotic s$ative is indicat$4 ,dilut$ )  
wat]1 x =ms an  excell5t embrocation 9  
rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 ,x %\ld be    
appli$  by means ( a small sponge1 ti$  
to ! end ( a /ick or glass rod4 ,!  ,ph4
 ,d4 =mula is ne>ly ! same z t = ,dr    
,turnbull's conc5trat$  t9cture (       
aconite root1 & t giv5 by ,dr ,p]eira4  
,! ,,t9ctura  ,,aconiti ,,foliorum ( !  
,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is made ) #a oz4 ( ! dri$  
leaves  to #h fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s4    
,t9cture ( ,aconite1 ,e!real4 ,syn4     
,,t9ctura ,,aconiti ,,!rea4 7,p4  ,cod47

 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ aconite1 #d oz42         
sulphuric e!r1 #af oz4 7by  weight74 ,x 
is be/ prep>$ by p]colation4    ,t9cture
 ( ,ailan?us ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,ailan?i ,,corticis4 ,prep4  ,take ,(  
ailan?us b>k1 bruis$1 #a-a_/b oz42 pro( 
_s1 #a p9t2 mac]ate  = sev5 days 9 a    
clos$ vessel ) occasional agitation1 !n 
/ra91  press1 filt]1 & add suffici5t _s 
to make #a p9t4----,dose4 ,f #a_/b  to  
#b fl4 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,aloes4 ,syn4  
,,t9ctura ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4    
,e471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47         
,socotr9e aloes1 #a2 extract (          
liquorice1 #c2 pro(  _s1 #dj2 mac]ate   
sev5 days1 press1 & wa% ! m>c ) _s to   
make #dj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotr9e or hepatic aloes1 
co>sely p[d]$1 #a oz42 extract  (       
liquorice1 #c oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2   
rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2  mac]ate = #g   
days1 & filt]4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is 
ne>ly  simil>4 ,purgative &             
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #a_/d to fl4 oz4     
,t9cture ( ,aloes1 ,alkal9e4 ,syn4      

,,t9ctura ,,alo,s ,,alkal9a4 7,sw$iaur47
  ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a_/b oz42 extract (   
liquorice1 #a-a_/b dr42 c9namon wat]1 #h
  oz42 pro( _s1 #h oz42 c>bonate ( soda1
 #a oz4 ,dige/1 &  /ra94----,dose1 #a   
dr4 to #d dr4    ,t9cture ( ,aloes      
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,aloes 
,,& ,,myrrh2  ,,t9ctura ,,alo,s         
,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,t9ctura       
,,alo,s ,,et ,,myrrh 7,ph4 ,e471        
,,elixir ,,alo,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,l4  ,e47 ,socotr9e or hepatic aloes1   
co>sely p[d]$1 #d oz42 hay saffron1 #b  
oz42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate 
= #g days1 ) occasional agitation1 &    
/ra94 ,! ,dubl9  ,college 7#ahbf7 omits 
! saffron4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f aloes1
 #a lb42 myrrh1 #c_/d lb42 hay saffron1 
#b oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #e p9ts2 wat]1 #c 
p9ts2 z ! la/4 ,purgative1  /oma*ic1 &  
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4   
dr4    ,t9cture ( ,amb]4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura
 ,,succ9i4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,amb]1 9  
f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #f oz4   
,dige/ = #f days &  filt]4----,dose1 #bj

 to #cj drops4    ,t9cture ( ,amb]1     
,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,succ9i      
,,alkal9a4 7,ph4 ,e4  #agdd47 ,prep4    
,rub #b oz4 ( amb] ) a suffici5t        
quantity ( c>bonate  ( pota% to =m a s(t
 pa/e2 dry ?is1 & dige/ x 9 #af oz4 (   
rectifi$ _s = #h days4    ,t9cture (    
,amb]gris4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,amb]grise4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4  ,amb]gris1 #a "p2   
rectifi$ _s1 #aj p>ts4 ,mac]ate #aj     
days4    ,t9cture ( ,ammonia 7,comp\nd47
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,ammoni ,,composita   
7,ph4  ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47  
,ma/ic1 #b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #i fl4 dr42
  dige/ until dissolv$1 decant1 add1 (  
oil ( lav5d]1 #ad drops2  /rong]        
solution ( ammonia1 #a p9t2 & mix well4 
#b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,,aqua ,,luci2     
,,eau ,,de ,,luce47 ,z ! la/1 b add+ #d 
drops  ( oil ( amb] along ) ! oil (     
lav5d]4    ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is     
reput$ antacid1 antispasmodic1 &        
/imulant4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 9 
wat]2 9 hy/]ia1 l[ spirits1  c4 ,9 !    
,ea/ ,indies1 eau de luce is reg>d$     

almo/ z a specific =  ! bite ( ! cobra  
di capello & o!r v5om\s reptiles4       
,t9cture ( ,ammonia-*loride ( ,iron4    
,syn4 ,,ammoniat$ ,,t9cture ,,(  ,,iron1
 ,,mynsight',s ,a4 ,t4 ,,( ,i42         
,,t9ctura ,,f]ri ,,ammonio-,,*loridi    
7,ph4 ,l474  ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri           
,,ammoniati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47      
,ammonio-*loride ( iron1 #d  oz42 pro(  
_s & di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea* #a p9t2        
dissolve4----,dose1  #bj to #fj drops1  
or m2 z a /imulant1 *alybeate tonic4 8,a
 fl4 oz4 (  ?is1 on potassa be+ add$1   
yields #eh gr4 ( sesquioxide ( iron40   
7,ph4  ,l47    ,t9cture ( ,ammoniacum4  
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,gummi ,,ammoniaci4    
7,p4 ,cod47  ,prep4 ,gum ammoniacum1 #d 
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #bj oz4 7by weight74  
,dige/ #aj days1 & /ra94    ,t9cture (  
,angelica4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,angelica4  
7,au/4 ,ph47 ,prep4  ,dri$ angelica     
root1 #a oz42 pro( _s1 #f oz4 ,dige/1 & 
filt]4----,dose1 #a dr4    ,t9cture (   
,ango/ura4 ,t9cture ( cusp>ia4          
,t9cture1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4         

,,t9ctura ,,antiscorbutica1 ,,t9ctura   
,,armoracue ,,composita4 7,p4 ,cod47    
,prep4 ,fre% hors]adi% root1 #h oz42    
black mu/>d se$1 #d oz42 muriate (      
ammonia1 #b oz42 pro( _s1 #af oz4  7by  
weight72 comp\nd _s ( scurvy grass1 #af 
oz4 7by weight74 ,mac]ate  #aj days4    
,t9cture ( ,ants4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura       
,,=mic>um4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,ants      
rec5tly collect$1 clean$1 & bruis$1 #b  
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c oz4  7by weight74  
,dige/ #h days4    ,t9cture ( ,arnica4  
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,arnicae1 ,t4 ,a4      
,,florum1 ,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,bor4 &     
,hamb4 ,cod47 ,fl[]s ( ,arnica montana1 
#a-a_/b oz42 _s1  sp4 gr4 #ijj 7#ae-a_/b
 o4 p471 #a lb42 dige/ = #h days1 &     
/ra91 )  expression4----,dose1 #aj to   
#cj drops2 9 di>rha1 dys5t]y1 g\t1      
rheumatism1 p>alysis1 c4    ,t9cture (  
,arnica ,root4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,arnicae
 7,b4 ,p471 ,,t9ctura  ,,arnic          
,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47     
,bruis$ root1 #a2 rectifi$ _s to        
p]colate1 #bj2 mac]ate =ty-eight h\rs ) 

#ae ( ! _s1 agitat+  occasionally2 pack 
9 a p]colator1 &1 :5 x ceases to drop1  
p\r on  ! rema9+ _s1 let x dra91 wa% !  
m>c1 press1 filt]1 & make  up to        
#bj----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4 ,f   
arnica root1 #b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 z 
! la/4    ,t9cture1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4    
,,t9ctura ,,aromatica4 7,gr4 ,ph47      
,prep4  ,c9namon1 #d oz42 c>damoms1 #a  
oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 galangal root1 #a  
oz42  g+]1 #a oz42 all 9 co>se p[d]2    
pro( _s1 #c lbs4 #b oz4 7by  weight74   
,mac]ate #h days1 & /ra94    ,t9cture1  
,aromatic4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( c9namon4  
,t9cture ( ,arti*oke4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,cyn>4 ,prep4 ,fre% arti*oke  leaves1  
bruis$1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a lb4    
,dige/ = #g days1  express & filt]4     
,t9cture ( ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura  
,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471  ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,assaftida 7small 
fragm5ts71 #a2 rectifi$ _s1  #h2 mac]ate
 sev5 days1 /ra91 filt]1 & add _s to    
make #h4----;,dose1  #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,assaftida 7small71  

#e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate  =
 #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d71 & filt]4
 8,x _c be made by p]colation  ) delay40
 7,ph4 ,e47    #c4 7,:olesale47         
,assaftida1 #b-a_/b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #b
 qu>ts2 dissolve1  add ( rectifi$ _s1   
#a-a_/b gall42 agitate well = #c or #d  
days1 !n  let x settle1 & decant ! cle> 
portion4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 
9 hy/]ia1 flatul5t colic1 c4    ,t9cture
 ( ,assaftida 7,ammoniat$74 ,see ,,fetid
 ,,_s ,,( ,,ammonia4    ,t9cture (      
,assaftida1 ,e!real4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,assaf,,tid ,,e!rea4  7,p4 ,cod47      
,prep4 ,assaftida1 #a "p2 alcoholis$    
e!r1 #e p>ts 7by  weight74 ,mac]ate =   
#aj days4 ,! e!r is made by mix+ equal  
weights  ( e!r & rectifi$ _s4           
,t9cture1 ,a/hmatic4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( 
camphor4    ,t9cture1 ,a/r+5t4 ,syn4    
,,t9ctura ,,a/r+5s4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,prep4
  ,cate*u1 #a_/b oz42 myrrh1 #a_/b oz42 
,p]uvian b>k1 #b dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1    
#a-a_/b dr42 _s ( hors]adi%1 #a-a_/b    
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b oz4  ,dige/4  

,= spong9ess ( ! gums4    ,t9cture1     
,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,balsamica4 
7,p4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4  ,copaiba1 #a   
oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #c dr42 balsam (    
,tolu1 #b dr42 b5zo91 #a_/b  dr42       
saffron1 #a scruple2 rect4 _s1 #af oz42 
dige/ #d days 9 a s&  ba?1 & /ra94      
,t9cture1 ,balsam ( ,copaiba4 ,syn4     
,,t9ctura ,,balsami ,,copaib4           
7,guib\rt47 ,prep4 ,"o "p ( copaiba to  
#h ( alcohol4 ,dige/ &  filt]4          
,t9cture ( ,balsam ( ,gilead4 ,syn4     
,,t9ctura ,,balsami ,,gilead5sis4       
7,guib\rt47 ,prep4 ,"o "p ( balsam to #h
 ( rectifi$ _s4    ,t9cture ( ,balsam ( 
,p]u4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,balsami         
,,p]uviani1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4       
#aghh47 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #d oz42 rectifi$
 _s1 #af fl4  oz42 dissolve4 ,pectoral1 
/imulant1 & fragrant4----,dose1 #aj to  
#cj drops4    ,t9cture ( ,balsam (      
,tolu4 ,t9cture ( ,tolu4    ,t9cture (  
,b>k4 ,t9cture ( c9*ona4    ,t9cture (  
,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,belladonn
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4   ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  

#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! dri$ leaves 9 co>se    
p[d]1 #a2 pro(  _s1 #bj2 mac]ate        
=ty-eight h\rs 9 #ae ( ! _s1 agitat+    
occasionally2 pack 9 a p]colator1 & :5 x
 ceases to drop1 add !  rema9+ _s1 let x
 dra91 wa% & press ! m>c2 filt] & make  
up #bj4----;,dose1 f #e to #bj m9ims4   
#b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ leaves (           
belladonna1 #d oz4 7#e oz4 9 co>se      
p[d]----,ph4  ,d472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2   
mac]ate = #g days 7#ad----,ph4 ,d471    
press1 &  filt]4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f 
! dri$ leaves1 #a lb42 pro( _s1 #a      
gall42  mac]ate #ad days4----,dose1 #e  
to #aj drops1 gradually increas$2 also  
ext]nally1 dilut$ ) wat]4    ,t9cture ( 
,b5zo94 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,b5zo9i4 7,ph4 
,g47 ,prep4 ,b5zo91  #b oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,dige/ = #h    
days1 frequ5tly  %ak+2 !n filt]4        
,t9cture ( ,b5zo9 7,comp\nd47 ,syn4     
,,fri>',s ,,balsam1 ,,trauma?c ,b41     
,,balsam ,,= ,,cuts1 ,,comm&]',s        
,,balsam1 ,,v]va9',s ,b41 ,,w\nd ,b41   
,,jesuits'  ,,drops1 ,,wade',s ,d42     

,,t9ctura ,,b5zo9i ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41
 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,,t9ct4  ,,b5zo,s      
,,comp41 ,,balsamum ,,traumaticum1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,b5zo91 #h2  prep>$
 /orax1 #f2 balsam ( ,tolu1 #b2 socotr9e
 aloes1 #a-a_/b2 rectifi$  _s1 #hj2     
mac]ate sev5 days1 filt]1 & wa% ! m>c ) 
_s to  make up #hj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to 
#a dr41 triturat$ ) mucilage or yolk (  
egg4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum b5zo91      
co>sely p[d]$1 #c-a_/b oz42 prep>$      
/orax1  #b-a_/b2 balsam ( ,tolu1 #aj    
dr42 ,socotr9e or hepatic aloes1 9 co>se
  p[d]1 #e dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2   
mac]ate1 ) frequ5t  agitation1 = #g     
days1 & /ra94    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,b5zo91 
#d oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b-a_/b oz42 ,ea/
 ,indian  7hepatic7 aloes1 #a_/b oz42   
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t4    ,obs4 ,ei!r ( !
 above =mul produces a mo/ beautiful    
t9cture1  truly balsamic4 ,! foll[+ is1 
h[ev]1 v g5]ally employ$ by !  :olesale 
druggi/s1 & ! product1 ?\gh possess+ a v
 ri*  col\r1 is ?9 & wat]y4    #d4      
7,:olesale47 ,f gum b5zo91 #d lbs42     

aloes 7lively col\r$71 #a-a_/d  lb42    
liquid /orax1 #a lb42 balsam ( ,tolu1   
#a_/d lb42 p[d]$ turm]ic  7be/71 #i oz42
 rectifi$ _s1 #e-a_/b galls42 dige/ )   
frequ5t  agitation = #aj days1 !n add ( 
hot wat]1 #a-a_/b gall41 aga9 dige/  =  
#d days1 &1 aft] #bd h\rs' repose1      
decant ! cle> portion4    ,dose1 #aj    
drops to #b fl4 dr42 z a /imulat+       
expectorant1 9 *ronic  c\ghs1 & v>i\s   
brea? affections4 ,x is also employ$ to 
/op !  ble$+ f cuts1 c41 & promote _!   
heal+4    ,t9cture1 ,bitt]4 ,syn4       
,,t9ctura ,,am>a 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4      
,unripe oranges1  #b oz42 c5taury1 #b   
oz42 g5tian root1 #b oz42 z$o>y root1 #a
 oz42 pro(  _s1 #ce oz4 7by weight74    
,dige/ #h days1 & /ra94    ,t9cture1    
,bitt] ,/oma*ic4 ,t9cture ( g5tian4     
,t9cture ( ,black ,snake-root4 ,syn4    
,,t9ctura ,,cimicifug1 ,,t9ctura ,,act  
,,racemos4 ,prep4 ,bruis$ root ( black  
snake-root1 #d oz42 pro( _s1  #af       
oz4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr4          
,t9cture ( ,bless$ ,?i/le4 ,syn4        

,,t9ctura ,,c>dui ,,b5$icti4 7,ph4      
,bruns7 ,prep4 ,bless$ ?i/le1 #f oz42   
rectifi$ _s1 #b p9ts4    ,t9cture (     
,blood ,root4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura           
,,sangu9>i4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4       
,blood root 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #d    
oz42 pro( _s1 #cb oz42 made by          
p]colation4----,dose4 ,z a /imulant &   
alt]ative1 #cj to #fj drops2 z an       
emetic1 #c to #d dr4    ,t9cture1       
,br&i%'s4 ,alkal9e t9cture ( rhub>b4    
,t9cture ( ,bu*u4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura       
,,diosm1 ,t4 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4    
,,bu*u  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,bu*u bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1
 #h2  mac]ate = =ty-eight h\rs ) #c_/d (
 ! _s1 pack 9 a  p]colator & let x dra91
 !n p\r on ! re/ ( ! _s2 :5 x  ceases to
 drop1 press & wa% ! m>c1 filt] & make  
up to #h4----;,dose1  #a to #b dr4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,bu*u leaves1 #e oz42    
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate #g days  7#ad 
days----,ph4 ,d472 or proce$ by ! me?od 
( p]colation4----,dose1 #a to  #d fl4   
dr42 z a tonic1 sudorific1 & diuretic4  

,x is inf]ior to !  fre% infusion4      
,t9cture ( ,calumba4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,calumb 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 4 ,e471 ,t4 
,,colomb 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,bruis$ calumba1 #a2 pro( _s1  #h2
 mac]ate =ty-eight h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1    
agitat+  occasionally2 pack 9 a         
p]colator1 & let x dra91 !n p\r on !    
rema9+ _s2 :5 x ceases to drop1 press1 &
 wa% ! m>c )  _s to make up             
#h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,l47 ,calumba root1 f9ely slic$1  
#c oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate a    
week 7#ad days4----,ph4 ,d471 press1 &  
filt]4 8,or1 m  conv5i5tly1 by          
p]colation1 all[+ ! calumba1 9 mod]ately
 f9e  p[d]1 to fir/ soak 9 a little _s =
 #f h\rs40 7,ph4 ,e47    ,obs4 ,?is     
t9cture is commonly made ) #a lb4 (     
calumba root to !  gallon ( a mixture ( 
equal p>ts ( rectifi$ _s &              
wat]4----,dose1  #a to #b fl4 dr42 z a  
/oma*ic bitt] & tonic1 usually jo9$ )   
soda  or *alybeates4    ,t9cture (      
,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,( ,,w9e ,,&      

,,camphor1 ,,camphorat$  ,,_s2 ,,t9ctura
 ,,camphor2 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,,spiritus 
,,camphor 7,ph4 ,l471  ,,spiritus       
,,camphoratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47
 ,camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a
 qu>t2 dissolve4 ,?is is only "o half z 
/rong z ! ,ph4 ,l4  prep>ation4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,d47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #h fl4 oz4 ,/imulant &              
anodyne4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops4    
,also z a l9im5t = spra9s1 bruises1     
*ronic rheumatism1 c4 ,= ! ,ph4 ,l4     
=mula1 see ,,_s4    ,t9cture ( ,camphor 
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,camphorat$ ,,t9cture
 ,,( ,,opium  ,,a/hmatic ,,elixir1      
,,p>egoric ,e41 ,,a/hmatic ,,t9cture2   
,,t9ctura ,,camphor  ,,composita 7,b4   
,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,t9ctura ,,opii        
,,camphorata 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,,elixir  
,,p>egoricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47  
,opium1 9 co>se p[d]1 #dj gr42  b5zoic  
acid1 #dj gr42 camphor1 #cj gr42 oil (  
anise1 #a_/b dr42 pro(  _s1 #bj oz42    
mac]ate sev5 days1 /ra91 wa% ! m>c ) _s1
  & filt] #bj oz4----,dose1 #ae to #fj  

m9ims4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #ej  
gr42 p[d]$ opium & b5zoic acid1 ( ea*   
#gb  gr42 oil ( anise$1 #a fl4 dr42 pro(
 _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g  days1 &     
filt]4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,e4  ,d4 are    
ne>ly simil>4 ,!  oil ( anise$1 probably
 "o ( ! mo/ useful & *>act]i/ic ( !     
+r$i5ts1 0 omitt$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd1 b 
0 re/or$ 9 t (  #ahcf4    #c4           
7,:olesale47 ,f p[d]$ opium1 #c oz42    
b5zoic acid1 camphor1 & oil  ( anise$1 (
 ea* #b oz42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea*  
#c galls42  z be=e4    ,obs4 ,?is       
t9cture is a popul> & excell5t pectoral 
& anodyne1  :]e !re are no inflammatory 
symptoms4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42
 9  tr\blesome c\ghs1 c4 #a_/b fl4 oz4  
conta9s ab\t #a gr4 ( opium4    ,t9cture
 ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura          
,,can?>idis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,e41   
,d471 ,,t9ctura ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,can?>ides1 9 co>se  p[d]1 #a2
 pro( _s1 #hj2 mac]ate1 agitat+         
occasionally1 = sev5  days1 9 a clos$   
vessel1 /ra91 press1 filt]1 & add       

suffici5t pro(  _s to make up           
#hj4----;,dose1 #e to #bj m9ims4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ can?>ides1 #d dr4     
7#a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,d471 & /ra91  )     
expression4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f p[d]$
 can?>ides1 #b-a_/d oz42 rectifi$ _s &  
wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b gall42 z !            
la/4----,dose1 #aj drops1 gradually     
rais$  to #a fl4 dr41 9 any bl& liquid2 
9 fluor albus1 gleets1 incont95ce (     
ur9e1 lepra1 c4 ,x %\ld be us$ )        
caution4 ,! ,ed4 ,college  recomm5ds x  
to be prep>$ by displacem5t4    ,t9cture
 ( ,can?>ides 7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura
 ,,can?>idis ,,e!rea4  7,p4 ,cod47      
,prep4 ,p[d]$ can?>ides1 #a oz42 acetic 
e!r1 #aj oz4 7by  weight74 ,mac]ate =   
#aj days 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 express1 &  
filt]4    ,t9cture ( ,capsicum4 ,syn4   
,,t9cture ,,( ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]2         
,,t9ctura  ,,capsici 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41
 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47   
,capsicum1  bruis$1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1    
#bg2 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) ?ree f\r?s (  ! 
_s1 agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a      

p]colator1 & let x  dra91 !n p\r on !   
rema9+ _s2 z soon z x ceases to drop1   
wa% ! m>c ) _s to make up               
#bg4----;,dose1 #aj to #bj m9ims4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,capsicum1 bruis$1 #aj dr42 
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #ad  days 7or   
p]colate1----,ph4 ,e474----,dose1 #aj to
 #fj drops2 9 atonic  dyspepsia1 sc>let 
fev]1 ulc]at$ sore ?roat1 c4 ,x is also 
made into  a g>gle4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47   
,cay5ne pods1 bruis$1 #a-a_/b oz42 pro( 
_s1 #a p9t2  mac]ate = #ad days4 ,?is is
 ( fully twice ! /r5g? ( !  prec$+4     
,t9cture ( ,capsicum 7,conc5trat$74 ,see
 ,,ess5ces4    ,t9cture ( ,capsicum )   
,v]atria4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,capsici     
,,cum  ,,v]atria4 7,dr ,turnbull47      
,prep4 ,dissolve #d gr4 ( v]atria 9 #a  
oz4 (  conc5trat$ t9cture ( capsicum4   
,t9cture ( ,c>damoms4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,c>damomi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,t9ct4 ,,amomi  
,,rep5tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 
,c>damom se$s1 #c-a_/b oz4 7#d-a_/b     
oz4----,ph4 ,e472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2     
dige/ = #ad days 7or p]colate----,ph4   

,e474    ,obs4 ,! %ells %\ld be sift$ f 
! se$s be=e mac]ation1 &  ! latt] are   
pref]ably gr\nd 9 a pepp]-mill in/ead ( 
be+ bruis$  9 a mort>4 ,aromatic &      
c>m9ative4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 z
 an  adjunct to purgative mixtures4     
,t9cture ( ,c>damoms 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4  
,,/oma*ic ,,t9cture2 ,,t9ctura          
,,c>damomi ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4   
,l41 ,e41  ,d71 ,,t9ctura ,,/oma*ica1   
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c>damom se$s1
 fre$ f _! p]ic>ps1 bruis$1 #a2  c>away1
 bruis$1 #a2 rais9s1 fre$ f _! se$s1 #h2
 bruis$ c9namon1  #b2 co*9eal1 9 p[d]1  
#a_/b2 pro( _s1 #hj2 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) 
#c_/d  ( ! _s1 agitat+ occasionally1    
pack 9 a p]colator1 & let x  dra91 p\r  
^u x ! rema9d] ( ! _s1 &1 :5 x ceases to
  drop1 press1 wa% ! m>c ) _s to make up
 #hj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b  dr4    #b4
 7,p4 ,l47 ,c>damoms 7)\t ! %ells71     
c>aways1 & co*9eal1 (  ea*1 bruis$1     
#b-a_/b dr42 c9namon1 bruis$1 #e dr42   
rais9s1 /on$1 #e  oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2
 mac]ate #g days1 !n /ra91 ) expression4

    #c4 7,ph4 ,e41 & ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,z
 ! la/1 b us+ only #a dr4 (  co*9eal1 & 
mac]at+ #ad days2 or1 8x maybe prep>$ by
 ! me?od (  displacem5t40 7,ph4 ,e47    
#d4 7,:olesale47 ,f c>damoms & c>away   
se$s1 ( ea* #d oz42 co*9eal  7s4 g471 #f
 oz42 cassia1 #h oz42 sultana rais9s1 #e
 lbs42 pro( _s1 #d  galls4 7or rectifi$ 
_s & wat]1 ( ea*1 #b galls472 mac]ate1  
c41  z be=e4    ,obs4 ,! ,dubl9 ,college
 omitt$ ! co*9eal & rais9s 9 _! ,ph4  ( 
#ahbf1 b h re/or$ !m 9 _! new "o4 ,!    
ord] ( ! ,london  ,college to /one !    
rais9s is seldom adopt$ 9 practice2 by  
:i* !  t9cture is r5d]$ unfit to be     
employ$ 9 disp5s+ prescriptions  conta9+
 qu99e or o!r alkaloids4 ,:5            
ph>maceuti/s are too lazy to  foll[ !   
in/ructions 9 _! ,ph>macopia1 !y _h     
bett] use sultana  rais9s1 :i* h no     
/ones4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 z a  
cordial &  /oma*ic1 b *iefly z an       
adjunct1 = its col\r & flav\r4          
,t9cture ( ,casc>illa4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura  
,,casc>ill 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     

,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47          
,casc>illa1 bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2    
mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1 agitat+   
occasionally2 pack 9 a  p]colator1 let x
 dra91 & p\r on ! rema9d] ( ! _s1 &1  :5
 x ceases to drop1 wa% ! m>c1 press1    
filt]1 & make up  #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b  
to #b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,casc>illa1 
bruis$1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2       
mac]ate  = #g days 7#ad days----,ph4    
,d42 or p]colate----,ph4 ,e474 ,an      
excell5t tonic &  /oma*ic2 *iefly       
employ$ z an adjunct to mixtures1       
c4----,dose1 #a to #b  fl4 dr4          
,t9cture ( ,cassia4 ,syn4 ,,t9cture     
,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4    
,e47 ,cassia1 #c-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a  
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days1 or  p]colate4  
,/oma*ic & c>m9ative4----,dose1 #a to #b
 fl4 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,ca/or4 ,syn4    
,,t9ctura ,,ca/orei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  
,e471  ,,t9ct4 ,,ca/orei ,,rossici1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ca/or1 9 co>se    
p[d]1  #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #bj2 mac]ate    
sev5 days1 /ra91 & wa% ! m>c  ) _s      

suffici5t to make up to #bj4----;,dose1 
#a_/b to #a dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47       
,ca/or1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #g days 7or     
p]colate----,ph4 ,e474    ,obs4 ,!      
,dubl9 ,college ord]$ ,russian ca/or 9  
_! ,ph4 ( #ahbf2 b  ! sc>city & high    
price ( t v>iety1 we fe>1 too (t5       
precludes  its use4 ,! t9cture ( ! %ops 
is usually made ) only #h oz4 (  ca/or  
to ! gall4 ( pro( _s4 ,n]v9e &          
antispasmodic4----,dose1  #bj drops to  
#b fl4 dr42 9 hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 c4      
,t9cture ( ,ca/or 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4   
,,elixir ,f,,tidum1 ,,t9ctura  ,,ca/orei
 ,,composita1 ,t4 ,c4 ,,ammoniata 7,ph4 
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,ca/or1     
bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 assaftida1 9 small 
fragm5ts1 #aj dr42 _s (  ammonia1 #a    
qu>t2 dige/ #g days 9 a well-clos$      
vessel4 ,/imulant &                     
antispasmodic4----,dose & uses1 z ! la/4
 ,) ! addition ( #a_/b  oz4 ( opium1 x  
=ms ! ,elixir ,ut]9um1 or ,elixir       
,ca/orei ,!baicum  ( =eign ,ph>macopias4

    ,t9cture ( ,ca/or 7,e!real74 ,syn4  
,,t9ctura ,,ca/orei ,,!rea4 7,p4  ,cod47
 ,prep4 ,ca/or1 9 p[d]1 #a oz42         
alcoholis$ e!r 7see ,,e!real  ,,t9ct4   
,,( ,,assaf,,tida71 #aj oz4 7by weight74
    ,t9cture ( ,ca/or ,oil ,se$s4 ,syn4 
,,t9ctura ,,ric9i4 ,ca/or oil se$s      
bruis$ are dige/$ ) five times _! weight
 ( rectifi$ _s4  ,?is t9cture is /at$ to
 be #d times ! /r5g? ( ! oil4           
,t9cture ( ,cate*u4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd     
,,t9cture ,,( ,,cate*u2 ,,t9ctura       
,,cate*u ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,t4    
,,cate*u 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4  7,b4 ,p47 ,pale cate*u1 9   
co>se p[d]1 #b-a_/b2 c9namon1 bruis$1   
#a2 pro(  _s1 #bj3 mac]ate = sev5 days )
 agitation1 /ra91 press1 &  filt]1 & add
 _s to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to 
#b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cate*u1 9     
p[d]1 #c-a_/b oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,d472 
c9namon1  bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz4 7#b       
oz4----,ph4 ,d472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2     
mac]ate = #g  days 7or p]colate----,ph4 
,e474    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,f cate*u1 #b 

lbs42 oil ( cassia1 #c fl4 dr42 rectifi$
  _s & wat]1 ( ea* #a gall42 mac]ate =  
#aj days4----,dose1 #a to #b  fl4 dr41 z
 a w>m a/r+5t2 9 di>rha1 c41 ei!r alone1
 or comb9$  ) *alk4    ,t9cture (       
,cevadilla4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,sabadill4 
7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4  ,dige/ ! se$s (
 cevadilla 7fre$ f _! capsules71 &      
bruis$1  = t5 days 9 z mu* rectifi$ _s z
 w cov] !m2 express &  filt]4 ,= ext]nal
 use only 9 rheumatism4    ,t9cture (   
,*amomile4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,an!midis4  
7,au/4 ,ph47 ,dri$  *amomile fl[]s1 #b  
oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4    ,t9cture (     
,*iretta4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,*irayt 7,b4 
,p471 ,,t9ctura  ,,*irayta1 ,t4 ,,*irett
 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47       
,*iretta1 cut small &  bruis$1 #a2 pro( 
_s1 #h2 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1   
agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a          
p]colator1 & let x dra91 !n p\r  on !   
rema9+ _s2 :5 x ceases to drop1 press1 &
 wa% ! m>c  ) _s to make up             
#h4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj m9ims2 ,b4    
,ph4 dose #a_/b to #b  dr4    #b4 7,ph4 

,d47 ,*iretta or *irayta 7bruis$71 #e   
oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #ad   
days4 ,tonic & /oma*ic4----,dose1 #a_/b 
to #b fl4 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,*lor(orm   
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,*lor(ormi 
,,composita4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #b   
fl4 oz4 ( *lor(orm ) #h fl4 oz4  (      
rectifi$ _s & #aj fl4 oz4 ( comp\nd     
t9cture (  c>damoms4----,dose1 #bj to   
#dj m9ims4    ,t9cture ( ,c9*ona4 ,syn4 
,,t9cture ,,( ,,b>k2 ,,t9ctura ,,c9*on  
7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,t4    
,,corticis ,,p]uviani1 ,t4 ,c4 ,p4      
,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,b4 ,p47    
,yell[ c9*ona b>k1 9 co>se p[d]1 #d2    
pro( _s1 #bj2  mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #ae ( 
! _s1 agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a    
p]colator & let x dra91 !n p\r on !     
rema9+ _s1 & :5  x ceases to drop1      
press1 & wa% ! m>c ) _s to make         
#cj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ c9*ona b>k 7bruis$71  
#h oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #ad
 days 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e474        
,obs4 ,! ,dubl9 ,college ord]s pale b>k1

 & ! ,ed9burgh ei!r  species1 accord+ to
 prescription4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4   
dr42 z a tonic1  /oma*ic1 & febrifuge4  
,t9cture ( ,c9*ona 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4  
,,t9ctura ,,c9*on ,,ammoniat4  7,ph4 ,l4
 #ahbd47 ,prep4 ,p]uvian b>k1 #d oz42   
aromatic _s ( ammonia1  #cb fl4 oz4     
,mac]ate = #aj days4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4
 to #a dr4    ,t9cture ( ,c9*ona        
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,t9cture   
,,( ,,b>k1  ,,huxham',s ,t4 ,,( ,b41    
,,fev] ,,t9cture2 ,,t9ctura ,,c9*on     
,,composit 7,b4 ,p471  ,,t9ctura ,,c9*on
 ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471      
,,t9ct4 ,,corticis ,,p]uviani           
,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47   
,pale c9*ona b>k1 9 co>se p[d]s2  bitt] 
orange peel1 cut small & bruis$1 #b2    
s]p5t>y1 bruis$1 #a2  saffron1 #a_/d2   
co*9eal1 #a_/h2 pro( _s1 #dj3 mac]ate   
#dh h\rs ) #cj  ( _s1 agitat+           
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator & let x
 dra91  !n p\r on ! rema9d] ( ! _s2 :5 x
 ceases to drop1 press1  & wa% ! m>c )  
_s to make up #dj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to  

#b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pale b>k1     
bruis$1 #d oz42 dri$ bitt] orange-peel1 
#c oz4 7#b  oz4----,ph4 ,d472 s]p5t>y   
root1 bruis$1 #f dr42 hay saffron1 #b   
dr42  co*9eal1 9 p[d]1 #a dr42 mac]ate =
 #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or      
p]colate----,ph4 ,e472 press1 & filt]4  
#c4 7,:olesale47 ,f pale b>k1 #c-a_/b   
lbs42 dri$ orange peel1 #b lbs42        
s]p5t>y root1 #d oz42 hay saffron1 #a   
oz42 co*9eal1 #a_/b oz42 pro(  _s1 #d   
galls4 7or rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #b 
galls472  mac]ate = #ad days4    ,obs4 9
 ! ,ph4 ,e4 yell[ b>k is ord]$4----,dose
 & use1 z !  la/4    ,t9cture ( ,c9*ona 
7,pale74 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,pale     
,,b>k2 ,,t9ctura  ,,c9*on ,,pallid 7,ph4
 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f pale b>k1 z ! la/4 
,t9cture ( ,c9namon4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,c9namomi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471    
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c9namon1 9    
co>se p[d]1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2  mac]ate   
#dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1 agitat+           
occasionally1 pack 9 a  p]colator & let 
x dra91 !n p\r on ! rema9+ _s2 :5 x     

ceases to drop1 press1 & wa% ! m>c ) _s 
to make up #h4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47        
,c9namon1 bruis$1 #c-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 
#a qu>t2 mac]ate  = #g days 7or         
p]colate----,ph4 ,e474 ,9 ! %ops cassia 
is usually  sub/itut$ = c9namon1 & _s   
#bf u4 p4 = pro( _s4----,dose1 #a  to #d
 fl4 dr42 z a cordial1 aromatic1 &      
/oma*ic4    ,t9cture ( ,c9namon         
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,t9cture2 
,,t9ctura  ,,c9namomi ,,composita 7,ph4 
,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,t4 ,,aromatica1 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  ,l47 ,c9namon1 bruis$1
 #a oz42 c>damoms 7bruis$1 )\t ! %ells71
 #a_/b  oz42 long pepp] & g+]1 ( ea*    
#b-a_/b dr42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  dige/ = 
#g days 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e474 ,!   
,ph4 ,e4 omits ! g+]1 &  uses #a_/b oz4 
m c>damoms4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,c9namon1 
#b oz42 c>damoms1 #a oz42 g+]1 #a_/b    
oz42 pro(  _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad   
days4 ,! foll[+ =m is curr5t 9  !       
:olesale h\ses4    #c4 ,cassia1 #a lb42 
c>damoms1 #f oz42 long pepp] & g+]1 (   
ea*  #a_/d lb42 oil ( cassia1 #a-a_/b   

fl4 dr42 pro( _s1 #d galls1 7or         
rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #b galls474   
,cordial1 aromatic1  /oma*ic4----,dose1 
#a to #b fl4 dr42 9 atonic g\t1         
debility1  flatul5ce1 c4    ,t9cture (  
,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,c>yophylli4  
7,guib\rt47 ,prep4  ,cloves1 #b oz42    
rectifi$ _s1 #af oz4 ,mac]ate #aj days4 
,t9cture ( ,co*ineal4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,cocci ,,cacti 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,co*9eal1 9 p[d]1 #a2 pro(
 _s1 #h3 mac]ate #g days2  /ra91 & wa% !
 m>c ) _s to make up #h4----;,dose1 #cj 
to #ij  m9ims twice a day4 ,us$ *iefly =
 col\r+ m$ic9es4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47      
,co*9eal1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b oz42 pro( _s1  
#a p9t4  ,antispasmodic & s$ative2 b    
*iefly employ$ = its col\r4----,dose1   
#a_/b to #b fl4 dr4    ,t9cture (       
,co*9eal 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura  
,,cocci ,,ammoniata4 7,dr  ,eb]le47     
,prep4 ,co*9eal1 #a_/b oz42 wat] (      
ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #h fl4
 oz4----,dose1 #e drops 9 hoop+-c\gh4   
,t9cture ( ,col*icum4 ,syn4 ,,g\t       

,,t9cture1 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,mead[        
,,saffron2 ,,t9ctura ,,col*ici ,,sem9um 
7,b4 ,p472 ,,t9ctura ,,col*ici 7,ph4    
,l41   ,e471 ,t4 ,,sem9um ,,col*ici     
7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,col*icum    
se$1 bruis$1  #a2 pro( _s1 #h3 mac]ate  
#dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1 agitat+           
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1 & let 
x dra91 !n p\r on !  rema9d] ( ! _s2 :5 
x ceases to drop1 wa% ! m>c ) _s  to    
make up #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #cj m9ims4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,se$s ( mead[ saffron
 7,col*icum autumnale71 bruis$  7f9ely  
gr\nd 9 a c(fee-mill----,ph4 ,e471 #e   
oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #g    
days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or          
p]colate----,ph4 ,e472 !n press1  &     
filt]4----,dose1 #ae to #bj drops to #a 
fl4 dr42 9 g\t1 c4    ,t9cture (        
,col*icum ,bulbs4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura       
,,col*ici ,e ,,radice4 7,p4  ,cod47     
,prep4 ,mac]ate #a "p ( ! bulbs 9 #e    
p>ts 7by weight7 ( pro(  _s1 = #aj days4
    ,t9cture ( ,col*icum 7,comp\nd74    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,col*ici ,,composita   

7,ph4 ,l471 ,,spiritus ,,col*ici        
,,ammoniatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47     
,col*icum  se$s1 bruis$1 #e oz42        
aromatic _s ( ammonia1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = 
#g  days1 !n press1 & filt]4----,dose1  
#bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 9 g\t1 c4      
,t9cture ( ,col*icum ,fl[]s4 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,florum ,,col*ici2 ,,eau     
,,m$ic9ale ,d',,husson4 7,dr ,wilson47  
,prep4 ,take ( ! fre% juice (  col*icum 
fl[]s1 #b p>ts2 ,fr5* br&y 7or pro( _s71
 #a "p2 mix1  & 9 a few days decant1 or 
filt]1 & pres]ve x 9 small bottles 9 a  
cool place4    ,t9cture ( ,colocyn?4    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,colocyn?idis4 7,ph4   
,g47  ,colocyn?1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #aj
 p>ts4 ,dose1 #f to #bj drops4          
,t9cture ( ,contray]va4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,contray]v4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4         
,contray]va root1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s1  
#a p9t4    ,t9cture ( ,copaiba          
7,alkal9e74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,copaib    
,,alkal9e1 ,l4  ,prep4 7,lewis          
,?ompson47 ,dissolve c>bonate ( potassa1
 #b oz41 9 wat]1  #a p9t1 & add to ?is  

balsam ( copaiba1 9 a ?9 /ream1         
con/antly  /irr+1 until ! mixture1 at   
fir/ :ite & milky1 becomes cle>1 l      
jelly or amb]1 :i* w g5]ally take place 
:5 ab\t a p9t (  balsam has be5 add$2   
set ! mixture aside = two or ?ree h\rs1 
!n  p\r 9 ( rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t1 & mix 
! :ole toge!r4 ,sweet  _s ( nitre may be
 sub/itut$ = _s ( w9e1 provid$ x does  n
 conta9 free acid4----,dose1 #a to #b   
teaspoonfuls4    ,t9cture ( ,croton4    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,crotonis4 ,prep4      
,croton se$1 #a  "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #e    
p>ts4 7,beasley47    ,t9cture ( ,cubebs4
 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cubebs2 ,,t9ctura 
,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471      
,,t9ctura ,,pip]is ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cubebs1 9  p[d]1 #a2     
rectifi$ _s1 #h2 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f (
 ! _s1  agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a  
p]colator & let x dra92 p\r on !  rema9+
 _s1 & :5 x ceases to drop1 wa% ! m>c ) 
_s to  make up #h4----;,dose1 #a to #b  
dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cubebs 7bruis$ or
 gr\nd 9 a pepp]-mill71 #a lb42 pro(    

_s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days1 press   
out ! liquor1 &  filt]4----,dose1 #a_/b 
to #a fl4 dr41 ?ree or f\r times a day2 
9  gonorrha1 c4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d41  ,ph4 
,l4 #ahcf47 ,cubebs1 #e oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #a qu>t  7pro( _s----,ph4 ,d4       
#ahbf72 mac]ate = #ad days4----,dose1 #a
 to #b fl4  dr4    ,t9cture ( ,cusparia4
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,cusp>i 7,ph4 ,e471   
,t4 ,,ango/ur1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47   
,ango/ura b>k or cusp>ia1 #d-a_/b oz42  
pro( _s1 #a  qu>t2 dige/ or p]colate4   
,tonic1 /imulant1 & /oma*ic4----,dose1  
#a to  #b fl4 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,deadly 
,night%ade4 ,t9cture ( belladonna4      
,t9cture1 ,de ,coetlogon's4 ,haff5d5's  
t9cture4    ,t9cture ( ,digitalis4      
,t9cture ( fox-glove4    ,t9cture (     
,elat]ium4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,elat]ii4   
,prep4 ,extract (  elat]ium1 #h gr42    
rectifi$ _s1 #h fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b 
dr4 to #b dr4    ,t9cture ( ,elecampane4
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,inul1 ,t4 ,,hel5ii1  
,l4 ,prep4  7,p4 ,cod47 ,p[d]$          
elecampane1 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2    

mac]ate =  #ae days4 ,tonic1 deob/ru5t1 
& expectorant4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4
 dr42  9 dyspepsia1 palsy1 dropsies1    
ut]9e ob/ructions1 c4    ,t9cture (     
,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,secalii       
,,cornuti1 ,,t9ctura ,,ergot 7,b4  ,p41 
,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47     
,ergot1 bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #d2        
mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #c ( ! _s1 agitat+   
occasionally1 pack 9 a  p]colator1 let x
 dra91 !n p\r on ! rema9+ _s2 :5 x      
ceases to drop1 wa% ! m>c ) ! _s to make
 up #d4----;,dose1 #ae to  #fj m9ims4   
#b4 7,apo!c>ies' ,hall47 ,ergot 7gr\nd 9
 a c(fee-mill71 #b-a_/b oz42 pro(  _s1  
#a p9t2 dige/ = #g days4----,dose4 ,a   
teaspoonful2 to excite !  action ( !    
ut]us 9 lab\r4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ergot1
 #h oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad
 days1 &  /ra91 ) expression4----,dose1 
#bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 z ! la/4       
,t9cture ( ,ergot 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4   
,,t9ctura ,,ergot ,,ammoniata4  7,gore47
 ,prep4 ,bruis$ ergot1 #d oz42 aromatic 
_s ( ammonia1 #aj oz42  mac]ate = a     

mon?1 express1 & filt]4----,dose1 #cj   
drops e #aj  m9utes till x excites ut]9e
 contractions4    ,t9cture ( ,ergot     
7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,ergot      
,,!rea 7,ph4 ,l471  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4    
,l47 ,ergot1 bruis$1 #ae oz42 e!r1 #a   
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g  days1 press1 &      
filt]4----,dose1 #aj drops to #a fl4 dr4
    ,t9cture ( ,eucalyptus4 ,syn4       
,,t9ctura ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4        
7,dorvault47  ,prep4 ,eucalyptus        
7globulus7 leaves1 cut1 #a "p2 alcohol  
7#hj p] c5t471  #e p>ts4 ,dige/ #e days1
 & filt]4----,dose1 #a to #b dr4        
,t9cture ( ,euphorbium4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,euphorbii4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4          
,euphorbium1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj   
oz4 7by weight74 ,dige/ #h days4        
,t9cture1 ,febrifuge4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,febrifuga4 7,dr ,clutton47 ,prep4     
,febrifuge _s1 #a_/b p9t2 angelica root1
 #a-a_/b dr42 s]p5t>y1 #a-a_/b  dr42    
c>damom se$s1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,dige/ &      
filt]4    ,t9cture ( ,flea-bane4 ,syn4  
,,t9ctura ,,erig]onis4 ,prep4 ,dri$     

,canada  flea-bane 7,erig]on ,canad5se71
 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #af oz4 ,mac]ate1     
express1 & filt]4    ,t9cture (         
,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,digitalis  
7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ foxglove leaves1 #d oz4
 7#e oz4----,ph4 ,d472 pro(  _s1 #a     
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days 7#ad            
days----,ph4 ,d42 or p]colate----,ph4   
,e472 !n press1 & /ra94    #b4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,digitalis leaves 9 co>se p[d]1 #b-a_/b
 oz42 pro( _s1 #a  "p4 ,proce$ z =      
t9cture ( aconite4 7,b4 ,p47    ,obs4   
,?is t9cture is a p[]ful s$ative1       
diuretic1 & n>cotic4 ,!  comm5c+ dose   
%\ld be #aj drops1 gradually & cauti\sly
 increas$ to  #cj1 or ev5 #dj2 9 a/hmas1
 dropsies1 fev]s1 ph?isis1 c4 8,if #dj  
fl4 oz4  ( _s be all[$ to pass          
7p]colate7 ?r\gh ! sp4 gr4 w be #idd2  &
 ! solid cont5ts ( #a fl4 oz4 w am\nt to
 #bd gr40 7,ph4 ,e47    ,t9cture (      
,galanga4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,galang4     
7,ph4 ,am/47 ,prep4  ,galangal root1 #a 
oz42 pro( _s1 #f oz4----,dose1 #cj to   

#fj drops4    ,t9cture ( ,galbanum4     
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,galbani1 ,l4 ,prep4   
7,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf47 ,galbanum1 #b oz42   
pro( _s1 #cb fl4 oz42 dige/ #g days4    
,/imulant  & antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a
 to #c fl4 dr4 8,if less nause\s ?an    
t9cture  ( assaftida1 x is also less    
p[]ful40 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47         
,t9cture ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,gall 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471        
,,t9ctura  ,,gall>um 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4    
,prep4 #a 7,b4 ,p47 ,galls1 bruis$1 #a2 
pro( _s1  #h2 mac]ate = #dh h\rs ) #f ( 
! _s1 agitat+ occasionally1  pack 9 a   
p]colator1 let x dra91 & !n p\r on !    
rema9+ _s2  :5 x ceases to drop1 wa% !  
m>c ) _s to make up #h4----;,dose1      
#a_/b to #b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47       
,galls1 9 p[d]1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a     
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g  days 7#ad           
days----,ph4 ,d42 or p]colate----,ph4   
,e472 !n express ! liquid1 &  filt] x4  
,a/r+5t & /yptic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b 
fl4 dr4 ,x is *iefly  us$ z a te/ =     
iron4    ,t9cture ( ,g>d5 ,m>igold4     

,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,cal5dul4 ,prep4 ,a    
saturat$ t9cture ( ! leaves & fl[]s ( ! 
g>d5 m>igold is  prep>$ ) :isky1 & is   
reput$ to be ( s]vice z an application  
= lac]at$ w\nds4    ,t9cture ( ,g>d5    
,night%ade 7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,solani  ,,!rea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4    
,p[d]$ leaves ( g>d5 night%ade1 #d oz42 
sulphuric e!r1 #af oz4 7by weight74     
,make by p]colation4    ,t9cture (      
,g5tian 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,g5tian ,,ammoniat1  ,l42 ,,elixir     
,,antiscr(uleux1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,g5tian1 #a oz42  sesquic>bonate (     
ammonia1 #a_/d oz42 pro( _s1 #cb fl4 oz4
 ,z ! la/2  b pref]r$ 9 acidity & l[    
spirits4    ,t9cture ( ,g5tian          
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,bitt] ,,/oma*ic     
,,t9cture2  ,,t9ctura ,,g5tian          
,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d471 ,,t9ctura ,,am>a1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 
7,b4 ,p47 ,g5tian1 bruis$1 #a-a_/b2     
bitt] orange peel1 bruis$1  #c_/d2      
c>damom se$s1 bruis$1 #a_/d2 pro( _s1   
#bj2 mac]ate = #dh h\rs  ) #ae ( ! _s1  

agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a          
p]colator1 let  x dra91 & !n p\r on !   
rema9+ _s2 :5 x ceases to drop1  wa% !  
m>c ) _s to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a  
to #b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,g5tian     
root1 slic$ & bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 dri$ 
orange  peel1 #aj dr42 c>damoms1 bruis$1
 #e dr42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate  = #g
 days 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e474 ,!     
,ed9burgh ,college sub/itutes  canella =
 c>damoms1 & adds ( co*9eal1 #a_/b dr4  
#c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,g5tian root1 #c oz42    
dri$ bitt] orange peel1 #a-a_/b oz42    
c>damoms1 #a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  
mac]ate = #ad days4    #d4 7,:olesale47 
,g5tian1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dri$ orange peel1
 #a-a_/d lb42 bruis$  c>damoms1 #b-a_/b 
lbs42 pro( _s1 #d galls4 7or rectifi$ _s
 &  wat]1 ( ea* #b galls472 dige/ z la/4
    ,obs4 ,?is is an excell5t & popul>  
/oma*ic bitt] &  tonic----,dose1 #a to  
#b fl dr42 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1
 c4    ,t9cture ( ,g]anium4 ,syn4       
,,t9ctura ,,g]anii4 ,prep4 ,dri$ roots (
  ,g]anium maculatum1 #e oz42 pro( _s1  

#b p9ts4 ,a/r+5t4 ,us$  *iefly 9 g>gles4
    ,t9cture ( ,g9g]4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,z+ib]is 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41      
,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,g+]1 bruis$1
 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #h2 mac]ate  ! g+] #dh
 h\rs 9 #f ( ! _s1 agitat+ occasionally2
 pack 9 a  p]colator1 let x dra91 p\r on
 ! rema9+ _s1 & :5 x ceases  to drop    
press1 filt]1 & add _s to make          
#h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,l47 ,g+]1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42   
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #g days
 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e474    #c4      
7,:olesale47 ,co>sely p[d]$ unblea*$    
,jamaica g+]1 #a-a_/d lb42  rectifi$ _s 
7or _s di/ill$ f ! ess5ce71 #a-a_/b     
gall42  wat]1 #a_/b gall42 dige/ z      
above4 ,/imulant & c>m9ative4----,dose1 
#a  to #b fl4 dr4    ,obs4 ,! =mula ( ! 
,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf resembles ! above2 t ( ! 
la/ ,ph4 ,d4 ord]s #h oz4 ( g+] to #a   
qu>t ( rectifi$ _s4 ,!  product is1     
consequ5tly1 ( fully #c times ! /r5g? ( 
t ( !  o!rs1 & is simil> to ! common    
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,g+] ( ! %ops4    ,t9cture

 ( ,g+] 7,/rong]74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,z+ib]is ,,=tior4 7,b4  ,p47 ,pack     
tightly 9 a p]colator1 g+] 9 f9e p[d]1  
#aj oz41 & p\r  ov] x c>efully #a_/b p9t
 ( rectifi$ _s4 ,aft] two h\rs m add  m 
_s1 & let x p]colate sl[ly until #a p9t 
( t9cture has be5  collect$4----,dose1  
#e to #bj m9ims4    ,t9cture (          
,gold-,?read4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,coptis4 
7,dr ,wood47 ,prep4  ,gold-?read1 #a    
oz42 pro( _s1 #af oz4----,dose1 #a dr4  
,tonic4    ,t9cture1 ,g\t4 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,ant>?ritica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 
7,dr4  ,graves's47 ,take ( dri$ orange  
peel & p[d] ( aloes & canella1 (  ea* #b
 oz42 rhub>b1 #a oz42 ,fr5* br&y 7or    
pro( _s71 #a qu>t2  dige/ a week1 &     
/ra91 ) expression4----,dose1 #a to #b  
teaspoonfuls  night & morn+4    #b4 7,dr
 ,wilson's47 ,t9cture ( col*icum fl[]s4 
#c4 ,t9cture ( col*icum4    ,t9cture (  
,gre5 ,hellebore ,root4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,v]atri ,,viridis4 7,b4  ,p47 ,prep4   
,gre5 hellebore root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #d  
oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a p9t4 ,prep>$ z    

t9cture ( aconite4 7,b4 ,p47    ,t9cture
 ( ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,guaiaci 
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,e4  
,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,guaiacum res9 7p[d]$71
 #g oz4 7#h oz4----,ph4 ,d472  rectifi$ 
_s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = #ad days1 & filt]4 
,an excell5t  sudorific2 9 *ronic g\t & 
rheumatism4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr41 
tak5  9 milk4    ,t9cture ( ,guaiacum   
7,alkal9e74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,guaiaci   
,,alkal9i4 7,dr  ,dewees47 ,prep4       
,guaiacum1 #e oz42 c>bonate ( pota% or (
 soda1 #c dr42  pim5to1 #b oz42 pro( _s1
 #b p9ts4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #c   
times a  day 9 dysm5orrha4    ,t9cture (
 ,guaiacum 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,ammoniat$
 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,guaiacum1  ,,volatile  
,t4 ,,( ,g41 ,,rheumatic ,,drops2       
,,t9ctura ,,guaiaci ,,composita 7,ph4   
,l471  ,t4 ,g4 ,,ammoniata 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47     
,guaiac res91 9  f9e p[d]1 #d2 aromatic 
_s ( ammonia1 #bj2 mac]ate #g days1     
filt]1  & wa% ! filt] ) ! _s to make up 
#bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41  ) #a  

dr4 ( mucilage or yolk ( egg1 to =m an  
emulsion4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,guaiacum1 9
 co>se p[d]1 #g oz42 aromatic _s (      
ammonia  7_s ( ammonia----,ph4 ,e471 #a 
qu>t2 dige/ = #g days1 & decant or      
filt]4 ,a p[]ful1 /imulat+ sudorific &  
emm5agogue2 9 *ronic  rheumatism1 g\t1  
am5orrha1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 
9 milk1 or "s  viscid liquid4           
,t9cture ( ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4       
,,t9ctura ,,guaiaci ,,ligni4 7,p4 ,cod47
  ,prep4 ,"o "p ( ! rasp$ wood to #e    
p>ts by weight ( pro( _s4  ,dige/ #aj   
days & /ra94    ,t9cture ( ,gu>ana4     
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,paull9i4 7,dorvault47 
,prep4  ,alcoholic extract ( gu>ana1 #a 
oz42 pro( _s1 #af oz4 ,dissolve4        
,t9cture1 ,haff5d5's ,balsamic4 ,syn4   
,,de ,,coetlogon',s ,,balsamii          
,,t9cture4 ,?is is a no/rum1 ( _m       
virtues1 prep>$ f t9cture (  s]p5t>y 7( 
d\ble /r5g?71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 comp\nd (
 t9cture (  b5zo91 #a fl4 oz42 t9ctures 
( ,tolu & opium1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 oz42 ) 
rectifi$ spirits1 q4 s4 to r5d] !       

mixture #8bright1' %\ld x turn  milky4  
7#8,anat4 ( ,quack]y4'7    ,t9cture1    
,hatfield's4 ,prep4 ,f gum guaiacum &   
soap1 ( ea* #b dr42  rectifi$ _s1 #a    
p9t2 dige/ = a week4 ,us$ z ,,t9cture   
,,( ,,guaiacum2  also ext]nally4        
,t9cture ( ,h$ge-,hyssop4 ,syn4         
,,t9ctura ,,gratiol4 7,reece47 ,prep4   
,dri$ h$ge-hyssop1 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #cb 
oz4    ,t9cture ( ,hellebore4 ,syn4     
,,t9cture ,,( ,,black ,,hellebore2      
,,t9ctura  ,,hellebori 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4  
,,t9ctura ,,hellebori ,,nigri4 ,prep4   
7,ph4 ,l47 ,black  hellebore root1      
bruis$1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2       
mac]ate #g days1  !n /ra91 ) expression4
    ,obs4 ,?is t9cture is a p[]ful      
emm5agogue1 & 0 a fav\rite rem$y  ) ,dr 
,mead 9 ut]9e ob/ructions & c]ta9       
cutane\s  affections4----,dose1 #bj     
drops to #a fl4 dr4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,(  
,,v]atrum4    ,t9cture ( ,hemlock4 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,cicut1 ,t4 ,,conii 7,ph4   
,l4  ,e471 ,t4  ,,conii ,,maculati1 ,l4 
,prep4 #a1 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ hemlock     

leaves1 #e oz42 pro(  _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/
 a week1 press1 & filt]4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l4  
#ahcf1  c>damom se$s1 #a oz41 0 add$4   
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fre% hemlock leaves1 #ab
 oz42 express ! juice1 bruise !         
residuum1 & treat x1 by p]colation1 fir/
 ) t9cture ( c>damoms1  #aj fl4 oz41 &  
next ) rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix !  
liquids1  & filt]4 ,deob/ru5t &         
n>cotic4----,dose ( ! ,ph4 ,l41 #bj to  
#fj  drops2 t ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 t9cture is   
less1 x be+ a mu* /rong] &  c]ta9       
prep>ation4 ,see ,,hemlock4    #c4 7,b4 
,p47 ,hemlock fruit1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b    
oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4  ,proce$ z =      
t9cture ( aconite 7,b4 ,p474    ,t9cture
 ( ,hemp4 ,t9cture ( ,indian ,hemp4     
,t9cture ( ,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura     
,,hyoscyami 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41    
,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hyoscyamus  
leaves1 dri$ & bruis$1 #a2 pro(  _s1 #h2
 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1 pack 9 a 
p]colator1  & :5 x has dra9$ p\r on !   
rema9+ _s1 & :5 x ceases  to drop1      
press1 & wa% ! m>c ) _s to make up      

#h4----;,dose1 #ae to  #fj m9ims4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ leaves ( h5bane1 #e   
oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #g    
days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or          
p]colate----,ph4 ,e471 !n press1  &     
filt]4 ,anodyne1 s$ative1 soporific1 &  
n>cotic4----,dose1 #bj drops  to #b fl4 
dr4    ,obs4 ,?is1 z well z ! ,,t9ctures
 ,,( ,,foxglove1 ,,hemlock1 ,,hops1     
,,jalap1  ,,lobelia ,,inflata1          
,,rhatany1 ,,sav9e1 ,,squills1 ,,s5na1  
,,val]ian ,,wormwood1 c41  is usually   
prep>$ by ! druggi/s ) #a lb4 ( ! dri$  
leaves 7or  dri$ drugs7 to ea* gall4 ( a
 mixture ( equal p>ts ( rectifi$ _s  &  
wat]4    ,t9cture ( ,hops4 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,lupuli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4   
,e471 ,,t9ctura  ,,humuli1 ,l4 ,prep4   
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hop1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2    
mac]ate #dh h\rs  9 #f ( ! _s1 agitat+  
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1 let x 
dra91 add ! rema9+ _s1 & :5 fluid ceases
 to drop1 wa% !  m>c1 filt]1 & make up  
#h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,e47 ,hops1 #f oz42 pro( _s1 #a   

qu>t2 dige/ #g days1 !n press1  & filt]4
 ,anodyne1 s$ative1 &                   
soporific4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4
  ,= ! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 & ,d41 see    
,,t9cture ,,( ,,lupul94    ,t9cture (   
,hops 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura       
,,lupuli ,,composita1 ,,liqueur  ,,des  
,,teigneux4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,hops1 #a
 oz42 small] c5taury1 #a oz42  orange   
peel1 #b dr42 c>bonate ( pota%1 #ab gr42
 pro( _s1 #ah oz4 7by  weight74         
,t9cture ( ,horse-,*e/nut4 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,hippoca/anei4 ,prep4        
,horse-*e/nut b>k1 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #b  
p9ts4 ,mac]ate = #aj days1  & filt]4    
,t9cture1 ,hudson's4 ,too? t9cture4     
,t9cture1 ,huxham's4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( 
c9*ona4    ,t9cture ( ,indian ,hemp4    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,cannabis ,,indic 7,b4 
,p471  ,,t9ctura ,,cannabis1 ,t4 ,c4    
,,indic 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,extract (  ,indian hemp1 #a2 rectifi$ 
_s1 #bj2 dissolve4----,dose1 #e to #bj  
m9ims  ) #a dr4 ( mucilage1 add+ #a oz4 
( wat]4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,purifi$      

extract ( ,indian hemp1 #a_/b oz42      
rectifi$ _s1  #a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 #ba  
drops 7m9ims7 conta9 #a gr4 ( ! extract4
    ,obs4 ,! =mula ( ,o',%aughnessy & ! 
,b5gal ,ph4 are  simil>4----,dose1 #aj  
drops e #a_/b h\r 9 *ol]a2 #a fl4 dr4 e 
#a_/b  h\r 9 tetanus till ! p>oxysms    
cease1 or catalepsy is induc$4          
,t9cture ( ,indian ,tobacco4 ,t9cture ( 
lobelia4    ,t9cture ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4    
,,t9ctura ,,iod9ei 7,ph4 ,e47 ,,t9ctura 
,,iod9ii1  ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,iod9e1
 #b-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2     
dissolve1 & pres]ve x 9 well-clos$      
bottles4----,dose1 #e to #cj drops1     
twice or ?rice daily1 :]e ! use ( iod9e 
is indicat$4 ,ext]nally1  z a pa9t1 c4  
,obs4 ,! =mul ( ,mag5die1 ! ,ph4 ,u4    
,s41 & ! ,p>is ,codex1 are  simil>4     
,t9cture ( ,iod9e 7,col\rless74 ,syn4   
,,t9ctura ,,iodi ,,decolorata4 7,ph4    
,g47 ,prep4 ,iod9e1 #aj oz42            
hyposulphite ( soda1 #aj oz42 di/ill$   
wat]1  #aj oz4 ,dige/ ) g5tle heat1     
occasionally %ak+2 &1 :5 !  solution is 

complet$1 add liquor ammoni 7#ifj71 #af 
oz4 7by weight71  %ake toge!r1 & add    
rectifi$ _s1 #ge oz4 7by weight74       
,t9cture ( ,iod9e 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4     
,,antiscr(ul\s ,,drops2 ,,t9ctura       
,,iodi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,t9ctura ,,iod9ii    
,,composita 7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4  ,iod9e1 #a_/b2 iodide ( potassium1 
#a_/d2 rectifi$ _s1 #bj2                
dissolve4----,dose1 #e to #bj m9ims4    
,also an excell5t application to !      
?roat 9 diph!ria4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,d47
 ,iod9e1 #a oz42 iodide ( potassium1 #b 
oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a qu>t2             
dissolve4----,dose1 c41 z ! la/4        
,t9cture ( ,iod9e 7,e!real74 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,iod9ii ,,!rea4 ,prep4       
,iod9e1 #b scruples1 sulphuric e!r1     
#a-a_/b fl4 oz4    ,t9cture1 ,iod(orm   
7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,iod(ormi   
,,!rea4 7,od9   ,lemaire47 ,prep4       
,cry/allis$ iod(orm1 #ae gr42 e!r at #fj
 ,baum1 #a  dr4 7by weight74    ,t9cture
 ( ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura        
,,ipecacuanha1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,bor47 

,ipecacuanha 7co>sely p[d]$71 #a oz42   
_s1 sp4 gr4 #hig to  #ijj 7#af to #ag o4
 p471 #h oz42 mac]ate = #h days4 ,!     
t9cture ( ! ,p4  ,cod4 has twice its    
/r5g?4----,dose1 #aj or #ab drops to #b 
fl4 dr41  accord+ to ! int5tion4        
,t9cture ( ,jabor&i4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,jabor&i4 7#8,ph4 ,j\rn4'7 ,prep4      
,p[d]$ jabor&i leaves1 #aj oz42 rectifi$
 _s1 q4 s4 ,p]colate until  a p9t (     
t9cture is obta9$4----,dose1 #aj m9ims  
to #a or #b dr4    ,mr ,%uttlewor?1 !   
,editor ( ! #8,canadian ,ph>maceutical  
,j\rnal1' ?us  utilises ! residue left  
aft] mak+ t9cture ( myrrh4 ,he says 8t1 
f fifty-two p\nds ( ! residue (         
p]colation1 dissolv$ 9 boil+  wat]1     
/ra9$ & all[$ to deposit1 he obta9$     
twelve gallons (  mucilage1 =m+ an      
excell5t sub/itute = pa/e1 & possess+   
unlimit$ keep+ qualities4 ,al?\gh       
sc>cely s adhesive z gum ,arabic1  ?is  
latt] prop]ty may be obta9$ by !        
addition ( a little  molasses40         
,t9cture ( ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      

,,jalap 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,jalap1 9     
co>se p[d]1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2 mac]ate  = 
#dh h\rs 9 six ( ! _s1 agitat+          
occasionally1 pack 9 a  p]colator1 & :5 
! fluid ceases to pass1 p\r on ! rema9+ 
_s1 press1 filt]1 & add _s to make      
#h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,l47 ,jalap1 co>sely p[d]$1 #e oz4
 7#aj oz4----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 #g         
oz4----,ph4 ,e472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t      
7#a-a_/b p9t----,ph4 ,d472 mac]ate = #g 
days 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e471 !n      
press1 & filt]4 ,ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a  
to #d fl4 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,jalap      
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,jalap     
,,composita4 7,ph4 ,e4  #agdd47 ,prep4  
,jalap root1 #f dr42 black hellebore    
root1 #c dr42 junip]  b]ries1 #a_/b oz42
 guaiacum %av+s1 #a_/b oz42 ,fr5* br&y1 
#bd oz42  dige/ = #c days1 & /ra94 ,!   
,eau de ,vie ,allem&e ( ! ,p>is  ,codex 
is3 ,jalap1 #h oz42 turpe? root1 #a oz42
 scammony1 #b oz42 pro(  _s1 #if oz4 7by
 weight74----,dose1 #d dr4    ,t9cture (

 ,kino4 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,k9o 7,b4 ,p41 
,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,b4    
,p47 ,k9o1 9 p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #aj2
 mac]ate #g days1  filt]1 & make up     
#aj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4    #b4  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ k9o1 #c-a_/b oz42     
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate  = #g days
 7or p]colate----,ph4 ,e471 & filt]4    
,a/r+5t4----,dose1 #a to #b  fl4 dr41   
comb9$ ) *alk mixture2 9 di>rha1 c4     
,a writ] 9 ! #8,am]ican ,j\rnal (       
,ph>macy' says ! foll[+ =mula  w yield a
 t9cture :i* has no t5d5cy to gelat9ise 
l ! simple  t9cture ( ! ,b4 ,p43        
,k9o1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ 
_s1 #h fl4 oz42 wat]1 #d  oz42 glyc]91  
#d fl4 oz4 ,mix ! alcohol1 wat]1 &      
glyc]9 toge!r1  & hav+ mix$ ! k9o ) an  
equal bulk ( clean s&1 introduce 9 a    
p]colator1 & p\r on ! m5/ruum4    ,mr   
,haseld5 says1 t = "s ye>s pa/ he has   
pres]v$ t9cture (  k9o f gelat9is+ by   
keep+ x 9 bottles hold+ #b oz4 only4    
,t9cture ( ,lactuc>ium4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,lactuc>ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  ,e47     

,p[d]$ lactuc>ium1 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #a  
qu>t2 dige/ or  p]colate4 ,anodyne1     
soporific1 antispasmodic1 &             
s$ative4----,dose1 #bj to  #fj drops2 9 
cases = :i* opium is unsuit$1 #aj drops 
7m9ims7 conta9  #a gr4 ( lactuc>ium4    
,t9cture ( ,l>*4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura        
,,l>icis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,l>* b>k1  9 
co>se p[d]1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 p9t4 ,mac]ate ! b>k  = #dh h\rs 9 #ae  
oz4 ( ! _s 9 a clos$ vessel1 agitat+    
occasionally2 !n transf] to a p]colator1
 & :5 ! fluid ceases to  pass1 cont9ue !
 p]colation ) ! rema9+ #e oz4 ( _s4     
,aft]w>ds subject ! cont5ts ( !         
p]colator to pressure1 filt] !  product1
 mix ! liquid1 & add rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 
to make #a  p9t4----,dose1 #bj to #cj   
m9ims4    ,t9cture ( ,lavend]           
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,lav5d]1 ,,r$   
,,lav5d]  ,,drops1 ,,r$ ,,h>t%orn2      
,,t9ctura ,,lav5dul ,,composita 7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d471  ,,spiritus        
,,lav&ul ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,engli% oil  (     

lav5d]1 #ij m9ims2 ,engli% oil (        
rosem>y1 #aj m9ims2 c9namon1  bruis$1   
#aej gr42 nutmeg1 bruis$1 #aej gr42 r$  
s&al wood1 #cjj gr42  rectifi$ _s1 #dj  
oz42 mac]ate ! c9namon1 nutmeg1 & r$    
s&al  wood 9 ! _s = #g days1 !n press   
out & /ra92 dissolve !  oils 9 ! /ra9$  
t9cture1 & add suffici5t rectifi$ _s to 
make  #dj oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 
#b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,c9namon & nutmegs1 (    
ea*1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b dr42 r$ s&]s  wood1
 slic$1 #e dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2   
mac]ate = #g days1 !n  /ra91 )          
expression1 & dissolve 9 ! /ra9$ liquid1
 oil (  lav5d]1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr41 oil (  
rosem>y1 #aj drops4    #c4 7,ph4 ,l4    
#ahcf47 ,_s ( lav5d]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 _s ( 
rosem>y1 #a_/b  p9t2 r$ s&]s wood       
7rasp$71 #e dr42 c9namon & nutmegs      
7bruis$71 (  ea* #b-a_/b dr42 mac]ate = 
#ad days4    #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,_s (       
lav5d]1 #a qu>t2 _s ( rosem>y1 #ab fl4  
oz42  c9namon1 #a oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b    
oz42 r$ s&]s1 #c dr42 cloves1 #b dr42 z 
,no4 #a4    #e4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil (       

lav5d]4 #c fl4 dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a   
fl4 dr42  c9namon1 #a oz42 nutmegs1     
#a_/b oz42 cloves & co*9eal1 ( ea* #a_/d
 oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate =  
#ad days4    #f4 7,:olesale47 ,f oil (  
cassia1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 oil ( nutmeg1 #a 
fl4 oz42  oils ( lav5d] & rosem>y1 ( ea*
 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 r$ s&]s  7rasp$71 #c  
lbs42 pro( _s1 #f galls41 7or rectifi$  
_s & wat]1  ( ea* #c galls472 dige/ #ad 
days4 ,%\ld x be cl\dy1 add a little m  
pro( _s4    ,obs4 ,comp\nd t9cture (    
lav5d] is a popul> /imulant1 cordial1 & 
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls
 7#a_/b to #b fl4 dr472 9 l[ness (      
spirits1 fa9tness1 flatul5ce1 hy/]ia1 c4
    ,t9cture ( ,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,t9ctura         
,,limonis  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,ph4     
,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fre%    
lemon peel1 slic$  ?91 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2 
mac]ate = #g days 9 a clos$ vessel )    
occasional agitation1 /ra91 press1      
filt]1 & make up ) _s to  #h4----;,dose1
 #a_/b to #b dr4    #b4 ,fre% lemon     

peel1 #c-a_/b oz4 7cut ?91 #e           
oz4----,ph4 ,d472 pro( _s1 #a  qu>t2    
mac]ate = #g days 7#ad days----,ph4     
,d471 !n express ! liquid1 &  filt] x4  
,an aromatic bitt] & /oma*ic4----,dose1 
#a_/b to #b fl4 dr4    ,t9cture (       
,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,indian  
,,tobacco2 ,,t9ctura  ,,lobeli ,,inflat1
 ,,t9ctura ,,lobeli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 
,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,b4 ,p47   
,lobelia1 dri$ & bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1   
#h2 mac]ate #dh h\rs  ) #f ( ! _s1      
agitat+ occasionally1 pack 9 a          
p]colator1 &  let x dra91 p\r on !      
rema9+ _s1 & :5 x ceases to drop1  press
 & wa% ! m>c ) _s to make up            
#h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj  m9ims1 b #a  
dr4 may be giv5 = dyspna2 #d dr4 z an   
emetic4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ & p[d]$ 
lobelia inflata1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a    
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days 7#ad            
days----,ph4 ,d42 or p]colate----,ph4   
,e471 press1  & filt]4----,dose4 ,z an  
expectorant1 #aj to #fj drops2 z an     
emetic &  antispasmodic1 #a to #b fl4   

dr41 repeat$ e ?ird h\r until x causes  
vomit+4 ,x is pr9cipally employ$ 9      
spasmodic a/hma1 & "s o!r  pulmon>y     
affections4    ,t9cture ( ,lobelia      
7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,lobeli     
,,!rea 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 #a4 ,lobelia1 dri$ & bruis$1 #a2 
_s (  e!r1 #h2 mac]ate #g days1 press1 &
 /ra9 #h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims  z
 an antispasmodic4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,indian tobacco1 p[d]$1 #e oz42 e!r1 #ad
 fl4 oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #bf fl4 oz42    
mac]ate #g days1 press1 & filt]4    #c4 
7,ph4 ,e47 ,dry lobelia1 #e oz42 _s (   
sulphuric e!r1 #a qu>t2 by  dige/ion =  
#g days1 or by p]colation4----,dose1 #f 
or #h drops to #a fl4  dr4    #d4       
7,:itlaw's47 ,f lobelia1 #a lb42        
rectifi$ _s & _s (  nitr\s e!r1 ( ea* #d
 p9ts2 sulphuric e!r1 #d oz4----,dose1  
c41 z  ! la/4    ,,t9cture ,,(          
,,lu,,pul94 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,hops2 
,,t9ctura ,,lupuli 7,ph4 ,e471  ,,t9ctur
 ,,lupul9 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,lupul9 7!  yell[i%-br[n p[d]      

atta*$ to ! scales ( hops1 sep>at$ by   
friction & sift+71 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 
#a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad  days 7or proce$ 
by displacem5t----,ph4 ,e471 press1 &   
filt]4----,dose1 #a_/b  to #b fl4 dr4   
,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,hops4    ,t9cture (
 ,malate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri
 ,,malatis2 ,,t9ctura  ,,f]ri ,,pomata4 
7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,extract ( malate (   
iron 7see ,,extract ,,(  ,,apples71 #b  
oz42 spiritu\s c9namon wat]1 #ah oz4    
,dissolve &  filt]4----,dose1 #ae to #cj
 m9ims4    ,t9cture ( ,ma/ic4 ,syn4     
,,t9ctura ,,ma/i*es4 ,prep4 ,ma/ic1 #b  
oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #i fl4 oz4 ,us$ 9    
mak+ ,eau de ,luce4 ,if requir$ =  /opp+
 holl[ tee?1 d\ble ! quantity ( ma/ic   
mu/ be us$4    ,t9cture ( ,matico4 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,matico 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4     
,prep4 7,ph4  ,d47 ,matico leaves1 9    
co>se p[d]1 #h oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2   
mac]ate = #ad days1 & /ra91 )           
expression4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4  dr41
 z an int]nal a/r+5t or hmo/atic4 ,x is 
a v feeble rem$y1  z matico leaves are  

de/itute ( ei!r tann9 or gallic acid1 & 
d]ive  _! p[] ( /opp+ local ble$+ f !   
peculi> me*anical  con/ruction ( _!     
surface4    ,t9cture ( ,mead[ ,saffron4 
,t9cture ( col*icum4    ,t9cture (      
,monesia4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,monesi1 ,l4 
,prep4 ,f monesia1  #b-a_/b oz42 pro(   
_s1 #a p9t2 mac]ate a week4             
,a/r+5t4----,dose1 #a_/b  to #b fl4 dr4 
,t9cture ( ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura       
,,mos*i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47   
,musk1 #b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #af fl4 oz42
 dige/ #g days4 ,antispasmodic2  b      
pr9cipally us$ z a p]fume1 be+ too weak 
= m$ical use4    ,t9cture ( ,musk       
7,artificial74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,mos*i  
,,artificialis4 7,van  ,mons47 ,prep4   
,artificial musk1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1  
#b oz4    ,t9cture ( ,musk ,se$4 ,syn4  
,,t9ctura ,,abelmos*i ,,sem9um4 7,dr    
,reece47  ,prep4 ,musk se$1 #b oz42 pro(
 _s1 #af oz4 ,dige/ sev5 days1 &        
/ra94----,dose1 #a fl4 dr4    ,t9cture (
 ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,gold5 ,,too?-,,drops2  
,,t9ctur 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,e41      

,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,myrrh1 9
 co>se p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$  _s1 #h2      
mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1 agitat+   
occasionally1  pack 9 a p]colator1 & :5 
x ceases to drop1 p\r on ! rema9+  _s1  
wa% ! m>c1 press1 & make up to          
#h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,m       
frequ5tly us$ mix$ ) wat] to =m a g>gle4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,myrrh1 9 p[d]1 #c   
oz4 7#c-a_/b oz41 ,ph4 ,e42 #d          
oz4----,ph4 ,d472  rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2
 mac]ate = #g days 7#ad days1----,ph4   
,d42 or by  displacem5t----,ph4 ,e471 & 
filt]4    #c4 7,:olesale47 ,myrrh 79    
co>se p[d]71 #b-a_/d lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 
#b  galls42 wat]1 #a gall42 z ! la/4    
,obs4 ,t9cture ( myrrh is tonic &       
/imulant4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4     
dr41 z an adjuvant 9 mixtures1 g>gles1  
c4 ,*iefly us$ dilut$ )  wat]1 z a      
d5tifrice or wa% = ulc]at$ & spongy     
gums4    ,t9cture ( ,myrrh 7,alkal9e74  
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,myrrh ,,alkaliz4 7,ph4
 ,e4  #agdd47 ,prep4 ,p[d]$ myrrh1      
#a-a_/b oz42 solution ( c>bonate (      

pota%1  a suffici5t quantity2 mix into a
 s(t pa/e1 dry x1 & add rectifi$  _s1 #a
 p9t4 ,dige/ = #f days1 & /ra94         
,t9cture ( ,myrrh 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4     
,,t9ctura ,,myrrh ,,composita1 ,l4      
,prep4 ,f myrrh & socotr9e aloes1 ( ea* 
#b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1  #c galls42 wat]1 
#b galls42 dige/ = #ad days4 ,?is is    
frequ5tly  sub/itut$ = #8,,comp\nd      
,,t9cture ,,( ,,aloes' 9 ! :olesale     
trade4    ,t9cture ( ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,nux  vomica1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #aj2 
s(t5 ! nux vomica by /eam1 dry  rapidly1
 & r$uce to f9e p[d]4 ,mac]ate #dh h\rs 
9 ?ree f\r?s (  ! _s1 agitat+           
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1 let x 
dra91  p\r on ! rema9+ _s1 & :5 x ceases
 to drop1 press1 filt]1  & make up to   
#aj4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,nux vomica 7gr\nd 9 
a c(fee-mill71 #b oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #h 
fl4 oz42 mac]ate #g 7#ad7               
days4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops2 9      
p>alysis1 c4 ,x is poison\s4    ,t9cture

 ( ,nux ,vomica 7,e!real74 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,nucis ,,vomic ,,!rea4  7,ph4
 ,g47 ,prep4 ,co>sely p[d]$ nux vomica1 
#a oz42 spirits ( e!r1 #aj  oz4 7by     
weight74 ,mac]ate = #h days4            
,t9cture1 ,odontalgic4 ,syn4 ,,too?a*e  
,,t9cture2 ,,t9ctura ,,odontalgica1  ,l4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( opium1 #a fl4    
dr42 e!r1 #b fl4 dr42 oil (  cloves1 #ae
 drops4    #b4 ,rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 dr42
 *lor(orm1 #b dr42 creasote1 #a dr42    
mix4    #c4 7,colli]47 ,pellitory (     
,spa91 #d dr42 camphor1 #c dr42 opium1  
#a dr42 oil  ( cloves1 #b fl4 dr42      
rectifi$ _s1 #af fl4 oz42 dige/ = a     
week4    #d4 7,niemann47 ,dige/ #fj or  
#hj common lady-birds 7,cocc9ella       
septempunctata----,l9n47 9 rectifi$ _s1 
#a fl4 oz4 = #h days1 &  /ra94    ,obs4 
,! above are commonly appli$1 on a small
 piece ( l9t1 9  too?a*e4 ,= o!r =mul   
see ,,drops1 ,,t9ctures ,,( ,,myrrh &   
,,pellitory1  c4    ,t9cture ( ,opium4  
,syn4 ,,laudanum1 ,,liquid1 ,l41        
,,anodyne ,,t9cture1  ,,!baic ,t42      

,,t9ctura ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41    
,e41  ,d471 ,,!baica1 ,,laudanum        
,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    
,opium1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a-a_/b2 pro(  _s1
 #bj2 mac]ate #g days1 /ra91 express1   
filt]1 & add _s to  make #bj4----;,dose1
 #aj to #cj m9ims4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,p[d]$ opium1 #c oz4 7#c oz4----,ph4    
,d472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #g   
days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d471 & /ra91 )  
expression4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium1   
slic$1 #c oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ac-a_/b fl4 
oz42 dige/1  ) heat1 = #b h\rs1 break   
d[n ! opium ) ! h&1 /ra91 &  express !  
infusion2 !n mac]ate ! residuum = ab\t  
#bj h\rs 9  rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t #g fl4  
oz42 next /ra91 press1 mix ! wat]y &    
spiritu\s infusions1 & filt]4    ,obs4  
,?is prep>ation has a deep br[ni%-r$    
col\r1 & !  *>act]i/ic od\r & ta/e (    
opium4 #ad m9ims or measur$ drops (  !  
,london1 & ab\t #ae m9ims ( ! ,ed9burgh 
& ,dubl9 t9ctures1 are  equival5t to #a 
gr4 ( dry opium1 or #aab gr4 ( ord9>y   
opium4 #ad m9ims  ( ?is t9cture are     

equal to ab\t #be drops ( x p\r$ f a    
bottle4  ,its sp4 gr4 is #ieb           
7,phillips74----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops2
 z an anodyne1  s$ative1 or hypnotic4 ,!
 foll[+ =m is sub/itut$ = t ( !         
,ph>macopia by _m ( ! :olesale drug     
h\ses3----,take ( ,turkey opium1        
#b-a_/b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #i qu>ts2     
dige/ till dissolv$ or  dis9tegrat$1    
cool2 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #b galls42 &1  
aft] repose  = #bd h\rs1 decant ! cle>  
portion4 ,prod4 #d galls4    ,t9cture ( 
,opium 7,ammoniat$74 ,syn4 ,,ammoniat$  
,,t9cture ,,( ,,opium1  ,,scot*         
,,p>egoric2 ,,t9ctura ,,opii ,,ammoniata
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,opium1 9 p[d]1 #ajj gr42     
saffron1 cut small1 #ahj gr42 b5zoic    
acid1 #ahj gr42 oil ( anise1 #fj m9ims2 
/rong solution ( ammonia1 #d oz42       
rectifi$ _s1 #af oz42 mac]ate #g days 9 
a clos$ vessel1 )  occasional agitation1
 /ra91 & add suffici5t rectifi$ _s to   
make  up #bj oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a  
dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,b5zoic acid & hay

 saffron1 ( ea* #f dr42 opium1 slic$1 #d
  dr42 oil ( anise$1 #a dr42 _s (       
ammonia 7,ph4 ,e471 #a qu>t2 dige/  = a 
week1 & filt]4 ,/imulant antispasmodic1 
& anodyne4----,dose1 #bj  to #hj drops2 
9 hy/]ia1 hoop+-c\gh1 c4    ,obs4 ,?is  
prep>ation is call$ #8,,p>egoric1' or   
#8,,p>egoric ,,elixir1' 9  ,scotl&1 b   
%\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! comp\nd   
t9cture  ( camphor1 :i* passes "u ! same
 names 9 ,engl&2 z ! =m]  conta9s ab\t  
#d times z mu* opium z ! latt]4 #hj     
m9ims1 or #ade  p\r$ drops1 conta9 ab\t 
#a gr4 ( opium4    ,t9cture ( ,opium    
7,camphorat$74 ,comp\nd t9cture (       
camphor4    ,t9cture ( ,opium 7,ec>d's1 
or ,bamb]g's74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,opii   
,,ec>di1  ,,ec>d',s or ,,bamb]g',s      
,,!baic ,,t9cture4 ,prep4 ,opium1 #b    
oz42 cloves1 #a  dr42 c9namon wat]1 #h  
oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #d oz4 ,dige/ 9 a w>m 
room  = #f days1 & /ra94    ,t9cture (  
,opium 7,fetid74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,opii 
,f,,tida4 7,ph4 ,fulda47  ,prep4 ,ca/or 
oil1 #d oz42 assaftida1 #b oz42 salt (  

h>t%orn1 #a oz42  dry opium1 #d dr42    
rectifi$ _s1 #cb oz4----,dose1 #ae m9ims
 to #a dr4    ,t9cture ( ,opium         
7,od\rless74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,opii     
,,deodorata4 7,ph4 ,u4  ,s47 ,prep4     
,opium dri$1 & 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1    
#b-a_/b troy oz42  e!r1 rectifi$ _s1 (  
ea* #h oz4 7o4 m472 wat]1 a suffici5t   
quantity4 ,mac]ate ! opium ) #a_/b p9t (
 ! wat] = #bd h\rs1 &  express4 ,repeat 
?is op]ation twice ) ! same quantity (  
wat]1 mix  ! express liquids & evaporate
 to #d oz4 7o4 m472 let cool1 & %ake    
repeat$ly 9 a bottle ) ! e!r4 ,:5 x has 
sep>at$ by /&+1  p\r (f ! e!real        
solution1 & evaporate ! rema9+ liquid   
till  all ! e!r has disappe>$4 ,mix !   
residue ) #bj oz4 7o4 m47 (  wat]1 &    
filt]4 ,:5 ! liquid has ceas$ to pass1  
add en\gh wat] to  make ! filtrate      
measure #a-a_/b p9t 7o4 m474 ,la/ly1 mix
 9 ! _s4    ,t9cture ( ,orange ,peel4   
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,aurantii 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41   ,d471 ,t4 ,,corticis   
,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    

,dri$ bitt] orange peel1  cut small &   
bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #aj2 mac]ate = #g  
days 9 a  clos$ vessel ) occasional     
agitation1 !n /ra91 press1 & filt]1  add
 suffici5t pro( _s to make              
#aj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ orange peel1 #c-a_/b   
oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,d472 pro( _s1 #a   
qu>t2 dige/ = #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 
,d42 or by p]colation----,ph4 ,e471     
press1 & filt]4 ,a grateful bitt]       
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr42    
*iefly z an adjuvant 9 mixtures1 c4     
,t9cture ( ,orange ,peel 7,fre%74 ,syn4 
,,t9tura ,,aurantii ,,rec5tis4 7,b4     
,p47 ,prep4 ,bitt] orange1 rectifi$ _s1 
( ea* a suffici5t  quantity4 ,c>efully  
cut f ! orange ! col\r$ "p ( ! r9d 9  ?9
 slices1 & mac]ate #f oz4 ( ?is 9 #a p9t
 ( _s = a week1  ) frequ5t agitation2 !n
 p\r (f ! liquid1 press ! dregs1 mix  ! 
liquid products1 & filt]2 f9ally1 add   
suffici5t _s to make #a  p9t4----,dose1 
#a dr4 to #b dr4    ,t9cture ( ,orange1 
) ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri         

,,aurantiaca4 7,ph4  ,wurt47 ,prep4     
,iron fil+s1 #d oz12 ,seville oranges   
depriv$ ( _!  se$s1 no4 #d4 ,beat !m    
toge!r1 leave !m = #b days2 !n add      
,madeira  w9e1 #aj oz42 spirits ( orange
 peel1 #b oz4 ,dige/1 express1 & filt]4 
,t9cture ( ,orris ,root4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura
 ,,iridis4 ,prep4 ,fre%ly p[d]$  orris  
root1 #a "p2 pro( _s1 #e p>ts4 ,sold z  
,esprit de ,violette4    ,t9cture (     
,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,fellis      
,,bov9i4 ,prep4 ,inspissat$  ox-gall1 #b
 oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4 ,dige/ until     
dissolv$4    ,t9cture ( ,p>acress4 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,spilan?i ,,composita4      
,prep4  ,p>acress1 dri$ & bruis$1 #b    
oz42 pyre?rum root 9 co>se p[d]1 #b     
oz42 _s1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,dige/ #h 
days4 ,sialagogue4    ,t9cture ( ,p>eira
 ,brava4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,p>eir ,,brav4
 7,brodie74  ,prep4 ,p>eira brava root1 
#b oz42 ,fr5* br&y1 #a p9t4 ,dige/ = #g 
days4    ,t9cture ( ,pellitory4 ,syn4   
,,too?a*e ,,t9cture2 ,,t9ctura ,,pyre?ri
 7,b4  ,p47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47        

,pellitory root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #d2      
rectifi$  _s1 #bj2 mac]ate = #dh h\rs ) 
#ae ( ! _s1 agitat+  occasionally1 !n   
pack x 9 a p]colator1 let x dra91 & p\r 
on !  rema9+ _s2 :5 x ceases to drop1   
press1 filt]1 & make up to  #bj4    #b4 
,pellitory ( ,spa9 7bruis$71 #a oz42    
rectifi$ _s1 #a_/d p9t2 dige/  a week4  
,9 ! ,p4 ,cod4 a t9cture is ord]$ prep>$
 ) _s ab\t #da  o4 p41 & ano!r prep>$ ) 
_s ( sulphuric e!r4    #c4              
7,,comp\nd4----,br&e47 ,pellitory root1 
#d dr42 camphor1 #c dr42 oil (  cloves1 
#b dr42 opium1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #f  
fl4 oz42 dige/ = eight  days4 ,bo? !    
above are us$ = ! too?a*e4 ,see         
,,t9cture1 ,,odontalgic4    ,t9cture (  
,pepp] 7,/oma*ic74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,pip]is ,,/oma*ica2  ,,ess5tia         
,,/oma*ica ,,poly*re/a 7,spielman47     
,prep4 ,capsicum1 #a oz42 black  pepp]1 
#b dr42 long pepp]1 #b dr42 :ite pepp]1 
#b dr42 solution (  acetate ( pota%1 #f 
oz42 _s ( ammonia1 #a oz4 ,dige/ &      
filt]4    ,t9cture ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron4

 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri ,,p]*loridi4    
7,b4  ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #e fl4 oz4 (     
/rong solution ( p]*loride ( iron )  #ae
 fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s4----,dose1 #aj to
 #cj m9ims4    ,t9cture ( ,phosphorus   
7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,phosphoratus1   
,,t9ctura  ,,phosphori ,,!rea1 ,l4      
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47         
,phosphorus 7p[d]$ by  agitation )      
rectifi$ _s71 #af gr42 e!r1 #b oz42     
mac]ate1 )  agitation1 = #d days1 !n    
decant ! cle> portion1 & pres]ve x 9 a  
/opp]$ bottle1 9 a cool d>k situation4  
#b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,phosphorus1 cut small1 
#a "p2 e!r1 #ej p>ts2 dige/ )           
occasional agitation = #a mon?1 & decant
 ! cle>4----,dose1 #e to #ae  drops1 9  
any bl& vehicle1 ?rice daily2 9         
impot5cy1 l[ s9k+  conditions ( ! sy/em1
 c4    ,t9cture ( ,popl> ,buds4 ,syn4   
,,t9ctura ,,populi4 7,van ,monc47 ,prep4
  ,popl> buds1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #bd 
oz4 ,mac]ate & filt]4    ,t9cture (     
,quassia4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,quassi 7,b4 
,p41 ,ph4 ,e71 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,b4 ,p47

 ,quassia 9 *ips1 #c_/d2 pro( _s1 #bj2  
dige/ #g days2 filt]1  & make up to     
#bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,e47 ,quassia1 9 *ips1 #aj dr42   
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #g  days4       
,bitt]1 tonic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4
 dr42 9 dyspepsia1 c4    ,t9cture (     
,quassia 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,quassi ,,composita 7,ph4  ,e471 ,l4   
,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,c>damoms & co*9eal1 (
 ea*1 bruis$1 #a_/b  oz42 p[d]$ c9namon 
& quassia *ips1 ( ea* #f dr42 rais9s1 #g
 oz42  pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = #g days
 7or by p]colation71 !n press1  & filt]4
 ,aromatic & tonic4----,dose & use1 z ! 
la/4    ,t9cture ( ,qu99e 7,ammoniat$74 
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,qu99 ,,ammoniata4 7,b4
  ,p47 ,prep4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #afj   
gr42 solution ( ammonia1 #b-a_/b fl4    
oz42 pro( _s1 #ag-a_/b oz42 dissolve !  
qu99e 9 ! _s ) a  g5tle heat1 & add !   
solution ( ammonia4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 
to #b dr4    ,t9cture ( ,qu99e          
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,fev] ,,drops2       
,,t9ctura ,,qu9 7,b4  ,p472 ,,t9ctura   

,,qu9 ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep4 #a4 
7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphate (  qu9ia1 #a2       
t9cture ( orange peel1 #fj2 dissolve ) a
 g5tle heat1  dige/ = #c days )         
occasional agitation & /ra94----,dose1  
#a to  #a-a_/b dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,sulphate ( qu99e1 #e dr4 #a scrup4 7or 
#cbj gr472 t9cture (  orange peel1 #a   
qu>t2 dige/1 ) agitation1 = #g days1 or 
until  solution is complete4    ,obs4   
,unless ! t9cture employ$ z ! solv5t be 
( ! full  /r5g?1 "s ( ! disulphate      
rema9s undissolv$4 ,x is an excell5t    
m$ic9e :5 fai?fully prep>$4----,dose1   
#a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 9 debility1        
dyspepsia1 c4    ,t9cture ( ,r$ ,gum4   
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,gummi ,,rubri4 7,mr   
,squire47 ,prep4  ,r$ gum1 #a "p2       
rectifi$ _s1 #d4 ,dige/ &               
/ra94----,dose1 #bj to #dj  m9ims4      
,t9cture ( ,r$ ,lavend]4 ,comp\nd       
t9cture ( lav5d]4    ,t9cture (         
,rhatany4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,kram]i 7,b4 
,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4    
,p47 ,rhatany1 bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2 

mac]ate #dh h\rs  9 #f ( ! _s1 agitat+  
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator2 :5 x  
ceases to drop1 p\r on ! rema9+ _s1 &   
wa% ! m>c )  _s to make up              
#h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4 7,ph4
 ,d47 ,rhatany root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #h   
oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2  mac]ate = #ad   
days1 !n press1 & filt]4                
,a/r+5t4----,dose1 #a to #b  fl4 dr4 ,! 
=mula ( ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is simil>4       
,t9cture ( ,rhodod5dron4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura
 ,,rhodod5dri4 7,niemann47  ,prep4      
,leaves ( ,rhodod5dron ,*rysan?um1 #b   
oz42 ,fr5* br&y1 #a_/b  lb42 %]ry1 #a_/b
 lb4 ,dige/ = #ae days4    ,t9cture (   
,rhub>b4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei 7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4 7,b4    
,p47 ,rhub>b1 bruis$1 #b2 c>damom se$s1 
bruis$1 #a_/d2 cori&]1  bruis$1 #a_/d2  
saffron1 #a_/d2 pro( _s1 #bj2 mac]ate = 
#dh h\rs )  #ae ( ! _s1 agitat+         
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1 & :5  
x ceases to drop p\r on ! rema9+ _s1    
press & wa% ! m>c1  & add _s to make up 
#bj4----;,dose4 ,z a /oma*ic1 #a to #b  

dr42 z a  purgative1 #a_/b to #a oz4    
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #c-a_/b   
oz42 c>damom se$s1 bruis$1 #a_/b oz42   
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/1 or proce$ by ! 
me?od ( displacem5t4    #c4 7,ph4 ,l4   
#ahbd47 ,rhub>b1 #b oz42 c>damoms1 #d   
dr42 saffron1 #b dr42 pro(  _s1 #cb fl4 
oz4 ,bo? ! above are cordial1 /oma*ic1 &
  laxative4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr1 to #a  
fl4 oz4    ,t9cture ( ,rhub>b 7,aque\s74
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei ,,aquosa4 7,ph4 
,g47  ,prep4 ,rhub>b1 #aj oz42 borax1 #a
 oz42 c>bonate ( pota%1 #a oz42 boil+   
wat]1 #he oz4 ,infuse = #a_/d h\r1 !n   
add rectifi$ _s1 #aj oz4 7by  weight72  
let /& #b-a_/b h\rs1 & add c9namon wat]1
 #ae oz4    ,t9cture ( ,rhub>b          
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei      
,,composita 7,ph4 ,l4   ,d474 ,prep4 #a4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhub>b1 slic$1 #b-a_/b oz42
 liquorice root1  bruis$1 #f dr42 g+]   
7bruis$7 & hay saffron1 ( ea* #c dr42   
pro(  _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days1 !n
 press1 & filt]4    #b4 7,ph47 ,rhub>b1 
#c oz42 c>damoms1 #a oz42 liquorice     

root1 #a_/b oz42  saffron1 #a_/d oz42   
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad days4   
#c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,rhub>b1 #b oz42  
liquorice root1 #d dr42 g+] &  saffron1 
( ea* #b dr42 pro( _s1 #af fl4 oz42     
wat]1 #ab fl4 oz4    ,obs4 ,?is t9cture 
is a popul> rem$y 9 di>rha & colic1 & is
 an  especial fav\rite )                
drunk>ds4----,dose1 z a /oma*ic1 #a to  
#c fl4  dr42 z a purgative1 #a_/b to    
#a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,! t9cture ( rhub>b ( ! 
%ops is mo/ly inf]ior1 be+ g5]ally      
defici5t bo? 9 rhub>b &  _s4 ,! foll[+  
=ms we h se5 ext5sively employ$ 9 !     
:olesale trade3----,ea/ ,indian rhub>b1 
#bj lbs42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s4 to  cov] x2 
infuse = #bd h\rs1 !n slice ! rhub>b1 & 
put x into a  cask ) moi/ sug>1 #ad     
lbs42 g+]1 bruis$1 #c-a_/b lbs42 hay    
saffron1  #a lb42 c>bonate ( pota%1     
#a_/b lb42 bruis$ nutmegs1 #a_/d lb42   
rectifi$  _s1 #ai galls42 wat]1 #ba     
galls42 mac]ate ) frequ5t agitation =   
#ad days1 decant ! cle> portion1 & press
 & filt] ! bottoms4 ,^?  h\ses t adh]e  

to ! ,ph4 ,l4 = #ahbd sub/itute c>damom 
se$s1 #e  lbs41 = ! g+]4 ,= !           
correspond+ ,ph4 ,e4 =mula see ! la/    
article4    ,t9cture ( ,rhub>b 7,br&i%'s
 ,alkal9e74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei      
,,alkal9a ,,br&i%ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f      
rhub>b1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42      
,br&i%'s alkal9e solution1 #a qu>t2     
mac]ate = a week4 ,9 !  orig9al =mula   
only #a_/b oz4 ( rhub>b is              
ord]$4----,dose1 #bj drops to  #b fl4   
dr41 9 any bl& liquid1 n acidul\s2 9    
acidities1 dyspepsia1  c4    ,t9cture ( 
,rhub>b & ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,sacr$         
,,elixir2 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei ,,et  ,,alo,s
 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47      
,rhub>b1 9 p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42  ,socotr9e
 or ,ea/ ,indian aloes1 #f dr42 c>damom 
se$s1 bruis$1 #e dr42  pro( _s1 #a qu>t2
 mac]ate #g days1 or p]colate4 ,a w>m   
/oma*ic  purgative4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 
oz4 to #a fl4 oz4    ,t9cture ( ,rhub>b 
& ,g5tian4 ,,t9ctura ,,rhei ,,am>a1     
,,t9ctura ,,rhei ,,et  ,,g5tian 7,ph4   
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,rhub>b1 #b 

oz42 g5tian1 #a_/b oz42  pro( _s1 #a    
qu>t2 proce$ z = ! la/4 ,/oma*ic1 tonic1
 &  purgative4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 to  
#a fl4 oz4    ,t9cture ( ,rhub>b &      
,s5na4 ,syn4 ,,w>n]',s ,,g\t ,,cordial2 
,,t9ctura  ,,rhei ,,et ,,s5n 7,ph4 ,u4  
,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,rhub>b1
 #a oz42 s5na  & r$ s&]s wood1 ( ea* #b 
dr42 cori&] & f5nel se$1 ( ea* #a  dr42 
saffron & extract ( liquorice1 ( ea*    
#a_/b dr42 /on$ rais9s1 #f  oz42 pro(   
_s1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 mac]ate = #ad days4 ,a
 popul> /oma*ic  & laxative4----,dose1  
#a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4    ,t9cture    
7,riem]'s ,n]v\s74 ,prep4 ,f oil (      
junip]1 #a "p2  volatile liquor (       
h>t%orn1 #d p>ts2 rectifi$ _s1 #af      
p>ts4----,dose1 #a teaspoonful 9 wat]4  
,t9cture ( ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,ros4
 ,prep4 ,dri$ r$ rose1 #d oz42  pro( _s1
 #a p9t4 ,dige/ = #aj days4    ,t9cture 
( ,rosem>y4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,rosm>9i4  
7,ph4 ,bruns47 ,prep4  ,fl[]+ tops (    
rosem>y1 #a-a_/b oz42 _s ( rosem>y1 #f  
oz4 ,dige/1  express1 & filt]4          

,t9cture1 ,rusp9i's4 ,see ,,t9cture1    
,,too?4    ,t9cture ( ,saffron4 ,syn4   
,,t9ctura ,,croci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4    
,d471 ,t4 ,c4  ,,sativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  
7,b4 ,p47 ,saffron1 #a2 pro( _s1 #bj2   
mac]ate #dh  h\rs ) #ae ( ! _s1 agitat+ 
occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator1  let x
 dra91 & !n p\r on ! rema9+ _s2 :5 x    
ceases to  drop1 wa% ! m>c ) _s to make 
up #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4      
#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hay saffron1 #b oz4 7#b 
oz4----,ph4 ,d472 pro( _s1 #a qu>t 7#a  
p9t----,ph4 ,d472 proce$ ei!r by        
mac]ation 7= #ad days----,ph4 ,d47 or by
  displacem5t4 ,/imulant1 &             
emm5agogue4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4  
,*iefly  us$ = its col\r & flav\r4      
,t9cture ( ,sapon94 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura     
,,sapon9i4 ,prep4 ,b>k ( ,quillai       
,sapon>ia1 #a "p2 alcohol 7#ij p] c5t471
 #d p>ts4 ,heat to ebullition  & filt]4 
,t9cture ( ,s>sap>illa 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,s>z ,,composita1  ,,liqueur
 ,d,,purative4 7,franois47 ,prep4       
,s>sap>illa1 guaiacum1 *9a  root1       

sassafras1 ( ea* #a oz42 pro( _s1 #af   
oz4    ,t9cture ( ,sav9e4 ,syn4         
,,t9ctura ,,sab94 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4      
,sav9e tops1  dri$1 & co>sely p[d]$1    
#b-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4 ,proce$ z 
= t9cture ( aconite4    ,t9cture (      
,scammony4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,scammonii4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4  ,scammony1 #d oz42  
rect4 _s1 #bj oz4 7by weight74          
,t9cture ( ,s5ega4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,s5eg4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,s5ega1        
bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4   
,prep>$ z t9cture ( aconite4    ,t9cture
 ( ,s5na 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,(
 ,,s5na1 ,,elixir ,,(  ,,heal?2         
,,t9ctura ,,s5n 7,b4 ,p471 ,,t9ctura    
,,s5n ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41   ,d471
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,s5na1 brok5  
small1 #e2 rais9s1 fre$ f  se$s1 #d2    
c>away1 bruis$1 #a2 cori&]1 bruis$1 #a2 
pro( _s1 #dj2  mac]ate ! +r$i5ts #dh    
h\rs 9 ?ree f\r?s ( ! _s1  agitat+      
occasionally2 pack 9 a p]colator1 & :5 x
 ceases to drop1  p\r on ! rema9+ _s2   
press1 filt]1 & make up #dj4----;,dose1 

#b to  #h dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s5na1  
#c-a_/b oz42 c>away se$s1 bruis$1       
#c-a_/b dr42 c>damom  se$s1 bruis$1 #a  
dr42 /on$ rais9s1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a   
qu>t2  mac]ate = #g days1 press1 &      
filt]4    #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s5na & /on$   
rais9s1 ( ea* #d oz42 sug>1 #b-a_/b oz42
  cori&]s1 #a oz42 jalap1 #f dr42       
c>aways & c>damoms1 ( ea* #e dr42  pro( 
_s1 #a qu>t2 dige/1 or proce$ by        
p]colation4    #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s5na1 #d 
oz42 c>away & c>damom se$s1 ( ea*1      
bruis$1  #a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2   
mac]ate = #ad days4    #e4 7,:olesale47 
,f s5na1 #f lbs42 treacle1 #b lbs42     
c>aways1 #c_/d lb42  c>damoms1 #a_/d    
lb42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #d       
galls42 z  be=e4 ,c>m9ative1 /oma*ic1 & 
purgative4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a fl4 oz4
    ,obs4 8,if ,alex&rian s5na be us$ = 
?is prep>ation1 x mu/ be  fre$ f        
cynan*um 7argol7 leaves1 by pick+40     
7,ph4 ,e47    ,t9cture ( ,s]p5t>y4 ,syn4
 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,virg9ian ,,snake       
,,root2  ,,t9ctura ,,s]p5t>ie 7,b4 ,p41 

,ph4 ,l41  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4    
,p47  ,s]p5t>y1 bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2
 mac]ate #dh h\rs1 ) #f ( !  _s1 agitat+
 occasionally1 pack 9 a p]colator & let 
x dra92  p\r on ! rema9+ _s1 & :5 x     
ceases to drop1 press1 & wa%  ! m>c to  
make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4  
#b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s]p5t>y1 bruis$1 #c-a_/b
 oz4 7co*9eal1 #a dr4----,ph4 ,e72  pro(
 _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days 7or by  
p]colation----,ph4 ,e471  /ra91 & filt]4
 ,/imulant1 tonic1 &                    
diaphoretic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4  dr4
    ,t9cture ( ,sesqui*loride ( ,iron4  
,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,muriate ,,(       
,,iron1  ,,t9cture ,,( ,,/eel1 ,,/eel   
,,drops2 ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri ,,p]*loridi   
7,b4 ,p471  ,,t9ctura ,,f]ri            
,,sesqui*loridi 7,ph4 ,l4  ,d471 ,t4    
,,f]ri ,,muriatis 7,ph4 ,e471  ,,f]ri   
,,muriatis ,,liquor1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4
 ,p47 ,/rong solution (  p]*loride (    
iron1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #c2              
mix4----,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims  9 wat]4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sesquioxide ( iron1 

#f oz42 hydro*loric acid1 #a p9t2 mix1  
& dige/ 9 a s& ba?1 frequ5tly %ak+ 7) a 
g5tle heat1 = a  day----,ph4 ,e471 until
 solution is complete1 !n add1 :5 cold1 
(  rectifi$ _s1 #c p9ts1 & 79 a %ort "t7
 filt]4 ,sp4 gr4 #iib4 8#a  fl4 oz41    
pota% be+ add$1 deposits ne>ly #cj gr4 (
 sesquioxide (  iron40 7,ph4 ,l47    #c4
 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iron wire1 #h oz42 pure    
hydro*loric acid1 #a qu>t2 di/ill$      
wat]1 #a p9t2 mix1 & dissolve by a g5tle
 heat2 next add1 9 successive  portions1
 ( pure nitric acid1 #ah fl4 dr42       
evaporate by a g5tle heat to a  p9t1 &1 
:5 cold1 mix ?is 9 a bottle ) rectifi$  
_s1 #a-a_/b  p9t2 la/ly1 aft] #ab h\rs1 
filt]4 ,sp4 gr4 #abcg4    ,obs4 ,?is    
t9cture is an active f]rug9\s           
tonic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj  drops1     
gradually increas$1 tak5 9 wat]1 ale1 or
 w9e4 ,9 ! old  t9ctura m>tis1 ,ph4 ,l41
 iron fil+s1 & 9 ! ,t4 f]ri muriatis1   
,ph4  ,e4 #ahag1 black oxide ( iron1 7  
us$ in/ead ( ! sesquioxide or  c>bonate4
 #8,be/u*ef's n]v9e t9cture' ( ! ,p4    

,cod4 is prep>$ by  dissolv+ #a dr4 (   
dry sesqui*loride ( iron 9 #g dr4 ( _s (
  sulphuric e!r4 ,see ,,gold5 ,,drops4  
,t9cture ( ,sesqu9itrate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 
,,t9ctura ,,f]ri  ,,sesqu9itratis1 ,l4  
,prep4 7,onion47 ,iron fil+s1 #a_/b oz42
 nitric acid  7#ae71 #b-a_/d oz42       
dissolve1 add ( hydro*loric acid 7#aaf71
 #f dr41 simm]  = #b or #c m9utes1 cool1
 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #h oz41 & filt]4    
,propos$ z a sub/itute = ! la/          
prep>ation1 b ! "n  misrepres5ts its    
*emical con/itution4    ,t9cture (      
,soap4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,saponis4 7,p4  
,cod47 ,prep4 ,:ite soap1  #c oz42      
c>bonate ( pota%1 #a dr42 pro( _s1 #e   
oz4 7by weight74  ,dissolve4    ,t9cture
 ( ,soap ) ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura   
,,saponis  ,,t]eb9?9ata4 ,,baum ,,de    
,,vie ,,ext]ne4 ,prep4 ,:ite soap1 #c   
oz42 oil (  turp5t9e1 #c oz42 _s ( wild 
?yme1 #b lb42 :ite ( ammonia1 #b oz4    
,t9cture ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura    
,,be*ica1 ,,t9ctura ,,scill 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    

7,b4 ,p47 ,dri$ squill1 bruis$1 #a2 pro(
  _s1 #h2 mac]ate = #dh h\rs ) #f ( !   
_s1 agitat+  occasionally1 pack 9 a     
p]colator1 let x dra91 & p\r on !       
rema9+ _s2 :5 x ceases to drop1 press1  
filt]1 & make up to  #h4----;,dose1 #ae 
to #cj m9ims4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47         
,squills1 rec5tly dri$ & slic$ 7or 9    
co>se p[d]71 #e  oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 
mac]ate = #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42
 or by  p]colation----,ph4 ,e471 press &
 filt]4 ,a /imulat+ expectorant &       
diuretic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 9 
*ronic c\ghs1 & o!r bron*ial            
affections4    ,t9cture ( ,squills      
7,alkal9e74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,scill     
,,alkal9a4 7,ph4  ,g47 ,prep4 ,squill1  
#h p>ts2 cau/ic pota%1 #a "p2 rectifi$  
_s1 #ej  p>ts2 mac]ate1 #h days4        
,t9cture ( ,/avesacre 7,conc5trat$74    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,/aphisagri            
,,conc5trata4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4   
,dige/ /avesacre se$s 9 twice _!  weight
 ( rectifi$ _s4 ,= ext]nal use 9        
neuralgic & rheumatic  affections1 z a  

sub/itute = solution ( delph9ia4        
,t9cture1 ,/oma*ic4 ,comp\nd t9cture (  
c>damoms4 ,comp\nd t9cture  ( g5tian is 
also1 occasionally1 s call$4    ,t9cture
 ( ,/ramonium4 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,(      
,,?orn-,,apple2 ,,t9ctura  ,,/ramonii   
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d4  ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,/ramonium se$s1  bruis$1
 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2 mac]ate #dh h\rs ) #f 
( ! _s1  agitat+ occasionally2 pack 9 a 
p]colator1 let x dra91 & p\r on  !      
rema9+ _s4 ,:5 x ceases to drop1 press1 
filt]1 & add  _s to make #h4----;,dose1 
#aj to #bj m9ims4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47     
,/ramonium or ?orn-apple se$s 7bruis$71 
#e oz42 pro(  _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad
 days 7or by displacem5t----,ph4 ,u4    
,s471  !n press1 & filt]4               
,anodyne4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops2 9 
neuralgia1  rheumatism1 c4 ,said to be  
sup]ior to laudanum4    ,t9cture1       
,/yptic4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,/yptica4     
7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,prep4  ,calc9$       
sulphate ( iron1 #a dr42 ,fr5* br&y1    
col\r$ by ! cask1 #b  lbs4    ,t9cture1 

,sudorific4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura             
,,sudorifica4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4  
,s]p5t>y root1 #e dr42 co*9eal1 #d dr42 
ca/or oil1 #a dr42 saffron1 #b          
scruples2 opium1 #a scruple2 _s (       
,m9d]]us1 #af oz4 ,dige/ = #c  days &   
/ra94    ,t9cture ( ,sumbul4 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,sumbuli 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 #a4
 7,b4 ,p47  ,sumbul1 bruis$ f9e1 #a2    
pro( _s1 #h2 dige/ #g days &            
filt]4----,dose1 #ae to #cj m9ims4      
#b4 ,f sumbul1 bruis$1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 
#a qu>t2 mac]ate = a  week1 & /ra91 )   
expression4 ,/imulant & tonic4----,dose1
 #aj to #cj  or #dj drops4    ,t9cture (
 ,t>trat$ ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,m>tis
 ,,t>t>izata4 ,prep4  ,pure iron fil+s1 
#ajj p>ts2 cream ( t>t>1 #bej1 rectifi$ 
_s1 #ej  p>ts 7by weight74 ,put ! fil+s 
& t>t> into an iron kettle )  suffici5t 
wat] to =m a pa/e1 leave !m = #bd h\rs1 
add #cjjj p>ts  ( s(t wat] & boil = #b  
h\rs1 /irr+ con/antly & supply+ !  wa/e 
( wat]4 ,decant & filt] ! liquor1 &     
evaporate x till x has  ! d5sity (      

#abhf1 & add ! _s4----,dose1 #c to #f   
drops4    ,t9cture ( ,?orn-apple4       
,t9cture ( /ramonium4    ,t9cture (     
,?uja4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,?uj4 ,fre%     
leaves ( ?uja1 #a "p2  _s 7#ij p] c5t471
 #aj p>ts4 ,mac]ate = #aj days1 &       
filt]4----,dose1 #aj drops 9 wat]4 ,!   
leaves ( ?uja are collect$ 9  ,june &   
,july4 ,^? ( ! ,t4 ori5talis & ,t4      
occid5talis1 h  ! reputation 9 ,belgium 
( cur+ smallpox4    ,t9cture ( ,tobacco4
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,nicotian1 ,,t9ctura  
,,tabaci1 ,l4  ,prep4 ,f pure           
manufactur$ tobacco1 #a-a_/d oz12 pro(  
_s1 #a p9t2  mac]ate = #g days4 ,comp\nd
 _s ( junip] is (t5 us$ in/ead (  pro(  
_s4 ,s$ative & n>cotic4----,dose1 #aj to
 #cj drops4 ,a t9cture  is also made f !
 fre% leaves4 ,see ,,vegetable ,,juices 
& ,,t9ctures  7,e!real74    ,t9cture (  
,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,tolutanus 7,b4 
,p471 ,,t9ctura ,,tolutana  7,ph4 ,l4   
,d471 ,t4 ,,balsami ,,tolutani1 ,t4     
,,toluif] ,,balsami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4     
7,b4 ,p47 ,balsam ( ,tolu1 #a2 rectifi$ 

_s1 #h2 dissolve1 filt]1 & make  up to  
#h4----;,dose1 #ae to #cj m9ims1 mix$ ) 
mucilage or syrup4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47    
,balsam ( ,tolu1 #b oz4 7#c-a_/b        
oz4----,ph4 ,e472 rectifi$ _s1 #a  qu>t 
7#a p9t----,ph4 ,d472 dissolve 7by ! aid
 ( a g5tle heat----,ph4 ,e4   ,d471 &   
filt]4    ,obs4 ,?is t9cture is reput$  
pectoral & expectorant2 b x is  *iefly  
us$ z an adjuvant 9 mixtures1 on acc\nt 
( its  flav\r4----,dose1 #aj to #fj     
drops4    ,t9cture1 ,too?4 ,prep4 #a4   
7,gre5h\gh's47 ,f bitt] almonds1 #b oz42
  ,brazil wood1 c9namon1 & orris root1 (
 ea* #a_/b oz42 alum1 co*9eal1  & salt (
 sorrel1 ( ea* #a dr42 _s ( scurvy      
grass1 #b fl4 oz42  pro( _s1 #a-a_/b    
p9t2 mac]ate a week4    #b4 7,hudson's47
 ,f ! t9ctures ( myrrh & c9*ona1 &      
c9namon  wat]1 equal p>ts1 ) a little   
arquebusade & gum ,arabic4    #c4       
7,rusp9i's47 ,f orris root1 #h oz42     
cloves1 #a oz42 amb]gris1 #bj gr42      
rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/$ = #ad days4
 ,! above are us$ z  cosmetics = ! tee? 

& gums4 ,! la/ has long be5 a popul>    
d5tifrice4    ,t9cture1 ,too?a*e4       
,odontalgic t9cture4 ,see also ,,drops1 
,,ess5ce1 c4    ,t9cture ( ,turm]ic4    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,curcum4 7,dr ,wood47  
,prep4  ,turm]ic1 #a oz42 pro( _s1 #f   
oz4    ,t9cture ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,t]eb9?94 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 
,v5ice turp5t9e1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 p9t4    ,t9cture ( ,tuyaya4 ,syn4      
,,t9ctura ,,tuyay4 ,prep4 ,tuyaya root1 
9  p[d]1 #ab oz42 pro( _s1 #cf oz42     
mac]ate = #ad days4 ,if =  int]nal use x
 mu/ be dilut$ ) f\r times its volume ( 
_s4----,dose1 #a to #aj m9ims4 ,9       
syphilis4    ,t9cture ( ,valerian4 ,syn4
 ,,t9ctura ,,val]ian 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41
 ,e41   ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47  
,val]ian bruis$1 #a2 pro( _s1 #h2       
mac]ate  ! val]ian #dh h\rs ) #f ( ! _s1
 agitat+ occasionally2 pack  9 a        
p]colator1 let x dra91 p\r on ! rema9d] 
( ! _s2 :5  x ceases to drop1 press &   
filt]1 wa%+ ! m>c ) _s to make  up      
#h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4    #b4 7,ph4

 ,l47 ,val]ian root1 bruis$1 #e oz42    
pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate  #g days 7#ad 
days----,ph4 ,d42 or by                 
p]colation----,ph4 ,e471 press1 & filt]4
  ,tonic & antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a  
to #c fl4 dr42 9 hy/]ia1 epilepsy1  c4  
,t9cture ( ,val]ian 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4   
,,ammoniat$ ,,t9cture ,,( ,,val]ian1    
,,volatile ,t4 ,,( ,v42 ,,t9ctura       
,,val]ian ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,t4   
,v4 ,,ammoniata  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471   
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,val]ian1      
bruis$1 #a2 aromatic  _s ( ammonia1 #h2 
mac]ate ! val]ian #g days1 press1 filt]1
 & add  _s to make up #h4----;,dose1    
#a_/b to #a dr4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47       
,val]ian root1 bruis$1 #e oz42 aromatic 
_s ( ammonia  7simple----,ph4 ,e471 #a  
qu>t2 mac]ate = #g days 7or by          
p]colation----,ph4  ,e471 !n press1 &   
filt]4 ,/imulant1 tonic1 &              
antispasmodic4----,dose  & use1 same z  
^? ( ! simple t9cture1 ?an :i* x is     
?\ght  to be m p[]ful4 ,! t9cture ( !   
%ops is g5]ally made ) only  #a lb4 ( ! 

root to ! gallon4    ,t9cture (         
,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,vanill4     
7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,vanilla  pods1 #a "p2
 rectifi$ _s1 #e p>ts4 ,mac]ate #h days4
    ,t9cture ( ,v]atria4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura
 ,,v]atri4 7,mag5die47 ,prep4  ,v]atria1
 #d gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a dr4    ,t9cture
 ( ,v]atrum4 ,syn4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,:ite 
,,hellebore2 ,,t9ctura  ,,v]atri        
,,viridis2 ,,t9ctura ,,hellebori ,,albi1
 ,t4 ,,v]atri 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4    
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gre5 hellebore root1 9   
co>se p[d]1 #d2 rectifi$ _s1  #bj2      
mac]ate ! p[d] ) #ae ( ! _s #dh h\rs1   
agitat+  occasionally1 pack x 9 a       
p]colator1 let x dra91 p\r on ! rema9d] 
( ! _s1 :5 x ceases to drop1 press1     
filt]1 wa% ! m>c )  _s to make up       
#bj4----;,dose1 #e to #bj m9ims4    #b4 
7,ph4 ,e47 ,:ite hellebore1 #d oz42 pro(
 _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ or                   
p]colate4----,dose1 #aj drops1 #b or #c 
times a day1 gradually increas$2 9  g\t1
 rheumatism1 c41 z a sub/itute =        
col*icum2 also1 ext]nally4    ,t9cture (

 ,virg9ian ,snake ,root4 ,t9cture (     
s]p5t>y4    ,t9cture ( ,vittie-vayr4    
,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,vetiv]i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f
  vittie-vayr 7roots ( ,&ropogon        
muricatis71 #b-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a    
p9t2 mac]ate a week4 ,/imulant1 tonic1 &
 sudorific4----,dose1 #ae to #cj  drops4
    ,t9cture1 ,vuln]>y4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura 
,,vuln]>ia4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,fre%    
leaves ( wormwood1 angelica1 basil1     
calam9t1 f5nel1 hyssop1 m>joram1  balm  
pepp]m9t1 origanum1 rosem>y1 rue1       
savory1 sage1 wild ?yme1 ,/  ,john's    
wort tops1 lav5d] tops1 ( ea* #a oz4    
7all cut up72 rectifi$  _s1 #bj oz4 7by 
weight74 ,dige/ #aj days4    ,t9cture ( 
,walnuts4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,+l&is4 7,ph4
 ,dan47 ,prep4 ,gre5  %ells ( walnut1 #f
 oz42 pro( _s1 #bd oz4 ,dige/ = #f days4
    ,t9cture ( ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4   
,,t9ctura ,,+l&is ,,foliorum4 7,mr      
,ince47 ,prep4 ,dri$ walnut leaves1 #af 
oz42 mac]at$ = #g days 9 a  gallon (    
pro( _s4----,dose1 #a to #b             
teaspoonfuls4 ,to prev5t sickness1  or  

to cov] ! ta/e ( cod-liv] oil4          
,t9cture1 ,w>burg's ,fev]4 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,febrifuga ,,w>burgii4 ,!    
composition 0 = a long "t kept secret2 b
 9 #ahge ,dr4 ,w4 publi%$  ! foll[+     
=mula = x1 ?r\gh ,pr(4                  
,maclean3----,aloes 7,soc471 lb4 j2     
,rad4 ,rhei1 ,sem4 ,angelic41 ,conf4    
,damocrat4  iv2 ,rad4 ,hel5ii1 ,croci   
,sat41 ,sem4 ,fnic41 ,cret ppt4  ij2    
,rad4 ,g5t41 ,rad4 ,z$o>41 ,pip4        
,cubeb41 ,myrrh1 ,camphor1 ,boleti      
l>ic41  j4 ,dige/ ) #ejj oz4 (  pro( _s 
9 a wat]-ba? = #ab h\rs2 express1 & add 
qu994  disulph4 x4 ,!n replace 9        
wat]-ba? until ! qu99e is dissolv$4     
,filt] :5 cool4 ,dose1 #a_/b oz4        
7undilut$7 aft] an ap]i5t4    ,t9cture (
 ,wild ,*]ry ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura      
,,pruni ,,virg9ian4 ,prep4  ,wild *]ry  
b>k1 bruis$1 #b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4   
,dige/ #ad days1  press1 & filt]4 ,may  
also be made by p]colation4    ,t9cture 
( ,w9t] ,*]ry4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura          
,,physalis ,,alkik5g4 ,prep4  ,take ( ! 

:ole plant1 dri$1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s1  
#a p9t4 ,dige/  = #aj days1 /ra91 &     
filt]4 ,diuretic & febrifuge4----,dose1 
#a_/b dr4  to #a dr4    ,t9cture (      
,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,abs9?ii4   
7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dri$  wormwood1 #f   
oz42 pro( _s1 #cj oz4 7by weight472     
mac]ate = #h days1  & /ra94----,dose1 #a
 dr4    ,t9cture ( ,wormwood 7,comp\nd74
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,abs9?ii ,,composita4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,dri$ wormwood tops1 
#a oz42 g5tian1 bitt] orange peel1  (   
ea* #a oz42 g]m&]1 #a oz42 rhub>b1 #c_/d
 oz42 aloes1 #b dr42  casc>illa1 #b dr42
 pro( _s1 #b p9ts4              ,loss ( 
,_s 9 mak+ ,t9ctures by ! ,briti%       
,ph>macopia4#bcf----,,mr ,,umney gives !
 foll[+            table1 z embody+ !   
result ( 8 exp]i5ce3----    ,footnote   
#bcf3 #8,ph>m4 ,j\rn1'1 #crd s]ies1 #a1 
#cba-cgi4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,alcohol #hch;,alcohol #ibj ,loss   ,ga9
                          ,quantityto   

make     to make     p4 c4 byp4 c4 by   
made4  up measure4 up measure4 volume4  
volume4                                 
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,galls4    ,p9ts4      ,p9ts4           
,t9ct4 aconit            #d        #be  
444        #gi      ,t9ct4 arnic        
#aj        #cj         444        #ch   
,t9ct4 aurantii         #aj        444  
#ej        #fc      ,t9ct4 belladonn    
#b        444          #g        #da    
,t9ct4 b5z4 comp4       #e        444   
444        444   #ajj    ,t9ct4 bu*u    
#b        444         #aj        #fc    
,t9ct4 calumb           #e        444   
#cj        #ga      ,t9ct4 camphor1     
comp4   #aj        444          #e      
#g      ,t9ct4 can?>id         #d       
444          #f        #ai      ,t9ct4  
capsici           #e        #aj         
444        #be      ,t9ct4 c>dam4 co4   
#bj        444         444        444   
#be    ,t9ct4 casc>ill        #e        
444         #bj        #ej      ,t9ct4  

ca/or            #b         #e          
444        #cb      ,t9ct4 cate*u       
#e        444       ,no loss4     444   
,t9ct4 *irett          #b        444    
#bj       #abe      ,t9ct4 c9*on        
#aj        444        #abj       #aej   
,t9ct4 c9*on co4     #aj        444     
#ij       #aac      ,t9ct4 c9nam4       
#e        444         #dj       #ajj    
,t9ct4 cocci             #a        444  
#be       #ca      ,t9ct4 col*ici sem4  
#b        444         #ae        #id    
,t9ct4 conii             #b        444  
#ge       #df      ,t9ct4 croci         
#a        444          #fj       #ge    
,t9ct4 cubeb            #b         #e   
444        #cb      ,t9ct4 digitatis    
#e        444         #cj        #ge    
,t9ct4 ergot            #b        444   
#bj       #abe      ,t9ct4 f]ri acet4   
#a        #ab         444       #aej    
,t9ct4 gall             #a        444   
#d        #ej      ,t9ct4 g5t4 co4      
#aj        444         #gj        #hg   
,t9ct4 hyoscyami        #aj        444  

#fj        #ge      ,t9ct4 jalap        
#e        444         #bj        #ej    
,t9ct4 k9o              #a      ,no     
loss4      444        444      ,t9ct4   
kram]i          #e        444           
#bj        #ej      ,t9ct4 lav&4 comp4  
#bj        #bj         444        #ac   
,t9ct4 limonis           #b        444  
#ae        #id      ,t9ct4 lobeli       
#c        444         #be       #aje    
,t9ct4 lobeli !r4    #c        #cebcg   
444       #ade      ,t9ct4 lupuli       
#e        444         #dj       #ajj    
,t9ct4 myrrh            #e        #be   
444        #fb      ,t9ct4 nuc4 vom4    
#d         #j         444        #fb    
,t9ct4 opii             #aj        444  
#ge       #aj      ,t9ct4 opii ammon4   
#be       #e         444        #be     
,t9ct4 pyre?ri          #a        #aj   
444       #abe      ,t9ct4 quassi       
#a        444          #g        #hg    
,t9ct4 rhei             #aj        444  
#dj        #ej      ,t9ct4 sab9         
#b        444          #h        #ej    

,t9ct4 scill            #e        444   
#cj        #ge      ,t9ct4 s5eg         
#a        444          #ge       #ic    
,t9ct4 s5n            #aj        444    
#bj        #be      ,t9ct4 s]p5t>       
#a        444          #i       #aji    
,t9ct4 /ramon4          #a        444   
#e        #fc      ,t9ct4 sambul        
#c        444         #aj        #db    
,t9ct4 val]4 ammon4     #e        #cebch
    444        #dd      ,t9ct4 val]ian  
#e        444         #bc        #eg    
,t9ct4 v]atri virid4    #b        #be   
444       #aef      ,t9ct4 z+ib]        
#e        #be         444        #fc    
,t9ct4 z+ib] =t4   #aj        #cf       
444       #cge                          
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,footnote #bcg3 ,sp4 !r4 sulph4         
,footnote #bch3 ,sp4 ammon4 aromat4     
,t9cture ( ,yell[ ,jasm9e4 ,syn4        
,,t9ctura ,,gelsemii ,,semp]vir5s4      
,prep4 ,yell[ jasm9e1 #a oz42 rectifi$  
_s1 #a p9t4----,dose1 #bj to #dj  m9ims4

    ,t9cture ( ,z$o>y4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura  
,,z$o>i4 7,ph4 ,am/47 ,prep4  ,z$o>y    
root1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #h p>ts4      
,dige/ & filt]4    ,t9cture ( ,z$o>y    
7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,z$o>i     
,,composita2  ,,w$el',s ,,ess5tia       
,,c>m9ativa4 ,prep4 ,z$o>y1 #d oz42     
calamus1 galangal1  ( ea* #b oz42       
*amomile1 anise$1 c>away se$1 ( ea* #a  
oz42  bay-b]ries & cloves1 ( ea* #f dr42
 orange-peel & mace1 ( ea* #d  dr42     
pepp]m9t wat] & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #bd  
dr4 ,9 #f days  /ra91 & add hydro*loric 
e!r1 #d oz4    ,,t9ctures 7,conc5trat$74
 ,syn4 ,,t9ctur ,,conc5trat ,,ha5li1 ,l4
 ,prep4  7,ph4 ,bad547 ,dige/ #h p>ts ( 
! vegetable p[d] 9 #af ( _s ( !  sp4 gr4
 #heg 7#de o4 p471 = #d days1 at #gb    
,fahr41 ) occasional  agitation1 !n     
press1 & filt]2 to ! m>c or residuum add
 z mu*  _s z x has absorb$1 & aga9      
press1 & filt]2 ! weight ( !  mix$      
liquors %\ld be #af p>ts4 ,9 ?is way are
 prep>$ conc5trat$  t9ctures ( aconite  
leaves2 arnica & *amomile fl[]s2        

belladonna1  digitalis1 hemlock1 h5bane1
 pepp]m9t1 & sav9e leaves2 ipecacuanha  
& val]ian roots1 c4    ,,t9ctures       
7,cul9>y74 ,see ,,ess5ces1 ,,spirits1 c4
    ,,t9ctures 7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,t9ctur
 ,,!re1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47  ,f !    
vegetable sub/ance1 #a oz42 sulphuric   
e!r1 #d oz4 7or #f fl4  oz472 by        
mac]ation1 = #d days1 9 a well-clos$    
vessel2 or1 pref]ably1  by p]colation 9 
a cyl9drical glass vessel furni%$ ) a   
/opp]1 &  t]m9at+ at ! l[] end 9 a      
funnel1 ob/ruct$ ) a little cotton4  ,! 
p[d] be+ introduc$ ov] ! cotton1 p\r on 
en\gh e!r to  moi/5 x1 put 9 ! /opp]1   
fix ! tube into ! neck ( a bottle1  &   
leave x = #dh h\rs2 !n add1 gradually1 !
 rema9+ portion (  ! e!r1 &1 la/ly1     
en\gh wat] to displace ! e!r absorb$4 ,9
  ?is mann] are prep>$ ! e!real t9ctures
 ( aconite leaves1 arnica  fl[]s1       
belladonna1 hemlock1 foxglove1 tobacco1 
pellitory1 solanum1  val]ian1 /ramonium1
 c41 ( ! ,p>is ,codex4    ,! e!real     
t9ctures ( amb]1 amb]gris1 assaftida1   

can?>ides  7acetic e!r71 ca/or1 musk1   
tolu1 c41 are prep>$ by mac]ation only4 
,,t9ctures 7,odorifer\s74 ,^! are prep>$
 f odorif]\s sub/ances  by ! usual      
processes ( dige/ion or p]colation4 ,see
 ,,spirits4    ,,t9ctures f ,rec5t      
,vegetables4 ,see ,,vegetable ,,juices4 
,,t9,,d] 7,g]man74 ,see ,,amad\4        
,,tisane4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ptisan2          
,,ptisana1 ,l4 ,?is =m ( m$ic9e is mu*  
us$ 9 ,france4 ,tisanes may be readily  
prep>$ by slightly m$icat+  b>ley1 rice1
 or tam>9d wat]1 lemonade1 c4 ,see      
,,decoction1 ,,infusion1  ,,julep1      
,,ptisan1 c41 & bel[4    ,tisane1       
,antimonial4 7,br]a47 ,lemonade1 #b     
p9ts2 t>t> emetic1 #b gr42  sug>1 q4 s4 
,tisane1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,an infusion ( 
buckbean & ! fre% roots (  hors]adi%4   
,tisane1 ,antiv5]eal4 ,v>i\s comp\nd    
decoctions ( s>sap>illa are  kn[n by ?is
 "n4    ,tisane ( ,arnica4 7,p4 ,cod47  
,z eld] fl[] tisane4    ,tisane (       
,arnica ,fl[]s4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4      
,arnica fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42  boil+ wat]1  

#f p9ts4 ,infuse half to an h\r & filt] 
?r\gh pap]4  ,prep>e 9 ! same mann]     
saffron tisane4    ,tisane ( ,asp>agus4 
7,p4 ,cod47 ,asp>agus root1 #c_/d oz42  
boil+ wat]1 #b  p9ts4 ,infuse #b h\rs1 &
 /ra94 ,tisanes are prep>$ 9 ! same way 
f ! roots ( elecampane1 comfrey1        
/rawb]ries1 rhatany1 soap-wort1         
spruce-fir buds1 ,p]uvian b>k1 dulcam>a 
& burdock root4    ,tisane ( ,bread4    
,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,album4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,prep4 ,prep>$  h>t%orn1 #a oz42 bread  
crumb1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42     
wat]1 suffici5t  quantity to yield #e   
p9ts2 boil = #a_/b h\r1 /ra9 ?r\gh a    
co>se  sieve1 & add :ite sug>1 #f oz42  
orange-fl[] wat]1 #a oz4    ,tisane (   
,cassia4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,extract (  
cassia1 #a oz42 dissolve  9 #e p9ts (   
wat] at #adj ,f4    ,tisane1 ,common4 ,a
 decoction ( pe>l-b>ley & c\*-grass1    
flav\r$  ) liquorice root4    ,tisane ( 
,c\* ,grass4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,root ( 
c\* grass1 slic$1 #f  dr4 ,boil = #a_/b 
h\r ) wat] suffici5t to yield #b p9ts4  

,tisane ( ,eld] ,fl[]s4 7,p4 ,cod47     
,prep4 ,eld] fl[]s1 #a dr42 boil+  wat]1
 #a-a_/d p9t4 ,mac]ate = #a_/b h\r1 &   
/ra94    ,tisane ( ,g5tian4 7,p4 ,cod47 
,prep4 ,g5tian1 slic$1 #a_/b oz42 cold  
wat]1 #e p9ts4 ,infuse #d h\rs1 & /ra94 
,9 ! same mann] prep>e  tisanes (       
quassia1 sim>uba1 & rhub>b4    ,tisane (
 ,groats4 ,f groats1 z tisane ( pe>l    
b>ley4    ,tisane ( ,guaiacum ,wood4    
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum %av+s1     
#a-c_/d oz4  ,boil = #a h\r ) suffici5t 
wat] to yield #b p9ts1 & /ra94          
,tisane ( ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de        
,,gomme4 ,prep4 ,bruis$ gum ,arabic1 #a 
oz42  wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts4 ,dissolve )\t 
heat1 & /ra94    ,tisane ( ,icel& ,moss4
 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,j boil #b-a_/b dr4 
( ,icel&  moss 9 a little wat] & ?r[    
away ! fir/ decoction1 !n wa% !  rema9+ 
moss ) cold wat]2 !n add a fre% quantity
 ( wat]1 &  boil = #a_/b h\r1 s z to    
obta9 #b p9ts4    ,tisane ( ,iri% ,moss4
 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,wa% #ij gr4 (      
c>rage5 9 cold  wat]2 !n1 aft] boil+ t5 

m9utes1 add wat] 9 suffici5t quantity  s
 z to yield #b p9ts4    ,tisane (       
,liquorice4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,slic$   
liquorice1 #a oz42 boil+  wat]1 #e p9ts4
 ,infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,prep>e 9 !   
same mann]  7b infus+ = #a_/b h\r7      
tisanes f ! dri$ leaves ( borage1       
wormwood1 holy ?i/le1 *icory1 fumitory1 
gr\nd ivy1 pellitory1 wild  pansy1      
soapwort1 scabi\s1 f ! cones ( ! hop1   
anise$1 r$-rose  leaves1 less] c5taury  
tops1 & l9se$4    ,tisane ( ,mez]eon4   
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,mez]eon b>k1 #b dr42
 wat]1 #b-a_/b  p9ts2 boil to #a-c_/d   
p9t1 & /ra94    ,tisane ( ,orange       
,leaves4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,leaves ( ! 
orange tree1  #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #e 
p9ts2 infuse #a_/b h\r1 & /ra94 ,prep>e 
9  ! same mann] tisanes f ! leaves (    
wormwood1 maid5-hair1 hyssop1  balm1    
m9t1 & sage2 & f ! fl[]s ( :ite mulle91 
*amomile1  r$ poppy1 mall[1 m>%mall[1   
lime1 coltsfoot1 & violet4    ,tisane ( 
,pe>l ,b>ley4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,wa%   
#c_/d oz4 ( pe>l b>ley  9 cold wat]2    

/ra9 (f wat]1 & boil 9 a suffici5t      
quantity (  wat]1 s z to yield #b p9ts4 
,tisanes ( groats & rice are made 9 !   
same mann]4    ,tisane1 ,pectoral4 ,an  
infusion ( ! roots ( liquorice &        
m>%mall[1  ,canadian maid5hair1 & !     
fl[]s ( ! r$ poppy & coltsfoot1 9 a     
decoction ( rice4    ,tisane ( ,rice4   
7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z    
tisane ( pe>l  b>ley4    ,tisane (      
,rice1 ) ,lemon4 7,augu/947 ,prep4 ,wa%$
 rice1 #a oz42  wat]1 #d lbs42 boil1    
/ra91 add b>ley sug>1 #a_/b dr42 lemon  
juice1 #a oz4    ,tisane ( ,roses )     
,milk4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,cons]ve (    
roses1 #a oz42  new milk1 #a p9t4 ,rub  
toge!r1 & /ra94    ,tisane1 ,royal4 ,f  
s5na1 fre% *]vil1 & sulphate ( soda1 (  
ea*  #d dr42 anise$ & c9namon1 ( ea* #a 
dr42 #a lemon1 slic$2 cold wat]1        
#a-c_/d p9t2 mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 /irr+  
occasionally1 !n press &  filt]4        
,ap]i5t4----,dose4 ,a w9eglassful1 or m1
 repeat$ e  half-h\r1 until x op]ates4  
,tisane ( ,salep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4    

,boil #a dr4 ( salep 9 #af oz4 (  wat]1 
& /ra94    ,tisane ( ,s5ega4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,prep4 ,s5ega1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #e  
p9ts4 ,infuse = #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,prep>e
 9 ! same mann] tisanes  ( ! roots (    
m>%mall[ & val]ian4    ,tisane (        
,sulphuric ,acid4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,,limonade
 ,,sulfur,,que4 ,prep4  ,sulphuric acid 
7#ahd71 #gb m9ims2 wat]1 #d-a_/b p9ts2  
syrup1 #aj oz4 7by  weight72 mix s4 a4  
,prep>e 9 ! same mann] nitric &         
phosphoric acid  lemonade2 ! fir/ ) acid
 ( sp4 gr4 #adb2 ! second ) acid ( sp4  
gr4 #ade4    ,tisane ( ,tam>9ds4 7,p4   
,cod47 ,prep4 ,pulp ( tam>9d1 #a oz42   
boil+  wat]1 #b p9ts4 ,infuse #a_/b h\r4
    ,tisane1 ,t>t>ic4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4
 ,syrup ( t>t>ic acid1 #b oz42  wat]1   
#ah oz4 ,prep>e 9 ! same mann] ) _!     
respective syrups1  lemonades ( citric  
acid1 gooseb]ries1 *]ries1 & raspb]ries4
    ,,tis,,sue 7,blist]+74 ,see         
,,vesicants4    ,,tita,,nium4 ,a r>e    
metal1 discov]$ by ,klapro? 9 #agid1 &  
exam9$ by  ,wolla/on 9 #ahbb4 ,x is     

occasionally f\nd at ! bottom ( ! smelt+
  furnaces ( iron works1 9 comb9ation ) 
nitrog5 & cyanog51 "u  ! =m ( m9ute     
cry/als1 hav+ a copp]y lu/re4           
,,toad-,,9-,,!-,,hole4 ,"o to six ounces
 ( fl\r1 break ! cont5ts ( "o  egg1 &   
/ir 9 by degrees "o p9t ( milk1 tak+ c>e
 to keep !  mixture free f lump9ess4    
,place meat or ox kidney cut 9 slices 9 
a  greas$ pie di% or t92 !n p\r ! batt] 
ov] ! meat aft] add+ a  p9* ( salt1 &   
let x bake = an h\r to an h\r & a qu>t]4
 ,!  batt] %\ld be all[$ to /& be=e be+ 
cook$4    ,,toa/ 7,ess5ce (74 ,?is is   
liquid burnt sug> or _s col\r+4 ,us$  to
 make extemporane\s toa/-&-wat] 7#c or  
#d drops to ! glass71 & to  flav\r s\ps1
 gravies1 c4    ,,toa/ ,,& ,,wat]4 ,toa/
 a cru/ ( bread1 tak+ c>e n to *> x1 &  
put x into a p9t ( cold wat]1 9 a cov]$ 
vessel4 ,aft] /&+ half  an h\r x w be   
ready = use4    ,,tobac,,co4 ,syn4      
,,tabacum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l42   
,,tabac1 ,fr4 ,! prep>$  leaf (         
,nicotiana ,tabacum 7,l9n471 or o!r     

species ( ! same g5us4  ,! "n 0 giv5 to 
?is h]b by ! ,spani>ds1 because x 0 fir/
  se5 by !m at ,tabasco1 or ,tabaco1 a  
prov9ce ( ,yucatan1 9 ,mexico4    ,!    
tobacco ( comm]ce is *iefly obta9$ f    
,virg9ia1 & o!r p>ts  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 & rec5tly f ,japan & ,cali=nia1 b !    
f9e/ v>ieties are import$ f ,havannah & 
f ! ,ea/4 ,! plants  are ga!r$ :5       
mature1 dur+ hot dry wea!r1 & are hung  
up 9  pairs1 9 %$s1 to dry4 ,:5         
suffici5tly dry1 ! leaves are sep>at$  f
 ! /ems1 b\nd up 9 bundles1 & ^! are =m$
 into bales1 or  pack$ 9 hog%eads1 =    
exportation4    ,prep4 ,to imp>t to !   
dri$ leaves ! *>act]i/ic od\r & flav\r  
( tobacco1 & to r5d] !m agreeable to    
smok]s & snuff]s1 x is  necess>y t !y   
%\ld und]go a c]ta9 prep>ation1 or k9d (
  f]m5tation4 ,if a fre% gre5 leaf (    
tobacco be cru%$ betwe5 !  f+]s1 x emits
 m]ely ! h]bace\s smell common to mo/   
plants2 b  if x be triturat$ 9 a mort>  
along ) a v small quantity (  quicklime 
or cau/ic alkali1 x w imm$iately exhale 

! peculi> od\r  ( manufactur$ tobacco4  
,?is arises f ! active & volatile       
+r$i5ts be+ lib]at$ f _! previ\s        
comb9ation1 by !  ammonia develop$ by   
f]m5tation1 or ! action ( a /rong] base4
  ,tobacco conta9s a consid]able        
quantity ( *loride ( ammonium1 &  ?is   
sub/ance1 z is well kn[n1 :5 plac$ 9    
contact ) lime or  potassa1 imm$iately  
evolves free ammonia4 ,if we rev]se !   
case1 &  saturate ! excess ( alkali 9   
prep>$ tobacco by ! addition ( any  mild
 acid1 its *>act]i/ic od\r entirely     
disappe>s4 ,9 !  prep>ation ( tobacco   
previ\sly to its manufacture = sale1 ^! 
*anges are effect$ by a species (       
f]m5tation4 ,pure wat]1 )\t any         
addition1 is q suffici5t to promote &   
ma9ta9 ! p]fect  f]m5tation ( tobacco4  
,! leaves soon become hot & evolve      
ammonia2  dur+ ?is "t ! heaps require to
 be occasionally op5$ up & turn$  ov]1  
le/ !y become too hot1 take fire1 or run
 into ! putrefactive  f]m5tation4 ,!    
ext5t to :i* ! process is all[$ to      

proce$  v>ies1 = diff]5t k9ds ( snuff or
 tobacco1 f "o to ?ree mon?s4    ,qual41
 c4 ,tobacco is a p[]ful n>cotic1       
s$ative1 & emetic2 & is  also ca?>tic & 
diuretic2 b ! la/ 9 a weak] degree ?an  
ei!r  squills or foxglove4 ,its action  
is viol5tly depress+ & relax+1  produc+ 
fa9t+ & ev5 dea?1 9 comp>atively small  
quantities4  ,toxicologi/s rank x among 
! m active n>cotico-acrid poisons2 &    
physicians1 :5 !y wi% to produce sudd5  
physical pro/ration1 9  accid5ts or     
spasmodic diseases1 ord] an enema ( !   
infusion or smoke  ( tobacco4 ,its      
delet]i\s prop]ties dep5d on ! pres5ce (
  n>cot9e1 "o ( ! mo/ frightful         
vegetable poisons kn[n1 ( :i*  ord9>y   
,virg9ia tobacco conta9s f #f to #g4    
8,! *ief s\rces ( tobacco 9 ,europe are 
,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,salonica1  ,hung>y1 & 
,russia2 9 ,asia1 ! pr9cipal are ,*9a1  
,japan1 ! ,ea/  ,indies1 ,latakia1 & o!r
 p>ts ( ,asiatic ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,java1
 ,syria1  & ,manilla2 9 ,africa1        
,algi]s2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,v>9as1        

,brazil1  ,uruguay1 ,new ,gr5ada1       
,p>aguay1 ,cumana1 & o!r fields are mo/ 
productive2 :ile ! great tobacco        
di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica are !  ,unit$  
,/ates1 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 ,hayti1 & ,porto
 ,rico4 ,! ext5t to :i*  ^! & o!rs are  
sev]ally laid "u contribution by !      
manufactur]s ( ?is c\ntry is %[n by !   
foll[+ p>tial analysis  ( ! imports (   
#ahgc & #ahgd30bci    ,footnote #bci3   
#8,briti% ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries1'     
,s&=d4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,f                            #ahgc4    
#ahgd4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
lb4         lb4        ,g]many          
#fhg1gbj     #hef1fdf      ,holl&       
#e1dbi1eaa   #g1cef1gih      ,france    
#a1dcf1ihe   #a1gab1hci      ,greece    
#ccj1gab      #hd1afa      ,turkey      
#a1dcj1egb     #fif1acb      ,briti%    
,india                                  

#c1jfh1aji   #b1cei1ihg      ,philipp9e 
,isl&s                                  
#aga1hjc     #ghj1jih      ,*9a         
#b1acf1fcg   #a1cih1dfg      ,japan     
#d1hdf1hib   #b1idh1jcf      ,spani%    
,we/ ,india ,isl&s                      
#bie1fed     #bdb1cjd      ,new ,gr5ada 
7,unit$ ,/ates ( ,columbia7             
#b1aii1hhe   #a1fag1egc      ,arg5t9e   
,republic                               
#cdj1ghg     #ffc1idj      ,unit$ ,/ates
 ( ,am]ica                  #eg1eic1hbf 
#ec1efg1eee      ,o!r c\ntries          
#a1djd1fdj   #a1hij1fgi                 
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#ha1chb1gcc  #gf1age1bae                
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,mo/ ( !  
s-call$ ,havannah cig>s :i* arrive 9    
,engl& are %ipp$  f ,g]man ports4 ,x    
appe>s t a high] price is obta9able =   
d>k  ?an = light-col\r$ cig>s1 ! dem& = 
! =m] be+ ab\t  ?ree times z l>ge z = ! 
latt]4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ow+ 9 a     
great measure to ! p>tial failure ( !   

tobacco crops ( late ye>s1  light-col\r$
 tobacco is mu* m common ?an d>k4 ,9    
ord]1 !re=e1  to r5d] ! cig>s made (    
light-col\r$ tobacco saleable at a high]
  price1 & also to improve ! appe>ance (
 old & fad$ cig>s1 if we  are to believe
 a pamphlet rec5tly publi%$ at ,brem51  
:]e !re are  sev]al ( ^! manufactories1 
v>i\s infusions h ( late be5  prep>$ &  
l>gely sold1 "u ! "n ( 8,havanna br[n10 
8sap br[n10  & 8cond5s$ sauce40 ,all ^! 
prep>ations are n[ op5ly adv]tis$1  &   
directions giv5 = us+ !m4 ,none ( ^!    
infusions conta9  any?+ p>ticul>ly      
injuri\s1 mo/ ( !m consi/+ ( br[n       
vegetable dyes2 nev]!less1 !y enable !  
manufactur] to give to  cig>s made ( old
 & fad$ leaves ! appe>ance ( good       
,havannah  cig>s4 ,a ,g]man pap] /ates t
 if a piece ( :ite blott+ pap]1         
saturat$ ) dilut$ sal ammoniac1 is pass$
 a few times lightly ov]  ! cig>1 !     
col\r+ matt]1 if any has be5 us$1 w come
 (f on  x1 :]eas ! natural br[n ( !     
tobacco leaf w rema94    ,tobacco       

,adult]ation4----,! popul> belief t bad 
cig>s are made (  cabbage leaves is n   
ju/ifi$ by ! la/ (ficial report on      
tobacco  adult]ation4 ,?is docum5t      
conta9s a tabulat$ acc\nt ( ! seizures  
( spuri\s tobacco made 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom
 s9ce #ahfd2 & 9 !  :ole pap] !re is no 
m5tion :atev] ( ! mu*-suspect$          
vegetable4  ,its place 9 ! black li/ is 
suppli$ by a v>iety ( +r$i5ts l>ge      
en\gh to rejoice ! he>t ( any memb] ( ! 
,anti-,tobacco ,league4 ,!  di%one/     
deal] 9 ?+s smokeable is %[n by ! report
 to make use (  ?ree diff]5t sorts (    
mat]ials besides t :i* he pr(esses to   
employ4 ,! fir/ sort is requir$ = !     
actual sub/ance ( ! cig>2  ! second =   
improv+ its outw>d appe>ance2 & ! ?ird =
  imp>t+ to x :at is suppos$ to be a    
bett] ta/e4 ,9 ! =m]  category !        
fav\rite sub/ances seem to be ! leaves (
 ! lime tree1  ! husks ( :eat & oats1   
cotton1 y>n1 & tonqu9 bean4 ,b !re are  
num]\s cases :]e ! +r$i5ts h be5 mu* m  
curi\sly  select$1 & h includ$ cocoa-nut

 fibre1 small se$s1 cotton1 wood1  &    
bread4 ,at "o e/abli%m5t #ej lbs4 (     
#8tobacco du/' 7 f\nd &  analys$1 :5 x 0
 %[n to conta9 /r+1 wood1 nails1 gr9d+s 
(  tobacco-pipe1 dirt1 & all sorts (    
refuse4 ,ano!r l>ge class (  mat]ials is
 app>5tly us$ = secur+ ! adhesion &     
consi/5cy (  ! cig> :5 made4 ,among/ ^! 
/>* is ! mo/ prom95t2 b x  includes gum 
& amid9e1 blue1 gum ,arabic1 glue1      
glyc]91 & ess5tial  oils4 ,! col\r ( !  
fabrication is ! next ?+ to be att5d$   
to1  & = ?is purpose resort is _h to    
yell[ o*re1 r$ s&alwood1  logwood1      
lampblack1 & ,v5etian r$4 ,z = ! flav\r 
( ! cig>1 x  is v>i$ to suit ! mo/      
div]se ta/es2 b ! usual object seems to 
be to imp>t to x a pleas+ sweetness (   
tone4 ,accord+ly sac*>9e  matt]1 &      
especially treacle1 is v l>gely press$  
into ! s]vice4  ,= ^? :o l a r m decid$ 
ta/e1 liquorice1 salt1 logwood1  glyc]91
 & anise$ are us$4 ,x is 9 ,dubl9 :]e ! 
latt]  +r$i5t is mo/ fa%ionable1 :ile   
,ed9burgh is fonde/ ( treacle &  sug>1 &

 ,ea/ ,london is addict$ to liquorice4  
7#8,pall ,mall ,gazette4'7    ,tobacco1 
,briti%4 ,syn4 ,,h]b ,,tobacco2         
,,tabacum ,,anglicum1 ,,species         
,,/]nutori1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( ?yme1    
m>joram1 & hyssop1 ( ea* #b  oz42 betony
 & eyebright1 #c oz42 rosem>y & lav5d]1 
( ea* #d oz42  coltsfoot1 #a lb42 mix1  
press !m toge!r1 & cut ! mass 9         
imitation  ( manufactur$ =eign tobacco4 
,"s a/hmatic subjects add #e or #f oz4 (
  /ramonium or ?orn-apple leaves2 & o!rs
 add #a_/b lb4 ( g5u9e  tobacco4        
,tobacco1 ,indian4 ,see ,,lobelia4      
,,tod,,dy4 ,obta9$ f v>i\s species (    
palms1 by cutt+ (f ! end  ( ! fl[]+ bud1
 & collect+ ! sap4 ,us$1 fre%1 z a cool+
  bev]age2 &1 aft] f]m5tation1 z an     
intoxicat+ "o4 ,sweet5$ grog  is s call$
 9 ,cornwall1 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 
,,t(,,fy4 ,syn4 ,,ev]ton ,,t(fy4 ,a     
sweetmeat prep>$ by heat+ br[n  sug>1 9 
a saucepan or skillet1 ) ab\t "o half   
its weight ( fre%  butt]1 = #ae to #bj  
m9utes1 or until a #8little ( x dropp$  

into cold  wat] =ms a lump t breaks     
crisply1' x is !n p\r$ into a little    
butt]$ t9 m\ld4    ,,tom,,bac4 ,an alloy
 consi/+ ( copp]1 #af lbs42 t91 #a lb42 
z9c1 #a lb4  ,r$ tombac is compos$ (    
copp]1 #aj lbs42 z9c1 #a lb4            
,,ton,,ics4 ,m$ic9es t increase ! tone (
 ! muscul> fibre1 &  imp>t vig\r to !   
sy/em4    ,,ton,,qu9 ,,rem$y4 ,syn4     
,,pulvis ,,trun*95sis1 ,p4              
,,alexiph>micus  ,,s95sis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f
 val]ian1 #bj gr42 musk1 #af gr42       
camphor1 #f gr42  mix4 ,antispasmodic & 
alexit]ial1 9 doses ( #f to #ab gr41 9  
hoop+-c\gh1 c42 #a dr41 9 hydrophobia1  
exan!mata1 & mania4    ,,too?,,a*e4     
,syn4 ,,odontalgia1 ,l4 ,?is annoy+     
affection frequ5tly  arises f sympa?y ) 
a disord]$ /oma*4 ,9 su* cases a sal9e  
purgative %\ld be adm9i/]$1 & an emetic1
 if requir$4 ,:5 cold is  ! cause1 an   
excell5t rem$y is a hot embrocation (   
poppy-heads1  foll[$ by ! use ( flannel 
& diaphoretics4 ,:5 x arises f a  holl[ 
or decay$ too?1 ! be/ application is a  

piece ( l9t moi/5$  ) creasote1 or a    
/rong spiritu\s solution ( creasote1 &  
closely  ramm$ into ! cavity ( ! too?4  
,laudanum1 ! ess5tial oils (  cloves1   
c>away1 & cajeput1 & ess5ce or t9cture (
 pellitory (  ,spa91 are also us$ 9 !   
same way4 ,to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( !    
latt] k9d ( too?a*e1 ! cavity %\ld be   
fill$ ) an amalgam (  gold1 or ) m9]al  
m>moratum1 or "s o!r good cem5t4 ,9 _m  
cases1 *ew+ a piece ( good g+]1 or1 /ill
 bett]1 a small piece (  pellitory1 w   
af=d relief 9 a few m9utes4 ,! celebrat$
 ,john ,wesley  recomm5d$ a #8few :iffs'
 at a pipe conta9+ a little c>away se$  
mix$ ) ! tobacco4 ,a slight #8%ock' f a 
voltaic batt]y w (t5  in/antly remove ! 
too?a*e aft] all o!r means h fail$4 ,see
  ,,drops1 ,,ess5ce1 ,,t9cture1 c4      
,,too? ,,cem5ts4 ,see ,,d5ti/ry4        
,obs4 ,x is absolutely necess>y =       
success t ! tee? be well  clean$ out1 & 
wip$ dry1 be=e apply+ any ( ! above     
/opp+s or  cem5ts4    ,,to,,paz4 ,see   
,,gems4    ,,tor,,m5til4 ,syn4          

,,torm5till ,,radix2 ,,tormantilla 7,ph4
 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,!  root or rhizome (   
,pot5tilla ,torm5tilla1 ,x is a/r+5t &  
febrifuge1 )\t be+ /imulant4----,dose1  
#bj to #fj gr42 9 agues1  di>rha1 c42   
also1 =m]ly1 9 syphilis4                
,,tortoise-,,%ell1 to ,poli%4 ,dip a s(t
 l95 rag into r\ge p[d]1 &  rub !       
tortoise-%ell ) x1 & f9i% (f ) ! h&4    
,tortoise-%ell combs w n lose _! poli%  
if !y are rubb$ )  ! h&1 aft] removal f 
! hair4    ,,t\*-,,ne$les4 ,see         
,,assay+4    ,,t\*-,,wood4 ,see ,,amad\4
    ,,t\s-,,les-,,mois4 ,! fecula ( !   
roots ( ,canna edulis 7,ph4 ,d472       
int5d$ z a sub/itute = arr[-root4 ,to ! 
nak$ eye1 x closely  resembles ! f9e/   
quality ( potato-/>*1 b "u ! microscope 
its granules are f\nd to be oblong1     
oval1 ) a conc5tric /ructure1  & l>g]   
?an ^? ( ! potato tub]4    ,illu/ration3
 ,microscopic appe>ance ( ,t\s-les-mois4
    ,,toxicol,,ogy4 ,see ,,poison4      
,,trag,,acan?4 ,see ,,gum4              
,,transpa,,r5cies4 ,wat]-col\r pictures 

on pap]1 l951 or calico1 if  execut$ 9  
non-opaque or glaz+ col\rs1 may be      
conv]t$ into  transp>5cies by simply    
bru%+ ov] _! backs ) ,canada balsam1    
?9n$ d[n1 :5 necess>y1 ) a little oil ( 
turp5t9e4 ,= co>se  "w1 boil$ oil may be
 employ$4    ,,traps1 ,,h\se4 ,) few    
exceptions1 ! endless v>ieties ( traps  
adv]tis$ = h\se-dra9s are all           
modifications ( ! old] =ms (  ! syphon1 
! midfea!r & ! ball-trap4 ,! syphon trap
 consi/s (  a b5t tube ) a deep curve1 9
 :i* ! wat] lies & acts z an  hydraulic 
valve4    ,! foll[+ conditions are      
ess5tial = its prop] action4 ,! curve   
mu/ be ( su* a dep? z to ensure a height
 ( n less ?an #c_/d in* (  wat] always  
/&+ above ! highe/ level ( ! wat] 9 !   
curve4  ,! outlet pipe atta*$ to ! trap 
%\ld n be too small nor h too  sudd5 a  
fall z x leaves ! trap1 o!rwise :5      
#8runn+ full' (  wat]1 all ! wat] w be  
suck$ out ( x by ! pipe beyond1 ow+ to  
! too n>r[ bore & too p]p5dicul>        
incl9ation ( ?is latt]4    ,! midfea!r  

trap consi/s ( a r\nd or squ>e box or   
receptacle1 into  ! upp] "p ( :i*1 on "o
 side1 an inlet pipe dis*>ges1 :il/ at  
a correspond+ height on ! opposite side 
!re is an outlet pipe4 ,!  upp] "p ( !  
box is divid$ by a p>tition1 :i* dips at
 lea/ #c_/d  in* bel[ ! surface ( !     
wat]1 always /&+ 9 ! receptacle1 at  !  
level ( ! outlet pipe4 ,! pr9ciple1     
!re=e1 ( ! midfea!r  is simil> to !     
syphon trap4 ,! receptacle is s arrang$ 
t any  heavy sub/ances collect$ at !    
bottom c f "t to "t be remov$4  ,a      
useful v>iety ( ! midfea!r is #8,dean's 
pat5t dra9-trap1'  manufactur$ by       
,edw>ds1 ( ,ruabon4    ,! ball-trap is n
 9 v g5]al use4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !    
dra9 is  trapp$ by means ( a holl[ ball1
 :i* rises ) ! wat] 9 ! dra9  until x is
 c>ri$ aga9/ & closes an orifice4    ,! 
common ball-trap is /at$ to be          
ineffici5t & unsatisfactory4 ,!         
facility ) :i* x c be remov$ or plac$   
out ( ge> (t5 leads1  9 ! h&s ( c>eless 
s]vants1 to ! untrapp+ ( ! dra9         

altoge!r4 ,a good description ( common  
s9k trap is ,antel & ,lock's1  %[n 9 !  
accompany+ engrav+1 :i* expla9s itself4 
,illu/ration    ,among/ ! circum/ances t
 impair ! effici5cy ( h\se-traps may be 
includ$ ! neglect to all[ ! passage (   
wat] ?r\gh !m  suffici5tly (t51 & ) =ce 
en\gh to flu% & cleanse ! trap1  & r5ew 
! wat] 9 x4 ,! results are1 t ! wat]    
becomes  saturat$ ) sewage exhalations1 
:i* escape into & contam9ate !  air 9 ! 
h\se2 & t ! trap becomes ei!r dry or    
*ok$ up4    ,ano!r cont+5cy to :i*      
h\se-traps are expos$ :5 ! dra9s are    
made to =m a cont9u\s & disconnect$     
sy/em ) ! sew]s1 is t  ( ! wat] be+     
suck$ out ( ! trap1 ow+ to ! comb9$     
effect (  ! pressure ( sew] air & !     
aspirat+ p[] ( ! h\se1 into  :i* !      
sew]-gas w\ld !n pass un*eck$4    ,9 our
 articles ,,dra9age & ,,s9ks1 we h po9t$
 out ! p]il  atta*+ to ! intimate       
connection betwe5 ! h\se-dra9s & sew]s1 
& giv5 9 ! =m] practical directions =   
its avoidance4    ,to re/ 9 ! belief t !

 dang] c be remov$ 7al?\gh ! risk  may  
be slightly dim9i%$7 by ! use ( traps   
alone1 is to ent]ta9 a  v false s5se (  
security4    ,,traumat,,ic ,,balsam4    
,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo9 is kn[n by ?is 
"n4  ,see ,,t9cture4    ,,traumat,,ic9e4
 ,?is article1 z manufactur$ by ! ,gutta
 ,p]*a  ,company1 is simply a solution (
 :ite & dry unmanufactur$ gutta p]*a  9 
bisulphuret ( c>bon4 ,a small portion   
dropp$ on a w\nd1 or raw  surface1 almo/
 in/antly =ms a pliable1 wat]pro(1 &    
air-tight  def5sive cov]+ to ! "p4 ,!   
only objection to ! prep>ation is  !    
fetid od\r ( ! m5/ruum1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is  
lo/ 9 a few  seconds1 or may be obviat$ 
by employ+ *lor(orm z ! solv5t4         
,,trea,,cle4 ,syn4 ,,molasses2 ,,!riaca 
7,b4 ,p471 ,,!riaca1 ,,sac*>i ,f,x 7,ph4
  ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,! viscid1 br[n1       
uncry/allisable syrup :i* dra9s f  moi/ 
sug> dur+ its =mation 7molasses71 & f ! 
sug>-ref9+  m\lds 7sug>-h\se molasses74 
,! la/1 accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 has        
g5]ally ! sp4 gr4 #ad1 & conta9s ab\t   

#ge ( solid matt]4    ,treacle is m     
laxative ?an sug>1 & always conta9s m or
 less free  acid4 ,x is us$ z !         
vehiculum 9 "s ( ! pill-masses ( ! ,ph4 
,l4  ,see ,,sug>4    ,treacle1 ,g]man4  
,syn4 ,,!riaca ,,g]mani1 ,l4 ,an        
evaporat$ infusion or  decoction (      
junip] b]ries4 ,x is sweet-ta/$1        
aromatic1 & diuretic4    ,treacle1      
,v5ice4 ,syn4 ,,london ,,treacle2       
,,!riaca1 ,t4 ,,&ro*i1 ,l4 ,!  !riaca ( 
! ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf consi/s ( #fa +r$i5ts1 
& conta9s #a gr4  ( opium 9 #ge gr42 t (
 ! ,p>is ,codex consi/s ( #gb +r$i5ts1  
& conta9s #a gr4 ( opium 9 #gb gr42 t ( 
! ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd consi/s (  #aj +r$i5ts1
 & conta9s #a gr4 ( opium 9 e #ajj gr4  
,x is  prep>$ z foll[s3----,take (      
s]p5t>y root1 #f oz42 val]ian &         
contray]va roots1 ( ea* #d oz42 aromatic
 p[d]1 #c oz42 guaiacum res91  ca/or1 & 
nutmeg1 ( ea* #b oz42 saffron & opium   
7dissolv$ 9 a  little w9e71 ( ea* #a    
oz42 cl>ifi$ honey1 #ge oz42 r$uce all !
 dry  +r$i5ts to f9e p[d]1 !n mix !m4 ,!

 confections or electu>ies  ( cate*u &  
opium are ! repres5tatives ( ! above    
polyph>mic  comp\nds 9 ! mod]n ,briti%  
,ph>macopias4    ,,tri-1 ,,tris-4 ,see  
,,nom5clature4    ,,tribasic ,,phosphate
 ,,( ,,lime4 ,syn4 ,,tricalcic          
,,phosphate4  7,ca#c7,,po#d7b47         
,tricalcic phosphate occurs ne>ly pure 9
 !  m9]al kn[n z ,,osleolite4 ,see      
,,calcium ,,phosphate = its artificial  
prep>ation4    ,,trime?ylam9e4 ,syn4    
,,trime?ylia4                           
,,*#c     ,c#c;,h#i,n1 or  ,,*#c  n4    
,,*#c     ,an ammonia f\nd 9 l>ge       
quantities 9 ! roe ( ! h]r+4 ,x also    
occurs 9 putrefy+ fl\r & ur9e1 & is !   
+r$i5t :i* gives to  ! ,*5opodium       
vulv>ia its peculi> & disagreeable od\r4
 ,x may  also be obta9$ by di/ill+ ergot
 ( rye ) cau/ic pota%4  ,trime?ylia is a
 volatile fluid1 ) a v pung5t &         
unpleasant fi%y  smell4 ,x boils at ab\t
 #da ,f4 ,x is metam]ic ) propylam9e4   
,,tripe4 ,?is is ! paun*1 or fir/       
portion ( ! rum9ant /oma* (  ! ox4 ,x is

 nutriti\s & easy ( dige/ion1 except :5 
v fat4  ,le!by gives ! foll[+ z its     
composition3      ,nitrog5\s matt]      
#acb    ,fat                  #afd      
,sal9e matt]         #bd    ,wat]       
#fhj                       ------------ 
#ajjj    ,tripe1 ,fri$ 9 ,batt]4 8,tripe
 is cut into pieces ab\t ?ree in*es     
squ>e1 & dipp$ into a batt] made ( six  
ounces ( fl\r1 "o  tablespoonful ( oil1 
or "o ounce ( butt]1 & half a p9t (     
tepid  wat]4 ,mix ! oil ) ! fl\r1 add ! 
wat] by degrees1 :ip !  :ites ( two eggs
 to a /iff fro?1 /ir into ! batt]1 dip !
 tripe  91 ?r[ x into a saucepan ( boil+
 fat1 let x fry ?ree or f\r  m9utes1    
take x out1 & dra940#bdj    ,footnote   
#bdj3 ,tegetmei]'s #8,s*ol>'s ,h&book ( 
,cook]y1 c41' ,macmillan   ,co4         
,,trip,,oli4 ,syn4 ,,rott5 ,,/one2      
,,alana1 ,,t]ra ,,c>iosa1 ,l4 ,a m9]al  
employ$ z a poli%+ p[d]1 orig9ally      
import$ f ,tripoli1 9  ,b>b>y4 ,x       
consi/s almo/ entirely ( silica1 & is   
compos$ ( !  skeletons ( m9ute          

infusoria1 ! precise "* ( :i* is readily
  di/+ui%able "u ! microscope4          
,,tris,,mus4 ,see ,,tetanus4            
,,tritura,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,tritura1       
,,trituratio1 ,l4 ,! act ( rubb+ a solid
  body to p[d]4 ,see ,,pulv]isation4    
,,tro,,*es4 ,see ,,loz5ges4             
,,tro,,na4 ,a native c>bonate ( soda1   
f\nd on ! banks ( ! soda-lakes  (       
,sok5a1 9 ,africa4    ,,troph,,azome4 ,a
 conc5trat$ infusion ( m9c$ lean meat   
mix$ ) !  fluid obta9$ f ! residuum aft]
 be+ heat$ = #bj m9utes 9 a  wat] ba?1 &
 flav\r$ ) salt & spices1 ! :ole be+1   
la/ly1  simm]$ = a few m9utes4 ,excell5t
 = convalesc5ts4    ,,tr\t4 ,! ,salmo   
furio ( ,l9nu1 a highly-e/eem$ fi%1 f\nd
 9  mo/ ( ! riv]s & lakes ( ?is c\ntry4 
,o!r memb]s ( ! g5us  salmo are also s  
call$1 z1 ,s4 eriox1 ! bull or grey     
tr\t2 ,s4  f]ox1 ! great grey or lake   
tr\t2 ,s4 trutta1 ! salmon tr\t1 c4     
,all ( ^! v>ieties are 9 ! f9e/         
condition f ! end ( ,may to  late 9     
,septemb]4    ,! tr\t conta9s ab\t #f p]

 c5t4 ( fat4 ,x is desirable to cook ?is
  fi% z soon z conv5i5t aft] tak+ x4    
,,truss+4 ,?is is a well-kn[n op]ation  
p]=m$ on p\ltry or game  previ\s to _!  
be+ roa/$ or boil$4 ,x simply consi/s 9 
draw+  or remov+ ! inte/9es & o!r       
objectionable p>ts4 ,9 do+ ?is1  c>e mu/
 be tak5 to avoid ruptur+ ! gall-vessel1
 :i*1 if brok51  w\ld imp>t a v bitt]   
flav\r to ! p\ltry1 c41 extremely       
difficult ( removal4    ,! cook %\ld    
nev] take = grant$ t p\ltry or game1 :5 
x comes  f ! deal]1 has be5 ?or\ghly    
cleans$ inside1 out1 9 ord] to be  safe 
9 ?is matt]1 %\ld always make a po9t (  
cleans+ x h]self4    ,,tuluole4 ,syn4   
,,tuluol2 ,,b5zo5e 7,c#g;,h#h47 ,"o ( ! 
hydroc>bons  homolog\s ) b5zol1 ) :i* x 
occurs associat$ ) xylol &  isocumole1 9
 ! light oil obta9$ f ! di/illation (   
coal t>4 ,x  is also "o ( ! products (  
di/illation ( balsam ( ,tolu1 & w\ld    
seem to be id5tical ) ! ret9ap?a obta9$ 
by ,pelleti] &  ,walt] f ! di/illation (
 ros94 ,if oxidis$ by means ( *romic    

acid x yields b5zoic acid4 ,its boil+   
po9t is #bcj ,f41 & its sp4 gr4  #jhg4  
,,tum\rs4 ,tum\rs1 ( :i* !re are a great
 v>iety1 are abnormal  gr[?s1 occurr+ 9 
diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,sir ,jas4 ,paget
  describes !m z belong+ to ! class (   
ov]gr[?s or hyp]trophies1  _! mo/       
con/ant di/9ctive *>act]s be+----#a4 ,_!
 deviations1  bo? 9 respect to size &   
%ape1 f ! normal type ( ! body 9  :i* !y
 are f\nd4 #b4 ,_! app>5tly inh]5t p[] &
 me?od (  gr[?4 #c4 ,_! developm5t &    
gr[? be+ indep5d5t ( ^? ( !  re/ ( !    
body1 & cont9u+ ) no evid5t purpose1 :5 
! re/ (  ! body is only be+ ma9ta9$ 9   
its normal type4    ,tum\rs are divid$  
by pa?ologi/s into malignant & innoc5t  
or  b5ign4    ,9 ! =m] division is      
includ$ canc]4 ,! mo/ common v>ieties   
belong+ to ! second division are        
cutane\s cy/s1 fatty tum\rs1  &         
fibro-cellul> tum\rs4 ,cutane\s cy/s1   
:i* may occur "u any  "p ( ! sk91 are   
mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 ! scalp4 ,!y mo/ly
  arise f 8! morbid gr[? ( natural ducts

 or follicles1 or by !  enorm\s gr[? (  
elem5t>y /ructures1 :i* increase f ! =m 
(  cells or nuclei1 & become clos$ sacs 
) organis$ walls capable (  produc+ o!r 
gr[?s40#bda    ,footnote #bda3          
#8,*amb]s' ,cyclopdia4'    ,! mo/       
commonly occurr+ tum\r is ! fatty "o4 ,x
 usually develops  itself on ! bodies ( 
p]sons ( f =ty to fifty ye>s ( age4 ,x  
seldom occasions inconv5i5ce1 & appe>s  
to be 9 no way prejudicial to  heal?2   
occasionally1 h[ev]1 ^! tum\rs are v    
unsightly &  unpleasant to look ^u4 ,!  
fat ( :i* !y are compos$ appe>s to      
diff] 9 no respect f ord9>y human fat4  
,! ut]us is ! pr9cipal  seat ( !        
fibro-cellul> tum\r4 ,x occurs also 9 ! 
scrotum1 !  bones & ! subcutane\s       
tissue4 ,^! tum\rs sometimes atta9 great
  size1 & gr[ v rapidly4 ,!y are        
sometimes met ) exce$+ #dj lbs4  9      
weight4 ,c]ta9 polypi belong to ?is     
class ( tum\r4    ,a pseudo tum\r is    
occasionally met )9 surgical practice1  
:i* may  (t5 be mi/ak5 = a real "o1 by !

 unw>y or inexp]i5c$  practition]4 ,?is1
 :i* is kn[n z a phantom tum\r1 appe>s  
to be  caus$ by muscul> contraction4    
,sir ,jas4 ,paget1 writ+ on ?is subject1
  says3 8,! abdom9al muscles ( hy/]ical 
wom5 are mo/ (t5 affect$1  sometimes )  
int5tional fraud4 ,! imitation ( a tum\r
 may be s  close z to require great tact
 = its detection2 b *lor(orm1 by  relax+
 ! muscles1 dissipates ! swell+4        
,occasionally ! app>5t  tum\rs move4    
,,tung,,/54 ,w4 ,syn4 ,,tung/5um4       
,,wolframium1 ,l4 ,a heavy1 grey1       
brittle  metal1 discov]$ by ,delhuy>t4  
,! ^w tung/51 9 ,sw$i%1 signifies       
#8heavy /one' 7tung-/571  ! "n be+      
appli$ to ! elem5t because ! s\rce f :i*
 x is  obta9$ is a heavy m9]al call$    
,wolfram4 ,wolfram may be reg>d$ z a    
v>iable d\ble tung/ate ( iron &         
manganese1 & ! tung/5 occurs  9 ?is4 ,a 
native tung/ate ( copp] has be5 discov]$
 9 ,*ili4  ,tung/5 is also f\nd 9 !     
m9]al s*eelite1 a tung/ate ( lime4  ,f  
?is latt] comp\nd x may be procur$ by   

dige/+ f9ely-p[d]$  s*eelite 9          
hydro*loric acid4 ,*loride ( calcium is 
=m$1 toge!r  ) insoluble tung/ic acid4  
,^u heat+ ! acid to bright r$ness 9 a   
/ream ( hydrog5 gas1 ! metal is left    
beh9d4 ,:5 ?us procur$ x is  ( a        
d>k-grey col\r1 b "u ! burni%] x may be 
made to assume a  metallic lu/re4       
,metallic tung/5 may also be obta9$ by !
 r$uction  ( tung/ic acid1 by means (   
*>coal at a :ite heat4 ,:5 procur$ by   
?is me?od x is unaffect$ by hydro*loric 
or dilut$ sulphuric acid1  al?\gh x     
becomes reconv]t$ into tung/ic by !     
action ( nitric  acid4    ,:5 tung/5    
occurs 9 ! pulv]ul5t =m1 x burns easily 
into  tung/ic anhydride1 :5 heat$ 9 !   
air2 & is oxidis$ & dissolv$  :5 boil$ )
 ! cau/ic alkalies or _! c>bonates 9    
solution4 ,an  alloy1 possess$ ( extreme
 h>dness1 may be procur$ :5 tung/5 is   
comb9$ ) /eel1 9 ! proportion ( #a "p ( 
tung/5 to #aj p>ts  ( /eel4    ,!re are 
two kn[n oxides ( tung/51 viz4 a dioxide
 7,,wo#b7 & a  trioxide 7,,wo#c74       

,accord+ to ,whl] !re is a ?ird oxide1  
hav+ !  composition 7,,wo#b,,wo#c74     
,dioxide1 or ,b9oxide ( ,tung/54        
7,,wo#b47 ,?is is an indiff]5t  oxide1 &
 is obta9$ by treat+ tung/ic acid )     
hydrog5 at a l[  r$ heat4 ,x occurs z a 
br[n p[d]1 :i* absorbs oxyg5 gre$ily f  
! air1 & is dissolv$ by boil+ ) solution
 ( cau/ic pota%1  hydrog5 be+ evolv$ &  
potassium tung/ate be+ =m$4    ,trioxide
 ( ,tung/54 7,,wo#c47 ,syn4 ,,tung/ic   
,,anhydride4 ,?is may be  obta9$ by     
decompos+ wolfram ) aqua regia1 &       
evaporat+ to  dryness4 ,! result+       
tung/ic acid is dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 & ! 
ammonic tung/ate purifi$ by             
cry/allisation4 ,:5 ?is ammonic tung/ate
  is heat$ 9 ! air1 x loses ammonia &   
wat]1 pure tung/ic trioxide  be+ left   
beh9d4    ,tung/ic ,acid4 7,h#b,,wo#d47 
,?is comp\nd may be procur$ by add+ an  
excess ( hydro*loric acid to a boil+    
solution ( ! trioxide 9 any  ( !        
alkalies4 ,x occurs z a yell[ p[d]4     
,tung/ic ,*loride4 7,w,cl#f47 ,?is may  

be obta9$ by heat+ tung/5  9 *lor9e1 :5 
x sublimes 9 bronze-col\r$ ne$les1 :i*  
are  decompos$ by wat]4 ,:5 g5tly heat$ 
9 hydrog51 ?is *loride becomes  conv]t$ 
into tetra*loride 7,w,cl#d74            
,bisulphide ( ,tung/54 7,,ws#b47 ,by    
heat+ a mixture ( bitung/ate (  pota% ) 
sulphur1 & wa%+ ! product ) hot wat]1 a 
black  cry/all9e sub/ance1 hav+ ! above 
composition1 may be obta9$1  resembl+   
plumbago 9 appe>ance4    ,( ! salts (   
tung/51 tung/ate ( b>yta has be5 us$ z a
  sub/itute = :ite lead 9 pa9t+2 b ! mo/
 important ( ^! is  ! tung/ate ( soda1  
describ$ bel[4 ,see also ,,tung/ic      
,,glue4    ,,tung/ate ,,( ,,sodium4     
,na#b,,wo#d4 ,?is salt is us$ = r5d]+   
l951 cotton1 & o!r fabrics un9flammable2
 also z a sub/itute =  /annate ( sodium 
z a mordant 9 dye+4 ,x may be prep>$ by 
add+ #i  p>ts ( f9ely-p[d]$ tung/5 to #h
 p>ts ( fus$ c>bonate ( sodium1  &      
cont9u+ ! heat = "s "t2 on boil+ ! cool$
 &  pulv]is$ mass ) wat]1 evaporat+ !   
filtrate to dryness1 &  treat+ ! residue

 ) luke-w>m wat]1 ! salt dissolves out4 
,musl9  /eep$ 9 a #bj solution ( ?is    
salt is p]fectly un9flammable :5  dry1 &
 ! sal9e film left ^u its surface is s  
smoo? t !  musl9 may be iron$ )\t       
difficulty4    ,,tung/ic ,,glue4        
,tung/ic glue has be5 sugge/$ z a       
sub/itute = h>d  india rubb]1 z x c be  
us$ = all ! purposes to :i* ?is latt]   
is appli$4 ,x is ?us prep>$3----,mix    
toge!r a ?ick solution ( glue  )        
tung/ate ( soda & hydro*loric acid4 ,a  
comp\nd ( tung/ic acid  & glue is       
precipitat$1 :i*1 at a temp]ature ( #hf 
to #ajd ,f41 is  suffici5tly ela/ic to  
be drawn out into v ?9 %eets4    ,,tunny
 ,,fi%1 a la ,p>isi5ne4 ,z a rule tunny 
fi% is v indige/ible1  & may be describ$
 z 8nei!r fi%1 fle%1 f[l1 nor good r$   
h]r+20  nev]!less1 "s ( our read]s may  
come across ?is fi%1 & w be  glad to he>
 ( a way 9 :i* to make x palatable &    
dige/ible4 ,take  ?ree or f\r p\nds (   
fre% tunny fi%1 l>d x ) bacon z y w\ld  
veal2 cook x g5tly 9 its own gravy =    

?ree h\rs1 ) salt1 pepp]1  sweet h]bs1  
little onions1 & a small quantity (     
wat]4 ,:5 well  cook$1 tunny fi% makes a
 nice di% cold = breakfa/4              
,,tur,,bot4 ,! ,rhombus maximus         
7,cuvi]71 said to be ! be/1 &  except+ !
 halibut1 ! l>ge/ ( our flat fi%es4     
,dut* turbots are  ! mo/ e/eem$4        
,composition ( ! turbot3      ,nitrog5\s
 matt]    #aha p] c5t4    ,fat          
#bi    0    ,sal9e matt]          #aj   
0    ,wat]                 #ghj    0    
------------                            
#ajjj    ,,tur,,key4 ,see ,,p\ltry4     
,,tur,,m]ic4 ,syn4 ,,curcuma 7,ph4 ,l4  
,d471 ,l4 ,! rhizome ( ,curcuma  longa4 
,! be/ is import$ f ,ceylon4 ,x is      
/imulant & c>m9ative1  b is *iefly us$ 9
 dye+ yell[1 & z an +r$i5t 9 curry      
p[d]2 also z a te/ = alkalies4 ,x gives 
a fugitive gold5 yell[  ) wold1 & an    
orange t+e to sc>let4 ,x dies wool &    
silk1  mordant$ ) common salt1 or sal   
ammoniac1 a fugitive yell[4----,dose1   
#aj to #cj gr4 ,see ,,curcum9e4         

,composition ( an av]age sample (       
,curcuma longa3      ,wat]              
#adbdi    ,curcum9                      
#aajjj    ,turm]ic                      
#abjge    ,volatile oil                 
#ajjj    ,gum                           
#haac    ,/>*                           
#cfbg    ,extractive                    
#cchh    ,woody fibre                   
#dfedh    ,a%1 includ$ 9 above weights  
#edfc                                   
----------------                        
#ajjjjj    ,"u ! microscope turm]ic     
pres5ts a v *>act]i/ic /ructure1  viz4  
8a cellul> tissue conta9+ l>ge1 loose1  
yell[ cells1 ) "h  & !re small1 b v     
di/9ct1 />* granules1 simil> 9 %ape &   
size to ^? ( ,curcuma arr[root1 & "s    
woody fibre & dott$  ducts4 ,! yell[    
granul> cells c readily be id5tifi$     
:5ev] !y  occur4#bdb    ,footnote #bdb3 
,dr ,w9t] ,bly?4    ,,turnbull',s       
,,blue4 ,syn4 ,,f]ricyanide ,,( ,,iron2 
,,f]ri ,,f]ricyanidum1 ,l4  ,prep4      
,precipitate a solution ( protosulphate 

( iron ) ano!r (  r$ prussiate ( pota%  
7f]ricyanide ( potassium47    ,obs4 ,?is
 is a v>iety ( ,prussian blue1 rem>kable
 = its beautiful  col\r1 & may be       
di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y ,prussian blue (    
comm]ce by its action on ! yell[        
prussiate ( pota%4 ,:5 boil$ 9 a        
solution ( ! latt] x is decompos$1 a    
portion is dissolv$1 & a  grey residue  
rema9s4    ,,turn]',s ,,yell[4 ,see     
,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4    ,,turnip4 ,!      
,brassica napus4 ,?is vegetable         
possesses b little  nutritive value1 z w
 be inf]r$ f ! annex$ description ( its 
composition giv5 by ,le!by3             
,nitrog5\s matt]    #ab    ,/>*         
#ea    ,sug>                 #ba        
,salt                  #jf    ,wat]     
#iaj                       ------------ 
#ajjj    ,turnips %\ld always be        
?or\ghly cook$1 o!rwise !y are v liable 
to produce indige/ion4    ,,turn,,sole4 
,see ,,litmus4    ,,tur,,p5t9e4 ,syn4   
,,turp5t92 ,,t]eb9?9a4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  
,d471 ,l4 8,an  oleo-res9 fl[+ f !      

trunk1 ! b>k be+ remov$1 ( ,p9us        
palu/ris 7pit* or swamp p9e7 & ,p9us    
,tda 7loblolly or old field  p9e740     
7,ph4 ,l47 8,f ,p9us sylve/ris 7! ,scot*
 fir740 7,ph4 ,d47  8,f v>i\s species ( 
,p9us & ,abies40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,x is       
viscid1 (  ! consi/5ce ( honey1 &       
transp>5t2 by di/illation x is resolv$  
into oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* passes ov] into
 ! receiv]2 & into  res91 :i* rema9s 9 !
 /ill4    ,turp5t9e1 ,bordeaux4 ,syn4   
,,fr5* ,,turp5t9e4 ,f ! ,p9us  m>itima1 
or clu/] p9e4 ,solidifies ) magnesia4   
7,l9dley47    ,turp5t9e1 ,*ian4 ,syn4   
,,*io ,,turp5t9e1 ,,cyprus ,t41 ,,scio  
,t42  ,,t]eb9?9a ,,*ia 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 
,l4 8,an oleo-res9 fl[+ f !  incis$     
trunk ( ,pi/a*ia t]eb9?us0 7,l9n474     
7,ph4 ,l47 ,x is pale1  aromatic1       
fragrant1 & has a w>m ta/e1 devoid (    
acrimony or  bitt]ness4 ,x is mu*       
adult]at$4 ,a factiti\s article         
7t]eb9?9a  ,*ia factitia71 made z       
foll[s1 is also v g5]ally sold =        
x3----,black res91 #g lbs42 melt1 remove

 ! heat1 & /ir 9 ( balsam (  ,canada1 #g
 lbs42 oils ( f5nel & junip]1 ( ea* #a  
fl4 dr4    ,turp5t9e1 ,v5ice4 ,syn4     
,,t]eb9?9a ,,v5eta 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4      
,liquid  res9\s exudation f ! ,abies    
,l>ix1 or l>* tree4 ,x is sweet]  & less
 res9\s-ta/$ ?an common turp5t9e1 b is  
n[ sc>cely ev]  met ) 9 trade4 ,t ( !   
%ops is :olly a factiti\s article1 made 
z foll[s3----,black res91 #dh lbs42     
melt1 remove ! heat1 & add ( oil  (     
turp5t9e1 #b galls4    ,,tur,,pe?       
,,m9]al4 ,basic sulphate ( m]cury4      
,,turret ,,( ,,*e/nuts4 ,a #8,turret (  
,*e/nuts' 7,t\relle de ,m>rons7 is  ! "n
 ( a mo/ too?some di%4 ,take r ov] two  
p\nds (  *e/nuts1 peel1 & cook !m 9     
wat]1 ) a p9* ( salt !re91  !n put !m1  
:il/ hot1 into a col&]4 ,beat into a    
pa/e1 ) a  little milk1 sug>1 & vanille4
 ,put ! mixture into a m\ld 9 ! =m  ( a 
turret1 ab\t an in* ?ick2 :5 q firm1 op5
 ! m\ld & turn  out ! cont5ts c>efully1 
glaze ) syrup4 ,fill ! middle )  :ipp$  
cream1 flav\r$ ) *ocolate or vanille4   

,,tur,,tle4 ,syn4 ,,gre5 ,,turtle4 ,!   
,te/uda midas 7,l9n471 a *elonian       
reptile1 highly e/eem$ = its fle%1 eggs1
 & fat4    ,,tussila,,g4 ,see           
,,coltsfoot4    ,,tu,,t5ag4 ,a "n       
sometimes appli$ to ,g]man silv]2 at    
o!rs1 to pale  brass & bell metal4 8,9  
,india z9c sometimes goes "u ?is "n40   
7,br&e47    ,,tut,,ty4 ,syn4 ,,tutia1   
,,tu?ia1 ,,impure ,,oxide ,,( ,,z9c4 ,! 
sublimate t  collects 9 ! *imneys ( !   
furnaces 9 :i* ! ores ( z9c are  smelt+4
 ,dry+2 a/r+5t4 ,us$ 9 eye-wat]s &      
o9tm5ts4    ,,type ,,metal4 ,an alloy   
=m$ ( antimony1 #a "p2 lead1 #c p>ts2   
melt$  toge!r4 ,small types are usually 
made ( a h>d] composition ?an l>ge      
ones4 ,a good /]eotype metal is said to 
be made ( lead1 #i p>ts2  antimony1 #b  
p>ts2 bismu?1 #a "p4 ,?is alloy exp&s z 
x cools1 &1  consequ5tly1 br+s out a f9e
 impression4    ,,typhoid ,,fev]4 ,syn4 
,,ga/ric ,,fev]1 ,,ent]ic or ,,inte/9al 
,,fev]1 ,,l[  ,,fev]1 ,,common ,,cont9u$
 ,,fev]1 ,,infantile ,,remitt5t1        

,,endemic ,,fev]1  ,,py?og5ic ,,fev]4   
,al?\gh ! t]m #8typhoid' expresses !    
fact t ?is  p>ticul> =m ( fev] resembles
 typhus1 ! rese>*es ( lat]  pa?ologi/s1 
includ+ ,p]ry1 ,lomb>d1 ,/ew>t1 & ,j5n]1
 h  satisfactorily demon/rat$ t ! two   
diseases are altoge!r di/9ct4           
8,typhus & typhoid fev]s diff]10 says   
,sir ,?omas ,watson1 8notably &         
con/antly 9 _! symptoms & c\rse1 9 _!   
duration1 9 _!  comp>ative fatality1 9 !
 sup]ficial m>k+s :i* respectively      
belong to !m1 & :i* w>rant our class+ !m
 among ! exan!mata1  9 ! int]nal organic
 *anges ) :i* !y are sev]ally att5d$1  &
 7:at is ! mo/ important & ! mo/        
conclusive7 9 _! excit+  causes40       
,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !     
,fr5* practition]s1  aft] sev]al        
po/-mortem exam9ations1 7 ! fir/ to po9t
 out t  ! specifically di/+ui%+ feature 
( ?is disease 0 an int]nal  exan!ma4    
,?is sali5t *>act]i/ic1 c\pl$ ) ! highly
 infecti\s  nature ( typhoid fev]1 h    
caus$ x to be def9$ by pa?ologi/s z  8a 

contagi\s eruptive fev] occurr+ on !    
muc\s membrane ( !  inte/9es1 & !re=e   
remov$ f view40    ,! morbid appe>ance  
pres5t$ by ! inte/9al muc\s membrane1   
v>ies  ) ! "t t elapses betwe5 ! p]iod (
 seizure & dea?4 ,if !  pati5t dies )9 !
 week1 ! follicles on ! membrane pres5t 
a  ?ick5$ appe>ance1 & are rais$ above  
x1 :il/ !y are se5 to be  fill$ ) a     
yell[i%1 *eesy-look+ sub/ance4 ,! result
 ( ^!  details is to give ! b[els !     
appe>ance ( be+ cov]$ )  pu/ules4    ,:5
 dea? has occurr$ at a lat] p]iod       
ulc]ation m or less  ext5sive has be5   
obs]v$ to h set 94    ,! influ5ce ( age 
9 pr$ispos+ to typhoid fev] is =cibly   
illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ table extract$ f   
,dr ,walt] ,bly?'s  #8,diction>y (      
,practical ,hygine'3       ,ye>s    (   
,age4         ,p] c5t4      ,"u #e      
#jih    ,f  #e  to  #i     #idd     0   
#aj  0  #ad    #ahaf     0   #ae  0  #ai
    #bfhf     0   #bj  0  #bd    #aifi  
0   #be  0  #bi    #ajae     0   #cj  0 
#cd     #ecf     0   #ce  0  #ci        

#cdj     0   #dj  0  #dd     #bji     0 
#de  0  #di     #ajh     0   #ej  0  #ed
     #jfj     0   #ee  0  #ei     #jcc  
0   #fj  0  #fd     #jcc     0   #fe  0 
#fi     #jjh     0   #gj  0  #gi        
#acc    ,dr ,mur*ison ass]ts t ^? "u    
?irty are m ?an f\r times z  liable to  
be attack$ by typhoid fev] z p]sons ov] 
t age4 ,!  practical be>+ ( ! above     
figures is obvi\s4 ,typhoid pati5ts %\ld
  only be nurs$ by ! middle ag$4    ,!  
season ( ! ye> also ex]cises an influ5ce
 ov] ! developm5t  & spread ( ?is       
disease4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries x prevails ) ! 
greate/ viol5ce1 & is mo/ g5]al1 9      
,autumn1 & mu* m  frequ5tly foll[s a v  
hot & dry summ] ?an a damp "o4 ,! c>ri]s
  ( ! typhoid poison are ! alv9e &      
possibly ! cutane\s & o!r  excretions4  
,! disease may !re=e be convey$ by      
contact ) !  h&s or sk9 ( an infect$    
pati5t1 by 8 ur9e1 by 8 body l951 !  b$ 
clo!s1 or by dissem9ation f ^! into !   
surr\nd+ air4 ,b  ! mo/ f]tile &        
unque/ionable cause ( propagation is !  

contam9ation ( dr9k+ wat] by matt] d]iv$
 f ! fcal  dis*>ges ( typhoid pati5ts1  
:i* hav+ soak$ into ! soil f !  privy   
into :i* !y _h f\nd _! way1 filt]$ f    
!nce into a  neighb\r+ well1 or by means
 ( dra9s proce$+ f a privy or  cesspool1
 into a /ream4 ,we c easily und]/& t !  
disease :5  trac$ to potable wat]1 %\ld 
always assume s virul5t & frequ5tly     
fatal a "*4 ,! fev] poison is ?us       
directly convey$ into !  /oma*1 & h5ce  
easily rea*es ! inte/9es1 :5ce ! disease
  orig9ates4 ,?is w also acc\nt = ! v   
small quantity ( infect$  wat] :i* x has
 f\nd communicates ! disease4    ,!     
outbreak ( typhoid fev] 9 ,m>ylebone1 9 
#ahgd1 :i* attack$ "s  #ejj p]sons1 0   
trac$ to ! milk v5d$ by a c]ta9 company2
 ?is milk  hav+ be5 plac$ 9 cans t _h   
m]ely be5 wa%$ out & cool$ )  wat]      
obta9$ f a well into :i* x 0 discov]$ ! 
excreta f  a typhoid pati5t _h p]colat$ 
f an adjo9+ privy4 ,aft] !  /atem5t ( ^!
 facts1 ! ?or\gh & effici5t dis9fection 
( all  ! excretions1 imm$iately !y leave

 ! body ( ! pati5t1 z well z  ( 8 body &
 b$ l951 mattresses1 c41 & also ( ! sick
  ap>tm5t1 w be obvi\s4    ,! be/ me?od 
( effect+ ?is w be to foll[ !           
in/ructions giv5  by ,dr ,william ,budd1
 = ! prev5tion ( ! propagation ( ?is    
disease1  :i* are z foll[s3    8,! means
 by :i* typhoid fev] may be prev5t$ f   
spread+ are v  simple1 v sure1 & _! co/1
 next to no?+4    8,!y are f\nd$ on !   
discov]y t ! poison by :i* ?is fev]     
spreads is almo/ entirely conta9$ 9 !   
dis*>ges f ! b[els4    8,^! dis*>ges    
infect 7#a7 ! air ( ! sick room2 7#b7 ! 
b$ &  body l95 ( ! pati5t2 7#c7 privy & 
! cesspool1 or ! dra9s  proce$+ f !m4   
8,9 ^! v>i\s ways1 includ+ !            
contam9ation ( dr9k+ wat]1  already     
describ$1 ! infection proce$+ f ! b[el  
dis*>ges  (t5 spreads ! fev] f> & wide4 
,! "o great ?+ to aim at1  !re=e1 is to 
dis9fect ^! dis*>ges on _! v escape f ! 
body1 & be=e !y are c>ri$ f ! sickroom4 
,?is may be p]fectly  done by ! use (   
dis9fectants4 ,"o ( ! be/ is made ( gre5

  copp]as4    8,?is sub/ance1 :i* is us$
 by all %oemak]s1 is v *eap1 & may  be  
_h ev]y:]e4 ,a p\nd & a half ( gre5     
copp]as to a gallon (  wat] is ! prop]  
/r5g?4 ,a teacupful ( ?is liquid put    
into !  night-pan e "t be=e x is us$ by 
! pati5t r5d]s ! b[el  dis*>ge p]fectly 
h>mless4 ,"o "p ( ,calv]t's liquid      
c>bolic acid  9 fifty p>ts ( wat] is    
equally efficaci\s4    8,to dis9fect !  
b$ & body l951 & b$d+ g5]ally1 *loride (
  lime1 or ,macd\gal's1 or ,calv]t's    
p[d] is m conv5i5t4    8,^! p[d]s %\ld  
be spr9kl$ by means ( a common dr$g] on 
soil$  spots on ! l951 & ab\t ! room to 
purify ! air4    8,all articles ( b$ &  
body l95 %\ld be plung$1 imm$iately on  
_! removal f ! b$1 into a bucket ( wat] 
conta9+ a  tablespoonful ( *loride (    
lime1 or ,macd\gal's or ,calv]t's p[d]1 
&  %\ld be boil$ be=e be+ wa%$2 a y>d ( 
?9 :ite gutta p]*a1  plac$ b5ea? !      
blanket1 "u ! bree* ( ! pati5t1 by      
effectually prev5t+ ! dis*>ges f soak+  
into ! b$ is a great  additional        

safegu>d4 ,! privy or closet1 & all     
dra9s communicat+  ) x1 %\ld be flu%$   
twice daily ) ! gre5 copp]as liquid1 or 
) c>bolic acid dilut$ ) wat]4#bdc       
,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,,sporokton4    8,9
 t[ns & villages :]e ! fev] is already  
preval5t1 ! la/  rule %\ld be put 9 =ce 
= all ! h\ses1 :e!r !re be fev] 9  !m or
 n1 & = all public dra9s4    8,9 ! ev5t 
( dea?1 ! body %\ld be plac$ z soon z   
possible 9 a  c(f9 spr9kl$ )            
dis9fectants4 ,e>ly burial is on all    
acc\nts  desirable4    8,z ! h&s ( ^?   
att5d+ on ! sick (t5 become unavoidably 
soil$ by ! dis*>ges f ! b[els1 !y %\ld  
be frequ5tly  wa%$4    8,! sick room    
%\ld be kept well v5tilat$ day & night4 
8,! greate/ possible c>e %\ld be tak5 ) 
reg>d to ! dr9k+  wat]4 ,:5 !re is !    
slighte/ risk ( its hav+ become ta9t$ ) 
fev] poison1 wat] %\ld be got f a pure  
s\rce1 or %\ld at lea/  be boil$ be=e   
be+ drunk4    8,imm$iately aft] !       
illness is ov]1 :e!r end+ 9 dea? or     
recov]y1 ! dresses worn by ! nurses %\ld

 be wa%$ or de/roy$1  & ! b$ & room     
occupi$ by ! sick %\ld be ?or\ghly      
dis9fect$4 ,^! are gold5 rules4    8,:]e
 !y are neglect$ ! fev] may become a    
deadly sc\rge2 :]e  !y are /rictly c>ri$
 out x seldom spreads beyond ! p]son    
fir/  attack$40    ,no "p ( ! globe     
appe>s to be exempt f ! visitations (   
typhoid  fev]1 s9ce x occurs n only 9   
all ! old] c\ntries ( ,europe &  ,asia &
 ,africa1 b 9 ^? also includ$ 9 ! ,nor? 
& ,s\?  ,am]ican ,cont95ts1 z well z 9  
,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal&4  ,x
 w\ld appe> also to h prevail$ 9 !      
e>lie/ ages1 s9ce x is  evid5tly allud$ 
to 9 ! works ( ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 &   
o!rs4 ,lat]  writ]s1 includ+ ,syd5ham & 
,h(fman1 also con/antly ref] to x "u  a 
diff]5t "n4    ,pa?ologi/s diff] z to ! 
"t t ?is disease lies dormant 9 !  sy/em
 be=e develop+ itself4 ,"s practition]s 
cont5d t ! usual  p]iod is f t5 to      
f\rte5 days1 :il/ o!rs ?9k x is mu* less
  ?an ?is1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 t x may n  
exce$ "o or two days4    ,! late ,dr    

,mur*ison ent]ta9$ ! latt] op9ion4 ,!   
symptoms1 :5  !y %[ !mselves1 are z     
foll[s3----,an irritable condition ( !  
/oma*1 accompani$ by sickness or vomit+2
 pa91 ) m or less  t5d]ness1 ab\t !     
abdom52 sometimes ! pati5t suff]s f     
great  con/ipation1 at o!rs f di>rha2 he
 also exp]i5ces great  pro/ration (     
/r5g?1 has a feeble pulse1 & a br[n     
furr$ tongue2 he  is extremely re/less1 
& at night frequ5tly deliri\s2 ! l[]    
limbs  are frequ5tly cold2 he passes b  
little ur9e1 & t ( an (f5sive  smell2 ! 
/ools are d>k1 (f5sive1 & v frequ5tly   
bloody1 ?is  latt] be+ a v *>act]i/ic   
accompanim5t ( typhoid fev]4  ,ble$+ f !
 nose sometimes occurs4 ,! p]spiration  
has a s\r &  fetid od\r4 ,aft] sev5 or  
eight days1 small rose-col\r$ spots or  
pete*i make _! appe>ance on ! sk94      
,treatm5t4----,! abdom5 %\ld be lee*$1 &
 mu/>d p\ltices  appli$4 ,if n too      
pro/rat$1 ! pati5t %\ld be giv5 a hot   
ba?2  b if he be n suffici5tly /rong to 
v5ture ^u ?is1 ablution ( !  :ole ( !   

body ) hot wat] & soap %\ld be _h       
rec\rse to1 !  op]ation be+ p]=m$ by    
means ei!r ( a sponge or a flannel4     
,an eff]vesc+ draught1 consi/+ ( tw5ty  
gra9s ( c>bonate (  ammonia1 dissolv$ 9 
wat]1 to :i* a tablespoonful (          
lemon-juice  %\ld be add$1 ought to be  
adm9i/]$1 & drunk :il/ eff]vesc+1  e    
?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ ( 
beef tea1 nutriti\s  bro?1 milk1 & eggs4
    ,! necessity ( ?or\gh v5tilation ( !
 pati5t's ap>tm5t1 toge!r  ) ! me?ods ( 
dis9fection ( ! bodily dis*>ges1 ! l951 
c41  h be5 already emphasis$ 9 !        
directions giv5 by ,dr ,budd = !        
prev5tion ( ! propagation ( ?is fev]4   
,x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to /ate t !      
outl9e ( treatm5t giv5  above is int5d$ 
only = adoption by ! emigrant1 or ( any 
"o s  un=tunately situat$ ) reg>d to    
locality z to be unable to secure  !    
s]vices ( a m$ical practition]4 ,:]e ^! 
are obta9able !  pati5t or 8 fri5ds %\ld
 use all spe$ 9 procur+ !m4             
,horses4----,horses are occasionally    

attack$ ) typhoid fev]1 !  symptoms (   
:i* be> a g5]al resemblance to ^? :i*   
*>act]ise  ! disease 9 ! human subject4 
,! appe>ances pres5t$ aft] dea?  are    
also v simil>1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lesions   
obs]vable 9 !  muc\s membrane ( !       
inte/9es4 ,z 9 man1 ! disease is greatly
  aggravat$ by insanit>y surr\nd+s &    
depress+ ext]nal ag5cies1  & by !       
animals p>tak+ ( wat] conta9+ decay+    
organic matt]s4    ,^u ! comm5cem5t ( ! 
attack give a few doses ( calomel or    
laudanum1 or ( t9cture ( aconite1 & if !
 b[els are co/ive two or  ?ree dra*ms ( 
aloes1 aft]w>ds keep+ up ! laxative     
effect by mild  cly/]s & ma%es4         
,aft]w>ds adm9i/]1 ?ree or f\r times a  
day1 a  dra*m ea* ( *lorate ( pota% &   
*loride ( ammonium1 add+ to  ^! an ounce
 ( oil ( turp5t9e or e!r1 or sweet _s ( 
nitre1 if  ! animal exhibit dulness or  
weakness4 ,if !re is t5d]ness or pa9    
ab\t ! abdom51 apply hot fom5tations    
con/antly1 & %\ld !re be  mu* flatul5ce 
give occasional dr5*es ( ammonia1       

c>bonate ( ammonia1  or :iskey & wat]4  
,! food ( ! animal mu/ be nutritive &   
g5]\s4 ,he %\ld be kept  9 a loose box1 
8 legs %\ld be b&ag$ 9 flannel1 & w>m   
rugs  %\ld envelop 8 body4 ,re/ & quiet 
are ess5tial4 ,dur+  convalesc5ce let   
him h small doses ( g5tian1 *loride (   
iron1 )  ale4#bdd    ,footnote #bdd3    
,f9lay ,dun4    ,,typhus ,,fev]4 ,?is   
fev] is kn[n "u v>i\s names1 su* z      
,,spott$  ,,typhus1 ,,jail ,,fev]1 ,,%ip
 ,,fev]1 ,,camp ,,fev]1 ,,milit>y       
,,fev]1 ,,iri% ,,ague1  ,,fam9e ,,fev]1 
,,bra9 ,,fev]1 ,,pe/il5tial ,,fev]1     
,,malignant ,,fev]1 ,,o*lotic  ,,fev]1  
,,typho-,,rubeoloid4    8#a4 ,typhus    
prevails = ! mo/ "p 9 great &           
wide-spread epidemics4    8#b4 ,!       
epidemics appe> dur+ seasons ( g5]al    
sc>city & wants1 or  amid/ h>d%ips &    
privations aris+ f local causes1 su* z  
w>f>e1 comm]cial failures1 & /rikes     
among ! lab\r+ population4  ,! /atem5t t
 !y always la/ = ?ree ye>s & !n subside 
is  errone\s4    8#c4 ,dur+ ! int]vals (

 epidemics1 sporadic cases ( typhus     
occur1  p>ticul>ly 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ! l>ge 
manufactur+ t[ns ( ,scotl&  & ,engl&4   
8#d4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! great epidemics (   
?is c\ntry h comm5c$ 9  ,irel&1 & spread
 !nce to ,brita91 appe>+ fir/ 9 ^? t[ns 
on  ! we/ coa/ ( ,brita9 :]e !re 0 !    
free/ int]c\rse )  ,irel&1 x is wrong to
 imag9e t all epidemics h comm5c$ 9     
,irel&1 or t typhus is a disease        
ess5tially ,iri%4 ,! disease  appe>s    
:]ev] circum/ances favorable to its     
developm5t are pres5t4    8#e4 ,9 _m    
epidemics typhus has be5 associat$ )    
relaps+ fev]1 &  ! relative proportion (
 ! two fev]s has v>i$ greatly4    8#f4  
,f ! e>lie/ times1 typhus has be5 reg>d$
 z a disease (  debility1 =bidd+        
depletion1 & dem&+ support & /imulation4
    8#g4 ,! *ief exception to ! la/     
/atem5t orig9at$ 9 ! errone\s  doctr9es 
taught 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 accord+
 to :i* !  disease 0 look$ ^u z         
symptomatic ( inflammation or conge/ion 
(  int]nal organs4    8#h4 ,! success   

believ$ at "o "t to foll[ ! practice (  
v5esection  0 only app>5t4 ,x 0 due to !
 practice1 = ! mo/ "p1 hav+  be5 resort$
 to 9 cases ( relaps+ fev] & acute      
inflammations1 &  to ! result hav+ be5  
comp>$ ) ^? ( ! treatm5t by  /imulation 
( ! mu* m mortal typhus4    8#i4 ,al?\gh
 typhus fev] v>ies 9 its sev]ity &      
duration at diff]5t  times1 & "u diff]5t
 circum/ances1 !re is no evid5ce ( any  
*ange 9 its type or ess5tial *>act]s4 ,!
 typhus ( mod]n times is  ! same z t    
describ$ by ,fraca/orius & ,cordames4 ,!
 p]iod dur+  :i* epidemic fev] 0 said to
 pres5t an inflammatory type 0 t 9  :i* 
relaps+ fev] 0 mo/ preval5t1 & ! times 9
 :i* ! type  has be5 describ$ z adynamic
 h be5 ^? 9 :i* relaps+ fev]  has be5   
sc>ce or abs5t40 7,mur*ison47    ,9 !   
article #8,typhoid fev]' x has be5 /at$ 
t its propagation 0  ma9ly due1 & _h be5
 v cle>ly trac$1 to ! dr9k+ ( wat]      
contam9at$ by ! alv9e dis*>ges ( typhoid
 pati5ts2 9 !  dissem9ation ( typhus1 on
 ! contr>y1 ! air 9 ! neighb\rhood (  ! 

infect$ p]son appe>s to be ! great m$ium
 = ! conveyance (  ! disease1 ! poison1 
x is conceiv$1 be+ dissem9at$ into !    
surr\nd+ atmosph]e f ! surface ( ! body 
or ! lungs ( !  pati5t1 or f ! clo?s1   
body l951 c41 worn & disc>d$ by him4    
,h5ce x is we f9d1 z we %\ld expect1 9 !
 pa/ no less ?an 9 !  pres5t1 t ! spread
 & degree ( virul5ce ( ! malady h always
  be5 associat$ ) ov]cr[d+ & bad        
v5tilation4 ,al?\gh among/  ! causes t  
pr$ispose & induce susceptibility to its
 attacks1 z  %[n above1 are pov]ty &    
consequ5t defici5cy ( food & clo?+1  &  
squalor1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t1 ) all  
^! unfavorable  conditions1 pati5ts may 
(t5 recov] f typhus provid$ !y are      
suppli$ ) a suffici5cy ( fre% air4    ,!
 fact t ( late ye>s typhus has r>ely    
visit$ ! inmates ( our  prisons1        
b>racks1 or %ops1 & t _! comp>ative     
immunity f x  has be5 co9cid5t ) improv$
 v5tilation & ! avoidance (  ov]cr[d+1 c
 lead to no o!r d$uction ?an t previ\s  
to ?is  re=m ^! sanit>y conditions 7    

altoge!r neglect$4 ,we may n>rate  "s ( 
^! outbreaks ( typhus t h tak5 place    
previ\s to !  application ( hygi5ic     
pr9ciples to ! treatm5t ( ! disease4    
,dur+  an assize held at ,cambridge 9   
#aebb1 ! disease :i* _h brok5 out       
among/ ! prison]s1 spread to ! ju/ices1 
! bailiffs1 & o!r  (fic]s1 z well z to  
_m p frequ5t+ ! c\rt-h\se1 ) !  result t
 _m ( ^? s seiz$ di$4    ,ano!r outbreak
 ( a v malignant "* occurr$ at ,exet] 9 
#aehf4  ,"s ,portuguese 7 captur$ at    
sea1 & 7! words ( ! old hi/orian  :o    
records ! fact cle>ly indicate ! cause (
 ! virul5t nature (  ! malady7 7 8ca/   
into ! deep pit & /9k+ dungeon40 ,:5    
br\ght into c\rt !y imp>t$ ! contagion  
to ^? ar\nd !m4 ,!  judge & elev5 out ( 
! twelve jurym5 :o 7 ?us attack$ di$1   
:il/ ! disease spread ?r\gh & deva/at$ !
 :ole c\ntry4    ,a f\r? case is record$
 by ,h[>d 8at ! ,l5t assizes 9 ,taunton 
9  #agcj4 ,"s prison]s :o 7 br\ght !re f
 ,ivil*e/] ,jail infect$  ! c\rt1 & ,"l 
,*ief ,b>on ,p5gelly1 ,sir ,james       

,%eph]d1 s]jeant1  ,john ,pigot1 ,esq41 
%]iff1 & "s hundr$s besides1 di$ ( !    
jail  di/emp]40    ,ano!r eruption1 :i* 
broke out dur+ an assize held at ! ,old 
,bailey  9 #agej1 result$ 9 !           
contraction ( ! disease by ! ,judge1 !  
,"l ,mayor1 & ! ,ald]man1 & caus$ ! dea?
 ( =ty p]sons :o  7 pres5t 9 ! close &  
n>r[ c\rt-h\se dur+ ! judicial          
proce$+s4 ,"o circum/ance record$ 9     
connection ) ?is la/ attack  ne$s no    
comm5t4 ,x is to ! effect t 8a hundr$   
prison]s 7 put  into two rooms measur+  
f\rte5 feet by elev5 feet1 & sev5 feet  
high40 ,! in/ances above quot$ expla9 :y
 x 0 ?is disease acquir$  ! "n ( jail   
fev]4    ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury six      
diff]5t epidemics ( typhus h brok5  out 
among/ ! convicts on bo>d ! ,t\lon      
,galleys4 ,!y occurr$ 9  #ahbj1 #ahbi1  
#ahcc1 #ahde1 #ahee1 & #ahef4 ,al?\gh ! 
above /atem5t (  facts indisputably     
po9ts to ! intimate connection exi/+    
betwe5 !  preval5ce & viol5t "* ( typhus
 & ov]cr[d+1 &  consequ5t contam9ation &

 vitiation ( ! air brea!d by ! pati5t1  
x is /ill a moot po9t ) pa?ologi/s :e!r 
! disease c be  g5]at$ de novo by ^!    
conditions1 or :e!r !y m]ely assi/ to   
dissem9ate & int5sify x4 ,dr ,p>kes1    
writ+ on ?is subject1  says3----8,)     
ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> k9d ( fev] 9      
,metz1 x may be  notic$ t an important  
argum5t aga9/ ! production ( exan!matic 
typhus f simple ov]cr[d+ has be5 drawn f
 ! exp]i5ce bo? (  ,metz & ,p>is4 ,9 bo?
 places dur+ ! sieges !re 0 ov]cr[d+1   
wret*$ness1 & fam9e1 p>ticul>ly at      
,metz2 yet1 z po9t$ out by  ,pr(essor   
,*auff>d to ! ,acadmie de ,mdic9e1 !re 0
 sc>cely any or  no typhus1 z !re _h be5
 9 ! w>s ( ! fir/ ,napoleon4 ,!re 0     
typhus 9 ! ,g]man besieg+ =ce1 b s /rict
 0 ! blockade t  x 0 n import$ into     
,metz1 & 0 n g5]at$ !re40#bde           
,footnote #bde3 ,bly?4    ,! mortality  
:i* has be5 caus$ 9 l>ge armies by !    
ravages (  typhus has be5 enorm\s4 ,dur+
 ! #8?irty ye>s' w>f>e t desolat$       
,g]many f #afai to #afdh1 innum]able    

soldi]s fell victims to x1 !  ,bav>ian  
army alone hav+ lo/ #bj1jjj m5 f ?is    
cause4 ,typhus also  committ$ appall+   
havoc among ! legions ( ! fir/          
,napoleon1 !  ,bav>ian cont+5t ( ! ,fr5*
 army 9 ! ,campaign 9 #ahab1 lo/  ne>ly 
#bf1jjj m5 f ?is cause2 :il/ 9 ,may5ce  
#be1jjj ( ,napoleon's  soldi]s 9 g>rison
 p]i%$ f ! same cause 9 six mon?s4 ,m   
lately1 viz4 dur+ ! ,crimean campaign 79
 #ahef71 typhus slew m ?an  #ag1jjj     
,fr5* soldi]s4    ,x frequ5tly infe/$ ! 
,g]man armies dur+ ! ,franco ,g]man w> (
  #ahfi-gj1 & committ$ great havoc bo?  
among/ ! ho/s ( ,russia &  ,turkey 9 !  
late w> betwe5 ^? c\ntries4    ,:5 we   
turn to ! civil population1 we f9d t    
typhus has be5 no  less ru?less1 & has  
sla9 its myriads ( ^! also4 ,conf9+ our 
att5tion to our own c\ntry1 we f9d x to 
h especially deva/at$  ,irel&1 :i* has  
suff]$ f no less ?an elev5 viol5t       
outbreaks (  typhus )9 ! la/ #acj ye>s4 
,9 "o ( ^! visitations1 viz4 t ( #ahdj1 
#hj1jjj p are  e/imat$ to h di$ f !     

disease4 ,! l>ge/ record$ epidemic (    
typhus )9 our isl&s dur+ ! pres5t c5tury
 0 t ( #ahdf4 ,x  ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! 
,briti% isl&s1 & ! numb] ( p]sons       
attack$ by x 7 ne>ly #a1djj1jjj1 out (  
:i* #a1jjj1jjj occurr$ 9  ,irel&4 8,!   
,iri% flock$ to ,engl& 9 ?\s&s1 br++ !  
pe/il5ce ) !m4 ,x !re=e 0 extremely     
preval5t 9 ,liv]pool1  no less ?an      
#aj1jjj p]sons dy+ ( typhus 9 t         
city40#bdf ,! late/  outbreaks 9 ,engl& 
h be5 9 #ahfb & #ahfi2 !y 7 pr9cipally  
conf9$ to ,london4    ,footnote #bdf3   
,bly?4    ,dr ,mur*ison says t #ad1jjj  
p]sons 7 admitt$ to ! ,london ,fev]     
,hospital dur+ ! two epidemics1 & t     
among/ !m a small numb]  only 7 ,iri%4  
,all ,european c\ntries1 z well z ,nor? 
,am]ica & "s p>ts ( ,asia1  suff] f !   
ravages ( ?is al>m+ disease4 ,africa1   
h[ev]1 z well  z ,au/ralia & ,new       
,zeal&1 are said to be exempt f x4      
,symptoms4----,! symptoms ( typhus are  
?us describ$ by ,dr  ,mur*ison3----8,m  
or less sudd5 invasion1 m>k$ by rigors  

or *ill9ess2  frequ5t compressible      
pulse2 tongue furr$1 & ultimately dry & 
br[n2  b[els 9 mo/ cases con/ipat$2 sk9 
w>m & dry2 a rubeloid ra%  appe>+ betwe5
 ! f\r? & sev5? days1 ! spots nev]      
appe>+  9 successive crops1 at fir/     
slightly elevat$1 & disappe>+ on        
pressure1 b aft] ! second day p]si/5t1 &
 (t5 becom+  conv]t$ into true pete*i2  
great & e>ly pro/ration2 heavy flu%$    
c\nt5ance2 inject$ conjunctiv2          
wakefulness & obtus5ess ( !  m5tal      
faculties1 foll[$1 at ! end ( ! fir/    
week1 by delirium1  :i* is sometimes    
acute & noisy1 b (t5] l[ & w&]+2  t5d5cy
 to /upor & coma1 tremors1 subsultus1 & 
involunt>y  evacuations1 ) contract$    
pupils4 ,duration ( ! fev] f t5 to      
tw5ty-"o days1 usually f\rte54 ,9 ! dead
 body no specific lesion1  b hyp]mia (  
all ! int]nal organs1 s(t5+ &           
dis9tegration (  ! he>t & volunt>y      
muscles1 hypo/atic conge/ion ( ! lungs1 
atrophy ( ! bra91 & dema ( ! pia mat]1  
are common40    ,treatm5t4----,! foll[+ 

rem>ks1 be>+ on ?is bran* ( !  subject1 
are sugge/$ = adoption by ! non-m$ical  
read]1 9 !  ev5t ( 8 be+ preclud$ by    
circum/ances f call+ 9 ! aid (  ! m$ical
 practition]4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to 
be obs]v$ are !  isolation ( ! pati5t & 
! ?or\gh v5tilation ( 8 ap>tm5t by  !   
cont9u\s admission into x ( fre% air )\t
 /9t or h9drance4  ,dr ,p>kes recomm5ds 
! pati5t to be put 9 ! top room ( ! h\se
 or  hospital1 s9ce !re is /rong evid5ce
 to %[ t ! contagi\s virus  is volatile 
& asc5ds ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4    ,! =ms ( 
dis9fection be/ suit$ = adoption 9 ?is  
disease1  toge!r ) ! me?od ( employ+ !m1
 w be f\nd fully describ$  9 ! article  
#8,,dis9fectants1'    ,! body ( ! pati5t
 %\ld also be frequ5tly spong$ )        
,condy's  fluid1 prop]ly dilut$1 or     
cov]$ ) olive oil1 to :i* has be5  add$ 
a small quantity ( c>bolic acid4    ,z  
int]nal rem$ies1 dilute hydro*loric or  
nitro-hydro*loric acids h  be5 highly   
comm5d$4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 9 l>ge doses1
 0 =m]ly  mu* employ$4    ,^! rem$ies   

may be supplem5t$ by ! use ( sal9e      
m$ic9es1  sudorifics1 & mod]ate         
purgatives4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ l>gely (
  milk & wat]1 beef tea1 bro?1 & su* l  
dige/ible & nutriti\s  food4            
,,udd]1 ,inflammation (4 ,syn4 ,,g>get  
,,mammitis4 ,among/ dome/ic  animals1   
c[s are ! mo/ frequ5tly subject to ?is  
affection4 ,x is  mo/ common among/ ^?  
c[s t h lately calv$ or h be5  ?or\ghly 
milk$4 ,heif]s & ev5 "y c[s t h nev] _h 
a calf1  h[ev]1 are n exempt f x1 &     
occasionally suff] f its attacks4  ,!   
inflammation v>ies 9 int5sity1 9 "s     
cases only %[+ itself 9  a dryness1     
t5s5ess1 heat & t5d]ness ( ! sk9 ( !    
udd]1 :il/  9 o!rs x is mu* m s]i\s1 &  
ext5ds to ! int]ior p>ts &  vessels2 9 !
 latt] case1 giv+ rise to h>d lumps     
among/ ! s(t]  texture ( ! udd]4        
,inflammation ( ! udd] appe>s to result 
f v>i\s  causes----indige/ion1 ov]      
driv+1 ! too long ret5tion ( ! milk 9  !
 udd]1 & cold2 x is also v frequ5tly    
associat$ ) murra91  rheumatism1 &      

swell+ ( ! jo9ts4    ,treatm5t4----,if !
 disease be con/itutional1 z indicat$ by
 !  sudd5ess ( ! attack1 ! be/ c\rse w  
be to adm9i/] at once a  good dose (    
,epsom or ,glaub] salts comb9$ ) a      
little g+]1 & to  give copi\s doses (   
nitre4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ?is treatm5t %\ld
 be  kept up = "s little "t by means (  
g5tle ap]i5ts1 & small]  doses ( nitre4 
,9 ! mild] =m ( inflammation1 viz4 9 t  
conf9$  to ! ext]ior ( ! udd]1 x w be   
be/ to h rec\rse to _s  lotions or      
refrig]ant applications1 su* z ice wat]1
 or a mixture (  *loride ( ammonium &   
nitre appli$ imm$iately aft] mix+ )     
wat]4 ,! udd] %\ld be kept con/antly    
cool by means ( ^!4 ,:5  ! inflammation 
is deep] seat$1 z evid5c$ by ! pres5ce (
 lumps  9 ! udd]1 ! cont9u\s application
 ( w>m wat] is advisable4  ,:e!r ! cold 
or hot treatm5t be indicat$1 x %\ld be  
dilig5tly  kept up = a day at lea/4 ,9 !
 adoption ( ei!r ! cold or hot  local   
rem$ies1 above specifi$1 !y %\ld be     
comb9$ ) "s means  ( support 7by ! ag5cy

 ( a prop] b&age7 to ! udd]4 ,x is also 
important to h ! milk remov$ e ?ree or  
f\r h\rs2 if !  milk+ op]ation cause    
pa91 a syphon %\ld be us$4 ,! h>d lumps 
w  be f\nd to disp]se be/ "u g5tle      
friction appli$ by ! h& twice  a day1 = 
an h\r ea* "t1 ! h& be+ previ\sly ano9t$
 )  l>d4 ,:5 ! surface pits or becomes  
s(t1 & v hot1 x may be  assum$ t        
suppuration has set 91 9 :i* case !     
conf9$ pus mu/  be lib]at$ by means ( ! 
lancet4    ,,ulc]at$ ,,sore ,,?roat4    
,?is =m ( sore ?roat1 9 :i* ulc]s       
develop  !mselves ^u ! tonsils1 is a v  
frequ5t accompanim5t (  sc>lat9a1       
syphilis1 & o!r diseases1 9 :i* cases to
 prescribe !  me?od ( treatm5t w\ld be  
beyond our prov9ce4 ,= ord9>y ulc]at$   
sore ?roat aris+ f cold1 *ronic         
inflammation ( ! "p1 or a l[  /ate (    
heal?1 ! be/ c\rse w be to g>gle ! ?roat
 f\r or five  times daily ) ei!r ( !    
foll[+ g>gles3 #a4 ,alum1 #cj gr42      
infusion ( rose1 #f oz4 #b4 ,sulphate ( 
z9c1 #cj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f  oz4 #c4 

,hydro*loric acid1 #a dr42 wat]1 #f oz4 
,%\ld ^! fail1 t\* !  ulc]s e morn+ ) a 
solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 conta9+ t5  
gra9s ( ! nitrate to an ounce ( di/ill$ 
wat]4    ,,ulc]s4 ,^! are op5 sores1    
mo/ly accompani$ by a dis*>ge ( pus1  or
 s]\s matt]4 ,!y diff] f ord9>y w\nds by
 ! edges %[+ no  disposition to unite4  
,:5 !y ext5d or deep51 x is by a process
 (  absorption2 :ile !y heal by         
granulation1 :]eby !y become fill$ up  )
 little granul> gr[?s ( fle%4 ,ulc]s may
 appe> on all p>ts (  ! body1 b !y mo/  
frequ5tly attack ! legs & arms4    ,9   
enfeebl$ /ates ( ! body1 w\nds1 boils1 &
 abscesses may  deg5]ate into ulc]s2 !y 
are also a consequ5ce ( enl>g$ or       
v>icose ve9s1 or ! result ( "s specific 
poison 9 ! sy/em4    ,ulc]s may be      
class$ into simple1 irritable1 indol5t1 
& specific4    ,treatm5t4----,:5 an     
ord9>y w\nd or sore %[s a dis9cl9ation  
to  heal1 b on ! contr>y1 ext5ds or     
deep5s1 x %\ld be p\ltic$ )  bread &    
wat] or l9se$ meal4 ,%\ld ^! rem$ies be 

ineffectual1 an  old fa%ion$ b useful   
"o1 viz4 a c>rot p\ltice1 may be appli$4
 ,:5  ! ulc]ation is irritable or       
pa9ful1 ! p\ltices may be supplem5t$  by
 ! frequ5t use ( a lotion consi/+ ( f\r 
p>ts ( wat] to "o  ( t9cture ( opium1 or
 ( a w>m decoction ( poppy heads appli$ 
by  means ( a l95 rag4 ,fill+ ! cavity )
 prep>$ *alk has be5  recomm5d$4    ,x  
sometimes happ5s t dur+ p\ltic+1 pr\d   
fle% may =m 9 an  ulc]4 ,:5 ?is is !    
case1 a little sug> 9 p[d] may be       
spr9kl$  ov] ! unheal?y excresc5ce1 or  
"s r$ precipitate o9tm5t be  appli$ to  
x4 ,tak+ c>e n to use too mu* ( ei!r4   
,:5 ! ulc]  has a bad or fetid od\r1 x  
%\ld be wa%$ ) a lotion compos$ (  "o "p
 ( solution ( *lor9at$ soda to sixte5   
p>ts ( wat]2 or x  may be spr9kl$ ov] ) 
*>coal p[d]2 or ) a mixture ( />*  &    
salicylic acid4 ,! be/ application to   
bad smell+ ulc]s caus$ by  v>icose ve9s 
is a lotion consi/+ ( nitric acid       
consid]ably dilut$  ) wat]4 ,directions 
are giv5 = ! treatm5t ( v>icose ve9s1   

"u ,,v>ix1 fur!r on4 ,if ! ve9s be      
ulc]at$1 ! ulc]s %\ld be  dress$ )      
acetate ( lead o9tm5t previ\s to !      
application ( !  b&age4 ,v irritable    
ulc]s are (t5 greatly reliev$ by ! g5tle
  application to !m ( lun> cau/ic1 &    
indol5t ones by dress+ )  yell[         
basilicon o9tm5t1 or by ! judici\s use (
 black wa%4 ,!  g5]al heal? %\ld be     
att5d$ to by ! adm9i/ration ( tonics    
consi/+ ( ! m9]al acids1 g5tle ap]i5ts1 
& a dige/ible &  n\ri%+ diet4 ,small    
ulc]s on ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? or on 
! gums may be made to disappe> in/antly 
^u t\*+ !m ) a  piece ( lun> cau/ic4    
,:]e any difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 !     
heal+  ( an ulc]1 or if x be at all ( a 
s]i\s nature1 ! m$ical  practition] %\ld
 be consult$4    ,,ul,,m91 ,,ulmic      
,,acid4 ,by boil+ sug> 9 dilute         
sulphuric acid = a long  "t1 a          
br[ni%-black sub/ance is produc$4       
,b\llay & ,malaguti /ate  t ?is is a    
mixture ( two di/9ct bodies----ulm9     
7sac*ulm9----,liebig7  & ulmic acid     

7sac*ulmic acid----,liebig74 ,! fir/ is 
insoluble 9  solutions ( ! alkalies2 !  
latt] dissolves 9 !m freely4 ,a numb]  (
 black uncry/allisable sub/ances1       
produc$ by ! action ( p[]ful  *emical   
ag5ts ^u vegetable matt]1 h be5 conf\nd$
 "u ^!  names4    ,,ultram>9e4 ,syn4    
,,lapis-,,lazuli ,,blue1 ,,ultram>9e    
,b42 ,c,,ruleum  ,,ultramontanum1 ,l4   
,?is beautiful pigm5t is obta9$ f ! blue
 m9]al  azure /one1 lazulite1 or lapis  
lazuli1 ! f9e/ specim5s ( :i* are       
br\ght f ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 & ,great ,bu*>ia4
    ,prep4 ,pure lapis lazuli 7r$uc$ to 
fragm5ts ab\t ! size ( a pea1  & !      
col\rless pieces reject$71 #a lb41 is   
heat$ to r$ness1 qu5*$  9 wat]1 & gr\nd 
to an impalpable p[d]2 to ?is is add$1 (
 yell[  res91 #f oz42 turp5t9e1 beeswax1
 & l9se$ oil1 ( ea* #b oz42  previ\sly  
melt$ toge!r2 ! :ole is next made into a
 mass1 :i* is  knead$ 9 successive      
portions ( w>m wat]1 z long z x col\rs x
  blue2 f ^! x is deposit$ on repose1 & 
is !n collect$1 well  wa%$ ) clean wat]1

 dri$1 & sort$ accord+ to its qualities4
 ,!  fir/ wat]1 :i* is usually dirty1 is
 ?r[n away2 ! second gives a  blue ( !  
fir/ quality2 & ! ?ird1 & foll[+ ones1  
yield  samples ( less value4 ,! process 
is f\nd$ on ! prop]ty :i* !  col\r+     
matt] ( azure-/one has ( adh]+ less     
firmly to !  res9\s cem5t ?an ! =eign   
matt] ) :i* x is associat$4 ,:5         
azure-/one has its col\r alt]$ by a     
mod]ate heat1 x is reckon$ bad  or      
factiti\s4    ,obs4 ,ultram>9e is ! mo/ 
co/ly1 b at ! same "t ! mo/  spl5did &  
p]man5t1 ( our blue pigm5ts1 & works    
well 9 oil4    ,ultram>9e1 ,artificial4 
,syn4 ,,azure ,,blue1 ,,meissn]         
,,ultram>9e1 ,,p>is  ,b41 ,,vi5na ,b42  
,c,,ruleum ,,ultramontanum ,,factitium1 
,l4 ,f ! rese>*es (  ,clem5t1 ,desormes1
 & ,robiquet1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ! col\r
 (  ultram>9e dep5ds on ! pres5ce (     
sulphuret ( sodium 9 a peculi>  /ate (  
comb9ation ) ! silicates ( soda &       
alum9a2 b1  accord+ to ,elsn] &         
,tirnmon1 a m9ute quantity ( sulphuret (

 iron is  also an ess5tial +r$i5t4 ,x is
 by heat+ mixtures ( ?is k9d t  !       
artificial ultram>9e ( comm]ce is       
prep>$4 ,! f9] specim5s1  ?us obta9$1   
are q equal 9 durability & beauty (     
col\r to ^?  prep>$ f lazulite1 :ile !y 
are v mu* less exp5sive4    ,prep4 #a4  
,kaol91 #cg p>ts2 sulphate ( soda1 #ae2 
c>bonate ( soda1 #bb2  sulphur1 #ah2    
*>coal1 #h2 intimately mix$ & heat$ f   
#bd to #cj h\rs1  9 l>ge crucibles2 !   
product is !n heat$ aga9 9 ca/-iron     
boxes1  at a mod]ate temp]ature1 till ! 
requir$ t9t is obta9$2 x is1  f9ally1   
pulv]is$1 wa%$1 & dri$4    #b4 7,gmel947
 ,sulphur1 #b p>ts2 dry c>bonate ( soda1
 #a "p2 mix well2  gradually heat !m 9 a
 cov]$ crucible to r$ness1 or till !    
mixture  fuses1 !n spr9kle 91 by        
degrees1 ano!r mixture ( silicate ( soda
  & #8alum9ate ( soda' 7conta9+ #gb p>ts
 ( silica & #gj p>ts (  alum9a71 &      
cont9ue ! heat = an h\r4 ,! product     
conta9s a little  free sulphur1 :i* may 
be sep>at$ by wat]4    #c4 7,robiquet47 

,by expos+ to a l[ r$ heat1 9 a cov]$   
crucible1 z  long z fumes are giv5 (f1 a
 mixture ( pure kaol91 #b p>ts2 anhydr\s
  c>bonate ( soda & sulphur1 ( ea* #c   
p>ts4 ,"s manufactur]s :o  adopt ?is    
process use #a-crd less c>bonate ( soda4
    #d4 7,tirnmon47 ,take ( cry/allis$  
c>bonate ( soda1 #ajge gr42 apply a     
g5tle heat1 &1 :5 fus$ 9 its wat] (     
cry/allisation1 %ake 9 (  f9ely pulv]is$
 orpim5t1 #e gr41 &1 :5 p>tly decompos$1
 add z  mu* gelat9\s hydrate ( alum9a z 
conta9s #g gr4 ( anhydr\s  alum9a2 f9ely
 sift$ clay1 #ajj gr41 & fl[]s (        
sulphur1 #bba gr41 are  next to be add$1
 & ! :ole plac$ 9 a cov]$ crucible1 & at
 fir/  g5tly heat$1 to drive (f ! wat]2 
b z soon z ?is is effect$1  rais$ to    
r$ness1 ! heat be+ s regulat$ t !       
+r$i5ts only  #8s9t]' toge!r1 )\t       
actually fus+2 ! mass is !n to be cool$1
  f9ely pulv]is$1 susp5d$ 9 riv] wat]1 &
 br\ght ^u a filt]2  ! product has n[ a 
v beautiful delicate gre5 or blui%      
col\r1 b  on be+ heat$ 9 a cov]$ di%1 & 

/irr$ ab\t f "t to "t1  until !         
temp]ature rea*es t ( dull r$ness1 at   
:i* x mu/ be  kept = #a or #b h\rs1 x   
*anges to a ri* blue4 ,if ! heat ( !    
fir/  calc9ation has be5 prop]ly        
regulat$1 ! :ole ( ! mass tak5 f  !     
crucible w h uni=m col\r2 b if too      
little heat has be5  us$1 & ! +r$i5ts h 
n be5 prop]ly mix$1 !re w be  col\rless 
p>ts1 :i* %\ld be reject$2 if too mu*   
heat has be5  us$1 or ! mass all[$ to   
fuse1 br[n p>ts w appe>1 especially if  
! crucible is ( a bad k9d1 or easily    
de/roy$2 ^! mu/ also be  reject$4       
7#8,compt4 ,r5d41' #ahdb47    ,ultram>9e
 ,a%es4 ,syn4 ,,saund]',s ,,blue4       
,obta9$ f ! res9\s  mass f mak+         
ultram>9e1 by melt+ x ) fre% oil1 &     
knead+  x 9 wat] conta9+ a little pota% 
or soda2 or1 by burn+ away !  wax & oil 
( ! mass & well gr9d+ & wa%+ ! residue )
  wat]4 ,v p]man5t1 b mu* less brilliant
 ?an ultram>9e4    ,ultram>9e1          
,cobaltic4 ,syn4 ,,*9ese ,,blue1        
,,cobalt ,b41 ,,l\isa ,b41  ,h,,ffn]',s 

,b41 ,,?,,n>d',s ,b4 ,a v ri* blue      
pigm5t1 ) _m synonymes1  prep>$ by sl[ly
 dry+ & heat+ to dull r$ness a mixture (
 fre%ly  precipitat$ alum9a 7fre$ f wat]
 z mu* z possible71 #h to #aj  p>ts2    
ars5iate or phosphate ( cobalt1 #a "p4  
,by daylight x is ( a  pure blue1 b by  
artificial light ! col\r turns on !     
violet4 ,=  o!r =mul see ,,blue         
,,pigm5ts4    ,u,,pas4 ,! ,javan "n =   
sev]al deadly poisons4 #8,bohun upas' is
 a  gum-res9 obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! ,anti>is
 toxic>ia4 7,see  ,,anti>9e47 ,! #8upas 
tieut' is obta9$ f ! ,/ry*nos ,tieut1 & 
owes its fatal p[] to /ry*n9e4 ,!y are  
bo? us$ to poison arr[s  & o!r deadly   
weapons4    ,,ura,,nium4 ,u4 ,a r>e     
metal1 discov]$ by ,klapro? 9 #aghi4 ,x 
occurs 9  ! pit*bl5de ( ,saxony1 & !    
uranite ( ,cornwall4 ,! *ief oxides  (  
uranium are ! protoxide & ! sesquioxide1
 or uranic oxide4    ,uranic ,oxide     
7,u#b,o#c7 may be obta9$ 9 ! anhydr\s   
/ate by  heat+ ! hydrat$ sesquioxide to 
a temp]ature ( #egb ,fahr4 ,!           

sesquioxide is capable ( act+ bo? z an  
acid & a base4 ,! uranic  salts are     
yell[4    ,uran\s ,oxide4 7,,uo47 ,?is  
may be procur$ by ignit+ uranium oxalate
 9  a clos$ vessel1 or 9 a /ream (      
hydrog5 gas4 ,acids are )\t action  ^u  
?is oxide4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is obta9$ z an 
hydrate 7:i* x may  be by treatm5t ( its
 *loride ) ammonia7 ?is latt] is easily 
act$  ^u by acids1 & gives rise to salts
 hav+ a gre5 col\r1 :i*  rapidly absorb 
oxyg54 ,peligot propos$ to call ?is     
oxide ,uranyl 7,,uo471  f ! t5d5cy x %[$
 to foll[ ! deportm5t ( a metal :5 x    
comb9$ ) elem5t>y bodies4    ,*lorides (
 ,uranium4 ,uranium =ms two *lorides1   
,u#b;,cl#c &  ,u,cl#b4    ,uses4 ,its   
ores & oxides are occasionally us$ to   
col\r glass &  enamels4    ,u,,rates4   
,salts ( uric acid4    ,u,,rea4         
,,coh#d,n#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyanate ,,(        
,,ammonium 7,anomal\s74 ,a  cry/all9e1  
col\rless1 transp>5t sub/ance1 discov]$ 
by ,f\rcroy &  ,vauquel9 9 ur9e1 & by   
,whl] z ! fir/ organic comp\nd          

artificially produc$4    ,urea g5]ally  
occurs 9 sl5d]1 /riat$1 col\rless       
prisms1 z %[n on  next page4 ,x is      
slightly deliquesc5t4 ,x has a neutral  
reaction & a  bitt]i% ta/e4 ,x is       
extremely soluble 9 wat] & 9 hot        
alcohol1 b  v slightly s 9 e!r4 ,at ab\t
 #bdh ,fahr4 x melts4 ,at a little      
high] temp]ature x becomes decompos$    
into ammonia1 c>bonate1 cyanate  (      
ammonium1 & cyanuric acid2 ?is latt] be+
 left 9 ! retort4    ,! ammoniacal od\r 
acquir$ by ur9e aft] a few days is due  
to !  conv]sion ( ! urea into c>bonate (
 ammonia1 z %[n by !  foll[+ equation3  
,urea4        ,wat]4    ,c>b4 ,ammonia4 
,,*#d,,on#b  #b;,h#b,o                  
7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c4    ,?is *ange is      
effect$ by ! mucus ( ! bladd] pres5t 9 !
 ur9e4  ,a solution ( pure urea may be  
kept at ord9>y temp]ature1 or ev5       
boil$1 )\t und]go+ alt]ation4    ,urea  
occurs z an ess5tial compon5t ( ! ur9e (
 man & animals1  be+ m p>ticul>ly       
abundant 9 ! ur9>y excretion ( !        

fle%-eat+ mammalia2 nor is x altoge!r   
abs5t f ! ur9e ( birds  & amphibia4     
,accord+ to ,bis*(f & ,voit1 urea is !  
result ( tissue  metamorphosis4 ,!      
great] numb] ( inquir]s1 h[ev]1 hold an 
opposite  op9ion1 & believe t x is d]iv$
 f ! album9\s con/itu5ts  ( ! food1 :5  
^! prepond]ate ov] ! quantity requir$ = 
!  nutrition ( ! body4 ,dr ,lionel      
,beale says 8 8own rese>*es r5d] x      
probable t all pabulum ent]+ ! sy/em    
mu/1 be=e its elem5ts  c he appli$ to ! 
nutrition ( ! tissues1 or remov$ by !   
organs  ( respiration or secretion1 be  
fir/ ( all tak5 up by cells             
7*yle-corpuscles1 :ite                  
blood-corpuscles71 & become liv+ or     
g]m9al matt]1 :i*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh     
c]ta9 def9ite /ages (  exi/5ce1 becomes 
s]um ( ! blood1 & ! =m$ matt] ( ! r$    
blood-corpuscles4    ,illu/ration3 ,!   
:ole ( ! cuts illu/rat+ 8,urea10 8,ur9>y
  diseases10 & 8,ur9e0 are tak5 f ,dr   
,beale's "w on #8,kidney ,diseases1     
,ur9>y ,deposits1 & ,calcul\s           

,deposits1' by t g5tleman's k9d         
p]mission4    8,! products result+ f !  
dis9tegration ( ?is =m$ matt] may  be   
tak5 up by ! g]m9al matt] ( ! tissues1 &
 at l5g? become  tissue1 or by t (      
secret+ cells1 9 :i* case x is remov$ 9 
!  =m ( ! con/itu5ts ( v>i\s excretions 
f ! body altoge!r40  ,ab\t an ounce & a 
qu>t] ( urea is daily excret$ by a      
heal?y man1  al?\gh ( c\rse !re w be a  
v>iation 9 ?is am\nt pr9cipally  dep5d+ 
^u ! quantity ( animal food & active    
ex]cise tak5  dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z 
might be anticipat$ a small] quantity  (
 urea is excret$ by wom5 ?an by m51 s9ce
 !y are unable to indulge  to ! same    
ext5t 9 muscul> ex]cise4 ,a dim9i%$     
quantity also  results f brea?+ impure  
air1 & f a diseas$ & unheal?y  condition
 ( ! lungs or ( ! circulation1 & also1 z
 might be  expect$1 f an insuffici5cy ( 
food4    ,prep4 7,?n>d47 ,fre% ur9e1    
g5tly evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a      
syrup1 is treat$ ) its own volume (     
nitric acid ( sp4 gr4 #aai2 !  mixture  

is %ak5 & imm]s$ 9 an ice ba?1 to       
solidify ! cry/als (  nitrate ( urea 7p4
 #afhi72 ^! are wa%$ ) ice-cold wat]1   
dra9$1  & press$ betwe5 %eets ( blott+  
pap]2 !y are next dissolv$ 9  wat]1 & ! 
solution is decompos$ & precipitat$ )   
c>bonate (  potassium 7or c>bonate (    
b>ium72 ! :ole is !n g5tly evaporat$    
ne>ly to dryness1 & ! residuum is       
exhau/$ ) pure alcohol1 :i*  dissolves !
 urea1 :i* cry/allises out z ! solution 
cools4    ,urea1 ,factiti\s4 ,mix #bh   
p>ts ( well-dri$ f]rocyanide ( potassium
  ) #ad ( black oxide ( manganese 7bo? 9
 f9e p[d]71 & heat !m  to dull r$ness on
 an iron plate4 ,lixiviate ) cold wat]1 
add #bb-a_/b  p>ts ( dry sulphate (     
ammonia1 conc5trate by evaporation ) a  
heat  n exce$+ #bab ,f41 decant !       
conc5trat$ liquid1 treat x )  rectifi$  
_s1 & cry/allise4 ,?is is int5d$ z a    
cleanly  sub/itute = ! prec$+4    ,urea1
 ,nitrate (4 ,syn4 ,,ure ,,nitras1 ,l4  
,prep4 ,f ur9e1 z  describ$ above2 or x 
may be prep>$ by saturat+ artificial    

urea )  nitric acid4                    
,diuretic4----,dose1 #b to #e gr4 twice 
or ?rice daily2 9  dropsy4    ,u,,ric   
,,acid4 ,c#e;,h#d,n#d,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,li?ic
 ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,li?icum1  ,a4       
,,uricum1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance discov]$ by   
,s*eele1 & peculi> to ! ur9e  ( c]ta9   
animals1 & ! excrem5t ( s]p5ts & sev]al 
birds4 ,!  fces ( ! boa con/rictor      
consi/ ( little else ?an urate (        
ammonium4 ,x con/itutes "o ( ! commone/ 
v>ieties ( ur9>y  calculi1 & ( ! r$     
gravel or s& :i* is void$ 9 c]ta9 morbid
  /ates ( ! ur9e4 ,guano d]ives its     
pr9cipal value z a manure f  ! pres5ce (
 urate ( ammonium4 ,! g\ty concretions (
 ! jo9ts1  popul>ly kn[n z *alk-/ones1  
consi/ *iefly ( urate ( sodium4         
,prep4 ,dissolve ! *alk-l excrem5t (    
s]p5ts1 r$uc$ to f9e  p[d]1 9 a solution
 ( cau/ic potassa1 by boil+2 !n add     
hydro*loric acid 9 excess1 aga9 boil =  
#ae m9utes1 & well wa% !  precipitate ) 
wat]4    ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant1 v m9ute1
 :ite & silky scales1 :i* are  ta/eless1

 inodor\s1 slightly soluble 9 boil+     
wat]1 & dissolve 9  /rong sulphuric     
acid1 b are aga9 precipitat$ by wat]4 ,x
 =ms salts  ) ! bases call$ urates1 all 
( :i* are v sp>+ly soluble4 ,!          
*>act]i/ic reaction ( uric acid is1 t :5
 moi/5$ ) nitric  acid & heat$1 x       
dissolves1 & by evaporation yields a r$ 
comp\nd1  :i*1 ^u ! addition ( a drop or
 two ( solution ( ammonia1 assumes  a   
magnific5t crimson col\r1 be+ conv]t$   
into murexide4    ,uric acid is a       
con/itu5t ( heal?y human ur9e1 9 :i* x  
exi/s  comb9$ ) bases 9 ! =m ( urates1  
:i*1 be+ 9 small quantity1  are soluble 
9 ! ur9e4 #ajjj gra9s ( ! ur9e conta9 f 
#a_/b gra9  to #a gra9 ( ! acid4 ,drs   
,beale & ,?udi*um respectively e/imate !
  am\nt ( uric acid excret$ 9 tw5ty-f\r 
h\rs by a heal?y adult man  at f #e to  
#h gra9s4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( uric    
acid 9 ur9e  proce$ z foll[s3----,to a  
c]ta9 weight ( ! ur9e1 hydro*loric or   
nitric acid is add$1 & ! ur9e set aside 
= "s h\rs1 at ! end  ( :i* "t1 !        

insoluble cry/als ( uric acid :i* are   
=m$1 are  wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4    ,) ! 
exception ( ! urates1 uric acid is "o ( 
! deposits mo/  frequ5tly met ) 9       
abnormal ur9e1 :]e9 x occurs z a small  
r$di% p[d] adh]+ to ! bottom or sides ( 
! conta9+ vessel4  ,z a ur9>y deposit1  
uric acid assumes a great v>iety ( =ms1 
t (  mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce be+ !        
rhombic1 modifi$ 9 _m ( !  cry/als by ! 
r\nd+ ( two ( ! angles1 z %[n 9 !       
engrav+  on next page4    ,illu/ration3 
,uric acid4 7,beale47    ,,ur9>y        
,,diseases4 ,?is class ( disord]s1 :i* 9
 g5]al t]ms may be  said to embrace     
affections ( ! kidneys1 bladd]1 uret]s1 
c41  comprises diseases ( ^! p>ts v>y+  
greatly 9 "* &  pa?ological importance4 
,! mo/ s]i\s =ms ( kidney disease are   
,,conge/ion ( ! kidney1 a  v frequ5t    
accompanim5t ( he>t or lung disease2    
,,pyelitis1 or  inflammation ( ! pelvis 
( ! kidney2 ,,suppurative ,,nephritis1  
or  inflammation ( ! sub/ance ( !       
kidney1 :i* ends 9 suppuration2  ,,acute

 ,,nephritis1 or ,,acute ,,bright',s    
,,disease1 acute inflammation ( !       
kidney1 frequ5tly aris+ f sc>lat9a or   
cold2 ,,*ronic ,,nephritis1 or  ,,*ronic
 ,,bright',s ,,disease1 a =midable &    
incurable v>iety ( kidney  affection1   
giv+ rise to dropsy1 &1 ow+ to !        
dis9tegration ( !  organ1 to poison+ ( !
 blood by urea4 ,9 advanc$ cases ( ?is  
disease ! ur9e conta9s a l>ge quantity (
 album5 & ca/s ( !  ur9>y tubes4        
,,calculus ,,( ,,! ,,kidney4 ,! mo/     
dang]\s diseases ( ! bladd] are  ^?     
caus$ by ! deposition 9 x ( e>?y & o!r  
concretions1  kn[n z ,,ur9>y ,,calculi1 
:i* are describ$ 9 ! pres5t "w "u       
,,calculus4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! calculi is  
indicat$ by acute pa9 9 !  bladd] &     
ur9>y passages1 ext5d+ to ! adjac5t     
p>ts1 ! pa9  be+ excruciat+ imm$iately  
aft] pass+ ! ur9e4 ,sometimes dur+  !   
act ( excretion ! /ream ( wat] is       
sudd5ly /opp$4    ,inflammation is ano!r
 dang]\s disease ( ! bladd]1 call+ = !  
prompt summon+ ( ! m$ical practition]   

:]ev] possible4    ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s z
 to its symptoms & treatm5t are (f]$ =  
adoption to emigrants & o!rs s plac$ z  
to be beyond ! means (  m$ical succ\r4  
,inflammation ( ! bladd] comm5ces ) pa9 
9 ! region ( t  organ1 ! pa9 becom+     
cont9u\s & increas+ 9 viol5ce1 & be+    
accompani$ ) a s5se ( burn+ heat & (    
t5d]ness on pressure4  ,! ur9e is       
frequ5tly void$4 ,! inflammation is     
sometimes s acute z  to give rise to    
suppuration & ! consequ5t dis*>ge ( pus 
) !  ur9e4 ,sometimes ! disease assumes 
a *ronic "*4    ,9 ! acute =m ( !       
disease rec\rse %\ld be _h to lee*es1   
hot  fom5tations1 & w>m ba?s2 a dose (  
calomel1 to be foll[$ by a  brisk dose (
 ca/or oil1 %\ld likewise be adm9i/]$4  
,alcoholic  dr9ks ( any k9d mu/ be      
c>efully avoid$1 ! pati5t be+ all[$ to  
dr9k only cool demulc5t bev]ages4 ,) ^! 
%\ld be comb9$  eff]vesc+ draughts1     
frequ5tly repeat$1 & small doses (      
,dov]'s  p[d]4 ,great relief w also be  
d]iv$ f ! use ( enemas ( gruel  conta9+ 

laudanum4 ,:]e inflammation ( ! bladd]  
arises f g\t or  rheumatism1 x mu/ be   
treat$ z = ^! diseases4 ,a suppository1 
consi/+ ( two gra9s ( opium1 comb9$ )   
tw5ty gra9s ( soap1 is  frequ5tly (     
great b5efit4    ,%\ld ! disease become 
*ronic1 ! be/ me?od ( treatm5t w be  !  
repeat$ use ( mild ap]i5ts1 ! comb9$    
employm5t ( uva ursi 9  infusion or     
p[d]1 ) ei!r t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron1
 or !  m9]al acids4 ,spiritu\s liquors (
 any k9d mu/ be avoid$4 ,demulc5t  dr9ks
 =m ! be/ bev]age1 & a f>9ace\s or milk 
diet ! mo/  desirable food4             
,,neuralgia ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 ,! pa9 :i*
 att5ds ?is disease is  unaccompani$    
ei!r by inflammation or irritation1 & is
 recurr5t 9  "*4 ,x may g5]ally be      
arre/$ by t9cture ( p]*loride (  iron1  
or ( iron & qu99e1 adm9i/]$ ?ree times a
 day4    ,,irritation ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 
,! pati5t affect$ ) ?is disord]         
gratifies ! frequ5t desire he has to    
pass 8 ur9e1 ! op]ation  be+ accompani$ 
) pa9 & =c+1 ! mo/ sev]e pa9 be+        

exp]i5c$ aft] ! excretion has tak5      
place4 ,! t9cture (  p]*loride ( iron w 
also be f\nd ! be/ rem$y = ?is disord]4 
,x %\ld be giv5 9 conjunction ) !       
infusions ( uva ursi1 ,p>eira  brava1 or
 bu*u4    ,mucilag9\s dr9ks %\ld also be
 _h rec\rse to4    ,,cat>rh ,,( ,,!     
,,bladd]4 ,! symptoms ( ?is disease are 
irritation1 &  ! pres5ce ( mu* mucus 9 !
 ur9e4 ,! same treatm5t may be adopt$  z
 recomm5d$ = irritation ( ! bladd]4 ,if 
!re be an abs5ce (  pa91 spirits ( nitre
 & copaiba balsam 9 mod]ate doses       
frequ5tly  af=d relief4    ,,/rangury4  
,con/ant micturition1 only a few drops (
 ur9e pass+ at !  "t1 occasion+ burn+ & 
cutt+ pa9s ar\nd ! p>ts4 ,/rangury is   
g5]ally due to "s irritat+ cause1 :i*   
%\ld1 if possible1 be  discov]$ &       
remov$4 ,can?>ides tak5 ei!r int]nally1 
or appli$  ext]nally1 z 9 ! =m ( a      
bli/]1 w sometimes give rise to x4  ,!  
pati5t %\ld dr9k copi\sly ( mucilag9\s  
bev]ages1 su* z  l9se$ tea1 slipp]y elm 
b>k1 b>ley wat]1 ) gum ,arabic dissolv$ 

9  x4 ,an injection consi/+ ( ?irty or  
=ty drops ( laudanum 9 a  spoonful (    
gruel w be f\nd to af=d imm$iate relief4
 ,if ! above  means fail1 a pill conta9+
 a gra9 ( camphor 9 five gra9s ( extract
  ( h5bane %\ld be giv51 & a w>m ba?    
tak54 ,see ,,gravel4    ,u,,r9e4 ,!     
d5sity ( ! ur9e v>ies f #ajje to        
#ajcj2bdg !  av]age1 9 heal?1 be+ #ajbj1
 :5 x conta9s ab\t #chj gr4 ( solid     
matt] 9 ! p9t4 ,accord+ to ,b]zelius1 ! 
proportion is ab\t  #f-c_/d1 ! re/ be+  
pure wat]4 ,x exhibits a decid$ly acid  
reaction1  & is nev] alkal9e1 except    
dur+ disease1 or ! use ( l>ge           
quantities ( alkal9e salts ( ! vegetable
 acids4 ,! av]age quantity  secret$ dur+
 #bd h\rs may be tak5 at #b p9ts to #c  
p9ts2 z might be  suppos$1 a l>g]       
quantity is pass$ dur+ ! summ] ?an 9 !  
w9t]  mon?s4    ,footnote #bdg3 ,f #ajae
 to #ajbe1 ,beale4    ,mill] gives !    
foll[+ z ! composition ( heal?y         
ur9e3----                               
,9 #ajj    ,specific gravity            

#ajbj     p>ts (                        
solid    ,wat]                          
#iefhj     matt]4                       
,urea                 #adbc      #ccjj  
,uric acid             #jcg       #jhf  
,organic matt]s1 #bigi  ,alcoholic      
extract    #abec      #bijc             
,wat]y extract        #bej       #ehj   
,vesical mucus         #jaf       #jcg  
,sodic *loride        #gbb      #afgc   
,a                          ,phosphoric 
anhydride  #bab       #dia              
,sulphuric anhydride   #agj       #cid  
,fix$ salts1 #acce      ,lime           
#jba       #jdi                         
,magnesia              #jba       #jbh  
,pota%                #aic       #ddg   
,soda                  #jji       #jab  
,loss                  #jjc             
------------     ------------           
#ajjjjj     #ajjjj    ,a  ,solid matt]s1
 #dcb4    ,! pres5ce ( bile 9 ur9e1 or  
o!r l fluids1 may be detect$ z          
foll[s3----,put a small quantity ( !    
suspect$ liquid into a te/-tube1  & add 

to x1 drop by drop1 /rong sulphuric     
acid1 until x becomes w>m1  tak+ c>e n  
to raise ! temp]ature above #abb ,fahr42
 !n add f #b  to #e drops ( syrup 7made 
) #e p>ts ( sug> to #d ( wat]71 & %ake  
! mixture4 ,if ! liquid conta9 bile1 a  
violet coloration is obs]v$4  ,acetic   
acid may be sub/itut$ = sug>4    ,ano!r 
te/ = bile consi/s 9 p\r+ a little ( !  
suspect$ ur9e  into a te/ tube1 & add+  
to x a few drops ( t9cture ( iod9e1 :5  
if bile be pres5t ! fluid becomes       
di/9ctly gre54 ,ros5ba* says t  ur9e    
conta9+ bile1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh :ite filt]+
 pap]1 imp>ts  a yell[ or br[n col\r to 
! pap]4 ,on all[+ "o drop ( /rong       
nitric acid to run d[n ! side ( ! moi/  
filt] x leaves a yell[  /reak1 soon     
*ang+ to orange1 ) a violet bord]1 on ! 
outside (  :i* blue & em]ald-gre5 zones 
may be obs]v$4 ,^! col\rs rema9  visible
 = "s "t4    ,d>k-col\r$ ur9e1 ow+ to   
sub/ances o!r ?an bile1 does n produce  
?is play ( col\rs4    ,! reag5ts mo/    
g5]ally employ$ = detect+ ! pres5ce (   

sug>  9 ur9e are ,tromm]'s 7see ,,sug>7 
& ,fehl+'s solutions4 ,= !  effective   
application ( ,fehl+'s te/1 ,dr         
,rob]ts#bdh advises !  foll[+ me?od (   
proc$ure3----,p\r "s ( ! ,fehl+'s       
solution into a  n>r[ te/ tube to ! dep?
 ( #c_/d ( an in*2 heat until x beg9s to
  boil2 !n add #b or #c drops ( !       
suspect$ ur9e4 ,if ! sug> be  abundant1 
a ?ick yell[ opacity or deposit ( yell[ 
suboxide are  produc$ 7& ?is *anges to a
 brick-r$ at once if ! blue col\r (  !  
te/ rema9s dom9ant74 ,if no su* reaction
 ensue1 g on add+ !  ur9e until a bulk  
ne>ly equal to ! te/ employ$ has be5    
p\r$ 92  heat aga9 to ebullition1 & no  
*ange occurr+1 set aside )\t  fur!r     
boil+4 ,if no milk9ess is produc$ z !   
mixture cools1 !  ur9e may confid5tly be
 pron\nc$ free f sug>1 or1 at any rate1 
x  conta9s less ?an #a_/dj? p]c5t4      
,footnote #bdh3 #8,ur9>y & ,r5al        
,diseases1' by ,dr ,w4 ,rob]ts4    ,if !
 quantity ( sug> is v small1 viz4 f a   
#a_/b to #a_/dj? p]  c5t41 !            

precipitation ( ! yell[ or cupr\s oxide 
does n take  place imm$iately1 b occurs 
aft] "s "t z ! liquid cools1 & !  mann] 
( ! *ange is peculi>4 ,fir/1 ! mixture  
loses its  transp>5cy1 & passes f a cle>
 blui% gre5 to a light gre5i%  opacity1 
j z if "s drops ( milk _h fall5 into !  
tube4 ,?is  gre5 milky appe>ance is q   
*>act]i/ic ( sug>4    ,be=e us+ !       
,fehl+'s solution x %\ld be always      
exam9$  previ\sly to ! addition ( !     
ur9e1 by be+ fir/ boil$ alone1 :5  if x 
rema9s cle> x may be pron\nc$ 9 fit     
condition4 ,on !  contr>y1 %\ld !       
prelim9>y boil+ give a deposit1 !       
solution mu/  be disc>d$1 & "s fre%ly   
made employ$ in/ead4    ,bttg] has      
propos$ ! foll[+ quantitative te/ = !   
pres5ce (  sug> 9 ur9e3    ,he fir/ adds
 "s pota% to ! sample ( ur9e1 & !n a    
small  quantity ( subnitrate ( bismu?1 &
 boils ! mixture4 ,if sug> is  pres5t1 !
 suboxide is r$uc$1 & metallic bismu?   
be+ lib]at$ is  precipitat$ z a black   
p[d]4    ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ ! bismu? 

te/ is z foll[s3----,"o "p (  cry/allis$
 c>bonate ( soda is dissolv$ 9 ?ree p>ts
 ( wat]1 &  add$ to an equal quantity ( 
! ur9e4 ,a small quantity ( basic       
nitrate  ( bismu? is !n add$ to !       
mixture1 :i* is !n heat$ to !  boil+    
po9t4 ,a black precipitate is =m$ if !  
ur9e conta9s sug>4    ,horsley's te/    
consi/s 9 boil+ ) ! suspect$ ur9e a     
mixture (  equal p>ts ( neutral *romate 
( pota% & solution ( pota%1 :51 if  sug>
 be pres5t1 a gre5 col\r w be produc$1  
ow+ to ! =mation  ( ! sesquioxide (     
*romium4    ,m4 ,luton's1 :i* is a      
modification ( ,horsley's te/1 a        
solution (  bi*romate ( pota% is        
decompos$ by excess ( sulphuric acid1 & 
^u  ! ur9e be+ boil$ ) ! mixture1 a     
spl5did gre5 col\r is  imp>t$ to x4     
,urea1 album91 & ! urates d n int]f]e ) 
?is  reaction4    ,vidau has obs]v$ t a 
mixture ( equal p>ts ( hydro*loric acid 
&  oil ( brune 7oil ( sesame71 ei!r 9 ! 
cold1 or :5 slightly heat$1  assumes a  
di/9ct rose col\r 9 ! pres5ce ( cane or 

grape sug>1  provid$ #jjja gramme ( sug>
 is pres5t = e c4c4 ( mixture4    ,"o ( 
! be/ me?ods = ! accurate & quick       
e/imation ( !  am\nt ( sug> 9 ur9e is1  
p]haps1 ! volumetric1 devis$ by ,fehl+1 
:o employ$ a /&>d copp] solution1 kn[n z
 #8,fehl+'s solution1' (  ! foll[+      
composition3      ,sulphate ( copp]     
#ij-a_/b gra9s4    ,neutral t>trate (   
pota%                #cfd       0       
,solution ( cau/ic soda1 sp4 gr4  #aab  
#d fl4 oz4    ,add wat] to make up      
exactly                #f    0    ,( ?is
 solution #bjj gra9s are exactly        
decompos$ by "o gra9 ( sug>4    ,!      
foll[+ is ! mode ( p]=m+ ! analysis giv5
 by ,dr  ,rob]ts#bdi3----,measure (f    
#bjj gra9s ( ! above /&>d solution 9 a  
#bjj-;gra9 tube1 p\r ?is into a flask1 &
 add ab\t twice its volume (  wat]2 !n  
place ov] a _s lamp to boil4 ,:ile !    
copp] solution is  be+ heat$ ! ur9e to  
be analys$ %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] to a   
kn[n degree4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y diabetic
 ur9es ! be/ dilution is  "o 9 t54 ,?is 

is obta9$ by c>efully fill+ a #f-ounce  
measure )  wat] to ! dep? ( #d-a_/b     
ounces1 & !n add+ ur9e s z to make up   
exactly #e ounces4 ,! mixture w !n      
conta9 exactly "o t5? ( ur9e  7:5 !     
quantity ( sug> 9 ! ur9e is v small1 a  
dilution ( "o  9 five1 or ev5 ! undilut$
 ur9e may be employ$74 ,! next /ep is to
  fill a burette 7:i* mu/ be graduat$ to
 gra9s7 ) ! dilut$ ur9e  to #j4 ,!n     
proce$ to add x 9 successive small      
portions to ! boil+  copp] solution     
until ! blue col\r has entirely         
disappe>$4 ,aft] ea*  fre% addition f ! 
burette1 ! mixture %\ld be rais$ to !   
boil+ po9t1 & !n all[$ to /& a few      
seconds1 s t !  precipitat$ copp] may   
subside1 & ! obs]v] may see1 by hold+ ! 
flask betwe5 ! eye & ! light1 :e!r !    
mixture /ill reta9s any  blue col\r4    
,footnote #bdi3 #8,ur9>y & ,r5al        
,diseases1' by ,dr ,w4 ,rob]ts4    ,z   
soon z ! blue col\r has disappe>$ !     
analysis is complete1 &  ! quantity (   
dilut$ ur9e may be read (f4 ,! p]c5tage 

( sug> 9  ! ur9e c n[ be readily        
calculat$4 ,suppose #abe gra9s _h be5   
add$  f ! burette1 ?is repres5ts "o t5?1
 or #abe gra9s ( undilut$  ur9e1 &      
conta9s exactly "o gra9 ( sug>2 by      
divid+ #abe into #ajj  ! p]-c5tage (    
sug> is obta9$1 or #ajj_/abe  #h2 ! ur9e
 conta9s  #h p] c5t4 ( sug>4    ,ano!r  
process = ! quantitative det]m9ation (  
sug> 9 ur9e1  call$ by its au?or1 ,dr   
,rob]ts1 8! diff]5tial d5sity me?od10 is
  bas$ ^u ! loss ( d5sity1 exp]i5c$ by  
diabetic ur9e1 aft] all  ! sug> has be5 
remov$ by f]m5tation4 ,dr ,rob]ts says  
repeat$  examples d]iv$ f diabetic ur9e 
s treat$1 toge!r )  correspond+         
exp]im5ts made ) solutions ( sug> ( kn[n
 /r5g?  9 normal ur9e1 & 9 pure wat]1 z 
well z !oretical calculation  h w>rant$ 
! conclusion1 t ! numb] ( degrees (     
d5sity s  lo/ indicates z _m gra9s (    
sug> p] fluid ounce4    ,! me?od1 :i* is
 extremely simple1 is ?us               
p]=m$3----,into a #ab-ounce  bottle     
measure #d fluid ounces ( ! diabetic    

ur9e1 & drop into x a  piece ( fre%     
,g]man yea/1 ab\t z l>ge z a cobnut or  
walnut2 ins]t  a cork 9 ! bottle1 & let 
! cork h a nick cut 9 ! side1 to  all[ (
 ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,!n fill an 
ord9>y #d-ounce  bottle ) ! same sample 
( ur9e1 omitt+ to add any yea/1 & cork  
x 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,place bo? bottles 9
 a w>m situation1 :]e  ! temp]ature is  
ab\t #hj or #ij ,fahr41 = tw5ty or      
tw5ty-f\r  h\rs2 at ! end ( :i* "t1 !   
f]m5tation be+ ov]1 ! scum  w ei!r h    
cle>$ (f or subsid$4 ,! f]m5t$ ur9e is  
!n  p\r$ into a prop] ur9e-glass1 & its 
specific gravity asc]ta9$4    ,!        
specific gravity ( ! unf]m5t$ companion 
portion is also tak51  & by comp>+ ! two
 results ! loss ( d5sity is ?us arriv$  
at4  ,be=e ! respective d5sities are    
tak5 x is be/ to remove ! two  samples  
to a cool place1 :]e !y %\ld rema9 = two
 or ?ree h\rs1  9 ord] t !y may acquire 
! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air4    ,! two
 foll[+ examples may s]ve z illu/rations
 ( ! me?od4                             

,i4    ,,ii4    ,d5sity be=e f]m5tation 
#ajec  #ajch    ,d5sity aft] f]m5tation 
#ajjd  #ajac    ,degrees ( d5sity lo/   
#di    #be                              
--------  --------    ,gra9s ( sug> p]  
fluid ounce    #di    #be    ,if x be   
desir$ to br+ out ! result z s mu* p]   
c5t41 ?is is  accompli%$ by multiply+ ! 
numb] indicat+ ! 8d5sity lo/0 by  !     
coeffici5t #jbc4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ ( !     
above examples1 #di   #jbc  #aabg2 & 9 !
 second #be  #jbc  #efi1 :i* are am\nts 
(  sug> respectively p] #ajj p>ts4#bej  
,footnote #bej3 ,rob]ts4    ,9 tak+ !   
d5sities ,dr ,rob]ts advises ! op]ator  
to employ a  ur9omet] hav+ a long scale1
 s9ce ! degrees are mu* fur!r ap>t  ?an 
9 ! scales ( ! %ort-/emm$ in/rum5ts1 &  
are !re=e  m di/9ct & c be m easily read
 (f4    ,! foll[+ are examples (        
diabetic ur9e3              ,no4 #a     
7,simon74      ,specific gravity        
#ajah    ,wat]                   #iegjj 
,solid con/itu5ts       #dcjj    ,urea  
,traces4    ,uric acid                  

,traces4    ,sug>                       
#cihj    ,extractive matt] &            
soluble salts          #baj    ,e>?y    
phosphates         #jeb    ,album5      
,traces4              ,no4 #b 7,dr      
,p]cy74      ,specific gravity          
#ajdb    ,wat]                          
#hidej    ,solid con/itu5ts             
#ajeej    ,urea                         
#abaf    ,uric acid                     
#jaf    ,sug>                           
#djab    ,extractive matt]1 &           
soluble salts            #ecjf          
,no4 #c 7,b\*>dat74      ,wat]          
#hcgeh    ,solid con/itu5ts             
#afbdb    ,urea                         
#hbg    ,uric acid               ,n     
isolat$4    ,sug>                       
#acdcb    ,extractive matt]s1 &         
soluble salts            #bjcd    ,e>?y 
phosphates            #jch    8,diabetic
 ur9e usually possesses a peculi> smell1
 :i* has be5  comp>$ ) t ( violets1     
apples1 new hay1 :ey1 horses' ur9e1     
musk1  & s\r milk4 ,su* comp>isons s]ve 

only to %[ h[ difficult x is to  give by
 description a correct idea ( a p>ticul>
 od\r4 ,! col\r (  diabetic ur9e is     
g5]ally pale4 ,sometimes1 b n usually   
until aft]  two or ?ree days1 ! surface 
becomes col\r$ ) a :iti% film1 ow+  to !
 developm5t ( ! sug> fungus1 & !        
p5icillium glaucum1  & gradually ! ur9e 
becomes opalesc5t 9 consequ5ce ( ^!     
fungi  multiply+ 9 great numb]s 9 e "p (
 ! fluid4 ,see ,,ur9>y  ,,deposits      
7,,fungi74    8,diabetic ur9e has a     
sweet ta/e1 & (t5 numb]s ( flies are    
attract$ to x1 :i* fact sometimes leads 
! pati5t to suspect t  ! ur9e is n      
heal?y40#bea    ,footnote #bea3         
#8,kidney ,diseases1 ,ur9>y ,deposits1' 
c41 ,dr ,lionel ,beale4    ,:ite m]9o1 t
 has be5 wet ) a solution ( bi*loride ( 
t91 is  also said to =m a ready te/ =   
sug> 9 ur9e4    ,album5 9 ur9e may be   
detect$ by ! nitric acid1 or by ! heat  
te/4  ,! nitric acid te/ is p]=m$ z     
foll[s4----,fill a te/ tube to ab\t  an 
in* ) ! ur9e1 !n incl9e ! tube & p\r 9  

/rong nitric  acid d[n ! side ( ! tube1 
s t ! acid s9ks to ! bottom &  displaces
 ! ur9e1 :i* by reason ( its small]     
specific gravity re/s  above x4 ,let !  
acid be add$ till x =ms a /ratum ab\t a 
qu>t] (  an in* ?ick at ! bottom4    ,if
 ! ur9e conta9 album5 ?ree lay]s w be   
p]ceptible----"o1  p]fectly col\rless1 (
 nitric acid at ! bottom2 imm$iately    
above ?is  an opalesc5t zone ( !        
coagulat$ album52 &1 on ! top1 !        
unalt]$ ur9e4    ,9 8 "w1 #8,kidney     
,diseases & ,ur9>y ,deposits1' ,dr      
,lionel ,beale  directs att5tion to ! v 
important fact t 8two or ?ree drops (   
nitric acid to ab\t a dra*m ( album9\s  
ur9e 9 a te/ tube w  produce a          
precipitate ( album5 :i* w be dissolv$  
on agitation1  :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ab\t  
half z mu* /rong nitric acid z !re  is (
 ur9e w r$issolve ! precipitate (       
album51 unless !  quantity pres5t be    
excessive4 ,album5 precipitat$ by nitric
 acid is  soluble 9 weak nitric acid1 & 
9 a consid]able excess ( ur9e1 &  x is  

also soluble 9 /rong nitric acid4 ,x is 
!re=e necess>y 9  employ+ ! nitric acid 
te/ to add f t5 to fifte5 drops ( !     
/rong acid to ab\t a dra*m ( ! ur9e     
suspect$ to conta9 album540    ,dr      
,rob]ts gives ! foll[+ directions =     
apply+ ! heat te/3----,if  ! ur9e h its 
usual acid reaction x becomes turbid on 
boil+ :5  x conta9s album51 & ?is       
turbidity p]si/s aft] ! addition ( an   
acid4 ,!re are two po9ts to be rememb]$ 
on us+ heat alone z a te/  = album54    
,fir/1 t album5 is n coagulat$ by heat  
:5 ! ur9e  is alkal9e2 9 su* cases1     
!re=e1 x is necess>y be=e boil+ to      
re/ore ! acidity by a few drops ( acetic
 acid 7c>efully avoid+  excess74        
,secondly1 :5 ! ur9e is neutral or v    
feebly acid1 x may  become turbid on    
heat+1 f precipitation ( ! e>?y         
phosphates1 b  turbidity f ?is cause is 
easily di/+ui%$ f album5 by a drop  (   
nitric or acetic acid1 :i* in/antly     
causes ! phosphates to  disappe>4 ,x may
 sometimes happ5 t ! pati5t ^: ur9e is  

to be  submitt$ to exam9ation = album5  
may be tak+ l>ge doses ( nitric  or     
hydro*loric acid4 ,"u ^! circum/ances   
,dr ,b5ce ,jones recomm5ds  ! addition (
 ammonia to ! ur9e1 ne>ly to ! po9t (   
neutralisation4    ,mr ,l\is ,siebold   
proposes a modification ( ,dr ,rob]ts's 
me?od (  apply+ ! heat te/ 9 acid /ates 
( ! ur9e1 :i* is z  foll[s3----,add     
solution ( ammonia to ! ur9e until j    
p]ceptibly  alkal9e1 filt]1 & add dilut$
 acetic acid v cauti\sly until !  ur9e  
acquires a fa9t acid reaction1 avoid+ ! 
use ( a s+le drop  m ?an is necess>y4   
,n[ place equal quantities ( ?is mixture
 into  two te/ tubes ( equal size1 heat 
"o ( !m to ebullition1 & comp>e  x ) !  
cold sample conta9$ 9 ! o!r te/ tube4 ,!
 lea/  turbidity is ?us di/9ctly obs]v$1
 & gives absolute pro( ( !  pres5ce (   
album51 ! error ( conf\nd+ phosphates ) 
album5  be+ out ( ! "q1 z !y are        
precipitat$ by ! ammonia &  remov$ by   
filtration4    ,m4 ,galipe#beb says !   
foll[+ is a delicate z well z tru/wor?y 

te/ = album9\s ur9e4 ,a few drops ( !   
ur9e are c>efully add$ to  a solution ( 
picric acid conta9$ 9 a small conical   
te/ glass4 ,if  album5 be pres5t a      
well-m>k$ turbidity w be produc$ at !   
po9t  ( contact betwe5 ! two liquids4   
,on apply+ heat ! album5  agglut9ates1 &
 rises to ! surface4 ,phosphates &      
urates are said n  to int]f]e ) ?is te/4
    ,footnote #beb3 #8,ph>m4 ,zeitung = 
,russl&1' xiv1 #dh 7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'74  
,9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( album5 9
 ur9e proce$ z  foll[s3----,add a little
 acetic acid to ! ur9e1 & !n heat x 9 a 
wat] ba? until x boils4 ,or ! album9\s  
ur9e may be dropp$ into  boil+ wat]     
acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,9 ei!r case   
collect !  precipitate on a weigh$      
filt]1 wa% x well1 dry x1 & weigh x4 ,! 
album5 mu/ aft]w>ds be inc9]at$1 & !    
result+ residue1 :i*  consi/s ( e>?y    
salts1 mu/ be d$uct$ f ! dri$           
precipitate4    ,/olnik[#bec adopts !   
foll[+ me?od = ! quantitative e/imation 
( album5 9 ur9e3----,! ur9e is dilut$ ) 

wat] until a sample  p\r$ ^u "s nitric  
acid conta9$ 9 a te/ tube produces /ill 
a  fa9t :ite r+ at ! po9t ( contact aft]
 ! lapse ( =ty seconds4  ,! numb] (     
volumes ( wat] add$ to ! volume ( ur9e  
7:i* may be  tak5 z "o7 is divid$ by    
#bej1 & ! quoti5t w be ! p]c5tage  (    
album5 9 ! ur9e4 ,?is relation has be5  
e/abli%$ & confirm$  by gravimetric     
det]m9ations4    ,footnote #bec3 #8,*em4
 ,c5tral4' 7#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'74    ,x is 
sometimes desirable to remove ! album5 f
 ! ur9e be=e  proce$+ to se>* = o!r     
sub/ances4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods (     
accompli%+ ?is4 ,if ! ur9e be boil$ !   
album5 w become  coagulat$1 b 9 _m cases
 x may happ51 ow+ to ! ur9e be+         
slightly alkal9e or neutral1 t a small  
quantity may rema9 9  solution4 ,h5ce x 
w be advisable to add a little acetic   
acid to !  ur9e be=e apply+ heat to x1  
to remove ! precipitat$ matt]s by       
filtration1 & to exactly neutralise !   
acid 9 ! filtrate4 ,if a few  cry/als ( 
sulphate ( soda be heat$ ) album9\s     

ur9e1 ! album5  & alli$ matt]s may be   
entirely remov$ )\t injury to o!r       
organic  matt]s dissolv$1 & )\t int]f]+ 
) ! employm5t ( o!r  reag5ts4 ,:5 x is  
desirable to free ! ur9e f album5       
previ\s to  te/+ = sug>1 ?is latt] me?od
 w be f\nd ! be/ & mo/  conv5i5t4    ,! 
foll[+ analyses repres5t ! am\nt (      
album5 pres5t 9 !  ur9e ( two pati5ts   
suff]+ f ,bright's disease3             
,no4 #a 7,simon74      ,specific gravity
    #ajad    ,wat]                #iffaj
    ,solid con/itu5ts    #ccij    ,urea 
#dgg    ,uric acid              #jdj    
,fix$ salts            #hjd             
,extractive matt]s     #bdj    ,album5  
#ahjj              ,no4 #b 7,dr ,p]cy74 
,specific gravity                #ajbj  
,wat]                            #idfhb 
,solid con/itu5ts                #ecah  
,urea                               #gfh
    ,uric acid1 & indet]m9ate           
animal matt]                  #ageb     
,fix$ soluble salts                #ebj 
,e>?y phosphates                  #jad  

,album5                           #bbfd 
,dr ,p>kes records ! case ( a pati5t    
suff]+ f album9uria1 :o  excret$ #ede   
gra9s ( album5 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,see   
,,urates4    ,ur9e frequ5tly conta9s an 
abnormally l>ge quantity ( urea4 ,su*   
ur9e  is ( high specific                
gravity----#ajcj or m4 ,:5 pres5t 9 l>ge
 excess  ! urea becomes deposit$ 9      
#8sp>kl+ cry/all9e lamell' ( !  nitrate1
 if x be mix$ ) an equal quantity (     
/rong nitric acid 9  ! cold4    ,!      
cry/als v>y slightly 9 "*1 accord+ to ! 
am\nt ( nitric  acid employ$ & ! degree 
( conc5tration ( ! ur9e4 ,ur9e :i*  ?us 
yields1 )\t previ\s conc5tration1 !     
nitrate1 is said to  conta9 an excess ( 
urea4 ,see page #afhi4    ,! quantity ( 
urea pres5t 9 ur9e is be/ det]m9$ by a  
process  inv5t$ by ,liebig4 ,:5 a       
solution ( p]nitrate ( m]cury is add$ to
  "o ( pure urea ! urea & m]curic salt  
unite & =m an insoluble  comp\nd1 (     
undet]m9$ con/itution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !    
*lorides ( !  alkalies & alkal9e e>?s   

are pres5t1 ?is comb9ation does n take  
place1 ow+ to ! decomposition ( !       
m]curic nitrate1 & !  =mation (         
bi*loride ( m]cury1 & a nitrate ( !     
alkali or  alkal9e e>?1 bo? ( :i* are   
soluble4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !  decomposition ( 
! *loride has be5 complet$1 ! urea may  
be entirely  precipitat$1 provid$ a     
suffici5t quantity ( m]curic nitrate be 
add$  to ! solution4 ,9 e/imat+ ! am\nt 
( urea 9 ur9e1 !re=e1 x  is only        
necess>y to add to ! ur9e a solution ( !
 m]curic salt (  kn[n /r5g?1 s9ce f !   
quantity ( ?is latt] :i* has be5        
employ$ 9 ?r[+ d[n ! urea1 ?is c easily 
be calculat$4    ,9 p]=m+ ?is analysis1 
?ree special solutions are requisite3   
#a4 ,a solution consi/+ ( "o "p by      
measure ( a cold saturat$  solution (   
b>ium nitrate ) two p>ts 7also by       
measure7 ( saturat$  b>yta wat]4 ,?is   
s]ves = ! removal ( ! phosphates &      
sulphates1  ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ! ur9e    
w\ld int]f]e ) ! analysis4    #b4 ,!    
/&>d solution ( m]curic nitrate1 :i* is 

made z  foll[s3----#ggb gra9s ( r$ oxide
 ( m]cury plac$ 9 a beak] are  dissolv$ 
9 a suffici5t quantity ( nitric acid    
7sp4 gr4 #abj7 by a  g5tle heat1 &      
evaporat$ ov] a wat] ba? until all      
excess ( free  acid is driv5 (f4 ,?is   
may be kn[n by ! liquid becom+ d5se &   
syrupy 9 appe>ance4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a
 prop]ly graduat$ vessel  & dilut$ to   
#aj1jjj gra9-measures4 ,( ?is solution1 
#aj  gra9-measures  #ja gra9 ( urea4    
#c4 ,a solution ( c>bonate ( soda 9     
di/ill$ wat]1 #bj gra9s to !  ounce4    
,?is solution is employ$ to indicate :5 
! titration is  complete1 & to %[ !     
op]ator t all ! urea has be5 precipitat$
  by ! m]curic salt4    ,! op]ation is  
?us p]=m$3    7a47 #djj gra9-measures ( 
! cle> ur9e are mix$ ) #bjj             
gra9-measures ( ! b>yta solution1 ,no4  
#a4 ,! mixture is p\r$ into a  filt]1 & 
( ! cle> filtrate :i* passes ?r\gh #aej 
gra9-measures  are c>efully measur$ (f1 
& p\r$ into a small beak]4 ,?is quantity
  ( c\rse conta9s two ?irds1 or #ajj    

gra9-measures ( w9e4    7b47 ,a graduat$
 burette 7ea* division ( :i* equals a   
gra9-measure  ( wat]7 is next fill$ ) ! 
solution 7,no4 #b7 ( m]curic nitrate1   
:i* is !n dropp$ into ! beak] conta9+ ! 
filt]$ ur9e1 until  ! mixture becomes   
turbid4 ,! quantity ( solution t has be5
  requir$ to j rea* ! po9t ( turbidity  
is !n not$ d[n2 x %[s  t all ! *loride (
 sodium has be5 decompos$1 & t ! urea is
  n[ beg9n+ to precipitate4    7c47 ,!  
solution 7,no4 #b7 is n[ add$ m         
lib]ally1 & ?or\ghly  mix$ ) ! cont5ts (
 ! beak] by means ( a glass rod2 a      
copi\s  :ite precipitate is be+ =m$4 ,! 
op]ation is complet$1 :51 (  c\rse1 no m
 precipitate is ?r[n d[n4    7d47 ,?is  
po9t is asc]ta9$ by means ( ! solution (
 c>bonate (  soda 7,no4 #c71 to a few   
isolat$ drops ( :i* dott$ ab\t a :ite   
plate1  or slab1 or plac$ on a wat*     
glass1 give1 :5 mix$ by means ( !  /irr+
 rod ) a drop ( ! turbid mixture f !    
beak]1 a yell[  t+e1 ow+ to ! =mation ( 
hydrat$ oxide ( m]cury4    7e47 ,!      

quantity ( solution ( m]curic nitrate t 
x has tak5 to  produce ! above reaction 
is !n not$ d[n1 & f ?is ! portion  us$  
be=e ! occurr5ce ( ! turbidity is       
d$uct$1 ! rema9d]1 (  c\rse1 be+ ! am\nt
 requir$ to precipitate ! urea4 ,by be>+
 9  m9d ! /atem5t already made t #aj    
gra9-measures ( ! m]curial  solution    
indicate #ja gra9 ( urea1 ! quantity    
excret$ 9 #bd h\rs may  be arriv$ at by 
a v easy & obvi\s calculation4    ,dr   
,davy's me?od ( e/imat+ ,urea4 ,?is     
consi/s 9 ! decomposition  ( a kn[n     
quantity ( ur9e by sodium hypo*lorite1 !
 am\nt ( urea  be+ calculat$ f ! result+
 nitrog54 ,a glass tube1 #ab or #ad     
in*es 9 height1 & graduat$ to t5?s &    
hundr$?s ( a cubic in*1  is fill$ to m  
?an a ?ird ( its l5g? ) m]cury2 a       
measur$  quantity ( ur9e1 v>y+ f a qu>t]
 ( a dra*m to a dra*m1 is next  p\r$    
into ! tube1 :i* is !n fill$ up ) a     
solution ( sodium  hypo*lorite 7! liquor
 sod *lor9at ( ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia74   
,?is  latt] mu/ be p\r$ 9 quickly1 & !  

op5 end ( ! tube imm$iately  clos$ ) !  
?umb4 ,! tube is !n %ak5 to ensure      
admixture betwe5  ! ur9e & hypo*lorite1 
& /ood ) ! op5 end d[nw>ds 9 a cup      
fill$ ) a saturat$ solution ( common    
salt2 ! m]cury escapes into  ! tube1 its
 place be+ fill$ by ! solution ( salt1  
:i* be+  heavi] ?an ! mixture ( ur9e &  
hypo*lorite1 reta9s !m 9 !  upp] "p ( ! 
tube4 ,! ur9e becomes soon decompos$1 ! 
c>bonic  acid1 :i* is "o ( ! products ( 
its decomposition1 be+ absorb$ by  !    
excess ( *loride ( sodium pres5t1 :il/ !
 lib]at$ nitrog5  bubbles up to ! top ( 
! tube4 ,:5 no m evolution ( gas takes  
place1 ! volume ( nitrog5 is read (f1 & 
f its am\nt !  quantity ( urea pres5t 9 
! am\nt ( ur9e exp]im5t$ ^u is          
calculat$3 "o-fif? ( a gra9 ( ur9e      
#jcjih p>ts ( a cubic in* (  nitrog5 at 
#fj ,fahr4 & #cj0 b>ometric pressure4   
,haughton's me?od ( e/imat+ ,urea f !   
specific gravity ( !  ,ur9e4 ,aft] hav+ 
measur$ ! ur9e void$ dur+ #bd h\rs1 &   
det]m9$ ! specific gravity ( ! :ole     

collect$ am\nt1 & !n  consult+ !        
accompany+ table1 compil$ by ,pr(essor  
,haughton1 !  numb] ( gra9s ( urea      
excret$ p] diem is imm$iately asc]ta9$4 
,?is quantity w be %[n by ! figures :i* 
/& at ! po9ts :]e  ! l9es runn+         
respectively f ! numb] ( fluid ounces & 
!  #8specific gravity' int]sect ea* o!r4
 ,?us1 suppose ! daily am\nt (  ur9e to 
h be5 #cj ounces1 & ! specific gravity  
#ajjf1 ! numb] (  gra9s ( urea conta9$ 9
 x w be #he4 ,?is me?od is ins]t$ =     
ur9es conta9+ sug> & album54            
,det]m9ation ( ! ,wat]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 
9 any sample ( ur9e  may be det]m9$ by  
weigh+ #ajjj gra9s ( ! rec5tly excret$  
ur9e  into a c\nt]pois$ plat9um or      
porcela9 di%1 & asc]ta9+ ! loss  x has  
und]gone aft] evaporation to dryness4 ,!
 op]ation %\ld be  p]=m$ z spe$ily z    
possible4 ,! be/ plan is to conc5trate !
  ur9e 9 a wat] ba?1 ! evaporation %\ld 
be cont9u$ 9 vacuo ov]  /rong sulphuric 
acid1 until ! weight ( ! residue rema9s 
con/ant4  ,by way ( control1 ano!r      

sample ( ! same ur9e1 consi/+ ( #ejj    
gra9s1 may be op]at$ ^u at ! same "t1 & 
"u ! same  conditions4    ,,ur9>y       
,,deposits1 c4 ,^! diff] f ! album51    
sug>1 bile1 c41  previ\sly describ$1 9  
be+ insoluble 9 abnormal ur9e4          
,sometimes  !y are diffus$ ?r\gh\t !    
:ole body ( ! ur9e1 :5 !y give  x an    
opaque appe>ance4 ,sometimes !y may be  
met ) float+ on its  surface2 at o!rs !y
 are only p>tially diffus$ ?r\gh !      
fluid1  frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( a transp>5t  
or opaque cl\d1 :5 !y occupy  a         
consid]able space2 :il/ v (t5 !y occur 9
 a cry/all9e or  granul> =m1 deposit$   
sometimes at ! bottom & sometimes at !  
sides ( ! vessel hold+ ! ur9e4    ,( !  
numb]less insoluble sub/ances met ) 9   
ur9e1 bo? 9 heal?  & disease1 our limits
 w only p]mit u to notice ^? :i* are mo/
  important1 & ( frequ5t occurr5ce4     
,= ! detection ( ! g5]ality ( ^! !      
microscope is  indisp5sable4 ,an        
in/rum5t magnify+ #bjj to #bbj diamet]s 
7#a_/d ( in*  objective7 w g5]ally be   

f\nd suffici5tly p[]ful1 & 9 "s         
in/ances an in* objective1 magnify+ #dj 
diamet]s 7z 9 ! l>g]  =ms ( cry/all9e   
deposit7 w answ] all ! purposes4    ,"s 
( ! v>ieties ( ^! deposits admit ( a    
d\ble exam9ation1  viz4 a microscopical 
& *emical "o4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !      
p>ticul>s apply+ to ea* k9d (           
inve/igation w be giv54    ,mucus4      
,mucus is always pres5t 9 small quantity
 9 heal?y ur9e1 9  :i* x %[s itself )9 a
 few h\rs aft] ! ur9e has be5 excret$  9
 ! %ape ( a transp>5t cl\d t[>ds !      
bottom ( ! vessel  conta9+ ! ur9e4      
,pus4 ,! pres5ce ( pus 9 ur9e is        
indicat$ by an opaque1 m or  less bulky1
 cream-l deposit at ! bottom ( ! vessel 
hold+ !  ur9e1 to :i* "s sep>at$ pus    
globules1 f9d+ _! way to !  sup]natant  
liquid1 give an appe>ance ( slight      
turbidity4 ,by %ak+ !  vessel ! :ole ( !
 liquid becomes turbid1 ow+ to ! equal  
dissem9ation ?r\gh x ( ! pus globules4  
,! pus aga9 deposits on  /&+4 ,a small  
quantity ( album5 is always met ) 9 !   

cle> "p  ( ur9e :i* conta9s pus2 !      
album5 be+ d]iv$ f ! liquor  puris1 !   
liquid by :i* ! pus-corpuscles are      
surr\nd$4    ,:5ev] x c be obta9$ 9     
suffici5t quantity1 pus %\ld always be  
exam9$ *emically1 z foll[s3----,!       
sup]natant ur9e be+ decant$1  ! suspect$
 s$im5t is %ak5 up ) liquor potass1 :5  
if x become  conv]t$ into a gelat9\s1   
viscid sub/ance1 incapable ( be+ dropp$ 
f ! tube1 & :5 p\r$ f x runn+ z a slimy 
& almo/  cont9u\s mass1 x may be        
pron\nc$ pus4 ,?is same gelat9\s viscid 
mass is met ) 9 alkal9e ur9es conta9+   
pus1 adh]+ to ! sides  ( ! vessel 9 :i* 
! ur9e is plac$1 :]e x has be5 =m$ by  !
 action ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia 7caus$ by
 ! decomposition  ( ! urea7 ^u ! pus4 ,!
 reaction ^u ! pus is ! same z t  :i*   
takes place :5 liquor potass is employ$4
 ,! /r+y viscid  sub/ance due to ! la/  
cause is frequ5tly1 b errone\sly1 t]m$  
mucus4              ,pr(essor           
,,haughton',s ,table = ! ,e/imation ( ! 
,daily ,excretion ( ,urea f ! ,specific 

,gravity4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,fluid    
,specific    ,ounces4                   
,gravity4                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
#ajjcajjdajjeajjfajjgajjhajjiajajajaaaja
bajacajadajae                           
----------------------------------------
---------------    #bj  #ce  #cf #dc    
#eg  #ga  #he  #ajj #ajcajf  #aai #acj  
#acf #adb    #bb  #ch  #dj #dg  #fb  #gh
  #ie  #aaj #aacaaf  #acj #adi #adb #aef
    #bd  #db  #dc #ea  #fh  #he #aja    
#abj #abcabg  #adb #aef #afc #agj    #bf
  #de  #dg #ee  #gc  #ib #aaj  #acj     
#acaacg  #aec #afi #agf #ahd    #bh  #dh
  #ej #ei  #gi  #ii #aah  #adj #addadh  
#afe #ahb #aij #aih    #cj  #eb  #ed #fd
  #he #ajf #abg  #aej #aeeaei  #agg #aie
 #bjd #bac    #cb  #ee  #eg #fh  #ij    
#aac #ace  #afj #afeafi  #ahh #bjh #bag 
#bbg    #cd  #eh  #fa #gb  #if #abj #add
  #agj #ageahj  #bjj #bba #bca #bda     

#cf  #fa  #fd #gf #ajb #abg #aec  #ahj  
#aheaia  #bab #bcd #bdd #bee    #ch  #fe
  #fh #hj #ajh #acd #afa  #aij #aiebja  
#bbd #bdg #beh #bfi    #dj  #fi  #gb #he
 #aad #adb #agj  #bjj #bjfbab  #bcf #bfj
 #bgb #bhd    #db  #gd  #ge #hi #aai    
#adh #agh  #baj #bafbbb  #bdg #bgc #bhe 
#bih    #dd  #gf  #gi #ic #abe #aef #ahf
  #bbj #bbfbcc  #bei #bhf #bii #cab     
#df  #hj  #hb #if #acj #afc #aie  #bcj  
#bcfbdc  #bga #bii #cab #cbf    #dh  #hd
  #hfaja #acf #agj #bjc  #bdj #bdfbed   
#bhc #cab #cbf #cdj    #ej  #hg  #ijajf 
#adb #agh #bab  #bej #begbfe  #bie #cbe 
#cdj #cee    #eb  #ij  #idaaj #adg #ahe 
#bbj  #bfj #bfgbgf  #cjg #cch #cec #cfi 
#ed  #id  #ihaad #aec #aib #bbi  #bgj   
#bggbhf  #cai #cea #cfg #chc    #ef  #if
 #ajjaai #aei #aii #bch  #bhj #bhhbig   
#cca #cfd #chj #cig    #eh #ajj #ajdabc 
#afe #bjf #bdf  #bij #bihcjh  #cdc #cgg 
#cid #daa    #fj #ajd #ajhabh #aga #bac 
#bee  #cjj #cjicaj  #cee #cia #djh #dbf 
#fb #ajh #aajacb #agf #bbj #bfc  #caj   
#caicbi  #djd #dba #ddj #dfh    #fd #aaj

 #aadacf #ahb #bbg #bga  #cbj #cbicdj   
#cgh #dag #dce #ded    #ff #aad #aahadj 
#ahg #bcd #bhj  #ccj #cdjcea  #cij #dca 
#ddh #dfh    #fh #aaf #abbadd #aic #bdj 
#bhh  #cdj #cejcfa  #djb #ddc #dfb #dhb 
#gj #abj #abfadi #aii #bdh #big  #cej   
#cfacgb  #dad #def #dgf #dig    #gb #abb
 #abhaec #bjd #bee #cje  #cfj #cgachb   
#dbe #dfi #dhi #eaa    #gd #abf #acbaeg 
#baj #bfb #cad  #cgj #chacic  #dcg #dhb 
#ejc #ebe    #gf #acj #acfafa #baf #bfi 
#cbc  #chj #ciadjd  #ddi #eie #eaf #eci 
#gh #acd #adjafe #bbb #bgf #cca  #cij   
#djadad  #dfa #ejh #ecj #eec    #hj #aci
 #addagj #bbh #bhd #cdj  #djj #dabdde   
#dgc #eba #edd #efh                     
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,fluid    
,specific    ,ounces4                   
,gravity4                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
#ajafajagajahajaiajbjajbaajbbajbcajbdajb

eajbfajbgajbh                           
----------------------------------------
---------------    #bj #aea #afj #aif   
#bcc #bda #bdi #beg #bfe #bgd #bgf #bgh 
#bgi #bhj    #bb #aff #agf #bae #beg    
#bfe #bgd #bhb #bib #cja #cjc #cje #cjf 
#cjh    #bd #aha #aib #bce #bhj #bhi    
#bii #cjh #cai #cbi #cca #ccc #ccd #ccf 
#bf #aif #bjh #bed #cjc #cac #cbd #ccd  
#cdf #cef #cei #cfj #cfb #cfd    #bh    
#bba #bbd #bgd #cbf #ccg #cdi #cfj #cgb 
#chc #chf #chh #cij #cib    #cj #bbf    
#bdj #bid #cdi #cfa #cgd #chf #cii #daa 
#dad #daf #dah #dbj    #cb #bda #bef    
#cac #cgc #che #cih #daa #dbe #dch #ddb 
#ddc #ddf #ddh    #cd #bef #bgb #ccc    
#cif #dji #dbc #dcg #dea #dff #dfi #dga 
#dgd #dgf    #cf #bga #bhh #ceb #dai    
#dcc #ddh #dfb #dgg #dic #dig #dii #ejb 
#ejd    #ch #bhf #cjd #cgb #ddb #deg    
#dgc #dhh #ejc #ebj #ebd #ebg #ecj #ecb 
#dj #cjb #cbj #cib #dfe #dhd #dih #ead  
#ecj #edh #eeb #eee #eeh #efj    #db    
#cag #ccf #daa #dhi #ejf #ebc #edj #eeg 
#ege #ehj #ehb #ehe #ehh    #dd #ccb    

#ceb #dca #eab #ecj #edh #eef #ehd #fjc 
#fjg #faj #fac #faf    #df #cdg #cfh    
#dej #ece #eed #egc #eib #faa #fcj #fce 
#fch #fda #fdd    #dh #cfb #chd #dgj    
#eeh #egh #eih #fah #fcg #feg #ffb #fff 
#ffi #fgb    #ej #cgg #djj #dij #eha    
#fjb #fbc #fdd #ffe #fhe #fij #fid #fig 
#gjj    #eb #cic #daf #eji #fje #fbf    
#fdh #ffi #fib #gaa #gah #gba #gbd #gbh 
#ed #djh #dcb #ebi #fbh #fej #fgc #fie  
#gah #gdj #gde #gdi #geb #gef    #ef    
#dbc #ddh #edh #fea #fgd #fih #gbj #gde 
#gfg #ggb #ggf #ghj #ghd    #eh #dch    
#dfd #efh #fgd #fih #gbc #gdf #ggb #gid 
#hjj #hjd #hjh #hab    #fj #dec #dhj    
#ehh #fig #gbb #gdh #ggb #gih #hbb #hbh 
#hcb #hcf #hdj    #fb #dif #fjg #gai    
#gdf #ggb #gig #hbd #hdi #hef #hei #hfd 
#hfd #hfh    #fd #dhc #eab #fbg #gdb    
#ggj #gig #hbc #hea #hgg #hhc #hhg #hfb 
#hif    #ff #dih #ebh #fdf #gff #gid    
#hbb #hdi #hgg #ijd #iaa #iae #ibj #ibd 
#fh #eac #edd #fff #gij #hah #hdg #hge  
#ijd #ica #ici #idc #idh #ied    #gj    
#ebh #efj #fhf #had #hdc #hgb #ija #icj 

#iei #iff #iga #igf #ihj    #gb #edd    
#egf #gje #hch #hfg #hif #ibf #ief #ihf 
#iid #iihajjdajjh    #gd #eeh #eib #gbe 
#hfa #hia #iba #iea                     
#ihbajadajbaajbfajcbajcf    #gf #egc    
#fjh #gde #hhd #iae #idf                
#iggajjhajdaajdiajedajfjajfd    #gh #ehh
 #fbd #gfe #ijg #ici                    
#igaajjbajcdajfhajgfajhbajhhajib    #hj 
#fjd #fdj #ghe #icj #ifd                
#iifajbhajfjajifaajdaaajaaafaabj        
----------------------------------------
----------------    ,9 ur9es conta9+    
pus1 ! cle> portion %\ld always be      
exam9$ =  album51 s9ce :]e ?is is f\nd1 
except 9 small am\nt1 "s =m (  kidney   
disease may be suspect$4    ,b x        
sometimes happ5s t ! pus is pres5t 9 su*
 small quantity 9  ! ur9e z to preclude 
its *emical exam9ation4 ,"u ^!          
circum/ances1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to !    
microscope4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale  says1   
8,pus-globules1 :i* h be5 long remov$ f 
! body1 always  h a granulat$ appe>ance 
9 ! microscope1 &1 :5 fre%1 d n  always 

exhibit a well-def9$ nucleus2 ! outl9e  
is usually di/9ct &  circul>1 b x is    
f9ely cr5at$4 ,^u ! addition ( acetic   
acid !  globule increases some:at 9     
size1 becomes sph]ical1 ) a smoo?1  fa9t
 outl9e1 & f "o to f\r ne>ly circul>    
bodies are develop$  9 ! c5tre ( ea*4   
,if ! pus-corpuscles h la9 "s days 9 !  
ur9e !y w h und]gone complete           
dis9tegration40    ,epi!lium4 ,a great  
_m v>ieties ( epi!lium1 d]iv$ f diff]5t 
p>ts ( ! kidneys1 uret]s1 bladd]1       
ure?ra1 vag9a1 c41 are m or  less pres5t
 9 ur9e4 ,a few ( ^! are giv5 9 !       
accompany+  engrav+4 ,9 ! v>i\s diseases
 peculi> to ! ur9>y &  g5ito-ur9>y      
organs ! quantity ( epi!lium pres5t 9 ! 
ur9e is  frequ5tly consid]able1 & z 9 "s
 cases x pres5ts itself 9 an  imp]fect  
or dis9tegrat$ =m1 its id5tification1   
except to !  exp]i5c$ microscopi/ &     
physiologi/1 becomes a matt] ( great    
difficulty4    ,ca/s4 ,ca/s or m\lds :i*
 h be5 =m$ 9 ! tubes ( !  kidneys1 or 9 
! ut]us & vag9a1 are con/antly f9d+ _!  

way  into ! ur9e ( p]sons affect$ )     
acute or *ronic r5al diseases  & ut]9e  
affections4 ,!y are v v>i$ bo? 9 "* &   
appe>ance1 & difficult ( recognition1   
except by ! skill$  microscopi/ &       
pa?ologi/4    ,blood-corpuscles4 ,^!1 :5
 pres5t 9 quiesc5t ur9e1 occur z a      
s$im5t at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,"s few  
globules1 h[ev]1 are  diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! 
sup]natant ur9e1 & imp>t to x a smoky   
appe>ance1 if ! fluid h a m>k$ acid     
reaction2 :]eas if !  reaction be       
alkal9e ! corpuscles assume a bright r$ 
col\r4    ,9 ! accompany+ plate ! ?ree  
upp] gr\ps repres5t  blood-corpuscles   
tak5 f ! human body2 ! ?ree l[] ^? f\nd 
9  ur9e4 ,( ^! latt] "s w be se5 to h   
lo/ _! circul>  outl9e1 & to h become   
jagg$ or cr5at$4 ,9 "s cases1 on !      
contr>y1 !y swell & become mu* enl>g$4  
,^! *anges 9 appe>ance  take place :5 ! 
blood has rema9$ = "s "t 9 ! ur9e1 &    
appe> to be due to ! =ces ( endosmose & 
exosmose4    ,illu/ration3 7,beale47    
,fungi4 ,! *ief vegetable organisms f\nd

 9 ur9e are ! sug>  fungus & !          
,p5icillium glaucum4 ,! sug> fungus is  
precisely !  same z ! yea/ plant 7!     
,torula c]evisi74 ,! ,p5icillium is  v  
frequ5tly pres5t 9 album9\s ur9e1 ) an  
acid reaction1 z  well z 9 diabetic4    
,uric acid4 ,see back4                  
,urates4----,accord+ to ,b5ce ,jones !  
soluble urates met ) 9 heal?y  ur9e     
consi/ ( uric acid1 potassium1 ammonium1
 & sodium4    ,9 abnormal ur9e ! urates 
( ammonium & sodium sometimes occur1 !  
latt]1 :i* are ! m g5]al1 pres5t+ "u !  
microscope !  appe>ance %[n bel[4       
,illu/ration3 7,beale47    ,urate (     
sodium is1 h[ev]1 mu* m common 9 ! ur9e 
( *ildr5  ?an ( adults1 :5 x pres5ts    
itself 9 ! =m ( sph]ical cry/als4    ,9 
bo? cases ! urates are associat$ ) uric 
acid 7result+ f  _! p>tial              
decomposition71 repres5t$ by ! small    
spik$ cry/als  protrud+ f ! sph]es 9 !  
=m ( ne$le-%ap$ cry/als4 ,urate  (      
sodium occurs z ! concretions kn[n z    
#8*alk /ones' 9 g\t4 ,b  by f> ! mo/    

abundant k9d ( urates met ) 9 abnormal  
ur9e is t  kn[n z amorph\s urates1 :i*  
con/itute ! mo/ common v>iety (  ur9>y  
deposits4    ,illu/ration3 ,urate ( soda
 9 a globul> =m commonly f\nd 9 !  ur9e 
( *ildr54    ,he9tz /ates t !y are a    
mixture ( urate ( sodium ) small        
quantities ( ! urates ( ammonium1 lime1 
& magnesium4 ,!y are v  frequ5tly se5 9 
! ur9e ( p]sons 9 excell5t heal?1 9 :i*1
  ow+ p]haps to too abundant or         
nitrog5\s diet & an insuffici5cy (      
muscul> ex]cise1 be+ 9 excess1 !y are   
?r[n d[n :5 ! ur9e  cools4    ,an excess
 ( ! amorph\s urates 9 ur9e1 l ! pres5ce
 ( pus &  phosphates1 is indicat$ by !  
bulky precipitate m or less diffus$     
?r\gh\t ! vessel conta9+ ! ur9e4 ,a v   
easy te/ w decide  z to :i* ( ! ?ree    
classes ( sub/ances 7if only "o ( !m be 
pres5t7 ! precipitate belongs4 ,!       
sup]natant fluid be+ decant$  f !       
deposit1 ab\t an equal bulk ( liquor    
potass is add$ to !  latt]1 :5 "o ( ?ree
 results w ensue3    #a4 ,if x be pus1 &

 become viscid1 x w exhibit ! qualities 
already m5tion$ "u ! description ( t    
sub/ance4    #b4 ,if phosphates1 no     
alt]ation w ensue4    #c4 ,if amorph\s  
urate1 x w at once dissolve4    ,:5     
amorph\s urates are uni=mly di/ribut$   
?r\gh\t ! ur9e !y  give x a milky       
appe>ance1 :i* may sometimes lead to its
 be+ mi/ak5  = *yl\s ur9e1 or ur9e      
?r\gh\t :i* fatty p>ticles ( *yle  are  
diffus$4 ,?is latt] d\bt1 h[ev]1 may be 
easily set at re/ by  g5tly heat+ x4 ,if
 ! turbidity is ow+ to ! urate x w      
disappe>2 if to *yle x w rema94    ,if !
 amorph\s urate be decompos$ by a little
 hydro*loric acid1 x  w yield uric acid1
 easily recognis$ by its *>act]i/ic =m  
"u  ! microscope1 or :5 treat$ ) nitric 
acid & ammonia1 w answ]  to ! murex$    
te/4    ,x sometimes happ5s t 9 te/+ an 
acid ur9e suspect$ to conta9  album51 ! 
ur9e may conta9 s l>ge an am\nt ( uric  
acid 9 solution  t1 ^u add+ a drop (    
nitric acid to x1 a bulky precipitate ( 
uric  acid1 exactly resembl+ album51 is 

?r[n d[n1 & x may be  errone\sly reg>d$ 
z ?is sub/ance if exam9$ "u ! microscope
  imm$iately ^u its =mation4 ,^u be+    
all[$1 h[ev]1 to /& "s  "t1 & !n plac$  
"u ! microscope1 ! well-kn[n cry/als ( !
  acid w reveal !mselves4    ,9 su* ur9e
 no precipitate takes place :5 ! liquid 
is heat$1  ano!r ess5tial feature 9 :i* 
x div]ges f album54                     
,phosphates4----,! ur9>y e>?y phosphates
 occur "u two v>ieties1  viz4 !         
phosphate ( ammonia & magnesia1 kn[n z !
 triple phosphate1  & ! phosphate (     
lime4    ,9 ! engrav+s bel[1 ! pr9cipal 
cry/all9e =ms ( ! triple  phosphate are 
%[n4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#a4----;,cry/als ( triple phosphate )   
sph]ules (  urate ( soda4 7,beale47     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4----;,cry/als ( 
triple phosphate ) triangul>  prisms1 ) 
truncat$ extremities4 7,beale47    ,( ^!
 ! triangul> prismatic1 ) ! truncat$    
extremities1 is !  mo/ common4 ,9 "s    
cases ! prisms are s mu* r$uc$ 9 l5g? z 
to  resemble ! octah$ral cry/als (      

oxalate ( lime1 = :i* !y are  sometimes 
mi/ak5 by ! inexp]i5c$4 ,:5 any d\bt    
exi/s on ?is  po9t x mu/ be set at re/  
by hav+ rec\rse to ! *emical te/s  giv5 
fur!r on4 ,! triple phosphate is r>ely  
met ) alone1 urate (  ammonia1 &        
sometimes uric acid & oxalate ( lime1   
be+ pres5t1  al?\gh g5]ally occurr+ 9   
neutral or alkal9e ur9e4 ,! triple acid 
is sometimes f\nd 9 t :i* is acid4      
,:5 ammonia is add$ to fre% ur9e !      
triple phosphate is precipitat$1  & if x
 be !n exam9$ by ! microscope x w be    
f\nd to consi/  ( beautiful /ellate     
cry/als1 & to =m a mo/ attractive       
object4 ,!  pres5ce ( phosphoric acid c 
be demon/rat$ by ! ord9>y reag5ts4      
,phosphate ( lime dissolves 9 /rong     
acids )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,!  pres5ce (    
lime1 z well z ( phosphoric acid1 c     
easily be v]ifi$ by  ! usual te/s4      
,oxalate ( lime4 ,! pr9cipal cry/all9e  
=ms ( oxalate ( lime1  :5 x occurs z a  
ur9>y deposit1 are ! octah$ral & !      
dumb-bell4  ,( ^! ! mo/ common is !     

octah$ral4 ,^! octah$ra 7:i* h  "o axis 
mu* %ort] ?an ! o!r two7 v>y consid]ably
 9 size1 b  !re is reason to believe t !
 div]sity 9 appe>ance :i* !y  exhibit is
 due to cry/als ( precisely ! same %ape 
occupy+  diff]5t positions z to !       
direction ( _! axes1 :5 exam9$ by  !    
microscope4 ,!re are a great _m         
div]sities ( ! dumb-bell =m  ( oxalate (
 lime1 :i* seem to be d]iv$ f circul> & 
oval  cry/als4 ,! subjo9$ cuts illu/rate
 ! v>ieties ( cry/all9e  oxalates ! mo/ 
g5]ally met )4 ,:5 ! cry/als ( oxalate  
are  extremely m9ute1 !y are v liable to
 be ov]look$1 s9ce !y !n  appe> z almo/ 
opaque cubes1 & may n unnaturally be    
tak5 = urate  ( soda1 to :i* !y be> no  
slight resemblance2 b f :i* !y  diff] by
 be+ insoluble 9 pota% or acetic acid1 &
 n dissolv+ on  ! application ( heat4   
,we h already allud$ to _! resemblance  
to  ! dumb-bells ( ! e>?y phosphates4   
,ano!r di/9ctive feature is  t !        
oxalates r>ely s9k to ! bottom ( !      
vessel1 b are  diffus$ ?r\gh ! muc\s    

cl\d1 :i* =ms 9 ur9e aft] a %ort  "t4   
,illu/ration3 ,oxalate ( lime4 7,beale47
    ,illu/ration    ,cy/9e4 ,cy/9e is an
 occasional +r$i5t 9 ur9e1 :5 x occurs z
  a :iti% precipitate cry/allis$ 9      
hexagonal plates4 ,at o!r times1  b n s 
frequ5tly1 x is met ) dissolv$ 9 ! ur9e4
 ,x may be  sep>at$ f ! ur9e hold+ x 9  
solution by ! addition ( an  excess (   
acetic acid4 ,"u ! microscope cy/9e be>s
 some:at ( a  resemblance to uric acid1 
f :i*1 h[ev]1 x diff]s :5 "u  treatm5t )
 ammonia4 ,:5 ammonia is add$ to cy/9e !
 cy/9e  dissolves1 b by ! spontane\s    
evaporation ( ! ammonia rema9s  beh9d 9 
its orig9al =m2 :il/1 if ! ammonia be   
all[$ to escape  "u ! same circum/ance f
 ! urate ( ammonia :i* has be5  =m$1 ?is
 rema9s beh9d z an amorph\s mass4       
,ammonia1 !re=e1  dissolves ! cy/9e )\t 
ent]+ into *emical union ) x4 ,pota%    
also readily dissolves cy/9e1 z d also  
oxalic acid & ! /rong  m9]al acids4 ,x  
is1 h[ev]1 insoluble 9 boil+ wat]1 9    
weak  hydro*loric acid1 &1 z we h se51 9

 acetic acid4    ,obs4 ,9 ! exam9ation (
 ur9e x is important t ! inve/igation   
%\ld be conduct$ ^u a portion tak5 f !  
:ole ( ! ur9e  excret$ dur+ tw5ty-f\r   
h\rs1 & n on an isolat$ quantity void$  
at any p>ticul> "t4    ,! compil] ( !   
pres5t article has to ackn[l$ge 8       
indebt$ness to  ,dr ,lionel ,beale's v  
valuable & exhau/ive "w1 #8,kidney      
,diseases1  ,ur9>y ,deposits1 c41' z    
well z to ,dr ,w4 ,rob]ts's excell5t    
book1  #8,ur9>y & ,r5al ,diseases1' to  
bo? ( :i* volumes ! read]1  desir\s (   
fur!r & m explicit in=mation on !       
subject1 is  ref]r$4    ,,ur9om,,et]4   
,an hydromet] adapt$ to det]m9+ ! d5sity
 ( ur9e4  ,t ( ,dr ,pr\t is ! simple/ & 
be/4 ,ur9omet]s %\ld always be  te/$ by 
plac+ !m 9 di/ill$ wat] at #fj ,fahr4 f 
#ajae to #ajbe  ,beale4    ,,urn ,,p[d]4
 ,crocus m>tis1 or jewell]'s r\ge4      
,,urtic>,,ia4 ,see ,,ra%4               
,,u,,quebaugh4 ,syn4 ,,escubac4         
,lit]ally1 mad wat]1 ! ,iri% "n (  :i*1 
#8:isky1' is a corruption4 ,at ! pres5t 

"t x is appli$ to a  /rong cordial _s1  
mu* drunk 9 ,irel&1 & made 9 ! greate/  
p]fection at ,drogh$a4    ,prep4 #a4    
,br&y or pro( _s1 #c galls42 dates 7)\t 
_! k]nels7  & rais9s1 ( ea*1 bruis$1    
#a_/d lb42 junip] b]ries1 bruis$1 #a    
oz42  mace & cloves1 ( ea* #c_/d oz42   
cori&] & anise$1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42       
c9namon1 #a_/d oz42 mac]ate1 ) frequ5t  
agitation1 = #ad days1 !n  filt]1 & add 
( capillaire or simple syrup1 #a gall4  
#b4 ,pim5to & c>aways1 ( ea* #c oz42    
mace1 cloves1 & nutmegs1 ( ea*  #b oz2  
anise$1 cori&]s1 & angelica root1 ( ea* 
#h oz42 rais9s1  /on$ & bruis$1 #ad     
lbs42 pro( _s1 #i galls42 dige/ z be=e1 
!n press1 filt]1 or cl>ify1 & add (     
simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,%\ld x  turn milky1
 add a little /rong _s1 or cl>ify x )   
alum1 or filt]  ?r\gh magnesia4    ,obs4
 ,usquebaugh is ei!r col\r$ yell[ )     
saffron 7ab\t #a_/d oz4  p] gall471 or  
gre5 ) sap-gre5 7ab\t #a_/b oz4 p]      
gall472 ei!r  be+ add$ to ! o!r +r$i5ts 
be=e mac]ation 9 ! _s4    ,,uva ,,ursi4 

,! ,arcto/aphylus ,uva ,ursi 7!         
,be>b]ry7 is an indig5\s  plant1 !      
leaves ( :i* are employ$ 9 m$ic9e4      
,be>b]ry leaves  conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage 
( tannic acid1 ) a small quantity (     
gallic  acid1 "s res91 & a little       
volatile oil & extractive1 toge!r )  a  
cry/allisable pr9ciple nam$ arbut91 :i* 
is said to be a v  p[]ful diuretic4     
,ano!r cry/allisable res9\s body nam$   
arbut9  has also be5 discov]$ 9 !m4     
,be>b]ry leaves ei!r 9 ! =m (  p[d]1    
infusion1 or extract1 are *iefly us$ 9  
*ronic diseases ( !  bladd]1 9 :i* !re  
is an abnormal secretion ( mucus1 su* z 
cat>rhus vesic1 b nei!r acute nor active
 inflammation4      ,,vacc9a,,tion4 ,see
 ,,c[-,,pox4 7,,pox47    ,,vac,,c9e     
,,matt]4 ,syn4 ,,lympha ,,vacc9i1 ,l4   
,?is is collect$ ei!r  ^u ! po9ts (     
lancet-l pieces ( ivory1 or by op5+ !   
pu/ule1  & apply+ a small glass ball &  
tube 7l ^? call$ by ! boys 9  ,london   
c&le-pops1 or fire-pops7 to ! orifice1  
expell+ "p ( !  air 9 ! ball by br++ a  

light$ tap] ne> x2 !n1 )draw+ !  tap]1 !
 matt] is suck$ into ! ball1 9 :i* x may
 be seal$ up  h]metically or cem5t$1 &  
?us kept = a l5g? ( "t4 ,x is1  h[ev]1  
n[ g5]ally pres]v$ betwe5 two small     
pieces ( glass1 or 9  /raight capill>y  
glass tubes4 ,x is said t cotton ?read  
is a  conv5i5t & effici5t vehicle4 ,!   
matt] may be liquefi$ ) a  little clean 
wat] be=e application4 ,a degree ( heat 
sc>cely high]  ?an t ( ! blood less5s   
its efficacy4    ,,vac,,uum4 ,empty     
space2 a portion ( space void ( matt]4  
,=  exp]im5tal & manufactur+ purposes1 a
 suffici5t vacuum is produc$  ei!r by   
means ( ! air-pump1 or by fill+ an      
inclos$ space by /eam1  :i* is !n       
cond5s$ by ! application ( cold4        
,evaporation proce$s  mu* m rapidly1 &  
liquids boil at mu* l[] temp]atures 9 an
  exhau/$ receiv] ?an :5 expos$ to !    
air4 ,?us1 "u ord9>y  circum/ances1 9 ! 
air1 e!r boils at #if1 alcohol at #agg1 
& ,wat]  at #bab ,fahr42 b 9 vacuo wat] 
boils at ab\t #hh1 alcohol at #ef1 &    

e!r at -#bj ,fahr4 ,9 ! be/ vacuum      
obta9able by a p[]ful air-pump1  wat]   
plac$ ov] oil ( vitriol1 to absorb !    
aque\s vap\r z x  =ms1 w (t5 ent] into  
viol5t ebullition :il/ ice is 9 ! act  (
 =mation on its surface4 ,! r$uction ( !
 boil+-po9t )  r$uc$ pressure is        
practically tak5 advantage ( by !       
ph>maceuti/ 9  ! prep>ation ( extracts1 
by ! sug> ref9] 9 ! evaporation (  8    
syrups1 by ! di/ill] 9 ! production (   
c]ta9 liqueurs1 & by  ! *emi/ 9 a v>iety
 ( processes ( int]e/ or utility4 ,see  
,,extracts1 ,,evaporation1              
,,refrig]ation1 c4    ,,vale,,rian4     
,syn4 ,,val]ian ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471      
,,val]ian ,,radix1 ,,val]iana  7,ph4 ,l4
 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 8,! root ( ! wild plant 
,val]iana (fic9alis  7,l9n471 or wild   
val]ian40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,an excitant1      
antispasmodic1 tonic1  & emm5agogue1 n  
only act+ on ! secretions1 b ex]cis+ a  
specific influ5ce ov] ! c]ebro-sp9al    
sy/em1 & 9 l>ge  quantities produc+     
agitation1 m5tal exaltation1 & ev5      

intoxication4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or   
#dj gr41 ?rice daily2 9 hy/]ia1         
epilepsy1 heada*e 7affect+ only "o      
side71 morbid n]v\s s5sibility1  c4 ,ev5
 ! od\r ( x ex]ts a species ( fasc9ation
 ov] cats4    ,,val]ian,,ic ,,acid4     
,,hc#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,val]ic ,,acid2 
,,acidum  ,,val]ianicum1 ,a4 ,,val]icum1
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture ( potato oil 
or  corn-_s oil 7hydrat$ oxide ( amyl7 )
 ab\t #aj times its weight (  quicklime 
& hydrate ( potassa 9 equal proportions1
 plac$ 9 a glass  flask1 is kept heat$  
to ab\t #djj ,fahr41 = #aj or #ab h\rs1 
by means (  a ba? ( oil or fusible      
metal2 ! ne>ly :ite solid residuum is   
mix$  ) wat]1 an excess ( sulphuric acid
 add$ to ! mixture1 & !  :ole subject$  
to di/illation2 ! di/illate is          
sup]saturat$ )  potassa1 evaporat$ ne>ly
 to dryness1 to dissipate any           
undecompos$  potato oil1 & !n mix$ )    
weak sulphuric acid 9 excess2 a light   
oily liquid 7t]hydrat$ val]ianic acid7  
sep>ates1 :i* by cauti\s  rectification1

 yields at fir/ wat] conta9+ a little   
acid1 &  aft]w>ds pure monohydrat$      
val]ianic acid1 :i* is p]fectly id5tical
  ) t prep>$ f val]ian root4    #b4     
7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,val]ianate ,,(        
,,sodium4 ,?is is a mo/ economical      
process4    ,prop41 c4 ,a limpid oily   
liquid1 smell+ /rongly ( val]ian root2 x
  has an acid ta/e & reaction1 & leaves 
a s5sation ( sweetness & a  :ite spot on
 ! tongue2 is inflammable2 boils at     
#cdg2 is freely soluble  9 alcohol &    
e!r2 dissolves 9 #cj p>ts ( wat]1 & =ms 
salts  call$ val]ianates1 mo/ ( :i* h a 
sweeti% ta/e1 are soluble1 &            
uncry/allisable2 sp4 gr4 #icg2 plac$ 9  
contact ) wat]1 x absorbs a  portion (  
x1 & is conv]t$ into ! t]hydrat$ acid1 )
 increase  ( sp4 gr41 & r$uction ( !    
boil+-po9t4    ,,vale,,ric ,,acid4 ,see 
,,val]ianic ,,acid4    ,,valo,,nia4 ,!  
cup ( a l>ge species ( acorn1 import$ f 
! ,levant4  ,us$ 9 tann+ lea!r4         
,,vanad,,ic ,,acid4 ,v#b,o#b4 ,syn4     
,,vanadic ,,anhydride1 ,,t]oxide ,,(    

,v42  ,,acidum ,,vanadicum1 ,l4 ,prep4  
7,john/on47 ,f ! native vanadate ( lead1
  by dissolv+ x 9 nitric acid1 pass+    
sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh !  solution1  
to ?r[ d[n lead & ars5ic1 filt]+1 &     
evaporat+ !  result+ blue liquid to     
dryness2 ! residuum is !n dissolv$ 9 a  
solution ( ammonia1 & a piece ( sal     
ammoniac1 consid]ably l>g] ?an  c be    
dissolv$1 introduc$2 z ! latt]          
dissolves1 a pulv]ul5t  precipitate (   
vanadate ( ammonium is =m$1 :i* mu/ be  
wa%$1 fir/  9 a solution ( sal ammoniac1
 & !n 9 alcohol ( #hfj2 by expos+  ?is  
salt1 9 an op5 plat9um crucible1 to a   
heat a little bel[ r$ness1  & keep+ x   
con/antly /irr$1 until x acquires a d>k 
r$ col\r1  pure vanadic acid is obta9$4 
,prep41 c4 ,vanadic acid is orange      
col\r$1 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1  & =ms1 
) ! alkal9e bases1 soluble salts call$  
vanadates2 &  ) ! o!r bases sp>+ly      
soluble salts4 ,all ( ^! h an orange  or
 yell[ col\r4 8,vanadate ( ammonia mix$ 
) solution ( galls =ms  a black fluid1  

:i* is ! be/ writ+ ink hi!rto kn[n4 ,!  
quantity  ( salt requir$ = ?is purpose  
is v small2 ! writ+ is p]fectly  black1 
& n oblit]at$ by alkalies1 acids1       
*lor9e1 or o!r  reag5ts10 7,ure47       
,,vana,,dium4 ,v4 ,a r>e metal discov]$ 
by ,sef/om1 9 #ahcj4 9 "s  ,sw$i% iron  
extract$ f an iron m9e ne> ,jnkp+4 ,x   
has s9ce be5  f\nd 9 a ,vanad9ite lead  
ore met ) 9 ,scotl&1 ,zimpanan 9        
,mexico1  & ,*ili1 & 9 ! iron slag (    
,/af=d%ire4 ,( late ye>s a m  abundant  
s\rce ( ,vanadium has be5 discov]$ by   
,pr(essor ,roscoe 9 !  cuprif]\s /ratum 
( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one at ,ald]ley ,edge 9
 ,*e%ire4  ,!re are f\r1 & possibly five
 oxides ( ?is elem5t4    ,vanadic       
oxy*loride4 ,syn4 ,,vanadic             
,,oxytri*loride4 7,v,o,cl#c47 ,roscoe   
/ates !re are sev]al oxy*lorides (      
vanadium1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h  n be5 /udi$4 ,!
 mo/ int]e/+ ( !m is ! oxytri*loride1   
:i* corresponds to ! phosphor\s         
oxy*loride4 ,?is oxytri*loride is a     
yell[ fum+ liquid1 :i* is in/antly      

decompos$ by wat] into vanadic  &       
hydro*loric acids4 ,! oxytri*loride may 
be obta9$ by heat+  vanadic anhydride & 
*>coal 7mix$ toge!r7 9 a curr5t (       
hydrog51  aft] :i* x is heat$ 9 a curr5t
 ( dry *lor9e4 ,an easi] me?od is  by   
pass+ dry *lor9e ov] ! sesquioxide (    
vanadium4    ,vanadic p5toxide4 ,syn4   
,,vanadic ,,anhydride 7,v#b,o#e474 ,at a
 r$ hot  heat ?is oxide fuses1 & on     
cool+1 cry/allises 9 rhombic prisms4 ,x 
is b little soluble 9 wat]2 ! aque\s    
solution1 :i* is ( a yell[  t9t1 is     
/rongly acid1 & produces a m>k$ r$d5+   
effect on litmus4  ,vanadic anhydride   
=ms bo? normal & acid salts4 ,! ammonic 
vanadiate  7,roscoe's meta vanadiate7 is
 ! *ief s\rce ( ! acid4 ,?is salt may   
be obta9$ by add+ pieces ( sal ammoniac 
to a crude solution (  potassic         
vanadiate1 ! result+ ammonic vanadiate  
be+ insoluble 9 a  saturat$ solution (  
sal ammoniac1 is deposit$ 9 small       
cry/all9e  gra9s4 ,! vanadic anhydride  
may be obta9$ f ! ammonic vanadiate  by 

heat+ an aque\s solution ( ! salt 9 !   
op5 air1 :5 !  ammonia is driv5 (f1 & ! 
vanadic anhydride is left beh9d4 ,! acid
  ammonic vanadiate1 mix$ ) t9cture (   
galls1 makes a v durable  writ+ ink1    
unact$ ^u ei!r by alkalies or *lor9e4   
,acids turn su*  blue )\t1 h[ev]1       
de/roy+ x4    ,vanadic trioxide4        
7,v#b,o#b471 is ! ,vanadyl ( ,roscoe1 :o
  obta9$ x 9 ! =m ( a grey              
metallic-look+ p[d]1 by !  transmission 
( a curr5t ( dry hydrog5 *>g$ ) ! vap\rs
 (  oxy*loride ( ,vanadium1 ?r\gh a tube
 conta9+ ignit$ *>coal4 ,x  dissolves 9 
dilute acids1 ) evolution ( hydrog54    
,solutions ( its  salts are lav5d]      
col\r$4 ,b]zelius reg>d$ ?is oxide z a  
metal4    ,te/s4 ,! vanadiates mo/ly    
occur ( a r$ or yell[ col\r4 ,:5  treat$
 ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 !y yield a      
solution ( a f9e blue  col\r1 a reaction
 t di/+ui%es !m f ! *romates1 :i*1  "u  
simil> treatm5t1 w\ld give a gre5       
liquid4 ,:5 mix$ ) borax  & expos$ to ! 
r$uc+ flame ( ! bl[pipe1 comp\nds       

conta9+  vanadium give a gre5 glass1 :i*
 turns to yell[ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4      
,pr(essor ,roscoe1 to ^: rese>*es we are
 indebt$ = all ! *emical  k we possess  
respect+ vanadium1 says3----8,all ! ma9 
facts n[  e/abli%$ 9 connection ) !     
*emical dep>tm5t ( ?is elem5t  prov$ x  
to be> a /rong analogy to ! elem5ts     
phosphorus & ars5ic2  9 fact1 x occupi$ 
a previ\sly vacant place 9 a well-def9$ 
gr\p (  triad1 or1 z "s *emi/s pref] to 
consid] !m1 p5tad elem5ts4  ,!re 0 a    
prop]ty ( vanadium 9 virtue ( :i* x     
might ultimately  obta9 consid]able     
importance 9 ! arts1 ?\gh 9 ! pres5t    
infancy  ( ! hi/ory ( ! metal x 0       
difficult to =etell ?is ) any  c]ta9ty4 
,?is prop]ty 0 ! p[] ( =m+ a p]man5t    
black =  dye+ purposes4 ,! black produc$
 by ! action ( vanadium _h !  advantage 
ov] copp] & anil9e blacks1 viz4 t x 0   
p]man5t1  :]eas ! latt] 7 liable to turn
 gre54 ,?is application ( an  elem5t t 0
 fir/ introduc$ into notice z a *emical 
curiosity  furni%$ "o m example ( !     

importance ( orig9al sci5tific          
inve/igation4 ,h[ev] f> a newly discov]$
 sub/ance might seem to be  remov$ f    
purposes ( practical utility1 we nev] "k
 at :at mom5t  x might be turn$ to      
acc\nt = ! b5efit ( ! human race40      
,,vanil,,la4 ,syn4 ,,vanille1 ,fr4 ,!   
dri$ pods ( v>i\s species (  ,vanilla1 a
 g5us ( ! natural ord] ,or*idace4 ,x is 
*iefly us$ 9  ! manufacture ( *ocolate &
 p]fum]y4 ,z a m$ic9e x is mu*  employ$ 
on ! ,cont95t z an aromatic /imulant &  
neurotic4----,dose1  #f to #ab gr42 9   
a/h5ic fev]s1 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1   
impot5cy1 c4    ,vanilla is r$uc$ to    
p[d] 7,,pulvis ,,vanill2 ,,p\dre ,,de   
,,vanille7 by  slic+ x1 & triturat+ !   
fragm5ts ) twice or ?rice _!  weight (  
well-dri$ lump sug>4 ,= ,,sucre ,,de    
,,vanille1 #aa p>ts ( sug>  are employ$4
    ,! foll[+ table giv5 by ,messrs     
,tieman & ,h>mann1 9 ! ,j\rnal (  !     
,b]l9 ,*emical ,society1 repres5ts !    
quantities ( ,vanill9 7!  aromatic      
pr9ciple ( ,vanilla7 conta9$ 9 t        

sub/ance1 z obta9$  f diff]5t           
s\rces3----                             
,vanill9                                
p] ,c5t4      ,mexican ,vanilla 7#ahgc1 
h>ve/7    #afi    ,mexican ,vanilla     
7#ahgd1 h>ve/7    #ahf    ,mexican      
,vanilla ,m$ium quality     #acb        
,b\rbon1 be/ quality 7#ahgd-ge7    #aia 
,b\rbon1 7#ahgd-ge7                 #aig
    ,b\rbon1 7#ahgd-ge7                 
#bij    ,b\rbon1 ,small m$ium 7#ahgd-ge7
    #aee    ,java1 be/ quality 7#ahgc7  
#bge    ,java1 be/ quality 7#ahgd7      
#aef    ,,vanill94 ,a cry/allis$        
sub/ance obta9$ f p9e juice by ,messrs  
,tiemann & ,h>mann4 ,x has be5 %[n to be
 id5tical ) ! aromatic  pr9ciple (      
,vanilla4    ,9 a pap] read be=e !      
,royal ,society ! au?ors h describ$ !   
process by :i* vanill9 0 artificially   
prep>$ by !m4 ,!y /ate  t ! sap ( !     
cambium ( conif]\s trees conta9s a      
beautiful  cry/all9e glucoside conif]9e1
 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,k>tig1 &  exam9$ "s 
ye>s ago by ,rubel1 :o arriv$ at ! =mula

  ,c#bd;,h#cb,o#ab  #c ,aq4 ,a m9ute    
/udy ( ?is comp\nd leads u to  repres5t 
! molecule ( conif]9e by ! expression1  
,c#af;,h#bb,o#c   #b ,aq41 ! p] c5tages 
( :i* ne>ly co9cide ) ! !oretical       
values ( ,kubel's =mula4    ,submitt$ to
 f]m5tation ) emuls9e1 conif]9e splits  
into sug>1 &  a spl5did comp\nd1        
cry/allis+ 9 prisms1 :i* fuse at #gc4   
,?is body  is easily soluble 9 e!r1 less
 s 9 alcohol1 almo/ insoluble 9 wat]2   
its composition is repres5t$ by ! =mula 
,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c4 ,!  *ange is repres5t$ 
by ! equation----      ,c#af;,h#bb,o#h  
,h#b,o  ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f  ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c4
    ,"u ! influ5ce ( oxidis+ ag5ts1 !   
product ( f]m5tation  und]goes a        
rem>kable metamorphosis4 ,on boil+ x ) a
 mixture (  potassium bi*romate &       
sulphuric acid1 !re passes ) ! vap\r (  
wat] 9 ! fir/ place e?ylic aldehyd1 &   
subsequ5tly an acid  comp\nd soluble 9  
wat]1 f :i* x may be remov$ by e!r4 ,on 
evaporat+ ! e!real solution1 cry/als 9  
/ell> gr\ps are left  beh9d1 :i* fuse at

 #ha4 ,^! cry/als h ! ta/e & od\r (     
vanilla4    ,an accurate comp>ative     
exam9ation has prov$ !m to be id5tical )
  ! cry/all9e sub/ance :i* con/itutes ! 
aroma ( vanilla1 &  :i* is (t5 se5 cov]+
 ! surface ( vanilla pods4    ,on       
analysis1 ! cry/als we obta9$ 7 f\nd to 
conta9  ,c#h;,h#h,o#c4 ,?is is exactly !
 composition :i* rec5t rese>*es  (      
,c>les h e/abli%$ = ! aromatic pr9ciple 
( vanilla4 ,!  trans=mation ( !         
cry/all9e product ( f]m5tation into     
vanill9 is  repres5t$ by ! foll[+       
equation3      ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c  ,o      
,c#b;,h#d,o  ,c#h;,h#h,o#c4    ,to      
remove all d\bt reg>d+ ! id5tity (      
artificial vanill9 ) !  natural comp\nd1
 we h trans=m$ ! =m] into a s]ies (     
salts1  :i* h ! g5]al =mula1            
,c#h;,h#g,,mo#c1 & into two  sub/itution
 products1 ,c#h;,h#g;,br,o#ca1 &        
,c#h;,h#g,,to#c1 bo? (  :i* _h previ\sly
 be5 prep>$ by ,c>les f ! natural       
comp\nd4    ,,van ,,swiet5',s           
,,solution4 ,conta9s #a_/ajjj? "p ( its 

weight (  corrosive sublimate2 or #a_/b 
gr4 p] fl4 oz4    ,,vap\r4 ,vap\rs are  
really gases1 & am5able to sub/antially 
! same  physical laws2 z ord9>ily       
und]/ood1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a    
gas & a vap\r is ! foll[+3----,a gas is 
a =m ( matt] :i*  exi/s1 at ord9>y      
temp]atures & pressures1 9 a /ate (     
vap\r2  :il/ a vap\r has be5 =m$ by !   
application ( heat to a body  usually   
exi/+ 9 ! solid or liquid =m2 gases1    
!re=e1 diff]  f vap\rs only 9 be+ d]iv$ 
f bodies :i*1 9 ! solid or  liquid =m1  
boil at v mu* l[] temp]atures4    ,vap\r
 ( ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,ammoni4 7,/
 ,?4 ,hosp47 ,solution (  ammonia       
7#iei71 wat]1 equal p>ts4 ,a teaspoonful
 9 a p9t ( wat] at  #hj ,f4 = ea*       
inhalation4 ,9 *ronic l>yngitis &       
functional aphonia4    ,vap\r ( ,b5zo94 
,syn4 ,,vapor ,,b5zo9i4 7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47 
,comp\nd  t9cture ( b5zo91 #a oz4 ,a    
teaspoonful to #a p9t ( wat] at #adj ,f4
 ,9  acute inflammation ( ! ph>ynx &    
l>ynx4    ,vap\r ( ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,syn4

 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,c>bolici4 7,/ ,?4    
,hosp47  ,c>bolic acid1 #dbj gr42 wat]1 
#a dr42 #bj drops ( ?is 9 #a p9t ( wat]1
  at #adj ,f41 = ea* inhalation4 ,=     
syphilitic & c>c9omat\s  ulc]ations4    
,vap\r ( ,*lor9e4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,*lori4
 7,b4 ,p47 ,put *lor9at$ lime1 #b  oz41 
into a suitable app>atus1 moi/5 x ) cold
 wat]1 & let !  vap\r t arises be       
inhal$4    ,vap\r ( ,conia4 ,syn4       
,,vapor ,,coni4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix extract (
 hemlock1 #fj  gr42 solution ( pota%1 #a
 dr42 & di/ill$ wat]1 #i dr4 ,put #bj   
m9ims  ( ! mixture on a sponge1 9 a     
suitable app>atus1 t ! vap\r (  hot wat]
 pass$ ov] x may be inhal$4    ,vap\r ( 
,creosote4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,creosoti4    
7,b4 ,p47 ,mix creosote1 #ab  m9ims1 &  
boil+ wat]1 #h oz41 9 an app>atus s     
arrang$ t air may  be inhal$ ?r\gh !    
solution4    ,vap\r ( ,hop4 ,syn4       
,,vapor ,,lupuli4 7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47 ,oil (
 hops1 #f  m9ims2 light c>bonate (      
magnesia1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #a oz4 ,a      
teaspoonful 9  #a p9t ( wat]1 at #adj   

,f41 = ea* inhalation4 ,s$ative4        
,vap\r ( ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 ,syn4      
,,vapor ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici4 7,b4    
,p47 ,mix  f #aj to #ae m9ims ( dilut$  
hydrocyanic acid ) #a dr4 ( cold wat]  9
 a suitable app>atus1 & let ! vap\r t   
arises be inhal$4    ,vap\r ( ,iod9e4   
,syn4 ,,vapor ,,iodi4 ,mix t9cture (    
iod9e1 #a fl4 dr41  & wat]1 #a oz41 &1  
hav+ appli$ a g5tle heat1 let ! vap\r t 
arises be inhal$4    ,vap\r ( ,lactic   
,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,lactici4 
7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47 ,lactic  acid1 #bj      
m9ims2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a oz42 mix4 ,=    
spray inhalation4  ,dissolves !         
membran\s exudation 9 diph!ria1         
,vap\r ( ,oil ( ,junip]4 ,syn4 ,,vapor  
,,olei ,,junip]i4 7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47       
,engli% oil ( junip]1 #bj m9ims2 light  
c>bonate ( magnesia1 #aj gr42  wat]1 #a 
oz4 ,a teaspoonful to #a p9t ( wat] at  
#adj ,f4 = ea*  inhalation4 ,= vocal    
weakness4    ,vap\r ( ,oil ( ,m\nta9    
,p9e4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,p9i ,,plumilionis4
 7,/ ,?4  ,hosp47 ,oil ( m\nta9 p9e1    

#a_/b dr42 light c>bonate ( magnesia1   
#ae gr42  wat]1 #a oz42 #a dr4 to #a p9t
 ( wat] at #adj ,f4 = ea* inhalation4 ,9
  *ronic l>yngitis4    ,vap\r ( ,oil (  
,myrtle4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,olei ,,myrti4  
7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47 ,oil (  myrtle1 #f      
m9ims2 light c>bonate ( magnesia1 #f    
gr42 wat]1 #a oz4 ,a  teaspoonful 9 a   
p9t ( wat] at #adj ,f4 = ea* inhalation4
 ,9 acute  tonsillitis4    ,vap\r (     
,nitrite ( ,amyl4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,amyl  
,,nitritis4 7,/ ,?4 ,hosp47  ,nitrite ( 
amyl1 #h m9ims2 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz4 ,a  
teaspoonful 9 a p9t  ( wat] at #ajj ,f4 
= ea* inhalation4 ,9 a/hma & spasm ( !  
glottis4    ,vap\r ( ,scot* ,p9e4 ,syn4 
,,vapor ,,p9i ,,sylve/ris4 ,oil ( ,scot*
 p9e  7fir-wood oil71 #dj m9ims2 light  
c>bonate ( magnesia1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #a  
oz42 #a dr4 to #a p9t ( wat] at #adj ,f4
 = ea* inhalation4 ,9 *ronic  l>yngitis4
    ,vap\r ( ,sulphur\s ,acid4 ,syn4    
,,vapor ,,acidi ,,sulphurosi4 7,/ ,?4   
,hosp47  ,sulphur\s acid1 #ae m9ims2    
wat]1 #a oz4 ,= spray inhalation4       

,/imulant  & antiseptic4    ,vap\r (    
,?ymol4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,?ymolis4 ,?ymol1
 #f gr42 rectifi$  _s1 #a dr42 light    
c>bonate ( magnesia1 #c gr42 wat]1 #a   
oz4 #a dr4 to #a  p9t ( wat] at #adj ,f4
 = ea* inhalation4 ,9 ph>yngitis &      
l>yngitis :5 associat$ ) exan!mata4     
,,v>icose ,,ve9s4 ,see ,,v>ix4          
,,v>ix4 ,! p]man5t unequal dilation ( a 
ve9 or ve9s1 :i* are !n  said to be     
#8v>icose4' ,x is kn[n by ! pres5ce ( a 
s(t tum\r1 :i*  does n pulsate1 & (t5   
assumes a s]p5t9e figure4 ,v>icose ve9s 
(  ! gro9 & scrotum g5]ally =m a        
collection ( knots4 ,! treatm5t  consi/s
 ( cold applications1 & pressure f      
b&ages4 ,"s cases are  reliev$ by       
ligature4 ,:5 occurr+ 9 ! legs1 mu* /&+ 
or walk+  %\ld be avoid$1 & ! use ( !   
ela/ic /ock+s made = !  purpose w be    
prop]4    ,,v>,,ni%4 ,syn4 ,,v]nis1 ,fr4
 ,any liquid matt]1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to  !
 surface ( a solid body1 becomes dry1 & 
=ms a h>d glossy  coat+1 imp]vi\s to air
 & moi/ure4    ,v>ni%es are commonly    

divid$ into two classes----,,fat or     
,,oil ,,v>ni%es &  ,,_s ,,v>ni%es4 ,!   
fix$ or volatile oils1 or mixtures ( !m1
 are  us$ z vehicles or solv5ts 9 ! =m]1
 & conc5trat$ alcohol 9  ! latt]4#bed ,!
 sp4 gr4 ( alcohol = ! purpose ( mak+   
v>ni%es %\ld n be m ?an #haef 7 #fg o4  
p471 & x %\ld be  pref]ably *os5 ( ev5  
great] /r5g?4 ,a little camphor is (t5  
dissolv$ 9 x1 to increase its solv5t    
p[]4 ,! oil ( turp5t9e1  :i* is !       
ess5tial oil *iefly employ$ = v>ni%es1  
%\ld be pure  & col\rless4 ,pale dry+   
l9se$ oil is ! fix$ oil g5]ally us$2  b 
poppy oil & nut oil are also            
occasionally employ$4 ,among !          
sub/ances :i* are dissolv$ 9 ! above    
m5/rua are----amb]1 anim1  copal1 elemi1
 lac1 ma/ic1 & s&>a*1 to imp>t body &   
lu/re2  b5zo91 on acc\nt ( its agreeable
 od\r2 annotta1 gamboge1 saffron1       
socotr9e aloes1 & turm]ic1 to give a    
yell[ col\r2 dragon's blood &  r$ s&al  
wood1 to give a r$ t+e2 asphaltum1 to   
give a black col\r  & body2 & ca\t*\c to

 imp>t t\ghness & ela/icity4            
,footnote #bed3 ,me?ylat$ _s is n[      
g5]ally us$ = mak+ _s  v>ni%es1 9 place 
( duty-paid alcohol4    ,9 ! prep>ation 
( _s v>ni%es c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t 
!  evaporation ( ! alcohol z mu* z      
possible1 & also to pres]ve !  portion t
 evaporates4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a common 
/ill may be  advantage\sly employ$2 !   
head be+ furni%$ ) a /uff+-box1 to      
p]mit ( ! passage ( a v]tical rod1      
connect$ ) a /irr] at "o  end & a work+ 
h&le at ! o!r4 ,! gum & _s be+          
introduc$1 ! head ( ! /ill closely fitt$
 on & lut$1 & !  connection made ) a    
prop] refrig]ator1 heat 7pref]ably t (  
/eam  or a wat] ba?7 %\ld be appli$1 & !
 _s br\ght to a g5tle  boil1 aft] :i* x 
%\ld be p>tially )drawn1 & agitation    
cont9u$ until ! gum is dissolv$4 ,! _s  
:i* has di/ill$ ov]  %\ld be !n add$ to 
! v>ni%1 & aft] ?or\gh admixture !  :ole
 %\ld be run (f1 z rapidly z possible1  
?r\gh a silk-gauze  sieve1 into /one    
j>s1 :i* %\ld be imm$iately cork$ d[n1 &

 set  aside to cl>ify4 ,on ! small      
scale1 _s v>ni%es are be/ made by       
mac]ation 9 clos$ bottles or t9 cans1   
ei!r 9 ! cold or by !  heat ( a wat]    
ba?4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! agglut9ation ( 
! res91  x is (t5 advantage\sly mix$ )  
clean silice\s s& or p\nd$  glass1 by   
:i* ! surface is mu* increas$1 & !      
solv5t p[] (  ! m5/ruum greatly promot$4
    ,to ensure ! excell5ce ( oil        
v>ni%es1 "o ( ! mo/ important  po9ts is 
! use ( good dry+ oil4 ,l9se$ oil = ?is 
purpose %\ld  be v pale1 p]fectly limpid
 or transp>5t1 sc>cely odor\s1 &  mell[ 
& sweet to ! ta/e4----#ajj galls4 ( su* 
an oil is put into an  iron or copp]    
boil]1 capable ( hold+ fully #aej       
galls41 gradually  heat$ to a g5tle     
simm]1 & kept ne> t po9t = ab\t #b h\rs1
 to  expel moi/ure2 ! scum is !n        
c>efully remov$1 & #ad lbs4 ( f9ely     
pulv]is$ scale li?>ge1 #ab lbs4 ( r$    
lead1 & #h lbs4 ( p[d]$  umb] 7all      
c>efully dri$ & free f moi/ure71 are    
gradually  spr9kl$ 92 ! :ole is !n kept 

well /irr$1 to prev5t ! dri]s  s9k+ to !
 bottom1 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ at a g5tle
 heat =  ab\t #c h\rs long]2 ! fire is  
next )drawn1 &1 aft] #cj to #dj  h\rs'  
repose1 ! scum is c>efully remov$1 & !  
cle> sup]natant  oil decant$ f !        
#8bottoms1'----,! product =ms ! be/     
boil$ or  dry+ oil ( ! v>ni%            
mak]4----,ano!r me?od is to heat a      
hog%ead (  ! oil gradually = #b h\rs1 !n
 to g5tly simm] x = ab\t #c h\rs  long]1
 &1 aft] remov+ ! scum1 to add1         
gradually1 #a lb4 ( ! be/  calc9$       
magnesia1 obs]v+ to mix x up well ) !   
oil1 &1  aft]w>ds to cont9ue ! boil+    
pretty briskly = at lea/ an h\r1  )     
con/ant agitation4 ,! fire is !n all[$  
to die away1 &1 aft]  #bd h\rs1 ! oil is
 decant$ z be=e4 ,! product is call$    
#8cl>ifi$  oil1' & requires to be us$ ) 
dri]s4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to lay 9  !     
ci/]n = #b or #c mon?s to cl>ify4    ,9 
! prep>ation ( oil v>ni%es1 ! gum is    
melt$ z rapidly z  possible1 )\t        
discol\r+ or burn+ x2 & :5 completely   

fus$1  ! oil1 also heat$ to ne>ly !     
boil+ po9t1 is p\r$ 91 aft]  :i* !      
mixture is boil$ until x appe>s p]fectly
 homog5e\s &  cle>1 l oil1 :5 ! heat is 
rais$1 ! dri]s 7if any are to be  us$7  
gradually & cauti\sly spr9kl$ 91 & !    
boil+ cont9u$1  ) con/ant /irr+1 = #c or
 #d h\rs1 or until a little1 :5 cool$   
on a palette knife1 feels /rong & /r+y  
betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,!  mixture is next all[$
 to cool consid]ably1 b :ile /ill q     
fluid1  ! turp5t9e1 previ\sly made      
mod]ately hot1 is cauti\sly add$1 &  !  
:ole ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,! v>ni% is  
!n run ?r\gh a  filt] or sieve into /one
 j>s1 cans1 or o!r vessels1 & set aside 
to  cl>ify itself by subsid5ce4 ,:5 no  
dri]s are us$1 ! mixture ( oil  & gum is
 boil$ until x runs p]fectly cle>1 :5 x 
is remov$ f  ! fire1 &1 aft] x has cool$
 a little1 ! turp5t9e is add$ z  be=e4  
,x is g5]ally conceiv$ t ! m p]fectly ! 
gum is fus$1 or  run1 z x is call$1 !   
l>g] & /rong] w be ! product2 & !  long]
 ! boil+ ( ! #8gum' & oil is cont9u$1 )9

 mod]ation1  ! fre] ! result+ v>ni% w "w
 & cov]4 ,an excess ( heat  r5d]s !     
v>ni% /r+y1 & injures its fl[+          
qualities4 ,= pale  v>ni%es z little    
heat z possible %\ld be employ$ ?r\gh\t 
!  :ole process4 ,good body v>ni%es %\ld
 conta9 #a-a_/b lb42 c>riage1  wa9scot1 
& mahogany v>ni%1 fully #a lb42 & gold  
size & black  japan1 fully #a_/b lb4 (  
gum p] gall41 besides ! asphaltum 9 !   
latt]4 ,_s v>ni%es %\ld conta9 ab\t     
#b-a_/b lbs4 ( gum p] gall4  ,! use (   
too mu* dri]s is f\nd to injure !       
brilliancy &  transp>5cy ( ! v>ni%4     
,copp]as does n comb9e ) v>ni%1 b  only 
h>d5s x2 sug> ( lead1 h[ev]1 dissolves 9
 x to a great] or  less ext5t4 ,boil+   
oil ( turp5t9e comb9es v readily ) melt$
  copal1 & x is an improvem5t on !      
common process1 to use x ei!r  be=e or 9
 conjunction ) ! oil1 9 ! prep>ation (  
copal v>ni%  t x is desir$ %\ld be v    
:ite4 ,gums ( difficult solubility are  
r5d]$ m soluble by be+ expos$1 9 ! /ate 
( p[d]1 = "s  "t to ! air4    ,v>ni%es1 

l w9es1 improve by age2 & %\ld always be
 kept z long  z possible be=e use4    ,f
 ! inflammable nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i*
 v>ni%es are  compos$1 _! manufacture   
%\ld be only c>ri$ on 9 "s deta*$       
build+ ( little value1 & built (        
un9flammable mat]ials4 ,:5 a pot  (     
v>ni%1 gum1 or turp5t9e cat*es fire1 x  
is mo/ readily  ext+ui%$ by closely     
cov]+ x ) a piece ( /\t wooll5  c>pet+1 
:i* %\ld be always kept at h&1 ready = !
 purpose4    ,an excell5t pap]1 by ,mr  
,j4 ,w4 ,niel1 on ! manufacture (       
v>ni%es1  w be f\nd 9 ! #8,trans4 ( !   
,soc4 ( ,arts1' vol4 xlix4 ,see also !  
articles ,,alcohol1 ,,amb]1 ,,copal1    
,,oils1 c41 9 ?is "w4    ,v>ni%1 ,amb]4 
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( amb] 7cle> & pale71  
#f lbs42 fuse  x1 add ( hot cl>ifi$     
l9se$ oil1 #b galls42 boil until x      
#8/r+s  well1' !n let x cool a little1 &
 add ( oil ( turp5t9e #d galls1 or  q4  
s4 ,ne>ly z pale z copal v>ni%2 x soon  
becomes v h>d1 & is  ! mo/ durable ( !  
oil v>ni%es2 b x requires "s "t be=e x  

is fit = poli%+1 unless ! articles are  
#8/ov$4' ,:5 requir$ to  dry & h>d5     
quick]1 dry+ oil may be sub/itut$ = !   
l9se$ oil1  or #8dri]s' may be add$ dur+
 ! boil+4    #b4 ,amb]1 #d oz42 pale    
boil$ oil1 #a qu>t2 proce$ z la/4 ,v    
h>d4    #c4 ,pale transp>5t amb]1 #e    
oz42 cl>ifi$ l9se$ oil or pale boil$    
oil1 & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a p9t2 z  
be=e4    ,obs4 ,amb] v>ni% is suit$ =   
all purposes :]e a v h>d &  durable oil 
v>ni% is requir$4 ,! pal] k9d is sup]ior
 to copal  v>ni%1 & is (t5 mix$ ) !     
latt] to increase its h>dness &         
durability4 ,! only objection to x is ! 
difficulty ( prep>+ x (  a v pale col\r4
 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be easily blea*$ ) "s   
fre%-slak$ lime4    ,v>ni%1 ,balloon4   
,see ,,v>ni%1 ,,flexible 7bel[74        
,v>ni%1 ,bessem]'s4 ,?is consi/s ( a    
pale oil copal v>ni%1 dilut$  ) ab\t #f 
times its volume ( oil ( turp5t9e1 !    
mixture be+  subsequ5tly agitat$ ) ab\t 
#a-cj? "p ( dry slak$ lime1 &  decant$  
aft] a few days' repose4 ,five p>ts ( ! 

product mix$ ) #d  p>ts ( bronze p[d]   
=ms #8,bessem]'s gold pa9t4'    ,v>ni%1 
,black4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,amb]      
,,v>ni%47 ,f amb]1 #a lb42  fuse1 add1 (
 hot dry+ oil1 #a_/b p9t2 p[d]$ black   
res91 #c oz42  asphaltum 7,naples71 #d  
oz42 :5 prop]ly incorporat$ &           
consid]ably  cool$1 add ( oil (         
turp5t9e1 #a p9t4 ,?is is ! beautiful   
black  v>ni% ( ! coa*mak]s4    #b4      
7,,ironwork ,,black47 ,f asphaltum1 #dh 
lbs42 fuse1 add ( boil$ oil1 #aj        
galls42 r$ lead & li?>ge1 ( ea* #g lbs42
 dri$ & p[d]$ :ite  copp]as1 #c lbs42   
boil = #b h\rs1 !n add ( d>k gum amb]   
7fus$71 #h  lbs42 hot l9se$ oil1 #b     
galls42 boil = #b h\rs long]1 or until a
  little ( ! mass1 :5 cool$1 may be     
roll$ into pills1 !n )draw  ! heat1 &   
aft]w>ds ?9 x d[n ) oil ( turp5t9e1 #cj 
galls4  ,us$ = ! ironwork ( c>riages1 & 
o!r nice purposes4    7#c4 ,,black      
,,japan1 ,,bitum9\s ,,v>ni%47----a4 ,f  
,naples asphaltum1 #ej  lbs42 d>k gum   
anim1 #h lbs42 fuse1 add ( l9se$ oil1   

#ab galls42 boil z  be=e1 !n add ( d>k  
gum amb]1 #aj lb41 previ\sly fus$ &     
boil$  ) l9se$ oil1 #b galls42 next add 
( dri]s q4 s41 & fur!r proce$  z ord]$ 9
 ,no4 #b4 ,excell5t = ei!r wood or      
metals4    b4 ,f burnt umb]1 #h oz42    
true asphaltum1 #d oz42 boil$ l9se$ oil1
 #a  gall42 gr9d ! umb] ) a little ( !  
oil2 add x to ! asphaltum1  previ\sly   
dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( ! oil by  
heat2 mix1 add !  rema9d] ( ! oil1 boil1
 cool1 & ?9 ) a suffici5t quantity (    
oil ( turp5t9e4 ,flexible4    #d4       
7,,brunswick ,,black47----a4 ,to        
asphalt1 #b lbs41 fus$ 9 an iron pot1   
add  ( hot boil$ oil1 #a p9t2 mix well1 
remove ! pot f ! fire1 &1  :5 cool$ a   
little1 add ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #b qu>ts4 
,us$ to black5  & poli% grates &        
ironwork4 ,"s mak]s add dri]s4    b4 ,f 
black pit* & gas-t> asphaltum1 ( ea* #be
 lbs42 boil g5tly  = #e h\rs1 !n add1 ( 
l9se$ oil1 #h galls42 li?>ge & r$ lead1 
(  ea* #aj lbs42 boil z be=e1 & ?9 ) oil
 ( turp5t9e1 #bj galls4  ,inf]ior to !  

la/1 b *eap]4    ,v>ni%1 ,body4 ,prep4  
#a4 ,f ! f9e/ ,african copal1 #h lbs42  
dry+  oil1 #b galls42 oil ( turp5t9e1   
#c-a_/b galls42 proce$ z = ,,amb]       
,,v>ni%4 ,v h>d & durable4    #b4 ,pale 
gum copal1 #h lbs42 cl>ifi$ oil1 #b     
galls42 dri$ sug> ( lead1  #a_/b lb42   
oil ( turp5t9e1 #c-a_/b galls42 proce$ z
 be=e1 & mix !  product1 :il/ /ill hot1 
) ! foll[+ v>ni%3----,pale gum anim1 #h 
lbs42 l9se$ oil1 #b galls42 dri$ :ite   
copp]as1 #a_/d lb42 oil (  turp5t9e1    
#c-a_/b galls42 ! mix$ v>ni%es are to be
 imm$iately  /ra9$ into ! cans or ci/]n4
 ,dries 9 ab\t #f h\rs 9 w9t]1 &  9 ab\t
 #d h\rs 9 summ]4 ,us$ = ! bodies (     
coa*es & o!r  vehicles4    ,v>ni%1      
,bookb9d]'s4 ,prep4 ,take ( pale gum    
s&>a*1 #c oz42  rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2    
dissolve by cold dige/ion & frequ5t     
agitation4 ,us$ by b9d]s to v>ni%       
morocco lea!r book-cov]s4 ,a  simil>    
v>ni% is also prep>$ f v pale %ell-lac &
 wood  naph?a4    ,v>ni% = ,boots &     
,%oes4 ,see ,,boots & ,,%oes4    ,v>ni%1

 ,cab9et-mak]'s4 ,fr5* poli% is         
occasionally s call$4    ,v>ni%1        
,c>riage4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,_s47 ,take ( gum
 s&>a*1 #a-a_/d  lb42 v pale %ell-lac1  
#c_/d lb42 v pale transp>5t res91 #a_/b 
lb42  rectifi$ _s ( #hbba 7#fd o4 p471  
#c qu>ts2 dissolve1 & add ( pure        
,canadian balsam1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,us$ = !  
int]nal p>ts ( c>riages1 c4  ,dries 9   
#aj m9utes or less4    #b4              
7,,oil47----a4 7,be/ pale47 ,take ( pale
 ,african copal1 #h lbs42 fuse1 add  (  
cl>ifi$ l9se$ oil1 #b-a_/b galls42 boil 
until v /r+y1 !n add  ( dri$ copp]as &  
li?>ge1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42 aga9 boil1 ?9 )
 oil  ( turp5t9e1 #e-a_/b galls42 mix1  
:il/ bo? are hot ) ! foll[+  v>ni%1 &   
imm$iately /ra9 ! mixture into a cov]$  
vessel3----,gum  anim1 #h lbs42 cl>ifi$ 
l9se$ oil1 #b-a_/b galls42 dri$ sug> (  
lead  & li?>ge1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42 boil z 
be=e1 ?9 ) oil (  turp5t9e1 #e-a_/b     
galls4 ,dries 9 #d h\rs 9 summ]1 & #f 9 
w9t]4 ,us$  = ! :eels1 spr+s1 & c>riage 
p>ts ( coa*es1 & o!r  vehicles1 & by    

h\se pa9t]s1 decorators1 c41 :o want a  
/rong1  quick-dry+1 & durable v>ni%4    
b4 7,second quality47 ,f gum anim       
7#8sorts'71 #h lbs42 cl>ifi$ oil1 #c    
galls42 li?>ge1 #e oz42 dri$ & p[d]$    
sug> ( lead & :ite  copp]as1 ( ea* #d   
oz42 boil z la/1 & ?9 ) oil ( turp5t9e1 
#e-a_/b galls4 ,us$ z ! la/4    ,v>ni%1 
,*9ese4 ,prep4 ,f ma/ic & s&>a*1 ( ea*  
#b oz42  rectifi$ _s 7#fd o4 p471 #a    
p9t2 dissolve4 ,dries 9 #f m9utes4 ,v   
t\gh & brilliant4    ,v>ni%1 ,copal4    
,prep4 #a4 7,,oil47----a4 ,f pale h>d   
copal1 #b lbs42  fuse1 add ( hot dry+   
oil1 #a p9t2 boil z be=e direct$1 & ?9  
) oil ( turp5t9e1 #c p9ts1 or q4 s4     
,dries h>d 9 #ab to #bd h\rs4    b4 ,f  
cle> & pale ,african copal1 #h lbs42    
pale dry+ oil1 #b galls42  rectifi$ oil 
( turp5t9e1 #c galls42 proce$ z be=e &  
imm$iately  /ra9 x into ! /ore c or     
ci/]n4 ,v f9e1 h>d1 & durable4    #b4   
7,,_s47----a4 ,f co>sely p[d]$ copal &  
glass1 ( ea* #d oz42  alcohol ( #ij 7#fd
 o4 p471 #a p9t2 camphor1 #a_/b oz42    

heat ! mixture1  ) frequ5t /irr+1 9 a   
wat] ba?1 s t ! bubbles may be  c\nt$ z 
!y rise until solution is complete1 &1  
:5 cold1 decant  ! cle> portion4    b4  
,f copal 7:i* has be5 melt$1 dropp$ into
 wat]1 & !n dri$  & p[d]$71 #d oz42 gum 
s&>a*1 #f oz42 ma/ic1 #b oz42 pure ,*io 
turp5t9e1 #c oz42 p[d]$ glass1 #e oz42  
_s ( #ij1 #a qu>t2 dissolve  by a g5tle 
heat4 ,dries rapidly4    #c4            
7,,turp5t9e47 ,to oil ( turp5t9e1 #a    
p9t1 heat$ 9 a wat] ba?1 add  9 small   
portions at a "t1 ( p[d]$ copal 7prep>$ 
z above71 #c to #d  oz42 dissolve1 c41 z
 be=e4 ,dries sl[ly1 b is v pale &      
durable4    #d4 7,,japann]',s ,,copal   
,,v>ni%47 ,f pale ,african copal1 #g    
lbs42 pale  dry+ oil1 #a_/b gall42 oil (
 turp5t9e1 #c galls42 proce$ z 9 ,no4   
#a4  ,dries 9 #bj to #fj m9utes1 & may  
be poli%$ z soon z h>d1  p>ticul>ly if  
/ov$4 ,see ,,japann+4    ,obs4 ,all     
copal v>ni%es1 :5 prop]ly made1 are v   
h>d & durable1  ?\gh less s ?an ^? (    
amb]2 b !y h ! advantage ov] !  latt] ( 

be+ pal]4 ,!y are appli$ on coa*es1     
pictures1 poli%$  metal1 wood1 & o!r    
objects requir+ a good durable v>ni%4   
,anim is  frequ5tly sub/itut$ = copal 9 
! copal v>ni%es ( ! %ops4 ,see          
,,v>ni%es1 ,,body1 ,,c>riage1 & ,,copal1
 c4    ,v>ni%1 ,cry/al4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f   
g5u9e pale ,canada balsam &  rectifi$   
oil ( turp5t9e1 equal p>ts4 ,us$ = maps1
 pr9ts1 draw+s1  & o!r articles ( pap]1 
& also to prep>e trac+ pap]1 & to       
transf] engrav+s4    #b4 ,ma/ic1 #c oz42
 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 ,us$ to 
fix p5cil  draw+s4    ,v>ni%1 ,dry+4 ,_s
 copal v>ni%4    ,v>ni%1 ,dut*4 ,lac &  
toy v>ni%es are (t5 s call$4    ,v>ni%1 
,et*+4 ,see ,,et*+4    ,v>ni%1 ,fat4    
,see ,,oil ,,v>ni%4    ,v>ni%1          
,flexible4 ,syn4 ,,balloon ,,v>ni%1     
,,ca\t*\c ,v41 ,,india-,,rubb]  ,v4     
,prep4 #a4 ,f india rubb] 7cut small71  
#a-a_/b oz42 *lor(orm1 e!r  7wa%$71 or  
bisulphuret ( c>bon1 #a p9t2 dige/ 9 !  
cold until  solution is complete4 ,dries
 z soon z x is laid on4 ,pure gutta p]*a

  may be sub/itut$ = india rubb]4    #b4
 ,india rubb]1 9 %av+s1 #a oz42 rectifi$
 m9]al naph?a or b5zol4  #a p9t2 dige/  
at a g5tle heat 9 a clos$ vessel1 &     
/ra94 ,dries v  badly1 & nev] gets      
p]fectly h>d4    #c4 ,india rubb]1 #a   
oz42 dry+ oil1 #a qu>t2 dissolve by     
heat4 ,v t\gh2  dries 9 ab\t #dh h\rs4  
#d4 ,l9se$ oil1 #a gall42 dri$ :ite     
copp]as & sug> ( lead1 ( ea* #c  oz42   
li?>ge1 #h oz42 boil1 ) con/ant         
agitation1 until x /r+s  well1 !n cool  
sl[ly1 & decant ! cle> portion4 ,if too 
?ick1 ?9  x d[n ) quick-dry+ l9se$ oil4 
,! above are us$ = balloons1  gas bags1 
c4 ,see ,,balloon1 ,,ca\t*\c1 c4        
,v>ni%1 ,furniture4 ,a solution ( pure  
:ite wax1 #a "p1 9 rectifi$  oil (      
turp5t9e1 #d p>ts1 frequ5tly passes "u  
?is "n4 ,see  ,,v>ni%es1 ,,body1        
,,c>riage1 & ,,copal1 c4    ,v>ni%1     
,gild]'s4 ,prep4 7,wat947 ,pale gum-lac 
9 gra9s1 gamboge1  dragon's blood1 &    
annotta1 ( ea* #ab-a_/b oz42 saffron1   
#c-a_/d oz42  dissolve ea* res9         

sep>ately 9 #e p9ts ( alcohol ( #ij1 &  
make two  sep>ate t9ctures ( ! dragon's 
blood & annotta1 ) a l quantity  ( _s2  
!n mix ! solutions 9 ! prop] proportions
 to produce !  requir$ %ade4 ,us$ =     
gild$ articles1 c4    ,v>ni%1 ,glass4 ,a
 solution ( soluble glass4 ,us$ to r5d] 
wood1 c41  fire-pro(4    ,v>ni%1        
,gun-b>rel4 ,prep4 ,f %ell-lac1 #a-a_/b 
oz42 dragon's blood1  #c dr42 rectifi$  
_s1 #a qu>t4 ,appli$ aft] ! b>rels are  
#8br[n$4'    ,v>ni%1 ,hair4 ,prep4 ,f   
hog's bri/les 7*opp$ small71 #a "p2     
dry+ oil1 #aj p>ts2 dissolve by heat4   
,said to be us$ to give cotton or  l95  
clo? ! appe>ance ( horse-hair4          
,v>ni%1 ,india-rubb]4 ,,v>ni%4 ,see     
,,flexible 7above74    ,v>ni%1 ,italian4
 ,prep4 ,boil ,scio turp5t9e until      
brittle1 p[d] x1  & dissolve ?is 9 oil (
 turp5t9e4 ,us$ = pr9ts1 c4    ,v>ni%1  
,japan4 ,pale amb] or copal v>ni%4 ,us$ 
= japann+ t91  papi] m*1 c4    ,v>ni%1  
,lac4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pale se$-lac 7or      
%ell-lac71 #h oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a     

qu>t2 dissolve4    #b4 ,sub/itute lac   
blea*$ ) *lor9e = se$-lac4 ,bo? are v   
t\gh1 h>d1 & durable1 b q inflexible4   
,wood naph?a may be  sub/itut$ = _s4    
,us$ = pictures1 metal1 wood1 or lea!r1 
&  p>ticul>ly = toys4    ,v>ni%1 ,lac   
7,aque\s74 ,prep4 ,f pale %ell-lac1 #e  
oz42 borax1 #a  oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/
 at ne>ly ! boil+ po9t until dissolv$2  
!n /ra94 ,equal to ! m co/ly _s v>ni% = 
_m purposes2 x  is an excell5t vehicle =
 wat] col\rs1 inks1 c42 :5 dry1 x is    
wat]pro(4    ,v>ni%1 ,lac 7,col\r$74    
,syn4 ,,lacqu]1 ,,brasswork ,,v>ni%4    
,prep4 #a4  ,take ( turm]ic 7gr\nd71 #a 
lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #b galls42 mac]ate =  
a week1 /ra91 ) expression1 & add to !  
t9cture1 gamboge1 #a-a_/b  oz42 pale    
%ell-lac1 #c_/d lb42 gum s&>a*1 #c-a_/b 
lbs42 :5 dissolv$1  /ra91 & fur!r add ( 
good turp5t9e v>ni%1 #a qu>t4 ,gold     
col\r$4    #b4 ,se$-lac1 #c oz42        
turm]ic1 #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/d  
oz42 rectifi$  _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ = a    
week1 frequ5tly %ak+1 !n decant !  cle> 

portion4 ,deep gold col\r$4    #c4      
,spani% annotta1 #c lbs42 dragon's      
blood1 #a lb42 gum s&>a*1 #c-a_/d  lbs42
 rectifi$ _s1 #b galls42 turp5t9e v>ni%1
 #a qu>t2 z be=e4  ,r$ col\r$4    #d4   
,gamboge1 #a oz42 ,cape aloes1 #c oz42  
pale %ell-lac1 #a lb42 rectifi$  _s1 #b 
galls42 z be=e4 ,pale brass col\r$4     
#e4 ,se$-lac1 dragon's blood1 annotta1 &
 gamboge1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42 gum  s&>a*1  
#b oz42 saffron1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 gall4 ,resembles !  la/4    ,obs4      
,lacqu]s are us$ ^u poli%$ metals &     
wood1 to imp>t to !m  ! appe>ance (     
gold4 ,articles 9 brass1 t9 plate1 &    
pewt]1 or :i*  are cov]$ ) t9foil1 are m
 especially s treat$4 ,z lacqu]s are    
requir$ ( diff]5t dep?s & %ades ( col\r1
 x is be/ to keep a  conc5trat$ solution
 ( ea* ( ! col\r+ +r$i5ts ready1 s t  x 
may be add$1 at any "t1 to produce any  
desir$ t9t4    ,v>ni%1 ,mahogany4 ,prep4
 ,f gum anim 7#8sorts'71 #h lbs42       
cl>ifi$  oil1 #c galls42 li?>ge & p[d]$ 
dri$ sug> ( lead1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42      

proce$ z = body v>ni%1 & ?9 ) oil (     
turp5t9e1 #e galls41 or  q4 s4          
,v>ni%1 ,ma/ic4 ,syn4 ,,picture ,,v>ni%1
 ,,turp5t9e ,v41 ,,t+ry',s ,,ess5ce  ,v4
 ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( pale & pick$ gum    
ma/ic1 #e lbs42 glass 7p\nd$  z small z 
b>ley1 & well ,wa%$ & dri$71 #c lbs42   
f9e/ newly  rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e     
7lukew>m71 #b galls42 put !m into a     
clean  #d-;gall4 t9 bottle or c1 bung   
d[n securely1 & keep roll+ x  backw>ds &
 =w>ds pretty sm>tly on a c\nt]1 or any 
o!r solid  place1 = at lea/ #d h\rs1 :51
 if ! gum is all dissolv$1 !  v>ni% may 
be decant$1 /ra9$ ?r\gh musl9 into ano!r
 bottle1 &  all[$ to settle2 if !       
solution is /ill incomplete1 ! agitation
 mu/  be cont9u$ = "s "t long]1 or !    
g5tle w>m? appli$ z well4  ,v f9e4      
#b4 7,second quality47 ,f ma/ic1 #d     
lbs42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b galls42        
dissolve ) heat4    ,obs4 ,ma/ic v>ni%  
is mu* us$ = pictures1 c42 :5 good1 x is
  t\gh1 h>d1 brilliant1 & col\rless4 ,x 
greatly improves by age1 &1  :5         

possible1 %\ld nev] be us$ be=e x has   
be5 made at lea/ a  twelve-mon?4 ,%\ld x
 get #8*ill$1' #a lb4 ( well-wa%$       
silice\s s&  %\ld be made mod]ately hot 
& add$ to ea* gallon1 :i* mu/ !n be     
well agitat$ = #e m9utes1 & aft]w>ds    
all[$ to settle4    ,v>ni%1 ,oak4 ,syn4 
,,wa9scot ,,v>ni%1 ,,common ,,turp5t9e  
,v4 ,prep4 #a4  ,cle> pale res91 #c-a_/b
 lbs42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a gall42        
dissolve4    #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( ,canada
 balsam1 #a p9t1 ,bo? are *eap &        
excell5t  common v>ni%es = wood or      
metal4    ,v>ni%1 ,oil4 ,! f9] qualities
 are notic$ "u ,,amb]1 ,,body1          
,,c>riage1 & ,,copal ,,v>ni%2 ! foll[+  
produces ! ord9>y oil  v>ni% ( !        
%ops3----,take ( good cle> res91 #c     
lbs42 dry+ oil1 #a_/b  gall42 melt1 & ?9
 ) oil ( turp5t9e1 #b qu>ts4 ,a good &  
durable  v>ni% = common "w4    ,v>ni%1  
,pa9t]'s4 ,see ,,c>riage1 ,,copal1      
,,mahogany1 ,,oak1 ,,oil1 & o!r         
v>ni%es2 ! selection dep5d+ greatly on !
 col\r & quality (  ! "w4    ,v>ni%1    

,pat5t ,lea!r4 ,?is is c>efully prep>$  
dry+ oil4 ,!  sk9s be+ /ret*$ on a bo>d1
 & e trace ( grease be+ remov$  f !m by 
means ( a mixture ( full]s e>? & wat]1  
!y are ready  to receive ! v>ni%1 :i* is
 !n spread ^u !m1 v ?9ly1 by  means ( a 
species ( scrap]4 ,! fir/ coat v>ni%    
consi/s ( pale  ,prussian blue 7t       
conta9+ "s alum9a71 #e oz42 dry+ oil1 #a
 gall42  boil$ to ! consi/5ce ( s+le    
size1 &1 :5 cold1 gr\nd ) a  little     
vegetable black2 x is /ov$ & aft]w>ds   
poli%$ )  f9e-gra9$ pumice----! second  
coat+ resembles ! fir/1 except+ 9  hav+ 
a little pure ,prussian blue mix$ )     
x2----! ?ird coat v>ni%  consi/s ( a    
simil> mixture1 b ! oil is boil$ until x
 /r+s  well1 & a little m pure ,prussian
 blue & vegetable black are  add$2----! 
la/ coat v>ni%1 or f9i%1 is ! same z !  
?ird1 b  mu/ conta9 #a_/b lb4 ( pure    
d>k-col\r$ ,prussian blue1 & #a_/d lb4 (
  pure vegetable black p] gall41 to :i* 
a little oil copal or amb]  v>ni% is (t5
 add$2 ea* coat be+ duly /ov$ & pumic$  

be=e !  next is appli$4 ,! heat ( ! /ove
 or ov5 is commonly #abj ,fahr4 =       
#8enamell$ sk9s1' z ^? ( ! calf & seal1 
int5d$ = #8upp]s1'  & #age to #ahj = /\t
 #8japan lea!r1' ! exposure 9 ! /ove is 
commonly = #f to #aj h\rs4 ,! sk9s are  
next oil$ & gra9$4 ,!  #8gra9+' ( !     
#8enamell$ sk9s' is done by hold+ ! sk9 
9 "o  h&1 & ) a curv$ bo>d l9$ ) cork   
7gra9+ /ick71 lightly  press$ ^u ! fle%y
 side1 work+ x up & d[n until ! prop]   
effect is produc$4    ,v>ni%1 ,picture4 
,sev]al v>ni%es1 especially ma/ic v>ni%1
 are  call$ by ?is "n4 ,pale copal or   
ma/ic v>ni% is g5]ally us$ =  oil       
pa9t+s1 & cry/al1 :ite h>d _s1 or ma/ic 
v>ni%1 =  wat]-col\r$ draw+s on pap]4   
,v>ni%1 ,pr9t]'s4 ,dilut$ ) twice its   
volume ( oil ( turp5t9e1  x =ms a good  
common v>ni%4    ,v>ni%1 ,seal+-wax4    
,black1 r$1 or any col\r$ seal+-wax1    
brok5  small1 ) en\gh rectifi$ _s 7or   
me?ylat$ _s7 to cov] x1  dige/$ till    
dissolv$4 ,a mo/ useful v>ni% = wood-"w 
( electrical  or *emical app>atus1 =    

tops ( corks1 c4    ,v>ni%1 ,_s4 ,prep4 
#a4 7,,br[n ,,h>d47----a4 ,f gum s&>a*1 
#c  lbs42 pale se$-lac or %ell-lac1 #b  
lbs42 rectifi$ _s 7#fe o4 p471 #b       
galls42 dissolve1 & add ( turp5t9e      
v>ni%1 #a qu>t2 agitate well1  /ra9     
7quickly7 ?r\gh gauze1 & 9 a mon? decant
 ! cle> portion  f ! s$im5t4 ,v f9e4    
b4 ,f se$-lac & yell[ res91 ( ea*       
#a-a_/b lb42 rectifi$ _s1  #e qu>ts2 oil
 ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/d p9t2 dissolve4     
,inf]ior to ! la/4    #b4 7,,:ite       
,,h>d47----a4 ,f gum s&>a* 7pick$71 #e  
lbs42 camphor1 #b  oz42 wa%$ & dri$     
co>sely p\nd$ glass1 #c lbs42 rectifi$  
_s 7#fe  o4 p471 #g qu>ts2 proce$ z 9   
mak+ ma/ic v>ni%2 :5 /ra9$1 add  ( pure 
,canada balsam1 #a qu>t4 ,v pale1       
durable1 & brilliant4    b4 ,f gum s&>a*
 & gum ma/ic1 ( ea*1 pick$1 #d oz42     
co>sely  p[d]$ glass1 #h oz42 rectifi$  
_s1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1 & add (  pure    
,/rasburg turp5t9e1 #c oz4 ,v f9e4      
#c4 7,,s(t ,,brilliant47 ,f s&>a*1 #f   
oz42 elemi 7g5u9e71 #d oz42 anim1  #a   

oz42 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a
 qu>t2 z be=e4    #d4 7,,sc5t$47 ,to !  
prec$+ add "s gum b5zo91 balsam ( ,p]u1 
balsam ( ,tola1 oil ( lav5d]1 or !      
ess5ce ( musk or amb]gris4 ,!  fir/ two 
c only be employ$ = d>k v>ni%es4        
,obs4 ,! above v>ni%es are *iefly appli$
 to articles ( !  toilette1 z "w-boxes1 
c>d-cases1 c42 b are also suitable to   
o!r  articles1 :e!r ( pap]1 wood1 l951  
or metal1 t require a  brilliant &      
quick-dry+ v>ni%4 ,!y dry almo/ z soon z
 appli$1  & are usually h>d en\gh to    
poli% 9 #bd h\rs4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 mu*   
less durable1 & m liable to crack1 ?an  
oil v>ni%es4    ,v>ni%1 ,/opp+-out4     
,syn4 ,,petit ,,v]nis1 ,fr4 ,f          
lampblack1 made  into a pa/e ) turp5t9e4
 ,us$ by engrav]s4 ,see ,,et*+4         
,v>ni%1 ,t+ry's4 ,,ma/ic ,,v>ni%4       
,v>ni%1 ,toy4 ,simil> to common _s      
v>ni%1 b us+ c>efully  rectifi$ wood    
naph?a z ! solv5t4 ,see ,,v>ni%es1 ,,lac
 & ,,_s4    ,v>ni%1 ,transf]4 ,syn4     
,,mordant ,,v>ni%4 ,prep4 ,f ma/ic 79   

te>s7 & s&>a*1 ( ea* #d oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #a-a_/b p9t2  dissolve1 & add ( pure
 ,canada balsam1 #a_/b p9t4 ,us$ =      
transf]r+  & fix+ engrav+s or li?ographs
 on wood1 & = gild+1 silv]+1  c4 ,see   
,,v>ni%1 ,,cry/al4    ,v>ni%1 ,turp5t9e4
 ,see ,,v>ni%es1 ,,ma/ic1 & ,,oak4      
,v>ni%1 ,wa9scot4 ,see ,,v>ni%1 ,,oak4  
,v>ni%1 ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,( ,,wax2   
,,emulsio ,,c] ,,spirituosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 
#a4  ,take ( :ite wax 7pure71 #a lb42   
melt x ) z g5tle a heat z  possible1 add
 ( w>m rectifi$ _s1 sp4 gr4 #hcj 7#fj o4
 p471 #a p9t2  mix p]fectly1 & p\r !    
liquid out ^u a cold porphyry slab2 next
  gr9d x ) a mull] to a p]fectly smoo?  
pa/e1 add+ m _s z  requir$2 put ! pa/e  
into a m>ble mort>1 make an emulsion )  
wat]1  #c-a_/b p9ts1 gradually add$1 &  
/ra9 x ?r\gh musl94 ,us$ z a  v>ni% =   
pa9t+s2 :5 dry1 a hot iron is pass$ ov] 
x1 or heat is  o!rwise ev5ly appli$1 s z
 to fuse x1 & r5d] x transp>5t1  aft]   
:i*1 :5 q cold1 x is poli%$ ) a clean   
l95 clo?4  ,! mo/ protective ( all      

v>ni%es4    #b4 ,wax 7pure71 #e oz42 oil
 ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2 dissolve4 ,us$ =  
furniture4 ,see ,,v>ni%1 ,,seal+-,,wax4 
,v>ni%1 ,:ite4 ,see ,,v>ni%1 ,,_s1 #b1 a
 & b4    ,,v>,,ni%+4 ,to give ! highe/  
degree ( lu/re to v>ni% aft] x is  laid 
on1 z well z to remove ! m>ks ( ! bru%1 
x und]goes !  op]ation ( poli%+4 ,?is is
 p]=m$ by fir/ rubb+ x ) v  f9ely p[d]$ 
pumice /one & wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) an oil$
 rag  & tripoli1 until ! requir$ poli%  
is produc$4 ,! surface is1 la/  ( all1  
clean$ ) s(t l95 clo?s1 cle>$ ( all     
greas9ess )  p[d]$ />*1 & !n rubb$      
bright ) ! palm ( ! h&4    ,9 v>ni%+    
great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! surface is    
free f  grease or smoke2 z1 unless ?is  
be ! case1 ! be/ oil or turp5t9e  v>ni% 
9 ! _w w n dry & h>d54 ,old articles are
 usually  wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 by !      
pa9t]s1 be=e be+ v>ni%$1 to  prev5t any 
misadv5ture ( ! k9d allud$ to4          
,,vasel9e4 ,see ,,cosmol9e4    ,,veal4  
8,! gra9 %\ld be close1 firm1 & :ite1 & 
! fat ( a  p9ki% :ite1 n a dead :ite1 & 

! kidneys well cov]$ ) a ?ick  :ite     
fat40 7,soy]47    ,veal1 l pork1        
requires to be well dress$1 to develop  
its nutritive  qualities4 ,x %\ld also  
be eat5 fre%1 z a peculi> pr9ciple is   
g5]at$ 9 x :5 improp]ly kept1 :i* acts z
 a malignant poison4  ,see ,,roa/+1 c4  
,,veg,,etable ,,al,,kali4 ,potassa4     
,,vegetable ,,juices4 ,see bel[4        
,,vegetables4 ,vegetables are organic   
be+s1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f  animals by a  
numb] ( *>act]i/ics1 b1 l !m1 are       
compos$ (  c]ta9 proximate pr9ciples1 or
 comp\nds1 :i* possess a high degree (  
sci5tific int]e/1 & 9 _m cases are      
invaluable to man4 ,among !  mo/        
important ( ^! are----album51 glut51    
gum1 lign91 />*1 sug>1  tann91 wax1 !   
fix$ & volatile oils1 ! res9s1 &        
gum-res9s1 !  alkaloids1 & innum]able   
=ms ( extractive matt]4 ,sev]al ( ^!    
sub/ances are notic$ "u _! respective   
names4    ,! me?od ( propagat+ plants f 
_! se$s1 dep5d+ on _!  simple exposure1 
at ! prop] season1 to w>m? & moi/ure1 "u

 !  protection ( ! soil1 is well kn[n2 t
 by propagation f #8slips'  & #8cutt+s1'
 :i* w d\btless prove int]e/+ to !      
amateur  g>d5]1 are notic$ bel[4    ,!  
*oice ( slips & cutt+s %\ld be made f ! 
side %oots (  trees & plants1 &1 :5     
possible1 f su* z recl9e t[>ds !        
gr\nds1 obs]v+1 :5 !y are remov$ by !   
knife1 to leave a little  wood ( a =m]  
ye> or season's gr[? atta*$ to !m1 z su*
 are  f\nd to take root m readily ?an :5
 !y are :olly compos$ ( new  wood4 ,! "t
 to take slips or cutt+s is z soon z !  
sap gets into  full motion4 ,be=e sett+ 
!m ! latt] %\ld be cut across1 j  bel[  
an eye or jo9t1 ) z smoo? a section z   
possible1 obs]v+ n  to injure ! bud4 ,! 
sup]flu\s leaves may be remov$1 b a     
suffici5t  numb] %\ld be left on = !    
purposes ( vegetation4 ,! common        
practice ( remov+ all or ne>ly all !    
leaves ( cutt+s is  injudici\s4 ,9 "s   
cases leaves alone w /rike root4 ,:5    
cutt+s  are set 9 pots1 !y %\ld be s    
plac$ z to rea* to ! bottom &  t\* !    

sides ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 :5 !y w     
seldom fail  to become root$ plants4 ,9 
! case ( tubul>-/alk$ plants x is said  
to be advantage\s to ins]t bo? ends into
 ! soil1 ea* ( :i* w  take root1 & may  
!n be divid$1 :5 two plants w be produc$
  in/ead ( "o4 ,an equable temp]ature1 a
 moi/ atmosph]e1 a %ady  situation1 & a 
mod]ate supply ( wat]1 are ! pr9cipal   
requisites to  induce spe$y root+4      
,excess ( any ( ^! is prejudicial4 ,:5 !
  size ( ! cutt+s admit1 x is bett] to  
place !m "u a h&- or  bell-glass1 :i* w 
pres]ve a con/ant degree ( heat1 &      
prev5t  evaporation f ! surface ( !     
leaves1 :i* is ! mo/ common cause  ( _! 
dy+1 especially 9 hot1 dry wea!r4       
,qual4 ,! vegetable k+dom furni%es by f>
 ! l>g] portion ( !  food ( man1 &      
indirectly1 p]haps1 ! :ole ( x4 ,! great
 value (  cul9>y vegetables & fruit 9 a 
mix$ diet ne$ n be insi/$ on1  s9ce x is
 a fact :i* is almo/ univ]sally kn[n &  
appreciat$4    ,9 ! *oice ( cul9>y      
vegetables obs]ve1 t if !y are /iff &   

break freely & crisply1 !y are fre%1 &  
fit = food2 if1 on !  contr>y1 !y h a   
flabby appe>ance1 or are s(t or         
discol\r$1 !y  are /ale1 & %\ld be      
reject$4    ,! dose ( ! g5]ality (      
vegetable sub/ances t ex]cise no v  m>k$
 action on ! human frame is ab\t #a_/b  
to #a dr4 ( ! p[d]1  night & morn+2 or  
#a oz41 or q4 s4 to imp>t a mod]ately   
/rong col\r  or ta/e1 may be infus$ or  
boil$ 9 #a p9t ( wat]1 & a w9e-glassful 
or !reab\ts tak5 #b or #c times a day4  
,collection & ,pres4 ,! foll[+ g5]al    
directions are giv5 9 !  ,london        
,ph>macopia = ! collection & pres]vation
 ( vegetable  sub/ances----7vegetabilia1
 ,ph4 ,l473----    8,vegetables are to  
be collect$ 9 dry wea!r1 & :5 nei!r wet 
)  ra9 nor dew2 !y are to be collect$   
annually1 & are n to be kept  beyond a  
ye>4    8,b>ks are to be collect$ at t  
season 9 :i* !y c be mo/ easily  sep>at$
 f ! wood40 ,spr+ is ! season "h allud$ 
to2 z at ?is  "t1 aft] ! sap beg9s to   
asc5d1 ! b>k is1 9 g5]al1 v  easily     

sep>at$4    8,fl[]s are to be collect$  
rec5tly bl[n40 ,! r$ rose1 h[ev]1 mu/   
be ga!r$ be=e ! buds are exp&$4         
8,fruits & se$s are to be collect$ :5   
ripe4    8,h]bs & leaves are to be ga!r$
 aft] ! fl[]s h exp&$1 &  be=e ! se$s   
are mature4    8,roots & rhizomes       
7und]gr\nd /ems71 = ! mo/ "p1 are to be 
dug  up aft] ! old leaves & /alks h     
fall51 & be=e ! new ones  appe>40       
78,roots1 :i* are requir$ to be pres]v$ 
fre%1 %\ld be  buri$ 9 dry s&40----,ph4 
,l4 #ahcf47    8,se$s are to be collect$
 :5 !y are ripe1 & be=e !y drop f  !    
plant40 78,!y ought to be pres]v$ 9 _!  
se$ vessels40----,ph4 ,l4  #ahcf47      
8,! diff]5t p>ts ( vegetables are to be 
kept dri$ = use1 except  :]e we %all    
o!rwise direct4 ,expose ^? y wi% to dry1
 )9 a  %ort "t aft] !y h be5 ga!r$1 9   
%all[ wick] baskets1 to a  g5tle heat1 9
 a d>k place1 & :]e !re is a curr5t (   
air4 ,!n1  ! moi/ure be+ driv5 (f1      
gradually increase ! heat to #aej       
,fahr41  9 ord] t !y may be dri$4       

,f9ally1 pres]ve ! m delicate  p>ts1    
viz4 fl[]s & leaves1 9 black glass      
vessels1 well clos$1 &  keep ! re/ 9    
prop] vessels1 prev5t+ ! access ( light 
&  moi/ure40    ,fruits1 cul9>y         
vegetables1 & vegetable juice1 ( e      
class1 may be  pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t  
by sev]al ( ! me?ods describ$ "u        
,,putrefaction4 ,on ! small scale !     
foll[+ me?od is (t5  adopt$3----,!      
sub/ances to be pres]v$ are put into    
/rong glass or  /onew>e bottles1 ) necks
 ( a prop] size1 :i* are !n cork$ )  !  
greate/ c>e1 ti$ or wir$1 & l9$ ) a     
mixture ( lime &  s(t *eese1 or ) a pa/e
 =m$ ( l9se$ meal & wat]1 spread on     
rags2 or t9 cases are employ$1 & are    
sold]$ up in/ead ( be+  cork$4 ,!       
bottles are !n plac$ 9 an ov51 !        
temp]ature ( :i*  is cauti\sly rais$ to 
fully #bab ,fahr42 or !y are enclos$1   
sep>ately1 9 canvas bags1 & put into a  
copp] ( wat] to :i* "s  salt has be5    
add$1 :i* is !n gradually heat$ until x 
boils1 &  ?us kept = #ae or #bj m9utes2 

! :ole is next left to cool1 :5 !       
bottles are tak5 out & c>efully exam9$  
be=e be+ laid by1 le/  !y %\ld h crack$ 
or ! lute h giv5 way4    ,h]bs & fl[]s  
are n[ g5]ally pres]v$ = di/illation by 
means (  common salt4 ,! objection :i*  
is rais$ aga9/ ! use ( fre%  aromatic   
plants is ?us obviat$1 :il/ ! od\rs ( ! 
di/ill$  products are r5d]$ sup]ior to  
^? obta9$ f ei!r ! rec5t or  dri$ plant1
 fruit1 or fl[]1 )\t ! great loss1      
inconv5i5ce1 or  tr\ble att5d+ ! common 
me?ods4 ,besides1 _m aromatic & odor\s  
sub/ances almo/ entirely lose _!        
prop]ties by dry+2 :ile mo/ (  !m yield 
m oil1 & t ( a f9] quality1 9 ! fre% ?an
 9 !  dri$ /ate4 ,! od\rs ( roses1 eld] 
fl[]s1 & a v>iety ( o!rs  are va/ly     
improv$ by ?is treatm5t1 & ^! fl[]s may 
?us be  pres]v$ ) ease & safety f season
 to season1 or ev5 long]1 if  requir$4  
,! process simply consi/s 9 intimately  
mix+ ! fl[]s or  o!r vegetables1 soon   
aft] be+ ga!r$1 ) ab\t #a_/d _! weight1 
or less1 ( good dry salt1 & ramm+ d[n ! 

mixture z tightly z  possible 9 /rong   
casks4 ,! casks are !n plac$ 9 a cold   
cell>1 &  cov]$ ) bo>ds1 on :i* heavy   
weights are put1 to keep ! mass  tight &
 close4 ,see ,,fruits1 ,,putrefaction1  
c4    ,vegetables1 ,juices (4 #a4       
7,,express$ ,,vegetable ,,juice1        
,,simple ,v4 ,j42  ,,succi ,,expressi1  
,l47 ,^! are obta9$ by bruis+ ! fre%    
leaves1 or  o!r vegetable matt]1 9 a    
m>ble mort>1 or 9 a mill1 & express+  ! 
liquid portion by means ( a p[]ful screw
 press4 ,aft] defecation  = #ab or #ad  
h\rs 9 a cold situation1 ! juice is ei!r
 decant$ or  filt]$ f ! fecul\s s$im5t1 
& is next heat$ = "s m9utes  to ab\t    
#ahe ,fahr41 to coagulate album9\s      
matt]4 ,! cle> portion is  subsequ5tly  
sep>at$ z be=e1 & ! product pres]v$ =   
use 9  well-clos$ & well-fill$ bottles1 
9 a cool situation4 ,"s plants1 z       
borage1 cabbage1 c41 require ! addition 
( #a_/h ( wat] be=e be+  press$4 ,!     
expression ( ! juice ( lemons1 oranges1 
qu9ces1 c41 is  facilitat$ by previ\sly 

mix+ ! pulp ) clean *opp$ /raw4         
,buck?orn b]ries1 mulb]ries1 c41 aft]   
be+ cru%$ betwe5 ! h&s1  are commonly   
left = #c or #d days to und]go a slight 
f]m5tation be=e  press+ !m4    ,!       
expression ( ! juices ( ! n>cotic       
plants1 & ( "s o!r  vegetables1 has     
lately assum$ consid]able int]e/1 f ^!  
juices  be+ n[ ext5sively us$ 9 ph>macy 
= ! prep>ation ( extracts &  ! pres]v$  
juices1 notic$ bel[4 ,x appe>s t ! juice
 ( "y  plants j com+ into fl[] yield    
only #b_/c ! am\nt ( extract :i*  may be
 obta9$ f ! same quantity ( juice       
express$ f ! matur$  plant1 or :5 !     
fl[]s are fully bl[n1 & ! /r5g? ( !     
product is also inf]ior2 ! case appe>s  
to be be/ met by select+ !  plants :5 m 
?an half ! fl[]s are fully bl[n4 ,!     
leaves alone  %\ld be pref]ably employ$1
 & %\ld be exclusively ( ! second  ye>'s
 gr[?1 :5 ! plants are bi5nials4        
7,squire47 ,! homopa?i/s  commonly      
employ ! :ole fl[]+ h]b4    ,!          
,,inspissat$ ,,vegetable ,,juices       

7,,succus ,,spissatis7 are n[ includ$   
among  ! extracts4    ,! pr9cipal simple
 vegetable juices ( comm]ce are----     
,,buck?orn ,,juice 7,,succus            
,,rhamni----,ph4 ,l471 f ! fruit (      
,rhamnus  ca?>ticus1 or buck?orn b]ries4
    ,,citron ,,juice 7,,succus ,,citri71
 *iefly import$ f ,italy 9 l>ge casks4  
,,lemon ,,juice 7,,succus ,,limonum71   
,ph4 ,l4 f lemons t spoil be=e !y  c be 
sold2 also import$4    ,,mulb]ry ,,juice
 7,,succus ,,mori----,ph4 ,l471 f !     
fruit ( ! mulb]ry4    ,,orange ,,juice  
7,,succus ,,aurantii71 obta9$ f ! same  
s\rce z t (  lemons4    ,,conc5trat$    
,,orange ,,juice 7,,succus ,,spissatis  
,,aurantii vel ,,aurantiorum7 &         
,,conc5trat$ ,,lemon ,,juice 7,,succus  
,,spissatus ,,limonum7 are prep>$ by    
evaporat+ ! fre% juices ( oranges &     
lemons1 ei!r alone or mix$  ) sug>1 &   
are employ$ z sub/itutes = ! fruit1 :]e 
!  latt] _c be obta9$4    #b4           
7,,alcoholis$ ,,vegetable ,,juices1     
,,pres]v$ ,v4 ,j42 ,,t9ctures ,,(       

,,rec5t  ,,plants2 ,,succi ,,alcoholati1
 ,l42 ,,alcoolatures1 ,fr47 ,prep4 a4 ,!
 juice1  obta9$ by p[]ful pressure1 9 ! 
mann] notic$ above1 is all[$ to  rema9 =
 #bd h\rs 9 a cold place1 :5 ! cle>     
portion is decant$  f ! fecul\s matt]   
:i* has subsid$1 & is !n agitat$ ) "o   
half its volume ( rectifi$ _s 7#ef o4   
p472 aft] ano!r #bd h\rs !  cle> portion
 is aga9 decant$ &1 if necess>y1 filt]$ 
?r\gh  bibul\s pap] or l954 ,9 ?is way  
are n[ g5]ally prep>$ !  pres]v$ juices 
( aconite1 belladonna1 col*icum 7corms71
 hemlock1  h5bane1 foxglove1 elat]ium1  
lactuca virosa1 t>axacum1 c41 sold 9 ?is
  c\ntry4    b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,to ! fre%  
leaves1 bruis$ 9 a m>ble mort>1 is add$ 
an equal weight ( rectifi$ _s1 & aft]   
mac]ation = #ae days !  :ole is press$1 
& ! result+ t9cture filt]$4 ,9 ?is mann]
 are  prep>$ t9ctures ( ! fre% leaves ( 
aconite 7t9ctura aconiti cum  foliis    
rec5tibus71 belladonna1 foxglove1       
hemlock1 h5bane1 /rong-sc5t$  lettuce   
7,lactuca virosa71 /ramonium1 trail+    

poison oak 7,rhus  toxicod5dron71       
mugwort 7,artemisia vulg>is71 col*icum  
7corms71  squirt+ cucumb]1 :ite poppy1  
t>axacum1 c41 ( ! ,p>is ,codex4    ,obs4
 ,^! t9ctures are mu* m p[]ful1 & m     
c]ta9 9 _!  op]ation1 ?an ^? prep>$ f ! 
dri$ plants4 ,! comm5c+ dose  is f #b to
 #e drops1 ! effects ( :i* %\ld be      
c>efully wat*$4  ,! products ( ! fir/ ( 
! above =mul keep z well z !  ord9>y    
t9ctures1 & !re is less wa/e ( _s ?an ) 
!  second4 ,t ( ! ,p4 ,cod4 is1 h[ev]1  
pref]r$ by ,m4 ,s\beiran1 z  af=d+ m    
uni=m products2 an op9ion :i* is        
que/ionable4 ,bral  ord]s equal weights 
( juice & _s2 ,mr ,squire recomm5ds     
#a_/b "p2  ,messrs ,b5tley  ,dav5port   
#a_/d "p 7bo? by volume71 & ,mr ,gieseke
 only  #a_/e "p 7by weight71 ( _s to #a 
"p ( ! express$ juice4 ,!  homopa?i/s   
g5]ally g ) ,m4 ,bral4 8,our own        
exp]i5ce1 :i* has  be5 v consid]able1 & 
ext5ds ov] upw>ds ( #af ye>s1 leads u to
  pref] ! proportions giv5 9 =mula a1   
:i* are simil> to ^? (  ,mr ,squire4 ,if

 less _s be employ$1 ! product is apt to
 suff] rapid  det]ioration :5 kept 9 a  
w>m %op or surg]y40 7,cooley47    #c4   
7,,e!riz$ ,,vegetable ,,juices2 ,,succi 
,,!rizati1----,l42 ,,e?,,rolatures1     
,,sucs  ,,?,,res1 ,fr47 ,= ^! we are    
indebt$ to ,m4 ,b\*>dat4 ,!y are  prep>$
 z foll[s3 ,e!r is gradually add$ to !  
depurat$ fre%ly  express$ juice1 until1 
aft] active agitation1 a ?9 lay] ( x    
rises  to ! surface on ! mixture be+    
all[$ to repose = a m9ute or two2  !    
:ole is !n set aside = #bd h\rs1 :5 !   
sup]natant e!r is  exp]tly remov$ by    
means ( a pipette or syr+e1 & ! juice is
  filt]$2 la/ly1 ! decant$ e!r is       
return$ to ! filtrate1 & !  e!ris$ juice
 is at once put into well-/opp]$        
bottles4 ,= use1 "o  ( ! bottles is     
rev]s$1 & ! dose tak5 f ! l[] "p1 s  t !
 e!r rema9s beh9d4 ,we f9d1 9 practice1 
t decantation1  c>efully conduct$1 may  
be sub/itut$ = filtration2 ?us n only   
r5d]+ ! process less co/ly1 b ensur+ a m
 uni=m product4    ,! e!ris$ juices are 

said to reta9 _! active prop]ties = an  
indef9ite p]iod4 ,! me?od has be5       
successfully appli$ to ! juices  (      
aconite1 anemone1 black hellebore1 &    
hemlock1 & is probably  applicable to _m
 o!rs2 b1 we ?9k1 n to ! juices ( all ! 
n>cotic plants1 z has be5 ass]t$4       
,vegetable ,fibres4 ,! foll[+ me?od = ! 
id5tification (  vegetable fibres is    
int5d$ to supplem5t ! in=mation         
previ\sly  giv5 on ?is subject4 ,its    
orig9ator1 ,m4 ,vetill>d1 applies x =   
di/+ui%+ ! fibres ( l951 hemp1 cotton1  
jute1 ,*9a grass1 &  ,new ,zeal& flax4  
,! foll[+ extract descriptive ( !       
process is f  ! #8,j\rnal ( ,appli$     
,*emi/ry'3----    8,if a wov5 or spun   
fibre is to be exam9$ x mu/ fir/ be     
dis9tegrat$  into ! s+le fibres1 & any  
col\r or f9i% mu/ be remov$ z           
completely z possible4 ,v]tical &       
longitud9al microscopic sections are    
next made4 ,^! are r5d]$ transp>5t by   
glyc]9 or *loride (  calcium1 & treat$ )
 t9cture ( iod9e1 made by simply        

dissolv+  iod9e 9 a solution ( iodide ( 
potassium4 ,! excess ( ?is t9cture  is  
remov$1 a drop ( dilute sulphuric acid  
add$1 & ! sections  exam9$ by ! aid ( ! 
microscope4    ,l95 ,fibre4----,bundles 
( simil> fibres1 ) a f9e canal 9 !      
c5tre1 long1 uni=mly ?ick1 & po9t$ at ! 
ends4 ,longitud9al  section2 ! fibres   
are col\r$ blue1 ! canal yell[4 ,cross  
section3  regul> polygons1 loosely      
connect$1 col\r$ blue2 c5tres yell[4    
,hemp4----,fibres aggravat$2 ea* fibre  
cov]$ ) a ?9 sk92 col\r$  yell[4 ,!y are
 ?ick & less uni=m ?an ! l95 fibres4 ,! 
ends  are ?ick & ( ! %ape ( spatulas1 & 
become blue or gre5i% blue  ) iod9e4    
,cross section3 irregul> polygons1      
firmly connect$2 rim  yell[1 ! mass     
blue1 ! c5tre col\rless4                
,cotton4----,longitud9al section3 s+le  
fibres1 spirally w\nd on _!  own axis1 )
 a c5tral canal & broad ends2 col\r$    
blue by iod9e4  ,! cross sections are   
r\nd$ 9 ! %ape ( kidneys1 & col\r$ blue1
  ) yell[ spots int]sp]s$4    ,*9a      

,grass4----,longitud9al section3 fibres 
sep>at$ l5g?wise1 (  v>y+ ?ickness4 ,!  
int]ior canal is (t5 fill$ ) a yell[    
granul> sub/ance1 :i* is col\r$ br[n by 
iod9e4 ,! fibre is turn$  blue by iod9e4
 ,cross section3 irregul>1 ) re-entrant 
angles1 &  little cohesion4 ,! fibres   
are /\t] ?an all o!r fibres1 & are      
turn$ blue by iod9e4                    
,jute4----,fibres /rongly coh]5t1 ! ends
 undulat+ & difficult to  sep>ate4      
,c5tral canal wide1 empty1 & g5tly r\nd$
 at ! ends2  col\r$ yell[4 ,cross       
section3 polygons /rongly coh]5t &      
regul>1  mu* l ^? ( hemp1 b ! c5tral    
op5+ is l>g]2 col\r$  yell[1 d>k] at !  
rim4    ,new ,zeal& ,flax4----,bundles (
 cells ( ! leaves1 easily sep>at$ )  a  
ne$le into /iff little fibres1 provid$ )
 a canal ( uni=m wid?4  ,! sides are    
roll$ inw>ds1 col\r$ yell[4 ,! cross    
section resembles  t ( jute1 b ! corn]s 
( ! polygons are r\nd$ (f4 ,!y are      
col\r$ yell[ by iod9e t9cture4          
,,vegeta,,tion4 ,vegetation 7:i* is "h  

employ$ 9 ! s5se ( plants  9 g5]al7 is v
 unequally di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?'s        
surface4 ,?us1  t[>ds ! poles plants are
 f\nd1 n only 9 dim9i%$ numb]s  comp>$  
to _! occurr5ce 9 w>m] & m temp]ate     
regions1 b  also ( mu* small] size or   
/unt$ gr[?4 ,no plants at all are met 9 
! regions ( et]nal fro/ & sn[1 :il/ 9   
equatorial climes !y  atta9 to ! mo/    
gigantic proportions1 & are possess$ ( !
 mo/  exquisite col\rs & p]fumes1 &     
yield ! f9e/ fruits4 ,! habitat  ( a    
plant w1 ( c\rse1 be t on :i* x f9ds !  
conditions  favorable to its exi/5ce &  
gr[?1 9 ! %ape ( soil1 climate1         
moi/ure1 geographical position1 c4      
,,vegetation 7,metallic74 ,?is "n has   
be5 fancifully appli$ to !  foll[+3---- 
,,lead ,,tree2 ,,arbor ,,saturni4 ,take 
( sug> ( lead1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1    
#a-a_/b p9t2 acetic acid1 a few drops2  
dissolve1 place ! liquid 9 a  cle> :ite 
glass bottle1 & susp5d a piece ( z9c 9  
x1 by means ( a  f9e ?read4    ,,silv]  
,,tree2 ,,arbor ,,dian4 ,f nitrate (    

silv]1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #a fl4  oz42      
dissolve 9 a phial1 & add ab\t #a_/b dr4
 ( pure m]cury4    ,,t9 ,,tree2 ,,arbor 
,,jovis4 ,f *loride ( t91 #c dr42 nitric
 acid1 #aj to #ae  drops2 di/ill$ or ra9
 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve 9 a :ite glass  
bottle1  & hang 9 x1 by a ?read1 a small
 rod ( z9c4    ,obs4 ,9 ! above         
exp]im5ts ! metals are precipitat$ 9 a v
  beautiful arboresc5t =m4 ,x is curi\s 
to obs]ve ! lam9 %oot out1  z x 71 f    
no?+1 assum+ =ms resembl+ real          
vegetation4 ,?is  ph5om5on results f    
voltaic action be+ set up betwe5 !      
liquid &  ! metal4                      
,,vegeto-,,al,,kali4 ,see ,,alkaloid4   
,,vel,,lum4 ,a f9e k9d ( p>*m5t prep>$ f
 ! sk9s ( calves1  kids1 & lambs4 ,!    
sk9s are lim$1 %av$1 wa%$1 & /ret*$ 9   
hoops or o!r frames1 :]e !y are scrap$ &
 trimm$ ) !  curri]'s fle%+-knife1 &    
next c>efully rubb$ d[n ) pumice  /one2 
!y are1 la/ly1 poli%$ ) f9ely p[d]$ *alk
 or  fre%-slak$ lime1 & !n dri$4 ,a gre5
 col\r is giv5 ) a solution  (          

cry/allis$ v]digris1 to :i* a little    
cream ( t>t> & nitric  acid has be5     
add$2 & a blue col\r1 ) a solution (    
indigo4 ,!  surface is (t5 f9i%$ (f )   
:ite ( egg1 & subsequ5t friction4    ,! 
sk9s ( %eep are commonly us$ = p>*m5t2  
^? ( he-goats &  wolves = drum-heads2 & 
^? ( ! ass = battl$ores4 ,! species  (  
vellum us$ = *ur* s]vices by b9d]s is   
said to be prep>$ f  pig-sk9s4 ,see     
,,p\nce4    ,,vel,,vet ,,col\rs4 ,syn4  
,,map ,,/a9s1 ,,pap] ,s42 ,,lacca       
,,fluida1 ,l4 ,prep4  #a4               
7,,blue47----a4 ,dissolve litmus 9 wat]1
 & add #a_/c ( _s (  w9e4----b4 ,dilute 
,saxon blue or sulphate ( indigo ) wat]4
 ,if  requir$ = delicate "w1 neutralise 
! acid ) *alk4----c4 ,to an  aque\s     
infusion ( litmus add a few drops (     
v9eg>1 until x turns ( a  full blue4    
#b4 7,,gre547----a4 ,dissolve cry/allis$
 v]digris 9 wat]4----b4 ,dissolve  sap  
gre5 9 wat]1 & add a little alum4----c4 
,add a little salt (  t>t> to a blue or 
purple solution ( litmus1 until x turns 

gre54----d4  ,dissolve equal p>ts (     
cry/allis$ v]digris & cream ( t>t> 9    
wat]4    #c4 7,,purple47----a4 ,/eep    
litmus 9 wat]1 & /ra9 ! solution4----b4 
,add a little alum to a /ra9$ decoction 
( logwood4----c4 ,add a solution  (     
c>m9e 7r$7 to a little blue solution (  
litmus or ,saxon blue4    #d4           
7,,r$47----a4 ,mac]ate gr\nd ,brazil    
wood 9 v9eg>1 boil a few  m9utes1 /ra91 
& add a little alum & gum4----b4 ,add   
v9eg> to an  infusion ( litmus until x  
turns r$4----c4 ,boil or infuse p[d]$   
co*9eal 9 wat] conta9+ a little ammonia 
or sal volatile4----d4  ,dissolve c>m9e 
9 liquor ( ammonia1 or 9 weak c>bonate (
 pota%  wat]2 ! =m] is sup]b4    #e4    
7,,yell[47----a4 ,dissolve gamboge 9    
wat]1 & add a little alum4----b4        
,dissolve gamboge 9 equal p>ts ( pro( _s
 & wat]4 ,gold5  col\r$4----c4 ,/eep    
,fr5* b]ries 9 boil+ wat]1 /ra91 & add a
  little alum4----d4 ,/eep turm]ic1 r\nd
 z$o>y1 gamboge1 or annotta1 9  a weak  
ley ( subc>bonate ( soda or pota%4      

,obs4 ,! prec$+1 ?ick5$ ) a little gum1 
are us$ z inks =  writ+1 z col\rs to t9t
 maps1 foils1 pap]1 artificial fl[]s1   
c41  & to pa9t on velvet4 ,"s ( !m are v
 beautiful4 ,^? conta9+  litmus are1    
h[ev]1 fugitive4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ^?  
made )  /rong _s d n mix well ) gum     
wat]1 unless some:at dilut$ )  wat]4    
,any o!r transp>5t col\rs or /a9s may be
 employ$ =  pa9t+ on velvet1 z well z ! 
above4    ,,velvet ,,leaf4 ,syn4        
,,p>eira ,,brava1 ,,p>eira 7,ph4 ,l41   
,e41  ,d47 ,l4 8,!  root ( ,cissampelos 
p>eira0 7,ph4 ,l471 :ite p>eira or      
velvet leaf4 ,x  is tonic1 ap]i5t1 &    
diuretic4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gra9s2 9 
*ronic &  purul5t inflammation & extreme
 irritability ( ! bladd]2 9  leucorrha1 
dropsy1 ulc]ation ( ! kidney1 c4        
,,v5esection4 ,! practice ( v5esection1 
bloodlett+1 or phlebotomy1  z x is      
v>i\sly d5om9at$1 has )9 ! la/ ?irty or 
=ty ye>s  be5 ne>ly bani%$ f m$ical     
practice4 ,x seems v evid5t t  prior to 
! above p]iod m$ical practition]s 7 9 ! 

habit (  resort+ to v5esection to an    
unwise ext5t1 & 9 cases :i* !  progress 
( mod]n pa?ology has %[n x to be :olly  
inapplicable4    ,!re are1 we believe1  
"s practition]s :o1 :il/ admitt+ ! evils
  aris+ f its misapplication & abuse1   
/ill advocate its occasional  & judici\s
 employm5t4    ,because ( ! dang]s t    
beset ! op]ation :5 p]=m$ by a tyro1  we
 =be> to give any p>ticul>s z to ! me?od
 ( c>ry+ x out4  ,! ve9s ( ! arm are ^? 
always inv>iably op5$ 9 v5esection1     
al?\gh ! op]ation may be p]=m$ on _m o!r
 sup]ficial ve9s4    ,,v5,,ison4 ,! fle%
 ( sev]al species ( de]4 ,t f good l&1  
kill$ at ! prop] season1 & eat5 9 a     
mod]ately fre% /ate1 is  mo/ easily     
dige/ible1 &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ :olesome1 ( 
all ! r$  meats2 b :5 x is #8high1' or 9
 a /ate ( incipi5t putrefaction1 x  is  
f> f :olesome1 & (t5 poison\s4    ,,v5o 
,,b5o 7,la74 ,see ,,tea4    ,,v5om4 ,drs
 ,brunton & ,fayr]1 :o h devot$ _m ye>s 
to ! /udy  ( ! nature & physiological   
action ( snake poisons1 /ate t !re      

appe>s to be "s resemblance 9 ! action (
 ! v5om or virus ( !  cobra1 ,naja      
tripudians1 & ( cur>a1 ! arr[-poison ( !
 ,indians2  bo? poisons caus+ dea? by   
p>alys+ ! respiratory organs4    ,dr    
,arm/rong1 :o has analys$ ! cobra       
poison1 has n be5 enabl$ to  isolate f x
 any cry/all9e pr9ciple4 ,f its         
reactions he concludes  t its *ief      
+r$i5t is an album9oid sub/ance4    ,dr 
,arm/rong obta9$ a :ite precipitate f ! 
poison by treat+ x  ) absolute alcohol1 
& also prep>$ an alcoholic extract f x4 
,he gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( !  
?ree sub/ances4 ,!  album5 is app5d$ =  
comp>ison3----                ,crude    
,alcoholic     ,alcoholic   ,album54    
,poison4    ,precipitate4  extract4     
,c>bon    #dcee      #degf         #dcjd
       #ece    ,nitrog5  #dccj          
#adcj         #abde       #aeg          
,hydrog5  444        #ffj          #gjj 
#ga    ,sulphur   444        #bej       
444         444    ,a%       444        
,traces4    8,b al?\gh !re is little    

diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition ( !       
alcoholic precipitate & extract1 !re is 
an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5  _!           
physiological action1 ! extract be+ a   
virul5t poison1 !  precipitate almo/    
in]t4 ,?is is notably diff]5t f :at has 
be5  /at$ by ,dr ,weir ,mit*ell respect+
 ! poison ( ! rattlesnake1 viz41  t !   
alcoholic precipitate is active1 :il/ ! 
extract is  in]t40#bee    ,footnote     
#bee3 8,royal ,society's ,proce$+s10    
#8,ph>m4 ,j\rn4'    ,,v5tila,,tion4 ,!  
prop] v5tilation ( our habitations1 z   
well z (  o!r build+s 9 :i* we pass any 
consid]able portion ( our "t1 is  q z   
necess>y to heal? z food & clo?+4       
,lavoisi]1 writ+ 9  ! middle ( ! la/    
c5tury1 rem>ks----8,x is c]ta9 t mank9d 
deg5]ate :5 employ$ 9 s$5t>y            
manufactures1 or liv+ 9 cr[d$  h\ses1 or
 9 ! n>r[ lanes ( l>ge cities2 :]eas !y 
improve 9  _! nature & con/itution 9 mo/
 ( ! c\ntry lab\rs :i* are  c>ri$ on 9 !
 op5 air40 ,yet _m p]sons1 by ! c>e :i* 
!y take  to %ut out fre% air1 & to      

prev5t ! escape ( t :i* _! own  bodies1 
by pulmon>y & surfacial respiration1 h  
contam9at$1 w\ld  seem to hug to        
!mselves ! discom=t ( brea?+ ov] & ov]  
aga9  an impure & unrefre%+ atmosph]e1 &
 to be anxi\s to f9i% _!  c>e] by l+]+  
suicide4 ,! almo/ univ]sal indiff]5ce to
 !  subject1 consid]+ its importance1 is
 unacc\ntable4    ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds     
effect+ & ma9ta9+ a lib]al supply ( fre%
  air is ei!r by means ( v5tilators or  
by regul>ly op5+ ! w9d[s  = /at$ p]iods 
daily4 ,dur+ ! cold] portions ( ! ye>1  
:5  fires are kept burn+1 & !re is an   
up-curr5t 9 ! *imney1 no?+  is s simple 
& effective z ! well-kn[n *imney-valve (
 ,dr ,arnott2  &1 inde$1 )\t ?is1 op5   
fires are p[]ful in/rum5ts (            
v5tilation4 ,9 cold wea!r1 :]e exp5se is
 n an object1 !  ap>tm5ts may be suppli$
 ) air t has be5 previ\sly w>m$ by      
pass+ ?r\gh a heat$ *amb]1 on ! pr9ciple
 recomm5d$ by ,dr ,reid2  b c>e mu/ be  
tak5 t1 9 w>m+ ! air1 we d n ov]heat x1 
nor contam9ate x4    ,a suffici5t supply

 ( light1 ano!r p[]ful sanit>y ag5t1 is 
n[  reg>d$ z ne>ly z ess5tial z ?or\gh  
v5tilation1 & ! two are  commonly treat$
 ( toge!r4 ,accord+ to ,palladio1 ! op5+
 (  w9d[s %\ld n exce$ a f\r?1 nor be   
less ?an a fif?1 ( !  l5g? ( ! side ( a 
room1 & %\ld be 9 height two & "o six?  
times ! wid?4 ,mr ,gwilt1 ano!r high    
au?ority on ?is subject1 has  giv5 z a  
def9ite rule1 t we %\ld all[ #a squ>e   
foot ( glass to  e #ajj cubic feet (    
space 9 any ap>tm5t or inclosure4 ,a    
great deal  mu/1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! %ape 
( ! ap>tm5t2 b1 9 all cases1  c>e %\ld  
be tak5 t ! w9d[s are plac$ at ! longe/ 
side (  ! room1 & n at ! n>r[e/1 or !   
end ( x4 ,a s\!rn aspect  af=ds ! mo/   
light & heat2 a nor!rn "o ! mo/ diffus$ 
&  lea/ v>iable light1 & is h5ce usually
 *os5 by arti/s = _!  /udios4           
,,v]a,,tr9e4 ,c#cb;,h#eb,n#b,o#h ,syn4  
,,v]atria1 ,,v]atr9a1  ,,sabadill9e2    
,,v]atria 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41  ,e471 ,l4
 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by  ,pelleti] &  
,cav5t\1 9 ! se$s ( ,asagre (fic9alis   

7sabadilla71  & 9 ! rhizomes ( ,v]atrum 
album 7:ite hellebore74    ,prep4 #a4   
7,ph4 ,e47 ,dige/ sabadilla se$s 9 boil+
 wat] = #bd h\rs1  !n squeeze !m1 dry !m
 ?or\ghly by a g5tle heat1 beat !m 9 a  
mort>1 & sep>ate ! se$s f ! capsules by 
agitation 9 a deep  & n>r[ vessel2 next 
gr9d ! se$s 9 a c(fee-mill1 & exhau/ !m 
by p]colation ) rectifi$ _s2 conc5trate 
! result+ t9cture  by di/illation1 s    
long z no deposit =ms1 & p\r ! residuum1
  :il/ /ill hot1 into #ab times its     
volume ( cold wat]2 !n filt]  ?r\gh     
calico1 & wa% ! residuum on ! filt] z   
long z !  wa%+s yield a precipitate )   
ammonia2 unite ! filt]$ liquid )  !     
wa%+s1 add ammonia 9 excess1 collect !  
precipitate on a filt]1  wa% x slightly 
) cold wat]1 & dry x fir/ by imbibition 
)  filt]+ pap]1 & !n 9 ! vap\r ba?4 8,! 
product is n pure1  b suffici5tly s =   
m$ical use4 ,f ?is col\r$ sub/ance x may
  be obta9$ :ite1 b at consid]able loss1
 by solution 9 v weak  hydro*loric acid1
 decolorisation ) animal *>coal1 &      

reprecipitation ) ammonia40    #b4 7,ph4
 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,?is is ! same 9 pr9ciple z
 ! la/2 a t9cture is  =m$ by boil+ !    
se$s 9 rectifi$ _s1 :i* is !n evaporat$ 
to a syrup1 dissolv$ 9 v dilute         
sulphuric acid1 ! v]atr9e  precipitat$  
)1 magnesia1 r$issolv$ 9 v dilute acid1 
treat$  ) animal *>coal1 ! filtrate aga9
 evaporat$ to a syrup1 &  precipitat$ ) 
ammonia2 x is1 la/ly1 wa%$ & dri$4      
#c4 ,by means ( e!r1 z notic$ "u        
,,alkaloid & ,,aconit9e4 ,?is is by  f> 
! be/ me?od4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47           
,cevadilla1 #b lbs42 di/ill$ wat]1 q4   
s42 rectifi$ _s1  q4 s42 solution (     
ammonia1 q4 s42 hydro*loric acid1 q4 s42
 purifi$  animal *>coal1 #fj gr4        
,mac]ate ! cevadilla ) half its weight (
  boil+ di/ill$ wat] 9 a cov]$ vessel = 
#bd h\rs4 ,remove !  cevadilla1 squeeze 
x1 & dry x ?or\ghly ) a g5tle heat4     
,beat x  n[ 9 a mort> & sep>ate ! se$s f
 ! capsules by brisk  agitation 9 a deep
 n>r[ vessel1 or by w9n[+ x g5tly on a  
table  ) a %eet ( pap]4    ,gr9d ! se$s 

9 a c(fee mill1 & =m !m into a ?ick pa/e
 )  rectifi$ _s4    ,pack ?is firmly 9 a
 p]colator1 & pass rectifi$ _s ?r\gh x  
till ! _s ceases to be col\r$4          
,conc5trate ! spiritu\s solution  by    
di/illation1 s long z no deposit =ms1 & 
p\r ! residue1 :ile  hot1 into #ab times
 its volume ( cold di/ill$ wat]4 ,filt] 
?r\gh  calico1 & wa% ! residue on !     
filt] ) di/ill$ wat]1 till !  fluid     
ceases to precipitate ) ammonia4 ,to !  
unit$ filt]$ liquid  add ! ammonia 9    
slight excess1 let ! precipitate        
completely subside1  p\r (f ! sup]natant
 fluid1 collect ! precipitate on a      
filt]1 &  wa% x ) di/ill$ wat] till !   
fluid passes col\rless4 ,diffuse !  moi/
 precipitate ?r\gh #ab oz4 ( di/ill$    
wat]1 & add gradually1  ) dilig5t /irr+1
 suffici5t hydro*loric acid to make !   
fluid  feebly b p]si/5tly acid4    ,!n  
add ! animal *>coal1 dige/ at a g5tle   
heat = #bj m9utes1  filt]1 & all[ !     
liquid to cool4 ,add ammonia 9 slight1  
excess1 &  :5 ! precipitate has         

completely subsid$1 p\r (f ! sup]natant 
liquid1 collect ! precipitate on a      
filt]1 & wa% x ) cold  di/ill$ wat] till
 ! wa%+s cease to be affect$ by nitrate 
(  silv] accid5tal ) nitric acid4       
,la/ly1 dry ! precipitate1 fir/ by      
imbibition1 ) filt]+ pap]1 & !n by !    
application ( a g5tle  heat4    ,prop4  
,pure v]atr9e is p]fectly :ite2 b z     
usually met )1 x is  a yell[i% or       
gre5i%-:ite p[d]2 x is highly acrid2    
uncry/allisable2 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1
 soluble 9 e!r1 & freely  soluble 9 hot 
alcohol2 heat$ to ab\t #abe ,fahr41 x   
fuses l wax1 &  solidifies1 ^u cool+1 to
 a transp>5t yell[ mass4 ,) ! dilute    
acid x =ms salts1 :i* are ei!r amorph\s 
or difficulty  cry/allisable4 ,! smalle/
 possible portion ( its p[d] causes     
viol5t  sneez+4    ,te/s4 #a4 ,potassa1 
ammonia1 & _! c>bonates1 give floccul5t 
:ite  precipitates :i* at fir/ are n    
cry/all9e "u ! microscope1 b  :i*1 aft] 
"s m9utes1 assume ! appe>ance ( small   
scatt]$  clu/]s ( %ort prismatic        

cry/als2 !y are insoluble 9 excess (    
potassa & its c>bonate1 & only v        
slightly s 9 excess (  ammonia4----#b4  
,) sulphuric acid x /rikes an int5se r$ 
col\r1  *ang+ aft]w>ds to crimson1 &    
f9ally to violet4----#c4 ,a dilute      
acetic  solution ( v]atr9e is turn$ to a
 sup]b r$ by /rong sulphuric acid4      
,v]atr9e is di/+ui%$ f bruc9e & ! o!r   
alkaloids by its  fusibility----by !    
cry/all9e =m ( its precipitate )        
potassa1  &----by its reaction ) oil (  
vitriol4    ,uses1 c4 8,z an ext]nal    
application1 x has be5 efficaci\sly     
employ$ by ,mag5die 9 ,france1 & by ,dr 
,turnbull 9 ?is c\ntry2 b  ! extravagant
 eulogies ( ! latt] h n t5d$ to confirm 
!  reputation ( ?is rem$y40 7,dr ,a4 ,t4
 ,?omson47 ,f #f to #ab gr41  dissolv$ 9
 #a fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s1 z a l9im5t2  
or #cj gr41  mix$ ) #a dr4 ( olive oil1 
& #a oz4 ( l>d1 z an o9tm5t1 h  be5     
occasionally f\nd v s]viceable 9        
neuralgia1 & o!r l  pa9ful affections1 &
 9 g\ty & rheumatic p>alysis4 ,z an     

int]nal  rem$y x possesses no advantage1
 z x m]ely acts z a viol5t &  depress+  
ca?>tic4----,dose1 #a_/bd to #a_/af gr4 
,9 l>g] doses x acts z  a p[]ful        
irritant poison4 ,= antidotes1 c41 see  
,,alkaloid4    ,,v]a,,trum4 ,see ,,:ite 
,,hellebore4    ,,v],,digris4 ,syn4     
,,rugo1 ,l42 ,,v]t-,,de-,,gris1 ,fr4    
,?is is a mixture (  sev]al basic       
acetates ( copp] :i* h a gre5 or blue   
col\r4 ,x is  obta9$ 9 ! w9e di/ricts ( 
! s\? ( ,europe1 by ! action (  refuse  
grapes1 f :i* ! juice has be5 express$1 
on ?9 %eets (  copp]4 ,:5 pure x %\ld   
dissolve1 almo/ entirely1 & )\t         
eff]vesc5ce1 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x
 is v poison\s2 =  antidotes1 see       
,,copp]4    ,an inf]ior quality (       
v]digris is n[ prep>$ f pommage1 or     
apple  m>c1 9 ! cid] di/ricts ( ,engl&4 
,v]digris1 ,di/ill$4 ,syn4 ,,cry/allis$ 
,,v]digris4 ,?is "n is  appli$ to !     
normal acetate ( copp]1 :i* is prep>$ 9 
! w9e  di/ricts by dissolv+ ord9>y      
v]digris1 #a "p1 9 good di/ill$  v9eg>1 

#b p>ts2 ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ 9 a copp] 
vessel by !  aid ( a g5tle heat &       
agitation2 ! solution is aft]w>ds sl[ly 
evaporat$ until a p$icle beg9s to =m on 
! surface1 :5 x is  transf]r$ into glaz$
 e>!n pans 7#8oulas'71 9 ea* ( :i* are  
plac$ #b or #c cleft /icks1 & x is !n   
left 9 a w>m ap>tm5t = #ad  or #ae days 
to cry/allise4    ,a spuri\s article is 
(t5 prep>$ by add+ a solution ( sulphate
 (  copp]1 #ab-a_/b lbs4 to a solution (
 sug> ( lead1 #ai lbs41 or q4 s41  &    
filt]+1 evaporat+1 & cry/allis+ !       
mixture4    ,!re is an acetate ( copp] &
 lime :i* resembles di/ill$ v]digris  9 
col\r4 ,x 0 manufactur$ pretty          
ext5sively 9 ,scotl& "s ye>s  ago1 &    
fet*$ a high price1 till ,dr ,ure       
publi%$ an analysis ( x 9  ! #8,ed94    
,phil4 ,trans4' ,x is mu* inf]ior = all 
uses 9 ! arts4    ,pure di/ill$ v]digris
 is entirely soluble 9 wat]1 & is n     
precipitat$ on ! addition ( sulphuric   
acid or ( ammonia 9 excess4             
,v]digris1 ,engli%4 ,prep4 ,blue        

vitriol1 #bd lbs42 :ite vitriol1 #af    
lbs42 sug> ( lead1 #ab lbs42 alum1 #b   
lbs4 7all co>sely p[d]$72 mix1  & heat  
!m 9 a pot ov] ! fire until !y unite    
into a mass4 ,sold by  fraudul5t deal]s 
= =eign v]digris4    ,,v],,dit]4 ,syn4  
,,blue ,,v]dit]1 ,,ref9]',s ,,v]dit]2   
,,c5dres ,,bleues1 ,fr4  ,a blue pigm5t1
 obta9$ by add+ *alk1 :it+1 or milk (   
lime1 to a  solution ( copp] 9 nitric   
acid2 or1 by triturat+ rec5tly          
precipitat$ & /ill moi/ c>bonate ( oxide
 ( copp] ) hydrate (  lime4    ,prep4 ,a
 quantity ( :it+ or milk ( lime is put  
into a tub1 & ^u  ?is ! solution ( copp]
 is p\r$2 ! mixture is /irr$ e day  = "s
 h\rs toge!r1 until ! liquor loses its  
col\r2 x is !n  p\r$ (f1 & m solution ( 
copp] add$2 ?is is repeat$ until !  :it+
 or lime has acquir$ ! prop] col\r2 !   
:ole is !n wa%$  ) wat]1 dra9$1 spread  
on *alk /ones1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4    ,obs4 
,! cupre\s solution employ$ 9 ! above   
process is made by  neutralis+ ! nitric 
solution obta9$ f ! ref9]s ( gold &     

silv]1 by heat+ x along ) metallic      
copp]4 ,= ! f9] qualities  ( v]dit] !   
lime %\ld be ( ! pure/ k9d1 & ! cupre\s 
precipitate %\ld be c>efully triturat$ )
 x1 aft] x is ne>ly  dry1 by :i* a f9e  
velvety appe>ance is produc$4 ,!        
#8c5dres bleues  en ptes' ( ! ,fr5*     
diff] f ! above ma9ly 9 a solution (    
*loride ( copp] be+ employ$1 & 9 !      
result+ gre5 precipitate  be+ turn$ blue
 by ! action ( c>bonate ( potassa4      
,v]dit] is made  into crayons :il/ moi/1
 or dri$ into a p[d]1 or x is us$ z a   
wat] col\r 9 ! moi/ /ate4    ,v]dit]1   
,gre54 ,syn4 ,,brem5 ,,gre54 ,! process 
= ref9]'s v]dit]  frequ5tly misc>ries1 &
 a gre5 col\r is produc$ in/ead ( a blue
  "o4 ,x may also be obta9$ directly by 
omitt+ ! #8blue+ up' )  c>bonate (      
potassa1 m5tion$ above4    ,,v],,juice4 
,syn4 ,,agre/a1 ,,omphacium1 ,l4 ,!     
express$ juice ( unripe  grapes4 ,! t]m 
is also (t5 ext5d$ to ! express$ juice (
 ! wild  or crab apple4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ z
 an a/r+5t & refrig]ant 9  m$ic9e2 b x  

is n[ pr9cipally employ$ z an +r$i5t 9  
sauces1  ragots1 c4    ,,v]micel,,li4   
,?is1 l mac>oni1 is prep>$ f a /iff pa/e
 made  ( a peculi> f9e k9d ( granul>    
:eat fl\r1 call$ sem\le1 :i* is  mix$ up
 ) hot wat]1 &1 aft] be+ well knead$1 is
 =m$ into  small rib&s1 cyl9d]s1 or     
tubes1 by be+ plac$ 9 a v]tical cyl9d]  
press1 ! bottom ( :i* is fill$ )        
prop]-%ap$ holes1 ?r\gh  :i* x is driv5 
by an iron plate or #8foll[]' be+ =c$   
d[n by a  p[]ful screw4 ,! pieces t     
protrude are brok5 (f1 twi/$ into any   
desir$ %ape ^u pap]1 & dri$4 ,^? 9 ! =m 
( fillets or  rib&s are call$           
#8lazagnes4' ,v]micelli conta9s a l>ge  
am\nt (  glut51 & is extremely          
nutriti\s1 al?\gh slightly less         
dige/ible  ?an ! ord9>y :eat5 foods4    
,see ,,mac>oni4    ,,v],,mifuges4 ,syn4 
,,an!lm9tics2 ,,an!lm9tica1             
,,helm9?agoga1  ,,v]mifuga1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es
 employ$ to de/roy or expel inte/9al    
worms4  ,"s ( ^!1 z co>sely p[d]$ t9 &  
iron fil+s & c[hage1 act  z me*anical   

ag5ts1 by irritat+ ! worms2 o!rs h a    
specific  action ^u worms1 z male f]n1  
k\sso1 santon91 c42 o!rs1 aga91 owe  _! 
p[] to _! action z purgatives1 z        
calomel1 gamboge1 jalap1 c4  ,see       
,,worms4    ,,v]mil,,ion4 ,syn4         
,,factiti\s ,,c9nab>1 ,,r$ ,,sulphide   
,,( ,,m]cury1 ,,r$  ,,sulphuret ,,(     
,,m]cury4 ,?is article may be prep>$ bo?
 9 ! moi/ &  dry way2 t ( comm]ce is    
almo/ entirely obta9$ by ! latt]4       
,prep4 #a4 ,by sublimation4 ,take ( pure
 m]cury1 #bjb p>ts2 pure sulphur1  #cc  
p>ts2 fuse !m toge!r by a g5tle heat1   
obs]v+ n to all[ !  mass to take fire2  
:5 fus$1 cov] ov] ! vessel1 &1 :5 ! :ole
  has become cold1 p[d] ! mass1 &       
sublime x 9 a clos$ vessel1 s  plac$ 9 a
 furnace t ! flame may freely circulate 
& play ^u x  to ab\t half its height1 ! 
heat be+ at fir/ gradually appli$1 &    
aft]w>ds augm5t$ until ! l[] "p ( !     
sublim+ vessel becomes  r$ hot2 ! cold  
sublimate is brok5 into pieces1 gr\nd   
along ) wat]  to a f9e p[d]1 elutriat$1 

pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & dri$4 ,prod4     
,fully #aab ( ! weight ( ! m]cury       
employ$4    #b4 ,9 ! humid way4         
7,brunn]47 ,take ( pure quicksilv]1 #cjj
 p>ts2 pure  sublim$ sulphur1 #aad p>ts2
 triturate !m toge!r = sev]al h\rs1     
until a p]fect #8e?iops' is =m$1 add    
gradually ( cau/ic potassa1 #ge  p>ts1  
7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #dej p>ts2 cont9ue ! 
trituration = "s  "t long]1 !n g5tly    
heat ! mixture 9 an iron vessel1 at fir/
  con/antly /irr+1 b aft]w>ds only f "t 
to "t1 obs]v+ to  keep ! beat at ab\t   
#aac1 or1 at all ev5ts1 "u #abb ,fahr41 
& to  add fre% wat]1 to comp5sate = !   
portion evaporat$4 ,:5 ! col\r  beg9s to
 r$d51 great caution is requisite to    
pres]ve ! mixture at  ! l[] temp]ature1 
& to keep ! sulphuret ( m]cury p]fectly 
pulv]ul5t2 z soon z ! col\r becomes     
ne>ly #8f9e1' ! process mu/  be conduct$
 ) increas$ caution1 & at a l[] heat =  
"s h\rs1  or until a ri* col\r is       
produc$1 :5 ! newly-=m$ v]milion mu/  be
 elutriat$ ) wat]1 to sep>ate any       

p>ticles ( metallic m]cury1  & c>efully 
dri$4 ,prod4 #ccb p>ts ( v]milion1 equal
 9 brilliancy  to ! f9e/ ,*9ese4        
,obs4 ,x has be5 said t ! ri* tone (    
,*9ese v]milion may be  imitat$ by add+ 
to ! mat]ials #a ( sulphuret ( antimony1
 & by  dige/+ ! gr\nd sublimate1 fir/ 9 
a solution or sulphuret (  potassium1 & 
next 9 dilut$ hydro*loric acid1 aft] :i*
 x mu/ be  well edulcorat$ ) wat]1 &    
dri$4 ,our own belief is1 t ! f9]       
qualities ( v]milion owe _! sup]iority (
 %ade m to ! c>e  be/[$ on _!           
sublimation1 & ! ext5t to :i* _!        
division is  c>ri$1 ?an to any?+ else4  
,v]milion is a beautiful & p]man5t r$   
pigm5t1 & works & cov]s  well bo? 9 oil 
& wat]4    ,,v]m94 ,?is t]m has r a l>ge
 application1 s9ce1 al?\gh x is  g5]ally
 und]/ood to be appli$ to rats1 mice1 & 
c]ta9 p>asitic  insects infe/+ ! dwell+s
 & sometimes ! bodies ( m51 x is  ext5d$
 by ! f>m]1 ! g>d5]1 & ! bre$] ( game1  
to ^?  creatures f ! depr$ations ( :i*  
^! ?ree classes suff]  pecuni>y loss4   

,h5ce x embraces n only foxes &         
polecats1 b  weasels1 /oats1 h$gehogs1  
owls1 hawks1 kites1 c>rion cr[s1        
magpies1  wood-pigeons1 h>es1 rabbits1  
rooks1 moles1 & small birds4    ,:il/ ! 
attempt$ p>tial de/ruction ( any ( !    
classes ( animals  or birds above       
specifi$ may be reg>d$ z ( d\btful      
value1 !re c  be no "q ab\t ! practice  
:5 x is c>ri$ to ! v]ge (  ext]m9ation4 
,9 ?is latt] case ! balance ( nature is 
int]f]$ )1 & !  sy/em ( *ecks :i* %e has
 e/abli%$ = ! prev5tion ( ! undue       
prepond]ance ( "o tribe ( ! animal k+dom
 ov] ! o!r be+  int]f]$ )1 ! result w be
 ! undue propagation ( p>ticul>  species
 inimical to ! op]ations ( ! husb&man1  
c4    ,z illu/rat+ ?is1 we may m5tion ! 
de/ruction to v>i\s crops 9  ,france    
caus$ "s ye>s ago by ! ravages ( c]ta9  
grubs & insects1  ! unusual increase 9 !
 numb]s ( :i* 0 cle>ly trac$ to !       
fooli% practice1 among/ ,fr5* f>m]s1 (  
%oot+ all ! small birds4  ,see ,,bug1   
,,l\se1 ,,rats4    ,,v]t,,igo4 ,dizz9ess

 & swimm+ ( ! head4 ,9 its m s]i\s =ms  
!re is m or less m5tal confusion1 !     
objects ar\nd ! pati5t  appe> 9 motion1 
! e>s are oppress$ ) /range s\nds1 &    
visible  illusions are exp]i5c$1 :e!r ! 
eyes be clos$ or op51 & 9  d>kness z    
well z 9 ! light4 ,! causes are fulness 
( ! vessels (  ! head1 n]v\s d]angem5t1 
g5]al debility1 hmorrhage1 ! use (      
n>cotics1 an ov]load$ /oma*1 &1 9 "s    
cases1 an empty "o4 ,x is  also         
frequ5tly symptomatic ( fev]s &         
inflammations1 & ( a  condition ?reat5+ 
apoplexy4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be v>i$1      
accord+ to  ! cause & ! peculi> habit or
 condition ( ! pati5t4    ,,ves,,icants4
 ,syn4 ,,epispa/ics2 ,,epispa/ica1      
,,vesicantia1 ,l4 ,sub/ances  :i*       
vesicate or raise bli/]s4 ,among ^! are 
! can?>is or  bli/]+ fly1 mez]eon1      
croton oil1 boil+ wat]1 c42 ! fir/ only 
( :i* is n[ 9 common use 9 ,engl&4      
8,x is a pr9ciple suffici5tly e/abli%$ )
 reg>d to ! liv+  sy/em1 t1 :]e a morbid
 action exi/s1 x may (t5 be remov$ by   

induc+ an action ( a diff]5t k9d1 9 !   
same or a neighb\r+  "p4 ,on ?is        
pr9ciple is expla9$ ! utility ( bli/]s 9
 local  inflammation & spasmodic action1
 & x regulates _! application 9         
pneumonia1 ga/ritis1 hepatitis1         
phr5itis1 ang9a1 rheumatism1 colic1 &   
spasmodic affections ( !                
/oma*----diseases 9 :i* !y are employ$  
) ! mo/ m>k$ advantage4 ,a simil>       
pr9ciple exi/s ) respect to  pa92 excit+
 "o pa9 (t5 relieves ano!r4 ,h5ce bli/]s
 (t5 give  relief 9 too?a*e1 & "s o!r   
pa9ful affections4 ,la/ly1 bli/]s1  by  
_! op]ation1 communicate a /imulus to ! 
:ole sy/em1 & raise  ! vig\r ( !        
circulation4 ,h5ce1 9 "p1 _! utility 9  
fev]s (  ! typhoid k9d1 ?\gh 9 su* cases
 !y are us$ ) /ill m  advantage to      
obviate or remove local inflammation40  
7#8,m$4 ,lex4'7    ,bli/]s are commonly 
prep>$ ) can?>ides pla/]1 or ) "s  o!r  
prep>ation ( can?>ides2 &1 9 ! =m] case1
 are usually  lightly cov]$ ) ! p[d]$   
fly4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! action (  !    

can?>ides ^u ! muc\s membrane ( !       
bladd]1 bli/]+  pla/]s are (t5 spr9kl$ )
 a little p[d]$ camphor1 or1 bett]      
/ill1 are moi/5$ ) camphorat$ e!r1 :i*  
leaves a ?9 lay] (  camphor4 ,9 all ^!  
cases ! lay] %\ld n be too ?ick1 = 9 t  
case ! pla/] w\ld n take effect4    ,:5 
x is n wi%$ to ma9ta9 a dis*>ge f !     
bli/]$ "p1 x  is suffici5t to make a    
puncture 9 ! vesicle1 to let out !      
fluid2 b  :5 ! case requires ! bli/] to 
be #8kept op51' z x is call$1 !  :ole ( 
! deta*$ cuticle is c>efully remov$ ) a 
pair (  scissors1 & ! "p is dress$ )    
ei!r ! o9tm5t ( can?>ides  or ( sav9e1  
at fir/ m or less dilut$ ) l>d1 or      
simple o9tm5t1  ) an occasional dress+ (
 res9 c]ate4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,cr[!r1 !  
bli/]$ surface is be/ kept clean by     
daily fom5tation ) w>m wat]4    ,( late 
ye>s1 to obviate ! unpleasant effects   
occasionally aris+  f ! common bli/]1   
v>i\s comp\nds hav+ can?>ides = _!  base
 h be5 br\ght be=e ! public4 ,( ^!1 !   
vesicat+  collodion notic$ "u           

,,collodion is ! mo/ conv5i5t &         
effective4  ,! foll[+ also des]ve       
notice3----    #a4 ,take ( can?>ides1 9 
f9e p[d]1 #b p>ts2 sp]maceti1 #b p>ts2  
olive oil1 #d p>ts2 :ite wax1 #h p>ts2  
wat]1 #aj p>ts2 simm]1 )  con/ant       
agitation1 = #b h\rs1 /ra9 ?r\gh        
flannel1 sep>ate !  pla/] f ! wat]1     
g5tly remelt x ) common turp5t9e1 #a "p1
  & spread ! mass :il/ /ill fluid4 ,?is 
ne>ly resembles ! =m  recomm5d$ by ,,mm4
 ,h5ry & ,guib\rt4    #b4 7,p4 ,cod47   
,di/il (f ! e!r f a conc5trat$ e!real   
t9cture (  can?>ides1 melt ! oily       
residue ) twice its weight ( :ite wax1 &
  spread ! mixture on ?9 oil$ silk1 or  
on clo?1 prep>$ ) wax  pla/]4    #c4    
7,oett+]47 ,can?>idal e!r 7prep>$ f     
can?>ides1 l "p2  e!r #b p>ts71 &       
sulphuric e!r1 ( ea* #aj dr42 turp5t9e &
 black  res91 ( ea* #b-a_/b dr42 mix1   
dissolve1 & apply x to ! surface (      
/ret*$ silk or taffeta :i* has be5      
previ\sly prep>$ ) two  coat+s ( a      
solution ( is+lass4    #d4 7,,*>ta      

,,epispa/ica1 ,b4 ,p474 ,dige/ #d oz4 ( 
:ite wax1 #a-a_/b oz4  sp]maceti1 #b oz4
 fluid ( olive oil1 #c oz4 ( res91 #a   
oz4 ( can?>ides  9 p[d]1 & di/ill$ wat] 
#f oz41 9 a wat] ba? = two h\rs1  /irr+ 
con/antly1 /ra91 & sep>ate ! pla/] f !  
wat]y  liquid4 ,mix #a_/d oz4 fl4 (     
,canada balsam ) ! pla/]1 melt$ 9 a     
%all[ vessel1 & pass /rips ( pap] ov] ! 
hot liquid1 s t "o  surface ( ! pap]    
%all receive a ?9 coat+ ( pla/]4 ,x may 
be  conv5i5t to employ pap]1 rul$ 9     
squ>e in*es4    #e4 7,,*>ta ,,s9apis1   
,b4 ,p47 ,black mu/>d se$s1 9 p[d]1 #a  
oz42 solution  ( gutta p]*a1 #b oz41 or 
q4 s4 ,mix s z to make a semi-fluid1 &  
hav+ p\r$ ?is into a %all[ flat-bottom  
vessel1 su* z a d9n]  plate1 pass /rips 
( c>tridge pap] ev] its surface1 s t "o 
side  ( ! pap] %all receive a ?9 coat+ (
 ! mixture4 ,!n lay !  pap] on a table1 
) ! coat$ side upw>ds1 & let x rema9    
expos$  to ! air until ! coat+ has      
h>d5$4 ,be=e be+ appli$ let !  mu/>d    
pap] be imm]s$ = a few seconds 9 tepid  

wat]4    #f4 7,,vesicat+ ,,sp>adrap1 ,p4
 ,cod47 ,gum el9i1 #a oz42 olive oil1   
#a_/b oz42  basilicon o9tm5t1 #b-a_/d   
oz42 res91 #a oz42 yell[ wax1 #c-c_/d   
oz42  can?>ides1 9 f9e p[d]1 #d-a_/d oz4
 ,melt ! fir/ five sub/ances  toge!r1 & 
/ir 9 ! can?>ides2 :5 suffici5tly cold1 
& well  mix$1 spread on wax$ /rips (    
l954    ,obs4 ,! above comp\nds are     
spread on lea!r1 l951 pap]1 silk1  oil$ 
silk1 taffeta1 c41 & !n =m ! num]\s     
comp\nds v5d$  "u ! names (----bli/]+   
tissue1 rannus vesicatorius1 papi]      
epispa/ique1 sp>adrapum vesicatorium1   
taffetas vesicans1 tela  vesicatoria1 c4
    ,acetic extract ( can?>ides1 croton 
oil1 or extract ( mez]eon1 is  sometimes
 sub/itut$ = ! e!real extract ord]$ 9 ! 
above  =mul4    ,! #8papi] epispa/ique' 
( ,ve is prep>$ ( ?ree /r5g?s1 :i* are  
respectively di/+ui%$ by ! col\rs :ite1 
gre51 & r$4 ,!  composition is made by  
boil+ p[d]$ can?>ides = an h\r )  wat]1 
l>d1 & gre5 o9tm5t1 or ) l>d col\r$ )   
alkanet root1  add+ :ite wax to ! /ra9$ 

fats1 & spread+ ! mixture :il/          
fluid3----,no4 #a is made ) #aj oz4 (   
can?>ides to #d lbs4 ( l>d2 ,no4 #b  (  
#a lb4 ( can?>ides to #h lbs4 ( gre5    
o9tm5t2 & ,no4 #c1 ( #a-a_/b  lb4 (     
flies to #h lbs4 ( r$d5$ l>d4 ,to ea*   
are add$ #b lbs4 ( :ite  wax4           
7,dorvault47    ,! magi/ral bli/] (     
,valleix is a revival ( ! vesicat+      
epi!m4  ,see ,,bli/]1 ,,can?>ides1      
,,collodion1 c41 & bel[4                
,,vesica,,tion4 ,! =mation ( a bli/] is 
a vital process1 & its  success may be  
tak5 z a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( life4 ,h5ce 
a ,fr5*  physician1 ,dr ,m&l1 has       
sugge/$ su* a /imulation ( ! sk9 z w\ld 
ord9>ily cause a bli/] z a te/ ( life1 9
 ^? cases (  long-cont9u$ trance :i* we 
occasionally he> (1 :]e all !  functions
 ( life seem to be ext9ct4 ,dr ,m&l's   
plan is to apply a /ick  ( lun> cau/ic4 
,! application ( a little /rong v9eg> ( 
can?>ides1 or o!r can?>idal bli/]1 ( !  
size ( a sixp5ny  piece1 or ( two or    
?ree spoonfuls ( boil+ wat] by means ( a

 b5t  tube ( l diamet]1 is h[ev]1 m     
c]ta9 & satisfactory4    ,,vesica,,tor94
 ,syn4 ,,can?>id91 ,,can?>id9a1         
,,can?>ides ,,camphor4 ,!  bli/]+       
pr9ciple ( ,spani% flies1 discov]$ by   
,m4 ,robiquet4    ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47
 ,exhau/ p[d]$ can?>ides ) conc5trat$   
alcohol by p]colation2 di/il (f ! _s f !
 filt]$ t9cture1  & leave ! residuum to 
deposit cry/als2 ^! may be purifi$ by   
dissolv+ !m 9 boil+ alcohol1 dige/ion ) 
animal *>coal1  filtration :il/ hot1 &  
cry/allis+ by refrig]ation4    #b4      
7,?i]ry47 ,mac]ate can?>ides 79 co>se   
p[d]7 = sev]al days 9  e!r1 9 a clos$   
displacem5t app>atus2 !n1 aft] ! :ole ( 
!  soluble matt] has be5 extract$ by !  
addition ( fre% portions (  e!r1 p\r on 
suffici5t wat] to displace ! reta9$ e!r2
 next  di/il (f ! e!r1 dissolve ! rema9+
 extract 9 boil+ alcohol1  filt] :ile   
hot1 & ab&on ! filtrate to spontane\s   
evaporation4  ,prod4 #e4    #c4 ,dige/ !
 aque\s extract ( can?>ides 9 hot       
alcohol1 filt]1  evaporate to dryness1  

dige/ ! residuum 9 sulphuric e!r1       
evaporate1  & slightly wa% ! result+    
cry/als ) cold alcohol4    ,prop41 c4   
,micace\s plates resembl+ sp]maceti2    
fusible2 vaporisable2  insoluble 9 wat]2
 soluble 9 e!r1 oils1 acetic acid1 & hot
 alcohol2  p[]fully vesicant & poison\s4
 ,its vap\r1 ev5 at ord9>y  temp]atures1
 frequ5tly produces tempor>y bl9dness4  
,! #a-ajj? "p (  a gra91 plac$ on a     
piece ( pap]1 & appli$ to ! edge ( ! l[]
  lip1 caus$ small bli/]s 9 #ae m9utes1 
:i*1 :5 rubb$ ) a little  simple c]ate1 
ext5d$ ov] a l>ge surface1 & cov]$ bo?  
lips )  bli/]s4 7,robiquet47    ,,vet*4 
,! common "n ( v>i\s legum9\s plants ( !
 g5]a  ,vicia & ,ervum1 n[ mu* cultivat$
 z gre5 fodd] = mil* c[s  & work+ /ock4 
,! se$s 7t>es7 7 =m]ly reput$ det]sive &
  a/r+5t4 ,^? ( 8! ,canadian v>iety make
 good bread40 7,l9dley47    ,,vet,,er9>y
 ,,m$ic9es4 ,! common =m ( m$ic9e =     
horses is t  popul>ly kn[n z horse      
balls4 ,!y are usually prep>$ by mix+ ! 
dry +r$i5ts1 9 ! /ate ( p[d]1 ) a       

suffici5t quantity (  treacle1 or syrup 
bottoms1 to give ! mass a prop]         
consi/5ce =  roll+ into balls2 add+1 :5 
necess>y1 l9se$ meal1 or any o!r  simple
 p[d]1 to increase ! bulk4 ,! usual     
practice among !  vet]9>y druggi/s is to
 keep a comp\nd kn[n 9 ! trade z        
#8ball-mass1' or #8common mass1' ready  
prep>$ to give =m & bulk to  m active   
+r$i5ts4 ,?is is usually made ( ab\t    
equal p>ts (  l9se$ meal & treacle1     
toge!r ) a little palm or l>d1 ?or\ghly 
incorporat$ by knead+ ) ! h&s2 & x is   
kept 9 a cool  situation1 ti$ ov] to    
prev5t x dry+ & h>d5+4 ,= use1 !        
ball-masses are ei!r roll$ or m\ld$ into
 small cyl9d]s ( ab\t  #a-a_/b to       
#a-c_/d oz4 9 weight2 & 9 size1 f #b to 
#b-c_/d in*es long1  & f ab\t #a_/b to  
#g_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]2 & !y are      
wrapp$ 9  s(t pap]1 :i* is adm9i/]$ )   
!m4 ,^? = dogs are commonly  =m$ into   
l>ge boluses or nut-l pieces4 ,! common 
practice 9 "s  h\ses ( add+ a little    
salt ( t>t> or acetate ( potassa to     

ball-masses kept 9 /ock1 = ! purpose (  
pres]v+ !m 9 a s(t  /ate1 is n to be    
comm5d$1 s9ce ^! articles decompose _m (
 !  sal9e & m9]al comp\nds :i* are      
subsequ5tly add$ to !m4    ,m$ic9es =   
neat cattle are always adm9i/]$ 9 a     
liquid =m1  popul>ly call$ dr5*es4 ,a   
simil> plan is adopt$ ) small cattle1 z 
%eep & goats4 ,= ^!1 h[ev]1 ! quantity  
%\ld seldom exce$ #a_/d  p9t4 ,9 all    
cases1 dr5*es %\ld be v sl[ly adm9i/]$4 
,! foll[+ are a few useful horse-balls3 
,alt]ative ,balls4----#a4 ,levigat$     
sulphide ( antimony1 sulphur1 &  l9se$  
meal1 ( ea* #c oz42 nitre1 #d oz42 palm 
oil1 q4 s4 to =m a  mass2 = #ab balls4  
,"o to be tak5 e day1 or e o!r day4     
#b4 7,bell47 ,sulphide ( antimony1      
nitre1 sulphur1 & ?iops m9]al1 (  ea* #c
 oz42 s(t soap1 #aj oz42 oil ( junip]1  
#a_/b oz42 = #ab balls4 ,z  ! la/4      
#c4 7,:ite47 ,sulphide ( antimony1      
c>aways1 & treacle1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42  = 
"o ball4 ,z ! la/4    ,,cordial         
,,balls4----#a4 7,bla9e74 ,cori&] se$1  

c>away1 & g5tian1 ( ea*  #h oz42 g+]1 #d
 oz42 oil ( anise$1 #a_/b oz42 honey or 
palm oil1 q4 s4 to  =m a mass4 ,cordial1
 w>m+1 & /oma*ic4----,dose1 #a-a_/b oz4 
#b4 7,hill47 ,anise1 c>away1 & cum9 se$1
 ( ea* #d lbs42 g+]1 #b lbs42  treacle1 
q4 s42 divide into #a-c_/d oz4 balls4   
,prod4 #ba lbs4    ,,c\gh               
,,balls4----#a4 7,bla9e47 ,ipecacuanha1 
#a dr42 camphor #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4  to
 =m a ball4 ,"o night & morn+4    #b4   
7,b4 ,cl>k47 ,emetic t>t> & b5zo91 ( ea*
 #b dr42 squills1 #d dr42  sp]maceti &  
balsam ( copaiba1 ( ea* #a oz42         
elecampane & sulphur1  ( ea* #b oz42    
syrup ( poppies1 q4 s4 to mix2 = #h     
balls4 ,z ! la/4    ,,diuretic          
,,balls4----#a4 7,bracy ,cl>k47 ,nitre &
 common turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a  lb42 ,ca/ile
 soap1 #a_/b lb42 b>ley meal1 #b-a_/b   
lbs41 or q4 s4 ,=  common-siz$ balls4   
#b4 7,morton47 ,digitalis #a oz42 aloes1
 #b oz42 liquorice1 #ac oz42 honey or   
,b>badoes t>1 q4 s4 to mix2 = #a-oz4    
balls4 ,"o1 twice a day ) c>e4          

,,physic ,,balls1 ,,purg+ ,b41 ,,ca?>tic
 ,b4----#a4 ,aloes & h>d soap1 ( ea* #e 
oz42 salt ( t>t> & cay5ne pepp]1 ( ea*  
#a oz42 melt toge!r4 ,=  #h balls4      
#b4 7,vet4 ,coll47----a4 7,common physic
 ball47 ,aloes1 #h oz42 treacle1 #c oz42
  olive oil1 #a oz42 melt$              
toge!r4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b oz4     
b4 7,/rong] ball47 ,to ea* dose ( ! la/1
 add ( croton oil1 #d to #h  drops4     
,obs4 ,! dose ( ! above is #a ball1 fa/+
 9 ! morn+1 prec$$  by a bran ma%1 on "o
 or two successive nights1 & foll[$ by  
g5tle  ex]cise until ! ball beg9s to    
op]ate4    ,,worm ,,balls4----#a4       
,b>badoes aloes1 #e dr42 calomel & g+]1 
( ea* #b dr42  oil ( cloves1 #ab drops2 
treacle1 q4 s4 = a ball4    #b4 7,j4    
,bell  ,co47 ,b>badoes aloes1 #e to #h  
dr42 p[d]$ t91?iops  m9]al1 & g+]1 ( ea*
 #b dr42 oils ( anise$ & sav9e1 ( ea*   
#bj  drops2 treacle1 q4 s4 = a ball4    
#c4 7,clat]47 ,sulphur & emetic t>t>1 ( 
ea* #a dr42 l9se$ meal1 #d  dr42 palm   
oil1 q4 s4 to =m a ball4 ,"o e morn+1   

hav+ prep>$  ! animal ) a physic ball   
conta9+ #a dr4 ( calomel4 ,see ,,balls2 
also  ,tuson's #8,vet]9>y ,ph>macopia4' 
,,v9,,eg>4 ,syn4 ,,acetum1 ,l42         
,,v9aigre1 ,fr4 ,dilute acetic acid1 m  
or  less contam9at$ ) gum1 sug> &       
vegetable matt]4    #a4 ,,malt ,,v9eg>2 
,,acetum1 ,,briti% ,v,i,n,e,g,ar 7,b4   
,p472 ,,acetum ,,brittannicum  7,ph4 ,l4
  ,e471 ,l4 ,?is is ! ord9>y col\r$     
v9eg> consum$ 9 ?is  c\ntry1 & is       
correctly describ$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 z       
8impure 7dilute7  acetic acid1 prep>$ by
 f]m5tation f an infusion ( malt        
7malt-wort740    ,9 ! manufacture (     
,,malt ,,v9eg> a mixture ( malt & b>ley 
is ma%$  ) hot wat]1 & ! result+ wort   
f]m5t$1 z 9 ! common process  ( brew+4  
,! liquor is !n run into b>rels1 plac$  
endways1 ti$ ov]  ) co>se canvas1 &     
arrang$ side by side 9 d>k5$ *amb]s1    
mod]ately heat$ by a /ove1 & freely     
suppli$ ) air4 ,"h x  rema9s till !     
acet\s f]m5tation is ne>ly complete1 :i*
 usually  occupies sev]al weeks1 or ev5 

mon?s4 ,! newly =m$ v9eg> is next  run  
(f into two l>ge tuns1 furni%$ ) false  
bottoms1 on :i* "s  #8rape' 7! press$   
cake f mak+ dome/ic w9es1 or ! gre5     
twigs or  cutt+s ( v9es7 is plac$4 ,"o (
 ^! vessels is :olly1 & !  o!r only ab\t
 #c-d?s1 fill$4 ,! f]m5tation           
recomm5ces1 & !  acetification proce$s m
 rapidly 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m] tun1  & !
 liquor x conta9s consequ5tly matures ! 
soon]4 ,:5 fit =  sale1 a portion ( !   
v9eg> is )drawn f ! small] quantity1 &  
its place suppli$ ) a l quantity f !    
full tun1 & ?is 9 its  turn is refill$ f
 ! b>rels be=e notic$4 ,?is process is  
c>ri$  on ) a numb] ( tuns at once1 :i* 
are all work$ 9 pairs4    ,prop41 c41 ,!
 g5]al prop]ties ( malt v9eg> are well  
kn[n4 ,its  pleasant & refre%+ od\r is  
*iefly d]iv$ f acetic acid &  acetic    
e!r4 ,its /r5g? is di/+ui%$ by ! mak]s z
 ,nos4 #ah1 #bj1  #bb1 & #bd2 ! la/ (   
:i*1 also call$ #8pro( v9eg>1' is !     
/ronge/1 & usually conta9s ab\t #df (   
real or ab\t #e ( glacial  acetic acid4 

,its d5sity v>ies accord+ to ! quantity 
( =eign  matt] :i* x conta9s4 ,sp4 gr4  
#ajag to #ajai----;,b4 ,p4 ,?is v9eg>   
usually conta9s a small quantity (      
sulphuric acid4 ,! pres5ce (  #a-ajjj?  
"p ( ?is acid is all[$ by law4    ,pur4 
8,br[ni%2 ( a peculi> od\r4 ,its sp4 gr4
 is #ajai4 #a fl4 oz4 (  ! acid is      
saturat$ by #a dr4 ( ! cry/als (        
c>bonate ( soda4 ,if1  aft] #aj m9ims ( 
solution ( *loride ( b>ium h be5 add$ to
 !  same quantity1 m ( ! *loride be p\r$
 into ! filt]$ acid1  no?+ fur!r is ?r[n
 d[n4 ,! col\r is n *ang$ by ! addition 
( hydrosulphuric acid40 7,ph4 ,l47      
#b4 ,,w9e ,,v9eg>1 ,,fr5* ,v42 ,,acetum 
,,gallicum 7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,a4 ,,v9i1  
,l42  ,,v9aigre ,d',,orleans1 ,fr4 ,?is 
is prep>$1 9 w9e c\ntries1 f grape      
juice & inf]ior new w9es1 work$ up )    
w9e-lees1 by a ne>ly  simil> process to 
t adopt$ = malt v9eg>4 ,t prep>$ f :ite 
w9e 7,,:ite-,,w9e ,,v9eg>7 is ! mo/     
e/eem$4 ,x is pur] & pleasant]  ?an malt
 v9eg>4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajad to #ajbb----,ph4 

,e42 #ajaf----,phillips4 ,x  usually    
conta9s f #e to #f ( acetic acid4 8#ajj 
p>ts ( good ,orleans  v9eg> %\ld require
 #aj p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( potassa =    
saturation40 7,s\beiran47    #c4        
,,g]man1 ,,or ,,quick-,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+
 ,,v9eg>2 ,,process ,,( ,,ham4 ,?is     
me?od  is bas$ ^u ! fact1 t             
acetification is ! m]e oxidation (      
alcohol 9 contact ) organic matt]4      
,h5ce1 by employ+ dilute  alcohol1 or   
liquors conta9+ x1 & by va/ly enl>g+ !  
surface (  ! liquid expos$ to ! air at a
 prop] temp]ature1 we may r$uce !  p]iod
 occupi$ 9 acetification f weeks to z _m
 h\rs4 ,9 practice  ?is is effect$ by   
caus+ ! dilute _s1 previ\sly mix$ )     
#a-ajjj? "p ( sug> or malt extract1 or !
 f]m5t$ & cl>ifi$  malt-wort1 to sl[ly  
trickle d[n ?r\gh a mass ( bee* %av+s   
/eep$  9 v9eg>1 & conta9$ 9 a vessel    
call$ a v9eg> g5]ator  7essigbild]71 or 
graduation vessel4 ,?is is an oak5 tub1 
n>r[] at !  bottom ?an at ! top1 furni%$
 ) a loose lid or cov]1 bel[ :i*  is a  

p]=at$ %elf 7col&] or false bottom71    
hav+ a numb] ( small  holes1 :i* are    
loosely fill$ ) pack?read ab\t #f in*es 
long1 &  prev5t$ f fall+ ?r\gh by a knot
 at ! upp] end4 ,! %elf is  also p]=at$ 
) f\r op5 glass tubes1 z air-v5ts1 ea*  
hav+ its  ends project+ above & bel[ !  
%elf4 ,?is arrangem5t is repeat$ a      
second & a ?ird "t1 or ev5 (t5]1 accord+
 to ! size ( !  vessel4 ,! tube or      
graduator at its l[] "p is pi]c$ ) a    
horizontal r[ ( eight equidi/ant r\nd   
holes1 to admit atmosph]ic air4  ,"o in*
 above ! bottom is a syphon-=m$ dis*>ge 
pipe1 ^: upp]  curvature /&s "o in* bel[
 ! level ( ! air-holes 9 ! side (  !    
tub4 ,! floors or p>titions ( ! tub or  
g5]ator be+ cov]$  ) bir* twigs or bee* 
*ips to ! dep? ( a few in*es1 !         
alcoholic liquor 7fir/ heat$ to betwe5  
#ge & #hc ,fahr417 is  introduc$ at !   
upp] "p ( ! app>atus4 ,?is imm$iately   
comm5ces  trickl+ sl[ly d[n ?r\gh !     
holes by means ( ! pack?reads1  diffuses
 itself ov] ! *ips or twigs =m+ !       

respective /rata1  sl[ly collects at !  
bottom ( ! tub1 & !n runs (f by !       
syphon-pipe4 ,! air ent]s by !          
circumf]5tial holes1 circulates  freely 
?r\gh ! tub1 & escapes by ! glass tubes4
 ,z !  acetification proce$s1 !         
temp]ature ( ! liquid rises to #ajj or  
#aje ,fahr41 & rema9s /ation>y at t po9t
 :ile ! action goes on  favorably4 ,!   
alcoholic solution or wort requires to  
be pass$ ?ree or  f\r times ?r\gh ! cask
 be=e acetification is complete1 :i* is1
 9  g5]al1 effect$ 9 f #bd to #cf h\rs4 
,obs4 ,= ! production ( a sup]ior v9eg> 
by ?is process1 x is  necess>y t ! _s   
employ$ be suffici5tly pure n to        
contam9ate  ! product ) its flav\r or   
od\r1 & t ! malt-wort %\ld be  f]m5t$ & 
treat$ ) all ! c>e usually employ$ 9 !  
production  ( be]4 ,! be/ ,engli%       
manufactur]s :o h adopt$ ?is process are
  9 ! habit ( filt]+ or cl>ify+ _!      
f]m5t$ wa%1 & also (  /or+ x away =     
sev]al mon?s be=e !y subject x to       
acetification  9 ! graduator4 ,! mo/    

favorable temp]ature = ! process is ab\t
  #ij ,fahr41 & ?is %\ld be pres]v$1 z  
mu* z possible1 by  artificial means4   
,prod4 ,a malt-wort ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajgb1  
or1 9  8te*nical language1 weigh+ ab\t  
#bf lbs4 p] b>rel1 af=d$ a v9eg>        
conta9+ #ed ( pure acetic acid1 & a     
residu>y extract ( #aj lbs41  = #cf     
galls4 ,! =m] ( ^! w\ld indicate #ce    
lbs4 ( sug>1 or #acg  lbs4 p] b>rel (   
gravity2 :il/ ! latt] %[s #ch lbs4 p]   
b>rel2  ! two unit$ be+ only #age lbs41 
in/ead ( #bf1 ! orig9al weight4  ,!     
loss1 !re=e1 has be5 #he lbs41 or f a   
sp4 gr4 ( #ajgb to less  ?an #ajej40    
7,ure47 ,?us1 ab\t "o ?ird ( all !      
extractive matt] (  ! malt is lo/ or    
dissipat$ dur+ ! processes ( f]m5tation 
&  acetification4 ,accord+ to ,knapp1 a 
mixture ( ab\t #hj galls1 ( wat]1  #i   
galls4 ( _s ( f #dd to #de ,tralles 7#ah
 or #bj u4 p471 & #c  galls4 ( v9eg>    
conta9+ #ce ( real acid1 =m+ toge!r #ib 
galls41 yield1 on an av]age1 an almo/   
equal quantity ( v9eg>1 or  ab\t f #ij  

to #ia galls4 ( ! above /at$ /r5g?4     
#d4 ,,wood ,,v9eg>4 ,see ,,pyroligne\s  
,,acid4    #e4 ,,o!r ,,v>ieties ,,(     
,,v9eg>1 ( m9or importance2 *iefly      
dome/ic1 &  commonly #8work$' z malt    
v9eg>1----,,ale ,,v9eg>1 ,,aleg>2       
,,acetum ,,c]evisi4  ,f /rong pale ale  
:i* has s\r$4----,,argol ,,v9eg>2       
,,acetum ,,ex ,,t>t>o4  ,f :ite argol or
 cream ( t>t>1 #a lb42 dissolv$ 9 boil+ 
wat]1 #b  galls42 ) ! addition1 :5 cold1
 ( pro( _s ( :iskey1 #c                 
p9ts4----,,cry/al ,,v9eg>4 ,pickl+      
v9eg>1 discol\r$ ) fre% burnt  animal   
*>coal4----,,cid] ,,v9eg>4 ,f cid]1     
work$ z malt  v9eg>4----,,g]man         
,,h\sehold ,,v9eg>4 ,f s(t wat]1 #g-a_/b
 galls42 honey  or br[n sug>1 #b lbs42  
cream ( t>t>1 #b oz42 corn _s or :iskey1
 #a  gall4----,,gooseb]ry ,,v9eg>4 ,f   
bruis$ gooseb]ries & br[n sug>1 (  ea*  
#a-a_/d lb42 wat]1 #a gall4 ,o!r fruits 
may be sub/itut$ =                      
gooseb]ries4----,,pickl+ ,,v9eg>4 ,!    
/ronge/ pale malt v9eg>----,,rais9      

,,v9eg>4 ,f ! m>c left f mak+ rais9 w9e1
 #a cwt4 to e #ab or  #ae galls4 ( wat]1
 along ) a little yea/4----,,sug>       
,,v9eg>4 ,f br[n  sug>1 #d lbs4 to ea*  
gallon ( wat]4----,,:iskey ,,v9eg>4 ,f  
:iskey1 #a  p9t2 sug>1 #b oz42 yea/1 a  
dess]t-spoonful4    ,pur41 ,te/s1 &     
,assay4 ,^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 r fully    
notic$ "u ,,acetic ,,acid1 ,,acetimetry1
 & above4 ,! foll[+ additional  te/s1   
c41 may1 h[ev]1 be useful3----#a4 ,pap] 
writt5 on or sme>$ )  pure v9eg> is n   
*>r$ :5 /rongly w>m$ be=e ! fire2 if x  
is1 ! sample exam9$ conta9$ fully #b (  
oil ( vitriol4----#b4 ,a small  porcela9
 capsule1 or *9a cup1 dipp$ into a      
solution ( sug> 9 #cj  times its weight 
( wat]1 & !n heat$ to a temp]ature equal
 to t  ( boil+ wat]1 is n mat]ially     
discol\r$ :5 a drop ( pure  v9eg> is    
p\r$ on x2 b a spot ( an int5sely br[n  
or black col\r  is =m$ if ! sample      
conta9s only #a-cjj? "p ( sulphuric     
acid2 if  x conta9s only #a-ajjj? "p1 ! 
spot is olive gre52 & if a less         

quantity1 !n only ( a pale gre5         
col\r4----#c4 ,! heavy :ite  precipitate
 giv5 ) *loride ( b>ium 7see above7 %[s 
! pres5ce  ( sulphuric acid2 ea* gra91  
aft] be+ dri$1 & g5tly ignit$1          
repres5ts #cdd gr4 ( dry sulphuric acid4
 ,if ! precipitate f #ajjj  gr4 ( !     
v9eg> exce$s #b-a_/b gr41 x conta9s an  
illegal quantity (  ?is acid4----#d4 ,if
 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] gives a   
cl\dy :ite  precipitate1 hydro*loric    
acid is pres5t4----#e4 ,if1 aft] !      
addition ( #b  or #c gr4 ( c>bonate (   
pota%1 & evaporation ( ! sample to      
dryness1  ! residuum deflagrates :5     
ignit$1 ! sample "u exam9ation  conta9s 
nitric acid4----#f4 ,if ! v9eg> be      
black5$ by sulphurett$  hydrog5 or      
hydrosulphuret ( ammonia1 x conta9s ei!r
 lead or copp]4  ,if x gives a yell[    
precipitate ) iodide ( potassium or     
*romate (  pota%1 ! metal is lead4 ,if  
f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a         
bronze-br[n col\r$ precipitate1 or a    
little olive oil1 :5 agitat$  ) "s ( !  

v9eg>1 be turn$ gre51 ! metal is        
copp]4----#g4 ,if a  small sample1 g5tly
 evaporat$ to dryness1 leaves m ?an #a (
  residuum1 & ?is has a sweet ta/e1 x is
 undecompos$ sug>4 ,!  pres5ce ( acrid  
sub/ances1 z capsicum1 *illies1 gra9s ( 
p>adise1  mu/>d se$1 pellitory ( ,spa91 
pepp]1 c41 may be detect$ by  neutralis+
 ! acidity ( ! v9eg> ) c>bonate ( soda1 
:5 !  acrid ta/e ( ! adult]ant w be     
readily p]ceiv$4    ,v9eg>1 ,antihy/]ic4
 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,anti,,hy/]icum4 ,prep4
 ,ca/or1 #b  dr42 galb>ium1 #d dr42 rue1
 #a oz42 v9eg>1 #c lbs42 mac]ate & /ra94
    ,v9eg>1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,acetum   
,,aromaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,glacial   
acetic acid1 #a lb42 oil ( cloves1      
#a-a_/b dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a dr42 oils
  ( b]gamot1 c9namon1 pim5to1 & lav5d]1 
( ea* #a_/b dr42 n]oli1 #bj  drops2     
camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #b   
fl4 oz42 mix4 ,v f9e4    #b4 7,h5ry's47 
,f glacial acetic acid1 /rongly sc5t$ ) 
! oils (  cloves1 lav5d]1 rosem>y1 &    
,calamus aromaticus to :i* ! usual      

quantity ( camphor is add$4 ,?is is !   
=mula adopt$ at ,apo!c>ies'  ,hall4     
#c4 7,extemporane\s47 ,f acetate ( pota%
 7dry71 #a dr42 oil ( vitriol1  #bj     
drops2 oils ( lemon & cloves1 ( ea* #c  
drops4    ,obs4 ,aromatic v9eg> is us$ z
 a pung5t & refre%+ p]fume1 9  fa9tness1
 c4 ,= ?is purpose x is g5]ally dropp$  
on a small piece  ( sponge plac$ 9 a    
/opp]$ bottle or a v9aigrette4 ,x is    
highly  corrosive1 & %\ld !re=e be kept 
f contact ) ! sk9 &  clo!s4    ,v9eg>1  
,camp4 ,prep4 ,take ( slic$ g>lic1 #h   
oz42 ,cay5ne pepp]1  soy1 & walnut      
ket*up1 ( ea* #d oz42 #cf *opp$         
an*ovies2 v9eg>1 #a  gall42 p[d]$       
co*9eal1 #a_/b oz42 mac]ate = a mon?1   
/ra91 &  bottle4    ,v9eg>1 ,camphorat$4
    ,v9eg> ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,bli/]+ 
,,v9eg>2 ,,acetum ,,can?>idis  7,b4 ,p41
 ,ph41 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4    
7,ph4 ,l47 ,can?>ides1 9 p[d]1 #b  oz42 
acetic acid1 #a p9t2 mac]ate1 )         
agitation1 = #h days1 !n  press1 & /ra94
    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,can?>ides1 #c oz42  

euphorbium1 #a_/b oz42 acetic acid1 #e  
fl4  oz42 pyroligne\s acid1 #ae fl4 oz42
 mac]ate a week4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47      
,spani% flies1 #d oz42 /rong acetic     
acid1 #d fl4 oz42  comm]cial acetic acid
 7sp4 gr4 #ajdd71 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate1 
z be=e1  = #ad days4    #d4 7,b4 ,p47   
,can?>ides1 9 p[d]1 #b2 glacial acetic  
acid1 #b2 acetic acid  7#bh p] c5t471   
#ah1 or a suffici5cy3 add ! glacial     
acetic acid to #ac (  acetic acid1 & 9  
?is mixture dige/ ! can?>ides = two h\rs
 at a  temp]ature ( #bjj ,f42 :5 cold1  
place !m 9 a p]colator1 & :5  ! liquid  
ceases to drop1 p\r ov] ! residuum !    
rema9+ #e (  acetic acid1 & :5 !        
p]colation is f9i%$1 press & make !     
:ole liquid up to #bj4    ,uses1 c4 ,z a
 c\nt]-irritant1 & to raise bli/]s4 ,= !
 la/  purpose x is appli$ on a piece (  
l9t1 evaporation be+ prev5t$ )  a piece 
( oil$ sk9 or ?9 %eet gutta p]*a4 ,! la/
 is ! be/1  &1 inde$1 ! only effective  
=m2 ! o!rs be+ too weak4 8,if !  acetic 
acid be /rong1 a bli/] w be z rapidly   

rais$ )\t !  can?>ides z ) !m40 7,dr ,a4
 ,t4 ,?omson47    ,v9eg> ( ,capsicum4   
,syn4 ,,acetum ,,capsice4 ,prep4        
,capsicum1 #a oz42  v9eg>1 #bd oz4 ,us$ 
z g>gle4    ,v9eg> ( ,col*icum4 ,syn4   
,,acetum ,,col*ici 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4  ,d471 
,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ corms (
 col*icum or mead[ saffron1 #c-a_/b dr42
  dilute acetic acid1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = 
#c days1 !n press out !  liquor1 &1 aft]
 defecation1 add to ! /ra9$ liquid pro( 
_s1  #a-a_/b fl4 oz4    ,v9eg>1 ,currie4
 ,prep4 ,f currie p[d]1 #a_/b lb42      
v9eg>1 #a gall42  infuse = a week4 ,us$ 
z a flav\r+4 ,o!r l v9eg>s may be made  
9 ! same way4    ,v9eg> ( ,g>lic4 ,syn4 
,,acetum ,,allii4 ,prep4 ,fre% g>lic1 #a
 oz42  di/ill$ v9eg>1 #ab oz4    #b4    
7,ph4 ,e47 ,fre% col*icum bulbs 7dri$71 
#a oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #af  fl4 oz42    
pro( _s1 #a fl4 oz4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47   
,dri$ col*icum bulbs1 #a oz42 acetic    
acid 7#ajdd71 #d fl4 oz42  di/ill$ wat]1
 #ab fl4 oz42 z be=e1 b prolong+ !      
mac]ation =  #g days4    ,obs4 ,v9eg> ( 

col*icum is *iefly us$ 9 g\t4 ,dose1 #bj
 drops to #a  fl4 dr4 ,! ,dubl9         
prep>ation is ab\t ?ree times z /rong z 
!  o!rs1 & ! dose mu/ !re=e be          
proportionately less4    ,v9eg>1        
,di/ill$4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,de/illatum   
7,ph4 ,l4  ,e41 & ,ph4 ,d4  #ahbf71 ,l4 
,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,v9eg>1 #a gall42 
di/il 9 a s& ba?1 #g  p9ts4 ,sp4 gr4    
#ajjfe4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,v9eg>        
7pref]ably ,fr5*71 #h p>ts2 di/il ov] ) 
a  g5tle heat1 #g p>ts2 & dilute !      
product1 if necess>y1 ) di/ill$  wat]1  
until ! sp4 gr4 is #ajje4    ,pur41 c4  
8#a fluid oz4 is saturat$ by #eg gr4 (  
cry/allis$ c>bonate  ( soda40 7,ph4 ,l47
 #ajj gr4 are saturat$ by #ac gr4 (     
cry/allis$  c>bonate ( soda4 ,x conta9s 
ab\t #df ( real acetic acid4 ,if a pewt]
  worm is us$1 a portion ( lead is      
dissolv$1 & ! product becomes  cl\dy &  
poison\s4 ,di/ill$ v9eg> is m agreeable 
?an pure dilute  acetic acid ( ! same   
/r5g?4    ,v9eg> ( ,foxglove4 ,syn4     
,,acetum ,,digitalis4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 

,dri$  foxglove1 #a oz42 v9eg>1 #i oz4  
7by weight72 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz4 7by    
weight74 ,mac]ate = #h days1 press &    
filt]4----,dose1 #cj m9ims4    ,v9eg> ( 
,lavend]4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,lav&ul4 7,p4 
,cod47 ,prep4 ,dige/  #a troy oz4 ( dri$
 lav5d] fl[]s ) #ab oz4 ( v9eg> = #aj   
days4  ,! v9eg>s ( o!r fl[]s are made 9 
! same mann]4    ,v9eg> ( ,lobelia4     
,syn4 ,,acetum ,,lobeli4 ,prep4 ,lobelia
 9 mod]ately  co>se p[d]1 #d troy oz4   
,dilut$ acetic acid1 #b p9ts 7o4 m474   
,mac]ate  = #g days4    ,v9eg>1         
,m>seilles4 ,syn4 ,,v9eg> ,,( ,,! ,,f\r 
,,?ieves1 ,,prophylactic  ,,v9eg>2      
,,acetum ,,prophylacticum1 ,a4          
,,antisepticum1 ,a4 ,,!riacale1 ,a4     
,,quatuor  ,,furum1 ,l42 ,,v9aigre ,,des
 ,,quatre ,,voleurs1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take (
 ! summits (  rosem>y & fl[]s ( sage    
7dri$71 ( ea* #d oz42 dri$ lav5d]       
fl[]s1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr42 di/ill$  
v9eg>1 #a gall42 dige/ = #g  days1      
press1 & filt]4 ,us$ z a corrector ( bad
 smells1 & =m]ly  z a prophylactic aga9/

 ! plague1 & o!r contagi\s diseases4 ,x 
is  said to h be5 a fav\rite prev5tive )
 ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 :o always  c>ri$ "s ) 
him4 ,! orig9al =mula also conta9$1 (   
g>lic1 #a_/d  oz42 fre% rue1 #a-a_/b    
oz42 & camphor1 dissolv$ 9 _s1 #a oz4   
,v9eg> ( ,must>d4 ,syn4 ,,acetum        
,,s9apis 7,b]al74 ,prep4 ,mu/>d1 #a     
oz42 v9eg>1 #ab oz42 di/il #h oz4 ,=    
outw>d use1 z a c\nt]-irritant4         
,v9eg> ( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,opii  
7,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4   
,e47 ,opium1 slic$1 #d oz42 di/ill$     
v9eg>1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #g  days1 
press1 & filt]4----,dose1 #e to #bj     
drops4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,opium1 9 co>se
 p[d]1 #a-a_/b oz42 dilute acetic acid1 
#a  p9t2 mac]ate = #g days4----,dose1   
#aj or #ab to #fj drops4    ,obs4 ,^! 7 
int5d$ to sup]s$e ! old #8black drop1'  
:i* !y  closely resemble 9 _! action4   
,v9eg>1 ,raspb]ry4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,rubi
 ,,id,i1 ,l42 ,,v9aigre ,,framboise1    
,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bruis$ ripe raspb]ries 
& :ite w9e v9eg>1 ( ea* #c  p9ts2       

mac]ate = #c days1 press1 /ra91 & to ea*
 p9t add ( :ite  sug>1 #a lb42 boil1    
skim1 cool1 & at once bottle4 ,"s p]sons
 add #b fl4  oz4 ( br&y to ea* p9t4     
#b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fre% raspb]ries1 pick$ 
f _! calices1 #c lbs42 7#a  lb4----,ph4 
,bor472 good v9eg>1 #b lbs42 mac]ate1 9 
glass1 = a =tnight1  !n /ra91 )\t       
pressure4    ,obs4 ,9 a simil> mann] may
 be made *]ry v9eg>1 /rawb]ry v9eg>1  & 
! v9eg>s ( all o!r l fruits4    ,v9eg> (
 ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,rut4 7,ed4 ,ph4 
#agdd74 ,prep4 ,rue1 #a lb4  troy2      
v9eg>1 #a gall4    ,v9eg> ( ,squills4   
,syn4 ,,acetum ,,scill 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4    
,d471 ,,aceum  ,,scilliticum1 ,l4 ,prep4
 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take ( squills1 rec5tly
 dri$ &  bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 dilute    
acetic acid1 #a p9t2 mac]ate ) a g5tle  
heat 9 a cov]$ vessel = #c days1 !n     
press out ! liquor1 &1 aft]  defecation1
 add to ! /ra9$ liquid1 pro( _s1 #a-a_/b
 fl4 oz4 ,!  ,ed9burgh & ,dubl9         
,colleges direct cold mac]ation = #g    
days 9 a glass  vessel1 & ! ,dubl9 omits

 ! _s4    #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f squills1  
#g lbs42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #f galls42      
mac]ate 9 ! cold = #aj days1 press1 &   
filt]4 ,expectorant &                   
diuretic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4
 dr42 9 *ronic pulmon>y affections1     
dropsies1 c4    ,v9eg>s 7,culin>y74     
,prep4 #a4 ,,black ,,pepp] ,,v9eg>1     
,,cap] ,v41  ,,capsicum ,v41            
,,cel]y-,,se$ ,v41 ,,*illie ,v41        
,,cress-,,se$ ,v41 ,,g>lic ,v41 ,,g+]   
,v41 ,,hors]adi% ,v41 ,,onion ,v41      
,,r$-,,rose ,v41                        
,,seville-,,orange-,,peel ,v41 ,,%allot 
,v41 ,,truffle ,v41 ,,:ite ,,pepp] ,v41 
) sev]al o!rs ( a l k9d1 are  made by   
/eep+ ab\t an oz4 ( ! respective        
articles 9 a p9t ( good  v9eg> = #ad    
days1 & /ra9+4    #b4 ,,basil ,v41      
,,burnet ,v41 ,,cel]y ,v41 ,,*]ville    
,v41 ,,eld]-,,fl[] ,v41  ,,gre5-,,m9t   
,v41 ,,t>ragon ,v41 ) sev]al o!rs f l   
sub/ances1 are  prep>$ f #b to #c oz4 ( 
! leaves to ea* p9t ( v9eg>2 ! :ole  be+
 frequ5tly %ak5 = #ad days1 !n /ra9$ &  

bottl$4 ,!y are  us$ 9 cook]y4 ,! cul9>y
 v9eg>s may also be prep>$ 9 ! same     
mann] z ! #8cul9>y spirits' &           
#8t9ctures1' by simply sub/itut+  /rong 
pickl+ v9eg> = ! _s4    ,v9eg>s         
7,p]fum$74 ,syn4 ,,aceta ,,odorif]a1 ,l4
 ,prep4 ,f ! dri$  fl[]s1 #a to #b oz41 
or ! fre% fl[]s1 #b to #d oz42 /ronge/  
di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a p9t2 dige/ = a week1  
/ra9 ) pressure1 &  repeat ! process )  
fre% fl[]s if necess>y4 ,!y may also be 
made  by add+ #ae to #bj drops1 or q4   
s41 ( ! respective ess5tial oils to  !  
v9eg>4 ,9 a simil> way are prep>$ !     
v9eg>s ( clove-gilly  fl[]s1 eld] fl[]s1
 lav5d] f4 7v9aigre di/ill de lav&e71   
musk  roses1 orange fl[]s 7fre%71       
,prov9s roses1 r$ roses 7v9aigre de     
rose2  acetum rosatum71 rosem>y fl[]s   
7v9aigre de rosm>92 acetum  an?osatum71 
t>ragon fl[]s1 c4 c4 ,ano!r excell5t    
plan is to add #a  fl4 oz4 ( glacial    
acetic acid to ea* p9t ( ! respective   
p]fum$  spirits4 ,?is answ]s admirably =
 acetic eau de ,cologne & l  p]fumes4   

,,vi,,n\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,syn4           
,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,! peculi>    
*ange  by :i* sug>1 9 solution1 is      
conv]t$ into c>bonic acid1 :i* is       
elim9at$1 & into alcohol1 :i* rema9s 9  
solution 9 ! f]m5t$  liquor4    ,!      
pres5ce ( a #8f]m5t' is ess5tial to     
excite ! v9\s  f]m5tation1 z a solution 
( absolutely pure sug> rema9s unalt]$1  
ev5 ?\gh expos$ to ! conditions mo/     
fav\rable to its accession4 ,9  ! juices
 ( ! sweet fruits1 & 9 ^? vegetable     
solutions t  spontane\sly run into a    
/ate ( f]m5tation1 ! f]m5t is suppli$ by
  nature1 & is intimately associat$ ) ! 
sac*>9e matt]4 ,9 !  juice ( ^? grapes  
:i* produce ! m p]fect w9es1 ! relative 
proportions ( ! excit]s ( f]m5tation & !
 sug> are s  accurately apportion$1 t ! 
:ole ( ! =m] are decompos$1 &  ne>ly !  
:ole ( ! latt] is conv]t$ into alcohol2 
s t !  liquid 7w9e7 is left 9 a /ate b  
little liable to future *ange4 ,an      
infusion ( malt1 h[ev]1 9 :i* !         
nitrog5is$ matt]s 7glut51  vegetable    

album51 c47 are abs5t1 or at lea/ pres5t
 9 too small  quantities to vigor\sly   
excite ! v9\s f]m5tation1 und]goes a    
mix$  species ( decomposition1 ) !      
=mation ( products widely diff]5t  f ^? 
t result f ! true v9\s f]m5tation2 or1 9
 o!r  words1 ! liquid becomes spoil$4 ,b
 if a f]m5t 7yea/7 be add$ to  ?is      
infusion ( malt "u ! above circum/ances1
 & 9 ! prop]  proportion to ! sug>      
pres5t1 ! true v9\s f]m5tation spe$ily  
comm5ces1 & ! liquid becomes conv]t$    
into be]4 ,?is is :at  actually takes   
place 9 ! process ( brew+1 & ! sci5tific
 brew]  endeav\rs to employ a prop]     
quantity ( f]m5t to decompose ! :ole  ( 
! sac*>9e matt] ( 8 wort2 b1 at ! same  
"t1 z equally  endeav\rs to avoid ! use 
( an excess4    ,! *ief product ( ! v9\s
 f]m5tation is alcohol1 b !re are  o!r  
sub/ances simultane\sly produc$1 & :i*  
rema9 associat$ )  ! f]m5t$ liquor4     
,among ! pr9cipal ( ^! are nan?ic acid1 
nan?ic e!r1 fusel oil 7oil ( potato _s1 
oil ( gra971 c42 none  ( :i* exi/       

previ\sly to f]m5tation1 & are g5]ally  
suppos$ to  result f ! action ( !       
nitrog5is$ matt]s ( ! solution on !     
sug>4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ^!         
extrane\s products are =m$ 9  mu* l>g]  
quantities ?an "u o!rs2 & z ^! sub/ances
 injure  ! value ( ! alcohol ) :i* !y   
are associat$1 a k (  ! peculi>         
circum/ances fav\rable & unfav\rable to 
_! production  is a desid]atum to !     
brew] & di/ill]4    ,accord+ to ,,mm4   
,col9 & ,?n>d1 ,frmy1 ,r\sseau1 & o!rs1 
!  ess5tial condition ( a f]m5t1 to be  
able to excite ! pure v9\s  f]m5tation1 
is to be suffici5tly acidul\s to act on 
col\r$  te/-pap]2 & ?is acidity %\ld    
arise f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9  vegetable    
acids & salts1 capable ( conv]sion into 
c>bonic acid &  c>bonates by _!         
spontane\s decomposition4 ,^? acids &   
salts :i*  are f\nd to pre-exi/ 9       
f]m5table fruits & liquors1 z ! t>t>ic1 
citric1 malic1 & lactic acids1 & _!     
salts %\ld be *os5 = ?is  purpose2      
pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! bit>trate (      

potassa1 on acc\nt  ( its pres5ce 9 !   
grape4 ,! addition ( any ( ^! sub/ances 
to a  sac*>9e solution r5d]s its        
f]m5tation bo? m active &  complete4 ,! 
favorable influ5ce ( cream ( t>t> on    
f]m5tation 0  fir/ po9t$ out by ,?n>d & 
,col91 & ! addition ( a little (  ?is   
article has be5 adopt$ 9 practice1 )    
manife/ advantage1 by !  manufactur]s ( 
,briti% w9e4    ,!re is good reason =   
suppos+ t ea* v>iety ( sug> :i* is      
susceptible ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation is 
fir/ conv]t$ into grape  sug> by contact
 ) ! f]m5t1 & t ?is v>iety ( sug> is    
alone  capable ( yield+ c>bonic acid &  
alcohol4    ,! circum/ances mo/         
favorable to ?is f]m5tation are1 a c]ta9
  degree ( w>m?1 a suffici5t quantity ( 
active f]m5t1 & its due  di/ribution    
?r\gh ! liquor4 ,! temp]ature ( f #fh to
 #gg ,fahr4  is usually reg>d$ z ! mo/  
propiti\s = ! comm5cem5t &  progress (  
f]m5tation2 b x has be5 ably %[n by     
,liebig t1 at  ?is temp]ature1 ! newly  
=m$ alcohol sl[ly und]goes ! #8acet\s   

f]m5tation1' =m+ v9eg>1 by :i* ! v9\s "*
 ( !  liquor is less5$4 ,?is conv]sion (
 alcohol into v9eg> proce$s mo/  rapidly
 at a temp]ature ( #ie ,fahr41 &        
gradually becomes m languid1  until1 at 
ab\t #df to #ej ,fahr4 7#h to #aj       
,c5t471 x ceases altoge!r1  :ile !      
t5d5cy ( ! nitrog5\s sub/ances to absorb
 oxyg5 at ?is  l[ temp]ature is sc>cely 
dim9i%$ 9 a p]ceptible degree4 8,x is   
!re=e evid5t t if wort 7or any o!r      
sac*>9e solution7 is  f]m5t$ 9 wide1    
op51 %all[ vessels1 z is done 9 ,bav>ia1
 :i*  af=d free & unlimit$ access to !  
atmosph]ic oxyg51 & ?is 9 a  situation  
:]e ! temp]ature does no exce$ #df to   
#ej ,fahr41 a  sep>ation ( ! nitrog5\s  
con/itu5ts1 i4 e4 ! excit]s (           
acidification1 takes place simultane\sly
 on ! surface1 & )9 !  :ole body ( !    
liquid40 7,liebig47 ,by ?is me?od w9e or
 be] is  obta9$1 :i* is inv>iably f>    
sup]ior 9 quality to t f]m5t$ 9  ! usual
 mann]4 ,see ,,f]m5tation4    ,!        
symptoms ( a p]fect f]m5tation ( malt   

wort1 accord+ to !  usual ,engli% sy/em 
) top yea/ 7ob]hefe71 h be5 ?us describ$
  by a well-kn[n practical writ] on     
brew+3 #a4 ,a cream-l sub/ance  =ms r\nd
 ! edges ( ! gyle tun1 :i* gradually    
ext5ds itself1 &  ultimately cov]s !    
:ole surface ( ! liquor4 #b4 ,a f9e     
curly or  caulifl[] head 9 a simil> way 
ext5ds itself ov] ! surface1 &          
indicates to ! exp]i5c$ brew] ! probable
 quality ( !  f]m5tation4 #c4 ,!        
#8/oma*1' or #8v9\s od\r1' is next      
evolv$1 &  cont9ues to increase ) !     
att5uation ( ! wort4 ,! peculi>  nature 
( ?is od\r is also an indication ( !    
/ate ( !  f]m5tation4----#d4 ,!         
caulifl[] head *anges1 or rises to a f9e
 #8rocky'  or #8yea/y' head1 &          
ultimately falls d[n4----#e4 ,9 ?is /age
 ! head  assumes a peculi> #8yea/y'     
appe>ance1 call$ by brew]s              
#8close-yea/y1'  & ! gas is evolv$ 9    
suffici5t quantity to bl[ up little     
bells or  bubbles1 :i* imm$iately bur/1 
& are foll[$ by o!rs1 at int]vals       

dep5d+ on ! activity & =w>dness ( !     
f]m5tation4 ,^! bells  %\ld be bright & 
cle>2 z1 if !y appe> opaque or dirty1   
!re is  some?+ ! matt] ) ! wort4        
7,black47    ,x is (t5 ( ! utmo/        
importance to brew]s1 w9e m]*ants1 sug> 
ref9]s1 druggi/s1 c41 to be able to     
less5 ! activity ( ! v9\s  f]m5tation1  
or to /op x altoge!r1 or to prev5t its  
accession to  syrups & o!r sac*>9e &    
vegetable solutions4 ,:atev] w /ill  !  
motion ( ! molecules ( ! nitrog5\s matt]
 =m+ ! f]m5t  w r5d] !m inop]ative z    
excit]s ( f]m5tation4 ,among !  simple/ 
means ( effect+ ?is object1 & su* z     
admit ( easy  practical application1 may
 be m5tion$ exposure to ei!r cold or    
heat4  ,at a temp]ature bel[ ab\t #ej   
,fahr41 ! acet\s f]m5tation is  susp5d$1
 & ! alcoholic f]m5tation proce$s )     
dim9i%$  activity z ! temp]ature falls1 
until at ab\t #ch ,fahr4 x ceases       
altoge!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ! rapid increase (
 ! temp]ature ( a  f]m5t+ liquid arre/s 
its f]m5tation1 & is pref]able to !     

action ( cold1 z x is ( easi]           
application1 & p]fectly precipitates  ! 
f]m5t 9 an in]t /ate4 ,= ?is purpose a  
heat ( ab\t #ahj ,fahr4  is suffici5t3 b
 ev5 t ( boil+ wat] may be employ$ )    
advantage4 ,9 practice fluids are       
commonly rais$ to _! boil+ po9t  = ?is  
purpose1 or !y are submitt$ to ! heat ( 
a wat] ba?  7#bjg-a_/b ,fahr474 ,9 ?is  
way ! f]m5tation ( syrups & vegetable   
solutions & juices is commonly arre/$ 9 
! ph>maceutical  laboratory4    ,among  
sub/ances t may be add$ to liquids to   
arre/ f]m5tation !  mo/ active are----! 
volatile oil ( mu/>d1 co>sely p[d]$     
mu/>d  se$1 or pure fl\r ( mu/>d1       
sulphur\s acid or ! fumes ( burn+       
sulphur1 sulphuric acid1 sulphite (     
lime1 t9cture ( cate*u1 /rong  _s1 /rong
 acetic acid1 *lorate ( potassa1 sug> ( 
milk1 bruis$  hors]adi%1 g>lic1 &       
cloves1 & _! ess5tial oils1 & all !  o!r
 volatile oils t conta9 sulphur1 & mo/ (
 ! salts t  readily "p ) _! oxyg54 ,^!  
sub/ances arre/ f]m5tation by  r5d]+ !  

yea/ inop]ative1 & !y possess ?is p[]   
ne>ly 9 !  ord] 9 :i* !y /& above4 ,9   
practice1 mu/>d1 ! fumes (  burn+       
sulphur1 sulphite ( lime1 & *lorate (   
potassa1 are ^? mo/  adapt$ = be]1 cid]1
 w9es1 syrups1 c42 b "s ( ! o!rs are    
occasionally us$1 ?\gh less active4 ,=  
arre/+ or prev5t+ !  f]m5tation ( !     
vegetable juices & solutions1 & !       
m$icat$  syrups employ$ 9 ph>macy1 mu/>d
 se$1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a  little  
bruis$ cloves1 may be safely us$1 z !   
addition ( acids or  salts w\ld lead to 
! decomposition ( _! active pr9ciples4  
,= ?is  reason su* liquids %\ld be kept 
9 a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature to  prev5t
 f]m5tation2 & %\ld !y pass into t /ate 
x %\ld be  pref]ably arre/$ by !        
application ( heat or cold1 z above     
expla9$4 ,sug> ( milk is also v         
effective = c]ta9 syrups1 if n  all (   
!m4    ,to prev5t1 or r to less51 !     
production ( fusel oil1 x has be5       
propos$ to add a c]ta9 quantity ( t>t>ic
 acid or bit>trate (  potassa to ! wort1

 or to arre/ ! f]m5tative process       
some:at be=e  ! liquid has rea*$ its    
utmo/ degree ( att5uation4 ,! be/ means 
(  depriv+ ! _s ( ?is & o!r sub/ances ( 
a simil> nature is  to l>gely dilute x )
 wat]1 & to r$i/il x at a g5tle heat4   
,agitation ) olive oil1 decantation1    
dilution ) a l>ge quantity (  wat]1 &   
r$i/illation1 h also be5 recomm5d$4 ,an 
excell5t me?od  is filtration ?r\gh     
newly burnt & co>sely p[d]$ *>coal4 ,?is
  plan succe$s p]fectly ) mod]ately     
dilut$ _s4 ,on ! ,cont95t1  ! addition (
 ab\t #aj ( common v9eg>1 & a v little  
sulphuric  acid1 foll[$ by agitation1   
repose = a few days1 & r$i/illation is  
a fav\rite me?od4 ,a solution ( *loride 
( lime is also employ$ =  ! same        
purpose1 & 9 ! same way4 ,9 bo? ^! cases
 a species (  e!r is =m$1 :i* possesses 
a v agreeable od\r4 ,9 ! fir/1  acetate 
( oxide ( amyl 7ess5ce ( j>gonelle7 is  
produc$2 & 9 !  o!r1 *loride ( amyl1 :i*
 also possesses a pleasant e!real smell 
& ta/e4 ,! aff9ity ( ! hydrat$ oxide (  

amyl 7fusel oil7 =  acetic acid is s    
great1 t !y readily unite )\t !         
int]v5tion  ( a m9]al acid4 7,doeb]e9]74
 ,?us1 ! oil ( vitriol m5tion$  above1  
?\gh always us$ 9 practice1 might be    
omitt$ )\t any  disadvantage4           
,accord+ to ,messrs ,b[]bank1 ! di/ill]s
 quot$ by ,dr ,p]eira1 #ejj  galls4 (   
corn-_s yield ab\t "o gall4 ( corn-_s   
oil4 ,see  ,,acetification1 ,,alcohol1  
,,brew+1 ,,di/illation1 ,,f]m5tation1   
,,fusel ,,oil1  ,,_s1 ,,v9eg>1 ,,visc\s 
,,f]m5tation1 ,,yea/1 c4    ,,vi,,olet4 
,syn4 ,,purple ,,violet1 ,,sweet ,v42   
,,viola 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 8,!  rec5t 
petals ( ,viola odorata1 ,l9n40 7,ph4   
,l47 ,x is *iefly us$ on  acc\nt ( its  
col\r4 ,see ,,syrup4    ,,violet ,,dye4 
,violet1 l purple1 is produc$ by a      
mixture ( r$ &  blue col\r+ matt]1      
appli$ ei!r toge!r or 9 succession4 ,!  
#8anil9e col\rs' are n[ almo/           
exclusively us$ = obta9+ violet on  silk
 & wool 7see ,,anil9e1 ,,purple1 & ,,t> 
,,col\rs74 ,) ! old dye  /uffs1 violet  

may ?us be obta9$3----,a good violet may
 be giv5 to silk  or wool by pass+ x    
fir/ ?r\gh a solution ( v]digris1 !n    
?r\gh  a decoction ( logwood1 &1 la/ly1 
?r\gh alum wat]4 ,a fa/ violet may  be  
giv5 by fir/ dye+ ! goods a crimson )   
co*9eal1 )\t alum  or t>t>1 &1 aft]     
r9s+1 pass+ !m ?r\gh ! indigo           
vat4----,l95s & cottons are fir/ gall$ )
 ab\t #ah ( gall-nuts1  next pass$ ?r\gh
 a mix$ mordant ( alum1 iron liquor1 &  
sulphate (  copp]1 work+ !m well1 !n    
?r\gh a madd] ba? made ) an equal       
weight ( root1 &1 la/ly1 bright5$ ) soap
 or soda4 ,ano!r good  me?od is to pass 
clo?1 previ\sly dy$ ,turkey r$1 ?r\gh ! 
blue vat4  ,wool1 silk1 cotton1 or l951 
mordant$ ) alum & dy$ 9 a logwood  ba?1 
or a mix$ ba? ( ar*il & ,brazil1 takes a
 pretty1 b false1  violet4    ,,vis,,c\s
 ,,f]m5tation4 ,syn4 ,,mucilag9\s       
,,f]m5tation1 ,,muc\s ,f4 ,!  peculi>   
*ange by :i* sug>1 9 solution1 is       
conv]t$ into gummy  matt]s1 & o!r       
products1 in/ead ( into alcohol4    ,:5 

! express$ juice ( ! beet is expos$ to a
 temp]ature ( #ij to  #ajj ,fahr41 = a  
consid]able "t1 ! sug> x conta9s suff]s 
?is  peculi> k9d ( f]m5tation4 ,gases   
are evolv$ :i* are ri* 9  hydrog51      
in/ead ( be+ exclusively c>bonic acid1 &
 :5 ! sug>  has1 = ! mo/ "p1 disappe>$1 
m]e traces ( alcohol are f\nd 9  !      
liquid1 b1 9 place ( t sub/ance1 a      
quantity ( lactic acid1  mannite1 & a   
mucilag9\s sub/ance1 resembl+ gum       
,arabic1 & said to  be id5tical ) gum 9 
composition4 ,by boil+ yea/ or ! glut5 (
  :eat 9 wat]1 dissolv+ sug> 9 ! filt]$ 
solution1 & expos+ x  to a tol]ably high
 temp]ature1 ! visc\s f]m5tation is set 
up1 & a  l>ge quantity ( ! gummy        
pr9ciple g5]at$1 along ) a f]m5t ( a    
globul> texture1 l t ( yea/1 b :i* is   
capable ( produc+  only ! visc\s        
f]m5tation1 9 sac*>9e solutions4    ,!  
peculi> cl\dy1 /r+y1 oily appe>ance (   
w9e & be]1 call$ by  ! ,fr5* #8graisse1'
 & ! ,engli% #8rop9ess1' dep5ds on !    
accession  ( ! visc\s f]m5tation4 ,!    

m9]al acids & a/r+5t sub/ances1         
especially ! sulphuric & sulphur\s      
acids1 & tann91 precipitate !  visc\s   
f]m5t1 & are1 h5ce1 ! be/ cures = ?is   
malady (  f]m5t$ liquors4 ,x is ! l>ge  
am\nt ( tannic acid 9 ! r$ w9es  &      
well-hopp$ be] :i* is ! cause ( _! nev] 
be+ attack$ )  #8graisse1' or           
#8rop9ess4' ,see ,,v9\s ,,f]m5tation1   
,,w9es1 c4    ,,vi,,sion4 ,! foll[+     
means ( pres]v+ & re/or+ ! sight may  be
 appropriately ins]t$ "h3----    ,=     
,,ne>-,,sight$ness4----,close ! eyes &  
press ! f+]s v g5tly1  f ! nose outw>d1 
across ! eyes4 ,?is flatt5s ! pupil1 &  
?us  l5g!ns or ext5ds ! angle ( vision4 
,?is %\ld be done sev]al  times a day1  
or at lea/ always aft] wa%+ ! face1     
until  %ortsight$ness is ov]come4    ,= 
,,loss ,,( ,,sight ,,by ,,age1 su* z    
require magnify+ glasses1 pass !  f+]s  
or t[el f ! out] corn]s ( ! eyes        
inw>dly1 above &  bel[ ! eyeballs1      
press+ v g5tly aga9/ !m4 ,?is r\nds !m  
up1 & pres]ves or re/ores ! sight4    ,x

 is said t _m p]sons1 by ?is la/ means1 
h pres]v$ _!  sight s z to read f9e pr9t
 at #hj ye>s ( age2 o!rs1 ^: sight has  
be5 impair$ by age1 by c>efully         
manipulat+ ! eyes ) _!  f+]s1 f _!      
ext]nal angles inw>dly1 h re/or$ _!     
sight1  & be5 able to disp5se ) glasses1
 & h s9ce pres]v$ x by a  cont9uance ( !
 practice4 ,to be successful1 or safe1  
^! practices  mu/ be appli$ ) great     
g5tl5ess & caution4 ,_m p]sons s]i\sly  
damage _! eyes by =cibly rubb+ !m :5    
dr[sy1 especially on  awak+ 9 ! morn+4  
,! #8,lancet' rem>ks1 t 8!re is good    
reason to believe t *icory  7! c(fee ( !
 ,london]s71 f its n>cotic "*1 ex]ts an 
injuri\s effect on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,s    
conv9c$ ( ?is is ,pr(essor  ,be]1 (     
,vi5na1 a mo/ celebrat$ ,g]man oculi/1 t
 he has enum]at$  *icori$ c(fee among ! 
causes ( amaurotic bl9dness40    ,to    
/r5g!n ! eyes1 to relieve !m :5 swoll5  
or conge/$1 & to  remove *ronic         
oph?almia1 purul5t dis*>ges1 c41 no?+ is
 equal to  frequ5tly ba?+ !m ) wat]1 at 

fir/ tepid1 b aft]w>ds l[]$  9          
temp]ature to absolute coldness4        
,,vit,,riol4 ,a common "n = sulphuric   
acid & = sev]al ( its salts4  7,see     
bel[47    ,vitriol1 ,blue4 ,syn4 ,,roman
 ,,vitriol4 ,comm]cial sulphate ( copp]4
    ,vitriol1 ,gre54 ,comm]cial sulphate
 ( iron4    ,vitriol1 ,:ite4 ,comm]cial 
sulphate ( z9c4    ,,vittie ,,vayr4     
,syn4 ,,vetiv]4 ,! ,tamool "n ( ! odor\s
 & fibr\s  roots ( ! ,&ropogon muricatus
 sold by ! p]fum]s4    ,,volta,,ic      
,,electricity4 ,syn4 ,,galvanic ,e41    
,,galvanism1 ,,voltaism4 ,t  bran* (    
electrical sci5ce :i* has ref]5ce to !  
ph5om5a  att5dant on ! developm5t (     
electricity by *emical action4          
,electricity ?us develop$ may be made to
 %[ itself 9 ! #8/atic'  condition1 s z 
to produce ! effects ( frictional       
electricity1 b x  is mu* m easily obta9$
 9 ! #8dynamic' condition----9 o!r      
words1  z a #8voltaic curr5t'----:5 x is
 especially rem>kable = its *emical  &  
magnetic effects4 ,if a plate ( z9c & a 

plate ( plat9um be  imm]s$ 9 dilute     
sulphuric acid1 & connect$ outside !    
liquid by a  wire1 a curr5t (           
electricity w imm$iately be set up1 & w 
cont9ue z long z ! conduct+ circuit is  
complete & ! action (  ! acid on ! z9c  
goes on4 ,! curr5t ( #8positive'        
electricity passes  f ! z9c1 ?r\gh !    
liquid1 to ! plat9um1 & !nce ?r\gh !    
wire to ! z9c4 ,! arrangem5t ( two      
dissimil> metals imm]s$ 9 a  liquid :i* 
acts ^u "o ( !m is call$ a voltaic      
c\ple4 ,by unit+  a numb] ( c\ples      
toge!r 9 regul> ord]1 a voltaic pile or 
batt]y  is =m$4    ,! old] =ms ( !      
voltaic batt]y1 viz41 ,,volta',s ,,pile1
 ,,cruik%ank',s  ,,tr\gh1 &             
,,wolla/on',s ,,batt]y1 are n[ b little 
us$4 ,!y all consi/  ( a s]ies ( c\ples 
( z9c & copp]1 excit$ by an acid liquid1
  g5]ally a mixture ( wat] ) #a_/dj? (  
its bulk ( sulphuric acid1  & #a_/fj? ( 
nitric acid4    ,illu/ration3    ,a4 ,a 
copp] cyl9d]1 fill$ ) a saturat$        
solution ( sulphate (  copp]4    ,b4 ,a 

small] por\s cyl9d] 7e>!nw>e or         
membrane71 conta9+ a  mixture ( #a      
measure ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & ab\t  
#h measures (  wat]4    ,c4 ,a rod (    
amalgamat$ z9c1 support$ 9 ! small]     
cyl9d] by !  cross-piece 7i74    ,d4 ,a 
%elf full ( small holes1 = support+     
cry/als ( sulphate (  copp]1 to keep up 
! /r5g? ( ! solution4    e & f4 ,screws 
& caps to connect ! wires g & h ) !     
batt]y4    g4 ,! negative wire1 connect$
 ) ! z9c4    h4 ,! positive wire1       
connect$ ) ! copp]4    ,"o ( ! mo/      
useful =ms ( ! voltaic batt]y is t      
propos$ by  ! late ,pr(4 ,daniell1 &    
commonly kn[n by 8 "n4 ,its peculi>     
advantages arise f its action cont9u+   
)\t int]ruption = a  long "t2 h5ce ! "n 
( #8con/ant batt]y' t has be5 appli$ to 
x4 ,! =ego+ figure w expla9 !           
con/ruction ( ea* c\ple4    ,"o ( ^!    
c\ples is suffici5t = electro-typ+2 six 
( !m =m a  circle ( consid]able p[]1 &  
ab\t #bj produce "o suffici5tly /rong  =
 mo/ exp]im5ts ( demon/ration & rese>*4 

,9 arrang+ ^!1 z well z o!r batt]ies1 :5
 int5sity1 or  travell+ p[]1 is desir$1 
! metallic communication is made betwe5 
! opposite metals 7! z9c ( "o c\ple be+ 
unit$ ) ! copp]  ( ano!r72 b :5 simple  
quantity )\t int5sity is requir$1 !  z9c
 ( "o batt]y is unit$ ) ! z9c ( ! o!r1 &
 ! copp]  ( ! "o ) ! copp] ( ! o!r----an
 effect :i* is equally  atta9able ) a   
s+le batt]y ( enl>g$ dim5sions4         
,ano!r useful app>atus is ,,grove',s    
,,batt]y1 9 :i* ! positive metal        
consi/s ( amalgamat$ z9c imm]s$ 9       
sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) #aj  times its 
bulk ( wat]2 & ! negative metal (       
plat9um imm]s$ 9  /rong nitric acid4 ,! 
two liquids are kept sep>ate by ! use ( 
por\s  vessels1 z 9 #8,daniell's        
batt]y4' ,?is is an extremely p[]ful    
arrangem5t1 b n s con/ant z ,daniell's1 
ow+ to ! r$uction (  ! nitric acid to   
l[] oxides ( nitrog54 ,aft] ?is batt]y  
has be5  9 action = ab\t an h\r1 copi\s 
r$ nitr\s fumes are giv5 (f1  :i* cause 
great annoyance4    ,9 place ( plat9um1 

compact *>coal or coke1 prep>$ by a r   
tr\blesome process1 may be us$1 & !     
arrangem5t !n con/itutes a  ,,buns5',s  
,,batt]y4 ,o!r sub/itutes = ! co/ly     
plat9um h be5  propos$1 z lead coat$ )  
gold or plat9um1 & iron r5d]$           
#8passive' by imm]sion 9 /rong nitric   
acid4 ,callan has obta9$ v  good results
 ) amalgamat$ z9c & ca/ iron imm]s$ 9   
dilut$  sulphuric acid1 )\t ! use (     
nitric acid 7,,maynoo? ,,batt]y74    ,9 
,,smee',s ,,batt]y1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 !  
arts1 pairs ( amalgamat$  z9c & plat9is$
 silv] 7or plat9is$ plat9um7 are imm]s$ 
9 dilute  sulphuric acid 7#a "p acid to 
#g p>ts wat]74 ,! plates ( z9c are      
usually b5t d\ble1 & ! plat9is$ plates  
int]pos$ betwe5 ! two  surfaces =m$ by !
 b5d4 ,see ,,plat9is+ 7p4 #accg74    ,9 
e voltaic comb9ation ! passage ( !      
electricity 7i4 e4 !  positive          
modification ( ! =ce7 9 ! liquid is f ! 
active  elem5t to ! inactive elem5t2 9 !
 case ( a simple z9c-&-copp]  c\ple1 =  
in/ance1 x is f ! z9c to ! copp]4 ,if   

?is simple  fact be borne 9 m9d1 x w    
decide 9 e case ! "q :i*  confuses s _m1
 namely1 :i* is ! positive1 & :i* !     
negative  end ( a batt]y8 ,! positive is
 ! end :]e ! electricity leaves !       
batt]y2 ! negative :]e x re-ent]s x4 ,= 
fur!r in=mation  connect$ ) ! subject ( 
voltaic electricity1 see articles on    
,,electricity1 ,,electrolysis1          
,,electrotype1 ,,et*+1 c4               
,,volume,,tric ,,analysis4 ,quantitative
 *emical analysis by measure4 ,?is      
me?od ( analysis 8consi/s 9 submitt+ !  
sub/ance to be e/imat$  to c]ta9        
*>act]i/ic reactions1 employ+ = su*     
reactions liquids  ( kn[n /r5g?1 & f !  
quantity ( ! liquid employ$  det]m9+ !  
weight ( ! sub/ance to be e/imat$ by    
means ( !  kn[n laws ( equival5ce40 ,z  
an example ( ?is me?od we give !  foll[+
 f ! ,introduction 9 ,mr ,sutton's      
excell5t #8,h&book (  ,volumetric       
,analysis1'----8,suppose t x is         
desirable to "k ! quantity  ( pure silv]
 conta9$ 9 a %ill+4 ,! co9 is fir/      

dissolv$ 9  nitric acid1 by :i* means a 
blui% solution1 conta9+ silv]1 copp]1  &
 probably o!r metals1 is obta9$4 ,x is a
 kn[n fact t *lor9e  comb9es ) silv] 9 !
 pres5ce ( o!r metals to =m *loride (   
silv]1 :i* is insoluble 9 nitric acid4  
,! proportions 9 :i* !  comb9ation takes
 place are #cedf1 ( *lor9e to e #ajh (  
silv]2  consequ5tly1 if a /&>d solution 
( pure *loride ( sodium is  prep>$ by   
dissolv+ #ehdf gra9s ( ! salt 7i4 e4 #a 
equiv4 sodium   #bc1 #a eq4 *lor9e      
#cedf  #a eq4 *loride ( sodium #ehdf7 9 
s mu*  di/ill$ wat] z w make up exactly 
#ajjj gra9s by measure2 e  s+le gra9 (  
?is solution w comb9e ) #ajh gra9 ( pure
 silv]  to =m *loride ( silv]1 :i*      
precipitates to ! bottom ( ! vessel  9  
:i* ! mixture is made4 ,9 ! process (   
add+ ! salt solution  to ! silv]1 drop  
by drop1 a po9t is at la/ rea*$ :5 !    
precipitate ceases to =m4 ,"h ! process 
mu/ /op4 ,on look+  c>efully at !       
graduat$ vessel f :i* ! /&>d solution   
has  be5 us$1 ! op]ator sees at once !  

numb] ( gra9s :i* h be5  necess>y to    
produce ! complete decomposition4 ,=    
example1 suppose !  quantity us$ 0 #ebj 
gra9s2 all t is necess>y to be done is  
to  multiply #ajh gra9 by #ebj1 :i* %[s 
! am\nt ( pure silv] pres5t  to be #efaf
 gra9s40 ,! volumetric me?od is mu* less
 tr\blesome ?an  ! ord9>y me?od (       
analysis 7by sep>at+ ! con/itu5ts ( a   
mixture & weigh+ !m71 & is admirably    
adapt$ = ! exam9ation  ( sub/ances us$ 9
 arts & manufactures4 ,mo/ ( ! processes
  describ$ "u ,,acidimetry &            
,,alkalimetry are examples ( ?is me?od4 
,see ^? articles1 also ,,equival5ts1    
,,te/ ,,solutions1 c4      ,,wade',s    
,,drops4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo94      
,,wa,,f] ,,pap]4 ,see ,,waf]s1 9 ,cook]y
 7bel[74    ,,wa,,f]s4 ,?9 adhesive     
discs1 us$ = secur+ lett]s or /ick+     
pap]s toge!r4    ,prep4 #a4 7,,waf]s1   
,,fl\r ,w47 ,! f9e/2 :eat5 fl\r is mix$ 
)  wat]1 ei!r pure or col\r$1 to a smoo?
 pap or batt]1 :i*1 aft]  be+ pass$     
?r\gh a sieve1 to remove clots or lumps1

 is p\r$ into !  #8waf]-irons'          
7previ\sly w>m$ & greas$ ) butt] or     
olive oil71  & 9 ?is /ate expos$ to !   
heat ( a cle> *>coal fire2 ! :ole  is !n
 all[$ to cool1 :5 ! irons are op5$1 & !
 ?9 cake1  :i* has become h>d & brittle1
 is cut into waf]s by mean ( %>p  annul>
 /eel pun*es made exclusively = !       
purpose4    #b4 7,,gelat9e ,,waf]s1     
,,transp>5t ,w47 ,good gelat9e or glue  
is dissolv$1  by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 9 
j suffici5t wat] to =m a consi/5t  mass 
on cool+2 x is !n p\r$1 :il/ hot1 ^u !  
surface ( a w>m  plate or mirror glass1 
slightly oil$1 & surr\nd$ ) a bord] (   
c>d pap] 7laid flat72 a simil> plate1   
also w>m$ & oil$1 is next  laid ^u !    
gelat9e1 & ! two plates press$ into z   
close contact  z is p]mitt$ by ! c>d    
pap]2 :5 q cold ! ?9 %eet (  gelat9e is 
remov$1 & cut into waf]s ) pun*es1 z    
be=e4 #a to #b  oz4 ( sug> is commonly  
add$ to ea* lb4 ( gelat9e4    #c4       
7,,m$allion ,,waf]s47 ,a %eet ( metal or
 glass1 hav+ designs sunk 9  x          

correspond+ to ! rais$ "p ( seals1 be+  
provid$1 ! holl[s  are fill$ up ) a     
mixture =m$ ( any appropriate col\r$    
p[d]1  made into a pa/e ) gum wat] or   
size1 leav+ ! flat "p cle>2  melt$      
col\r$ glue is !n p\r$ on ! plate1 & !  
process is  o!rwise conduct$ z be=e4 ,= 
use1 ! pap] is wett$ :]e !  waf] is to  
be appli$4    ,obs4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t  
no poison\s col\rs be employ$4 ,=       
gelat9e waf]s1 transp>5t col\rs only c  
be us$4 ,^? notic$ "u  ,,liqueurs &     
,,/a9s 7,confection]'s7 are appropriate4
 ,to ^! may be  add$ plumbago1          
sesquioxide ( iron 7crocus m>tis71      
smalts1 levigat$  vegetable *>coal1 &   
v]milion4    ,waf]s4 7,9 ,cook]y47      
,prep4 ,make f9e fl\r1 dri$ & sift$1    
into a  smoo? ?9 batt] ) good milk1 or a
 little cream-&-wat]2 add ab\t  z mu*   
:ite w9e z w make x ?ick en\gh =        
pancakes1 sweet5 x  ) a little loaf     
sug>1 & flav\r x ) p[d]$ c9namon4 ,:5   
?us  prep>$ h ! waf]-irons made ready1  
by be+ heat$ ov] a *>coal  fire2 rub !m 

) a piece ( l95 clo? dipp$ 9 butt]2 !n  
p\r a  spoonful ( ! batt] ^u !m1 & close
 !m almo/ imm$iately2 turn  !m ^u !     
fire1 & p>e ! edges ) a knife1 if any ( 
! batt]  oozes out4 ,a %ort "t w bake   
!m1 :5 ! irons are p]fectly  heat$4 ,!  
waf]s mu/ be curl$ r\nd :il/ w>m :5 !y  
are =  ornam5ts4 #8,waf] pap]' is prep>$
 9 a simil> way to ! above2 b  :5 int5d$
 to be kept = "s "t1 ! milk mu/ be      
omitt$4 ,us$ by  cooks1 c42 &1 rec5tly1 
z an envelope = nause\s m$ic9es4        
,waf]s1 ,da ,silva's4 ,^! no/rums 7     
introduc$ to ! public "s  "t ago1 z ?\gh
 !y 7 prep>$ f ! =mul ( a celebrat$     
physician ^: "n 0 affix$ to !m4#bef ,!re
 are ?ree v>ieties1  :i* are said to be 
prep>$ z foll[s3    ,footnote #bef3 ,=  
an exposition ( ! ,da ,silva quack]y1 ) 
,or  ,locock's lett] on ! subject1 see !
 #8,anat4 ( ,quack]y1' or ! #8,m$4      
,cir41' ii1 #ajf-abf4    #a4 ,,ap]i5t   
,,or ,,antibili\s ,,waf]s4 ,f sug> &    
extract ( liquorice  7,spani% juice71   
equal p>ts2 s5na & jalap1 ( ea* 9 f9e   

p[d]1  ab\t #a_/b dr4 to e oz4 ( sug>   
employ$2 made into a mass ) a           
conc5trat$ infusion ( s5na1 & divid$    
into #ab-;gr4 loz5ges or  squ>es ) !    
corn]s r\nd$ (f4    #b4 ,,female        
,,waf]s4 ,f sug>1 horeh\nd c&y 7or      
honey71 & ap]i5t  waf] mass1 equal p>ts2
 beat5 to a prop] consi/5ce ) weak gum  
wat]1 to :i* a little orange-fl[] wat]  
has be5 add$1 & divid$  into #h gr4     
tabell1 z be=e4    #c4 ,,pulmonic       
,,waf]s4 ,f lump sug> & />*1 ( ea* 9    
p[d]1 #b  p>ts2 p[d]$ gum1 #a "p2 made  
into a loz5ge-mass ) v9eg> (  squills1  
oxymel ( squills1 & ipecacuanha w9e1    
equal p>ts1 g5tly  evaporat$ to #a-f? _!
 weight1 ) ! addition ( lactuc>ium 9 !  
proportion ( #bj to #cj gr4 to e oz4 ( !
 dry p[d]s1 ! mass be+  divid$ into     
half-in* squ>es1 weigh+ ab\t #g-a_/b gr4
 ea* 7:5 dry71  z be=e4    ,,wal,,nut4  
,! ,juglans regia1 a tree ( ! natural   
ord] ,jugl&ace4  ,! sap yields sug>2 !  
fruit is ! walnut2 ! k]nels ( ! latt]   
are eat5 & press$ = _! oil2 ! peel or   

husks are us$ =  #8root+' or dye+ br[n2 
! unripe fruit is pickl$1 & its juice is
  us$ z a hair dye2 ! leaves are reput$ 
diaphoretic & antisyphilitic2  & ! wood 
is e/eem$ = cab9et "w4    ,,w>burg',s   
,,fev] ,,drops4 ,see ,,t9cture1         
,,w>burg',s ,,fev]4    ,,w>d',s ,,r$    
,,drop4 ,a /rong solution ( emetic t>t> 
9 w9e4    ,,w>ts4 ,syn4 ,,v]ruc1 ,l4 ,^!
 *iefly attack ! h&s1 & may be  remov$  
by ! daily use ( a little nitrate (     
silv]1 nitric acid1 or  aromatic v9eg>1 
z direct$ "u ,,corns4 ,! fir/ ( ! above 
applications produces a black /a91 & !  
second a yell[ "o2 bo? (  :i*1 h[ev]1   
we> (f aft] ! lapse ( "s days4 ,acetic  
acid  sc>cely discol\rs ! sk94 ,erasmus 
,wilson1 ! em95t surgeon &  tal5t$ au?or
 ( sev]al works on ! sk91 m5tions ! case
 ( a  g5tleman :o remov$ an entire crop 
( w>ts f 8 knuckles &  f+]s by subject+ 
!m to a succession ( sp>ks f "o ( !     
poles  ( an electrical ma*9e4 8,he 0 9 !
 habit1 z is usual1 ( try+ !  am\nt (   
electric fluid collect$ 9 8 ma*9e by    

plac+ 8 knuckle  ne> ! brass knob1 &    
receiv+ a sp>k4 ,obs]v+ t an odd        
s5sation 0 produc$ :5ev] ! sp>k /ruck a 
w>t1 he 0 tempt$  = amusem5t to give !m 
a r\nd ( dis*>ges4 ,:5 8 att5tion 0     
next direct$ to 8 h&s he f\nd1 to 8     
surprise & satisfaction1  t all ! w>ts  
_h disappe>$40 ,dr ,peez1 ( ,wiesbad51  
recomm5ds !  int]nal use ( c>bonate (   
magnesia 9 cases ( w>ts4    ,! papul>   
eruption :i* cov]s ! h&s ( "s p]sons1 & 
:i* is  occasionally call$ #8s(t w>ts1' 
is be/ remov$ by ! daily use (  ,g[l>d's
 lotion4    ,,wa%4 ,! f]m5t$ wort ( !   
di/ill]4    ,,wa%-,,balls4 ,see         
,,savonettes4    ,,wa%-,,bottle4 ,!     
pr9ciple ( ?is v common & indisp5sable  
laboratory ut5sil1 by :i* precipitates  
are wa%$1 w be readily  und]/ood by     
ref]5ce to ,no4 #a ( ! engrav+s bel[4   
,! bottle be+ two ?irds fill$ ) di/ill$ 
wat]s by bl[+ into  ! %ort] tube1 b1 a  
small jet ( wat] is =c$ ?r\gh ! nozzle  
( ! long] tube1 c4 ,we give ! foll[+    
directions = !  con/ruction ( a         

,,wa%-,,bottle1 f ,mr ,cl[es' excell5t  
little manual1  entitl$ #8,an ,elem5t>y 
,treatise on ,practical                 
,*emi/ry1'#beg----8;,a ?91  flat-bottom$
 flask is *os51 ( #af or #ah ounces     
capacity2 ! neck mu/  n be less ?an an  
in* 9 diamet]4 ,procure a s\nd cork1 :i*
 is  slightly too l>ge to ent] ! neck1  
s(t5 ! cork by plac+ x ^u  ! floor &    
roll+ x backw>ds & =w>ds "u ! foot )    
g5tle  pressure2 :5 ?us s(t5$ ! cork mu/
 fit tightly into !  flask4#beh ,two    
pieces ( glass tub+ r long] ?an w\ld be 
requir$ = ! tubes a & b are !n b5t into 
! =m %[n 9  ,fig4 #a4 ,! ends ( ! tubes 
are1 if necess>y1 cut (f to ! "r  l5g?1 
& _! %>p edges r\nd$ by hold+ !m 9 !    
,buns5 flame1  or ! tip ( ! bl[pipe     
flame4    ,footnote #beg3 ,j4 & ,a4     
,*ur*ill1 ,new ,burl+ton ,/reet4        
,footnote #beh3 8,a vulcaniz$           
india-rubb] /opp] is mu* m durable =    
?is & mo/ o!r *emical processes4 ,x is  
p]=at$ by a %>p1  well-wett$ cork bore1 
or by a wett$ r\nd file40               

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,fig4 #b4 &   
,,fig4 #c4    8,two p>allel holes are !n
 bor$ 9 ! cork by means ( a r\nd file1  
or by a prop] size cork-bor]3 ! holes   
mu/ be r small] ?an !  glass tubes1 &   
mu/ n run into "o ano!r1 or to ! outside
 ( !  cork4 ,!y are slightly enl>g$1 if 
necess>y1 by ! r\nd file4 ,into  ^!     
holes ! tubes a & b are !n pu%$ ) a     
twi/+ motion2  if ! holes h be5 made ( !
 prop] size ! tubes mu/ ent]  some:at   
/iffly1 b )\t requir+ mu* pressure4 ,^u 
! upp] end  ( a is fitt$ a small piece (
 india-rubb] tub+1 ab\t an in* & a  half
 9 l5g?1 & into ! o!r end ( ?is is a    
f9i%$ %ort jet  7c7 made by draw+ out a 
piece ( glass tub+ 9 ! flame2 its nozzle
  may be con/ruct$1 if necess>y1 by     
hold+ x p]fectly dry 9 ! flame  = "s "t4
 ,! neck ( ! bottle %\ld !n be b\nd r\nd
 )  tw9e1 l ! h&le ( a cricket-bat1 or  
tightly cov]$ ) a piece  ( flannel4 ,?is
 prev5ts ! f+]s f be+ burnt :5 ! bottle 
conta9s boil+ wat]40    ,we app5d bel[  
"s v>ieties ( wa%+ bottles4 ,!          

r\nd-bottom$ are  9 m g5]al requisition 
?an ! flat-bottom$ description2 al?\gh  
?is latt] pres5ts ! advantage ( /&+ m   
firmly1 &1 if  boil+ wat] be requir$1 ( 
furni%+ x m quickly ?an ! bottle  ) !   
r\nd base4    ,9 "s laboratories e>!nw>e
 bottles are 9 use4 ,^! are n s  easily 
brok5 z ^? made ( glass1 b1 unlike ^!   
latt]1 wat]  _c be boil$ 9 !m1 nei!r c  
we see :e!r !y be full or  empty4       
,,wa%]woman',s ,,scall4 ,see            
,,psoriasis4    ,,wa%es4 ,! famili> "n (
 lotions1 m especially ( ^? employ$  z  
cosmetics4 ,see ,,freckles1 ,,lotion1   
,,milk ,,( ,,roses1 ,,sk9 ,,cosmetics1  
c41  & ! foll[+ page4    ,wa%es1 ,hair4 
,prep4 #a4 ,f rosem>y tops1 #b oz42     
boil+ wat]1 #a  p9t2 infus$ toge!r 9 a  
teapot or jug1 ei!r ) or )\t !  addition
 ( rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz4 7or rum1 #b  
fl4 oz47 to ! cold  /ra9$ liquor4    #b4
 ,box leaves1 a small h&ful2 boil+ wat]1
 #a p9t2 dige/ = an h\r1  simm] #aj     
m9utes1 & /ra94 ,bo? are us$ to improve 
! gr[? ( &  to /r5g!n ! hair4    #c4 ,to

 clean ! #8p>t+s1' remove scurf1        
c4----a4 7,,antipityri5ne47 ,f          
sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a oz42 _s (  
rosem>y1 #a_/b p9t2 rose (  eld]-fl[]   
wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4    b4 7,,det]g5t     
,,ess5ce47 ,f honey1 #b oz42 borax1 #a  
oz42 co*9eal  7bruis$71 #a_/d oz42      
camphor1 #a dr42 7dissolv$ 97 rectifi$  
_s1 #b fl4  oz42 s(t wat]1 #c_/d p9t2   
oil ( rosem>y1 #bj drops4    c4         
7,,vegetable ,,extract47 ,take ( salt ( 
t>t>1 #a oz42 rosem>y wat]1 #a  p9t2    
burnt sug>1 q4 s4 to t+e x br[n2        
dissolve1 filt]1 & add (  ess5ce ( musk1
 #aj drops4    #d4 ,to d>k5 !           
hair4----a4 ,f pyrogallic acid1 #a_/d   
oz42 di/ill$  wat]1 orange-fl[] wat]1 & 
rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #a-a_/d fl4 oz4    b4
 7,,la ,,=e/',s ,,cosmetic ,,lotion or  
,,liquid ,,hair ,,dye47 ,boil1 = a few  
m9utes1 *loride ( sodium1 #a dr41 &     
sulphate ( iron1 #b dr41 9 r$  w9e1 #a  
lb42 !n add ( v]digris1 #a dr42 9 #b or 
#c m9utes remove x  f ! fire1 & fur!r   
add ( p[d]$ galls1 #b dr42 ! next day   

filt]4 ,= use1 moi/5 ! hair ) ! liquid2 
9 a few m9utes dry x  ) a clo?1 &       
aft]w>ds wa% ! sk9 ) wat]4    #e4 ,to   
prev5t ! hair fall+ (f4----a4 7,,am]ican
 ,,%ampoo ,,liquid47 ,take  ( c>bonate (
 ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( pota%1  
#a oz42 wat]1 #a  p9t2 dissolve1 & add !
 solution to a mixture ( t9cture (      
can?>ides1 #e fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a  
p9t2 good rum1 #c qu>ts4 ,us$  to /r5g!n
 ! hair & to remove d&ruff1 by moi/5+ x 
) !  mixture1 rubb+ s z to =m a la!r1 & 
!n wa%+ ) cold wat]4    b4 7,,balm ,,(  
,,columbia47 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ ! pota%1  
quadrupl+ !  c>bonate ( ammonia1 & add+ 
"s p]fume4    c4 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,eau 
de ,cologne 7/ronge/71 #h fl4 oz42      
t9cture (  can?>ides1 #a fl4 oz42 oils (
 rosem>y & lav5d]1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 dr4  
d4 7,dr ,,locock',s ,,lotion47 ,f       
express$ oil ( mace 7nutmeg71 #a oz41   
liquefi$1 at a g5tle heat1 ) olive oil1 
#a_/b oz42 &1 :5 cold1  =m$ into an     
emulsion by agitation1 ) rose wat]1     
#a_/d p9t2 _s (  rosem>y1 #b-a_/b fl4   

oz42 /rong] liquor ( ammonia1 #a-a_/b   
fl4 dr4 ,=  o!r =mul1 see ,,baldness1   
,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,lotion1 c4    ,wa%es1  
,m$ic9al4 ,see ,,lotion1 c4    ,wa%es1  
,m\?4 ,syn4 ,,too? ,,wa%es2             
,,collutoria1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take (    
camphor 7cut small71 #a_/d oz42 rectifi$
 _s1 #b fl4 oz2 dissolve4 ,a few  drops 
to be add$ to a w9e-glassful ( wat]1 to 
sweet5 ! brea? &  pres]ve ! tee?4    #b4
 ,*loride ( lime1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #b   
fl4 oz42 agitate well toge!r 9 a  phial 
= #a_/b an h\r1 filt]1 & add1 ( rectifi$
 _s1 #b fl4 oz42  rose or orange-fl[]   
wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,us$1 highly dilut$ )  
wat]1 z  ! la/1 by smok]s & p]sons hav+ 
a f\l brea?4    #c4 ,ma/ic 79 p[d]71 #b 
dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr42 gum1 #b  
dr41 or  q4 s42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #f fl4
 oz42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #b fl4 dr42 =  an
 emulsion4 ,9 loose tee?1 c4    #d4     
,tann91 #a_/b dr42 t9cture ( tolu1 #b   
fl4 dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #f fl4  dr42  
_s ( hors]adi%1 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,9     
spongy gums1 scurvy1 c42  dilut$ ) tepid

 wat]4    #e4 7,sw$iaur47 ,borax1 #a_/d 
oz42 wat] & t9cture ( myrrh1 ( ea* #a   
fl4  oz42 honey ( roses1 #b oz4 ,9 t5d] 
or ulc]at$ gums4    #f4 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 
#b dr42 camphor1 #a_/b dr42 ess5ce (    
musk & liquor (  ammonia1 ( ea* #a_/b   
fl4 dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #c fl4 dr42 _s
 (  hors]adi%1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,to      
sweet5 & p]fume ! brea?2 a  teaspoonful 
9 #a_/b w9eglassful ( tepid wat] to r9se
 ! m\? )4    ,wa%es = ! ,nose4 ,syn4    
,,nasal ,,d\*es1 ,,collun>ia4 ,! foll[+ 
=mul m$ic9ally employ$ = ! purpose (    
wa%+ or r9s+ out !  no/rils are f !     
#8,ph>macopia ( ! ,?roat ,hospital4'    
,9 apply+ !m x is direct$ t 8n m ?an    
tw5ty ounces ( fluid  %\ld ev] be us$ = 
a nasal d\*e1 & t5 ounces are g5]ally   
suffici5t4 ,if an app>atus on ! syphon  
pr9ciple be appli$1 x %\ld  be plac$    
only j above ! level ( ! pati5t's head1 
9 ord] to  avoid too great =ce ( curr5t4
 ,! temp]ature ( ! fluid %\ld be  ab\t  
#ij ,f40    ,,nasal ,,d\*e ,,( ,,tannic 
,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,collun>ium ,,acidi      

,,tannici4 ,prep4  ,tannic acid1 #c     
grams2 wat]1 #a oz42 dissolve4----,use4 
,a/r+5t    ,,nasal ,,d\*e ,,( ,,alum4   
,syn4 ,,collun>ium ,,alum9is4 ,prep4    
,alum1 #d grams2  wat]1 #a oz42         
dissolve4----,use4 ,z a mild a/r+5t4    
,,nasal ,,d\*e ,,( ,,p]manganate ,,(    
,,pota%4 ,syn4 ,,collun>ium ,,potass    
,,p]manganatis4 ,prep4 ,solution (      
p]manganate ( pota% 7,b4 ,p471 #f       
m9ims4 ,wat] to #a oz42 mix4----,use4   
,det]g5t4    ,,nasal ,,d\*e ,,( ,,qu99e4
 ,syn4 ,,collun>ium ,,qu9i4 ,prep4      
,sulphate (  qu99e1 #a_/b gra92 wat]1 #a
 oz4 ,dissolve by ! aid ( a g5tle heat4 
,?is solution is occasionally useful 9  
hay-fev]4 ,x is g5]ally  suffici5t to   
place a little 9 ! palm ( ! h& & draw x 
up  ?r\gh ! nose4    ,,nasal ,,d\*e ,,( 
,,sulpho-,,c>bolate ,,( ,,z9c4 ,syn4    
,,collun>ium ,,z9ci                     
,,sulpho-,,c>bolatis4 ,prep4            
,sulpho-c>bolate ( z9c1 #b grams2 wat]1 
#a  oz42 dissolve4----,use4 ,antiseptic4
    ,wa%es1 ,too?4 ,see above4    ,,wa%+

 7z appli$ 9 ,*emi/ry74 ,9 ! *emical    
laboratory !  wa%+ ( precipitates is an 
op]ation ( con/ant occurr5ce1 & z !     
accurate result ( ! quantitative        
analysis 9 :i* ! process (              
precipitation is _h rec\rse to1         
ess5tially dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9  :i* !   
wa%+ has be5 c>ri$ out1 we h ?\ght x    
desirable 9  ! int]e/ ( ! work] comm5c+ 
practical *emi/ry to amplify "u  !      
pres5t section ! rem>ks :i* occur "u !  
article  #8,precipitation4' ,9 wa%+ a   
precipitate ! object is1 ( c\rse1 to    
entirely free x f all extrane\s matt]1 s
 z to ensure1 aft] prop]  drift+1 its   
be+ weigh$ 9 an absolutely pure &       
uncontam9at$  /ate4 ,to arrive at a     
correct k z to :5 a precipitate has be5 
prop]ly wa%$1 ! op]ator mu/ nev] tru/ to
 guesswork1 b to  ocul> demon/ration1 by
 te/+ a m9ute portion1 su* z a drop or s
  ( ! wa%+s1 f "t to "t4    ,?is may be 
done1 ei!r by add+----#a4 ,a v m9ute    
quantity ( !  prop] precipitant#bei to !
 wa%+s2 or----#b4 ,by evaporat+ a drop (

  ! latt] on a plat9um knife1 or a piece
 ( plat9um foil2 :51 if 9  ! =m] case no
 turbidity is caus$ & 9 ! latt] no fix$ 
residue  rema91 ! precipitate may be    
pron\nc$ p]fectly wa%$4 ,! op]ator1     
h[ev]1 in/ead ( n suffici5tly wa%+ 8    
precipitate1 is  frequ5tly liable to    
fall into ano!r dilemma1 :i* consi/s n s
 mu*  9 ov]wa%+ x z 9 wa%+ x ) an       
unsuitable liquid1 or "o 9  :i* !       
precipitate is1 to a great] or less]    
ext5t1 soluble4    ,footnote #bei3 ,see 
,,precipitate    ,x may n unfrequ5tly   
happ5 t ! be/ available precipitant may 
be  "o 9 :i* ! precipitate is soluble to
 "s small ext5t4 ,"u ^!  circum/ances1  
be=e ?r[+ d[n ! precipitate1 ! liquid   
%\ld1 z  f> z practicable1 be remov$ by 
evaporation4    ,_m precipitates :i* are
 n altoge!r insoluble 9 wat] may1 by !  
addition ( "s o!r liquid to ! wat]1 be  
r5d]$ mu* less s4  ,?us1 ! d\ble *loride
 ( plat9um & ammonium :i* is            
incompletely  ?r[n d[n 9 wat] is        
p]fectly precipitat$ if alcohol be add$ 

to !  wat]1 z are also *loride ( lead & 
sulphate ( lime1 :il/ ! basic  phosphate
 ( magnesium & ammonium may be r5d]$    
insoluble 9 wat] by  ! addition (       
ammonia to ! wat]4 ,! precipitate hav+  
subsid$ to  ! bottom ( ! fluid 9 :i* x 0
 susp5d$1 ! sup]natant liquid  may be   
remov$ f x ei!r by filtration or        
decantation4 ,9 "s cases  bo? processes 
are _h rec\rse to4 ,to wa% a precipitate
 :i* has be5  sep>at$ by filtration1 &  
:i* 9 a moi/ condition m or less fills  
! pap]-filt] ins]t$ 9 a prop] funnel1 ! 
wa%-bottle describ$  bel[ is employ$4 ,9
 us+ ?is app>atus ! jet ( wat] t is made
  to issue f ! bottle %\ld be d5ot$ ^u !
 sides ( ! filt]1  & nev] 9 ! c5tre1    
s9ce ?is w\ld cause a spla%+ & a        
consequ5t loss ( ! precipitate4 ,! same 
cont+5cy w\ld be liable  to foll[ x !   
wat]s 7 propell$ too viol5tly f !       
bottle4 ,on  no acc\nt mu/ ! wa%-wat] be
 all[$ to rea* to ! top ( !  filt]4     
,ano!r precaution to be gu>d$ aga9/ is !
 =mation 9 !  precipitate ( fissures or 

*annels2 if ^! are n prev5t$1 ! wat]  w 
n p]meate all ! p>ts ( ! precipitate1 & 
x w be only  v insuffici5tly wa%$4 ,:5  
su* *annels =m1 x w be be/ to  /ir up ! 
precipitates ) a glass rod or a plat9um 
spatula1 tak+  c>e1 h[ev]1 to avoid te>+
 or mak+ a hole 9 ! filt]4              
,precipitates t are wa%$ by decantation 
ought to consi/ ( su*  sub/ances z      
readily subside f ! liquid 9 :i* !y are 
susp5d$  & are practically insoluble 9  
wat]1 s9ce a v mu* l>g] quantity  ( ?is 
m5/ruum has to be employ$ ?an :5        
filtration is _h rec\rse  to4 ,! process
 is g5]ally c>ri$ out 9 deep vessels4 ,!
 sup]natant  liquid be+ remov$1 ! vessel
 is fill$ up ) wat]1 & !  precipitate   
well /irr$ up ) a glass rod2 aft] x has 
aga9 fall5  d[n fre% wat] is add$1 & !  
process is cont9u$ until ! wa%+s  cease 
to %[ ! pres5ce ( any soluble matt]4 ,! 
sev]al wa%+s  be+ collect$1 are let /&  
"s #ab or #bd h\rs2 aft] :i* "t1  %\ld  
no precipitate %[ itself1 !y are ?r[n   
away4 ,%\ld any  deposits =m 9 ! wa%+1 x

 is c>efully remov$ ei!r by filtration  
or decantation1 & its am\nt be+ det]m9$1
 ! result is add$ to  t obta9$ f ! bulk 
( ! precipitate4 ,:]e ! nature ( !      
precipitate is 9 no way influ5c$ by hot 
wat]1 ?is latt] %\ld  always be us$ 9   
wa%+ precipitates1 z x greatly          
facilitates &  exp$ites ! op]ation4 ,_m 
precipitates require to /& a long "t    
be=e !y entirely subside f ! fluid 9 :i*
 !y are susp5d$4  ,mo/ gelat9\s1        
pulv]ul5t1 & cry/all9e precipitates are 
( ?is  nature4 ,! sep>ation ( !         
precipitate %\ld n be attempt$ until    
aft] ! liquid conta9+ ! precipitate has 
/ood sev]al h\rs4    ,,wa%+ ,,flu,,ids4 
,solutions ( c>bonate ( soda1 r5d]$     
cau/ic )  quicklime4    ,,wa%+          
,,p[,,d]s4 ,see ,,p[d]s4                
,,wat*,,fulness4 ,syn4 ,,sleeplessness4 
,,agrypnia1 ,l4 ,! common causes (      
wat*fulness are ?\ghtfulness or grief1  
disord]$ /oma* or b[els1  heavy & late  
supp]s1 & a defici5cy ( outdoor ex]cise4
 ,! be/  treatm5t1 9 ord9>y cases1      

simply consi/s 9 an att5tion to ^!      
po9ts4 ,! me?od ( produc+ sleep         
recomm5d$ by a late celebrat$  hypnoti/ 
consi/s 9 m]ely adopt+ an easy recumb5t 
position1  incl9+ ! head t[>d ! *e/1    
%utt+ ! eyes1 & tak+ sev]al  deep       
inspirations ) ! m\? clos$4 ,ano!r      
me?od1 recomm5d$ by  an em95t surgeon1 &
 :i* appe>s infallible if p]sev]$ 9 )   
prop] confid5ce1 & :i* is suitable ei!r 
to ! sitt+ or  recumb5t po/ure1 consi/s 
9 ty+ a decant] cork ) a bright         
metallic top1 a p5cil-case1 or any o!r  
bright object on ! =ehead1  9 su* a     
position t ! eyes mu/ be di/ort$ or     
/ra9$ to be  capable ( see+ x4 ,by      
resolutely gaz+ 9 ?is way = a %ort "t1  
)\t w9k+1 ) ! m9d fully absorb$ 9 !     
ef=t1 ! muscles  ( ! eyes gradually     
relax1 & ! exp]im5t] falls asleep4 ,gaz+
 9  a simil> mann] on any imag9>y bright
 spot 9 ! d>k1 z at night1  ex]ts a l   
effect4 ,a tumbl]ful ( cold spr+ wat]1  
ei!r ) or  )\t a few gra9s ( bic>bonate 
( pota% 9 x1 tak5 j be=e  ly+ d[n1 w    

frequ5tly succe$ ) ! dyspeptic & n]v\s1 
:5  all o!r means fail4    ,! foll[+    
valuable advice to ^? :o suff] f        
unnatural  wakefulness is abridg$ f !   
late ,dr ,tann]'s valuable "w on !      
#8,practice ( ,m$ic9e4'#bfj    ,footnote
 #bfj3 #8,! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1' by    
,?os4 ,hawkes ,tann]1 ,m4,d41  ,r5%aw1  
,london4    ,z 8 />t+ po9t ,dr ,tann]   
enjo9s ! practice ( tak+ a prop]  am\nt 
( ex]cise daily4 ,a dige/ible diet1 su* 
z is n liable to  cause acidity or      
flatul5ce1 mu/ also be adopt$1 & tea &  
c(fee mu/  be ab/a9$ f 9 ! aft] "p ( !  
day4 ,e>ly d9n]s & light  supp]s are    
also recomm5d$4 ,! read+ ( any ?rill+ "w
 ( fiction  previ\s to retir+ to re/ is 
also prohibit$4 ,! pati5t is advis$ to  
seek 8 b$ at an e>ly & regul> h\r1 & x  
is desirable to h 8  sleep+ *amb] well  
v5tilat$1 & if ! wea!r be *illy ! b$room
  fire %\ld be light$4 ,fea!r b$s %\ld  
be ab&on$ = mattresses2  !re %\ld n be  
too _m blankets on ! b$1 ! pill[s %\ld  
be  firm & high1 & no curta9s or hang+s 

%\ld be all[$4 ,%\ld !  above means fail
 to produce ! requir$ sleep1 be=e go+ to
 b$ !  pati5t is advis$ to try a tumbl] 
( port-w9e negus1 or ( mull$  cl>et1 or 
( :ite-w9e :ey1 ! la/ ?+4 ,! ag$ are    
recomm5d$  7%\ld ! above me?ods be      
unsuccessful7 to imbibe a glass ( _s &  
wat]1 :i* is said to be all ! m         
effective if drunk :5 9 b$4 ,9  "s      
cases1 att5d$ by a hot or dry sk91 a    
glass ( cold wat] has be5  f\nd useful4 
,ano!r rem$y is ! use ( a ba?1 = ab\t   
?ree or five  m9utes1 j be=e gett+ into 
b$1 at a temp]ature v>y+ f #ij  to #if  
,f4    ,rapid spong+ ( ! body ) tepid   
wat] is also recomm5d$1 z also  ! use ( 
a w>m foot ba?1 at a temp]ature ( #ajj  
,f41 or ( a  hot-wat] bottle 9 ! b$1 or 
putt+ ! feet 9 cold wat] = a  m9ute1 &  
!n vigor\sly rubb+ !m4    ,= ^? ^:      
sleeplessness is caus$ by _! prosecut+  
lit]>y  "w till a late h\r a %ort brisk 
walk1 j be=e retir+ to b$1 is           
recomm5d$4    ,if ! wakefulness c be    
trac$ to any bodily ailm5t1 ?is1 (      

c\rse1  mu/ be remov$ by ! prop] means4 
,con/ipation1 :i* is n at all an        
unfrequ5t cause ( insomnia1 mu/ be      
combat$ by ! me?ods describ$  "u t      
article4 ,if !re be heada*e x w be be/  
remov$ by  apply+ a rag dipp$ 9 cold    
wat] to ! scalp1 or a bladd] conta9+    
ice4    ,%\ld ! adoption ( any ( ! above
 sugge/ions fail all k9ds (  m5tal lab\r
 & excitem5t dur+ ! day mu/ be greatly  
dim9i%$1  & physical ex]cise mu/ replace
 !m4 ,s$atives %\ld be _h rec\rse  to ) 
great caution1 & "u m$ical sup]vision   
only4 ,because ( !  haz>d att5d+ _! use1
 & ( ! ready t5d5cy _! adoption has  to 
deg5]ate into a p]nici\s in]adicable    
habit1 we h =ebore to  specify ! m$ic9al
 ag5ts ,dr ,tann] prescribes =          
sleeplessness1  /rongly recomm5d+ !     
pati5t1 be=e he has rec\rse to !m1 to   
exhau/ ! category ( sugge/ions giv5 by  
,dr ,tann]1 &1 %\ld ^!  unhappily be    
f\nd to fail1 & he is drawn to          
soporifics1 we aga9  reit]ate1 let him  
take !m only "u m$ical sup]vision4      

,ano!r me?od1 adopt$ by pr(essional     
hypnoti/s1 consi/s 9 g5tly  mov+1 9     
opposite directions1 a f+] ( ea* h& ov] 
! =ehead1  j above ! eyebr[s4 ,a soo?+ &
 dr[sy effect is said to be  !reby      
produc$1 :i* ends 9 tranquil slumb]4    
,dr ,a9slie ,hollis contributes "s      
excell5t h9ts on ! treatm5t (           
wakefulness to ! practition]4 ,he       
classifies ! treatm5t "u two            
heads----fir/1 ! induction ( natural    
sleep1 &1 secondly1 !  production (     
n>cosis or artificial re/4 ,!           
application ( mu/>d  pla/]s to ! abdom5 
g5]ally br+s ab\t ! fir/ result1        
produc+1 accord+ to ,s*ul]1 fir/        
dilatation1 & subsequ5tly  contraction (
 ! vessels ( ! pia mat]4 ,dr ,pley]1 (  
,j5a1 on !  supposition t sleep may be  
induc$ by ! introduction ( ! fatigue    
products ( ! body1 advocates !          
adm9i/ration ( a solution (  lactate (  
soda4 ,:5 sleeplessness is ! result (   
bra9 exhau/ion ,dr  ,hollis advocates a 
tumbl] ( hot cl>et negus4 ,! alkalies & 

alkal9e  e>?s1 says ! #8,bo/on ,j\rnal (
 ,*emi/ry1' are useful :5 acid          
dyspepsia is associat$ ) ! insomnia4 ,9 
hot wea!r1 spr9kl+ !  floor ( ! sleep+  
ap>tm5t ) wat] less5s ! irritant        
prop]ties  ( ! air1 add+ mu* to ! com=t 
( ! sleep]s2 possibly !  quantity (     
ozone is at ! same "t increas$4 ,:5     
sleep is brok5 by  sev]e pa91 opium or  
morphia is ( value1 br++ n only relief1 
b  produc+ anmia ( ! c]ebral vessels2 :5
 neuralgia is ! cause an  injection (   
morphia "u ! sk91 ne> ! bran* ( !       
affect$  n]ve1 w h m effect ?an by      
adm9i/]+ x by ! m\?4  ,aga91 :5         
wakefulness is due to defective c>diac  
p[]1 digitalis may  be useful4 ,*loral  
hydrate is suppos$ to owe its hypnotic  
effect to its  p[] ( dim9i%+ ! am\nt (  
blood 9 ! bra91 & !re=e x  may be us$ :5
 sleeplessness arises f ! pa9s ( muscul>
 spasm4  ,! bromides1 al?\gh und\bt$ly  
s$atives1 possess v d\btful  hypnotic   
prop]ties4 ,see ,,supp]1 c4    ,,wa,,t]4
 ,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,hydrog51   

,,protoxide ,,( ,h42 ,,aqua1 ,l42       
,,eau1 ,fr42 ,,wass]1 ,g]42 1 ,gr4 ,!   
anci5ts reg>d$ wat] z a simple          
sub/ance1 & z conv]tible into v>i\s     
m9]al & organic products4  ,e>?1 air1   
fire1 & wat] 7 at "o "t conceiv$ to be !
  elem5t>y pr9ciples or ess5ces ( matt] 
f :i* all =m &  sub/ance d]iv$ _!       
exi/5ce4 ,! true con/itution ( wat] 0 n 
discov]$ until ab\t ! ye> #agha1 :5     
,cav5di% & ,james ,watt1  indep5d5tly & 
ne>ly simultane\sly1 %[$ x to be a      
comp\nd (  hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,five ye>s1 
h[ev]1 be=e ?is "t 7#aggf71 !  celebrat$
 ,macqu]1 assi/$ by ,sigaud de la ,fond1
 obta9$ pure wat] by  ! combu/ion (     
hydrog5 9 ! air4 ,x has s9ce be5        
satisfactorily  demon/rat$ t hydrog5 &  
oxyg5 exi/ 9 wat] 9 ! proportion (  #a  
to #h by weight1 or #b to #a by volume2 
! sp4 gr4 ( hydrog5 be+ to  t ( oxyg5 z 
#a to #af4 ,"o cubic in* ( p]fectly pure
 wat] at #fb  ,fahr41 & #cj in*es ( !   
b>omet]1 weighs #bebdeh gr42 by :i* x  w
 be se5 t x is #ggj times heavi] ?an    

atmosph]ic air4 ,its sp4  gr4 is #aj1 x 
be+ made ! /&>d by :i* ! d5sities ( all 
solid  & liquid bodies are e/imat$4 ,!  
sp4 gr4 ( froz5 wat] 7ice7 is  #iage1   
wat] be+ #aj 7,duf\r72 t ( aque\s vap\r 
7/eam71 #fbeb1  air be+ #aj4 ,wat]      
*anges its volume ) ! temp]ature2 its   
greate/  d5sity is ab\t #ci-a_/b ,fahr41
 & its sp4 gr4 decreases f t po9t1  ei!r
 way4 ,wat] is ne>ly incompressible4 ,by
 subject+ wat] to a  pressure ( #gje    
atmosph]es1 ,cailletet f\nd !           
compressibility to be at  ! rate (      
#jjjddea = ea* atmosph]e4 ,wat]         
evaporates at all  temp]atures2 b at    
#bab "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ?is takes  
place  s rapidly t x boils1 & is conv]t$
 into vap\r 7/eam71 ^: bulk  is ne>ly   
#agjj times great] ?an t ( wat]4    ,v>4
 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3         
,,di/ill$ ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,de/illata    
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4     
,obta9$ by  ! di/illation ( common wat] 
?r\gh a block-t9 worm1 reject+ !  fir/ &
 la/ portions t come ov]4 ,! /ill       

employ$ = ?is  op]ation %\ld be us$ = no
 o!r purpose2 & :5 great nicety is      
requir$1 ! di/illation %\ld be p]=m$ 9  
glass or e>!nw>e4 ,x  rema9s limpid on !
 addition ( lime wat]1 *loride ( b>ium1 
nitrate  ( silv]1 oxalate ( ammonium1 or
 hydrosulphuric acid4 ,x is ! only  k9d 
( wat] t %\ld be employ$ 9 *emical &    
ph>maceutical  op]ations4 ,:5 di/ill$   
wat] is n at h&1 clean filt]$ or        
cl>ifi$ ra9 wat] is ! only k9d t c be   
successfully  sub/itut$4    ,,natural   
,,wat]s4 ,9 respect ( :olesom5ess1      
palatability1 & g5]al  fitness = dr9k+ &
 cook+1 natural wat]s may be classifi$ 9
  ord]s ( excell5ce z foll[s 7#8,riv]s  
,pollution ,commission]s' ,six?         
,report'73----                   #a4    
,spr+ wat]     ,v palatable4            
,:olesome  #b4 ,deep-well wat]          
#c4 ,upl& surface wat]  ,mod]ately      
palatable4                 #d4 ,/or$ ra9
 wat]        ,suspici\s #e4 ,surface    
wat] f cultivat$ l&s                    
#f4 ,riv] wat] to :i* sewage ga9s       

,palatable4    ,dang]\s        access   
#g4 ,%all[ well wat]                    
,! av]age composition ( ! f\r classes ( 
unpollut$ wat]s is giv5  by ! same      
au?orities z foll[s4 ,_! e/imations are 
9 p>ts p]  #ajj1jjj1 b may be conv]t$ 9 
gra9s p] gallon by multiply+ by #g &    
divid+ by #aj3                          
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,nitrog5,total                  ,total  
,organic,organic ,ammo-  z    comb9$    
solid ,c>bon ,nitrog5 nia               
nitratesnitrog5                  im-    
&                     purity            
nitrites                                
----------------------------------------
----------------    ,ra9 wat]      #bie 
#jgj   #jae   #jbi  #jjc    #jdb        
,upl& surface                           
wat]         #ifg  #cbb   #jcb   #jjb   
#jji    #jdb    ,deep-well              
wat]        #dcgh  #jfa   #jah   #jab   
#die    #ebb    ,spr+ wat]   #bhbj  #jef
   #jac   #jja  #chc    #cif            

----------------------------------------
----------------                        
----------------------------------------
--------                  ,previ\s      
,h>dness                  sewage        
---------------                  or     
animal,*lor9e,temp-,p]m-,total          
contam9-        or>yan5t                
ation                                   
----------------------------------------
------    ,ra9 wat]        #db      #bb 
#d  #e   #c    ,upl& surface            
wat]           #aj     #aac    #ae #dc  
#ed    ,deep-well                       
wat]          #dgd     #eaa   #aeh #ib  
#be    ,spr+ wat]    #ceei     #bdi     
#aaj #ge #ahe                           
----------------------------------------
------    ,,ra9 ,,wat] conta9s1 among   
natural wat]s1 ! smalle/ am\nt ( solid  
matt] 9 solution4 ,f ! columns head$    
8,organic ,c>bon0 & 8,organic  ,nitrog50
 x w be se5 t ev5 ra9 collect$ ) special
  precautions1 away f any l>ge t[n1 is  
by no means free f organic  matt]4 ,ra9 

wat] collect$ f ro(s & /or$ 9 und]gr\nd 
tanks is  (t5 v impure4    ,,surface    
,,wat]s =m ! ma9 supply ( riv]s4 ,if    
collect$ f high  uncultivat$ di/ricts !y
 are usually unpollut$ ) animal matt]4  
,!  organic matt] is usually peaty1 is  
sometimes v small1 b is liable to       
consid]able v>iations ) ! season1 & is  
occasionally pres5t 9  excessive        
quantities1 discol\r+ ! wat] & r5d]+ x  
unpalatable4  ,f _! s(tness ^! wat]s are
 admirably adapt$ = manufactur+         
purposes4 ,! am\nt ( solid matt] 9      
solution ranges f #b to #g gra9s  p]    
gallon4    ,,surface ,,wat] f cultivat$ 
l&1 conta9s on an av]age less organic   
matt] ?an upl& surface wat]1 b !        
pollution1 be+ d]iv$ f  manure & o!r    
objectionable matt]1 is m h>mful4       
,,riv] ,,wat] consi/s ( ! above1 aid$ by
 spr+s1 & mo/ frequ5tly  ! dra9age (    
t[ns on its banks4 ,! am\nt ( solid     
matt] v>ies f  #aj to #cj gra9s p]      
gallon4 ,9 ,?ames wat] !re are on !     
av]age ab\t  #bj gra9s4    ,,wells1 if  

%all[1 are usually a mo/ undesirable    
supply4 ,unless f>  f any h\se !y are   
contam9at$ by dra9age1 & sometimes1 f   
proximity to cesspools1 conta9 m animal 
matt] ?an ord9>y t[n  sewage4 ,!y are1 z
 a class1 h>d wat]s1 ! pollut$ ones     
excessively  s4    ,wells ( #ajj feet   
deep & upw>ds are1 z a class1 v sup]ior 
wat]s1  ! filtration & oxidation ( s    
great a dep? ( soil hav+ remov$  !      
great] "p ( ! organic matt]4 ,! h>dness 
v>ies ) !  /rata1 b1 z a class1 ! deep  
wells are s(t] ?an ! %all[4    ,,spr+   
,,wat] greatly resembles deep well wat]1
 possess+ all its good  qualities 9 a   
high] degree4 ,spr+ & deep well wat] are
 v uni=m  9 quality1 & little affect$ by
 climatic *anges4    ,,sea ,,wat]4 ,!   
*>act]i/ic ( ?is v>iety is its saltness4
 ,its d5sity  is ab\t #ajbgd1 & ! av]age
 quantity ( sal9e matt] :i* x  conta9s  
is ab\t #c-a_/b p] c5t41 ( :i* ab\t     
#bg_/ce are *loride (  sodium1 & !      
rema9d] *iefly *loride ( magnesium &    
sulphate (  magnesium4    ,! av]age     

proportion ( organic c>bon & nitrog5 9  
#bc samples ( sea  wat] 0 #bgh c>bon1   
#afe nitrog51 z comp>$ ) ,?ames wat]    
av]ages ( #bjc p>ts c>bon1 #jcc nitrog51
 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4    ,analysis ( 
sea wat] 7,briti% ,*annel71 by ,dr      
,s*weitz]1 (  ,brighton3----      #ajjj 
gr4 conta9$----      ,gra9s    ,wat]    
#ifcgde    ,*loride ( sodium            
#bhjei    ,*loride ( potassium          
#jgff    ,*loride ( magnesium      #cfff
    ,bromide ( magnesium       #jjbi    
,sulphate ( magnesium      #bbif        
,sulphate ( calcium        #adjf        
,c>bonate ( calcium       #jjcc         
----------------                        
#ajjj    ,pur4 ,pure wat] is p]fectly   
transp>5t1 od\rless1 & col\rless1 &     
evaporates )\t residue1 or ev5 leav+ a  
/a9 beh9d4 ,! pure/  natural wat] is t  
obta9$ by melt+ sn[ or froz5 ra91 t has 
fall5 at "s di/ance f any t[n4          
,absolutely pure wat] c only be  obta9$ 
by ! union ( its gase\s con/itu5ts2 b   
wat] suffici5tly  pure = all purposes   

may be procur$ by ! c>eful di/illation (
  common wat]4    ,among ! me?ods adopt$
 = improv+ ! quality ( wat] are3    7a7 
,= r$uc+ ! am\nt ( organic & susp5d$    
matt]4----#a4  ,filtration ?r\gh or     
agitation ) co>sely p[d]$1 fre%ly burnt 
*>coal1 ei!r animal or vegetable1 b     
pref]ably ! =m]4 ,:5 9  good condition a
 filt] ( animal *>coal w n only remove  
susp5d$  matt] 9 wat]1 b w consid]ably  
r$uce ! am\nt ( organic  matt]1 & also !
 calc>e\s & gase\s impurities held 9    
solution2  b x1 h[ev]1 loses its p[] (  
remov+ lime 9 a week or two1 & (        
ab/ract+ ! organic matt] 9 ab\t ?ree to 
f\r mon?s1 & !n  becomes f\l1 & requires
 to be re*>g$4 ,spongy metallic iron is 
m  en]getic 9 its action ?an *>coal1 &  
rema9s s]viceable = a  twelvemon?4 #b4  
,free exposure to ! action ( ! air1 by  
:i* !  organic matt]s become oxidis$ &  
insoluble1 & spe$ily subside4 ,?is  may 
be easily effect$ by agitat+ ! wat] 9   
contact ) fre% air1  or by =c+ air ?r\gh
 x by means ( bell[s4 #c4 ,! addition ( 

a  little sulphuric acid has a l effect2
 #ae or #bj drops are usually  suffici5t
 = a gallon4 ,?is addition may be       
advantage\sly made to wat]  int5d$ =    
filtration ?r\gh *>coal1 by :i* plan at 
lea/ #b_/c (  ! latt] may be sav$4      
7,l[itz47 #d4 ,an ounce ( p[d]$ alum    
7dissolv$71 well agitat$ ) a hog%ead or 
m ( f\l wat]1 w  purify x 9 ! c\rse ( a 
few h\rs1 :5 ! cle> portion may be      
decant$4 ,:5 ! wat] is v putrid ab\t    
#a_/b dr4 7or ev5 #a dr4 p]  gall47 may 
be employ$2 any alum t may be left 9    
solution may be  precipitat$ by !       
cauti\s addition ( an equival5t         
proportion (  c>bonate ( sodium4 #e4 ,a 
solution ( f]ric sulphate acts 9 ! same 
way  z alum2 a few drops are suffici5t =
 a gallon4 #f4 ,agitation ) ab\t  #a_/b 
to #a p] c5t4 ( f9ely p[d]$ black oxide 
( manganese has  simil> effect to ! la/4
 #g4 ,! addition ( a little aque\s      
*lor9e1  or *lor9e gas1 to f\l wat]1    
cleanses x imm$iately4 ,?is me?od has  !
 advantage ( ! wat] be+ p]fectly fre$ f 

any excess ( !  precipitant by heat4    
7b7 ,= r$uc+ am\nt ( inorganic          
matt]4----#a4 ,di/illation  sep>ates all
 non-volatile matt]1 includ+ organis$   
bodies4 ,x is us$  to obta9 a potable   
wat] f sea wat]4 ,! wa/e heat ( ! cook's
  galley is amply suffici5t = ?is       
purpose4 ,!re are sev]al pat5t          
contrivances = ! di/illation ( wat] on  
%ip bo>d4 #b4 ,h>d wat]  may be s(t5$ by
 add+ c>bonate ( soda to ! wat] s long z
 x  turns milky4 ,! precipitation ( !   
h>d5+ +r$i5ts1 lime &  magnesia1 is mo/ 
rapid :5 ! wat] is heat$4 ,! wat] _c be 
us$  = dr9k+ purposes1 f ! unpleasant   
flav\r ( ! c>bonate (  soda4 ,:5 us$ on 
a h>d wat] int5d$ = wa%+1 x effects a   
sav+  ( soap equal to ab\t fifte5 times 
its own co/4 ,sea wat] c be made  fit = 
wa%+ by ?is means4 ,x removes bo? !     
8tempor>y0 h>dness1  due to c>bonates ( 
calcium & magnesium1 & ! 8p]man5t10 due 
to  ! sulphates1 *lorides1 & nitrates ( 
^! metals4 #c4 ,h>d wat] may  be bo?    
a]at$ & s(t5$ by ! addition ( a few     

gra9s (  bic>bonate ( potassium p]      
gallon1 foll[$ by half z mu* lime juice 
or t>t>ic acid z is suffici5t to        
saturate ! alkali 9 ! c>bonate  ?us     
add$4 #d4 ,! 8tempor>y0 h>dness may be  
ne>ly remov$ by  ebullition1 or1 z      
recomm5d$ by ,pr(essor ,cl>ke1 by mix+ !
 h>d  wat] ) lime wat]1 :5 ! calcium    
comb9es ) ! excess (  c>bonic acid1 :i* 
previ\sly r5d]$ ! c>bonate ( calcium    
soluble1  & is precipitat$ z c>bonate   
7*alk71 toge!r ) ! c>bonate  orig9ally  
pres5t4 ,?is me?od removes1 at ! same   
"t1 mu* ( !  organic matt]1 & c>ries d[n
 susp5d$ matt]4 ,! wat] is (t5 made  m  
palatable ?an be=e4 ,! directions       
are3----,= e degree (  h>dness on       
,cl>ke's scale ea* #ajjj gallons ( wat] 
to be s(t5$  requires "o ounce (        
quicklime4 ,slake ! lime & "w up to a ?9
  cream ) wat] & p\r into ! ci/]n1 :i*  
already conta9s at  lea/ #ej gallons (  
wat] to be s(t5$4 ,!n add ! rema9d] ( ! 
#ajjj gallons 9 su* a way z to /ir up & 
mix uni=mly ) !  cont5ts ( ! ci/]n4 ,9  

ab\t ?ree h\rs ! milky wat] is cle>     
en\gh = wa%+4 ,aft] twelve h\rs' re/ !  
wat] is fit to dr9k4 ,if  ! exact       
h>dness ( ! wat] is n kn[n1 wat] may be 
add$ to !  milk ( lime till1 on add+ a  
drop ( nitrate ( silv] to a cupful (  ! 
ci/]n wat]1 ! br[n t9t indicative ( an  
excess ( lime is  replac$ by a v fa9t   
yell[4 #e4 ,to save boil]s f scal+1 wat]
  int5d$ = /eam purposes is sometimes   
treat$ ) lime to remove  c>bonates1 & !n
 ! sulphate ( calcium 7:i* =ms a v      
t5aci\s  scale7 is decompos$ ) b>ic     
*loride 7,ha5's process74 ,!            
precipitat$ m9]al matt] may also be     
prev5t$ f =m+ a scale or  fur by add+   
organic sub/ances1 su* z potatoes1 s\nd 
or o!rwise1  sw$es1 mangolds1 or o!r    
vegetable4 ,oak b>k1 sp5t tan1 sawdu/2 &
  _! decoctions are efficaci\s on acc\nt
 ( ! tannic acid !y  conta91 b !y attack
 ! boil] plates at ! same "t4 ,z9c      
susp5d$ 9 ! wat] is said to answ] well4 
,x has be5 recomm5d$ to  poli% ! inside 
( ! boil] plates ) black lead or coat x 

)  l9se$ oil & dissolv$ india rubb]4    
,num]\s *emical prep>ations1  mo/ ( :i* 
d m h>m ?an good1 are also sold4        
,te/s 7,physical74----#a4 ,to obs]ve    
col\r1 /& 9 tall col\rless glass  cyl9d]
 on :ite gr\nd4 ,if v turbid all[ to    
settle1 & exam9e  s$im5t by microscope =
 evid5ce ( sewage contam9ation 7l95     
fibres1  hairs1 epi!lium7 & = mov+      
organisms4 ,slight turbidity is be/     
not$ by fill+ a clean qu>t flask & hold+
 x t[>ds ! light )  "s d>k object z a   
w9d[ pane betwe54 ,ta/e & od\r mo/ m>k$ 
:5 ! wat] is made lukew>m4 #b4 ,=       
poison\s metals add "o drop (  /rong    
col\rless ammonium sulphide to ab\t     
#ajjj gra9s ( wat] 9 glass  cyl9d]1 &   
obs]ve if liquid d>k5s4 ,if ! coloration
 or precipitate  disappe>s on add+ acid1
 x is iron2 if x rema9s1 lead or copp]  
is  pres5t1 ei!r ( :i* condemns ! wat]4 
#c4 ,= *lor9e add c\ple (  drops (      
nitric acid to a little ( ! wat] & a    
cry/al or drop (  solution ( nitrate (  
silv]4 ,if ! wat] turns v milky x is a  

bad  sign2 make1 if possible1 a         
comp>ative exp]im5t ) wat] ( kn[n       
composition4 #d4 ,! residuum1 if any1 ( 
evaporation is impurity2 if x be        
organic matt]1 smoke & a peculi> od\r w 
be evolv$1 z ! residue  becomes dry &   
*>r$4 #e4 ,nei!r litmus1 syrup (        
violets1 nor turm]ic  are discol\r$ or  
affect$ :5 moi/5$ ) pure wat]2 if ! fir/
  two are r$d5$ x indicates an acid2 if 
! litmus is turn$ blue or !  turm]ic is 
turn$ br[n1 an alkali is pres5t4 #f4 ,if
 a precipitate is  =m$ or a fur or cru/ 
deposit$ on ! vessel dur+ ebullition x  
indicates ! pres5ce ( c>bonates (       
calcium1 magnesium1 or iron4 #g4        
,calcium salts produce a :ite           
precipitate ) oxalate ( ammonium4 #h4 ,!
  liquid filt]$ (f f #g1 on /&+ )       
phosphate ( sodium &  ammonium          
7microcosmic salt71 gives a :ite        
precipitate if magnesium be  pres5t4    
#aj4 ,t9cture or infusion ( galls turns 
wat] conta9+ iron  black4 ,:5 ?is takes 
place bo? be=e & aft] ! wat] has be5    

boil$1 ! metal is pres5t "u ! =m (      
sulphate2 b if x only  occurs be=e      
boil+1 !n f]r\s c>bonate may be         
suspect$1 & x  w be precipitat$ z a     
r$di% p[d] by exposure to air & heat4   
#aa4  ,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a  
d>k blue precipitate 9 wat]  conta9+ a  
f]ric salt2 & a :ite "o1 turn+ blue by  
exposure to !  air1 9 wat] conta9+ a    
f]r\s salt4 #ab4 ,if sulphuric acid be  
run into  wat] & all[$ to cool1 & a     
cry/al ( sulphate ( iron dropp$ into  ! 
wat]1 a d>k br[n cl\d r\nd ! cry/al     
indicates nitrates2 !  blea*+ ( indigo  
add$ to ! hot mixture ( equal p>ts wat] 
& pure  oil ( vitriol also indicates !  
pres5ce ( ^! salts4 #ac4 ,sulphuric     
acid or sulphates is indicat$ by a      
soluble salt ( b>ium ?r[+ d[n a  :ite   
precipitate insoluble 9 nitric acid4    
,wat]1 ,quantitative ,analysis (4----,! 
quantitative analysis ( potable  wat] is
 conf9$ to ! foll[+3 total residue1     
h>dness tempor>y &  p]man5t1 *lor9e1    
ammonia1 nitrates & nitrites1 & organic 

matt]4    ,( ^!1 all b ! fir/ two are   
int5d$ to ?r[ light on ! organic        
contam9ation ( ! wat]4 ,*lor9e1 ammonia1
 & nitrates & nitrites  are 9 !mselves  
innocu\s sub/ances1 b are e/imat$       
because !y  supplem5t ! some:at imp]fect
 in=mation obta9$ f ! organic  matt]    
itself4 ,a sewage-pollut$ supply be+ an 
ag5t 9 propagat+  zymotic diseases1 a k 
( ! s\rce ( ! organic matt] 9 a  wat] is
 ( ! highe/ importance4    ,be=e pass+  
to ! mode ( e/imat+ ! above items x may 
be  desirable to expla9 ! object ( ea*  
analysis & ! int]pretation  :i* may be  
plac$ on ! results4    ,total solid     
residue includes all ! sub/ance1 organic
 or m9]al1  dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,ev]y?+  
beyond ! two gases :i* ent] into  !     
comb9ation ( ! wat] be+ useless1 !      
#8residue' ( a wat] is  sometimes call$ 
! #8total solid impurity4' ,! less      
residue left by a  wat] on evaporation !
 bett]1 b a wat] ne$ n be object$ to =  
dr9k+ purposes till ! residue rea*es #dj
 gra9s p] gallon4 ,=  rais+ /eam a wat] 

%\ld n conta9 m ?an #bj gra9s1 & %\ld   
be1 if possible1 mu* less4    ,!        
h>dness1 or soap-wa/+ p[] ( a wat]1 is  
*iefly det]m9$ on  economic gr\nds4     
,unless ! h>dness is v excessive1 !     
h>dness or  s(tness ( ! wat] does n     
appe> to mat]ially affect ! heal? (  !  
consum]4 ,h>dness is caus$ by salts (   
lime & magnesia4 ,if !  prop]ty (       
h>dness be caus$ by ! pres5ce (         
bic>bonates ( !  above sub/ances1 ! wat]
 is said to be #8tempor>ily' h>d1 = by  
boil+ or add+ lime z above describ$1 !  
h>dness may be r$uc$  )\t affect+ !     
potability ( ! supply2 b :5 ! h>dness is
  due to calcium or magnesium sulphates 
x is call$ #8p]man5t' h>dness1  = x is n
 !n practicable to remove ! h>d5+       
+r$i5ts )\t  add+ "s m objectionable    
sub/ance4 ,! av]age h>dness ( !  f\r    
classes ( pure wat] is %[n 9 ! analyses 
giv5 above4 ,?ames  wat] has a total    
h>dness ( #ae1 ,lo* ,katr9e wat]1 z     
suppli$ to  ,glasg[1 #jgj1 on ,cl>ke's  
scale4    ,*lor9e4----,except 9 places  

ne> ! sea1 or 9 salt-be>+ /rata1 an     
unpollut$ wat] does n conta9 m ?an !    
m]e/ trace ( *lor9e4  ,sewage1 h[ev]1   
conta9s a l>ge quantity ( *lor9e z sodic
 *loride  7common salt7 d]iv$ f ! salt  
us$ 9 cook+1 c4 ,h5ce a mixture  (      
sewage ) wat] becomes kn[n by ! quantity
 ( *lor9e pres5t4 ,x  is n safe to dr9k 
a wat] conta9+ su* an excessive quantity
 (  *lor9e z #d gra9s p] gallon4 ,!     
*lor9e 9 ,ullswat] & ,?ames  wat] is #g 
& #aa gra9s p] gallon respectively4     
,sewage has ab\t #h  gra9s on ! av]age4 
,ammonia4----,?is det]m9ation acquires  
significance because x is "o (  ! e>ly  
sub/ances produc$ by ! decomposition (  
animal matt]4 ,x  !re=e indicates1 :5   
pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 rec5t         
contam9ation by sewage4 ,ra9 always     
conta9s a small am\nt ( ammonia1  & deep
 wells occasionally %[ ammonia d]iv$ f !
 r$uction (  nitrates by ! oxyg5-seek+  
organic matt]4 ,! above inf]5ces mu/1   
!re=e1 be appli$ ) caution4    ,nitrates
 & ,nitrites result f ! oxidation (     

animal matt]4  ,vegetable sub/ances1 "u 
l conditions1 yield none or b m]e traces
  ( ^! comp\nds4 ,! pres5ce ( nitrates  
is a mo/ unfavorable sign 9  a %all[    
well or riv] wat]1 because ! conditions 
to :i* ^!  wat]s are subject$ are s     
v>iable t !re is a con/ant liability (  
! purify+ processes dim9i%+1 & all[+ !  
sewage1 n[ only  repres5t$ by innoxi\s  
nitrates1 to appe> 9 its dang]\s1       
unoxidis$  condition4    ,dr ,frankl&   
takes ! sum ( ! nitrog5 exi/+ 9 ! wat] z
  ammonia & z nitrites & nitrates1 z a  
sort ( measure ( ! m9imum  am\nt (      
animal or sewage matt] de/roy$4 ,! am\nt
 due to sewage or  animal matt] is      
consid]$ to be all ov] #jcb "p p]       
#ajj1jjj 7or #jbb  gr4 p] gallon71 :i*  
is ! av]age ( #8inorganic nitrog5'      
natural to  unpollut$ ra9 wat]4 ,dr     
,frankl& also expresses ?is #8previ\s   
sewage  or animal contam9ation1' 9 t]ms 
( ,london sewage conta9+ #aj p>ts (     
nitrog5 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( liquid1 by    
multiply+ ! above-nam$  correct$ sum by 

#aj1jjj4 ,?us1 a wat] conta9+ #a "p p]  
#ajj1jjj 7#g  gr4 p] gall47 (           
#8inorganic nitrog5' w\ld h a #8previ\s 
sewage or  animal contam9ation' ( #ifhj 
p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 = x w\ld h  requir$   
#ajj1jjj 7#a - #jcb7_/aj  #ifhj p>ts (  
,london sewage to produce  an am\nt (   
nitrog5 equal to t f\nd by analysis4 ,a 
wat] :i*  conta9s ov] #bj1jjj p>ts (    
previ\s sewage contam9ation 7#ae gra9s  
( inorganic nitrog57 is said to be      
dang]\s4 ,all o!r wat]s  conta9+ m      
inorganic nitrog5 ?an 9 ra9 are said to 
be #8d\btful'  except spr+s & deep well 
wat]s conta9+ less ?an #aj1jjj p>ts (   
previ\s sewage contam9ation p] #ajj1jjj1
 & su* %all[ wells &  runn+ wat] :i* f  
_! s\rce may be tak5 to be free f       
sewage4    ,organic matt]4----,!re is no
 me?od by :i* ! actual weight (  organic
 matt] c be det]m9$1 /ill less is x     
possible to say h[  mu* is likely to be 
actually injuri\s organic matt]1 b !re  
are  sev]al means ( measur+ !           
proportionate am\nt ( organic           

contam9ation4    ,dr ,frankl& det]m9es !
 am\nt ( c>bon & nitrog5 9 ! organic    
matt]4 ,! small] ! am\nt ( ^! elem5ts ! 
bett] ! wat]1 &  ! less ! am\nt (       
nitrog51 especially 9 proportion to     
organic  c>bon1 ! less *ance ( animal   
matt]4 ,a good dr9k+ wat] w n  h m ?an  
#b p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj 7#ad gr4 p] gall47 ( 
c>bon1 or #jc  "p ( organic nitrog5 9   
#ajj1jjj p>ts 7#jb gr4 p] gall47 ( !    
wat]4 ,! am\nt ( putresc5t matt] may be 
e/imat$ by ! am\nt (  oxyg5 consum$ 9   
de/roy+ x4 ,dr ,tidy 7#8,*em4 ,soc4     
,j\r41' ,janu>y1  #ahgi7 consid]s t1    
speak+ g5]ally1 wat]s requir+ #je "p p] 
#ajj1jjj 7#jce gr4 p] gall47 to be (    
great organic purity2 #ae "p 7#a  gr4 p]
 gall47 wat]s ( m$ium purity2 wat]s (   
d\btful purity1 f  #ae to #ba "p p]     
#ajj1jjj 7#ae gr4 p] gallon74 ,impure   
wat]s1 all above  #ae gr4 p] gall4    ,!
 proportion ( album9\s sub/ances pres5t 
is measur$ by ,mr ,wanklyn  by ! am\nt (
 ammonia set free by alkal9e            
p]manganate4 ,a wat]  conta9+ ov] #ae "p

 p] million album9oid ammonia condemns a
 wat]  absolutely 7#8,wanklyn's ,wat]   
,analysis1' #d? edit41 p4 #ed72 #aj "p  
p]  million ) little free ammonia1 or   
#je "p album9oid ammonia ) mu*  free    
ammonia1 is #8suspici\s4' ,a wat] ) less
 ?an #je "p album9oid  ammonia belongs  
to ! class ( v pure wat]s4    ,( c\rse !
 above data are n h>d & fa/ l9es1 b s]ve
 z aid to  a judgm5t :i* may be modifi$ 
by o!r circum/ances connect$ ) !        
analysis1 & ! s\rce ( ! wat]4    ,me?ods
 ( ,analysis4 ,total solid              
residue4----#ajjj gra9s are evaporat$ to
  dryness 9 a plat9um di% ov] a wat] ba?
 & residue dri$ 9 an ov5  at #bab ,f4 = 
an h\r1 or until ! weight is con/ant4 ,!
 increase 9  weight ( ! plat9um vessel  
multipli$ by #gj gives ! numb] ( gra9s  
( total solid residue p] gallon4        
,h>dness is det]m9$ by a solution ( soap
 ( :i* #cbj gra9-measure  w s(t5 a wat] 
( #af ( h>dness4 ,ea* degree ( h>dness  
repres5ts  an am\nt ( soap-de/roy+ matt]
 equival5t to #a gra9 ( *alk p]  gallon4

 #ajjj measur$ gra9s ( ! wat] are       
measur$ into a  n>r[-m\!d six or eight  
ounce /opp]$ bottle1 !n well %ak51 &  ! 
air suck$ out by means ( a piece ( glass
 tube4 ,! /&>d soap  solution is n[ run 
9 #aj gra9s at a "t1 %ak+ well betwe5   
ea*  addition until !re is =m$ ov] !    
:ole surface a la!r :i*1 :5  ! bottle is
 plac$ ^u its side1 %all la/ j five     
m9utes4 ,!  numb] ( gra9-measures us$ w 
indicate ! h>dness ( ! wat] by  ref]5ce 
to ,table ,a4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! p]man5t   
la!r n be =m$  be=e #cbj measures ( soap
 solution h be5 add$1 a second trial mu/
  be made1 9 :i* only #ejj gra9-measures
 ( ! wat] are tak51 to :i*  a l am\nt ( 
rec5tly-boil$ di/ill$ wat] is add$4 ,!  
degree (  h>dness n[ obta9$ mu/ be      
multipli$ by #b4 ,) v h>d wat]s x is    
necess>y to dilute /ill fur!r1 say #bej 
gra9s to #gej ( di/ill$1 &  multiply+ ! 
result by #d4 ,if ! numb] (             
soap-measures does n  correspond ) any  
degree on ! table1 obs]ve :i* numb]s x  
falls  betwe54 ,! degree correspond+ to 

! l[] ( ^! soap volumes w  be ! :ole    
numb] 9 ! answ]2 ! fraction w be !      
diff]5ce  betwe5 ! obs]v$ numb] (       
measures & ! next l[] on ! table1       
divid$ by ! diff]5ce 7giv5 9 column #c7 
betwe5 ! figure above &  bel[ x4 ,?us1  
if #ad measures 7 us$ ! h>dness w\ld be 
#fb1 #acf  measures be+ equival5t to #f 
degrees1 & ! fraction be+ #ad -         
#acf_/acf - #aaf  #d_/bj  #b4    ,!     
h>dness ( ! wat] 9 ! natural /ate is !  
#8total h>dness4' ,by  boil+ = an h\r & 
mak+ up loss by evaporation ) boil$     
di/ill$ wat] & aga9 det]m9+ ! h>dness1 !
 #8p]man5t  h>dness' is f\nd4 ,t :i* has
 be5 remov$ by ! boil+ is !  tempor>y   
h>dness4              ,,table ,a4       
,soap te/ measures correspond+ to "o    
?\s& measures ( wat] ( ea*  degree (    
h>dness4      ,degree (    ,soap te/    
,diff]5ce4    h>dness4    measures4     
#j                #ad          #ah    #a
                #cb          #bb    #b  
#ed          #bb    #c                  
#gf          #bj    #d                  

#if          #bj    #e                  
#aaf          #bj    #f                 
#acf          #bj    #g                 
#aef          #ai    #h                 
#age          #ai    #i                 
#aid          #ai    #aj                
#bac          #ah    #aa                
#bca          #ah    #ab                
#bdi          #ah    #ac                
#bfg          #ah    #ad                
#bhe          #ah    #ae                
#cjc          #ag    #af                
#cbj          ----    ,! /&>d wat] ( #af
 ( h>dness is ?us made3----,pure        
c>bonate (  calcium 7,icel& sp>7 is     
weigh$ out into a porcela9 or plat9um   
di% 9  ! proportion ( #af gra9s = a     
gallon ( solution4 ,x is dissolv$ 9     
weak hydro*loric acid1 & ! :ole         
cauti\sly evaporat$ to dryness  ov] a   
wat] ba?1 !n re-dissolv$ 9 wat] & aga9  
evaporat$ to  drive (f any excess (     
acid4 ,! di% is cov]$ ) a glass dur+ !  
op]ation to prev5t loss by spirt+4 ,!   
result+ neutral *loride (  calcium is   

dissolv$ 9 a gallon ( pure di/ill$ wat] 
if #af gra9s 7  weigh$ out1 or a        
proportionate quantity 9 o!r cases4 ,!  
soap solution  c be made by dissolv+    
good curd soap 9 weak me?ylat$ _s 9 !   
proportion ( "o ounce ( soap to !       
gallon4 ,a pota% soap made z  foll[s is1
 h[ev]1 less liable to *ange3 #aej gra9s
 ( lead pla/]  7,empla/rum plumbi1 ,b4  
,p47 & #dj gra9s ( dry potassic c>bonate
 are  rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort> & repeat$ly
 extract$ ) small portions  ( me?ylat$  
_s1 triturat+ ! mass mean:ile1 till ab\t
 a p9t (  _s has be5 us$2 filt] & add an
 equal bulk ( rec5tly boil$  di/ill$    
wat]4 ,:i*ev] me?od is foll[$ ! cle>    
solution has n[  to be /&>dis$ by !     
#8wat] ( #af ( h>dness4' #ajjj gra9s ( !
  wat] ( #af ( h>dness are plac$ into a 
bottle1 & ?is soap solution  is run 9 f 
a burette until a p]man5t la!r is =m$4  
,! soap  solution mu/ be =tifi$ by /rong
 soap solution or dilut$ ) alcohol  till
 #cbj measures produce a la!r p]man5t = 
five m9utes 9 #ajjj  gra9-measures (    

wat] ( #af ( h>dness4    ,*lor9e4 ,to   
#ajjj gra9s ( ! wat] add a drop or two (
 neutral  *romate ( sodium1 s z to t+e !
 wat] yell[2 run 9 /&>d  nitrate ( silv]
 till ! liquid acquires a v fa9t r$ t+e1
 %[+  t all ! *lor9e has be5 precipitat$
 & t r$ silv] *romate  is beg9n+ to be  
=m$4 ,! numb] ( gra9s ( /&>d solution   
divid$ by #ajj w give ! gra9s ( *lor9e 9
 "o gallon ( !  wat]4    ,! /&>d        
solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ pure     
nitrate ( silv] 9  ! proportion ( #dgij 
gra9s to "o gallon ( di/ill$ wat]4      
,ammonia is always c>ri$ out z describ$ 
9 ! acc\nt ( ,messrs  ,wanklyn &        
,*apman's process4    ,nitrate &        
,nitrites4----,^! sub/ances c be mo/    
exp$iti\sly  e/imat$ by ! indigo process
 z foll[s3 #bjj gra9-measures ( !  wat] 
are plac$ 9 a flask & a little ( a /&>d 
solution ( indigo  add$ !reto2 twice !  
volume ( pure sulphuric acid is !n      
sudd5ly  p\r$ 9 f a measur+ cyl9d]1 & ! 
:ole %ak54 ,! temp]ature  rises         
imm$iately to ab\t #bgj ,fahr41 & ! blue

 col\r w probably  be imm$iately        
dis*>g$2 m indigo1 !re=e1 mu/ be rapidly
 run 9  till a br[n-gre5 t9t %[s itself4
 ,?is gives ! trial e/imation1  b !     
maximum am\nt ( indigo is only us$ up :5
 all ! indigo is  add$ previ\s to !     
addition ( acid2 h5ce a second exp]im5t 
is n[  />t$1 & an am\nt equal to t      
previ\sly us$ run 9 at once1 &  on x is 
p\r$ exactly twice z mu* sulphuric acid 
z !re is wat] &  indigo 9 solution4 ,!  
second result w be some:at high] ?an !  
fir/4 ,if ! solutions bel[ m5tion$ be   
us$1 ! am\nt ( indigo  requir$ by ! #bjj
 gra9s ( wat] divid$ by ! numb] ( gra9s 
(  indigo requir$ to blea* #bjj c4c4 (  
/&>d nitre repres5ts !  gra9s p] gallon 
( nitrog5 z nitrates & nitrites4 ,!     
/&>dis+  ( ! indigo ) ! nitrate solution
 is p]=m$ exactly z = an  actual wat]4  
,! requisites are a solution ( pure     
potassium nitrate (  kn[n /r5g?1 say    
#adddb gr4 ( nitre 7equival5t to #b gr4 
( nitrog5  or #i gr4 ( nitric acid7 9 a 
gallon ( di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,a solution (

  indigo made by dissolv+ soluble indigo
 c>m9e 9 di/ill$ wat] 9  su* a          
proportion t #bjj gr4 is ab\t equal to  
#bjj gr4 ( nitre  solution4 #c4 ,/rong  
pure oil ( vitriol2 x mu/ be free f     
nitr\s  comp\nds1 n become turbid :5    
dilut$1 & its specific gravity n be     
less ?an #ahd4 ,x is important to ma9ta9
 ! same proportion ( acid1  & n to all[ 
! temp]ature to fall bel[ #bej ,f4      
?r\gh\t !  exp]im5t4    ,messrs ,wanklyn
 & ,*apman's alum9ium me?od is also a v 
conv5i5t  process4 #bjjj gra9s ( ! wat] 
are plac$ 9 a retort & half z mu*  ( a  
solution ( #aj p] c5t4 soda add$4 ,!    
soda solution is made f  sodium soda & !
 abs5ce ( nitrates is secur$ by boil+ ! 
liquid  ) a piece ( alum9ium4 ,half !   
cont5ts ( ! retort are di/ill$  ov] & ! 
residue cool$4 ,a piece ( alum9ium foil 
( ab\t six squ>e  in*es area is ti$ to a
 piece ( clean glass rod & sunk 9 !     
liquid4  ,! neck ( ! retort is gu>d$ by 
a tube conta9+ fragm5ts ( glass  moi/5$ 
) hydro*loric acid2 x is slop$1 s t any 

liquid spurt$  into ! neck w fl[ back   
into ! retort4 ,aft] re/+ sev]al h\rs  !
 neck ( ! retort is wa%$ d[n ) pure     
wat]1 ! cont5ts ( !  tube are transf]r$ 
to ! retort1 & ! cont5ts di/ill$ ov]1   
d[n  to ab\t an ounce 9 two or ?ree     
ounces wat] plac$ z a receiv]4 ,!       
cont5ts ( ! receiv] are made up to #bjj 
gra9s & ! ammonia is  e/imat$ 9 "o half 
by ,nessl]'s te/ z bel[ describ$4    ,an
 exce$+ly accurate eudiometric me?od has
 also be5 devis$ by ,dr  ,frankl&1 bas$ 
on ,crum's obs]vations1 t a highly      
conc5trat$  solution ( nitrates1 :5     
vigor\sly agitat$ ) m]cury & an excess  
( conc5trat$ pure sulphuric acid1 yields
 all its nitrog5 f !  nitrates &        
nitrites1 z nitric oxide1 a comp\nd     
occupy+ twice !  volume ( ! nitrog5 z   
nitrates4 ,! weight ( gas is easily     
calculat$  f ! volume measur$ 7#8,j\rnal
 ,*em4 ,soc41' ,m>*1 #ahfh74    ,organic
 ,contam9ation2 means (                 
e/imat+4----,messrs ,wanklyn &          
,*apman's me?od is mo/ g5]ally employ$4 

,x dep5ds on ! conv]sion  ( ! nitrog5 ( 
! organic matt] into ammonia & !        
employm5t (  ,nessl]'s te/ to e/imate   
?is ammonia4    ,nessl]'s ,te/4 #ejj gr4
 ( iodide ( potassium are dissolv$ 9 a  
small  quantity ( hot di/ill$ wat]1 & to
 ?is is gradually add$ a cold  saturat$ 
solution ( m]curic *loride till !       
precipitate produc$  ceases to be       
dissolv$ ^u /irr+4 ,to r5d] ?is alkal9e1
 add #bjjj  gr4 ( potassic hydrate &    
dilute ! volume to #aj1jjj gra9         
measures4 ,a  little m saturat$ m]curic 
*loride is add$1 & ! :ole all[$ to      
settle1 & ! cle> liquid decant$ (f4 ,!  
te/ %\ld h a slightly  yell[i% t9t4 ,if 
col\rless1 x is n s5sitive1 & m m]curic 
*loride mu/ be add$4    ,/&>d ,ammonia  
,solution4----,dissolve #bgafd gr4 (    
pure sulphate (  ammonium 9 #a gall4 (  
di/ill$ wat]4 ,= use dilute #ajj gr4 to 
#ajjj gr4  ,x w !n conta9 #a gr4 (      
ammonia 9 #ajj1jjj ( wat]4    ,9 ord] to
 e/imate ammonia sev]al six-ounce tall  
glass cyl9d]s1 free  f col\r1 are       

graduat$ at #ajjj gra9s4 ,"o ( ^! is    
fill$ up to  ! graduation m>k ) !       
ammonia to be e/imat$1 & ab\t #cj gr4 ( 
,nessl]'s reag5t add$ f a pipette4 ,!   
coloration produc$ is not$1  a second   
cyl9d] is fill$ ne>ly to ! m>k ) di/ill$
 wat]1 &  :at is ?\ght suffici5t ammonia
 to produce a simil> col\r to !  fir/   
run 91 & ! :ole made up to #ajjj gr41 & 
#cj gr4 ( ,nessl]  add$2 if aft] /&+    
five m9utes ! col\r 9 ! second is ! same
  z 9 ! wat] exam9$1 ! quantity (       
ammonia !y conta9 w be  equal2 b if ?is 
is n ! case a second trial mu/ be made1 
us+ m  or less /&>d ammonia z ! int5sity
 ( col\r is great] or less  ?an ! fir/4 
,aft] a little exp]i5ce1 m ?an two      
trials are r>ely  necess>y4             
,exam9ation4 7a7 ,free ,ammonia4 #gjjj  
gra9s 7a deci-gallon7 ( !  wat] to be   
analys$ is plac$ 9 a tabulat$ retort1 & 
to x is add$  half an ounce ( a         
sup]saturat$ solution ( c>bonate ( soda1
 made by  dissolv+ ignit$ c>bonate (    
soda 9 wat] free f ammonia4 ,!  cont5ts 

are di/ill$ ov] 9 two portions ( #ajjj  
gra9s ea*1 & !  second ,nessl]is$2 if x 
conta9s no ammonia1 ! di/illation may be
  /opp$2 if x does1 ! di/illation mu/ be
 cont9u$ & te/$ 9  portions ( #ejj gra9s
 till ! ammonia no long] c be detect$4  
,if  !re is mu* ammonia 9 ! cyl9d] ( !  
second #ajjj gra9s ! fir/  w probably   
conta9 too mu* to be conv5i5tly e/imat$1
 & !re=e  an aliquot "p dilut$ to #ajjj 
gra9s ) di/ill$ wat] free f  ammonia    
%\ld be us$4 ,! sum ( ! ammonia 9 ^!    
diff]5t portions  multipli$ by #aj gives
 gra9s p] gallon4    7b7 ,album9oid     
,ammonia4 ,to ! retort1 aft] all ! free 
ammonia has  be5 driv5 (f1 "o ounce ( a 
solution ( hydrate & p]manganate (      
potassium ( a /r5g? ( #bjjj gr4 (       
hydrate ( potassium & #hj gr4 (         
p]manganate to #aj1jjj gr4 ( wat] is    
add$1 & ! di/illation  cont9u$ until no 
m ammonia comes ov]1 collect+ !         
di/illate 9  portions ( #ajjj c4c4 z    
be=e4 ,! sum is ! album9oid ammonia     
d]iv$  f ! nitrog5\s organic matt]4     

,x is ( c\rse ess5tial t ! utmo/ c>e be 
tak5 to remove by  r9s+ or di/illation  
all traces ( ammonia f app>atus employ$4
  ,wat] :i* has be5 di/ill$ till free f 
ammonia %\ld alone be us$  9 e/imations 
& prep>ations ( solutions1 & ! alkal9e  
p]manganate %\ld lie boil$ = a %ort "t  
:5 made to expel  ammonia4    8,oxyg50  
,process4 ,?is is a useful process :5   
comp>+ wat]s (  simil> orig94 ,x is     
probably a m reliable measure ( !       
putresc5t  matt] pres5t ?an ! total     
organic contam9ation4 ,x is ess5tial  t 
! oxidiz+ ag5t potassium p]manganate be 
add$ 9 excess &  all[$ to /& ?ree h\rs4 
,! foll[+ me?od is v delicate  7vide ,dr
 ,tidy on ,potable ,wat]s1 #8,*em4 ,soc4
 ,j\rn41' ,janu>y1 #ahgi47    ,cleanse )
 sulphuric acid & ) tap wat] two flasks 
& place 9 "o  #ejj septems 7#a_/bj      
gall47 ( ! wat]1 9 ! o!r an equal       
quantity (  di/ill$ wat]4 ,add to ea*   
#bj septems 7#adj gr47 ( sulphuric acid 
7#a  "p pure acid to #c ( di/ill$ wat]7 
& #bj septems ( potassium  p]manganate &

 all[ to re/ = #c h\rs4 ,!n add to ea*  
flask a  c\ple ( drops ( an aque\s      
solution ( potassic iodide 7#a 9 #aj7 :5
  iod9e is lib]at$ equival5t to ! am\nt 
( p]manganate unact$ on by  ! wat]s4    
,obs]ve ! am\nt ( a sodic hyposulphite  
solution 7#ed gr4  9 #gjjj gr47 :i* mu/ 
be add$ to ea* to remove ?is free iod9e 
7judg+ ( ! exact spot by add+ t[>ds !   
end ( ! exp]im5t a  few drops ( />*74   
,! /r5g? ( ! potassic p]manganate       
solution is #b gr4 ( ! salt 9  #gjjj gr4
 to #a_/aj gall42 !re=e ! #bj septems w 
conta9 #jd gr4  p]manganate1 equival5t  
to #ja ( available oxyg54 ,! exp]im5t   
7,a7  ) ! am\nt ( hyposulphite us$ up = 
! blank di/ill$ wat]  %[s ! am\nt (     
hyposulphite equival5t to #bj septems or
 #ja gr4 (  oxyg54 ,!re=e ! am\nt (     
oxyg5 unconsum$ 9 ! wat] 7,b7 to be     
exam9$ 0 7,b_/,a7  #ja & ! am\nt 7,c7   
actually us$ up 0 7,a - ,b7_/,a   #ja = 
#ejj septems 7#a_/bj? gall74 ,!n ! oxyg5
 consum$ p] gallon  w\ld be ,a-,b x #b  
_/ ,a4 ,x is necess>y to p]=m ?is       

/&>dis+ (  hyposulphite ) e s]ies (     
exp]im5t on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to      
*ange4 ,dr ,tidy recomm5ds t 9 addition 
to ! ?ree h\rs' exp]im5t  "o ( a s+le   
h\r duration be execut$4 ,! high] !     
proportion (  oxyg5 consum$ 9 "o h\r to 
! oxyg5 consum$ 9 ?ree h\rs !  worse !  
wat]4    ,nitrites1 sulphurett$ hydrog51
 & f]r\s salts int]f]e ) ?is  te/1 & !re
 appe>s to be a diff]5t ratio betwe5 !  
oxyg5  consum$ & ! am\nt ( organic matt]
 accord+ to ! am\nt (  oxidation t has  
already tak5 place4 ,! organic matt] (  
deep wells  is proportionately lea/ act$
 ^u4    ,combu/ion me?ods4----,!        
8,frankl& & ,arm/rong process0 consi/s 9
  burn+ ) oxide ( copp] 9 vacuo !       
residue left on evaporat+ !  wat]1 &    
collect+ & measur+ 9 a suitable gas     
app>atus !  c>bonic acid1 & nitrog51 &  
nitric oxide proce$+ f ! organic  matt]4
 ,f ^! e/imations are calculat$ !       
organic c>bon &  nitrog54    ,?is me?od1
 ?\gh =m+ ! mo/ accurate means ( measur+
 organic  contam9ation1 is n 9 g5]al use

 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulties  att5d+  
,dr ,frankl&'s me?od ( analysis4        
,pr(essor ,dittm> & ,drs  ,dupr & ,hake 
h lately introduc$ processes by :i* !   
same results  may be obta9$ )\t         
necessitat+ ! use ( exp5sive gas        
app>atus4    ,dittm>'s                  
,c>bon4----,conc5trate a suitable       
quantity 7say #aj1jjj gr47 9 a  pe>-%ap$
 flask1 &1 aft] add+ "s saturat$        
solution ( sulphur\s  acid to expel     
c>bonates & nitrates1 evaporate to      
dryness 9 a glass  di% on a wat] ba?4   
,transf] ! residue f ! di% to a porcela9
 or  plat9um boat1 & introduce x into ! 
tail end ( a combu/ion tube1  fill$ ?ree
 f\r?s ( its l5g? ) oxide ( copp]1 &    
hav+ a roll  ( silv] gauze 9 ! front "p 
( ! tube4 ,previ\s to ! boat be+  put 91
 ?is tube is heat$ to r$ness1 & a /ream 
( air1 fre$ f  c>bonic acid1 pass$ ?r\gh
 x till ! gas :i* comes out no long]    
r5d]s cle> b>yta wat] turbid4 ,!        
combu/ion tube has atta*$ 9  front a    
small ,v-,%ap$ tube *>g$ ) *romic acid1 

dissolv$ 9 #fj p]  c5t4 sulphuric acid4 
,to x is p]man5tly fix$ a small tube    
fill$ )  calcic *loride1 & 9 front ( all
 is a small-weigh$ ,u-tube ! fir/  ?ree 
f\r?s ( :i* is fill$ ) soda lime1 & !   
o!r f\r? )  calcic *loride4 ,on turn+ ! 
gas on gradually f ! front to !  tail ! 
residue is at la/ rea*$1 & burnt 9 !    
/ream ( pure air4  ,! c>bonic acid giv5 
(f1 aft] be+ fre$ f sulphur\s anhydride 
by pass+ ?r\gh ! *romic acid solution & 
( moi/ure by !  calcic *loride1 passes  
into ! soda lime tube & is absorb$4 ,!  
increase 9 weight multipli$ by #c_/aa   
gives ! am\nt ( c>bon 9 !  am\nt ( wat] 
tak54    ,dittm>'s ,nitrog54 ,an am\nt (
 wat]1 ab\t half t tak5 = !  c>bon1 is  
evaporat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! residue is 
transf]r$ to a  l>ge copp] or silv]     
boat1 & mix$ ) ab\t #ej gra9s ( soda    
made  f pure sodium1 or ) a mixture (   
soda & b>yta1 & burnt 9 a  /ream (      
hydrog5 9 a %ort combu/ion tube1 :i* is 
clos$ 9 front by  a nitrog5 absorption  
bulb *>g$ ) exce$+ly weak acidulat$     

wat]4  ,! am\nt ( ammonia giv5 (f is    
e/imat$ by ! ,nessl] te/ z  describ$ "u 
8,ammonia40 ,subtract+ ! am\nt (        
inorganic ammonia !  residue multipli$  
by #ad_/ag yields ! quantity ( organic  
nitrog5 9  t volume ( wat]4    ,a few   
blank exp]im5ts mu/ be made to obs]ve & 
all[ correction =  ! am\nt ( exp]im5tal 
error4    ,c>bon me?od ( ,drs ,dupr &   
,hake4#bfa----,?is me?od appe>s to be  v
 accurate1 b x necessitates a numb] (   
m9ute precautions1 :i*  _c "h be        
p>ticul>is$4 ,a residue is obta9$ by    
evaporat+ !  wat] ei!r 9 ! ord9>y       
hemisph]ical glass di%1 or 9 an         
exce$+ly ?9 silv] "o1 :i* aft] be+      
ignit$ is support$ 9 a  plat9um         
hemisph]e ( conv5i5t size4 ,at ! close (
 ! evaporation  ?is di% is crumpl$ up   
)\t be+ h&l$ & introduc$ into a         
combu/ion tube1 simil> to t describ$ "u 
,dittm>'s process4 ,!  c>bonic acid is  
absorb$ 9 bright b>ic hydrate solution1 
& !  precipitat$ b>ic c>bonate is1 )    
suitable precautions to prev5t  access (

 impure air1 collect$ on a filt] & wa%$4
 ,x is dri$ &  weigh$4 ,! result divid$ 
by #aid gives ! weight ( organic c>bon4 
,z  ano!r me?od ( e/imat+ ! c>bon !     
au?ors propose to comp>e !  turbidity   
produc$ by ! c>bonic acid evolv$ f !    
combu/ion ( !  residue 9 solutions (    
basic acetate ( lead ) t produc$ by kn[n
  quantity ( c>bonic acid4    ,footnote 
#bfa3 #8,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\rn41' ,m>*1      
#ahgi4    ,pres4 ,! pres]vation ( ra9   
wat] 9 a /ate ( purity necessitates  !  
greate/ c>e 9 con/ruct+ ! tanks1        
especially if ! latt] are  und]gr\nd4 ,(
 eight samples ( /or$ ra9 wat] exam9$ by
 ! ,riv]  ,commission]s only "o 0 fit = 
dome/ic use1 ! o!rs 7 all  pollut$ by   
animal matt]4 ,/orage room suffici5t to 
hold #abj days'  supply w be f\nd       
suffici5t = ! drie/ di/rict4 ,! small   
ci/]ns = s]vice wat] %\ld n be plac$ 9  
positions :]e x c  receive ! emanation (
 wat] closets or sleep+ ap>tm5ts4 ,!y   
%\ld  be frequ5tly clean$ out4 ,! be/   
are made ( enamell$ slate or  prop]ly   

pa9t$ iron4 ,:]ev] possible a wat]      
s]vice %\ld be on !  con/ant supply     
sy/em4    ,= wells ! *ief precaution    
necess>y is to keep out surface &       
dra9age wat] by ma9ta9+ ! walls         
wat]-pro( = a consid]able  dep?4 ,on    
%ipbo>d wat] is pres]v$ 9 iron tanks or 
9 casks well  *>r$ on ! inside4 ,wat] _c
 be safely kept 9 copp] or lead5        
vessels1 & x receives a calc>e\s        
impregnation by contact ) lime1  mort>1 
slate1 or /one conta9+ lime4 ,! addition
 ( #a_/b to #a p]  c5t4 ( f9ely p[d]$   
b9oxide ( manganese mat]ially promotes  
pres]vation1 especially at sea1 :]e !   
motion ( ! vessel & !  subsequ5t        
agitation ( ! wat] increases ! po9ts (  
contact4 ,wat]  nev] putrefies 9 iron   
vessels or :5 "s fragm5ts ( metallic    
iron  are imm]s$ 9 x4 ,di/ill$ wat] %\ld
 be pres]v$ 9 glass bottles  or c>boys4 
,see ,,lotion1 ,,spirits1 ,,wat]1       
,,di/ill$ ,,eye ,,wat]1 ,,p]fum$        
,,wat]1 & ! articles bel[4    ,wat]1    
,soda4 ,ea* bottle ( ?is liquid %\ld    

conta9 at lea/ #ae  gra9s ( c>bonate (  
sodium1 b t ( ! %ops is usually no?+    
else b wat] highly *>g$ ) c>bonic       
anhydride4 ,n a p>ticle (  soda ent]s   
into its composition1 on :i* acc\nt x _c
 be  sub/itut$ = ! prep>ation ( !       
,ph>macopias4    ,to produce a sup]ior  
article ( soda wat]1 ! possession ( a   
p[]ful  arat+ & bottl+ ma*9e is         
absolutely necess>y4 ,! wat] employ$    
mu/ also be ( ! pure/ quality1 ! c>bonic
 anhydride well wa%$  ) wat]1 & ! corks 
s prep>$ t !y w n imp>t _!  peculi>     
flav\r to ! bev]age4 ,see ,,p[d]s1      
,,solution1 ,,w9es1 & ,,lead  ,,9       
,,a]at$ ,,wat]4    ,wat]1 ,t>4 ,see     
,,infusion ,,( ,,t>4    ,,wat]s         
7,di/ill$74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,wat]s1   
,,odorif]\s ,w41 ,,p]fum$ ,w42  ,,aqu   
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqu ,,de/illat 7,ph4 ,e4  
,d471 ,l4 ,pure wat]1 *>g$1 by          
di/illation1 ) ! volatile1 odor\s1 &    
aromatic pr9ciples (  plants4    ,prep4 
#a4 7,ph4 ,l47----a4 #b galls1 ( wat]   
are put into ! /ill along  ) ! vegetable

 matt] 7bruis$1 if necess>y71 b only #a 
gall4 is  drawn ov]4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l4      
#ahcf1 #g fl4 oz4 ( pro( _s 7 add$  be=e
 di/illation4    b4 ,take ( ! ess5tial  
oil ( ! plant1 #b fl4 dr42 p[d]$ silex1 
#b  dr42 triturate !m dilig5tly toge!r1 
& !n ) di/ill$ wat]1 #a  gall41         
gradually add$2 la/ly 7aft] briskly     
agitat+ ! :ole = "s  "t71 /ra9 !        
solution4    #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z #a1 a1 b 
add+ ( rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 oz41 be=e    
di/illation4    #c4 7,ph4 ,d474 ,f !    
respective ess5ces 7,ph4 ,d71 #a fl4    
oz42 di/ill$  wat]1 #b qu>ts2 agitat$   
well toge!r1 & !n filt]$ ?r\gh pap]4    
,! foll[+ are ! ,,aqu ,,de/illat ( !    
,briti% ,colleges1 ) "s  o!rs1 !        
quantities ref]r+ to a product ( #a     
gall41 to be prep>$  z above :5 n       
o!rwise direct$4    ,,angelica ,,wat]2  
,,aqua ,,angelic 7,p4 ,cod474 ,bruis$   
se$1 #a lb42 wat]1  q4 s41 di/il #d lbs4
    ,,anise$ ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,anisi 7,p4
 ,cod474 ,f se$s1 z ,,aqua ,,angelic4   
,,balm ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,meliss 7,p4     

,cod471 ,l4 ,fre% tops1 #ab lbs4        
,,b]gamot ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,b]gamii 7,l4 
#agdf74 ,b]gamot peel1 #e oz4           
,,bitt]-,,almond ,,wat]2 ,,aqu ,,amygdal
 ,,am>1 ,,aqua ,,amygdal>um ,,amab>um   
7,p4  ,cod471 ,l4 ,bitt]-almond cake 7f 
:i* ! oil has be5 express$71 #e  lbs42  
mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 & filt] ! di/ill$   
product ?r\gh  pap] previ\sly wett$ )   
pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,poison\s4----,dose1 
#aj  to #fj drops1 z a sub/itute =      
hydrocyanic acid4    ,,black            
,,mu/>d-,,se$ ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,s9apis   
,,nigr 7,guib\rt74 ,mix #a "p (  gr\nd  
black mu/>d se$ ) #h ( wat]2 mac]ate =  
#ab h\rs1 &  di/il #d p>ts1 by means (  
/eam conduct$ by a tube f a boil] to !  
bottom ( ! /ill4 ,filt] ?r\gh moi/5$    
pap] to sep>ate ! oil4  ,us$ ext]nally z
 a rubefaci5t4    ,,borage ,,wat]2      
,,aqua ,,borag9is 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fre%
 leaves1 #ab lbs4    ,,camphor ,,wat]2  
,,aqua ,,camphor 7,b4 ,p47 ,,mi/ura     
,,camphor4 ,enclose #a_/b oz4 (         
camphor1 brok5 into pieces1 9 a musl9   

bag1 & atta* ?is to "o end  ( a glass   
rod1 to keep x at ! bottom ( a bottle   
conta9+ #a gall1 (  di/ill$ wat]4       
,mac]ate = #b days1 !n p\r (f ! solution
 z  requir$4    ,,c>away ,,wat]2 ,,aqua 
,,c>ui 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,d474        
,c>away1 bruis$1 #a2  wat]1 #bj2 di/il  
#aj4    ,,casc>illa ,,wat]2 ,,aqua      
,,corticis ,,casc>ill 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4  
,casc>illa1  bruis$1 #c lbs4    ,,cassia
 ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 
,cassia1 bruis$1 #a-a_/b lb4    ,,ca/or 
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,ca/orei4 ,ca/or1 #d oz4
    ,,*amomile ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,an!midis
 7,ph4 ,g474 ,dri$ *amomile fl[]1 #b    
lbs42  wat]1 q4 s42 di/il #bj lbs4      
,,*]ry-,,laurel ,,wat]2 ,,aqua          
,,lauro-,,c]asi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4      
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4  7,b4 ,p47 ,fre%   
leaves ( common laurel1 #af1 wat]1 #ej2 
*op ! leaves1  cru% !m 9 a mort>1 &     
mac]ate !m 9 ! wat] = tw5ty-f\r  h\rs2  
di/il #bj ( ! liquid1 %ake ! product1   
filt] ?r\gh pap]1  & pres]ve 9 a /opp]$ 
bottle----#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fre% leaves1  

*opp$1 #aj  lbs4 7#aj lbs4----,ph4 ,d474
 ,to ! product add ( comp\nd _s (       
lav5d]1  #h fl4 oz12 agitate well1 &1 if
 milky1 filt] x 7?r\gh wet pap]----,ph4 
,d4 ,p4 ,cod474----,dose1 #aj to #fj    
drops1 z a sub/itute = hydrocyanic      
acid4 ,x is commonly imitat$ 9 trade by 
dissolv+ #ge drops 7m9ims7 (  ! oil (   
bitt] almonds 9 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 (       
rectifi$ _s1 agitat+  ! mixture ) w>m   
di/ill$ wat]1 #a gall41 & filt]+4       
,,c9namon ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,c9namomi 7,b4
 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 #a4     
,c9namon1  bruis$1 #ah oz42 or oil1 #b  
fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,c9namon1      
bruis$1 #a2  wat]1 #af2 di/il #h4       
,,clove ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,c>yophylli 7,p4
 ,cod471 ,l4 ,cloves1 bruis$1 #c lbs4   
,,cori&] ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,cori&ri4 ,z   
,angelica wat]4    ,,dill ,,wat]2 ,,aqua
 ,,ane?i 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4  
#a4 ,bruis$ se$1 #a-a_/b  lb42 or       
ess5tial oil1 #b fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4    
,p47 ,bruis$ fruit1 #a2 wat]1 #bj2      
di/il #aj4    ,,di/ill$ ,,wat]2 ,,aqua  

,,de/illata 7,b4 ,p474 ,take ( wat]1 #aj
 galls1 di/il  f a copp] /ate1 connect$ 
) a block-t9 worm2 reject ! fir/ #a_/b  
gall41 & pres]ve ! next #h galls4 ,x    
%\ld rema9 cle> on !  addition ( ei!r   
lime wat]1 *loride ( b>ium1 nitrate (   
silv]1  oxalate ( ammonia1 or           
hydrosulphuric acid 7sulphurett$        
hydrog574    ,,eld]-,,fl[] ,,wat]2      
,,aqua ,,sambuci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4     
,e471 ,l4 #a4 ,fre% eld]  fl[]s1 #aj    
lbs4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fre% eld] fl[]s1 
sep>at$ f !  /alks1 #a2 wat] #b2 di/il  
#a4    ,,f5nel ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,f,,niculi
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d47 ,l4 ,z  
,,dill ,,wat]4    ,,hyssop ,,wat]2      
,,aqua ,,hyssopi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fre% 
tops1 #ab lbs4    ,,eucalyptus ,,wat]4  
,syn4 ,,aqua ,,eucalypti4 ,prep4 ,dry   
leaves1 #a "p2 add  suffici5t wat] to   
yield #d p>ts ( product4    ,,hy/]ic    
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,hy/]ica4 ,comp\nd ( _s 
( bryony1 omitt+ !  bryony4    ,,junip] 
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,bacc ,,junip]i 7,p4    
,cod471 ,l4 ,b]ries1 bruis$1 #c lbs4    

,,lav5d] ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,lav5dul 7,p4  
,cod471 ,l4 ,fl[]+ tops1 #c lbs4        
,,lemon-,,peel ,,wat]2 ,aqua limonis    
7,e41 #ahag74 ,fre% lemon peel1 #b lbs42
  wat]1 q4 s42 di/il #aj lbs4           
,,lettuce ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,lactuc 7,p4  
,cod471 ,l4 ,fre% lettuces1 bruis$1 #ab 
lbs4    ,,lime-,,tree-,,fl[] ,,wat]2    
,,aqua ,,tilli4 ,f lime fl[]s1 z melilot
 wat]4    ,,lily ,,wat]2 ,,aqua         
,,liliorum ,,convallium 7,ph4 ,bruns474 
,fl[]s ( lily ( !  valley1 #a lb42 wat]1
 #d lbs42 di/il #b lbs4    ,,melilot    
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,mellioti 7,p4 ,cod471  
,l4 ,dri$ fl[]1 #c lbs4    ,,m9t ,,wat]1
 ,,spe>m9t ,w42 ,,aqua ,,m5? ,,viridis  
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d474  ,l4 #a4
 ,dri$ h]b1 #b lbs42 or fre% h]b1 #d    
lbs42 or ess5tial oil1 #b fl4           
dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,engli% oil (      
spe>m9t1 #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b     
gall42  di/il #a gall4                  
,,myrtle-,,fl[] ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,myrti4 
,myrtle fl[]s1 #c lbs42 wat]1 q4 s42    
di/il #a gall4    ,,opium ,,wat]2 ,,aqua

 ,,opii 7,ph4 ,g74 ,opium1 slic$ & dri$1
 #a oz4 ,put into a  glass retort ) #aj 
oz4 (4 wat]1 & di/il #e oz4             
,,orange-,,fl[] ,,wat]2 ,,aqua          
,,aurantii ,,floris 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471
 ,a4 ,,florum  ,,aurantii1 ,l4 8,wat]   
di/ill$ f ! fl[]s ( ,citrus ,big>adia1  
,risso1 & ,citrus ,aurantium1 ,d4 ,c40  
7,ph4 ,l47 ,orange fl[]s1 #aj lbs42     
pro( _s1 #g fl4 oz4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47   
,,orange-,,peel ,,wat]2 ,,aqua          
,,corticis ,,aurantii 7,l4 #agdf74 ,r9d 
( oranges1 #e  oz4    ,,origanum ,,wat]2
 ,,aqua ,,origani 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,dri$
 fl[]s1 #c lbs4    ,,pea* ,,wat]2 ,,aqua
 ,,p]sic 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fre% leaves1 
*opp$ small1 #ab  lbs42 z               
,,*]ry-,,laurel ,,wat]4    ,,pea*-,,leaf
 ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,p]sic 7,p4 ,cod474    
,fre% pea* leaves1 cut small1 #b  lbs42 
wat]1 #d lbs4 ,di/il g5tly #c lbs4      
,,p>sley-,,se$ ,,wat]2 ,,aqua           
,,petrosel9i 7,p4 ,cod474 ,f p>sley se$1
 z  angelica wat]4    ,,p5nyroyal       
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l4      

,e471 ,,aqua ,,m5? ,,pulegii 7,ph4      
,d471 ,l4 ,z ,,m9t ,,wat] 7above74      
,,pepp]m9t ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,m5? ,,pip]it
 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,z 
,,m9t ,,wat] 7above74    ,,pim5to       
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,pim5t3 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4  
,l41 ,e41  ,d474 ,l4 #a4 ,pim5to1       
bruis$1 #a lb42 or oil1 #b fl4          
dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pim5to1 bruis$1   
#a2 wat]1  #bc1 ne>ly2 di/il "o half4   
,,planta9-,,leaf ,,wat]2 ,,aqua         
,,plantag9is 7,p4 ,cod474 ,f fre%       
planta9  leaves1 z lettuce wat]4        
,,raspb]ry ,,wat]4 ,fre% raspb]ries1 #f 
lbs4    ,,r$-,,ant ,,wat]2 ,,aqua       
,,=mic>um4 ,di/ill$ f r$ ants ) wat]1 q4
 s4    ,,rhodium ,,wat]2 ,,aqua         
,,rhodii4 ,rhodium wood1 #a "p2 wat]1   
#h2 mac]ate1 &  di/il #d p>ts4          
,,rosem>y ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,rosm>9i1     
,,aqua ,,an?os4 ,rosem>y1 9 fl[]1 #a    
lb42  infuse #bd h\rs2 di/il #a gall4   
,,rose ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,ros 7,b4 ,p41   
,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,damask or    
hundr$-leav$ rose1 #aj lbs4 7,ph4 ,l4   

,e474----,otto #dj drops4 7,ph4         
,d47----,fre% cabbage-rose petals1 #a2  
wat]1 #b2 di/il #a 7,b4 ,p474    ,,rue  
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,rut4 ,fre% rue1 #a lb42
 mac]ate #bd h\rs2 di/il #a gall4       
,,sage ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,salvi 7,p4      
,cod471 ,l4 ,z ,,lav5d] ,,wat] 7above74 
,,sassafras ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,ligni      
,,sassafras 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,sassafras 
*ips1 #c  lbs4    ,,sassafras ,,wat]2   
,,aqua ,,sassafras 7,p4 ,cod474 ,f      
sassafras1 z melilot  wat]4             
,,scurvy-,,grass ,,wat]2 ,,aqua         
,,co*le>i 7,p4 ,cod474 ,fre% scurvy     
grass1 #h lbs4    ,,spe>m9t ,,wat]4 ,see
 ,,m9t ,,wat]4    ,,spiritu\s ,,wat]s4  
,_m ( ! di/ill$ spirits 7 =m]ly t]m$    
wat]s4    ,,spruce ,,fir ,,wat]2 ,,aqua 
,,abirtis 7,p4 ,cod474 ,bruis$ buds (   
spruce fir1 #b  lbs4    ,,/9k+          
,,goose-,,foot ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,*5opodii
 ,,valv>i4 ,/9k+ goose-foot1  #a lb42   
wat]1 #f lbs42 di/il #c lbs42 #a to #b  
oz4 9 hy/]ia4    ,,/rawb]ry ,,wat]2     
,,aqua ,,frag>i4 ,/rawb]ries1 #c lbs42  

wat]1 q4 s42  di/il #c lbs4    ,,tansy  
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,tanaceti 7,p4 ,cod471  
,l4 ,fl[]+ tops1 #f lbs4    ,,?yme      
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,?ymi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4  
,z ! la/4    ,,val]ian ,,wat]2 ,,aqua   
,,val]ian1 ,a4 ,,radicis ,v4 7,p4       
,cod471 ,l4 ,root bruis$1  #c lbs4      
,,vanilla ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,vanill1 ,l4  
,vanilla1 co>sely p[d]$1 #a lb42 salt1  
#e  lbs42 wat] #b-a_/b galls42 mac]ate =
 #bd h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 !n  di/il #a
 gall4    ,,violet ,,wat]2 ,,aqua       
,,viol4 ,violets1 #a "p2 wat]1 #d2 aft] 
#f h\rs di/il  #b p>ts4    ,,wormwood   
,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,abs9?ii 7,p4 ,cod474   
,wormwood tops1 #d lbs4    ,uses1 c4    
,di/ill$ wat]s are mo/ly employ$ z      
vehicles or p]fumes4  ,a few1 z         
bitt]-almond1 *]ry-laurel1 & pea* wat]1 
are poison\s 9  doses l>g] ?an a few    
drops4 ,! dose ( ! aromatic or c>m9ative
  wat]s1 z ^? ( dill1 c>away1 pepp]m9t1 
p5nyroyal1 c41 is a  w9e-glassful1 ad   
libitum4    ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 !     
prep>ation ( di/ill$ wat]s = m$ical     

purposes ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to    
prev5t contam9ation f  contact ) ei!r   
copp]1 lead1 or z9c1 s9ce ^! metals are 
gradually oxidis$ & dissolv$ by !m4 ,9  
prep>+ !m f !  ess5tial oils1 silica1 9 
impalpable p[d]1 is ! be/ sub/ance t  c 
be employ$ to promote ! division &      
diffusion ( ! oil1 z  direct$ 9 ! ,ph4  
,l4 ,magnesia & sug>1 =m]ly us$ = !     
purpose1  are objectionable2 z ! fir/ n2
 only decomposes a portion ( ! oil1  b !
 wat] is apt to dissolve a little ( x1 &
 is h5ce r5d]$  unfit to be us$ z a     
solv5t = metallic salts1 m especially = 
corrosive sublimate & nitrate ( silv]2  
:il/ ! o!r causes !  wat] to f]m5t &    
acetify4    ,9 ! di/illation ( wat]s    
int5d$ = p]fum]y ! utmo/ c>e is         
requisite to produce a highly fragrant  
article4 ,! /ill %\ld be  furni%$ ) a   
high & n>r[ neck1 & ! heat ( /eam1 or a 
salt-wat] ba?1 %\ld alone be employ$4 ,!
 fir/ #b or #c fl4 oz4 ( !  runn+s %\ld 
be reject$1 except :5 _s is us$1 & !    
rema9d]  collect$ until ! prop] quantity

 be obta9$1 :5 ! :ole product  %\ld be  
mix$ toge!r1 z di/ill$ wat]s            
progressively decrease 9  /r5g? ! long] 
! process is cont9u$4 ,:5 a v sup]ior   
article  is desir$1 ! wat]s may be      
r$i/ill$ by a g5tle heat1 ! fir/ two    
?irds only be+ pres]v$4 ,! h]bace\s od\r
 ( rec5tly di/ill$  wat]s is remov$ by  
keep+ !m = "s mon?s1 loosely cov]$ 9 a  
cold cell>4    ,:5 di/ill$ wat]s h be5  
c>efully prep>$1 s t none ( !  liquor 9 
! /ill has #8spirt$' ov] into ! cond5s+ 
worm1 !y keep  well1 & are n liable to  
*ange2 b :5 ! rev]se is ! case1 !y      
frequ5tly become ropy & viscid4 ,! be/  
rem$y = ?is is to r$i/il  !m4 ,wat]s :i*
 h acquir$ a burnt smell 9 ! #8/ill+'   
lose x  by freez+4 ,di/ill$ wat]s may be
 prev5t$ f turn+ s\r by  add+ a little  
calc9$ magnesia to !m1 & ^? :i* h begun 
to  spoil may be recov]$ by add+ #a gr4 
ea* ( borax & alum to ! p9t4  ,! doctor+
 is n1 h[ev]1 to be recomm5d$1 & %\ld   
nev] be  adopt$ = ^? us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,a   
drop ( solution ( t]*loride (  gold add$

 to ^! wat]s %[s :e!r !y conta9 any     
uncomb9$  ess5tial oil1 by =m+1 9 t     
case1 a f9e metallic film on !  surface4
 ,aft] di/ill$ wat]s h acquir$ _! full  
od\r1 !y  %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ 9    
well-/opp$ bottles4 ,su* h\ses keep a   
sep>ate /ill = ea* ( ! m delicate p]fum$
 wat]s1 z x is  extremely difficult to  
remove any od\r t adh]es to ! body ( !  
/ill & worm4 ,! addition ( ! small      
quantity ( _s ord]$ 9  ! ,ph4 ,e4 & ,ph4
 ,l4 #ahcf1 9 ! prep>ation ( _! wat]s1 9
 no way  t5ds to promote _! pres]vation4
    ,9 g5]al1 ! druggi/ draws (f #b     
galls41 or m1 ( wat] f !  quantities ( !
 h]bs1 b>ks1 se$s1 or fl[]s1 ord]$ 9 !  
,ph>macopias2 h5ce ! inf]ior quality ( !
 wat]s ( ! %ops4 ,!y  d1 h[ev]1 v well =
 vehicles4 ,! p]fum]s1 on ! contr>y1 use
  an excess ( fl[]s1 or at lea/ res]ve  
only ! fir/ & /rong]  portion ( ! wat] t
 di/ils ov]1 ! rema9d] be+ collect$ &   
us$ = a second di/illation ( fre% fl[]s4
    ,! mo/ beautiful di/ill$ wat]s are  
^? prep>$ 9 ! s\? (  ,france1 & :i* are 

import$ into ,engl& "u ! ,fr5* names4   
,?us  eau de rose1 eau de fleurs        
d'oranges1 c41 are imm5sely sup]ior to !
  be/ ,engli% rose or orange-fl[] wat]1 
c4 ,! wat] t di/ils ov]  9 ! prep>ation 
( ! ess5tial oils is usually ( ! /ronge/
 &  f9e/ class4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,oils   
7,volatile71 ,,spirits 7,p]fum$71       
,,vegetables1 c4    ,,wat]s 7,eye74     
,syn4 ,,collyria1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f     
di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a  fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]
 #a_/b p9t4 ,half a fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$  
_s1 or  #a fl4 oz4 ( br&y1 is (t5 add$4 
,9 simple *ronic oph?almia1 ble>  eyes1 
c41 also to remove p>ticles ( lime f !  
eyes4    #b4 ,sug> ( lead1 #aj gr42 pure
 v9eg>1 #a_/b teaspoonful2 di/ill$ wat]1
  #a_/b p9t4 ,9 oph?almia1 z soon z     
active inflammation ceases2 also z  !   
la/4    #c4 ,w9e ( opium1 #b fl4 dr42   
sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1  
#a_/b p9t4 ,a/r+5t & anodyne2 9 pa9ful  
oph?almia & extreme  irritability4      
#d4 ,opium1 #ae gr42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 
oz42 :5 cold1 add ( solution (  acetate 

( ammonia1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 & filt]4 ,z 
! la/4    #e4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr42 
di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 ,au  
excell5t a/r+5t wat] 9 *ronic oph?almia1
 weak & irritable1  eyes1 c4    #f4     
,sulphate ( copp]1 #aj gr42 camphor     
mixture 7julep71 #a_/b p9t2  dissolve4  
,9 ! purul5t oph?almia ( infants4       
,i4 ,,table exhibit+ ! ,composition (   
sev]al (                  ! m celebrat$ 
,,m9]al ,,wat]s4                  #af   
fl4 oz4 9 ! foll[+ ,+r$i5ts3----        
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,nitrog5,c>bonic ,sulphurett$           
,c>bonate,c>bonate,c>bonate,sulphate,sul
phate                   9               
cubicanhydridehydrog5 9  (       (      
(       (      ( mag-     ,,wat]s4      
in*es4 9       cubic in*es4sodium       
magnesiumcalcium  sodium  nesium 9      
cubic                 9       9       9 
9      gra9s4                           
in*es4               gra9s4  gra9s4     

gra9s4  gra9s4                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------    ,,c>bonat$4                 
,seltz]                 #ag             
#d       #e       #c                    
,pyrmont                 #bf            
#aj       #de                #ee    ,spa
                     #ac                
#ae      #de      #ae                   
,c>lsbad                 #e             
#e                #ae       #he         
,p\ges                  #cj             
#aj       #ab     #ab                   
,sa9t ,p>ize            #bb             
#je     #aae                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------    ,,*alybeate4                
,tunbridge       #jei     #a      trace 
#jjc               ,*elt5ham            
(                                       
,*alybeate             #be     oxyg5    
#je                        #bbg      #f 
,brighton                 #bb           

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------    ,,sal9e4                    
,seidlitz                               
#be      #jh              #ahj          
,*elt5ham                               
#ae      #aa      ,pure ,sal9e          
,bri/ol                  #ce            
#ae       #ae      ,buxton          #jb 
#ac                ,ba?                 
#ab                                     
#jh       #ae      ,sc>bor\gh           
a trace    #bj       ,b>ges             
unc]ta9     #be              ditto      
,plombires                              
#bb               #jc       #bc         
,kilburn                  #ce      #hed8
                 #je      #a       #ab  
#cg    ,leam+ton                        
,new ,ba?      #jd     a trace   a trace
                                 #ai    
,leam+ton                               
,old ,ba?      #jc      ditto           
#ge      #g                             
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
--------    ,,sulphur\s4                
,h>rogate       #jh      #a       #bc   
#jg      #be                #ac         
,m(fat          #je      #jf      #ab   
,aix-la-,*apelle                   #ee  
#ab                #db                  
,*elt5ham                               
,sulph4 ,spr+                   #ae     
#bce      #e                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,sulphate,*loride,*loride ,*loride      
,f]ric ,silica4,temp]-,total (          
,,au?ority4                     (      (
      ( magne-( calcium,oxide4          
ature4 sal9e                    ,,wat]s4
       calcium sodium  sium 9  9        
cont5ts4                 7,repeat$47   9
      9      gra9s4  gra9s4             
gra9s4 gra9s4                           

----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------    ,,c>bonat$4             
,seltz]                 #ag             
,cold   #bi     ,b]gman4        ,pyrmont
          #he     #ae                   
#jf           ditto  #cjf      ,ditto4  
,spa                      #jb           
#jf           ditto   #hc      ,ditto4  
,c>lsbad                 #de            
a trace #jc    #afe   #aih    ,klapro?4 
,p\ges                   #bb            
#be    #je    ,cold   #bhd              
,hass5tratz4    ,sa9t ,p>ize    #ace    
ditto  #be       ,ditto4                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------    ,,*alybeate4            
,tunbridge       #jag     #jcj   #jjc   
#jje     #jbh           ditto   #jhf    
,scudamore4     ,*elt5ham               
,p>kes           ,*alybeate    #be      
#dac                      #jh           
ditto  #gch        ,br&e4    ,brighton  
#d       #c     #jge              #ad   

#jad   ditto   #ibi    ,m>cet4          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------    ,,sal9e4                
,seidlitz        #e              #de    
ditto #aibh     ,b]gman4       ,*elt5ham
      #de     #ej                       
,p>kes           ,pure ,sal9e           
ditto  #hje        ,br&e4    ,bri/ol    
#ae      #je    #a                      
#gd    #f      ,c>rick4       ,buxton   
#jc      #jb                       #jjc 
#hb    #ahc    ,pe>son4       ,ba?      
#i       #cc                      a     
trace #jb    #aaf   #adh     ,phillips4 
,sc>bor\gh     #i                       
ditto         ,cold   #bi      ,saund]s4
      ,b>ges        a trace   #je       
#abj    #c        ,ditto4               
,plombires               #ae            
#jc     8      #ff     ,vanquel94       
,kilburn         #ee      #be    #ee    
#jb      a trace        ,cold   #fdb    
,s*meiss]4    ,leam+ton                 
,new ,ba?     #ad      #ec     #ae      

#jh           ditto  #hhc     ,lambe4   
,leam+ton                               
,old ,ba?     #ah      #da              
ditto  #gce       ,ditto4               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------    ,,sulphur\s4            
,h>rogate               #gg     #aa     
#ae                     ditto  #id      
,g>net4        ,m(fat                   
#de                                     
ditto   #de       ,ditto4               
,aix-la-,*apelle          #e            
#adc   #bab     ,b]gman4       ,*elt5ham
                                        
,p>kes           ,sulph4 ,spr+ #ab      
#ce                        #jc          
,cold    #fe        ,br&e4              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------                ,,ii4       
,,table exhibit+ ! ,composition ( !     
pr9cipal ,,m9]al ,,wat]s ( ,,g]many1 & (
 !            ,,s>atoga ,,congress      
,,spr+ ( ,,am]ica1 re-arrang$           

expressly = ?is "w4                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------     ,gra9s ( anhydr\s         
,adelheids-,quelle4                     
,fa*+54          +r$i5ts 9              
,aus*[itz4 ,f]d9&s-,brunn54             
,kiss5g54 ,ragozi4     "o p\nd troy4    
,c>lsbad4                               
,kr5zna*4                               
,eg]4 ,franz5s-,brunn54       ,eliz5-   
,ems4                 ,brunn54          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--                                      
,c>bonate ( ,soda          #ebddc #deigf
 #gbgab #chiad #hjfbeabccbh  444    444 
,c>bonate ( ,li?ia        #jjijb #jjejg 
#jjaej #jjbhb #jjdje  444    444    444 
,c>bonate ( ,b>yta        #jjjbd  444   
444    444   #jjjbb  444    444    444  
,c>bonate ( ,/rontia      #jjchg #jjjdj 
#jjjee #jjjbc #jjjhj  444   #jjeib  444 
,c>bonate ( ,lime          #jdgjc #cjjhe
 #aggge #aceja #jheee #ahffg #dhahj     

#jbjeh    ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia         
#jbihj #bbhfg #ajbge #jejdj #jeiae      
#abihc #acahe #aahab    ,c>bonate       
7,proto7 ,manganese #jjjab #jjfib #jjjdh
 #jjcbb #jjjbh  444   #jjaba #jjjgb     
,c>bonate ( 7,proto7 ,iron  #jjaba      
#jbiie #jjbjh #jagfb #jjabj  444        
#jacig #jadie    ,sub-,phos4 ( ,lime    
444    444   #jjjab #jjagb  444   #jjjfa
  444    444    ,sub-,phos4 ( ,alum9a   
444   #jjjdj #jjjai #jjjib #jjjad  444  
444    444    ,sulphate ( ,potassa      
#jjjff  444    444    444   #jdjej  444 
#abedj  444    ,sulphate ( ,soda        
444  #afijbbadijaiahcghe  444   #jabfg  
444    444    ,sulphate ( ,li?ia        
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444    ,sulphate ( ,lime         
444    444    444    444    444    444  
#eedhe  444    ,sulphate ( ,/rontia     
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444    ,sulphate ( ,magnesia     
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444    ,nitr4 ( ,magnesia        
444    444    444    444    444    444  

444    444    ,*lor4 ( ,ammonium        
444    444    444    444    444    444  
#jjcfd  444    ,*lor4 ( ,potassium      
#jahde  444    444    444   #jjcch  444 
444   #jgbhg    ,*lor4 ( ,sodium        
#bhdfjh #fgdgb #eihbj #fibbi #egbee     
#cbccgcicgccedfiag    ,*lor4 ( ,li?ium  
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444   #jjefb    ,*lor4 ( ,calcium       
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444   #igceh    ,*lor4 ( ,magnesium     
444    444    444    444    444    444  
#cfeii  444    ,*lor4 ( ,b>ium          
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444   #jbcff    ,*lor4 ( ,/rontium      
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444   #jedid    ,bromide ( ,sodium      
#jcjfj  444    444    444    444    444 
#jccca #jbcjd    ,iodide ( ,sodium      
#jaejj  444    444    444    444    444 
444   #jjjbd    ,fluoride ( ,calcium    
444    444   #jjahd  444   #jjjad  444  
444    444    ,alum9a                   
#jjaff  444    444    444    444    444 
444   #jjjhf    ,silica                 

#jaibb #jejbc #jdcbi #jcedh #jcajd      
#jjfeg #jafji #jbcee                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---    ,total ,sal9e cont5ts            
#cedgcicddgaicadfjfcaffgjafjebeahicjjefg
acffhjaij    ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas 9 #ajj 
#aj    #aed     #eh     #aed     #ea    
#ace     #if     #ab       cubic in*es  
,spru4 #afe                             
,neub4 #ach      ,kess4 #aag            
,temp]ature1 ,fahr4          #eh    #di 
,mhl4 #abh #ed  ,krn4  #hd  #ej     #ec 
#dg                                     
,!r4 #abb                               
,au?orities                  ,a      ,b 
,c      ,c      ,a       ,d      ,a     
,a                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--     ,gra9s ( anhydr\s                
,pyrmont4                           ,spa

 ,p\hon4     +r$i5ts 9                  
,s>atoga ,congress ,spr+4               
"o p\nd troy4                           
,s*lesis*]4 ,ob]salz-,brunn54           
,m>i5bad4 ,kreuzbr4                     
,seids*utz4                             
,pllna4                                 
,selt]s4                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--                                      
,c>bonate ( ,soda          #ecdii  444  
444   #jhbfa #gfbaa  444   #dfafb #jeeca
    ,c>bonate ( ,li?ia        #jjheh    
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444      ,c>bonate ( ,b>yta         444 
444    444    444    444    444   #jjjad
  444      ,c>bonate ( ,/rontia         
#jjjbh  444    444   #jjfgb #jjagj  444 
#jjadd  444      ,c>bonate ( ,lime      
#bieji #jegge #dggha #eheca #aedfd      
#eajde #adjjd #jgchg    ,c>bonate (     
,magnesia      #bjcij #dhjde  444       
#daaee #aedif #jhbce #aejjj #jhdba      
,c>bonate 7,proto7 ,manganese #bjbhh    

444   #jjcfd #jjbjb #jjjbf #jjjcb  444  
#jjchi    ,c>bonate ( 7,proto7 ,iron    
#jacai  444   #jcbac #jjagc #jjcef      
#jjjie  444   #jbhac    ,sub-,phos4 (   
,lime           444   #jjjbf  444    444
    444   #jjaag #jjjjg #jjajb          
,sub-,phos4 ( ,alum9a        444    444 
#jjaaj  444    444   #jjjhh #jjjbj      
#jjjfd    ,sulphate ( ,potassa          
444   #cfjjj #jjcad #jacgi #jcafj #cfgje
 #jbigh #jjeic    ,sulphate ( ,soda     
#bhehfhibhejj #afjib  444   #beajfagfbbj
  444   #jjbha    ,sulphate ( ,li?ia    
444    444   #jjjfg  444    444    444  
444    444      ,sulphate ( ,lime       
444   #aiejj #ejbfe  444    444   #aabhg
  444    444      ,sulphate ( ,/rontia  
444    444   #jjaed  444    444   #jjcdg
  444    444      ,sulphate ( ,magnesia 
444  #fihade #bcfhd  444    444  #fbcece
  444    444      ,nitr4 ( ,magnesia    
444    444    444   #jajjd  444   #eicjb
  444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,ammonium    
444    444    444   #jjcbf #jjafd  444  
444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,potassium     

444    444    444   #afbef  444    444  
#jbfhe  444      ,*lor4 ( ,sodium       
#ajagbg  444    444  #aiffec #jhfhb  444
  #abifij #jccga    ,*lor4 ( ,li?ium    
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,calcium       
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,magnesium     
444  #adgdie #jhdej  444    444   #abbbc
  444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,b>ium       
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444      ,*lor4 ( ,/rontium      
444    444    444    444    444    444  
444    444      ,bromide ( ,sodium      
444    444    444   #jafac #jjjea  444  
444    444      ,iodide ( ,sodium       
444    444    444   #jjjdf  444    444  
444    444      ,fluoride ( ,calcium    
444    444    444    444    444    444  
#jjjac  444      ,alum9a                
#jjjbc  444    444   #jjjfi  444    444 
444    444      ,silica                 
#jbijh #jacbj #jcgbg #jaaab #jbdbc      
#jjijj #jbbfe #jcgci                    
----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------
--    ,total ,sal9e cont5ts             
#eafdaghhdhjfaedbbacbgdebadgcjiihjaccbab
ihb #cbfia    ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas 9 #ajj
    #aje     #g     #afj    #aad     #ih
     #bj    #abf    #acf        cubic   
in*es                                   
,temp]ature1 ,fahr4           #ec    #eh
    #ef    #ej   #eh     #eh    #eh     
#eh                                     
,au?orities                   ,c      ,a
      ,a      ,e      ,a      ,a        
,a     ,a                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--    ,au?orities3 ,a ,/ruve4 ,b ,/e9m4 
,c ,b]zelius4 ,d ,bis*(f4 ,e ,s*weitz4  
#g4 ,camphor julep1 #e fl4 oz42 solution
 ( acetate ( ammonia & rose  wat]1 ( ea*
 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,= weak or swoll5
 eyes1 p>ticul>ly  aft] oph?almia4      
#h4 ,*loride ( b>ium1 #cj gr42 di/ill$  
wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,9 !  oph?almia (      
scr(ul\s & syphylitic habits4    #i4    
7,bate's47 ,f blue vitriol1 #ae gr42    

camphor1 #d gr42 hot wat]1 #a_/d  p9t2  
agitate 9 a cork$ bottle1 &1 :5 cold1   
make x up to #d p9ts1  & filt]4 ,9      
purul5t oph?almia & ble> eyes4    #aj4  
7,g\l>d's47 ,f solution ( diacetate (   
lead1 #af drops2 di/ill$  wat]1 #a_/b   
p9t2 mix4 ,z ,no4 #b4    #aa4 7,krim]47 
,hydro*loric acid1 #bj drops2 mucilage1 
#a dr42 wat]1 #b fl4  oz4 ,to remove    
p>ticles ( iron or lime f ! eye4    #ab4
 7,m>%all's #8,,eye-,,drops1'7 ,nitrate 
( silv]1 #b gr42 dilute nitric  acid1 #b
 drops2 pure s(t or di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4
 oz42 dissolve2 add  p[d]$ gum1 #ae gr42
 agitate until dissolv$1 & ! next day   
decant !  cle> portion4    #ac4 7,p4    
,cod47 ,extract ( opium1 #d gr42 rose   
wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolv$4  ,9 pa9ful  
oph?almia4    ,,wat]s 7,m9eral74 ,syn4  
,,sal9e ,,wat]s2 ,,aqu ,,m9]ales1 ,l4   
,our space  w n p]mit a description ( ^!
 individually4 ,! tables giv5 on  pages 
#agdf-g1 exhibit+ _! composition1 w1    
h[ev]1 enable !  read]1 ) a little      
att5tion1 to produce artificial wat]s m 

closely  resembl+ ! natural ones ?an c  
be done by adopt+ any ( !  num]\s =mul  
publi%$ = ! purpose4 ,! #8a]at$ wat]s'  
are  *>g$ ) #e or #f times _! volume (  
c>bonic acid gas1 by means (  ! app>atus
 employ$ by ! soda-wat] manufactur]s4   
,on ! small scale  ! gas is (t5 produc$ 
by ! reaction ( ! +r$i5ts on ea*  o!r1 9
 :i* case1 on ! introduction ( ! latt]1 
! bottle mu/  be in/antly clos$ &       
inv]t$4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 or filt]$ ra9    
wat]1  %\ld alone be employ$ 9 _!       
composition2 & = ! *alybeat$ &          
sulphurett$ wat]s x %\ld be fir/ boil$1 
& all[$ to cool out (  contact ) ! air4 
,9 addition to ! tables x may be rem>k$ 
t traces ( iod9e h  be5 f\nd 9 ! wat] ( 
,*elt5ham 7old well71 traces ( brom9e 9 
!  wat] ( ,epsom1 & traces ( bo? brom9e 
& iod9e 9 t (  ,leam+ton 7royal pump74  
,manganese has be5 f\nd 9 ! wat]s (     
,tunbridge1 ,c>lsbad1 ,spa1 ,pyrmont1   
,m>i5bad1 ,saids*ts1 c4 ,traces (       
phosphoric & fluoric acid h also be5    
f\nd 9 "s m9]al wat]s4  ,x is ! op9ion (

 _m high au?orities t ! m$ic9al virtues 
(  ^! wat]s dep5d m on ! m9ute          
quantities ( ! above sub/ances1  & !    
high /ate ( dilution 9 :i* !y are held1 
?an on _! m  abundant sal9e +r$i5ts4    
,,wat] 7,p]fum$74 ,syn4 ,,aqu ,,odorif]1
 ,l4 ,! simple di/ill$  wat]s ( ! p]fum]
 h be5 already notic$ 7see page #agde74 
,!y may  be prep>$ f any sub/ances :i*  
imp>ts its fragrance to wat] by         
di/illation4 ,! comp\nd wat]s 7eaux7    
employ$ z p]fumes consi/ (  v pure      
rectifi$ _s1 hold+ 9 solution ess5tial  
oils1 or o!r  odor\s matt]1 & resemble !
 esprits1 ess5ces1 & spirits1 be=e      
notic$4 ,!y diff] f extraits 9 be+ mo/ly
 col\rless1 or ne>ly  s1 & 9 be+ g5]ally
 prep>$ by di/illation1 or by ! addition
 (  ! pure ess5tial oils or ess5ces to  
c>efully rectifi$ & p]fectly  sc5tless  
_s2 :]eas ! extraits are mo/ly &        
pref]ably prep>$  by mac]at+ ! fl[]s1   
c41 9 ! _s1 or by dige/+ ! _s  ) ! oils1
 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,spirits          
7,p]fum$74 ,extraits  are pref]r$ to    

eaux & esprits z ! basis ( good p]fum]y1
 :]e  ! col\r is n objectionable4    ,! 
foll[+ are a few additional =mul &      
rem>ks3----    ,,angel ,,wat]1          
,,portugal ,w4 ,f orange-fl[] & rose    
wat]1 ( ea* #a  p9t2 myrtle wat]1 #a_/b 
p9t2 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a_/b fl4 oz42  
ess5ce  ( musk1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 %ake !m  
well toge!r = "s h\rs1 !n filt]  !      
mixture ?r\gh pap]4    ,,eau ,d',,ange1 
,fr42 ,,aqua ,,myrti1 ,l4 ,f myrtle     
fl[]s1 #c-a_/b lbs42 wat]1 #b  galls42  
di/il a gallon4 ,a pleasant p]fume4     
,,eau ,d',,ange ,,b\ill,e1 ,fr4 ,f rose 
wat] & orange-fl[] wat]1 ( ea*  #c p9ts2
 b5zo91 #a_/b lb42 /orax1 #a_/d lb42    
c9namon1 #a oz42 cloves1 #a_/b  oz42 #c 
fre%-empti$ musk bags2 dige/ 9 a        
securely cov]$ vessel1 at  ne>ly ! boil+
 heat1 = #b h\rs1 !n all[ x to cool2    
/ra9 (f  ! cle>1 press ! rema9d]1 &     
filt] = use4 ,v fragrant4    ,,eau      
,d',,ange ,,di/ill,e1 ,fr4 ,f b5zo91 #d 
oz42 /orax1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b  oz42 
calamus & c9namon1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42     

cori&] se$s1 #a dr4 7all  bruis$72 wat]1
 #c qu>ts2 di/il #b qu>ts4 ,eau d',ange 
di/ille et  musque is made by add+ a    
little ess5ce ( musk to ! di/ill$       
product4 ,bo? are highly fragrant4      
,,eau ,,de ,,lav&e1 ,,lav&] ,,wat]4 ,see
 ,,spirits 7,p]fum$74    ,,eau ,,de     
,,naphre1 ,,eau ,,le ,,naphe1 ,fr42     
,,aqua ,,naph1 ,l4 ,?is article is      
di/ill$  9 ,langu$oc f ! leaves ( !     
big>ade1 or bitt]-orange tree1 b  !     
prep>ation sold 9 ,engl& "u ?is "n is   
(t5 prep>$ z  foll[s3----,orange fl[]s1 
#g lbs42 fre% yell[ peel ( ! big>ade or 
,seville orange1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #b    
galls42 mac]ate #bd h\rs1 & di/il #a    
gall4 ,9 _m cases ord9>y orange-fl[]    
wat] is sold = eau de naphe4    ,,rose  
,,wat]4 ,f otto ( roses1 #c dr42        
rectifi$ _s 7w>m71 #a p9t2  dissolve1   
add ( hot wat]1 #aj galls42 mix 9 a     
#ab-;gallon c>boy1 cork1  & well agitate
 ! :ole until q cold4 ,?is makes !      
ord9>y rose  wat] ( ! %ops1 & is really 
excell5t1 b x is bett] =  di/illation4  

,see ,,wat]s 7,di/ill$74    ,,unp>allel$
 ,,wat]2 ,,eau ,,incomp>able1 ,fr4 ,f   
oil ( lemon1 #d dr42 oil (  b]gamot1    
#b-a_/b dr42 oil ( c$rat1 #b dr42       
rectifi$ _s1 #c-a_/b p9ts2  ,hung>y     
wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mix1 & di/il all b #i  
oz4 7,guib\rt47                         
,,supplem5t>y ,,table ,,( ,,m9]al       
,,wat]s4              ,,apoll9>is       
,,brun54      ,c>bonate ( soda          
#ife gra9s4    ,c>bonate ( magnesia     
#cci   0    ,c>bonate ( lime       #jde 
0    ,*loride ( sodium      #ceg   0    
,sulphate ( soda        #bcj   0        
,oxide ( iron          #jae   0         
,alum9a                    ,silica      
#jjf   0                                
------------                            
#aiei    ,c>bonic acid          #dgjd   
7,,bi%47    ,! above are ! cont5ts ( #af
 oz4 ,temp4 ,fahr4 #gj4                 
,,bad5-,,bad54 ,9 #af oz4      ,*loride 
( sodium                      #afebj    
gr4    ,bic>bonate ( lime               
#abgc   0    ,bic>bonate ( magnesia     

#jjdb   0    ,bic>bonate ( protoxide (  
iron         #jjcg   0    ,bic>bonate ( 
protoxide ( manganese   traces          
,bic>bonate ( ammonia                   
#jjej   0    ,sulphate ( lime           
#aeef   0    ,sulphate ( pota%          
#jjag   0    ,phosphate ( lime          
#jjba   0    ,ars5iate ( iron           
traces    ,*loride ( magnesium          
#jjig   0    ,*loride ( potassium       
#abeh   0    ,bromide ( sodium          
traces    ,silica                       
#jiad   0    ,alum9a                    
#jjjh   0    ,nitrates                  
traces                                  
----------------                        
#bbjic  gr4    ,free c>bonic acid       
#jbii   0                               
7,buns547              ,,fri$ri*%all4 ,9
 #af oz4      ,sulphate ( soda          
#dfea  gr4    ,sulphate ( magnesia      
#ciee   0    ,*loride ( sodium          
#faaj   0    ,*loride ( magnesium       
#cjbe   0    ,bromide ( magnesium       
#jcg   0    ,sulphate ( pota%           

#aeb   0    ,sulphate ( lime            
#ajcd   0    ,c>bonate ( lime           
#jaa   0    ,c>bonate ( magnesia        
#aaf   0    ,silica                     
#jcc   0                                
------------                            
#aijbe  gr4    ,c>bonic acid            
#ecb  c4 i4                             
7,,liebig47              ,,toeplitz4 #af
 oz4 ,temp41 #ad ,fahr4      ,sulphate (
 pota%                    #jjih gr4     
,sulphate ( soda                        
#jbij  0    ,c>bonate ( soda            
#bfce  0    ,phosphate ( soda           
#jjad  0    ,floride ( silicium         
#jcea  0    ,*loride ( sodium           
#jdcc  0    ,c>bonate ( lime            
#jccj  0    ,c>bonate ( /rontia         
#jjbg  0    ,c>bonate ( magnesia        
#jjhh  0    ,c>bonate ( protoxide ( iron
        #jjai  0    ,c>bonate (         
protoxide ( manganese   #jjba  0        
,sulphate ( alum9a                      
#jjbj  0    ,silica                     
#jddc  0    ,cr5ic acid                 

#jjcd  0                                
------------                            
#dhjd                                   
7,,wolf47              ,,vi*y 7,gr&     
,grille74 ,temp4 #ajf ,fahr4 ,9 a litre4
      ,c>bonic acid                     
#jijh    ,bic>bonate ( soda             
#dhhc    ,bic>bonate ( pota%            
#jceb    ,bic>bonate ( magnesia         
#jcjc    ,bic>bonate ( /rontia          
#jjjc    ,bic>bonate ( lime             
#jdcd    ,bic>bonate ( protoxide ( iron 
#jjjd    ,bic>bonate ( protoxide (      
manganese   a trace    ,sulphate ( soda 
#jbia    ,phosphate ( soda              
#jacj    ,ars5iate ( soda               
#jjjb    ,borate ( soda                 
a trace    ,*loride ( sodium            
#jecd    ,silica                        
#jjgj    ,organic matt]1 bitum9\s       
a trace                                 
----------------                        
grammes #giad              ,,woodhall   
7,lanca%ire74    ,iod9e & brom9e1 )     
*lorides ( calcium1 magnesium1          

potassium2 m  ?an #a_/b gra9 ( bromide (
 sodium & #a_/d gra9 ( iod9e ( sodium4  
#aij gra9s 9 #bj oz4 ,/rongly impregnat$
 ) c>bonic acid4    ,,wat]bra%4 ,see    
,,pyrosis4    ,,wat]-,,closet4 ,!re are 
a numb] ( conditions necess>y to be     
obs]v$  9 ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( !
 wat]-closet if we wi% to  prev5t its   
becom+ a nuisance & a s\rce ( dang] to !
 heal? (  ! inmates ( a dwell+-h\se4 #a4
 ,z reg>ds situation !re c be no  d\bt  
t1 ^u /rict sanit>y pr9ciples1 ! closet1
 in/ead (  =m+ "p ( ! h\se1 %\ld1 :il/  
)9 easy access to x1 be  entirely       
deta*$4 ,ow+ to v>i\s causes1 h[ev]1 ?is
 isolation is  frequ5tly impossible4    
,"u su* circum/ances ! closet1 :il/ =m+ 
"p ( ! dwell+1  %\ld be built out f x1 s
 z to h z little connection z  possible 
) ! rooms1 corridors1 c4 ,to /ill fur!r 
accompli% ?is  end ! approa* to ! closet
 %\ld be ?r\gh a small ve/ibule or      
passage connect+ ! closet ) ! corridor1 
& op5+ into !  latt] by means ( a door4 
,:]e !re are m ?an "o closet1 !y  %\ld  

be built ^u ! plan j propos$1 & "o ov] !
 o!r4 ,!  basem5t ( a h\se is a         
p>ticul>ly objectionable locality = a   
wat]-closet1 s9ce ! w>m h\se acts z an  
aspirator1 & ?us draws  any fetid &     
poison\s gases !re may be 9 ! closet    
into ! h\se1  & causes !m to be diffus$ 
?r\gh\t x4 ,! wat]-closet %\ld1  !re=e1 
always be plac$ 9 ! high] p>ts ( a      
build+4 #b4 ,z  reg>ds con/ruction1 c41 
x w\ld be impossible = u to attempt to  
canvass ! m]its or ! rev]se ( ! num]\s  
designs1 pat5ts1 c41  t relate to ?is "p
 ( our subject4 ,we %all indicate1      
!re=e1  only ! m important desid]ata1   
:i* are----,t ! pan %\ld be  ne>ly      
cone-%ap$1 & n r\nd1 l a half-circle4 ,x
 is mo/ly made  ( e>!nw>e1 sometimes (  
metal & occasionally ( enamell$ iron4 ,!
  pref]able sub/ance is e>!nw>e3 ! pan  
%\ld always be v5tilat$1  & !re %\ld    
likewise be a suffici5t fl[ & =ce ( wat]
 to sweep  ev]y?+ out ( x1 & ?or\ghly   
cleanse x4    ,! ci/]n supply+ ! closet 
%\ld be kept solely = ?is purpose1  & n1

 z is sometimes ! case1 be tak5 f ! h\se
 ci/]n1 z  ?is latt] practice may lead  
to ! contam9ation ( ! dr9k+ wat]1  ow+  
to ! gases ris+ f ! closet4    ,! bottom
 ( ! pan is atta*$ to ! soil-pipe :i*   
dis*>ges into  ! dra94 ,! soil-pipe is  
mo/ly trapp$ by means ( a syphon valve2 
&  x is important t ! po9ts ( junction  
betwe5 ! pipe & !  syphon valve & ! pipe
 & ! ma9 dra9 %\ld be ?or\ghly secure  &
 air-tight4 ,fur!rmore x is imp]ative1  
if we wi% to prev5t an  influx into !   
pan ( ! gases & f\l air :i* rise ?r\gh !
  syphon z ! wat] runs (f1 t ! soil-pipe
 %\ld be v5tilat$4  ,?is may be effect$ 
by atta*+ a small pipe hav+ connection )
 !  out] air to ! dis*>ge-pipe j bel[ ! 
syphon1 & c>ry+ x up  to ! top ( ! h\se4
 ,ano!r advantage aris+ f v5tilat+ !    
soil-pipe1 besides ! prev5tion ( !      
escape ( sew]-gas into !  h\se1 is t !re
 is no dang] ( its corrosion 7if x be ( 
lead7 by  ! action ( ! p5t-up           
sulphurett$ vap\rs4 ,! seat1 :i* is     
mo/ly  ( wood1 %\ld be s arrang$ z to be

 easily movable1 & ?us all[ (  easy     
inspection ( ! diff]5t p>ts %\ld !y get 
out ( ord]4    ,! seat z well z ! closet
 %\ld always be v5tilat$4 ,a good &     
simple me?od = ! v5tilation ( ! latt] is
 to c>ry a tube f  ! top ( ! closet into
 ! out] air4 8,if ! closet is 9 a bad   
situation x %\ld be heat$ by a gas      
jet40#bfb    ,footnote #bfb3 ,p>kes4    
,! lid atta*$ to ! seat %\ld h a hole   
cut 9 x1 s z to all[  ( ! h&le be+ pull$
 up :5 ! pan is cov]$1 :i*1 /range to   
say1 9 p]haps n9ety-n9e cases out ( e   
hundr$ x nev] is1 aft]  be+ us$4 ,(     
c\rse1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! v5tilation ( ! pan
 &  soil-pipe1 ! result ( keep+ ! seat  
cov]$ ov] w\ld only be to  fill ! pan ) 
malodor\s & m or less dang]\s gases1 :i*
 w\ld  escape into ! closet :5 ! lid 0  
aga9 rais$4    #c4 ,precautions4----,!  
use ( unduly l>ge pieces ( pap]1 su* z  
cause  /oppage & ob/ruction 9 !         
dis*>ge-pipe1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly        
avoid$4 ,any defect or imp$im5t 9 !     
work+ ( ! closet %\ld be  rem$i$ at     

once4 ,z a g5]al rule1 s]vants are v    
c>eless 9 all  matt]s connect$ ) !      
wat]-closet2 s mu* s t ! ma/]s (  _m    
h\ses are !mselves compell$ to ex]cise  
sup]vision ov] x4    ,dur+ v hot wea!r1 
or ! preval5ce ( an infecti\s disease 9 
a  dwell+-h\se or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( !  
h\se1 "s dis9fectant  %\ld be add$ to ! 
wat] t supplies ! closet4 ,a sub/ance t 
w v satisfactorily answ] ?is purpose is 
! comm]cial sulphate (  iron kn[n z gre5
 vitriol4 ,a p\nd ( x %\ld be put into !
 tank  :5 fill$ ) wat]4    ,! same      
disreg>d ( sanit>y obligations s        
frequ5tly %[n 9 !  con/ruction1 site1   
c41 ( wat]-closets is m obvi\s 9 ! case 
(  privies4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act n    
only r5d]s unlawful ! erection or       
rebuild+ ( any dwell+-h\se )\t 8a       
suffici5t wat]-closet1  e>?-closet1 or  
privy & an a%-pit1 furni%$ ) prop] doors
 &  cov]+s20 b also requires t1 8,if a  
h\se )9 ! di/rict ( a  local au?ority   
appe>s to su* au?ority by ! report ( _! 
surveyor  or inspector ( nuisances to be

 )\t a suffici5t wat]-closet1           
e>?-closet1 or privy & a%pit1 furni%$ ) 
prop] doors &  cov]+s1 ! local au?ority 
%all1 by writt5 notice1 require ! own]  
or occupi] ( ! h\se )9 a reasonable "t  
!re9 specifi$1 to  provide a suffici5t  
wat]-closet1 e>?-closet1 or privy & an  
a%pit  furni%$ z a=esaid1 or ei!r ( !m1 
z ! case may require40    ,al?\gh 9 _m  
l>ge t[ns & cities a m or less effectual
  sup]vision may be ex]cis$ by ! sanit>y
 inspector 9 ! above  direction1 z e    
"o's exp]i5ce ( ! usual outdoor privy ( 
a small  ,engli% c\ntry t[n or village1 
w sugge/ to !m ! extreme  tol]ation     
prevail+ among/ ! sanit>y au?orities 9  
_m prov9cial  & rural di/ricts 9 ?is    
p>ticul>4 ,v5tilation is z ess5tial =  !
 privy z ! wat]-closet1 s also is !     
?or\gh trapp+ ( !  exit-pipe f ! pan1 z 
well z ! cleans+ & flu%+ ( ?is  latt] by
 wat] directly aft] x has be5 us$4 ,yet 
h[ r>ely d we f9d  n only all1 b n ev5  
"o ( ^! conditions fulfill$ 9 !         
arrangem5t ( ! ord9>y privy2 b in/ead an

 untrapp$1 immovable pan  7& 9 "s cases 
ev5 ?is is want+7 cov]$ ) fil?1 & no    
contrivance ( any k9d = a con/ant wat]  
supply4    ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t !        
atmosph]e ( an ord9>y privy %\ld be  s  
f\l & noisome z x inv>iably is4    ,!   
foll[+ specification = a useful         
description ( privy is publi%$  by      
,messrs ,knight  ,co41 #ij1 ,fleet      
,/reet1 ,london3----                    
,specification4----,! privy & du/-b9 to 
be built ( #d-a_/b-;in*  brickwork1 9   
well-gr\nd mort> ( approv$ quality4 ,two
 r[s ( #d-a_/b  & #c-;in* bond timb] to 
be built 9 at back ( privy = secur+     
v5tilat+-%afts4 ,! v5tilat+-%afts to be 
#g by #d-a_/b in*es1 inside  measurem5t1
 ( be/ r$ deal bo>ds #a in* ?ick1       
closely put toge!r  ) /rong :ite lead   
pa9t1 & well nail$ & c>efully seam$ to !
  #d-a_/b in* & #c in* bond timb]4 ,^!  
%afts to h coats ( boil$  t> bo? inside 
& out4    ,! lid ( refuse-b9 to be ( be/
 #a-;in* r$ deal bo>ds1 ) two  /rong    
l$ges or batt5s across !m2 to be hung ) 

?ree /rong  b&-h+es to ! sides ( !      
v5tilat+-%afts1 & ! mak+-up  piece      
betwe5 ! same4 ,a circul> orifice to be 
made 9 c5tre ( lid1  betwe5 ! batt5s #aj
 in*es wide4 ,! lid to h two coats (    
boil$  t> bo? inside & out4 ,a          
#d-a_/b-;in* & #c-;in* frame ( r$ deal  
to be  securely fix$ on top ( ! du/-b91 
z a seat = ! lid4 ,a lid ov]  ! privy   
seat to be h+$ on at ! back1 ) a *ild's 
seat ov]  c5tre ( l>ge "o4 ,! l>g] seat 
to be provid$ ) an e>!nw>e  circul> rim 
b5ea?4 ,! e>?-comp>tm5t to be )\t lid1 &
  provid$ ) a p9t scoop = ea* occupant  
to ?r[ 9 a p9t ( !  /or$ dry e>? or dry 
a%es ?r\gh ! seat into ! galvanis$ iron 
pail1 ! cont5ts ( :i* mu/ be scatt]$ ov]
 ! g>d5 or put 9  ! du/-b9 be=e ! pail  
becomes full4 ,a loose foot-block may be
  furni%$ :]e !re are "y *ildr54#bfc    
,footnote #bfc3 ,! ,e>?-closet is       
describ$ "u 8,sewage ,removal (40    ,! 
du/-b9 may be plac$ at side ( ! privy if
 requir$4 ,! floor (  du/-b9 to be at ! 
gr\nd level1 slightly incl9$ outw>ds1 & 

pav$  ) brick4 ,see ,,sewage1 ,,removal 
,,& ,,disposal ,,(1 ,,dra9s1 ,,tanks1   
,,cesspools4    ,,wat]-,,col\r ,,cakes4 
,^! are prep>$ f any ( ! ord9>y pigm5ts 
t "w well 9 wat]1 made into a /iff &    
p]fectly smoo? pa/e )  gum wat]1 or     
is+lass size1 or a mixture ( ! two1 & !n
 compress$  9 poli%$ /eel m\lds1 & dri$4
 ,see ,,pa9t+1 & ! respective  pigm5ts4 
,,wat]cress4 ,! ,na/urtium (fic9ale1 a  
well-kn[n plant ( !  natural ord]       
,crucif]4 ,x is alt]ative &             
antiscorbutic1 & 0  =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 
b n[ *iefly z a salad1 or a refre%+     
reli% at breakfa/4    ,,wat]-,,gas4 ,by 
=c+ /eam ?r\gh fireclay1 or iron retorts
 fill$  ) r$-hot *>coal or coke1 ! /eam 
is decompos$ into a mixture (  hydrog51 
c>bonic oxide1 & c>bonic anhydride4#bfd 
,footnote #bfd3 ,possibly a small       
quantity ( m>% gas is also              
pres5t4----,,ed4    ,to ?is mixture1    
aft] x has be5 purifi$1 ! "n (          
8wat]-gas10  ow+ to ! s\rce f :5ce x has
 be5 d]iv$1 has be5 giv54    ,accord+ to

 "s *emi/s ! purifi$ gas 7obta9$ by     
pass+ ! crude  gase\s product sometimes 
ov] lime1 sometimes ov] cry/allis$      
c>bonate  ( soda7 consi/s solely (      
hydrog5 gas4 ,langlois' analysis1 h[ev]1
 has  l$ to ! conclusion t x is a       
comp\nd ( hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide       
gases4 ,wat] gas1 obta9$ z above1       
possesses no illum9at+ p[]4 ,?is  is    
imp>t$ to x1 by impregnat+ ! gas ) !    
vap\r ( c]ta9  hydroc>bons1 a plan      
sugge/$ by ,jobb>d1 ( ,brussels1 9      
#ahcb4 ,ano!r1  b less usual me?od1     
orig9at+ ) ,g5gembre & ,gill>d1 is to   
place  on ! burn]s :i* consume ! gas    
small plat9um cyl9d]s4 ,:5 ^!  become   
:ite hot a /rong & brilliant light is   
produc$4 ,see ,,plat9um  ,,gas4         
,,wat]-,,pox4 ,see 7,,pox74             
,,*ick5-,,pox4    ,,wat]pro(,,+4 ,clo?  
is #8wat]pro($' z foll[s3----    #a4    
,moi/5 ! clo?1 on ! wrong side1 fir/ ) a
 weak solution (  is+lass1 &1 :5 dry1 ) 
an infusion ( nut-galls4    #b4 ,z !    
la/1 b sub/itute a solution ( soap =    

is+lass1 &  ano!r ( alum = galls4    #c4
 7,hancock's ,pat5t47 ,by spread+ !     
liquid juice ( ! ca\t*\c  tree ^u ! inn]
 surface ( ! goods1 & all[+ !m to dry 9 
!  air4 ,absolutely *im]ical4    #d4    
7,pott]'s ,pat5t47 ,! clo? is fir/ imbu$
 on ! wrong side ) a  solution (        
is+lass1 alum1 & soap1 by means ( a     
bru%2 :5 dry1 x  is bru%$ on ! same side
 aga9/ ! gra91 & !n gone ov] ) a  bru%  
dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,imp]vi\s to wat]1 b n to 
air4    #e4 7,sievi]'s ,pat5t47 ,by     
apply+ fir/ a solution ( ,india rubb] 9 
oil  ( turp5t9e1 & aft]w>ds ano!r india 
rubb] v>ni%1 r5d]$ v  dry by ! use (    
dri]s4 ,on ?is1 wool or o!r mat]ial (   
:i* !  fabric is made1 cut into prop]   
l5g?s1 is spread1 & ! :ole pass$  ?r\gh 
a press1 :]eby ! surface acquires a nap 
or pile4    #f4 ,a simple me?od ( r5d]+ 
clo? wat]pro(1 )\t be+ airpro(1  is to  
spread x on any smoo? surface1 & to rub 
! wrong side ) a  lump ( bees wax       
7p]fectly pure & free f grease71 until x
 pres5ts  a light1 b ev51 :ite or greyi%

 appe>ance2 a hot iron is !n to be      
pass$ ov] x1 & ! clo? be+ bru%$ :il/    
w>m1 ! process is  complete4 ,:5 !      
op]ation has be5 skilfully p]=m$1 a c&le
 may be  bl[n out ?r\gh ! clo?1 if      
co>se1 & yet a piece ( ! same1  plac$   
across an inv]t$ hat1 may h sev]al      
glassfuls ( wat] p\r$  into ! holl[ =m$ 
by x1 )\t any ( ! liquid pass+ ?r\gh4   
,pressure or friction w alone make x d  
s4 8,we h %[n ?is to  num]\s            
clo?-manufactur]s1 wat]pro(]s1 tailors1 
& o!rs1 sev]al  ( :om h adopt$ ! me?od v
 ext5sively1 & ) p]fect  success40      
7,cooley47    #g4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahfb a   
pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,dr ,/5h\se =       
employ+ p>aff9 z a means ( r5d]+ lea!r  
wat]pro(1 z well z  ! v>i\s textile &   
felt$ fabrics2 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahfd1 an    
additional  pat5t 0 grant$ to him = an  
ext5sion ( & improvem5t on !  previ\s   
"o1 :i* consi/$ *iefly 9 comb9+ ! p>aff9
 )  v>i\s proportions ( dry+ oils1 x    
hav+ be5 f\nd t p>aff9  alone1          
especially :5 appli$ to fabrics1 became 

to a consid]able ext5t  deta*$ f ! fibre
 ( ! clo? aft] a %ort "t1 ow+ to its    
great t5d5cy to cry/allise4 ,! pres5ce1 
h[ev]1 ( ev5 a small  quantity ( dry+   
oil causes ! p>aff9 to adh]e mu* m      
firmly to  ! texture ( ! clo?1 f ! oil  
gradually becom+ conv]t$ into a  t5aci\s
 res9 by absorption ( oxyg54    ,9 !    
application ( p>aff9 = wat]pro(+        
purposes x is fir/  melt$ along ) !     
requisite quantity ( dry+ oil & ca/ into
  blocks4 ,?is composition c !n be      
appli$ to fabrics by rubb+ !m  ov] ) a  
block ( x1 ei!r cold or g5tly w>m$1 or !
 mixture may  be melt$ & laid on ) a    
bru%1 ! complete impregnation be+       
effect$ by subsequ5tly pass+ x betwe5   
hot roll]s4 ,:5 ?is  p>aff9 mixture has 
be5 appli$ to clo? su* z t employ$ =    
bl9ds or t5ts1 x r5d]s x v repellant to 
wat]1 al?\gh /ill  p]vi\s to air4       
,clo? p>aff9$ 9 ?is mann] =ms an        
excell5t basis = su* articles  z capes1 
t>paul9s1 c41 :i* require to be r5d]$ q 
imp]vi\s  by subsequ5tly coat+ !m ) dry+

 oil1 ! p>aff9 9 a great  measure       
prev5t+ ! well-kn[n injuri\s effect (   
dry+ oil on !  fibre ( ! clo?4 ,! p>aff9
 mixture c also be advantage\sly  appli$
 to ! v>i\s k9ds ( lea!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/   
conv5i5t ways  ( effect+ ?is is to coat 
! sk9s or manufactur$ articles1 su* z   
boots1 %oes1 h>ness1 pump-buckets1 c41 )
 ! melt$ composition1 &  !n to g5tly    
heat ! articles until x is entirely     
absorb$4 ,:5  lea!r is impregnat$ ) !   
mixture1 x is n only r5d]$ p]fectly     
wat]pro(1 b also /rong] & m durable4 ,! 
b5eficial effects (  ?is process are    
peculi>ly obs]vable 9 ! case ( boots &  
%oes1  :i* x r5d]s v firm )\t de/roy+ _!
 ela/icity4 ,x  !re=e n only makes !m   
exce$+ly durable1 b possesses an        
advantage ov] ord9>y dabb+ 9 n int]f]+ )
 ! poli% (  ^! articles1 :i*1 on ! :ole1
 x r improves4    ,! sup]iority ( p>aff9
 ov] mo/ o!r mat]ials = "s k9ds (       
wat]pro(+ consi/s 9 its comp>ative      
*eapness1 9 be+ easily  appli$1 & 9 n   
mat]ially alt]+ ! col\r ( fabrics1 :i* 9

  ! case ( light %ades & :ite clo? is ( 
v consid]able  importance4    #h4 ,a    
wat]pro( pack+ clo? :i* does n break may
 be made by cov]+  ! fabric ) ! foll[+  
v>ni%3----#b lbs4 ( s(t 7pota%7 soap is 
dissolv$ 9 wat] & mix$ ) an aque\s      
solution ( sulphate ( iron4  ,! wa%$ &  
dri$ soap is dissolv$ 9 #c lbs4 ( l9se$ 
oil1 9 :i*  #a_/e lb4 ( ca\t*\c has be5 
previ\sly dissolv$4    ,,wat]pro(       
,,liquid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,india rubb]1 9    
fragm5ts1 #a oz42 boil$  oil1 #a p9t2   
dissolve by heat1 c>efully appli$1 !n   
/ir 9 ( hot  boil$ oil1 #a p9t1 & remove
 ! vessel f ! fire4    #b4 ,boil$ oil1  
#a p9t2 beeswax & yell[ res91 ( ea* #b  
oz42 melt !m  toge!r4    #c4 ,salad oil1
 #a p9t2 mutton suet1 #a_/d lb42 :ite   
wax & sp]maceti1 (  ea* #a oz42 z ! la/4
 ,= #8ladies' "w4'    #d4 ,bisulphide ( 
c>bon1 #b oz42 gutta p]*a1 #a_/b oz42   
asphaltum1 #b oz42  br[n amb]1 #a_/b    
oz42 l9se$ oil1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,dissolve !
 gutta p]*a 9  ! bisulphide ( c>bon1 !  
asphalte & amb] 9 ! oil1 & mix well4    

,obs4 ,! above are us$ = boots1 %oes1   
h>ness1 lea!r /raps1  lea!r trunks1 c41 
appli$ w>m be=e ! fire4    ,,wax4 ,syn4 
,,beeswax1 ,,yell[ ,w42 ,,c]a 7,ph4     
,l471 ,,c]a ,,flava 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4  
,d471 ,l4 ,! sub/ance :i* =ms ! cells ( 
bees2 obta9$ by melt+  ! comb 9 wat]1   
aft] ! honey has be5 remov$1 /ra9+ !    
liquid  mass1 remelt+ ! defecat$        
portion1 & ca/+ x into cakes4    ,pure  
beeswax has a pleasant c]ace\s od\r1 a  
pale yell[i%-br[n  col\r1 & ! sp4 gr4   
#ifj to #ife4 ,x is brittle at #cb1     
s(t5s &  becomes pla/ic at #hh or #ij1 &
 melts at #aed to #aee ,fahr4 8,x       
becomes  kneadable at ab\t #he1 & its   
behavi\r :ile work$ betwe5 f+] &  ?umb  
is *>act]i/ic4 ,a piece ! size ( a pea  
be+ work$ 9 !  h& till t\gh ) ! w>m?1 !n
 plac$ ^u ! ?umb1 & =cibly  /rok$ d[n ) 
! =ef+]1 curls up1 foll[+ ! f+]1 & is   
m>k$ by x ) longitud9al /reaks40 7,b4   
,s4 ,proctor47 ,x is v  frequ5tly       
adult]at$ ) f>9a1 res91 & mutton suet or
 /e>94 ,dr  ,norm&y met ) a sample      

conta9+ #bc ( effloresc$ sulphate (     
soda4  ,! fir/ may be detect$ by oil (  
turp5t9e1 :i* dissolves only !          
wax1----! second1 by its solubility 9   
cold alcohol1 & by its  t]eb9?9ate      
ta/e1----! ?ird & f\r?1 ev5 :5 =m+ less 
?an  #b ( ! wax1 may be detect$ by x    
af=d+ sebacic acid on  di/illation4 ,:5 
greasy matt] is pres5t 9 any consid]able
 quantity1  x may also be detect$ by !  
suspect$ sample hav+ an unctu\s feel  & 
a disagreeable ta/e4 ,a spuri\s beeswax 
met ) 9 ! ,am]ican  m>kets1 is describ$ 
9 #8,new ,rem$ies' = #ahgg1 & is said to
 h be5  a v clev] imitation ext]nally ( 
! g5u9e sub/ance1 :i* x  closely        
resembl$ 9 appe>ance1 col\r1 fracture1  
bitt]ness1 pliability1  & od\r4 ,^u     
analysis x 0 f\nd to be compos$ ( #fj   
p>ts (  p>aff9 & #dj p>ts ( yell[ res9  
cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( true  beeswax4 ,!  
specific quantity ( ! c\nt]feit article 
0 id5tical  ) t ( _m samples ( g5u9e    
beeswax4 ,sal9e matt] may be  detect$ by
 ! loss ( weight1 :5 a weigh$ quantity (

 ! wax is  boil$ 9 wat]4 ,heavy         
sub/ances1 z *alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 :ite  
lead1  oxide ( z9c1 c41 may also be ?us 
sep>at$1 s9ce !y subside1 ow+  to _!    
sup]ior gravity1 to ! bottom ( ! vessel4
 ,! r\gh mealy  fracture ( pure wax is  
r5d]$ f9] gra9$1 smoo!r1 & dull]1 by  ! 
addition ( l>d or sp]maceti1 & becomes  
sp>kl+ & m  granul> by ! addition (     
res94 7,proctor47    ,note3 #8,*em4     
,c5tral1'1 #ahgb1 ,no4 #bi4             
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! publi%] omitt$ !
 correspond+ tag 9 !  text4    ,wax1    
,blea*$4 ,see ,,wax1 ,,:ite 7bel[74     
,wax1 ,c>nauba4#bfe ,! leaves ( !       
,c>nauba tree 7,cop]nicia  c]if]a71 a   
,s\? ,am]ican palm1 h lately become a v 
important  s\rce = ! supply ( l>ge      
quantities ( vegetable wax4 ,c>nauba wax
  is ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture (   
c&les4 ,mr ,consul ,morgan1 9 a  pap]   
laid be=e ,p>liam5t 9 #ahgf1 on ! trade 
& comm]ce ( ,brazil1  /ates 8t !        
exportation ( ?is wax is calculat$ at   
#hga1djj kilos2  exce$+ 9 value reis    

#a1ejj1jjj1 or #afb1ejj40    ,footnote  
#bfe3 #8,ph4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 vi1 #crd    
s]ies1 p4 #gde4    ,wax1 ,et*+4 ,see    
,,et*+ ,,gr\nd & ,,v>ni%4    ,wax1      
,factiti\s4 ,syn4 ,,c]a ,,flava         
,,factitia1 ,l4 ,a spuri\s comp\nd1     
sold by ! f>ri]s' druggi/s = vet]9>y    
purposes4    ,prep4 #a4 ,f yell[ res91  
#af lbs42 h>d mutton suet or /e>91 #h   
lbs42 palm oil1 #b-a_/b lbs42 melt$     
toge!r4    #b4 ,z la/1 b sub/itut+      
turm]ic1 #a lb41 = ! palm oil4    #c4   
,be/ annotta1 #f oz41 or q4 s42 wat]1 #a
 gal42 boil2 add1 ( h>d mutton  suet or 
/e>91 #ce lbs42 yell[ res91 #gj lbs42   
aga9 boil1 ) con/ant  agitation1 until  
p]fectly mix$ & ( a prop] col\r1 &1 z   
soon z  x beg9s to ?ick51 p\r x out into
 bas9s to cool4 ,:5 cold1 rub ea*  cake 
ov] ) a little potato />*4    ,wax1     
,gild]'s4 ,see ,,gild+4    ,wax1        
,model+4 ,prep4 ,take ( beeswax1 lead   
pla/]1 olive oil1 &  yell[ res91 equal  
p>ts2 :it+1 q4 s4 to =m a pa/e2 mix     
well1 &  roll x into /icks4 ,col\rs may 

be add$ at w4    ,wax1 ,ref9$4 ,crude   
wax1 especially t import$1 is g5]ally   
load$  ) dirt1 bees1 & o!r =eign matt]4 
,to free x f ^!  sub/ances1 x und]goes !
 op]ation ( #8ref9+4' ,?is is done by   
melt+ ! wax along ) ab\t #d or #e ( wat]
 9 a bright copp] or  /one-w>e boil]1   
pref]ably heat$ by /eam1 &1 aft] ! :ole 
is  p]fectly liquid1 & has boil$ = "s   
m9utes1 )draw+ ! heat1  & spr9kl+ ov]   
its surface a little oil ( vitriol1 9 ! 
proportion  ( ab\t #e or #f fl4 oz4 to e
 cwt4 ( wax4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be      
conduct$ ) great c>e & circumspection2  
z1 :5 done c>elessly1  ! melt$ wax fro?s
 up1 & boils ov] ! sides ( ! pan4 ,!    
acid  %\ld also be well scatt]$ ov] !   
:ole surface4 ,! melt$ wax is  next     
cov]$ ov]1 & left = "s h\rs to settle1  
or until x becomes  suffici5tly cool to 
be drawn (f = #8m\ld+4' ,x is !n v g5tly
  skimm$ ) a hot ladle1 bal$ or decant$ 
into hot t9 #8jacks1' & by  means ( ^!  
p\r$ into bas9s1 :]e x is left to cool4 
,great c>e  mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb !   

s$im5t4 ,:5 no m cle> wax c be  drawn   
(f1 ! rema9d] 9 ! melt+-pan is all[$ to 
cool1 & !  cake1 or #8foot1' z x call$1 
is tak5 out1 & ! impurities 7mo/ly      
bees7 scrap$ f its "u surface4 ,! scrap$
 cake is usually res]v$  = a second     
op]ation2 b if requir$1 x may be at once
 remelt$1 &  /ra9$ ?r\gh canvas into a  
m\ld4    ,mu* ( ! =eign wax has a pale1 
dirty col\r1 :i* r5d]s x1 no  matt]     
h[ev] pure1 objectionable to ! retail   
pur*as]4 ,su* wax  und]goes ! op]ation (
 #8col\r+' z well z #8ref9+4' ,a small  
quantity ( ! be/ roll annotta1 cut into 
slices 7#a_/d lb41 m or less1  to wax1  
#a cwt41 dep5d+ on ! pal5ess ( ! latt]71
 is put into a  clean boil] ) ab\t a    
gallon ( wat]1 & boil$ = "s "t1 or      
until x is p]fectly dissolv$1 :5 a few  
ladlefuls ( ! melt$ wax  are add$1 & !  
boil+ cont9u$ until ! wax has tak5 up   
all !  col\r1 or until ! wat] is mo/ly  
evaporat$4 ,! portion ( wax ?us  treat$ 
has n[ a deep orange col\r1 & is add$1 9
 quantity z  requir$1 to ! rema9d] ( !  

melt$ wax 9 ! l>g] boil] until  ! prop] 
%ade ( col\r is produc$ :5 cold2 ! :ole 
be+ well  mix$1 & a sample ( x cool$ n[ 
& !n1 to asc]ta9 :5 en\gh  has be5 add$4
 ,! copp] is next br\ght to a boil1 &   
treat$ ) oil  ( vitriol1 c41 z be=e4 ,"s
 p]sons add palm oil 7bright7 to ! wax1 
until x gets suffici5t col\r1 b ?is plan
 is objectionable f !  quantity requir$ 
= ! purpose be+ (t5 s l>ge z to injure !
  quality ( ! product2 besides :i* !    
col\r produc$ is inf]ior1 &  less       
transp>5t & p]man5t ?an t giv5 by       
annotta4    ,ano!r me?od ( ref9+ crude  
wax1 & :i* produces a v bright  article1
 is to melt x 9 a l>ge e>!n or /onew>e  
vessel1 heat$ by  /eam or a salt-wat]   
ba?1 !n to cauti\sly add to x ab\t #a ( 
conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & to cont9ue !  
boil+ until nitr\s fumes  cease to be   
evolv$1 aft] :i* ! :ole is all[$ to     
settle1 & is  treat$ z be=e4    ,obs4 ,!
 great art 9 ! above process is to      
produce a wax :i* %all  at once be      
#8bright1' or semi-transluc5t 9 ?9      

places1 & good  col\r$4 ,! =m] is be/   
ensur$ by all[+ ! melt$ mass to settle  
well1 & by c>efully skimm+ & decant+ !  
cle> portion )\t  di/urb+ ! s$im5t4 ,x  
%\ld n be p\r$ into ! m\lds too w>m1  z1
 9 t case1 x is apt to #8sep>ate1' & !  
result+ cakes to be  #8/reaky1' or (    
diff]5t %ades ( col\r4 ,aga91 x %\ld be 
all[$  to cool v sl[ly4 ,:5 cool$       
rapidly1 especially if a curr5t ( air   
fall ^u its surface1 x is apt to crack1 
& to =m cakes full (  fissures4 ,"s     
p]sons1 :o are v nice ab\t _! wax1 h !  
cakes  poli%$ ) a /iff bru% :5 q cold & 
h>d4 ,x is absolutely  necess>y t !     
#8jacks' or cans1 ladles1 & skimm]s1 us$
 9 !  above process1 be kept pretty hot1
 z )\t ?is precaution ! wax  cools1 &   
accumulates ^u !m 9 su* quantity z to   
r5d] !m  inconv5i5t1 & (t5 q useless1   
)\t be+ con/antly scrap$  out4    ,wax1 
,seal+4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,r$47----a4 ,take (
 %ell-lac 7v pale71 #d  oz42 cauti\sly  
melt x 9 a bright copp] pan ov] a cle>  
*>coal fire1  & :5 fus$1 add ( ,v5ice   

turp5t9e1 #a-a_/d oz42 mix1 & fur!r add 
( v]milion1 #c oz42 remove ! pan f !    
fire1 cool a little1 weigh x  into      
pieces1 & roll !m into circul> /icks on 
a w>m m>ble slab by  means ( a poli%$   
wood5 block2 or x may be p\r$ into m\lds
 :il/  9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,"s p]sons    
poli% ! /icks ) a rag until  q          
cold4----b4 ,f %ell-lac1 #c lbs42 ,v5ice
 turp5t9e1 #a-a_/d lb42  f9e/ c9nab>1 #b
 lbs42 mix z be=e ,bo? ! above are      
#8f9e1'----c4 ,z  ! la/1 b us+ #a_/b    
less ( v]million4 ,inf]ior4----d4 ,res91
 #d lbs42  %ell-lac1 #b lbs42 ,v5ice    
turp5t9e & r$ lead1 ( ea* #a-a_/b lb42 z
  be=e4 ,common4    #b4 7,,black47----a4
 ,f %ell-lac1 #fj p>ts2 f9e/ ivory      
black1 r$uc$ to  an impalpable p[d]1 #cj
 p>ts2 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #bj p>ts4       
,f9e4----b4  ,res91 #f lbs42 %ell-lac & 
,v5ice turp5t9e1 ( ea* #b lbs42         
lampblack1  q4 s4 ,inf]ior4    #c4      
7,,gold-,,col\r$47 ,by /irr+ gold-col\r$
 mica spangles or talc1 or  aurum       
musivum1 into ! melt$ res9s j be=e !y   

beg9 to cool4  ,f9e4    #d4 7,,m>bl$47  
,by mix+ #b or #c diff]5t col\r$ k9ds j 
z !y beg9  to gr[ solid4    #e4         
7,,s(t47----a4 7,r$47 ,take ( beeswax1  
#h p>ts2 olive oil1 #e p>ts2  melt1 &   
add1 ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #ae p>ts2 r$    
lead1 to col\r4----b4  7,gre547 ,z !    
la/1 b sub/itut+ p[d]$ v]digris = r$    
lead4  ,bo? are us$ = seal+ (ficial     
docum5ts kept 9 t9 boxes2 also z a      
cem5t4    #f4 7,,bottle ,,wax47----a4   
7,black47 ,f black res91 #f-a_/b lbs42  
beeswax1 #a_/b  lb42 f9ely p[d]$ ivory  
black1 #a-a_/b lb42 melt$ toge!r4----b4 
7,r$47  ,z ! la/1 b sub/itute ,v5etian  
r$ or r$ lead = ivory black4    ,obs4   
,all ! above =ms = #8f9e' wax produce   
#8sup]f9e' by employ+  ! be/ qualities (
 ! +r$i5ts2 & #8extra sup]f9e1' or      
#8sc5t$1' by add+ #a ( balsam ( ,p]u or 
liquid /orax to !  +r$i5ts :5           
consid]ably cool$4 ,! #8v>iegat$' &     
#8fancy col\r$  k9ds1' are commonly     
sc5t$ ) a little ess5ce ( musk or       
amb]gris1  or any ( ! m fragrant        

ess5tial oils4 ,! addition ( a little   
camphor1 or _s ( w9e1 makes seal+-wax   
burn easi]4 ,seal+-wax  conta9+ res91 or
 too mu* turp5t9e1 runs into ?9 drops at
 !  flame ( a c&le4    ,wax1 ,:ite4     
,syn4 ,,blea*$ ,,wax2 ,,c]a ,,alba 7,b4 
,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4  ,prep4  
,f pure beeswax1 by expos+ x 9 ?9 flakes
 to ! action (  ! sun1 w9d1 & ra91      
frequ5tly *ang+ ! surface ?us expos$1 by
  remelt+ x1 & r$uc+ x aga9 to ?9       
flakes4 ,us$ 9 mak+  c&les1 & 9 :ite    
o9tm5ts1 pommades1 c41 = ! sake ( its   
col\r4 ,block :ite wax 7,,c]a ,,alba ,,9
 ,,massis7 is ! above :5 ca/ into       
blocks2 ! be/ =eign is always 9 ?is =m4 
,virg9 wax 7,,cake ,,:ite  ,,wax2 ,,c]a 
,,alba ,,9 ,,(fis7 %\ld be ! la/ made   
into r\nd flat cakes2  b ?is is seldom !
 case1 ! mixture sold "u ! "n g5]ally   
conta9+ f #a-crd to #a-bnd its weight ( 
sp]maceti4 ,! #8:ite wax'  suppli$ by   
c]ta9 :olesale druggi/s to _! cu/om]s is
 (t5  totally unfit = ! purposes to :i* 
x is appli$4 ,sp]maceti is  con/antly   

add$ to ! :ite wax ( comm]ce1 to improve
 its col\r4 ,mr  ,b4 ,s4 ,proctor /ates 
t :olesale h\ses ( ! highe/ reputation  
supply an article1 z :ite cake wax1 :i* 
is 9 _m cases half  sp]maceti1 & 9 "s z 
mu* z two ?irds sp]maceti to "o (       
wax4#bff    ,footnote #bff3 ,see        
articles on 8,adult]ation ( ,wax10 &    
8,sub/itutes =  ,wax10 9 #8,*emi/ &     
,druggi/1' vol4 iv1 #ahfc4    ,,wea!r1  
,effects (1 on ,heal?4 ,! #8,m$ical     
,press & ,circul>'  says3----8,we are 9 
! mid/ ( a sev]e w9t] 7#ahgh71 & z      
hygi5e is  ! ord] ( ! day1 we _c be too 
p>ticul> 9 impress+ ^u !  public c]ta9  
facts :i* are too (t5 disreg>d$4 ,few   
are aw>e (  ! kill+ p[]s ( int5se cold &
 great heat1 ev5 9 ?is  comp>atively    
temp]ate climate4 ,^? :o h be5 9 !      
habit1 z we  h1 ( wat*+ ! returns ( !   
,regi/r>-,g5]al1 well "k h[  quickly !  
dea?-rate rises dur+ ev5 a %ort         
cont9uance ( cold  wea!r4 ,n[ t !       
increase 9 ! mortality affects *iefly ! 
"y  & ! old1 z well z ^? :o are ei!r    

suff]+ f1 or are  pr$ispos$ to1         
affections ( ! *e/ & ?roat1 indicates ! 
class (  p :o %\ld be especially c>eful 
to protect !mselves aga9/ !  inclem5cy (
 ! wea!r4 ,) reg>d to *ildr51 ! sy/em ( 
#8h>d5+' !m1 by all[+ !m to g ?9ly clad1
 & expos+ !m to  all sorts ( wea!r1 is a
 delusion f :i* ! m9ds ( "s p>5ts  are  
ev5 n[ n altoge!r free4 ,x is ?\ght t if
 _! *e/ is  kept w>m1 !re is no ne$ (   
c>+ ab\t _! arms & legs4 ,b t  is a     
great mi/ake4 ,9 proportion z ! upp] &  
l[] extremities are  well clo!d w !     
circulation be kept up & det]m9$ to !   
surface  ( ^? p>ts1 & 9 proportion to ! 
quickness & equable  di/ribution ( !    
circulation w be ! protection aga9/ ^?  
int]nal conge/ions :i* are b ! fir/ /age
 ( ! mo/ fatal  diseases ( infancy &    
*ildhood4 ,! same obs]vation holds good 
)  respect to gr[n-up p :o are pr$ispos$
 to pulmon>y compla9ts4  ,!re is no     
exagg]ation 9 say+ t ! mortality f ^! & 
o!r  affections w\ld be consid]ably     
dim9i%$ 7 p to avoid t  #8cat*+ cold1' (

 :i* !y s (t5 & s lightly speak2 & x is 
a  matt] ( surprise to u t ?is fact1 (  
:i* mo/ ( u are aw>e1  does n lead to m 
precautions be+ tak5 by ^? :o are anxi\s
  ab\t ei!r _! own heal? or t ( o!rs4   
,to take c>e t !  body is ?or\ghly w>m &
 well-clo!d j be=e go+ out 9 v wet  or v
 cold wea!r----to keep up ! circulation 
& w>m? ( ! body  r by ex]cise ( "s k9d  
?an by sitt+ ov] great fires or 9       
ov]heat$ rooms----to be sure t !        
temp]ature ( ! sleep+  ap>tm5ts is n ev]
 s _m degrees bel[ t ( !                
sitt+-room----^! are ?ree gold5 maxims1 
att5tion to :i* w\ld  prev5t ?\s&s f    
cat*+ t #8*ill' or #8cold' to ! results 
(  :i* s _m valuable lives h be5        
prematurely sacrific$40    ,,weight4 ,! 
quantity ( a body det]m9$ by means ( a  
balance1 &  express$ 9 t]ms hav+ ref]5ce
 to "s kn[n /&>d2 ! measure (  ! =ce (  
gravity1 f :i* ! relative quantity ( a  
body is  inf]r$4 ,! relation betwe5 !   
weight & volume ( a body1 comp>$  to a  
giv5 /&>d tak5 z unity1 con/itutes its  

specific gravity4    ,= ! purpose (     
weigh+1 a balance or lev] is requir$1   
:i*1 :5  accurately susp5d$ 9 a /ate (  
equilibrium1 w be affect$1 9  precisely 
an equal mann]1 by l weights appli$ to  
its extremities4  ,h5ce1 ! con/ruction (
 su* an in/rum5t is n m difficult ?an   
its application is important 9 *emical &
 philosophical rese>*4  ,o]tl+1 ! mo/   
celebrat$ mak] ( ! *emical balance1     
con/ructs  ?is important in/rum5t 9 sev5
 diff]5t v>ieties1 m or less  elaborate4
 ,! l>ge/ ( ^!1 ) a #af-;in* beam1 w    
c>ry #b lbs4 9  ea* pan1 & yet turn )   
#a_/ajj? ( a gra94 ,a balance ) arms (  
unequal l5g? or weight w weigh z        
accurately z ano!r ( ! same  workman%ip 
) equal arms1 provid$ ! sub/ance weigh$ 
be remov$ &  /&>d weights plac$ 9 ! same
 scale until ! equilibrium be aga9      
re/or$1 :5 ! weights s employ$1 be+     
exactly 9 ! same  condition z ! sub/ance
 previ\sly occupy+ ! scale1 w1 (  c\rse1
 indicate its prop] weight4 ,a k ( ?is  
fact is useful1 z  x enables any "o to  

weigh correctly ) unequal scales1 or )  
any  susp5d$ lev]4    ,small weights may
 be made ( ?9 leaf brass1 or1 pref]ably1
 ( plat9um  foil4 ,quantities bel[ !    
#ajj? ( a gra9 may be ei!r e/imat$ by ! 
position ( ! index1 or %[n by actually  
c\nt+ r+s ( wire1 !  value ( :i* has be5
 previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! readie/ way to   
subdivide small weights consi/s 9 weigh+
 a c]ta9 quantity ( v  f9e wire1 &      
aft]w>ds cutt+ x into su* p>ts1 by      
measure1 z are  desir$2 or ! wire may be
 wrapp$ close r\nd two p9s1 & !n cut    
asund] ) a knife4 ,by ?is means x w be  
divid$ into a great numb]  ( equal      
l5g?s1 or small r+s4#bfg    ,footnote   
#bfg3 ,an elaborate essay on !          
,,balance1 9 ,watt's #8,dict4 (         
,*emi/ry1' gives m9ute directions =     
weigh+1 ) rules = !  elim9ation (       
errors4 ,see ,,balance4    ,! foll[+    
tables repres5t ! values ( ! weights    
legally employ$  9 ?is c\ntry = ! sale (
 gold1 silv]1 & articles made !re(1  z  
well z plat9um1 diamonds1 & o!r preci\s 

metals & /ones2 also  = drugs :5 sold by
 retail 7,see ,,weights ,,& ,,measures  
,,act1 #ahgi2 &  ,,measures74           
#a4 ,troy ,weight4                      
----------------------------------------
----     ,gra9s4  ,p5nyweights4         
,ounces4    ,p\nd4         gr4          
dwt4         oz4    lb4 or              
----------------------------------------
----         #bd          #a            
#dhj         #bj           #a           
#egfj        #bdj          #ab          
#a                                      
----------------------------------------
----     ,! /&>d ( ! above measure is #a
 cubic in* ( di/ill$ wat]1  :i*1 at #fb 
,fahr4 & #cj in*es ( ! b>omet]1 weighs  
#bebdeh troy  gra9s4    ,! c>at us$ 9   
weigh+ diamonds is #c-a_/f gra9s        
7ne>ly74 ,troy weight  is employ$ 9     
weigh+ gold1 jewelry1 c41 &1 "u a       
some:at modifi$  =m1 9 prescrib+ &      
disp5s+ m$ic9es4 7,see bel[47           
#b4 ,apo!c>ies' ,weight4                
7,modifi$ ,troy ,weight47               

----------------------------------------
----                                    
,gra9s  ,scruples4,dra*ms4 ,ounces4     
,p\nds4     7,troy74                    
gr4                                     
----------------------------------------
----                                    
#a     #je    #jafff  #jjbjhc #jjjagcf  
#bj    #a      #cccc   #jdaf   #jjcdgb  
#fj    #c     #a       #abej   #jajdaff 
#dhj   #bd     #h      #a       #jhccccc
       #egfj  #bhh    #if     #ab       
#a                                      
----------------------------------------
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------                      ,equiv4
 9                             ,gra9s   
,eqiv4 9,m9ims or  ,equiv4 9  ,equiv4 9 
7,troy74  ,fr5* measur$     cubic       
,avoirdupois4       gr4    grammes4     
drops4     in*es4    weight4            
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
#a    #jfdge    #aji   #jjcifajee       

#a gr4         #bj   #abie     #baid    
#jgibbaji      #bj gr4         #fj      
#chhe     #fehb   #bcgffcbi      #fj gr4
        #dhj  #cajh     #ebffb          
#aijacjfce #a oz #dbe gr4       #egfj   
#cgbif    #fcaied #bbhaefgfji #ac oz    
#gbe gr4                                
----------------------------------------
-----------     ,apo!c>ies' weight is   
employ$ 9 prescrib+ & disp5s+ m$ic9es   
accord+ to ! ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 & ,u4 ,s4 ,b
 9 ! la/ ,ph4 ,d4 & ! new  ,brit4 ,ph4 x
 has be5 sup]s$$ by avoirdupois weight4 
,troy                  ,avoirdupois4    
#a  is equival5t to #jhbbheg lb4    #a  
oz4        0       #ajigadc oz4         
,,weights1 ,,=eign4              ,b9>y  
,weights4 7,sy/me usuel47 ,fr5*4        
--------------------------------------  
,fr5*                          ,kilo-   
,gra94                                  
,scruple4,gros4,once4,livre4gramme4     
--------------------------------------  
#a  444    444  444   444   444         
#bd    #a   444  444   444   444        

#gb    #c     #a 444   444   444        
#egf   #bd     #h  #a   444   444       
#ibaf  #chd   #abh #af    #a   444      
#ahdcb  #gfh   #bef #cb    #b    #a     
--------------------------------------  
----------------------------------------
-------           ,equiv4 9,r\nd numb]  
,equiv4 9          ,fr5*  grammes ( !   
,codex   ,avoirdupois         ,gra94    
metrique4 9 grammes4      weight4       
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
lb4 oz4  gr4          #a    #jedb       
#je   444   444    #jhcg        #bd     
#acj        #acj   444   444   #bja     
#gb   #cijf       #d     444   444      
#fjbhd       #egf  #habe       #cb      
444  #a      #de         #ibaf #ejj     
#ejj       #a  #a-a_/b  #fa             
#ahdcbajjj       #ajjj       #b  #c-a_/d
  #ac                                   
----------------------------------------
-------     ,! old ,fr5* gra9 is equal  
to #hbj ( an imp]ial troy gra92 h5ce #a 
troy gra9 is equal to #aba old ,fr5*    

gra9s4 ,! gros1 once1 & o!r  multiples (
 ! gra91 are1 ( c\rse1 proportionate4 ,!
 new ,fr5*  gra9 7( #ahab7 is equal to  
#jedb gramme1 or #hcfebbh gr4 troy4 ,x  
is  said1 9 "s works1 to be equal to    
#hgh gr4 troy1 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1  #i1 b
 ?is is mu* too high4                   
,,cont95tal ,,m$ic9al ,,weights1 9 ,troy
 ,gra9s4            7,f ,dr ,*ri/ison's 
#8,disp5satory4'7                       
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,scruple consi/+ (            ,c\ntry4  
,p\nd4,ounce4,dra*m4--------------------
 ,gra94                                 
#bd m$4   #bj m$4                       
grs4      grs4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------    ,fr5*              
#efgjedgjej #eiaj    #aig       444     
#jhbj     ,spani%    #ecbfcddcdi #eead  
#ahdg      444    #jgfi     ,tuscan     
#ebdjcdcffg #edeh    #ahai      444     
#jgeh     ,roman      #ebcejdcfbe #edeh 
#ahag      444    #jgeg     ,au/rian    

#fdieaedabe #fgfe     444      #bbe     
#aabg     ,g]man     #eebdhdfjdj #egee  
444      #aiah   #jifj     ,russian     
#eebdhdfjdj #egee     444      #aiah    
#jifj     ,prussian   #edaeadeabf #efdj 
444      #ahhj   #jidj     ,dut*        
#efiehdgdfd #eicc     444      #aigh    
#jihh     ,belgian    #efiehdgdfd #eicc 
444      #aigh   #jihh     ,sw$i%       
#eejjbdehcd #egbi     444      #aiji    
#jied     ,pi$montese#dgddgcieci #dide  
444      #afdh   #jhbd     ,v5etian     
#dffadchhde #dhee     444      #afah    
#jhji                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------    ,,weights ,,&      
,,measures ,,act1 #ahgh4 ,on ! #a/ (    
,janu>y1 #ahgi1 !re came  into =ce an   
act to consolidate ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$     
,k+dom ! law  relat+ to weights &       
measures4 ,legislation on ?is subject _h
 be5  long r5d]$ necess>y f ! extreme   
inconv5i5ce & friction to  comm]ce ( all
 k9ds aris+ f ! adh]5ce to local /&>ds (
  weight or measurem5ts2 & f ! div]g5t  

values 9 diff]5t p>ts  ( ! k+dom1 & 9   
places m or less contigu\s to ea* o!r1 (
  weights & measures (t5 be>+ ! same "n4
 ,?us1 previ\s to !  pass+ ( ! above    
,act1 !re 7 twelve diff]5t m>kets 9 ?is 
c\ntry 9 :i* :5 corn 0 sold by ! bu%el1 
! weight ( !  bu%el v>i$ 9 ea*2 & six   
diff]5t localities 9 :i* ! same  ?+     
occurr$ :5 v5d$ by ! qu>t] & ! load4 ,9 
"s places a  score ( gra9 w\ld imply #bj
 lbs4 b (t5 less1 :il/ 9 o!rs x 0  n an 
infrequ5t transaction = :eat to be sold 
by "o measure1  deliv]$ by ano!r1 &     
ev5tually paid = by weight4 ,& ! same   
p]plex+ & arbitr>y conditions atta*$ to 
! sale ( numb]less  o!r commodities4    
,we give bel[ ! mo/ important sections (
 ! ,weights & ,measures ,act  ( #ahgh3  
,,law ,,( ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4     
,uni=mity ( ,weights & ,measures4    ,! 
same weights & measures %all be us$     
?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4                
,/&>ds ( ,measure & ,weight4    ,!      
bronze b> & ! plat9um weight1 m         
p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 !  fir/ "p ( !    

,fir/ ,s*$ule ( ?is ,act1 & at ! pass+ (
 ?is  ,act1 deposit$ 9 ! ,/&>ds         
,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 !      
cu/ody ( ! ,w>d5 ( ! ,/&>ds1 %all       
cont9ue to be ! imp]ial  /&>d ( measure 
& weight1 & ! said bronze b> %all       
cont9ue to  be ! imp]ial /&>d = det]m9+ 
! imp]ial /&>d y>d =  ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 &
 ! said plat9um weight %all cont9ue to  
be !  imp]ial /&>d = det]m9+ ! imp]ial  
/&>d p\nd = !  ,unit$ ,k+dom4           
,imp]ial ,measures ( ,l5g?4    ,!       
/raight l9e or di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres (
 ! two gold plugs or  p9s 7z m5tion$ 9 !
 ,fir/ ,s*$ule to ?is ,act71#bfh 9 !    
bronze  b> by ?is ,act decl>$ to be !   
imp]ial /&>d = det]m9+ !  imp]ial /&>d  
y>d1 measur$ :5 ! b> is at ! temp]ature 
(  sixty-two degrees ( ,fahr5heit's     
!rmomet]1 & :5 x is support$ on  bronze 
roll]s plac$ "u x 9 su* a mann] z be/ to
 avoid flexure  ( ! b>1 & to facilitate 
its free expansion & contraction f      
v>iations ( temp]ature1 %all be ! legal 
/&>d measure ( l5g?1  & %all be call$ ! 

imp]ial /&>d y>d1 & %all be ! only unit 
or /&>d measure ( ext5sion f :i* all    
measures ( ext5sion1  :e!r l9e>1        
sup]ficial1 or solid %all be asc]ta9$4  
,footnote #bfh3 ,see fur!r on4    ,"o   
?ird "p ( ! imp]ial /&>d y>d %all be a  
foot1 & !  twelf? "p ( su* foot %all be 
an in*1 & ! rod1 pole1 or p]* 9  l5g?   
%all conta9 five su* y>ds & a half1 & ! 
*a9 %all  conta9 tw5ty-two su* y>ds1 & !
 furlong two hundr$ & tw5ty su*  y>ds1 &
 ! mile "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty su* 
y>ds4    ,! rood ( l& %all conta9 "o    
?\s& two hundr$ & t5 squ>e  y>ds accord+
 to ! imp]ial /&>d y>d1 & ! acre ( l&   
%all  conta9 f\r ?\s& eight hundr$ & =ty
 su* squ>e y>ds1 be+ "o  hundr$ & sixty 
squ>e rods1 poles or p]*es4             
,imp]ial ,measures ( ,weight &          
,capacity4    ,! weight 9 vacuo ( !     
plat9um weight 7m5tion$ 9 ! ,fir/       
,s*$ule to ?is ,act71 & by ?is ,act     
decl>$ to be ! imp]ial  /&>d = det]m9+ !
 imp]ial /&>d p\nd1 %all be ! legal     
/&>d measure ( weight1 & ( measure hav+ 

ref]5ce to weight1 &  %all be call$ !   
imp]ial /&>d p\nd1 & %all be ! only unit
 or  /&>d measure ( weight f :i* all o!r
 weights & all measures  hav+ ref]5ce to
 weight %all be asc]ta9$4    ,"o sixte5?
 "p ( ! imp]ial /&>d p\nd %all be an    
ounce1 &  "o-sixte5? "p ( su* ounce %all
 be a dram1 & "o sev5 ?\s&?  "p ( !     
imp]ial /&>d p\nd %all be a gra94    ,a 
/one %all consi/ ( f\rte5 imp]ial /&>d  
p\nds1 & a hundr$  weight %all consi/ ( 
eight su* /ones1 & a ton %all consi/ (  
tw5ty su* hundr$weights4    ,f\r hundr$ 
& eighty gra9s %all be an ounce troy4   
,all ! =ego+ weights except ! ounce troy
 %all be deem$ to be  avoirdupois       
weights4    ,! unit or /&>d measure (   
capacity f :i* all o!r measures (       
capacity1 z well z = liquids z = dry    
goods1 %all be d]iv$1 %all  be ! gallon 
conta9+ t5 imp]ial /&>d p\nds weight (  
di/ill$  wat] weigh$ 9 air aga9/ brass  
weights1 ) ! wat] & air at !  temp]ature
 ( sixty-two degrees ( ,fahr5heit's     
!rmomet]1 & ) !  b>omet] at ?irty in*es4

    ,! qu>t %all be "o f\r? "p ( !      
gallon1 & ! p9t %all be  "o-eigh? "p ( !
 gallon4    ,two gallons %all be a peck1
 & eight gallons %all be a bu%el1 &     
eight su* bu%els %all be a qu>t]1 &     
?irty-six su* bu%els %all  be a *aldron4
    ,a bu%el = ! sale ( any ( ! foll[+  
articles1 namely1 lime1  fi%1 potatoes1 
fruit1 or any o!r goods & ?+s :i* be=e  
7!  pass+ ( ! ,weights & ,measures ,act1
 #ahce1 t is to say7 ! n9?  day (       
,septemb]1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty 
five1 7  commonly sold by heap$ measure1
 %all be a holl[ cyl9d] hav+ a plane    
base1 ! int]nal diamet] ( :i* %all be   
d\ble ! int]nal dep?1  & e measure us$ =
 ! sale ( any ( ! above-m5tion$ articles
  :i* is a multiple ( a bu%el1 or is a  
half bu%el or a peck1 %all be  made ( ! 
same %ape & proportion z ! above-m5tion$
 bu%el4    ,9 us+ an imp]ial measure (  
capacity1 ! same %all n be heap$1  b    
ei!r %all be /rick5 ) a r\nd /ick or    
roll]1 /raight1 &  ( ! same diamet] f   
end to end1 or if ! article sold _c f   

its size or %ape be conv5i5tly /rick51  
%all be fill$ 9 all p>ts  z ne>ly to !  
level ( ! brim z ! size & %ape ( !      
article  w admit4             ,metric   
,equival5ts ( ,imp]ial ,weights &       
,measures4    ,! table 9 ! ,?ird ,s*$ule
 to ?is ,act %all be deem$ to set =?  ! 
equival5ts ( imp]ial weights & measures 
& ( ! weights &  measures !re9 express$ 
9 t]ms ( ! metric sy/em1 & su* table    
may be lawfully us$ = comput+ &         
express+1 9 weights &  measures1 weights
 & measures ( ! metric sy/em4           
,use ( ,imp]ial ,weights & ,measures4   
,e contract1 b>ga91 sale1 or deal+1 made
 or _h 9 ! ,unit$  ,k+dom = any "w1     
goods1 w>es1 or m]*&ise1 or o!r ?+ :i*  
has be5 or is to be done1 sold1 deliv]$1
 c>ri$1 or agre$ = by  weight or        
measure1 %all be deem$ to be made & _h  
accord+ to "o (  ! imp]ial weights or   
measures asc]ta9$ by ?is ,act1 or to "s 
multiple or "p !re(1 & if n s made or _h
 %all be void2 & all  tolls & duties    
*>g$ or collect$ accord+ to weight or   

measure %all  be *>g$ & collect$ accord+
 to "o ( ! imp]ial weights or  measures 
asc]ta9$ by ?is ,act1 or to "s multiple 
or "p !re(4    ,su* contract1 b>ga91    
sale1 deal+1 & collection ( tolls &     
duties  z is 9 ?is section m5tion$ is 9 
?is ,act ref]r$ to "u ! t]m  #8trade4'  
,no local or cu/om>y measures1 nor ! use
 ( ! heap$ measure1 %all  be lawful4    
,any p]son :o sells by any d5om9ation ( 
weight or measure o!r ?an  "o ( !       
imp]ial weights or measures1 or "s      
multiple or "p !re(1  %all be liable to 
a f9e n exce$+ =ty %ill+s = e su*  sale4
    ,all articles sold by weight %all be
 sold by avoirdupois weight2 except     
t----        7#a7 ,gold & silv]1 &      
articles made !re(1 includ+ gold &      
silv] ?read1 lace1 or fr+e1 also        
plat9um1 diamonds1 &          o!r       
preci\s metals or /ones1 may be sold by 
! ounce troy or          by any decimal 
p>ts ( su* ounce2 & all contracts1      
b>ga9s1          sales1 & deal+s 9      
relation !reto %all be deem$ to be      

made & _h by su* weight1 & :5 s made or 
_h %all be          valid2 &        7#b7
 ,drugs1 :5 sold by retail1 may be sold 
by apo!c>ies' weight4    ,e p]son :o    
acts 9 contrav5tion ( ?is section %all  
be liable to  a f9e n exce$+ five p\nds4
    ,a contract or deal+ %all n be      
invalid or op5 to objection on !  gr\nd 
t ! weights or measures express$ or     
ref]r$ to !re9 are  weights or measures 
( ! metric sy/em1 or on ! gr\nd t       
decimal  sub-divisions ( imp]ial weights
 & measures1 :e!r metric or  o!rwise1   
are us$ 9 su* contract or deal+4        
,no?+ 9 ?is act %all prev5t ! sale1 or  
subject a p]son to a f9e  "u ?is ,act = 
! sale1 ( an article 9 any vessel1 :]e  
su*  vessel is n repres5t$ z conta9+ any
 am\nt ( imp]ial measure1  nor subject a
 p]son to a f9e "u ?is ,act = !         
possession ( a  vessel :]e x is %[n t   
su* vessel is n us$ nor int5d$ =  use z 
a measure4    ,any p]son :o pr9ts1 & any
 cl]k ( a m>ket or o!r p]son :o  makes1 
any return1 price li/1 price curr5t1 or 

any j\rnal or o!r  pap] conta9+ price   
li/ or price curr5t1 9 :i* ! d5om9ation 
(  weights & measures quot$ or ref]r$ to
 d5otes or implies a great] or  less    
weight or measure ?an is d5ot$ or impli$
 by ! same d5om9ation  ( ! imp]ial      
weights & measures "u ?is ,act1 %all be 
liable to a  f9e n exce$+ t5 %ill+s = e 
copy ( e su* return1  price li/1 price  
curr5t1 j\rnal1 or o!r pap] :i* he      
publi%es4    ,e p]son :o uses or has 9 8
 possession = use = trade a weight  or  
measure :i* is n ( ! d5om9ation ( "s    
,bo>d ( ,trade  /&>d1 %all be liable to 
a f9e n exce$+ five p\nds1 or 9 !  case 
( a second (f5ce t5 p\nds1 & ! weight or
 measure %all be  liable to be =feit$4  
,unju/ ,weights & ,measures4    ,e p]son
 :o uses or has 9 8 possession = use =  
trade any  weight1 measure1 scale1      
balance1 /eely>d1 or weigh+ ma*9e :i* is
  false or unju/1 %all be liable to a   
f9e n exce$+ five p\nds1 or  9 ! case ( 
a second (f5ce t5 p\nds1 & any contract1
 b>ga91  sale1 or deal+ made by ! same  

%all be void1 & ! weight1 measure1      
scale1 balance1 or /eely>d %all be      
liable to be =feit$4    ,:]e any fraud  
is wilfully committ$ 9 ! us+ ( any      
weight1 measure1  scale1 balance1       
/eely>d1 or weigh+ ma*9e1 ! p]son       
committ+ su*  fraud1 & e p]son p>ty to !
 fraud1 %all be liable to a f9e n       
exce$+ five p\nds1 or 9 ! case ( a      
second (f5ce t5 p\nds1 &  ! weight1     
measure1 scale1 balance1 or /eely>d %all
 be liable to be  =feit$4    ,a p]son   
%all n wilfully or kn[+ly make or sell1 
or cause to be made  or sold1 any false 
or unju/ weight1 measure1 scale1        
balance1 or weigh+  ma*9e4    ,e p]son  
:o acts 9 contrav5tion ( ?is section    
%all be liable to  a f9e n exce$+ t5    
p\nds1 or 9 ! case ( a second (f5ce     
fifty  p\nds4                           
,,miscellane\s4    ,e inquisition :i*1 9
 pursuance ( any ,act h]eby repeal$1 has
 be5  tak5 = asc]ta9+ ! am\nt (         
contracts to be p]=m$ or r5ts to  be    
paid 9 gra9 or malt1 or 9 any o!r       

commodity or ?+1 or )  ref]5ce to !     
measure or weight ( any gra91 malt1 or  
o!r commodity  or ?+1 & ! am\nt ( any   
toll rate or duty payable accord+ to any
  weight or measure 9 use be=e ! pass+ (
 ! said ,act1 & has be5  enroll$ (      
record 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]1
 %all cont9ue 9  =ce1 & may be giv5 9   
evid5ce 9 any legal proce$+1 & !  am\nt 
asc]ta9$ by su* inquisition %all1 :5    
conv]t$ into imp]ial  weights &         
measures1 cont9ue to be ! rule ( paym5t 
9 reg>d to all  su* contracts1 r5ts1    
tolls1 rates1 or duties4                
,/&>ds & ,def9itions4    ,no?+ 9 ?is    
,act %all affect ! validity ( ! models (
 gas hold]s  v]ifi$ & deposit$ 9 !      
,/&>ds ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1  9 
pursuance ( ! ,act ( ! session ( !      
tw5ty-second &  tw5ty-?ird ye>s ( !     
reign ( ,h] pres5t ,maje/y1 *apt]       
sixty-six1  entitul$ 8,an ,act =        
regulat+ measures us$ 9 sales ( gas10 & 
(  ! ,acts am5d+ ! same1 & ! provisions 
( ?is ,act ) respect to  ,bo>d ( ,trade 

/&>ds %all apply to su* models2 & !     
provisions (  ?is ,act ) respect to     
def9+ ! am\nt ( error to be tol]at$ 9   
local /&>ds :5 v]ifi$ or rev]ifi$1 %all 
apply to def9+ !  am\nt ( error to be   
tol]at$ 9 su* copies ( ! said models (  
gas  hold]s z are provid$ by any        
ju/ices1 c\ncil commission]s1 or o!r    
local au?ority 9 pursuance ( ! said     
,acts4    ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all ext5d to
 prohibit1 defeat1 injure1 or less5  !  
rights grant$ by *>t] to ! ma/]1 w>d5s1 
& commonalty (  ! my/]y ( ! ,f\nd]s ( ! 
,city ( ,london4    ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act    
%all prohibit1 defeat1 injure1 or less5 
! rights  ( ! mayor & commonalty &      
citiz5s ( ! ,city ( ,london1 or ( !  ,"l
 ,mayor ( ! ,city ( ,london = ! "t be+1 
) respect to !  /amp+ or seal+ ( weights
 & measures1 or ) respect to !  gaug+ ( 
w9e or oil1 or o!r gaugeable liquors4   
,,application ,,( ,,act ,,to ,,scotl&4  
,?is ,act %all apply to ,scotl& ) !     
foll[+ modifications3    ,9 !           
application ( ?is ,act to ,scotl& !     

expression #8r5ts &  tolls' includes all
 /ip5ds1 feu duties1 cu/oms1 casualties1
 & o!r  dem&s :atsoev]1 payable 9 gra91 
malt1 or meal1 or any o!r  commodity or 
?+4    ,! fair's prices ( all gra9 9 e  
c\nty %all be /ruck by !  imp]ial qu>t]1
 & all o!r returns ( ! prices ( gra9    
%all be  set =? by ! same1 )\t ref]5ce  
to any o!r measure :atsoev]4            
,,application ,,( ,,act ,,to ,,irel&4   
,?is ,act %all apply to ,irel& ) !      
foll[+ modifications3    ,9 ,irel& e    
contract1 b>ga91 sale1 or deal+----     
,= any quantity ( corn1 gra91 pulses1   
potatoes1 hay1 /raw1 flax1  roots1      
c>casses ( beef or mutton1 butt]1 wool1 
or dead pigs1 sold1  deliv]$1 or agre$  
=3    ,or = any quantity ( any o!r      
commodity sold1 deliv]$1 or agre$ =  by 
weight 7n be+ a commodity :i* may by law
 be sold by ! troy  ounce or by         
apo!c>ies' weight71 %all be made or _h  
by "o ( !  foll[+ d5om9ations ( imp]ial 
weight2 namely1 ! ounce avoirdupois2  ! 
imp]ial p\nd ( sixte5 ounces2 ! /one (  

f\rte5 p\nds2 !  qu>t] hundr$ (         
tw5ty-eight p\nds2 ! half hundr$ (      
fifty-six  p\nds2 ! hundr$weight ( "o   
hundr$ & twelve p\nds2 or ! ton (  tw5ty
 hundr$weight2 & n by any local or      
cu/om>y d5om9ation (  weight :atsoev]1  
o!rwise su* contract1 b>ga91 sale1 or   
deal+  %all be void3    ,provid$ always1
 t no?+ 9 ! pres5t section %all be deem$
 to  prev5t ! use 9 any contract1 b>ga91
 sale1 or deal+ ( !  d5om9ation ( !     
qu>t]1 half1 or o!r aliquot "p ( !      
ounce1  p\nd1 or o!r d5om9ation a=esaid1
 or %all be deem$ to ext5d to  any      
contract1 b>ga91 sale1 or deal+ relat+  
to /&+ or gr[+  crops4    ,9 ,irel& e   
article sold by weight %all1 if weigh$1 
be weigh$ 9  full net /&+ beam2 & = !   
purposes ( e contract1 b>ga91  sale1 or 
deal+ ! weight be asc]ta9$ %all be deem$
 ! true weight  ( ! article1 & no       
d$uction or all[ance = tret or beamage1 
or on  any o!r acc\nt1 or "u any o!r "n 
:atsoev]1 ! weight ( any  sack1 vessel1 
or o!r cov]+ 9 :i* su* article may be   

conta9$  alone except$1 %all be claim$  
or made by any pur*as] on any pretext   
:atev] "u a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds4 
,,s*$ules4                              
,,fir/ ,,s*$ule4                        
,,"p ,i4                                
,,imp]ial ,,/&>ds4    ,! foll[+ /&>ds 7 
con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( !            
,commission]s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,treasury1
 aft] ! de/ruction ( !  =m] imp]ial     
/&>ds 9 ! fire at ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 
,! imp]ial /&>d = det]m9+ ! l5g? ( !    
imp]ial /&>d  y>d is a solid squ>e b>1  
?irty-eight in*es long1 & "o in* squ>e  
9 transv]se section1 ! b> be+ ( bronze  
or gun-metal2 ne> to ea*  end a         
cyl9drical hole is sunk 7! di/ance      
betwe5 ! c5tres ( !  two holes be+      
?irty-six in*es7 to ! dep? ( half an    
in*1 at !  bottom ( ?is hole is ins]t$ 9
 a small] hole a gold plug or p91  ab\t 
"o t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ^u !       
surface ( ?is p9  !re are cut ?ree f9e  
l9es at int]vals ( ab\t ! "o hundr$?  "p
 ( an in* transv]se to ! axis ( ! b>1 & 

two l9es at ne>ly  ! same int]val       
p>allel to ! axis ( ! b>2 ! measure (   
l5g?  ( ! imp]ial /&>d y>d is giv5 by ! 
int]val betwe5 ! middle  transv]sal l9e 
at "o end & ! middle transv]sal l9e at !
 o!r  end1 ! "p ( ea* l9e :i* is employ$
 be+ ! po9t midway  betwe5 ! longitud9al
 l9es2 & ! said po9ts are 9 ?is ,act    
ref]r$ to z ! c5tres ( ! said gold plugs
 or p9s2 & su* b> is  m>k$ 8copp] #af   
oz41 t9 #b-a_/b1 z9c #a4 ,mr ,baily's   
metal4 ,no #a /&>d  y>d at #fbcj        
,fahr5heit4 ,ca/ 9 #ahde4 ,tr\ghton &   
,simms1 ,london40                       
,,d5om9ations ,,( ,,/&>ds ,,(           
,,apo!c>ies' ,,weight                   
,,& ,,measure4              #a4         
,apo!c>ies' ,weight4                    
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,weight 9 gra9s 9 t]ms                  
( ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d          ,d5om9ation4
          ,p\nd :i* conta9s             
#gjjj su* gra9s4                        
----------------------------------------

-----------    ,ounces4  #aj ounces4    
#dhjj                           #h      
ounces                #chdj             
#f ounces                #bhhj          
#d ounces                #aibj          
#b ounces                 #ifj          
#a ounce                  #dhj          
,dra*ms4  #d dra*ms                     
or half               #bdj              
an ounce                                
#b dra*ms                #abj           
#a dra*m                  #fj           
,scruples4 #b scruples                  
#dj                           #a-a_/b   
scruples                                
or half a             #cj               
dra*m                                   
#a scruple                 #bj          
half a scruple            #aj           
#f gra9s                   #f           
#e gra9s                   #e           
#d gra9s                   #d           
#c gra9s                   #c           
#b gra9s                   #b           
#a gra9                    #a           

half a gra9               #je           
----------------------------------------
-----------              #b4 ,apo!c>ies'
 ,measure4                              
----------------------------------------
---------------                         
,conta9+ ! foll[+                       
weight1 ( di/ill$ wat]4                 
,d5om9ation4         ,temp]ature  #fb   
,fahr4                                  
,b>omet]  #cj in*es4                    
,imp]ial ,p\nd  #gjjj gr4               
----------------------------------------
---------------    ,a fluid ounce & !   
,"o fluid ounce conta9s                 
multiples !re(          #dcge gra9s     
f #a to #dj fluid          weight1 or   
#a_/afj imp]ial      ounces4            
gallon4                      ,half a    
fluid ounce                             
,a fluid dra*m & !     ,"o fluid dra*m  
multiples !re(          equals #a_/h    
fluid               f #a to #af fluid   
ounce4                         dra*ms   
,half a fluid dra*m                     

,a m9im & !            ,"o m9im equals  
multiples !re( f #a   #a_/fj fluid      
dra*m4             to #fj m9ims         
----------------------------------------
---------------    ,! imp]ial /&>d =    
det]m9+ ! weight ( ! imp]ial /&>d  p\nd 
is ( plat9um1 ! =m be+ t ( a cyl9d]     
ne>ly #ace in*  9 height & #aae in* 9   
diamet]1 ) a groove or *annel r\nd x1   
^: middle is ab\t #jcd in* bel[ ! top ( 
! cyl9d]1 =  ins]tion ( ! po9ts ( !     
ivory =k by :i* x is to be lift$2 !     
edges are c>efully r\nd$ (f1 & su* /&>d 
p\nd is m>k$1 ,p4,s4  #ahdd1 #a lb4     
,! foll[+ new & additional d5om9ations (
 /&>ds (  apo!c>ies' weights & measures1
 7 creat$ "u ! ,weights &  ,measures    
,act1 by an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 dat$ ! #ad?
 ,augu/1 #ahgi4bfi    ,footnote #bfi3   
,publi%$ 9 ! #8,london ,gazette1'       
,augu/1 #ae?1 #ahgi4                    
,,?ird ,,s*$ule4                        
,,"p ,i4----,,metric ,,equival5ts4      
,table ( ! values ( ! pr9cipal          
d5om9ations ( measures & weights  on !  

metric sy/em1 express$ by means (       
d5om9ations ( imp]ial  measures &       
weights1 & ( ! values ( ! pr9cipal      
d5om9ations (  measures & weights ( !   
imp]ial sy/em1 express$ by means (      
metric  weights & measures4             
,measures ( ,l5g?4                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,metric
 ,d5om9ations & ,values ,equival5ts 9   
,imp]ial ,d5om9ations                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,metres4 ,miles4,y>ds4,feet4 ,in*es4    
,decimals4                              
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,myriametre            #aj1jjj   #f     
#cgf   #j      #aai                     
or  #aj1icf   #j      #aai    ,kilometre
               #ajjj   444    #ajic   #a
      #ajgi    ,hectometre              
#ajj   444     #aji   #a       #ajgi    
,decametre                 #aj   444    
#aj   #b       #igjgi    ,metre         

#a   444       #a   #j       #ccgjh     
,decimetre               #a_/aj   444   
444 444       #cicga    ,c5timetre      
#a_/ajj   444     444 444       #jcicg  
,millimetre            #a_/ajjj   444   
444 444       #jjcid                    
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,measures ( ,surface4                   
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,metric           
,d5om9ations & ,values4   ,equival5ts 9 
,imp]ial                                
,d5om9ations4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,squ>e ,acres4,squ>e  ,decimals4        
,metres4      ,y>ds4                    
----------------------------------------
----------------    ,hect>e1 i4e4 #ajj  
,ares  #aj1jjj  #b      #bbhjccbf       
or    #aaifjccbf    ,dec>e1 i4e4 #aj    
,ares      #ajjj  444     #aaifjccc     
,are                          #ajj  444 
#aaifjcc    ,c5ti>e1 i4e4 #a_/ajj ,are  

#a  444        #aaifj                   
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,measures ( ,capacity4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,metric ,d5om9ations & ,values4         
,equival5ts 9 ,imp]ial                  
,d5om9ations4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,cubic   ,q                   ,d        
,metres4  u  ,b                e        
a  u     ,g  ,q       c                 
r  s  ,p  a  u  ,p    i                 
t  h  e  l  a  i    m                   
e  e  c  l  r  n    a                   
r  l  k  o  t  t    l                   
s  s  s  n  s  s    s                   
4  4  4  4  4  4    4                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,kilolitre    
i4e4 #ajjj ,litres     #a      #c  #c   
#b  #j  #jjgg         ,hectolitre1 i4e4 
#ajj ,litres     #a_/aj444  #b  #c  #j  

#jjjgg        ,decalitre1 i4e4 #aj      
,litres      #a_/ajj444444  #a  #j      
#jafjgg       ,litre                    
#a_/ajjj444444444444444agfjgg           
,decilitre1 i4e4 #a_/aj ,litre          
#a_/ajjjj444444444444444jagfjgg         
,c5tilitre1 i4e4 #a_/ajj                
,litre#a_/ajjjjj444444444444444jjagfjgg 
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------       
,metric ,d5om9ations & ,values4         
,equival5ts 9 ,imp]ial ,d5om9ations4    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,d    ,d                                
,grams4  ,cwts4,/ones4,p\nds4,ounces4  r
    e                                   
a    c                                  
m    4                                  
s                                       
4                                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,milli] 

#a1jjj1jjj    #ai     #e      #f      #i
  #aejd          ,qu9tal                
#ajj1jjj     #a     #g     #aj      #g  
#fcjd         ,myriagram                
#aj1jjj   444     #a      #h      #j    
#aahcjd        ,kilogram                
#a1jjj  444   444      #b      #c       
#dchcj                                  
7or #aedcbcdhg grs47                    
,hectogram                 #ajj   444   
444    444      #c   #hdchc             
,decagram                   #aj   444   
444    444    444   #efdch        ,gram 
#a   444   444    444    444   #jefdch  
,decigram                 #a_/aj   444  
444    444    444   #jjefdch            
,c5tigram               #a_/ajj   444   
444    444    444   #jjjefdch           
,milligram              #a_/ajjj   444  
444    444    444   #jjjjefdch          
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,measures ( ,l5g?4                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              

,equival5ts 9 ,metric ,measures4        
,imp]ial ,measures4                     
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,millimetre4,decimetre4   ,metre4       
,kilometre4                             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,in*         
#beciied                                
,foot or #ab in*es     444      #cjdgid 
#jcjdgi               ,y>d1 or #c feet1 
or #cf in*es        444        444      
#jiadbh               ,fa?om1 or #b     
y>ds1                                   
or #f feet           444        444     
#ahbhgg               ,pole or #e-a_/b  
y>ds   444        444        #ejbiaa    
,*a91 or #d poles1                      
or #bb y>ds         444        444      
#bjaafdd               ,furlong1 #dj    
poles1                                  
or #bbj y>ds        444        444      
#bjaafdcg  #jbjaaf     ,mile1 #h        
furlongs1                               
or #agfj y>ds       444        444      

#afjicadic  #afjica                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,measures ( ,surface4                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,equival5ts 9 ,metric ,measures4        
,imp]ial ,measures4                     
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,squ>e ,decimetres4 ,squ>e ,metres4     
,ares4    ,hect>es4                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----    ,squ>e in*                     
#jjfdea                                 
,squ>e foot1 or #add squ>e              
in*es                           #ibhiig 
#jjibijj                          ,squ>e
 y>d1 or #i squ>e feet1                 
or #abif squ>e in*es            #hcfjiga
           #jhcfjig                     
,pole or p]*1 or #cj-a_/d squ>e         
y>ds                               444  

#bebiaici                         ,rood1
 or #dj p]*es1 or #abaj                 
squ>e y>ds                        444   
444     #ajaafggf              ,acre1 or
 #d roods1 or #dhdj squ>e               
y>ds                               444  
444        444     #jdjdfg     ,squ>e   
mile or #fdj acres             444      
444        444    #behihide             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----                                   
,measures ( ,capacity4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,equival5ts 9 ,metric ,measures4        
,imp]ial ,measures4                     
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,decilitres4  ,litres4                  
,decalitres4,hectolitres4               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,gill      
#adaihc   #jadaih                       
,p9t or #d gills        #efgicb         

#jefgic                           ,qu>t 
or #b p9ts         444      #aacehg     
,gallon or #d qu>ts       444           
#dedcdf                           ,peck 
or #b gallons        444      #ijhfib   
#jijhfi                 ,bu%el1 or #h   
gallons1                                
or #d pecks             444        444  
#cfcdgg                 ,qu>t] or #h    
bu%els     444        444       444     
#bijgha                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,cubic ,measure4                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,equival5ts 9 ,metric ,measures4        
,imp]ial ,measures4                     
---------------------------------       
,cubic       ,cubic    ,cubic           
,c5timetres4,decimetres4 ,metres4       
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,cubic in*  
#afchfah                                
,cubic foot or #agbh cubic in*es    444 

#bhcaeca                ,cubic y>d or   
#bg cubic feet        444        444    
#jgfdea                                 
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,weights4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,equival5ts 9 ,metric ,weights4         
,imp]ial ,weights4                      
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,grams4  ,decagrams4 ,kilograms4 ,milli]
 or                                     
,metric ,ton4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------    ,gra9
                      #jjfdgihie        
,dram                       #aggahe     
,ounce1 avoirdupois1 or                 
#af drams1 or #dcge gra9s#bhcdied       
#bhcdie                           ,p\nd1
 or #af ounces1 or #bef                 
drams1 or #gjjj gra9s    #deceibfe      
#deceibg    #jdecei                     

,hundr$weight or #aab lbs4      444     
444      #ejhjbch               ,ton or 
#bj cwt4                 444        444 
#ajafjdged #ajafje      ,ounce1 troy1 or
 #dhj gra9s #caajcdif   #caajce         
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,,weld4 ,syn4 ,,woald4 ,! ,res$a luteola
 7,l9n471 an h]bace\s annual  employ$ by
 ! dy]s4 ,a decoction ( ! /ems & leaves 
gives a ri*  yell[ to goods mordant$ )  
alum1 t>t>1 or muriate ( t94 ,see       
,,yell[  ,,pigm5ts4    ,,wel%           
,,r>e,,bit4 ,prep4 ,cut slices ( bread1 
toa/ & butt] !m2 !n  cov] !m ) slices ( 
ri* *eese1 spread a little mu/>d ov] !  
*eese1 put ! bread 9 a *eese-toa/] be=e 
! fire1 & 9 a %ort  "t s]ve x up v hot4 
,,w54 ,! popul> "n ( pulpy1 ency/$1 &   
fle%y tum\rs ( ! face  & neck4    ,,wet 
7to keep out f ,gun ,locks74 ,9 giv+    
h9ts to sportsman go+ to  ,norway1 ,mr4 
,lock1 9 8 book on #8,sport 9 ,norway1' 
gives "s capital  advice on ?is subject1
 :i* w\ld be equally s]viceable 9 wet   

wea!r  9 ,engl&4 ,sportsm5 w d well1 he 
says1 to remove ! locks f  _! rifle &   
gun1 oil !m ) a little ,rangoon oil1 lay
 !m on !  hob ( ! fireplace until !y are
 q hot1 & !n wipe !m z dry  z possible )
 a little cotton wa/e1 s t !re w be no  
sup]flu\s oil left to clog ! works4     
,:ile ! locks are gett+ hot  get a      
little beeswax & melt x 9 a cup1 & ) !  
tip ( a p5knife  c>efully pay1 z ?\gh y 
7 us+ putty to place 9 a pane ( glass1  
?\gh m sp>+ly1 ! wood5 l$ges :]e !      
lock-plates re/ :5  9 _! places1 9 su* a
 mann] t none ( ! wax gets into !       
places holl[$ out to receive ! works ( !
 lock4 ,:5 ! w>m locks  are put back 9  
_! places1 & screw$ up tight1 ! wax w   
adh]e to  ! edge ( ! lock-plates & !    
wood :]e9 !y b$1 & effectually  r5d] !m 
imp]vi\s to wet4 ,! sportsman c         
aft]w>ds1 :5  /alk+1 pu% 8 rifle ?r\gh  
wet grass1 & use 8 f[l+-piece :5  !     
wat]1 aft] a %[]1 drops f ! trees ^u him
 z he =ces 8  way betwe5 ! wet bran*es1 
)\t fe> ( ! wet mak+ its way into  !    

locks4    ,,:eat4 ,syn4 ,,triticum1 ,l4 
,! ripe se$ or fruit ( sev]al v>ieties  
( ,triticum vulg>e 7,l9n471 ( :i* !     
pr9cipal are ,triticum  /ivum1 or spr+  
:eat1 ,triticum hyb]num1 or w9t] :eat1 &
  ,triticum turgidum1 or turgid :eat1 ! 
la/ two ( :i* include  sev]al r$ & :ite 
sub-v>ieties4 ,( all ! c]eal gra9s :eat 
appe>s to be t be/ adapt$ = bread corn1 
n m]ely on acc\nt (  its highly         
nutriti\s "*1 b also on acc\nt ( ! p[] x
  possesses f its ri*ness 9 glut51 ( =m+
 a light & agreeable  loaf by ! process 
( f]m5tation4    ,accord+ to ,sir ,h4   
,davy1 good ,engli% :eat conta9s (      
glut51 #ai2  />*1 #gg2 soluble matt]1 #d
 to #e4    ,! av]age weight ( good :eat 
p] bu%el is f #eh to #fj lbs42 & its    
av]age yield ( fl\r is fully #ab-a_/b   
lbs4 = e #ad lbs4 ,! weight  ( ! /raw is
 said to be ab\t d\ble t ( ! gra94 ,!   
produce p]  acre v>ies f #ab to #fj1 or 
ev5 #fd1 bu%els an acre4 ,see ,,fl\r1   
,,/>*1  c4    ,buck:eat4 ,syn4          
,,fagopyrum4 ,! se$ ( ,fagopyrum        

escul5tum1 a plant  ( ! natural ord]    
,polygonace4 ,x makes excell5t cakes1   
crumpets1  & gruel4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1   
buck:eat cakes1 or r fritt]s1 are 9     
g5]al use at breakfa/1 eat5 ) molasses4 
,9 ,engl&1 buck:eat is  cultivat$ z food
 = pheasants4    ,:eat1 ,indian4 ,see   
,,maize4    ,:eat1 ,/eeps =4 ,quicklime1
 sulphate ( z9c1 or :ite vitriol1       
sulphate ( copp] or blue vitriol1 &     
ars5i\s acid or :ite ars5ic1  are !     
sub/ances *iefly employ$ = ?is purpose4 
,ab\t #e lbs4 ( !  fir/ 7slak$ & made   
into a milk ) wat]71 #a-a_/d lb4 ( !    
second1 #a  lb4 ( ! ?ird1 & #c or #d oz4
 ( ! la/1 are reg>d$ z suffici5t  = ea* 
sack ( se$4 ,! me?od ( apply+ !m is ei!r
 to dissolve  or mix !m ) j suffici5t   
wat] to cov] ! se$1 :i* is !n to  be    
soak$ 9 ! mixture = a few h\rs1 or a    
less quantity ( wat] is  employ$1 & ! m 
conc5trat$ solution is1 at int]vals1    
well  spr9kl$1 by means ( a #8wat]+     
pot1' ov] ! se$ :eat spread ^u  ! b>n   
floor1 ! action be+ promot$ by          

occasional /irr+4    ,obs4 ,! fir/ two  
sub/ances above nam$ h be5 sep>ately    
prov$ to  be amply suffici5t to de/roy !
 #8smut' 9 se$ :eat1 & are p]fectly     
h>mless 9 _! effects1 :i* r5d]s !m      
greatly pref]able to  ars5ic1 or ev5 to 
sulphate ( copp]4 ,ne>ly all ! num]\s   
adv]tis$  #8anti-smuts1' or no/rums to  
prev5t ! smut 9 :eat1 conta9 "o or  o!r 
( ! la/ ?ree ( ! above sub/ances4       
,,:ey4 ,syn4 ,,s]um ,,lactis1 ,l42      
,,petit ,,lait1 ,fr4 ,! liquid portion (
  milk aft] ! curd has be5 sep>at$4 ,x  
consi/s *iefly ( wat]1  hold+ 9 solution
 #c or #d ( sug> ( milk4 ,a p\nd ( milk 
mix$ ) a  tablespoonful ( pro( _s all[$ 
to become s\r1 & ! :ey  filt]$ f !      
s$im5t1 yields1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1
 a good  v9eg> 7:ey v9eg>71 free f      
lactic acid 7,s*eele74 ,skimm$ milk may 
be us$4    ,:ey1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,s]um    
,,lactis ,,alum9atum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take (
 p[d]$  alum #a dr42 hot milk1 #a p9t2  
simm] a few seconds1 let x repose = a   
%ort "t1 & /ra9 ! :ey f ! coagulum4 ,us$

 9 di>rha1 c42  a w9e-glassful aft] e   
motion4 ,acid :ey 7,,s]um ,,lactis      
,,acidum7 may be  prep>$ 9 a simil>     
mann] by sub/itut+ #a_/b dr4 ( t>t>ic or
 citric  acid = ! alum4 ,orange :ey &   
lemon :ey are prep>$ f ! juice  ( !     
respective fruits1 ) a little ( ! yell[ 
peel to imp>t  flav\r4    ,,:ey ,,p[d]4 
,prep4 #a4 ,f :ey g5tly evaporat$ to    
dryness1 &  p[d]$ along ) ab\t #a-crd ( 
its weight ( lump sug>4    #b4 ,sug>1 #g
 oz42 sug> ( milk1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 
#a oz4 7all 9 f9e  p[d]72 mix well4 #a  
oz4 dissolv$ 9 #a-a_/d p9t ( wat] =ms   
extemporane\s :ey4    ,,:is,,ky4 ,dilute
 alcohol obta9$ f ! f]m5t$ wort ( malt  
or  gra94 ,t f ! =m] is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,!
 inf]ior qualities  ( ?is _s are prep>$ 
f b>ley1 oats1 or rye1 a small portion  
only ( :i* is malt$1 or f potatoes ma%$ 
) a portion ( b>ley  malt1 ! result+ wa%
 be+ c>elessly f]m5t$ & di/ill$1 &      
purposely suff]$ to burn1 to imp>t !    
peculi> empyreumatic or smoky  flav\r s 
mu* reli%$ by ! l[] ord]s ( :isky       

dr9k]s4 ,! malt  :isky1 sold z su*1 ( ! 
pr9cipal ,scot* & ,iri% di/ill]s is     
fully equal 9 quality to ,london g91 f  
:i* x m]ely diff]s 9  flav\r4 ,! peculi>
 flav\r ( :isky may be imitat$ by add+ a
 few  drops ea* ( pure creosote &       
purifi$ fusel oil to #b or #c gallons ( 
good ,london g92 & ! imitation w be /ill
 m p]fect if !  liquor be kept = "s     
mon?s be=e dr9k+ x4    ,we are indebt$  
to #8,l& & ,wat]' = ! foll[+ int]e/+    
p>ticul>s relat+ to ,iri% :iskey3       
8,g5u9e unadult]at$ ,iri% :isky has1 (  
late ye>s1 become a great  desid]atum z 
a :olesome & agreeable bev]age1 & 9 !   
article  produc$ by ! l>ge & successful 
company ^: premises & bus9ess ,i  am    
ab\t to describe1 ! consum+ public h e  
gu>antee ( its  excell5ce & purity1 z f>
 z c be insur$ by ! use ( ! v  be/      
mat]ials1 great skill & c>e 9 !         
manufactur+ processes1 &  ! valuable &  
ext5sive build+s 9 :i* ! _s is /or$     
until  x atta9s ! maturity & mell[ness  
:i* age alone c conf]4    8,no bl5d+    

process ( new :iskies c effect ?is1 no  
di/ill] :o has  n v ext5sive bond$      
w>eh\ses is to be tru/$4 ,acre aft] acre
 (  cell>s1 vault aft] vault1 corridor  
aft] corridor1 ea* & all dim1  damp1 &  
d>k1 & gu>d$ by ! exciseman's talismanic
 padlock----all  ^! are necess>y = !    
s\ndness ( ! di/ill]y4 ,= to secure age 
& quality1 ! effect ( sev]al ye>s /orage
 9 ^! vaults is  requir$4 ,if y wi% to  
see su* /ore-rooms to p]fection1 g to   
,cork1  :i* may be consid]$ ! capital ( 
! ,iri% :isky trade4 ,ev5  ,dubl91 ) its
 ,jamiesons1 its ,p[]s1 & its ,roes1 mu/
 b[ d[n be=e  x4    8,b :at is mo/ s+ul>
 ( all1 "o company repres5ts t important
  bran* ( manufacture1 & h !re=e a good 
"r to _! title (  #8,cork ,di/ill]ies   
,company4' ,a little ov] a qu>t] ( a    
c5tury ago  !re 7 five di/ill]ies 9     
,cork----,wise's1 ,hewett's1 ,daly's1   
,murphy's1  & ,wat]s'4 ,9 #ahfg1 h[ev]1 
an amalgamation took place1 & ! pres5t  
company 0 />t$1 & ! "w ( ! five         
di/ill]ies 0  conc5trat$ into ?ree----! 

,nor? ,mall1 /ill kn[n z ,wise's 7t     
proprietor wisely all[+ himself to be   
b\ght out1 aft] hav+ made "o  ( ! l>ge/ 
private =tunes 9 ,irel&72 ! ,midleton1  
situat$ at a  pretty village ( t "n1    
ab\t t5 miles f ,cork1 & !  ,wat]c\rse1 
9 ! nor?-we/]n suburb ( ! city4 ,! ?ree 
di/ill]ies are capable ( produc+        
#a1jjj1jjj gallons ea* p] annum1  :i*   
repres5ts an annual duty ( "o million & 
a half p\nds /]l+4  ,_! paid-up capital 
is a qu>t] ( a million1 & a v l>ge re/  
fund4 ,_! works & prop]ty are insur$ =  
ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( a  million /]l+1 & !y 
f9d employm5t = ab\t #ajjj m54    8,!   
,brew+ ,process4----,i %all h occasion  
to describe ea* ( ^!  ?ree di/ill]ies   
dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is pap]1 b x w\ld p]haps
  be z well to run hurri$ly ?r\gh !     
sev]al processes ( :isky  di/illation4  
,x may be divid$ r\ghly into brew+ &    
di/ill+4 ,malt  & b>ley1 are1 ( c\rse1 !
 +r$i5ts us$4 ,b>ley z x comes f  !     
m>ket is di/+ui%$ by ! appellation      
#8gre54' ,?is is ei!r  /eep$ & conv]t$  

into malt1 or kiln-dri$ & gr\nd4 ,x is  
!n  remov$ to ! ma%-tuns1 :]e wat] is   
add$1 & ! :ole mix$ by  revolv+ ma*9]y4 
,aft] "s h\rs' /eep+1 ! wat] has soak$  
all  ! desir$ prop]ties f ! gra91 & is  
kn[n z wort4 ,?is is l$  away or pump$  
by a complicat$ s]ies ( pipes to ! top (
 !  manufactory1 :]e x und]goes a cool+ 
process4 ,:5 ( ! desir$  temp]ature x is
 conduct$ to ! f]m5t+ vats----va/ wood5 
vessels (  impos+ appe>ance rang$ 9 r[s4
 ,! brew+ processes end ) ?is           
f]m5tation4    8,! ,di/ill+ ,processes4 
,:5 ?is is done1 :i* g5]ally takes five 
days1 ! f]m5t$ liquor is conduct$ to !  
#8wa%' *>g]1 & f  !nce pump$ to !       
int]m$iate *>g]1 :]e x is heat$ be=e    
und]go+ ! fir/ process ( di/illation1   
:i* n[ takes place4 ,!  /ill is a va/   
copp] vessel1 %ap$ exactly l an inv]t$  
funnel1  ) ! pipe lead+ to ! ro(4 ,!    
#8wa%' or liquor f ! *>g]  is conduct$  
into ?is vessel4 ,b5ea? x are two       
furnaces1 :i* soon  raise ! temp]ature (
 ! vessel to boil+ po9t4 ,:5 evaporation

  comm5ces ! /eam 7:i* is ! _s1 & is    
te*nically kn[n z #8l[  w9es'7 is       
conduct$ up ! copp] pipe into a         
refrig]ator1 kn[n z !  #8worm4' ,?is    
worm is1 9 reality1 a cont9uation ( !   
pipe ( ! /ill  twi/$ into regul> coils 9
 & ab\t a vessel fill$ ) ! colde/  wat] 
obta9able4 ,by ?is means ! /eam is      
conv]t$ into liquor4 ,?is  liquor passes
 into ! close safe1 a glass vessel      
some:at l an  aqu>ium tank4 ,! di/ill]  
/&s by & wat*es ! runn+ liquor1 &  8    
practis$ eye & educat$ palate imm$iately
 detects any fault 9 !  di/illation4 ,he
 is n all[$ to op5 8 tank1 h[ev]1 except
 by  notice 9 ! pres5ce ( ! excise      
(fic]1 "o or m ( :om are  always pres5t 
9 e di/ill]y4 ,?r\gh ?is tank x runs    
into #8l[  w9es' receiv]1 a l>ge tank   
plac$ bel[1 & f ^! x aga9 passes  to    
#8fe9ts *>g]s' en r\te to ! #8l[ w9es   
/ill1' :]e ! second  di/illation takes  
place4 ,i =got to say t ! refuse liquor 
left  aft] ! fir/ di/illation is mu*    
valu$ by f>m]s = its  milk-produc+      

qualities1 & is b\ght up by !m = c[     
food4 ,!  refuse liquor f ! second      
di/illation1 h[ev]1 is only wat]1 &  !  
refuse liquor f ! ?ird & f9al           
di/illation is wat] also4    8,! second 
di/illation is l ! fir/----! same       
process ( #8worm'  cool+1 conduct+1 &   
*>g+ is c>ri$ on4 ,! ?ird /ill is kn[n  
z ! _s /ill4 ,! _s is n[ consid]$       
p]fect1 & is l$ (f  to ! l>ge vats 9 !  
_s /ores1 :]e x is r$uc$ to desir$      
/r5g?1 rack$ (f into casks1 & remov$ to 
bond$ w>eh\ses =  maturity4 ,su* are !  
processes c>ri$ on "h----su* are !      
processes  c>ri$ on by all hone/        
di/ill]s dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 b mod]n     
sci5ce has discov]$ t _m v              
common----ta/eless1 ,i grant1 b  easily 
flav\r$----vegetables w yield ard5t     
spirits1 & !re are n  want+ ^? :o w take
 advantage ( ! discov]y4    8,)9 a      
,di/ill]y4 ,b ! di/ill]y itself1 :o c   
describe  x----its /ory ^u /ory (       
gran>ies----its kilns1 floor$ ) p]=at$  
tiles----its /eep+ vats & its l[-ro($   

malt+ %$s----its ro>+  mills----its     
t]rible & my/]i\s tanks----its          
inextricable ma*9]y----its  innum]able  
raft]s & false ro(s----its ladd]s p]*$  
up 9  inaccessible places----its        
bewild]+ passages----& f> away1 above   
all1  its imm5se *imneys t[]+ up to !   
sky8 ,b ?is is n all----!  bond$        
w>eh\ses h to be gone ?r\gh4 ,! excise  
(fic] has to be  call$1 & ! seal$ lock  
has to be brok51 & y ent] into ! va/    
cool place4 ,black z night is ev]y?+    
ar\nd y2 ! lamps :i* !  att5dants hold  
are utt]ly incapable ( dissipat+ !      
d>kness1 &  only ca/ a /rong orange gl>e
 ^u ! faces ( ! m5 :o hold !m4  ,to %[  
"o ! dim5sions ( ! place a man is s5t to
 ! opposite end4  ,away he goes1 only   
traceable by ! lamp he be>s1 & be=e he  
waves x  to %[ t ! opposite end ( !     
vault is rea*$1 x has become a  sc>cely 
disc]nible glimm]4 ,z we become m us$ to
 ! d>kness we  see /raight passages     
lead+ 9 e direction1 & l9$ on e side  by
 b>rels pil$ almo/ to ! ceil+4    8,!   

,nor? ,mall4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,cork          
di/ill]ies ,i visit$ 0 !  "o at ,nor?   
,mall1 =m]ly1 &1 9 fact1 /ill kn[n z    
,wise's4 ,x is 9  a we/]n suburb ( ! t[n
 out among ! mead[s4 ,! ,lee w9ds its   
silv]y c\rse betwe5 tall ald]s close by 
x1 & a bran* /ream is  made to d mu* ( !
 "w ( ! imm5se manufactory4 ,on approa*+
 x  x has a picturesque effect4 ,x lies 
und]nea? a tall bank1 ov] :i*  ! road to
 ,sunday's ,well leads4 ,look+ d[n f ?is
 road ! :ole (  its va/ dim5sions c be  
tak5 9 at a glance4 ,! ext5sive y>d1 :]e
  "o w\ld imag9e en\gh coal 0 /or$ to   
supply ! :ole city1 is  be+ rais$ f !   
adjo9+ fields4 ,i 0 look+ ov] an old    
hi/ory  ( ,cork1 publi%$ by a c]ta9 ,dr 
,smi?1 ov] a c5tury ago1 & ,i f9d  t    
=m]ly on ?is spot a ,franciscan mona/]y 
/ood4 ,su* discipl9e  0 pres]v$ "h t x 0
 call$ ! ,mirror ( ,irel&1 & _!         
sac]dotal "* 0 s great t !y _h ! p[] (  
cur+ sore  eyes4 ,! only rema9s ( ?is   
anci5t edifice n[ visible is a c>v$     
/one built into ! wall ( ! great bond$  

w>eh\ses 9 ! ,sunday's  ,well ,road4 ,x 
0 "h t ! not$ wat] ooz$ out ( ! r$-/one 
rock ,:e!r x is ev] n[ us$ 9 mak+ !     
agreeable bev]age  manufactur$ f ! old  
:isky /or$ bel[ ,i did n asc]ta94 ,^!   
old ,franciscan fa!rs _h1 d\btless1 a   
good cell> ( _! own2 b  :at w\ld !y h   
said ( ! va/1 well-fill$ vaults :i* n[  
are  f\nd ^u p]haps ! id5tical spot8 ,b1
 l>ge z ^! are1 !y are  n l>ge en\gh = !
 requirem5ts ( ! di/ill]y1 & o!r        
ext5sive premises h be5 secur$ 9        
,leitrim ,/reet1 :i* are n[ us$  z bond$
 w>eh\ses4    8,! :isky produc$ at ?is  
di/ill]y is1 if possible1 /ill bett] n[ 
?an x 0 9 ,wise's "t2 ! same di/ill] :o 
work$ ! conc]n =  him = tw5ty ye>s is   
/ill !re1 & none b ! v f9e/  description
 ( malt & b>ley 7a l>ge proportion ( !  
=m]7 is us$4  ,its production1 z well z 
^? ( ! o!r two di/ill]ies ( !  company1 
ga9$ a fir/-class m$al la/ ye> at       
,philadelphia1 & !  jurors describ$ x z 
#8v f9e1 full flav\r1 & good _s4' ,z a  
natural consequ5ce1 !re is a dem& = ?is 

:isky all ov] ! _w1  & !re are v few    
l>ge t[ns 9 ei!r hemisph]e :]e x is n   
repres5t$ by an ag5t4    8,!            
#8,wat]c\rse1' ,by-!-bye ^! lie on our  
way to ! celebrat$  ,wat]c\rse          
,di/ill]y1 ! second ( ^? us$ by ?is     
great firm4  ,ent]+ ?r\gh ! broad       
portals1 long ranges ( old-fa%ion$      
build+s  spread out on e side4 ,"h is ! 
mill1 gaunt & squ>e & /olid2  ^?        
jeal\sly gu>d$ doors to ! "r are ! bond$
 w>eh\ses2 !  build+s across ! y>d are  
devot$ to ! coop]s' & smi?s' "w1  :i* 9 
all ?ree di/ill]ies is done on !        
premises4    ,t tall black & :ite build+
 f> away on ! opposite side is !  gra9  
/ore2 ?is1 ne>] to y1 ) ! irregul> ro(s1
 !  complicat$ pip+ & op5 wall$         
/ructures runn+ away ov]head1 is  !     
di/ill]y prop]4 ,?is di/ill]y is ab\t ( 
equal size to t at  ,nor? ,mall4 ,x has 
an old] & m v5]able appe>ance4 ,x turns 
out z  good & ext5sive "w1 &1 l x1 is n 
satisfi$ ) ! ext5sive  /or+ facilities  
at its comm&1 b mu/ ne$s g abroad to an 

old1  unus$ di/ill]y1 fur!r 9 ! suburbs1
 :]e x hides mo/ ( its ri*  & treasur$  
productions4 ,a picturesque old place is
 ?is2 ! ru9s (  ! old works are /ill    
/&+1 & _! ar*itecture is su* t x  only  
requires a mantle ( ivy to trans=m x    
into a remnant ( feudal  savag]y4    8,!
 ,midleton ,di/ill]y4 ,! company h      
h&some & ext5sive  (fices on ,morrison's
 ,isl&1 9 ! c5tre ( ! city1 & close to !
  wat]'s edge4 ,"h ! directors sit day  
aft] day1 & ! scores (  cl]ks att5d to !
 int]e/s ( #djjj cu/om]s4 ,b ,i _c l+]  
"h1 = ,i h ano!r di/ill]y to visit4     
,ano!r1 ! brighte/ (  all1 f> out 9 !   
beautiful c\ntry1 at ! t[n ( ,midleton1 
situate at  ! nor?-ea/ extremity (      
,cork's magical h>b\r4 ,approa*+ !      
di/ill]y f ! t[n1 x has some:at !       
appe>ance ( a =tress4 ,a  massive /one  
gateway b>s ! entrance1 & heavy walls   
encompass x4 ,b  :5 once admittance is  
ga9$ ! /]nness ( ! approa* vani%es4     
,great build+s loom al(t1 b !y h all a  
bright look2 trees are on  e side1 &    

h&some g>d5 plots1 & cl++ ivy1 relieve !
  monotony ( ! high squ>e /ructures4    
,"h1 ,i believe1 is ! l>ge/  /ill 9 !   
_w----c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ 9 ,irel&4 ,no "w 0
 9  progress at ! "t ( my visit1 save ! 
"w ( repairs & ! /orage  ( coal4 ,"h1 z 
at ,nor? ,mall1 wat] gives consid]able  
aid 9 driv+  ! ma*9]y1 a canal hav+ be5 
rais$ aft] consid]able eng9e]+          
difficulties & mu* exp5se4 ,! va/ works 
( ,midleton ,di/ill]y cov]  ov] eight   
acres4 ,x 0 a hot ,july day :5 ,i paid  
my visit1 n at all  ! day to attempt    
rem>kable p$e/rian feats4 ,w x be =giv5 
me1  !re=e1 if ,i =sook ,iri% :isky =   
,iri% hospitality8 ,"u ! v  %ad[ ( !    
tall manufactory1 yet altoge!r hidd5 f  
x1 !re is a  lur+ lawn1 a cool %rubb]y1 
& an elegant villa radiant ) fl[]s4  ,is
 x n m pleasant to l\nge ?r\gh          
cons]vatories ?an to climb  /aircases1  
to dr9k ic$ cl>et cup ?an to sip raw _s1
 or to exam9e  ! po9ts ( a horse ?an to 
note ! intricacies ( ma*9]y8 ,beyond  ! 
g>d5 & ! t5nis c\rt & ! cons]vatory is a

 grotto1 s  cunn+ly plac$ t none b !    
initiat$ c f9d x2 ! air !re is          
delici\sly cool1 a luxuriant gr[? (     
honeysuckle & dog rose & f]n  surr\nds  
y1 & at y\r feet is a spr+ ( z pure wat]
 z ev]  mortal ta/$4 ,) pleasant        
society1 & *at & gossip to :ile away  ! 
"t1 w x be deem$ /range t ,i /ay$ !re   
until x 0  impossible to see m ( !      
di/ill]y1 & t x w\ld only be  possible  
to cat* my la/ tra9 by a h>d & almo/    
break-neck gallop80  ,see ,,g91         
,,spirits1 & ,,usquebaugh4    ,,:ite    
,,ar,,s5ic4 ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4           
,,:ite-,,bait4 ,! ,clupea ,latulus      
7,clupea alba1 ,y>rell71 a v small  &   
delicate fi%1 common 9 ! bracki% wat]s (
 ! ,?ames f ,april  to ,septemb]4 ,:5   
fri$ 9 oil x is e/eem$ a great luxury by
 epicures4    ,,:ite ,,copp]4 ,see      
,,g]man ,,silv] & ,,packfong4    ,,:ite 
,,hel,,lebore4 ,syn4 ,,v]atrum 7,ph4 ,l4
  ,e472 ,,v]atri ,,albi ,,radix1 ,l4    
8,! rhizome ( ,v]atrum album1 ,l9n41 or 
:ite hellebore40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a  p[]ful  

acrid ca?>tic1 emetic1 & /]nutatory4 ,x 
is n[ seldom  exhibit$ int]nally1 & its 
ext]nal use ov] a l>ge or ulc]at$       
surface is n unaccompani$ )             
dang]4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 ( !    
p[d]1 made into a pill2 9 g\t1 mania1   
c42 or #a to #c gr41 c>efully  triturat$
 ) #ab or #ae gr4 ( liquorice p[d]1 z an
 errh9e1 9  amaurosis1 c4    ,,:ite     
,,lead4 ,syn4 ,,f9e ,,:ite1 ,,flake ,w41
 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lead1 ,,c]use1        
,,magi/]y ,,( ,,lead2 ,,c]ussa1 ,,plumbi
 ,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4  ,d471 ,l4
 ,made  by susp5d+ rolls ( ?9 %eet lead 
ov] malt liquor1 or pyroligne\s  acid1 9
 close vessels1 ! evaporation f ! acid  
be+ kept up by !  vessels be+ plac$ 9 a 
heap ( dung1 or a /eam ba?4    ,obs4    
,comm]cial c>bonate ( lead1 h[ev]       
prep>$1 is n ! pure  c>bonate ( lead1 b 
always conta9s a c]ta9 proportion (     
hydrate4 ,x  is g5]ally l>gely adult]at$
 ) native sulphate ( b>yta 7#8heavy     
sp>'71 & sometimes ) *alk4 ,! =m] may be
 detect$ by its  insolubility 9 dilute  

nitric acid1 & ! latt] by ! nitric      
solution  yield+ a :ite precipitate )   
dilute sulphuric acid1 or a solution (  
oxalic acid or oxalate ( ammonia1 aft]  
hav+ be5 treat$ )  sulphurett$ hydrog51 
or a hydrosulphuret1 to ?r[ d[n ! lead4 
8,pure  c>bonate ( lead does n lose     
weight at a temp]ature ( #bab ,fahr42   
#fh  gr4 are entirely dissolv$ 9 #aej   
m9ims ( acetic acid dilut$ ) #a fl4  oz4
 ( di/ill$ wat]2 & ! solution is n      
entirely precipitat$ by a  solution (   
#fj gr4 ( phosphate ( soda40 7,ph4 ,e47 
,! solution 9 nitric  acid %\ld n yield 
a precipitate :5 treat$ ) a solution (  
sulphate ( soda4----,us$ z a sup]ior    
:ite pa9t1 &1 9 m$ic9e1 z an  ext]nal   
a/r+5t1 refrig]ant1 & desiccant4 ,!     
p>ticles (  c>bonate ( lead prep>$ by   
precipitation1 or by any ( ! quick      
processes1 are 9 a some:at cry/all9e &  
semi-transluc5t condition1  & h5ce d n  
cov] s well z t j notic$4 ,! foll[+ are 
"s ( ! v>ieties ( #8:ite lead' f\nd 9   
comm]ce3    #a4 7,,dut* ,,:ite          

,,lead47----a4 7,f9e/47 ,f flake :ite1  
#a cwt42 cawk1 #c  cwt4----b4 7,ord9>y47
 ,flake :ite1 #a cwt42 cawk1 #g cwt4 ,^!
 =m !  be/ :ite lead ( ! %ops4    #b4   
7,,engli% ,,:ite ,,lead47 ,flake :ite   
l[]$ ) *alk4 ,cov]s badly1 &  ! col\r is
 inf]ior to ! prec$+4    #c4 7,,fr5*    
,,:ite ,,lead2 ,,blanc ,,de ,,plomb1    
,fr47 ,f li?>ge dissolv$ 9  v9eg>1 & !  
lead ?r[n d[n by a curr5t ( c>bonic acid
 gas f  coke4 ,does n cov] s well z     
flake :ite4    #d4 7,,grace',s ,,:ite   
,,lead47 ,made f %eet lead1 ) ! refuse  
wat] (  ! />*-mak]'s1 s\r$ brew]'s gra91
 c4    #e4 7,,hamburg ,,:ite1 ,,hamburg 
,,:ite ,,lead47 ,f flake :ite1 #a cwt42 
cawk1 #b  cwt4 ,also sold = be/ ,dut*   
:ite lead4    #f4 7,,v5etian ,,:ite1    
,,v5etian ,,:ite ,,lead2 ,,c]usa        
,,v5eta1 ,l47 ,f flake  :ite1 or pure   
:ite lead & cawk1 equal p>ts4 7,see     
bel[47    ,:ite ,precipitate ( ,lead4   
,syn4 ,,m9iature ,,pa9t]',s ,,:ite1     
,,sulphate  ,,( ,,lead4 ,f an acetic or 
nitric solution ( li?>ge1 precipitat$ by

  add+ dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! :ite  
p[d] wa%$ & dri$4 ,!  cle> liquid       
decant$ f ! precipitate is p\r$ on fre% 
li?>ge1  :5 a second solution takes     
place2 & ?is may be repeat$ = any  numb]
 ( times4 ,us$ 9 m9iature pa9t+1 be+ a  
beautiful & durable  :ite4    ,:it+4 ,! 
same z prep>$ *alk1 b prep>$ m          
c>elessly1 9  horse-mills4    ,:ite1    
,wilk9son's4 ,f li?>ge gr\nd ) sea wat] 
until x ceases  to :it51 & !n wa%$ &    
dri$4    ,:ite1 ,z9c 7,hubbuck's74 ,a   
hydrat$ oxide ( z9c4 ,x possesses !     
advantage ( be+ innocu\s 9 use1 & n be+ 
black5$ by  sulphurett$ hydrog51 l :ite 
lead4    ,,:ite ,,pig,,m5ts4 ,syn4      
,,pigm5ta ,,alba1 ,l4 ,! foll[+ li/     
embraces  ! m important :ite pigm5ts (  
comm]ce3    ,:ite1 ,alum4 ,syn4         
,,baum',s ,,:ite4 ,take ( p[d]$ ,roman  
alum1 #b lbs42  honey1 #a lb42 mix1 dry1
 p[d]1 calc9e 9 a %all[ di% to :it5ess1 
cool1 wa%1 & dry4 ,a beautiful & p]man5t
 :ite1 bo? 9 oil &  wat]4    ,:ite1     
,d]by%ire4 ,f cawk or heavy sp>1 by     

gr9d+ & elutriation4    ,:ite1 ,flake4  
,! f9] k9ds ( :ite lead are s call$4    
,:ite1 ,m9eral4 ,precipitat$ c>bonate ( 
lead4    ,:ite1 ,newca/le4 ,:ite lead   
made ) molasses v9eg>4    ,:ite1        
,nott+ham4 ,:ite lead made ) aleg>4     
,p]man5t :ite is n[  commonly sold = x4 
,:ite1 ,pe>l4 ,syn4 ,,f>d',s ,,spani%   
,,:ite4 ,trisnitrate ( bismu?4    ,:ite1
 ,p]man5t4 ,artificial sulphate ( b>yta1
 prep>$ by  precipitat+ *loride ( b>ium 
) dilute sulphuric acid1 or a solution  
( glaub] salts4 ,a good fa/ :ite1       
un*ang$ by sulphur\s fumes4 ,us$  to m>k
 j>s & bottles = conta9+ acids or       
alkalies1 z x is  affect$ by v few      
sub/ances2 also to adult]ate :ite lead4 
,:ite1 ,spani%4 ,syn4 ,,blanc           
,d',,espagne1 ,,blanc ,,de ,,troyes1    
,fr4 ,! s(te/  & pure/ :ite *alk1       
elutriat$1 made into balls1 & well dri$4
 ,us$  z a *eap :ite pa9t4    ,,:ite    
,,swel,,l+4 ,syn4 ,,hydr>?rus1 ,l4 ,a   
v>iety ( indol5t1  malignant1 scr(ul\s  
tum\rs1 attack+ ! knee1 ankle1 wri/1 &  

elb[1 especially ! fir/4    ,,:ites     
7,%>p74 ,prep4 #a4 ,f :eat5 fl\r & p[d]$
 alum1 equal  p>ts1 gr\nd toge!r4    #b4
 7,,/uff2 ,,bak]',s ,,/uff47 ,f alum1   
gr\nd to ! co>s5ess ( common  salt1 #a  
lb42 common salt1 #c lbs42 mix toge!r4  
,bo? ! above are us$ by  bak]s = !      
purpose ( cl&e/9ely introduc+ alum into 
_! bread4    ,,:ite,,wa%4 ,:it+ is made 
into a milk ) wat]1 & a small quantity  
( melt$ size or dissolv$ glue add$4 ,x  
is appli$ to walls or  ceil+s ) a broad1
 flat bru%1 work$ 9 a uni=m direction4  
,%\ld  ! surface h be5 previ\sly        
:itewa%$1 x is requisite fir/ to  remove
 ! dirt by wa%+ x ) a bru% & abundance (
 clean wat]4    8,,lime-,,wa%+ is1 f !  
cleans+ action ( ! quicklime1 mu* !  m  
effectual mode ( purification1 b is less
 frequ5tly _h rec\rse  to1 f ! g5]al    
ignorance respect+ ! prop] mode ( prep>+
 !  lime-wa%4 ,if glue is employ$1 x is 
de/roy$ by ! corrosive action (  ! lime1
 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! latt] easily rubs (f
 ! walls :5  dry4 ,?is is ! case also if

 ! lime be employ$1 z is (t5 absurdly   
recomm5d$1 simply slak$ 9 wat]1 & us$   
)\t any fix+ mat]ial4  ,lime-wa% is     
prep>$ by plac+ "s fre%ly-burn$         
quicklime 9 a pail1  & p\r+ on suffici5t
 wat] to cov] x2 #8boil$ oil' 7l9se$7   
%\ld  !n be imm$iately add$1 9 !        
proportion ( a p9t to a gallon ( !  wa%4
 ,= co>s] "w1 any common refuse fat may 
be us$ in/ead ( !  boil$ oil4 ,! :ole   
%\ld !n be ?9n$ ) wat] to ! requir$     
consi/5cy1 & appli$ ) a bru%4 ,c>e %\ld 
be tak5 n to leave  ! bru% 9 ! lime-wa% 
= any l5g? ( "t1 z x de/roys !          
bri/les40 7,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]47         
,,:i,,t+4 ,see ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4        
,,:it+4 ,! ,gadus m]langus 7,l9n471 a   
memb] ( ! cod family (  fi%es4 ,x is a v
 light & nutriti\s fi%1 & well adapt$ to
  dyspeptics & invalids2 b x has too    
little flav\r to be a fav\rite  )       
g\rm&s4    ,,:it,,l[4 ,syn4 ,,:itloe2   
,,p>ony*ia1 ,l4 ,a pa9ful inflammation1 
t5d+  to suppuration & abscess1 at !    
ends ( ! f+]s1 & mo/ly "u  or ab\t !    

nails4 ,emolli5t p\ltices are useful 9  
?is affection2  extreme t5sion & pa9 may
 be reliev$ by an incision1 s z to all[ 
! exit ( ! pus or matt] f "u ! nail4 ,! 
treatm5t mu/ also  be direct$ to e/abli%
 ! g5]al heal?1 z )\t ?is local  rem$ies
 (t5 fail4    ,,:oop,,+-,,c\gh4 ,syn4   
,,*9-,,c\gh1 ,,hoop+-,c41 ,,k9-,c42     
,,p]tussis1 ,l4 ,a  convulsive /rangl+  
c\gh1 *>act]is$ by peculi> sonor\s or   
:oop+ inspirations1 f :i* its popul> "n 
is tak54 ,x comes on  9 fits1 :i* are   
usually t]m9at$ by vomit+4 ,x is        
infecti\s1  *iefly attacks *ildr51 &1 l 
! small-pox1 only occurs once dur+      
life4    ,! treatm5t ( :oop+-c\gh       
consi/s1 *iefly1 9 obviat+  irritation1 
& 9 excit+ nausea & occasional vomit+4  
,= ! fir/1  ap]i5ts & s$atives 7hemlock 
or h5bane71 9 small doses1 may be  giv52
 = ! second int5tion1 an extremely weak 
sweet5$ solution (  t>t>is$ antimony1 or
 a mixture conta9+ squills or           
ipecacuanha1 may  be adm9i/]$ 9 small   
doses e h\r or two1 accord+ to ! effect 

produc$4 ,9 full habits1 bli/]s & lee*es
 may be resort$ to2 & 9  all cases      
opiate & /imulat+ embrocations may be   
appli$ to ! *e/  & sp9e ) advantage4    
,:5ev] ! head is affect$1 ! use (       
n>cotics is contra-indicat$4 ,! hot ba? 
is (t5 s]viceable4 8,a  mixture (       
co*9eal & c>bonate ( potassa is by "s   
reg>d$ z  almo/ a specific = ?is        
disease2 b our own obs]vations lead u to
  look ) m fav\r on anatomical nauseants
 & emetics40 7,cooley47  ,o!r m$ic9al   
ag5ts employ$ 9 p]tussis are alum1      
bromide (  ammonium1 sulphate ( z9c1    
belladonna1 t9cture ( myrrh1 c>bolic    
acid1  & lobelia4 ,see ,,antimonials1   
,,draughts1 ,,mixture1 ,,oxymel1        
,,syrup1 ,,w9es1 c4    ,,:or,,tleb]ry4  
7,be>'s74 ,syn4 ,,uv ,,ursi ,,folia 7,b4
 ,p471 ,,uva ,,ursi 7,ph4  ,l41 ,e41    
,d471 ,l4 ,! leaf ( ,arcto/ophylos ,uva 
,ursi1 trail+ arbutus1  or ,be>b]ry1    
,a/r+5t4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ( !   
p[d]1 ?rice  daily4 ,see ,,decoction &  
,,extract4    ,,wik,,ana4 ,syn4 ,,wacaka

 ,,des ,,inds1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,guib\rt47  
,roa/$  *ocolate nuts 7gr\nd71 #b oz42  
p[d]$ c9namon1 #b dr42 p[d]$  vanilla1  
#a_/b dr42 amb]gris1 #c gr42 musk1      
#a-a_/b gr42 sug>1 #f oz42 well  mix$   
toge!r4 ,a teaspoonful is boil$ ) #a_/b 
p9t ( milk1 or  arr[-root1 z a /imulat+ 
diet = convalesc5ts4    ,,wild ,,*]ry4  
,! ,prunus ,virg9iana1 a beautiful tree1
 gr[+ wild 9  ! we/]n /ates ( ,am]ica4  
,! inn] b>k 7wild-*]ry b>k7 is  (fic9al 
9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 & is a valuable       
s$ative tonic4 ,x is  specially adapt$ =
 ! alleviation ( ! di/ress+ c\gh :i* is 
s  h>ass+ to pati5ts ) pulmon>y disease4
 ,see ,,infusion4    ,,wild,,fire ,,ra%4
 ,/rophulus volaticus4    ,,will[4 ,syn4
 ,,salix1 ,l4 ,! b>ks ( ,salix alba or  
:ite will[1  ,salis fragilis or crack   
will[1 & ,salix ,caprea or great        
r\nd-leav$  will[ 7,,will[ ,,b>ks2      
,,salicis ,,corticis----,ph4 ,e471 7    
(fic9al 9 ! ,ph4  ,d4 #ahbf2 &1 ) t (   
,salix ,russelliana1 & o!r species1 are 
ri* 9 salic91 & h5ce possess consid]able

 febrifuge p[]4----,dose1  #a_/b to #a  
dr41 ei!r 9 p[d] or made into a         
decoction2 z a sub/itute  = ,p]uvian    
b>k1 9 agues1 hectics1 debility1        
dyspepsia1 c4    ,,w9,,d[s4 ,a prismatic
 or cry/all9e appe>ance may be imp>t$ to
  w9d[s by sev]al exp$i5ts3    #a4 ,mix 
a hot solution ( sulphate ( magnesia    
7,epsom salt7 ) a cle>  solution ( gum  
,arabic1 & lay x on hot4 ,= a m>g91 or =
 figures1  wipe (f ! "p y wi% to rema9  
cle> ) a wet t[el z soon z !  surface   
has become cold & h>d4 ,! effect is v   
pretty1 & may be  v>i$ by sub/itut+     
oxalic acid1 r$ or yell[ prussiate (    
pota%1 or  any o!r salt 7n effloresc5t71
 = ! sulphate ( magnesia4 ,sulphate  (  
copp] gives a v beautiful cry/allisation
 ( a blue col\r4    #b4 ,ev5ly cov] !   
surface ( ! glass ) a lay] ( ?9 gum     
wat]1  & spr9kle any ( ! sal9e cry/als  
be=e notic$ ov] x :il/ wet4  ,! gum wat]
 may be t+$ ( any col\r to v>y ! effect4
    ,a bl9d$ appe>ance1 m or less       
resembl+ gr\nd glass1 may be giv5  z    

foll[s3    #a4 ,by ev5ly dabb+ ! surface
 ) a piece ( s(t glazi]'s putty4    #b4 
,a coat+ ( /a9$ rice jelly1 laid on ) a 
pa9t]'s bru% 7sa%  tool71 & aft]w>ds    
dabb$ ) a du/] bru%1 appli$ endways4    
#c4 ,tissue pap]1 ei!r :ite or col\r$1  
appli$ by means ( cle> gum  wat] or "s  
pale v>ni%4 ,! patt]n may be l9$ ) a    
p5cil1 &1  :5 ! :ole is some:at dry1 b n
 h>d1 ! l9es may be cut  ?r\gh1 & !     
patt]n /ripp$ (f ) ! flat po9t ( a      
knife4    #d4 ,! surface ( ! glass be+  
coat$ ) mucilage1 or any pale  v>ni%1 z 
be=e1 co>sely p[d]$ glass or qu>tz1     
r$uc$ to a  uni=m /ate ( gra9 by a      
sieve1 may be spr9kl$ ov] x2 :5 dry1 !  
loose portion %\ld be remov$ ) a s(t    
bru%4    ,,w9e4 ,syn4 ,,v9um1 ,l42 ,,v91
 ,fr4 ,! f]m5t$ juice ( ! grape4 ,!     
g5]al *>act]s & quality ( w9e are       
pr9cipally influ5c$ by  climate1 soil1 &
 aspect1 ! nature & maturity ( ! grape1 
& !  me?od ( conduct+ ! f]m5tation4 ,!  
sp4 gr4 ( ! #8mu/' v>ies  f #ajfc to    
#abhe1 f :i* ! proportion ( sac*>9e     

matt] &  ! ultimate alcoholic ri*ness ( 
! w9e result+ f its  f]m5tation may be  
inf]r$4 ,t ( ,rh5i% grapes seldom exce$s
 #ajie  to #aajj4 ,want ( space compels 
u to conf9e our rem>ks *iefly to !      
prop]ties1 uses1 & managem5t ( grape    
juice aft] x has pass$  ?r\gh ! /age (  
f]m5tation1 or1 9 reality1 become w9e4  
,(fic9al ,w9e4 ,! only w9e ord]$ by !   
,briti% ,colleges is %]ry  7,,:ite      
,,w9e2 ,,v9um ,,x]icum----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 
,l42 ,,v9um ,,album----,ph4 ,e42 ,,v9um 
,,hispanicum----,ph4 ,d472 b sev]al o!r 
w9es are employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 z  tonics1   
/imulants1 antispasmodics1 &            
re/oratives1 accord+ to !  circum/ances 
( ! case or ! ta/e ( ! pati5t4 ,9       
ph>macy1 !  less exp5sive ,cape or      
m>sala1 or ev5 rais9 w9e1 is usually    
sub/itut$ = %]ry 9 ! prep>ation ( !     
m$icat$ w9es ( !  ,ph>macopias4         
,v>ieties1 *>act]i/ics1 c4 ,! foll[+    
,tables w convey mu*  useful in=mation  
on ?is subject 9 a cond5s$ =m4          
,i4 ,,table ( ! ,quantity ( ,alcohol 9  

,w9e4 ,by ,,dr4                         
,,*ri/ison                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,alcohol    ,pro(                       
,"n1 c4                 ( #gicg   _s    
p] c5t4  p] c5t4                        
by weight  by volume                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,weake/                                 
#adig      #caca            ,mean ( #g  
samples                   #afbj         
#cdia    ,port    ,/ronge/              
#agaj      #cgbg            ,:ite       
#adig      #caca                        
,weake/                                 
#acih      #cjhd            ,mean ( #ac 
w9es1 exclud+        #aecg      #ccei   
^? v long kept 9 cask                   
,%]ry  ,/ronge/                         
#afag      #ceab            ,mean ( #i  
w9es long kept 9       #adgb      #cacj 
cask 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies                   
,madre da ,x]es                         

#afij      #cgjf                        
,long kept 9 cask 9  ,/ronge/    #afij  
#cgjf    ,madeira   ! ,ea/ ,indies      
,weake/      #adji      #cjhf           
,t5]iffe 7long 9 cask at ,calcutta7     
#achd      #cjba    ,c]cial             
#aede      #ccfe    ,lisbon 7dry7       
#afad      #cdga    ,%iraz              
#abie      #bhcj    ,amontillado        
#abfc      #bgfj    ,cl>et 7a fir/ gr[? 
( #ahaa7               #ggb      #afie  
,*ateau-,lat\r 7ditto #ahbe7            
#ggh      #agjf    ,rosan 7second gr[? (
 #ahbe7                 #gfa      #afgd 
,ord9>y ,cl>et 7,v9 ,ord9aire7          
#hii      #ahif    ,rivesaltes          
#ica      #bbce    ,malmsey             
#abhf      #bhag    ,rde%eim]4 #a/      
quality                      #hdj       
#ahdd    ,rde%eim]4 ,inf]ior            
#fij      #aeai    ,hamba*]4 ,sup]ior   
quality                   #gce          
#afae                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 

,,ii4 ,quantity ( ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4     
#hbebgj at #fj            ,fahr47 9 #ajj
 p>ts ( ,w9e by volume4    ,footnote    
#bgj3 ,alcohol ( #hbe conta9s #ibf (    
real or anhydr\s  alcohol2 or1 9 !      
language ( ! ,excise1 is ab\t #fb-a_/b  
o4p41 & 9  r\nd numb]s may be said to be
 ( ab\t twice ! /r5g? ( br&y or  rum1 z 
usually sold4                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------        ,names ( 
,w9es4      ,alcoholic cont5t4          
,au?ority4                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------     ,alba ,flora
                    #agbf               
,br&e4            ,b>sac                
#achf               d4                  
,bucellas                      #ahdi    
d4              ,burgundy 7av]age7      
#adeg               d4                  
,ditto                       #abaf      
,pr\t4             ,calcavella 7av]age7 
#ahfi             ,br&e4                
,cape ,madeira 7d47            #bjea    

d4              ,cape ,mus*at           
#ahbe               d4                  
,*ampagne 7av]age7           #abfa      
d4                ,ditto                
#abbj             ,font5elle4           
,cl>et 7av]age7              #aeaj      
,br&e4            ,col>es               
#aige               d4                  
,con/antia 7,:ite7            #aige     
d4                ,ditto 7,r$7          
#ahib               d4                  
,ditto 7av]age7             #adej       
,pr\t4             ,cte ,rtie           
#abcb             ,br&e4                
,currant                       #bjee    
d4              ,eld]                   
#hgi               d4                   
,frontignac 7,rivesalte7        #abgi   
d4              ,gooseb]ry              
#aahd               d4                  
,grape 7,engli%7               #ahaa    
d4              ,h]mitage 7,r$7         
#abcb               d4                  
,ditto 7,:ite7               #agdc      
d4              ,hock 7av]age7          

#abjh               d4                  
,la*ryma ,*ri/i              #aigj      
d4              ,lisbon                 
#ahid               d4                  
,lissa 7av]age7               #beda     
d4                ,ditto 7d47           
#aeij             ,pr\t4                
,lunel                         #aeeb    
,br&e4            ,madeira 7av]age7     
#bbbg               d4                  
,ditto  7d47                #babj       
,pr\t4             ,malaga              
#agbf             ,br&e4                
,ditto                       #ahid      
d4              ,malmsey ,madeira       
#afdj               d4                  
,m>sala 7av]age7             #beji      
d4                ,ditto 7d47           
#ahdj             ,pr\t4                
,nice                          #adfc    
,br&e4            ,orange 7av]age7      
#aabf               d4                  
,port    7d47                 #bjfd     
,pr\t4               ,ditto 7d47        
#bbif             ,br&e4                

,rais9  7d47                 #beda      
d4                ,ditto 7d47           
#aeij             ,pr\t4             ,r$
 ,madeira 7d47             #bjce        
,br&e4            ,r\ssillon  7d47      
#ahac               d4                  
,saut]ne                      #adbb     
d4              ,%iraz                  
#aeeb               d4                  
,%]ry 7av]age7              #aiag       
d4                ,ditto 7d47           
#bchj             ,pr\t4                
,syracuse                      #bjjj    
d4                ,ditto                
#aebh             ,br&e4                
,t5]iffe                     #aigi      
d4              ,t5t                    
#accj               d4                  
,tokay                          #ihh    
d4              ,vidonia                
#aibe               d4              ,v9 
de ,grave                  #acid        
d4              ,zante                  
#agje               d4                  
----------------------------------------

-----------------------    ,composition4
 ,! con/itu5ts ( w9e are----alcohol1 :i*
 is "o ( its  pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 & on :i*
 its p[] ( produc+ intoxication  dep5ds2
 sug>1 :i* has escap$ ! process (       
f]m5tation1 & :i*  is mo/ abundant 9 !  
sweet w9es1 z tokay1 t5t1 frontignac1   
c42  extractive1 d]iv$ *iefly f ! husk (
 ! grape1 & is extract$  f x by ! newly 
=m$ alcohol2 t>t>1 or bit>trate (       
potassa1  :i* con/itutes ! mo/ important
 portion ( ! sal9e matt] ( w9e2         
odorif]\s matt]1 imp>t+ ! *>act]i/ic    
v9\s od\r1 dep5d+  *iefly ^u ! pres5ce (
 nan?ic acid & e!r2 b\quet1 aris+  f    
ess5tial oil or amyl-comp\nds1 probably 
exi/+ "u ! =m (  e!rs4 ,besides ^!1     
small quantities ( tann91 gum1 acetic & 
malic  acid1 acetic e!r1 lime1 c41 are  
f\nd 9 w9e4 ,! specific gravity (  w9e  
dep5ds on ! ri*ness & rip5ess ( ! grapes
 us$ 9 its  manufacture1 ! nature ( !   
f]m5tation & its age4 ,x v>ies f  ab\t  
#igj to #ajda4    ,purity4 ,! mo/       
frequ5t species ( fraud 9 ! w9e trade is

 !  mix+ ( w9es ( inf]ior quality ) ^? (
 a sup]ior grade4 ,9  _m cases ! inf]ior
 k9ds ( =eign w9es are flav\r$ &        
sub/itut$ = ! m exp5sive ones4 ,?is is  
commonly practis$ )  ,cape w9es1 :i*1   
aft] hav+ a slight #8nutt9ess'          
communicat$ to x by  bitt] almonds or   
pea* k]nels1 a lusci\sness or fulness by
 honey1 &  additional /r5g? by a little 
pla9 _s or pale br&y1 is made to  und]go
 ! op]ation ( #8frett+ 91' & is !n sold 
= #8%]ry4'  ,=m]ly1 x 0 a common        
practice ( ignorant w9e-deal]s to add a 
little li?>ge or acetate ( lead to _!   
inf]ior w9es to correct  _! acidity1 b x
 is believ$ t ?is highly poison\s       
sub/ance is  n[ nev] employ$ 9 ?is      
c\ntry1 #8salt ( t>t>' be+ made to p]=m 
! same duty4 ,! lead :i* is frequ5tly   
detect$ 9 bottl$ w9e1 &  :i* (t5 causes 
s]i\s indisposition1 may be g5]ally     
trac$ to %ot  be+ c>elessly left 9 !    
bottles1 & n to wilful fraud4 ,%]ry is  
commonly col\r$ 9 ,spa9 by ! addition ( 
mu/ boil$ d[n to #a_/e (  its orig9al   

volume2 & 9 ,engl&1 by burnt br[n sug>1 
or _s  col\r+4 ,amontillado 7a v nutty  
w9e7 is frequ5tly add$ to %]ries        
defici5t 9 flav\r4 ,v>i\s o!r +r$i5ts1 z
 ! ess5tial oil (  almonds1 bitt]       
almonds 9 sub/ance1 *]ry-laurel leaves1 
*]ry-laurel  wat]1 c41 are also employ$ 
= a l purpose4 ,9 ,portugal ! juice (   
eld]b]ries is v commonly add$ to port   
w9e to increase its col\r1  & extract ( 
rhatany = ! d\ble purpose ( improv+ its 
col\r &  imp>t+ an a/r+5t ta/e4 ,9      
,engl& beet-root1 ,brazil wood1 !       
juices ( eld]b]ries & bilb]ries1 !      
press$ cake ( eld] w9e1  extract (      
logwood1 c41 are frequ5tly add$ to port 
to deep5 its  col\r2 & oak sawdu/1 k9o1 
alum1 & extract ( rhatany1 to increase  
its a/r+5cy4 ,b ! mo/ common adult]ant (
 port w9e1 bo? 9  ,portugal & ?is       
c\ntry1 is #8j]upiga1' or #8g]opiga1' a 
comp\nd (  eld] juice1 br[n sug>1 grape 
juice1 & crude ,portuguese br&y4 ,t     
import$ "h conta9s ab\t #de ( pro( _s1 &
 is all[$ by !  ,cu/om-h\se au?orities  

to be mix$ ) port w9e 9 bond4 ,a        
factiti\s  b\quet is also commonly giv5 
to w9e by ! addition ( sweetbri>1  orris
 root1 cl>y1 orange fl[]s1 eld] fl[]s1  
esprit de petit gra91  c4    ,te/s4 ,^!1
 = ! mo/ "p1 are applicable to all      
f]m5t$  liquors3    #a4 ,ri*ness 9      
alcohol4 ,?is may be f\nd by any ( !    
me?ods notic$  "u ,,alcoholmetey1       
,,port]1 & ,,t9cture4    #b4 ,,sac*>9e &
 ,,extractive ,,matt]4 ,! sp4 gr4       
correspond+ to !  alcoholic /r5g?1 la/  
f\nd1 is d$uct$ f ! real sp4 gr4 ( !    
sample1 ! diff]5ce divid$ by #jjbe1 or  
multipli$ by #djj1 gives !  weight (    
solid matt] 7*iefly sug>7 9 oz4 p]      
gallon 7ne>ly74    #c4 ,,n>cotics4 ,^!  
may be detect$ 9 ! mann] notic$ at page 
#afcj4    #d4 ,,lead4 ,! pres5ce ( lead 
or li?>ge 9 w9e may be readily detect$  
by sulphurett$ hydrog51 or a solution ( 
any alkal9e sulphydrate1 :i*  w1 9 t    
case1 produce a black precipitate4 ,see 
,,w9e-,,te/s4    #e4 ,,potassa or ,,soda
 improp]ly pres5t4 ,a portion ( ! w9e is

 evaporat$  ne>ly to dryness1 & !n      
agitat$ ) rectifi$ _s2 ! filt]$         
t9cture1 hold+ 9 solution acetate (     
potassa1 is !n divid$ into two          
portions1 "o ( :i* is te/$ = acetic     
acid1 & ! o!r = !  alkali4    #f4       
,,alum4 ,a portion ( ! w9e is evaporat$ 
to dryness1 & ignit$2 !  residuum is !n 
treat$ ) a small quantity ( hydro*loric 
acid1 !  mixture evaporat$ to dryness1  
aga9 treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric  acid1 
& te/$ ) liquor ( potassa4 ,if a :ite   
bulky precipitate  =ms1 :i* is soluble 9
 an excess ( cau/ic potassa1 & :i* is   
reprecipitat$ by a solution ( sal       
ammoniac1 ! sample exam9$  conta9$ alum4
    #g4 ,,oil ,,( ,,vitriol4----a4 ,a   
drop or two ( ! suspect$ w9e may be p\r$
  ^u a piece ( pap]1 :i* mu/ !n be dri$ 
be=e ! fire4 ,pure w9e  at mo/ only /a9s
 ! pap]1 b "o conta9+ sulphuric acid    
causes x  to become *>r$ & rott54 ,!    
effect is m m>k$ on pap] :i* has  be5   
previ\sly sme>$ ) />* pa/e4    b4       
,accord+ to ,m4 ,lassaigne1 pure r$ w9e 

leaves1 by spontane\s  evaporation1 a   
violet or purple /a9 on pap]2 :il/ t to 
:i*  sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 ev5 9 
quantity1 only equal to #a_/bjjj to     
#a_/cjjj? "p1 leaves a p9k /a9 9 dry+4  
#h4 ,,spuri\s ,,col\r+-,,matt]4----a4   
,g5u9e r$ w9e yields gre5i%-grey        
precipitates ) sug> ( lead1 & gre5i%    
ones ) potassa2 b  ^? col\r$ )          
eld]b]ries1 bilb]ries1 litmus1 logwood1 
&  mulb]ries1 give deep blue or violet  
precipitates1 & ^? col\r$ )  ,brazil    
wood1 r$ s&]s wood1 or r$ beet1 give r$ 
ones4    b4 ,pure r$ w9e is p]fectly    
decol\r$ by agitation ) rec5t  hydrate (
 lime4    c4 ,dissolve a piece ( cau/ic 
pota% 9 a small quantity ( ! liquid  to 
be exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,if no deposit is =m$1 
& ! w9e assumes a  gre5i% %ade1 !re is  
no artificial coloration4 ,a            
violet-col\r$  deposit indicates !      
pres5ce ( eld]b]ries or mulb]ries1 a r$ 
"o  indicates ! pres5ce ( beetroot =    
,brazil wood1 r$ violet t (  logwood4   
,if ! deposit is blue violet1 privet    

b]ries h be5 employ$2  & if ( a pale    
violet ! coloration is due to litmus4   
d4 ,= ! detection ( ! pr9cipal col\r+   
matt]s employ$ 9 !  sophi/ication (     
w9es1 ,m4 ,*ancel proce$s z             
foll[s3----,he takes #aj c4  c4 ( w9e1 &
 adds #c c4c4 ( a dilute solution (     
subacetate ( lead1  all[+ ! mixture to  
subside = a few m9utes to make sure t ! 
precipitation is complete4 ,if ?is is n 
! case a slight excess ( !  reag5t is   
add$4    ,aft] /irr+ & heat+ = a few    
mom5ts x is ?r[n on a v small  filt]1 ! 
filtrate collect$ 9 a te/-tube1 & !     
precipitate wa%$  ?ree or f\r times 9   
hot wat]4 ,if ! filtrate is col\r$      
mag5ta is  pres5t1 & may be s\ght = by !
 aid ( ! spectroscope4 ,b if !  w9e     
conta9s a m]e trace ( ?is col\r1 x is   
reta9$ 9 !  precipitate1 & is s\ght = 9 
! mann] direct$ bel[4 ,to discov]  !    
col\r+ matt] :i* may be conta9$ 9 !     
plumbic precipitate1 x  is treat$ ^u !  
filt] ) a few c4c4 ( a solution (       
c>bonate (  potassa 7#b p>ts ( ! dry    

salt to #ajj ( wat]71 tak+ c>e to repass
  ! same solution sev]al times ?r\gh !  
precipitate4 ,any mag5ta  pres5t is ?us 
extract$1 along ) c>m9amic 7ammoniacal  
co*9eal7  & sulph9digotic acid4 ,!      
col\r+ matt]s ( logwood & ( alkanet     
rema9 undissolv$4    ,) a g5u9e w9e !   
alkal9e liquid takes a v fa9t yell[1 or 
gre5i%-yell[ t9t4 ,= ! detection (      
mag5ta ! filtrate is mix$  ) a few drops
 ( acetic acid1 & x is !n %ak5 up )     
amylic  alcohol4 ,! mag5ta dissolves 9  
?is alcohol ) a f9e rose t9t1 &  its    
pres5ce is prov$ by spectroscopic       
exam9ation4 ,c>m9amic &  sulph9digotic  
acids rema9 9 ! aque\s solution1 & are  
decant$ (f4  ,a c\ple ( drops (         
sulphuric acid are add$1 & ! mixture is 
aga9  %ak5 up ) amylic alcohol1 :i* n[  
dissolves ! ammoniacal  co*9eal4 ,x may 
be detect$ by ! spectroscope4 ,!        
sulph9digotic acid  rema9s undissolv$ 9 
! amylic alcohol1 & may be f\nd 9 ! blue
  aque\s residual liquor by means ( !   
spectroscope4 ,logwood is mo/           

conv5i5tly s\ght = 9 a fre% portion ( ! 
w9e by dige/ion ) a  little precipitat$ 
c>bonate ( lime1 add+ a few drops (     
lime-wat]1  & filt]+4 ,9 a natural w9e !
 filtrate has a fa9t gre5i%-yell[       
col\r1 b if logwood is pres5t x takes a 
f9e r$ %ade1 & !  absorption b&s (      
logwood may be detect$ ) ! spectroscope4
 ,on  treat+ ! lead precipitate above   
m5tion$ ) an alkal9e sulphide1  wa%+ )  
boil+ wat]1 & !n treat+ ) alcohol1 !    
col\r+  matt] ( alkanet1 if pres5t1 is  
dissolv$1 & may be detect$ by           
spectroscopic exam9ation4#bga           
,footnote #bga3 #8,comptes ,r5dus'1     
,febru>y #ai?1 #ahgg 7#8,*em4 ,news'1   
xxxv1  #ajf74    e4 7,dr ,dupr47 ,!     
col\r+ matt] ( pure r$ w9e does n pass  
?r\gh ! dialys]4 ,! dialysate f pure w9e
 is !re=e  col\rless1 or %[s b a slight 
purpli% coloration1 su* z wat] w\ld     
assume on ! addition ( a small quantity 
( ! w9e4 ,a yell[ or  br[ni%-yell[      
dialysate indicates an adult]ation )    
logwood1 ,brazil  wood1 or co*9eal1 !   

col\r+ matt]s ( :i* may be id5tifi$ by  
! *emical & optical te/s employ$ = ?is  
purpose4 ,! ammoniacal  solution ( !    
col\r+ matt] ( co*9eal yields ?ree      
well-m>k$  absorption b&s4    f4 ,= !   
detection 9 w9e ( fu*s9e only1 ! foll[+ 
me?ods are  giv5 by ,m4 ,e4 ,jacquem93  
#a4 ,a small quantity ( gun cotton is   
heat$ =  a few m9utes 9 #aj-bj c4c4 ( ! 
w9e1 & !n wa%$ ) ! wat]4  ,! nature ( ! 
coloration 7if any7 imp>t$ to ! cotton  
is n[  id5tifi$ by means ( solution (   
ammonia1 :i* decolorises rosanil9e1  b  
turns ar*il violet4    #b4 #ajj c4c4 ( !
 w9e are boil$ to expel ! alcohol1 & !n 
boil$  = "s "t ) :ite ,b]l9 wool1       
previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,!  col\r      
imp>t$ to ! wool by fu*s9e is reta9$    
aft] wa%+1 & may  be di/+ui%$ f ar*il by
 ammonia4    #c4 #ajj-bjj c4c4 ( ! w9e  
are boil$ to expel ! alcohol1 !n all[$  
to cool1 mix$ ) ammonia 9 excess1 & %ak5
 ) e!r4 ,by imm]s+  :ite wool 9 ! e!real
 solution1 & evaporat+ ! latt]1 ! wool  
acquires ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( fu*s9e4   

#i4 ,,artificial ,,flav\r+4 ,?is c only 
be detect$ by a discrim9at+  & s5sitive 
palate1    #aj4 ,,artificial ,,b\quet4  
,! sub/ances add$ = ?is purpose may (t5 
be  readily detect$ by a comp>ison ( !  
sample ) ano!r ( kn[n  purity4    ,uses4
 ,! uses ( w9e z a bev]age are too well 
kn[n to require  description4 ,z a      
m$ic9e1 port w9e is mo/ e/eem$ z an     
a/r+5t  & tonic2 & %]ry & ,madeira z    
/imulants & re/oratives1 9  diseases :]e
 ! acidity ( ! =m] w\ld be              
objectionable2  *ampagne is reput$      
diuretic & excitant1 b its effects are n
 (  long duration2 & ! ,rh5i% w9es are  
reg>d$ z refrig]ant1  diuretic1 &       
slightly ap]i5t4 ,cl>et1 ,rh5i%1 &      
,moselle w9es are  said to be ! mo/     
:olesome4 ,9 ph>macy1 w9e is us$ z a    
m5/ruum4    ,,managem5t ,,( ,,w9e4      
,age4 ,! sp>kl+ w9es are 9 _! prime 9 f 
#ah to #cj mon?s  aft] ! v9tage1 dep5d+ 
on ! cell>+ & climate4 ,weak w9es1 (    
inf]ior gr[?s1 %\ld be drunk )9 #ab or  
#ae mon?s1 & be pres]v$  9 a v cool     

cell>4 ,s\nd1 well-f]m5t$1 full-bodi$   
/ill w9es are  improv$ by age1 )9       
reasonable limits1 provid$ !y be well   
pres]v$  f ! air1 & /or$ 9 a cool place1
 hav+ a pretty uni=m  temp]ature4 ,see  
,maturation 7bel[74    ,bottl+4 ,!      
secret ( bottl+ w9e ) success consi/s 9 
!  simple ex]cise ( c>e & cleanl9ess4 ,!
 bottles %\ld be all s\nd1  clean1 &    
dry1 & p]fectly free f ! lea/ mu/9ess or
 o!r  od\r4 ,! corks %\ld be ( ! be/    
quality1 & imm$iately be=e  be+ plac$ 9 
! bottles %\ld be compress$ by means ( a
  #8cork-squeez]4' ,= sup]ior or v      
delicate w9es1 ! corks are  usually     
prep>$ by plac+ !m 9 a copp] or tub1    
cov]+ !m )  weights to keep !m d[n1 & !n
 p\r+ ov] !m boil+ wat]  hold+ a little 
pe>la% 9 solution4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are   
all[$ to  rema9 = #bd h\rs1 :5 !y are   
well /irr$ ab\t 9 ! liquor1  dra9$1 &   
re-imm]s$ = a second #bd h\rs 9 hot     
wat]1 aft] :i*  !y are well wa%$ & soak$
 9 sev]al successive portions ( clean  &
 w>m ra9wat]1 dra9$1 dri$ out ( contact 

) du/1 put into  pap] bags1 & hung up 9 
a dry place = use4 ,! w9e %\ld be cle>  
& brilliant1 & if x be n s1 x mu/ und]go
 ! process (  #8f9+' be=e be+ bottl$4 ,9
 fact1 x is a common practice ) "s      
p]sons to p]=m ?is op]ation :e!r ! w9e  
require x or n2 z1  if x _h be5 mix$ &  
doctor$1 x 8amalgamates & ameliorates ! 
v>i\s flav\rs40 ,! bottles1 corks1 &    
w9e1 be+ ready1 a f9e cle>  day %\ld be 
pref]ably *os5 = ! bottl+1 & ! utmo/    
cleanl9ess & c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ dur+ ! 
process4 ,great caution  %\ld also be   
obs]v$ to avoid %ak+ ! cask s z to      
di/urb !  #8bottoms4' ,! rema9+ portion 
t _c be drawn (f cle> %\ld be  pass$    
?r\gh ! #8w9e-bag1' &1 :5 bottl$1 %\ld  
be set ap>t z  inf]ior to ! re/4 ,!     
coop]s1 to prev5t breakage & loss1 place
  ea* bottle1 be=e cork+ x1 9 a small   
bucket1 hav+ a bottom made (  s(t cork1 
& :i* is /rapp$ on ! knee ( ! bottl]4   
,!y ?us  seldom break a bottle1 ?\gh !y 
#8flog 9' ! corks v h>d4 ,:5 !  process 
is complete ! bottles ( w9e are /or$ 9 a

 cool cell>1 &  on no acc\nt upright1 or
 9 damp /raw1 b on _! sides1 9 sweet1   
dry sawdu/1 or s&4    ,b\quet4 ,see     
,flav\r+ & ,p]fum+4    ,br&y+4 ,br&y is 
frequ5tly add$ to weak or vapid w9es1 to
  increase _! /r5g? or to promote _!    
pres]vation4 ,9 ,portugal1 "o  ?ird (   
br&y is commonly add$ to port be=e %ipp+
 x = ,engl&1  z )\t ?is addition x      
g5]ally passes into ! acet\s f]m5tation 
dur+ ! voyage4 ,a little good br&y is   
also usually add$ to %]ry  be=e x leaves
 ,spa94 ,by ! regulation ( ! ,cu/oms (  
,engl&1 #aj  ( br&y may be add$ to w9es 
9 bond1 & ! increas$ quantity is  only  
*>g$ ! usual duty on w9e4 ,! addition ( 
br&y to w9e  injures its prop] flav\r1 &
 h5ce x is *iefly made to port1 %]ry1  &
 o!r w9es1 ^: flav\r is s /rong z n to  
be easily injur$4  ,ev5 :5 br&y is add$ 
to w9es ( ! latt] description1 !y       
require  to be kept = "s "t to recov] _!
 natural flav\r4 ,to promote ?is        
object1 ! w9e-doctors employ ! process  
call$ #8frett+ 91' by :i*  !y effect !  

same *ange 9 #c or #d weeks1 z w\ld     
o!rwise require  "s mon?s1 at ! v lea/4 
,cell>+4 ,a w9e-cell> %\ld be dry at    
bottom1 & ei!r cov]$  ) good h>d gravel 
or be pav$ ) flags4 ,its grat+s or w9d[s
  %\ld op5 t[>ds ! nor?1 & x %\ld be    
sunk suffici5tly bel[  ! surface to     
ensure an equable temp]ature4 ,x %\ld   
also be  suffici5tly remov$ f any public
 ?or\ghf>e1 s z n to suff]  vibration f 
! pass+ ( c>riages4 ,%\ld x n be 9 a    
position to  ma9ta9 a regul> temp]ature1
 arrangem5ts %\ld be made to apply      
artificial heat 9 w9t]1 & prop]         
v5tilation 9 summ]4    ,col\r+4 ,w9es   
are z commonly doctor$ 9 _! col\r z _!  
flav\r4 ,a fawn-yell[ & gold5-%]ry yell[
 are giv5 by means (  t9cture or        
infusion ( saffron1 turm]ic1 or saffl[]1
 foll[$ by a  little _s col\r+1 to      
prev5t ! col\r be+ too lively4 ,all     
%ades ( amb] & fawn1 to deep br[n & br&y
 col\r1 are giv5 by  burnt sug>4        
,co*9eal 7ei!r alone or ) a little alum7
 gives a p9k  col\r2 beet-root & r$ s&]s

 give a r$ col\r2 ! extracts (  rhatany 
& logwood1 & ! juice ( eld]b]ries1      
bilb]ries1 c41 give  a port-w9e col\r4  
,cru/+4 ,to make port w9e =m a cru/ on !
 inside ( ! bottles1 a  spoonful ( p[d]$
 cate*u1 or #a_/b a spoonful ( f9ely    
p[d]$ cream  ( t>t>1 is add$ to ea*     
bottle be=e cork+ x1 aft] :i* !  :ole is
 well agitat$4 ,x is also a common      
practice to put ! cru/ on  ! bottle be=e
 putt+ ! w9e into x1 by employ+ a hot   
saturat$  solution ( r$ t>t>1 ?ick5$ )  
gum & "s p[d]$ t>t>4                    
,deacetification4 ,?is is effect$ by !  
cauti\s addition ( ei!r  salt ( t>t> or 
c>bonate ( soda4 ,w9e s treat$ soon gets
 insipid by  exposure & age2 &1 )\t c>e1
 ! col\r ( r$ w9es is ?us  frequ5tly    
spoil$4    ,deacidification4 ,see       
,det>t>ization 7bel[74    ,decant+4 ,?is
 only ref]s to small quantities ( w9e1  
ready =  consumption4 ,9 decant+ w9e1   
c>e mu/ be tak5 n to %ake or di/urb  !  
cru/ :5 mov+ x ab\t or draw+ ! cork1    
p>ticul>ly ( port  w9e4 ,nev] decant w9e

 )\t a w9e-/ra9]1 ) "s clean f9e        
cambric 9 x1 to prev5t ! cru/ & bits (  
cork go+ into !  decant]4 ,9 decant+    
port w9e1 d n dra9 x too close2 z !re   
are  g5]ally two ?irds ( a w9e-glassful 
( ?ick dregs 9 ea* bottle1  :i* ought to
 be reject$4 ,9 :ite w9e !re is n mu*   
settl+2 b  x %\ld nev]!less be p\r$ (f v
 sl[ly1 ! bottle be+ rais$  gradually4  
,decol\r+4 ,! col\r ( w9e is precipitat$
 by age & by exposure  to ! light4 ,x is
 also artificially remov$ by ! action ( 
skimm$  milk1 lime wat]1 milk ( lime1 & 
fre% burnt *>coal4 ,w9e m]*ants  avail  
!mselves ( ?is prop]ty = ! purpose (    
:it5+ w9es t  h acquir$ a br[n col\r f !
 cask1 or :i* are e/eem$ pale2  & also =
 turn+ #8prick$' r$ or d>k-col\r$ w9es  
into :ite  w9es1 9 :i* a small degree ( 
acidity is n s mu* p]ceiv$4 ,9  ?is way 
br[n %]ry is commonly conv]t$ into pale 
or gold-col\r$  %]ry4 ,= ! latt]        
purpose1 #b to #c p9ts ( skimm$ milk are
 usually  suffici5t2 b to decol\r r$ w9e
 #b to #c qu>ts or m w be  requir$1     

accord+ to ! nature & int5sity ( !      
col\r1 or !  %ades ( pal5ess desir$4    
,*>coal is seldom us$1 z x removes !    
flav\r z well z col\r1 b a little milk (
 lime may sometimes be  advantage\sly   
sub/itut$ = milk1 :5 ! w9e has mu*      
acidity1 m  p>ticul>ly = r$ w9es1 :i*   
may ev5 be r5d]$ q col\rless by  x4     
,det>t>ization4 ,rh5i% w9es1 ev5 ( ! mo/
 propiti\s gr[?s1 &  9 ! be/ condition1 
besides _! t>t>1 conta9 a c]ta9 quantity
 (  free t>t>ic acid1 on ! pres5ce ( :i*
 _m ( _! lead+  prop]ties dep5d4 ,!     
excess ( t>t> is gradually deposit$ dur+
 !  fir/ ye>s ( ! vatt+1 ! sides ( !    
vessels becom+ m &  m encru/$ ) x2 b1   
ow+ to ! cont9ual addition ( new w9e  & 
o!r causes1 ! liquid (t5 ga9s su* an    
excess ( free t>t>ic  acid z to acquire 
! faculty ( r$issolv+ ! deposit$ t>t>1  
:i*  ?us aga9 disappe>s aft] a c]ta9    
p]iod4 ,! ta/e & flav\r ( !  w9e are ?us
 exalt$1 b ! excess ( acid makes ! w9e  
less  agreeable 9 use1 & probably less  
:olesome4 ,amateurs & manufactur]s  %\ld

 !re=e welcome a means ( tak+ away !    
free t>t>ic acid  )\t alt]+1 9 any      
respect1 ! quality ( ! w9e4 ,?is is pure
  neutral t>trate ( pota%4 ,:5 ?is salt1
 9 conc5trat$ solution1 is  add$ to su* 
a fluid z ! above1 ! free acid comb9es )
 !  neutral salt1 & sep>ates f ! liquid 
"u ! =m ( !  sp>+ly soluble bit>trate ( 
pota%4 8,if to #ajj p>ts ( a w9e :i*    
conta9s "o "p ( free t>t>ic acid we add 
#a-a_/b "p ( neutral  t>trate ( pota%1  
!re w sep>ate on repose at #gj to #ge   
,fahr41 #b  p>ts ( cry/allis$ t>t>2 & ! 
w9e w !n conta9 only #a_/b "p  ( t>t>   
dissolv$1 9 :i* !re are only #b "p ( !  
orig9al free  acid2 #h "p ( ! orig9al   
free acid hav+ be5 )drawn f !  w9e40    
7,liebig's #8,annal54'7 ,?is me?od is   
p>ticul>ly applicable to  rec5t mu/ & to
 w9es :i* d n conta9 mu* free acetic    
acid2 b  :5 ?is la/ is ! case1 s mu*    
acetate ( pota% is =m$ z  occasionally  
to vitiate ! ta/e ( ! liquor4    ,f9+4  
,w9e is cl>ifi$ 9 a simil> mann] to be]4
 ,:ite w9es are  usually f9$ by is+lass1

 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a-a_/b oz4      
7dissolv$ 9 #a-a_/b p9t ( wat]1 & ?9n$ )
 "s ( ! w9e7 to  ! hog%ead4 ,r$ w9es are
 g5]ally f9$ ) ! :ites ( eggs1 9  !     
proportion ( #ae to #bj to ! pipe4      
,sometimes h>t%orn %av+s1 or  pale sweet
 glue1 is sub/itut$ = is+lass4          
,flatness4 ,?is is remov$ by ! addition 
( a little new brisk w9e (  ! same k9d2 
or by r\s+ 9 #b or #c lbs4 ( honey2 or  
by add+ #e or #f  lbs4 ( bruis$ sultana 
rais9s1 & #c or #d qu>ts ( good br&y1 p]
  hog%ead4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! w9e w     
usually be recov]$ 9 ab\t a  =tnight1   
except 9 v cold wea!r4 ,%\ld x be want$ 
soon]1 a  table-spoonful or two ( yea/  
may be add$1 & ! cask remov$ to a  w>m] 
situation4    ,flav\r+4 ,v>i\s +r$i5ts  
are add$ to inf]ior w9es1 to give  !m ! 
flav\r ( o!rs m exp5sive1 & to ,briti%  
w9es1 to make  !m resemble ^? import$4  
,sub/ances are also add$ 9 a simil>     
mann] to communicate ! aroma ( !        
high-flav\r$ grape w9es4 ,among  ! fir/ 
are bitt] almonds1 almond cake1 or !    

ess5tial oil (  almonds1 or1 pref]ably1 
its alcoholic solution1 :i* are us$ to  
imp>t  a #8%]ry' or #8nutty' ta/e to    
weak-flav\r$ w9es1 z poor %]ry1 :ite    
cape1 & malt1 rais91 p>snip1 & o!r      
simil> ,briti% w9es2 rhatany1  k9o1 oak 
sawdu/ & b>k1 alum1 c41 to convey       
a/r+5cy1  &----t9cture ( ! se$s (       
rais9s1 to imp>t a #8port w9e' flav\r4  
,among ! sub/ances employ$ to           
communicate ! b\quet ( ! f9]  w9es1 may 
be m5tion$----orris root1 eau de fleurs 
d'oranges1 n]oli1  ess5ce de petit gra91
 amb]gris1 vanilla1 violet petals1      
ess5ce (  c$rat1 sweet bri>1 cl>y1 &    
eld] fl[]s1 qu9ces1 *]ry-laurel  wat]1  
c4 ,by ! skilful1 ?\gh fraudul5t use ( !
 above flav\r+  sub/ances & p]fumes1 !  
exp]i5c$ w9e-brew] manages to produce1  
9 ! d>k cell>s ( ,london1 f :ite cape1  
currant1 gooseb]ry1  rais91 rhub>b1     
p>snip1 & malt w9e1 v excell5t          
imitations (  =eign w9e1 & :i* pass     
curr5t among ! majority ( ,engli%       
w9e-dr9k]s z ! *oice/ productions ( !   

grape1 8g5u9e z  import$40----,a gra9 or
 two ( amb]gris1 well rubb$ d[n ) sug> &
  add$ to a hog%ead ( cl>et1 gives x a  
flav\r & b\quet mu*  e/eem$ by "s       
connoisseurs4    ,frett+-94 ,see        
,sweat+-9 7bel[74    ,improv+4 ,?is is !
 cant t]m ( ! w9e trade1 "u :i* all !   
adult]ation & #8doctor+' ( w9e is c>ri$ 
on4 ,a poor %]ry is  improv$ by !       
addition ( a little almond flav\r1      
honey1 & _s2 a  port defici5t 9 body &  
a/r+5cy1 by ! addition ( "s r$ t>t>     
7dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]71 "s rhatany1    
k9o1 or cate*u1 & a little  honey or    
foots1 & br&y4 ,see ,mix+ 7bel[74       
,ins5sible ,f]m5tation4 ,see ,maturation
 7bel[74    ,insipidity4 ,see ,flatness 
7above74    ,maturation4 ,! natural     
maturation or #8rip5+' ( w9e & be] by   
age  dep5ds ^u ! sl[ conv]sion ( ! sug> 
:i* escap$ decomposition  9 ! #8gyle    
tun1' or f]m5t+ vessel1 into alcohol4   
,?is conv]sion  proce$s mo/ p]fectly 9  
vessels :i* entirely exclude ! air1 z 9 
! case ( w9e 9 bottles2 z :5 air is     

pres5t1 & ! temp]ature  suffici5tly     
high1 x is accompani$ by sl[            
acetification4 ,?is is !  case ( w9e 9  
casks1 ! porosity ( ! wood all[+ ! v    
gradual  p]meation ( ! air4 ,h5ce !     
sup]iority ( bottl$ w9e ov] draught     
w9e1 or t :i* has matur$ 9 wood4 ,good  
w9e1 or well-f]m5t$  be]1 is va/ly      
improv$ by age :5 prop]ly pres]v$2 b    
inf]ior  liquor1 or ev5 sup]ior liquor1 
:5 pres]v$ 9 improp] vessels or         
situations1 becomes acidul\s1 f !       
conv]sion ( its alcohol into  v9eg>4    
,t>tness or acidity is consequ5tly v    
g5]ally1 ?\gh  wrongly1 reg>d$ by !     
ignorant z a sign ( age 9 liquor4 ,!    
peculi>  *ange by :i* f]m5t$ liquors    
become mature or ripe by age is t]m$  ! 
#8ins5sible f]m5tation4' ,x is !        
alcoholic f]m5tation imp$$ by  ! pres5ce
 ( ! already =m$ _s 9 ! liquor1 & by !  
l[ness ( ! temp]ature4 ,see ,rip5+      
7bel[74    ,mix+4 ,few w9es are sold )\t
 admixture4 ,x is f\nd t !  intoxicat+  
prop]ties ( w9e are increas$ by mix+ !m 

) o!r  w9es ( a diff]5t age & gr[?4 ,9  
_m cases ! flav\r is at !  same "t      
improv$4 ,?us1 a ?9 port is improv$ by !
 addition ( a  simil> w9e hav+ a full   
body1 or by a little ,malaga1 ,t5]iffe1 
or ri*  %]ry2 & an inf]ior old %]ry may 
be improv$ by admixture ) a  little     
full-bodi$ w9e ( ! la/ v9tage4 ,9 ?is   
consi/s ! great  art ( #8cell>          
managem5t1' & to su* an ext5t is ?is    
c>ri$1 bo?  abroad & 9 ,engl&1 t x may  
be confid5tly ass]t$ t few w9es  ev]    
rea* ! consum] 9 an unmix$ or natural   
/ate4    ,mu/9ess4 ,?is may g5]ally be  
remov$ by viol5tly agitat+ ! w9e  = "s  
"t ) a little ( ! sweete/ olive oil or  
almond oil4 ,!  cause ( ! bad ta/e is ! 
pres5ce ( an ess5tial oil1 :i* !  fix$  
oil seizes on1 & rises ) to ! surface1  
:5 x may be skimm$  (f2 or ! liquor "u x
 may be drawn (f4 ,a little co>sely     
p[d]$  fre%-burnt *>coal1 or ev5 "s     
slices ( bread toa/$ black1 w  frequ5tly
 h a l effect4 ,a little bruis$ mu/>d   
se$ is also  occasionally us$ = ! same  

purpose4    ,p]fum+4 ,?is is *iefly     
p]=m$ on ,briti% w9es = family use4  ,= 
its application to =eign w9e1 see       
,flav\r+ 7above74 ,w9es may  be p]fum$  
by ! simple addition ( any odor\s       
sub/ances previ\sly  well mix$ ) a      
little ( ! w9e1 or dissolv$ 9 a few     
fluid ounces  ( rectifi$ _s4    ,rack+4 
,?is %\ld be p]=m$ 9 cool wea!r1 &      
pref]ably e>ly  9 ! spr+4 ,a clean      
syphon1 well manag$1 answ]s bett] = ?is 
purpose ?an a cock or faucet4 ,!        
bottoms1 or f\l portion1 may be  /ra9$  
?r\gh a w9e-bag1 & add$ to "s o!r       
inf]ior w9e4    ,rip5+4 ,to promote !   
maturation or rip5+ ( w9e1 v>i\s plans  
are adopt$ by ! gr[]s & deal]s4 ,"o ( ! 
safe/ ways (  ha/5+ ?is1 especially =   
/rong w9es1 is n to rack !m until  !y h 
/ood #ae or #ah mon?s ^u ! lees2 or1    
:e!r #8crude' or  #8rack$1' keep+ !m at 
a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #ej & #fj     
,fahr41  9 a cell> free f draughts & n  
too dry4 ,ano!r me?od is to  remove !   
corks or bungs1 & to sub/itute bladd]   

ti$ or fa/5$  air-tight ov] ! op5+s4    
,bottl$ w9e1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 rip5s  v 
quickly 9 a temp]ate situation4 ,"s     
deal]s add a little dilute  sulphuric   
acid to ! co>s] w9es = ! same purpose2 b
 a small  quantity ( conc5trat$ acetic  
acid or t>t>ic acid w\ld be pref]able1  
s9ce ^! acids are f\nd 9 all w9es4 #d or
 #e drops ( ! =m]1  add$ to a bottle (  
"s k9ds ( new w9e1 imm$iately give x !  
appe>ance ( be+ #b or #c ye>s old4      
,rop9ess1 viscidity2 ,graisse4 ,?is     
arises f ! w9e conta9+ too  little tann9
 or a/r+5t matt] to precipitate ! glut51
 album51 or  o!r azotis$ sub/ance1      
occasion+ ! malady4 ,su* w9e _c be      
cl>ifi$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 because x is    
incapable ( caus+ !  coagulation or     
precipitation ( ! f9+s4 ,! rem$y is to  
supply !  pr9ciple 9 :i* x is defici5t4 
,m4 ,franois1 ( ,nantes1 prescribes !   
bruis$ b]ries ( ! m\nta9 a% 7#a lb4 to !
 b>rel7 = ?is  purpose4 ,a little       
cate*u1 k9o1 or1 bett] /ill1 rhatany1 or
 ! bruis$  foot/alks ( ! grape1 may also

 be conv5i5tly & advantage\sly us$  9 ! 
same way4 ,= pale :ite w9es1 :i* are !  
ones *iefly attack$  by ! malady1 no?+  
equals a little pure tann9 or tannic    
acid  dissolv$ 9 pro( _s4 ,see ,,visc\s 
,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 c4      
,r\gh5+4 ,see ,flav\r+ 7above74         
,second f]m5tation2 ,la-p\sse4          
,inord9ate f]m5tation1 ei!r prim>y  or  
second>y1 9 w9e or any o!r f]m5t$       
liquor1 may be readily  *eck$ by        
sulphuration1 or by ! addition ( mu/>d  
se$ or sulphite (  lime4 #a oz4 (       
brim/one1 #c_/d to #a lb4 ( bruis$ mu/>d
 se$1 & ab\t  #d to #h oz4 ( sulphite ( 
lime1 are fully suffici5t = a hog%ead4  
,?is  sub/ance seldom fails ( arre/+ !  
f]m5tation4----,9 addition to !  above  
rem$ies1 a little sulphuric acid is     
sometimes employ$1 & ! use  ( black     
oxide ( manganese1 or *lorate ( pota%1  
has be5 propos$ on  !oretical gr\nds4   
,s\r+4 ,?is is ei!r occasion$ by ! w9e  
hav+ be5 imp]fectly  f]m5t$1 or f its   
hav+ be5 kept 9 too w>m a cell>1 :]e x  

has  be5 expos$ to draughts ( air or to 
cont9ual vibrations1 occasion$ by  !    
passage ( load$ vehicles ?r\gh ! adjo9+ 
?or\ghf>e4 ,!  rem$y commonly recomm5d$ 
9 books = ?is purpose is to saturate !  
acid ) *alk1 milk ( lime1 or calc9$ oy/]
 %ells2 b su*  additions1 made 9        
suffici5t quantity to effect ?is object1
 de/roy !  "* ( ! w9e1 & r5d] x sickly &
 vapid4 ,! be/ & only  safe rem$y is a  
little neutral t>trate ( pota%1         
cauti\sly add$2 or  x may be mix$ ) a   
consid]able portion ( full-bodi$ new w9e
 ( its  class1 add+ at ! same "t a      
little br&y1 & 9 two or ?ree weeks  f9+ 
x d[n1 :5 x %\ld be ei!r at once put    
into bottles1 or  consum$ z soon z      
possible4 ,see ,deacetification &       
,det>t>isation4  7above74    ,sp>kl+1   
cream+1 & briskness4 ,^! prop]ties are  
convey$ to  w9e by rack+ x into clos$   
vessels be=e ! f]m5tation is  complete1 
& :ile !re /ill rema9s a consid]able    
portion (  undecompos$ sug>4 ,w9e ( ?is 
description1 :i* has lo/ its  briskness1

 may be re/or$ by add+ to ea* bottle a  
few gra9s ( :ite  lump sug> or sug> c&y4
 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* *ampagne is treat$ 
9 ,france4 ,! bottles are aft]w>ds      
inv]t$1 by :i* means any  s$im5t t =ms  
falls into ! necks1 :5 ! corks are      
p>tially  )drawn1 & ! s$im5t is         
imm$iately expell$ by ! ela/ic =ce  ( ! 
compress$ c>bonic acid4 ,if ! w9e rema9s
 muddy1 a little  solution ( sug> & f9+s
 are add$1 & ! bottles are aga9 plac$  9
 a v]tical position1 &1 aft] two or ?ree
 mon?s1 ! s$im5t is  dis*>g$1 z be=e4   
,sweat+-94 ,! te*nical t]ms #8sweat+-9' 
& #8frett+ 9' are  appli$ to ! p>tial   
production ( a second f]m5tation1 = !   
purpose ( mell[+ d[n ! flav\r ( =eign   
+r$i5ts 7*iefly  br&y71 add$ to w9e4 ,= 
?is purpose #d or #e lbs4 ( sug> or     
honey1  ) a little crude t>t>           
7dissolv$71 are commonly add$ p]        
hog%ead2  & :5 ! w9e is want$ 9 ha/e1 a 
spoonful or two ( yea/1 or a few  bruis$
 v9e leaves1 are also mix$ 91 ! cask be+
 plac$ 9 a  mod]ately w>m situation     

until ! new f]m5tation is e/abli%$1 :5  
x is remov$ to ! w9e cell>1 &1 aft] a   
few days1 #8f9$ d[n4'    ,ta/e ( ,cask4 
,! rem$ies = ?is malady are ! same z ^? 
=  mu/9ess4     ,= fur!r in=mation      
connect$ ) ! nature & managem5t (  w9es1
 & o!r f]m5t$ liquors1 see ,,brew+1     
,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt  ,,liquors1        
,,port]1 ,,sug>1 ,,syrup1 ,,v9\s        
,,f]m5tation1 ,,visc\s ,f41 ,,wort1     
,,yea/1 c41 & bel[4    ,w9e1 ,briti%4 ,!
 v>i\s processes 9 ,briti% w9e-mak+     
dep5d ^u  ! same pr9ciples1 & resemble  
^? employ$ = =eign w9e4    ,! ,,fruit   
%\ld be pref]ably ga!r$ 9 f9e wea!r1 & n
 until  mature1 z ev9c$ by its flav\r2 =
 if x be employ$ :il/ unripe1  ! result+
 w9e w be h>%1 disagreeable1 &          
un:olesome1 & a  l>g] quantity ( sug> & 
_s w be requir$ to r5d] x  palatable4 ,!
 common practice ( employ+ unripe       
gooseb]ries = !  manufacture ( ,briti%  
*ampagne arises f a total ignorance ( ! 
sci5tific pr9ciples ( w9e-mak+4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 if ord9>y  ,briti% fruit be     

employ$ 9 too ripe a /ate1 ! w9e is apt 
to be  inf]ior1 & defici5t 9 ! flav\r ( 
! fruit4    ,! ,,fruit1 be+ ga!r$1 at   
once und]goes ! op]ation ( pick+ or     
g>bl+1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! /alks &   
unripe or damag$  portions4 ,x is next  
plac$ 9 a tub1 & is well bruis$1 to     
facilitate  ! solv5t action ( ! wat]4   
,rais9s are commonly p]mitt$ to soak    
ab\t #bd h\rs previ\sly to bruis+ !m1 b 
!y may be advantage\sly  bruis$ or m9c$ 
9 ! dry /ate4 ,! bruis$ fruit is !n put 
into a  vat or vessel ) a gu>d plac$ ov]
 ! tap-hole1 to keep back !  husks &    
se$s ( ! fruit :5 ! mu/1 juice1 or      
extract is drawn  (f4 ,! wat] is n[     
add$1 & ! :ole is all[$ to mac]ate = #cj
  to #dj h\rs1 m or less1 dur+ :i* "t ! 
magma is frequ5tly  r\s$ up ) a suitable
 wood5 /irr]4 ,! liquid portion is next 
drawn  (f1 & ! residu>y pulp is plac$ 9 
hair bags1 & und]goes !  op]ation (     
press+1 to expel ! fluid :i* x conta9s4 
,! sug>1  t>t> 79 v f9e p[d] or 9       
solution71 c41 are n[ add$ to !  mix$   

liquors1 & ! :ole is well /irr$ or      
#8rummag$' up = "s  "t4 ,! temp]ature   
be+ suitable1 ! v9\s f]m5tation soon    
comm5ces1 :5 ! liquor is frequ5tly      
skimm$ 7if necess>y71 & well  #8r\s$'   
up1 &1 aft] #c or #d days ( ?is         
treatm5t1 x is run into  casks1 :i* %\ld
 be q fill$1 & left purg+ at !          
bung-hole4 ,9  ab\t a week ! flav\r+    
+r$i5ts1 9 ! /ate ( co>se p[d]1  are    
commonly add$1 & well /irr$ 92 & 9 ab\t 
ano!r week1  dep5d+ ^u ! /ate ( !       
f]m5tation1 & ! att5uation ( !  mu/1 !  
br&y or _s is add$1 & ! cask is fill$   
up1 & bung$  d[n close4 ,9 f\r or five  
weeks m ! cask is aga9 fill$ up1 &1     
aft] "s weeks1 7! long] ! bett]71 x is  
#8pegg$' or #8spil$1' to  asc]ta9 if x  
be f9e or transp>5t2 if s1 x und]goes ! 
op]ation  ( rack+2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x
 /ill cont9ues muddy1 x mu/ be  ei!r    
aga9 bung$ up1 & all[$ to repose = a few
 weeks long]1 or  x mu/ pass ?r\gh !    
process ( f9+4 ,its future treatm5t is  
simil> to t already notic$ "u ,,=eign   

,,w9e4 7,see above47    ,! mu/ ( _m ( ! 
/rong-flav\r$ fruits1 z black currants1 
mulb]ries1 c41 is improv$ by be+ boil$  
be=e be+ made into w9e4  ,! flav\r &    
b\quet ( ! m delicate fruits are ei!r   
greatly  dim9i%$ or utt]ly dissipat$ by 
boil+4    ,g5]al ,=mul = ! ,prep>ation (
 ,,briti% ,,w9es3    #a4 ,f ripe sac*>9e
 fruits4 ,take ( ! ripe fruit1 #d to #f 
lbs42 cle>  s(t wat]1 #a gall42 sug>1 #c
 to #e lbs42 cream ( t>t> 7dissolv$ 9   
boil+ wat]71 #a-a_/d oz42 br&y1 #b to #c
 flav\r+1 z requir$4 ,if !  full        
proportions ( fruit & sug> are us$1 !   
product w be good  )\t ! br&y1 b bett] )
 x4 #a-a_/b lb4 ( rais9s may be         
sub/itut$ = ea* p\nd ( sug>4    ,9 !    
above way are made ! foll[+             
w9es3----,gooseb]ry w9e 7#8,briti%      
*ampagne'72----currant w9e 7r$1 :ite1 or
 black72----mix$ fruit w9e  7currants & 
gooseb]ries1 or black1 r$1 & :ite       
currants1 ripe  black-he>t *]ries1 &    
raspb]ries1 equal "p71 a good family    
w9e2----*]ry w9e2----colepress's w9e 7f 

apples & mulb]ries1 equal  "p72 eld]    
w9e2----/rawb]ry w9e2----raspb]ry       
w9e2----mulb]ry w9e 7:5  flav\r$1 makes 
#8,briti% port'72----:ortleb]ry w9e     
7bilb]ry w9e71  makes a good factiti\s  
#8port'2----blackb]ry w9e2----damson w9e
 7makes good  factiti\s                 
#8port'72----morella w9e2----apricot    
w9e2----apple w9e2----grape  w9e1 c4    
#b4 ,f dry sac*>9e fruit 7z rais9s74    
,take ( ! dri$ fruit1 #d-a_/b  to       
#g-a_/b lbs42 cle> s(t wat]1 #a gall42  
cream ( t>t> 7dissolv$71 #a  oz42 br&y1 
#a-a_/b to #d4 ,%\ld ! dri$ fruit       
employ$ be at all  defici5t 9 sac*>9e   
matt]1 #b to #c lbs4 ( x may be omitt$1 
& half  t quantity ( sug>1 or two ?irds 
( rais9s add$4 ,9 ! above way  are      
made----date w9e1----fig w9e1----rais9  
w9e1 c4    #c4 ,f ,,acidul\s1 ,,a/r+5t1 
or ,,sc>cely ,,ripe ,,fruits1 or ^? :i* 
are defici5t 9 sac*>9e matt]4 ,take ( ! 
pick$ fruit1 #b-a_/b to  #c-a_/b lbs42  
sug>1 #c-a_/b to #e-a_/b lbs42 cream (  
t>t> 7dissolv$71 #a_/b  oz42 wat]1 #a   

gall42 br&y1 #b to #f4    ,9 ! above way
 are made----gooseb]ry w9e 7#8,briti%   
*ampagne'72----bullace  w9e 7:i* makes  
an excell5t #8factiti\s                 
port'72----damson w9e1 c4    #d4 ,f     
,,foot/alks1 ,,leaves1 ,,cutt+s1 c4 ,by 
infus+ !m 9 wat]1 9  ! proportion ( #c  
to #f lbs4 to ! gall41 or q4 s4 to give 
a prop]  flav\r1 or to =m a good sac*>9e
 liquor2 & add+ #b-a_/b to #d lbs4  (   
sug> to ea* gall4 ( ! /ra9$ liquor1     
#a-a_/b lb4 ( rais9s may be  sub/itut$ =
 ea* lb4 ( sug>4    ,9 ! above way are  
made----grape w9e 7f ! press$ cake (    
grapes72----,engli% grape w9e2----rhub>b
 w9e 7#8,ba? *ampagne1' #8pat5t  c1'71 f
 g>d5 rhub>b2----cel]y w9e1 c4    #e4 ,f
 ,,sac*>9e ,,roots & ,,/ems ,,(         
,,plants4 ,take ( ! bruis$1 rasp$1  or  
slic$ vegetable1 #d to #f lbs42 boil+   
wat]1 #a gall42 infuse until  cold1     
press out ! liquor1 & to ea* gall4 add (
 sug> #c to #d lbs42  cream ( t>t>1 #a  
oz42 br&y1 #b to #e4 ,= "s roots & /ems 
!  wat] mu/ n be v hot1 z !y are ?us    

r5d]$ tr\blesome to  press4    ,9 !     
above way are made----beet-root w9e     
7#8,briti% ,r\ssillon'72----p>snip  w9e 
7#8,briti% malmsey'72----turnip w41 c4  
#f4 ,f ,,fl[]s1 ,,spices1 ,,aromatics1  
c4 ,^! are prep>$ by simply  infus+ a   
suffici5t quantity ( ! bruis$ +r$i5t = a
 few days 9  any simple w9e 7z t f sug>1
 honey1 rais9s1 c47 aft] ! active       
f]m5tation is complete1 or1 at all      
ev5ts1 a few weeks be=e rack+  !m4    ,9
 ! above way are made----cl>y w9e       
7#8muscadel'71 f fl[]s1 #a  qu>t to !   
gall42----c[slip w9e 7fl[]s1 #b qu>ts to
 !  gall472----eld]-fl[] w9e            
7#8,frontignac'71 fl[]s ( :ite-b]ri$    
eld]1  #c_/d p9t1 & lemon juice1 #c fl4 
oz41 to ! gall42----g+] w9e 7#a-a_/d    
oz4 ( g+] to ! gall472----orange w9e 7#a
 doz5 slic$ oranges p]  gall472----lemon
 w9e 7juice ( #ab & r9ds ( #f lemons to 
!  gall472----spruce w9e 7#a_/d oz4 (   
ess5ce ( spruce p] gall472----junip]    
w9e 7b]ries1 #c_/d p9t p]               
gall472----pea* w9e 7#d or #e slic$1 & !

  /ones brok51 to ! gall472----apricot  
w9e 7z pea* w9e1 or ) m                 
fruit72----qu9ce w9e 7#ab to ! gall472  
rose clove gillyfl[]1 c>nation1  lav5d]1
 violet1 primrose1 & o!r fl[] w9es      
7di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b  p9t1 or fl[]s1  
#a p9t to ! gall472----balm w9e 7balm   
tops1 #d oz4 p]  gall47 c4    #g4 ,f    
,,sac*>9e ,,juices1 or ,,infusions1 or f
 f]m5t$ liquors4 ,take  ( ! juice or    
liquor1 #a gall42 honey or sug>1 #b to  
#c lbs4 7or rais9s1  #c to #e lbs472    
cream ( t>t>1 #a-a_/d oz42 br&y1 #b to  
#d4    ,9 ?is way are made----,engli%   
grape w9e2----mix$ fruit                
w9e----p9e-apple  w9e2----cid]          
w9e2----eld] w9e2----bir* w9e 7f ! sap1 
at ! end (  ,febru>y or beg9n+ ( ,m>*72 
sycamore w9e 7f ! sap72----malt w9e     
7#8,engli% ,madeira'71 f /rong          
wort2----& ! w9es ( any ( !  sac*>9e    
juices ( ripe fruit4    #h4 ,f ,,simple 
,,sac*>9e ,,matt]4 ,take ( sug>1 #c to  
#d1 lbs42 cream (  t>t>1 #a_/b oz42     
wat]1 #a gall42 honey1 #a lb42 br&y1 #b 

to #d4 ,a h&ful  ( grape leaves or      
cutt+s1 bruis$1 or a p9t ( good malt    
wort1 or mild  ale1 may be sub/itut$ = !
 honey4 ,*iefly us$ z ! basis = o!r     
w9es1 z x has little flav\r ( its own2 b
 makes a good #8,briti%  *ampagne4'     
,obs4 ,9 all ! prec$+ =mul lump sug> is 
int5d$ :5 ! w9es  are requir$ v pale1 & 
good ,muscovado sug> :5 ?is is n !      
case4 ,"s ( ! prec$+ w9es are va/ly     
improv$ by sub/itut+ good  cid]1 p]ry1  
or pale ale or malt wort1 = ! :ole or a 
portion ( !  wat]4 ,good port] may also 
be advantage\sly us$ 9 ?is way = "s (  !
 deep-col\r$ r$ w9es4 ,:5 exp5se is no  
object1 & v /rong  w9es are want$1 !    
express$ juices ( ! ripe fruits1 ) !    
addition ( #c or #d lbs4 ( sug> p]      
gall41 may be sub/itut$ = !  fruit 9    
sub/ance1 & ! wat]4    ,examples (      
,,briti% ,,imitations ,,( ,,=eign       
,,w9es3    ,,am]ican ,,honey ,,w9e4 ,f  
good honey1 #ba lbs42 cid]1 #ab galls42 
f]m5t1  !n add1 ( rum1 #e p9ts2 br&y1 #b
 qu>ts2 r$ or :ite t>t>  7dissolv$71 #f 

oz42 bitt] almonds & cloves1 ( ea*1     
bruis$1 #a_/d oz42  p[d]$ capsicum1 #c  
dr4 ,?is is also call$ #8mead w9e4' ,) !
  addition ( #c oz4 ( unblea*$ ,jamaica 
g+] 7f9ely grat$71 x =ms  ! be/ ,am]ican
 g+] w9e4    ,,briti% ,,burgundy4 ,by   
add+ a little lemon juice1 & a #8/reak' 
( orris  or orange-fl[] wat]1 to        
#8,briti% port1' ! +5i\s w9e-brew]      
conv]ts x into #8,briti% ,burgundy4' ,x 
is also made by mix+ toge!r  equal p>ts 
( #8,briti% port' & cl>et4    ,,briti%  
,,cape4 #a4 7,:ite47 ,rais9 w9e1 well   
att5uat$ by f]m5tation1  ei!r alone or  
work$ up ) a little cid] & pale malt    
wort4    #b4 7,r$47 ,briti% :ite cape1  
s\nd r\gh cid] & mulb]ry w9e1 equal     
p>ts2 well mix$ & f9$ d[n4    ,,briti%  
,,*ampagne4 #a4 ,f /on$ rais9s1 #g lbs42
 loaf sug>1 #ba lbs42  wat]1 #i galls424
 cry/allis$ t>t>ic acid1 #a oz42 cream (
 t>t>1 #a_/b  oz42 ,n>bonne honey1 #a   
lb42 sweet yea/1 #a_/d p9t2 f]m5t1      
skimm+  frequ5tly1 &1 :5 ! f]m5tation is
 ne>ly ov]1 add1 ( co>sely  p[d]$ orris 

root1 #a dr42 eau de fleurs d'oranges1  
#a_/d p9t2 & lemon  juice1 #a p9t2 9 #c 
mon?s f9e x d[n ) is+lass1 #a_/d oz42 9 
#a  mon? m1 if n sp>kl+1 aga9 f9e x d[n1
 & 9 ano!r =tnight  bottle x1 obs]v+ to 
put a piece ( d\ble-ref9$ :ite sug>1 !  
size ( a pea1 into ea* bottle2 la/ly1   
wire d[n ! corks1 & cov]  !m ) t9-foil1 
aft] ! mann] ( *ampagne4    #b4 ,z !    
prec$+1 b sub/itut+ #cb lbs4 (          
d\ble-ref9$ sug> =  ! sug> & rais9s !re9
 ord]$1 ) ! addition ( #c galls4 (  ri* 
pale-col\r$ br&y4    #c4 ,f amb] hairy  
*ampagne gooseb]ries1 ,engli% grape     
juice1 or !  /alks ( g>d5 rhub>b1 & lump
 sug>2 ) a little sweetbri>1 orris1  or 
orange-fl[] wat]1 to imp>t a slight     
b\quet4 ,! la/ =ms :at is  kn[n z       
#8pat5t' or #8,ba? *ampagne4'    #d4    
7,p9k47 ,to ei!r ( ! prec$+ add r$      
currant juice1 q4 s4 to  col\r2 or #a   
oz4 ( co>sely p[d]$ co*9eal to ea* #aj  
or #ab galls4 at  ! "t ( rack+4    ,obs4
 ,x is notori\s t two bottles ( w9e out 
( e ?ree sold  = #8g5u9e *ampagne' 9    

,engl& is ( ,briti% manufacture4 8,we h 
ourselves se5 sp>kl+ gooseb]ry1 rhub>b1 
& :ite sug> w9es1 sold  = import$       
*ampagne1 at #gs4 #f;d4 p] bottle1 & !  
fraud has pass$  undetect$1 ev5 by      
habitual w9e dr9k]s4 7,cooley47         
,,briti% ,,cl>et4 #a4 ,ri* old cid] or  
p]ry & port w9e1 equal p>ts4    #b4 ,to 
ea* gall4 ( ! la/ add ( cream ( t>t>    
7g5u9e71 #c dr41 )  ! juice ( #a lemon4 
,sometimes #a_/d p9t ( ,fr5* br&y is    
also add$4    ,obs4 ,if ^! mixtures are 
well f9$ d[n1 & n bottl$ = at lea/  a   
mon? or #e weeks1 !y closely resemble   
good #8,bordeaux4' ,a mixture ( #d  p>ts
 ( rais9 w9e1 ) #a "p ea* ( raspb]ry &  
b>b]ry or damson  w9e1 also =ms1 :5 s   
treat$1 an excell5t factiti\s #8cl>et4' 
,,briti% ,,cyprus4 ,f ! juice ( :ite    
eld]b]ries1 #a qu>t1 & ,lisbon  sug>1 #d
 lbs41 to wat]1 #a gall42 toge!r ) #a_/b
 dr4 ea* ( bruis$  g+] & cloves4 ,:5    
rack$1 add m9c$ rais9s & br&y1 ( ea* #b 
oz4    ,,briti% ,,hock1 ,,briti% ,,r$   
,,hock4 ,f cream ( t>t>1 #a-a_/d oz42   

t>t>ic  acid1 #a_/b oz4 7bo? 9 extremely
 f9e p[d]72 juices ( ! purple plum1     
ripe apples1 & r$ beet1 ( ea* 7w>m$71 #e
 p9ts2 lemon juice1 #a p9t2  ) :ite     
sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs4 p] gall4    ,,briti% 
,,madeira4 ,f v /rong pale malt wort1   
#cf galls41 sug> c&y1  #bh lbs41 & cream
 ( t>t>1 #c oz42 f]m5t$ ) yea/1 #b lb41 
add+1  :5 ! f]m5tation is ne>ly f9i%$1  
rais9 w9e1 #b-a_/b galls42  br&y & %]ry 
w9e1 ( ea* #b galls42 rum & br&y1 ( ea* 
#c p9ts2  aft] #f or #i mon?s1 f9e x    
d[n1 & 9 ano!r mon? bottle x4 ,see      
,,briti% ,,%]ry 7bel[74    ,,briti%     
,,malmsey4 ,f slic$ or grat$ p>snips1 #d
 lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #a  gall42 :5 cold1  
press out ! liquor1 & to ea* gallon add 
( cream (  t>t>1 #a_/b oz41 & good      
,muscovado sug>1 #c lbs42 f]m5t1 rack1 &
 add  ( br&y1 #c to #e4 ,good ,malaga   
rais9s may be sub/itut$ = ! sug>4       
,,briti% ,,r$ ,,moselle4 ,! la/1 col\r$ 
) cl>ifi$ eld]b]ry juice4    ,,briti%   
,,sp>kl+ ,,moselle4 ,f ri* cid] apples  
7c>efully peel$ &  g>bl$71 press$ )     

#a-d? ( _! weight ( :ite magnum-bonum   
plums  7previ\sly /on$71 & ! juice      
f]m5t$ ) #b-a_/b lbs4 (  d\ble-ref9$    
sug> p] gall41 z *ampagne4    ,,briti%  
,,muscadel4 ,z #8,briti% sp>kl+         
,moselle1' ) "s infusion (  cl>y1 or ( !
 musk plant1 to flav\r x4    ,,briti%   
,,port1 ,,london ,p41 ,,s\?ampton ,p4   
#a4 ,f r$ cape1 #b galls42 damson  or   
eld] w9e1 #a gall42 br&y1 #a_/b p9t2    
p[d]$ k9o1 #a_/b oz4    #b4 ,/rong old  
cid]1 #f galls42 eld]b]ry juice1 #d     
galls42 sloe juice1 #c  galls42 sug>1   
#bh lbs42 p[d]$ extract ( rhatany1 #a   
lb42 at ! "t (  rack+ add1 br&y1 #a_/b  
gall42 good port w9e1 #b galls4    #c4  
,good port1 #ab galls42 rectifi$ _s1 #f 
galls42 ,fr5* br&y1 #c  galls42 /rong   
r\gh cid]1 #db galls42 mix 9 a          
well-sulphur$ cask4  7#8,publican's     
,guide4'7    #d4 ,port w9e1 #h galls42  
br&y1 #f galls42 sloe juice1 #d galls42 
/rong  r\gh cid]1 #de galls42 z ! la/4  
7#8,lic5s$ ,victuall]s' ,companion4'7   
#e4 ,cid]1 #bd galls42 juice (          

eld]b]ries1 #f galls42 sloe juice1 #d   
galls42 rectifi$ _s1 #c galls42 br&y1   
#a-a_/b gall42 p[d]$ rhatany4  #g lbs42 
is+lass1 #d oz41 dissolv$ 9 a gall4 ( ! 
cid]2 bung x d[n2  9 #c mon?s x w be fit
 to bottle1 b %\ld n be drunk until !   
next ye>2 if a r\gh] flav\r is requir$1 
! quantity ( rhatany may  be increas$1  
or alum1 #e or #f oz4 7dissolv$71 may be
 add$4    ,,briti% ,,%]ry4 #a4 ,f cape  
or rais9 w9e1 slightly flav\r$ ) a  v   
little bitt]-almond cake1 or1 :at is m  
conv5i5t1 a little (  ! ess5tial oil    
dissolv$ 9 alcohol 7ess5ce ( bitt]      
almonds74 ,a m]e  #8/reak' or #8?read' (
 sweet-bri>1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 or
 orris1 is  occasionally add$ by way (  
b\quet2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]do  x4
    #b4 ,to ea* gallon ( /rong rais9    
mu/1 add1 :5 rack+1 #a ,seville  orange1
 & #c or #d bitt] almonds1 bo? slic$4   
,by omitt+ ! almonds1  & add+ #a gre5   
citron to ea* #b or #c gallons1 ?is =ms 
#8,briti%  madeira4'    #c4 ,v /rong    
pale malt wort1 #cf galls42 f9e/        

,muscovado sug>1 #a cwt42  yea/1 #a p9t2
 f]m5t2 on ! ?ird day add ( rais9s1     
/on$1 #ad lbs41  & 9 ano!r week add1 (  
rectifi$ _s1 #a gall41 rum1 #a_/b gall41
 &  bitt] almonds1 grat$1 #a-a_/d oz42  
bung d[n = #d mon?s1 !n draw x  (f into 
ano!r cask1 add ( br&y1 #a gall41 & 9 #c
 mon?s bottle x4    #d4 ,t5]iffe1       
slightly flav\r$ ) *]ry-laurel or bitt] 
almonds1  =ms an excell5t #8,briti%     
%]ry1' ei!r alone or dilut$ ) an  equal 
quantity ( cape or rais9 w9e1 or good   
p]ry4    ,,briti% ,,tokay4 ,to good     
cid]1 #ah galls42 add1 ( eld]b]ry juice1
 #a_/b  gall42 honey1 #bh lbs42 sug>1   
#ad lbs42 r$ argol 7p[d]$71 #c_/d lb42  
cry/allis$ t>t>ic acid1 #c oz42 mix1    
boil1 f]m5t1 &1 :5 !  active f]m5tation 
is complete1 add ( br&y1 #a gall41 &    
susp5d 9  ! liquor1 f ! bung-hole1 a    
mixture ( cassia & g+]1 ( ea*  #a_/b    
oz42 cloves & capsicum1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42
 ! :ole bruis$1 &  loosely enclos$ 9 a  
co>se musl9 bag4 ,x w be ripe 9 #ab     
mon?s4    ,obs4 ,"s ( ! prec$+ =mul1 by 

skilful managem5t1 produce v  good      
imitations ( "s ( ! import$ w9es2 b     
7prejudice aside7 _m  ( ! ,briti% fruit 
w9es possess an equally agreeable       
flav\r1 & are  frequ5tly m :olesome4    
,all ,briti% w9es require to be kept at 
lea/ a  ye>1 to #8mell[4' ,mu* ( !      
sup]iority ( =eign w9es arises f  its   
age4    ,,w9es 7,cul9>y74 ,syn4 ,,w9es  
,,= ,,kit*5 ,,use4 ,^! are prep>$ 9 a   
simil> mann] to ! ,,m$icat$ ,,w9es      
notic$ bel[4    ,w9e1 ,basil4 ,prep4 ,f 
gre5 basil leaves1 #d or #e oz42 %]ry1  
cape1  or rais9 w9e1 #a p9t2 dige/ = #aj
 days1 press1 & /ra94 ,us$ to  give a   
turtle flav\r to s\ps & gravies4 ,9 a   
simil> way may be made  ! w9es ( cel]y  
leaves1 cel]y se$1 sage1 %allots1 & !   
v>i\s  gre5 & dri$ h]bs us$ 9 cook]y4   
,w9e1 ,cay5ne4 ,prep4 ,f capsicum or    
cay5ne1 #a oz42 cape1 #a p9t2  /eep = a 
=tnight1 & /ra94    ,obs4 ,9 a simil>   
way may be made currie 7p[d]71 rag\t    
7spice71 &  sev]al o!r simil> w9es us$ 9
 ! kit*54    ,,w9es 7,m$icat$74 ,syn4   

,,impregnat$ ,,w9es2 ,,v9a ,,m$icata1   
,l4 ,!  m$icat$ w9es ( ph>macy are      
prep>$ by cold mac]ation1 9  well-clos$ 
vessels1 9 precisely ! same way z !     
t9ctures4 ,9 !  ,ph4 ,l4 ( #ahbd1 a     
dilut$ _s 0 sub/itut$ = w9e1 )\t  alt]+ 
! "n ( ! prep>ation2 b ! use ( w9e      
7%]ry7 0  re/or$ 9 t ( #ahcf4 ,!        
druggi/s commonly use cape or rais9 w9e 
z a m5/ruum1 f its be+ *eap] ?an %]ry1  
&1 p]haps1 sc>cely  less p[] z a solv5t4
 ,! #8v9um' ( ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 0 =m]ly    
,t5]iffe4 ,dr ,b4 ,lane's process =     
prep>+ m$icat$ w9es by  f]m5tation is   
notic$ at ! end ( ! alphabetical li/    
giv5 bel[4    8,m$icat$ w9es %\ld be    
kept 9 /opp]$ glass vessels1 & be       
frequ5tly %ak5 dur+ mac]ation40 7,ph4   
,l47    ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal m$icat$
 w9es at pres5t 9 use3    ,w9e (        
,acetate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,f]ri   
,,acetatis4 7,s\beiran47  ,prep4        
,acetate ( iron1 #cb gr4 :ite w9e1 #af  
oz4    ,w9e1 ,alkal9e ,diuretic4 ,syn4  
,,v9um ,,alkal9um ,,diureticum2         

7,syd5ham74  ,prep4 ,a%es ( broom1 #ab  
oz42 ,rh5i% w9e1 #d p9ts4----,dose1 #c  
oz4  twice a day4    ,w9e ( ,aloes4     
,syn4 ,,v9um ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 
,e471 ,,t9ctura  ,,sacra1 ,,t9ct4 ,,hi] 
,,picr1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47        
,socotr9e aloes1 #a-a_/b  oz42 g+]1 9   
co>se p[d]1 #hj gr42 c>damom se$s1      
bruis$1 #hj gr42  %]ry1 #dj oz42 dige/  
sev5 days1 /ra91 & make x up to         
#dj4----;,dose1  #a to #b dr4    #b4    
7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ ,socotr9e or hepatic  
aloes1 #b oz42 p[d]$ canella1  #a_/b    
oz42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #ad days1 
& filt]4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,e4  c>damoms & g+]1 
( ea* #a-a_/b dr41 are sub/itut$ =      
canella4----,dose4 ,z a purgative1 #a_/b
 to #b fl4 oz42 z a /oma*ic1 #a to #b   
fl4 dr4    ,w9e ( ,aloes 7,alkal9e74    
,syn4 ,,v9um ,,alo,s ,,alkal9um1 ,l4    
,prep4 7,dr  ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,c>bonate
 ( soda1 #c oz42 myrrh & extract (      
aloes1 (  ea* #f dr42 sesquic>bonate (  
ammonia1 #d-a_/b dr42 %]ry1 #bd fl4 oz4 
7say  #a-a_/d p9t72 mac]ate1 z be=e4 ,9 

dyspepsia1 *lorosis1 c4----,dose4 ,z  ! 
la/4    ,w9e1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,t>t> 
,,emetic ,,w9e2 ,,w9e ,,(               
,,potassio-,,t>trate  ,,( ,,antimony2   
,,v9um ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,t>tratis
 7,ph4 ,l471 ,v4 ,,antimoniale  7,b4    
,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47
 ,t>t>at$ antimony1 #b gr42 %]ry1  #a   
oz4----,dose1 #aj to #fj m9ims4 7,9     
consequ5ce ( ! insolubility ( !  t>t>at$
 antimony 9 ! %]ry1 ,squire recomm5ds x 
to be dissolv$ 9  ab\t t5 times its     
weight ( hot wat]1 & t ! w9e be add$ to 
!  solution47    #b4 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e47    
,potassio-t>trate ( antimony1 #dj gr42  
%]ry1 #a p9t2  dissolve4 ,ea* fluid oz4 
conta9s #b gr4 ( emetic t>t>4----,dose4 
,z a  diaphoretic & expectorant1 #aj to 
#cj drops1 frequ5tly2 z a nauseant1 #a  
to #b fl4 dr42 z an emetic1 #b to #d fl4
 dr4 ,! correspond+ comp\nd (  ! ,ph4   
,d4 is ,,antimonii ,,t>t>izati ,,liquor4
 ,see ,,solution ,,(                    
,,potassio-,,t>trate ,,( ,,antimony4    
,w9e1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4 ,,v9um      

,,antiscorbuticum 7,p4 ,cod474 ,prep4   
,fre% hors]adi% root1 #c oz42           
scurvy-grass1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]cress    
leaves1  #a-a_/b oz42 buckbean1 #a-a_/b 
oz42 mu/>d se$1 #a-a_/b oz42 *loride (  
ammonium1 #e-a_/b dr42 w9e1 #e p9ts2    
comp\nd _s ( scurvy-grass1 #a-c_/d  oz4 
,w9e1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,v9um           
,,aromaticum4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4        
,aromatic  species1 #a oz42 vuln]>y     
t9cture1 #a oz42 r$ w9e1 #aj oz4 ,=     
outw>d  use4 ,m4 ,ricord sometimes adds 
f #a to #f p] c5t4 ( tann94    ,w9e (   
,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,c9*on 7,p4 ,cod47  
,yell[ b>k1 #c oz42 pro(  _s1 #f oz4 7by
 weight74 ,mac]ate #bd h\rs & add1 r$   
w9e1 #e p9ts4  ,mac]ate = #aj days1 %ak+
 x occasionally2 /ra9 ) expression1 &   
filt]4    ,w9e ( ,b>k 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 
,,v9um ,,c9*on ,,compositum4 7,p4 ,cod47
  ,prep4 ,yell[ b>k1 #a oz42 bitt]      
orange peel1 #dd gr42 *amomiles1 #dd    
gr42 alcohol1 7#hfd7 #a oz4 7by weight72
 :ite w9e1 #i oz4 7by weight74  ,mac]ate
 = #aj days4    ,w9e ( ,b>k1 ,muriat$4  

,syn4 ,,v9um ,,c9*on ,,muriatum4 ,prep4 
,ammonio-citrate ( iron1 #a_/b oz42 w9e 
( pale ,p]uvian b>k1 #e p9ts  7made )   
d\ble ! quantity ( b>k conta9$ 9 !      
yell[72 dissolve  ! ammonio-citrate 9   
twice its weight ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add  
to !  w9e4    ,w9e ( ,bitt] ,sweet4     
,syn4 ,,v9um ,,dulcam> 7,dr ,currie74   
,prep4  ,dulcam>a /alks & leaves1 #a    
lb42 %]ry1 #b p9ts4 ,mac]ate = #ad days1
  & /ra94    ,w9e ( ,bu*u4 ,syn4 ,,v9um 
,,bu*u 7,br&es74 ,prep4 ,bu*u leaves1   
#b-a_/b  oz42 :ite w9e1 #a p9t4    ,w9e 
( ,ca*9a4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,cac94 ,prep4   
,ca*9a1 bruis$1 #a oz42  ,malaga w9e1   
#af oz4 ,mac]ate = #f days1 & /ra94     
,w9e1 ,camphorat$4 ,syn4 ,,v9um         
,,camphoratum4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,camphor & gum
  acacia 9 p[d]1 ( ea* #a_/b oz4 ,mix   
accurately & gradually4 ,add #bd oz4    
7by weight7 ( :ite w9e4    ,w9e (       
,casc>illa4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,casc>ill     
7,b]n>deau74 ,prep4  ,casc>illa1 #a oz42
 ,malaga w9e1 #a p9t4----,dose1 #a oz41 
twice a day 9  consumption4    ,w9e (   

,cate*u4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,cate*u          
7,s\beiran74 ,prep4 ,t9cture (  cate*u1 
#a "p2 r$ w9e1 #ab-a_/b p>ts4 ,mix1 &   
aft] a few days1  filt]4    ,w9e (      
,c5taury 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,v9um       
,,c5taurii ,,compositum4  ,,h(fman',s   
,,elixir ,,visc]ale4 ,prep4 ,c5taury1   
orange peel1 extract (  bless$ ?i/le1   
g5tian1 myrrh1 casc>illa1 ea* #a dr42   
%]ry1 #b p9ts4    ,w9e1 ,*alybeate4 ,see
 ,,w9e ,,( ,,iron4    ,w9e ( ,c9namon4  
,syn4 ,,v9um ,,c9namomi 7,b]al74 ,prep4 
,c9namon1 #a  oz42 alicant w9e1 #af oz42
 mac]ate & filt]4 ,sug> is sometimes    
add$4    ,w9e ( ,citrate ( ,iron4 ,syn4 
,,v9um ,,f]ri ,,citratis4 7,b4 ,p47     
,dissolve  #adj gra9s ( citrate ( iron &
 ammonia 9 #a p9t ( orange w9e2 let  !  
solution rema9 = #c days 9 a clos$      
vessel1 %ak+ occasionally2  !n filt]4   
,w9e ( ,col*icum4 ,syn4 ,,w9e ,,(       
,,col*icum ,,root2 ,,v9um ,,col*ici 7,b4
  ,p472 ,,v9um ,,radicis ,,col*ici 7,ph4
 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    
,col*icum  corms1 dri$ & slic$1 #d2     

%]ry1 #bj2 mac]ate sev5 days &          
/ra94----,dose1 #bj to #cj m9ims4    #b4
 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ corms ( mead[ saffron 
7slic$71 #h oz42 %]ry w9e1 #a  qu>t2    
mac]ate #g days1 & /ra9 7press /rongly !
 residuum & filt]  ! mix$ liquor----,ph4
 ,e474 ,a p[]ful s$ative &              
purgative4----,dose1 #a_/b  to #a fl4   
dr42 9 g\t1 acute rheumatism1 & o!r     
pa9ful &  inflammatory & n]v\s          
affections4    ,obs4 ,! celebrat$ ,,eau 
,m,,dic9ale ( ,m4 ,husson 7,,aqua       
,,m$ic9ales  ,,hussonii7 resembles1 9   
composition & action1 ! above prep>ation
 9  e po9t except its /r5g?1 :i*1 we    
believe1 is mu* above t (  ! w9e ( !    
,briti% ,colleges4    ,w9e ( ,col*icum  
,se$4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,sem9is ,,col*ici1  
,v4 ,,sem9um ,c41 ,l4  ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 
,s4  ,dr ,williams47 ,se$s ( mead[      
saffron 7pref]ably  gr\nd 9 a           
c(fee-mill71 #b oz42 %]ry1 #af fl4 oz42 
mac]ate = #ad  days4----,dose1 #a to    
#a-a_/b fl4 dr42 9 g\t1 c4    ,w9e1     
,emetic4 ,see ,,antimonial ,,w9e1 ,,w9e 

,,( ,,ipecacuanha1 c4    ,w9e (         
,colocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,colocyn?idis  
7,van ,mons74 ,prep4  ,colocyn?1 #b oz42
 :ite w9e1 #bd oz4 ,mac]ate = #h days1 &
 filt]4    ,w9e ( ,elecampane4 ,syn4    
,,v9um ,,inul4 ,z w9e ( wormwood4       
,w9e ( ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,ergot     
7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,fluid extract (  
ergot 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 #b oz4 7o4 m472   
:ite w9e1 #ad oz4 7o4 m474 ,mix &       
filt]4    ,w9e ( ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,v9um
 ,,digitalis4 7,ph4 ,port47 ,prep4 ,dri$
  foxglove1 #a oz42 good :ite w9e1 #cb  
oz4 ,mac]ate = #d days1 & /ra94    ,w9e 
( ,g5tian4 ,syn4 ,,bitt] ,,w9e1 ,,tonic 
,w42 ,,v9um ,,am>a1 ,v4 ,,g5tian  7,ph4 
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,g5tian1 9  
co>se p[d]1 #a_/b oz42 yell[  b>k 7d471 
#a oz42 dri$ orange peel1 #b dr42       
canella1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a  dr42 pro( _s1
 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/ = #bd h\rs1 !n  
add ( %]ry  #a p9t & #af fl4 oz41 &     
fur!r dige/ = #g days4 ,tonic &         
/oma*ic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c_/d fl4   
oz4    ,w9e ( ,h$ge ,hyssop4 ,syn4      

,,v9um ,,gratiol 7,niemann74 ,syn4 ,h$ge
  hyssop1 #b dr42 :ite w9e1 #af dr4     
,dige/ at a g5tle heat = #d h\rs1 &     
/ra94----,dose1 #a oz42 frequ5tly 9     
hypo*ondriasis4    ,w9e ( ,hellebore4   
,see ,,w9e ,,( ,,:ite ,,hellebore4      
,w9e ( ,holly4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,ilicis    
7,r\sseau74 ,p[d]$ holly leaves1 #b     
dr42 :ite w9e1 #f oz4 ,infuse = #ab     
h\rs4    ,w9e ( ,iodide ( ,iron4 ,syn4  
,,v9um ,,f]ri ,,iodidi 7,pi]qu974 ,prep4
  ,iodide ( iron1 #d dr42 ,bordeaux w9e1
 #a p9t4    ,w9e ( ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4  
,,emetic ,,w9e2 ,,v9um ,,ipecacuanh 7,b4
 ,p41 ,ph4  ,l41 ,e41  ,d71 ,l4 ,prep4  
#a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ipecacuanha1 bruis$1 #a2 
%]ry1 #bj2  mac]ate sev5 days1 %ak+     
occasionally1 /ra91 & make up to        
#bj4----;,dose4 ,z an expectorant1 #e to
 #dj m9ims2 z an emetic1 #c to #f dr4   
#b4 ,ipecacuanha root1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b  
oz42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate = #g  days  
7#ad days1 & /ra91 )1 expression----,ph4
 ,d474 ,?is is a mild &  excell5t       
prep>ation4----,dose4 ,z a diaphoretic &

 expectorant1 #aj to #dj  drops1 9      
c\ghs1 di>rha1 dys5t]y1 dyspepsia1 c42 z
 an emetic1 #b fl4  dr4 to #a fl4 oz41 9
 divid$ doses2 z an emetic = infants &  
"y  *ildr51 #a_/b teaspoonful e #aj or  
#ae m9utes until x op]ates4    ,w9e (   
,iron4 ,syn4 ,,*alybeate ,,w9e1 ,,/eel  
,w42 ,,v9um ,,f]ri 7,b4 ,p41  ,ph4 ,l471
 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,f9e iron wire
 7,no4 #ce71 #a oz42 %]ry1 #bj  oz42    
dige/ ?irty days ) frequ5t agitation4 ,!
 bottle to be cork$1  b ! wire n :olly  
imm]s$4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4    #b4   
7,ph4 ,l47 ,iron wire1 #a oz42 %]ry1 #a 
qu>t2 dige/1 ) frequ5t  agitation1 = #cj
 days1 & /ra94 ,ea* fl4 oz4 conta9s less
 ?an #a-a_/b  gr4 ( metallic iron4      
#c4 ,ammonio-t>trate ( iron 7,aik9's71  
#a-a_/b dr42 %]ry1 #a p9t2  dissolve4   
,frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! la/1 especially
 :5 !  prep>ation is requir$ 9 a        
hurry4----,dose1 #a to #e fl4 dr42 z a  
mild  *alybeate4    ,obs4 ,! =mula =    
,,w9e ,,( ,,iron 0 modifi$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 
#ahbd1  omitt$ 9 t ( #ahcf1 & re/or$1 9 

its orig9al "*1 9 t  ( #ahea4    ,w9e ( 
,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,glycyrrhiz1  
,,full]',s ,,sweet ,,t9cture4  ,prep4   
,liquorice 7,italian juice71 #a oz42    
co*9eal1 #b scruples2 can>y  w9e1 #b    
p9ts4 ,sometimes #a dra*m ( saffron is  
add$4    ,w9e ( ,malate ( ,iron4 ,iron  
wire /eep$ 9 cid]4    ,w9e ( ,mead[     
,saffron4 ,,w9e ,,( ,,col*icum4    ,w9e 
( ,olive4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,oliv 7,l\is74  
,prep4 ,fre% olive leaves1 #b  oz42 :ite
 w9e #cb oz4 ,half a glass twice a day4 
,w9e ( ,onion4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,cep4      
,prep4 ,two onions1 slic$2 :ite  w9e1   
#a-a_/b p9t4 ,dige/ & /ra94 ,= gravel4  
,w9e ( ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,syd5ham',s       
,,liquid ,,laudanum2 ,,v9um ,,opii 7,b4 
,p41  ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,,t9ctura1  
,,!baica1 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum         
,,syd5ham1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47    
,extract ( opium1 #a oz42 c9namon b>k1  
#ge gr42 cloves1  #ge gr42 %]ry w9e1 #bj
 oz42 mac]ate = sev5 days &             
filt]4----,dose1  #aj to #dj m9ims4     
#b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract ( opium 7,ph4   

,l471 #b-a_/b oz42 c9namon & cloves1 (  
ea*1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b dr42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2
 mac]ate = #g days 7#ad  days----,ph4   
,d471 & filt]4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,e41 opium1 #c 
oz41 & 9 ! ,ph4 ,d41  opium1 9 co>se    
p[d]1 #c oz41 are ord]$1 in/ead (       
extract ( opium4  ,! ,dubl9 ,college    
also omits ! aromatics4    #c4          
7,:olesale47 ,f extract ( opium1 #aa    
oz42 oil ( cassia1 #be drops2  oil (    
cloves1 #bj drops2 w9e1 #a gall4 7or    
rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b p9t2  wat]1 #f-a_/b
 p9ts2 col\r+1 q4 s472 dige/1 )         
agitation1 until  dissolv$4 ,mild] ?an !
 t9cture4----,dose1 #aj to #dj drops2 z 
an  anodyne & hypnotic4    ,w9e ( ,opium
 7,f]m5t$74 ,syn4 ,,r\sseau',s          
,,laudanum1 ,,black-,,drop2 ,,v9um      
,,opii ,,f]m5tatione ,,p>atum1 ,,gutta  
,,nigra1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,opium1 
#d  oz42 boil+ wat]1 #e lbs42 dissolve1 
add ( honey1 #a lb42 yea/1 #b dr42  keep
 x at #hf ,fahr4 = a mon?1 or until !   
f]m5tation is complete2  !n press1      
filt]1 di/il (f #af oz41 & evaporate !  

residuum to #aj  oz42 di/il ! #af oz4 ( 
_s obta9$ above until #ab oz4 h pass$   
ov]1 & f ?is1 by a ?ird di/illation1    
obta9 #d-a_/b oz41 :i* add  to !        
evaporat$ solution 7#aj oz471 & filt]4  
,ab\t f\r times z  /rong z t9cture (    
opium4 ,see ,,drop1 ,,black4    ,w9e (  
,orange4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,aurantii 7,b4   
,p47 ,prep4 ,made 9 ,brita9 by  !       
f]m5tation ( a sac*>9e solution1 to :i* 
! fre% peel ( !  bitt] orange has be5   
add$1 conta9s #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 &  
is b  slightly acid to te/-pap]4    ,w9e
 ( ,peps94 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,peps9i 7,ph4  
,g474 ,prep4 ,remove by h>d  scrap+1 by 
means ( a bone knife1 ! peps9 f ! muc\s 
membrane (  a previ\sly wa%$1 fre%ly    
kill$1 pig's or ox's f\r? /oma*1 & mix  
#aj drams ( x ) #e drams 7by weight7 (  
glyc]9 dilut$ ) #e drams  ( wat]2 put   
into a l>ge flask & %ake up vigor\sly ) 
#ac-a_/b oz4  7by weight7 ( :ite w9e1 & 
#a_/b dr4 7by weight7 ( hydro*loric     
acid4  ,mac]ate = #c days at #fh ,fahr41
 frequ5tly %ak+1 & filt]4    ,w9e (     

,potassio-t>trate ( ,antimony4 ,see     
,,w9e1 ,,antimonial 7above74    ,w9e (  
,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,qu9l 7,b4 ,p471  
,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47  ,sulphate (   
qu99a1 #bj gr42 citric acid1 #cj gr42   
orange w9e1 #bj oz42  dissolve ! citric 
acid & !n ! sulphate ( qu9ia 9 ! w9e2   
dige/ ?ree days & filt]4----,dose1 #a_/b
 to #a oz4    #b4 7,mag5die47 ,sulphate 
( qu99e1 #ad gr42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2 agitate
  frequ5tly = "s "t4 8,! sulphate (     
qu99e requires to be  dissolv$ 9 a      
little dilute sulphuric acid be=e x is  
add$ to !  w9e40 7,dr ,hayes47----,dose1
 #a w9e-glassful1 z a tonic & /oma*ic4  
,w9e ( ,qu99e1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,v9um  
,,qu9i ,,aromaticum4 ,,dr ,,colli]',s   
,,aromatic ,,qu99e ,,w9e4 ,prep4        
,disulphate ( qu99e1 #ah gr42 citric    
acid1  #ae gr42 s\nd orange w9e1 #a     
bottle 7#bd fl4 oz474    ,w9e ( ,rhub>b4
 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 
,d471 ,l4 ,,t9ctura  ,,rh,i ,,v9osa4    
,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhub>b1 9 co>se   
p[d]1 #a-a_/b2 canella  b>k1 #a_/h2     

%]ry1 #bj2 mac]ate sev5 days1 filt]1 &  
make up to  #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4
    #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,rhub>b1 9 co>se     
p[d]1 #e oz42 canella1 9 co>se p[d]1 #b 
dr42 pro( _s1 #e fl4 oz42 %]ry1 #a-c_/d 
p9t2 mac]ate = #g days1  press1 & filt]4
    #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhub>b1 #c oz42     
canella1 #b dr42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate 
#ad  days4 ,weak] ?an ! la/4----,dose4  
,z a /oma*ic1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 z a     
purgative1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz41 or m4 ,x
 does n keep well4    ,w9e (            
,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,s>sap>ill   
7,b]al74 ,prep4  ,alcoholic extract (   
s>sap>illa1 #a oz42 :ite w9e1 #af oz4   
,w9e ( ,s5na4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,s5n 7,ph4  
,sw$474 ,prep4 ,s5na1 #d oz42  cori&]   
se$1 #b dr42 f5nel se$1 #b dr42 %]ry1   
#b-a_/b lbs4 ,dige/ =  #c days1 add /on$
 rais9s1 #c-a_/b oz4 ,mac]ate = #bd     
h\rs1 & /ra9  ) expression4    ,w9e (   
,squills4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,scill 7,p4     
,cod474 ,prep4 ,dri$ squills1 #c  oz42  
,malaga w9e1 #b-a_/b p9ts4 ,mac]ate =   
#aj days4    ,w9e ( ,squills1 ,bitt]4   

,syn4 ,,v9um ,,scilliticum ,,am>um 7,p4 
,cod474 ,pale  ,p]uvian b>k1 #f oz42    
w9t]'s b>k1 #f oz42 lemon peel1 #f oz42 
swall[-wort1 #a-a_/b oz42 angelica root1
 #a-a_/b oz42 squill1 #a-a_/b oz42      
wormwood1 #c oz42 balm1 #c oz42 jump]   
b]ries1 #a-a_/b oz42 mace1 #a-a_/b oz42 
:ite w9e1 #b-a_/b galls42 pro( _s1 #a   
p9t4 ,mac]ate = #aj days4    ,w9e (     
,squills1 ,comp\nd4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,scill
 ,,compositum 7,ri*t]74  ,prep4 ,dri$   
squill1 #a oz42 orange peel1 #c dr42    
junip] b]ries1 #b dr42  :ite w9e1       
#b-a_/b p9ts4 ,dige/ = #c days1 filt]1 &
 add #b oz4 (  oxymel ( squills4    ,w9e
 ( ,/ramonium4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,/ramonii  
7,ph4 ,bat474 ,prep4  ,/ramonium se$s1  
#b oz42 ,malaga w9e1 #h oz42 rectifi$   
_s1 #a oz4  ,dige/ & filt]4    ,w9e (   
,tobacco4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,tabaci 7,ph4   
,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47  ,tobacco1  
#c-a_/b oz42 %]ry1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #g    
days1 /ra91 ) /rong  pressure1 & filt]4 
,a p[]ful s$ative & diuretic4----,dose1 
#aj to #cj  drops2 9 dropsy1 lead colic1

 ileus1 c4    ,w9e ( ,vip]s4 ,syn4      
,,v9um ,,vip]9um 7,ph4 ,l41 #agdf74     
,prep4 ,dri$  vip]s1 #b oz42 :ite w9e1  
#c lbs4 ,mac]ate = #g days4    ,w9e (   
,:ite ,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,v]atri 
7,ph4 ,l471 ,,t9ctura  ,,v]atri ,,albi1 
,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ite hellebore1  
slic$1 #h oz42 %]ry  w9e1 #a qu>t2 dige/
 = #g days1 press1 & filt]4----,dose1   
#aj drops1  gradually increas$ to #be or
 #cj2 z a sub/itute = col*icum1 9 g\t  &
 rheumatism1 c4 ,x is less manageable   
?an w9e ( col*icum1 & is  n[ seldom     
employ$4    ,w9e ( ,:ite ,hellebore     
7,opiat$74 ,syn4 ,,moore',s ,,eau       
,m,,dic9ale2 ,,v9um  ,,v]atri ,,opiatum1
 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f w9e ( :ite hellebore1 #c 
fl4 dr42  t9cture ( opium1 ,i fl4       
dr4----,dose4 ,z ! la/4    ,w9e (       
,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,v9um ,,abs9?ii 7,p4  
,cod474 ,prep4 ,dri$  wormwood leaves1  
#c oz42 :ite w9e1 #e p9ts2 pro( _s1 #f  
oz4 ,mac]ate  ! leaves 9 ! _s1 9 #bd    
h\rs add ! w9e1 mac]ate = #aj days1  &  
/ra94    ,w9es1 ,m$icat$ 7,dr ,b4       

,lane's74 ,syn4 ,,v9\s ,,ess5ces2       
,,ess5ti  ,,v9os1 ,,liquores ,,v9osi1   
,l4 ,prep4 ,f an infusion or solution ( 
!  drug1 ( ab\t #c or #d times ! usual  
/r5g?1 f]m5t$ ) a little  yea/1 & ab\t  
#c or #d lbs4 ( sug> p] gallon2 ! f]m5t$
 liquor  be+ aft]w>ds set 9 a cool cell>
 until fit = bottl+4 ,comp\nds (        
,,calumba1 ,,casc>illa1 ,,g5tian1       
,,opium1 ,,rhub>b1 ,,s5na1 & ,,val]ian1 
h  be5 ?us prep>$4 ,t ( ,,opium is made 
( only twice ! /r5g? (  ! common        
t9cture4    ,,w9e-,,/one4 ,,crude ,,t>t>
 or ,,argol4    ,,w9e ,,te/s4 ,prep4 #a4
 7,hahnemann's47 ,f quicklime1 #a oz42  
fl[]s (  sulphur1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 &   
heat !m 9 a cov]$ crucible = #e or #f   
m9utes2 put #b dr4 ( ! product & an     
equal weight ( t>t>ic acid  7sep>ately  
p[d]$71 into a /opp]$ bottle1 ) a p9t ( 
wat]1 &  %ake !m well2 let ! liquid     
settle1 p\r (f ! cle> portion1 &  add ( 
t>t>ic acid1 #a-a_/b dr4    #b4 7,dr    
,p>is's47 ,f sulphide ( calcium & cream 
( t>t>1 ( ea* 79  p[d]71 #a_/b oz42 hot 

wat]1 #a p9t2 agitate1 c41 z be=e2      
decant !  cold cle> liquid into #a-oz4  
phials1 & add #bj drops ( hydro*loric   
acid  to ea* ( !m4    ,obs4 ,! above    
te/s w ?r[ d[n ! lea/ quantity ( lead f 
w9es1 z a v s5sible black precipitate4  
,z iron might be accid5tally  conta9$ 9 
! w9e1 ! hydro*loric acid is add$ to !  
la/ te/1 to  prev5t ! precipitation ( t 
metal4    ,,w9,,t]-,,gre5 7,am]ican74   
,syn4 ,,pipsissewa2 ,,*imaphila 7,ph4   
,l4  ,e474  ,,pyrola 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,! 
h]b ( ,*imaphila umbellata4 ,x is       
a/r+5t1  diuretic1 tonic1 & /oma*ic2 &  
has be5 successfully adm9i/]$ 9  loss ( 
appetite1 dyspepsia1 dropsy1 *ronic     
affections ( ! ur9>y  organs1 scr(ula1  
c4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ord9>y        
w9t]-gre5  7box b]ry1 *equ] b41 p>tridge
 b41 m\nta9 tea71 :i* is !  ,gaul!ria   
procumb5s1 a plant belong+ to !         
,ericace1 :il/ !  =m] plant belongs to a
 g5us ( ! ,pyrolace4 ,see ,,decoction1  
,,extract1 & ,,oils 7,ess5tial74        
,,wireworm4 ,! ,editor is indebt$ to ,dr

 ,sp5c] ,cobbold1 ,f4,r4,s41 = !  foll[+
 communication on ?is subject3----8,de> 
,pr(4 ,tuson1----,y ask$ me  ab\t !     
rem$ies = wireworm4 ,al?\gh a great deal
 has be5 said on  ! subject1 yet x is n 
easy to advise4 ,i believe ! be/ plan is
 to  #8cat*-'em-alive' by means ( slic$ 
potatoes1 turnips1 or c>rots laid 9     
r[s1 wom5 & *ildr5 be+ employ$ e morn+  
to pick up !  slices1 & bru% (f ! l>v   
into a j> 7! slices be+ replac$74 ,mr   
,hogg 7! ,ettrick ,%eph]d7 f\nd lettuce 
leaves v s]viceable :5  laid z a bait 9 
a simil> way4 ,pheasants are v          
de/ructive to !m4  ,z agriculturi/s d n 
l ! tr\ble & exp5se ( ?is bait+  me?od  
7by f> ! be/ if p]sev]$ 97 "s h         
recomm5d$ deep  pl\gh+1 c4 ,! foll[+    
extract tak5 f ! #8,j\rnal ( !          
,agricultural ,society1 ( ,victoria1'   
be>s on ! "q at issue4  ,tru/+ x may be 
f\nd useful1 believe me1 y\rs fai?fully1
 ,t4 ,,sp5c]  ,,cobbold40    8,rem$y =  
,wireworm4----,hav+ se5 9 y\r issue ( ! 
#bd? ult4 t  #8,b1' w\ld be glad if any 

"o c\ld give any in=mation z to a rem$y 
= ! ravages ( ! wireworm1 :i* plays su* 
havoc 9 our corn fields  dur+ ! e>ly "p 
( ! gr[? ( our c]eal crops1 ,i beg to   
(f] a  few obs]vations on ! subject4 ,i 
h = ye>s paid p>ticul> notice  z to any 
rem$y or prev5tive1 & x is ) reg>d to ! 
latt] t ,i  %all *iefly conf9e my       
rem>ks1 z !re is positively no kn[n     
rem$y  :5 once ! insects h attack$ !    
crop4 ,"s p]sons recomm5d !  application
 ( lime or salt1 b x is a well-kn[n fact
 t if ei!r (  ^! is appli$ 9 su*        
quantity z to de/roy ! worm1 x w        
likewise  de/roy vegetation1 &          
consequ5tly ! crop w be entirely lo/2 & 
n alone ?is crop1 b ! soil w be poison$ 
to su* an ext5t z to  injure succe$+    
crops4 ,:at ,i h f\nd mo/ successful is 
deep  pl\gh+1 n :at is ord9>y call$ deep
 pl\gh+1 #g or #h in*es1 b  to ! dep? ( 
at lea/ #aj or #ab1 :]e ! soil w admit (
 x4 ,!  wireworm lives n m ?an #d in*es 
bel[ ! surface1 & by bury+ x  #aj or #ab
 in*es x is f\nd t x _c aga9 make its   

way to !  surface1 & consequ5tly c d no 
injury to surface-root$ plants1 su*  z !
 gra9 crops4 ,! op]ation ( pl\gh+ %\ld  
be p]=m$ z  foll[s3 a /rong skim c\lt]  
is atta*$ to ! beam ( an ord9>y  /rong  
pl\gh1 :i* is drawn by ?ree horses4 ,!  
skim c\lt] p>es (f  ! surface1 :i* is   
buri$ und]nea? ! sod turn$ ov] by !     
m\ld-bo>d4 ,or x is sometimes p]=m$ 9 a 
diff]5t way4 ,a small  pl\gh1 drawn by  
"o horse1 prec$es ! ord9>y pl\gh1 skimm+
 (f !  surface exactly ! same z ! skim  
c\lt]4 ,s mu* = a prev5tive4 ,z  to     
rem$y1 :at ,i h f\nd mo/ effectual is   
heavy roll+1 us+1 if  possible1 su* a   
roll] z t call$ ! ,crosskill1 :i* cru%es
 !  insects1 kill+ "s1 & prev5t+ o!rs   
do+ mu* damage until !  crop is         
suffici5tly f> advanc$ z n to be affect$
 by !  insect4----,,john ,,?omas1 #cb1  
,capel ,/reet1 ,dubl940    ,,wit*       
,,meal4 ,syn4 ,,vegetable ,,sulphur1    
,,lycopodium4 ,! spores (  ,lycopodium  
clavatum1 or club moss4    ,,woad4 ,syn4
 ,,dy]',s ,,woad2 ,,pa/el1 ,fr4 ,!      

,isatis t9ctoria4 ,to prep>e  !m = !    
dy]1 ! leaves are p>tially dri$ & gr\nd 
to a pa/e1  :i* is made into balls2 ^!  
are plac$ 9 heaps1 & occasionally       
spr9kl$ ) wat]1 to promote ! f]m5tation2
 :5 ?is is f9i%$1  ! woad is all[$ to   
fall d[n into lumps1 :i* are aft]w>ds   
regr\nd  & made into cakes = sale4 ,on  
mix+ ! prep>$ woad ) boil+  wat]1 &1    
aft] /&+ = "s h\rs 9 a clos$ vessel1    
add+ ab\t  #a-bj? its weight ( newly    
slak$ lime1 dige/+ 9 a g5tle w>m?1 &    
/irr+ ! :ole toge!r e #c or #d h\rs1 a  
new f]m5tation beg9s2  a blue fro? rises
 to ! surface1 & ! liquor1 ?\gh x appe>s
  itself ( a r$di% col\r1 dyes wooll5s (
 a gre51 :i*1 l !  gre5 f indigo1 *anges
 9 ! air to a blue4 ,?is is said to be  
"o  ( ! nice/ processes 9 ! art ( dye+1 
& does n well succe$  on ! small scale4 
,woad is n[ mo/ly us$ 9 comb9ation )    
indigo4 #ej  lbs4 ( woad are reckon$    
equal to #a lb4 ( indigo4               
,,wol,,fram4 ,see ,,tung/54             
,,wolfs,,bane4 ,see ,,aconite4    ,,wood

 is poli%$ by c>efully rubb+ d[n ! gra9 
) f9e glass  pap]1 or pumice-/one1 & !n 
rubb+ x1 fir/ ) f9ely-p[d]$  pumice-/one
 & wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) tripoli & l9se$   
oil1 until  a prop] surface is obta9$4  
,= common purposes1 glass pap]1 foll[$  
by a metal burni%]1 is employ$4    ,wood
 is /a9$ by ! application ( any ( !     
ord9>y liquid dyes  employ$ = wool or   
cotton4 ,!y s9k deep] into ! wood :5 !y 
are  appli$ hot4 ,:5 ! surface is       
prop]ly /ra9$ & dri$1 x is  commonly    
clean$ ) a rag dipp$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e or
 boil$ oil1  aft] :i* x is ei!r v>ni%$  
or poli%$ ) beeswax4 ,musical           
in/rum5ts1 articles ( ! toilette1 c41   
are usually treat$ 9 ?is  way4    ,wood 
is pres]v$ by any ag5ts :i* de/roy !    
t5d5cy to putrefaction  ( ! matt] )9 its
 pores1 or :i* enables x to resi/ !     
attacks  ( insects1 or r5d]s x unsuit$  
to ! gr[? ( m9ute fungi4 ,see           
,,dry-,,rot4    ,,wood ,,naph,,?a4 ,see 
,,_s 7,pyroxylic74    ,,wood ,,oil4 ,see
 ,,balsam1 ,,gurgun4    ,,woody ,,fibre4

 ,see ,,lign94    ,,woody ,,night,,%ade 
,,bitt]-,,sweet1 ,solanum dulcam>a4     
,,wool4 ,syn4 ,,lana1 ,l4 ,wool is a    
f9e1 s(t1 ela/ic v>iety ( hair1         
cellulat$ 9 its /ructure4 ,its filam5ts 
are cyl9drical1 l ^? (  silk2 b !       
surface is cov]$ ) ?9 scales or epid]mic
 cells4 ,9  ! f9] qualities1 ^! filam5ts
 v>y 9 ?ickness f #a_/aajj to  #a_/aejj 
( an in*2 & "u a good microscope        
di/9ctly exhibit1 at  int]vals ( ab\t   
#a_/cjj ( an in*1 a s]ies ( s]rat$ r+s1 
imbricat$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 8l ! jo9ts (   
equisetum1 or1 r1  l ! scaly zones ( a  
s]p5t's sk940 ,^! appe>ances r5d] x     
almo/ impossible to mi/ake wool = silk1 
l951 or cotton4 ,f  exp]im5ts made by   
diff]5t compet5t au?orities1 x is f\nd t
 wool  is "o ( ! wor/ conductors ( heat 
kn[n4 ,?is prop]ty r5d]s  wooll5 fabrics
 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = clo?+ 9 cold1 damp1
 &  *angeable climates1 s9ce x enables  
!m to ma9ta9 ! surface ( !  body at a   
prop] & equable temp]ature4 ,wool1      
sometimes1 h[ev]1 proves  too irritative

 = highly s5sitive sk9s1 &1 moreov]1    
di/urbs !  electricity ( ! cutane\s     
surface1 on friction1 ev5 m ?an silk4   
,on  ^! acc\nts !re are p]sons :o f9d x 
unpleasant to we> wooll5  g>m5ts1 ( any 
description1 next ! sk92 9 :i* cases all
 !  advantages t c be d]iv$ f _! use may
 be obta9$ by we>+  !m outside "o ( l95 
or cotton4 ,accord+ to ,erasmus ,wilson1
 ?is  me?od 8is pref]able 9 w>m wea!r1  
s9ce ! l95 absorbs !  p]spiration1 :ile 
! wooll5 g>m5t pres]ves ! w>m? ( ! body1
  & prev5ts ! inconv5i5ce result+ f its 
evaporation40 ,see  ,,flannel4          
,id5tif4 #a4 ,by ! microscope4 7,see    
above47    #b4 ,its fibres1 :5 inflam$1 
%rivel up1 & burn ) difficulty1 &       
evolve ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic od\r (    
hair :5 simil>ly  treat$1 leav+ a bulky 
*>coal2 :]eas cotton & l95 burn rapidly1
  leave no *>coal1 & evolve little or no
 od\r4 ,silk acts 9 ne>ly !  same mann] 
z wool4    #c4 ,nitric acid1 picric     
acid1 & gase\s *lor9e1 /a9 ! fibres (   
wool & silk yell[4 ,dr ,j4 ,j4 ,pohl    

recomm5ds an aque\s or alcoholic        
solution ( picric acid z well adapt$ = a
 te/----,aft] imm]sion ( a  small       
portion ( ! fabric or y>n = f #e to #aj 
m9utes 9 !  solution1 x is to be tak5   
out1 & wa%$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,! l95 &  cotton
 9 x w !n appe> :ite1 b ! wool1 silk1 or
 o!r animal  fibre1 w reta9 its yell[   
col\r4 ,9 /uffs1 clo?s1 flannel1 c41 !  
mix$ ?reads may be readily obs]v$ by    
means ( a pocket l5s1 & _!  relative    
numb]s may be asc]ta9$ by means ( a     
#8?read c\nt]4' ,?is  te/ acts be/ )    
:ite1 b is also applicable to _m o!r    
col\rs4  ,= d>k col\rs nitric acid is   
pref]able4    #d4 ,a squ>e in* ( !      
fabric or a small portion ( ! y>n1 is   
boil$  = a %ort "t 9 a solution ( cau/ic
 soda or potassa1 & !n  )drawn & wa%$4  
,if x be ( pure wool1 x w be dissolv$1 &
  :olly disappe>2 if any ?reads or      
fibres are left undissolv$1 !y  consi/ (
 ei!r cotton or l952 ( ^!1 su* z h      
acquir$ a d>k  yell[ t+e1 are l951 :il/ 
^? :i* h reta9$ _! :it5ess1  or :i* are 

only slightly discol\r$1 are cotton4 ,! 
relative  proportion ( ! adult]ation may
 be asc]ta9$ z be=e4 ,see ,,cotton1     
,,l951 & ,,silk4    ,wool & wooll5 goods
 exhibit a great] aff9ity = col\r+ matt]
  ?an ei!r cotton or l951 & 9 _m cases  
?is exce$s ev5 t (  silk4 ,! mo/        
difficult dye to imp>t to wool is a ri*1
 deep1 &  p]man5t black4 ,see ,,dye+1   
,,mordants1 c4    ,wooll5 goods are     
clean$ & sc\r$ 9 ! mann] notic$ "u      
,,blea*+ & ,,sc\r+4    ,wool1 ,spani%4  
,r\ge-crepons4    ,wool1 ,/yptic4 ,dr4  
,erie1 ( ,isny1 prep>es ?is by boil+ !  
f9e/  c>d$ wool = half an h\r or an h\r 
9 a solution conta9+ #d p]  c5t4 ( soda1
 !n ?or\ghly wa%es x out 9 cold spr+    
wat]1 wr+s  x2 & dries x4 ,! wool is ?us
 effectually purifi$1 & is n[  capable (
 imbib+ fluids uni=mly4 ,x is !n to be  
dipp$ two or  ?ree times 9 fluid *loride
 ( iron dilut$ ) "o-?ird ( wat]1        
express$ & dri$ 9 a draught ( air1 b n 9
 ! sun or by ! aid  ( high heat2 f9ally1
 x is c>d$ out4 ,?us prep>$1 x is ( a   

beautiful yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & feels l 
ord9>y dry cotton wool4    ,z x is      
highly hygroscopic1 x mu/ be kept dry1 &
 :5 requir$ to be  transport$1 mu/ be   
pack$ 9 ca\t*\c or bladd]4 ,*>pie may be
  prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b on acc\nt (
 its co>s] texture1 is  n s effective z 
cotton wool1 pres5t+ a less surface =   
produc+  coagulation4 ,:5 ! wool is     
plac$ on a ble$+ w\nd1 x induces        
mod]ate contraction ( ! tissue1         
coagulation ( ! blood t has  escap$1 &  
subsequ5tly coagulation ( ! blood t is  
conta9$  )9 ! injur$ vessels1 & ?us     
arre/s ! hmorrhage4 ,!  coagulat+ p[] ( 
! *loride ( iron is cle>ly exalt$ by !  
ext5sion ( its surface t is 9 ?is way   
affect$4 ,! application (  ! prep>$ wool
 is n p>ticul>ly pa9ful1 :il/ by suck+  
up !  sup]flu\s dis*>ge1 & prev5t+ its  
decomposition1 x seems to  op]ate       
favorably on ! process ( ! w\nd4#bgb    
,footnote #bgb3 #8,lancet4'    ,wool    
,"w1 ,wooll5 ,%awls1 c41 to             
clean4----,boil a l>ge piece ( soap 9   

ra9-wat]4 ,put x into an e>!nw>e pan &  
add a teacupful ( ox-gall1  :i* any     
but*] w supply4 ,put 9 ! "w to be       
clean$1 & rub x  briskly1 z y w\ld a    
pocket h&k]*ief1 lift+ x up & d[n4 ,wa% 
9 two wat]s1 if v dirty2 !n r9se quickly
 9 cold wat]1 lay a  clo? ov] x1 & fold 
x tightly4 ,iron x imm$iately on ! wrong
 side  ) hot1 heavy irons4              
,,woora,,ra4 ,syn4 ,,our>i1 ,,w\rali4 ,a
 deadly poison employ$ 9 ,guiana1       
obta9$ f ! ,/ry*nos toxif]a4 ,see       
,,upas4    ,,wootz4 ,! ,indian "n (     
/eel2 appli$ 9 ?is c\ntry to ! /eel     
import$ f ,b5gal4    ,,worm ,,b>k4 ,syn4
 ,,cabbage-,,tree ,,b>k1 or ,,ge(fr,,ya 
,,in]mis1 ,l4 ,! b>k  ( ,&ira in]mis    
7,ge(frya i4 ( "s botani/s74 ,a p[]ful  
a/r+5t1 purgative1 an!lm9tic1 &         
n>cotic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4  ,9   
l>g] doses1 or if cold wat] be drunk    
dur+ its action1 x is apt to  occasion  
sickness1 vomit+1 & delirium4 ,! rem$y =
 ?is is copi\s  draughts ( w>m wat]4    
,,worm ,,se$4 ,syn4 ,,sem5 ,,contra1    

,,sem5 ,,c91 ,l4 ,! brok5 p$uncles1     
mix$ ) ! calyces & fl[]-buds1 ( sev]al  
species ( ,artemisia  import$ f !       
,levant4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 9    
p[d]2 z a  v]mifuge4 ,see ,,santon94    
,,worms 7,intest9al74 ,syn4 ,,v]mes1    
,,inte/9alia 7,cuvi]71 ,,entozoa        
7,rudolphi71 ,l4 ,! pr9cipal p>asites   
:i* are g5]at$ & n\ri%$  9 ! human      
inte/9al canal are !----,asc>is         
lumbricoides 7,gmel971 or  long         
r\nd-worm1 f\nd 9 ! small inte/9es1 &   
:i* is g5]ally (  ! ?ickness ( a        
goose-quill1 & v>ies 9 l5g? f #aj to #ae
  in*es2----,asc>is v]micul>is 7,gmel971
 maw1 or ?read-worm1 :i* is  ?read-l 9  
appe>ance1 v>ies f #a-a_/b to #e l9es 9 
l5g?1 &  conf9es itself *iefly to !     
rectum2----,tricocephalus hom9is        
7,gmel971  or long ?read-worm1 v>y+ f   
#a-a_/d to #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\nd      
*iefly 9 ! ccum2----,tnia solium        
7,gmel971 or common tapeworm1 hav+  a   
flatt5$ rib&-l appe>ance1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f 
#c or #d to #ae or  #bj feet1 & occupy+ 

! small inte/9es2----,bo?riocephalus    
latus1 or  broad tapeworm1 a v>iety     
seldom f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 b common 9    
,switz]l& & ! nor? ( ,europe2 &1 ,tnia  
m$iocanellata1 ano!r  l>ge species1     
describ$ by ,k*5mei/]4    ,causes4 ,a   
debilitat$ /ate ( ! dige/ive organs1    
improp] food1  s$5t>y1 habits1 impure   
air1 bad wat]1 &1 app>5tly1 an          
occasional  h]$it>y t5d5cy to worms4    
,symp4 ,grip+ pa9s1 especially ab\t !   
navel2 acid eructations2 slimy  /ools2  
occasional nausea & vomit+1 )\t any     
manife/ cause2 heat  & it*+ ab\t ! anus2
 t5esmus21 emaciation2 di/urb$ dreams2  
gr9d+ ( ! tee? dur+ sleep2 pallor (     
c\nt5ance2 discoloration  r\nd ! eyes2  
fev]i%ness2 heada*e2 v]tigo1 c4 ,9 _m   
cases ^!  symptoms are (t5 highly       
aggravat$1 & mi/ak5 = prim>y diseases4  
,! only absolutely positive evid5ce ( ! 
exi/5ce ( worms is1  h[ev]1 _! be+ se5 9
 ! fces4    ,treat4 ,9 common cases1 an 
occasional mod]ately /rong dose (       
calomel  ov]night1 foll[$ by a sm>t     

purgative ! next morn+1 is an excell5t  
rem$y1 :]e ! use ( m]curials is n       
contra-indicat$4 ,c[hage1 made  into an 
electu>y ) honey or treacle1 is also an 
excell5t v]mifuge4  ,oil ( turp5t9e is  
useful aga9/ ne>ly e v>iety ( worms1 &1 
:5 tak5 9 suffici5t doses to rea* !     
rectum1 is almo/ specific 9  asc>ides   
7?read-worms74 ,:5 ?is is inconv5i5t1 an
 occasional enema  ( oil ( turp5t9e is  
ev5 m effective4 ,enemas ( aloes are    
also v  useful 9 su* cases4 ,scammony1  
"u ! =m ( basilic p[d]1 has long  be5   
employ$ to expel worms 9 *ildr54 ,aloes1
 ca/or-oil1 worm-se$1  t9-fil+s1 &      
sulphur1 are likewise popul> rem$ies4   
,cabbage-tree b>k  is a p[]ful          
an!lm9tic2 b its use requires caution4  
,mo/ ( !  quack v]mifuges conta9 ei!r   
aloes or gamboge1 or calomel & jalap4   
,! sub/ances :i* h be5 mo/ highly       
extoll$ = ! de/ruction or  expulsion (  
tapeworm 7tnia7 are k\sso1 oil (        
turp5t9e1 male f]n1  pomegranate1 &     
t9-fil+s4 ,! fir/ two are ^? on :i* !   

mo/  dep5d5ce may be plac$4 ,madame     
,n\ff]'s celebrat$ #8,swiss rem$y' =    
tapeworm1 = :i* ,l\is ,,xvi gave #ah1jjj
 francs1 consi/$ ( #b or #c dr4  ( p[d]$
 male f]n1 tak5 9 #a_/d p9t ( wat]1 9 ! 
morn+1  fa/+1 foll[$ 9 #b h\rs by a     
bolus made ( calomel & scammony1 (  ea* 
#aj gr42 gamboge1 #f or #g gr4 #8,swa9's
 v]mifuge' is prep>$ f  worm-se$1 #b    
oz42 val]ian1 rhub>b1 p9k-root1 & :ite  
ag>ic1 ( ea*  #a-a_/b oz42 boil$ 9 wat]1
 q4 s4 to yield #c qu>ts ( decoction1 to
 :i*  #cj drops ( oil ( tansy1 & #de    
drops ( oil ( cloves1 dissolv$ 9 a  qu>t
 ( rectifi$ _s1 are add$4 ,all          
purgatives may be reg>d$ z  v]mifuges4  
,besides our ef=ts to de/roy & expel !  
worms1 ! tone  ( ! prim vit %\ld be     
rais$ by ! use ( /oma*ics & tonics1 by  
:i* ! t5d5cy to _! equivocal g5]ation w 
be ei!r remov$ or  less5$4 ,see ,,asc>is
 ,,lumbricoides1 ,,decoction1 ,,enema1  
,,pills1 ,,pat5t  ,,m$ic9es1            
,,v]mifuges1 c42 & also ! sev]al        
v]mifuges "u _!  respective names4      

,obs4 ,p>asitic worms z exi/+ 9 animals 
are s rem>kably preval5t  & s widely    
diffus$ t probably no creature c be said
 to be secure  aga9/ _! attack4 ,among  
dome/ic animals1 %eep (t5 suff] to a mo/
  s]i\s ext5t f ^! p>asites1 & m        
especially f !  nematoid1 kn[n z        
,/rongylus bron*ialis4 ,9 "s ye>s lambs 
are lo/  by hundr$s f ! complications ( 
disease :i* att5d ^u !  pres5ce ( ^!    
worms )9 ! w9dpipe & ! bron*ial tubes4  
,_!  exi/5ce is m>k$ by great wa/+ ( !  
body1 hurri$ brea?+1 &  di/ress+ c\gh4  
,aft] a "t di>rha sets 91 :i* quickly   
c>ries  (f ! animal4 ,x has be5 f\nd t  
lambs f$ on clov]1 & o!r  alli$ plants1 
:i* _h be5 pa/ur$ ! ye> previ\sly )     
%eep1  suff] ! mo/1 & are f> m likely to
 be affect$ ?an ^? :i*  are diff]5tly   
manag$4 ,rem$ial measures too (t5 prove 
ineffectual1  especially :5 /ructural   
disease ( ! lungs has foll[$ z a        
consequ5ce4 ,! exhibition ( oil (       
turp5t9e 9 doses ( ab\t half an  ounce1 
mix$ ) an equal quantity ( l9se$ oil1 is

 sometimes f\nd to  be b5eficial2 b x   
mu/ be conjo9$ ) a corn diet1 ! free use
 (  salt1 & also sulphate ( iron mix$ ) 
! mang] food1 t9cture (  assaftida1 & ! 
ess5tial oil ( sav91 9 small doses1 are 
rem$ies  greatly extoll$ by "s p]sons4  
,! inhalation ( dilut$ *lor9e gas  or ( 
sulphur\s acid gas is (t5 exce$+ly      
b5eficial2 b rem$ies (  ?is k9d ought   
always to be confid$ to ! sup]9t5d+ c>e 
( !  vet]9>y surgeon4    ,,worm ,,tea4  
,a prep>ation sold 9 ! %ops ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 & mu*  us$1 consi/+1 accord+ to 
,br&e1 ( spigelia or p9k-root1 sav91    
s5na1 & manna4    ,,worm,,wood4 ,syn4   
,,abs9?ium 7,ph4 ,l4  ,e471 ,l4 ,! fl[]+
 h]b (  ,artemisia ,abs9?ium1 a         
well-kn[n plant1 indig5\s to ?is c\ntry1
  & l>gely cultivat$ = m$ic9al purposes4
 ,x is a bitt] tonic &  /oma*ic1 & also 
an!lm9tic4----,dose1 #bj to #dj gr4 ( ! 
dri$ h]b1  ei!r 9 p[d] or made into a   
tea or infusion2 9 dyspepsia1 dropsy1   
scurvy1 sympa!tic epilepsy1 c4 ,see     
,,abs9?9e & ,,abs9?ic ,,acid4    ,,wort4

 ,! te*nical "n = ! f]m5table infusion (
 malt$ gra94    ,! /r5g? ( worts is     
asc]ta9$ by means ( an in/rum5t t]m$ a  
sac*>omet]4 8,brew]s1 di/ill]s1 & !     
excise1 sometimes d5ote by  ! t]m       
#8gravity' ! excess ( weight ( #ajjj    
p>ts ( a liquid by  volume above !      
weight ( a l volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 s t 
if  ! specific gravity be #ajde1 #ajgj1 
#ajij1 c41 ! gravity is said to be  #de1
 #gj1 or #ij2 at o!rs1 !y !reby d5ote ! 
weight ( sac*>9e  matt] 9 a b>rel 7#cf  
galls47 ( wort2 & aga91 !y d5ote !      
excess  9 weight ( a b>rel ( wort ov] a 
b>rel ( wat] equal to #cf gallons1  or  
#cfj lbs4 ,?is & ! fir/ /atem5t are     
id5tical1 only #ajjj is !  /&>d 9 ! fir/
 case1 & #cfj 9 ! second40 7,ure47 ,!   
la/ is  t commonly adopt$ by ! brew]s4  
,accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 ! solid dry       
extract ( malt1 or #8sac*>9e1' has  !   
specific gravity #abfd1 & ! specific    
volume #giaa2 8t is1 #aj  lbs4 ( x w    
occupy ! volume ( #giaa lbs4 ( wat]4 ,! 
mean sp4  gr41 by computation ( a       

solution ( t extract 9 its own weight ( 
wat]1 is #aaaf2 b by exp]im5t1 ! sp4 gr4
 ( t solution is #abaf1  %[+ consid]able
 cond5sation ( volume 9 ! act (         
comb9ation )  wat]40 ,! quantity ( solid
 sac*>9e or sug> 9 a wort may be        
det]m9$ 9 ! mann] m5tion$ "u ,,syrup4   
8,accord+ to ! compil]s ( ! tables      
accompany+ ,field's  alcoholomet]1 #ah  
lb4 ( sac*>9e is decompos$ = !          
production (  #a ( pro( _s2 b accord+ to
 our exp]im5ts1 ! proportion (  sac*>9e 
nam$ is r bel[ ! true equival5t40       
7,cooley47    ,! rapid cool+ ( worts is 
an important object ) ! brew] &         
di/ill]4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! old sy/em 9
 :i* %all[ cool]s are  employ$1 ) all   
its num]\s inconv5i5ces & accid5ts1 is  
n[ =  ! mo/ "p ab&on$1 be+ supplant$ by 
! me?od introduc$ by ,mr  ,y&all1 ne>ly 
#dj ye>s ago4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! use ( a  
#8refrig]ator1' :i* is an app>atus s    
con/ruct$ t any hot liquid  may be cool$
 by ab\t its own volume ( cold wat]1 9 a
 v %ort space  ( "t4 ,! pr9ciple is t ( 

pass+ ! two fluids ?r\gh v  %all[ & v   
long passages1 9 opposite directions1   
be+ ess5tially  t ( a #8,liebig's       
cond5s]' on a gigantic scale4 ,!        
app>atus may  consi/ ( zigzag passages1 
flatt5$ tubes or convolut$ curves1 ( any
  conv5i5t %ape1 s t !y possess little  
capacity 9 "o direction1  b great bread?
 & l5g?4 ,a refrig]ator1 hav+ ! passages
 = !  fluids #a_/h ( an in* ?ick1 is    
said to require a run ( ab\t #hj feet4  
,! success ( ?is me?od is su* z to leave
 no?+ m to desire4 ,see  ,,brew+1       
,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt1 c4    ,,w\nd4     
,syn4 ,,vulnus1 ,l4 ,a solution (       
cont9uity 9 any ( ! s(t  p>ts ( ! body1 
aris+ f ext]nal viol5ce4    ,w\nds are  
di/+ui%$ by surgeons into ,,contus$     
,,w\nds1 ,,incis$ ,w41  ,,lac]at$ ,w41  
,,poison$ ,w41 ,,punctur$ ,w41 c42 t]ms 
:i* expla9  !mselves4 ,sword-cuts are   
incis$ w\nds2 gun-%ot w\nds1 lac]at$ &  
contus$ ones4 ,slight w\nds1 &1 inde$1  
all ^? n dem&+  mat]ial surgical        
assi/ance1 aft] dirt & =eign sub/ances h

 be5  remov$1 may be treat$ 9 ! mann]   
notic$ "u ,,cuts & ,,abrasions4         
,,w\nd ,,bal,,sam4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,(   
,,b5zo94    ,,writ,,+1 execut$ 9 !      
ord9>y tanno-gallic ink1 & :i* has be5  
r5d]$ illegible by age1 may be re/or$ by
 c>efully moi/5+ x1 by  means ( a fea!r1
 ) an infusion ( galls1 or a solution ( 
f]rocyanide ( potassium slightly        
acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1  obs]v+ to
 apply ! liquid s z to prev5t ! ink     
spread+4    ,,writ+ ,,flu,,ids4 ,a t]m  
commonly appli$1 ( late ye>s1 to easy   
fl[+  inks1 adapt$ = metallic p5s2 9    
contradi/9ction to ! old  tanno-gallic  
comp\nds at "o "t exclusively employ$ = 
writ+4    ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve pure     
basic or soluble ,prussian blue 9 pure  
di/ill$  wat]1 & dilute ! result+       
solution ) pure wat] until ! desir$     
%ade ( col\r is obta9$4 ,v p]man5t &    
beautiful4 ,x is n  affect$ by !        
addition ( alcohol1 b is imm$iately     
precipitat$ by  sal9e matt]4 ,!         
precipitate1 h[ev]1 /ill possesses !    

prop]ty (  dissolv+ 9 pure wat]4    #b4 
,f ! soluble f]rocyanide ( potassium &  
iron1 dissolv$ 9 pure  wat]4 ,resembles 
! la/1 b x is precipitat$ f its solution
 by  alcohol4    #c4 ,p[d]$ ,prussian   
blue1 #a oz42 conc5trat$ hydro*loric    
acid1 #a-a_/b  fl4 oz42 mix 9 a matrass 
or glass bottle1 &1 aft] #bb or #cj     
h\rs1  dilute ! mass ) a suffici5t      
quantity ( wat]4    #d4 ,dissolve       
sulph9dylate ( potassa or ammonia 9 hot 
wat]1 &1 :5  cold1 decant ! cle>        
portion4 ,x is an int5se blue1 & dries  
ne>ly  black2 is p]fectly incorrosive1 &
 v p]man5t & easy fl[+4    #e4 7,horn+47
 ,p]*loride ( iron1 #d p>ts2 wat]1 #gej 
p>ts2 dissolve1  add ( cyanide (        
potassium1 #d p>ts1 dissolv$ 9 a little 
wat]2 collect  ! precipitate1 wa% x )   
sev]al effusions ( pure wat]1 all[ x to 
dra9 until x weighs ab\t #bjj p>ts1 !n  
add ( oxalic acid1 #a "p2  & promote    
solution by agitat+ ! bottle or vessel  
conta9+ x4    #f4 7,mohr47 ,pure        
,prussian blue1 #f p>ts2 oxalic acid1 #a

 "p2 triturate  ) a little wat] to a    
p]fectly smoo? pa/e1 !n dilute ! mass  )
 a prop] quantity ( s(t wat]4 ,! product
 resembles ,/eph5's  #8pat5t blue ink4' 
#g4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4                      
,reade----pat5t$47----a4 ,a solution ( 8
 pat5t soluble  ,prussian blue 9 di/ill$
 wat]4 ,blue4    b4 ,prep>$ by add+ to  
good gall ink a /rong solution ( 8      
soluble  ,prussian blue4 ,?is addition  
8makes ! ink1 :i* 0 previ\sly pro(      
aga9/ alkalies1 equally pro( aga9/      
acids1 & =ms a writ+ fluid  :i* _c be   
eras$ f pap] by any common me?od (      
fraudul5t  oblit]ation )\t ! de/ruction 
( ! pap]40 ,?is ink writes  gre5i% blue1
 b aft]w>ds turns int5sely black4       
,/eph5's #8pat5t  ink1' :i* does ! same1
 is a simil> comp\nd4    #h4 7,pr(4     
,runge----,,*romic ,,ink47 ,logwood1 9  
f9e *ips1 #a_/d lb42 boil+  wat]1 #c    
p9ts2 dige/ = #ab h\rs1 !n simm] !      
liquid d[n g5tly to  #a qu>t1 c>efully  
obs]v+ to avoid du/1 grease1 & smoke2 :5
 cold1  decant ! decoction1 & add to x (

 yell[ *romate ( pota%1 #bj gr42        
dissolve by agitation1 aft] :i* x w be  
fit = use4 ,*eap & good4  ,x resi/s !   
action ( all ord9>y de/ructive ag5ts    
bett] ?an !  tanno-gallic inks2 x may be
 wa%$ aft] use ) a wet sponge1 or  /eep$
 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 wat]1 or ev5 te/$ ) 
dilute acids1  & yet pres]ve its orig9al
 blackness4 ,x is p]fectly liquid1 x    
sc>cely ?ick5s by age1 & nei!r deposits 
a s$im5t nor corrodes  /eel p5s4    #i4 
7,ure47 ,f vanadate ( ammonia decompos$ 
) infusion ( galls4 ,x  is ( a p]fectly 
black hue1 fl[s freely f ! p51 is r5d]$ 
blue  by acids1 is unaffect$ by dilute  
alkal9e solutions1 & resi/s !  action ( 
*lor9e4    ,obs4 ,! prec$+ =mul1 "u     
prop] managem5t1 produce excell5t       
products1 all ( :i* are extremely       
mobile1 & mo/ ( !m ( a m or  less       
beautiful col\r4 ,! blue ones1 :5       
conc5trat$1 dry ( a blue  black1 :il/   
two or ?ree ( ! o!rs1 ?\gh at fir/ pale1
 rapidly  pass into a deep black1 :5    
expos$ to ! air4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 all 

cases t ! +r$i5ts be pure4 ,! ,prussian 
blue1 except :5  directly prep>$ = !    
purpose1 %\ld be wa%$ 9 dilute          
hydro*loric  acid be=e attempt+ its     
solution by means ( oxalic acid4 ,unless
 ^!  precautions are att5d$ to1 success 
is unlikely4 ,a little gum may be  add$1
 if requir$1 to prev5t ! fluid spread+  
on ! pap]2 b 9  mo/ cases ! addition is 
no improvem5t4 ,mo/ ( ! blue fluids may 
be  us$ z #8indelible ink' to m>k l951 &
 w be f\nd v p]man5t1  provid$ ! "p be  
fir/ moi/5$ ) alum wat]1 & dri$4        
,,xyloid,,94 ,:5 />* is imm]s$ 9        
conc5trat$ nitric acid 7sp4 gr4  #ade to
 #aej71 x is conv]t$1 )\t dis5gagem5t ( 
gas1 into a  col\rless1 tremul\s jelly1 
:i*1 :5 treat$ ) an excess ( wat]1      
yields a :ite1 curdy1 insoluble         
sub/ance1 :i* aft] be+ edulcorat$  )    
pure wat]1 until e trace ( acid is      
remov$1 is xyloid94 ,pap]1  sug>1 gum1  
mannite1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances1 treat$ 
9 ! same  mann]1 become 9 great "p *ang$
 to xyloid9 or analog\s comp\nds4       

,obs4 ,pure xyloid9 diff]s b slightly f 
pyroxyl91 or pure  gun-cotton4          
,,xyl,,ol4 ,a hydroc>bon1 homolog\s to  
b5zol1 f\nd 9 wood-t> &  coal-gas       
naph?a4      ,,yaws4 ,syn4 ,,framb,,sia1
 ,l4 ,a peculi> disease ( ! sk91 common 
9 !  ,antilles & "s p>ts ( ,africa4 ,x  
is *>act]is$ by mulb]ry-l  excresc5ces1 
:i* dis*>ge a wat]y hum\r4 ,! treatm5t  
*iefly  consi/s 9 alleviat+ urg5t       
symptoms 7if any71 & ! adoption ( a     
temp]ate diet & regim51 until !         
eruptions1 hav+ run _! c\rse1  beg9 to  
dry1 :5 tonics & alt]atives1 z c9*ona   
b>k1 qu99e1 &  s>sap>illa1 ) occasional 
small doses ( m]curials1 g5]ally prove  
advantage\s4 ,! ma/] 7or pr9cipal7 yaw1 
:i* frequ5tly rema9s  tr\blesome aft] ! 
o!rs h disappe>$1 may be dress$ ) !     
o9tm5t ( r$ oxide ( m]cury1 or ( nitrate
 ( m]cury1 dilut$ )  an equal weight (  
l>d4    ,! yaws is n a dang]\s1 al?\gh a
 v disgu/+1 disease4 ,x is  contagi\s by
 contact1 &1 l ! smallpox1 only occurs  
once dur+  life4    ,,yea/4 ,syn4 ,,b>m1

 ,,f]m5t1 ,,zum9e2 ,,f]m5tum1 ,l4 ,yea/1
 :i* consi/s  almo/ entirely ( m9ute    
vegetable cells1 t]m$ ,torula c]evisi1  
is  ei!r ! fro? or ! deposit ( f]m5t+   
worts1 accord+ to !  "* ( ! f]m5tation4 
,! top yea/1 or sup]ficial f]m5t1 :i*   
cov]s ! surface (  f]m5t+ worts1 is     
call$ #8ob]hefe' by ! ,g]mans2 & !      
bottom  yea/1 or ! f]m5t ( deposit1 is  
t]m$ #8unt]hefe1' ,! fir/ is  ! common  
yea/ ( ! ,engli% brew]2 ! o!r1 t us$ 9  
,bav>ia  = ! f]m5tation ( worts f bel[  
7unt]grung74 ,bo? v>ieties  yield _! own
 k9d "u prop] conditions4 ,wort f]m5t$ )
 top  yea/1 at f #df to #ej ,fahr41     
yield bo? v>ieties1 & ea* ( ^!  furni%es
 its own k9d1 ne>ly pure1 by a second   
f]m5tation4 ,see  ,,brew+1 ,,f]m5tation1
 c4    ,pres4 #a4 ,ord9>y be] yea/ may  
be kept fre% & fit = use =  sev]al      
mon?s1 by plac+ x 9 a close canvas bag1 
& g5tly &  gradually squeez+ out !      
moi/ure 9 a screw press until ! rema9+  
matt] acquires ! consi/5ce ( clay or s(t
 *eese1 9 :i* /ate x  mu/ be pres]v$ 9  

close vessels1 or wrapp$ 9 wax$ clo?4   
,?is is !  me?od g5]ally adopt$ = ! be/ 
,fl&]s & ,g]man yea/4    #b4 ,:isk !    
yea/ until x =ms a uni=m liquid mass1 & 
!n lay x  ) a clean & s(t pa9t]'s bru%  
ev5ly & ?9ly on flat di%es1 or  any     
conv5i5t surface1 on :i* x c be expos$  
to ! sun or air2 ?is  op]ation mu/ be   
repeat$ z soon z ! fir/ coat is         
suffici5tly  solid1 & s on1 until !     
lay]s acquire a prop] ?ickness1 :5 x    
mu/ be deta*$ & pres]v$ z be=e4 ,if     
r5d]$ q dry1 its p[]  ( excit+          
f]m5tation w be de/roy$4    #c4 ,by     
employ+ /rips ( clean new flannel 7well 
wa%$71 z above1 &1  :5 suffici5tly dry1 
roll+ ^! up1 & cov]+ !m ) wax$  clo? or 
pap]1 or plac+ !m 9 t9 cani/]s or boxes4
 ,= use1 a few  in*es ( "o ( ! /rips is 
cut (f1 & soak$ 9 lukew>m wat]1 :5  !   
b>m leaves ! flannel1 & mixes ) ! wat]1 
:i* may !n be  /irr$ up ) ! fl\r4       
,yea/1 ,artificial4 8,al?\gh ! conv]sion
 ( a small into a l>ge  quantity ( yea/ 
is a v easy ?+1 yet to produce t        

sub/ance f  ! beg9n+ is v difficult40   
7,b]zelius47 ,bo? cases are met 9 !     
=mul bel[4    ,prep4 #a4 7,)\t a        
f]m5t47----a4 7,f[nes47 ,:eat fl\r is to
 be  mix$ ) wat] into a ?ick pa/e1 :i*  
is to be slightly cov]$1 9 a  mod]ately 
w>m place2 ab\t ! ?ird day x beg9s to   
emit a little gas1  & to exhale a       
disagreeable s\r od\r2 ab\t ! six? or   
sev5? day  ! smell *anges1 mu* gas is   
evolv$1 accompani$ by a di/9ct &        
agreeable v9\s od\r1 & x is !n 9 a /ate 
to excite ei!r to  v9\s or pan>y        
f]m5tation1 & may be ei!r at once       
employ$ = t  purpose or =m$ into small &
 v ?9 cakes1 dri$ 9 ! air &  pres]v$ =  
future use4 ,wort f]m5t$ ) x 9 ! ord9>y 
way  yields a l>ge quantity ( yea/1 (   
excell5t quality1 :i* is f\nd at  !     
bottom ( ! vessel4 8,?is is a revival ( 
a me?od :i*1 al?\gh  ,mr ,f[nes seems to
 reg>d x z new1 is to be f\nd 9 !       
#8,*emi/ry' (  ,bo]haave0 7#8,lancet4'7 
,x is1 inde$1 a m]e modification ( !    
mode (  prep>+ leav51 z practis$ f ! mo/

 remote ages ( antiquity2 b  is n ! less
 valuable on t acc\nt4    #b4 7,) a     
f]m5t47----a4 ,take ( bean fl\r1 #a_/d  
lb42 wat]1 #f qu>ts2  boil = #a_/b an   
h\r1 p\r ! decoction into any suitable  
vessel1 add (  :eat fl\r1 #c-a_/b lbs42 
/ir ! :ole well toge!r1 &1 :5 !         
temp]ature rea*es #ee ,fahr41 add ( be] 
yea/1 #b qu>ts2 mix well1 &  9 #bd h\rs 
aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! f]m5tation add (  
b>ley or  bean fl\r1 #g lbs42 make a    
uni=m d\gh by ?or\gh knead+1 =m x  into 
small cakes1 z above1 & !n pres]ve ^! 9 
a dry situation4  ,= use1 "o ( ^! discs 
is to be brok5 into pieces1 laid 9 tepid
  wat]1 & set 9 a w>m place dur+ #ab    
h\rs1 :5 ! s(t mass w  s]ve ! purpose ( 
be] yea/4    b4 7,,pat5t ,,yea/47 ,take 
( hops1 #f oz42 wat]1 #c galls42 simm] =
 #c  h\rs1 /ra91 & 9 #aj m9utes /ir 9 ( 
gr\nd malt1 #a_/b peck2 next  reboil !  
hops 9 wat]1 z be=e1 & let ! /ra9$      
liquor run into  ! fir/ ma%1 :i* mu/ !n 
be well /irr$ up1 cov]$ ov]1 & left  =  
#d h\rs2 aft] t "t dra9 (f ! wort1 &1 :5

 ! temp]ature  has fall5 to #ij ,fahr41 
set x to "w ) yea/ 7pref]ably pat5t71 #a
  p9t2 aft] /&+ = #bj to #bd h\rs 9 a   
w>m place1 take (f !  scum1 /ra9 x ?r\gh
 a co>se hair sieve1 & x w be fit = use4
 #a  p9t is said to be en\gh = #a bu%el 
( bread4    ,obs4 ,! prep>ation (       
artificial yea/1 & sub/itutes = yea/1   
has  long engag$ ! att5tion ( bo? !     
sci5tific *emi/ & !  practical          
tradesman4 ,! subject is1 und\bt$ly1 (  
great importance to  emigrants &        
voyag]s4 ,! above processes1 by good    
managem5t1 yield  products :i* are all t
 c be desir$4    ,,yel,,l[ ,,dyes4 ,!   
foll[+ sub/ances imp>t a yell[ to goods1
 ei!r  at once or aft] !y h be5 mordant$
 ) alum9a or t93----annotta1  b>b]ry    
root1 dy]'s broom1 ,fr5* b]ries1 fu/ic1 
fu/et1 qu]citron  b>k1 & turm]ic4 ,goods
 mordant$ ) acetate ( lead1 & aft]w>ds  
pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( *romate ( pota%1    
acquire a brilliant  *rome-yell[        
col\r2----solution ( sulphate or acetate
 ( iron1 foll[$  by imm]sion 9 pota% or 

lime wat]1 gives a buff or              
orange2----orpim5t1  dissolv$ 9 ammonia 
wat]1 imp>ts a gold5 yell[4 7,see !     
above-nam$  sub/ances1 9 _! alphabetical
 places47 ,an anil9e yell[  7*rysanil9e7
 has rec5tly be5 obta9$ by ,mr          
,ni*olson1 :i* is said  to be a mo/     
valuable dye-/uff1 comp>able1 inde$1 ) !
 anil9e r$s  & purples4    ,,yell[      
,,fe,,v]4 ,! bili\s remitt5t fev] ( hot 
climates4 ,x is v  common 9 ! ,we/      
,indies & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica4    
,new ,orleans  has be5 sev]al times     
ne>ly depopulat$ by x4    ,,yell[       
,,pig,,m5ts4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are----   
,br[n ,p9k4 ,prep4 ,take ( ,fr5* b]ries 
& pe>la%1 ( ea* #a lb42  fu/ic *ips1    
#a_/b lb42 wat]1 #b galls42 boil 9 a t9 
or pewt] vessel1  & /ra9 ! decoction    
?r\gh flannel :il/ hot2 !n dissolve     
alum1  #a-a_/b lb4 9 hot wat]1 #b-a_/b  
galls42 add ! solution to ! /ra9$       
decoction z long z a precipitate falls1 
:i* mu/ aft]w>ds be wa%$1  dra9$1 &     
dri$4 ,"s manufactur]s omit ! fu/ic4 ,a 

good glaz+  col\r1 :5 gr\nd 9 l9se$1 &  
us$ ) dry+ oil4    ,yell[1 ,*rome4 ,syn4
 ,,*romate ,,( ,,lead1 ,,yell[ ,c4 ,,(  
,l42 ,,plumbi  ,,*romas1 ,,plumbi       
,,*romas ,,flavum1 ,l4 ,! prep>ation ( !
 pure salt is  notic$ "u ,,*romium &    
,,lead2 t ( ! comm]cial pigm5t is z     
foll[s3    #a4 ,add a filt]$ solution ( 
nitrate or acetate ( lead to a l        
solution ( neutral *romate ( pota% z    
long z a precipitate falls2  !n collect 
?is1 wa% x well ) clean s(t wat]1 & dry 
x out (  ! rea* ( sulphurett$ vap\rs4   
#b4 ,to ! lye ( *romate ( pota%1 prep>$ 
by roa/+ ! *rome ore  ) nitre1 &        
lixiviation ) wat]1 add a solution (    
acetate ( lead1  & o!rwise proce$ z     
be=e4    #c4 ,dissolve acetate ( lead 9 
w>m wat]1 & add ( sulphuric acid1  q4 s4
 to conv]t x into sulphate ( lead2      
decant ! cle> liquid  7v9eg>71 wa% !    
residuum ) s(t wat]1 & dige/ x1 )       
agitation1 9 a hot solution ( neutral   
7yell[7 *romate ( pota%1  conta9+ #a "p 
( t salt to e ?ree p>ts ( sulphate (    

lead  op]at$ on2 aft]w>ds decant !      
liquid1 :i* is a solution ( sulphate  ( 
pota%1 & c>efully dra91 wa%1 & dry !    
newly =m$ pigm5t4  ,! product conta9s   
mu* sulphate ( lead1 b cov]s z well1 &  
has z  good a col\r1 z pure *romate (   
lead1 :il/ x is mu* *eap]4 ,!  %ade may 
be v>i$ by increas+ or less5+ ! quantity
 ( !  *romate4#bgc    ,footnote #bgc3   
,arm5gaud's #8,gnie ,indu/riel1' ,april1
 #ahec4    ,obs4 ,f\r %ades ( ?is       
beautiful pigm5t are met ) 9 ! %ops1    
viz4 pale yell[ or /raw col\r1 yell[1   
deep yell[1 & orange4 ,!  =m] are made  
by add+ a little alum or sulphuric acid 
to ! solution  ( ! *romate be=e mix+ x )
 ! solution ( lead2 ! la/1 by  !        
addition ( a little subacetate ( lead   
7tribasic acetate71 or by  wa%+ !       
precipitate ) a weak alkal9e lye4 ,!    
d>k] col\r  appe>s to arise f a little  
#8di*romate' be+ ?r[n d[n intimately    
mix$ ) ! neutral *romate1 & ! pal] %ades
 f a slight excess  ( acid1 or f !      
pres5ce ( wat]-sulphate ( lead1 &1      

occasionally1 alum9a4 ,! col\r is also  
influ5c$ by ! temp]ature (  ! solutions 
at ! "t ( admixture4 ,an?on has f\nd t1 
:5 hot  solutions ( equal equival5ts (  
acetate ( lead 7#aij p>ts7 & *romate  ( 
pota% 7#ajj p>ts1 bo? neutral & 9       
cry/als7 are mix$1 ! yell[  precipitate1
 :5 dri$1 is anhydr\s2 b :5 ! mixture is
 made at  ord9>y temp]atures1 !         
precipitate has a pal] yell[1 & :5 dri$ 
conta9s #a eq41 or ne>ly #e-a_/d ( wat]4
 7#8,bu*4 ,rept4'7 ,x ?us appe>s  t !   
%ades ( col\r ( *rome yell[ may be v>i$1
 )\t any  =eign addition4 ,9 practice1 !
 ?ird =mula w be f\nd v  satisfactory4  
,see ,,orange ,,*rome & ,,*rome ,,r$4   
,dut* ,p9k4 ,prep4 ,take ( ,fr5* b]ries1
 #a lb42 turm]ic1 #a_/b lb42  alum1     
#a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a-a_/b gall42 boil    
#a_/b an h\r1 /ra91 evaporate to  #b    
qu>ts1 add+ ( :it+1 #c lbs41 & dry by a 
g5tle heat4 ,/>*1 or  :ite lead1 is     
sometimes employ$ in/ead ( :it+1 to give
 x a body4  ,gold5 yell[4 ,us$ z a      
pigm5t2 b w n glaze l br[n p9k4         

,engli% ,p9k4 ,syn4 ,,light ,,p9k4 ,z ! 
la/1 b us+ #e lbs4 (  :it+4    ,indian  
,yell[4 ,see ,,purree4    ,k+'s ,yell[4 
,factiti\s t]sulphuret ( ars5ic4        
,naples ,yell[4 ,syn4 ,,m9]al ,,yell[4  
,prep4 #a4 ,take ( metallic  antimony1 9
 p[d]1 #c lbs42 r$ lead1 #b lbs42 oxide 
( z9c1 #a lb42 mix1  calc9e1 well       
triturate ! calx1 & fuse x 9 a cov]$    
crucible2 !  fus$ mass mu/ be r$uc$ to  
an impalpable p[d] by gr9d+ &           
elutriation4    #b4 ,flake :ite1 #a-a_/b
 lb42 diaphoretic antimony1 #a_/d lb42  
calc9$ alum1 #a  oz42 sal ammoniac1 #b  
oz42 calc9e 9 a cov]$ crucible ) a      
mod]ate  heat = #c h\rs1 s t at ! end x 
may be b>ely r$ hot4 ,m  antimony & sal 
ammoniac turn x on ! gold col\r4    #c4 
7,guimel47 ,wa%$ diaphoretic antimony1  
#a "p2 pure r$ lead1 #b p>ts2  gr9d !m  
to a pa/e ) wat]1 & expose ?is mixture  
to a mod]ate  r$ heat = #d or #e h\rs1 z
 be=e4 ,us$ 9 oil1 porcela91 & enamel   
pa9t+4 ,*rome has n[ ne>ly sup]s$$ x =  
ord9>y purposes4    ,pat5t ,yell[4 ,syn4

 ,,cassel ,,yell[1 ,,montpelli] ,y41    
,,turn]',s ,y4 ,prep4  ,take ( dry      
*loride ( lead1 #bh p>ts2 pure c>bonate 
( lead1 #bg p>ts2  gr9d !m toge!r1 fuse1
 & p[d]4    #b4 ,common salt1 #a "p1 &  
li?>ge1 #d p>ts1 are gr\nd toge!r )     
wat]1 & dige/$ at a g5tle heat = "s "t1 
wat] be+ add$ to  supply ! loss by      
evaporation2 ! c>bonate ( soda =m$ is !n
  wa%$ out ) m wat]1 & ! :ite residuum  
heat$ until x  acquires a f9e yell[     
col\r4 ,works well 9 oil4 ,*iefly us$ 9 
coa*-pa9t+4 ,see ,,oxy*loride ,,(       
,,lead4    ,weld ,yell[4 ,prep>$ f a    
decoction ( weld bright5$ ) a little    
alum1 9 ! same mann] z ,dut* p9k4 ,us$  
*iefly = pap] hang+s4    ,,yttrium4 ,y4 
,! oxide ( ?is metal 7yttria71 a r>e1   
:ite e>?1 0  discov]$ by ,gadol91 9     
#agid1 9 a m9]al f ,ytt]by1 9 ,sw$51    
s9ce call$ gadol9ite4 ,yttrium 0 obta9$ 
by ,whl] 9 #ahbh1 z a  brittle1 d>k-grey
 metal1 made f ! *loride by ! action (  
sodium4  ,its salts h 9 g5]al a sweeti% 
ta/e1 & ! sulphate & sev]al  o!rs an    

ame?y/9e col\r4 ,its solutions are      
precipitat$ by pure  alkalies1 b alkal9e
 c>bonates1 especially c>bonate (       
ammonium1  dissolve x 9 ! cold4 ,!y are 
di/+ui%$ f gluc9ium salts by  ! col\r ( 
! sulphate by be+ insoluble 9 pure      
alkalies1 & by  yield+ a :ite           
precipitate ) f]rocyanide ( potassium4  
,yttria may be  obta9$ f gadol9ite by a 
simil> process to t by :i* gluc9a is    
extract$ f ! b]yl4    ,accord+ to       
,pr(essor ,mos&]1 ord9>y yttria is a    
mixture ( !  oxides ( n less ?an ?ree   
metals----yttrium1 erbium1 & t]bium4 ,^!
  metals diff] f ea* o!r 9 _m important 
p>ticul>s4 ,! fir/ is  a p[]ful base1 & 
! o!rs are said to be weak ones4 ,!y are
  sep>at$ ) extreme difficulty1 & are   
only int]e/+ 9 a  sci5tific po9t ( view4
      ,,zaf,,fre4 ,syn4 ,,saffra1       
,,safflor1 ,,zaff]4 ,crude oxide (      
cobalt1 obta9$  by roa/+ cobalt ore1    
r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & !n gr\nd 
) #b or #c p>ts ( v pure qu>tzose or    
silice\s s&4 ,us$ z a blue  col\r by    

enamell]s & pa9t]s on porcela9 & glass4 
,*iefly import$  f ,saxony4 ,see        
,,smalts4    ,,ze,,ro4 ,see ,,!rmomet]4 
,,ze/s4 ,see ,,p[d]s1 ,,sauce1 ,,spice1 
c4    ,,z9c4 ,zn4 ,syn4 ,,z9k1 ,,spelt]2
 ,,z9cum4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41  ,d471 ,l4    
,?is  metal 0 fir/ notic$ by ,p>acelsus1
 9 ! #af? c5tury1 :o call$ x  #8z9etum1'
 b its ores mu/ h be5 kn[n at a mu*     
e>li] p]iod1 z  ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) !
 manufacture ( brass4    ,prep4 ,! z9c (
 comm]ce is obta9$ f ! native sulphide  
7z9c  bl5de71 or c>bonate 7calam9e71 by 
roa/+ ^? ores1 & di/ill+  ! calx )      
c>bonace\s matt] 9 a cov]$ e>!n         
crucible1 hav+  its bottom connect$ ) an
 iron tube1 :i* t]m9ates ov] a vessel ( 
wat] situat$ b5ea? ! furnace4 ,! fir/   
portion t passes ov]  conta9s cadmium & 
ars5ic1 & is indicat$ by :at is         
te*nically  call$ #8br[n blaze1' b :5 ! 
metallic vap\r beg9s to burn ) a        
blui%-:ite flame1 or ! #8blue blaze'    
comm5ces1 ! volatilis$ metal  is        
collect$4    ,! foll[+ me?od1 by :i*    

sev]al p\nds ( *emically pure z9c may   
be obta9$ 9 ab\t #a_/d ( an h\r1 w be   
f\nd v useful3----,melt !  z9c ( comm]ce
 9 a common crucible1 & granulate x by  
?r[+ x  into a tol]ably deep vessel (   
wat]1 tak+ c>e t ! metal be v  hot at ! 
"t2 dry ! metallic gra9s1 & dispose !m  
by lay]s 9 a  ,hessian crucible ) #a_/d 
( _! weight ( nitrate ( potassium1 us+  
! precaution to place a slight excess at
 ! top & at ! bottom2  cov] ! crucible1 
& secure ! lid1 !n apply heat2 aft] !   
vivid  deflagration :i* occurs is ov]1  
remove ! crucible f ! fire1  sep>ate !  
dross ) a tube1 &1 la/ly1 run ! z9c into
 an +ot  m\ld4 ,?is z9c1 te/$ 9 ,m>%'s  
app>atus dur+ entire days1 has  nev]    
giv5 any /a91 & 9 solution ! mo/        
s5sitive reag5ts1 su*  z                
hydro-sulphocyanic acid1 h nev] indicat$
 ! lea/ atom ( iron4  7#8,j\rn4 de      
,ph>m4'7    ,prop4 ,z9c is a blui%-:ite 
metal1 hav+ ! sp4 gr4 #fh to #gb2 t\gh  
7"u "s circum/ances1 brittle7 :5 cold1  
ductile & malleable at  f #bej to #cjj  

,fahr42 brittle & easily pulv]is$ at    
#djj2 fuses at  #ggc 7,daniell72 at a   
:ite heat x boils1 & sublimes un*ang$ 9 
close  vessels2 heat$ to :it5ess 7#ida  
,daniell7 9 contact ) ! air1 x  burns ) 
a brilliant gre5 light1 & is conv]t$    
into oxide4 ,x is  v soluble 9 dilute   
sulphuric & hydro*loric acid1 ) !       
evolution  ( hydrog5 gas4 ,x is little  
act$ on by ! air1 ev5 :5 moi/4 ,!  salts
 ( z9c are col\rless4    ,pur4          
,comm]cial z9c is nev] pure4 ,its       
specific gravity is #fhf4 ,x is  soluble
 9 nitric1 hydro*loric1 & dilute        
sulphuric acids4    ,te/s4 #a4 ,!       
solutions ( z9c give a gelat9\s :ite    
precipitate )  ! alkalies & c>bonate (  
ammonium1 :i* is completely r$issolv$ by
  an excess ( ! precipitant4----#b4 ,!  
c>bonates ( potassium & sodium  give a  
:ite precipitate ( c>bonate ( z9c4 ,all 
! above precipitates  acquire a         
lemon-yell[ col\r :5 dri$ & heat$1 b    
aga9 become  :ite on cool+4----#c4      
,sulphide ( ammonium gives1 9 neutral   

solutions1 a  :ite precipitate1         
insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant1 or 9
 solutions  ( hydrate ( potassium or    
ammonium1 b freely soluble 9 ! dilute   
m9]al acids4----#d4 ,sulphurett$        
hydrog51 9 neutral & alkal9e  solutions1
 also gives a l :ite precipitate4----#e4
 ,f]rocyanide (  potassium gives a      
gelat9\s :ite precipitate4    ,e/im41   
c4----a4 #ajj gr4 are dige/$ 9 dilute   
hydro*loric acid 9  excess1 & !         
insoluble portion1 :i* is *iefly c>bon1 
dri$ &  weigh$4    b4 ,! acidul\s       
solution 7see a7 is next treat$ ) a     
curr5t (  sulphurett$ hydrog5 until x   
smells v /rongly ( t gas2 ! :ole  is !n 
left = "s "t 9 a w>m situation4 ,!      
precipitate :i*  subsides consi/s ( !   
sulphides ( ars5ic1 cadmium1 copp]1     
lead1 c41  if any ( ^! metals 7 pres5t 9
 ! sample4    c4 ,! filtrate f b1 aft]  
be+ boil$1 is treat$ ) a little  nitric 
acid1 aft] :i* x is aga9 boil$1 &1 :5   
cold1 is  precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( b>ium
 add$ 9 excess2 ! precipitate  7f]ric   

hydrate7 is !n collect$1 dri$1 ignit$1 &
 weigh$4 ,!  weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ 
by #g1 gives ! p]c5tage ( iron 9 !      
sample exam9$4    d4 ,! filtrate f c is 
next precipitat$ ) dilute sulphuric     
acid1 & solution ( c>bonate ( sodium is 
add$ 9 excess to !  filt]$ liquid2 !    
:ole is !n boil$1 aft] :i* ! new        
precipitate  is wa%$1 dri$1 g5tly ignit$
 = "s "t1 & !n cool$ &  weigh$4 ,!      
weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #hjbdg1   
gives ! p]c5tage  ( pure z9c 9 ! sample4
    ,uses1 c4----,z9c is us$ to =m      
galvanic plates2 9 fireworks1 & 9       
m$ic9e4 ,( late ye>s x has also be5     
ext5sively us$ 9 !  manufacture (       
vessels ( capacity1 tub+1 %eets = ro(+1 
& o!r  ?+s t require lightness &        
durability4    ,z9c1 ,amalgamat$1 :i* is
 employ$ = voltaic batt]ies1 is prep>$  
z foll[s3----,! plates1 hav+ be5 sc\r$ )
 em]y1 are imm]s$ =  a few seconds 9    
dilute sulphuric acid1 !n r9s$ 9 clean  
s(t wat]1  &1 aft] ! loose wat] has     
dra9$ f _! surface1 dipp$ into a  /rong 

solution ( ei!r m]curic nitrate or      
*loride1 or into equal  p>ts ( a mixture
 ( saturat$ solutions ( m]curic *loride 
& acetate  ( lead2 ! plates are1 la/ly1 
dipp$ into wat]1 & !n rubb$ ) a  s(t    
clo?4 ,ano!r & simpl] me?od is to rub   
m]cury ov] ! plates  :ile wet ) dilute  
sulphuric acid4    ,z9c1 ,granulat$4    
,syn4 ,,z9cum ,,granulatum 7,b4 ,p474   
,fuse comm]cial z9c  9 a crucible1 p\r x
 9 a v ?9 /ream into a bucket ( cold    
wat]1  & aft]w>ds dry ! z9c4    ,z9c1   
,acetate (4 ,zn7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4  
,,z9ci ,,acetas1 ,l4  ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4  
,d47 ,acetate ( lead1 #a lb41 is        
dissolv$ 9 di/ill$  wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts1 
& ! solution be+ plac$ 9 a cyl9drical   
j>1  %eet z9c1 #d oz41 roll$ into a     
coil1 is imm]s$ !re92 aft] #bd h\rs  !  
liquid is decant$1 evaporat$ to #ae oz41
 & solution ( hypo*lorite  ( calcium    
add$ drop by drop1 until a r$di%        
precipitate ceases to =m2  ! liquid is  
!n filt]$1 acidulat$ by ! addition ( a  
few drops (  acetic acid1 r$uc$ by      

evaporation to #aj fl4 oz41 & set aside 
to  cry/allise2 ! cry/als are dri$ on   
bibul\s pap] set on a por\s  brick1 & !n
 pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4 ,m      
cry/als may be  obta9$ f ! "m-liquor4   
#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,add #b oz4 ( c>bonate (  
z9c 9 successive portions to #c fl4  oz4
 ( acetic acid1 previ\sly mix$ ) #f fl4 
oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 9  a flask2 heat    
g5tly1 add by degrees #b fl4 oz4 ( acid1
 or q4 s41 till !  c>bonate is dissolv$2
 boil = a few m9utes1 filt] :ile hot1 & 
set  x aside = two days to cry/allise4  
,decant ! "m liquor1 evaporate  to "o   
half1 & aga9 set x aside = two days to  
cry/allise4 ,place !  cry/als 9 a funnel
 to dra91 !n spread !m on filt]+ pap] on
 a  por\s tile2 & dry !m by exposure to 
! air at ord9>y temp]atures4    ,prop41 
c4 ,effloresc5t1 :ite1 hexagonal plates1
 hav+ a p[]ful  /yptic ta/e2 v soluble 9
 wat]2 less soluble 9 alcohol2 decompos$
  by heat4 ,x is tonic1 antispasmodic1 &
 emetic4----,dose1 #a to #b gr42 z  an  
emetic1 #aj to #bj gr42 ext]nally1 #b or

 #c gr4 to wat]1 #a fl4 oz41 z an       
a/r+5t lotion or injection4    ,z9c1    
,bromide (4 ,zn,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,z9ci      
,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep>$ l !  correspond+
 salt ( iron4    ,z9c1 ,c>bonate (4     
,zn,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,z9ci ,,c>bonas       
,,purum1 ,,z9ci  ,,c>bonas 7,b4 ,p41    
,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47    
,solution ( *loride (  z9c 7,ph4 ,d471  
#a p9t is add$1 9 successive portions1  
to a solution (  cry/allis$ c>bonate (  
sodium ( comm]ce1 #b lbs41 dissolv$ 9   
boil+  di/ill$ wat]1 #f p9ts1 & ! :ole  
is boil$ until gas ceases to be  evolv$2
 ! precipitate is !n wa%$1 & dri$1 at   
fir/ on  blott+-pap]1 &1 f9ally1 by a   
/eam or wat] heat4    #b4 7,b4 ,p47     
,dissolve #aj-a_/b oz4 c>bonate ( soda )
 #a p9t ( boil+  wat] 9 a capaci\s      
porcela9 vessel1 & p\r into x #aj oz4 ( 
sulphate  ( z9c1 also dissolv$ 9 #a p9t 
( wat]1 /irr+ dilig5tly4 ,boil =  #ae   
m9utes aft] eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 & let
 ! precipitate  subside4 ,decant !      
sup]natant liquor1 p\r on ! precipitate 

#c p9ts (  boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 agitat+  
briskly2 let ! precipitate aga9         
subside1 & repeat ! process ( affusion (
 hot di/ill$ wat] &  subsid5ce till !   
wa%+s are no long] precipitat$ by       
*loride (  b>ium4 ,collect ! precipitate
 on calico1 let x dra91 & dry x ) a     
g5tle heat4    ,z9c1 ,*loride (4        
,zn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,butt] ,,( ,,z9c1      
,,muriate ,,( ,z42  ,,z9ci ,,*loridum   
7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,z4 ,,murias1 ,l4  
,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+  metallic z9c 9    
*lor9e4    #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hydro*loric  
acid1 #a p9t2 wat]1 #a qu>t2 & z9c 79   
small  pieces71 #g oz42 :5 ! eff]vesc5ce
 is ne>ly f9i%$1 apply heat  until      
bubbles cease to be evolv$2 decant !    
cle>1 & evaporate to  dryness2 fuse !   
result+ mass 9 a lightly cov]$ crucible1
 by a r$  heat1 p\r x out on a flat     
smoo? /one1 &1 :5 cold1 break x into    
small pieces1 or ca/ x into rods 9 iron 
m\lds1 & pres]ve x 9 a  well-/opp]$     
bottle4    #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,put #af oz4 ( 
granulat$ z9c into a porcela9 bas91 add 

by  degrees #dd fl4 oz4 ( hydro*loric   
acid previ\sly mix$ ) #a p9t (  di/ill$ 
wat]1 & aid ! action by g5tly w>m+ x on 
a s&-ba?1  until gas is no long] evolv$4
 ,boil = half an h\r1 supply+ ! wat]    
lo/ by evaporation1 & all[ x to /& on ! 
cool "p ( !  s&-ba? = #bd h\rs1 /irr+   
frequ5tly4 ,filt] ! product into a      
gallon bottle1 & p\r 9 solution ( *lor9e
 q4 s4 by degrees1 )  frequ5t agitation1
 until ! fluid acquires a p]man5t od\r (
  *lor9e4 ,add #a_/b oz4 or a suffici5t 
quantity ( c>bonate ( z9c1 9  small     
quantities at a "t1 & ) r5ew$ agitation1
 until a br[n  s$im5t appe>s4 ,filt]    
?r\gh pap] into a porcela9 bas91 &      
evaporate until a portion ( ! liquid1   
)drawn on ! end ( a glass  rod & cool$1 
=ms an opaque :ite solid4 ,p\r x out n[ 
into prop]  m\lds1 & :5 ! salt has      
solidifi$1 b be=e x has cool$1 place  x 
9 closely-/opp]$ bottles4    #d4 7,9    
,,solution74----a4 7,,liquor ,,z9ci     
,,*loridi----,ph4 ,d47 ,hydro*loric acid
  & wat]1 ( ea* #b-a_/b p9ts2 %eet z9c1 

#a lb42 dissolve1 filt]  ?r\gh calico1  
add ( hypo*lorite ( calcium1 #a fl4 oz41
 & evaporate1  by boil+1 to a p9t2 :5   
cold1 p\r x into a bottle1 add ( prep>$ 
*alk1 #a oz41 & wat]1 q4 s4 to make !   
:ole measure #a qu>t2 agitate           
occasionally = #bd h\rs1 decant or      
filt]1 & pres]ve ! liquid 9 a  /opp]$   
bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #aeic4 ,see            
,,solutions4    b4 7,e4 ,p>ri%47        
,granulat$ z9c1 #d lbs42 hydro*loric    
acid1 #d lbs41 or  q4 s42 wat]1 #i      
qu>ts2 dissolve1 avoid+ excess ( acid4  
,! solution  conta9s #a 9 #ab ( *loride 
( z9c4 ,recomm5d$ z ( ! prop]  /r5g? = a
 dis9fectant4    ,prop41 c4 ,:5 pure1 a 
col\rless1 amorph\s mass or cry/als2    
g5]ally a :iti%-gray1 semi-transp>5t    
mass1 hav+ ! consi/5ce (  wax2 fusible2 
volatile at /rong heat1 cond5s+ 9       
acicul> cry/als2  freely soluble 9      
alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]2 highly            
deliquesc5t2  coagulates album5 &       
gelat91 & corrodes animal sub/ances4 ,! 
solution possesses ! same prop]ties 9 a 

m9or degree4    ,pur4 ,f ! aque\s       
solution1 hydrosulphuric acid or        
f]rocyanide (  potassium be+ dropp$ 91 a
 precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,:at is ?r[n  
d[n by ammonia or hydrate ( potassium f 
! same solution is :ite1  & is r$issolv$
 by ei!r precipitant 9 excess4 ,!       
precipitate ?r[n  d[n by ! c>bonate (   
ei!r ammonium or potassium is 7also7    
:ite1 b  is n r$issolv$ :5 ^! are add$ 9
 excess4    ,uses1 c4 ,dry *loride ( z9c
 is *iefly us$ z a cau/ic1 = :i*  x is  
highly recomm5d$ by ,voght1 ,canquo91 & 
o!rs4 ,x is m  p[]ful ?an *loride (     
antimony1 & its action ext5ds deep] ?an 
does nitrate ( silv]1 :il/ x ex]cises an
 influ5ce ov] ! vital  actions (        
neighb\r+ p>ts4 ,! sore is g5]ally      
heal?y aft] !  sep>ation ( ! es*>1 & no 
con/itutional disord] ensues4 ,x has    
be5 giv5 9 scr(ula1 epilepsy1 *orea1 c42
 &1 comb9$ )  hydrocyanic acid1 9 facial
 neuralgia4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b   
gr42  ext]nally1 z a lotion1 #b to #c   
gr4 to wat]1 #a oz4 ,9 l>ge doses x is  

poison\s4    ,! solution is also us$ z a
 cau/ic1 b *iefly z a dis9fectant &     
deodoriz]1 e4g4 z ,sir ,wm4 ,burnett's  
,fluid & ,pr(essor ,tuson's             
#8,sporokton1' ( :i* x is "o ( ! v be/1 
possess+1 z x does1  ! p[] ( rapidly    
decompos+ sulphide ( ammonium & ( r5d]+ 
in]t ! virus ( infecti\s diseases4      
,z9c1 ,cyanide (4 ,zn,cy#b4 ,syn4       
,,cyanuret ,,( ,,z9c2 ,,z9ci ,,cyanidum1
  ,,z9ci ,,cyanuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4  
,cod47 ,add a solution ( cyanide (      
potassium to ano!r ( pure sulphate (    
z9c2 wa%1 & dry !                       
precipitate4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 
twice a day2 9 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1  & o!r 
n]v\s affections1 he>tburn1 worms1 c42 &
 z a sub/itute  = hydro-cyanic acid4    
,z9c1 ,f]rocyanide (4 ,zn#b;,fe,cy#f4   
,syn4 ,,z9ci ,,f]rocyanidum1 ,l4  ,prep4
 ,by add+ a hot solution ( f]rocyanide (
 potassium to a hot &  /rong solution ( 
pure sulphate ( z9c1 & wa%+1 & dry+ !   
precipitate4 ,:ite4----,dose1 #a to #d  
gr42 9 ! same cases z ! la/4    ,z9c1   

,iodide (4 ,zn,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydriodate  
,,( ,,z9c2 ,,z9ci ,,iodidum1  ,,z9ci    
,,hydriodas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,duflos47  
,iod9e1 #b p>ts2 granulat$ z9c1  #a "p2 
wat]1 #d p>ts2 proce$ z = f]r\s iodide1 
only employ+ a  glass or porcela9       
vessel4    #b4 7,mag5die47 ,iod9e1 #ag  
p>ts2 z9c 79 p[d]71 #bj p>ts2 mix1 &    
sublime 9 a matrass4    ,prop41 c4      
,deliquesc5t4 ,*iefly us$ ext]nally2 #ae
 gr4 to wat]1 #f fl4  oz41 z a collyrium
 9 scr(ul\s inflammation ( ! eye        
7,p\let72 #a dr4  to l>d1 #a oz41 z a   
p[]ful resolv5t 9 scr(ul\s & o!r gl&ul> 
swell+s1 rubb$ on ! "p twice a day4     
7,ure47    ,z9c1 ,lactate (4            
,zn7,c#c;,h#e,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,z9ci       
,,lactas1 ,l4  ,prep>$ f z9c 9 ! same   
way z f]r\s lactate is f iron4    ,z9c1 
,oxide (4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,z9c2  
,,z9ci ,,oxydum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41     
,e41  ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47   
,sulphate ( z9c 7pure71 #a lb42         
c>bonate ( ammonium1 #f-a_/b oz42       
dissolve ea* sep>ately 9 #f qu>ts (     

wat]1 filt]1 mix ! solutions1 well wa% !
 precipitate ) wat]1  & calc9e x = #b   
h\rs 9 a /rong fire4 ,! ,ph4 ,e4 is     
ne>ly simil>4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d41 ,b4 ,p47
 ,place c>bonate ( z9c 9 a cov]$ clay   
crucible1 &  expose x to a v l[ r$ heat1
 until a portion tak5 f ! c5tre (  !    
mass ceases to eff]vesce on be+ dropp$  
into dilute sulphuric acid4    ,prop41  
c4 ,a :ite1 ta/eless p[d]2 insoluble 9  
wat]2 freely soluble  9 acids1 !        
solution yield+ col\rless & easily      
cry/allisable  salts2 /rongly basic4    
,uses1 c4 ,x is tonic & antispasmodic1 &
 has be5 advantage\sly  us$ 9 *orea1    
epilepsy1 & o!r n]v\s & spasmodic       
affections4----,dose1 #a to #f gr41     
twice a day4 ,x is also us$ z a du/+    
p[d]1 & to make an o9tm5t4 ,x has be5   
propos$ z a sub/itute =  :ite lead 9    
pa9t+1 ?an :i* x cov]s bett]1 b dries   
sl[]1 &  h5ce requires ! addition ( dri$
 :ite vitriol4 ,?is oxide is ! only     
comp\nd :i* z9c =ms ) oxyg54    ,z9c1   
,phosphide4 ,fragm5ts ( pure di/ill$ z9c

 are introduc$ into a  tubulat$ /onew>e 
retort1 s z to occupy ab\t "o f\r? ( its
  capacity2 ! retort is plac$ 9 an      
ord9>y furnace1 & a curr5t (  dry       
c>bonic acid is pass$ into x ?r\gh !    
neck4 ,ov] ! tubulure is  plac$ a       
crucible cov]1 s z to close ! orifice   
incompletely1 &  all[ ! c>bonic acid1   
aft] trav]s+ ! retort1 to escape4 ,:5 ! 
z9c ent]s into ebullition1 small        
fragm5ts ( previ\sly-dri$  phosphorus   
are successively ?r[n 9 ?r\gh !         
tubulure4 ,! cov] is  remov$ & return$  
aft] ea* addition to prev5t loss (      
phosphorus4  ,f "t to "t x is necess>y  
to break ! cru/ ( phosphorus =m$1  9    
ord] to expose a new lay] ( metal to !  
action ( ! phosphorus4  ,! op]ation is  
t]m9at$ by increas+ ! heat /rongly----a 
precaution  t is indisp5sable1 9 ord] to
 sep>ate z completely z possible !  z9c 
phosphide f ! metallic button ( ne>ly   
pure z9c1 :i*  collects at ! bottom ( ! 
retort4 ,fur!r1 ! z9c phosphide %\ld  be
 r$uc$ to v f9e p[d]1 & ! fragm5ts :i*  

resi/ ! action  ( ! metal1 h[ev]        
slightly1 %\ld be res]v$ = ano!r        
op]ation4  ,! product pulv]ises ! m     
readily 9 proportion z x approa*es  m   
closely ! =mula ,p#b,zn#c4 ,9 ?is /ate x
 resembles iron  r$uc$ by hydrog51 &    
only ?us %\ld x be us$ by ph>maceuti/s4 
,x  is completely soluble 9 hydro*loric 
acid4#bgd    ,footnote #bgd3 ,f #8,=mul 
= ,new ,m$icam5ts1' adopt$ by ! ,p>is   
,ph>maceutical ,society4    ,z9c1       
,sulphate (4 ,zn,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,:ite    
,,copp]as992 ,,:ite ,,vitriol992  ,,z9ci
 ,,sulphus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41     
,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47         
,granulat$  z9c1 #e oz42 dilut$         
sulphuric acid1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1      
filt]4 ,evaporate  to a pellicle1 & set 
x aside to cry/allise4    #b4 7,ph4 ,d47
 ,z9c 7lam9at$ or granulat$71 #d oz42   
sulphuric acid1 #c fl4  oz42 wat]1 #a   
p9t2 mix 9 a porcela9 capsule1 &1 :5 gas
 ceases to be  evolv$1 boil = #aj       
m9utes1 filt] ?r\gh calico1 & evaporate 
!  filtrate to dryness2 dissolve ! dry  

salt 9 wat]1 #a p9t2 frequ5tly  agitate 
! solution1 :5 cold1 dur+ #f h\rs1 )    
prep>$ *alk1 #a_/d  oz42 next filt]1    
acidulate ! filtrate ) nitric acid &    
dilute  sulphuric acid1 ( ea* #a fl4    
dr42 evaporate until a pellicle =ms on !
  surface1 & set x aside to cry/allise2 
dry ! cry/als on bibul\s  pap]1 )\t     
heat1 & pres]ve !m 9 a bottle4 ,m       
cry/als may be  obta9$ f ! "m-liquor4   
#c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,p\r #ab fl4 oz4 (        
sulphuric acid1 previ\sly mix$ ) #d     
p9ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 on #af oz4 (       
granulat$ z9c conta9$ 9 a  porcela9     
bas91 & :5 eff]vesc5ce has ne>ly ceas$1 
aid ! action  by a g5tle heat4 ,filt] ! 
fluid into a gallon bottle1 & add1      
gradually1 ) con/ant agitation1 solution
 ( *lor9e until ! fluid  acquires a     
p]man5t od\r ( *lor9e4 ,add n[1 )       
cont9u$ agitation1  #a_/b oz4 or q4 s4 (
 c>bonate ( z9c1 until a br[n           
precipitate appe>s2  let x settle1 filt]
 ! solution1 evaporate till a pellicle  
=ms on !  surface1 & set aside to       

cry/allise4 ,dry ! cry/als by exposure  
to air  on filt]+ pap] plac$ on por\s   
tiles4 ,m cry/als may be obta9$  by aga9
 evaporat+ ! "m-liquor4    #d4 ,! common
 sulphate ( z9c ( comm]ce frequ5tly     
conta9s copp]1  cadmium1 lead1 iron1 &  
manganese1 & ne>ly always "o or m ( !m4 
,by dige/+ its conc5trat$ solution = "s 
"t ) metallic z9c1  x may be fre$ f     
copp]1 lead1 & cadmium1 = ^! metals are 
all  r$uc$ & precipitat$ 9 a metallic   
/ate2 or1 ! acidulat$ solution  may be  
treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 z long z   
any precipitate  =ms4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate
 ! iron1 *lor9e gas may be pass$ into ! 
solution1 by :i* ! iron is conv]t$ into 
! f]r\s *loride2 if  ?is solution be    
expos$ to ! air = a l5g? ( "t1 x absorbs
  oxyg51 & oxide ( iron is deposit$ z a 
yell[ p[d]1 f :i* !  solution mu/ be    
filt]$4 ,:5 ! sulphate conta9s          
manganese1 :i* is  n v (t5 ! case1 !    
solution mu/ be boil$ up a few times )  
purifi$ *>coal1 filt]$1 & evaporat$4    
7#8,j\r4 fr prakt4 ,*em4'7  ,! product (

 ea* ( ! above =mul is ne>ly *emically  
pure4    #e4 7,comm]cial47 ,! crude     
sulphate ( z9c 7:ite copp]as1 or :ite   
vitriol1 ( ! %ops7 is prep>$ by roa/+   
native sulphide ( z9c  7z9c bl5de7 9 a  
rev]b]atory furnace1 expos+ ! calc9$    
mass to  ! air & humidity = "s "t1 !n   
lixiviat+ x1 & evaporat+  ! result+     
solution until x =ms a :ite             
semi-cry/all9e mass on  cool+4    ,prop4
 ,pure sulphate ( z9c =ms inodor\s1     
col\rless1 transp>5t1  quadrangul>      
prisms1 closely resembl+ 9 appe>ance ^? 
( ,epsom salt1  :i* effloresce slightly 
9 ! air1 & conta9s #g equiv4 ( wat]2 x  
has a slightly acidul\s & v /yptic      
metallic ta/e2 ! cry/als  dissolve 9    
#b-a_/b p>ts ( cold & 9 less ?an _! own 
weight (  boil+ wat]2 !y are insoluble 9
 alcohol4 ,! crude sulphate ( z9c  (    
comm]ce 7:ite vitriol7 occurs 9 irregul>
 granul> masses1 :i*  some:at resemble  
loaf sug>4    ,:5 a solution ( ?is salt1
 9 #f ( wat]1 is boil$ ) a little       
nitric acid1 & a solution ( ammonia is  

!n add$ until ! oxide (  z9c at fir/    
precipitat$ is all r$issolv$1 no yell[  
precipitate  rema9s1 or a trace only1 & 
! solution is col\rless4    ,uses4 ,9   
m$ic9e1 z a tonic1 antispasmodic1 c42 9 
doses ( #a to #b  gr41 twice daily2 z an
 emetic1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,9 l>ge doses x 
is  poison\s4 ,x has be5 employ$ )      
b5efit 9 dyspepsia1 fluor albus1  *orea1
 epilepsy1 hoop+-c\gh1 & o!r convulsive 
& n]v\s  affections1 g5]ally comb9$ )   
bitt]s1 foxglove1 hemlock1 h5bane1  or  
opium4 ,z an emetic1 x acts almo/       
imm$iately1 & is !re=e well  suit$ to   
empty ! /oma* at ! comm5cem5t ( a fit ( 
ague1 & 9  cases ( poison+1 c4 ,x is    
also ext5sively us$ ext]nally1 to =m    
a/r+5t & repellant collyria1 injections 
& lotions4    ,z9c1 ,sulpho-c>bolate4 ,!
 acid prep>$ z 9 sulpho-c>bolate ( soda 
7:i* see7 is saturat$ by aid ( a g5tle  
heat ) oxide ( z9c1  filt]$1 & cry/als  
all[$ to =m4 ,! cry/als %\ld be dri$ by 
exposure to ! air4    ,z9c1 ,valerianate
 (4 ,zn7,c#e;,h#i,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,z9ci   

,,val]ianas  7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4 
7,ph4 ,d47 ,val]ianate ( sodium1 #b-a_/b
 oz41 &  sulphate ( z9c1 #b oz4 #g dr41 
are ea* sep>ately dissolv$ 9 di/ill$    
wat]1 #a p9t2 ! solutions are !n heat$  
to #bjj ,fahr41 mix$1 & !  result+      
cry/als skimm$ (f2 ! liquid is next     
evaporat$ at a  temp]ature n high] ?an  
#bjj1 until x measures #d fl4 oz41 !    
cry/als1 z !y =m1 be+ remov$ f !        
surface2 ! salt ?us  obta9$ is /eep$1 = 
an h\r1 9 di/ill$ wat]1 j suffici5t to  
cov] x1 aft] :i* ! :ole is transf]r$ to 
a pap] filt]1 on :i*  x is at fir/      
dra9$1 & !n dri$ at a heat n exce$+     
#ajj4    ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant :ite1    
pe>ly scales2 v light2 a/r+5t2  smells  
/rongly ( val]ianic acid2 only slightly 
soluble 9 cold wat]1  m s 9 hot wat]1 & 
freely soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 exposure
 to  heat rapidly decomposes x2 exposure
 to ! air also decomposes x1 b  m sl[ly4
 ,x is reg>d$ z p[]fully antispasmodic &
  tonic4----,dose1 #a to #c gr41 ?rice  
daily1 made into pills2 9 neuralgia1    

tic d\l\reux1 n]v\s heada*es 7m         
p>ticul>ly hemicrania71  hy/]ia1        
palpitation ( ! he>t1 v]tigo1 *orea1    
epilepsy1 c4    ,obs4 ,butyrate ( z9c1  
sc5t$ ) val]ianic acid1 :i* is (t5 sold 
= ! above comp\nd1 may be detect$ by    
di/ill+ x ) sulphuric  acid2 !          
di/illate1 te/$ ) a /rong solution (    
acetate ( copp]1  gives a blui%-:ite    
precipitate if x conta9s butyric acid4  
,!  val]ianate is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r salts
 ( z9c by its extreme  lightness4       
,,z9c-,e,,?yl4 ,zn7,c#b;,h#e7b4 ,a      
curi\s liquid body1 discov]$ by ,dr     
,frankl&1 & =m$1 along ) iodide ( z9c1  
:5 iodide ( e?yl is  heat$ ) pure z9c 9 
a seal$ glass tube4 ,! mix$ :ite        
product1 by  di/illation 9 a curr5t (   
hydrog51 yields pure z9c-e?yl4 ,x is a  
highly volatile liquid1 hav+ a r        
disagreeable od\r1 & s rapidly          
decompos$ by contact ) ! air t x takes  
fire4 ,wat] resolves x  into hydride (  
e?yl1 & o!r products4                   
,,z9c-,,me,,?yl4 ,zn7,,*#c7b4 ,obta9$ by

 ! action ( z9c ^u iodide  ( me?yl1 z   
z9c-e?yl4 ,x takes fire on com+ 9       
contact ) ! air4    ,,z9c,,+4 ,syn4     
,,z9k+4 ,vessels ( copp] & brass may be 
cov]$  ) a firmly adh]5t lay] ( pure    
z9c1 by boil+ !m 9 a solution  ( *loride
 ( z9c1 pure z9c turn+s be+ at ! same "t
 pres5t 9  consid]able excess4 ,! same  
object may be effect$ by means ( z9c &  
a solution ( *loride ( ammonium or      
hydrate ( potassium4    ,! v>iety ( z9c$
 iron commonly kn[n by ! "n (           
#8galvanis$ iron'  is prep>$ by imm]s+ !
 %eets ( metal1 previ\sly sc\r$ &       
clean$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 9 a   
ba? ( melt$ z9c cov]$  ) p[d]$ sal      
ammoniac1 & mov+ !m ab\t until !y are   
suffici5tly coat$4    ,,z9cog,,raphy4   
,an art closely resembl+ li?ography1 9  
:i* plates (  z9c are sub/itut$ = slabs 
( /one4    ,,zir,,con4 ,see ,,gems4     
,,zirconium4 ,zr4 ,syn4 ,! oxide ( ?is  
metal1 a :ite pulv]ul5t  e>?1 discov]$ 9
 ! m9]al g>gon or zircon ( ,ceylon1 by  
,klapro?1  9 #aghi4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd

 9 ! hyac9?4    ,prep4 ,! /one is calc9$
 & ?r[n into cold wat]1 & !n  p[d]$ 9 an
 agate mort>2 ! p[d] is mix$ ) #i p>ts (
 pure  hydrate ( potassium1 & ! mixture 
project$1 by spoonfuls1 into a  r$-hot  
crucible1 c>e be+ tak5 t ea* portion is 
fus$ be=e  ano!r is add$2 aft] fusion1 )
 an increas$ heat1 = an h\r & a  half1 !
 :ole is all[$ to cool2 ! calc9$ mass is
 next p[d]$1  & boil$ 9 wat]2 !         
insoluble portion is !n dissolv$ 9      
hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution heat$1 t 
! silicic acid may fall  d[n1 aft] :i* !
 zirconia is precipitat$ ) hydrate (    
potassium2  or1 ! zirconia may be       
precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( sodium1 & !    
c>bonic acid expell$ by heat4    ,f ?is1
 metallic zirconium is obta9$ by heat+ 9
 a glass tube1 )  a _s lamp1 a mixture (
 potassium & ! d\ble fluoride (         
zirconium  & potassium1 c>efully dri$2 !
 product is wa%$ ) wat]1 &  dige/$ = "s 
"t 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4    ,prop41
 c4 ,a black p[d]2 x acquires a feeble  
metallic lu/re "u  ! burni%]1 & takes   

fire :5 heat$ 9 ! air4 ,x has n be5     
?or\ghly exam9$4    ,oxide ( zirconium1 
or zirconia1 ,zr,o#b1 has nei!r ta/e nor
 od\r1 is  insoluble 9 wat]1 & =ms salts
 ) ! acids4 ,x is di/+ui%$  f all ! o!r 
e>?s1 except ?or9a1 by be+ precipitat$  
:5 any  ( ! neutral salts ( zirconium   
are boil$ ) a saturat$ solution (       
sulphate ( potassium4 ,! salts (        
zirconium are di/+ui%$ f ^?  ( alum9ium 
& gluc9ium by be+ precipitat$ by all !  
pure alkalies1  & by be+ insoluble :5 !y
 are add$ 9 excess4 ,! precipitat$      
hydrate & c>bonate are readily soluble 9
 acids4                                 
,,works ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,?is         
,,edition4      ,acton's ,cook]y4 ,royal
 ,agricultural ,society's ,j\rnal4      
,analy/4 ,artisan  ,cook]y4 ,bly?'s     
,diction>y ( ,hygine4 ,briti%           
,ph>macopia4 ,beasley's  ,pocket ,=mul>y
 & ,druggi/s' ,g5]al ,receipt ,book4    
,briti% ,m$ical  ,j\rnal4 ,beeton's     
,cook]y4 ,beale's 7,dr ,l47 ,disease    
,g]ms2 ,h[ to ,"w )  ! ,microscope2     

,kidney ,diseases1 ,ur9>y ,deposits1 c4 
,bloxam's ,*emi/ry4  ,briti%            
,manufactures & ,indu/ries 7,/am=d74    
,*avasse's ,c\nsel to a  ,"m &          
,aphorisms = ,p>5ts4 ,crooke's          
,practical ,h&book ( ,dye+  & ,calico   
,pr9t+4 ,calv]t's ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+
 7edit$ by  ,/5h\se & ,groves74 ,*amb]s'
 ,cyclopdia4 ,*emi/ & ,druggi/4         
,*emical ,news4 ,*emical ,society1      
,j\rnal (4 ,*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1        
,practical1 & ,analytical 7,reissue (   
,muspratt's ,diction>y71 ,mac,kenzie4   
,cassell's ,family ,magaz9e4 ,c>p5t]'s  
,human ,physiology4 ,dun's 7,f9lay7     
,vet]9>y ,m$ic9es4 ,d5tal ,hospital     
,ph>macopia4 ,dorvault's ,l',(fic9e4    
,daily ,telegraph4 ,encyclopdia         
,britannica4 ,eassie's ,heal?y ,h\ses4  
,fres5ius' ,qualitative ,analysis2 d41  
,quantitative4 ,field4 ,fitzwygram's    
,horses & ,/ables4 ,g>dn]'s 7,dr7       
,h\sehold ,m$ic9e4 ,g>rod's ,mat]ia     
,m$ica & ,!rapeutics4 ,hanbury &        
,flckig]'s ,ph>macologia4 ,h&book  =    

,em]g5cies 7,cassell74 ,hughes'         
,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,photography4  
,h>tley's ,wat]1 ,air1 & ,dis9fectants4 
,k+zett's ,alkali ,trade4 ,knap's       
,*emical ,te*nology 7,ri*>dson &        
,watts74 ,le!by's ,lectures on ,food4   
,lancet4 ,l& & ,wat]4 ,mill]'s ,*emical 
,physics2 ,organic & ,inorganic         
,*emi/ry4 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4    
,mey]'s ,procru/es ante ,portas 7,j4    
,t4 ,craig74 ,nature4 ,new ,rem$ies4    
,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal4 ,p>kes'         
,practical  ,hygine4 ,pay5's ,indu/rial 
,*emi/ry 7edit$ by ,dr ,paul74 ,p>eira's
  ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,pepys' ,di>y4        
,roscoe's ,elem5t>y ,*emi/ry4 ,rob]ts'  
7,dr  ,t4 ,j47 ,!ory & ,practice (      
,m$ic9e4 ,royle's ,mat]ia ,m$ica &      
,!rapeutics4 ,rob]ts' 7,dr ,w47 ,r5al   
,diseases1 c4 ,smi?'s 7,dr ,angus7 ,air 
& ,ra94 ,spon's ,work%op ,receipts4     
,society ( ,arts ,j\rnal4 ,sanit>y      
,record4 ,squire's ,companion to !      
,ph>macopia4 ,tegetmei]'s ,h\sehold     
,cook]y4 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts1     

,manufactures1 & ,m9es 7edit$ by        
,hunt74 ,wagn]'s ,*emical ,te*nology    
7edit$ by ,crookes74 ,wood & ,ba*e's    
,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory4 ,wanklyn's  
,wat] ,analysis & ,milk ,analysis4  ,ye>
 ,book ( ,ph>macy4                      
,a ,,li/                                
,,(                            ,j4  ,a4 
,,*ur*ill',s                            
,,works                                 
,,on                         ,,*emi/ry1 
,,mat]ia ,,m$ica1                       
,,ph>macy1 ,,botany1                    
,,! ,,microscope1                       
,,&                         ,,o!r       
,,bran*es ,,( ,,sci5ce                  
,,london1 #aa1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet1
                                        
,,octob]1 #ahhi4                        
,,index      ,all5's ,comm]cial ,organic
 ,analysis1                vi           
,armatage's ,vet]9>ian's ,remembranc]1  
xi      ,baily's ,physician's           
,ph>macopia1                   ix       
,beasley's ,pocket ,=mul>y1             

x      ,d4 ,druggi/'s ,receipt ,book1   
x      ,d4 ,book ( ,prescriptions1      
x      ,b5tley's ,manual ( ,botany1     
xii      ,d4 ,/ructural ,botany1        
xii      ,d4 ,sy/ematic ,botany1        
xii      ,b5tley & ,trim5's ,m$ic9al    
,plants1             xii      ,b]nay's  
,analytical ,*emi/ry1                   
v      ,b9z's ,elem5ts ( ,!rapeutics1   
vii      ,bloxam's ,*emi/ry1            
iii      ,d4 ,laboratory ,tea*+1        
iii      ,b[man's ,practical ,*emi/ry1  
iv      ,b4 ,p4 ,c4 ,un(ficial ,=mul>y1 
ix      ,br[n's ,practical ,*emi/ry1    
iv      ,cam]on's ,oils1 ,res9s1        
,v>ni%es1                 vii           
-------- ,soaps & ,c&les1               
vii      ,c>p5t]'s ,microscope & its    
,revelations1       xiii      ,*auveau's
 ,comp>ative ,anatomy1                  
xiii      ,*ur*ill's ,te*nological      
,h&books1               vii      ,cl[es'
 ,practical & ,analytical ,*emi/ry1     
iv      ,cook's ,organic ,analysis1     
iv      ,cooley's ,cyclopdia (          

,receipts1                     v        
,drap]'s ,m$ical ,physics1              
xiv      ,dunglison's ,m$ical ,lexicon1 
xv      ,ew>t's ,poison\s ,snakes (     
,india1                xiii             
,fayr]'s ,poison\s ,snakes ( ,india1    
xiii      ,flckig]'s ,c9*ona ,b>ks1     
vi      ,f[nes' & ,watts' ,*emi/ry1     
iii      ,fox's ,ozone & ,antozone1     
xv      ,frankl& & ,japp's ,inorganic   
,*emi/ry1           iv      ,fres5ius'  
,*emical ,analysis1                     
iv      ,g>dn]'s ,brew]1 ,di/ill]1 c41  
vii      ,d4 ,blea*+1 ,dye+1 c41        
vii      ,d4 ,acetic ,acid1 ,ammonia1   
c41                   vii      ,gre5e's 
,tables ( ,zoology1                     
xiv      ,h>dwi*'s ,photography1 by     
,taylor1                  xv            
,hehn]'s ,alcohol ,tables1              
vii      ,hehn] & ,angell's ,butt]      
,analysis1               vii            
,h(fmann & ,p[]'s ,*emical ,analysis1   
v      ,huxley's ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1
                   xiv      ,d4 ,anatomy

 ( ,inv]tebrates1                    xiv
      ,james's ,guide to ! ,new ,b4 ,p41
                      x      ,johnson's 
,analy/s' ,companion1                   
iv      ,kay-,%uttlewor?'s ,mod]n       
,*emi/ry1                iv             
,kohlraus*'s ,physical ,measurem5ts1    
xiv      ,lee's ,microtomi/'s ,vade     
,mecum1                   xiii          
,les*]'s ,rec5t ,mat]ia ,m$ica1         
viii      ,m>%'s ,section ,cutt+1       
iii      ,m>t9's ,microscopic ,m\nt+1   
xiii      ,mayne's ,m$ical ,vocabul>y1  
xv      ,microscopical ,j\rnal          
7,qu>t]ly71                 xii         
,mill's & ,r[an's ,fuel1                
vi      ,morley's ,organic ,*emi/ry1    
v      ,ord's ,comp>ative ,anatomy1     
xiv      ,ow5's ,manual ( ,mat]ia       
,m$ica1                  viii           
,p]eira's ,selecta  ,prescriptis1       
ix      ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal &        
,transactions1            xi            
,phillips' ,mat]ia ,m$ica1              
viii      ,price's ,photographic        

,manipulation1                  xv      
,proctor's ,practical ,ph>macy1         
ix      ,rodwell's ,natural ,philosophy1
                       xv      ,royle's 
,mat]ia ,m$ica1                         
viii      ,%ea's ,animal ,physiology1   
xiv      ,smi?'s ,ph>maceutical ,guide1 
xi      ,s\?all's ,mat]ia ,m$ica1       
viii      ,squire's ,companion to !     
,ph>macopia1             ix             
,squire's ,hospital ,ph>macopias1       
ix      ,/eggall's ,fir/ ,l9es =        
,*emi/s1                xi      ,/ill & 
,mais*'s ,national ,disp5satory1        
vii      ,/[e's ,toxicological ,*>t1    
x      ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 
vi      ,taylor on ,poisons1            
x      ,?or[good's ,mat]ia ,m$ica1      
viii      ,tir>d's ,prescrib]'s         
,ph>macopia1                  x         
,tuson's ,vet]9>y ,ph>macopia1          
xi      ,va*]'s ,prim] ( ,*emi/ry1      
iii      ,val5t9's ,qualitative         
,analysis1                     v        
,d4 ,*emical ,tables1                   

v      ,wagn]'s ,*emical ,te*nology1    
vi      ,wahltu*'s ,diction>y ( ,mat]ia 
,m$ica1          viii      ,watts'      
,inorganic ,*emi/ry1                    
iii      ,d4 ,organic ,*emi/ry1         
iii      ,williams' ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1   
xii      ,d4 ,vet]9>y ,surg]y1          
xii      ,wilson's ,zoology1            
xiv      ,witt/e9's ,ph>maceutical      
,*emi/ry1               xi      ,ye>    
,book ( ,ph>macy1                       
xi     ,! ,works adv]tis$ 9 ?is         
,catalogue may be obta9$ ?r\gh any      
,booksell] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or direct 
f ! ,publi%]s1 on  ,remittance ( _! co/4
                                     ,a 
,,li/ ,,(                          ,j4  
,a4 ,,*ur*ill',s ,,works                
,,on ,,sci5ce                           
,c4 ,l4 ,bloxam      ,,*emi/ry1         
,,inorganic & ,,organic4 ,) ,exp]im5ts4 
,by ,,*>les ,l4        ,,bloxam1 late   
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,k+'s ,college1  
,london1 &        9 ! ,dep>tm5t =       
,artill]y ,/udies1 ,woolwi*4 ,six?      

,edition4        ,) #bhh ,illu/rations4 
#hvo1 #ahs4                             
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,laboratory     
,,tea*+3 ,or1 ,progressive ,ex]cises 9  
,practical ,*emi/ry4        ,fif?       
,edition4 ,) #hi ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 
#es4 #f;d4                              
,h4 ,watts & ,w4 ,a4 ,tild5             
,,watt',s ,,manual ,,( ,,*emi/ry1       
,,!oretical ,,& ,,practical 7bas$ on    
,,f[nes'        ,,manual74        ,vol4 
,i4----,,physical ,,& ,,inorganic       
,,*emi/ry4 ,second ,edition 7,f\rte5?   
( ,f[nes'74 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,tild51  
,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor (         
,*emi/ry 9 ! ,mason ,college1 ,birm+ham4
 ,) ,col\r$ ,plate          ( ,spectra1 
& #abb ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #hs4
 #f;d4        ,vol4 ,,ii4----,,*emi/ry  
,,( ,,c>bon ,,comp\nds2 or1 ,,organic   
,,*emi/ry4 ,by          ,,h5ry ,,watts1 
,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition      
7,f\rte5? ( ,f[nes'74          ,by      
,,william ,a4 ,,tild51 ,d4,sc41         
,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 !     

,mason ,college1 ,birm+ham4 ,)          
,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4            
,f4 ,cl[es      ,,practical ,,*emi/ry   
,,& ,,qualitative ,,inorganic           
,,analysis4 ,by ,,frank        ,,cl[es1 
,d4,sc4 ,lond41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,lond4 &      
,b]l91 ,pr(essor (        ,*emi/ry at ! 
,univ]sity ,college1 ,nott+ham4 ,f\r?   
,edition1        ) #ee ,engrav+s &      
,frontispiece4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4    
,adapt$ = use 9 ! ,laboratories (       
,s*ools & ,colleges4                    
,a4 ,va*]      ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,*emi/ry1
 ,includ+ ,analysis ,by ,,ar?ur ,,va*]4 
#ahmo1 #as4                             
,r4 ,fres5ius      ,,qualitative        
,,analysis4 ,translat$ by ,,*>les ,e4   
,,groves1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,t5?                
,edition1 ) ,col\r$ ,plate ( ,spectra & 
#df ,engrav+s4 #hvo1        #aes4       
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,quantitative   
,,analysis4 ,sev5? ,edition4            
,vol4 #a4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,,va*]4 ,)  
#ajf ,engrav+s4 #hvo1 #aes4        ,vol4
 #b4 ,p>ts #a & #b4 ,translat$ by ,c4,e4

 ,,groves1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,)                 
,engrav+s4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4        
,j4 ,e4 ,b[man & ,c4 ,l4 ,bloxam        
,,practical ,,*emi/ry1 ,includ+         
,analysis4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,b[man &     
,,*>les        ,l4 ,,bloxam4 ,eigh?     
,edition4 ,) #ij ,engrav+s4 ,fcap #hvo1 
#es4 #f;d4     ,9 ?is edition ! portion 
devot$ to ,quantitative ,analysis has   
be5  consid]ably enl>g$1 & a sep>ate    
*apt] has be5 devot$ to  ,volumetric    
,analysis4 ,! nom5clature has also be5  
br\ght up to date4                      
,e4 ,frankl& & ,f4 ,r4 ,japp            
,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,edw>d      
,,frankl&1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41
 ,f4,r4,s41        ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 
9 ! ,normal ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce1 &         
,,francis        ,r4 ,,japp1 ,m4,a41    
,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor 
9 ! ,s*ool4        ,) num]\s            
,illu/rations on ,/one & ,wood4 #hvo1   
#bds4                              ,u4  
,j4 ,kay-,%uttlewor?      ,,fir/        
,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4 ,by  

,sir ,u4 ,j4 ,,kay-,,%uttlewor?1        
,b>t4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4
 #f;d4                                  
,j4 ,campbell ,br[n      ,,practical    
,,*emi/ry4 ,,"p #a4 ,qualitative        
,ex]cises & ,analytical        ,tables =
 ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,,campbell ,,br[n1    
,d4,sc4 7,lond471 ,pr(essor        (    
,*emi/ry 9 ,victoria ,univ]sity &       
,univ]sity ,college1        ,liv]pool4  
,?ird ,edition4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4        
,a4 ,e4 ,johnson      ,,! ,,analy/',s   
,,laboratory ,,companion4 ,by ,,alfr$   
,e4 ,,johnson1 ,assoc4                  
,r4,c4,sc4,i41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41    
,fir/ ,prizeman 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,physics1   
& ,ma!matics1 ,r4,c4,sc4,i4 ,cr[n #hvo1 
#es4                                    
,e4 ,h4 ,cook      ,,introductory       
,,inorganic ,,analysis4 ,a ,fir/ ,c\rse 
( ,*emical ,te/+4 ,by        ,,erne/ ,h4
 ,,cook1 ,d4,sc4,lond41 ,f4,c4,s41      
,assoc4 ,roy4 ,coll4 ,sci42             
,physical ,sci5ce ,ma/]1 ,m]*ant        
,v5tur]s ,s*ool1 ,bri/ol4 ,cr[n         

#hvo1 #as4 #f;d4                        
,h4 ,=/] ,morley      ,,outl9es ,,(     
,,organic ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,h4 ,,=/]      
,,morley1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4,sc41        ,jo9t
 ,editor ( ,watts' 8,diction>y (        
,*emi/ry40 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4        #f;d4
        ,w4 ,g4 ,val5t91 ,w4 ,r4        
,hodgk9son1 ,h4 ,*apman-,jones1 & ,f4   
,e4 ,mat!ws      ,,val5t9',s            
,,qualitative ,,*emical ,,analysis4     
,sev5? ,edition4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4       
,,hodgk9son1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,pr(essor (  
,*emi/ry & ,physics1 ,royal             
,milit>y ,academy1 & ,artill]y ,college 
,woolwi*2 assi/$ by ,h4                 
,,*apman-,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s41            
,demon/rator 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 
c41 & ,f4 ,e4 ,,mat!ws1 ,ph4,d41 (      
,coop]'s ,hill ,college4 ,)             
,engrav+s & ,map ( ,spectra4 #hvo1 #hs4 
#f;d4                             ,by ! 
same ,au?ors      ,,tables ,,= ,,!      
,,qualitative ,,analysis ,,( ,,simple   
,,& ,,comp\nd ,,sub/ances1        bo? 9 
! ,dry & ,wet ,way4 ,) ,map ( ,spectra4 

#hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4                        
,w4 ,g4 ,val5t9      ,,*emical ,,tables 
,,= ,,! ,,lecture ,,room ,,&            
,,laboratory4 ,by ,,wm4 ,g4             
,,val5t91 ,f4,c4,s41 late ,pr9cipal     
,demon/rator ( ,practical               
,*emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es &    
,sci5ce ,tra9+        ,s*ools1 ,s\?     
,k5s+ton4 ,9 five l>ge %eets 444 #es4   
#f;d4                                   
,a4 ,j4 ,b]nays      ,,notes ,,on       
,,analytical ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,9 
,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,,alb]t ,j4               
,,b]nays1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41
 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 c41 at ,/4       
,?omas's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,?ird
 ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4       
,f4 ,h(fmann & ,f4 ,b4 ,p[]      ,a     
,,manual ,,( ,,*emical ,,analysis1 ,,z  
,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,(      
,,m$ic9al ,,*emicals4 ,= ! use (        
,ph>maci/s1 ,physicians1                
,druggi/s1 ,manufactur+ ,*emi/s1 &      
,ph>maceutical & ,m$ical        ,/ud5ts4
 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,h(fmann1 ,a4,m41       

,ph4,d41 ,public ,analy/ to !           
,/ate ( ,new ,york1 c42 & ,,fr$]ick ,b4 
,,p[]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor (             
,analytical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,philadelphia  
,college ( ,ph>macy4 ,?ird              
,edition1 ) #agi ,engrav+s4 #hvo1 #ahs4 
,r4 ,v4 ,tuson      ,,cooley',s         
,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,practical           
,,receipts1 ,,& ,,collat]al ,,in=mation 
,,9 ,,! ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1         
,,pr(essions1 ,,& ,,trades3 ,includ+    
,m$ic9e1 ,ph>macy1 ,hygi5e & ,dome/ic   
,economy4 ,design$ z a                  
,compreh5sive ,supplem5t to !           
,ph>macopias & ,g5]al ,book (           
,ref]5ce = ! ,manufactur]1 ,tradesman1  
,amateur1 & ,heads (        ,families4  
,six? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,rewritt5 by  
,pr(essor ,,ri*>d        ,v4 ,,tuson1   
,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 assi/$ by sev]al  
,sci5tific        ,contributors4 ,) _m  
,engrav+s4 #b ,vols41 #a1hjj pp4 #hvo1  
#dbs4                           ,e4 ,j4 
,mills & ,f4 ,j4 ,r[an      ,,fuel ,,&  
,,its ,,applications4 ,by ,e4 ,j4       

,,mills1 ,d4,sc1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,f4 ,j4   
,,r[an1 ,c4,e4 ,be+ ,vol4 ,i4 ( ,*emical
 ,te*nology1 or ,*emi/ry 9        its   
application to ,arts & ,manufactures4   
,edit$ by ,,*>les ,e4        ,,groves1  
,f4,r4,s41 & ,,william ,,?orp1 ,b4,sc1 )
 :i* is incorporat$        8,,ri*>dson &
 ,,watts' ,*emical ,te*nology40 ,) #fjf 
,engrav+s1        #hjb pp4 ,roy4 #hvo1  
#cjs4                                   
,a4 ,h4 ,all5      ,,comm]cial ,,organic
 ,,analysis2 ,a ,treatise on !          
,prop]ties1 ,modes (        ,assay+1    
,proximate ,analytical ,exam9ation1 c41 
( ! v>i\s        ,organic ,*emicals &   
,products employ$ 9 ! ,arts1            
,manufactures1        ,m$ic9e1 c4 ,)    
,concise ,me?ods = ! ,detection &       
,det]m9ation ( _! ,impurities1          
,adult]ations1 & ,products (            
,decomposition4 ,9 #c ,volumes4 ,by     
,,alfr$ ,h4 ,,all51 ,f4,i4,c41          
,f4,c4,s41        ,public ,analy/ = !   
,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ! ,nor!rn       
,division ( ,d]by%ire1 c4 ,second       

,edition4        ,vol4 ,i4----,alcohols1
 ,neutral ,alcoholic ,d]ivatives1       
,sug>s1 ,/>* &          its ,isom]s1    
,vegetable ,acids1 c4 ,) ,illu/rations4 
#hvo41 #ads4        ,vol4 ,,ii4----,fix$
 ,oils & ,fats1 ,hydroc>bons1 ,ph5ols1  
c4 ,)          ,illu/rations4 #hvo1     
#ags4 #f;d4        ,vol4 ,,iii4----,"p  
,i4 ,aromatic ,acids1 ,tann9s1 ,dyes1 & 
,col\r+          ,matt]s4 #hvo1 #ads4   
,"p ,,ii4 ,organic ,bases1 ,cyanog5     
,comp\nds1 ,album9oids1 c4 ,9 !         
,press4                                 
,f4 ,sutton      ,a ,,sy/ematic ,,h&book
 ,,( ,,volumetric ,,analysis2 or1 !     
,quantitative        ,e/imation (       
,*emical ,sub/ances by ,measure1 appli$ 
to ,liquids1        ,solids1 & ,gases4  
,adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ,pure        
,*emical        ,rese>*1 ,pa?ological   
,*emi/ry1 ,ph>macy1 ,metallurgy1        
,manufactur+ ,*emi/ry1 ,photography1 c41
 & = ! ,valuation (        ,sub/ances   
us$ 9 ,comm]ce1 ,agriculture1 & ! ,arts4
 ,by ,,francis        ,,sutton1         

,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,public ,analy/ = 
! ,c\nty ( ,norfolk4        ,fif?       
,edition1 ) #ij ,engrav+s4 #hvo1 #afs4  
,f4 ,a4 ,flckig]      ,,! ,,c9*ona      
,,b>ks3 ,ph>macogno/ically ,consid]$4   
,by ,,fri$ri* ,a4        ,,fl,,ckig]1   
,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity (     
,/rasburg1        ,g]many4 ,translat$ f 
! ,orig9al ,text1 ) "s additional       
,notes1 by ,,fr$]ick ,b4 ,,p[]1 ,ph4,d41
 ,pr(essor ( ,ph>macy &        ,mat]ia  
,m$ica 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,) #h
 ,li?ographic        ,plates & #a       
,woodcut 444 ,royal #hvo1 #gs4          
,r4 ,wagn] & ,w4 ,crookes      ,,h&book 
,,( ,,*emical ,,te*nology4 ,by ,,rudolf 
,,wagn]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor (           
,*emical ,te*nology at ! ,univ]sity (   
,wurtzburg4 ,translat$ &        ,edit$ f
 ! ,eigh? ,g]man ,edition1 ) ,ext5sive  
,additions1 by        ,,william         
,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #ccf ,engrav+s4 
#hvo1 #bes4     ,! design ( ?is "w is to
 %[ ! application ( ! sci5ce (  *emi/ry 
to ! v>i\s manufactures & indu/ries4 ,! 

subjects are  treat$ ( 9 eight          
divisions1 z foll[s3----#a4 ,*emical    
,metallurgy1  ,alloys1 & ,prep>ations   
made & obta9$ f ,metals4 #b4 ,crude     
,mat]ials  & ,products ( ,*emical       
,indu/ry4 #c4 ,glass1 ,c]amic ,w>e1     
,gypsum1 ,lime1  ,mort>4 #d4 ,vegetable 
,fibres4 #e4 ,animal ,sub/ances4 #f4    
,dye+ & ,calico  ,pr9t+4 #g4 ,artificial
 ,light4 #h4 ,fuel & ,heat+ ,app>atus4  
,,*ur*ill',s ,,te*nological ,,h&books4  
,edit$ by ,john ,g>dn]1 ,f4,i4,c41      
,f4,c4,s41 & ,james ,cam]on1 ,f4,i4,c41 
,analy/ 9 ! ,laboratory ( ,som]set      
,h\se4      ,,! ,,brew]1 ,,di/ill]1 ,,& 
,,w9e ,,manufactur]3 ,giv+ directions = 
!        ,manufacture ( ,be]s1 ,spirits1
 ,w9es1 ,liqueurs1 c4 ,)                
,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4       
,,blea*+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,calico ,,pr9t+4 
,) ,=mul4 ,) ,engrav+s4        ,cr[n    
#hvo1 #es4      ,,acetic ,,acid ,,&     
,,v9eg>1 ,,ammonia1 ,,& ,,alum4 ,) #bh  
,engrav+s4 ,cr[n        #hvo1 #es4      
,,oils1 ,,res9s1 ,,& ,,v>ni%es4 ,)      

,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4       
,,soaps ,,& ,,c&les4 ,) #ed ,engrav+s4  
,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4                        
,/ill & ,mais*      ,,! ,,national      
,,disp5satory2 conta9+ ! ,natural       
,hi/ory1 ,*emi/ry1        ,ph>macy1     
,actions & ,uses ( ,m$ic9es1 includ+ ^? 
recognis$        9 ! ,ph>macopias ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 &         
,g]many1 ) num]\s ref]5ces to ! ,fr5*   
,codex4 ,by ,,alfr$        ,,/ill1      
,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 
! ,univ]sity (        ,p5nsylvania2 &   
,,john ,m4 ,,mais*1 ,ph>4,d41 ,pr(essor 
( ,mat]ia        ,m$ica & ,botany 9 !   
,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy4 ,f\r?
        ,edition1 ) #caa ,engrav+s4     
#a1ghapp4 #hvo1 #cfs4                   
,c4 ,b9z      ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,(         
,,!rapeutics4 ,a ,cl9ical ,guide to !   
,action ( ,drugs4        ,by ,c4 ,,b9z1 
,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,ph>macology 9 !    
,univ]sity (        ,bonn4 ,translat$ & 
,edit$ ) ,additions1 9 ,con=mity ) !    
,briti% & ,am]ican ,ph>macopias1 by     

,,edw>d ,i4 ,,sp>ks1 ,f4,r4,c4,p41      
,m4,a41 ,m4,b4 ,oxon41 =m]ly ,radcliffe 
,travell+ ,fell[4 ,cr[n #hvo1           
#hs4 #f;d4                              
,o4 ,hehn]      ,,alcohol ,,tables1 giv+
 = all ,specific ,gravities1 f #ajjjj to
        #jgich ! ,p]c5tages ( ,absolute 
,alcohol1 by ,weight & by               
,volume1 & ( ,pro( ,_s4 ,by ,,otto      
,,hehn]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analy/     
= ! ,isle ( ,wight & = ! ,bor\ghs (     
,d]by & ,ryde4 ,roy4        #hvo1 #cs4  
#f;d4                             ,o4   
,hehn] & ,a4 ,angell      ,,butt]2 ,its 
,analysis & ,adult]ations1 specially    
treat+ on !        ,detection &         
,det]m9ation ( ,=eign ,fats4 ,by ,,otto 
,,hehn]1        ,f4,c4,s41 & ,,ar?ur    
,,angell1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,public ,analy/ 
= ! ,c\nty        ( ,s\?ampton4 ,second 
,edition4 ,entirely re-writt5 & augm5t$4
        ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4          
,j4 ,f4 ,royle & ,j4 ,h>ley             
,,royle',s ,,manual ,,( ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica
 ,,& ,,!rapeutics4 ,six? ,edition4 ,)   

,supplem5t ( ,additions & ,alt]ations   
conta9$ 9 ! ,b4 ,p4        #ahhe4 ,by   
,,john ,,h>ley1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,) 
#aci ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n        #hvo1 #aes4
    8,?is ,manual is1 to our m9ds1      
unrivall$ 9 any language =  cond5sation1
 accuracy1 & complet5ess (              
in=mation40----,briti%  ,m$ical ,j\rnal4
                                 ,j4 ,c4
 ,?or[good      ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,guide  
,,to ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica ,,& ,,!rapeutics1 
9 accordance        ) ! ,briti%         
,ph>macopia4 ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,?or[good1 
,m4,d4 ,lond41        ,f4,r4,c4,p41     
,lectur] on ,mat]ia ,m$ica at !         
,middlesex ,hospital4        ,second    
,edition1 ) ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4
                                ,c4 ,d4 
,f4 ,phillips      ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica ,,& 
,,!rapeutics3 ,by ,,*>les ,d4 ,f4       
,,phillips1 ,m4,d41        ,f4,r4,s4    
,ed94 ,vegetable ,k+dom----,organic     
,comp\nds----,animal ,k+dom4            
#hvo1 #bes4                             
,i4 ,ow5      ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica2 a       

,manual = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,by         
,,isamb>d ,,ow51        ,m4,d41         
,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,lectur] on ,mat]ia ,m$ica
 & ,!rapeutics at ,/4        ,george's  
,hospital4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1
 #fs4 #f;d4                             
,w4 ,s\?all      ,,! ,,organic ,,mat]ia 
,,m$ica ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,ph>macop,,ia1
 sy/ematically        arrang$2 ) ,brief 
,notices ( ! ,rem$ies conta9$ 9 !       
,indian & ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopias1 & ,%ort 
,descriptions ( _!        ,*ief         
,adult]ants & ,sub/itutions4 ,by ,w4    
,,s\?all1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,f\r?               
,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4              
,f4 ,h4 ,les*]      ,,rec5t ,,mat]ia    
,,m$ica4 ,notes on _! ,orig9 &          
,!rapeutics4 ,by ,f4        ,,h>wood    
,,les*]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,p]eira ,m$alli/4   
,?ird ,edition4 #hvo #bs4        #f;d4  
,a4 ,wahltu*      ,a ,,diction>y ,,(    
,,mat]ia ,,m$ica ,,& ,,!rapeutics4 ,by  
,,adolphe ,,wahltu*1        ,m4,d4 #hvo1
 #ajs4 #f;d4     ,! purpose ( ?is "w is 
to give a tabul> arrangem5t ( all drugs 

specifi$ 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia (      
#ahfg4 ,e table is divid$ into  six     
p>ts3----7#a7 ,! ,"n & ,synonyms2 7#b7  
,"* & ,prop]ties or  ,composition2 7#c7 
,physiological ,effects & ,!rapeutics2  
7#d7 ,=m &  ,doses2 7#e7 ,prep>ations2  
7#f7 ,prescriptions4 ,o!r matt]         
elucidatory  ( ! ,ph>macopia is add$ to 
! "w4                                   
,b4 ,s4 ,proctor      ,,lectures ,,on   
,,practical ,,ph>macy4 ,by ,,b>n>d ,s4  
,,proctor1 =m]ly        ,lectur] on     
,ph>macy at ! ,college ( ,m$ic9e1       
,newca/le-on-,tyne4        ,second      
,edition4 ,) #dd ,wood ,engrav+s & #cb  
,li?ograph        ,fac-,simile          
,prescriptions4 #hvo1 #ads4             
,j4 ,p]eira      ,,selecta              
,,prescriptis4 ,selections f            
,physicians' ,prescriptions4            
,conta9+ ,li/s ( ,t]ms1 ,phrases1       
,contractions1 ,abbreviations1          
,grammatical ,con/ruction1 ,rules =     
,pronunciation1 ,vocabul>y1 c4        ,)
 a ,s]ies ( ,abbreviat$ ,prescriptions &

 ,key to ! same1        ) ,translations4
 ,= ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,jona?an     
,,p]eira1        ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4      
,sev5te5? ,edition4 #bdmo1 #es4         
,p4 ,squire      ,,companion ,,to ,,!   
,,briti% ,,ph>macop,,ia 7late/          
,edition71 comp>+ !        /r5g? ( its  
v>i\s prep>ations ) ^? ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 & o!r ,=eign ,ph>macopias1 to   
:i* are add$        ,non-(ficial        
,prep>ations1 & ,practical ,h9ts on     
,prescrib+2 also        a ,tabul>       
,arrangem5t ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica = ,/ud5ts1 
an ,app5dix        conta9+ ,articles    
employ$ 9 ,*emical ,te/+1 & ,analyses ( 
! ,pr9cipal ,spas ( ,europe4 ,by ,,pet] 
,,squire1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,edit$ by 8         
,sons ,p4 ,w4 ,,squire1 ,f4,l4,s41      
,f4,c4,s41 & ,a4 ,h4 ,,squire4 ,f\rte5? 
,edition4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4             
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,ph>macop,,ias  
,,( ,,! ,,london ,,hospitals4 ,fif?     
,edition4 ,fcap #hvo1 #fs4     ,mr4     
,,squire has collect$ all ! ,=mul us$ 9 
tw5ty-five ( !  pr9cipal ,hospitals (   

,london1 & arrang$ !m 9 gr\ps =         
comp>ison4  ,^! ,=mul 7 revis$ & approv$
 by ! m$ical /aff ( ea* (  ! ,hospitals1
 & may !re=e be tak5 z an excell5t guide
 to !  m$ical practition]1 bo? z to dose
 & be/ m5/ruum 9 prescrib+4  ,! ,diet   
,tables ( ! ,hospitals are also includ$4
                                     ,j4
 ,baily      ,a ,,physician',s          
,,ph>macop,,ia4 7,contraction ,ph4 ,ph47
 ,conta9+        ,prescriptions = !     
,novel ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,loz5ges1       
includ+        ,nitro-,glyc]9e1 ,coca9e1
 c41 & o!r active rem$ies 9 exact       
doses4 ,by ,j4 ,,baily1 ,ph>maci/1      
,m>gate4 ,royal #bdmo1 lea!r            
b9d+1 #cs4 #f;d4                        
,briti% ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce        
,,! ,b4 ,p4 ,c4 ,un(ficial ,=mul>y1     
#ahhh4 ,compil$ by a ,committee ( !     
,briti% ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce4 #hvo1 
#f;d42 or ,int]leav$1 clo?1        #as4 
,n4 ,tir>d      ,,! ,,prescrib]',s      
,,ph>macop,,ia3 conta9+ all ! ,m$ic9es 9
 !        ,briti% ,ph>macopia arrang$ 9 

,classes accord+ to _! ,action1        )
 _! ,composition & ,doses4 ,six?        
,edition4 ,by ,,ne/or ,,tir>d1          
,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,pr(essor (       
,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,!rapeutics 9          
,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,fcap4 #cbmo1  
b\nd 9 lea!r1 #cs4                      
,pross] ,james4      ,,guide ,,to ,,!   
,,new ,b4 ,p4 ,epitome ( ,*anges1 &     
,acc\nt ( all ! ,new                    
,prep>ations4 ,_! ,*>act]s1 ,actions1   
,uses1 c4 ,) ,full        ,!rapeutical  
,comm5t>y4 ,by ,,pross] ,,james1 ,m4,d41
 ,lectur] on        ,mat]ia ,m$ica &    
,!rapeutics at ! ,london ,hospital4     
,?ird        ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 
#f;d4                                   
,a4 ,s4 ,taylor      ,,poisons ,,9      
,,relation ,,to ,,m$ical ,,jurisprud5ce 
,,& ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,s4           
,,taylor1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 late       
,pr(essor ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce to    
,guy's ,hospital4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) #ajd
 ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #afs4           
,w4 ,/[e      ,a ,,toxicological ,,*>t1 

,exhibit+ at "o view ! ,symptoms1       
,treatm5t1        & ,mode ( ,detect+ !  
,v>i\s ,poisons1 ,m9]al1 ,vegetable1 &  
,animal4 ,to :i* are add$ concise       
,directions = ! ,treatm5t (             
,susp5d$ ,animation4 ,by ,,william      
,,/[e1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4,e4 ,?irte5?         
,edition4 ,%eet1 #bs42 ,roll]1 #es4     
,h4 ,beasley      ,,! ,,pocket ,,=mul>y 
,,& ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,&     
,,=eign        ,,ph>macop,,ias3 conta9+ 
all ! ,=mul ( ! ,b4 ,p4 ( #ahhe1 &      
compris+ ,/&>d1 approv$1 & mo/ rec5t    
,=mul = !        ,prep>ations &         
,comp\nds employ$ 9 ,m$ical ,practice4  
,by ,,h5ry        ,,beasley4 ,elev5?    
,edition4 #ahmo1 #fs4 #f;d4             
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,! ,,druggi/',s 
,,g5]al ,,receipt-,,book3 ,compris+ a   
,copi\s ,vet]9>y        ,=mul>y2 ,num]\s
 ,recipes 9 ,pat5t & ,propriet>y        
,m$ic9es1        ,druggi/s' ,no/rums1   
c42 ,p]fum]y1 & ,cosmetics2 ,bev]ages1  
,dietetic ,articles & ,condim5ts2       
,photographic ,*emicals &        ,=mul2 

,trade ,*emicals2 ,sci5tific ,processes2
 & an ,app5dix (        ,useful ,tables4
 ,n9? ,edition4 #ahmo1 #fs4 #f;d4       
,also      ,,! ,,book ,,(               
,,prescriptions3 ,conta9+ upw>ds (      
#c1jjj ,prescriptions        collect$ f 
! ,practice ( ! mo/ em95t ,physicians & 
,surgeons1 ,engli% & ,=eign4 ,compris+  
also a ,comp5di\s        ,hi/ory ( !    
,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,li/s ( ! ,doses ( all  
,(ficial        or ,e/abli%$            
,prep>ations1 & an ,index ( ,diseases & 
,rem$ies4        ,six? ,edition4 #ahmo1 
#fs4 #f;d4    8,mr4 ,beasley's #8,pocket
 ,=mul>y1' #8,druggi/'s ,receipt-,book1'
 & #8,book (  ,prescriptions' =m a      
compact libr>y ( ref]5ce admirably suit$
 =  ! disp5s+ desk40----,*emi/ &        
,druggi/4        ,,! ,,ph>maceutical    
,,j\rnal ,,& ,,transactions4 ,publi%$   
weekly4 ,price        #d;d4 ,annual     
subscription1 po/ free1 #bjs4        ,,!
 ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,ph>macy3 ,conta9+ ! 
,proce$+s at ! ,ye>ly        ,meet+ ( ! 
,briti% ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce1 & a   

,report on        ! ,progress (         
,ph>macy1 :i* includes notices ( all    
,ph>maceutical ,pap]s1 new ,processes1  
,prep>ations1 & ,=mul        publi%$    
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,publi%$ annually 9       
,decemb]4        #hvo1 #ahgc to         
#ahhh----ajs4 ea* ye>ly volume4         
,g5]al ,index to ! ,volumes = #ahfd to  
#ahhe inclusive4 #cs4 #f;d4             
,g4 ,c4 ,witt/e9      ,,practical       
,,ph>maceutical ,,*emi/ry3 ,an          
,explanation ( ,*emical &               
,ph>maceutical ,processes2 ) ! ,me?ods (
 ,te/+ ! ,purity (        !             
,prep>ations1 d$uc$ f ,orig9al          
,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,c4            
,,witt/e94 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man
 ,edition by ,,/eph5        ,,d>by      
#ahmo1 #fs4                             
,j4 ,/eggall      ,,fir/ ,,l9es ,,=     
,,*emi/s ,,& ,,druggi/s prep>+ =        
,exam9ation at !        ,ph>maceutical  
,society4 ,by ,,john ,,/eggall1 ,m4,d4  
,?ird ,edition #ahmo1        #cs4 #f;d4 
,j4 ,b4 ,smi?      ,,ph>maceutical      

,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second    
,,exam9ations4 ,by ,,john        ,,b>k] 
,,smi?4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1   
#fs4 #f;d4        ,,lat9                
,,gramm>----,,fractions----,,metric     
,,sy/em----,,mat]ia                     
,,m$ica----,,botany----                 
,,ph>macy----,,*emi/ry----,,prescription
s4                                   ,r4
 ,v4 ,tuson      ,a ,,ph>macop,,ia1     
,,includ+ ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mat]ia    
,,m$ica ,,&        ,,!rapeutics1 = !    
,use ( ,practition]s & ,/ud5ts (        
,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,v4       
,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 late ,pr(essor (    
,*emi/ry1 ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,toxicology  
at ! ,royal ,vet]9>y        ,college4   
,f\r? ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4   
8,n only practition]s & /ud5ts ( vet]9>y
 m$ic9e1 b *emi/s  & druggi/s w f9d t   
?is book supplies a want 9 want 9       
vet]9>y lit]ature40----,*emi/ &         
,druggi/4                               
,g4 ,armatage      ,,! ,,vet]9>ian',s   
,,pocket ,,remembranc]3 be+ ,concise    

,directions =        ! ,treatm5t (      
,urg5t or ,r>e ,cases1 embrac+          
,semeiology1        ,diagnosis1         
,prognosis1 ,surg]y1 ,!rapeutics1       
,toxicology1 ,detection        (        
,poisons by _! ,appropriate ,te/s1      
,hygi5e1 c4 ,by ,,george                
,,armatage1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,second     
,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 #cs4               
,w4 ,williams      ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,&  
,,practice ,,( ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e4 ,by  
,,william        ,,williams1            
,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41          
,pr9cipal1 & ,pr(essor (        ,vet]9>y
 ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y at ! ,new ,vet]9>y   
,college1        ,ed9burgh4 ,fif?       
,edition1 ) sev]al ,col\r$ ,plates &    
,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #cjs4                  
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,! ,,pr9ciples  
,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,vet]9>y ,,surg]y4  
,six? ,edition4 ,)        ,plates & #aci
 ,woodcuts4 #hvo1 #cjs4                 
,r4 ,b5tley & ,h4 ,trim5      ,,m$ic9al 
,,plants3 be+ ,descriptions ) ,orig9al  
,figures ( !        ,pr9cipal ,plants   

employ$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 & an ,acc\nt ( _!    
,prop]ties & ,uses4 ,by ,,rob]t         
,,b5tley1 ,f4,l4,s41 late ,pr(essor (   
,botany 9 ,k+'s ,college1 & to !        
,ph>maceutical ,society2 &        ,,h5ry
 ,,trim51 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 
late ,lectur] on ,botany 9 ,/4          
,m>y's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,9 #d  
,vols41 l>ge #hvo1 ) #cjf        ,col\r$
 ,plates1 b\nd 9 half morocco1 gilt     
edges1 #aa #aas4                        
,r4 ,b5tley      ,a ,,manual ,,(        
,,botany3 ,includ+ ! ,/ructure1         
,classification1        ,prop]ties1     
,uses & ,functions ( ,plants4 ,by       
,,rob]t ,,b5tley1        ,f4,l4,s41 late
 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,k+'s ,college1 &
 to !        ,ph>maceutical ,society4   
,fif? ,edition1 ) #a1agh ,engrav+s4     
,cr[n        #hvo1 #aes4                
,by ! same ,au?or      ,,! ,,/ud5t',s   
,,guide ,,to ,,/ructural1               
,,morphological1 ,,& ,,physiological    
,,botany4 ,) #ffj ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4     
#hvo1 #gs4 #f;d                         

,also      ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,guide ,,to  
,,sy/ematic ,,botany1 includ+ !         
,classification        ( ,plants &      
,descriptive ,botany4 ,) #ceg ,engrav+s4
 ,fcap4 #hvo1        #cs4 #f;d          
,,! ,,qu>t]ly ,,j\rnal ,,(              
,,microscopical ,,sci5ce4 7,e/abli%$ 9  
#aheb47        ,edit$ by ,e4 ,,ray      
,,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 
,pr(essor (        ,zoology 9 ,univ]sity
 ,college1 ,london2 ) ! co-op]ation (   
,e4        ,,kle91 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41   
,h4 ,n4 ,,moseley1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41    
,f4,r4,s41 & ,,adam        ,,s$gwick1   
,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ea* ,numb]1 #ajs4    
,mo/ ( ! ,memoirs are illu/rat$ by      
,woodcuts & ,li?ographic ,plates1  _m   
be+ ,col\r$4 ,! ,j\rnal conta9s1 9      
addition1 ,notes &  ,memor&a1 ,reviews (
 ,books1 ,qu>t]ly ,*ronicle1 & ,proce$+s
 (  ,societies4                         
,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]      ,,! ,,microscope   
,,& ,,its ,,revelations4 ,by ,w4 ,b4    
,,c>p5t]1 ,c4,b41 ,m4,d41               
,f4,r4,s4 ,sev5? ,edition1 edit$ by     

,rev4 ,dr4 ,,dall+]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,)       
_m ,plates & ov] #ejj ,wood ,engrav+s1 &
 a ,col\r$        ,frontispiece ,cr[n   
#hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4                      
,s4 ,m>%      ,,section ,,cutt+3 a      
,practical ,guide to ! ,prep>ation &    
,m\nt+ (        ,sections = !           
,microscope1 special prom95ce be+ giv5  
to !        subject ( ,animal ,sections4
 ,by ,dr4 ,,sylve/] ,,m>%4 ,second      
,edition1        ) #ag ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4
 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4                       
,j4 ,h4 ,m>t9      ,a ,,manual ,,(      
,,microscopic ,,m\nt+2 ) ,notes on !    
,collection &        ,exam9ation (      
,objects4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,m>t91 ,memb] 
( ! ,society (        ,public ,analy/s1 
au?or ( 8,microscopic ,objects40 ,second
 ,edition4        ,) #aej ,engrav+s4    
#hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4                        
,a4 ,b4 ,lee      ,,! ,,microtomi/',s   
,,vade-,,mecum3 a ,h&book ( ! ,me?ods ( 
,microscopic        ,anatomy1 compris+  
upw>ds ( #fjj ,=mul & ,me?ods collect$  
f ! practice ( ! be/ work]s4 ,by ,,ar?ur

 ,,bolles ,,lee4 ,cr[n        #hvo1 #hs4
 #f;d4                                  
,j4 ,fayr]      ,,! ,,?anatophidia ,,(  
,,india2 be+ a ,description ( ! ,v5om\s 
,snakes        ( ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,) 
an ,acc\nt ( ! ,influ5ce ( _!           
,poison on ,life1 & a ,s]ies (          
,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,,fayr]1       
,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll ,d41 ,m4,d41         
,f4,r4,s41 ,physician to ! ,secret>y (  
,/ate        = ,india 9 ,c\ncil2 late   
,presid5t ( ! ,asiatic ,society (       
,b5gal4 ,second ,edition1 ) #ca ,plates 
7#bh ,col\r$74 ,folio1 #gl4        #gs4 
,j4 ,ew>t      ,,! ,,poison\s ,,snakes  
,,( ,,india4 ,compil$ by ,,joseph       
,,ew>t1 ,m4,d41        ,f4,r4,c4,p41    
,surgeon-,major 9 ! ,b5gal ,army1       
,presid5t ( ! ,snake        ,poison     
,commission4 ,) #ba ,plates 7#ai be+    
,col\r$74 ,cr[n #dto1        #cas4 #f;d4
                            ,a4 ,*auveau
 & ,g4 ,flem+      ,,*auveau',s         
,,comp>ative ,,anatomy ,,( ,,!          
,,dome/icat$ ,,animals4 ,translat$      

f ! ,second ,fr5* ,edition1 & ,edit$ by 
,,george ,,flem+1        ,f4,r4,g4,s41  
,pr9cipal ,vet]9>y ,surgeon ( ! ,army2  
,au?or (        8,travels on ,horseback 
9 ,mant*u ,t>t>y10 8,horse-%oes &       
,horse-%oe+10 8,animal ,plagues10 etc4  
,) #dej ,engrav+s4 #hvo1        #cas4   
#f;d4    8,we h no?+ b praise to be/[ on
 ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,flem+  has p]=m$ 8 
"w40----,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review4     
,t4 ,h4 ,huxley      ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,!
 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,inv]tebrat$ ,,animals4 
,by ,pr(4 ,,huxley1        ,,ll4,d41    
,f4,r4,s4 ,) #aeh ,engrav+s4 ,po/ #hvo1 
#afs4                              ,by !
 same ,au?or      ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,!   
,,anatomy ,,( ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals4 ,) 
#aaj ,engrav+s4        ,po/ #hvo1 #abs4 
,w4 ,m4 ,ord      ,,notes ,,on          
,,comp>ative ,,anatomy3 a ,syllabus ( a 
,c\rse ( ,lectures        deliv]$ at ,/4
 ,?omas's ,hospital4 ,by ,,william      
,,mill] ,,ord1 ,m4,b4        ,lond41    
,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to ! ,hospital1
 & ,lectur] 9 its        ,m$ical ,s*ool4

 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4                       
,j4 ,%ea      ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,animal  
,,physiology4 ,) ,app5dix ( ,exam9ation 
,que/ions4        ,by ,,john ,,%ea1     
,m4,d41 ,b4,a4 ,lond4 ,) num]\s         
,engrav+s4 ,fcap #hvo1        #es4 #f;d4
                                   ,j4  
,r4 ,gre5e      ,,tables ,,( ,,zoology3 
indicat+ ! ,tribes1 ,sub-,ord]s1 ,ord]s1
 &        ,high] ,gr\ps ( ! ,animal     
,k+dom1 = ,/ud5ts1 ,lectur]s1 &         
o!rs4 ,by ,j4 ,,reay ,,gre5e1 ,m4,d41   
late ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory       
9 ! ,que5's ,univ]sity 9 ,irel&4 ,?ree  
l>ge %eets1 #es4 !        set2 or1 m\nt$
 on canvas1 ) roll] & v>ni%$4 #abs4     
#f;d4                                   
,a4 ,wilson      ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,guide 
,,to ,,zoology ,a ,manual ( ! ,pr9ciples
 ( ,zoological        ,sci5ce4 ,by      
,,&rew ,,wilson1 ,au?or ( 8,elem5ts (   
,zoology10 &        ,lectur] on         
,zoology1 ,ed9burgh4 ,) ,engrav+s4 ,fcap
 #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4                       
,f4 ,kohlraus*      ,,an ,,introduction 

,,to ,,physical ,,measurem5ts4 ,)       
,app5dices on ,absolute                 
,electrical ,measurem5t1 etc4 ,by ,dr4  
,f4 ,,kohlraus*1 ,pr(essor 9            
,ord9>y at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4     
,second ,edition4 ,translat$        f ! 
,f\r? ,g]man ,edition by ,t4 ,h4        
,,wall]1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc41 & ,h4         
,r4 ,,proct]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,) #cg          
,engrav+s4 #hvo1 #aes4                  
,j4 ,c4 ,drap]      ,a ,,text-,,book ,,(
 ,,m$ical ,,physics1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts 
&        ,practition]s ( ,m$ic9e4 ,by   
,,john ,c4 ,,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41   
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,physics 9 !     
,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( !        ,univ]sity 
( ,new ,york4 ,) #cgg ,engrav+s4 #hvo1  
#ahs4                                   
,l4 ,price      ,a ,,manual ,,(         
,,photographic ,,manipulation4 ,by      
,,lake ,,price4 ,second ,edition1       
) num]\s ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4    
#f;d4     ,among/ ! ,cont5ts are !      
,practical ,treatm5t (                  
,portraits----,gr\ps 9  !               

,/udio----,l&scapes----,gr\ps 9 ,op5    
,air----,in/antane\s                    
,pictures----,animals----,ar*itecture---
-,m>9e ,subjects----,/ill               
,life----,copy+ (  ,pictures1 ,pr9ts1   
,draw+s1 ,manuscripts1                  
,int]iors----,/]eoscopy 9               
,microphotography1 c41 & ,notices ( !   
la/ ,inv5tions & ,improvem5ts  9 ,l5ses1
 ,app>atus1 c4                       ,t4
 ,f4 ,h>dwi* & ,j4 ,traill ,taylor      
,,h>dwi*',s ,,manual ,,( ,,photographic 
,,*emi/ry1 ,!oretical & ,practical4     
,n9? ,edition4 ,by ,j4 ,,traill         
,,taylor1 ,editor ( ! ,photographic     
,times & ,am]ican ,photograph]1 & =m]ly 
,editor ( !        ,briti% ,j\rnal (    
,photography4 ,) #eg ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4  
#hvo4        #gs4 #f;d4                 
,c4 ,b4 ,fox      ,,ozone ,,&           
,,antozone3 _! ,hi/ory & ,nature4 ,by   
,,cornelius ,b4 ,,fox1        ,m4,d41   
late ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,c5tral &
 ,ea/ ,essex4        ,) ,col\r$ ,plates4
 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4                      

,g4 ,f4 ,rodwell      ,,notes ,,on      
,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,lectures       
deliv]$ at ,guy's ,hospital1 by         
,g4 ,f4 ,,rodwell1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,sci5ce
 ,ma/] 9 ,m>lbor\gh ,college4        ,) 
#dh ,engrav+s4 ,fcap #hvo #es4          
,r4 ,dunglison      ,,m$ical ,,lexicon3 
,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,m$ical ,,sci5ce4   
,conta9+ a ,concise        ,explanation 
( ! v>i\s ,subjects & ,t]ms ( ,anatomy1 
,physiology1 ,pa?ology1 ,hygi5e1        
,!rapeutics1 ,ph>macology1              
,ph>macy1 ,surg]y1 ,ob/etrics1 ,m$ical  
,jurisprud5ce1 &        ,d5ti/ry1       
,notices ( ,climate & ( ,m9]al ,wat]s1  
,=mul =        ,(fic9al1 ,empirical1 &  
,dietetic ,prep>ations2 ) !             
,acc5tuation & ,etymology ( ! ,t]ms1 & !
 ,fr5* & o!r        ,synonyms4 ,by      
,,robley ,,dunglison1 ,m4,d4 ,new       
,edition1 by ,,ri*>d ,j4                
,,dunglison1 ,m4,d4 ,royal #hvo 7#a1acj 
pp471 #bhs4    8,?is title1 ambiti\s &  
exhau/ible z x is1 simply & tru?fully   
describes ?is mo/ valuable & le>n$ "w1  

:i* briefly b  di/9ctly gives any "o :o 
consults x1 9 ! mo/ accessible =m1 a    
va/ am\nt ( in=mation on m$ical         
t]m9ology ( all  k9ds40----,ed9burgh    
,m$ical ,j\rnal4                        
,r4 ,g4 ,mayne & ,w4 ,w4 ,wag/affe4     
,,mayne',s ,,m$ical ,,vocabul>y3 be+ an 
,explanation ( all ,names &             
,phrases us$ 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts (      
,m$ical ,sci5ce &        ,practice1 giv+
 _! ,d]ivation1 ,mean+1 ,application1 & 
,pronunciation4 ,six? ,edition4 ,revis$ 
& ,enl>g$ by ,w4 ,w4        ,,wag/affe1 
,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4  
#f;d4    8,we h ref]r$ to ?is "w hundr$s
 ( times1 & h always obta9$  ! in=mation
 we requir$4444 ,*emical1 ,botanical1 & 
,ph>maceutical  ,t]ms are to be f\nd on 
almo/ e page40----,*emi/ & ,druggi/4    
,,! foll[+ ,,catalogues issu$ by ,j4    
,a4 ,,*ur*ill                w be =w>d$ 
po/ free on application3        ,a4 ,j4 
,a4 ,*ur*ill's ,g5]al ,li/ ( ab\t #fej  
works on          ,m$ic9e1 ,surg]y1     
,midwif]y1 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,hygi5e1     

,anatomy1          ,physiology1         
,*emi/ry1 c41 c41 ) a complete ,index to
 _!          ,titles = easy ref]5ce4    
,n4,b4 ,?is ,li/ includes ,b1 ,c1 &     
,d4        ,b4 ,selection f ,j4  ,a4    
,*ur*ill s ,g5]al ,li/1 compris+ all    
rec5t works publi%$ by !m on ! ,art &   
,sci5ce (          ,m$ic9e4        ,c4  
,j4  ,a4 ,*ur*ill's ,catalogue ( ,text  
,books specially arrang$          =     
,/ud5ts4        ,d4 ,a ,select$ &       
,descriptive ,li/ ( ,j4  ,a4 ,*ur*ill's 
works on          ,*emi/ry1 ,mat]ia     
,m$ica1 ,ph>macy1 ,botany1 ,photography1
 ,zoology1          ,! ,microscope1 &   
o!r bran*es ( ,sci5ce4        ,e4 ,!    
,m$ical ,intellig5c]1 be+ a ,li/ ( ,new 
,works & ,new          ,editions publi%$
 by ,j4  ,a4 ,*ur*ill4        ,s5t ye>ly
 to e ,m$ical ,practition] 9 ! ,unit$   
,k+dom          ^: "n & address c be    
asc]ta9$4 ,a l>ge numb] are             
also s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1  
,cont95tal ,europe1          ,india1 & !
 ,colonies4           99       99       

99       99       99    ,,am]ica4----,j4
  ,a4 ,*ur*ill be+ 9 con/ant            
communication ) v>i\s  publi%+ h\ses 9  
,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia1 are
 able1  not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( int]national 
copyright1 to conduct  negotiations     
fav\rable to ,engli% ,au?ors4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,london3 #aa1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet4
           99       99       99       99
       99                               
,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts              
,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,blank pages h  
be5 delet$4    ,"s illu/rations h be5   
mov$4    ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ 
! ref]5c+ p>agraph4    ,:5 ! au?or's    
pref]5ce c be det]m9$1 we h r5d]$       
consi/5t on a p]-^w-pair basis !        
hyph5ation or spac+ ( su*  pairs :5     
repeat$ 9 ! same grammatical context4   
,! publi%]'s inadv]t5t omissions (      
important punctuation h be5  correct$4  
,"s wide tables h be5 re-=matt$ to n>r[]
 equival5ts4 ,"s  table head+s h be5    
replac$ ) keys & a key table4 ,"s ditto 

m>ks h be5 replac$ by ! ^w7s7 repres5t$4
    ,! foll[+ li/ indicates any         
additional *anges made4 ,! page numb]   
repres5ts t ( ! orig9al publication &   
applies 9 ?is etext  except = footnotes 
& illu/rations s9ce !y may h be5 mov$4  
,key3 ftocomm5t3        ,page           
,*ange       #ijj  ! ant]ior extremity (
 a d\bed\ble m$ull>y cord2     #ijb     
,prep4,prop41 c4 ,iodic acid is a       
cry/all9e solid1     #ijd  a cork & &   
deliv]y tube are !n     #ijh  !         
sequisesqui or p]salts ( iron1     #iad 
,f]r\s ,acetate4 ,f,fe7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 
#iae  ,,protocitrate ,,( ,,iron1        
#iae  ,,f]ri ,,c>bonas                  
,,sacc>ata,,sac*>ata1 ,b4 ,p42     #iag 
f]r\s *loride & m]curi\sm]cur\s         
sulphide1     #iah  #b4 ,cry/allis$     
potassium t>trate1 #acb p>ts2     #iah  
to produce ata #aj p] c5t4 solution4    
#ibb  re/ores xits s(tness & pliancy    
#ibd  juice ( ! ,gummut,gummuti palm    
#ibd  spr9kl$ ov] ) a nub]numb] ( :ite  
dots4     #ibe  ,semec>pus              

,an>c>dium,anac>dium1 & species (       
#ibe  ,,odor\s ,,pr9ciple ,,(           
,,jalap,,jalap4     #ibg  to yield a    
/rong solution2 /a9/ra91 decant ! cle>  
#ibh  9 fre% s(t wat] until x becomes   
transp>ettransp>5t2     #ibi  7call$    
junip]97                   #cg          
,pect9e,pect9     #ibi  ,br\ght =w>d    
#cbba     #ibi  ,,lemon ,,& ,,kali1     
,,lemoniat$,,lemonat$ ,k4     #icc  salt
 7abraumsalz7 ( ,/assfurt,/assfur?1     
#icc  :i* yields on cool+ cry/all9e     
calliccalcic k9ate4     #idb  made      
directly f a decotiondecoction ( co*9eal
     #idf  ,,l&an9e,,laudan9e4          
,c#bj;,h#be,,no#c4     #idf  ,see engr41
 p4 #idg;bel[4     #iec                 
,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb               
,o4,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb,o4     #iec
  ,,lemon ,,yell[1 ,,leipsic,,leipsig   
,,yell[1     #ied  gives up half its    
oxyg5 at a readr$ heat2     #ief        
tobacco depriv$ ( nicot9nicot9e1 by     
soak+ !m     #ief  is import$ f         
,bordeaux1 ,lisbon1 & ,hamburgh,hamburg4

     #ief  ! foll[+ figures 7           
obta9$3----8     #ifb  contributes to ! 
well-d+well-do+ ( ! pati5t4     #ifd    
8,9 ! lamp :i* x is pref]r$ to use      
#ifd  8,9 ! late/ =m ( con/ruction ( !  
#ifd  8,! dim5sions1 weight1 numb] (    
revolutions     #ife  8,! action ( !    
lamp is z foll[s3----,!     #ife  8,?is 
:eel is ! fir/ ( a tra9 ( :eels     #ife
  po9ts ) p]fect automatism48     #igj  
! hydromet] _c be d$5d$dep5d$ ^u4       
#igc  *lor9e1 or ! ord9>y blead+blea*+  
p[d]     #igd  ,! dome/ic               
mangem5tmanagem5t ( l95 may "h receive  
#ige  fl4 oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b fl4
 oz4     #igf  #g fl4 oz42 mizmix by    
agitation4     #iha  8,if oxyg5 or pure 
c>bonic oxide be enclos$     #iha  & at 
a temp]aturepressure ( ab\t #cjj        
atmosph]es1     #ihf  c>acca-cacao nuts 
7cut small71 #a lb41 & vanilavanilla1   
#ihg  col\r ! liquid by /eep+ 9 x (     
haybay saffron1     #ihi  ,syn4 ,,liquor
 ,,antisoricus,,antipsoricus1     #iic  
,l4 ,,arg5teum,,arg5tum1 ,l4 ,,argyritis

     #iid  sodium birc>bonatebic>bonate1
 #ej grams2    #ajjh  ,loz5ges1 ,gum4   
,syn4 ,,tros*isci,,tro*isci    #ajjh    
,prep4 #a4 ,black-currant               
loz5ze-massloz5ge-mass1    #ajac        
sp9klespr9kle ) a little salt2    #ajad 
ev5+1 or night ,i h always f\nd x good48
    #ajag  x is malleable2 fusible at a 
readr$ heat1    #ajai  & is             
vitrefi$vitrifi$ at a /rong r$ heat4    
#ajbb  9 ! arts ( brew+ &               
di/ilationdi/illation4    #ajbc         
,,di/ilation,,di/illation1 ,,f]m5tation1
 c4    #ajbc  cov]$ ) %eets ( pap] to   
keep out ! flies & du/1    #ajbc  sug>  
left x9 x1    #ajbe  ,z prep>$ by       
,delville,deville1 metallic manganese   
has a    #ajbf  ,manganate ( ,sodium4   
,m,na#b,mn,o#d4    #ajbg  blue          
precipitate ) r$ prussiate or( pota%1   
#ajbh  ,! ,beta vulg>itvulg>is1 v>4     
campe/ris1    #ajbh  boil$ ) wat]1      
fill$filt]$ ?r\gh asbe/os1    #ajcb     
v>i\s pomades & o!r cosmetiescosmetics1 
on    #ajcg  qu>tsqu>t   #ficahe        

#ajch  8t x is evid5tly too l[40        
#ajci  osmozomeosmazome1 & :i* is       
conc5trat$ gravy4 ,!    #ajda  8,"o ( ! 
pr9cipal & by f> ! mo/    #ajde   #ahef 
#afjj #agjf     #afej         #bd       
#dibddi    #ajeb  oils1 & solutions ( ! 
acids & alkakiesalkalies4    #ajef  #a4 
7,pb4 ,l4 #a,s#cfahcf47 ,f]ric          
f]rocyanide    #ajeg  ,by saturat+ hot  
dilntedilute nitric acid )    #ajeh  #b4
 7,basic47                              
,hg,s,o#d4b;,hg,o4,hg,s,o#d4b;,hg,o4    
,syn4    #ajeh  until ! latt] is        
:oly:olly conv]t$ into a heavy    #ajei 
,hg7,c#b;,h#c;,,g#b7;,hg7,c#b;,h#c;,,g#b
74    #ajei  ,prod4 #aag (or #aah ( !   
weight ( m]cury employ$4    #ajei       
,,sulphuret ,,( ,,m]ury,,m]cury1        
,,sulphide ,,( ,m41    #ajfb            
,,hydragyri,,hydr>gyri ,,t>tras4 ,made  
by add+    #ajfd  ,,me?ylia4            
,,*#ca;,h#b,n,,*#c;,h#b,n4    #ajfd     
,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,op,,( ,,sodium 
,,& ,,ammonium4    #ajfe  become :ite   
vesicles1 dry up1 peel ((f1    #ajfg    

triturationtitration ) a /&>d copp]     
solution4    #ajfg  comb9$ case9 &      
posphatephosphate ( sodium1    #ajfh  ,i
 d n1 h[ev]1 claim a high degreeedegree 
( accuracy    #ajfh  ,! common          
fr&sfrauds practis$ by ! milk-deal]s    
#ajfi  & plants ( ! cabbage or onion    
fami%esfamilies1    #ajgj               
,nutrit\s,nutriti\s2 b apt to (f5d      
delicate /oma*s4    #ajgj  he has exam9$
 ! pr9cipalspr9cipal br&s ( pres]v$     
#ajgj  ,?is process1 :i* xis v old1     
#ajga   ,sug>             #a #hjahj     
444           #adf    #ajga  ,table     
misalignm5t correct$4    #ajgg  ,prep4  
,hor]adi%,hors]adi% root1 #a_/b oz42    
mu/>d se$1    #ajgg  #ae drops2 simple  
sprupsyrup 7pure71    #ajhj  #fc        
7divide into      #cg   #ac   #f        
#ajhb  ,! clo? is subsequ5t ysubsequ5tly
 air$1    #ajhe  ,syn4 ,,morphi         
,,hydryiodas,,hydriodas1 ,l4    #ajhi   
,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,al!,,al?4    #ajij   
,a disease affect+ neatmeat cattle1     
#ajic  ,,mos*us ,,artificialis1 ,m4     

,,facititius,,factitius1    #ajid  fre% 
p>sley1 *evril*]vil1 cel]y1 & t>ragon1  
#ajif  until ! residuum 9 ! /ill        
keg9sbeg9s to *>1    #ajii  9 8 or h]   
p>ticul> easecase4    #aajd             
,ag4,,no#c;,ag,n,o#c1 nitrate ( silv]   
#aajf  #j #bebejbebe milligramme (      
potassium nitrate4    #aajh  ,nitrog51  
,iodide (4 ,ni#b,,ni#b4    #aajh        
except+ fulm9at9yfulm9at+ silv]3        
#aaaa  7   0    p]*loricnmp]*loricum7   
,h,cl,o#d    #aaac  injuri\s to heal?1  
or s ov]cr[$ov]cr[d$    #aaae  ,loss    
#ddj    #aaai  omits to disclose1 or    
wilfully mi/atesmis/ates    #aaai       
production4 ,x av]ages f #jgf to #ijjij1
 b    #aabj  7,batavian----,cadet de    
,gassic\rt,gass9c\rt47    #aacd  ,syn4  
,,oleum ,,oliv ,,oyyg5atum,,oxyg5atum   
#aacf  ,x is g5]ally col\r$ )           
v]digisv]digris1    #aadb  & ?is is     
g5]ally affect$effect$ by mix+ ! two    
#aaeb  a peculi>                        
cy/allisablecry/allisable sub/ance1     
#aaeb  ( ! plum-treeeplum-tree1 ! bruis$

 k]nels ( *]ries1    #aaec  7,b4 ,p471  
,,oleum ,,cajaputi,,cajeputi    #aaef   
,,oleum ,,erig]ontis,,erig]onis         
,,canad5sis4    #aaef  ,x closely       
resembleresembles t ( sweet f5nel       
#aaef  ! oil a l solution ( !           
*olride*loride    #aaeg  ,co*le>ia      
aramoraciaarmoracia 7,l9n471    #aaeg   
oils ( hyac9?s1 jonquil1 tuborosetub]ose
 violets1    #aafb  oil ( rosem>y 7,o4  
,,rosem>9i,,rosm>9i1    #aafc  ,m5?a    
viridis 7,l9n47 or g>d5 or spe>m9t4     
#aafc  ,,fre% ,,rhizomes1 #c_/d ,,to #a2
 ,,dri$ 7,,rec5t71 #a ,,to #abe4        
#aafc  ,,fre%1 #be ,,to #ee2 ,,dri$     
7,,rec5t71 #c_/d ,,to #a7;,,fully74     
#aage  ,syn4 ,,+u5tum,,ungu5tum    #aage
  ,syn4 ,,uugu5tum,,ungu5tum            
,,ipecacuanh    #aage  !n               
gradullygradually add ( o9tm5t ( :ite   
wax1    #aagf  7s(t5$ by heat71 #a lb41 
) oils or( anise$1    #aagf  a dress+ to
 indol5t ulc]s & issnestissues4    #aahe
  & /ir ! mixture briskly uniluntil x   
concretes4    #aaii  )9 our recollection

 wa0 #d-a_/b gr4    #abjg  artificial   
base ?ios9nem9e?ios9am9e    #abjg       
produc$ by artificial means 7:i* see7 4 
#abjh  ,wat]          #iaaaabjaaaab 0   
,hydrog5    #abjh  7see figure          
bel[77,see middle figure above74        
#abad  ,rhub>b t>ts & tomatostomatoes1  
#abaf  a /r5g? ( #i ,beaum,baum is p\r$ 
!reon1    #abaf  ab\t #c cubic          
metrsmtres ( oxyg54    #abbd            
7,c#aj;,h#af,o#a;,h#b,o7,c#aj;,h#af,o4,h
#b,o4    #abbf  ,! mo/                  
apropriateappropriate & only safe       
situation    #abbh  old ma/]s _h be5 9  
posssesionpossession ( col\rs1    #abbi 
8#d4 ,:ite & o!r quick-dry+ opaque      
#abbi  an easily soluble ma/i* or       
lamm>damm> v>ni%    #abca               
7#aah----,woolla/on,wolla/on2           
#abad----,vauquel974    #abcc  ,se,see  
,,sympa!tic ,,ink4    #abcg  ,?is       
rem>kable hydrocabonhydroc>bon is "o ( !
 sev]al    #abch  ,oxyuris v]micul>is1  
0 ,p5ta/roma,p5ta/oma con/rictum1       
#abci  ,! fle% ( cattle f$ on !         

p>nsipp>snip is also    #abda  ,pa/e1   
,fl\r4 ,sgn,syn4 ,,colle ,,de ,p,,te    
#abdb  ,prep4 ,prom,f blan*$ ,jordan    
almonds1    #abdb  beat 9 #b squ>es (   
,w9dor,w9dsor soap    #abdd             
7,f\tani],fontani]47 ,pa/e1 #h oz42     
oxide ( cobalt1    #abdf                
,salazzi,solazzi juice1 #d oz42    #abdi
  ,h]r5ds*w&'s,h]r5s*w&'s ,specific4    
#abeb  #jjdb     #abeb  is procur$ f na 
fre%-wat] %ell-fi%    #abfg  #be -to #e 
lbs4 b9oxide ( manganese-cullet4        
#abga  sev]al allotrophicallotropic =ms4
    #abga  extreme pro/ationpro/ration (
 ! n]v\s p[]s1    #abga  provid$ !      
matet]ialsmat]ials _h n be5 well        
#abga  ! temp]ature be+ twotoo l[1      
#abgb  wat] resolves x 9into phosphoric 
acid    #abgd  ,by /rongly heat+ common 
oror?ophosphate ( sodium4    #abgf      
decomposition ( ! urea by ! bladd]      
muc\smucus1    #abhj  9 :i* ! pigm5t$   
gelat9 alone rema9rema9s1    #abij  0   
ab\t #cc p] p]  c5t4 ( ! av]age    #abig
  ! fl\r might flav\rfav\r "s           

decomposition    #acja  ,,pilul         
,,anti*loritic,,anti*lorotic1 ,l4       
#acje  ,gamboge1 aloes bods pods1 &     
comp\nd c9namon p[d]1    #acba  ^u      
evaporation ( ! *l(orm*lor(orm solution4
    #accj  ,see ,,pla/] ,,(             
,,euphobium,,euphorbium4    #acdc  a    
rise ( bodily temp]ature f #ajc to #aie 
#aje4    #acdh  ,mix well 9 a           
w$gewoodw$gwood mort>1 us+ a wood5      
#acdi  ev5 by ! mo/ ?ir/y vot>ies ( malt
 liqnorliquor4    #acea  t>r$t>$ glass  
cyl9d] capable ( conta9+ t5 times       
#acec  at ,/assfurt,/assfur?1 ne>       
,madgeburg1 9 ,prussia4    #aced        
,,potassium ,,dyhydric,,dihydric        
,,ars5iate2    #acef  z 9 ,no4 #a1 wn5:5
 #ce to #dj lbs4    #acfc  us$ 9 *emi/ry
 z a reag5t1 & deoxydis]deoxidis]4      
#acfi  ,bruis$ gr\ndsel 7,s5icio,s5ecio 
vulg>is7    #acge  ,syn4 ,prep4         
,belladonna1 #a to #c gr42    #acgf     
,,puvis,,pulvis ,,elat]ii ,,compositus4 
#acgf  ,r\nd bir?wort1 g5tian1 tops (   
less] c5tu>yc5taury1    #achb           

,,limondum,,limonadum ,,siccum1 ,,pulvis
 ,,pro ,,lim9ado    #achb  ,= #e        
p9ts3----,"o ea* *ange*>ge ( #b & #c    
p9ts4    #acia  ,! specim5 on ! next    
pagebel[    #acia  ,cont5ts ( page #acib
 h be5 mov$ to ! previ\s page4    #adjj 
& is !n r$nc$r$uc$ to p[d]4    #adjb    
p[d] mu/ be pres]v$ 9 closeclos$ vessels
    #adjh  a dye possess+ great]        
colorific p[d]p[]    #adji  ,c9*ona     
succirubra1 cultivat$ at                
,d>jil+,d>jeel+1    #adaa  ! det]m9ation
 inaccurate40#a ,location ( tag presum$4
    #adag  & op5+ zy ! juice is admitt$ 
#adag  ! union is affect$effect$ by     
simple agitation2    #adah  ,x is a     
highly nutriti\s s]ialc]eal1    #adba  &
 its occur5ceoccurr5ce 9 appreciable    
quantity    #adbb  diamet] ( ! gauge    
%\ld nrange betwe5 #d & #h in*es4       
#adbc  few1 if any1 *imneys to          
di/ubdi/urb ! air curr5ts1    #adbe     
,in/ead ( orange fl[]s1 neurolin]oli1   
#adda  ,ru#b,o#cc1                      
#h;,h#b,o,ru#b,o#c1h;,h#b,o1 is ?r[n    

d[n4    #addd  ) ! fl[retsfl[]ets (     
saffl[]1    #adef  ! jurisdiction ( a   
jo9t sew>agesew]age bo>d1    #adeg  su* 
a mansion z is p\rtray$portray$ by ,mr  
,coll9s    #adfj  ! ur9e                
imm$iatesimm$iately assumes a f9e       
#adfc  r5ew9r5ew+ ! wat] f "t to "t4    
#adga  x is capable ( assum+ ?ree       
allatropicallotropic =ms    #adgh  ,!   
table on next pagebel[1    #adha  & !   
soon] ! midd5s are aboli%$ ! bett]48#b  
#adhg  assign$ ! =mula                  
#b,si,o#bac;,h#b,o4#b,si,o#b1c;,h#b,o4  
#adij  result ( ! rese>*es ( ,h],h]r    
,ty*o ,tulburg1    #adic  be/ quantity  
to be tak5 = cupellation 9is #ejj gr4   
#adie  c possibly ei!r rema9 or get     
betwe5 !n!m4    #adig  said to be> a    
close resembanceresemblance to silv]    
#adii  ,g[ll&'s,g[l&'s lotion1 :i* has  
long be5    #aejc  support$ by ! mo/    
ecklessreckless /atem5ts    #aejf       
,incomplete footnote on page #aejf is z 
pr9t$4    #aejf  add ! leylye to ! oil  
#aejf  acid us$ indicates #jjec         

,na#b;,co#cjjec ,na#b;,,co#c    #aejg   
acid1 palmat9 gives palmaticpalmit9     
gives palmitic acid1    #aeaj  ,! soap  
is usually col\r$ ) c>amalc>amel4       
#aeab  directly into soda or its        
c>bonat$c>bonate4    #aeac              
,na,h,c#b,o#c  ,mg,c,o#b  ,na,h,c,o#c   
,mg,c#b,o#d            ,na,h,c#b,o#d    
,mg,c,o#c  ,na,h,c,o#c  ,mg,c#b,o#d     
#aeag  beautiful oblique rhombic prisms1
 ( ! =mul=mula    #aeah  a portion ( !  
sulphov5icsulphov9ic acid    #aeba      
,cupri ammonatiammoniati    #aebf       
,prep4 ,ioduret$,iodurett$ wat]s1 ,nos4 
#a1 #b1 & #c2    #aebh  ,syn4 ,,liquor  
,,potass ,,eff]evesc5s,,eff]vesc5s      
#aecj  ,,aqua ,,posassae,,potass        
,,sulphureti    #aecj  a few beef bones1
 #f l>ge c>rrotsc>rots1 #b l>ge onions1 
#aecd  ,species1 ,bitt]4 ,syn4 ,entire  
p>agraph mov$ up4    #aece  is          
alwayalways tak5 at #fj ,fahr1    #aece 
,leaves & tops ( wormwood1 betony1      
bugle1 culam9tcalam9t1    #aeda  aloes1 
#a_/b oz42 bay b]ries1 #a oz42          

gallangagalanga root1    #aedc  ,!y are 
*lefly*iefly employ$    #aedd  ,,liquor 
,,or,,( ,,spiritus ,,volatilis ,,cornu  
,,c]vi1    #aedf  savory1 ?yme1         
rosm>yrosem>y1 calam9t1    #aeea  !     
mixture has besomebecome p]fectly dry   
#aeec  to ! ?ird & la/1 :i*             
conta9conta9$ #fai acres4    #aeeh  & ( 
c>r+c>ry+ away any prejudicial excess   
#aefc  by ! pur*as] ( mod]n             
jewell]yjewelry4    #aefd               
,c(fee's,c(fey's /ill    #aefd  t (     
,siem5s' 7see page #aefgaeff71 mu*      
employ$    #aegb  sometimes1            
surs\nd$surr\nd$ by a slight r$ness4    
#aegc  x is boil$ = half &an h\r1       
#aeid  7%[n at ,c1 9 ! plate bel[7      
#aeif  7#fbjf1 ,odl+2 #fbj1             
,h>dwick,h>dwi* & ,f[nes2 #fag1    #afjb
  ,! rhizonerhizome 7#8root'7 is an     
aromatic /imulant    #afje  w be        
p]fectly tranp>5ttransp>5t1    #afjf    
temp]ature ( #bab is #abfj to #abfa1 or 
#cj' ,baum4    #afjf  & become          
ascesc5tacesc5t2 b ( ! two ?is    #afjg 

,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution (           
actetateacetate ( morphia1    #afaa     
aft] g5tly heatheat+ 9 a porcela9       
capsule    #afba  "s                    
dis9fectandis9fectant sub/ance    #afbf 
indigo is conv]t$ into                  
sulp9digoticsulph9digotic acid1    #afbh
  9 exactly ! same mann] z b5zol b5zol1 
x is conv]t$    #afci  foll[ ,pr(essor  
,ball,bell ?r\gh    #afci  ,f ,pr(essor 
,ball's,bell's lecture at    #afda      
tetra*loride 7,te,cl#b,te,cl#d74        
#afdb  ,sulphuric acid boils            
7,magrignac,m>ignac71    #afdi  a       
neutral volatile residue40#a,tag add$4  
#afea  is equiv4 to #fhcfhc gr4 (       
metallic lead 7ne>ly74    #afed         
,t9cture ( ,acetate ( ,iron4 ,spn,syn4  
#afef  ,t9cture ( ,angu/ura,ango/ura4   
#afef  ,dri$ leaves (                   
balladonnabelladonna1    #afeg  z a     
/oma*ic bitt] & tonietonic1    #affj  & 
add to ?is balsam ( capaibacopaiba1     
#affb  7,ph4 ,e4  ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47      
,gruaiacum,guaiacum res9    #affd  black

 helliborehellebore root1 #c dr42       
#affh  ,,t9cture,,t9ctura ,,rhodod5dri4 
#afge  p>tial analysis ( ! imports (    
#ahgc & #ahgd30a    #afgh  its peculi>  
a,bd& disagreeable od\r4    #afhj       
,,f]ri ,,f]ridcyanidum,,f]ricyanidum1   
,l4 ,prep4    #afhf  z indicat$ by !    
sudd5nesssudd5ess ( ! attack1    #afie  
#8,*em4 ,c5tralb,c5tral1' 7#8,ph>m4     
,j\rn4'74    #afii  yea/ plant 7!       
,torula c]ivisic]evisi74    #agja  ,9 ! 
engrav+s on next pagebel[ ! pr9cipal    
#agae  ,! practice (                    
v5sectionv5esection1 bloodlett+1        
#agaf  !n sqeezesqueeze !m1 dry !m      
#agai  b weaslesweasels1 /oats1         
h$gehogs1    #agbj  h be5 wr\ghtbr\ght  
be=e ! public4    #agbc  ,,acetic       
,,acid1 ,,ac$imetry,,acetimetry1        
#agca  little manual1 entil$entitl$     
#agce  compressibility to beatbe at !   
rate (    #agce  addition ( limlime     
wat]1    #agci  :i* numb]numb]s x falls 
betwe5    #agda  ( available oxyy5oxyg54
 ,! exp]im5t    #agdb  ! o!rs 7 all     

pollut$ by animal mattt]matt]4    #agdc 
,,aqua ,,an!nidis,,an!midis 7,ph4 ,g474 
#agdd  ,fre% pea* loavesleaves1 cut     
small1 #b lbs42    #agdd  ,put into a   
glass relortretort ) #aj oz4 (4 wat]1   
#agej  9 a dwell+-h\se or 9 9 !         
neighb\rhood    #agea  a comp\nd (      
hyrog5hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide gases4    
#agec  ,wax1 ,c>nanba,c>nauba    #agfd  
,! se$ ( ,fagogprum,fagopyrum escul5tum1
    #agfe  become a great               
disid]atumdesid]atum z a :olesome       
#agfe  ,acre aft] acre ( cell]scell>s1  
vault aft] vault1    #agff  di/+ui%$ by 
! appelationappellation #8gre54'        
#aggj      #ica      #bbce              
,malmsley,malmsey    #aggb  solution (  
any alkal9e sulphhydratesulphydrate1    
#aggd  ,w9es are z commonly             
doct]$doctor$ 9 _! col\r    #aggh  rose 
clovegillyfl[]clove gillyfl[]1 c>nation1
    #aghc  ,,v9um ,,/rammonii,,/ramonii 
7,ph4 ,bat474    #aghe  "u a good       
microsopemicroscope di/9ctly exhibit1   
#aghi  f]m5tation ( worts f bel[        

7unt]ghrungunt]grung74    #aghi  by     
blac+plac+ x 9 a close canvas bag1      
#agia  col\r ( ! sulbhatesulphate       
#agia  #a "p1 & li?>ge1 #d b>tsp>ts1 are
 gr\nd toge!r    #agid  ?r\gh ! tubu-   
retubulure ,s5t5ces also re>rang$4      
,catalog i    ,catalogue ,d4    ,catalog
 v     ,ph>maceutical aad& ,m$ical      
,/ud5ts4           99       99       99 
99       99